Shraman Sanskruti Siddhant aur Sadhna

Author(s): Kalakumar
Publisher: Sanmati Gyan Pith Agra
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003192/1

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S e zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA [eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana] sampAdaka : kalAkumAra sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA-ra SARAS

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sammati jJAnapITha kA 116vA puSpa : zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAntra aura sAdhanA [ eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ] sampAdaka: kuLAkumAra sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2

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pustaka | zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sampAdaka | kalAkumAra saMskaraNa prathUma : vIrajayaMtI 1971 I0 mUlya | A~ca rupae~ mAtra prakAzaka | sanmati jJAnapITha. lohAmaMDI, AgarA-2 mudraka prema priMTiMga presa, AgarA-2 SHRAMAN SANSKRITI : | SIDDHANT AUR SADHNA

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zIrvacana 'zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA' ke rUpa meM jo yaha prastuta meM prayAsa hai, usake mUla meM kalAkumArajI kI zramaNa saMskRti ke prati ekaniSTha zraddhA bhAvanA hI nihita hai / gatavarSa zrI amara bhAratI ke 7 veM varSa meM praveza ke samaya hI merA vicAra zramaNa saMskRti para vibhinna marmajJa manISiyoM ke vicAroM ko zrI amara bhArato ke mAdhyama se sAmAnya pAThakoM taka saMskRti kI svastha jAnakArI hetu pahu~cAne kA thaa| kiMtu, zraddhAlu janoM ne taba merI dIkSA svarNajayaMtI kA samAyojana karake mere samIcIna yugabodhaparaka vicAroM ke AdhAra para hI zrI amara bhAratI kA 'vicArakrAMti aMka' prakAzita kiyA, ataH merA zramaNa saMskRti sambandhI vicAra sthagita raha gayA / gatavarSa kI vahI vicAradhArA punaH isa varSa bhI umar3a par3I aura kalAkumArajI ne tadanukUla athaka parizrama ke dvArA deza ke vibhinna coTI ke vidvAnoM se samparka sthApita karake zramaNa saMskRti para pracura sAmagrI kA saMkalana kiyA, jise zrI amara bhAratI ke do vizeSAMkoM meM prakAzita kiyA gayA / viSaya - sAmagrI ke sthAyI mahattva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zrIamara bhAratI meM prakAzita katipaya viziSTa nibaMdhoM ko 'zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA' nAmaka pustaka ke rUpa meM yaha alaga se bhI prakAzita kiyA hai / yahA~ maiM kalAkumArajI ke viSaya meM itanA hI kahanA Avazyaka samajhatA hU~ ki jaba ye mere samparka meM Ae the ( janavarI 1666 I0 ) taba ye zramaNa saMskRti ke viSaya meM na ke barAbara hI jAnate the, kiMtu zraddhA evaM niSThA kA hI yaha mahArgha hai ki itane thor3e samaya meM hI inhone eka suyogya ziSya banakara 1970 I0 meM citana kI manobhUmi' jaise vizAla grantha kA, DA0 zrI vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhAjI ke sAtha, saMpAdana kiyA tathA isa varSa isa mahAn upayogI pustaka kA sapAdana bhI bar3I lagana evaM tatparatA se karake yaha siddha kara dikhAyA hai ki lagana evaM gurujanoM ke prati zraddhA mAnava ko kisa prakAra alpakAla meM hI unnati ke uttuMga zikhara para gaurava ke sAtha lA khar3A karatI hai / maiM inake bhaviSya jIvana kI sarvatobhAvena saphalatA kI maMgalakAmanA karatA hU~, aura AzA karatA hU~ ki ye apanI lagana, niSThA, zraddhA evaM adhyavasAya se bhaviSya meM aura bhI vizvamaMgalakArI kArya saMpanna kareMge / sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaMDI, AgarA - upAdhyAya amaramuni

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bhUmikA bhAratIya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM zramaNa vicAra-paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA hai| Adya aitihAsika kAla meM mAnava-samAja nae rUpa meM vyavasthita huaa| taba se nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNa vicArapaddhati ullekhanIya rUpa meM sAmane aaii| dUsarI ora pravRttimUlaka vaidika paramparA thii| prArambhika vaidika yuga meM ina donoM vicAradhArAoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita huA / vastutaH vaidika, pravRttimUlaka dhArA ko muni-zramaNa paramparA ne eka nayA mor3a diyaa| isase navIna saMzliSTa bhAratIya saMskRti astitva meM AI, jisakA vikAsa vaidika kAla se lekara aba taka calA AyA hai| zramaNa saMskRti meM dharma ke mukhya lakSaNoM meM sadAcAra kA pramukha sthAna hai| AcAra-vicAra ke zAzvata siddhAnta sadAcAra meM antarbhukta haiM / jaina sAhitya meM hI nahIM, jaina vAstukalA, mUrtikalA aura citrakalA meM bhI sadAcAra vividha rUpoM meM pallavita-puSpita milatA hai| zramaNa vicAradhArA ne samAja meM AzAvAditA ko naI dizA pradAna kii| bhAratIya loka jIvana meM isakI vyApti usa samaya taka barAbara milatI hai jabataka yaha deza svatantra rhaa| rAjanItika parAbhava ke samaya meM bhI AzAvAditA ne hamArA mArga prazasta kiyaa| parAdhInatA meM hamArA sAMskRtika pratirodha jArI rahA aura bhAratIya saMskRti naSTa hAne se baca sko| isameM hamAre RSi-muniyoM aura saMtoM kA yoga avismaraNIya rhegaa| anya mahattvapUrNa tattva jo zramaNa saMskRti meM draSTavya haiM, ciMtanasvAtaMtrya kA vaiziSTya hai| dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM svastha ciMtanaparaMparA isa saMskRti meM prArambha se vidyamAna milatI hai / isake phalasvarUpa vicAra ke vividha svatantra kSetra udbhUta hue| bhAratoya itihAsa meM ciMtana-svAtaMtrya kA jaisA loka-kalyANakArI rUpa milatA hai, vaisA anya prAcIna dezoM ke itihAsa meM upalabdha nhiiN| bhArata meM citana ke vividha rUpoM meM bhI samanvayAtmaka pravRtti vidyamAna rhii|

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isase vighaTanakArI zaktiyoM kA damana huA aura ekatA ko bhAvanA ko bala prApta huaa| prastuta graMtha ke saMpAdaka zrI kalAkumAra ne bhAratIya saMskRti ke vyApaka rUpa ko sAmane rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zramaNa-vicAradhArA ke siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pakSa ke svarUpa ko graMtha ke vibhinna adhyAyoM meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM zramaNa saMskRti kA jo yogadAna rahA hai, usako vizada evaM sAragabhita vivecanA isa graMtha meM milegii| kRSNadatta bAjapeyI prAcArya tathA adhyakSa, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti tathA purAtattva vibhAga, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara (ma. pra.)

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prakAzakIya zraddheya gurudeva rASTrasaMta kaviratna upAdhyAya amara muni jI ma. kI mahato preraNA ke mahAghasvarUpa isa varSa zrI amara bhAratI kA 'zramaNa saMskRti vizeSAMka' prakAzita kiyA hai| ukta vizeSAMkoM meM sthAyI mahattva ke nibaMdhoM ko isa pustaka 'zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA' ke rUpa meM isalie prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai tAki ve yugoM-yugoM bhUle-bhaTake mAnavoM ko jIvana evaM yugadharma kA sahI mArga dikhA skeN| hameM vizvAsa hai, jisa prakAra se zrI amara bhAratI ke ukta donoM vizeSAMkoM kA sarvadiza sammAna huA hai, yaha pustaka bhI sammAnita hogo| maMtrI, sanmati jJAnapITha

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sampAdakIya 'zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA' kA prakAzana apane Apa meM eka abhUtapUrva ghaTanA hai| bhArata meM tathA bhArata se bAhara videzoM meM prakAzita hone vAle anekazaH patroM evaM patrikAoM ko maiMne dekhA aura pAyA ki bhArata kI prAcInatama saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti para gaharAI se evaM sAMgopAMga rUpa meM aba taka koI vaijJAnika prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ke patroM tathA itara zramaNa saMskRti ke patroM---kisI ke dvArA bhI aisA prayAsa nahIM haA hai| hA~, zramaNa saMskRtiparaka sAmagriyA~ to avazya hI prakAzita huI haiM, ho bhI rahI haiM, kiMtu unameM vaijJAnikatA evaM kramabaddhatA kA virala prayAsa ho hotA hai| isa krama meM maiMne zraddheya gurudeva rASTrasaMta kaviratna upAdhyAya amara munijI ma. kI balavatI preraNA kA mahAgha pAkara eka prayAsa kiyA hai| bhArata ke coTI ke vidvAnoM evaM sAmAnya jijJAsuoM taka se samparka sthApita kiyA / samparka meM mujhe kitanA kucha sahayoga prApta huA, logoM meM sahayoga, sahAnubhUti evaM kisI mahattva ke kArya meM sAhasa evaM bala pradAna karane kI kitanI kucha bhAvanA hai, isakA pramANa zrI amara bhAratI ke zramaNa saMskRti vizeSAMkoM ke donoM puSpa haiN| yadi spaSTa kahU~ to maiM yaha nizcaya evaM vizvAsa ke sAtha kaha sakatA hU~ ki tathAkathita gaNyamAnya coTI ke vidvAnoM se lekara sAmAnya janoM taka ke bahulavarga meM dharma evaM adhyAtmaparaka jAgRti kA abhAvaprAya hai / isake mUla meM mukhya kAraNa kyA hai, nahIM kaha sktaa| punazca, bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM se bahuta sAre vidvAnoM ne bar3e hI zraddhA evaM sneha pradAna kara zrI amara bhAratI ke ukta vizeSAMka ke prakAzana meM amUlya sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| ukta prayAsa yaha batAtA hai ki dharma evaM adhyAtma ke prayAsa ko Age bar3hAne meM bhale damator3a mihanata karanI par3e, bar3e-bar3e avarodhoM ko pAra karanA par3e, kiMtu jIvana aura jagat ke zIrSa para vaha Aja bhI suzobhita hone kA gaurava rakhatA hai|

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( 10 ) vizeSAMka prakAzita ho gyaa| pazcAta mere mana meM yaha bhAvanA jagI ki kyoM na ukta aMka meM prakAzita sthAyI mahattva ke nibaMdhoM ko pUstaka rUpa meM prakAzita karake unake sthAyitva ko akSaNNa banA diyA jaae| isa sambandha meM maiMne zraddheya gurudeva se vicAra-vimarza kiyaa| kahanA na hogA, gurudeva, rASTrasaMta upAdhyAya amara munijI ma. svayaM jitane bar3a vidvatA ke prakAMDa puruSa haiM, unake aMtara meM guru kI garimA ke sAtha ho sAtha pitA kA anta:salilArUpI pyAra evaM mAtA kI mamatA hiloreM le rahI hai, ise koI zraddhAlu evaM niSThAvAna vyakti samparka meM Akara hI jAna sakatA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ke sambandha meM lekhanI uThAne kA jo maiM dussAhasa karatA hU~, yaha zraddheya gurudeva kA hI mere prati diyA gayA AzIrvAda hai / maiM jo kucha hU~, gurudeva kI snehamayI saMracanA hai, aisA kahane meM maiM apane me eka mahAn gaurava ko anubhUti karatA huuN| to, garudeva kI preraNA se maiMne isa pustaka 'zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA' kA saMpAdana kiyaa| isameM jina-jina vidvatajanoM kI sAmagriyoM kA upayoga kiyA hai, maiM unake prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| aura AzA karatA hU~, jana-sAmAnya se lekara vidvanmaNDalI tathA sarakArI stara para isa pustaka kA sammAna hogaa| yadi yaha pustaka eka bhI vyakti meM dharma evaM adhyAtma ko saccI jAnakArI de sakI, to maiM apanA prayAsa sArthaka eva saphala samajhUgA / -saMpAdaka

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nusnyiaa bhUmikA --zrI kRSNadatta bAjapeyI 1. zramaNa saMskRti aura usakI prAcInatA - zrI devendra muni, zAstrI, sAhityaratna .... 1 2. zramaNa saskRti kA dharAtala aura usakI paramparA . -DA0 bhAgacanda jaina bhAskara .... 13 3. zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa evaM vistAra --- DA0 puSyamitra jaina .... 16 4. zramaNa saMskRti ko dArzanika pRSThabhUmi -paM0 vijaya muni, zAstrI, sAhityaratna .... 25 5. zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadhama samanvaya -upAdhyAya amaramuni .... 33 6. bhAratIya darzana kI sArvabhauma citanadRSTi : anekAntavAda -DA0 rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' .... 56 7. jaina saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra : tyAgadhama -zrI agaracada nAhaTA .... 64 8. zramaNa saMskRti ke mahAn udbhAvaka : zramaNa bha0 mahAvIra - upAdhyAya amaramuni .... 66 6. bha0 mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ -muni zrI nagarAja, Do. liTa. .... 83 10. zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka .-zro zrIcanda surAnA sarasa' ....103 11. zramaNa saMskRti ke pariprekSya meM varNAzrama vyavasthA kA vivecana -DA0 mAdhava zrI raNadive ....116 12. zramaNa saMskRti : paramparAeM tathA Adhunika yugabodha -zrI saubhAgyamala jaina, aiDavokeTa ....123

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( 12 ) 13. zramaNa saMskati kI sArvajanInatA kA prazna -sAdhvI zrI candanAjI, darzanAcArya ....131 14. zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA --zrI riSabhadAsa rAMkA ...133 15. dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma-samanvaya -DA0 bhagavatsva rUpa mizra ....140 16. vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ko tulanAtmaka samIkSA -DA0 pArasanAtha dvivedI ....151 17. vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kA dArzanika dharAtala -DA. mahendrasAgara pracaMDiyA ....161 18. gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana -sAdhvI maMjuzrIjI ....163 16. zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena -pro0 rAmAzraya prasAda siMha ....183 20. bhAratIya bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara ---- kalAkumAra ....16 /

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zramaNa saMskRti aura usakI prAcInatA bhArata kI anekavidha saMskRtiyoM meM zramaNa saMskRti eka pradhAna evaM gauravapUrNa saMskRti hai| samatApradhAna hone ke kAraNa yaha saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti kahalAtI hai| vaha samatA mukhya rUpa se tIna bAtoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai / 1. samAjaviSayaka, 2. sAdhya viSayaka aura 3. prANi jagat ke prati dRSTi viSayaka / 1. samAja viSayaka samatA kA artha hai--samAja meM kisI eka varga kA janmasiddha zreSThatva aura kaniSThatva maannaa| zramaNa saMskRti samAja-racanA yA dharma viSayaka adhikAra janmasiddha varNa aura liMga ko na dekara guNoM ko detI hai| janma se kisI kA mahattva nahIM hotA hai| mahattva hotA hai sadguNoM kA, puruSArtha kaa| janma se koI mahAn nahIM hotA aura na hIna hI hotA hai| hInatA aura zreSThatA kA sahI AdhAra jIvanagata guNa-doSa hI ho sakate haiN| 2. sAdhya viSayaka samatA kA artha hai-abhyudaya kA ekasadRzarUpa / zramaNa saMskRti kA sAdhya eka aisA Adarza hai jahA~ kisI bhI prakAra kA svArtha nahIM hai-na aihika aura na pAralaukika hI / vahA~ viSamatA kA nahIM, apitu samatA kA sAmrAjya hai| vaha avasthA to yogyatA, ayogyatA, avikatA, nyUnatA, hInatA va zreSThatA Adi se pUrNa rUpa se pare hai| 3. prANijagata ke prati dRSTiviSayaka samatA kA artha hai-saMsAra meM jitane bhI jIva haiM-cAhe mAnava ho yA pazu-pakSI ho, kITa-pataMga ho yA vanaspati Adi ho, una sabhI ko Atmavat samajhanA, unakA vadha Atmavadha kI taraha kaSTaprada maannaa| 'Atmavat sarva bhUteSu' kI

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA bhavya bhAvanA usameM aThakheliyA~ karatI haiN| zramaNa zabda kA mUla samaNa hai / samaNa zabda 'sama' zabda se niSpanna hai| jo sabhI jIvoM ko apane tulya mAnatA hai, vaha samaNa hai| jisa prakAra mujhe duHkha priya nahIM hai, usI prakAra sabhI jIvoM ko du:kha priya nahIM hai| isa samatA ko bhAvanA se jo svayaM kisI prANI kA vadha nahIM karatA aura na dUsaroM se karavAtA hai, vaha apanI samamati ke kAraNa samaNa kahalAtA hai| jisake mana meM samatA kI surasaritA pravAhita hotI hai, vaha na kisI para dveSa karatA hai, aura na kisI para rAga hI karatA hai, apitu apanI manaHsthiti ko sadA sama rakhatA hai| isa kAraNa vaha samaNa kahalAtA hai| jisake jIvana meM sarpa ke tana ko taraha mRdulatA hotI hai, parvata kI taraha jisake jIvana meM sthairya hotA hai, agni kI taraha jisakA jIvana prajvalita hotA hai, samudra kI taraha jisakA jIvana gaMbhIra hotA hai, AkAza kI taraha jisakA jIvana virATa hotA hai, vRkSa kI taraha jisakA jIvana AzrayadAtA hai, madhukara kI taraha jisakI vRtti hotI hai, jo aneka sthAna se madhu ko baToratA hai, hariNa kI taraha jo sarala hotA hai, bhUmi kI taraha jo kSamAzIla hotA hai, kamala kI taraha jo nirlepa hotA hai, sUrya kI taraha jisakA jIvana tejasvI hotA hai, aura pavana kI taraha jo apratihata vihArI hotA hai, vaha samaNa hai| :: samaNa vaha hai jo puraskAra ke pUSpoM ko pAkara prasanna nahIM hotA aura apamAna ke halAhala ko pAkara khinna nahIM hotA, apitu sadA mAna aura apamAna meM sama rahatA hai| Agama sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para samaNa ke sAtha samatA kA sambandha jor3a kara yaha batAyA gayA hai ki samatA hI zramaNa saMskRti kA prANa hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA hai-sira muDA lene se koI samaNa nahIM hotA, balki samatA kA AcaraNa karane se hI samaNa hotA hai| sUtra kRtAMga meM samaNa ke samabhAva kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai-muni ko gotra-kula Adi kA mada na kara, dUsaroM

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zramaNa saMskRti aura usako prAcInatA ke prati ghRNA na rakhate hue sadA samabhAva meM rahanA caahie| jo dUsaroM kA apamAna karatA hai, vaha dIrgha kAla taka saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai| ataeva mUni kisI prakAra kA mada na kara sama rahe / cakravartI bhI dIkSita hone para apane se pUrva dIkSita anucara ke anucara ko bhI namaskAra karane meM saMkoca na kare, balki samatA kA AcaraNa kreN| prajJAsampanna muni krodha Adi kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta kara samatA dharma kA nirUpaNa kreN| jaina saMskRti kI sAdhanA samatA kI sAdhanA hai| samatA, samabhAva, samadRSTi ye sabhI jaina saMskRti ke mUla tattva haiN| jaina paramparA meM sAmAyika ko sAdhanA ko mukhya sthAna diyA gayA hai| zramaNa ho yA zrAvaka ho, zramaNI ho yA zrAvikA ho--sabhI ke lie sAmAyika kI sAdhanA Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| ___ samatA ke aneka rUpa haiN| AcAra kI samatA ahiMsA hai, vicAroM kI samatA anekAnta hai| samAja kI samatA aparigraha hai, aura bhASA kI samatA syAdvAda hai| jisa AcAra aura vicAra meM samatA kA abhAva hai, vaha AcAra aura vicAra jaina saMskRti ko kabhI mAnya nahIM rhaa| samatA kisI bhautika tattva kA nAma nahIM hai, balki mAnava mana kI komala vRtti hI samatA tathA krUra vRtti hI viSamatA hai| prema samatA hai, vaira viSamatA hai| samatA mAnava mana kA amRta hai aura viSamatA viSa hai / samatA jIvana hai aura viSamatA maraNa hai| samatA dharma hai aura viSamatA adharma hai| samatA eka divya prakAza hai aura viSamatA ghora aMdhakAra hai| samatA hI zramaNa saMskRti ke vicAroM kA nicor3a hai| jaise vedAMta darzana kA kendra vindu advaitavAda aura mAyAvAda hai, sAMkhya darzana kA mUla prakRti aura puruSa kA vivekavAda hai, bauddha darzana kA cintana vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda hai, vaise hI jaina saMskRti kA AdhAra ahiMsA aura anekAntavAda hai| jaina saMskRti ke vidhAyakoM ne ahiMsA para gaharAI se vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne ahiMsA kI ekAMgo aura saMkucita vyAkhyA na kara sarvAMgapUrNa vyAkhyA kI hai|

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA hiMsA kA artha kevala zArIrika hiMsA hI nahIM hai, pratyuta kisI ko mana aura vacana se pIr3A pahu~cAnA bhI hiMsA hai / 4 isake atirikta jainoM meM prANI kI paribhASA kevala manuSya aura pazu taka hI sImita nahIM hai, apitu usakI paridhi ekendriya se lekara paMcendriya taka hai / kIr3I se lekara kuMjara taka hI nahIM, balki pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya ke sambandha meM bhI gambhIra vicAra kiyA gayA hai / ahiMsA ke sambandha meM prabalatama yukti yaha hai ki sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA koI bhI nahIM cAhatA, ataH kisI bhI prANI kA badha mata kro| jisa prakAra hameM jIvana priya hai, maraNa apriya hai; sukha priya hai, duHkha apriya hai; anukUlatA priya hai, pratikUlatA apriya haiM; mRdutA priya hai, kaThoratA apriya hai; svatantratA priya hai, parataMtratA apriya hai, lAbha priya hai, alAbha apriya hai; usI prakAra anya jIvoM ko bhI jIvana Adi priya haiM, aura maraNa Adi apriya haiM / yaha Atmaupamya dRSTi ho ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra hai / pratyeka AtmA tAttvika dRSTi se samAna hai, ataH mana, vacana aura kAya se kisI ko santApa na pahu~cAnA hI pUrNa ahiMsA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAe to bhedajJAnapUrvaka abheda AcaraNa hI ahiMsA hai / jaina saMskRti ne jIvana ke pratyeka kriyA-kalApoM ko ahiMsA kI kasauTI para kasA hai / vyakti, samAja aura deza ke sukha aura zAMti kI AdhAra - zilA, ahiMsA, maitrI aura karuNA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko hI saba sukhoM kA mUla mAnA hai / jo dUsaroM ko abhaya detA hai, vaha svayaM bhI abhaya ho jAtA hai / abhaya kI bhavya - bhAvanA se hI ahiMsA, maitrI aura samatA kA janma hotA hai / jaba dUsare ko para mAnA jAtA hai, taba bhaya hotA hai / jaba unheM Atmavat samajha liyA jAtA hai, taba bhaya kahA~ ? saba usake haiM, aura vaha saba kA hai / ataeva ahiMsA kA sAdhaka sadA abhaya hokara vicaraNa karatA hai / maiM vizva kA hU~, aura vizva merA hai - yaha ahisA kA advaitAtmaka darzana hai / merA sukha sabhI kA sukha hai, aura sabhI kA duHkha merA duHkha hai - yaha ahiMsA kA nItimArga hai, vyavahAra pakSa hai /

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zramaNa saMskRti aura usakI prAcInatA vicArAtmaka ahiMsA kA hI apara nAma anekAnta hai | anekAntavAda kA artha hai - bauddhika ahiMsA / dUsare ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane kI bhAvanA evaM vicAra ko anekAntavAdo darzana kahate haiM / jaba taka dUsaroM ke dRSTikoNa ke prati, vicAroM ke prati sahiSNutA va Adara-bhAvanA na hogI, taba taka ahiMsA kI pUrNatA kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai / saMgharSa kA mUla kAraNa Agraha hai / Agraha meM apane vicAroM ke prati rAga hone se vaha use zreSTha samajhatA hai, aura dUsaroM ke vicAroM ke prati dveSa hone se use kaniSTha samajhatA hai / ekAnta dRSTi meM sadA Agraha kA nivAsa hai / Agraha se asahiSNutA kA janma hotA hai, aura asahiSNutA meM se hI hiMsA aura saMgharSa utpanna hote haiM / anekAnta dRSTi meM Agraha kA abhAva hone se hiMsA aura saMgharSa kA bhI abhAva hotA hai / vicAroM kI yaha ahiMsA hI anekAnta darzana hai | syAdvAda ke bhASA prayoga meM apanA dRSTikoNa batAte hue bhI anya ke dRSTikoNoM ke astitva kI svIkRti rahatI hai / pratyeka padArtha ananta dharma vAlA hai / taba eka dharma kA kathana karane vAlI bhASA ekAMza se satya ho sakatI hai, sarvAMza se nahIM / apane dRSTikoNa ke atirikta anya ke dRSTikoNoM kI svIkRti vaha 'syAt' zabda se detA hai / 'syAt' kA artha hai - vastu kA vahI rUpa pUrNa nahIM hai, jo hama kaha rahe haiM / vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| hama jo kaha rahe haiM, usake atirikta bhI aneka dharma haiM / yaha sUcanA 'syAt' zabda se kI jAtI hai / syAt zabda kA artha - saMbhAvanA nahIM, apekSA hai| saMbhAvanA meM sandehavAda ko sthAna hai, jabaki jainadarzana meM sandehavAda ko sthAna nahIM hai, balki eka nizcita dRSTikoNa hai / 5 vAda kA artha hai siddhAnta yA mantavya / donoM zabdoM ko milAkara artha huA sApekSa siddhAnta arthAt vaha siddhAnta jo kisI apekSA ko lekara calatA hai aura vibhinna vicAroM kA ekIkaraNa karatA hai / anekAntavAda, apekSAvAda, kathaMcidvAda aura syAdvAda ina sabakA eka hI artha hai / syAdvAda kI paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai - apane yA dUsare ke vicAroM, mantavyoM, vacanoM tathA kAryoM meM tanmUlaka vibhinna apekSA yA dRSTikoNa kA dhyAna rakhanA hI syAdvAda hai /

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- zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA AcArya amRtacandra likhate haiM-jaise gvAlina maMthana karane kI rassI ke do choroM meM se kabhI eka ko aura kabhI dUsare ko khIMcatI haiN| usI prakAra anekAnta paddhati bhI kabhI eka dharma ko pramukhatA detI hai aura kabhI dUsare dharma ko| isa prakAra syAdvAda kA artha huA, vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA binA kisI pakSapAta ke taTastha buddhi se samanvaya krnaa| jo kAya eka nyAyAdhIza kA hotA hai, vahI kArya vibhinna vicAroM ke samanvaya ke lie syAdvAda kA hai| jaise nyAyAdhIza vAdI aura prativAdI ke bayAnoM ko sunakara jA~capar3atAla kara niSpakSa nyAya detA hai, vaise hI syAdavAda bhI vibhinnavicAroM meM samanvaya karatA hai / - samatA kA bhavya bhavana anekAnta aura ahiMsA ko bhitti para AdhArita hai| jaba jIvana meM ahiMsA aura anekAnta kA mUrta rUpa sthApita ho jAtA hai, taba jIvana meM samatA kA madhura saMgIta jhaMkRta hone lagatA hai| zramaNa saMskRti kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM adhikAdhika samatA ko apanAyA jAe aura 'tAmasa' viSamabhAva ko chor3A jaae| 'tAmasa' samatA kA hI ulaTA rUpa hai| samatA zramaNa saMskRti kI sAdhanA kA prANa hai aura Agama sAhitya kA navanIta hai| bhArata ke uttara meM jisa prakAra cAMdanI kI taraha camacamAtA huA himagiri kA uttaga zikhara zobhAyamAna hai, vaise hI zramaNa saMskRti ke cintanamanana ke pIche samatva yoga kA divya aura bhavya zikhara camaka rahA hai| zramaNa saMskRti kA yaha gambhIra AroSa rahA hai - samatA ke abhAva meM AdhyAtmika utkarSa nahIM ho sakatA, aura na jIvana meM pUrNa zAnti hI prApta ho sakatI hai,bhale hI koI sAdhaka ugra se ugra tapazcaraNa kyoM na kara le| bhale hI samasta Agama sAhitya ko kaNThAgra hI kyoM na kara le / bhale hI usakI vANI meM dvAdazAMgoM kA svara kyoM na mukharita ho jaae| yadi usake AcaraNa meM, vANI meM, aura mana meM samatA ko surasaritA pravAhita nahIM ho rahI hai, to usakA samasta kriyAkANDa aura AgamoM kA parijJAna prANarahita kaMkAla kI taraha hai| AtmavikAsa kI dRSTi se usakA kucha bhI mUlya nahIM hai / AtmavikAsa kI dRSTi se jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM, mana ke aNu-aNu meM samatA kI jyoti jagAnA Avazyaka hai| sAmyabhAva ko jIvana meM sAkAra rUpa denA hI zramaNa saMskRti kI AtmA hai|

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zramaNa saMskRti aura usakI prAcInatA zramaNa saMskRti kI prAcInatA : mohana jodar3o aura har3appA ke dhvaMsAvazeSoM ne purAtattva ke kSetra meM eka naI halacala paidA kara dI hai| jahA~ Ajataka sabhI prakAra kI prAcIna sAMskRtika dhAraNAe~ AryoM ke parikara meM baMdhI thI, vahA~ para khudAI se prApta avazeSoM ne yaha pramANita kara diyA hai ki AryoM ke tathAkathita bhArata-Agamana ke pUrva bhI yahA~ eka samRddha saMskRti aura sabhyatA thii| usa saMskRti ke mAnane vAle mAnava susabhya, susaMskRta aura kAlavida hI nahIM, apitu AtmavidyA ke bhI prakANDa vidvAn the| purAtattvavidoM ke matAnusAra jo avazeSa mile haiM, unakA sIdhA sambandha zramaNa saMskRti se hai| Aja yaha siddha ho cakA hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva hI zramaNa saMskRti bhAratavarSa meM atyanta vikasita avasthA meM thii| purAtattva sAmagrI se ho nahIM, apitu Rgveda Adi vaidika sAhitya se bhI isa sambandha meM paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| : vrAtya : atharvaveda meM vrAtya zabda AyA hai| hamArI dRSTi se yaha zabda zramaNa paramparA se hI sambandhita honA caahie| . vrAtya zabda arvAcIna kAla meM AcAra aura saMskAroM se hIna mAnavoM ke lie vyavahRta hotA rahA hai| abhidhAna cintAmaNi koza meM AcArya hemacandra ne bhI yahI artha kiyA hai| manusmRtikAra ne likhA hai- jo kSatriya, vaizya aura brAhmaNa yogya avasthA prApta karane para bhI asaMskRta haiM, ve vrAtya haiM aura ve AryoM ke dvArA garhaNIya haiN| unhoMne Age likhA hai-- jo brAhmaNa saMtati upanayana Adi vratoM se rahita ho, usa guru maMtra se paribhraSTa vyakti ko vrAtya nAma se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai / tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa meM eka vrAtya stotra hai, jisakA pATha karane se azuddha vrAtya bhI zuddha aura susaMskRta hokara yajJa Adi karane kA adhikArI ho jAtA hai| isa para bhASya karate hue sAyaNa ne bhI vrAtya kA artha AcArahIna kiyA hai| ina sabhI arvAcIna ullekhoM meM vrAtya kA artha AcArahIna batAyA gayA hai, jabaki ina se pUrvavartI jo grantha haiM, unameM yaha artha nahIM hai| apitu vidvattama, mahAdhikArI, puNyazIla aura vizvasammAnya Adi mahattvapUrNa vizeSaNa vrAtya ke lie vyavahRta hue haiM /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA. vAtyakANDa kI bhUmikA meM AcArya sAyaNa ne likhA hai - isameM vrAtya kI stuti kI gaI hai / upanayana Adi se hona mAnava vrAtya kahalAtA hai| aise mAnava ko vaidika kRtyoM ke lie anadhikArI aura sAmAnyata: patita mAnA jAtA hai / parantu kAI vrAtya aisA ho. jo vidvAn aura tapasvI ho, vaha sarvapUjya hogA aura devAdhideva paramAtmA ke tulya hogA / vrAtya ne apane paryaTana meM prajApati ko bhI preraNA dI thii| aura prajApati ne apane meM suvarNa AtmA ko dekhA / 8 prazna yaha hai ki vaha vrAtya kauna hai, jisane prajApati ko preraNA dI ? DAkTara sampUrNAnanda vrAtya kA artha paramAtmA karate haiM / aura baladeva upAdhyAya bhI usI artha ko svIkAra karate haiM / vrAtyakANDa meM jo varNana hai, usa para se lagata hai vaha paramAtmA kA nahIM, apitu kisI dehadhArI kA varNana hai / mere vicAra se usa vyakti kA nAma bhagavAn RSabhadeva hai / kyoMki bhagavAn RSabhadeva eka varSa taka tapasyA meM sthira rahe the / eka varSa taka nirAhAra rahane para bhI unake zarIra kI puSTi aura dIpti kama nahIM huI thI / 1 vrAtya zabda kA mUla vrata hai / vrata kA artha dhArmika saMkalpa hai, aura jo saMkalpoM meM sAdhu hai, kuzala hai, vaha vrAtya hai / DAkTara hevara prastuta zabda kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhate haiM-- " vrAtya kA artha vratoM meM dIkSita hai arthAt jisane AtmAnuzAsana kI dRSTi se svecchApUrvaka vrata svIkAra kie hoM, vaha vrAtya hai / " ahiMsA Adi kI paramparA brAhmaNa saMskRti se bhI pUrva jaina saMskRti kI dena hai / veda, brAhmaNa aura AraNyaka sAhitya meM kahIM para bhI vratoM kA ullekha nahIM AyA hai| upaniSadoM, purANoM aura smRtiyoM meM jo ullekha milatA hai, vaha sArA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pazcAt kA hai / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI vrata - paramparA kA upaniSadoM para bhI prabhAva par3A hai / aura inhoMne use svIkAra kara liyA / yahI tathya zrIrAmadhArIsiMha 'dinakara' ne nimna zabdoM meM batAyA hai - "hindutva aura jaina dharma Apasa meM ghulamila kara itane ekAkAra ho gaye haiM ki Aja kA sAdhAraNa hindU yaha jAnatA bhI nahIM ki ahiMsA, satya,

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zramaNa saMskRti aura usakI prAcInatA asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye jainadharma ke upadeza the, hindutva ke nhiiN|" isa vivecana kA sAra yaha hai ki prAcInakAla meM vrAtya zabda kA prayoga zramaNa saMskRti ke anuyAyI zramaNoM ke lie hotA rahA hai| atharvaveda ke vrAtya-kANDa meM rUpaka kI bhASA meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA jIvana uTTaGkita kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAnRSabhadeva ke prati vaidika RSi prArambha se hI niSThAvAn rahe haiM / aura unheM ve devAdhideva ke rUpa meM mAnate rahe haiN| vAtarazanAmuni : zrImadbhAgavata purANa meM likhA hai ki svayaM bhagavAn viSNu mahArAjA nAbhi kA hita karane ke lie unake ranavAsa meM mahArAnI marudevI ke garbha meM aaye| unhoMne vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharma ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se yaha avatAra grahaNa kiyaa| Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muni kA ullekha AyA hai| ve RcAe~ isa prakAra haiM . "munayo vAta'razanAH pizaMgA vasate malA vAtasyAnughrAjim yanti yaddevAso avikSata / unmaditA mauneyana vAtAMA tasthimA vayam zarIredesmAkaM yUyaM mAso abhipazyatha // " arthAt atIndriyArthadarzI vAtarazanA muni mala dhAraNa karate haiM, jisase piMgala varNa vAle dikhAI dete haiN| jaba ve vAyu kI gati ko prANopAsanA dvArA dhAraNa kara lete haiM, arthAt roka dete haiM, taba ve apanI tapa kI mahimA se dIptimAna hokara devatAsvarUpa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| sAvalaukika vyavahAra ko chor3akara ve mauneya kI anubhUti meM kahate haiM-- "munibhAva se pramudita hokara hama vAyubhAva meM sthita ho gye| mayoM ! tuma hamArA zarIra mAtra dekhate ho|" rAmAyaNa kI TIkA meM jina vAtavasana muniyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve Rgveda meM varNita vAtarazana muni hI jJAta hote haiM / unake varNana ukta varNana se mela bhI khAte haiN| kezI muni bhI vAtarazana kI zreNI ke hI the|

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA taittirIyAraNyaka meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke ziSyoM ko vAtarazana RSi aura urdhvamaMthI kahA hai| vAtarazanA muni vaidika paramparA ke nahIM the, kyoMki vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsa aura munipada ko pahale sthAna nahIM thA / zramaNa zabda kA ullekha taittirIyAraNyaka aura zrImadbhAgavata ke sAtha hI vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad aura rAmAyaNa meM bhI milatA hai| iNDo grIka aura iNDosIthiyana ke samaya bhI jainadharma zramaNa dharma ke nAma se pracalita thaa| maigAsthanIja ne apanI bhArata yAtrA ke samaya do prakAra ke mukhya dArzanikoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / 1. zramaNa aura 2. brAhmaNa / zramaNa aura brAhmaNa usa yuga ke mukhya dArzanika the| usa samaya una zramaNoM kA bahuta Adara hotA thaa| kArla braka ne jaina sampradAya para vicAra karate hue maigAsthanIja dvArA ullikhita zramaNa sambandhI anuccheda ko uddhata karate hae likhA hai--"zramaNa vana meM rahate the| aura loga devatA kI bhA~ti unakI pUjA aura stuti karate the|" kezI: jambudvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra bhagavAn RSabhadeva jaba zramaNa bane, to unhoMne cAra mUSTi kezoM kA loca kiyA thaa| sAmAnya rUpa se pA~ca muSTi kezaloca karane kI paramparA hai| bhagavAn kezoM kA loMca kara rahe the| usa samaya jaba donoM bhAgoM ke kezoM kA loca karanA avazeSa thA, tabhI devaloka ke indra zakendra ne bhagavAn se nivedana kiyA ki he munirAja, itanI sundara kezarAzi kA loca mata karo, use rahane do| bhagavAna ne indra kI prArthanA se usako usI prakAra rahane diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki keza rakhane ke kAraNa unakA eka nAma kezI yA kezariyAjI huA / jaise siMha apane kezoM ke kAraNa kezarI kahalAtA hai, vaise hI bhagavAna RSabha kezI, kezarI aura kezariyA nAma se vizrata haiN| Rgveda meM bhagavAn RSabha kI stuti kezI rUpa meM kI gaI hai| vAtarazanA muni prakaraNa meM isa prakAra kA ullekha AyA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki kezI RSabhadeva hI the| anyatra Rgveda meM kezI aura vRSabha kA eka sAtha ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai / jaba mudgala RSi kI gAyeM (indriyA~) curAI jA rahI thIM, taba usa samaya kezI ke sArathI RSabha deva ke vacana se ve apane sthAna para lauTa AyIM / arthAt RSabha

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11 zramaNa saMskRti aura usakI prAcInatA ke upadeza se ve indriyA~ antarmukhI ho gyiiN| Rgveda meM bhagavAn RSabha kA ullekha aneka bAra huA hai| arhan : __ jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM sahasroM bAra arhan zabda kA prayoga huA hai / jo vItarAga aura tIrthaMkara bhagavAn hote haiM, ve ahaMn kI sajJA se pukAre gaye haiN| arhan zabda zramaNa saMskRti kA atyadhika priya zabda rahA hai| arhana ke upAsaka hone se jaina loga Aheta kahalAte haiN| Arhata loga prArambha se hI karma meM vizvAsa rakhate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki ve Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA nahIM mAnate the| Ahata mukhya rUpa se kSatriya the| rAjanIti kI bhA~ti ve dhArmika pravRttiyoM meM vizeSa ruci rakhate the| aura ve vAda-vivAdoM meM bhI bhAga lete the| isa Arhata paramparA kI pUSTi zrImadabhAgavata, padma purANa, viSNupurANa, skadapurANa, zivapurANa, matsyapurANa aura devo bhAgavata Adi se bhI hotI hai| ina meM jaina dharma kI utpatti ke sambandha meM aneka AkhyAna upalabdha hote haiN| hanumannATaka meM "arhannityatha jaina zAsanaratAH" likhA hai| zramaNa netA ke lie arhana zabda kA prayoga Rgveda meM bhI huA hai| __viSNu purANa ke anusAra asura loga Arhata dharma ke mAnane vAle the| unako mAyA moha nAmaka kisI vyakti vizeSa ne Ahata dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| ve sAmaveda, yajurveda aura Rgveda meM zraddhA nahIM rakhate the| ahiMsA dharma meM unakA pUrNa vizvAsa thaa| vaidika AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva bhAratavarSa meM sabhya aura asabhya ye donoM jAtiyA~ thiiN| asura, nAga aura dravir3a ye nagaroM meM rahane ke kAraNa sabhya jAtiyA~ kahalAtI thiiN| aura dAsa Adi jagaloM meM nivAsa karane ke kAraNa asabhya jAtiyA~ kahalAtI thiiN| sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se asura atyadhika unnata the| ve AtmavidyA ke bhI jAnakAra the| zaktizAlI hone ke kAraNa vaidika AryoM ko unase atyadhika kSati uThAnI pdd'ii| vaidika vAGamaya meM deva-dAnavoM kA jo yuddha varNana AyA hai, hamArI dRSTi se yaha yuddha asura aura vaidika AryoM kA yuddha hai| vaidika AryoM ke Agamana ke

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sAtha hI asuroM ke sAtha jo yuddha chir3A, vaha kucha hI dinoM meM samApta nahIM ho gayA, apitu vaha saMgharSa 300 varSa taka calatA rhaa| AryoM kA indra pahale bahuta zaktisampanna nahIM thaa| etadartha prArambha meM Arya loga parAjita hote rhe| mahAbhArata ke anusAra asura rAjAoM kI eka lambI paramparA rahI hai| aura ve sabhI rAjAgaNa-vrataparAyaNa, bahuzruta lokezvara the| padmapurANa ke anusAra asura loga jaina dharma svIkAra karane ke pazcAt narmadA ke taTa para nivAsa karane lge| Upara ke saMkSipta vivaraNa se hama isa niSkaSa para pahu~cate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti bhAratavarSa kI eka mahAn saMskRti hai, jo prAgaitihAsika kAla se hI bhArata ke vividha aMcaloM meM phalatI aura phUlatI rahI hai| yaha saMskRti vaidika saMskRti kI dhArA nahIM hai, apitu eka svataMtra saMskRti hai| isa saMskRti kI vicAradhArA vaidika saMskRti kI vicAradhArA se pRthak hai / vaidika saMskRti pravRttipradhAna hai, aura zramaNa saMskRti nivRtti pradhAna / vaidika saMskRti vistAravAdI hai, aura zramaNa saMskRti sama, zrama aura sama pradhAna hai| vaidika saMskRti kA pratinidhi brAhmaNa hai, aura zramaNa saMskRti kA pratinidhi zramaNa hai / jo zAnti, tapasyA va samatvayoga kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai| zramaNa saMskRti ne AtmA kI zAzvata mukti para bala diyA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jaina saMskRti, bauddha saMskRti kI zAkhA nahIM hai, balki spaSTataH bauddha saMskRti jaina saMskRti se milatI-julatI eka pRthaka saMskRti hai / hA~, ca ki yaha bhI samatAvAdI saMskRti hai, ataH yaha nirvivAda rUpa se zramaNa saMskRti kI eka zAkhA hai| tripiTaka sAhitya kA parizIlana karane para spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki tathAgata buddha ne aneka sthaloM para zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ko niggaMtha nAthaputta Adi ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai| teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke AcAra-vicAra kI chApa buddha ke jIvana para aura unake dharma para spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| jaina saMskRti kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI hI nahIM, kathA aura kahAniyA~ bhI bauddha sAhitya meM jyoM kI tyoM milatI haiN| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina saMskRti, jise zramaNa saMskRti kahA gayA hai, bhArata kI eka ati prAcIna saMskRti hai|* -zrIdevendra muni, zAstrI, sAhityaratna

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zramaNa saMskRti kA dharAtala aura usakI paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti mUlataH do saMskRtiyoM kA samanvita rUpa hai-eka vaidika saMskRti aura dUsarI zramaNa saMskRti / vaidika saMskRti brahman kI pRSThabhUmi se udbhUta huI hai, jabaki zramaNa saMskRti sama zabda ke vividha rUpoM athavA arthoM para AdhArita hai| prathama meM paratantratA, IzvarAvalambana aura kriyAkANDa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jabaki dvitIya svAtantrya, svAvalambana aura AtmA kI sarvocca zakti para vizvAsa karatI hai| zramaNa zabda zrama dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai, jisakA artha hai -udyoga karanA, parizrama karanA / pAli-prAkRta bhASA meM isI zabda ko samaNa kahA hai, jo sama (zAnti aura samAnatA tathA svayaM kA zrama) dhAtu se nirmita hai| ataH zramaNa saMskRti ukta zrama, zama, aura zrama ke mUla siddhAntoM ke dharAtala para avalambita hai| isameM tathAkathita Izvara mArgadraSTA hai, sRSTi kA kartA-dhartA-hartA nahIM / ataH usake anusAra pratyeka vyakti apane zrama va satkarmoM se svayaM Izvara bana sakatA hai| vaha Izvara ke prasAda para nirbhara nahIM hai, balki usakA svayaM kA puruSArtha use carama sthiti taka pahu~cA detA hai| usakI mUla sAdhanA hai-Atmacintana athavA bhedavijJAna / cAhe brAhmaNa ho yA kSatriya, vaizya ho yA zUdra-sabhI ko eka rUpa se Atmacintana karane evaM mukti prApta karane kA samAna adhikAra hai| koI bhI vyakti mAtra gotra athavA dhana se zreSTha 1. uttarAdhyayana ; tathA kammaM vijjA ca dhammo ca sIlaM jIvitamuttamaM / etena maccA sujjhanti na gottana dhanena vA // -visuddhimagga, 1 13

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14 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA nahIM hotA, balki usakI zreSThatA to usake uttama karma, vidyA, dharma aura zIla se hai| AtmA athavA citta svarUpataH nirmala aura nirvikAra hai| hamAre karma usake mUla svarUpa ko AvRta kara lete haiM / AtmA ke isa vikAra-bhAva ko dUra karane ke lie zuddhabhAvapUrvaka ahiMsAtmaka sAdhanA apekSita hai| isa prakAra samAnatA aura ahiMsA zramaNa saMskRti kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAe~ haiM / yahI usakA dharAtala hai / zramaNa saMskRti kA udbhava aura usako prAcInatA ke sandarbha meM yahA~ adhika kahane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| parantu itanA nizcita hai ki zramaNa saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bAda kI saskRti nahIM hai| sindhu ghATI ke utkhanana meM prApta kucha yaugika mudrAe~, vaidika sAhitya ke vrAtya, vAta razanA, zramaNa aura digambara gunigaNa, vedoM aura purANoM ke RSabhadeva tathA pAli sAhitya meM prApta lagabhaga caubIsoM jaina tIrthakaroM ke nAmollekha yaha kahane ko bAdhya karate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti vaidika saMskRti kI apekSA prAcInatara hai| cUMki vaidika sAhitya ke samakakSa prAcIna zramaNasAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai, isalie bhale hI hama use prAcInatara na mAneM, para samakAlIna to avazya hI mAnanA pdd'egaa| vyakti athavA samudAya kI vizeSa rUpa se tIna prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ hotI haiM, (1) bhautikavAdI pravRtti, (2) samAnatA aura puruSArthavAdI pravRtti, tathA (3) kisI Izvara vizeSa ko sarvasattAvAn mAnakara svayaM ko usakA dAsa mAnane kI pravRtti / prathama pravRtti kA pratinidhitva cArvAkadarzana karatA hai, dvitIya kA zramaNa darzana aura tRtIya pravRtti kA paricaya vaidika darzana se milatA hai / ataeva ye donoM saMskRtiyA~, jo apane ApameM svatantra aura maulika haiM, samakAlIna thiiN| kSatriya virodha Adi jaise tarka zramaga saMskRti ke udbhAvaka nahIM mAne jA skte| yaha adhika sambhava hai ki kisI kAraNavaza zramaNa saMskRti kA kucha hrAsa ho gayA ho aura apanI mUla sthiti meM pahaMcane ke lie vaidika saMskRti meM samAgata jAtivAda Adi jaise kaThora, kaTu aura viSAkta doSoM kA Azraya lekara kSatriya varga usake virodha meM uTha khar3A huA ho / 2. dekhie, lekhaka kA prabandha-jainijma ina buddhisTa liTarecara, prathama adhyAya

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15 zramaNa saMskRti kA dharAtala aura usakI paramparA pAli sAhitya meM zramaNoM ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM-maggajina, maggadesina, maggajIvina aura maggadUsina / 3 inameM pArasparika matabheda utpanna hone ke phalasvarUpa aneka dArzanika sampradAya uTha khar3e hue, jinheM buddha ne 'diTTi' ko sajJA dii| ina sabhI vivAdoM kA saMkalana vAsaTha prakAra ko mithyAdRSTiyoM (micchAdiTri) meM kiyA gayA hai / jaina sAhitya meM inhIM dRSTiyoM ko vistAra se 363 zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kara samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai|" ThANAMga meM zramaNoM ke pA~ca bheda nirdiSTa haiM nigaNTha (jaina), sakka (bauddha), tAvasa, geruya aura paribbAjaka / 6 suttanipAta meM inake tIna bheda milate haiM-titthiya, AjIvika aura nigaNTha / inheM vAdasIla kahA gayA hai| vartamAna meM ina bhedoM meM jaina aura bauddha-ye do paramparAe~ jIvita avasthA meM milatI haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra (pAli-nigaNTha nAtyutta) ke samakAlIna pUraNakassapa, makkhaligosAla, ajitakesa kambali, pakudhakaccAyana, saMjayabelaTThiputta aura mahAtmA buddha rahe haiN| tripiTaka meM ina sabhI AcAryoM ko "sar3adhI ceva gaNI ca, gaNAcAriyo ca, yAto, yasassI, titthakaro sAdhusammato bahujanassa, rattana , cira pabbajito, addhagato vayonupatto" kahA gayA hai| inameM adhikAMza AcArya zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha haiN| zramaNa paramparA aura nahIM to RSabhadeva kAlIna to avazya hai| unake bAda zeSa 23 tIthaMkara aura hae, jinhoMne isa paramparA ke vikAsa meM apanA yogadAna diyA thaa| ina tIrthaGkaroM meM vizeSa rUpa se pArzvanAtha paramparA ke ullekha pAli tripiTaka meM upalabdha hote haiM / vahA~ sAmaJaphalasutta meM pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAmasaMvara kA ullekha avazya hai, para vaha yathAvat nahIM ho paayaa| aMguttaranikAya (bhA0 3, 3. suttanipAta, 828 4. vahI, 54, 151 Avi 5. sUya gaDaMga 1, 1, 11 6. ThANAMga pR0-656 7. suttanipAta, 381

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16 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pR0 276-77 ) ke ullekha se yaha cAturyAmasaMvara bahuta kucha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / ThANAGga (sUtra 266 ) Adi jainAgamoM se bhI isakA samarthana spaSTa rUpa se ho jAtA hai / ataH zramaNa-sAdhanA meM jainasAdhanA, bauddha sAdhanA se pUrvatara siddha ho jAtI hai / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke bIca lagabhaga 250 varSa kA antara thA / isa bIca jaina saMgha meM AcAra - zaithilya ghara kara gayA / mahAvIra ne isake mUla kAraNa para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA aura aparigraha meM mUlataH garbhita brahmacarya vrata ko pRthaka rUpa dekara cAturyAma ke sthAna para paJcayAma athavA paJca mahAvratoM kI sthApanA kI / pAli tripiTaka aura jainAgama isake spaSTa pramANa haiM / jaina dharma kI tatkAlIna sthiti kA paricaya bhI ina uddharaNoM se prApta ho jAtA hai / ukta chaH zAstAoM ke atirikta, kucha choTe-moTe zAstA aura bhI the, jo apane matoM kA pravartana aura pracAra samAja meM kara rahe the / brahmajAlasutta ke bAsaTha dArzanika mata isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya haiM / inheM bhI gaMbhIra, durbodha Adi kahA gayA hai / ye mata isa prakAra haiM1. pubvantAnudiTThi aTThArasahi vatthUhi (i) sassatavAda (ii) ekacca sassatavAda (iii) anantAnantavAda (iv) amarAviksepavAda (v) adhicca samuppannavAda 2. aparantAnudiTThi catucattArIsAya vatthUhi (i) uddhamAghAtanikA saJtrIvAdA (ii) uddhamAghAtanikA asaJJIvAdA (iii) uddhamAghAtanikA nevasaJjI - nAsatrIvAdA (iv) ucchedavAda (v) diTThadhammanibbAnavAda 4 |18 IS IS sUtra kRtAGga meM dArzanika mata-matAntaroM kI saMkhyA 363 kI gaI hai / inake atirikta yajJa, bhUta, preta, pazu Adi kI bhI pUjA kI jAtI thI / 44+18 62

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zramaNa saMskRti kA dharAtala aura usako paramparA 17 parivrAjaka bhA eka pRthak athavA sAmAnya sampradAya thA / aura bhI aneka sampradAya the, para ve uttarakAla meM luptaprAya ho cuke the / 363 mata isa prakAra haiM nirjarA, mokSa, puNya aura pApa - ye anusAra ye nava padArtha svataH aura haiM / punaH sabhI padArtha nitya aura 1. kriyAvAda - yaha darzana jIva, ajIva Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nava padArtha mAnatA hai / usake parata: ke bheda se do prakAra ke anitya hote haiM - 6x2= 1842 36 / ye 36 padArtha kAla, svabhAva, niyati Izvara aura AtmA ke bheda se pA~ca prakAra ke haiM- 36x5 = 180 / isa prakAra kriyAvAda ke kula bheda 180 hue / 2. akriyAvAda isa darzana ke anusAra puNya aura pApa kA sthAna jIvana meM kucha bhI nahIM / ataH inake mata se kula sAta padArtha hue / inake do bheda haiM- svataH aura parataH / punaH kAla, yadRcchA, niyati, svabhAva, Izvara aura AtmA - ye 6 bheda haiM / isa prakAra akriyAvAda ke kula 72x6 84 bheda hue / * "kAlayacchAniyatisvabhAvezvarAtmanazvaturazItiH / nAstiklAdigaNamate na santi bhAvA svapara saMsthAH / 8 3. ajJAnavAda -- isa darzana meM ukta nava padArtha svIkRta haiM / ye sabhI padArtha sat, asat, sadasat avaktavya, sadavaktavya, asadavaktavya, sadasadavaktavya ke bheda se sAta prakAra ke haiM / inake atirikta satI bhAvotpatti: ko vetti ? kiM vA'nayA jJAtayA ? 2. asato bhAvotpatti ko vetti ? kiM vA'nayA jJAtayA ? 3. sadasatI bhAvotpatti ko vetti ? kiM vA'nayA jJAtayA ? 4. avaktavyA bhAvotpattiH ko vettiH ? kiM vA'nayA jJAtayA ? ye cAra bheda bhI haiM / isa prakAra 6 x 7 + 4 = 67 bheda ajJAnavAda ke haiM / "ajJAnakavAdimataM nava jIvAdIn sadAdisaptavidhAn / bhAvotpattiH sadasadva dyA'vAcyA ca ko vetti // 9 8. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 12. 15 vR0 pR0 2062 6. vahI, 112, 15 vR0 pR0 206

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18 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA 4. vainayikavAda-isa darzana meM vinaya se hI mukti pradarzita kI hai / yaha vinaya sura, nRpati, yati, jJAti, sthavira, adhama, mAtA aura pitA ke prati mana, vacana, kAya aura dAna ke bheda se cAra prakAra kI hai / ataH vainayikavAda ke 844 = 32 bheda hue| "vainayikamataM vinayazcetovAkAyadAnata: kAryaH / suranRpatiyatijJAtisthavirAdhamamAtRpitRSu sdaa||"10 brahmajAla sutta meM aura sUtrakRtAMga meM nirdiSTa ye dArzanika mata eka-dUsare ke pUraka kahe jA sakate haiN| AvazyakatA yaha hai ki ukta pratyeka mata kA sahI vizleSaNa kara samIkSAtmaka mUlyAMkana kiyA jAe, tAki yaha jJAta ho sake ki unameM kitane sampradAya zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha haiN| mujhe lagatA hai, unameM adhikAMza sampradAya zramaNa saMskRti ke dharAtala para khar3e hue haiM, aura pratyakSaapratyakSa rUpa se kisI na kisI prakAra zramaNa paramparA se prabhAvita haiN| -DA0 bhAgacanda jaina, bhAskara' 10. vahI, pR0 210 / 1 (patrAkAra)

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/ zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa evaM vistAra utthAnikA: kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti ke do rUpa hote haiN| eka to vaha jo Antarika jIvana ko zuddha karane meM pUrNa yoga detA hai, aura dUsarA vaha rUpa jo bAhya sAdhanoM dvArA use Antarika zuddhatA kI ora paha~cAne meM sahAyatA pradAna karatA hai, jo prANI ke jIvana kA antima lakSya hai- arthAta AdhyAtma vikAsa / zramaNa saMskRti ne ina donoM rUpoM ke vikAsa meM jo mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai, vaha atulanIya hai| isa saMskRti kI AtmA ahiMsA aura aparigrahavAda hai, jise syAdvAda dvArA jIvana ke vividha kSetroM meM vyavahRta kiyA gayA hai| isakA mUla tattva AtmA hai| isa meM Atma-vikAsa, guNa-pUjA, paraloka, karmaphala Adi bAtoM para vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai| isakI chatracchAyA meM jisa sAhitya aura kalA kA vikAsa zatAbdiyoM taka hotA rahA, vaha bhI avarNanIya hai| zilpa, sthApatya kalA meM to isa saMskRti ke aise samunnata aura vyApaka rUpa kA sAkSAtkAra huA hai, mAno adhyAtma zAnti kA srota hI umar3a par3A ho / zramaNa saMskRti : zramaNa, samana aura zamana-ye tInoM zabda prAkRta ke 'samaNa' se bane haiN| vAstava meM zramaNa saMskRti kA sArabhUta tattva inhIM tInoM zabdoM meM nihita hai| (1) 'zramaNa' zabda 'zrama' dhAtu se banA hai| isakA artha hai -zrama karanA / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vyakti apanA vikAsa svayaM apane 16

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ho parizrama se kara sakatA hai| sUkha-duHkha tathA utthAna-patana ke lie vaha svayaM hI uttaradAyI hai| jo jaisA kama karatA hai, use usakA tadanusAra phala bhoganA par3atA hai| koI Izvara yA anya bAhya zakti isa kAraNa-kArya niyama meM hastakSepa nahIM kara sktii| (2) 'samana' isa zabda kA artha hai-samatA arthAt sabhI ko Atmavat smjhnaa| pravacanasAra meM samana kI vyAkhyA nimna prakAra kI gaI hai "samasatta bandhu vaggo sama suhadukkho psNsriNgdsmo| samaloThThakaca No puraNa jovida maraNe samo smrnno||" arthAt zatru aura bandhu. sukha aura duHkha, prazaMsA aura nindA, miTTo aura sAnA tathA jIvana aura maraNa meM samana sama buddhi hotA hai / "jaha mama na piyaM dukkha jANiya emeva savva jovANaM / na hagai na haraNAvAi ya samaNamai teNa so samaraNo // " arthAt jisa prakAra mujhe duHkha acchA nahIM lagatA, usI prakAra sabhI jIvoM ko samajhanA caahie| yaha samajhakara jo na svayaM hiMsA karatA hai aura na kisI anya se karavAtA hai; arthAt jo samasta prANiyoM meM samabuddhi rakhatA hai, vaha samaNa hai / "so samaraNo jai sumaNo bhAveNa jai raNa hoi paavmrnno| sayaNe a jaNe ya samo samo a mANAvamANesu // " arthAt jisakA hRdaya sadaiva praphullita rahatA hai, jo kabhI bhI pApacintA nahIM krtaa| jo svajana aura anya jana, tathA mAna aura apamAna meM buddhi kA saMtulana rakhatA hai, vaha samaNa hai| "iha logaNirAvebakho appaDibaddho parammi loyamhi / - juttAhAravihAro rahiyakasAo have smrnno||" arthAt samaNa ihalaukika viSaya-tRSNA se virata aura pAralaukika viSayAkAMkSAoM se rahita hotA hai| usakA AhAra-vihAra saMtulita hotA hai / vaha viSaya-vAsanAoM se mukta hotA hai / / (3) zamana-isa zabda kA artha hai-damana karanA arthAt mana, vacana aura kAya para niyaMtraNa rakha kara durvRttiyoM aura tRSNA kA

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zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa evaM vistAra uccheda karanA tathA sadavRttiyoM kA vikAsa krnaa| isa zabda meM sabhI prakAra ke pApoM se virakti kA sadeza nihita hai| zramaNa saMskRti kA itivRtta : prAcIna sAhitya ke anusAra bhogabhUmi ke pazcAt kama-mUlaka saMskRti kA udaya haa| isa saMskRti ko pratiSThA kA zreya bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko hai| ye RSabha hI jaina dharma arthAta zramaNa saMskRti ke pravartaka the| inhoMne hI sarvaprathama asi (yuddha vidyA) masi (lekhana kalA), kRSi(vANijya,sevA tathA zilpa kI) zikSA kA pracalana kiyaa| brAhmI lipi ke AviSkAra kA zreya bhI inhIM ko hai| inhone dhAmika, rAjanItika, sAmAjika tathA Arthika vyavasthA kI ora bhI dhyAna diyaa| kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra - ina tIna vargoM kI sthApanA bhI inhoMne hI kii| inhIM ke putra bharata ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma bhArata par3A / bharata ne jJAna aura caritra ko pradhAnatA dene hetu brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA kii| bhAgavata meM bhI RSabhadeva kA eka mahAna tapasvI evaM ArAdhya ke rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| RSabhadeva ke pazcAt tIrthaMkaroM ne zramaNa saMskRti kI dhArA ko Age bddh'aayaa| bhagavAn neminAtha isa saMskRti ke aise prakAza stambha the, jinhoMne ahisAmUlaka saMskRti ke prakAza se janamAnasa ko Alokita kiyA / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne apanI mahAn sAMskRtika sAdhanA ke AdhAra para isa bAta para vizeSa bala diyA ki ahiMsA hI saMskRti kI AtmA hai / hiMsAmUlaka saMskRti, saM kRti nahIM, varan vikRti hai| samanvaya kI bhAvanA hI saMskRti kA bala hai, jIvana hai aura isI meM zatAbdiyoMparyaMta pravAhita rahane kI atulanIya zakti hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA, aparigrahavAda, karmavAda, syAdvAda tathA samatAvAda kI jisa pAvana dhArA ko tumula vega se pravAhita kiyA, usameM nimajjita hokara yuga-yuga taka mAnava sthAyI sukha-zAnti evaM amaratva ko prApta karatA rhegaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt AcArya bhadrabAhu, kundakundAcArya, sthUlabhadrAcAya, umAsvAti, samantabhadra, akalaMka deva, lokAzAha, hIra vijaya sUri, AtmAnanda, vijayavallabha sUri Adi ne isa

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa-savarddhana evaM poSaNa kiyaa| isa samaya muni vidyAnanda, AcArya tulasI evaM rASTrasaMta upAdhyAya amara muni jaise mahAn tapasvItraya isa saMskRti ke prasAra meM atulanIya yogadAna de rahe haiM / bauddha bhikSuoM ne bhI isa saMskRti ke saMdeza ko rAjamahaloM se lekara jhoMpar3iyoM taka pahu~cAyA hai / chaThI zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa taka to zramaNa saMskRti aura jaina saMskRti - donoM eka hI samajhI jAtI thI, parantu bhagavAn buddha ke kAraNa isakI eka dhArA bauddha dharma ke rUpa meM pravAhita ho calI aura kAlAntara meM jaina tathA bauddha -donoM ke lie hI zramaNa saMskRti zabda vyavahRta hone lgaa| isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha-donoM samakAlIna the aura donoM kI vicAradhArAoM meM bahuta aMzoM meM samAnatA thii| mUni kAntisAgara ke zabdoM meM--"donoM hI paramparAe~ vedavirodhI thiiN| mAnava saMskRti ke vikAsa meM avarodhaka varNa-vyavasthA jaisI prathA ina donoM ko abhISTa na thii| ve guNAzrita uccatva-nimnatva meM vizvAsa karate the, jAtyAzrita meM nhiiN| bauddha aura jaina zramaNoM ne janatA meM apane sAMskRtika tattvoM kA pracAra kara jAtivAda ke viruddha samAja kA navanirmANa kiyaa|" magadhapati zreNika bimbisAra aura abhayakumAra ne bebilona taka zramaNa saMskRti kA prabhAva sthApita kiyaa| maurya samrATa candragupta tathA AcArya bhadrabAhu ne dakSiNa bhArata meM zramaNa saMskRti kA pracAra evaM prasAra kiyaa| azoka ne laMkA, tibbata, cIna, jApAna, brahmA Adi dezoM meM bauddha dharma ke pracArArtha apanA sarvasva samarpita kara diyaa| usane bauddha-dharma kI eka mahatI sabhA kA Ayojana kiyA, jisameM anekoM vidvAnoM ne bhAga liyaa| itanA hI nahIM, azoka ne bauddha-dharma ke siddhAntoM ko zilA stambhoM para aMkita kraayaa| samrATa samprati ne videzoM taka meM jainadharma kA pracAra karAyA aura anekoM jaina maMdira tathA matiyoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| mizra meM pAI jAne vAlI simAniyA jAti usa yuga meM lokapracalita zramaNa saMskRti kA Aja bhI smaraNa dilAtI hai| __zuMgakAla meM vaidika saMskRti ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke kAraNa zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa kucha manda ho gyaa| parantu kaniSka aura harSa

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zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa evaM vistAra jaise pratApI samrAToM ne bauddha dharma kA pravala pracAra kiyaa| isI prakAra amoghavarSa, kumArapAla tathA anya aneka rAjapUta rAjAoM ke saMrakSaNa meM jaina dharma ne bhI paryApta unnati ko| sampUrNa bhArata meM nirmita jaina mandira tathA utkhanana kArya meM upalabdha jaina aura buddha mUrtiyA~ isa bAta kI pratIka haiM ki eka samaya aisA thA jabaki sampUrNa deza meM zramaNa saMskRti kA hI bolabAlA thaa| mathurA, udayagiri, khaNDagiri, sAranAtha, paTanA, vaizAlI, prayAga Adi sthAnoM se upalabdha mUrtiyA~, caukora AyAga paTTa, vedikA, toraNa, stambha, dvArastambha, guphAe~ tathA ajantA, bAgha, bAdAmI, elorA Adi kI citrakalA evam bhagavAna gomaTezvara, abhayamudrA meM bhagavAn buddha kI mUrti, sAranAtha, lauriyA evaM vaizAlI ke azoka stambha, zatrujaya tathA AbU ke jaina madira, stUpa Adi samasta bAteM zramaNa-saMskRti kI svaNima gauravagAthA kA gAna kara rahI haiN| __ zramaNa-saMskRti kA kramavaddha itihAsa hI loka-jIvana kA jvalaMta itihAsa hai / samaya-samaya para tyAgI zramaNa apane tyAga, saMyama aura samatva kI prabala bhAvanA ke dvArA rAjamahaloM se lagAkara jhopar3iyoM taka vyaktimUlaka svatantratA kA sandeza sunAte rahe / jahA~ samatA kA nivAsa hai, vahA~ vizvaprema svataH hI utpanna ho jAtA hai / bhagavAn buddha apane ziSyoM se kahate haiM "caratha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya, lokAnakampAya, atthAya hitAya devmnussaanN|" he bhikSuo ! aisI jIvana-caryA apanAo jisase bahuta logoM kA hita ho, bahuta logoM ko sukha prApta ho / loka kI anukampA ke lie deva aura manuSyoM ke upakAra tathA hita ko apanA jIvanavRtta bnaao| "desetha bhikkhave kallANaM, AdikallANaM, majhe kallANaM, pariyosAna kallANaM, kevalaM paripuNNaM, brahmacarya pakAsetha / " he bhikSuo ! aisA upadeza do jo Adi meM kalyANakArI ho, madhya meM kalyANakArI ho aura anta meM kalyANakArI ho / pUrNa brahmacarya kA prakAza phailaao| ___ itanA hI nahIM, bhagavAn buddha saMsAra ko maitrI aura karuNA se bhara denA cAhate the| unhoMne kahA hai

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA "mAyA jahA niya puttaM ekamattaNu rakkhe / bhAvaya aparimANaM / " arthAta jisa prakAra mAtA apane ikalaute putra ko sneha karatI hai, usI prakAre tuma apane sneha ko saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM meM phailA do| zramaNa saMskRti kI udAratA : bhArata kI sAMskRtika zAkhAoM meM zramaNa saMskRti hI kevala aisI hai, jo kevala vicAra meM hI udAra nahIM, apitu AcAra meM bhI kAphI udAtta evaM dRr3ha rahI hai| zramaNa paramparA meM cANDAloM ko bhI saMgha meM vahI sthAna prApta thA jo rAjakumAroM ko thA / kisI bhI saMskRti kI udAratA kA paricaya usake sAhitya kI apekSA AcAra se adhika milatA hai| zramaNa saMskRti meM vyakti kI apekSA guNoM ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| jainiyoM ke dainika maMtra Namo loe savva sAhaNaM"--saMsAra ke samasta. sAdhuoM ko namaskAra ho-se jJAta hotI hai ki isa maMtra ke praNetAoM kA hRdaya kitanA vizAla aura madhyastha bhAvoM se ota-prota thaa| zramaNa saMskRti jJAna kI apekSA cAritrika nirmANa para adhika bala detI hai| kyoMki mAnava saMskRti kA vikAsa cAritrika bala para hI avalambita hai| gItA kA 'Atmavat savabhUteSu ya pazyati sa pazyati'-yaha svarNa vAkya zramaNa saMskRti meM sarvAMzataH sAkAra huA hai / yaha saMskRti prANiyoM meM janmakRta koI antara nahIM maantii| AtmavikAsa ke patha meM jo prANI jitanA Age hai, vaha utanA hI ucca hai, phira cAhe vaha zUdra ho yA brAhmaNa, rAjA ho yA raMka, strI ho yA puruSa / yahA~ prANiyoM kA sukha-duHkha kisI ke varadAna athavA abhizApa para nirbhara nahIM hai| isalie na to kisI ko prasanna karane ke lie sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hai, aura na kisI ke prakopa ko dUra karane ke lie anuSThAna kii| sukha aura duHkha kA kartA tathA vikartA svayaM AtmA hI hai| AtmA hI mitra hai, AtmA hI zatru hai| AtmA vaitaraNI nadI hai, AtmA kaTa zAlmalI vRkSa hai| AtmA hI kAmadhenu hai aura AtmA hI nandana vana hai| "appA naI veyaraNI, appA me kuuddsaamlii| appA kAmaduhA gheNU appA me nadaNaM vaNaM // " / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra uparyukta varNana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti bhArata kI prAcIna tathA loka maMgalakArI saMskRti hai| ata: bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa evaM vistAra meM zramaNa saMskRti kA apUrva yogadAna rahA hai| DA0 puSyamitra jaina, ___ ema0e0, pI-eca0DI0

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zramaNa saMskRti kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi dharma, saMskRti aura darzana-ye tInoM mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa kI sImArekhAe~ haiN| ina tInoM ko vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| tInoM kA samanvita rUpa hI mAnava-jIvana ke lie varadAna siddha ho sakatA hai| saMskRti jaba AcAronmukha hotI hai, taba use dharma kahA jAtA hai, aura jaba vaha vicAronmukha hotI hai. taba use darzana kahA jAtA hai / saMskRti kA bAhyarUpa evaM kriyA-kANDa dharma hai, aura saMskRti kI Antarika rekhA athavA cintana darzana kI saMjJA ko prApta karatA hai / saMskRti kA artha hai-saMskAra / saMskAra cetana kA ho ho sakatA hai, jar3a kA nhiiN| isa saMdarbha meM saMskRti kA sambandha cetana se hI hai, acetana se nhiiN| jaba prakRti meM vikAra A jAtA hai, taba usake sudhAra ke lie jo prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, vahI saMskAra athavA saMskRti hai| zramaNa-saMskRti : ___ saMskRti apane Apa meM eka akhaNDa tattva hai| usakA khaNDa athavA vibhAjana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| saMskRti ke pUrva jaba koI vizeSaNa jor3a diyA jAtA hai, taba vaha vibhAjita ho jAtI hai / saMskRti apane Apa meM eka hokara bhI apane pUrva vizeSaNoM ke kAraNa aneka vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho jAtI hai| jaise ki-zramaNa-saMskRti aura brAhmaNa-saMskRti / sama-saMskRti athavA brahma-saMskRti / zramaNa aura brAhmaNa---ye donoM bhAratIya dharma-paramparAoM meM guru pada bhogate rahe haiN| eka hI rASTra meM rahate hue bhI aura eka hI rASTra kA anna evaM jala khAte-pote hae bhI donoM ke cintana ko paddhati alaga-alaga rahI hai| zramaNa ne yoga ko apanAyA, to brAhmaNa ne bhoga ko| 25

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA brAhmaNa kA lakSya rahA - bhoga, sukha evaM suvidhA, aura zramaNa kA lakSya rahA-tyAga, vairAgya aura virakti / brAhmaNa ke jIvana kA lakSya thA -saMsAra meM rahakara adhika se adhika sukha kA upabhoga karanA, jabaki zramaNa ne sukha ke upabhogoM se virakta hokara, AdhyAtmika sukha aura AdhyA.tmaka kalyANa ko prApta karane kA apanA lakSya bnaayaa| brAhmaNavAdI cintana ke sukha kI antima sImA svarga rahA, aura zramaNa ne apane sukha kI antima sImA ko mokSa kahA / vAstava meM brAhmaNa-saMskRti samAja aura rASTra kI saskRti rahI, jabaki zramaNa-saMskRti vyakti ko aura adhyAtmabhAva kI saMskRti rahI hai| saMskRti ke svarUpa meM itanI antara rekhA ke kAraNa hI saMskRti do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hA gii| brAhmaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa ne mImAMsAdazana, vedAnta-dazana, vaizeSika-darzana aura nyAyadarzana ko janma diyaa| zramaNa-saMskRti ne jaina-darzana, bauddha-darzana, sAMkhya-darzana, yoga-darzana aura AjIvaka-dazana ko janma diyaa| brAhmaNa-saMskRti kA mUla lakSya karma-yoga para adhika rahA aura zramaNa-saMskRti kA jJAna-yoga athavA saMnyAsayoga para adhika lakSya rahA hai| yadyapi zramaNa-saMskRti, zramaNa-dharma athavA zramaNa-dazana ke nAma se jaina-paraMparA aura bauddha-paramparA kA hI parijJAna hotA hai, tathApi usake mUla cintana kA avagAhana kiyA jAe, to jJAta hogA ki saMnyAsa-dharma ko mukhya mAnane vAlI jitanI bhI dhArAe~ eva upadhArAe~ haiM, ve sabhI saMskRtiyA~ zramaNa-saMskRti meM antabhita ho jAtI haiM / mahAvIra ke anuyAyo aura buddha ke anuyAyI isa tathya ko samaveta svara meM svIkRta karate haiM ki gRhastha-jIvana kI apekSA zramaNa-jIvana zreSTha evaM jyeSTha hai / zramaNa ke vicAra aura AcAra kA anugamana karane vAlI paramparA zramaNa-saMskRti kahI jAtI rahI hai| sAMkhya aura yoga : kapila ke sAMkhya-sUtra aura pataMjali ke yoga-sUtra saMnyAsa ko jIvana kalyANa ke lie mukhya dharma svIkAra karate haiN| bhale hI kapila ne apane uccatama sAdhakoM ke lie zramaNa zabda kA prayoga na kiyA ho, parantu parivrAjaka aura saMnyAsI tathA yogI zabda kA vaho artha hai,

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zramaNa saMskRti ko dArzanika pRSThabhUmi jo zramaNa zabda kA hai| sAMkhya darzana kA saMnyAmI, yoga-darzana kA yogI aura zramaNa-saMskRti kA zramaNa - tIno kA uddezya eka hI hai, ki adhyAtma- jIvana kA vikAsa karake ananta sukha, ananta zAnti aura ananta Ananda ko prApta kiyA jaae| isa dRSTi se sAMkhya darzana aura yoga-darzana bhI zramaNa-darzana se bhinna nahIM hai| kucha zabdoM ke hera-phera ke kAraNa, athavA kucha paribhASAoM kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa, sAMkhya aura yoga ko zramaNa-dharma, zramaNa-saMskRti aura bhramaNa-darzana se alaga nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| isI prakAra AjIvaka-paMtha bhI zramaNaparamparA kA eka aMga thaa| bhale hI Aja usakI paramparAe~ vilupta athavA vismRta ho cukI hoN| isa prakAra zramaNa saMskRti kI sImA bahuta vistRta evaM vyApaka rahI hai / darzana kI paribhASA : darzana zabda atyanta vyApaka rahA hai / isakI vyAkhyA aura paribhASA ko bA~dhane kA jitanA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, vaha utanA hI virAT aura vyApaka hotA rahA hai / darzana- - zAstra kI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM AsthA kI bhinnatA hone para bhI usake mUlasvarUpa ke sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI bhinnatA nahIM dekhI jAtI / darzana zabda kI paribhASA athavA lakSaNa eka hI hai ki satya evaM tathya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA / jisane satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara liyA, use prAcIna yuga meM RSi tathA vartamAna yuga meM dArzanika kahA jAtA hai | darzana aura dArzanika kI yaha paribhASA bhArata ke sabhI darzana sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahI hai / tattva kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hI, satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA mAnA jAtA hai / isa artha meM ucchedavAdI cArvAkadarzana ko bhI darzana kahA gayA hai| bhArata ke nava darzanoM meM usakI bhI parigaNanA kI gaI hai / yaha bAta alaga hai ki tattva, satya aura tathya kise kahA jAe ? jaina- paramparA jova aura ajIva ko tattva svIkAra karatI hai| sAMkhya darzana ne prakRti aura puruSa ko tattva kahA hai / bauddha paramparA meM cAra Arya satya prasiddha haiM / vaizeSikadarzana ne sapta padArtha svIkAra kie haiM, to nyAya darzana ne solaha padArtha mAne haiM / vedAnta ne ina saba ko miTAkara eka mAtra brahma ko hI tattva mAnA hai / tattva kI vyAkhyA bhinna hone para bhI tattva kI

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sattA se kisI ko inkAra nahIM hai| tattva ke prati jo aDiga evaM aTUTa AsthA hai, vastutaH vahI dharma evaM saMskRti hai| AsthA ke rUpa vibhinna hone para bhI samagra bhAratIya-darzanoM kI AsthA kA AdhAra eka hI rahA hai, aura vaha hai-tattva, satya evaM tathya / bhAratIyadArzanikoM ne darzana ko, jIvana kA abhinna aMga mAnA hai| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra jIvana kabhI darzana se . zUnya nahIM ho sktaa| dazana hI jIvana hai| jIvana aura darzana ___ jIvana meM darzana athavA cintana utanA hA Avazyaka hai, jitanA bhautika jIvana ko TikAne ke lie zvAsa aura prshvaas| pratyeka vyakti, phira bhale hI vaha kitanA hI apar3ha evaM gaeNvAra ho, kintu apane Apa meM vaha avazya hI dArzanika hotA hai| jaba mAnavIya mana ke stara para jIvana aura jagat ke prazna ubhara kara Ate haiM, athavA jaba vaha AtmA aura paramAtmA kI bAta karatA hai, taba kyA vaha anAyAsa hI darzana ko abhivyakti nahIM detA ? isa artha meM maiM darzana ko jIvana kA eka abhinna aMga svIkAra karatA huuN| pAzcAtya dArzanika bekana ne kahA thA - "darzana meM hameM sabase pahale mastiSka kI zakti ko DhUr3hane ke lie kahA jAtA hai| bAkI cIjeM yA to ekatrita kara dI jAe~gI yA unakI koI jarUrata hI nahIM rhegii|" phrAnsa ke mahAn dArzanika DekArTa ne kahA thA-"manuSya jitanA jAna sakatA hai, vaha jJAna tathA apane jIvana ke AcaraNa, apane svAsthya kI rakSA, aura sabhI kalAoM ke AviSkAra kA pUrNa jJAna darzana hai|" lAravanitja ne kahA thA-'darzana kA mukhya kAma jJAna ke maulika siddhAntoM kA AviSkAra karanA hai / " vyUro ke zabdoM meM - 'kevala gambhIra evaM ucca vicAroM kA poSaNa athavA kisI bojhila vicAradhArA se saMbaddha honA hI dArzanikatA nahIM hai, balki dArzanikatA kA artha hai-jJAna athavA vidyA prema / aura usI jJAna tathA viveka ke sAtha jIvanayApana / sAdagI, svacchatA evaM AsthAmaya jIvana bitAnA hI saccI dArzanikatA hai|" jarmanI ke mahAn dArzanika hegala ne kahA thA-"darzana kA kAma hai-prakRti aura anubhava ke dvArA sArA jagat jaisA hai, use vaisA hI jaannaa|

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zramaNa saMskRti kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi 26 usake bhItara kA adhyayana karanA aura use samajhanA / kevala bAharI saMyoga se utpanna rUpa ko hI nahIM, balki prakRti ke bhItara jo anAdi samanvaya vyavasthA hai, usakA bhI adhyayana karanA / ataH darzana kA lakSya yaha dikhAnA hai, ki kaise eka pariNAma dUsare pariNAma ko janma detA hai / aura kaise usakA dUsare se prakaTa honA avazyaMbhAvI hai / " bargIla ne kahA thA - " vahI manuSya sukhI hai, jo vastuoM kA kAraNa jAna cukA hai, aura jisase sAre bhaya, nirdayI bhAgya aura tRSNA ke naraka ke halacalapUrNa saMgharSoM ko apane pairoM ke nIce dabA cukA hai / " bargIla ne darzana kI paribhASA karate hue kahA -- '' darzana sadaiva vAstavika pratyakSa darzana evaM AtmAnubhUti rahA hai, aura rahegA / " sApena haoNvara ne darzana ke sambandha meM apanI vyAkhyA isa prakAra prastuta kI thI " usI vyakti meM darzana kI kSamatA nahIM hotI, jo manuSya tathA sabhI vastuoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAnane kA prayatna nahIM karatA / " eka mAtra darzana hI aisA hai, jo kaSTa tathA duHkhoM se bhare jIvana meM zAnti de sakatA hai / ina paribhASAoM ke anusAra darzana kA jIvana se nikaTatama sambandha rahA hai / adhyAtmavAdI darzana : thA--' zramaNa saMskRti kA darzana eka AdhyAtmavAdI darzana hai / mAnava ko bhoga se yoga kI ora le jAnA hI usakA lakSya rahA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zramaNa paramparA ke darzana kI sAdhanA adhyAtma-bhAva kI sAdhanA hai, mAnava-mana ke vikAra aura vikalpoM para vijaya pAne kI mAdhanA hai / manogata vikAroM ko parAjita kara Atma-vijaya kI pratiSThA karanA hI usakA jaya ghoSa rahA hai / AtmA ke eka azuddhabhAva ko jIta lene para cAra krodhAdi kaSAya aura mana jIta liyA jAtA hai, aura pA~ca ko jIta lene para daza -- mana, kaSAya aura pA~ca indriyA~ jIta lI jAtI haiM / isa prakAra daza zatruoM ko jIta kara jIvana ke samasta zatruoM ko saga ke lie jIta liyA jAtA hai / manovikAroM ko jItanA hI saccI vijaya hai / jisane apane Apako nahIM jItA, vaha samasta jagat ko jItakara bhI vijetA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / zramaNa-darzana kA yaha kendrIya vicAra rahA hai / 1. uttarAdhyamana sUtra, 23, 36

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ___jaina zabda jina zabda para se banA hai, jo jina kA upAsaka hai, vaha jaina hai| rAga evaM dveSa Adi vikAroM ko sarvathA jIta lenA hI jinatva hai / jo rAga-dveSa rUpI vikAroM ko jItane ke lie prayatnazIla hai, kucha ko jIta cukA hai, aura kucha ko jIta rahA hai, vastutaH vahI jaina hai| nijatva kI paridhi se nikala kara jinatva ko ora agrasara hone vAlA sAdhaka, Atma-sAdhaka kahA jAtA hai| isakA abhiprAya yahI hai ki nijatva meM jinatva kI pratiSThA karanA hI jainatva hai| jaba taka sAdhaka apane svarUpa ko na samajhe aura apane ko jItane kA prayatna na kare taba taka usakI sAdhanA viparIta dizA kI sAdhanA kahI jAtI hai| jaina-darzana : ___ bhAratIya-darzanoM meM jaina-darzana kI amUlya dena anekAntavAda hai| jaise-vedAnta-darzana kA carama vikAsa brahmavAda huA hai, sAMkhya-darzana kA carama vikAsa pariNAmavAda meM haA hai, aura jisa prakAra bauddhadarzana kA carama vikAsa vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda meM haA hai, vaise ho jaina-darzana kA carama vikAsa athavA carama pariNati anekAntavAda evaM syAdvAda rahA hai / anekAntavAda kA AdhAra nayavAda hai, aura syAdvAda kA AdhAra saptabhaMgIvAda / anekAnta eka dRSTi hai, aura usa anekAntamayI dRSTi ko jisa bhASA-paddhati ke dvArA abhivyakti milatI hai, use syAdvAda kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM anekAntavAda jaina-darzana kI eka apUrva dena hai| isake dvArA sabhI dArzanika saMgharSa samApta kiye jA sakate haiN| anekAnta kA AdhAra kevala dArzanika hI nahIM, apitu anekAnta ke dvArA sAmAjika, pArivArika, rAjanItika aura rASTrIya saMgharSoM ko bhI miTAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina-darzana vastu ko eka rUpAtmaka yA eka dharmAtmaka nahIM mAnatA, balki ananta dharmAtmaka mAnatA hai| kisI eka apekSA se vastu ke eka rUpa ko hI jAnA jA sakatA hai, samagra rUpa ko nhiiN| jaise-Amraphala meM rUpa, rasa, gaMdha evaM sparza Adi sabhI dharma vidyamAna haiM, parantu hama carmacakSa ke dvArA usake rUpa evaM AkAra kA hI jJAna kara sakate haiM, usake anya dharmoM kA nhiiN| yaha satya hai ki rUpa bhI Amraphala kA eka dharma hai| parantu rUpamAtra ko hI samagra Amraphala nahIM kahA jA

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zramaNa saMskRti kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi sakatA / usameM sthita anya dharma bho, jinheM anya indriyoM ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai, una sabakA samaveta rUpa hI Amraphala hai / ataH Amraphala kA samagra rUpa sabhI dharmoM ke samanvaya se bana sakatA hai isI prakAra AtmA bhI ananta dharmAtmaka eka dravya hai, usameM nityatva aura anityatva, ekatva aura anekatva, bhinnatva aura abhinnatva, tathA sat aura asat Adi ananta dharma haiN| una ananta dharmoM kA samaveta piNDa hI AtmA hai| AtmA ko samajhane ke lie una sabhI dharmoM ko samajhanA parama Avazyaka hai / dArzanika kSetra meM yaha anekAntavAda jaina darzana kA eka prasiddha siddhAnta hai / samagra jainadarzana kI AdhArazilA isI para AdhArita hai / ahiMsA aura aparigraha bhI jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta siddhAnta rahe haiM / vAstava meM ahiMsA aura anekAnta- ina do zabdoM meM samagra zramaNaparamparA kA sAra A jAtA hai / anekAnta ko bhalI bhA~ti samajhe binA aura vyavahAra meM lAe binA ahiMsA nitAMta adhUrI aura la~gar3I rahatI hai / ahiMsA ke do rUpa haiM- vicAra kI ahiMsA aura AcAra kI ahiMsA | prathama vicAroM kA kSetra spaSTa aura svaccha honA cAhie tabhI AcAra-vizuddhi ho sakegI / vicAroM meM to kUr3A-karakaTa bharA ho, aura jIvana-vyavahAra meM nisteja ahiMsA kA dikhAvA kare, to yaha ahiMsA kA vizuddha evaM paripUrNa rUpa nahIM hogA / anekAntavAda vicAroM ko prakAzamAna banAtA hai| AcaraNa kI ahiMsA se pUrva vicAra ke kSetra meM anekAntavAda kA honA parama Avazyaka hai / eka bAra AcArya haribhadra se - jo apane yuga ke eka mahAn dArzanika evaM vicAraka the, pUchA gayA thA ki mukti kise milatI hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne kahA - " jisa AtmA meM samabhAva A cukA hai, vastutaH vahI mukti kA adhikArI hai / phira vaha vyakti bhale hI zvetAmbara ho, digambara ho, bauddha ho, zaMva ho athavA vaiSNava ho / ' samabhAva athavA samatva-yoga yahI zramaNa-saMskRti kA sAratattva kahA jA sakatA hai / samabhAva kI sAdhanA hI saccI sAdhanA hai / "i 2. seyaMbaro ya AsaMvaro ya buddho vA tahaya anno vA / bhAvabhAvippA lahai mokkhaM na sandeho || 31

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32 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA eka dUsare sthAna para bhI AcArya haribhadra ne kahA hai -"merA na kapila para dvaSa hai aura na mahAvIra para anurAga hai| maiM to usI kI bAta ko svIkAra karatA hU~, jo tarka-saMgata, yuktiyukta aura jIvanopayogI ho|" zraddhApUrvaka tarka aura tarkapUrvaka zraddhA se hI hamAre jIvana kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai| tarkazUnya zraddhA andha-vizvAsa kI ora le jAtI hai, zraddhAzUnya tarka manuSya ko sImAhona ananta AkAza meM ur3AtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvana meM zraddhA aura tarka donoM ko zramaNa-darzana meM samAna adhikAra prApta huA hai| ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI jana-jIvana meM jitanI AvazyakatA Aja hai, utanI zAyada pahale kabhI na rahI hogii| ahiMsA kA artha haiprema evaM prIti, aura aparigraha kA artha hai-anAsakti athavA icchAoM kA sImAkaraNa / Aja ke jana-jIvana meM hiMsA aura parigraha kA jo nagna tANDava nRtya ho rahA hai, usane mAnavatA kI jar3oM ko hilA diyA hai| Aja kA mAnava, phira bhale hI vaha kisI bhI deza kA, kisI bhI jAti kA, kisI bhI varga kA kyoM na ho, zAMti kI abhilASA rakhatA hai, kintu Aja ko viSama paristhiti meM use kahIM para bhI zAnti najara nahIM A rahI hai| kisI yUga meM mAnava ne vibhinna sampradAyoM aura panthoM ko janma diyA thA, phira usane unakA saMgharSa bho dekhA, jisakA maulika samAdhAna use mahAvIra ke anekAntavAda meM milA / Aja ke samAja kI viSama samasyAoM ko sulajhAne kA upAya ekamAtra ahiMsA aura aparigraha hI ho sakatA hai| madhya yuga kA mAnava yadi panthoM se parezAna thA, to isa aNuyuga kA mAnava rAjanIti ke panthoM aura sampradAyoM se parezAna aura hairAna bana cukA hai| samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, sarvodayavAda aura dUsare-dUsare rAjanItika dala Aja samAja kI viSamatAoM ko dUra karane kI ghoSaNA to karate haiM, para use dUra karane meM ve sabhI viphala rahe haiN| merA vizvAsa hai, ki yadi duniyA ke sabhI panthoM aura rAjanItika daloM ko miTA diyA jAe aura Aja kA samagra mAnava samudAya yadi sacce hRdaya se anekAnta, ahiMsA aura aparigraha ko svIkAra kara le, to usake jovana ko vyAkUla banAne vAlo azAnti dUra ho sakatI hai aura usakA vartamAna jIvana zAnta, sundara aura madhura bana sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dharma kA, darzana kA aura saMskRti kA sAra ina tIna zabdoM meM hI hai-anekAnta, ahiMsA aura aparigraha / * -paM0 vijayamuni, zAstrI, sAhityaratna

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya Adimayuga kA mAnava aura jIvana meM ahiMsA kA udaya : mAnava-vikAsa ke kramoM para Aja kI vaijJAnika dRSTi sarvaprathama Adima yuga para jA TikatI hai| Adima yuga kA mAnava jaMgaloM meM bhaTakA karatA thA / jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA zikAra karanA, unake kacceadhapake mAMsa se kSudhA tRpti karanA, tathA unakI khAloM ko vastra kI jagaha pahananA, yahI prAyaH usakA nitya kA jIvana thaa| Adima mAnava kA yaha jIvanakrama batAtA hai ki apane se itara kisI bhI prANI kA mUlya usake lie kucha bhI na thaa| basa, kucha mUlya thA to itanA hI ki unheM mArakara apanI kSudhApUrti karanA evaM unako khAla ko pahana lenA bhara / taba ke mAnava ko kahA~ yaha patA thA ki sabhI prANI eka samAna haiM, sabhI hamArI taraha hI sukha-duHkhoM kA anubhava karate haiM, hamArI taraha hI duHkhoM se mukti cAhate haiM aura sukhoM kI kAmanA karate haiN| itihAsa isakA pramANa hai ki RSi-paramparA se pUrva zramaNa paramparA ne mAnavamAtra ko yaha jJAna pradAna kiyA ki --- "mAnava ! jisa prakAra tUne sukha evaM zAMtipUrNa patha se yAtrA karane ke lie mAnavatana pAyA hai, usI prakAra vizva ke samasta prANI bhI sUkha evaM zAMti kA jovana cAhate haiN| ataH jisa prakAra tuma apanA ahita nahIM kara sakate, apanA ahita nahIM dekha sakate, apane lie kataI pIr3A evaM duHkha nahIM cAha sakate--vizva ke anya sabhI jIva bhI apane lie aisA kucha nahIM cAhate haiN| jIvana jInA hai, to kyA tAmasika vRttiyoM se hI jiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA sAtvika

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vRttiyA~ jIvana-vikAsa meM koI bAdhaka haiM ? kyoM nahIM mAMsa bhakSaNa kI jagaha anna se kSadhA tRpti ko jAe ! kyoM nahIM pazuoM kI khAla kI jagaha kapAsa kI kRSi ke dvArA vastra taiyAra karake, sardI-garmI evaM lajjA se apane zarIra kI rakSA kI jaae|" ____ mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa kA itihAsa Aja bhI isa bAta ko duharA rahA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti ne isa prakAra mAnavamAtra ko paribodha dekara mAnava ko mAnava kA jIvana pradAna kiyaa| zrI dinakara jo jaise sAhityakAroM ko dRSTi meM mAnava ko pazu-jIvana se Upara uThAkara ahiMsA, dayA, prama evaM sahAnubhUti ke mArga para lAkara mAnavatA kA nirmala jIvana pradAna karane kA prathama zreya bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko hI milatA hai| ahiMsA aura vizvadharma samanvaya : ___ ahiMsA zramaNa saMskRti-jana saMskRti--kI vizva saMskRti ko mahAn dena hai, aisA kaheM to koI atizayokti na hogii| zramaNasaMskRti meM ahiMsA, jIvana evaM dharma kI sabase pahalI kasauTI hai, yAni ahiMsA ke kendra se hI zramaNa saMskRti kA pahalA caraNa bar3hatA hai| jainadharma kI utpatti kA prathama siddhAnta hI ahiMsA-bhAvanA hai / pazcAt, isa ahiMsA ko bhArata ke anya dharma evaM saMskRtiyoM ne bhI ekabhAva se hRdayaMga kara liyaa| Age calakara to yaha ahiMsA karuNA, prema evaM sahiSNutA ke rUpa meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA prANa hI bana gaI;jainadarzana kA to yaha hRdaya hI hai| isako vizada vyApti meM satya, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya Adi samasta vratoM kA svata: samAveza ho jAtA hai|' zramaNa saMskRti kA mUlasvarUpa ahiMsA hai aura satya Adi usakA vistAra hai| brahmacarya usakI sAdhanA hai, asteya aura aparigraha usakA tapa hai| 1. ahiMsA-gahaNe mahabvayANi gahiyANi bhavaMti / saMjamo puNa tIse ceva ahiMsAe udaggahe vaTTai, sapuNNAya ahiMsAya saMjamo vi tassa vaTTai / -dazavakAlika, cUNi 1 adhyayana /

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya ahiMsA kA artha : _ ahiMsA ke viSaya meM Ajataka jitanA likhA gayA hai. zAyada ho kiso anya viSaya para itanA likhA gayA ho| para, isake sAtha ho jitano bhrAMtiyA~ ahiMsA ke sambandha meM Aja taka huI haiM, aura kisI viSaya meM utanI nahIM huii| isa virodhAtmaka sthiti kA eka sUkSma manovaijJAnika kAraNa hai| vastuta: jo sUkSma hai, yadi use sthala banA diyA jAtA hai, to usakI AtmA samApta ho jAtI hai| yahI bAta ahiMsA ke sambandha meM bhI hai| ahiMsA mAtra bAhya vyavahAra kA sthUla vidhi-niSedha nahIM hai, balki aMtara cetanA kA eka sUkSma bhAva hai| kiMtu durbhAgya se kucha aisI sthiti banatI gaI ki ahiMsA kA sUkSmabhAva niraMtara kSINa hotA gayA aura usako aughabuddhi se mAtra sthUla vyavahAra kA-dikhAUvidhi-niSedhoM kA rUpa de diyA gyaa| phalataH ahiMsA kI UrjA aura AtmA eka prakAra se samApta hI ho gii| jaba kisI siddhAnta kI UrjA evaM AtmA samApta ho jAtI hai, to vaha niSprANa tattva jIvana ko tejasvI nahIM banA sktaa| vaha jIvana kI samasyAoM kA sahI samAdhAna nahIM khoja sakatA aura vaha svayaM hI ekadina eka samasyA bana jAtA hai| kyA sthUla vyavahAra se sambandhita ahiMsA ke sambandha meM bhI aisA hI nahIM huA hai ? pichalI kitanI hI sahasrAbdiyoM se hamane ahiMsA kI mahAna dharma ke rUpa meM udaghoSaNA kI hai| ahiMsA ko jIvana kA parama satya mAnakara usakI upAsanA kI hai| sAmAjika, AdhyAtmika evaM rAjanItika jIvana kI surakSA kA AdhAra ahiMsA ko mAnA hai, tathA ise vizvavyApI siddhAnta ke rUpa meM hajAroM varSoM se mAnyatA dI hai| hajAroM varSoM se pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI isake mahattva kI carcA-paricarcA hotI ArahI hai| parantu prazna hai, isa sabakI phalaniSpatti kahA~ hai ? hama aba taka ahiMsaka samAja kI saMracanA kyoM nahIM kara pAe ? isa prazna ke do hI uttara ho sakate haiM / prathama yaha ki jisa ahiMsaH tattva kI hama bAta karate haiM, vaha kevala bauddhika vyAyAma bhara banakara raha gayA hai| aisA lagatA hai, jaise vaha kisI kalpanA loka kA koI alaukika tattva hai, jisakA dharatI kI duniyA ke sAtha koI vAstavika sambandha nahIM hai| galata samasyA ke Asa-pAsa hajAroM

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36 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA mastiSka vyartha hI ulajhate rahe haiM aura Aja bhI ulajha rahe haiM / athavA isakA dUsarA hI eka vikalpa hai / vaha yaha ki ahiMsA svayaM to eka jIvita jAgRta tattva hai, jana kalyANakArI hai, para usako sahI artha meM hamane jAnA nahIM hai / aisA lagatA hai ki kabhI-kabhI bar3I lambo kAla-yAtrA ke bAda acche siddhAnta bhI dhUmila ho jAte haiM yA dhUmila kara die jAte haiM / vastutaH ahiMsA kA sambandha manuSya ke hRdaya ke sAtha hai, mastiSka ke sAtha nahIM / mastiSka ke sAtha nahIM hai, isakA bhAvArtha yaha hai ki tarka-vitarka ke sAtha nahIM hai, kucha ba~dhe - ba~dhAe viveka- zUnya vizvAsoM ke sAtha nahIM hai, vibhinna zabdoM ke jAla meM ba~dhI aura ulajhI huI bhASA ke sAtha bhI nahIM hai, balki antarjIvana ke sAtha hai, andara kI gaharI AdhyAtmika anubhUti ke sAtha hai| ahiMsA kI bhUmi jIvana hai / jisa prakAra bhUmi se vRkSa kA sambandha TUTa jAne para vaha phira harA-bharA evaM vikasita nahIM raha pAtA, usI prakAra jIvana se asaMpRkta rakhakara ahiMsA ko bho kisa prakAra pallavita rakhA jA sakatA hai ? jIvana se asaMpRkta rakhane kA hI duSpariNAma hai ki Aja ahiMsA kevala sthUla vyavahAra kI kSudra sImA meM Abaddha ho gaI hai / jana-jIvana meM usakA rasa-saMcAra kSINa evaM kSINatara ho gayA hai / aura isa prakAra ahiMsA ke prANoM kI eka taraha se hatyA hI ho gaI hai / yadi ahiMsA kI prANa-pratiSThA karanI hai, to AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki ahiMsA ko hama sthUla - vyavahAra kI saMkIrNa paridhi se mukta kara use vyApaka banAe~, jIvana kI sUkSma anubhUti evaM hRdaya kI gaharAI taka use avatarita kareM / 2. 3. je ya buddhA atikkatA, je ya buddhA aNAgayA / saMti tesi paiTThANaM, bhUyANaM jagaI jahA // sU0 zru0 1, a0 11, gA0 36 / atthaM savva savvaM, dissa pANe piyAyae / na haNe pANiNo pANe, bhayaverAo uvarae || uttarAadhyayana 6, gA. 7

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya 37 mana kI vRttiyA~ aura ahiMsA : nivRtti aura pravRtti ke madhya meM vRtti hai| vRtti kA artha haicetnaabhaav| yahI nirmala-cetanA bhAva mana ko taraMgita karatA hai| ahiMsA inhIM udAtta evaM kalyANakArI cetanA-taraMgoM ke AdhAra para jIvana kI sthUla vyavahAra dhArA meM pravahamAna vidhi-niSedhoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai / ise hI hama pravRtti aura nivRtti kahate haiN| dharatI ke samagra adhyAtmavAdI evaM mAnavatAvAdI dazana vyavahAra ke sthUla vidhi-niSedhoM ke sAtha ahiMsA kA sambandha sthApita nahIM karate haiN| mAnavamana kI mUla pavitra vRtti ke sAtha hI ahiMsA ko sambandhita karate haiN| yahI vRtti jIvana hai| yahI ahiMsA kA boja hai| yahI saba kucha hai| yadi yaha nahIM hai to kucha bhI nahIM hai| ahiMsA ke krAntadraSTA RSi ukta bIja kI jitanI cintanA karate haiM, utanI idhara-udhara ke vidhi-niSedharUpa phala, phUla aura TahaniyoM kI nhiiN| bAhya-vyavahAra ke AdhAra para khar3e kie gaye ahiMsA ke vidhi-niSedha deza, kAla tathA vyakti kI sthiti vizeSa ke anusAra badalate rahate haiM, mUla bIja nahIM badalatA hai| kita madhyakAla ke sAmAjika vyavasthApaka-cAhe ve dhArmika rahe ho athavA rAjanItika -ahiMsA ko, usakI.maulika sUkSmatA se pakar3a nahIM sake haiM / nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sthUla pariveza meM hI ahiMsA ko mAnane aura manavAne ke AsAna tarIke apanAte rahe aura yathAprasaMga tAtkAlika samAdhAna nikAlate rhe| kiMtu hiMsA kI samasyA aisI nahIM thI, jo pracalita paramparA ke sthUla cintana se evaM vidhi-niSedha ke bhAvahIna vidhAnoM se samAdhAna pA jaatii| vaha naye-naye rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI rahI aura mAnava-jIvana ke sabhI pakSoM ko dUSita karatI rhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki hajAroM varSoM se samasyA samasyA hI banI rhii| koI bhI samAdhAna ubharate praznoM ko miTA nahIM skaa| yadi hama idhara-udhara ke vikalpoM meM na ulajha kara ahiMsA kI mUla bhAvanA ko samajhane kA prayatna kareM, to Aja bhI ahiMsA ke mUla kendrasvarUpa Antarika vRtti para ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA ho sakatI hai| maiM yaha spaSTa rUpa se kaha sakatA hU~ ki ahiMsA ke AdhAra para paraspara sahayogI samAja kI racanA ke lie nivRtti aura pravRtti ke

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38 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pracalita vyAmoha ke aikAntika Agraha ko hameM kSINa karanA hogA, tabhI hama mAnava kI Antarika vRtti se sambandhita ahiMsA ke vAstaMvika rUpa ko samajha sakeMge / nirbhayatA : ahiMsA kA prathama sopAna : kaI bAra, ahiMsA ke viSaya meM marmodaghATana karate hue, logoM ke mu~ha se yaha sunatA hU~ ki - kisI ko kaSTa mata do, kisI ke prANoM kA vadha mata karo, kisI ko rulAo mata / yadi tuma dUsaroM ko kaSTa doge, to tumheM bhI kaSTa bhogane par3eMge / yadi kisI ko mAroge to tumheM bhI maranA pdd'egaa| kisI ko rulAoge, to tumheM bhI ronA par3egA / isa prakAra apane duHkhoM kI vibhISikA vyakti ko bhayabhIta kara detI hai aura isI ciMtanadhArA meM vyakti dUsaroM ko paritApa pahu~cAne se apane Apako bacAne kA prayatna karane lagatA hai / isa bhayaparaka upadeza ne manuSya ke mana meM eka prakAra se bhaya kI bhAvanA utpanna karadI, jo apane Apa meM svayaM eka hiMsA hai / usakI jagaha honA yaha cAhie ki vyakti jaba kisI ko kisI bhI prakAra kA kaSTa na pahu~cAnA cAhe to usake vicArane ke mUla meM sahAnubhUti kI bhAvanA rame / jisa prakAra hama duHkha sahana karanA nahIM cAhate, kisI prakAra kA kaSTabhoga apane lie nahIM cAhate, vizva ke anya sabhI prANI bhI isI prakAra duHkhoM se mukti cAhate haiM, kaSToM se dUra rahanA cAhate haiM | ahiMsA ke sambandha meM socane kI dizA jaba yaha hotI hai, taba kahIM mAnava-mana meM vizuddharUpa se ahiMsA kA zAzvata svara phUTa sakatA hai, anyathA nahIM / bhaya para nirbhayatA evaM sahAnubhUti kI vijaya hI ahiMsA kA prathama sopAna hai / bhaya kI ukta sthiti meM to pravRtti aura nivRtti ke sthUla stara para ahiMsA prakAzamAna hotI dikhane lagatI hai, aura hama itane bhara se saMtoSa kara lete haiM; parantu anya kisI prasaMgavizeSa para jaba yaha samajhAyA jAtA hai ki apane duzmanoM ko samApta kara do, sAmrAjya milegA; yajJa meM devatAoM ke lie pazuoM ko samarpita kara do, svarga evaM sukha-sampadA milegI; saMgharSarata pratidvandviyoM ko parAsta kara do, tumheM sammAna milegA ; itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai ki isa prakAra ke pralobhanoM se prabhAvita hokara na jAne kitane krUra evaM bhayAnaka kAranAme mAnava jAti ne kie haiM / kintu socane kI

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya bAta hai ki yaha saba kyoM huA ? kisa kAraNa huA ? spaSTa hai, pahale kI ahiMsA ke mUla meM bhaya kI bhAvanA bharI huI thI, jisane hiMsA ko dabAe rakhA, kintu jyAhI bhaya ke sthAna para pralobhana A khar3A huA ki vyakti gar3abar3A gayA / pralobhana ne hisA-bhAvanA ko phira se uttajita kara diyaa| pralobhana hiMsA ko isI kAraNa uttejita kara sakA ki hamane antarmana meM vRtti kI hiMsA ko chor3ane ke lie ucita dhyAna nahIM diyaa| yadi vRtti kI ahiMsA jAga jAtI hai, to duniyA kA koI bhI bhaya yA pralobhana hiMsA ko janma nahIM de sktaa| jo ahiMsA kevala sthala pravRtti-nivRtti meM hai, vidhi-niSedha meM hai, sAdhAraNasA viroghA vAtAvaraNa evaM kAraNa bhI use samApta kara detA hai| usakA mUla jana-jIvana meM sthAyI nahIM hotaa| vRtti kI ahiMsA kA artha hai-jIvana ko gaharAI meM ahiMsA kI bhAvadhArA kA satata pravAhita honaa| jo andara ko vRtti se ahiMsaka hai, vaha kisI ko mAra nahIM sakatA / kisI ko kaSTa nahIM de sakatA / kisI ke prANoM kA vadha nahIM kara sktaa| antar se svataHsphUrta ahiMsA ke mala meM kisI bhaya athavA pralobhana kI bhAvanA nahIM hotii| aisA hone se hiMsA kI mUla vRtti hI nirmUla ho jAtI hai| yaha ahiMsA maraNottara svarga ke lie, vartamAna kI bhautika sukha-sampadA ke lie athavA pratiSThA ke lie nahIM hotii| vRtti ke ahiMsaka kI svayaM hI yaha sahaja avasthA ho jAtI hai ki vaha hiMsA kara hI nahIM sakatA, cAhe usake lie prApta pratiSThA hI kyoM na khonI par3e, jIvana ko dA~va para hI kyoM na lagA denA pdd'e| usake lie ahiMsA svAbhAvika ho jAtI hai| mujhe zatru se bhI prema karanA cAhie-yaha siddhAnta usakA nahIM hotA, balki duniyA meM usakA koI zatra hI nahIM hotaa| yaha hai vRtti ko ahiMsA, jo ahiMsA kA zAzvata aura sarvavyApI rUpa hai| ahiMsA kA antarha daya : ahiMsA jIvana kA mahAna varadAna hai| mAnava yadi mAnava hai, to vaha sarvaprathama eka karuNAmUrti prANI hai, jisake prathama hRdaya hai, phira mastiSka / jisa prakAra mastiSka tarka kI bhUmi hai, jor3a-tor3a kI sthalI hai, usI prakAra hRdaya zraddhA, prema evaM karuNA kA sukomala sthala hai|

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA mAnavatA se AplAvita mAnava jIvana kA aMtarha daya ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA isalie usakA aMtarha daya hai, kyoMki yahI vaha sthala hai, jahA~ se vaha sva-AtmA ke samAna para-AtmA ko samajhatA hai, samAna bhAva se sabake lie sabhI prANiyoM ke lie sukha-duHkha ko samAna rUpa se anubhUti karatA hai| isakA sIdhA-sA artha hai ki vaha vizva kI samasta AtmAoM ko samadRSTi se dekhatA hai| caitanyamAtra ke prati apaneparAye kA bheda na rakhate hue, samatApUrNa vyavahAra karatA hai| isI bhAvanA ko lakSya karake zramaNa saMskRti ke unnAyaka bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA thA-''sabhI prANoM ko, sabho bhUtoM ko, sabhI jIvoM ko tathA sabhI satvoM ko na to mAranA cAhie, na pIr3ita karanA cAhie aura na hI unako ghAta karane kI buddhi se sparza karanA caahie| yahI dharma zuddha, zAzvata aura niyata hai|" isI bhAvanA ko vistRta karate hue dazavakAlika sUtra meM kahA hai- "saba AtmAoM ko apanI AtmA ko taraha smjho| vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM kI AtmAoM meM apane Apako dekho aura vizva kI samasta AtmAoM ko apane bhItara dekho"|" vastutaH yaha sAdhanA samatvayoga ko sAdhanA hai, jisakA mUla AdhAra vizva ko samagra AtmAoM ke sAtha apane jaisA vyavahAra karanA hai / hama apane lie jisa prakAra kA vyavahAra dUsaroM se cAhate haiM, hama apane lie jisa prakAra kI sthiti kI apekSA dUsaroM se karate haiM, anya samasta prANiyoM ke lie bhI hama vaisA ho vyavahAra kareM vaiso ho sthiti nirmita kareM-yahI ahiMsA kA antarha daya hai| Atmaupamya dRSTi : bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vizvaprANiyoM ke madhya samatA kI saMsthApanA karate hue kahA thA ki 'vizva ko sabhI AtmAe~ eka haiN|' arthAta 4. savve pANA, savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA na haMtavvA. na ajjAyeyavvA, na parighetavvA , na uvaddayeyavvA-esa dhamme suddha niyae sAsae / -AcArAMga sUtra 5. savvabhUyappabhUyassa, samma bhUyAiM paaso| --dazavaikAlika, 49 6. ege aayaa| -ThANAMga, sUtra 1-1

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya 41 sabhI prANI saMgraha aura vyavahAra naya kI dRSTi se eka hI caitanya sAgara ko alaga-alaga bUdeM haiM, eka hI mUla caitanya bhAva ko alaga-alaga pattiyA~ evaM phUla haiM, jo sabhI eka sAtha milakara sAgara kA rUpa letI haiM, vizAla vRkSa kA paryAya banatI haiN| yathArtha meM yaha bhAvanA apane andara meM dhAraNa karanA eka mahAn yoga hai| isI ko gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne yoM kahA hai-"jo sabhI jIvoM ko apane samAna samajhatA hai aura unake sukha-duHkha ko apanA sukha-duHkha samajhatA hai, vahI parama yogI hai" / yaha samatva yoga ko sAdhanA ho AtmA ko sAdhanA hai, apane Apako sAdhane kA patha hai| isI bhAvanA ko sarvopari batAte hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-"vizva ke samagra jIvanikAya ko apanI AtmA ke samAna samajho"8 / "prANimAtra ko Atmatulya samajho" 9 / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki yaha Atmaupamya dRSTi, jisake viSaya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne udghoSa kiyA hai, isake mUla meM ahiMsA ke amRta sAgara kI lahareM hI hiloreM le rahI haiN| yaha ahiMsA sAgara kI lahareM, jisa bhAvanA tala para laharA rahI haiM, usakI sAdhanA sAmAnya sAdhanA nahIM hai; apitu vIratva kI mahAn sAdhanA hai| ahiMsA : vIratva kA mArga : vastutaH yaha jo ahiMsA kI sAdhanA hai; yaha AtmA ke virAT bhAva kI sAdhanA hai / AtmA kA bhAvanAtmaka dRSTi se itanA vyApaka rUpa meM vikAsa kara lenA hai ki vizva kI sabhI AtmAe~ usameM ThIka usI prakAra samAhita ho jAe~, jisa prakAra ki bhUtala para laharAne vAlI anekoM nadiyA~ sAgara meM Akara ekIbhAva se samAhita ho jAtI haiM aura sAgara binA kisI rAga-dveSa se sabako apane aMka meM sa~jotAsahejatA calA jAtA hai / vastutaH yaha rAga-dveSa para vijaya hI to ahiMsA kA patha hai, aura ukta vijaya ko prApta karane vAlA hI to sacce 7. Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjuna / sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI paramo mataH // -gItA, a0 6 / 32 8. attasame maNijja chpipkaae| -~-daza vaikAlika, 105 6. Ayatule pyaasu| -sUtra kRtAMga sUtra, 1 / 10 / 3

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.42 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA artha meM vijetA hai| vijetA, hama use kabhI nahIM kaha sakate, jo hAtha meM naMgI talavAra lie bhaya aura AtaMka ke bala para kisI para zAsana kre| kisI ko apane adhIna rkhe| hAtha meM bama lekara dUsaroM ko bhaya dikhAkara apane Age jhakAne kA prayatna karane bAlA to sahI mAne meM vIra kahalAne kA adhikArI ho hI nahIM sktaa| vaha to kAyara hai| jo paramukhApekSI hotA hai, vaha kAyara hI hai, aura kyA ? vaha apanI mahAn caitanya zakti ko apekSA jar3a zakti para adhika bharosA karatA hai / saccA vIra to vaha hai, jisake caraNaraja vizva ke samasta prANI zraddhA evaM prema se cUma leM, apane sara para lagA leN| yahA~ hameM rASTrakavi 'dinakara' ko ve paMktiyA~ bar3I yuktiyukta lagatI haiM, jahA~ unhoMne kahA hai "..."AdamI nahIM maratA barachoM se tIroM se, lohe kI kar3iyoM kI sAjisa bekAra huI, bA~dho manuSya ko zabanama ko jaMjIroM se|" DA0 esa0 rAdhAkRSNana ne eka jagaha cAla yuga para karArI coTa karate hue, ahiMsA ke mahattva para prakAza DAlA hai--"yaha jamAnA hathiyArabanda kAyaratA kA hai| kAyaratA ne apane hAtha meM hathiyAra isalie rakhe haiM ki vaha dUsaroM ke hamaloM se DaratI hai aura svayaM hathiyAra isalie nahIM calAtI kyoMki use himmata nahIM hotii| jo Dara ke mAre hathiyAra calA nahIM pAtI, usI kA nAma kAyaratA hai| isa kAyaratA se iMsAna ko ubArane vAlI eka hI zakti hai aura vaha hai ahiNsaa|" ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA kAyaratA nahIM sikhAtI, apitu vIratA kA pATha par3hAtI hai| ahiMsA yaha kabhI nahIM kahatI ki tuma cupa rahakara anyAya evaM atyAcAra ko sahana karo, kyoMki anyAya karanA pApa hai, to dainyabhAva se anyAya kA sahana karanA mahApApa hai| cAhe vaha sAmAjika kSetra meM ho, athavA rAjanItika kSetra meM, bAta lagabhaga eka hI hai| jisa vyakti meM anyAya ke viruddha yogya pratikAra karane kI zakti nahIM hai, vaha na to apanI rakSA kara sakatA hai, na apane parivAra kI, na samAja kI aura na apane rASTra ko ho rakSA kara sakatA hai| aura vaha ahiMsA, ahiMsA nahIM, jisake niSprANa zarIra se cipaTa kara AdamI apane rASTra taka ko dAsatA kI ber3I meM jakar3a jAne de| aisI ahiMsA kA jIvana meM koI mUlya nahIM /

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pana sAhApanA zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizva dharma samanvaya' daNDa aura ahiMsA : anyAya ke pratikAra kI jaba bAta sAmane AtI hai, taba yaha prazna sAmane khar3A ho jAtA hai ki aparAdhI vyakti ko jaba daNDa diyA jAtA hai, taba use zArIrika, mAnasika pIr3Ae~ hotI haiM / use kaSTa hotA hai aura kaSTa denA hiMsA hai / aura yadi daNDa nahIM diyA jAtA hai, to anyAya ko bar3hAvA milatA hai, samAja meM anaitika kAryoM meM aura bhI vRddhi hotI hai aura jana-jIvana asurakSita evaM azAMtipUrNa hokara aura bhI pIr3ita ho uThatA hai / ahiMsA kA darzana isa sambandha meM kyA samAdhAna detA hai ? vastuta: ahiMsA - darzana hRdaya parivartana kA darzana hai / vaha mArane kA nahIM, sudhArane kA darzana hai| vaha saMhAra kA nahIM, uddhAra evaM nirmANa kA darzana hai / ahiMsA - darzana kA daNDa ke sambandha meM kucha aisA vicAra hai ki aparAdhI ke andara sneha evaM sahAnubhUti kI bhAvatA bharakara manovaijJAnika praNAlI se usameM sudhAra kiyA jAe, aparAdhI ko miTAne kI apekSA aparAdha ke kAraNoM ko miTAnA, kahIM jyAdA zreyaskara hai / bhArata sarakAra ne bhI ahiMsA ke isa manovaijJAnika dharAtala ko Aja ke yuga meM yuktiyukta samajhakara apanI rAjanIti evaM daNDanIti meM ise mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai / bAla sudhAra kendra, vanitAvikAsa maNDala Adi ke rUpa meM sarakAra kI ora se kie gae isa dizA meM kucha aise hI prayatna haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA ahiMsA ke sambandha meM yaha amRtamaya saMdeza hai ki- pApI se pApI vyakti se bhI ghRNA mata karo / bure AdamI aura burAI ke bIca antara karanA cAhie / burAI sadA burAI hai, vaha kabhI bhalAI nahIM ho sakatI / paraMtu burA AdamI prasaMga evaM vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra bhalA AdamI bana sakatA hai| mUla meM koI AtmA burI hai hI nahIM / asatya ke bIca meM bhI satya, andhakAra ke bIca meM bhI prakAza chipA huA hai / viSa bhI apane andara meM amRta ko surakSita rakhe hue hai / acche-bure- - saba meM IzvarIya jyoti jala rahI hai / aparAdhI vyakti meM bho yaha jyoti hai, kintu dabI huI hai / hamArA prayatna aisA honA cAhie ki vaha jyoti bAhara Ae, samAja meM aparAdha kI manovRtti kA andhakAra dUra ho / tAki

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA aparAdhI ko kArAgAra kI nirmama yaMtraNAoM se bhI sudhArA nahIM jA sakatA / prAyaH aisA hotA hai ki kArAgAra se aparAdhI galata kArya karane kI pahale se bhI kahIM adhika tIvra bhAvanA lekara lauTatA hai| vaha jarUrata se jyAdA kar3avA ho jAtA hai, eka prakAra se samAja kA uddaDa, vidrohI aura bAgI ho jAtA hai| phA~sI Adi ke rUpa meM diyA jAne vAlA prANadaNDa eka prakA' se kAnUnI hatyA nahIM to aura kyA hai ? prANadaMDa kA daMDa to sarvathA anupayukta daMDa hai / kAraNa, bhaya ke vaza se bhale hI kucheka vyakti usa prakAra kA aparAdha karanA chor3a deM, kintu isase unake andara meM nihita aparAdha ko manovRtti to samApta nahIM ho paatii| aise meM to kabhI-kabhI sahI nyAya bhI nahIM ho pAtA, aura bhrAMtivaza niraparAdha bhI prANadaMDa kA bhAgo ho jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane eka saMdeza meM nami rAjarSi ke vacana ko pramANita kiyA hai ki kabhI-kabhI mithyA daMDa bhI de diyA jAtA hai / mUla aparAdhI sApha baca jAtA hai aura becArA niraparAdha vyakti mArA jAtA hai-"akAriNo'ttha vajhaMti, muccaI kArago jrnno|" kalpanA kojie, isa sthiti meM yadi kabhI niraparAdha ko prANadaMDa de diyA jAe, to kyA hogA? vaha to duniyA se calA jAegA, aura usake pIche yadi kahIM sahI sthiti pramANita huI, to nyAya ke nAma para usa niraparAdha vyakti ke khUna ke dhabbe hI zeSa raheMge ! rogo ko rogamukta karane ke lie rogI ko hI naSTa kara denA, kahA~ kA bauddhika camatkAra hai ? ahiMsA-darzana isa prakAra ke daNDa-vidhAna kA virodha karatA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa hai ki daNDa dete samaya aparAdhI ke sAtha bhI ahiMsA kA dRSTikoNa rakhanA caahie| use mAnasika rogI mAna kara usakA mAnasika upacAra honA cAhie, tAki vaha bhI eka sabhya evaM susaMskRta nAgarika bana ske| samAja ke lie upayogo vyakti ho sake / dhvaMza mahAn nahIM hai, nirmANa mahAn hai| aparAdhI se aparAdhI vyakti ke pAsa bhI eka ujjvala caritra hotA hai, jo ki kacha vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa yA to daba jAtA hai, athavA avikasita raha jAtA hai| ata: nyAyAlaya ke bauddhika varga ko ahiMsA ke prakAza meM daNDa ke aise unnata, sabhya evaM susaMskRta manovaijJAnika tarIke khojane cAhie~, jinase aparAdhiyoM kA sUpta ujjvala caritra sajaga hokara, samAja ke lie upAdeya siddha ho ske|

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya 45 aisA ho sakatA hai ki kucha aparAdhI nimna stara ke hoM, aura una para manovijJAna se sambandhita bhadra prayoga kAragara ta ho sakeM, phalata: unako zArIrika daNDa denA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| isa anivArya sthiti meM bho ahiMsA-darzana kahatA hai ki jahA~ taka ho sake, karuNA se kArya lenA cAhie / zArIrika daNDa bhI sApekSa honA cAhie, nirapekSa evaM amaryAdita nhiiN| zAMta se zAMta mAtA bhI kabhI-kabhI uddhata saMtAna ko cAMTe mArane ko vivaza ho jAtI hai, kruddha bhI ho jAtI hai, kintu aMtara meM usakA sahaja, saumya mAtRtva krUra nahIM ho jAtA, sukomala hI rahatA hai| mAtA ke dvArA die jAne vAle zArIrika daNDa meM bho hitabuddhi rahato hai, viveka rahatA hai, eka ucita maryAdA rahatI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA ahisA-darzana isI bhAvanA ko lekara calatA hai| vaha mAnavacetanA ke saMskAra evaM pariSkAra meM aMta taka apanA vizvAsa banAe rakhatA hai| usakA Adarza hai-- ahiMsA se kAma lo| yaha na ho sake to alpa se alpatara hiMsA kA patha cuno, vaha bhI hiMsA kI bhAvanA se nahIM, apitu bhaviSya ko eka bar3o evaM bhayAnaka hiMsA ke pravAha ko rokane kI ahiMsA bhAvanA se| isa prakAra hiMsA meM bho ahiMsA kI divya cetanA surakSita rahanI caahie| yuddha aura ahiMsA: kabhI-kabhI yaha sunane meM AtA hai ki kucheka loga yaha kahate haiM"ahiMsA vyakti ko kAyara banA detI hai, isase Adamo kA vIratva evaM rakSA kA sAhasa hI mArA jAtA hai|" kintu yaha dhAraNA nirmUla evaM galata dhAraNA hai / AtmarakSA ke lie ucita pratikAra ke sAdhana juTAnA, jainadharma ke viruddha nahIM hai ; kintu AvazyakatA se adhika saMgRhIta evaM saMgaThita zakti avazya hI saMhAra lIlA kA abhinaya karegI, ahiMsA ko maraNonmukhI banA degii| Apa Azcarya na kareM, pichale kucha varSoM se jo zastrasaMnyAsa kA Andolana cala rahA hai, pratyeka rASTra ko sImita yuddha sAmagrI rakhane ko jo kahA jA rahA hai, use to jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne hajAroM varSa pahale calAyA thaa| Aja jo kArya kAnUna evaM saMvidhAna ke dvArA liyA jA rahA hai, vaha una dinoM upadezoM ke dvArA liyA jAtA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bar3e-bar3e

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. zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA rAjAo ko jainadharma meM dIkSita kiyA thA aura unheM niyama karAyA gayA thA ki ve rASTrarakSA ke kAma meM Ane vAle Avazyaka zastroM se adhika zastrasaMgraha na kreN| sAdhanoM kA Adhikya manuSya ko uddaDa evaM amaryAdita banA detA hai| prabhatA kI lAlasA meM Akara vaha kabhI na kabhI kisI para car3ha daur3egA aura mAnava-jagata meM yuddha kI Aga bhar3akA degaa| isa dRSTi se jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne hiMsA ke mUla kAraNoM ko hI ukhAr3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| Aja vijJAna kI cakAcauMdha meM bhUlA mAnava bhale yaha garva kare ki eka-se-eka zaktizAlo zastrAstroM kA nirmANa kara vijJAna yuddha ko sadA ke lie samApta kara degA; kintu yaha mRgamarIcikA se kataI kama nahIM hai| mAnA, vijJAna ne kucheka aisI camatkArI upalabdhiyoM ko prastuta kara dikhAyA hai, ki jinase Aja kA mAnava cakAcauMdha meM par3a gayA hai| kiMtu cakAcauMdha ko dRSTi kabhI bhI sahI evaM sthAyo hita dRSTi nahIM ho sktii|| vijJAna aura ahiMsA : __ mAnava-vikAsa kA itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai, ki jaba-jaba vijJAna ne saMhAraka astra-zastroM kA bahutAyata meM nirmANa kiyA hai, mAnava ne nihita svArthavaza usakA nirmamatA se prayoga kiyA hai, phalasvarUpa bhayaMkara se bhayaMkara saMhAraka lolAe~ dekhane ko milI haiN| vizva kA prathama evaM dvitIya mahAyuddha isakA jvalaMta pramANa hai| kintu hara bAra dekhA yaho gayA hai ki mAnava-mana ne una saMhAraka zastrAstroM se. trasta hokara paraspara meM sahAnubhUti evaM sahaastitva ke AdhAra para hI zAMti kI sthApanA kI hai| lIga Ava nezansa evaM yU0 ena0 o0 ( saMyukta rASTrasaMgha) isa dizA meM mahattvapUrNa prayAsa hai| aura, usake bAda ahiMsA evaM sahaastitva ke AdhAra para jo zAMti sthApita kI gaI, vaha bahata aMzoM meM sthAyI siddha huii| ataH yaha nizcita hai ki ahiMsA dvArA sampAdita vijaya sthAyI evaM zAzvata vijaya hotI hai| isI zAzvata satya ko abhivyakta karate hue rASTrakavi dinakara ne kahA hai "aisI zAMti rAja karatI hai, tana para nahIM, hRdaya pr| . nara ke U~ce vizvAsoM para, zraddhA, bhakti praNaya para / / " bhale hI vijJAna hameM vipula parimANa meM zastrAstra kA khajAnA pradAna kare ; kintu hameM una zastrAstroM ko apane Upara hAvI nahIM

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadhama-samanvaya hone denA cAhie, balki unheM sadA apane niyaMtraNa meM rakhanA cAhie / zastrAstroM kA prayoga surakSA evaM zAMti kI rakSA ke lie maryAdita tarIke se honA caahie| hara cIja ke mUla meM hita ko bhAvanA kA honA paramAvazyaka hai| aise meM vijJAna ahiMsA kA sahacara siddha ho sakatA hai, saMhAraka nhiiN| mAnava pahale mAnava hai, usake pazcAt aura kucha-isakA sadaiva dhyAna rahanA cAhie / ahiMsA aura rAjanIti : vizva ke mahAn rAjanetAoM ne samaya-samaya para vijJAnapradatta vipula evaM bhayAnaka saMhAraka zastrAstroM se saMtrasta hokara, zAMti kA mArga ahiMsA ke dvArA khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha tathya pAyA hai ki zAzvata zAMti yuddha kI vibhISikA evaM ANavika zastrAstroM ke saMhAraka prayoga meM nahIM, balki ahiMsA evaM saha-astitva meM nihita hai| - bhArata ke pradhAnamantrI sva. paMDita javAharalAla neharU ne ahiMsA ko apanI nIti meM sadA mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| unakA paMcazIla kA nirmANa isa dizA meM mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika upalabdhi hai| sana 1961 meM belagreDa meM huA ANavika vibhISikA ke saMrakSaNArtha vizva ke vibhinna rASTroM kA sammelana bhI, isa dizA meM gauravapUrNa prayAsa hai| ukta sammelana meM ahiMsA saMbaMdhI siddhAnta ko ho spaSTa karate hue sva. paM. javAharalAla neharU ne kahA thA-"mAnavatA khatare meM hai, hameM isI pahala se socanA hai| yAnI jo jarUrI savAla hai, usa para pahale soceM, aura yaha jarUrI savAla hai-yuddha aura zAMti kaa| jaba vizva vinAza ko ora bar3ha rahA hai, to dUsare savAla gauNa haiN|.... .."mujhe bar3A hI tAjjuba hotA hai ki mahAn zaktiyA~ ise ijjata kA prazna banAkara apanI-apanI bAta para dRr3ha haiM aura yaha itanI mahAna aura zaktizAlI haiM ki zAMtivArtA ke lie taiyAra nahIM / merA vizvAsa hai ki yaha eka galata rukha hai isameM unakI ijjata kA hI prazna nahIM, balki mAnava jAti ke bhaviSya kA bhI prazna hai|"

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ukta sammelana meM laMkA kI pradhAnamaMtrI zrImatI bhaMDAra nAyake ne apanI hArdika bhAvanA ko vyakta karate hue kahA thA - " maiM isa sammelana meM bhAga lene sirpha apane rASTra kI pradhAnamaMtrI kI haisiyata se hI nahIM AI hU~, balki eka strI aura mA~ kI haisiyata se bhI ..... 1 48 maiM eka kSaNa ke lie bhI aisA vizvAsa nahIM kara sakatI ki duniyA meM kAI bho mA~ haiM, jo apane baccoM ke pAramANavika sakriya dhUla ke zikAra hone aura ghula-ghulakara marane kI saMbhAvanA para vicAra kara sake / " sammelana ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue yugoslAviyA ke rASTrapati mArzala TITo ne kahA thA- - " belagreDa - sammelana kA uddezya mahAn zaktiyoM ko yaha batalA denA hai ki vizva kA bhAgya sirpha unhIM ke hAthoM meM nahIM raha sakatA / " 10 isI prakAra ke eka sammelana meM jo ki kreminala meM rUsa kI tarapha se Ayojita thA, usameM bolate hue tatkAlIna rUsI pradhAnamaMtrI ena0 kha zceva ne kahA thA - "AMzika aNu parIkSaNa pratibaMdha saMdhi aMtarrASTrIya mahattva kA Alekha hai| kiMtu isa saMdhi se aNuyuddha kA khatarA khatma nahIM huA hai / jabataka hathiyAroM ke lie daur3a jArI rahegI, tabataka yaha khatarA banA rahegA / " ukta avasara para amarIkI videzamaMtrI DIna raska ne kahA- "yaha eka acchA pahalA kadama hai, aura yadi isake anugamana meM aura kadama bar3he, to mAnava kA zAMti ke lie svapna yathArtha rUpa pA sakegA / " sva0 paM0 neharU ne usa aNuparIkSaNa pratibaMdha saMdhi para hastAkSara karate hu kahA thA ki - "mAsko meM Aja ( 5 agasta '63 ke) isa saMdhi para hastAkSara ho rahe haiM aura pratyeka zAMti premI ko isakA svAgata karanA cAhie / yadyapi parIkSaNoM para yaha AMzika pratibaMdha saMdhi hI hai, aura nirastrIkaraNa kI dizA meM bahuta bar3I pragati nahIM hai, phira bhI yaha bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai / kyoMki yaha usa maMjila kI ora le jAne vAla prathama sopAna hai / '' bhArata ne isa saMdhi para hastAkSara karanA svIkAra 1 10. pAramANavika vibhISikA / - vikramAdityasiMha

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahisA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya 46 kara liyA hai / hama yaha mAnate haiM ki yuddha-varjana-saMdhi jahA~ bhI ho, usakA svAgata kiyA jAegA, kyoMki usase yuddha kA khatarA kama hotA hai|" isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vizva ke mahAn zaktizAlo evaM ANavika zakti sampanna rASTra bhI apanI rAjanIti meM pradhAnataH ahiMsA ko hI sthAna dete haiN| vizvabandhutva, vizvazAMti aura ahiMsA : isase yaha spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA vizvazAMti kA sabase sugama evaM zreSTha patha hai| jaisA ki hama pahale kaha Aye haiM, vizva meM jaba-jaba yuddha kI bhayAnaka lIlA se mAnava saMtrasta haA hai, usane zAMti kI talAza ahiMsA ke patha se ko hai aura yaha nizcaya hai ki taba ahiMsA ne hI unheM sahI artha meM zAMti pradAna bhI kI hai| ahiMsA vaha mahAn zakti hai, jo vizva ke samagra caitanya ko eka dharAtala para lA khar3I karatI hai| ahiMsA samagra jIvana meM ekatA dekhatI hai, saba prANiyoM meM samAnatA pAtI hai| isI dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki-"AtmA eka hai, eka rUpa hai, eka samAna hai| caitanya meM jAti, kula, samAja, rASTra, strI, puruSa Adi ke rUpa meM jitane bhI bheda haiM, ye sabhI Aropita bheda haiM, bAhya nimittoM ke dvArA parikalpita kie gae mithyA bheda haiN| AtmAoM ke apane mUla svarUpa meM koI bheda nahIM hai aura jaba koI bheda nahIM hai, to phira mAnava jAti meM kalaha evaM vigraha kaisA? trAsa evaM saMgharSa kaisA ? ghRNA evaM vaira kaisA? yaha saba bhedabuddhi kI dena hai|" ___ Aja jo vizvanAgarikatA kI kalpanA kucha prabuddha mastiSkoM meM ur3AneM le rahI hai, 'jayajagat' kA jo udghoSa kucha samartha cintakoM kI jihvA se uccarita ho rahA hai, usako mUrtarUpa denA ahiMsA ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai| isake atirikta dUsarA koI AdhAra hI nahIM hai, jo vibhinna parikalpanAoM ke kAraNa khaNDa-khaNDa haI mAnava jAti ko ekarUpatA de ske| pratyeka mAnava ke apane sRjanAtmaka svAtaMtrya evaM maulika adhikAroM ko surakSA kI gAraMTI, jo vizvanAgarikatA

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50 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA tathA 'jayajagat' kA mUla AdhAra hai-use ahiMsA hI de sakatI hai, anya koI nhiiN| ahiMsA vizvAsa kI jananI hai / aura, vizvAsa parivAra, samAja, rASTra tathA isa krama meM sampUrNa vizva ke pArasparika sadbhAva, sneha aura sahayoga kA AdhAra hai| ahiMsA 'saMgacchadhvam, saMvadadhvam" kI dhvani ko jana-jana meM anugujita karatI hai, jisakA artha hai-'sAtha calo, sAtha bolo'| mAnava jAti ko eka sUtra meM bA~dhane ke lie 'ekasAtha' kA yaha mantra bar3A mahAna mantra hai| ahiMsA hRdaya ko vastu hai, pavitra nidhi hai| mAnava-hRdaya kI vyApaka pragati hI to ahisA hai| aura, isa saMvedanA kI vyApaka pragati hI parivAra, samAja, rASTra aura vizva ke udabhava evaM vikAsa kA mUla hai| yaha Thoka hai ki isa vikAsa-prakriyA meM rAgAtmaka bhAvanA kA bhI bahata bar3A aMza hai, para isase kyA hotA hai ? Akhira to yaha mAnavacetanA kI hI eka vizuddha bhAvanAtmaka prakriyA hai aura yaha prakriyA ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA bhagavatI ke anaMta rUpoM meM se yaha bhI eka rUpa hai| isa rUpa ko ahiMsA ke maMgala kSetra se bAhara Dhakelakara mAnava mAnavatA ke patha para eka caraNa bhI ThIka taraha nahIM rakha sktaa| ahiMsA mAnava jAti ko hiMsA se mukta karatI hai, vaira, vaimanasya, kalaha, ghRNA, IrSyA-dveSa, duHsaMkalpa, durvacana, krodha, abhimAna, dambha, lobha-lAlaca, zoSaNa, damana Adi jitanI bhI, vyakti aura samAja kI dhvaMsamUlaka vikRtiyA~ haiM, ye saba hiMsA ke hI bhinna-bhinna rUpa haiN| inako dUra karane kA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai ki-krodha ko krodha se nahIM, kSamA se jiito| ahaMkAra ko ahaMkAra se nahIM, vinaya evaM namratA se jiito| daMbha ko dambha se nahIM, saralatA aura nizchalatA se jiito| lobha ko lobha se nahIM, saMtoSa se jIto, udAratA se jiito| isI prakAra bhaya ko abhaya se, ghaNA ko prema se, jItanA caahie| ahiMsA prakAza ko andhakAra para, prema kI ghaNA para, sadabhAva kI vaira para tathA acchAI kI burAI para vijaya kA amogha udghoSa hai| yahI vaha patha hai, jisa para calakara mAnava mAnava ko mAnava samajha sakatA hai, use prema kI bAhoM meM bhara sakatA hai| isI se vizvabaMdhutva evaM vizvazAMti kA svapna pUrNa ho sakatA hai|

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya 51 vibhinna dharmoM meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA ahiMsA kI paridhi ke antargata samasta dharma aura samasta dazana samaveta ho jAte haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAyaH sabhI dharmoM ne ise eka svara se svIkAra kiyA hai| hamAre yahA~ ke cintana meM, samasta dharmasampradAyoM meM ahiMsA ke sambandha meM, usakI mahattA aura upayogitA ke sambandha meM do mata nahI haiM, bhale hI usakI sImAe~ kucha bhinna-bhinna hoN| koI bhI dharma yaha kahane ke lie taiyAra nahIM ki jhUTha bolane meM dharma hai, corI karane meM dhama hai yA abrahmacarya sevana karane meM dharma hai| jaba inheM dharma nahIM kahA jA sakatA, to hiMsA ko kaise dharma kahA jA sakatA hai ? hiMsA ko hiMsA ke nAma se koI svIkAra nahIM karatA / ataH kisI bhI dharmazAstra meM hiMsA ko dharma aura ahiMsA ko adharma nahIM kahA gayA hai| sabhI dharmoM ne ahiMsA ko hI parama dharma svIkAra kiyA hai| jainadharma meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA : Aja se paccIsa-sau varSa pUrva bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko nIMva ko sudRr3ha banAne ke lie, hiMsA ke virodha meM krAMti kii| ahiMsA aura dharma ke nAma para hiMsA kA jo nagna nRtya ho rahA thA, janamAnasa bhrAnta kiyA jA rahA thA, vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra se dekhA nahIM gyaa| unhoMne hiMsA para lage dharma aura ahiMsA ke mukhauToM ko utAra pheMkA aura sAmAnya janamAnasa ko udbuddha karate hue kahA'hiMsA kabhI bhI dharma nahIM ho sakatI / vizva ke sabhI prANI-ve cAhe choTe hoM, yA bar3e, pazu hoM yA mAnava, sabhI jInA cAhate haiM, maranA koI nahIM caahtaa| sabako sukha priya hai, duHkha apriya hai| sabako apanA jIvana pyArA hai 12 / jisa hiMsaka vyApAra ko tuma apane lie pasanda nahIM karate, use dUsarA bhI pasanda nahIM krtaa| jisa dayAmaya vyavahAra ko tuma pasanda karate ho, use sabhI pasaMda karate haiN| yahI jina zAsana ke 11. savve jIvAvi icchaMti, jIviuM na marijjiu / -dazavakAlika sUtra 6 / 11 12. savve pANA piAuyA suhasAyA duhpddikuulaa| -AcArAMga sUtra 1 / 2 / 3

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52 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA I kathanoM kA sAra hai, jo ki eka taraha se sabhI dharmoM kA sAra hai 3 kisI ke prANoM kI hatyA karanA dharma nahIM ho sakatA / ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa yahI vAstavika dharma hai 14 / isa loka meM jitane bhI trasa aura sthAvara prANI haiM" unakI hiMsA na jAnakara karo, na anajAna meM karo aura na dUsaroM se hI kisI kI hiMsA kraao| kyoMki sabake bhItara ekasI AtmA hai / hamArI taraha sabako apane prANa pyAre haiM / aisA mAnakara bhaya aura vaira se mukta hokara kisI bhI prANo kI hiMsA na kro| jo vyakti khuda hiMsA karatA hai, dUsaroM se hiMsA karavAtA hai aura dUsaroM kI hiMsA kA anumodana karatA hai, vaha apane lie vaira hI bar3hAtA hai' 6 / ataH prANiyoM ke prati vaisA hI bhAva rakho jaisA ki apanI AtmA ke prati rakhate ho 17 / sabhI jIvoM ke prati ahiMsaka hokara rahanA cAhie / saccA saMyamI vahI hai, jo mana, vacana aura zarIra se kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA / yaha hai -bhagavAn mahAvIra kI Atmaupamya dRSTi, jo ahiMsA meM ota-prota hokara virAT vizva ke sammukha ekAtmAnubhUti kA eka mahAn gaurava prastuta kara rahI hai / jaina darzana meM ahiMsA ke do pakSa haiM / 'nahIM mAranA' - yaha ahiMsA kA eka pahalU hai, usakA dUsarA pahalU hai - maitrI, karuNA aura sevA | yadi hama sirpha ahiMsA ke nakArAtmaka pahalU para ahiMsA kI adhUrI samajha hogI / sampUrNa ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie prANimAtra ke sAtha maitrI sambandha rakhanA, usakI sevA karanA, use hI soceM to yaha 13. jaM icchasi appaNato, jaM ca na icchasi appaNato / taM iccha parassa vi, ettiyaggaM jiNasAsaNayaM // 14. dhammo maMgala mukkiTThe, ahiMsA saMjamo tavo / 15. jAvanti loe pANA sA aduva thAvarA / te jAraNamajANe vA na haNe novidhAyae / / 16. ajjhatthaM savvao savvaM dissa pANe piyAue / na haNe pANiNo pANe bhayaverAo uvarae || 17. samaM'tivAyae pANe, aduvAnna hi ghAyae / haraNantaM vA'NujANAi veraM baDhaI appaNo / / - bRhatkalpa bhASya 4584 - dazakAlika 1|1 - dazava kAlika -uttarAdhyayana 8 / 10 - sUtra kRtAGga 1 / 1 / 113

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma - samanvaya kaSTa se mukta karanA Adi vidheyAtmaka pakSa para bhI samucita vicAra karanA hogA | jaina AgamoM meM jahA~ ahiMsA ke sATha ekArthaka nAma die gae haiM, vahA~ vaha dayA, rakSA, abhaya Adi ke nAma se bhI abhihita kI gaI hai / " anukampAdAna, abhayadAna tathA sevA Adi ahiMsA ke hI rUpa haiM, jo pravRttipradhAna haiN| yadi ahiMsA kevala nivRttiparaka hI hotI to jaina AcArya isa prakAra kA kathana kathamapi nahIM karate / 'ahiMsA' zabda bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se niSedha-vAcaka hai| isI kAraNa bahuta se vyakti isa bhrama meM pha~sa jAte haiM ki ahiMsA kevala nivRttiparaka hai / usameM pravRtti jaisI koI cIja nahIM / kintu gahana cintana karane ke pazcAt yaha tathya spaSTa hue binA nahIM rahegA ki ahiMsA ke aneka pahalU haiM, usake aneka aMga haiM / ataH pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM meM ahiMsA samAhita hai / pravRtti - nivRtti - donoM kA anyonyAzraya sambandha hai / eka kArya meM jahA~ pravRtti ho rahI hai, vahA~ dUsare kArya se nivRtti bhI hotI hai / ye donoM pahalU ahiMsA ke sAtha bhI jur3e haiM / jo kevala nivRtti ko hI pradhAna mAnakara calatA hai, vaha ahiMsA kI AtmA ko parakha hI nahIM sktaa| vaha ahiMsA kI sampUrNa sAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA / jaina zramaNa ke uttara guNoM meM samiti aura gupti kA vidhAna hai / samiti kI maryAdAe~ pravRttiparaka haiM aura gupti kI maryAdAe~ nivRttiparaka haiN| isase bhI spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA pravRttimUlaka bhI hai| pravRtti - nivRtti - donoM ahiMsArUpa sikke ke do pahalU haiN| eka dUsare ke abhAva meM ahiMsA apUrNa hai / yadi ahiMsA ke ina donoM pahaluoM ko na samajha sake to ahiMsA kI vAstavikatA se hama bahuta dUra bhaTaka jAe~ge / asad AcaraNa se nivRtta bano aura sadAcaraNa meM pravRtti karo, yahI nivRtti aura pravRtti ko sundara evaM pUrNa vivecanA hai / ahiMsaka pravRtti ke binA samAja kA kAma nahIM cala sakatA, kyoMki pravRttizUnya ahiMsA samAja meM jar3atA paidA kara detI hai / mAnava eka zuddha sAmAjika prANI hai| vaha samAja meM janma letA hai aura samAja meM hI raha kara apanA sAMskRtika vikAsa evaM abhyudaya karatA 18. prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra ( saMvara dvAra ) (ka) dayA dehi rakSA 53 - praznavyAkaraNa vRtti

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54 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA hai; usa upakAra ke badale meM vaha samAja ko kucha detA bhI hai| yadi koI isa karttavya ko rAha se vilaga ho jAtA hai, to vaha eka prakAra se usakI asAmAjikatA hI hogii| ata: pravRttirUpa dharma ke dvArA samAja kI sevA karanA-mAnava kA prathama kartavya hai, aura isa kartavya kI pUrti meM hI mAnava kA apanA tathA samAja kA kalyANa nihita hai| bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA : ___'Arya' ko vyAkhyA prastuta karate hue bauddha dharma ne ahiMsApriya vyakti ko Aya kahA hai| tathAgata buddha ne kahA hai"prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane se koI Arya nahIM kahalAtA, balki jo prANI ko hiMsA nahIM karatA, usI ko Arya kahA jAtA hai 19 / saba loga daNDa se Darate haiM, mRtyu se bhaya khAte haiN| mAnava dUsaroM ko apanI taraha jAnakara na to kisI ko mAre aura na kisI ko mArane kI preraNA kare / 20 jo na svayaM kisI kA ghAta karatA hai, na dUsaroM se karavAtA hai, na svayaM kisI ko jotatA hai, na dUsaroM se jItavAtA hai, vaha sarvaprANiyoM kA mitra hotA hai, usakA kisI ke sAtha vaira nahIM hotA / 21 jaisA maiM hU~ vaise ye haiM, tathA jaise ye haiM vaisA maiM hU~,-isa prakAra AtmasadRza mAnakara na kisI kA ghAta kare na karAe / 22 sabhI prANI sUkha ke cAhane vAle haiM, inakA jo daNDa se ghAta nahIM karatA hai, vaha sukha kA abhilASI mAnava agale janma meM sukha ko prApta karatA hai / 23 isa prakAra tathAgata buddha ne bhI hiMsA kA niSedha karake ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI hai|| 16. na tena Ariyo hoti yena pANAni hiMsati / ahiMsA savvapANAna, Ariyoti pavuccati // -dhammapada 16315 20. savve tasanti daNDassa, samvesaM jIvitaM piyaM / attAnaM upamaM katvA na haneyya na ghAtaye // -dhammapada 101 21. yo na hanti na ghAteti, na jinAti na jApate / mitta so savva bhUtesu veraM tassa na kenacIti // -itibuttaka pR0 20 22. yathA ahaM tathA ete, yathA ete tathA ahaM / / attAnaM upamaM katvA, na haneyya na dhAtaye / / -suttanipAta, 3 / 3 / 7 / 27 23. sukhakAmAni bhUtAni, yo daNDena na vihiMsati / attano sukhamesAno peccaso labhate sukhaM // -udAna, pR0 12

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya tathAgata buddha kA jIvana 'mahAkAruNika jovana' kahalAtA hai| dInadukhiyoM ke prati unake mana meM atyanta karuNA bharI thI, dayA kA sAgara laharA rahA thaa| ___ bhagavAn mahAvIra kI bhA~ti tathAgata buddha bho zramaNa-saMskRti ke eka mahAna pratinidhi the| unhoMne sAmAjika aura rAjanItika kAraNoM se hone vAlI hiMsA ko Aga ko prema aura zAnti ke jala se zAnta karane ke saphala prayoga kiye, aura isa AsthA ko sudRr3ha banAyA ki samasyA kA pratikAra sirpha talavAra hI nahIM, prema aura sadbhAva bhI hai| yahI ahiMsA kA mArga vastutaH zAnti aura samRddhi kA mArga hai| vaidikadharma meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA : vaidika dharma bhI yajJakAla se uttarottara ahiMsA-pradhAna dharma hotA gayA hai| "ahiMsA paramo dharmaH" ke aTala siddhAnta ko sammukha rakhakara isameM bhI ahiMsA kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| ahiMsA hI sabase uttama evaM pAvana dharma hai, ata: manuSya ko kabhI bhI, kahIM bhI aura kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie / 24 jo kArya tumheM pasanda nahIM hai, use dUsaroM ke lie kabhI na kro| 25 isa nazvara jIvana meM na to kisI prANI kI hiMsA karo aura na kisI ko pIr3A phuNcaao| balki sabhI AtmAoM ke prati maitrI-bhAvanA sthApita kara vicaraNa karate raho / kisI ke sAtha vaira na karo / 26 jaise mAnava ko apane prANa pyAre haiM, usI prakAra sabhI prANiyoM ko apane-apane prANa pyAre haiN| isalie jo loga buddhimAna aura puNyazAlI haiM, unheM 24. ahiMsA paramo dharmaH srvpraannbhRtaaNvrH| tasmAt prANamRtaH sarvAn ma hisyAnmAnuSaH kvacit / / -mahAbhArata-Adiparva, 11113 25. AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSA na samAcaret / . -manusmRti 26. na hiMsyAt sarva bhUtAni, maitrAyaNagatazcaret / nedaM jIvitamAsAdya vairaM kurvIta kenacit / / --mahAbhArata-zAnti parva 278 / 5

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA cAhie ki ve sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajha / 27 isa vizva meM apane prANoM se pyArI dUsarI koI vastu nahIM hai| isalie mAnava jaise apane Upara dayAbhAva cAhatA hai, uso prakAra dUsaroM para bhI dayA kare / 28 dayAlU AtmA ho sabhI prANiyoM ko abhayadAna detA hai, aura use bhI sabhI abhayadAna dete haiN|29 ahiMsA ho ekamAtra pUrNa dharma hai| hiMsA, dharma aura tapa kA nAza karane vAlo hai / 30 ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki vaidika dharma bho ahiMsA ko mahattA ko eka svara se svIkAra karatA hai| islAmadharma meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA : islAma dharma kI aTTAlikA bhI ahiMsA kI nIMva para TikI huI hai| islAma dharma meM kahA gayA hai- "khudA sArI duniyA (khalka) kA pitA (khAlika) hai| vizva meM jitane prANI haiM, ve saba khudA ke putra (bande) haiN|' kurAnazarIpha ko zurUAta meM ho allAhatAlA khudA' kA vizeSaNa diyA hai-"vismillAha rahimAnuraMhIma"- isa prakAra kA maMgalAcaraNa dekara yaha batAyA gayA hai ki saba jIvoM para rahama kro| muhammada sAhaba ke uttarAdhikArI hajarata alI sAhaba ne kahA hai- "he mAnava ! tU pazu-pakSiyoM kI kabra apane peTa meM mata banA" arthAt pazu-pakSiyoM ko mArakara unako apanA bhojana mata bnaao| isI prakAra 'dIna ilAhI' ke pravartaka mugalasamrATa akabara ne kahA 27. prANA yayAtmano'bhISTA: bhUtAnAmaSi vaM tathA / Atyaupamyena gantavyaM buddhimadbhirmahAtmabhiH / / -mahAbhArata-anuzAsanaparva, 21316 28. nahi prANAt priyataraM loke kiJcana vidyate / tasmAd dayAM naraH kuryAt yathAtmani tathA pare / / - mahAbhArata-anuzAsanaparva, 11618 26. abhayaM sarvabhUtemyo yo dadAti dayAparaH / abhayaM tasya bhUtAni dadatItyanuzuzramaH // -mahAbhArata-anuzAsanaparva, 116 / 13 30. ahiMsA sakalo dhrmH| -mahAbhArata-zAntiparva /

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zramaNa saMskRti kA ahiMsA darzana evaM vizvadharma-samanvaya haiM-maiM apane peTa ko dUsare jIvoM kA kabristAna banAnA nahIM caahtaa| jisane kisI kI jAna bacAI-usane mAnoM sAre insAnoM ko jindagI bakhzI / 31 ___ uparyukta udAharaNoM se yahI pratibhAsita hotA hai ki islAma dharma bhI amuka aMza meM apane sAtha ahiMsA kI dRSTi ko lekara calA hai / IsAIdharma meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA : ___ mahAtmA IsA ne kahA hai ki-"tU talavAra myAna meM rakha le, kyoMki jo loga talavAra calAte haiM, ve saba talavAra se hI nAza kiye jaayNge|" 32 anyatra bhI batalAyA hai- tuma apane duzmana ko bhI pyAra karo aura jo tumheM satAte haiM, unake lie bhI prArthanA kro| yadi tuma unhIM se prema karo, jo tumase prema karate haiM, to tumane kauna mArke kI bAta kI?" 3 3 itanA hI nahIM, varana ahiMsA kA vaha paigAma to kAphI gaharI ur3Ana bhara baiThA hai| - apane zatru se prema rakho, jo tumase vaira kareM unakA bhI bhalA soco aura kro| jo tumheM zApa deM unheM AzIrvAda do| jo tumhArA apamAna kare, usake lie prArthanA kro| jo tunhAre eka gAla para thappar3a mAre, usakI tarapha dUsarA gAla bhI kara do| jo tumhArI cAdara chIna le, use apanA kuratA bhI le lene do / 34 IsA kA yaha saMdeza ahiMsA kA kitanA bar3A udA haraNa hai ! yahUdIdharma meM ahiMsA-bhAvanA : yahUdI mata meM kahA gayA hai ki-kisI AdamI ke Atma-sammAna ko coTa nahIM pahu~cAnI caahie| logoM ke sAmane kisI AdamI ko apamAnita karanA utanA hI bar3A pApa hai, jitanA usakA khUna kara denaa|35 31. va man ahayA hA phakaannayA ahyannAsa jamIanaH / -kurAna zarIpha 5 / 35 32. mttii| -2151152 33. mattI -5 // 45 // 46 34. lUkA -6 / 27137 35. tA0 bAbA metaligA, tAlayA-58 (b)|

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA yadi tumhArA zatru tumheM mArane ko Ae aura vaha bhUkhA-pyAsA tumhAre ghara pahu~ce, to use khAnA do, pAnI do / 36 yadi koI AdamI saMkaTa meM hai, DUba rahA hai, usa para dasyu- DAkU yA hiMsaka zera cIte Adi hamalA kara rahe haiM, to hamArA karttavya hai ki hama usakI rakSA kreN| prANimAtra ke prati nirvairabhAva rakhane kI preraNA pradAna karate hue yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki - apane mana meM kisI ke bhI prati vaira kA durbhAva mata rakho / 7 58 pArasI aura tAo dharma meM ahiMsA - bhAvanA : pArasI dharma ke mahAna pravartaka mahAtmA jara sTa ne kahA hai ki"jo sabase acche prakAra kI jindagI gujArane se logoM ko rokate haiM, aTakAte haiM aura pazuoM ko mArane kI siphAriza karate haiM, unako ahuramajda burA samajhate haiM / 36 ataH apane mana meM kisI se badalA lene kI bhAvanA mata rkho| badale kI bhAvanA tumheM lagAtAra satAtI rahegI ! ataH duzmana se bhI badalA mata lo / badale kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara kabhI koI pApakarma mata karo / mana meM sadA-sarvadA sundara vicAroM ke dIpaka sa~joe rakho / tAo dharma ke mahAn praNetA - lAotse ne ahiMsAtmaka vicAroM ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA hai ki - jo loga mere prati acchA vyavahAra nahIM karate, unake prati bhI maiM acchA vyavahAra karatA hU~ / " kanaphyUsa dharma ke pravarttaka kAMgaphyutsI ne kahA hai ki - "tumheM jo cIja nApasanda hai, vaha dUsare ke lie hargija mata kro| " uparyukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti ke mUla saMsthApaka bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne ahiMsA kA jo bIja boyA tathA antima tIrthaMkara bha0 mahAvIra ne jise pallavita, puSpita evaM phalita kiyA, use vizva ke samasta dharmoM ne apane dharma kA antahRdaya ke rUpa meM aMgIkAra kiyA / ataH zramaNa saMskRti kI amara dena - ahiMsA vaha mahAna zakti hai, jo vizva ke samasta dharmoM ko pArasparika aikya sUtra meM saMbaddha karane meM sahaja samartha hai| yaha vizva ke samasta dharmoM ko zramaNa saMskRti kI mahAn dena hai pAdhyAya amaramuni 36. nIti, 37. torA 38. gAthA 36. lAo teha kiMga / - 25 / 21 paramidAsa -- laivya vyavasthA 16 17 - hA0 34, 3

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& bhAratIyadarzana kI sArvabhauma citanadRSTi : anekAntavAda vaidika kAla se lekara mahAtmA gA~dhI ke samaya taka dRSTi daur3A jAie, bhAratIya saMskRti kI jo eka vizeSatA hamezA usake sAtha milegI, vaha isakI ahiMsApriyatA hai / vastutaH saMskRtiyoM ke bIca sAtvika samanvaya kA kAma ahiMsA ke binA cala hI nahIM sakatA / talavAra se hama manuSya ko parAjita kara sakate haiM, use jIta nahIM sakate / manuSya ko jItanA, asala meM usake hRdaya para adhikAra pAnA hai aura hRdaya kI rAha samarabhUmi kI lAla kIca nahIM, sahiSNutA kA zItala pradeza hai, udAratA kA ujjvala kSIrasamudra hai / anAdi kAla se bhArata ahiMsA kI sAdhanA meM lIna rahA hai / yaha sAdhanA kabhI-kabhI AtmaghAtinI bhI siddha huI hai, kintu bhArata taba bhI apane parama dharma se nahIM DigA / bhAratIya ahiMsA kA artha kevala raktapAta se hI bacanA nahIM, varan una sabhI bAtoM se bacanA rahA hai, jinase kisI ko bhI kleza pahu~catA ho / raktapAta yadi AtmarakSA ke lie kiyA jAe to bhAratIya saMskRti use hiMsA nahIM mAnatI / aise hI raktapAta kI upekSA karane kA upadeza svayaM bhagavAn kRSNa ne diyA hai / kintu samasta bhAratIya sAhitya meM kahIM bhI vaha pApa kSamya nahIM batAyA gayA, jo kaTu vacana kaha kara dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahu~cAne se hotA hai / jo vANI meM tarka ho nahIM, A~khoM meM aMgAre bharakara zAstrArtha karane se hotA hai, saMkSa epa meM jo usa manuSya kA pApa hai, jisako vizvAsa hai ki maiM jo kahatA hU~ vaha ThIka hai, bAkI saba galata bhArata kI ahiMsA - sAdhanA jaina dharma meM apane parama utkarSa para pahu~cI aura jaina dharma meM bhI ahiMsA kA uccatama zikhara anekAntavAda 56

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA yA syAdvAda huaa| kitane bar3e the ve loga - jinheM yaha dikhalAI par3A ki kevala raktapAta karanA, kaTuvacana kahanA athavA dUsaroM kA aniSTa socanA hI hiMsA nahIM, pratyuta jaba hama yaha Agraha kara baiThate haiM ki jo kucha hama kara rahe haiM, vahI satya hai, taba bhI hama hiMsA hI karate haiM / isalie anekAntavAdiyoM ne yaha dharma nikAlA ki satya ke pahalU aneka haiM / jise jo pahalU dikhAI detA hai, vaha usa pahalU kI bAta kahatA hai aura jo pahalU dUsaroM ko dikhAI dete haiM, unakI bAteM dUsare loga kahate haiM / isalie yaha kahanA hiMsA hai ki "kevala yahI ThIka hai / " saccA ahiMsaka manuSya itanA hI kaha sakatA hai ki " zAyada yaha ThIka ho / " kyoMki satya ke sabhI pakSa sabhI manuSyoM ko ekasAtha dikhAI nahIM dete / 60 'anekAntavAda' nAma yadyapi jainoM kA diyA huA hai, kintu jisa dRSTikoNa kI ora yaha siddhAnta iMgita karatA hai, vaha dRSTikoNa bhArata meM Arambha se hI vidyamAna thA / yadi yaha vidyamAna nahIM rahatA, to bhArata meM itanI vibhinna jAtiyA~ eka mAnavatA ke aMga banakara ekatA kI chAyA meM zAnti se nahIM jItIM / taba zAyada bhArata kA bhI vahI hAla hotA jo yUropa kA rahA hai| bhArata aura yUropa ( rUsa ko chor3akara) AkAra meM bahuta kucha samAna haiM aura donoM hI mahAdezoM meM bhASA evaM jAtigata bhinnatAe~ bhI bahuta haiM, phira bhI bhArata meM ye bhinnatAe~ eka samAdhAna para A gayI haiM, mAno aneka nadiyoM ne eka hI samudra meM apanA vilaya khoja liyA ho / kintu yUropa ke bitte bhara-bhara ke deza paraspara mArakATa aura bhayAnaka raktapAta macAte rahate haiM / kyA yaha Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ? aura to aura, rASTrIyatA kA jo bhAva bhArata ko ekatA meM dRr3hatA lAne kA kAraNa huA, ThIka usI ke kAraNa yUropa ke deza paraspara aura bhI dUra ho gaye / ahiMsApriyatA ke kAraNa jo tattva bhArata meM amRta barasAtA hai, hiMsApriyatA ke kAraNa yUropa meM vahI jahara bana gayA hai / vartamAna vizva kI kaThinAI yaha nahIM hai ki usake kaI dezoM ne aNu aura udjana bama nikAla rakhe haiM, balki yaha ki ve deza jaba Apasa meM vicAravinimaya karane ke lie baiThate haiM, taba unakI bANI meM tarka ho

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anekAntavAda 61 yA na ho, kintu A~khoM meM gusse kI mazAla avazya hotI hai / saMsAra apanI jalatI huI deha ko kSIrodaka se zItala karane ko becaina hai, kintu tana ko zItala karane se pahale use mana ko zItala karanA cAhie aura mana kI zItalatA kI rAha durAgraha ke tyAga meM hai, dUsaroM ko jhuMjhalAne kI krUratA se bacane meM hai, satya kI rAha para Ane meM hai, satya kI rAha para Aye binA yaha nahIM mila sakatI / aura, satya kI rAha para Aye hue AdamI kI sabase bar3I pahacAna yaha hai ki vaha kisI bhI avasthA meM durAgraha yA haTha nahIM karatA / sahiSNutA, udAratA, sAmAjika saMskRti, anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura ahiMsA - ye eka hI satya ke alaga-alaga nAma haiN| asala meM yaha bhAratavarSa kI sabase bar3I vilakSaNatA kA nAma hai, jisake adhIna yaha deza eka huA hai aura jise apanAkara sArA saMsAra eka ho sakatA hai / anekAntavAda vaha hai, jo durAgraha nahIM karatA / anekAntavAda vaha hai, jo dUsaroM ke matoM ko bhI Adara se dekhanA aura samajhanA cAhatA hai / anekAntavAda vaha hai, jo samajhaute ko apamAna kI vastu nahIM mAnatA / azoka aura harSavarddhana anekAntavAdI the, jinhoMne eka dharma meM dIkSita hote hue bhI sabhI dharmoM kI sevA kI / akabara anekAntavAdI thA, kyoMki satya ke sAre rUpa use kisI eka dharma se dikhAI nahIM die, ataH sampUrNa satya kI khoja meM vaha AjIvana sabhI dharmoM ko TaTolatA rahA / paramahaMsa rAmakRSNa anekAntavAdI the, kyoMki hindU hote hue bhI unhoMne islAma aura IsAiyata kI sAdhanA kI thI aura gA~dhIjI kA to sArA jIvana hI anekAntavAda kA unmukta adhyAya thA 1 bhArata meM ahiMsA ke sabase bar3e prayoktA jaina muni hue haiM, jinhone manuSya ko kevala vANI aura kArya se hI nahIM, pratyuta vicAroM se bhI ahiMsaka banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| kisI bhI bAta para yaha mAna kara ar3a jAnA ki yahI satya hai tathA bAkI loga jo kucha kahate haiM, vaha sabakA saba jhUTha aura nirAdhAra hai, vicAroM kI sabase bhayAnaka hiMsA hai / manuSya ko isa hiMsA ke pApa se bacAne ke lie hI jaina muniyoM ne anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta nikAlA, jisake anusAra pratyeka satya ke aneka pakSa mAne gaye haiM, tathA yaha sahI bhI hai ki hama jaba jisa pakSa

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ko dekhate haiM, taba hameM vahI eka pakSa satya jAna par3atA hai| anekAntavAdI darzana kI upAdeyatA yaha hai ki vaha manuSya ko durAgrahI hone se bacAtA hai| use yaha zikSA detA hai ki kevala tumhIM ThIka ho, aisI bAta nahIM hai, zAyada ve loga bhI satya hI kaha rahe hoM jo tumhArA virodha karate haiN| bhASA kI dRSTi se anekAntavAdI manuSya syAdvAdI hai, kyoMki vaha yaha nahIM kahatA ki "yahI satya hai", sadaiva yaha kahanA cAhatA hai ki "zAyada yaha satya ho|"1 bhAratIya sAdhakoM kI ahiMsAbhAvanA syAdavAda meM apane carama utkarSa para pahu~cI, kyoMki yaha darzana manuSya ke bhItara bauddhika ahiMsA ko pratiSThita karatA hai| saMsAra meM jo aneka matavAda phaile hue haiM, unake bhItara sAmaMjasya ko janma detA hai tathA vaicArika bhUmi para jo kolAhala aura kaTatA utpanna hotI hai, usase vicArakoM ke mastiSka ko mukta rakhatA hai| anekAntavAda jaina darzana meM soyA huA thaa| bhAratavAsI jaise apane darzana ko anya bAteM bhUla cuke the, vaise hI anekAntavAda kA yaha durlabha siddhAnta bhI unakI A~khoM se ojhala ho gayA thaa| kintu navotthAna ke krama meM jaise hamAre aneka anya prAcIna satyoM ne dubArA janma liyA, vaise hI gA~dhIjI meM Akara anekAntavAda ne bhI navajIvana prApta kiyaa| sampUrNa sattA kyA hai, ise jAnanA bar3A hI kaThina hai| tAttivaka dRSTi se yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratyeka satyAnveSI satya ke jisa pakSa ke darzana karatA hai, vaha usI kI bAteM bolatA hai| isIlie satya ke mArga para Aye hue vyakti ko sabase bar3I pahacAna yaha hotI hai ki vaha durAgrahI nahIM hotA, na vaha yahI haTha karatA hai ki maiM jo kucha kaha rahA hU~ vahI satya hai / apane Upara eka prakAra kA virala saMdeha, virodhI aura pratipakSI kA mata hI ThIka ho, ye anekAntavAdI manuSya ke pramukha lakSaNa haiN| gA~dhIjI para ye sabhI lakSaNa ghaTita hote haiM, kyoMki unakI ahiMsA kAyika aura vAcika hone ke sAtha bauddhika bhI thI aura isI bauddhika ahiMsA ne unheM samajhautAvAdI evaM virodhiyoM ke prati zraddhAlu banA diyA thaa| jaba 1. anekAnta saMzayavAda nahIM hai, apitu satya kI eka niSpakSa nirNAyaka dRSTi hai| -saM0

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anekAntavAda gA~dhIjI "bhArata chor3o" Andolana kI yojanA banA rahe the, taba suprasiddha amarIkI patrakAra zrI luI phizara ne unase pUchA ki "Apake isa kArya se yuddha meM bAdhA par3egI aura amarIkI janatA ko ApakA yaha Andolana pasanda nahIM aaegaa| Azcarya nahIM ki loga Apako mitrarASTroM kA zatru samajhane lgeN|" gA~dhIjI yaha sunate hI ghabarA utthe| unhoMne kahA, "phizara, tuma apane rASTrapati se kaho ki ve mujhe Andolana cher3ane se roka deN| maiM to mukhyataH samajhautAvAdI manuSya hU~, kyoMki mujhe kabhI bhI yaha nahIM lagatA ki maiM ThIka rAha para huuN|" . -- cUMki anekAntavAda se paraspara-virodhI bAtoM ke bIca sAmaMjasya AtA hai tathA virodhiyoM ke prati bhI Adara kI buddhi hotI hai, isa lie, gA~dhIjI ko yaha bAta atyanta priya thii| unhoMne likhA hai, "merA anubhava hai ki apanI dRSTi se maiM sadA satya hI hotA hai, kintu mere ImAnadAra Alocaka taba bhI mujhameM galatI dekhate haiN| pahale maiM apane ko hI sahI aura unheM ajJAnI mAna letA thA, kintu aba maiM mAnatA hU~ ki apanI-apanI jagaha hama donoM ThIka haiM, kaI aMdhoM ne hAthI ko alaga-alaga TaTola kara usakA jo varNana kiyA thA, vaha dRSTAnta anekAntavAda kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai| isI siddhAnta ne mujhe yaha batalAyA hai ki musalamAna ko jA~ca muslima dRSTikoNa se tathA IsAI kI parIkSA IsAI dRSTikoNa se ko jAnI caahie| pahale maiM mAnatA thA ki mere virodhI ajJAna meM haiN| Aja maiM virodhiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI dekha sakatA huuN| merA anekAntavAda satya, aura ahiMsA-ina yugala siddhAntoM kA hI pariNAma hai|" satya ke kisI eka pakSa para ar3a jAnA tathA vAda-vivAda meM A~kheM lAla karake bolane laganA, ye lakSaNa choTe logoM ke hI hote haiM, jo kadAcit satya kI rAha para abhI Ae hI nahIM haiN| satya ke mArga para AyA huA manuSya haThI nahIM hotA, balki syAdvAdI hotA hai| jabataka vizva ke vicAraka aura zAsaka syAdavAdI bhASA kA prayoga nahIM sIkhate, tabataka na to saMsAra ke dharmoM meM ekatA hogI, na vizva ke vicAra aura matavAdI hI eka ho paaeNge| -zrI rAmadhArIsiMha 'dinakara'

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jaina saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra : tyAgadharma TTtmA ananta jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura zakti se sampanna hote hue bhI anAdikAla se caturgatirUpa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kara rahI / isakA pradhAna kAraNa hai-AtmavismRti, AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa, guNa yA svabhAva ko bhUla kara para bhAvoM meM racI- pacI rahatI hai, isI se karmabandha hotA hai, aura usake pariNAma svarUpa saMsAra meM bhaTakatI hai, isalie AvazyakatA hai - AtmAbhimukhatA kI / paramukhatA, parAzrayitA, parAdhInatA hI duHkha hai, svAzrayitA, svAdhInatA evaM svabhAva meM ramaNatA hI sukha hai / 6 paudgalika padArthoM yA vastuoM ko apanA mAnakara, yA unameM sukha kI kalpanA karake yaha AtmA niraMtara unake saMgraha, saMrakSaNa kI abhivRddhi meM lagI huI hai| unake vinAza yA anupasthiti meM duHkha kA anubhava karatI hai / arthAt para-padArthoM ko apanA mAna liyA hai aura unake prati mamatvabhAva hI duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hai / aura samatva hI zAnti aura Ananda kA mArga hai / mahApuruSoM ne apane aMtar-viveka aura sAdhanA se isa parama kalyANakArI tattva ko jAnA, anubhava kiyA aura Atmabandhu rUpa samasta prANiyoM ko isa kalyANa - mArga ko batalA kara isa ora agrasara kiyaa| jina-jina prANiyoM ne mahApuruSoM ke upadezoM se lAbha uThAyA, unakA kalyANa huA, zAMti aura AnaMda prApta huA aura aMta meM mokSa bhI / tIrthaMkaroM ne kahA hai ki saMgraha, bhoga, aura mamatva hI duHkha ke kAraNa haiM, aura tyAga tathA Atma-ramaNatA hI sukha kA kAraNa hai| parapadArthoM ke mamatva ke kAraNa hI jIva apanA svarUpa bhUlakara niraMtara saMgraha evaM bhoga meM pravRttamAna hai / use tyAga kA nAma hI nahIM suhAtA / 64

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jaina saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra : tyAgadharma mahApuruSa jaba use sAdhu yA zrAvakoM ke vrata grahaNa karane kA upadeza dete haiM, to vaha use bahata duSkara aura kaSTasAdhya mAnate hue vratoM ke svIkAra yA grahaNa ke lie taiyAra nahIM hotA, kyoMki anAdikAla se usake aise dRr3ha saMkalpa jama gae haiM ki upabhogoM meM sukha hai, tyAga meM duHkha hai / yahI mithyAtva hai jo vastu ke sacce yA vAstavika svarUpa kI pratIti nahIM karane detA / samyagdarzana se bahirmukhatA phiratI hai aura aMtamukhatA prApta hotI hai| AdhyAtmika granthoM meM AtmA ke tIna bheda kie haiM-bahirAtmA. antarAtmA aura paramAtmA / zuddha svarUpa pUrNarUpa se prakaTa ho jAnA hI paramAtmapada hai| samyagdRSTi hI antarAtmA hai, aura mithyAdRSTi hI bahirAtmA hai| zarIra Adi paudagalika padArthoM ko apanA mAnanA, unameM sukha mAnanA, bhogopabhogoM meM Asakta rahanA hI bahirAtmA ke lakSaNa haiM / samyagdRSTi yadyapi karmodaya ke kAraNa para-padArthoM kA tyAga nahIM kara sakatA, para unameM mUcrchA yA AsaktibhAva kama karatA hai yA chor3atA hai| usake Age jaba vaha deza virati banatA hai to sImita tyAga-bhAvanA ko panapAtA hai aura sarvavirati banane para tyAga mArga meM pUrNa rUpa se agrasara ho jAtA hai| jaba para-padArtha apane haiM hI nahIM, aisI dRr3ha pratIti ho jAtI hai, taba tyAga meM kaThinatA nahIM lagatI, bhogoM meM AkarSaNa nahIM rhtaa| virakti yA vairAgyabhAva bar3hatA jAtA hai / AvazyakatAoM ko sImita karate hue para-padArthoM ke tyAga meM vaha niraMtara pragatizIla rahatA hai| aisI AtmAoM ko cakravartI, baladeva, vAsUdeva, rAjA, indra Adi sabhI bar3e-bar3e adhikArI sadA bar3e AdarabhAva se namana-vaMdana karake apane ko dhanya va kRtya-pUNya mAnate haiN| bhoga para tyAga kI yaha mahAna vijaya, tyAga kI mahattA ko bhalIbhA~ti prakaTa kara detA hai| dIna, raMka, bAlaka, yA strI koI bhI ho, jaba vaha saMsAra ke viSayavAsanA yA para-padArthoM kI mUrchA Asakti ko chor3a kara tyAgI bana jAtA hai, to vaha sabake lie AdaraNIya aura pUjya mAnA jAtA hai| - tyAgI kA sukha itanA adhika batalAyA gayA hai ki usake sAmane cakravartI aura indra ke sukha ni:sAra aura tuccha haiN| eka tyAgI muni ke Atmika Ananda ke sAmane ve kaur3I kI kImata bhI nahIM rakhate / tyAga meM

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA jo mastI hai, vaha bhoga meM mila hI nahIM sakatI, kyoMki bhoga parAzrita hai aura tyAga svAzrita hai| bhoga ke sAtha roga yA duHkha lagA huA hai / atimAtrA meM bhoga karane se roga ho jAtA hai / zArIrika, mAnasika kSati hotI hai, aura anta meM bhogoM ke prati aruci ho jAtI hai| bhoga ke sAdhana juTAne meM bhI bar3A parizrama karanA par3atA hai| usake saMrakSaNa kI cintA banI rahatI hai aura naSTa ho jAne para abhAva yA viyogajanya duHkha kA anubhava to sabhI karate hI haiN| bhoga ke sAtha upAdhi, Adhi aura byAdhi-tInoM lage rahate haiM / isalie viSaya-bhogoM ko jJAnI puruSoM ne tyaagaa| unako sAre sAdhana aura suvidhAe~ prApta thIM-tIrthaMkara rAjAoM ke yahA~ janma lete haiM, unake lie bhogoM ke sabhI sAdhana sUlabha hote haiM, para ve unheM chor3akara tyAgamArga svIkAra karate haiN| bhAratoya-paramparA meM mAnava-jIvana ko cAra AzramoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-brahmacarya Azrama, gRhastha Azrama, vAnaprasthAzrama tathA sNnyaasaashrm| 100 varSoM kI Ayu mAnakara prathama 25 varSa meM vidyAdhyayana tathA zArIrika evaM mAnasika vikAsa meM lagAne kA vidhAna hai| phira dhanopArjana, vivAha aura kuTamba Adi pAlanarUpa gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara anta meM bhogoM se nivRtta hokara tyAgamaya aura sevAmaya jIvana apanAyA jAtA hai| vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsAzrama kramazaH tyAga kI bar3hatI huI bhUmikA hai / samasta vastuoM kA hI nahIM, icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM, vAsanAoM kA tyAga karake jaba manuSya AtmaniSTha ho jAtA hai, tabhI sAdhanAmaya jIvana bitAte hue siddhi prApta kara sakatA hai| ___ bhAratIya dharmoM meM tapasyA ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai / tapa kA artha hai-icchAoM kA nirodha kara apanI samasta zakti ko sAdhanA meM lagA denA, tapA denaa| tapa do prakAra kA hotA hai-bAhya aura AbhyaMtara / bAhya tapa meM cAroM prakAra ke AhAroM kA sImita yA dIrghakAlIna tyAga yA AMzika athavA pUrNatayA tyAga hotA hai / vaha isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki bikharI huI sArI zaktiyoM ko sAdhanA meM kendrita kiyA jA sake / khAne-pIne ke sAdhana juTAne aura tatsambandhI kriyAoM ke karane meM jo zrama, samaya aura zakti laga rahI hai, vaha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM lagAI jA sake, to sAdhanA meM gati, sphUrti evaM zakti bddh'egii|

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jaina saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra : tyAgadharma 67 - dAna bhI tyAga kA-ho eka rUpa hai| hamAre pAsa jo bho dhanasampatti, zakti, jJAna tathA jIvanopayogI sAdhana haiM, unakA upayoga kevala apane taka hI sImita na rakhakara, jinako jina vastuoM kI AvazyakatA hai, unako unheM de denA hI dAna hai| hama dhanAdi se apane mamatva kA tyAga karate haiM, tabhI dUsaroM ko unheM dene rUpa dAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| para-padArtha apane haiM hI nahIM to, una para mamatva rakhanA, yaha to avazya hI eka bar3I bhUla hai, jise jIva AtmavismRti ke kAraNa nirantara karatA jA rahA hai / jaba manuSya sAdhanA meM lIna ho jAtA hai, to tyAga karanA nahIM par3atA, svayaM ho jAtA hai| para-padArthoM ke saMgraha, saMrakSaNa evaM bhoga meM usakI ruci nahIM rahatI, yaha tyAga ko svAbhAvika prakriyA hai / jaba taka gaharI Asakti hai, taba taka prayatna pUrvaka tyAga karanA par3atA hai| bAhara dikhAne ko tyAga kara diyA, para bhogoM ke prati AkarSaNa banA rahA, to vaha tyAga saccA tyAga nahIM hai| jaba AtmA apane svabhAva meM ramaNa karane lagatI hai, taba dehAdi kisI bhI para-padArtha kA use dhyAna nahIM rhtaa| unakA tyAga apane Apa ho jAtA hai| mokSa kyA hai-karma bandhanoM se chUTa jAnA ho mokSa hai| aura karma-bandhana ke kAraNa haiM rAga-dveSa, viSaya aura kaSAya / ina saboM kA tyAga hI vAstava meM mokSa hai / inake tyAga ke binA mokSa mila hI nahIM sktaa| manuSya janma letA hai, to zarIra ke atirikta aura koI bhI cIja sAtha meM nahIM lAtA / aura jaba paraloka jAtA hai, taba bhI koI cIja sAtha nahIM le jAtA / bIca kI avasthA meM vaha dhana, parivAra Adi para-padArthoM ko apanA mAnakara una para mamatvabhAva kara letA hai, to use tyAga karane meM bar3I kaThinAI mAlUma detI hai| aMtima samaya taka vaha dhana-kUTamba Adi kA tyAga karanA nahIM cAhatA hai, para vivaza hokara unako tyAganA par3atA hai| isase use bahuta duHkha hotA hai / jJAnI puruSa para-padArthoM ko apanA mAnate hI nahIM haiM, isalie unheM unake tyAga meM koI duHkha nahIM hotaa| para munigaNa usako tyAga dete haiM, tabhI AtmAnanda kA ve anubhava kara pAte haiN| sadaguNoM ke vikAsa ke lie avaguNoM kA tyAga bahuta hI jarUrI

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68 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA I hai / yadi pApoM ko chor3eMge nahIM, to dharma meM laga nahIM sakate, isalie duvyasanoM va durguNoM kA tyAga karate hI rahanA cAhie / jinhoMne tyAga kiyA, ve mahApuruSa bane; aura jinhone rAga kiyA, ve saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahe / jo bhAgoM meM Asakta rahe, ve pApa bandhana karate rhe| AraMbha-samAraMbha dvArA nitya naye karmoM kA bandha hotA rahatA hai / sabase bar3A tyAga rAgabhAva ko chor3anA hai / rAga chUTa gayA to dveSa bhI chUTa jAegA, aura vItarAga bana jAe~ge / manuSya kA aham hI paramAtma pada prApti meM sabase bar3A bAdhaka hai / isalie yadi paramAtmA bananA hai, to rAga bhAva va ahambhAva ko tyAga deM / dharma ke dasa prakAroM meM 'tyAga dharma' eka mahAn dharma hai / vaise sabhI manuSyoM ko kucha na kucha, kisI na kisI prakAra kA tyAga karanA hI par3atA hai, para anicchA se va vivaza hokara kiyA huA tyAga vAstava meM tyAga nahIM hai / prApta bhogoM ko icchApUrvaka chor3a denA hI saccA tyAga hai| tyAgI mahApuruSoM kA Adarza sAmane rakhate hue hameM bhI apane jovana meM adhikAdhika tyAga karate rahanA caahie| isI tyAgadharma ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ne aparigraha ke pAvana nAma se maryAdita kiyA hai / parigraha sabhI prakAra kI hiMsAoM kA mUla hai, aura aparigraha ahiMsA kI Adi jananI hai / jana dharma nivRttipradhAna dharma hai, tyAga hI isakA sAratattva hai / jitane aMza meM tyAga bar3hatA hai, AtmA vizuddha banatI jAtI hai, svarUpa meM ramaNa karane lagatI hai, yahI mokSa mArga hai / isIlie jaina saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra tyAga kahA gayA hai / - agaracaMda nAhaTA

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zramaNa saMskRti ke mahAn udbhAvaka zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM bhArata kA pUrvAMcala krAMtikArI mor3a se gujara rahA thA / sAmAjika va dhArmika jagat meM krAMti ke svara gUja rahe the| magadha kA vAyUmaMDala krAMti ke AghoSa se pratidhvanita ho rahA thaa| isa krAMti ke nava sarjaka the rAjakumAra vardhamAna ! zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra! rAjakUmAra vardhamAna se zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra taka kI yaha yAtrA-eka mahAn dhArmika jAgaraNa kI yAtrA hai, eka abhUtapUrva ahiMsApradhAna zIta-krAMti kI kahAnI hai| magadha janapada ke vaizAlI-kSatriya kuMDa ke adhizAsaka the jJAtRvaMzIya rAjA siddhArtha kSatriya ! rAjA siddhArtha kI rAnI trizalA ne eka apUrva tejasvI putra ko janma diyaa| janma kI vaha tithi thI I0 pU0 596, caitra zuklA 13 / vaizAlI (prAcIna vizAlA nagarI ) usa devaguNasampanna putraratna ko prApta kara eka alaukika Aloka se camatkRta ho utthii| rAjA siddhArtha evaM rAnI trizalA ke AnaMda kA kahanA hI kyA ! mAtA-pitA ne putra ko parivAra evaM rAjya kI sukhasamRddhi kI abhivRddhi kA pratIka mAnakara vardhamAna nAma rkhaa| siddhArtha ke bar3e putra kA nAma naMdIvardhana thA, vardhamAna choTa the. ataH lADale putra the| licchavi gaNataMtra ke gaNarAjA mahArAja ceTaka vardhamAna ke mAmA the| aitihAsika mAnyatA ke anusAra magadha Adi pUrva bhArata ke kSatriya-'vAtya kSatriya' kahalAte the| kSatriya vaMza kI yaha paramparA zaurya evaM tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM samAna prabhutva rakhatI thii| mahArAja 66

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA 1 janaka, azvapati kaikeya, jaivAlika Adi tattvajJAnI kSatriya bar3e-bar3e RSiyoM evaM brAhmaNa kumAroM ko bhI adhyAtmavidyA kA upadeza karate rahe the / pUrva bhArata ke kSatriya apekSAkRta udAra, pragatizIla evaM AdhyAtmika vicAroM ke the, ve yAjJika hiMsA ke virodhI the / samAja meM brAhmaNa evaM purohita varga kA sAmAjika va dhArmika prabhutva hone ke kAraNa yajJa, devapUjana, pazubali, dAsa va zUdra se ghRNA tathA nArI ko dhArmika va zaikSaNika kSetra se dUra rakhanA Adi pravRttiyA~ bhI prabala thiiN| phira bhI yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ---tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI dhArmika krAMti ke bAda magadha ke kSatriyoM meM kAphI parivartana A cuke the / unameM eka sAmAjika cetanA ke sAtha AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa bhI ho rahA thA / aneka kSatriya pArzvanAtha kI zramaNa paraMparA meM dIkSita ho cuke the / mahArAja ceTaka tathA siddhArtha Adi pramukha kSatriya pArzvanAtha ke pakke anuyAyI - "uvAsaga" - the / kAzI ke kSatriya rAjakumAra pArzvanAtha kI dharma krAMti kI kahAniyA~ aba bhI kSatriya mAtAe~ apane rAjakumAroM ko sunAyA karatI thiiN| mAtA-pitAoM ke nirmala jIvana evaM vANI ke dvArA ujjvala saMskAra kSatriya kumAroM meM bAlyakAla se hI ubharane lagate the / inhIM saMskAroM kA prAdurbhAva rAjakumAra vardhamAna meM bhI dikhalAI par3ane lagA / aura isI prakAra ke kucha mahAn saMskAra kapilavastu ke rAjakumAra siddhArtha (gautama) meM aMkurita hone kI carcA bhI usa samaya idhara-udhara phaila cukI thI / isa prakAra pUrva bhArata ke kSatriyoM meM yajJavirodhI AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa kI eka lahara uTha rahI thI / 70 sAhasa : jIvana kA mUla guNa : jIvana eka yuddha hai, aura usameM vijayI banane ke lie sAhasa eka amogha astra hai | durbala aura bhIru mAnasa kabhI bhI pragati ke dvAra nahIM chU sakatA / jIvana kI unnati, pragati aura uccatama vikAsa ke lie sAhasa mUla AdhAra hai / rAjakumAra vadhamAna meM bacapana se hI dRr3ha sAhasa kI adbhuta sphuraNA jagatI huI pratIta hotI hai / bhaya kI kalpanA zAyada unake mAnasa meM kabhI nahIM uThI / vaha sadA abhaya aura sAhasI bAlaka ke rUpa meM apane sAthiyoM meM sabase Age rahe /

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zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ekabAra kumAra vardhamAna apane hamaumra sAthiyoM ke sAtha khela rahe the / acAnaka vRkSoM ke jhuramuTa meM se eka bhayaMkara nAga phuMkAratA huA dikhalAI pdd'aa| sabhI sAthI Darakara idhara-udhara bhAgane lage / vardhamAna ne lalakArA -"kyA huA ? bhAga kyoM rahe ho ?" ....11 "sA~pa hai. sA~pa bAlakoM ne dabI AvAja meM kahA / " hai to kyA''''vaha apane rAste jA rahA hai, tuma apanA kAma karo ! tuma use takalIpha nahIM doge, to vaha tumheM vyartha hI kyoM kATegA ?" - kumAra vardhamAna ne sAMtvanA dI / 71 taba taka phuMkAratA huA nAga vardhamAna ke kAphI pAsa meM A cukA thA, sAthI dUra-dUra bhAga gae / para sAhasI kumAra vardhamAna na DarA, na bhAgA / usane bar3I sphUrti ke sAtha nAga ko pakar3A aura eka rassI kI taraha ghumAkara dUra pheMka diyA / vardhamAna ke sAhasa para sabhI sAthI cakita the / parivAra ke bar3oM ko jaba yaha bAta mAlUma huI to ve harSamizrita Azcarya ke sAtha vardhamAna ko - 'vIra' kahakara pukAra uThe / taba vardhamAna lagabhaga sAla ATha varSa ke hoMge / paurANika ukti ke anusAra koI devatA nAga kA rUpa dhAraNa kara vardhamAna ke sAhasa kI parIkSA karane AyA thA / aura vardhamAna ko parIkSA meM zatapratizata uttIrNa pAyA, to prasanna hokara calA gayA / kucha bhI ho, tathya yaha hai ki kumAra vardhamAna ko isakA koI atApatA nahIM thA, unakI kalpanA meM to vaha mAtra eka duSTa nAga hI thA aura vardhamAna ne use nirbhIkatApUrvaka uThAkara pheMka diyA / garIboM kA masIhA : vardhamAna mahAvIra ke mAnasa meM sAhasa ke sAtha karuNA kA nirmala srota bhI isa prakAra baha rahA thA - jaise ki kaThora caTTAnoM ke nIce svaccha zItala jala-pravAha ! prANimAtra ke prati unakA hRdaya maitrI evaM karuNA kI dhArA se AplAvita thA / aura khAsakara garIboM evaM asahAyoM ke prati to karuNA kI aneka ghaTanAe~ unake jIvana meM ghaTita huI / bacapana se hI unakA mAnasa saMvedanazIla aura anubhUtipradhAna 1. mahAvIra cariyaM ( nemicandra ), 750

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72 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA thaa| ve kisI kI pIr3A ko dekhakara sahasA dravita ho uThate the| unake jIvana meM aise aneka prasaMga Ae hoMge jaba kisI pIr3ita eva daridra ko dekhakara apanI upabhoga sAmagrI khule hAthoM luTA do hogii| jaina granthoM kA yaha prasaMga to sarvasammata hai ki ve pravajita hone se pUrva eka varSa taka niraMtara garIboM ko dAna dete rhe| bhogasAmagriyoM ke prati virakti ne unheM garIba, asahAya janatA ke lie apanA sarvasva samarpaNa kara dene kI ora sarvAdhika prerita kiyaa| tIsa varSa kI yuvAvasthA meM vardhamAna ne jIvana kA nayA mArga canA / saMsAra ke bhoga-vilAsa aura vaibhava ko ThakarA kara ve sAdhanA ke kaThora mArga para cala pdd'e| unakI sAdhanA apane Apake prati jitanI kaThora thI, jagata ke prati utanI hI komala karuNAmayI thI! zizira RtU ke prAraMbha meM ve pravajita hae the| kSatriya kuNDa ke nikaTa hI eka saghana vana meM vRkSa ke nIce samAdhi lagAe dhyAnamudrA meM khar3e the| tabhI eka dIna brAhmaNa patA lagAtA-lagAtA zramaNa mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM pahuMca gayA / vaha pIr3hiyoM kA daridra thaa| ghara meM khAne ko do jUna ATA bhI ThIka taraha nahIM juTA pAtA thaa| vaha roTIrojI kI talAza meM bahuta dUra-dUra bhaTakatA rhaa| para bhAgya kA mArA vaise hI bhUkhA naMgA ghara lauttaa| ghara Ane para usane jaise hI sunA ki kumAra vardhamAna ne varSa bhara taka dAna dekara pravrajyA grahaNa kI hai ki basa vaha apane bhAgya ko kosatA, pachatAtA mahAvIra ke caraNa cihnoM kA patA letA huA vana meM pahu~ca gyaa| mahAzramaNa ke caraNoM meM girakara vaha gir3agir3AyA, royA, itanI dInatA dikhAne lagA ki samAdhistha mahAvIra kA hRdaya dravita ho utthaa| __brAhmaNa kI dIna-hIna dazA dekhakara mahAzramaNa kA mana pighala gayA, para aba unake pAsa thA kyA jo use deM! ve svayaM akiMcana tapasvI the| akiMcana ke samakSa yAcanA ! bar3I viSama sthiti thI ! para vaha dIna yadi khAlI hAtha lauTA to usakA kalejA Taka-Taka ho jAegA ! astu mahAzramaNa mahAvIra ne pravrajyA kAla meM gahIta apane devadUSya ke do khaNDa karate hue kahA-"vipra ! nirAza na lautto| yaha devadUSya kA ardha khaNDa tuma le jAo-"giNhasu imassa devadUsassa addhti|"

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zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra 73 eka daridra asahAya ke prati mahAzramaNa kA yaha agAdha mAnavIya prema unake antara kI mahAmAnavatA kA eka choTA-sA, kiMtu ujjvala citra hai| prema kA devatA : zramaNa mahAvIra ke hRdaya meM garIboM ke lie jitanI karuNA aura komalatA thI, dRSTa evaM kara AtmAoM ke prati bhI asIma prema evaM apAra sneha thaa| ve krUratA aura dveSa ko mAnasika roga mAnate the aura isakA upacAra karate the sAtvika sneha evaM sahaja saujanya se| jahA~ bhI jo bhI sabase kara aura dRSTa vyakti hotA-zramaNa mahAvIra usake nikaTa jAkara karatA kA sAtvika pratikAra karate aura prema ke brahmAstra se use jIta lete / ekabAra mahAvIra ne sunA ki eka yakSa bar3A kara aura duSTa svabhAva kA hai, manuSyamAtra ke prati usake mana meM bhayaMkara ghaNA hai| usane hajAroM manuSyoM ko mAra-mAra kara haDDiyoM ke Dhera lagA die haiN| vaha sadaiva hAtha meM eka bhayaMkara zUla rakhatA hai, dekhate hI manuSya ko usa zUla meM piro letA hai| zramaNa mahAvIra eka rAta usI zUlapANi yakSa ke maMdira meM jAkara dhyAnastha ho ge| ___ krUra yakSa ne apane maMdira meM bhikSu ko khar3A dekhA to usane bhayaMkara aTTahAsa karake maMdira kI divAroM ko ka~pA diyA; kintu mahAzramaNa kI dhyAna-sAdhanA prakaMpita nahIM hii| aba to usane Rddha hokara bhISaNa upadrava karane zurU kie| yakSa ke anekAneka bhISaNa upadravoM se bhI jaba mahAzramaNa kI dhyAna-mudrA vicalita na haI, to vaha krUra yakSa svayaM bhayabhIta ho uThA---'kahIM yaha tapasvI sAdhaka kruddha hokara mujhe samApta na kara DAle !" krUratA hArakara jaba bhaya meM pariNata huI to mahAzramaNa ne prema se Azvasta kiyA ! yakSa ko abhayadAna dete hue kahA-"zUlapANi ! tumane apane ko nahIM pahacAnA ! tumhAre mana kI ghRNA aura krUratA eka nimna prakAra kI kAyaratA kI hI pariNati hai| dekho na, tumhArA pauruSa hArakara bhaya meM badala jAtA hai, krUratA glAni meM badala jAtI hai| abhaya aura zAMti cAhate ho to prema karo ! manuSya ke prati ghRNA nahIM, sneha ke phUla barasAo !"

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA . jaina purANoM ke anusAra vaha zUlapANi yakSa mahAvIra kA paramabhakta upAsaka bana gyaa| Asa-pAsa ke ujar3ate hae gA~va phira basane laga ge| sarvatra nirbhayatA aura divya zAMti chA gii| yaha thA prema kA camaskAra, jisane ghRNA aura krUratA ko sadbhAvanA meM badala diyA ! viSa ke badale amRta ! Aga ke badale jala : zramaNa mahAvIra sAdhanA-kAla meM kahIM kisI ekAnta vanya pradeza meM Azrama bA~dha kara nahIM btthe| unakI sAdhanA parivrAjaka kI, bhramaNazIla bhikSu kI sAdhanA thii| unhoMne aneka bAra dhyAna sAdhanA ke lie aise sthala cune, jahA~ para sAdhAraNa manuSya pahu~ca nahIM pAtA thA, pahu~ca jAtA to jIvita nahIM raha pAtA thaa| mahAvIra ne ghUma-ghUma kara una bhayapUNa sthAnoM ko abhaya kA rUpa diyA / una kra ra evaM duSTa vyaktiyoM kA jIvana badalA aura janatA ke lie abhaya kA maMgala mArga prazasta kiyaa| ekabAra ve kanakhala ( duijjantaka Azrama ) se zvetAmbikA kI ora jA rahe the| mArga meM eka sUnasAna biyAvAna jaMgala par3atA thA / isa jaMgala meM eka bhayaMkara dRSTi-viSa nAga rahatA thA, jisake dRSTimAtra se dUra-dUra taka ke hare-nIle vRkSa bhI jala kara lUMTha ho gae the| mahAvIra usI nAga ke bila ke pAsa jAkara samAdhi lagAkara khar3e ho gae / kruddha nAga ne balapUrvaka daMza mArA, para samAdhistha mahAvIra ke tana para usakA koI asara nahIM huaa| nAga kATa-kATa kara hAra gayA, para samAdhi aura zAMti ke samakSa usake ghora viSa kA koI prabhAva nahIM huaa| apanI abhUtapUrva parAjaya para vicAra karate-karate mahAnAga caMDakauzika kI antazcetanA jAgRta ho gaI, use apane krodha para bhayaMkara pazcAttApa huaa| niraMtara viSa ugalakara hare-bhare vana pradeza ko sUnasAna jaMgala banA dene kI bAta soca-soca kara vaha apane Apa para kSa bdha hone lagA / nAga kI badalI huI manaHsthiti ko dekhakara mahAvIra ne madhura svara meM pukArA-"uvasamaha bho ! caNDakosiyA ! caNDakauzika nAga ! aba zAMta ho jAo ! kSamA karo ! yaha jIvana viSa ugalane ke lie nahIM, amRta barasAne ke lie hai|" nAga ko kSamA aura zAMti kA amRta milA, usane viSa ugalanA chor3a diyA / aura vaha vana pradeza phira harA-bharA AbAda ho utthaa|

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zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra 75 zramaNa mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA yaha camatkAra thA ki ve bhaya ko abhaya meM badala dete, viSa ko amRta banA dete / aura Aga barasAne vAloM ko zItala jala banA dete / unakA sAdhaka jIvana dehalI para rakhe dIpaka kI taraha ubhayamukhI thA / ve svayaM ke AtmotkarSa ke lie sadA jAgarUka rahate aura sAtha hI vizva ke bhaya evaM saMkaToM ko zAMta karate jAte / unakI lokopakArI vRtti kabhI-kabhI itanI prabala ho uThatI thI ki Aja kucha loga jina AcArasUtroM ko vidhiniSedha ko gaNanA meM lete haiM, mahAvIra kI sahaja mAnavatA unheM bhI lAMgha gaI thI / gozAlaka, jo mahAvIra kI divya vibhUtiyoM se prabhAvita hokara unake pIche-pIche calane lagA thA, vaha unheM apanA guru bhI mAnane lagA thA / para, vaha kucha ucchRMkhala aura alhar3a prakRti kA thA / usakI vivekahInatA evaM ucchRMkhalatA ke kAraNa zramaNa mahAvIra ko aneka akalpita kaSTa bhI uThAne par3e, para zramaNa mahAvIra ne kabhI bhI gozAlaka ko dutkArA nahIM, usakI mUrkhatA para roSa nahIM kiyA / ekabAra gozAlaka ne apanI Adata ke anusAra kisI tapasvI se cher3achAr3a kI / tapasvI kAphI zAMta rahA, para anta meM jaba gozAlaka cher3achAr3a se bAja nahIM AyA to vaha kruddha ho uThA / kruddha tapasvI ne gozAlaka ko bhasma karane ke lie 'tejolezyA' - eka prakAra kI yaugika dAhaka zakti kA prayoga kiyA / gauzAlaka cIkhatAcillAtA zramaNa mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM A girA - bacAie ! bacAie !! zramaNa mahAvIra ne dhu~e ke gubbAre-sI umar3akara gauzAlaka kA pIchA karatI huI tejo lezyA ko Ate dekhA to eka sahaja karuNA se unakA mana bhara AyA / yadyapi gozAlaka eka kuziSya kI taraha mahAvIra ko hamezA satAtA rahA, para kAruNika mahAvIra usake saba aparAdhoM ko jaise bhUle hue the / turanta apanI yoga labdhi se 'zItala lezyA' kA prayoga kiyA / tapasvI kI krodhAgni zAMta ho gaI aura maMkhaliputra gozAlaka baca gayA / zramaNa mahAvIra ke dIrgha tapasvI kAla meM isa prakAra ke kitane hI prasaMga Ae hoMge jaba unake sAhasa, dhairya tathA manobala kI kaThora parIkSAe~

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76 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA huI / asoma karuNA aura mAnavIya sneha ke ajasra srota ne kitane hI patita, adhama evaM duSTa jIvoM kA uddhAra kiyA, unakI rakSA kI / svayaM svayaM ke nirmAtA : sAdhanA kAla meM unhoMne jitane kaSToM evaM pIr3AoM kA sAmanA kiyA, utanA zAyada kisI anya arhat-tIrthaMkara ne apane jIvana meM nahIM kiyA / dehAtoM evaM jaMgaloM meM ajJAna gvAloM, caravAhoM aura jaMgalavAsiyoM ne unheM kitanI hI bAra burI taraha pITA, aneka yaMtraNAe~ dIM, kaThora tAr3anAe~ dIM / ekabAra dhyAnastha mahAvIra se kisI gvAle ne kahA - " bAbA ! mere bailoM kI dekhabhAla rakhanA, maiM jarA gA~va meM jAkara AtA hU~ / " mahAvIra dhyAnastha the, baila carate carate kahIM dUra nikala gaye / gvAlA lauTa kara AyA, aura baila dikhAI nahIM die to mahAvIra ko hI cora samajha kara tAr3anA karane lagA / usane rassI ke nirmama prahAroM se itane jora se tAr3anA dI ki rassiyoM ke dAga usakI hatheliyoM meM bhI guda gae / isa ghaTanA ke bAda devarAja indra ne zramaNa mahAvIra se prArthanA kI -- "devArya ! ye ajJAna manuSya Apake alaukika mAhAtmya ko nahIM samajhakara Apako tAr3anA tarjanA de rahe haiM, / kRpayA mujhe AjJA dIjie ki maiM satata ApakI sevA meM raha kara ina Agata kaSToM kA nivAraNa karatA rahU~ / ' 11 mahAzramaNa ne devarAja ko jo uttara diyA, vaha jaina sAhitya kA advitIya subhASita hogayA hai, durbala nirAza janajIvana ke lie cirakAla se eka mahAn preraNAdAyI sUkta bana gayA hai - "svavIryeNaiva gacchanti jinendrA paramAM gatim / " - "kisI anya ke Azraya evaM puruSArtha ke bharose koI bhI AtmA Aja taka bodhilAbha kevala jJAna prApta nahIM kara sakA / apane hI puruSArtha para apanA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai / " yaha hai mahAvIra ke puruSArtha evaM svAlambana kA utkRSTa Adarza ! sevA, samatA, sAhasa, karuNA, sneha, svAvalaMbana, AtmaniSThA aura akhaNDa manobala ye hI ve divya sIr3hiyA~ haiM jina para bar3hatI huI

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zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra 77 eka sAmAnya AtmA, paramAtma pada kI asIma U~cAI taka phuNcii| mahAvIra kA atIta evaM vartamAna sAdhaka-jIvana isa AdhyAtmika utkrAnti kA eka sundara sajIva citra hai| zramaNa mahAvIra kA jIvana isI AdhyAtmika vikAsavAda se gujaratA huA ekadina parama vikasita, parama vizuddha arhat pada para pratiSThita huA ! . I0 pU0 566 ke vaizAkha zuklA dazamI ke dina kI ghaTanA jaina itihAsa meM mahAvIra ke kaivalya-kalyANaka nAma se prasiddha hai| Rju bAlukA nadI kA zAMta suramya taTa ! zyAmaka kisAna kA kheta aura usameM zAla vRkSa ke nIce zramaNa mahAvIra dhyAna-sAdhanA meM lIna ! mahAzramaNa ko tallInatA, nirmalatA aura bhAvavizuddhi apanI aMtima bindu para pahu~ca rahI thii| ve pUrNa samAdhistha hue zAMta rasa meM nimagna ho rahe the ki bAhya jagata meM sUrya ke Dhalate-Dhalate, mahAvIra ke antarjagata meM divya jJAna kA sUrya anaMta prakAza puMja lie udita ho gyaa| zramaNa mahAvIra sarvajJa bana gae / sAdhanA ke bIhar3a patha se gujaratI huI eka AtmA siddhi ke dvAra taka pahu~ca gii| sAdhaka siddha dazA ko prApta ho gyaa| AtmA paramAtmA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho gii| mahAzramaNa mahAvIra kA tIrthaMkara jIvana vastutaH dharma, samAja evaM rAjanIti ke pariSkAra kA kAla hai| unhoMne gambhIra AdhyAtmika samasyA se lekara pati-patnI ke jIvana kI sAmAnya samasyA taka ko sparza kiyA, sAdhaka-jIvana kI ulajhanoM ke sAtha hI rAjanItika jagata kI ulajhaneM aura tanAvoM taka ke samAdhAna kI dizA meM unhoMne mArga darzana diyaa| unake aMdara eka virAT sAmAjika cetanA thI, jo samAja ke kisI bhI aMga ko sar3A-galA nahIM dekha sakatI thii| isa prakAra kI aneka ghaTanAe~ tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke jIvana meM ghaTI hoMgI jinakA sAmAjika evaM rAjanItika dRSTi se bahuta mahattva hotA, kiMtu ve ghaTanAeM ghaTanA rUpa meM nahIM, sirpha upadezarUpa meM hI hamAre pAsa Aja bacI huI haiM, isalie mahAvIra kI sAmAjika va rAjanItika samatva dRSTi kA samagra mUlyAMkana karanA hogaa| hA~ kucha chuTapUTa prasaMga aura vacana aise jarUra haiM jinake AdhAra para eka pratibimba khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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78 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pArivArika jIvana : vizvAsa evaM prema : magadha samrAT zreNika torthaMkara mahAvIra ke atyanta zraddhAzIla upAsaka the / ekabAra kisI bhramavaza samrAT ko apanI mahArAnI calanA ke caritra para saMdeha ho gayA / dAmpatya jIvana meM eka-dUsare ke caritra para avizvAsa evaM saMdeha sabase adhika khataranAka hotA hai / samrAT ko itanA bhayaMkara krodha AyA ki mahAmAtya abhaya ko Adeza diyA - " celanA ke mahaloM ko turanta jalA DAlo / " samrATa kA mana khinnatA, glAni evaM krodha se kulabulA rahA thA / ve zAMti aura samAdhAna pAne ke lie tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI sabhA meM pahu~ce / tIrthaMkara ne dekhA - samrAT Aja mahAn akRtya kara rahA hai, eka pativratA sAdhvI ko kalaMkita kara rahA hai, kevala eka tuccha bhrama ke kAraNa ! yadi samAdhAna na milA to saMbhava hai samrAT kA mana nArI jAti ke prati ghRNA kA tUphAna khar3A kare aura usase kyA-kyA na aghaTita ghaTita ho jAe ! mahAzramaNa ne zreNika kI avizvAsagranthi ko jhakajhorA" samrAT ! tuma jisa mahArAnI celanA para avizvAsa kara rahe ho, vaha mahAn pativratA hai, satI hai, tumhArA saMdeha nirmUla hai / " aura mahA zramaNa ne jaba saMdeha ke bhrAnta kAraNoM kI vyAkhyA kI to samrAT kI A~kheM khula gaI / vaha pazcAttApa se ro par3A aura turanta rAjamahaloM kI ora daur3A ! eka bhayaMkara anartha hote-hote baca gayA / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA eka pramukha upAsaka thA - 'mahAzataka' ! usakI patnI bar3I karkazA aura kaThora svabhAva kI thI / ekabAra patnI ke durvyavahAra se kSubdha hokara mahAzataka ne usakI kaThora bhartsanA karate hue kahA - "terI bar3I durdazA hogI, tU mara kara naraka meM jAegI, aura bhayaMkara yAtanAe~ sahegI / " dharmAtmA pati kI AkrozabharI vANI ko usane zApa samajhA aura vaha jora-jora se sira pITa kara rone lagI- "hAya ! mujhe pati ne zApa de diyA, aba merI kyA durdazA hogI ! " tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne pati-patnI ke kalaha ko jAnA to tvarita apane priya ziSya gautama ko bhejA - " gautama, jAo ! upAsaka

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zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra 76 mahAzataka se kaho ki "eka dhAmika aura saccaritra zrAvaka ko isa prakAra kaTuvANI nahIM bolano caahie| vaha to Akhira usakI patnI hai, kintu kisI ko bhI aisA Akroza vacana nahIM kahanA cAhie !" gaNadhara gautama ke samajhAne para mahAzataka ne apanI bhUla ke lie kSamA yAcanA kI ! yaha thA mahAvIra kA vizvAsa aura prema kA maMtra, jo kevala sAdhaka ke lie hI nahIM, apitu pratyeka sAmAjika ke lie Avazyaka thaa| jo sAdhaka ghara, parivAra aura samAja meM vizvAsa tathA prema paidA na kara sake, to kyA usakA vizvAsa evaM prema kevala jaMgala kI sAdhanA ke lie hai ? mahAvIra kA upadeza thA-'jahA~ bhI raho, paraspara vizvAsa lekara raho, prema pUrvaka rho| na kisI ke caritra para lAMchana lgaao| 2 na kisI ke marma para coTa karo aura na kabhI kisI ko kaSTa evaM trAsa dene vAlI bAta muMha se nikaalo|" 4 rAjanItika ulajhana : sadbhAva kI apekSA : pArivArika jIvana kI bhA~ti rAjanItika jIvana kI bhI aneka ulajhaneM mahAvIra ke samakSa AI haiM, aura unakA sadbhAvamUlaka samAdhAna bhI mahAvIra ne kiyA hai / yaha tAtkAlika ghaTanAoM se samajha meM A sakatA hai| ___ magadha, videha, vaizAlI, cedi, vatsa, kaliMga, ujjayinI aura siMdhu sauvIra taka ke rAjavaMza mahAvIra ke zraddhAlu hI nahIM, balki parama bhakta the| unakA dhArmika jIvana hI nahIM, apitu rAjanItika jIvana bhI mahAvIra ke prabhAva se achUtA nahIM rhaa| mahAvIra ne kaI bAra bar3ebar3e yuddhoM ko TAla diyA, eka-dUsare rAjyoM ke pArasparika manamuTAva evaM vidvaSa ko prema meM badala diyA, aura unheM duzmana kI jagaha mitra banA diyaa| 2. dazavakAlika 10 / 18 3. sUtra kRtAMga 1 / 9 / 25 4, dazavakAlika 10 / 10

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80 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ____eka bAra kI ghaTanA hai| kauzAmbIpati mahArAja zatAnIka ko mRtyu ke bAda rAjakumAra udAyana bAlaka thA, isalie zAsana sUtra kA saMcAlana svayaM mahArAno mRgAvatI kara rahI thii| mahArAnI mRgAvatI rAjanIti meM ho dakSa nahIM, atyanta dhArmika bhI thI, aura apane yuga kI advitIya sundarI bhii| ujjayinIpati candrapradyota sattA aura sundarI ko pAne ke lie bhUkhe bher3iye kI taraha cAroM ora lapaka rahA thaa| apane yuga kA vaha parAkramI kitu caritrahIna samrATa ginA jAtA thaa| candrapradyota ne eka tIra se do zikAra kA yaha avasara dekhA-sattA bhI hAtha lagegI, aura yugasundarI mRgAvatI bhii| usane kauzAmbI para AkramaNa karadiyA, nagarI ko cAroM ora se ghera liyaa| vatsa dezavAsiyoM ke lie yaha sirpha rAjasattA kA prazna hI nahIM rahA, apitu apane deza kI nArI kI ijjata kA prazna bhI bana gyaa| kulIna ramaNiyA~ isa AkramaNa kI antanihita bhAvanA se bhayabhIta thI, aura vIra yoddhA hathelI para jAna rakhakara isakA javAba de rahe the| nara-rakta se bhUmi raMgI jA rahI thI, para koI bhI nirNAyaka uttara nahIM mila rahA thaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne jaba yaha bhISaNa nara-saMhAra aura usake bhItara rahasya kI taraha chipI eka nArI ke satItva para AkramaNa kI durdAnta lAlasA ko dekhA, to ve ugra vihAra karake kauzAmbI kI ora bar3ha ge| __ kauzAmbI ke dvAra banda the| zatru senA gherA DAle cAroM ora par3I thii| nagara kA parisara yuddhabhUmi banA huA thaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra yuddhabhUmi kI paravAha kie binA kauzAmbI ke udyAna meM Akara Thahara ge| mahArAnI mRgAvatI ko jaba tIrthakara ke Agamana kI sUcanA milI to usane apUrva sAhasa karake nagara ke dvAra khulavA die aura svayaM tIrthaMkara kI dharma dezanA sunane gii| AkrAMtA candrapradyota bhI usa dharma dezanA meM aayaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne candrapradyota ko lakSya karake kucha isa taraha upadeza kiyA ki usake antaHkaraNa kA kAluSya dhulane lgaa| vaha apane auddhatya aura aviveka para mana-hI-mana lajjita ho uThA aura tabhI avasara pAkara mahArAnI

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zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tIrthaMkara kI sAkSI se candrapradyota ko apanA bhAI banA liyA aura rAjakumAra udAyana ke bhAgya ko Dora usI ke hAthoM meM sauMpa dI / yaha eka camatkAra thA, jabaki zatru bhAI bana gayA, AkrAmaka ne hI saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva uThA liyaa| taba se vatsa aura avantI meM maitrI sambandha sthApita ho gae / yaha hai mahAvIra kA rAjanIti evaM yuddhanIti meM bhI prema kA prayoga ! 81 prema kA camatkAra : duSTa bhI sAdhu bana gae : zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vizvAsa ke AdhAra para vizva ko badalA, prema aura sadbhAva ke bala para saMsAra ko jItA / arjuna mAlI jaise hatyAre ko jaba logoM ne mahAvIra kI dharma sabhA meM upasthita huA dekhA, aura yaha dekhA ki vaha mahAvIra kA ziSya bana rahA haito kisI ko bhI apanI A~khoM para vizvAsa nahIM huA / para mahAvIra manuSya kI zreSThatA meM vizvAsa karate the, mAnava hRdaya kI pavitratA ko ve samajhate the / arjuna ko pravrajita karake unhone janatA kI samasta AzaMkAoM ko nirmUla kara diyA aura isa vizvAsa ko jhakajhora diyA ki patita kabhI pAvana nahIM bana sakatA / arjuna kI kSamAsAdhanA, sahiSNutA aura zAMti dekhakara hajAroM-hajAra loga mAnane lage ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI vANI meM vaha apUrva camatkAra hai, jo patitoM ko pAvana evaM duSToM ko sAdhu banA detI hai / magadha ke pracaMDa aura durdAta taskara rauhiNeya ko jaba mahAvora kA ziSya banA sunA to zAyada mahAvIra kA paramabhakta samrAT zreNika bhI cakita raha gayA hogA ki yaha kyA bAta hai ! jisa dasyurAja ko pakar3ane meM magadha sAmrAjya kI samasta zaktiyA~ asaphala ho gaI, vaha dasyurAja tIrthaMkara ke samakSa Akara sahaja bhAva se Atma samarpaNa kara detA hai, aura jIvana bhara corI karake lUTI huI vizAla sampatti janatA ko vApisa lauTA kara sAdhu bana jAtA hai / ke ye ghaTanAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa kara detI haiM ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra antar meM prema aura sadbhAva kA koI aisA akSaya srota thA, jo krUra evaM duSTa hRdayoM kI zuSkabhUmi ko bhI sadbhAva evaM sahAnubhUti ke amRtarasa se pariplAvita kara detA thA /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke jIvana ke uparyukta bhavya prasaMgoM se unake virAT evaM sArvadezIya vyaktitva kA eka pratibimba hamAre sAmane ubhara AtA hai ki yuga kI gati ko unhoMne eka nayA mor3a diyA, nayA citana diyA aura usa citana ko apane jIvana meM sAkAra karake jana-jana kI AsthA ko vahA~ kendrita kiyaa| unake jIvana ke hajAroM-hajAra prasaMga isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki unakA jIvana kSamA kA jIvana thaa| isa kSamA ke AdhAra para hI unake tattvadarzana kA mahAprAsAda khar3A thaa| unakA pahalA udghoSa thA--mAnavajIvana kI zreSThatA evaM pavitratA meM vizvAsa, aura phira tadanukUla AcaraNa / isI vizvAsa ko mUla mAnakara unhoMne jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA, yAjJika hiMsA ko rokA, nArI evaM zUdra ko dharma kA adhikAra diyA aura rASTrIya jIvana se lekara vyaktigata jovana taka meM prema, vizvAsa aura sadbhAva kI akhaNDa jyoti prajvalita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| mahAvIra eka mahAmAnava kA samagra rUpa the| unakI pratyeka bAta meM mAnavIya sadaguNoM kA parama vikasita Adarza thA, AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI carama niSpatti thI aura kula milAkara AtmA se paramAtmA banane kA eka saccA vikAsavAdI jIvana darzana thaa| apane bahattara varSa ke jIvanakAla meM, aura atIta ke aneka janmoM kI smRti ke pratikhaNDa meM unhoMne mAnava meM yahI vizvAsa paidA kiyA ki mAnava mahAn hai, sarvasattA-sampanna hai, vaha apanA vikAsa apane Apa kara sakatA hai| jIvana ke paripAzvoM para jo vaicArika kuThAe~, andhavizvAsoM kI parateM aura ajJAna kI kAlI jaMga jama rahI hai, use haTAde, tor3a DAle to mAnava mahAmAnava bana sakatA hai, AtmA paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| jana jina bana sakatA hai, tIrthaMkara aura arhat bana sakatA hai| --upAdhyAya amaramuni

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu bhikSuNiyA~ - kisI bhI mahApuruSa kI jIvana-kathA meM kucha pAtra avazya aise hote haiM, jo usa jIvana kathA ke sAtha sadA ke lie amara rahate haiM / mahAvIra aura buddha kI jIvana-caryA meM aise pAtroM kA yoga aura bhI bahulatA se milatA hai / mahAvIra ke sAtha gyAraha gaNadharoM ke nAma amara haiN| ye saba bhikSu saMghoM ke nAyaka the / inhoMne hI dvAdazAMgI kA Akalana kiyA / gautama : gautama una sabameM prathama the aura mahAvIra ke sAtha ananya rUpa se saMyukta the / ye gUr3ha se gUr3ha aura sahaja-se-sahaja prazna mahAvIra se pUchate hI rahA karate the / unake praznoM para hI vizAlatama Agama 'vivAhapaNNatta' ( bhagavatI sUtra ) gaThita huA hai / ye apane labdhibala se bhI bahuta prasiddha rahe haiM / gautama kA mahAvIra ke prati asIma sneha thA / mahAvIra ke nirvANa prasaMga para to vaha taTa tor3akara hI bahane lagA / unhoMne mahAvIra kI nirmoha vRtti para ulAhanoM kA ambAra khar3A kara diyA, para anta meM sa~bhale / unakI vItarAgatA ko pahacAnA aura apanI sarAgatA ko / para-bhAva se sva-bhAva meM Aye / ajJAna kA AvaraNa haTA / kaivalya pA svayaM ahaMta ho gaye / ekabAra kaivalya prApti na hone ke kAraNa gautama ko apane para bahuta glAni huI / unake usa anutApa ko miTAne ke lie mahAvIra ne kahA thA - " gautama ! tU bahuta samaya se merI prazaMsA karatA A rahA hai | terA mere sAtha cirakAla se paricaya hai / tUne cirakAla se merI 83

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sevA kI hai| merA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kAryoM meM pravartita huA hai| pUrvavartI deva-bhava tathA manUSya-bhava meM bhI terA mere sAtha sambandha rahA hai, aura kyA, mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI-ina zarIroM ke nAza ho jAne para donoM samAna, eka prayojana vAle tathA bheda-rahita (siddha) hoNge|' ukta udgAroM se spaSTa hotA hai, mahAvIra ke sAtha gautama kA kaisA abhinna sambandha thaa| candanabAlA: candanabAlA mahAvIra ke bhikSuNI-saMgha meM agraNI thii| pada se vaha 'pravartinI' kahalAtI thI / vaha rAja-kanyA thii| usakA samagra jIvana utAra-car3hAva ke calacitroM meM bharA-pUrA thaa| dAsI kA jIvana bhI usane jIyA / lauha-zRkhalAoM meM bhI vaha Abaddha rahI, para usake jIvana kA antima adhyAya eka mahAn bhikSuNI-saMgha kI saMcAlikA ke gauravapUrNa pada para biitaa| sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga ke anusAra mahAvIra ke bhikSa-saMgha meM sAtasau bhikSuoM ne kaivalya (sarvajJatva) pAyA, terahasau bhikSuoM ne avadhi-jJAna prApta kiyA, pA~casau mana:paryavajJAnI hae, tInasau caturdazapUrva-dhara hue tathA inake atirikta anekAneka bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ labdhidhara, tapasvI, vAda-kuzala Adi hue| mahAvIra kabhI-kabhI bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI vizeSatAoM kA nAmagrAha ullekha bhI kiyA karate the| 1. samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre bhagavaM goyamaM AmaMtettA evaM vayAsI-'cirasaMsiTTho'si me goyamA ! cirasaMthuo'si me goyamA ! ciraparicio'si me goyamA ! cirajumio'si me goyamA ! cirANugao'si me goyamA ! cirANavattIsi me goyamA ! aNaMtaraM devaloe aNaMtaraM mANussae bhave, kiM paraM ? maraNA kAyassa bhedA, io cuttA do vi tullA egaThA avisesamaNANattA bhvissaamo| --bhagavatI sUtra, za0 14, u07 2. sthAnAMga sUtra 230; samavAyAMga, sama0 110 / 3. kalpasUtra (sU0 144) ke anusAra 700 bhikSu va 1400 bhikSaNiyoM ne siddha gati prApta kii|

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu bhikSuNiyA~ tripiTaka sAhitya meM buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSuoM kA bhI paryApta vivaraNa mila jAtA hai / sAriputra, maudgalyAyana, Ananda, upAli mahAkAzyapa, AjJAkauNDinya Adi bhikSu buddha ke agragaNya ziSya the / jaina - paramparA meM gaNadharoM kA eka gauravapUrNa pada hai aura unakA vyavasthita dAyitva hotA hai / bauddha paramparA meM gaNadhara jaisA koI sunizcita pada nahIM hai, para sAriputra Adi kA bauddha bhikSu saMgha meM gaNadharoM jaisA ho gaurava va dAyitva thA / sAriputra : I gaNadhara gautama kI taraha sAriputra bhI buddha ke ananya sahacaroM meM the / ve bahuta sUjha-bUjha ke dhanI, vidvAn aura vyAkhyAtA the / buddha ina para bahuta bharosA rakhate the / eka prasaMga - vizeSa para buddha ne inako kahA thA - "sAriputra ! tuma jisa dizA meM jAte ho, utanA hI Aloka karate ho, jitanA ki buddha / 4 sAriputra kI sUjha-bUjha kA eka anUThA udAharaNa tripiTaka sAhitya meM milatA hai / buddha kA virodhI ziSya devadatta jaba 500 vajjI bhikSuoM ko sAtha lekara bhikSu saMgha se pRthak ho jAtA hai, to mukhyataH sAriputra hI apane buddhi-kauzala se una pA~casau bhikSuoM ko devadatta ke cuMgala se nikAla kara buddha kI zaraNa meM lAte haiM / " ekabAra buddha ne AnaMda se pUchA - "tumheM sAriputra suhAtA hai na ?" Ananda ne kahA- "bhante ! mUrkha, duSTa aura vikSipta manuSya ko chor3akara aisA kauna manuSya hogA, jise AyuSmAn sAriputra na suhAte hoM / AyuSmAn sAriputra mahAjJAnI haiM, mahAprAjJa haiM / unakI prajJA atyanta prasanna va atyanta tIvra hai / " 85 sAriputra ke nidhana para buddha kahate haiM - "Aja dharmarUpa kalpavRkSa kI eka vizAla zAkhA TUTa gaI hai / " buddha sAriputra ko dharma senApati bhI kahA karate the / 4. aMguttara nikAya, aTThakathA, 114|1 | 5. vinayapiTaka, cullavagga, saMgha-bhedaka- khandhaka 6. saMyuttanikAya, anAthapiNDikavagga, susima sutta /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA maudgalyAyana : maudgalyAyana kA nAma bhI sAriputra ke sAtha-sAtha buddha ke pradhAna ziSyoM meM AtA hai| ve tapasvI aura sarvazreSTha RddhimAna the| jainaparamparA meM jaise gautama ke labdhi-bala ke viSaya meM aneka bAteM pracalita haiM; usI prakAra maudagalyAyana ke Rddhi-bala kI aneka ghaTanAe~ bauddha-paramparA meM pracalita haiN| pA~casau vajjI bhikSaoM ko devadatta ke netRtva se mukta karane meM sAriputra ke sAtha maudgalyAyana kA bhI pUrA hAtha rahA hai / buddha kI pramukha upAsikA vizAkhA ne sattAIsa karoDa svarNamudrAoM ko lAgata se buddha aura unake bhikSu-saMgha ke lie eka vihAra banAne kA nizcaya kiyaa| isa kArya ke lie vizAkhA ne buddha se eka mArga-darzaka bhikSu kI yAcanA kii| buddha ne kahA-"tuma jisa bhikSa ko cAhatI ho, usI kA cIvara aura pAtra uThA lo|" vizAkhA ne yaha socakara ki maudgalyAyana, bhikSu RddhimAn haiM; inake Rddhibala se merA kArya zIghra sampanna hogA; unheM hI isa kArya ke lie maaNgaa| buddha ne pA~casau bhikSuoM ke parivAra se maudagalyAyana ko vahA~ rkhaa| kahA jAtA hai, unake Rddhi-bala se vizAkhA ke karmakara rAta bhara meM sATha-sATha yojana se bar3e-bar3e vRkSa, patthara Adi uThA le Ane meM samartha ho jAte the / ___ jaina-paramparA ukta samArambhapUrNa upakrama ko bhikSu ke lie AdaraNIya nahIM mAnatI aura na vaha labdhi-bala ko prayujya hI mAnatI hai, para labdhi-bala kI kSamatA aura prayoga ko aneka adbhuta ghaTanAe~ usameM bhI pracalita haiN| mahAvIra dvArA saMdIkSita nandIsena bhikSu ne, jo zreNika rAjA ke putra the, apane tapo-bala se vezyA ke yahA~ svarNamudrAoM kI vRSTi kara dikhaaii|'' 7. aMguttara nikAya, 1314 / 8. vinayapiTaka, cullavagga, saMgha-bhedaka-khandhaka / 6. dhammapada-aTThakathA, 4 / 44 / 10. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritram, parva 10, sarga 6 /

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu bhikSuNiyA~ - mahAvIra ne aMguSTha- sparza se jaise samagra meru parvata ko prakampita kara indra ko prabhAvita kiyA; bauddha paramparA meM maudgalyAyana dvArA vaijayantaprAsAda ko aMguSTha- sparza se prakampita kara indra ko prabhAvita kara dene kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / 15 kahA jAtA hai, ekabAra buddha, maudgalyAyana prabhRti pUrvArAma ke UparI bhauma meM the / prAsAda ke nIce kucha pramAdI bhikSa vArtA, upahAsa Adi kara rahe the / unakA dhyAna khIMcane ke lie maudgalyAyana ne apane Rddhi-bala se sAre prAsAda ko prakampita kara diyaa| saMvigna aura romAMcita una pramAdI bhikSuoM ko buddha ne udbodhana diyA / 12 aupapAtika sUtra meM mahAvIra ke pAripAzvika bhikSuoM ke viSaya meM batAyA gayA hai : 1. aneka bhikSu aise the, jo mana se bhI kisI ko abhizapta aura anugRhIta kara sakate the / 2. aneka bhikSu aise the, jo vacana se aisA kara sakate the / 3. aneka bhikSu aise the, jo kAyika- pravartana se aisA kara sakate the / 4. aneka bhikSu zleSmoSadhalabdhi vAle the / unase zleSma se hI sabhI prakAra ke roga miTate the / ws 5. aneka bhikSu jalloSadha labdhi ke dhAraka the / unake zarIra ke maila se dUsaroM ke roga miTate the / 6. aneka bhikSu vipruSauSadhalabdhi ke dhAraka the| unake prasravaNa kI bU~da bhI roga nAzaka hotI thI / 7. aneka bhikSu AmaSauSadhalabdhi ke dhAraka the| unake hAtha ke sparza mAtra se roga miTa jAte the / W 8. aneka bhikSu sarvoSadhalabdhi vAle the / unake keza, nakha, roma Adi sabhI auSadhirUpa hote the / 6. aneka bhikSu padAnusArIlabdhi ke dhAraka the, jo eka pada ke zravaNa mAtra se anekAneka padoM kA smaraNa kara lete the / 11. majjhimanikAya, culataNhAsaMkhaya sutta / 12. saMyuttanikAya, mahAvagga, RddhipAda, saMyutta prAsAda kampanatragga, moggalAna sutta /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA 10. aneka bhikSu saMbhinna zrotR-labdhi ke dhAraka the, jo kisI bhI eka indriya se pA~coM indriyoM ke viSaya grahaNa kara sakate the| udAharaNArtha-kAna se suna bhI sakate the, dekha bhI sakate the, cakha bhI sakate the aadi| 11. aneka bhikSa akSINamahAnasalabdhi ke dhAraka the, jo prApta anna ko jaba taka svayaM na khA lete the, taba taka zataza:-- sahasrazaH vyaktiyoM ko khilA sakate the| 12. aneka bhikSu vikuvarNa Rddhi ke dhAraka the| ve apane nAnArUpa banA sakate the| 13. aneka bhikSu jaMghAcAraNalabdhi ke dhAraka the| ve jaMghA para hAtha lagAkara eka hI ur3Ana meM terahaveM rucakavara dvIpa taka aura meru parvata taka jA sakate the| 14. aneka bhikSu vidyAcaraNa labdhi ke dhAraka the| ve ISat upaSTambha se do ur3Ana meM AThaveM nandIzvara dvIpa taka aura meru parvata para jA sakate the| 15. aneka bhikSu AkAzAtipAtIlabdhi ke dhAraka the| ve AkAza meM gamana kara sakate the| AkAza se rajata Adi ___ iSTa-aniSTa padArthoM kI varSA kara sakate the|"13 maudgalyAyana kA nidhana bahuta hI dayanIya prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| unake Rddhi-bala se jala-bhana kara itara taithikoM ne unako pazumAra se maaraa| unakI asthiyA~ itanI cUra-cUra kara dI gaI ki koI khaNDa eka taNDula se bar3A nahIM rhaa| yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki pratikAraka Rddhibala ke hote hue bhI unhoMne ise pUrvakarmoM kA pariNAma samajha kara svIkAra kiyaa|14 13. appegaiyA maNeNaM sAvANuggahasamatthA, vaeNaM sAvANuggahasa matthA, kAraNaM sAvANuggahasamatthA, appega iyA khelosahipattA, evaM jallosahipattA, vipposahipattA, AmosahipattA, samvosahipattA,......"payANusArI,saMbhinnasoA akkhINamahANasiA, viuvvaNiDhipattA,cAraNA, vijjAharA, AgAsAivAiNo / ---uvavAiya sutta, 15 / 14. dhammapada. aTThakathA, 107; minindaprazna, pari0 4, pR0 226 /

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ Ananda: kucha dRSTiyoM se buddha ke sAriputra aura maudgalyAyana se bho adhika abhinna ziSya Ananda the| buddha ke sAtha inake saMsmaraNa bahuta hI rocaka aura preraka haiN| inake hAthoM kucha aise aitihAsika kArya bhI hae haiM, jo bauddha-paramparA meM sadA ke lie amara rheNge| bauddhaparamparA meM bhikSuNI-saMgha kA zrIgaNeza nitAnta Ananda kI preraNA se haa| buddha nArI-dIkSA ke pakSa meM nahIM the| unheM usameM aneka doSa dIkhate the| kevala Ananda ke Agraha para mahAprajApati gautamI ko unhoMne dIkSA dii| dIkSA dene ke sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI unhoMne kahA"Ananda ! yaha bhikSa-saMgha yadi sahasra varSa taka Tikane vAlA thA to aba pA~casau varSa se adhika nahIM ttikegaa| arthAt nArI-dIkSA se mere dharma-saMgha kI AdhI hI umra zeSa raha gaI hai|" 15 prathama bauddha-saMgIti meM tripiTakoM kA saMkalana huaa| pAMcasau arhata-bhikSaoM meM eka Ananda hI aise bhikSa the jo sUtra ke adhikArI jJAtA the, ataH unheM hI pramANa mAnakara suttapiTaka kA saMkalana huaa| kucha bAtoM kI spaSTatA yathAsamaya buddha ke pAsa na kara lene ke kAraNa unheM bhikSa-saMgha ke samakSa prAyazcitta bhI karanA pdd'aa| Azcarya to yaha hai ki bhikSusaMgha ne unheM strI-dIkSA kA preraka banane kA bhI prAyazcitta karAyA / 16 Ananda buddha ke upasthAka (paricAraka) the| upasthAka banane kA ghaTanAprasaMga bhI bahata sarasa hai| buddha ne apanI Ayu ke 56 veM varSa meM ekadina sabhI bhikSuoM ko AmaMtrita kara kahA-"bhikSuo ! mere lie eka upasthAka niyukta kro| upasthAka ke abhAva meM merI avahelanA hotI hai| maiM kahatA hU~, isa rAste calanA hai, bhikSa usa rAste jAte haiN| merA cIvara aura pAtra bhUmi para yoM hI rakha dete haiN|" 15 vistAra ke lie dekheM 'Agama aura tripiTakaH eka anuzIlana, khaNDa 1, ke antargata "AcAra-grantha aura AcAra-saMhitA" prakaraNa / 16. Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana, prathama khaNDa ke antargata dekheM, "prAcAra-grantha aura AcAra-saMhitA" prakaraNa /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sAriputra, maudgalyAyana Adi sabhI ko TAlakara buddha ne Ananda ko upasthAka-pada para niyukta kiyA / 17 taba se Ananda buddha ke ananya sahacArI rhe| samaya-samaya para gautama kI taraha unase prazna pUchate rahate aura samaya-samaya para unase parAmarza bhI lete rhte| jisa prakAra mahAvIra se gautama kA sambandha pUrvabhavoM meM bhI rahA, usI prakAra jAtaka-sAhitya meM Ananda ke bhI buddha ke sAtha utpanna hone kI aneka kathAe~ milatI haiM / AgantukoM ke lie buddha se bheMTa kA mAdhyama bhI mukhyataH ve hI banate / buddha ke nirvANa-prasaMga para gautama kI taraha Ananda bhI vyAkula hae / gautama mahAvIra-nirvANa ke pazcAt vyAkula hue| Ananda nirvANa se pUrva hI eka ora jAkara dIvAla ko khUTI pakar3akara rone lage; jabaki unheM buddha ke dvArA usI dina nirvANa hone kI sUcanA mila cukI thii| mahAvIra-nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama usI rAta ko kevalI ho gye| baddha-nirvANa ke pazcAta prathama bauddha-saMgIti meM jAne se pUrva Ananda bhI ahaMta ho gye| gautama kI taraha inako bhI arhat na hone kI Atma-glAni huii| donoM hI ghaTanA-prasaMga bahuta sAmIpya rakhate haiM / mahAvIra ke bhI eka ananya upAsaka Ananda 18 the, para ye gRhIupAsaka the aura bauddha-paramparA ke Ananda buddha ke bhikSu-upAsaka the| nAma sAmya ke atirikta donoM meM koI tAdAtmya nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke bhikSu ziSyoM meM bhI eka Ananda the, jinheM bulAkara gozAlaka ne kahA thA-"merI tejolabdhi ke abhighAta se mahAvIra zIghra hI kAladharma ko prApta hoNge|" jinakA ullekha gozAlaka-saMlApa meM AtA hai| upAli : upAli prathama saMgoti meM vinaya-sUtra ke saMgAyaka the| vinaya-sUtra unhoMne buddha kI pAripAzvikatA se grahaNa kiyA thaa| ye nApita-kula 17. aMguttaranikAya, aTThakathA, 1 / 4 / 1 / 18. upAsakadazAMga sUtra, a0 1 /

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ 1 meM utpanna hue the aura zAkya rAjA bhaddiya, Ananda Adi pA~ca anya zAkya kumAroM ke sAtha pravajita hue the| 19 mahAkAzyapa : mahAkAzyapa buddha ke karmaTha ziSya the| inakA pravrajyA-grahaNa se pUrva kA jIvana bhI bahuta vilakSaNa aura preraka rahA hai / pippalIkumAra aura bhadrAkumArI kA AkhyAna inhIM kA jIvana-vRtta hai| vahI pippalIkumAra mANavaka dharma-saMgha meM Akara AyuSmAn mahAkAzyapa bana jAtA hai| inake sukomala aura bahumUlya cIvara kA sparza kara buddha ne prazaMsA kii| unhoMne buddha se vastra-grahaNa karane kA Agraha kiyaa| buddha ne kahA - "maiM tumhArA yaha vastra le bhI lU, para kyA tuma mere isa jIrNa, moTe aura malina vastra ko dhAraNa kara sakoge ?" mahAkAzyapa ne vaha svIkAra kiyA aura uso samaya buddha ke sAtha unakA cIvara-parivartana huaa| buddha ke jIvana aura bauddha paramparA kI yaha eka aitihAsika ghaTanA mAnI jAtI hai / mahAkazyapa vidvAn the| ye buddha-sUktoM ke vyAkhyAkAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha rahe haiN| buddha ke nirvANa-prasaMga para ye mukhya nirdezaka rahe haiN| pA~casau bhikSaoM ke parivAra se vihAra karate, jisa dina aura jisa samaya ye citA-sthala pahuMcate haiM; usI dina aura usI samaya buddha kI antyeSTi hotI hai / __ ajAtazatru ne inhIM ke sujhAva para rAjagRha meM buddha kA dhAtu nidhAna (asthi-garbha) banavAyA, jise kAlAntara se samrATa azoka ne kholA aura buddha kI dhAtuoM ko dUra-dUra taka pahu~cAyA / 21 . ye mahAkAzyapa hI prathama bauddha-saMgoti ke niyAmaka rahe haiM / 22 AjJAkauNDinya, aniruddha Adi aura bhI aneka bhikSu aise rahe haiM, jo buddha ke pAripAzvika kahe jA sakate haiN| 16. vistAra ke lie dekheM - Agama aura tripiTaka: eka anuzIlana, prathama ___ khaNDa ke antargata-'bhikSu-saMgha aura usakA vistAra' prakaraNa / 20. dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANa sutt| 21. dIghanikAya, aTThakathA, mahAparinivvANa sutta / 22. vinayapiTaka, cullavagga, paMcazatikA khandhaka /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA gautamI : bauddha bhikSuNiyoM meM mahAprajApati gautamI kA nAma utanA hI zrutigamya hai, jitanA jaina paramparA meM mahAsatI candanabAlA kaa| donoM ke pUrvatana jIvana-vRtta meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai, para donoM ho apane dharma-nAyaka kI prathama ziSyA raho haiM aura apane-apane bhikSaNIsaMgha meM agraNI bhii| gautabhI ke jIvana ko do bAteM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| usane nArI-jAti ko bhikSu-saMgha meM sthAna dilavAyA tathA bhikSuNiyoM ko bhikSuoM ke samAna ho adhikAra dene kI bAta buddha se khii| buddha ne gautamI ko pravajita karate samaya kucha zarte usa para DAla dI thIM, jinameM eka thI-cira-dIkSitA bhikSuNI ke lie bhI sadyaH dIkSita bhikSu vandanIya hogaa| gautamI ne use svIkAra kiyA, para pravajita hone ke pazcAt bahuta zIghra hI usane buddha se prazna kara liyA--- "bhante ! cira-dIkSitA bhikSuNI hI navadIkSita bhikSu ko namaskAra kare; aisA kyoM? kyoM na nava-dokSita bhikSu ho cira-dIkSitA bhikSuNI ko namaskAra kare ?" buddha ne kahA--"gautamI ! itaradharma-saMghoM meM bhI aisA nahIM hai / hamArA dharma-saMgha to bahuta zreSTha hai / " 23 Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva gautamI dvArA yaha prazna uThA lenA, nArI-jAti ke Atma-sammAna kA sUcaka hai| buddha kA uttara isa prazna kI apekSA meM bahuta hI sAmAnya ho jAtA hai| unake isa uttara se patA calatA hai, mahApuruSa bho kucha eka hI navIna mUlya sthApita karate haiM ; adhikAMzataH to ve bhI laukika-vyavahAra va laukika-DharoM kA anusaraNa karate haiN| astu, gautamI kI yaha bAta bhale hI Aja paccIsa sau varSa bAda bhI phalita na huI ho, para usane buddha ke samakSa apanA prazna rakhakara nArI-jAti ke pakSa meM eka gauravapUrNa itihAsa to banA hI diyA hai| gautamI ke atirikta khemA, utpalavarNA, paTAcArA, kuNDala--- 23. vinayapiTaka, cullavagga, bhikkhuNI khandhaka /

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ 63 kezA, bhadrA kApilAyano Adi anya aneka bhikSaNiyA~ bauddha dhamasaMgha meM suvikhyAta rahI haiN| buddha ne 'etadagga vagga' 24 meM apane ikatAlIsa bhikSaoM tathA bAraha bhikSaNioM ko nAma-grAha abhinandita kiyA hai / tathA pRthak-pRthak bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ko agragaNya batAyA hai| bhikSuoM meM agragaNya : ve kahate haiM : 1.bhikSuo ! mere anuraktajJa bhikSuoM meM AjJAkauNDinya 25 agragaNya haiN| 2......... mahAprAjJoM meM sAriputra 26.... / 3......"RddhimAnoM meM mahAmaudgalyAyana 27... / ..... dhutavAdiyoM (tyAgiyoM) meM mahAkAzyapa 28.... / 5..........."divyacakSaoM meM anuruddha 29.... / .........."uccakulInoM meM bhaddiya kAligodhA-putra 30... / 7.........."komala svara se upadeSTAoM meM lakuNTaka bhddiy31...| 8..........."siMhAnAdiyoM meM piNDola bhAradvAja3 2.... / ........"dharmakathikoM meM pUrNa maitrAyiNI-putra 33... / 10........vyAkhyAkAroM meM mahAkAtyAyana 34... / 11. manogata rUpa nirmAtAoM va citta-vivarta-caturoM meM culla paMthaka / 12."saMjJA-vivarta-caturoM meM mahApanthaka3 6... / 24. aMguttaranikAya, ekakanipAta, 14 ke AdhAra se / 25. zAkya, kapilavastu ke samIpa droNa-vastu grAma, brAhmaNa / / 26. magadha, rAjagRha se avidUra upatiSya (nAlaka) grAma, brAhmaNa / 27. magadha, rAjagRha se avidUra kolita grAma, brAhmaNa / 28. magadha, mahAtIrtha brAhmaNa grAma, brAhmaNa / / 26. zAkya, kapilavastu, kSatriya buddha ke cAcA amRtaudana zAkya ke putra / 30. zAkya, kapilavastu, kSatriya / 31. kauzala, zrAvastI, dhanI (mhaabhog)| 32. magadha, rAjagRha, brAhmaNa / .. 33. zAkya, kapilavastu ke samIpa droNa-vastu grAma, brAhmaNa / 34. avantI, ujjayinI, brAhmaNa / 35. magadha, rAjagRha, zreSThi-kanyA-putra / 36. vahI /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA 13."bhikSuo ! kleza-muktoM va dakSiNeyoM meM subhUti 37 agragaNya hai| 14..........."AraNyakoM (vana vAsiyoM) meM khetakhadiravaniya 38... / 15.........."dhyAniyoM meM kaMkhA revata 39... / 16.........."udyamazIloM meM soddkoddiviis40...| "suvaktAoM meM soNakuTikaNNa1...! 18........."lAbhArthiyoM meM siivlii42...| 'zraddhAzIloM meM vakkali 43.." / 20 .........."saMghIya-niyama-baddhatA meM rAhula 44... / 'zraddhA se pravajitoM meM raassttrpaal45.."| ....... "prathama zalAkA grahaNa karane vAloM meM kuNDadhAna 46... / "kaviyoM meM vNgiish47...| ........"samanta prAsAdikoM ( sarvataH lAvaNya-sampanna ) meM upasena vaMganta-putra 48... / 25.........."zayanAzana-vyavasthApakoM meM dravya-malla-putra....4 9..... / 26..........."devatAoM ke priyoM meM pilindivaatsy50...| 27........"prakhara buddhimAnoM meM vaahiydaaruciiriy51...| 37. kauzala, zrAvastI, vaizya / 38. magadha, nAlaka brAhmaNa-grAma, sAriputra ke anuja / 36. kauzala, zrAvastI, mahAbhoga / 40. aMga, campA, shresstthii|| 41. avantI, kuraraghara, vaizya / 42. zAkya,kuNDipNa, kSatriya, koliha-duhitA supranAsA kA putra / 43. kauzala, zrAvastI, brAhmaNa / 44. zAkya, kapilavastu, kSatriya, siddhArtha-putra / 45. kuru, thUlakoNNita, vaMzya / 46. kauzala, zrAvastI, brAhmaNa / 47. vhii| 48. magadha, nAlaka brAhmaNa-grAma brAhmaNa, sAriputra ke anuja / 46. malla, anUdiyA, kSatriya / 50. kauzala, zrAvastI, brAhmaNa / 51. vAhiyarASTra, kula-putra /

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ 28.bhikSuoM ! vicitra vaktAoM meM kumAra kAzyapa52 agragaNya hai| 26.........."pratisaMvitprAptoM meM mahAkoSThita 53... / 30......"bahuzrutoM, smRtimAnoM, gatizIloM, dhRtimAnoM va upasthAkA meM Ananda 54... / ."mahApariSada vAloM meM uruvela kaashyp55...| .........."kula-prasAdakoM meM kaal-udaayii"6.."| "nirogoM meM vakkUla 57... / "pUrva janma kA smaraNa karane vAloM meM zobhita 58... / "vinayadharoM meM upaali59..| ........"bhikSuNiyoM ke upadeSTAoM meM nndk..| "jitendriyoM meM nnd61...| 38........."bhikSuoM ke upadeSTAoM meM mahAkappina 6 2.. / 36..........."teja-dhAtu-kuzaloM meM svaagt3...| 40.......... pratibhAzAliyoM meM raadh64....| 41.........."rukSa-cIvara-dhAriyoM se mogharAja 5.... / 52. magadha, rAjagRha / 53. kauzala, zrAvastI, brAhmaNa / 54. zAkya, kapilavastu, kSatriya, amRtodana-putra / 55. kAzI, vArANasI, brAhmaNa / 56. zAkya, kapilavastu, amAtyageha / 57. vatsa, kauzAmbI, vaizya / 58. kauzala, zrAvastI, brAhmaNa / 56. zAkya, kapilabastu, nApita / 60. kauzala, zrAvastI, kula-geha / 61. zAkya. kapilavastu, kSatriya, mahAprajApati-putra / 62. sImAMta , kukkuTavatI, rAjavaMza / 63. kauzala, zrAvastI, braahmnn| 64. magadha, rAjagRha, brAhmaNa / 65. kauzala, zrAvastI, brAhmaNa, bAvarI-ziSya /

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66 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA bhikSuNiyoM meM agragaNya : 1.bhikSuo ! mero raktajJA bhikSuNiyoM meM mahAprajApati gautamA agragaNyA hai66...| 2.........."mahAprajJAoM meM khemaa67....| 3............Rddhi-zAliniyoM meM utpalavarNA68 ... / 4..........."vinayadharAoM meM pttaacaaraa69...| 5..........."dharmopadezikAoM meM dhmmdinaa70...| "dhyAyikAoM meM nandA 1..." / .........."udyamazIlAoM meM soNA7 2... / "divya-cAkSakoM meM sakUlA 3.. / 6..........."prakhara pratibhAzAliniyoM meM bhadrA kuNDala keshaa74...| 10........... "pUrvajanma kA anusmaraNakArikAoM meM bhadrAkApi laaynii75...| 11..........."mahAabhijJAdhArikAoM meM bhadrA kaatyaaynii76.| 12.........."rukSa-cIvara dhArikAoM meM kRzA gautmii77...| 13.........." zraddhA-yuktoM meM zRgAla maataa.....| 7 66. zAkya, kapilavastu, kSatriya, zuddhodhana ko ptnii| 67. madra, sAgala, rAjaputrI, magadharAja bimbisAra kI ptnii| 68. kauzala, zrAvastI, zreSThikula / 66. vhii| 70. magadha, rAjagRha, vizAkha zreSThI kI patnI / 71 zAkya, kapilavastu, mahAprAjApati gautamI kI putrii| 72. kauzala, zrAvastI, kula-geha / 73. vhii| 74. magadha, rAjagRha, zreSThikula / 75. madra, sAgala, brAhmaNa, mahAkAzyapa kI ptnii| 76. zAkya, kapilavastu, kSatriya, rAhula mAtA-devadahavAsI suprabuddha zAkya kI putrii| 77. kauzala, zrAvastI, vaipana' 78. magadha, rAjagRha, shresstthikul|

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ 67 Agama-sAhitya meM 'etadagga vagga' kI taraha nAmagrAha koI vyavasthita prakaraNa isa viSaya kA nahIM milatA, para kalpasUtra kA kevalI Adi kA saMkhyAbaddha ullekha mahAvIra ke bhikSu-saMgha kI vyApaka sUcanA hameM de detA hai| aupapAtika sUtra meM nirgranthoM ke vividha tapoM kA aura unakI anya vividha vizeSatAoM kA savistAra varNana hai| tapa ke viSaya meM batAyA gayA hai-"aneka bhikSu kanakAvalo tapa karate haiM / aneka bhikSu ekAvalI tapa, aneka bhikSu laghu siMha niSkrIr3ita tapa, aneka bhikSu bhadra-pratimA, aneka bhikSu mahAbhadra pratimA, aneka bhikSu savatobhadra pratimA, aneka bhikSu AyaMbila varddhamAna tapa, aneka bhikSu mAsikI bhikSu pratimA, aneka bhikSu dvimAsiko bhikSu pratimA se sapta mAsikI bhikSa pratimA, aneka bhikSu prathama-dvitIyatRtIya sapta ahorAtra pratimA, aneka bhikSa eka ahorAtra pratimA, aneka bhikSa eka rAtri pratimA, aneka bhikSa sapta saptamikA pratimA, aneka bhikSu yavamadhyacandra pratimA tathA aneka bhikSu vajramadhyacandra pratimA tapa karate the|"79 anya vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM vahA~ batAyA gayA hai- "ve bhikSu jJAna-sampanna, darzana-sampanna, cAritra-sampanna, lajjA-sampanna va lAghavasampanna the| ve ojasvI, tejasvI, varcasvI aura yazasvI the| ve indriya-jayI, nidrA-jayI aura pariSaha-jayI the| ve jIvana kI AzA aura mRtyu ke bhaya se vimukta the / ve prajJapti Adi vidyAoM va maMtroM meM pradhAna the| ve zreSTha, jJAnI, brahmacarya, satya va zaurya meM kuzala the| ve cAruvarNa the| bhautika AzA-vAJchA se vai Upara uTha cuke the| autsukya-rahita, zrAmaNya-paryAya meM sAvadhAna aura bAhya-Abhyantarika granthiyoM ke bhedana meM kuzala the| sva-siddhAnta aura para-siddhAnta ke jJAtA the| para-vAdiyoM ko parAsta karane meM agraNI the| dvAdazAMgI ke jJAtA aura samasta gaNipiTaka ke dhAraka the| akSaroM se samasta saMyogoM ke va sabhI bhASAoM ke jJAtA the| ve jina (sarvajJa) na hote hue bhI jina ke sadRza the|"80 76. uvavAiya sutta, 15 / 80. vahI, 15 / 16 /

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68 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA prakIrNa rUpa se bhI anekAneka bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke jIvana-prasaMga Agama-sAhitya meM bikhare par3e haiM, jinase unakI vizeSatAoM kA paryApta byorA mila jAtA hai| kAkandI ke dhanya : kAkandI ke dhanya battIsa pariNItA patniyoM aura battIsa mahaloM ko chor3akara bhikSa hae the| mahAvIra ke sAtha rahate hue unhoMne itanA tapa tapA ki unakA zarIra kevala asthi-kaMkAla mAtra raha gayA thaa| rAjA bimbisAra ke dvArA pUche jAne para mahAvIra ne unake viSaya meM kahA--"abhI yaha dhanya bhikSa apane tapa se, apanI sAdhanA se caturdaza sahasra bhikSa oM meM duSkara kriyA karane vAlA hai|"81 meghakumAra : bimbisAra ke putra medhakumAra dIkSA-paryAya kI prathama rAta meM saMyama se vicalita ho gye| unheM lagA. kala taka jaba maiM rAjakumAra thA, sabhI bhikSa merA Adara karate the, sneha dikhalAte the| Aja maiM bhikSa ho gayA, to merA vaha Adara kahA~ ? muMha TAlakara bhikSa idharaudhara apane kAmoM meM daur3e jAte haiN| sadA kI taraha mere pAsa Akara koI jamA nahIM hue| zayana kA sthAna mujhe antima milA hai / dvAra se nikalate aura Ate bhikSa merI nIMda ur3Ate haiN| mere sAtha yaha kaisA vyavahAra ? prabhAta hote hI maiM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko unakI dI haI pravrajyA vApasa kruuNgaa| prAtaHkAla jyoM hI vaha mahAvIra ke sammukha AyA, mahAvIra ne apane hI jJAna-bala se kahA-"meghakumAra! rAta ko tere mana meM ye-ye cintAe~ utpanna huI ? tumane pAtra-rajoharaNa Adi sa~bhalAkara ghara jAne kA nizcaya kiyA ?" meghakumAra ne kahA-"bhagavan ! Apa satya kahate haiN|" mahAvIra ne unheM saMyamArUr3ha 81. imesiNaM bhante ! iMdabhUI pAmokkhANaM ca udasaNha samaNa sAhasINa kayare aNagAre mahAdukkarakArae ceva mahANijjarakArae ceva ? evaM khalu senniyaa| imIsi iMdabhUI pAmokkhANaM ca udasaNhaM samaNasAhasINaM dhanne aNagAre mahAdukkara kArae cevaM mahAnijjarakArae ceva / / -aNuttarovavAI dazAMga, varga0 3, a0 1 //

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu bhikSuNiyA~ haha hone ke lie nAnA upadeza die tathA unake pUrva bhava kA vRttAnta batAyA / meghakumAra punaH saMyamArUr3ha ho gayA / meghakumAra bhikSu ne jAti-smaraNa jJAna pAyA / ekAdazAMgI kA adhyayana kiyA / guNaratnasaMvatsara tapa kI ArAdhanA kI / bhikSu kI 'dvAdaza pratimA' ArAdhI / anta meM mahAvIra se AjJA grahaNa kara vaibhAragiri para AmaraNa anazana kara utkRSTa devagati ko prApta hue / 82 bauddha paramparA meM sadyaH dIkSita nanda kA bhI meghakumAra jaisA hI hAla rahA hai| vaha apanI nava vivAhitA patnI janapada kalyANI nandA ke antima AmaMtraNa ko yAda kara dIkSita hone ke anantara hI vicalita-sA ho gayA / buddha ne yaha saba kucha jAnA aura use pratibuddha karane ke lie le gaye / mArga meM unhoMne use eka bandarI dikhalAI, jisake kAna, nAka aura pU~cha kaTI huI tho; jisake bAla jala gaye the, jisakI khAla phaTa gaI thI; jisakI camar3I mAtra bAkI raha gaI thI tathA jisameM se rakta baha rahA thA aura pUchA - " kyA tumhArI patnI isase adhika sundara hai ?" vaha bolA - " avazya !" taba buddha use trAyastriMza svarga meM le gaye / apsarAoM sahita indra ne unakA abhinandana kiyA / buddha ne apsarAoM kI aura saMketa karake pUchA - "kyA janapada kalyANI nandA inase bhI sundara hai ?" vaha bolA - "nahIM, bhante ! janapada kalyANI kI tulanA meM jaise vaha luja bandarI thI, usI taraha inakI tulanA meM janapada kalyANI hai / " buddha ne kahA"taba usake lie tU kyoM vikSipta ho rahA hai ? bhikSu dharma kA pAlana kara / tujhe bhI aisI apsarAe~ mileMgI / " 83 nanda punaH zramaNa-dharma 82. pUrva jIvana ke lie dekheM - Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana, prathama khaNDa ke antargata "bhikSu saMgha aura usakA vistAra" prakaraNa / 83. jaina paramparA kA 'sundarI nanda' AkhyAna bhI isa bauddha-prasaMga se bahuta milatA-julatA hai / yahA~ buddha apane bhAI ko apsarAe~ dikhalA kara pratibodha dete haiM, vahA~ viSayAsakta sundarI nanda ko usake bhrAtA bhikSu apane labdhi-bala se baMdarI, vidyAdharI aura apsarA dikhAkara usakI patnI sundarI se virakta karate haiM / - draSTavya - Avazyaka malayagiriTIkA

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100 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA meM ArUr3ha huA / usakA vaha vaiSayika lakSya taba miTA, jaba sAriputra Adi mahAzrAvakoM (bhikSuoM ) ne use isa bAta para lajjita kiyA ki vaha apsarAoM ke lie bhikSu dharma kA pAlana kara rahA hai / isa prakAra viSaya mukta hokara vaha arhat huA / 4 meghakumAra aura nanda ke vicalita hone ke nimitta sarvathA bhinna the, para ghaTanA krama donoM kA hI bahuta sarasa aura bahuta samAna hai / mahAvIra meghakumAra ko pUrva-bhava kA duHkha batAkara susthira karate haiM aura buddha nanda ko AgAmI bhava ke sukha batAkara susthira karate haiM / vizeSa ullekhanIya yaha hai ki meghakumAra kI taraha prAktana bhavoM meM nanda ke bhI hAthI hone kA varNana jAtaka meM hai / 5 zAlibhadra : rAjagRha ke zAlibhadra, jinake vaibhava ko dekhakara rAjA bimbisAra bhI vismita raha gaye the, bhikSu-jIvana meM Akara utkaTa tapasvI bane / mAsika, dvimAsika aura traimAsika tapa unake nirantara calatA rahatA / ekabAra mahAvIra bRhat bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha rAjagRha Aye / zAlibhadra bhI sAtha the| usa dina unake eka mahIne kI tapasyA kA pAraNa honA thA / unhoMne natamastaka ho, mahAvIra se bhikSArtha nagara meM jAne kI AjJA maaNgii| mahAvIra ne kahA - " jAo, apanI mAtA ke hAtha se 'pAraNa' pAo / " zAlibhadra apanI mAtA bhadrA ke ghara Aye / bhadrA mahAvIra aura apane putra ke darzana ko taiyAra ho rahI thI / utsukatA meM usane ghara Aye muni kI ora dhyAna hI nahIM diyA / karmakaroM ne bhI apane svAmI ko nahIM pahacAnA / zAlibhadra binA bhikSA pAye hI lauTa gye| rAste meM eka ahorina milI / vaha dahI kA maTakA lie jA rahI thii| muni ko dekhakara usake mana meM sneha jagA / 84. suttanipAta aTThakathA, pR0 272, dhammapada - aTThakathA. pR0 66- 105. jAtaka saM0 182 | theragAthA 157, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1, PP. 10. 11 khaNDa 1, 85. saGgAmAvacara jAtaka, saM0 182, (hindI anuvAda) khaNDa 2, Hong pR0 248-254

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bha. mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~ 101 vaha romAMcita ho gii| usake stanoM se dUdha kI dhArA baha calo / usane muni ko dahI lene kA Agraha kiyA / muni dahI lekara mahAvIra ke pAsa Aye / 'pAraNa' kiyaa| mahAvIra se pUchA-"bhagavan Apane kahA thA, mAtA ke hAtha se pAraNa kro| vaha kyoM nahIM huA ?" mahAvIra ne kahA-"zAlibhadra ! mAtA ke hAtha se hI 'pAraNa' huA hai| vaha ahIrina tumhAre pichale janma kI mAtA thii|" __ mahAvIra kI anujJA pAkara zAlibhadra ne usI dina vaibhAragiri para jA AmaraNa anazana kara diyA / bhadrA samavasaraNa meM AI / mahAvIra ke mukha se zAlibhadra kA bhikSAcarI se lekara anazana taka kA sArA vRtAnta sunaa| mAtA ke hRdaya para jo bIta sakatA hai, vaha biitaa| tatkAla vaha parvata para aaii| putra ko usa tapaHkliSTa kAyA ko aura maraNAbhimukha sthiti ko dekhakara usakA hRdaya hila utthaa| vaha dahAr3a mAra kara rone lgii| rAjA bimbisAra ne use sAntvanA dii| udbodhana diyA / vaha ghara gaI / zAlibhadra sarvocca devagati ko prApta hue / unake gRhI-jIvana kI vilAsa-priyatA aura bhikSu-jInava kI kaThora sAdhanA donoM hI utkRSTa thiiN| skandaka: skandaka mahAvIra ke parivrAjaka bhikSa the| parivrAjaka-sAdhanA se bhikSa-sAdhanA meM AnA aura usameM utkRSTa rUpa se rama jAnA, unakI ullekhanIya vizeSatA tho| Agama batAte haiM-skandaka yatnapUrvaka Thaharate, yatnapUrvaka baiThate, yatnapUrvaka sote, yatnapUrvaka khAte aura yatnapUrvaka bolte| prANa, bhUta, jIva, satva ke prati saMyama rakhate / ve kAtyAyana gotrIya skandaka IryA Adi pA~coM samitiyoM se sayata, vacaH saMyata, kAya saMyata, jitendriya, AkAMkSA-rahita, capalatArahita aura saMyamarata the|86 ve skandaka bhikSu sthaviroM ke pAsa adhyayana kara ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA bne| unhoMne bhikSa ko dvAdaza pratimA ArAdhI / bhagavAn mahAvIra se AjJA lekara guNaratnasaMvatsara-tapa tpaa| isa utkaTa tapa se unakA sundara, suDaula aura manohAro zarIra rukSa, zuSka aura 86. bhagavatI sUtra, za0 2, u0 1

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102 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA kRza ho gyaa| carmaveSTita haDDiyA~ hI zarIra meM raha gii| jaba ve calate, unakI haDDiyA~ zabda karatIM, jaise koI sUkhe pattoM se bharI gAr3I cala rahI ho, koyaloM se bharI gAr3I cala rahI ho| ve apane tapa ke teja se dIpta the / 87 skandaka tapasvI ko bolane meM hI nahIM; bolane kA mana karane mAtra se hI klAnti hone lgii| apane zarIra kI isa kSINAvasthA kA vicAra kara ve mahAvora ke pAsa aaye| unase AmaraNa anazana kI AjJA maaNgii| anujJA pA, paricAraka bhikSuoM ke sAtha vipalAcala parvata para aaye| yathAvidhi anazana grahaNa kiyaa| eka mAsa ke anazana se kAla-dharma ko pA acyutakalpa svarga meM deva hue| mahAvIra ke pAripAzvikoM meM inakA bhI ullekhanIya sthAna rahA hai| paMcamAMga bhagavato sUtra meM inake jIvana aura inakI sAdhanA para savistAra prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ___ mahAvIra kI bhikSuNiyoM meM candanabAlA ke atirikta mRgAvatI, devAnandA, jayantI, sudarzanA Adi aneka nAma ullekhanIya haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha ke pAripAzvika bhikSa -bhikSa NiyoM kI yaha saMkSipta paricaya-gAthA hai| vistAra ke lie isa dizA meM bahuta avakAza hai| jo likhA gayA hai, vaha to prastuta viSaya kI jhalaka mAtra ke lie hI yatheSTa mAnA jA sakatA hai| . -muni zrI nagarAjajI, DI0 liT 87. taeNa se khaMdae aNagAre teNaM urAleNaM, viuleNaM,""mahANabhAgeNa tavokammeNaM sukke, lukkhe, nimmase, aTThi cammAvaNaddha, kiDikiDiyA bhUe, kise, dhamaNi saMtae jAe yAvi hotthA / jIvaM-jIveNa gacchai, jIvaM jIveNa ciTThai, bhAsaM bhAsittA vi gilAi, bhAsaM bhAsamANe gilAi, bhAsaM bhAsissAmIti gilAyati / se jahAnAmae kaTTasagaDiyA i vA, patta-tila-bhaMDagasagaDiyA i vA, eraMDakaTTasagaDiyA i vA, iMgAlasagaDiyA i vA uNhe diNNA sukkA samANI sasadda gacchai, sasadda ciTThai, evAmeva khaMdae vi aNagAre sasadda gacchai, sasahaciTThai, uvacie taveNaM, avacie maMsasogieNaM, huyAsaNe viva bhAsArAsipaDicchaNNe taveNaM, teeNaM, tava-teyasirIe atIva atIva uvasobhemANe citttthaai| -bhagavatI sUtra, za0 2, u0 1

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zramaNa-saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka 'zramaNa' zabda sAmAnyataH eka viziSTa paraMparA ke 'bhikSu' kA vAcaka hai| kintu gaharAI se dekhane para 'zramaNa' eka 'bhikSuka' mAtra nahIM, apitu eka samatAvAdI vyaktitva kA sUcaka hai| jisakA jIvana tapasyA-pradhAna tathA hRdaya samatApradhAna ho vaha 'zramaNa' kahalAtA hai|' isa paribhASA ke anusAra 'zramaNa saMskRti' kA artha haisamatApradhAna saMskRti / isa saMskRti meM bhikSu evaM gRhastha donoM kA yogadAna hone se donoM hI zramaNasaMskRti ke aGgabhUta evaM usakI dhurI ke saMcAlaka ho sakate haiN| vAstava meM jisa prakAra gAr3I ke do pahie samAna rUpa se gAr3I kA bhAravAhana karate haiM, usI prakAra bhikSu evaM upAsaka zramaNa saMskRti kI gAr3I ke saMvAhaka rahe haiM, donoM ke tapaHpUta jovanavyavahAroM se hI isa saMskRti kA vikAsa, vistAra evaM saMvardhana huA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ke itihAsa meM tapodhana zramaNoM kI jIvana gAthAe~ usake pratipRSTha para camaka rahI haiN| ugra tapasyA, titikSA, samatvaArAdhanA aura prANimAtra ke prati asIma karuNA kA avirala srota bahAtI huI zramaNoM kI jIvana-gAthA yuga-yuga se preraNA srota banI huI hai| para, hameM bhUla nahIM jAnA hai, zramaNa aura zramaNI isa saMskRti ke eka aGga haiM, saMpUrNa saMskRti nhiiN| saMskRti kI paripUrNatA taba hotI hai, jaba usameM gRhastha--upAsaka-upAsikAoM kI dhArA bhI A milatI hai| zramaNa-jIvana kI dhArA jitanI pavitra aura tapaHprerita hai, utanI hI nahIM to, usa lakSya kI ora utanI hI unmukha huI gRhastha jIvana kI dhArA bhI usI vega ke sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI hai| 1. (ka) samaNai teNa so samaNe -anuyoga dvAra, 126 / (kha) uvasamasAraM khu sAmaNNaM -bRhatkalpa sUtra, 1135 / 103

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104 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA kucha loga mAnate haiM, dharma AtmA kI vastu hai| yaha ThIka bhI hai, parantu dharma sirpha AtmA ko hI vastu nahIM, apitu vaha sAmAjika vastu bhI hai| jaba taka dharma kA tattva samAjagata nahIM hotA, vaha dharma eka paramparA yA saMskRti kA rUpa dhAraNa nahIM kara sakatA / yaha saMbhava nahIM thA ki kevala tyAgI varga ke bala para hI kisI paramparA yA saMskRti kA nirmANa ho jaataa| isa saMskRti ke nirmANa evaM vikAsa meM upAsaka varga kA bhI utanA hI, balki usase kucha adhika hI yoga rahA hai| usakA jIvana sAmAjika hotA hai, isalie usameM parivAra, samAja tathA rASTra Adi kI aneka dizAe~ vikAsa ke lie kha lI hotI haiN| una dizAoM meM usakI svastha gati-pragati kA upakrama hI saMskRti kA mUla tattva hai| ataH prastuta meM zramaNa saMskRti ke usa upAsaka varga ko jIvana-sAdhanA kA eka saMkSipta rekhAMkana yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| __ jaina aGga sUtra 'uvAsaga dazA' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha dasa upAsakoM ko jIvanacaryA kA vyavasthita varNana milatA hai / kucha upAsaka evaM upAsikAoM kA varNana bhagavato sUtra meM bhI prApta hotA hai, kintu jitanA vistAra uvAsaga dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, utanA vahA~ nhiiN| yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki jaina-paramparA kI bhAMti bauddha paramparA meM bhI gRhastha sAdhaka ke lie 'upAsaka' zabda prayukta huA hai| 'zramaNopAsaka' zabda bhI donoM paramparAoM meM milatA hai| hA~, jaina paramparA meM gRhastha ke lie 'sAvae'2-zrAvaka zabda bhI vyavahRta huA hai, vahA~ bauddha-paramparA meM zrAvaka zabda bhikSa aura upAsaka donoM ke lie calatA rahA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upAsakoM ( zrAvakazrAvikA ) ko kula saMkhyA cAra lAkha satattara hajAra batAI gaI hai| buddha ke upAsakoM kI aisI koI nizcita saMkhyA prApta nahIM hotii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zrAvakoM meM gAthApati Ananda zrAvaka pramukha thaa| 1. bhagavatI sUtra 12 / 1 / 2. bhagavatI / 3. aMguttaranikAya, ekakanipAta 14 / 4. samavAyAMga sUtra 114 / 115 /

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zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka 105 gAthApati Ananda : ___ gAthApati ( gRhapati ) Ananda vANijya grAma kA nivAsI thaa| usakI dharmapatnI zivAnandA eka sUkhI patnI aura kuzala gRhiNI thii| Ananda ke pAsa bAraha karor3a hiraNya kI sampatti thI, jisameM se cAra karor3a surakSita nidhi ke rUpa meM, cAra karor3a byAja meM evaM cAra karor3a usake vyApAra meM lagI haI thii| Ananda ke pAsa bahuta bar3I kRSi bhUmi thI tathA gauoM ke cAra vizAla gokula the, jinameM cAlIsa hajAra gaue~ thiiN| rAjA yuvarAja Adi se lekara nagara ke zreSThI, sArthavAha evaM nagara-rakSaka taka sabhI Ananda kA sammAna karate samaya samaya para usase parAmarza lete aura usakI mantraNAoM se lAbha uThAte / ekabAra vANijya grAma ke kollAka (vartamAna kolhuA) sanniveza (upanagara) meM bhagavAn mahAvIra pdhaare| gAthApati Ananda sajjita hokara bhagavAn kA upadeza sunane ko gyaa| bhagavAn ne gRhastha dharma kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA, jise sunakara Ananda vizeSa rUpa se zraddhAzola haA aura use svIkAra karane ko utkaMThita ho bhagavAn ke samIpa aayaa| prabhu ko vinaya pUrvaka vandanA kara Ananda ne bhagavAn dvArA kathita gRhastha dharma ko svIkAra kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nikaTa dharma kA svarUpa samajhakara use svIkAra kara Ananda apane ghara AyA aura apanI patnI zivAnandA devI ko usa dharma ke sambandha meM btaayaa| tattva samajhAkara Ananda ne kahA-"devAnupriye ! isa prakAra kA zreSTha dharma hamAre jIvana kA hita evaM maGgala karane vAlA hai, yadi tumheM yaha rucikara pratIta hotA ho, to maiM cAhatA hU~ ki tuma bhI isa gRhastha dharma ko svIkAra karo, tAki apanI jIvana-yAtrA saccI sahamitA ke sAtha sampanna ho|" pati kA saMketa hI zivAnandA ke lie nirdeza thaa| vaha bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dharmasabhA meM pahu~cI aura gRhastha dharma kA vivecana sunakara use svIkAra kiyaa| gahastha dharma kI sAdhanA meM Ananda nirantara Age bar3hatA rhaa| jIvana ke antima samaya meM usane parivAra kA sampUrNa dAyitva apane jyeSTha putra ko sauMpA aura svayaM apanI pauSadhazAlA meM jAkara dhyAna, Atmacintana, tapaHsAdhanA Adi ke dvArA dharma-jAgaraNa karatA huA

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106 . zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA samabhAva kI utkRSTa sAdhanA karane lgaa| usakI sAdhanA ucca stara para phuNcii| Ananda ko viziSTa avadhijJAna prApta huA aura anta meM samAdhipUrvaka prANa tyAga kiyaa| . sthitaprajJa sulasA : rAjagRha meM eka 'nAga' nAmaka rakSika thaa| sulasA usakI dharmapatnI thii| pati-patnI donoM hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM para dRr3ha AsthA ke sAtha AcaraNa karate the| sulasA, dhArmika zraddhA meM nAga se bhI Age thii| usake vratoM ko nimalatA tathA samyakatva kI dRr3hatA ke sambandha meM aneka janazrutiyA~ prasiddha thiiN| vivAha ke aneka varSa bIta jAne para bhI sUlasA kI goda khAlI rahI / isase nAga gahastha udavigna rahane lgaa| ekabAra nAga ne kisI ghara meM baccoM ko ha~sate-khelate dekhA, to unako mIThI kilakAriyoM se nAga kA hRdaya macala utthaa| putra-abhAva se vaha burI taraha pIr3ita huA / sulasA ne usakA udAsa ceharA aura murajhAI huI A~kheM dekhIM to vaha usakI vedanA kA kAraNa samajha gaI / nAga cupacApa deva-devI evaM paNDe-pUjAriyoM ke pAsa cakkara lagAtA aura putra kAmanA ke vaza aneka prakAra ke upakrama krtaa| yaha dekha sulasA ne use eka dina sAntvanA ke svara meM kahA-"patideva ! putra kA abhAva to puruSa se nArI ko adhika khalatA hai, para usa vedanA meM apanA dhairya evaM viveka nahIM khonA caahie| Apa vijJa haiM, dharmajJa haiN| putra, yaza, dhana Adi sabhI apane kRta karma ke anusAra hI prApta hote haiM-yaha bhI Apa jAnate haiN| phira jisa vastu kA hameM antarAya hai, usakI prApti ke lie yoM becaina honA aura ajJajanocita upakrama karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai ? hameM adhika se adhika sevA, dAna, zIla, tapa Adi kA anuSThAna karanA caahie| ho sakatA hai, hamArA antarAya karma zithila ho to abhilaSita vastu kI prApti bhI ho jaae|' sulasA ne Age kahA- "mujhe lagatA hai, zAyada mujhase Apako putra prApti na ho, ataH Apa dUsarA vivAha krleN| saMyoga-viyoga to karmAnusAra hote hI haiM, ataH hameM harSa, zoka se Upara uThakara dharma-sAdhanA meM dattacitta rahanA caahie|"

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zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka 107 nAga ke hRdaya para sulasA kI sthitaprajJatA kA gaharA asara huaa| usakI udvignatA dUra ho gii| sulasA kI titikSA, samatA evaM vivekazIlatA adbhuta thii| usa jaisI dhairya evaM sthitaprajJatA viziSTa puruSoM meM bhI durlabha thii| manuSya hI nahIM, devatA bhI usake ina guNoM ke prazaMsaka the| ekabAra eka muni sulasA ke ghara Aye / kisI rugNa sAdhu ke lie lakSapAka taila kI yAcanA kii| sulasA muni ko lakSapAka taila dene ke lie tatpara huI, usane taila kA bartana jyoM hI hAtha meM uThAyA, hAtha se chUTa kara gira par3A, bahumUlya taila bhUmi para phaila gyaa| dUsarA bartana uThAkara lAne lagI to vaha bhI usI prakAra girakara phUTa gyaa| tIsarI bAra bhI aisA hI huaa| durlabha aura bahumUlya taila yoM naSTa ho jAne para bhI usakA dhIraja nahIM ttuuttaa| vaha usI prakAra zAMta thI, prasanna thii| khinnatA thI to isI bAta kI ki muni ko yAcita vastu de nahIM skii| muni ne yaha saba ghaTanA dekhI, usake bhAvoM ko dekhA, usakI vANI usI prakAra saMyata thI, A~kheM bhI usI prakAra snehAr3a ! pahale aura aba meM sUlasA meM koI antara nahIM aayaa| yaha adbhuta kSamAzIlatA evaM dhIraja dekhakara muni turanta deva rUpa meM prakaTa huA aura usake guNoM kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA-''devAnupriye ! devasabhA meM zakrendra ne tumhArI kSamA kI prazaMsA kI thii| maiM tumhArI parIkSA lene yahA~ AyA thaa| tuma apane dharma meM, vinaya evaM viveka meM advitIya ho, zakrendra dvArA tumhArI prazaMsA yathArtha thI ! maiM tuma para bahuta prasanna huA huuN| tuma mujhase koI vara maaNgo|" ___ sulasA ne usI zAnti aura prasannatA ke sAtha kahA- "devAnupriya ! mujhe kisI vastu ko kamI nahIM hai / aura jisa vastu kI kamI hai, vaha mere kRta-karma kA hI phala hai| samaya Ane para merA vaha manoratha bhI pUrNa hogaa|" devatA dvArA varadAna dene para bhI sulasA kI niHspRhatA gajaba kI thii| svayaM deva bho cakita thA -- "yaha kaisI nAro hai jo sahaja devAnugraha para bhI apane abhAva kI pUrti ke lie kucha mA~gatI nhiiN| apane bhAgya aura puruSArtha para kitanA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai isakA !"

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108 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sulasA ne devatA se kucha bhI nahIM maaNgaa| kintu deva ne sahaja anugraha kiyA, sulasA ke bhAgya-kalpa vRkSa kA phalane kA samaya aayaa| use eka hI nahIM, battIsa sukumAra zubha lakSaNoM vAle putra prApta hue| usakA sUnA AMgana cahaka utthaa| ___ sulasA ke putra yuvA hone para mahArAja zreNika ke aGgarakSaka bane / jaba zreNika vaizAlI gaNAdhyakSa ceTaka ko putrI kA bhUmi mArga se apaharaNa kara rAjagaha kI ora daur3A to ceTaka ne usakA pIchA kiyaa| zreNika surakSita daur3a gayA aura una battIsoM aGgarakSakoM ne ceTaka ko rokakara yuddha kiyaa| usa yuddha meM zreNika kA eka aGgarakSaka mArA gayA aura eka kI mRtyu ke sAtha hI zeSa ikatIsa bhAI bhI khar3ekhar3e gira pdd'e| __eka dina sulasA kI sUnI goda harI-bharI huI thI, Aja phira vaha goda sUnI ho gii| duHkha ke bAda sukha aura sukha ke bAda duHkha-yahI niyati kA krama hai| putroM kI sahasA mRtyu ne sulasA ke dila para gaharI coTa lagAI, kintu isa coTa ko bhI vaha cupacApa saha gaI, apane tattvajJAna ke sudRr3ha sahAre se / usakA mAtRtva eka bAra karAha uThA thA, para antaviveka ne usa cIkha-pukAra ko bhItara hI bhItara zAMta kara diyaa| sulasA kI dhArmika dRr3hatA to aura bhI gajaba kI thii| svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dharma-sabhAoM meM usakI prazaMsA ko| ambar3a nAmaka paribrAjaka, jo svayaM bhI mahAvIra kA anuyAyI zrAvaka thA, sulasA kI dharma-parIkSA lene aayaa| aneka prakAra ke mAyAvI rUpa banAkara usane sulasA kI dRr3ha dhArmikatA kI parIkSA lI, para sulasA apane dharma-viveka se eka kadama bhI pIche nahIM haTI / ambar3a ne sulasA ke vrata-viveka evaM dharma-niSThA kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kii|'.. gRhapati anAthapiNDika : anAtha piNDika zrAvastI kA eka atyanta dhanADhya aura prabhAvazAlI zreSThI thaa| ekabAra vaha kisI kAryavaza rAjagRha gayA / 1. vistAra ke lie dekhie Avazyaka cUNi uttarArdha patra saM0 104, tathA upadeza prAsAda, stambha 3, vyAkhyAna 36 /

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106 zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka vahA~ usane tathAgata buddha ke darzana kie| darzana kara zAstA se dhama sunA / dharma sunakara use jJAna milA, jaise aMdhere meM dIpaka jalA diyA gayA ho, mArga-bhUle ko mArga dikhA diyA gayA ho, usI prakAra anAthapiNDika ko zAstA se dharma sunakara jJAnanetra prApta hue. prakAza prApta huaa| anAtha piNDika ne bhagavAna buddha se bhikSasaMgha ke sAtha zrAvastI meM varSAvAsa svIkAra karane kI prArthanA kii| buddha ne anAthapiNDika ko prArthanA svIkAra karate hue kahA"gRhapati ! tathAgata zUnya AgAra meM abhiramaNa karate haiN|" anAthapiNDika tathAgata ke saMkoca ko samajha gyaa| usane rAjagRha aura zrAvastI ke bIca pratyeka yojana para ArAmagRha bnvaaye| jahA~ para dhanika loga the, unhoMne apane vyaya se, tathA bAkI sthAnoM para anAthapiNDika ne svayaM dhana-vyaya karake ArAma banavAye / / zrAvastI pahu~cakara gRhapati ne ArAma ke upayukta sthAna kI khoja prArambha kii| usane socA-"aisA sthAna honA cAhie jo nagara ke na adhika nikaTa aura na adhika dUra ho, jana-kolAhala se mukta evaM dhyAna ke yogya vijana bhUmi ho|" khojate hae vaha jeta rAjakumAra ke udyAna meM phuNcaa| vaha sthAna use bahuta upayukta jNcaa| usane rAjakumAra se udyAna kharIdane kA prastAva bhejaa| rAjakumAra ne kahA - "gRhapati ! vaha udyAna to koTi-saMthAra (koTi svarNa-mudrA) se bhI adeya hai|"2 ____isa bAta para anAthapiNDika ne gAr3iyA~ bharakara mohareM ma~gavAI aura jetavana kI bhUmi para saTAkara sarvatra mohareM bichAdI / isa prakAra jetavana kI bhUmi ko moharoM se nApakara usane kharIdA aura usa para ATha karor3a mudrAe~ kharca karake vizAla ArAma kA nirmANa krvaayaa| bhagavAn buddha jaba zrAvastI meM Aye to anAthapiNDika ke jetavana meM Thahare / gRhapati ne bhagavAn kI bhojana, vastra Adi se bahuta zuzrUSA kI aura jetavana ArAma ko cAturdiza saGgha kI sevArtha samarpita kara diyaa| 2. vinayapiTaka, aTThakathA /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA jIvana ke aMtima samaya meM anAthapiNDika rugNa huA / usakI prArthanA para sAriputra Ananda ke sAtha usake ghara para Aye / use iMdriya saMyama evaM anAsakti kA upadeza diyA, jise sunakara anAtha fofuse ko bahuta zAnti milI / vaha kAladharma prApta kara tuSita kAya devaloka meM deva banA / " 110 vizAkhA mRgAra mAtA : vizAkhA sAketa ke mahAdhanADhya kulapati dhanaMjaya kI putrI thI / vaha rUpa, lAvaNya evaM cAturya kI adbhutamUrti thI / zrAvastI ke mRgAra zreSThI ke putra pUrNavardhana ke sAtha usakA vivAha huA / vizAkhA ke vivAha prasaMga kI kathA bhI bar3I rocaka hai / mRgAra zreSThI ne apane putra ke lie yogya kanyA kI khoja karane ke lie aneka kuzala puruSoM ko dUra-dUra bhejA / kucha puruSa sAketa kI galiyoM meM ghUma rahe the / usa samaya vizAkhA pA~casau kumAriyoM ke sAtha eka utsava meM sammilita hone nikalI thI / sahasA varSA prArambha hogaI / vizAkhA kI saheliyA~ bhIMgane ke bhaya se daur3akara pAsa kI eka zAlA meM ghusa gii| parantu vizAkhA usI prakAra mandagati se calatI huI zAlA meM AI / mRgAra zreSThI ke puruSoM ne vizAkhA meM kucha vilakSaNa saundarya dekhA / ve vizAkhA kI ora AkRSTa hue / usake cAturya evaM madhura bhASaNa kI parIkSA lene nikaTa Aye aura bole"amma ! kyA tuma vRddhA ho ?" vizAkhA ne vinamratA ke sAtha kahA - " tAta ! aisA Apane kyA dekhA ?" puruSoM ne kahA - "tumhAre sAtha kI anya kumArikAe~ bhIMgane ke bhaya se daur3akara zAlA meM calI gaIM, kintu tuma vRddhA kI taraha dhIredhIre cala rahI ho ! tumane sAr3I ke bhIgane kI tanika bhI cintA nahIM kI !" madhura bhASiNI vizAkhA ne bar3I zAlInatA se uttara diyA"tAta ! mere lie sAr3iyoM kI kamI nahIM hai / phira taruNa kumArikA 1. majjhimanikAya, anAthapiNDikopavAda sutta 3 |5|1 |

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zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adaza upAsaka 111 TUTa jAne se vaha vikalAMga bikAU bartana ko taraha hotI hai, hAtha-paira ho jAtI hai, loga usase ghRNA karane lagate haiM, usake vivAha Adi meM vighna Ate haiN| mero mandagati kA kAraNa aba Apa samajha gae hoMge !" kucha dera vizAkhA ke sAtha vArtAlApa ke bAda una AgantukoM ko usake aniMdya saundarya, lAvaNya ke sAtha-sAtha cAturya evaM vacanamAdhurya kA bhI patA calA / ve santuSTa hue| phira mRgAra zreSThI ke putra ke lie vizAkhA kI yAcanA huI aura bar3I dhUmadhAma ke sAtha pANigrahaNa huA / dhanaMjaya zreSThI ne vizAkhA ko pracura dhanasAmagrI daheja meM dI / dhammapada aTThakathA ke anusAra vaha sAmagrI pacapana sau gADoM meM bharI gaI / pandraha sau gADoM meM to kevala khetI kA hI sAmAna thA / eka bahumUlya AbhUSaNa 'mahAlatA prasAdhana' bhI zreSThI ne daheja meM diyA, jisakA mUlya nau karor3a svarNamudrA thA / dhanaMjaya ne pati gRha ko jAtI huI kanyA ko dasa bahumUlya zikSAe~ dIM: 1. ghara kI Aga bAhara nahIM le jAnI cAhie / 2. bAhara kI Aga ghara meM nahIM lAnI cAhie / 3. dene vAle ko hI denA cAhie / 4. na dene vAloM ko nahIM denA cAhie / 5. dene vAloM ko evaM na denevAloM ko bhI denA cAhie / 6. sukha se baiThanA cAhie / 7. sukha se khAnA cAhie / 8. sukha se leTanA cAhie / 6. agni kI taraha paricaraNa karanA cAhie / 10. ghara ke devatAoM ko namaskAra karanA cAhie / mRgAra zreSThI ne bhI dhanaMjaya kI ye zikSAe~ sunI, para vaha unakA koI tAtparya nahIM samajha sakA / bahuta samaya bAda ekabAra mRgAra zreSThI ne vizAkhA se pitA kI ina bAtoM kA tAtparya pUchA to vizAkhA ne batAyA- "pahalI bAta se abhiprAya hai, ghara ke karmakaroM Adi kI galatiyoM ko bAhara dUsaroM ke samakSa nahIM kahanA cAhie, isI

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112 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA prakAra bAhara ke jhagar3e-kalaha Adi kI carcA ghara meM nahIM karanI caahie| ... 'dene vAloM ko denA cAhie, nahIM dene vAloM ko nahIM denA cAhie'isakA bhAva maMganI ko lakSita karake hai / arthAt jisa kula kI kanyA lI jAtI hai, unhIM kUloM ko kanyA Adi denA cAhie / 'na dene vAloM ko bhI denA cAhie'-isakA bhAva hai jAti-mitroM meM cAhe koI garIba ho yA amIra, pratidAna dene meM samartha ho yA na ho, para sabako hI udAra bhAva se denA cAhie / 'sukha se baiThanA cAhie' kA tAtparya hai sAsa-zvasura Adi ke baiThane ke sthAna para nahIM baiThanA cAhie tAki punaH uThanA pdd'e| apane yogya sthAna para baiThanA caahie| 'sukha se khAnA cAhie' kA abhiprAya hai -sAsa, zvasura, pati, bAlaka Adi ke bhojana kara cukane ke pazcAt bhojana karanA / 'sukha se leTanA cAhie' kA artha hai-sAsa, zvasura evaM pati ke zayana karane ke pazcAt zayana karanA / 'agni kI taraha paricaraNa karanA cAhie'-isase tAtparya hai sAsa-zvasura, pati evaM vRddhajanoM Adi ko agni kI bhA~ti pUjya samajhanA cAhie aura 'ghara ke devatAoM ko namaskAra karanA cAhie'--kA tAtparya hai-ghara para Aye atithi, prajitoM Adi ko uttama bhojya padArtha samarpita karanA caahie|" mRgAra zreSThI vizAkhA ke ye uttara sunakara bahuta prasanna huaa| ekabAra vizAkhA alaMkAroM se vibhUSita hokara vihAra meM tathAgata ke darzana karane gaI / vahA~ usane apane AbhUSaNoM ke sAtha 'mahAlatA prasAdhana' bhI utAra kara dAsI ko diyA, ki- 'zAstA ke pAsa se lauTate samaya maiM inheM phnuuNgii|" dharmopadeza sunakara lauTate samaya dAsI una AbhUSaNoM ko vihAra meM hI bhUla gii| pariSad ke cale jAne para sthavira Ananda ne mahAlatA prasAdhana ko vahA~ par3A dekhA, to unhoMne buddha ko sUcanA dii| unake saMketa para unheM eka ora rakha diyA gyaa| udhara jaba vizAkhA ne AbhUSaNa mAMge to dAsI ko apanI bhUla yAda aaii| vizAkhA ne dAsI ko ghabarAI dekhakara Azvasta kiyA aura kahA-"jA, unheM le A, para dhyAna rakhanA, yadi sthavira Ananda ne unheM uThAkara kahIM eka ora rakha diye hoM to mata laanaa|" / dAso ArAma meM AI / Ananda ne dAsI ke Ane kA abhiprAya samajha liyA aura eka ora par3e prasAdhana kI ora saMketa kiyaa|

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zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka 113 jAne para dAsI yaha kahatI huI lauTa gaI ki - "Apake hAtha se chU aba ye AbhUSaNa merI svAminI ke pahanane yogya nahIM rahe / " vizAkhA ne usa mahAlatA prasAdhana ko Arya ke caraNoM meM hI samarpita kara diyA / para mahAlatA prasAdhana ko beca kara usa mUlya se 'bihAra' banavAne ke vicAra se vizAkhA ne usa mahAlatA prasAdhana ko bAjAra meM bhejA / vahA~ nau karor3a usakA mUlya evaM eka lAkha banavAI A~kI gaI, itanI bar3I rAzi dekara kharIdane vAlA koI nahIM milA, to vizAkhA ne svayaM hI kharIda liyA / usake mUlya se nau karor3a meM bhUmi kharIdI, phira usa para nau karor3a rupayA kharca kara eka vizAla vihAra kA nirmANa karavAyA / tathAgata buddha jaba vahA~ cAturmAsa pravAsa ke lie Aye to vizAkhA ne usa samaya bahuta bar3A utsava kiyaa| isa utsava para bhI nau karor3a kharca kie gae - isa prakAra eka vihAra-nirmANa meM sattAIsa karor3a kharca kie / ekabAra bhagavAn buddha ko prasannamudrA meM dekhakara vizAkhA ne unase kucha vara mAMgane kI anumati lI / buddha kI anumati milane para usane ATha vara mAMge - 1. maiM yAvajjIvana saMgha ko varSA kI varSika sATikA denA cAhatI hU~ / 2. maiM yAvajjIvana navAgaMtukoM ko bhojana denA cAhatI hU~ / 3. maiM yAvajjIvana gamikoM (prasthAna karane vAloM) ko bhojana denA cAhatI hU~ / 4. maiM yAvajjIvana rogI ko bhojana denA cAhatI hU~ / 5. maiM yAvajjIvana rogI - paricAraka ko bhojana denA cAhatI hU~ / 6. maiM yAvajjIvana rogI ko auSadhi dAna karanA cAhatI hU~ 7. maiM yAvajjIvana saMgha ko prAtaHkAla yavAgU denA cAhatI 8. maiM yAvajjIvana bhikSuNIsaMgha ko udaga- sATikA denA 1 cAhatI hU~ / vizAkhA kI udAra sevAparAyaNa bhAvanA ko jAna kara tathAgata atyanta prasanna hue / vizAkhA pratidina vihAra meM ghUmatI aura AgaMtukoM, gamikoM, rogo

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114 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA Adi bhikSuoM kI saMbhAla letI, unakI paricaryA kI saba yogya vyavasthA karatI / isa sevA se atyanta pramoda evaM utsAha kA anubhava karatI / " Adarza : zramaNa saMskRti ke ina cAra mahAn upAsaka- gRhasthoM ke jIvana kI divyatA Aja bhI isa saMskRti ke gaurava ko dIpta kara rahI hai / yadyapi aise Adarza gRhasthoM kI eka lambI paramparA isa saMskRti ke kAla-pravAha ke sAtha calatI A rahI hai, na kevala mahAvIra evaM tathAgata ke yuga meM hI, apitu uttaravatI kAla meM bhI isa saMpUrNa viSaya kA kAlakrama se Alekhana eka vizAla grantha kA rUpa le sakatA hai, jisakI sAmagrI apane Apa meM eka rocaka preraNA prada tathA navInatA lie hogI / para, prastuta meM hama jina cAra upAsakoM kI carcA kara cuke haiM ve, unake jIvana ke cAra vibhinna bhAva- -vAhI Adarza hamAre samakSa ujAgara ho rahe haiM / gAthApati Ananda kA jIvana eka sukhI-sampanna gRhastha kA jIvana hai / usakA Adarza hai - zuddha AjIvikA ke dvArA arthopArjana ! aura anAvazyaka artha kA samAja evaM rASTra ke lie visarjana ! icchAoM kA parisImana, AvazyakatAoM kA saMyamana evaM jIvana ko saMyama, tyAga tathA tapasyA ko dhArA meM bahAkara paramArtha kI ora agrasara karanA / gAthApati Ananda kA Adarza kaThora tyAga evaM Atma-saMyama kI preraNA de rahA hai / vaha dharma ko na sirpha zAstroM kA zRGgAra samajhatA hai, apitu use jIvana kA zRGgAra banAtA hai aura usa dharmAcaraNa meM bar3I dRr3hatA ke sAtha bar3hatA calA jAtA hai / apAra sampatti para se usane apanA svAmitva haTA liyA, use samAja ke upayoga ke lie mukta kara diyA / yaha zramaNa saMskRti kA samAjavAdI darzana hai, Aja se pakcIsasau varSa purAnA / sulasA - dharmazraddhA evaM sthitaprajJatA kI mUrti hai / dharma kA sAra usake jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM chalakatA dikhAI de rahA hai / bhautika samRddhi meM bhI mana ke Antarika abhAva kabhI-kabhI hRdaya ko udve 1. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga 8-4-5 ke AdhAra para /

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zramaNa saMskRti ke cAra Adarza upAsaka 115 lita karate rahate haiM / sukha-dukha ke prasaGga zAntibhaGga kara jAte haiM, para aise saMkaTamaya kSaNoM meM, udvignatA ke prasaMgoM meM bhI mana kI prasannatA, zAnti evaM dhairya banAe rakhanA - yahI zramaNa saMskRti kI samatA kA saMdeza hai / gRhapati anAthapiNDika, jo ATha karor3a mudrA kharca karake eka ArAma kA nirmANa karavAtA hai, usakI samRddhi kA koI lekhA-jokhA kyA lagAegA ? para usake mana meM dharma evaM saGgha ke lie sarvasva nichAvara karane kI kitanI ugra bhAvanA hai aura kisa prakAra apanI sampatti kA sadupayoga karatA hai--yaha eka Adarza saMketa hai / vizAkhA mRgAra mAtA kA jIvana to sarvathA eka adbhuta nArI kA gauravapUrNa jIvana hai / vaha gRhalakSmI jahA~ jAtI hai, apAra lakSmI kI varSA kara rahI hai / usakI udAratA ko kauna nApa sakatA hai / jisane bAta kI bAta meM nau karor3a kA mahAlatA prasAdhana bhikSu saGgha ko sevArtha samarpita kara diyaa| jisane saGgha ke lie sattAIsa karor3a kharca karake eka ArAma kA nirmANa karavAyA aura phira bhI nispRhatA, sevAparAyaNatA itanI ki vaha bhagavAn se vara mAMgatI hai" yAvajjIvana rugNa janoM kI, anna, auSadhi Adi se sevA karatI rahU~ / " vaha svayaM vihAra meM ghUma-ghUma kara rogiyoM kI paricaryA karatI hai, atithiyoM kI sevA karatI hai aura sevA karake mana meM prasannatA kA anubhava karatI hai / sevA kA yaha mahAn Adarza hI zramaNa saMskRti kA prANatattva hai / isa prakAra ke Adarza upAsakoM kI saikar3oM jIvana ghaTanAe~ zramaNa saMskRti ke nirmANa aura vikAsa ko svatantra kathA hai, jo isa saMskRti ke pratyeka pRSTha para aGkita hai / --zrI zrIcanda surAnA 'sarasa'

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zramaNa saMskRti ke pariprekSya meM varNAzrama vyavasthA kA vivecana jIvana ko saMskArita karanA, mana ko acchI taraha se mor3a denA tathA vicAroM kA parimArjana karanA, yahI hai saMskRti kA sIdhA artha / samatAbhAva se zramaNa hotA hai tathA tapa se, brahmacarya se, sayama se aura indriya damana se brAhmaNa hotA hai, yaha brAhmaNya uttama hotA hai| aisI hai zramaNa aura brAhmaNa saMskRti / Aja taka isa vizAla dharatI para samaya kI AvazyakatA se bhagavAn Adi prabhu, zrIkRSNa, mahAvIra, buddha, yIzU mahammada, jaratha pTa, Adi aneka draSTAoM ne mAnavoM meM mAnavatA paidA ho aura mAnava jAti samRddha ho, isalie kahA- 'mujhe aMdhakAra se prakAza ko ora, asatya se satya kI ora aura mRtyu se amaratA kI ora le clo| 3 hama milakara caleM, milakara boleM, milakara kAma kareM aura sadA milakara hI raheM tathA apanI saMskRti ke pAvana Adarza 'vasudhaiva kuTambakama' kA nirmANa kreN| vaise hI durAcaraNoM kA tyAga kara, sadAcAroM ko aMgIkAra kara, Atmonnati ke sAtha svayaM paramAtmA baneM, yahI ina draSTAoM kA divya saMdeza hai| lekina veda ko apauruSeya mAnakara vedapramANa granthoM meM cAturvarNa kI nirmiti kahI hai-brAhmaNa brahmA ke mukha se nirmita hue, isalie yajana-yAjana unakA pavitra kArya mAnA gayA hai / kSatriya unake bAhu 1. samayAe samaNo hoi| -uttara jjhayaNasutta 25-38 2. tapena brahmacariyena saMyamena damena ca / etena brAhmaNo hoti etaM brAhmaNamuttamaM / / --suttanipAta 3-6-62 3. tamaso mA jyotirgamaya / asato mA sadgamaya / mRtyormAbhRtam gamaya / 116

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varNAzrama vyavasthA kA vivecana 117 se utpanna hue, isalie zatru se yuddha kara go-brAhmaNoM kI rakSA karanA unakA Adya karttavya huA / usake udara se vaizya kI utpatti hone se vyApAra ke dvArA rASTra ko samRddha karanA unakA udyoga bnaa| tathA zUdra kA usake pAvoM se nirmANa huA, isalie rAstA sApha karanA, Adi nIca mAne gae kAma karake tathAkathita uccavoM kI sevA karanA, yahI kAma unake sira para pddaa| ___ yaha cAturvarNa kI utpatti yadyapi buddhigrAhya nahIM, to bhI manuSya jo vyavasAya karate haiM usake anusAra unako brAhmaNa, kSatriya Adi kahA gyaa| prAcIna RSi (brAhmaNa) saMyatAtmA aura tapasvI the / ve paMcendriyaviSayoM kA tyAga kara AtmArtha ciMtana karate the| lekina isake bAda rAjA kA dravya aura alaMkRta striyA~ dekhakara brAhmaNoM kI dRSTi palaTa gii|5 gAyoM tathA sundara striyoM ke bAre meM ve lAlAyita hone lge| isa icchApUrti ke lie unhoMne mantroM ko racanA kI / ve rAjA ikSvAku ke pAsa jAkara kahane lage-'Apake pAsa bahuta dhanadhAnya hai, Apa yajJa kreN|'7 / jisa mAtrA meM rAjAoM se dhana, strI Adi bhogopabhoga milane lage, usI mAtrA meM unakI icchA aura jyAdA bar3hane lgii| dharmagranthoM meM parivartana hone lge| isa taraha cAturvarNavyavasthA svArtha aura bhogalAlasAoM meM se udbhUta haI / mAtA aura pitA ke donoM kUla se zuddha hone ke kAraNa jisakA janma pavitra mAnA gayA aura sAta pIr3hI taka jisake kula ko jAtipravAda doSa na lagA ho, vahI brAhmaNa Tha hraa|' 4. isayo pubbakA Asu saJatattA tpssino| paJca kAmaguNe hitvA attadatthama caarisu|| -suttanipAta 2-7-1 5. tesaM Asi vipallAso disvAna aNuto annu| rAjino ca viyAkAraM nAriyo samalaMkatA // -suttanipAsa 2-7-16 6. gomaNDalaparibuDDhe nArIpadagaNAyutaM / __udAraM mAnuSaM bhogaM abhijUnAyiMsu brAhmaNA / --suttanipAta 2-7-75 7. te tattha matta ganthatvA okkAkaM tdupaagmu| pahUtadhanadho'si yajassu bahu te dhanaM // -suttanipAta 2-7-62 8. yato kho ubhato sujAto hoti mAtito ca pitito ca, saMsuddhagahaNiko yAba sattasA pitAmahayugA Akkhito anupakuchau jAtivAdena, ettAvatA kho brAhmaNo hotIti / -suttanipAta 3-6

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118 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA lekina zramaNasaMskRti ke unnAyaka bha0 mahAvIra tathA bha0 gautama buddha-ina donoM ne isa svArthI cAturvarNa kA kaThora virodha kiyaa| ve janatA meM jAkara unakI bolI--prAkRta bhASA meM jIvana ke satyasvarUpa kA spaSTa udghoSa karane lge| "maiM uttama brAhmaNa hU~, maiM vaizya hU~, maiM kSatriya hUM, maiM isake alAvA (zUdra) hU~ / puruSa hU~, napuMsaka hU~, strI hU~;' isI taraha vaha mUrkha zarIrabhAvoM ko apanA mAnatA hai| tathA yuvaka, bUr3hA, rUpavAna, zUra, paNDita, sarvazreSTha, digaMbara, zvetAmbara, bauddhamatAcArya, Adi saba zarIrabhedoM ko vaha mUrkha apanA mAnatA hai / apane karma ke anusAra mAtA kanyA hoto hai, kanyA mAtA banatI hai, puruSa strI hotA hai, strI puruSa yA napuMsaka banato hai / pratApI, sattAdhIza, balavIrya tathA rUpa, guNasampanna rAjA hokara bhI vaha pAkhAnA meM kRmikITa banatA hai / 10 ___bhagavAn buddha, bhAradvAja aura vasiSTha ziSyoM ko yathArthatA se prANiyoM kA jAtivibhAga samajhAte hue kahate haiM - 'Apa ghAsa aura per3oM ko dekho| unakA jAtiviziSTa AkAra hai|11 yahI sthiti kITa, pataMga, cIMTiyA~, catuSpAda prANI, peTa se calane vAle sA~pa, pAnI ke jalacara jIva, AkAza meM bhramaNa karane vAle alaga-alaga paMchI, inake bhI jAtiviziSTa AkAra haiN| kyoMki una sabameM bhinna-bhinna jAtiyA~ haiN| lekina manuSya ke zarIra meM isa prakAra ke jAtiviziSTa vibhinna AkAra nahIM dikhAI dete| zUdra ke mastaka 6. hau varu baMbhaNu vaisu hau hau~ khattiu hau sesu / purisau Nausau itthi hau~maNNai mUr3ha visesu / / taruNa bUr3hau rUyaDau sUrau paMDiu divvu / / khavaNau baMdau seyaDau mUDhau maNNai savvu / / -zrI yogindudevaviracitaH paramAtmaprakAzana 81-82 10. mAdA ya hodi dhadA dhudA mAduttaNa puNa uvedi / puriso vi tattha itthI pumaM ca apumaM ca hodi jae // 26 // hoUNa teyasattAcio du balavIriyarUvasaMpaNNo // jAdo vaccadhare kimi dhigatthu saMsAravAsassa // 27 / / -zrImaTTakerAcAryaviracita mUlAcAraH-dvAdazAnuprekSAdhikAraH 11. suttanipAta, 3-6.86 12. 3-6-6 se 13; 13-3-6-14

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varNAzrama vyavasthA kA vivecana 116 para nandI kA zIga nahIM yA brAhmaNa ke mastaka para mahAdeva kI piMDa nahIM / 12 mAnavajAti kA yaha bheda sirpha vyavahAra ke kAraNa pracalita hai| gopAlana para upajIvikA karane vAlA manuSya kisAna hai, 13 vyApAra se upajIvikA karane vAlA baniyA hai,14 corI se upajIvikA karane vAlA cora hai,15 dhanurvidyA se upajIvikA karane vAlA yoddhA hai,'6 grAma aura rASTra para adhikAra rakhane vAlA rAjA hai| 17 jisa taraha jala meM utpanna huA kamala jala se gIlA nahIM hotA, usI taraha vaiSayika sukhopabhogoM se jo alipta rahatA hai. use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / 18 pAnI meM kamalapatra kI taraha aura Aga ke agrabhAga para sarasU kI taraha jo viSayopabhogoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN|19 isI taraha jisane jJAti-bAMdhavoM kA pUrva-sambandha tor3a diyA hai, jo rati-arati chor3akara zAMta huA hai, jo ihaloka aura paraloka ke bAre meM anAsakta banA hai, jisakI tRSNA aura bhavavAsanA naSTa huI hai, jo upajIvikA ke lie bhaviSyakathanAdi kA upayoga nahIM karatA, madhu-makkhI kI taraha anyoM ko pIr3A na dete hae gahasthiyoM se jo zuddhAhAra pAtA hai, bhUkha, pyAsa, dhUpa, zIta Adi kI pIr3A jo zAntabhAva se sahatA hai, ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha ina mahAvratoM kA dakSatA se pAlana kara ugra tapa se jo karmamala ko dagdha karatA hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai / 20 ___ bhagavAn buddha ko vAdavivAda meM parAjita karane ke lie pA~ca sau brAhmaNoM kA pratinidhi banakara azvalAyana zrAvastI meM gyaa| 'brAhmaNa hI sarvazreSTha hai' yaha siddha karane ke lie vaha bhagavAn buddha se vAdavivAda karane lgaa| yaha prasaMga bahuta dilacaspa hai| 12. lakSmIbAI bikaka yAMcI 'smRticitta' / 13. suttanipAta, 3-6-16; 14. 3-6-21; 15. 3-6-23; 16. 3-6.24; 17. 3-6-26 / 18. jahApomaM jale jAyaM novalippai vaarinnaa| evaM alitta kAmehiM taM vayaM buma bAhaNaM // -uttarAdhyayana 25-27 16. vAri pokkharapatte dha Aragoriva saaspo| yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM // --suttanipAta 3-6-32 20. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 25-18 se 86 aura suttanipAta 3.6.27 se 54 /

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120 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA azvalAyana-he gautama, brAhmaNa hI sarvazreSTha haiM, zeSa saba hIna haiM, isalie brAhmaNa zuddha haiM; kyoMki ve brahmA ke muMha se nirmita usake uttarAdhikArI putra haiN| bha0 buddha-anya striyoM kI taraha brAhmaNoM kI striyA~ bhI RtumatI hotI haiN| anyoM kI taraha ve bhI saMtAna ko janma detI haiM, to brAhmaNoM meM aisI kaunasI vizeSatA hai ? azvalAyana-to bhI brAhmaNa svarga ke adhikArI haiM, vaise anya koI nhiiN| bha0 buddha-taba prANahatyA, mRSAvAda, corI, vyabhicAra, surApAna, mAMsAzana Adi durAcAroM se anya varNa kI taraha kyA brAhmaNa naraka meM nahIM jAte ? azvalAyana-jAte to haiN| lekina ve dharmAtmA haiM, yaha vizeSa bAta hai| bha0 buddha-ina pApAcaraNoM kA tyAga sirpha brAhmaNa hI kara sakate haiM, anya koI karate nahIM, aisI to bAta nahIM na ? azvalAyana-nahIM, nhiiN| tyAga saba karate haiN| para brAhmaNa santAnoM meM vaMzaparamparA kI vizeSatA prakaTa hotI hai| bha0 buddha-ghor3I aura gadhA se jaisA khaccara paidA hotA hai, vaise brAhmaNI aura zUdra ke sambandha se kyA anya kisI prANI ko nimiti hotI hai ? azvalAyana-aisI bAta nhiiN| lekina brAhmaNoM meM saMskAravidhi kA antara hai| bha0 buddha-jisake upanayanAdi saMskAra hue haiM, aisA brAhmaNa pApI, durAcArI ho aura jisa para koI bhI saMskAra nahIM hue, aisA zUdra sadAcArI puNyAtmA ho, to kisako mahattva denA cAhie? azvalAyana-sadAcArI puNyAtmA ko| azvalAyana brAhmaNa jJAnI aura vivekI thaa| 'AcAra se hI manuSya zuddha-azuddha hotA hai,-bhagavAn kA yaha kahanA usane mAna liyA aura vaha unakA upAsaka bnaa|21 21. majjhimanikAya--assalAyanasutta-83 /

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varNAzrama vyavasthA kA vivecana 121 ___ manuSya janma se na brAhmaNa hotA hai na abrAhmaNa / 22 vaha karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hotA hai / 23 zramaNa saMskRti ke Upara diye gaye sUtroM se hI zvapAka jAti kA harikezibala 24 Atmonnati ke lie muni bnaa| citrasaMbhUta 25 nAmaka cAMDAla yuvakoM ne muni banakara AtmakalyANa kiyA / yazoja 26 kevaTa kula kA thA, sopAka 27 cAMDAla thA, upAli 28 nAI thA aura sunota29 bhaMgo thA / vaizAlI kI nagaravadha AmrapAlI 30bha. buddha ke upadeza se thero banI / sthUlibhadra ne apanI pUrva AyuSya kI priyA kozA gaNikA ko bha. mahAvIra ke AcAra-pradhAna unnata patha para agrasara kiyaa| svacaDaMdI vasUdattA 2 kaMTakAryA bnii| ghara ke naukara ke sAtha jAne vAlI paTAcArI 3 jo pagalI hogaI thI, vaha bha. buddha ke upadeza se bhikSuNI bnii| kuberasenA gaNikA ke udara meM se paidA hae kuberadatta aura kuberadattA 34 karma ko vicitratA dekhakara muni aura AryikA bane / nirlajja vezyA vimalA35 Arya mahAmogAllAyana ke upadeza se upAsikA tathA bhikSuNI banI / zramaNa saMskRti ke die hae vizAla sadAcArI karma zikSA ke upadezoM se hIna, zUdra, pAtakI aise aneka jIvoM kA uddhAra huaa| vaise hI cAturvarNa para hI nirdhArita tathAkathita brAhmaNa saMskRti kI ora dekhA jAe, to vibhinna jAtiyoM meM mahAn vibhUtiyA~ huI haiM aura ho rahI haiM, yaha dikhAI detA hai| brAhmaNoM meM droNAcArya ke samAna yoddhA hue| kSatriya kulotpanna janaka rAjA brahmajJAnI the| pArAzara se utpanna 22. na jaccA brAhmaNo hoti na jaccA hoti abraahmnno| -suttanipAta 3-6-37 23. kammuNA baMbhaNo hoi kammuNA hoi khttio| vaiso kammuNA hoi suddo havai kammuNA // -uttarAdhyayanasUtra 25-23 24. uttarAdhyayana 12; 25. sukhabodhA brahmadatta kahA 13; 26. theragAthA 17; 27. theragAthA 27; 28. theragAthA 180; 26. theragAthA 242 / . 30. therIgAthA 65, 31. kumArapAla pratibodha-sthUlibhadrakathA / 32. vasUdevahiMdI (bhA0 1); 33. therIgAthA 47; 34. jaMbukumAra cariya; 35. therIgAthA 36 /

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122 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA malAhina ke putra vyAsa mahAn RSi khlaae| pathikoM ko lUTane vAlA bAlyA DAkU bAlmIki RSi bnaa| ___mAnavatA kA sahI nirmANa karake mAnava jAti ko sampanna banAne kA hI aneka draSTAoM kA uddezya rahA hai| lekina unake svArthI anuyAyiyoM ne janma para hI jAti dharma ko nirbharita samajha kara Apasa meM dveSabhAva kA nirmANa kiyA / dharma ke nAma para mAnavI rakta kI nadiyA~ bahAyI gaIM aura Aja bhI baha rahI haiM / aisI sthiti mAnavoM meM saccI mAnavatA kA nirmANa karane ke lie nimnalikhita vacana ko mana-vacanakAyA se aGgIkAra karanA hogA : "vAstavika vaira se vaira kabhI nahIM bujhatA, prema se hI zAnta hotA hai| yahI zAzvata dharma hai|"36 -DA. mAdhava zrI raNadive 36. dhammapada 7-5 / N STO0 0 0 00

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jI zramaNa saMskRti : paramparAe~ tathA Adhunika yugabodha STkTara baijanAthapurI ne saMskRti tathA sabhyatA ke antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki saMskRti Abhyantara hai tathA sabhyatA bAhya / saMskRti kA sambandha nizcaya hI dhArmika vizvAsa se hai / hamAre deza meM do saMskRti mukhya rahI haiM (1) zramaNa saMskRti, (2) brAhmaNa saMskRti | yaha nirvivAda hai ki brAhmaNa saMskRti meM yajJayAga tathA tajjanita hiMsA karmakANDa janmanA jAti tathA varNa kA prAdhAnya thA / tathA zramaNa saMskRti meM yajJa yAga kA karmakAMDa ke rUpa meM koI alaga se prAvadhAna nahIM thA, apitu yajJa kA tAtparya AtmalakSya kiyA jAtA thA / isa kAraNa yajJa se sambadhita hiMsA tathA karmakANDa kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotA thA, kisI bhI varNa yA jAti ke ucca-nIca kA prazna usake karmoM se nizcita hone kA prAvadhAna thA / tAtparya yaha hai ki zramaNa saMskRti jaina tathA bauddha dharma se prabhAvita thI tathA brAhmaNa saMskRti veda-vedAMga se / jaina sAhitya meM "zrImada AcArAMga sUtra" kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai jo bhASAzAstriyoM ke mata se prAcInatama kRti hai / usameM batAyA gayA hai ki "jitane tIrthaGkara pUrva meM hue haiM athavA bhaviSya meM hoMge, vaha saba yahI kahate haiM ki sabhI prANI, sabhI bhUta, sabhI satvoM ko daNDAdi se nahIM mAranA cAhie, una para AjJA nahIM calAnA cAhie, unako dAsa ko bhA~ti apane adhikAra meM nahIM rakhanA cAhie / unako zArIrika, mAnasika saMtApa nahIM denA cAhie, na unheM prANoM se rahita karanA cAhie / yahI dharma zuddha, nitya tathA zAzvata hai / " jaisA ki Upara kahA gayA hai zramaNa saMskRti jaina tathA bauddha dharma se anuprANita rahI hai, jaina dharma vAstava meM kisI vizeSa prakAra ke karmakANDa tathA rUr3hiyoM ke pAlana kA nAma nahIM hai / apitu jaina dharma mAnava hI nahIM, samasta prANijagat ke uddhAra kA mArgadarzaka hai / 123

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124 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA mAnava AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNoM kA vikAsa karake mokSa kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| isa kAraNa use viziSTa nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAnA ucita nahIM hai| lekhaka ke mata meM prAgatihAsika kAla meM usakA koI vizeSa nAma bhI nahIM thaa| use 'Atma dharma" kahA jAtA thaa| kintu pazcAtavartI yuga meM use nigraMtha dharma" kahA jAne lagA aura bAda meM isa kAraNa ki usake upadeSTA "jina" the ataH usakA "jaina dhama' nAmakaraNa ho gyaa| jo bhI ho, itanA spaSTa hai ki vaha anAdi, ananta hai| mAnava-samAja tathA sRSTi anAdi hai, isalie yaha "Atma dharma" bhA anAdi hai| phira bhI upalabdha jaina sAhitya para se zramaNa saMskRti kI paramparA ke sUtra dekhane hoMge / vartamAna ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara (jina) meM sabase pahale RSabhadeva kA nAma AtA hai, jo samAja vyavasthA kA sUtrapAta karane vAle prathama rAjA, prathama jina tathA prathama dharmopadeSTA the| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra 14 kulakara tathA vaidika mAnyatA ke anusAra 14 manu hote haiN| isameM aMtima "nAbhirAya" the| (cAhe inheM kulakara kahA jAe yA manu kintu donoM mAnyatA meM nAbhirAya sAmAnya hai) unake putra RSabhadeva haiM, yaha yUga-itihAsa kI paha~ca ke pare haiM, kintu zrI madabhAgavata ke anusAra RSabhadeva ( nAbhirAya ke putra ) mokSa mArga ke upadezaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha the| unheM vAsudeva kA aSTama avatAra mAnA gayA hai / brAhmaNa paramparA ke anya sAhitya meM bhI unakA ullekha ucca koTi kA hai| moTe taura para zramaNa saMskRti kA udgama RSabha deva se kahA jA sakatA hai| usake pazcAt ke 20 tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM vistRta mAhiti nahIM miltii| kintu 22veM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi (nemInAtha) zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI the aura unakA ullekha Rgveda meM AtA hai| yUropoya kaI vidvAnoM ne vizeSakara maiksamUlara' ne bha. pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA svIkAra kI hai|| tAtparya yaha hai ki yaha saba mahApuruSa zramaNa saMskRti ke unnAyaka 1. That Parshva was a historical person is admitted by all as very probably. ___-"Sacred book of the east," Vol XLV-Introduction, Page 21.

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zramaNa saMskRti : paramparAe~ tathA Adhunika yugabodha 125 1 jaisA ki Upara batalAyA gayA hai, brAhmaNa saMskRti kA mUla AdhAra yajJa-yAgAdi thA, jisako sampanna karane ke lie pazu hiMsA Avazyaka mAna lI gaI thI / brAhmaNoM ke dvArA yajJa sampanna hote the / yajJa meM pazu hiMsA ko hiMsA na mAne jAne kA prAvadhAna kara diyA gayA - (vaidikI hiMsA, hiMsA na bhavati ) / yajJoM ke lie kRSi yogya pazu homa diye jAte the / pariNAma yaha huA ki deza kA kRSaka varga duHkhI ho gayA / yajJakarttA rAjA apane sainikoM ke dvArA kRSi -upayogI pazu pakar3avA kara maMgA letA aura yaha amAnavIya kRtya brAhmaNoM ke nirdeza tathA izAre para hotA thA / pariNAmataH janamAnasa meM brAhmaNoM ke sambandha meM kSobha bar3ha gayA / yaha satya hai ki jina brAhmaNoM ke viruddha jana-mAnasa meM krodha, kSobha bar3hA, vaha brAhmaNa saMskRti ke hAmI the / kintu aise bhI kaI vicAraka brAhmaNa the, jo janmanA brAhmaNa hote hue bhI zramaNa saMskRti ke hAmI the yA hAmI ho gaye the| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 11 pramukha ziSya ( gaNadhara ) svayaM brAhmaNa the / jo zramaNa saMskRti ke kevala hAmI hI nahIM, apitu puraskartA the / yaha spaSTa hai ki vedakAlIna brAhmaNa saMskRti nivRttigAmI nahIM thI, apitu pravRttigAmI thii| RSi-muni adhikatara gRhastha hote the / unake dvArA kI huI prArthanAe~ adhikatara bhautika samRddhi ke lie yA prAkRtika Apatti se rakSA ke lie huA karatI thI / hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadkAla meM yaha krama parivartana ho gayA / RSi-muni adhyAtmapradhAna AtmavidyA meM bhI nipuNa the| kaI kSatriya to Atma-vidyA meM itane pravINa the ki brAhmaNa unake pAsa jAkara zikSA prApta karate the / jaisA ki chAMdogyopaniSad meM RSi putra zvetaketu aura pravAhaNa kSatriya ke saMvAda se spaSTa hai / isI prakAra bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad ke chaTha adhyAya meM rAjA pravAhaNa ne AruNI se kahA ki "isake pUrva yaha adhyAtma vidyA kisI brAhmaNa ke pAsa nahIM rahI, vaha maiM tumheM batAU~gA / " saMbhavataH yahI kAraNa thA ki jana mAnasa meM usa yuga meM brAhmaNa varcasva kama ho gayA tathA kSatriya varcasva uttarottara tarakkI karatA gayA / jana-mAnasa brAhmaNa ko Adara kI dRSTi se nahIM dekhatA thA / isI pRSThabhUmi meM yaha dhAraNA utpanna huI ki jaina tIrthaMkara kA janma brAhmaNa kula meM na hokara kSatriya kula meM hotA hai / brAhmaNaparamparA meM bhI vAmana tathA parazurAma ko chor3akara saba avatAra kSatriya kula meM hI janme the /

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126 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ____ vedakAlIna paristhiti meM jahA~ mAnava kA cintana kevala bhautika samRddhi ke lie thA, upaniSadkAla meM vaha cintana kucha AdhyAtmika hogayA / svarga Adi ke sambandha meM mAnava ne cintana to kiyA kintu phira bhI mAnava samAja bar3I tIvratA se zAMti kI khoja meM thaa| upaniSadakAlIna AtmavidyA se bhI use santoSa nahIM huaa| mAnava samAja kA antima lakSya "mukti" thA aura vaha usakI prApti ke upAya kI khoja meM thaa| kahanA na hogA ki AtmA mUlataH zuddha-buddha hai| maulika rUpa se paramAtmA athavA sAdhAraNa AtmA ko Potentiality meM koI bheda nahIM thaa| kevala bheda yaha thA ki eka rAga-dveSa ke bandhana se mukta thI tathA dUsarI baMdhanayukta thI, jaisA ki kahA gayA hai : "zuddho'si buddho'si niraJjano'si / saMsAramAyA * parivajito'si // " "siddhA jaisA jova hai, jIva sohI siddha hoya / karmamaila kA antarA, bujhe viralA koya // " prazna yaha ki AtmA rAga-dveSa ke bandhanoM se kisa prakAra mukta ho / tatkAlIna mAnava pratyeka lakSya kI prApti ke lie Izvara athavA devatA kA anugraha prApta karake icchita lakSya pUrti kA mArga jAnatA thaa| zramaNa saMskRti ke prathama udgAtA bhagavAn RSabhadeva tathA zramaNa saMskRti ke mahAn unnAyaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ne yaha udghoSa kiyA ki 'mAnava ! tumako kisI Izvara yA devatA kI gulAmI kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, svayaM AtmA zubha-azubha karmoM ko kartA hai aura vahI svayaM bandhanamukta ho sakatI hai| tuma hI svayaM ke mitra tathA zatra ho|" "appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhAga ya / appAmittamamittaM ca duppaThyi supaThiThao / / appA naI veyaraNI, appA me kUDa saamlii| appA kAma duhA gheraNa , appA me naMdaraNaMvaraNaM // " tAtparya yaha hai ki bha0 mahAvIra ne pravAha ke viruddha mAnava ko uccatA kA ghoSa kiyA aura usameM AtmavizvAsa jgaayaa| "nahi mAnuSAt zreSThataraM hi kiMcit / "

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zramaNa saMskRti : paramparAe~ tathA Adhunika yugabodha 127 unhoMne karma ke siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa kiyA, tathA spaSTa kara diyA ki karmaphala se saMsAra kA koI mahAn vyakti bhI nahIM baca sakatA / sukarma tathA duSkarma kA anta hone se ho jIvanmukta avasthA prApta hotI hai| yUropIya vidvAnoM ne zramaNa saMskRti ke unnAyakoM meM jina mahApuruSoM kI aitihAsikatA mAnI hai, unameM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha pramukha haiM / unhoMne AtmA ke karmasamUha ko naSTa karane tathA zubha jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie "cAturyAma dharma" kA pratipAdana kiyaa| prasiddha bauddha vidvAn sva0 zrI gharmAnandajI kosAmbI ne apanI pustaka "pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma" kI prastAvanA meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki "Aja jo kucha zramaNa saMskRti zeSa bacI hai, usake Adiguru pArzvanAtha haiM aura buddha ke samAna yaha bhI zraddheya haiM / ' isI pustaka ke pRSTha 14 meM aGkita kiyA hai ki 11 " tripiTaka meM nigranthoM kA ullekha aneka sthAnoM para huA hai / usase aisA dikhAI detA hai ki nirgrantha sampradAya buddha se varSoM pahale se maujUda thA / aMguttaranikAya meM yaha ullekha pAyA jAtA hai ki a nAma kA zAkya nirgranthoM kA zrAvaka thA / usa sutta kI anukathA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha bappa buddha kA cAcA thA / arthAt yoM kahanA par3atA hai ki buddha ke janma ke pahale yA unakI choTI umra meM hI nirgranthoM kA dharma zAkya deza meM pahu~ca gayA thA / mahAvIra svAmI buddha ke samakAlIna the / ataH yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki yaha dharmapracAra unhoMne nahIM balki unake pahale ke nirgranthoM ne kiyA thA / " --- zramaNa saMskRti ke puraskartA bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA unake samakAlIna zAkya putra gautama buddha to the hI kintu lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI meM racita nizItha cUrNi meM zramaNoM meM nirgrantha, zAkya, tApasa, gairika, AjIvakoM kI gaNanA bhI kI gaI hai / AjIvaka sampradAya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI maujUda thA aura yaha kahA jAtA hai ki nirgrantha dharma tathA Ajovaka sampradAya ke AcAra eka-dUsare ke nikaTa the| hAlA~ki jaina sAhitya meM gozAlaka ko nihnava batAyA gayA hai aura trirAzivAda ko chaThA nihnavamata aGkita kiyA gayA hai / isake anuyAyiyoM ko AjIvaka mata kA anukarttA batAyA gayA hai / isake pratiSThAtA kalpasUtra ke anusAra Arya mahAgiri ke ziSya rohagupta the / gozAlaka ke atirikta pUraNakazyapa, ajita keza kambala, pakudha

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128 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA kAtyAyana, saMjaya beli puTa bhI zramaNa saMskRti ke pracAraka the| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha bhI jina kahalAte the| lekhaka ke mata meM zramaNa saMskRti jIvana meM sadAcAra ke uccatama niyamoM ko aGgIkAra karane para adhika jora detI thii| usameM saiddhAntika bArIkiyoM tathA usameM utpanna upa praznoM kA adhika mahattva nahIM mAnA gayA / yahI kAraNa hai ki digambara tathA zvetAmbara (jinameM vistAra kI gaI bAtoM meM kAphI matabheda hai, phira bhI) donoM ko zramaNa saMskRti meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / yaha kitane Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki bha0mahAvIra ke yuga meM sAdhu nagna tathA vastrasahita rahate the, donoM ke AcAra meM kucha bheda bhI thA / cAhe unheM jinakalpI tathA sthavira kalpo kaheM, para donoM kA samAveza bha0 mahAvIra ke zAsana meM thaa| donoM Adara tathA zraddhA ke pAtra the / bAraha varSIya duSkAla ke samaya kucha sAdhu dakSiNa meM cale gaye tathA kucha sAdhu anya kSetra meM / kheda hai, duSkAla ke pazcAt paraspara milana ke samaya uccatva tathA nimnatva kI bhAvanA haI aura digambara tathA zvetAmbara do paramparA kA AvirbhAva ho gayA / vAstava meM yaha Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki jo nirgranthadharma anekAntavAda kA hAmI hone ke kAraNa paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM kA samanvaya kara sakane kA dAvA karatA thA, usI ke anuyAyI 2500 varSoM meM paraspara ke matabhedoM kA samanvaya nahIM kara ske| yaha satya hai ki isa lambe kAla meM kaI prabhAvazAlI AcArya hue jinhoMne dUsare sampradAya ke prati udAratA kA bhAva rakhA aura isa prakAra samanvaya kA mArga prazasta karane meM sahAyaka hue, kintu unheM isameM saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadi hama zramaNa saMskRti ke mukhya AdhAroM ko leM to isa niSkarSa para bhI pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kevala bhAratIya dharma hI nahIM apitu bAIbila meM bhI isI prakAra ke vicAra milate haiN| bAIbila eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, jisakA prabhAva kevala pazcima jagat para hI nahIM apitu araba tathA dUsare islAmI dezoM para bhI paryApta rUpa se par3A hai| bAIbila ke anusAra paramezvara ne ( yahovA ) mUsA se parvata ke zikhara para se (Semon of the mount) yaha Adeza diyA hai jinheM New tetament kahA jAtA hai| ina daza AjJAoM kA avalokana kareM to yaha jJAta hogA ki inameM se kaI hamArI zramaNa saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra jaisI hI haiN|

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zramaNa saMskRti : paramparAe~ tathA Adhunika yugabodha 126 vAstava meM zramaNa saMskRAti ahiMsApradhAna, kamapradhAna tathA puruSArthapradhAna rahI hai, jaisA ki isa lekha ke pUrvArddha meM batAyA gayA hai| isa saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA hai, vaha ahiMsA kevala nakArAtmaka nahIM apitu vidheyAtmaka bhI hai| jahA~ vaha hiMsA na karane kA prAvadhAna karatI hai, vahIM samasta prANijagat se maitrI, karuNA evaM pramoda kA bhI upadeza detI hai| usakA mUla mantra hai : "satveSu maitrI guriNaSu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpAparatvam / mAdhyasthabhAvaM viparIta vRttI, sadA mamAtmA viddhAtu deva // " yaha bhI dhyAna rakhane yogya hai ki ahiMsA kevala prANI ke prANanAza karane taka hI sImita nahIM hai apitU Arthika kSetra meM arthajanya dveSa, IrSyA Adi ko samApta karane ke lie aparigraha ( icchA parimANa vratta) kA upadeza bhI karatI hai / apane rahana-sahana meM sAtvikatA ho, AvazyakatAeM sImita hoM, isake lie upabhogaparibhogaparimANa vratta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki mAnava-samAja meM zoSaNa ko vRddhi na ho| isI prakAra anekAMtavAda kA vidhAna karake bauddhika ahiMsA kA mArga prazasta kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ke prabhAva ke sambandha meM ekabAra sva0 lokamAnya tilaka ne kahA thA ki brAhmaNoM para jainoM kI ahiMsA kA bahata prabhAva par3A hai| yaha eka prasiddha ghaTanA hai ki jainoM ke 22 veM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ( neminAtha ) jaba vivAha ke lie pahu~ce, unhoMne vahA~ eka pazu gRha meM pazuoM kI ArtapukAra sunI tathA jaba unheM yaha jJAta huA ki yaha atithiyoM ke bhojana ke lie badha kiye jAveMge taba vApasa ho gye| vivAha asvIkAra kara diyaa| sahasroM varSa purAnI isa ghaTanA ne saurASTra ke jana-jIvana meM ahiMsA kA jo bIjAropaNa kiyA, usakI jhA~kI Aja bhI vahA~ dekhI jA sakatI hai| saurASTra meM pazu-pakSiyoM kI zAlAe~ Aja bhI dekhI jAtI haiM tathA jaina, jainetara loga utsAhapUrvaka pazu-rakSA karate haiM / yaha bhI eka suvijJa bAta hai ki hamAre deza ke janajIvana meM abhI bhI zAkAhAra ko uttama mAnate haiN| yaha jaina ahiMsA kA prabhAva hai, hAlA~ki gata kucha varSoM kI paristhiti tathA viruddha pracAra ke kAraNa sthiti meM parivartana hotA jA rahA hai, kintu eka bAta binA saMkoca ke svIkAra kI jAnI cAhie ki ahiMsA

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130 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA (prANivadha ) ke atirikta anekAMta, aparigraha, jAtiprathA Adi (jo zramaNa saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra the) para svayaM jaina samAja ne adhika jora nahIM diyaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki zramaNa saMskRti ko majabUta nahIM banAyA jA sakA / kevala jaina samAja ke hI kaI vibhAga, bhAga, upavibhAga ho ge| koI khAI ko nahIM pATa sakA / aparigraha kI to viDambanA hai| lekhaka ke eka videzI mitra ne usase vyaMgyapUrNa jijJAsA ko ki' aparigraha kA upadeza dene vAle jaina dharma ke anuyAyI (jana sAdhu nahIM) gRhasthoM meM aparigraha kA koI AkarSaNa nahIM hai / karmaNA jAti kA udghoSa karane vAle mahAn puruSa ko vANI para samAja ne koI amala nahIM kiyaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki hameM isa dizA kI apanI asaphalatA svIkAra karanI caahie| ___ yadi yaha kahA jAe to atyukti na hogI ki hamameM vaicArika jar3atA itanI A cukI hai ki bha0 pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra, buddha jaise mahAna krAMtikArI mahApuruSoM ke anuyAyI hone ke bAvajUda bhI hama lakIra ke phakIra ho cuke haiN| saMskRti vAstava meM vikRti hotI jA rahI hai| hamAre mana mastiSka meM koI nayA unmeSa nahIM hotaa| isa vikRta paristhiti meM Adhunika yuga kI samasyAoM se jajhane, usakA hala nikAlakara mAnava jAti kA utthAna karane kI kSamatA nahIM rahI hai| sAdhu-samAja kI sthiti bar3I vicitra hotI jA rahI hai| hama zabda ( jar3a ) ke gulAma hote jA rahe haiN| una zabdoM ke pIche jo bhAvanA Spirit hai, usako dekhakara preraNA prApta karane kA hamameM sAhasa nahIM rahA hai| acche-bure, pApa-puNya kA nirNaya bAhya paristhiti se karake dharmI tathA pApI hone kA pramANa patra de dete haiM, jaba ki zramaNa saMskRti meM antarvRtti para adhika jora diyA jAtA rahA hai| yadi zramaNa saMskRti ko tAruNya pradAna karanA hai, to Adhunika samaya ke Challange ko svIkAra karake samasyAoM kA hala nikAlanA hogaa| Aja samasyA kevala vyaktigata jIvana kI nahIM, apitu samAja ke jIvana kI hai, rASTra ke jIvana kI hai| samAja tathA rASTra meM vyApta viSamatA miTAkara samatA prasthApita karanA hogA, jo ki zramaNa ke jIvana kA mahattvapUrNa aGga hai / jaina granthoM meM kahA gayA hai ki "samayAe samaNo hoI, vaMbhacereNa vNbhrgo| nANeraNa ya muraNI hoI, taveNa hoI taavso||" kAza ! hama saba jaina, bauddha tathA aura jo zramaNa saMskRti ke unnayana ke icchuka haiM, navacintana ke sAtha vyApaka kArya prArambha kareM!* --zrI saubhAgyamala jaina, aiDavokeTa

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13/ zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvajanInatA kA prazna : amerikA aura eziyA kI vismayakArI vaijJAnika upalabdhiyA~ apratyAzita upalabdhiyA~ nahIM haiN| manuSya kA mastiSka nirantara anusandhAnazIla rahA hai| ina upalabdhiyoM kA mUla sUdUra atIta meM hai| nIMva ke patthara kA pradarzana nahIM hotA hai, kintu nIMva kA patthara na ho to zikhara jo AkAza ko tarapha uThA huA hotA hai, jo sabakI A~khoM meM camakatA rahatA hai, usakA koI astitva hI nahIM ho / Aja kI ina mahattvapUrNa upalabdhiyoM ke pIche pUrvakAlIna agaNita logoM kI sAdhanA kA rahasya hai| zramaNa saMskRti se merA tAtparya hai-jIvana kI saMskRti / jJAna, vijJAna, cintana aura anusaMdhAna ko saMskRti / jaina, bauddha, vaidika Adi ko bhAratIya paramparA meM tathA isI prakAra grIka, mizra aura bebIloniyA kI videzo paramparA meM jisa samRddha saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai, usI saMskRti ke irdagirda Aja kA cintana ghUma rahA hai / unhIM paramparAgata mUla tattvoM kA Aja bhASya aura pariSkAra ho rahA hai / unhIM ko naI paribhASAe~ ho rahI haiM / koI naI bAta nahIM hai, koI nayA sRjana nahIM hai / kevala prayoga kI pradhAnatA ne unheM adhika pariSkRta avazya kara diyA hai, aura pariSkAra ke kAraNa hI usakA alaga astitva parilakSita ho rahA hai| jJAna aura vijJAna ke kSitija kI kaunasI dizA zUnya rahI hai, jisa para atIta ke vicArakoM kI dRSTi na gayI ho ? sAmAjika jIvana, rAjanItika vyavasthA, Arthika prabandha, vidyArthI jIvana, adhyayana krama, bhUgola. khagola, paramANu, dhyAna, mana, AtmA, paramAtmA --ina tamAma viSayoM para socA gayA hai aura Aja naye sire se unhIM viSayoM kI kevala punarAvRtti ho rahI hai / udAharaNa 131

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132 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ke lie Aja kI khoja hai, candra ! hajAroM varSa pUrva AkAza ke isa graha para prazna uThe the aura jitane sAdhana samAdhAna ke unake pAsa the, unhoMne una sAdhanoM se samAdhAna karane kA prayatna kiyA thA / Aja kA samAdhAna kevala nayA hai, kintu jijJAsA aura jijJAsA kA Subject vahI hai, isI taraha paramANu vartamAna anusaMdhAna kA mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai| mana bahucarcita viSaya hai, dhyAna ke lie utsukatA hai, ina viSayoM se prAcIna graMtha bhare par3e haiN| merA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai ki Aja ke manuSya ke pAsa koI naI bAta nahIM hai, yA koI naI khoja nahIM hai| maiM kevala itanA hI saMketa karanA cAhatI hU~ ki jisa saMskRti ke udgama meM ananta vyApakatA ko sparza karane kA aparimeya sAmarthya thA, Aja usake hAtha se ye viSaya nikala gae haiN| candra, mana aura paramANa Adi viSayoM para Aja ke vaijJAnikoM kI dhAraNAe~ prAmANika mAnI jAtI haiM, unakI paribhASAe~ zAstra bana gaI haiM aura prAcIna granthoM evaM saMskRtiyoM ke pakSadharoM evaM adhyetAoM kI bAtoM ko aprAmANika karAra diyA jA rahA hai| aisA kyoM ho rahA hai ? Occultism kI kucha bAteM siddhAnta ke rUpa meM unake pAsa raha gaI haiN| DA0 khurAnA kI jIna thiyarI kI pUrNa khoja ke bAda ve una rahasyoM ke sambandha meM bhI kucha nahIM kaha skeNge| taba kyA kevala atIta ke gauravapUrNa adhyAyoM kI prazaMsA mAtra se bhaviSya meM apanA sthAna surakSita rakha sakeMge? kabhI nahIM / vartamAna ko sthiti asthira ho cukI hai, bhaviSya isase bhI adhika ugratAvAdI A rahA hai| atIta ke vicAra ko antima satya mAnane ke kAraNa saskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA eka taraha samAptaprAya ho gaI hai| saMkIrNatA aura pratibaddhatA ne usakI vyApakatA ko kucala diyA hai| saMskRti kI sArvajanInatA ke gaurava kI surakSA sArvabhaumika banane meM hai, saMkIrNa banane meM nhiiN| vartamAna ke parikaroM se haTakara kevala atIta meM jIne ke prayatna ne saMskRti ko kSINa aura kamajora banA diyA hai| naye saMzodhana aura naye saMpAdana ke sandarbha se pRthaka nahIM, kintu usI ke sAtha calakara zramaNa saMskRti sArvabhauma bana sakatI hai|* -sAdhvI zrI caMdanAjI, darzanAcArya

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14 zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA : saMsAra ke vibhinna mahApuruSoM ne apane-apane dezoM meM sthiti aura samaya ke anusAra vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kA jIvana saphala aura sArthaka banAne ke lie jo vicAra die, bhale hI unameM deza, kAla, paristhiti ke kAraNa bhinnatA ho, phira bhI usake mUla meM jo tattva hai, usameM pramukha svara yahI rahatA hai ki mAnava kA jIvana saphala aura sArthaka kaise bne| phira bhI isa cintana meM kucha antara dikhAI de to usakI pArzvabhUmi yahI ho sakatI hai ki jahA~ cintana ke anukala yA pratikUla vAtAvaraNa meM cintana kI paramparA calI A rahI ho, vahA~ svAbhAvika hI usa cintana meM adhika gaharAI hogo| jahA~ paramparA lambe samaya se calo na AI ho to usakA rUpa kucha bhinna lgegaa| para anta meM sabhI sayAnoM ko ekamata para AnA hI hogaa| vaise saMsAra kI vicAradhArAe~ do pravAhoM meM ba~To huI mAlUma detI haiM-eka pAzcAtya vicAra paddhati, dUsarI paurvAtya vicAra paddhati / pAzcAtya vicAra paddhati yathArtha para AdhArita aura bahirmukhI haisvAbhAvika bhautikatA ko mahattva detI hai| jisameM bhautika sAdhanoM se mAnava ko sukhI banane kA adhika se adhika prayatna hai| paurvAtya vicAradhArA antarmukhI hone se AtmA kI supta-zaktiyoM ke vikAsa dvArA mAnava ko sukhI banAne meM prayatnazIla rahane se sahaja meM vaha saMyamapradhAna bana jAtI hai| phira bhI bhogapradhAna vicAradhArA meM bhI yadi mAnava-samAja ko ThIka se calAnA ho to kucha niyantraNa to apane Apa para lagAnA hI par3atA hai| kyoMki saMyama ke binA manuSya kabhI sukhI bana hI nahIM sktaa| jinhoMne saMyama para adhika jora diyA ho usa vicAradhArA aura 133

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134 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA bhoga-pradhAna vicAradhArA ke pracalana ke viSaya meM jaba hama gaharAI se adhyayana karane ke lie prastuta hote haiM to jahA~ saMyamapradhAna vicAradhArA pracalita hai vahA~ kI vicAradhArA ke pracalita hone meM sthAnIya paristhiti kA kyA hissA thA, isa para cintana karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti tathA sAmAjika jIvana sukha se, surakSita aura samAdhAnapUrvaka cale, isalie bhautika sAdhanoM kA jarUrata rahatI hai / unake binA samAja kA dhAraNa, poSaNa tathA rakSaNa Thoka se nahIM ho sakatA / para jaba koI samAja apano buddhikauzalya se ina cIjoM kA utpAdana jarUrata se adhika bar3hA letA hai taba usa samRddha sthiti se bhI samAja meM asantoSa paidA adhika hotA hai / samAja meM sukha, lAlasA yA tRSNA ke bar3hane se asaMtoSa, pratispardhA, IrSyA, saMgharSa bar3hate haiM, phalataH mAnavazakti mAnavajAti ko sukhI banAne kI apekSA mAnavajAti ke nAza aura usake akalyANa kI ora bar3hatI hai / aura bhArata meM yahI huA / bhArata ke prAcIna nivAsI bAhya aura bhautika sukhoM se Atmika sukhoM kI ora adhika dhyAna dete the / dhyAna aura Atma-sAdhanA meM vizvAsa karate the aura zAMti se apanA jIvana bitA rahe the / unake samaya meM kalA kA bhI vikAsa dikhAI detA hai aura isa nAgarika saMskRti ke zahara kAphI vyavasthita aura sukhadAyI pratIta hote haiM / para jaba bAhara se Aye hue AryoM ke sAtha saMgharSa huA to usameM unakI hAra huI | bhale hI yuddha meM hAra huI ho, para bhautika sukhoM ko prAdhAnya dene vAlI Arya saMskRti para unhone vijaya pAI aura donoM ke samanvaya se bhAratIya saMskRti kA janma huA jisake darzana upaniSad va mahAbhAratakAla meM hote haiM / bhAratIya samRddhikAla kI dRSTi se mahAbhArata kA samaya suvarNayuga kA mAnA jA sakatA hai / jaba peTa kI samasyA saMtoSajanaka rIti se. sulajha jAtI hai taba vidyA, vijJAna, sAhitya, kalA tathA saMskRti kA vikAsa hotA hai, aura vaha mahAbhArata kAla meM dikhAI detA hai / yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kI jIvana kI jarUrateM pUrI karane ke lie sAdhanoM kI pracuratA dikhAI detI hai / usa kAla meM loga samRddha the aura vividha

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zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA 135 kalAoM kI unnati bhI usa samaya kAphI huI thii| mayAsura dvArA pAMDavoM kA banAyA bhavana itanA kalApUrNa thA ki jahA~ jala kA bindu na ho vahA~ jala dikhAI detA thA aura jala kI pUSkaraNI isa prakAra dikhAI detI thI mAno sUkhI jamIna ho| para isa samRddhi ne sadguNoM ke adhika vikAsa kI jagaha IrSyA, dveSa, matsara Adi durguNoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| bhautika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha Atmika zaktiyoM kA vikAsa bhI usa kAla meM dikhAI detA hai, para bhautikatA ke Age AdhyAtmikatA kI durguNoM ke Age sadguNoM kI zakti kucha kama par3I, jisase dharma aura nyAya ke lie mahAbhArata kA yuddha huaa| jisane anyAya yA adharma ke pakSa ke nAza ke sAtha-sAtha nyAyI evaM dhArmika pakSa ko bhI itanA durbala banA diyA ki unakI jIta bhI hAra meM parivartita ho gii| usa samaya ke samajhadAra aura yuga ke mahApuruSa kRSNa dvArA lar3AI TAlane ke sabhI prayatna niSphala hue| yuddha huA aura usameM vijayI pakSa bhI itanA jarjara bana gayA ki vIra arjuna yAdava striyoM ko dasyuoM ke hAtha se bacA nahIM paaye| isa dAruNa sthiti ne cintakoM ko cintana ke lie bAdhya kiyaa| aura dikhAI detA hai ki bhautika sukhoM kI nissAratA samajhakara pravRtti mArga se nivRttimArga aura ahiMsAdi guNoM ke vikAsa kI ora logoM ko jAnA pdd'aa| ___ itihAsakAra aisA mAnate haiM ki mahAbhArata yuddha Aja se 3000 se 3500 varSoM pUrva huA hogaa| usa kAla meM hiMsA ke duSpariNAmoM kI samAja para jo pratikriyA huI usase RSi, muni, cintaka ahiMsA ko sarvazreSTha dharma mAnane lge| cAhe kitanA bhI bar3A AghAta lage para samAja meM parivartana eka sAya nahIM hotaa| samAja rUr3ha vicAroM ko jaldI nahIM chodd'taa| isa lie jina cintakoM ko pravRtti se nivRtti zreSTha mAlUma dI, bAhyasukhoM se Antarika sukhoM kA mUlya adhika mAlUma huA, ve gRha tyAgakara jaGgala meM jAkara AtmavikAsa kA prayatna karate the| usa samaya bhAratIya saMskRti meM samanvaya kAphI aMzoM meM ho gayA thA, phira bhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa do dhArAeM alaga-alaga pravA

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136 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA hita thiiN| ina donoM dhArAoM meM pahale jaMsI kaTutA yA saMgharSa nahIM raha gayA thA, para una vicAroM ko jIvana meM lAne ke viSaya meM aura kahA~ kisa vicAra ko adhika mahattva diyA jAe, isa viSaya meM matabheda dikhAI detA hai / brAhmaNa vicAradhArA bhI sama aura dama ko jIvanavikAsa meM Avazyaka to mAnatI thI, para ina vicAroM ko jIvana meM utArane ke lie eka vyavasthita kAryakrama usane banAyA / brahmacarya, gArhasthya, vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa - ye cAra Azrama banAye gae the / prArambha meM jJAnArjana yA sadguNa vikAsa, unakA jIvana meM AdhAna gRhasthI sambandhita karttavyoM ko sAmAjika banAne ke lie vAnaprastha, aura antima samaya meM sabhI kA tyAga - saMnyAsa yA nivRtti / parantu zramaNa vicAradhArA ne sama, dama, dharma ke pAlana ke lie samaya kI maryAdA na mAnakara hI vyakti cAhe jisa avasthA meM saMnyAsa yA nivRtti le sakatA hai, usameM samaya kI koI maryAdA nahIM rakhI aura na hI varNa kA bandhana hI rakhA / bhale hI cintakoM ke cintana meM vicAra parivartana kI prakriyA calatI ho, phira bhI bhautika sukhoM ke pIche lage loga unake pIche pUrI taraha se calane laga gaye hoM, aisA nahIM dIkhatA / isalie ahiMsA ke pariNAmoM se trasta bhArata meM hiMsA to cala hI rahI thI / bhautika sukhoM ko vidhivat banAne ke prayAsa bhI kucha hiMsA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle dhArmikoM kI ora se cala hI rahe the aura yajJa meM hiMsA banda ho gaI ho, aisA nahIM lagatA / RSi, muni aura cintakoM ko lagA ki ahiMsA RSi-muniyoM yA saMnyAsiyoM taka sImita na rahakara janasamAja meM vyApaka bananI cAhie aura isalie 2800 sAla pahale bhAratIya saMskRti ne eka manISI ko janma diyA jisakA nAma pArzva thA, jisane ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura aparigraha ko sAmAjika dharma banAne kA prayatna kiyA / bhale hI ina cAturyAoM kA pUrNarUpa se pAlana sarvasAmAnya vyaktiyoM ke lie sambhava na ho, phira bhI apanI zakti ke anusAra isa dharma kA pAlana kreN| lekina yaha cAturyAma sAmAjika dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho / usa yuga meM parigraha meM kevala dhana, sampatti hI nahIM, strI kA bhI samAveza hotA thA / isalie aparigraha meM brahmacarya kA samAveza ho hI jAtA thA /

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zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA 137 __ suprasiddha bauddha vidvAn sva. dharmAnandajI kausAmbI kahate haiM ki "pArzvanAtha ke isa cAturyAma dharma ko pA~ca yama ke rUpa meM brAhmaNa saMskRti ne svIkAra kiyaa| mahAvIra ne usakA paMca mahAvrata ke rUpa meM vistAra kiyaa| buddha ne aSTAMgika mArga ke rUpa meM aura IsA ne Tena kamAMDameNTsa ke rUpa meM inhIM cAturyAmoM kA vistAra kiyaa|" isa taraha zramaNasaMskRti kevala jaina yA bauddhoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahI varan usakA prabhAva sArvabhaumika bana gyaa| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki isa saMskRti ne kina mUla bAtoM para adhika jora diyA hai aura kyA ve bAteM saMsAra kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM sakSama haiM ? zramaNa saMskRti kA AdhAra yA mUlabhUta siddhAnta ahiMsA hai jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI taraha mAnakara samatA kA aura sneha kA vyavahAra karane ko kahatA hai| yadi gaharAI se vicAra kiyA jAe to saMsAra ko pratyeka kAlIna sabhI samasyAoM ke mUla meM asamatA hI pramukha rUpa se kAma karatI rahI hai| yadi eka manuSya dUsare ke prati Atmavat yA samatA kA vyavahAra kare to saMsAra meM koI bhI samasyA uTha hI nahIM sakatI, sArA saMsAra sukhapUrvaka raha sakatA hai| zramaNa saMskRti kI samatA sArvabhauma hai| saMsAra ke prAyaH sabhI vicAraka yaha mAnate hai ki viSamatA mAnava jAti ke lie zApa hai, usake duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hai / isalie samatA meM bAdhaka bAtoM ko dUra karanA caahie| isa meM vyakti aura samAja-donoM kA hita hai| mAnava-mAnava meM bheda karane vAlI tIna pramukha bAdhAe~ haiN| prathama hai-mamatA, Asakti yA tRSNA yA kaamnaa| manuSya yadi kisI bhI cIja para adhika Asakti rakhatA hai, use pAne ko icchA yA kAmanA rakhatA hai to vaha svayaM ko duHkha ke garta meM, azAMti kI agni meM DhakelatA hai| kyoMki kAmanAe~ yA tRSNAe~ ananta haiM, unakI kabhI tRpti nahIM hotii| viveka aura saMyama se hI una para niyaMtraNa lAyA jA sakatA hai| isalie jise samatA kI sAdhanA karanI ho use saMyama ko apanAnA par3atA hai, aura upalabdha sAdhanoM meM santoSa mAnane kA abhyAsa karanA hotA hai| jaise bhautika samRddhi, sattA, kIrti Adi kI kAmanA duHkhadAyI hai,

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138 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vaise hI mAnava kA ahaGkAra bhI use becaina banAtA hai| apane viSaya meM balavAna, buddhimAna, samRddha, zaktisampanna Adi kalpanAe~ kara manuSya jaba ahaGkAra ke pIche par3atA jAtA hai, taba vaha dUsaroM se apane ko zreSTha samajhane lagatA hai, samatA kI sAdhanA usase nahIM ho sktii| yaha vyaktigata ahaGkAra kaI bAra itanA prabala ho jAtA hai ki usase bar3e-bar3e yuddhoM kA nirmANa hokara karor3oM vyaktiyoM ko prANoM se hAtha dhonA par3atA hai| svargamaya saMsAra ko narakamaya banAne kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| yuddhoM ke bhuktabhogo isa bAta ko bahuta acchI taraha se jAnate haiN| pichale mahAyuddhoM ke duSpariNAma saMsAra ke lAkhoM-karor3oM aise vyaktiyoM ko bhI bhugatane par3e, jo niraparAdha the / aura Aja bhI yuddha ko AzaMkA se saMsAra ke cintaka cintita haiN|| jaise mamatA aura ahaMtA samatA meM bAdhaka hai vaise hI matAgraha hamAre bIca bheda kI dIvAreM khar3I karane meM bar3A prabhAvazAlI tattva hai| saMsAra kI bhalAI kI icchA rakhane vAle samajhadAra kahalAne vAle bhI isa matAgraha se atyanta pIr3ita haiN| yaha matAgraha dharma, sampradAya yA vicAra ke nAma para calatA hai / isase mAnava jAti ko bahuta bar3A hAni huI hai| kevala samAja ko hI isane hAni paha~cAI ho, aisI bAta nahIM, balki jo matAgrahI haiM ve bhI isake kAraNa azAnta haiM, becaina aura dukhI haiN| phira bhI yaha aisI mIThI khAja hai jise khujalAtekhujalAte manuSya lahuluhAna hokara bhI chor3a nahIM paataa| jaise aitihAsika tathyoM ke AdhAra para samAja-cintakoM ko pravRtti se nivRtti ko ora, bAhya se antara ko ora tathA hiMsA se ahiMsA kI ora jAne ke lie bAdhya kiyA, vaise hI saiddhAntika dRSTi se bhI zramaNa saMskRti ke mUlabhUta tattva sAre saMsAra kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM amogha astra kI bhA~ti hone se, unakI sArvabhaumikatA siddha hotI hai| kevala bhAratIya hI nahIM balki pAzcAtya saMskRti bhI maulikatA ke kSetra meM bahuta adhika Age bar3hakara asvastha hai, becaina hai aura use bhI sUjha nahIM rahA hai ki kyA kare ? eka ora jahA~ jIvana kI Avazyaka jarUratoM kI pUrti nahIM hotI isalie asantoSa hai, vahA~ jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke bhautika sAdhanoM

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zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA 136 kI pracaratA vAle deza ke nivAsI isalie duHkhI hai ki sukha ke sAdhanoM se ve Uba gaye haiN| kyA deza meM behAla ghUmane vAle hippiyoM ko dekhakara zaGkA ke lie koI sthAna raha jAtA hai ki kevala bhautika sukha zAnti aura santoSa nahIM de sakate ? taba yuga kI mA~ga hai ki saMsAra kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne ke lie zramaNa saMskRti ke sabake lie kalyANakArI siddhAntoM kA prasAra ho / usake lie zramaNa saMskRti ke mahApuruSa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa zatAbdI eka uttama avasara hai / yadi bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prati unake anuyAyiyoM meM saccI niSThA ho to unheM zramaNa saMskRti kI sArvabhaumikatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara usa dizA meM prayatnazIla honA Avazyaka hai | para yaha taba hogA jaba ve ina tattvoM ke anusAra apane jIvana ko DhAlakara niHsvArtha bhAva se una mahAn tattvoM ke prasAra meM apane jIvana ko samarpita kreNge| zramaNa saMskRti ke siddhAntoM ke yahI anukUla hai ki hama bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAhya cihnoM ke prasAra se adhika mahattva unake siddhAntoM ke pracAra ko deM / zramaNa saMskRti ke upAsakoM se apekSA to yahI hai ki ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tattvoM kA anusaraNa kara, unake prasAra meM apane Apako samarpita kareM | apane vyaktitva ko unheM samarpita kara deN| isase bar3hakara koI aisI bhakti nahIM hai jo bhakta kA sahI vikAsa kara sake / -- zrI riSabhadAsa rAMkA a 0 0 0

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dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma-samanvaya dharma bhAratIya jIvana kA kendra bindu rahA hai aura Aja bhI vaha jana-jIvana kI pradhAna preraNA hai| cintana aura sAkSAtkAra ke dvArA bhAratIya RSi ne jisa tattva ko 'dharma' zabda ke dvArA abhivyakta kiyA hai, vaha atyanta gUr3ha evaM vyApaka hai| usameM aneka pratyayoM kA antarbhAva hai / isa gaharAI evaM vividhatA taka anya saMskRtiyA~ nahIM pahu~ca paaii| yahI kAraNa hai ki dharma zabda kA vAstavika paryAyavAcI anya kisI bhI bhASA meM upalabdha nahIM hai| vaise eka bhASA ke zabdoM ke dUsarI bhASA meM paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke milane kA siddhAnta hI mAnya nhiiN| pratyeka bhASA kA socane aura samajhane kA arthAt vizva kI vastuoM aura anubhavoM ke nAmakaraNa kA apanA eka vilakSaNa DhaGga hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki eka bhASA kA arthajagat dUsarI bhASA meM hubahU nahIM DhAlA jA sktaa| ataH eka bhASA se dUsarI bhASA meM pUrNataH yathArtha anuvAda kI kalpanA hI nahIM hai / para zabdoM ke saMketArthoM (Denotational meaning) ke anuvAda kI apekSA unake guNArthoM, lakSaNArthoM yA sampRktArthoM (Connotation) ko anUdita kara denA adhika kaThina hai| ina arthoM kA pUrNa anuvAda prAyaH asambhava hotA hai| sampRktArthoM meM pratyeka saMskRti aura jAti ke cintana kI apanI viziSTatA rahatI hai| dharma ke jisa svarUpa kA sAkSAtakAra bhArata ke manISiyoM ne kiyA hai, vaha anyoM ne nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki dharma zabda kA guNArtha to dUra saMketArtha dene vAlA zabda bhI anya bhASAoM meM nahIM hai| dharma majahaba, Religion aura sampradAya nahIM hai| vaha Duty aura Nature mAtra bhI nahIM hai| majahaba, Religion sampradAya Ethics, Duty, 14.

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dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma-samanvaya 141 Nature, zabAba Adi sabhI zabda 'dharma' ke kisI eka aMzamAtra kA bodha karAte haiN| ve saba milakara bhI 'dharma' zabda ke sthAnApanna nahIM ho sakate haiN| 'dharma' vyApaka hai aura ye saba vyApya / saba sampradAyoM meM dharma tattva hai, para ina sampradAyoM meM isakA koI aMzamAtra hI hai| vaha apanI sampUrNatA meM kisI bhI sampradAya meM nhiiN| __bhAratIya manISI ne jar3a aura cetana, vyaSTi aura samaSTi sabhI ke sAtha dharma kA sambandha mAnA hai| vyakti kA, samAja kA, saMsthA kA, sampradAya kA, deza kA, rAjya kA-sabakA apanA-apanA dharma hotA hai / 'dharma' meM 'jo hai' aura 'jaisA honA cAhie'-donoM kA antarbhAva hai| sabake lie apane sahaja svarUpa meM sthita rahate hue jo 'karaNIya' hai usako karanA hI dharma hai| sahaja svarUpa arthAt AtmasvarUpa meM sthita rahanA tathA AtmasvarUpa kI prApti kA prayAsa donoM hI dharma haiN| moTe taura para laukika dRSTi se 'jo jaisA hai' usI ke anurUpa vyavahAra karate rahanA, yaha pazu kA dharma hai aura pazu kI vaha prakRti, jo mAnava ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai, unakA saMyama karake jo 'jaisA honA cAhie' vaisA karanA mAnava kA dharma hai| dharma kA yahI antara pazu aura mAnava kA bhedaka tattva hai| isI se vyakti meM pazu aura mAnava tattva pahacAne jAte haiN| usakA kitanA aMza mAnava ho gayA hai aura kitanA pazu raha gayA, isako kasauTI dharma kA sahI svarUpa hai| "AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaM ca sAmAnyametat pazubhirnarANAm / dharmohi teSAmadhiko vizeSo dharmeNa hInAH pazubhiH samAnA // " pazu aura mAnava meM vyAvartana karane vAlA 'dharma' kevala prakRti mAtra nahIM, apitu prakRti kA saMyama evaM usakA udAttIkaraNa hai| vaha prApta vastu nahIM apitu sampAdya vastu hai, ataH usakA svarUpa 'jo jaisA hai' usakI abhivyakti nahIM, apitu 'jo jaisA honA cAhie' usakI abhivyakti hai / AhAra, nidrA Adi jIva kI sahaja pravRttiyA~ haiN| inameM pratyeka jIva rahegA hii| ye pratyeka jIva mAtra ke dharma haiN| para saMyama aura viveka ke dvArA inake svarUpa, sAdhana, prayojana Adi meM antara evaM udAttIkaraNa hotA hai| ye udAttIkata AhArAdi hI mAnava ke dharma haiM / mAnava 'AhAra' kevala peTa bharane mAtra ke

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142 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA lie nahIM karatA / AhAra usake sthUla zarIra kI puSTi mAtra kA sAdhana nahIM, apitu vaha usake sUkSma zarIra ke udAttIkaraNa kA sAdhana bhI hai | ataH mAnava ke lie 'AhAra' pUjA bhI hai / vaha satra meM bA~Takara khAtA hai, svayaM kA bhAga tyAgatA hai| pahale dUsaroM ko khilAtA hai, taba svayaM khAtA hai / devatAoM ko samarpita karake khAtA hai / vizva ke sAre bhoga jo yajJa ke dvArA bhAvita devatAoM dvArA diye gaye haiM aura ina bhogoM ko una devatAoM ko samarpita na karake bhogane vAlA vyakti 'stena'' hai / yahI isa buddhi se kiye gaye AhArAdika kevala sahaja pravRtti mAtra ko saMtuSTi karane vAle nahIM hote apitu ve dharma bana jAte haiM / jo yajJa se bace hue anna ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha saba pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai, para jo apane hI zarIra ke poSaNa ke lie pakAte haiM ve pApa ke bhAgo haiM / isase dharma kI yajJa vratAdika vizeSa kriyAoM ke dvArA jIva apane AhArAdika kI zuddhi karatA huA 'dhRti, kSamA' Adi dharma ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM meM pratiSThita hotA hai / yahI inakA lakSya hai / aise AhArAdika adRSTa paMdA karate haiM, svargAdi ke bhAvaka banate haiM / jIva ko mokSa mArga kI ora agrasara karate haiM kyoMki ina kriyAoM ke mUla meM rahane vAle bhakti aura jJAna meM jIva pratiSThita hone lagatA hai / dharma 'abhyudaya' evaM 'niHzreyasa' kI prApti kA ekamAtra sAdhana hai / yato'bhyudaya niHzreyasasiddhiH sa dharmaH ' - yaha dharma kA sarvamAnya lakSaNa hai / abhyudaya meM saba prakAra kI laukika unnati evaM vikAsa kA antarbhAva hai tathA 'niHzreyasa' mokSa evaM pAramArthika kalyANa hai / dharma meM 'abhyudaya' evaM 'niHzra eyasa' donoM meM pUrNa samanvaya sthApita karane kI AkAMkSA hai / jisa sAMsArika 'abhyudaya' se pAramArthika kalyANa meM bAdhA pahu~catI hai, usa abhyudaya kA sAdhana dharma nahIM ho sakatA aura jaba sAMsArika karttavyoM ko bhUlakara vyakti pAramArthika-kalyANa ke lie hI kArya karane lagatA hai, arthAt apa 1. iSTAnyogAnhi yo devA dAsyante yajJabhAvi, taistAnapradAyebhyo yo bhuMkta stena eva saH / 2. yajJaziSTAzina santo succante sarvakisvirNa / bhuJjate tvaghaM pAyA ye pacantyAtmakAraNAt /

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dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma samanvaya 143 ripakva avasthA meM hI nivRtti mArga ko apanA letA hai, taba bhI vaha 'dharma' ke mArga se haTa jAtA hai, kyoMki vastutaH jaba taka sAMsArika abhyudaya kA koI bhI aMza zeSa raha jAtA hai, taba taka vyakti mUlata: abhyudaya kA mArga chor3a nahIM sakatA / usa avasthA meM vaha 'niHzreyasa' kA mArga pUrNataH apanA bhI nahIM pAtA hai / apanAne kA kevala DhoMga karatA hai / yaha kevala jIvana kI viDambanA hai / usameM sAMsArika abhyudaya kI vAsanA banI hI rahatI hai / vaha jabaradastI usa vAsanA ko kucalane kI ceSTA meM saMsAra ko chor3ane kA DhoMga avazya kara sakatA hai, aura karatA bho hai / para usa vAsanA ke samApta hone se pUrva mana se kabhI saMsAra chUTatA hI nahIM / bhojanAdi ke chor3ane se zarIra kRza avazya ho jAtA hai, para viSayoM kI tRSNA nahIM jAtI / viSayoM kA rasa banA rahatA hai / vaha to parama tattva ke sAkSAtkAra se arthAt vAstavika jJAna aura vairAgya kI prApti se ho jAtA hai / "viSayA vinivartante nirAhArasya dehinaH / rasa vajaM rasodhyasya paraM dRSTvA nivartate // " pravRttimAtra se sacamuca vairAgya hue binA pUrNa nivRttimArga nahIM apanAyA jA sakatA / usase pUrva use pUrNataH apanA lene kA prayAsa evaM ahaMkAra kevala DhoMga mAtra hai / vAsanA ke saba rUpoM kA bhoga evaM jJAnana-vairAgya se kSaya kiye binA jIva nivRtti mArga yA mokSa mArga ko vastutaH apanA hI nahIM pAtA hai / prakRti jIva ko saba vAsanAoM aura bhogoM ke cakkara meM ghumA kara hI unase chuTakArA dilAtI hai / yahI jIva caurAsI lAkha yoniyoM meM bhaTakatA hai / vAsanAoM kA dharmAnukUla sAdhanoM evaM prakriyAoM meM bhoga una vAsanAoM se mukti kA hetu hai / tabhI vyakti mokSa mArga para avasthita ho sakatA hai / sampUrNa sAMsArika abhyudaya aura sukhopabhoga kA antarbhAva 'artha' aura 'kAma' meM hai / saMsAra meM vyakti dhana, sampatti, rAjya, sammAna Adi jo bhI kucha prApta karanA cAhatA hai, vaha saba artha hai aura unase milane vAle sAre sukha 'kAma' haiM / ataH 'artha' aura 'kAma' kI prApti hI sAMsArika abhyudaya kI siddhi hai / 'jJAna' aura vaha bhI kevala 'svarUpa jJAna' ke atirikta saMsAra kI sabhI cIjeM arthAt artha aura kAma bhI sArA jagat sammilita prayAsa se prApya vastu hai /

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144 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vyakti dhanopArjana akelA nahIM kara pAtA hai aura kAmatRpti akele se nahIM hotI hai / ata: 'artha' aura 'kAma' ke sAdhanoM meM dUsaroM kI sahAyatA apekSita hai| saMsAra kA sArA artha aura sAre sUkhopabhoga ke sAdhana samaSTi ke prayAsa ke pariNAma haiM, ataH una para sabakA adhikAra hai| unakA nyAyocita vibhAjana bhI honA hI cAhie / yaha 'nyAya' hI dharma hai| isIlie 'artha' aura 'kAma' prApti ke avasara para dUsaroM ke abhyudaya aura sukhopabhoga kA pUrA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| agara eka vyakti yA samAja kA abhyudaya aura sukha dUsare vyakti yA samAja ke patana aura duHkha para AdhArita haiM, to vaha vastutaH dharma nahIM, jo dharma sAMsArika sampradAya aura sukhopabhoga ke jitane hI virodharahita svarUpa evaM sAdhanoM ko pratiSThA karatA hai, vaha dharma utanA hI vyApaka hai| vaha utanA hI dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA pratiSThApaka hai| usameM utanI hI mAtrA meM mAnava dharma kA nirvAha hai| para saMsAra meM to aisA virodha pada-pada para dikhAI par3atA hai| eka vyakti ke do dharmoM - vyakti aura samAja ke athavA do samAjoM ke kalyANoM meM jaba antavirodha pratIta hotA hai, usa samaya dharma kA mArga kyA hai ? yahIM para dharmoM meM, sampradAyoM meM antavirodhi ke darzana hote haiN| jo dharma ina antarvirodho kA jitanA hI samyak samAdhAna de pAtA hai, vaha utanA hI vyApaka dharma hai / pUrNa samAdhAna dene vAlA dharma hI pUrNa dharma hai| vahI aMgI dharma kI pratiSThA karatA hai| zeSa to aMga dhamoM kI pratiSThA karane vAle dharma haiM / aMga dharma ko hI saba kucha mAnane vAle sampradAya dharmAndhatA phailAne vAle sampradAya hote haiN| dharma kA mArga 'bahujanahitAya' nahIM, 'sarvajana hitAya' hotA hai| eka vyakti kA saccA dharma kabhI dUsare ke hitoM kA bAdhaka nahIM hotaa| usameM sabakA hI kalyANa nihita rahatA hai| dharmAdharma ke antavirodha meM dharma kA nirNAyaka vyakti kA zuddha antaHkaraNa hai| para aisA zuddha antaHkaraNa kevala sAkSAtkRtadharmA kA hI hotA hai| isameM bahumata se nirNaya nahIM hotA, eka sAkSAtkRtadharmA evaM tattvajJa kA mata bahumata ke viruddha kA prayAsa hai| sabake kalyANa ko eka sAtha dekhane vAlA apauruSeya

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- dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma - samanvaya 145 jJAna hI pramANa hai / isI se dharma zrutyaikasamadhigamya hai / isa prakAra ke antarvirodhoM ko dUra karane ke lie hI samaSTi kalyANa arthAt pratyeka ke kalyANarUpI niHzreyasa ko kasauTIrUpa mAnanA par3atA hai / jisa kArya meM samaSTi kA kalyANa nihita hai aura jo niHzreyasa ko dene vAlA hai, vaha kArya adharma nahIM hotA, cAhe vaha ApAtata: kucha ke lie duHkhaprada pratIta ho sakatA hai| DAkTara kI zalyakriyA bImAra ko spaSTataH kaSTa detI hai, para vaha dharma hai, kyoMki usameM bImAra kA DAkTara kA sabakA kalyANa nihita hai / jo anubhUtikAla meM sukhakara hai, vaha kevala preya hai, para jo pariNAma meM sukhakara hai, vahI zreya hai / zreya ke lie preya kA samarthana athavA zreya ko hI preya banA denA, vastutaH dharma kI uccatama bhUmi hai / mokSa kI ora le jAne vAlA artha aura kAma hI vastutaH dharma hai / yA yoM kaheM ki dharmAnukUla artha aura kAma hI mokSa ke hetu haiM / dharmAnukUla artha aura kAma kA sevana hI vyakti meM artha aura kAma kI vAsanA ko bhoga ke dvArA naSTa karatA hai aura vAsanArahita antaHkaraNa meM jJAna utpanna karatA hai / yaha jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai / isa prakAra cAra puruSArthoM meM dharma prathama hai / aura mokSa aMtima arthAt dharma se prArambha karake dharma meM hI rahatA huA vyakti dharmAnukUla artha kA upArjana kare aura dharmopArjita artha se dharmAnukUla kAma kA sevana kare, yahI mAnava kA dharma hai / isa dharma meM pratiSThita rahakara vyakti abhyudaya aura mokSa ko prApta hotA hai / 'mokSa' bhAratIya dRSTi se jIvana kA parama lakSya hai / isa prakAra puruSArtha catuSTaya meM samanvaya hai / yahI abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kA samanvaya hai / yahI dharma hai / 'abhyudaya' 'niHzreyasa' ke lie hI hai / niHzreyasa virodhI abhyudaya tyAjya hai / vyakti ke stara para uccatama avasthA mokSa hai. sabhI dharma usI ke lie haiM / mokSaprApti aMgIdharma hai aura zeSa saba aGga dharma haiM / aGga aGgI ke lie chor3e jA sakate haiM'AtmArthI pRthvIM tyajet' / para dharmAnukUla abhyudaya kI sAdhanA hamezA niHzreyasa yA mokSa kA hetu hI hotI hai / isa dRSTi se aGga aura aGgI kA antarvirodha vastutaH hotA nahIM, kevala ApAtataH pratIta bhara hotA hai / sAkSAtkRtadharmA hI isa aviruddha sthiti ko samajhatA hai, ataH usI kA AptavAkya dharma ke lie pramANa hai /

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA 1 'dhAraNAt dharmaH' dharma ke donoM artha haiM, jo dhAraNa kiyA jAe tathA jo dhAraNa kare / vastu apane dharmoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai tathA dharma vastu ko dhAraNa karate haiM / agni meM dAhakatva hai, agni dAhakatva dharma ko dhAraNa kie hue hai / para agara agni meM se dAhakatvadharma nikala jAe, to vaha agni hI nahIM rahegI / ataH dAhakatvadharma agni ko dhAraNa kie hue hai, agni ko agni banAe hue hai| agni kA agni bane rahane kA prayAsa bhI dharma hai| isI prakAra mAnava kA mAnava banA rahanA evaM bane rahane kA prayAsa hI vAstavika dharma hai / mAnavatva mAnava ko banAye hue hai aura mAnava mAnavatva dhAraNa kiye hue hai / ye donoM hI dharma ke rUpa haiM / jIva kA svarUpasthiti ke lie prayAsa hI dharmAcaraNa hai tathA svarUpasthiti hI dharma hai / vyApaka tfse se jova apanI pratyeka kriyA ke dvArA apane pApa-puNya kA kSaya kara rahA hai, pratyeka kriyA sarvAntaryAmI kI icchA se cala rahI hai aura usakI saba icchAe~ maGgalamaya hI hotI haiM / ataH usa dRSTi se sabhI kriyAe~ dharma haiM kyoMki jIvana kI sabhI kriyAe~ aura anubhava jIva ko jJAta aura ajJAta rUpa se mokSamArga kI ora hI le jA rahI haiM, use apane vAstavika svarUpa meM pratiSThita rahane meM sahAyaka ho rahI haiM / samaSTicaitanya kI dRSTi se na koI dharma hai aura na koI adharma / saba kucha dharma hI hai / isa bhUmikA para pahu~ce hue vyakti ke lie na kucha dharma rahatA hai aura na kucha adharma hI / para vyaSTicaitanya kA ahaGkAra tathA rAga-dveSa kI bhinnatA usameM adhikAra bheda ko janma de dete haiM / pratyeka vyakti eka hI karma kA adhikArI nahIM hai / anadhikAra ceSTA hI adharma hai / isa adhikArIbheda ke siddhAnta para hI varNAzrama dharma pratiSThita hai / pratyeka varNa aura Azrama kA apanA-apanA dharma hai / apane hI dharma meM pratiSThita mAnava siddhi arthAt mokSa ko prApta hotA hai - 'sve sve karmaNyaye rataH saMsiddhiM labhate naraH / ' mokSa sabakA gantavya sthAna hai, para saba prANI bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para khar3e haiM, ataH gaMtavya sthAna para pahu~cane ke mArga alaga-alaga haiM / -- 146 taar vyakti meM ahaMtA hai, taba taka usameM adhikArI-bheda hai / usake lie dharma aura adharma kA bheda hai, para jaba vaha apanI pRthak ahaMtA ko bhagavAn kI ahaMtA meM vilIna kara detA hai, athavA pRthaka

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dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma samanvaya 147 ahaMtA ko mithyA mAna letA hai, usa samaya usakI avasthA 'dharmA - dharmo rUpadigalitau puNya pApe vizIrne' ho jAtI hai / usI avasthA ko prApta karane ke lie bhagavAn zrI kRSNacandra bhI Adeza dete haiM "sarvadharmAn parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM braja / ahaM tvAM sarvapApebhyoH mokSayiSyAmi mA zucaH // " isI avasthA ke jJAnI kI manaHsthiti aura kriyAoM kA bodha karAte hue gItA kahatI hai : "guraNA guNeSu vartante iti matvA na sajjate / naiva kurvanna kArayeta / " jJAnI ke lie dharma ke kucha vidhi-niSedha nahIM hote - 'naMsguNye pathi vicaratAM ko vidhiH ko niSedhaH / ' vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa svarUpa sthiti taka pahu~cane ke lie vidhi-niSedha kiye jAte haiM vahA~ to jJAnI pahu~ca cukatA hai, ataH vidhi-niSedha kA kucha prayojana hI nahIM raha jAtA hai / vidhi-niSedha dharma kI prApti ke lie hote haiM, para jJAnI to dharma ke apane svarUpa meM avasthita hI rahatA hai / dharma meM avasthita vyakti kI sabhI kriyAe~ svataH dharmAcaraNa hotI haiM, usake lie bAhara se kisI bhI prakAra ke vidhi-niSedha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / na koI kriyA svataH dharma hai aura na adharmaM / vyakti kI vAsanA, bhAvanA yA ahaMtA se ve kriyAe~ dharma yA adharma ho jAtI haiM / ahaMtA ke kAraNa una kriyAoM se dharmAdharma ke adRSTa banate haiM / jJAnI isa ahaMtA ko chor3a cukatA hai / usakI kriyAoM meM kartRtvabuddhi hI nahIM rahatI, ataH usake lie una kriyAoM se dharmAdharma ke adRSTa nahIM banate / phira vidhi-niSedha kA kyA prazna hai ? vaha triguNAtIta avasthA meM rahatA hai, aura dharmAdharma triguNa avasthA meM rahate haiM / yajJAdika dharmAcaraNoM kA vidhAna karane vAle vedoM ke viSaya triguNa haiM aura jJAnI ko ina guNoM se Upara uThanA hai / isI se bhagavAn kahate haiM- 'traiguNya viSayA vedA naistraiguNyo bhavArjuna !' dhAraNa karane vAlA dharma arthAt svarUpasthiti dhAraNa karane yogya dharmAcaraNa evaM dharmAcaraNa se utpanna adRSTa-dharma apane ina sabhI arthoM sahita na tarkagamya hai aura na vyakti ko usake anubhava se A

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148 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA prApta hotA hai| usake lie bhagavAn kA Adeza hI pramANa hai / jIva aura brahma kA abheda-jJAna jIva ko apanI buddhi yA sAdhanA ke prayAsoM se nahIM hotA, apitu 'tatvamasi zvetaketo' ke upadeza se hotI hai / amuka kArya dharma hai, isa yajJa se yaha isa adRSTa kI utpatti hogI, svarga kAmo yajet Adi ke lie vyakti kA sAkSAt anubhava aura buddhi pramANa nhiiN| isameM bhagavAna kA apauruSeya jJAna ho pramANa hai| usI ko tInoM kAloM kA pratikSaNa pratyakSa rahatA hai| sabhI dharmoM meM Apta vAkya aura zAstra hI dharmAcaraNa ke lie pramANa haiN| dharma ke do rUpa haiM-sAmAnya aura vizeSa / mAnava mAtra ke lie apekSita mAnavocita guNoM para ho sAmAnya dharma TikA huA hai / satya, ahiMsA, prema, karuNA, indriya-damana, akrodha, asteya Adi aise guNa haiM jinakI upasthiti hara mAnava meM Avazyaka hai| inhIM se mAnava kI abhyudaya kI AkAMkSA aura usake abhyudaya kA svarUpa dUsaroM kI sukha-suvidhA kA dhyAna rakhate hue ho sakatA hai| ye hI usake antaHkaraNa ko nirmala karate hae usako mokSa mArga kA pathika banA sakate haiN| ataH ye guNa to pratyeka sampradAya yA majahaba kI mUla AdhAra bhitti hI hone caahieN| jo sampradAya yA majahaba ina guNoM kA avamUlyana karatA hai, vaha vastutaH dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kI pratiSThA meM asaphala hai / sabhI vizeSa dharmoM kA prayojana mAnava meM ina sAmAnya dharmoM kI pratiSThA evaM puSTi hai| vizeSa dharmoM kA dharmatva hI unakI isa kSamatA para TikA haA hai| manU ne sAmAnya dharma ke nimnalikhita lakSaNa diye haiM--dhRti, kSamA, dama, asteya, zauca, indriyanigraha, dhI, vidyA, satya aura akrodha / 2 pUjApaddhati aura AcArapaddhati kI vizeSatA hI vizeSa dharma kA AdhAra hai| yaha vizeSatA hI sampradAyoM kA nirmANa karatI hai| hindU aura musalamAnoM kI pUjA paddhati bhinna-bhinna haiM, ata: ve donoM do dharma arthAta do sampradAya yA majahaba haiN| dharma kI vizeSatA adhikArI bheda 1. vedapraNihito dharmoM hyadharmastadviparyayaH / vedo nArAyaNo sAkSAt svayaMbhUditi zuzrUma // 2. dhRtiH kSamA damosteyaM zaucamindrayanigrahaH / dhIvidyA satyamakrodho dazakaM dharma lakSaNam / /

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dharma kA svarUpa aura sarvadharma - samanvaya 146 para TikI huI hai / varNAzrama vyavasthA bhI adhikArI-bheda ke kAraNa hI hai, ataH unake dharmoM kI gaNanA bhI vizeSa dharmoM meM hotI hai / vyakti ke apane saMskAroM ke anurUpa ho use pUjA-paddhati rucatI hai / kucha loga svabhAva se zAkta haiM tathA dUsare vaiSNava / kucha loga saMskAra se jJAnamArgI tathA kucha saMskAra se hI bhakti yA karmakANDI hote haiM / isa saMskAroM ke anurUpa vizeSa dharmoM kA pAlana mAnava meM sAmAnya dharmoM kI pratiSThA kara sakatA hai, use satya para lA sakatA hai / isI prakAra kucha logoM ke saMskAra jaina dharma ke anurUpa tathA kucha ke bauddha dharma ke anurUpa haiM / ataH sahaja rUpa meM to saba apane-apane sthAnoM para ThIka haiN| vidvAn unameM buddhibheda nahIM utpanna karatA apitu unako apane dharma kI preraNA detA hai / yaha saMskAra aura adhikArIbheda para TikA huA vizeSa dharma hI 'svadharma' hai / isa svadharma kA pAlana hI vastutaH mAnava ko abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kI siddhi detA hai | ataH dharma-parivartana jaisI koI vastu pAramArthika rUpa se satya nahIM / dharma parivartana kevala sampradAyoM ke bimboM kA parivartana mAtra hai / isase kevala vyakti ke UparI lakSaNa para dhAraNa kiye jAne vAle upakaraNa jaise Adi badala jAte haiM, vyakti kA antaHkaraNa nahIM badalatA / jo eka prakAra kI upAsanA ke saMskAra ko lekara vyakti AyA hai, vaha jaba taka usa prakAra kI upAsanA ke saMskAroM kA pUrNatayA kSaya karake dUsarI prakAra kI upAsanA kI arhatA paidA nahIM kara letA, taba taka vaha dUsarI upAsanA paddhati ko nahIM apanA sakatA hai / vaha dharma nahIM badalatA / dUsarI upAsanA paddhati ko apanAnA antar kI preraNA para AdhArita hai / bAhara ke upadeza, pralobhana athavA bhaya se parivartita dharma kevala DhoMga aura azAnti ke hetu haiM / vizva ke sAre sAmpradAyika jhagar3e aise hI kAraNoM se hue haiN| bhAratIya dharma isI udAra evaM vizAla dRSTikoNa para TikA huA hai, sarvadharma - samanvaya kI yahI mUla AdhAra bhitti bana sakatI hai / arthAt vastra, yA zarIra yajJopavIta, tilaka, kAsa Aja sampUrNa vizva ke udAra netA dharmAvalambiyoM tathA dharmAcAryoM meM sarvadharma samanvaya kI eka AkAMkSA vidyamAna hai / yaha dharma ke kSetra meM eka zubha cihna hai, jisase vizva meM mAnavatA ke prasAra aura 3. na buddhibhedaM janayet ajJAnAM karmasaMginAm jIvayet sarvakarmANi vidvAn yukta samAcaran

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150 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vikAsa kI saMbhAvanAe~ bar3ha rahI haiN| sAmAnya dharma ke lakSaNoM ke sAmAnya svarUpa para sabakI svIkRti hai| samanvaya kA sabase bar3A AdhAra hai ina guNoM ko vizeSa dharmoM kI apekSA adhika mahattva denA kyoMki bizeSa dharma ina sAmAnya dharmoM kI puSTi ke lie hI haiM ataH vizeSa dharma ke AcaraNoM ke prakAra ke aucitya kI kasauTo ina sAmAnya dharmoM ko banAnA caahie| yaha dekhanA bahuta jarUrI hai ki kahIM vizeSa dharmoM kA AcaraNa kA durAgraha ina sAmAnya dharmoM kI hatyA to nahIM kara rahA hai| isake binA to na dharma kI kalpanA sambhava hai aura na dharmoM ke samanvaya kii| dharmoM yA sampradAyoM meM jo bheda hai vaha ina sAmAnya dharmoM ko vizeSa paddhatiyoM se sAkAra karane tayA mAnava ke AcaraNa meM inheM utArane para hai| arthAta yaha bheda mUlataH pUjA paddhatiyoM kA bheda hai| Upara hama adhikArI-bheda aura vAsanA-bheda kA siddhAnta mAna cuke haiM, ataH aisI koI pUjA-paddhati nahIM ho sakatI hai, jo sabake lie upayukta ho aura sabake lie samAna rUpa se kalyANakArI ho| pUjA-paddhatiyoM kA bheda to rahegA hI, kyoMki usakA mAnava ke sahaja saMskAroM kA bhinnatA se sambandha hai| pUjA-paddhatiyoM yA vizeSa dharmoM ke kSetra meM kevala pArasparika sadbhAvanA evaM sahiSNutA hI samanvaya kA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| pratyeka dharmAvalambI meM dUsare dharmAvalambI ke prati Adarabuddhi evaM sadbhAvanA honI caahie| use apanI vizeSa pUjA-paddhatiyoM kA isa prakAra nirvAha karanA cAhie jisase ve dUsaroM kI.bhAvanAoM ko Thesa na phuNcaaeN| use apanI pUjA-paddhatiyoM ke bAharI upakaraNoM kI sAjasajjA kI avikalatA, una pUjA-paddhatiyoM se pUSTa hone vAle dharmAtmApane athavA apanI ukRSTatA ke ahaMkAra kI puSTi kI apekSA ina pUjApaddhatiyoM ke prApya mAnavIya guNoM para adhika dhyAna denA caahie| Akhira to pUjApaddhati kisI vastu ko prApta karane kA sAdhana hI hai na, aura vaha sAdhya hai maanvtaa| usa mAnavatA kA balidAna karake jaba pUjA-paddhati kA saMrakSaNa durAgraha kI sImA taka pahu~ca jAtA hai taba dhArmika saMgharSa hote haiN| ataH dhArmika samanvaya ke lie isa durAgraha kA parityAga Avazyaka hai| saba dharmAvalambI apane-apane sthAna para ThIka haiN| ve agara merI taraha ko pUjA-paddhati meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate to adharmI haiM, isa ahaMkAra aura andhavizvAsa kA samUla nAza karane para hI savadharma-samanvaya sambhava hai|* -DA. bhagavatsva rUpa mitra, ema.e., pI.eca.DI.

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vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ko tulanAtmaka samIkSA vadika saMskRti ke samAna zramaNasaMskRti bhI prAcIna saMskRti mAnI jAtI hai| prAyaH 'zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga jaina aura bauddha donoM ke sAdhuoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, kintu donoM kI saMskRti alagaalaga hone se yahA~ para 'zramaNa saMskRti' se jaina saMskRti ho grAhya hai| janakalyANa kI bhAvanA aura jIvamAtra para dayA karanA, yahI zramaNa saMskRti kA mUla uddezya hai| 'vasudhaiva-kuTumbakam' ke Adarza ko sAmane rakhakara jIvamAtra meM samabhAva rakhanA hI zramaNa saMskRti' hai| zramaNasaMskRti ke sAre AcAra-vicAra isI 'samatva' ke Adarza ko ora saMketa karate haiN| vaidika saMskRti ke mUla meM bhI yahI samatva bhAvanA nihita hai| _ mitrasya cakSuSA samIkSAmahe hama sabako mitra kI dRSTi se dekheM / gItA meM bhI isa 'samatva' kA mahattva pratipAdita hai| siddhi-asiddhi meM sama hokara karma karanA hI 'samatvayoga' hai|' zramaNa saMskRti bhArata kI prAcInatama saMskRti : jaina-paramparA zramaNa saMskRti ko vaidikakAlIna saMskRti svIkAra karatI hai| kyoMki vedoM meM zramaNa saMskRti ke pravartaka AditIrthaGkara RSamadeva kA nAma AyA hai / 2 aura atharvaveda meM vAtyoM 1. siddhyasiddhyoH samobhUtvA samatvaM yoga ucyate / / -bhagavadgItA, 2048 2. Rgveda 1061 / 14 151 .

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152 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA kA ullekha milatA hai / 3 brAhmaNa granthoM aura sUtroM meM 'brAtyastotra' yajJa kA vidhAna batAyA gayA hai, jisameM vrAtyoM ko zuddha kara vaidika paramparA meM sammilita karane kA varNana hai / ye vrAtya tatkAlIna zramaNaparamparA ke gRhastha mAlUma hote haiM, jo vedoM kA virodha karate the aura indra ko nahIM mAnate the / 1 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya inheM acchI dRSTi se nahIM dekhA jAtA thA aura isI kAraNa 'indra' ne inheM zAlAvRkoM se nocavAyA thA / tANDya brAhmaNa meM bhI isI prakAra kA ullekha milatA hai / 5 bAda meM unheM dIkSita karake vaidika paramparA meM sammilita kara liyA jAne lagA thA / uparyukta vivecana se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki bhale hI zramaNa saMskRti vaidika saMskRti ke samakAlika na ho, bhale hI jaina tIthaGkara RSabhadeva vaidika RSabhadeva se bhinna rahe hoM, para itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki zramaNa saMskRti kI AdhArazilA vaidika saMskRti hI thI / mere vicAra se zramaNa saMskRti upaniSadkAlIna saMskRti pratIta hotI hai / kyoMki vaidikakAla meM devI-devatAoM kI pUjA aura yAgAdi anuSThAnoM kI pramukhatA thI aura AtmA, karmasiddhAnta, punarjanma, tapa, tyAga, vairAgya, brahmacarya Adi jo zramaNa saMskRti ke pramukha AdhAra haiM, kA vivecana upaniSadkAla meM hI milatA hai / aura upaniSadoM meM zramaNa saMskRti kI vistRta rUparekhA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| purANakAla meM to jaina sampradAya ke AditIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ko viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM pUjA jAne lagA thA / zrImadbhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ko eka avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / " RSabhadeva ke Izvara ke rUpa meM pUje jAne kI mAnyatA itanI dRDhamUla ho gaI thI ki zivapurANa meM bhI unheM ziva ke aTThAIsa yogAvatAroM meM ginAyA gayA hai / 3. atharvaveda adhyAya 15 4. indro yatIn zAlAvRkebhyo prAcchat / 5. tANDya brAhmaNa 8|114 6. zrI madabhAgavata 5 / 5 / 28 / 31 - taittarIyasaMhitA 6 / 2715

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tulanAtmaka samIkSA 153 bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUla AdhAra hai-tapa, tyAga, saMyama aura AcAra / vaidika-paramparA ke anusAra yaha jIvana eka yajJa hai| tapa, dAna, Arjava, ahiMsA aura satya-ye hI isa jIvanayajJa kI dakSiNA haiN| jisa prakAra vinA dakSiNA ke yajJa niSphala hotA hai, (hRtayajJo'dakSiNaH), usI prakAra binA tapa, dAna, satya Adi ke pAlana ke yaha jIvana nirarthaka hai| vRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM ina samasta-sadguNoM ko tIna prakAroM (dama, dAna aura dayA) meM samAhita kara diyA gayA hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra prajApati ke pAsa unakI santAne deva, manuSya aura asura zikSA prApti ke hetu gaye aura prArthanA kI ki bhagavan hameM upadeza diijie| taba prajApati ne sabako 'da' kA upadeza diyaa| dama, dAna aura dayA / isa 'da, da, da' ke siddhAnta meM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI AtmA nihita hai| dama, dAna, dayA-ye tIna hI upaniSadoM ke pramukha siddhAnta haiN| veda, Agama, purANoM meM isI kI mahattA kA varNana hai| zramaNa saMskRti meM bhI ye pramukha tattva svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| unameM bhI dama, dAna aura dayA ko Atmonnati kA mArga batAyA gayA hai / ____dama-Atmanigraha ko 'dama' kahA jAtA hai, isI ko saMyama' bhI kahate haiN| cAritrika zuddhatA ke lie AtmasaMyama atyAvazyaka hai| AtmasaMyama aura indriyoM ke damana se parabrahma kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| kenopaniSad meM to 'dama' ko brahmasambandhI rahasyajJAna kA AdhAra batAyA hai| vrata pAlana kI dRSTi se indriyoM kI aniyantrita pravRttiyoM ko rokanA 'saMyama' hai / brahmacarya bhAratIya saMskRti kA pramukha aMga hai| zramaNa saskRti meM brahmacarya kA pAlana Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / ve mana, vacana, kAya se indriyoM ke saMyama, manovikAroM ke avarodha tathA vAsanAoM ke unmUlana ko 'brahmacaya' kahate haiN| unhoMne AtmasaMyama ko sarvotkRSTa guNa mAnA hai| yogadarzana meM 'brahmacarya' kA prayoga saMkucita atha meM kiyA gayA hai| 7. atha yat tapo dAnamArjavahiMsA satyavacana mita tA asya dakSiNA / -chAndogyopaniSad 3 / 17 / 4 8. bRhadAraNyakoSAniSad 51 6. tasyai tapo dama, karmeti pratiSThA-kenopaniSad 4 / 8

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154 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA "brahmacarya guptasyendriyasyopasthasya sNymH|" kintu vaha saMkucita artha yahA~ abhISTa nahIM hai| atharvaveda meM kahA gayA hai ki 'brahmacarya evaM tapa se rAjA rASTra kI rakSA karatA hai, brahmacarya ke dvArA hI AcArya ziSyoM ke zikSaNa kI yogyatA apane meM saMpAdana karate the| 10 upaniSadoM meM brahmacarya kA vizeSa mahattva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / chAndogyopaniSad meM to yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki yajJa, upavAsa Adi jitane bhI pavitra karma haiM, ve binA brahmacarya ke nirarthaka ho jAte haiN|'' upaniSadoM meM brahmacarya ke sAtha tapa kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / atharvaveda meM brahmacarya ke sAtha tapa kA ullekha AyA hai| saMyama ke vinA na brahmacarya siddha hotA hai aura na tapa / ataH tapa ke lie saMyama ko Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| sukha-duHkhAdi dvandvoM kI sahana-zakti 'tapa' kahA jAtA hai| binA indriya-saMyama ke sukha-duHkhAdi dvandvoM kI sahanazIlatA nahIM aatii| tapasyA kI siddhi ke lie saMyama' aura 'brahmacarya' donoM hI atyanta Avazyaka haiN| zramaNa saMskRti meM Atmazuddhi ke lie tapa paramAvazyaka mAnA gayA hai aura Atmazuddhi jIvana kA parama lakSya hai| tapa do prakAra ke hote haiM-Abhyantara aura bAhya / dAna-dIna-dukhiyoM kI sahAyatA karanA tathA lobha se nirmukta honA 'dAna' hai| vaidika yuga meM dAna kA bar3A mahattva thaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'kisI ke dhana kA lobha mata kro| (mA gRdhaH kasyasvid dhnm)| kyoMki dhana se amaratA kI AzA nahIM kI jA sktii| 12 taittarIyopaniSada meM batAyA gayA hai ki donadukhiyoM kI dhana se sahAyatA karanI cAhie, kintu vaha zraddhA se kare, azraddhA se nahIM / prasannatA se denA cAhie bhaya se nahIM / 13 zramaNa 10. brahmacaryeNa tapasA rAjA rASTra hi rakSati / AcAryo brahmacaryeNa brahmacAriNamicchate / / -atharvaveda 11 // 5 // 4 11. chAndogyopaniSad 8 / 5 / 1 - 4 12. amRtatvasya tu nAzAsti vittena -bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2 / 4 / 2 13. taittarIyopaniSad 1 / 11 /

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tulanAtmaka samIkSA 155 saMskRti meM dAna kA vizeSa mahattva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / zramaNoM ke lie vihAra tathA unake bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA dAna se hI hotI thii| unake anusAra hamane jo kucha diyA, vaha pA liyA aura jo kucha deMge, vaha paaeNge| ___ 'dayA'----dayA ko hI karuNA bhI kahate haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti me dayA ko sabase bar3A puNya mAnA gayA hai / 14 mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra meM prANoM se bar3hakara priya koI anya vastu nahIM hai| ataH manuSyoM ko apane samAna hI prANiyoM para dayA karanI caahie|15 AcAra--bhAratIya saMskRti meM AcAra kA sabase adhika mahattva hai| AcAra hI mAnava kI unnati kA pramukha sAdhana hai aura yahI prathama dharma hai (AcAraH prathamo dharmaH) / vaidika saMskRti meM to yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki AcArahIna vyakti ko to veda bhI pavitra nahIM kara sakatA (AcArahInaM na punaativedH)| zramaNa saMskRti meM AcAra ke pA~ca prakAra ke AcaraNa batAe gae haiN| unake nAma hai-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / zramaNasaMskRti meM inake pAlana para vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai aura inheM 'paJcamahAvata' kahA gayA hai| yogazAstra meM pratipAdita ATha prakAra ke yogAGgoM meM bhI ina pA~coM ko 'yama' ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ___ 'ahiMsA'-ahiMsA zramaNa saMskRti kI sabase mahattvapUrNa dena hai / 'ahiMsA' zramaNasaMskRti kA prANa hai| mahAvIra svAmI kA upadeza hai ki 'sabako apanA jIvana priya hotA hai / ataH kisI ko kaSTa nahIM pahu~cAnA cAhie, kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karanI caahie|' dazavakAlika meM batAyA gayA hai ki "prANoM kI hiMsA karanA dharma nahIM ho sktaa| ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa yahI vAstavika tapa haiN|"16 jaina dharma meM. 14. nAsti dayAsamaM puNyaM pApaM hiMsAsamaM nhi| -devI bhAgavata 15. nAsti prANAt priyataraM loke kiJcana vidyate / tasmAt dayA naraH kuryAt yathAtmani tathA pre| -mahAbhArata anu0 11618 16. dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha, ahiMsA saMjamo tavo / -dazavakAlika 11

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156 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA hiMsA na karane ko ahiMsA kahA gayA hai| mana, vacana aura kAya se kisI bhI jIva ko duHkha pahu~cAnA yA mAranA 'hirA' hai / jaina dharma ke anusAra hiMsA dA prakAra kI hotI hai--bhAva hiMsA aura drvyhiNsaa| AtmA meM kAma, krodha, lobha, moha Adi bhAvoM kA utpanna honA, 'bhAvahiMsA' hai| aura kaSAyAdi ke vazIbhUta hokara jaba eka prANI dUsare prANI kI hatyA karatA hai, to vaha 'dravyahiMsA' kahalAtI hai / zramaNa saMskRti meM donoM prakAra kI hiMsAe~ tyAjya haiM / vaidika dharma meM bhI ahiMsA ko sabase uttama pAvana dharma mAnA gayA hai-'ahiMsA paramo dharma' / mahAbhArata meM ahiMsA ko samasta dharmoM kA mUla kahA hai " 'ahiMsA sakalo dharmaH' / viSNudharmottara purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki-ahiMsA, satya, dayA, prANiyoM para anugrahaye jisake pAsa sadA rahate haiN| he rAma! bhagavAna usase prasanna rahate haiN|"16yog darzana meM samasta prANiyoM se droha na karanA 'ahiMsA' kahA gayA hai| bhAva yaha hai ki mana, vacana, kAya se kisI bhI prANI ko kaSTa na paha~cAnA, ahiMsA hai| yaha sabhI dharmoM, sabhI sampradAyoM meM samAna rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, ataH ise 'sArvabhauma' dharma kahA jAtA hai| satya'-mana aura vANI se jo vastu indriyoM dvArA jaisI dekhI gaI hai, jaisI sunI gaI hai, jaisI samajhI gaI hai, use usI rUpa meM kahanA 'satya' kahalAtA hai| samasta vizva isI 'satya' para AdhArita hai / yaha pRthvI isI 'satya' para TikI huI hai / vedoM meM ise 'Rta' kahA gayA hai| sUrya sadaiva niyamita samaya para hI udita evaM asta hotA hai, saMsAra nirantara gatizIla hai, vAyu sadaiva gatimAna rahatI hai, ise hI 'Rta' kahate haiM, aura yahI 'satya' hai| isa prakAra saMsAra ke samasta niyama evaM vidhAna sabhI kucha satya para hI pratiSThita haiN| tabhI to kahA gayA hai : "satyena dhAryate pRthvI satyena tapate raviH / satyena vAti vAyuzca sarva satye pratiSThitam // " 17. ahiMsA satyavacana dayA bhUteSvanugrahI / yasyaitAni sadA rAma tasya duSyati kezavaH // -viSNudharmottarapurANa

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tulanAtmaka samIkSA 157 asteya-asteya kA artha hai mana, vacana, zarIra se kisI dUsare ke dravya ko grahaNa na karanA aura na usake grahaNa kI icchA karanA / vaidika dharma meM 'asteya' ko ati nindita mAnA gayA hai / IzAvAsyopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki kabhI bhI dUsare ke dhana ko lene kI icchA na kare-mA gRdhaH kasyascid dhanam / jaina dharma meM AvazyakatA se adhika kA maMgraha karanA 'steya' kahA gayA hai aura AvazyakatA se adhika grahaNa na karanA 'asteya' kahA jAtA hai| 'brahmacarya-mana, vacana, kAya se samasta indriyoM kA saMyama karanA brahmacarya hai| vaidika, bauddha, jaina evaM anya dharmoM meM brahmacaryapAlana eka Avazyaka dharma batAyA gayA hai| bhArata ke samasta dharmazAstroM meM kahA gayA hai ki smaraNa, kIrtana, keli, prekSaNa, guhya bhASaNa, saMkalpa, adhyavasAya aura saMbhoga-ina ATha prakAra ke maithunoM ko, brahmacarya ke sAdhakoM ko sadaiva parityAga karanA caahie| jaina dharma meM "satya, tapa, prANidayA, aura indriya-nirodharUpa brahmacarya ke anuSThAna ko brahmacarya kahA gayA hai|"58 vastutaH kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika-samasta prakAra kI vAsanAoM kA parityAga karanA hI 'brahmacarya' hai| kyoMki viSayavAsanA patana kA mArga hai aura 'brahmacarya' Atmonnati kA sarvottama saadhn| 'aparigraha'-aparigraha sAMsArika svArthoM ke tyAga kA nAma hai| arthAt saMsAra ke samasta viSayoM se rAga tathA mamatA kA parityAga kara denA aparigraha kahalAtA hai| varNavyavasthA: bhAratIya saMskRti meM varNAzrama vyavasthA kA sarvAdhika mahattva mAnA gayA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM varNavyavasthA jAti ke AdhAra para nahIM, balki karma ke AdhAra para mAno gayI hai| vedoM meM eka mantra ko chor3akara aura kahIM bhI brAhmaNAdi vargoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| zukranIti meM batAyA gayA hai ki "vizvAmitra, vasiSTha, mataMga aura nAradAdi RSiyoM ne tapa ke prabhAva se uttamapada ko prApta kiyA thA, jAti se nhiiN|" 19 zramaNasaMskRti meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA karma ke 18. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra.-AcArya shiilaangk| 16. vizvAmitro vasiSThazca mataMgo nAradAdayaH / tapovizeSasaMprAptAH uttamatvaM na jAtitaH / / -zukranIti

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158 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA AdhAra para mAnI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jayaghoSa muni aura vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa kA samvAda AtA hai, jisameM jayaghoSa muni vijayaghoSa se kahate haiM ki "jAti se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotaa| jisane rAga, dveSa, bhaya para vijaya prApta kara lI hai, jo mithyA-bhASaNa nahIM karatA aura sarva prANiyoM ke hita meM rata rahatA hai, saccA brAhmaNa vahI hai| kevala sira muDA lene se koI zramaNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA, oGkAra japane se brAhmaNa nahIM bana sakatA, jaGgala meM vAsa karane se koI muni nahIM ho sakatA aura kuza, cIra dhAraNa karane se koI tapasvI nahIM bana sktaa| samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa aura tapasyA se muni banA jA sakatA hai| karmoM se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kahA jAtA hai|" 2deg Azrama-vyavasthA : vaidika evaM zramaNa donoM saMskRtiyoM meM cAra AzramoM kI vyavasthA batAI gayI hai| manu ne cAra AzramoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-- brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa / 21 / manu ke samAna hI jainadharma meM cAra prakAra ke Azrama batAye haiMbrahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura bhikSuka (saMnyAsa) / 22 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke anusAra hI jaina dharma meM cAra AzramoM kI parikalpanA kI gaI hai| aura unameM gRhastha dharma sarvazreSTha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki gRhastha dharma ke binA anya dharmoM kA pAlana hI nahIM ho sktaa| vivAha karanA gahastha kA parama kartavya kahA gayA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ke anusAra svayamvara vivAha ko zreSTha mAnA jAtA thA / 23 bahuvivAha kI prathA avazya pracalita thI, kintu parastrIgamana ko 20. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyAya 25 / 21. brahmacArI gRhasthazca vAnaprastho yatistathA / ete gRhastha-prabhavAzcatvAraH pRthgaashrmaaH| - manusmRti 687 22. brahmacArI gRhasthazca vAnaprastho'tha bhikSukaH / ityAzramAstu jainAnAmuttarottarazuddhitaH / / -AdipurANa, jinasena 23. sanAtano'sti mArgo'yaM zrutismRtiSu bhASitaH / vivAhAdibhedeSu variSThohi svayamvaraH / -AdipurANa

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156 tulanAtmaka samIkSA nindita samajhA jAtA thaa| gRhasthAzramarUpI ratha ke strI puruSa rUpo do pahiye the| karma vipAka prANiyoM meM jo zArIrika evaM mAnasika viSaya haiM, vaha karmamulaka haiN| jIva jaisA uttama yA adhama karma karatA hai, vaisA hI phala bhogatA hai| karma ke anusAra hI bhinna-bhinna yoniyoM meM janma letA hai aura karma ke anusAra hI use sukha-duHkha milatA hai / manuSya jaisA karma karatA hai, vaisA saMskAra banatA hai aura saMskAra ke anusAra antaHkaraNa kI vRtti banatI hai| vRtti ke anusAra jIva kI bhinnabhinna viSayoM meM pravRtti hotI hai| utkRSTa karma AdhyAtmikatA kI ora le jAtA hai aura adhama karma se nikRSTayoni ko prApti hotI hai| ___ isa prakAra janma-mRtyu, sukha-duHkha kA AdhAra karma hai| jaina saMskRti saMsAra ko anAdi aura ananta mAnatI haiM / isa anAdi aura anaMta saMsAra meM jIva aura ajIva do padArtha haiM / jova cetana aura ajIva jar3a / jIva siddha aura saMsArI do prakAra kA hotA hai| siddhAvasthA jIva kA zuddha svarUpa hai aura saMsArI karmabandhana meM baMdhA huA hai| jaba AtmA apane vAstarika svarUpa ko bhUlakara pudgala dravya kI ora jAtI hai, taba ajJAnavaza usameM rAga utpanna hotA hai, rAga se dveSa tathA rAga-dveSa kI cikanAhaTa meM karma cipaka jAtA hai| rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM karma-bandhana nahIM hotaa|| isa prakAra hama uparyukta vivecana para se isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti meM prAya: pratyeka kSetra meMcAhe vaha AcAra kSetra ho, athavA vicAra kSetra--pamanvaya kA vyApaka sUtra hai / samanvaya kI isI bhAvanA ne to donoM ho saMskRtiyoM ko eka udAtta, akhaMDa, vyApaka evaM gahana hindU saMskRti (bhAratIya saMskRti) ke khUna meM samanvita kara rakhA hai| ___AtmA, paramAtmA, jIva, jagat , baMdhana, mokSa, punarjanma, paraloka --prabhRti aise sthala haiM, jahA~ para donoM hI saMskRtiyoM ke madhya paryApta sAmaMjasya dikhAI detA hai / isa dRSTikoNa se hama kaha sakate haiM ki vaidika evaM zramaNa koI bhinna-bhinna do saMskRtiyAM nahIM haiM.

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160 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA balki eka hI saMskRti ke do rUpa haiM, do pahalU haiN| aisA prAyaH vyavahAra meM dekhA jAtA hai ki jaba koI siddhAnta banatA hai, taba yugAnurUpa paristhitiyoM evaM deza, kAla Adi ko lakSita karate hue, yuga kI mAnyatAe~ evaM jana-mAnasa ke rujhAna-yUgabodha ko dekhate hue, usameM saMskAra pariSkAra bhI hotA rahatA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti isa dizA meM eka bar3I udAra saMskRti hai| aura, yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha Aja taka asaMkhya ghAtaka-prahAroM eva avarodhoM ke bAvajUda bhI jIvita hai / vaidika saMskRti evaM zramaNa saMskRti-donoM meM eka-dUsare ke saMskArapariSkAra ke uddAtta bhAva nihita haiM jo lokamaMgala kI dRSTi se atIva mahattvapUrNa haiN| isa para se bhI maiM yahI samajhatA hU~ ki donoM koI pRthak saMskRtiyA~ nahIM haiM apitu eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiM--paraspara eka saskRti hai| ___isa dizA meM, donoM hI kSetroM meM, unake adhikArI manISiyoM ke antastala meM udAratAvAdI citanA kI apekSA hai| AlocanAe~pratyAlocanAe~ to yugoM-yugoM se hotI AI haiM, hotI rahI haiM, kiMtu Aja yuga kI mAMga yahI hai ki alpasaMkhyaka athavA bahusaMkhyaka tathA isa prakAra kI anya pRthakatAvAdI vRtti kA parityAga kara eka akhaMDa bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa evaM vistAra meM-sabhI bhAvAtmaka yogadAna kreN| samanvaya kA yahI patha sacce artha meM vizva saMskRti, vizvamAnava, vizvabandhutva evaM vizvakalyANa kA pAvana patha hogA, anya koI nhiiN| -DA0 pArasanAtha dvivedo, ema.e., pI-eca.DI.

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17 vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kA dArzanika dharAtala sAMskRti zabda 'sam upasarga' ke sAtha saMskRta kI 'kR' dhAtu se saMgaThita huA hai, jisakA mUla artha pariSkRta karanA hai / bhAratIya janajIvana meM sabhyatA aura saMskRti zabda sAtha-sAtha vyavahRta hote A rahe haiM, kintu inake artha meM mUlataH paryApta antara hai / manuSya kI jIvana-yAtrA ko sarala tathA sanmArgI banAne vAle ve sabhI AviSkAra sabhya utpAdana ke prasAdhana tathA sAmAjika, rAjanItika saMsthAe~ sabhyatA ke rUpa haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM yahI bAta isa prakAra kaha sakate haiM ki sAmAjika utkarSa kA bAhya sAdhanamAtra vastutaH sabhyatA hai / jabaki saMskRti prANI ke antas cintana, kalAtmaka kriyA-kalApa haiM, jinase usakI samRddhatA sunizcita hotI hai / vyakti ke zArIrika saundarya meM sabhyatA ke darzana hote haiM jabaki saMskRti vyakti kA Atmasaundarya hai / saMskRti meM AtmA kA pariSkAra tathA saMskAra sammilita rahatA hai / Atma-pariSkAra ke lie saMsAra meM anAdikAla se prayAsa hue haiM aura Aja bhI prayAsa jArI haiM / isa dRSTi se bhAratIya saMskRti kA bar3A mahatva rahA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti kyA hai ? bhAratIya saMskRti meM mUlataH vaidika tathA zramaNa - jaina aura bauddha - saMskRtiyoM kA samyak samIkaraNa hotA hai / yahA~ hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke samanvayAtmaka dRSTi kI saMkSepa meM carcA kareMge / vaidika kA artha hai - veda sambandhI / veda kA artha hai - jJAna, yathArtha jJAna / yathArtha jJAna se sambandhita samagra AkAra -- saMskAra vastutaH vaidika saMskRti kahalAtI hai| isa prakAra zramaNa kyA hai ? yaha samyak zrama para AdhArita hai / zramaNa zabda kA vyavahAra jaina aura bauddha donoM kI saMjJAoM ke lie hotA rahA hai / isa prakAra ve samagra jaina, bauddha saMskAra, jo samyak zrama para AdhRta rahe haiM, vastutaH zramaNa 161

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162 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA saMskRti ke avayava kahe jA sakate haiM / vaidika aura zramaNa donoM hI saMskRtiyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI hai / AtmA ke astitva ko donoM hI saMskRtiyA~ svIkAra karatI haiM / AtmA ke svarUpa ko jAnanA jJAna aura jJAnamaya honA vastutaH zramaNatva ko prApta karanA hai / isa prakAra ajJAna arthAt kaSAyoM ke karma phala kA visarjana (kSaya) vaidika aura zramaNa donoM hI saMskRtiyoM ko iSTa rahA hai / prazna yaha hai ki ina AtmA-loka para AcchAdita vikAroM kA visarjana kisa prakAra ho ? kauna-sI aisI bAteM haiM, jinakI vajaha se vikAroM kA janma hotA hai ? hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla, aura parigraha - ye aisI kaSAyajanya bhAva-pariNatiyA~ haiM jinake udaya se Atma-AbhA sUrya para Acchanna bAdaloM kI nAI' chipa jAtI haiM / taba aisI sthiti meM prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM kramAnusAra gatimAna rahatA hai / ina kaSAyoM kA anta (kSaya) ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya tathA aparigrahI Atma-svabhAvoM ke cintana se sambhava hai vaidikaveda, upaniSad, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi, jaina-- AcArAMga sUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, bhadra bAhu, kurUMda, kuMda AcArya Adi, aura bauddha-suttapiTaka, dIrghanikAya, majjhimanikAya, dhammapada, jAtaka Adi granthoM meM ina donoM hI saMskRtiyoM ke isa prakAra ciMtana kA ullekha milatA hai / isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti kA samanvayAtmaka dharAtala naitika, ucca Adarza, citta kI zuddhi, saMyama, paropakAra, saMtoSa, dayA, maitrI, muditA, karuNA, prema Adi sadaguNoM se saMprerita hai, jisake phalasvarUpa kAma, krodhAdi zatruoM kA visarjana huA karatA hai / jagat aura jIvana, loka aura paraloka kI utkarSajanita vyavasthAoM meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM kA yogadAna spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai / jahA~ saMskAroM meM sadAzaya hai aura jinakA AdhAra satya para avalambita hai, nizcaya hI ve sabhI paddhatiyA~ aura paMtha samanvayAtmaka niSkarSa para khare utare haiM / isa dRSTi se vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRtiyA~ samanvaya ke dharAtala para ullekhanIya mahattva rakhatI haiN| - DA0 mahendrasAgara, pracaMDiyA, ema.e., pI. eca. DI. - ----

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10 gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhArata anAdikAla se hI saMskRti ke kSetra meM vizvaguru rahA hai / isakA pradhAna kAraNa yaha hai ki samanvaya kI udAtta bhAvanA bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUla mantra hai / bhArata ke aMcala meM bhAratIya saMskRti do dhArAoM meM prAcInatama kAla se pravAhita hotI AI hai - vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNasaMskRti / zramaNa saMskRti bhI Age calakara do dhArAoM meM vibhakta ho gaI - jaina saMskRti evaM bauddha saMskRti / ina tInoM saMskRtiyoM kI samanviti hI bhAratIya saMskRti hai / ina tInoM saMskRtiyoM ne hI bhAratIya jIvana ko sarvAdhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti kA pravAha eka vizAla nadI kI bhA~ti, rAha kI choTImoTI nadiyoM ko apane meM samAviSTa karatA huA, hajAroM-hajAra varSoM se bhAratabhUmi ko AplAvita aura samRddha karatA rahA hai / sAMskRtika punarujjIvana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki pratyeka saMskRti ke dhArmika granthoM ke adhyayana, anuzIlana, cintana aura manana ke sAtha syAdvAdamudrAtmaka aikAtmya sambandha sthApita kiyA jAe / prastuta lekha meM gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta hai / gItA ke una viSayoM ko dekhanA hai jo ki zramaNa saMkRti se mela khAte haiM / vaise to gItA ke adhikatama zloka aise haiM, jo jainadarzanasammata tathya prakaTa karate haiM / kintu pratyeka zloka kI carcA eka vistRta grantha kA rUpa le letI hai; ataH yahA~ saMkSepa meM pramukha pramukha sthaloM para hI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai : 163

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164 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ahiMsA : gItA kI dRSTi meM : dharma kA mUla ahiMsA hai| bhAratIya-saMskRti kI AcAra-praNAlo kA kendra ahiMsA hai aura prANI-dayA usakA prANa hai| manasA, vAcA, karmaNA, pratyakSa athavA parokSa kisI bhI rUpa meM kisI bhI prANI ko zArIrika evaM mAnasika kisI bhI prakAra kI pIr3A yA hAni na pahu~cAnA hI ahiMsA hai| arthAt, kisI bhI sacetana prANI ko kisI prakAra duHkhI na karanA hI ahiMsA hai| sabhI dharmazAstra sadA se yaha kahate Ae haiM ki kisI kI hiMsA mata kro| yadi saba dharmoM meM pAI jAne vAlI isa sAdhAraNa AjJA kA pAlana kiyA jAe, to yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA ahiMsA kA ArAdhaka apane sadAcAra ke kAraNa duSTa janoM ke phaMde meM apane ko phaMsA le ? yA apanI rakSA ke lie 'jaise ko taisA' hokara una logoM kA pratikAra kare ? dRSToM kA nAza hiMsA ke binA ho nahIM sktaa| to kyA kiyA jAe? kyA kAyara aura durbala banakara kone meM baiTha jAyA jAe? prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue kRSNa kahate haiM ---nahIM, jo anyAya hai, usake viruddha lar3anA hI caahie| hA~, usa samaya Aveza aura zatru ke prati durbhAvanA nahIM ho, rAga aura dveSa se rahita hokara yuddha karo aura yadi tuma apane mana ko aiso sthiti meM le jA sakoge, to hiMsA asambhava ho jaaegii| isa sthiti se agalI sthiti ke viSaya meM unhoMne kahA : jo na to kisI dUsare prANI ko udvigna karatA hai, aura na svayaM hI kisI anya ke dvArA udvigna hotA hai, jisase na saMsAra ghabarAtA aura svayaM bhI jo saMsAra se nahIM ghabarAtA, jisase na to logoM ko kleza hotA hai aura na jo logoM se kleza pAtA hai, jo kisI ke lie bhI kaSTa kA kAraNa nahIM banatA aura na koI use kaSTa kA anubhava karA pAtA hai, jo harSa aura krodha se, bhaya aura viSAda se alipta hai, vahI bhakta mujhe priya hai| yahI sva aura para kI ahiMsA hai|" 1. yasmAnnodvijate loko lokAnodvijate ca yaH / harSAmarSabhayovegamukto yaH sa ca me priyH||-12|15 /

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gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 165 ahiMsA : jaina-dRSTi meM : pUrvacita prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue jaina-darzana ahiMsA ko do rUpoM meM vibhakta kara detA hai-zrAvaka kI ahiMsA aura zramaNa kI ahiMsA / ina sabakA svarUpa saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai : ___ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie zrAvaka ko pratijJA lenI hotI hai ki 'maiM mana-vacana-kAyA se kisI bhI niraparAdha evaM nirdoSa trasa prANI kI jAna-bUjhakara hiMsA na svayaM karU~gA aura na dUsaroM se kraauuNgaa| pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspatirUpa sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA bhI vyartha evaM amaryAdita rUpa meM na karU~gA aura na dUsaroM se kraauuNgaa|' yaha pratijJA usako kamajora yA kAyara nahIM banAtI hai, anyAya ko cupacApa sahana karane ke lie bhI nahIM kahatI hai. yaha to vIroM kA dharma hai| isase jIvana-vyavahAra meM koI bhI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai aura jIvana sukha-pUrvaka vyatIta hotA hai| durbala ko satAnA nahIM aura svayaM bhI kisI se trasta nahIM honA, anyAya kA mukAbalA karanA, isameM nihita hai| donoM prakAra kI ahiMsA kA svarUpa samajhane ke bAda aba yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki loga hiMsA kyoM karate haiM ? aura hiMsA kyoM nahIM karanI cAhie ? ahiMsA kA kyA mahattva hai ? praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA hai-kucha loga prayojanavaza hiMsA karate haiM aura kucha loga binA prayojana ke bhI hiMsA karate haiN| kucha loga krodhavaza hiMsA karate haiM, kucha lobhavaza hiMsA karate haiM aura kucha ajJAnavaza hiMsA karate haiN| kiMtu kisI bhI jIva ko trAsa-kaSTa nahIM denA caahie| kyoMki saba sacetana prANiyoM ko jIvana priya hai, sukha sabako acchA lagatA hai aura duHkha burA / badha sabako apriya 2. Avazyaka sUtra / 3. aTThA haNaMti, aNaTThA haNaMti / kuddhA haNaMti, luddhA haNaMti, muddhA haNaMti / -praznabyAkaraNasUtra 1-1 4. na ya vittAsae prN| -uttarA0 212.

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA hai aura jIvana priy| ataH kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA mata kro|" jJAnI hone kA sAra yahI hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kI jaae| ahiMsA hI dharma kA sAra hai| basa itanI bAta sadaiva dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie / para-pIr3A meM lage hue ajJAnI jIva, eka to andhakAra se andhakAra kI ora jAte haiM aura dUsare, isa prakAra vaira kI paramparA cala par3atI hai| vaira vRtti vAlA vyakti jaba dekho taba vaira hI karatA rahatA hai| vaha eka ke bAda eka kie jAne vAle baira se vaira ko bar3hAte rahane meM hI rasa letA hai| jo vaira kI paramparA ko lambA kie rahate haiM, ve naraka ko prApta hote haiN| tathA jo bhaya aura vaira se uparata haiM, mukta haiM, ve kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM krte| isalie sAdhaka ko kisI bhI prANI se baira-virodha nahIM bar3hAnA caahie|" . svarUpa-dRSTi se saba caitanya eka samAna haiN| yaha advaita bhAvanA hI ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra hai / 12 bha0 mahAvIra ke zabdoM meM ahiMsA 2. (ka) savve pANA piyAuyA, suhasAyA, duhapaDikUlA, appiyavahA, piyajIviNo, jIviu kAmA, sabvesi jIviyaM piyaM, nAivAejja kNcnnN| -AcArAMga 112 / 3 (kha) savve jIvA vi icchaMti, jIviu na marijjiuM / tamhA pANivahaM ghoraM, niggaMthA vajjayaMti NaM // -daza vai0 6.11 6. eyaM khu NANiNo sAraM, jaM na hiMsai kiMcaraNaM / ___ahiMsA samayaM ceva, etAvantaM viyANiyA / --sUtrakRtAMga 111 / 4 / 10 7. tamAo te tamaM jaMti, maMdA aarNbhnissiyaa| -sUtrakRtAMga 11111114 8. verAI kuvvai verI, tao verehiM rjjti| -sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 8 / 7 6. verANubaddhA narayaM uti| -uttarA0 4 / 2 10. na haNe pANiNo pANe, bhayaverAo uvre| -uttarA0 67 11. bhUehiM na birujjhejA -sUtra kRtAMga 1 / 15 / 4 12. tumaMsi nAma taM ceva, jaM haMtavvaM ti manasi / tumaMsi nAma taM ceva, jaM ajjAveyavvaM ti mannasi / / tumaMsi nAma taM ceva, jaM pariyAveyavvaM ti mannasi / -AcArAMga 13515

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gotA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 167 'bhagavatI' hai / '3 isa bhagavatI kI zaraNa svIkAra kie binA sAdhaka Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| ahiMsA : bauddha dRSTi meM : __ ahiMsA kA svara bauddha saMskRti meM isa rUpa meM pratidhvanita hotA hai : ___ sabhI prANI sukha cAhate haiM, jo apane sukha ko icchA se dUsare prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai , use na yahA~ sukha milatA hai aura na paraloka meM / '4 ___ jaisA maiM hU~, vaise hI ye saba prANI haiM, aura jaise ve saba prANI haiM, vaisA hI maiM ha~--isa prakAra apane samAna saba prANiyoM ko samajhakara na svayaM kisI kA badha kare aura na dUsare se kraae|15 praNiyoM kI hiMsA karane vAle ko anAye kahA gayA hai| dayAhIna vyakti zUdra ko bhA~ti samajhA jAtA hai / 16 jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha Arya nahIM hotA, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA bhAva rakhane vAlA hI Arya kahA jAtA hai / 17 maitrI aura sneha se jo prANiyoM ko jIta letA hai, usI 13. bhagavatI ahiMsA....."bhIyANaM viva saraNaM / -praznavyAkaraNa0 21 14. (ka) sukhakAmAni bhUtAni, yo daNDena vihiMsati / attano sukha-mesAno, pecca so na labhate sukhaM // -dhammapada 103 (kha) suttapiTaka 213 15. yathA ahaM tathA aite, yathA aite tathA ahaM / attAnaM upamaM kattvA, na haneyya na ghAtaye // -suttanipAruta 3137 / 27 16. yassa pANe dayA natthi, taM jaJA vasalo iti / / ---suttanipAta 1172 17. na tena ariyo hoti, yena pANAni hiMsati / zuhiMsA savvapANAna, ariyo ti pabuccati // -dhammapada 16 / 15

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168 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ko jaya prApta hotI hai / 18 ataeva binA kisI daNDa aura zastra ke, kevala ahiMsA ke bala para hI pRthvI ko jItanA cAhie / 19 ___ ahiMsA ko dUsare zabdoM meM karuNA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai aura jaba hama isa zabda kI vyutpatti para vicAra karate haiM to pratIta hotA hai ki 'dUsare kA du:kha hone para jo sajjano ke hRdaya ko ka~pA de, use karuNA kahate haiN| dUsare ke duHkha ko kharIda letI hai athavA naSTa kara detI hai, isalie bhI karuNA, karuNA hai / 20 isa prakAra ahiMsA-siddhAnta kA paryAlocana karate hue hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ke lie hameM apane hRdaya meM prANimAtra ke utkarSa, vikAsa aura kalyANa kI maGgalamayI bhAvanA ko ubuddha karanA caahie| vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ke sAtha asIma maitrI kI bhAvanA ko bar3hAnA caahie|1|| ___'vizva ke saba prANo sukhI hoM',22 'sumana hoM, prasanna ho',23 'vaira se rahita hoM, koI vaira na rkhe| koI duHkha na paae|' 24 anAsaktipUrNa karmamArga : vaidika-dhArA _ 'karmaNyevAdhikAraste, mA phaleSu kdaacn| ___ mA karmaphalaheturbhUrmA te saMgo'stvakarmali // 2 // 47 // isa prasiddha zloka meM anAsakti kA mUla siddhAnta vidyamAna hai| yaha zloka isa saMsAra meM manuSya ko aisA pUrNa sakriya jIvana bitAne 18. jetAraM labhate jayaM / --saMyuttani kAya 1 / 3 / 15 16. adaNDena asatthena, vijeyya pathavi imN| -aMguttaranikAya 76 / 6 20. paradukkhe sati sAdhUnaM hRdaya-kampanaM karotIti karuNA / kiNAti vA paradukkhaM, hiMsati vinAsetIti karuNA // ___-visuddhimagna 662 21. metta ca savvalokasmi, mAnasa bhAvaye aparimANaM / -suttanipAta 18 22. savve sattA bhavantu sukhivtttaa| -suttanipAta 183 23. sabve va bhUtA sumanA bhavantu / -khuddaka pATha 611 24. savve sattA averino hontu, mA verino / sukhino hontu, mA duvikhno| -paTisambhidAmaggo / 2 / 4 / 2 / 6

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gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 166 kA upadeza detA hai, jisameM usakA Antarika jIvana paramAtmA ke sAtha jur3A huA ho / yaha eka suvidita dRSTikoNa hai ki pratyeka karma karttA ke ahaMkAra ko puSTa karatA hai aura jahA~ ahaMkAra hai, vahA~ mukti kaisI ? parantu isa zloka meM, hameM pUrNa mukti prApta karane aura isa saMsAra meM kAryaM karate rahane meM sahAyatA dene ke lie duharA prayojana vidyamAna hai / gItA ke sAre upadeza meM karma kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA gayA hai / 25 isameM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki manuSya ko na kevala sAmAjika prANI ke rUpa meM, apitu AdhyAtmika bhavitavyatA vAle eka vyakti ke rUpa meM kyA kucha karanA caahie| gItA kA guru karma kI atyadhika sUkSmatA kI ora saMketa karatA hai / 26 hamAre lie karma se bace rahanA sambhava nahIM hai / karma ko tyAga denA bhI vAMchanIya nahIM hai / jar3atA svatantratA nahIM hai / phira, kisI karmabandhana kA guNa kevala usa karma ko kara dene bhara meM hI nihita nahIM hai, apitu usa prayojana yA icchA meM nihita hai, jisase prerita hokara karma kiyA jAtA hai / gotA icchAoM se virakta hone kA upadeza detI hai, karma ko tyAga dene kA nahIM / vaha kahatI hai ki jo vyakti Asakti ko tyAga kara, apane karmoM ko brahma ko samarpita karake karma karatA hai, use pApa usI prakAra sparza nahIM karatA, jaise kamala kA pattA pAnI se achUtA hI rahatA hai / 27 yadi hama karma ke phala meM anAsakti kI aura paramAtmA ke prati samarpaNa kI bhAvanA ko vikasita kara leM, taba hama karma karate hue bhI usase alipta raha sakate haiM / jo vyakti isa bhAvanA se kArya karatA hai, vaha nitya saMnyAsI hai / 28 isalie vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha anAsakta 25. 238, 35, 311, 415, 418, 87 11 / 33, 16 / 24, 18 / 6 Adi / 26. karmaNo hyapi boddhavyaM, boddhavyaM ca vikarmaNaH / akarmaNazca boddhavyaM, gahanA karmaNo gatiH // 27. brahmaNyAdhAya karmANi saGga tyaktvA karoti yaH / lipyate na sa pApena padmapatramivAmbhasA // 28. jJa eyaH sa nityasaMnyAsI yo na dva eSTi na kAGkSati / nirdvandvo hi mahAbAhoM sukhaM bandhAtpramucyate // J -4|17 - 5110 -5/3

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170 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA hokara sadA karane yogya karmoM ko karatA rahe, kyoMki anAsakta rahakara karma karatA huA manuSya parama-pada ko prApta karatA hai / 29 isa prakAra gItA kA Adarza saMsAra meM pha~se binA bhI saMsAra ko saba sambhAvanAoM meM mela biThAne vAlA hai| gItA kA sAdhaka karmoM ko karatA hai kiMtu phira bhI karmoM kA karane vAlA nahIM hai| anAsakti : jaina dhArA sAdhanA ke lie Asakti jaharIlA kIr3A hai| kitanI hI U~cI sAdhanA ho, yadi Asakti hai to vaha use andara hI andara khokhalA kara detI hai| isalie sAdhaka ko hara prakAra kI Asakti se rahita hokara samabhAvapUrvaka vicaraNa karanA caahie| - uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM vItarAga bhagavAn kI vANI gUMja rahI hai : "jo lAbha-alAbha, sukha-dukha, jIvana-maraNa, nindA-prazaMsA aura mAna-apamAna meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI vastutaH muni hai|"30 ___ 'Atma-sAdhaka mamatva ke bandhana ko tor3a pheMke jaise ki sarpa zarIra para AI haI keMcalI ko utAra pheMkatA hai|31 yaha mamakAra hI moha hai aura yahI karma utpanna karane kA mUla kAraNa hai| karma hI janmamaraNa kA mUla hai| yadi janma-maraNa se chuTakArA pAnA ho to Asakti ko dUra kro|' jaba hama sImita ahaMkAra ke prati apane rAga ko tyAga dete haiM aura apane karmoM ko zAzvatatA ke prati samarpita kara dete haiM, taba hama usa AtmA ke lie kArya karate haiM, jo hama sabameM vidyamAna hai| jaba taka nirapekSa tyAga nahIM hotA hai, taba taka sAdhaka kI cittazuddhi nahIM hotI hai aura jaba taka cittazuddhi nahIM hotI hai, taba taka kakSaya kaise ho sakatA hai ? 32 cittazuddhi ke lie hI bhagavAna ne sarvatra 26. asaktohyAcaran karma paramApnoti pUruSaH / / -3 / 16 30. lAbhAlAbhe suhe dukkhe, jIvie maraNe tahA / samo nindApasaMsAsu, tahA maannvmaanno|| -uttarA0 1991 31. mamatta chindae tAe, mahAnogovva kaMcuyaM / -uttarA0 1987 32. Nahi Nikhekkho cAgo, Na havadi bhikkhussa aasyvishuddhii| bhavisuddhassa hi citte, kahaM Nu kammakkhao hodi ||-prvcn 320

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gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 171 niSkAmatA ko zreSTha batAyA hai 133 jo niSkAma hotA hai, vaha na mRtyu se grasta hotA hai aura na zAzvata sukha se dUra / 34 jisa prakAra agni purAne sUkhe kATha ko zIghra hI bhasma kara DAlatI hai, usI prakAra Atma-samAhita nispRha sAdhaka karmoM ko kucha hI kAla meM naSTa kara DAlatA hai / 35 jo isa loka se nirapekSa hai, arthAta isa loka kI yazapratiSThA Adi ke lie karma nahIM karatA; paraloka meM bhI apratibaddhaanAsakta hai arthAta paraloza meM sUkhAdi kI kAmanA se abhibhUta hokara karma nahIM karatA, vahI saccA zramaNa hai|36 jisa sAdhaka kI antarAtmA bhAvanAyoga (niSkAma-sAdhanA) se zuddha hai, vaha jala meM naukA ke samAna hai, arthAt vaha saMsAra-sAgara ko taira jAtA hai, usameM DUbatA nahIM hai / 37 sAtha hI vaha anya manuSyoM ke lie bhI cakSu ke samAna patha-pradarzaka bana jAtA hai|38 jisa prakAra kIcar3a meM par3A huA sonA kIcar3a se lipta nahIM hotA, use jaMga nahIM lagatA hai, usI prakAra jJAnI saMsAra ke padArtha samUha meM virakta hone ke kAraNa karma karatA huA bhI karma se lipta nahIM hotA / 39 kintu jisa prakAra lohA kIcar3a meM par3akara vikRta ho jAtA hai, use jaMga laga jAtA hai, usI prakAra ajJAnI padArthoM meM rAgabhAva rakhane ke kAraNa karma karate hue vikRta ho jAtA hai, karma se lipta 33. savvattha bhagavayA aniyANayA pasatthA // -sthAnAMga 631 34. neva se anto neva duure| -AcArAMga 1151 35. jahA junnAI kaTThAI havvavAho pamatthai. evaM attasamAhie aNihe / -AcArAMga 1 / 4 / 3 36. ihalogaNirAvekkho, appaDibaddho parammi loyamhi |-prvcn0 3 / 26 37. bhAvaNAjogasuddhappA, jale NAvA va AhiyA / --sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 15 / 5 38. se hu cakkhU maNussANaM, je kaMkhAe ya ante| -sUtra0 1 / 15 / 14 39. NANI rAgappajaho, savvadavvesu kamma mjhgdo|| tho lippai rajaeNa du, kaddamamajhe jahA kaNaya // -samayasAra 218

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172 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ho jAtA hai / 4deg isalie karma karo, kintu mana ko dUSita na hone do| 41. yaha saba anAsakti kI mahimA hai| anAsakti : bauddhadhArA astitva ke uccatara staroM para ArohaNa niSkAmakarma dvArA ho kiyA jA sakatA hai| karma meM Asakti hI saMsAra kA bandhana hai|42 Asakta manuSya Asakti ke kAraNa nAnA prakAra ke duHkha pAtA hai|43 usakA citta caMcala banA rahatA hai| isake viparIta jo vyakti saMsAra meM anAsakta hokara vicaraNa karate haiM, unakA citta caMcala nahIM hotA,44 kyoMki unake lie na koI priya hai aura na koI apriya / 45 jisako karma ke prati Asakti nahIM hai, usako karma kA vipAka bhI sparza nahIM karatA; AsaktipUrvaka karma karane vAle ko hI karma vipAka kA sparza hotA hai / 46 jisa prakAra kamala ke patte para pAnI nahIM TikatA, usI prakAra muni dRSTa, zruta evaM mUrta meM Asakta nahIM hotA / 47 apramatta sAdhaka rUpoM meM rAga nahIM karatA, rUpoM ko dekhakara smRtimAna rahatA hai, virakta citta se vedana karatA hai, unameM alagna-anAsakta 40. aNNANI puNa ratto, savvadavvesu kmmmjhgdo| lippadi kammaraeNa du, kaddamamajhe jahA lohaM / / -samayasAra 216 41. citta na dUSayitavyaM / -sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 1 / 2 / 2 42. naMdIsaMyojano loko| -suttanipAta 16815 43. ratto rAgAdhikaraNaM vividhaM vindate dukkha / -theragAthA 16734 44. nissitassa calitaM, anissitassa calitaM nsthi| -udAna 8 / 4 45. chande sati piyAppiyaM hoti / chande asati piyAppiyaM na hoti / -dIghanikAya 2 / 8 / 3 46. nAphusaMtaM phusati, phusantaM ca tato phusN| -saMyuttanikAya 111 / 22 47. udabiMdu yathApi pokkhare, padume vAri yathA na lippati / evaM muni nopalippati, yadidaM diTThasutaM mutesuvA // -suttanipAta 4 / 44 / 6 /

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gotA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 173 rahatA hai / ata: usakA bandhana ghaTatA hI hai, bar3hatA nahIM / 48 kyoMki na to cakSu rUpoM kA bandhana hai aura na rUpa hI cakSu ke bandhana haiM / kintu vahA~ jo donoM ke pratyaya nimitta se chanda rAga ( Asakti ) utpanna hotA hai, vastutaH vahI bandhana hai / 49 ataeva jJAnI sAdhaka ko dekhane meM dekhanA bhara hogA, sunane meM sunanA bhara hogA jAnane meM jAnanA bhara hogA, 10 arthAt vaha rUpAdi kA jJAtA draSTA hogA, unameM rAgAsakta nahIM / yahA~ taka ki sAdhaka ko kisI vAda meM bhI Asakta nahIM honA cAhie / jo kisI vAda meM Asakta hai, usakI cittazuddhi nahIM ho sakatI / 11 ataH sAdhaka jala se lipta na hone vAle kamala ke samAna anAsakta bhAva se vicare / 12 smRti kA sAra hI anAsakti 143 gItA-sAdhanA paddhati : ihaloka aura paraloka meM jIvana ko nirmala aura sukhada banAne ke lie tathA pUrNatA ke lakSya taka pahuMcane ke lie vaidika-sAdhanA ke tIna vibhinna mArga haiM - jJAna, zraddhA ( bhakti, upAsanA ) aura karma / jJAna kA artha hai - adhyAtmavidyA | adhyAtmavidyA bhagavAn ke paramaAnanda ko pAne kA mArga hai / yaha koI bauddhika abhyAsa yA sAmA 48. na so rajjati rUpesu, rUpaM disvA paTissato / " virattacitto vedeti taM ca nAjbhosa tiTThati // yathAssa passato rUpaM, sevato cApi vedanaM / khIyati nopacIyati, evaM so caratI sato // - saMyuttanikAya 4 / 35 / 65 46. na cakkhu rUpAnaM saMyojanaM na rUpA cakkhussa saMyojanaM / 1 yaM ca tattha tadubhayaM paTicca upajjati chandarAgo taM tattha saMyojanaM // - saMyukta 41351232 50. diTThe diTThamatta bhavissati, sute sutamatta' bhavissati / ..... viJJAte viJJAtamattaM bhavissati / 51. nivissavAdI nahi suddhi nAyo / 52. padumaMDava toyena alipyamANo / 53. samiddhi ki sArA ? vimuttisArA ! - saMyuttanikAya 4 / 35 / 65 - suttanipAta 4 / 51 / 16 1 / 3 / 37 13 - aMguttaranikAya hArA4

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174 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA jika abhiyAna nahIM hai| yaha to uddhAra karane vAle jJAna kA mArga hai aura isIlie isako sAdhanA gaMbhIra dhArmika niSThA ke sAtha karanI hotI hai| AtmA kA vijJAna hameM usa ajJAna para vijaya pAne meM sahAyatA detA hai, jo hamase paramAtmasvarUpa ko chipAe hue hai, jo duHkha kA mUla kAraNa hai| isIlie gItA meM kahA hai-'adhyAtmavidyA vidyAnAm' vidyAoM meM adhyAtmavidyA hI sarvazreSTha hai ( 10 / 32) / isa eka kA parijJAna hone para kucha bhI jJAtavya zeSa nahIM raha jAtA / 54 jisa vyakti ko jJAna ho jAtA hai, vaha sacce arthoM meM svAdhIna ho jAtA hai ; vaha apane Antarika prakAza ke atirikta kiso anya zakti se mArga pradarzana ke lie nahIM kahatA / adhyAtmavidyA hI rAjavidyA hai|55 jJAna kA mahattva : jJAna kA mAhAtmya batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki-- "isa pRthvo para jJAna ke sadRza pavitra vastu aura koI nahIM hai| jo vyakti yoga dvArA pUrNatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai, vaha samaya Ane para svayaM apane andara hI apane isa jJAna ko prApta kara letA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmasaMyama se yaha jJAna anta meM manuSya ke mana meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai / 56 "he arjuna ! jisa prakAra prajvalita agni apane IMdhana ko rAkha kara detI hai, usI prakAra jJAna kI agni bhI saba karmoM ko bhasmasAta kara detI haiN|57 "cAhe tU saba pApiyoM se bhI bar3hakara pApI kyoM na ho, phira bhI tU kevala jJAna kI nAva dvArA saba pApoM ke pAra pahu~ca jaaegaa| 58 54. yajjJAtvA neha bhUyo'nyajjJAtavyamavaziSyate / 7 / 2 55. 62 56. na hi jJAnena sadRzaM pavitramiha vidyate / tatsvayaM yogasaMsiddhaH kAlenAtmani vindati // ~4 / 38 57. yathaidhAMsi samiddho'gnirbhasmasAtkurute'rjuna / jJAnAgniH sarvakarmANi bhasmasAtkurute tathA / -4137 58. api cedasi pApebhyaH sarvebhyaH paapkRttmH| sarva jJAnaplavenaiva vRjinaM saMtariSyasi / / -4 / 36

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gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 175 __apanI buddhi se Arambha kiye hue niSkAma karmoM ke dvArA jJAna ko prApti kara lenA jJAnaprApti kA mukhya yA buddhigamya mArga hai| parantu jo svayaM isa prakAra apanI buddhi se jJAna prApta na kara sake, usake lie aba zraddhA kA dUsarA mArga batalAte haiN| zraddhA: jJAna prApta karane ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka hai| zraddhA andhavizvAsa nahIM hai ; hA~, vizvAsa, andhavizvAsa bhI ho sakatA hai| __ 'satyaM dadhAtIti zraddhA'-jo satya ko dhAraNa kare use zraddhA kahate haiN| yaha AtmA kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai / yadi zraddhA sthira ho, to hameM jJAna ko prApti taka pahu~cA detI hai| jJAna, parama-jJAna ke rUpa meM saMdehoM se rahita hotA hai, jaba ki bauddhika jJAna meM, jisameM hama indriya-pradatta jAnakArI para aura tarka se nikale niSkarSoM para nirbhara haiM, sandehoM aura avizvAsoM kA sthAna rahatA hai| isalie jJAna taka pahu~cane kA mArga zraddhA aura AtmasaMyama meM se hokara hai| jisa vyakti meM zraddhA hai, jo jJAna ko pAne meM tatpara hai aura jisane apanI indriyoM ko vaza meM kara liyA hai, vaha jJAna ko prApta karatA hai aura jJAna ko prApta karake vaha zIghra hI parama-zAnti ko prApta karatA hai|59 parantu jo manuSya ajJAnI hai, jisameM zraddhA nahIM hai aura jo saMzayAlu svabhAva kA hai, vaha naSTa hokara rahatA hai| saMzayAlu svabhAva vAle vyakti ke lie na to yaha loka hai aura na paraloka aura na use sukha hI prApta ho sakatA hai| manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha jJAna dvArA saMzayoM ko naSTa karade aura zraddhA ko sthira kre| karma (cAritra): gotA ke caturtha adhyAya ke siddhAnta para yaha prazna hotA hai ki yadi samasta karmoM kA paryavasAna jJAna hai ( 4 / 33 ), yadi jJAna se 56. zraddhAvAllabhate jJAnaM tatparaH saMyatendriyaH / jJAnaM labdhvA parAM zAntimaciregAdhigacchati // -4 / 36 60. ajJazcAzraddadhAnazca saMzayAtmA vinazyati / nAyaM loko'sti na paro, na sukhaM saMzayAtmanaH / / -4140 61. jJAnasaMchinnasaMzayam / -4141

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176 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA ho sampUrNa karma bhasma ho jAte haiM ( 4 / 37 ) aura yadi dravyamaya yajJa ko apekSA jJAnayajJa ho zreSTha hai ( 4 / 33 ) 62 to phira karma ko mahattA para bala kyoM diyA gayA hai ? karma kI paddhati ko AtmajJAna prApta karane ke lie sahAyaka aGga ke rUpa meM prastuta kyoM kiyA gayA hai ? yahI prazna 5 veM adhyAya ke prArambha meM arjuna ne zrIkRSNa se pUchA hai / uttara dete hue kRSNa ne kahA : 'karmoM kA saMnyAsa aura unakA niHsvArya rUpa se karanA, donoM hI AtmA ko mukti kI ora le jAne vAle mArga haiN| parantu ina donoM meM karmoM ko tyAga dene kI apekSA karmoM kA niHsvArtha rUpa se karanA adhika acchA hai / 6 3 donoM mArga eka-dUsare ke virodhI nahIM hai| pahalo paddhati ( sAMkhya paddhati) meM hama vijAtIya tattvoM ko vicAra dvArA dUra haTAkara AtmA kA jJAna prApta karate haiM; dUsarI paddhati (yogapaddhati) meM hama unheM saMkalpAtmaka prayatna dvArA dUra haTA dete haiN| karmoM kA tyAga karane vAle manuSya jisa sthiti taka pahu~cate haiM, karma karane vAle bhI usI sthiti taka pahu~ca jAte haiN| jo vyakti isa bAta ko dekha letA hai ki saMnyAsa aura karma donoM ke mArga eka ho haiM; vahI sahI dekhatA hai / 64 saccA saMnyAsI vaha nahIM hai, jo pUrNatayA niSkriya rahatA hai, apitu vaha hai, jo prApta karmoM ko anAsakti kI bhAvanA se karatA hai| __jisa vyakti ne karma mArga meM prazikSaNa pAyA hai, jisakI AtmA zuddha hai, jo apanI AtmA kA svAmI hai, jisane apanI indriyoM ko jIta liyA hai, jisakI AtmA saba prANiyoM kI AtmA bana gaI hai, vaha saba karma karatA huA bhI ( karmoM ke puNya-pApa se ) alipta rahatA hai / 65 dekhate hue, sunate hae, chUte hue, sUghate hue, cakhate hue, calate -4 / 33 -52 62. zreyAndravyamayAdyajJAjjJAnayajJaH paraMtapa ! sarva karmAkhilaM pArtha jJAne parisamApyate // 63. saMnyAsa: karmayogazca niHzreyasakarAvubhau / tayostu karmasaMnyAsAtkarmayogo viziSyate // 64. yatsAMkhyaH prApyate sthAnaM tadyogairapi gamyate / eka sAMkhyaM ca yogaM ca yaH pazyati sa pazyati // 65. yogayukto vizuddhAtmA vijitAtmA jitendriyaH / __ sarvabhUtAtmabhUtAtmA kurvannapi na lipyate // -55

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177 gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 177 hue, sote hue aura sA~sa lete hue vaha yahI samajhatA hai ki 'maiM kucha nahIM kara rhaa|'66 bolate hue, visarjana karate hue, pakar3ate hue, yahA~ taka ki nimeSa aura unmeSa karate hue bhI vaha yaha samajhatA hai ki kevala indriyA~ indriyoM ke viSayoM meM lagI huI haiN|67 yogI loga ( karmayogI) Asakti ko tyAga kara AtmA kI zuddhi ke lie kevala zarIra, mana, buddhi aura indriyoM dvArA kArya karate haiM / 68 yoga meM lagI huI AtmA karma ke phaloM meM Asakti ko tyAga kara dRr3ha AdhAra vAlI zAnti ko prApta karatI hai / 69 jJAna, bhakti aura karma ko ekarUpatA : ___ saMkSepa meM yoM samajhA jA sakatA hai ki jisane yoga dvArA saba karmoM ko tyAga diyA hai, jisane jJAna dvArA saba saMzayoM ko naSTa kara diyA hai aura jisane apanI AtmA para adhikAra kara liyA hai, usako karma bandhana meM nahIM ddaalte|70 usa paramAtmabhAva kA vicAra karate hue, apanI sampUrNa cetanasattA ko usakI ora prerita karate hue, use apanA sampUrNa uddezya banAte hue, use apanI bhakti kA ekamAtra lakSya banAte hue, ve jJAnI puruSa usa dazA taka pahu~ca jAte haiM, jahA~ se vApasa nahIM lauTanA hotA, aura unake pApa jJAna dvArA dhulakara sApha ho jAte haiM / 71 isa prakAra anta meM jAkara jJAna, zraddhA (bhakti) aura karma paraspara mila jAte haiN| jaina-sAdhanA-paddhati : jaina-darzana sAdhanA kA darzana hai| sAdhanA kA sAdhya hai mokSa, 66. naiva kiJcit karomIti yukto manyeta tattvavit / -528 67. pralapanvisRjangRhNannunmiSannimiSannapi / indriyANIndriyArtheSu vartanta iti dhArayan / / - 9 68. kAyena manasA Atmazuddhaye // --5 / 11 66. yuktaH karmaphalaM tyaktvA zAntimApnoti naisstthikiim|| -5 // 12 70. yogasaMnyasta karmANaM jJAnasaMchinnasaMzayam / AtmavantaM na karmANi nibaghnanti dhanaMjaya / / -441 71. tadbuddhyastadAtmAnastanniSThAstatparAyaNAH / gacchantyapunarAvRtti jJAnanidhU takalmaSAH / / -517

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178 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA mukti, nirvANa / jaba hama jainadarzana ko gaharAI meM pahu~cate haiM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki sAdhanA ke viSaya para kitanI sUkSmatA se cintanamanana kiyA gayA hai| Upara-Upara se dekheM to aisA lagatA hai ki mukti ( sAdhya ) prApti ke mArga ( sAdhana ) jaina-darzana meM anekoM darzAe gae haiN| kahIM para jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa ina cAroM ko mokSa kA mArga batAyA gayA hai / 72 to kahIM para jJAna darzana, cAritra-ina tInoM ko mUktimArga batAyA hai 73 aura kahIM para kevala jJAna aura cAritra se hI mukti prApti karAI gaI hai|04 para vAstava meM ina meM koI bheda nahIM hai| yaha vividhatA kevala samajhAne ke lie hai| tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM kara lene para sAdhatA trirUpa hotI hai kyoMki jisa sAdhanA se pApakarma tapta hotA hai, vaha tapa hai 75 aura cAritra bhI to karmanAza karatA hI hai; ajJAna se saMcita karmoM ke upacaya ko rikta karanA cAritra hai|76 ataH tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM ho jAtA hai| darzana kA antarbhAva jJAna meM kara dene para sAdhanA dvirUpa hotI hai| kyoMki darzana arthAta zraddhA ke abhAva meM jJAna, samyajJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataeva jJAna zabda se jJAna 72. nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva, carittaM ca tavo thaa| esa maggo tti pannatto, jiNehiM varadaMsihi / -uttarA0 28 / 2 73. (ka) samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH| -tattvArthasUtra 11 (kha) tivihe samme paNNatte, taMjahA-NANasamme, daMsaNasamme, crittsmme| -sthAnAMga 3 / 4 / 114 (ga) paramArthatastu jJAnadarzanacAritrANi mokSakAraNaM, na liMgAdIni / -utta0 cU0 23 74. (ka) AhaMsu vijjAcaraNaM pamokkhaM / -sUtrakRtAGga sUtra 1 / 12 / 11 (kha) duvihe dhamme-suyadhamme ceva carittadhamme ceva / -sthAnAMga 211 (ga) nANeNa ya karaNeNa ya dohiM vi dukkhakkhayaM hoi / (gha) nANakiriyAhiM mokkho| -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 3 -maraNasamAdhi 147 75. tappate aNeNa pAvaM kammamiti tpo| -nizIthacUNi 46 76. aNNANovaciyassa kammacayassa rittIkaraNaM caarittN| -nizItha cUNi 46

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gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 176 aura darzana donoM kA grahaNa karanA caahie| tAtparya yaha hai ki cAhe mArga catuHsvarUpa ho, cAhe trirUpa athavA dvirUpa ho, kiMtu paraspara virodhI nahIM haiN| ___eka bAta vizeSa hai, jo jaina-darzana kI apanI maulikatA hai, vaha yaha hai ki jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura tapa Adi sabhI sAdhanAe~ samyaka honI cAhie~, mithyA nhiiN| jaba ye sAdhanAe~ AtmAbhimUkhI hotI haiM, taba samyaka kahalAtI haiM aura jaba ihalaukika tathA pAralaukika sukha-samRddhi, yazapratiSThA Adi ke lie kI jAtI haiM, taba inheM mithyA kahA jAtA hai| mithyA-sAdhanA mukti ke badale bandhana kA kAraNa hai, saMsArAbhivRddhi kA hetu hai| __ isalie jaina-darzana meM jahA~-jahA~ bhI jJAna-darzana-cAritrAdi kA varNana ho, vahA~-vahA~ 'samyak' zabda yadi na bhI kahA gayA ho, to bhI samyak samajhanA cAhie / vaise to kevala 'jJAna' zabda bhI kujJAna kA virodhI hone se apane andara samyaktva lie hue hai, aMtaH ajJAna kI vyAvRtti ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra darzana, kUdarzana kI vyAvRtti karatA hai aura cAritra kucAritra kii| bauddha-sAdhanA-paddhati : sampUrNa karma-klezoM se mukti prApta karanA hI mUla sAdhanA hai| sAdhaka nirAsakta bhAva se usa carama-pariNati kI sAdhanA karatA hai| bauddha sAdhanA meM bhI lakSya kI prApti ke lie zraddhA, prajJA aura zIla kI prApti AdhArabhUta mAnI gaI hai| unheM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra bhI kahA gayA hai| mithyAdarzana-jJAna-cAritra ko bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai| isa bAdhA ko dUra karanA sAdhanA kA parama lakSya hai| zraddhA: __ zraddhA arthAt samyagdarzana, samyagdRSTi / bauddha-dharma meM caturAryasatyoM kA samajhanA hI samyagdRSTi hai / 77 usake binA mukti-prApti sambhava nhiiN| bha0 buddha ne kahA thA 'bhikSao ! jisa samaya AryazrAvaka durAcaraNa ke mUla kAraNa ko jAna letA hai, sadAcaraNa ko 77. sammAdiTThi suttanta -majjhamanikAya 11119

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180 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pahacAna letA hai, taba usako dRSTi samyak kahalAtI hai / 78 iso se samabhAva prApta ho jAtA hai / prajJA : bauddhadharma meM prajJA ko samyagjJAna bhI kahate haiN| dharma ke svabhAva kA viziSTa jJAna prajJA hai / 79 dRSTi ke saMkleza kA vizodhana prajJA se hI hotA hai| 8. prajJA-prApti kA upAya batAte hue kahA haisatpuruSoM ke hI sAtha baiThane, satpuruSoM ke hI sAtha milane-julane aura satpuruSoM ke acche dharmoM (kartavyoM) ko jAnane se hI prajJA kI prApti hotI hai, anyathA nhiiN|' tathA, jijJAsA se jJAna bar3hanA hai, jJAna se prajJA bar3hatI hai / 2 zraddhA se jJAna ko bar3A kahA gayA hai / 3 prajJA manuSyoM kA ratna hai|4 prajJAvAn manuSya duHkha meM bhI sukha kA anubhava karatA hai / 85 prajJAmaya jIvana ko hI zreSTha jIvana kahA hai|86 prajJA se tRpta puruSa ko tRSNA apane vaza meM nahIM kara sakatI88 janmamaraNa apane bandhana meM nahIM DAla skte|88 jisa prakAra havA se uThI huI dhUla megha-vRSTi se zAMta ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra prajJA se mvarUpa kA darzana hone para mana ke vikAra zAMta ho jAte haiM / 89 78. buddhavacana pR0 21 79. dhammasabhAvaparivedhalakkhaNA pnyaa| 80. pAya didvisaM kilesavisodhanaM / -visuddhimagga 1 / 13 81. sabbhireva samAsetha, sabbhi kubbetha santhavaM / sataM saddhammamAya, pA labbhati naacto|| -saMyuttanikAya 1 / 1 / 31 82. sussusA sutavaddhanI, sutaM paJaAya vaddhanaM / -theragAthA 2 / 141 83. saddhAya, kho gahapati, bhANaM yeva paNItataraM |--sNyuttnikaay 4 / 41 / / 84. paJjA narAnaM ratanaM / -saMyuttanikAya 111151 85. pA sahito naro idha, api dukkhe su sukhAni vindati / -theragAthA 10 / 551 86. paJaAjIvijIvitamAhu seTheM / -suttanipAta 1 / 10 / 2 87. pAya tittaM purisaM, taNhA na kurute vasaM / -jAtaka 121467 / 43 88. kiccho buddhaanuppaado| -dhammapada 1414 86, rajamuhataM ca vAtena yathA meghopasammaye / / -- eva sammatti saMkappA, yadA paJAya passati / -dhammapada 1117

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gItA aura zramaNa saMskRti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 181 zIla : samyakacAritra-samyaka vyAyAma prANAtipAtAdi se virata rahane vAlI mAnasika avasthA ko zIla kahate haiM / __ zraddhA aura prajJA ke pazcAt tIsarA sopAna zIla kA hai / kyoMki prajJA se manuSya parizuddha hotA hai aura parAkrama ke dvArA duHkhoM se mukta hotA hai / 92 zIla rahita vyakti kA mAtra zruta (jJAna) se koI artha siddha nahIM ho pAtA / 93 yathocita samyaka prayatna (samyaka vyAyAma) ke binA thor3I-sI bhI pragati kara pAnA manuSya ke lie kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai|94 samyaka prakAra se Arambha kiyA gayA karma hI saba sampattiyoM kA mUla hai|95 bhikSa ko zIlasampanna hokara vicaraNa karanA caahie|96 zIla anupama bala hai, zIla sarvottama zastra hai, zIla zreSTha AbhUSaNa hai aura zIla hI rakSA karane vAlA adbhuta kavaca hai / 97 ___ bahumUlya muktA aura maNiyoM se vibhUSita rAjA vaisA suzobhita nahIM hotA hai, jaisA ki zIla ke AbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita sAdhaka suzobhita hotA hai|98 10. visuddhimaga 4166 11. pANAtipAtAdohi vA viramantassa vattapaTipatti vA pUren tassa cetanAdayo dhmmaa| -visuddhimagga 62. viriyena dukkhaM acceti, pAya parisujjhati / -suttanipAta 1 / 10 / 4 63. sIlena anupetassa,, sutenattho na vijjati / -jAtaka 5 // 362 / 66 14. hitvA hi sammA vAyAma, visesaM nAma maanvo|| adhigacche parittampi, ThAnametta na vijjati / --visuddhimagga 4 / 66 65. sammA AraddhaM sabbAsaMpattInaM mUlaM hoti| -visuddhimagga 141137 66. sampannasIlA, bhikkhave, vihrth| -majjhimanikAya 1 / 6 / 1 67. sIlaM valaM appaTima, sIla AbudhamuttamaM / sIlamAbharaNaM seTheM, sIla kavacamabbhutaM / -theragAthA 121614 18. sobhantevaM na rAjAno, muttaamnnivibhuusitaa| yathA sobhaMti yatino, sIlabhUsana bhuusitaa| -visuddhimagga 1 / 24

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182 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA svargArohaNa ke lie zIla ke samAna dUsarA sopAna kahA~ hai ? nirvANarUpI nagara meM praveza karane ke lie bhI zIla ke samAna dUsarA dvAra kahA~ hai ? 99 jaina, bauddha evaM vaidika saMskRti ke samaveta svara : vaidika-dhArA meM jisa prakAra sAdhanA ke tIna rUpa haiM-jJAna, kama aura bhakti, bauddha dhArA meM jisa prakAra se sAdhanA ke tIna rUpa haiM zraddhA, prajJA aura zIla, usI prakAra jaina-dhArA ko adhyAtma-sAdhanA meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakacAritra-ina tInoM kA gauravapUrNa sthAna hai| kyoMki jJAna se bhAvoM (padArthoM) kA samyagbodha hotA hai, darzana se zraddhA hotI hai, cAritra se karmoM kA nirodha hotA hai aura tapa se AtmA nirmala hotI hai / 10deg sAdhvI maMju zrIjI 66. saggArohaNa sopAnaM ajhaM sIlasamaM kuto? dvAraM vA pana nibbAna-nagarassa pvesne| -visuddhimagga 1 / 24 100. nANeNa jANai bhAve, damaNeNa ya saddahe / / caritroNa nigiNhAi, taveNa parisujjhai // -uttarAdhyayana 28 // 35 0

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16 zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena : " ratna-prasU bhArata- vasundharA ke vistRta A~cala meM aise aneka pavitra sthala haiM, jahA~ mAnavatA ke patha-pradarzaka santoM, mahAtmAoM, tIrthaMkaroM evaM dharma-pravartakoM ne janma grahaNa kiyA hai aura ajJAnAndhakAra meM par3e vizva mAnava ko jJAnAloka se Alokita kara satya aura sevA tathA ahiMsA aura prema ke mArga para agrasara kiyA hai / nagarAja himAlaya ke zubhrapArzva meM gaMgA-yamunA aura sarayU ke sampRkta pavitra jala se abhisiMcita bhArata vasudhA ke pUrvottara kSetra ko puNyamayI bhUmi-vihAra namasya hai, jise videha, buddha aura varddhamAna mahAvIra ko janma dene kA gaurava prApta hai| bihAra ke hiraNyavAha zoNa-taTa, kalanAdI gaNDakI ke zubhra taTa, vAgamatI tathA kozI ke zItala taTa tathA anta:salilA phAlgu ke pavitra taTa Aja bhI apane rahasyabhare A~cala meM ina mahApuruSoM ke tapa aura unakI sAdhanA ko sameTe jijJAsuoM ke lie AkarSaNa ke kendra bane hue haiN| bihAra kI pavitra bhUmi ati prAcInakAla se ho avatArI puruSoM ke pavitra padoM se pUta hokara anya paryaTakoM aura bhaktoM ko bhI puta karatI rahI hai aura vartamAna kAla meM bhI yaha pAvana bhUmi usI artha meM samAhata hai, kyoMki isane bApU aura vinobA ko mahAtmA aura santa ke rUpa meM khyAti dI hai / videha, varddhamAna aura buddha kI isI dArzanika ciMtanapUrNa vasudhA ne Age calakara bimbisAra, ajAtazatru, candragupta aura azoka jaise mahAna samrAToM; mahendra aura saMghamitrA jaisI divya santAnoM, sarahapA, zabarapA, zAMtipA Adi siddhoM; bANabhaTTa aura vidyApati jaise amara kalAkAroM ko janma diyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti kI pragati meM bihAra 183

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184 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA kA yogadAna svarNAkSaroM meM likhane yogya hai / videhabhUmi (mithilA), vaizAlI aura magadha tIna upakSetroM meM vibhakta vihAra prAcIna kAla se hI dharma, darzana, kalA aura saMskRti ke kSetra meM sarAhanIya yogadAna detA rahA hai| isa nibandha ke laghu kalevara meM maiM "zramaNa-saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena" para hI prakAza DAlane kA saMkSipta prayAsa kruuNgaa| yaha viSaya itanA gahana aura gambhIra hai ki isa para lekhanI uThAne vAle ko kAphI samhala kara calanA hogaa| yaha viSaya eka svatantra grantha kI apekSA rakhatA hai aura anusaMdhitsu banakara hI isa viSaya ke sAtha nyAya kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI bihAra kA nivAsI hone ke nAte tathA sAhitya aura saMskRti se thor3A samparka rakhane ke kAraNa jo kucha bhI maiM jAna sakA hU~, usakI eka choTI-sI bAnagI yahA~ prastuta kara rahA huuN| bhAratIya saMskRti eka sAmAsika saMskRti hai| yaha saMskRti eka aisI mizrita saMskRti hai, jise hama lAkha prayatna karane para bhI alagaalaga karake nahIM dekha skte| cIMTiyoM dvArA ekatra anna ke vibhinna kaNoM ko thor3e hI prayAsa meM alaga karake dekhA jA sakatA hai; kintu, madhumakkhiyoM dvArA ekatra vibhinna prakAra ke puSpoM ke rasa se nirmita madhu ko bA~Takara nahIM pahacAnA jA sakatA ki kisa-kisa pUSpa kA rasa isameM milA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kA rUpa isI prakAra ke zahada ke samAna hai| phira bhI suvidhA ke lie vidvAnoM ne vibhinna vicAra. dhArAoM ke AdhAra para isakA vibhAjana kiyA hai, jinameM do mukhya dhArAe~ haiM-Arya aura aaryetr| Age calakara ye donoM dhArAe~ isa prakAra mila gaI ki inakA alaga-alaga rUpa DhUMr3ha pAnA kaThina ho gyaa| Age cala kara bauddha aura jaina dharmoM ke rUpa meM 'zramaNa-saMskRti' ke nAma se eka aura dhArA bhAratIya saMskRti kI mukhya dhArA meM milatI hai| Aja kI bhAratIya saMskRti vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti -ina do saMskRtiyoM kA mizraNa hai, jisameM pIche se kaI choTI-moTI dhArAe~ milakara bhAratIya saMskRti ko 'mAnavatA kA pArAvAra' banA rahI haiN| __ jaisA ki Upara nivedita kiyA gayA hai, bihAra ati prAcInakAla se hI bhAratIya saMskRti, vizeSakara zramaNa-saMskRti ke vikAsa meM

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zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena : 185 sakriya yogadAna detA rahA hai| itihAsa-puruSa kA yaha eka karizmA ho samajhie ki bhArata kA pUrvI bhAga pazcimI bhAga kI apekSA adhika krAntikArI rahA hai| bhArata meM dharma, darzana aura saMskRti ke kSetra meM jo bhI krAMtiyA~ huI haiM, unameM pUrvI bhArata, vizeSakara bihAra sabase Age rahA hai| itihAsa batalAtA hai ki AryoM kA pahalA dala jo bhArata AyA thA, pUraba kI ora bar3hatA gayA aura bihAra meM basa gyaa| pIche Ane vAle Arya sthAna pAkara pazcima bhArata meM hI raha gaye / dharma aura darzana ko lekara netRtva kA jhagar3A pUrva aura pazcima bhArata meM calane lgaa| upaniSadakAla taka Ate-Ate bhAratIya darzana kA netRtva bihAra ke Arya hI karane lge| zrI rAmadhArIsiMha 'dinakara' ne 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM 'pUrvI bhArata meM krAnti ke bIja' upazIrSaka se likhA hai-"dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki upaniSadoM ke parama utkarSa ke samaya, vicAroM kA netRtva pazcimI nahIM, pUrvI bhArata ke hAtha thA aura upaniSadoM ke eka mahAna RSi yAjJavalkya kahIM bihAra meM hI rahate the|" isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra pUrvI bhArata ke Arya jar3a-paramparA se haTate rahe aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI mukhya dhArA meM apane sucintana aura manana kA suzItala jala DAlakara use vizAla aura gatizIla banAte rhe| zramaNa-saMskRti kI mAnavatAvAdI dhArA kA udagama pUrvI bhArata vizeSakara bihAra ke AryoM kI isI pragatizIlatA kI bhAvanA meM nihita hai, jise bihAra ke do avatArI mahApuruSoM ne-varddhamAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddhane apane tapaHpUta evaM sAdhanAmaya pAvana jIvana ke zubhra Alokazikhara se nirjharita kiyaa| aba maiM yaha batalAne kA prayAsa karU~gA ki bihAra kI pavitra bhUmi ne kisa prakAra zramaNa-saMskRti kI ina donoM dhArAoM-jaina aura bauddha-dhArAoM-ko samaya-samaya para apane sucintana ke suzItala jala-dhAra se bharane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jainadhArA-zramaNa saMskRti kI jainadhArA bauddhadhArA se adhika prAcIna hai| itihAsakAroM ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki yaha dhArA utanI hI prAcIna hai, jitanI ki vaidikadhArA hai| jaina dharma meM 24 tIrthakara ho gae haiM, jinameM AditIrthaGkara RSabhadeva antima mana nAbhirAya ke putra the| isI se isakA patA laga jAtA hai ki yaha dhArA kitanI prAcIna hai / 'Rgveda' meM bhI jaina dharma ke do tIthaMkaroM

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186 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA RSabhadeva aura ariSTanemi kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina dharma ke ina caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM 4 tIrthaGkara bihAra ke hI the| rASTrasaMta upAdhyAya amaramuni mahArAja ne apane mahAn grantha ' cintana kI manobhUmi' meM jina 24 tIrthaGkaroM kA paricaya diyA hai, usase patA calatA hai ki jaina dharma ke unnIsaveM, bIsaveM, ikIsaveM aura cauvIsaveM tIrthaGkaroM - zrI mallinAtha, muni suvratanAtha, zrI naminAtha aura mahAvIra varddhamAna ke janmasthAna kramazaH mithilA, rAjagRha, mithilA aura vaizAlI nagara the / inameM unnIsaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mallinAtha strI- tIrthaGkara the / upAdhyAya amaramuni mahArAja ke zabdoM meM"strI-zarIra hote hue bhI inhoMne bahuta vyApaka bhramaNa kara dharma-pracAra kiyA / cAlIsa hajAra muni aura pacapana hajAra sAdhviyA~ inake ziSya hue tathA unake eka lAkha unyAsI hajAra zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha sattara hajAra zrAvikAe~ thIM / " / jaina dharma ko bihAra kI sabase bar3I dena mahAvIra haiM / inakA janma vaizAlI meM kSatriya kuNDa ( samprati vAsukuNDa ) IsA pUrva 566 meM caitra zukla 13 ko huA thA / inhoMne hI jainadharma kA joradAra saMgaThana kiyA tathA satya, sevA, ahiMsA, prema, dayA Adi kA pracAra kiyA / tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM inhoMne gRhatyAga kiyA aura apane tapa se jJAna prApta kiyaa| zeSa jIvana inhoMne prANimAtra ke kalyANa meM arpita kiyA / ye utkRSTa tyAgI puruSa the| jisa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra isa dharAdhAma para avatIrNa hue, usa samaya sArA bhArata vaidika karmakANDoM evaM hiMsAmaya yajJoM se pUrNa thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina hiMsAmaya yajJoM kA niSedha kiyA aura prema tathA dayA kA saMcAra kara saMtrasta mAnavatA ko zAnti pradAna kI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne hI anekAntavAda aura syAdavAda kA siddhAnta calAyA tathA satya ko samajhane ke lie vaijJAnika mArga batalAyA / unhoMne samajhAyA ki kisI vastu ko eka hI dRSTi se dekhanA ucita nahIM, apitu pratyeka vastu ko aneka dRSTikoNoM se dekhanA cAhie, kyoMki pratyeka vastu anekAtmaka svabhAva se yukta hai / syAdvAda dvArA vastu ke anekAtmaka svabhAva kA paricaya pAnA mahAvIra varddhamAna kI sabase bar3I dena hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa para prakAza DAlate hue amaramuni mahArAja ne likhA hai - " anekAntavAda

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zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra ko dena : 187 jaina dharma kI AdhArazilA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, vinayavAda Adi aneka dhArAe~ pravAhita ho rahI thiiN| samAja ke lie koI nizcita patha nahIM thA / koI aisA kendra nahIM thA, jahA~ sabhI dharmagata yA sampradAyagata virodha dUra karake eka-dUsare se milate aura samAja ko gumarAha hone se bcaate| sabake saba apane Apa meM magna the| aisI hAlata meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA dhyAna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jar3a meM lage hue bhedarUpI kITANu kI ora gayA aura unhoMne use dUra kara samAja aura saMskRti ko sudRr3ha banAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyaa| mahAvIra ne bheda ke maulika kAraNa ko acchI taraha samajhA, usakA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA, sAtha hI usase bacane kI rAha bhI batAyI / " yaha bihAra kA saubhAgya hI samajhie ki chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM zramaNa saMskRti ke donoM unnAyaka bhagavAn mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha eka hI samaya meM avatarita hue aura donoM ko hI sAdhanAbhUmi tathA karmabhUmi bihAra kI vaizAlI aura magadha kI bhUmi rahI / bhagavAn ke pazcAt jaina dharma phira joroM se cala pdd'aa| Age calakara isa dharma ko eka samrAT kA bhI saMrakSaNa prApta huA / mauryavaMza ke saMsthApaka samrAT candragupta maurya apane antima kAla meM jainadharma meM dIkSita ho gae aura isakA pracAra-prasAra joroM se hone lagA / usa samaya pATaliputra magadha kI rAjadhAnI thI / vaizAlI aura magadha jainadharma ke mukhya kendra the, jahA~ se ahiMsA, dayA aura sneha kI kiraNeM sAre bhArata meM vikIrNa hone lagIM / ima prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jisa samaya bauddha dharma apane abhyudaya ke zaizava kAla meM thA, usa samaya jainadharma cAroM tarapha phaila cukA thA / hA~, itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma meM adhika gatizIlatA usa samaya AI, jaba bhagavAn mahAvIra kA padArpaNa huA / do samAnAntara rekhAoM kI taraha zramaNa saMskRti ko ye do dhArAe~ - jaina aura bauddha I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM bihAra kI pavitra bhUmi se nikalakara sampUrNa bhArata meM phailane lagIM aura ahiMsA, prema tathA sevA kI triveNI dvArA sAre bhArata meM pravAhita hone lagIM / yaha yuga zramaNa-saMskRti ke udbhava aura vikAsa kA yuga thA aura isake udbhava tathA vikAsa kA sArA zreya bihAra ko hI hai| hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM jaina zramaNa aura bauddha bhikSu satya, sevA tathA ahiMsA ke

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pracAra-prasAra ke lie bhArata ke kone-kone meM ghUmane lage / prANimAtra ke prati dayAbhAva zramaNa saMskRti kI AdhArazilA hai aura usa samaya sArA bhArata isa dayAbhAva ke pUta mantra se gU~ja rahA thA / 188 - usa samaya vaizAlI jaina-dharma kI pramukha sthalI thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anuyAyI deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se vaizAlI meM Ate, jahA~ licchaviyoM ke sAtha jIvana ke vibhinna aMgoM aura usakI samasyAoM para vicAra-vimarza kiyA karate / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke deha tyAga ke pazcAt ( I0 pU0 527 ) vaizAlI jainadharma kA mukhya preraNA srota banI, jahA~ nara aura nArI ekasAtha milakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM para vicAra-vimarza karate, cintana-manana karate / apanI pustaka 'History of Tirhut' meM zrI zyAmanArAyaNasiMha ne vaizAlI ke viSaya meM likhate hue batalAyA hai ki yaha sthAna jaina- vicAradhArA kA mukhya gar3ha thA - "The Followers of Mahavira from different parts of the country visited Vaishali, where the Licchavis used regularly to carry on discourses and disputations on high problem of life. The Jains are said to have been Valient disputants. Both men and women took part in the discourses, at the end of which some of them were united in wedlock on account of their agreement of views or as the outcome of mutual regard for their attainments." bauddhadhArA : zramaNa saMskRti kI dUsarI mukhya dhArA bauddhadharma hai / vatamAna kapilavastu, jahA~ bhagavAn buddha ne I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM janma dhAraNa kiyA thA, usa samaya bihAra kA hI aMga thA / kapilavastu chor3akara mahAbhiniSkramaNa ke lie nikale gautama ko magadha ke jaMgaloM ne AkRSTa kiyA aura vahA~ unhoMne lagAtAra chaha varSoM taka kaThina tapa kiyA / anta meM gayA se chaha mIla dakSiNa eka pIpala vRkSa ke nIce unheM bodhi prApta huI / vaha sthAna Ajakala bodhagayA ke nAma se vikhyAta hai / bodhi- prApti ke pazcAt gautama mahAtmA buddha, tathAgata, sugata, Agata, amitAbha Adi kaI nAmoM se vikhyAta hue / aba

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zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena : 186 tathAgata gA~va-gA~va, nagara-nagara ghUma-ghUma kara satya, sevA, sneha, ahiMsA, dayA, karuNA, kSamA tathA sahiSNutA kA sadeza dene lge| ve apane ziSyoM aura anuyAyiyoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahate-"he bhikSuo ! calate calA, bar3hate calA, jahA~ kahIM adharma hai, lAcArI hai, vivazatA hai, vahA~ jAo, dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA karo; bahutoM ke sukha ke lie, bahutoM ke hita ke lie, arpita ho jaao|" / jisa prakAra jaina dharma kA mukhya kendra vaizAlI thI, usI prakAra bauddha dharma kA mukhya kendra magadha thaa| samrATa bimbisAra ne zIghra hI bauddha-dharma ko grahaNa kara liyA aura girivraja (rAjagRha) meM 'bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya' kI anugUMja se sArA AkAza ninAdita hone lgaa| bimbisAra ke putra aura uttarAdhikArI samrATa ajAtazatra ne bhI isa dharma ko apnaayaa| bimbisAra kA vivAha vaizAlI ke napa cetaka kI putrI celanA se huA thaa| isa prakAra magadha aura vaizAlI sambandhasUtra meM baMdha ge| bhagavAn buddha kI khyAti sunakara licchaviyoM ne unheM vaizAlo Ane kA nimantraNa diyA aura vaizAlI meM bhagavAna buddha kaI bAra pdhaare| yahA~ taka ki apane mahAparinirvANa ke pUrva kuzInagara jAte hue tathAgata antima bAra vaizAlI se hI hokara gujare / vaizAlI ke nivAsiyoM ne bhagavAn buddha kA svAgata-satkAra pUrI zraddhA-bhakti ke sAtha kiyA / aba vaizAlI bhI bauddha-dharma kA mukhya kendra bana gyii| vaizAlI ko yaha vizeSatA Age bhI banI rahI aura jaba bauddhoM kI dUsarI pariSad kI baiThaka kA Ayojana kiyA gayA to I0 pU0 377 meM vaizAlI ko hI isake lie upayukta sthAna cunA gyaa| rAjagRha aura vaizAlI kA mahattva isase aura bar3ha jAtA hai ki bauddha dharma ke vikAsa meM ina donoM sthAnoM kA vizeSa hAtha rahA hai| inhIM donoM sthAnoM para bauddhoM kI mahApariSadeM baiThI thIM aura ina baiThakoM meM aneka mahattvapUrNa nirNaya lie gae the| isa prakAra magadha aura vaizAlI zramaNa-saMskRti ke udbhava aura vikAsa ke do aise pavitra sthala haiM, jahA~ se bauddha evaM jaina vicAra-dhArA kA pavitra evaM 1. bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza me samrAT zreNika bAda meM jainadharmAvalambI ho gae the-saM0

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160 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vegavAn srota phuuttaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI vizva ke konekone se zramaNa, bhikSu, santa, mahAtmA evaM paryaTaka ina donoM sthAnoM kI yAtrA kara apane jIvana ko dhanya mAnate haiN| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM vaizAlI gaNarAjya kA bar3A mahattva thaa| yahAM ke loga vIra, udAra, sAhasI, sahiSNu aura dhArmika the| bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM kA ina para itanA prabhAva par3A thA ki ve bar3e hI zAMta tathA dhArmika jIvana jI rahe the| vaizAlI kI hI rAjanartako parama sundarI AmrapAlI ne tathAgata se dIkSA lI thI aura yahIM para tathAgata ne saMgha meM bhikSaNiyoM ko zAmila karane kA apanA aitihAsika nirNaya kiyA thaa| listory of Tirhut' pRSTha 43 meM likhA hai-"It may be interesting to mention that it was at vaishali that Budha established the order of nuns at the request of his cousin and disciple Anand and his widowed mother." Aja bhI zramaNa-saMskRti ke mukhya AkarSaNa-kendra ke rUpa meM vaizAlI kI khyAti dUra-dUra ke dezoM taka meM phailI hai| yahA~ ke khaNDaharoM se prApta sikke tathA cihna jahA~ jaina dharma aura vaizAlI gaNarAjya kI vizeSatAoM ko batalAte haiM, vahA~ vaizAlo ke stUpa tathA anya avazeSa bauddha-dharma ke prAcIna vaibhava aura usakI garimA ko prakaTa kara rahe haiN| . bihAra rAjya kA tirahata pramaNDala, vizeSakara campAraNa jilA bauddha dharma ke aneka avazeSoM ko bacAye hue hai| kahA jAtA hai ki gautama jaba kapilavastu ko chor3akara jJAna aura mUkti kI khoja meM cale the, taba anomA nadI taka unakA sArathI chandaka bhI AyA thaa| anomA nadI pAra kara gautama campAraNa ke nandanagar3ha lauriyA, betiyA, arerAja lauriyA, govindagaMja-saMgrAmapura, kezariyA hote hue vaizAlI ke rAste gaGgA pAra kara magadha pahuMce the| aura phira I0 pU0 487 meM mahAparinirvANa ke lie kuzInagara jAte samaya vaizAlI hote hue campAraNa ke inhIM uparyukta sthAnoM se hokara gujare the| vaizAlI ke nivAsI tathAgata ke sAtha campAraNa jile ke kezariyA taka Aye the, jahA~ bhagavAna buddha ne unase bidA lI thii| yahIM para bhagavAna buddha ne una logoM ko apanA bhikSA-pAtra pradAna kiyA

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zramaNa saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena : 161 "Kesaria in champaran district is supposed to be the spot where Budha took leave of the Licchavis and where he presented his alms leowl to them. It is believed that they erected a stupa over the spot where the alms bowl was presented by Budha." 'History of Tirhut' pRSTha 44 / campAraNa ke kezariyA meM Aja bhI gar3ha hai aura arerAja lauriyA, nandanagar3ha lauriyA tathA ramapuravA ( jo Ajakala nepAla meM hai ) meM lATha haiM, jina para mahAtmA buddha ke dharma-sadeza pAli bhASA meM aGkita haiM / arerAja lauriyA ke lATha kA UparI bhAga Ajakala nahIM hai, zAyada vaha 1634 ke bhUkampa meM gira gayA aura kahIM calA gayA hai / campAraNa kI bhUmi ati prAcInakAla se ho santoM aura mahAtmAoM ke lie AkarSaNa kA kendra rahI hai / yahA~ campA puSpa kA vana thA, jahA~ zAnta vAtAvaraNa pAkara tapasvI apanI sAdhanA meM rata rahate the / AvazyakatA hai anusaMdhitsuoM kI, jo isake kaNa-kaNa meM vyApta prAcIna vaibhava ko apanI lekhanI se prakaTa kara sakeM / mauryakAla meM bauddha dharma ko vikasita hone aura kone meM phailane kA bar3A ho sunahalA avasara milA / kaliMga- yuddha ke nara-saMhAra se dravIbhUta hokara bauddha dharma grahaNa kara liyA / usane bauddha dharma ke pracAra aura prasAra ke lie apanA zeSa jIvana lagA diyaa| unhoMne apane beTe mahendra aura beTI saGghamitrA ko siMhaladvIpa bhejakara bauddha dharma kA pracAra kraayaa| bihAra kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra usa samaya bauddha dharma kA sabase bar3A kendra thA / samrAT azoka ne sudUra cIna aura jApAna taka isa dharma kA pracAra kraayaa| Age calakara nAlandA aura vikramazilA bauddhadharma-darzana ke kendra bane, jahA~ vizva ke anya bhAgoM ke chAtra ina vizvavidyAlayoM meM Akara jJAna-lAbha karate / aneka pramukha cInI yAtriyoM - phAhyAna, hva enasaMga Adi ne ina sthAnoM kA bhramaNa kara inakI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai | mauryakAla aura guptakAla meM bihAra zramaNa - saMskRti kA mukhya kendra banA rahA / kahA jAtA hai ki samrAT azoka ne paTanA se vizva ke konesamrAT azoka

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162 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vaizAlI hote hue kezariyA, arerAja lauriyA, betiyA, nandanagar3halauriyA hokara kuzInagara taka eka rAjamArga banavAyA, kyoMki isI mArga se bhagavAn buddha mahAparinirvANa ke lie kuzInagara gae the / IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI meM kuzAna vaMza ke samrAT kaniSka ne vaizAlI se bhagavAn buddha kA bhikSA pAtra lekara gaMdhAra meM sthApita kiyA / varddhana sAmrAjya meM bhI bihAra zramaNa-saMskRti - vizeSakara bauddha-dharma-darzana - ke kSetra meM bar3A hI sakriya yogadAna detA rahA / harSavarddhana kA rAjya cAroM tarapha phailA thA aura bihAra usa samaya bhI bauddha dharma ke vikAsa meM lagA rahA / nAlaMdA aura vikramazilA bahuta dinoM taka bauddha dharma ke kendra bane rhe| Age calakara jaba bauddha dharma hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM ba~Ta gayA aura phira tantrayAna, mantrayAna aura bajrayAna ke nAma se aneka zAkhAe~- prazAkhAe~ phUTIM, una dinoM bhI bihAra bauddha dharma kA gar3ha rahA / siddhoM ke yuga meM pahu~cane para patA calatA hai ki 84 siddhoM meM adhikAMza bihAra ke hI vikramazilA, nAlandA, magadha, vaizAlI aura mithilA ke the / sarahapA, zabarapA, bhUsukapA, karNarIpA, lUIpA, virUpA, DombipA, mahIpA, tilopA, zAMtipA Adi bihAra ke hI the / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti ke udabhava aura vikAsa meM prArambha se hI bihAra Age rahA hai / itihAsakAroM aura vidvAnoM ne eka svara se isa bAta ko duharAyA hai ki bihAra kI bhUmi krAnti kI bhUmi rahI hai, aura dharma tathA darzana ke kSetra meM yaha sabase Age rahI hai | paM0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne apanI pustaka 'hindI-sAhitya kI bhUmikA' pRSTha 26 meM likhA hai - "yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai ki pUrvI pradeza meM bhAratIya itihAsa ke AdikAla se rUr3hiyoM aura paramparAoM ke viruddha vidroha karane vAle santa hote rahe haiM vaidika karmakANDa ke mRdu virodhI janaka aura yAjJavalkya tathA ugra virodhI buddha aura mahAvIra Adi AcArya inhIM pUrvI pradezoM meM utpanna hue the / " vAstava meM bihAra kI krAnti-bhUmi para zramaNa saMskRti ke do vizAla vaTa-vRkSa uge - vaizAlI meM jainadharma kA vaTavRkSa aura magadha meM bauddha dharma kA vaTa-vRkSa, jinakI zAkhAe~- prazAkhAeM sAre saMsAra meM phailI aura Aja bhI apanI surabhi se sampUrNa vizva ko surabhita kara rahI haiM /

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zramaNa saMkRti ke vikAsa meM bihAra kI dena : 163 ataH yaha niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki zramaNa-saMskRti ke udbhava aura vikAsa meM bihAra kA yogadAna sabase adhika rahA hai / bhagavAn mahAvora aura bhagavAn buddha kA bihAra kI pavitra bhUmi para avataraNa mAnavatA ke lie varadAna siddha huaa| ina mahAtmAoM ke hRdaya meM mAnava-mAtra ke lie apAra sneha aura asIma karuNA kA sAgara laharA rahA thaa| ina donoM ke hRdaya-sAgara se dhAmika sudhAra kI jo lahareM nikaloM, ve madhyayugIna santoM se hotI huI gA~dhI aura binovA taka paha~cI haiM, aura Aja bhI zramaNa-saMskRti ke mahAn sAdhaka, tapasvI, zramaNa aura sthavira unake divya evaM amRtopamasaMdeza ko sAre saMsAra ke kalyANArtha ghUma-ghUmakara prasArita aura pracArita kara rahe haiN| bhautikatA ke Avarta meM par3e vizva ke nikalane kA eka ho mArga hai aura vaha hai zramaNa-saMskRti kA prema aura karuNA kA mArga, satya aura sevA kA mArga; ahiMsA aura mAnavatA kA mArga, jise Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva mahAtmA buddha evaM mahAvIra varddhamAna ne batalAyA thaa| Aie, hama sabhI saMsAravAsI jAti, varNa, kSetra aura sampradAyavizeSa ke ghere se bAhara nikala kara mAnavatA ke prazasta patha para vicreN| zramaNa-saMskRti ke mahAn pravartakoM- bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAna buddha ke prati hamArI saccI zraddhAMjali yahI hogI ki hama satya, sevA, sneha, karuNA aura ahiMsA ke mArga para bar3hate hue sampUrNa prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie apane jIvana ko apita kreN| yuddhajajera saMsAra kA kalyANa buddha aura mahAvIra kI karuNA aura dayA kI bhAvanA meM hI nihita hai| karuNA kA siddhAnta kisI bhI dharma ke itihAsa meM anupama hai aura bauddha tathA jaina-dharmoM ne bihAra kI pavitra bhUmi se varddhamAna mahAvIra tathA tathAgata buddha ke mAdhyama se isI anupama siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyaa| vijJAna kI vibhISikA se saMtrasta mAnava jAti ke bacane kI eka ho rAha hai aura vaha hai mahAtmA buddha tathA mahAvIra varddhamAna kA batAyA huA satya aura ahiMsA kA maarg| vizva ke utthAna aura patana, sRjana aura saMhAra ke itihAsa para jaba hama gaharAI se vicAra kareMge, taba yaha tathya svataH spaSTa ho jAegA ki hamAre jIvana ko mahattvAkAMkSAe~, vinAzakArI mAdhyamoM evaM maMtavyoM se phalIbhUta ho sakatI haiM, athavA satya, prema aura dayA

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164 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA kI bhAvanA se ! hamane do-do mahAyuddhoM kI vinAzakArI lIlAoM kA pratyakSa darzana kiyA hai, usake duSpariNAmoM ke bIca mAnava evaM samasta prANijagat ko tar3apate-vinazate dekhA hai| aura yaha anubhava kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra eka vyakti athavA kucha vyaktiyoM kI durAkAMkSAe~ svayaM to naSTa-dhvasta hotI hI haiM, vizva ko bhI bhayaMkara tabAhI ke kagAra para lAkara khar3I kara detI haiN| aura dUsarI ora, eka vyakti ke aMga meM se sphurita prema, sahAnubhUti evaM sauhArda kI saumya bhAvanAe~ kisa prakAra se eka sAdhAraNa se vyakti ko vizvavaMdya taka banA detI haiN| vastutaH prema kA rAjya ajara-amara hotA hai, usakA vinAza kabhI nahIM hotA / karuNA kA kalevara kitanA kamanIya hotA hai, yaha koI buddha kI vANI meM DubakI lagAkara dekhe / ahiMsA kI amaratA kitano pAvana hai, yaha koI mahAvIra ke saMdezoM meM jhA~ke / dhanya haiM ve pUrvaja jinhoMne aisI vizva-kalyANakArI vibhUti pradAna kI aura dhanya hai vahA~ kI vasundharA jisake rajakaNa ne apane pAvana sparza se usa mahAna divyatA kA akSaya varadAna bhara diyA, apanI soMdhI sugaMdha una puruSoM ke caritra meM yazaHsurabhi kI saumyatA ke rUpa meM bhara dii| -pro. rAmAzraya prasAda siMha, ema0 e0

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bhAratIya bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara sAhitya aura darzana : __ jIvana kI abhivyakti ke nAnA rUpoM kA vibhinna vidhAoM meM, vibhinna chaviyoM meM aMkana yadi sAhitya hai, to yaha jIvana svayaM meM sampUrNa sAhitya hai| ____ isI krama meM, yadi jIvana ko dRSTi-bimboM meM bA~dhanA, usake pratyeka rahasa-rAja kA avalokana karanA, usake astitva-anastisva kA manana karanA, aura phira eka dRSTikoNavizeSa se use rUpAyita karake kisI sImArekhA kI muhara lagAnA, darzana hai, to jIvana svayaM darzana hai| __ aura yadi kula milAkara dekheM, to jIvana eka hI hai, jahAM se darzana kI kiraNeM phUTatI haiM, aura sAhitya ke sumana suvAsita hote haiN| ataH nizcaya hI sAhitya aura darzana apane Apa meM do vastu nahIM haiM, balki eka sikkA ke do pahalU haiM / jIvana eka hai, sAhitya use eka rUpa meM dekhatA hai, darzana use dUsare rUpa meM dekhatA hai / aura jaba ye donoM eka-dUsare ko dekhane laga jAte haiM, taba vahI sthiti ho jAtI hai, jaise sAmane ke zIze meM dekhane ke samaya dekhane vAlA vyakti eka hI hotA hai, kintu bimba-pratibimba milakara do rUpa ho jAte haiM / jIvana eka ho hai, zIze meM cAhe darzana kA pratibimba dikhe dekhane vAle ko athavA sAhitya kI AtmA jhalake / yahIM para Akara sAhitya darzana meM samAhita ho jAtA hai, aura darzana sAhitya meM / sAhityakAra jo kucha dekhatA hai, manana karatA hai, apane andara meM anubhUti pAtA hai, usI Atmika anubhUti kI zivamayI abhi 195

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA vyakti ho to sAhitya hai / darzana jaba laharoM para laharAne lagatA hai, use sAhitya kaha lIjie aura jaba sAhitya aMtasindhu meM gahana gote lagAkara, usakI gaharAI, kiMvA astitva kA aMkana karane laga jAtA hai, vahIM yaha darzana bana jAtA hai| sAhitya ke mAdhyama se jIvana kA dharma, adhyAtma athavA kaThora yathArtha-sabhI kucha sadA se abhivyakti pAtA rahA hai| sAhitya hI kisI bhI dharma, adhyAtma, darzana kiMvA sampUrNataH sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kI prANa-pratiSThA karatA AyA hai. apanI satyatA kI kaiMcI se kuzala mAlI kI taraha kATa-chA~Ta kara sAja-saMvAra karatA AyA hai, sabase priya sAthI, apane mitra kI taraha aMtaH-bAhya sAja-zRgAra kara saumya-suSumita karatA AyA hai, aura mamatAmayI jananI kI bhA~ti apanI saMtAna kI unnati-abhivRddhi hetu kalyANa-kAmanA ko AMcala kI chora meM bA~dhe, haule-haule jovana ke pAlane para zraddhA aura sneha kI Dora khIMca jhulAtA AyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to sAhitya hI vaha mahAna zakti hai. jisake bala para koI bhI rASTra jIvita hai, koI bhI dharma jIvita hai tathA kisI bhI deza kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti jIvita hai| hama jo rote haiM. hamArA vahI krandana sAhitya bana jAtA hai; hama jo gAte haiM, hamArA vahI saMgIta sAhitya bana jAtA hai; hama jo AtmA kI sattA aura paramAtmA taka banane kI jIva meM kSamatA kA jo ahasAsa karate haiM, hamArA vahI aMtaradarzana amara sAhitya bana jAtA hai / khaira, yahA~ sAhitya kA darzana aura darzana ke sAhitya kA vivecana hama nahIM karane jA rahe, balki yahA~ sAhitya meM saMskRti kI AtmA, usake svara ebaM saMdezoM kA vihaMgAvalokana mAtra karane jA rahe haiM, ataH itanA jAna lenA Avazyaka thA ki koI bhI saMskRti sAhitya ke binA jIvita nahIM raha sakatI, aura na vaisA koI bhI sAhitya hai, jo saMskRti kI kalyANI vANI se virata hokara amaratA prApta kara ske| bhASA evaM mAtRbhASA : hama jo bolate haiM, athavA prANimAtra kI jo AvAjeM haiM, vahI bhASA hai| manuSyoM kI bhASA ke samAna hI, pazuoM kI bhASA, pakSiyoM kI bhASA Adi pratyeka prANi kI apanI-apanI bhASAe~ haiN|

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 167 prazna yaha hai ki bhASA aura mAtRbhASA meM phira kisa prakAra kI sImArekhA hai ? merA apanA dRSTikoNa hai ki bhASAe~ to pratyeka kI hotI hI haiM, kintu bAlaka apane zaizavakAla meM apanI mAtA kI goda se lekara dharatI para Thumuka Thumuka pA~va dharate samaya taka jisa bhASA kA prathama AdhAna karatA hai, vahI usakI mAtRbhASA hai / yahI kANa hai ki hara deza kI bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI bhASAe~ haiM aura eka deza meM punaH bhinna-bhinna pradezoM kI bhinna-bhinna mAtRbhASAe~ haiM / jaise bhArata meM pramukha bhASA hindI, iMgalaiMDa meM aMgrejI, rUsa meM rUsI, jApAna meM jApAnI, jarmana meM jarmanI Adi-Adi / usI prakAra bhArata me - baMgalA, ur3iyA, asamiyA, gujarAtI, marAThI, magahI, bhojapurI, maithilI, bajjI, tamila, telugu, malayAlama, kannar3a Adi bhinna-bhinna pradezoM kI bhinna-bhinna mAtRbhASAe~ haiM / hama jAnate haiM ki kisI bhI deza ko sAmAjika, rAjanItika Adi pratyeka pahaluoM se eka sUtra meM bA~dhane ke lie tathA kAma-kAja kI suvidhA ke lie pUre deza ke lie eka bhASA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jisase ki eka pradeza kA vyakti dUsare pradeza meM jAkara usa rASTrabhASA athavA samparka bhASA ke mAdhyama se apanA vicAra-vinimaya kara pAte haiM / kintu prazna yaha uThatA hai ki taba phira yaha prAdezika bhASA kyoM ? usakA vikAsa kyoM ? usakI upAdeyatA kyA hai ? spaSTa hai, jaba duHkha ke dina Ate haiM, kaSTa aura pIr3A sahanazIlatA kI sImA tor3ane lagatI hai, pIr3ita ko mA~ kI goda kI bahuta yAda AtI hai / aura, jaba mA~ sAmane A jAtI hai, to mA~ kI mamatAmayI vANI usake lie saMjIvano bana jAtI hai, hAlA~ki usa samaya mAtRrUpA bahuta sI aurateM usake pAsa ho sakatI haiM, hotI bhI haiM, mA~ se bhI adhika mamatA dene vAle vahA~ bahuta se vyakti ho sakate haiM, hote bhI haiM, phira mA~ meM vaha kauna-sI zakti hai, jo use kaThina pIr3A ke bIca bhI sneha-sukha kI chA~va detI hai ? aisA kyoM hotA hai ? aisA isalie hotA hai, ki vyakti apanI mA~ meM jitanI AtmIyatA pAtA hai, jitanA mamatva kA sAgara dekhatA hai, utanA anya kisI meM nahIM / aura yahI kAraNa hai ki dUravAsI ekabhASAyI vyaktiyoM ke bIca paraspara meM bar3A saumya sambandha hotA hai / hotA anya bhASA-bhASiyoM ke sAtha bhI hai, kintu vaha vizeSataH aupacArikatA lie hue hotA hai, jo ekabhASA-bhASI

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168 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA meM utane parimANa meM dekhane ko nahIM aataa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki mAtRbhASA ke mAdhyama se kie gae vicAra-vinimaya meM sIdhe hRdaya kA rAgAtmaka sambandha kArya karatA hai, usameM mastiSka kA, bhASAyI taura para kisI bhI prakAra kA ulajhAva nahIM hotaa| isI kAraNa mAtRbhASA meM abhivyakta vicAroM kA jyAdA mAtrA meM aMkana hotA hai samAja meM, tathA isakA pariNAma bhI jyAdA vyApaka, vizada evaM sthAyI hotA hai| zramaNa laMskRti ke unnAyakoM meM yahI bAta sAmAnyatayA dekhI jAtI hai ki unhone prAyaH apane saMdeza mAtRbhASA meM hI die haiN| unakA pratyeka udghoSa AtmA se nikalA huA, AtmA ke vikAsa ke lie hRdaya kI bhASA-mAtRbhASA meM huA, aura yahI kAraNa hai ki logoM ne AtmA ke Aloka meM hRdaya ke sahaja-sugama patha se, una saMdezoM evaM udghoSoM ko vyApaka rUpa meM apnaayaa| AraMbhakAlIna zramaNa saMskRti ke svara pradhAnataH prAkRta (ardha mAgadhI) bhASA meM niHsRta haiM, ki zramaNa sAhitya kI sarjanA vizeSataH usa samaya meM huI, jabaki sAmAnya janoM kI bhASA prAkRta (ardha mAgadhI) thii| saMskRta bhASA sAhityika bhASA ke pada para ArUr3ha ho cukI thii| usakA jana sAmAnya se sambandha virala prAya ho cukA thaa| prakAMDa paMDitoM evaM vidvAnoM kI hI eka prakAra se yaha sattA-bhASA bana cukI thii| saMskRta ke jJAtA, dezabhASA bolane vAle ko asabhya samajhate the, aura deza bhASA-bhASI bhI saMskRta bolane vAle ko apane samAja se alaga kA tattva samajhate the| aisI paristhiti meM zramaNasaMskRti ke unnAyakoM ne socA-jana sAmAnya ko eka aise upadeSTA kI apekSA hai jo usakI bhASA meM, usake kalyANa kI bAta kaha sake / usakI TUTI jhopar3I meM miTTI kA diyA jalAkara ujAlA kara sake / ataH unakI vANI meM kahI gaI bAta kA una para jyAdA prabhAvakArI asara hogA / ataH usa samaya meM vyavahRta jana-sAmAnya kI pramukha do bhASAoM-prAkRta aura pAli meM zramaNa saMskRti kI do dhArAoM-jaina saMskRti evaM bauddha saMskRti ke unnAyakoM ne apane saMdeza dene Arambha kie| kahanA na hogA, jana-sAmAnya kI bhASA meM die gae una saMdezoM kA kitanA gaharA prabhAva jana-mAnasa para par3A

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 166 ki vaha Aja bho bhAratIya saMskRti ke snAyumaMDala ko jhaMkRta - ninAdita kara rahA hai / prAkRta bhASA ke atirikta bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAoM meM zramaNa saMskRti para vipula parimANa meM sAhitya sarjanA huI, jisa para vihaMgAvalokana karanA yahA~ abhISTa hai / prAkRta aura jaina saMskRti : bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke madhyakAlIna rUpa ko, jisakA samaya lagabhaga 600 I0 pU0 se 1000 I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai, prAkRta kA sAmAnya nAma diyA jAtA hai, aura isase ve bIsiyoM bhASAe~ lakSita haiM jinake dakSiNa bhArata meM kA~cI se lekara cIno turkistAna meM niyA pradeza taka phaile hue avazeSa Aja bhI prApta haiM aura jinake pratirUpa aura ullekha usa kAla ke dhArmika aura laukika sAhitya meM milate haiN| prAkRta kI pratiSThita vyAkhyA meM pAli ko isa varga se alaga mAnA gayA hai, kintu kucha loga isI se prAkRta kAla kA Arambha mAnate haiM / kabhI azuddha saMskRta ke kaI bheda jisameM se kucha kA vyavahAra bauddhoM kI mahAyAna zAkhA dvArA unakI 'mizrita saMskRta' meM kiyA gayA hai, isa varga meM sammilita kie gae haiM aura kabhI azoka ke samaya ke zilAlekhoM ko tathA cInI turkistAna meM khojI huI niyA prAkRta inase alaga mAnI jAtI haiM / yadyapi prAkRta ke kaI bheda vAstava meM mizrita bhASAe~ mAnI jAtI haiM, jo saMskRta se kucha hI kama banAvaTI thIM, aura jo aneka upajAti samUhoM ke vistRta bhUkhaMDoM meM phailI huI thIM, tathApi ye usa kAla kI bolacAla kI bhASA ke rUpa meM sAmane rakhI jAtI haiM aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI purogAmI siddha kI jAtI haiM / isa kAla kI bhASAe~ tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kI jA sakatI haiM - 1. pUrva kAla kI prAkRta (pAli aura prAcIna mAgadhI - 600 I0 pU0 se 100 I0), 2 madhyakAla kI prAkRta (zaurasenI, mAgadhI - aura unake bheda 100 I0 se 2 1. hindI aura prAdezika bhASAoM kA vaijJAnika itihAsa, pRSTha 43 2. prabhAtacandra cakravartI : liMgvisTika spaikulezana Ava hindUja, kalakattA vi0 1655 Sal!

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200 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA 600 I0 ) aura 3. uttarakAla kI prAkRta (apabhraMza 600 I0 se 1100 ii0)| isake atirikta zrI esa0ema0 katare ne prAkRta bhASAoM kA eka anya vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA hai-(ka) dhArmika prAkRtaisake antargata pAli, dakSiNI dharmazAstroM aura unake bAda kI kRtiyoM kI bhASA / ardha mAMgadhI, jaina satroMkI prAcInatama bhASA tathA ArasA mahArASTrI, zaurasenI aura apabhraza jisameM jaina sAhitya kA varNanAtmaka sAhitya pracura mAtrA meM hai| (kha) sAhityika prAkRta-isake antargata mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI aura apabhraza tathA unako upazAkhAe~ parigaNita haiM / (ga) nATakIya prAkRta-isake antargata mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura inakI zAkhAe~, prAcIna ardhamAgadhI jo azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM milatI hai tathA alpaboliyA~, jaise DhakkI aura takkI Adi haiN| (gha) vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA vaNita prAkRta-inake antargata 5 yA cha: boliyA~ haiM jo saMskRta nATakoM meM aura madhya bhAratIya Arya kathAsAhitya meM milatI haiM, jaise mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI aura apanI kaI boliyoM ke sAtha apabhraMza / isa varga meM ve prAkRta bhI AtI haiM jo kAvya yA saMgIta ke lie prayukta huI haiM, jaise bharata kA nATyazAstra yA gItAlaMkAra yA namisAdhu kI rudraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra kI TIkA Adi / (ca) bhAratetara prAkRta-isake antargata dhammapada prAkRta kI bhASA, jo khotAna meM prApta haI aura jo kharoSTrI lipi meM hai, cInI tarkistAna meM prApta lekhoM kI niyA aura khotAnI prAkRta hai| (cha) zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta- yaha azokakAla aura usake bAda brAhmI aura kharoSTrI lipi meM likhI jAtI thIM tathA samasta bhArata aura laMkA meM pAI jAtI haiN| isake antargata tAmrapatra aura mudrAe~ bhI AtI haiN| aura, (ja) janapriya saMskRta-hindU, jaina aura bauddha / inameM kucha aise vyavahAra milate haiM jo zuddha aura pratiSThita saMskRta meM agrAhya aura anucita samajhe jAte the| 3 3. prAkRta laiMgveja eNDa deyara kaNTrIvyUzana Tu iMDiyana kalcara

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya ma zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 201 yahA~ hamArA uddezya prAkRta bhASA kA itihAsa na dekara isakI eka jhInI jhA~kI bhara prastuta karanA thA, aura jisase yaha svataH spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAkRta sAhitya apane vikAsa ke sudIrgha kAla meM paryApta vizAla evaM sudRr3ha sAhitya ke rUpa meM gauravAnvita thA, jisake antargata saMgIta, kathA, AkhyAyikA, nATaka, sUtra Adi vidhAoM meM sajita sAhitya Aja bhI gaurava kI vastu hai|| vastuta: jaina saMskRti kA mUla sAhitya prAkRta bhASA meM hI hai / jaina saMskRti kA vizAla Agama sAhitya, jo bhAratIya saMskRti kI anamola upalabdhi hai, ( ardha mAgadhI)4 prAkRta bhASA meM hI nibaddha hai| samavAyAMga" aura aupapAtika sUtra ke matAnusAra sabhI tIrthakara ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM hI upadeza dete haiM, kyoMki cAritra dharma kI ArAdhanA evaM sAdhanA karane vAle manda buddhi strI-puruSoM para anugraha karake sarvajJa bhagavAn siddhAnta ko prarUpaNA prAkRta bhASA meM karate haiN|7 prAkRta ko ardha mAgadhI kahe jAne ke do kAraNa batAye jAte haiM-prathama yaha ki yaha bhASA magadha ke eka bhAga meM bolI jAtI thI, tathA dUsarI yaha ki isameM aThAraha dezI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa huA hai| arthAt mAgadhI aura dezya bhASAoM ke sammizraNa ke kAraNa ise ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai| 4. porANamaddhamAgaha bhASAniyayaM havai sutta / -nizIthacUNi 5. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhii| -samavAyAMga sUtra pR0 60 6. taeNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kUNiassa raNNo bhibhisAra -puttassa "addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsai"'sA vi yaNaM addhamAgahI bhAsA tesi savvesi appaNo parimANeNaM pariNamai / -aupapAtika sUtra 7. bAla-strI-mandamUrkhANAM nRNAM cAritra kAMkSiNAm / anugrahArtha sarvajJa: siddhAntaH prAkRte kRtaH / -dazavakAlika hAribhadrIya vRtti 8. magaddhavisaya bhAsANibaddha addhamAgahaM, aTThArasadesIbhAsANimayaM vA addhamAgahaM / -nizIthacUNi

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202 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA Agama zabda mUlataH zAstra ke abhidhArtha meM prayukta huA hai / Agama zabda kA artha hai-jisase padArthoM kA yathArtha jJAna ho|' jisase padArthoM kA paripUrNatA ke sAtha maryAdita jJAna ho, vaha Agama hai|10 Apta puruSoM kA kathana arthAt Aptakathana Agama hai|11 Apta puruSa unheM kahA jAtA hai jinhoMne rAga-dveSa ko jIta liyA hai, vaha jina tIrthaMkara sarvajJa bhagavAn Apta haiM, aura unakA upadeza evaM vANI hI jainAgama hai / 12 ____sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAhya do khaNDoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| aMga sAhitya kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara sabhI ekamata haiM / sabhI aMgoM kI saMkhyA 12 svIkArate haiN| parantu aMga bAhya AgamoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM yaha bAta nahIM hai, usameM mata vaibhinnya hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AgamoM kI saMkhyA kitane ho 84 mAnate haiM, koI-koI 45 mAnate haiM aura kitane hI 32 mAnate haiN| nandosUtra meM AgamoM kI jo vistRta sUcI do gaI hai, ve sabho Agama samprati upalabdha nahIM haiM / dvAdaza aMga jo sarvamAnya haiM, ye haiM-1. AcAra, 2. sUtrakRta, 3. sthAna, 4. samavAya, 5. bhagavatI, 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 7. upAsaka dazA, 8. antakada, 6. anuttaropapA tika, 10. prazna vyAkaraNa, 11. vipAka aura 12. dRSTivAda / 6. Agamyante maryAdayA'vabuddhayante'rthAH anenetyAgamaH / -ratnAkarAvatArikA vRtti 10. A-abhividhinA sakala zruta viSayavyApti rUpeNa, maryAdayA vA yathAvasthitaprarUpaNArUpayA gamyateparicchidyante arthAH yena sa AgamaH / -Avazyaka malaya giri vRtti -nandIsUtra vRtti 11. AptopadezaH zabdaH / -nyAyasUtra 1 / 17 12. jaM NaM imaM arihaMtehi bhagavaMtehiM uppaNNaNANa-dasaNa-dharehi tIya-paccuppaNNamaNAgaya-jANaehiM tilukka vahita mahitapUiehiM savvaNNa hiM savvadarisIhiM-paNIyaM duvAlasaMgaM gaNipiDagaM, taM jahA-AyAro jAva divaao| -anuyogadvAra sUtra 42

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 203 jaisA ki pahale batAyA jA cakA hai, ye Agama jIvana aura jagat ke vividha-diza divyajJAna ke akSaya bhaMDAra haiN| unameM eka se eka apUrva maNi-muktAe~ chipI par3I haiN| usameM kevala adhyAtma aura vairAgya ke hI upadeza nahIM haiM, balki dharma, darzana, nIti, sabhyatA, saMskRti, karma, lezyA, jIva, jagata, AtmA, bhUgola, khagola, itihAsa, gaNita, saMgIta, nATaka, Ayurveda Adi jIvana ke pratyeka pahaluoM ko sparza vAle vicAra-tattva vyaMjita haiN| ____ gaNadharoM dvArA praNIta dvAdazAMgoM ke uparAnta sthaviroM ne unakA paryApta pallavana kiyaa| hajAroM prakaraNa grantha nirmita hue| punaH usake pazcAt AgamoM ke vyAkhyA-grantha likhe jAne lge| ve niyukti, bhASya aura carNo ke rUpa meM prAkRta ko vyApaka sAhitya-rAzi haiN| inameM niyukti aura bhASya padyabaddha haiM jabaki cUrNiyA~ gadyanibaddha / niyuktikAra dvitoya bhadrabAhu (vikrama pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI) kI 11 niyuktiyA~ tathA cUrNIkAroM kI 17 cUrNiyA~ adyAvadhi upalabdha haiM / cUrNIkAroM meM mukhyataH jinadAsa gaNI mahattara (sAtavIM zatI), siddhasena sUri (12 vIM zatI), pralamba sUri evaM agastyasiMha muni ullekhanoya haiM / zeSa ajJAta haiN| grantha nirmANa kI isa prakriyA meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM kI bhA~ti digambara AcAryoM ne bhI prAkRta sAhitya kA pracura pallavana kiyA hai / unakA Adyagrantha SaTkhaMDAgama hai jisakA praNayana dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI meM AcArya pUSpadaMta bhUtavali dvArA huA hai| isI prakAra kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa graMtha kaSAya-prAbhRta hai, jisakI racanA AcArya guNadhara ne kI thii| AcArya vIrasena ( vi0 navama zatAbdI ) ne SaTkhaMDAgama para 72,000 zloka-pramANa dhavalA TIkA likhI / unhoMne / kaSAya-prAbhRta para bhI TIkA saMracanA Arambha kI thI, kintu 20,000 zloka pramANa likhane ke anaMta ra apUrNa grantha ko hI chor3akara divaMgata ho gaye, jise unake ziSya jinasenAcArya ne pUrNa kiyaa| yaha sATha hajAra zloka pramANa kA grantha jayadhavalA ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| vikrama dUsarI zatI meM AcArya kuMdakaMda ne pravacanasAra, samayasAra aura paMcAstikAya Adi granthoM kA praNayana kara adhyAtma ke kSetra meM eka nayA mor3a lA diyaa| AcArya nemicandra (vi0 dazavIM zatI) ne

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204 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA bhI gommaTasAra evaM labdhisAra nAma ke mahattvapUrNa grantha kA sarjana kiyA / uparivarNita vizAla Agama sAhitya ke atirikta jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM pracura parimANa meM kAvya tathA kalA sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA / pAdalipta kI taraMgavai, vimala sUri kA paumacariu, saMghadAsagaNI kA 'vasudeva hiNDI', haribhadra kI 'samarAiccakahA' Adi isa viSaya kI gauravapUrNa upalabdhiyA~ haiM / isake atirikta jinezvara sUri kA 'kathAkoSa prakaraNa', jinacandra kA 'saMvega raMgazAlA', devabhadra aura guNabhadra kA 'kahArayaNakosa', nemicandra sUri kA 'AkhyAna maNikoza', AcArya sumati sUrikA 'jinadattAkhyAna', mahendra sUri kI 'narmadA sundarI' somaprabhasUri kA 'kumArapAla pratibodha', jinaharSa sUri kA 'rayaNa sehara nivakahA' tathA 'rayaNavAla kahA', 'sirivAla kahA', 'prAkRta kathA saMgraha' Adi ullekhanIya kathA kRtiyA~ haiM / isake atirikta vyAkaraNa, nimitta, jyotiSa, sAmudrika, Ayurveda Adi viSayoM para bhI prAkRta bhASA meM vipula sAhitya kI sarjanA huI / ataH yaha nirvivAda rUpa se svIkArya hai ki prAkRta kA sAhitya mAnava saMskRti kI akSaya nidhi hai, jisakI kalyANI vANI kI lahariyoM meM gote lagA-lagAkara mAnava yugoM-yugoM apane jIvana ke navIna evaM svastha patha kA saMdhAna karatA rahegA, eka svarNima loka ke nirmANa kA divya Aloka pAtA rahegA / saMskRta bhASA aura sAhitya saMskRta bhASA, jaisA ki pUrva batAyA jA cukA hai, bahuta prAcIna bhASA hai / jaina saMskRti meM sAhitya kA pracalana, hAlA~ki prAkRta bhASA meM hI upalabdha hai, kintu gaharAI meM jAne para yaha patA calatA hai ki jaina dharma kA 14 pUrva - sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI nirmita thA 13 13. ( ka ) pUrvANi saMskRtAni vedita vyAni / -hIra prazna, 3. ullAsa, hIra vijayasUri (kha) prajJAvanmunIndra yogyAni caturdazApi pUrvANi saMskRtAnyeva zrUyate / -- AcAra pradIpa, siddhasena divAkara adhikAra

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bhA, bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saskRti ke svara 205 kliSTa zabdAvalI meM nirmita hone ke kAraNa jana-sAmAnya use samajhane meM asamartha thA, ataH una alpajJa striyoM aura puruSoM kI jAnakArI ke lie dvAdaza aMgoM kI racanA prAkRta meM ko gii| prAcIna saMskRta kA dvitIya utthAnakAla bar3e gaurava ke sAtha AraMbha huaa| isa kAla meM saMskRta sAhitya meM bar3e mahatva ke tathA sthAyI sAhitya kA nirmANa AraMbha ho gyaa| logoM ke bIca yaha dhAraNA vyApta ho calI ki kisI bhI siddhAnta ko sthAyitva pradAna karane ke lie use saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha honA paramAvazyaka hai| isa vicAradhArA se jaina sAhityakAra bhI achUte nahIM raha ske| phalataH saMskRta meM punaH jaina sAhitya kA sarjana hone lgaa| dvitIya utthAnakAla meM saMskRta bhASA meM sarvaprathama racanA vAcakavarya umAsvAti kA 'tattvArtha sUtra' hai| umAsvAti ke samaya ke viSaya meM aba taka matabheda hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ne bhI isa matabheda kA nirAkaraNa na karake pahalI zatAbdI athavA tIsarI cauthI-zatAbdI meM unakA honA anumAnita kiyA hai / 14 isake pazcAt to saMskRta bhASA meM jaina sAhitya kA sRjana vividha vidhAoM meM pracura parimANa meM huA, yathA TIkA, kAvya, kathA, chanda, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa, koSa, nATaka, stotra, jyotiSa, Ayurveda evaM nIti Adi / TIkA sAhitya-AcArya haribhadra, zolAMkAcArya, abhayadeva, maladhArI hemacandra, malayagiri prabhRti ne Agama sAhitya para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkAe~ kI / jaina sAhitya ke atirikta jainetara sAhitya para bhI jainAcAryoM ne TIkAeM kii| pANinI ke vyAkaraNa para zabdAvatAra vyAsa, diGa nAga ke nyAyapraveza para vRtti, zrIdhara kI nyAyakaMdalI para TIkA, nAgArjuna kI yogaratnamAlA para vRtti, akSapAda ke nyAyasUtra para TIkA, vAtsyAyana ke nyAyabhASya para TIkA, bhAradvAja ke vArtika para TIkA, zrIkaMTha kI nyAyAlaMkAra vRtti kI TIkA tathA meghadUta, raghuvaMza, kAdambarI, naiSadha aura kumArasaMbhava Adi kAvyagranthoM para bhI jainAcAryoM ko suprasiddha TIkAe~ huI haiN| kAvya aura kathA sAhitya-kAvyakalA ke kSetra meM jainAcArya kisI bhI kAvyakAra tathA kalAkAra se pIche nahIM rahe haiN| unhoMne padya aura gadya meM uccakoTi ke kAvya kA sarjana kiyA hai| unameM

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pAzvabhyudaya dvisaMdhAnakAvya, yazastilaka, tilakamaMjarI, bharatabAhubalI mahAkAvya, padmAnanda mahAkAvya, dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya, jaina kumAra saMbhava, yazodhara caritra, pAMDava caritra Adi mukhya haiM / 206 kathA evaM AkhyAyikA ke kSetra meM upamiti bhava prapaMcA, kuvalayamAlA, ArAdhanA, kathAkoza, AkhyAnamaNikoza, kathAratnasAgara, dAna kalpadra uma, samyaktva kaumudI, kathA ratnAgAra Adi ullekhanIya kathA graMtha haiM / jainAcAryoM ne katipaya gauravamaya purANoM kI bhI racanA kI hai, jinameM AdipurANa mahApurANa, uttarapurANa, harivaMza purANa, zAMtipurANa, purANasAra saMgraha Adi mahattvapUrNa haiM / chaMda - alaMkAra - ke kSetra meM AcArya hemacandrakRta chandonuzAsana eka gauravapUrNa racanA hai / inake atirikta vAgbhaTTa racita chandonuzAsana bhI milatA hai / eka chandonuzAsana jayakIrti praNIta bhI prApta hai / isake atirikta chandoratnAvalI, ratnamaMjUSA, kAvyAnuzAsana, alaMkAra ciMtAmaNi, alaMkAra cUr3AmaNi, kavizikSA, vAgbhaTAlaMkAra, kavikalpalatA, alaMkAra prabodha, alaMkAra mahodadhi prabhRti bar3e hI upayogI graMtha saMskRta sAhitya meM race gaye / saMskRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kI racanA meM bhI jainAcAryoM ne bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| pUjyapAda svayambhU, zAkaTAyana, zabdAmbhojabhAskara ne saMskRta meM vyAkaraNa granthoM kI racanA kI / kintu AcArya hemacandra ne sarvAMgapUrNa vyAkaraNa 'siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana' kI racanA kii| unhoMne vyAkaraNa ke pA~coM aMgoM -- sUtra, gaNapATha sahitavRtti, dhAtupATha, uNAdi aura liMgAnuzAsana - Adi para ekAkI racanA karake saMskRta meM svataMtra vyAkaraNa kA nirmANa kiyA usake pazcAt zabdasiddhivyAkaraNa, malayagiri vyAkaraNa, vidyAnanda vyAkaraNa Adi ullekhanIya vyAkaraNa granthoM kI racanA huI / saMskRta bhASA meM jainAcAryoM ne koSagranthoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa nirmANa kiyA unameM se dhanaMjaya nAmamAlA, apavarga nAmamAlA, amarakoza, abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi, anekArtha saMgraha, nighaMTu zeSa, zAradIya nAmamAlA Adi pramukha haiM / jainAcAryoM kA saMskRta nATaka- sAhitya bar3e gaurava ke sAtha yAda kiyA jAtA hai| jaisI ki janazruti hai, AcArya hemacandra ke suyogya

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 207 ziSya rAmacandra ne to 100 nATakoM kI racanA ko, kiMtu ve sabhI Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| unake nATakoM meM-nirbhaya bhIma vyAyoga, jalavilAsa, kaumudI-mitrAnanda, raghavilAsa, rohiNI mRgAMka, vanamAlA Adi upalabdha haiN| inake atirikta hastImalajI (13 vIM zatI) ne vikrAMta kaurava, subhadrA, maithilIkalyANa, aMjanA pavanaMjaya, udayanarAja, bharatarAja, arjunarAja aura meghezvara Adi nATakoM kI racanA kI / rAmabhadra kA 'prabuddha rohiNeya', yazapAla kA 'moharAja parAjaya', jayasiMha sUri kA 'hammIramada mardana', ratnazekhara kRta 'prabodha candrodaya', meghaprabhAcAryakRta 'dharmAbhyudaya' Adi ke atirikta satya harizcandra, rAghavAbhyudaya, yavilAsa, mallikAmakaraMda, rohiNImRgAMka, candralekhA vijaya, mAnamudrA bhaMjana, karuNAvajrAyuddha, draupadI svayaMvara Adi nATya sAhitya ko anamola nidhiyA~ haiN| ___ stotra sAhitya-meM jainAcAryoM ne pracura racanA kii| bhaktAmara. stotra, kalyANa maMdira stotra, dvAtriMzikAe~, anyayoga evaM ayoga vyavacchedikAe~, vRhatsvayaMbhUstotra stuti vidyA, jinazataka, viSApahArastotra, ekIbhAvastotra, sarasvatI stotra, jinacaturvizatikA, votarAgastotra, siddha guNa stotra, caturvizati jina stuti, sarasvatI bhaktAmara, nemi bhaktAmara stotra Adi ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiN| __jyotiSa ratnamAlA eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| isake atirikta gaNita tilaka, bhAracandra jyotiSa sAra, AraMbha siddhi, bhuvanadIpaka Adi jyotiSa kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhiyA~ haiN| Ayurveda ke viSaya meM bhI jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta meM bar3e mahattva ko racanAe~ kI haiN| rasAvatAra, rasAyana prakAza, jIvakataMtra, vaidyasAra saMgraha, lakSmaNa prakAza, kalyANakAraka, yogaratnAkara, siddhAnta rasAyanakalpa, nAgArjunakalpa, nAgArjuna kakSa puTa evaM yoga cintAmaNi prabhRti bahumUlya kRtiyA~ haiN| nIti ke kSetra meM AcArya hemacandra ne 'arhannIti' nAmaka eka amUlya graMtha kI racanA kI hai, isameM dharma ke atirikta rAjanIti, yuddhanIti Adi viSayoM para bhI bar3o maulika udbhAvanA hai| ___ jaina AcAryoM ne anya vidhAoM evaM viSaya-biMduoM ke atirikta yoga viSaya para bhI bar3e hI mahattvapUrNa graMthoM kI sarjanA ko hai|

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208 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA AcArya haribhadra ne prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA meM cAra yoga viSayaka graMthoM kI racanA kI, saMskRta meM praNIta yogabindu evaM yogadRSTi samuccaya bar3I mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| AcArya haribhadra ke pazcAt zubhacandra kA jJAnArNava bhI eka zreSTha praNayana hai| AcArya hemacandra kA 'yogazAstra', upAdhyAya yazovijaya kA adhyAtmasAra, adhyAtmopaniSad, yogAvatAra vattIso, pAtaMjala yogasUtra vRtti, yogavizikA (TIkA) Adi yoga para abhUtapUrva upalabdhiyA~ haiN| isa prakAra jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA evaM sAhitya meM vividha viSayaka jo racanAeM kI haiM, vaha sAhitya vAGamaya kI anamola nidhi haiN| uparyukta saMkSipta vivecana se yaha bAta bhI pUrNatayA spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki katipaya logoM kI yaha bhrAmaka dhAraNA ki jainAcAryoM ne mAtra dharma evaM adhyAtma ke zuSka viSayoM kA cavita carvaNa kiyA hai, nirAdhAra hai / vastutaH jainAcAryoM evaM jaina manISiyoM ne sAhitya evaM jIvana ke pratyeka pahaluoM para apanI sadhI huI lekhanI calAkara eka amRtamaya varadAna vizva ko pradAna kiyA hai / apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya prAkRta evaM saMskRta kI bhAMti apabhraMza meM racita jaina sAhitya kA bhI gauravamaya sthAna hai| vastutaH saMskRta aura prAkRta se kahIM jyAdA jana sAmAnyocita vyavahArakSama evaM madhura bhASA apabhra za hai| hindI sAhitya kA bhakti aura rItikAlIna sAhitya apabhraza meM hI bahulAMza meM racA gayA / vastutaH apabhraza hindI bhASA kI jananI hai| isakI sarvaprathama vizeSatA yaha hai ki isa bhASA meM saMdezarAsaka tathA siddha sAhitya ( nIti dohA aura bauddhacaryA pada) ko chor3akara zeSa sAhitya prAyaH jaina vidvAnoM dvArA race gaye haiM / 14 sAhityika dRSTi meM bhI apabhraMza kA vizeSa sthAna hai| hindI sAhitya kI aneka pravRttiyA~ apabhraMza yuga kI dena haiN| chandoM kI vividhatA, sugama racanAzailI, paramparAgata kAvyAtmaka varNana, sAhityika rUr3hiyoM kA nirvAha, prakRti citraNa, rasAtmakatA, bhakti aura zRgAra kA puTa Adi 14. AcArya vijayavallabha sUri smAraka natha, pRSTha 31

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 206 pravRttiyA~ apabhraza sAhitya se hI paramparAgata rUpa se hindI sAhitya ko prApta huI haiM / 15 apabhraza sAhitya para dRSTipAta karane se patA calatA hai ki isakA vikAsa IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI se Arambha ho gayA thA / lagabhaga 1000 varSoM taka apabhraza sAhitya bhArata bhUmi para pallavitapuSpita evaM phalita hotA rhaa| apabhraza kA pUrA sAhitya kAvya meM praNIta haA hai| kAvya meM prabandha aura muktaka donoM meM hI racanAe~ huI haiN| khaMDakAvya meM 'saMdezarAsaka' eka hI graMtha upalabdha hai / prabandha kAvya meM prakAzita grantha-pauma cariu, riThThanemicariu, mahApurANa, NAyakumAra cariu, jasahara cariu, bhavisayattakahA, karakaMDa cariu, NamiNAha cariu, paumasiri cariu, sudaMsaNa cariu, suloyaNA cariu, pAsa cariu, pajjuNNa cariu evaM saNaMkumAra cariu haiN| kucha aprakAzita prabandha kAvya bhI prApya haiM. yathA harivaMza purANu, pAMDapurANa, padmapurANa, sukosala cariu, meghezvara cariu Adi / 16 muktaka kAvya meM-rAsa, carcarI, kUlaka, phAga, dohA, nIti Adi racanAe~ prApta haiM / apabhraza kAvya ke Arambhika vikAsa meM mahAkavi svayaMbhU kA ullekhanIya sthAna hai / mahAkavi svayambhU ne apane graMtha 'svayabhU chanda' tathA ' riTThanemi cariu' meM govinda, caturmukha, mahaTTa, siddhaprabha prabhRti apabhraMza kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke atirikta udyotana sUri (kuvalayamAlA kahA), dAmodara (ukti vyakti prakaraNa) tathA sAdhu samaya sundara gaNI (ukti ratnAkara) Adi kA yogadAna bhI bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai| inake atirikta mahAkavi puSpadanta, zrI dhanapAla, kavi dhAhila, muni kanakAmara, haribhadra, vIra, nayaMdI, padmakIrti, devasenagaNI Adi kA yogadAna Adi smaraNIya hai / 13 vIM zatAbdI meM apabhraza sAhitya kA vikAsa bar3e vyApaka stara para huA / isa kAla meM apabhraMza bhASA ke aneka prasiddha kavi hue| jaise, ambadeva sUri (samarArAsa), jinapadmasUri (sthUlabhadraphAga), delhaNa (gayasukumAlasAra), dhanapAla (bhavisayattakahA), prajJAtilaka (kachUlirAsa), ratnaprabhasUri (aMtaraMgasaMdhi), lAkhU athayA lakSmaNa 15. DA0 devendra kumAra jaina, saMdezarAsaka aura hindI kAvyadhArA, -saptasiMdhu, apraila 60 aMka 16. gurudeva zrI ratnamuni smRti matha, pRSTha 331

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA (aNuvayarayaNapaIva), sumatigaNI (neminAtharAsa), jinacandrasUri (phAga), AbU ( AbUrAsa ) harideva ( mayaNa parAjaya cariu ) aura paM0 raghU ( pauma cariu, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa, samyaktva bhAvanA, jinadattaca upaI Adi aneka graMtha) Adi / isa kAla meM zAlibhadra sUri kA 'bharata bAhubali rAsa' rAsaka graMthoM meM sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai / 14 vIM - 15 vIM zatAbdI meM bhI apabhraMza kA pratura vikAsa huA hai / 15 vIM sadI ke dhanapAla kavi viracita bAhubali evaM lakhanadeya kRta NamiNAha cariu mahattvapUrNa graMtha haiM / 210 AkhyAyikA ke kSetra meM apabhraMza sAhitya meM laghukathAoM kA mahattvapUrNa nirmANa huA hai / isane nayanaMdi racita 'sakala vidhi vidhAna kahA', candrakRta 'kathAkoza' evaM ratnakaraMDa zAstra' amarakIrti nirmita ' chakkammovaesu' lakSmaNa racita 'aNuvaya rayaNa- paIu' raighUkRta 'puNNAsava kahA koso', bAlacanda racita 'sugaMdhadahamIkahA ' tathA 'fiessattamIkahA', vinayacandra praNIta 'Nijjhara paMcamI kahA' yazaH kIrti kRta 'jiNarattivihANa kahA' evaM 'ravivrata kahA' Adi vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / 17 3 isa prakAra saMkSipta dRSTi pherane para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki apabhraMza bhASA meM vipula parimANa meM jaina sAhitya kA sRjana huA hai / abhI usameM aura bhI zodha kI AvazyakatA hai / hindI bhASA aura sAhitya hindI sAhitya ke udbhava aura vikAsa ke itihAsa para jaba hama dRSTipAta karate haiM, taba yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hindo sAhitya ke udbhava aura vikAsa meM jaina muniyoM, evaM jaina sAhityakAroM kA yogadAna bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai / hindI bhASA kA udbhava, jo ki itihAsasammata tathya hai, prAkRta bhASA se huA hai / udbhava to prAkRta bhASA se huA hI hai, sAtha hI udbhava ke pazcAt hindI sAhitya ke lagabhaga madhyakAlaparyanta apabhraMza bhASA kA prabhAva spaSTa rUpa se lakSita hotA hai / 17. DA0 hIrAlAla jaina 'bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna' pR0 164

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 211 jaisA ki apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya zIrSaka kI vivecya vastu ke antargata hamane dekhA hai ki apabhraMza bhASA meM adhikAMza racanAe~ jaina sAhityakAroM kI hI haiM / aura, apabhraMza kA hindI para spaSTa prabhAva hone ke kAraNa hindI sAhitya meM bhI jaina sAhityakAroM kI racanAe~ pracura parimANa meM huI haiM / eka taraha se hindI sAhitya kI AdhArazilA ke nyAsakarttA jaina sAhityakAra hI haiM / DA0 rAmakumAra varmA ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue kahA hai- 'vAstava meM hindI sAhitya kI utpatti aura vikAsa meM jaina dharma kA bahuta bar3A hAtha rahA hai / apabhraMza meM hI jainiyoM ke mUla siddhAntoM kI racanA huii| apabhraMza kA vikAsa hindI meM hone ke kAraNa hindI kI prathamAvasthA meM bhI ina siddhAntoM para racanAe~ huI / ataeva bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se hI nahIM, varan hindI ke prAraMbhika rUpa kA sUtrapAta karane meM bhI jaina sAhitya kA mahattva hai / '18 hA~, itanA avazya hai ki jaina sAhityakAroM kA varNya viSaya jainadharma ke siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa, usakI vyAkhyA - vivecana karanA hI rahA hai, ataH anya pahaluoM para koI viziSTa racanA jaina sAhityakAroM ne prAraMbhika yuga meM nahIM kI / jaina dharma kA sarvamAnya pratipAdya nimna hai : jainadharma ratnatrayI samyak darzana samyak jJAna samyaka cAritra uparyukta sAriNI se spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM ratnatrayI kI sAdhanA dvArA jo ki vividha sopAnoM se hotI huI mokSa para pahu~catI hai, mokSa prApti ko hI paramalakSya ke rUpa meM svIkArA gayA hai / yaha mokSa prApti kA lakSya anya dharmoM meM bhI samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai, kintu jaina dharma meM jitanI bar3I nirveda (zAMta) sAdhanA kA prAvidhAna hai, vaha bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa hai / jaina dharma meM sAhitya kI jitanI 18. hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 102

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12 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA sarjanA huI hai, vaha saba inhIM siddhAntoM ke pratipAdana rUpa meM huI hai| cU~ki jaina dharma kA mUla sAhitya prAkRta (ardha mAgadhI) bhASA athavA apabhraMza bhASA meM vizeSa rUpa se prApta hai, ataH usakA hindI meM pracura parimANa meM anuvAda bhinna-bhinna muniyoM evaM sAhityakAroM dvArA huaa| ataH jainadhama sambandhI hindI meM jitane bar3e parimANa meM anUdita sAhitya pAyA jAtA hai, maulika sAhitya utane parimANa meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| jaina sAhitya ke antargata purANa sAhitya, carita kAvya, kathA kAvya evaM rahasyavAdI kAvya sabhI likhe gye| inake atirikta vyAkaraNa, koSa, zRgAra, zaurya, nIti tathA anyoktiparaka phuTakara kAvyakRtiyA~ bhI dekhane ko milatI haiM / svayaMbhUdeva-(AThavIM zatI) hindI jaina kaviyoM meM sarvaprathama nAma svayaMbhUdeva kA AtA hai| inhoMne apane prasiddha graMtha paumacariu meM apabhraMza bhASA ke aise rUpa kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisase hindI kA prAcIna rUpa iMgita hotA hai / inakI pramukha kRtiyA~ nimna haiM / 1. pauma cariu (padma caritra-jaina rAmAyaNa ) 2. riTaNemi cariu (ariSTanemi caritra-harivaMzapurANa) 3. paMcami cariu ( nAgakumAra carita ) aura 4. svayaMbhUchanda AcArya devasena--AcArya devasena jainadharma ke digambara zAkhA ke kavi the / inhoMne jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA bar3A vizada vivecana kiyA hai| unakA pramukha grantha 'nayacakra' hai| isake atirikta darzanasAra bhAvasaMgraha, ArAdhanAsAra, tattvasAra, sAvayadhamma dohA unakI ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiN| mahAkavi puSpadaMta-(dazavIM zatI) ye kAzyapa gotrIya brAhmaNa the aura zivajI ke bhakta the, kintu bAda meM jaina ho gaye the| ye jaina sAhitya ke atyanta prasiddha mahAkavi the| 'NAyakumAra cariu' (nAgakumAra carita) inakA prasiddha graMtha hai| inakI pramukha kRtiyA~ haiM : 1. tisaTThi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra (triSaSTi mahApuruSa guNAlaMkAra)

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 213 2. NAyakumAra cariu (nAgakumAra caritra) 3. jasahara cariu (yazodhara carita) 4. koza graMtha--yaha dezaja zabdoM kA sundara kozapatha hai / isake atirikta jina jaina sAhityakAroM ne hindI sAhitya meM jaina dharma sambandhI sAhitya kI sarjanA kI unameM nimna ullekhanIya haiM / dhanapAla ( bhavisayatta kahA ), muni rAmasiMha (pAhur3a dohA ), abhayadevasUri (jaya tihuaNa), zrI candramuni (purANasAra), kanakAmara mUni (karakaMDa cariu), NayanaMdimuni (sudaMsaNa cariu), zrI jinavallabha sUri (bRddha navakAra), zrI Ninadatta sUri (cAcari, kAlasvarUpa kulaka), uvasae (sAyaNa), yogacandra muni (yogasAra), AcArya hemacandra sUri (siddha hemacandra zabdAnuzAsana, yogazAstra, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, chandonuzAsana, dezI nAmamAlA koSa), haribhadrasUri, zAlibhadra sUri, somaprabha sari, jinapadma sUri, vinayacandra sari, (neminAtha caupaI) dharmasUri, vijayasena sUri, merutuga (prabaMdha cintAmaNi), ambadeva sUri, rAjazekhara sUri aadi| 15 vIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbarAcArya vijayabhadra ne 'gautama rAsA' kI racanA kI, viddhaNa ne 'jJAna paMcamI caupaI' tathA dayAsAgara sUri ne 'dharmadatta caritra' nAmaka prasiddha graMthoM kI racanA kii| usake bAda bhI jaina sAhitya kI vikAsamAnadhArA niraMtara Age bar3hatI gii| jaina sAhitya kA hindI meM pracura praNayana hotA rahA / una saboM kA, sAhitya, itihAsa, dharma-adhyAtma Adi kI dRSTi se bar3A mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| madhyakAla ke dhArmika Andolana ko bhI jaina sAhityakAroM ne tathA jaina siddhAMtoM se kAphI prabhAvita kiyaa| aura, sAhitya meM yuddha sAhitya ke bajAya pracura parimANa meM bhaktiparaka sAhitya kA sRjana hone lagA / isa sAhitya meM, ahiMsA, satya, prema, karuNA, samatA Adi para bar3e parimANa meM sAhitya race gye| ___ Adhunika yuga meM jaina sAhitya sarjanA kI eka vizAla evaM vyApaka paramparA dekhI jA rahI hai| jahA~ eka ora jena munirAjoM dvArA AgamoM para bhASya, vyAkhyA evaM TokA sAhitya tathA maulika udbhAvanAoM se pUrNa sAhitya kI sarjanA horahI hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora vibhinna

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214 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA zodhArthiyoM dvArA jaina siddhAMtoM para tathA unase sambandhita viSayoM para zodha prabandha taiyAra kie gae haiM, Age bhI taiyAra kie jA rahe haiN| inake atirikta anya lekhakoM, saMpAdakoM evaM patrakAroM dvArA jaina sAhitya para vyApaka rUpa se sAhitya sarjanA kI jA rahI hai / _ Adhunika jena munirAjoM meM jinake nAma mahattvapUrNa haiM, ve nimna haiM : 1. rASTrasaMta kaviratna upAdhyAya amaramuni--Apa adhunAyuga ke samanvayavAdI evaM samIcInatAvAdI vicAradhArA ke mahAn saMta haiM / Apane zatAdhika pustakoM kI racanAeM kI haiM, jinameM 'nizotha cUNi bhASya', 'sUkti triveNI' 'ciMtana kI manobhUmi' aura 'cintana ke muktasvara' vizeSa ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiN| 2. muni nagarAja, DI. liT--inhoMne 'Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' nAmaka zodha prabandha taiyAra kiyA hai, jisa para unheM DI. liTa. kI upAdhi se sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta inakI aura bhI aneka mahatvapUrNa kRtiyA~ haiN| ___ ina munirAjoM ke atirikta, AcArya tulasI, muni vidyAnaMda, paM0 vijayamuni zAstrI, devendra muni zAstrI, muni mahendrakumAra prathama tathA dvitIya, candanamuni, muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', suzIlamuni, hIrAmuni 'himakara', gaNezamuni zAstrI, sAdhvI candanA, darzanAcArya, sAdhvI maMjuzrI, sAdhvI saralAjI Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| zodha prabandhakAroM meM sarvazrI DA0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI, DA0 hIrAlAla jaina, DA0 mohanalAla mehatA, DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina, DA0 nathamala TAMTiyA, DA0 sudarzanalAla, DA0 ajita zukadeva, DA0 baziSTanArAyaNa sinhA, DA. raNadave, DA0 narendra bhAnAvata, DA0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara', DA0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAgendu', DA0 komalacanda, DA0 rAjakumAra jaina, DA. indracandra zAstrI, DA0 jayakizana pra. khaMDelavAla, DA0 nemIcandra jaina, DA0 sAgaramala jaina prabhRti ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| inake atirikta anya aneka vaise vyakti haiM jinhoMne jaina sAhitya para athavA jaina dharma saMbaMdhI viSaya para zodha prabaMdha taiyAra kara liyA

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 215 haiM, tathA anya aneka taiyAra karane meM saMlagna haiM, jina sabhI logoM ke nAma sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ denA saMbhava nahIM hai| hA~, jaina sAhitya ke zIrSastha pratibhAsampanna lekhakoM meM paM0 sukhalAlajI, paM0 becaradAsa Dozo, dalasukha mAla vaNiyA, riSabhadAsa rAMkA, pro0 campAlAla siMghaI, pro. rAmAzraya pra. siMha prabhRti ke nAma hindI ke jaina sAhityakAroM meM Adara ke sAtha lie jaaeNge| jaisA ki pahale igita kiyA gayA hai, hindI kI jaina patra-patrikAe~ jo ki Aja vipula parimANa meM nikala rahI haiM, jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa meM unake saMpAdakoM tathA unase sambaddha lekhakoM kA yogadAna mahattvapUrNa hai| __ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hindI ke udbhavakAla se bhI pUrva se jabaki apabhraza bha SA jana-jIvana ke boca pracalita thI, jaina sAhityakAroM ne dharma, adhyAtma, darzana, samAja, rASTra, saMskRti, sabhyatA Adi viSaya-binduoM se sambaddha racanAe~ karake jana-sAmAnya ke bIca pracalita kiyA, dharma kI nIMva ko sudRr3ha kiyaa| hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla to jaina sAhityakAroM kI racanAoM kI AdhArabhitti para hI sthita hai, madhyakAla pUrNataH prabhAvita hai, rItakAla sampanna hai tathA Adhunika kAla vividha vidhAntargata praNIta kRtiyoM se bhavya vikAsa pA rahA hai| Aja to jainadharma ko yugabhASA ke rUpa meM hindI bhASA ho pratiSThita hai| rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya rAjasthAnI bhASA--yaha nAma isa bhASA kA AdinAma nahIM hai| jaba pradeza kA nAma rAjasthAna par3A, tabhI se ise isa nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| bhArata kI svataMtratA se pUrva rAjasthAna 21 choTe-bar3e vibhAgoM meM ba~TA haA thaa| isake atirikta ajamera-meravADA kA pradeza aMgrejI zAsana meM alaga se saMyukta thaa| ye 21 rAjya the-- 1. udayapura, 2. DUgarapura, 3. bA~savAr3A, 4. pratApagar3ha , 5. zAhapurA, 6. karaulI, 7. jaisalamera, 8. bUMdI, 6. koTA, 10. sirohI, 11. jayapura, 12. alavara, 13. jodhapura, 14. bIkAnera, 15. kizanagar3ha, 16. dAMtA, 17. jhAlAvAr3a, 18. bharatapura, 16. dhaulapura, 20. pAlana

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216 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA pura tathA 21. TauMka / isa rAjya ke lie jArja TaoNmasa ne san 1857 meM rAjapUtAnA 12 nAma kA prayoga kiyaa| usake uparAnta karnala TaoNDa ne apane itihAsa meM rAjapUtAnA ko rAjasthAna ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA20 purAkAla meM isa pradeza ke bhinna-bhinna bhUkhaMDoM ke bhinna-bhinna nAma the| jaise-uttarI bhAga kA nAma jAMgala, pUrvI bhAga kA nAma matsya, dakSiNI-pUrvI kA zivideza, dakSiNa kA medapATa, bAgar3a, prAgvATa, mAlava evaM gurjaratrA, pazcima kA mada, mADaballa, travaNI, tathA madhyabhAga kA arbuda aura sapAladakSa21 sAlva janapada 22 tathA pAriyAtra maMDala 23 bhI isa pradeza ke hI aMga the| adhunAtama sthiti meM yaha pradeza prAkRtika dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jise arAvalI parvata vibhAjita karatA hai--prathama, uttara-pazcimI bhAga jisake aMtargata bIkAnera, jaisalamera, jodhapura tathA jayapura kA kucha bhAga jinheM samagra rUpa se mAravAr3a athavA marudeza kahate haiM / tathA dUsarA, dakSiNI-pUrvI bhAga, jisake aMtargata bAko sabhI dezo rAjya tathA ajamera-meravAr3A ke rAjya sammilita haiM / aura donoM bhAgoM ko rAjasthAna rAjya ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai, tathA iso rAjya ke nAmasAmya ke anusAra isa rAjya kI bhASA ko rAjasthAnI bhASA kahate haiN| rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa meM jitanA anya sAhityakAroM ne yogadAna diyA hai, jaina sAhityakAroM kA yogadAna usameM apanA gauravapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| __rAjasthAnI bhASA meM vajrasena sUri praNIta 'bhAratezvara-bAhubalighora' purAnI rAjasthAnI kI prAcInatama racanA hai| isI prakAra zAlibhadra sUri racita 'bharatezvara-bAhubalIrAsa' nAmaka khaMDakAvya hai jo 16. viliyama phreMkalina miliTrI memAursa Ava misTara jArja Ta masa-40347 20: Annals and Antiquities of Rajsthan, Part I 21. vijayarAjendrasUri smAraka grantha pRSTha 718 tathA pRthvIsiMha mehatA : hamArA rAjasthAna 22. DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla : 'sAlva janapada' -rAjasthAna bhAratI, bhAga 3, aMka 3 -4 23. pRthvIsiMha mehatA : hamArA rAjasthAna, pRSTha 20-22

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 217 purAnI rAjasthAnI kA mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai| yaha saMvat 1241 kI racanA hai| terahavIM zatAbdI meM buddhirAsa, jaMbU svAmI carita, sthalibhadrarAsa, revaMta giri rAso, AbUrAsa, jIvadayA rAsu tathA caMdanabAlA rAsa ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiM / caudahavIM zatAbdI meM neminAtha catuSpikA, saptakSetri rAsu, jinezvara sUri dIkSA-vivAha varNanA rAsa samyaktva mAI caupaI ,samarArAso,zrI sthUlibhadra phAga, carcarikA, sAlibhadra kakka, dUhA mAtRkA Adi kRtiyA~ pramukha haiN| pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM jina kaviyoM ne apanI racanAoM dvArA rAjasthAnI ko gauravAnvita kiyA unameM sarvazrI taruNaprabha sUri, vinaya prabha, merunandana, rAjazekhara sUri, zAlibhadra sUri, jayazekhara sUri, hIrAnanda sUri, ratnamaMDaNa gaNi tathA jayasAgara ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| __ solahavIM zatAbdI meM mahopAdhyAya jayasAgara darar3A gotrIya kA nAma bar3e Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai| unakI 'jinakuzala sUri saptatikA' kA to bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inhoMne choTIbaDI 32 kRtiyoM kI racanA kii| inake atirikta rAjasthAnI sAhitya kI zrI vRddhi karane vAle kRtikAroM meM sarvazrI depAla, RSivarddhana sUri, mati zekhara, padmanAbha, dharma samudragaNi, sahajasUndara, pArzvacandra sari, chIhala, vinaya samudra, rAjazIla Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / ___ satrahavIM zatAbdI meM sarvazrI puNyasAgara, kuzalaprabha, mAladeva, hIrakalaza, kanakasoma, hemaratna sUri, upAdhyAya guNa vijaya, samaya sundara Adi ke nAma vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| inake atirikta jina kaviyoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM, unameM sarvazrI vijayadeva sUri, jayasoma, nayaraMga, kalyANadeva, sAraMga, maMgala-mANikya, sAdhU kIti, dharmaratna, vijaya zekhara tathA caritra siMha Adi ke nAma liye jA sakate haiM / aThAravIM zatI meM rAsa, caupaI ke atirikta lAvanI, chattIsI, battIsI Adi kAvyarUpoM meM bhI pracura parimANa meM racanAeM huii| isa kAvya ke sarjakoM meM kavivara jinaharSa kA sthAna pramukha hai| inhoMne eka lAkha padyoM ko racanA rAsa, caupaI, vArtAsUtra, dazavakAlika gIta Adi ke rUpa meM kI, batAyA jAtA hai| inake atirikta mahopAdhyAya labdhodaya, marmavardhana lAbhavarddhana, kuzaladhIra,

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218 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA jina samudra sUri, lakSmI vallabha, rAma vijaya Adi prasiddha sAhityakAra hae / rAma vijaya ne padya kI apekSA gadya meM adhika racanAe~ kii| unnIsavIM zadI meM raghupati, jJAnasAra, kSamAkalyANa, AcArya jayamala Adi aneka sAhityakAra hue| isa kAla meM terApaMthI ke saMsthApaka AcArya ramaNajI ne rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya meM eka nayA srota bhaayaa| unhoMne AcAra krAMti karake terApaMtha kI sthApanA kI thI, ataH unake lekhana meM usI krAMti bhAvanA kA uddAma svara visphuTita huA hai / unakA samagra sAhitya 38 sahasra padyapramANa hai / bIsavIM zatI ke sAhityakAroM meM zrI jayAcArya kA ullekhanIya sthAna hai| unhoMne rAjasthAnI meM sAr3he tIna lAkha padyapramANa sAhitya likhA hai| unakI lekhanI se gadya aura padya-donoM hI kSetroM meM sAdhikAra sarjanA huI hai| jayAcArya ke pazcAt AcArya tulasI tathA unake ziSyasaMgha ke vidvAna ziSya Aja bhI rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya meM racanAe~ karake rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna de rahe haiN| inake atirikta bhI bahuta se ullekhanIya sAhityakAra haiM, jinakA sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa yahA~ ullekha karanA saMbhava nhiiN| gujarAtI bhASA aura sAhitya gujarAta pradeza jaina dharma kA eka pradhAna kendra rahA hai| bahuta prAcIna kAla se gujarAta meM jaina dharma ke pracalita hone ke pramANa milate haiN| jaina dharma ke 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke girinAra meM samAdhi lene aura I0 5vIM zatI meM muni suvrata tIrthaMkara ke zakuni-bihAra nAmaka Azrama, bhRgukaccha meM hone kA ullekha aneka vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai / 24 isake atirikta vallabhI ke rAjA zilAditya (5vIM zatI), vRddhapura ke rAjA dhruvasena (5vIM zatI) aura phira Age calakara vanarAja cAvar3A Adi ke jainadharma meM dIkSita hone kA ullekha milatA hai| ina aitihAsika ullekhoM tathA giranAra, pAvAgar3ha Adi siddha kSetroM 24. madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhitya -ka0 mA0 muMzI

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 219 se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina dharma kA gujarAta meM paryApta pracAra rahA hai|" 15vIM zatI ke pahale ke gujarAtI sAhitya kA avalokana karane se yaha patA calatA hai ki AraMbha se 15vIM zatI taka gujarAtI para jaina sAhityakAroM kA hI prabhAva vizeSa hai| jainetara sAhityakAra nagaNya haiN| prAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya ko isIlie vidvAnoM ne prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke nAma se pukAranA jyAdA acchA mAnA hai / 26 ___ gujarAtI bhASA aura sAhitya kA AraMbha, itihAsa lekhakoM ne narasiMha mehatA (16vIM zatI I0) se mAnA hai, kitu vastutaH gujarAtI bhASA kA sahIrUpa meM AraMbha hemacandrAcArya (12vIM zatI I0) se huA hai| isI mata kI puSTi sarvazrI paM0 becara dAsa, kezavarAma kA. zAstrI tathA anya vidvAnoM ne kI hai| prAganarasiMha yuga ke sAhitya meM hemacadrAcArya kA bar3A mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| hemacandrAcArya ke atirikta merutuga (1305 I0) kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| inhoMne 'prabaMdha citAmaNi' kI racanA karake apUrva khyAti ajita kii| merutU ga ke bAda aneka jaina kaviyoM ne rAsa, phAga, bArahamAsI Adi vidhAoM meM sAhitya-sarjanA kii| jisa prakAra se hindI me rAso kAvyarUpa meM sAhitya racanA huI, gujarAtI meM 'rAsa' ke nAma se huI / gujarAto rAsa sAhitya kI mUkhya vizeSatA hai ki usake sarjaka jaina kavi ho rahe haiN| ina rAsa racanAoM meM sAlibhadra sUrikRta 'bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa' (1185 I0), dharma sUri kRta 'jambusAmi cariya'(1210 I0), jinadatta sUrikRta 'revaMta giri rAsu' mahattvapUrNa haiN| isake atirikta paithaDarAsa, kachulorAsa evaM samarArAsa aitihAsika tathyoM se pUrNa ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiM / phAga kAvyarUpa meM, jo ki rAsa kA hI eka viziSTa prakAra hai, jaina kaviyoM ne nemarAjula aura sthUlabhadra kozvA ko nAyaka-nAyikA mAnakara una para anekoM racanAe~ kI haiN| gujarAtI phAgu kAvyoM meM 25. gujarAta kI hindI sevA, aMbAzaMkara nAgara ___ nA0 pra0 patrikA varSa 63, aMka 2 pR0 140 26. vahI vahI pR0 141

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220 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA jina padmasUrikRta 'siritha libhadda phAgu' (1334 I0), rAjazekhara sUri kRta 'neminAtha phAgu' (1344 I0) mahattavapUrNa haiN| bArahamAsI kAvya meM bArahoM mahone kA Rta varNana kramika rUpa meM hotA hai / bAraha mAsoM kI paramparA meM 'vIsaladeva rAso' prathama bArahamAsA hai| isake atirikta 'neminAtha catuSpadikA' (1244 I0meM racita) eka sundara bArahamAsA hai / prAga narasiMha yuga taka prAyaH yaha dekhA gayA hai ki jaina kavi sAmpradAyika siddhAntaparaka racanAeM hI karate rahe, yaha kAla 10 vIM zato se 17 vIM zato taka rhaa| narasiMha mehatA ke pazcAta (17 vIM zatI ke pazcAt ) gujarAtI ke jaina kavi sAmpradAyikatA ke saMkIrNa vaMdhanoM ko chor3akara lokahitArtha vyApaka viSaya kSetroM meM racanAe~ karane lge| jaina kavi bhI saMta kaviyoM kI bhA~ti, unake svara meM svara milAkara saMgItAtmaka padyoM evaM muktakoM meM prema, masto, anAsakti, rUr3hiyoM ko vyarthatA, aMtarmukhI pravRtti, saMyama, zIla aura sadAcAra kA upadeza dene laga / isa yuga ke sAhityakAroM meM AnaMdaghana, jJAnAnaMda, vinayavijaya, yazovijaya, kizanadAsa aura zrImad rAyacaMdra ke nAma vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| ____ inake atirikta gujarAtI ke jaina kaviyoM ne rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata jaise paurANika AkhyAnoM, tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana caritroM tathA anekAneka laghu AkhyAyikAoM kI sarjanA karake gujarAtI bhASA ko samRddha kiyA hai| Adhunika gujarAtI meM bhI aneka jaina sAhityakAra jainadharma sambandhI racanAoM kI sarjanA meM pravRtta haiN| marAThI bhASA aura sAhitya marAThI bhASA meM jaina sAhitya adhika prAcIna samaya meM nahIM pAyA jAtA / isameM jaina sAhitya sarjanA kA AraMbha karane vAloM meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya ke jainamuni hI pramukha rUpa se haiN| pramukha sAhityakAroM ke nAma nimna draSTavya haiM / bhaTTAraka jinadAsa--ye marAThI jaina sAhitya ke prathama jJAtakartA the| inakA samaya I0 1728 se 1778 taka kA batAyA jAtA hai| inako mahattvapUrNa kRti haravaMza purANa (pUrvArddha) hai|

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 221 guNadAsa aparanAma guNakoti-ye bhI marAThI ke acche vidvAn the| inhoMne zreNika purANa, rukmiNIharaNa, dharmAmRta ko racanA marAThI meM kI hai| padama purANa kI racanA bho inhoMne AraMbha kI thI, jo pUrI na ho pAI / inake atirikta sarva zrI megharAja, kAmarAja, voradAsa aparanAma pAsakIti (1627 I0), mahAkIrti (1666 I0), lakSmIcadra (1728 I0), janArdana (1768 I0) mahita sAgara, dAmA, vizAlakIti gagAdAsa, jinasAgara, ratnakIti, jinasena, ThakAppA, makaraMda, saTavA aura devendrakIti Adi sAhityakAroM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| ye sabhI lekhaka marAThI kI prAcInadhArA ke AdhArastaMbha mAne jAte haiN| marATho ke Adhunika sAhitya meM bhI, aneka Adhunika sAhityakAra sAdhanArata haiN| drAvir3a-bhASA-parivAra jisa prakAra se uttara bhArata meM pradhAnatayA Arya bhASA parivAra kI bhASAe~ vyavahRta haiM, dakSiNa bhArata meM drAvir3a-bhASA parivAra kI bhASAe~ abAdha rUpa se pracalita haiN| hama jAnate haiM ki sAhitya aura saMskRti-vAGamaya kI do pramukha dhArAeM haiM, jo krama se sarvadiza saMcaraNa karatI haiN| isa sarvadizasaMcaraNa meM yaha svAbhAvika hai ki ve sthAna-sthAna kI saMskRti evaM sAhitya se prabhAvita hoM tathA sthAnasthAna kI saMskRti evaM bhASA ko prabhAvita kreN| aura isa krama meM uttara bhArata kI, Arya bhASA-parivAra kI bhASAe~, mukhya rUpa se saMskRta bhASA ne dakSiNa kI drAvir3a-bhASA-parivAra ko prabhAvita kiyA tathA una bhASAoM se bhI prabhAvita huI / yahI kAraNa hai ki dakSiNa kI bhASAoM meM saMskRta zabdAvalI kA bahulatA meM prayoga hotA hai| saMskRta meM bhI dakSiNa kI zabdAvalI kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| 'nIra, palli, mIna, valli, mukula, kutala, kAka, tAla, malaya, kali, kalpa, talpa aura kharja Adi zabda drAvir3a bhASAoM se hI saMskRta meM Ae haiM / 27 drAvir3a-bhASA-parivAra ko pramukha bhASAe~tamila, telagu, malayAlama, kannar3a meM jaina sAhityakAroM ne 27. DA0 kAlDIvela : karanATaka kavi carita, bhAga-3 (prastAvanA)

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222 zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA racanAe~ kI haiM / yahA~ dakSiNa kI bhASAoM-tamila evaM kannar3a meM jaina sAhityakAroM ke yogadAna para saMkSipta dRSTi ddaaleNge| tamila bhASA aura sAhitya tamila bhASA drAvir3a-bhASA-parivAra kI sarvAdhika prAcIna bhASA hai| yoM isake udabhava kAla ke viSaya meM abhI Thoka-Thoka patA nahIM cala sakA hai| kiMtu, bahata se vidvAna ise IsvI sana se zatAbdiyoM pUrva ko samRddhatama bhASA mAnate haiM / tamila ke sampUrNa sAhitya ko tIna kAloM-saMghakAla, zaizavakAla aura arvAconakAla ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| Isvo pUrva paMcama zatAbdI se lekara IsvI sana 5 voM-chaThI zatAbdI taka ke eka hajAra vaSa ke samaya kA saMghakAla mAnA gayA hai / yahI kAla pramukhataH jaina-sAhitya-kAla kA rahA hai| tamila ke isa mUla ko jaina sAhityakAroM ne hI apano bahuvidha sAdhanA dvArA soMcA thaa| , yaha jainoM ke ho prayatnoM kA phala thA ki dakSiNa meM naye AdarzoM, naye sAhitya aura naye bhAvoM kA saMcAra haa|28 jaina loga bar3e vidvAn ora graMtha racayitA the| ve sAhitya aura kalA premI the| jainoM kI tamila sevA tamila pradezavAsiyoM ke lie amulya hai| tamila bhASA meM saMskRta zabdoM kA upayoga pahalepahala sabase adhika jainoM ne hI kiyaa| unhoMne saMskRta zabdoM ko uccAraNa ko sugamatA ko dRSTi se yatheSTa rUpa se badalA bhI hai| kurala ke pazcAdvartI yuga meM pradhAnataH jainoM kI saMrakSatA meM tamilasAhitya apane vikAsa kI carama sImA taka phuNcaa| tamila sAhitya ko unnati kA vaha sarvazreSTha kAla thA / vaha jainoM kI pratibhA kA samaya thA / 29 __ jaina sAhityakAroM dvArA praNIta katipaya graMtha bar3e hI mahattvapUrNa haiN| yathA-tolakAppiyama, tirukkurala, nAlaDiyAra, zilappadikAram, balaiyApati aura jIvaka ciMtAmaNi Adi / 'jIvakaciMtAmaNi' tamila bhASA kA sarvotkRSTa kAvya hai| tamila meM pA~ca laghukAvya kI bhI 28. A Literary History of India. 26. rAmasvAmI AyyaMgAra

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bhA. bhASA evaM sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke svara 223 sarjanA huI hai, jo ki mahattvapUrNa hai / ye laghukAvya haiM-yazodhara kAvya, cUlAmaNi, udayan kathai, nAgakumAra kAvya aura nIlakezi / ___uparyukta graMthoM ke atirikta anericcAram, palanoli Adi nIti graMtha; merumaMdarapurANam, zrIpurANam Adi purANa graMtha; yapparaMgulakkarikai, yapparaMgula vRtti, neminAthama, aura nAnula Adi vyAkaraNa-graMtha; accanaMdimAla Adi chaMdazAstra aura jinendramAlai Adi jyotiSagraMtha bhI jaina sAhityakAroM kI tamila bhASA meM mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ mAnI jAtI haiM 130 kannar3a bhASA aura sAhitya drAvir3a-bhASA-parivAra kI bhASAoM meM kannar3a sabase adhika samRddha bhASA hai| yahA~ itanA jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki kannar3a bhASA ko praur3ha sAhityika rUpa pradAna karane meM jaina sAhityakAroM ko hI sarvAdhika zreya prApta hai| yadi kannar3a bhASA meM se jaina sAhitya ko nikAla diyA jAe, to kannar3a bhASA kA prAcIna kAla eka taraha se samApta hI ho jaae| "lagabhaga IsvI chaThI zatAbdI se caudahavIM zatAbdI taka sAta-ATha sau varSa sambandhI jainoM ke abhyudaya-prAptinimitta jo vAGamaya hai, usakA avalokana karanA samUcita hai| tatkAlIna karIba 280 kaviyoM meM 60 kaviyoM ko smaraNIya evaM saphala mAna lene para inameM 50 jaina kaviyoM ke nAma hI hamAre sAmane A upasthita hote haiN| ina 50 kaviyoM meM 40 kaviyoM ko niH pandeha hama pramukha mAna sakate haiN| laukika caritra. tIrthaMkaroM ke pAramArthika purANa aura dAzinaka Adi anyAnya graMtha bhI jainoM ke dvArA hI janma pAkara kannar3a sAhitya para apanA zAzvata prabhAva jamAe hue haiM / " 31 kannar3a bhASA ke sAhitya ko kAla kI dRSTi se prAcInakAla, madhyakAla aura Adhunika kAla-ke rUpa meM pramukhataH tIna kAloM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| prAcIna kAla-(chaThI zatAbdI se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka), 30. suni buddhamala : bhAratIya bhASAoM meM jaina sAhityakAroM kI dena, pR0 36 31. zeSa bI0 pArizavAr3e

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zramaNa saMskRti : siddhAnta aura sAdhanA madhyakAla - bArahavIM zatAbdI se satrahavIM zatAbdI taka ) aura Adhunika kAla -- ( satrahavIM zatAbdI se aba taka ) inameM prAcIna kAla mukhyataH jaina sAhitya kA kAla hai / kannar3a ke jaina sAhityakAroM meM mahAkavi paMpa kA nAma gaurava ke sAtha yAda kiyA jAtA hai / isa bhASA meM ponna, ranna aura janna- ye tInoM kavi 'ratnatraya' kahe jAte haiM / kaMti kannar3a kI Adi kavayitrI mAnI jAtI hai / use 'abhinava vAgdevI' kI upAdhi prApta thI / kannar3a sAhitya meM jina kRtiyoM evaM kRtikAroM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai, unameM pramukha haiM - mahAkavi paMpa (AdipurANa, san 641 ), pona (zAMtinAtha purANa san 650 lagabhaga), ranna ( ajitanAtha purANa, san 663), caMDurAya (triSiSTazilAkA purANa, san 678), abhinava paMpa-nAgacandra (mallinAtha purANa, san 110 ), baMdhu varmA (harivaMza purANa, san 1200), kumudeMdu ( rAmAyaNa, san 1275 lagabhaga), ratnAkaravarNI ( bharata vaibhava, san 1557) Adi / ye katipaya graMtha to saMdarbha rUpa meM yahA~ parigaNita kiye gaye haiM, kintu inake atirikta kAvya, vyAkaraNa jyotiSa, gaNita Adi viSayoM para aise sahasrAdhika graMtha haiM, jinakA praNayana jaina sAhityakAroM ne kiyA hai / 224 kannar3a ke udbhava kAla se lekara AdhunikakAlaparyaMta jaina sAhityakAroM ne, jinameM zramaNa evaM zrAvaka (gRhastha ) donoM hI rahe haiM, apanI akhaNDa sAdhanA kA dIpa jalAkara usakI prakhara jyoti se kannar3a bhASA aura sAhitya ko camatkRta kiyA hai / isa prakAra hama bhArata kI uparyukta pramukha bhASAoM ke sAhitya para vihaMgama dRSTi DAlane ke uparAnta isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki sudUra prAcIna kAla se lekara arvAcIna kAlaparyaMta bhArata kI adhikAMza bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti evaM zramaNa sAhitya kA gauravapUrNa sthAna hai / unameM zramaNa saMskRti ke kAlajayI svara Aja bhI sune jAte haiM, aura zadiyoM Age taka sune jAte raheMge / - kalAkumAra

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kaviratna upAdhyAya zrI amara candrajI ma0 kI gauravamayI kRtiyA~ 100-00 1. nizItha cUNi bhASya-cAra khaNDoM meM (aprApya) 2. sUktiH triveNI 12-00 3. cintana kI manobhUmi 12-50 4. zramaNa sUtra (sabhASya) 5. sAmAyika sUtra (sabhASya) 6. ahisA darzana 4-50 7. satya darzana 2-50 8. asteya darzana 1-25 6. brahmacarya darzana 10. aparigraha darzana 11. samAja aura saMskRti 12. jainatva kI jhA~kI 1-25 13. payuSaNa pravacana 3-25 14. adhyAtma pravacana 5-00 15. vizvajyoti mahAvIra 1-00 16. cintana ke makta svara (maktaka saMgraha) 2-00 prakAzaka: sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2