Jain Agam Sahitya Ek Anushilan

Author(s): Jayantsensuri
Publisher: Raj Rajendra Prakashan Trust
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002248/1

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Namo samaNassa bhagavao mahAvIrassa jagapujja pahuM siriinda sUrivarassa jaina Agama sAhitya eka anuzIlana lekhaka AcArya vijaya jayantasena sUri prakAzaka rAja rAjendra prakAzana TrasTa zrI rAjendra sUri jaina jJAna maMdira ratana pola, hAthI khAnA, zrI rAjendra sUri cauka amahadAbAda

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D pustaka - jaina Agama sAhitya : eka anuzIlana - lekhaka- AcArya vijaya jayantasena sUri O D prakAzaka - zrI rAja rAjendra prakAzana TrasTa zrI rAjendra sUri jaina jJAna maMdira ratanapola, hAthIkhAnA, zrI rAjendra sUri cauka ahamadAbAda sukRta sahayogI - zrI jaina zvetAmbara tristutika saMgha kAkInADA (AMdhrapradeza) zvetAmbara saMgha sAMvalakoTA (AMdhapradeza) prApti sthAna - zrI rAja rAjendra prakAzana TrasTa, ratanapola, hAthIkhAnA, ahamadAbAda pariSada bhavana basa sTeNDa po. rAjagar3ha (dhAra) (ma.pra.) avataraNa : vIra saM. 2520 vikrama saM. 2051 zrI rAjendrasUri saM. 88 mUlya : 30 rupae D mudraka : rohita AseTa ujjaina (ma.pra.) O saMyojana : AI. esa. grAphiksa, indaura

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svakathya . hamAre deza bhAratavarSa meM aneka dharma, sampradAya aura jAti ke loga nivAsa karate haiN| una sabakI paramparAe~ aura rIti-rivAja bhI bhinna-bhinna haiN| unakI mAnyatAyeM bhI bhinna haiM, mAnyatAoM para AdhRta siddhAMta haiM aura ye siddhAMta unake pavitra graMthoM meM saMgrahIta haiN| isa prakAra vaidika paramparA meM jo sthAna vedoM kA hai, bauddha paramparA meM tripiTaka kA hai, IsAI mata meM jo sthAna bAibila kA hai aura islAma meM jo sthAna kurAna kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM Agama granthoM kaa| ___sabhI dharmoM meM bhedopabheda haiM, jaina dharma bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai / jaina dharma bhI zvetAmbara-digambara bhedoM meM vibhakta hai / yaha bheda katipaya mAnyatAoM ke kAraNa hai / isa matabheda ke pariNAmasvarUpa Agama graMthoM kI mAnyatA para bhI prabhAva pdd'aa| zretAmbara jaina. paramparA jina graMthoM ko Agama graMtha svIkAra karatI hai, digambara jaina paramparA unheM asvIkAra karatI hai / itanA hI nahIM zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM bhI matabheda hai / zvetAmbara jaina mUrtipUjaka paramparA jina paiMtAlIsa graMthoM ko Agama graMtha svIkAra karatI hai, unameM se zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA battIsa graMthoM ko hI Agama graMtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai| ... ina Agama graMthoM meM aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ke vacanoM kA saMgraha hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI kI vANI kA saMgraha unake ziSya gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI ne kiyaa| prArambha meM yaha vANI likhita rUpa meM surakSita na rahakara maukhika rUpa meM hI guru * se ziSya ko milatI thI, jise zruta paramparA kahA gayA hai| kiMtu kAla ke prabhAva se zruta paramparA meM bAdhA utpatra huI to isake lekhana kA Arambha huaa| kAla ke prabhAva se jJAnakI '. isa amUlya nidhi meM se aneka hIre vilupta ho gae / jo kucha bhI zeSa rahA usake lie tatkAlIna zrutajJa vijJa AcArya bhagavaMtoM ne samaya samaya para vAcanA pariSadoM kA Ayojana kara inheM vilupta hone se bacAyA aura jo kucha bhI unake jJAna meM thA, use suvyavasthita * kara surakSita rkhaa| Aja Agama sAhitya ke rUpa meM hamAre sammukha jo bhI graMtha upalabdha * haiM, usake lie hameM una zrutadhara vijJa AcArya bhagavaMtoM, vidvAna munivaroM kA upakAra mAnanA caahie| - mUla Agama graMthoM para dUradarzI AcArya bhagavaMtoM, vidvAna munirAjoM ne TIkAyeM, bhASya, cUrNiyAM, niyuktiyAM Adi likhakara bhI samAja para bahuta bar3A upakAra kiyA hai / ina graMthoM ke praNayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa mUla Agama graMthoM ke artha ko samajhane meM kAphI suvidhA ho gaI hai| gUr3ha zabdoM ke artha samajhane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM rhii|

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yahA~ eka bAta kA ullekha karanA prAsaMgika hI hogA, vaha yaha ki Agama graMthoM ke saMkalana hetu pA~ca bAra vAcanAeM huii| isake pariNAmasvarUpa inake maulika rUpa meM kucha na kucha parivartana avazya hI huA hogaa| phira bhI Agama sAhitya meM jo kucha bhI hai unakA adhikAMza bhAga sarvathA maulika hai / Agama graMthoM kA vistRta adhyana karane ke pazcAt jJAta hotA hai ki ina graMthoM meM jina viSayoM kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai, unameM se kucha viSaya vartamAna meM upalabdha Agama graMthoM meM nahIM hai| udAharaNa svarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai ki praznavyAkaraNa meM jisa viSaya kA saMketa hai, vaha Aja anupalabdha hai / isI prakAra bAda kI ghaTanAoM aura vicAradhArA kA samAveza honA inameM parivartana kA pramANa hai / yathA sAta ninhava aura navagaNoM kA vivaraNa sthAnAMga sUtra meM hai| eka anya mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki jahAM vaidika paramparA meM zabdoM kI surakSAM para adhika bala diyA gayA hai, vahIM isake viparIta jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM zabdoM ke sthAna para artha para adhika jora diyA gayA hai / isakA parimAma yaha haA ki vedoM ke zabda to surakSita rahe kintu unake arthoM ke sambaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda rhaa| jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke artha para jora dene ke pariNAmasvarUpa aisI sthiti nahIM banI / yahA~ pAThaM bheda to haiM kintu artha bheda nahIM hai / isake atirikta veda kisI eka hI RSi ke vicAroM kA saMkalana nahIM hai, isake viparIta jaina gaNipiTaka aura bauddha tripiTaka bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama buddha kI vANI kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| sampUrNa jaina Agama sAhitya kA kucha viziSTa dRSTikoNa se vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / jo isa prakAra hai aMga praviSTa - 11, upAMga - 12 mUlaAgama - 6, yA 4 evaM 2 cUlikA, cheda Agama 6 aura prakIrNaka 10 isa prakAra kula paiMtAlIsa Agama graMtha hote haiN| AcArya tosaliputra ke vidvAna ziSya Arya rakSita sUri, jo Arya vajra ke pazcAtavartI haiM, ne anuyogoM ke anusAra Agama graMthoM kA vargIkaraNa nimnAnusAra cAra bhAgoM meM kiyA 1. caraNa karaNAnuyoga, 2. dharma kathAnuyoga 3. gaNitAnuyoga aura 4. dravyAnuyoga viSaya sAmyakI dRSTi se bhI vargIkaraNa huA hai| yaha vibhAjana do bhAgoM meM hai| yathA 1. apRthaktvAnuyoga, 2. pRthktvaanuyog| jaina Agama sAhitya para aura Agama graMthoM meM varNita dharma aura darzana viSaya para

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vistAra pUrvaka likhA jA cukA hai tathA abhI bhI nirantara likhA jA rahA hai / jaina Agama sAhitya meM kevala dharma aura darzana viSayoM para hI ciMtana nahIM kiyA gayA hai varana ina viSayoM ke atirikta anya viSyoM para bhI paryApta ciMtana huA hai kiMtu una viSayoM para nahIM ke barAbara likhA gayA hai / kucha viziSTa Agama graMthoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai kiMtu vaha bhI paryApta nahIM hai ! isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki Aja bhI adhikAMza vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya meM dharma aura darzana viSaya ke atirikta anya viSayoM para koI vicAra nahIM huA hai, jabaki vastusthiti isake viparIta hai / yadi eka eka jaina Agama graMtha kA svataMtra rUpa se sAMskRtika anuzIlana prastuta kiyA jAve to hamAre kathana kI puSTi ho jaavegii| prastuta graMtha kula bAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / prArambha ke ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| inameM AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya ko bhI sammilita kara liyA gayA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya saMkSepa meM diyA gayA hai| kAraNa yaha ki isa prakAra kA paricayAtmaka anuzIlana pUrva meM prakAzita graMthoM meM bhalIbhAMti diyA gayA hai| vistArapUrvaka carcA karanA isIlie anupayukta samajhA gyaa| __ adhyayana navam meM jaina AgamoM meM varNita samAja vyavasthA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM jaina Agama sAhitya meM zAsana vyavasthA ke sambaMdha meM milane vAle ullekhoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / gyArahaveM adhyAya meM jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita arthopArjana vyavasthA kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura bArahaveM adhyAya meM dhArmika vyavasthA kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai / ina adhyAyoM meM prastuta kiye gae vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jaina Agama graMtha korama kora dharma aura darzana kA hI vivecana prastuta nahIM karate varan unameM anya sabhI viSayoM para bhI vistAra se ciMtana kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM vijJAna viSaya ke sambaMdha meM to bahuta kicha likhA jA cukA hai / isa viSaya para hamane yahA~ vicAra nahIM kiyA hai / hA~ yahA~ itanA kahanA paryApta hogA ki jahA~ Adhunika vijJAna ne vanaspati meM prANa tatva ko aba svIkAra kiyA hai, vahA~ jaina dharma zatAbdiyoM pahale isa bAta ko kaha cukA hai| isI prakAra aNu aura paramANu ke sambaMdha meM bhI batAyA jA cukA hai / jIvoM kA jitanA suMdara vibhAjana jaina sAhitya meM milatA hai, vaha advitIya hai| . naveM adhyAya aura gyArahaveM adhyAya meM jo kucha bhI vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha sAMketika hai| ise samagra svarUpa na mAnA jaaye| yaha to eka saraNi hai jo anusaMdhAnakartAoM kA mArgadarzana kregii| bhAvanA to ina viSayoM para vistAra se likhane kI thI kiMtu anyAnya kAryoM meM ati vyasta rahane ke kAraNa maiM apanI bhAvanA ko mUrtarUpa

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nahIM de sakA phira bhI jo kucha bhI likhA hai usase anusaMdhAnakartAoM ko bahuta kucha dizA nirdeza mila sakatA hai / dharma aura darzanetara viSayoM para lekhana ke lie zreSTha upAya yahI hai ki pratyeka Agama kA sAMskRtika adhyayana / vivecana / anuzIlana prastuta kiyA jaave| yadi viSayavAra vivecana prastuta karanA hai to eka eka viSaya para alaga-alaga anuzIlana honA apekSita hai| yadi yaha anuzIlana tulanAtmaka dRSTi se prastuta kiyA jAe to aura bhI uttama hogA / apanI vyastatA ke kAraNa maiM cAhakara bhI yaha kArya nahIM kara pAUMgA / kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha kArya samaya sAdhya bhI hai aura zrama sAdhya bhI hai| phira dUrastha kSetroM meM vihArarata rahane se vahA~ saMdarbha graMthoM kI samasyA bhI rahatI hai| isalie vidvAnoM aura anusaMdhAnakartAoM se yahI apekSA karatA hU~ ki ve isa ora apanA dhyAna dekara isa mahatvapUrNa kArya ko sampAdita karane meM apanA mUlyavAna yogadAna deNge| prastuta graMtha ke lekhana meM jina vidvAnoM ke graMthoM kA upayoga huA unake prati AbhAra / lekhana meM samaya samaya para jinakA sahayoga milA unako dhanyavAda / bhUmikA lekhana ke lie DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, purovacanikA lekhana ke lie DaoN. rudradeva tripAThI evaM prAkkathana lekhana ke lie. DaoN. . tejasiMha gaur3a bhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| isI prakAra kA sahayoga AvazyakatA par3ane para bhaviSya meM bhI apekSita hai / isa graMtha ke mudraNa meM jina zraddhAlu guru bhaktoM ne svaarjita dhanarAzi kA sadupayoga kiyA hai, unheM bhI dhanyavAda / ve isI prakAra dharmadhyAna ke prati satarka bane raheM, yahI apekSA hai / vijJa pAThakoM se Agraha hai ki graMtha meM rahI kamiyoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita karavAyeM, tAki bhaviSya meM unakA parihAra kiyA jA sake / mahAvIra jayaMtI, 2051 di. 23.4.1994 vi) AcArya jayaMtasena sUri

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zAlinI rAje OXOXOXOXO HDAshisa DAAN ON vizvapUjya prAta: smaraNIya pUjya gurudeva zrImajjainAcArya zrImad vijaya rAjendra sUrIzvarajI ma.sA.

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sAhitya manISI rASTrasaMta AcArya deva zrImada vijaya jayaMtasena sUrIzvarajI ma.sA.

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prakAzakIya rASTrasaMta, jaina dharma prabhAvaka, kuzala pravacanakAra, siddhahasta lekhaka, sarasa kavi, prazAnta mUrti, sarala svabhAvI pUjya AcArya bhagavanta zrImad vijaya jayaMtasena sUrijI ma. sA. ko yadi vANI kA jAdUgara kahA jAye to atizayokti nahIM hogii| unakI pravacana kalA adbhuta hai| zrotAoM ko ghaMToM bA~dhe rakhane kI kalA meM ve pravINa haiN| isI prakAra ve lekhana kalA meM bhI dakSa haiN| unhoMne jaina Agama graMthoM tathA aneka sAhityika graMthoM kA talasparzI adhyayana kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake pravacana jitane sAragarbhita hote haiN| utane hI hRdayasparzI bhI / pUjya AcArya bhagavaMta apane jJAna ko muktahasta se vitarita karate haiM / jo bAta pravacana meM na kaha sake use pustaka rUpa meM prastuta kara dete haiM / jaina Agama sAhitya kA pahale bhI ApazrI anuzIlana kara cuke haiM, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa "bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kyA kahA hai ?" nAmaka graMtha pAThakoM ko upalabdha huaa| usa graMtha meM Agama graMthoM kI cunI huI gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA meM ApazrI kA ciMtana prakaTa huA hai / abhI kucha varSoM pUrva AcArya bhagavaMta ne jaina Agama sAhitya para kucha lekhana karane kA vicAra banAyA thA / hameM hArdika prasannatA hai ki ApazrI kA vaha vicAra mUrtarUpa meM hamAre sAmane prakaTa ho gayA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya para vaise to aneka graMtha prakAzita ho cuke haiM kiMtu ApazrI kA prastuta graMtha "jaina Agama sAhitya : eka anuzIlana" una sabase bhinna hai| AcArya bhagavaMta ke isa graMtha ko jana-jana ke lie arpita karate hue hameM atyadhika harSa ho rahA hai| isa graMtha kA adhyayana karake sAmAnya jana to lAbhAnvita hoMge hI sAtha hI zodha kArya meM saMlagna vidvAna evaM jijJAsu vyakti bhI isase avazya hI lAbhAnvita hoMge / . AcArya bhagavaMta isI prakAra kA lekhana karate raheM aura hama use prakAzita kara janatA ke lie upalabdha karAte rahe, isI AzA aura vizvAsa ke sAtha akSaya tRtIyA 2015 di. 13.5.1994 (vii) zrI rAja-rAjendra prakAzana TrasTa ahamadAbAda/ bambaI

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bhUmikA bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikadhArA / jaina dharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA eka aMga hai / jahA~ zramaNadhArAra nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA pravRttiparaka / jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana / zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara ataHusane zarIra aura saMsAra doMnoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnA / usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparaki sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dI / phalataH vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho Adi / jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai / isa prakAra ye donoM dhArAyeM do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiM / pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| . . . zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sRjanA huI / prArambhika vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyataHveda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai, isake viparIta zramaNa paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai / saMkSepa meM zramaNa paraMparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astittva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki har3appA saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI hI rahI hai / Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM bhI vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM

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ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA bhI pratiSThita kI gayI hai / Aja yaha sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai ki hama upaniSadoM ko vaidikadhArA ke pratinidhi grantha mAnate haiM, kintu unameM vaidika karmakANDoM ko spaSTa AlocanA ke jo svara mukharita hue haiM aura tapa-tyAga pradhAna AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA haiN| ___ yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha haiM kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai / ve usa yuga kI racanA haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiM / IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake bRhada hindU paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA athavA bRhad hindU paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gayA / kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita haiN| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM, AcArAMga (prathama zrutaskandha) sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiM / isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada. asitadevala, kapila,pArAzara AruNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhat RSi evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka ke dIghanikAya ke sAmaJcaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaTThiputta, maMkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho / isI prakAra ke theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera (sthavira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiM / isa sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI

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bhAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja nikAlA hai / jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "tisthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" gayA gayA hai- cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita, araha aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM se ho sakatI hai- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| * vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiM / mImAMsakadarzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita nahIM hai| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata hai, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura nahIM racanAkAla / naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artharUpa meM arthAt kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA hai / isadRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiM / ve artha rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga Agama ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiM / isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiN| kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai / unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthaMkara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiM / isI apekSA se nandIsUtra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai| ata: artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgamoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai / nandIsUtra (58)meM kahA gayA hai ki "yaha jo dvAdaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai- vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya, zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina cintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ke dvArA zabda rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpataH ka AdhAra para yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki artha rUpa se jina-vANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva

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rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara vizeSa kI zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki jahA~ vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA cAhie / cAhe usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM artha bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sakI / yadyapi vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadyapi yaha zabda rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala die jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda rUpa meM aparivartita rahe / Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM- jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakAri mantrAH) / isa prakAra veda zabda-pradhAna haiM jabaki jaina Agama artha - pradhAna hai| veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai, sAtha hI kucha khola - bhUgola sambandhI kucha vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiM / isake sAtha-sAtha usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se varNita haiM tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAyeM bhI haiM / khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi pranthoM meM haiN| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai / inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se bhinna hai| AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ataH unase ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI tulanA para pAnA mere lie sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA unameM aura z2aina AgamoM meM samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| (4)

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jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAiM Adi ' prAcIna ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hote haiM / yAjJavalkya, nArada,kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, uddAlaka,pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha haiM / isibhAsiyAI meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAeM mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha haiM / prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko isibhAsiyAiM kI merI bhUmikA evaM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA karake isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| * pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAna buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare jaina paramparA aurabauddha paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga hai ataHdonoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi eka hI haiN| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kie gaye haiM, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAeM suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI haiN| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna rahA hai, yahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamavargIya the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titikSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra .. AdhAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna thIM / yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una .. ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya kiyaa| ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa prakAra darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, ve unake . sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI * AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharma grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie 'zAstra' hI eka mAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddha dharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasI dharma meM avestA kA, IsAI dharma meM bAibila kA

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aura islAma meM kurAna kA, jo sthAna hai, vahIM sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai / phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza ho, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai / yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai / merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja haiM, unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiM / unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete haiN| . ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa / vartamAna jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai.11 aMga 1. AyAra(AcArAMga) 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAMga), 3. ThANa (sthAnAMga) 4. samavAya (samavAyAMga) 5. viyAhapannatti (vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyadhammakahAo (jJAta-dharmakathAH, 7. uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazA), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazA), 9. anuttarovavAiyadasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazAH) 10. pAhAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni) 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam) 12. dRSTivAda, jo vicchinna huA hai| . 12 upAMga 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtika), 2. rAyapaseMNaijaM (rAjaprasenajitkaM) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIya), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA) 5. sUrapaNNati ( sUryaprajJapti), 6. jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpaprajJapti) 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJapti),8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandha), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH) 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH) 10. puphiyAo (puSpikAH), 11. pupphacUlAo (puSpacUlAH) 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaa)| jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai / zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiM / jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMga sUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki ye aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke

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sabhI sampradAyoM meM eka rUpatA hai, kintu digambara parampAra meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| * cAra mUlasUtra ___sAmAnyatayA uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyaka aura piNDaniyukti ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai / jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai / samayasundara bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. bebara pro. vUlhara pro. sArapenTiyara pro. vinTarnitja, pro. zUbriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiM / zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai / isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM eka rUpatA kA abhAva hai / digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika,uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiM / tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA agapaNNati meM inakA ullekha hai / jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiM / yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika mAnya raheM haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| * chedasUtra - chedaMsUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha) 2. kappa (kalpa) 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha) 5. mahAnisIha (mahAnizItha) aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpAye chaha grantha mAne jAte haiM / inameM se mahAnizItha aurajItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aurasthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiM / ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiM / jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai / jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai / yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI die gae haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke pramANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI pramANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa,vyavahAra nizItha aurajItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN|

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prakIrNaka isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM 1. causaraNa (cutaH zaraNa), 2. AurapaccAkkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3. bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAra (saMstAra), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccAkkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratyaya (vIrastava) / zvetAmbara sampradAryo meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiM / yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jAe / inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamaneM isakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita mahApaccakkhANa kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna haiM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcita matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to eka rUpatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava yaha tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryo ke vargIkaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNa vidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastana kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI nepaiNNayasuttAiM, prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga nimna 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paINNayasuttAI nAma se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai / aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa prakIrNaka nimna haiM 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMsthAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6.. candrAvedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNividyA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18, jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20. siddhaprAbhRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jIvavibhakti / isake atirikta eka hI nAma se aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA"AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kRti hai / inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiN| aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma pAye jAte haiM / isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka (c)

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samAja ke kucha AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM- piNDavizuddhi, paryantaArAdhanA, yoniprAbhRta, aMgacUliyA, vaMgacUliyA, vRddhacatuH zaraNa, jambUpayatrA auva kalpasUtra / jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAyeM usake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat - pratyAkhyAna nAmaka grantha meM avatarita kI gaI hai / isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAyeM avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai / * cUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra ye do grantha mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai / phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| isa prakAra hama dakhate haiM ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra - ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniryukti ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiM / Satara caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiM / isake sAtha dasa niryuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa, zraddhAjItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktAnaryukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiM / isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai / 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke pranthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI "sukhabodhAsamAcArI" (I. san 1912) meM bhI AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai| usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thI / kintu vartamAna kAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga, upAMga prakIrNaka itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita (9)

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karatA hai| isameM muni jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha vidhimArgaprapA meM diyA hai isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai yaha ullekha nahIM hai / mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga, upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNataH sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thA / mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogA / AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai / usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhya- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA thA / aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcarAMga Adi 12 aMga grantha Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhya kahe jAte the / usameM aMgabAhyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhya ko punaH do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA - 1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka - vyatirikta / Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha theM / jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi 6 Avazyaka aMgoM usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaH svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thA / isakI puSTi aMgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko chaH svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAnapara vainayika evaM pratikramaNa nAma milate haiM. Avazyaka vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kie jAte the- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkAlika / jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI yaha sUcI nimnAnusAra hai I (10)

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zruta (Agama) (ka) aMgapraviSTa (kha) aMgabAhya (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 1. AcArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. sthAnAMga 4. samavAyAMga 5. vyAkhyAprajJApti 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 7. upAsakadazAMga 8. annAkRtdazAMga 9. anuttarauSapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11.TipAkasUtra 12. dRSTavAda 1.sAmAyika 2. caturviMzatistava 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6.pratyAkhyAna (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika 1. unArAdhyayana 20. vaizramaNopapAta 1. dazavaikAlika 16. sUryaprajJapti 2. dazAzrutaskandha 21. velandharopaNata 2. kalpikAkalpika 17. pauruSImaMDala 3.kalpa 22. devendropapAta 3. cullakalpazruta 18. maNDalapraveza 4. vyavahAra 23. utthAnazruta 4. mahAkalpazruta 14. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 5.nizItha 24. samutthAnazruta 5. aupapAtika 20. gaNividyA 6. mahAnizItha 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 6. rAjapraznIya 21. dhyAnavibhakti 7. RSibhASita 26. nirayAvalikA 7. jIvAbhigama 22. maraNavibhakti 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 27. kalpikA 8. prajJApanA 23. Atmavizodhi 9. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti 28. kalpAvataMsikA 9. mahAprajJApanA 24. vItarAgazruta 10. candraprajJapiH 29. puSpitA 10. pramAdApramAda 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 11. bhullikAtrimAna- 30. puSpacUlikA 11. nandI 26. vihArakalpa pravibhaktiH 31. vRSNidazA 12. anuyogadvAra 27. caraNavidhi 12. mahallikAvimAna 13. devendrastava 28. AturapratyAkhyAna pravibhakti 14. tandulavaicArika 29. mahApratyAkhyAna (11)

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13. aMgacUlikA 15. candravedhyaka 14. vaggacUlikA 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 29 utkAlika sahitaka 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai / jJAtvaya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| . yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa __yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo bhI zailI mAnyarahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra kI zailI ke anurUpa hai / unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhya aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| isameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai / mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aMgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu apane tatvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga-bAhya ke aMtargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra nizItha aura RNibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya graMthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai / kintu aMgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tatvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai / ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aMgoM ke samAna yahI 12 upAMga mAne jAte hoM / tatvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika ekhaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai / harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAhyoM kA ullekha hai| usameM bhI aMgabAhyoM meM sarvaprathama chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai- tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai / isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhyo kI gaNanA kI gyii| isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tatvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika) mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa) paNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka-ye cAra nAma adhika haiN| kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika haiM-unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa haiN| . (12)

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digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aMgaprajJapti (aMgapaNNatti) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMga praviSTi va 14 aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / yadyapi isameM aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai / isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMga bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAhya hai / isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai, isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahIM milaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai / isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatrujaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai / sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho / phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa saMbaMdha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhya-punaH aMga bAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the / lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai / yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNAya) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| * ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM unakA racanAkAla bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakala se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiM-saMskRta, prAkRta aura pAlI / inameM saMskRta ke do rUpaM pAye jAte haiM-chAndas aura sAhityika saMskRta / veda chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai / upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhagAdhamI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka kI AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai / ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I.pU. pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAMgakI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai / bhAva,bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiM / isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI AlaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya . . . (13)

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meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI apekSAkRta rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM pracInatama siddha karate haiM / pAli sAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai / ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kI / yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM vallabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAna mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai / yadi ardhamAgadhI Agama IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kI racanA haiM, to vallabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI vallabhI, mathurA, khaNDagirI aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huI thI unameM saMkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie kI vallabhI meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArur3ha)kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai / punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhitratA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA ora zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jAtA ! yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke kucha prakSipta aMza hai, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai / ataHisa AdhAraparasampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya parakabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA "ta" zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai / AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho (14)

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jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA 'rAmaputte' pATha cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' aura zIlAMka kI TIkA meM 'rAmAgutte' ho gyaa| ataH ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA cAhiye / apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA cAhiye / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai / isakI uttara sImAI, pUrva. pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai / vastutaH ardhamAgadhI sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA tathA bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNI evaM tatvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tatvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalAdi meM unako viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tatvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayama-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai| dUsare Agama granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama meM kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai / isake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA meM dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana, ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNaoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai / inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavI zatI) meM milatI hai / vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-chaThIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai / isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahastra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai|

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vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta nihnavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM. 584 taka astitva meM A cuke the| kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM haiM, jo vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotA hai / isI prakAra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai / usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra bhagavatoArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasUtra) Adi kA krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramazaH zetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasUtra hI rahe haiM / unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhanAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama hai cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha (I. san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I. pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai / AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I. pU. pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| dUsarI aura kucha vidvAna unheM vallabhI se saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kI racanA mAnate haiM / mairI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI (16)

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mata samIcIna nahIM hai / devadhi ke saMkalana, sampAdana evaM lekhana kAla ko unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMga Agama to prAcIna hI hai / IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devadhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAlaM I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai / na kevala aMga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI jinheM AcArya bhadrAbAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai ve bhI yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I. pU. tIsarI zati ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiM / paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chaMda yojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chaMdayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA / usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo "AyAracUlA" jor3I gayI hai, vaha bhI I. pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai / sUtrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chanda-yojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI i.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai / usameM upalabdha vIrastuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM.kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai / aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai / sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMguttaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai / grantha lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA sake / ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura unameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai vaha bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha vallabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ataH usakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga 23, sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazAkalpa aura vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| punaH isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM . (17)

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spaSTa ullekha milatA hai / yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai / yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai / jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai vidvAnoM ke anusAra isake aneka stara haiM isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM kintu samavAyAMga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai / inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM isI prakAra kI sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiM / isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai / kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA Agama sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake daza adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiM / ataH maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavatoM ke sambandhoM tatvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai ataH yaha tatvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| __aMga Agama sAhitya meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| usameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita haiM-nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputte, sudarzana, jamAgli, bhagAli, kiMkima,pallatetiya, phAla ambaDaputra / eka sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiN| kintu samavayAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramazaH sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiM / isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai / yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM isake kramazaH sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM unhIM dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM yathA akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milatA hai / isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aMga ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se isameM sthAnAMga ullikhita isake daza adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye daza adhyayana rahe hoNge| (18)

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bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai / sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiM 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kArtika. 5. saMsthAna, 6. zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra.10. atimukta / upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI dhanya kA adhyayana bhI vistRta hai / sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiM / sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna aupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote / isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita usakI viSaya vastu se bhinna hai apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asrava aura saMvaradvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa sUtra I. san. kI pA~cavI-chaThavIM zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke haiM kyoMki vaha unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiM / isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane eka svataMtra lekha meM kI hai jo "Agama sAhitya", DaoN. ke Ara candrA, ahamadAbAda meM prakAzita hai|' isI prakAra jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM rAyapaseNiyasutte meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTika meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTika jitanA prAcIna to hai hI / jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. kI racanA honI cAhiye / upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai / Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vi.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai / ataH isakA racanAkAla I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| . isI prakAra upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJaptiye tIna prajJaptiyAM prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza-parikarma ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahiye| (19)

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chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai ataH isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai / ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthaka kiyA gyaa| ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, zUbiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcanItA svIkAra kI hai| isake varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita hI paravartI hai / paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai / ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiM inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I. san kI sAtavIM zatI hai| ata: jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahie.| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcita dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahie| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoN| kintuM inatA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahie| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI saMbhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho / spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavI zatI ke uttarArddha meM astitva meM AyA hai / cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I. san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai / ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM kintu racayitA nahIM / mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavaikAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai / inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda hai| ataH yaha grantha I.pU. pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapieka saMkalana hai kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai / merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isake aneka gAthAyeM tathA kathAnaka pAlitripaTaka sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvata milate haiM / dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM ataH ye bhI saMgha bheda yA sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai / ataH inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / zramaNoM ke Avazyaka dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika,uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aurayApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM / ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| (20)

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prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai ataH ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / punaHAturapratyAkhyAna,mahApratyAkhyAna,maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhI chaThavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ata: ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I. san kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrNaka navIM-dasavI zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne Arya rakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai / ataH vaha I. san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devarSi se pUrvavartI haiM ataH unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiM / yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI kintu abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai ki jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIr3hI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| * AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ .. yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbaramAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa vallabhI vAcanA meM vi.ni. saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA- prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huI / paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyapradeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizrRMkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai / ataH usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatra hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thA / ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita-sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyA / sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara paaye| isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA kintu ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA sake / dRSTivAda aura usameM antarmukta pUrva (21)

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sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aMga bAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne lge| dvitIya vAcanA-AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I. pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI parvat para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai - mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastutaHusa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa se hI calatI thii| ataHdezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti-doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thI / ata:vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se jAke bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthi kiyA jAtA hai / kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbho kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thA / khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA - isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya vAcanA-AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vi.ni. 827 arthAt I. sana kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huI / isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiN| pathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM ko punaH pravartana kiyaa| ___ caturtha vAcanA- caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai / jisa samaya uttara pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatra huA usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatra huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| ___Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavaMta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hoNge| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai / isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skaMdila ke (22)

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dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI-nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi saMgrahaNI sUtroM evaM niyukti Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAeM milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrIya prAkRta meM apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM meM pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadvArasUtra, prakIrNakoM evaM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAyeM yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hoNgii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skaMdila dvArA-mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda bhI the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| A kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA (pR. 500) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha ke rUpa meM devarSigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI prAnti hai / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skaMdila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura donoM samakAlika the| yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| paM.kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devarSi nevallabhI meM kyA kiyA? sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA karalI kivAdivetAlazAntisUrivallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samma evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhata yA aMzataHpaThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka prAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ballekha hI nahIM hai ki zAntisUrivallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjunIya (23)

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aura devarSi kI vAcanAyeM sAtha-sAtha calatI rahIM haiM kyoMki inake pAThAntara kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM meM adhika huA hai| paMcama vAcanA - vI. ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samanvita kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti " aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya patra ko bhI sammilita kiyA gyaa| pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake kAlagat ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizrRMkhalita hone pramukha kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura ArAjakatA hI bhI kyoMki usa samaya nanda rAjya ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thI / usI ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya hai usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATalIputra ko vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlabhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| kintu syUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvo kAhI jJAna artha sahita prahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana aura saMpAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM saMpAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadvAra Adi ye sabhI paravartI AcAryoM kI kRti hone se usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho / (24)

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pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAja kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayala kiyA gayA thaa| saMbhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU.prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho| jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai itanA to nizcata hai ki usameM I. san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aMga-bAhya, Avazyaka vyatirikta zrutoM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi cheda sUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho / yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA mukhya rUpa se acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai / yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apane strI-nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai apitu usakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa die haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjitA kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga,uttarAdhyayana,nizItha Adi ke avataraNa pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| . ___ Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaHuttara bhArata ke nimrantha saMgha ke sacela-acela donoM pakSoM ke lie mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the / yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thii| merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| - isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayatI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita . (25)

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evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiM / vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAMga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaropapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha haiM / nandisUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiM / isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai / jJAtavya hai ki devarSi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai / isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaHvargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paraspara yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM kyoMki zvetAmbara yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskaMndha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devadhi kI hI dena hai / unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthi kiyA thaa| . yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asrava-sa~vara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va saMpAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devarSi na hokara deva vAcaka haiM, jo devadhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devarSi ne Asrava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke cha: aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM ve devarSi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiM / yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai / isake atirikta devadhi ne yaha mahatvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa kahIM saMkSipta aura kahIM vistRta thA vahA~ unhoMne jahA~ vistRta vivaraNa thA una granthoM kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra (26)

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jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyA / isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda 'jAva' zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahatvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekha / isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura saMpAdita kiyA gyaa| saMbhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA kintu yaha saba bhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM punaH sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, una para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAgavata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, nizItha aura kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiMcita bhitra haiN| ataH ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI. nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiM / yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTataH zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devarSi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to (27)

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nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI vAcanA ke jo avataraNa Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acela pakSa ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-paramparA se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho / phira bhI devadhi ko paramparA se prApta jo Agama the, unakA aura mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki donoM meM kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA kvacit antara A gaye hoM / ataH yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki devadhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| - yApanIyoM ke Agama yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aMgAdi-Agama vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra kalpa Adi ko apanI paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddharita karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai"aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAntoM ko puSTa karate haiM / parantu isa TIkA (arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM / mUlAcAra meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA ullekha hai- 1. gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| - isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha haiM jinakA asvAdhyayAkAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise- ArAdhanA (28)

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(bhagavatIArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niyukti, maraNavibhakti, saMgraha (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra), stuti (deviMdatyu) pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA(jJAtAdharmakathA)tathA aise hI anya grnth| yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAthA meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM ke nAma nirdeza nahIM hai / mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the! ataH isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH prAnta hI hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne 'thudi', paccakakhANa' evaM 'dhammakahA' ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve 'thudi' se devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra kA mantavya anya hI hai / jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai,pratyekabuddhakathita grantha se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiM, ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana niyukti Adi meM hai / zrutakevali kathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaricata dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama)racita bRhatkalpa,dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA) vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhitra dazapUrvI kathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se hai / yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| disambara paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI se AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta hogaI thI phira vIra nirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiM / jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi arthAt tapapUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai / vidhimArgaprapA meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thA / yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatIArAdhAnA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apitu svayaM dazavaikAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kA vAcana bhI karate the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| . . (29)

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* kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se bhinna the? / isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhitra the| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya saMgha bhI thA yaha saMgha yadyapi nagnatA kA pakSapAtI thA tathApi zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatIArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai / jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai| usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama granthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milate / AdaraNIya paM. jI ne yahA~ jo 'aneka' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha prAnti utpanna karatA hai / maineM aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbho kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandoM meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai / jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha-bheda nahIM hai / AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA se AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai / unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimna hai tathA coktamAcAraGge-sudaM * Aussatto* bhagavadA evamakkhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA havaMti / taM jahA savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgade cev| tatya je savvasamaNNAgade thiNA * hatthapANIpAde sabiMdiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi egamavi vatya dhAriuM evaM parihauM evaM aNNattha egeNa paDilehageNa iti|| nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdaza: nahIM hai kintu savvasamatrAgaya' nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai / ataHisa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha haiM / aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke lokavicaya' nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka ke ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemaMte. Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se uddhRta hai- vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, kalpa Adi ke sandoM kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai / aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbho paravicAra kareMge / AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM paricatesu vatsuNa puNo celpaadie| acelapavare bhikkhU jiNarUpadhare sadA / / (30)

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sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acelagI / ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciMtae / ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciMtae / paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM anupalabdha bhI batAyA hai / kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM nahIM kahA gayA hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho gaI, hama nahIM jAnate / punaH ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdazaH uttarAdhyayana meM na hoM, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabdarUpa se inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiM / uparokta uddhRta gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM"parijuNNehiM vatthehiM hokkhAmi tti acele| .aduvA "sacelae hokkhaM" idaM bhikkhU na cintae / " egayA acelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa|" evaM dhammahiyaM naccA nANI no paridevae / uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA ke Agama ke pAMTha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlataH ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiM / unameM jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbhoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNata: zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta haiN| mUlataH AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI meM raheM haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, prathama yahI hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai / svayaM paM. kailAzacandra jI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa - pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA se AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA sampAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta pATha meM hI antara hai- eka meM 'thINa' pATha hai- dUsare meM 'thIrAMga' pATha hai, jisase artha bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura sampAdaka kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, (31) -

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uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakAva kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAyeM uddhRta kI gaI haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai / yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI milatA hai / isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI kA nimna vaktavya vicAraNIya hai zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavataHmAthurI vAcanA) yApanIya saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoMki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha milate haiN| yApanIyoM ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA anta aura caturthazatI kA prarAmbha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa| kintu paM. nAthUrAmajI kI yaha zaMkA isa AdhAra para nizcita ho jAtI haiM ki vAstavika sampradAya-bheda IsvI san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi phalgumitra kI paramparA kI isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the,jo una nAmoM se Aja zvetAmbaraparamparA meM upalabdha haiM / mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha haiM / jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM- prathama yaha ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta aMza ho / kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM thI yA unakI paramparA ke viruddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotI to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM (saMkalana) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM A pAye the jo vismRta ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie 'jAva' pATha dekara vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara nikAla gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM miltaa| kintu yaha ho sakatA (32)

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hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda hotA thaa| vibhitra gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA gayA hai / yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thaa| kyoMki pratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA,tIrthaMkara ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai, artha-bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivarti kiye hoM / zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM- isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta 'bahuta' zabda Apattijanaka hai / phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepahI adhika huA hai, vismRti ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai / kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai- yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / sambhava hai ki yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta kiye hoN| mUlAcAra bhagavaMtIArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM gAthAyeM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM kI racanA kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bAgaprakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evanaM AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbho ke sadaiva zaurasenI rUpa hI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane DhaMga se rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyaa| ___ ataH isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kI thI aura apane mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye| mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a meM pIche nahIM rahe haiM / yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye haiM ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya haiM. kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svarUpa hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAna zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa kI bAta to kahate haiM kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM ki svayaM . (33)

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unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra hera-phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita 'bhagavatIArAdhanA' kI prastAvanA meM likhate haiM"vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita thA,usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai / aneka gAthAoM meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne jaba, isa yApanIya grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM. kailAzacandrajI ne una sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM pAye haiM / ataH abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI likhate haiM- isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai parantu yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai / bahuta kucha soca-vicAra ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati / milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thI, isalie unhoMne gopagiri(gvAliyara)ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza par3hA nahIM gayA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~-jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa haI hai| jahA~ 'tiloyapaNNatti' kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiM / paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ke zabdoM meM- ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa kI gayI hai| isa sandarbha meM paM. phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya bhAskara bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti aura usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para likhate haiM- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla granthakartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM- arthAt usameM 53 gAthAeM paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiM / yahI sthiti kundakunda ke samayasAra vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| samayasAra ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAe~ milatI haiM- arthAt usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI (34)

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AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM 437 gaathaayeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM 1242 gAthAe~ haiM to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAe~ haiM arthAt 162 gAthAe~ adhika haiM,yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki digambaraparamparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai / ina ullekhoM ke atirikta vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiN| jaise 'dhavalA' ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se saMjada' pada ko haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA sake / isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta meM mUlaprati meM saMjada' pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavataH bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara paramparA ke mAnya vidvAn paM. kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM. bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti "SaTkhaNDAgama-parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM- "samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, usameM artha-saMgati kI dRSTi se saMjadAsaMjada' ke Age saMjada' pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve 'saMjada' pada ko vahA~ jor3anA eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura uttara-pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3I, jinakA saMgraha kucha svatantra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika samAdhAna hetu jaba sampadAkoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA se jA~ca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhitra pratiyoM meM hamArA sujhAyA gayA saMjada pada vidyamAna hai / isase do bAteM spaSTa huI- eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha- saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" ___mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI bhI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahuMcAnA nahIM hai kintu mUlamanthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke lie zvetAmbara digambara yApanIya-sabhI samAnarUpa se doSI haiN| jahA~ zvetAmbaroM ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ataH kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita aMzoM para niSpakSa __ (35)

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dRSTi se vicAra kareM kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA paramparA se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake adhyayana kii| kyoMki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / yahI bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke saMdarbha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha alpa hI hai / prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| . AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA ____ Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita haiN| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSA kRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti ,kA racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai / isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| harivaMzapurANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM ne prakSipta mAnA hai kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura yApanIyoM meM navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai |smbhv yaha bhI hai ki jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zruta viccheda kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| punaH harivaMzapurANa meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai zeSa grantha to the hii| ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue ina tInoM kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai| tatpazcAta viSNu nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvo ke dhAraka zrutakevalI haiN| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 varSa hai / isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrvo sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva-ye gyAraha AcArya dasa pUrvo ke dhAraka hue / inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva rahA / isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke (36)

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viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda ho gayA / inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue / inakA sammilita kAla 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya ye cAra AcArya AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue / inakA kAla 118 varSa rahA / inake pazcAt vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gaI / mAtra aMga aura pUrva sAhitya ekadeza ke dhAraka AcArya hue| inake bAda AcArya dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga sAhityakA viccheda ho gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva sAhitya ekadeza ke dhAraka AcArya hue / inake bAda AcArya dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikaMjJAtA) AcAryoM kI paramparA calI / usake bAda pUrva aura aMga sAhitya kA viccheda ho gayA / mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcArya dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rahe / aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNa-belagolA ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA saMdehAspada bana jAtI. hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA anya koI vikalpa bhI nahIM hai / yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho / ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI.carcA huI hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAlika prakIrNaka ke atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai / isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti se samarUpa hI hai| prakIrNaka kA ullekha, nandIsUtra kI kAlika aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai / vyavahArabhASya spaSTataH sAtavIM zatAbdI zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai / tithyogAliya meM tIrthakaroM kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcaryoM kA ullekha se evaM nandIsutra, anuyogadvAra tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM aneka gAthAeM avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara grantha hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja bhI mAnyatA hai / isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai apitu aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI bhI carcA hai| (37)

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titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| Arya bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke sAtha hI cartudaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue / yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo ke hI jJAtA the titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra pAThabheda se sarvamitra ko batAyA gayA hai kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai / usake bAda anukrama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM pUrvagat zruta kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai zvetAmbaroM meM abhinna akSara dasa pUrvadhara aura bhinna akSara dasa pUrvadhara aise do prakAra ke vargoM kA ullekha hai jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote ve abhinna akSara dasa pUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the unheM bhinna akSara dasa pUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| __isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM caturdaza pUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA gayA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM koI samarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI / zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai / digambara paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvagupta gaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate haiM kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai / digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha to huA hai kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ataH isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai jo nimnAnusAra hai usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt vipAkasUtra sahita chaH aMgoM kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| isake pazcAt vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavayAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1500 meM AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttAradhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900 meM dazavaikAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika ke artha kA viccheda hogaa| (38)

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jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa kI bhUmikA meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha hama nahIM jAnate haiM / ho sakatA hai ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI dUsarA pAThAntara ho| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki aMga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to prazna yaha hai ki viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai ? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM jo bhI aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa haiM ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM haiM jisa rUpa meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya apitu aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anutaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bahuta kucha sAmagrI vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki sthAnAMga meM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu se mela nahIM khAtI hai / unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue haiM vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai| antima vAcanAkAra devarSigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai| usako hI maiMne saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha sakI / vaha AMzika rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gaI / kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka sAhitya maukhika rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai / viccheda kA krama tabhI rUkA jaba AgamoM kA likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI yaha jo carcA hai usake sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt zruta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa viccheda kI carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM bhI yaha mAtra kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA the| ___inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gayI ho aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara grantha meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA Adi kucha vidvAna ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda . (39)

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kA punaH isa carcA meM mAtra pUrva aura aMga aura sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai / kAlika aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI carcA nahIM uThI hai / durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai / viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha skii| aura usake kucha aMza vilupta ho gye| ataH AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honA caahiye| * ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai / bhagavatI ke kucha aMza,prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai / vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai / isa viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAMtika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka hai| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAMnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai / kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotA / yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhArabhUta bhI / samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra bhagavatIArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai / cU~ki tatvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA evaM syAdavAda-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva hai, ataH ye sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra Adi zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAMta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai / ataH zaurasenI AgamoM kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala. bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI vizeSatA evaM prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| (40)

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* tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM visaMgatiyA~ bhI pAyI jAtI hai / vastutaH ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unheM unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka ora unameM ahiMsA ke sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana ke nirdeza hai to dUsarI ora aise aneka vivaraNa bhI hai jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai / isI prakAra eka ora unameM na kevala muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana hai apitu usakA samarthana bhI kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra, pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai / eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai, ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA, niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai / vastutaH tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai / vastutaH tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| * ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina dharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA, isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhata RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDu, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai / isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye isakA yathArtha citraNa upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, . .. (41)

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jJAtAdharmakathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa Aja kA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaThagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se jhulasAye jA sakate hai / zaurasenI AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| * ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra ___ ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI Agama aura mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiM, kyoMki cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI bhI sAmagrI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUla strota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAeM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhAya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAyeM ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI hai / SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI hai, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e. ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAyanamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra ko kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama grantha bhI hai, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai / tilopanati kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyaka niyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena hai| * ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kRrtatva ajJAta ___ ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kRrtatva chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai / yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayambhavasUri kI, chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAnI jAtI hai| mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA vaha svayaM usI meM ullekhita hai| jabaki anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavataH usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadhara athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai / isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha (42)

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nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai / yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI ora paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kRrtatva sunizcita hai / yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai / ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gaI isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai / abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA,jo bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha hai, adhyayana kiyA to patA calA ki ve loMkAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai,vaha atiraMjanA unakI vizvasanIyatA paraprazna cinha upasthita karatI hai / hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho kintu tarka, buddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu meM kramazaH vikAsa hI hotA rahA hai / yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14 veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, vizvAsa kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| __anta meM vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara digambara mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM,tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakeMge aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakeMge ki kAlakrama meM unameM se kaise aura kyA parivartana hue hai / Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kI / anyathA digambara ko usameM vasyasambandhI ullekha prakSepa lageMge to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakeMge ki vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA hai| yahI sthiti anya prakAra ke sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se yukta adhyayana kI bhI hogI / punaH zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna deNge| ... (43)

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jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jekobI zUbriMga, vinTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svataMtra nibandhoM meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ne A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas nAmaka pustaka likhI / yaha grantha atyanta zodha paraka dRSTi se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka prAmANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna kI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA ke aMtargata prakAzita prathama tIna khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka jainAgama manana aura mImAMsA eka mahatvapUrNa kRti hai / paM. kailAzacaMdra jI dvArA likhita jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA aura usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM niSpakSa adhyayana dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke mUlya aura mahatva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA gayA hai| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUrijI ne prastuta kRti kI sRjanA jana-sAdhAraNa ko Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, kintu jaba maine isa kRti ko dekhA to mujhe lagA ki unhoMne pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha kiyA hai| yaha bAta unakI sahaja vidvattA kI paricAyaka hai| sAtha hI unhoMne isake lekhana meM apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se bhI mukta rakhA hai, isase unakI udAra evaM vyApaka dRSTi kA paricaya mila jAtA hai| prastuta kRti bAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiN| prathama tIna adhyAya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke mahatva, pramANya, vargIkaraNa evaM racanAkAla kA ullekha karate haiN| isa carcA meM AcArya zrI ne pUrNataH anveSaka dRSTi kA nirvAha kiyA hai / adhyAya kramAMka cAra se sAta taka cAra adhyAyoM meM AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| AThavA~ adhyAya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se sambandhita hai| naveM adhyAya Agama meM varNita samAja-vyavasthA kA, dasaveM zAsana vyavasthA kA, gyArahaveM meM artha-vyavasthA kA aura bArahaveM meM dharma-vyavasthA kA citraNa hai / ye antima cAra adhyAya sAmAnya pAThaka dvArA AgamoM mUlya evaM mahatva ko samajhane meM ati sahAyaka hai / AzA hai, pAThakagaNa isa kRti ke paThana se AgamoM ke viSaya kA sahaja hI rasAsvAdana kara skeNge| isa hetu hama AcAryazrI ke AbhArI raheMge ki unhoMne AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ko sahaja aura bodhagamya rUpa meM hamAre sAmane prastuta kiyA hai| maiM vyaktigata rUpa se bhI AcAryazrI kA AbhArI hU~ ki unhoMne bhUmikA likhane ke mAdhyama se mujhe Agama-sAhitya ke AloDana kA sahaja avasara diyA / (44) pro. sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI

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purovacanikA * amRtamayI dhArA aura dharma triveNI ____ bhAratadeza 'jagadguru' pada ke gaurava se vibhUSita mAnA gayA hai / isa gauravapUrNa pada kI svIkRti meM isa deza ke prAcInatama jJAnarAzi ke akSaya bhANDAgAra kA pUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| yahA~ dharma kI pradhAnatA ko sarvopari sthAna dete hue siddha tapasviyoM, mahApuruSoM, maharSiyoM tathA tyAgI-virAgiyoM ne satata sAtvika sAdhanA ke dvArA vaicArika manthana karake sArvabhauma-satyarUpa amRta kI upalabdhi kI aura use cira surakSita rakhane ke lie akSara deha pradAna kara prANimAtra ke kalyANa kA patha prazasta kiyaa| isa pAvana patha para dharma-triveNI kA pravAha avirala pravahamAna rakhane vAle jaina, brAhmaNa aura bauddha dharmAnuyAyI sudIrghakAla se apane-apane sarvamAnya dharma-graMthoM meM Agama veda tathA piTakoM ko himAlaya ke sarvocca zikhara se nikalI huI amRtamayI dhArA kA svarUpa mAnate haiN| isa pavitratama dharma triveNI kI dhArAoM se na kevala bhAratavAsI hI apitu virATa vizva ke jJAna-pipAsu manISIgaNa bhI yugoM se amRtapAna karate rahe haiM / yuga bIta gaye kintu AgamoM kI sattA itanI sudRr3ha jamI huI hai ki inakA Azraya pA lene para sanAtana-satyoM kI samaSTi ko cira-sthira rakhanevAlA yaha sAhitya mAnava-mAtra ko satya ke darzana kI preraNA detA hai, samucita mArga kA nirdeza karatA hai, kartavyAkartavya kA viveka sikhAtA hai tathA sAMsArika prapaJcoM se mukta hokara mokSa patha kA.pathika banane ke sarvottama lakSya kI ora agrasara karatA hai| . Agamika cintana kI vizeSatA eka viziSTa ikAI meM utpanna aura kAlAntara meM susamRddha hue Agamika cintana kI sarvopari vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha deza, kAla kI paridhi kA atikramaNa karatA huA vizvacintana kI pratiSThA ko prApta kara rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa cintana kA prabhAva na kevala bhAratavarSa ke nivAsiyoM para hI par3A, apitu Asa-pAsa ke sabhI eziyAI dezoM ko bhI apane prabhAva se AkRSTa kiyaa| Aja to vizva ke susamRddha dezoM meM bhI yaha eziyAI saMskRti kA eka mahatvapUrNa pratinidhitva kara rahA hai| * jaina Agama vicAra ___ yahA~ hama prastuta graMtha ke Aloka meM carcita anuzIlita jaina AgamoM para vicAra karate haiN| veda, Agama aura bauddha-piTakoM kI samAnatA meM virAjamAna jaina Agama Apta-ukti, zrutajJAna, Agama Adi vibhinna abhidhAnoM se suprasiddha haiM / ina AgamoM kI saMkhyA vistRta hai| ye vizuddha rUpa se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI haiM, jise upadeza ke rUpa .

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meM zruta, ekAdaza gaNadharoM ne prApta karake saMkalanapUrvaka graMthoM ke AkAra meM prastuta kiyA ___prAcInakAla meM zrutajJAna' caudaha pUrvo meM antarbhUta thaa| ye caudaha pUrva utpAda pUrva, agrAyaNIya pUrva Adi nAmoM se prasiddha the| ye sabhI aMgoM se pUrva tIrthaMkaroM dvArA abhihita hone se pUrva' kahe gaye / inhIM pUrvo para AdhArita upadezoM ko viziSTa zakti sampanna gaNadhara nAma-gotra, labdhizAlI mahApuruSoM ne sUtrarUpa meM grathita karake ziSya-praziSyoM taka phNcaayaa| ye sabhI bAteM AgamoM meM hI kathita haiN| anya bAhya pramANoM kI apekSA kiye binA svayaM AgamoM meM hI vividha prasaMgoM meM AgamoM ke prAdurbhAva kA kathana haA hai| AgamoM kI saMkhyAgata bahulatA kI dRSTi se pUrvAcAryoM kI mAnyatAoM meM vibhinnatA AI aura sampradAyoM kA pravartana huaa| tathApi mukhya lakSya meM koI bhinnatA nahIM AI, yaha atyaMta mahatvapUrNa bAta hai| ___'Agama' zabda aneka vyutpatti aura paribhASAoM se gauravAnvita hai |aagm zabda ko kucha vidvAna 'rUr3ha' mAnate haiM to kucha yogarUr3ha' mAnate haiM / rUr3havAdI paribhASAoM ke dvArA apanI bhAvanA ko vyakta karate haiM, jabaki 'yogarUr3havAdI' vyAkaraNAnusArI vyutpattiyoM ke AdhAra para apane vicAroM ko abhivyakti dete haiM / 'upAsakAdhyayana' meM: Agama zabda kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI gaI hai* heyopadeyarUpeNa cturvrg-smaashrdhaat| kAlatraya-gatAnarthAn gamayannAgamaH smRtaH / / 100 / / ___ isake anusAra 'heya aura upAdeya rUpa se dharma, artha, kAma mokSarUpa caturvarga ke samAzraya se trikAlagata arthoM kA jo jJAna karAye vaha Agama' kahA jAtA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne 'abhidhAna-cintAmaNi-nAmamAlA' ke devakANDa meM kahA hai* rAddhasiddhakRtebhyo'nta AptoktiH smyaagmau|| tathA svopajJavRtti meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki Agamyata iti AgamaH' arthAt 'siddhAnta, Aptokti, samaya tathA Agama' meM samAnArthaka haiN| anya dharmAvalambI AcAryoM ne bhI Agama kI paribhASA aura vyutpattiyAM inhIM ke samAna dI haiN| yathA- 'pAtaMjala yoga darzana' ke 'vyAsa bhASya' meM - 'Aptena dRSTo'namito ga'rthaH paratra svabodhasaMkrAntaye zabdenopadizyate, zabdAt tadartha viSayA vRttiH '' isI ko 'bhojavRtti' meM AptavacanamAgamaH' kahakara puSTi kI gaI hai| ....... yaha hai ki Agama smaryamANa- kartaka haiM, sArvavarNika haiM, rAjamArga haiN| eka hI tatva ke pratipAdyabhUta upakrama ko kriyAzIlatA kI ora keMdrita karate haiM / Agacchati paramparayA iti AgamaH' arthAt jo satya-rahasya paramparA se A rahA hai, vahI Agama hai| (46)

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AgamoM meM ananta zAstrakoTiyoM kA jJAna samAviSTa hai / isa zabda meM 'A' upasarga ke artha (1) ISad aura (2) samantAt donoM Ate haiM / gama zabda kA artha bodha athavA jJAna hai| ye donoM artha jaina AgamoM meM yathArthataH samAviSTa haiM jo heyatA evaM upAdeyatA ke vivecana se jJeya haiN| Agama eka aisA paripUrNa jJAna hai, jo sarvatomukhI aura samyak hai / prAcIna TIkAkAroM ne Agama kA artha abheda parAmarza denevAlI jJAnamayI zakti' kahA hai / Agama kA eka artha 'avataraNa' bhI hai |is dRSTi se jaina Agama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke avataraNa se hI upabRhita haiN| __Agama zabda ke yAvanmAtra arthoM kA samanvaya jaina AgamoM para sabhI prakAra se ghaTita ho jAtA hai / AgamoM se kartavya karmoM kI AjJArUpa vastu kI prApti hotI hai, jise 'AjJAvastu samantAcca gamyata ityAgamo mataH' isa vyutpatti se sArthaka kahA jA sakatA hai| paramparA kI dRSTi se ye Agama bauddhika tathA sAmAjika jIvana ke pradhAna srota haiN| inakI anavaratatA se caturvarga ke dharma aura mokSa kI tathya pUrNa vyavasthAeM prastuta huI haiN| inameM 'AtmaprakAza, smRti-parizuddhi, kartavyabodha evaM jar3Ibhava ke nirAkaraNa ke upAyoM kA samucita ullekha huA hai| ina divyAmamoM kI bhUmikA para AdhyAtmika tatvoM kI sazakta pratiSThA huI hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI ke sAra se saMvalita ina AgamoM kI vyApaka paridhi meM aisA koI bhI upAdeya, kalyANakArI viSaya nahIM chUTA hai, tathA jo saMketamAtra se kaha diyA hai, use parama upakArI maharSiyoM pUrvAcAryoM ne TIkA, bhASya, vyAkhyA Adi ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kara diyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Agama aura AgamoM se sambaddha sAhitya ativistRta ho gayA hai| aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, chedasUtra, mUlasUtra Adi AgamoM kA viSaya-vistAra sarvasAdhAraNa kI jJAna sImA se bahata hI dUra hotA jA rahA hai| virale AcArya hI isa jJAna-sindhu meM gotA lagAkara ratnoM ko prApta karate haiM / pArampika dRSTikoNa tathA vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ke pariprekSya meM nirIkSaNa, darzana aura buddhi-vyApAra dvArA jJAna prApta karane vAle svataMtracetA AcArya isa AgamarUpa dharohara ko surakSita rakhane aura inameM nihita vAstavika jJAna rAzi se paricita karAne kA nirantara prayAsa karate Ae haiN| jJAna-prApti ke sarvottama sAdhanabhUta jainAgamoM se samucita bodha kI upalabdhi ke liye- '1. darzana, 2. avagraha nirIkSaNa, 3. IhA-vargIkaraNa, 4. avAya-niSkarSa tathA 5. . dhAraNA-niyamIkaraNa tathA samprasAraNa' ye pA~ca caraNa nirdhArita haiM / inake AdhAra para kiye jA rahe vAcana, lekhana, vyAkhyAna Adi kriyA-kalApoM se sarvajJopadiSTa adhyAtma kI dhUrI para samAja ko carama lakSya evaM parama kartavya kA jJAna karAyA jA rahA hai kintu yaha eka ekAMgI prayAsamAtra kahA jaaegaa| kyoMki paricaya kI paridhi meM itane AgamoM ko Abaddha karane se samucita nirUpaNa nahIM ho pAtA hai| (47)

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* AcArya zrI jayantasena sUrIzvarajI kI bhAvanA AcAryavarya zrI jayantasena sUrIzvarajI mahArAja ne isa kamI kA anubhava kiyA aura jainAgamoM ke sAMskRtika pakSa mAtra ko ujAgara karane ke sAtha hI inake samucita parijJAna vibhinna mAnyatAoM kA adhyayana, zAstra evaM anyAnyazAstroM kA vicAra, aitihAsika pakSa, antarvirodha, cintanaparamparA, rItiparamparA, vizvAsa, jIvana-paddhati, samanvaya-pradhAnatA Adi apekSita tatvoM kA pratipAdana, dUrakAlavartI saMketoM kA spaSTIkaraNa tathA vyAkhyA sApekSa viSayoM kA sAMgopAMga nirUpaNa karane kI AvazyakatA ko bhI anubhava kiyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI saMketa karanA prAsaMgika hI hogA ki AcArya zrI adyAvadhi vividha viSayaka aneka graMthoM kA praNayana kara cuke haiN| yadyapi deza-videza ke aneka vikhyAta vidvAnoM ne jaina AgamoM ke viziSTa viSayoM para vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai, tathApi samagra viSayoM ke vistAra se vimarza ke prayAsa nahIM hue haiM, yaha kahanA asaMgata nahIM hai / cintana dAridraya ko haTAne tathA ina AgamoM meM virAjamAna sarvopayogI, sarvasApekSa, prAcIna samanvaya saMskRti kA unmIlana karane ke lie jJAna-garimA se maNDita vividha zAstroM ke vijJAtA, prAJjala aura prAmANika zailI ke sAhityakAra AcArya pravara jaise manISI kI lekhanI pravRtta ho, yaha nitAnta Avazyaka thaa| ___ AcAryazrI ne prAcIna aura navIna upalabdha Agamika sAhitya kA cintana aura manthana karake pAyA ki Agamika cintana kI zAzvata sArthakatA ko dRzyasattA-zarIra, prANa, mana aura buddhi Adi ko kendra meM rakhakara inake cAroM ora dRSTi rakhane kI pravRtti to ina lekhakoM ne prayAsapUrvaka prastuta kI hai kintu hamAre AgamoM ne jisa adRzyasattA 'AtmA' ko pArthiva upalabdhiyoM kI apekSA mAnava jAti ke liye jIvana ke keMdra meM pratiSThita kiyA aura adhyAtmaparaka jIvana ke sabhI staroM ko Alokita karane kI dRSTi ke liye apekSita vivecana ko paryApta sthAna nahIM diyA hai / isake sAtha hI AgamoM kA paricaya karAne vAle vidvAnoM ne vivecanA meM 'utkRSTa prastuti' athavA 'sAmAnya sUcanAtmaka vivecanoM' se pAThakoM ke antaraMga ko vaijJAnika praNAlI se mukhya prasthApanAoM ko AtmasAta karAne meM bhI audArya nahIM dikhAyA hai| deza evaM kAla kI sImAoM kA atikramaNa karake samagra eziyAI saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karane vAle ina AgamoM ke dvArA eka bAra punaH apane vismRta saMskAroM aura kartavyoM kA smaraNa dilAne tathA mAnava-mAtra ko vinAza ke garta se bacAne ke lie sUrIzvarajI dvArA kiyA gayA satsaMkalpa isa AgamoM ke anuzIlana' meM pariNata huA hai| * gambhIra adhyayana se tatva-prApti "ye'nviSyanti nimajjabha sAgaratalaM taimoktikaM labhyate" . -jo sAgara ke tala meM DUba kara khoja karate haiM, unhIM ko motI-ratna prApta hote haiN| (48)

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isa sUkti ko sArthaka karate hue prastuta graMtha ke praNetA 'zrIjayanta sena sUrIzvarajI . mahArAja' ne nirantara zAstrAvagAhana-pUrvaka jina ratnoM kI upalabdhi kI hai, use madhyamamArga kA avalambana lekara sarvabodhya bhASA meM jaina Agama-sAhitya kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se anuzIlana kiyA hai / isakI saMkSipta vivaraNikA isa prakAra hai- prastuta anuzIlana bAraha adhyAyoM meM Avarjita haiM / ina adhyAyoM meM kramaza:- . 1- AgamaH: sAmpratika, AvirbhAva kI bhUmikA- zIrSaka se lakSaNa prAmANya, upadeSTA jaise viSayoM para carcA karate hue pracalita UhApohoM kI tathyAtmaka vivecanA kI 2- AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa-isa zIrSaka se AgamoM kI dvAdazAMgatA, saMkalana, saMkhyAvRddhi kA kAraNa, vargIkaraNa kA rUpa, aMga-aMgabAhya Adi zabdoM kA Azaya, AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa, dimambara paramparA meM vargIkaraNa kA rUpa, AgamoM kI sAmpratika saMkhyA, sthAnakavAsI paramparA mAnya Agama, jaise upazIrSakoM ke dvArA zAstrIya pramANoM ke sAtha, binA kisI pakSapAta ke, taTastharUpa se digdarzana karAyA hai| 3- AgamoM kA racanAkAla prarUpita karate hue isa adhyAya meM 'Agama surakSA meM bAdhAe~: pATalIputra, mathurA, vallabhI (prathama aura dvitIyA, vAcanAe~, digambara paramparA meM zAstralekhana kI sthitiyoM kI prAmANika prastuti kI gaI hai| kathana kI manojJatA itanI uttama hai ki pAThaka ke mana meM uThane bAle saMzayoM ko svayaM uThAkara unakA samAdhAna bhI diyA hai| kahIM bhI sampradAyagata durAgraha ko avakAza nahIM diyA gayA hai| tulanA meM vaidika sAhitya ke sambaMdha meM kathita vicAroM para vimarza bhI kiyA hai / yathAvazyaka bauddha piTakoM ke saMrakSaNAdi ke lie haI vyavasthA prakriyA kA bhI smaraNa dilAyA hai / vAcanAeM yahA~ cAra varNita haiM, jabaki chaha vAcanAaiM bhinna-bhinna samayoM meM huI thIM, aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai| . 4- aMga AgamoM kA bAhya paricaya- isa adhyAya kA uddezya aMga AgamoM ke bAhya vaiziSTya se paricita karAnA hai| isameM zrutapuruSa kA paricaya dekara 'nAma-nirdeza AcArAdi aMgoM ke nAmoM kA artha, aMgoM kI bhASAzailI, aMgoM kA krama, aMgo kA pada-parimANa, digambara paramparA meM aMga Agama' paraka laghuzIrSakoM meM sapramANa paricaya karAyA hai / jaina sampradAya kI donoM zAkhAoM kI mAnyatA kA tAratamya isa paricaya zrRMkhalA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 5- aMga AgamoM kA Antara paricaya- isa zIrSaka se varNya viSaya svayaM spaSTa hai| isameM pratyeka aMga/Agama kA saMkSipta kintu sAragarbhita antaraMga paricaya darzita hai| donoM paramparAoM meM pravartita mAnyatAoM kA nidarzana evaM pratyeka aMga Agama kA

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viSaya- darzana zlAghanIya hai| isase itara sampradAya ke adhyetAoM ke lAbha se niSedha nahIM .kiyA jA sakatA / 6 - upalabdha aMga AgamoM kA paricaya - yaha adhyAya vartamAna upalabdha aMga AgamoM kA vistAra se unake adhyayana, prakaraNa, cUlikA Adi ke viSaya - vizeSa kA paricaya karAtA hai / prAsaMgika rUpa meM yatratatra mahattA, samIkSA evaM unakI bhASA zAstrIya vimarza ke sAtha prAcInatA, uttara kAlika aura zailI, bhASA evaM cUrNikAroM ke mantavyoM ko bhI yahA~ prastuta karake rocakatA lAyI gaI hai| isa adhyAya kA mahatva isa dRSTi se bhI bar3ha gayA hai ki pratyeka aMga kA samagra viSaya spaSTa hone ke sAtha hI, varNita dRSTAnta, kathA, siddhAnta Adi ke ullekhya tathyoM kI ora bhI dhyAna dilAyA gayA hai / ina aMga AgamoM ke videzI vidvAnoM dvArA kiye gaye anuvAda, zodhapUrNa prAkkathana tathA nibaMdha lekhana Adi kA bhI paricaya diyA gayA hai, jo ati mahatvapUrNa hai / 1 7- aMga bAhya AgamoM kA paricaya - zrutakevaliyoM sthaviroM Adi ke dvArA viracita graMthoM ko - anaMga-praviSTa prakIrNaka, upAMga athavA aMgabAhya zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / inake paricaya meM bheda-prabhedoM ke kAraNa vividhatA kA honA svabhAvika hI hai / kintu sUrIzvarajI ise AgamoM ke pramANoM se hI vyavasthita rUpa meM samajhAte haiM / mUla zIrSaka ke anusAra paramparA-mAnya pratyeka aMgabAhya kA paricaya dete hue yahA~ vivecana saraNi meM AcAryoM kI TIkA, bhASya, cUrNI Adi meM prakaTita mAnyatAoM ko bhI samupasthita kiyA hai| sabhI upAMgoM meM varNita viSayoM kA prakaraNAnusAra paricaya sAra-saJcayanI dRSTi se diyA hai / lekhana evaM cayana zailI itanI manorama hai ki pUre graMtha kA vAstavika svarUpa sahajarUpa se pratyakSa ho jAtA hai / chedasUtra, mUlasUtra, niryuktiM Adi ke paricaya bhI samIkSaNa sahita isI adhyAya meM upalabdha hai / paramparA meM jina anya graMthoM ko AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milI hai una 13 graMthoM kA paricaya dekara vaidezikoM kI kRtakAryatA se bhI avagata karAyA gayA hai 1 8 - Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya - yaha sarvamAnya satya hai ki 'graMthagata viSayavastu kA rahasyodghATana usake vizleSaNa athavA vyAkhyA ke binA durUha hai|' hajAroM varSoM ke antarAla meM sthita Agama - vAGmaya ke gAmbhIrya kA parijJAna una para siddhahasta, marmajJa, tapa:pUta evaM pAramparika prajJA ke dhanI AcAryoM dvArA ina AgamoM para 'niryukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA, vivaraNa, vRtti, dIpikA, TippaNa, avacUri, vivecana, chAyA, akSarArtha paMcikA, vacanikA, TabbA, bhASATIkA, anuvAda' Adi nirantara likhe gaye haiM / inakI vividhatA, viziSTatA, udAttatA, gambhIratA Adi se sarvasAmAnya ko avagata karAne ke dhyeya se yaha adhyAya likhA gayA hai / yahA~ prasaMga prApta vyAkhyA ke prakAra, abhidheya, saMkalita AgamoM 1 (50)

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ke nAma, pramukha vyAkhyAkAra, (prAkRta, saMskRta tathA lokabhASA ke) vyAkhyAkAroM kA, unakI anyAnya kRtiyoM kA aura vyaktitva kA samAlocanA - pUrvaka paricaya karAyA hai / yaha 'sAMketika vihaMgAvalokana' hote hue bhI apane ApameM paripUrNa hai / 9 - Agama sAhitya meM samAja vyavasthA - yaha adhyAya isa graMtha kA zikhara rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki anyAnya lekhaka AgamoM kI mahattA vyakta karane ke liye dhArmika, dArzanika aura sAMskRtika pakSa para hI likhate rahe haiM / janamAnasa ko chUne vAle, unase nikaTatA sthApita karane tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA ke grAhyatatvoM ko AtmasAta karAne meM yaha adhyAya mArgadarzaka hogaa| isameM 'varNavyavasthA, varNoM kI utpatti, pratyeka varNa ke kArya, zreNI saMgaThana, pArivArika jIvana, vivAha - prathA, santAna ke prati mamatva, laukika devI devatA, jAdU-TonA aura andhavizvAsa, Amoda-pramoda, manoraMjana ke sAdhana, jIvanopayogI sAdhana, jIvana yApana stara, maraNa saMskAra, cikitsA Adi ke tAtvika viSayoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai / 10 - Agama sAhitya meM zAsana vyavasthA ke ullekha- zIrSaka isa adhyAya meM rAjA aura rAjapada, rAjA kI dinacaryA, rAjA kA uttarAdhikArI, rAjyAbhiSeka, rAjA kA antaHpura, rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa, sainya vyavasthA, rAjya kI Aya ke srota, gA~va, eka chatra rAja, aparAdha aura daNDa, hAkAra aura dhikkAra nItiyA~, nyAya vyavasthA Adi viSayoM para sUkSma adhyayana pUrvaka tatkAlIna sthiti kA digdarzana atyanta upayogI huA hai| 11 - AgamoM meM arthopArjana vyavasthA kA ullekha- yaha janajIvana ke atyAvazyaka aMga kA prakAzaka adhyAya hai| isameM kRSi, zrama, pUMjI aura prabaMdha sambaMdhI arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM kA vivecana huA hai| "kRSi upaja, anna kI surakSA ke upAya, pazupAlana, vanopaja, katAI-bunAI, AbhUSaNa nirmANa, upakaraNa nirmANa, sugandha, itra, dhUpa Adi ke vyApArI, anya kArIgarI, anya pezevara loga, bhRtya, dAsa Adi, arthopArjana ke vividha rUpa pramukha vyApAra keMdra, yAtAyAta ke sAdhana, prasthAna samAroha, mudrA, mApa tola, udhAra lenA denA, vyApArika saMgaThana jaise - upazIrSakoM ke mAdhyama se sampUrNa jIvana zailI kA virATa darzana isa adhyAya kA laukika prasthAna hai 1 12 - Agama sAhitya meM dhArmika vyavasthA kA rUpa - jaina AgamoM kA pramukha pratipAdya dharma hai| usake pariprekSya meM mAnava ke astitva kI samasta AsthAe~, vyavasthAeM, pratiSThAe~ tathA niSThAe~ svataH sphUrta hotI gaI kintu inakA prakAza zAradIya pUrNimA ke candramA ke parama AhlAdaka prakAza meM nakSatroM ke samAna TimaTimAte rahe / lagatA hai ye uparyukta 9, 10 tathA 11 veM adhyAyoM meM punarjIvana ko hI prApta nahIM hue, apitu amaratva kI sthiti meM bhI pahu~ca gaye / (51)

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yahIM yaha 'Agama aura Agama sAhitya kA anuzIlana' virAma letA hai| .upasaMhAra yaha anuzIlana apane Apa meM anUThA evaM paripUrNa hai / yaha itihAsa, samIkSA, udbodhana, anta: sAkSya ke AdhAra para kathAtatva, zAstrIya tathya evaM mRdula khaNDana-maNDana tathA sukhada sAmaJjasya ko apane meM sameTate hue pAradarzI svarUpAGkana kA anUThA prayAsa hai, yaha kahane meM koI atizayokti nahIM hai| lekhana meM kisI rAjAjJA ke prati avanata na hote hue utkaTa zrama, svAdhyAya aura praur3ha jJAna ko upasthita karane meM saphalatA kA varaNa to kiyA hI hai, sAtha hI aneka anudghATita pakSoM ke saMzayAspada vicAroM ko udghATita karane meM bhI mAnaka kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai / yaha graMtha jaina AgamoM aura unake sambaMdha meM vibhinna prakAra kI bhrAntiyoM kA nivAraNa karate hue zAstrIya pakSa kA maNDana bhI karatA hai| yahA~ mahAkavi harSa kI yaha ukti smaraNa ho AtI hai ki- "vAga janma vaiphalyamasahyazalyaM guNAd bhute vastuni maunitA cet" arthAt kisI adbhuta guNoM vAlI . vastu ke guNoM ke prati mauna rahanA, vANI ke janma kI viphalatA hI hai aura vaha asahanIya kA~TA bhI hai|" ata: isa adbhuta guNoMvAlI kRti aura vartamAna jainajagata ke dedIpyamAna nakSatra tulya graMthakAra kI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAe vaha nyUna hI hogii| Aja ke yuga meM AgamoM kI rakSA, adhyayana-adhyApana aura usake sarvAGgINa anuzIlana kI mahatI AvazyakatA kI pUrti isa graMtha se sahaja sambhava hogI yaha hamArA pUrNa vizvAsa hai / deza-videza ke jo vidvAna anusandhAna-pravRtti meM juTe hue haiM unake liye yaha 'anuzIlana' nizcaya hI mArgadarzaka siddha hogaa| ___ isa ArSa-puruSArtha ke liye AcArya pravara zrI jayanta sena surIzvarajI mahArAja sadaiva vandanIya aura abhinandanIya hai / bhaviSya meM aura bhI aisI kRttiyoM ke nirmANa kI apekSA ke sAtha Apake nairogyapUrNa dIrghajIvana kI maGgala kAmanA karate hue Apake cira sthira yaza kA prasAra ho tathA vidvAna samudAya isa kRti kA manoyoga pUrvaka adhyayana kareM, samAdara kareM, yahI zubhecchA hai| nidezaka bI.ema. bir3alA zodha keMdra vizvavidyAlaya mArga ujjaina (ma.pra.) DaoN. rudradeva tripAThI sAhitya sAMkhyayoga darzanAcArya, ema.e. (saMskRta-hiMdI), pI-eca.DI, DI.liTa ; tantrAgama bhAskara (52)

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.. prAkkathana vizva ke jitane bhI dharma haiM, una sabakA apanA-apanA sAhitya hai / usameM unakI dharma-darzana viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / vaidika paramparA meM veda hai to bauddha paramparA meM tripiTaka / masIhI dharma meM bAIbila hai to islAma meM kurAna / ina sabakA apanI-apanI paramparA meM viziSTa mahatva hai| isI prakAra jaina paramparA meM Agama sAhitya hai / sUtra, graMtha, siddhAMta, pravacana, AjJA, vacana upadeza, prajJApana, Agama, Aptavacana, 'aitihya, AmnAya aura jina vacana, zruta ye sabhI Agama ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiM / Ajakala Agama zabda kA prayoga adhika hone lagA hai kiMtu prAcIna kAla meM zruta zabda kA prayoga adhika hotA thaa| yaha to spaSTa hai ki Agama sAhitya jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA parama pAvana sAhitya hai, phira bhI Agama kI paribhASA yA artha jAnanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| Agama kI paribhASA se yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki isa zabda se kaunasA tathya/rahasya dhvanita hotA hai| ___ "Agama" 'A' upasarga aura 'gama' dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai / 'A' upasarga kA artha pUrNa hai aura gama dhAtu kA artha gati prApti hai / isa saMdarbha meM AcAryoM ne Agama kI jo paribhASAe~ dI haiM, unameM se kucha isa prakAra haiM- . "jisase vastu tatva kA paripUrNa jJAna ho, vaha Agama hai|" ..A- samantAd gamyate vastu tatvamanene tyAgamaH / jisase padArthoM kA yathArtha jJAna ho, vaha Agama hai . . Agamyante maryAdayA'vabuddhayante'rthAH anenetyAgamaH // -ratnAkarAvatArikAvRtti jisase padArthoM kA paripUrNatA ke sAtha maryAdita jJAna ho, vaha Agama hai / jo tatva AcAra paramparA se vAsita hokara AtA hai, vaha Agama hai / -Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, nandIsUtra vRtti| upacAra se Aptavacana bhI Agama mAnA jAtA hai / Apta kA kathana Agama hai| AptopadezaH zabda- nyAya sUtra 1/1/7 jisase sahI zikSA prApta hotI hai, vizeSa jJAna upalabdha hotA hai, vaha zAstra Agama yA zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai| ' .. (53)

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uparyukta paribhASAoM meM Apta zabda kA prayoga huA hai / prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki Apta kauna? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jinhoMne rAga-dveSa ko jIta liyA hai, vaha jina tIrthaMkara, sarvajJa, bhagavAna, Apta hai aura unakA upadeza evaM vANI hI jainAgama hai, kyoMki unameM vaktA ke sAkSAt darzana evaM vItarAgatA ke kAraNa doSa kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hotI aura na pUrvApara virodha tathA yukti bAdha hI hotA hai / sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko nimnAnusAra vargIkRta kiyA gayA haiaMga, upAMga, mUlaAgama, cheda Agama aura prakIrNaka / anuyogoM ke adhAra para AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai- ... caraNa karaNAnuyoga, dharmakathAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga / viSaya sAmya kI dRSTi se apRthaktvAluyoga aura pRthaktvAnuyoga ye do bhAga kiye gae haiN| jahA~ taka Agama graMthoM kI saMkhyA kA prazna hai isa sambaMdha meM mataikya nahIM hai| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM mUrti pUjaka paramparA paiMtAlIsa Agama graMtha svIkAra karatI hai to sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA battIsa / digambara jaina paramparA apane Agama graMtha ina donoM paramparAoM se alaga hI svIkAra karatI hai / yahA~ isa viSaya para vistAra se kucha likhanA prAsaMgika pratIta nahIM hotaa| rASTrasaMta, jaina dharma prabhAvaka tIrthoddhAraka kuzala pravacanakAra, siddhahasta lekhaka, sarasa kavi, prazAMtamUrti, sarala svabhAvI, mRdubhASI pUjya AcArya bhagavaMta zrImad, vijaya jayaMtasena sUrIzvarajI ma.sA. kI vividha viSayaka aneka pustakeM abhI taka prakAzita ho cukI haiN| jinameM pravacana, kathA, kAvya, nibaMdha, vyAkhyAM paraka to hai hI, sAtha hI jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke lie nitya upayoga meM Ane vAlI pustakeM bhI sammilita haiM / AcArya bhagavaMta eka ciMtaka bhI haiM / unakA yaha svarUpa unakI ciMtana pradhAna pustakoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| unhoMne aneka mahatvapUrNa evaM upayogI graMthoM kA punarmudraNa bhI karavAyA hai| isa prakAra AcArya bhagavaMta mA~ bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko samRddha karate jA rahe haiN| yaha mere lie saubhAgya kA viSaya hai ki mujhe AcArya bhagavaMta ne apane navInatama graMtha "jaina Agama sAhitya : eka anuzIlana" kA na kevala avalokana karane kA avasara pradAna kiyA varana, usa para likhane kA bhI avasara diyaa| vaise jaina Agama sAhitya para adyAvadhi bahuta kucha likhA jA cukA hai| phira bhI prastuta graMtha kI apanI kucha alaga vizeSatAe~ haiM, jo usameM pratipAdya viSaya ko dekhane para spaSTa ho jAtI haiN| . 1. jaina Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA pRSTha5-6 .. (54)

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sampUrNa graMtha ko kula bAraha adhyAyoM meM bA~TA gayA hai / prathama adhyAya meM Agama kA lakSaNa, Agama prAmANya, vaidika dRSTi aura AgamoM ke upadeSTA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yaha adhyAya Agama sAhitya ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hai / dUsare adhyAya meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM AgamoM kI saMkhyA para vicAra karate hue vargIkaraNa ke rUpa bhI batAye gaye hai| sAtha hI aMga-aMgabAhya zabdoM ko bhI samajhAyA gayA hai| isase jaina dharmetara vyakti ko samajhane meM kAphI sahAyatA milatI hai| tIsarA adhyAya AgamoM ke racanA kAla se sambaMdhita hai / zruta paramparA se jaba jJAna ke kSaya hone-naSTa hone kI sambhAvanA huI to tatkAlIna vijJa AcAryoM ne Agama sAhitya ko zuddha rUpa meM surakSita rakhane ke liye pariSadoM kA Ayojana karake Agama sAhitya ko saMgrahIta kiyA aura phira lipibaddha kara surakSita kiyaa| aisI jitanI bhI vAcanAyeM huI unakA saMkSipta kintu sAragarbhita vivaraNa isa adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai| adhyAya cAra, pA~ca aura cha: meM aMga AgamoM kA bAhya evaM Antara paricaya diyA gayA hai / cauthe adhyAya meM aMga AgamoM kA nAma nirdeza, nAmoM kA artha, unakI bhASA zailI, aMgoM kA krama, aMgoM kA pada parimANa Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / pA~caveM aura chaThe adhyAya meM aMga AgamoM kA sAMgopAMga paricaya diyA gayA hai| isa paricaya se pratyeka aMga Agama kI viSaya vastu kA sampUrNa paricaya mila jAtA hai| ___ adhyAya kramAMka sAta meM aMga bAhya AgamoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| pratyeka aMga bAhya Agama kA sampUrNa paricaya diyA gayA hai| jisase unakI viSayavastu kI jAnakArI sahaja hI mila jAtI hai| . . . .. adhyAya kramAMka ATha meM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isameM vyAkhyA ke prakAra vyAkhyA ke prakAroM kA amidheya, vyAkhyA prakAroM meM saMkalita AgamoM ke nAma ke sAtha hI pramukha vyAkhyAkAra, bhASyakAra, cUrNikAra, TIkAkAra loka bhASA TIkAkAra Adi kA paricaya diyA hai / usake pazcAt vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| adhyAya eka se adhyAya ATha taka kA vivaraNa yadi vistAra se likhA jAe to graMtha kA svarUpa kucha aura hI ho jAtA hai kiMtu AcArya bhagavaMta ne apanI kalama ke jAduI sparza se lekhana kucha isa prakAra kiyA hai ki gAgara meM sAgara samA gayA hai / thor3e meM hI vistRta paricaya mila jAtA hai| adhyAya kramAMka nau meM Agama sAhitya meM varNita samAja-vyavasthA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isameM varNa aura jAti, brAhmaNoM ke sambaMdha meM jaina mAnyatA kA dRSTikoNa, (55)

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brAhmaNa Adi cAra varNoM ke kArya, brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zadra, zreNI saMgaThana, pArivArika jIvana, saMtAna ke prati mamatA, laukika, devI-devatA, jAdU-TonA, aMdhavizvAsa, Amora -pramoda ke sAdhana jIvanopayogI sAdhana, jIvana yApana stara, maraNa saMskAra, Ayurveda Adi viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| adhyAya kramAMka dasa meM Agama sAhitya meM zAsana vyavasthA sambaMdhI milane vAle vivaraNa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isameM rAjA aura rAjapada, rAjA kI dinacaryA kA prArambha, rAjA kA uttarAdhikArI, rAjA kA aMta:pura, rAjA ke pradhAnapuruSa, sainya vyavasthA, rAjya kI Aya ke srota, zAsana kI ikAI gAMva, rAjA kA ekachatra rAja, aparAdha aura daNDa, nyAya-vyavasthA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra AgamoM meM zAsana vyavasthA sambaMdhI lagabhaga samasta Avazyaka bAtoM kA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| .. adhyAya kramAMka gyAraha meM arthopArjana vyavasthA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| cUMki prArambha meM pratyeka deza meM kRSi kA apanA vizeSa mahatva thA, isalie hara sthAna para pahale kRSi kA vivaraNa avazya milatA hai| AgamoM meM kRSi upaja, ana kI surakSA ke upAya, pazupAlana kA vivaraNa to milatA hI hai, sAtha hI vanopaja, khanija padArtha, katAI, bunAI, AbhUSaNa nirmANa, loha miTTI Adi ke upakaraNoM kA nirmANa, sugaMdha, itra, dhUpa ke vyApArI Adi kA vivaraNa bhI upalabdha hotA hai| phira kArIgara, anya pezevara loga, bhRtya, dAsa Adi kI jAnakArI bhI milatI hai / pramukha vyApArika keMdroM kA paricaya dekara yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / mApa-taula, udhAra lena-dena aura vyApArika saMgaThanoM kA ullekha bhI Agama sAhitya meM milatA hai, jinakA samucita vivaraNa AcArya deva ne isa adhyAya meM diyA hai| adhyAya kramAMka bAraha meM Agama sAhitya meM dhArmika vyavasthA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| cUMki sampUrNa Agama sAhitya dharma aura darzana viSayaka graMtha hai / ata: unameM dharma aura dArzanika viSayoM kA pratipAdana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| AcArya bhagavaMta ne adhyAya kramAMka nau, dasa aura gyAraha meM dharmetara aura darzanetara viSayoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kara katipaya vidvAnoM ke usa maMtavya ko samApta kara diyA hai jo yaha kahate haiM ki jainAgamoM meM dharma-darzana ke atirikta aura kucha bhI nahIM hai| vAstava meM abhI taka jaina Agama sAhitya kA adhyayana isa dRSTi se huA hI nahIM hai / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki samagra Agama sAhitya kA pRthaka-pRthaka sAMskRtika adhyayana prastuta kiyA jAve to aneka aise tathya sAmane A jAveMge jinase abhI taka saba aparicita haiM / Agama sAhitya kevala dharma aura darzana kA hI pratipAdana nahIM karate varan unameM itihAsa, bhUgola, arthazAstra,

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samAjazAstra tarkazAstra, manovijJAna gaNita, jyotiSa, parAmanovijJAna, rAjanIti, kalA, nIti zAstra jaise viSayoM se sambaMdhita sAmagrI bhI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| AcArya bhagavaMta ne apane isa graMtha meM dharmetara evaM darzanetara viSaya para prakAza DAlakara bahuta bar3A upakAra kiyA hai / yaha vivaraNa anusaMdhAnakartAoM ke liye atyaMta upayogI rhegaa| yaha bhI vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki isa vivaraNa ko dekhakara jijJAsu vidvAna svataMtra rUpa se ina viSayoM para anusaMdhAna kreN| yadi koI anusaMdhAnakartA kI dRSTi isa ora nahIM jAtI hai to jaina vidyA meM saMlagna vidvAna AcAryoM, munirAjoM, vidvAnoM aura saMsthAnoM se vinamra Agraha hai ki ve aba isa dizA meM yojanAyeM banAyeM aura isa kArya ko Age bar3hAyeM tAki bhrAMta dhAraNAoM kA khaNDana ho ske| ___aMta meM maiM yahI vizvAsa karatA hU~ ki AcArya bhagavaMta ne jo dizA pradAna kI hai use Age bar3hAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAvegA aura AcArya bhagavaMta se bhI yahI nivedana hai ki ve bhI isa dizA meM una vidvAnoM ko preraNA pradAna kareM jo unake samparka meM hai / AcArya bhagavaMta se yaha bhI AzA hai ki bhaviSya meM unakI ora se aura bhI mahatvapUrNa graMtha samAja ko milate raheMge jo samAja kA mArgadarzana kreNge| isI AzA aura vizvAsa ke sAthaujjaina 19 maI 1994 DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a

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anukramaNikA P (i) svakathya (i) prakAzakIya (iii) bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina (iv) purovacanikA DaoN. rudradeva tripAThI (v) prAkkathana DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a * adhyAya 1- Agama: sAMpratika AvirbhAva kI bhUmikA Agama kA lakSaNa, Agama prAmANya: vaidika dRSTi sAMpratika AgamoM kA updessttaa| - adhyAya 2- AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa . AgamoM kI saMkhyA vRddhi kA kAraNa, AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kA rUpa, aMga-aMga bAhya Adi zabdoM kA Azaya, AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa, digambara paramparA meM vargIkaraNa kA rUpa, AgamoM kI sAMpratika saMkhyA, sthAnakavAsI paramparA mAnya aagmH| * adhyAya 3- AgamoM kA racanAkAla ' Agama surakSA meM bAdhAe~, pATalIputra kI vAcanA, mAdhurI vAcanA, vallabhI vAcanA (prathama), vallabhI vAcanA (dvitIya), digambara paramparA meM zAstra lekhn| 17 . adhyAya 4- aMga AgamoM kA bAhya paricaya nAma nirdeza, AcArAdi aMgoM ke nAmoM kA.artha, aMgoM kI bhASA zailI, aMgoM kA krama, aMgoM kA pada parimANa, zvetAmbara paramparA, digambara paramparA, digambara paramparA meM aMga aagm| 25 * adhyAya 5- aMga AgamoM kA Antara paricaya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRtadazA, anuttaropapAtika dazA, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkasUtra, dRssttivaad| *adhyAya 6- upalabdha aMga AgamoM kA paricaya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti; jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, antakRtadazA, anuttaropapAtika dazA, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAka sUtra / 44 * adhyAya 7- aMgabAhya AgamoM kA paricaya kAlika, utkAlika, digambara paramparA mAnya aMgabAhya, sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa, vainayika, kRtikarma, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, (58)

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kalpya-vyavahAra, kalpyAkalpa, mahAkalpya, puMDarIka mahApuMDarIka, niSiddhikA, upAMgavibhAgagata Agama, aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jIvAbhigamasUtra, prajJApanA, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpa prajJapti, candraprajJapti, nirayAvalikA Adi / dazAzruta skaMdha, vyavahAra sUtra, vRhatakalpasUtra, nizIthasUtra, mUlasUtroM kA paricaya, uttarAdhyayana, . dazavaikAlikasUtra, AvazyakasUtra, cUlikAsUtra, naMdIsUtra, anuyogadvArasUtra, mahAnizItha, jItakalpa, piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti, catuHzaraNa, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA, taMdulavaicArika, saMstAraka, gacchAcAra, gaNi vidyA, devendra stava, mrnnsmaadhi| 76 * adhyAya 8- Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya __ vyAkhyA ke prakAra, vyAkhyA ke prakAroM kA abhidheya, vyAkhyA ke prakAroM meM saMkalita AgamoM ke nAma, katipaya pramukha vyAkhyAkAra, bhASyakAra, cUrNikAra, TIkAkAra, lokabhASA TIkAkAra, vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtA-dharma kathA, upAsakadazAMga, antakRtadazA, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkasUtra, aupapAtikasUtra, rAjapraznIya, jIvAbhigamasUtra, prajJApanAsUtra, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, nirayAvalikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlA aura vRSNidazA, vyavahArasUtra, bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskaMdha, nizIthasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra, AvazyakasUtra, nandIsUtra, anuyogadvArasUtra, avaziSTa AgamoM ke vyAkhyA graMtha (piMDaniyukti, mahAnizItha, jItakalpa, catuHzaraNa Atura pratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA, saMstAraka, gacchAcAra, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, devendrastava, gaNividyA, mahApratyAkhyAna, vIra stv)| * adhyAya 9- Agama sAhitya meM samAja vyavasthA varNa aura jAti, brAhmaNoM ke sambaMdha meM jaina mAnyatA kA dRSTikoNa, brAhmaNa Adi cAra varNoM ke kArya, brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra, zreNI saMgaThana, pArivArika jIvana, saMtAna ke prati mamatA, laukika devI devatA, jAdU TonA aura aMdhavizvAsa, Amoda-pramoda aura manoraMjana ke sAdhana, jIvanopayogI sAdhana, jIvana yApana stara, maraNa saMskAra, Ayurveda / 164 * adhyAya 10- Agama sAhitya meM zAsana vyavasthA ke ullekha rAjA aura rAjapada, rAjA kI dinacaryA kA prArambha, rAjA kA uttarAdhikArI, rAjA kA aMta:pura, rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa, sainya vyavasthA, rAjya kI Aya ke srota, zAsana kI ikAI gA~va, rAjA kA ekachatra rAja, aparAdha aura daNDa, nyaay-vyvsthaa| 185 . 116 . . .. (59)

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* adhyAya 11- AgamoM meM arthopArjana vyavasthA kA ullekha . kRSi upaja, ana kI surakSA ke upAya, pazupAlana, vanopaja, khanija padArtha, katAI-bunAI, AbhUSaNa nirmANa, loha miTTI Adi ke upakaraNoM kA nirmANa, sugaMdha, itra, dhUpa Adi ke vyApArI, anya kArIgarI, anya pezevara loga, bhRtya dAsa Adi, katipaya pramukha vyApAra keMdra, yAtAyAta ke sAdhana mApa-taula, udhAra lenA denA vyApArika sNgtthn| 200 - adhyAya 12- Agama sAhitya meM dhArmika vyavasthA kA rUpa ... dharma kI bahulakSI vyAkhyA, Agamagata, nigraMtha sAdhanA ke siddhAMta, vrata niyama pAlana kI duSkaratA, nigraMtha zramaNa kA veza, nigraMtha zramaNacaryA kA rUpa, nigraMtha zramaNoM kA saMkaTamaya jIvana, janasAmAnya ke zraddhA kendra, pravrajyA ke lie abhibhAvakoM kI anujJA Avazyaka, niSkramaNa samAroha, dIkSA kA niSedha, dIkSA ke prakAra, nigraMthoM ke prakAra, anya zramaNa paramparAe~, zAkya zramaNa, parivrAjaka zramaNa, AjIvaka zramaNa, anya zramaNa vratI sAdhu, anya mtmtaaNtr| 221 (60).

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/ jaina Agama sAhitya eka anuzIlana

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adhyAya-1 Agama: sAMpratika avirbhAva kI bhUmikA sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM apane-apane dharmagraMthoM kA mahatva hai / isa dRSTi se yadi hama bhAratIya dharmagraMthoM kA mUlyAMkana kareM to vaidika dharma meM jaisA 'veda' kA aura bauddha dharma meM jaisA 'tripiTaka' kA mahatva hai, vaisA hI mahatva jaina dharma meM AgamoM kA hai| * Agama kA lakSaNa Apta ke upadeza ke kathana ko Agama kahate haiM / arthAt pUrvApara viruddhAdi doSoM ke samUha se rahita evaM sampUrNa padArthoM ke dyotaka Apta vacana Agama hai aura Apta use kahate haiM, jisane rAga, dveSa, mohAdi doSoM kA niHzeSa rUpeNa kSaya hone se sarvajJa, vItarAga aura sarvadarzI avasthA prApta kara lI hai| ataH sarvajJa, jina, vItarAga hone se Apta kA vacana pratyakSa Adi pramANoM ke virodha se rahita, vastu svarUpa kA darzaka tathA sabhI jIvoM kA hita karane vAlA hotA hai / usake dvArA samasta ananta dharmoM se viziSTa jIva Adi padArtha jAne jAte haiM / isIlie jaina dharma meM mukhya rUpa se jinoM ke upadeza, kathana evaM vANI kI saMkalanA jina graMthoM meM huI hai, unheM aura unase anuprANita anya zAstroM ko 'Agama' kahakara pramANa mAnA gayA hai| . * Agamana prAmANya : vaidika dRSTi Agama pramANa ke saMbaMdha meM jaina dRSTikoNa kA to Upara saMketa kiyA gayA hai, lekina vedoM ke prAmANya ke bAre meM mImAMsakoM ko kA mata hai ki unheM kisI ne banAyA nahIM hai| ve sanAtana haiM / anAdikAla se isI prakAra cale A rahe haiN| unakI satyatA kisI vyakti vizeSa ke guNoM para AdhArita nahIM hai / amuka vyakti ne veda banAe aura vaha vyakti vItarAga hai, pUrNa hai, sarvajJa haiM aura ananta jJAnI hai, isalie veda pramANabhUta hai, aisA nahIM mAnanA cAhie aura amuka kAla meM unakI racanA huI hai, yaha bAta bhI nahIM hai / veda to anAdi evaM apauruSeya haiM aura yahI anAditva aura apauruSeyatva unake prAmANya ke kAraNa haiN| 1 [ka] AptavyAhatirAgamaH - vasunaMdI zrAvakAcAra [kha] AptopadezaH zabda - nyAya sUtra 1/107 2. Aptirhi rAga dveSa mohAnA maikAntika AtyaMtikazca kSayaH sA yeSAmasti te khlvaaptaaH| - syAdvAda maMjarI

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manuSya purANa priya hai| prAcInatA ke prati use gaurava hotA hai| isIlie prAcInakAla meM zAstra prAmANya ke lie apauruSeyatva evaM alaukikatA Avazyaka mAnI gaI ho aura jo zAstra nayA ho tathA kisI puruSa vizeSa ne banAyA ho, usakI pratiSThA alaukika evaM apauruSeya zAstra kI apekSA kama A~kI jAtI ho / isI kAraNa saMbhavataH vedoM ko alaukika evaM apauruSeya mAnane kI paraMparA zurU huI ho / jainoM ke sAmane bhI yahI AkSepa huA hogA ki tumhAre Agama to nae haiM, unakA koI prAcIna AdhAra nahIM hai, ataH unako pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa bhrAMta dhAraNA kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie jainoM ne uttara diyA ki yadi prAmANya kI kasauTI apauruSeyatva aura anAditva hI ho to dvAdazAMgabhUta Agama gaNipiTaka kabhI nahIM thA, yaha bhI nahIM, kabhI nahIM hai, yaha bhI nahIM aura kabhI nahIM hogA, yaha bhI nhiiN| vaha to thA aura rhegaa| vaha dhruva hai, niyata hai, zAzvata hai, akSaya hai, avyaya hai, avasthita hai aura nitya hai / isake pIche tarka thA, yukti thI, jisakA ullekha isa prakAra hai___ saMsAra meM prajJApanIya bhAva anAdi ananta hai, kintu satya eka hai aura tathya bhI eka hai| lekina vibhinna dezakAla puruSa kI apekSA se usa satya kA AvirbhAva nAnA prakAra se hotA hai| ataH jaba kabhI koI bhI samyagjJAtA usakI prarUpaNA karegA, to kAla bheda hone para bhI usa prarUpaNA meM bheda nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki ina AvirbhAvoM meM eka hI sanAtana satya anusyUta rahatA hai / isI bAta ko spaSTa karane ke lie AcArAMga satra meM kahA ki jo arihaMta ho gae haiM, jo abhI vartamAna haiM aura jo bhaviSya meM hoMge, una sabakA eka hI upadeza hai ki kisI bhI prANa, jIva, bhUta aura satva kI hatyA mata karo, una para apanA svAmitva mata jamAo, unako parataMtra mata banAo aura unheM mata satAo / yahI dharma dhruva hai, nitya hai, zAzvata hai aura vivekI puruSoM dvArA batAyA gayA hai| isakA phalitArtha yaha haA ki yadi sanAtana satya kI ora daSTi dekara AvirbhAva ke prakAroM kI upekSA kara dI jAe to jo bhI rAga, dveSa vijetA jina hogA, usake upadeza meM aMtara, bheda ko avakAza nahIM hai / aisA koI kAla nahIM, jaba sanAtana satya kA abhAva ho jaae| ataeva isa dRSTi se veda ke samAna jaina AgamoM ko bhI anAdi ananta evaM apauruSeya kahA jA sakatA hai| . isa sthiti meM prazna hotA hai ki sAMprata kAla meM satya kA AvirbhAva kisane kiyA aura kaise kiyA? isa dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA jAe, to jaina Agama sAdi apauruSeya siddha hote haiM1 naMdIsUtra 57, samavAyAMga sUtra 148 2. AcArAMga4/126 - (2) /

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tapa, niyama, jJAna rUpa vRkSa para Arur3ha hokara ananta jJAnI kevalI bhagavAna bhavya janoM ke pratibodhArtha jJAna kusuma kI vRSTi karate haiM, jinheM gaNadhara apane buddhi paTa meM jhelakara pravacana mAlA gU~thate haiM / ' pUrvokta kathana kA sArAMza yaha huA ki jaise amuka dRSTi se veda nitya hai, avinAzI haiM, ananta hai, apauruSeya hai, vaise hI jainAgama bhI amuka apekSA se nitya hai, anAdi hai, ananta hai evaM apauruSeya hai / lekina isake sAtha hI yaha bAta bhI dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki zAstra vacana athavA jJAna svataMtra svayaMbhU nahIM hai, kintu vaktA kI vacana rUpa kriyA ke sAtha saMbaddha hai / lekhaka yA vaktA yadi niHspRha hai, karuNA pUrNa hai, sabhI prANiyoM ko Atmavat samajhane vAlA hai aura AdhyAtmika klezoM se dUra hai, to tatpraNIta zAstra, vacana bhI sArvakAlika evaM sArvabhaumika hitakara hotA hai, kintu usase viparIta lakSaNa vAle vyakti ke vacana pramANa nahIM mAne jA skte| ataeva zAstra, vacana athavA jJAna kA prAmANya tadAdhArabhUta puruSa para avalaMbita hai / jo zAstra yA vacana anAdi apauruSeya mAne jAte haiM, unake prAmANya kI kasauTI bhI yahI hai / * sAMpratika AgamoM kA upadeSTA isa prakAra AgamoM ke pauruSeyatva - apauruSeyatva, sAditva, anAditva kA samanvaya hone ke sAtha prAmANyaM aprAmANya kI gutthI sahaja meM sulajha jAtI hai| lekina isI prasaMga meM eka dUsarA prazna hotA hai ki pauruSeya hone para bhI jaba Agama pramANa bhUta hai, to vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke upadeSTA kauna haiM ? saMkSepa meM isakA uttara hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra inake upadeSTA haiN| yadyapi mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAna RSabhadeva Adi bhagavAna pArzvanAtha paryanta teIsa tIrthaMkara aura ho cuke haiM / unameM se kucha paurANika, prAgaitihAsika haiM aura kuMcha aitihAsika bhI haiM, lekina jaina paraMparA kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki tIrthaMkaraM bhale hI aneka ho, kintu tatkAla meM jo bhI aMtima tIrthaMkara hotA hai, usI kA upadeza aura zAsana AcAra vicAra ke lie samAja ko mAnya hotA hai / isa dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aMtima tIrthaMkara hone se unhIM kA upadeza aMtima upadeza hai aura vahIM pramANabhUta haiN| zeSa tIrthaMkaroM kA upadeza upalabdha bhI nahIM hai aura yadi vaha ho bhI taba bhI vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza meM garbhita ho gayA hai, aisA mAnanA caahie| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha spaSTa svIkAra kiyA hai ki unake upadeza kA 1. tava niyama NANa rukkhaM Arur3ho kevalI amiyanANI to munA vuTThi bhaviya jaNa vibohaNaTThAe // taM buddhimaNa paDeNa gaNaharA giNhiuM niravasesaM titthayara bhAsiyAiM gaMthaMti tao pvynntttthaa| Avazyaka niryukti 89, 90 (3)

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saMvAda bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke upadeza se hai tathA yaha bhI zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai ki pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke AdhyAtmika saMdeza meM mUlataH koI bheda nahIM hai, kucha bAhyAcAra meM bhale hI bheda dikhatA ho| parva meM yaha bhI saMketa hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI dezanA gaNadhara satrabaddha karate haiN| ataH prastuta meM bhI yahI samajha lenA cAhie ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo upadeza diyA hai, use gaNadhara bhagavantoM ne sUtrabaddha kiyA hai| isIlie arthopadezaka yA artha rUpa zAstra ke kartA to bhagavAna mahAvIra aura zabda rUpa zAstra ke kartA gaNadhara bhagavaMta haiN| - yadyapi Aja jaina paraMparA meM zAstra ke lie Agama yA sUtra zabda vizeSa rUpa se pracalita haiM, lekina prAcIna kAla meM Agama ke bajAya zruta yA samyak zruta pracalita the| isI se Agama kevalI yA sUtra kevalI ke bajAya zruta kevalI zabda kA prayoga dekhane meM AtA hai| sthaviroM kI gaNanA meM bhI zrutasthavira ko sthAna milA hai| yaha bhI zruta zabda kI prAcInatA ko siddha karatA hai / lekina isakA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki Agama zabda prayukta hI nahIM hotA thaa| usa samaya bhI vArtamAnika paraMparA kI taraha Agama zabda pracalita thaa| jaise-suttAgama, atthAgama, attAgama, aNaMtarAgama Adi / AcArya umA svAti kI dRSTi meM sirpha zruta yA Agama hI nahIM, kintu zruta, Aptavacana, Agama, upadeza, aitihya AmnAya, pravacana aura jinavacana ye sabhI Agama bodhaka paryAyavAcI apara nAma haiN| - isa prakAra AgamoM ke sAMpratika AvirbhAva bhUmikA kA saMketa karane ke anantara aba Age AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa va usake kAraNa para vicAra karate haiN| 1.Doctrine of the Jainas, Page 29 2. attha bhAsai arahA suttaM gathaMti gaNaharA niunnaa| sAsaNassa hiyaTThAe tao suttaM pavattai // - Avazyaka niyukti 1/92, dhavalA bhAga 1 pRSTha 64,72 3. naMdI 41 4. sthAnAMga sUtra 159 5. anuyoga dvAra sUtra 144 6. tatvArtha bhASya 1/20

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__.. adhyAya 2 * AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa pUrva meM do bAteM spaSTa kI gaI haiM ki tIrthaMkara kI vItarAgatA evaM sarvArtha sAkSAtkAritA ke kAraNa Agama pramANa hai evaM artha rUpa Agama ke kartA tIrthaMkara evaM zabda rUpa ke kartA gaNadhara haiM / samavAyAMga Adi AgamoM se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo upadeza diyA, usakI saMkalanA, gaNadharoM dvArA dvAdazAMgoM-AcarArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyA prajJapti (bhagavatI), jJAtA dharma kathA, upAsaka dazA, antakRta, dazA, anuttarovavAi, prazna vyAkaraNa, vipAka sUtra aura dRSTivAda meM huI aura ve gaNiM piTaka isalie haiM ki gaNi ke lie zruta ke bhaNDAra haiN| . isa prakAra sAkSAt tIrthaMkara ke upadeza kA saMkalana to eka nizcita saMkhyA ke graMthoM se huA, lekina jaina paraMparA ke anusAra kevala dvAdazAMgI hI AgamAntargata nahIM hai| unake atirikta anya zAstra bhI Agama rUpa meM mAnya hai, jo gaNadharoM dvArA saMkalita nahIM hai| gaNadhara to kevala dvAdazAMgI kI racanA karate haiN| ataH samaya pravAha ke sAtha AgamoM kI saMkhyA bar3hatI gii| + AgamoM kI saMkhyA vRddhi kA kAraNa .. . jaina anuzrUti ke anusAra tIrthaMkara ke samAna anya pratyeka buddha kathita Agama bhI pramANa hai, kyoMki ve jo bhI upadeza dete haiM, usameM aura tIrthaMkara ke upadeza meM koI antara nahIM hotA / ataH pratyeka buddha mahApuruSoM ne jo bhI upadeza diyA, use bhI Agama meM samAviSTa kara lenA svAbhAvika thaa| isI prakAra gaNipiTaka ke AdhAra para mandabuddhi ziSyoM ko samajhAne ke lie zratakevalI AcAryoM dvArA racita graMtha AgamoM ke sAtha avirodhI tathA AtmArtha kI hI puSTi karane vAle hote haiM, ataH unheM bhI Agama mAna liyA gyaa| kyoMki sampUrNa zrutajJAnI-zrutakevalI (caturdaza pUrvI) gaNadhara praNIta sampUrNa dvAdazAMgI rUpa jinAgama ke sUtra aura artha ke viSaya meM niSNAta hote haiM / ataeva unakI yogyatA evaM kSamatA kI upekSA nahIM ho sakatI / ve jo kucha kaheMge yA likheMge. usakA jinAgama ke sAtha kucha bhI virodha nahIM ho sktaa| jinokta viSayoM kA saMkSepa yA vistAra karake tatkAlIna samAja ke anukUla graMtha racanA karanA hI unakA 1 duvAlasAre gnnipiddge| - samavAyAMga 1 aura 136

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naMdIsUtra 41 Adi / ekamAtra prayojana hotA hai / ataH saMgha ne unake graMthoM ko bhI Agama ke aMtargata mAna liyA / * isake bAda kAlakrama se vIra nirvANa ke 170 aura matAntara se 162 varSoM bAda jaba zrutakevalI kA abhAva ho gayA aura kevala dasa pUrva jJAtA AcArya hI raha gae, taba unakI vizeSa yogyatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina saMgha ne dasa pUrvadhara graMthita graMthoM ko bhI Agamana meM samAviSTa kara liyaa| isake lie bhI kAraNa yahI thA ki unake dvArA graMthita graMtha AgamoM ke Azaya kI puSTi karane vAle haiM aura unakA AgamoM se virodha isalie nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki ve nizcita rUpa se samyagdRSTi hote haiM / isakI sUcanA nimnalikhita gAthA se bhI milatI hai suttaM gaNahara kathidaM, taheva patteyabuddha kathidaM ca / sudaM kevaliNA kathidaM, abhiNNa dasa puvva kathidaMca' // ukta kathana se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki Agama koTi meM kisI bhI graMtha. ko grahaNa karane kA mAnadaNDa kyA hai ? ataeva jaba dasa pUrvadharoM kI paraMparA vicchinna ho gaI aura unake dvArA racita graMthoM taka ko Agama mAnakara saMkhyA sImita kara lI jAtI, taba bhI eka bAta thI / lekina usa kAle ke bAda bhI kucha aise prakIrNaka graMtha haiM jo AgamoM kI taraha mAnya haiM / usakA kAraNa yahI thA ki tatkAlIna prabhAvaka AcAryoM dvArA racita ye graMtha bhI vairAgya bhAva meM vRddhi karAne meM vizeSa upayogI, sakSama aura samartha hone ke sAtha-sAtha nirdoSa bhI the / 1 isa prakAra samaya pravAha se jaba jainAgama kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI, taba unakA vargIkaraNa karanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke maulika upadezoM kA saMgraha gaNadhara kRta dvAdazAMgoM meM thA hii| usameM to kisI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana yA saMzodhana kiyA jAnA na to zakya thA aura na hI vaisA karanA kisI ko abhISTa thA / ataeva socA gayA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA saMkalita upadeza svayaM apane mUla rUpa meM eka varga banA rahe aura usase anya kA pArthakya bhI siddha ho jAe, jisase sAmAnya se sAmAnya jana yaha jAna le ki sAkSAt Agama kauna-sA hai evaM pazcAdvartI Agamana kauna-sA hai| 1. mUlAcAra5/80 / yahI gAthA jayadhavalA meM uddhRta hai / pRSTha 153 / isI bhAva ko vyakta karane vAlI gAthA saMskRta meM droNAcArya ne oghaM niyukti kI TIkA meM uddhRta kI hai / pRSTha 3 / (6)

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* AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kA rUpa vaise to jaina paramparA meM samasta zrRta jJAna ke mukhya rUpa se dravya zruta aura bhAva zruta ye do bheda karake unakA bhASA, dhvani, lipi samyak, mithyA, zailI, vaktA, mukhya gauNa Adi kI apekSAoM se vizada vicAra kiyA hai, lekina prastuta meM mUla upadeSTA ke Azaya kI adhika nikaTatA, mukhyatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara AgamoM kA jina do bhedoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, unake nAma haiM-aMga aura aMgabAhya / ' ___ aMga bAhya graMthoM ke lie prakIrNaka, saMjJA bhI pracalita thI, aisA naMdI sUtra se pratIta hotA hai| nirAyavalI sUtra ke prArambhika ullekha se pratIta hotA hai ki aMga zabda ko dhyAna meM rakha kara aMga bAhya graMthoM kI saMjJA upAMga bhI thI aura usase yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kisI eka samaya nirAyAvalI Adi pA~ca hI upAMga mAne jAte the| samavAyAMga, naMdI, anuyoga aura pAkSika sUtra ke samaya taka samagra Agama ke mukhya do hI vibhAga the- aMga aura aMga bAhya / AcArya umAsvAti ke tatvArtha sUtra bhASya se bhI yaha phalita hotA hai ki unake samaya taka bhI aMga praviSTa aura aMga bAhya aise hI vibhAga pracalita the|3 * aMga-aMgabAhya Adi zabdoM kA Azaya sAmAnya dRSTi se aMga aura aMga bAhya Adi zabdoM kA prayoga pradhAnatAapradhAnatA, mukhyatA, gauNatA meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai ki AcAra Adi bAraha aMga jaina zruta meM pradhAna haiM, vizeSa pratiSThita haiN| vizeSa prAmANya yukta haiM evaM mUla upadeSTA ke Azaya ke adhika nikaTa haiM, jabaki aMga bAhya sUtra aMgoM kI apekSA gauNa haiM tathA mUla upadeSTA ke Azaya ke kama nikaTa haiN| zrI jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa ne ina donoM kA pArthakya pradarzita karane ke lie kahA hai aMgazrata kA sIdhA sambandha gaNadharoM se haiM, jabaki anaMga aMga bAhya zrRta kA sambandha sthaviroM se hai / athavA gaNadharoM ke pUchane para tIrthaMkara paramAtmA ne jo upadeza diyA batAyA, vaha aMgazruta hai evaM binA pUche jo apane Apa batAyA, vaha aMga bAhya zruta hai| athavA jo zruta sadA eka rUpa rahatA hai, vaha aMgazruta hai evaM parivartita arthAt nyUnAdhika hotA rahatA hai vaha aMga bAhya zruta haiN| 1. anuyoga dvAra sUtra 3/ naMdI sUtra 44 meM bhI aise hI do bheda haiM / vahA~ aMgavAhya ke lie aNaMgapaviTTha __ zabda bhI prayukta hai / (sUtra 44 kA anta) 2. 2.. se taM. aNaMga pariMTu / naMdI sUtra 44 3. tatvArtha bhASya 1/20 4. gaNahara thera kayaM vA AesA mukka vAgaraNao vA / dhuMva cala visesao vA aMgANaMgesu nANaMtta // vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 550 (7)

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AcArya jinabhadra ke ukta kathana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jisa samaya saMgha meM zAstroM kI mukhyatA gauNatA kA prazna uThA hogA ki kisa zAstra vizeSa ko mahatva diyA jAe va kise kama mahatva diyA jAe, taba usake samAdhAna ke lie unhoMne uparyukta tIna vizeSatAeM batalA kara samasta zAstroM evaM unake mAnane vAloM kI pratiSThA surakSita rakha kara samanvaya kara diyA hogA / vartamAna meM aMga bAhya ke lie jo upAMga zabda pracalita haiM vaha ati prAcIna nahIM haiM to bhI cUrNiyoM evaM tatvArtha bhASya jitanA prAcIna to hai hI / vartamAna meM jo amuka aMga kA amuka upAMga hai, yaha bheda bhI prAcIna pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki aMgopAMga rUpa bheda prAcIna hotA to nandIsUtra meM isakA ullekha avazya milatA / isase spaSTa hai ki nandI sUtra ke samaya meM aMga aura upAMga rUpa bheda karane kI nahIM, kintu aMga-aMnaga athavA aMga praviSTa - aMga bAhya rUpa bheda karane kI prathA rahI hai / dUsarI bAta yaha kai ki upAMgoM ke krama ke viSaya meM vicAra karane para mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha krama aMgoM ke krama se sambaddha nahIM hai. upAMga kA matalaba hotA hai ki jo viSaya aMga meM hai, usI se sambandhita viSaya kA varNana kiyA jaae| athavA jo viSaya aMgoM meM yathAsthAna spaSTa na kiyA jA sakA ho use upAMga meM spaSTa karanA / aisA hone para aMga aura upAMga kA pArasparika sambandha baiTha sakatA hai| lekina vartamAna meM mAne gae upAMgoM se yaha bAta spaSTa nahIM hotI / jaise jJAtAdharmakathA kA upAMga jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti aura upAsaka dazA kA upAMga candra prajJapti kahA jAtA hai, lekina inake viSayoM meM koI samAnatA yA sAmaMjasya nahIM hai / yahIM bAta anya aMgoM- pAMgoM ke viSaya me samajhanI cAhie / isa prakAra bAraha aMgoM kI unake upAMgoM ke sAtha koI ekarUpatA nahIM dIkhatI / sirpha lokarUr3hi se aMga upAMga kA sambandha baiThAyA gayA ho, aisA pratIta hotA hai| I upAMga aura aMga bAhya ye donoM zabda yadyapi aMga vyatirikta AgamoM ke lie prayukta hue haiM, lekina inake artha meM bar3A antara hai / aMga bAhya zabda se to aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ina AgamoM kA aMgoM ke sAtha sambandha nahIM hai, jabaki upAMga zabda kA aMgoM ke sAtha sIdhA sambandha hai / yaha zabda kisane pracalita kiyA, yaha jAnane kA to koI sAdhana nahIM hai, lekina pratIta hotA hai ki aMga bAhyoM kI pratiSThA bar3hAne ke lie athavA aMgoM ke samakakSa prAmANya ko sthApita karane ke lie kisI gItArtha ne unheM upAMga nAma se saMbaMdhita karanA prArambha kiyA hogA / isI taraha aMga bAhya aura anaMga praviSTa ye do zabda bhI vicAraNIya haiM / yadyapi donoM kA sAmAnya Azaya yaha liyA jAtA hai ki dvAdazAMgoM se bhinna Agama, lekina (6)

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bAhyaaMga se yaha Azaya jhalakatA hai ki jinakI prAmANikatA lokavyavahAra se rur3ha ho, ve aMga bAhya Agama haiM / jaba ki anaMga praviSTa zabda isa Azaya ko spaSTa karatA hai ki gaNadharoM ne jina sUtroM kI racanA kI, ve to aMgapraviSTa Agama haiM aura pratyeka buddha, zrutakevalI, desa pUrvadhara Adi ne jina AgamoM kI racanA kI, ve aMgoM ke tAtparya ko hI vyakta karane vAle hone se aMga AgamoM se vyatirikta zeSa AgamoM ke lie aMgoM jitane pramANa bhUta haiN| hamArI dRSTi se unake lie anaMga pravRSTa zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAnA adhika upayukta hai| * AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa___ pUrva meM batAyA gayA hai ki aMga praviSTa AgamoM ke nAma va saMkhyA nizcita hai, lekina samaya pravAha ke sAtha pratyeka buddha, zruta kevalI, dasa pUrvadhara evaM prabhAvaka AcAryoM ke graMtha bhI Agama ke rUpa meM pramANa bhUta mAna liye gaye / unakA sAmAnya se aMgabAhya Agama isa varga meM samAveza to avazya kara liyA gayA, kintu kauna kauna se graMtha grahaNa kiye gaye? isake lie vibhinna dRSTikoNa dekhane ko milate haiN| jaise ki naMdI sUtra ke anusAra aMga bAhya AgamoM ke bheda-prabheda aura unameM grahaNa kiye gaye graMthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM aMga bAhya zruta ke mUla meM do bheda haiM- Avazyaka aura Avazyaka vyatirikta / Avazyaka zruta sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA pratikramaNa kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna ke bheda se chaha prakAra kA hai| isameM sAdhvAcAra ke avazya kAraNIya kriyA kalApoM kA varNana hai / guNoM ke dvArA AtmA ko vaza meM karanA AvazyakIya hai / aisA varNana jisameM ho, useM Avazyaka zruta kahate haiN| ___ Avazyaka vyatirikta zruta do prakAra kA hai- kAlika aura utkAlika / jisa zruta kA rAtri va dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kAlika zruta hai aura jo nizcita kAla se bhI bhinna kAla meM par3hA jA sakatA hai, use utkAlika zruta kahate haiN| utkAlika zruta ke aneka prakAra haiN| jaise- dazavaikAlika, kalpAkalpa, culkattha zruta, mahAkalpa zruta Adi / isI prakAra kAlika zruta ke bhI aneka prakAra haiN| jaise- uttarAdhyayana, dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpa, bRhatkalpa Adi / 1. vizeSa jAnakArI va nAmoM ke lie naMdIsUtra pRSTha 44 dekheN| .. . (9)

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* digaMbara paraMparA meM vargIkaraNa kA rUpa zvetAMbara paraMparA kI taraha digaMbara paraMparA meM bhI zrata ke aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya ye do bheda mAne gaye haiN| ina bhedoM ke lie bhI zvetAMbara paraMparA kI taraha mAnA gayA hai ki sAkSAt tIrthaMkara kA AcArAMga Adi bAraha prakAra kA jJAna aMga praviSTa hai aura gaNadhara deva ke ziSya-praziSyoM dvArA alpAyu-buddhi-bala vAle prANiyoM ke anugraha ke lie aMgoM ke AdhAra se race gaye saMkSipta graMtha aMgabAhya hai / dhavalA se siddha hotA hai ki Agama ke aMgabAhya aura aMgapraviSTa aise do vibhAga usa samaya taka diMgabara paraMparA meM nirdhArita ho cuke the| aMga praviSTa AgamoM ke nAma va saMkhyA zvetAMbara paraMparA ke samAna hai aura aMgabAhya AgamoM ke kAlika aura utkAlika ye do bheda kiye gaye haiN| aura phira caudaha nAma batAye gaye haiM - sAmAyika, caturviMzatistavaM, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa, vainayika kRtikarma, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa vyavahAra, kalpAkalpa, mahAkalpa, puMDarIka, mahApuMDarIka aura nissiddhikaa| kintu aMga jJAna kI paraMparA vIra nirvANa ke 683 varSa taka calI aura usake bAda vaha AMzika rUpa se calakara anta meM vicchinna ho gayI, aisI digaMbara paraMparA kI mAnyatA hai| jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa - 'parva pIThikA' ke lekhaka paMDita zrI kailAzacaMdra jI zAstrI ne aMgaparaMparA ke viccheda ke saMbaMdha meM nimnalikhita dRSTikoNa prastuta kiye ___ tadanusAra digaMbara paraMparA meM vIra nirvANa ke 683 varSa paryanta aMgajJAna kI paraMparA pravartita rahI hai|' .... kyoMki mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 683 varSa paryanta hI digaMbaroM meM aMgajJAniyoM kI paraMparA cAlU rahI / usake pazcAt usa paraMparA kA viccheda ho gyaa| yadyapi paraMparA se hone vAle AcAryoM meM aMgajJAna uttarottara ghaTatA gayA, tathApi AMzika jJAna kI paraMparA 683 varSa paryanta avicchinna calatI rahI / (pRSTha 534) / . .... isI paripATI ke anusAra dvAdazAMga zruta avikala rUpa se aMtima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko prApta huaa| digaMbara mAnyatA ke anusAra zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa dakSiNa meM huA aura unakA uttarAdhikAra unake ziSya govardhanAcArya ko prApta huaa| yadyapi sakala zrutajJAna viccheda to zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha hI ho 1.dhavalA pustaka 1 pRSTha 96 2. tattvArtha rAjavArtika 1/20 3. dhavalA pustaka 1 pRSTha 96, (10)

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gayA, tathApi gautama gaNadhara se jo paraMparA cAlU haI thI ki aMgazruta ko pravAhita karane ke lie use usake yogya uttarAdhikArI ko sauMpa diyA jAye, vaha 683 varSa paryanta cAlU rhii|' (pRSTha 538) / apane kathana ke samarthana meM vidvAna lekhaka ne aneka yuktiyA~ dI haiM, lekina dUsare uddharaNa meM Agata 'AMzika jJAna kI paraMparA ..." eka aisA vAkya hai, jo sabhI pradatta yuktiyoM kI ni:sAratA ko prakaTa kara detA hai / kyoMki eka tarapha to yaha kahA hai ki vIra nirvANa se 683 varSa paryanta aMga jJAna kI paraMparA pravartita rahI aura dUsarI tarapha yaha ullekha karate haiM ki "uttarottara ghaTatA gayA, tathApi AMzika jJAna kI paraMparA 683 varSa paryanta avicchinna calatI rahI" / donoM kathanoM para gaMbhIratA se vicAra karate haiM, to yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA ki aMga jJAna kI paraMparA 683 varSa taka jaisI kI taisI avicchinna, avikala rUpa meM pravartita rahI yA AMzika rUpa meM pravartita rahI? yadi gaNadharoM ke bAda hI AMzika rUpa meM aMgajJAna kI paraMparA vicchinna hotI huI bhadrabAhu taka AyI ho, to unheM bhI pUrNa zruta jJAnI mAnanA bhI vicAraNIya ho jAtA hai / yadi bhadrabAhu svAmI hI pUrNa zrutajJAnI the aura unake pArzvavartiyoM aura pUrvavartiyoM zramaNoM ko jJAna nahIM thA, to yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ki paripATI ke krama meM kisI eka ko hI pUrNa jJAna prApta hotA thA, jaba ki guru ko sabhI ziSya samAna hote the aura ve binA kisI bheda bhAva ke adhyayana karAte the| unameM se aneka aise ho sakate haiM ki jJAna kA kucha aMza grahaNa kara ke athavA kucha niSNAta ho kara ziSya paraMparA ko adhyayana karAte hue jJAna kA vistAra karate hoM / isalie yaha kahanA atizyokti.hI mAnA jAyegA ki 683 varSa bAda zruta kA pUrNatayA viccheda ho gayA, yAne samApta ho gayA, kisI ko jJAna rahA hI nahIM / paMDitajI kI yaha kalpanA bauddhoM ke dIpa nirvANa kI taraha jJAna nirvANa ko mAnane se milatI julatI.hai / kyA paMDitajI kA yahI abhiprAya hai? yadi mAna liyA jAye ki bhadrabAha ke sAtha pUrNa zrutajJAna samApta ho gayA, to yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki Aja jo digaMbara paraMparA meM pramANabhUta graMtha hai, ve tIrthaMkara kI vANI kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| unakI pramANatA kA AdhAra kyA hai ? zvetAMbara paraMparA to unheM. aMgabAhya AgamoM ke varga meM samAviSTa kara sakatI hai, lekina svayaM digaMbara paraMparA ko yaha nirNaya karanA hai ki jaba bhadrabAhu svAmI taka hI zruta paraMparA calI, to unake mAnya graMthoM kI racanA kA AdhAra kyA hai? isI sandarbha meM yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAvassa Natthi NAso, Natthi abhAvassa ceva uppaado| taba tIrthaMkara kI vANI 683 varSa taka hI rahI aura usake bAda sarvathA vinaSTa ho gayI, yaha to vadato vyAghAta doSApatti kA avasara pradAna karatA hai / ataeva hama apane mAnya vidvAnoM se yaha anurodha kareMge ki sAMpradAyika vyAmoha se atikrAnta ho kara asatya kA parimArjana karane ke sAtha satya tathyoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa kareM aura yaha kaheM ki aMgajJAna kI uttarottara . (11)

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ghaTatI huI paraMparA 683 varSa ke bAda bhI calatI rahI, jise uttaravartI AcAryoM ne lipibaddha kiyA / aba eka prazna aura raha jAtA hai ki bhadrabAhu svAmI ke jIvita rahate hue bhI gyAraha aMgoM ko saMkalita karane kI jaldI kyoM kI gayI ? isake uttara ke lie tatkAlIna sthiti para dhyAna denA hogaa| eka to yaha ki dvAdazavarSIya bhayaMkara durbhikSa ke kAraNa zramaNa saMgha vicchinna ho gayA thA / kucha zramaNa paristhiti ko dekha kara suvidhAnusAra saMkaTa ko pAra karane ke lie dakSiNa Adi kI ora cale gaye the aura jo avaziSTa the, ve bhI durbhikSa ke kAraNa kAla kavalita ho gaye aura usake kucha sannikaTa the / isa sthiti meM yaha vicAra AnA svAbhAvika thA ki jaba zramaNa saMgha titara-bitara ho gayA hai, aneka vidvAna zramaNa kAla ke gAla meM samA cuke haiM aura bhaviSya meM na jAne kisa saMkaTa pUrNa sthiti kA sAmanA karanA par3egA / ata: zruti paraMparA se prApta zruta ko saMkalita kara liyA jAye aura isake lie jisako jo-jo aMza jJAta thA, use kramabaddha vyavasthita banAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| isa kArya meM sadAzayatA adhika hai, na ki zrutakevalI kI avamAnanA yA upekSA kI dRSTi / avamAnanA kI kalpanA to AgrahazIla vyakti hI kara sakate haiM I yadi vidvAna zramaNoM ke dvArA kRta AgamoM ke saMkalana ko 'mitrasya cakSuSA' sabhI sAmya hai kI dRSTi se dekhA jAye, to isakA abhinandana hI kiyA jAnA cAhiye ki jaba durbhikSa ke kAraNa magadha meM vidyamAna zramaNavarga kA jIvana saMkaTa meM thA, ki jaba kisako jIvana chor3a denA par3e aura magadha ke bAhara gaye zramaNoM kI kyA sthiti hai ? aisI sthiti meM AgamoM ke saMkalana kI taiyArI karanA jarUrI thA. aura isIlie vaha prayAsa kiyA bhI gayA / isameM zruta kevalI kI upekSA batAnA aura yaha kahanA ki isa prakAra se saMkalita kiye gaye aMgoM ko pramANa kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? apane Apa meM upakAraka ke prati dveSa buddhi kA paricaya detA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki eka tarapha to jaba hama yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvana kSaNabhaMgura hai ! kyA patA kaba kisakI jIvana lIlA samApta ho jAye ? usa sthiti meM isa saMbhAvanA ko kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI ko durbhikSa ke bAda bhI nizcita rUpa se jIvita rahanA hI cAhiye aura yaha nirNaya to vahI kara sakatA hai, jisakI mauta ke sAtha mitratA ho / saMbhavata: 683 varSa taka hI avicchinna zruta paraMparA ke calane kA nirNaya dene vAle hI aisA kaha sakate haiN| dUsarA koI aisI atizyokti pUrNa bAta kahane kI yogyatA nahIM rakhatA aura phira bhI kahatA hai, to ise duHsAhasa hI mAnanA par3egA / ata: zvetAMbara paraMparA to yahI kahatI hai ki sAmayika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa aMgazruta jaisA kA taisA vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai, bahuta sA aMza vicchinna bhI huA hai aura avaziSTa aMza lipibaddha ho kara pavitra nidhi ke rUpa meM surakSita hai / (12)

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Agama ke anusaMdhAnakartA paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAna DaoN. jekobI Adi kA bhI yahI mata hai ki samaya kI dRSTi se jainAgama kA racanA kAla jo bhI mAnA jaye, kintu usameM jina tathyoM kA saMgraha hai, ve tathya aise nahIM hai, jo usI kAla ke hoM / aise kaI tathya usameM saMgrahita haiM, jinakA saMbaMdha prAcIna pUrva paraMparA se hai| ataeva vicchinnatA ke bAre meM nirNaya dene vAle vidvAnoM ko isa ora bhI dekhanA caahie| isI prakAra se jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA aura dUsarI bAteM bhI vicAraNIya hai, lekina upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM hamArA yaha mantavya hai ki 'jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA' ke lekhaka yA anya digaMbara vidvAna sAmAnya rUpa se digaMbara jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa likheM, to jaina sAhitya koSa kI vRddhi meM nayA yoga de sakate haiM / jo honA thA, so ho cukA, fira bhI nayI sRjanAtmaka prakriyA kI AzA to kI hI jA sakatI hai| * AgamoM kI sAMpratika saMkhyA vartamAna meM jainoM dvArA jo graMtha Agama mAne gaye haiM, unakA vargIkaraNa va unakI saMkhyA isa prakAra haiM jaina paraMparA meM mukhya tIna saMpradAya haiM- 1. zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka, 2. sthAnaka vAsI aura 3. digaMbara / ina saba ne aMga aura aMga bAhya rUpa meM zAstroM ke do vibhAga kiye haiM aura isa viSaya meM bhI unameM koI vivAda nahIM hai ki sakala zruta kA mUla AdhAra gaNadhara graMthita AcAra Adi dvAdazAMga hai / bAraha aMgoM ke nAmoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI unameM prAya: eka mata hai evaM ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki aMtima aMga dRSTivAda kA lopa huA hai| aMgabAhya aMgoM kI racanA sthaviroM dvArA haI, yaha mAnyatA bhI tInoM saMpradAyoM meM eka jaisI hai / lekina kina graMthoM ko aMgabAhya AgamoM meM grahaNa karanA yA kinheM na karanA, yaha vivAdAspada hai| digaMbaroM meM to pUrva kAla meM yaha mAnyatA pracalita thI ki bAraha aMga aura caudaha aMga bAhya kula chabbIsa Agama haiN| lekina vIra nirvANa ke pazcAt zruta kA kramaza: hrAsa hote hote 683 varSa ke bAda koI aMgadhara yA pUrvadhara AcArya nahIM rahe, jisase Agama kA viccheda ho gyaa| vartamAna meM jo graMtha prApta hai, ve saba aMga aura pUrva ke AMzika jJAtA AcAryoM dvArA racita hai| ataeva digaMbara saMpradAya meM AgamoM kI vidyamAnatA, unakI saMkhyA Adi ke sivAya anya kucha vizeSa vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| lekina zvetAMbara saMpradAya ke mata se aMga aura aMgabAhya donoM prakAra ke Agama adhikAMzata: surakSita haiM / gyAraha aMgoM kI vidyamAnatA ko zvetAMbara paraMparA ke donoM saMpradAyoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, lekina aMgabAhya AgamoM kI saMkhyA meM bhinnatA hai / kucha Agama aise haiM, jinheM 8. Doctrine of the Jainas, page - 15

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zvetAmbara mUrti pUjakoM ne hI mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI paraMparA ne nahIM mAnA hai| usakA Age spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jA rahA hai| - jina aMga bAhya zAstroM ko Agama mAnA gayA hai, unakI saMkhyA adhikatama cautIsa hai / ve nimna likhita pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita haiM- 1. upAMga, 2. prakIrNaka, 3. chedasUtra, 4. mUlasUtra aura 5. cUlikA sUtra / aMgoM aura ukta pA~ca vargoM meM vargIkRta aMgabAhya AgamoM ke nAma kramaza: isa prakAra hai__gyAraha aMga Agama-1. AcAra, 2. sUyagar3a (sUtra- kRta), 3. ThANa (sthAna), 4. samavAya, 5. viyAha paNNatti (vyAkhyA prajJApti), 6. nAyA dhamma kahAo (jJAtA dharma kathA), 7. uvAsagadasAoM (upAsaka dazA), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRtaM dazA) 9. anutarova vAiya dasAo (anuttaropapAtika dazA), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAiM (prazna vyAkaraNAni) aura 11. vivAga suyaM (vipAka zrutam) / bArahavA~ aMga diTThivAya arthAt dRSTivAda vicchinna ho gayA hai| - bAraha upAMga- 1. uvavAiya (aupapAtikam), 2. rAyapaseNaijja (rAja prasena jitkaM) athavA rAya paseNiyaM (rAjapraznIya), 3. jIvA jIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA), 5. sUra paNNatti (sUrya prajJapti), 6. jaMbUdIva paNNatti (jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti), 7. caMda paNNatti (caMdra prajJapti), 8. nirayAMvaliyAo (nirayAvalika), 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikA), 10. pupphiyAo (puSpikA), 11. pupphaculAo (puSpa cUlA) aura 12. vaNhi dasAo (vRSNi dshaa)| dasa prakIrNaka- 1. causaraNa (cuta: zaraNa), 2. Aura paccakkhANa (Atura pratyAkhyAna), 3. bhatta parijJA (bhakta parijJA), 4. saMthAra (saMstAra), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (tandula vaicAriMka), 6. caMda vejjhaya (candra vaidyaka), 7. deviMdatthaya (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| chaha cheda sUtra- 1. AyaradasA (AcAra-dazA), 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavAhara (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha), 5. mahAnisIha (mahAnizItha), 6. jIya kappa (jiitklp)| jItakalpa ke sthAna para koI koI paMcakappa (paMcakalpa) ko mAnate haiN| do cUlikA sUtra- 1. naMdI aura 2. aNu yoga dArA (anuyoga dvArANi) / cAra mUlasUtra- 1. uttarajjhayaNa (uttarAdhyayana), 2. dasaveyAliya (dazavaikAlika), 3. Avassaya (Avazyaka) aura 4. piMDanijjutti (piNddniyukti)| aMga bAhya AgamoM kI gaNanA meM koI koI piMDa niyukti ke sthAna meM oghaniyukti ko grahaNa karate haiN| dasa prakIrNakoM aura cheda sUtroM ke nAmoM meM bhI bheda dekhA jAtA hai / (14)

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sthAnAMga sUtra (277) meM candra prajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti aura dvIpa sAgara ina cAra prajJaptiyoM ko aMgabAhya kahA gayA hai| inameM se jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti ke atirikta zeSa tIna kAlika haiM / AcAra prakalpa(nizItha), AcAra dazA, baMdha dazA, dvigRddhi dazA, dIrgha dazA aura saMkSepitA dazA kA bhI sthAnAMga (755) meM ullekha hai, kintu vedyadazA Adi anupalabdha hai| TIkAkAra ke samaya meM bhI yahI sthiti thii| ata: nizcita rUpa se yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ye kauna se graMtha the| samavAyAMga meM uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayanoM ke nAma diye haiM 3 tathA dazA, kalpa aura vyavahAra ina tIna ke uddezana kAla kI bhI carcA hai, kintu unakI cheda saMjJA nahIM dI gayI hai / cheda saMjJA kaba pracalita huI aura prAraMbha meM usameM kauna-kauna se graMtha sammilita the, yaha bhI nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA / Avazyaka niyukti meM sarva prathama cheda sUtra kA ullekha milatA hai / usase prAcIna ullekha adhunA aprApya hai / isase abhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Avazyaka niyukti ke kAla meM cheda sUtra kA eka pRthak varga sthApita ho cukA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM bhI zramaNoM ke adhyayana aura cintana yogya graMthoM va viSayoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, unameM sarvaprathama AcAra Adi aMgoM kA va tadanantara prajJApanA, sUrya prajJapti, candra prajJapti kA ullekha hai| - zrI caMdra AcArya ne sukha bodhA samAcArI (lekhana kAla I.sa. 1112) kI racanA kI hai| usameM unhoMne jo varNana kiyA hai, usase yaha patA calatA hai ki unake kAla taka aMga aura upAMga tathA amuka aMga aura amuka upAMga yaha vyavasthA bana cukI thii| isake atirikta yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki unake samaya taka aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka ye nAma tathA upAMgoM meM kauna-kauna se graMtha samAviSTa haiM, yaha nizcita ho cukA thA |muul saMjJA kisI kI bhI nahIM milatI, jo Age cala kara Avazyaka Adi ko milii| jinaprabha AcArya ne apane 'siddhAntAgamastava' meM AgamoM kA nAma pUrvaka stavana kiyA hai, kintu vargIkaraNa nahIM kiyA hai / AcArya umAsvAti ne apane tattvArtha bhASya meM aMga ke sAtha upAMga zabda kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura aMgabAhya graMtha hI unheM upAMga zabda se abhipreta hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne aMgabAhya kI jo sUcI dI hai, use bhI jinaprabha AcArya ne apane vidhimArga prathA graMtha meM samAviSTa kiyA hai| vidhi mArga prathA graMtha meM . unhoMne AgamoM ke svAdhyAya kI tapovidhi kA varNana kiyA hai| 1. sthAnAMga 152 2. sthAnAMga 433, samavAyAMga 28 3. samavAyAMga, samavAya 36 4. kuvalayamAlA pRSTha 34

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usameM krama se 51 graMthoM kA ullekha hai aura anta meM jisa aMga kA jo upAMga hai, usakA ullekha kiyA hai| sAtha hI eka matAntara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki- aNNe puNa caMda paNNatti sUra paNNattiM ca bhagavaI uvaMga bhaNaMti / temi maeNa uvAsagadasAINaM paMcaNha-maMgANaM uvaMga nirayAvaliyA suykkhNdho| AcArya jinaprabha ke samaya taka vartamAna kAla prasiddha vargIkaraNa sthira ho cukA thaa| isakI sUcanA 'vAyaNAvihI' kI utthAnikA se milatI hai| isa sUcI meM 'mUla graMtha' aisA ullekha to avazya hai, kintu pRthaka rUpa se Avazyaka' aura 'dazavaikAlika' kA ullekha nahIM hai / isakI sUcanA isase milatI hai| ina saba vibhinna dRSTikoNoM dvArA yaha to pratIta ho jAtA hai ki amuka graMtha aMga aura amuka upAMga hai, lekina Aja jo upAMgoM kA vargIkaraNa zvetAMbara paraMparA meM pracalita hai, vaha kaba aura kisane kiyA, yaha jAnane kA nizcita sAdhana upalabdha nahIM * sthAnakavAsI paraMparA mAnya Agama Upara una graMthoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jinheM Agama kahA jAtA hai, lekina zvetAMbara sthAnakavAsI paraMparA meM gyAraha aMgoM ke atirikta aMgabAhya AgamoM meM se bAraha upAMga, cAra chedasUtra, cAra mUlasUtra aura eka Avazyaka isa prakAra ikkIsa graMthoM ko Agama ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA hai| isalie isa paraMparA meM gyAraha aMga aura ikkIsa aMgabAhya graMtha kula battIsa Agama pramANa mAne jAte haiM / sthAnakavAsI paraMparA mAnya ikkIsa aMgabAhya graMthoM ke sAtha-sAtha aura graMthoM ko Agama mAnane se zvetAMbara mUrtipUjaka paraMparA meM paiMtAlIsa Agama mAne gaye haiN| usakA spaSTIkaraNa nimna prakAra hai sthAnakavAsI aura mUrtipUjaka paraMparAoM meM AgamoM kI saMkhyA bhinnatA ke do kAraNa haiM / pahalA yaha ki dasa prakIrNaka graMtha kevala zvetAMbara mUrtipUjaka paraMparA meM mAne gaye haiM,sthAnakavAsI meM nahIM / tathA dUsarA yaha ki cheda sUtra ke chaha bhedoM meM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa tathA mUla sUtra ke cAra bhedoM meM se piMDaniyukti, ina tIna ko sthAnakavAsI paraMparA meM pramANabhUta nahIM mAnA hai yA inheM lupta mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra teraha graMthoM kI alpAdhikatA ke kAraNa donoM paraMparAoM ke AgamoM kI saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna hai| ise prakAra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI praNAlI jo vIra nirvANa ke anantara jisa rUpa meM pravAhita hotI huI sAMprata kAla meM pracalita hai, use yahA~ saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA hai| aba Age ke prakaraNa meM aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgAbAhya AgamoM ke racanA kAla para dRSTipAta kreNge| (16)

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adhyAya 3 AgamoM kA racanAkAla pUrvokta saMketoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki Agama zabda kA vAcya koI eka graMtha vizeSa nahIM, apitu kevalI, zrutakevalI, pUrvadhara Adi zramaNa mahApuruSoM dvArA racita aneka graMthoM ko Agama ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA gayA hai / ataeva AgamoM kI racanA kaba huI? isake lie yadyapi samaya kI koI eka nizcita rekhA nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI, phira bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vikrama pUrva 500 meM upadeza denA prAraMbha kiyA thaa| ata: sAMpratika upalabdha AgamoM kI usase pahale racanA honA saMbhava nahIM hai aura vallabhI meM vi.saM. 510 yA matAntara se 523 meM pustaka lekhana kiyA gyaa| ata: isI kAla maryAdA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vArtamAnika AgamoM ke racanAkAla para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki prAraMbha vikrama pUrva 500 meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dezanA hai aura anta vi.saM. 510 yA 523 hai| - AgamoM ke racanAkAla ke bAre meM Upara jo saMketa kiyA gayA hai, usameM sthUla rUpa se do bAteM dhyAna AkarSita karatI haiN| ve ye ki upalabdha AgamoM kA Adi srota kauna hai aura unheM lipi baddha karane kA aMtima samaya kyA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se vAGmaya kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya ina do bAtoM para bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / jaina paraMparA ko yaha bAta svIkAra karane meM kabhI bhI kisI prakAra kA durAgraha nahIM rahA hai ki jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI paraMparA prAgaitihAsika hone para bhI upalabdha samagra jaina sAhitya kA Adi srota jainAgama rUpa aMga sAhitya veda jitanA prAcIna nahIM hai, phira bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra aura tathAgata buddha ke samakAlIna hone se use bauddha piTako ke samakAlIna to mAnA hI jA sakatA hai| . lekina anusaMdhAna kartAoM kI dRSTi se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki AgamoM meM saMkalita aise kaI tathya haiM, jinakA saMbaMdha prAcIna pUrva paraMparA se hai| ___aba yaha prazna hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM hI gaNadharoM ne AgamoM ko lipibaddha kyoM nahIM kiyA? kyA unheM akSara aura lipijJAna nahIM thA? uttaravartIkAla meM hI AcAryoM dvArA Agama lipibaddha kyoM kiye gaye? aura vaisA karane kA kyA kAraNa rahA? isa saba praznoM ke uttara meM yaha kahanA paryApta hai ki AgamoM ko usI samaya (bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dezanA kAla meM) lipibaMddha na karane kA kAraNa gaNadharoM Adi ko akSara jJAna na honA nahIM thA / usa yuga meM dhAraNA ke anusAra dharmazAstroM ke prati Adara aura zraddhA vyakta karane ke lie kaMThastha karane kI paddhati thii|

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mahAna lipi zAstrI zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA kA yaha nizcita mata hai ki lekhana ke sAdhana- tAr3apatra, bhoja-patra, kAgaja, syAhI, lekhanI Adi kA paricaya hamAre pUrvajoM ko ati prAcIna kAla se thA evaM akSarajJAna meM ve pUrNa niSNAta the| bauddhika pragalbhatA tathA pAMDitya se ve otaprota the aura dharmazAstroM ke atirikta anya kSetroM meM ve lekhana kA upayoga karate the| lekina dharmazAstroM ko aMkita karane kI paraMparA unake dvArA nahIM apanAyI gayI, zraddhA aura sammAna kI dRSTi kI apekSA se| ___ jijJAsu dharmazAstroM ko Adara evaM vinaya pUrvaka apane-apane guruoM- AcAryoM se maukhika prApta karate the aura isa prakAra se prApta hone vAle zAstroM ko kaMThastha karate evaM una pAThoM kI bAra-bAra parAvartanA karate hue smRti meM rakhate / isa tathya ko pramANita karane ke lie zAstroM ke lie vartamAna meM prayukta zruti, smRti evaM zruta' zabda paryApta haiN| dharmavANI meM kahIM para bhI anupayogI kAnA, mAtrA, anusvAra, visarga Adi kA praveza na ho jAye athavA Avazyaka kA apamArjana na ho jAye, isakI bhI ve pUrI sAvadhAnI rakhate the| vartamAna meM upalabdha vedoM aura avestA gAthAoM ke pATha isa bAta ke sAkSI hai ki vedoM aura avestA ke vizuddha uccAraNoM kI surakSA kA vaidika purohitoM aura avestA ke paMDitoM ne kitanA dhyAna rakhA hai,| isI kAraNa ve apane mUla rUpa ko Aja bhI jaisA kA taisA surakSita banAye hue haiN| . jaina paraMparA ne bhI apane AgamoM ko surakSita rakhane kA vaisA hI prayatna kiyA aura Avazyaka vidhi vidhAnoM, kriyA kAMDoM ke sUtroM kI akSara saMkhyA, padasaMkhyA, hrasva-dIrgha akSara va uccAraNa ke guNa doSoM Adi kA (jinakA spaSTa vidhAna hai|) anusaraNa karake guru pUrva zruta paraMparA se prApta saMcita zruta saMpatti ko vizuddha rIti se apane ziSyoM ko sauMpate aura ve ziSya bhI puna: apanI ziSya paraMparA ko vaha zruta saMpatti pradAna karate the| yaha saba hone para bhI yadi Agamika paraMparA dhArA pravAha rUpa meM prApta nahIM hai, to isakA kAraNa vyavasthA kI nyUnatA hai| usakA spaSTIkaraNa nIce kiyA jA rahA hai| * Agama surakSA meM bAdhAe~ vedoM ko zruta paraMparA ke rUpa meM surakSita rakhanA bhAratIyoM kA adbhuta kArya hai| Aja bhI vedoM kA zuddha uccAraNa karane vAle vedapAThI brAhmaNa mileMge, jo Adi se lekara anta taka binA pustaka ke apanI smRti se veda pAThoM kA zuddha uccAraNa kara sakate haiN| bhale hI veda ke artha kI paraMparA unheM ajJAta hoM, kintu pATha kI paraMparA to avazya hI jJAta hai| isI prakAra kI praNAlI jaina paraMparA meM bhI thii| kaMThAgra pUrvaka zAstroM ko suvyavasthita avisaMvAdI rUpa se smaraNa meM rakhane ke lie purohitoM kI taraha (18)

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jainoM meM eka viziSTa va AdaraNIya varga thA, jo upAdhyAya ke rUpa meM sasaMmAna jAnA jAtA thaa| saMgha meM isa varga kI vizeSa pratiSThA thI aura aba bhI hai| isa kI pratIti mahAmaMtra navakAra meM mAne gaye paMca parameSThiyoM meM upAdhyAya ko eka parameSThI ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane se ho jAtI hai| navakAra kA cauthA pada hai- Namo uvajjhAyANaM / arthAt upAdhyAya bhagavantoM ko namaskAra ho| dharmazAstroM ko suvyavasthita rakhane ke lie uttaradAyI nizcita varga ke rahane, zramaNa varga ko svAdhyAya karane kA nizcaya vidhAna hone evaM saMgha dvArA zruta ko surakSita rakhane ke prayatna karane kI vyavasthA hone para bhI jaina paraMparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jina upadezoM ko gaNadharoM ne graMthita kiyA thA, unakA vahI rUpa Aja hamAre pAsa nahIM hai| kyA kAraNa hai ki jaina zruta se bhI prAcIna veda to surakSita raha sake aura jaina zruta saMpUrNa nahIM, to adhikAMza naSTa ho gayA? kaI saMpUrNa graMtha vismRta ho cuke haiM evaM kaI Agama graMthoM kI avasthA vikRta ho gayI? isa prazna kA samAdhAna isa prakAra __anyAya kAraNoM kA to Age ullekha kiyA hI jA rahA hai, lekina isa kAraNa ko bhI dRSTi meM rakhanA par3egA ki AgamoM kI bhASA meM (prAkRta hone ke kAraNa) parivartana honA svAbhAvika hai| isa kAraNa brAhmaNoM kI taraha jainAcArya aura upAdhyAya cAhate hue bhI aMga graMthoM kI akSaraza: surakSA nahIM kara sake / phira bhI yaha to svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki aMgoM kA jo kucha bhI aMza Aja upalabdha hai, vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ke adhika nikaTa haiN| usameM parivartana aura parivarddhana huA hai, kintu vaha samUcA nayA yA managaDhaMta hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki jaina saMgha ne saMpUrNa zruta ko surakSita banAne ke lie puna: puna: prayatna kiye haiN| unakA saMketa Age kiyA jA rahA hai| dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki vedoM kI surakSA meM pitA-putra aura guru-ziSya donoM prakAra kI vaMza paraMparAoM ne apanA sahayoga diyA hai / pitA ne apane putra ko aura guru ne apane ziSya ko veda sikhA kara vedapATha kI avyAhata paraMparA cAlU rakhI tathA eka varNa vizeSa brAhmaNa varNa ko hI vedapaThana kA adhikAra thA, jisase brAhmaNoM ko suzikSita putra yA ziSya prApta hone meM koI kaThinAI nahIM AtI thii| kintu jainAgama kI surakSA meM janma-vaMza paraMparA ko koI sthAna nahIM rhaa| pitA apane putra ko nahIM, kintu guru 1. veda sAhitya yadyapi vizeSa prAcIna hai / likhane-likhAne kI pravRtti kA bhI pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai, lekina aisA hote hue bhI prAcIna kAla meM vedo kI jitanI zloka saMkhyA mAnI jAtI hai, utanI vartamAna kAla meM nahIM hai|

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apane ziSya ko par3hAtA thaa| jaina zramaNa ke lie apanA suzikSita putra jaina zruta ke adhyayana kA adhikArI nahIM, kintu zramaNa ziSya cAhe phira vaha ziSya yogya, kuzAgra buddhi yA ayogya, maMdabuddhi ho, lekina zruta ke adhyayana kA adhikArI vahI hotA thA / isake atirikta vedAdhyayana kA adhikAra to brAhmaNa varga taka hI sImita thA, kintu jaina zruta kI surakSA yA adhyayana kA adhikAra kisI varga vizeSa ke adhIna na ho kara cAra varNoM meM se jo bhI zramaNa bana jAtA thA, usI ko mila jAtA thA / vahIM jaina zruta ke adhyayana kA adhikArI ho jAtA thA / brAhmaNa varga ko jIvana ke prathama caraNa meM (jise brahmacaryAzrama kahate haiM ) vedAdhyayana karanA anivArya thaa| apane mAna-sammAna kI surakSA evaM samAja kI vyavasthA ko suvyavasthita banAye rakhane ke lie yaha anivArya thaa| brAhmaNa ke lie vedAdhyayana sarvasva thA, lekina jaina zramaNa ke lie AcAra - sadAcAra hI sarvasva thA / jaina zramaNa dIkSita ho jAne ke bAda jaina zruta ke adhyayana kA adhikArI avazya bana jAtA thA, kintu usameM yogyatA hai yA nahIM, isakA koI vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / isalie koI maMdabuddhi ziSya saMpUrNa zruta kA pATha na bhI kare, to bhI usakI zramaNacaryA meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM AtI thI aura na use ayogya samajhA jAtA thA / 1 isake atirikta jaina zramaNacaryA ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina muniyoM ko mana-vacana-kAyA se vaisA koI bhI kArya yA pravRtti na karane kI na karavAne kI aura na karate hue anumodana karane kI pratijJA hotI hai, jisameM hiMsA ho / ve aisI koI bhI vastu svIkAra nahIM karate, jisakI prApti meM tanika bhI hiMsA ho / AcArAMga Adi upalabdha sUtroM ko dekhane se unakI yaha caryA, spaSTa mAlUma hotI hai / prAcIna jaina zramaNa isa pratijJA kA akSaraza: pAlana karane kA prayatna karate the / lekina isakA yaha matalaba nahIM ki unheM dharma pracAra iSTa nahIM thA / vaha iSTa avazya thA, kintu nirapavAda caryA ke pAlana karane ke AkAMkSI hone se kevala AcaraNa evaM upadeza ko hI dharma pracAra kA sAdhana mAnate the / isa sthiti meM bhI ve cAhate to dharma pracAra kI yojanA ko mUrtarUpa dene ke lie AgamoM ko lipibaddha karake surakSita rakha sakate the, lekina usameM bhI hiMsA aura parigraha kI saMbhAvanA hone se unhoMne lekhana pravRtti ko nahIM apanAyA / usameM bhI unhoMne saMyama kI virAdhanA dekhI / " ahiMsA aura aparigraha vrata kA bhaMga unheM asahya thA / lekina jaba AgamoM kI surakSA kI ora unakA dhyAna gayA aura unheM lipibaddha karanA Avazyaka samajhA gayA, taba taka ve AgamoM ko adhikAMza bhUla cuke the / 1. potthaesu gheppaMtaesu asaMjamo bhavai / - dazavaikAlika cUrNi pRSTha 21 (20)

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gurujanoM ke kAla dharma ko prApta hote jAne se kaMThAgra AgamoM kA bahata sA bhAga unhIM ke sAtha calA gayA thaa| isa sthiti ko dekha kara unhoMne apane aparihagraha vrata ko kucha zithila kiyaa| pahale jisa pustaka parigraha ko asaMyama kA kAraNa samajha liyA gayA thA, mAna liyA gayA thA, usI ko aba saMyama kA kAraNa mAnA jAne lagA, kyoMki yadi ve vaisA na karate, to zruta vinAza kI AzaMkA ko TAlA nahIM jA sakatA thaa| ataeva aba yahI saMbhava thA ki jo Agamika saMpatti zeSa raha gayI hai, use lipibaddha karake surakSita kiyA jAye / etadartha AcAra caryA meM parivartana svIkAra kiye gye| zruti rakSA ke lie likhane likhAne kI pravRtti ko mahatva diyA gayA / itanA saba karane para bhI jo maulika kamI ho cukI thI, usakI pUrti nahIM huI / vismRta evaM vilupta aMza prApta nahIM ho skaa| caturvidha saMgha zruta ke hrAsa ke prati cintita thaa| zruta kI surakSA kA prazna mahatvapUrNa thA / zrAvaka aura zrAvikAe~ to zruta kI surakSA meM sAkSAt sakriya yoga nahIM de sakatI thii| ata: buddha ke upadezoM ko vyavasthi karane ke lie samaya-samaya para bhikSuoM dvArA kI gayI saMgatiyoM kI taraha jaina AcAryoM ne bhI kramaza: pATaliputra, mathurA aura vallabhI meM vAcanAe~ kii| isakA samaya bhinna-bhinna hai| inameM tatkAlIna jaina AcAryoM ne ekatra ho kara jaina zruta ko vyavasthita kiyA aura vicchinna aMzoM kI saMgati baiThAne tathA Agata vyavasthA ko parimArjina karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| * pATaliputra kI vAcanA .. sarva prathama pATaliputra meM vAcanA huii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa se karIba 160 varSA bAda eka sudIrghakAlIna durbhikSa se chinna-bhinna titara-bitara jaina zramaNa saMgha pATaliputra meM ekatra huaa| ekatra zramaNoM ne eka dUsare se pUcha-pUcha kara gyAraha aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA, kintu yaha dekhA gayA ki bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA jJAna kisI ko bhI nahIM hai / usa samaya saMpUrNa dRSTivAda ke eka mAtra jJAtA AcArya bhadrabAhu nepAla meM the aura bAraha varSIya vizeSa prakAra kI yoga sAdhanA meM lage rahane se ve vAcanA meM upasthita nahIM ho sake the| ataeva saMgha ne sarvAnumati se yogya pAtra mAna kara aneka sAdhuoM ke sAtha sthUlibhadra ko dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karane ke lie- vAcanA lene ke lie bhadrabAhuM svAmI ke pAsa bhejaa| dasa pUrva kA adhyayana pUrNa manoyoga se karane ke bAda unhoMne parIkSaNa ke taura para apanI zruta labdhi kA prayoga kiyaa| isakA patA jaba bhadrabAhu ko lagA, taba unhoMne Age adhyayana karAnA chor3a diyaa| sthUlibhadra ke 1. kAlaM puNa paDucca caraNa karaNaTThA apocchitti nimittaM ca geNa hamANassa potthae saMjamo bhavai / --dazavaikAlika cUrNI pRSTha 21 2. Avazyaka cUrNI bhAga 2 pRSTha 187 (21)

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bAra-bAra anunaya-vinaya karane para evaM apane pramAda ke lie kSamAyAcanA karane para unhoMne kahA ki zeSa cAra pUrvoM kI anujJA na de kara maiM unakI sUtra vAcanA detA hU~, kintu tuma ise dUsaroM ko mata par3hAnA aura phira unhoMne sthUlibhadra ko zeSa cAra pUrva kA kevala mUla pATha par3hAyA / usakA vizeSa vizadArtha spaSTa nahIM kiyaa| pariNAmataH zramaNa saMgha meM bhadrabAhu svAmI taka caturdaza pUrva kA saMpUrNa jJAna rahA aura unake svargavAsa ke pazcAt sthUlabhadra taka caudaha pUrvoM meM se dasa pUrvoM kA pUrNa aura zeSa cAra pUrvoM kA mUla pATha kA jJAna zeSa raha gayA / sthUlibhadra zeSa cAra pUrvo ke arthajJAna se vaMcita rahe / sthUlibhadra kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa ke 215 yA matAntara se 219 varSa bAda huA / vastuta: dekhA jAye to sthUlibhadra bhI zrutakevalI nahIM the, kyoMki unhoMne dasa pUrva to sUtra aura artha sahita par3he the, kintu zeSa cAra pUrva mAtra sUtrata: hI par3he the / unheM artha kA jJAna prApta nahIM huA thA / ataeva zvetAMbara matAnusAra yahI kahA jAyegA ki bhadrabAhu svAmI ke svargavAsa ke sAtha hI (vIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda) zruta kevalI kA lopa ho gayA / usake bAda saMpUrNa zruta kA jJAtA koI nahIM huA / digaMbara paraMparA zruta valI kA lopa 162 varSa bAda mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra donoM kI mAnyatA meM ATha varSa kA antara hai / pATaliputra vAcanA meM zruta ko vyavasthita rakhane kA jo prayatna huA thA, usakA krama kucha samaya taka to ThIka calatA rhaa| lekina usake bAda tajjha AcAryoM ke kAladharma ko prApta hote jAne, bhaugolika dUriyoM tathA yogya vidvAna adhikArI ziSyoM ke na milane tathA samaya samaya para dIrghakAlIna durbhikSoM ke par3ane se zruta kA paThana-pAThana pUrvavat na cala sakA / grahaNa- guNa aura anuprekSA ke abhAva meM bahuta sA surakSita aMza bhI naSTa ho gayA / isa kAraNa Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM zramaNa saMgha puna: mathurA meM ekatra huA aura jisako jo yAda thA, usake AdhAra para kAlika zruta ko vyavasthita kiyA gayA / Arya skaMdila kA yuga pradhAnatva kAla vIra nirvANa saMvata 827 se 840 mAnA jAtA hai / ata: yaha vAcanA isI bIca huI hogii| vAcanA mathurA meM hone se yaha mAthurI vAcanA kahalAyI / isa vAcanA ke phalasvarUpa Agama likhe bhI gaye / * vallabhI vAcanA (prathama) mAthurI vAcanA ke kAla meM nAgArjuna sUri ne bhI vallabhI meM zramaNa saMgha ko ekatra karake AgamoM ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA thaa| usa samaya upasthita zramaNoM meM se jisa-jisa ko jo Agama, anuyoga aura prakaraNa graMtha yAda the, ve lipibaddha kiye gaye aura vismRta sthaloM ko pUrvApara saMbaMdha ke anusAra ThIka karake vAcanA dI gayI / (22)

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isa vAcanA ke pramukha nAgArjuna sUri the aura yaha vallabhI meM huI thI, ata: yaha nAgArjunIya vAcanA yA vallabhI vAcanA khlaayii| * vallabhI vAcanA (dvitIya) uparyukta vAcanAoM ke anantara puna: karIba Der3ha sau varSa bAda vallabhI meM devarddhi gaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNa saMgha ekatra huaa| isakA uddezya bhI jaina zruta kI surakSA kA sthAyI prabaMdha karanA thaa| ata: pUrva kI donoM vAcanAoM ke samaya lipibaddha zAstroM ke atirikta anya vidyamAna prakaraNa graMthoM ko likhA kara surakSita karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA evaM pUrva meM likhe gaye graMthoM meM samanvaya karake, bheda-bhAva va antara ko dUra karake eka rUpa diyA gayA tathA mahatvapUrNa bhedoM ko pAThAntara ke rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA gyaa| kaI prakIrNaka graMthoM ko yathArUpa meM pramANa mAnA gyaa| yaha saba kArya vIra nirvANa saMvata 980 yA 993 meM sampanna huaa| ata: vartamAna meM upalabdha Agama graMthoM kA likhita rUpa isI samaya meM sthira huA thA, aisA kahA jAye to anucita nahIM hogaa| isa samagra sthiti kA avalokana karane se yaha to jJAta hotA hai ki devarddhi gaNi kSamAzramaNa ke prayAsa se AgamoM kI surakSA ke lie lekhana kArya huA, lekina isakI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai ki kitane graMtha likhe gaye / naMdIsUtra meM dI gayI sUcI ko yadi pustakAkAra meM pariNata AgamoM kI sUcI mAnA jAye, to yaha kahanA par3egA ki kaI Agama ukta lekhana ke bAda bhI naSTa hae haiN| vizeSatayA prakIrNaka to aneka naSTa hae haiM / kevalaM vIrastava nAmaka prakIrNaka aura piMDa niyukti aise do graMtha haiM, jinakA naMdIsUtra meM ullekha nahIM hai, kintu ve Agama rUpa meM mAnya hai| isa vAcanA ke samaya jo graMtha likhe gaye, unameM kucha aMza prakSipta ho sakatA hai, kintu kaI aMza aise bhI haiM, jo maulika hai / ataeva pUre AgamoM kA eka kAla to nahIM, kintu sAmanyatayA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pATaliputra vAcanA unake lekhana kI bhUmikA banAne kA kAla hai, jo AcArya bhadrabAhu ke samaya meM huI thI aura devarddhi gaNi kSamAzramaNa ke samaya meM apane pUrNarUpa meM phalita huii| anveSakoM ne bhadrabAhu kA samaya IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdI kA dUsarA dazaka mAnA hai / DaoN. jekobI chanda Adi kI dRSTi se adhyayana kara ke isa niSkarSa para Aye ki Agama ke prAcIna aMza IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdI ke anta se lekara IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha jitane prAcIna hai| isalie yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki aMga AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza IsA pUrva kA hai aura AgamoM meM saMgrahita aMga bAhya graMtha gaNadharoM kI racanA nahIM hone se, kintu bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM dvArA racita hone se unake lekhana kA samaya nirdhAraNa unake racayitA AcAryoM ke samaya se kiyA jA sakatA hai / jina graMthoM ke kartA kA nizcita samaya va nAma jJAta (23)

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hai, unako usa kAla kI racanA mAna lenA cAhie / saMzodhakoM ne unake kartA va samaya Adi kA nirdhAraNa apanI-apanI pustakoM meM kiyA hai| * digaMbara paraMparA meM zAstra lekhana zvetAMbara paraMparA meM zruta sAhitya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie jisa prakAra lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA, usI prakAra kA prayatna digaMbara paraMparA meM bhI SaTakhaMDAgama Adi apane sAhitya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie prAraMbha kiyA gyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki AcArya dharasena saurASTra pradeza sthita giranAra parvata kI candara guphA meM rahate the| ve aSTAMga mahAnimitta zAstra meM pAraMgata the| unheM aisA mAlUma ho gayA ki aba zruta sAhitya ke viccheda hone kA samaya A gayA hai / yaha jAna kara pravacana premI dharasena ne dakSiNa pradeza meM vicarane vAle mahimA nagarI meM ekatra AcAryoM ko eka patra bhejaa| patra par3ha kara AcAryoM ne AMdhrapradeza ke bennAtaTa nagara ke vizeSa buddhi saMpanna do ziSyoM ko AcArya dharasena ke pAsa bheja diyaa| Aye hue ziSyoM kI parIkSA lene ke bAda dharasena ne unheM apanI vidyA- zrutasAhitya par3hAnA prAraMbha kiyaa| par3hate-par3hate . ASAr3ha zuklA ekAdazI kA divasa A phuNcaa| isa dina ThIka dopahara meM unakA adhyayana pUrNa huA / AcArya donoM ziSyoM para bahuta prasanna hue| unhoMne unameM se eka kA nAma bhUtabalI va dUsare kA nAma puSpadanta rakhA / isake bAda donoM ziSyoM ko vApasa bhejaa| unhoMne saurASTra se vApasa jAte hue aMkulesara (akulezvara yA aMkaznezvara) nAmaka grAma meM cAturmAsa kiyaa| tadanantara AcArya puSpadaMta vanavAsa ke lie cale gaye evaM bhUtabalI dramila (draviDa) meM gaye / AcArya puSpadanta ne jinapAlita nAmaka ziSya ko dIkSA dI / phira bIsa sUtroM kI racanA kii| unhoMne, jinapAlita ko par3hAkara use draviDa deza meM AcArya bhUtabalI ke pAsa bhejA / bhUtabalI ne yaha jAnakAra ki AcArya puSpadanta alpAyu vAle haiM tathA mahAkarma prakRti prAbhRta saMbaMdhI jo kucha bhI zruta sAhitya hai, vaha unake bAda nahIM raha sakegA, ata: dravya pramANAnuyoga ke prAraMbha meM rakha kara SaTakhaMDAgama kI racanA kI / isa prakAra isa khaMDa siddhAMta zruta ke kartA ke rUpa meM AcArya bhUtabalI aura puSpadanta donoM mAne jAte haiN| isa kathAnaka meM saurASTra pradeza kA ullekha AtA hai / zrI devarddhi gaNi kI graMtha lekhana kI pravRtti kA saMbaMdha bhI saurASTra pradeza kI vallabhI nagarI ke sAtha hai / isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna saurASTra ke jaina saMgha ne zruta surakSA ke lie kitanA prayatna kiyA thaa| usake isa pavitratama kArya kA hI yaha pariNAma hai ki Aja bhI jaina AgamoM kA bahuta sA aMza surakSita raha sakA hai| 1. SaTkhaMDAgama prathama bhAga pRSTha 67-71 (24)

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adhyAya 4. aMga AgamoM kA bAhya paricaya pratyeka vastu ke paricaya ke do rUpa hote haiM- Antara paricaya aura bAhya paricaya / vastu ke bAharI rUpa AkAra-prakAra, parimANa ko jAnanA bAhya paricaya hai aura vastugata guNadharma-svabhAva ko samajhanA aMtaraMga paricaya hai / ina donoM meM bAhya paricaya sarala hai aura usase kucha na kucha aMtara kA bhI AbhAsa mila jAtA hai / ataeva AgamoM ke donoM rUpoM kA paricaya dene ke prasaMga meM AntarakAyI yatkiMcit bodha karAne ke lie pahale unakA bAhya paricaya dete haiN| ___ AgamoM ke bAhya paricaya meM aMgoM ke nAma ke artha, pada parimANa, aMgoM kA krama, bhASA zailI, viSaya vivecana kI paddhati Adi evaM inase saMbaMdhita anya bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| unake nAmoM ke ullekha kA jo krama diyA gayA hai, vaha AgamoM meM prarUpita praNAlI para AdhArita hai| jaise samavAyAMma meM AgamoM ke paricaya kA yaha pATha hai- 'taM jahA AyAre sUyagaDe ThANe samavAe. vivAgasue ditttthivaae| isameM dhyAna dene kI jo bAta hai, vaha yaha hai ki ina dvAdaza graMthoM ko aMga kahA gayA hai tathA inhIM dvAdaza aMgoM kA jo varga hai, use gaNipiTaka ke nAma se bhI saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai / gaNi piTaka meM ina bAraha ke sivAya anya Agama graMthoM kA ullekha nahIM hai / isase yaha saMketa milatA hai ki mUla rUpa meM ye hI Agama haiM, jinakI racanA gaNadharoM ne kI thI aura jina zabdoM meM yaha Agama upalabdha hai, unase phalita hone vAlA artha yA tAtparya bhagavAna dvArA praNIta hai / 2 zabdaM to bhagavAna ke nahIM hai, kintu ina zabdoM kA tAtparya svayaM bhagavAna ne jo batAyA hai, usase bhinna nahIM hai / unhIM ke upadeza ke AdhAra para gaNadhara sUtroM kI racanA karate haiN| kintu gaNadhara sUtroM kI racanA apane mana se nahIM karate, jisase ye Agama pramANa hai| . 1. samavAyAMga kA prAraMbha 2. [ka] tassa NaM ayamaDhe paNNatte / - samavAyAMga kA prAraMbha [kha] atthaM bhAsai arahA .... . - Avazyaka niyukti 192 3. sutaM gaMthaMti gaNaharA niunnaa| .- Avazyaka niyukti 192 (25)

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gaNipiTaka zabda AcarAMgAdi bAraha aMgoM ke samuccaya ke lie to prayukta huA hI hai, kintu vaha pratyeka aMga ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hogA, aisA samavAyAMga ke eka ullekha se pratIta hotA hai| yaha bAta to haI 'gaNipiTaka' zabda ke prayoga ke lie| aba aMga zabda ke bAre meM vicAra karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM aMga zabda pradhAna vedoM se bhinna saMhitA Adi graMthoM ke lie prayukta huA hai aura vahA~ aMga kA tAtparya hai- vedoM ke adhyayana meM sahAyaka vividha vidyAoM ke graMtha, jinheM Aja kI bhASA meM pUraka graMtha yA kisI pustaka ke pariziSTa kaha sakate haiN| arthAta vaidika sAhitya meM aMga kA tAtparya maulika nahIM, kinta sahAyabhUta gauNa graMthoM se hai, jaba ki jainoM meM aMga' zabda kA yaha artha nahIM hai| kyoMki AcAra Adi aMga kisI ke sahAyaka yA gauNa graMtha nahIM, apitu AcAra Adi bAraha graMthoM se banane vAle varga kI ikAI hone se aMga kahe gaye haiN| isI se jaise puruSa ke zarIra meM bAraha aMga hote haiM, vaise hI zrutapuruSa kI kalpanA karake ina bAraha aMgoM ko usa zruta puruSa ke aMgarUpa mAnA gayA hai / puruSa ke bAraha aMga kauna-kauna se haiM ? isakA nirdezaM karate hue nandIvRtti pRSTha 503 meM kahA gayA hai pAya dugaM jaMghA usu, gAya dugaddhaM tu doya bAhU ya / gIvA siraM ca puriso, bArasa aMgo suya visittttho|| isa gAthA kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue vRttikAra ne likhA hai- puSa ke bAraha aMga hote haiN| jaise do paira, do jaMghA, do ghuTane, do gAtrArdha, do bAhu, grIvA aura mastaka / aise hI zruta rUpa puruSa ke bhI krama se AcAra Adi bAraha aMga samajhanA cAhiye / ye bAraha aMgarUpa se zrutapuruSa meM vyavasthita haiN| ___ inake atirikta jo aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM vyavasthita haiM ve anaMga praviSTa haiM / isa prakAra vRttikAra ke abhiprAya ke anusAra zrutapuruSa ke AcArAdi bAraha aMgoM ko nimna prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai___ AcAra aura sUtrakRta zrutapuruSa ke do paira haiM, sthAna aura samavAya do jaMghAe~ haiM, vyAkhyA prajJapti va jJAtA dharma kathA do ghuTane hai, upAsaka aura antakRt do gAtrArdha haiM, anuttaropapAtika va prazna vyAkaraNa do bAhue~ haiM tathA vipAka sUtra grIvA aura dRSTivAda mastaka hai| 1. tiNhaM gaNipiDagANaM AyAra cUliyA vajjANaM sattAvanaM ajjhayaNA pannattA / taM jahA - AyAre sUyagaDe ThANe / - samavAyAMga 57vA samavAya 2. zarIra kA UparI evaM nIce kA bhAga athavA agalA (peTa Adi) aura pichalA (pITha Adi) bhAga gAtrArdha kahalAtA hai| (26)

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+ nAmanirdeza . AcArAMga Adi bAraha aMgapraviSTa AgamoM ke nAma pUrva meM batAye jA cuke haiN| sabhI jaina paraMparAoM meM inake prAkRta bhASIya nAmoM meM prAya: samAnatA hai, eka rUpatA hai aura jo thor3A bahuta bheda dikhAI bhI detA hai, vaha kevala bhASAyI vibhakti ke pratyaya athavA ekavacana-bahuvacana kA hai / saMskRta graMthoM meM inake nAmoM meM vibhinnatAeM dekhane meM avazya AtI haiN| jaise ki AcArya umAsvati ke tatvArtha sUtra ke bhASya meM kevala aMgoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai / usameM pA~caveM aMga kA nAma bhagavatI' na dete hue vyAkhyA prajJapti' diyA gayA hai aura bArahaveM aMga ke nAma kA bhI ullekha hai / vahA~ nAma isa prakAra diye gaye haiM 1. AcAra, 2. sUtrakRtam, 3. sthAnam, 4. samavAya:, 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti, 6. jJAtRdharmakathA, 7. upAMsakAdhyayana dazA: 8. antakRddazAH, 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA:, 10. prazna vyAkaraNam 11. vipAka, 12. dRssttipaat:|1 . parantu ukta nAmoM ke bAreM meM digaMbara paraMparAbhimata pUjyapAda kRta 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAma tattvArthavRtti meM upAsakadazA ke baMdale 'upAsakAdhyayana', 'antakRddazA' ke bajAya 'antakRdazam' nAma haiN| ina nAmoM ke lie akalaMka kRta 'tattvArtharAjavArtika' meM phira thor3A parivartana kiyA gayA hai| usameM 'antakRddazam' aura 'anuttaropapAtika dazam' ke sthAna para kramaza: 'antakRddazA' evaM 'anuttaropapAtika dazA' zabda prayukta kiye gaye haiM / zrutasAgara kRta vRtti meM jJAtRdharma kathA' ke sthAna para 'jJAtRkathA' kA prayoga hai| ___ aMga-paNNatti nAmaka graMtha meM dRSTivAda ke saMbaMdha meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM 363 dRSTiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda evaM vinayavAda ke anuyAyiyoM ke mukhya-mukhya nAma bhI diye gaye haiN| ye saba nAma prAkRta meM haiM / tatvArtha rAjavartika meM bhI isI prakAra ke nAma batAye gaye haiN| vahA~ ye saba nAma saMskRta meM hai| ina donoM sthAnoM ke nAmoM meM kucha kucha antara A gayA hai / sarvArtha siddhi meM dRSTivAda ke bhedarUpa pA~ca nAma batAye haiM- parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cuulikaa| inameM se pUrvagata ke bheda rUpa caudaha nAma isa prakAra haiM - 1. utpAda pUrva, 2. agrAyaNIya, 3. vIryAnpravAda, 4, astinAsti pravAda,5. jJAna pravAda, 6. satyapravAda,7. AtmapravAda, 8. karma pravAda, 9. pratyakhyAna, 10. vidyAnupravAda 11. kalyANa, 12. prANAvAya, 13. kriyA vizAla, 14. loka bindusAra / 1. tattvArtha bhASya 120 2. sarvArthasiddhi 1 / 20 3. tattvArtha rAjavArtika 1 / 20 . (27)

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paMcama aMga kA saMskRta, nAma 'vyAkhyA prajJapti' hai. aura janasAdhAraNa ise 'bhagavatI sUtra' kahate haiM, lekina prAkRta meM vibhinna zabdoM kA prayoga dekhane meM AtA hai| jaise dhavalA aura jaya dhavAla meM vivAha paNNatti aura gommaTa sAra jIvakAMDa meM vivAya paNNatti, vikkhApaNNatti zabda hai, jo saMskRta rUpa vyAkhyA prajJapti ke rUpAntara hai / aMga paNNatti meM vivAya paNNatti athavA vivAga paNNatti nAma batAyA hai aura inakA saMskRta rUpAntara vipAka prajJapti rakhA hai| vRttikAra abhayadeva sUri ne vivAha paNNatti aura viyAha paNNatti nAma svIkAra kiyA hai / vi + vAha prajJapti- jJAna ke vividha pravAhoM kI prajJapti aura vibAha paNNatti kA artha kiyA hai- vi + bAdha prajJapti arthAt binA bAdhAvAlI pramANasiddha prajJapti / viyAha paNNatti, vivAha paNNatti aura vibAha paNNatti ye tInoM pATha mile-jule mAlUma hote haiN| inameM se 'viyAha paNNatti' pATha ThIka hai / zeSa do pratilipikAroM kI truTi ke pariNAma rUpa haiM / yadyapi saMskRta nAma vyAkhyA prajJapti' ko dekhate hue prAkRta nAma 'viyAha paNNatti' honA cAhie thA, jabaki sarvatra vivAha paNNatti' rUpa hI dekhane ko milatA hai, jo pratilipikAroM kI asAvadhAnI va artha ke ajJAna ke kAraNa hI aisA huA mAlUma hotA hai / ati prAcIna graMthoM meM viyAhapaNNatti' rUpa milatA bhI hai, jo ki vyAkhyA prajJapti kA zuddha prAkRta rUpa hai| saMskRta jJAta dharma kathA va prAkRta nAyAdhamma kahA athavA NAyA dhamma kahA meM koI antara nahIM hai / 'jJAta' kA prAkRta meM 'nAya' hotA hai evaM samAsa meM 'dIrghAhrasvaumitho vRttau', isa niyama ke anusAra 'nAya' ke hrasva 'ya' kA dIrgha 'yA' hone para 'nAyA' ho jAtA hai / digaMbara paraMparA meM nAyAdhamma kahA ke bajAya jJAtRdharmakathA, nAhassa dhamma kahA, nAha dhamma kahA Adi nAma prasiddha haiN| ina zabdoM meM nAma mAtra kA phera hai| jJAta dharma kathA athavA jJAtAdharma kathA kA artha hai- jinameM jJAta arthAt udAharaNa pradhAna ho, aisI dharmakathAe~ athavA jisa graMtha meM jJAtoM vAlI arthAt udAharaNoM vAlI evaM dharmavAlI kathAe~ ho / jJAtR dharma kathA kA artha hai- jisameM jJAtR arthAt- jJAtA athavA jJAtRvaMza ke bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA kahI huI dharma kathAe~ hoM, vaha graMtha / yahI artha jJAtR kathA kA bhI hai| dvitIya aMga kA saMskRtaM nAma 'sUtrakRta' hai / rAjavArtika Adi meM bhI isI nAma kA nirdeza hai / dhavalA evaM jaya dhavalA meM sUdapada, gommaTasAra jIvakAMDa meM suddapada tathA aMgapaNNatti meM sUdayaka nAma milate haiM / ina saba nAmoM meM koI antara nahIM hai / kevala zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI prAkRtoM ke apane-apane prayoga kI bhinnatA se nAmoM meM yaha bhinnatA hai| 1. siddha hema zabdAnuzAsana 8 / 1-4 (28)

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isa prakAra zvetAMbara aura diMgabara donoM paraMparAoM meM jo nAma batAye haiM, unameM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| * AcArAdi aMgoM ke nAmoM kA artha ... bhASAoM kI uccAraNa zailI kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa nAmoM ke rUpoM meM Agata vibhinnatAoM kA vicAra karane ke anantara aba unake nAmoM ke artha para vicAra karate sAmAnyatayA AcArAMga Adi aMgoM kA nAma karaNa prAya: una unameM Agata varNya viSaya ke anurUpa haiN| phira bhI kucha nAma aise haiM, jo saMjJAtmaka haiM aura jinakA una aMgoM meM Agata varNana se mela nahIM khAtA / isIlie bodha ke lie unake nAmoM kA artha spaSTa karate haiN| 1. AcAra- yaha dvAdaza aMgoM meM pahalA aMga hai| isakA nAma isake varNya viSaya ke anurUpa hai / isake prathama vibhAga meM Antara aura bAhya donoM prakAra ke zramaNa AcAra kI carcA kI gayI hai| 2. sUtrakRt- sUtrakRt kA artha hai, sUtroM dvArA arthAt prAcIna sUtroM ke AdhAra se athavA sUtroM-vAkyoM se banAyA gayA sUtra / isake nAma se tatkAla graMtha ke varNya viSaya kA to nahIM, kintu racanA paddhati kA patA lagatA hai| 3. sthAna- AcArAMga kI taraha sthAna aura samavAya aMgoM ke nAma sphuTArthaka nahIM hai, parantu jaina paraMparA meM ThANA zabda saMkhyA ke lie pracalita haiN| jaise - jaina * sAdhuoM kI saMkhyA ke lie ThANA zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / 'yahA~ kitane ThANA haiN|' isa prakAra ke prazna kA artha saba jaina samajhate haiN| ata: yahA~ sthAnAMga- ThANAMga zabda saMkhyA artha meM prayukta samajhanA caahie| 4. samavAya- 'samavAya' nAma kI bhI yahI sthiti hai / isa nAma se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki isameM bar3I saMkhyA kA samavAya hai| isa prakAra sthAna nAmaka tIsarA aMga jaina tattva saMkhyA kA evaM samavAya nAmaka caturtha aMga jaina tattva ke samavAya kA arthAt bar3I saMkhyAvAle tattva kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA aMga graMtha hai| 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti- isa paMcama aMga ke artha kA vicAra Upara kiyA jA cukA hai aura isakA nAma graMthagata viSaya ke anurUpa hai| 6. jJAta dharma kathA- isakA nAma kathA sUcaka hai, jo isake nAma se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / isa kathA graMtha ke viSaya meM bhI Upara kahA jA cukA hai / (29)

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7. upAsaka dazA-isake nAma se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha aMga upAsakoM se saMbaMdhita hai / jainoM meM upAsaka zabda jaina dharmAnuyAyI zrAvakoM- gRhasthoM ke lie prayoga meM AtA hai / upAsaka ke sAtha jo dazA zabda jur3A huA hai| yahA~ donoM artha samAna rUpa se saMgata haiM, kyoMki isa aMga meM dasa jaina zrAvakoM kI kathAe~ haiM aura unakI dazAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 8. aMtakRta dazA-jinhoMne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA dvArA rAga-dveSa kA anta karake mukti prApta kara lI hai, unheM antakRta kahate haiN| unakI dazA- avasthA kA varNana isa aMga meM huA hai / ata: isakA antakRta dazA yaha nAma sArthaka hai / 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA- yaha nAma bhI sArthaka hai, kyoMki jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra svargoM meM anuttara vimAna saba se U~cA hai| isa vimAna meM utpanna hone vAle tapasviyoM kA vRttAnta isa aMga meM upalabdha hai| upapAta yA upapAda zabda kA prayoga devoM yA nArakoM ke janma ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, ata: yahA~ upapAta kA yahI artha samajhanA caahie| 10. prazna vyAkaraNa- praznoM kA vyAkaraNa-vivecana- carcA jisa zAstra meM kI jAye, use prazna vyAkaraNa kahate haiM / prazna vyAkaraNa meM hiMsA-ahiMsA Adi se saMbaMdhita carcA hai| 11. vipAka sUtra- yaha gyArahaveM aMga kA nAma hai,| vipAka zruta, vipAka sUtra, vivAya sua, vivAya suya athavA vivAga sutta ye sabhI nAma ekArthaka haiM / vipAka zabda kA prayoga darzana aura cikitsA zAstra meM samAna rUpa se hotA hai / cikitsA zAstra meM vipAka zabda khAna-pAna ityAdi ke vipAka kA sUcaka hai / yahA~ vipAka kA ukta artha na lekara AdhyAtmika artha lenA caahie| arthAt .sadasat pravRtti dvArA hone vAle AdhyAtmika saMskAra ke pariNAma kA nAma vipAka hai| pApa prakRti kA pariNAma pApa vipAka hai aura puNya prakRti kA pariNAma puNya vipAka hai / prastuta aMga kA 'vipAka sUtra' nAma sArthaka hai, kyoMki isameM puNya-pApa ke sukha-duHkha rUpa phaloM ko bhogane vAle vyaktiyoM kI kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| 12. dRSTivAda - yaha dvAdazAMgoM meM aMtima aMga hai / isake lupta ho jAne se isake varNya viSaya kA ThIka se anumAna nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| phira bhI zAbdika artha leM, to dRSTi arthAt darzana aura vAda arthAt carcA, isa prakAra dRSTivAda kA artha huA- darzanoM kI carcA / isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isameM pradhAnatayA dArzanika carcAeM rahI hogI, jisase isakA nAma bhI sArthaka mAna lenA caahie| 1. sthAnAMga sUtra (10 1742) meM bArahaveM aMga ke dasa paryAyavAcI nAma batAye haiM- 1. dRSTivAda, 2. hetuvAda, 3. bhUtavAda, 4. tathyavAda, 5. samyagvAda, 6. dharmavAda, 7. bhASA vicaya athavA bhAsA vicaya, 8. pUrvagata, 9. anuyogagata, 10. sarvajIva sukhAvaha / inameM se AThavA~ aura nauvA~ dRSTivAda ke prakaraNa vizeSa ke sUcaka haiM / inheM aupacArika rUpa se dRSTivAda ke nAmoM meM ginAyA hai| (30)

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isake pUrvagata vibhAga meM utpAda Adi caudaha pUrva samAviSTa hai, jinake nAma pahale batAye jA cuke haiM / yaha vibhAga kAphI bar3A rahA hogA, kintu vilupta ho jAne se anumAnita kalpanAe~ to kalpanAe~ hI haiN| isa vibhAga kI vizAlatA ko batAne ke lie ina pUrvo ko likhane meM kitanI syAhI kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha batAne ke lie kalpasUtra ke eka vRttikAra likhate haiM ki prathama pUrva ko likhane meM eka hAthI, dUsare pUrva ko likhane meM do hAthI, tIsare pUrva ke lie cAra hAthI aura cauthe pUrva ke lie ATha hAthI ke vajana jitanI syAhI kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / isa prakAra uttarottara dugunI karate-karate antima pUrva ko likhane ke lie ATha hajAra eka sau bAnave hAthiyoM ke vajana ke barAbara syAhI caahie| bhale hI isako kalpanA mAna kara hama isakI upekSA kara deM, lekina itanA nizcita haiM ki yaha pUrvagata vibhAga eka anUThA aura bahuta hI vizAla hogaa| isa prakAra AcAra Adi dvAdazAMgoM ke uparyukta nAmArthoM meM kiye gaye saMketoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki AcArAMga meM jaina AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakRta, sthAna, samavAya, vyAkhyA prajJapti (bhagavatI), aura prazna vyAkaraNa aMgoM meM tAttvika vicAroM aura dArzanika siddhAntoM kA saMkalana hai tathA jJAtR dharmakathA, upAsaka dazA, antakRta dazA aura anuttaropapAtika dazA aMga kathAtmaka hai| unameM jinamArga ke anuyAyioM kI jIvanI, zubha-azubha karmoM kA vipAka aura dRSTAnta kathAoM dvArA mAnava ko dhArmika tathA naitika vicAra apanAne kA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura dRSTivAda . aMga kA mukhya saMbaMdha dArzanika carcAoM se rahA hogaa| * aMgoM kI bhASA zailI . ina AcArAMga Adi sabhI aMgoM kI bhASA sAdhAraNatayA ardhamAgadhI hai| vaiyyAkaraNI ise ArSa prAkRta kahate haiN| pahale yaha saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki jaina paraMparA meM zabda kA arthAt bhASA kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai / jo kucha mahatva hai, vaha artha yA bhAva kA hai / bhASA to kevala vicAroM kI mAdhyama hai / isalie mAdhyama ke alAvA bhASA kA koI mUlya nahIM hai / paraMparA se calA Ane vAlA sAhitya bhASA kI dRSTi se parivartita hotA AyA hai| isa kAraNa isameM kisI eka bhASA kA svarUpa sthira rahA huA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| zailI kI dRSTi se AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM gadya aura padya donoM prAkara kI zailI hai aura tIsare se lekara gyArahaveM aMga taka gadyAtmaka zailI pramukha hai / isakA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki unameM padya hai hI nhiiN| padya hai, kintu pradhAnatA gadyAtmaka zailI kI hai / isake alAvA tatkAlIna sAhitya racanA kI vidhAoM kA anusaraNa karate hue (31)

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prasaMgAnukUla guru-ziSya saMvAda, vArtAlApa, praznottara Adi paddhatiyoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki hamAre sAhitya meM padya zailI ati prAcIna hai tathA gadyazailI usakI apekSA arvAcIna hai| gaMdya ko yAda rakhanA kaThina hone se gadyAtmaka graMthoM meM yatra tatra saMgraha gAthAe~ de dI jAtI haiM, jinase viSaya ko yAda rakhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai / isI prasaMga meM yaha batAnA bhI Avazyaka hai ki AcArAMga sUtra meM padya saMkhyA alpa nahIM hai, lekina anabhijJatA ke kAraNa usake gadya-padya vibhAga kA pRthakkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA skaa| AcArAMga ke padya triSThama, jagatI Adi vaidika padyoM se milate-julate haiN| viSaya ke prastutIkaraNa kI vidhA apanI samakAlIna paraMparA kA nirvAha karatI hai / jaise kI AcArAMga ke prAraMbha meM hI vAkya AtA hai- 'suyaM meM AusaM... una bhagavAna ne isa prakAra kahA hai, aisA maiMne sunA hai, isa vAkya dvArA sUtrakAra ne isa bAta kA nirdeza diyA hai ki yahA~ jo kucha bhI kahA jA rahA hai, vaha guru paraMparA ke anusAra hai, svakalpita nahIM hai / isI prakAra ke vAkya vaidika aura bauddha paraMparA ke veda tripiTako meM bhI prayukta hue haiN| * aMgoM kA krama gyAraha aMgoM ke krama meM sarva prathama AcArAMga hai / varNya viSaya kI dRSTi se AcArAMga ko sarva prathama sthAna denA upayukta hI hai, kyoMki saMgha vyavasthA meM sabase pahale AcAra kI vyavasthA honA anivArya hai| dUsarA hetu yaha hai ki jahA~-jahA~ aMgoM ke nAma Aye haiM, vahA~ mUla se athavA vRtti meM sabase pahale AcArAMga kA hI nAma AyA hai| tIsarA yaha hai ki isake nAma ke ullekha meM kabhI kisI ne vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| lekina mukhya kAraNa yahI mAnanA cAhie ki isakA varNya viSaya ativyApaka hai aura usakA mahatva pradarzita karane ke lie AcArAMga ko prathama sthAna diyA hai| AcArAMga ke bAda jo sUtra kRtAMga Adi ke nAmoM kI krama yojanA kI hai, vaha zvetAMbara aura digaMbara donoM paraMparAoM meM eka jaise hai aura donoM ne AcArAMga ko saba se pahale sthAna diyA hai| * aMgoM kA pada parimANa aMgoM ke bAhya rUpa kA paricaya prApta karane meM nAma, unakA artha, bhASA-zailI ko jAnane ke atirikta graMthagata zloka yA pada parimANa ko jAnanA jarUrI hai / isako jAne binA yaha nahIM samajhA jA sakatA ki graMtha pUrNa hai yA adhUrA hai / vaha kisI kAraNa . (32)

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se khaMDita to nahI ho gayA athavA usa meM koI vRddhi to nahIM huI, Adi bAtoM kI jAnakArI ke lie padaMparimANa kI prathA upayogI hai| aMga AgamoM kA paricaya dene ke prasaMga meM zvetAMbara aura digaMbara donoM paraMparAoM ke graMthoM meM unakA pada parimANa batAyA hai / zvetAMbara paraMparA ke graMtha samavAyAMga, naMdI Adi aura diMgabara paraMparA ke dhavalA, jaya dhavalA, gommaTasAra jIvakAMDa, aMgapaNNatti Adi graMthoM meM aMgoM kA padaparimANa upalabdha hai / use pahale zvetAMbara graMthoM ke anusAra aura anantara digaMbara graMthoM ke anusAra spaSTa karate haiM zvetAMbara paraMparA- (samavAyAMga aura naMdIsUtra ke anusAra) 1. AcArAMga - aThAraha hajAra pada / 2. sUtrakRtAMga- chattIsa hajAra pd| 3. sthAnAMga - brahattara hajAra pd| 4. samavAyAMga - eka lAkha cavAlIsa hajAra pada / 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti - caurAsI hajAra pada (samavAyAMga ke anusAra) do lAkha aThAsI hajAra pada (naMdI suutraanusaar)| . 6.jJAtA dharma kathA-saMkhyeya hajAra pada 7. upAsaka dazA- saMkhyeya lAkha pada (samavAyAMga ke anusAra) saMkhyeya hajAra pada (naMdIsUtra ke anusAra) .. . 8: antakRddazA - saMkhyeya hajAra pd| . . 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA - saMkhyeya lAkha pada (samavAyAMga) saMkhyeya hajAra pada (naMdI sutra)! .. 10. prazna vyAkaraNa - saMkhyeya lAkha pada (samavAyAMga) saMkhyeya hajAra pada (naMdI suutr)| 11. vipAka sUtra - saMkhyeya lAkha pada (samavAyAMga) saMkhyeya hajAra pada (naMdI suutr)| . samavAyAMga vRtti aura naMdI vRtti ke anusAra aMgoM kA pada parimANa isa prakAra 1. AcArAMga- aThAraha hajAra pd| [AcArAMga niryakti tathA zIlAMka kRta vRtti meM likhA hai ki AcArAMga ke prathama zruta skaMdha ke nau adhyayanoM ke aThAraha hajAra pada haiM. tathA dvitIya zrutaskaMdha ke isase bhI adhika pada haiN|] . 2. sUtrakRtAMga- chattIsa hajAra pd| (33)

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3. sthAnAMga - bahattara hajAra pada / 4. samavAyAMga- eka lAkha cavAlIsa hajAra pada / 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti - caurAsI hajAra pada (samavAyAMga vRtti) / do lAkha aThAsI hajAra pada (naMdIvRtti / 6. jJAtA dharma kathA-- pA~ca lAkha chihattara hajAra pada athavA sUtrAlApaka rUpa saMkhyeya hajAra pada / 7. upAsaka dazA- gyAraha lAkha bAvana hajAra pada / 8. antakRddazA - teIsa lAkha cAra hajAra pada / 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA-- chiyAlIsa lAkha ATha hajAra pada / 10. praznavyAkaraNa - bAnave lAkha solaha hajAra pada / 11. vipAka sUtra - eka karor3a caurAsI lAkha battIsa hajAra padaM / digambara paramparA - (dhavalA, jaya dhavalA, gommaTa sAra jIvakANDa aura aMga paNNati ke anusAra) 1. AcArAMga - aThAraha hajAra pada / 2. sUtrakRtAMga - chattIsa hajAra pada / 3. sthAnAMga - bayAlIsa hajAra pada / 4. samavAyAMga-- eka lAkha causaTha hajAra pada / 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti - do lAkha aTThAIsa hajAra paTa / 6. jJAtA dharma kathA - pA~ca lAkha chappana haMjAra para / 7. upAsaka dazA- gyArahaM lAkha sattara hajAra 83 / 8. antakRddazA - teIsa lAkha aTThAIsa hajAra pada / 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA - bAnave lAkha cavAlIsa hajAra pada / 10. praznavyAkaraNa - tirAnave lAkha solaha hajAra pada / 11. vipAka sUtra - eka karor3a caurAsI lAkha pada / Upara gyAraha aMgoM kI zvetAmbara aura digaMbara paraMparA meM mAnya pada saMkhyA dI maI hai| donoM kI mAnya pada saMkhyA meM vizeSa bheda hai| zvetAmbara paraMparA meM yaha saMkhyA prathama aMga se prAraMbha hokara Age kramazaH dugunI dugunI hotI gaI mAlUma hotI hai, lekina digaMbara paraMparA ke ullekhoM meM aisA nahIM hai| bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda anupalabdha hai / digaMbara paraMparA ke graMthoM meM usakA pada parimANa 108685605 dasa karor3a chiyAsI lAkha picAsI hajAra chaha sau pA~ca batAyA hai| I (34)

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caudaha pUrvoM meM se ekAdha pUrva ko chor3akara donoM paraMparAoM meM zeSa pUrvoM kI pada saMkhyA meM samAnatA hai / pUrvoM kI pada saMkhyA isa prakAra hai-- 1. utpAda - eka karor3a pada / 2. agrAyaNIya- chiyAnave lAkha pada / 3. vIrya pravAda - sattara lAkha pada / 4. asti nAsti pravAda- sATha lAkha pada / 5. jJAna pravAda - eka kama eka karor3a pada / 6. satya pravAda- eka karor3a chaha pada / 7. Atma pravAda - chabbIsa karor3a pada / 9. karma pravAda - eka karor3a assI hajAra pada / [karma pravAda pUrva ke digaMbara paramparAnusAra eka karor3a assI lAkha pada haiM / ] 9. pratyAkhyAna - caurAsI lAkha pada / 10. vidyAnuvAda- eka knaror3a dasa lAkha pada / 11. avaMdhya - chabbIsa karor3a pada / (digaMbara paraMparA meM 'avaMdhya' ke sthAna para 'kalyANa' zabda prayukta kiyA gayA 12. prANAyu - eka karor3a chappana lAkha pada / ['prANAyu' ke sthAna para digaMbara paraMparA meM 'prANavAda' zabda prayukta huA hai tathA isakA padaM parimANa teraha karor3a pada hai / ] 13. kriyA vizAla - nau karor3a pada / 14. loka bindusAra - sAr3he bAraha karor3a pada / Upara jo zvetAmbara aura digaMbara donoM paraMparAoM ke graMthoM ke anusAra aMga AgamoM kA parimANa batAyA gayA hai, vaha hajAroM se lekara lAkhoM taka kI saMkhyA meM hai, lekina vartamAna meM jisa rUpa meM ye aMga graMtha upalabdha hai, unakA karIba cAra sau varSa pUrva likhe gae 'bRhaTTipanikA' nAmaka graMtha se nimnalikhita zloka parimANa jJAta hotA hai / AcArAMga - 2525, sUtra kRtAMga 2100, sthAnAMga 3600, samavAyAMga 1667, vyAkhyA prajJapti (bhagavatI) 15752 (ikatAlIsa zataka yukta), jJAtA dharma kathA 5400, upAsaka dazA 812, antakRddazA 899, anuttaropapAtika dazA 192, prazna vyAkaraNa 1256, vipAka sUtra 1216 / ina samasta aMgoM kI kula zloka saMkhyA kA yoga 35339 hai 1 1. bhAMDArakara orieMTala risarca insTITyUTa ke vaoNlyuma 17 bhAga 1 - 3 meM bhI AgamoM kI padaparimANa (35)

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saMkhyA dI gaI hai| __ uttaravartI kAla meM vibhinna AcAryoM dvArA niyukti, cUrNi, vRtti, dIpikA, TIkA, avacUrI, paryAya stabaka Adi ke rUpa me ina AgamoM kI vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaIM, jinase aMgoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai aura inakA parimANa hajAroM zloka pramANa hai / vyAkhyAkAroM meM AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya), haribhadra sUri, zIlAMka, abhayadeva, maMlayagiri, maladhArI hemacaMdra Adi ke nAma pramukha haiN| aMga AgamoM meM sirpha tAtvika, dArzanika vicAroM kI hI mImAMsA nahIM kI gaI hai, apitu mAnavIya jIvana ko sparza karane vAle pratyeka prazna kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| dharma vicAraNA kI taraha samAja, rAjya, vyakti ke vikAsa, vyavasthA Adi kA bhI prasaMgAnusAra vivecana kiyA gayA hai| usakA saMketa yathAsthAna Age kiyA jaaegaa| * digaMbara paraMparA meM aMga Agama zvetAmbara aura digaMbara donoM paraMparAoM kI yaha mAnyatA eka jaisI hai ki AgamoM ke adhyayana adhyApana kI paraMparA akhaNDa rUpa meM kAyama nahIM rhii| duSkAla Adi ke kAraNa Agama akSarazaH surakSita nahIM rakhe jA sake, kintu isake sAtha digaMbara paraMparA kA yaha mantavya hai ki vIra nirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda AgamoM kA sarvathA viccheda-lopa ho gayA, jabaki zvetAmbara paraMparA kA mata hai ki AgamoM ke pATha khaNDita avazya hue haiM, pATha bheda bhI hue haiM, lekina avaziSTa aMza jaisA kA taisA Aja bhI surakSita hai| ____ aMga zagamoM ke sarvathA vilupta ho jAne ke dRSTikoNa se digaMbara paraMparA meM aMga viSaya vizeSa sAmagrI to prApta nahIM hotI, lekina jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai, usameM aMgoM ke nAma, unake viSaya aura padaparimANa kA ullekha hai| aMgoM ke nAma aura padaparimANa kA to pUrva meM ullekha ho cukA hai, aMgoM ke viSaya kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai AcarAMga-ATha zuddhi, pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti Adi ke rUpa meM zramaNacaryA kA varNana isa aMga meM hai| sUtrakRtAMga- jJAna, vinaya, kalpya, akalpya, chedopasthApanAdi vyavahAra dharma kI kriyAoM kA isameM nirUpaNa hai| sthAnAMga- eka-eka, do-do Adi ke rUpa meM arthoM kA varNana isa aMga meM hai| samavAyAMga- isameM samAna rUpa se saba padArthoM ke samavAya kA vicAra hai| vyAkhyA prajJapti- jIva hai yA nahIM? Adi sATha hajAra praznoM ke uttara isameM die gae haiN| (36)

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jJAtR dharma kathA- isameM aneka AkhyAna aura upAkhyAnoM kA saMkalana hai| upAsakAdhyayana- isameM zrAvaka dharma kA vizeSa vivecana hai| antakRddazA-pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke samaya meM hone vAle una dasa-dasa kevaliyoM kA varNana isameM hai, jinhoMne bhayaMkara upasarga sahana kara mukti prApta kii| anuttaropapAtika dazA- pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke samaya meM hone vAle una dasa-dasa muniyoMkA varNana isameM hai, jinhoMne dAruNa upasarga sahana kara pA~ca anuttara vimAnoM meM janma liyaa| prazna vyAkaraNa- yukti aura nayoM ke dvArA aneka AkSepa aura vikSepa rUpa praznoM ke uttaroM kA isameM saMkalana hai| vipAka sUtra- isameM puNya aura pApa ke vipAka kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dRSTivAda-isameM tIna sau tirasaTha ekAnta matoM kA khaNDana hai / akalaMka kRtta tatvArtha rAjavArtika meM aMtakaddazA aura anuttaropapAtika dazA nAmaka do aMgoM ke adhyayanoM-prakaraNoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi ina nAmoM ke anusAra vartamAna aMtakRddazA, anuttaropapAtika dazA meM ve adhyayana upalabdha nahIM haiM, lekina pratIta hotA hai ki rAjavArtikakAra ke sAmane ye donoM aMga anya vAcanA vAle maujUda rahe hoN| sthAnAMga 2 meM ukta donoM aMgoM ke adhyayanoM ke jo nAma batAe haiM, unase rAjavArtikagata nAma kitane hI milate haiN| ataeva yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki rAjavArtika aura sthAnAMga ke kartAoM ke sAmane eka hI vAcanA ke sUtra rahe hoMge athavA rAjavArtika ke kartA akalaMka ne sthAnAMga meM gRhIta anya vAcanA ko pramANabhUta mAnakara ye nAma die hoM / rAjavArtika ke samAna hI dhavalA, jaya dhavalA, aMgapaNNatti Adi meM bhI vaise hI nAma upalabdha haiN| ____ digaMbara paraMparA ke pratikramaNa sUtra ke pAThoM meM kinhIM aMgoM ke adhyayana kI saMkhyA kA ullekha hai, jo zvetAmbara paraMparA meM prasiddha saMkhyA se vizeSa bhinna nahIM hai| usakI prabhAcaMdrIya vRtti meM ina adhyayanoM ke nAma va vistAra se paricaya diyA gayA hai, jo zvetAmbara paraMparA se upalabdha nAmoM se hU ba hU milate haiM / aparAjita sUri kRta dazavaikAlika vRtti kA ullekha unakI apanI mUlArAdhanA kI vRttiyoM meM AyA hai| yaha vRtti abhI anupalabdha hai| saMbhava hai, ina aparAjita sUri yA digaMbara paraMparA ke anya AcAryoM ne aMga Adi AgamoM para vRttiyA~ Adi likhI hoM, jo adhunA upalabdha na ho| 1. tattvArtha rAjavArttika 1/20 . 2. sthAnAMga 10/755

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isake atirikta digaMbara paraMparA ke AcArya dharasena, yativRSabha, kundakunda, bhaTTa akalaMka Adi ne samakAlIna upalabdha AgamoM athavA unase pUrva ke upalabdha AgamoM ke Azaya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jo navIna graMthoM kI racanA kI, unameM se AcArya kandakanda racita sAhitya meM AcAra pAhur3a, suttapAhur3a, sthAna pAhur3a, samavAya pAhur3a Adi aise aneka graMtha haiM, jinakA nAma sunane se AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi kI smRti ho jAtI hai| pratIta hotA hai ki AcArya kundakunda ne ina pAhur3oM kI racanA ina aMgoM ke AdhAra para kI ho / isI prakAra SaT khaMDAgama, jaya dhavalA, mahAdhavalA Adi graMtha bhI AgamoM ke AdhAra para banAe hoMge, kyoMki inameM sthAna-sthAna para parikarma Adi kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isase anumAna hotA hai ki ina graMthoM ke nirmAtAoM ke sAmane dRSTivAda ke eka aMza parikarma kA koI bhAga avazya rahA hogaa| jisa prakAra vizeSAvazyaka bhASyakAra ne apane bhASya meM aneka sthAnoM para dRSTivAda ke eka aMza rUpa 'pUrvagata' gAthA kA nirdeza kiyA hai, isI prakAra ye graMthakAra bhI parikarma kA nirdeza karate haiN| . ukta pramANoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki digaMbara paraMparA ke AcAryoM ne apane sAmane vidyamAna AgamoM kA avalaMbana lekara nayA sAhitya taiyAra kiyA hai| isake atirikta dUsarA Azaya yaha bhI phalita hotA hai ki una graMthakAroM ke samaya meM prApta AgamoM para racita graMthoM ko to digaMbara paraMparA pramANabhUta mAnane meM kisI prakAra kI naM nu na ca nahIM karatI, kintu una AgamoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnatI / isa viDambanA ke lie pAThaka svayaM nirNaya kreN| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM aMga AgamoM ke bAhya paricaya kI rUparekhA batAne ke anantara aba uttaravartI prakaraNoM meM aMga graMthoM kA Antara paricaya dete haiN| (38)

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adhyAya 5 aMga AgamoM kA Antara paricaya aMga AgamoM ke bAhya paricaya ke saMdarbha meM aMgoM ke nAma, unakA pada parimANa, kramazailI, nAmoM kA artha, viSaya vivecana kI paddhati ityAdi kA paricaya karAyA gayA hai / lekina itane mAtra se hI unake mahatva kA bodha nahIM hotA / ataH unake AMtara paricaya ko zAstrIya dRSTikoNa se upasthita karate haiM / aMga AgamoM ko zvetAmbara aura digaMbara donoM jaina paraMparAe~ mAnatI haiN| donoM ne nirdiSTa aMgoM ke viSayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unakA sArAMza nIce likhe anusAra hai 1 * 1. AcArAMga aMga AgamoM meM AcArAMga pahalA Agama hai / digaMbara paraMparA ke tattvArtha rAjavArtika, dhavalA, jaya dhavalA, gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, aMga paNNatti Adi graMthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki AcArAMga meM manazuddhi, vacana zuddhi, kAya zuddhi, bhikSA zuddhi, iryA zuddhi, utsarga zuddhi zayanAsana zuddhi tathA vinaya zuddhi ina ATha prakAra kI zuddhiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta una graMthoM meM AcArAMga ke zruta skaMdha, adhyayana Adi ke viSaya meM koI ullekha nahIM milatA / pada parimANa saMkhyA kA ullekha avazya milatA hai / vaha pUrva meM batalA Ae haiM / AcArAMga ke viSaya kA zvetAmbara paraMparA ke samavAyAMga aura naMdIsUtra meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / 'samavAyAMga sUtra meM batAyA hai ki zramaNa saMbaMdhI AcAra, gocara, vinaya, vainayika, sthAna, gamana, caMkramaNa, pramANa, yoga yojanA, bhASA, samiti, gupti zaiyA, upadhi, AhAra pAnI saMbaMdhI udgama, utpAda, eSaNA, vizuddhi evaM zuddhA zuddha grahaNa, vrata, niyama, tapa, upaghAta, jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya ina pA~ca AcAra viSayaka suprazasta vivecana AcArAMga meM kiyA gayA hai ! naMdIsUtra meM bhI isI ke samakakSa varNana hai ki AcArAMga meM bAhya Abhyantara parigraha se rahita zramaNa-nirgrathoM ke AcAra gocara (bhikSA grahaNa karane kI vidhi), vinaya, vinaya kA phala, grahaNa aura Asevana rUpa zikSA, bhASA, abhASA, caraNa karaNa (vratAdi, piNDavizuddhi Adi), yAtrA (saMyama yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie parimita AhAra grahaNa karanA), vividha abhigraha viSayaka vRttiyoM, jJAnAcAra Adi pA~ca prakAra ke AcAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / (39)

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isa prakAra samavAyAMga aura naMdI ke nirUpaNa meM yaha samAnatA hai ki mahApuruSoM dvArA sevana kI gaI jJAna, darzana, cAritra kI ArAdhanA ko AcAra kahate haiM aura usa * AcAra kA pratipAdana karane vAlA Agama AcArAMga hai| vaise to AcArAMga ke jina varNya viSayoM kA Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve itane vyApaka haiM ki zeSa gyAraha aMgoM meM bhI yatra tatra unakI carcA kI gaI hai, lekina AcArAMga meM inhIM vaSayoM kI carcA hai aura usakA pratipAdana viSaya zramaNAcAra kA savistAra varNana karanA hai / ataH AcArAMga kA yaha nAma sArthaka hai| kyA vartamAna upalabdha AcArAMga meM bhI uparyukta viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai ? isakA spaSTIkaraNa yathAsthAna Age kiyA jA rahA hai| * 2. sUtrakRtAMga dUsare aMga Agama kA nAma sUtrakRtAMga hai / samavAyAMga sUtra meM isake paricaya meM batAyA hai ki isameM svasamaya, para-samaya (svamata, para mata), jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha, mokSa Adi tatvoM, navadIkSitoM ke lie bodhavacana, kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI, vinayavAdI dRSTiyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai / isake atirikta teIsaveM samavAya meM isake teIsa adhyayanoM ke vizeSa nAmoM kA ullekha bhI hai / zramaNasUtra meM bhI isake teIsa adhyayanoM kA nirdeza hai ki prathama zrutaskaMdha meM solaha aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM sAta adhyayana hai, lekina adhyayanoM ke nAma nahIM die haiN| naMdIsUtra meM isake varNya viSaya ke lie sUcita kiyA hai ki sUtra kRtAMga meM loka, aloka, lokAloka, jIva-ajIva, jIvAjIva, svamata, paramata tathA kriyAvAdI-akriyAvAdI Adi tIna sau tirasaTha pAkhaNDiyoM, anya dharmAvalambiyoM kI carcA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM parimita vAcanAe~ haiM tathA saMkhyAta anuyoga dvAra, saMkhyAta chada, saMkhyAta zloka Adi hai| rAjavArtika ke anusAra sUtrakRtAMga meM jJAna, vinaya, kalpya, akalpya, chedopasthApanA, vyavahAra dharma evaM kriyAoM kA varNana hai / dhavalA meM bhI rAjavArtika gata ullekha kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai, lekina svasamaya, para-samaya kA ullekha vizeSa hai| jayadhavalA meM kahA hai ki sUtrakRtAMga meM svasamaya, para-samaya, strIpariNAma, klIbatA, aspaSTatA, mana kI bAtoM kI, kAmAveza vibhrama, AsphAlana sukha, strI saMsargaja sukha, puruSecchA Adi carcA hai / aMga paNNati ke anusAra jJAna, vinaya, nirvighna adhyayana, sarva satkriyA, prajJApanA sukathA, kalpya, vyavahAra, dharma kriyA, chedopasthApanA, yati, svasamaya, para-samaya evaM kriyA bheda kA sUtrakRtAMga meM nirUpaNa hai / digaMbara paraMparA meM bhI isake teIsa adhyayana batAe haiM / zvetAmbara TIkA graMthara aura digaMbara paraMparA ke graMthoM meM ina nAmoM meM thor3A sA antara avazya hai, lekina vaha nagaNya jaisA hai| 1. pratikramaNa graMthatrayI prabhAcaMdrIya vRtti 2. Avazyaka vRtti 651,658 (40)

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* 3-4. sthAnAMga - samavAyAMga 1 aMga AgamoM meM vizeSataH upadezAtmaka evaM mumukSuoM ke lie vidhi niSedha paraka vacana dikhAI dete haiM / kucha meM to ye vacana sIdhe rUpa meM aura kucha meM kathAoM, saMvAdoM evaM rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kie gae haiN| lekina sthAnAMga - samavAyAMga meM aise vacanoM kA vizeSa abhAva hai| ina donoM sUtroM ke adhyayana se pratIta hotA hai ki ye koSa haiM / anya AgamoM kI apekSA inake nAma aura viSaya sarvathA bhinna prakAra ke haiM ina aMgoM kI viSaya nirUpaNa zailI se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki smRti aura dhAraNA kI suvidhA ke lie athavA viSayoM kI khoja kI saralatA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara ina Agama graMthoM kI racanA kI gaI hai| isIlie sthAnAMga meM eka-eka, do-do Adi ke rUpa se padArthoM kA varNana hai aura samavAyAMga meM jIvAdi padArthoM kA yathAvasthita rUpa meM samyaka prakAra se nirNaya karane ke lie saba padArthoM kA samAnatA rUpa samavAya kiyA hai aura jo-jo viSaya jisa-jisa meM garbhita ho sakate haiM, unakA nirUpaNa hai / 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti yaha pA~cavA~ aMga praviSTa Agama hai aura vyAkhyA pradhAna hai| isameM jIva, ajIva, jIvAjIva, svasamaya, parasamaya, sva-para- samaya, loka, aloka, lokAloka Adi kI vividha rUpa se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM hama yoM kaha sakate haiM ki jIva hai yA nahIM, Adi praznoM ke uttara die jAne se isakA nAma sArthaka hai / * 6. jJAtA dharma kathA * prastuta aMga Agama meM aneka AkhyAnoM aura upAkhyAnoM ke dvArA aisI sat zikSA dI gaI hai ki jinake par3hane, sunane se pAThaka yA zrotA kA mana dharma meM pravRtta ho jAtA hai / isa aMga meM tatkAlIna samAja, rAjya Adi se saMbaMdhita aneka viSayoM kA ullekha honA svAbhAvika hai / 7. upAsaka dazA anya AgamoM meM to pradhAnataH zramaNAcAra kA hI nirUpaNa hai, lekina upAsaka dazA hI eka aisA Agama hai, jisameM gRhastha dharma se saMbaMdhita varNana kiyA gayA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki zrAvaka ke AcAra, anuSThAna Adi kA kyA rUpa honA cAhie / zramaNAcAra kI taraha zrAvakAcAra kA bhI mahatva hai| kyoMki zramaNa varga ko apanI sAdhanA ke anurUpa sAdhana upalabdha na ho, to zramaNa dharma Tika nahIM sakatA / zrAvaka varga: jitanA sadAcArI aura nyAya nItiniSTha hogA, tadanurUpa zramaNa varga meM sabalatA (41)

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AegI aura zramaNa dharma kI nIMva bhI utanI hI dRr3ha bnegii| zrAvaka varga meM sadAcAra aura sadavicAra kI pratiSThA karanA isakA uddezya hai| * 8. antakRta dazA yaha AThavA~ aMga Agama hai / antakRta arthAt saMsAra kA anta karane vaalaa| arthAt jinhoMne apane saMsAra bhayacakra, janma-maraNa kA aMta kiyA hai, jo punaH janma maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sane vAle nahIM haiM, aise jIvoM kA varNana jisameM ho, vaha antakRta dazAMga hai| digaMbara paraMparA meM bhI antakRta dazA kA yahI Azaya liyA gayA hai / rAjavArtika Adi digaMbara graMthoM meM antakRtoM ke jo nAma haiM, ve sthAnAMga meM ullikhita nAmoM se adhikAMzatayA milate-julate haiN| * 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA nava graiveyaka vimAnoM ke Upara vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita evaM sarvArtha siddhi ye pA~ca anuttara vimAna hai| ye vimAna saba deva vimAnoM meM sarvazreSTha haiM / inase zreSThatara anya vimAna nahIM hai / jo vyakti apane tapa evaM saMyama dvArA ina vimAnoM meM upapAta arthAt janma grahaNa karate haiM, unheM anuttaropapAtika kahate haiN| isa Agama meM isI prakAra ke manuSyoM kI dazAoM kA varNana hai / digaMbara paraMparA ke graMthoM meM bhI isakA yahI varNya viSaya mAnA gayA hai| isameM kathAoM ke mAdhyama se AcAra-vicAra ke siddhAMtoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| * 10. praznavyAkaraNa isa dasaveM aMga Agama kA paricaya zvetAmbara aura digaMbara donoM paramparAoM ke graMthoM meM milatA hai / samavAyAMga meM batAyA gayA hai ki prazna vyAkaraNa meM 108 prazna, 108 aprazna aura 108 prazrAprazna hai, jo maMtra vidyA evaM aMguSTha prazna, bAhu prazna, darpaNa prazna Adi vidyAoM se saMbaMdhita hai / isameM paiMtAlIsa adhyayana haiM / nandI sUtra meM bhI praznoM Adi kI saMkhyA 108, 108 batAI hai tathA kahA hai ki isameM aMguSTha prazna, bAhuprazna, Adarza prazna Adi vicitra vidyAtizayoM kA varNana hai / nAgakumAroM va suparNa kumAroM ke sAtha muniyoM ke divya saMvAda haiM aura paiMtAlIsa adhyayana hai / rAjavArtika meM isakA varNya viSaya yukti aura nayoM dvArA aneka AkSepa aura vikSepa rUpa praznoM kA uttara denA batAyA hai / isa varNana se aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki isa aMga meM suprazna, kuprazna, nimitta vijJAna Adi kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hogaa| (42)

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* 11. vipAka sUtra isa Agama meM puNya-pApa ke sukha-duHkhAdi rUpa vipAka kA varNana hai| donoM jaina paraMparAe~ isake varNya viSaya ko eka jaisA mAnatI hai| * 12. dRSTivAda yaha bArahavA~ aMga anupalabdha hai, ataH isakA pUrA paricaya diyA jAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / phira bhI naMdIsUtra meM isakA jo paricaya diyA gayA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai isameM eka zrutaskaMdha hai, caudaha pUrva haiM, saMkhyAta vastu adhyayana vizeSa, saMkhyAta cUlikA vastu, saMkhyAta prAbhRta, saMkhyAta prAbhRta-prAbhRta, saMkhyAta prAbhRtikAe~ aura saMkhyAta prAbhRtikA prAbhRtikAe~ haiM / yaha parimANa meM saMkhyAta pada sahastra hai| akSara saMkhyAta aura ananta .gama artha hai| ananta paryAya hai| isameM trasa sthAvara jIvoM, dharmAstikAya Adi zAzvata padArthoM evaM kriyAjanya padArthoM kA paricaya hai / isa prakAra jina praNIta samasta bhAvoM kA nirUpaNa isa bArahaveM aMga meM upalabdha hai, dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karane vAlA tadpa AtmA ho jAtA hai / bhAvoM kA yathArtha jJAtA aura vijJAtA bana jAtA hai| yadyapi yaha bAharavA~ aMga bhadrabAhu ke samaya se hI naSTa prAya hai, paraMtu uttaravartI kAla ke zvetAmbara va digaMbara paraMparAoM ke graMthoM meM dRSTivAda ke pA~ca-pA~ca adhikAroM kA ullekha karake unake bheda-prabheda evaM tadgata gharNya viSayoM kA jo saMketa diyA hai, usase pratIta hotA hai ki unake sAmane zruti paraMparA se dRSTivAda ke bAre meM kucha na kucha jAnakArI avazya upalabdha thI / anyathA sarvathA aprApta vastu kA varNana kaise ho sakatA hai ? naMdIsUtra meM pA~ca adhikAroM kA nAma isa prakAra batAe haiM-parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cuulikaa| dhavalA meM bhI yahI nAma hai, lekina anuyoga ke sthAna para prathamAnuyoga zabda prayukta huA hai / aneka graMthakAroM ne apane-apane graMthoM ke kucha varNya viSayoM ko pUrvagata batAyA hai / ataH ina katipaya sAMketika binduoM se saMtoSa karanA hogA ki bArahavA~ dRSTivAda Agama anupalabdha avazya hai, lekina usakA alpatama aMza vibhinna AcAryoM ne apane graMthoM meM surakSita rakhakara usakI mahattA kA AbhAsa karAyA hai| isa prakAra yahA~ prAcIna graMthoM ke AdhAra se aMga AgamoM ke paricaya kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| usake anusAra upalabdha AgamoM meM bhI varNya viSaya hai yA nahIM aura hai to kisa rUpa meM ? Adi kI jAnakArI AgAmI adhyAya meM dI jA rahI hai| (43) .

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adhyAya 6 upalabdha aMga AgamoM kA paricaya aMga AgamoM kI saMkalanA ke bAre meM pahale yaha batAyA jA cukA hai ki tIrthaMkara paramAtmA apanA jo Azaya prakaTa karate haiM, gaNadhara bhagavanta usa Azaya ko apanI-apanI zailI se zabdabaddha karate haiN| isakA phalitArtha yaha haA ki eka gaNadhara kI jo zailI va zabda racanA ho, vahI dUsare kI ho bhI aura nahIM bhI ho| isalie naMdIstra va samavAyAMga meM batAyA gayA hai ki pratyeka aMga sUtra kI vAcanA eka yA eka se adhika hotI hai| ____ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the| unameM se kucha to bhagavAna kI upasthiti meM hI mukti prApta kara cuke the| sirpha sudharmAsvAmI unameM dIrghAyu the / ataH bhagavAna ke samasta pravacana kA uttarAdhikAra unheM milA thaa| unhoMne use surakSita rakhA aura apanI zailI va zabda racanA meM Age kI ziSya-praziSya paraMparA ko sauNpaa| isa paraMparA ne kaMThastha karake eka laMbe kAla taka use surakSita rkhaa| sArAMza yaha hai ki Aja ke aMga Agama Arya sudharmA kI zailI-zabda racanA ke rUpa meM hai| vartamAna meM dRSTivAda ke atirikta zeSa gyAraha aMga Agama upalabdha hai / dRSTivAda kI anupalabdhi kA kAraNa yaha hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu ko yaha yAda thA, lekina unake bAda usake jJAtA kramazaH kAla kavalita hote gae / isa kAraNa unake bAda adhika laMbe kAla taka vaha vidyamAna nahIM rhaa| zeSa gyAraha aMga upalabdha hai, lekina unameM se bhI Aja bahuta sA aMza vilupta ho cukA hai| vilupta kyoM ho gayA? isake kAraNoM kA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| vartamAna meM aMgoM kA jo lipibaddha rUpa hai, vaha devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke prayatnoM kA pariNAma hai / unhoMne AgamoM ko lipibaddha avazya kiyA-karAyA lekina usa samaya aneka pAThAntara, do vAcanAe~ tathA unake pUrva bhI mathurA, vallabhI vAcanA ke bhI zAstra maujUda the| unameM se jinakA samanvaya ho sakA, unakA samanvaya karake aura zeSa ko pAThAntara ke sAtha pustakabaddha kara diyA / isameM se bhI bAda meM kucha na kucha aMza aura naSTa na huA ho, isa saMbhAvanA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yaha bAta sarvavidita hai ki deza kI rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa bahata-sA sAhitya naSTa huA hai / ataH yahA~ AgamoM ke usI rUpa kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai, jisa rUpa meM Aja ve upalabdha 1. kaliMga samrATa khAravela ne bhI apane samaya meM jina pravacanoM ke samuddhAra kA prayatna kiyA thA, aisA khaNDagiri udayagiri ke zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai tathA himavaMta therAvalI se bhI yaha jAnakArI milatI hai, lekina isa saMbaMdha meM anya kisI jaina graMtha meM ullekha nahIM miltaa| (44)

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+1. AcArAMga AcArAMga pahalA Agama hai| prAkRta bhASA meM AcAra ke paryAyavAcI nAma haiM-AcAra, AcAla, AgAla, Agara, AsAsa, Ayarisa, aMga, AiNNa, AjAti evaM AmokSa / inameM 'AyAra' zabda janavizruta hai, jisakA saMskRta rUpa AcAra hai| upalabdha AcArAMga ke do zruta skaMdha hai / prathama zruta skaMdha ke nau adhyayana hai-1. zastra parijJA, 2. loka vijaya, 3. zItoSNIya, 4. samyakatva, 5. yAjanta, 1 6. dhUta, 7. vimoha yA vimokSa, 8. upadhAna zruta, 9. mahAparijJA / naMdIsUtra kI hAribhadrIya tathA malayagiri kRta TIkA va AcArAMga niyukti meM ina nAmoM ke krama meM parivartana karake unheM Age-pIche rakhA hai, lekina adhyayanoM kI saMkhyA nau hai / prathama zrutaskaMdha kA aparanAma brahmacarya bhI hai aura nau adhyayana hone se 'nava brahmacarya' bhI kahate haiN| prathama adhyayana zastra parijJA meM sAta uddezaka-prakaraNa haiM / prathama uddezaka meM jIva ke astitva tathA Age ke chaha uddezakoM meM pRthvIkAya Adi chaha jIva nikAyoM ke AraMbha samAraMbha kI carcA hai / ina prakaraNoM meM 'zastra' zabda kA aneka sthAnoM meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai, lekina pracalita lAThI, talavAra, baMdUka Adi ke lie nhiiN| ina laukika zastroM kI apekSA sarvathA bhinna prakAra ke zastra ke lie kiyA hai| kyoMki AcArAMga zramaNa AcAra se saMbaMdhita Agama graMtha hai / zramaNAcAra kA sAdhya vItarAgatA evaM Atmazuddha hai / ataH aisI sthiti meM baMdUka Adi zastroM kA vivecana kaise saMbhava ho sakatA hai / aise zastra spaSTa rUpa se hiMsaka hai / ataH AcArAMga kI dRSTi meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, kaSAya, rAga, dveSa, IrSyA, mAtsarya Adi kaSAya bhAva hI bhayaMkara zastra hai| ina kaSAyoM ke dvArA hI baMdUka Adi zastrAstra utpanna hue haiM aura hote haiM / isa dRSTi se kaSAya janya samasta pravRttiyA~ zastra rUpa hai / isa zastra parijJA adhyayana meM kaSAya rUpa athavA kaSAyajanya pravRtti rUpa zastroM kA hI jJAna karAyA gayA hai / ataeva zabdArtha kI dRSTi se isa adhyayana kA 'zastra parijJA' nAma sArthaka hai| . dvitIya adhyayana loka vijaya meM chaha uddezaka haiN| isa adhyayana meM aneka sthAnoM para loka zabda kA prayoga to milatA hai, kintu 'vijaya' zabda kA prayoga dikhAI nahIM detaa| phira bhI samagra adhyayana meM loka vijaya kA hI upadeza hone se isakA nAma lokavijaya yukti saMgata hai / yahA~ vijaya kA artha lokaprasiddha zastrAstra dvArA vijaya (1) dUsarA nAma lokasAra bhI hai| isa nAmakaraNa ke kAraNa kA spaSTIkaraNa Age dekhie| (2) samavAyAMga, samavAya9 (45)

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prApti nahIM, kintu loka arthAt saMsAra ke mUla kAraNa krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAra kaSAyoM ko jItanA hai, ina para vijaya prApta karanA hai| yahI isa adhyayana kA sAra hai| isa adhyayana kA pUrNa uddezya vairAgya vRddhi, saMyama meM dRr3hatA, jAtigata abhimAna ko dUra karanA, bhogoM kI Asakti se dUra rahanA, bhojanAdi ke nimitta se hone vAle AraMbha samAraMbha kA tyAga karavAnA aura chur3avAnA Adi haiM / tRtIya adhyayana 'zItoSNIya' meM cAra uddezaka haiM / yahA~ zIta aura uSNa zabda loka pracalita sardI, garmI, ThaNDa, garama artha meM nahIM, kintu zIta arthAt zItalatA yA sukha evaM uSNa arthAt paritApa yA duHkha ke lie prayukta hai| isa adhyayana meM ina donoM ke tyAga kA upadeza hai / prathama uddezaka meM asaMyamI ko supta arthAt sote hue vyakti kI koTi meM ginakara usakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dUsare uddezaka meM batAyA gayA hai ki isa prakAra ke supta vyakti mahAna duHkha kA anubhava karate haiM / tRtIya uddezaka meM batAyA hai ki zramaNa ke lie kevala duHkha sahana karanA arthAt dehadamana karanA hI paryApta nahIM, kintu use citta zuddhi kI vRddhi karate rahanA cAhie aura usake lie manonigraha jarUrI hai / caturtha uddezaka meM kaSAya evaM pApa karmoM ke tyAga tathA saMyamotkarSa kA nirUpaNa hai / isa adhyayana ke prAraMbha meM 'sIosiNaccAI' (zItoSNa tyAgI) isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, ataH isakA zItoSNIya nAma sArthaka hai| , ___ cauthe adhyayana kA nAma samyaktva hai aura isake bhI cAra uddezaka haiN| aneka sthAnoM meM sammata dasiNo' 'samma evaM ti' Adi vAkyoM meM sammata samyaktva zabda kA nirdeza hai, ataH isakA samyaktva yaha nAma sArthaka hai / isake prathama uddezaka meM ahiMsA zarma kI sthApanA va samyaktvavAda kA nirUpaNa hai / dvitIya uddezaka meM hiMsA kI sthApanA karane vAle anya yUthikoM se prazna kiyA hai ki unheM mana kI anukUlatA sukha rUpa pratIta hotI hai yA mana kI pratikUlatA? isa prakAra isameM bhI ahiMsA kA hI pratipAdana hai / tIsare uddezaka meM nirdoSatama arthAt akrodha, alobha, kSamA, saMtoSa Adi guNoM kI vRddhi karane vAle tapa kA vivecana hai / cauthe uddezaka meM samyaktva, samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra evaM samyaka tapa prApti ke lie yatna karane kA upadeza hai| isa prakAra yaha adhyayana samyaktva prApti kI preraNA dene vAlA hai| ___ pA~cavAM adhyayana 'yAvanti' hai| niyuktikAra ke mata se isakA dUsarA nAma lokasAra bhI hai| adhyayana ke prAraMbha, madhya aura aMta meM 'Avanti' zabda kA prayoga hone se ise AvaMti (yAvanti) nAma de sakate haiM, lekina isa adhyayana meM jo varNana hai, vaha samagra loka kA sAra rUpa hone se lokasAra yaha nAma bhI upayukta hai / adhyayana ke prAraMbha meM 'loka' zabda prayukta kiyA gayA hai evaM anyatra bhI loka zabda kA prayoga dekhane (46)

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1 ko milatA hai, lekina 'sAra' zabda kA prayoga kahIM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / hA~, adhyayana ke aMta meM zabdAtIta evaM buddhi tatva se agamya Atma tatva kA nirUpaNa hai / yahI nirUpaNa sAra rUpa hai / isIlie saMbhavataH isakA lokasAra nAma rakhA gayA hai / isake chaha uddezaka haiM, jinake varNya viSaya kramazaH isa prakAra haiM 1. hiMsaka, AraMbhI aura viSaya lolupI muni nahIM ho sakatA / 2. ahiMsAhiMsAdi pApa kAryoM se nivRtta hone vAlA hI zramaNa kahalAtA hai / 3. muni kisI prakAra kA parigraha na rakhe aura na kAma bhogoM kI icchA kareM / 4. Ayu evaM vidyA kI yogyatA se vihIna agItArtha evaM sUtrArtha meM nizcaya rahita sAdhu ekala vihArI hone se bahuta se doSoM kA sevana karatA hai / 5. jalAzaya ke dRSTAMta dvArA muni ko sadAcAra kI zikSA dI gaI hai / 6. Atma sAdhaka ke lie unmArga evaM rAga dveSa kA tyAga karanA cAhie / isa prakAra isameM sAmAnya zramaNacaryA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| chaThe adhyayana kA nAma dhUta hai / adhyayana ke prAraMbha meM hI 'agdhAI se dhUyaM nANaM' isa vAkya meM dhU-dhUta zabda kA evaM Age bhI 'dhUyaM vAyaM pave essAsi' meM dhUtavAda kA ullekha hone se isa adhyayana kA dhUta nAma sArthaka hai| dhUta kA artha hotA hai-dhonA, jhaTakAnA yA dUra karanA athavA sApha karanA / isa adhyayana meM AtmA ko malina banAne vAle tRSNA, moha, lobha Adi doSoM ko jhaTakakara AtmA ko sApha karane kA upadeza hai / isake pA~ca uddezaka haiM / unameM se pahale meM svajana saMbaMdhiyoM ko chor3akara dharma meM pravRtta hone kA dUsare meM karmaphala ko AtmA se dUra rakhane kA, tIsare meM muni ko alpa upakaraNa rakhane aura yathAsaMbhava kAyakleza Adi karane kA, cauthe meM muni ko sukhoM meM mUrcchita na hone kA aura pA~caveM meM muni ko saMkaToM se bhayabhIta na hone evaM prazaMsA se prasanna na hone kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki AtmArthI ko zayana, svajana, upakaraNa, zarIra, iMdriya viSaya, vaibhava satkAra Adi kI tRSNA ko jhaTakakara sApha kara denA cAhie / sAtaveM adhyayana kA nAma mahAparijJA hai / vartamAna meM yaha adhyayana to anupalabdha hai, lekina isa para likhI niyukti prApta hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya yaha adhyayana upalabdha rahA hogA / niryuktikAra ne isake viSaya kA saMketa karate hue batAyA hai ki sAdhaka ko parISahoM ke siramaura aura brahmacarya ke vighAtaka strI parISaha evaM upasarga ko tathA isI prakAra ke anya mohajanya parISahoM va upasargoM para vijaya prApta karane evaM sahane meM tatpara rahanA caahie| kisI bhI sthiti meM isa prakAra ke mohapAza meM nahIM pha~sanA cAhie / isa adhyayana ke vilupta hone kA paNDita becaradAsajI ke zabdoM meM yaha kAraNa (47)

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ho sakatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kRta AcAra vidhAnoM meM brahmacarya arthAt trividha strI (deva, manuSya, tiryaMca) saMsarga tyAga pradhAna hai| paraMparA se cale Ae cAra yAmoMcAra mahAvratoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne brahmacarya vrata ko alaga se jodd'aa| isase patA calatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM etad viSayaka kitanI zithilatA rahI hogii| isI prakAra ke ugra zaithilya evaM AcAra patana ke yuga meM koI vighna saMtoSI isa adhyayana ko lopa meM kadAcita nimitta banA ho, to koI Azcarya nhiiN| isa adhyayana meM sAta uddezaka the| AThaveM adhyayana ke do nAma hai- vimokSa aura vimoha / vimokSa kA artha hai-alaga ho jAnA, sAtha meM na rahanA aura vimoha kA artha hai-moha na rakhanA, saMsarga na rakhanA / isa adhyayana ke ATha uddezaka haiM / prathama uddezaka meM jina anagAroM kA AcAra apane AcAra se na milatA dikhAI de; unake saMsarga se mukta rahane, unake sAtha na rahane, moha na rakhane kA, dUsare meM dUSita AhAra-pAnI, vastra Adi tyAgane-moha na rakhane kA, tIsare meM zarIra kaMpa hone para, kisI ke dvArA Aveza se kaMpita hone kI AzaMkA hone para yA zarIra kaMpa kiyA jAne para usakI zaMkA ko dUra karane, use zaMkA se mukta karane kA, cauthe meM parivartana sthiti yA kAraNa vizeSa hone para muni ko marane kA vicAra nahIM karane kA- saMyama pAlana meM tatpara rahane kA, pA~cave meM roga grasta hone para muni ko bhaktaparijJA pUrvaka zarIra tyAgane kA, chaThe meM dhairya vAle muni ko iMgita maraNa karane kA, sAtaveM meM use pAdopagamana karane kA evaM AThaveM meM kAlaparyAya meM se tInoM maraNoM kI vidhiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki isa adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki zramaNa dharma ko vikRta banAne ke kAraNabhUta asAdhu, dUSita AhAra-pAnI, mAnasika-vAcika-kAyika kuceSTAoM Adi ko tyAgane-saMsarga na rakhane ke sAtha sAtha upakaraNa, zarIra ke vimokSa vimoha evaM yadi aisI zArIrika paristhiti upasthita ho jAye ki aba saMyama kI surakSA saMbhava nahIM hai yA anukUla-pratikUla upasargoM ke kAraNa saMyama bhaMga hone kI sthiti utpanna ho jAe, to jIvana kA moha chor3ane meM tatpara rahanA caahie| upadhAna zruta nauvA~ adhyayana hai / isake cAra uddezaka haiN| unameM zramaNacaryA kI aMgabhUta tapazuddhi, bhikSAzuddhi Adi zuddhiyoM kA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA ke rUpaka dvArA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prathama uddezaka meM dIkSA lene ke bAda bhagavAna ne jo kucha bhI sahana kiyA, usakA varNana hai| dUsare aura tIsare uddezaka meM bhagavAna ne kaise-kaise sthAnoM para nivAsa kiyA aura kaise-kaise parISaha sahana kie, yaha batAyA hai| caturtha uddezaka meM batAyA hai ki bhagavAna ne kisa prakAra tapazcaryA kI, bhikSAcaryA meM kaisA kyA (48)

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zuSka bhojana liyA, kitane samaya taka pAnI pIyA yA nahIM pIyA ityAdi / arthAta isa adhyayana meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caryA ke mAdhyama se jisa prakAra kI sAdhucaryA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaisA hI sAdhanA karane ke lie zramaNa varga ko dhyAna dilAyA prathama zruta skaMdha ke nau adhyayanoM ke kula milAkara ikAvana uddezaka haiM, lekina sAtaveM adhyayana mahAparijJA ke sAtoM uddezaka naSTa ho jAne se vartamAna meM cavAlIsa uddezaka upalabdha haiN| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kA nAma AcArAgra bhI hai| isakA dUsarA nAma AcAra kalpa athavA AcAraprakalpa bhI hai, jisakA ullekha niyukti, sthAnAMga vasamavAyAMga meM milatA hai, jisakA naMdIsUtra meM kAlika sUtroM kI gaNanA meM nisIha' nAma se ullekha kiyA gayA prathama cUlikA meM sAta adhyayana hai-9 piNDaiSaNA, 2. zaiyaiSaNA, 3. iyaiSaNA, 4. bhASA jAtaiSaNA, 5. vastraiSaNA, 6. pAtraiSaNA aura 7. avagrahaiSaNA / pahale meM gocarI ke niyama tathA sadoSa-nirdoSa AhAra kA vivecana hai| isake gyAraha uddezaka haiM, jinameM AhAra gaveSaNA, kalpya, akalpya AhAra lene na lene, sacitta-acitta, AhAra gaveSaNA ke samaya muni ki vartanA Adi kA savistAra varNana kiyA gayA hai / arthAt AhAra gaveSaNA viSayaka sabhI niyamoM kA maryAdAoM kA sarvAMgINa vistRta varNana isa adhyayana meM hai / dUsare zaiyaiSaNA adhyayana meM vAsasthAna kI gaveSaNA kA vicAra hai| isake tIna uddezaka haiN| IyaiSaNA adhyayana meM muni ke lie gamanAgamana tathA vihAra ke niyama batalAe haiN| isameM bhI tIna uddezaka haiN| cauthe bhASA jAtaiSaNA meM bhASA ke prakAroM evaM muni ko kaisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isakA vivecana hai / isake do uddezaka haiN| pA~caveM vastraiSaNA adhyayana meM muni ko kaise vastra aura kisa prakAra ke vastra lenA cAhie, yaha vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM do uddezaka haiM / chaThe pAtraiSaNA adhyayana meM pAtra ko grahaNa karane kI vidhi va niyama batAe haiN| isake do uddezaka haiN| sAtaveM avagrahaiSaNA adhyayana meM sAdhu ke yogya upAzraya dekhane va usakI prApti kI vidhi kA varNana hai / ina adhyayanoM ke nAmoM kI yojanA tadantargata viSayoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kI gaI hai / kula milAkara prathama cUlikA meM paccIsa uddezaka haiM / avagrahaiSaNA ke do uddezaka haiN| dUsarI cUlikA meM bhI sAta adhyayana haiM-1. sthAna, 2. niSIdhikA, 3. uccAra prasravaNa, 4. zabda, 5. rUpa, 6. para kriyA, 7. anyonya kriyaa| ina sabhI adhyayanoM meM eka-eka uddezaka haiM / prathama adhyayana meM sthAna va dUsare meM niSAdhikA (svAdhyAya aura (49)

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dhyAna karane kA sthAna) kI prApti ke saMbaMdha meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tIsare meM dIrghazaMkA aura laghuzaMkA ke yogya sthAna kA vivecana hai| cauthe aura pA~caveM adhyayana meM zabda va rUpa viSayaka nirUpaNa hai ki muni ko madhura zabda sunakara va sundara rUpa dekhakara mohita nahIM honA cAhie / chaThe meM parakriyA - muni ke zarIra meM dUsare ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI karmabaMdhaka kriyA ke hone para muni ko kaise bartanA cAhie aura sAtaveM meM anyonya kriyA - muniyoM ko paraspara meM hone vAlI karmabaMdhaka kriyAoM meM kaise rahanA cAhie, isa viSaya kA vivecana hai / tIsarI cUlikA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA varNana hai / isameM unake janma, mAtA-pitA, svajana Adi kA ullekha hai tathA pA~ca mahAvratoM evaM unakI pA~ca-pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA rUpa bhI batalAyA hai / isa prakAra bhAvanA ke varNana ke kAraNa isa cUlikA kA nAma bhAvanA sArthaka hai / isameM do uddezaka haiM / 1 caturtha cUlikA meM kevala gyAraha gAthAe~ haiM / unameM vibhinna upamAoM dvArA vItarAga ke svarUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ye saba gAthAe~ hita zikSA dene vAlI haiM / aMtima gAthA meM 'vimuccai' kriyA pada haiN| isake AdhAra se isa cUlikA kA nAma karaNa kiyA gayA hai| 1 isa prakAra pUrvokta saMketoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki upalabdha AcArAMga meM zramaNacaryA saMbaMdhI una sabhI AcAra vicAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo samavAyAMga Adi AgamoM evaM digaMbara paraMparA ke graMthoM meM AcArAMga ke varNya viSaya mAne gae haiM / lekina prastuta graMtha ke lie isa saMbhAvanA ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki bahuta sA aMza vicchinna ho jAne se pUrNatayA spaSTa nahIM hone se kucha vicAroM kA saMketa mAtra hai aura kucha kA vizeSa ullekha / paraMtu varNya viSaya kA pratipAdana avazya kiyA gayA hai isakI puSTi saMkSepa ruci vAle mUla se evaM vistAra ruci vAle TIkA graMthoM se kara sakate 1 haiM / AcArAMga ke donoM zrutaskaMdhoM meM se pahalA zrutaskaMdha prAcIna se prAcIna hai aura usakA pahalA adhyayana 'zastra parijJA' anya adhyayanoM kI apekSA bhI adhika prAcIna hai| isameM samasta AcArAMga kA sAra A jAtA hai / ataH yaha ucita hogA ki ise hRdaya mAne aura zeSa sabhI adhyayana evaM cUlikAe~ usake Azaya ko vistRta rUpa meM spaSTa karatI hai, aisA mAneM / I AcArAMga kI zailI gadya padyamaya hai / prathama zrutaskaMdha ke adhyayanoM meM se AThaveM adhyayana vimokSa kA AThavAM uddezaka evaM nauvAM upadhAna zruta adhyayana padyAtmaka hai tathA dUsare adhyayana lokavijaya, tIsare adhyayana zItoSNIya aura chaThe adhyayana dhUta (50)

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meM kucha padya to bilkula spaSTa hai| inake atirikta aura bhI adhyayanoM meM padya haiM. lekina mudrita pratiyoM meM gadya-padya ke rUpa meM chape haiM / cUrNikAra ne to kahIM-kahIM inakA nirdeza kiyA bhI haiM, paraMtu vRtti meM yaha nahIM dikhatA hai / AcArAMga prathama zruta skaMdha saMpAdaka DaoN. zUbiMga ne apane saMsmaraNa meM ina padyoM ko spaSTa karate hue jarmana bhASA meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kI prathama do cUlikAe~ gadya meM hai| tIsarI cUlikA meM kahIM-kahIM padya haiM / vizeSatayA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMpattidAna ke saMbaMdha meM upalabdha varNana chaha AryA chandoM aura dIkSA ke lie jJAtakhaNDa vana kI ora prasthAna karane kA varNana gyAraha AryA chandoM meM haiN| sAmAyika cAritra ko aMgIkAra karane evaM pA~ca mahAvratoM kI bhAvanAoM kA varNana bhI AryA chanda meM hai / vimukti nAmaka caturtha cUlikA padya meM hI hai| prathama stuskaMdha ke anya vAkya sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana evaM daza vaikAlika meM akSarazaH upalabdha haiM tathA kucha vacana.dharmAntaroM ke graMthoM vizeSatayA suvAlopaniSada, IzAdyaSTottara zatopaniSada, kena, kaTha, bRhadAraNyaka, mAMDUkya, taittirIya, brahmavidyA, tejobindu Adi upaniSadoM aura gItA ke vacanoM se milate-julate haiN| * 2. sUtrakRtAMga samavAyAMga, naMdI aura digaMbara paraMparA. ke tatvArtha rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgapaNNati Adi graMthoM meM prApta sUtrakRtAMga ke paricaya kA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / yahA~ jisa rUpa meM graMtha upalabdha hai, usakA paricaya dete haiN| upalabdha sUtrakRttAMga ke do zrutaskaMdha hai / pahale zrutaskaMdha meM solaha aura dUsare meM sAta adhyayana hai| kula milAkara teIsa adhyayana hai| unake nAma digaMbara paraMparA kI pratikramaNa graMthatrayI nAmaka pustaka kI prabhAcaMdrIya vRtti meM isa prakAra hai-1. samaya, 2. vaitAlIya, 3. upasarga, 4. strI pariNAma, 5. naraka, 6. vIra stuti, 7. kuzIla paribhASA, 8. vIrya, 9: dharsa, 10. agra, 11. mArga, 12. samavasaraNa, 13. trikAla graMtha hida, 14. AtmA, 15. tadittha gAthA, 16. puNDarIka, 17. kriyAsthAna, 18. AhAraka pariNAma, 19. pratyAkhyAna, 20. anagAra guNakIrti, 21. zruta, 22. artha, 23. nAlaMdA / ina nAmoM meM zvetAmbara paraMparA ke TIkA graMtha Avazyaka vRtti pRSTha 651 va 658 meM upalabdha nAmoM meM thor3A sA antara hai, jo nagaNya hai| samavAyAMga Adi meM nirdiSTa viSayoM meM se upalabdha sUtra kRtAMga meM svamata paramata kI carcA prathama zrutaskaMdha meM saMkSepa meM aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM spaSTa rUpa se hai / tIna . (51)

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sau tirasaTha pAkhaNDI matoM kI carcA ke lie to eka pUrA hI adhyayana hai tathA anyatra bhI yathA prasaMga bhUtavAdI, skandhavAdI, ekAtmavAdI, niyatavAdI Adi kI carcA AtI hai| jagata kI racanA ke vividha vAdoM kI carcA evaM mokSa mArga kA bhI nirUpaNa hai / yatra tatra jJAna, Asrava, puNya, pApa Adi viSayoM aura kalpya akalpya viSayaka zramaNa saMbaMdhI AcAra vyavahAra kI carcA bhI upalabdha hai| dharma evaM kriyA sthAna nAmaka adhyayana to alaga se hai / jayadhavalokta strI pariNAma se lekara puMskAmitA taka ke saba viSaya upasarga parijJA aura strI parijJA nAmaka adhyayanoM meM milate haiN| isa prakAra donoM paraMparAoM nirdiSTa viSaya upalabdha sUtra kRtAMga meM adhikAMzatayA vidyamAna hai| ina adhyayanoM meM kisI viSaya kA pradhAnatA se aura kisI kA gauNatA se nirUpaNa avazya kiyA gayA hai tathA teIsa adhyayana donoM ko mAnya hai| aba ina adhyayanoM ke varNya viSayoM ko kucha vizeSatA se batalAte haiM prathama adhyayana kA nAma samaya hai| samaya arthAt siddhAMta / isa adhyayana meM svasamaya ke sAtha nirasana kI dRSTi se parasamayoM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, lekina isake lie kisI vizeSa prakAra kI tarkazailI kA prayoga nahIM jaisA hai| isake cAra uddezaka haiM / prathama uddezaka meM baMdha aura baMdha kAraNa kA saMketa karane ke bAda bhautikavAda, brahmavAda, ekAtmavAda, dUsare prakAra kA bhautikavAda, akriyAvAda, vaizeSika aura bauddha darzanoM kA khaNDana hai| dUsare uddezaka meM bhAgyavAda, bhautikavAda, kriyAvAda va bauddha darzanoM kA varNana hai / tIsare uddezaka meM muni ke grAhya-agrAhya AhAra, paurANika mata, gozAlaka mata va vainayika mata kA ullekha hai / cauthe meM upasaMhAra karate hue bahuta se pracalita matoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai evaM nigraMtha ko saMyama dharma kA AcaraNa karane kA upadeza diyA hai| dvitIya adhyayana vaitAlIya ke tIna uddezaka haiN| unameM rAga, dveSa, hiMsA Adi rUpa saMskAroM ke vinAza ke upAya batAe haiM / prathama uddezaka meM bAIsa, dvitIya meM battIsa aura tRtIya meM bAIsa gAthAe~ haiM / isa prakAra vetAlIya adhyayana meM chihattara gAthAe~ haiN| tRtIya adhyayana kA nAma upasarga parijJA haiN| sAdhaka ko apanI sAdhanA meM aneka prakAra ke upasargoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| sAdhanA kAla meM Ane vAle vighnoM, bAdhAoM, vipattiyoM ko upasarga kahate haiM / yadyapi upasargoM kI saMkhyA ginAI nahIM jA sakatI, to bhI upasarga anukUla aura pratikUla do prakAra ke hote haiM, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai / saccA sAdhaka ina upasargoM para vijaya prApta karake vItarAga, sthitaprajJa bane, yahI isa adhyayana kA sAra hai / isake cAra uddezakoM meM se prathama meM sataraha, dvitIya meM bAIsa, tRtIya meM ikkIsa aura caturtha meM bAIsa gAthAe~ haiM / sAmAnya se isa adhyayana

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ko sAdhucaryA kA aura usameM Ane vAle upasargoM ke nivAraNa kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA kaha sakate haiN| caturtha adhyayana kA nAma strI parijJA haiN| strI parijJA kA artha hai-striyoM kA svabhAva kA saba taraha se jJAna / isa adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki striyA~ zramaNa ko apane mohapAza meM kisa taraha pha~sAtI hai aura phira phaMse hue zramaNa se anucara jaisA vyavahAra karane lagatI hai| striyoM kI niMdA karate hae yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki striyA~ vizvasanIya nahIM haiN| manasA-vAcA-karmaNA unakI anyathA vRtti hotI hai| sAdhu ko striyoM para kadApi vizvAsa nahIM karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM kiMcinmAtra bhI asAvadhAnI rakhane se zrAmaNya ke nAza kI bhI saMbhAvanA hai / isake do uddezaka haiM, jinameM kramazaH ikatIsa aura bAIsa gAthAe~ haiN| paMcama adhyayana kA nAma naraka vibhakti hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki strIkRta upasargoM meM pha~sane vAlA narakagAmI banatA hai aura phira narakoM meM use kaisI-kaisI asahya yAtanAe~ bhoganI par3atI haiM / jo loga jhUThe, hiMsaka, cora, asadAcArI aura parigrahI haiM, unheM narakoM meM janma lenA par3atA hai / ataH koI bhI vyakti hiMsA na kare, aparigrahI bane aura nirlobhavRtti dhAraNa kareM, yahI isa adhyayana kA sArAMza hai / isake do uddezaka haiN| prathama uddezaka meM sattAIsa aura dvitIya uddezaka meM paccIsa gAthAe~ haiN| ___chaThA adhyayana vIrastava hai / isameM unatIsa gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vibhinna vizeSaNoM dvArA AlaMkArika stuti kI gaI hai| unake lie jo vizeSaNa prayukta hue haiM, ve sArthaka haiM / ve ve zaktiyA~, guNa Adi unameM vidyamAna haiN| yaha stuti prazaMsAtmaka avazya hai, lekina cATukAritA se bharI huI nahIM hai| sAtavA~ adhyayana kuzIla viSayaka hai| kuzIla kA artha hai-anucita AcAravAlA, arthAt asaMyamI / jaina paraMparA ke anusAra jinakA AcAra nahIM hai, aise adhArmika kuMzIla haiM / inakA varNana isa adhyayana meM hai / isameM tIna prakAra ke kazIloM kI carcA kI gaI hai-1. AhAra meM madhuratA utpanna karane vAle lavaNa Adi ke tyAga se mokSa mAnane vaale| 2. zItala jala ke sevana se mokSa mAnane vAle / 3. homa se mokSa mAnane vaale| inakI mAnyatA ko batAkara khaNDana karate hue yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki mokSa to rAga, dveSa Adi pratibaMdhaka kAraNoM kA anta karane se hotA hai / isa adhyayana meM tIsa gAthAe~ haiN| AThavA~ adhyayana vIrya-parAkrama viSayaka hai| isameM vIrya-parAkrama kA vivecana hai / sUtra meM vIrya ke do prakAra batalAe haiM-1. akarma vIrya (paMDita vIrya) aura 2. karma vIrya (bAla vIrya) / saMyamaparAyaNa vIrya akarma vIrya hai aura asaMyama parAyaNa (53)

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karma vIrya / akarma va karma kramazaH apramAda-saMyama evaM pramAda-asaMyama ke sUcaka haiN| bAla vIrya vAle hiMsA meM pravRtta hote haiM aura paNDita vIrya vAle saMyama meM / jaise-jaise paNDita vIrya meM vRddhi hotI hai, vaise-vaise saMyama meM vRddhi hone ke bAda anta meM akSaya sakha prApta hotA hai| paNDita vIrya mokSa kA aura bAla vIrya saMsAra kA kAraNa hai / isa adhyayana meM cUrNi ke anusAra sattAIsa aura vRtti ke anusAra chabbIsa gAthAe~ haiM evaM donoM kI vAcanA meM bhI antara hai| nauveM adhyayana kA nAma dharma hai| isa adhyayana meM lokottara dharma (saMyama) tathA sAdhu ko kina doSoM se bacanA cAhie, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai / zramaNa dharma ke dUSaNa isa adhyayana meM ginAe haiM / jaise asatya vacana, parigraha, abrahmacarya, corI, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, raMjana, bhaMjana, daMtadhAvana, virecana Adi / AhAra va bhASA saMbaMdhI tathA anya prakAra ke bhI kucha dUSaNoM kA ullekha hai / isa adhyayana meM saiMtIsa yA chattIsa gAthAe~ haiN| dasaveM adhyayana kA nAma samAdhi hai| samAdhi kA artha hai-saMtoSa, pramAda, Ananda / dravya kSetra, kAla bhAva kI apekSA se samAdhi ke cAra bheda haiN| unameM se isa adhyayana meM bhAva samAdhi kA varNana hai ki vaha jJAna, darzana, cAritra tapa samAdhi rUpa hai| samAdhi ke varNana ke prasaMga meM yatanA ke svarUpa aura sAdhu ke kartavya kAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha Atmavat vyavahAra karanA, kAyika pravRtti meM saMyama rakhanA, adatta vastu kA grahaNa na karanA aura parigraha va kAyAsakti kA sAdhu ko tyAga karanA cAhie / ekAnta kriyAvAda va akriyAvAda ko ajJAnamUlaka batAte hue unako tyAgane kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai ki donoM eMkAntika mAnyatAe~ dharma va samAdhi se dUra haiM / isa adhyayana meM caubIsa gAthAe~ haiN| gyArahavA~ adhyayana mArga hai| isakA viSaya dasaveM samAdhi adhyayana se milatA-julatA hai / isa pUre adhyayana meM AhAra zuddhi, sadAcAra, saMyama, prANAtipAta viramaNa Adi para prakAza DAlate hue batAyA hai ki prANoM kA moha na karake ina sabakA pAlana karanA cAhie / yahI mokSamArga hai| isa adhyayana kI ar3atIsa gAthAe~ haiN| ___ bArahavA~ adhyayana samavasaraNa hai| yahA~ samavasaraNa kA artha devAdikRta samavasaraNa vivakSita nahIM hai, kintu sammelana yA ekatra honA hai| prastuta adhyayana meM vividha prakAra ke matoM, kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI kA sammelana kiyA hai| kriyAvAdI kriyA ko mAnane vAle haiN| AtmA, karma phala Adi mAnate haiN| akriyA ko mAnane vAle akriyAvAdI kahalAte haiN| ve AtmA, karmaphala Adi kA astitva nahIM mAnate / ajJAna ko mAnane vAle ajJAnavAdI haiM / ve jJAna kI (54)

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upayogitA svIkAra nahIM karate / vinaya ko mAnane vAle vinayavAdI haiN| unheM kisI bhI mata kI niMdA pasaMda nahIM hai / ye loga gAya se lekara gadhe taka, cAMDAla se lekara brAhmaNa taka sabhI choTe-bar3e prANiyoM ko namaskAra karate haiN| ina vAdiyoM ke kramazaH 180,84,67 aura battIsa bheda hote haiN| sUtra meM mala cAra vAdoM kA hI ullekha karake unakA nirAsana kiyA hai / isa adhyayana meM bAIsa gAthAe~ haiN| terahaveM adhyayana kA nAma yAthA tathya hai / adhyayana kI prathama gAthA meM Amata 'tathya' zabda ke AdhAra se isa adhyayana kA 'yAthAtathya' nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM sAdhu ke guNa-doSoM kI vAstavika sthiti va kartavyoM para prakAza DAlA hai| isameM teIsa gAthAe~ haiN| "caudahaveM adhyayana kA nAma grantha hai| grantha kA sAmAnya artha hai-parigraha / parigraha ke bAhya aura abhyantara ye do bheda haiM / dAsa-dAsI Adi dRzyamAna vastue~ bAhya parigraha haiM evaM krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi vaikArika bhAva abhyantara parigraha haiN| isameM nigraMthoM ke svarUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyayana meM sattAIsa gAthAe~ haiM evaM nAmakaraNa kA AdhAra prAraMbhika gAthA meM Agata 'graMtha' zabda hai| paMdrahaveM adhyayana kA nAma AdAnIya' hai| isa adhyayana meM viveka kI darlabhatA, saMyama ke supariNAma, vItarAga puruSa kA svabhAva, saMyamI manuSya kI jIvana paddhati Adi upasaMhArAtmaka vividha viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai / isameM paccIsa gAthAe~ haiN| ___'gAthA' yaha solahaveM adhyayana kA nAma hai / yaha prathama zrutaskaMdha kA aMtima ... adhyayana haiM / isameM brAhmaNa zramaNa, bhikSu va nigraMtha kA vyAkhyAtmaka vizleSaNa karate hue susAdhu ke guNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| brAhmaNa Adi kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI gaI hai-jo samasta pApa, karma se virata hai, rAga, dveSa, kalaha, abhyAkhyAna, paizunya, paraniMdA, arati, rati, mAyA aura mithyAtvazalya se rahita akrodhI tathA nirabhimAnI hai evaM samiti jJAnAdi guNa sahita hai, vaha brAhmaNa hai / jo anAsakta hai, nidAna rahita hai, kaSAya mukta hai aura hiMsAdi pA~ca pApoM se rahita hai, vaha zramaNa hai / jo abhimAnarahita hai, vinaya sampanna hai, upasarga aura parIsahoM para vijaya prApta karane vAlA hai evaM AdhyAtmika vRtti vAlA va paradatta bhojI hai, vaha bhikSu hai / jo graMtha-parigrahAdi rahita ekAkI hai, apramata hai aura pUjA satkAra kA AkAMkSI nahIM hai, vaha nirgaMtha hai| dUsare zruta skaMdha ke sAta adhyayana hai| unake nAma kramazaH isa prakAra hai-puNDarIka, kriyA sthAna, AhAra vicAra, pratyAkhyAna kriyA, AcAra zruta yA anagAra zruta, ArdrakIya, naalNdiiy| inameM se AcArazruta aura ArdrakIya ye do adhyayana padyAtmaka haiM aura zeSa pA~ca gadyAtmaka haiN| ina sAtoM adhyayanoM ko mahAadhyayana kahA (55)

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gayA hai, kyoMki inameM una bAtoM kA vistAra se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai, jinako prathama zrutaskaMdha meM saMkSepa meM kahA gayA hai / . prathama puNDarIka adhyayana meM jisa prakAra prathama zrutaskaMdha ke prathama adhyayana meM vividha vAdI matoM kA ullekha hai, usI prakAra isa adhyayana meM bhI ina vAdiyoM meM se kucheka matoM kI carcA hai / inakI carcA kA prAraMbha vAdiyoM ko puNDarIka kamala kI pa~khur3iyoM kI upamA rUpaka dekara kiyA hai aura isakA sAra batAte hue kahA hai ki yaha saMsAra puSkariNI tAlAba ke samAna hai / isameM karmarUpI jala evaM kAmabhoga rUpI kIcar3a bharA huA hai / aneka janapada cAroM ora phaile kamala ke samAna hai| madhya meM rahA huA puNDarIka rAjA ke samAna hai / puSkariNI meM cAroM dizAoM se praviSTa hone vAle cAra puruSa anya tIrthika (matAvalaMbI) haiM aura kuzala bhikSu dharmarUpa haiM / kinArA dharmatIrtha rUpa hai / bhikSu dvArA uccArita zabda dharmakathA rUpa hai aura puNDarIka kA uThanA mokSa ke samAna hai| ___ ukta cAra puruSoM meM se prathama tajjIva taccharIra vAdI hai / vaha jIva zarIra ko eka mAnatA hai| dUsarA puruSa bhUtavAdI hai / usake mata se pRthvI Adi paMcabhUta.yathArtha hai aura unake saMyoga se jIva kI utpatti hotI hai / tIsarA puruSa Izvara kAraNavAdI hai| usake mata se yaha loka IzvarakRta hai / cauthA puruSa niyativAdI hai / usake matAnusAra sArI kriyAe~ niyata-aparivartanIya hai / jo kriyA jisa rUpa meM niyata hai, vaha usI rUpa meM pUrI hogii| usameM parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isa adhyayana meM kucha vAkya AcArAMga se milate-julate haiN| kriyA sthAna nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana meM vividha kriyA sthAnoM kA paricaya hai| kriyA sthAna kA artha hai pravRtti kA nimitta / kriyA sthAna pradhAnataH do prakAra ke hote haiM-dharma kriyA sthAna aura adharma kriyA sthAna / adharma kriyA sthAna ke bAraha prakAra haiM-1. arthadaNDa, 2. anarthadaNDa, 3. hiMsAdaNDa, 4. akasmAt daNDa, 5. dRSTi viparyAsa daNDa, 6. mRSA pratyaya daNDa, 7. adattAdAna pratyaya daNDa, 8. adhyAtma pratyaya daNDa, 9. mAna pratyaya daNDa, 10. mitra doSa pratyaya daNDa, 11. mAyA pratyaya daNDa aura 12. lobha pratyaya daNDa / dharma kriyA sthAna meM dharma hetuka pravRtti kA samAveza hotA hai / isa prakAra bAraha adharma kriyA sthAna aura eka dharma kriyA sthAna kula teraha kriyA sthAnoM kA isa adhyayana meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / AhAra parijJA (AhAra vicAra) nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana meM samasta trasa aura sthAvara prANiyoM ke janma aura AhAra ke saMbaMdha meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai, lekina kahIM bhI deva aura nArakoM ke AhAra kI koI carcA nahIM hai / adhyayana ke aMta meM saMyamapUrvaka AhAra prApta karane para bhAra diyA gayA hai / (56)

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caturtha adhyayana pratyAkhyAna kriyA hai| pratyAkhyAna kA artha hai ahiMsA Adi mUla guNoM evaM sAmAyika Adi uttara guNoM ke AcaraNa meM bAdhaka pravRttiyoM kA yathAzakti tyAga karanA / isa adhyayana meM isa prakAra kI pratyAkhyA kriyA ke saMbaMdha meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / niravadya pratyAkhyAna kriyA Atmazuddhi ke lie sAdhaka hai aura isake viparIta apratyAkhyAna kriyA sAvadya hai / vaha Atmazuddhi ke lie bAdhaka hai / pratyAkhyAna na karane vAlA asaMyata, avirata, pApa kriyA hone se satat karmabaMdha karatA rahatA hai, kyoMki avirata kI amaryAdita manovRtti hone se usake pApa ke samasta dvAra khule rahate haiM / isa kAraNa use sabhI prakAra ke pApa baMdhana kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai / ataH pratyAkhyAna kriyA kI AvazyakatA hai / isa adhyayana kA yahI sArAMza hai| ___pA~caveM adhyayana kA nAma AcArazruta yA anagAra zruta hai / isameM anAcAroM ko tyAgane kA upadeza hai.| 'loka nahIM hai / aloka nahIM hai / jIva nahIM hai| ajIva nahIM hai| dharma nahIM hai| adharma nahIM hai / isI prakAra baMdha, mokSa, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, kriyA, akriyA, vedanA, nirjarA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, saMsAra, deva, devI, siddhi, asiddhi, sAdhu, asAdhu, kalyANa, akalyANa Adi nahIM hai|'-ityaadi mAnyatAe~ anAcaraNIya hai / ataH lokAdi ke astitva para zraddhA rakhane evaM tadanurUpa AcaraNa karane kA upadeza prastuta adhyayana meM diyA gayA hai| anagAra ke bhASA prayoga : ke saMbaMdha meM bhI kucha saMketa hai| ____ 'ArdrakIya' nAmaka chaThA adhyayana padya meM hai| isa adhyayana meM Ardraka muni aura gozAlaka ke anuyAyI bhikSuoM, bauddha bhikSuoM evaM vaidika tridaNDI ekadaNDI .(brahmavatI) aura hastitApasoM ke sAtha hue vAda-vivAda kA varNana hai / yaha adhyayana padyamaya hai aura isameM pacapana gAthAe~ haiN| - sAtaveM adhyayana kA nAma nAlaMdIya hai / yaha sUtra kRtAMga kA aMtima adhyayana hai / isameM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI zramaNa udayapeDhAla putta aura gautama gaNadhara ke bIca hue saMvAda evaM unakA mahAvIra zAsana svIkAra karane kA varNana hai| zramaNa udaya pedAlaM putta ne zrAvaka ke pratyAkhyAna meM trasa ke bajAya trasabhUta pada rakhane kI jijJAsA vyakta kI thii| usakA gautama gaNadhara ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA thA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyI zramaNa dvArA zrAvaka pratyAkhyAna ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA trasa zabda kA prayoga yuktisaMgata hai, kyoMki jisa jIva ke trasa nAma karma evaM trasa AyuSya karma kA udaya ho, usI ko trasa kahate haiM / isa prakAra ke udaya kA saMbaMdha vartamAna se hai, na ki bhUta yA bhaviSya se / isI saMdarbha meM aura bhI praznottara hue| aMta meM saMyuktika samAdhAna se saMtuSTa hokara unhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paraMparA ko svIkAra kara liyaa| isameM kucha zrAvakAcAra kA bhI paricaya mila jAtA hai / (57)

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ukta saMkSipta paricaya se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki upalabdha sUtrakRtAMga meM una viSayoM kA varNana hai, jo usake vicAraNIya mAne gae haiN| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki kisI viSaya kA nirUpaNa adhika vistAra se aura kisI kA saMkSepa meM kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke saMkalana saMpAdana ke lie pro. viNTaranItja kA abhimata hai ki sUtrakRtAMga kI racanA eka hI kartA kI ho, yaha saMbhava hai / adhika nizcita to yaha hai ki usake saMkalanakartA ne eka hI viSaya ke bhinna-bhinna padoM aura vyAkhyAoM ko eka sAtha rakhA hai| dUsare zrutaskaMdha meM dUsarA hI rUpa dekhate haiM / vaha padya meM hai aura usameM pariziSToM kA saMgraha kuzalatA se nahIM kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI bhAratIya jIvana paddhati saMbaMdhI jJAna prApta karane ke lie yaha zrutaskaMdha bahuta upayogI hai| * 3-4. sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga ye donoM kramazaH tIsare aura cauthe aMga Agama hai| ina aMgoM kI upalabdha sAmagrI aura zailI ko dekhakara yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki kAla Adi ke doSaM se ye graMtha bahuta choTe ho gae haiM aura ye chinna-bhinna ho gae pratIta hote haiN| phira bhI ve jisa rUpa meM Aja upalabdha haiM, apane mahatva kA bhalI-bhA~ti paricaya dete haiN| sthAnAMga meM jIva, ajIva, jIvAjIva, sva, para aura sva para siddhAMtoM, loka, aloka aura lokAloka, parvata, nadI, dvIpa Adi bhaugolika, khagolika, prANI vijJAna, bhautika vijJAna, prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa Adi se saMbaMdhita vastuoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM eka zrutaskaMdha aura eka se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka ke dasa adhyayana haiN| vastu kA nirUpaNa saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai, jisase prati pAdya viSayoM meM paraspara saMbaddhatA honA Avazyaka nahIM hai / arthAt viSayoM kI vyavasthA unake bhedoM kI saMkhyA ke anusAra kI gaI hai / samAna saMkhyA vAle viSayoM ko eka sAtha rakhA hai| jaise eka bheda vAle padArthoM ko eka saMkhyaka varga meM, do saMkhyA vAle padArtha dvi saMkhyaka varga meM ityAdi. jisa prakaraNa meM nirUpaNIya sAmagrI adhika hai, usake upavibhAga bhI kie haiN| dvitIya, tRtIya aura caturtha prakaraNa meM aise cAra-cAra upavibhAga haiM tathA paMcama prakaraNa meM tIna upavibhAga haiN| ina upavibhAgoM kA nAma uddeza hai| . samavAyAMga kA varNana bhI sthAnAMga se milatA-julatA hai, lekina antara itanA hai ki isameM eka se lekara eka sau unasATha taka bhedoM vAle bola eka-eka bheda kI vRddhi karate hue kramazaH batalAe haiN| isameM eka adhyayana, eka zrutaskaMdha eka uddeza aura eka samuddeza hai| ina donoM aMga AgamoM meM aisI bhI aneka bAtoM kA samAveza kara liyA gayA (58)

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hai, jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda ghaTita huI hai| udAharaNa ke lie jamAlI, tiSyagupta, ASAr3ha, azvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSThamAhila ina sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha hai| inameM se prathama do ke atirikta zeSa saba nihnavoM kI utpatti bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda tIsarI se lekara chaThI zatAbdI taka ke samaya meM huI hai| ataeva yaha mAnanA upayukta hai ki isa sUtra kI aMtima yojanA vIra nirvANa kI chaThI zatAbdI meM hone vAle kisI gItArtha puruSa ne apane samaya taka kI pUrva paraMparA se calI Ane vAlI ghaTanAoM ke sAtha milAkara kI hai| isI prakAra samavAyAMga ke sauveM sUtra meM gaNadhara iMdrabhUti aura sudharmA ke nirvANa kA ullekha hai| ina donoM kA nirvANa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda haA hai| aisI sthiti meM AgamoM ko graMthabaddha karane vAle AcArya devarddhigaNi kSamA zramaNa ne ina donoM aMgoM ko aMtima rUpa diyA hye, to vaisA mAnanA yogya hI hai| ina donoM AgamoM kA saMkalana koza zailI meM huA hai / saMbhavataH smRti athavA dhAraNA kI saralatA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara yA viSayoM kI khoja ko sugama banAne ke lie ye saMkalita kie gae haiN| ina donoM jaisI koza zailI bauddha aura vaidika paraMparA ke graMthoM meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| bauddha graMtha aMguttara nikAya, puggala patti, mahAvyutpatti evaM dharma saMgraha meM vicAraNAoM kA saMgraha isI zailI meM kiyA gayA hai tathA vaidika paraMparA ke graMtha mahAbhArata ke vana parva (adhyAya 134) meM bhI isa zailI meM vicAra saMgrahita kie gae haiN| isa prakAra kI saMgraha pradhAna koza zailI hone para bhI kaI sthAnoM para isakA apavAda bhI dikhAI detA hai| isakA kAraNa saMbhavataH yaha ho sakatA hai ki ina sthAnoM para yA to zailI khaNDita ho gaI hai yA phira vibhAga karane meM sAvadhAnI nahIM rakhI gaI hai| kAraNa kucha bhI rahA ho, lekina ye donoM koza Agama aise aneka tathya upasthita karate haiM, jo Aja ke vijJAna, samAja Adi ke lie upayogI jAnakArI dete haiM / vartamAna jaina paraMparA meM pracalita bola saMgraha thokar3A Adi ke AdhAra ye hI donoM Agama haiN| * 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti 'vyAkhyA prajJapti' yaha pA~caveM aMga kA nAma hai / isakA prAkRta nAma to viyAha paNNatti hai, lekina pratilipikAroM kI asAvadhAnI se isake aneka pATha upalabdha hote haiN| unakA vicAra pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| saMskRta nAma meM sarvatra vyAkhyA prajJapti zabda kA prayoga hI haA hai| vRttikAra ne vyAkhyA prajJapti zabda kI aneka prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| 1. vi + A + khyA + pra + jJapti = vividha prakAra se samagratayA kathana kA prakRSTa nirUpaNa arthAt jisa graMtha meM kathana kA vividha DhaMga se pUrNatayA prakRSTa nirUpaNa kiyA gayA ho, vaha graMtha vyAkhyA prajJapti kahalAtA hai|

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2. vi + AkhyA + prajJapti = vividhatayA kathana kA prajJApana / jisa zAstra meM vividha rUpa se kathana kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA nAma haiM, vyAkhyA prajJapti / 3. vyAkhyA + prajJA + Apti athavA Atti = vyAkhyA kI kuzalatA se Apta se prApta hone vAlA athavA grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA zruta vizeSa vyAkhyA prajJapti kahalAtA hai| 4. vyAkhyA prajJa + Apti athavA Atti = vyAkhyA karane meM prajJa arthAt kuzala bhagavAna se gaNadhara ko jisa graMtha dvArA jJAna kI prApti ho athavA kucha grahaNa karane kA avasara mile, usakA nAma vyAkhyA prajJapti athavA vyAkhyA prajJAtti hai / / vartamAna meM upalabdha vyAkhyA prajJapti kA graMthagata pramANa paMdraha hajAra zloka hai| anya graMthoM kI apekSA adhika vizAla evaM adhika pUjya hone ke kAraNa loka pracalita isakA dUsarA nAma 'bhagavatI' bhI prasiddha hai| upalabdha vyAkhyA prajJapti kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isake atirikta anya aMga athavA aMgabAhya kisI bhI sUtra ke prAraMbha meM maMgalAcaraNa kA koI vizeSa pATha . upalabdha nahIM hotA, lekina isake prAraMbha meM 'namo arihaMtANaM' Adi navakAra maMtra ke pA~ca pada de kara maMgalAcaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isake bAda brAhmI lipi ko bhI namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / tadanantara prastuta aMga ke prathama zataka ke uddezakoM meM varNita viSayoM kA nirdeza karane vAlI eka saMgraha gAthA dI gaI hai / usa gAthA ke bAda 'namo suassa' rUpa eka maMgala aura AtA hai / isake bAda graMtha prAraMbha hotA hai / graMtha kaI prakaraNoM meM hai, jinakA nAma 'saya-zat' diyA gayA hai / yaha 'saya-zat' zataka kA hI rUpa hai / zat athavA zataka kA artha sauM hotA hai, paraMtu graMtha meM sau kA koI saMbaMdha dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| yaha zabda isa graMtha meM rUr3ha hai, aisA mAlUma hotA hai / pratyeka prakaraNa ke aMta meM 'sayaM samattaM' aisA pATha milatA hai / zat meM uddezaka rUpa upavibhAga milatA hai| kucha zatoM meM dasa dasa aura kucha meM isase bhI adhika uddezaka haiN| jaise ki ar3atAlIsaveM zata meM eka sau chiyAnaveM uddezaka haiM / kucha zatoM meM uddezakoM ke sthAna para varga haiM aura kucha meM zat nAma se upavibhAga bhI haiN| unakI saMkhyA eka sau caubIsa taka hai / kevala paMdrahaveM zataka meM koI upavibhAga nahIM hai / prathama zat ke prAraMbha meM upodghAta hai, jisameM rAjagRha nagara, guNazIla caitya, rAjA zreNika aura rAnI celanA kA ullekha hai / isake bAda bhagavAna mahAvIra kA guNAnuvAda pUrvaka vistRta rUpa meM varNana karake, gaNadhara gautama, unake guNa, zarIra Adi kA vistRta paricaya hai / isake bAda praznottara zailI se prathama zataka prAraMbha hotA hai / yahI praNAlI Age ke zatakoM meM graMtha samApti taka hai / (60)

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vaise dekhA jAe to isa sUtra meM kucha sthAnoM para anya tIrthaMkoM ke bhI prazna hai / isameM zrAvakoM dvArA kI gaI carcA bhI AtI hai aura zrAvikA ke rUpa meM ekamAtra jayantI zrAvikA kI hI carcA dikhAI detI hai / lekina mukhya rUpa se gaNadhara gautama praznakartA hai aura uttaradAtA bhagavAna mahAvIra hai| ina praznoM meM gautama gaNadhara kI ugra jijJAsA vRtti kA paricaya milatA hai| unakI jijJAsA sirpha AtmA aura paramAtmA ke saMbaMdha meM hI nahIM, kintu dRzya jagata ke pratyeka padArtha ke saMbaMdha meM bhI hai / koI bhI ghaTanA viSaya yA prasaMga ho, jo unake sAmane AyA, usake rahasya ko jAnane ke lie ve vinayapUrvaka prazna karate-'kahameyaM bhaMte' aura kabhI-kabhI usa uttara kI gaharAI meM jAkara prati prazna bhI karate-'keNaTeNaM bhaMte' aisA kisalie kahA jAtA hai ? yadyapi gautama ke prazna, carcA evaM saMvAdoM kA vivaraNa itanA vistRta hai ki usakA vargIkaraNa karanA kaThina hai| phira bhI saMkSepa meM una praznoM ko cAra vargoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai-1. adhyAtma viSayaka, 2. karmaphala viSayaka, 3. loka viSayaka aura 4. sphuTa vissyk| prathama varga meM kucha prazna isa prakAra ke mAne jA sakate haiM-AtmA kI zAzvatatA, azAzvatatA, sAmayika jJAna kA phala, AtmA kA gurutva-laghutvazIla aura zruta Adi / dvitIya varga meM sukha-duHkha ke nimitta Adi kI carcA / tRtIya varga meM loka evaM jIva, paramANu kI zAzvatatA, azAzvatatA, astitva, nAstitva Adi ke prshn| caturtha.varga vibhinna sphuTa viSayoM kA hai, jisameM unmAda, upAdhi, tIrtha aura tIrthaMkara Adi ke prazna kie jA sakate haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki ina praznottaroM meM svasamaya, parasamaya, sva para samaya, jIva, ajIva, jIvAjIva, loka, aloka, lokAloka Adi kI carcA ke sAtha bhinna-bhinna jAti ke devoM, rAjAoM Adi kA varNana hai| kucha aise bhI tathya haiM, jo tatkAlIna samAja va rAjya vyavasthA para prakAza DAlane vAle hone se aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| vyAkhyA prajJapti ke isa sAmAnya paricaya ke anantara usake kucha mahatrapUrNa ullekhoM kA nirdeza karate haiN| jaise ki-samagra loka kisake AdhAra para rahA huA hai ? gautama ke isa prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAna ne batAyA hai ki AkAza ke AdhAra para vAyu, vAyu ke AdhAra para samudra, samudra ke AdhAra para pRthvI tathA pRthvI ke AdhAra para samasta trasa evaM sthAvara jIva rahe hue haiM / samasta ajIva jIvoM ke AdhAra para rahe hue haiM / loka kA aisA AdhAra-Adheya bhAva hai / yaha kisa AdhAra se kahA jA sakatA hai? isa prazna ke uttara meM eka udAharaNa diyA hai / vaha isa prakAra hai- eka bar3I mazaka meM . (61)

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havA bharakara use Upara se bAMdha diyA jaae| phira use bIca se bA~dhakara Upara se khola diyA jaae| isase Upara ke bhAga kI havA nikala jaaegii| phira usa khAlI bhAga meM pAnI bharakara Upara se mu~ha bA~dha diyA jAe va bIca kI gA~Tha khola dI jaae| isase Upara ke bhAga meM bharA huA pAnI usa nIce bharI huI havA ke AdhAra para TikA hogA / isI prakAra loka pavana ke AdhAra para rahA huA hai / athavA jaise koI manuSya apanI kamara para havA bharI huI mazaka bA~dhakara pAnI ke Upara tairatA rahatA hai / vaha DUbatA nahIM hai / usI prakAra vAyu ke AdhAra para samasta loka TikA huA hai aura sputanika yuga meM vAyu ke sahAre AkAza meM manuSya tairAne ke vaijJAnikoM dvArA prayoga hue haiM aura ho rahe haiM jo bhagavAna ke kathana ko satya siddha karate haiM / bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ke zramaNoM- pArvApatyoM dvArA pUche gae kucha prazna bhI isa sUtra meM saMkalita haiM / unase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ve sAdhu eka dUsare kI mAnyatAoM evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sarvajJatva aura sarvadarzitva se aparicita the, paraMtu jaise hI paricaya huA, eka dUsare kI mAnyatAoM ko samajhA aura apane praznoM se bhagavAna ke sarvajJatva kA nirNaya kara liyA, to unakI zramaNa paraMparA meM mila gae / zataka sAtaveM aura AThaveM meM vanaspati saMbaMdhI vivecana hai| sAtaveM zataka ke tIsare uddezaka meM vanaspatikAya ke jIva ke bhojana saMbaMdhI carcA hai ki ye jIva zrAvaNa, bhAdrapada, Azvina aura kArtika ina cAra mahInoM meM adhika se adhika AhAra lete haiM / zarada, hemanta, vasaMta aura grISma Rtu meM uttarottara kramazaH unakA AhAra kama hotA jAtA hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha kathana vicAraNIya hai| varSA Rtu ke cAra mahInoM meM jaina zramaNoM kA eka sthAna para AvAsa, cAturmAsa yA varSAvAsa karane kA yahI vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa mAnA jAtA hai| - dvitIya zataka ke prathama uddezaka meM kyA vAyu kAya ke jIva vAyukAya ko hI zvAsocchavAsa ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiM ? isa prazna ke uttara meM batAyA gayA hai ki hA~, vAyukAya ke jIva bhI zvAsocchavAsa ke rUpa meM vAyukAya ko hI grahaNa karate haiM / yahA~ vRttikAra ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki jo vAyukAya grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha cetana nahIM, kintu jar3a pudgala rUpa hotA hai / usakI svataMtra vargaNAe~ hotI haiM, jinheM zvAsocchavAsa vargaNA kahate haiM / nauveM zataka ke tIsare uddezaka meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya jamAlI kA pUrA . caritra varNita haiM / vaha bAda meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se alaga hokara apane Apako jina kevala kahane lagA thA / gyArahaveM zataka ke nauve uddezaka meM ziva rAjarSi kA varNana hai, jo pUrva meM anya (62)

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tIrthaka the aura bAda meM pratibodha milane para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya ho gae aura Atma sAdhanA karake aMta meM unhoMne mokSa prApta kiyaa| unhIM kI taraha skandaka, tamila, pUraNa, pudgala Adi tApasoM kA bhI varNana AtA haiM / isameM dAnAmA aura prANAmA rUpa do tApasI dIkSAoM kA bhI ullekha hai / dAnAmA arthAt bhikSA lAkara dAna karane vAlI pravrajyA aura prANAmA arthAt prANimAtra ko praNAma karate rahane kI pravajyA / isa varNana se tatkAlIna sAdhaka varga evaM usakI sAdhanA ke rUpa meM kucha patA lagatA hai / 1 paMdrahaveM zataka meM makhalI putra gozAlaka kA vistRta varNana hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAtha usakA saMparka unakI chadmastha avasthA meM hotA hai / aMta meM vaha niyativAdI hokara AjIvaka paraMparA kI sthApanA karatA hai / usakA ziSya parivAra tathA upAsaka varga bhI vizAla thA, lekina vartamAna meM usakA kucha bhI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai / solahaveM zatakaM ke pahale uddezaka meM vAyukAya aura agnikAya ke jIvoM kI carcA hai / vahA~ batAyA gayA hai ki airaNa para hathor3A mArate hI vAyukAya utpanna hotA hai / anya padArtha kA saMsparza hone para hI vAyukAya ke jIva marate haiM, saMsparza ke binA nahIM / sigar3I, cUlhe meM agnikAya ke jIva jaghanya antarmuhurta aura utkRSTa tIna dina-rAta taka raha sakate haiM / vahA~ vAyukAyika jIva bhI utpanna hote haiM aura rahate haiM, kyoMki vAyu ke oNksIjana-prANavAyu ke binA agni prajvalita nahIM hotI / dvitIya uddezaka meM jarA va zoka ke viSaya meM praznottara hai / vahA~ batAyA hai ki jina jIvoM ke sthUla mana nahIM hotA, unake zoka to nahIM hotA, kintu jarA (vRddhAvasthA) hotI hai / sthUla manavAloM ko donoM hote haiM / bhavanavAsI, vaimAnika ke bhI donoM hote / unake zarIra meM bhI vArdhakya AtA hai / chaThe uddezaka meM svapna saMbaMdhI carcA hai / svapna kitane prakAra ke ho sakate haiM ? kauna svapna dekha sakatA hai ? yAne kisa sthiti meM ye svapna dikhAI dete haiM ? ityAdi praznoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai / sAdhAraNa svapna bayAlIsa aura mahAsvapna tIsa hote haiM / yaha bhI batAyA hai ki strI va puruSa amuka svapna dekhe, to amuka phala milatA hai / isa carcA se mAlUma hotA haiM ki jaina aMga zAstroM meM svapna vidyA para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / aThArahaveM zataka ke chaTheM uddezaka meM paudgalika padArthoM ke skaMdhAdi hai, unakI tathA paramANu, dvipradezika, tripradezika, catuSpradezika, paMcapradezika Adi pudgala skaMdhoM ke varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza kI carcA hai / arthAt isa uddezaka meM pudgala dravya ke bAre meM vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra anya zatakoM meM vibhinna dArzanika AdhyAtmika aura bhautika (63)

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viSayoM ke bAre meM carcA hai / jaina darzana meM iMdriya, bala, Ayu aura zvAsocchavAsa ina cAra prANoM ko vyavahAra naya se jIva kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| bhautika vijJAna se bhI isakI puSTi hotI haiM / jIvana dhAraNa ke lie vAyu eka Avazyaka tatva hai / anya zatakoM meM isa prakAra kI carcA hai / vistAra se jAnane ke lie isa graMtha kA avalokana aura paThana karanA cAhie / 1 1 isa Agama meM kucha bAteM bAra-bAra AI haiN| unake lie sthAna, pRcchaka aura kAla kA bheda kAraNa hai / graMtha ke aMta meM guNavizAla saMgha kA smaraNa karate hue zrutadevatA kI stuti kI gaI hai / aMta meM gautamAdi gaNadharoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai aura kucha deviyoM kA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| saMbhavataH isakA saMbaMdha pratilipikAra se haiM 1 * 6. jJAtA dharma kathA yaha chaThA aMga hai / isakA upodghAta vipAka sUtra ke upodaghAta ke samAna hai / isake do zrutaskaMdha haiM - jJAtA aura dharmakathA / pahale meM jJAtA - udAharaNa rUpa unatIsa adhyayana haiM tathA unameM eka-eka kathA hai aura aMta meM usa kathA yA dRSTAnta se milane vAlI zikSA batalAI gaI hai / kathAoM meM nagara, udyAna, prAsAda, bhavana, samudra, svapna Adi kA varNana hai / ina dRSTAnta kathAoM meM zuddha samyaktva kI rakSA, iMdriya vijaya, bhUla kA pazcAtApa, ArAdhaka dharma kI ArAdhanA aura virAdhanA kA phala, viSaya sukha ke kaTu phala Adi kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / unatIsa adhyayanoM meM kathAe~ kramazaH isa * prakAra haiM meghakumAra, dhannA sArthavAha aura vijaya cora, zuddha samyaktva ke lie aNDe kA dRSTAnta, iMdriyoM ko vaza meM rakhane yA svacchanda chor3ane ke viSaya meM kachue kA dRSTAnta, bhUla ke lie pazcAtApa karake punaH saMyama meM dRr3ha hone ke lie zailaka rAjarSi kA dRSTAnta, AtmA kA gurutva aura laghutva dikhAne ke lie tuMbe kA dRSTAnta, ArAdhaka, virAdhaka ke lAbhAlAbha batAne ke lie rohiNI kI kathA, bhagavAna mallinAtha kI kathA, kAmabhogoM meM Asakti aura virakti ke lie jinapAlita aura jinarakSita kA dRSTAnta, pramAdI, apramAdI ke lie cA~da kA dRSTAnta, dharma kI ArAdhanA aura virAdhanA ke lie vRkSa kA dRSTAnta, sadguru sevA ke lie udakazuddhi kA dRSTAnta, sadguru ke abhAva meM guNoM kI hAni batAne ke lie dardura (naMdamaNiyAra) kA dRSTAnta, dharma prApti ke lie anukUla sAmagrI kI AvazyakatA batAne ke lie tetalIputra kA dRSTAnta, vItarAga ke upadeza se hI dharmaprApti hone ke lie naMdIphala kA dRSTAnta, viSaya sukha kA kaTuka phala batAne ke lie noTa- vyAkhyA prajJapti ke ikatAlIsa zatakoM aura unake uddezyoM meM varNita viSayoM ke ullekha ke lie dekhie-jaina siddhAMta bola saMgraha bhAga 4 pRSTha 138 se 185 (64)

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amarakaMkA ke rAjA aura draupadI kI kathA, iMdriya viSayoM meM liptatA se hone vAle anarthoM ko samajhAne ke lie AkIrNa jAti ke ghor3e kA dRSTAnta, saMyamI jIvana ke lie zuddha aura nirdoSa AhAra nirmamatva bhAva se karane ke lie suSamA kumArI kA dRSTAnta, utkRSTa bhAva se pAlana kie gae alpakAlika saMyama kA atyupakAra batAne ke lie puNDarIka kA dRSTAnta ina dRSTAnta kathAoM meM prasaMgavaza kisI-kisI meM avAntara kathAe~ bhI haiM / ina dRSTAnta kathAoM meM aise aneka viziSTa zabda haiM, jo tatkAlIna rAjakIya sAmAjika vyavasthA kA bodha karAte haiM / kucha kathAeM aisI haiM, jo dharmAntaroM ke graMthoM meM bhI milatI I haiM / jaisI rohiNI kI kathA hai, vaisI hI kathA bAibila ke nae karAra meM maeNthyU kI kitAba meM aura lyuka ke saMvAda meM bhI upalabdha hotI haiM / kucha kathAoM se dUsare dharmoM ke vidhi vidhAnoM aura kriyAkANDoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai / jaise pA~caveM adhyayana meM Agata zuka parivrAjaka kI kathA meM vaidika karmakANDa kA thor3A-sA paricaya diyA hai / pandrahavIM naMdIphala kI dRSTAnta kathA meM vibhinna matAnuyAyI saMnyAsiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / vaha isa prakAra hai 1 caraka - tridaNDI athavA kaupInadhArI tApasa / caraka -galI meM par3e hue cIthar3oM ke kapar3e banAkara pahanane vAle saMnyAsI / carmakhaNDika - camar3e ke vastra pahanane vAle yA camar3e ke upakaraNa rakhane vAle saMnyAsI / jaise / bhicchaMDa- bhikSuka yA bauddha bhikSuka / paMDudaga- zarIra para bhasma lagAne vAle arthAt zivabhakta saMnyAsI / gautama - apane sAtha baila rakhane vAle saMnyAsI / govatI - govrata rakhane vAle saMnyAsI / raghuvaMza meM varNita rAjA dilIpa ke gRhidharmI - gRhasthAzrama ko zreSTha mAnane vAle / dharmacintaka - dharmazAstra kA adhyayana karane vAle / aviruddha - kisI ke sAtha virodha na rakhane vAle / vinayavAdI, sarvadharma samanvayavAdI / viruddha - paraloka athavA samasta matoM ke sAtha virodha rakhane vAle saMnyAsI / vRddha- vRddhAvasthA meM saMnyAsa lene meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle saMnyAsI / zrAvaka - dharma kA zravaNa karane vAle saMnyAsI / (65)

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raktapaTa- rakta (lAla) paTa-lAla vastradhArI parivrAjaka / dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dharmakathAoM ke dvArA dharma kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai| isameM dasa varga haiM / ina vargoM meM camareMdra, balIndra, dharaNendra, pizAcendra, mahAkAlendra, zakrendra, IzAnendra kI paTarAniyoM, indrANiyoM ke pUrva bhavoM kA varNana hai / unake jo nAma yahA~ die haiM, ve saba pUrva bhava ke nAma haiM / isa prakAra unake manuSya bhava ke hI nAma yahA~ para bhI calate haiN| kula milAkara do sau chaha paTarAniyoM ke do sau chaha adhyayana ina vargoM meM ina kathAoM meM bhI aneka ghaTanAoM, vividha zabdoM evaM vibhinna varNanoM se prAcInakAlIna aneka bAtoM kA patA lagatA hai / prAcIna samAja vyavasthA kI jAnakArI ke lie ye kathAe~ vizeSa upayogI ho sakatI haiN| *7. upAsaka dazAMga isa sAtaveM aMga upAsaka dazA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dasa upAsakoM-zrAvakoM kI kathAe~ haiN| isa aMga kA upodghAta bhI vipAka sUtra ke hI samAna haiM / dasa zrAvakoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-1. Ananda, 2. kAmadeva, 3. culanIpitA, 4. surAdeva, 5. culaNIzataka, 6. kuNDakolika, 7. zakaDAla putra, 8. mahAzataka, 9. naMdinI pitA aura 10. sAlihIpitA athavA saalepikaapitaa| ___sthAnAMga meM ye nAma batAe haiM, lekina kucha prAcIna hastapratiyoM meM nAmAntara bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| jaise sAlepikApitA ke bajAya laMtiyApiyA, lattiyapiyA, latiNIpiyA, letiyApiyA Adi nAma bhI upalabdha hote haiM / isI taraha naMdinI pitA ke sthAna para lalitAMkapiyA, sAleiNIpiyA nAma prApta hote haiM / samavAyAMga aura naMdI sUtra meM adhyayanoM kI saMkhyA kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, kintu nAmoM kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zrAvaka varga meM ye dasa zrAvaka mukhya rUpa se gine gae haiN| pratyeka adhyayana meM eka zrAvaka kA varNana hai / inameM zrAvakoM ke nagara, udyAna, vanakhaMDa, bhagavAna ke samavasaraNa, rAjA, mAtA-pitA, dharmAcArya, dharmakathA, ihalaukika pAralaukika Rddhi, bhoga, bhogoM kA parityAga, bAraha vrata tathA unake aticAra, paMdraha karmAdAna, paDimA, upasarga, saMlekhanA, bhakta pratyAkhyAna, pAdopagamana, svargagamana Adi viSayoM kA bahata vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai / ina zrAvakoM kI nigraMtha pravacana meM dRr3ha zraddhA thii| noTa :-jJAtA dharma kathA ke dUsare zrutaskaMdha ke dasa vargoM kI kathAoM ke nAmoM kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie-jaina siddhAMta bola saMgraha bhAga-4 pRSTha 186 se 190 (66)

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gRhasthAzrama meM rahate hue inhoMne kisa prakAra dharma, artha aura mokSa puruSArthoM kI sAdhanA kI thI, yaha bhalIbhA~ti spaSTa ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra gRhasthAzrama meM rahA huA vyakti bhI AtmavikAsa karatA huA kisa prakAra mokSa kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai, yaha bhI unake jIvana se acchI taraha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / ina kathAoM meM do bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiM - 1. Ananda zrAvaka ko avadhijJAna hone kA ullekha aura 2. duSTabhAryA ke kAraNa hone vAlI gRhastha jIvana kI viDambanApUrNa sthiti / zrAvaka ko avadhijJAna kisa hada taka ho sakatA hai ? isa viSaya meM Ananda zrAvaka aura gautama gaNadhara ke bIca carcA hai| Ananda kA kahanA hai ki merA kahanA ThIka hai, jabaki gautama gaNadhara usake kathana ko mithyA batAte haiM / Ananda isa bAta ko, svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| aMta meM gautama gaNadhara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa jA kara avadhijJAna viSayaka zaMkA kA samAdhAna prApta karate haiM aura bhagavAna ke AdezAnusAra Ananda ke pAsa jA kara apanI bhUla kabUla kara kSamA yAcanA karate haiN| isase gautama gaNadhara kI RjutA evaM vinayazIlatA tathA Ananda zrAvaka kI nirbhIkatA va satyatA prakaTa hotI hai| isakA phalitArtha yaha saMketa detA hai ki cAhe uccatama padastha vyakti kitanA hI buddhizAlI evaM prabhAvaka ho, phira bhI use apane pramAda ke parimArjana ke lie sadA tatpara rahanA cAhie 1 aisA karane se usake gaurava kI vRddhi hotI hai / doSoM ko chipAne se logoM meM avizvAsa bar3hatA hai tathA sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa vyakti ko bhI nirbhIka hokara satya kA pakSa lenA caahie| kisI ke prabhAva meM Akara saca bAta kahane 'meM jhijhakanA nahIM cAhie / 1 gArhasthya jIvana sukhada, sundara aura sadviveka samanvita ho sakatA hai, jaba pati-patnI samAna AcAra vicAra vAle hoM / pati dhArmika vRtti vAlA ho aura patnI karkazA, duSTa aura krUra ho to, saba kucha tahasa-nahasa ho jAtA hai / mahAzataka jaise zrAvaka krUra patlI revatI isakA udAharaNa hai, jo mA~sAhArI to hai hI, para itanI duSTa bhI hai ki apanI sautoM kI hatyA karake bhI zAnta nahIM hotI aura svayaM mahAzataka ko bhI parezAna karane se nahIM cUkatI / kI upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM yahI nirdeza karanA zeSa raha jAtA hai ki anya sUtroM meM to prAyaH sAdhvAcAra kA nirUpaNa hai, lekina isa sUtra meM gRhastha dharma ke bAre meM prakAza DAlA hai ki zrAvaka zrAvikAoM kA mUla AcAra evaM anuSThAna kyA hai / usa AcAra ke anurUpa jIvana jIne vAle hI vAstava meM zrAvaka hai / zeSa to mAtra nAmadhArI zrAvaka haiM / (67)

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* 8. antakRddazA AThavAM aMga antakRddazA haiN| antakRta kA artha hai-saMsAra kA anta karane vAle / yAne saMsAra rUpI samudra kA anta karake mokSa prApta karane vAle jIvoM ko antakRta kahate haiM / isa Agama meM aise jIvoM kA varNana hone se isakA nAma sArthaka haiM / antakRta dazA meM eka zrutaskaMdha aura ATha varga haiN| isakA upodghAta bhI vipAka sUtra se milatA-julatA hai| digaMbara paraMparA ke tatvArtha rAjavArtika Adi graMthoM meM antakRtoM ke jo nAma batalAe haiM, ve sthAnAMga meM ullikhita nAmoM se milate-julate haiM / sthAnAMga meM dasa nAma isa prakAra haiM-nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmagupta, sudarzana, jamAlI, bhagAlI, kiMkaSa, cilvakka aura phAla aMbaDaputra / samavAyAMga meM antakRddazA ke dasa adhyayana aura sAta varga tathA naMdI meM dasa adhyayana aura ATha varga batAe haiM, kintu nAmoM kA ullekha donoM meM nahIM hai| vartamAna antakRddazA meM na to dasa adhyayana hai aura na hI ukta nAma vAle antakRtoM kA varNana hai| upalabdha Agama ke prathama varga meM nimnokta dasa adhyayana haiM-gautama, samudra, sAgara, gaMbhIra, stimita, acala, kAMpilya, akSobha, prasenajina aura viSNu / ye saba rAjA aMdhakavRSNi ke putra the aura inakI mAtA kA nAma dhAriNI thA / sabane dIkSA lekara bAraha varSa paryanta saMyama pAlana kiyA aura anta samaya meM kevalI hokara mokSa prApta kiyaa| gautama adhyayana meM dvArikA nagarI kA varNana hai, jahA~ kRSNa vAsadeva rAja karate the| isameM nagara kI zobhA kA bar3A sundara varNana kiyA, gayA hai| isI nagarI ke rAjA aMdhakavRSNi the| dasare varga meM ATha adhyayana haiM, jinameM kramazaH akSobha, sAgara, samudravijaya, himavanta, acala pUraNa aura amIcaMda kA varNana hai| ina AThoM ke pitA kA nAma aMdhakavRSNi aura mAtA kA nAma dhAriNI rAnI thaa| ye AThoM solaha varSa kI dIkSA paryAya kA pAlana karake mokSa ge| tIsare varga meM teraha adhyayana haiM, jinameM eka-eka antakRtta kI jIvanI hai| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM-anIkasena, anantasena, ajitasena, Anahitaripu devasena, zubhasena, sAraNa, gajasukumAla, sumukha durmukha, kubera, dAsaka, anAdRSTi / prathama chaha kumAroM ke mAtA-pitA kA nAma maheMdrapura nagara nivAsI sulasA aura nAga gAthApati hai| inhoMne bIsa-bIsa varSa taka dIkSA pAlana kara mokSa prApta kiyaa| sAraNa ke pitA kA nAma vasudeva aura mAtA kA nAma dhAriNI thaa| ye bIsa varSa saMyama kA pAlana kara mokSa pdhaare| (68)

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AThaveM adhyayana meM gajasukumAla kI gAthA hai / inakA vRttAnta itanA prasiddha hai ki saba acchI taraha se jAnate haiM / inake pitA rAjA vasudeva aura mAtA devakI rAnI thI / kRSNa vAsudeva inake-bar3e bhAI the / bAlavaya meM gajasukumala kI samatA kI kasauTI , huI aura usameM ve khare utare / nauveM se gyArahaveM adhyayana taka sumukha, durmukha aura kubera kA varNana hai / ye tInoM rAjA baladeva aura rAnI dhAriNI ke putra the / bArahaveM aura terahaveM adhyayana meM dAruNa aura anAdRSTi kumAroM kA varNana hai / ye rAjA vasudeva aura dhAriNI rAnI ke putra 1 cauthe varga meM dasa adhyayana hai - jAlI, mayAlI, uvayAlI, puruSasena, vAriSeNa, pradyumna, sAMba aniruddha, satyanemi aura dRr3hanemi / prathama pA~ca rAjA vasudeva aura rAnI dhAriNI ke putra the / pradyumna aura sAMba kramazaH zrIkRSNa aura rukmaNi tathA zrIkRSNa aura jaMbUvatI ke putra the / aniruddha pradyumna aura vaidarbhI ke tathA satyanemi va dRr3hanemi rAjA samudravijaya va rAnI zivAdevI ke putra the / pA~cave varga meM padmAvatI, gaurI, gAMdhArI, lakSmaNA, suSamA, jaMbUvatI, satyabhAmA, rukmaNi, mUlazrI aura mUladattA ina dasa ke dasa adhyayana haiM / prathama ATha zrIkRSNa kI rAniyA~ thIM tathA mUlazrI va mUladattA zrIkRSNa aura jaMbUvatI ke putra sAMba kI patniyA~ | thIM / ina sabane bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSA lI thii| padmAvatI kI kathA meM dvArikA nagarI ke vinAza kA kAraNa, zrIkRSNa kI mRtyu tathA AgAmI caubIsI meM unake tIrthaMkara hone Adi kA kathana bhI bahuta vistAra ke sAtha hai / chaMThe varga meM solaha adhyayana haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM- makAI, vikrama, arjunamAlI, krAzyapa, sema, dhRtidhara, kailAza, harizvaidya, virakta, sudarzana, pUrNabhadra, sumanabhadra, supratiSTha, megha, atimukta (avantI kumAra) aura alakha rAjA / inameM se arjunamAlI, sudarzana aura avantI kumAra kI kathAe~ to sAmAnya se sAmAnya jaina ko jJAta hai / inheM to prAyaH sabhI par3hate rahate haiM / avantIkumAra ne choTI sI vaya meM dIkSA lekara guNaratna saMvatsara jaisI mahAna tapa sAdhanA kI thI / . sAtaveM varga meM teraha adhyayana hai, jinameM kramazaH naMdA, nandavatI, nandottarA, naMdasenA, marutA, sumaruttA, mahAmarutA, marudevI, bhadrA, subhadrA, sujAtA, sumati aura bhUdinnA ina teraha rAniyoM kI kakSAe~ haiM / ye rAjA zreNika kI rAniyA~ thIM / inhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza se vairAgyavatI hokara rAjA zreNika kI AjJA lekara pravajyA grahaNa kI thI / I AThaveM varga meM kAlI, sukAlI, mahAkAlI, kRSNA, sukRSNA, mahAkRSNA, vIrakRSNA, rAmakRSNA, priyasena kRSNA aura mahAsena kRSNA ina zreNika rAjA kI dasa rAniyoM kI kathAoM ke dasa varga haiM / inhoMne dIkSA lekara ratnAvalI, kanakAvalI Adi (69)

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ugra tapasyAoM kA AcaraNa kara anta meM mokSa prApta kiyaa| * 9. anuttaropapAtika dazAMga ___ navagraiveyaka ke Upara vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita evaM sarvArthasiddha ye pA~ca anuttara vimAna haiN| ye devavimAna saba vimAnoM meM zreSThatama haiN| isIlie inheM anuttara vimAna kahate haiM / isa aMga meM aisI AtmAoM kA varNana hai, jinhoMne isa saMsAra meM tapa, saMyama Adi uttama dharma kA pAlana kara anuttara vimAna meM janma liyaa| vahA~ se Ayu pUrI kara manuSya bhava meM utpanna hokara ve usI bhAva meM mokSa jaaeNge| samavAyAMga meM batAyA hai ki anuttaropapAtika dazA nauvA~ aMga hai. aura eka zrutaskaMdha hai| isameM tIna varga aura dasa adhyayana hai| naMdI meM bhI yaha batAyA gayA hai, kintu vahA~ adhyayanoM kI saMkhyA kA nirdezana nahIM hai| digaMbara paraMparA saMmata rAjavArtika Adi graMthoM meM bhI isakA paricaya diyA gayA hai / usameM isake tIna vargoM kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu RSidAsa Adi se saMbaMdhita dasa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha hai| sthAnAMga meM dasa adhyayanoM ke nAma isa prakAra batAe haiM-RSidAsa, dhanya, sunakSatra, kArtika saMsthAna, zAlibhadra, Ananda, tetalI, dazArNabhadra aura atimuktaka / rAjavArtika va sthAnAMga meM jina nAmoM kA ullekha hai, unameM se kucha nAma upalabdha Agama meM milate haiM, jaise vAriSeNa (rAjavArtika) dhanya sunakSatra tathA RSidAsa (sthAnAMga, raajvaartik)| anuttaropapAtika dazA ke aMta meM likhA hai ki isakA eka zrutaskaMdha hai, tIna varga haiM aura tIna uddezanakAla haiM, jinakA tIna dina meM adhyayana pUrNa hotA hai / upalabdha anuttaropapAtika dazA tIna vargoM meM vibhakta haiN| prathama meM dasa, dvitIya meM teraha aura tRtIya meM dasa adhyayana haiM / kula milAkara tInoM vargoM meM taiMtIsa adhyayana haiN| pratyeka adhyayana meM eka-eka mahApuruSa kI jIvanI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / unake nAma isa prakAra haiM- 1. jAlI, mayAlI, upajAlI, puruSasena, vAriSeNa, dIrghadanta, laTThadanta, vihalla, vehAyasa aura abhaya kumAra / 2. dIrghasena, mahAsena, naSTadaMta, gUr3hadanta, zuddhadanta, halladruma, drumasena, siMha, siMhasena, mahAsiMha sena, mahAdruma sena aura puSpasena / 3. dhannA, sunakSatra, RSi dAsa, pellaka, rAmaputra, caMdra, puSTimAtrika, per3hAlaputra, poTilla aura vehll|| inameM se dhannA kA caritra to vizruta hai / ye bhadrA sArthavAhI ke putra the| jitane bhoga vilAsa ke sAdhana inake pAsa the, utane anya kisI ke pAsa nahIM the| pahale ye jitane bhoga vilAsa meM DUbe hue the, utane hI yA usase bhI bar3hakara ye tapa sAdhanA meM tallIna hue / inake tapomaya jIvana kA varNana itanA anUThA hai ki jaina sAhitya meM to kyA, sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| (70)

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* 10. praznavyAkaraNa zAstrIya dRSTi se isa Agama kA paricaya pUrva meM jo batAyA gayA hai, usase upalabdha Agama sarvathA bhinna hai| isameM na to 108 prazna, na 108 aprazna aura na hI 108 praznAprazna hai tathA na nAgakumAroM aura suparNakumAroM saMgati ke divya prazna hai| sirpha pA~ca hiMsAdi AsravoM aura ahiMsAdi pA~ca saMvaroM kA dasa adhyayanoM meM nirUpaNa hai| isakA kAraNa batAte hue vRttikAra abhayadeva sUri ne likhA hai ki isa zAstrAgata camatkArI vidyAoM kA koI anadhikArI vyakti durupayoga na kara baiThe, ataH isa prakAra kI vidyAe~ isa satra se nikAla dI gaI haiN| isake do taskaMdha haiN| pratyeka ke pA~ca-pA~ca adhyayana haiM / prathama zrutaskaMdha ke pA~coM adhyayanoM meM kramazaH hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahma aura parigraha ina pA~ca Asrava dvAroM kA aura dUsare skaMdha ke pA~ca adhyayanoM meM kramazaH ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ina pA~ca saMvara dvAroM kA varNana hai| prathama zrutaskaMdha ke pahale adhyayana meM hiMsA kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai ki hiMsA prANiyoM ko trAsadAyaka evaM udvegakArI hai tathA hiMsA ihaloka-paraloka meM apayaza aura paraloka meM naraka tiryaMca gati pradAna karane vAlI haiN| hiMsA kA ina vizeSaNoM ke dvArA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA usake prANIvadha, caNDa Adi tIsa guNa niSpanna nAma batAe haiM / aMta meM adhyayana kA upasaMhAra karate hue hiMsA tyAga kA upadeza diyA hai| dUsare adhyayana meM asatya bhASaNa (mRSAvAda) kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / asatya vacana, chala, kapaTa, mAyA evaM avizvAsa kA sthAna hai| alIka, mAyA, mRSA, Adi isake tIsaM niSpanna nAma haiN| unheM hetupUrvaka samajhAyA gayA hai| isameM asatya bhASaNa ke rUpa meM nimnalikhita matoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai nAstikavAdI athavA vaamlokvaadii-caarvaak| pNcskNdhvaadii-bauddh| manojIva vAdI- mana ko jIva (AtmA) mAnane vaale| vAyujIva vAdI- prANavAyu ko jIva mAnane vAle / aMDe se jagata kI utpatti mAnane vaale| loka ko svayaMbhU kRta mAnane vaale| saMsAra ko prajApati (brahmA) dvArA nirmita mAnane vaale| saMsAra ko IzvarakRta mAnane vaale| saMsAra ko viSNumaya mAnane vaale| . .. (71)

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AtmA ko eka, akartA, vedya, nitya, niSkriya, nirguNa, nirlipta mAnane vAle / jagata ko yAdRcchika mAnane vAle / jagata ko svabhAvajanya mAnane vAle / jagata ko devakRta mAnane vAle / niyativAdI - AjIvaka / tIsare adhyayana meM adattAdAna (corI) kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai aura usake guNa niSpanna tIsa nAma die haiM / Age vistAra se batAyA hai ki corI karane vAle samudra, jaMgala Adi sthAnoM meM kisa taraha lUTate haiN| saMsAra ko samudra kI upamA dI gaI hai / adatta kA phala batAte hue kahA hai ki corI karane vAle naraka aura tiryaMca gati meM janma lekara nAnA prakAra ke duHkha uThAte haiM / saMsAra meM vibhinna prasaMgoM para hone vAlI vividha coriyoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| 1 cauthe adhyayana meM abrahma kA varNana hai / isameM abrahma kA svarUpa batAkara yaha kahA hai ki ise jItanA bar3A kaThina hai| isake guNa niSpanna tIsa nAma batAe haiM tathA sabhI prakAra ke bhogaparAyaNa loga, deva-deviyoM, cakravartiyoM, vAsudevoM, mAMDalika rAjAoM evaM isI prakAra ke anya vyaktiyoM ke bhogoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jo ina bhogoM meM pha~sate haiM, ve atRpta avasthA meM hI kAla dharma ko prApta hokara vibhinna nikRSTa naraka tiryaMcAdi yoniyoM meM janma lekara aneka prakAra ke duHkha bhogate haiM / pA~cavA~ adhyayana parigraha Asrava ke vivecana kA haiN| isameM parigraha kA svarUpa batAte hue saMsAra meM jitane prakAra kA parigraha hotA hai, yA dikhAI detA hai, usakA savistAra nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| saMcaya, upacaya, nidhAna, piNDa Adi parigraha ke tIsa niSpanna nAma hai| inameM sabhI prakAra ke parigraha kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara loga kaI prakAra kA anartha karate haiN| adhyayana ke upasaMhAra meM batalAyA hai ki isameM pha~sane se sukha prApta nahIM hotA, apitu saMtoSa se hI sukha kI prApti hotI I dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM prathama zrutaskaMdha ke pratipakSI tatvoM kA kathana hai / isake prathama adhyayana meM ahiMsA kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai / ahiMsA samasta prANiyoM kA kSemakuzala karane vAlI hai / dayA, abhayA, zAMti Adi ahiMsA ke tIsa guNa niSpanna nAma haiM | ahiMsA bhagavatI ko ATha upamAe~ dI gaI haiN| isameM ahiMsA poSaka vividha anuSThAnoM evaM pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA nirUpaNa hai / dvitIya adhyayana meM satya rUpa saMvara kA nirUpaNa hai / isameM satyavacana kA svarUpa batalAkara usakA prabhAva batalAyA gayA hai / prastuta prakaraNa meM nimnalikhita satyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai - janapada satya, saMmata satya, sthApanA satya, nAma satya, (72)

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rUpa satya, vyavahAra satya, bhAvasatya, yoga satya aura upamA satya / bhASA ke saMskRta, prAkRta Adi bheda haiN| eka vacana, dvivacana Adi kI apekSA vacana ke solaha bheda haiM tathA bolate samaya vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM tathA uccAraNa kI zuddhatA kA dhyAna rakhane kA nirdeza diyA hai / satya kI dazA ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA nirUpaNa karake batAyA gayA hai ki satya kA pAlana karane se mokSa sukha kI prApti hotI hai| ___acaurya(asteya) nAmaka tIsare adhyayana meM asteya vrata ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa hai, jisameM asteya kI sthUla se lekara sUkStama vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / apane svarUpa ko chipAkara anya svarUpa ko prakaTa karane se asteya vrata bhaMga hotA hai, isalie isake tapa cora, vaya cora, rUpa cora, kulacora, AcAra cora aura bhAva cora ye chaha bheda batAe haiM / isa vrata kI rakSA ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAe~ batalAI haiN| isa vrata kA ArAdhaka mokSasukha kA adhikArI banatA hai| cauthe adhyayana kA nAma brahmacarya hai| isa adhyayana meM brahmacarya nirUpaNa, tatsaMbaMdhI anuSThAnoM kA varNana evaM usakI sAdhanA karane vAloM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sAtha hI anAcaraNa kI dRSTi se brahmacarya virodhI pravRttiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai / saMsAra ke sarvazreSTha padArthoM ke sAtha tulanA karake ise battIsa upamAe~ dI gaI haiM tathA isa vrata kI rakSA ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAeM batalAI gaI haiN| pA~caveM aparigraha adhyayana meM aparigrahavRtti tadviSayaka anuSThAnoM evaM aparigraha vratadhAriyoM ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa hai. / prasaMgavazAta sAdhvAcAra se saMbaMdhita katipaya niyamoM kA bhI ullekha hai / isa vrata kI rakSA ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAe~ batalAI * gaI haiN| * dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kA upasaMhAra karate hue batalAyA hai ki uparyukta pA~ca saMvara dvAroM kI samyak prakAreNa ArAdhanA karane se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| * 11. vipAka sUtra yaha upalabdha aMga AgamoM meM aMtima hai / isake viSaya ke saMbaMdha meM donoM jaina paraMparAe~ ekamata hai / digaMbara paraMparA ke tatvArtha rAjavArtika, dhavalA, jaya dhavalA aura aMgapaNNatti meM batAyA hai ki isameM duHkha-sukha ke vipAka, pariNAma kA varNana hai / zvetAmbara paraMparA ke samavAyAMga tathA naMdI sUtra meM bhI isI prakAra ke vipAka ke viSaya kA paricaya diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra vipAka sUtra ke viSayoM ke bAre meM donoM paraMparAoM meM koI vaiSamya nahIM hai / prAraMbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya sudharmAsvAmI evaM unake ziSya jaMbUsvAmI kA vistRta paricaya hai / isake do zrutaskaMdha hai-1. duHkha vipAka (73)

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aura 2. sukhavipAka / donoM skaMdhoM meM dasa-dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM eka-eka kathA hai 1 pratyeka kathA ke prAraMbha meM pUrva pracalita praNAlI ke anusAra kathA kahane ke sthAna kA nAma, bAda meM vahA~ ke rAjA-rAnI ke nAma, tatpazcAt kathA ke mukhya pAtra ke sthAna Adi kA paricaya dekara kathA kA prAraMbha kiyA gayA hai / prathama zrutaskaMdha meM dasa adhyayanoM meM kramazaH mRgAputra, ujjhita kumAra abhaggasena, zakaTa, bRhaspatidatta naMdIvardhana, udumbaradatta, zauryadatta, devadattA aura aMjUzrI kI kathAe~ haiM / ina kathAoM meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki ina logoM ne pUrva bhava meM kisa-kisa prakAra se aura kaise-kaise pApa karmoM kA upArjana kiyA thA ki jisase unheM isa bhava meM isa prakAra duHkhI honA par3A / pApa karma karate samaya to ajJAnatAvaza jIva prasanna hotA hai aura use ve pApakArI kArya sukhadAyI pratIta hote haiM kintu unakA pariNAma kitanA duHkhadAyI hotA hai aura jIva ko kitane duHkha uThAne par3ate haiM, ina saba bAtoM ko ina kathAoM meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / kathAoM kI pUrI jAnakArI ke lie ve kathAe~ par3hanI cAhie / sthAnAMga meM duHkha vipAka ke dasa adhyayanoM ke ye nAma die haiM - mRgAputra, gotrAsa, aNDa, zakaTa, mAhana, naMdISeNa, zaurika, uduMbara, sahasoddAha, Amaraka aura kumAra licchavI / upalabdha nAma jo Upara batAe haiM, unameM ina nAmoM se bhinnatA hai / gotrAsa nAma ujjhita ke anya bhava kA nAma hai / aNDanAma abhaggasena dvArA pUrva bhava meM kie gae aNDe ke vyApAra kA sUcaka haiN| mAhana nAma kA saMbaMdha bRhaspati purohita se hai / naMdISeNa nAma naMdIvarddhana ke sthAna para prayukta huA hai / sahasoddAha Amaraka kA saMbaMdha rAjA kI mAtA ko taptazalAkA se mArane vAlI devadattA se jur3A pratIta hotA hai / kumAra licchavI ke sthAna para upalabdha meM aMjUzrI nAma hai / aMjUzrI ke apane aMtima bhAva meM kisI seTha ke yahA~ putra rUpa meM janma grahaNa karane kI ghaTanA kA ullekha AtA hai / saMbhavataH isa ghaTanA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara sthAnAMga meM kumAra licchavI nAma kA prayoga kiyA gayA ho / sthAnAMga ke isa nAma bheda kA kAraNa vAcanAntara mAnA jAe, to koI asaMgati jaisI bAta nahIM hai / dUsare zrutaskaMdha sukha vipAka ke dasa adhyayanoM meM saMkalita kathAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-subAhu, bhadranandI, sujAta, suvAsavakumAra, jinadAsa, vaizramaNa kumAra, mahAbala, bhadranandI, mahaccandra aura varadatta / ina vyaktiyoM ne pUrva janma meM supAtradAna Adi zubha kArya kie, jisake phalasvarUpa vartamAna janma meM inheM utkRSTa Rddhi kI prApti huI aura unhoMne saMsAra ko parita (halakA sImita kiyA / ) aisI Rddhi kA tyAga karake ina sabane saMyama aMgIkAra kiyA aura maraNoparAnta devaloka meM ge| Age manuSya bhava (74)

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aura devabhava karake mahAvideha kSetra se mokSa prApta kreNge| puNya kA phala kitanA madhura aura sukharUpa hotA hai, isakA paricaya ina kathAoM se milatA hai / pratyeka sukhAbhilASI ke lie ina kathAoM kA adhyayana karake zikSA va bodha prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra yahA~ upalabdha aMga-AgamoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA gayA hai| inameM aneka aise tathya hai jo tatkAlIna sAmAjika paristhiti, rIti rivAja, jIvana vyavasthA Adi para prakAza DAlate haiN| uttaravartI kAla meM aneka AcAryoM ne niyukti bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TIkA Adi vidhAoM dvArA inakA rahasya spaSTa karane ke lie prAkRta saMskRta meM vyAkhyA graMtha likhe haiM tathA vartamAna meM aneka bhAratIya bhASAoM meM anuvAda prakAzita hue haiM / anya videzI vidvAnoM ne bhI kucha AgamoM kA pAzcAtya bhASAoM meM zodhapUrNa prAkkathana ke sAtha anuvAda kiyA hai evaM nibaMdha likhe haiM / unakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai __DaoN. jekobI dvArA AcArAMga aMgrejI bhASAntara sekreDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa khaNDa 22 meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai tathA prathama zrutaskaMdha kA pro. zUbiMga dvArA kiyA gayA anuvAda san 1910 meM lipjhiMga meM prakAzita huA hai| ina donoM vidvAnoM ne apanI zodhapUrNa prastAvanAe~ likhakara isake bAhya evaM Antara rUpa kA vizeSa paricaya diyA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga kA aMgrejI bhASAntara DaoN. jekobI dvArA kiyA gayA hai, jo unakI vidvanmAnya prastAvanA ke sAtha sekreDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa khaNDa 345 meM prakaTa huA hai| - upAsaka dazA ko saMzodhita karake usakA aMgrejI anuvAda DaoN. e.epha. haoNranela / ne kiyA hai / unakI upayogI prastAvanA evaM TippaNa tathA abhayadevasUri kI TIkA sahita yaha graMtha biMbliyothikA iNDikA baMgAla kalakattA kI ora se san 1885 meM prakAzita huA haiN| ... antakRddazA kA ela.DI. barneTa dvArA kiyA gayA aMgrejI anuvAda san 1907 meM kalakattA se prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| . isI prakAra anuttaropapAtika dazA kA bhI ela.DI. barneTa dvArA kiyA gayA aMgrejI anuvAda san 1907 meM prakAzita huA hai| DaoN. vebara ne prAyaH pratyeka Agama kA iNDiyana epeDika ke vibhinna aMkoM meM saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA hai| aba Age ke prakaraNa meM aMgabAhya AgamoM kA paricaya prastuta karate haiN| (75)

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adhyAya 7 aMgabAhya AgamoM kA paricaya pUrva meM yaha batAyA jA cukA hai ki zrutakevaliyo, sthaviroM Adi dvArA racita graMtha aMgabAhya Agama hai| unake lie anaMga praviSTa, prakIrNaka, 2 upAMga, 3 zabda bhI prayukta hae haiN| kinhIM bhI zabdoM dvArA hama saMbodhita kareM, lekina ina sabakA Azaya yahI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA artharUpa meM bhASita aura gaNadharoM dvArA zabda rUpa meM saMkalita AcAra Adi dvAdazAMgoM ke atirikta unake bhAvAnusAra racita anya graMtha aMga vAhaka Agama hai| ___ naMdI sUtra meM aMgabAhya AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa Avazyaka aura Avazyaka atirikta ina do vibhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai / inameM se Avazyaka ke to nimnalikhita chaha bheda batalAe haiM-sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna tathA Avazyaka vyatirikta ke punaH kAlika aura utkAlika ye do bheda karake donoM ke aneka bheda hone kA saMketa karake kucha nAma bhI ginAe haiM / jaise ki kAlika-uttarAdhyayana, dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpa- bRhatkalpa vyavahAra, nizItha, mahAnizItha, RSibhASita, jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti, dvIpasAgara prajJapti, candra prajJapti, kSudrikAvimAna pravibhakti, mahallikA vimAna pravibhakti, aMga cUlikA, varga cUlikA, vivAha cUlikA, aruNopapAta, varuNopapAta, guruDApapAta, dharaNopapAta, vaizramaNopapAta, velaMdharopapAta, devendropapAta, utthAna zruta, samutthAnazruta, nAgaparijJApanikA, nirayAvalikA, kalpikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpitA, puSpa cUlikA, vRSNidazA ityAdi aura isa ityAdi kA Azaya spaSTa karane ke lie kahA hai ki caurAsI hajAra prakIrNaka bhagavAna RSabhadeva Adi tIrthaMkara ke saMkhyAta sahasra prakIrNaka madhyama tIrthaMkaroM ke aura caudaha hajAra prakIrNaka antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke haiM / athavA jisake jitane ziSya autpAtikI, vainayikI, karmajA aura pAriNAmikI ina cAra prakAra kI buddhi se yukta hai, unake utane hI prakIrNaka hote haiN| utkAlika-dazavaikAlika, kalpikA kalpika, culla kalpazruta, mahAkalpazruta, aupapAtika, rAjapraznIka, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, mahAprajJApanA, pramAdApramAda, nandI, anuyogadvAra, devendrastava, tandula vaicArika, caMdravidyA, sUrya prajJapti, pauruSImaMDala, maMDala praveza, vidyAcaraNanizcaya gaNividyA, dhyAnavibhakti, maraNa vibhakti, Atma vizuddhi 1. naMdIsUtra 44 2. naMdI sUtra 44 3. nirayAvaliyA pRSTha 3,4 tattvArtha bhASya TIkA pRSTha 37 (76)

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vItarAgazruta, saMlekhanAzruta, vihArakalpa, caraNa kalpavidhi, Atura pratyAkhyAna, mahAMpratyAkhyAna ityaadi| naMdIsUtra ke pUrvokta kathana kA sArAMza yaha hai ki naMdIsUtrakAra ke samaya taka aneka graMtha the, jinheM pramANabhUta mAnakara Agama ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| inameM se katipaya sUtra Aja upalabdha hai aura kucha anupalabdha haiM / vartamAna meM zvetAMbara mUrti pUjaka paraMparA meM aMga bAhya AgamoM kI saMkhyA cautIsa aura sthAnakavAsI paraMparA meM ikkIsa pramANabhUta mAnI gayI hai / inheM bhI saralatA se samajhane ke lie pA~ca vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / ve pA~ca vibhAga nimnalikhita haiM . upAMga, mUla, cheda, cUlikA aura prakIrNaka / ina vibhAgoM meM garbhita AgamoM ke nAma aura unakA paricaya yathAsthAna Age diyA jA rahA hai| isa paricaya meM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hai ki pahale uMna sUtroM kA paricaya diyA jAyegA, jo samasta zvetAMbara paraMparA ko mAnya hai aura usake bAda unakA paricaya deMge, jinako zvetAMbara mUrtipUjaka paraMparA to mAnatI hai, lekina sthAnakavAsI paraMparA nahIM maantii| * digaMbara paraMparAmAnya aMgabAhya digaMbara paraMparA meM bhI zruta ke aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya ye do mUla bheda haiN| aMga AgamoM ke nAma aura saMkhyA zvetAMbara aura diMgabara paraMparA meM eka jaisI samAna hai, lekina digaMbara paraMparA meM aMgabAhya AgamoM kI kula saMkhyA caudaha mAnI gayI hai| unake nAma va saMkhyA isa prakAra hai 1. sAmAyika- isameM dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kI apekSA se samatA bhAva rUpa sAmAyika kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / tInoM saMdhyAoM (prAta:, madhyAhna aura sAMya) meM yA pakSa aura mAsa ke saMdhi dinoM meM athavA apane icchita samaya meM bAhya aura antaraMga padArthoM meM kaSAya kA nirodha karane ko sAmAyika karate haiN| isake cAra bheda haiM- dravya sAmAyika, kSetra sAmAyika,kAla sAmAyika aura bhAva sAmAyika / sacitta aura acitta dravyoM meM rAMga-dveSa ke nirodha karane kA dravya sAmAyika kahate haiN| grAma, nagara deza Adi meM rAga-dveSa kA nirodha karanA kSetra sAmAyika hai| chaha RtuoM meM sAmya bhAva rakhane ko yA rAga-dveSa na karane ko kAla sAmAyika kahate haiM / samasta kaSAyoM kA nirodha karake tathA mithyAtatva ko dUra karake chaha dravya viSayaka nirbAdha askhalita jJAna ko bhAva sAmAyika kahate haiM / isameM ina sabakA varNana hai / 1. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA ke AdhAra se aura SakhaMDa pustaka 1 pRSTha96-98, pR. .. 9, pR. 187-191 kA pA.bhA. 1 pR. 97-121 (77)

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2. caturviMzatistava- usa usa kAla saMbaMdhI caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI vaMdanA karane kI vidhi, unake nAma, AkAra, UMcAI, pA~ca mahAkalyANaka, cautIsa atizayoM kA svarUpa aura tIrthaMkaroM kI kRtrima, akRtrima pratimAoM aura caityAlayoM kA varNana isameM ... 3. vaMdanA- eka jinendra saMbaMdhI aura una-una jinendra deva ke avalaMbana se jinAlaya saMbaMdhI vandanA kA sAMgopAMga varNana isameM hai| 4. pratikramaNa- pramAda se lage hue doSoM kA nirAkaraNa jisake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, use pratikramaNa kahate haiN| isake sAta bheda haiM- dina saMbaMdhI, rAtri saMbaMdhI, pAkSika, cAturmAsika, sAMvatsarika, airyApathika aura auttmaarthik| pratikramaNa aMgabAhya meM ina sAtoM prakAra ke pratikramaNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ... . 5. vainayika- yaha jJAna vinaya, darzana vinaya, cAritra vinaya, tapavinaya aura upacAra vinaya kA varNana karatA hai| 6. kRtikarma- yaha arihaMta, siddha AcArya upAdhyAya aura sAdhu kI pUjAvidhi / kA varNana karatA hai| ___7. dazavaikAlika- isameM muniyoM kI AcAra vidhi aura gocara vidhi kA varNana hai| 8. uttarAdhyayana-cAra prakAra ke upasarga aura bAIsa parISahoM ke sahane ke vidhAna kA aura unake sahana karane ke phala kA tathA aneka prakAra ke uttaroM kA varNana isameM . 9. kalpa vyavahAra-sAdhuoM ke yogya AcaraNa kA aura ayogya AcaraNa ke hone para prAyazcita vidhi kA varNana isameM hai| . 10. kalpyAkalpya- dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA Azraya lekara muniyoM ke lie yaha yogya hai aura yaha ayogya hai, ityAdi kA varNana isameM hai| 11. mahAkalpya- dIkSA grahaNa, zikSA, AtmasaMskAra, saMlekhanA aura uttama sthAna rUpa ArAdhanA ko prApta hue sAdhuoM ke karane yogya AcaraNa kA varNana isameM hai| 12. puMDarIka- bhavanavAsI. vyantara, jyotiSka, kalpavAsI aura vaimAnika saMbaMdhI indra sAmAnika deva Adi meM utpatti ke kAraNabhUta dAna, pUjA, zIla, tapa, upavAsa, samyaktva aura akAmanirjarA kA tathA unake upapAta sthAna aura bhavanoM ke svarUpa kA isameM varNana hai| (78)

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13. mahApuMDarIka-unhIM indroM Adi meM utpatti ke kAraNa bhUta tapa vizeSa Adi kA varNana isameM hai| .. 14. niSiddhikA- isameM aneka prakAra ke prAyazcitoM kA varNana hai| isa prakAra digambara paraMparA meM aMgabAhya AgamoM ke varNya viSayoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / lekina inako bhI aMga AgamoM kI taraha grAhya na mAna kara ina para racita graMthoM ko pramANabhUta mAnA hai, jo eka Azcarya kI bAta hai| isa asvIkRti kA kyA uddezya rahA hogA, yaha to ve hI jAne, lekina hama yaha avazya anubhava karate haiM ki isase hamArI apAra kSati huI hai| yaha tathya jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa- pUrva pIThikA ke pRSTha 543 ke nimna avataraNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai __"ukta vizleSaNa se pAThaka samajha sakegeM ki digaMbara paraMparA meM svetAMbara saMpradAya kI taraha aMgoM ke saMkalana kA sAmUhika prayatna kyoM nahIM kiyA gayA aura kyoM digaMbaroM ne ukta rIti se saMkalita AgamoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyaa| isase yadyapi unakI apAra kSati huii|" . - aba hama apane mUla zIrSaka ke anusAra zvetAMbara paramparA mAnya aMga bAhya AgamoM kA paricaya prastuta karate haiN| * upAMgavibhAgagata Agama jaisA ki pUrva meM batAyA gayA hai ki upAMga zabda kA prayoga pahale samasta aMgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prayukta kiyA jAtA thA, lekina vartamAna meM bAraha graMthoM ke lie upAMga zabda rUr3ha ho gayA hai| upAMga kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai- sahakArI aMga / jaise - kAna, nAka, A~kha, hAtha, paira, Adi mAnava zarIra ke upAMga haiM / vaidika paraMparA meM to vedoM ko aMga mAna kara purANa, nyAya mImAMsA, dharmazAstra aura vedoM ke vyAkhyA graMthoM ko sahAyaka- sahakArI aMga-upAMga mAnA hai, lekina jaina paraMparA meM bhI upAMga zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAnA vicAraNIya hai| kyoMki bAraha aMgoM kI bhA~ti bAraha upAMgoM kA ullekha prAcIna Agama graMthoM meM prApta nahIM hotaa| samavAyAMga sUtra meM bAraha vastuoM kI gaNanA karate samaya dvAdaza aMgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, lekina vahA~ dvAdaza upAMgoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM hai / naMdIsUtra meM bhI kAlika-utkAlika ke rUpa meM upAMgoM kA ullekha hai, kintu bAraha upAMgoM ke rUpa meM nhiiN| kevala nirayAvaliyA ke prAraMbha meM nirayAvaliyA Adi pA~ca AgamoM ko upAMga saMjJA dI gayI hai, lekina vahA~ bAraha graMthoM ke varga ke rUpa meM upAMga zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| isa prakAra bAraha upAMga saMbaMdhI ullekha bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke graMthoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotA / isa sthiti meM yahI saMbhAvanA mAnI jA sakatI hai ki zruta puruSa kI kalpanA meM AcAra Adi AgamoM ko aMga mAnane ke prasaMga meM tadvayatirikta AgamoM ko upAMga mAnane kA AvirbhAva huA (79)

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hogaa| isake atirikta anya koI kAraNa rahA ho aura usa kA spaSTIkaraNa bhI kiyA ho, lekina jaise AgamoM kI aneka paraMparAeM kAla ke garbha meM samA gayIM, vaisA hI isake sAtha bhI na huA ho / aisI dazA meM jo avaziSTa hai aura jisa rUpa meM aMgabAhya AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa upalabdha hai, usI ko svIkAra karane meM santoSa mAna lenA caahie| bAraha upAMgoM ke nAma kramaza: isa prakAra haiM 1. aupapAtika, 2. rAjapraznIya, 3. jIvAbhigam, 4. prajJApanA, 5. jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti, 6. sUrya prajJapti, 7. candra prajJapti, 8. kalpikA, (nirayAvali), 10. kalpAvataMsikA, 10. puSpikA, 11. puSpa cUlikA, 12. vRSNidazA / ina bAraha upAMgoM kA arvAcIna AcAryoM ne aMgoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha joDne kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaise ki zrI candasUri (vikrama kI bArahavIM sadI) ne apanI khabodha samAcArI meM aupapAtikA ko AcArAMga kA, rApraznIya ko sUtrakRtAMga kA, jIvAbhigama ko sthAnAMga kA, prajJApanA ko samavAyAMga kA, sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA, jaMbU dvIpa prajJapti ko jJAtAdharma kathA kA, candra prajJapti ko upAsaka dazA kA, kalpikA ko antakRta dazA kA, kalpAvataMsikA ko anuttaropapAtika dazA kA, puSpikA ko prazravyAkaraNa kA, puSpa cUlikA ko vipAkasUtra kA aura vRSNidazA ko dRSTivAda kA upAMga svIkAra kiyA hai| aupapAtika ke TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri (gyArahavI zatAbdI) aupapAtika ko AcArAMga kA upAMga mAnate haiM / rAjapraznIya ke TIkAkAra malayagiri (bArahavIM zatAbdI) ne bhI rAjapraznIya ko sUtrakRtAMga kA upAMga batAte hue kahA hai ki akriyAvAdI mata ko svIkAra karake hI rAjapraznIya meM ullikhita rAjA pradezI ne jIva viSayaka prazna kiyA hai, isalie rAjapraznIya ko sUtrakRtAMga kA upAMga mAnanA yogya hai / lekina dekhA jAye to jaise jIvAbhigama aura sthAnAMga kA, sUryaprajJapti aura bhagavatI kA, candraprajJapti aura upAsaka dazA kA tathA vRSNidazA aura dRSTivAda kA saMbaMdha siddha nahIM hotA, vaise hI rAjapraznIya aura sUtrakRtAMga kA bhI koI saMbaMdha nahIM bntaa| . __ vartamAna meM upAMgoM kA jo krama pracalita hai, vaha bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se samucita mAlUma nahIM hotA / jaise kI prajJApanA cutartha upAMga ke kartA Arya zyAma mAne jAte haiM, jo mahAvIra nirvANa ke 376 yA 386 varSa meM vidyamAna the, lekina prajJApanA ko pahalA upAMga na mAnakara caturtha upAMga mAnA hai| aMga sAhitya kI taraha upAMga sAhitya kAla doSa se aneka sthAnoM para vizrRMkhalita ho gayA hai| jaise ki sUrya prajJapti aura candraprajJapti kA viSaya samAna hone para bhI unheM bhinna-bhinna upAMga mAnA hai / bhagavatI yadyapi kAlakrama kI dRSTi se upAMgoM kI apekSA prAcIna hai, kintu isameM kisI viSaya ko vistAra se jAnane ke lie (80)

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aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanA Adi upAMgoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha AtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga aura anuttaropapAtika dazA nAmaka aMgoM meM aupapAtika upAMga kA ullekha AtA hai / isakA kAraNa kyA hai ? to samajhanA cAhiye ki sAmayika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa bahuta sA aMza chinna-bhinna ho gayA aura usakI kamI kI pUrti ke lie sandarbha milAkara kramabaddha karane ke lie paraspara eka dUsare kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / karate haiM isa bhUmikA ke pazcAt saMkSepa meM upAMgoM ke varNya viSayoM kA paricaya prastuta 1 1 1. aupapAtika- pahalA upAMga aupAtika sUtra hai / ise AcArAMga kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai / graMtha kA prAraMbha campA nagarI ke varNana se kiyA gayA hai| isameM tirAlI sa sUtra haiN| aMga, upAMg2a AgamoM meM jahA~ kahIM bhI nagara, udyAna, rAjA, rAnI, samavasaraNa, lokajIvana seTha sAhUkAra Adi kA varNana AtA hai, vahA~ sandarbha rUpa meM isa sUtra kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai ki isake lie dekho aupapAtika sUtra kA amuka aMza / isa dRSTi se isa sUtra kA bahuta mahatva hai / isake uttarArdha bhAga meM jIva kisa karanI se kisa gati meM utpanna hotA hai, naraka aura devaloka meM jIva dasa hajAra varSa se lekara taiMtIsa sAgaropama taka kI Ayu kisa karanI se prApta karatA hai ityAdi vistAra pUrvaka batAyA gayA hai / yaha utkAlika sUtra hai / isameM varNita viSaya nimnalikhita tIna adhikAroM meM vibhAjita hai - 1. samavasaraNAdhikAra, 2. aupapAtikAdhikAra aura 3. siddhAdhikAra / ina adhikAroM meM apane nAmAnusAraM viSayoM, kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaise ki 1 samavasaraNAdhikAra meM caMpA nagarI, pUrNabhadra caitya azoka vRkSa, pRthvIzilA, koNika rAz2A, dhAriNI rAnI, vArtA nivedaka (samAcAra dene vAlA vyakti), bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nagarI kI ora padhArane kI sUcanA, unake guNoM kA, saMpUrNa zarIra kA nakha se zikha taka varNana, cautIsa atizaya, vANI ke paiMtIsa guNa, bhagavAna mahAvIra sAdhu-sAdhvI parikara ke sAtha padhAranA, bhagavAna ke padhArane kI sUcanA, namutthuNaM kI vidhi va pATha, sAdhu ke guNoM kA varNana, dvAdaza tapoM ke tIna sau caupana bheda, sAdhuoM dvArA zAstra ke paThana-pAThana kA varNana, sAdhuoM ke vizeSa guNa, sAdhuoM kI upamAoM' kA varNana, saMsArarUpI samudra aura dharma rUpI naukA kA varNana, deva aura manuSyoM kI parSadAe~, nagara va senA kI sajAvaTa kA varNana, koNika rAjA kA saparivAra va sapariSada bhagavAna ke darzanArtha gamana, pA~ca abhigama va vaMdanA kI vidhi, mahilAoM dvArA vaMdanA kI vidhi, tIrthaMkara kA upadeza aura pariSada dvArA kI gayI prazaMsA Adi kA bahuta hI padalAlitya zailI meM prAMjala varNana kiyA gayA hai| aupapAtika adhikAra meM gautama gaNadhara ke guNoM kA varNana, unake karmabaMdha, (81)

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mohabaMdha, karmaveda, naraka va svargagamana Adi viSayaka saMzaya va prazna aura samAdhAna, suzIla strI va rasatyAgI kA varNana, unake lie praznottara, tApasa, kAndarpika, sAdhu-saMnyAsI, abaMDa parivrAjaka, dRr3ha pratijJA, pratyanIka sAdhu, tiryaMca sAta nihnava, zrAvaka, sAdhu va kevalI viSayaka praznottara ityAdi viSaya haiN| siddhAntAdhikAra meM kevalI samudghAta, mukta AtmAoM ke viSaya meM praznottara, siddhoM kA varNana, siddhoM ke sukha kA pramANa va svarUpa ityAdi varNana hai| * 2 rAjapraznIya yaha dUsare aMga Agama sUtrakRtAMga kA upAMga hai| ise sUtrakRtAMga kA. upAMga mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaise sUtrakRtAMga meM kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI Adi tIna sau tirasaTha pAkhaMDI matoM kA varNana hai, vaise hI isameM rAjA pradezI ne, jo akriyAvAda ko mAnanevAlA thA, kezI zramaNa se jIva viSayaka prazna kiye the / akriyAvAda kA varNana sUtrakRtAMga meM hai| usI kA dRSTAnta dvArA vizeSa varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha utkAlika sUtra hai| yaha pUrvArddha aura uttArArddha ina do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai aura isameM 217 satra haiN| pahale bhAga meM sUryAbhadeva kA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa upasthita hokara vividha nATaka va nRtya karanA Adi kA vistAra se varNana hai aura dUsare bhAga meM yaha RSi vaibhava use kyoM prApta huA, gautama gaNadhara ke isa prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne usake pUrvabhava meM hue bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke pramukha ziSya kezIzramaNa aura zrAvastI ke rAjA pradezI ke jIva viSayaka saMvAda kA varNana hai / rAjA pradezI jIva aura zarIra ko abhinna mAnatA hai aura kezI zramaNa usake mata kA khaMDana karate hue jIva ke svataMtra astitva ko sapramANa siddha karate hai aura anta meM unake upadeza ko sarvAtmanA zraddhApUrvaka grahaNa kara Atma sAdhanA meM lagakara jIvanAnta meM zarIra tyAga kara vaha saudharma devaloka meM sUryAbhadeva huaa| vaha vahA se cyava kara mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara mokSa prApta kregaa| _ aupapAtika sUtra kI bhA~ti isa graMtha kA prAraMbha AmalakappA nagarI ke varNana se huA hai / yaha varNana caMpA nagarI ke varNana se milatA julatA hai / isa samagra varNana meM rAjA pradezI aura kezI kumAra zramaNa ke atirikta rAjA jitazatru, AmalakappA nagarI ke rAjA seya aura usakI rAnI dhAriNI, rAjA pradezI kI rAnI sUryakAntA va putra sUryakAnta, citta sArathI Adi vyaktiyoM tathA sthAnoM meM AmalakappA nagarI ke atirikta zrAvastI, zvetAMbikA Adi nagariyoM evaM kekaya deza, kuNAla deza Adi kA varNana hai / isa varNana se tatkAlIna lokajIvana, nagara racanA, rAjA-prajA, deza kI sthiti, sAmAjika vyavasthA, rIti-rivAja Adi kA bhalI bhA~ti jJAna ho atA hai|

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*3. jIvAbhigama sUtra ise jIvAjIvAbhigama sUtra bhI kahate haiM / yaha tIsare aMga sthAnAMga kA upAMga hai| isameM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama gaNadhara ke praznottara ke rUpa meM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda prabhedoM kA vistAra se varNana hai / isameM nau prakaraNa aura do sau bahattara sUtra haiM / prakaraNa ke lie yahA~ pratipatti zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / inameM se tIsarI pratipatti anya saba kI apekSA bar3I hai / isake TIkAkAra AcArya malayagiri ne aneka sthAnoM para vAcanAbheda va vicchinna hone kA bhI saMketa kiyA hai| dUsarI prattipatti meM tIna veda ke bheda-prabheda, strIveda kI sthiti ke vividha prakAra, strIveda ke antara va alpabahutva, strIveda mohanIya karma kI sthiti, puruSaveda kI sthiti, antara, pA~ca prakAra kA alpabahutva, karma sthiti va viSaya, napuMsaka veda ke bAre meM bhI pUrvokta sabhI bAteM, tInoM vedoM ko milAkara ATha prakAra kA alpa bahutva Adi kI jAnakArI hai| . tIsarI pratipatti meM cAra prakAra ke jIva, cAra gatiyoM ke bheda-prabheda, narakoM ke nAma, gotra, piMDa Adi, nArakoM ke kSetrAdi kI vedanA kA dRSTAntapUrvaka varNana, sAtoM narakoM ke pAthar3oM kI alaga-alaga avagAhanA aura unameM rahane vAle nArakI jIvoM kI sthiti, nArakoM ke viSaya meM vividha varNana, tiryaMcoM ke bheda-prabheda tathA vizeSa bheda, anagAra, avadhi aura lezyA ke lie praznottara, eka samaya meM do kriyAe~ mAnane vAle anya tIthiko kA mata, antarvIpa ke manuSyoM kA adhikAra, karmabhUmija manuSyoM kA adhikAra, bhavanapati devoM kA savistAra varNana, vyantara jyotiSka devoM kA varNana, asaMkhyAta dvIpa samudroM aura jaMbUdvIpa kA varNana, jaMbUdvIpa ke parakoTe kA varNana, vijaya dvAra, vijayA rAjadhAnI, vijaya devoM aura jaMbUdvIpa ke zeSa tInoM dvAroM kA varNana, uttara kuru tathA yamaka parvata, uttara kuru ke nIlavanta Adi drahoM kA varNana, kaMcanagiri parvata kA varNana, jaMbU sudarzana vRkSa kA vistAra, jaMbUdvIpa meM caMdra-sUrya Adi kI saMkhyA, lavaNa samudra kA adhibhAra pAtAla kalazoM kA varNana, zikhAcitra va nAgadeva kA adhikAra gostUma parvata tathA velaMdhara, anuvelaMdhara rAjA kA varNana, susthita deva va gautama dvIpa kA varNana, caMdra va sUrya ke dvIpa kA adhikAra, dvIpa samudroM ke nAma, DhAI dvIpa ke bAhara jyotiSI deva, lavaNa samudra saMbaMdhI praznottara, dhAtakI khaMDa dvIpa, kAlodadhi samudra, puSkara dvIpa aura mAnuSottara parvata kA varNana, manuSyaloka kA zAzvatatva, indra ke cyavana kA adhikAra, aneka dvIpa samudroM evaM aMtima svayaMbhUramaNa samudra kA varNana, alaga-alaga samudroM ke pAnI kA svAda, unake matsyoM kA varNana, dvIpa samudroM kI gaNanA kA pramANa va parimANa, indriyoM ke viSaya, meru va usakA samabhUmi se antara, abhyantara tathA bAhya nakSatra, caMdra vimAna kA (83)

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saMsthAna tathA laMbAI-caur3AI, jyotiSI vimAna uThAnevAle devoM kA vistAra. zIghra va maMda gati, hInAdhika Rddhi, vaimAnika devoM va deviyoM kA vistAra Adi bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| naraka bhUmiyoM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM nimnalikhita bAtoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai- solaha prakAra ke ratna, astroM-zastroM ke nAma, dhAtuoM Adi ke nAma aadi| ___ jaMbUdvIpa ke ekosa nAmaka dvIpa meM vividha kalpa vRkSoM kA varNana karate hue nimnalikhita viSayoM kA bhI ullekha hai- madya ke nAma, pAtroM (bartanoM) ke nAma, AbhUSaNoM ke nAma, bhavana Adi ke nAma, vastroM ke nAma, dAsoM ke prakAra tyauhAra ke nAma, utsavoM ke nAma, naTa Adi ke nAma, yAnoM ke nAma, anartha ke nAma, kalaha ke prakAra, yuddha ke nAma, rogoM ke nAma aadi| ___cauthI pratipatti meM batAyA gayA hai ki saMsArI jIva ekendriya Adi paMceMdriya paryanta pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM / pA~cavI pratipatti meM batAyA gayA hai ki pRthvIkAya Adi ke bheda se saMsArI jIva chaha prakAra ke hote haiN| nigoda do prakAra ke hote haiM- nigoda. aura nigoda jIva / chaThI pratipatti meM batAyA hai ki saMsArI jIva sAta prakAra ke hote haiM / sAtavIM pratipatti meM saMsArI jIvoM kA ATha prakAroM kI apekSA se varNana kiyA hai / AThavI pratipatti meM batAyA hai ki saMsArI jIva nau prakAra ke hote haiM / nauvI pratipatti meM jIvoM kA siddha-asiddha, aindriya-anindriya, jJAnI-ajJAnI, AhAraka-anAhAraka, bhASaka- abhASaka, samyagdRSTi-mithyAdRSTi, parItta-aparItta, paryAptaka-aparyAptaka, sUkSya bAdara, saMjJI-asaMjJI, bhavasiddhika-abhavasiddhika, yoga, veda, darzana, saMyata-asaMyata, kaSAya, jJAna, zarIra, kAya, lezyA, yoni, indriya Adi kI apekSA se varNana kiyA gayA 4. prajJApanA- prajJApanA cauthe aMga Agama samavAyAMga kA upAMga mAnA jAtA haiM, yadyapi donoM kI viSayavastu meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai / naMdIsUtra meM prajJApanA kI gaNanA aMgabAhya Avazyaka vyatirikta utkAlika zruta meM kI gayI hai / isameM tIna sau unacAsa sUtra haiM / jaise aMgoM meM bhagavatI sUtra saba se bar3A hai, vaise hI upAMgoM meM prajJApanA saba se bar3A hai| isake kartA vAcaka vaMzIya pUrvadhArI Arya zyAmAcArya hai, jo sudharmAsvAmI kI teIsavIM pIr3hI meM utpanna hue the / ve vIra nirvANa ke tIna sau chihattara varSa bAda maujUda samavAyAMga meM jIva-ajIva, svasamaya-parasamaya, loka-aloka Adi viSayoM kA eka-eka padArtha kI vRddhi karate hue sau padArthoM kA varNana hai / unhIM viSayoM kA varNana prajJApanA meM vizeSa rUpa se kiyA yA hai / AgamoM meM dravyAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga, (84)

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caraNa karaNAnuyoga aura dharmakathAnuyoga ina cAra prakAra ke anuyogoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / unameM se prajJApanA meM mukhya rUpa se dravyAnuyoga kA varNana hai tathA kahIM-kahIM caraNa karaNAnuyoga aura gaNitAnuyoga kA bhI nirupaNa hai / isameM nimnalikhita chattIsa padoM kA pratipAdana haiM prajJApanA, sthAna, bahuvaktavya (alpa bahutva), sthiti, vizeSa, vyutkrAnti, ucchavAsa, saMjJA, yoni, carama (caramA carama ) bhASA, zarIra, pariNAma, kaSAya, indriya, prayoga, lezyA, kAyasthiti, samyaktva, antakriyA, avagAhanA, saMsthAna, kriyA, karmaprakRti, karmabaMdhaka, karmavedaka, veda baMdhaka, AhAra, upayoga, pazyatA- darzanatA, saMjJA, saMyama, avadhi, pravicAraNA, vedanA aura samudghAta / ina padoM kA vistRta varNana gautama gaNadhara aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke praznottara rUpa meM kiyA gayA haiN| I meM prajJApanA pada meM prajJApanA ke do bheda kiye haiM- ajIva prajJApanA aura jIva prjnyaapnaa| ajIva prajJApanA meM dharmAstikAya Adi pA~ca ajIva dravyoM ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana hai / jIva prajJApanA meM jIvoM ke bhedoM kA savistAra varNana hai / manuSyoM ke bhedoM Arya aura mleccha Adi kA bhI saMvistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| sthAna pada pRthvIkAya se lekara siddhoM taka ke sthAna kA varNana hai / alpabahutva pada meM dizA, gati, indriya, kAyadvAra Adi chabbIsa dvAroM se alpabahutva kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura sattAIsaveM mahAdaMDaka dvAra meM saba jIvoM kA vistAra pUrvaka alpa bahutva kahA gayA hai / sthiti pada dvAra meM caubIsa daMDakoM kI apekSA saba jIvoM kI jaghanya aura utkRSTa Ayu kA varNana hai / vizeSa pada-dvAra meM jIva aura ajIva kI paryAyoM kA varNana hai / ise paryAya pada bhI kahate haiM / vyutkrAnti pada meM jIvoM ke utpAta, upapAta tathA udvartanA, parabhava kA AyubaMdha ityAdi bAtoM kA vistAra pUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| caramAcarama pada se ratnaprabhA pRthvI Adi tathA paramANu aura parimaMDala Adi saMsthAnoM kI apekSA se carama aura acarama kA nirUpaNa haiM / bhASA pada meM satya-asatya bhASA Adi bhASA saMbaMdhI bhedoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bhASA ke liMga, vacana, utpatti Adi kA aura kaisI * bhASA bolane vAlA ArAdhaka tathA kaisI bhASA bolane vAlA virAdhaka hotA hai aura bhASA saMbaMdhI Adi viSayoM kA vistAra pUrvaka varNana hai / zarIra pada meM alpabahutva audArika Adi pA~ca zarIroM kA varNana hai / 1 prathama bAraha padoM ke varNya viSayoM kA pUrvokta prakAra se saMketa karane ke anantara aba teraha se lekara caubIsa pada paryanta ke varNya viSayoM kI rUparekhA prastuta karate haiM / pariNAma pada meM jIva ke dasa pariNAmoM aura ajIva ke dasa pariNAmoM kA varNana / kaSAya pada meM kaSAyoM ke bheda, utpattisthAna, ATha karmoM ke caya- upacaya Adi kA varNana hai / indriya pada meM indriyoM ke bheda, saMsthAna, avagAhanA, pradeza, pariNAma, upayoga T (85)

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aura kAla Adi kA varNana hai / prayoga pada meM yoga ke pandraha bheda, vihAyogati ke sataraha bheda Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / lezyA pada meM lezyAoM kA svarUpa, jIvoM kA samAna AhAra, zarIra, ucchvAsa, karma, varNa, lezyA, vedanA aura kriyA Adi kA vicAra hai tathA lezyAoM ke pariNAma aura varNa Adi kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kAyasthiti pada meM jIvoM kI kAyasthiti kA varNana hai / samyaktva pada meM samyagdRSTi, mithyAdRSTi aura samyagamithyAdRSTi jIvoM kA varNana hai / antakriyA pada meM anantarAgata, paraMparAgata, antakriyA, kevalI kathita dharma, asaMyata, bhavya devoM Adi ke upaghAta saMbaMdhI vicAra haiN| avagAhanA-saMsthAna pada meM pA~ca zarIroM ke saMsthAna, parimANa, padagaloM kA cayopacaya, zarIroM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha, alpabahutva Adi kA vistAra seM'nirUpaNa hai| kriyA pada meM kAyikI Adi kriyAoM kA varNana hai / karma prakRti pada meM jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmoM kI prakRtiyoM, unake ba~dhane ke kAraNa, sthAna aura vedana kI prakriyA, vipAka rUpa. sthiti, baMdhasvAmitva Adi kA varNana vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai / karma pada meM batAyA gayA hai ki jJAnAvaraNa Adi karma bA~dhate samaya dUsarI kitanI prakRtiyoM kA baMdha hotA hai| paccIsa se lekara chattIsa taka bAraha padoM kA varNya viSaya isa prakAra hai karmavedaka pada meM batAyA gayA hai ki jJAnAvaraNAdi karma bA~dhate samaya jIva kitanI prakRtiyoM kA vedana karatA hai / veda baMdhaka pada meM batAyA hai ki jJAnAvaraNAdi prakRtiyoM kA vedana karatA huA jIva kitanI prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhatA hai / veda vedaka pada meM jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ko vedatA huA jIva anya karmoM kI kitanI prakRtiyoM ko vedatA hai, isakA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / AhAra pada meM kauna se jIva kisa prakAra kA AhAra lete haiM, isakA tathA Aharaka anAhAraka Adi bAtoM kA vistAra se kathana kiyA gayA hai| upayoga pada meM sAkAra aura anAkAra upayoga kA varNana hai / pazyatA-darzanatA pada meM bhI upayoga kA vistAra se varNana hai tathA upayoga aura pazyatA kA pArasparika bheda tathA pazcayatA ke nau bhedoM kA bhI kathana kiyA gayA hai / saMjJApada meM saMjJA kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / saMyama pada meM saMyata, asaMyata aura saMyatAsaMyata Adi jIvoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| avadhi pada meM avadhijJAna ke hIyamAna aura vardhamAna Adi bhedoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| pravicAraNA pada meM devoM ke pravIcAra (kAmabhogoM) kA vicAra hai / vedanA pada meM vedanA saMbaMdhI vicAra hai ki kina jIvoM ko kauna-kaunasI vedanA hotI hai| chattIsavAM pada samudghAta pada hai| isameM samudghAta ke kAla, parimANa, caubIsa daMDakoM kI apekSA se atIta, anAgaMta aura vartamAna saMbaMdhI samudghAta, kevalI samudghAta karane kA kAraNa, yogoM kA vyApAra Adi kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| (86)

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5. sUrya prajJapti sUrya prajJapti pA~cavA upAMga Agama hai| isameM 178 sUtroM meM sUrya kI gati, svarUpa, prakAza Adi viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha utkAlika sUtra hai aura isameM bIsa adhikAra hai, jinheM prAbhRta nAma diyA gayA hai| ina prAbhRtoM kA varNana gautama gaNadhara aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke praznottaroM ke rUpa meM haiN| viSayoM kA krama nimnalikhita anusAra hai prathama prAbhRta meM ATha pratiprAbhRta (upAdhikAra) hai / unameM se pahale meM sUryamaMDala kA parimANa, dUsare meM maMDala kA saMsthAna, tIsare meM maMDala kA kSetra, cauthe meM jyotiSiyoM meM paraspara antara, pA~caveM meM dvIpa Adi meM gati kA antara, chaThe meM dina aura rAta meM grahoM kA sparza, sAtaveM meM maMDaloM kA saMsthAna aura AThaveM meM maMDaloM kA parimANa batAyA hai / dUsare prAbhRta ke tIna pratiprAbhRtoM meM se pahale meM tirachI gati kA parimANa, dUsare meM maMDala saMkramaNa aura tIsare meM muhUrta meM gati ke parimANa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA 1 tIsare prAbhRta meM kSetra kA parimANa, cauthe prAbhRta meM kSetra kA saMsthAna, pAMcave prAbhRta meM lezyA (tApa) kA pratighAta, chaThe prAbhRta meM sUrya ke prakAza kA varNana, sAtaveM prAbhRta meM prakAza kA saMkoca aura AThave prAbhRta meM udaya aura asta kA parimANa batAyA gayA hai| nauveM prAbhRta meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sUrya ke udaya aura asta ke samaya unasATha puruSa pramANa chAyA dikhAyI detI hai / ina prAbhRtoM meM aneka matAntaroM kA ullekha hai / dasaveM prAbhRta meM bAIsa pratiprAbhRta hai, jinakA varNya viSaya isa prakAra hai- 1. nakSatroM kA yoga, 2. nakSatroM kI muhUrta gati, 3. nakSatroM kA dizA gamana, 4. yugAdi meM nakSatroM ke sAtha yoga, 5. kula aura upakula nakSatra, 6. paurNimA aura amAvazyA tathA nakSatra, nakSatra nikAlane kI vidhi, bAraha amAvasyAoM ke nakSatra amAvasyA ke kulAdi nakSatra aura pA~ca saMvatsaroM kI avasthAeM, 7. nakSatroM kA sannipAta, 8. nakSatroM ke saMsthAna, 9. nakSatroM meM tAroM kI saMkhyA, 10. ahorAtra meM pUrNa nakSatra, nakSatroM ke dina aura mAha, 11. caMdra kA nakSatra mArga, sUrya maNDala ke nakSatra, sUryamaMDala se Upara ke nakSatra, 12. nakSatroM ke adhiSThAtA, 13. tIsa muhUrtoM ke nAma, 14. tithiyoM ke nAma, 15. tithi nikAlane kI vidhi, 16. nakSatroM ke gotra, 17. nakSatroM meM bhojana, 18. caMdra aura sUrya kI gati, 19. bAraha mahInoM ke nAma, 20. pA~ca saMvatsaroM kA varNana, 21. cAroM dizAoM ke nakSatra aura 22. nakSatroM kA yoga, bhoga aura pariNAma / gyArahaveM prAbhRta meM savatsara ke Adi aura aMta kA varNana hai / bArahaveM prAbhRta (87)

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meM saMvatsara kA parimANa, pA~ca saMvatsara ke mahIne, dina aura muhUrta, pA~ca saMvatsaroM ke saMyoga se chabbIsa bhAMge, Rtu aura nakSatroM kA pariNAma, candra nakSatra ke zeSa rahane para AvRtti Adi kI jAnakArI hai / terahaveM prAbhRta meM candra kI vRddhi aura apavRddhi kA varNana hai| caudahaveM prAbhRta meM kRSNa pakSa aura zukla pakSa kA, pandrahaveM prAbhRta meM jyotiSiyoM kI zIghra aura maMda gati, nakSatra mAsa, candra mAsa, Rtu mAsa aura Aditya mAsa meM calane vAle nakSatroM kI saMkhyA Adi kA varNana hai / solahaveM prAbhRta meM udyota ke lakSaNa batAye haiM / satarahaveM prAbhRta meM candra aura sUrya ke cyavana ke viSaya meM jAnakArI hai / aThArahaveM prAbhRta meM jyotiSiyoM kI U~cAI batAyI gayI hai aura unnIsaveM prAbhRta meM candra aura sUrya kI saMkhyA batAyI gayI hai / isI prakAra antima bIsaveM prAbhRtaM meM candra aura sUrya kA anubhAva, jyotiSiyoM ke bhoga kI uttamatA ke lie dRSTAnta aura aThAsI grahoM ke nAma Adi kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / 6. jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti chaThA upAMga Agama jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti hai / yaha chaThe Agama jJAtA dharmakathA kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai / gautama gaNadhara aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke praznottara ke rUpa meM yaha graMtha racita hai / isameM kula eka sau chihattara sUtra hai / yaha kAlika sUtra hai / aneka sthAnoM para truTita hone ke kAraNa isakI pUrti jIvAbhigama Adi ke pAThoM se kI gayI haiM / isameM jaMbUdvIpa meM rahe hue bharata Adi kSetra, vaitADhya Adi parvata, padma Adi chattIsa sarovara, gaMgA Adi nadiyA~, RSabha Adi kUTa tathA tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura bharata cakravartI kA varNana vistAra se hai / jyotiSI deva tathA unake sukha Adi bhI batAye haiM / I isa graMtha kA prAraMbha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai- " mithilA nagarI meM rAjA jitazatru rAja karatA thA / dhAriNI usakI rAnI thii| eka bAra mithilA nagarI ke maNibhadra caitya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA samavasaraNa huA / usa samaya unake jyeSTha ziSya indrabhUti gautama gaNadhara ne jaMbUdvIpa ke viSaya meM prazna kiye, jinakA ucita uttara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne diyA.... / " isake dasa adhikAra haiM / unake varNya viSaya isa prakAra haiM pahale adhikAra kA nAma bharata kSetrAdhikAra hai / isameM jaMbUdvIpa kA saMsthAna va jagatI dvAroM ke antara haiN| bharata kSetra, vaitADhya parvata va RSabhakUTa kA varNana hai| dUsare adhikAra meM kAla kA varjana hai / utsarpiNI, avasarpiNI kAla aura vyavahAra kAla kA gaNita ke anusAra eka sau aThAnabe aMkoM taka kA gaNita, pahale, dUsare aura tIsare Are kA varNana, bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA varNana, nirvANa mahotsava cauthe, pAMcave aura chaThe Are kA varNana aura utsarpiNI kAla kA varNana haiM / (88)

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tIsare cakravAdhikAra meM bharata cakravartI kA varNana haiM / cauthe adhikAra meM kSetra varSadharoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pAMcaveM adhikAra meM pradeza sparzanAdhikAra, khaMDa, yojana, kSetra, parvata, kUTa, tIrtha, zreNI, vijaya, draha aura nadI dvAra kA varNana hai| chaThA jyotiSI cakrAdhikAra hai / isameM sUrya, candra, nakSatra Adi jyotiSa maMDala kA varNana hai| sAtaveM adhikAra meM saMvatsaroM kA varNana hai| AThaveM nakSatrAdhikAra meM nakSatra aura tArAmaMDala kA varNana hai / nauveM adhikAra meM jyotiSI cakra kA varNana hai ki nIce tathA Upara ke tAre kitane haiN| unakA parivAra, meru parvata se dUrI, lokAnta tathA samatala bhUmi se antara, bAhya aura abhyantara tAre tathA unameM antara, saMsthAna aura pariNAma, vimAna vAhaka deva, gati, alpabahutva Rddhi, paraspara antara Adi-Adi / dasaveM adhikAra kA nAma samuccaya adhikAra hai / isameM jaMbUdvIpa meM hone vAle uttama puruSa, jaMbUdvIpa meM nidhAna, ratnoM kI saMkhyA, jaMbUdvIpa kI laMbAI-caur3AI, jaMbUdvIpa kI sthiti, jaMbUdvIpa meM kyA adhika hai? isakA nAma jaMbUdvIpa kyoM hai ? ityAdi kA varNana hai| 7. candra prajJapti- caMdra prajJapti sAtavA~ upAMga hai / ise sAtaveM aMga Agama upAsaka dazA kA upAMga mAnA gayA hai| yaha kAlika sUtra hai| sUrya prajJapti aura caMdraprajJapti ina donoM nAmoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki sUrya prajJapti meM sUrya ke paribhramaNa Adi kA aura caMdra prajJapti meM candramA se saMbaMdhita varNana hogA, lekina vartamAna meM upalabdha caMdra aura sUrya donoM prajJaptiyoM kA viSaya bilkula samAna hai athavA milA huA hai| isa sUtra kA viSaya gaNitAnuyoga hai / bahuta gahana hone ke kAraNa yaha saralatA se samajha meM nahIM AtA / isameM bhI sUrya prajJapti ke samAna hI bIsa prAbhRta hai / sthAnAMga (4/277) meM candra, sUrya, jaMbUdvIpa aura dvIpa sAgara ina cAra prajJaptiyoM ko aMgabAhya zruta meM ginA gayA hai| naMdIstra meM bhI isI prakAra ina cAroM ko aMga bAhya zruta meM mAnA hai / dvIpa sAgara prajJapti to aprApya hai / zeSa tIna kA paricaya Upara diyA gayA hai| .8-12 nirayAvalikA Adi- nirayAvalikA athavA kalpikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA aura vRSNidazA ye pA~coM upAMga nirayAvalikA zrutaskaMdha meM samaviSTa haiM / inake bAre meM pro. viMTaranitjha kA kathana hai ki mUlata: ye pA~coM upAMga nirayAvalikA sUtra ke nAma se kahe jAte the, lekina upAMgoM kI saMkhyA kA aMgoM kI saMkhyA ke sAtha mela karane ke lie inheM alaga-alaga ginA jAne lgaa| ye pA~coM kAlika zruta hai aura vRSNidazA meM bAraha tathA zeSa cAra meM dasa-dasa adhyayana haiM / inake pratyeka adhyayana meM eka-eka kathA hai| nirayAvalikA kA prAraMbha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai- rAjagRha nagara meM guNazIla nAmaka eka caitya thaa| vahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya Arya sudharmA nAmaka gaNadhara (89)

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vihAra karate hue aaye| apane ziSya jaMbU ke praznoM ke uttara meM unhoMne nirayAvalikA Adi upAMgoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| nirayAvalikA ke dasa adhyayanoM meM rAjA zreNika ke kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kRSNa, sukRSNa, mahAkRSNa, vIrakRSNa, rAmakRSNa, priyasenakRSNa aura mahAsenakRSNa ina dasa putroM kI kathAe~ haiM / ye sabhI apane bar3e bhAI koNika (celanA kA putra) va ceDA mahArAja ke bIca hue yuddha meM svargavAsI hue the / ina kumAroM kI mRtyu ke samAcAra sunakara unakI mAtAoM ne vairAgyabhAva utpanna hone se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kara Atma kalyANa kiyaa| koNika aura ceDA mahArAja ke bIca yuddha hone kA kAraNa koNika ke choTe bhAI vihallakumAra (celanA ke dvitIya putra) kA apane pitA zreNika se prApta secanaka nAmaka gaMdhahastI aura aThAraha lar3iyoM ke hAra ko lekara apane nAnA ceDA mahArAja ke pAsa pahu~ca jAnA aura vApisa lauTAne kA sandeza bhejane para bhI ceDA mahArAja kA use vApisa nahIM bhejanA thaa| unhoMne apane dUta se sandeza bhijavAyA ki zaraNAMgata kI rakSA karanA kSatriyoM kA dharma hai / isa para kruddha hokara koNika ne ceDA mahArAja para car3hAI kara dii| ceDA mahArAja ne aThAraha dezoM ke rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha meM sAmanA kiyA / ina donoM ke bIca ratha mUsala aura zilAkaMTaka jaise bhayAnaka saMgrAma hue, jinameM eka karor3a assI lAkha loga mAre gae the| isI meM rAjA koNika kI jIvanI kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gaya hai / koNika kA celanA ke garbha meM AnA, celanA kA vIbhatsa, ghRNita dohada, dohada kI pUrti, koNika kA janma, rAjya prApti ke lie koNika kA apane pitA ko kArAgAra meM DAlanA, zreNika kI mRtyu Adi kA varNana hai| kalpAvataMsikA meM zreNika rAjA ke putra kAlakumAra ke padma, mahApadma, bhadra, subhadra padmabhadra, padmasena, padmagulma, nalinI gulma, Ananda aura naMda ina dasa putroM kI kathAe~ haiN| saba ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa dIkSA lI thii| zramaNa paryAya kA pAlana karake ye saba devaloka meM utpanna hue| vahA~ se cyava kara mahAvideha kSetra meM janma leMge aura vahA~ se mukti prApta kreNge| ___ puSpikA ke dasa adhyayanoM meM candra, sUrya, zukra, bahuputrikA devI, pUrNa bhadra, maNibhadra, datta, ziva, bala aura anAdRSTi kI kathAe~ haiN| ye saba jyotiSI deva haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM Akara inhoMne vividha prakAra ke nATaka karake dikhAye / unakI aisI utkRSTa Rddhi ko dekhakara gautama gaNadhara ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se prazna kiyA ki inako yaha Rddhi kaise prApta huI / taba bhagAvana ne inake pUrva bhava batalAye (90)

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ki inhoMne apane pUrva bhava meM dIkSA lI thI, kintu phira ye virAdhaka ho gye| isa kAraNa jyotiSI devoM meM utpanna hue haiN| vahA~ se cyava kara ye mahAvideha kSetra meM janma leMge aura saMyama dhAraNa kara mokSa prApta kreNge| __ puSpacUlikA upAMga ke dasa adhyayanoM meM se kramaza: eka-eka meM zrI, hrI, dhRti, kIrti, buddhi, lakSmI, ilA, sarA, rasa, gaMdha ina dasa Rddhi zAlinI deviyoM ke pUrva bhavoM kA varNana hai / ina sabhI deviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM upasthita ho kara vividha prakAra ke nATaka dikhAye the / gautama gaNadhara ke pUchane para bhagavAna ne inake pUrva bhava batalAye ki inhoMne pUrva bhava meM dIkSA lI thI aura phira virAdhaka ho jAne ke kAraNa yahA~ devI rUpa meM utpanna huI hai / aba yahA~ se cyavakara mahAvideha kSetra meM ye janma leMgI aura vahIM se mokSa prApta kreNgii| ___ vRSNidazA ke bAraha adhyayanoM meM kramaza: niSadha, aniya, vaha, vahe, pragati, mukti, dazaratha, dRDharatha, mahAdhanuSa, saptadhanuSa, dazadhanuSa aura zatadhanuSa ina bAraha rAjakumAroM kI kathAeM haiN| .. pahale adhyayana meM rAjakumAra niSadha kA vistAra se varNana hai ki dvArikA nagarI meM kRSNa vAsudeva rAja karate the| usI nagarI meM baladeva nAmaka rAjA rahate the| unakI rAnI kA nAma revatI thaa| unake putra niSadha ne bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSA lI / nau varSa taka zuddha saMyama kA pAlana karake sarvArthasiddha vimAna meM vaha taitIsa sAgaropama kI sthiti vAlA deva huaa.| vahA~ se cyava kara vaha mahAvideha kSetra meM janma legA aura dIkSA grahaNa karake saMyama sAdhanA karake mokSa prApta kregaa| isI prasaMga meM niSadha ke pUrva bhava kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA dvArikA nagarI kI zobhA kA varNana karate hue bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke dvArikA padArpaNa para zrIkRSNa vAsudeva kA saparivAra va purajanoM ke sAtha unake darzanArtha jAne kA bhI varNana kiyA hai / . . . zeSa gyAraha adhyayanoM kA varNana bhI pahale adhyayana ke samAna hI hai| * cheda sUtra - aMga bAhya AgamoM meM kucha Agama chedasUtra ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| cheda saMjJA kaba se pracalita huI aura prAraMbha meM kauna se zAstra cheda varga meM sammilita the, yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 777 meM sarva prathama 'chedasutta' kA ullekha milatA hai / isase prAcIna ullekha abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai| isase abhI yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki Avazyaka niyukti ke samaya meM kucha graMthoM kA cheda sUtra yaha eka pRthak varga bana gayA thaa| saMbhavata: chedanAmaka prAyazcita ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue inheM cheda sUtra kahA jAne lagA ho| (91)

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jainAgamoM meM cheda satroM kA sthAna ati mahatvapUrNa hai, kyoMki jaina saMskRti kA sAra hai- zramaNa dharma aura zramaNa dharma kI siddhi ke lie zramaNAcAra- sAdhvAcAra kI nirdoSa sAdhanA anivArya hai / cheda sUtroM meM jaina zramaNa varga ke AcAra se saMbaMdhita pratyeka viSaya kA paryApta vivecana kiyA gayA hai / use cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiMutsarga, apavAda, doSa aura doSa zuddhi / doSa zuddhi ko prAyazcita bhI kaha sakate haiN| utsarga yAne kisI viSaya kA sAmAnya vidhAna / apavAda kA artha hai, paristhiti vizeSa kI dRSTi se zrAmaNya kI rakSA ke lie vizeSa vidhAna athavA chuTa / doSa yAne utsarga athavA apavAda kA bhaMga aura prAyazcita arthAta vratabhaMga ke lie zudhdikaraNa het samucita daMDa / yaha to mAnI huI bAta hai ki kisI bhI vidhAna yA vyavasthA ke lie ye cAra bAteM Avazyaka hotI hai- 1. sarvaprathama sAmAnya niyama kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| 2. anantara upayogitA, deza, kAla, zakti Adi ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue alpAdhika chUTa dI jAtI hai, kyoMki isa prakAra kA lacIlApana Ane para chUTa na dene para niyama pAlana prAya: asaMbhava ho jAtA hai / paristhiti vizeSa ke lie apavAda vyavasthA honA anivArya hai| 3. kevala niyama aura apavAda vyavasthA se hI koI vidhAna pUrNa nahIM hotA, kintu usakA pAlana karate samaya hone vAle doSoM kI saMbhAvanA kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hotA hai / 4. aura jaba usake doSoM kA vicAra kiyA, taba unakI zuddhikaraNa ke lie daMDa vyavasthA bhI anivArya hai, kyoMki kevala doSoM kA vicAra kara liyA jAye, kintu zuddhi karaNa ke lie daMDa vyavasthA kA nirdhAraNa na ho, to iSTa siddhi nahIM hotii| isa zuddhikaraNa ke lie daMDa vyavasthA se nimna lAbha hote haiM- pahalA pUrva doSoM kA parimArjana hone se doSabhAra nahIM bar3hatA aura dUsarA bhaviSya meM usa doSa kI yA usa jaise anya doSoM kI punarAvRtti na hone se doSoM meM kamI A jAtI hai / ukta samagra kathana kA phalitArtha yaha huA ki AcAra dharma ke gUr3ha rahasyoM ko samajhane evaM vizuddha rUpa meM sUkSmatama kriyA kalApoM ko jAnane aura pAlane ke lie cheda sUtroM kA jJAna anivArya hai / unakA jJAna kiye binA jina kathita nirdoSa AcAra kA paripAlana karanA asaMbhava hai| cheda sUtroM kI taraha anya dharma paraMparAoM ne bhI apane apane sAdhakoM ke lie AcAra vicAra kI vyavasthA kI hai| jaise ki vinaya piTaka meM bauddha bhikSuoM ke AcAra vicAra kA isI prakAra vivecana kiyA gayA hai / cheda sUtroM ke niyamoM kI vinaya piTaka ke niyamoM se bar3I rocaka tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, mahAnizItha aura paMcakalpa (anupalabdha) athavA jItakalpa ye chaha chedasUtra ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai / ina upalabdha chaha cheda sUtroM meM cheda ke atirikta anya prakAra ke prAyazcitoM evaM viSayoM kA varNana bhI (92)

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dRSTigocara hotA hai / ata: yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki chedasUtra zabda kA saMbaMdha sirpha cheda nAmaka prAyazcita se hai athavA aura kisI se bhI / dazAzrutaskaMdha, mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko chor3a kara zeSa tIna sUtroM ke viSaya varNana meM koI sunizcita yojanA dRSTigocarU nahIM hotI / koI koI uddezya isakA apavAda avazya hai / sAmAnyataH zramaNa jIvana se saMbaMdhita kisI bhI viSaya kA kisI bhI uddeza meM samAveza kara diyA gayA haiM / nizItha meM vibhinna prAyazcitoM kI dRSTi se uddezoM meM vibhAjana avazya hai, kintu tatsaMbaMdha doSoM ke vibhAjana meM koI nizcita yojanA dikhAI nahIM detI / 1 uparyukta chaha cheda sUtroM meM se dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha ko to samasta zvetAMbara paraMparAeM svIkAra karatI hai, lekina mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko sirpha zvetAMbara mUrtipUjaka paraMparA mAnya karatI hai / inheM sthAnakavAsI paraMparA mAnya nahIM karatI / isa mAnya na karane kA kAraNa kyA hai ? isake kAraNa kI mImAMsA karake sarva mAnya cheda sUtroM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya prastuta karate haiN| zeSa do kA yathAsthAna anyatra paricaya de rahe haiM / 1. dazAzrutaskaMdha - prastutaM cheda sUtra meM jainAcAra se saMbaMdhita dasa adhyayana hone se ise dazAzrutaskaMdha kahate haiM / isakA apara nAma AcAra dazA hai / ' yaha mukhyatayA gadya meM likhAyA hai aura bhASA ArSa prAkRta hai| isa cheda sUtra ke prathama adhyayana meM bIsa asamAdhi sthAnoM kA varNana hai / samavAyAMga sUtra ke bIsave sthAna meM bhI yaha varNana hai, kintu antara kevala itanA hai ki samaSAyAMga meM 'bIsa asamAhiThANA paNNattI' itanA kaha kara asamAdhi sthAnoM kA varNana prAraMbha kara diyA hai| lekina isa sUtra meM 'sUyaM me Au...' ityAdi pATha aura jor3a diyA hai / dUsare meM ikkIsa prakAra ke zavala doSoM kA aura tIsare meM taiMtIsa prakAra kI zatanAoM kA varNana hai / samavAyAMga meM bhI isI prakAra kA varNana hai, lekina bheda kevala prAraMbhika vAkyoM meM hI hai| cauthe adhyayana meM ATha prakAra kI gaNi saMpadA kA vistRta varNana hai / sthAnAMga meM ina ATha saMpadAoM kA sirpha nAma nirdeza hai / pA~caveM adhyayana meM dasa citta samAdhiyoM kA varNana hai / isameM se kevala upodghAta aMza saMkSipta rUpa meM aupapAtika sUtra meM upalabdha hai / samavAyAMga ke dasaveM sthAna meM bhI dasa citta samAdhiyoM kA pATha gadya rUpa meM milatA hai| chaThe meM zramaNopAsaka zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM-paDimAoM kA varNana hai / samavAyAMga ke gyArahaveM sthAna meM isakA sUtrarUpa 1. sthAnAMga 10/755 2. citta kI mokSa mArgAbhimukhI pravRtti ko samAdhi aura usase viparIta ko asamAdhi kahate haiM / 3. vrata Adi se saMbaMdhita vividha vicitra doSoM kA nAma zavala doSa hai- zavalaM kartura citram / (93)

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mUlapATha milatA hai / sAtaveM adhyayana meM bAraha bhikSu pratimAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isakA mUla samavAyAMga ke bArahaveM sthAna meM evaM vivecana sthAnAMga ke tIsare sthAna meM tathA bhagavatI, antakRddazA Adi sUtroM meM upalabdha hai / AThaveM adhyayana meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pA~ca kalyANako - cyavana, janma, dIkSA, kevalajJAna, mokSa kA varNana hai| isakA mUla sthAnAMga ke paMcama sthAna meM hai| prasiddha kalpasUtra (paryaSaNa kalpapajjosaNA kalpa) isI adhyayana kA pallavita rUpa hai| nauve adhyayana meM tIsa mahAmohanIya sthAnoM kA varNana hai / isakA upodghAta aMza aupapAtika sUtra meM evaM zeSa samavAyAMga ke tIsaveM sthAna meM hai / dasaveM adhyayana meM nidAna karma kA varNana hai / isakA upodghAta aMza saMkSepa meM aupapAtika sUtra meM upalabdha hai| 2. vyavahAra sUtra- jisake lie jo prAyazcita hai, use vaha prAyazcita denA vyavahAra hai / isa sUtra meM prAyazcita kA varNana hai / isalie isa sUtra ko vyavahAra sUtra kahate haiM / isa sUtra meM dasa uddezya aura karIba tIna sau sUtra haiM / uddezyoM kA varNya viSaya isaprakAra hai pahale uddeza meM niSkapaTa aura saMkapaTa AlocanA kA prAyazcita, prAyazcita ke bhaMga, ekala vihArI sAdhu zithila hokara vApasa gaccha meM Ane vAle sAdhu gRhastha hokara punaH sAdhu banane vAle, para mata kA paricaya karane vAle, AlocanA sunane ke adhikArI ityAdi viSayoM kA varNana hai| dUsare uddeza meM do yA adhika samAna samAcArI vAle doSI sAdhuoM kI zuddhi, sadoSI rogI Adi kI vaiyAvRttya, anavasthitAdi kA punaH saMyamAropaNa, abhyAkhyAna car3hAne vAle, gaccha ko tyAgakara punaH gaccha meM Ane vAle, eka pAkSika sAdhu aura sAdhuoM kA paraspara saMyoga Adi viSayaka varNana hai| tIsare uddeza meM gacchAdhipati hone vAle sAdhu, padavI dhAraka ke AdhAra AcAra, thor3e kAla meM dIkSita kI padavI, yuvA sAdhu ko AcArya, upAdhyAya Adi se alaga rahane kA niSedha, gaccha meM rahakara tathA gaccha chor3akara anAcAra sevana karane vAle ko sAmAnya sAdhu evaM padavIdhArI ko pada dene bAbata kAla maryAdA ke sAtha vidhi niSedha, mRSAvAdI ko pada dene kA niSedha Adi kA varNana hai| cauthe uddeza meM AcArya Adi padavI dhAraka kA parivAra evaM grAmAnugrAma vicarate hue unakA parivAra, AcArya Adi kI mRtyu para AcArya Adi sthApana kara rahanA, na rahane para doSoM kI saMbhAvanA, yuvAcArya kI sthApanA, bhogAvalI karma upazamanA, bar3I dIkSA denA, jJAnAdi ke nimitta anya gaccha meM jAnA, sthavira kI AjJA ke binA vicarane kA niSedha ityAdi viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| (04)

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pA~caveM uddeza meM sAdhvI kA AcAra, sUtra bhUlane para bhI sthavira ke pada kI yogyatA, sAdhu, sAdhvI ke bAraha saMyoga, prAyazcita dene yogya AcArya Adi evaM sAdhu-sAdhvI ke paraspara vaiyAvRttya Adi bAtoM kA varNana hai| .. chaThe uddeza meM saMbaMdhiyoM ke yahA~ jAne kI vidhi, AcArya, upAdhyAya ke atizaya, paThita-apaThita sAdhu saMbaMdhI kAmecchA kA prAyazcita, anya gaccha se Ae hue sAdhu-sAdhvI viSayaka barNana hai| sAtaveM uddeza meM saMyogI sAdhu-sAdhvI kA pArasparika AcAra, kisa avasthA meM kisa sAdhu ko pratyakSa athavA parokSa meM visaMyogI karanA, sAdha kA sAdhvI ko dIkSA denA, sAdhu-sAdhvI kI AcAra bhinnatA, raktAdi ke svAdhyAya, sAdhu-sAdhvI ko padavI dene kA kAla, ekAeka sAdhu-sAdhvI kI mRtyu hone para sAdharmika sAdhuoM kA kartavya, sAdhu ke rahane ke sthAna ko becane yA kirAe se dene para zayyAtara saMbaMdhI viveka, rAjA kA parivartana hone para navIna rAjyAdhikAriyoM se AjJA mA~ganA Adi bAtoM kA varNana ____AThaveM uddeza meM cAturmAsa ke lie zayyA, pATale Adi mA~gane kI vidhi, sthavira kI upAdhi, pratihArI, pATa-pATale lene kI vidhi, mUla upakaraNa grahaNa karane evaM anya ke lie upakaraNa mA~gane kI vidhi Adi kA varNana hai| __ nauveM uddeza meM zayyAtara ke atithi Adi kA AhArAdi grahaNa tathA sAdhu kI pratimAoM kI vidhi kA varNana hai| . . dasaveM uddeza meM bhava madhya evaM vajramadhya pratimAoM kI vidhi, pA~ca vyavahAra, vividha caubhaMgiyA~, bAlaka ko dIkSA dene kI vidhi, dIkSA lene ke bAda kaba sUtra par3hanA, dasa prakAra kI vaiyAvRtya se mahAnirjarA evaM prAyazcita kA spaSTIkaraNa ityAdi viSayoM kA varNana hai| . ___3. vRhata kalpasUtra- 'kalpa' zabda kA artha hai-maryAdA / zramaNa dharma kI maryAdA kA pratipAdaka hone se isakA bRhatkalpa yaha nAma sArthaka hai| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki cheda sUtroM meM bRhatkalpa sUtra kA ati mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / anya cheda sUtroM kI bhA~ti isameM bhI sAdhuoM ke AcAra viSaya kA vidhi-niSedha, utsarga-apavAda, tapa-prAyazcita Adi kA vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isameM chaha uddeza hai aura yaha gadya zailI meM likhA gayA hai / isakA graMthamAna 475 zloka pramANa hai / unameM se prathama uddeza meM pacAsa sUtra, dvitIya uddeza meM paccIsa sUtra, tRtIya uddeza meM ikatIsa sUtra, caturtha uddeza meM saiMtIsa sUtra, paMcama uddeza meM bayAlIsa sUtra aura chaThe uddeza meM bIsa sUtra haiN| prathama uddeza ke pahale pA~ca sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki zramaNa ko phala Adi kaise (95)

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lenA cAhie / mAsakalpa viSayaka sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie kisa sthAna para varSA Rtu ke cAra mAha ko chor3akara kitane dina taka rahanA kalpatA hai / vagar3A viSayaka sUtroM meM yaha batAyA hai ki eka parakoTe aura eka dvAra vAle grAma Adi meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ko eka sAtha eka hI samaya meM rahane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai aura aneka parakoTe va dvAra vAle grAmAdi meM unakA eka sAtha rahanA kalpatA hai / ApaNa gRhAdi saMbaMdhI sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki unheM kaise upAzraya meM rahanA kalpya hai / apAvRta dvAroMpAzraya viSayaka sUtroM meM batAyA gayA hai ki nirgrathiniyoM ko binA daravAje vAle khule upAzraya meM nahIM rahanA caahie| yadi anya sthAna na mile to apavAdAvasthA meM paradA lagAkara rahanA kalpya hai / nigraMtha raha sakate haiN| ghaTI mAtra prakRta sUtroM meM nirgranthiniyoM ko ghaTI mAtraka (ghar3A) rakhane evaM usakA upayoga karane kA vidhAna hai, kintu nirgrathoM ke lie ghaTa rakhane evaM usakA upayoga karane kA niSedha batAyA hai / cilimilikA prakRta sUtra meM nirgratha-nirgrathiniyoM ko kapar3e kA paradA rakhane evaM usakA upayoga karane kI anumati pradAna kI gaI hai| takatIra prakRta sUtroM meM tAlAba Adi ke samIpa athavA unake kinAre rahanA, baiThanA, svAdhyAya, kAyotsarga Adi karanA akalpya batAyA hai / citrakarma viSayaka sUtroM meM citrakarma yukta upAzraya meM rahane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| sAgarika nizrA viSayaka sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki nirgrathiniyoM kA sAgarika makAna mAlika kI nizrArakSA Adi kI svIkRti ke binA kahIM para bhI nahIM jAnA caahie| unheM unakI nizrA meM rahanA kalpya hai / nigraMtha sAgarika kI nizrA meM athavA anizrA meM raha sakate haiM / sAgarika parizraya prakRta sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki nigraMtha kI strI sAgarika ke upAzraya meM rahanA aura nirgrathinI ko puruSa sAgarika ke upAzraya meM rahanA akalpya hai / pratibaddha zayyA prakRta sUtroM meM batAyA gayA hai ki yadi gRhastha upAzraya se saTe hue rahate ho to vahA~ sAdhu ko rahanA akalpya hai, kintu sAdhvI raha sakatI hai / gRhapati kula madhyamavAsa viSayaka sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki jisa sthAna para jAne Ane ke lie gRhasthoM ke gharoM meM se Ane-jAne kA kAma par3atA ho, usa sthAna para nahIM rahanA cAhie / adhikaraNa se saMbaMdhita sUtra meM batAyA hai ki yadi bhikSa, AcArya, upAdhyAya, bhikSaNI Adi kA Apasa meM jhagaDA ho gayA ho, to paraspara upazama dhAraNa kara use zAnta kara lenA cAhie / cAra saMbaMdhI sUtroM meM zramaNa-zramaNoM ko cAturmAsa kAla meM eka gA~va se dUsare gA~va jAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / vairAjya viSayaka sUtra meM viruddha rAjya meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko Ane jAne kI manAI kI gaI hai| jo jAtA hai yA anumodana karatA hai, use caturguru prAyazcita karanA par3atA hai / rAtribhakta viSayaka, rAtri vastrAdi grahaNa viSayaka sUtroM meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko rAtri meM athavA vikAla-asamaya meM AhAra-vastrAdi grahaNa karane kA niSedha kiyA hai| (96)

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hatAhatikA prakRta sUtra meM batAyA hai ki apavAda rUpa meM yadi cora vastrAdi utAra le gae hoM aura ve vApasa mila gae hoM to unheM rAtri ke samaya le lenA caahie| adhvagamana prakRta sUtra meM rAtri ko athavA vikAla meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ko vihAra kA niSedha kiyA hai| vicAra bhUmi evaM vihAra bhUmi saMbaMdhI sUtra meM batAyA hai ki rAtri meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ko uccAra bhUmi athavA svAdhyAya bhUmi meM akele jAnA akalpya hai / AvazyakatA hone para anya sAdhu-sAdhvI ko sAtha lekara nikalanA caahie| Arya kSetra viSayaka sUtra meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke vihAra yogya kSetra kI maryAdA para prakAza DAlA hai| dvitIya uddeza ke paccIsa sUtroM meM se Adi ke bAraha sUtroM meM upAzraya bhUmi saMbaMdhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| Age ke sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki eka yA aneka sAgarikoMvasati svAmiyoM- upAzraya ke mAlikoM ke yahA~ se sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko AhAra Adi nahIM lenA cAhie / vibhinna dRSTiyoM se unake yahA~ se AhAra Adi lene ke bAre meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko pA~ca prakAra ke vastra dhAraNa karanA kalpya hai-jAMgika, bhAMgika, sAnaka, potaka aura tirIr3hapaTTaka tathA pA~ca prakAra ke rajoharaNa rakhanA kalpya hai-aurNika, auSTrika, sAnaka, vaccaka, cippaka aura muMja cippk| tRtIya uddeza ke ikatIsa sUtroM meM se upAzraya saMbaMdhI sUtra meM sAdhu ko sAdhviyoM ke upAzraya meM uThanA, baiThanA, khAnA, pInA, svAdhyAya karanA Adi tathA sAdhvI ko sAdhuoM ke upAzraya meM uThanA-baiThanA Adi kriyAe~ karanA akalpya batAyA hai / karma viSayaka sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko romayukta, carmapaTa para baiThanA Adi akalpya hai / akRtsta carma kA upayoga evaM saMgraha kara sakate haiM / vastra viSayaka sUtroM meM vastroM ke kalpyAkalpya kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / trikRtsna viSayaka sUtra meM navadIkSita sAdhu ke aura catuHkRtsna viSayaka sUtra meM navadIkSita sAdhvI ke vastra kI maryAdA batAI hai / sAdhu ko tIna vastra lekara aura sAdhvI ko cAra vastra lekara pravrajita honA caahie| samavasaraNa saMbaMdhI sUtra meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu sAdhvI ko prathama samavasaraNa arthAt varSAkAla meM stra grahaNa karanA akalpya hai, kintu dvitIya samavasaraNa arthAt hemanta, grISma Rtu meM vastra grahaNa karane meM koI doSa nahIM hai / yathAdalika vastra parimArjana prakRta sUtra meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ko choTe-bar3e kI maryAdA ke anusAra vastra vibhAjana karane kA vidhAna batAyA hai| antara gRhasthAnAdi prakRta sUtra meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ko gRhastha ke ghara ke bhItara, do gharoM ke bIca sonA-baiThanA, akalpya batAyA hai| zayyA saMstAraka saMbaMdhI sUtroM meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu-sAdhvI ko vApasa dene yogya upakaraNa mAlika ko die binA vihAra nahIM karanA cAhie / isI saMbaMdhI anya bAtoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| (97)

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avagraha viSayaka sUtroM para prakAza DAlA hai ki jisa dina koI zramaNa vasati kA tyAga kareM aura usI dina dUsare zramaNa Ae, to eka dina taka pahale zramaNoM kA usa para adhikAra kAyama rahatA hai / avagraha pramANa prakRta sUtra meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko cAroM ora se savA varga yojana kA avagraha rakhakara grAma, nagara Adi meM rahanA kalpya caturtha uddeza ke prAraMbhika sUtroM meM guru prAyazcita yogya kAryoM meM guru prAyazcita yogya kAryoM ko batAyA hai| isI prakAra ke anya zramaNa yogya kAryoM ke vidhAna kA ullekha kiyA hai| paMcama uddeza meM brahmacarya rakSA saMbaMdhI aura brahmacarya khaNDita hone para kisa doSa ke lie kauna-sA prAyazcita lenA par3atA hai, isakA aura AhAra saMbaMdhI bAtoM Adi kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ___SaSTha uddeza meM bIsa sUtra haiN| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko apanA vANI vyavahAra kaisA rakhanA caahie| unheM nimnalikhita chaha prakAra ke vacana nahIM bolane cAhie 1. alIka vacana, 2. hIlita vacana, 3. khisita vacana, 4. paruSa vacana, 5. gArhasthika vacana aura 6. vyavazamitodIraNa vacana (punaH kalaha utpanna karane vAle vcn)| kalpa ke vizuddhimUlaka chaha prastAra (prAyazcita kI racanA vizeSa) hai / ve isa prakAra haiM-prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, aviratikA athavA abrahma (maithuna) aura apuruSa-napuMsaka aura dAsa kA Aropa lagAne vAle se saMbaMdhita vacana prayogoM kA praayshcit| sAdhu ko yadi paira meM kA~TA Adi laga jAe yA A~kha meM macchara, kacarA Adi gira jAe aura vaha use nikAlane meM asamartha ho, to sAdhvI nikAla sakatI hai| isI prakAra sAdhvI ke paira meM kA~TA Adi lagane para A~kha meM kacarA Adi gira jAne kI sthiti meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / sAdhvI ke DUbane, girane, phisalane Adi kA maukA Ane para sAdhvI ko sAdhu aura sAdhu ke vaisA maukA Ane para sAdhu ko sAdhvI isa prakAra eka dUsare ko pakar3akara nikAla kara bacA sakate haiN| vikSiptacitta sAdhvI ko sAdhu hAtha pakar3akara usake sthAna para pahu~cA de, to use koI doSa nahIM lgtaa| isI prakAra dIptacitta sAdhvI ko bhI sAdhu hAtha pakar3akara usake sthAna para pahu~cA sakatA hai| sAdhvAcAra ke chaha vyAghAtaka, chaha prakAra kI kalpasthiti kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra bRhatkalpa sUtra ke isa saMkSipta paricaya se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki (98)

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isa laghukAya graMtha meM jaina AcAra kA vizeSatA ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai aura sAdhu-sAdhvI ke jIvana va vyavahAra se saMbaMdhita aneka mahatvapUrNa bAtoM kA sunizcita vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha meM sAdhvAcAra se saMbaMdhita jisa bAta kA ullekha nahIM ho sakA hai, usakA vyavahAra sUtra meM ullekha milatA hai / isa dRSTi se ye donoM graMtha eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| 4. nizItha sUtra - nizItha zabda kA artha hai - pracchanna arthAt chipA huA / isa zAstra meM sabako nahIM batAne yogya bAtoM kA varNana hai, isalie isa sUtra kA nAma nizItha hai / athavA jisa prakAra nizItha arthAt katakaphala ko pAnI meM DAlane se maila nIce baiTha jAtA hai, usI prakAra isa zAstra ke adhyayana se bhI ATha prakAra ke karmarUpI mala kA upazama, kSaya athavA kSayopazama ho jAtA hai / isalie ise nizItha kahate haiM / yaha sUtra nauveM pratyAkhyAna pUrva kI tRtIya vastu ke bIsaveM prAbhRta se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / isa chedasUtra meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie cAra prakAra ke prAyazcitoM gurumAsika, laghumAsika, guru cAturmAsika aura laghu cAturmAsika ke varNana ke sAtha-sAtha AlocanA evaM prAyazcita karane ke samaya lagane vAle doSoM va unake lie vizeSa prAyazcita kI vyavasthA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vyavahAra sUtra ke prathama uddeza meM bhI prAyaH isI viSaya para prakAza DAlA hai / isa graMtha meM karIba paMdraha sau sUtra aura bIsa uddeza hai| kucha sUtroM kA to punarAvRtti hone kI dRSTi se sAMketika nirdeza kara diyA hai| pahale uddeza meM guru mAsika prAyazcita kAM, dUsare, tIsare, cauthe aura pA~caveM uddeza meM laghumAsika prAyazcita, chaThe se lekara gyArahaveM uddeza taka guru cAturmAsika prAyazcita kA aura bArahaveM se lekara unnIsaveM uddeza takaM laghu cAMturmAsika prAyazcita kA varNana hai / bIsaveM uddeza meM kevala AlocanA evaM prAyazcita karate samaya lagane vAle doSoM para vicAra karake unake lie vizeSa prAyazcita kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| pratyeka uddeza viSaya kI rUparekhA isa prakAra hai . prathama uddeza meM una kriyAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jinake lie gurumAsa athavA mAsaguru' prAyazcita kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / dUsare, tIsare, cauthe aura pA~caveM uddeza meM mAsalaghu prAyazcita ke yogya kriyAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| chaTheM, sAtaveM aura AThaveM uddeza meM maithuna saMbaMdhI kriyAoM kA ullekha hai, jo cAturmAsika prAyazcita ke yogya haiM / nauvAM uddeza bhI guru cAturmAsika prAyazcita yogya kriyAoM 1. upavAsa 2. ekAzana (99).

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se saMbaMdhita hai / ye kriyAe~ AhAra gaveSaNA se saMbaMdhita hai| dasavA~ uddeza bhI gurucAturmAsika prAyazcita se saMbaMdhita hai / isameM sAdhu ke ApasI vyavahAra se saMbaMdhita kriyAoM kA vizeSatayA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jo gurucAturmAsika prAyazcita ke yogya haiM / bArahaveM uddeza meM laghucAturmAsika prAyazcita ke yogya kucha kriyAoM kA ullekha hai| terahaveM uddeza meM bhI laghucAturmAsika prAyazcita ke yogya kriyAoM kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai / ina kriyAoM kA adhikatara saMbaMdha sacitta pRthvI para baiThane, sone, svAdhyAya karane, anya tIrthakoM ko zilpakalA sikhAne, jantara-mantara karane, phalAphala batAne Adi se hai / caudahaveM uddeza meM pAtra saMbaMdhI doSapUrNa kriyAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| paMdrahaveM, solahaveM, satarahaveM aura aThArahaveM uddeza meM laghu cAturmAsika prAyazcita yogya vibhinna kriyAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| unnIsaveM uddeza meM nimnokta kriyAoM ke lie laghu cAturmAsika prAyazcita kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai acita vastu mola lenA, livAnA, ghUsa le kara dene vAle se grahaNa karanA, udhAra lenA, udhAra livAnA Adi / rogI sAdhu ke lie tIna dattI ( die jAne vAle paMdArtha kI akhaNDa dhArA athavA hissA) se adhika acitta vastu grahaNa kara grAmAnugrAma vihAra karanA, acita vastu ko pAnI meM galAnA, asvAdhyAya ke kAla meM svAdhyAya karanA, indra mahotsava, skanda mahotsava, yakSa mahotsava evaM bhUta mahotsava ke samaya svAdhyAya karanA, caitrI, ASAr3hI, bhAdrapadI evaM kArtikI pratipadAoM ke dina svAdhyAya karanA rAtri ke prathama tathA aMtima ina cAroM praharoM ke samaya svAdhyAya nahIM karanA, nIce ke sUtra kA ullaMghana kara Upara ke sUtra kI vAcanA denA, ayogya ko zAstra par3hAnA aura yogya ko zAstra na par3hAnA, AcArya upAdhyAya se na par3hakara apane Apa hI svAdhyAya karanA, anya afrthika athavA gRhastha ko par3hAnA athavA usase par3hanA, pAsaMsthA Adi zithilAcAriyoM ko par3hAnA athavA unase par3hanA / bIsaveM uddeza ke prAraMbha meM sakapaTa evaM niSkapaTa AlocanA ke lie vividha prakAra ke prAyazcitoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaise ki sakapaTa AlocanA ke lie niSkapaTa AlocanA se eka mAsikI atirikta prAyazcita karanA par3atA hai| kisI bhI dazA meM SaNmAsikI se adhika prAyazcita kA vidhAna nahIM hai / prAyazcita karate hue punaH doSa sevana karane vAle ke lie vizeSa prAyazcita kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai / nizItha sUtra ke isa paricaya se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isameM kevala prAyazcita saMbaMdhI kriyAoM kA varNana hai / una sabhI kriyAoM kA isameM samAveza kara diyA gayA hai, jo guru mAsika Adi prAyazcita prakAroM ke yogya hai / isa dRSTi se nizItha sUtra anya AgamoM se vilakSaNa hai / zeSa rahe mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa cheda sUtroM kA anyatra paricaya diyA jA rahA hai / (100)

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* mUlasUtroM kA paricaya ___ chedasUtroM ke paricaya ke pazcAta aba krama prApta mUla sUtroM kA paricaya prastuta karate haiN| , upAMgoM kI bhA~ti mUla sUtroM kA ullekha bhI prAcIna AgamoM meM nahIM hai / kucha graMthoM ke lie mUla zabda kA prayoga kyoM kiyA gayA? isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? prAcIna graMthoM meM to spaSTIkaraNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, lekina saMzodhaka vidvAnoM ne 'mUlasUtra' zabda ke bAre meM vibhinna vicAra vyakta kie haiM / jarmana vidvAna jAla zArpaNTiyara ke kathanAnusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra se kahe gae hone se ye mUla sUtra khlaae| paraMtu yaha kathana ucita mAlUma nahIM hotA, kyoMki mUla sUtroM meM ginA jAne vAlA dazavaikAlika sUtra zayyaMbhavasUri viracita mAnA jAtA hai| DaoN. zUbiMga ke kathanAnusAra sAdhu jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza mUla sUtra kahane kA kAraNa hai / phrAMsisI vidvAna pro. gaeNrino ke matAnusAra ina sUtroM para aneka TIkA-TippaNiyA~ likhI gaI haiM, isIlie inheM mUlasUtra kahA gayA hai / jaina tatva prakAzaM (pRSTha 218) meM kahA gayA hai ki ye graMtha samyakatva kI jar3a ko dRr3ha banAne vAle aura samyaktva kI vRddhi karane vAle hone se mUla sUtra kahalAte haiN| mUlasUtra zabda ke prayoga ke lie yaha dRSTikoNa yathArtha satya ke nikaTa hai, kyoMki zramaNa jIvana kI pUrva bhUmikA nirmita karane meM vizeSa upayogI hone se kucha graMtha mUla sUtra kahalAte haiN| mUla sUtroM kI saMkhyA ke bAre meM mata bhinnatA hai| kucha loga uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka aura dazavaikAlika ina tIna sUtroM ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiM / ve piDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti ko mUlasUtroM meM nahIM ginte| unake matAnusAra piMDaniyukti dazavaikAlika niyukti ke AdhAra se aura oghaniyukti Avazyaka niyukti ke AdhAra se likhI gaI hai| pro. viNTaranitja Adi vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayana Adi ukta tIna mUlasUtroM ke sAtha piMDaniyukti ko milAkara mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA cAra mAnI hai / kucha loga piNDaniyukti ke sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| kucha ne pakkhiyasutta kI gaNanA bhI mUla sUtroM meM kI hai| isI prakAra inake krama ke bAre meM bhI matabhinnatA hai / inake krama ke cAra prakAra dekhane ko milate haiM 1. uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dshvaikaalik| 2. uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, piMDaniyukti / 3. uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyaka, piMDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti / 4. uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, piMDaniyukti, oghaniyukti aura dshvaikaalik| . (101)

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vartamAna meM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyaka aura piMDaniryakti ye cAra mUlasUtra ke rUpa meM haiN| inameM se prathama tIna to sarvamAnya haiM aura piMDaniyukti ko zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paraMparA mUlasUtra ke rUpa meM mAnatI haiN| sarvamAnya mUlasUtroM kA paricaya yahA~ prastuta karane ke bAda piMDaniyukti kA paricaya yathAyogya sthAna para diyA jA rahA hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana- yaha jaina AgamoM kA pahalA mUlasUtra hai| pro. lAyamana ke anusAra yaha sUtra uttara-bAda kA hone se arthAt aMga graMthoM kI apekSA se uttara kAla meM racita hone se uttarAdhyayana kahalAtA hai, lekina TIkA graMthoM meM isake nAmakaraNa ke bAre meM batAyA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane aMtima cAturmAsa meM apuTTha vAgaraNA-binA pUche jina chattIsa praznoM ke uttara die the, unakA isa graMtha meM saMkalana hone se isakA nAmakaraNa uttarAdhyayana kiyA gayA hai / janasAdhAraNa meM isakA nAma chattIsA bhI pracalita hai aura paryuSaNa parva meM isakA vAcana kiyA jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana niyukti ke anusAra isake chattIsa adhyayanoM meM se kucha aMga AgamoM meM se lie gae haiM, kucha jina bhASita hai aura kucha saMvAda rUpa haiM / vAdivetAla zAMtisUri ke anusAra parIsaha' nAmaka dUsarA adhyayana dRSTivAda se liyA gayA hai, druma puSpikA nAmaka dasavA~ adhyayana bhagavAna mahAvIra ne phrarUpita kiyA hai tathA kezI gautamIya nAmaka teIsavA~ adhyayana saMvAda rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra graMtha ke viSayoM ke lie kinhIM bhI sUtroM ko AdhAra mAnA jAe, lekina isa bAta ke lie sabhI ekamata hai ki uttarAdhyayana meM jaina AcAra vicAroM kA prabhAvaka rUpa meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se isake prAcIna hone kI carcA aneka vidvAnoM ne kI hai / isa graMtha ke aneka sthaloM kI tulanA bauddhoM ke suttanipAta, jAtaka aura dhamma pada Adi pramukha graMthoM se kI jA sakatI hai| jaise ke rAjA nami ko bauddha graMthoM meM pratyeka buddha mAnakara unakI kaThora tapazcaryA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / cittasaMbhUta kathA kI tulanA cittasaMbhUta jAtaka kI kathA se, harikeza muni kI kathA kI mAtaMga jAtaka kI kathA se aura iSukAra kI kathA kI tulanA hatthipAla jAtaka meM varNita kathA se kI jA sakatI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM varNita cAra pratyeka buddhoM kI kathA kuMbhakAra jAtaka meM kahI gaI hai| mRgApatra kI kathA bhI bauddha sAhitya meM AtI hai / isa graMtha meM aneka subhASita aura saMvAda aise haiM, jinheM par3hane se prAcIna bauddha sUtroM kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| graMtha ke mahatva ko dekhate hue pUrvakAla meM to vidvAna AcAryoM ne isake Azaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie TIkAe~ likhI haiM, lekina vartamAna meM bhI yaha krama cAlU hai| (102)

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aneka zodha snAtakoM ne apane-apane gaveSaNApUrNa zodha prabaMdha likhakara isake bahuAyAmI dRSTikoNoM meM se kisI eka AyAma para prakAza DAlA hai / saMkSepa meM kahA jAe to isameM mahatvapUrNa jaina siddhAMtoM kA sArAMza garbhita kara diyA hai| - uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayanoM ke nAma aura unameM varNita viSaya isa prakAra 1. vinaya-vinIta aura avinIta ke lakSaNa evaM unake pariNAma, sAdhaka kA kaThina karttavya, gurudharma, ziSya, zikSA, calate, uThate, baiThate evaM zikSA lene ke lie jAte hue sAdhu kA aacrnn| 2. parISaha- vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke Agata Akasmika saMkaToM ke samaya bhikSu ko kisa prakAra sahiSNu va zAnta bane rahanA caahie| 3. caturaMgIya-manuSyatva, dharmazravaNa, zraddhA saMyama meM puruSArtha ina cAra aMgoM kA kramapUrvaka nirdeza, saMsAra bhramaNa kA kAraNa, dharma kauna pAla sakatA hai, zubha karmoM kA sundara prinnaam| 4. asaMskRta-jIvana kI kSaNa bhaMguratA, duSkarma kA duHkhada pariNAma, kRta karmoM kA yogya avazyaMbhAvI hai / pralobhanoM meM sajaga rahanA, svacchaMda pravRtti kA niyaMtraNa karane se mokSa praapti| 5. akAma maraNIya- ajJAnI kA dhyeya zUnya maraNa, krUrakarmI kA vilApa, bhogAsakti kA duSpariNAma, mRtyu ke samaya, durAcArI kI sthiti, gRhastha sAdhaka kI yogyatA, sacce saMyama kA pratipAdana, sadAcArI kI gati, devagati ke sukhoM kA varNana, saMyamI kA saphala mrnn| 6. kSullaka nigranthIya- dhana, strI, putra, parivAra Adi manuSya ke lie zaraNabhUta nahIM hote, bAhya parigraha kA tyAga, prANimAtra se maitrI bhAva, AcAra zUnya vidvatA vyartha hai, saMyamI kI primittaa| 7. elaya- yogI kI bakareM se tulanA, adhamagati meM jAne vAle jIva ke lakSaNa, lezamAtra bhUla kA duHkhada pariNAma, mAnava jIvana kA kartavya, kAma bhogoM kI cNcltaa| 8. kApilIya- kapila muni ke pUrva janma kA vRttAnta, zubha bhAvanA ke kAraNa patana meM se utthAna, bhikSuoM ke lie inakA sadupadeza, sUkSma ahiMsA kA pratipAdana, jina vidyAoM se muni kA patana ho, unake tyAga kA upadeza, lobha kA pariNAma, tRSNA kA citraNa, strIsaMga kA tyaag| 9. nami pravajyA- nami rAjarSi kA abhiniSkramaNa mithilA nagarI meM hAhAkAra, nami rAjarSi aura iMdra ke praznottara aura unakA sundara samAdhAna / (103)

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10. drumapatraka- vRkSa ke patte se manuSya jIvana kI tulanA, jIvanotkrAMti kA krama, manuSya jIvana kI durlabhatA, bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM meM bhinna-bhinna Ayu kA parimANa, apramatta rahane kA upadeza aadi| 11.bahazrata pUjA-jJAnI aura ajJAnI ke lakSaNa, sacce jJAnI kI manaHsthiti. jJAna kA sundara pariNAma, jJAnI kI sarvocca upmaa| 12. harikezIya-jAtivAda kA khaNDana, jAtibheda kA duSpariNAma, tapasvI kI tyAga dazA, zuddha tapazcaryA kA prabhAva, saccI zuddhi kisameM hai 13. citta saMbhUtIya-saMskRti aura jIvana kA saMbaMdha, sneha kA AkarSaNa, citta aura saMbhUta ina donoM bhAiyoM ke pUrva bhava kA itihAsa, choTI sI vAsanA ke lie yoga, punarjanma kyoM, pralobhana ke nimitta milane para bhI tyAgI kI dazA, citta aura saMbhUta kA paraspara milana, citta muni kA upadeza, saMbhUti kA na mAnanA nidAna kA duSpariNAma, saMbhUti kA ghora durgati meM jAkara pdd'naa| 14. iSukArIya-chaha sAthI jIvoM kA vRttAMta aura iSukAra nagara meM unakA punaH ikaTThA honA, saMskAra kI sphUrti, paraMparAgata mAnyatAoM kA jIvana para prabhAva, gRhasthAzrama kisalie, sacce vairAgya kI kasauTI AtmA kI nityatA kA mArmika varNana, anta meM purohita ke donoM putroM, purohita aura usakI patnI, iSukAra rAjA aura rAnI ina chahoM jIvoM kA eka dUsare ke nimitta se saMsAra kA tyAga aura mokSa praapti| 15. sabhikSu-Adarza bhikSu kA hRdayagrAhI vrnnn| 16. brahmacarya- mana, vacana, kAyA se zuddha brahmacarya kaise pAlA jA sakatA hai, isake lie dasa hitakArI vacana, brahmacarya kI AvazyakatA, brahmacarya pAlana kA phala Adi kA vistRta vivecn| 17. pApazramaNIya- pApI zramaNa kA svarUpa, zramaNa jIvana ko dUSita karane vAle sUkSmAtisUkSma doSoM kA vivecana / 18. saMyatIya-kaMpilapura nagara ke rAjA saMyati kA zikAra ke lie udyAna meM jAnA, apane zauka ke lie pazcAtApa, gardabhAlI muni ke upadeza kA prabhAva, saMyati rAjA kA gRhatyAga, saMyati tathA kSatriya muni kA samAgama, jaina zAsana kI uttamatA, zuddha antaHkaraNa se pUrva janma kA smaraNa honA, anupama vibhUti dhAraka mahApuruSoM kA saMyama dhAraNakara Atma kalyANa krnaa| 19. mRgAputrIya- sugrIva nagara ke yuvarAja mRgAputra ko muni darzana se vairAgya bhAva kI utpatti, putra kA karttavya, mAtA-pitA kA vAtsalya bhAva, dIkSA ke lie AjJA prApta karate samaya usakI tAttvika carcA, pUrva janmoM meM bhoge hue duHkhoM kI vedanA kA varNana, Adarza tyAga, saMyama svIkAra kara siddhi prApta krnaa| (104)

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20. mahAnigraMthIya-zreNika aura anAthI muni ke bIca huI sanAthatA-anAthatA viSayaka mArmika vicAra carcA / 21. samudrapAlIya-caMpAnagarI ke zrAvaka pAlita kA caritra / usake putra samudra pAla ko-eka cora kI dazA dekhakara utpanna huA vairAgya bhAva, usakA tyAga aura usakI aDiga tapasyA kA vrnnn| 22. rathanemIya- bhagavAna ariSTanemi kA pUrvabhava, unake dIkSA lene Adi kA mArmika citraNa tathA satI rAjImatI kA abhiniSkramaNa, rathanemi aura rAjImatI kA ekAnta meM akasmAt milana, rathanemi kA kAmAtura honA, rAjImatI kI aDigatA, rathanemi ko upadeza dekara saMyama meM sthira karanA, strI zakti kA jvalanta dRSTAnta / 23. kezI gautamIya- zrAvastI nagarI meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paraMparA ke zramaNa kezI aura gautama gaNadhara kA milana, donoM ke bIca tAtvika praznottara, kezI zramaNa kA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA prarUpita AcAra kA grahaNa / 24. pravacana mAtA-ATha pravacana mAtAoM kA vistRta vivecana (pA~ca samiti aura tIna gupti ye ATha pravacana mAtA hai)| 25. yajJIya- yAjaka kauna? yajJa kauna sA? agni kaisI honI cAhie? brAhmaNa kise kahate haiM? veda kA asalI rahasya, saccA yajJa, jAtivAda kA khaNDana, karmavAda kA maNDana, zramaNa, muni, tapasvI kise kahate haiM ? saMsAra rUpI roga kI saccI cikitsA sacce upadeza kA prbhaav| . .. 26. samAcArI- bhikSu, sAdhu kI dinacaryA kA varNana / 27. khaluMkIya- gargAcArya kA sAdhu jIvana, kuziSyoM ko galiyAra bailoM kI upamA, svacchaMdatA kA duSpariNAma, gargAcArya kA ziSyoM ko tyAgakara nirAsakta bhAva se ekAntaM sthAna meM sAdhanA meM lIna hokara AtmakalyANa karanA / 28. mokSamArgIya- mokSamArga ke sAdhanoM kA varNana, tatvoM kA lakSaNa Adi / .29. samyaktvaparAkrama-jijJAsA kI sAmAnya bhUmikA se lekara aMtima sAdhya (mokSa) prApti taka hone vAlI samasta bhUmikAoM kA tIna-tIna boloM meM vrnnn|| 30. tapomArga- tapazcaryA kA vibhinna dRSTiyoM se nirIkSaNa, tapazcaryA ke vibhinna prakAra ke prayogoM kA varNana aura unakA zArIrika-mAnasika prabhAva / 31. caraNavidhi- eka se lekara taiMtIsa saMkhyA taka kI vastuoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| inameM jo sadaiva upayoga rakhatA hai, vaha bhikSu saMsAra paribhramaNa nahIM krtaa| (105)

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32. pramAda sthAna- sampUrNa jJAna ke prakAza se, ajJAna aura moha ke tyAga se evaM rAga-dveSa ke kSaya se ekAnta sukhakArI mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / jaise billiyoM ke nivAsa sthAna ke pAsa cUhoM kA rahanA prazasta nahIM hai, vaise hI striyoM ke nivAsa sthAna ke pAsa brahmacArI kA rahanA ucita nahIM hai| 33. karma prakRti-janma-maraNa ke duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? vaha kAraNa karma hai| jJAnAvaraNa Adi ATha karmoM ke nAma, bheda, prabheda tathA unakI sthiti evaM pariNAma kA saMkSipta varNana / __34. lezyA- lezyAoM ke nAma, lakSaNa, unake varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza aura pariNAmoM kA vrnnn| 35. anagAra- saMyamI ko hiMsA Adi pA~ca pApoM kA tyAga karanA caahie| zmazAna, zUnyAgAra, vRkSa ke nIce athavA dUsare ke nimitta banAe hue ekAnta sthAna meM rahanA cAhie / kraya-vikraya meM sAdhu ko kisI bhI prakAra kA bhAga nahIM lenA caahie| 36. jIvAjIva vibhakti- isameM jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla aura pudgala ina chaha dravyoM kA bheda, prabheda, lakSaNa Adi sahita varNana kiyA gayA hai| Upara uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayanoM ke varNya viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM vihaMgAvalokana mAtra kiyA gayA hai / vistRta jJAna ke lie graMtha kA paThana, adhyayana, adhyApana, pAThana, vAMcana karanA caahie| isakI varNana zailI kathAcchedana kA bAlAnAM 'nItistadiha kathyate' kI ukti ko sArthaka karatI hai / graMtha ke adhyayanoM ke nAmakaraNa ke AdhAra haiM, adhyayanagata vivecanIya viSaya athavA pramukha pAtra / 2. dazavaikAlika sUtra- uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI taraha dazavaikAlika sUtra bhI mUlasUtra haiN| Arya zayyaMbhava sUri isake kartA haiM / dasa adhyayanoM meM isa sUtra kI racanA hone ke kAraNa aura vikAla arthAt saMdhyA ke samaya par3he jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma dazavaikAlika sUtra pdd'aa| AcArya bhadrabAhu kI niyukti ke anusAra isakA cauthA adhyayana AtmapravAda pUrva, pA~cavA~ adhyayana karmapravAda pUrva, sAtavA~ adhyayana satyapravAda pUrva aura zeSa adhyayana nauveM pratyAkhyAna pUrva kI tIsarI vastu meM se lie gae haiM / dazavaikAlika ke katipaya adhyayana aura gAthAoM kI tulanA uttarAdhyayana evaM AcArAMga sUtra ke adhyayanoM evaM gAthAoM se kI jA sakatI hai| ____ dazavaikAlika sUtra ke dasa adhyayanoM ke nAma kramazaH isa prakAra haiM-- 1. drumapuSpikA, 2. zrAmaNyapUrvikA, 3. kSullikAcAra kathA, 4. SaDajIvanikA, 5. piMDeSaNA, 6. mahAcAra, 7. vAkya zuddhi, 8. AcAra praNidhi, 9. vinaya samAdhi aura 10. sabhikSu / piMDeSaNA meM do aura vinaya samAdhi meM cAra uddeza haiN| .. . (106)

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drumapuSpikA adhyayana meM dharma ko utkRSTa maMgala batAte hae dharma kA svarUpa tathA usake ArAdhaka zramaNa kI bhikSA vidhi kA saMketa hai ki jaise bhramara puSpoM ko pIr3A pahu~cAe binA unameM se rasa kA pAna kara apane Apako tRpta karatA hai, vaise hI bhikSu AhAra Adi kI gaveSaNA meM rata rahatA hai| dUsare adhyayana zrAmaNyapUrvikA meM batAyA hai ki iMdriya bhogoM ko jo svecchA se tyAga detA hai, vaha tyAgI hai| agaMdhana kula kA nAga agni meM jalakara apane prANa tyAga detA hai, para vamana kie hue viSa kA kabhI pAna nahIM karatA, vaise hI tyAgI puruSa bhukta bhogoM ko punaH bhogane kI AkAMkSA nahIM krtaa| use vaisI AkAMkSA karanI bhI nahIM cAhie / kSullikAcAra kathA meM sAmAnya sAdhvAcAra ke varNana ke sAthaM anAcAroM kA saMketa evaM unase dUra rahane kA upadeza diyA hai| SaDjIvanikA adhyayana meM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kA svarUpa batAkara paMca mahAvratoM kA svarUpa aura mokSagati kA krama batAyA hai| piMDaiSaNA adhyayana ke do uddezoM meM sAdhu kI bhikSAvidhi kA sUkSmatA ke sAtha upayogI varNana hai / mahAcAra adhyayana meM sAdhvAcAra kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| vAkya zuddhi adhyayana meM bhASA kA svarUpa tathA usake guNa doSoM kA vistRta vivecana kara zuddha bhASA prayoga kI zikSA dI gaI hai| vinaya samAdhi adhyayana meM apane nAma ke anusAra vinaya hI dharma kA mUla hai, isa siddhAMta ko vividha rUpako evaM upadezoM meM bhikSu meM kauna sI yogyatA, vizeSatA honI cAhie aura bhikSu kauna hotA hai ? usakI yogyatA kyA hotI hai Adi kA varNana hai| . isake aMta meM rati vAkya aura viviktacaryA nAmaka do cUlikAe~ haiN| pahalI cUlikA meM saMyama meM prIti utpanna karane vAle vAkyoM dvArA hitazikSAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai aura dUsarI viviktacaryA cUlikA meM varNana hai ki doSoM se dUra rahakara zramaNa AtmagaveSaNAM ke mArga para kaise Age bar3he / ina donoM cUlikAoM kA Arya zayyaMbhavakRta honA anizcita hai| 3. Avazyaka sUtra-sAdhvAcAra ke lie Avazyaka, anivArya nitya karma ke pratipAdaka kriyA anuSThAna rUpa kartavyoM kA varNana Avazyaka sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai / isake nAmakaraNa kA yahI AdhAra hai| isake sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna ye chaha adhyayana haiM / inameM apane-apane nAma ke anurUpa kriyA vidhiyoM ko batAyA hai / aMtima pratyAkhyAna adhyayana ke aMta meM bahuta hI bhAvapUrNa, prAMjala zabdoM meM arihaMtoM kA guNAnuvAda karate hue unheM namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| vaha isa prakAra hai..' Adikara, tIrthaMkara, svayaM saMbuddha puruSottama puruSasiMha, puruSavara puNDarIka, puruSa . (107)

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vara gaMdhahastI, lokottama, lokanAtha, lokahitaiSI, lokapradIpa, lokapradyotaka, abhayadAtA, cakSudAtA, mArgadAtA, zaraNadAtA, jIvanadAtA, bodhidAtA, dharmadAtA, dharmopadezaka, dharmanAyaka, dharma sArathI aura dharmavara caturaMta cakravartI zrI arihaMtoM ko maiM namaskAra karatA huuN| * cUlikA sUtra ___naMdI aura anuyoga dvAra sUtra cUlikA sUtra kahalAte haiM / loka vyavahAra meM isa zabda kA artha hai-cUr3A, coTI, mastaka kA sabase U~cA bhAga, hissA, parvata kA zikhara, bhavana kA caramAnta bhAga / sAhitya meM bhI isI Azaya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara cUlikA zabda pustaka ke usa bhAga athavA kisI samagra graMtha ke lie prayukta kiyA jAtA hai, jisameM una avaziSTa viSayoM kA varNana yA varNita viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa ho, jinakA samAveza graMtha ke kisI adhyayana yA adhyAya meM nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai / inameM mUla graMtha ke prayojana bhUta viSayoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue tatsaMbaddha AvazyakatAoM kI jAnakArI dI jAtI hai / pariziSTa cUlikA kA rUpAntara hI to hai, jisakA vartamAna lekhaka upayoga karate haiN| ___ naMdIsUtra aura anuyoga dvAra sUtra isI prakAra ke cUlikA, pariziSTa sUtra haiM, jo AgamoM ke adhyayana ke lie bhUmikA nirmANa kA kArya karate haiM / yaha kathana naMdI kI apekSA anuyoga dvAra sUtra ke bAre meM adhika satya hai / naMdIsUtra meM to sirpha jJAna kA hI vivecana hai, lekina anuyoga dvAra meM Avazyaka sUtra kI vyAkhyA ke mAdhyama se prAyaH sabhI AgamoM ke mUlabhUta pratipAdya siddhAMtoM kA svarUpa samajhAte hue avaziSTa pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA gayA hai, jo AgamoM ke adhyayana ke lie Avazyaka evaM anivArya hai evaM AgamoM meM yatra tatra sarvatra prayukta hote rahate haiM / anuyoga dvAra ko samajha lene ke bAda zAyada hI Agamagata koI pAribhASika zabda raha jAtA ho, jise jAnane meM pAThaka ko koI asuvidhA ho / yaha sUtra lakSaNa koSa kI upayogitA prakaTa karatA hai aura AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA hai| sAmAnya rUpa meM cUlikA sUtroM kI vizeSatAoM ko batalAne ke anantara aba kramazaH naMdI aura anuyoga dvAra sUtra ke varNya viSayoM kA saMketa karate haiN| 1. naMdIsUtra- isameM mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala jJAna ina pA~coM jJAnoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / niyuktisAra Adi AcAryoM ne nandI zabda ko jJAna kA hI paryAya mAnA hai| prAraMbhika pacAsa gAthAe~ maMgalAcaraNAtmaka hai / inameM sarvaprathama sUtrakAra ne bhagavAna arhat mahAvIra ko namaskAra kiyA hai / tadantara jaina saMgha, caubIsa jina, gyAraha gaNadhara, jina pravacana tathA sudharma Adi sthaviroM ko stutipUrvaka (108)

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1 / 1 praNAma kiyA hai / isI prasaMga meM sthavirAvalI - guru ziSya paraMparAdi hai, jo kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI ke samAna hai / sAmAnya se pA~coM jJAnoM ke nAma batAne ke bAda unake pratyakSa aura parokSa ye do bheda kie haiN| pratyakSa ke punaH iMdriya pratyakSa va anindriya pratyakSa ye do bheda kie haiM / iMdriya pratyakSa meM sparzana, rasana Adi pA~ca iMdriyoM se hone vAle jJAna kA samAveza hai / jaina kathA zAstra meM isa prakAra ke jJAna ko sAMkhya vyAvahArikaM pratyakSa kahA hai / noindriya kA artha hai - iMdriya bhinna AtmA / Atma sAkSIjanya jJAna - noiMdriya pratyakSa jJAna hai / isameM avadhi, manaH paryaya aura kevala jJAna kA samAveza hotA hai / parokSa jJAna do prakAra kA hai / Abhinibodhika (mati) aura shrut| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM jJAna ke bhedoM kA ullekha karane ke bAda pratyakSa varNagata avadhi, mana:paryaya aura kevala jJAna tathA isake anantara parokSa vargagata Abhinibodhika (mati) aura zruta isa krama se pratyeka jJAna kA savistAra vivecana kiyA hai| usakI jAnakArI Age dI jA rahI hai| prastuta sUtra kI racanA gadya-padya mizrita hai tathA isake pratipAdita viSayoM ke AdhAra haiM-prajJApanA sUtra, bhagavatI sUtra aura samavAyAMga sUtra / varNana kA pravAhakrama isa prakAra hai - maMgalAcaraNa, maMgalAcaraNa ke prasaMga meM sthavirAvalI, zrotA, zrotAoM ke bheda aura unake lie dRSTAnta, sabhA, jJAnavAda kI sAmAnya bhUmikA ( viSaya praveza), avadhijJAna, manaH paryaya jJAna, kevalajJAna, Abhinibodhika (mati) jJAna, autpAtikI, vainayikI karmajA aura pAriNAmikI ina cAra prakAra kI buddhiyoM, zrutanirmita mavijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA varNana / jJAnavAda kI sAmAnya bhUmikA meM saMkSepa se muni Adi pA~coM jJAnoM va unake bhedoM kI jAnakArI karAI hai / isake bAda pratyakSa jJAna ke pahale bheda avadhijJAna kA lakSaNa, usake bheda, pAtra, svAmI Adi kA vivecana haiM / isI prakAra mana: paryaya jJAna ke vicAra prasaMga meM bhI lakSaNa, bheda, svAmI Adi ko batAte hue drava, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ina cAra dRSTiyoM se kucha vizeSa vicAra kiyA gayA hai / mati jJAna ke varNana meM zrutanizrita aura azrutanizrita ye do mukhya bheda karake pahale azruta-nizrita ke autpAtikI buddhi Adi cAraM bhedoM kA vicAra kiyA hai| anantara zrutanizrita ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ye cAra mukhya bheda karake inakA sUkSma, talasparzI vicAra karake tIna sau chattIsa prakAra ke matijJAnoM kA varNana kiyA hai| zrutajJAna kA lakSaNa batalAne ke bAda usake akSara zruta, anakSara zruta Adi caudaha bhedoM ko AdhAra banAkara zrutajJAna kI sUkSma carcA kI hai / isI prasaMga meM aMgapraviSTa aura anaMga praviSTa AgamoM kA paricaya diyA hai / naMdI sUtra varNya viSaya kA paricaya dene ke bAda aba krama prApta anuyoga dvAra sUtra kA paricaya dete haiM / 1 (109)

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2. anuyoga dvAra sUtra - aNu arthAt saMkSipta sUtra ko mahAna artha jor3anA anuyoga hai / athavA adhyayana ke artha vyAkhyAna vidhi ko anuyoga kahate haiM / anuyoga bhASya, vibhASA, vArtika Adi ekArthaka zabda hai / anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM Avazyaka sUtra kA vyAkhyAna hai tathA prasaMgoM pAtta nikSepa' paddhati ko AdhAra banAkara jaina paraMparA va AgamoM ke kucha eka dUsare mUlabhUta viSayoM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai / prastuta sUtra meM jina viSayoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai, unake nAma isa prakAra haiM- . Avazyaka, zrutaskaMdha aura adhyayana ke vividha nikSepa, anuyoga ke upakrama, nikSepa, anugama aura naya ye cAra, dvAra, unakA vivaraNa, AnupUrvI kA adhikAra, samavatAra kA adhikAra Adi anugama kA adhikAra nAma ke dasa bheda, audayika Adi bhAva, pA~ca prakAra ke zarIra, garbhaja manuSyoM kI saMkhyA, sapta naya, saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta va ananta ke bheda prabheda, zramaNa kA svarUpa aura unake lie vividha upamAe~ niryukti anugama ke tIna bheda sAmAyika viSayaka praznottara Adi / ina viSayoM ke varNana meM jaina nyAyaM zAstra ke bIja chipe hue haiM / unakA AdhAra lekara uttaravartI kAla meM AcAryoM ne jaina nyAya ko mahAna vaTavRkSa kA rUpa de diyA aura una vidvAnoM kA samAdhAna kiyA, jo tArkika dRSTi se pratyeka vastu kI kasauTI karake nirNaya para pahu~cAte haiM / sUtra kA graMthamAna lagabhaga do hajAra zloka pramANa hai / gadya zailI meM likhita isa sUtra meM yatra tatra kucha gAthAe~ bhI haiM / isa prakAra sarvamAnya aMgabAhya AgamoM kA paricaya dene ke anantara avaziSTa rahe una graMthoM kA paricaya dete haiM, jo Agama rUpa meM mAnya evaM sAhitya ke aMga haiM / zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paraMparA meM pUrvoktaM aMgabAhya AgamoM ke atirikta nimnalikhita graMthoM ko bhI Agama ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA gayA hai 1. mahAnizItha, 2. jItakalpa, 3. piNDaniryukti tathA oghaniryukti, 4. catuHzaraNa, 5. AturapratyAkhyAna, 6. mahApratyAkhyAna, 7. bhakta parijJA; 8. taMdula vaicArika, 9. saMstAraMka, 10. gacchAcAra, 11. gaNividyA, 12. devendrastava aura 13. maraNa samAdhi / inameM se prathama do ko cheda sUtra varga meM tIsare ko mUlasUtra varga meM aura zeSa cauthe se lekara terahaveM taka ko prakIrNaka' varga meM mAnya kiyA gayA hai / inakA paricaya isa prakAra hai 1. nikSepa, vibhinna dRSTiyoM se kisI vastu kA vizleSaNa karanA / 2. vartamAna meM prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA mukhyatayA dasa mAnI jAtI hai| ina dasa nAmoM meM bhI ekarUpatA nahIM hai / koI maraNa samAdhi aura gacchAcAra ke sthAna para caMdravedyaka aura vIrastava ko ginate haiM to koI deveMdrastava aura vIrastava ko milA dete haiM tathA saMstAraka ko nahIM ginate, kintu inake sthAna para gacchAcAra aura maraNa samAdhi kA ullekha karate haiM / (110)

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1. mahAnizItha- bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se isakI gaNanA prAcIna AgamoM meM nahIM kI jA sakatI / isameM yatra tatra Agametara graMthoM ke bhI ullekha milate haiM / isameM chaha adhyayana aura do cUlikAe~ haiM / graMthamAna 4554 zloka pramANa hai| prathama adhyayana zalyoddharaNa meM pApa rUpI zalya ko nindA evaM AlocanA karane kI dRSTi se aThAraha pApasthAna taka batAe haiN| dUsare adhyayana meM karmavipAka kA varNana karate hae pApoM kI AlocanA para prakAza DAlA hai| tIsare va cauthe adhyayana meM kuzIla sAdhuoM se dUra rahane kA upadeza hai / pA~caveM navanIta sAra adhyayana meM gaccha ke svarUpa kA vivecana hai| chaThe adhyayana meM prAyazcita ke dasa va AlocanA ke cAra bhedoM kA vivecana hai| . cUlikAoM meM susaDha Adi kI kathAe~ haiM / yahA~ satIprathA kA aura rAjA ke putrahIna hone para kanyA ko rAjagaddI para baiThAne kA ullekha hai| 2. jItakalpa- isa graMtha meM nigraMtha-nirgrathiniyoM ke bhinna-bhinna aparAdha sthAna viSayaka prAyazcita kA jIta vyavahAra ke AdhAra para nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM kula eka sau tIna gAthAe~ haiM aura isake racayitA prasiddha bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi kSamA zramaNa hai| prAyazcita ke nimnalikhita dasa bheda haiM 1. AlocanA, 2. pratikramaNa, 3. ubhaya, 4. viveka, 5. vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 7. cheda, 8. mUla, 9. anavasthApya aura 10. paaraaNcik.| ina prAyazcitoM ke prasaMga meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki kisa doSa ke lie kauna sA prAyazcita vidheya hai / pratyeka prAyazcita ke prasaMga meM una kriyAoM va doSoM ke nAma ginAe haiN| aMta meM upasaMhAra karate hue yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ina dasa prAyazcitoM meM se aMtima do prAyazcita-anavasthApya va pArAMcika caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu taka hI astitva bheda haiM aura usake bAda unakA viccheda ho gyaa| 3. piNDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti- ina donoM ko mUlasUtra mAnA jAtA hai| koI-koI oghaniryakti ko aura koI donoM ko mAnate haiM / piNDa kA artha hai-bhojn| piNDaniyukti meM piNDanirUpaNa udgama doSa, utpAdana doSa, eSaNA doSa aura grAsaeSaNA doSa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM chaha sau ikahattara gAthAe~ haiN| niyukti aura bhASya kI gAthAe~ eka dUsarI meM mila gaI haiM / dazavaikAlika sUtra ke pA~caveM adhyayana 1. gacchAcAra prakIrNaka kA yaha adhyayana AdhAra hai| 2. jo vyavahAra paraMparA se prApta ho evaM zreSTha puruSoM dvArA anumata ho; vaha jIta vyavahAra kahalAtA (111)

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nAma piNDeSaNA hai / isa adhyayana para likhI gaI niyukti ke vistRta ho jAne ke kAraNa piNDaniryukti ke nAma se eka alaga hI graMtha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai / isake racayitA bhadrabAhu haiN| piNDaniryukti ke ATha adhikAra haiM- udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA, saMyojanA, pramANa, aMgAra, dhUma aura kAraNa / adhikAra ke zIrSaka ke anusAra apane-apane viSaya kA unameM varNana kiyA gayA hai / oghaniryukti meM sAdhu saMbaMdhI niyama aura AcAra-vicAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / bIca-bIca meM aneka kathAe~ haiM / isIlie koI-koI cheda sUtroM meM bhI isakI gaNanA karate haiM / isameM ATha sau gyAraha gAthAe~ haiM / niyukti aura bhASya kI gAthAe~ Apasa meM mila gaI haiN| isake kartA bhI bhadrabAhu haiM / isa graMtha meM pratilekhana dvAra, piNDadvAra, upAdhi nirUpaNa, anAyattana varjana, pratisevanA dvAra, AlocanA dvAra aura vizuddhi dvAra kI prarUpaNA kI gaI hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha ke itihAsa kA saMkalana karane kI dRSTi se yaha graMtha mahatvapUrNa hai| 4. catu:zaraNa- isakA dUsarA nAma kuzalAnubaMdhI adhyayana hai / isameM tirasaTa gAthAe~ haiN| isameM arihaMta siddha, sAdhu aura kevalI bhASita dharma ina cAra ko zaraNa mAnA gayA hai / isIlie ise catuHzaraNa kahA gayA hai| prAraMbha meM SaDAvazyaka kI carcA hai / tadantara AcArya ne kuzalAnubaMdhI adhyayana kI racanA kA saMkalpa kiyA hai aura unhoMne catuHzaraNa ko kuzala hetu batAte hue cAra zaraNoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai / 5. Atura pratyAkhyAna - maraNa se saMbaMdhita hone ke kAraNa ise antakAla prakIrNaka kahA jAtA hai / ise bRhadAtura pratyAkhyAna bhI kahate haiM / isameM sattara gAthAe~ haiM / dasavIM gAthA ke bAda kucha bhAga gadya meM haiN| isa prakIrNaka meM mukhyatayA bAlamaraNa 1 evaM paNDita maraNa kA vivecana hai / mAraNAntika pratyAkhyAna kI upAdeyatA batAte hue isameM kahA hai ki pratyAkhyAnapUrvaka marane vAlA zAzvata sthAna ko-mokSa ko prApta karatA hai I 6. mahApratyAkhyAna - isa prakIrNaka meM pratyAkhyAna - tyAga kA vistRta vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai / prAraMbha meM tIrthaMkAroM, jinoM, siddhoM evaM saMyatoM ko praNAma kiyA hai / saMsAra bhramaNa, paMDita maraNa, paMca mahAvrata, vairAgya, AlocanA, vyutsarjana Adi para prakAza DAlane ke bAda aMta meM batAyA hai ki dhIra kI bhI mRtyu hotI hai aura kA puruSa kI bhI ina donoM meM se dhIratvapUrNa mRtyu hI zreSTha hai / pratyAkhyAna kA suvihita va samyaka pAlana karane vAlA marakara yA to vaimAnika deva hotA hai yA siddha pada prApta karatA hai / . isameM eka sau bayAlIsa gAthAe~ haiM / T (112)

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7. bhakta parijJA- isameM eka sau bahattara gAthAe~ haiN| isa prakIrNaka meM bhakta parijJA nAmaka maraNa kA vivecana hai / graMthakAra ne, abhyudyata maraNa se ArAdhanA saphala hotI hai, yaha batAte hue abhyudyata maraNa ke tIna bheda kie haiM-bhakta parijJA, iMginI pAdopagamanaM / bhakta parijJA maraNa do prakAra kA hai-savicAra aura avicAra / bhakta parijJA maraNa ke vivecana meM AcArya ne batAyA hai ki darzana bhraSTa, zraddhA bhraSTa ko mukti prApta nahIM hotI / vaha usakI prApti kA adhikArI nahIM hai| 8. taMdula vaicArika- isameM eka sau unatAlIsa gAthAe~ haiM / bIca-bIca meM kucha sUtra bhI haiN| isameM vistAra se garbha viSayaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai / sau varSa kI Ayu vAlA puruSa kitanA taMdula, cAvala khAtA hai ? isakA saMkhyA pUrvaka vizeSa vicAra karane ke kAraNa upalakSaNa se isako taMdula vaicArika kahA jAtA hai / garbha se utpanna prANI kI nimnalikhita dasa avasthAe~ hotI haiM 1. bAlA, 2. krIDA, 3. maMdA, 4. balA, 5. prajJA, 6. dAyanI, 7. prapaMcA, 8. prArabhArA, 9. munmukhI aura 10. zAyinI / pratyeka avasthA dasa varSa kI hotI hai / graMthakAra ne ina dasa avasthAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / yugaladharmiyoM ke aMga pratyaMgoM kA sAhityika bhASA meM varNana karate hue saMhanana va saMsthAna kA vivecana kiyA hai / sau varSa jIne vAlA manuSya apane jIvanakAla meM sAr3he bAIsa vAha taMdula, sAr3he pA~ca ghar3e mUMga, caubIsa sau ADhaka sneha yAne ghI tela aura chattIsa hajAra pala namaka khAtA hai / anta meM batAyA hai ki hamArA yaha zarIra janma, jarA, maraNa evaM vedanAoM se bharA huA eka prakAra kA zakaTa (gAr3I) hai / ise pAkara aisA kArya karo jisase samasta duHkhoM se mukti mile| 9. saMstAraka- isameM mRtyu ke samaya apanAne yogya saMstAraka yAne tRNa Adi kI zaiyA kA mahatva varNita hai / saMstAraka para AsIna hokara paNDita maraNa prApta karane vAlA muni mukti kA varaNa karatA hai / isa prakAra ke aneka muniyoM ke dRSTAnta prastuta prakIrNaka meM die gae haiN| isameM eka sau teIsa gAthAe~ haiN| __10: gacchAcAra- isameM gaccha arthAt samUha meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai / jisa gaccha meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAvanA ina cAra prakAra ke dharmoM kA AcaraNa karane vAle gItArtha mani adhika ho, vaha sugaccha hai aura aise gaccha meM rahane se mahA nirjarA hotI hai evaM sAraNA, vAraNA, preraNA Adi se nae doSoM kI utpatti ruka sakatI hai / sAdhviyoM ko kisa prakAra zayana karanA cAhie? isakA vicAra karate . (113)

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hue batAyA hai ki jisa gaccha meM sthavirA vRddhA sAdhvI ke bAda yuvatI sAdhvI aura yuvatI ke bAda sthavirA, isa prakAra sone kI vyavasthA ho, use jJAna cAritra kA AdhArabhUta zreSTha gaccha samajhanA cAhie / isa prakIrNaka meM eka sau saiMtIsa gAthAe~ haiM aura ise mahAnizItha, bRhatakalpa aura vyavahAra sUtra ke AdhAra para banAyA gayA hai| 11. gaNividyA- yaha gaNita vidyA arthAt jyotiSa vidyA kA graMtha hai / isameM ina nau viSayoM (nava bala) kA vivecana hai-1. divasa, 2. tithi, 3. nakSatra, 4. karaNa, 5. grahadivasa, 6. muhUrta, 7. zakuna, 8. lAbha, 9. nimitta / aMta meM batAyA hai ki divasa se tithi, tithi se nakSatra, nakSatra se karaNa, karaNa se graha divasa, graha divasa se muhUrta, muhUrta se zakuna, zakuna se lagna aura lagna se nimitta balavAna hotA hai / isameM bayAsI gAthAe~ 12. devendrastava-nAma ke anusAra isameM battIsa devendroM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| prAraMbha meM koI gRhastha RSabhAdi tIrthaMkaroM ko varNana karake aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI stuti karatA hai / battIsa deveMdroM se pUjita mahAvIra svAmI kI stuti karake vaha apanI patnI ke sAmane una iMdroM kI mahimA kA varNana karatA hai / isa varNana meM nimna pahaluoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai-iMdroM ke nAma, AvAsa, sthiti, bhavana, vimAna, nagara, parivAra, zvAsocchavAsa, avadhijJAna Adi / isameM tIna sau sAta gAthAe~ haiN| 13. maraNa samAdhi- isameM chaha sau tirasaTha gAthAe~ haiM / samAdhi se maraNa kaise hotA hai ? yaha usakI vidhipUrvaka batAyA hai| ArAdhanA, ArAdhaka, anArAdhaka, parikarma se AlocanA ityAdi kA svarUpa, sarigaNa, zalyoddhAra, jJAna cAritra kA udyama, saMlekhanA vidhi, kaSAya, pramAdAdi tyAga, pratyAkhyAna, paNDitamaraNa, abhyAta maraNa, kSamApanA, saMstAraka, anityAdi bhAvanA, mokSasukha kI apUrvatA, dhyAna Adi aneka viSayoM kA isameM samAveza kiyA gayA hai / aMta meM batAyA gayA hai ki yaha prakIrNaka maraNavibhakti, maraNa vizodhi, maraNasamAdhi, saMlekhanA zruta, bhaktaparijJA, Aura paccakkhANa, mahA pratyAkhyAna aura ArAdhanA ina ATha prAcIna zruta graMthoM ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma maraNavibhakti bhI hai / aneka prakAra ke parISaha-kaSTa sahana kara paNDita maraNa pUrvaka mukti prApta karane vAle aneka mahApuruSoM ke yatra tatra dRSTAntaM bhI die gae haiN|

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ina sabhI sUtroM ke graMthoM kA graMthamAna hajAroM zloka pramANa hai / sabase adhika TIkAe~ dazavaikAlika, kalpasUtra tathA Avazyaka sUtra para likhI gaI hai / TIkAoM kI dRSTi se varIyatA ke krama meM prathama kalpasUtra, dvitIya Avazyaka sUtra, tRtIya uttarAdhyayana aura caturtha dazavaikAlika kA sthAna hai| aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA kitane hI AgamoM ke vRhada prastAvanAoM ke sAtha aMgrejI, jarmana Adi bhASAoM meM anuvAda bhI kie gae haiN| jaise ki pro. I. lAyamana ne aupapAtika sUtra kA apanI vidvatApUrNa prastAvanA ke sAtha anuvAda kiyA, jo san 1883 meM prakAzita huaa| je.epha. kola sTuTa gArTa dvArA 1937 meM sUrya prajJapti graMtha mUla romana lipi meM prakAzita huaa| DaoN. jekobI dvArA kiyA gayA uttarAMdhyayana kA aMgrejI anuvAda san 1895 meM sekreDa buksa oNpha IsTa sirIja khaNDa 45 meM aura usake bAda jAla zANTiyara kI zodhapUrNa aMgrejI prastAvanA ke sAtha uttarAdhyayana kA saMzodhita saMskaraNa punaH san 1922 meM prakAzita huaa| DaoN. zUbiMga dvArA dazavaikAlika mUla kA evaM DaoN. lAyamana dvArA bhadrabAhu kRta niyukti ke sAtha anuvAda kiyA gyaa| DaoN. jekobI dvArA kiyA gayA kalpasUtra kA aMgrejI anuvAda sekreDa buksa oNpha IsTa khaMDa 22 meM prakAzita huaa| DaoN. zUbiMga dvArA san 1905 meM jarmana TippaNI ke sAthavRhatakalpa kA saMzodhita saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA gayA / isI prakAra vyavahAra sUtra evaM nizItha sUtra kA bhI DaoN. zUbiMga dvArA san 1918 meM anuvAda kiyA gayA / mahAnizItha kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN. zUbiMga dvArA san 1918 meM prakAzita huA tathA jItakalpa kA pro. lAyamana ne anuvAda kiyaa| AgamoM ke isa saMkSipta paricaya meM pratyeka sUtra kI yathAsaMbhava sAragarbhita jAnakArI dene ke bAda aba AgAmI prakaraNa meM AgamoM ke vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya prastuta karate haiN| (115)

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haiM / adhyAya 8 Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya isa prakaraNa meM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karate sAhitya kI AtmA hai bhAva aura bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke sAdhana haiM zabda | sAhitya meM zabdoM kA nahIM, bhAvoM kA mahatva hai / bhAva zUnya zabda camatkAra utpanna kara sakate haiM, lekina jaba taka unameM bhAva cetanA kA saMcAra nahIM hotA, taba taka unakA apanA kucha bhI mahatva nahIM hai / mAnA ki sAhitya zabdoM kI dena hai, zabdoM kA puMja hai aura zabda na hoM to sAhitya kA sRjana nahIM ho sktaa| zAbdika vAhana bhAva vihAra ke sAdhana haiM, lekina zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura unakI gaNanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai, kintu unameM garbhita bhAva asIma hai| unakA udghATana hotA hai, vizeSa rUpa se vivecana karane para, vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vizleSaNa karane para / yahI kAraNa hai ki sAhitya ke kSetra meM vivecana ko pramukha sthAna prApta ho rahA hai / sarvAnumati se yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki graMthagata rahasyodghATana ke lieM usakA vividha AyAmI vizleSaNa vyAkhyA honA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka graMthagata bhAva vaiziSTya kI prAmANika vyAkhyA nahIM hotI, vivecana evaM vizleSaNa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka graMtha meM vidyamAna aura usake praNetA ke vicAroM kI aneka mahatvapUrNa bAteM ajJAta raha jAtI hai / yaha dRSTikoNa jitanA vartamAnakAlIna maulika graMthoM ke lie caritArtha hotA hai, usase bhI adhika prAcIna sAhityika graMthoM ke lie bhI caritArtha hotA hai, kyoMki purAtana graMthoM kI racanA zailI sUtrAtmaka hai / tattat graMtha meM unake praNetAoM ne apane vicAroM ko, bhAvoM ko artha gAMbhIrya yukta paddhati dvArA saMkSepa meM vyakta kiyA hai / bhArata kA prAcIna vAGmaya vizeSataH sUtrAtmaka hai / ataeva usake rahasyodghATana ke lie vyAkhyA graMthoM kI racanA honA anivArya evaM Avazyaka to hai hI / yahI kAraNa hai ki vyAkhyA sAhitya kA nirmANa karanA bhAratIya sAhitya sAdhanoM kI paraMparA rahI hai / vyAkhyA ke prakAra vyAkhyA sAhitya ke sRjana kI AvazyakatA kA Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta vyAkhyA graMthoM ke nirmANa se do prayojana siddha hote haiM / prathama yaha ki graMthagata bhAvoM ke pragatikaraNa se janasAdhAraNa satya ko samajhane meM samartha hotA hai aura (116)

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dvitIya yaha ki graMtha ke abhISTa artha kA vizleSaNa karane meM vyAkhyAkAra ko asIma AtmollAsa kI anubhUti hone ke sAtha-sAtha prasaMgAnukUla apanI mAnyatA, bauddhika pragalbhatA ko prastuta karane kA avasara milatA hai / saMkSepa meM kahA jAe to vyAkhyAkAra kA isa prakAra kA zrama svapara evaM ubhaya ko upayogI siddha hotA hai| vyAkhyA aura saritA meM samAna rUpatA hai| jaise saritA srota se prAraMbha hokara kramazaH kSetra vistAra karatI huI nae-nae jala pravAhoM ko apane meM samAhita karatI huI janasAdhAraNa ko apanI amIdhArA se saMtuSTa evaM zuSka dhArA ko zasya zyAmalA bhUmi meM rUpAntarita karatI huI sAgara kA rUpa le letI hai, vaise hI vyAkhyA vyAkhyeya graMtha ke vizeSa evaM pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha unakI paribhASAoM ke srota se prAraMbha hokara yugAnurUpa vivecana prakriyA ke anugamana dvArA nae-nae rUpoM ko dhAraNa karake graMthagata abhicheda se pAThakoM ko paricita karAte hue apanI pUrNa vikAsa avasthA ko prApta hotI hai / arthAt vizeSa evaM pAribhASika zabdoM kA lAkSaNika artha vyAkhyA kA prAraMbha hai aura samagra bhAvoM kA vivecana karake graMtha ke antara rahasya ko yathAtathya rUpa meM pAThaka ke samakSa upasthita kara denA usakI pUrNatA hai| sabhI prAcIna bhAratIya sAhityakAroM ne vyAkhyA kA yahI krama vidhAna aMgIkAra karake kramika vikAsa staroM kA nAmakaraNa kiyA hai-1. niyukti, 2. bhASya aura 3. ttiikaa| niyukti zabdArtha rUpa hotI hai / yAne graMtha gata viziSTa zabdoM kA sarala, subodha bhASA meM artha prastuta kara denA niyukti hai, jise Aja kI bhASA meM mIniMga yA artha kahate bhASya meM zabdArtha ke atirikta bhAvoM kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina isakI racanA vidhA padyAtmaka hone se chanda ke niyamoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai| isa kAraNa vyAkhyeya graMtha kI bhAvAbhivyaMjanA meM pUrNatA meM kucha na kucha nyUnatA raha jAtI hai / ataH vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa ke lie kucha na kucha aura apekSA rahatI hai| ___ cUrNi aura TIkAe~ bhI bhAvoM kA hI vizleSaNa karatI haiM, lekina unameM jo antara . hai, usakA yathAsthAna Age saMketa kiyA jA rahA hai| saMgrahaNI bhI vyAkhyA kA eka rUpa hai, jisameM graMtha ke viSaya kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA jAtA hai / vArtamAnika zikSA praNAlI meM pracalita sArAMza TippaNI (noTsa) Adi saMgrahaNI ke apara nAma haiN| ukta vyAkhyA prakAroM ke atirikta uttaravartIkAla meM jaise-jaise bhASAoM meM parivartana AtA gayA aura loka bhASAoM ke rUpa meM apabhraMza, gujarAtI, avadhI, maithilI, (117)

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braja, rAjasthAnI Adi rUpa nizcita hote gae, tadanukUla una-una bhASAoM meM bhI prabhUta mAtrA meM vyAkhyA sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| Aja bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hindI kA sarvopari sthAna hai / usameM bhI prAcIna graMthoM kI vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaIM aura likhI jA rahI haiN| unameM anuvAda kI mukhyatA hai, lekina sAdhAraNa pAThaka ke lie anuvAda bhI mahatvapUrNa hai, ataH usakI bhI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| kyoMki vyAkhyA kA mUla uddezya graMthagata Azaya ko spaSTa karanA hai, pAThakoM ko graMtha ke hArda ko samajhakara unakI jijJAsA ko zAnta karanA hai / ataH vyAkhyA yugAnukUla kisI bhI pracalita bhASA meM ho sakatI hai, cAhe phira vaha bhASA saMskRta ho, prAkRta ho, hindI ho, aMgrejI ho yA anya koI bhI bhASA ho| * vyAkhyA ke prakAroM kA abhidheya ___vyAkhyA ke prakAroM meM niyukti kA sthAna sarvaprathama hai / niyuktiyoM ke mUlagraMtha ke pratyeka pada kA vyAkhyAna na kiyA jAkara vizeSa rUpa se pAribhASika evaM kaThina zabdoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA jAtA hai / inakI vyAkhyAna zailI nikSepa paddhati rUpa hai| isa paddhati meM kisI zabda yA pada ke saMbhAvita aneka artha karake unameM se aprastutArtha kA nirAkaraNa aura prastuta artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya likhane kI prAcIna paraMparA meM isa vidhA kA adhika upayoga dekhane meM AtA hai| jaise ki vaidika pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie maharSi bhAraka ne nighaMTu bhASya rUpa nirUkta likhaa| jaina nyAya zAstra meM bhI isa paddhati kA vizeSa mahatva hai aura niryaktikAra bhadrabAhasvAmI ne niyukti kA prayojana batAte hue isa paddhati ko sarvAdhika upayukta batAyA hai| unhoMne Avazyaka niyukti gAthA meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki pratyeka zabda anekArthaka hotA hai| usameM bhI yathAprasaMga kauna sA artha upayukta hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ke samaya kauna sA artha kisa zabda se saMbaMdhita rahA Adi bAtoM para dRSTi rakhate hue samyaka rUpa se artha nirNaya karanA aura usakA mUlasUtra ke zabdoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha jor3anA niyukti kA prayojana hai / niyukti kI racanA zailI padyAtmaka hai| niyuktiyoM kI racanA, vyAkhyAna zailI, gUr3ha aura saMkocazIla hai, jisase kisI viSaya kA jitane vistAra se vicAra honA cAhie, usakA unameM abhAva hai| unakI aneka bAteM binA Age kI vyAkhyAoM ke samajha meM nahIM aatii| ataH ina niyuktigata gUDhArthoM ko prakaTa rUpa meM prastuta karane ke lie uttaravartI kAla meM jo padyAtmaka vistRta vyAkhyAe~ kI gaI, ve bhASya ke rUpa meM prasiddha huIM / bhASyoM meM niyuktiyoM ke gUr3ha artha kI abhivyakti ke sAtha-sAtha yatkicit mUla graMthagata bhAvoM ko prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| (118)

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vyAkhyA kI isa vidhA kA nAmakaraNa bhASya kiyA gayA hai / bhASyoM kI racanA zailI bhI padyAtmaka hai| niyukti aura bhASya ke anantara vyAkhyA vidhA ne eka aura nayA rUpa liyaa| niyukti aura bhASya kI bhASA prAkRta evaM zailI padyAtmaka rhii| kintu una donoM meM bhI mUlagraMtha kA bhAva jaba pUrNarUpeNa spaSTatayA vyakta na ho sakA, taba uttaravartI kAla ke AcAryoM ne graMthagata bhAva ko sarvAtmanA spaSTa karane ke lie gadyAtmaka vyAkhyA vidhA kA Azraya liyA / yaha vyAkhyA prAkRta meM yA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM hotI thii| yaha vyAkhyA prakAra pUrvavartI vyAkhyA vidhAoM se bhinna rUpAtmaka thaa| ataH isakA nAmakaraNa cUrNi kiyA gyaa| yadyapi sAhitya nirmANa kA AdhAra bhASA hai, lekina aisA koI baMdhana nahIM hai ki amaka bhASA meM hI sAhitya kI racanA kI jaae| samayAnusAra bhASAoM ke rUpa meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai / ataH jaba sAhitya ke kSetra meM saMskRta bhASA pramukha mAnI jAne lagI, taba tatkAlIna AcAryoM ne prAcIna Agama graMthoM kI jo zuddha, pariSkRta saMskRta bhASA meM gadyAtmaka vyAkhyAe~ likhI, ve TIkA ke nAma se prasiddha huI / vaidika sAhitya to mUlataH saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha huaa| ataH usa para likhe gaeTIkA graMthoM meM zAbdika spaSTatA ke atirikta bhAvagata vicAra ke lie vizeSa avakAza nahIM hai, lekina jaina AgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta haiM, una para likhI gaI niyuktiyA~, bhASya bhI prAkRta padya meM hai tathA cUrNiyA~ prAkRta saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM hai| ataH jaina TIkAkAroM ne prAcIna niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM kA upayoga karake saMskRta bhASAyI rUpa nizcita kie aura unameM nihita bhAvoM ko prAMjala bhASA meM upasthita kara vidvad evaM sAmAnya jana grAhya bnaayaa| . jaina AgamoM para niyukti Adi ukta sabhI prakAra ke vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa jaina sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi huI / sammAnya ne usakI garimA ko parakhA evaM sAmAnya jana adhyayana-adhyApana, paThana-pAThana kI suvidhA prApta kara sakA aura graMtha kI vizeSatA ko saralatA se samajha skaa| __yadyapi sAmayika bhASA meM AgamoM para yunAnurUpa niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura saMskRta TIkA graMtha prabhUta mAtrA meM likhe jA cuke the aura unameM gadya, padya Adi zailiyoM kA anusaraNa bhI kiyA gayA thA aura unameM bahalatA bhI ho cukI thI, lekina samayAnusAra bhASA pravAha meM parivartana Ane se aura uttaravartI kAla meM lokabhASAoM kA pracAra bar3hane ke kAraNa tathA saMskRta TIkAoM meM sarvagamyatA na rahane se tatkAlIna AcAryoM ne janahita ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue lokabhASAoM meM sarala, subodha TIkAe~ likhIM / ina vyAkhyAoM (119)

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kA uddezya bhI pUrvavat AgamoM ke mUla bhAvoM ko sphuTa sUtra meM vyakta karane kA rahA hai| pariNAmataH tatkAlIna apabhraMza (prAcIna gujarAtI) meM bAlAvabodhoM kI racanA huii| isa prakAra kI racanAoM se rAjasthAnI evaM gujarAtI boliyoM ko jAnane vAle Agama premiyoM ko kAphI lAbha milA / Aja kA sAdhAraNa bhASAvijJa bhI una vyAkhyAoM ko par3hakara apanI Agamanidhi kA rasAsvAdana kara sakatA hai| * vyAkhyA prakAroM meM saMkalita AgamoM ke nAma __vyAkhyA prakAroM kA Azaya jAna lene ke bAda aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA paricaya prApta karane ke pUrva yaha jAna lenA samacita hogA ki vyAkhyA prakAroM meM se kisa Agama kI kauna-kauna sI vyAkhyAe~ haI haiM / vyAkhyA prakAra aura tadgata AgamoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM 1. pAMca prakAra- (niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, saMskRta TIkA aura lokabhASA TIkA) Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, vyavahAra aura bRhata kalpasUtra / 2. cAra prakAra- (niyukti, cUrNi, saMskRta, TIkA aura lokabhASA TIkA) AcArAMga, suutrkRtaaNg| . (niyukti, cUrNi, lokabhASA TIkA) nizItha sUtra tIna prakAra (niyukti, cUrNi aura lokabhASA TIkA) dshaashrutskNdh| (cUrNi, saMskRta TIkA aura lokabhASA TIkAM) , naMdIsUtra, anuyogadvAra, jaMbUdvIpa, prajJapti / do prakAra- (cUrNi, saMskRta TIkA) / bhagavatI, jIvAbhigama suutr| (saMskRta TIkA, lokabhASA TIkA) sthAnAMga, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAka sUtra, aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, nirayAvalikA Adi aMtima pA~ca upaaNg| eka prakAra- saMskRta ttiikaa| prajJApanA, caMdraprajJapti, sUrya prjnypti| [vargIkaraNa meM koI truTi ho to parimArjana kara kRpayA sUcita kareM / ukta vyAkhyA prakAroM meM saMkalita AgamoM kI sUcI se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki (120)

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prAyaH sabhI AgamoM para vyAkhyA graMtha likhe gae haiN| kaI graMtha to aise haiM, jina para aneka AcAryoM ne vyAkhyA graMtha likhe haiN| lekina unameM bhI kalpasUtra (dazAzrutaskaMdha kA AThavA~ adhyayana), Avazyaka sUtra aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI TIkAoM kI sUcI kAphI bar3I hai / isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki paryuSaNa parva meM kalpasUtra ke vAcana kA vizeSa pracAra hai tathA Avazyaka sUtra kA saMbaMdha zramaNacaryA se hai evaM uttarAdhyayana meM samagra jaina siddhAMtoM kA sAra garbhita kara diyA gayA hai| ukta saMketa kA yaha Azaya nahIM hai ki anya AgamoM para vyAkhyA graMtha likhe hI nahIM gae / una para bhI vyAkhyA graMtha likhe gae haiM aura yadi unake graMthamAnoM kA parimANa dekhA jAe to vaha hajAroM zloka pramANa hai / * katipaya pramukha vyAkhyAkAra pUrvokta vyAkhyA prakAroM meM saMkalita Agama nAmoM se yaha bhalIbhA~ti spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pratyeka Agama kI vyAkhyA huI hai, cAhe phira usakA vyAkhyA prakAra eka ho yA eka se adhika / ataH aba yaha jAnane kI sahaja jijJAsA hotI hai ki una vyAkhyAkAra vidvAnoM ke nAma aura unakA paricaya kyA hai ? jinhoMne sAhitya koSa kI zrIvRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA hai| samAdhAnArtha yadyapi una sabhI AcAryoM kA nAmollekha karanA Avazyaka hai, lekina yahA~ katipaya pramukha vyAkhyAtA AcAryoM ke nAma aura unameM bhI jinake paricaya kI yathocita jAnakArI upalabdha haiM, unakA saMkSepa meM paricayAtmaka vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| . .niyuktikAra-Agamika vyAkhyA prakAroM meM niyukti kA prathama sthAna hai aura AcArya bhadrabAha (dvitIya) ne isa vidhA kA pahale upayoga kiyaa| govindAcArya bhI dUsare niyuktikAra haiM, lekina unakI kRtiyA~ upalabdha na hone se yahI mAnanA par3atA hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhuM (dvitIya) ne jaina vAGmaya ke kSetra meM niyukti vidhA kA upayoga sarvaprathama kiyaa| ___niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu caturdaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu se bhinna hai| isIlie unase pArthakya batAne ke lie yahA~ dvitIya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / Agama prabhAvaka zrI puNyavijayajI mahArAja kA mantavya hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI ne bhI niryaktiyoM kI racanA kI thii| unake pazcAta govindavAcaka jaise anya AcAryoM ne niyuktiyA~ likhiiN| una sabhI niyukti gAthAoM kA saMgraha kara tathA apanI ora se kucha navIna gAthAe~ banAkara dvitIya bhadrabAhu ne niyuktiyoM ko aMtima rUpa diyaa| niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu prasiddha jyotirvida varAhamihara ke sahodara mAne jAte haiM evaM ve aSTAMga nimitta va maMtravidyA meM pAraMgata naimettika bhadrabAha ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha hai / uvasaggaharaM stotra aura bhadrabAhu saMhitA (jyotiSa graMtha) bhI inhIM kI racanAe~ hai kahA (121)

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jAtA hai ki inhoMne prAkRta bhASA meM bhI jyotiSa viSayaka graMtha kI racanA kI thI aura vasudeva carita evaM harivaMza kI racanA kA bhI inhIM ko zreya prApta hai, lekina ye graMtha anupalabdha hai / uvasaggaharaM stotra kI pA~ca gAthAe~ haiM / isakI racanA ke saMbaMdha meM kahA jAtA hai ki sahodara varAhamihara mRtyu ke bAda vyaMtara deva hokara jaina saMgha ko kaSTa pahu~cAne lagA, taba usake upadrava se saMgha kI rakSA karane ke lie isa stotra kI racanA kI gii| isa stotra meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI prazaMsAtmaka stuti kI gaI hai / varAhamihara vi.sa. 562 meM vidyamAna the, kyoMki paMcasiddhAntikA ke aMta meM zaka saMvat 427 arthAt vi.sa. 562 kA ullekha hai / niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu kA bhI karIbana yahI samaya hai / ataH niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla vi.sa. 500 aura 600 ke bIca mAnanA caahie| niyuktikAra bhadrabAduha ne nimnalikhita AgamoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI haiM 1. Avazyaka, 2. dazavaikAlika, 3. uttarAdhyayana, 4. AcArAMga, 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 6. dazAzrutaskaMdha, 7. bRhatakalpa, 8. vyavahAra, 9. sUrya prajJapti aura 10. RSibhASita / ina dasa niyuktiyoM meM se sUrya prajJapti aura RSibhASita kI niyuktiyA~ anupalabdha haiN| oghaniyukti, piMDaniyukti, paMcakalpa niyukti aura nizItha niyukti kramazaH Avazyaka niyukti, dazavaikAlika niyukti, bRhata kalpa niyukti aura AcArAMga niyukti kI pUraka AcArya bhadrabAhukRta dasa niyuktiyoM kA racanAkrama vahI hai, jisa krama se Upara nAma die haiN| apanI sarvaprathama niyukti Avazya niyukti gAthA 85-86 meM niyukti racanA kA saMkalpa karate samaya isI krama se graMthoM kI nAmAvalI dI hai| niyuktiyoM meM ullikhita eka dUsarI niyukti ke nAma Adi ke adhyayana se bhI yaha pramANita hotA AcArya bhadrabAhu ne jaina paraMparAgata aneka mahatvapUrNa pAribhASika zabdoM kI spaSTa vyAkhyA apanI Agamika niyuktiyoM meM kI hai| unakA AdhAra lekara uttaravartI bhASyAdikAroM ne apanI-apanI kRtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| isIlie jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kA eka viziSTa evaM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhASyakAra- jaisA ki pUrva meM batAyA gayA hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA paddhati gUr3ha evaM saMkocazIla hai / ataH una gUDhArthoM ko prakaTa rUpa meM prastuta karane ke lie uttaravartI kAla meM AcAryoM ne jo vyAkhyAe~ likhIM, ve bhASya ke rUpa meM prasiddha huiiN| niyukti kI taraha inakI bhASA prAkRta evaM zailI padyAtmaka hai| upalabdha bhASyoM ke AdhAra se AcArya jinabhadragaNi aura saMghadAsa gaNi ina do bhASyakAroM ke nAma kA to spaSTa rUpa se patA calatA hai| inake atirikta anya (122)

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bhASyakAroM ke nAmoM kA patA abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai / yaha to nizcita hai ki ina do bhASyakAroM ke atirikta anya bhASyakAra bhI hue haiN| jaise ki vyavahAra bhASya Adi ke kartA aura cAra bRhat kalpa bhASya Adi ke racayitA / prathama do bhASyakAroM ke nAma to jJAta hai, lekina bRhatakalpa bhASya ke praNetA, jinakA nAma abhI taka jJAta nahIM hai, ve bRhatakalpa cUrNikAra aura bRhatakalpa vizeSa cUrNikAra ke bhI bAda meM hue haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bRhatakalpa laghu bhASya kI 1661 vIM gAthA meM pratilekhanA ke samaya kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, usakA vyAkhyAna karate samaya cUrNikAra aura vizeSa cUrNikAra ne jina AdezAntaroM kA arthAt pratilekhanA ke samaya se saMbaMdha rakhane vAlI vividha mAnyatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unase bhI aura adhika naI-naI mAnyatAoM kA saMgraha bRhatakalpa bRhadbhASyakAra ne uparyukta gAthA se saMbaMdhita mahAbhASya meM kiyA hai, jo AcArya haribhadrasUri viracita paMca vastuka prakaraNa kI svopajJavRtti meM upalabdha hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki bRhadakalpa bRhadbhASya ke praNetA bRhatkalpacUrNi tathA vizeSa cUrNi ke praNetAoM ke pazcAt hue haiN| ye AcArya haribhadra sUri ke kucha pUrvavartI yA samakAlIna haiM / vyavahAra bhASya ke praNetA kauna haiM ? isa bAta kA ullekha kahIM nahIM milatA hai aura ve kaba hue haiM ? itanA hote hue bhI yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAra bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi se ve pUrvavartI haiN| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki AcArya jinabhadra ne apane vizeSaNavatI graMtha meM vyavahAra ke nAma ke sAtha jisa viSaya kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha vyavahAra sUtra ke chaThe uddezya ke bhASya meM upalabdha hotA hai / isase yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAra bhASyakAra AcArya jinabhadra se bhI pahale hue haiM / isa prakAra cAra bhASyakAroM meM se do kA nizcita nAma va samaya jJAta na hone se hameM yaha mAnakara calanA par3egA ki ve hue avazya haiM, kyoMki unakI kRtiyA~ vidyamAna haiM aura aziSTa rahe do bhASyakAra jinabhadra gaNi aura saMghadAsa gaNi haiM / unake bAre meM upalabdha jAnakArI hama yahA~ prastuta karate haiM / yadyapi apane mahatvapUrNa graMthoM ke kAraNa AcArya jinabhadra gaNi kA nAma jaina paraMparA meM ativiziSTa hai evaM unakA sthAna mahatvapUrNa hai, lekina unake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM koI prAmANika sAmagrI jaina graMthoM meM dekhane ko nahIM milatI hai / unake janma evaM ziSyatva ke bAre meM jo sAmagrI milatI hai, vaha bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai aura paraspara virodhI bhI haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki AcArya jinabhadra ko pATa paraMparA meM samyaka sthAna nahIM milA, lekina bAda meM jaba unake mahatvapUrNa graMthoM aura unake AdhAroM para likhe gae graMthoM ko tatkAlIna saMgha ne dekhA, taba AcAryoM ne unheM ucita mahatva diyA evaM pATa paraMparA meM sammilita karane kA prayAsa kiyA, lekina isa (123)

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prayAsa meM vAstavikatA kI mAtrA adhika nahIM thI aura sabhI unako apanA banAnA cAhate the, isalie una ullekhoM meM matabheda AnA svAbhAvika thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki kisI ne yahA~ taka likha diyA ki ve AcArya haribhadra ke pATa para baitthe| ___DaoN. umAkAnta premAnanda zAha ne akkoTaka-aMkoTA gA~va se prApta do pratimAoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ye pratimAe~ I.sa. 550-600 taka ke kAla kI hai| unhoMne pratimA lekhoM ke AdhAra se yaha saMketa diyA hai ki inameM jina AcArya jinabhadra kA nAma hai, ve vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke kartA jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa hai / paraMtu abhI taka yaha nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai ki ye ve hI haiM yA anya koI samAna nAmadhArI AcArya haiN| AcArya jinabhadra kRta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI eka prati zaka saMvata 531 meM likhI gaI tathA vallabhI ke eka jaina maMdira meM samarpita kI gii| isa ghaTanA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki AcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne mathurA meM deva nirmita stUpa ke deva kI ArAdhanA eka pakSa kI tapasyA dvArA kI aura dImaka dvArA naSTa kie gae mahAnizItha sUtra kA uddhAra kiyaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki AcArya jinabhadra kA vallabhI ke atirikta mathurA se bhI saMbaMdha thaa| . munizrI jinavijayajI ne jaisalamera zAstra bhaNDAra meM sthita vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI prati ke AdhAra para AcArya jinabhadra kA samaya vi.sa. 666 ke AsapAsa mAnA hai / lekina abhI yaha samaya vivAdagrasta hai| isa ullekha se itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya jinabhadra kA uttarakAla vi.sa. 650-660 ke AsapAsa rahA hogaa| bhale hI AcArya jinabhadra ko unake samakAlInaM saMgha ne bahumAna na diyA ho, lekina uttaravartI kAla ke AcAryoM ne AcArya jinabhadra kA bahumAnapUrvaka ullekha kiyA hai| unake lie bhASyasudhAmbhodhi, bhASyapIyUSapayodhi, bhagavAna bhASyakAra, duHSamAndhakAra nimagna jinavacana pradIpa pratima, dalita kuvAdi pravAda, prazasya bhASya, sasyakAzyapIkalpa, tribhuvana jana prathita, pravacanopaniSada, vedI, saMdeha, saMdoha, zailazRMga bhaMgadambholi Adi vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| AcArya jinabhadra ne nimnalikhita graMthoM kI racanA kI hai 1. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (prAkRta padya), 2. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya svopajJavRtti, (saMskRta vRtti apUrNa), 3. bRhatsaMgrahaNI (prAkRta padya), 4. bRhada kSetra samAsa (prAkRta padya), 5. vizeSaNavatI (prAkRta padya), 6. jIta kalpa (prAkRta padya), 7. jItakalpa bhASya (prAkRta padya), 8. anuyoga dvArA cUrNi (prAkRta gadya), 9. dhyAnazataka (prAkRta padya), dhyAna zataka kA kartRtva saMdigdha hai| (124)

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saMghadAsa gaNi bhI bhASyakAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| inake do bhASya upalabdha haiM-bRhatkalpa laghu bhASya aura paMcakalpa mhaabhaassy| munizrI puNyavijayajI ke matAnusAra saMghadAsa nAma ke do AcArya haiN| eka vasudeva hiMDI prathama bhAga ke praNetA aura dUsare bRhatkalpa laghubhASya evaM paMcakalpa mahAbhASya ke kartA / kyoMki vasudeva hiMDI madhyakhaNDa ke kartA AcArya dharmasena gaNi ke kathanAnusAra vasudeva hiMDI prathama khaNDa ke praNetA vAcaka pada se alaMkRta the, jabaki bhASya praNetA saMghadAsa gaNi kSamA zramaNa pada se alaMkRta the| lekina padavI bheda se vyakti bheda bhI ho jAtA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyoMki kabhI-kabhI eka hI vyakti do padaviyoM se alaMkRta ho sakatA hai aura vibhinna dRSTiyoM se unakA samayAnusAra prayoga bhI hotA hai / ataH saMghadAsa nAma ke do alaga-alaga AcArya ho, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ____munizrI puNyavijayajI ne bhASyakAra tathA vasudevahiMDIkAra AcAryoM ko bhinna-bhinna siddha karane ke lie eka aura hetu diyA hai / vaha yaha hai ki AcArya jinabhadra ne apane vizeSaNavatI graMtha meM vasudeva hiMDI prathama bhAga meM citrita RSabhadeva caritra kI saMgrahaNI gAthAe~ banAkara unakA apane graMtha meM samAveza bhI kiyA hai / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vasudeva hiMDI prathama khaNDa ke praNetA saMghadAsa AcArya jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiN| Aja yaha aitihAsika gutthI anasulajhI par3I hai, lekina prApta pramANoM ke AdhAra se aba yaha to svIkAra karane lage haiM ki bhASyakAra saMghadAsa gaNi AcArya jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiN| bhASyakAroM kA nAmollekha karane ke prasaMga meM aba bhASyoM ke nAmoM kA saMketa karate haiN| pratyeka Agama para jaisI niyuktiyA~ nahIM likhI gaIM, vaise hI pratyeka Agama para bhASya bhI nahIM likhe ge| jina AgamoM para bhASya likhe gae haiM, unake nAma isa prakAra haiM-Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra aura nishiith| Avazyaka sUtra para tIna bhASya likhe gae haiM-1. mUla bhASya, 2. bhASya aura 3. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya / yaha vizeSAvazyaka bhASya Avazyaka sUtra ke prathama adhyayana kA sAmayika pada hai, lekina kAphI vistRta evaM mahatvapUrNa hai / pahale aura dUsare bhASya saMkSipta hai| unakI aneka gAthAe~ vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM sammilita kara lI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana bhASya bhI bahuta choTA hai| usameM kula paiMtAlIsa gAthAe~ haiM / bRhata kalpa para bRhata aura laghu ye do bhASya haiM / vyavahAra evaM nizItha bhASya meM lagabhaga 4329 aura 6500 gAthAe~ haiN| isake atirikta paMcakalpa, jItakalpa, oghaniyukti aura piMDaniyukti para bhI bhASya likhe gae haiN| cUrNikAra-niyukti evaM bhASya taka vyAkhyA graMthoM kI bhASA prAkRta aura zailI padyAtmaka rahI / isake bAda uttaravartI AcAryoM ne gadyAtmaka zailI meM prAkRta yA prAkRta (125)

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mizrita saMskRta bhASA meM vyAkhyA graMthoM kI racanA prAraMbha kii| yaha eka naI vyAkhyA vidhA thii| ise cUrNi nAma diyA gyaa| isa vidhA kA pracAra hone se vyAkhyA sAhitya kA kSetra to vyApaka banA, lekina jaise niyuktiyA~ aura bhASya sabhI Agama graMthoM para nahIM likhe gae, vaise hI cUrNiyA~ bhI sabhI Agama graMthoM para nahIM likhI gaI / phira bhI pUrvadvaya vyAkhyA vidhAoM kI apekSA kucha adhika AgamoM para evaM Agametara graMthoM para bhI cUrNiyAM likhI giiN| kintu apekSAkRta unakI saMkhyA bahuta kama haiN| jina Agama graMthoM para cUrNiyA~ likhI gaIM, unake nAma kramazaH isa prakAra haiM1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtra kRtAMga, 3. bhagavatI, 4. jIvAbhigama, 5. nizItha, 6. mahAnizItha. 7. vyavahAra, 8. dazAzrutaskaMdha, 9. bRhatkalpa, 10. paMcakalpa, 11. oghaniyukti, 12. jIta kalpa, 13. uttarAdhyayana, 14. Avazyaka, 15. dazavekAlika, 16. naMdI, 17. anuyoga dvAra, 18. jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti / bhASA kI dRSTi se ina cUrNiyoM meM naMdI cUrNi aura anuyoga dvAra cUrNi mukhyatayA prAkRta meM hai / kvacita kadAcita yatra tatra saMskRta ke zloka aura gadyAMza uddhRta kie gae haiN| jinadAsa kRta dazavaikAlika cUrNi kI bhASA mukhyatayA prAkRta hai aura agastyasiMhasarikRta dazavaikAlika cUrNi prAkRta meM hI hai / uttarAdhyayana cUrNi saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM hai| isameM bhI aneka sthAnoM para saMskRta ke zloka uddhRta haiN| AcArAMga cUrNi, sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi prAkRta pradhAna hai| inameM yatra tatra saMskRta ke zloka bhI uddhRta haiN| jItakalpa cUrNi prAkRta meM hI hai| isameM uddharaNa bhI prAkRta ke die haiN| nizItha vizeSa cUrNi alpa saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsa gaNi mahattara, siddhasena sUri, pralaMba sari aura agastya siMha sUri ke nAma jJAta hote haiM / anya cUrNikAroM ke nAma ajJAta haiM / inameM bhI cUrNikAra ke rUpa meM makhyatayA jinadAsa gaNiM mahattara kA nAma prasiddha hai, kinta unhoMne kitanI cUrNiyA~ likhI, yaha nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hotA / paraMparA se nimnalikhita cUrNiyA~ avazya jinadAsa gaNi mahattara kRta mAnI jAtI hai, nizItha vizeSa cUrNi, naMdI cUrNi, anuyoga dvAra cUrNi, Avazyaka cUrNi, dazavaikAlika cUrNi, uttarAdhyayana cUrNi aura sUtrakRtAMga cuurnni| jinadAsa gaNita mahattara kI jIvanI ke bAre meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| nizItha vizeSa carNi ke aMta meM carNikAra kA nAma jinadAsa batAyA hai aura prAraMbha meM vidyA guru ke rUpa meM pradyumna kSamA zramaNa kA nAma tathA uttarAdhyayana cUrNi meM jo lekhaka kA paricaya diyA hai, usameM inake nAma kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai, kintu guru kA nAma gopAla gaNi mahattara batAyA hai, jo vANijya kula, koTika gaNa, vajra zAkhA se saMbaMdhita the| naMdI cUrNI ke aMta meM bhI jo lekhaka paricaya diyA gayA hai, vaha bhI aspaSTa hai| (126)

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jinadAsa gaNi ke samaya ke bAre meM upalabdha sAkSyoM se itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye bhASyakAra AcArya jinabhadra ke bAda aura TIkAkAra AcArya haribhadra ke pUrva hue haiN| kyoMki jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne AcArya jinabhadra kI aneka gAthAoM kA apanI cUrNiyoM meM aura AcArya haribhadra ne isakI cUrNiyoM kA apanI TIkAoM meM yathAsthAna upayoga kiyA hai / ataH ina donoM ke madhya jinadAsa gaNi mahattara kA samaya mAnanA ucita pratIta hotA hai| AcArya jinabhadra kA samaya vi.sa. 600-660 ke AsapAsa hai tathA AcArya haribhadra kA samaya vi.sa. 757-827 ke bIca kA hai / ataH jinadAsa gaNi kA samaya vi.sa. 650-750 ke bIca meM mAnanA cAhie / isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki jinadAsa gaNi kA samaya vi.sa. 650-750 ke bIca honA cAhie / upalabdha jItakalpa cUrNi ke kartA siddhasena sUri haiM / ye siddhasena divAkara se bhinna koI dUsare AcArya haiM, kyoMki siddhasena divAkara jItakalpakAra AcArya jinabhadra pUrvavartI haiN| prastuta cUrNi kI eka vyAkhyA (viSama pada vyAkhyA) zrIcaMdra sUri ne vi.sa. 1227 meM pUrNa kI / ataH cUrNikAra siddhasena kA astitva isase pUrva hI honA cAhie / 'bRhatkalpa cUrNikAra pralaMba sUri ke jIvana para prakAza DAlane vAlI koI sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai / tAr3a patra para likhI gaI isa cUrNi kI eka prati kA ullekha samaya vi.sa. 1334 hai / ataH itanA nizcita hai ki pralaMbasUri vi.sa. 1334 se pUrva hue haiM / saMbhavataH ye cUrNikAra siddhasenasUri ke samakAlIna hoM athavA unase pahale bhI hue hoM / dazavaikAlika cUrNikAra agastya siMha sUri koTi gaNIya vajrasvAmI kI zAkhA ke eka sthavira haiM / inake guru kA nAma RSigupta hai, kintu inake samaya Adi ke bAre bhI prakAza DAlane vAlI koI sAmagrI prApta nahIM hai| yaha cUrNi vizeSa prAcIna bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM tatvArtha sUtra Adi ke saMskRta uddharaNa bhI haiM / zailI Adi kI dRSTi se cUrNi sarala hai / TIkAkara - cUrNiyoM ke bAda saMskRta TIkAoM kA yuga prAraMbha hotA hai / cUrNi taka vyAkhyA zailI gadya pradhAna ho cukI thI, lekina bhASA kA zuddha rUpa nahIM rahA thA / usa kAla meM prAkRta saMskRta mizrita bhASA kA prayoga hotA thA / isase yahI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki cUrNikAla bhASA kI dRSTi se saMkrAMti kA yuga thA, jisameM sAhitya kI bhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta apanA sthAna chor3a rahI thI aura saMskRta usakA sthAna letI jA rahI thI, lekina TIkAyuga meM saMskRta bhASA ne sAhitya nirmANa ke lie pramukha sthAna banA liyA thA / tatkAlIna AcAryoM ne saMskRta meM jo Agamika vyAkhyAe~ likhI, unameM niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNiyoM kA upayoga to kiyA hI, para sAtha meM nae-nae tarkoM, (127)

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hetuoM dvArA pUrva sAmagrI ko unhoMne sarala, vyApaka, vistRta banA diyaa| isa yuga meM vyAkhyA graMthoM ko likhane kA prabhAva itanA bar3hA ki pratyeka Agama para kama se kama eka TIkA to avazya hI likhI gii| TIkAkAroM meM haribhadrasUri, vAdivetAla zAMtisUri, abhayadeva sUri, malayaMgiri, maladhArI hemacandra Adi pramukha haiM / ina AcAryoM ke atirikta aura bhI aneka TIkAkAroM ke nAma haiM, jinameM se kucha kI TIkAe~ upalabdha haiM aura kucha kI anupalabdha hai| kucha aisI TIkA pratiyA~ milatI haiM, jinameM lekhakoM ke nAma nahIM milate, lekina ina TIkAoM se bhI pUrva AcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamA zramaNa kA nAma hai, jo vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| unhoMne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI svopajJavRtti likhanA prAraMbha kiyA thA, lekina apane jIvanakAla meM yaha vRtti pUrI na kara skeN| usa apUrNa vRtti ko koTyAcArya ne pUrNa kiyaa| isa dRSTi se AcArya jinabhadra ko anya TIkAkAroM se bhI pUrvavartI prAcInatam Agamika TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM smaraNa kara sakate haiN| . .. jina ratna koSa Adi meM aneka TIkAkAra AcAryoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jinake vyaktitva kA ThIka-ThIka nizcaya kiyA nahIM jA sakatA hai, kyoMki saMbhavataH eka hI AcArya ke eka se adhika nAma ho athavA eka hI nAma ke eka se adhika AcArya ho| ___TIkAoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna nAmoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| TIkA, vRtti, vivRtti, vivaraNa, vivecana, vyAkhyA, vArtika, avacUri, avacUrNi, paMjikA, Tippana, Tippanaka, paryAya, stabaka, pIThikA, akSarArtha Adi / TIkAkAroM meM pramukha AcArya jinabhadra ke paricaya kA pUrva meM kucha saMketa diyA jA cukA hai / unake bAda AcArya haribhadrasUri kA nAma AtA hai / haribhadra sUri jaina AgamoM ke prAcIna TIkAkAra hai| unakA janma mevAr3a ke cittaur3a (citrakUTa) nagara meM haA thA / lagabhaga sAr3he bAraha sau varSa pUrva isa nagara meM jitAri nAmaka rAjA rAja karatA thaa| haribhadra sUri usake rAjapurohita the| aneka vidhAoM meM pAraMgata hone kAraNa unheM kucha abhimAna ho gayA thaa| unakA yaha mAnanA thA ki saMsAra meM aisA koI vidvAna nahIM hai, jo unakI barAbarI kara sakeM / unake hAtha meM hamezA jaMbU vRkSa kI zAkhA rahatI thI, jo isa bAta kA pratIka thI ki isa jaMbUdvIpa meM unake mukAbale kA koI vidvAna nahIM hai| abhimAnavaza unhoMne yaha pratijJA bhI kara rakhI thI ki jisake kathana kA artha maiM nahIM samajha sakU~gA, usakA ziSya bana jaauuNgaa| eka dina ve rAjamahala se ghara lauTa rahe the| rAste meM jaina upAzraya meM kucha sAdhviyA~ svAdhyAya kara rahI thIM / saMyoga se unake kAnoM meM eka gAthA kI dhvani pdd'ii| (128)

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gAthA kA artha unakI samajha meM nahIM aayaa| ve upAzraya meM pahu~ce aura sAdhviyoM se gAthA kA artha pUchA / sAdhviyoM ne unheM AcArya jinabhadra ke pAsa bhejaa| AcArya ne haribhadra ko gAthA kA artha samajhAyA / haribhadra kI icchA jaina darzana kA jJAna prApta karane kI huI / unhoMne gahana adhyayana kiyA aura AcArya ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kI aura sAdhvI yAkinI mahattarA ko apanI dharmamAtA mAnA / ve svayaM ko yAkinI mahattarA sUnu kahate the| sthAna-sthAna para ghUmakara unhoMne jina zAsana kA pracAra kiyaa| prabhAvaka caritra meM varNita ukta ullekha se haribhadra ke dIkSA guru AcArya jinabhadra siddha hote haiM, kintu haribhadra ke khuda ke ullekhoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki AcArya jinabhadra unake gacchAdhipati the, jinadatta dIkSA dAtA guru the aura yAkinI mahattarA unakI dharmamAtA thI / unakA kula vidyAdhara gaccha thA aura saMpradAya zvetAmbara thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki haribhadra sUri ne 1444 graMthoM kI racanA kI thii| isake lie yaha kAraNa batAyA jAtA hai ki 1444 bauddha sAdhuoM kA saMhAra karane ke saMkalpa ke prAyazcita ke rUpa meM unake guru ne 1444 likhane kI unheM AjJA dI thii| isa ghaTanA kA ullekha rAjazekharasUri ne apane caturviMzati prabaMdha aura muni kSamAkalyANa ne apanI kharataragaccha paTTAvalI meM bhI kiyA hai| haribhadrasUri ke kucha graMtha pacAsa zloka pramANa bhI hai| isI prakAra solaha zlokoM ke SoDazaka aura bIsa zlokoM kI vizikAe~ bhI haiM / inakI eka stuti 'saMsAra dAvAnaladAha nIra' to kevala cAra zloka pramANa hI hai / isa prakAra dekhe to inake graMthoM kI saMkhyA meM aura bhI vRddhi kI jA sakatI hai| AcArya haribhadra ne apane pratyeka graMtha meM prAyaH 'viraha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| prabhAvaka caritra meM isa tathya ke lie batAyA hai ki apane atipriya do bhAnaje ziSyoM-haMsa aura parama haMsa ke viraha se duHkhita hRdaya hokara unhoMne apane pratyeka graMtha ko 'viraha' zabda se aMkita kiyA hai| vartamAna meM AcArya haribhadra kRta tihattara graMtha upalabdha haiN| unameM nyAya, adhyAtma, stuti, caritra Adi vividha viSaya haiM / AgamoM meM se unhoMne Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, naMdI, anuyoga dvAra Adi AgamoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| inake upalabdha graMthoM ke avalokana se inakI vidvatA kA patA laga jAtA hai / ye eka samadarzI aura bahuzruta vidvAna the| inake samaya ke bAre meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaina paraMparAnusAra vi.sa. 585 athavA vIra saMvat 1055 yA I.sa. 528 meM inakA svargavAsa ho gayA thaa| isa mAnyatA ko mithyA siddha karate hue DaoN. jekobI likhate haiM ki I.sa. 650 meM hone vAle dharmakIrti (129)

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ke tAtvika vicAroM se AcArya haribhadra paricita the / ataH yaha saMbhava nahIM hai ki I.sa. 528 ke bAda ve na rahe ho / haribhadra ke samaya nirdhAraNa kA eka dUsarA prabala pramANa udyotanasUra kA prAkRta graMtha kuvalayamAlA kathA hai| yaha graMtha zaka saMvat 770 kI aMtima tithi arthAt 21 mArca 779 ko pUrNa huA thaa| isa graMtha kI prazasti meM udyotanasUri ne haribhadra kA nAmollekha karake unheM apane darzana zAstra ke guru ke rUpa meM mAnA hai aura aneka graMthoM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM inakA varNana kiyA hai| AcArya haribhadra aura kuvalayamAlA ke kartA udyotana sUri samakAlIna the | itanI vizAla graMtharAzi ko likhane vAle mahApuruSa kI Ayu karIba sATha-sattara sAla kI to honI hI cAhie / ataH IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdI ke prathama dazaka meM haribhadra kA janma aura usI zatAbdI meM svargavAsa mAna liyA jAe to koI asaMgati pratIta nahIM hogI / ataH hama I.sa. 700 se 770 arthAt vi.sa. 757 se 827 taka haribhadrasUri kA sahI samaya nizcita karate haiM / AcArya zIlAMka ke lie kahA jAtA hai ki inhoMne prathama nau aMga AgamoM para TIkAe~ likhI thIM, lekina vartamAna meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkAe~ upalabdha haiN| AcArAMga TIkA kI pratiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna samaya kA ullekha hai / jaise kiM kisI para zaka saMvat 772 to kisI para zaka meM saMvat 784 yA 798 / isase yahI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki zaka kI AThavIM arthAt vikrama kI nauvIM - dasavIM zatAbdI kA inakA rUpa hai 1 zIlAMkAcArya zIlAcArya evaM tatvAcArya ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai / vAdivetAla zAMtisUri uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI TIkA ke kartA hai / inakA janma rAdhanapura (gujarAta) ke pAsa UNa-unnatAyu nAmaka gA~va meM huA thA / inake pitA kA nAma dhanadeva, mAtA kA nAma dhanazrI tathA svayaM kA nAma bhIma thA / dIkSA ke pazcAt inakA nAma zAMti pdd'aa| zAMtisUra kA samaya pATana ke rAjA bhImarAja (zAsanakAla vi.sa. 1078 1120) ke samakAlIna mAnA jAtA hai / ye bhImarAja kI sabhA meM vAdI cakravartI tathA kavIndra ke rUpa meM prasiddha the / mAlava pradeza meM vihAra karate samaya dhArA nagarI ke prasiddha rAjA bhoja kI sabhA meM (zAsanakAla vi.sa. 1037 se 1111) caurAsI vAdiyoM ko parAjita karane para rAjA bhoja ne inheM vAdI vetAla ke pada se vibhUSita kiyA thA / dhArA nagarI meM kucha samaya Thaharakara inhoMne mahAkavi dhanapAla kI tilaka maMjarI kA saMzodhana kiyA aura bAda meM dhanapAla ke sAtha ye bhI pATana A gae / inake guru kA nAma vijayasiMha sUri thA / vijayasiMha sUri ne inheM dIkSita kiyA (130)

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thA aura pramANa zAstra kA abhyAsa karAyA thaa| eka bAra jaba vijayasiMha sUri inheM abhyAsa karA rahe the, usa samaya municaMdra sUri bhI vahA~ upasthita the| ve nADola se vihAra kara pATana Ae the| unhoMne paMdraha dina ka khar3e-khar3e hI pATha sunA / solahaveM dina saba ziSyoM ke sAtha unakI bhI parIkSA lI gaI / municaMdra sUri kI bauddhika pratibhA se prabhAvita hokara zAMtisUri ne unako apane pAsa rakha liyA aura pramANa zAstra kA vizeSa abhyAsa kraayaa| zAMtisUri ne uttarAdhyayana TIkA ke atirikta dhanapAla kI tilakamaMjarI para bhI eka TippaNa likhA hai / vaha Aja bhI pATana ke jJAna bhaNDAra meM vidyamAna haiM / jIvavicAra prakaraNa aura caityavandana mahAbhASya bhI inhIM kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| jIvanAnta velA meM giranAra meM Akara inhoMne saMlekhanA grahaNa kI aura vi.sa. 1089 jyeSTha zuklA navamI maMgalavAra ko deha tyAga kiyaa| vikraya kI bArahavIM aura terahavIM zatAbdI. ke bIca sAta pramukha TIkAkAra AcArya hue haiM / unameM se eka abhayadeva sUri haiM / ye navAMgI TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| inhoMne sthAnAMga Adi samavAyAMga paryanta nau aMga AgamoM evaM aupapAtika upAMga kI TIkAe~ likhI haiN| inakI kula racanAoM kA graMthamAna karIba sATha hajAra zloka pramANa hai| abhayadeva sUri kA bAlyakAla kA nAma abhayakumAra thaa| ve dhArA nagarI ke seTha dhanadeva ke putra the| unake dIkSAMguru kA nAma jinezvara sUri thaa| jinezvara mari vardhamAna sUri ke ziSya the| abhayakumAra kA janma anumAnataH vi.sa. 1088, dIkSA saMvat 1104, AcArya pada evaM TIkAoM kA prAraMbha vi.sa. 1120 aura svargavAsa vi.sa. 1135 yA 1139 mAnA jAtA hai| . abhayadevasUri ke anantara TIkAkAroM kI paraMparA meM AcArya malayagiri aura maladhArI hemacaMdra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / inake atirikta aura bhI TIkAkAra AcArya hue haiM, jinakA paricaya yathAsthAna diyA jA rahA hai| __ AcArya malayagiri kI prasiddhi TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM hai, na ki graMthakAra ke rUpa meN| inhoMne Agama graMthoM para aMtima mahatvapUrNa TIkA graMtha likhe haiN| ina TIkAoM meM inakI vidvatA, bhASA kI prAsAdikatA, zailI kI praur3hatA evaM nirUpaNa kI spaSTatA jhalakatI hai| ___AcArya malayagiri ne apane TIkA graMthoM meM apanA kucha bhI paricaya na dekara sirpha nAma kA ullekha mAtra kiyA hai| lekina paMdrahavIM zatAbdI ke eka graMthakAra jinamaMDana gaNi ne apane kumArapAla prabaMdha meM AcArya hemacaMdrasUri kI vidyA sAdhanA ke (131)

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prasaMga meM AcArya malayagiri ke saMbaMdha meM kucha bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / unase jJAta hotA hai ki AcArya malayagiri kalikAla sarvajJa hemacaMdrAcArya ke samakAlIna the| AcArya hemacandra ke samakAlIna hone se malayagiri kA samaya vi.sa. 1150 se 1250 ke lagabhaga mAnanA caahie| __malayagiri ne kitane TIkAgraMtha likhe, isakA spaSTa ullekha to nahIM hai, lekina unake jitane graMtha isa samaya upalabdha hai tathA jina graMthoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha unhoMne apane graMthoM meM kiyA hai, paraMtu jo anupalabdha hai, una sabakA graMthamAna karIba DhAI lAkha zloka pramANa honA cAhie, kyoMki upalabdha graMthoM kA pramANa hI do lAkha zlokoM ke karIba hai to zeSa anupalabdha graMthoM ke pramANa ko pacAsa hajAra zloka nahIM mAnane ke lie koI avakAza nahIM rahatA / anupalabdha graMthoM kI saMkhyA sATha hai, jinameM Agamika TIkA graMthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-1. bhagavatI (dvitIya zataka), 2. rAjapraznIya, 3. jIvAbhigama, 4. prajJApanA, 5. caMdraprajJapti, 6. sUryaprajJapti, 7. naMdIsUtra, 8. vyavahAra sUtra, 9. bRhatkalpa aura 10. aavshyk| maladhArI hemacandra sUri kA paricaya isa prakAra hai unakA gRhasthAzrama kA nAma pradyumna thaa| ve rAjyamaMtrI the| apanI cAra patniyoM kA aura rAjya maMtrI pada kA tyAgakara ve maladhArI abhayadeva sUri ke pAsa dIkSita hue the| ina donoM AcAryoM ke prabhAvazAlI jIvana caritra kA varNana maladhArI hemacaMdra sUri ke hI ziSya zrI caMdrasUri ne apane munisuvrata caritra kI prazasti meM kiyA hai / hemacandra sUri kA paricaya dete hue unhoMne kahA hai ki zrI hemacaMdrasUri AcArya abhayadeva ke bAda hue| ve apane yuga meM prabaMdha pAragAmI aura vacanAtizaya se sampanna the| bhagavatI jaisA zAstra to unheM apane nAma kI bhA~ti kaMThastha thaa| unake tIna pramukha ziSya the-vijayasiMha, zrIcaMda aura vibudhacaMdra / inameM se zrIcaMda paTTadhara AcArya hue| . AcArya vijayasiMha ne dharmopadeza mAlA kI bRhavRtti likhI hai| usakI samApti vi.sa. 1191 meM huii| usakI prazasti meM apane guru hemacaMdrasUri aura unake guru AcArya abhayadeva sUri kA jo paricaya diyA hai, usase mAlama hotA hai ki vi.sa. 1191 meM AcArya hemacaMdra sUri ke svargavAsa ko kAphI varSa vyatIta ho cuke the| aisI sthiti meM yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki abhayadeva sari kA svargavAsa hone para arthAt vi.sa. 1168 meM hemacaMdrasUri ne AcArya pada prApta kiyA aura lagabhaga vi.sa: 1180 taka unhoMne usa pada ko suzobhita kiyaa| kyoMki unake graMthAMta kI kisI bhI prazasti meM vi.sa. 1177 ke bAda ke varSa kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| (132)

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AcArya hemacaMdra ne svahasta likhita jIva samAsa vRtti kI prati ke aMta meM apanA jo paricaya diyA hai, usameM unhoMne apane ko yama, niyama, svAdhyAya va dhyAna ke anuSThAna meM rata parama naiSThika paNDita zvetAmbarAcArya bhaTTAraka ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / yaha prati unhoMne vi.sa. 1164 meM likhI hai| apanI vizeSAvazyaka bhASya vRtti ke aMta meM unhoMne jo prazasti likhI hai, usake AdhAra se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne nimnalikhita graMthoM kI racanA kI hai 1. Avazyaka TippaNa, 2. zataka vivaraNa, 3. anuyoga dvAra vRtti, 4. upadeza nAma mAlA sUtra, 5. upadeza mAlA vRtti, 6. jIva samAsa vivaraNa, 7. bhava bhAvanA sUtra, 8. bhava bhAvanA vivaraNa, 9. naMdI TippaNa, 10. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya bRhadavRtti / ina graMthoM kA parimANa karIba assI hajAra zloka pramANa hai| ukta pramukha TIkAkAroM ke atirikta nemicaMdra sUri ne uttarAdhyayana vRtti aura zrIcaMdra sUri ne aMgabAhya AgamoM para TIkA graMtha likhe haiN| AgamoM para saMskRta TIkA graMtha likhane kA krama vikrama kI satarahavIM zatAbdI taka calatA rhaa| usake bAda loka bhASAoM kA vikAsa hote jAne se katipaya vidvAna AcAryoM ne apabhraMza, gujarAtI Adi lokabhASAoM meM svataMtra rUpa meM yA TIkA graMthoM ke rUpa meM racanAe~ prAraMbha kara dii| lokabhASA TIkAkAra- lokabhASAoM meM Agamika TIkAgraMtha, bAlAvabodha nAma se likhe gae / bAlAvabodhoM ke lekhakoM meM sAdhuratna sUri ke ziSya pArzvacaMdra gaNi (vi.sa. 1572) kA nAma ullekhanIya hai / inake bAda muni dharmasiMha kA nAma hai / inhoMne bhagavatI, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, caMdraprajJapti aura sUrya prajJapti ina pA~ca sUtroM ko chor3akara zeSa sthAnakavAsI mAnya sattAIsa AgamoM ke bAlAvabodha (Tabbe) likhe haiN| muni dharmasiMha jAmanagara (saurASTra) ke nivAsa unake pitA kA nAma jinadAsa aura mAtA kA nAma ziMvAdevI thA / ve jaba paMdraha varSa ke the, taba loMkAgaccha ke AcArya ratnasiMha ke ziSya devajI muni kA jAmanagara meM Agamana huaa| unake vyAkhyAna se prabhAvita hokara unhoMne aura unake pitA ne dIkSA grahaNa kii| adhyayana karane se unheM zAstroM kA acchA jJAna ho gyaa| unake bAre meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki ve donoM hAthoM se hI nahIM donoM pairoM se bhI lekhanI pakar3akara likha sakate the / vi.sa. 1728 Azvina zuklA 4 ko unakA nidhana huaa| muni dharmasiMha ne sattAIsa sUtroM ke bAlAvabodhoM (TabboM) ke atirikta nimnalikhita gujarAtI graMthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai-samavAyAMga kI huMDI, bhagavatI kA yaMtra, prajJApanA kA yaMtra, sthAnAMga kA yaMtra, jIvAbhigama kA yaMtra, jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti kA yaMtra, caMdraprajJapti kA yaMtra, sUrya prajJapti kA yaMtra, rAjapraznIya kA yaMtra, vyavahAra kI huMDI, sUtra (133)

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samAdhi kI huNDI, draupadI kI caryA, sAmAyika kI caryA, sAdhu samAcArI, caMdraprajJapti kI TIpa / ina graMthoM meM eka do ko chor3akara zeSa AgamoM ke viSaya kA pratipAdana karane vAle haiN| unhoMne kucha aura graMtha bhI likhe haiM, lekina aba taka ina graMthoM kA prakAzana nahIM huA hai / vikrama kI bIsavIM sadI meM zrI rAjeMdrasUrijI mahArAja hue haiM / ve Agama sAhitya ke marmajJa the / vi.sa. 1883 meM bharatapura meM unakA janma huA thaa| unake pitA kA nAma RSabhadAsajI aura mAtA kA nAma kesara devI thA / ikkIsa varSa kI umra meM unhoMne zrI pUjya pramodasUrijI ke pAsa yatidIkSA grahaNa kii| phira vi.sa. 1925 meM jAvarA (ma.pra.) meM kriyoddhAra karake zuddha cAritra kI prarUpaNA kI / svayaM saMvegI muni (AcArya) bane / unhoMne sampUrNa Agama sAhitya kA adhyayana karake jaina prAkRta vizvakoSa 'abhidhAna rAjeMdra' kA nirmANa kiyA / yaha koza sAta bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM aura apane Apa meM anUThA hai / isa koza ke kAraNa Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana meM adhika suvidhA huii| yaha graMtha jinAgama kI kuMjI hai / Agama sAhitya kA aisA eka bhI zabda nahIM hai, jisakA isa koSa meM samAveza na huA ho / isake alAvA zrImad ne choTe-bar3e laMgabhaga ikasaTha graMthoM kI racanA kI / unameM se kucha graMthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM 1. Avazyaka sUtrAvacUrI TabbArtha, 2. upAsaka dazAMga sUtra bhASAntara (bAlAvabodha), 3. dazAzruta skaMdha cUrNi, 4. prajJApanopAMga sUtra saTIka (tripATha), 5. jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti vIjaka (sUcI) ye sabhI graMtha aba taka aprakAzita haiM / zrImad gurudeva ne dazAzrutaskaMdha ke AThaveM adhyayana kalpasUtra kI kalpasUtrArtha prabodhinI ke nAma se saMskRta meM vyAkhyA kI hai aura gujarAtI meM bhI kalpasUtra bAlAvabodha kI racanA kI hai| unhoMne gacchAcAra payannA vRtti nAmaka prakIrNaka graMtha kI bhI gujarAtI meM TIkA likhI hai / ye donoM graMtha prakAzita haiM / zrImad gurudeva kA svargavAsa vi.sa. 1963 meM rAjagar3ha (dhAra) meM huA / I Ajakala hindI, aMgrejI, gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM meM viziSTa prastAvanAoM ke sAtha aneka AgamoM ke anuvAda va sAra prakAzita hue haiN| munizrI ghAsIlAla jI dvArA sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya mAnya samasta Agama graMtha vizeSa vyAkhyAoM sahita prakAzita ho cuke haiN| isI prakAra sva. yuvAcArya zrI madhukara munijI ma.sA. ke mArgadarzana evaM pradhAna sampAdakatva meM Agama prakAzana samiti byAvara (rAjasthAna ) dvArA bhI sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA dvArA mAnya sabhI Agama graMtha hindI anuvAda va vivecana sahita prakAzita ho cuke haiM / (134)

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* vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya isa prakAra vyAkhyA prakAroM evaM katipaya pramukha vyAkhyAkAra AcAryoM kI saMkSepa meM jAnakArI dene ke anantara aba Agamika vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya prastuta karate AcArAMga- sabase pahalA Agama AcArAMga hai / isakI AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya), jinadAsa gaNi mahattara, AcArya zIlAMka aura mani dharmasiMha ne kramazaHniryakti, cUrNi, saMskRta TIkA aura lokabhASA TIkA (bAlAvabodha TabbA) likhI hai| / ___AcArAMga niyukti AcArAMga ke donoM zrutaskaMdhoM para likhI gaI hai| niyukti vidhA ke anusAra isameM pratyeka viziSTa evaM pAribhASika zabda kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isameM tIna sau saiMtAlIsa gAthAe~ haiN| prathama zrutaskaMdhaM ke prAraMbha meM maMgala gAthA hai / usameM saba siddhoM ko namaskAra karake AcArAMga kI niyukti karane kI pratijJA kI gaI hai| isake bAda AcAra, zruta, aMga, brahma, caraNa, zastra, parijJA, saMjJA, cada, dhUta, vimokSa, upadhAna, agra Adi zabdoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya zabdoM kI niyukti karane ke bAda niyuktikAra ne sUtrasparzI niyukti prAraMbha kI hai / usameM sUtragata pratyeka zabda kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki kauna-sA zabda kitane prakAra kA hai aura kisa zabda meM kitane nikSepa saMbhava hai / AcArAMga ko prathama aMga mAnane ke kAraNa ko batAte hue kahA hai ki AcArAMga dvAdazAMgoM meM prathama haiM, kyoMki isameM mokSa ke upAya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| vaha sampUrNa pravacana kA sAra hai tathA AcArAMga ke adhyayana se zramaNa dharma kA parijJAna hotA hai, isalie isakA pradhAna arthAt AdhagaNi sthAna hai / jina zabdoM yA padoM ke avAntara bheda ho sakate haiM, una bhedoM kI saMkhyA va nAma bhI batAe haiM tathA pratyeka adhyayana ke aMta meM usakA sArAMza evaM Azaya bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| .. AcArAMga niyukti ke AdhAra se jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne AcAraMga cUrNi likhI hai| niyukti kI gAthAoM ke AdhAra [vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie vA:mo. zAha likhita 'aitihAsika noMdha' par3hie para hI cUrNi likhI gaI hai, ataH aisA honA svAbhAvika bhI hai| cUrNikAra ne bhI niyuktivat nikSepa paddhati kA AdhAra liyA hai| isakI bhASA mukhyatayA prAkRta pradhAna hai, lekina vivecana kI spaSTatA ke lie yatra tatra saMskRta zloka bhI uddhRta kie haiN| prathama zrutaskaMdha kI cUrNi meM mukhya rUpa se anuyoga, aMga, AcAra, brahma, varNa, AcaraNa, zastra parijJA, saMjJA, dik, samyaktva, yoni, karma, pRthvI Adi SaTakAya, (135)

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lokavijaya, guNasthAna, paritApa, vihAra, rati, arati, lobha, jugupsA, gotra, jAti, jAtismaraNa, eSaNA, dezanA, baMdha mokSa, zItoSNa parISaha, tatvArtha, zraddhA, jIva rakSA, acelatva, maraNa saMlekhanA, samanojJatva, yA maMtraya, trivastratAha, vIra dIkSA, devadUSya aura svataMtratA Adi kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kA vyAkhyAna karate hue mukhyatayA nimna viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai-agra, prANa, saMsakta, piNDaiSaNA, zaiyyA, IryA, bhASA, vastra, pAtra, avagraha, saptaka, sapta saptaka, bhAvanA aura vimukti| inakA vivecana karane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki AcArAMga sUtra kA prayojana zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra dharma kI pratiSThA karanA hai| ataH pratyeka viSaya kA pratipAdana isI prayojana ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kiyA gayA hai| AcArya zIlAMka ne AcArAMga vivaraNa ke nAma se apanI TIkA mUla sUtra aura niyukti ke AdhAra se likhI hai| usameM zabdArtha ke sAtha-sAtha pratyeka viSaya kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai tathA svakathana kI puSTi ke lie yatra tatra bIca-bIca meM aneka saMskRta prAkRta uddharaNa bhI die haiM, lekina tatsaMbaddha graMtha yA raciyatA kA nAmollekha nahIM kiyA hai| bhASA zailI, sAmagrI Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se TIkA subodha prathama zrutaskaMdha kA prAraMbha karate hue sarvaprathama vivaraNa kAra ne jina tIrtha kI mahimA batAI hai aura usake lie jayaghoSa kiyA hai tathA gaMdhahastI kRta zastra parijJA vivaraNa ko ati kaThina batAte hue AcArAMga para sarala, subodha, vivaraNa likhane kA saMkalpa kiyA hai / isI prakAra dvitIya zrutaskaMdha ke prAraMbha meM punaH madhyamaMgala karate hue tIna zloka likhe haiM tathA caturcDAtmaka dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kI vyAkhyA karane kI pratijJA kI hai| donoM zrutaskaMdhoM ke vivaraNa ke aMta meM samApti sUcaka zloka haiM aura aMta meM AcArAMga kI TIkA likhane se prApta svapuNya ko loka kI AcAra zuddhi ke lie pradAna karane kI bhAvanA vyakta kI hai| sampUrNa TIkAgraMtha bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa hai / AcArya zIlAMka kRta AcArAMga vivaraNa ke AdhAra para caMdragacchIya mahezvara sUri ke ziSya ajitadeva sUri ne AcArAMga dIpikA likhI hai| isakA racanA samaya vi.sa. 1629 ke AsapAsa hai / TIkA sarala, saMkSipta evaM subodha hai / abhI isakA pUrvArddha prakAzita hai / isa dIpikA ko samajha lene para vivaraNa kA adhyayana saralatA se kiyA jA sakatA hai| muni dharmasiMha dvArA loka bhASA (prAcIna gujarAtI) meM likhita bAlAvabodha (TabbA) aprakAzita hai| (136)

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sUtrakRtAMga-AcArAMga kI taraha isa dUsare sUtra para bhI niyukti, cUrNi, saMskRta TIkA aura bAlAvabodha (lokabhASA TIkA) likhe gae haiM / isake niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya), cUrNikAra jinadAsa gaNi (yaha graMtha anupalabdha hai| isake racayitA tatvArtha bhASya para vRhadvRtti likhane vAle AcArya siddhasena haiM, aisA saMzodhana karane vAle vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai|) mahattara saMskRta TIkAkAra zIlAMkAcArya aura bAlAvabodhakAra muni dharmasiMha haiN| niyukti meM 205 gAthAe~ haiM / racanA paddhati ke anusAra prastuta niyukti meM aneka padoM kA nikSepa paddhati se nikSepa kiyA gayA hai| jaise ki gAthA, SoDaza, zruta skaMdha, puruSa, vibhakti, samAdhi, mArga, AdAna, grahaNa, adhyayana, puNDarIka, AhAra, pratyAkhyAna, sUtra, Ardra Adi / isa niyukti meM paryAyavAcI zabdoM kI ora vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai / gAthA 18 aura 20 meM sUtrakRtAMga zabda kA ullekha hai / 180 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 67 ajJAnavAdI aura 32 vaiyanika ina 363 vAdIoM kA ullekha isameM hai / gAthA 127 se 131 meM guru ziSya ke bheda-prabhedoM kA nirdeza haiN| . gAthA 66-67 meM paMdraha prakAra ke parama adhArmika devoM ke nAma ginAe haiM tathA Age kI kucha gAthAoM meM batAyA hai ki ye paramAdhAmI narakavAsiyoM ko kisa prakAra satAte haiM aura kaisI-kaisI yAtanAe~ dete haiN| . sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi kI vivecana zailI AcArAMga cUrNi jaisI hai / isameM prAkRta kI apekSA saMskRta bhASA prayoga kI bahalatA hai aura nimnalikhita viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai-maMgalAcaraNa, tIrthasiddha saMghAta, visrasAkaraNa, baMdhanAdi pariNAma, bhedAdi pariNAma, kSetrAdi karaNa, AlocanA, parigraha, mamatA, ekAtmavAda, tajjIvataccharIravAda, akArAtmavAda, skaMdhavAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda, kartAvAda, nirAzAvAda, vainayikavAda, nAstika mata carcA, sAMkhyamata carcA, Izvara karttavya carcA, syAdvAda, AjIvaka mata nirAsa, gozAlakaM mata nirAsa, bauddhamata nirAsa, jAtivAda nirAsa Adi / vibhinna darzanoM kI carcA hone se isa cUrNi ko siddhAMta kI apekSA carcA kA graMtha kaha sakate haiN| AcArya zIlAMka kI sUtrakRtAMga TIkA mUla aura niyukti para hai / prAraMbha meM jina bhagavantoM ko namaskAra karake prastuta vivaraNa ko likhane kI pratijJA kI hai| AcArya ne TIkA ko saba dRSTiyoM se saphala banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai aura dArzanika vicAroM ko spaSTa karane lie svataMtra paraMparA kI mAnyatAoM kA asaMdigdha nirUpaNa kiyA hai| lekina yahA~ eka bAta vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya haiM, vaha yaha ki yatra tatra aneka uddharaNa to avazya die haiM, lekina unake lekhaka yA graMtha kA nAmollekha nahIM kiyA hai / .. aMta meM TIkA kA graMthamAna 12850 zloka pramANa batAkara saMketa diyA hai ki (137)

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yaha TIkA bAharI graMtha kI sahAyatA se zIlAMkAcArya ne pUrI kI evaM apane prayAsa ke puNya ko bhavyajanoM ko ajJAnAndhakAra dUra karane ke lie pradAna kI hai| - muni dharmasiMha kRtta bAlAvabodha aprakAzita hai / lekina anumAnataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sUtra evaM saMskRta TIkA meM varNita viSaya ko sarala lokabhASA meM prastuta kiyA hogaa| sthAnAMga- isa para saMskRta aura lokabhASA meM TIkAeM likhI gaI haiN| unake racayitA kramazaH zrI abhayadevasUri evaM muni dharmasiMha haiN| . abhayadeva sUri racita saMskRta TIkA sthAnAMga ke mUla sUtroM para hai, lekina zabdArtha taka sImita na rahakara TIkAkAra ne sUtra saMbaddha pratyeka viSaya kA Avazyaka vivecana kiyA hai / varNana meM dArzanika vicAroM evaM saiddhAMtika dRSTiyoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, jisameM TIkAkAra kI zAstra marmajJatA, pAMDitya Adi spaSTa jhalakate haiM / prAraMbha meM TIkAkAra ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ko namaskAra karake sthAnAMga kA vivecana karane kI pratijJA kI hai| AcAryazrI ne satrasparzI TIkA meM nikSepa paddhati kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai / usameM niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM kI zailI spaSTa jhalakatI hai / unhoMne apane kathana ko spaSTa karane ke lie yatra tatra dRSTAMta rUpa meM saMkSipta kathAnaka bhI die haiM, lekina jahA~ kahIM bhI dArzanika vivecana kA prasaMga prApta huA, vahA~ usa para pUrNarUpeNa vivecana kiyA hai / jaise 'ege AyA' kA vyAkhyAna karate hue aneka dRSTiyoM se AtmA kI ekatA-anekatA siddha kI hai / AtmA ke svataMtra astitva kI siddhi karate hue vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI etad viSayaka gAthAe~ uddhRta kI hai evaM anyAnyaM graMthoM ke pramANa prastuta kie haiN| uddharaNoM meM graMthoM yA graMthakAroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha na karake jagaha-jagaha tathAhi, yadukta tathA uktaM ca Adi zabdoM kA prayoga karake graMthAvataraNaoM kA ullekha kiyA vRtti ke aMta meM AcArya ne apanA sAnuprAsika paricaya dete hue batAyA hai ki maiMne yaha TIkA yazodeva gaNi kI sahAyatA se pUrNa kI hai / yaha TIkA vi.sa. 1120 meM likhI gaI / TIkA kA graMthamAna 14250 zloka pramANa hai| lokabhASA TIkA aprakAzita hai samavAyAMga-isakI bhI saMskRta TIkA abhayadevasUri dvArA likhI gaI hai / muni dharmasiMha ne bhI lokabhASA TIkA likhI hai, jo aprakAzita hai| TIkA ke prAraMbha meM AcArya abhayadevasUri ne vardhamAna mahAvIra ko namaskAra kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM samavAya kA artha batAyA hai ki samavAya meM tIna pada haiM- sam + (138)

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ava + aya / sam kA artha hai- samyak, ava kA artha hai-Adhikya aura aya kA artha hai-pariccheda / arthAt jisameM jIvAjIvAdi vividha padArthoM kA savistAra samyaka vivecana hai athavA jisameM AtmAdi nAnA prakAra ke bhAvoM kA abhidheya rUpa se samavAya samavatAra sammilina hai, vaha samavAya hai aura vaha pravacana puruSa kA aMgarUpa hone se samavAyAMga hai / isameM yatra tatra pAThAntara bhI upasthita kie gae haiM aura aneka sthAnoM. para prajJApanA sUtra kA evaM sthAna-sthAna para gaMdhahastI mahAbhASya kA bhI ullekha hai / meM pATana meM TIkA na to ati vistRta hai aura na ati saMkSipta / yaha vi.sa. 1920 likhI gaI hai| isakA graMthamAna 3505 zloka pramANa hai / 1 vyAkhyAM prajJapti- isa para niyukti Adi TIkA graMtha likhe nahIM gae haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki AcArya zIlAMka ne isa para saMskRta TIkA likhI thI, lekina vartamAna meM vaha upalabdha nahIM hai / AcArya abhayadeva sUri viracita TIkA upalabdha / yaha TIkA mUlasUtroM para hai evaM saMkSipta zabdArtha pradhAna hai| isameM yatra tatra aneka uddharaNa avazya hai, jinase artha samajhane meM vizeSa sahAyatA milatI hai / aneka padAntara evaM vyAkhyA bheda bhI die haiM, jo vizeSa mahatva ke haiM / | prAraMbha meM sAmAnya rUpa meM jina bhagavAna ko namaskAra karane ke anantara vardhamAna, sudharmA, anuyoga vRddha jana evaM sarvajJa pravacana ko namaskAra kiyA hai / usake bAda prAcIna cUrNi 1 TIkA evaM jIvAbhigama Adi vRttiyoM kI sahAyatA se paMcama aMga vyAkhyA prajJapti kA vivecana karane kA saMkalpa kiyA hai / vyAkhyA prajJapti ke vividha rUpoM kA zabdArtha bhI batAyA hai, jinakA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / pratyeka zataka kI TIkA ke aMta meM TIkAkAra ne eka sundara AtmasparzI zloka diyA hai / TIkA kA graMthamAna 18616 zloka pramANa hai / aMta meM guru paraMparA kA paricaya diyA hai aura batAyA hai ki TIkA kA lekhana vi.saM. 1928 meM aNahila pATana nagara meM samApta huA / jina mANikya gaNi ke ziSya ananta haMsa gaNi ke ziSya dAnazekhara ne bhagavatI vizeSa padaM vyAkhyA nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI hai| use laghuvRtti athavA vizeSa vRtti bhI kahate haiM / vRttikAra ne prAcIna bhagavatI vRtti ke AdhAra para bhagavatI sUtra (vyAkhyA prajJapti) ke kaThina padoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / vyAkhyAna meM zabdArtha ke sAtha-sAtha tatsaMbaddha viSaya kA vistRta vivecana bhI kiyA hai / 1. vyAkhyA prajJapti cUrNi ke raciyatA jinadAsa gaNimahattara hai, lekina nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kyoMki paraMparA se mahattara racita nimnAMkita AgamoM kI cUrNiyA~ mAnI jAtI hai, nizItha, naMdI, anuyoga dvAra, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika aura uttraadhyyn| (139)

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AcArya malayagiri ne isake dvitIya zataka para vRtti likhI hai, jisakA graMthamAna 3750 zloka pramANa hai| . jJAtA dharmakathA- isakI saMskRta TIkA abhayadeva sUri kRta hai| prAraMbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko namaskAra karake TIkA likhane kA saMkalpa kiyA gayA hai / prathama sUtra ke vyAkhyAna meM campA nagarI kA, dUsare sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM pUrNabhadra caitya kA, tIsare sUtra ke vyAkhyAna meM koNika rAjA kA aura cauthe meM sudharmA kA paricaya dene ke pazcAta pA~caveM sUtra meM graMtha ke donoM zrutaskaMdhoM kA paricaya dete hue batAyA hai ki prathama zrutaskaMdhoM kA nAma jJAta hai aura jJAta kA artha hotA hai udAharaNa / arthAt isa skaMdha meM AcAra Adi kI zikSA dene ke uddezya se kathAoM ke rUpa meM vividha udAharaNoM kA saMgraha hai| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha kA nAma dharma kathA hai, jisameM dharmapradhAna kathAoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| anantara prathama zrutaskaMdha ke aMtargata Agata unnIsa udAharaNa kathAoM ke adhyayanoM kI artha sahita nAmAvalI dI gaI hai / isake bAda pratyeka adhyayana gata kathA kI vyAkhyA karake aMta meM kaThina zabdoM ke artha aura usakA phalitArtha spaSTa kiyA hai tathA usakI puSTi ke lie tadartha garbhita gAthAe~ uddhRta kI hai| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM udAharaNoM ke mAdhyama se nahIM, kintu sAkSAt dharmakathAoM ke dvArA hI dharmArtha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dharma kathAoM ke dasa varga haiM aura pratyeka varga meM vividha adhyayana hai, jinakA vyAkhyAna sarvasugama: zeSa sUtra siddhama' aisA likhate hue sirpha cAra paMktiyoM meM samApta kara diyA gayA hai / TIkA kA graMthamAna 3800 zloka pramANa hai tathA graMtha samApti kI tithi vi.sa. 1120 vijayA dazamI hai / isakI lekhana samApti bhI aNahila pATana nagara meM huii| upAsakadazAMga- isa aMga Agama ke saMskRtaM TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri haiN| lokabhASA TIkAkAra muni dharmasiMha hai| saMskRta TIkA sUtraspI hai / jJAtA dharma kathA kI taraha isameM bhI sUtragata vizeSa zabdoM ke artha ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, jisase isakA bhI vistAra adhika nahIM hai| prAraMbha meM vardhamAna svAmI ko namaskAra karane ke bAda upAsaka dazA kI TIkA likhane kI pratijJA kI hai| upAsaka dazA kA artha spaSTa karate hue kahA hai-upAsaka arthAt zramaNopAsaka aura dazA arthAt dasa / arthAt zramaNopAsaka saMbaMdhI anuSThAna kA pratipAdana karane vAle dasa adhyayana rUpa sUtra ko upAsaka dazA kahate haiN| ina kathAoM meM Ananda, kAmadeva Adi bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dasa pramukha zrAvakoM, upAsakoM ke caritra varNana dvArA zrAvaka dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / TIkA meM kahIM, kahIM vyAkhyAnAntara kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / aneka sthAnoM para artha samajhane ke lie jJAtA dharma kathA kI vyAkhyA se artha samajha lene kA saMketa kiyA hai| (140)

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zrImat vijaya rAjendrasUrijI ( abhidhAna kozakAra) mahArAja ne bhI upAsaka dazAMga sUtra bhASAntara bAlAvabodha kI racanA kI hai, para vaha amudrita hai / antakRddazA- isakI saMskRta va lokabhASA TIkA kramazaH abhayadevasUri aura muni dharmasiMha ne likhI hai / saMskRta TIkA sUtra sparzI evaM zabdArtha pradhAna hai tathA jina zabdoM yA padoM kI vyAkhyA nahIM huI hai, unakI jAnakArI ke lie jJAtA dharma kathA ke vivaraNa par3hane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM antakRta zabda kA artha batAyA hai - anta arthAt bhavAnta aura kRtta yAne kie hue arthAt jinhoMne bhava kA anta kiyA hai, unheM antakRta kahate haiM / yaha Agama dasa adhyayana yukta nahIM hai, lekina kucha vargoM meM hai / ataH usa paddhati kA anusaraNa karake isakA nAmakaraNa antakRddazA kiyA gayA hai 1 anuttaropapAtika dazA- isakI bhI saMskRta TIkA sUtrasparzI evaM zabdArtha grAhI hai / prAraMbha meM TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri ne anuttaropapAtika dazA kA artha batAyA hai ki anuttara vimAna meM utpanna hone vAlA anuttaropapAtika kahalAtA hai / isake prathama varga meM dasa adhyAya haiM / isa kAraNa isa graMtha kA pUrA nAma anupattaropapAtika hai / anta meM apanI laghutA prakaTa karate hue TIkAkAra ne kahA hai ki jina zabdoM kA arthata: aura paryAyata: jJAna na hone se kucha truTi raha gayI ho, to sudhIjana unakA saMzodhana kara leM 1 I praznavyAkaraNa- isa dasaveM aMga Agama kI abhaya deva sUri kRta saMskRta TIkA kA graMthamAna 4630 zloka pramANa hai / TIkA zabdArtha pradhAna hai / droNAcArya ne ise zuddha kiyA hai / TIkA ke prAraMbha meM graMtha kI duruhatA kA saMketa kiyA hai aura anya AgamoM ke nAmArthoM kI taraha praznavyAkaraNa kA bhI artha batAyA hai ki prazna arthAt aMguSThAdi vidhAoM kA jisameM vyAkaraNa abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai, use prazna vyAkaraNa kahate haiM / prazna vyAkaraNa kA dUsarA nAma prazna vyAkaraNa dazA bhI hai / usake artha kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai ki prazna + vyAkaraNa + dazA yAne jisameM praznoM arthAt vidyA vizeSoM kA vyAkaraNa pratipAdana karane vAle dazA arthAt dasa adhyayana haiM, use prazna vyAkaraNa dazA kahate haiM / vArtamAnika prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra meM Asrava paMcaka aura saMvara paMcakaM kA pratipAdana upalabdha hai / isake kAraNa kI ora saMketa karate hue TIkAkAra ne batAyA hai ki mahAjJAnI pUrvAcAryoM ne isa yuga ke puruSoM ke svabhAva ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue hI una vidyAoM ke badale paMcAsravoM aura pA~ca saMvaroM kA varNana kiyA pratIta hotA hai / tapAgacchIya jJAnavimala sUri ne bhI prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra kI TIkA likhI hai / usakA nAma prazna vyAkaraNa sukhabodhikA vRtti hai / yaha abhayadeva sUri kRta TIkA se bar3I hai| jina padoM kI vyAkhyA abhayadeva sUri ne sarala samajhakara chor3a diyA thA, (141)

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unakA bhI isa vRtti meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / kahIM kahIM donoM TIkAoM ke varNana meM samAna dRSTikoNa dekhane ko milatA hai / yaha vRtti vi.saM. 1793 ke kucha hI samaya pUrva saMbhavata: vi.saM. 1773 ke Asa-pAsa likhI gayI hai / graMthamAna 7500 zloka pramANa vipAka sUtra-vardhamAna svAmI ko namaskAra karane ke pazcAt saMskRta TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri ne vipAka vRtti likhane kI pratijJA karake apanI pUrvakRta TIkAoM kA anusaraNa karate hue sarvaprathama vipAkasUtra kA artha batalAyA hai ki vipAka yAne puNyapApa rUpa karma phala aura usakA pratipAdana karane vAlA sUtra vipAkasUtra kahalAtA hai| yaha zruta dvAdazAMga rUpa pravacana puruSa kA gyArahavAM aMga hai / TIkA meM yathA sthAna pAribhASika evaM tatkAlIna loka pracalita zabdoM kA saMkSipta evaM saMtulita artha spaSTa kiyA hai aura anta meM truTiyoM ko saMzodhita karane ke lie vidvajjanoM se nivedana kiyA hai|. isa prakAra upalabdha aMga AgamoM ke vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya.dene ke bAda aMgabAhya AgAmika vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya prastuta karate haiN| aupapAtika sUtra-jaise aMga praviSTa AgamoM meM AcArAMga pahalA Agama hai, vaise hI aMgabAhya AgamoM meM aupapAtika sUtra pahalA Agama hai / isakI saMskRta TIkA AcArya abhayadeva sUri ne va loka bhASA TIkA muni dharmasiMha ne likhI hai| ___saMskRta TIkA zabdArtha pradhAna hai aura prAraMbha meM vardhamAna svAmI ko namaskAra karake isakI vyAkhyA likhane kI pratijJA kI hai evaM aupapAtika kA artha karate hue kahA hai ki devoM aura nArakoM ke janma evaM siddhigamana ko upapAta kahate haiM / upapAta saMbaMdhI varNana ke kAraNa isa sUtra kA nAma aupapAtika hai / yaha sUtra AcArAMga kA upAMga kyoM hai ? isa prazna kA sayuktika kAraNa nirdeza karate hue batAyA hai ki AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana zastraparijJA ke Adya uddezaka ke prathama sUtra 'evamegesiMga no nAyaM bhavai atthi vA meM AyA uvavAie...' meM AtmA kA aupapAtikatva nirdiSTa hai aura aupapAtika sUtra meM bhI upapAta kA vizeSa varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa kAraNa yaha AcArAMga kA upAMga kahalAtA hai| ____TIkAkAra ne yathAsthAna aneka mahattvapUrNa sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, prazAsanika evaM zAstrIya va loka jIvana se saMbaMdhita zabdoM kA artha spaSTa kiyA hai / jaise- jalla, malla, bhauSTika, viDaMbaka, plavaka, lAsaka, nUNailla, tuMbavINika, laMkha, maMkha, tAlAcara, carika, indra, kIla, spaMdamAnika, yugma, vyAlaka, Ajinaka, sUta, bUra, pIThamarda nAgara Adi / yatra tatra pAThAntaroM eraM matAMtaroM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / anta meM TIkAkAra ne apane nAma ke sAtha apane kula aura guru kA nAma diyA hai tathA batAyA hai ki prastuta (142)

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vRtti kA saMzodhana droNAcArya ne aNahila pATaNa nagara meM kiyA / TIkA kA mAna 3125 zloka pramANa hai| .. rAjapraznIya- isa dUsare upAMga kI niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi vyAkhyA nahIM huI hai / saMskRta TIkAkAra AcArya malayagiri evaM lokabhASA TIkAkAra muni dharma siMha hai| saMskRta TIkAkAra ne prAraMbha meM vIra jinezvara ko namaskAra karake batAyA hai ki rAjA ke praznoM se saMbaMdhita hone ke kAraNa yaha rAjapraznIya kahalAtA hai| pradezI rAjA aura kezI kumAra zramaNa ke bIca hue jIvaviSayaka praznoMttara Adi kA varNana isa graMtha meM kiye jAne se yaha sArthaka nAma vAlA hai / yatra tatra jIvAbhigama mUla aura TIkA kA ullekha karake usake udAharaNa diye haiM aura sUtroM ke pATha bhedoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / TIkA kA graMthamAna 3700 zloka pramANa hai| jIvAbhigama sUtra- isa upAMga para cUrNi aura saMskRta TIkA likhI gaI hai| cUrNi anupalabdha hai / AcArya malayagiri ne apanI saMskRta TIkA meM mUla sUtra ke pratyeka pada kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / yatra tatra aneka prAcIna graMthoM va graMthakAroM ke nAmoM va unake uddharaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisase aise aneka graMthoM va unake racayitAoM kA jJAna hotA hai, jo vartamAna meM ajJAta hai athavA graMtha upalabdha nahIM hai| ___ zrI padmasAgara gaNine (saMvata 1700) bhI jIvabhigama sUtra para eka sarala, subodha TIkA graMtha likhA hai| .. .... prajJApanA sUtra- AcArya malayagiri ne prajJApanA vRtti nAmaka eka saMskRta TIkA graMtha likhA hai / prAraMbha meM maMgalAcaraNAtmaka cAra zlokoM meM kramaza: bhagavAna mahAvIra, jina, pravacana aura guru ko namaskAra karake TIkA likhane kI pratijJA kI hai / prajJApanA kA zabdArtha batAte hue kahA hai ki jisake dvArA jIvAdi padArthoM kA bhalI prakAra se jJAna kiyA jA sakatA hai, use prajJApanA kahate haiM / use samavAyAMga meM pratipAdita karate hue apane pUrvavatI TIkAkAra AcArya haribhadra ko namaskAra kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki maiM unake dvArA kRta prajJApanA sUtra ke viSaya padoM kA AdhAra lekara yaha TIkA likhane meM samartha ho sakA hU~ aura eka choTA moTA TIkAkAra bana gayA huuN| vRtti kA graMthamAna 16000 zloka pramANa haiN| _AcArya haribhadra sUri ne prajJApanA pradeza vyAkhyA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai, jisake prathama pada meM jIva prajJApanA aura ajIva prajJApanA kA varNana karate hue ekeMdriya Adi jIvoM kA vistAra se varNana hai| dvitIya pada kI vyAkhyA meM pRthvIkAya Adi aura dvIndriyAdi ke sthAnoM kA, tRtIya pada kI vyAkhyA meM kAya, alpabahutva, veda, lezyA, indriya Adi dRSTiyoM se jIva vicAra, lokasaMbaMdhI alpabahutva, Ayurbadha kA (143)

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alpabahutva, pudgala kA alpa bahutva Adi viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / caturtha pada meM nArakoM kI sthiti kA, paMcama pada meM nAraka paryAya kA avagAha, karmasthiti, jIva paryAya Adi kA vizleSaNa hai / chaThe aura sAtaveM pada kI vyAkhyA meM saMjJA ke svarUpa kA, navama pada kI vyAkhyA meM vividha yoniyoM kA dazama pada kI vyAkhyA meM narakabhUmiyoM kI carama aura acarama dRSTi kA, gyArahaveM. pada kI vyAkhyA meM bhASA ke svarUpa kA aura bArahaveM pada kI vyAkhyA meM audArikAdi zarIroM ke svarUpa kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra terahave se lekara tIsaveM pada taka kI vyAkhyA meM jIva aura ajIva ke vividha pariNAmoM kA, kaSAya, indriya, prayoga, lezyA, kAyasthiti, aMtakriyA, avagAhanA- saMsthAna Adi kriyA, karmaprakRti, karma baMdha, AjJA pariNAma, upayoga, pazyatA, saMjJA, saMyama, avadhi, pravIcAra, vaMdanA aura samudghAta kA vivecana kiyA hai| upayoga aura pazyatA meM bheda rekhA khIMcate hue batAyA hai ki pazyatA meM traikAlika avabodha hotA hai, jabaki upayoga meM vartamAna aura trikAla donoM kA avabodha samAviSTa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAkAra upayoga ATha prakAra hai, jabaki sAkSAta pazyatA chaha prakAra kI hai| sAkAra pazyatA meM sAMpratakAla viSaya kA matijJAna aura matiajJAna rUpa sAkAra upayoga ke do bhedoM kA samAveza nahIM hotaa| abhayadeva sUri ne prajJApanA sUtra ke tRtIya pada para saMgrahaNI likhI haiM, jo zabdArtha pradhAna hone ke sAtha-sAtha saMkSipta sArAMza kI jAnakArI karAne ke lie upayogI haiN| muni dharmasiMha ne lokabhASA meM prajJApanA kA yaMtra graMtha likhA hai, jo aprakAzita abhidhAna kozakAra zrImad vijaya rAjendrasUrijI mahArAja ne bhI prajJApanopAMga sUtra saTIka (tripATha) kI racanA kI hai, jo aprakAzita hai| sUrya prajJapti-AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ne isa para niyukti likhI thI, lekina vaha anupalabdha hai| AcArya malayagiri ne sUrya prajJapti vivaraNa nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI hai / graMthamAna lagabhaga 9500 zloka pramANa hai| TIkA prAraMbha karate hae vIra jinezvara ko namaskAra karake yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki bhadrabAhu sUri kRta niyukti ke naSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa maiM kevala mUlasUtra kA hI vyAkhyAna kruuNgaa| pazcAt prathama sUtra kI utthAnikA meM sUtrasparzI vyAkhyAna karate hae mithilA nagarI, maNibhadra caitya, jitazatra rAjA, dhAriNI devI aura mahAvIra jina kA dhArApravAha lAlitya pUrNa varNana kiyA hai / dvitIya sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM indrabhUti gautama kA, tRtIya sUtra kI vRtti meM sUrya prajJapti ke mUla viSaya ko bIsa prAbhRtoM meM vivecita kiyA hai| unameM sUrya aura candra ke parikramaNa, sUrya kA prakAza, saMsthAna, saMvatsara Adi, (144)

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sUrya ke prakAza kSetra kA parimANa, candrAdi kA zIghra gati viSayaka nirNaya, jyotsnA lakSya Adi kA varNana hai| inameM se pahale prAbhRta meM ATha va dUsare aura dasave meM bAIsa upa prAbhRta haiM / Age kI vRtti meM inhIM saba prAbhRtoM evaM upaprAbhRtoM kA vizada varNana hai, jo khagola zAstriyoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI evaM upAdeya hai| jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti- isakI cUrNi tathA saMskRta aura lokabhASA meM TIkAe~ likhI gaI hai / cUrNi evaM malayagiri kRta saMskRta TIkA anupalabdha hai tathA loka bhASA TIkA aprakAzita hai| inake atirikta hIravijaya sUri ne saMvata 1639 meM, puNya sAgara ne saMvata 1645 meM aura zAMti candra gaNi ne saMvata 1660 meM TIkAe~ likhI haiN| lekina ve abhI taka dekhane meM nahIM AyI hai / zrImad vijaya rAjendrasUrijI mahArAja ne jaMbUdvIpa bIjaka (sUcI) taiyAra kiyA hai, para vaha abhI taka amudrita hai| candra prajJapti- isa para AcArya malayagiri ne saMskRta TIkA likhI hai, jisakA graMthamAna 9500 zloka pramANa hai / vaha abhI taka aprakAzita hone se yahA~ varNya viSaya kA saMketa nahIM kiyA hai| . nirayAvalikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlA aura vRSNidazA ina pA~ca upAMgoM para zrI candrasUri ne saMskRta TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA ke atirikta ina sUtroM kI aura koI TIkA nahIM hai / TIkA saMkSipta evaM zabdArtha pradhAna hai| prAraMbha meM AcArya ne bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ko praNAma kiyA hai / TIkA ke anta meM racayitA ke nAma, guru, lekhana samaya, sthAna Adi kA ullekha nahIM hai / mudrita prati ke anta meM zrI candra sUri ke nAma kA ullekha hai / TIkA kA graMthamAna 600 zloka pramANa hai| - zrI candrasUri kA dUsarA nAma pArzvadeva gaNi hai / ye zIlabhadra sUri ke ziSya the| inhoMne vikrama saMvata 1174 meM nizItha sUtra kI vizeSa cUrNi ke bIsaveM uddezya kI vyAkhyA kI hai / isake atirikta nimna graMthoM para bhI inakI TIkAe~ hai- zramaNopAsaka, pratikramaNa (Avazyaka), naMdI, jItakalpa bRhaccUrNi, nirayAvalikA aura aMtima pA~ca upaaNg| munidharma siMha ne ina pA~coM upAMgoM kI lokabhASA TIkA likhI hai, lekina . aprakAzita hai| vyavahAra sUtra-isa sUtra meM sAdhvAcAra ke niyamoM kA varNana hai / ata: zramaNAcAra kA sarala, subodha zailI meM vivecana karane evaM graMthagata Azaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie aneka AcAryoM ne yugAnukUla apanI-apanI racanA paddhatiyoM meM vyAkhyA graMtha likhe sarva prathama AcArya bhadrabAhu dvitIya ne sUtra ke Azaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie (145)

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vyavahAra niyukti likhI hai / vyavahAra aura bRhatkalpa ye donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| bRhatkalpa sUtra meM zramaNajIvana kI sAdhanA ke Avazyaka vidhividhAna, doSa, apavAda Adi kA nirdeza hai, vaise hI Avazyaka sUtra meM bhI inhIM viSayoM se saMbaMdhita ullekha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki muni AcAra kA varNana vyavahAra niyukti meM upalabdha hai / ata: isake varNya viSaya kA saMkSipta paricaya bRhatkalpa niyukti ke paricaya meM diyA jA rahA hai| ye donoM niyuktiyA~ paraspara pUraka hai| vyavahAra niyukti svataMtra rUpa se nahIM, kintu bhASya mizrita sthiti meM milatI hai| niyukti kA AdhAra lekara uttaravartI kAla meM vyavahAra bhASya kI racanA huI / isake praNetA kauna hai ? isa prazna kI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai / bhASya meM dasa uddezaka haiN| bhASya prAraMbha karane kI pUrva pIThikA meM bhASyakAra ne vyavahAra, vyavahArI aura vyavahartavya kA nikSepa paddhati se svarUpa varNana kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki jo svayaM vyavahAra kA jJAtA hai, yaha gItArtha hai tathA jise vyavahAra kA jJAna nahIM vaha agItArtha hai| . agItArtha ke sAtha koI vyavahAra nahIM karanA cAhiye, kyoMki ucita vyavahAra karane para bhI vaha yahI samajhegA ki mere sAtha ucita vyavahAra nahIM kiyaa.gyaa| ata: gItArtha ke sAtha vyavahAra karanA cAhiye |vyvhaar meM doSoM kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai, ata: unake parimArjana ke lie prAyazcita kI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara bhASyakAra ne prAyazcita ke artha, bheda, nimitta, adhyayana vizeSa Adi kA vivecana kiyA hai / yahA~ prAyazcita kA vahI artha kiyA gayA hai, jo jItakalpa meM upalabdha hai / pratisevanA Adi cAroM prakAra ke doSoM kA svarUpa evaM unase saMbaMdhita prAyazcitoM kA aneka prakAra ke bheda-prabhedoM ke sAtha vicAra kiyA gayA hai / aneka bAtoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie yathA yogya dRSTAnta bhI diye haiN| pIThikA kI samApti ke pazcAt prathama uddezya meM pratyeka sUtra ke viziSTa zabdoM kA nikSepa paddhati se artha diyA gayA hai aura kahA hai ki apane doSa guru ke samakSa prakaTa kara dene cAhiye / isase Arjava, vinaya, nirmalatA Adi aneka guNoM kI vRddhi hotI prAyazcita ke vividha vidhAnoM kI ora saMketa karate hue yaha kahA hai ki kapaTa pUrvaka AlocanA karane vAle ke lie kaThora prAyazcita vidheya hai / atikrama, vyatikrama, aticAra aura anAcAra ina cAra prakAra ke AdhAkarmAdi viSayaka aticAroM ke lie bhinna-bhinna prAyazcitoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra ke aura dUsare AcAra saMbaMdhI vidhAnoM kA vicAra prathama uddezya meM hai| dvitIya uddezya ke prathama sUtra kI sUtrasparzI vyAkhyA meM bhASyakAra ne 'dvi', (146)

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'sAdharmika' aura 'vihAra' zabda kA nikSepa paddhati se vivecana kiyA hai / inameM se kisake lie kitane nikSepa ho sakate haiM, unakI jAnakArI dI hai / tRtIya uddeza meM gaNa dhAraNa kI icchA karane vAle bhikSu kI yogyatA ayogyatA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / varNana kI paddhati nikSepa pradhAna hai / pravartinI ke gaNoM kA varNana karate hue sAdhviyoM kI durbalatAoM kA bhI citraNa kiyA hai| caturtha uddeza meM mukhya rUpa se sAdhuoM ke vihAra viSayaka vidhi-vidhAna kA varNana hai / paMcama uddeza meM sAdhviyoM ke vihAra ke niyamoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / pravartinI Adi vibhinna padoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hae vividha vidhAnoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha uddeza meM AhAra zuddhi ke kalpya, akalpya saMbaMdhI vicAroM, agItArtha sAdhuoM ke sAtha saMyoga saMbaMdhoM va duSkarma viSayaka prAyazcitoM kA saMketa kiyA hai / AhAra zuddhi ke kalpya-akalpya ke bAre meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu ko apane saMbaMdhI ke yahA~ se AhAra Adi grahaNa karane kI icchA hone para apane se vRddha-sthavira Adi kI AjJA lie binA vaisA karanA akalpya hai / saptama uddeza meM sAdhviyoM ke AcAra viSayaka niyamoMpaniyamoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| aSTama uddeza meM zayanAsana va AhAra karane ke bAre meM saMketa kiyA hai| navama uddeza meM mukhya rUpa se sAdhuoM kI vividha paDimAoM kA vivecana haiM / dazaka uddeza meM yavamadhya pratimA aura vajramadhya pratimA kI vidhi para vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / pA~ca prakAra ke vyavahAra kA vistRta vivecana karate hue bAla dIkSA kI vidhi tathA dasa prakAra kI sevA kA aura usase hone vAlI mahAnirjarA kA bhI nirUpaNa hai / anta meM tIna prakAra kI sthavira bhUmi, tIna prakAra kI zaikSaka bhUmi, ATha varSa se kama Ayu vAle kI dIkSA kA niSedha, AcAra prakalpa (nizItha) tathA sUtrakRta Adi anya sUtroM ke adhyayana kI yogyatA Adi kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AMdhArya malayagiri ne mUla sUtra, niyukti evaM bhASya ke AdhAra se vyavahAra vivaraNa nAma se bRhata TIkA saMskRta meM likhI hai / TIkA meM unhIM bAtoM kA vistAra se varNana hai, jinakA bhASya meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prAraMbha meM neminAtha bhagavAna, apane guru aura cUrNikAra ko namaskAra karake vivaraNa likhane kI pratijJA kI hai| vivaraNa kA graMthamAna 34625 zloka pramANa hai / lokabhASA TIkA muni dharmasiMha ne likhI hai, para vaha aprakAzita hai| - bRhatkalpa-AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ne isakI niryukta likhI hai / yaha niyukti svataMtra rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhASya mizrita avasthA meM prApta hotI hai / isameM sarva prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavaMtoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda jJAna ke vividha bhedoM kA 1. Agama, zruta, AjJA, dhAraNA aura jIta ye vyavahAra ke pA~ca bheda haiN| (147)

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nirdeza hai aura kahA hai ki jJAna aura maMgala meM kathaMcita bhedAbheda hai / maMgala ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva ye cAra prakAra hai / isa prakAra maMgala kA nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyAna karane ke sAtha jJAna ke bhedoM kI carcA kI gayI hai / isI prakAra niyukti vidhA ke anusAra anyAnya vizeSa zabdoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / jaisetAla, pralaMba, grAma, nagara, kheTa, karvaraka, yaDamba, pattana, niveza, saMbAdha, upAdhi, carmakalpa, kaMTaka aadi| bRhatkalpa para laghu aura bRhat ye do bhASya likhe gaye haiN| lekina bRhadbhASya apUrNa upalabdha hai, jisameM pIThikA aura prAraMbha meM do uddezya pUrNa hai aura tIsarA apUrNa / bRhatkalpa laghubhASya ke praNetA saMghadAsa gaNi kSamA zramaNa hai| usameM sUtra ke padoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura use chaha uddezoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai. prAraMbha meM 805 gAthAoM kI eka suvistRta pIThikA hai / nAmata: laghu bhASyaM hote hue bhI isameM 6490 gAthAe~ haiM / isa bhASya meM prAcIna bhArata kI kucha mahattvapUrNa sAMskRtika sAmagrI bhI surakSita hai / usakA arvAcIna lekhaka apane lekhana kArya meM upayoga karate haiN| jaisA ki DaoN. motIcaMda ne apanI pustaka 'sArthavAha' (prAcIna bhArata kI pathaM praddhati) meM sArthavAha kA paricaya dene kI dRSTi se isa bhASya kA upayoga kiyA hai| pIThikA meM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI bhA~ti prAraMbhika gAthAoM meM maMgalAcaraNa kI carcA kI hai| 'maMgala' pada ke nikSepa, maMgalAcaraNa kA prayojana, Adi madhya aura aMta meM 'maMgala' karane kI vidhi Adi viSayoM kI carcA karane ke bAda naMdI-jJAnapaMcaka kA vivecana kiyA hai| pratyeka uddeza meM vivecanIya viSayAnusAra sUtroM kA vargIkaraNa karake usake anusAra viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / saMkSepa meM bahatkalpa laghabhASya ke paricaya meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki isameM jaina sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA atyaMta sUkSma aura satarka vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kucha aise bhI sthala haiM, jo manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / sAtha hI isameM tatkAlIna bhArata kI sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika, rAjanItika Adi paristhitiyoM para prakAza DAlane vAlI sAmagrI bhI pracuratA se upalabdha hotI hai, jo itihAsavettAoM evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana karane vAloM ko mArgadarzana kA kAma karatI hai| __ bRhatkalpa cUrNi mUlasUtra aura laghubhASya ke AdhAra para likhI gaI hai| usakI bhASA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta hai / cUrNi meM bhI bhASya kI taraha pIThikA aura chaha uddeza evaM bhASya ke bhAvoM kA vistAra karane ke sAtha-sAtha kahIM-kahIM tAtvika viSayoM kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| graMtha meM praNetA kA nAma nahIM hone se lekhaka ke nAma kA nirdhAraNa karanA zakya nahIM hai / graMthamAna 53000 zloka pramANa hai| .. (148)

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bRhatkalpa kI saMskRta TIkA bhadrabAhukRta niyukti aura laghu bhASya para AdhArita hai| vRttikAra malayagiri bhASya gAthA 606 taka apanI TIkA likha sake aura zeSa graMtha kI TIkA AcArya kSemakIrti ne pUrNa kii| TIkA meM prAkRta gAthAoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta kathAnaka bhI uddhRta kie gae haiM / vRtti ke aMta meM prazasti hai / usake anusAra AcArya kSemakIrti ke guru kA nAma vijayacaMdra sUri thaa| vijayacaMdrasUri AcArya jagaccandasUri ke ziSya the| AcArya kSema kIrti ke vajrasena aura padmacandra ye do guru bhAI the| vRtti kI samApti saMvat 1332 jyeSTha zuklA dazamI ko huI thii| isa vizAla vRtti kA 42600 zloka pramANa graMthamAna hai| zrI saubhAgya sAgara ne bhI bRhatkalpa para eka TIkA graMtha likhA hai| . bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ina donoM sUtroM kA varNana eka dUsare kA pUraka hai / jo varNana eka meM nahIM AyA yA ho sakA, usakA vivecanaM dUsare meM kiyA gayA hai / ataH sAdhvAcAra kI pUrI jAnakArI ke lie evaM unakA anusaMdhAna milAne ke lie mUla graMthoM ke sAtha-sAtha Avazyaka nirdezoM va spaSTIkaraNa ke lie donoM ke TIkAgraMtha dekhane caahie| muni dharmasiMha ne isakI lokabhASA TIkA likhI hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha- isa sUtra kI niyukti, cUrNi aura lokabhASA TIkA likhI gaI hai / niyukti ke racayitA bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) haiM / prAraMbha meM niyuktikAra ne dazAkalpa aura vyavahAra sUtra ke kartA carama sakala zrutajJAnI prAcIna grotrIya bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA hai| isake bAda eka aura daza kA nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyAna karake dazA zruta skaMdha ke dasa adhyayanoM ke adhikAroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| prathama adhyayana asamAdhi sthAna kI niyukti meM dravya va bhAva samAdhi kA svarUpa batAyA hai evaM sthAna ke nAma, sthApanA Adi paMdraha nikSepoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dvitIya adhyayana zavala kI niyukti meM zavala kA nAmAdi cAra nikSepoM se vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| tRtIya adhyayana kI niyukti meM AzAtanA kI nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyA kI hai| catartha adhyayana gaNi saMpadA meM gaNi aura saMpadA padoM kA nikSepapUrvaka vicAra kiyA hai / isI prakAra paMcama Adi dasa adhyayana paryanta pratyeka viSaya kA artha va usake bheda-prabheda batAte hue nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha cUNi mukhyatayA prAkRta bhASA meM hai / yatra tatra saMskRta zabdoM kA athavA vAkyoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai / cUrNi kA AdhAra mUlasUtra evaM niyukti hai| prAraMbha meM paraMparAgata maMgala kI upayogitA para vicAra karane ke anantara niryakti gAthA kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / vyAkhyAna zailI sarala hai / kahIM-kahIM mUlasUtra pATha evaM cUrNi saMmata pATha meM antara dikhAI detA hai| (149)

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abhidhAna rAjendra kozakAra vijaya rAjendra sUrijI mahArAja ne bhI eka dazAzruta skaMdha cUrNi likhI hai, jo aprakAzita hai| muni dharmasiMha kRta lokabhASA TIkA aprakAzita hai| upAdhyAya zrI AtmArAmajI ne 'dazAzruta skaMdha' gaNapati guNa prakAzikA nAma se hindI meM vyAkhyA likhI hai, jo jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya lAhaura se san 1936 meM prakAzita huI thii| isI dazAzruta skaMdha ke AThaveM adhyayana kA nAma 'kalpasUtra' bhI hai| yaha adhyayana eka svataMtra graMtha bana gayA hai / isa para jitane vyAkhyA graMtha likhe gae haiM, utane saMbhavataH anya kisI graMtha para nahIM likhe gae haiN| isake niyukti, cUrNi, saMskRta TIkA aura lokabhASA anuvAda prakAzita hue haiM aura prakAzita ho rahe haiN| .. niyukti aura cUrNi kA to mUla graMtha ke prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai aura saMskRta TIkAoM meM se kalpasUtra kalpa pradIpikA TIkA vijaya sena sUri ke ziSya saMgha vijaya gaNi ne vi.sa. 1674 meM likhI aura vikrama saMvat 1681 meM kalyANa vijaya sUri aura dhana vijaya gaNi ne isakA saMzadhana kiyA / vRtti kA graMthamAna 3250 zloka pramANa hai| - kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA vRtti rAmavijaya ke ziSya zrI vijaya ke anurodha para tapAgacchIya kIrti vijaya gaNi ke ziSya jina vijaya upAdhyAya ne vi.sa. 1696 meM likhI hai evaM bhAva vijaya ne saMzodhana karake use zuddha kiyA hai / TIkA sarala evaM subodha hai / graMthamAna 5400 zloka pramANa hai| . kalpasUtra kalpakaumudI vRtti tapAgacchIya muni dharmasAgara gaNi ke praziSya evaM zrutasAgara gaNi ke ziSya zAMtisAgara gaNi ne vi.sa. 1707 meM likhI hai / yaha zabdArtha pradhAna hai evaM isakA graMthamAna 3700 zloka pramANa hai / prAraMbha meM vardhamAna jinezvara ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai aura aMta meM vRtti racanA ke samaya, sthAna Adi kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / prazasti meM tapAgaccha pravartaka jagaccaMdra sUri se lagAkara zAMtisAgara taka kI paraMparA ke guru ziSyoM kI gaNanA dI hai| kalpasUtra TippaNaka AcArya pRthvIcaMdra sUri ne taiyAra kiyA hai / ye devasena gaNi ke ziSya the| devasena gaNi ke guru yazobhadra sUri the| __ abhidhAna rAjendra kozakAra zrI rAjendra sUrijI ne kalpasUtrArtha prabodhinI ke nAma se saMskRta bhASA meM kalpasUtra kI vyAkhyA kI hai / kalpasUtra kI itanI sarala, vistRta aura rocaka TIkA dUsarI nahIM hai / gadya kavInA nikaSaM isa TIkA meM sahI artha meM siddha huA hai| (150)

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zrI saMgha ke atyAgraha se inhoMne zrIkalpa sUtra kI bAlAvabodha vArtA likhii| yaha TIkA gujarAtI bhASA meM aura devanAgarI lipi meM sacitra prakAzita hai| asala meM kalpasUtra kI yaha TIkA eka aisI kRti hai, jise upanyAsa kI utkaMThA ke sAtha par3hA jA sakatA hai / isameM ve sArI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo eka mAtA meM ho sakatI hai / zrImad kA mAtRtva isameM ubhara-ubharakara abhivyakta huA hai| TIkA ke prAraMbha meM zrImad ne apanA AkiMcanya prakaTa karate hue likhA hai-hu~ maMdamati, mUrkha, ajJAnI, mahAjar3a chatAM paNa zrIsaMgha nI samajha dakSa thaI ne A kalpasUtranI vyAkhyA karavAnu sAhasa karu chu, vyAkhyAna karavAne, ujamAla thayo chu, te sarva zrI sadgurugama no prasAda ane caturvidha zrI saMgha- sAMnidhyapaNuM jANavu jema anya zAsana mAM kaheluM che ke zrI rAmacaMdrajInI senA nA vAMdarAe mhoTA mhoTA pASANa laI ne samudra mAM nAkhyA te patharA peti paNa taryA ane loko ne paNa tAryA te kaI pASANa no tathA samudra no tathA vAMdarAo no pratApa jANavo nahIM, paraMtu te pratApa zrIrAmacaMdrajI no jANavo kema ke patthara no to evo svabhAva che ke je pote paNa bUr3e ane Azraya lenAra ne paNa bUr3ADe tema huM paNa patthara sadRza chatAM zrI kalpasUtra nI vyAkhyA karuM chu, temAM mAharo kAI paNa guNa jANavo nhiiN| muni dharmasiMha ne bhI kalpasUtra kI lokabhASA TIkA likhI hai nizItha sUtra- isakI niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura lokabhASA TIkA ina cAra prakAra ke vyAkhyA graMthoM ke pramANa upalabdha haiN| isakI niyukti to AcArAMga niyukti kI aMgarUpa hai, lekina vartamAna meM nizItha bhASya meM samAviSTa rUpa meM upalabdha hai / bhASya meM lagabhaga 6500 gAthAe~ haiN| 1. jaba zrImad vijaya rAjendrasUri se kalpasUtra' kI bAlAvabodha TIkA karane kA nivedana kiyA gayA, taba unhoMne yahI kahA thA ki paNDita jJAna vimala sUri kI ATha DhAla vAlI TIkA hai, ataH aba ise aura sugama karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isa para zrI saMgha kI ora se Ae hue logoM ne kahA- zrI pajya ! isa graMtha meM thavirAvalI tathA sAdhasamAcArI nahIM hai| ataH eka vyAkhyAna kama hai tathA anya bAteM bhI saMkSepa meM kahI gaI hai / ataH yaha graMtha adhUrA hai / kahA bhI hai ki jo jJAna adhUrA hai, vaha jJAna nahIM hai, jo AdhA par3hA hai, vaha par3hA huA nahIM hai, adhUrI rasoI rasoI nahIM hai, adhUrA vRkSa phalatA nahIM hai, adhUre vRkSa meM pake phala kI bhA~ti svAda nahIM hotA, isalie sampUrNatA caahie| Apa mahApuruSa haiM, parama upakArI haiM / ataH zrIsaMgha para kRpA dRSTi karake hama logoM kI arjI kabUla kIjie / (pra.pR. 6) / ise sunakara zrImad ne zrAvakoM ke mAdhyama se 4-5 graMthagAroM se kAphI prAcIna likhita cUrNi, niyukti, TIkAdi kI do cAra zuddha pratiyA~ prApta kI aura kalpasUtra kI bAlAvabodha TIkA kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| - zrI kalpasUtrasya bAlAvabodhinI vArtA : eka adhyayana DaoN. nemIcaMda jaina (151)

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isakI cUrNi kA nAma nizItha vizeSa cUrNi hai / usake kartA zrI jinadAsa gaNi haiM / cUrNi meM mUlasUtra niyukti evaM bhASya gAthAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama arihaMtAdi ko namaskAra kiyA hai tathA nizItha kA dUsarA nAma prakalpa bhI batAyA hai| pIThikA ke prAraMbha meM cUlAoM kA vivecana karate hue batAyA hai ki ve chaha prakAra kI hotI haiM / isake bAda AcAra kA svarUpa batalAte hue AcAra, agra, prakalpa, cUlikA aura nizItha ina pA~ca vastuoM kA nirdeza karake nikSepa paddhati se vicAra karate hue nizItha kA artha batAyA hai| nizItha kA artha hai aprakAza arthAt aMdhakAra / loka meM bhI nizItha kA prayoga rAtri, aMdhakAra ke lie hotA hai / isI prakAra nizItha ke karmapaMka niSUdana Adi dUsare bhI aneka artha haiN| bhAvapaMka kA niSUdana tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-kSaya, apakSaya ora kSayopakSaya jisake dvArA aSTavidha karmapaMka zAMta-naSTa kiyA jAe, vaha nizItha hai| aprakAzita vacanoM ke nirNaya ke lie yaha nizItha sUtra haiN| ___ pIThikA kI samApti meM isa bAta kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki isa pIThikA kA sUtrArtha kise denA cAhie aura kise nhiiN| abahazruta Adi niSiddha puruSoM ko dene se pravacana ghAta hotA hai / ataH bahuzruta Adi suyogya puruSoM ko hI isakA sUtrArtha denA caahie| isake bAda sUtra ke bIsa uddezoM kA vivecana prAraMbha hotA hai| graMtha ke bIsa uddezoM ke varNya viSaya kA ullekha pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| tadanusAra cUrNikAra ne una-una viSayoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| vivecana ko spaSTa karane ke lie niyukti, bhASya gAthAoM evaM unakI zailI kA bhI anukaraNa kiyA hai / aMta meM cUrNikAra ne sAMketika akSaroM ke mAdhyama se apane nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| nizItha cUrNi ke bIsaveM uddeza para zrI caMdrasUri ne 'nizItha durga pada vyAkhyA' nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI hai, jo carNi ke kaThina aMzoM ko sarala sabodha banAne ke lie likhI gaI hai| isa vyAkhyA kA adhika aMza vividha prakAra ke mAsoM ke aMga, dinoM kI ginatI. Adi se saMbaMdhita hone ke kAraNa nIrasa hai| aMta meM vyAkhyAkAra ne apanA paricaya evaM racanA samaya kA nirdeza kiyA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra- yaha sUtra zramaNa AcAra kI sAragarbhita jAnakArI karAne vAlA hone se isa para aneka vyAkhyAkAroM ne apane vyAkhyA graMtha likhe haiM / AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) kRta dazavaikAlika niyukti pahalA vyAkhyA graMtha hai| graMtha ke prAraMbha meM sarvaprathama niyuktikAra ne sarva siddhoM ko namaskAra karake dazavaikAlika niyukti racane kI pratijJA kI hai / anantara maMgala pada ke viSaya meM batAyA hai ki graMtha ke Adi, madhya aura aMta meM vidhipUrvaka maMgala karanA cAhie / isake alAvA maMgala ke artha, bheda, upayogitA Adi kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| (152)

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dazavaikAlika zabda kA vyAkhyAna karane ke prasaMga meM vikAla aura kAla kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra kiyA hai / isI taraha graMtha ke dasa adhyayanoM meM evaM cUlikAoM meM Agata pratyeka viziSTa zabda, pada kI nikSepa karake vyAkhyA kI hai / katipaya vizeSa padoM va zabdoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- ogha, druma, puSpa, dharma, ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa, hetu, udAharaNa, piNDa, eSaNA, dhAnya, sthAvara, vAkya zuddhi, praNadhi, bhikSu, rati aadi| ___ niyukti kA anusaraNa karake jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne dazavaikAlika cUrNi likhI hai| vaha drumapuSpikA Adi dasa adhyayana evaM do cUlikA isa prakAra bAraha adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai / bhASA mukhyatayA prAkRta hai| prathama adhyayana meM nikSepa paddhati se mukhya-mukhya zabdoM kA vicAra karake dharma kI prazaMsA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyayana meM pratipAdya viSaya dharmasthita vyakti ko dhRtti karAnA hai| ataH isameM zramaNa ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlate hue pUrva, kAma, pada, zIlAMga, sahasra Adi padoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / tRtIya adhyayana meM dRr3ha dhRti vAle kA, caturtha adhyayana meM jIva, ajIva, cAritra, dharma, yAtanA, upadeza, dharmaphala Adi kA, paMcama adhyayana meM sAdhu ke uttara, guNoM ke vicAra ke prasaMga meM piMDa svarUpa, bhakta pAnaiSaNA, gamanavidhi, gocara vidhi, pAnaka vidhi, pariSThApana vidhi, bhojana vidhi, AlocanA vidhi Adi viSayoM kA vicAra kiyA hai / SaSTha adhyayana meM dharma, artha, kAma vrata SaTka, kAyaSaTka Adi kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| saptama adhyayana kI cUrNi meM bhASA saMbaMdhI zuddhi, azuddhi, satya, mRSA, satyamRSA, asatyamRSA Adi vicAra hai / aSTama adhyayana meM iMdriyAdi prANadhiyoM kA varNana hai, vivecana hai / navama adhyayana meM vinaya ke vividha rUpoM kA aura dazama adhyayana meM bhikSu saMbaMdhI guNoM para prakAza DAlA hai / cUlikAoM kI cUrNi meM unake prati yA aviSaya saMbaMdhita vivecana hai / yathAsthAna anyAnya graMthoM ke nAmoM kA bhI ullekha hai| ___. haribhadrasUri ne niyukti ke AdhAra para saMskRta meM ziSyabodhinI nAmaka vRtti likhI hai| usameM cUrNi meM Agata viSayoM ke sAtha prasaMgAnusAra anya bAtoM kA bhI vizeSa vivecana kiyA hai / vRtti ke anta meM apanA paricaya bhI diyA hai| __... 'ukta vyAkhyA graMthoM ke atirikta sumatisUri samayasundara (saMvat 1681) zAMti deva sUri, somavimala sUri, rAjacaMdra (saMvat 1667), pArzvanAtha, merUsundara, mANikyazekhara, jJAnasAgara Adi ne dazavaikAlika para vyAkhyA graMtha likhe haiM / ... lokabhASA TIkA ke lekhaka muni dharmasiMha haiM / hindI TIkAoM meM muni hastimala kRta dazavaikAlika, saubhAgya caMdrikA aura upAdhyAya zrI AtmArAma kRta dazavaikAlika AtmajJAna prakAzikA ke nAma ullekhanIya hai tathA zabdArtha ke sAtha to isake aneka saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| (153)

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uttarAdhyayana sUtra - jaina AcAra-vicAra tatvajJAna aura siddhAMtoM kA paricaya prApta karane kI dRSTi se uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA vizeSa mahatva hai / isIlie atIta meM aneka AcAryoM ne isa pada para vyAkhyA graMtha likhe haiM aura vartamAna meM bhI aneka vidvAnoM dvArA likhe jA rahe haiM / uttarAdhyayana sUtra para likhita vyAkhyA graMthoM meM AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) kRta uttarAdhyayana niryukti pahalA graMtha hai / isameM chaha sau sAta gAthAe~ haiM / anya niyuktiyoM kI taraha isameM bhI aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai evaM aneka zabdoM ke vividha paryAyavAcI bhI die gae haiN| sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana zabda kI vyAkhyA meM uttara pada kA vyAkhyAna paMdraha prakAra ke nikSepoM se kiyA hai| isI prakAra pratyeka adhyayana meM Agata vizeSa padoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vivecana kiyA hai evaM yathAprasaMga apane kathana ko sarala banAne ke lie zikSAprada kathAnaka bhI die haiM / uttarAdhyayana sUtra para bhI bhASya likhA gayA hai, lekina vaha itanA kRzakAya hai ki usameM kula 45 gAthAe~ haiM / cUrNikAra jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne uttarAdhyayana cUrNi likhI hai, jisakI bhASA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta hai evaM niyukti para AdhArita hai| isameM saMyoga, pudgalabaMdha, saMsthAna, vinaya, krodhavAraNa, anuzAsana, parISaha, dharmavijJAna, maraNa, nirgrathapaMcaka, * bhayasaptaka, jJAna, kriyA, ekAnta Adi viSayoM para sodAharaNa prakAza DAlA hai / strIparISaha ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM nArI svabhAva kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai / cUrNikAra ne aMta meM apanA paricaya diyA hai / vAdIvetA zAMtisUra ne 'ziSyahitAvRtti' nAma se uttarAdhyayana sUtra para saMskRta TIkA likhI hai / bhASAzailI, viSaya, prastutikaraNa Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se TIkA mahatvapUrNa hai| isameM mUla evaM niyukti donoM kA vyAkhyAna haiN| bIca-bIca meM vizeSAvazyaka Adi bhASya kI gAthAe~ bhI uddhRta kI haiM tathA nae vivecana ke prasaMga meM siddhasena kI gAthAoM kA bhI Azraya liyA hai evaM unheM uddhRta kiyA hai / prasaMgAnusAra anyAnya graMthoM ke avataraNa bhI lie haiM / vRtti meM prAkRta kathAnakoM evaM uddharaNoM kI bahulatA hone se isakA pAiya TIkA nAma bhI prasiddha hai / isa vRtti kA graMthamAna 18000 zloka pramANa hai / nemicaMdrasUri ne bhI vi.sa. 1929 meM 'uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhAvRtti' nAmaka saMskRta TIkA graMtha likhA hai / yaha TIkA zAMtisUri racita TIkA ke AdhAra se banAI gaI hai, lekina sarala va subodha hone se ullekhanIya hai / yathAsthAna aneka prAkRta AkhyAna uddhRta kie haiN| prAraMbha meM tIrthaMkaroM, siddhoM, sAdhuoM evaM zruta devatA ko (154)

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namaskAra kiyA hai aura zAMtisUri kRta TIkA ke AdhAra para apanI vRtti racane kI pratijJA kI hai| vRtti kI aMtima prazasti meM apane gaccha guru, guru bhrAtA, racanA sthAna va samaya Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / vRtti kA graMthamAna 12000 zloka pramANa hai| kharataragacchIya lakSmIvallabha gaNi ne uttarAdhyayana dIpikA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke pratyeka pada kI zaMkA samAdhAnapUrvaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| vyAkhyAna ko spaSTa karane ke lie prasaMgavaza kathAnakoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai / ye kathAnaka saMskRta meM hai aura kAphI bar3I saMkhyA meM hai / TIkA meM uddharaNa nAma mAtra ke haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra para anya AcAryoM dvArA bhI vyAkhyAgraMtha likhe gae haiM, jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM-vinaya haMsa, kIrtivallabha (saMvat 1552), kamalasaMyama upAdhyAya (saMvat 1554), taporatnavAcaka (saMvat 1550), guNazekhara, lakSmIvallabha, bhAvavijaya (saMvat 1689), harSanandana gaNi, dharma maMdira upAdhyAya (saMvat 1750), udayasAgara (saMvat 1546), municaMdrasUri, jJAnazIla gaNi, ajitacaMdra sUri, rAjazIla, udayavijaya, megharAjavAcaka, nagarSi gaNi, ajitadeva sUri, mANikya zekhara, jJAnasAgara aadi|| lokabhASA TIkAkAroM meM muni dharmasiMha aura upAdhyAya AtmArAmajI ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| * Avazyaka sUtra- isa sUtra kI TIkAoM meM AcArya bhadrabAha (dvitIya) kRta niyukti kA prathama sthAna hai, jo sAmagrI, zailI Adi kI dRSTi se bhadrabAha kRta anya niyuktiyoM kI apekSA adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| isake prAraMbha meM jo upodghAta hai, vaha prastutaM niyukti kA to mahatvapUrNa aMga hai hI, sAtha meM dUsarI niyuktiyoM ke lie bhUmikA rUMpa bhI hai| bhUmikA rUpa hote hue bhI isameM 880 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM jJAnapaMcaka, sAmAyika, RSabhadeva caritra, mahAvIra caritra, gaNadharavAda, Arya rakSita caritra, nihnava mata Adi kA saMkSepa meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / upodghAta ke bAda sAmAyika uddezaka kA vivecana prAraMbha hotA hai / sAmAyika ke prAraMbha meM namaskAra maMtra AtA hai / ataH namaskAra kI niyukti ke rUpa meM AcArya ne utpatti, nikSepa, pada, padArtha Adi gyAraha dvAroM se namaskAra kI carcA kI gaI hai| isI saMdarbha meM anya bAtoM kA bhI prasaMgAnusAra varNana hai| isake bAda carviMzatistava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga, prAyazcita, dhyAna, pratyAkhyAna Adi kA nikSepa paddhati se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pratikramaNa prakaraNa meM aneka aitihAsika puruSoM ke udAharaNa bhI die haiN| AcArya ne isake bAda jo niyuktiyA~ likhI haiM, unameM punaH punaH viSayoM ke Ane (155)

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para saMkSipta vyAkhyA karake vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie Avazyaka niyukti kI ora saMketa kara diyA hai / isa dRSTi se anya niyuktiyoM kA Azaya ThIka se samajhane ke lie isa niyukti kA adhyayana karanA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka Avazyaka niyukti kA jJAna nahIM ho jAtA taba taka anya niyuktiyoM kA artha samajhane meM kaThinAI hotI hai| . isI niyukti ko AdhAra banAkara uttaravartI kAla meM AcArya jinabhadra, jinadAsa. gaNi, haribhadra koTyAcArya, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacaMdra, mANikya zekhara Adi AcAryoM ne Avazyaka sUtra ke sAmAyika Adi chaha adhyayanoM kI vividha vyAkhyAe~ kI haiM / AcArya jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa ne to isake pahale adhyayana sAmAyika para hI vizeSAvazyaka bhASya nAmaka eka bRhad bhASya graMtha likhA hai aura isa bhASya para maladhArI hemacaMdra ne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya bRhad vRtti ke nAma se eka bRhattama vyAkhyA graMtha kI racanA kI hai| . jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne niryakti ke AdhAra para Avazyaka carNi likhI hai| kahIM-kahIM para bhASya kI gAthAoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| carNi kI bhASA mukhyatayA prAkRta hai, kintu yatra tatra saMskRta zloka, gadyAMza evaM paMktiyA~ bhI uddhRta haiN| kathAnakoM kI itanI adhikatA hai ki dArzanika carcA kA graMtha hone para bhI yaha cUrNi kathA graMthoM kI pUrti karatI hai| ina kathAoM se aise aneka dUsare-dUsare tathyoM yugIna vicAroM kA patA lagatA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| viSaya vivecana kA vistAra jitanA isa carNi meM hai, utanA anya cUrNiyoM meM apekSAkRta nyUna hai / bhASA meM pravAha hai aura zailI bhI ojapUrNa hai| isameM govinda niyukti, ogha niyukti cUrNi, vasudeva hiMDI Adi aneka graMthoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| cUrNi ke upodghAta meM prAraMbha meM maMgala carcA kI gaI hai aura maMgala ke rUpa meM jJAna kA vistRta vivecana hai / zrutajJAna ke adhikAra ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue Avazyaka kA nikSepa paddhati se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / sAmAyika niyukti kI cUrNi meM 'karemi' Adi padoM kI padaccheda pUrvaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai aura chaha prakAra ke karaNa kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai / dvitIya adhyayana caturviMzatistava meM niyukti ke anusAra stava, loka, udyota, dharma, tIrthaMkara Adi padoM kA nikSepa paddhati se vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / tRtIya adhyayana vaMdanA kA vyAkhyAna karate hue aneka dRSTAMta die haiM tathA vaMdanA karma ke sAtha-sAtha citikarma, kRti karma, pUjA karma aura vinaya karma kA bhI sodAharaNa vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / vaMdyAvaMdya kA vicAra karate hue vaMdya zramaNa kA svarUpa batalAyA hai ki medhAvI, saMyata aura susamAhita suvihita zramaNa kI vandanA karanI caahie| pratikramaNa nAmaka caturtha adhyayana ke vivecana meM niyukti ke anurUpa pratikramaNa kA-vyAkhyAna kiyA hai (156)

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ki pramAda ke vaza apane sthAna se haTakara anyatra jAne ke bAda punaH apane sthAna para lauTane ke lie jo kriyA hai, use hI pratikramaNa kahate haiN| niyukti ke anusAra cUrNi meM bhI pratikramaNa tIna dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai / prasaMgopAtta saMbaddha anya zabdoM kA bhI vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / paMcama adhyayana meM kAyotsarga kI vyAkhyA ke prAraMbha meM vraNa cikitsA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai ki vraNa (ghAva yA phor3A) do prakAra kA hotA hai-dravya vraNa aura bhAva vrnn| dravya varNa kI cikitsA auSadhi Adi se hotI hai| bhAva vraNa aticAra rUpa hai| usakI cikitsA prAyazcita se hotI hai| phira prAyazcita ke AlocanA, pratikramaNa Adi dasa bheda batAe haiM / kAya kA nikSepa nAma Adi dasa prakAra kA aura utsarga kA nikSepa chaha prakAra kA hai| kAyotsarga ke prazasta aura aprazasta ye do bheda athavA ucchita Adi nau bheda haiM / ina donoM kA varNana karake zruta, siddha Adi kI stuti kA varNana hai-vivecana hai / evaM kSAmaNA kI vidhi para prakAza DAlA hai / chaThe adhyayana kI cUrNi meM pratyAkhyAna ke bheda, zrAvaka ke bheda, samyaktva ke aticAra evaM pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavata, cAra bhikSAvrata aura unake aticAra, dasa prakAra ke pratyAkhyAna, chaha prakAra kI vizuddhi, pratyAkhyAna ke guNa aura AgAra Adi kA vividha udAharaNoM ke sAtha vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| haribhadra sUri ne Avazyaka niryakti ke AdhAra se Avazyaka vRtti nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI hai| prastuta vRtti meM Avazyaka cUrNi kA padAnusaraNa na karake svataMtra rIti se niyukti gAthAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM bhASya kI gAthAoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai / pratikramaNa nAmaka caturtha Avazyaka kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM dhyAna kA vizeSa vivecana kiyA hai| pA~ca prakAra ke jJAnoM kI vyAkhyA meM vaividhya evaM pratibhA ke darzana hote haiN| vaha vyAkhyAna vaividhya cUrNi meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / yaha vRtti bAIsa hajAra zloka pramANa hai| . maladhArI, hemacaMdrasUri ne haribhadrakRta Avazyaka vRtti para Avazyaka vRtti pradeza vyAkhyA nAmaka vyAkhyA graMtha likhA hai / ise haribhadrIyAzyaka vRtti TippaNaka bhI kahate haiN| isa para zrI hemacaMdrasUri ke ziSya zrI caMdrasUri ne eka aura TippaNa likhA hai| use pradeza vyAkhyA TippaNa kahate haiN| .. zrI mANikya zekhara sUrikRta Avazyaka niyukti dIpikA Avazyaka niyukti kA artha samajhAne ke lie bahuta hI upayogI haiM / isameM niyukti kI gAthAoM kA ati sarala evaM saMkSipta zabdArtha tathA bhAvArtha diyA hai evaM kathAnakoM kA sAra bhI saMkSepa meM samajhA diyA hai| prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki Avazyaka niryakti dIpikA ke atirikta dazavaikAlika niyukti, piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti, dIpikAe~ evaM uttarAdhyayana dIpikA tathA AcAra dIpikA bhI inhIM kI kRtiyA~ haiN| (157)

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ukta vyAkhyAkAroM ke atirikta jinabhaTa nami sAdhu (saMvat 1122), jJAnasAgara (sa. 1140) zubhavardhana gaNi (sa. 1540), hitaruci (saMvat 1697), Adi ne bhI TIkA graMtha likhe haiM / kucha aura pratiyA~ bhI upalabdha hotI haiM, jinake praNetA ajJAta haiM aura kucha ke nAma aura samaya ke bAre meM abhI taka nizcaya nahIM ho pAyA hai / naMdIsUtra - isa sUtra para likhe gae vyAkhyA graMthoM meM jinadAsa gaNi mahattara likhita naMdI cUrNi kA prathama sthAna hai| cUrNi meM mUla sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / mukhya rUpa se bhASA prAkRta hai, lekina yatra tatra saMskRta kA bhI prayoga dekhane meM AtA / vyAkhyAna zailI saMkSipta evaM sAragrAhI hai / sarvaprathama jina aura vIra kI stuti kI aura usake bAda saMgha stuti kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / mUla sUtrAnusAra tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadharoM aura sthaviroM kI nAmAvalI bhI dI hai aura usake bAda tIna prakAra kI pArSada kA saMketa karake jJAnacarcA prAraMbha kI hai| kevala jJAna aura kevala darzana kI carcA ke prasaMga meM tIna mata uddhRta kie haiM - 1. kevala jJAna aura kevala darzana kI yugapat - avasthA (yogapatva), 2. donoM kA kramikatva aura 3. donoM kA abheda / ina tInoM ke samarthana meM kucha gAthAe~ dekara aMta meM kevala jJAna va kevala darzana meM kramabhAvitva kA samarthana kiyA haiM / cUrNi haribhadrasUri ne nandIcUrNi para naMdIvRtti nAmaka vyAkhyA graMtha likhA hai, kA rUpAntara hai / isameM unhIM viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo naMdI cUrNi meM hai / prAraMbha meM maMgalAcaraNa karane ke bAda ke zabdArtha, nikSepa Adi kA vicAra hai / graMthamAna 2636 zloka pramANa hai / 1 AcArya malayagirI ne bhI naMdIvRtti nAmaka bRhad TIkA graMtha likhA hai, jo dArzanika carcA se otaprota hai / isameM yatra tatra udAharaNa ke rUpa meM saMskRta kathAnaka bhI die haiM / saMskRta aura prAkRta uddharaNoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM vardhamAna jina evaM jina pravacana kA sAdara smaraNa kiyA hai / dArzanika vicAroM kI dRSTi se isameM jIva sattA siddhi, vacana apauruSeyatva khaNDana, sarvajJa siddhi nairAtmya nirAkaraNa, santAnavAda kA khaNDana, sAMkhya mukti, nirAsa, dharma- dharmI, bhedAbheda siddhi Adi kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai / ukta AcAryoM ke atirikta jayadayAla, pArzvanAtha Adi ne bhI TIkA graMtha likhe haiM / Avazyaka sUtra avacUrI TabbArtha kI racanA abhidhAna rAjendra kozakAra zrI rAjendrasUrijI mahArAja ne kI hai aura vaha amudrita hai| purAnI gujarAtI meM muni dharmasiMha ne aura hindI meM AcArya AtmArAma ne sarala subodha TIkA graMtha likhe haiM / (158)

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anuyoga dvAra sUtra-isa sUtra kI varNana zailI niyukti pradhAna hai / ataH jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne mUlasUtra kA anusaraNa karate hue prAkRta bhASA meM cUrNi likhI hai / saMskRta kA prayoga to na kucha jaisA hai| prAraMbha meM maMgalAcaraNa ke prasaMga meM bhAvanandI kA svarUpa batAte hae paMcajJAna kA varNana kiyA hai aura vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie naMdI carNi dekhane kA saMketa hai| anuyoga vidhi aura anuyogArtha para vicAra karate hue AvazyakAdhikAra para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| AnupUrvI ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM pUrvAMgoM kA bhI ullekha hai| isI prakAra AtmAMgula, utseghAMgula, pramANAMgula, kAla, pramANa, audArika Adi zarIra prANiyoM kI saMkhyA Adi bAtoM kI jAnakArI dI hai| haribhadra sUri ne anuyoga dvAra cUrNi kI zailI para anuyoga dvAra TIkA likhI hai aura usameM inhIM viSayoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinakA cUrNi meM vyAkhyAna hai / jJAnanaya aura kriyAnaya kA svarUpa batAte hue jJAna evaM kriyA donoM kI saMyukta upayogitA siddha kI hai| maladhArI hemacaMdra sUri ne.anuyoga dvAra ke sUtroM kA sarala artha prastuta karane ke lie anuyoga dvAra vRtti vyAkhyA graMtha likhA hai / prAraMbha meM vIra jinezvara, gautama Adi sUri varga aura zruta devatA ko namaskAra kiyA hai| aMta meM vahI prazasti hai, jo vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI vRtti ke aMta meM hai / vRtti kA graMthamAna 5900 zloka pramANa ..: munidharmasiMha ne gujarAtI TavA likhA hai| * avaziSTa AgamoM ke vyAkhyA graMtha .. sarvamAnya Agama vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya dene ke anantara zeSa rahe Agamika vyAkhyA graMthoM kA paricaya prastuta karate haiM / unake nAma isa prakAra haiM.. ' piMDaniyukti, mahAnizItha, jItakalpa, catuHzaraNa Atura pratyAkhyAna, bhakta parijJA, saMstAraka gacchAcAra, taMdula vaicArika, caMdravedhyaka, deveMdrastava, gaNividyA mahApratyAkhyAna, viirstv| piMDaniyukti- isake racayitA bhadrabAha (dvitIya) haiN| dazavakAlika satra ke pA~cave adhyayana kA nAma piMDaiSaNA hai / isa adhyayana para likhI gaI niyukti ke vistRta ho jAne ke kAraNa ise piMDa niyukti ke nAma se alaga mAna liyA gyaa| . piMDa kA artha hai bhojana / isameM piNDa rUpana, udgama doSa, utpAdana doSa, eSaNA doSa aura grAsaiSaNA ina doSoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM 671 gAthAe~ haiN| (159)

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piMDaniyukti meM ATha adhikAra haiM-udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA, saMyojanA, pramANa, aMgAra, dhUma aura karaNa / inameM apane-apane nAma ke anusAra viSaya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM isakI gAthAe~ bhASya meM mila jAne se yaha mUla rUpa meM upalabdha hai| ___piNDaniyukti bhASya meM piMDa, AdhAkarma, auddezika, mizra jAta, sUkSma prAbhUtikA, vizodhi, avazodhi Adi zramaNa dharma saMbaMdhI viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya malayagiri ne niyukti ke AdhAra para piNDaniyukti vRtti nAmaka saMskRta TIkA graMtha likhA hai| isameM bhASya kI bhI 46 gAthAe~ samAviSTa hai / prAraMbha meM vardhamAna jinezvara ko namaskAra karake gurudeva ko praNAma kiyA hai aura apanI vRtti likhane kI pratijJA kI hai / vRtti meM vyAkhyA ko spaSTa karane ke lie yatra tatra aneka kathAnakaM die haiM, jo saMskRta meM hai / vRtti kA graMthamAna 6700 zloka pramANa hai / kSamAratna sUri aura mANikya zekhara Adi ne bhI isa para vyAkhyA graMtha likhe haiM / kabhI-kabhI piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para ogha niyukti kI gaNanA mUlasUtroM meM kI jAtI hai / isameM sAdhvAcAra saMbaMdhI niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / bIca-bIca meM aneka kathAe~ bhI dI gaI haiN| __oghaniyukti para bRhad aura laghu do bhASya likhe gae haiM / bRhada bhASya meM 2517 gAthAe~ haiM / unameM niyukti gAthAe~ bhI sammilita haiM / graMtha meM bhASyakAra ke nAma Adi ke bAre meM kisI prakAra kA ullekha nahIM hai| isake laghu bhASya meM ogha, piMDa, vrata, zramaNa, dharma, saMyama, vaiyAvRtya, gupti, tapa, samiti, bhAvanA, pratimA, iMdriya nirodha, pratilekhanA, abhigraha, anuyoga, kAyotsarga, aupaghAtika, upakaraNa Adi viSayoM kA saMkSipta vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| droNasUri ne oghaniyukti va usake laghubhASya para saMskRta meM vyAkhyA graMtha likhA hai| inakA samaya vikrama kI gyArahavI-bArahavIM zatAbdI hai| ye pATaNa saMgha ke pramukha adhikArI the / inhoMne abhayadevasUri kRta TIkAoM kA saMzodhana kiyA thaa| isa vRtti ke atirikta inakA anya koI TIkA graMtha nahIM hai / vRtti kI bhASA sarala aura zailI sugama hai / mUla padoM ke zabdArtha ke sAtha-sAtha tad-tad viSaya kA zaMkA samAdhAnapUrvaka saMkSipta vivecana kiyA hai| kahIM-kahIM prAkRta aura saMskRta uddharaNa bhI die gae haiN| prAraMbha meM parameSThI ko namaskAra kiyA hai / vRtti meM aneka sthAnoM para bhASya gAthAoM kA bhI vyAkhyAna kiyA hai / isameM bhASya kI gAthAe~ 322 aura niyukti kI gAthAe~ 811 hai / isa prakAra niyukti aura bhASya donoM kI kula milAkara 1133 gAthAoM para vRtti likhI hai| jJAnAsAgara (saMvat 1439) aura mANikya zekhara ne bhI oghaniyukti para saMskRta TIkA graMtha likhe haiN| (160)

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mahAnizItha - isakA paricaya pUrva meM diyA gayA hai| usase jJAta hotA hai ki bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi ke saMbaMdha se evaM yatra tatra Agametara graMthoM ke ullekha milane se ise prAcIna Agama graMthoM kI koTi meM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / isa para cUrNi, TIkA likhe jAne kI jAnakArI milatI hai / jItakalpa- isa para bhASya, cUrNi, bRhaccUrNi aura viSama pada vyAkhyA ye cAra TIkA graMtha likhe jAne ke ullekha milate haiM / jItakalpasUtra ke racayitA vizeSAvazyaka bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi kSamA zramaNa haiM / unhoMne svayaM hI isa para bhASya likhA hai / bhASya meM 2606 gAthAe~ haiM / usameM bRhatkalpa laghubhASA, vyavahAra bhASya, paMcakalpa bhASya, piNDaniryukti Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ akSarazaH milatI hai / isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhane para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prastuta bhASya graMtha kalpabhASya Adi graMthoM kI gAthAoM kA saMgraha rUpa hai 1 1 sarvaprathama zabda kA niruktyartha karate hue pravacana ko namaskAra kiyA hai / isa bAda prAyazcita kI vyAkhyA karane kA saMkalpa karate hue prAyazcita kA niruktyartha diyA hai| isake bAda jIta vyavahAra kA vyAkhyAna karane ke lie AgamAdi vyavahAra paMcaka, prAyazcita ke sthAna, prAyazcitadAtA, prAyazcitadAna kI sApekSatA, bhakta parijJA, iMginImaraNa, pAdapopagamana, zrutAdi vyavahAra, jIta vyavahAra, prAyazcita ke bheda, AlocanA, pratikramaNa, mizra prAyazcita, viveka, utsarga, tapa, cheda aura mUla, anavasthApya, pArAMcika, prAyazcitoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / jIta kalpa prara jItakalpa cUrNi aura jItakalpa bRhaccUrNi ye do cUrNi graMtha likhe gae haiN| vartamAna meM siddhasena sUri viracita jItakalpa bRhaccUrNi upalabdha hai / usase jJAta hotA hai ki isase pUrva eka cUrNi likhI gaI thI / upalabdha cUrNi zuddha prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gaI hai| isameM saMskRta kA prayoga kahIM bhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prAraMbha meM gyAraha gAthAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra, gyAraha gaNadhara, anya viziSTa jJAnI tathA sUtrakAra jinabhadra maNi kSamAzramaNa ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| graMtha meM yatra tatra yadyapi graMthAntaroM kI gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gaI hai, lekina graMthoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / cUrNi meM bhI unhIM viSayoM kA gadya meM varNana hai, jinakA bhASya meM vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai / aMta meM punaH sUtrakAra jinabhadra gaNi ko namaskAra karate hue cUrNi samApta kI haiM / (161)

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ukta jItakalpa bRhacUrNi ke viSaya padoM ke vyAkhyAna ke rUpa meM zrI caMdrasUri ne saMskRta meM jItakalpa bRhaccUrNi viSaya pada vyAkhyA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / prAraMbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko namaskAra karane kI pratijJA kI hai| anantara kaThina padoM kA vyAkhyAna prAraMbha kiyA hai / bIca-bIca meM apane vaktavya kI puSTi ke lie prAkRta gAthAe~ uddhRta kI hai / aMta meM vyAkhyAkAra ne apane nAmollekhapUrvaka saMvat 1227 mahAvIra janma kalyANaka ravivAra ko vyAkhyA samApta hone kA saMketa diyA hai / isakA graMthamAna 1120 zloka pramANa hai / isake atirikta zivaprabhasUri ke ziSya zrI tilakasUri ne bhI eka TIkA graMtha likhA hai| catuHzaraNa Adi vIrastava paryanta ye gyAraha prakIrNaka graMthoM ke nAma hai, jo Agama ke rUpa meM mAne jAte haiN| unake viSayoM kA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| unameM se catuHzaraNa, Atura pratyAkhyAna aura saMstAraka kI TIkA maheMdrasUri (saMvat 1294) ke ziSya bhuvanatuMga sUri ne likhI hai / isI prakAra guNaratnasUri (sa. 1494) ne bhakta parijJA, saMstAraka, catuHzaraNa aura AturapratyAkhyAna nAmaka prakIrNakoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| abhidhAna rAjendra kozakAra zrI rAjendrasarijI mahArAja ne gacchAcAra payatrA vRtti kA gujarAtI meM bhASAntara kiyA hai / isa graMtha ke tIna adhikAra haiM-AcArya svarUpa, yati svarUpa aura sAdhvI svruup| yaha graMtha mukhya rUpa se zramaNa jIvana ke AcAra vicAroM kA vivecaka hai| isakI vRtti Ananda vimala sUri ke ziSya vijaya vimala gaNi ne likhI hai, jisakA zrImad rAjendrasUrijI ne gujarAtI bhASAntara kiyA hai| isameM gaccha ke mahatva kA pratipAdana karate hue likhA hai ki gaccha mahAna prabhAvazAlI hai| usameM rahane se mahAna nirjarA hotI hai / sAraNA vAraNA aura preraNA hone se sAdhaka ke purAne doSa naSTa ho jAte haiM aura nUtana doSoM kI utpatti nahIM hotI / zramaNa zramaNiyoM kI maryAdA kA varNana karate hue isameM likhA hai ki zramaNoM ko zramaNiyoM se adhika paricaya nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki unakA paricaya agni aura viSa ke samAna hai| saMbhava hai ki yavira kA citta pUrNa sthira ho, tathApi agni ke samIpa ghI rahane se jaise vaha pighala jAtA hai, vaise hI sthavira ke saMsarga se AryA kA citta pighala sakatA hai / yadi usa samaya kadAcita sthavira ko bhI apanI saMyama sAdhanA kI vismRti ho jAe, to usakI bhI vaisI hI sthiti hotI hai, jaise zleSma meM lipaTI huI makkhI kI hotI hai / etadartha zramaNa ko bAlA, vRddhA, nAtina, duhitA aura bhaginI taka ke zarIra kA sparza karane kA niSedha (162)

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vijaya vimala (saM. 1634) kI tandula vaicArika para TIkA hai / yaha TIkA guNa saubhAgya gaNi se prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para likhI gaI hai / TIkA zabdArtha pradhAna hai tathA kahIM-kahIM anya graMthoM ke bhI uddharaNa haiM / isake atirikta catuHzaraNa para vinayarAja gaNi, pArzvacaMdra, vijaya sena sUri Adi ne, Atura pratyAkhyAna para hemacaMdra gaNi Adi ne, saMstAraka para samaracaMdra Adi ne aura tandula vaicArika para pArzvacaMdra Adi ne bhI TIkAe~ likhI haiM / Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke pUrvokta paricaya ke saMdarbha meM yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki ye vyAkhyA graMtha kevala zabdArtha taka hI sImita nahIM hai, apitu inameM bhI AgamoM kI taraha sva AcAra vicAra ke siddhAMtoM ke pratipAdana ke sAtha-sAtha darzanAntaroM ke AcAra vicAra, samAja zAstra, manovijJAna, yoga zAstra, nAgarika zAstra, bhUgola, rAjanIti, itihAsa, saMskRti va sabhyatA Adi viSayoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, jisakA ullekha yathAsthAna diyA jA rahA hai / yaha vyAkhyA sAhitya utanA hI vizAla haiM, jitanA Agama vAGmaya, jisakA kula yoga lAkhoM zloka pramANa haiM evaM jisake talasparzI adhyayana ke lie gaMbhIra cintana, manana abhyAsa, sAdhanA evaM sudIrgha samaya apekSita hai / yadyapi yahA~ prastuta Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya kA paricaya sAMketika vihaMgAvalokana mAtra hai aura isase paricaya bindu kI AMzika pratIti hotI hai, phira bhI yaha bhalIbhA~ti spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne svaracita vyAkhyA graMthoM meM AgamoM ke abhidheya pratyeka bhAva, vicAra kA itanI sarala-subodha zailI meM niSpakSa cintanavRtti ke anusAra vyAkhyAna kara diyA hai ki sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa pAThaka bhI jaina vAGmaya ke antara rahasya bhalIbhA~ti hRdayaMgama kara sakatA hai 1 $?

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adhyAya 9 Agama sAhitya meM samAja vyavasthA manuSyoM ke usa samUha ko samAja kahate haiM, jinakI eka AcAra-vicAra dhArA hai| vyakti ke janma ke sAtha isakA saMbaMdha jur3atA hai aura jIvanAnta meM samApta hotA hai| isa janma aura maraNa ke bIca eka laMbe samaya taka samAja ke bIca rahakara vyakti apane jIvana ke saMskAroM, abhiruciyoM aura nirvAha ke sAdhanoM ko arjita karatA hai| kula, parivAra, kuTuMba Adi ke saMbaMdha jor3atA hai aura apane kalyANa sukha-suvidhAoM ke sAtha kula Adi kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA dhyAna rakhatA hai / isa prakAra samAja kA pratyeka vyakti paraspara eka-dUsare se aisA jur3A rahatA hai ki anya kI ruciyoM kI bhinnatA hone para bhI ve abhiruciyA~ samAja ke virUddha nahIM jAtI / kisI vyakti dvArA apanAyA huA mArga bhinna yA pRthaka ho sakatA hai, lekina sabakA uddezya adhikatama logoM ko adhikatama sukha pahu~cAnA hotA hai / + varNa aura jAti prAcIna bhAratIya samAja kA merudaMDa 'jAti' hI thaa| 'jAti' vargoM ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kI jAtI thii| jaina AgamoM meM samAja kA Arya aura anArya kI apekSA se jAti bheda kiyA gayA hai| yaha bheda vyaktiyoM ke AcAra aura kAryapraNAlI para AdhArita thA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya meM 'jAti' kA saMbaMdha 'janma' se jor3A gayA thA aura isake lie varNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA thA / jaise brAhmaNa varNa, kSatriya varNa Adi / varNa zabda ke prayoga kA kAraNa yaha thA ki Arya vijetA the aura gaura varNa ke the, jabaki anArya unake adhIna the aura kRSNa varNa ke the| jaina AgamoM meM zArIrika raMga ko-varNa ko mahatva nahIM diyA gayA hai| ___ jaina AgamoM meM AryoM kI pA~ca jAtiyA~ batalAI hai- kSetra Arya, jAti Arya, kula Arya, karma Arya, bhASA Arya aura zilpa Arya / inameM kisa-kisa kA grahaNa hotA thA, isakA ullekha bhI vahA~ kiyA gayA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM brAhmaNa ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai, lekina jaina aura bauddha dharma meM brAhmaNoM para kSatriyoM kA prabhutva svIkAra karate hue varNa vyavasthA kA virodha kiyA gayA hai, parantu isa virodha se yaha anumAna nahIM lagAnA cAhie ki bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke yuga meM jAti aura varNa bheda naSTa ho gayA thaa| jaina AgamoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra nAma ke cAra varNoM kA ullekha hai aura dharma kI apekSA se inakA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| (164)

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ina cAroM vargoM kI utpatti ke bAre meM jaina paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke kAla meM rAjya ke rakSaka logoM ko kSatriya aura jamIMdAra va sAhUkAroM ko gRhapati kahA jAtA thA / tatpazcAta agni kI utpatti hone para RSabhadeva ke Azrita rahane vAle zilpI vaNika kahe jAne lage tathA zilpa kA vANijya karane ke kAraNa ve vaizya ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hue| bharata ke rAjya kAla meM zrAvaka dharma kI vyavasthA hone para mAhaNa 'brAhmaNa' kI utpatti huI / brAhmaNa loga atyanta sarala svabhAvI aura dharma premI the| isalie jaba ve kisI ko mArate-pITate yA vedanA pahu~cAte dekhate, to kahatemA haNa arthAt mata mAro / tabase ye mAhaNa yAne brAhmaNa kahalAne lge| usa kAla meM yaha bheda janma se jur3A nahIM thaa| bhinna-bhinna vargoM ke saMmizraNa se banI huI mizrita jAtiyA~ usa samaya maujUda thIM, lekina uttara kAla meM varNa vyavasthA karma ke bajAya janma ke sAtha jur3a gii| pariNAmata: varNa saMgharSa evaM janma kRta ucca, nIca, kulIna, akulIna Adi kI mAnyatAoM ke lie AgamoM meM aneka ullekha milate haiN| * brAhmaNoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaina mAnyatA kA dRSTikoNa - jaina AgamoM meM janma kI apekSA karma para adhika jora diyA gayA hai| vahA~ batAyA gayA hai ki sira ma~DAne se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, U~ kAra kA jApa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, jaMgala meM rahane se koI muni nahIM hotA aura na kuzacIvara dhAraNa karane se koI tapasvI hI hotA hai / samatA dhAraNa karane vAlA zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya kA pAlana karane vAlA brAhmaNa hotA hai, pApopadeza na dene vAlA-mauna dhAraNa karane vAlA muni hotA hai aura tapa karane vAlA tapasvI-tApasa hotA hai / vAstava meM manuSya apane karma se jisa prakAra kA kArya karatA hai, usa karma se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kahalAtA hai| isake lie uttarAdhyayana ke 'hari' ke adhyayanagata harikeza nAmaka cANDAla mani kI kathA udAharaNa hai / vahA~ yajJa ke lakSaNa batAte hae kahA gayA hai- vAstavika agni tapa hai, agnisthAna jIva hai, zruvA (cATU, jisase agni meM Ahuti dI jAtI hai) mana, dhana va kAma kA yoga hai, karISa (kaMDe kI agni) zarIra hai, savidhA karma hai, homa saMyama aura yoga zAnti hai, sarovara dharma hai aura vAstavika tIrtha brahmacarya hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina paramparA ne varNa aura jAti kI nindA kI hai, phira bhI vaha jAti-pAti ke ba~dhanoM se svayaM ko sarvadhA mukta na kara skii| jAti Arya aura jAti-juMgita (jugupsita), karma Arya aura karma jutAMta, zilpa Arya aura zilpa jutAMta meM se bheda haTAkara U~ca-nIca ke bheda ko svIkAra kiyA hai| (165)

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AgamoM meM sAdhAraNatayA brAhmaNoM ke prati avagaNanA kA bhAva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai aura kSatriyoM ko zreSThatA pradAna kI gaI hai, phira bhI samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA sthAna U~cA thaa| AgamIya vyAkhyA, sAhitya meM inakI prazaMsA bhI dekhane ko milatI hai / AgamoM meM zramaNa-samaNa aura brAhmaNa- mAhaNa zabda kA kitane hI sthAnoM meM eka sAtha prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki samAja meM donoM ko AdaraNIya sthAna prApta thA / svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bhI aneka prasaMgoM meM mAhaNa, mahAmAhaNa, mahAgopa, mahAsArthavAha Adi kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai / * brAhmaNa Adi cAra varNoM ke kArya brAhmaNa- Agamika vyAkhyA graMthoM meM yaha ullekha haiM ki brAhmaNa zikSA, vyAkaraNa, nirUkta Adi SaT aMgoM, cAra vedoM, mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dharmazAstra ina caudaha vidyAoM meM niSNAta hote the / adhyayana-adhyApana, dAna aura pratigraha nAmaka karmoM meM ve rata rahA karate the / brAhmaNoM meM yajJa-yAga kA pracalana thA / uttarAdhyayana ke yajJIya nAmaka adhyayana meM jayaghoSa muni aura vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa kI saMvAda AtA hai| jaba jayaghoSa bhikSA ke lie vijayaghoSa ke yahA~ upasthita hue, taba jayaghoSa ne kahA- - vedoM ke pAraMgata, yajJArthI, jyotiSa zAstra aura chaha aMgoM ke jJAtA brAhmaNoM ke lie hI yaha bhojana hai / yaha anya kisI ko nahIM mila sakatA / isa para jayaghoSa ne sacce brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa batAkara use svadharma meM dIkSita kiyA thA / isake atirikta brAhmaNa svapna pAThaka hote the aura jyotiSa vidyA ke dvArA bhaviSya batAte the / rAjA loga putra janma ke avasara para brAhmaNoM ko AmaMtrita kara unase bhaviSya kA vyAkhyAna karavAte the / brAhmaNoM se pUchakara yaha patA lagAyA jAtA thA ki yAtrA ke lie zubha dina kauna-sA hai aura azubha dina kauna-sA hai / brAhmaNa AzIrvAda pUrvaka muhUrta kA pratipAdana karate the / samAja meM brAhmaNoM ko Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / Agama graMthoM meM ullekha hai ki cakravartI brAhmaNoM ko pratidina bhojana karavAte the / unhoMne unheM janeU se cihnita kara anya jAtiyoM se pRthaka kiyA thaa| rAjA loga dAna Adi dekara unheM sammAnita karate the / ve unake prati udAra rahate the / brAhmaNoM ko usa kAla meM anya vizeSAdhikAra bhI prApta the / unheM kara denA nahIM par3atA thA aura ve phA~sI kI sajA se mukta the / nidhi Adi kA kAma hone para rAjA brAhmaNoM kA Adara satkAra karate the, jaba ki vaizyoM kI nidhi jabta kara lI jAtI thI / kSatriya- brAhmaNa graMthoM meM jaise brAhmaNoM kA prabhutva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, vaise (166)

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hI jaina Agama graMthoM meM kSatriyoM kA prabhutva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / ve zastra vidyA kA adhyayana karate aura yuddha vidyA meM nipuNatA prApta karate the / apane bAhubala se deza para zAsana karane kA adhikAra ve prApta karate the / dhArmika kSetra meM bhI ve pradhAna mAne jAte the / sabhI jaina tIrthaMkAroM ne kSatriya varNa meM janma liyA, yaha udAharaNa kSatriyoM kI mukhyatA siddha karane ke lie paryApta hai / T vaizya - prAcIna bhArata meM inheM gRhapati bhI kahA jAtA thA / ye dhana-dhAnya saMpanna hote the, jamIna-jAyadAda va pazuoM ke mAlika hote the tathA vyApAra dvArA dhana kA upArjana karate the / AgamoM meM aise kitane hI gRhapatiyoM kA ullekha hai, jo jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the T zUdra- inakI sthiti sadaiva upekSita evaM dayanIya rahI hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne inakI sthiti sudhArane kA prayatna kiyA, phira bhI varNa aura jAti saMbaMdhI pratibaMdha dUra nahIM kie jA sake / AMgamoM meM aneka prakAra ke zUdroM kA ullekha hai evaM aspRzya samajhe jAne vAle mAtaMga, cAMDAla Adi kI kathAe~ bhI saMkalita haiM / jAti jugupsitoM 1 pANa, Doma aura maurazica kA ullekha hai / mAtaMgoM ko jAti kA kalaMka mAnA jAtA thA / pANoM ko cAMDAla bhI kahA gayA hai / ye binA ghara-bAra ke kevala AkAza kI chAyA meM nivAsa karate the aura murde Dhone kA kAma karate the / DomoM (DUmoM) ke ghara hote the aura ve gIta gAkara evaM sUpa banAkara becate aura apanI AjIvikA calAte the / kivika vA~coM ke cAroM ora tA~ta lagAte aura vadha sthAna ko le jAe jAte hue puruSoM ke sAmane bAjA bajAte the / zvapaca kuttoM kA mA~sa pakAkara khAte the aura tA~ta kI bikrI karate the| vasaDa rasse ba~Takara becate aura apanI AjIvikA calAte the / harikeza luhAroM kI bhI zUdra jAti meM gaNanA kI gaI hai / karma aura zilpa se spRzya jAtiyoM meM strIpoSaka, mayUrapoSaka, kukkuTa poSaka, naTa, zaMkha, vyAdha, mRga, lubdha, vAgurika zaukarika, rajaka Adi kI karma gulmasa tathA karmakAra paTavA, nAI, dhobI Adi kI zilpa meM gaNanA kI gaI hai|. * zreNI saMgaThana AgamakAlIna zreNI saMgaThana ko Aja kI bhASA meM yUniyana kahA jA sakatA hai / zramikoM aura vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana to the hI aura unake samaya saMgaThanoM ke kAnUna | kAyade the / isake atirikta bahuta se utpAdanakartA, naTa, bAjIgara, gAyaka Adi ke bhI saMgaThana bane hue the, jo gA~va-gA~va meM paribhramaNa kara apanI kalA kA pradarzana karake apanI AjIvikA calAte the / gAruDika (sA~pa kA viSa utArane vAlA) tathA bhUtavAdI bhI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para gamana karate the / AgamoM meM saMgha ke gaNoM va gacchoM kA ullekha AtA hai / gaNoM meM malla, (167)

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hastipAla, sArasvata, vajjigodAsa, uttara balissaha, cAraNa, koTika bhANava Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| * pArivArika jIvana ___ aneka parivAroM ke samUha ko samAja kahA jAtA hai| parivAra meM pati-patnI, mAtA-pitA, choTe bhAI-bahana aura vidhavA striyoM kA samAveza hotA thaa| ye sabhI parivAra ke sadasya mAne jAte the| ye saba eka hI sthAna para rahate the| sabakA bhojana eka hI jagaha para hotA thA aura saba sAmAnya jamIna-jAyadAda kA upabhoga karate the| striyA~ kUTane-pIsane, rasoI banAne, bhojana parosane, pAnI bharane, bartana mA~jane Adi-ghara gRhasthI ke saba kAma karatI thI / nanada aura bhAvajoM ke bIca kalaha calatA rahatA thaa| parivAra kA mukhiyA puruSa mAnA jAtA thaa| vaha sabake bharaNa-poSaNa kI vyavasthA karatA thaa| saba loga usakI AjJA kA pAlana karate the aura usakI patnI gRha svAminI hotI thI. jo parivAra ke saba kAmoM kA dhyAna rakhatI thI aura apane pati kI AjJA meM rahatI thii| mAtA-pitA, svAmI aura dharmAcArya kA yatheSTa sammAna kiyA jAtA thA / pitA ko Izvara tulya mAnA jAtA thA / putra aura putriyA~ prAta:kAla apane pitA kI pAda vaMdanA ke lie usake sAmane upasthita hote the| jaise-jaise pitA vayovRddha hotA jAtA thA, vaise-vaise parivAra kI dekharekha kA bhAra jyeSTha putra para par3atA thaa| AgamoM meM ullekha hai ki usa kAla meM janma, vivAha Adi vividha utsavoM aura tyauhAroM ke avasara para sage-saMbaMdhiyoM ko bhojana ke lie nimaMtrita karake unake sAtha Ananda manAyA jAtA thaa| * vivAha prathA parivAra vRddhi tathA gRha aura sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie strI aura puruSa kA vivAhita honA parama Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| AgamoM meM yaha ullekha to milatA hai ki kanyA ko yogya vara evaM vara ko yogya kanyA prApta ho, jisase vivAha ke pazcAta pati-patnI meM pUrNa sAmaMjasya banA rahe, lekina vivAha yogya avasthA kI jAnakArI nahIM milatI / hA~, itanA avazya kahA gayA hai ki vara aura vadhU ko sama vaya honA caahie| isakA kAraNa yahI jAna par3atA hai ki tatkAlIna bhArata meM bar3I avasthA meM vivAha honA hAniprada mAnA jAtA hogA, jisase kisI kA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA ho| AgamoM meM vivAha ke tIna prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai- 1. vara aura kanyA donoM pakSoM ke mAtA-pitAoM dvArA Ayojita vivAha, 2. svayaMvara vivAha aura 3. gAMdharva (168)

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vivAha / pracalita vivAha donoM pakSoM ke mAtA-pitAoM dvArA Ayojita kiyA jAtA thaa| sAdhAraNatayA apanI hI jAti meM vivAha karane kA rivAja thaa| isase vaMza zuddha rahatA thA evaM nimna jAtiMgata tatvoM ke sammizraNa se kula kI pratiSThA bhaMga hone se baca jAtI thI / sAmAnyatayA vara ke mAtA-pitA samAna kula parivAra se hI kanyA grahaNa karate the / 1. vivAha ke mAmale meM prAya: ghara ke bar3e-bUr3he eka-dUsare se salAha mazavirA karake apane nirNaya ko apanI saMtAna se kahate / lar3ake kA mauna vivAha kI svIkRti kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA thA / vivAha meM kanyA pakSa daheja detA thA, lekina vivAha meM vara athavA usake pitA dvArA kanyA ke pitA athavA usake parivAra ko zulka dene kI bhI prathA thI / striyA~ daheja meM apane sAtha bahuta-sA dhana-mAla lekara AtI thIM / kanyA ke mAtA-pitA bhI apanI zakti ke anusAra aneka prakAra ke AbhUSaNa, vastra, pAtra, vAhana, zraMgAra ke sAdhana, gAyeM, dAsa-dAsI Adi prItidAna ke rUpa meM vara pakSa ko bheMTa karate the | mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha meM sAdhAraNatayA vara kanyA ke ghara jAtA thA / vivAha ke avasara para maMgala gIta gAe jAte the / utsava ke lie zubha muhUrta evaM zubha tithi dekhI jAtI thI / vara va bArAta ko bar3e Adara-satkAra ke sAtha bhojana-pAna karAyA jAtA thA / agni kI sAkSI se vivAhotsava saMpanna hotA thA / ukta prakAra ke Ayojana ke sivAya aise bhI aneka udAharaNa AgamoM meM upalabdha hote haiM, jabaki yauvanAvasthA prApta kara lene para kanyAe~ sabhA meM upasthita vivAhArthiyoM meM se kisI eka ko apanA pati cuna letI thI / lekina mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha prathA sAmAnya nahIM thI / prAyaH rAjA-mahArAjA apanI kanyAoM ke lie svayaMvara racAte the / madhyama varga ke logoM meM saMbhavata: svayaMvara prathA nahIM thii| kucha nimna varga ke logoM meM yaha prathA thI / gAMdharva vivAha meM vara-kanyA apane mAtA-pitA kI anumati ke binA hI binA kisI dhArmika vidhividhAna ke eka-dUsare ko pasanda kara lete the / vivAhita yA avivAhita kanyAoM ke apaharaNa ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| ise lekara aneka bAra yuddha 'jAyA karate the / kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI hotA thA ki kisI rUpavatI kanyA ke saundarya kI prazaMsA sunakara rAjA loga kanyA ke pitA ke pAsa kanyA kI ma~ganI ke lie dUta bhejate aura yadi kanyA prApta nahIM hotI, to yuddha ho jAtA thA / kabhI-kabhI strI aura puruSa eka-dUsare ke saundarya aura kalA kauzala ko dekhakara paraspara AkRSTa ho jAte aura yaha AkarSaNa vivAha meM pariNata ho jAtA thA / aise bhI udAharaNa milate haiM, jabaki vivAha meM apanI bahana dekara dUsare kI - (169)

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bahana lI jAtI thI / puruSa to aneka vivAha kara sakatA thA, patnI ke mara jAne yA tyAga . dene para bhI dUsarA vivAha karanA burA nahIM mAnA jAta thA, lekina vidhavA vivAha ko tiraskAra kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / * saMtAna ke prati mamatA Agama kAla meM baccoM ke prati vizeSa mamatA dekhane ko milatI hai, jo mAtA baccoM ko janma detI hai, unheM khilAtI pilAtI, unheM stanapAna karAtI, unakI totalI bolI sunatI aura unheM apanI goda meM lekara unake sAtha krIr3A karatI, ve dhanya samajhI jAtI thIM / vaMdhyA strI ko acchA nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / ataeva saMtAna prApti ke lie ve indra, skaMda, nAga Adi aneka devI-devatAoM kI pUjA upAsanA karatI, unheM prasAda car3hAtI aura apane bAlakoM ko mAliza karatI, unakI A~khoM meM kAjala lagAtI, unake hoMTha racatI, unake hAthoM meM kaMgana pahanAtI tathA khelane ke lie khela-khilaune aura khAne ke lie taraha-taraha ke vyaMjana unheM detI, jisase ki bAlaka kI pA~coM indriyA~ paripUrNa ho, vaha zubha cihnoM, lakSaNoM, vyaMjanoM aura sadguNoM se yukta ho aura vaha AkRti se acchA va sundara lage / taula meM pUrA ho aura samucita U~cAI meM ho, to vaha bAlaka zreSTha samajhA jAtA thA / 1 garbhAvasthA meM striyA~ garbha kI surakSA kA bahuta hI manoyoga pUrvaka dhyAna rakhatI thI / garbhavatI striyoM kI dohada pUrti ke lie pUrA prayatna kiyA jAtA thA / putra kA janma hone para parivAra meM bahuta hI harSa manAyA jAtA thA / rAjaputra kA janma hone para saMpUrNa rAjya meM aneka prakAra ke utsava manAe jAte the, bastuoM ke mUlya ghaTA die jAte the, kara mApha kara die jAte the / usa avasara para nagara ko zulka aura kara rahita karane kI ghoSaNA kara dI jAtI thI / putra kA janma hone para pahale dina jAtakarma manAyA jAtA thaa| dUsare dina rAtrijAgaraNa aura tIsare dina sUrya-candra darzana kA utsava manAyA jAtA thA / bAkI ke sAta dina taka gIta-saMgIta-nRtya Adi Ananda maMgala kI dhUma macI rahatI thI / gyArahaveM dina zubha karma hotA thA / bArahaveM dina svajana saMbaMdhiyoM ko AmaMtrita kara bhojana vastrAdi se unakA satkAra kiyA jAtA thA aura bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa saMskAra hotA thaa| bAlaka jaba ghuTanoM se calane lagatA, taba paragamaNa saMskAra, pairoM se calane para caMkramaNa saMskAra, vaha jaba prathama bhojana kA AsvAdana karatA, taba jimAvaNa saMskAra, pahale pahala jaba bolanA sIkhatA, taba prajalpana saMskAra aura jaba usake kAna bIMdhe jAte, taba karNavedhana saMskAra manAyA jAtA thaa| isake bAda varSagA~Tha, jAvalaM utAranA, muMDana, upanayana, kalA grahaNa Adi saMskAra saMpanna kie jAte the . (170)

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- samRddha parivAroM meM athavA rAjakuloM meM bAlaka kI dekhabhAla ke lie ce kula kI aura kuzala dAiyA~-nAya rahatI thIM / yadi ve nahIM milatI, to videzoM se bhI bulAI jAtI thii| * laukika devI-devatA laukika devI-devatAoM kA astitva bhArata meM atyanta prAcIna kAla se mAnA jAtA hai / jaina AgamoM meM indra, skanda, rudra, mukunda, ziva, vaizravaNa, nAga, Arya koTTakiriya Adi kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM to indra ko atyanta parAkramI aura saba devatAoM meM agraNI mAnA gayA hai| kalpasUtra ke anusAra indra apanI ATha indrANiyoM-paTarAniyoM, tIna pariSadoM, sAta sainyoM, sAta senApatiyoM aura aMgarakSakoM se parivRtta hokara svayaM ke vaibhava kA sukha bhoga karatA hai / paurANika kathAnusAra skanda athavA kArtikeya mahAdeva ke putra aura yuddha ke devatA mAne gae haiM / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya skanda pUjA pracalita thii| hindU purANoM meM gyAraha rudra mAne gae haiN| ve indra ke sAthI, ziva aura usake putra ke anucara aura yama ke rakSaka batAe gae haiN| skanda aura rudra kI pratimAe~ kASTha se banAI jAtI thii| mahAbhArata meM mukunda athavA baladeva ko lAMgulI athavA haladhara kahA gayA hai| hala usakA astra hai / gale meM sarpo kI mAlA par3I huI hai aura dhvajA meM tIna siroM ke nizAna haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM mukunda athavA vAsudeva kI pUjA pracalati thii| hindU purANoM meM ziva athavA mahAdeva bhUtoM ke adhipati, kAmadeva saMhArakartA aura skanda ke pitA tathA pralaya ke devatA mAne gae haiN| parvata ke devatA ke rUpa meM unake sammAnArtha vaizAkha meM utsava manAyA jAtA hai / skanda aura mukunda kI bhA~ti zivapUjA bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya pracalita thii| vaizravaNa athavA kubera ko uttara dizA kA lokapAla adhipati tathA samasta khajAne kA mAlika mAnA gayA hai / AgamoM meM vaizravaNa ko yakSoM kA adhipati aura uttara dizA kA lokapAla kahA gayA hai| - brAhmaNa graMthoM ke anusAra nAga- sarpa devatA sAmAnyatayA pRthvI ke antastala meM nivAsa karate haiM, jahA~ zeSanAga apane mastaka para, phanoM para pRthvI kA bhAra sa~bhAle hue haiN| Agama evaM unake vyAkhyA graMthoM meM nAgapUjA kA ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM yakSa pUjA kA bar3A mahatva thA, isalie pratyeka nagara meM yakSAyatana yA yakSa caitya hote the / jaina graMthoM meM ullekha hai ki zIla kA pAlana karane se yakSa yoni (171)

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meM janma milatA hai tathA yakSa, deva, dAnava Adi zIlavrata dhArakoM-brahmacAriyoM ko namaskAra karate haiN| __ AgamoM meM pUrNabhadra, maNibhadra, zvetabhadra, haritabhadra, sumanobhadra, vyatipAtikabhadra, subhadra, sarvatobhadra, manuSya yakSa, vanAdhipati, vanAhAra, rUpa yakSa aura yakSottama ina teraha prakAra ke yakSoM kA ullekha hai| inameM pUrNabhadra aura maNibhadra kA vizeSa mahatva hai| ye zubha kAryoM meM sahAyaka hote haiM aura hAni bhI pahu~cA sakate haiN| saMtAnotpatti ke lie bhI yakSa kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thI / saMtAna kI abhilASA pUrNa karane meM hiraNagameSI deva kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| ___yakSoM ke atirikta vANavyaMtara, vANavyaMtarI aura guhyaka Adi ke bhI Agama sAhitya meM ullekha milate haiN| Agama meM pizAca, bhUta, yakSa, rAkSasa, kinnara, kiMpuruSa, mahoraga aura gaMdharva tathA inake ATha caitya vRkSoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai / vANavyaMtariyoM meM se koI eka vyaMtarI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI bhakta thI, jabaki kaThapUtanA vyaMtarI ne unheM bahuta kaSTa paha~cAyA thA / guhyakoM ke bAre meM logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki ve kailAza parvata para rahane vAle haiM aura isa loka meM zvAnoM ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate haiN| AryA aura koTTakiriyA donoM durgA ke hI rUpa haiM, jise caMDikA yA cAmuNDA bhI kahA jAtA hai / yuddha ke lie jAte samaya loga cAmuNDAM ko praNAma karate the| * jAdU-TonA aura aMdhavizvAsa jAdU-TonA aura aMdhavizvAsa Adi kAla se sAmAjika jIvana ke mahatvapUrNa aMga rahe haiN| kitane hI maMtra, mohinI vidyA, jAdU-ToTakA Adi kA ullekha AgamoM meM milatA hai, jinake prayoga se rogI caMge ho jAte, bhUta-preta bhAga jAte, zatru hathiyAra DAla dete, premI aura premikA eka-dUsare kI ora AkarSita hote, striyoM ke bhAgya kA udaya ho jAtA, yuddha meM vijayazrI prApta hotI aura gupta dhana mila jAtA thaa| caturdaza pUrvo meM jo vidyApravAda pUrva kA nAma AtA hai, usameM vividha maMtra aura vidyAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| Agama meM vidyA, maMtra-taMtra kA upayoga karane kA zramaNoM ko niSedha kiyA gayA hai, lekina kucha graMthoM meM saMkaTa Adi upasthita hone para unake upayoga ke ullekha milate haiM / vidyA prayoga aura maMtra cUrNa ke atirikta loga hRdaya ko AkarSita karake jAdU-maMtara kA prayoga karate the / Agama sAhitya meM jAdU-TonA aura jhAr3a-phUMka Adi kA bhI vidhAna milatA hai / snAna karane ke bAda loga prAya: kautka (kAjala kA tilaka Adi lagAnA, Ajakala bhI mAtAe~ baccoM ko diThaunA lagatI haiM / ), maMgala (sarasoM, dahI, akSata aura dUrvA Adi kA prayoga) aura prAyazcita Adi kriyAe~ karate the| kautuka, mUrtikarma, prazna, (172)

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praznAtiprazna, lakSaNa, vyaMjana aura svapna Adi kA ullekha bhI Agama graMthoM meM upalabdha hai, jinake dvArA loga apanI AjIvikA calAte the| vidyA siddhi ke lie loga aneka prakAra ke japa-tapa karate the| isake lie kRSNa pakSa kI caturdazI athavA aSTamI kI rAta ko sAdhaka loga zmazAna meM jAkara tapa karate the| vidyA-siddhi ke lie aneka prakAra ke TonA-ToTakA Adi karane aura devatAoM ke lie ucita-anucita upAya karane se bhI loga cUkate nahIM the| kAryasiddhi ke lie ArAdhanA kA pracAra bhI usa samaya meM bahuta adhika thA / choTe-bar3e apane-apane kAryoM kI siddhi ke lie devatAoM kI ArAdhanA karate the| isake aneka udAharaNa Agama sAhitya meM dekhane ko milate haiN| jaina Agama meM aneka zubha-azubha zakunoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / aneka vastuoM kA darzana zubha aura aneka vastuoM kA darzana azubha mAnA gayA hai / tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra kA jagaha-jagaha ullekha AtA hai / loga zubha tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra dekhakara hI kisI kArya ke lie prasthAna karate the / yAtrA ke avasara para isakA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| gamana ke lie.caturthI, SaSThI, aSTamI, navamI aura dvAdazI ko zubha batAyA hai aura saMdhyAkAlIna nakSatra ko varjita kahA hai| ullAsa aura viSAda vAle kAryoM ko karane ke bAda meM dizAoM ke zubha aura azubha ke bAre meM vicAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra se aura dUsare zaknoM ke lie bhI loga acchA-burA mAnakara kArya meM pravRtta hote the| * Amoda-pramoda aura manoraMjana ke sAdhana prAcIna bhArata ke nivAsI aneka prakAra se Amoda-pramoda aura manabahalAva kiyA karate the| mahaM chaNa (kSANa), utsava, yajJa, parva, parvaNI, goSThI, pramoda aura saMkhaDi Adi kitane hI utsava aura tyauhAra the, jabaki loga jI bharakara Ananda manAte the| saba nizcita samaya ke lie hotA aura usa dina pakavAna taiyAra kie jAte the|| __maha meM laukika devI-devatAoM kI pUjA kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA thA / prAcIna kAla meM indramaha saba utsavoM meM zreSTha mAnA jAtA thaa| loga ise bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAte the / nizItha sUtra meM indra, skaMda, yakSa aura bhUta nAmaka mahAmahoM kA ullekha hai, jo kramaza: ASAr3ha, Asoja, kArtika aura caitra kI pUrNimA ke dina manAe jAte the| usa samaya loga khUba khAte-pIte, nAcate aura gAte hue Amoda-pramoda karate the| aneka rAjyoM meM aura rAjAoM dvArA indramaha apanI-apanI vizeSa paddhatiyoM se manAyA jAtA thaa| rAjA loga vaibhavapUrvaka gAje-bAje ke sAtha indraket kI pUjA karate the| (173)

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indramaha Adi utsavoM ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA khAdya padArtha jo baca jAtA thA, use loga pratipadA ke dina-dUsare dina upayoga meM lAte the| utsava ke dina Amoda-pramoda meM unmatta rahane ke kAraNa jina sage-saMbaMdhiyoM ko nimaMtrita nahIM kiyA jA pAtA, unheM pratipadA ke dina bulAyA jAtA thaa| indramaha ke dina loga dhobI se dhule hue svaccha vastra pahanate the| indramaha kI taraha skandamaha, yakSamaha aura bhUtamaha bhI dhUmadhAma se manAe jAte the| ina mahotsavoM para loga vividha prakAra ke vyaMjanoM aura pakavAnoM kA sevana karate hue apanA samaya Amoda-pramoda meM bitAte the| mathurA ke loga maMdara yakSa kI yAtrA ke lie jAte the / bahumlecchamaha meM gleccha loga ekatra hote the| zrAvastI meM dAsiyoM kA tyauhAra manAyA jAtA thaa| use dAsImaha kahate the| sthAnotpatti kA maha acAnaka kisI atithi ke A jAne para manAyA jAtA thA / iTTagAsva ke tyauhAra kI tulanA uttara bhArata meM pracalita rakSAbaMdhana yA salUne ke tyauhAra se kI jA sakatI hai / kheta meM hala calAte samaya sItA (hala paddhati, devatA, hala se par3ane vAlI rekhA) kI pUjA kI jAtI hai / isa avasara para bhAta Adi pakAkara yAtriyoM ko diyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta loga nadImaha, tar3Agamaha, vRkSamaha, caityamaha, parvatamaha, giriyAtrA, kUpamaha, vRkSAropaNa maha aura stUpamaha ke utsavoM meM zAmila hokara Ananda manAte the| kArtika pUrNamAsI ko kaumudI mahotsava manAyA jAtA thaa| usameM sUryAsta ke bAda strI-puruSa kisI bAga-bagIce meM jAkara rAta bitAte the| madana trayodazI ke dina kAmadeva kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| ujjeNI mahotsava ke avasara para nagara ke nara-nArI masta hokara vividha prakAra se krIr3A karate the| , ___ dhArmika utsavoM meM pajjosaNa-payUSaNa parva kA sabase adhika mahatva thA / yaha parva bhAdrapada zuklA paMcamI ko manAyA jAtA thA, lekina Arya kAlaka ke samaya se yaha paMcamI ke sthAna para caturthI ko manAyA jAne lgaa| mahArASTra meM yaha parva zrAvaNI pUjA ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| jaina dharma ke mahAna pracAraka rAjA saMprati ke samaya rathayAtrA mahotsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAyA jAtA thA / svayaM rAjA saMprati isa avasara para apane bhojakoM ke lekara ratha ke sAtha-sAtha calatA aura ratha para vividha prakAra ke vastra, phala aura kaur3iyA~ car3hAtA thaa| saMkhaDi athavA bhoja bhI eka mahatvapUrNa tyauhAra thA / jIva hatyA bahuta hone se ise saMkhaDi kahA jAtA thaa| yaha tyauhAra eka dina athavA aneka dina taka manAyA jAtA thaa| aneka puruSa milakara eka dina kI athavA aneka dina kI saMkhaDi karate the| sUrya ke pUrva dizA meM rahane ke kAla meM pUrva saMkhaDi aura sUrya ke pazcimi dizA meM (174)

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rahane ke kAla meM pazcAta saMkhaDi manAI jAtI thii| athavA kisI grAma Adi ke pAsa pUrva dizA meM manAe jAne vAle utsava ko pura: saMkhaDi aura pazcima dizA meM manAe jAne vAle utsava ko pazcima saMkhaDi kahate haiN| saMkhaDi ke samaya kuttoM dvArA bhojana kA apaharaNa kie jAne aura coroM ke upadrava kI AzaMkA rahatI thii| aise avasaroM para dUra-dUra se loga sammilita hone Ate the| ve vividha prakAra ke vastrAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta hokara aneka abhinayoM se pUrNa zraMgAra rasa ke kAvya par3hate the aura masta hue strI-puruSa vividha prakAra kI krIr3Ae~ karate the| lUMsa-ThUsa kara khA lene se kaI loga bhojana karake zayana karate the aura vikAla meM sote rahate the| jaina zramaNoM ko saMkhaDiyoM meM jAne kA niSedha hai| saMkhar3iyA~ aneka sthAnoM para manAI jAtI thii| saba loga apane-apane tyauhAroM yA vizeSa dinoM meM ina saMkhar3iyoM kA Ayojana karate the| kucha loga vyaktigata rUpa se bhI saMkhaDi manAte the| inake atirikta aneka gharelU tyauhAra bhI manAe jAte the| putrotsava kA ullekha pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| vivAha ke pazcAt vara ke ghara praveza kara vadhU ke bhojana karane ko AheNA kahA gayA hai / kucha samaya vara ke ghara rahane ke pazcAt jaba vaha apane pitA ke ghara lauTatI hai, to use paheNaga kahA gayA hai| ' mallayuddha, kukkuTa yuddha, azvayuddha Adi kitane hI yuddhoM kA ullekha jaina AgamoM meM AtA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki loga yuddhoM dvArA bhI apanA manoraMjana kiyA karate the| aDiya aura pavaDiya Adi ke dvArA malla yuddha kiyA jAtA thaa| mallayuddha ke lie rAjA loga apane-apane malla rakhate the| isake atirikta azva . yuddha, hastiyuddha, U~Ta yuddha, mahiSayuddha aura zUkara yuddhoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| Agama meM aise kitane hI logoM ke nAma Ate haiM, jo khela-tamAzeM Adi dikhAkara prajA kA manoraMjana kiyA karate the / jaise ki naTa, nartaka, jalla, bhalla, vidUSaka, kathAvAcaka, uchalane-kUdane vAle, tairAka, jyotiSI, gAyaka, bhA~Da, bA~sa para khela dikhAne vAle (saMkha), citrapaTa dikhAkara bhikSA mAMgane vAle (maMkha), vINA bajAne vAle, viTa, mAgadhara (ye vividha prakAra se mana bahalAva kiyA karate the / sAdhAraNa jana hI nahIM, rAjA-rAnI bhI ina kheloM ko dekhane jAte the|) bAlaka-bAlikAoM ke manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM ke lie aneka khela khilaunoM kA ullekha AtA hai / khullama (kapardaka- eka prakAra kI kaur3I), ADoliya (gullI), tindUsa (geMda), pItrulla (gur3iyA) aura sADaulya (zATaka vastra) kA ullekha milatA hai| isake sivAya zarapata (dhanuSa), gorahaga (baila), ghaTika (choTA ghar3A), DiMDima aura celagola (kapar3e ke geMda) ke nAma bhI Ate haiN| hAthI, ghor3A, ratha aura baila ke khilone se bacce khelA karate the| (175)

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praur3hoM ke krIr3A karane ke lie aneka udyAna aura ArAma Adi hote the / udyAna meM viTa loga vividha prakAra ke vastra Adi dhAraNa kara hasta Adi ke abhinaya pUrvaka zraMgAra kAvya kA paThana karate the| sundara vastra-AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta strI aura puruSa vahA~ krIr3A karane jAte the| zreSThIputra vahA~ apane-apane ghor3oM, rathoM, gaurathoM, yugmoM aura DagaNoM (yAna vizeSa) para ArUr3ha hokara itasta bhramaNa kiyA karate the| rAjAoM ke udyAna alaga hote the aura ve apane anta:pura kI rAniyoM ko sAtha lekara krIr3A ke lie vahA~ jAte the| dampatI aura premI yugala mAdhavI latAgRhoM meM krIr3A karate the| rAjA apanI rAniyoM ke sAtha pA~soM se khelate the| khoTe pA~soM se juA~ khelate the| .... * jIvanopayogI sAdhana jIvanadhAraNa ke lie mUlabhUta tIna AvazyakatAe~ haiM- bhojana, vastra aura nivAsa ke lie ghara / hamAre deza meM khetI-bAr3I kI bahutAyata thii| isa kAraNa bhojana kI yahA~ kamI nahIM rahatI thii| yaha bAta dUsarI thI ki sAmAnya manuSya ko uttama bhojana nahIM milatA thA / AgamoM meM cAra prakAra ke bhojana kA ullekha AyA hai / azana, pAna, khAdya aura svAda / bhojya padArthoM meM dUdha, dahI, makkhana, ghI, tela, madhu, gur3a aura sevaI khAdya padArtha the| naye cAvala dUdha meM DAlakara khIra paMkAI jAtI thii| loga sattU meM ghI DAlakara khAte the / namaka banAne kA kAma bahuta mahatvapUrNa thA / namaka ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai- sAvarcatI, saiMdhava, lavaNa, roma (khAnoM se nikalA huA) samudra pAMsukhAra, miTTI se banAyA huA aura kAlA namaka Adi / jisa deza meM namaka upalabdha nahIM hotA thA, vahA~ kSArabhUmi kI miTTI (asa) kAma meM lI jAtI thii| isake atirikta nimnAMkita vyaMjanoM ke nAma milate haiM sUpa, odana (cAvala), java-jau, gaurasa, jUsa (mUtra Adi kA rasa), makSya, jisameM mizrI kA upayoga bahutAyata se kiyA gayA ho, gula lAvaNiyA, (gola pApar3I), mUlaphala, hariyaga, rasAlU (rAjA ke yogya banAyA huA bhojana, jise do paNa ghI, eka paNa zahada, AdhA ADhaka dahI, bIsa dAne kAlI mirca aura dasa paNa khaMDa gur3a DAlakara taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / ) pAna, pAnIya, pAnaka-zAka (maTThA DAlakara banAe hue dahI bar3e) aadi| ___anya khAdya padArthoM meM gur3a aura ghI se pUrNa roTTaga (bar3I roTI), petra (pIne yogya mAMDa rasA Adi), havipUta athavA ghRtapUrNa (ghayapUriyA-ghevara), pAlaga, mahuraya (Ama yA nIMbU ke rase se banAyA haA mIThA zarbata), siMha kesariyA modaka, gulapANiya (tila aura gur3a kI banI miThAI), maMDaka (eka prakAra kI roTI), iTTagA (sevaI) aura pappaDiya (pApar3a), bar3A aura pUA Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / kallaNaga (kalyANa) cakravartI kA bhojana hotA thA, jise kevala cakravartI hI bhakSaNa karatA thaa| (176)

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Ahar3iyA~ eka khAsa miSThAnna hotA thA, jo upahAra ke rUpa meM dUsaroM ke ghara bhejA jAtA thA / vivAha ke bAda vara ke ghara meM vadhU ke praveza karane para kie jAne vAle bhojana ko AheNaga aura apane pIhara se vadhU ke dvArA lAe jAne vAle bhojana ko paheNaga kahA jAtA thaa| apane sage saMbaMdhiyoM aura apane iSTa mitroM ko ekatra kara khilAe jAne vAle bhojana ko saMmela kahate the| pulAva eka viziSTa prakAra kA bhojana hotA thaa| guTikA (guliyA) kasaile vRkSa ke cUrNa se banAI jAtI thii| sAdhu-munirAja usakA upayoga karate the| madya-mAMsa bhI tatkAlIna samAja meM bhojana ke rUpa meM upayoga hotA thaa| madya aneka padArthoM se banAyA jAtA thA aura usake alaga-alaga nAma the| rAjAoM aura dhanikoM ke ghara meM vividha prakAra ke vyaMjana banate the / sAga-sabjI tela meM pakAI jAtI thii| bhojana karane kI bhUmi ko lIpa-potakara usa para kamala ke do patte bichAe jAte the aura AsapAsa puSpa bikhere jAte the| usake bAda karoDama (kaTorA), kaTThoraga aura makuMda Adi pAtra yathAsthAna rakhe jAte the| isake pazcAta loga bhojana karane baiThate the| bhojana ke alAvA jIvana nirvAha ke lie AvazyakatA hai vastroM kI / usa kAla meM sarvasAdhAraNa meM sUtI kapar3e pahanane kA rivAja thaa| loga sundara vastra, gaMdha, mAlya aura alaMkAra dhAraNa karate the| sabhA meM jaya prApta karane ke lie zukla vastra dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka thaa| Agama sAhitya meM cAra prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha upalabdha hai- 1..vastra jo pratidina pahane jAte the, 2. jo snAna ke bAda pahane jAte the, 3. jo utsava-mele Adi ke samaya pahane jAte the aura 4. jo rAjA mahArAjA Adi se bheMTa karate samaya dhAraNa kiye jAte the| nimnalikhita vastroM kI gaNanA bahamUlya vastroM meM kI jAtI thI aura jaina zramaNoM ko inheM dhAraNa karane kA niSedha thA-- AIlaga (ajina pazuoM kI khAla se bane vastra), sahiya (sUkSma mahIna bune vastra), sahiNa, kalyANa (sUkSma, mahIna aura sundara vastra), Aya (bakare ke bAloM se bune vastra), kAya (nIlI kapAsa se bune vastra), khotriya (kSobhika kapAsa se bune vastra), duggala (dukkasa, dUcUla paudhe ke taMtuoM se bane vastra), malaya, patunna (patrorNa vRkSa kI chAla ke tantuoM se nirmita vastra), aMsuya (aMzuka), cINAMsuya (cInAMzuka), desarAga (raMgIna vastra), amila (sApha ciTTe vastra), phAliya (sphaTika ke samAna svaccha vastra), kocava (kotava roedAra kaMbala), kevalaga (kaMbala) aura pAvAra (prAvaraNa lvaadaa)| inake atirikta vibhinna dezoM meM banAye sone-cAMdI ke tAroM se nirmita, kasIdA (177)

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nikAle vastroM kA bhI ullekha hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM vaDaga nAma ke vastra kA bhI ullekha hai / TIkAkAra ne isakA artha Tasara kiyA hai / anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM pA~ca prakAra ke vastroM ke nAma ginAye haiM- aMDaja (aMDI nAmaka vastra) kIraja (rezama), bAlaya (UnI dhAgoM se nirmita) aura vAgaya (vRkSa kI chAla se nirmit)| isa saba prakAra ke vastroM meM dUsa athavA dRSya kImatI vastra hotA thaa| devadUsa (devadRSya), (devoM dvArA diyA gayA vastra) kA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jaba zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kI thI, taba unhoMne isa vastra ko dhAraNa kiyA thaa| isakA mUlya eka lAkha suvarNa mudrA kUtA gayA hai| vijaya dRSya eka anya prakAra kA.vastra thA, jo zaMkha, kuMda, jaladhArA aura samudra phena ke samAna zvetavarNa kA hotA thaa| ' ___ Agamika TIkA graMthoM meM kocava, pAvAraga(zrAvAraka, kaMbala), dADhi Ali(dA~toM kI paMkti ke samAna zveta vastra), pUrikA (TATa) aura navayakSa (Una kI cAdara) kA ullekha hai| dUSyoM kI dUsarI sUcI meM upadhAna (haMsa ke roma Adi se banA takiyA); tUlI (pIjI huI ruI athavA Aka kI ruI ke gadde, rajAI Adi, AliMganikA, gaDopadhAna (gAloM para rakhane ke takiye) aura masUTaka (carma-vastra se banAye hue ruI ke gola takiye) Adi kI gaNanA kI gayI hai| tatpazcAt zayanIya cAdara, gadde, takiye, tozaka Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| sukumAra, komala, graMtha pradhAna kaSAya rakta zArikAoM (aMgoche) ke dvArA snAna karane ke bAda zarIra pauMchA jAtA thaa| yavanikA (javaNiyA, pardA) kA varNana bhI AtA hai / usa para sundara belabUTe aura hIre motI kA kasIdA nikAlA jAtA thaa| cela-cila miNa eka dUsare prakAra kI yavanikA (kanAta) thI, jo jaina zramaNoM ke upayoga meM AtI thii| yaha pA~ca prakAra kI batAyI gayI hai- 1.sattamaI-sata kI banI haI, 2. rajjamaI- rassI kI banI haI, 3. vAgamaI - vRkSoM kI chAla se banI huI, 4. deumaI - uNDoM kI banI huI aura 4. kaDagamaI - bA~sa kI banI huI / yaha kanAta pA~ca hAtha laMbI aura tIna hAtha caur3I hotI thii| usa kAla meM loga do vastra dhAraNa karate the- eka uttarIya (Upara kA) aura dUsarA antarima (nIce kaa)| uttarIya vastra bahuta sundara hotA thA / usa para laTakate hue motiyoM ke jhUmake lage rahate the| vaha akhaMDa vastra kA banA rahatA thaa| usa kAla meM kapar3e sIne kA rivAja thaa| suI-dhAgoM kA pracAra thA / bA~sa, lohe aura sIMga kI banI haI suiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / phaTe vastra ko adhika phaTane se bacAne ke lie usameM gA~Tha mAra dI jAtI thii| ____ vastroM kI bhA~ti jUtoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / sakala kRtsana (sayala kasiNa) jUte kaI prakAra ke hote the| puDaga (ghuTaka) athavA khallaka jUte sardI ke dinoM meM pahane (178)

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jAte the / unameM vikAI kI rakSA ho sakatI thI / ardhakhallaka Adhe paira ko aura samasta khallaka sAre paira ko Dha~ka lete the / khapusA ghuTanoM taka pahanA jAtA thA / isase sardI, sarpa, barpha aura kA~ToM se rakSA ho sakatIM thI / ardha jaMghA AdhI jA~gha ko aura pUrNa jaMghA samasta jA~gha ko Dha~kane vAle jUte kahalAte the / camar3e kI rassiyoM ko gophaNa kahA jAtA thA / Agama sAhitya meM camar3e ke anya upakaraNoM badhna (TUTe hue talie Adi jUtoM ko jor3ane ke lie), dhRti (phala Adi ko phailAne kA camar3A), sikkasa (chIMkA) aura kApotikA (vahaMgI) Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhojana aura vastra kI taraha jIvana rakSA ke lie ghara bhI Avazyaka hai / varSA, sardI, garmI aura AMdhI se rakSA ke lie ghara kA honA Avazyaka hai / usa kAla meM ghara sAmAnya tathA IMTa aura lakar3I ke banAye jAte the / gharoM meM daravAje, khaMbhe, dehalI aura sA~kala, kuMDe rahate the / dhanI aura samRddha loga AlIzAna bhavanoM meM nivAsa karate the / * jIvanayApana stara T loga prAya: aiza-ArAma se rahate the / ve ubaTana lagAkara snAna karate the tathA deza videza ke sundara aura bahumUlya vastra tathA AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the / ve sugaMdhita mAlAe~ dhAraNa karate the tathA bhA~ti bhA~ti ke vividha viziSTa vyaMjanoM kA AsvAdana karate the / ve madyapAna bhI karate the / ve gozIrSa caMdana, kuMkuma Adi kA vilepana karate the, vividha vAdya bajAte the, nRtya karate the, nATaka racAte the, sundara gIta gAte the aura uttama gaMdha aura rasa Adi kA upabhoga karate the / kezoM ko kATane aura sajAne kI ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / Agama meM AlaMkArika sabhAoM kA - keza kartanAlaya kA ullekha milatA hai, jahA~ aneka prakAra ke naukara-cAkara, zramaNa, brAhmaNa, anAtha, rugNa aura kaMgAla puruSoM kI sevA zuzrUSA meM lage rahate the / hajAmata banAne ke kArya ko nakha parikarma (NaTTa parikamma) kahA gayA hai 1 1 loga sonA-cAMdI aura hIre tathA ratnoM ke AbhUSaNoM kA prayoga karate the / rAjA-mahArAjA tathA dhanI-mAnI puruSa apane naukara-cAkaroM se pariveSTita hokara calate the / naukara-cAkara mAlika ke sira para koraNTaka ke phUloM kI mAlA se sajjita chatra dhAraNa kiye rahate the / unake pIche pIche julUsa calatA thA, jisameM sundara ramaNiyA~ cAmara DhulAtI aura paMkhe se havA karatI thI / unake hAtha meM maMgalaghaTa hotA thA / dhanI-mAnI loga mahaloM meM nivAsa karate the / ve aneka striyoM se vivAha karate the / ve bar3e-bar3e dAna dete the, gaNikAoM ko manamAnA zulka pradAna karate the aura ThATa-bATa se utsava manAte the / 1 madhyama varga ke loga bhI ArAma kA jIvana vyatIta karate the / ve loga dAna dharma (179)

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meM apanA paisA kharca karate the tathA dharma aura saMgha kI bhakti karate the| sabase dayanIya dazA nimnavarga kI thii| ye loga bar3I kaThinAI se dravyopArjana kara pAte the / isI kAraNa unakI AjIvikA muzkila se calatI thii| kodoM kA bhAta hI unheM nasIba hotA thaa| zramajIvI sAhUkAroM dvArA zoSita kiye jAte the tathA karjA na cukA sakane ke kAraNa unheM jIvana bhara unakI gulAmI karanI par3atI thii| prAta:kAla hone para gAyeM carane jAtIM aura vyApArI, luhAra, kisAna Adi sabhI zramika apane-apane kAmoM meM laga jAte the| tatkAlIna samRddha parivAroM meM pahane jAne vAle AbhUSaNoM ke katipaya nAma isa prakAra haiM- kuMDala, guNa, maNi, tuDiya, tisariya, bolamA, palavA, hAra, ardhahAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, paTTa aura mukuTa / ye sabhI AbhUSaNa sone, hIre, javAharAta, motiyoM Adi se banAye jAte the| inake atirikta phUloM ke AbhUSaNa banA kara bhI zraMgAra karane kA pracalana thaa| nimna zreNI ke loga kor3iyo, guMjAphala, sIpa Adi ke AbhUSaNa pahanate the| prAya: sabhI loga AbhUSaNoM se apane zarIra ko sajAne kA dhyAna rakhate the| mahilAeM aneka prakAra ke sAja zrRMgAra karatI thii| sAmAjika jIvana meM mahilAoM kI sthiti kA anyatra vicAra kiye jAne se yahA~ unake bAre meM vizeSa ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| * maraNa saMskAra - antyeSTi kriyA jIvana meM janma ke sAtha maraNa kA nAtA bhI jur3A huA hai / jaba caitanyavihIna zarIra mAtra raha jAtA hai, taba use zava kahate haiM / isI kI antyeSTi kriyA kI jAtI hai| zava ko candana, agaru, turukka, ghI aura madhu DAlakara jalAyA jAtA thaa| zarIra ke jala jAne para haDDiyoM ko ekatra kara una para stUpa banA diye jAte the| mRtaka pUjana aura rodana (rujjaruha) kA ullekha milatA hai / anAtha mRtaka kI har3iyoM ko ghar3e meM rakha kara gaMgA meM sirAyA jAtA thaa| zava ko pazupakSiyoM ke bhakSaNa Adi ke lie jaMgala Adi meM bhI rakha kara chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA kA Adeza hone para sAdhu ke zava ko gaDDhe (agaDa), dIrghikA, bahatI huI nadI athavA jalatI huI Aga meM rakha diyA jAtA thaa| aparAdhiyoM ke zavoM ko bhI gIdha, gIdar3a Adi se bhakSaNa karAne ke lie chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| murde ko gAr3ane kA bhI rivAja thaa| vizeSakara yaha rivAja mlecchoM meM pracalita thaa| ye loga murdo ko mRtaka gRha yA mRtaka zayana meM gAr3a dete the| mRtakoM kI nIharaNa kriyA bar3e ThATa-bATa se hotI thii| unake aneka mRtakRtya (180)

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kiye jAte the| dhanikoM kI antyeSTi kriyA bar3I sajadhaja ke sAtha saMpanna hotI thii| pratimAsa mRtaka ke lie diye jAne vAle bhoja ko hiMgola athavA karaDuya bhatta kahA jAtA thaa| mRtaka kA vArSika divasa manAyA jAtA thA aura usa dina brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA thaa| Ayurveda-vaise to jaina Agama graMtha mUlata: AdhyAtmika graMtha haiM / ina graMthoM meM prasaMgAnusAra dharma aura darzana ke sAtha hI anya viSayoM kA vivaraNa bhI milatA hai| jainAgamoM meM Ayurveda viSayaka ullekha bhI upalabdha hai| jainAgamaya sAhitya ke anuzIlana se isa viSayaka jo jAnakArI milatI hai, usakA vivaraNa isa prakAra haiM____ cikitsA ke aMga- sthAnAMga' sUtra ke anusAra cikitsA ke cAra aMga haiN| yathA- (1) vaidya, (2) auSadha, (3) rogI aura, (4) paricAraka athavA paricaryA karane vaalaa| vyAdhi utpatti ke kAraNa-vyAdhiyAM utpanna hone ke cAra kAraNa batAye gae haiM, yathA (1) vAtika- vAyu ke vikAra se utpanna hone vAlI vyAdhi / (2) paittika- pitta ke vikAra se utpanna hone vAlI vyAdhi / (3) zlaiSmika-kapha ke vikAra se utpanna hone vAlI vyAdhi / (4) sAnnipAtika-vAta, pitta aura kapha ke sammilita vikAra se utpanna hone vAlI vyAdhi / 2 - sampUrNa jaina Agama sAhitya ke anazIlana karane ke pazcAt rogotpatti ke nau kAraNa jJAta hote haiM / yathA- (1) atiAhAra (2) ahitAzana, (3) ati nidrA, (4) ati jAgaraNa, (5) mUtrAvarodha, (6) malAvarodha, (7) adhvagamana, (8) pratikUla bhojana aura (9) kAma vikaar| . yadi manuSya ina nau kAraNoM se bacatA rahe to roga utpanna hone kA bhaya nahIM rahatA cikitsaka- cAra prakAra ke vaidya yA cikitsakoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| jaise___ (1) Atmacikitsaka, na paricikitsaka- koI vaidya apanI cikitsA karatA hai, dUsare kI cikitsA nahIM krtaa| 1. sthAnAMga sUtra, 4/4/516 2. vahI, 4/4/515 (181)

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(2) paracikitsaka, na Atma cikitsaka- koI vaidya dUsare kI cikitsA karatA hai, svayaM kI nhiiN| - (3) Atma cikitsaka bhI, paracikitsaka bhI-koI vaidya apanI cikitsA bhI karatA hai aura dUsaroM kI cikitsA bhI karatA hai| (4) na Atma cikitsaka, na paracikitsaka-koI vaidya na apanI cikitsA karatA hai na dUsaroM kI hI cikitsA karatA hai / sthAnAMga satra 2 meM kAyanaipaNika aura cikitsAnaipaNika kA ullekha milatA hai| kAyanaipUNika zarIra kI ir3A, piMgalA Adi nAr3iyoM kA vizeSajJa hotA thA / vartamAna samaya meM aise vizeSajJa ko nAr3I vaidya kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / cikitsA naipUNika zArIrika cikitsA karane meM kuzala batAyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharma kathAGga meM cikitsAlaya kA ullekha milatA hai / ina cikitsAlayoM meM vetana bhogI vaidya tathA anya karmacArI rogiyoM kI sevA-zuzruSA ke lie kAryarata rahate the| jo ullekha hai vaha isa prakAra hai- "nandamaNikAra seTha ne pazcima dizA ke vanakhaNDa meM eka vizAla cikitsAzAlA meM bahuta-se vaidya, vaidya putra, jJAyaka (vaidyazAstra na par3hane para bhI anubhava ke AdhAra se cikitsA karane vAle anubhavI), jJAyaka-putra, kuzala(apane tarka se hI cikitsA ke jJAtA) aura kuzala-putra AjIvikA, bhojana aura vetana para niyukta kiye hue the| ve bahuta se vyAdhitoM kI, glAnoM kI, rogiyoM kI aura durbaloM kI cikitsA karate rahate the| usa cikitsAzAlA meM dUsare bhI bahuta se loga AjIvikA, bhojana aura vetana dekara rakhe gaye the| ve una vyAdhitoM, rogiyoM, glAnoM aura dubaloM kI auSadha, bheSaja, bhojana aura pAnI se sevA zuzruSA karate the|" Ayurveda ke prakAra-jaina Agama sAhitya ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki Ayurveda ke ATha prakAra batAye gae haiM / yathA (1) kumArabhRtya yA kaumArabhRtya-bAla rogoM kA cikitsAzAstra / (2) kAyacikitsA- zArIrika rogoM kA cikitsAzAstra / (3) zAlAkya- zalAkA ke dvArA nAka, kAna Adi ke rogoM kA cikitsaashaastr| (4) zalyahatyA yA zAlya hatyA-Ayurveda kA yaha aMga jisameM zalyakaMTaka golI Adi nikAlane kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / zastra dvArA cIraphAr3a karane kA shstr| 1. vahI, 4/4/517 2. sthAnAMga sUtra 9/28 3. jJAtA 13/17 4. sthAnAMga sUtra, 8/26, vipAka sUtra, 1/7/8 (182)

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(5) jaMgolI yA jAMgula - isake aMtargata viSoM kI cikitsA kA vidhAna hai / (6) bhUta vidyA- bhUta-preta, yakSAdi se pIr3ita vyakti kI cikitsA kA zAstra / (7) kSArataMtra yA bAjIkaraNa- bAjIkaraNa, vIryavardhaka auSadhiyoM kA zAstra / (8) rasAyana - pArada Adi dhAtu rasoM ke dvArA cikitsA kA zAstra arthAta Ayu ko sthira karane vAlI va vyAdhi - vinAzaka auSadhiyoM kA vidhAna karane vAle prakaraNa vizeSa / vipAka satra meM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki dhanvantarI vaidya rAjA tathA anya rogiyoM ko mAMsa bhakSaNa kA upadeza detA thA, isa kAraNa vaha (apane pApa karmoM ke kAraNa) kAla karake chaTThI naraka pRthvI meM utkRSTa bAvIsa sAgaropama kI sthiti vAle nArakiyoM meM nAraka rUpa se utpanna huAM' / yahA~ yaha ullekha prAsaMgika hI hogA ki jaina AgamoM meM ahiMsA tatva ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai / ahiMsA ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArAMga sUtra' meM milane vAlA ullekha prastuta hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai apane ko cikitsA paMDita batAte hue kucha vaidya cikitsA meM pravRtta hote haiM / vaha aneka jIvoM kA hanana, bhedana, lumpana, vilumpana aura prANa- vadha karate haiM, jo pahale kisI ne nahIM kiyA, aisA maiM karUMgA' yaha mAnatA huA vaha jIvavadha karatA hai| vaha jisakI cikitsA karatA hai, vaha bhI jIvavadha meM sahabhAgI hai / isa prakAra kI hiMsA pradhAna cikitsA karane vAle ajJAnI kI saMgati se kyA laabh| jo cikitsA karavAtA hai, vaha bhI ajJAnI hai / anagAra aisI cikitsA nahIM karavAtA / isa prakAra cikitsA meM hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / rogoM ke nAma- AcArAMga sUtra meM solaha prakAra ke rogoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha haiN| yathA - (1) gaNDamAlA, (2) kor3ha, (3) rAjayakSmA, (4) apasmAra (mRgI), (5) kANatva, (6) jar3atA (aMgopAMgoM kI zUnyatA), (7) kuNitva ( TUTApana, eka hAtha yA paira choTA aura bar3A-vikalAMga honA), (8) kubar3Apana, (9) udararoga (jalodara, aphArA, udara zUla Adi), (10) mUkaroga (gUMgApana), (11) zotha roga-sUjana, (12) bhasmaka roga, (13) kampanavAta, (14) pIThasarpI, paMgutA, (15) zlIpada roga - hAthI pagA, evaM (16) madhumeha / 1. vipAka sUtra, 1 / 7 /9-10 2. AcArAMga sUtra, 2/6/94 3. prathamazruta skaMdha 8/1/179 (183)

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vipAka sUtra meM bhI solaha rogoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai / kintu nAmoM meM bhinnatA hai / dekhiye-(1) zvAsa, (2) kAsa, (3) dAha, (4) kukSi zUla, (5) bhagandara, (6) arza, (7) ajIrNa, (8) dRSTi zUla, (9) mastaka zUla, (10) Arocaka, (11) akSivedanA, (12) karNavedanA, (13) khujalI, (14) jalodara, (15) kor3ha aura (16) bvaasiir| jJAtA dharma kathAGga meM vipAka sUtra meM milane vAle solaha rogoM se milate-julate nAmollekha haiM kintu kucha antara bhI haiM / yathA (1) zvAsa, (2) kAsa, (3) jvara, (4) dAha, (5) kukSizUla, (6) bhagandara, (7) arza,(8) ajIrNa, (9) netrazUla, (10) mastakazUla,(11) bhojana viSayaka aruci, (12) netravedanA, (13) karNavedanA, (14) kaMDU, (15) dakodara-jalodA aura (16) koddh'| ___ rogiyoM kI cikitsA ke lie cikitsA zAlA hone kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai, kintu yaha bhI ullekha hai ki vaidya apane gharoM se zAstra koza lekara nikalate the, aura roga kA nidAna jAnakara abhyaMga, ubaTana, snehapAna, vamana virecana, avadahana, (garma lohe kI zalAkA Adi se dAganA), avasnAna (auSadhi ke jala se snAna), anuvAsanA (gudA dvArA peTa meM tailAdi ke praveza karAnA), vasti karma, (carma vesTana dvArA sira Adi meM lepa lagAnA athavA gudA bhAga meM battI Adi car3hAnA), niruha (eka prakAra kA virecana), zirAvedha (nAr3I vedha kara rakta nikAlanA), takSaNa (chure Adi se tvacA Adi kATanA), pratakSaNa (tvacA kA thor3A bhAga kATanA),zirovasti (sira meM carma koza bA~dhakara usameM saMskRta tela kA pUranA), tarpaNa (zarIra meM tela lagAnA), puTapAka (pAka) vizeSa se taiyAra kI huI auSadhi tathA chAla, ballI mUla, kaMda, patra, puSpa phala, bIja, zilikA (cirAyatA Adi kar3avI auSadhi), guTikA, auSadhi Adi se upacAra karate the / jainAgama sAhitya kA isa dRSTi se gahana anuzIlana apekSita hai| ukta prakAra se Agamika yuga kI sAmAjika vyavasthA kA saMkSepa meM digdarzana karAyA hai / sAmAjika jIvana se saMbaMdhita anya katipaya bAtoM kA Age ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. vipAka sUtra, 1/22 2. jJAtA., 13/21 3. jJAtA., 13/22, vipAka sUtra,1/23 (184)

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adhyAya 10 Agama sAhitya meM zAsana vyavasthA ke ullekha AtmasAdhanA aura nivRtti jaina dharma kA lakSya hone se AgamoM meM ihalaukika vidhividhAnoM ke bajAya, tapa, tyAga, vairAgya para hI adhika bhAra diyA gayA hai| isa kAraNa anya dharma graMthoM kI bhA~ti AgamoM meM zAsana-samAja Adi kI vyavasthA niyAmaka paddhati, praNAlI, vidhAna kA vyavasthita ullekha nahIM miltaa.| yadi koI ullekha hai, to ve kevala kathA kahAniyoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiM, jo tatkAlIna sAmAnya janajIvana ke vyAvahA i kAryoM kA darzana karAte haiM / isa sthiti meM AgamoM meM yatra-tatra upalabdha sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para hI tatkAlIna samAja Adi kI vyavasthA kI taraha prastuta meM zAsana vyavasthA kA digdarzana karAte haiN| * rAjA aura rAjapada prAcIna bhArata kI zAsana vyavasthA meM rAjA kA pramukha sthAna rahA hai / jitane bhI prAcIna bhAratIya kathAnaka milate haiM, unameM rAjA rAnI kA varNana avazya hI diyA gayA hai| kitane hI kathAnakoM kA prAraMbha 'eka thA rAjA' ke vAkya se prAraMbha hue sunane-par3hane ko milate haiM / jaina paraMparA bhI isase achUtI nahIM rahI hai / isa kAraNa Agamagata loka jIvana ke varNana meM rAjA kA ullekha sarvaprathama kiyA gayA hai| ... jaina paraMparA ke anusAra Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva prathama rAjA hue, jinhoMne bhArata kI prathama rAjadhAnI ikSvAku bhUmi ayodhyA meM rAja kiyaa| isake pUrva yugalika yuga thA / usa kAla meM na koI rAjA thA aura na rAjya thA, na daMDa thA aura na daMDavidhAna kA krtaa| sabhI apane Apa anuzAsita raha kara svadharma kA pAlana karate the| isa kAraNa logoM meM na koI jhagar3A thA aura na vaimanasya / jaba kalaha hI nahIM thA, to daMDa kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| lekina tIsare Are ke anta meM jaba kalpavRkSoM kA prabhAva ghaTane lagA, manuSya apane dharma se Digane lage, to zAsana aura zAsaka kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lagI aura sabhI ne aMtima kulakara nAbhi ke pAsa pahu~ca kara anurodha kiyA ki apane patra RSabhadeva ko zAsaka rAjA banA kara rAjya vyavasthA sthApita kare / unake anurodha para nAbhi ne RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| RSabhadeva ne samAja jIvana ko vyavasthita banAne ke lie zilpa kalA kauzala, kRSi Adi kA upadeza diyA evaM daMDa vyavasthA kA vidhAna kiyaa| isake bAda uttarakAla meM rAjAoM kI paraMparA cAlU ho gyii| (185)

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prAcIna kAla meM jaise rAjAoM kA honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai, vaise hI rAjA ko guNa saMpanna honA bhI Avazyaka batAyA hai| sarvaprathama to rAjA kA mAtRpakSa aura pitRpakSa zuddha honA jarUrI hai aura usake bAda use mRdubhASI, rAjanIti meM kuzala evaM dharma meM zraddhAvAna honA caahiye| yadi vaha laMpaTa hai, dyUtaramaNa karatA hai, madyapAna karatA hai, zikAra meM samaya vyatIta karatA hai, kaThora vacana bolatA hai, kaThora daMDa detA hai aura dhanasaMcaya kI tarapha dhyAna nahIM detA hai, ucita Teksa nahIM lagAtA hai, to vaha zIghra hI nAza ko prApta hotA hai / matalaba yaha hai ki zAsana kI suvyavasthA ke lie rAjA kA suyogya honA Avazyaka hai| * rAjA kI dinacaryA kA prArambha rAjA prAta: uThakara vyAyAma karatA phira apane zarIra kA mardana karavAtA thA jisase usakI thakAna samApta ho jAyA karatI thii| kalpasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pitA mahArAjA siddhArtha ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki sUryodaya hone para ve apanI zayyA se uThakara vyAyAmazAlA se parizramita ho jAte taba thakAna dUra karane ke lie sau auSadhiyoM se banAye hue, sau bAra pakAye gae yA sau dravya kharca ne se bane hue zatapAka tela se utpanna hue sahasrapAka Adi sugaMdhita teloM se mardana karavAte / yaha mardana atyaMta guNakArI, rasa, rudhira dhAtuoM kI vRddhi karane vAlA, kSudhA agniM ko dIpta karane vAlA, bala, mAMsa, unmAda ko bar3hAne vAlA, kAmoddIpaka, puSTikAraka tathA sarva indriyoM ko sukhadAyaka thaa| isake Age mardana karane vAloM ke liye kahA gayA hai ki ve mardana karane vAle bhI sampUrNa aMguliyoM sahita sukumAra hAtha paira vAle, mardana karane meM pravINa aura anya mardana karane vAloM se vizeSajJa, buddhimAna tathA parizrama ko jItane vAle the| aise mAliza karane vAle puruSa asthi, mAMsa, tvacA, roma ina cAroM ko sukhadAyaka hote the| kalpa sUtra kA yaha vivaraNa vizeSa prakAra ke teloM ke nirmANa kI jAnakArI pradAna karatA hai| sAtha hI isa vivaraNa se yaha bhI niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna rAjA/rAjAoM kI dinacaryA vyAyAma, mAliza aura snAna se prArambha hotI thii| * rAjA kA uttarAdhikArI rAjA kA pada sAdhAraNatayA vaMza paraMparAgata mAnA jAtA thA / yadi rAjaputra apane pitA kA ikalautA beTA hotA, to rAjA kI mRtyu yA rAjA ke dIkSA lene ke bAda prAya: vahI rAjasiMhAsana kA adhikArI hotA thaa| lekina yadi usakA sagA yA sautelA bhAI hotA, to unameM paraspara dveSa hone lagatA aura rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt yaha dveSa (186)

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bhrAtRghAtaka yuddhoM meM pariNata ho jAtA thaa| yadi koI anahonI ghaTanA nahIM ghaTatI, to jyeSTha putra ko rAjapaMda aura kaniSTha putra ko yuvarAja pada milatA thaa| yadi rAjA ke doM se adhika putra hote, to unakI parIkSA lI jAtI thI aura jo usa parIkSA meM saphala hotA thA, use yuvarAja banAyA jAtA thaa| rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAne para jisa putra ko rAjasiMhAsana para baiThane kA adhikAra milatA, vaha yadi dIkSA le letA, to usa sthiti meM usake kaniSTha bhrAtA ko rAjagaddI para biThAyA jAtA thaa| kabhI dIkSita rAjaputra saMyama pAlana meM apane Apako asamartha pAtA aura dIkSA tyAga kara vApasa lauTa AtA, to usakA kaniSTha bhrAtA use apane Asana para baiThA svayaM usakA sthAna grahaNa kara letA thA arthAt dIkSita ho jAtA thaa| kabhI rAjA yuvarAja kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane ke pazcAt svayaM saMsAra tyAgane kI icchA vyakta karatA, lekina yuvarAja rAjA banane se inkAra kara detA aura pitA ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara letA, to isa sthiti meM anya koI rAjaputra ke na hone para yadi koI bahana hotI aura usakA putra isa yogya hotA, to use rAjA ke pada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA / kvacit kadAcit putrI ko bhI anya koI upAya na dekhakara rAjyapada kA adhikArI banAyA jAtA thA, lekina aise udAharaNa nahIM vat hI milate haiN| rAjaputroM meM uttarAdhikAra prApta karane kI lolupatA hone ke kAraNa rAjA unase zaMkita aura bhayabhIta rahate the aura unapara kaThora niyaMtraNa rakhate the| phira bhI mahatvAkAMkSI rAjaputra apane kucakra meM saphala bhI ho jAte the| * rAjyAbhiSeka rAjyAbhiSeka samAroha bar3I dhamadhAma se manAyA jAtA thaa| jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti meM bharata cakravartI ke abhiSeka kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki anekaM rAjA-mahArAjA, senApati, purohita, aThAraha zreNiyAM aura vaNika Adi se pariveSThita bharata ne jaba abhiSeka bhavana meM praveza kiyA, to sabane sugaMdhita jala se unakA abhiSeka kiyA aura jaya-jayakAra se gaganamaMDala guMjA diyaa| upasthita jana samUha kI ora se unheM rAjamukuTa pahanAyA gayA, mAlAe~ pahanAyI gayIM aura vividha AbhUSaNoM se unheM alaMkRta kiyA gayA tathA kaI dinoM taka nagara meM utsava manAyA gyaa| jJAtAdharma kathA meM meghakumAra ke abhiSeka kA bahuta hI sarasa varNana kiyA gayA 80/ caMpA, mathurA, vArANasI, zrAvastI, sAketa, kAMpilya, kauzAMbI, mithilA, hastinApura aura rAjagRha ina dasa nagaroM ko abhiSeka rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai / (187)

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* rAjA kA anta:pura rAjA loga rAjabhavanoM yA prAsAdoM meM nivAsa karate the| devoM ke nivAsa ko prAsAda aura rAjAoM ke nivAsa sthAna ko bhavana kahate haiN| prAsAda U~ce hote haiM aura unakI U~cAI caur3AI kI apekSA daganI hotI hai aura bhavana kI U~cAI caur3AI kI apekSA kama hotI hai| prAcIna sUtroM meM ATha tala vAle prAsAdoM kA ullekha hai| ye prAsAda sundara zikharoM se yukta tathA dhvajA, patAkA, chata aura mAlAoM se suzobhita hote the| inake pharzoM meM bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke maNi muktA jar3e rahate the| vividha prakAra ke nRtya aura gAna yahA~ hote rahate the aura bAjoM kI madhura dhvani gUMjatI rahatI thii| ina rAjabhavanoM meM anta:pura kA sthAna bar3A mahatvapUrNa thaa| deza kI AMtarika aura bAhya rAjanItika uthala-puthala meM anta:pura kA vizeSa hAtha rahA karatA thaa| ye anta:pura aneka prakAra ke hote the| jIrNa anta:pura meM ve aparibhogya striyA~ rahatI thIM, jinakA yauvana Dhala gayA hai / nava anta:pura yauvanavatI paribhogya striyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thaa| kanyA anta:pura meM yauvana ko aprApta kanyAe~ rahatI thiiN| anta:pura ko adhikAdhika samRddha aura Adhunika banAne ke lie rAjAgaNa sadA prayatnazIla rahate the aura binA kisI jAtIya bhedabhAva ke sundara kanyAoM aura striyoM se use saMpanna karate the / rUpavatI striyoM kA adhika se adhika saMgraha honA tatkAlIna yuga ke vaibhava pradarzana kA aMga mAnA jAtA thaa| anta:pura ko sadA khatarA banA rahatA thaa| isalie rAjA loga usakI bar3I sAvadhAnI se rakSA karane ke lie prayatnazIla va sajaga rahate the| napuMsaka aura vRddha puruSa anta:pura kI rakSA ke lie tainAta kiye jAte the| kaMcukI ko rAjA ke mahala meM Ane jAne kI chUTa thI / vaha vinIta veSa dhAraNa karatA tathA rAjA kI AjJApUrvaka anta:pura kI rAniyoM ke pAsa rAjA kA saMdeza aura rAniyoM kA saMdeza rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cAtA thaa| mahattara anta:pura kA eka anya adhikArI thaa| vaha rAjA aura rAniyoM ke bIca antaraMga bAtoM ko paha~cAne ke lie sUtradhAra kA kAma karatA thaa| daMDadhara hAtha meM daMDa dhAraNa kara anta:pura meM paharA dete the| daMDArakSaka rAjA kI AjJA se kisI strI athavA puruSa ko anta:pura meM le jAte the aura dauvArika dvAra para baiTha kara anta:pura kI rakSA karate the| itanI sAvadhAnI rakhane para bhI anta:pura kI rAniyA~ yadi kisI anya vyakti ke sAtha anaitika AcaraNa karatI huI pAyI jAtI to usakA pariNAma anarthakArI hotA thA aura yahA~ taka ki prANadaMDa bhI de diyA jAtA thaa| kandarpabahula mAyAvI pazu-pakSiyoM kA bhI praveza anta:pura meM niSiddha thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya anta:pura kI rakSA ke lie rAjAoM ko sadA sAvadhAnI rakhanI par3atI thii| (188)

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sautoM kI r3Aha bhI prasiddha hai / antaHpura meM bhI sapatniyoM meM ApasI lar3AI jhagar3e hote the / unakA pariNAma atyanta bhaMyakara hotA thA / yahA~ taka ki sauta aura usake sage saMbaMdhiyoM kI hatyA kara dI jAtI thI / isI prakAra ve apane sautele putroM se bhI IrSyA karatI thIM aura unako mArane ke upAya karatI thiiN| isake aneka udAharaNa Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha haiN| unase yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki kisa taraha aneka sautoM ne apanI sauta ko maravA DAlA / rAjA pradhAna puruSa jaina graMthoM meM rAjA, yuvarAja, amAtya, zreSThI aura purohita ye pA~ca rAjya ke pradhAna puruSa batalAye haiN| pahale yaha batAyA jA cukA hai ki rAjA kI mRtyu hone para athavA usake dIkSita hone para yuvarAja ko rAjapada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA thA / yuvarAja ko rAja kAja meM nipuNa banAne ke lie aura surakSA kI samucita vyavasthA karane ke lie usakI zikSA kA vizeSa prabaMdha kiyA jAtA thA / vaha bahattara kalAoM, aThAraha dezI bhASAoM, gIta, nRtya, hastiyuddha, azvayuddha, muSThiyuddha, bAhuyuddha, latAyuddha tathA dhanurveda Adi meM pAraMgata hotA thA / samasta Avazyaka kArya karane ke bAda sabhAmaMDapa meM pahu~cakara vaha rAjakAja kI dekhabhAla karatA thA / yuvarAja ko yuddhanIti kI zikSA to prAraMbha meM hI dI jAtI thI aura yadi koI par3ausI rAjA upadrava karatA, to use zAnta karanA usakA karttavya hotA thA / . yuvarAja pada ke anantara amAtya athavA maMtrI kA pada atyanta mahatvapUrNa thA / vaha vyavahAra aura nIti meM nipuNa hotA thA tathA rAjya ke pratyeka gA~va kI khabara rakhatA thA / sAma, dAma, daMDa, bheda nIti meM kuzala honA usakI yogyatA mAnI jAtI thI / rAjA apane aneka kAryoM aura gupta rahasyoM ke bAre meM amAtyoM se maMtraNA karate the | maMtrI rAjA koM hitakArI zikSA dete the aura khAsa paristhiti meM ayogya rAjA ko haTA kara dUsare rAjA ko gaddI para biThA dete the / Antarika upadravoM aura bAhya AkramaNoM se rAjya kI rakSA karane ke lie maMtrIgaNa guptacaroM kI niyukti karate the / ve anta:pura se lekara apane rAjya aura pararAjyoM meM ghUmate rahate the aura sabhI taraha kI sUcanAe~ maMtrI taka pahu~cAte the / T dhArmika kAryoM ko sampanna karane ke lie purohita rakhe jAte the / ve zAMti ke lie japa Adi kA Ayojana bhI karate the / . zreSThI ( NigamArakkhia - nagara seTha) aThAraha prakAra kI zreNiyoM kA pramukha hotA thA / rAjA dvArA mAnya hone ke kAraNa usakA mastaka devamudrA se bhUSita suvarNapaTTa zobhita rahatA thA / (189)

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isake atirikta grAma mahattara, rASTra mahattara (raTuDaDa - rAThaura), gaNanAyaka, daMDanAyaka, talavara, kotavAla (nagara rakSaka) kauTuMbika, gaNakara jyotiSI, vaidya, ibhya (zrImanta), Izvara senApati, sArthavAha, saMdhipAla, pIThamarda, mahAmAtra (mahAvata), yAnazAlika, vidUSaka, dUta, ceTa (vArtA nivedaka), kiMkara, karmakara, asigrAhI, dhanagrAhI, kotagrAhI, chatragrAhI, cAmaragrAhI, vINAgrAhI, mAMDa, abhyaMga lagAne vAlA, ubaTana malane vAle, snAna karAne vAle, veSabhUSA se maMDita karane vAle, pagacaMpI karane vAle Adi kitane hI karmacArI rAjA kI sevA ke lie rahate the| * sainya vyavasthA __rAjA ko apane rAjya kI surakSA ke lie sadaiva sajaga rahanA par3atA thA, kyoMki usa kAla meM rAjya vistAra kI AkAMkSA ke atirikta zaurya pradarzana, rUpavatI striyoM ko prApta karane ke lie athavA svayaMvaroM meM kanyA ko prApta karane ke lie prAya: yuddha huA karate the / kabhI-kabhI kisI rAjA ke pAsa koI bahumUlya vastu hotI to use prApta karane ke lie prAya: yuddha chir3a jAte the| yuddha meM vijaya prApta karane ke lie ratha, azva, hAthI aura padAti atyaMta upayogI hote the| isalie pratyeka rAjA ina cAroM aMgoM ko sabala banAne kI ora vizeSa dhyAna detA thaa| inameM ratha kA sabase adhika mahatva thaa| use chatra, dhvajA, patAkA, ghaMTA, toraNa, nandIghoSa aura choTI-choTI ghaMTiyoM se maMDita kiyA jAtA thaa| usa para sone kI sundara citrakArI banAyI jAtI thI aura dhanuSa-bANa, tUNIra, khaDga, zirastrANa Adi astra zastroM se use samRddha kiyA jAtA thA / ratha aneka prakAra ke batAye gaye haiN| saMgrAma ratha meM kaTipramANa phalakamaya vedikA banAyI jAtI thii| ___ hAthiyoM ke aneka prakAra hote haiN| unameM gaMdhahastI jAti ke hAthI sarvottama hote haiN| pratyeka rAjA kA eka pramukha hAthI hotA thaa| yuddha ke samaya hAthiyoM ko ujjvala vastra, kavaca, gale meM AbhUSaNa aura karNaphUla pahanAye jAte the| unake peTa para rassI bA~dha kara una para laTakatI huI jhUleM DAla kara, chatra, dhvajA aura ghaMTe laTakA kara use astra-zastra tathA DhAloM se suzobhita kiyA jAtA thaa| viMdhyAcala ke jaMgaloM meM hAthiyoM ke jhuMDa ghUmate phirate the| unheM pakar3a kara zikSA dI jAtI thI / hAthiyoM ko zikSA dene vAle damaga unheM vaza meM karate the / mahAvata hastIzAlA kI dekhabhAla karate the aura aMkuza kI sahAyatA se ve hAthI se apanI icchAnusAra kAma lete the tathA jhUla, dhvajA, mAlA evaM vividha alaMkAroM se use sajAte the| hAthiyoM kI pITha para aMbArI rakhI jAtI thii| usameM baiThA huA manuSya dikhAyI nahIM detA thaa| (190)

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hAthiyoM kI bhA~ti ghor3oM kA bhI bahuta mahatva thA / ghur3asavAra pahale se hI zatru para AkramaNa kara dete the| ve zatrusenA meM ghusa kara use vicalita kara dete the| ve apanI senA kI rakSA karate the aura zatru dvArA pakar3e hue apane sainikoM ko chur3A lete the| ve zatra ke koSa tathA rAjakumAra kA apaharaNa kara lete the / tathA jinake ghor3e mara gaye haiM. aise sainikoM kA pIchA karake unheM pakar3a lete the tathA zatru senA ko dUra khader3a dete the| padAti (paidala senA) senA kA mukhya aMga thaa| ye loga hAtha meM talavAra, bhAlA, dhanuSabANa Adi lekara calate the tathA bANa Adi ke prahAra se svayaM kI rakSA ke lie sannaddha ho kara varma aura kavaca dhAraNa kiye rahate the| ve apanI bhujAoM para carma paTTa bA~dhate the tathA unakI gardana AbhUSaNoM se evaM unakA mastaka vIratA sUcaka paTTa se zobhita rahatA thaa| yoddhA loga dhanuSa calAte samaya AlIr3ha, pratyAlIDha, vaizAkhamaNDala aura samapAda nAma ke Asana svIkAra karate the| samasta senA senApati ke niyaMtraNa meM rahatI thii| apanI senA meM vyavasthA aura anuzAsana banAye rakhane ke lie vaha sadA saceSTa rahatA thaa| yuddha ke avasara para rAjA kI AjJA pA kara vaha senA ko sajja karatA aura kUca ke lie taiyAra rahatA thaa| yuddha prAraMbha karane ke pUrva AkramaNakArI rAjA zatru ke nagara ko cAro ora se ghera letA thA, phira bhI yadi zatru AtmasamarpaNa ke lie taiyAra nahIM hotA thA, to donoM pakSoM meM yuddha hone lagatA thA / rAjA loga apane nagara kI kilebaMdI bar3I majabUtI se kiyA karate the| nagara ke cAroM ora parakoTA, parikhA, gopura (kile kA daravAjA) aura aTTAlikAe~ Adi banAye jAte the / koThAroM ko anAja se bharakara yuddha kI taiyAriyA~ kI jAtI thI / yuddha aneka prakAra se lar3e jAte the| Agama sAhitya meM yuddha, niyuddha, mahAyuddha, mahAsaMgrAma Adi yuddha ke aneka prakAra batalAe haiM / inake alAvA dRSTiyuddha, vAkyadudhaM, bAhuyuddha, muSThiyuddha aura daMDayuddha kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / mahAsaMgrAma meM garuMDavyUha, zakaTa vyUha, cakravyUha, daMDavyUha aura sUcI vyUha Adi vyUha racanA kI jAtI thii| mahAzilA kaMTaka aura rathamUsala nAmaka yuddha bhI mahAsaMgrAma ke hI bheda haiN| ___yuddha meM kUTanIti kA bar3A mahatva thaa| yuddhanIti meM nipuNa maMtrI apanI caturAI, buddhimattA aura kalA kauzala dvArA aise aneka prayatna karate, jisase zatrupakSa ko AtmasamarpaNa ke lie bAdhya kiyA jA sake / cara karma kUTanIti kA mukhya aMga thaa| zatrusenA kI gupta bAtoM kA patA lagAne ke lie guptacaroM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| ye loga unakI saba bAtoM kA patA lagAte rahate the| yuddha ke pahale samajhautA karane ke lie dUta bheje jAte the / phira bhI yadi vipakSI koI paravAha nahIM karatA, to dUta rAjA ke pAda pITha kA apane bAyeM paira se atikramaNa (191)

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kara bhAle kI noka para patra rakha kara use samarpita karatA thaa| usake pazcAt yuddha prAraMbha hotA thaa| - yuddha meM aneka prakAra ke zastroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| unameM mudgara, musaMDhI (eka prakAra kA mudgara) karakaya (kidaca), zakti (trizUla), hala, gadA, mUsala, cakra, kunta (mAlA), tomara (eka prakAra kA bANa), zUla, lakuTa, miDipAla (moTe phala vAlA bhAlA), zavvala (lohe kA bhAlA), paTTiza (jisake donoM kinAroM para trizUla hote hai), carmeSTa (camar3e se mar3hA huA patthara), asikheTaka (DhAla sahita talavAla), khaDga cApa (dhanuSa), nArAca (lohabANa), kaNaka (bANa), kartarikAvAsI (lakar3I chIlane kA aujAra); parazu (pharasA), zataghnI Adi mukhya haiN| ___ yuddha ke lie kavaca atyanta upayogI hotA thA / bANoM meM nAgabANa, tAmasabANa, padmabANa, vahnibANa, mahApuruSa bANa aura mahArudhira bANa Adi mukhya haiM / ina bANoM meM adbhuta aura vicitra zakti hotI thii| nAgabANa jalatI huI ulkA ke daMDarUpa meM zatru ke zarIra meM praveza kara nAga bana kara use cAroM ora se lapeTa letA thaa| tAmaMka bANa chor3ane para raNabhUmi meM aMdherA hI aMdherA phaila jAtA thaa| mahAyuddha meM mahoraga, garur3a, Agneya, vAyavya aura zaila Adi zastroM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| * rAjya kI Aya ke srota loka jIvana ke vyavahAroM kA nirvAha jaise dhana ke binA nahIM hotA, vaise hI rAjya vyavasthA ke lie bhI Aya ke sAdhana jarUrI hai / isake lie prAcInakAla meM bhI lagAna aura mAla-asabAba para kara lagAye jAte the| inake dvArA arjita Aya se rAjya kA kharca calatA thaa| Agama sAhitya meM aThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha milatA hai- gokara (gAya becane para diyA jAne vAlA kara), mahiSa kara, uSTra kara, pazu kara, chagalI (bakarA) kara, tRNakara, palAla (puAla) kara, busa (bhUsA) kara, kASTha kara, aMgAra kara, sItA kara (hala para liyA jAne vAlA kara), uMbara (gRha) kara, jaMghA kara (jaMgAkara - carAgAha para liyA jAne vAlA kara), balIvarda (baila) kara, ghaTakara, carmakara, cullA (bhojana - cUlhA) kara, aura apanI icchA se diyA jAne vAlA kara / ye kara gA~voM meM hI vasUla kiye jAte the| aura nagara inase mukta rahate the| putra janma, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi avasaroM para kara mApha kiyA jAtA thA / vyApAriyoM ke mAla-asabAba para bhI kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| bikrI ke mAla para lagAye jAne vAle kara ko zulka kahate the| inake atirikta rAjyakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke lie aura bhI upAya kiye jAte the| jaise yadi kabhI saMpatti kA koI vArisa nahIM hotA yA kahIM gar3A huA dhana mila jAtA, to usa para bhI rAjA kA adhikAra (192)

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hotA thA / jurmAne kI vasUlI se bhI rAjA ko dravya kI prApti hotI thii| upahAra ke rUpa meM bhI rAjya ko Aya hotI thii| upahAra milane para rAjA vyApAriyoM ko kara mukta bhI kara detA thaa| kara lagAne meM pakSapAta bhI kiyA jAtA thA / udAharaNArtha kisI vaNika ko nidhi kA lAbha hone para rAjA use daMDa detA thA aura nidhi japta kara letA thA, lekina brAhmaNa ko nidhi milane para usakA satkAra kiyA jAtA thaa| kara vasUla karane vAle karmacArI zulkapAla, (gobhiyA, saMkiyA) kahe jAte the| zulkapAla zulka vasUla karane meM nirdayatA se kAma lete the| isa kAraNa janasAdhAraNa unase santrasta rahA karate the / ye loga byAja, rizvata, apamAna, deya (anivArya kara), megha (daMDakara), kuMta (talavAra ke jora se), laMcha poSa (laMcha nAmaka coroM ko niyukta karake), AdIpana (Aga lagavA kara) aura paMthakoTTa (rAhagIroM ko katla karavA kara) dvArA prajA kA utpIr3ana aura zoSaNa kiyA karate the| apane adhIna rAjAoM se kara vasUla na hone ke kAraNa rAjA prAya: una para AkramaNa karate the aura vasUlI na hone kI sthiti meM ghara-mAla-asabAba Adi ko jalA dene kA bhI Adeza dete the| * zAsana kI ikAI gA~va vyavasthA kI dRSTi se prAcIna bhArata meM gA~va zAsana kI ikAI mAnA jAtA thaa| ye gA~va itane pAsa-pAsa hote the ki eka gA~va ke murge athavA pazu dUsare gA~va meM bar3I AsAnI se jA A sakate the| gA~va kI sImA batAte hue kahA gayA hai- 1. jahA~ taka gAyeM carane jAtI hoM, 2. jahA~ se ghasiyAre yA lakar3ahAre ghAsa aura lakar3I kATakara zAma taka lauTa Ate hoM, 3. jahA~ taka gA~va kI sImA nirdhArita kI gayI ho, 4. jahA~ gA~va kA udyAna ho, 5. jahA~ gA~va kA kuA~ ho, 6. jahA~ devakula sthApita ho aura 7. jahA~ taka gA~va ke bAlaka krIr3A karane ke lie jAte hoM, vahA~ taka gA~va kI sImA hotI gA~voM meM vibhinna varNa aura jAtiyoM ke loga rahate the, lekina katipaya gA~voM meM eka-eka varNa ke loga bhI rahate the| jaise- mAhaNakuMDa (baMbhaNa gA~va), khattiyakuMDa gAma aura vANiya gAma / inameM kramaza: brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaNika logoM kA nivAsa thaa| kucha gA~voM meM mukhyatayA mayUrapoSaka (mayUroM ko pAla kara, zikSA dene vAle) athavA naTa rahA karate the| cora-pallI meM cora rahate te / sImA prAnta ke gA~va pratyanta grAma (paccanta gAma) kahalAte te / ina gA~voM meM prAya: upadrava hote rahate the| ___gA~va ke madhyabhAga meM sabhAgRha hotA thaa| vahA~ gA~va ke pradhAna puruSa ArAma se baiTha sakate the / vahA~ baiThakara loga kahAnI-kisse sunakara mana bahalAva karate the| gA~va ke pradhAna bhojika kahe jAte the| bhojika eka taraha se gA~va kA zAsaka hotA thaa| vaha kara vasUla karane kesAtha grAmavAsiyoM ko daMDita bhI karatA thaa| (193)

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+ rAjA kA eka chatra rAja . . tatkAlIna samaya meM rAjA kA rAja eka chatra hotA thaa| usakI AjJA kAnUna thii| jo bhI rAjA kI AjJA kA ullaMghana karatA thA, vaha usake kopa se nahIM baca pAtA thaa| rAjA vividha prakAra se prajA ko kaSTa paha~cAte the| pariSadoM kA apamAna karane vAloM ke lie bhinna-bhinna daMDa vyavasthA kA vidhAna thaa| yadi koI RSi pariSad kA apamAna karatA, to use kevala amanojJa vacana kaha kara chor3a diyA jAtA thA / brAhmaNa pariSad kA apamAna karane vAle ke mastaka para kuMDI kA cihna banAkara use nirvAsita kara diyA jAtA thaa| yadi koI gRhapati pariSad kA apamAna karatA, to usake hAtha-paira kATakara use zUlI para eka jhaTake se mAra diyA jAtA thA aura yadi koI rAjA kI AjJA kI avahelanA karatA, to use teja khAra meM DAla diyA jAtA thaa| jitanI dera gAya dUhane meM lagatI, utanI dera meM usakA kaMkAla mAtra zeSa raha jAtA thA / . rAjA loga bar3e zakkI hote the| kisI para jarA sI bhI zaka ho jAne para usake prANa lekara hI rahate the| AjJA kA ullaMghana karane vAloM athavA rAjA ke prati asammAna-anAdara prakaTa karane vAloM ke gA~vo meM Aga bhI lagA dI jAtI thii| logoM ke aMga bhaMga karake unheM nirvAsita kara diyA jAtA thaa| aparAdhiyoM ko apanA nivAsa sthAna chor3a kara cAMDAloM ke mohalle meM rahane kA bhI daMDa diyA jAtA thaa| * aparAdha aura daMDa jaina sAhitya kA Alor3ana karane para aisA saMketa milatA hai ki prArambha meM satayuga jaisI sthiti thii| kahIM para bhI kisI bhI prakAra kA jhagar3A Adi nahIM thaa| kulakaroM kI vyavasthA ke antargata sabhI prakAra ke kArya sucArU rUpa se cala rahe the| AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kalpavRkSoM se ho jAyA karatI thii| samaya ke pravAha ke sAtha-sAtha kalpavRkSoM kI kSINatA bar3hatI gaI jisake pariNAmasvarUpa kalpavRkSoM para yugaloM kA mamatva bar3hane lgaa| phalasvarUpa kalaha aura vaimanasya kI bhAvanA kA janma huA isake sAtha hI aparAdhoM kA bhI janma huaa| samAja meM avyavasthA phailane lgii| jisase janajIvana trasta ho utthaa| taba aparAdha vRtti ko dabAne ke lie upAya khoje jAne lge| usI ke pariNAma svarUpa daNDanIti kA prAdurbhAva huA / isake pUrva kisI prakAra kI koI daNDanIti nahIM thI, kyoMki usakI AvazyakatA hI nahIM thii| AvazyakatA AviSkAra kI jananI hai; ke anusAra daNDanIti kA janma huaa| jaina sAhitya ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki sarvaprathama hAkAra, mAkAra aura dhikkAranIti kA pracalana huaa| inakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra haiM1. daNDa: aparAdhinAmanuzAsanastatra tasya vA sa eva vA nIti: tayo daNDanIti / sthAnAMgavRtti pa. 399-401 / (194)

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hAkAranIti-kulakara vimalavAhana ke samaya isa nIti kA pracalana huA / isa nIti ke anusAra aparAdhI ko khedapUrvaka pratAr3ita kiyA jAtA thaa| aparAdhI ko kevala yahI kahA jAtA thA ki 'haa|' arthAta tumane yaha kyA kiyA? yoM dekhA jAya to yaha kevala zabda pratAr3anA hai aura sAmAnya lagatI hai| kintu una dinoM yaha daNDa bhI bahuta bar3A thaa| kevala 'hA' zabda se pratAr3ita hone para vyakti pAnI pAnI ho jAyA karatA thaa| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki usa samaya vyakti kI apanI maryAdAe~ thIM / ucchaMkhalatA jaisI Aja hai, vaisI nahIM thii| una dinoM kA vyakti saMkocI aura lajjAzIla thaa| vaha 'hA' vAle daNDa ko bhI mRtyudaNDa ke samAna samajhatA thA' / hAkAra nIti kulakara cakSuSmAna taka calatI rhii| mAkAra nIti-samaya ke sAtha hAkAra nIti kA prabhAva kSINa hone lagA aura vaha viphala hone lgii| isakI viphalatA kI sthiti meM aparAdhoM meM vRddhi hone lgii| taba kisI navIna prabhAvazAlI nIti kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI jAne lagI / kulakara cakSuSmAna ke tRtIya putra kulakara yazasvI ne choTe bar3e aparAdhoM ke mAna se alaga-alaga nIti kA prayoga prArambha kiyA / hAkAra nIti kA prayoga choTe aparAdhoM ke lie jArI rahA aura bar3e aparAdhoM ke lie 'mAkAra' nIti kA prayoga prArambha kiyA gyaa| yadi koI aparAdhI adhika aparAdha karatA to use donoM prakAra kI nItiyoM se daNDita kiyA jAtA / mAkAra yAnI mata karo jo niSedhAtmaka mahAna daNDa thaa| ye donoM prakAra kI nItiyA~ yazasvI putra abhicandra taka barAbara calatI rhii| dhikkAra nIti-samAja meM jaba abhAva bar3hatA hai to usase asaMtoSa bhI bar3hatA hai / isa kAraNa ucchaMkhalatA aura dhRSTatA meM bhI vRddhi ho rahI thii| hAkAra aura mAkAra nIti asaphala hone lagI aura kisI nayI daNDanIti kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava hone lgaa| ina donoM nItiyoM kI asaphalatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa dhikkAra nIti kA janma huA / dhikkAra nIti ke antargata aparAdhI ko 'dhik' arthAta tujhe dhikkAra hai, jo aisA kArya kiyaa| yaha dhikkAra nIti kulakara prasenajita se lekara aMtima kulakara nAbhirAya taka calatI rhii| . 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti, kAlAdhikAra 76 2. sthAnAMgavRtti, paM. 399 3. triSasTizalAkA, 1/2/176-179 4. sthAnAMgavRtti, paM. 399 (195)

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rAjA kI icchA aura AjJA meM prajA ke jIvana, aura dhana-saMpatti kI surakSA nirbhara hone para bhI cora, DAkU, dhUrta aparAdha karane se bAja nahIM Ate the| cora apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha cora palliyoM meM rahA karate the| ve apane saradAra kI dekharekha meM lUTamAra, DakaitI aura hatyAe~ karake prajA ko santrasta karate the| saradAra inheM cora maMtra, cora vidyA, cora mAyA Adi kI zikSA de kara niSNAta banAte the| ye loga nagara ke praveza mArgoM, dyUta gRha, pAnAgAra, vezyAlaya, caurAhe, devakula, pyAU, hATabAjAra, nagara ke udyAna, puSkariNI, bAvar3I, parva Adi sArvajanika sthAnoM para ghUmate rahate the aura rAjyopadrava hone para athavA kisI utsava parva Adi ke avasara para athavA nirjana sthAna para asAvadhAnI kI sthiti meM lUTa khasoTa aura apaharaNa karake cale jAte the| phirautI ke rUpa meM dhana nahIM milane para ye loga hatyA bhI kara dete the| ye loga corI ke mAla kA patA laga jAne ke bhaya se apanI patnI, putra, putrI Adi priya kuTuMbI janoM kI hatyA karane meM bhI nahIM jhijhakate the| Agama sAhitya meM coroM ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai| jaiseAmoSa lomahara (jAna se mAra kara sarvasva lUTane vAle), graMthibhedaka (jeba katarA), taskara, AkrAnta prAkRtika, grAmastena, dezastena, antarastena, adhvAnastena, khetoM ko kATane vAle Adi cora vikAla meM gamana karate the aura kiMcit dagdha mAnava zava athavA jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA mAMsa yA kandamUla khAte the| vartamAna kI taraha usa samaya bhI coroM meM vizvAsa kI bhAvanA paidA kara, unakI kuzalakSema pUcha kara, unheM saMketa dekara giraphtArI se bacAne meM madada kara, coroM ke jAne vAle mArga se ulTA patA batA kara tathA unheM sthAna, Asana, bhojana, tela, jala, agni, rassI, astra-zastra Adi de kara coroM kA hauMsalA bar3hAne vAle bhI the| ye loga corI kA mAla kharIdane becane kA dhaMdhA karate the| janatA unheM acchI najara se nahIM dekhatI thI, phira bhI ve zAna zaukata ke sAtha prajA ke bIca rahate the| ___cora AsAnI se pakar3a meM nahIM Ate the| rAjA kI senA taka unase hAra kara bhAga jAtI thii| lekina sAma, dAma athavA bheda se jaba unheM pakar3a liyA jAtA thA, taba unheM bhaMyakara daMDa diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA coroM ko jiMdA loha ke kuMbha meM banda kara dete the aura unake hAtha taka kaTavA dete the| unheM zUlI para car3hA denA to mAmUlI sI bAta thii| rAja karmacArI coroM ko vastra yugala pahanA kara usake gale meM kanera ke phUloM kI mAlA DAlate the aura usake zarIra para tela cupar3avA kara usa para bhasma lagAte the| phira unheM rAjamArga se nagara ke caurAhoM meM ghumAyA jAtA thaa| usa samaya unheM ghUsoM, DaMDoM, lAtoM aura kor3oM se pITA jAtA thaa| unake hoMTha, nAka aura kAna kATa liye jAte the| rakta se lipta mAMsa unheM khilAyA jAtA thA tathA viSTA bhI dikhAyI jAtI thii| phira khaMDa paTaha se unake aparAdhoM kI ghoSaNA kI jAtI thii| (196)

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isake alAvA lohe yA lakar3I meM aparAdhiyoM ke hAtha-paira bA~dha diye jAte the| khoDa meM paira bA~dha kara tAlA lagA diyA jAtA thaa| unake hAtha, paira, sira, gale kI ghaMTI athavA udara ko chinna kara diyA jAtA thaa| kalejA, A~kha, dA~ta aura aMDakoza Adi marmasthAnoM ko khIMca kara nikAla diye jAte the| unheM rassI se bA~dha kara gaDDhe meM aura hAtha bA~dhakara vRkSa para laTakA diyA jAtA thaa| hAthI ke pairoM ke nIce DAla kara unheM kucalavA diyA jAtA thaa| unheM candana kI taraha patthara para ragar3A jAtA thA, dahI kI bhA~ti mathA jAtA thA, kapar3e kI bhA~ti pachAr3A jAtA thA aura ganne kI bhA~ti perA jAtA thaa| rAjA ke loga unake mastaka ko bheda dete, khAra meM pheMka dete, khAla udher3a dete, liMga ko maroDa dete, Aga meM jalA dete, kIcar3a meM phaMsA dete, garama sariyA zarIra meM ghuser3a dete, kSAra, tikta aura kaTu padArtha jabaradastI pilAte, chAtI para patthara rakha kara tor3ate, lohe ke DaMDoM se vakSasthala, peTa aura guhya aMgoM kA chedana karate,lohe ke mudgara se kUTate, cAMDAloM ke mohalle meM rakha dete, deza se nirvAsita kara dete, lohe ke piMcare meM baMda kara dete, bhUmigRha, aMdhakUpa yA tela meM DAla dete aura zUlI para car3hA kara unheM mAra DAlate jelakhAne to sAkSAt naraka ke rUpa the| inameM kaidiyoM ko dAruNa kaSTa diye jAte the| kaidiyoM kA sarvasva apaharaNa kara liyA jAtA thA aura bhUkha-pyAsa, zIta-uSNa se vyAkula ho unheM kaSTamaya jIvana vyatIta karanA par3atA thaa| isa kAraNa unake mukha kI raMgata kAlI par3a jAtI, ve khA~sI, kor3ha Adi rogoM se grasita ho jAte aura unake zarIra meM kIr3e par3a jAte the / prANAnta hone para unheM pheMka diyA jAtA thaa| bher3iye, kutte, gIdar3a aura mArjAra unake zavoM ko khA jAte the| jeloM meM tAMbA, jasta, zIse, cane, patthara aura kSAra tela se bharI haI lohe kI kuMDiyA~ Aga para garama rakhI rahatI thI aura bahuta se maTake hAthI, ghor3e, gAya, baila, bhaiMsa, U~Ta, bakarI ke sUtroM se bhare rahate the| hAtha-paira bA~dhane ke lie yahA~ aneka khoDa, ber3I, zrRMkhalA, mArane-pITane ke lie bA~sa, beMta, valkala aura camar3e ke kor3e, kUTane-pIsane ke lie patthara kI zilAe~, patthara, mudgara bA~dhane ke lie rasse, cIrane aura kATane ke lie talavAra, AriyA~ aura chure, Thokane ke lie lohe kI kIleM bA~sa kI khappaceM, cubhone ke lie suI aura zalAkAe~, kATane ke lie churI kuThAra, nakhaccheda aura darbhatRNa Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jeloM meM kaisI-kaisI yAtanAe~ dI jAtI thIM aura jelara Adi kaise-kaise duHkha dete the, yaha jAnane ke lie 'vipAka sUtra' kA chaThA adhyayana par3hiye / usameM siMhapura nagara ke duryodhana nAmaka zAsaka kA varNana hai / vaha jela meM pakar3a kara lAye hue coroM, parastrIgAmiyoM, jebakataroM, rAjadrohiyoM, RNagrastoM, bAlaghAtakoM, (197)

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vizvAsaghAtakoM, juAriyoM aura dhUrto ko apane karmacAriyoM se pakar3avA kara unheM sIdhA liTavAtA aura lohadaMDa se unake mu~ha khulavA kara garama garama tA~bA, khArA tela, tathA hAthI ghor3oM kA mUtra unake mu~ha meM DAlatA thA / isase jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna yuga meM jela vyavasthA kitanI bhayaMkara evaM lomaharSaka thii| striyoM ko bhI daMDa diyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi garbhavatI striyoM ko kSamA bhI kara diyA jAtA thA aura kabhI-kabhI prasava kI anya-anya prakAra kI yAtanAe~ dene ke atirikta mRtyudaMDa taka kI AjJA dI jAtI thii| coroM kI bhA~ti darAcArI puruSa aura striyoM ko bhI ziromuNDana, tarjana-tAr3ana, liMgacchedana, nirvAsana aura mRtyudaMDa diye jAte the| brAhmaNoM ko daMDa dete samaya soca vicAra kara kAma liyA jAtA thaa| ___corI aura vyabhicAra kI bhA~ti hatyA bhI mahAna aparAdha mAnA jAtA thaa| hatyA karane vAle arthadaNDa aura mRtyudaNDa ke bhAgI hote the| hatyAre kI hatyA kI yojanA banAne vAloM kA rahasya khula jAne para unheM garama lohe ke siMhAsana para biThA kara garama lohe ke kalazoM meM bhare hue khAre tela se unakA abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thA aura lohe ke hAra aura mukuTa pahanA kara, unake nAka-kAna kaTavA kara unheM zUlI para car3hA diyA jAtA thaa| * nyAya vyavasthA nyAyakartA ke bAre meM batAyA gayA hai ki use nItizAstra aura daMDanIti meM pravINa honA caahiye| use rizvata nahIM lenI cAhiye aura nirNaya dete samaya niSpakSa rahanA cAhiye / usa kAla meM nyAya aura daMDanIti kA vidhAna banA huA thA aura nyAya vyavasthA ke kaThora niyama bhI the| lekina jaba rAjA kI AjJA hI sarvopari mAnI jAtI thI, taba yaha kaise saMbhava thA ki nyAya prakriyA ke anusAra doSI ko daMDa milatA thA? sAdhAraNa sA aparAdha hone para bhI aparAdhI ko kaThora se kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thA aura aneka bAra aisA bhI hotA thA ki niraparAdhaM ko daMDa diyA jAtA thA aura aparAdhI chUTa jAtA thaa| corI, DakaitI paradArAgamana, hatyA aura rAjA kI AjJA kA ullaMghana Adi aparAdha karane vAloM ko rAjA ke sAmane upasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| koI mukadamA le kara nyAyAlaya meM jAtA thA, to usase tIna bAra vahI bAta pUchI jAtI / yadi vaha tIna bAra eka jaisA uttara detA, to usakI bAta saca mAna lI jAtI thii| kabhI-kabhI sAdhAraNa sI bAta para bhI loga mukadamA lekara rAjamahala meM pahu~ca jAte the| Aja kI taraha usa kAla meM bhI jhUThI gavAhI (kUDa sakkha) aura jhUThe dastAvejoM (kUDa lehakaraNa) ko kAma meM liyA jAtA thaa| (198)

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AgamakAlIna pUrvokta zAsana vyavasthA ke saMkSipta saMketoM kA sArAMza yaha hai ki usa samaya sArA deza choTe choTe rAjyoM meM vibhAjita thaa| rAjya meM SaDyaMtra calA karate the| uttarAdhikAra kA prazna vikaTa thA aura isake lie rAjA ko apane putroM taka se bhI sAvadhAna rahanA par3atA thaa| anta:pura bhI eka prakAra se SaDyaMtra ke ar3e the| unakI rakSA aura apane jIvana ke lie rAjA sadA dhyAna rakhatA thA / yadi kisI ke koI sundara vastu hotI yA sundara strI hotI, to use apane adhikAra meM le lene ke lie rAjA tatpara rahate the| yadi vaha sahaja nahIM milatI, to yuddha ke jariye use prApta karane meM bhI rAjA loga nahIM hicakate the| yuddha meM sAma, dAma va bheda nIti kA Azraya liyA jAtA thaa| usa kAla meM corI, vyabhicAra aura hatyAe~ Adi aparAdha bhI hote the| corI kA utpAta to bhayaMkara thA / jeloM kI dazA atyanta dayanIya thii| vahA~ bhayaMkara yAtanAe~ dI jAtI thii| jhUThI sAkSI aura jhUThe dastAveja calate the| kara vasUla karane meM kAphI sakhtI baratI jAtI thI / rAjA niraMkuza hote the / sAdhAraNa sA aparAdha hone para bhI ve kaThoratama daMDa de dete the aura pakSapAta karake aparAdhI ke bajAya niraparAdha ko daMDa de dete the| : Agama sAhitya meM tatkAlIna zAsana vyavasthA kI jAnakArI isa prakAra kI upalabdha hotI hai| aba Age ke prakaraNa meM tatkAlIna arthopArjana vyavasthA kI jAnakArI dI jA rahI hai| . . (199)

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adhyAya 11 AgamoM meM arthopArjana vyavasthA kA ullekha jIvana kI mUlabhUta AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie AjIvikA mukhya sAdhana hai| AjIvikA kA saMbaMdha arthopArjana se jur3A huA hai / ataeva AgamakAlIna samAja ke arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM ke bAre meM yahA~ saMkSepa meM saMketa karate haiN| vartamAna kI taraha prAcIna bhArata meM bhI kRSi, zrama, pU~jI aura prabaMdha arthopArjana ke mukhya sAdhana rahe haiN| bhAratavarSa ke gA~voM kI arthavyavasthA mukhyata: gA~voM meM rahane vAle kisAnoM para hI nirbhara rahatI AyI hai| sAmAnyata: gA~va vAloM kA pezA khetI bAr3I kA rahA hai| Aja kI taraha usa samaya bhI gA~va ke cAroM ora kheta yA carAgAha hote the| ve vRkSapaMkti, vana, vanakhaMDa, vanarAji se ghire rahate the| kheta set aura ke ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta the| set ko kue~, tAlAba Adi ke jala se sIMcA jAtA thA, jabaki ket meM varSA ke jala se dhAnya kI utpatti hotI thii| siMcAI ke lie bahuta se upAya kAma meM lie jAte the| kahIM kuoM se, kahIM tAlAboM se, nadI-nAloM se jahA~ jaisI prAkRtika suvidhA upalabdha hotI thI, tadnusAra vahA~ ke kRSaka khetI karate the| adhika jala vAle pradezoM meM nAvoM meM miTTI bhara kara bhI dhAnyotpAdana kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlI upajAU bhUmi ko udghAta aura patharIlI bhUmi ko anudghAta kahate the / kAlI bhUmi meM atyadhika varSA hore para pAnI vahIM kA vahIM raha jAtA thA, bahatA nahIM thaa| khetI ke sAdhana hala aura baila the| prAcIna kAla meM hala devatA ke sammAna meM sItA yajJa nAmaka utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| jaMgaloM ko jalAkara bhI khetI kI jAtI thii| AgamoM meM hala, kuliya aura naMgala nAma ke haloM kA ullekha milatA hai / kudAlI se khodane kA kAma kiyA jAtA thaa| eka hala ke dvArA sau nivartana (cAlIsa hajAra varga hAtha) bhUmi jotI jAne kA anunamAna lagAyA jAtA thaa| * kRSi upaja AgamoM meM sataraha prakAra ke dhAnyoM kA ullekha hai- vrIhi (cAvala), yava (jau), masUra, godhUma (gehU~, mudga (mUMga), mASa (ur3ada), tila, caNaka (canA), aNu (cAvala kI eka kisma), priyaMgu(kaMganI) ko drava (kodoM), akuSThaka (kaTTa), zAli (cAvala), ADhakI, kalAya (maTara), kulattha (kulathI) aura saNa, anya dhAnyoM meM dAlaga (dAla). cAvala (cavalA), tuvarI, niSpAda, valla (eka mAdaka dhAnya), AlisaMdaga (siliMda), saMDiNa (arahara), palimaMthaka (kAlA canA), atasI (alasI), kusuMba (kusuMbI), kaMgu (kAMginI (200)

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eka choTe cAvala kI jAti), kodUsA (kodoM kI eka jAti), sarSapa (sarasoM), harimaMtha (gola canA), vukkasa aura pulAvana (nissAra) anna ke nAma Ate haiM / prAcIna kAla meM cAvala kI khetI bahutAyata se hotI thI / kalamazAli pUrvI prAntoM meM paidA hotA thA / raktazAli, mahAzAli aura gaMdhazAli cAvala kI dUsarI bar3hiyA kismeM thI / masAloM meM zraMgaveda (adaraka) suMDha (sauMTha), lavaMga, haridrA (haldI), besana ( jIrA Adi), mariya (mirca), pippala (pIpala) aura sadisa vatthaga (sarasoM kA ullekha milatA hai / cAvala kI taraha gannA (ikkhu) bhI mukhya phasala thI / ganne ke kheta ko siyAroM se bacAne ke lie cAroM ora khAI khodI jAtI thI aura bADa lagAyI jAtI thI / puNDravardhana ganne kI phasala ke lie prasiddha thA / loga bar3e cAva se gannA cUsate the | matyaMDikA, puSpottara aura padmottara nAmaka zakkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai / 1 kapar3e banAne ke lie kapAsa kI phasala boyI jAtI thI / isake atirikta anya phasaloM meM rezama, UrjA (Una), kSoma (chAlarI) aura sana kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / sAga-bhAjI meM baiMgana kakar3I, mUlI, pAlaka, karelA, kaMda (Aluga - AlU), siMghAr3A, lahasuna, pyAja, sUraNa, tuMbI (laukI, ghiyA) Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / tuMbI Ikha ke sAtha boyI jAtI thI aura loga use gur3a ke sAtha khAte the / bADo meM mUlI, kakar3I Adi sAga-bhAjI boyI jAtI thI / 1 dhAnya utpAdana ke lie mukhya sAdhana khetI thA / vaise hI phalaphUloM se arthopArjana karane ke lie bAga-bagIce bhI lagAye jAte the / unameM bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke phala ke vRkSa tathA phUloM ke paudhe hote the / phaloM meM Ama, jAmuna, kapittha (kaitha), phalasa (kaTahala), dADima (anAra), kadalI phala (kelA), khajUra, nAriyala Adi ke nAma milate / Ama lokapriya phala thA / usakA aneka prakAra se upayoga kiye jAne se aura khAne kI vidhiyoM se usakI lokapriyatA siddha hotI hai / phUloM meM navamallikA, koderaka, baMdhujIvana, kanera, kubjaka (sapheda gulAba), jAI, mogarA (belA, bhU-thikA ( jUhI), . mallikA, vAsaMtI, mRgadaMtikA, caMpaka, kunda, zyAmalatA Adi ke nAma dekhane ko milate 1 koMkaNa deza ke nivAsI phalaphUloM ke bahuta zaukIna the / ve inheM becakara apanI AjIvikA calAte the / utsavoM ke avasara para puSpagRhoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / jaMgaloM se phaloM ko sukhAne ke lie jahA~ lAyA jAtA thA, usa sthAna ko koTTaka kahate the / phaloM ko sukhAne ke bAda unheM gAr3I meM bharakara nagaroM meM bikrI ke lie leM (201)

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jAte te / kacce phaloM ko pakAne kelie aneka upAya bhI kiye jAte the| Ama Adi ko ghAsaphUsa athavA bhUse ke andara rakha kara garmI pahu~cAyI jAtI thI / kinhIM ko dhuA~ dekara pakAyA jAtA thA / dhue~ kI garmI se ve phala zIghra paka jAte the| isa vidhi ko dhUma paryAyAma kahA gayA hai / kakar3I, khIrA, bijaurA Adi ko pake phaloM ke sAtha rakha dete the| ve unakI gaMdha se paka jAte the| yaha vidhi gaMdha paryAyAma kahalAtI thI / vRkSa para phaloM ko pakAne vAlI vidhi ko vRkSa paryAyAma kahate haiM / itanA saba hone para bhI varSA Adi ke abhAva meM bhISaNa akAla par3A karate the| akAla ke samaya loga apane bAla baccoM taka ko beca DAlate the| dAsavRtti apanAne taka ko majabUra honA par3atA thaa| akAla kI taraha bAr3hoM kA prakopa bhI bahuta hotA thaa| usase khar3I phasaleM caupaTa ho jAtI thiiN| * anna kI surakSA ke upAya cAvala kI phasala taiyAra ho jAne ke bAda use ha~siyA se kATa kara, hAtha se masala kara aura char3a picor3a kara kore ghar3oM meM bhara kara rakha dete the| bAda meM una ghar3oM ko lIpa-pota kara, unheM sIlabaMda kara, unapara mohara lagA kara unheM koThAra (koTThAgAra) meM rakha diyA jAtA thaa| saMbAdha (saMbAha) bhI eka prakAra kA koThAra hotA thaa| use parvata ke viSama pradezoM meM banAyA jAtA thaa| ghara ke bAhara jaMgaloM meM dhAnya ko sarakSita rakhane ke lie phUsa aura pattiyoM ke pa~ge (valaya) banAye jAte the aura unake andara kI jamIna ko gobara se lIpA jAtA thA / anAja ke gola AkAra ke Dhera ko pU~ga aura laMbAkAra Dhera ko rAzi kahate the| dIvAla aura kuDaca se lagA kara Dhera banAye jAte the| unheM rAkha se aMkita kara Upara se gobara lIpa diyA jAtA thA athavA yogya pradeza meM rakha kara bA~sa aura phUsa se DhaMka diyA jAtA thaa| varSA Rtu meM anAja ko miTTI athavA bA~sa (palla) ke bane hue koThoM, bA~sa.ke khaMbhoM para bane hue koThoM athavA ghara ke Upara bane hue koThoM meM rakhA jAtA thaa| una para cAroM tarapha se miTTI se pota diyA jAtA thaa| bAda meM use rekhAoM se cihnita kara aura miTTI kI mohara lagAkara chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta kumbhI, karamI, pallaga (palla), muttolI (Upara aura nIce saMkIrNa aura madhya meM vizAla aisA koThA), mukha, handura, alinda aura ocAra (apacAri) nAmaka koThAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ___ gaMjazAlA meM dhAnya kUTe jAte the| cAvaloM ko okhalI (ukhUla) meM char3A jAtA thaa| unako mala kara sApha karane ke sthAna ko khalaya (khalihAna) kahate the / sUpa (suptakatara) dvArA anAja sApha kiyA jAtA thaa| (202)

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+ pazupAlana prAcIna bhArata meM pazu mahatvapUrNa dhana mAnA jAtA thA tathA gAya, baila, bhaiMsa aura bher3eM rAjA kI bahumUlya saMpatti mAnI jAtI thI / prajJApanA sUtra meM azva, azvatara, choTaka, gardabha, uSTra (U~Ta), gAya, nIlagAya, bhaiMsa, mRga, sAMbara, varAha, zarabha Adi pazuoM kA ullekha hai / pazuoM ke samUha ko braja, gokula athavA saMgilla kahA jAtA thaa| eka braja meM dasa hajAra gAyeM rahatI thiiN| pratyeka dhanika pazupAlana karatA thaa| kaiyoM ke to do-cAra braja hote the| upAsaka dazA meM Ananda zrAvaka ke ATha brajoM kA ullekha AyA hai / bahuta se rAjA bhI gopAlana ke zaukIna the| - svastha, sundara, baliSTha sA~DoM kA bhI Agama meM ullekha milatA hai / ve svacchaMda hokara ghUmA karate the / baila khetI yAna ke AdhAra the| isalie unheM bahata hI hiphAjata se rakhA jAtA thaa| unheM haloM meM jotakara unase khetI kA kAma liyA jAtA thaa| rahaMTa jota kara khetoM kI siMcAI kI jAtI thI aura eka gA~va se dUsare gA~va meM dhAnya Adi sAmAna ko pahu~cAne ke lie bailagAr3iyoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| pazuoM ko samaya para cArA-pAnI dete kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| hAthiyoM ko tala (eka tRNa), gannA, bhaisoM ko bA~sa kI komala pattiyA~, ghor3oM ko hadimaMtha (kAlA canA), mUMga Adi tathA gAyoM ko arjUna ghAsa Adi khAne kelie diye jAte the / cora gAyoM Adi ko na le jAye, isake lie gA~voM meM caukI rakhI jAtI thI / gvAle (govANa, gopAla) aura gaDariye apanI gAyoM aura bher3a-bakariyoM ko carAne ke liye carAgAhoM meM le jAte the / bher3a-bakariyA~ Adi pazuoM ko bAr3oM meM rakhA jAtA thA / uSTrapAloM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / bher3oM kI Una va bakarI va U~ToM ke bAloM se vastra va pahanane ke kapar3e banAye jAte the| paMzuoM kI bImArI aura unakI cikitsA kA bhI Agama sAhitya meM ullekha milatA hai / gobara ke upale banAkara unheM bhojana Adi ke kAma meM liyA jAtA thaa| gopAlana para bahuta dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA / ahIra (amIra) gAya bhaiMsoM ko pAlate posate the| unake gA~va alaga hote the| ghI-dUdha paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hotA thaa| dohanabAr3A meM gAyoM kA dohana kiyA jAtA thaa| prAya: mahilAe~ hI dUdha dohane kA kAma karatI thIM / dahI bilone kA ullekha bhI AtA hai / gAya, bhaiMsa, U~TanI, bakarI aura bher3oM kA dUdha kAma meM liyA jAtA thA / dahI, chAcha, ghI aura makkhana ko gorasa kahate the| yaha gorasa atyaMta puSTikAraka bhojana samajhA jAtA thA / dahI ke maTakoM ko garama pAnI (203)

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se tara rakhA jAtA thaa| bakarI ke takka (chAcha) kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / kSIragRha (khIra ghara) meM dUdha se bane padArtha paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hote the| * vanopaja prAcIna bhArata kA adhikAMza bhU-bhAga prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa ke kAraNa vana, jaMgala aura araNyoM se ghirA rahatA thaa| rAjagRha nagara ke pAsa aThAraha yojana laMbI eka mahA aTavI thI, jahA~ bahuta se cora nivAsa karate the| pathika prAya: rAstA bhUla jAte the| kSIra vana aTavI, kosaMba (kozAbhra) araNya aura daMDakAraNya ke nAma prasiddha haiN| - vanoM meM bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke vRkSa, guccha, gulma, latAe~, vallI, tRNa, valaya, harita aura auSadhiyA~ pAyI jAtI thIM / vRkSoM meM nIma, Ama, jAmuna, sAla, aMkora, pIla, zleSAtmaka, sallakI, mocakI, mAluka, bakula, palAsa, karaMja, putrajIvA, arIThA, caheDA, harda, milAvA, kSIraNI, ghAtakI, priyAla, pUtikaraja, sIsama, cunAga, nAgavRkSa, zrIparNI, azoka, tinduka, kapitthaka, aMbADaka, mAtuliMga, bela, A~valA, phaNasa, dADima, pIpala, udubaMra, baDa, nyagrodha, pippalI, zatarI, pilakkhu, kAkoduMbarI, kustuMbarI, devadAlI, tilaka, lakuca, chatrodha, zirISa, saptaparNa, bhojavRkSa, hiMguvRkSa, lavaMga vRkSa, pUgaphalI (supArI), khajUra, nAriyala, dadhiparNa, lodha, dhava, candana, arjuna, kuTaja, kadaMba Adi vRkSoM ke ullekha milate haiN| dUdha ke vRkSoM meM bar3a, uduMbara aura pIpala ke nAma milate haiM / nandIphala nAma ke vRkSa dekhane meM bar3e sundara lagate the, lekina unake bIja khAne se manuSya mara jAtA thaa| vRkSoM kI bikrI hotI thii| ____ vRkSoM ke sivAya aneka prakAra kI latAe~, ghAsa, sAga-bhAjI, bA~sa Adi ke nAma bhI milate haiN| vRkSoM kI lakar3iyA~ ghara, yAna, vAhana Adi banAne ke kAma AtI thiiN| vana karma aura aMgAra karma kA ullekha milatA hai / vanakarma meM rata loga vRkSoM ko girA kara unase lakar3iyA~ prApta karate the / lakar3ahAroM, sUkhe patte cunane vAloM (pattahAraka) / aura ghasiyAroM (tRNakAra) kA ullekha milatA hai, jo jaMgala meM dina bhara lakar3I kATate rahate the, patte cunate rahate the aura ghAsa kATate rahate the| ina logoM ke arthopArjana ke ye hI sAdhana the| bhojana ke lie pazu pakSiyoM aura machalI Adi jalacara jIvoM ko pakar3ane aura mArane kebhI ullekha milate haiM / inakA arthopArjana ke lie bhI vadha kiyA jAtA thaa| isa niMdya kArya ko karane vAle mRgalubdhaka, cir3ImAra, macchImAra, zikArI Adi kahalAte the| (204)

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* khanija padArtha khetI ke kAma meM na Ane vAlI jamIna baMjara kahalAtI thii| jaMgaloM meM aneka sthAnoM para lohA, sonA, cAMdI Adi khanija padArthoM kI bharamAra thI / khAnoM meM se lohA, tA~bA, sIsA, jastA, cAMdI, sonA, maNi, ratna aura vajra upalabdha hote the| dhAtuoM ke utpatti sthAna ko Akara kahA gayA hai / kAliya dvIpa apanI cAMdI, sonA, ratna aura vajra kI khAnoM ke lie prasiddha thaa| bhArata ke vyApArI vahA~ se bahamulya dhAtuoM ko apane jahAjoM meM bharakara svadeza cale Ate the| anya khanija padArthoM meM lavaNa (namaka) Usa (sAjI mADhI), gesa haratAla, hiMgaluka, maNasila, sAsaga (pArA), seDiya (sapheda miTTI), soraTThiya aura aMjana ke nAma milate haiM / ina khanija padArthoM se taraha-taraha ke AbhUSaNa, bartana, prasAdhana kI sAmagrI Adi vastue~ banAyI jAtI thiiN| * katAI bunAI ___ kRSi, vanopaja, khanija Adi se arthopArjana karane ke bAda zrama dvArA AjIvikA calAne vAloM kA krama AtA hai / ye zramika aneka prakAra ke AbhUSaNa, prasAdhana sAmagrI, kRSi-aujAra, kapar3e Adi banAne kA kArya karate the / vastra bunAI eka mahatvapUrNa udyoga mAnA jAtA thaa| zilpakAroM ke kuMbhakAra (kumhAra), citrakAra, luhAra (karmakAra) aura nAI (kAzyapa) ke sAtha vastrakAra (NaMtikta - julAhA) bhI ginAye gaye haiM / vastrakAroM meM dUSya kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko dosiya (dozI) sUta kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko sottiya (sautrika) aura kapAsa kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko kappAsiya (kapAsI, kAsika) kahA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta tunnAga (tUnane vAle), tantuvAya (bunakara), paTTakAra (paTTakUla, rezama kA vyApAra karane vAle paTave), sIvaga (darjI) aura chipAya (chIpA) Adi ke bhI ullekha milate haiM / vastroM kA niyamita vyApAra hotA thA / AgamoM meM aneka prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha milatA hai| kapar3e dhone aura kapar3e raMgane ke udyoga dhaMdhoM kA pracAra thA / zreNiyoM meM dhobiyoM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai / khAra (sajjiyA khAra) se maile kapar3e dhoye jAte the| jaise maile kapar3e hote, usake anusAra patthara para pITe jAte, ghise jAte aura ragar3e jAte the| jaba kapar3e dhulakara sApha ho jAte, taba unheM dhUpa dekara sugaMdhita kiyA jAtA thaa| gomUtra, pazuoM kI leMDI, kSAra Adi se kapar3e dhoye jAte the| rajaka zAlAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / rajaka kapar3e raMgane kA kArya bhI karate the| tauliye Adi vastroM ko kASAya (geruA) raMga se raMgA jAtA thA / raMge hue kapar3e garma mausama meM pahane jAte the| cikura (pIta varNa kA eka gaMdha dravya), haratAla, saraso, kiMzuka (kezUdrA), (205)

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jayAkusuma, baMdhujIvana ke puSpa, hiMgula (siMdUra), kuMkuma (kezera), nIla kamala, zirISa ke puSpa tathA aMjana Adi dravyoM se raMga banAye jAte the / raMgoM meM kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra aura zukla raMgoM kA ullekha hai / isase patA calatA hai ki rAsAyanika raMga bhI taiyAra kiyA jAte the| raMge hae kapar3e pahanane kA rivAja thaa| * AbhUSaNa nirmANa striyA~ aura puruSa AbhUSaNa ke zaukIna the| ve apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra sone, cAMdI, hIre, javAharAta ke AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the| isalie sunAroM (suvarNakAroM) kA vyavasAya khUba calatA thaa| sunAra beImAnI bhI karate the / kImiyA banAne vAloM (dhAtuvAiya) kA ullekha milatA hai| dhAtu ke pAnI se tAMbe Adi ko sikta karake suvarNa banAne kI vidhi pracalita thii| ___ AgamoM meM caudaha prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai- hAra (aThAraha lar3I vAlA), ardhahAra (nau lar3iyoM vAlA), ekAvalI (eka lar3I kA hAra), kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, muktAvalI, keyUra, kaDaya (kar3A), tuDiya (bAjUbaMda), mudrA (aMgUThI); kuMDala, udasUtra, cUr3AmaNi aura tilk| puruSoM dvArA hAra, ardhahAra, tisaraya (tIna lar3iyoM kA hAra), pralaMba (nAbhi taka laTakane vAlA hAra), kaTisUtra (karadhanI), graiveyaka (gale kA hAra), aMgulIyaka (aMgUThI), kacAbharaNa (bAloM meM lagAne kA AbharaNa), mudrikA, kuNDala, mukuTa, valaya (cIratva sUcaka kaMkaNa), aMgada (bAjUbaMda), pAdapralaMba (paira taka laTakane vAlA hAra aura muravi (AbharaNa vizeSa) nAmaka AbhUSaNa dhAraNa kiye jAte the| nupUra meM khalA, (karadhanI, hAra), kaDaga (kar3A), khuddaya (aMgUThI), valaya ratna aura dInAra mAlA striyoM ke AbhUSaNa mAne jAte the| loga mastaka para suvarNa paTTa lagAte the aura aMgulI meM nAma mudrikA pahanate the| hAthI aura ghor3oM ko bhI AbhUSaNoM se sajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| hAthiyoM ke gale meM suvarNa aura maNi se jar3ita hAra pahanAye jAte the tathA gAyoM ko mayUrAga cUlikA pahanAI jAtI thii| rAjA mahArAjA aura dhanika varga ke loga sone ke bartanoM meM bhojana karate the| unameM thAla, parAta (thAlaga) Adi mukhya the| baiThane ke pIThe (pAvoda), Asanaka aura palyaMka (palaMga) Adi svarNa se jar3e hae hote the| sone ke bhaMgAra (jhArI) kA upayoga hotA thaa| madhyama sthiti ke loga cAMdI kA upayoga karate the| ___kImatI ratnoM aura maNiyoM meM karketana, vajra, vaiDUrya, lohitAkSa, massAragla, haMsagarbha pulaka, saugaMdhika, jyotirasa, aMjana pulaka, rajata, jAtarUpa, aMkasphaTika, diSTha, (206)

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indranIla, marakata, sasyaka, pravAla, candraprabha, gomedaya, sacaka, bhujabhojaka, jalakAnta aura sUryakAnta ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / maNikAra maNi muktA Adi meM DaMDe se cheda karane ke lie use sAna para ghisate the| striyoM kI prasAdhana sAmagrI meM suramAdAnI (aMganI) lodhracUrNa, lodhrapuSpa, guTikA, kuSTha, tagara, khasa ke sAtha kUTa kara milAyA huA agasa, mu~ha para malane kA tela aura hoMTha racAne kA cUrNa (naMdI cuNNa) mukhya haiM / isake sivAya sira dhone ke lie A~valoM (Amalaga), mAthe para bindI lagAne ke lie tilaka karaNI, A~khoM meM A~jane ke lie salAI (aMjana salAgA) tathA klipa (saMDAsaga), kaMghA (phaNiha), ribina (sIhaliyAsaga), zIzA (darpaNa, AdaMsaga), supArI (pUyaphala) aura tAMbUla (taMbolaya) Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| tAMbUla aura supArI (pyaphala) khAne kA rivAja thaa| jAyaphala, sItala cInI (kakkola), kapUra, lauMga aura supArI ko pAna meM DAla kara khAte the| * loga apane pairoM ko masalavAte-dabavAte the| una para tela, ghI yA majjA kI mAliza karAte the / lodhrakalka (kakka) cUrNa aura varNa kA una para upalepa karAte the| phira garama yA ThaMDe pAnI se unheM dho DAlate the| bAda meM candana Adi kA lepa karate aura unheM dhUpa dete the| zatapAka aura sahasrapAka nAmaka teloM ko aneka jar3I-bUTiyoM ko tela meM saikar3oM bAra ubAla kara taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| dUsare bhI puSTidAyaka aura ullAsaprada teloM ko loga zarIra para masalavAte.the / snAna ke lie aneka prakAra kA sugaMdhita jala kAma meM lAyA jAtA thaa| ' * loha miTTI Adi ke upakaraNoM kA nirmANa bhArataM kRSi pradhAna deza hone se khetI-bAr3I Adi ke lie hala, kudAlI, nahanI, zastra, koza AdA Adi banAne kA kArya luhAra karate the| unakA vyApAra unnati para thaa| tavA, kuDachA Adi gharelU upayoga ke sAdhana bhI luhAroM dvArA banAye jAte the / luhAroM kI dukAnoM ko kammArazAlA aura luhAroM ko kammAra kahate the| luhAroM kI dukAnoM ko samada athavA Aesa bhI kahA gayA hai / bhaTTiyoM meM kaccA lohA pakAyA jAtA thaa| phira lohe ko neha (ahikaraNI) para hathor3oM se kUTa-pITakara usase upayogI vastue~ taiyAra karate the| ____ kaMsere (kaMsakAra) kA~se ke bartana banAte the| unakI ginatI nau kAsaoM meM kI gayI haiN| ... kumhAra (kuMbhakAra) miTTI se aneka prakAra ke ghar3e-maTake Adi banAte the| . (207)

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kumhAra pahale miTTI meM pAnI DAla kara use sAnate, usameM rAkha, gobara milAte aura phira usa miTTI ke laude ko cAka para rakha kara ghumAte the aura icchAnusAra karaya (karavA), vArada, pihaDaya, ghaDaya, addhaghaDaya, kalasaya(kalaza), aliMjara, jaMbUla, uTTiya (oSTrika) Adi bartana taiyAra karate the| tIna prakAra ke kalazoM (kUTa) kA ullekha hai- niSpAva, telakUTa aura ghRtkuutt| kuMbhakAra zAlA ke kaI vibhAga hote the| paNyazAlA meM bartanoM kI bikrI kI jAtI thii| bhAMDazAlA meM unheM ikaTThA karake rakhA jAtA thaa| karmazAlA me unheM taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA aura pacanazAlA meM unheM pakAyA jAtA thA / IMdhanazAlA meM bartanoM ko pakAne ke lie ghAsa, gobara, Adi rakhe jAte the| * sugaMdha, itra, dhUpa Adi ke vyApArI prAcIna bhArata meM sugaMdhita tela, itra, dhUpa Adi kA bahutAyata se upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / sugaMdhita dravya becane vAloM ko gaMdhI aura unakI dukAnoM ko gaMdhazAlA kahA jAtA thaa| ye loga vividha prakAra ke sugaMdhita tela, itra, dhUpa Adi taiyAra karate the| alasI, kusuMbA aura sarasoM ko ghANI meM pera kara tela nikAlA jAtA thaa| sugaMdhita dravyoM meM kUTa, tagara, ilAyacI, cUA (coya), caMpA, damana, kuMkuma, candana, tusaMSka, usIra (khasa), maruA, jAI,jUhI, mallikA, snAna mallikA, ketakI, pATalI, lemAliya, aMgasa, vAsa aura kapUra kA ullekha hai| caityoM, vAsa bhavanoM aura nagaroM meM dhUpa jalAyA jAtA thaa| dhUpadAna ko dhUpa kaDuccha athavA dhUpaghaTI kahA jAtA thaa| lAkSAraMsa bhI eka mahatvapUrNa udyoga thaa| lAkha se striyA~ aura bAlaka apane hAtha paira raMgate the / lAkha se cUr3iyA, khilaune Adi anya vastue~ bhI banAyI jAtI thiiN| * anya kArIgarI hAtha ke kArIgara caTAI (chaviya- charvikA) bunate, [ja kI pAdukAeM banAne, rasse ba~Tate tathA sUpa aura TokariyA~ banAte the| isake alAvA tADapatroM se paMkhe, palAzapatra aura bA~sa kI khappacoM se chAte (bA~satAna) tathA jhADU (veNu saMpacchaNI) aura bA~sa kI peTiyA~ (vaNuphala) banAyI jAtI thI / chIkoM (sikkasa) kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| darbha aura mUMja se rajoharaNa, boriyA~ (goNI) banAyI jAtI thIM / kammaMtazAlAoM meM darbha, chAla aura vRkSoM Adi ke dvArA aneka vastue~ taiyAra kI jAtI thiiN| gRhanirmANa mukhya kalA mAnI jAtI thii| rAja aura bar3haI kA kAma makhya dhaMdhe gine jAte the| makAnoM, prasAdoM, tAlAboM, mandiroM Adi kI nIMva.rakhane ke lie aneka (208)

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rAja aura bar3haI kAma kiyA karate the| makAna banAne ke lie IMTa(iTTikA), miTTI (puDhavI), zarkarA (sakkarA), bAlU (bAluyA) aura patthara (upala) Adi kI jarUrata par3atI thii| pakke makAnoM meM cUnA potane (sudhA kammanta) kA rivAja thA / pattharoM ke ghara (selovaTThANa) banAye jaate.the| baDhaI loga baiThane ke lie Asana, pIThe, palaMga, khATa, khaMTI, sandaka, kASTha kI mUrtiyA~, baccoM ke khela-khilaune aura kASTha ke bartana Adi banAte the / kASTha ke bartanoM meM AyamaNi (luTiyA), ullaMkaya-Doyo, davvI (DoI) Adi kA ulleka milatA hai| kRSNa citra kASTha uttama samajhA jAtA thaa| ___kuzala bar3haI aneka prakAra kI khar3AU~ taiyAra karate the aura unameM vaiDUrya, sundara riSTa aura aMjana jar3akara unheM camakadAra banAte the| unheM bahumUlya ratnoM se bhUSita karate the| rathakAra kA sthAna sarvopari thaa| usakI rAjaratnoM meM gaNanA kI jAtI thii| rathakAra vimAna Adi bhI taiyAra karate the| carmakAra athavA padakAra camar3e kA kAma karate the| ye loga camar3e se pAnI kI maMzaka (deyaDA), carmeSTha (camar3e se veSThita pASANa vAlA hathiyAra) tathA kiNika (eka prakAra kA vAdya) taiyAra karate the / ye aneka prakAra ke jUte bhI banAte the| mAlI (mAlAkAra) eka se eka bar3hakara sundaramAlA aura puSpa guccha (guladastA) gUMthakara taiyAra karate the / puSpoM ke atirikta tRNa, pU~ja, beMta, madana-puSpa, morapaMkha, kapAsa kA sUta, sIMga, hAthI dA~ta, kaur3I, rudrAkSa aura putra-jIva Adi kI bhI mAlAe~ (malla, dAma) banAyI jAtI thIM / phUloM ke mukuTa taiyAra kiye jAte the| pratyeka tyauhAra, mahotsava meM ghara Adi ko puSpoM Adi se sajAne kI paripATI hone ke kAraNa puSpa maMDapa, bandavAra, Adi mAlAoM se sajAvaTa karAyI jAtI thii| * anya pezevara loga Upara kahe hue kRSi, pazupAlana yA vyApAra dhaMdhe se arthopArjana karane vAloM ke sivAya aura bhI bahuta se dUsare pezevara loga bhI the| unheM zramika varga meM to nahIM ginA jA sakatA haiM, phira bhI ve samAja ke lie upayogI the| unameM AcArya, cikitsaka, vastupAThaka, lakSaNa pAThaka, naimettika (nimitta zAstra kA jJAtA) gAMdharvika, naTa, nartaka, jalla (rassI para khela karane vAle), malla, moSTika, viMDavaka (vidUSaka), kathaka (kathAvAcaka), pallavaka (tairAka), lAsana (rAsa gAne vAle),AkhyAyaka (zubhAzubha bayAna karane vAle), laMkha, maMkha, tUNailla (tUNA bajAne vAle), tunavINaka (vINAvAdaka), tAlAcara (tAla dene vAle), bhujaMga (saMpere), mAgadha (gAne-bajAne vAle), hAsyakAra (209)

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(ha~sI-majAka karake ha~sAne vAle), umarakara (masakhare) cATukAra, darpakAra aura kautkucya (kAyA se kuceSTA karane vAle), Adi kA ullekha hai| * bhRtya dAsa Adi pUrvokta prakAra se arthopArjana karane vAloM ke atirikta kucha loga paristhiti vaza yA anya kAraNoM se dAsa, bhRtya Adi ke rUpa meM kisI ke yahA~ raha kara apanI-apanI AjIvikA calAte the| prAcIna bhArata meM dAsa prathA kA pracalana thaa| dAsa-dAsI ghara kA kAma-kAja karate hue apane mAlika ke parivAra ke sAtha hI rahate the| kevala rAjA aura dhanI mAnI loga hI dAsoM ke mAlika nahIM hote the, balki anya loga bhI apane parivAra meM dAsa-dAsI rakhate the / sthAMnAMga sUtra meM chaha prakAra ke dAsa batalAye haiM- janma se hI dAsa vRtti karane vAle, kharIde hue, RNa na cukA sakane ke kAraNa dAsa bane hue, durbhikSa ke samaya dAsavRtti svIkAre hae, jurmAnA Adi na dene ke kAraNa dAsa bane hue aura karjA Adi na cukA sakane ke kAraNa bandIgRha meM DAle hue| dAsa puruSoM kI bhA~ti dAsa striyA~ bhI ghara meM kAma karane ke lie rakhI jAtI thiiN| ve khAdya, bhojya, gaMdha, Alya, vilepana aura paMTala Adi le kara apanI svAminI ke sAtha yakSa Adi ke maMdiroM meM jAtI thii| AgamoM meM aneka dAsiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / ye dAsiyA~ videzoM se maMgAI jAtI thiiN| ye iMgita, cintita, prArthita Adi meM kuzala hotI thIM tathA apane deza kI vezabhUSA Adi dhAraNa kara jaba sabhA meM upasthita hotI thIM, taba bahuta hI AkarSaka jAna par3atI thiiN| ___ dAsiyoM meM kubjA, kirAtI, vAmanA (baunI), vaDamI (jisakA peTa Age AyA huA hai) barbarI (barbara deza kI), bakuzI (bakuza deza kI), yonikA (jonaka deza kI), pahnaviyA (pahanava deza kI), isanikA, ghosakinI (ghAsakiNI, bAsaNiyA, vAsiiNI), lAsiyA (lAsa deza kI), lasikA (lakaza deza kI), drAvir3I(draviDa deza kI), siMhalI (siMhala deza kI), ArabI (araba deza kI), pulidI (puliMda deza kI), pakkaNI, musaMDI, zabarI, pArasI Adi ke nAma ginAye haiN| pratidAna ke samaya vividha prakAra ke vastrAbhUSaNoM ke sAtha dAsiyoM ko bhI dene kA rivAja thaa| dAsa-dAsI bilkula parataMtra hote the| unheM mAlika kI AjJA ke anusAra hI apanI pravRtti karanI par3atI thI, phira bhI ve loga Amoda-pramoda manAne meM pIche nahIM rahate the| uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI TIkA meM dAsI-maha kA ullekha milatA hai| usase patA calatA hai ki dAsa-dAsI bhI dhUma-dhAma se utsava manA kara manoraMjana kiyA karate the| (210)

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putra janma athavA utsavoM Adi ke avasara para dAsoM ko dAsavRtti se mukta kara diyA jAtA thA / kadAcita ghara kA mAlika prasanna ho kara bhI dAsiyoM kA mastaka prakSAlana kara unheM svataMtra kara detA thaa| . dAsoM ke bAda bhRtyoM kA naMbara AtA hai / inakI dazA bhI kucha acchI nahIM thI, phira bhI dAsoM kI apekSA inheM adhika svataMtratA thii| dAsoM ko jIvana bhara ke lie kharIda liyA jAtA thA, jabaki bhRtyoM ko mUlya dekara kucha samaya ke lie hI naukarI para rakhA jAtA thaa| bhRtya paisA athavA jinsa lekara majadUrI karate the| cAra prakAra ke bhRtyoM kA ullekha graMthoM meM kiyA gayA hai- rojAnA majadUrI lekara kAma karane vAle (divasa bhRtaka), yAtrA paryanta sahAyatA karane vAle (yAtrA bhRtaka), Theke para kAma karane vAle(uccatA bhRtaka) aura amuka kAma pUrA karane para amuka majadUrI lene vAle (kabbAla bhRtk)| kucha gharelU kAmakAja karane vAle naukara bhI hote the, jo kauTuMbika puruSa kahalAte the| kucha loga gobara haTAne aura cUlhe meM se rAkha haTAne kA kAma karate the| kucha saphAI kA aura sApha kie hue sthAna para pAnI chir3akane kA kAma karate the| kucha anAja kUTane-pIsane, char3ane aura dalane Adi kA kAma karate the| kucha bhojana pakAte aura parosate the / anya naukara-cAkaroM meM azvapoSaka, hastipoSaka, mahiSa poSaka, siMha poSaka, vyAghra poSaka, ajapoSaka, mRga poSaka, ghota poSaka, zUkara poSaka, kukkuTa poSaka, meMTra poSaka, tittira poSaka, haMsa poSaka aura mayUra poSaka kA ullekha milatA hai| - rAjA ke vividha nijI kArya karane vAloM ke lie alaga-alaga bhRtya hote the| koI rAjA kA aMgarakSaka banakara rAjA ke pAdamUla meM tainAta rahatA thA / isake atirikta rAjabhRtyoM meM chatragrAhI, pAzaka grAhI, pustaka grAhI, phalaka grAhI, pITha grAhI, vINA grAhI, kutupagrAhI, har3appara (dhanuSa) grAhI, dIpika (mazAla) grAhI Adi kA ullekha bhI milatA * vyApAra AyAta-niryAta Adi arthopArjana ke vividha rUpa kRSi dhanopaja aura apane rAjya meM vyApAra Adi karane se jinake pAsa pU~jI ho jAtI thI, ve byAja, Ar3hata, AyAta-niryAta evaM videzoM meM vyApAra dvArA arthopArjana karate the| una dinoM meM rAjya ke pAsa rASTrIya dhana kA kAphI bar3A hissA maujUda rahatA thA, jise Taiksa aura jarmAne Adi ke rUpa meM prajA se vasUla kiyA jAtA thA tathA bhaugolika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa bar3e paimAne para dhana kA upArjana nahIM hotA thA aura na rAjya kI (211)

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ora se hI audyogika vikAsa ke lie dhana lagAyA jAtA thaa| isa kAraNa kucha eka dhanI vyApAriyoM ko chor3akara kama hI loga pU~jIpati kahalAte the, lekina jo pU~jIpati kahe jAte the, ve hara taraha ke vyApAra karate 1 / ve vyApAra nIti banAte the aura vyApAra para niyaMtraNa rakhate the / kucha loga kisI vastu, makAna yA anya sAdhanoM ko dekara badale meM kirAyA aura kucha loga pU~jI dekara byAja lete the / una dinoM karja aura sUda lene kI prathA thI / karjadAra ko dhAraNIya kahate the / vaha yadi apane hI deza meM ho, to use karjA cukAnA par3atA thA / lekina yadi vaha samudra yAtrA para bAhara calA gayA ho aura mArga meM jahAja DUba gayA ho aura vaha kisI taraha eka dhotI se tairakara apanI jAna bacA le, to use karja cukAne kA adhikArI nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / yaha usa samaya kI vaNika nIti thI / yadi karjadAra ke pAsa karja cukAne ke lie paisA to hai, para vaha itanA nahIM hai ki sArA karja cukA sake to sAhUkAra usa para mukadamA karake apanA AdhA yA cauthAI karja vasUla kara letA thA aura yaha bhugatAna pUre karja kA bhugatAna samajhA jAtA thA / yadi karja samaya para nahIM cukAyA jAtA, to karjadAra ko karja ke badale sAhUkAra kI gulAmI karanI par3atI thI / kucha loga kisI vyApAra, khetI Adi meM pU~jI lagAkara saba taraha ke kharca nikAlane ke bAda zeSa Aya ko bA~Ta lete the| bar3e-bar3e dhanapati utpAdanakartA se thoka bhAva para mAla kharIdakara choTe-choTe vyApAriyoM ko becate the athavA videza bhejate the / svayaM mAla lekara jala-thala mArgoM dvArA dUra-dUra kI yAtrA karate the| aisA karane se jo munAphA hotA thA, usake mAlika ve hI mAne jAte the / AgamoM meM baDDhi (vRddhi) zabda kA prayoga milatA hai / isakA artha hai lAbha aura byAja / Ananda gAthApati kA ullekha AgamoM meM hai / usake pAsa vyApAra meM lagAne ke atirikta byAja para dene ke lie cAra karor3a suvarNa mudrAe~ surakSita thI / vaNika logoM meM se kucha to eka jagaha dukAna lagAkara vyApAra karate (vaNi) aura kucha binA dukAna ke ghUma-phira kara vyApAra karate (vivaNi) the / kakkhapuDiya nAma ke vaNika apanI gaTharI bagala meM dabAkara calate the aura gA~va-gA~va ghUmakara apanA mAla becate the / varSA kAla meM loga vyApAra ke lie nahIM jAte the| loga rAjA kA Adeza pAkara apanI gAr3iyA~ lekara jaMgala meM jAte the aura vahA~ se lakar3iyA~ kATakara lAte the / kumhAra apanI gAr3iyoM meM miTTI ke bartana aura AyIra (ahIra) ghI ke ghar3e bharakara nagaroM meM becane ke lie lAte the| jala aura thala mArgoM se vyApAra huA karatA thA / Anandapura (bar3anagara, uttara, gujarAta) mathurA aura dazArNapura (eracha jilA jhA~sI) ye sthala (212)

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paTTaNa ke pramukha nagara the, jahA~ sthala mArga se mAla le jAyA jAtA thA / isI prakAra dvIpa, kAnadvIpa aura puriMma (puriya- jagannAthapurI) ye jala paTTaNa ke nagara the, jahA~ jalamArga se vyApAra hotA thA / (bharuca) aura tAmralipti (tAmalukha) droNamukha kahe jAte the, jahA~ aura sthala donoM mArgoM se vyApAra hotA thA / jala pratyeka gA~va meM vyApArI hote the tathA mAla kA becanA aura kharIdanA utpAdanakartA aura upabhoktA ke bIca huA karatA thA / yaha vyApAra alaga-alaga dukAnoM yA bAjAra kI maMDI meM hotA thA / yadi bikrI ke bAda mAla baca jAtA, to vaha deza ke anya vyApArika kendroM meM bheja diyA jAtA thA / 1 vaNika AyAta-niryAta bhI karate the / kauna-sI vastue~ bAhara bhejI jAtI thI aura kauna-sI bAhara se AtI thI tathA kauna-sI vastuoM kA antardezIya vinimaya hotA thA / ina saba bAtoM kA to ThIka-ThIka patA nahIM lagatA, lekina itanA jarUra kahA jA sakatA hai ki bahuta-sI vastuoM kA vinimaya hotA thA / vyApArI apane yahA~ hone vAlI vastuoM ko gAr3I, nAva, jahAja Adi se bharakara dUra-dUra ke dezoM meM le jAte the aura badale meM vahA~ se dUsarI vastue~ lekara Ate the / jJAtA dharmakathA ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba vyApArI samUha ke sAtha vyApAra karane nikalate the, taba apane sAtha khAne-pIne kI vastue~, auSadhi, astra-zastra Adi kI vyavasthA karake calate the / apane yahA~ jo vastue~ hotI thI, unheM lekara jAte the| videzoM se mAla lAne vAle vyApArI rAja kara se bacane ke lie chalakapaTa karane se nahIM cUkate the / rAjapraznIya meM ullekha hai ki aMkarana, zaMkha aura hAthI dA~ta ke vyApArI Taiksa se bacane ke lie sIdhe mArgoM se yAtrA na kara durgama mArga se ghUma-ghUmakara icchita sthAna para pahu~cate the / vastuoM kI pUrti nizcita nahIM thI / yAtAyAta ke baMda hone se utpAdana para eka hI vyakti kA adhikAra hone se aura utpAdana sAdhanoM ke bahuta purAne hone se mAla kI pUrti jaldI nahIM hotI thI / lene-becane meM milAvaTa (pratirUpaka vyavahAra) aura beImAnI calatI thI / - mAyAvI vyApArI sIdhe-sAde grAhakoM ko Thaga lete the / 1 paradeza yAtrA ke lie rAjA kI AjJA (rAyavara sAsaNa- pAsaporTa) prApta karanA jarUrI thA / vyApArI subaha kA nAztA (pAyarAsehi) karake mArgoM meM Thaharate hue yAtrA karate the / iSTa sthAna paraM pahu~ca jAne para ve upahAra Adi lekara rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita hote the / rAjA unakA kara mApha kara detA aura unake Thaharane kI ucita vyavasthA bhI karatA thA / (213)

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* katipaya pramukha vyApAra kendra . caMpA prAcIna kAla meM udyoga vyApAra kA bahuta bar3A kendra thA / yahA~ ke bAjAra zilpiyoM se AkIrNa rahA karate the| yaha mithilA se jur3A huA thaa| yahA~ aneka prasiddha potavaNika sArthavAha rahA karate the| ve jala aura sthala mArga se dUra-dUra taka jAkara mAla kA kraya-vikraya karate the| yahA~ kaI dakAneM thI, jinameM vividha prakAra kI eka se eka upayogI vastue~ bikatI thIM / karmAntazAlA (kammAMtazAlA) meM ustare Adi. para dhAra lagAI jAtI thii| pANAgAra (dasAvaNa, dasApaNa) meM madya becI jAtI thii| isI prakAra cakrizAlA meM tela, goliya zAlA meM gur3a, goviyazAla meM gAya, dosiya.zAlA meM dUSya (vastra), sottiya zAlA meM sUta aura gaMdhiya zAlA meM suMgadhita padArtha bece jAte the| ujjayinI vyApAra kA dUsarA bar3A kendra thaa| dhanavasu yahA~ kA eka prasiddha vyApArI thaa| usane apane sArtha ke sAtha vyApAra ke lie caMpA prasthAna kiyA thaa| ujjayinI ke vyApArI pArasakula (IrAna) taka jAte the| rAjA pradyota ke samaya meM . ujjayinI meM ATha bar3I-bar3I dukAneM thI, jahA~ pratyeka vastu mola milatI thii| . mathurA uttarApatha kA eka pramukha vyApArika kendra thaa| yahA~ ke loga banija-vyApAra se hI nirvAha karate the| khetI-bAr3I yahA~ nahIM hotI thI / yahA~ ke loga vyApAra ke lie dakSiNa mathurA (madurAI) jAte-Ate rahate the / uttarApatha ke TaMkaNa (Takka) mlecchoM ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki parvatoM meM rahane ke kAraNa ve durjeya the aura sonA tathA hAthI dA~ta Adi bahumUlya vastue~ lekara vyApAra ke lie dakSiNApatha kI yAtrA karate the| ye loga dakSiNa vAsiyoM kI bhASA nahIM samajhate the, isalie hAtha ke izAroM se mola tola hotA thaa| jaba taka apane mAla kA ucita mUlya nahIM milatA thA, taba taka ve apane mAla para se hAtha nahIM uThAte the| suzuparika (soppAraya-nAlA sopArA jilA ThANe) vyApAra kA eka pramukha kendra thaa| yahA~ bahuta se vyApAriyoM ke rahane kA ullekha hai| bhRgukaccha aura suvarNabhUmi (barmA) ke sAtha inakA vyApAra calatA thaa| saurASTra ke vyApArI vArivRSabha jahAja se pAMDumathurA samudra ke rAste jAyA-AyA karate the| dhana, kanaka, ratna, janapada, ratha aura ghor3oM se samRddha dvArakA (bArabai) saurASTra kA pradhAna nagara thA / vyApArI yahA~ deyAlaMga paTTaNa (verAvala) se nAvoM dvArA apanA mAla lekara Ate the| vasantapura ke vyApArI vyApAra ke lie caMpA jAyA AyA karate the| kSitipratiSThita nagara ke vyApAriyoM kA vasantapura jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| (214)

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hatthisIsa vyApAra aura udyoga kA dUsarA kendra thA / yahA~ aneka vyApArI rahA karate the / yahA~ ke vyApArI vyApAra ke lie kAliya dvIpa jAte the| yaha dvIpa sone, ratna aura hIroM kI samRddha khAnoM tathA dhArIdAra ghor3oM ke lie prasiddha thaa| pArasadvIpa meM prAya: vyApAriyoM kA AnA-jAnA lagA rahatA thaa| siMhala dvIpa (laMkA) meM vyApArI ThaharA karate the| siMhala, pArasa, barbara (bArvarikona), joNiya (bhavana bhava), damila (tamila), araba, pulinda, bahalI (vAhlIka, balkha, aphagAnistAna) tathA anya anArya dezoM se dAsa-dAsI lAe jAte the| mathurA aura vidizA vastra utpAdana ke bar3e kendra the / gaur3a deza rezamI vastroM ke lie prasiddha thA / pUrva se Ane vAlA vastra lATa deza meM Akara UMcI kImata para bikatA thA / tAmralipti, malaya, kAka, tosalI, siMdha, dakSiNApatha aura cIna se vividha prakAra ke vastra Ate the / nepAla roe~dAra bahumUlya kaMbaloM ke lie prasiddha thaa| mahArASTra meM UnI kaMbala adhika mUlya meM bikate the / kAliya dvIpa ke atirikta kaMboja va uttarApatha ghor3oM ke lie prasiddha the| dIlavAliyA ke khaccara acche samajhe jAte the| puNDU (mahAsthAna jilA bAMgarA, baMgAla) apanI kAlI gAyoM ke lie prasiddha thaa| pArasakula (IrAna) se zaMkha, pugIphala (supArI), caMdana, agaru, majITha, cAMdI, sonA, maNi, muktA, pravAla Adi bahumUlya vastue~ AtI thii| * yAtAyAta ke sAdhana . vyApAra aura udyoga dhaMdhoM ke vikAsa ke lie zIghragAmI aura saste AvAgamana ke sAdhanoM kA honA parama Avazyaka hai| usa kAla meM jalamArga aura sthala mArga yAtAyAta ke sAdhana the| jaina AgamoM meM sthala mArga saMbaMdhI zraMgAraka (siMghATaka), cika (tiga), catuSka (caukka), catvara (caccara), mahApatha aura rAjamArga jaise zabdoM kA ullekha to milatA hai, phira bhI una dinoM meM mArgoM kI dazA saMtoSajanaka pratIta nahIM hotI hai| ye mArga jaMgaloM, registAnoM aura pahAr3iyoM meM se hokara gujarate the, isalie ina mArgoM meM ghora varSA, cora, luTere, hAthI, zera Adi jaMgalI jAnavaroM, rAjya avarodha, agni, rAkSasa, gaDDe, sUkhA, duSkAla, jaharIle vRkSa Adi kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| kabhI jaMgala kA rAstA pAra karate samaya varSAkAla bitAnA par3atA thaa| kitane hI mArga bahuta bIhar3a hote the ora ina mAgoM ke guNa-doSoM kA saMketa karane ke lie mArga ke abhAva meM rAste meM kIle gAr3a diyA karate the, jisase dizA kA patA laga sake / registAna ke yAtrI rAta ko jaldI-jaldI yAtrA karate the| bAlaka aura vRddha Adi ke lie yahA~ kAvar3a kAma meM lI jAtI thii| ina saba kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa una dinoM vyApArI loga sAtha banAkara yAtrA (215)

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kiyA karate the| Agama sAhitya meM inake kaI prakAra ke nAma milate haiN| jaise maMDI (gAr3iyoM aura chakar3oM dvArA mAla Dhone vAle), bahilaga (U~Ta, khaccara aura bailoM dvArA mAla Dhone vAle), bhAravaha (apanA mAla svayaM Dhone vAle), odariyA (apanI AjIvikA ke yogya dravya lekara eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhramaNa karane vAle), kappaDiya (kApArTika sAdhu) Adi / dUsare prakAra isa prakAra haiM- kAlotthAyI (sUryodaya hone para gamana karane vAle), kAla nivekSI (sUrya kA udaya hone para yA prathama pauruSI- jisa kAla meM puruSa pramANa chAyA ho- meM kahIM Thaharane vAle), sthAna sthAyI (gokula Adi meM Thaharane vAle), kAlabhojI (madhyAhna sUrya ke samaya bhojana karane vAle) Adi / sArtha ke loga araMgA (gAr3I), pAlakI, ghor3e, bhaiMse, hAthI aura baila lekara calate the, jisase ki calane meM asamartha rogiyoM, ghAyaloM, bAlakoM aura vRddhoM ko ina vAhanoM para car3hAkara le jAyA jA ske| sArtha ke loga Akasmika saMkaTa, bAr3ha, varSA Adi kA dhyAna rakhakara dantika (modaka), gehU~ (gora), tila, bIja, gur3a, ghI Adi vastuoM ko apane sAtha lekara calate . the| ye loga apanA sAmAna gAr3iyoM meM bharakara mArga meM sthAna-sthAna para Thaharate hue calate the| sArtha ke saba vyApArI apane meM se kisI ko pramukha cuna lete the| use sArthavAha kahA jAtA thA / gamana karane se pUrva vaha munAdI karAkara ghoSaNA karatA thA ki jo koI unake sAtha yAtrA karegA, usake bhoja, pAna, vastra auSadhi Adi kI vyavasthA muphta kI jaaegii| sArthavAha dhanurvidyA Adi meM evaM zAsana meM kuzala hotA thaa| sArtha ke vyApArI rAjA kI anujJApUrvaka gaNima (ginane yogya / jaise jAyaphala, supArI Adi), ghadima (dekhane yogya / jaise kaMku, gur3a Adi), meya (mApane yogya / jaise ghI-tela Adi) aura pariccheda (pariccheda karane yogya / jaise ratna, vastra Adi) nAmaka cAra prakAra kA mAla lekara dhana kamAne ke lie gamana karate the| gAr3I yA chakar3A (sagar3I-sAgar3a) ko yAtAyAta ke upayoga meM liyA jAtA thaa| majabUta kASThavAlI vajrakIla aura lohapaTTa se yukta gAr3I bhAravahana karane meM samartha samajhI jAtI thii| gAr3I ke pahiyoM ke dhura meM deka dekara pahiyoM ko auMgA jAtA thaa| maMDI, bahilaga, kAya aura zIrSa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jinase mAla DhoyA jAtA thaa| yAna vAhaka yAna aura vAhana kA dhyAna rakhate the| yAnoM meM baila jote jAte the| unheM AbhUSaNoM se sajAte the| bailoM ke sIMga tIkSNa hote the aura unameM ghaMTiyA~ evaM suvarNakhacita sUtra kI rassiyA~ ba~dhI rahatI thii| unake mu~ha meM lagAma (paggaha-pagahA) par3I rahatI thI aura nIlakamala unake mastaka para zobhAyamAna rahate the| vahakavAna (216)

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(pao adhara - pratodadhara) unheM hA~kate samaya nokadAra char3I (paoda laTThI) kA upayoga karate the / bar3hiyA kisma ke yAnoM meM ratha kA ullekha milatA hai / zibikA (zikhara ke AkAra kI Dha~kI huIM pAlakI) aura syandamAnI (puruSa pramANa pAlakI) kA upayoga rAjAoM va.dhanikoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA / rathoM meM ghor3e jote jAte the / cAra ghor3oM vAle rathoM kA ullekha AgamoM meM milatA hai| yugma (jugga) gilkSaNI aura thillI kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / do hAtha pramANa caukona vedI se yukta pAlakI ko yugma kahate haiM / golla deza (golli-guMTUra jilA) meM isakA pracAra thaa| do puruSoM dvArA uThAkara le jAI jAne vAlI DolI ko gillI tathA do khaccaroM ke yAna ko thillI kahA jAtA thA / 1 | 1 sthala mArga ke yAtAyAta ke sAdhana Upara batAe gae haiN| jalamArga ke yAnoM meM nAva kA pramukha sthAna thaa| nadiyoM meM nAvoM dvAra mAla DhoyA jAtA thA / nadI taTa para utarane ke lie sthAna bane rahate the tathA nAvoM dvArA nadiyoM meM isa pAra se usa pAra jAyA jAtA thA / nAvoM ko agaTThiyA, antaraDaka goliyA (DoMgI) aura kocabIraga (jalayAna) Adi kahA jAtA thA / kucha nAveM hAthI kI sU~Da ke AkAra kI hotI thI / Agama sAhitya meM cAra prakAra kI nAvoM kA ullekha milatA hai- anuloma gAminI, pratiloma gAminI, tidiccha saMtAraNI (eka kinAre se dUsare kinAre para sarala rUpa se jAne vAlI aura samudra gAminI / samAja vikAsa ke prAraMbhika samaya meM mazaka (hati-daiya) aura bakare kI khAla para baiThakara bhI loga nadI pAra karate the / isake atirikta cAra kASThoM ke konoM para cAra ghar3e bA~dhakara, mazaka meM havA bharakara, tumbI' ke sahAre, ghiranai (uDupa) para baiThakara tathA paNa nAmaka latAoM se bane do bar3e TokaroM ko bA~dhakara unase nadI pAra karate the / nAva meM laMbA rassA bA~dhakara use kinAre para sthita vRkSa athavA lohe ke khUMTe meM bA~dha diyA jAtA thA / mU~ja athavA darbha athavA pIpala Adi kI chAla ko kUTakara banAe hue piMDa (kuTTabiMda) se athavA vastra ke cithar3oM ke sAtha kUTe hue piMDa (celamaTTiyA) se nAva kA chidra baMda kiyA jAtA thA / 1 1 vyApArI jahAjoM se samudra kI yAtrAe~ kiyA karate the / jahAja ke lie potavahana, vahana aura prahaNa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / jahAja pavana ke jora (pavana bala samAhya) se calate the / unameM DAMDe aura patavAre rahatI thI / loga pAla ke sahAre jahAja ko Age bar3hAte the / laMgara DAlakara jahAja ThaharAyA jAtA thA / niryAmaka (nijjAmaya) jahAja ko khete the / jahAja ke anya karmacAriyoM meM kukSidhAraka, karNadhAra aura garmaja (jahAja para choTA-moTA kAma karane vAle) ke nAma ginAe gae haiN| (217)

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* prasthAna samAroha ___ vyApArI sArtha banAkara athavA jahAjoM dvArA jaba dUra videzoM meM vyApAra karane ke lie jAte the, taba unheM samAroha ke sAtha bheMTa Adi dekara vidA kiyA jAtA thaa| vyApArI zubha tithi, karaNa, nakSatra, muhUrta Adi dekhakara iSTa mitroM ko bhojana ke lie AmaMtrita karate the| ve chakar3oM meM mAla ladavAte the tathA sAtha meM cAvala, ATA, tela, gur3a, ghI, gorasa, jala, jala ke pAtra, auSadhi, tRNa, kASTha, AvaraNa (tirapAla Adi), prarahaNa Adi bharakara yAnoM kI pUjA Adi karake iSTa mitroM, svajanoM Adi se milakara prasthAna karate / mitrajana unheM bidAI dete samaya bheTa dete the| jalamArga se jAne vAle loga jahAjoM para puSpa car3hAte, sarasa rakta caMdana ke pA~coM U~galiyoM ke pota para chApe lagAte, dhUpa jalAkara samudra kI pUjA karate aura phira ucita sthAna para dhvajA phaharAkara zubha zakuna grahaNa kara rAjA kI AjJA prApta kara jahAjoM para savAra hote the| usa samaya stuti pAThaka maMgala gAna karate the aura jahAja ke vAhaka, karNadhAra, kukSidhAra aura gamajjika Adi karmacArI apane-apane sthAna para kAma meM lagakara laMgara chor3a dete the| samudra meM tUphAna Ane para kabhI-kabhI jahAja DUba bhI jAte the| aise saMkaTa ke samaya vaNika loga dhUpa Adi dvArA devatA kI pUjA karake use zAnta karate the / jahAja DUba jAne para bhAgya yoga se koI bacakara kahIM se kahIM pahu~ca jAtA thaa| * mudrA mAla kA mUlya rupae-paise ke rUpa meM nirdhArita thaa| Agama sAhitya meM aneka prakAra kI mudrAoM, sikkoM tathA unakI antardezIya vinimaya dara nirdhAraNa kA ullekha milatA hai / upAsaka dazA meM hiraNya-suvarNa kA eka sAtha ullekha hai / vaise suvarNa kA nAma alaga se bhI AtA hai / anya mudrAoM meM kArSApaNa (kAhAvaNa), mAsa, arddhamAsa aura rUpaka kA ullekha hai| paNNaga aura pAyaMka mudrAoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM suvarNamAsaya (suvarNamASaka) kA nAma AtA hai / saMbhavata: yaha choTA sikkA ho / bRhatkalpa bhASya aura usakI vRtti meM aneka prakAra ke sikkoM kA ullekha hai| suvarNamASaka saMbhavata: sabase choTA sikkA thA aura dakSiNApatha meM pracalita thaa| cAMdI ke sikkoM meM dravya kA ullekha milatA hai| bhillamAla (bhInamAla jilA jodhapura) meM yaha sikkA pracalita thaa| sone ke sikkoM meM dInAra athavA kevaDika kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / usakA pracAra pUrva deza meM thaa| mayUrAMka rAjA ne apane nAma se cihnita dInAroM ko gAr3akara rakhA thaa| khoTe rUpakoM kA bhI pracalana thaa| sunAra (hairakaNya) aMdhere meM bhI khoTe sikkoM ko pahacAna lete the| (218)

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bRhatkalpa bhASya meM dvIpa (saurASTra ke dakSiNa meM samudra mArga meM eka yojana calane para sthita) ke do sAmaraka ko uttarApatha ke eka rUpyaka ke barAbara, dakSiNA patha ke do rUpyakoM ko kAMcIpurI ke eka nelaka ke barAbara tathA kAMcIpurI ke do nelakoM ko kusumapura (pATalIputra) ke eka nelaka ke barAbara batAyA gayA hai| * mApa-taula Agama sAhitya meM pA~ca prakAra ke mApoM kA ullekha milatA hai- mAna, unmAna, avamAna, gaNima aura patimAna / mAna do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai- dhanamAna pramANa aura rasamAna pramANa / dhanamAna pramANa (jisase dhAnya Adi kI mApa-taula kI jAtI hai) ke aneka bheda haiN| jaise- asaI, pasaI, setikA, kuDuva, prastha, ADhaka, droNa, muktolI, mukha, idUra, AliMdaka, apacAra Adi / mApikA dvArA tarala padArthoM ko mApA jAtA thaa| unmAna meM agaru, tagara Adi vastue~ AtI haiN| inake mApa ke lie karSa, pala, tulA aura bhAra kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| avamAna meM hasta, daMDa, dhanuSka, yuga, nAlikA, akSa aura muzala kI gaNanA hotI thI / inase kae~, IMTa kA ghara, lakar3I, caTAI, kapar3A aura khAI vagairaha mApI jAtI thii| gaNima meM ginatI kI jAtI thii| __ pratimAna meM gaMjA, kAkiNI, niSpAva, karmabhAraka, maiDalaka aura svarNa kI ginatI kI jAtI thii| inake dvArA sonA, cAMdI, ratna, motI, zaMkha aura pravAla Adi tole jAte dUrI mApane ke lie aMgula, vitasti, ratni, kukSi, dhanuSa aura gavyUta tathA laMbAI mApane ke lie paramANu, trasareNu, rathareNu, bAlAgra, likSA, yUkA, yava kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / samaya mApane ke lie samaya, AvalikA, zvAsa, ucchavAsa, stoka, lava, muhUrta, ahorAtra, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, yuga, varSazata (zatAbdI) se lekara zIrSa prahelikA taka kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| ___ tulA kA bhI ullekha milAta hai| dUsare kI A~kha bacAkara kama-jyAdA tolane aura mApane kA kAma calatA thaa| * udhAra lenA-denA vyApAra meM athavA Apasa meM vizvAsa para udhAra lete tathA dete the| dhana adhikatara sone Adi ke rUpa meM saMcita kiyA jAtA thaa| loga apane mitroM ke pAsa bhI apanA dhana dharohara ke rUpa meM rakha diyA karate the, lekina usakI surakSA kI koI gAraNTI nahIM thii| kitanI hI bAra loga isa dhana ko vApasa nahIM dete the (219)

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(nyAsApahAra-nAsAvahAra) / AvazyakatA par3ane para loga udhAra lete the| lena-dena aura sAhUkArI ImAnadArI kA pezA samajhA jAtA thaa| rupayA udhAra lete samaya rukke-parce likhane kA rivAja thaa| loga jhUThe rakke-parce bhI likha diyA karate the| ise kuDaleha-kUTalekha kahA gayA hai| yadi koI vaNika karja cakAne meM asamartha hotA. to usake ghara para eka mailI-kucailI jhaMDI lagA dI jAtI thii| kisI ko divAliyA ghoSita karane kI usa kAla meM yaha prathA thii| * vyApArika saMgaThana ___yadyapi una dinoM meM udyoga dhaMdhe bahuta kamajora the aura logoM kI krayazakti vastuoM ke pArasparika vinimaya para AdhArita thI, phira bhI vyApArika saMgaThana maujUda the| suvarNakAra, citrakAra aura rajaka (dhobI) jaise mahatvapUrNa kArIgaroM ke saMgaThana the| unheM zreNI kahA jAtA thaa| Agama sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI aThAraha zreNiyoM kA ullekha hai, lekina inake karttavya, vidhAna, saMgaThana ke uddezya Adi ke bAre meM vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| zreNI apane sadasyoM ke hitoM kI rakSA ke lie prayatnazIla rahatI thii| unake pramukha sadasya rAjA ke nikaTa pahu~cakara nyAya kI mA~ga karate the| daraasala zreNI eka prakAra kA aisA saMgaThana thA, jisameM eka yA vibhinna jAti ke loga hote the, lekina unakA vyApAra dhaMdhA eka hI hotA thaa| sAtha hI ye zreNiyA~ rAjya ke jana samudAya kA pratinidhitva karatI thI aura isase rAjA ko unake vicAra aura unakI bhAvanAoM ko sammAnita karane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA thaa| zilpakAroM kI zreNiyoM kI bhA~ti vyApAriyoM kI bhI zreNiyA~ thiiN| unameM nadI yA samudra se yAtrA karane vAle vyApArI aura sArthavAha zAmila the| aise kitane hI sArthoM ke ullekha milate haiM, jo vividha mAla- asabAba ke sAtha eka deza se dUsare deza meM jAte-Ate the| zreSThI aThAraha zreNiyoM-prazreNiyoM kA mukhiyA mAnA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM prAcIna bhArata kI arthopArjana vyavasthA se saMbaMdhita vividha bAtoM kI jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai / aba Age ke aMtima prakaraNa meM Agama sAhitya meM tatkAlIna dhArmika vyavasthA kA jo rUpa upalabdha hotA hai, usake bAre meM vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| (220)

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adhyAya 12 Agama sAhitya meM dhArmika vyavasthA kA rUpa * dharma kI bahulakSI vyAkhyA ___ sAmAnyata: dharma zabda kA prayoga AdhyAtmika vikAsonmukhI AcAra ke lie kiyA jAtA hai aura sarvasAdhAraNa meM isI bhAva ko vyakta karane ke lie dharma zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA jAtA hai, lekina jaina AgamoM meM sirpha AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie kie jAne vAle tapa-tyAga-vrata-vidhAnoM ko hI nahIM, apitu deza, samAja, nagara, grAma, kula, parivAra Adi ke prati dAyitvoM ko nibhAnA bhI dharma mAnA gayA hai / dharma kA saMbaMdha sirpha vyaktigata AcAra se hI nahIM hai, apitu samaSTi kI sukha-suvidhA aura vyavasthA se bhI hai / isa dRSTi meM dharma kI aneka rUpoM meM vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai, lekina sthUla rUpa se AgamoM meM dharma kI dasa prakAra kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / vaha isa prakAra hai- grAma dharma, nagara dharma, rASTra dharma, pASaMDa dharma, kula dharma, gaNa dharma, saMgha dharma, zruta dharma, cAritra dharma aura astikAya dhrm| saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA jAe, to ukta dasa bhedoM kA rASTra, samAja aura dharma ina tIna meM samAveza ho sakatA hai, kyoMki grAma aura nagaroM kA samUha ho sakatA hai kyoMki grAma aura nagaroM kA samUha rASTra hai / kula aura gaNa samAja ke aMga hai aura pASaMDa se samAja kI laukika mAnyatAoM, rUr3hiyoM aura prathAoM kA bodha hotA hai / saMgha kA saMbaMdha samAja se bhI hai AdhyAtmika dharma sAdhanA kSetra kI vyavasthA se bhI hai / isa kAraNa yathA yogya dharma va samAja meM usakA grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa aMgajJAna aura AcAra hai, ataH unakA bodha dharma zabda se karAyA jAtA hai / Agama sAhitya meM ina sabhI ke bAre meM vicAra dekhane ko milate haiN| unameM se yahA~ dhArmika vyavasthA kA vicAra karate haiN| nigraMtha sAdhanA evaM nivRtti poSaka vicAra jaina dharma ke keMdra bindu haiM, ataH AgamoM meM mukhyatayA inase saMbaMdhita siddhAMtoM, AcAra vyavahAra aura unake anurUpa jIvana sAdhanA aMgIkAra karane vAloM evaM unakI vibhinna zreNiyoM kA varNana hai / isake alAvA prAsaMgika rUpa meM samakAlIna anya pracalita mata-matAntaroM, paraMparAoM aura unake anuyAyI sAdhakoM Adi kA bhI ullekha hai / uttarakAlIna Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM apanI sama sAmayika loka vyavasthA ke kAraNa utpanna paristhitiyoM meM sAdhanA kI surakSA ke nimitta apavAdoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jo isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki utsarga (221)

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mArga kI surakSA ke lie saMkaTa ke samaya meM anya kisI upAya ke na rahane para unakA upayoga kara lenA cAhie, lekina saMkaTa Talane para unakA prAyazcita karake zuddhikaraNapUrvaka pUrvavat mArga para calanA caahie| * Agamagata nigraMtha sAdhanA ke siddhAMta ___-nigraMtha sAdhanA kI yaha mUla dRSTi aura kuMjI hai-'pUrva paricita saMyogoM kA tyAga karake jo kahIM kisI vastu kI AkAMkSA nahIM rakhatA, usa vastu meM sneha nahIM rakhatA aura sneha karane vAloM ke prati bhI sneha nahIM dikhAtA, vaha bhikSu doSoM aura pradoSoM se mukta hotA hai| isI dRSTi ke anusAra AcArAMga meM nigraMthoM kI caryA kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| usake donoM zrutaskaMdhoM meM batAyA hai ki nigraMtha sAdhanA kI bhUmikA nirmANa karane ke lie kyA Avazyaka hai aura usake bAda usakI surakSA ke lie karaNIya vaidha upAya Adi hai| prathama zrutaskaMdha ke zastra parijJA adhyayana meM bhUmikA nirmANa kI dRSTi se batAyA hai ki yaha vizva pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa ina chaha nikAyoM se khacAkhacA bharA huA hai / ataH inakI surakSA ke lie AraMbha-samAraMbha karanA varjita hai, kyoMki jaba taka Atmavat sarvabhUteSu kI bhAvanA vyApaka aura sabala nahIM banegI, taba taka nipaeNthatA kI ora nahIM bar3hA jA skegaa| jIvoM ke AraMbha samAraMbha kA kAraNa haikrodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ye cAra kaSAya / ataH ina kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta karane para nigraMtha sAdhanA meM oja AtA hai / vaha sabala banatI hai / ataH lokavijaya nAmaka dUsare adhyayana meM inake tyAga kI AvazyakatA batalAI hai-vaiSayika sAdhanoM kI prApti-aprAptijanya sukha-duHkha / jaba taka bAhya vastuoM kI ora dhyAna rahatA hai, taba taka nirgrathatA kI ora nahIM bar3hA jA sakatA / isI bAta kA vicAra tIsare zItoSNIya adhyayana meM kiyA gayA hai| . isa prakAra prathama tIna adhyayanoM meM nigraMtha sAdhanA kI bhUmikA ke nirmANa kA varNana karane ke bAda usakI surakSA ke mUla upAya ko batAyA hai ki ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa kA AcaraNa isa bhAvanA ke dvArA sAdhanA kI surakSA karanI caahie| inheM jitanA vyavahAra meM lAyA jAegA aura inake Azaya ke anukUla pravRtti kI jAegI, utanI hI sAdhanA sabala bnegii| isake pariNAma svarUpa usa AtmA ke darzana hoMge, jo zabdAtIta hai evaM buddhi va tarka se agamya hai / ina donoM bAtoM ko kramazaH caturtha samyaktva aura paMcama lokasAra nAmaka adhyayanoM meM batAyA gayA hai| zuddha Atmatatva ko jAna lene, samajha lene aura usakI prApti ho jAne ke bAda bhI kucha na kucha svajana, upakaraNa, vaibhava, (222)

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satkAra Adi kI tuSNA yadi rahatI hai to use bhI jhaTaka denA cAhie aura isake bAda bhI yadi moha ke kucha tantu zeSa raheM to unakA bhI bhalI prakAra se nikaMdana karanA caahie| aisA karate samaya yadi aisI zArIrika sthiti utpanna ho jAe ki saMyama kI rakSA hI nahIM ho sake athavA anukUla pratikUla upasargoM ke kAraNa asaMyama kI sthiti utpanna ho jAe to jIvana kA moha chor3akara zarIra kA tyAga karane meM bhI kisI prakAra kA vicAra nahIM karanA caahie| nigraMtha sAdhanA kI isI cintanAtmaka bhUmikA ko sabala banAne ke lie dUsare zrutaskaMdha meM AcAra pradhAna pravRttimUlaka vidhi vidhAnoM kA mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti nivRtti kA, paMca mahAvratoM evaM unakI bhAvanAoM kA saMyama kI ekavidhatA, dvividhatA Adi kA va cAturyAma paMcayAma, rAtribhojana tyAga ityAdi kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| Upara nigraMtha sAdhanA kI jina mUlabhUta bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, unakA varNana anya aMga AgamoM meM bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM hai aura aMga bAhya AgamoM meM bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / pUrNa nigraMtha to isakI sAdhanA samagra rUpa se karate haiM, lekina jo vaisA karane meM sakSama nahIM hai athavA abhyAsa karane vAle haiM, unake lie aNuvrata ke rUpa meM sAdhanA mArga batalAyA hai / donoM prakAra kI sAdhanA meM sarva (pUrNa) aura eka deza (AMzika) kI apekSA se bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina sAdhanA mArga eka hI hai| usameM aMtara nahIM hai| ___ isa nigraMtha sAdhanA ko zramamaNAcAra yA sAdhvAcAra bhI kahate haiN| * vrata niyama pAlana kI duSkaratAH ___nirgrantha sAdhanA ke vrata aura niyamoM kA pAlana param duSkara batAyA gayA hai aura usa duSkaratA ko upamAoM Adi se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jaise gaMgA ke prati srota ko pAra karanA, samudra ko bhujAoM se tairanA, bAlU ke grAsa kA bhakSaNa karanA, talavAra kI dhAra para calanA, lohe ke cane cabAnA, jalatI Aga kI zikhA ko pakar3anA aura merU parvata ko tarAjU se taulanA mahAduSkara hai, vaise hI zramaNa dharma kA AcaraNa bhI mahAduSkara hai / isa sAdhanA ke pAlana meM sarpa kI bhA~ti ekAnta dRSTi aura chure kI bhA~ti ekAnta dhAra rakhate hue yatnapUrvaka AcaraNa karanA par3atA hai / isIlie kahA gayA hai ki nirgrantha pravacana meM napuMsaka, kAyara aura kApuruSoM kA evaM ihalaukika icchAoM meM Asakta, rata aura paraloka ke prati udAsIna logoM kA kAma nahIM hai| isakA pAlana to koI dhIra-vIra, dRr3ha mana aura puruSArthI puruSa hI kara sakate haiN| . nirgrantha zramaNa kI tapasyA atyanta vikaTa hotI hai / isIlie AgamoM meM usake lie ghora tapasvI vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka pravRtti meM tapa kI mukhyatA (223)

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hai, zarIra, indriya aura Atmadamana kI dRSTi meM hai| nirgrantha tapasyA kA kyA rUpa hotA hai, isake lie megha mani aura dhannA aNagAra ye do udAharaNa haiM / jJAtA dharma kathA meM megha muMni kI tapasyA kA varNana karate hue batAyA hai ki jaba aNagAra tapane lage, taba unakA zarIra sUkhakara kA~TA ho gayA, usameM mA~sa aura rakta kA nAma bhI na rahA / isalie z2aba ve calate yA uThate-baiThate, to unakI haDDiyA~ khar3a-khar3a baja uThatI thIM / bar3I kaThinAI se ve cala pAte the aura kucha bolate yA bolane kA prayatna karate to unheM cakkara A jAtA thaa| jisa prakAra aMgAra, kASTha, patra, tila aura eraMDa kI gAr3I sUrya kI garmI se sUkha jAne para kar3a-kar3a AvAja karatI hai, usI prakAra dhannA aNagAra ke asthicarmAvazeSa zarIra meM se AvAja sunAI detI thii| * nigraMtha zramaNa kA veza nigraMtha zramaNa do prakAra ke hote haiM jinakalpI aura sthavira kalpI / jinakalpI pANipAtra bhojI aura pratigrahadhArI ke bheda se do prakAra ke hote haiM-kucha pANipAtra bhojI aise hote haiM, jo vastra nahIM rakhate, kevala rajoharaNa aura mukhavastrikA hI rakhate haiM aura kucha aise hote haiM, jo rajoharaNa aura mukha vAstrikA ke sAtha eka, do athavA tIna vastra (kappa-kalpa) dhAraNa karate haiM / jo pratigrahadhArI hote haiM, yadi ve vastra dhAraNa nahIM karate to nimnalikhita bAraha upakaraNa rakhate haiM--pAtra, pAtrabaMdha, pAtrasthApanA, pAtra kesarikA, paTala, rajastrANa, gocchaka, tIna prAcchAdaka (vastra), rajoharaNa aura mukhvstrikaa| inameM mAtraka aura colapaTTa milA dene se sthavira kalpI ke caudaha upakaraNa ho jAte haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM aura unake bAda sudharmAsvAmI ke samaya taka nigraMtha zramaNa ke veza ke bAre meM saMgati thii| usa samaya sacelaka aura acelaka donoM prakAra ke zramaNa samAna rUpa se sammAnIya the| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM acelaka arthAt vastra rahita sAdhu-bhikSu ke viSaya meM to ullekha hai, kintu pANipAtrI bhikSa ke saMbaMdha meM koI spaSTa ullekha dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM vastradhArI bhikSuoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa vivecana AtA hai / usameM sarvathA acelaka bhikSu ke saMbaMdha meM spaSTa rUpa se koI ullekha nahIM milatA / isI prakAra anya AgamoM meM bhI acelakatA aura sacelakatA kA sApekSa varNana milatA hai / isI ke sAtha vahA~ yaha bhI saMketa hai ki acelaka evaM sacelaka donoM prakAra ke sAdhaka zramaNoM meM amuka prakAra kA zramaNa apane ko adhika utkRSTa samajhe aura dUsare ko apakRSTa samajhe to yaha ThIka nahIM hai / inheM eka dUsare kA apamAna nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki ye sabhI jina bhagavAna kI AjJA kA anusaraNa karane vAle haiN| isa prakAra AgamoM meM zramaNa veza ke prati samabhAva prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| (224)

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* nigraMtha zramaNacaryA kA rUpa kisI prakAra kI graMthi na rahane ke kAraNa zramaNa nigraMtha kahalAte haiM / ve pratidina bhikSA ke lie jAte aura gRhastha ke pAtra meM bhojana karane, zaiyA, Asana tathA snAna aura zarIra bhUSA ke tyAgI hote the| nigraMtha ko nimnalikhita bhojana pAna grahaNa karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai jo bhojanapAna khAsataura para zramaNa ke lie taiyAra kiyA gayA ho (AdhA karma), jo uddiSTa ho, jo kharIdA gayA ho yA uThAkara rakhA gayA ho / isI prakAra (durbhikSa bhojana darbhikSa pIr3itoM ke lie rakhA haA bhojana), kAMtAra bhojana (jaMgala ke logoM ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA bhojana), glAna bhojana (rogI ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA bhojana) tathA mUla, kanda, phala bIja aura harita bhojana paan| AhAra karane ke bAre meM batAyA hai ki AhAra karate samaya AhAra ko dAhine jabar3e se bAye jabar3e kI ora tathA bAyeM jabar3e se dAhine jabar3e kI ora na le jAkara binA svAda lie hI use nigala jaae| * nigraMtha zramaNoM kA saMkaTamaya jIvana nigraMtha zramaNoM ko apane cAritra kI rakSA ke lie eka se eka kaThina saMkaToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thaa| jaise gamanAgamana saMbaMdhI cora DAkuoM kA upasarga, viruddha rAjyakRta upasarga, upAzraya saMbaMdhI saMkaTa, rojaganya kaSTa, durbhikSajanya kaSTa, brahmacarya saMbaMdhI kaThinAiyA~, gaNikAjanya upasarga aura vAda vivAda janya upasarga / saMkSepa meM ina upasarga evaM saMkaTamaya sthitiyoM kA citraNa isa prakAra hai -- zramaNoM kA gamanAgamana dharma pracAra kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai / eka varSa meM ATha mAha (cAturmAsa chor3akara) eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para unheM vihAra karate rahanA par3atA thaa| AMgamoM meM batAyA hai ki nirgrathoM ko nAnA dezoM kI bhASAoM meM kuzala honA cAhie, jisase ve usa deza kI bhASA meM logoM ko dharmopadeza de sakeM tathA unheM vahA~ kI zAsana vyavasthA, arthavyavasthA aura loka jIvana kA unheM jJAna ho / janapada vihAra ke samaya kitane hI sAdhu mArgajanya kaSToM, upasargoM, upadravoM ke kAraNa jaMgaloM meM mArga bhUla jAte the aura unheM jaMgalI jAnavara mArakara khA jAte the| bar3e-bar3e retIle pradeza, barphIle pahAr3a aura kaMTakAkIrNa durgama pathoM ko unheM pAra karanA par3atA thaa| kabhI-kabhI cora, DAkU unake pIche laga jAte the| atyadhika varSA ke kAraNa nadI meM bAr3ha A jAne se kaI dina taka mArga baMda ho jAtA thaa| rAste calate hue unake pairoM meM kA~Te, guThaliyA~ yA lakar3iyoM ke DhU~Dha ghusa jAte the| U~ce-nIce mArga, guphA, gahare gaDDhoM meM girane se ve (225)

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marchita ho jAte the| isI prakAra kI aura bhI aneka kaThinAiyA~ unake sAmane rahatI thii| phira bhI ve apanI caryA kA nirdoSa rIti se pAlana karane meM tatpara rahate the| usa kAla kI viSamatAoM aura kaThinAiyoM kA Aja ke yuga meM anumAna hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| cora-DAkaoM ke upadrava bhI usa kAla meM kacha kama nahIM the| rAstoM para to ve lUTa mAra karate hI the tathA jala aura sthala dvArA vyApAra karane vAle sArthavAhoM ko bhI ve laTa lete the| ve sAdhuoM ko mAra DAlate the aura sAdhviyoM ko bhagAkara le jAte the| kisI AcArya gaccha kA vadha kara DAlate aura saMyatiyoM ko jabarana hara kara le jAte / kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI hotA ki dina meM hI ve sAdhuoM para, unake vizrAma sthAna para AkramaNa kara dete aura unakI upadhi (sAmAna) le jAte the| ... viruddha rAjya meM gamanAgamana se nigraMtha zramaNoM ko dAruNa kaSToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thaa| kabhI-kabhI do rAjAoM meM kalaha hone se koI rAjA apane pratidvandvI rAjA dvArA pratiSThita AcArya kA rAjapuruSoM dvArA apaharaNa karA letA thA / dveSa rakhane vAle rAjA aneka prakAra se lAMchana lagAkara sAdhuoM ko dAruNa duHkha dete the| ve unakA bhojana pAna baMda karavA dete the| rAjA hI nahIM, rAjakumAra, amAtya aura rAjapurohita bhI pradveSa karane vAle hote the| nigraMtha zramaNoM ke lie Thaharane kI bahuta bar3I samasyA thii| aneka janapadoM meM unheM sthAna milanA kaThina ho jAtA thaa| aisI dazA meM unheM vRkSa, caitya yA zUnya gRha kI zaraNa lenI par3atI thI, lekina vahA~ bhI Thaharane para strI yA puruSa dvArA upasarga kie jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI thii| jaMgalI jAnavaroM aura cora DAkuoM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| sarpa, bicchU Adi ke kATane kI bhI saMbhAvanA rahatI thii| maccharoM kA bhI upadrava hotA thA aura kutte pAtra uThAkara le jAte the| rogagrasta hone para sAdhuoM ko cikitsA ke lie dUsaroM para hI avalaMbita rahanA par3atA thA / vaidya Adi lobhI hone se binA dhana ke ve upacAra nahIM karate the| ati bhayaMkara duSkAla par3ane para sAdhuoM ko niyama vihita bhikSA prApta honA kaThina ho jAtA thaa| durbhikSa kitane bhayaMkara par3ate the, isakA udAharaNa hai AgamoM kI vicchinnatA / ina durbhikSoM ke kAraNa zramaNa saMgha itanA chinna-bhinna huA ki AgamoM kI aneka bAra vAcanAe~ karane para bhI unakI pUrNatayA surakSA nahIM ho skii| isalie durbhikSajanya upasargoM ke bAre meM vizeSa saMketa karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| brahmacarya kI surakSA kA bhI una dinoM eka vikaTa prazna thA / AgamoM meM sAdhuoM ko bAra-bAra upadeza diyA gayA hai ki striyoM ke saMparka se sadA bacanA cAhie / jaise (226)

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lAkha ko agni meM DAlane se vaha phaurana jala uThatI hai, usI prakAra sAdha striyoM ke sahavAsa se naSTa ho jAtA hai / strI ko viSakaMTaka kI upamA dI gaI hai / sundara strI se hI nahIM, laMgar3I, lUlI, nakaTI, bUcI strI taka se bhI dUra rahane kA upadeza diyA hai / strI kA upasarga na saha sakane kI sthiti meM prANoM kA bhI tyAga kara dene kA vidhAna hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki tatkAlIna sthiti meM akhaNDa brahmacarya kA pAlana AsAna kAma nahIM thA / bhikSAvRtti ke samaya unheM striyoM ke saMparka meM AnA par3atA thaa| usa samaya ve upadeza bhI dete the| lekina aisA maukA dekhakara koI-koI virahaNi strI unake Age apanI kuvAsanA kI icchA bhI vyakta karatI thii| isake sivAya vezyAjanya upadravoM kA bhI unheM sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / kabhI-kabhI rAta ke samaya vezyA vasatikA meM Akara sAdhuoM ke sAtha rahane kA Agraha karatI thI aura unheM hara taraha se AkarSita karatI thii| aisI aneka gaNikAoM ke udAharaNa haiM, jinhoMne muniyoM ko cAritra se bhraSTa kiyA thaa| vAda-vivAda janya saMkaTa bhI eka upasarga jaisA thaa| dharma pracAra karane ke lie nigraMtha zramaNoM ko anya tIrthikoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda se jUjhanA par3atA thaa| khAsakara brAhmaNoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda huA karate the| jo sarala hRdaya hote the, ve to unake ziSya bana jAte the, lekina abhimAnI avasara milane para prANa vadha karane se bhI nahIM cUkate the| isI prakAra ke aura aneka choTe-moTe upasargoM va saMkaToM kA sAmanA nigraMtha zramaNoM ko karanA par3atA thA, jinase ghabarAkara athavA pralobhita hokara sAdhanA se patita ho jAnA saMbhava hai / isI sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakakara AgamoM meM sAdhu ko apane dharma aura vrata niyama kA tatparatA se pAlana karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| . * janasAmAnya ke zraddhA keMdra __yadyapi nigraMtha zramaNoM ko aneka upasarga aura saMkaToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA aura videziyoM se pratAr3anA kI AzaMkA bhI banI rahatI thI, phira bhI AdhyAtmika jIvana kA nirmANa karanA unakA ekamAtra lakSya hone se sAmAnyajana se lekara bar3e-bar3e rAjA mahArAjA taka saba unake prati zraddhA vyakta karate the aura unheM zraddhA kI dRSTi se dekhate the / udyAnoM meM unake darzana ke lie jAte the, unase jijJAsA kA samAdhAna prApta karate the aura unheM AhAra, AvAsa, Asana Adi Avazyaka vastue~ harSita mana se pradAna karate the| yadi kahIM unake sAkSAt darzana ho jAte aura unakI paryupAsanA karane kA avasara mila jAtA to unake Ananda kI sImA na rhtii| aise mahApuruSoM ke nAma gotra kA zravaNa bhI ahobhAgya samajhA jAtA thaa| (227)

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itanA hI kyoM, saMdezavAhakoM aura vArtA nivedakoM ko ina mahApuruSoM ke Agamana kI jAnakArI milane para ve sUcanA dene ke lie tatkAla rAjasabhA meM pahu~ca jAte the aura rAjA ko saMdeza pahu~cAte the / rAjA ko saMdeza denA ve apanA Avazyaka aura anivArya kartavya samajhate the| rAjA bhI isa zubha saMvAda ko sunakara harSita manA ho sarva prathama to parokSa meM sammAna vaMdanA karate aura saMdezavAhaka ko pAritoSika dete| phira prajAjanoM ko darzanArtha calane kI ghoSaNA prasArita karavAte / svayaM bhI saparivAra, amAtya, sAmanta, senA Adi se susajjita ho vahA~ pahu~ca jAte, jahA~ jina, nigraMtha, zramaNa Adi virAjamAna hote the| vahA~ unheM pradakSiNA dekara vandanApUrvaka baiThakara dharmopadeza sunate the| isa viSaya se saMbaMdhita aneka dRzya AgamoM meM yathAsthAna aMkita hai| ve loga dharmopadeza zravaNa mAtra paraMparA kA nirvAha karane ke lie athavA lokaprasiddhi kI AkAMkSA se nahIM, apitu use jIvana kA aMga banAne ke lie aura tadanurUpa pravRtti ke lie karate the| zrotAoM meM se aneka strI, puruSa, rAjA, rAjakumAra, rAnI, rAjakanyAe~ Adi zramaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra karane ke lie tatpara ho jAte the| ve saba sAMsArika viSaya bhogoM ko tuccha samajhakara dhana-dhAnya aura kuTumba parivAra kA tyAga kara dete the / jIvana ko jala, bubuda evaM osa kaNa ke samAna kSaNa bhaMgura samajhakara duniyA kI tar3aka-bhar3aka evaM zAna-zaukata kI jagaha anagAra zramaNoM kI sAdhanA ko svIkAra kara lete the| * pravrajyA ke lie abhibhAvakoM kI anujJA Avazyaka jo vyakti saMsAra kA tyAga kara sAdhu-sAdhvI kA jIvana vyatIta karane kI icchA rakhate the, unheM binA kisI jAti-pA~tigata bhedabhAva ke nigraMtha pravrajyA aMgIkAra karane kI svataMtratA thii| lekina pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke lie mAtA-pitA athavA abhibhAvakoM kI anujJA prApta karanA Avazyaka thaa| binA unakI AjJA ke pravrajyA denA varjita thaa| jaise ki draupadI kI anujJA milane ke pazcAt hI pANDava dIkSA grahaNa kara ske| aura to kyA? bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jaba taka unake gurujanoM evaM jyeSTha bhrAtA kI AjJA nahIM milI, taba taka ve gRhavAsa meM rahe / meghamAra, pravajita hone ke lie jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa upasthita hue, taba unake mAtA-pitA ne ziSya bhikSA dii| * niSkramaNa samAroha __ pravrajyA ke lie agrasara kA niSkramaNa-satkAra samAroha bar3e hI bhavya AyojanoM ke sAtha manAyA jAtA thaa| isa punIta avasara para logoM meM atyaMta utsAha dikhAI detA thaa| sAdhAraNa prajAjana hI nahIM, rAjA-mahArAjA bhI isameM sotsAha sakriya rUpa se (228)

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sammilita hote the / AgamoM meM isake aneka udAharaNa dekhane ko milate haiM / unameM se 1 yahA~ dhAvaccA putra aura meghakumAra ke niSkramaNa samAroha kA ullekha karate haiM, jisase yaha jJAta ho sake ki tatkAlIna samAja meM etad viSayaka kitanA ullAsa aura utsAha dekhA jAtA thA / thAvaccA putra ne nirgratha pravacana kA upadeza zravaNa kara pravrajyA grahaNa karane kI icchA prakaTa kI, taba usakI mAtA rAjA ke yogya bheMTa grahaNa kara apane mitra Adi ke sAtha zrIkRSNa vAsudeva kI sabhA meM upasthita huI / usane nivedana kiyA- "mahArAja ! maiM apane putra kA niSkramaNa satkAra karanA cAhatI hU~ / ataeva ApakA atyaMta anugraha hogA, yadi Apa chatra, mukuTa aura cAmara dene kI kRpA kareMge / " zrIkRSNa vAsudeva ne uttara diyA- "tuma nizcita rho| tumhAre putra kA niSkramaNa satkAra maiM karU~gA / " isake pazcAt caturaMgiNI senA ke sAtha vijaya hastiratna para ArUr3ha hokara ve thAvaccAputra ghara gae aura use bahuta samajhAyA bujhAyA / jaba kisI bhI hAlata meM vaha apane irAde se nahIM DigA, taba zrIkRSNa ne ghoSaNA karAI ki jo koI bhI rAjA, yuvarAja, rAnI, rAjakumAra, Izvara, talavAra, kauTumbika, bhAMDavika ibhya, zreSThI, senApati aura sArthavAha zramaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra karegA, usake kuTumba parivAra kI dekhabhAla rAjya kI ora se kI jaaegii| yaha sunakara kitane hI strI puruSa apanI pAlakiyoM meM savAra hokara dIkSA grahaNa karane ke lie upasthita hue / jJAtA dharma kathA meM meghakumAra ke niSkramaNa satkAra kA bhI vistAra se varNana milatA hai / jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza zravaNa karane ke pazcAta meghakumAra ke hRdaya meM saMsAra se vairAgya utpanna ho gayA to vaha mAtA-pitA se anujJA prApta karane ke lie bhavana meM gyaa| phira vaha mAtA-pitA ke caraNoM meM vinamratA se natamastaka hokara kahane lagA-"he mAtA-pitA ! mujhe mahAvIra kA dharma atyaMta rucikara huA hai / ataeva ApakI anujJApUrvaka maiM zramaNa dharma meM pravrajita honA cAhatA hU~ / " yaha sunakara meghakumAra kI mAtA mUrcchita hokara dharatI tala para gira par3I / phira kucha samaya bAda hoza meM Ane para vilApa karatI huI bolI - "megha ! tuma mere ikalaute putra ho, uduMbara ke puSpa kI bhA~ti durlabha ho| maiM kSaNabhara ke lie bhI tumhArA viyoga sahana nahIM kara sakatI / ataeva hama logoM kI mRtyu ke pazcAta hI pariNata vaya hone para tuma dIkSA grahaNa karanA / " taba meghakumAra ne uttara diyA- "he mAtA ! yaha jIvana kSaNabhaMgura hai / na jAne pahale kauna kAla kI capeTa meM A jAe / isalie Apa mujhe abhI dIkSA grahaNa karane kI anumati pradAna kareM / " 1. jJAtA dharma kathA (229)

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isa prakAra bahuta UhApoha hone ke pazcAt rajoharaNa aura pAtra ma~gavAe gae tathA cAra aMgula chor3akara niSkramaNa ke yogya agrakeza kATane ke lie nAI bulAyA gyaa| surabhigaMdhodaka se hAtha aura pairoM kA prakSAlana kara, cAra tahavAle zuddha vastra se apanA mu~ha DhaMkakara nAI ne meghakumAra ke keza kATe / ina kezoM ko meghakumAra kI mAtA ne haMsa cihna vAle paTa zATaka meM grahaNa kiyaa| phira unakA gaMdhodaka se prakSAlana kara, gozIrSa candana ke chIToM se carcita kara zveta vastra meM bA~dhA aura phira ratnoM kI piTArI meM unheM baMda karake apane sirahAne rakha liyaa| tatpazcAt jala ke zveta-pIta kalazoM se meghakumAra ko snAna kraayaa| usake zarIra para gozIrSa candana kA lepa kiyaa| nAka kI sA~sa se ur3a jAne vAle ha~sa lakSaNa paTa zATaka use pahanAe gae tathA caturvidha mAlya evaM AbhUSaNoM se use alaMkRta kiyA gyaa| isake bAda pAlakI (zibikA) taiyAra kI gaI / meghakumAra ko pUrvAbhimukha siMhAsana para biThAyA gyaa| usakI mAtA snAna karake vastrAlaMkArAdi se alaMkRta hokara usake dAhinI ora bhadrAsana para baitthii| meghakumAra ke bAyIM ora rajoharaNa aura pAtra lekara aMbA dhAta baiThI / usake donoM ora do sundara yuvatiyA~ cAmara DhulAne lgii| eka sAmane kI ora tAlavanta lekara aura dUsarI bhaMgAra (jhArI) lekara khar3I ho gaI / prajAjanoM kI ora se abhinandana ke zabda sunAI dene lge| gurujanoM kI ora se AzIrvAdoM kI bauchAra hone lagI.Adi aura anta meM mahAvIra svAmI ne meghakumAra ko apane ziSya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| * dIkSA kA niSedha yadyapi nigraMtha pravrajyA ke lie jAti-pA~ti Adi koI bhedabhAva nahIM thA, hara kisI ke lie dIkSA lene kA mArga khulA thA, phira bhI kucha apavAda, niyama bhI the| jaise ki SaMDha (napaMsaka), vArtika (vAta kA rogI) aura klIba ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra bAla, vRddha, jar3a,vyAdhigrasta, stena, rAjApakArI, unmatta adarzana (aMdhA), dAsa, duSTa, mUr3ha, RNapIr3ita, jAtyaMgahIna, avabaddha (sevaka), zaizya, niSphoTita (apahata kiyA huA), garbhavatI aura bAla vatsA ko dIkSA dene kI manAI hai| * dIkSA ke prakAra sthAnAMga sUtra meM dIkSA ke kaI prakAra batalAe haiN| ina prakAroM meM se katipaya to sahaja, svAbhAvika, svAtmapreraNA se grahaNa kI jAtI thI aura kucha eka jabarana, bala Adi kA prayoga karake, zarta lagAkara, loka-paraloka meM sukha yaza Adi kI prApti kI bhAvanA se svapna dekhakara aura jAti smaraNa Adi jJAna hone para dI aura lI jAtI thii| ina saba kAraNoM se dIkSA ke aneka prakAra batalAe haiN| una saba prakAroM ko jAnane ke (230)

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lie sthAnAMga 3/157, 5/355, 10/712 kA avalokana karanA cAhie / aneka udAharaNa aise bhI milate haiM ki bhAvanA ko thor3A sA uttejana milane para dIkSA le lI jAtI thii| bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura rAjImatI kA vRttAMta isake udAharaNa haiM / bhagavAna ariSTanemi ne bAr3e meM ba~dhe pazuoM kI cItkAra sunakara apanI bArAta lauTA lI aura unhoMne pravrajyA dhAraNa kara lI / rAjImatI ne bhI unakA anusaraNa kiyaa| * nigraMthoM ke prakAra ___ Agama meM nigraMthoM ke pA~ca prakAra batAe haiM-- pulAka (aticAra lagAne vAlA nigraMtha), bakuza (doSa lagAne vAlA nigraMtha), kuzIla, nigraMtha aura snAtaka / inameM bhI pratyeka ke pA~ca-pA~ca avAntara prakAra haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM pulAka- jJAna pulAka, darzana pulAka, cAritra pulAka aura yathAsUkSma pulAka / bakuza- Ayoga, anAyoga, saMvRtta, asaMvRtta aura yathA sUkSma / kuzIla-jJAna, darzana, cAritra, liMga aura yathAsUkSma / nigraMtha- prathama samaya, aprathama samaya, carama samaya, acarama samaya aura yathA sUkSma / snAtaka- acchavI, azavana, akarmAMza, zuddha jJAna aura aprishraavii| Upara jo kucha bhI digdarzana karAyA gayA hai, vaha nirgrathoM se saMbaddha hai / loka jIvana meM inheM zramaNa kahA jAtA thaa| inake atirikta bhagavAna mahAvIra aura uttaravartI Agamika yuga meM vibhinna dhArmika maMtamatAntaroM, unake anuyAyI tapasviyoM, parivrAjakoM Adi kI paraMparAe~ bhI vidyamAna thii| unake bAre meM bhI AgamoM meM yatra tatra ullekha milate haiM / aba saMkSepa meM unakI jAnakArI prastuta karate haiN| * anya zramaNa paraMparAe~ ___ tatkAlIna dhArmika paraMparAoM meM zramaNa aura mAhaNa ye do pavitra zabda the aura RSiyoM kA bodha karAne ke lie prayukta kie jAte the| jaina AgamoM meM bhI zramaNa (samaNa) aura brAhmaNa-(mAhaNa) kA ullekha bahuta Adara ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / zramaNa jaMgaloM meM rahate the aura ve logoM kI parama zraddhA ke pAtra the / sAmAnya jana hI nahIM, balki rAjA-mahArAjA taka unase atyadhika prabhAvita the| vaise to zramaNa zabda mukhya rUpa se jaina paraMparA ke muniyoM kA bodhaka thA, lekina pUrvokta kAraNa se pratyeka dharma paraMparA bhI apane-apane RSiyoM ke lie zramaNa saMbodhana kA prayoga karatI thii| isa prakAra jaba zramaNa zabda ne sarva pracalita rUpa le liyA, taba jaina zramaNoM kA una sabase pArthakya batAne ke lie nigraMtha zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAne lgaa| isakA (231)

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pariNAma yaha huA ki pratyeka paraMparA ne apane-apane zramaNoM ke paricaya ke lie nae-nae vizeSaNoM kI saMyojanA kii| ina saba paraMparAoM meM sakka (zAkya bauddha), tApasa (vamavAsI), geruya (parivAjra) aura AjIvaka ye cAra mukhya haiN| * zAkya zramaNa AgamoM meM zAkya zramaNoM ko rattavar3a (rakta paTa) athavA vaccaniyaM(kSaNikavAdI) nAma se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM unake paMcaskaMdha ke siddhAMta kA ullekha milatA hai / anuyoga dvAra aura naMdIsUtra meM buddha zAsana ko laukika zruta meM ginA hai| Ardraka muni aura zAkya putroM ke vAda-vivAda kA sUtrakRtAMga meM ullekha hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki nigraMthoM aura zAkya zramaNoM ke bIca zAstrArtha hote hI rahate the| vanavAsI sAdhuoM ke lie tApasa zabda kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / tApasa zramaNa vanoM meM Azrama banAkara rahate the| ve yajJa yAga karate, zarIra ko kaSTa dene ke lie paMcAgni tapa tapate tathA apane sUtroM kA adhyayana karate the| unakA adhikAMza samaya kandamUla, phala-phUla Adi baTorane meM hI bItatA thaa| ye eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhramaNa karate the| yaha tApasa paraMparA bahuta prAcIna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra se bhI pUrva bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM bhI tApasa zramaNa the| yaha bAta kamaTha tApasa kI ghaTanA se jJAta hotI hai| tApasa AzramoM ke ullekha bhI AgamoM meM milate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra apanI vihAracaryA ke samaya morAka sanniveza meM duraijjanta tApasa ke Azrama meM Thahare the / uttara vAcAla meM sthita kanakakhala Azrama meM pA~ca sau tApasa rahA karate the| potanapura meM bhI tApasoM kA eka Azrama thaa| aupapAtika sUtra meM nimnalikhita vAnaprastha tApasa ginAe haiMhottiya-agnihotra karane vaale| pottiy-vstrdhaarii| kotti-bhUmi para sone vaale| jaNNaI-yajJa karane vaale| sddii-shrddhaashiil| thAlaI-saba sAmAna sAtha lekara calane vaale| dantukkhaliya-dA~toM se cabAkara khAne vAle / ummajjaka-unmajja mAtra se snAna karane vaale| sammajjaka- aneka bAra unmajja karake snAna karane vaale| (232)

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nimajjaka- snAna karate samaya kSaNa bhara jala meM nimagna rahane vaale| saMyakkhAlaM- zarIra para miTTI lagAkara snAna karane vaale| dakkhiNakUlagaM- gaMgA ke dakSiNa taTa para rahane vaale| uttarakUlaga-- gaMgA ke uttara taTa para rahane vaale| saMkhadhamaka- zaMkha bajAkara bhojana karane vaale| kUladhamaka- kinAre para khar3e hokara zabda karane vaale| miyaladdhaya- jAnavaroM kA zikAra karane vAle, pshubhkssk| hatthitAvasa- hAthI ko mArakara bahuta samaya taka bhojana karane vAle / sirpha hAthI ko hI mArakara khAne vaale| uDDUMDaka-daNDa ko Upara karake calane vaale| disApokkhI-jala se dizAoM kA siMcana kara phalaphUla Adi baTorane vaale| vakkavAsI- valkala ke vastra dhAraNa karane vaale| aMbavAsI-jala meM rahane vaale| bilavAsI- bila meM rahane vaale| jalavAsI- jala meM nimagna hokara baiThe rahane vAle / velavAsI- samudra taTa para rahane vaale| rukkhamUliyA-vRkSa ke nIce rahane vaale| * aMbubhakkhI - jalabhakSaNa karane vaale| vAubhakkhI - vAyu kA bhakSaNa kara rahane vAle / sevAlabhaktI- zaivAla khAkara rahane vaale| inake sivAya aneka tapasvI mUla, kanda, chAla, patte, puSpa aura bIja khAkara rahate the / aneka sar3e hue mUla, kaMda Adi bhakSaNa karate the / snAna karate rahane se unakA zarIra pIlA par3a jAtA thaa| AtApanA aura paMcAgni tapa se ve apane zarIra ko tapAte the| yeM tApasa zramaNa gaMgA taTa para rahate the| vAnaprastha Azrama kA pAlana karane vAle hone se ye gaMgAtaTavAsI vAnaprasthI tApasa ke nAma se vikhyAta the| * parivrAjaka zramaNa geruA vastra dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa inheM geruu athavA gairika zramaNa bhI kahA jAtA thaa| ye parivrAjaka zramaNa brAhmaNa dharma ke pratiSThita paMDita hote the aura Avasaka (avasaha) meM rahate the| ye parivrAjaka AcAra zAstra aura darzana Adi viSayoM para (233)

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vAda-vivAda karane ke lie dUra-dUra taka paryaTana karate the / ye veda vedAMga tathA anya brAhmaNa zAstroM ke vidvAna hote the| ye dAna, zauca aura tIrthasthAna kA upadeza dete the / * inakA kahanA thA ki jo padArtha apavitra hai, vaha miTTI se dhone se pavitra ho jAtA hai aura isa prakAra zuddha deha aura niravadya vyavahAra se yukta hokara snAna karane se svarga kI prApti hotI hai / ye parivrAjaka kUpa, tAlAba, nadI, vApI, puSkariNI, dIrghikA, guMjAlikA, sara aura sAgara meM praveza nahIM karate the, gAr3I, pAlakI Adi meM nahIM baiThate the, ghor3A, hAthI, U~Ta, baila, bhaiMsA aura gadhe para savAra nahIM hote the, naTa, mAgadha Adi kA khela nahIM dekhatethe, harita vastu kA lepa, unmUlana Adi nahIM karate the, bhakta kathA, rAjakathA, dezakathA aura cora kathA nahIM kahate the aura anarthadaNDa nahIM karate the / ye loga lohe, rAMge, tAMbe, jaste, sIse, cA~dI va sone ke pAtroM tathA anya bahumUlya pAtroM ko dhAraNa nahIM karate the ye kevala tuMbI aura lakar3I yA miTTI ke pAtra rakhate the / ye gerue vastroM ke sivAya dUsare raMga-biraMge vastra nahIM pahanate the / ye hAra, ardhahAra Adi kImatI AbhUSaNa nahIM pahanate the / ye kevala eka tA~be kI aMgUThI pahanate the / ye mAlAe~ bhI dhAraNa nahIM karate the / ye sirpha eka karNaphUla pahanate the / ye gaMgA kI miTTI ke sivAya agarU, candana aura kuMkuma se apane zarIra kA lepa nahIM kara sakate the / ye parivrAjaka pIne ke lie sirpha magadha deza kA eka prastha (vastu nApane kA vajana pAtra) pramANa svaccha jala lete the / use thAlI, cammaca dhone athavA snAna Adi karane ke lie upayoga meM nahIM lAte the / 1 1 1 I AgamoM meM aneka prakAra ke parivrAjaka zramaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM Agata kucha nAma isa prakAra hai caraka jo samUha meM ghUmate hue bhikSA grahaNa karate the athavA jo khAte hue calate the / cIraka- mArga meM par3e hue vastra ko dhAraNa karane vAle yA vastramaya upakaraNa rakhane vAle / carmakhaNDika-- carma or3hane vAle athavA carma ke upakaraNa rakhane vAle / bhicchaMDa (bhikSoNDa)-- kevala bhikSA se nirvAha karane vAle / godugdha Adi se nahIM / (koI sugata zAsana ke anuyAyI ko bhikSoNDa kahate haiM / ) paMDuraMga - jisakA zarIra bhasma se lipta ho / inake atirikta anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM kucha aura dUsare parivrAjaka zramaNoM ke nAma die haiM saMkhA - sAMkhya / joI- yoga ke anuyAyI / (234)

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kavila- kapila ko mAnane vaale| bhiucca-bhRgu RSi ke anuyaayii| haMsa- jo parvata, guhA, patha, Azrama, devakula yA ArAma (bagIcA) meM rahate ho tathA bhikSA ke lie gA~va meM paryaTana karate ho| paramahaMsa- jo nadI taTa aura pradeza meM rahate ho tathA cIra, kaupIna aura kuza ko tyAgakara prANatyAga karate hoN| bahUraga- jo gA~va meM eka rAta aura nagara meM pA~ca rAta rahate ho| kuDivvaya- jo ghara meM rahate ho tathA krodha, lobha aura moharahita hokara ahaMkAra kA tyAga karane ke lie prayatnazIla rahate ho| kaNha parivvAyaga- kRSNa parivrAjaka athavA nArAyaNa ke bhakta / inake pazcAt kaMDu, karakaMDu, aMbar3a, pArAzara, kRSNadvaipAyana, devagupta aura nAsada Adi kI brAhmaNa parivrAjakoM aura selaI, sasihAra, Naggai (nagnajita) bhaggai, videha, rAyArAya, rAyArAma aura bala Adi kI kSatriya parivrAjakoM meM gaNanA kI gaI hai| . ___ anya bhI aneka parivrAjakoM ke nAma AgamoM meM Ae haiN| jaise-kAtyAyana gotrIya Arya skaMdaka, zuka parivrAjaka, aMbar3a parivrAjaka, pudgala parivrAjaka Adi / parivrAjakoM kI bhA~ti parivrAjikAe~ bhI zramaNa dharma meM dIkSita hotI thI / cokkhA parivrAjikA kA nAma AgamoM meM ullikhita hai / vaha anya parivrAjakAoM ke sAtha mithilA nagarI meM paribhramaNa kiyA karatI thii| parivrAjikAe~ vidyA, maMtra aura jar3I-bUTiyA~ detI thIM tathA jantara-mantara karatI thiiN| * AjIvaka zramaNa * gozAlaka isa paraMparA kA pramukha thA / usakA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana vRtta meM aneka bAra ullekha AyA hai, lekina AjIvaka mata gozAlaka ke pahale bhI vidyamAna thaa| gozAlaka to isa mata kA tIsarA tIrthaMkara thA / bhagavatI ke anusAra AjIvaka mata gozAlaka se 117 varSa pUrva maujUda thaa| gozAlaka ATha mahAnimittoM kA jJAtA thaa| AgamoM meM gozAlaka ko niyativAdI ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki vaha utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura parAkrama ko svIkAra karatA thaa| isa mata ke anuyAyI zramaNa ugra tapa, ghora tapa, ghRtAdi rasa parityAga aura jiheMdriya prati saMlInatA nAmaka cAra kaThora tapoM kA AcaraNa karate the| ye jIva hiMsA se virakta rahate the tathA madya, mAMsa, kaMda mUla Adi tathA uddiSTa bhojana ke tyAgI hote the| anyoga dvAra sUtra meM AjIvaka sAdhuoM ke kucha nAmoM kA ullekha isa prakAra hai (235)

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* dugharaMtariyA - eka ghara meM bhikSA grahaNa kara do ghara chor3akara bhikSA grahaNa karane tigharaMtariyA - eka ghara se bhikSA lene ke bAda tIna ghara chor3akara bhikSA lene vAle / vA / satta gharaMtariyA - eka ghara se bhikSA lekara sAta ghara chor3akara bhikSA lene vAle / uppalaveMTiyA- kamala ke DaMThala khAkara rahane vAle / ghara samudANiya- pratyeka ghara se bhikSA lene vAle / vijju aMtariyA - bijalI girane ke samaya bhikSA na lene vAle 1 uTTiyasamaNa - kisI bar3e miTTI ke bartana meM baiThakara tapa karane vAle / vyAkhyA prajJapti ke ullekhoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki usa kAla meM isa mata ke. upAsakoM kA kAphI bar3A samUha thA / upAsaka dazAMga meM Agata bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha dasa upAsakoM meM se sakaDAla putra kuMbhakAra pahale isa mata ke pramukha upAsakoM meM se eka thA / * anya zramaNa vratI sAdhu Agama yuga meM ukta zramaNa paraMparAe~ to mukhya thI, para unake atirikta bhI kucha anya zramaNoM, vratiyoM kI paraMparAe~ bhI thI / aupapAtika sUtra meM unake nAma Ae haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM gautama- ye choTA sA baila rakhate haiM / usake gale meM kaur3iyoM kI mAlA par3I rahatI hai / yaha baila logoM ke pA~va par3ane meM zikSita hotA hai / bhikSA mA~gate samaya ye sAdhu usa baila ko sAtha rakhate haiM / govratika - gAya kI bhA~ti vrata rakhane vAle / jaba gAyeM carane ke lie jaMgala meM jAtI hai, taba ye bhI unake sAtha cale jAte haiM / jaba gAyeM pAnI pItI hai, caratI hai, sotI haiM, taba ye bhI usI taraha karate haiM / ye loga tRNa aura pattoM Adi kA hI bhojana karate haiM / jaba gAyeM vApasa lauTatI haiM, taba ye bhI vApasa lauTate haiM / gRhidharmI - gRhastha dharma ko zreyaskara samajhakara deva, atithi Adi ko dAna dekara saMtuSTa karate haiM aura gRhastha dharma kA pAlana karate haiM / dharmacintaka dharma zAstra ke pAThaka athavA RSiyoM dvArA praNIta dharma saMhitAoM kA ye loga cintana karate haiM / aviruddha-ye vinayavAdI haiM / ye devatA, rAjA, mAtA-pitA, pazu Adi kI samAna bhAva se bhakti karate haiM / (236)

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vRddha-vRddha avasthA meM dIkSA grahaNa karane vaale| zrAvaka- dharmazAstra sunane vAle braahmnn| ye, gautama Adi ukta sAdhu sarasoM ke tela ko chor3akara nau rasoM-dUdha, dahI, makkhana, ghI, tela, guDa, madhu, madya aura mA~sa kA bhakSaNa nahIM karate the| ukta vratI sAdhuoM ke atirikta aura bhI kucha vratI hote the| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM dagavaiya (udaka dvitIya)- cA~vala ko milAkara jala jinakA dvitIya bhojana dagataiya (udaka tRtIya)- cA~vala Adi do dravyoM ko milAkara jala jinakA tRtIya bhojana hai| dagasattama (udaka saptama)-cA~vala Adi chaha dravyoM ko milAkara jala jinakA sAtavA~ bhojana hai| daga ekkArasa (udaka ekAdaza)- cA~vala Adi dasa dravyoM ko milAkara jala jinakA gyArahavA~ bhojana haiN| kaMdappiya- aneka prakAra ke hAsya karane vAle, kNdrpik| kukkuiyA-kauTakucya- bhauheM, nayana, mukha, hasta aura caraNa Adi dvArA bhA~DoM ke samAna ceSTA karane vaale| mohariya(maukhirika)- nAnA prakAra ke asaMbaddha kArya karane vaale| g2Iyaraipiya (gItaratipriya)- jinheM gIta ratipriya ho / gAnA-bajAnA Adi krne.vaale| naccaNasIla (nartanazIla)- nAcanA jinakA svabhAva hai| attukkosiya (AtmotkarSitaka)- Atma prshNsk| paraparivAiya (pariparivAdika)- prniNdk| ___bhUikammiya (bhUtikarmika)- jvara Adi rogoM ko zAnta karane ke lie bhabhUta dene vaale| bhujjobhujjo kouyakAraka (bhUyaH bhUyaH kautukakAraka)- saubhAgya ke lie bAra-bAra snAna karane vaale| (237)

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inake atirikta AgamoM ke vyAkhyA graMthoM meM bhI aneka sAMdhaoM aura tapasviyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| unameM sasarakkha sAdhuoM ko uDDaMga aura boDiya (boTika) ke sAtha ginAyA gayA hai| ye tInoM hI kisI prakAra kA parigraha nahIM rakhate the aura pANitala meM bhojana karate the| sasarakkha (sarajaska) sAdhu vidyAmaMtra Adi meM bhI kuzala hote the / varSA Rtu meM jaise udaka zaukarika miTTI aura phoTika gobara aura namaka Adi kA saMgraha karate the, vaise hI ye loga rAkha kA saMgraha karake rakhate the| asthi sarajaskoM ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki ye bahuta sA bhojana karate the aura bahuta gaMde rahate the / udaka zaukarika zucivAdI bhI kahe jAte the / yadi koI unheM sparza kara letA thA, to ve 64 bAra snAna karate the| vArikhala parivrAjaka apane pAtroM ko bAraha bAra aura vAnaprastha tApasa chaha bAra miTTI lagAkara sApha karate the / karmakAra bhikSu bhikSA ke lie devaMdroNI lekara calate the| inake sivAya koI namaka chor3ane se, koI lahasana, pyAja, U~TanI kA dUdha, gomAMsa aura madya ina pA~ca vastuoM ke tyAga se aura koI vikAla meM snAna karane se mokSa kI prApti mAnatA thaa| kucha vana meM jhopar3iyoM meM athavA gA~va ke samIpa nivAsa karate the| ve prANI hatyA ko pApa nahIM mAnate the| unakI mAnyatA thI-maiM brAhmaNa hU~, ataH hantavya nahIM hU~ / kevala zUdra Adi hI hantavya hai / zUdra kI hatyA karake prANAyama kara lenA paryApta hai| binA haDDI vAle gAr3I bhare zUdra jIvoM ko mArakara yadi brAhmaNa ko bhojana karA deM, to itanA prAyazcita paryApta hai| . isI prakAra Agama sAhitya meM aura bhI aneka sAdhuoM ke ullekha milate haiN| unake AcAra, vicAra, veza Adi kA varNana karanA eka svataMtra viSaya hai / yahA~ to saMketa mAtra ke lie kucha eka paraMparAoM kI jAnakArI dI hai| * anya matamatAntara AgamoM meM anya matamatAntaroM aura mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ullekha hai / AcArAMga meM to kisI vizeSa nAma pUrvaka nahIM, apitu 'ege' arthAt kucha logoM ke rUpa meM hai, jisakA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa cUrNi athavA vRtti meM kiyA gayA hai / lekina sUtrakRtAMga meM inakA nAma pUrva ullekha hai aura inake nirasana ke lie ye mata mithyA hai, ye mata pravartaka - AraMbhI haiM, pramAdI haiM, viSayAsakta haiM, ityAdi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isake lie kisI vizeSa prakAra kI tarkazailI kA prayoga prApta nahIMvat hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM cAra matoM kA ullekha hai-kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI (238)

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aura vinayavAdI / kriyAvAdI kA artha hai-kriyA kI pradhAnatA svIkAra karane vAlA mata / AcArya zIlAMka ne kriyAvAda kA artha batAte hue kahA hai ki jo samyagjJAna aura samyakUcAritra ke binA kevala kriyA se mokSa mAnate haiM, ve kriyAvAdI haiM / kriyAvAdI AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM aura jJAna ke binA kriyA ko mukhyatA dete haiN| kriyAvAda ke 180 bheda mAne gae haiM / akriyAvAdI AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate / unake matAnusAra pratyeka vastu kSaNasthAyI hai, jisase usa sthiti meM kriyA nahIM ho sakatI / kSaNikavAda ko mAnane se inheM bauddha bhI kahA gayA hai| akriyAvAdiyoM ko viruddhavAdI bhI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki inakI mAnyatAe~ anya vAdiyoM ke viruddha par3atI hai / inake caurAsI bheda haiM / ajJAnavAdI mokSa kI prApti ke lie jJAna ko niSphala mAnate haiN| inake 63 bhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai / vinayavAdiyoM ne bAhya kriyAoM ke sthAna para mokSa kI prApti ke lie vinaya ko Avazyaka mAnA hai / ataeva vinayavAdI sura, rAjA, yati, hAthI, ghor3e, gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, gIdar3a, kauA aura bagule Adi ko dekhakara unheM praNAma karate haiM / vinayavAdiyoM kA dUsarA nAma aviruddhavAdI bhI hai / inake battIsa bheda haiN| vinayavAdiyoM ke anuyAyI aneka tapasviyoM ke nAma Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiN| : isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM tatkAlIna dhArmika vyavasthA kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| . 1. kriyAvAda 180 bheda- jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya aura pApa ko kAla, Izvara AtmA, niyati aura svabhAva kI apekSA se svataH, parataH tathA nitya aura nitya rUpa meM svIkAra karane se 9 x 5 x 2 x 2 = 180 bheda hote haiN| -sUtrakRtAMga niyukti 2. akriyAvAda ke 84 bheda-kriyAvAda ke vargIkaraNa meM se puNya aura pApa ko kama karake zeSa jIvAdi mokSa paryanta ko kAla, Izvara AtmA, niyati, svabhAva aura yadRcchA kI apekSA se svataH aura parataH rUpI meM svIkAra karane se 7x 6 x 2 = 84 bheda hote haiN| -sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 3. ajJAnavAda ke 63 bheda- jIvAdi pApa paryanta ko sat asat, sadasat, avyakta, sadavaktavya, asadavaktavya aura sadasadavaktavya kI apekSA se svIkAra karane se 9 x 7 = 63 bheda hote haiM / 4. vinayavAda ke 32 bheda - devatA, svAmI, yati, puruSa, vRddha puruSa, apane se choTe, mAtA aura pitA ko mana, vacana, kAya aura dAna dvArA sammAnita karane ke kAraNa inake 8 x 4 = 33 bheda hote haiN| - sUtrakRtAMga TIkA (239)

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/ vakAzana TrasTa tandapa rAja ahamada UNT bAda dasaNaca dhimmA - zrI rAja rAjendra prakAzana Trara ahamadAbAda