Comprehensive Critical Dictionary of Prakrit Languages Volum 01

Author(s): A M Ghatage
Publisher: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

Page 69

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(a<a, a. i, u and r) The first letter of the pan-Indians are also found in the Prakrits. alphabet: the first vowel in the so-called a
which lists the usual sounds used in the Indian languages. The Prakrit grammarians wrote: in Skt. and traces of grammars in Prakrit are sporadic and doubtful. They give the sounds of Sanskrit and point out the main differences which the Prakrits show from them, mostly absence of a few sounds, but with no new additions. The oldest statement is found in the 12 of भरत, 18.6 एओआरपराणि अंकारपरं च पाउए गत्थि । वसआर मज्झिमाइ mfg quoted by Malayagiri on Kap Bha. 2. This points to the loss of the sounds and sit, the fagi. a. qand, and a. This is based on the usual H in which विसर्ग follows अनुस्वार and the order of the semivowels and sibilants is यnd स. Hem.(Gr.) 1. I gives a more complete list of the sounds absent in Prakrits :--- लू-ऐ-ओ-इ-न-श-प-विसनीयतवज्य वर्णसमाम्नायो लोकादवगन्तव्य: Trisi.( Gr. ) more precisely असंयुक्तङनकाराभ्यां रहित: 1.1.1; Appay.(Gr.) however points out that we have to start with the entire of Sansiri: to justify the rules of all the Prakrit grammarions like Var and others. SeṣaKr.4 Gr.) in ऐ-औ------ तपः सर्गः । चतुर्थो भ्यसि प्रान्ते हल ङ-अ-नाः पृथग द्विवचनं नाष्टादश प्राकृते (a mixed list of sounds and grammatica! features) pints out that many of these so called absent sounds do occur in one or the other dialect of Prakrit. Such rues are necessary because Skt. is taken as the basis of Prakrits by all these grammarians. The phonetic value of 3 in Prakrit remains incertain, but appears to show some variations in different pices in a word. This can be seen by looking into its origins in Skt. Thus initial a comes also from 31 before a double consonant and a (i. e. in a close sy liable) and from and from initial in words like अहानुयं. In the fina position of is a short form of आ n some pronominal words like 41, <4 or acts as a thematic vowel if the origina! word ends in a consonant. The a of gar (fa) may go back to the 1E. fina! as seen in Latin ita. In the medial position it often represents if the stress is either on the preceding or following vowel and acts as an anaptyctic vowel in <. Dissimilation of 3 also gives rise to अ iit some words: मउट <मुकुट, गरुअ<गुरुक.
(a~an) neg. part. [only in cpds.; a- before words beginning with consonants and an- before vowels] [1E. ne] All the usages and nuances of the meaning of Sanskrit
The theory of
assigns it two basic meanings: exclusion (a) and denial (f) and normally they are expressed by at as forming a cpd. with the following word and by as an independent particle respectively. However some cases of denial with compounds and of exclusion with as an uncompounded word in a sentence are admitted. These are due to change of emphasis on one or the other idea based on mostly non-linguistic considerations. The compounds with atare one of the two types, attributive (karmadharaya) and possessive (bahuvrihi) which shows a partial correspondence with the two basic meanings absence of a thing and a difference from a thing. An inclusive scope is suggested for the negative by fan in his stanza: देखो व जो पच्चक्खाणं न जेसिमुदपणं । ते अष्पचक्खाणा सव्वणि मभोकारो || ViāvBha. 1232 (1229) ( comm. सर्वप्रत्याख्यानं देश त्याख्यानं च येषामुदये न लभ्यते तेऽप्रत्याख्यानाः । अकारस्य सर्वविन a); The various senses suggested are similar to (
), other than, different from (, ), absence of ( अगुण, अणगार, अचित्त), (figuratively ) small, little' (अण. अचेल, अपरिगह ). opposition to, contradictory to (,, असमाहि. अमित, expressive of independent entities) and impro priety (, steel, S.). In some words it has the meaning of ga, art, a is compounded with all the parts of speech except the finite verbal forms. A rare case of this type is found in अगति (they) take no heed in अगणंति दंति ig PaaCa.(P.) 12. 2. 8. With nouns it forms compounds which may give rise to a noun or an adjective ( अचम्म, अमणुस, अविर, अकारण, अमर, अपुत्त ). With adjectives it generally gives rise to adjectives some of which can then be used as neuns ( अंकज, असुभ ), with adverbs (अश्रा, अश्रेण, अकंड - ), with particles ( अतहा, अमुख ), with participles ( अकाय, अप्पमत्त, अणित, अणि माण ) and with gerunds and infinitives ( अकहिऊण, अकाउं). In some cases it intensifies the meaning of the following word ( अक्कूर, अचरम, अपच्छिम, अणुत्तरं, अपुच्छिओ ) : sometimes it negates both words of the following compound: असचमोस (neither true nor false ), अगरुलहु ( neither heavy nor light). A negative cpd., when compounded with its opposite, generally follows it ( धम्माधम्म, जीवाजीव ), the exceptions being due to phonetic reasons (R). Sometimes is contrasted with 5, 1929, 841829. [Citations will be found under the various words given above]