Jain Darshan ke Mul Tattva

Author(s): Vijaymuni Shastri
Publisher: Diwakar Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003427/1

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dhammo adhamno AgAsaM kAlo puggl-jNtvo| esa loThoti paThAyo jiNehiM vrdNsihi| 059 jIvA'jIvAyabandhoya puNNaM pAvAsavo thaa| saMvaro nijjarA mokkho saDhate ra tahiyA nv|| -jainadarzana mUlatatva vijaya muni zastrI For Private & Rersonal Use Only

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dhammo adhammo AgAsaM kAlo puggala - jNtvo| esa logoti pannato jiNehiM varadaMsihiM // jIvA / jIvA ya bandho ya puNNaM pAvAsavo thaa| saMvaro nijjarA mokkho sante ra tahiyA nava // jaina darzana ke mUla tatva vijaya muni zAstrI

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(tapasvinI sau0 vimalAdevI surAnA ke varSItapa samApana ke upalakSya meM) Wan artha saujanya : osavAla imporiyama 30, munaro roDa, AgarA kaiMTa ma prakAzaka : divAkara-prakAzana e-7, avAgar3ha hAusa, ema0 jI0 roDa, AgarA-282002, phona : 68328 Wan mudraNa : divAkara-prakAzana ke lie kAmadhenu priNTarsa eNDa pablizarsa, ema0 jI0 roDa, AgarA Wan prathamAvRtti : vi0 saM0 2046 Azvina I0 san 1986, akTUbara mUlya : lAgata mAtra 15 rupayA

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sampAdakIya eka prAcInatama ArSa vacana hai- "saccaM khu bhayavaM" satya, svayaM bhagavAn hai / saMsAra meM jo kucha bhI sAra hai, satya hai / pRthvI aura AkAza ke bIca saMtulana rakhane vAlI zakti, satya hai / satya hI sRSTi kA AdhArabhUta tattva hai / satya hI jIvana kA parama rahasya hai, parama sAdhya hai, aura yahI parama pantha hai / satya ko jIvana kA lakSya mAnakara calane vAle satpuruSa hI saMta aura mahAtmA kahalAte haiM / satya ke lie sarvasva samarpita kara dene vAle hI isa saMsAra meM pUjya, upAsya aura zraddha eya banate haiM / satya ke do aMga haiM - eka tattvadarzana aura dUsarA AcAradharma / jainadarzana ne ise hI samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra kahA hai / samyagjJAna, samyagcAritra kA AdhAra hai, ataH "paDhamaM nANaM" kA udghoSa kara yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki satya kA AcaraNa bhI tabhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaba "satya" kA samyagparijJAna ho / satya ko jIvana dharma mAnakara nirapekSa bhAva se satya kI sAdhanA meM jIvana samarpita karane vAle satpuruSoM meM Aja rASTrasaMta upAdhyAya zrI amara muni kA nAma zraddhApUrvaka liyA jAtA hai / ApakI satyonmukhI jIvana dRSTi ne dharma, AcAra aura tatvajJAna ko mAnava-sattA ke sAtha jor3a diyA hai / upAdhyAya zrI amaramuni jI ke vidvAna ziSyaratna zrI vijayamuni jI zAstrI satya kI sAdhanA meM samarpita aise sAdhaka haiM, jinakA jIvana kamala-sA nirlepa, aura nandAdIpasA jyotirmaya hai / ve samyakjJAna aura ( 3 )

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( 4 ) samyak AcAra kI sAdhanA ke lie samarpita hai / unakA jIvana jitanA jJAnadIpta hai, utanA hI nirmala cAritrasampanna hai / AgarA ke jaina samAja kA yaha saubhAgya hai ki zraddheya pUjya pRthvIcanda jI mahArAja, tathA rASTrasaMta zrI amaramuni jI mahArAja kA kRpA prasAda AgarA nivAsiyoM ko prApta huA hai, aura usI paramparA meM Aja zrI vijayamuni jI kA jyotirmaya sAnnidhya bhI AgarA nivAsiyoM ko prApta hai| zraddhaya zrI vijayamuni jI gambhIra adhyetA aura utkRSTa vaktA hone ke sAtha hI siddhahasta lekhaka bhI haiM / ApakI vANI va lekhanI meM jJAna kA ajasra pravAha nisyandita hotA rahatA hai / ApazrI ne kavi zrI amaramuni jI ma0 ke vizAla pravacana sAhitya ko pustakAkAra rUpa pradAna karane meM advitIya yogadAna kiyA hai, jo eka vyutpanna pratibhAzAlI ziSya kA guru ke prati ananya samarpaNa kahA jA sakatA hai / zrI vijayamuni jI dvArA likhita aneka pustakeM abhI bhI aprakAzita haiM, jinameM darzana, manovijJAna, dhyAna evaM yoga viSayaka, kaI mahatvapUrNa grantha bhI haiM / hama cAhate haiM ki usa amUlya jJAna - nidhi ko prakAzita kara jana-jana ke pAsa pahu~cAveM / abhI kucha dina pUrva hI ApakI eka uttama kRti "ciMtana ke cAra caraNa" prakAzita huI hai, usake bAda aba prastuta hai, "jainadarzana ke mUlabhUta tatva" / yaha pustaka jainadarzana ke mUlabhUta tatva SaTadravya evaM navatatva para bahuta sArapUrNa bodhagamya zailI meM prakAza DAlatI hai jo pratyeka tatvajijJAsu ke lie upayogI va saMgrahaNIya hogI / AgarA nivAsI zrImAn kuMvaralAla jI surAnA kI bahuta samaya se bhAvanA thI ki zrI vijayamuni jI zAstrI kA sAhitya prakAzita kara janajana ko sulabha kiyA jaave| Apane isa prakAzana meM apane parivAra kI tarapha se sampUrNa artha sahayoga pradAna kara na kevala udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai, kintu apanI pariSkRta sAhityika ruci ko sAkAra kiyA hai / ApakI jIvana sahacAriNI tapasvinI so0 vimalAdevI surAnA ke varSItapa upalakSya para Apane yaha jJAnadIpa jalAkara unakA to abhinandana kiyA hI hai, samasta jagata ke abhinaMdana ke pAtra bhI hue haiM / hama AzA karate haiM, isI zrRMkhalA meM hama zrI anya uttamottama kRtiyoM ko bhI zIghra hI prakAza meM sahayoga ke bala para ... ******** 2 akTUbara vijayamuni jI kI lAyeMge, Apa sabake vinIta zrIcanda surAnA "sarasa"

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RRC DOOO zrImAna kaMvaralAla jI surAnA apane samasta parivAra ke sAtha

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prAkkathana pratyeka kArya ke sampanna hone kA samaya nizcita hotA hai| kabhI prayAsa karane para bhI kArya sampanna nahIM hotaa| kabhI alpa prayatna se pUrA ho jAtA hai| kabhI bAdhA aura vighna ke upasthita ho jAne para kArya prArambha hI nahIM ho paataa| manuSya ke jIvana meM isa prakAra ke anubhava ghaTita hote rahate haiN| mujhe bhI isa prakAra ke pratyakSa anubhava, aneka bAra ho cuke haiN| mahArASTra ke prasiddha nagara pUnA meM, merA san 1970 meM, varSAvAsa thaa| vahA~ ke logoM meM apAra utsAha thaa| kAryakartA buddhimAna evaM anukUla the / pUnA ke prasiddha vidvAna tathA jaina samAja ke netA zrI kanakamalajI muNota kI preraNA se vahA~ para tIna dina kA adhyAtma zivira lagA, jisakI pUrI vyavasthA evaM saMcAlana muNota jI ke hAtha meM thaa| tIna dinoM ke kAryakrama meM, unhoMne mere chaha pravacana karAye the / prathama pravacana kA viSaya muNota jI ne apanI pasanda kA rakhA thA-"jaina-darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna / " SaDdravyoM meM se pA~ca kI tulanAtmaka vyAkhyA maiMne kI thii| pAMca dravya haiM-dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla aura pudgala / pravacanoM kA AdhAra thA-tattvArthasUtra kA paJcama adhyAya aura dravya saMgraha kA prathama adhikaar| mere snehI sAthI munipravara samadarzI jI prabhAkara ne pravacanoM ko lipi-baddha kiyA thaa| unakA sampAdana evaM pallavana bhI unhoMne kiyA thaa| lambe vihAroM ke kAraNa, aura kisI eka sthAna para sthira na raha sakane ke kAraNa tathA kucha merI svasthatA na hone se prakAzana nahIM ho skaa| idhara

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( 6 ) san 77 evaM 78 meM, samadarzI jI ne kramazaH inakA prakAzana amara bhAratI meM, kiyA thaa| taba se ina pravacanoM ke prakAzana kI mA~ga nirantara hotI rahI / lekina 'kucha kAraNoM se inake prakAzana kA kArya phira ruka gayA / ruka jAne kA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki mujhe jIva dravya para eka nayA hI lekha likhanA thA / phira sAtha meM nava tattvoM para bhI likhanA Avazyaka thA / kyoMki pravacana to kevala pA~ca hI dravyoM para the / usameM jIva dravya jor3a diyA hai, jisase ki jaina darzana mAnya SaDdravyoM kA pUrA varNana A jaaye| sAtha hI pustaka ke dvitIya khaNDa meM nava tattvoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya evaM paribhASAe~ jor3a dI haiM / prastuta pustaka jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ke nAma se prakAzita ho rahI hai / isameM SaDdravya tathA nava tattvoM kA pUrA varNana A gayA hai / jaina darzana ke tattvoM kA sarala bhASA meM prakAzana ho rahA hai / pustaka ke anta meM paribhASika zabdoM kI sarala bhASA meM vyAkhyA kara dI gaI hai / prastuta pustaka kI sAja-sajjA evaM use sundara banAne kA kArya, jaina samAja ke prasiddha sAhityakAra zrIcanda jI surAnA ne kiyA hai / unhoMne divAkara prakAzana se isakA prakAzana kiyA hai| prakAzana aura mudraNa donoM hI ramaNIya haiM / AgarA ke prasiddha vyavasAyI zrImAn seTha kuMvaralAla jI surAnA tathA unakI dharmapatnI tapasvinI zrImatI vimalA surAnA ke udAra anudAna tathA pUrNa sahayoga se pustaka kA prakAzana ho rahA hai / zrI kuMvaralAla jI evaM zrImatI vimalA jI dhArmika kAryoM meM sadA agresara rahe haiM / tapa, japa, dayA aura dAna Adi kArya prasannatA se tathA unmukta bhAva se karate haiM / yaha ina donoM kI dharmaruci aura dharmapriyatA kA prabala pramANa kahA jA sakatA hai / pati evaM patnI, donoM kI zubha bhAvanA thI, ki jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva - SaDdravya evaM navatattvoM para nayI bhASA, nayI zailI aura sarala paddhati para pustaka kA prakAzana ho, jisase jaina dharma ko samajhane meM, sugamatA ho sake / unakI isa bhAvanA kI saMpUrti prastuta pustaka se bhalI-bhAMti ho jAtI hai / unake parivAra evaM parijanoM kA bhI isa zubha kArya meM pUrA-pUrA sahayoga hai / zrImatI vimalA surAnA ne apane jIvana meM tapa, japa evaM dharma sAdhanA khUba kI hai, aura Aja bhI nirantara karatI rahatI haiM / dharma ke ye zubha saMskAra vimalAjI ko apanI mAtAjI se virAsata meM mile haiN| unakI mAtAjI

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ne dIkSA grahaNa karalI hai| sAdhvI zrI campAjI prakRti se sarala svabhAva kI haiN| tapasyA meM tathA zAstra svAdhyAya meM inheM vizeSa abhiruci hai| tapasyA to nirantara cAlU hI rahatI hai| namaskAra mantra kA jApa karatI rahatI haiN| kabhI pramAda meM samaya vyatIta nahIM karatI haiN| apanI vRddha avasthA ke kAraNa sAdhvI zrI campAjI mahArAja, varSoM se AgarA meM virAjita haiN| apanI mAtAjI ke dharma saMskAroM ko vimalAjI ne apane jIvana meM sAkAra kiyA hai| inhoMne apane jIvana meM, belA, telA, pacolA, aThAI, mAsakhamaNa tathA varSI tapa Adi aneka prakAra ke tapa bar3e utsAha ke sAtha kiye haiN| Aja bhI yathAprasaMga tapa-japa karatI rahatI haiM / dayA-dAna Adi satkarmoM meM apanA pUrA-pUrA sahayoga tathA samaya detI rahatI haiN| ApakI donoM putravadhU-zrImatI uSA rAnI tathA zrImatI sunItA rAnI apanI sAsa ke dhArmika kAryoM meM pUrA-pUrA sahayoga detI rahatI haiN| ApakA parivAra sukhI tathA samRddha parivAra hai| zrImAn kuMvaralAlajI surAnA, samAja sevA aura dharma kAryoM meM, kevala abhiruci hI nahIM rakhate, balki samaya-samaya para, apanA pUrA-pUrA sakriya sahayoga bhI pradAna karate haiN| Apake donoM suyogya supUtra-azoka kumAra jI surAnA aura dilIpa kumAra jI surAnA bhI apane pitA ke zubha kAryoM meM pUrA sahayoga pradAna karate haiN| ApakI do putriyA~ haiM-bar3I snehalatA gvAliyara meM aura choTI saroja jayapura meM rahatI hai / isa prakAra ApakA pUrA parivAra, sukhI evaM samRddha hai| ____ Apane apane svargastha pitAzrI lAlA baccUmalajI surAnA aura svargasthA mAtAzrI kalAvatIjI surAnA kI puNya-saMskRti evaM saMsmRti meM, isa prastuta pustaka "jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva" kA prakAzana karAyA hai| jaina darzana tathA jaina dharma ke sambandha meM, pUrI jAnakArI saMkSepa meM, pAThakoM ko upalabdha ho skegii| jaina darzana ke mUla tattva-SaD dravya aura navatattva haiN| unheM samajhane ke lie pariziSTa meM pramANa, naya, nikSepa evaM lakSaNa Adi kA bhI yathAsthAna varNana kara diyA gayA hai| AzA hai, pAThaka isase lAbha utthaayeNge| jaina bhavana, motI kaTarA --vijaya muni zAstrI AgarA 30-6-1986

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jIvana-sugandha mAnava-jIvana eka sugandhita phUla hai, jo apane paripArzva meM samAja va deza ke vAtAvaraNa meM sadguNoM kI parimala bikheratA huA sabako praphullatA aura prasannatA detA rahatA hai / yaha phUla jaba ha~satA hai to sampUrNa jagata haMsane lagatA hai| usakI prasannatA se sabake hRdaya praphullita ho uThate haiN| zrA jIvana kI isa paribhASA ko sArthaka karane vAle eka sajjana haiMzrI kaMvaralAla jI surAnA / zrI kaMvaralAla jI surAnA parizrama, puruSArtha, pratibhA aura sadAzayatA ke paryAya haiN| ve bIja se vRkSa banane vAle ve puruSArthI haiM, jinakA jIvana sadA hI "yogaH karmasu kauzalam" kA pratIka rahA hai / apane kArya meM dakSatA, prAmANikatA aura niSThA ke sAtha satat Age bar3hane vAloM ke lie preraNApuMja hai-zrI kaMvaralAla jii| zrI kuvaralAla jI kA janma osavAla jAti ke prasiddha surAnA gotra meM huaa| surAnA parivAra kA mUla kSetra nAgaura (rAjasthAna) mAnA jAtA hai, kintu dhIre-dhIre yaha parivAra anya parivAroM kI bhA~ti sampUrNa bhArata meM phaila gyaa| lagabhaga 150-200 varSa pUrva Apake pUrvajoM ne tAja nagarI AgarA ko apanI karmabhUmi bnaayaa| yahA~ para dhIre-dhIre isa parivAra ne vikAsa/vistAra kara sarvatomukhI pragati kI / AgarA ke surAnA parivAra meM baccUmala jI surAnA eka prabhAvazAlI aura vyavasAya kuzala sajjana puruSa the| Apane bar3I prAmANikatA aura kartavya parAyaNatA ke sAtha lakSmI upArjita kI aura aneka satkAryoM meM usakA sadupayoga bhI kiyaa| (8 )

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( C ) zrI baccUmala jI surAnA ke 4 suputra hue - kramazaH zrI jAlamasiMha jI, zrI rAjendrasiMha jI, zrI kuMvaralAla jI, zrI amarasiMha jI / cAroM ho bhAiyoM kA vizAla parivAra Aja vyApAra, udyoga evaM anya kSetroM meM apanI acchI pratiSThA aura sanmAna ke sAtha pramukhatA rakhatA hai| AgarA ke sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI surAnA parivAra kA sarAhanIya yogadAna rahatA hai / zrI kuMvaralAla jI eka kartavyazIla sevAbhAvI, gaharI sUjhabUjha vAle sajjana haiM / Apa pahale sTeTa baiMka oNpha inDiyA meM mainejara rahe, phira vahA~ se vyApAra meM praveza kiyA to kucha hI samaya meM saphalatA ke dvAra khula gaye aura caturmukhI unnati karate gaye / osavAla emporiyama nAma se ApakA pratiSThAna deza-videza meM prasiddha hai / ApakI dharmapatnI zrImatI vimalAdevI surAnA bahuta hI sarala svabhAva kI dharmazIlA haiM / sAtha hI tapasyAe~ bhI karatI rahatI haiM / zrImatI vimalAdevI AgarA nivAsI zrI dharmocanda jI buraDa kI suputrI haiM / zrI vimalAdevI kI mAtAjI campAjI ne paMjAba kI mahAsatI lajjAvatI jI ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kI jo Ajakala AgarA meM hI virAjamAna haiN| 1 kaMvaralAla jI kA parivAra dhArmika saMskAroM vAlA, udAra aura udyogazIla parivAra hai / Apake do suputra tathA do suputriyA~ haiM 1. putra - zrI azokakumAra putravadhu sau0 uSArAnI 2. putra - zrI dilIpakumAra putravadhu so0 sunItArAnI putriyA~ - sneha evaM maJju / zrI kaMvaralAla jI, gurudeva zrI amaramuni jI ke prati atova zraddhAzola haiM / prativarSa vorAyatana darzana hetu jAte rahate haiM tathA vahA~ ke nirmANa kAryoM meM bhI udAratApUrvaka sahayoga karate haiN| AgarA meM pUjya pRthvocanda jI mahArAja kI samAdhi ke nirmANa meM bhI ApakA yogadAna rahA hai /

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( 10 ) zrImatI vimalAdevI ne san 78 meM 11 dina kI, 80 meM 15 dina kI, 82 meM 30 dina ( mAsakhamaNa ) tathA 84 meM 14 dina kI lambI tapasyAe~ kI haiM / gata varSa Apane 16-4-88 ko hastinApura meM varSItapa kA pAraNA kiyA hai / isa prakAra dAna sevA - tapa ArAdhanA ke kSetra meM gatizIla yaha parivAra pragati ke patha para nirantara bar3hatA rahe, yahI hamArI zubhakAmanA hai / - vIrendrakumAra sakalecA, ema0 e0 AgarA

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Jain E zrImAna kaMvaralAla jI surAnA evaM tapasvinI sau. vimalA bAI surAnA

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kyA kahA 1. SaDdravya (1) dravya kA svarUpa (2) dharma aura adharma dravya (3) AkAza dravya (4) kAla dravya (5) pudgala dravya (6) pudgala kA svarUpa (7) jIva dravya 2. nava tattva (1) tattva kI paribhASA (2) jaina darzana meM tattva vargIkaraNa (3) jIva tattva (4) ajIva tattva (5) puNya tattva (6) pApa tattva (7) Asrava tattva (8) saMvara tattva 113-155 120 125 132 mm 147

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(8) nirjarA tattva (10) bandha tattva (11) mokSa tattva pariziSTa : pAribhASika zabda koSa lakSaNa pramANa nayasvarUpa saptanaya saptabhaMgI pramANa aura naya nikSepa sva-para-catuSTaya 146 151 153 156-176 157 157 158 160 162 167 nigoda 88 166 166 dravya guNa padArtha samyaktva kA sthAna pudgala ke chaH bheda laghu navatattva prakaraNa 170 171

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SaT dravya

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| dravya kA svarUpa adhyAtma-dRSTi vyakti ananta-kAla se apane ko dekhane kA prayatna to karatA rahA, para vaha apane ko bAharI taura para hI dekhatA rahA hai, bAhya padArthoM kA hI jJAna prApta karane kA prayatna karatA rahA hai, aura bAhara hI sukha-zAnti evaM Ananda kI khoja karatA rahA hai| ataH vaha Atma-jJAna ko prakaTa karane meM lagabhaga asaphala rahA, aura pUrNa sukha-zAMti pAne meM bhI saphala na ho skaa| usane apane antara kI gaharAI meM utara kara apane ko dekhane kA aura samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA, ki maiM kyA hU~ ? merA svarUpa kyA hai ? mujhase bhinna padArtha kA svarUpa kyA hai ? jaba sAdhaka apane andara jhA~katA hai, apane svarUpa kI ora mur3atA hai, taba use yaha spaSTa anubhUti hotI hai, ki maiM apane Apako bAhyataH jo kucha dekha-samajha rahA thA, usase sarvathA bhinna haiM, aura phalasvarUpa vaha vikAsa-patha para gati-pragati karatA hai| adhyAtma-sAdhanA kA artha hai para-nivAsa se haTakara sva kA sva meM athavA AtmA kA apane svarUpa meM nivAsa karanA / hama do zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM- 'maiM hU~', aura 'merA zarIra hai / ' ina donoM prayogoM se spaSTa hai, ki 'merI sattA hai', merA astitva hai,aura mujha se bhinna zarIra kA astitva bhI hai| abhiprAya yaha ki AtmA hai, aura usase bhinna jar3a padArtha bhI hai| parantu, jaba taka vyakti bAhya-dRSTi se dekhatA hai, taba taka vaha zarIra ko hI apanA svarUpa samajhatA hai| usase Age bar3hane para vaha indriyoM ko, prANoM ko aura mana ko AtmA samajhatA hai, aura unhIM meM nivasita hotA hai aura unhIM ko apane sUkha evaM vikAsa kA kAraNa samajhatA hai| vItarAga evaM [ 3 ]

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4 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ananta-jJAnI isa vikAsa ko sahI artha meM vikAsa nahIM kahate aura na ise sAdhanA hI kahate haiM / yaha vikAsa to Apa Aja hI kyoM, isa bhava meM hI kyoM, isa mAnava-jIvana meM hI kyoM, anantakAla se karate A rahe haiM / deha meM tathA pudgaloM meM to Apa anantakAla se rahate Aye haiN| abhI bhI yadi Apa deha meM hI saMlagna haiM, indriyoM meM hI nivasita haiM aura mana taka hI sImita haiM, to ise vikAsa evaM sAdhanA kadApi nahIM vaha skte| adhyAtma-sAdhanA kA abhiprAya hai-zarIra, indriya, prANa evaM mana ke dvAra ko pAra karake AtmA ke bhavya-bhavana meM nivasita honA, apane svarUpa meM sthira hone kA prayatna krnaa| vastutaH AtmA kA vikAsa evaM abhyudaya isI meM hai, ki AtmA evaM saMsAra ke svarUpa ko athavA sva aura para ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhakara apane svarUpa meM evaM apane svabhAva meM sthita hone kA prayatna karanA / vyakti saMsAra meM rahatA hai, anAdikAla se paribhramaNa kara rahA hai, parantu jaba vaha saMsAra ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai athavA vizva kI vicitratA evaM vividhatA ko dekhakara usake mana meM vizva ko samajhane kI jijJAsA utpanna hotI hai, taba vaha adhyAtma-cintana kI dizA meM kadama bar3hAtA hai / para se haTa kara sva meM sthita hotA hai / tatva-jJAna yUropa ke mahAn vidvAn maiksamUlara ne eka bAra kahA thA, ki koI vyakti, jo varSoM se isa vizva ko aura isa vizva kI vicitratAvividhatA ko dekhatA rahA hai, sahasA eka kSaNa ke lie Thahara jAtA hai, saMsAra para TakaTakI lagAtA hai, aura pukAra uThatA hai, tuma kyA ho ? taba usI kSaNa usake mana meM tattva-jJAna janma letA hai / tattva-jJAna kA udbhava mAnava-mana meM uThane vAlI jijJAsA se hotA hai| isI satya-tathya ko prakaTa karane ke lie kahA gayA hai, ki viveka kA, tatva-jJAna kA janaka Azcarya hai / yadi hama bhI kabhI isa virAT vizva para TakaTakI lagAe~, aura usase prazna kareM ki tuma kyA ho ? tumhArA svarUpa kyA hai ? to praznakartA ko samAdhAna milegaa| para, sabhI vicArakoM aura sabhI jijJAsuoM ko isa prazna kA uttara vizva se eka-sA nahIM milegA ! isakA samAdhAna yA uttara tIna prakAra kA hogA 1. ve loga, jinake lie vyAvahArika jJAna ho paryApta hotA hai, ve bAharI parata ko hI dekhate haiM, aura usakI bAhara parilakSita hone vAlI

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dravya kA svarUpa | 5 sImita zakti ko hI dekhate haiM, parantu usakI gaharAI meM nahIM jAte, aura usake antara-tala ko nahIM dekha pAte / 2. jo vaijJAnika dRSTi se dekhanA cAhate haiM, ve vyakti kucha gahare cale jAte haiN| aise vyakti kevala vastu ke bAhya tala ko hI nahIM dekhate, parantu usakI gaharAI meM utarakara usake Antarika svarUpa ko evaM vastu meM nihita zakti-guNa ko dekhate haiN| dekhane-parakhane kA eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa hone ke kAraNa vaijJAnika gaharAI se dekhane para bhI vastu ke eka aMza ko hI dekha pAtA hai, usake sampUrNa svarUpa ko nhiiN| 3. dArzanika-dRSTi se dekhanevAle loga vastu ke svarUpa ko gaharAI se dekhane-parakhane kA prayatna karate haiM, aura unakA lakSya vastu ke sampUrNa svarUpa ko jAnane kA rahatA hai, ataH jinakA cintana, manana evaM darzana vastu ke sampUrNa svarUpa ko dekhatA hai, ve dArzanika haiM, tattvavettA haiM, vicAraka haiN| isa prakAra isa vizva meM hamako jo kucha jJAta hotA hai, jo kucha dikhAI detA hai, vaha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai-1. jar3a = prakRti athavA ajIva padArtha / 2. cetana = puruSa athavA sajIva padArtha aura 3. siddha = vaha sattA jo dekhane kA nahIM, anubhUti kA viSaya hai, jise paramAtmA yA Izvara kahate haiN| jisa vyakti kI kevala bAhya-dRSTi hai, jisakA jJAna vyAvahArika hai, usakA kAma bhI dekhanA hai| vaha bAhya padArthoM ko dekhatA hai, parantu unakI gaharAI meM nahIM jaataa| parantu vaijJAnika gaharAI meM jAtA hai, isalie vaha bAhya padArthoM ko dekhatA hai, aura unheM vyavasthita bhI karatA hai| kyoMki vaha padArthoM kA parIkSaNa karake unake yathArtha svarUpa ko dekhatA hai / darzana-zAstra bhI parIkSaNa ke prati udAsIna nahIM rahatA, parantu usakA kAma padArthoM ko dekhanA evaM vizleSaNa karanA hI nahIM, pratyuta unakA samAdhAna bhI karanA hai / dArzanika evaM tattvavettA, jo samAdhAna karatA hai, usake pIche usakA anubhava hai / vaha vizva meM avasthita aneka padArthoM aura unameM sthita aneka dharmoM ko aneka dRSTikoNoM se dekhatA hai / vicAraka, dArzanika evaM tatvavettA kA dRSTikoNa ekAMgI ho sakatA hai, parantu pUrNataH asatya evaM nirAdhAra nahIM hotA / kyoMki vaha vizva meM yA vastu meM sthita satya ke eka aMza ko prakaTa karatA hai| ataH sabhI dRSTikoNoM kA samanvaya karake dekhane para vizva yA vastu kA sampUrNa rUpa hamAre sAmane prakaTa hotA hai /

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6 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva yUnAna, eziyA aura bhArata ke dArzanikoM ne vizva ke sambandha meM jo kucha cintana, manana evaM anubhava kiyA thA, use do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-jIva aura ajIva, AtmA aura pudgala, puruSa aura prakRti, cetana aura jar3a, brahma aura mAyA / vartamAna yuga ke yUropiyana dArzanikoM kA vizva-viSayaka cintana bhI kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| anusandhAna evaM vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para sRSTi evaM padArtha ke svarUpa kA vaijJAnika niSkarSa bhI vicAraNIya hai| dravya kA nirUpaNa __ pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke Adhunika dArzanika vivecana meM dravya-nirUpaNa pramukha viSaya bana cukA hai| isa sambandha meM pAzcAtya dArzanikoM evaM vicArakoM meM DekArTa, melabrAnsa, spInojA evaM lAibanija prasiddha haiN| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai, ki dravya kI vyAkhyA evaM paribhASA unhoMne jisa prakAra kI athavA dravya kA lakSaNa evaM svarUpa jisa prakAra batAyA, usI prakAra hamAre yahA~ ho / vastu ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karane meM bhinnatA hone para bhI itanA nizcita hai ki eka aisI vastu hai, jisakA astitva sabhI dArzanikoM ko svIkAra karanA par3atA hai| vastu ke svarUpa-varNana meM pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke hI nahIM, sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke vicAroM meM bhI ekarUpatA nahIM hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM dravya-nirUpaNa meM DekArTa kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| usakI zikSA kA mukhya viSaya gaNita aura jyotiSa rahA hai| parantu jaba usakI abhiruci darzana-zAstra kI ora jAgRta huI, taba usane gaNita evaM darzana-zAstra meM samAnatA ke sAtha eka Azcaryajanaka asamAnatA ko bhI dekhaa| usane dekhA, ki gaNita pratyakSa para AdhArita hai, usameM sandeha ko kama sthAna hai, jaba ki darzana-zAstra adRzya sattA ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai / parantu usane yaha dRr3ha nizcaya kara liyA, ki kisI bhI dhAraNA ko yA adRzya zakti ko svIkAra karane ke pahale vaha use apanI buddhi kI kasauTI para kasakara dekhegA, ki vaha yukti-yukta hai yA nhiiN| pratyeka sthApanA ko buddhi evaM tarka kI kasauTI para kharA utaranA hogaa| DekArTa ne apanA cintana vyApaka sandeha ke sAtha prArambha kiyaa| darzana-zAstra kA viSaya bAhya saSTi, paramAtmA evaM svayaM kA adhyayana karanA thaa| usane tInoM kI sattA meM sandeha kiyA, parantu zIghra hI use yaha anubhUti huI, ki ina tInoM kI sattA

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dravya kA svarUpa | 7 meM sandeha kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu sandeha ke astitva meM sandeha karanA to kataI sambhava nahIM hai| isalie usane kahA, ki sandeha eka prakAra kI cetana avasthA hai, aura usakA astitva asaMdigdha tathya hai / jaba indrabhUti gautama sarvaprathama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samparka meM Aye, aura unhoMne AtmA ke astitva ko pratyakSa rUpa se jAnanA cAhA, taba bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka tarkoM ke sAtha unase kahA, ki tumako jo yaha sandeha hai, ki AtmA hai yA nahIM, vahI AtmA ke astitva kI pratyakSa anubhUti hai| kyoMki sandeha jJAnarUpa hai, ataH vaha sacetana hai| yaha bAta DekArTa ne bhI kahI, ki maiM cintana karatA hU~, isalie maiM hU~ ! apane athavA AtmA ke astitva ke sAtha usane paramAtmA kI sattA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA aura apane se bhinna bhautika tattva athavA bAhya saSTi jise vaha dravya (Substance) kahatA hai, ko bhI svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra DekArTa ne apane darzana evaM cintana ke AdhAra para tIna tattvoM kA mukhya rUpa se varNana kiyA hai 1. maiM cintana karatA hU~, isalie maiM huuN| 2. mere pratyayoM meM pUrNatA kA pratyaya vidyamAna hai / isakA janmadAtA paramAtmA bhI pUrNa rUpa se vidyamAna hai| 3. paramAtmA satya-svarUpa hai| usakI vyavasthArUpa bAhya jagat kI pratIti bhrama nahIM ho sktii| ataH prakRti kA astitva asaMdigdha tathya hai| isa prakAra DekArTa ne dravya ko svIkAra kiyA, aura apane DhaMga se usakI vyAkhyA kii| melabAnsa DekArTa ke anuyAyiyoM meM se mukhya thaa| usane DekArTa aura usake anuyAyI myUliMgsa ke vicAroM ko svIkAra kiyA aura unake cintana ko kucha Age bar3hAyA / myUliMgsa aura melabrAnsa DekArTa ke dvaitavAda ko svIkAra karate the, aura yaha mAnate the, ki AtmA aura prakRti (soul and matter) ke guNa eka-dUsare se sarvathA bhinna haiN| jaisA ki eka lekhaka ne kahA hai-AtmA sat ke eka kinAre para sthita hai aura prakRti dUsare kinAre para / yahA~ taka ve donoM DekArTa ke vicAroM ko mAnate the, parantu ve DekArTa kI isa mAnyatA se sahamata nahIM the, ki mastiSka ke eka bhAga meM AtmA aura prakRti kA samparka hotA hai, aura vaha jJAna aura kriyA ko janma detA hai / jaina-darzana bhI AtmA aura pudgala ko eka-dUsare se bhinna svatantra dravyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai,

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8 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ki saMsArI avasthA meM AtmA pudgala-dravya ke sAtha rahate hue bhI usameM milatA nahIM hai| donoM dravya apane-apane svarUpa meM rahate haiM, apane-apane paryAyoM meM pariNamana karate haiN| DekArTa ke bAda spInojA ne dvaita ko miTAne kA prayatna kiyaa| usane kahA, ki vizva meM do dravya (puruSa aura prakRti) nahIM, donoM meM se eka hI dravya hai / pAzcAtya darzana meM advaita do rUpoM meM sAmane AyA-eka rUpa prakRti ko hI mUla dravya mAnatA thA, jisakI mAnyatA ke anusAra prakRti apane vikAsa ke samaya meM jIvana aura cetanA ko janma detI hai| prakRti se bhinna cetanA kA koI astitva nahIM hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka-darzana bhUta ko hI saSTi kA mUla kAraNa mAnatA hai| dUsarA rUpa AtmavAda kA thA, jisake anusAra prakRti mAnava-vicAroM yA citroM ke atirikta koI astitva nahIM rkhtii| spInojA ne AtmA aura prakRti donoM meM se kisI ko bhI pramukha sthAna nahIM diyaa| usane tInoM pratyayoM ko mukhya mAnA-dravya, guNa aura AkRti / dravya ke lie usane substance zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| usake mata meM brahma aura brahmANDa eka hI haiM, do nhiiN| AtmA aura prakRti-do svatantra dravya nahIM, apitu eka hI sattA ke do pahalU haiM, jo eka ora se cintanarUpa najara AtA hai, vahI dUsarI ora se vistArarUpa / spInojA ne apanA cintana aneka somita aura sAkAra padArthoM se prArambha kiyA, aura vaha inameM se gujaratA huA ananta kI ora bddh'aa| isake viparIta lAibanIja ne apanA cintana dRSTa padArthoM se zurU kiyA, aura vaha anta meM aise sthAna para pahu~ca gayA, jisake Age vizleSaNa kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM rhtii| usane antima sattA ko bindu ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| spInojA ne kahA, ki jisa para hama vizleSaNa ke anta meM pahu~cate haiM, vaha cetana hai, tAttvika sattA hai, akhaNDa hai, isalie nitya hai| isameM bhI parivartana hotA hai, paranta yaha parivartana kisI bAhya prabhAva ke kAraNa nahIM hotaa| lAibanIja kA isa sambandha meM yaha kahanA hai, ki sampUrNa jJAna vAstava meM Atma-jJAna hai| pratyeka bindu vahI dekhatA hai, jo kucha usake apane bhItara hai / sampUrNa vizva meM eka kendrIya bindu hai vaha paramAtmA hai, vahI anya binduoM meM sAmaJjaya aura anukUlatA kA nirmANa karatA hai| isa prakAra yUropa ke mUrdhanya dArzanikoM ne dravya kA vizleSaNa tIna prakAra se kiyA---

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dravya kA svarUpa | . 1. DekArTa ne dvaitavAda ke rUpa meM / 2. spInojA ne advaitavAda ko svIkAra karake / 3. lAibanIja ne anekavAda kA samarthana karake / yUnAna meM vizeSa rUpa se dravya para cintana karane vAle dArzanikoM meM arastU mukhya thaa| usane dravya aura usake sAtha guNoM kA bhI khUba acchA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM vaizeSika darzana mukhya rUpa se padArthavAdI rahA hai| usane dravya para khUba gaharAI se vicAra prastuta kiyA hai / sAMkhya-darzana meM bhI prakRti kA khUba acche DhaMga se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra vizva ke samasta dArzanikoM ne kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM dravya kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jana-paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha-sUtra meM, AcArya kundakunda ne apane paMcAstikAyasAra, samayasAra evaM pravacanasAra granthoM meM aura AcArya nemicandra ne dravyasaMgraha meM dravya para vyApaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra evaM cintana kiyA hai| dravya, padArtha, tattva evaM sat-ina zabdoM kA vibhinna sampradAyoM ne prayoga kiyA hai aura apane cintana ke anurUpa inakI vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| jaina-darzana meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga aura upayoga Agama-yuga se Aja taka hotA rahA hai| dravya, padArtha, tattva evaM sat : bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM uttaravartI jainAcAryoM ne sampUrNa loka ko SaDdravyAtmaka kahA hai / isake lie AgamoM meM evaM anya granthoM meM dravya, tattva, padArtha aura sat ina cAroM zabdoM kA prayoga upalabdha hai| vastutaH cAroM zabda ekArthaka haiM / jahA~ dravya zabda kA prayoga kiyA, vahA~ usake pUrva saMkhyA vAcaka SaT zabda lagA diyaa| tatva ke sAtha saMkhyA vAcaka sapta zabda jor3a diyA / padArtha ke sAtha saMkhyA bodhaka nava zabda kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM SaD dravya, sapta tattva, nava padArtha mAne gae haiM / bhagavatIsUtra meM SaD-dravya meM se kAla ko chor3akara jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala- ina pAMcoM ko astikAya kahA gayA hai| asti kAya kA artha hai-pradezoM kA samUha / pA~coM dravyoM ke asaMkhyAta aura ananta pradeza haiM, sirpha kAla dravya hI aNarUpa hai / jaina-darzana ne hI nahIM, anya bhAratIya-dArzanikoM evaM pAzcAtya-dArzanikoM ne bhI dravya para vicAra kiyA hai| dravya ke lakSaNa evaM svarUpa ke varNana meM bhinnatA ho sakatI hai| parantu, eka aisI vastu bhI

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10 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva hai, jise sabhI dArzanika evaM vicAraka svIkAra karate haiN| dravya, tattva evaM padArtha Adi kI saMkhyA meM antara rahatA hai / jaina-darzana SaT-dravya mAnatA hai, to vaizeSika darzana ne nava dravya mAne haiM / jaina-darzana sapta tattva mAnatA hai, aura sAMkhya-darzana paccIsa / jaina-darzana nava padArtha mAnatA hai aura nyAyadarzana solaha / parantu sat hI eka aisA tatva hai, jise sabane svIkAra kiyA hai aura use eka hI mAnA hai| sat kyA hai ? isa para vicAra karane ke pahale eka rUpaka de detA hU~, jisase viSaya samajhane meM sarala ho jaaegaa| eka yogI ke pAsa tIna vyakti Ae aura unhoMne prazna kiyA ki satya kyA hai ? usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? aura hameM kyA karanA cAhie, tAki jIvana-vikAsa ho sake ? tInoM kA prazna eka thaa| tInoM sat ko jAnanA cAhate the| yogI ne unameM se eka vyakti se kahA-tuma bAhara dekho, khojo| dUsare se kahA-tuma Antarika gaharAI meM utarakara anveSaNa karo, tumako satya kA sAkSAtkAra hogaa| tIsare se kahA-tuma Upara kI ora dekho| satya eka thA, parantu jaba vaha kathya meM utarA to tIna prakAra se tathya sAmane AyA / prazna eka ho, samasyA eka ho aura usakA samAdhAna tIna prakAra se kaise ho sakatA hai ? yaha eka prazna hai ? jaina-darzana anekAntavAdI hai, vaha kahatA hai ki vastu sat hai aura vaha eka hai, phira bhI usameM ananta guNa haiM aura pratyeka guNa ke ananta paryAya haiN| ataH usakA svarUpa, usameM sthita satya-tathya aneka prakAra se dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA ki usakA samAdhAna sAta prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| yogI ne usakA uttara tIna prakAra se diyaa| sampUrNa vizva kA eka hI tattva hai, sat / satya eka hone para bhI, jaba use vANI ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta karate haiM, taba vaha vyakti kI anubhUti ke anurUpa aneka prakAra se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| sampUrNa vizva kA pAnI eka hai| yadi usase pUcho ki tumhArA AkAra-prakAra kyA hai ? to vaha ha~segA aura praznakartA se kahegA-pAgala ho gaye ho! merA koI AkAra hai hI nhiiN| maiM to apane Apa meM sadA-sarvadA eka-sA huuN| jaisA pAtra milatA hai, usI AkAra kA bana jAtA hU~ / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI yahI samAdhAna kiyA ki sat eka hI hai| parantu use sunane vAlA, dhAraNa karane vAlA tathA cintana karane vAlA jaisA hotA hai, use vaisA hI uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| yogI ke samakSa upasthita hone vAle tIna vyaktiyoM meM eka bAhyAbhi

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dravya kA svarUpa | 11 mukhI thA / isalie usase kahA, 'tuma bAhara ke padArthoM kA sUkSma dRSTi se anveSaNa karo, unameM sthita satya tumako prApta hogA / ' dUsarA antar-draSTA thA, usase kahA. 'tumako bAhara bhaTakane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, satya tumhAre bhItara hI hai / apane meM gaharI DubakI lagAo, tumheM saba kucha mila jAegA / ' tIsarA zraddhAlu bhakta thA / usameM vicAra karane kI, cintana karane kI evaM zodha karane kI kSamatA nahIM thI / kyoMki zraddhA-niSTha vyakti samapita hotA hai / ataH usase Upara dekhane ko athavA paramAtmA para vizvAsa karane ko kahA gayA / 1 bAhara dekhane kA artha hai - vaijJAnika dRSTi / vaijJAnika prakRti meM sthita pracchanna ananta zakti evaM rahasya ko prakaTa karatA hai / nyUTana ne nayA kucha bhI prApta nahIM kiyA, jo zakti prakRti kI taha meM chipI huI thI, use usane prakaTa kiyA aura vizva ko nyUTana ne gurutvAkarSaNa kA siddhAnta (Theory of gravitation ) diyaa| vaijJAnika prakRti kA, jar3apadArthoM kA nirIkSaNa karatA hai, isalie use bAhyasRSTi ko dekhanA par3atA hai / yogI, santa evaM dArzanika bAhara nahIM, bhItara dekhatA hai / usakA lakSya apane Apako dekhanA evaM apane meM hI saba kucha prApta karanA hai| isa prakAra sat eka hai aura vaha zaktirUpa se sarvatra vidyamAna hai / pratyeka vicAraka apanI-apanI dRSTi ke anurUpa usakI anubhUti karatA hai aura jaisA dekhatA hai, vaisA hI abhivyakta karatA hai / sat kA svarUpa jaina- darzana meM dravya ke lie 'sat' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra meM dravya kA lakSaNa karate hu likhA hai - sat dravya kA lakSaNa hai - 'sat dravyalakSaNam' / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki dravya sat hai / sat kI vyAkhyA karate hue AgamoM meM evaM AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai- jo utpAda, vyaya aura dhIvya se yukta hai, vaha sat hai - utpAda vyayadhIvya-yuktaM sat' jaina darzana ke anusAra kisI bhI padArtha ko sat kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vaha utpatti, vyaya aura dhrauvya rUpa hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina darzana meM kisI bhI dravya evaM padArtha ko na to ekAnta rUpa se nitya mAnA gayA hai aura na ekAnta rUpa se anitya / vaha pratyeka dravya ko pariNAmI nitya svIkAra karatA hai / jaise svarNakAra sone ke kuNDala ko tor3akara kar3A banAtA hai, usa samaya kuNDala kI paryAya evaM usakA AkAra naSTa hotA hai aura kar3e kI paryAya evaM usakA

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12 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva AkAra utpanna hotA hai, parantu donoM avasthAoM meM svarNa jyoM kA tyoM banA rahatA hai| dUdha se dahI banatA hai, dahI ko mathane para navanIta (makkhana) banatA hai| isameM dudha paryAya kA nAza aura dahI paryAya kI utpatti tathA dahI paryAya kA nAza aura makkhana paryAya kI utpatti hotI hai, parantu dUdha, dahI aura makkhana kI tInoM avasthAoM meM gorasatva akSaNNa hai| yaha dhyAna meM rahanA cAhie ki utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya eka kAlavartI hote haiM aura yahI dravya kI vizeSatA hai| jaina-darzana ke atirikta anya bhAratIya-darzanoM meM sat ke sambandha meM cAra mata milate haiN| eka to yaha hai, ki isa vizva meM jo kucha hai, vaha eka hai, sat hai aura kUTastha nitya hai| dUsarI mAnyatA yaha hai, ki isa vizva meM eka nahIM aneka padArtha haiM aura ve kSaNika haiM-utpAda vinAzazIla haiM / tIsarI mAnyatA yaha hai ki isa vizva meM sat hai aura usase bhinna asat bhI hai| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra sat meM bhI paramANa-dravya, kAla aura AtmA Adi nitya haiM aura kArya-dravya ghaTa-paTa Adi anitya haiN| caturtha mAnyatA yaha hai, ki sat prakRti aura puruSa athavA jar3a aura cetana ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai, usameM cetana athavA puruSa kUTastha-nitya hai, aura prakRti athavA jar3a pariNAmI-nitya hai| eka aisA bhI mata hai, jo isa vizva kI sattA ko svIkAra hI nahIM karatA, vaha na to ise sat mAnatA hai aura na asat / Rgveda ke RSi ne vizva kI vicitratA ko dekhakara eka bAra kahA thA-maiM nahIM jAnatA ki jagata kahA~ se AyA-sat se utpanna huA yA asat se utpanna huaa| maiM kaha nahIM sakatA ki yaha jagata sat hai, yaha bhI nahIM kaha sakatA ki yaha jagata asat hai| isa prakAra sat ke sambandha meM cAra pakSa banate haiM 1. jagat sat hai, 2. jagat asat hai, 3. jagat sat hai, asat hai, 4. jagat na sat hai, na asat hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA, ki jise hama jagat, saMsAra, vizva, loka, varlDa (World) yunivarsa (Universe) kahate haiM, vaha bhUtakAla meM bhI thA, vartamAna kAla meM bhI hai aura bhaviSya kAla meM bhI rhegaa| isakA astitva

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dravya kA svarUpa | 13 trikAlavartI hai, usakI sattA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yahA~ prazna uThatA hai ki jagat kI sattA trikAlavartI hai, taba vaha parivartita kyoM hotA hai ? yadi vaha parivartanazIla hai, to asat honA cAhie? parantu aisA nahIM hai| kyoMki jaina-darzana kisI bhI padArtha ko ekAnta-nitya yA ekAnta-anitya nahIM maantaa| vAstava meM padArtha ekAnta rUpa se na nitya hai aura na ekAnta rUpa se anitya hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki dravya meM parivartana hote hae bhI usameM sthiratA hai| jaina-darzana kI yaha mAnyatA vijJAna ke prakRti kI anazvaratA kA niyama (law of indestructibility of matter) hai| prakRti ke isa niyama ko 18vIM zatAbdI ke vizruta vaijJAnika zrI lAhvAijiyara (Lahvoisier) ne ina zabdoM meM jagata ke samakSa rakhA thA-"kucha bhI nirmeya nahIM hai aura pratyeka kriyA ke anta meM utanI hI prakRti rahatI hai, jitane parimANa meM vaha kriyA ke Arambha meM thii| kevala prakRti kA rUpAntara (modification) hotA hai| vAstava meM isa niyama se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pratyeka dravya apane svarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai| parivartana hotA hai-vaha dravya ke zuddha svarUpa meM nahIM, pratyuta usake paryAyoM meM hotA hai / sat na to ekAnta rUpa se naSTa hotA hai aura na ekAnta rUpa se nayA hI banatA hai| vaha apane svarUpa meM rahate hue nayenaye paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAya jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki yaha dravya hai, to isakA abhiprAya yaha haivaha apane svarUpa meM rahate hae apane vividha pariNAmoM ke rUpa meM dravita hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-dravya, guNa aura paryAya se yukta hai / guNa dravya meM rahate haiM, aura paryAyeM bhI guNa aura dravya meM rahate haiM / AcArya umAsvAti ne bhI dravya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai-guNa-paryAyavad dravyam / AcArya kundakunda ne bhI yahI kahA hai-dravya, guNa aura paryAya se kabhI bhI zUnya nahIM ho sakatA / guNa aura paryAya bhI dravya ke binA nahIM raha sakate / binA paryAya kA dravya nahIM ho sakatA aura binA dravya ke paryAya kA honA bhI sambhava nhiiN| ataH dravya guNa-paryAyAtmaka hotA hai| yahA~ yaha samajhane kI bAta hai ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM paraspara anyatva to hai, parantu pRthaktva nahIM hai / vastuoM meM paraspara jo bheda pAyA jAtA hai, vaha do prakAra kA hai-pRthaktvarUpa aura anyatvarUpa / pradezoM kI bhinnatA pRthaktva hai aura tadrUpatA nahIM honA anyatva hai| jisa prakAra dUdha aura dUdha kI saphedI eka

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14 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva hI vastu nahIM hai, phira bhI donoM ke pradeza pRthaka-pRthaka nahIM haiN| isake viparIta daNDa aura daNDI meM pRthaktva hai, ina donoM ko alaga bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM isa prakAra kA pRthaktva nahIM hai| kyoMki dravya ke binA guNa aura paryAyoM ke astitva kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra dravya apane svarUpa meM sthita rahate hue jina-jina paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, una-una paryAyoM ke rUpa meM vaha svayaM utpanna hotA hai, jaise, svarNa svayaM hI kuNDala banatA hai, svayaM hI kar3oM ke rUpa meM parivartita hotA hai aura svayaM hI aMgUThI ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| yadi paryAya kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to naye-naye paryAya utpanna hue, parantu dravya kI dRSTi se dekheM, to vaha svarNa ke rUpa meM jyoM kA tyoM vidyamAna hai| isI prakAra saMsAra avasthA meM jIva deva hotA hai, manuSya hotA hai, pazu hotA hai aura nAraka hotA hai, parantu ina saba paryAyoM meM usakA apanA jIvatva nahIM bdltaa| jIva-dravya ke rUpa meM vaha jyoM kA tyoM hai / parantu yaha bhI satya hai ki java jIva deva-paryAya ko prApta karatA hai, taba vaha manuSya nahIM rahatA aura jaba vaha manuSya-paryAya ko dhAraNa karatA hai, taba vaha siddha-paryAya ko prakaTa nahIM karatA / isa prakAra dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika athavA dravya evaM paryAya kI dRSTi se vastu tatva kA evaM vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa kA nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa loka meM chaha dravya haiM athavA yaha loka yA jagata SaDa dravyAtmaka hai-dharma-dravya, adharma-dravya, AkAza-dravya, kAla-dravya, jIva-dravya aura pudgala-dravya / inameM se kAla ke atirikta pA~coM dravya astikAya rUpa haiM, kyoMki pA~coM dravyoM ke pradeza samUha rUpa se haiM / dravyoM kA mUrta aura amUrta-isa prakAra se bhI vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, mUrta ko rUpI yA sAkAra aura amUrta ko arUpI yA nirAkAra bhI kahate haiM / pudgala ke atirikta zeSa pA~coM dravya amUrta haiM / ___ isa prakAra jaina-darzana isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki ina paDa - dravyoM meM sampUrNa sRSTi A jAtI hai, jIva, jagata evaM Izvara athavA brahma evaM brahmANDa saba kucha samAviSTa ho jAtA hai, isalie AtmA, paramAtmA evaM jagata ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie tathA saMsAra evaM mokSa ke svarUpa ko evaM usake kAraNoM ko samajhane ke lie dravya kA yathArtha parijJAna karanA Avazyaka hai| use samajhe binA vyakti jIvana kA athavA AtmA kA vikAsa nahIM kara sktaa|

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dharma aura adharma-dravya bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AgamoM meM Sar3a-dravya kA varNana kiyA hai| loka kyA hai ? isakA samAdhAna bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka prakAra se, vibhinna dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai| unameM se eka vyAkhyA yaha bhI hai, ki loka SaDdravyAtmaka hai| jahA~ SaD-dravya haiM, vahIM taka loka hai, vizva hai, saMsAra (Universe) hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha-sUtra meM dArzanika-zailI meM SaD-dravya kA varNana kiyA hai, aura AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra, pravacanasAra evaM paJcAstikAyasAra granthoM meM SaDdravya para AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| ina SaD-dravyoMdharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, jIva aura padgala meM se dharma aura adharma-dravya ke atirikta zeSa cAroM dravyoM ko sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM dharma aura adharma zabda kA prayoga to milatA hai, parantu vaha zubha aura azubha yA prazasta aura aprazasta karma yA kArya ke artha meM milatA hai, dravya ke artha meM nhiiN| jaina-darzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhI darzana meM dharma aura adharma ko dravya rUpa se svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / jaina-darzana meM anya dravyoM kI taraha dharma aura adharma kA bhI dravya rUpa se svatantra astitva mAnA hai| dharma-dravya aura adharma-dravya-donoM amUrta haiM, AkAra-prakAra se rahita haiM, varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita haiM, ekaeka dravya haiM, akhaNDa haiM, sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiM, asaMkhyAta pradezoM se yukta haiM, aura niSkriya haiM, phira bhI ve utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta haiM / donoM hI dravyoM meM gati kA abhAva hai, phira bhI unakI paryAyoM meM pratikSaNa, pratisamaya parivartana hotA rahatA hai, unakI purAtana paryAyeM naSTa hotI haiM, aura nayI-nayI paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiN| utpanna hone evaM vinAza hone kA ( 15 )

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16 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva pravAha calatA rahatA hai, phira bhI dravya kI dRSTi se unake mUlasvarUpa meM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM hotaa| isa apekSA se donoM dravya nitya bhI haiN| dharma-dravya kA svarUpa vizva meM mukhya rUpa se do dravya haiM--jIva (Soul) aura pudgala (Matter) / donoM gati-zIla haiM, aura sthiti-zIla bhI haiN| jIva aura pudgala meM jo gati hai, vaha svAbhAvika hai| koI bhI anya dravya unameM gati paidA nahIM karatA, kevala unakI gati meM sahAyaka hotA hai, nimitta banatA hai| darzana-zAstra meM do kAraNa mAne haiM-eka upAdAna-kAraNa aura dUsarA nimitta-kAraNa / dravya kA apanA svarUpa evaM svabhAva usakA upAdAnakAraNa hai / aura, apane se bhinna para-dravya usakA nimitta-kAraNa hai| vaha sahAyaka to ho sakatA hai, parantu use prerita nahIM kara sktaa| jaise machalI ke tairane meM pAnI nimitta-kAraNa hai| upAdAna-kAraNa, to machalI meM svayaM tairane kI jo zakti hai, vahI hai, anya nhiiN| pAnI usako tairane ke lie prerita nahIM karatA, aura na usa para dabAva DAlakara tairAtA hI hai| jaba machalI apanI zakti kA upayoga karake tairane kA prayatna karatI hai, taba pAnI usameM sahAyaka hotA hai| usI prakAra jIva aura pudgala-dravyoM meM jo gati hai, use kArya rUpa meM pariNata karane ke lie nimitta evaM sahAyaka dravya kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| usa zakti ko jaina-AgamoM meM dharma-dravya kahA hai / bhagavatIsUtra meM gaNadhara gautama svAmI ke eka prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai- "jIva aura pudgala ke gamana aura sthiti meM jo sahAyaka dravya hai, vaha dharmAstikAya hai| dravya kI apekSA dharmAstikAya eka dravya hai, akhaNDa hai / kSetra se vaha loka-pramANa hai / kAla se vaha trikAlavartI hai, ataH nitya hai| bhAva se vaha varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita hai| vaha asaMkhyAta pradezI hai, niSkriya hai tathA jIva aura pudgala kI gati meM sahAyaka guNa se yukta hai|" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda AcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAyasAra meM likhA hai-"dharmAstikAya na svayaM gati-zIla hai aura na kisI ko gati karane yA calane ke lie prerita karatA hai / vaha to kevala gati-zIla jIva aura pudgala kI gati meM nimitta mAtra hai / jaise jala machaliyoM ke lie gati meM anugrahazIla hai, vaise hI dharma-dravya jIva aura pudgaloM ke lie gati meM sahAyaka hai / " AcArya nemicandra sUri ne dravya-saMgraha meM likhA hai ..

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dharma aura adharma-dravya | 17 "gati-zIla jIva aura pudgala ke lie dharma-dravya gamana meM sahakArI hai, jaise machalI ke lie jala / sthira padArthoM ko vaha gati karane ke lie prerita nahIM krtaa|" isa sambandha meM AcArya amRtacandrasUri ne likhA hai"dharma-dravya kriyAzIla padArthoM ko unakI gati ke samaya svayameva sahAyatA detA hai, vaha unakI gati meM sAdhAraNa Azraya hai, jisa prakAra matsya ke lie jala / " yadi vartamAna-yuga kI vyavahArya sAmagrI meM hama dharma-dravya kI gati meM sahAyaka guNa ko spaSTataH samajhanA cAheM, to isake lie rela (Train) aura paTarI (Railway) kA udAharaNa upayukta rhegaa| Trena ko gati karane ke lie paTarI kI anivAryataH apekSA hai, paTarI ke abhAva meM Trana gati hI nahIM kara sakatI, usI prakAra dharma-dravya ke abhAva meM gati-zIla padArtha bhI gati nahIM kara pAyeMge / ataH unakI gati ke lie dharma-dravya anivArya rUpa se apekSita hai / yaha to hamAre rAta-dina ke anubhava kI bAta hai ki paTarI Trena ko na to calAtI hai aura na use gati karane ke lie prerita hI karatI hai, phira bhI Trena kI gati-zIlatA meM usakI udAsIna sahAyatA rahatI hI hai, yahI sambandha jIva aura pRdgala kI gati meM dharma-dravya kA hai / dharma-dravya aura Ithara (Ether) jaina-darzana ke atirikta anya kisI bhAratIya darzana meM gatizIla evaM sthita hone vAle padArthoM kI gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dharma aura adharma dravya ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya dArzanika jIva aura padArthoM kI gati evaM sthiti meM AkAza ko hI nimitta-kAraNa yA sahAyaka mAnate rahe haiN| AkAza kA astitva hone ke kAraNa hI usameM jIva evaM padArtha gati bhI karate haiM aura Thaharate bhI haiN| yaha mAnyatA yukti-saMgata hai yA nahIM, isakI samIkSA karane ke pahale, yaha vicAra kara lenA upayukta rahegA, ki Aja kA vijJAna isa sambandha meM kyA mAnatA hai ? vaijJAnikoM ne jaba bhautika padArthoM kA gaharAI se anveSaNa kiyA, taba ve socane lage, ki sUrya, candra, grahoM evaM tArAoM ke madhya meM jo bahuta lambA-caur3A zUnya kSetra khAlI par3A hai, usameM se hokara prakAza kiraNeM (Rays of light) eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna kI dUrI ko kisa mAdhyama (Medium) se pUrA karatI haiN| kyoMki prakAza (Light) bhAravAna padArtha hai / ataH yaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM ho sakatA, ki binA kisI mAdhyama ke vaha svataH hI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka pahu~ca jaae| isa samasyA ke utpanna hone para mAdhyama

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18 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ko DhUMr3ha nikAlane kA prayatna zurU huA, aura isa anveSaNa (Research) ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaijJAnikoM ne (Light) kI gati meM Ithara (Ether) ko mAdhyama svIkAra kiyaa| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana ne dharma-dravya ko gati meM sahAyaka mAnA, usI prakAra vijJAna ne Ether ko Medium of motion for light (prakAza kI gati meM mAdhyama) svIkAra kiyA hai| sarvaprathama gati meM sahAyaka hone para bhI jaina-darzana dvArA mAnya dharma-dravya aura vijJAna dvArA svIkRta Ithara ke svarUpa meM kucha bhinnatA bhI hai / Ithara ko vaijJAnika abhautika nahIM, bhautika padArtha mAnate the| usameM vizeSa prakAra aura parimANa meM lacaka evaM ghanatA bhI hai / usa lacaka evaM ghanatA kA parimANa bhI batAyA jAtA thA, parantu vaha sandeha se pare nahIM thaa| usa samaya taka Ithara jaina-darzana dvArA mAnya dharma-dravya ke sAtha gati meM mAdhyama ke rUpa meM hI samAnatA rakhatA hai| parantu usake svarUpa evaM anya dRSTiyoM kI apekSA se donoM bhautika aura abhautika Adi bhedoM ko lekara eka-dUsare se bhinna vicAra rakhate the| parantu bIsavIM zatAbdI meM isa sambandha meM vaijJAnika kSetra meM jo anveSaNa hue usane vaijJAnikoM kI purAtana paribhASAoM ko ekadama badala diyA hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke mahAn vaijJAnika AinsTIna ke sApekSavAda (Theory of Relativity) ke anusAra Ithara (Ether) abhautika (Non-material, Non-atomic) hai, loka meM vyApta hai, nahIM dekhA jA sakane vAlA eka akhaNDa dravya hai, jo anya bhautika dravyoM (Material Substance) se bhinna hai| __ eDavina eDasara (Edwin Edser) ne apanI pustaka lAiTa (Light) meM likhA hai-- "Ithara kisa prakAra kA thA? isake sambandha meM turanta kaThinAiyA~ parilakSita hone lagIM / kyoMki yaha siddha ho cukA thA 1. Ithara saba gaisoM se patalA hai-Thinner than the thinnest gas. 2. phaulAda se bhI adhika saghana hai- More rigid than steel. 3. sarvatra nitAnta eka-sA hai-Absolutely the same every-where 4. bhAra-zUnya hai--Absolutely weightless. 5. kisI par3ausI elokTrona ke nikaTa zIze se bhI adhika bhArI hai - In the neighbourhood of any electron, immensely heavier than - lead.

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dharma aura adharma-dravya | 16 Relativity and Commonsense pustaka meM F. M. Denton ne likhA hai-"nyUTana dvArA mAnya Ithara saghana hai, taba bhI padArtha usameM binA kisI saMgharSa ke svatantra gati se ghUmate haiM yaha locadAra hai| phira bhI isake anya vibhinna AkAra nahIM ho skte| yaha ghUmatA hai, para isakI gatizIlatA parilakSita nahIM hotii| jar3a padArthoM para isakA prabhAva par3atA hai, para yaha padArthoM se prabhAvita nahIM hotaa| isake piNDa nahIM hai, aura na isake alaga-alaga aMzoM ko hama pahacAna sakate haiN| yaha sthira tAroM kI apekSA niSkriya hai, jaba ki eka-dUsare kI apekSA se tAre gatizIla mAne gae haiN|" Ithara kI gati ko lekara anekoM prayoga (Experiments) hue para una sabakA antima niSkarSa yaha nikalA ki Ithara gati-zUnya hai| yaha nitAnta niSkriya hai| DC. Miller ne 'Nature' patrikA meM 3 Feb. 1934 ke aMka meM likhA hai-"pRthvI kI gati eka niSkriya Ithara meM se hai, aisA mAnya karane para hI anveSaNa dvArA prApta phalAnuvartI parimANa aura dizA sambandhI parivartana saMbhava haiN|" Mr. A. S. Eddington ne eka sthAna para FATET - "Now-a-days it is agreed that ether is not a kind of matter-vartamAna yuga meM hama isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki Ithara bhautikadravya nahIM hai / " apanI pustaka "The Nature of the physical world", P. 31 para Ithara ke sambandha meM likhA hai-"isakA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai, ki Ithara kI mAnyatA ko hamane chor3a diyA hai, athavA vizva meM Ithara nahIM hai| hameM Ithara kI AvazyakatA hai| gata zatAbdI meM prAyaH yaha mAnya thA, ki Ithara eka dravya (Substance) hai, bhautika padArtha kI eka jAti hai, saghana hai, sAdhAraNa dravya kI taraha gatizIla hai| isakA itihAsa batAnA kaThina hogA, ki isa mAnyatA kA kaba tyAga kiyA gyaa| parantu vartamAna meM yaha mAnya kara liyA hai, ki Ithara bhautika dravya nahIM hai| abhautika dravya hone ke kAraNa usakI prakRti evaM usake guNa bilkula bhinna hoNge| piNDatva aura ghanatva ke guNa hameM jo bhautika padArthoM meM milate haiM, unakA Ithara meM abhAva hogA, parantu apane hI naye aura nizcayAtmaka guNa hoMge Ithara ke abhautika samudra meM (Non-Material ocean of ether) / " ___ dharma-dravya aura Ithara kI tulanA karate hue pro0 jI0 Ara0 jaina, ema0 esa-sI0 ne apanI pustaka "nUtana aura prAktana sRSTi vijJAna" meM pRSTha 31 para likhA hai-"yaha pramANita ho cukA hai ki jaina dArzanika aura

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20 / jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva Adhunika vaijJAnika yahA~ taka pUrNataH ekamata haiM, ki dharma-dravya yA vijJAna dvArA mAnya Ithara abhautika, apAramANavika, avibhAjya, akhaNDa, arUpa, AkAza ke samAna vyApta, gati kA anivArya mAdhyama aura apane Apa meM sthira hai--Thus it is proved that science and Jain Thysics agree absolutely so far as they call Dharm (Ether) non-material, nonatomic, non-discreet, Continuous, Co-extensive with space, indivisible and as a necessary medium for mction and one which does not it-self move." isa prakAra vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki jIva aura pudgala (Matter), jo gatizIla haiM, unakI gati meM sahAyaka dravya avazya hai / jisa prakAra sabhI dravyoM ko sthAna yA avakAza dene vAlA AkAza dravya hai, usI prakAra gati kA mAdhyama bhI eka dravya hai| use jaina AgamoM meM dharmadravya kahA hai, aura vaijJAnika use Ithara (Ether) kahate haiN| Ithara yA dharmadravya ke abhAva meM koI bhI padArtha-bhale hI vaha jar3a ho yA cetana, gati nahIM kara sakatA / gati loka meM hI hotI hai| loka ke bAhara bar3a-cetana koI padArtha hai hI nahIM, isalie vahA~ gati kA savAla nahIM utthtaa| vahA~ to kevala zuddha AkAza (Pure space) hai| isalie dharma-dravya lokavyApI hai, aura asaMkhyAta pradezoM se yukta hai| loka-AkAza ke eka-eka pradeza para dharmadravya rahA huA hai, parantu vaha svayaM niSkriya hai / para, yaha satya hai, ki usakI paryAyoM kA apane svarUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai| kyoMki pratyeka dravya sat hai| sat vaha hai-jisameM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yugapat rahate haiM, athavA jo apane svarUpa meM sthita rahate hue bhI apanI paryAyoM meM pariNata hotA rahatA hai, dravita hotA rahatA hai| adharma dravya prophesara e. cakravartI ne paMcAstikAyasAra ke dArzanika paricaya meM pR. 26-27 para likhA hai- "jaina-vicAraka prasaga ke anurUpa yaha prazna karate haiM, ki aNu-paramANa (Atoms) eka sAtha milakara saMsAra meM, loka (Universe) meM hI mahAskandha kA nirmANa kyoM karate haiM ? ve mahAskandha se haTakara yA bikharakara ananta AkAza (Infinite space) athavA aloka-AkAza meM kyoM nahIM jAte ? isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai, ki loka-AkAza (Finite space) ke Age saMsAra (Univ.rse) nahIM hai / vAstavika satya yaha hai, ki loka kA

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dharma aura adharma - dravya | 21 nirmANa sthAyI hai / isalie loka kramabaddha yA niyamabaddha hai / usameM anya dravyoM kI upasthiti isa bAta kA saMketa hai, ki unameM paraspara saMgharSa nahIM hai, athavA ve eka-dUsare ke avarodhaka nahIM haiM, jo isa bAta kA pramANa detA hai, ki loka kA DhA~cA sthAyI hai / yaha eka saiddhAntika satya tathya hai, ki loka ke madhya meM gatizIla aNu, dravya kI zakti ke siddhAnta se Abaddha hai / yaha dravya zakti gatimAna aNu ko saMsAra meM hI roka rakhatI hai, bAhara nahIM jAne detI / isa zakti ko yA dravya ( Subtance) ko adharma - dravya ( Medium of rest for soul and matter ) kahA gayA hai / " 1 dharma kI taraha adharma - dravya bhI sampUrNa loka AkAza meM vyApta 1 donoM dravyoM kA astitva loka AkAza meM hI hai, aura yahI loka kI sImA (Limit of world ) hai / adharma - dravya bhI svabhAva se pUrNataH abhautika hai, apAramANavika hai, kisI nirmAtA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM hai / isameM pudgala (Matter) ke guNa bhI nahIM haiM / dharma aura adharma donoM dravyoM meM AkAza ke guNa bhI nahIM haiM, jabaki AkAza-pradezoM para sthita haiM / dharma aura adharma donoM dravya pUrNataH sAmAnya haiM / ye donoM amUrta haiM, aura arUpI haiM / ye donoM na to halke haiM aura na bhArI haiN| jaina paribhASA ke anusAra inheM aguru-laghu kahA hai / bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne vizva yA sRSTi ke nirmANa evaM vikAsa ke sambandha meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai, parantu jaina vicArakoM evaM dArzanikoM ke atirikta kisI bhI dArzanika evaM vicAraka ne jIva aura padArtha kI gati ( Motion ) aura sthiti ( Rest ) kA mAdhyama ( Medium) kyA hai ? isa sambandha meM vicAra nahIM kiyA / parantu jaina darzana ne jIva aura pudgala dravya kI gati meM sahAyaka dravya ko dharma aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya ko adharma kahA hai / inake abhAva meM loka na to kramabaddha raha sakatA hai, aura na usameM kisI taraha kI vyavasthA hI raha sakatI hai / dharma, adharma aura AkAza bhAratIya darzana meM AkAza ko hI gati aura sthiti kA kAraNa mAnA hai / jaba jIva aura pudgala AkAza meM gati karate haiM aura AkAza meM hI sthita hote haiM, taba unake lie dharma aura adharma - dravya kI kalpanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isake samAdhAna meM jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki AkAza kA guNa avakAza denA hai, gati evaM sthiti meM sahAyaka honA usakA guNa nahIM hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai, ki jIva aura pudgala svayaM gatizIla haiM, aura AkAza dravya

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22 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva itanA vyApaka hai, ki vaha loka aura aloka meM sarvatra vyApta hai| ataH yadi AkAza ko hI gati meM sahAyaka mAna liyA jAye, to karma-bandhana se mukta huA AtmA jaba Urdhva gati karegA, taba vaha loka kI sImA ko pAra karake aloka meM pahu~ca jaayegaa| isI prakAra aNa bhI gati karate samaya loka ko pAra kara jAyegA / kyoMki jIva aura paramANu meM svabhAvataH gati karane kI zakti to hai hI, yadi unake mArga meM kisI bhI taraha kI rukAvaTa na Aye, to ve loka se aloka meM bhI pahu~ca jaaeNge| aura jIva evaM pudgala jo gatizIla haiM, ve sadA gati hI karate raheMge, aura jo Thahare hue haiM, ve sadAsarvatra sthita hI raheMge / isa prakAra loka kI vyavasthA bhI bigar3a jAyegI, aura aloka ko vyavasthA bhI bigar3a jaayegii| aloka meM kevala zuddha AkAza (Pure space) hI hai, anya dravya nahIM hai| isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki AkAza meM gatizIla evaM sthitizIla dravyoM ko avakAza dene kI zakti to aloka meM bhI hai, parantu vahA~ jIva aura pudgala meM jo gati karane aura sthita hone kI zakti hai, usako kriyAnvita karane ke sAdhana athavA gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya kA aloka meM abhAva hai| aura ve dravya haiMdharma aura adharma / dharma aura adharma-ye do dravya aise haiM, ki jo loka aura alAka kI sImA ko aMkita karate haiN| vartamAna yuga ke mahAn vaijJAnika evaM vizruta gaNitajJa alabarTa AinsTIna ne loka aura aloka kI bheda-rekhA ko batAte hue likhA hai"loka parimita hai aura aloka aparimita / loka ke parimita hone ke kAraNa dravya athavA zakti loka ke bAhara nahIM jA sktii| loka (Universe) ke bAhara AkAza (Space) to hai, para usa zakti kA, dravya (Substance) kA abhAva hai, jo gati meM sahAyaka hotI hai|" Aja ke vaijJAnikoM ne gati (Motion) meM sahAyaka zakti athavA dravya ko AkAza se bhinna svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina-darzana use dharma-dravya kahatA hai aura vaijJAnika use Ithara (Ether) kahate haiM, parantu vaha AkAza se sarvathA bhinna hai, isameM donoM ekamata haiN| adharma-dravya aura gurutva-AkarSaNa __Iyara kI khoja ke bAda bhI vaijJAnikoM kI samasyA kA hala nahIM haA / unake sAmane yaha samasyA banI haI thI, ki padArtha kisa zakti se AkarSita hokara pRthvI kI ora Ate haiM aura graha, nakSatra evaM tAre Adi

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dharma aura adharma-dravya / 23 kisa AkarSaNa ke kAraNa sUrya ke cAroM ora ghUmate haiN| yaha AkarSaNa-zakti (Cemen try force) kyA hai ? isa anveSaNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo samAdhAna sAmane AyA hai, use vijJAna meM Theory of g avitaticn-gurutvaAkarSaNa kA siddhAnta kahA gayA hai| nyUTana ne Letters to Bentley pustaka meM isake sambandha meM likhA hai--"padArthoM ke lie gurutva-AkarSaNa Avazyaka evaM svAbhAvika yA antarvartI zakti hai / padArtha aura isa zakti kA kyA sambandha hai ? ise spaSTa karane ke lie mujhase mata pUcho / gurutva-AkarSaNa kA sahI kArya kyA-kyA hai, isako maiM jAnatA hU~-aisA kahane kA maiM sAhasa nahIM karUMgA / isa para cintana karane ke lie abhI paryApta samaya caahie| phira bhI itanA to kaha~gA, ki gurutva-AkarSaNa kucha sthira aura nizcala sAdhanoM kA mAdhyama hai, jo nizcita niyamoM se Abaddha haiN| ye sAdhana bhautika haiM, yA abhautika, yaha maiM pAThakoM ke vicAra-vimarza karane ke lie chor3a detA huuN|" nyUTana yaha nizcaya nahIM kara pAyA thA, ki yaha zakti bhautika hai yA abhautika / parantu padArthoM ke nIce girane, Thaharane evaM candra Adi kA pRthvI ke cAroM ora cakkara lagAne Adi meM gurutva-AkarSaNa ko vaha mAdhyama svIkAra karatA hai| nyUTana kA kahanA hai, ki AkarSaNa kI zakti ke kAraNa do padArthoM meM jo sIdhA parivartana hotA hai, vaha unake puja yA samUha para nirbhara hai| kabhI-kabhI padArthoM kA AkAra vahI rahatA hai, parantu dUrI ke kAraNa bhI unameM kucha antara AtA hai| usa yuga ke vaijJAnikoM kA yaha mAnanA thA, ki gurutva-AkarSaNa padArthoM ko apanI ora khIMcatA hai| nyUTana ke pahale grIka vicAraka AkarSaNa kA kAraNa paramANu ko mAnate the| grIka dArzanika DemokriTsa yaha mAnatA thA, ki apanI cakkara vAlI teja gati ke kAraNa paramANu hI paraspara eka-dUsare ko AkarSita karate haiM-"The atoms attract to one-another on account of their whirling motion." vaijJAnikoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai, ki isa vicAra se hama isa nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki brahmANDa kI sthiratA (Stability of macroscopic) kA kAraNa gurutva-AkarSaNa kI zakti hai| isa para vaijJAnikoM ne padArthoM meM hone vAlI sthiratA evaM pArasparika AkarSaNa ke lie thyorI Apha greviTezana ko svIkAra kiyaa| pahale ve use bhautika mAnate the, parantu bAda meM use non-material (abhautika) svIkAra kiyA hai / nyUTana use Active Force to mAnatA thA, parantu Active hone para bhI vaha

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24 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva use invisible agency adRzya yA AkAra rahita sAdhana mAnatA thaa| mahAn vaijJAnika AinsTIna ne gurutva-AkarSaNa ko AkAra rahita aura niSkriya (Inactive) mAdhyama mAnA hai| Invisible ke sAtha Inactive ko joDakara AinsTIna gurutva-AkarSaNa ke siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ko jaina-darzana dvArA mAnya adharma-dravya kI vyAkhyA ke nikaTa le Aye haiN| pro0 jI0 Ara0 jaina ke zabdoM meM "jaina-darzana dvArA adharma-dravya ke sambandha meM pratipAdita siddhAnta kI vijaya hai, ki vijJAna (Science) ne vizva kI sthiratA meM adRzya evaM niSkriya garutva-AkarSaNa (Gravitation) kI zakti kI upasthiti ko svIkAra kara liyA hai, athavA use sthiratA meM mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svayaM siddha pramANa mAna liyA hai| AinsTIna ke pUrva ke vaijJAnika garutva-AkarSaNa ke siddhAnta ko sakriya-sAdhana mAnate the| isa mAnyatA ko AinsTIna ne pUrNataH badala diyA hai, athavA use niSkriya sAdhana mAna liyA hai| aba garutva-AkarSaNa ko padArthoM ke sthira hone meM sahAyaka yA upakArI kAraNa athavA mAdhyama (Auxiliary Cause) mAna liyA gayA aura use niSkriya, adRzya evaM AkAra rahita maanaa| vartamAna meM vaijJAnikoM dvArA mAnya gurutva-AkarSaNa kI vyAkhyA prAyaH jaina-darzana dvArA svIkRta adharma-dravya se milatI hai|" isa prakAra hamane dekhA ki SaD-dravya meM do dravya aise haiM, jo loka aura aloka kI sImA ko vibhAjita karate haiN| isa loka meM, vizva meM, jahA~ taka dharma-dravya (Ether) aura adharma-dravya (Gravitation-force) haiM, vahIM taka vizva hai, loka hai aura vahIM taka jIva aura pudgala (Soul and Matter) kA astitva hai, aura vahIM taka kAla kA prabhAva par3atA hai, athavA yoM kahie, ki jahA~ taka dharma aura adharma dravya haiM, vahIM taka jIva, pudgala aura kAla-ye tInoM dravya haiM, aura utane hI bhAga ko loka-AkAza (Finite-space) kahate haiN| usake Age AkAza ke atirikta anya eka bhI dravya nahIM hai, kyoMki vahA~ dharma aura adharma-dravya-jo gati aura sthiratA meM mAdhyama hai, kA astitva nahIM hai| ataH vahA~ AkAza hI AkAza hai, aura vaha ananta hai| isako jaina-darzana meM aloka, aloka-AkAza athavA ananta-AkAza (Infinite-space) kahA hai| 1. Cosmology : Old and New. P. 36-44.

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dharma aura adharma-dravya | 25 dharma aura adharma-dravya ke guNa maiM Apako pahale batA cukA hU~, ki jIva aura pudgala meM svAbhAvika gati karane kI evaM Thaharane kI zakti hai parantu gati karate samaya evaM Thaharate samaya unako bAhya nimitta kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| dUsare dravya kI sahAyatA ke binA koI bhI padArtha na to gati kara sakatA hai aura na kahIM Thahara sakatA hai| isalie padArtha kI gati meM sahAyaka dravya ko dharma aura Thaharane meM sahAyaka dravya ko adharma kahA hai| yahA~ dharma aura adharma kA artha puNya aura pApa athavA prazasta aura aprazasta bhAva yA kArya nahIM, paranta do svatantra akhaNDa dravya haiM, jo kramazaH gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka hote haiM / dharma-zAstra evaM nIti-zAstra meM puNya evaM pApa ke lie ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, parantu yahA~ ina donoM kA eka zakti ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai / dharma-dravya na to svayaM gati-zIla hai aura na vaha dUsare padArthoM ko gati detA hai, tathA na gati karane kI preraNA detA hai| vaha svayaM niSkriya hai, rUpa rahita hai, eka hai, akhaNDa hai, aura lokavyApI hai| usakA guNa evaM svabhAva yaha hai, ki jaba jIva aura pudgala gati karate haiM, taba vaha usameM sahAyaka hotA hai| jaise machalI meM calane kI evaM tairane kI zakti svAbhAvika hai, parantu use apanI zakti ko kriyAnvita karane ke lie pAnI ke sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai| vaha pAnI meM hI cala sakatI hai, taira sakatI hai, Upara nIce A-jA sakatI hai, dA~ye-bA~ye jidhara cAhe udhara daur3a sakatI hai, parantu use pAnI se bAhara nikAla kara dharatI para hI nahIM, sphaTika ke pharza para bhI rakha diyA jAye, to vaha tar3apatI rahegI, para eka iMca bhI cala nahIM skegii| isI prakAra dharma-dravya ke abhAva meM na to jIva hI gati kara sakatA hai, aura na pudgala hA / aloka meM dharma-dravya kA abhAva hai, to vahA~ jIva evaM pudgala kA bhI abhAva hai| adharma-dravya jIva aura pudgala ke Thaharane meM nimitta kAraNa hai, sahAyaka-dravya hai / jaise yAtro yAtrA karate-karate thaka jAtA hai, dhUpa evaM garmI se parezAna ho jAtA hai, taba rAste para saghana chAyAdAra vRkSa ko dekhatA hai, aura usakI zItala chAyA meM baiTha jAtA hai| vRkSa na to yAtrI ko baiThane kA nimantraNa detA hai, aura na jabaradasto pakar3akara baiThAtA hI hai| yAtrI svayaM hI zItala chAyA ko dekhakara apano thakAna aura garmI ko dUra karane ke lie apanI yAtrA ko sthagita karake vRkSa ke nIce baiThane kA vicAra karatA hai,

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26 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva aura vaha turanta patha ko chor3akara vRkSa ke nIce Akara baiTha jAtA hai / usa samaya jaise vRkSa usake baiThane meM sahAyaka hotA hai, usI prakAra adharma-dravya jaba jIva aura pudgala calate-calate Thaharate haiM, taba vaha unake Thaharane meM sahAyaka (Helper) hotA hai| usake mAdhyama se jIva aura pudgala Thahara sakate haiN| __ isa prakAra dharma aura adharma-donoM dravya svayaM na to calane kI kriyA karate haiM aura na Thaharane kI, parantu calane aura Thaharane vAle dravyoM ke sahAyaka (Helper) banate haiN| jaba hama bolate haiM, taba hamAre zabda sampUrNa loka meM phaila jAte haiN| jaba zabda gati karate haiM, loka meM phailate haiM, taba dharma-dravya unake phailane meM (Help) sahAyatA karatA hai / dharma-dravya loka taka sImita hai, isalie zabda kI gati karane kI aparimita zakti hone para bhI vaha loka ke bAhara nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vahA~ usake phailane meM Helper (sahAyaka) dravya nahIM hai| ____ maiMne abhI Apa se kahA thA, ki sabhI dravya apane Apa meM svatantra haiM, aura eka hI AkAza ke pradezoM para rahate hue bhI eka-dUsare meM milate nahIM, aura na kabhI apane svabhAva evaM guNoM kA parityAga karate haiN| eka dravya to dUsare dravya meM pariNata nahIM hotA, parantu eka dravya ke ananta guNa haiM, aura eka-eka guNa kI ananta paryAyeM haiM, aura ananta guNoM kI ananta-ananta paryAyeM haiN| ve sabhI paryAyeM apane Apa meM svatantra haiM, eka dravya kI anantaananta paryAyeM bhI apane se bhinna paryAya meM nahIM miltii| itanA hone para bhI eka-dravya dUsare dravya kA sahAyaka hotA hai, aura usa para upakAra karatA hai| jIva kA svarUpa anya dravyoM se bhinna hai, aura vaha anya dravyoM se sarvathA bhinna hai| phira bhI vaha anya dravyoM kI sahAyatA kI apekSA rakhatA hai| AkAza meM vaha avakAza pAtA hai, dharma-dravya kI sahAyatA se vaha gati karatA hai, aura adharma-dravya ke kAraNa vaha sthita hotA hai / astu, nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se jIva athavA AtmA apane svarUpa meM hI avakAza pAtA hai, aura apane svabhAva meM hI gati karatA hai, ramaNa karatA hai, tathA apane svabhAva meM hI sthira hotA hai, vaha tInoM kAloM meM apane svabhAva meM banA rahatA hai / parantu, bAhara meM saMsArI AtmA hI nahIM, mukta AtmA bhI jisa sthAna para sthita hai, vahA~ AkAza-pradezoM ko gheratA hI hai, mukta hote samaya loka ke agrabhAga taka gati karake pahu~catA hai, aura usa samaya

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dharma aura adharma-dravya | 27 dharma-dravya sahAyaka hotA hai, aura vahA~ pahu~ca kara sthita hotA hai, usa gati meM adharma-dravya sahAyaka banatA hai, aura pudgaloM se mukta hokara sadA-sarvadA ke lie apane svarUpa meM sthira hotA hai-isa meM pudgala evaM kAla kA sahayoga apekSita hai| nizcaya-dRSTi se yaha satya hai, ki muktaAtmA meM kevala jIva dravya hI hai, parantu jisa loka-AkAza ke agrabhAga para ve sthita haiM, vahA~ SaDdravyoM kA astitva hai hii| isalie SaD-dravya ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhe binA, vyakti apane svarUpa ko nahIM samajha sakatA hai, aura apane svarUpa arthAt jIva-dravya ko samajhe binA SaD-dravyoM kA parijJAna nahIM kara sktaa| isalie AcArAMga sUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-jo eka ko jAnatA hai, vaha sabako jAnatA hai aura jo sabako jAnatA hai, vaha eka ko jAnatA hai "je egaM jANai, se savvaM jANai / je savvaM jANai, se egaM jANai // "

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AkAza-dravya 'sva' kI trikAlavartI sattA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai, ki jo vyakti eka ko pUrNa rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha vizva ke samasta dravyoM evaM padArthoM ko jAnatA hai / pratyeka dravya ke ananta guNa haiM, aura pratyeka guNa ke ananta paryAya haiM / ataH kisI eka dravya ko pUrNa rUpa se jAnane vAlA vyakti sabhI dravyoM ko aura unake samasta paryAyoM ko jAna letA hai / jaise 'maiM haiM' isa vAkya meM 'maiM' aura 'haiM ye do zabda haiM / 'maiM' AtmA kA bodhaka hai, aura 'hU~' kriyA-pada hai| isakA artha yaha hai, ki merA astitva hai, merI sattA hai / 'maiM hU~' isa vAkya se sAdhaka ko sva-astitva kA spaSTa bodha hotA hai| isase yaha anubhava hotA hai, ki maiM atItakAla (bhUtakAla) meM thA, vartamAna meM haiM aura anAgata (bhaviSyakAla) meM rhuuNgaa| isase sarvaprathama apanI sattA meM vizvAsa hotA hai, zraddhA dRr3ha hotI hai| isake bAda apanI sattA kA bodha yA parijJAna hotA hai| aba yaha prazna uThatA hai, ki 'maiM hU~' isase sattA kA bodha to hotA hai, para maiM hU~ kahA~ ? maiM bAhara meM hU~, yA andara meM sthita hU~ ? bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA, ki jaba tuma bAhya-padArthoM meM pariNamana karate ho, taba tuma bAhara meM aura jaba apane svarUpa meM pariNamana karate ho, taba antara meM athavA apane-Apa meM sthita rahate ho| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki tuma kisI eka sthAna para sthita ho / parantu yahA~ bhI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM huaa| yahA~ prazna khar3A huA, ki jahA~ hU~ vahA~ sthita hU~, yA Age pIche haTatA hU~ ? isake uttara meM kahA, ki tuma sthita bhI ho aura gatizIla bhii| tuma na to sadA-sarvadA gatizIla rahate ho, aura na pratikSaNa sthita hI rahate ho| isase yaha spaSTa huA, ki 'maiM' kI sattA tInoM kAloM meM hai| ananta bhUtakAla meM koI bhI kSaNa aisA nahIM ( 28 )

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AkAza-dravya | 26 rahA, jisameM 'maiM' kI sattA na rahI ho, vartamAna meM to sattA hai hI, aura ananta bhaviSya meM bhI koI kSaNa aisA nahIM hogA, jisameM 'maiM' kI sattA na rhegii| isa prakAra 'sva' kA athavA AtmA kA astitva yA AtmA kI sattA trikAlavartI hai| jo eka ko jAnatA hai, vaha sabako jAnatA hai Atma-dravya ke parijJAna meM sabhI dravyoM kA parijJAna ho jAtA hai / AtmA kA astitva trikAlavartI hai, isase jIva-dravya (Soul) siddha hotA hai| pratyeka dravya AkAza meM hI rahatA hai| padArthoM ko sthAna denA AkAza-dravya (space) kA kAma hai| maiM gatizIla haiM, isase gati meM sahAyaka dharma-dravya (medium of motion for soul and matter) kA jJAna hotA hai; aura maiM sthira bhI hotA hU~, isa kriyA se sthita hone meM sahAyaka adharma-dravya (medium of rest for soul and matter) kA jJAna hotA hai / maiM tIna kAla meM rahatA haiM, isa vAkya se kAla-dravya (time) kA bodha hotA hai| aba raha jAtA hai, pudgala-dravya (matter and energy) / parantu hama dekhate haiM, ki hamAre zarIra meM pratikSaNa parivartana hotA hai, eka bhava ke bAda dUsare bhava meM-jaba taka hama saMsAra meM rahate haiM, parivartana hotA rahatA hai| isakA kAraNa kyA hai ? yaha parivartana kyoM hotA hai ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai, ki pudgala ke sAtha sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI yaha parivartana hotA hai / AtmA vibhAva meM pariNata rahane ke kAraNa hI karmoM se Abaddha hokara saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatI hai / isase pudgala-dravya kA bodha hotA hai / isa prakAra jaba hama jIva-dravya evaM usake guNoM tathA paryAyoM ko jAnane kA prayatna karate haiM, taba SaD-dravyoM kA sahaja hI bodha ho jAtA hai| ataH eka ko sampUrNa rUpa se jAna lene para sabakA jJAna ho jAtA hai, phira kucha bhI jAnanA zeSa nahIM rhtaa| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki yaha loka hI SaD-dravyamaya nahIM hai, pratyuta hamAre meM bhI SaD-dravya haiM, aura sampUrNa loka-AkAza meM parivyApta hai / loka-AkAza kA eka bhI aisA pradeza nahIM hai, jahA~ dravya kA sadbhAva na ho| AkAza-dravya asIma hai chaha dravyoM meM sabase adhika vyApaka, vizAla, virAT aura saba dravyoM kA AdhArabhUta dravya AkAza hai / aMgrejI meM ise sp::ce kahate haiN| bhAratIya

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30 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva dArzanikoM ne paMca mahAbhUta mAne haiN| unameM se AkAza eka mahAbhUta hai| AkAza ke atirikta anya dravya loka-vyApI haiM, loka ke bAhara inakA astitva nahIM hai / ekamAtra AkAza dravya hI loka aura aloka sarvatra vyApta hai / ataH vaha ananta hai / loka aura aloka kyA hai ? jahA~ loka kA, vizva kA anta hotA hai, Urdhva-loka meM jahA~ loka ke agrabhAga meM siddhajIva sthita haiM, usake Age aloka hai| samasta karmoM se mukta svarUpa meM evaM svabhAva sthita siddhajIva loka aura aloka ke madhya meM sthita haiM / loka aura aloka kI sImA-nidarzaka do dravya haiM- 1. dharma aura 2. adharma / jIva aura pudgala donoM dravya gatizIla haiN| parantu unakI gati aura sthiti vahIM hotI hai, jahA~ gati meM sahAyaka dharma (medium of motion) aura sthiti meM sahAyaka adharma (medium of rest) dravya kA sadbhAva hai| ye donoM dravya loka-vyApI haiM, aloka meM inakA astitva nahIM hai| isalie jIva aura pudgala bhI loka ke Age aloka meM gati nahIM kara sakate / karmoM se mukta AtmA meM Urdhvagati karane kI kSamatA hone para bhI lokAkAza ke Age dharma aura adharma dravya kA abhAva hone se siddhajIva loka ke agrabhAga meM pahu~cakara sthita ho jAte haiN| jIva evaM padgala loka meM hI sthita haiN| ataH una padArthoM para vartanevAlA kAla bhI loka meM hI vyApta hai| isa prakAra jahA~ taka dharma aura adharma dravya haiM, vahIM taka loka hai, aura vahIM taka anya dravyoM kA astitva hai| usake Age aloka hai, aura vahA~ mAtra AkAza dravya hI hai| vahA~ AkAza kI koI sImA evaM maryAdA bhI nahIM hai| ataH aloka kI apekSA AkAza ananta hai, usakA anta nahIM hai| isalie kahA gayA hai, ki AkAza-dravya anya dravyoM se adhika vyApaka aura vizAla hai| AkAza kA svarUpa AkAza kA lakSaNa avakAza denA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai, jo sabhI dravyoM ko yugapat avakAza detA hai, sthAna detA hai, vaha AkAzadravya hai / jo samasta dravyoM kA AdhArabhUta bhAjana (pAtra-vizeSa) hai aura sabako apane meM samAhita kara letA hai, vaha AkAza hai / ' AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM aura AcArya kundakunda ne paJcAstikAyasAra meM AkAza 1. (a) bhAyaNaM savva-davvANaM nahaM ogAhalakkhaNaM / (A) avagAhaNA lakkhaNe NaM AgAsa tthikaae| - uttarAdhyayana, 28.6 -bhagavatIsUtra 13.4.481

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AkAza-dravya | 31 kI yahI vyAkhyA kI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, ki avakAza denA AkAza kA guNa hai-aakaashsyaavgaahH| isa prakAra dharma, adharma, kAla, jIva aura pudgala-ina pA~coM dravyoM ko avakAza evaM sthAna dene vAlA dravya AkAza hai / loka meM koI sthAna aisA nahIM hai, jahA~ AkAza na ho / lokavyavahAra meM aisA kahA jAtA hai-jo Upara nIle raMga kA AsamAna dikhAI detA hai, vaha AkAza hai| parantu yathArtha meM AkAza Upara hI nahIM hai, apitu sarvatra hai / yaha eka akhaNDa dravya hai, amUrta hai, varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita hai, aura lokAlokavyApI hai| yadi sarvatra AkAza na ho, to vyakti ko bhI aura padArthoM ko bhI rahane-Thaharane ke lie tathA gati karane ke lie sthAna hI nahIM milegaa| Upara jo nIlA raMga dikhAI detA hai, vaha pudgaloM kA hai, AkAza kA nhiiN| isase spaSTa hai, ki AkAza sarvatra vyApta hai, aura isakA astitva trikAlavartI hai| yahA~ eka prazna uThatA hai, ki loka-AkAza asaMkhyAta pradeza-yukta hai ? jIva dravya ananta hai, pUdgala bhI ananta hai, phira asaMkhyAta pradezoM para ananta jIva aura ananta-paramANu kaise samA sakate haiM ? AkAza kA svabhAva hai, ki vaha sabako apane meM samAhita kara letA hai| jaise, eka gilAsa pAnI se bharA hai, usameM pAnI kI eka bUMda bhI nahIM A sktii| usI meM dasa-pA~ca batAse DAla deM, to usameM samA jAte haiM, pAnI ke paramANa batAsoM ke para. mANuoM ko apane meM samAhita kara lete haiM, unheM alaga se sthAna gherane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / isake lie eka rUpaka aura bhI diyA jAtA hai, ki eka kamare meM eka balba kA baTana dabAte (switch on karate) hI kamare kA eka-eka pradeza prakAza se paripUrNa ho jAtA hai, jarA bhI sthAna prakAza se khAlI nahIM rhtaa| usI kamare (room) meM dUsare-tIsare yA dasa-bIsa jitane bhI balba haiM, unakA baTana dabAte hI unakA prakAza bhI usa kamare meM phailatA hai| jina AkAza-pradezoM para prathama balba ke prakAza-paramANa phaile hue haiM, unhIM pradezoM para anya balboM ke prakAza-paramANu samA jAte haiM, na to ve alaga sthAna ko gherate haiM, aura na prathama balba ke prakAza ke paramANuoM ko vyAghAta pahu~cAte haiN| isI prakAra eka dravya dUsare dravya ko binA vyAghAta pahu~cAye unhIM AkAza-pradezoM para rahate haiM / abhiprAya yaha hai, ki eka pradeza para eka paramANu rahatA hai, usI para asaMkhya evaM ananta pradezI skandha bhI raha sakatA hai / isalie asaMkhyAta pradezI loka-AkAza meM ananta jIva-dravya aura ananta paramANu samAhita ho jAte haiN| koI bhI aisA dravya

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32 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva nahIM hai, aisA padArtha nahIM hai, jise AkAza avakAza evaM sthAna na detA ho / isa prakAra AkAza eka hai, akhaNDa hai. pariNAmI nitya hai, varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita hai, amUrta hai, ananta hai - loka meM asaMkhyAta - pradezI hai aura loka ke bAhara athavA aloka meM ananta pradezI hai, evaM lokAlokavyApI hai / loka ke bAhara aloka meM kevala eka hI dravya hai- AkAza / vahA~ zuddha AkAza ke atirikta anya kucha bhI nahIM hai / AkAza aura dizA vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra AkAza kI taraha dizA bhI svatantra dravya hai / parantu dizA kI svatantra sattA na hone se vaha svatantra dravya nahIM hai / sUryodaya evaM sUryAstako AdhAra mAnakara usakI apekSA se loka AkAza meM hI pUrva-pazcima uttara - dakSiNa evaM Urdhva - adho dizA tathA vidizA kI dhAraNA pracalita hai / ataH dizA AkAza dravya ke antargata A hI jAtI hai / dizA kA vyavahAra AkAza dravya ke eka bhAga ke lie hI kiyA jAtA hai, isalie jaina darzana dizA ko svatantra dravya nahIM maantaa| AkAza ke pradezoM kI paMktiyA~ vastra ke tantuoM kI taraha kramabaddha saba ora phailI huI haiM / eka paramANu jitane AkAza ko gheratA hai, vaha eka pradeza kahalAtA hai / isI nApa ke anusAra loka - AkAza ke asaMkhyAta aura aloka - AkAza ke anantapradeza haiM / yadi pUrva-pazcima Adi vyavahAra ke AdhAra para dizA ko svatantra dravya mAneM, to phira pUrva deza, pazcima- deza, uttara-deza Adi kA vyavahAra bhI karanA hogA / isa AdhAra se deza - dravya, prAnta dravya, rASTra-dravya Adi aneka dravyoM kI kalpanA karanI hogI / isalie spaSTa hai, ki dizA svatantra dravya nahIM hai, vaha AkAza ke antargata hI hai / AkAza kA guNa jaina darzana ke anusAra AkAza kA guNa avakAza denA, sthAna denA hai / parantu vaizeSika darzana zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnatA hai / jaina-darzana isa mAnyatA se sahamata nahIM hai / kyoMki zabda bhASAvargaNA ke pudgaloM kA banA huA skandha hai, aura paudgalika hone ke kAraNa vaha mUrta hai / usakI mUrtatA kA pramANa yaha hai, ki vaha zrotra - indriya dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / indriyA~ mUrta haiM, aura ve mUrta padArthoM ko hI grahaNa karatI haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai, ki TrAnsamITara, TeparikArDara, grAmophona, mAika, reDiyo Adi sAdhanoM ke dvArA unheM jahA~ cAheM vahA~ sunA jA sakatA hai /

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AkAza dravya | 33 . jaina-darzana isa vicAra ko svIkAra karatA hai, ki bolane ke bAda zabda (bhASAvargaNA ke pudagala) sampUrNa loka-AkAza meM phaila jAte haiN| isa bhUmaNDala para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sarvajJa avasthA meM tIsa varSa taka upadeza kiyaa| tathAgata buddha ne bhI varSoM taka apane vicAroM kA pracAra evaM prasAra kiyaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI ko to hamameM se aneka vyaktiyoM ne sUnA hI hai| hama sabhI bola rahe haiM / yaha dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai, ki zabda bolate hI naSTa nahIM ho jAte haiM, sarvatra phaila jAte haiN| parantu jahA~-jahA~ unako pakar3ane ke sAdhana hote haiM, vahA~ hama unheM pakar3a kara suna sakate haiM / eka vyakti amerikA meM reDiyo sTezana para bolatA hai, aura reDiyo ke mAdhyama se hama yahA~ baiThe-baiThe usake zabda suna sakate haiM / yadi hama cAheM, to TeparekArDara meM zabdoM ko rikArDa karake rakha sakate haiM, aura jaba aura jitanI bAra cAheM sUna sakate haiM / zabda kI taraha AkAza mUrta nahIM hai| usameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza bhI nahIM hai / ataH amUrta AkAza kA guNa amUrta hI ho sakatA hai, mUrta nahIM / zabda mUrta hai, ataH vaha AkAza kA guNa nahIM ho sakatA / dhvani AkAza meM phailatI hai, kyoMki use cAroM ora phailane ke lie avakAza evaM sthAna AkAza hI de sakatA hai / parantu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai, ki AkAza meM phailane ke kAraNa zabda ko usakA guNa mAnA jAye / yadi isI AdhAra para use AkAza kA gaNa mAnA jAye, to sabhI dravya AkAza meM rahate haiM, AkAza meM hI sthAna pAte haiM, phira sabhI dravya athavA padArtha AkAza ke guNa hone caahie| parantu aisA nahIM hotA, isalie zabda AkAza kA guNa nahIM hai| mUrta aura amUrta samasta dravyoM ko yugapat avakAza denA hI AkAza kA guNa hai| jaba do padArthoM meM TakarAhaTa hotI hai, taba dhvani nikalatI hai, aura jaba vaha dhvani guphA, pahAr3a yA gahare kue~ Adi sthAnoM para dIvAroM se TakarAtI hai, taba usameM se pratidhvani AtI hai / yaha TakarAhaTa pudgaloM meM hI sambhava hai, kyoMki ve rUpI haiM, mUrta haiM / isalie ve eka-dUsare ke avarodhaka banate haiM, aura eka-dUsare se avaruddha bhI hote haiN| anya jo dravya arUpI haiM, tathA amUrta haiM, ve na kisI ko rokate haiM, aura na anya se avaruddha hote haiM / ataH dhvani aura pratidhvani ke siddhAnta se yaha spaSTa hotA hai, ki jisa rUpa meM hamAre zabda dhvanita hote haiM, ThIka usI rUpa meM ve pratidhvanita hote haiN| eka samaya kI bAta hai, ki eka RSi ke Azrama meM eka rAjakumAra par3hane AyA / rAjakumAra svabhAva se vinamra thA / adhyayana ke samaya ekAgra

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34 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva citta se adhyayana karatA, khelane ke samaya khelatA, aura sevA ke samaya guru kI sevA-zuzrUSA bhI krtaa| eka dina vaha ghUmane nikalA aura TahalatATahalatA eka pahAr3a kI coTI para pahuMca gyaa| pahAr3a para car3hane ke bAda vahA~ use koI bhI vyakti najara nahIM aayaa| cAroM ora jaMgala hI jaMgala dikhAI par3a rahA thaa| vahA~ kA vAtAvaraNa use bhayAvaha-sA lagane lgaa| usane socA, ki yadi vahA~ koI bhUta A gayA, to kyA hogA? usake muMha se jora kI AvAja nikalI, ki bhUta hai| usI taraha kI DarAvanI pratidhvani use sunAI dI, ki bhUta hai| rAjakumAra ne usake uttara meM kahA-maiM tumako pakar3a lU~gA, to use turanta pratyuttara milA, ki maiM tumako pakar3a luuNgaa| aba to rAjakumAra ghabar3A gayA, usane socA ki bhUta usase tAkatavara hai, aura vaha use avazya pakar3a legaa| usane bhAgane kA vicAra kiyA, aura bhAgatebhAgate kahA-maiM tumheM maaruuNgaa| aba to rAjakumAra kA bhaya bahuta bar3ha gayA, aura vaha daur3atA-daur3atA ghabarAI hAlata meM Azrama phuNcaa| usakI isa dazA ko dekhakara guru ne kAraNa jAnanA cAhA / kucha zAnta hone ke bAda dhIre-dhIre bAtoM hI bAtoM meM guru ko jJAta ho gayA, ki pahAr3a para apanI hI pratidhvani sunakara vaha bhayabhIta ho gayA hai| dUsare dina guru rAjakumAra evaM anya kucha ziSyoM ko lekara usI pahAr3a para phuNce| guru ne rAjakUmAra se kahA, ki tuma kaho, ki 'yahA~ deva rahate haiN|' rAjakumAra ne jyoM ho yaha dhvani kI, to use pratidhvani meM yahI sunAI diyaa| phira guru ke kahe anusAra usane kahA-'tuma mere mitra ho, Ao hama prema kareM aura mila-julakara prema se rheN|' yahI pratidhvani sunakara rAjakumAra ko Azcarya huaa| usane kahA 'gurudeva, ApakI kRpA se bhUta yahA~ se bhAga gayA, aura aba vaha deva ke rUpa meM merA mitra ho gyaa|' guru ne kahA- 'vatsa ! bAta yaha hai, ki tuma isa saMsAra meM jaisI bhASA kA prayoga karate ho, jaisA vyavahAra karate ho, vaisA hI upahAra tumheM milatA hai / jaisI tumhArI dhvani hogI, pratidhvani bhI vaisI ho milegii| yadi tuma bhI dUsaroM se, apane sAthiyoM se sneha, sadbhAva evaM mitratA cAhate ho, to tumhArI dhvani usI rUpa meM dhvanita honI cAhie, aura vyavahAra bhI tadrUpa honA caahie| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki dhvanipratidhvani AkAza kA nahIM, pudgala kA guNa hai| loka ke bAhara AkAza to hai, para vahA~ zabda kA abhAva hai| yadi zabda AkAza kA guNa hai, to vaha vahA~ bhI honA cAhie / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki mUrta zabda amUrta AkAza meM rahatA hai, phailatA bhI hai, sthAna bhI pAtA hai, parantu vaha usakA guNa nahIM hai / vaha to mUrta pudgala kA hI guNa hai /

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AkAza dravya | 35 sAMkhya aura vedAnta-darzana meM AkAza vedAnta aura sAMkhya darzanoM ke anusAra bhI AkAza dravya hai / vaidika vicArakoM dvArA sarvazakti-sampanna Izvara ko svIkAra kara lene ke kAraNa unheM anya dravya kI kalpanA karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhii| phira bhI vedAnta aura sAMkhya ne AkAza dravya svIkAra kiyA hai| parantu usakI svarUpaviSayaka mAnyatA jaina-darzana se bhinna hai| vedAntasAra meM kahA gayA hai-brahma hI satya hai| usake atirikta anya koI bhI padArtha sat nahIM hai| isalie vedAnta-darzana AkAza ko svatantra dravya nahIM, pratyuta brahma kA vivarta mAnatA hai, aura sAMkhya-darzana use prakRti kA vikAra mAnatA hai / vedAntadarzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra sat eka hai-brhm| usake atirikta jo kucha bhAsita hotA hai, vaha bhrama evaM avidyA ke kAraNa hotA hai, aura vaha saba brahma kA vivarta hai| sAMkhya-darzana ke anusAra vizva meM mUlatattva do haiMprakRti aura puruSa / prakRti eka hai, aura yaha sampUrNa sRSTi usakA vikAra hai parantu yaha mAnyatA yuktiyukta nahIM hai / prakRti jar3a hai, mUrta hai, aura AkAza amUrta hai / amUrta evaM svatantra dravya hone ke kAraNa vaha mUrta dravya kA vikAra ho hI nahIM sktaa| yadi use prakRti kA vikAra mAna leM, to vaha na to svatantra dravya hI rahegA aura na amUrta dravya / isI prakAra brahma kA vivarta mAnane para bhI usakA astitva nahIM rhegaa| parantu usakI svatantra sattA spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| A~khoM se dikhAI nahIM dene para bhI usakA anubhava hameM pratikSaNa hotA hai, aura usakA AdhAra pAkara hI hama isa vizva meM raha rahe haiN| isalie AkAza na to brahma kA vivarta hai, aura na prakRti kA vikAra, vaha eka svatantra dravya hai| bauddha-darzana meM AkAza bauddha darzana AkAza ko asaMskRta mAnatA hai, aura use anAvRta arthAt AvaraNarUpa mAnatA hai / 1 asaMskRta kA artha hai-jisameM utpAda-vyaya Adi na hote hoN| bauddha-darzana, jo ki samasta padArthoM ko kSaNika mAnatA hai, AkAza ko utpAda-vyaya se rahita mAne, yaha samajha meM nahIM aataa| abhidharmakoza meM bhale hI AkAza kA varNana anAvata ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA 1. abhidharmakoza /

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36 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva ho, parantu vaizeSikoM ne use bhAvAtmaka padArtha hI mAnA hai / koI bhI bhAvAtmaka padArtha bauddha-darzana ke anusAra utpAdAdi se zUnya kaise ho sakatA hai ? yaha to ho sakatA hai, ki usameM hone vAle utpAdAdi ko hama dekha na sakeM, parantu AkAza ke svarUpabhUta utpAdAdi se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| iptI prakAra AkAza AvaraNarUpa bhI nahIM hai / na vaha kisI bhI padArtha ko AvRta karatA hai. aura na anya kisI dravya yA padArtha ke dvArA AvRta hotA hai| vAstava meM AkAza eka bhAvAtmaka dravya hai| utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hai, aura artha-kriyAkArI saMskRta drabya hai| AkAza ananta hai vijJAna ke anusAra spesa eka zuddha dravya hai| usameM na to varNa hai, na gandha hai, na rasa hai aura na sparza hai| jaina darzana ne AkAza ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-loka-AkAza aura aloka-AkAza / loka-AkAza sImita hai, sAnta hai, aura aloka-AkAza asIma evaM ananta hai / gaNitavijJAna meM niSNAta eca. vArDa bhI isa vicAra ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM-- sampUrNa padArtha sampUrNa AkAza kI eka sImA meM rahate haiM, isalie vizva sAnta hai / isase yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki jisa sImA meM padArtha rahate haiM, usake Age AkAza nahIM hai| lekina yaha sampUrNa AkAza isa prakAra ghumAvadAra (karDa) hai, ki prakAza kI eka kiraNa AkAza kI eka sIdhI rekhA meM lambe samaya taka yAtrA karane ke bAda punaH apane bindu para A jAegI / gaNitajJoM kA anumAna hai ki prakAza kI eka kiraNa ko AkAza ke isa cakkara ko pUrA karane meM daza Triliyana varSa se kama nahIM lgte| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai, ki AkAza sasIma hai, sAnta hai| isI pustaka meM vArDa ne Age likhA hai, ki yaha pUrNataH akathanIya, acintanIya inconceivable hai, ki koI bhI khagola vidyA meM nipUNa vyakti AkAza kI sImA boundary of space ko lAMghakara kUda sake aura dekha sake, ki vahA~ AkAza nahIM hai| isalie gaNitajJa yaha nizcaya nahIM kara pAe ki AkAza sAnta hai, yA ananta / H. ward kA kahanA hai, ki jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki space is finite to isakA yaha artha nahIM hai, ki isa vizva meM jisa sImita AkAza kA hama anubhava karate haiM, usake Age vaha 1 Exploring the Universe, by H. Ward, p. 16.

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AkAza dravya | 37 hai hI nahIM / hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM, ki vizva ko jo sImA hameM jJAta hai, usake Age AkAza kA jo bhAga hai, vaha ajJAta hai / / isa sambandha meM AinsTIna ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane vAle mahAna vaijJAnika pro0 eDiMgaTana ne apanI pustaka the Nature of the Physical World ke pRSTha 80 para likhA hai, ki maiM socatA hai, ki vicAraka do praznoM ke sAtha AkAza ke sambandha meM kalpanA karate haiM-~-is there an end to space ? kyA AkAza kA eka anta hai ? if space comes to an end, what is beyond the end ? yadi AkAza kA eka anta hai, to kyA vaha anta sImA meM Abaddha hai ? isa sambandha meM vaijJAnikoM kI eka mAnyatA yaha hai, ki- there is no cnd, but space beyond space for ever AkAza kA koI anta nahIM hai, AkAza sadA AkAza kI sImA meM Abaddha hai| sApekSavAda-siddhAnta ke pUrva yaha mAnyatA thI, ki AkAza ananta hai / lekina koI bhI vyakti ananta AkAza ko prApta nahIM kara paataa| isa bhautika jagata meM hamArA sambandha sImita AkAza se hI hotA hai, ananta se nahIM / isa sambandha meM AinsTIna kA siddhAnta yaha hai ki--is space infinite or does it come to an end ? kyA AkAza ananta hai, yA kyA yaha anta ko prApta hotA hai ? isakA uttara usane jaina-darzana kI taraha sApekSa dRSTi se diyA hai / usane kahA, ki vaha na ekAnta rUpa se ananta hai, aura na sAnta hai| AkAza sasIma hai, lekina usakA koI anta bhI nahIM hai| AkAza sasIma hai, lekina sImA se Abaddha nahIM hai| vijJAna kA yaha siddhAnta jainadarzana dvArA mAnya loka-AkAza aura aloka-AkAza ke nikaTa hai| kyoMki loka-AkAza eka sImA meM Abaddha hai, usakA anta bhI hai, parantu alokaAkAza kI koI sImA nahIM hai-vaha anta rahita hai, ananta hai| isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ki vizva meM, loka meM, vyApta sabhI dravyoM meM AkAza dravya sabase adhika virATa, vistRta aura vyApaka hai / vaha vizva meM to sarvatra hai hI, para usake bAhara-jise jainadarzana aloka kahatA hai, zuddha AkAza hI hai / yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai, ki jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA hai, ki AkAza kA guNa avakAza denA hai| parantu loka ke bAhara jaba anya koI dravya hai hI nahIM, taba vahA~ usakA vaha 1 Exploring the Universe by H. Ward, p. 266.

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38 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva guNa kyoM nahIM rahatA ? guNa guNI meM sarvatra rahatA hai, parantu aloka meM AkAza dravya jo guNI hai, apane avakAza dene ke guNa se rahita kaise rahegA ? aisI bAta nahIM hai / guNa, guNI meM sadA kAla aura sarvatra rahatA hai / dravya kabhI bhI guNa evaM paryAya se rahita nahIM hotA / aloka meM sthita AkAza bhI apane avakAza dene ke guNa se yukta hai / avakAza denA usakA guNa yA svabhAva hai / yaha bAta alaga hai, ki aloka meM avakAza yA sthAna lene vAlA koI padArtha athavA dravya upasthita na ho| parantu vaha sadA avakAza dene kI yogyatA evaM kSamatA se yukta hai / avakAza denA usakA apanA svabhAva hai / AkAza utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hai / kyoMki vaha eka dravya hai / dravya sat hotA hai, aura sat vaha hai, jo utpAda vyaya aura dhrauvya svabhAva vAlA hai / AkAza dravya rUpa se nitya hai, parantu paryAya rUpa se sadA parivartita hotA rahatA hai / amUrta dravya hone ke kAraNa usake guNa evaM paryAya bhI amUrta haiM, isalie usameM hone vAlA pariNamana yA parivartana ina A~khoM se bhale hI dikhAI na de, para hotA avazya hai / AkAza saba dravyoM ko avakAza detA hai, saba dravya AkAza meM hI sthita haiM, phira bhI vaha apane svarUpa evaM apane svabhAva kA kabhI bhI parityAga nahIM karatA / sabake sAtha rahate hue bhI usakA apanA astitva svatantra hai, aura usakA pariNamana apanI hI paryAyoM meM hotA hai / dravya kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai, ki vaha apane svarUpa meM hI rahatA hai, 'para' rUpa meM kadApi parivartita nahIM hotA, na kabhI huA hai, aura na kabhI hogA / C

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kAla-dravya SaD-dravya meM kAla jaina-Agama-sAhitya meM loka ko SaD-dravyAtmaka kahA hai| SaDdravya-dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, jIva aura pudgala, meM sampUrNa loka meM sthita samasta padArtha samAviSTa ho jAte haiM / duniyA meM, vizva meM aisA eka bhI padArtha zeSa nahIM rahatA, jo SaD-dravya se bAhara rahatA ho| SaD-dravyoM meM se kAla ke atirikta pA~ca dravyoM ke lie AgamoM meM paMcAstikAya zabda kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra meM aura AcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAyasAra meM ukta pA~ca dravyoM ko astikAya kahA hai / anya AcAryoM ne bhI inake lie astikAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| astikAya kA artha hai-pradezoM kA samUha / pA~ca dravyoM meM dharma, adharma aura jIva asaMkhyAta pradezoM se yukta dravya haiN| AkAza ananta pradezoM se yukta hai| kyoMki aloka meM jo AkAza hai, vaha ananta pradezI hai aura loka meM sthita AkAza asaMkhyAta pradezI hai| isalie AkAza ko sAnta bhI kahA hai aura ananta bhii| pudgaloM ke skandhoM kA AkAra eka jaisA nahIM hai, unake vibhinna prakAra haiN| isalie unameM pradezoM kI saMkhyA bhI eka-sI nahIM hai| parantu ina pA~ca dravyoM kI taraha kAla dravya bhI svatantra hai, parantu vaha pradezoM ke samUha rUpa nahIM hai| anya dravyoM kI taraha kAla bhI sampUrNa loka meM vyApta hai aura loka ke eka-eka AkAza pradeza para eka-eka kAlANu rahe hue haiM / ye kAlANu adRzya (Invisible) haiM, AkAra rahita haiM aura niSkriya (Inactive) haiN| AgamoM meM evaM dravyasaMgraha tathA tattvArthasAra Adi granthoM meM eka upamA dekara batAyA hai ki kAlANu ratnoM kI rAzi kI taraha pratyeka AkAza pradeza para rahe hue haiM, aura saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ve asaMkhya (Count ( 36 )

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40 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva less in nun ber) haiM / ratnoM kI rAzi kI taraha kI upamA kevala samajhAne ke lie evaM yaha batAne ke lie dI hai ki jisa prakAra ratna paraspara ekadUsare meM nahIM milate, usI prakAra kAlANu bhI eka-dUsare meM nahIM milate haiM / parantu ratnoM kI taraha na to unakA AkAra hI hotA hai, aura na unameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza hI hotA hai / varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza - una padArthoM meM hotA hai, jo mUrta haiM, AkAra-prakAra se yukta haiM / isa prakAra kAla, pradezoM ke samUha se rahita hai / ataH use astikAya nahIM kahA hai| AgamoM meM kAla kI paribhASA jaina darzana meM dravya ko sat kahA hai aura sat vaha hai- jo utpanna hotA hai, naSTa hotA hai aura sadA sthita bhI rahatA hai / utpAda, vyaya evaM dhIvya tInoM eka hI samaya meM hote haiM / isa prakAra loka meM sthita sabhI dravyoM ke utpAdAdi rUpa pariNamana meM athavA unake paryAyAntara hone meM jo dravya sahAyaka hotA hai, use 'kAla- dravya' kahate haiM / yaha svayaM apanI paryAyoM meM pariNamana karate hue, anya dravyoM ke parivartana yA pariNamana meM tathA una dravyoM meM hone vAle utpAda, vyaya aura sthAyitva meM sahAyaka hotA hai, nimitta banatA hai, mAdhyama ( Medium) banatA hai aura vizva meM saikenDa, miniTa, ghaNTA, dina-rAta, saptAha, mahinA, varSa, yuga, zatAbdI Adi vyavahAra rUpa kAla meM nimitta banatA hai / yaha dharma-adharma dravyoM kI taraha lokavyApI eka akhaNDa dravya nahIM hai / kyoMki samaya-bheda kI apekSA se ise pratyeka AkAza pradeza para eka kAlANu ke rUpa meM aneka mAne binA kAla kA vyavahAra ho nahIM sakatA / kyoMki bhArata aura amarIkA meM dina-rAta evaM tArIkha Adi kA alaga-alaga vyavahAra una una sthAnoM ke kAla-bheda ke kAraNa hI hotA hai / yadi kAla eka akhaNDa dravya hotA, to sarvatra sadA ekasahI samaya rahatA aura dina-rAta bhI sarvatra eka hI samaya para hote / eka aura akhaNDa dravya svIkAra karane para kAla-bheda kathamapi sambhava nahIM ho sakatA / parantu kAla-bheda spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai / bhArata meM jisa samaya dina hotA hai, usa samaya amarIkA meM rAta hotI hai aura jisa samaya bhArata meM rAta hotI hai, taba amarIkA meM sUrya camakatA hai / 22 jUna ko jaba bhArata meM caudaha ghaNTe kA dina aura dasa ghaNTe kI rAta hotI hai, taba nArve deza ke okhalo pradeza meM caubIsa ghaNTe sUrya kI sunahalI dhUpa najara AtI hai,

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kAla dravya | 41 aura 22 disambara ko jaba bhArata meM caudaha ghaNTe kI rAta aura dasa ghaNTe kA dina hotA hai, taba okhalo caubIsa hI ghaNTe rAtri ke andhakAra meM DUbA rahatA hai| jaba vAyuyAna evaM pAnI ke jahAja yUropa se bhArata kI ora Ate haiM yA bhArata se yUropa kI yAtrA para jAte haiM, taba jisa samaya ve bhUmadhya rekhA para pahu~cate haiM, usa samaya turanta ve apanI-apanI ghar3iyoM ke samaya aura keleNDara kI tArIkha ko badala lete haiN| isa prakAra kA bhedapradhAna vyavahAra kAla ko akhaNDa na mAnakara khaNDa rUpa mAnane para hI ho pAtA hai| kAla aura samaya Agama-sAhitya meM kAla ke lie do zabdoM kA prayoga milatA haikAla aura samaya / kAla sthUla hai aura samaya sUkSma hai| kAla pravAha rUpa hai, samaya pravAha se rahita hai| kAla ananta hai aura samaya usakA sabase choTA hissA hai, jisake do bhAga nahIM ho skte| atIta kI apekSA se ananta-kAla vyatIta ho cukA aura anAgata kI dRSTi se ananta-kAla dhIredhIre kramazaH Ane vAlA hai parantu samaya meM bhUta aura bhaviSya athavA atIta aura anAgana ke bheda ko avakAza hI nahIM hai| samaya, vartamAna kAla kA bodhaka hai| vartamAna-kAla mAtra eka samaya kA hotA hai| AgamoM meM samaya kA mApa isa prakAra batAyA hai-eka paramANu ko eka AkAza-pradeza para se dUsare AkAza-pradeza para jAne meM jitanA samaya (Time) lagatA hai, vaha eka samaya hai| ise samajhAne ke lie AcAryoM ne yaha udAharaNa bhI diyA hai ki hamArI A~khoM kI palakeM jhapakatI rahatI haiM, ve khulatI aura banda hotI rahatI haiN| A~kha ke jhapakane meM athavA khulane aura banda hone meM jo samaya lagatA hai, usameM asaMkhyAta samaya bIta jAte haiN| dUsarA udAharaNa yaha bhI de sakate haiM-kamala ke hajAra pattoM ko kramazaH eka-dUsare ke Upara rakha kara eka tIkSNa noMkavAlI bar3I suI ko una para rakhakara jora se dabAeM to palaka jhapakate hI yA kSaNa bhara meM vaha suI hajAroM kamala-patroM ko cheda kara eka sire se dUsare sire para pahu~ca jAtI hai| parantu jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra isa prakriyA meM eka-do yA dasa-bIsa nahIM, asaMkhyAta samaya lagate haiN| samaya itanA sUkSma hai ki hama use dekha nahIM sakate / paramANa rUpI hai, mUrta hai, varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza se yukta hai, phira bhI hama use A~khoM se dekha nahIM skte| taba samaya, joki arUpI hai, amUrta hai aura varNAdi se rahita hai, use to hama taba taka kha nahIM sakate, jaba taka sarvajJa nahIM bana jAte /

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42 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva kevalajJAna meM koI bhI padArtha evaM dravya - bhale hI vaha kitanA hI sUkSma kyoM na hoM, ajJAta nahIM rahatA, adRzya nahIM rahatA / ataH samaya ko hama dekha nahIM sakate, para sarvajJa dekha sakate haiM / kAla kA lakSaNa aura pudgala para kA upakAra hai / " Agama meM kAla kA lakSaNa 'vartanA' kahA hai / 1 dravyoM ke pariNamana meM, parivartana meM kAla sahAyaka AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM kahA hai ki jIva vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva, aparatva Adi meM kAla dravya meM parivartana, pariNamana Adi jo kArya hote haiM, ve saba kAla ke nimitta se hote haiM / gommaTasAra meM bhI likhA hai ki dravya kAla ke kAraNa hI niraMtara apane svarUpa meM rahate hue dravita hote haiM, pravAhamAna rahate haiM / vizva meM sthita SaD-dravyoM meM- jo sat haiM, unakA satata pravAha rUpa meM rahate hue bhI apane svarUpa meM sthita rahanA aura sabhI dravyoM meM nirantara parivartana honAjo parilakSita hotA hai, vaha kAla ke kAraNa hI hotA hai / yaha kAla-dravya kA hI guNa hai ki usake kAraNa anya dravyoM meM parivartana (Change) hotA hai | parantu yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki kAla ( Time ) kabhI bhI anya dravyoM meM parivartita nahIM hotA aura na vaha anya dravyoM ko apane rUpa meM badalatA hai / kyoMki pratyeka dravya apane Apa meM svatantra hai, vaha apane se bhinna kisI bhI dravya meM na svayaM milatA hai aura na dUsare dravya ko apane rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai / koI bhI dravya apane se bhinna dravya ko badala nahIM sakatA, usameM parivartana nahIM kara sakatA / pratyeka dravya apanI hI paryAyoM meM pariNamana karatA hai / 3 1 vattanA lakkhaNo kAlo / 2 tattvArtha sUtra, 5, 22. 3 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa | dravita honA, pariNamana karanA yaha dravya kA svabhAva hai / kAla usa pariNamana evaM parivartana meM sahAyaka banatA hai, nimitta rUpa se rahatA hai / kAla ke kAraNa padArtha naye se purAnA hotA hai, purAnepana ke bAda naSTa ho kara punaH nayA banatA hai arthAt vastu kA pUrva AkAra naSTa hotA hai aura vaha naye AkAra ko grahaNa karatI hai / parantu isase dravya kA vinAza nahIM jIva, pudgala Adi (1 Helper ) dravya hai / ( - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28.10.

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kAla dravya / 43 hotA - vaha donoM AkAroM meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| jaise Ayu karma kA kSaya hone para manuSya paryAya naSTa hotI hai aura deva-Ayu kA udaya hone ke kAraNa deva paryAya utpanna hotI hai / parantu manuSya paryAya ke samaya jo jIva dravya thA, deva paryAya ke samaya bhI usakA astitva banA rahatA hai / kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki dravya kI paryAyoM ke parivartana meM kAla-dravya sahAyaka hai, parantu kAla dravya kA nimitta pAkara sabhI dravyoM kI pUrva paryAya kA nAza hotA hai aura uttara-paryAya utpanna hotI hai, isake sAtha dravya apane svarUpa meM sadA vidyamAna rahatA hai / ke karmayogI zrI kRSNa ne bhI gItA meM yahI kahA hai ki AtmA kI na to kabhI mRtyu hotI hai aura na usakA janma hotA hai / mRtyu aura janma bhava kA parivartana mAtra hai / jaise vastroM jIrNa hone para vyakti jIrNa vastra ko utArakara pheMka detA hai aura naye vastra ko dhAraNa kara letA hai / usI prakAra Ayu-karma ke samApta hote hI AtmA eka bhava ke zarIrarUpa vastra kA parityAga karake, dUsare bhavarUpI naye vastra ko dhAraNa karatI hai / parantu bhava-nAza ke sAtha AtmA nAza - vinAza nahIM hotA / usakA astitva isa bhava ke pUrva ananta atIta kAla meM bhI thA, isa bhava meM - vartamAna meM hai aura isa bhava ke anantara anya bhavoM meM athavA ananta kA anAgata-kAla meM bhI rahegA / cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI bhAratIya darzana AtmA ke astitva ko tInoM kAla meM svIkAra karate haiM / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki dravya apane dravyatva athavA apane svarUpa kI apekSA dhruva hai, nitya hai, parantu paryAyatva kI apekSA pratikSaNa parivartita hotA rahA hai aura ananta anAgata kAla meM bhI parivartita hotA rahegA / kAla apane svabhAva ke anurUpa kisI dravya ke pravAha ko nirantara pravahamAna karane kI yogyatA nahIM rakhatA / dravya kI paryAyoM meM pariNamana karAnA yaha kAla kA svabhAva nahIM hai / parantu jaina darzana usI dravya ko kAla kahatA hai, jo dravya apane svabhAva ke anurUpa apanI paryAyoM meM nirantara pariNata hotA rahatA hai, usameM sahAyaka bananA kAla kA kArya hai / jisa prakAra mazIna ke cakra ke madhya meM lagI huI kIla (Pin ) cakra ( Wheel) ko calAtI nahIM hai, phira bhI usakA honA Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya hai / yadi cakra meM pina na ho, sahAyaka ke rUpa meM usakI upasthiti na ho, to cakra ghUma hI nahIM sakatA / pina cakra ko calAtI evaM ghumAtI nahIM hai, para usake ghUmane meM vaha sahAyaka avazya hai / isI prakAra kAla-dravya, dravya meM

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44 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva hone vAle nirantara parivartana meM sahAyaka hai / C. R. Jain ne Key of Knowledge meM likhA hai " vizva meM aisA koI darzana nahIM, jo padArtha meM rahe hue nirantaratA ke tattva se anabhijJa ho, phira bhI isa rahasya evaM pahelI ko hala karane meM saphala nahIM ho sakA / vizva ke adhikAMza darzana kAla ( Time ) ko kevala paryAyavAcI zabda ( Synonymous) ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM, parantu usake vAstavika svabhAva (True nature ) ko samajhane meM ve prAyaH asaphala ( Fail) rahe haiM / Aja bhI bahuta se vicAraka evaM darzana to dravyoM ke astitva kI sUci ke AdhAra para kAla kI lambAI ko nApate haiM, aura use usI rUpa meM jAnate haiM / parantu ve isa bAta ko bhUla jAte haiM ki sirpha kAla ke kAraNa padArtha nirantara apanI paryAyoM meM bahatA rahatA hai, dravita hotA rahatA hai, aura usake AkAra meM bhI parivartana AtA hai / kAla kA prathama guNa yaha hai ki vaha nirantara pravAha kA srota hai, pariNamana meM sahAyaka kAraNa hai / isakI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki kAla eka prakAra kI zakti hai, jo padArthoM meM hone vAle parivartana ko kramabaddha rakhatI hai / " phreMca dArzanika bosina ne ghoSaNA kI thI, 'padArthoM meM jo krAnti evaM parivartana AtA hai, usameM kAla Avazyaka tattva hai / kAla ke binA (Without time element) vastuoM meM parivartana honA pUrNataH asambhava hai / ' jaina darzana bhI isa satya-tathya ko svIkAra karatA hai ki kAla-dravya kevala samaya - nApane kA hI sAdhana yA mAdhyama nahIM hai, usakA guNa evaM svabhAva yaha hai ki dravya ke dravita hone meM, pariNamana hone meM dravya kI paryAyoM ke parivartana meM sahAyaka honA / vaizeSika darzana kI mAnyatA vaizeSika darzana apane dvArA mAnya nava dravyoM meM kAla ko bhI eka dravya mAnatA hai / usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra kAla eka nitya aura vyApaka dravya hai / parantu yaha mAnyatA yuktiyukta nahIM hai, na tarkasaMgata hI hai aura na anubhavasiddha hI hai / kyoMki nitya aura eka hone ke kAraNa usameM svayaM meM atIta, vartamAna aura anAgata tri-kAla bodhaka bheda nahIM ho sakatA aura taba usake nimitta ko mAdhyama mAnakara anya dravyoM evaM padArthoM meM atItAdibhedoM ko kaise nApA jA sakatA hai ? dravya meM jo pariNamana hotA hai, vaha kisI samaya meM hI hotA hai, jo pariNamana ho cukA, vaha bhI kisI

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kAla-dravya | 45 samaya vizeSa meM huA thA aura jo pariNamana hogA, vaha bhI kisI samaya vizeSa meM hI hogA / samaya ke binA pariNamana ko vartamAna, atota aura anAgata kAla se sambaddha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pratyeka AkAza pradeza para dravyoM meM jo vilakSaNa pariNamana ho rahe haiM, usameM sAdhAraNa nimitta kAla hai, vaha aNu rUpa hai| usakA sabase choTA rUpa samaya hai| bauddha-darzana ko mAnyatA bauddha-darzana kAla ko svabhAva siddha svatantra dravya nahIM mAnatA, usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra kAla mAtra vyavahAra ke lie kalpita hai, vaha prajJapti mAtra hai| parantu hama atIta, vartamAna aura anAgata kA jo vyavahAra karate haiM, vaha kevala kAla kI kalpanA mAtra nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki mukhya kAladravya ke binA hama usakA vyavahAra bhI nahIM kara skte| jaise vyakti meM zera kA upacAra karate haiM, vaha mukhya zera ke sadbhAva meM hI karate haiN| ThIka isI prakAra bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna kAlika vyavahAra se mukhya kAla kA sadbhAva spaSTa siddha hotA hai| anya dravyoM kI taraha vaha bhI eka svatantra dravya hai tathA utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hai| kAla ke bheda hama kAla ko saikaNDa, minaTa, ghaNTe, dina-rAta, varSa Adi ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke rUpa meM use tIna bhAgoM meM bhI vibhAjita karate haiN| __ AgamoM meM anya prakAra se bhI kAla kA vibhAjana kiyA hainizcaya-kAla aura vyavahAra-kAla / vyavahAra-kAla candra aura sUrya kI gati para AdhArita hai, usI ke anusAra saikanDa, minaTa, ghaNTe, dinarAta, pakSa, mahinA, varSa, yuga, zatAbdI, palyopama, sAgaropama, avasarpiNI, utsarpiNI Adi ke rUpa meM kAla-cakra kA vibhAjana karate haiN| vaidika-paramparA meM satyuga, dvApara, tretA evaM kaliyuga Adi ke rUpa meM vyavahAra-kAla kA varNana milatA hai| isa vyavahAra-kAla kI apekSA se ho ise manuSya kSetra athavA DhAI-dvIpa meM hI mAnA hai| vyavahAra-kAla loka-vyApI nahIM hai| kyoMki jitane loka meM sUrya aura candra gatizIla haiM, utane hI kSetra meM 1. adRzAlinI, 1, 3, 16 /

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46 / jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva vyavahAra-kAla kA upayoga hotA hai, usake bAhara nhiiN| parantu loka kA eka bhI aisA AkAza-pradeza nahIM hai, jahA~ kAla-dravya na ho| vyavahAra-kAla bhale hI vahA~ na ho, nizcaya-kAla loka meM sarvatra vyApta hai| jise hama kAla kahate haiM, vaha vyavahAra jagata kI vastu hai| parantu kAla kA jo sabase choTA aMza hai, jisake do vibhAga nahIM hote, use samaya kahA hai / eka paramANa loka-AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza para jAtA hai, usameM jitanA samaya lagatA hai, use eka samaya kahA hai| samaya, nizcaya jagata kI vastu hai / vaha loka meM sarvatra vyApta hai / loka meM vyApta SaD-dravyoM kI paryAyoM meM pratikSaNa jo pariNamana hotA hai, usameM samaya hI sahAyaka hai / yadi samayarUpa kAla kA DhAI-dvIpa yA manuSya kSetra se bAhara abhAva mAna liyA jAe, to vahA~ kisI bhI dravya kA astitva hI nahIM rahegA / kyoMki dravya kA svabhAva hI aisA hai ki vaha apane svarUpa meM sthita rahate hue apanI paryAyoM meM dravita hotA rahatA hai| usameM pratikSaNa parivartana hotA rahatA hai, usakI purAtana paryAya kA nAza hotA hai aura nayI paryAya utpanna hotI hai / pariNamana dravya kA svabhAva hai aura samaya ke mAdhyama ke binA vaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai / ataH samaya sarvatra vyApta hai / jaina-darzana isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki samaya rUpa kAlANu asaMkhyAta pradeza vAle loka-AkAza ke eka-eka pradeza para sthita haiM, sabhI kAlANu svatantra haiM, ve eka-dusare meM milate nahIM haiN| yadi eka kAlANu dUsare kAlANu meM athavA eka samaya dUsare samaya meM mila jAe, to phira ve eka hI ho jAe~ge, unameM anekatva nahIM rhegaa| ataH svabhAva se ve ekadUsare se alaga haiM / sampUrNa vizva kAlANuoM se paripUrNa hai, loka-AkAza kA eka bhI aisA pradeza nahIM, jo inase zUnya ho| padArtha-vijJAna kI dRSTi se (In a static condition) ye kAlANu dRSTigata nahIM hote haiM, AkAra rahita haiM, niSkriya haiM aura saMkhyA meM gine nahIM jA sakate (Countless) haiM / isa prakAra nizcaya kAla sarvatra hai aura vaha ananta hai| kyoMki paryAyoM meM pariNamana ananta kAla se hotA A rahA hai, vartamAna samaya meM ho rahA hai aura ananta anAgata kAla meM hotA rhegaa| paryAyoM meM hone vAlA parivartana anAdi-ananta hai, isa apekSA se samaya bhI ananta hai| samaya kA astitva athavA kAla-dravya kA astitva loka meM ho hai, anoka meM nahIM / anAra meM kevala zuddha AkAza (Only pure space) hai, phira bhI cAroM ora se loka

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kAla-dravya | 47 ko ghere hue hai, ataH usake lie bhI yaha prayoga kiyA jAtA hai ki aloka meM sthita AkAza tri-kAlavartI hai, ananta samaya se vaha hai aura ananta samaya taka rhegaa| vaijJAnika dRSTi meM kAla jaina-darzana kI taraha vijJAna bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki pratyakSa yA vyavahAra-kAla (Apparent-time) ke pIche nizcaya athavA yathArtha kAla (Real-time) bhI hai| pro0 eDinATana kA kahanA hai-"Whatever may be time deJure-jo kucha bhI ho kAla niyamAnusAra hai / " jyotiSa vijJAnavettA royala kA kahanA hai - "Time is Time de-facto-kAla kArya se athavA yathArtha meM kAla hai|" mahAn vaijJAnika AinsTIna bhI kAla ko vAstavika svIkAra karatA hai aura vaha usake astitva ko sampUrNa loka meM mAnatA hai| kAla ke sambandha meM AinsTIna kI mAnyatA yaha hai-"Time and space are mixed up in a rather strange way-kAla aura AkAza vAstava meM Azcaryajanaka rAste se eka-dUsare meM mila gae haiN|"1 vAstava meM koI bhI dravya apane se bhinna dUsare dravya meM nahIM milatA hai| jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra eka dravya kI ananta-ananta paryAyeM bhI apane se bhinna dUsarI paryAya meM nahIM miltii| saMsAra avasthA meM AtmA aura pudgala kA saMyoga sambandha eka-sA dikhAI detA hai, phira bhI AtmA kA eka bhI pradeza, eka bhI guNa aura eka bhI paryAya pudgala ke paramANuoM, usake guNoM aura usake paryAya meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH AkAza-dravya na to kAla ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai aura na kAla-dravya AkAza ke rUpa meM / donoM kA pariNamana apanI-apanI paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai| phira bhI AkAza kA eka bhI aisA pradeza nahIM hai, jo kAlANu se zUnya ho| isa dRSTi se kAla AkAza meM milA haA-sA parilakSita hotA hai| isa apekSA se mAnA jAe, to jaina-darzana bhI ise svIkAra karatA hai ki AkAza kA eka-eka pradeza na to bhUta kAla meM kAlANu se zUnya rahA hai, na vartamAna meM vaha kAlANu se zunya hai aura na bhaviSya meM vaha kAlANu se zUnya hogaa| 1. The Nature of the Physical world, P. 36.

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48 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva kAla, pudgala aura jIva maiM Apako pahale batA cukA hU~ ki SaD-dravyoM meM jIva aura ajIva, cetana aura jar3a-do dravya mukhya haiN| jIva ke atirikta pA~coM dravya ajIva haiM, acetana haiN| Agama meM ajIva ko do prakAra kA batAyA hai-rUpI aura arUpI yA mUrta aura amUrta / dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla-ye cAroM dravya arUpI haiM, amUrta haiM / kevala pudgala-dravya hI rUpI evaM mUrta haiM / maiM abhI Apako kAla ke sambandha meM batA rahA thA ki arUpI evaM amUrta dravyoM kI paryAyoM meM jo pariNamana hotA hai, usameM kAla-dravya sahAyaka hai, parantu usa kA sIdhA asara jIva aura pudgala para hotA hai| vyavahArakAla kA prabhAva jIvoM aura pRdagaloM para hI par3atA hai| isalie mahAn vaijJAnika AinsTIna ne kahA hai-"yadi vizva meM padArtha (Matter) nahIM hotA, to AkAza aura kAla-donoM naSTa ho jaate| padArtha ke abhAva meM hama kAla aura AkAza ko svIkAra nahIM krte| yaha padArtha hai, jisameM se (Space) AkAza aura (Time) kAla prArambha hote haiM aura hameM inase vizva (Universe) kA bodha hotA hai|" jaina-darzana isa bAta ko nahIM mAnatA ki eka dravya dUsare dravya ko utpanna karatA hai / padArtha, joki mUrta hai, apane se bhinna kAla evaM AkAza dravyoM ko kathamapi utpanna nahIM kara sakatA, jo ki amUrta haiN| bhAratIya-darzana aura usameM vizeSa rUpa se jaina-darzana yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA ki kAla evaM AkAza kA astitva evaM mUlya padArtha (Matter) ke kAraNa hai| sabhI dravyoM kA apanA svatantra mUlya evaM mahatva hai| yadi vizva meM kisI ko sarvazreSTha sthAna diyA jAe, to vaha jIva hai, jo apane jJAna ke dvArA apane se bhinna dravyoM ke svarUpa kA yathArtha rUpa se jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai aura unheM jAna bhI letA hai| parantu vijJAna kI isa bAta se jaina-darzana sahamata hai ki padArtha kA astitva hone ke kAraNa kAla kA svarUpa kyA hai, usakI zakti kyA hai ? yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta ho jAtA hai| jIva-dravya amUrta hai aura vaha apanI paryAyoM meM hI pariNamana karatA hai| usa pariNamana meM kAla sahAyaka hai, mAdhyama mAtra hai| parantu saMsAra avasthA meM rAga-dvoSa Adi vaibhAvika bhAvoM meM pariNati hone ke kAraNa AtmA karmoM se Abaddha hokara cAra gati evaM caurAsI lAkha yoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA hai| jaba kArmaNa-vargaNA ke pudgaloM kA bandha hotA hai, usa samaya prakRti, anubhAga evaM pradeza-bandha ke sAtha sthiti-bandha bhI hotA hai aura jitane kAla kI sthiti kA bandha hotA hai, usI ke anurUpa karma

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kAla- dravya | 46 udaya meM Akara apanA phala dekara phira Atma- pradezoM se alaga ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra jisa bhava kA jitane samaya kA Ayu-karma kA bandha hotA hai, utane samaya taka Ayu-karma kA bhoga karane ke bAda usa bhava kA jIvana samApta ho jAtA hai / Ayu-karma ke kSaya hote hI usa bhava kI paryAya kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura dUsare bhava ke bA~dhe hue Ayu- karma ke anurUpa usa bhava kI paryAya utpanna hotI hai / isI ko loka bhASA meM mRtyu kahate haiM aura vyakti sadA isase bhayabhIta banA rahatA hai / rAta-dina vyakti kAla se, mRtyu se bacane kA prayatna karatA hai / vaijJAnika bhI vyakti ko mRtyu se bacAne ke lie prayatnazIla haiM / phira bhI ve aba taka usameM saphala nahIM ho sake haiN| parantu jisa vyakti ne apane svarUpa ko jAna liyA aura jise sva-rUpa para vizvAsa hai, vaha mRtyu se yA kAla se bhayabhIta nahIM hotaa| kyoMki kAla, pudgala ke AkAra meM hI parivartana karatA hai / AtmA ke astitva kA nAza karane kI tAkata kAla meM nahIM hai / vItarAga evaM prabuddha - sAdhaka yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAnate haiM ki kAla apanI gati se calatA rahA hai aura calatA rahegA / vaha na to kabhI samApta huA hai aura na kabhI samApta hogA / vaha apane svabhAva ke anurUpa apanA kArya karatA hai / parantu isake nimitta ko pAkara jo mujhe bhava-bhramaNa karanA par3atA hai, usakA mUla kAraNa kAla nahIM, pratyuta rAga dveSa Adi vaibhAvika bhAvoM meM hone vAlI merI pariNati hI hai / vibhAva se haTa kara svabhAva meM sthira ho jAU~, svarUpa meM ramaNa karatA rahU~, to usase kabhI bhI bandha nahIM hogA aura naye karmoM ke bandha ke abhAva ke kAraNa vartamAna bhava ke Ayu karma kA kSaya hone ke bAda anya bhavoM kI paryAya bhI utpanna nahIM hogI / ataH pariNAmasvarUpa mRtyu kA svataH hI anta ho jAegA / vastutaH rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya Adi vikAroM ke kAraNa AtmA kA pudgaloM ke sAtha saMyoga sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI use saMsAra meM janmamaraNa ke pravAha meM pravahamAna honA par3atA hai / ataH kAla ko naSTa karane kA nahIM, pratyuta rAga-dveSa ko haTAkara vItarAga-bhAva, jo AtmA kA svabhAva hai aura AtmA kA nija guNa hai, usa meM sthira hone kA prayatna kreN| jitanAjitanI rAga-dveSa kI pariNati kama hogI, AtmA utanI hI jaldI bhava - mUrta pudgaloM ke bhramaNa ke cakra se mukta ho sakegA / ataH kAla ke kAraNa AkAra-prakAra meM parivartana hotA hai| pudgala kI sthUlatA kAraNa vaha parivartana parilakSita hotA hai aura vaha bhI pudgala dravya ke sva evaM rUpIpana ke

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50 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva bhAva ke kAraNa unakI paryAyeM badalatI rahatI haiN| kAla-dravya usa pariNamana evaM parivartana meM sahAyaka hotA hai| parantu pudgala-dravya kA kabhI bhI nAza nahIM hotA / kyoMki pratyeka dravya apane svarUpa meM sthita rahate hue apanI paryAyoM meM pariNamana karatA hai / dravya ke usa yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhanA hI samyak-jJAna hai aura vahI Atma-vikAsa kA sahI mArga hai|

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pudgala-dravya sva-para kA bheda vijJAna maiMne Apake sAmane do vAkya bole the-"maiM hU~ / merA zarIra hai|" ina do vAkyoM meM sampUrNa vizva evaM akhila brahmANDa samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| vizva kA koI bhI tattva, koI bhI dravya aura koI bhI padArtha zeSa nahIM rahatA, jo ina do vAkyoM meM na samA sakA ho / 'maiM hai'-- isa vAkya meM apane AtmasvarUpa kA bodha hotA hai, apane svabhAva kA parijJAna hotA hai| 'merA zarIra hai'-isa vAkya meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se parijJAna hotA hai, ki vizva meM maiM haiM, merI sattA hai, itanA hI nahIM, pratyuta mere se bhinna eka aura tattva hai| merA zarIra hai-kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki maiM aura merA zarIra-do bhinna tattva haiM / maiM zarIra nahIM hU~ aura zarIra 'maiM' rUpa nahIM hai| maiM arthAt AtmA zarIra se sarvathA bhinna hai, zarIra se sambaddha hone para evaM saMsAra avasthA meM zarIra ke sAtha rahane para bhI usakA (AtmA kA) svarUpa evaM svabhAva zarIra se sarvathA bhinna hai| isI prakAra zarIra kA svarUpa AtmA se sarvathA bhinna hai / saMsAra avasthA meM sAtha-sAtha rahane para bhI eka-dUsare kA paraspara ekadUsare ke svarUpa, svabhAva, guNa evaM paryAyoM meM milana nahIM hotaa| AtmA zarIra ke rUpa meM pariNata nahIM hotA aura zarIra AtmA ke rUpa meM parivartita nahIM hotaa| maiM aura mere se bhinna-do padArtha isa vizva meM haiN| mere se bhinna, jo dravya hai, use Agama meM pudgala kahA hai, aura maiM ko AtmA yA jIva kahA hai| isa prakAra vizva meM do hI dravya mUkhya haiM-jIva aura pudgala / bhAratIya-paramparA meM AtmA, paramAtmA, jIva aura brahma para yuga-yuga se carcA hotI rahI hai| AtmA-paramAtmA para vicAra karane ke saMskAra hameM ( 51 )

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52 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva janma-ghUTI ke sAtha mile haiN| bhArata ke rAjA-mahArAjA evaM samrATa bhI AtmA-paramAtmA kI carcA karate rahe haiN| mahArAja janaka kI rAjasabhA meM bhI adhyAtmavAda kA svara mukharita hotA rahatA thaa| RSi-muniyoM kA to mukhya rUpa se kAma hI yahI thA, ki ve rAta-dina adhyAtma ke sambandha meM cintana karate the| ve jaba pravacana dete, vicAra-carcA karate, taba bhI AtmA aura paramAtmA ke sambandha meM hI bolate the| itanA hI nahIM, hamAre yahA~ aura to kyA sar3aka para jhADa lagAne vAlA vyakti bhI adhyAtma athavA jIva aura brahma se nIce stara para bAta karanA pasanda nahIM krtaa| zatAbdiyoM aura sahasrAbdiyoM se hama jIda aura brahma kI bAteM karate A rahe haiM, parantu hamArI A~khoM ke sAmane jo virAT vizva, vizAla jagata phailA huA hai, usake svarUpa ko jAnane kA aura samajhane kA kabhI prayatna nahIM kiyA / parantu vItarAga ne kabhI yaha bhUla nahIM kii| unakA kahanA haijaba taka sAdhaka apanI dRSTi vyApaka nahIM banAegA, aura 'sva' ke sAtha 'para' ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM karegA, taba taka vaha sva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajha hI nahIM paaegaa| jo vicAraka apane svarUpa ko sva-catuSTayasva-dravya, sva-kSetra, sva-kAla aura sva-bhAva aura para-catuSTaya-para-dravya, para-kSetra, para-kAla aura para-bhAva kI apekSA se jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai, aura Atma-dravya ke sAtha-sAtha usake ananta guNoM eva eka-eka guNa kI ananta paryAyoM ko jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai, vahI prabuddha sAdhaka sva kA athavA apane svarUpa kA paripUrNa jJAna kara sakatA hai / jo cintanazIla vicAraka apane ko pUrNa rUpa se jAna letA hai, vaha sampUrNa vizva ko samyak prakAra se jAna letA hai| vItarAga kahate haiM-tuma jo kucha ho vaha to ho hI, use samajho, parantu usako samajhane ke sAtha tuma usa dravya ko, tattva ko yA padArtha ko bhI samajhane kA, jAnane kA prayAsa karo jo tuma nahIM ho / zAstra meM usa tattva ko-jo maiM nahIM haiM yA jo mere se sarvathA bhinna svarUpa vAlA hai, pudgala kahA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pudgala ke sambandha meM vibhinna apekSAoM se vistArapUrvaka carcA kI hai aura usake bheda-prabhedoM ko batAkara usake svarUpa ko vistAra se samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke bAda pudgala para vistAra se aura gaharAI se vicAra karane vAloM meM do AcAryoM kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se hamAre sAmane AtA hai-AcArya umAsvAti aura AcArya kundakunda / AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM dArzanika zailI meM pudgala para vicAra kiyA hai aura AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra, pravacanasAra aura

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pudgala dravya | 53 paMcAstikAyasAra granthoM meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se pudgala ke sambandha meM apane vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| donoM AcAryoM ke cintana meM gAMbhIrya hai aura vastu ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karane kI unakI zailI bhI gajaba kI hai / pudgala kA svarUpa pudgala zabda do zabdoM ke saMyoga se banA hai - pud + gala | pud kA artha hai - pUraNa aura gala kA tAtparya hai-- galana ko prApta honA / jo dravya skandha avasthA meM - pUraNa athavA anya aneka paramANuoM ke milana se aura galana arthAt kucha paramANuoM ke unase alaga hone se yukta hai, vaha pudgala hai / isa taraha jo dravya upacaya aura apacaya ko prApta hotA hai, jisameM vikAsa aura hrAsa hotA rahatA hai - vaha pudgala hai / isalie AgamoM meM aura tattvArthasUtra meM pudgala kA lakSaNa sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kiyA hai - jo rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza se yukta hai, vaha pudgala hai / vAstava meM pudgala kA zuddha rUpa paramANu hai / vaha bhI varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza se yukta hai / usameM kRSNa, nIla, rakta, pIta aura zveta- ina pA~ca varNoM meM se eka varNa, khaTTA, madhura, tIkhA, kaTu aura kaSAyalA - ina pA~ca rasoM meM se eka rasa, sugandha aura durgandha - ina do gaMdhoM meM se eka gaMdha aura zIta-uSNa, snigdha- rUkSa - ina donoM yugaloM meM se eka-eka sparza - isa prakAra paramANu meM eka varNa, eka rasa, eka gaMdha aura do sparza pAye jAte haiM / ananta paramANuoM ke milana se skandha banatA hai, vahI indriyoM dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai- usameM pA~ca varNa, Dho gaMdha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparza pAye jAte haiM / pudgala skandha kI apekSA pUrNa hai, parantu usameM se pahale ke paramANuoM kA hrAsa hotA rahatA hai aura naye-naye 'paramANu usameM milate rahate haiM / isa prakAra skandha kA rUpa badalatA rahatA hai / vastutaH pudgala kA svabhAva sar3ana - galana aura jIrNatA ko prApta honA hai / kAla ke mAdhyama ko pAkara vaha naye se purAtana hotA hai, aura jIrNa hone para apane eka AkAra se naSTa hokara naye AkAra meM pariNata hotA hai / T pudgala aura jIvana saMsAra kyA hai ? rAga-dveSa Adi vibhAvoM tathA vikArI bhAvoM meM AtmA kI pariNati ke kAraNa AtmA ke sAtha pudgaloM kA viyoga honA yahI saMsAra hai / saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kara rahI saMyoga aura AtmA yA

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54 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva jIva kA pudgaloM ke sAtha itanA gaharA sambandha ho gayA hai, ki sadA pugala usake sAtha parilakSita hotA hai / vyakti jaba janma letA hai, taba vaha apane sAtha zubha aura azubha karmoM ke pudgala lekara AtA hai, aura usa bhava ke Ayu-karma ke kSaya hone para vaha mRtyu kI goda meM sotA hai, taba bhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke pudgaloM ko sAtha lekara jAtA hai / janma aura mRtyu ke madhya meM jo jIvana kI dhArA bahatI hai, jisameM hama sAMsa lete haiM, khAte-pIte haiM, bolate haiM, sunate haiM, svAda cakhate haiM, gandha sUMghate haiM, rUpa dekhate haiM, padArthoM kA bhogopabhoga karate haiM, yaha saba pudgala kA hI khela hai, jise hama jIvana kI antima sA~sa paryanta khelate rahate haiM / janma se mRtyu paryanta pudgala hamAre sAtha saMbaddha hai | mRtyu ke bAda punarjanma hotA hai, usameM bhI pudgala sAtha rahatA hai | isa bhava kA AyuSya pUrA hone ke pahale hI jIva AgAmI bhava kA Ayu-karma bA~dha letA hai / isa ghara ko chor3ane ke pUrva hI vaha agale ghara kI vyavasthA kara letA hai / isa bhava ke zarIra ko chor3akara vaha AgAmI bhava meM jahA~ kA Ayu-karma bA~dha cukA hai, vahA~ pahu~cane ke lie madhya meM do, tIna yA cAra samaya kA kAla lagatA hai, usameM bhI jova ke sAtha taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra rahatA hI hai / kArmaNa zarIra kArmaNa (karma) vargaNA ke pudgaloM se banA huA sUkSma zarIra hai, aura karmoM ke Agamana kA evaM vipAka kA yahI mAdhyama hai / isa zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI jIva eka gati se dUsarI gati meM aura eka yoni se dUsarI yoni janma letA hai / isa prakAra janma ( Birth) jovana (Life) mRtyu | Death) aura punarjanma (Re-birth) jo yaha janma-maraNa aura jIvana kA cakra hai, pudgala kI dhurI para ghUmatA hai / yaha zarIra, indriyA~ evaM yahA~ taka ki mana -jo hameM prApta hai, vaha saba paudgalika hai, pudgala (Matter) se banA huA hai / hamAre Upara-nIce, dA~ye-bA~ye, Age-pIche, jidhara dekheM, udhara pudgala bikhare par3e haiM / ta-dina hama pudgaloM meM rahate haiM, pudgaloM ko baTorate haiM, aura antima sA~sa bhI pudagaloM meM lete haiM, phira akasmAt pudgala rahita kaise ho sakate haiM ? Apa hI kyoM, taponidhi dIrgha tapasvI santa bhI tapasyA ke bAda pAtra uThAkara bhikSA ke lie jAte haiM, aura pAraNA lekara Ate haiM / jisa pAtra ko lekara santa jAte haiM, vaha bhI pudgaloM se banA hai / usameM dUdha, ghI, roTI, sAga-sabjI Adi jo bhI khAdya-padArtha lAte haiM, ve saba pudgala hI haiM, aura ve jisa dharma-sthAnaka yA sthAna meM Thahare hue haiM aura jisa paTTe para baiThatesote haiM, vaha bhI pudgaloM se banA hai / jaba taka vyakti saMsAra avasthA meM hai rAta

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pudgala-dravya | 55 aura yogoM-mana, vacana aura kAya-yoga se yukta hai, taba taka vaha eka kSaNa ke lie bhI pudgaloM ke binA raha nahIM sktaa| ApakI aura hamArI to bAta hI kyA ? terahaveM guNasthAna meM sthita tIrthaMkara sarvajJa prabhu bhI devoM dvArA racita samavasaraNa meM svarNa ke siMhAsana para baiThate haiM, gandhakuTI meM Thaharate haiM, AhAra-nihAra karate haiM, upadeza dete haiM / ve bhI pudgaloM ko grahaNa karate evaM chor3ate haiN| caudahaveM gUNasthAna meM bhI sarvajJa jaba mana, vacana aura kAya zarIra-ina tInoM yogoM kA nirodha karake samasta karma evaM karmajanya sAdhanoM se mukta hokara aura eka samaya kI Urdhvagati karake loka ke agrabhAga meM jAkara sthira hote haiM, athavA cauhadaveM guNasthAna ko lAMghakara siddhatva paryAya ko prakaTa karate haiM, taba ve guNasthAnAtIta avasthA meM padgaloM se mukta hote haiN| abhiprAya yaha hai, ki saMsAra avasthA meM jIva pudgala se rahita nahIM hai| pudgala jo itanI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatA hai, aura sarbajJa bhI jisase mukta nahIM hai, pA~caveM evaM chaThe guNasthAna meM rahane vAle vyakti use chor3ane kI bAta kahate haiM aura usakI nindA-burAI karate haiM, usase ghRNA karate haiM, yaha dekhakara mujhe haMsI AtI hai| vItarAga ne kahIM bhI pudgala kA tiraskAra nahIM kiyA, usakI nindA, burAI nahIM kI / parantu madhyakAla ke santoM ne apane upadeza meM padgaloM ko chor3ane kA kahA, unakA tiraskAra karane kA kahA aura unheM naSTa karane kA kahA / isakA pariNAma yaha rahA, ki hamane pudgala se jitanI ghRNA kI, jitanA usakA tiraskAra kiyA, jitanI usakI avamAnanA kI, utane hI hama usase adhika cipakate rhe| padgala ko chor3ane kI bAta kahanA jitanA sarala hai, use chor3anA utanA sarala nahIM hai / vaha eka aisI zakti (Energy) hai, jise chor3ane kI bAta karanA eka prakAra kA dambha hai / kyoMki isase mana meM ahaMkAra jAgRta hotA hai| mujhe eka santa mile / unhoMne batAyA-maiMne eka-DeDha lAkha kI sampatti ko chor3akara dIkSA lI hai| maiMne pUchA- kyA vaha sampatti ApakI thI? yadi Apa abhI bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki maiM chor3akara AyA hU~, vaha sampatti merI thii| to Apane chor3A kyA ? usakA ahaMkAra aura mamakAra abhI bhI Apake mana meM sthita hai aura vAstava meM padArthoM kA yA unake tyAga kA ahaMkAra hI sasAra meM paribhramaNa karane kA, pudgaloM se Abaddha hone kA kAraNa hai / jo vastu merI nahIM,usameM merepana kI kalpanA karake usake chor3ane yA pakar3ane kI bAta karanA ahaMkAra ke sivA aura kyA hai ?

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56 ! jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-- tuma padArthoM ko chor3ane, grahaNa karane tathA pakar3ane ke cakkara meM mata pdd'o| unake yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna kro| chor3ane evaM pakar3ane meM hI vyasta rahe, to tumhAre mana meM unake prati rAga-dveSa paidA hogaa| ataH unake svarUpa ko, unake svabhAva ko samajho aura svayaM sirpha jJAtA evaM dRSTA banakara rho| ____ maiM AgarA se san 66 meM kalakattA varSAvAsa karane jA rahA thaa| usa samaya rAste meM sAranAtha ThaharA : vahA~ kucha bhikSa evaM bhikSaNiyoM se milA, unase vicAra-carcA bhI huI / maiMne eka bhikSu se pUchA, kyA bhagavAn buddha Apake jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM samA gaye haiM ? usane kahA-"aisA kucha nahIM hai| abhI to maiMne tripiTakoM kA evaM bauddha-darzana kA pUrA adhyayana ho nahIM kiyA hai / " taba phira Ane bhikSu-dharma kI dIkSA kaise lI ? usakA spaSTa uttara milA, ki merA eka lar3akI ke sAtha prema (Love) thaa| usane mujhe chor3a kara dUsare lar3ake ke sAtha zAdI kara lI / isakA mere mana para gaharA AghAta lagA, saMsAra ke logoM se ghRNA ho gaI aura maiM bhikSa bana gyaa| isI prakAra eka bIsa-bAvIsa varSa kI bhikSaNI se pahalA prazna adhyayana ke sambandha meM pUchA, to usane batAyA ki abhI to adhyayana prArambha hI kiyA hai, mujhe abhI dIkSA ke lie chaha mahIne hI to hue haiM / maiMne jaba yaha pUchA ki dIkSA kI bhAvanA mana meM kaise jagI? isake uttara meM usane batAyA, ki merA mere pati ke prati vizeSa anurAga thaa| pati bhI mujhe bahuta pyAra evaM sneha karatA thA / parantu pati kI mRtyu ho gii| isase mujhe ghara meM evaM bAhara pati ke binA saba sUnA-sUnA lagane lagA, aura bhikSabhikSuNiyoM ke samparka se bhikSuNI banane kI bAta mere sAmane AI / anya koI mArga sAmane nahIM hone se maiMne isa patha ko svIkAra kara liyA / isakA artha hai, vairAgya kI jyoti antarjIvana meM jagI nahIM, vairAgya kA, tyAga kA evaM Atma-sAdhanA kA srota andara se prasphuTita nahIM huaa| pratyuta vairAgya kA bojha Upara se lAda liyA gyaa| lAdA huA vairAgya yathArtha meM vairAgya nahIM hai / vaha to sahaja bhAva se AnA cAhie / zrImad rAyacandra ne Atma-siddhi meM kahA hai-jisake citta meM, mana meM tyAgavairAgya nahIM hai, use samyak-jJAna nahIM ho sakatA "tyAga-virAga na cittamA~, thAya na tene jJAna / " AtmA aura pudgala bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pudgala ko chor3ane aura pakar3ane kI bAta na

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pudgala-dravya | 57 kahakara, use samajhane kA upadeza diyA hai| jaba taka Abaddha karma zeSa haiM, taba taka karma ke udaya se zubhAzubha padArthoM kA jo yoga milatA hai, usakA vedana evaM upabhoga to karanA hI pdd'egaa| isalie sAdhaka ko anAsaktabhAva se jIvana yApana karanA caahie| adhyAtmayogI zrImad rAyacandra ne bhI kahA hai ----'Atma-jJAna samadarzitA, vicare udaya-prayoga / ' karma ke udaya meM Ane para acche yA bure, kama yA adhika -jo sAdhana milate haiM, AtmajJAnI sAdhaka ko unameM rAga-dveSa na karake kevala dRpTA banakara rahanA cAhie / vyakti ko yaha samajha kara vicaraNa karanA cAhie-mere karmodaya ke kAraNa mujhe ye sAdhana mile haiN| vItarAga evaM sarvajJa ne jo kucha dekhA hai, aura jise rUpa meM dekhA hai, vaha usI samaya, usI sthAna para aura usI rUpa meM ghaTita hokara rhegaa| kyoMki bhogAvalI karma ko bhoge binA kitanA hI viziSTa sAdhaka kyoM na ho, karma-bandhana se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| ataH na chor3anA hai aura na grahaNa karanA hai, para sarva-prathama use samajhanA hai / AtmA bhI hai, aura usake atirikta jo tatva hai, vaha bhI vizva meM vidyamAna hai| use jaina-darzana meM pudgala kahA hai / AtmA aura pudgala-ye do dravya SaDdravyoM meM mukhya dravya haiN| donoM dravya svatantra haiM aura eka-dUsare se sarvathA bhinna svabhAva ke haiM / donoM kI pariNati yA pariNamana apanI-apanI paryAyoM meM hotA hai| AtmA aura pudgala kA saMyoga sambandha hone para bhI AtmA apane svarUpa se bhinna pudgala kI paryAyoM meM pariNamana nahIM karatA, aura pudgala kA pariNamana Atma-paryAyoM meM nahIM hotaa| pudgala AtmA ko to kyA, usake eka bhI pradeza ko apane rUpa meM parivartita nahIM kara sakatA aura AtmA pudgala ke eka bhI paramANu ko cetana nahIM banA sakatA / phira yaha socane-vicArane kA cintana karane kA viSaya hai, ki vaha pudgala ko kaise pakar3a sakatA hai ? vAstava meM AtmA ne pudgala ko pakar3A hI nahIM hai| jaba usane pakar3A hI nahIM hai, taba chor3ane kA prazna hI kaise uTha sakatA hai ? jaba AtmA ne pudgala ko pakar3A nahIM hai, taba vaha unase Abaddha kyoM hai ? / isa prazna kA samAdhAna yaha hai, ki saMsAra avasthA meM AtmA meM rAga-dveSa, moha Adi vibhAva bhI haiN| AtmA se sambaddha yogoM meM jaba spandana hotA hai, taba kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala usase AkarSita hokara Ate haiM, usa samaya jIva usameM rAga-dveSa evaM moha karatA hai, to ve pudgala karma rUpa se AtmA ke sAtha Abaddha hote haiM / parantu jo sAdhaka vItarAga-bhAva meM sthita rahatA hai, mAtra jJAtA evaM dRSTA banakara rahatA hai, usa samaya yogoM meM

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58 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva spandana hone ke kAraNa karma-pudgala AkarSita hokara AyeMge avazya, parantu svabhAva meM pariNamana hone ke kAraNa unakA bandha nahIM hogA / aura jo pahale baMdha cuke haiM, ve bhI apane kAla ke paripakva hone para udaya meM Akara AtmA se alaga ho jAyeMge / abhiprAya yaha hai, ki pudgaloM ko chor3anA-pakar3anA nahIM hai, pratyuta vibhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM lauTanA hai aura svabhAva meM hI sthita rahanA hai| phira pudgala svayaM hI chUTa jAe~ge, bikhara jAyeMge / isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki pudgala kA nAza ho jaaegaa| pudgala ananta-kAla se isa vizva meM haiM, isa loka meM haiM aura ananta kAla taka raheMge, na kabhI unakA abhAva rahA hai aura na kabhI rhegaa| isI taraha AtmA bhI ananta-kAla se hai aura ananta-kAla taka rhegaa| jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai, ki siddhazilA se, Urdhva-loka ke agrabhAga meM mukta jIva sva-svarUpa meM sthita haiM, aura vahA~ pudgala bhI haiM / siddhazilA pudgaloM ke skandha se banI hai / siddhoM ke cAroM ora pudgala haiM, phira bhI na to pudgala usa zuddha AtmA se cipakatA hai, aura na AtmA pudgaloM ko pakar3atI hai / yadi pudgaloM ko pakar3ane kI zakti AtmA meM hai, to siddhoM meM to ananta Atma-zakti hai, phira ve pudagaloM ko kyoM nahIM pakaDate ? kyoMki unameM na rAga hai, na dvaSa hai, ve kevala jJAtA evaM dRSTA haiM / isakA abhiprAya yaha rahA, ki AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa meM sthita hone para athavA svabhAva meM pariNamana karane para pudgaloM se Abaddha nahIM hotA / ataH pudgala ko chor3anA nahIM hai, samajhanA hai; chor3anA hai, mukta honA hai, to rAga-dvoSa se, moha se, kaSAyoM se evaM vibhAvoM se / vibhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita honA, vItarAga bhAva meM pariNamana karanA hI kArmaNa-vargaNA ke pudgaloM se mukta-unmukta honA hai aura apanI zuddha-vizuddha evaM parama zuddha siddha-paryAya ko prakaTa karanA hai| vAstava meM siddha-paryAya ko-jo AtmA kA zuddha svabhAva hai aura AtmA meM hI sannihita hai, prakaTa karanA hI sacce artha meM pudgala ko chor3anA hai athavA kahanA yoM cAhie ki taba pudgala svataH chUTa jAtA hai / yathArtha meM chUTa jAne kA artha hai-AtmA use punaH grahaNa na kare / lekina hama chor3ate kyA haiM ? mRtyu ke samaya zarIra ko chor3ate haiM, parantu isa bhava ke zarIra ko chor3ane ke pUrva hI AgAmI bhava ke zarIra ko rijarva kara lete haiM (Reservation of the house of next life) / huA kyA ? mAnava-paryAya ko chor3A aura

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pudgala-dravya | 56 deva yA anya gati kI paryAya ko prApta kiyaa| isameM na to pudgala dravya hI chUTA aura na usakI paryAya hI chuuttii| ataH jaba taka moha kA udaya hai, taba taka AtmA pudgala ko chor3a nahIM sakatA, usase mukta ho nahIM sktaa| kyoMki jaba hameM anukUla pudgaloM kA saMyoga milatA hai, taba una para rAga hotA hai, unake prati mamatA hotI hai aura pratikUla padArtho kA saMyoga milane para unake prati dvaSa utpanna hotA hai, rAga-dveSa karanA yahI galata rAstA (Wrong-way) hai| pudgala kA lakSaNa pudgala kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai-varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza se yukta honA / pudgala mUrta hai, rUpI hai, AkAra-prakAra vAlA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai-"pudgala pAMca varNa, do gaMdha, pAMca rasa aura ATha sparza- ina bIsa guNoM se yukta hai / " pA~ca varNa isa prakAra batAenIla (Blue) pIta (Yellow) zukla (White) kRSNa (Black) aura lAla (Red) / gandha do prakAra kI hai-sugandha (Good smell)aura durgandha (Bad smell) / rasa pA~ca prakAra kA kahA hai-tikta Bitter kaTuka Acidic amla-khaTTA Sour madhura Sweet kaSAya Astringent / sparza ke ATha bheda batAe haiM-mRdu Soft kaThina Hard guru Heavy laghu Light zIta Cold uSNa Hot snigdha Smooth aura rUkSa Rough / varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza pudgala ke ina cAra mUlaguNoM ke bIsa bheda batAe haiM, parantu inake upabheda kareM to saMkhyAta Finite asaMkhyAta Infinite aura ananta Transfinite bheda hote haiM / jaina-darzana dvArA mAnya sparza ke ATha guNoM ko Adhunika vijJAna meM bhautika padArtha ke cAra guNoM meM mAna liyA hai-Scale of Hardness mRdu-kaThina, Density guru-laghu, Temperature zIta-uSNa aura Crystalline structure snigdha-rUkSa / isa prakAra Aja kA bhautika-vijJAna padArtha matter meM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza mAnatA hai / vaizeSika-darzana bhI jar3a padArthoM meM ina guNoM ko mAnatA hai, paraMtu vaha pRthvI ke paramANuoM meM rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza cAroM guNa, jala ke paramANaoM meM rUpa, rasa aura sparza tIna guNa, agni ke paramANaoM meM rUpa aura sparza do guNa aura vAyu meM kevala sparza eka guNa mAnatA hai| isa prakAra vaizeSika-darzana guNabheda mAnakara cAroM ko svatantra dravya mAnatA hai| usakA mAnanA hai ki jala-kaNa ke paramANu alaga haiM, ve jala ke rUpa meM hI rahate haiM / usI prakAra pRthvI, agni aura vAyu ke paramANu bhI pRthaka-pRthaka haiM, aura unase tad pa padArtho kI utpatti hotI hai| parantu, yaha mAnyatA na

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60 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva to tarka-yukta hai, na anubhavagamya hai, aura na vijJAna kI mAnyatA se mela khAtI hai / hama pratyakSa meM dekhate haiM, ki sIpa ke muMha meM par3A huA jala-kaNa camakatAdamakatA pArthiva motI bana jAtA hai| oNksIjana aura hAiDrojana donoM gaisoM ko milA dene para do taraha kI vAyu ke rUpa meM rahe hue pArthiva paramANu jala ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAte haiN| do kASTha ke pArthiva Tukar3oM ko paraspara ragar3ane para unake gharSaNa se agni utpanna ho jAtI hai, aura agni se rAkha utpanna hotI hai| ataH unameM guNa-bheda ke kAraNa jAti-bheda mAnya karake unameM pRthak dravyatva kaise siddha kiyA jA sakatA? jaina-darzana ne samasta pudgaloM meM pArasparika pariNamana dekhakara-jaise jala ke paramANuoM ko muktA ke rUpa meM pariNata hote dekhakara eka hI pudgala dravya ko svIkAra kiyA, aura sabhI pudgaloM ko varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se yukta mAnA / yaha to sambhava ho sakatA hai ki pudgaloM kI avasthA vizeSa meM koI guNa prakaTa ho aura koI guNa prakaTa na ho pAe / jaise agni meM rasa, vAyu meM rUpa, jala meM gandha apratyakSa rUpa se raha sakatA hai, parantu usakA abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| murta dravya ke lie yaha eka sAmAnya niyama hai ki eka guNa jahA~ dikhAI degA, vahA~ sabhI gUNa vidyamAna hoMge hii| jahA~ sparza hogA, vahA~ varNa, gandha aura rasa bhI upalabdha hoMge hii| vijJAna ne bhI isa siddhAnta ko mAnya kara liyA hai| isalie prArambha meM vijJAna 62 mala padArtha yA mala dravya mAnatA thA, parantu aba vaha aNu Atom ko hI mUlatatva yA mUladravya mAnatA hai| aura usake saMyoga-viyoga se vibhinna prakAra ke padArthoM evaM AkAroM kA nirmANa aura vinAza hotA hai| parantu padArthoM ke AkAraprakAra evaM rUpa-raMga Adi ke badalane para bhI aNu Atom kA nAza nahIM hotaa| usakA astitva parivartita avasthA meM bhI banA rahatA hai| isI kAraNa vijJAna ne apane prayogoM Experiments dvArA yaha siddha kara diyA ki mUla tatva ekamAtra aNu hI hai aura unake saMyoga-viyoga se hI vibhinna padArtha banate bigar3ate rahate haiN| jaina-darzana ne ise pudgala dravya kahA hai aura aNu ko hI zuddha pudgala dravya mAnA hai / pudgala aura pApa-puNya yaha maiM batA cukA hU~ ki zarIra, indriyeM evaM mana--ye pudgala se bane haiM / ye svayaM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se yukta haiM, ataH inako grahaNa karanA . inakA svabhAva hai| A~kha ke sAmane koI rUpa AtA hai, to va , use dekhatI

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pudgala-dravya | 61 ke hai / sundara strI ke saundarya ko nihAranA, khile gulAba kI sundaratA ko dekhanA A~kha kA svabhAva hai / reDiyo para brADakAsTa hone vAle gItoM kI madhura svara laharI ko sunanA kAna kA, zrotra - indriya kA svabhAva hai / puSpoM madhura parAga se yukta sugandha ko grahaNa karanA nAka kA kAma hai / padArthoM ke madhura tikta Adi svAda ko cakhanA jihvA kA svabhAva hai / aura mRdukaThora Adi padArthoM kA sparza ke dvArA jJAna karanA zarIra kA, sparza - indriya kA svabhAva hai / parantu, dekhane, sunane, sUMghane, cakhane evaM sparza karane mAtra se A~kha, kAna, nAka, jihvA evaM sparza- indriya ko pApa-puNya nahIM ba~dhatA | yadi itane mAtra se pApa cipakatA ho, taba to terahaveM guNasthAna sthita vItarAga evaM sarvajJa ko bhI pApa-puNya kA bandha hue binA nahIM rahegA, aura koI bhI AtmA saMsAra se athavA pApa-puNya ke bandha se mukta nahIM ho sakegI / kyoMki vItarAga bhI saMyoga avasthA meM indriyoM se saMyukta haiM aura indriyA~ dekhane-sunane Adi kA kAma karatI hI haiM, para itane mAtra se pApa-puNya kA bandha nahIM hotA / kAraNa spaSTa hai, ki ve jJAtA evaM draSTA banakara dekhate haiM, ve una padArthoM meM Asakta nahIM hote, una para rAga-dva eSa nahIM karate / jaba indriyoM dvArA grahIta rUpa Adi meM vyakti Asakta banatA hai, anukUla rUpa Adi para anurAga karatA hai aura pratikUla para dveSa karatA hai, taba puNya evaM pApa-karma kA bandha hotA hai / zubha bhAva se puNya aura azubha se pApa karma kA bandha hotA hai / isalie karmoM ko, doSoM ko grahaNa karane vAlI pArthiva yA bhautika indriyA~ nahIM, unake sAtha saMbaddha Joint manuSya kA rAga-dveSa yukta mana hai / kucha vicAraka -- jinheM sva aura para ke svarUpa kA yathArtha bodha nahIM hai, sArA doSa indriyoM para DAla dete haiM / A~kha ne sundara rUpa ko dekhA, to usake isa aparAdha ke lie A~khoM ko hI phor3a dete haiM / parantu isase samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hotA / rAta ko sote samaya svapna meM vahI rUpa sAmane A dhamakatA hai, aura A~khoM meM jyoti ke na rahane para bhI vyakti usase pyAra-dulAra karatA hai, usa para anurAga rakhatA hai yA pratikula rUpa Adi viSaya dikhAI diyA, to una para dveSa karatA hai / isa prakAra A~kha Adi indriyoM ko naSTa kara dene para bhI pApa puNya kA bandha rukatA nahIM hai / ataH jaina darzana samasyA kA samAdhAna bAhara meM parilakSita kAraNoM ko pakar3akara nahIM karatA pratyuta vaha samasyA ke mUla kAraNa ko pakar3atA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA - indriyoM ko mArane se tuma pApa-puNya se mukta nahIM ho

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62 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva sakate, parantu rAga-dvaSa kA parityAga karake hI pApa-puNya ke bandhana se mukta ho sakate ho / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAmane indra AyA, usane bhagavAn ko vandana kiyA, unakI stuti kI, taba bhI usa para anurAga nahIM kiyaa| aura jaba gvAle ne Akara bhagavAn ke kAnoM meM kIle Thoke, taba bhI usa para dvoSa nahIM kiyaa| anukUla evaM pratikUla-donoM prakAra ke saMyogoM meM sama bane rahanA hI pApa-puNya se mukta honA hai| vItarAga kisI ko na kucha dete haiM, aura na kisI se kucha lete haiM / ve jJAna-vijJAna bhI de nahIM skte| ve eka hI bAta kahate haiM, ki jo jJAna mere meM hai, vahI ananta-jJAna-jyoti tumhAre meM hai / tuma use samajhane kA prayatna kro| apanA evaM pudgala kA jo svarUpa hai, use tuma badala nahIM sakate / usakA pariNamana jisa rUpa meM honA hai, tadrapa hI hogA, usameM parivartana karane kI zakti evaM kSamatA kisI meM nahIM hai / ataH use badalane kA nahIM, samajhane kA aura apane Apa meM sthita raha kara draSTA evaM jJAtA banakara rahane kA prayatna kro| phira bhale hI kitanA hI pudgala tumhAre Upara-nIce dAye-bA~ye aura Age-pIche kyoM na rahe, bandha kA kAraNa nahIM banegA / ataH pApa-paNya kA kAraNa hamAre rAga-dveSAtmaka vikalpa hI haiN| jaba vikalpa parisamApta ho jAyeMge, nirvikalpa bhAva se kArya kareMge athavA gItA kI bhASA meM anAsakta hokara karma kareMge, taba bandha nahIM hogA / jaina-darzana eva jaina-AgamoM kI bhASA meM vItarAga ko karma kA baMdha nahIM hotA aura gItA kI bhASA meM sthita-prajJa karmabandha ko prApta nahIM hotaa| kyoMki vItarAga vaha hai-jo rAga-dveSa Adi vikalpoM se mukta hai aura sthita-prajJa vaha hai-jo apane jJAna svarUpa meM hI sthita rahatA hai| ataH donoM vikalpoM se rahita haiN| eka kahAnI mujhe eka choTI,sI kahAnI yAda A rahI hai / prAcIna kAla meM eka rAjA rAta ko veza badalakara apane nagara meM ghUmatA thA / vaha yaha jAnane kA prayatna karatA thA ki mere rAjya meM koI vyakti duHkhI evaM pIr3ita to nahIM hai / eka dina rAta ko rAjA eka saMkarI galI meM se jA rahA thA, aura udhara sAmane se eka saMnyAsI bhI A rahA thA / aMdherA hone ke kAraNa donoM paraspara TakarA gae / rAjA moTA-tAjA evaM sazakta thA aura yogI durbala evaM kamajora thaa| isalie rAjA ke dhakke se vaha gira gyaa| isa TakarAhaTa meM rAjA kA kucha bigar3A nahIM, coTa becAre yogI ko lgii| para rAjA ko ekadama Aveza A gayA aura kaThora bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA krodha prakaTa bhI

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pudgala-dravya | 63 ho gyaa| rAjA ne kar3akakara pUchA-kauna hai ? saMnyAsI ne madhura svara meM pratyuttara dete hue isI bAta ko doharAyA ki maiM bhI jAnanA cAhatA hU~-tU kauna hai ? isa uttara ko sunakara rAjA kA pArA aura teja ho gayA / usane karkaza svara meM kahA-are gadhe ! merI bAta kyA pUchatA hai ? merA paricaya bahata bar3A hai| para tU kyoM nahIM batAtA ki tu kauna hai ? yogI ne zAnta svara meM kahA- mujhe tumhArA paricaya mila gyaa| maiM eka samrATa hU~, zahaMzAha hU~ / tU kaisA samrATa hai ? tere sira para na to mukuTa hai aura na rAjazAhI pozAka hI hai| rAjA evaM samrATa to maiM haiN| yogI ne kahA-tU bhrama meM hai| jo vyakti apane Apa para zAsana karane meM samartha nahIM hai, rAgadveSa evaM kaSAyoM ko apane niyantraNa meM rakhane meM sakSama nahIM hai, vaha kaisA samrATa ? yadi tuma kaSAyoM ke gulAma nahIM hote, apane svabhAva meM sthita hote, to aisI bhASA kA kadApi prayoga nahIM krte| bhagavAna mahAvIra Apako yahI batA rahe haiM-tuma bhikhArI nahIM, samrATa ho / phira bhI yadi ApakA bhikhArIpana nahIM miTA, viSaya-kaSAya kI gulAmI nahIM chUTI, to AtmA kA vikAsa kaise hogA ? isalie apane evaM pudgala ke svarUpa ko samajho aura apane samrATa banane kA prayatna kro| phira Apako pudgala ko chor3anA nahIM par3egA, vaha svataH hI chUTa jAyegA, Atma-pradezoM se alaga ho jaayegaa|

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| pudgala kA svarUpa pudgala kA artha pudgala eka acetana jar3a dravya hai, eka zakti (Erergy) hai / jar3apadArthoM ( Matter) ke lie jaina-AgamoM meM pudgala zabda kA prayoga prasiddha hai / hamAre par3osI bauddha-dharma ke zAstroM-tripiTakoM meM bhI pudgala zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| donoM zAstroM meM zabda sAmyatA hai| parantu, donoM ke artha meM antara hai / tripiTakoM evaM anya bauddha-granthoM meM pudgala zabda kA prayoga AtmA, cetana evaM jIva ke artha meM huA hai| jaina-AgamoM evaM anya granthoM meM prAyaH pudgala zabda kA prayoga jIva, cetana evaM AtmA se sarvathA bhinna ajIva, jar3a evaM bhautika-padArthoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai| jainaparamparA meM pudgala zabda kA jisa artha meM prayoga kiyA hai, sAMkhyadarzana meM usake lie prakRti zabda kA, vaizeSika-darzana meM paramANa zabda kA, aura cArvAka-darzana meM bhUta zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| parantu, pudgala zabda meM jo gAMbhIrya, vizAlatA evaM vyApakatA hai, vaha anya zabdoM meM nahIM hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna kiyA thA, ki bauddha-dharma ke prarUpaka pudgala zabda kA jIva ke artha meM prayoga karate haiM, kyA yaha artha Apako abhISTa hai ? bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anekAnta dRSTi ke anusAra syAdvAda kI bhASA meM kahA-he gautama ! yathArtha meM pudgala AtmA se bhinna hai, vaha cetana-dravya nahIM hai| parantu, saMsAra avasthA meM jIva pudgaloM se saMbaddha hai| jaise Aga meM DAlane para lohe kA golA agni to nahIM bana jAtA, parantu Aga ke gole-jaisA parilakSita hotA hai| kyoMki agni ke paramANu lohe ke gole ke paramANuoM ke sAtha ghula-mila jAte haiM / usI taraha pudgala bhI jIva ke sAtha milA huA-sA lagatA hai / isa apekSA se

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pudgala kA svarUpa | 65 zuddha vyavahAra naya se saMsAra avasthA meM jIva ke lie pudgala zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai / saMsAra meM yaha AtmA cAra gati - naraka - gati, tiryaJca-gati, manuSya - gati aura deva-gati, aura caurAsI lAkha jIvayoniyoM meM se kisI bhI gati evaM yoni meM rahe, vahA~ eka bhI gati evaM eka bhI yoni aisI nahIM milegI, jahA~ cetana to rahe, parantu usake sAtha pudgala na rahe / saMsAra-paryAya meM pudgala se rahita zuddha cetana kI, AtmA kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI / Urdhva - loka ke agrabhAga meM eka aisA sthAna hai, jahA~ siddha paryAya meM sthita jIva zuddha cetana evaM zuddha Atma-bhAva meM sthita rahate haiM / ataH mukta jIva ke lie pudgala zabda kA kadApi prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / nizcayadRSTi se pudgala, pudgala hai aura jIva, jIva hai / donoM kA astitva ananta - kAla se hai aura ananta - kAla taka rahegA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai / parantu ananta kAla se jIva aura pudgala sAtha-sAtha rahane para bhI eka-dUsare se na mile haiM aura na kabhI mila pAe~ge / saMsAra avasthA meM donoM kA sAtha to ananta kAla se hai, parantu bhaviSya meM anantakAla taka sAtha banA hI rahegA, aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isalie nizcaya naya kI apekSA se sAtha-sAtha rahane para bhI donoM eka-dUsare se sarvathA bhinna haiM aura donoM kA pariNamana apanI-apanI paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai| pudgala kA pariNamana pudgala kI paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai, jIva kI cetana paryAyoM meM nahIM / isI prakAra jIva kA pariNamana jIva kI paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai, pudgala kI jar3a paryAyoM meM nahIM / skandha aura paramANu Agama meM pudgala ke aneka bheda kie haiM / AcArya umAsvAti evaM AcArya kundakunda ne bhI apane granthoM meM pudgala ke aneka bheda-upabheda karake usakI vyAkhyA kI hai / Agama meM evaM AcAryoM ne pudgala ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai - skandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANu / ananta ananta paramANuoM ke milana se bane hue padArtha ko skandha kahA hai / usake Adhe hisse ko deza aura usake caturthAMza yA usase kama ko pradeza kahA hai| deza aura pradeza skandha hI kalpita kie haiM, svatantra bheda ke rUpa meM nahIM / ataH mukhya bheda do hI haiM- skandha aura paramANu / Apa paramANuoM se nirmita jina padArthoM ko dekha rahe haiM, suna rahe haiM, sUMgha rahe haiM, cakha rahe haiM, sparza kara rahe haiM, ve saba skandha haiM / jina padArthoM ko kisI bhI indriya ke dvArA grahaNa kiyA jA

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66 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva sake, ve ananta paramANuoM ke saMyoga se bane hue skandha haiN| skandha bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM-bAdara aura sUkSma / bAdara arthAt sthUla skandha ve haiM, jo indriyagocara ho sakeM, indriyA~ jinako grahaNa kara skeN| jo skandha indriya-gamya nahIM haiM, unheM sUkSma skandha kahA hai| vaise ve mUrta haiM, sAkAra haiM, varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza se yukta haiM. parantu indriyoM kI pakar3a meM nahIM Ane ke kAraNa unheM sUkSma kahA hai| parantu donoM prakAra ke skandha paudgalika haiM aura donoM prakAra ke skandhoM ko milAkara AcAryoM ne unake chaha bheda bhI kie haiM-5. bAdara-bAdara, 2. bAdara, 3. sUkSma-bAdara, 4. bAdara-sUkSma 5. sUkSma aura 6. sUkSma-sUkSma / 1. bAdara-bAdara-jo sthUla skandha eka bAra TUTane ke bAda punaH tadra pa na bana sake, jur3a na sake, jisa prakAra lakar3I, patthara, motI, hIrA Adi / 2. bAdara-jo sthUla skandha eka bAra TUTakara alaga hone ke bAda bhI milAne para punaH usI rUpa meM mila jAye, jaise pravAhI pudgala-pAnI, dUdha, ghI-tela Adi / 3. sUkSma-bAdara-jo skandha dekhane meM sthUla parilakSita hote hoM, parantu tor3e-phor3e nahIM jA sakeM, jaise-dhUpa, chAyA Adi / 4. bAdara-sUkSma-sUkSma hote hue evaM A~khoM dvArA dikhAI na dete hue bhI jo indriyagamya ho, jaise-gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza Adi / 5 sUkSma-jo skandha rUpa hote hue bhI indriyoM ke dvArA grahaNa na kiye jA sakeM, jaise --kArmaNa-vargaNA ke pudgala Adi / 6. sUkSma-sUkSma ati sUkSma, jaise karma-vargaNA se nIce ke skandhoM se lekara dU yaNuka paryanta ke pudgala skandha / ye skandha ke bheda haiN| bAdara, jaina-paramparA kA pAribhASika zabda (Technical word) hai| loka-bhASA meM ise sthUla kahate haiN| bAdara-bAdara (sthUla-sthUla) se lekara sUkSma taka ke pA~ca prakAra ke skandha haiM, ye ananta paramANuoM ke saMyoga se bane hue haiM, parantu sUkSma-sUkSma skandha unase kama paramANuoM kA hai aura usakA choTA se choTA rUpa dva yaNuka (do paramANuoM) ke saMyoga se banA huA hai / usase choTA koI skandha nahIM hotA / pudgala ke sabase choTe bhAga ko, jo niraMza hai athavA jisakA vibhAga nahIM kiyA jA

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pudgala kA svarUpa | 67 sakatA, paramANu kahA hai / paramANu pudgala kA zuddha rUpa hai, vaha usakA sUkSmAtisUkSma aMza hai| paramANu kA svarUpa skandha kA sabase choTA hissA, jisake Tukar3e evaM vibhAga nahIM kiye jA sakeM usa niravayava aMza ko paramANu kahA hai / jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra paramANu kA Adi, anta yA madhya bhAga nahIM hai| parantu vaha varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza se rahita bhI nahIM hai / eka varNa, eka gaMdha, eka rasa aura do sparza usameM pAye jAte haiN| kyoMki ye pudgala ke guNa haiM, ataH skandha meM hI nahIM, paramANu meM bhI inakA sadbhAva rahatA hai| paramANu-jo pudgala kA zuddha rUpa hai, varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza ke binA nahIM raha sakatA aura varNa Adi guNa bhI apane guNI paramANu ke binA nahIM raha sakate / yaha spaSTa hai, ki paramANu varNAdi guNoM se yukta hai| hama paramANu ko dekha nahIM sakate, parantu usake kArya ko dekhate haiN| isase hameM paramANu kI upasthiti kA anubhava hotA hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM vaizeSika-darzana paramANuvAdI hai, jisakI carcA hama pahale hI kara cuke haiN| yUnAnI-dArzanikoM ne paramANa para vicAra kiyA hai, aura unhoMne padArtha ke, pudgala ke sabase choTe hisse ko aNaparamANa (Atom) kahA hai| paramANa sampUrNa loka meM parivyApta hai| lokaAkAza kA eka bhI aisA pradeza nahIM hai, jahA~ para paramANu kA astitva na ho / isake lie eka udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai, ki eka DibiyA meM kAjala Thosa-Thosa kara bhara do aura usa para Dhakkana lagAkara use jora se hilA do, usa DibiyA meM vaha sahaja rUpa se samA jaayegaa| isI prakAra sampUrNa loka meM paramANu phaile hue haiN| jIva. jahA~ sthita hai, gati karatA hai, vaha vahIM se apane rAga-dveSAtmaka pariNAmoM ke kAraNa kArmaNa-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko grahaNa kara letA hai| yadi paramANa yA pUdagala loka-AkAza meM sarvatra vyApta na ho, kisI sthAna vizeSa meM hI ho, to anya sthAna para sthita AtmA kArmaNa-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko grahaNa nahIM kara skegaa| jisa prakAra kAjala kI DibiyA kA eka bhI aisA bhAga rikta nahIM milegA, jahA~ kAjala na lagA ho, usI prakAra sampUrNa loka-AkAza kA eka bhI pradeza pudgala-paramANuoM se rikta nahIM milegaa| paramANu aura eTama vaijJAnika pahale 62 maulika-tattva (Elements) mAnate the| unhoMne unake vajana aura zakti kA nApa bhI nizcita kiyA thaa| maulika-tattva kA

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68 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva artha yaha hai-eka tattva kA dUsare tattva ke rUpa meM parivartita nahIM honaa| parantu Adhunika vijJAna (Ma dern Science) aba mUla-tattva eka eTama (Atom) ko hI mAnatA hai| hindI meM (Atom) kA artha aNu kiyA jAtA hai / vaizeSika-darzana dhUpa meM dikhAI dene vAle choTe-choTe kaNoM ko aNu kahatA hai / parantu jaina-darzana aNu-paramANu use mAnatA hai, jisake do vibhAga nahIM kiye jA sakeM / paramANa kA Adi (Beginning) madhya ( Middle) aura anta (End) vaha svayaM hai / ataH vijJAna dvArA mAnya (Ato.n) jainoM dvArA mAnya aNu se bhinna hai / kyoMki vijJAna jise (Atom) aNa kahatA hai, usake khaNDa kiye jA sakate haiM / Adhunika vijJAna apane dvArA mAnya maulika-tattva aNu ke sambandha meM isa prakAra mAnatA hai1. RNAtmaka (Negative ) zaddha maulika tattvoM kA jo ucita bhAra hai, use ilekTrona (Electrons) kahate haiM / 2. mUla-tattva sambandhI ghanAtmaka (Positive) rUpa se utane hI paramANu puMja ke bhAra ko pojiTrona (Positron) kahate haiN| 3. ghanAtmaka mUla-tattva ke bhAra se jo 1850 guNA bhArI hai. use proTona kahate haiN| 4. padArtha (Matter) ke zuddha yA mUla-tattva-jo kisI taraha ke ilekTrika cArja se rahita haiM aura proTona se usakA puMja kucha kama vajanadAra hai, use nyUTrona kahate haiN| 5. sAmAnya ilekTrona se jo pacAsa gunA adhika bhArI hai, use hevI ilekTrona (Heavy-Electron) kahate haiM / 6. jo ilekTrona ke puJja kA hI eka rUpa hai, parantu (Electr c Charge) se rahita hai, use niuTrino (Neutrino) kahate haiN| 7. jisakA proTona ke puJja ke barAbara puJja hai aura jo RNAtmaka mUlatatva ke bhAra ke sAtha hai, use negeTrona (Negation) kahate haiN| vizva kI vidyamAnatA meM vijJAna nizcita rUpa se ina sAta meM se prathama cAra ko svIkAra karatA hai| anta ke tIna bhedoM para abhI prayogazAlA (Laboratory) meM prayoga (Experiment) honA zeSa hai| parantu pahale cAra tatvoM ko prayogoM ke dvArA siddha karake vijJAna ne unheM svIkAra kara liyA hai / ve isa prakAra hai-eka proTona aura eka ilekTrona ke TUTane para

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pudgala kA svarUpa | 66 eka niuTrona hogA / (Neutron or Proton) donoM meM se eka vibhakta honA hI caahie| kyoMki vijJAna kI mAnyatA ke anusAra (Atom) ke vibhakta hone yA TUTane para hI usakA uparokta rUpoM meM parivartana hotA hai / jaise-proTona ko tor3ane para niuTrona+pojiTrona aura niuTrona ke tor3ane se =proTona+ilekTrona banatA hai-Proton breaking into Neutron+Positron and the Neutron breaking into Proton + Electron. isa prakAra vijJAna kI mAnyatA ke anusAra Atom ke Tukar3e kiye jA sakate haiM, use tor3A jA sakatA hai| aura usI mUla-tatva se anya sabhI padArtha banate haiM, isalie mUla tatva kevala Atom hai / / vijJAna jise aNa (At..m) kahatA hai, jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra vaha aNa paramANu nahIM, sUkSma-sUkSma (Fine-fine) skandha hI ho sakatA hai / skandha ko tor3A jA sakatA hai| isa bAta ko jaina-darzana bhI mAnatA hai ki skandha TUTatA bhI hai aura jur3atA bhI hai / usameM se paramANu svataH TUTakara alaga bhI hote haiM aura prayoga ke dvArA tor3ane para bhI paramANa skandha meM se alaga ho jAte haiM aura unakA dUsare skandha ke sAtha svataH saMyoga hotA hai aura prayoga ke dvArA bhI saMyoga kiyA jA sakatA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki paramANu pudgala kA zuddha rUpa hai aura usI ko pudgala-dravya vahA hai / kyoMki paramANuoM ke paraspara saMyoga-viyoga se hI vibhinna prakAra ke skandha yA padArtha utpanna aura vinAza ko bhI prApta hote haiM / parantu, unake utpanna evaM vinaSTa hone para bhI paramANu kA kadApi nAza nahIM hotA, vaha sadA banA rahatA hai / paramANu ke bheda yaha maiM pahale hI batA cukA hU~ ki paramANu ke vibhAga athavA Tukar3e nahIM kiye jA sakate / aura jaina-darzana vaizeSika-darzana kI taraha pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu ke paramANuoM ko pRthak-pRthak bhI nahIM mAnatA / kyoMki paramANa yA pudgala meM pAye jAne vAle guNa-varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparzacAroM guNa pRthvI, jala, teja evaM vAyu meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM / jala ke paramANu pRthvI, teja evaM vAyu meM se kisI bhI rUpa meM pariNata ho sakate haiN| isalie jaina-darzana vibhAga evaM guNoM kI dRSTi se paramANu meM bheda nahIM maantaa| parantu, vaha kArya aura kAraNa kI dRSTi se paramANa ke do bheda 1. Cosmology : Old and New.

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70 | jaina- darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva karatA hai - kArya- paramANu aura kAraNa - paramANu / darzana - zAstra ( Philosophy) yaha niyama hai ki koI bhI kArya kAraNa ke binA nahIM hotA / kAraNa ke hone para hI kArya hogA / yadi kArya huA hai, to usase yaha spaSTa pramANa mila jAtA hai ki usakA kAraNa bhI vidyamAna hai / isI apekSA se AcArya kundakunda ne niyamasAra gAthA 25 meM likhA hai - cAra mUla dhAtuoM kA jo kAraNa hai, vaha kAraNa-paramANu (Cause atom ) hai, aura skandha ke TUTane para jo sabase choTA hissA sambhava ho sakatA hai - skandha se alaga ho sakatA hai, vaha kArya - paramANu (Effect atom ) hai / isakA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki paramANuoM ke saMyoga se pRthvI, pAnI, agni aura vAyu-ina cAra bhUtoM ke skandha banate haiM | isalie ina bhautika padArthoM ke skandha rUpa kArya kA kAraNa paramANu hai / paramANuoM kA saMyoga hue binA bhautika padArtha bana hI nahIM sakate / isa apekSA se skandha rUpa kArya kI utpatti meM paramANu kAraNa hai / isI prakAra skandha ke TUTane para yA use tor3ane para usakA sabase choTA bhAga paramANu alaga hokara apane zuddha rUpa meM A jAtA hai / skandha ke rUpa meM vibhAva- paryAya meM se paramANu kA svabhAva - paryAya meM A jAnA, yaha paramANu kA kArya hai aura isameM kAraNa hai skandha / kyoMki skandha ke TUTane yA tor3ane para hI paramANu usase alaga hokara apane zuddha rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai / isa apekSA se paramANu kArya hai aura usakA kAraNa hai skandha | pudgala kI paryAya jaina darzana pratyeka dravya ke ananta guNa mAnatA hai aura eka-eka guNa kI ananta paryAya mAnatA hai / ataH pratyeka dravya kI ananta - ananta paryAyeM hotI haiM / mukhya rUpa se paryAya do prakAra kI mAnI haiM - svabhAva- paryAya aura vibhAva- paryAya | AcArya kundakunda ne svabhAva aura vibhAva kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai - dravya kI paryAya meM hone vAlA pariNamana, jo anya kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA vaha svabhAva-paryAya hai aura jisa pariNamana meM anya kI apekSA rahatI hai, vaha vibhAva- paryAya hai / ataH nizcaya dRSTi se paramANu hI pudgaladravya hai aura usameM rahane vAle guNa - eka varNa, eka gandha, eka rasa aura dosparza (mRdu aura kaThora donoM meM se eka evaM zIta aura uSNa donoM meM se eka) usake svabhAva - guNa haiM, aura inakA pariNamana hI svabhAva-paryAya hai / skandha, paramANu kI vibhAva avasthA hai, ataH usameM pAye jAne vAle pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparza - nizcaya-naya kI apekSA se pudgala ke vaibhA

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pudgala kA svarUpa | 71 vika guNa haiM aura unakI payAyoM kA jo tad-tad rUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai, vaha vibhAva-paryAya hai / isa prakAra nizcaya dRSTi se AcArya kundakunda paramANu ko hI pudgala dravya mAnate haiM, aura usake guNoM evaM paryAyoM ko hI usakA svAbhAvika guNa aura svabhAva paryAyeM svIkAra karate haiN| parantu, skandha ke guNoM evaM paryAyoM ko ve svabhAva-guNa evaM svabhAva-paryAya nahIM, pratyuta vibhAvaguNa evaM vibhAva-paryAya kahate haiM / / vyavahAra-naya kI apekSA se jaina-darzana skandha ke guNoM evaM skandha kI paryAyoM ko pudgala ke guNa evaM pudgala kI paryAya svIkAra karatA hai / isI apekSA se bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa evaM ATha sparza ko pudgala ke guNa kahe haiN| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra meM bhI inhIM guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura AcArya kundakunda ne bhI paJcAstikAyasAra meM ukta guNoM ko padgala meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra skandha kI apekSA se bhI padgala kI paryAyoM kA Agama meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM zabda, andhakAra, udyota (prakAza), prabhA (kAnti), chAyA, Atapa, varNa, gandha, aura sparza Adi ko pudgala kA guNa kahA hai| tattvArtha sUtra meM AcArya umAsvAti ne pudgala ko zabda, bandha, saukSmya, sthaulya, saMsthAna, bheda. tama, chAyA, Atapa, udyota Adi paryAyoM se yukta mAnA hai| kucha anya dArzanika zabda, andhakAra, chAyA, prakAza Adi ko pudgala kI paryAya na mAnakara AkAzAdi kA guNa yA abhAva rUpa mAnate haiN| parantu jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA isa prakAra hai 1. zabda-zabda na to AkAza kA guNa hai aura na mAtra zakti rUpa hai| AkAza rUpa rahita hai aura zabda rUpa yukta hai, isalie vaha AkAza kA guNa nahIM ho sktaa| zabda zaktimAna pudgala-dravya kA skandha hai / ananta paramANuoM ke saMyoga se banA huA eka skandha hai aura vaha mukha se mukharita hone ke bAda vAyu ke mAdhyama se loka-AkAza meM phailate samaya Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko zabdAyamAna banAtA jAtA hai, jhanajhanAtA jAtA hai / yantroM ke dvArA usake vega ko, gati ko aura dhvani ko bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai, aura use yantroM meM pakar3A bhI jA sakatA hai, aura TrAnsamoTara (Trans nitter) yA 1. niyamasAra, 27-26 /

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72 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva betAra ke tAra (Wireless) ke mAdhyama se use sthAnAntara meM bhI bhejA jA sakatA hai| zabda kA eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM gati karane kA abhiprAya hai, zabda-vargaNA ke paramANaoM se nirmita zabda-paryAya vAle pudgala skandha kA jAnA / aura zabda kI utpatti kA artha hai-Asa-pAsa ke skandhoM meM zabdaparyAya kA utpanna honaa| abhiprAya yaha hai ki zabda pudgala-dravya kI eka paryAya hai aura usakA AdhAra hai-pudgala-skandha / vizva kA samasta vAtAvaraNa gatizIla paramANa (pudgala) se banA haA hai| paudgalika skandhoM meM paramANuoM ke saMyoga evaM viyoga se uSNatA, sardI, prakAza, chAyA, andhakAra Adi paryAyeM utpanna evaM naSTa hotI rahatI haiN| jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra paramANa kI gati eka samaya meM loka ke eka chora se dUsare chora lokAnta taka ho sakatI hai aura vaha gati karate samaya Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko bhI prabhAvita karatA hai| Aja ke vijJAna ne zabda aura prakAza kI gati kA mApa prastuta kiyA hai, para paramANu kI gati se-jo usakI svAbhAvika gati hai, ati alpa aMza hai| vijJAna isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki prakAza, garmI, chAyA Adi skandha eka sthAna se bahuta dUra taka gati karate samaya apanI gati ke vega (Force) ke anurUpa vAtAvaraNa ko prakAza, garmI evaM chAyA kI paryAyoM se yukta banAte jAte haiN| baiTarI (Torch) se nikalane vAlI prakAza kI paryAya svayaM gati karatI haiM aura gatizIla pRdgaloM ko prakAza evaM garmI ke rUpa meM parivartita karake Age dhakelatI haiN| isI siddhAnta Theory ke AdhAra para vijJAna ne Wireless se zabda ko sthAnAntarita kiyA, Telesco ke mAdhyama se akSaroM ko aura Television ke mAdhyama se phoTo ko sthAnAntarita kiyaa| aba to gulAba Adi kI sugandha ko bhI sthAnAntarita karane kA prayatna cAlU hai / isase spaSTa hotA hai, ki zabda pudgala kI paryAya hai aura vaha gati karate samaya mArga meM par3ane vAle pudgaloM ko bhI zabdAyamAna banAtI hai / 2. bandha-nirantara gatizIla evaM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya svabhAva vAle ananta-ananta paramANaoM ke saMyoga-viyoga se skandhoM kA nirmANa aura vinAza hotA hai| paramANaoM kA paraspara saMyoga aura viyoga do prakAra se hotA hai - naisargika aura prAyogika / ve anya ke prayatna ke binA bhI paraspara milate aura bikharate rahate haiM aura kucha skandhoM meM sthita paramANu anya ke prayoga se bhI paraspara baMdhate evaM eka-dUsare se alaga hote haiM /

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pudgala kA svarUpa | 73 eka-dUsare ke sAtha milanA yaha pudgala kI bandha-paryAya hai / pratyakSa meM parilakSita hone vAlA yaha bhautika jagat mAtra mAyA, avidyA yA kalpanA hI nahIM, Thosa satya hai / svapna kI taraha kAlpanika hI nahIM, apanI vAstavika sattA rakhane vAlA sat padArtha hai / vijJAna ne vaijJAnika parIkSaNoM evaM prayogoM ke dvArA eTama ( Atom) meM jina ilekTrona ( Electron ) aura proTona (Proton) ko cakkara lagAte hue dekhA, vaha jaina paramparA dvArA mAnya sUkSmasUkSma Fincfine skandha meM Abaddha paramANuoM kA hI gaticakra hai / vAstava meM pudgala meM hone vAlA parivartana usakI paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai aura usa kA upAdAna kAraNa vaha svayaM hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki pudgala kA niyantraNa paudgalika sAdhanoM se hI ho sakatA hai aura ve sAdhana bhI pariNamanazIla haiM aura unakA pariNamana bhI paudgalika paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai / ataH paramANuoM ke saMyoga-viyoga se pudgaloM meM hone vAlA vibhinna prakAra kA bandha pudgala kI eka paryAya hai / 3-4. saukSmya aura sthaulya - sUkSmatA bhI pudgala kI eka paryAya hai aura sthUlatA bhI pudgala kI eka paryAya hai / donoM paryAyeM do-do prakAra kI haiMantya sUkSmatA Extreine fineness aura ApekSika sUkSmatA Relative fineness saukSmya Fineness paryAya hai aura Extreme grossness ( antya -sthUlatA) aura Relative grossness ( sApekSika - sthUlatA) sthaulya grossness paryAya hai / pudgala meM paramANu antya - sUkSma paryAya hai, isase sUkSma aMza ho hI nahIM sakatA aura pudgala meM ! vizvavyApI mahAskandha antya sthaulya Extreme Grossness paryAya hai, isase sthUla evaM virAT padArtha isa vizva meM anya koI nahIM hai / sApekSika ke lie kahA jA sakatA hai ki bera, TamATara se sUkSma hai aura tarabUja, TamATara se sthUla hai / isa prakAra sApekSika sUkSma aura sthUlaparyAya meM aura bhI aneka udAharaNa die jA sakate haiM / 5. saMsthAna - saMsthAna kA artha hai - AkAra / yaha bhI pudgala kI eka paryAya hai / pudgala - skandhoM meM paramANaoM ke saMyoga-viyoga se vibhinna prakAra ke AkAra banate aura bigar3ate rahate haiM / ataH pudgala kA AkAra to hai, parantu inakA eka nizcita evaM vyavasthita AkAra nahIM hai / jisa prakAra bAdaloM kA koI nizcita eka AkAra nahIM hai / 6. bheda - yaha bhI pudgala kI eka paryAya hai| pudgala-skandhoM meM hone vAle paramANuoM ke saMghaTana - vighaTana se vaha vibhinna bhedoM meM vibhakta hotA rahatA hai /

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74 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 7. tama-tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM tama kI paribhASA kI hai- tama vastuoM ke dekhane meM pratibandhaka kAraNa hai aura prakAza kA virodhI tattva hai| kucha vicAraka andhakAra ke astitva ko prakAza kI taraha svatantra nahIM mAnate, ve use prakAza kA abhAva mAnate haiN| parantu vaha prakAza kA abhAva nahIM, pratyuta pudgala kI svatantra paryAya hai aura prakAza kI taraha usakA bhI astitva hai| usameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza kA sadabhAva hai / vijJAna bhI andhakAra ko Thosa padArtha mAnatA hai aura varNa Adi se yukta mAnatA hai| raMga ke sambandha meM e. DablyU. bAraTaoNna kA kahanA hai-jaise padArtha ke tApamAna ko bar3hAyA jAe, to vaha sarvaprathama pAra-rakta Infra-red prakAza ko chor3atA hai, usake bAda lAla Red light, pIta yellow light, aura sapheda white light prakAza chor3atA hai| jaise-jaise padArtha ke tApamAna ko bar3hAyA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise raMga adhika gaharA hotA jAtA aura raMga kI choTI lahareM lambI hotI jAtI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kucha tAroM stars ko le sakate haiM, jo nIlepana ko lie sapheda prakAza ke sAtha camakate haiM / yaha isa bAta kA spaSTa saMketa hai, ki vahA~ kA tApamAna avazya hI U~cA honA cAhie / isI prakAra andhakAra kI garma kiraNe Dark heatrays haiM, jo dekhane kI zakti utpanna nahIM krtii| ina kiraNoM kI upasthiti meM kyA pramANa hai ? jisase yaha mAnA jA sake ki andhakAra bhI vAstavika padArtha hai ? isake samAdhAna meM eka udAharaNa diyA gayA hai, ki billI aura ullU-jo aMdherA hote hae bhI infra-red rays kI madada meM rAta ke aMdhere ko bhI dekha sakate haiN| aura Infra-red rays kI sahAyatA se hI phoTogrAphara ghupa aMdhere utter darkness meM phoTogrApha le sakatA hai| yadi aMdhere meM ye kiraNeM nahIM hotIM, to jina pazu-pakSiyoM kI A~khoM meM se infrared-rays nikalatI hai, ve aMdhere meM kaise dekha pAte aura aMdhere meM phoTo kaise liye jA sakate / / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki aMdhakAra meM bhI kiraNeM haiM ve hamArI A~khoM ko prabhAvita nahIM karatI, parantu unake astitva ko phoTogrAphika A~khoM Eyes of a special photographic plate se dekhA jA sakatA hai / jaina-darzana ne isa satya-tathya ko prArambha se hI svIkAra kiyA hai ki aMdhakAra pudgala kI eka paryAya hai, usameM raMga, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza saba haiN| 1 A Text book of Heat, by A. W. Barton, P. 361.

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pudgala kA svarUpa ! 75 8. chAyA-chAyA shadow bhI eka pudgala kI paryAya hai / sUrya Adi graha-nakSatra prakAza-yukta padArthoM ke nimitta se Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko jyotirmaya banA dete haiN| parantu ina prakAza kI kiraNoM kA jo pudgalaskandha jitane sthAna meM avarodha kara letA hai, utane sthAna meM prakAza nahIM, chAyA dikhAI detI hai| chAyA paudgalika hai aura prakAza kA AvaraNa hai| tattvArtha sUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM chAyA ko do prakAra kA batAyA haivarNAdi vikAroM meM pariNata aura pratibimbita / sApha zIze meM jo vyakti yA padArthoM kA pratibimba par3atA hai, vaha pudgala kI paryAya hai aura use chAyA yA praticchAyA kahate haiN| dUsarA rUpa sinemA ke parde Cinema screen para dekhA jA sakatA hai| sinemA ke parde para jo calacitra parilakSita hotA hai, vaha philma Film kI praticchAyA hI hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki chAyA, mAyA evaM kalpanA nahIM, Thosa pudgala hai| vijJAna ne chAyA kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI hai-sahI rUpa meM prakAza kA avarodha (AvaraNa) hI chAyA "The production of si adows is also correctly explained as due to the obstruction of light.1 -10 Atapa aura udyota-Atapa aura udyota-donoM pudgala kI paryAyeM haiN| vijJAna kI dRSTi se prakAza ke do rUpa haiM-Atapa Heat aura Light | sUrya kA prakAza, Aga kI jyoti yA laiMpa kI rozanI Atapa hai, aura candra kI jyotsnA, khadyota athavA juganU kI dhImI-rozanI aura ratnoM meM se nikalane vAlI rozanI Adi ko udyota kahate haiN| Atapa meM prakAza kama aura tApa adhika hotA hai, aura udyota meM prakAza kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai, garmI kama / vijJAna ne yaha pramANita kara diyA hai, ki laimpa meM 15% prakAza rahatA hai, aura sUrya meM 35% prakAza hotA hai| isakA artha hai, ki laimpa aura sUrya kI kramazaH 15% aura 35% zakti hI prakAza meM parivartita hotI hai, zeSa 85% aura 65% zakti Atapa meM pariNata hoto hai| parantu juganU yA khadyota Glow-worm ke zarIra meM jo rozanI dikhAI detI hai, usameM 66% jyoti rahatI hai aura 1% Atapa / isalie prathama ke prakAza ko Atapa aura dvitIya ke prakAza ko udyota kahate haiM / aura ye pudgala kI paryAya haiM, ataH ye mAtra zakti rUpa nahIM, pratyuta pudgala-dravya ke skandha hai / kyoMki koI bhI zakti nirAdhAra nahIM rhtii| 1. Cosmology : Old and New, P. 176

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76 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva pudgala ko cAra avasthAe~ Agama meM pudgala ke aneka prakAra se bheda-prabheda kie haiN| usakI cAra avasthAoM kA varNana bhI Agama meM milatA hai| ve cAra avasthAe~ haiMsthUla, sUkSma, saMsthAna aura bandha / indriyoM dvArA grAhya samasta padArtha sthUla haiM / indriya evaM zarIra bhI sthUla padArtha haiM, parantu mana ko sUkSma mAnA hai| kyoMki vaha dikhAI nahIM detaa| Agama meM mana Mind ko do prakAra kA mAnA hai-dravya-mana aura bhAva-mana / manovijJAna Psychology meM mana kI tIna avasthAoM kA varNana hai-cetana-mana Conscious-mind aura acetanamana Unconscious mind tathA ina donoM ke madhya kI jo kar3I hai,use ardha cetana-mana Pre-Conscious mind kahA hai| kucha aise vicAra hote haiM ki bar3oM ke dabAva ke kAraNa, sAmAjika pratibandhoM ke kAraNa yA paristhiti vaza cAhate hue bhI vyakti una vicAroM ko, icchAoM ko kAryarUpa meM pariNata nahIM kara paataa| ve damita icchAe~ bAhara meM samApta ho gaI aisA dikhAI detA hai, parantu ve maratI yA naSTa nahIM hotIM, balki Unconscious mind kI taha meM chipa jAtI haiM, jo prasaMga para nimitta pAkara punaH ubhara AtI haiN| Conscious-mind vaha hai, jisameM icchAe~ uThatI haiM aura kArya rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / Pre-conscious-mind kA kArya yaha hai, ki kucha icchAe~ jo damita kara dI gaI haiM yA kI jAne yogya haiM, unheM vyakti yogya rUpa meM parivartita karake kArya rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai| parantu mana ke ye tInoM prakAra dravya aura bhAva mana meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiM / dravya-mana paramANuoM se banA huA hai| vaha svataH na acchA vicAra karatA hai aura na burA vicAra / dravya-mana jar3a hai, ataH usameM socane kI zakti nahIM hai| vaha to bhAva-mana dvArA jo zubhAzubha saMkalpa-vikalpa kie jAte haiM, unako prakaTa karane kA mAdhyama hai| bhAva-mana cetanA-yukta hai| ataH vaha rAga-dveSAtmaka bhI hai| icchA, vAsanA evaM kAmanA usI meM jAgRta hotI haiN| jina icchA-AkAMkSAoM ko vaha kAraNavaza yA paristhitivaza kArya rUpa meM pariNata nahIM kara pAtA, ve smRti ke koSa meM saMgrahIta rahatI haiM, sattA meM banI rahatI haiN| vAsanA evaM icchA kA udaya meM Akara kArya rUpa meM pariNata nahIM honA, pratyuta antarmana kI taha meM pracchanna rahanA, smRti yA sattA meM bane rahanA hai, jo samaya pAkara udaya meM A sakatI hai / isI ko manovijJAna meM Unconscious mind kahA hai / yaha bhAva-mana jJAnA

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pudgala kA svarUpa | 77 smaka hai aura prathama guNasthAna se lekara dvAdaza guNasthAna taka rahatA hai| trayodaza guNasthAna meM bhAva-mana nahIM rahatA, kyoMki vahA~ kevalajJAna rahatA hai| isalie kSAyopazamika bhAva-mana svataH hI samApta ho jAtA hai / nAma karma ke udaya ke kAraNa dravya-mana rahatA hai| parantu rAga-dveSa evaM saMkalpavikalpAtmaka bhAva-mana kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa terahaveM guNasthAna meM puNyapApa kA bandhana nahIM hotaa| parantu jahA~ bhAva-mana hai, vahA~ bandha hotA hai / AcArya kundakunda bandha ko pudgala kI avasthA mAnate haiM, cetana kI nahIM / yadi cetana ko bandha ho to phira vaha mukta kaise hogA ? gAya bAhara se carvaNa karake jaba zAma ko ghara lauTatI hai, taba gRhasvAmI use rassI se khUTe para bA~dhatA hai| vyavahAra meM kahA jAtA hai ki gAya ko rassI se bAMdhA gyaa| parantu vAstava meM gAya ko nahIM bAMdhA gyaa| kyoMki rassI kI gA~Tha gAya meM nahIM, pratyuta rassI meM hI lagAI gaI hai| isI prakAra nizcaya dRSTi se bhAva-mana ke saMkalpa-vikalpa ke kAraNa karmoM kA bandha kArmaNa vargaNA ke yA karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ke sAtha hotA hai, jIva ke pradezoM ke sAtha nahIM / jIva kA pariNamana jIva kI cetana paryAyoM meM hI hotA hai, karma kI jar3a-paryAyoM meM nhiiN| ataH nizcaya-daSTi se na to atIta meM cetana kA bandha haA hai, na vartamAna meM hotA hai, aura na ananta anAgata meM hogaa| vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se vyavahAra-bhASA meM kaha sakate haiM ki zubhAzubha bhAvoM ke anurUpa AtmA ko zubhAzubha karmoM kA bandha hotA hai| isa prakAra Agama-sAhitya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne aura unake bAda AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha-sUtra meM evaM AcArya kundakunda ne paJcAstikAyasAra, niyamasAra evaM pravacanasAra meM AdhyAtmika evaM dArzanika zailI meM pudgala dravya kI vyAkhyA kI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki koI bhI vyakti kisI bhI dravya ko badala nahIM sakatA, parantu usake svarUpa ko samajha sakatA hai / ataH vastu kA jo svarUpa hai, use usI rUpa meM dekhanA evaM samajhanA tathA usameM rAga-dveSa na karake draSTA banakara rahanA hI samyakajJAna hai, aura yaha dRSTi hI Atma-vikAsa kA kAraNa hai|

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jIva dravya jIva kA lakSaNa jIva ke lakSaNa kA kathana tIna prakAra se kiyA gayA -Agamika dRSTi se, adhyAtmadaSTi se aura dArzanikadaSTi se / jaina granthoM meM tIna prakAra se jIva kA lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai| lakSaNa se hI lakSya kA jJAna hotA hai / jisa vastu kA jJAna karanA ho, usakA lakSaNa jAna lenA, Avazyaka hotA hai| kisI ne pUchA-gAya kA lakSaNa kyA hai ? uttara dene vAlA kahejisake sira para sIMga haiM, vaha gAya hai, to yaha lakSaNa ThIka nahIM kyoMki isameM ativyApti doSa hai| gAya ke atirikta bhaiMsa, bakarI aura hirana ke bhI sIMga hote haiM / yadi kahA jAye, ki jisakA kapila varNa hai, vaha gAya hai, to ThIka nhiiN| kyoMki gAya sapheda tathA citakabarI bhI hotI hai / isa lakSaNa meM avyApti doSa hai / sabhI gAyoM meM lakSaNa nahIM gayA / yadi kahA jAye, ki eka khUra vAlI gAya hotI hai, to ThIka nhiiN| kyoMki isameM asambhava doSa hai| gAya ke do khura hote haiM, eka kabhI nahIM hotA / yadi kahA jAye, ki jisake gale meM sAstA hai, vaha gAya hai, to yaha lakSaNa sarvathA nirdoSa hogaa| ataH binA lakSaNa ke lakSya vastu kI saccI pahacAna nahIM hotI / lakSaNa honA hI cAhie / Agamagata lakSaNa Agama meM kahA gayA hai-eyaM jIvassa lakkhaNaM arthAt yaha jIva kA lakSaNa hai| kauna-sA hai, vaha lakSaNa jisameM jJAna ho, jisameM darzana ho, jisameM cAritra ho, jisameM tapa ho, jisameM bala vIrya ho aura jisameM upayoga ho, vaha jIva hai / jisameM ye guNa na hoM, athavA jisameM ye dharma na hoM, ( 78 )

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jIva dravya | 76 vaha jIva bhI nhiiN| yahA~ jIva ke lakSaNa kA kathana bhedanaya se kiyA gayA hai / abhedanaya se to upayoga kahane bhara se hI jIva kA lakSaNa siddha ho jAtA hai / AtmA ke samasta guNoM kA samAveza upayoga meM ho jAtA hai| ataH upayoga hI vastutaH jIva kA lakSaNa hai| SaT paryApti saMsArI jIva ke chaha paryApti hotI hai-AhAra, zarIra, indriya, zvAsa-prazvAsa, bhASA aura mana / paryApti kA artha hai-pudgala ke upacaya se hone vAlA jo pUdagala pariNamana hetu zakti vizeSa / usake do bheda haiMlabdhi paryApti aura karaNa paryApti / jisa karma ke udaya se prArabdha svayogyaM paryApti, abhI pUrI nahIM kI, lekina karegA, use labdhi paryApta kahate haiM / jisa jIva ke pAsa yaha ho, vaha labdhi paryApta jIva hotA hai| jisane svayogya samasta paryApti pUrI kI haiM, vaha jIva karaNa paryApta hai, aura usakI paryApti karaNa paryApti kahI jAtI hai / ataeva saMsArI jIvoM ke do bheda haiM-paryApta evaM aparyApta / daza prANa prANI tathA prANavAn jIva ko kahate haiM / jisake pAsa prANa ho, vaha prANI hai| prANa ke do bheda haiM-dravya prANa aura bhAva prANa / nizcaya naya se ekamAtra cetanA hI prANa hai / kintu vyavahAranaya se jIva ke cAra prANa hote haiM-indriya, bala, AyuSya aura zvAsa-prazvAsa / indriya ke pA~ca bheda haiN| bala ke tIna bheda haiM / bala tIna haiM, kAyabala, vacanabala aura manobala / saba milAkara prANa ke dasa bheda haiM / ye dasoM prANa dravya prANa haiM / cetanA bhAva prANa hai / siddhoM meM bhAva prANa hai, aura saMsArI meM dravya aura bhAvadonoM haiM / saMsArI jIva meM kama se kama cAra prANa tathA adhika se adhika dasa hote haiN| adhyAtmagata lakSaNa adhyAtma zAstra meM jIva kA lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai-"jIvo uvayogamao amutti, sadeha parimANo" / jo jIva hai, vaha upayoga-rUpa hai| jo jIva hai, vaha amUrta hai / jo jIva hai, vaha svadeha parimANa hai| jIva sva karmoM kA kartA bhI hai / jIva apane karma kA phala-bhoktA bhI hai| jIva saMsArastha bhI hai, aura siddha bhI hai / jova apane nija svabhAva se Urdhva gamana karane vAlA hai|

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80 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva upayoga do prakAra ke haiM-sAkAra aura nirAkAra / sAkAra jJAna hai, nirAkAra darzana / jJAnopayoga ke ATha bheda haiM-pAMca jJAna aura tIna ajJAna / darzanopayoga ke cAra bheda haiM / ataH upabhoga ke dvAdaza bheda hote haiM / jisameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza-ye cAra guNa hoM, vaha mUrta hotA hai / pudgala ko chor3akara ye cAra guNa anyatra kahIM nahIM rahate / ataH pudgala mUrta hai, aura zeSa pAMca dravya amUrta haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM meM jIva ke parimANa ke viSaya meM tIna mata haiMvibhu, aNu aura madhyama / nyAya vaizeSika darzana AtmA ko vibhu parimANa mAnate haiM / bhaktivAdI AcArya rAmAnuja aNu parimANa mAnate haiM / ekamAtra jaina hI jIva ko madhyama parimANa mAnate haiN| ataeva jaina darzana meM jIva ko svadeha parimANa kahA gayA hai / sAMkhya-yoga darzana meM AtmA ko bhoktA kahA hai, aura prakRti ko kartA / lekina yaha tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| jaina darzana kA siddhAnta hai-yaH kartA, sa eva bhoktA / jova ke do bheda haiM-saMsArI aura siddha / saMsArI azuddha tathA siddha zuddha hai / sidhyamAna jIva kI gati Upara kI ora hI hotI hai-nija svabhAva se| darzanagata lakSaNa bhArata ke vibhinna darzanoM meM jIva ke alaga-alaga lakSaNa kiye gaye hai| nyAya-vaizeSika meM AtmA kA lakSaNa hai-"jJAnAdhikaraNamAtmA / " AtmA jJAna kA adhikaraNa hai, arthAt jJAna kA Azraya hai / jJAna guNa eka mAtra AtmA meM hI rahatA hai, anyatra nahIM / sAMkhya-yoga darzana meM jIva kA lakSaNa hai-"caitanyaM puruSasya lakSaNam / " puruSa arthAt AtmA kA dharma hai-caitanya arthAt cetanA / caitanya prakRti kA dharma nahIM, puruSa kA hI asAdhAraNa dharma hai| vedAnta meM brahma ke do lakSaNa haiM-svarUpa lakSaNa aura taTastha lakSaNa / svarUpa lakSaNa hai-"satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma / brahma sat, citta aura Ananda rUpa hai / taTastha lakSaNa hai-jo jagat kI utpatti, sthiti aura pralaya meM hetu hai, vaha brahma hai, aura vaha ananta hai| jaina darzana meM jIva kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai-"upayogo jIvasya lakSaNam / " jIva kA lakSaNa hai - upayoga / upayoga zabda jaina darzana

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jIva- dravya | 81 kA pAribhASika zabda hai / upayoga kA artha hai - jJAna / jJAna guNa hI AtmA kA asAdhAraNa dharma hai / upayoga AtmA ke atirikta anya kisI dravya meM athavA tattva meM nahIM rahatA / saMsArI jIva kA upayoga azuddha aura siddha kA upayoga parama vizuddha hai / lekina upayoga kI sattA - saMsArI aura siddha- donoM meM hI hai / ataeva jIva ke isa lakSaNa meM na ativyApti doSa hai, na avyApti aura na asambhava / jaina paramparA ke samasta dArzanikoM ne jIva kA yahI lakSaNa kiyA hai / upayoga do prakAra kA hai - sAkAra aura nirAkAra | tarka-zAstragata lakSaNa tarka - zAstra meM athavA nyAya - zAstra meM jIva ke lie pramAtA zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / pramAtA, pramANa, pramA aura prameya / ina cAra zabdoM kA tAtparya samajha lenA Avazyaka hai / nyAya - zAstra kA siddhAnta hai, ki pramAtA pramANa ke dvArA prameya ko jAnatA hai / pramA kA artha hai, yathArtha jJAna / prameya kA artha hai, vaha vastu jo pramANa ke dvArA jJAta ho / pramANa kA artha hai - pramA kA karaNa / pramAtA kA artha hai - jJAtA, jAnane vAlA / jIva jJAtA hai / kyoMki jJAna usakA vizeSa guNa hotA hai / AcArya siddhasena divAkara AcArya ne apane grantha nyAyAvatAra kI ikattIsavIM kArikA meM pramAtA kA, jIva kA lakSaNa kiyA hai - " pramAtA svAnyanirbhAsI svasaMvedana saMsiddho jIvaH / " jIva pramAtA hai / vaha sva aura para kA jJAtA hai / apane karmoM kA kartA hai / karmaphala kA bhoktA hai / jIva pariNAmI nitya hai / sva-saMvedana se siddha hai / use siddha karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jIva kSiti, jala, teja, vAyu aura AkAza rUpa nahIM hai / kyoMki ye paJcabhUta cetanAzUnya haiM / jIva cetanAvAn hai / ataeva vaha paJcabhUtAtmaka nahIM / jo paJcabhUtAtmaka hotA hai, vaha jIva nahIM hotA / jaise prANiyoM kA zarIra hai / jo tInoM kAloM meM jIvita hai, vaha jIva hai / prANoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlI AtmA jIva zabda vAcya hai / kyA hai, jIvana ! daza prakAra ke prANoM kA dhAraNa karanA | kauna-se haiM daza prANa ! sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, netra aura zrotra tathA mana, vacana, kAya evaM ucchvAsa - niHzvAsa aura AyuS /

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82 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ye daza dravya prANa mukta jIvoM ke nahIM hote haiM / lekina mukta jIvoM ke bhAva prANa hote haiM, aura ve haiM - kSAyikajJAna tathA kSAyikadarzana / vAdideva sUri AcArya ne svanirmita tarka grantha pramANanayatattvAloka ke sAtaveM pariccheda ke sUtra 55 evaM 56 meM jIva kA lakSaNa kiyA hai - " pramAtA pratyakSAdi prasiddha AtmA / " pratyakSa Adi pramANoM se siddha AtmA pramAtA kahA jAtA hai / vaha AtmA caitanyasvarUpa hai / vaha pariNamanazIla hai / kartA hai aura bhoktA bhI hai / apane prApta zarIra ke barAbara hai / jIva pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai / jIva, pudgalarUpa adRSTa karma vAlA hai / cArvAka AtmA ko nahIM mAnatA / ataH kahA gayA ki AtmA, pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama pramANoM se sadA siddha hai / maiM sukhI hU~, maiM duHkhI hU~ - yaha sva-saMvedana pratyakSa hai / rUpa Adi ke jJAna kA koI kartA avazya hai / kyoMki jAnanA eka kriyA hai / jo kriyA hotI hai, usakA koI kartA avazya hotA hai, jaise chedana kI kriyA / jAnane kI kriyA kA jo kartA hai, vahI AtmA hai, vahI jIva hai / jo kartA hotA hai, vaha bhoktA bhI hotA hai / sAMkhya darzana prakRti ko kartA aura puruSa ko bhoktA mAnatA hai / usakA yahA~ khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / jIva caitanyasvarUpa hai / nyAya-vaizeSika meM AtmA ko caitanyasvarUpa nahIM mAnA hai / ataH usakA yahA~ khaNDana kiyA hai / pariNAmI vizeSaNa se sAMkhya mata kA khaNDana hai / kyoMki vaha puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai / svadeha parimANa vizeSaNa se nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya aura yoga matoM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / kyoMki ve AtmA ko AkAza kI bhA~ti vyApaka mAnate haiM / pratizarIra bhinna vizeSaNa se vedAnta kA khaNDana kiyA hai / kyoMki vedAnta mata meM samasta zarIroM meM eka hI AtmA mAnA gayA hai| adRSTavAn vizeSaNa se cArvAka mata kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki vaha adRSTa ko nahIM mAnatA hai / siddhi kA svarUpa AcArya vAdideva sUri ne siddhi kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA hai"samyagjJAna-kriyAbhyAM kRtsnakarmakSayasvarUpA siddhi: / " pratyeka manuSya siddhi kI sAdhanA kara sakatA hai / zarIra nara kA ho athavA nArI kA, siddhi kI sAdhanA meM usake kAraNa se kucha bhI antara nahIM par3atA hai| kyoMki mukti kA kAraNa samagra karmoM kA kSaya hai aura kSaya hotA hai - samyagjJAna aura

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jIva-dravya | 83 samyakcAritra se / yahA~ para 'strI kA zarIra' isa kathana se strI-mukti kA niSedha karane vAle digambara sampradAya kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| "puruSa zarIra" grahaNa karane se zUdra-mukti kA niSedha karane vAloM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kucha loga jJAna mAtra se tathA kucha loga kriyA mAtra se mukti mAnate haiM / unakA khaNDana karane ke lie jJAna aura kriyA-donoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai| yadyapi jinazAsana meM samyagdarzana ko bhI mokSa kA upAya kahA gayA hai, tathApi vaha samyagjJAna kA sahacara hotA hai / jahA~ samyagjJAna hogA, vahA~ samyagdarzana avazya hogA / ataH usakI alaga gaNanA nahIM kI hai| AcArya hemacandra AcArya ne svapraNIta pramANa-mImAMsA ke prathama adhyAya ke 42veM sUtra meM pramAtA kA, jJAtA evaM jIva kA lakSaNa isa prakAra se diyA hai-"svaparAbhAsI pariNAmI AtmA pramAtA / " sva aura para kA jJAtA, pariNamanazIla AtmA pramAtA hotA hai| dIpaka svaprakAzaka hone ke sAtha paraprakAzaka bhI hai| use prakAzita karane ke lie kisI anya dIpaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM / kucha loga AtmA ko svaprakAzaka hI mAnate haiM aura kucha para-prakAzaka hI mAnate haiN| ataH donoM kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai / pariNAmI kA kyA artha hai ? jisameM eka sAtha utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya rahe, vahI pariNAmI hotA hai / AtmA na kUTastha nitya hai, na kSaNa-vinazvara hai| jIva nitya bhI hai, anitya bhI hai / jaise sarpa kI kuNDalAvasthA miTatI hai, tadanantara saralatA avasthA utpanna hotI hai, aura sarpatva donoM avasthAoM meM jyoM kA tyoM kAyama rahatA hai| AtmA kI sukha evaM duHkha Adi avasthAe~ vinaSTa hotI rahatI haiN| utpanna bhI hotI rahatI hai| lekina caitanya jyoM kA tyoM sthira banA rahatA hai| AtmA ko ekAnta vinAzazIla mAna liyA jAe, to kRtakarmapraNAza aura akRtakarmAgama doSoM kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai| yadi AtmA ko ekAnta nitya mAnA jAe, to sukha-duHkha Adi vividha prakAra ke paryAyoM kA honA sambhava nahIM rhtaa| kucha loga kartatva aura bhoktatva--AtmA meM nahIM hote, usakI avasthAoM meM hote haiM, isa prakAra kA kathana karate haiN| kintu yaha kalpanA asaMgata hai / kyoki apanI avasthAoM se avasthAvAn

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84 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva bhinna nahIM hai / donoM meM kathaMcit abheda hai| ataH karma kA kartA hI usakA phala bhogatA hai| isa kathana ke dvArA AtmA ke ekAnta nityatva aura ekAnta anityatva kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / AtmA zabda ke prayoga se anAtmavAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yaha pramAtA kA lakSaNa siddha ho gyaa| ___ tarkavAdI AcAryoM ne jIva kA lakSaNa tarka-pradhAna zailI se kiyA hai / AcArya siddhasena ne jo bAta kahI, vahI bAta AcArya vAdideva sUri ne kahI, aura vahI bAta AcArya hemacandra sUri ne kahI / parantu tInoM kI zailI apanI hai| tInoM ne tarka ke AdhAra para pramAtA, jJAtA, jIva aura AtmA kA lakSaNa karake svamata kA maNDana aura paramata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jIva ke bheda-prabheda jaina darzana kA jIva vijJAna vistRta evaM vyApaka hai / Agama granthoM meM tathA darzana granthoM meM jIvoM ke bheda aura prabhedoM kA varNana aneka prakAroM se kiyA gayA hai / bhedoM ke varNana karane kI eka paddhati nahIM rhii| apanIapanI abhiruci ke anusAra varNana kiyA hai| kisI ne saMkSepa zailI se to kisI ne vistAra paddhati se jIvoM ke vibhAjana ko prastuta kiyA hai| yahA~ para saMkSepa meM, Agama aura darzana granthoM ke anusAra vibhinna paddhatiyoM ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / bheda-prabhedoM ke kathana kA mUla AdhAra nava-tattvaprakaraNa, tattvArtha-sUtra aura dravya-saMgraha hai| nava-tatva prakaraNa isa prakaraNa meM jIva ke caturdaza bheda kiye gaye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM-ekendriya ke do bheda-sUkSma aura vAdara / vikalendriya ke tIna bhedadvIndriya, trIndriya aura caturindriya / paMcendriya ke do bheda-saMjJI aura asaMjJI / ina sAtoM ke do bheda-paryApta aura aparyApta / sUkSma nAmakarma ke udaya se jina jIvoM ke zarIra carma cakSa oM se dRSTigocara nahIM hote, ve sUkSma kahe jAte haiN| bAdara nAmakarma ke udaya se jina jIvoM kA zarIra anekoM ke mila jAne se dRSTigocara hote haiM, ve bAdara kahe jAte hai / sUkSma aura bAdara jIvoM ke eka indriya hotI haisparzana / zaMkha Adi dvIndriya jIvoM ke do indriyA~ hotI haiM-sparzana aura

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jIva-dravya | 85 rsnaa| kIr3I Adi trIndriya jIvoM ke tIna indriyA~ haiM-sparzana, rasanA aura brANa / bhramara Adi caturindriya jIvoM ke cAra indriyA~ hotI haiMsparza na, rasanA, ghrANa aura cakSu / manuSya, pazu evaM pakSI Adi ke pAMca indriyA~ hotI haiM-sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrotra / pacendriya jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM -saMjJI aura asaMjJI / saMjJA zabda kA artha hai--jJAna / saMjJA tIna prakAra kI hai-dRSTivAdikI, hetuvAdopadezikI aura dIrghakAlikI / dIrghakAlikI saMjJA jina jIvoM meM hotI hai, ve saMjJI hote haiN| bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya tInoM kA vicAra jisase ho, vaha dorghakAlikI saMjJA hai| saMjJI ko mana vAlA aura asaMjJI ko amana vAlA kahate haiN| saMjJI jIva ke do bheda haiM-garbhaja evaM auSapAtika / garbha se utpanna hone vAle manuSya, pazu tathA pakSI Adi garbhaja kahe jAte haiN| deva aura nAraka jIva upapAta se utpanna hone se aupapAtika kahe jAte haiN| upapAta zabda ke do artha haiM -- zayyA aura kumbhii| upapAta-deva aura nAraka jIvoM ke utpanna hone ke sthAna ko kahate haiN| devoM ke utpanna hone ke lie upapAta zayyA aura nArakoM ke utpanna hone ke lie kumbhI hotI hai| kyoMki deva evaM nAraka jIvoM kA janma garbha se nahIM hotA / ataeva ve donoM aupapAtika jIva kahe jAte haiN| asaMjJI kA artha hai-manarahita / jisake manana karane ke lie mana na ho, ve jIva manarahita hote haiM, asaMjJI hote haiN| asaMjJI ke do bheda haiMmanuSya aura tiryaJca / saMmUcchima manuSya aura saMmUcchima tiryaJca asaMjJI hote haiM / saMmUcchima zabda kA artha hai-agarbhaja, binA garbha ke utpanna hone vAle / mAtA evaM pitA ke saMyoga ke binA hI utpanna hone vAle jIva saMmUcchima kahe jAte haiN| ina jIvoM kA AyuSya antarmuhUrta kA hotA hai, adhika nhiiN| inakI utpatti mala, mUtra evaM kapha Adi azuci sthAnoM meM hotI hai| sUkSma hone ke kAraNa ve jIva carmacakSuoM se dikhAI nahIM dete haiN| bAlAvabodha nava-tattva prakaraNa grantha para eka TabbA hai, usakA nAma hai-bAlAvabodha / isakI bhASA mAravAr3I evaM gujarAtI mizrita hai, aura vaha bhI bahuta prAcIna hai| yaha apabhraMza kAla ko racanA hai| jo loga saMskRta bhASA

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86 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva aura prAkRta bhASA nahIM samajhate the, unhIM logoM ke lie yaha bAlAvabodha likhA gayA hai| isameM saMsArI jIvoM ke battIsa bhedoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| "saMsArI jIvoM ke battIsa bheda bhI hote haiN| jaise ki pA~ca sUkSma sthAvara aura pA~ca bAdara sthAvara / donoM milakara dasa bheda hote haiN| pratyeka vanaspati kA eka bheda / saMjJI paJcendriya kA eka bheda / asaMjJI paJcendriya kA eka bheda / vikalendriya ke tIna bhed| ye saba milakara solaha bheda hote haiM / phira solaha ke paryApta aura aparyApta bheda karane se jIvoM ke battIsa bheda ho jAte haiN|" 'bAlAvabodha' meM kahA gayA hai, ki samasta saMsArI jIvoM ke pA~casau tresaTha bheda ho jAte haiN| manuSyoM ke tIna sau tIna bheda / devoM ke eka-sau aThAnaveM bheda / nArakoM ke sAta bheda / tiryaJcoM ke ar3atAlIsa bheda / tattvArtha-sUtra vAcaka umAsvAti racita tattvArthAdhigama-sUtra meM athavA tattvArtha sUtra meM, jIvoM ke do bheda haiM / saMsArI aura mukta / saMsArI kA artha hai-karma sahita jIva aura mukta kA artha hai-karma rahita jIva / saMsArI jIva ke do bheda haiM-samanaska aura amanaska / samanaska kA artha hai-manasahita jIva aura amanaska kA artha hai-manarahita jIva / inhIM ko saMjJI jIva aura asaMjJI jIva kahA gayA hai| vAcaka umAsvAti ne mana zabda kA prayoga karake viSaya ko adhika spaSTa aura sugama kara diyA hai| saMjJA kI apekSA mana ko samajhanA sarala hai| saMsArI jIvoM ke anya prakAra se bhI bheda haiN| saMsArI ke do bheda haiMtrasa aura sthAvara / jina jIvoM ko basa nAmakarma kA udaya ho, ve trasa jIva kahe jAte haiN| jo ghUmate-phirate hoM, jo eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para AjA sakate hoM, ve trasa jIva hote haiN| jina jIvoM ko sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya ho, ve sthAvara jIva hote haiM / jo eka hI sthAna para sthira hote haiM / jo kahIM para bhI ghUma-phira nahIM sakate, ve jIva sthAvara hote haiN| jaise ki pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya ke jIva sthAvara jIva kahe jAte haiN| trasa jIvoM ke bheda isa prakAra haiM-dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura paMcendriya jIva / kRmi nAmaka jIva dvIndriya hai|

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jIva-dravya | 87 kyoMki usake do indriyA~ haiM-sparzana aura rasana / pipolikA trIndriya hai| kyoMki usake tIna indriyA~ haiM-sparzana, rasana aura ghrANa / bhramara caturindriya hai / kyoMki usake cAra indriyA~ haiM-sparzana, rasana, ghrANa aura cakSa / manuSya, pazu aura pakSI paJcendriya haiM kyoMki unake pA~ca indriyA~ haiMsparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSa aura zrotra / jIvoM ke do bheda kiye the-samanaska aura amnsk| samanaska kA lakSaNa kiyA hai- "saMjJinaH samanaskAH / " arthAt saMjJI jIva samanaska hote haiM / yahA~ para saMjJA kA artha hai-hita aura ahita kI parIkSA tathA guNa evaM doSa kA vicAra, athavA atIta kI smRti, vartamAna ko mati aura anAgata kI parikalpanA / hitAhita meM pravRtti-nivRtti mana kI sahAyatA se hI hotI hai, anyathA nahIM / mana ke binA vicAra nahIM hotA hai| dravya-saMgraha dravya saMgraha AcArya nemicandra kI sundara kRti hai / viSaya kA nirUpaNa atyanta saMkSipta kiyA hai| isameM tIna adhikAra haiM-dravya adhikAra, tattva adhikAra aura mokSa mArga adhikAra / jIva ke sambandha meM ATha adhikAroM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai-upayoga, amUrta, kartA, bhoktA, svadeha parimANa, saMsArI, siddha aura Urdhvagamana / isakA abhiprAya hai, ki jIva ke do bheda haiM-saMsArI aura mukta / mukta zabda kA prayoga na karake AcArya ne siddha zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| saMsArI jIva ke mukhya do bheda haiM-trasa aura sthAvara / jIva samAsa, guNasthAna aura mArgaNAsthAna kI apekSA bhI saMsArI jIvoM ke bheda evaM prabheda kiye gaye haiN| saMsArI jIva vyavahAranaya se mArgaNA aura guNasthAnoM kI apekSA caturdaza bheda vAle hote haiN| parantu nizcayanaya se samasta jIva zuddha hI haiM, bheda rahita haiM, aura eka svabhAva vAle haiM, eka hI haiN| indriya-lakSaNa indriyoM ke AdhAra para saMsArI jIvoM ke tIna bheda ho sakate haiMekendriya jIva, vikalendriya jIva aura paMcendriya jIva / pA~ca indriyA~ kaunasI haiM ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, netra aura zrotra / ye pA~ca jJAna indriyA~ haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika meM aura mImAMsA-darzana meM bhI ye pA~ca jJAna indriyA~ hI svIkRta haiM / lekina vedAnta,sAMkhya aura yoga darzana meM ina pA~coM ke atirikta pA~ca karma indriyA~ bhI svIkRta haiM-vAk,

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58 | jana darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva pANi, pAda, upastha aura pAyu / mana ko bhI indriya mAnA hai| ataH sAMkhya yoga meM ekAdaza indriyoM kI mAnyatA hai / vedAnta meM mana ko indriya nahIM mAnA hai| zeSa sabhI darzanoM meM mana ko antaraMga indriya ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH mana indriya hai| jaina darzana meM pA~ca karma indriyA~ svIkRta nahIM hai / kyoMki unakA samAveza zarIra meM ho jAtA hai / pA~ca jJAna indriyA~ aura mana ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / pramANa-mImAMsA AcArya hemacandra sUri kRta pramANa-mImAMsA nyAya grantha ke adhyAya prathama aura sUtra saMkhyA ikkIsa se paJca indriyoM ke lakSaNa, viSaya aura bhedoM ko eka hI sUtra meM bar3I kuzalatA se piroyA gayA hai| indriyoM ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA hai-sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSa aura zrotra---ye pA~ca jJAna indriyA~ haiM / krama se sparza, rasa, gandha, rUpa aura zabda ko grahaNa karanA, inakA lakSaNa hai / ye pA~coM indriyA~ do-do prakAra kI haiMdravya indriya aura bhAva indriya / dravyendriyA~ nAmakarma ke udaya se nirmita hotI haiM / bhAvendriyA~ indriyAvaraNa karma aura vIryAntarAya karma ke kSayopazama se prApta hotI haiN| dravya-indriya kA lakSaNa pramANa-mImAMsA meM dravya indriya kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai-- "dravyendriyaM niyatAkArAH pudgalAH / " niyata AkAra vAle pudgaloM ko dravyendriya kahate haiN| jinakA bhItarI aura bAharI AkAra eka vizeSa prakAra kA ho, unheM niyatAkAra kahate haiM / jo pUraNa aura galana arthAt milane aura bichur3ane ke svabhAva vAlA hai, vaha varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza vAlA dravya pudgala kahA jAtA hai| jaise ki zrotra Adi indriyoM meM karNazaSkUlI Adi jo bAharI AkAra hai, aura kadambagolaka Adi bhItarI AkAra hai, vaha saba pudgala dravyamaya hone ke kAraNa dravyendriya hai / bhAva-indriya kA lakSaNa pramANa-mImAMsA meM bhAva indriya kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai"bhAvendriyaM lbdhyupyogau|" labdhi aura upayoga-ye bhAvendriya haiM / jJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazamavizeSa ko labdhi kahate haiN| jisake saMnidhAna se * AtmA dravyendriya kI nirvRtti ke prati vyApAra karatA hai, usake nimitta se

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jIva- dravya | hone vAlA AtmA kA viziSTa pariNamana upayoga kahalAtA hai | indra ( AtmA ) ke liMga ko indriya kahate haiM / yaha vyutpatti mukhya rUpa se jisa indriya meM ghaTita hotI hai, vahI bhAvendriya hai / labdhi indriya AtmA meM svapara jJAna kI zakti utpanna karatI hai / ataeva vaha bhAvendriya kahalAtI hai / mana kA lakSaNa AcArya ne mana kA svarUpa evaM lakSaNa karate hue kahA hai- "sarvArtha grahaNaM manaH / " jo sarva arthoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA hai, vaha mana hai / mana ko anindriya aura noindriya bhI kahA gayA hai / sarvArtha grahaNaM manaH ke sthAna para yadi sarvArthaM manaH yaha hotA, to yaha lakSaNa AtmA meM bhI calA jAtA / kyoMki grahaNa zabda kA grahaNa karake yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai, ki mana karaNa hai, AtmA kartA hai / ataeva usameM isa lakSaNa kA prasaMga nahIM hotA / mana sabhI padArthoM ko jAnane meM karaNa hotA hai / indriyoM ke samAna mana bhI do prakAra kA hai - dravyamana aura bhAvamana / mana rUpa meM pariNata hue pudgala dravyoM ko dravya mana kahate haiN| mana ko AvRta karane vAle kama kA kSayopazama honA, labdhi bhAva mana hai AtmA kA artha grahaNa kI ora hone vAlA vyApAra upayoga bhAva mana hai AcArya ne indriyoM kA aura mana kA vahuta hI sundara vizleSaNa karake viSaya ko spaSTa aura sarala kara diyA hai / mana kI paribhASA atyanta sundara hai / mana kA viSaya kyA hai isa prazna kA uttara AcArya hemacandra sUri ne diyA thA ki mana sarvArthagrAhI hai / lekina vAcaka umAsvAti tattvArtha sUtra meM kahate hai, ki "zrutamanindriyasya / " arthAt mana kA viSaya zruta hai, zrutajJAnagocara padArtha hai / athavA zrutajJAna kA viSayabhUta padArtha mana kA viSaya hai / donoM ke kathana meM antara hai / / / zarIra ke bheda saMsAra-dazA meM jIva binA zarIra ke nahIM raha sakatA hai| zarIra, jIva kA AdhAra hai / siddha hI binA zarIra ke raha sakate haiM, saMsArI jIva nahIM raha sakate haiM / ataeva zarIra ke pA~ca bheda haiM- odArika, vaikriyika, AhAraka, tejasa aura kArmaNa / sthUla zarIra, jo dUsare ko roke aura dUsare se ruka sake, use audArika zarIra kahate haiM / yaha zarIra manuSyoM ke aura tiryaMcoM ke hotA hai / vaikriyika zarIra vaha hai, jo eka-aneka, sUkSma - sthUla, halkA bhArI Adi aneka prakAra kA kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha zarIra devoM

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60 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ke aura nArakoM ke hotA hai / vikriyA Rddhi se hone vAlA vaikriyika zarIra isase bhinna hai / kyoMki vaha manuSyoM ko aura tiryaMcoM ko hotA hai / yaha vikriyA to audArika zarIra meM hotI hai / zAstra meM isako labdhipratyaya kahA gayA hai / vizeSa tapasyA karane se jo Rddhi prApta hotI hai, use labdhi kahate haiM / usake nimitta se hone vAlA zarIra / AhAraka zarIra, AhArak labdhidhara evaM pUrvadhara muni ko hI hotA hai / sUkSma tattva kA nirNaya karane ke lie athavA jina bhagavAna ko vandana karane hetu SaSTha guNasthAna sthita muni ke zarIra se jo eka hAtha bhara putalA bAhara nikalatA hai, vaha AhAraka zarIra hai / taijasa zarIra vaha hai, jisameM taijasa paramANu hoM / yaha audArika Adi zarIroM meM teja arthAt kAnti utpanna karane vAlA hai / kArmaNa zarIra vaha hai, jo karmoM kA samUha rUpa hai / jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTa karmoM kA nidhi rUpa / AThoM karmoM ke paramANuoM kA saMcaya isameM hotA hai / taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra anAdi kAla se jIva ke sAtha lage hue haiN| jaba taka jIva kI saMsAra avasthA hai, taba taka sAtha hI raheMge ! pA~ca zarIroM kI vizeSatA pA~coM zarIroM meM, pUrva- pUrva zarIra kI apekSA uttara-uttara zarIra sUkSma hotA hai / prathama se dvitIya, tRtIya, caturtha aura paMcama adhika adhika sUkSma haiM / prathama zarIra se tRtIya zarIra taka pradezoM kI apekSA asaMkhyAta guNa adhika haiM / caturtha tathA paMcama zarIra ananta guNa adhika haiM / AhAraka zarIra se ananta guNa paramANu taijasa zarIra meM aura taijasa zarIra kI apekSA ananta guNa paramANu kArmaNa zarIra meM hote haiM / taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra apratighAti haiM, bAdhA rahita hote haiM / ye donoM zarIra samagra loka meM kisI bhI mUrta padArtha se na rukate haiM aura na roke jA sakate haiM / taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra jIva ke sAtha anAdikAla meM sambaddha rahe haiM / yaha kathana - sAmAnya kI apekSA se hai / kintu vizeSa kI apekSA pahale ke zarIroM kA sambandha naSTa hokara unake sthAna meM nUtana zarIroM kA sambandha hotA rahatA hai / taijasa aura kArmaNa -- ye donoM zarIra samasta saMsArI jIvoM ke hote haiM / eka jIva ke eka sAtha cAra zarIra taka ho sakate haiM / jaise ki do hoM, to tejasa aura kArmaNa / tIna hoM, to taijasa, kArmaNa aura audA - rika / athavA taijasa, kArmaNa aura vaikriyika / cAra hoM, to taijasa, kArmaNa, audArika aura AhAraka / athavA taijasa, kArmaNa, audArika aura vaikriyika

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jIva - dravya | 61 zarIra hote haiM / pA~coM zarIra eka jIva ke sAtha eka sAtha nahIM ho sakate haiM / kyoMki AhAraka zarIra labdhidhara evaM pUrvadhara muni ko hI hotA hai / tejasa kI vizeSatA taijasa zarIra do prakAra kA hotA hai - eka zarIra meM hI rahakara use kAnti pradAna karane vAlA / yaha samasta saMsArI jIvoM ke zarIra se nikalakara bAhara jAne vAlA / yaha bhI do aura azubha | zItalalezyA tathA tejolezyA, isI ke zItala lezyA zubha pariNAma hai, aura tejolezyA azubha | AhAraka zarIra kI vizeSatA AhAraka zarIra kA svAmI sAdhAraNa nahIM, asAdhAraNa vyakti hI ho sakatA hai / vaha saMyata ho, usameM bhI pramattasaMyata ho, AhAraka labdhi dhara ho aura pUrvadhara bhI ho / yaha zarIra zubha hotA hai, kabhI azubha nahIM hotA / yaha zarIra vizuddha hai, kabhI azuddha nahIM hotA / kyoMki AhAraka labdhi se nirmita hotA hai / yaha zarIra avyAghAti hotA hai, bAdhArahita hotA hai / kisI bhI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahIM hotI / isakA nirmANa bhI zubha evaM pavitra uddezya se kiyA jAtA hai / zruta meM kisI prakAra kI sUkSma zaMkA ke nivAraNa ke lie hotA hai / hotA hai / dUsarA prakAra kA hai - zubha pariNAma hote haiM / kArmaNa zarIra kI vizeSatA / pA~ca zarIroM meM yaha sabase anta meM haiM / ataH isako antya bhI kahate haiM / ante bhavam antyam / jo saba ke bAda meM hotA ho, vaha antya kahA jAtA hai / yaha zarIra anya saba zarIroM kA mUla hai vedAnta aura sAMkhya meM isako liMga zarIra, kAraNa zarIra athavA sUkSma zarIra kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai / saMsAra kA mukhya kAraNa yahI hai / bandhana kA kAraNa bhI yahI hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra isakA anta hI saMsAra kA anta hai / yaha kArmaNa zarIra nirupabhoga hai, arthAt upabhoga rahita hai / indriyoM ke dvArA una ke viSayoM ke grahaNa ko upabhoga kahate haiM / vaha upabhoga jIva kI vigraha gati meM nahIM ho pAtA / ataH vaha nirupabhoga hotA hai / audArika- vaiyika ko vizeSatA audArika zarIra vaha hai, jo garbhajanma aura saMmUcrchana janma se

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12 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva utpanna hotA hai / yaha zarIra manuSya, pazu aura pakSI Adi ke hotA hai / yaha atyanta sthUla zarIra hai| vedAnta evaM sAMkhya darzana meM isako sthUla zarIra kahA hai| nyAya darzana meM isako paJcabhUtAtmaka kahA gayA hai / caraka evaM suzra ta meM isako sapta dhAtumaya zarIra kahA gayA hai| vaikriyika zarIra vaha hai, jo upapAta-janma se utpanna hotA hai| yaha zarIra devoM ke aura nArakoM ke hotA hai| vaikriyika zarIra labdhi prApta bhI hotA hai, jo vaikriya labdhidhara vyakti vizeSa ko hI hotA hai / yoni aura usake bheda jIvoM ke utpatti sthAna ko yoni kahate haiM / athavA jisa sthAna vizeSa para jIva utpanna hote haiM, use yoni kahA jAtA hai| yoni nava prakAra kI hai- sacitta, zIta, saMvRta, acitta, uSNa, vivRta, sacittAcitta, zItoSNa aura sNvRt-vivRt| yoni aura janma meM antara hai| kyA antara hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki yoni aura janma meM AdhAra tathA Adheya kA antara hai| yoni AdhAra hai, aura janma Adheya hai| yahI donoM meM antara hai| cetanA-sahita yoni ko sacitta yoni kahate haiN| jo kisI ke dekhane meM nahIM AtA, isa prakAra ke jIva ke utpatti-sthAna ko saMvata yoni kahate haiN| jo yoni zIta sparza vAlI hotI hai, usako zIta yoni kahate haiN| ina tInoM ke jo viparIta yoni haiM, ve acitta, vivRta aura uSNa kahI jAtI haiN| donoM ke saMyogI bhAva se jo yoni hotI haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM-- sacitta aura acitta, saMvata aura vivata tathA zIta aura uSNa / sava milAkara ye nava prakAra kI yoni hotI haiM / anya mata ke zAstroM meM bhI yoni kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / caurAsI lAkha jIva yoni zabda atyanta prasiddha rahA hai| janma aura usake bheda ___janma, jIvana aura maraNa-ina tInoM kA hI aTUTa sambandha hai / kyoMki janma hogA, to jIvana bhI avazya hI hogaa| alpakAlIna ho, yA dIrghakAlIna janma hai, to jIvana bhI hai| yadi jIvana hai, to maraNa bhI avazyaMbhAvI hai| jIvana ho, aura maraNa na ho, yaha to sambhava nahIM / maraNa ho aura janma na ho, yaha bhI sambhava nhiiN| janma hai-jIvana kA prArambha aura maraNa hai-jIvana kA anta / udaya aura asta ananta gaganagAmI aMzumAlI ke bhI hote haiM / phira manuSya kI kyA bAta ?

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jIva-dravya | 63 jIvoM ke janma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM--saMmUrchama, garbha aura upapAta / saMmUrchama janma use kahate haiM, jo apane zarIra ke yogya pudgala paramANaoM ke dvArA mAtA aura pitA ke raja tathA vIrya ke binA hI zarIra kI racanA ho jAye / kITa-pataMgoM kA janma isI prakAra kA hotA hai| garbha janma use kahate haiM, jo nara-nArI ke saMyoga se rajovIrya ke kaNoM ke milana se zarIra kI racanA ho jaaye| manuSya, pazu aura pakSI Adi kA janma isI prakAra kA hotA hai / upapAta-janma use kahate haiM, jo saMyoga evaM sahavAsa ke binA hI deva-zayyA aura nAraka kumbhI meM zarIra kI racanA ho jAtI hai| deva tathA nArakoM kA janma isI prakAra kA huA karatA hai| garbha janma tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-jarAyuja, aNDaja aura pota / janma ke samaya prANI ke zarIra se jAla, rudhira aura mAMsa kI jo khola cipakI rahatI hai, use jarAyu athavA jera kahate haiM / usase jo utpanna hotA hai, usako jarAyuja kahate haiN| jaise manuSya, gAya aura bhaiMsa aadi| jo aNDa se utpanna hotA hai, use aNDaja prANI kahate haiM / jaise ki kAka, kokila aura kapota Adi pakSI / utpanna hote samaya jisa jIva para kisI prakAra kA AvaraNa nahIM hotA, aura jo yoni se bAhara nikalate hI calane, phirane aura ghUmane lagatA hai, use pota kahate haiM / jaise ki mRga aura siMha Adi prANI hote haiN| devoM kA aura nArakoM kA janma upapAta hotA hai / garbha aura upapAta janma vAloM se bhinna jIvoM kA janma saMmUrchima hotA hai / ekendriya se lekara asaMjJI paJcendriya tiryaJcoM taka kA janma , niyama se hI saMmUrchima janma hotA hai / zeSa tiryaJcoM ke garbha aura saMmUrchima---donoM prakAra se janma hote haiM / labdhi-aparyAptaka manuSyoM kA bhI janma, saMmUcchima janma hotA hai / jIva ke tIna veda veda zabda jaina paramparA meM pAribhASika rahA hai| veda zabda kA artha-- jJAna bhI hotA hai / grantha vizeSa bhI isakA artha hotA hai / lekina yahA~ veda kA artha hotA hai--abhilASA / puruSa ko strI kI jo abhilASA hotI hai, vaha puruSaveda hai / strI ko puruSa kI jo abhilASA hotI hai, vaha strIveda hai / napuMsaka ko ubhaya kI jo abhilASA hotI hai, vaha napuMsakaveda hai / veda ko upakaSAya athavA nokaSAya kahA gayA hai / vastutaH strI-puruSa kA jo

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64 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva rAgAtmaka mithuna bhAva hai, use yahA~ veda kahA gayA hai| usake tIna bheda hote haiM-strIveda, puruSaveda aura napuMsakaveda / yaha rAgAtmaka vRtti hai / nAraka jIva aura saMmUcchima jIva napuMsaka veda vAle hote haiM / unameM strI-puruSa nahIM hote| deva napuMsakaveda vAle nahIM hote / devoM meM strIveda aura puruSaveda donoM hI hote haiN| manuSya aura garbhaja tiryaJca jIva tInoM veda vAle hote haiN| unameM strIveda, puruSaveda aura napuMsakaveda tInoM hI hote haiM / jIvoM kA yaha vibhAjana veda kI apekSA se kiyA gayA hai / siddha jIva sadA avedI hote haiM / veda meM kevala saMsArI jIvoM kI gaNanA hai| jIva kI vigraha gati jIva kI hita meM pravRtti aura hita se nivRtti mana kI sahAyatA se kI jAtI hai / parantu vigrahagati meM dravya mana rahatA nahIM, phira jIva usake binA nUtana deha dhAraNa karane ke lie vigraha gati meM gamana kisa kI sahAyatA se karatA hai ? samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki vigraha gati meM kArmaNa kAyayoga hotA hai,usakI sahAyatA se jIva eka gati se dUsarI gati meM gamana kara sakatA hai / vartamAna zarIra ko chor3akara jaba jIva dUsare zarIra ko dhAraNa karane ke lie lokAntara meM pahu~cane ke lie gamana karatA hai, taba use vigraha gati athavA antarAla kahA jAtA hai| isako hI lokAntara gati bhI kahate haiN| kArmaNa kAyayoga ke nimitta se Atma-pradezoM meM jo kampa utpanna hotA hai, use karmayoga athavA kArmaNa kAyayoga kahate haiN| isake dvArA hI jIva maraNa sthala se nUtana janma sthAna taka jAtA hai| isake binA lokAntara meM gamana nahIM hotaa| jIva aura pudgala ke gamana kA niyama jIva aura pudgala kA gamana anuzreNi se hotA hai, arthAt AkAza ke pradezoM kI zreNi ke anusAra hI hotA hai| zreNi loka ke madhya se lekara Upara, nIce tathA tiryak dizA meM AkAza ke pradezoM kI sIdhI paMkti ko zreNi kahA gayA hai| jisa samaya jIva marakara nUtana deha dhAraNa karane hetu vigraha gati meM gamana karatA hai, usakA hI gamana vigraha gati meM zreNi ke anusAra hotA hai, anya jIva kA nhiiN| isI bhA~ti jo pudgala kA zuddha paramANu eka samaya meM caturdaza rajju gamana karatA hai, usakA hI zreNi ke anusAra gamana hotA hai, anya saba pudgaloM kA nhiiN| jIva aura pudgala kI

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jIva-dravya | 65 gati kA yahI niyama hai / lekina yaha niyama vizeSa jIva aura vizeSa pudgala ke lie hI hai| mukta jIva ko gati jo jIva mukta ho cuke haiM, karma bandhana se rahita ho gaye haiM, unameM gati kA abhAva hai / ataH yahA~ para jIva zabda se mukta jIva nahIM, mucyamAna jIva athavA sidhyamAna jIva kA grahaNa hotA hai| usakI gati avigrahA hotI hai, sIdhI gati hotI hai / kyoMki jIva kI svAbhAvika gati, Urdhva gati hotI hai, mor3arahita sIdhI gati hotI hai| zreNi ke anusAra hone vAlI gati ke do bheda haiM-vigrahavatI aura avigrahavaTI / karmoM kA kSaya karake siddha-zilA para jAne vAle jIvoM kI avigrahA hI gati hotI hai| vigraha arthAt zarIra ke lie jo gati hotI hai, vaha vigraha gati hai / mucyamAna jIva to samasta gatiyoM kA chedana hI kara detA hai| saMsArI jIva kI gati saMsArI jIva kI gati cAra samaya se pahale-pahale vigrahavatI arthAt mor3a sahita aura avigrahavatI arthAt mor3arahita donoM prakAra kI hotI hai / jo mor3arahita hotI hai, usameM kevala eka samaya lagatA hai / jisameM eka mor3a lenA par3atA hai, usameM do samaya lagate haiN| jisameM do mor3a lene par3ate haiM, usameM tIna samaya lagate haiN| jisameM tIna mor3a lene par3ate haiM, usameM cAra samaya lagate haiN| yaha jIva caturtha samaya meM kahIM na kahIM nUtana zarIra grahaNa kara letA hai / avigraha gati eka samaya mAtra kI hotI hai| usameM kevala eka hI samaya lagatA hai| vigraha gati meM AhAraka tathA anAhAraka saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM-AhAraka arthAt AhAra grahaNa karane vAle aura anAhAraka arthAt AhAra nahIM grahaNa karane vAle / audArika, vaikriyika aura AhAraka zarIra tathA SaT paryAptiyoM ke yogya pudgaloM kA grahaNa karanA, AhAra kahA jAtA hai| jaba taka jIva AhAra ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, taba taka vaha anAhAraka kahA jAtA hai / saMsArI jIva avigrahA gati meM anAhAraka hI hotA hai| parantu eka, do aura tIna mor3a vAlI gatiyoM meM krama se eka, do aura tIna samaya taka vaha jIva anAhAraka rahatA

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96 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva hai / mor3a samApta ho jAne para vaha caturtha samaya meM niyama se AhAraka ho jAtA hai ! ke AyuS prakAra 1 ATha prakAra ke karmoM meM eka karma hai, AyuSya / AyuS zabda kA artha hotA hai-- jIvana / daza prakAra ke prANoM meM eka prANa hai, AyuSya / nAraka, deva, caramazarIrI, uttama puruSa aura asaMkhyAta varSajIvI - ye anapavartanIya AyuSya vAle hote haiM / AyuSya do prakAra kA hai apavartanIya aura anavartanIya / jo AyuSya bandhakAlIna sthiti ke pUrNa hone ke pUrva hI zIghra bhogA jA sake, vaha apavartanIya hotA hai, aura jo AyuSya bandhakAlIna sthiti ke pUrNa hone ke pUrva na bhogA jA sake, vaha anapavartanIya hotA hai / AyuSya ke zIghra bhoga ko hI apavartanA, athavA loka vyavahAra meM akAla mRtyu kahA jAtA hai / niyata sthiti ke bhoga ko anapavartanA, athavA kAla mRtyu kahA jAtA hai / apavartanIya AyuSya sopakrama hotA hai / zastra viSa aura agni Adi ke jina nimittoM se akAla mRtyu hotI hai, una nimittoM kA prApta honA, upakrama hai / parantu anapavartanIya AyuSya do prakAra kA hotA hai - sopakrama aura nirupakrama / anapavartanIya AyuSya vAloM ko kaisA bhI prabala nimitta kyoM na mile, kintu ve kabhI bhI akAla meM mRtyu ko prApta nahIM hote / aupapAtika, nAraka aura deva haiM / caramadeha tathA uttamapuruSa manuSya hI hote haiM / tIrthaMkara, cakravartI aura vAsudeva Adi uttamapuruSa haiM / asaMkhyAta varSajIvI kucha manuSya aura kucha tiryaMca hI hote haiM / asaMkhyAta varSajIvI nirupakrama anapavartanIya AyuSya vAle hI hote haiM / caramadeha aura uttamapuruSa sopakrama anapavartanIya aura nirupakrama anapavartanIya - donoM prakAra ke AyuSya vAle hote haiM / inake atirikta zeSa samasta manuSya tathA tiryaMca apavartanIya evaM anapavartanIya AyuSya vAle hote haiM / ye hI AyuSya ke prakAra haiM / jIva ke paJca bhAva jIva saMsArI ho athavA siddha--- jainadarzana ke anusAra usake pAMca bhAva hote haiM- aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika, audayika aura pAri NAmika | mohakarma ke upazama se AtmA meM jo bhAva hotA hai, use aupazamika kahA jAtA hai / mohakarma ke kSaya se AtmA meM jo bhAva hotA hai,

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jIva-dravya | 97 vaha kSAyika bhAva hai| mohakarma ke kSaya evaM upazama se AtmA meM jo bhAva hotA hai, vaha kSayopazama bhAva hotA hai / karmoM ke udaya se AtmA meM jo bhAba hotA hai, use audayika bhAva kahA gayA hai / mohakarma ke upazama, kSaya aura kSayopazama tathA karmoM ke udaya binA AtmA meM jo bhAva hotA hai, use pAriNAmika bhAva kahate haiM / ye pA~ca bhAva jIva ke svarUpa haiM, jIva ke upalakSaNa hote haiN| kyoMki jIva kA mukhya lakSaNa to upayoga hI ho sakatA hai / upayoga kA artha hai-cetanA / cetanA do prakAra kI hotI hai-sAkArA aura nirAkArA / sAkArA cetanA hI jJAna hai, aura nirAkArA cetanA hI darzana hai / ataH jJAna aura darzana hI vastutaH jIva ke lakSaNa haiN| nyAyavaizeSika darzana meM to inheM nirvikalpaka tayA saMkalpaka jJAna kahA gayA hai| donoM ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| parantu bauddha darzana meM to nirvikalpaka ko hI pramANa mAnA gayA hai, savikalpaka ko pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA / jainadarzana donoM ko pramANa mAnatA hai| aupazamika bhAva ke bheda aupazamika bhAva ke do bheda haiM-aupazamika samyaktva aura aupazamika cAritra / anantAnabandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha tathA samyaktva, mithyAtva aura ina donoM kA mizra bhAva-darzanamoha kI tIna prakRtiyoM ke upazama se evaM cAritramoha kI cAra prakRtiyoM ke upazama se jo samyaktva hotA hai, use aupazamika samyaktva kahate haiN| mohakarma kI zeSa ikkIsa prakRtiyoM ke upazama se jo cAritra hotA hai, use aupazamika cAritra kahA jAtA hai| kSAyika bhAva ke bheda kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, kSAyika dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga evaM vIrya tathA kSAyika samyaktva aura kSAyika cAritra--ye nava bheda kSAyika bhAva ke haiM / kevalajJAna-darzana--ye donoM jJAnAvaraNa-darzanAvaraNa karma ke kSaya se hote haiM / dAna evaM lAbha Adi pA~ca labdhiyA~ antarAyakarma ke kSaya se hotI haiM / mohakarma ke kSaya ke samyaktva aura cAritra-ye donoM bheda hote haiM / / kSAyopazamika bhAva ke bheda isake aSTAdaza bheda hote haiM-mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyAya-- ye cAra jJAna tathA mati ajJAna, zra ta ajJAna evaM vibhaMga jJAna, ye tIna

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18 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva ajJAna / tIna darzana, dAna Adi pA~ca labdhiyA~, samyaktva, sarvacAritra evaM saMyamAsaMyama (deza cAritra) / kyoMki ye bhAva apane pratipakSI karma ke kSayopazama se hote haiN| audayika bhAva ke bheda isake ikkIsa bheda hote haiM-cAra gati, cAra kaSAya, tIna liMga, eka mithyAdarzana, eka ajJAna, eka asaMyama, eka asiddhatva bhAva aura chaha lezyAe~-ye saba milakara ke audayika bhAva ke bheda haiM / ye sabhI bhAva karma ke udaya se hote haiN| pAriNAmika bhAva ke bheda isake tIna bheda haiM-jIvatva, bhavyatva aura abhavyatva / lekina sUtra meM paThita 'ca' zabda se astitva bhAva, vastutva, dravyatva, prameyatva, jJayatva, pradezatva aura aguru-laghutva bhAva Adi sAmAnya guNoM kA bhI grahaNa hotA hai| __jIvatva kA artha hai-caitanya / bhavyatva kA artha hai-mukti kI yogytaa| abhavyatva kA artha hai-mukti kI ayogytaa| ye tIna bhAva svAbhAvika haiN| kyoMki ye tInoM bhAva na kisI karma ke udaya se hote haiM, na upazama se, na kSaya se aura na kSayopazama se| parantu anAdisiddha Atma dravya ke astitva se hI siddha haiN| ataeva ye tInoM aura anya astitva Adi bhAva bhI jIva ke pAriNAmika bhAva kahe jAte haiN| jIva ke lakSaNa upayoga ke dvAdaza bheda upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai / jIva, cetana aura AtmA tInoM paryAyavAcaka haiM / AtmA anAdisiddha evaM svatantra dravya hai / usakA jJAna indriyoM ke dvArA nahIM ho sakatA / kyoMki vaha rUpavAn nahIM hai / parantu AtmA kA jJAna svasaMvedana pratyakSa tathA anumAna evaM Agama se kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekina kisI bhI vastu kA jJAna karane ke lie usakA lakSaNa bhI Avazyaka hai / yahA~ para jIva lakSya hai, aura upayoga usakA lakSaNa hai / kyoMki upayoga samasta AtmAoM meM avazya pAyA jAtA hai| jisameM upayoga nahIM, vaha acetana hai, vaha jar3a hai| upayoga kyA hai ? AtmA kA bodharUpa vyApAra / AtmA meM hI bodha kI kriyA hotI hai / bodha kA kAraNa jIva

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jIva-dravya | 66 kI cetanA zakti hai| cetanA jIva kA hI asAdhAraNa dharma hai, ajIva kA nahIM / jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA meM ananta guNa haiM, aura ananta paryAya haiM / para, upayoga hI unameM mukhya hai / jo mukhya hotA hai, vahI lakSaNa ho sakatA hai| upazama bhAva, kSaya bhAva, kSayopazama bhAva aura udaya bhAva-ye jIva ke svarUpa haiM, lekina ve na to samasta AtmAoM meM upalabdha hote haiM aura na kAlika hI haiM / traikAlika aura samasta AtmAoM meM upalabdha hone vAlA eka jIvatvarUpa pAriNAmika bhAva hI hai, jisakA phalitArtha upayoga ho hotA hai / ataeva upayoga hI jIva kA mukhya lakSaNa ho sakatA hai / paJca bhAva jIva ke upalakSaNa hI haiM / upalakSaNa aura lakSaNa meM antara yaha hai, ki jo lakSya meM sarvAtmabhAva se tInoM kAloM meM pAyA jAye, vaha lakSaNa hai| jaise ki agni meM uSNatva aura jala meM zItatva / jo lakSya meM kabhI ho, aura kabhI na bhI ho, vaha upalakSaNa hai| jaise ki agni ke lie dhUma / ataH upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai, aura paJca bhAva jIva ke upalakSaNa haiN| upayoga ke bheda vaha upayoga do prakAra kA hai| ATha prakAra kA hai / cAra prakAra kA hai| do prakAra haiM-sAkAra aura anAkAra / sAkAra ATha prakAra kA hai| anAkAra cAra prakAra hai / ataH upayoga dvAdaza prakAra kA hai| sAkAra ke ATha bheda isa prakAra haiM-matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna; matiajJAna, zrataajJAna aura vibhaMgajJAna / anAkAra ke cAra bheda ye haiM- cakSurdarzana, acakSurdarzana, avadhidarzana aura kevaladarzana / upayoga ke ye dvAdaza bheda hote haiN| sAkAra aura anAkAra kA abhiprAya kyA hai ? uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo bodha vastu ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane vAlA ho, vaha sAkAra upayoga / jo bodha vastu ko sAmAnya rUpa se jAnane vAlA ho, vaha anAkAra upayoga hai| sAkAra ko jJAna yA savikalpaka bodha kahate haiN| anAkAra ko darzana yA nirvikalpaka bodha kahate haiM / ye saba bheda aura prabheda AtmA ke bodha rUpa vyApAra haiM / ye jIva meM hI upalabdha hote haiN| ajIva meM kabhI upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| upayoga ke dvAdaza bhedoM meM kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana-ye do pUrNa

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100 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva vikasita cetanA ke vyApAra haiM, aura zeSa saba apUrNa vikasita cetanA ke vyApAra haiM | jJAna aura ajJAna meM kyA antara hai ? samyaktvasahacarita jJAna aura mithyAtvasahacarita ajJAna / darzana ke cAra bhedoM kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai - jo sAmAnya bodha netra janya ho, vaha cakSurdarzana kahA jAtA hai| netra ke atirikta anya indriyoM se athavA mana se jo sAmAnya bodha hotA hai, vaha acakSurdarzana kahalAtA hai / avadhi labdhi se mUrta padArthoM kA jo sAmAnya paribodha hotA hai, vaha avadhidarzana hai / kevalalabdhi se mUrta evaM amUrta samasta padArthoM kA jo sAmAnya paribodha hotA hai, vaha kevaladarzana kahA gayA hai / sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM hI vastu ke dharma haiN| kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka kahI jAtI hai / nava tattva bAlAvabodha meM isa grantha meM kucha anya prakAra se bhI jIvoM ke bheda haiM- jIva kA eka bheda cetanA / jIva ke do bheda - trasa aura sthAvara / jIva ke tIna bhedastrI veda, puruSa veda aura napuMsaka veda / jIva ke cAra bheda - naraka gati, tiryaJca gati, manuSya gati aura deva gati / jIva ke pA~ca bheda - ekendriya, dvIndriya, trIndriya caturindriya aura paJcendriya / jIva ke chaH bheda - pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya tathA trasakAya / isa prakAra jaina darzana meM jIva evaM AtmA ke viSaya meM, aneka prakAra aura bhedoM dvArA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana bhAratIya darzanoM meM nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana dvaitavAdI tathA yathArthavAdI darzana haiM / nyAya meM pramANa kA vivecana mukhya aura prameya kA gauNa sthAna hai / vaizeSika darzana meM padArtha kA vizleSaNa adhika hai, pramANa kA goNa hai | nyAya darzana meM SoDaza padArtha mAnya haiM - pramANa evaM prameya Adi / pramANa ke cAra bheda haiM, aura prameya ke dvAdaza bheda haiN| prameyoM meM AtmA, zarIra, indriya, mana aura artha Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / artha se abhiprAya hai, indriyoM ke viSaya / vaizeSika darzana meM sapta padArthoM kA varNana kiyA haidravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya aura abhAva / ataH ina donoM

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jIva- dravya | 101 darzanoM kI jaina darzana ke sAtha kAphI samAnatA hai / kyoMki jaina darzana bhI tavAdI tathA yathArthavAdI darzana hai / kezava mizrakRta tarka-bhASA tarkabhASA nyAya darzana kA prasiddha grantha hai / vidvAnoM meM atyanta lokapriya hai / isameM SoDaza padArthoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / dvAdaza prameyoM kA bhI vistAra se kathana hai / AtmA, zarIra, indriya aura mana kA sundara varNana kiyA hai / AtmA kA svarUpa / nyAya sampradAya ke anusAra AtmA Adi dvAdaza padArthoM ko prameya kahA gayA hai / prameya zabda kA artha hai - pramA kA viSaya / saMsAra meM pramA ke viSaya asaMkhya padArtha ho sakate haiM phira bhI yahA~ AtmA Adi ko hI prameya kahA gayA / kAraNa yaha hai, ki niHzreyasa ke sAdhana tattvajJAna kA vivecana karane ke lie yaha nyAya pravRtta huA hai / AtmA Adi ke tattvajJAna se hI niHzreyasa kI prApti ho sakatI hai / ataeva yahA~ para ye hI prameya haiM / samasta vaidika darzana AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna aura nitya mAnate haiM / vedAnta ekAtmavAda ko svIkAra karatA hai / anya vaidika darzana Atmabahutva ko mAnate haiM / AtmA ke parimANa ke sambandha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM matabheda rahA hai / vaidika darzanoM meM AtmA kA vibhu parimANa mAnA gayA hai, kevala rAmAnuja AcArya aNu parimANa mAnate haiM / jaina darzana AtmA kA madhyama parimANa svIkAra karatA hai / nyAya darzana meM AtmA do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai - jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA / jaina darzana bhI mukhya rUpeNa do bheda mAnatA hai - saMsArI aura siddha / vaidika darzana AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate haiM / lekina jaina darzana pariNAmI nitya / AtmA binA zarIra ke nahIM raha sakatA hai / zarIra Avazyaka hai / vaidika darzana zarIra kI paribhASA bhogAyatana karate haiM / jahA~ jisa AtmA kA zarIra hai, vahIM vaha AtmA sukha duHkha kA anubhava kara sakatA hai / jahA~ usakA zarIra nahIM, vahA~ vaha sukha-duHkha kA anubhava bhI nahIM kara sakatA / bhoga kA artha hai - sukha evaM duHkha kA sAkSAt anubhava karanA / ataH AtmA kA bhogAyatana hI zarIra hai /

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102 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva nyAya darzana ke anusAra indriyA~ chaha mAnI haiN| ghrANa, rasanA, netra, zrotra aura tvak / ye pA~ca to bAhya indriyA~ haiM / mana ko antarindriya mAnA gayA hai / indriya zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai- indra arthAt AtmA kA liMga / indriyoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM matabheda rahe haiN| nyAya darzana pAMca jJAnendriya aura eka mana ko mAnatA hai| parantu sAMkhya darzana ekAdaza indriyA~ mAnatA hai| pAMca jJAnendriya, pA~ca karmendriya aura eka mana / karmendriyA~ isa prakAra haiM-~~vAka, pANi, pAda, pAyu aura upastha / vedAnta bhI ekAdaza indriyAM mAnatA hai| para mana ko antaHkaraNa mAnA hai| ___ jo sUkha aura duHkha kI upalabdhi kA sAdhana hai, vaha mana hai / vaha aNu parimANa vAlA hai, hRdaya ke bhItara rahatA hai| jisa indriya se AtmA meM sthita sukha-duHkha kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha mana hai| mana aNa hai, jisa indriya ke sAtha mana kA saMyoga hotA hai, usake dvArA apane viSaya kA pratyakSa kiyA jAtA hai, dUsarI ke dvArA nahIM / eka kAla meM eka indriya ke dvArA hI pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai| yadi mana vibhu hotA, to eka sAtha sabhI indriyoM ke sAtha usakA sambandha ho jAtA, aura eka kAla meM aneka indriyoM ke dvArA apane-apane viSaya kA pratyakSa hone lagatA / sAMkhya meM mana ko ahaMkAra kA pariNAma mAnA gayA hai / mana ko vibhu bhI mAnA hai| vaidika darzana meM mana hRdaya ke bhItara sthita hai / tIvra gati vAlA hone ke kAraNa zarIra ke bhinnabhinna bhAgoM meM jAtA rahatA hai| annaMbhaTTa-kRta tarkasaMgraha tarkasaMgraha vaizeSika darzana kA eka mahatvapUrNa laghugrantha hai / isameM sapta padArthoM kI bahuta hI sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| bhArata ke sabhI darzanakAroM ne svAbhimata padArtho kI bhinna-bhinna saMkhyA mAnI hai / gautama ne SoDaza padArtha mAne haiN| vedAnta eka brahma, do cit aura acit, tIna cit, acit aura Izvara / bhaktivAdI Izvara ko mAnate haiN| sAMkhya darzana paccIsa tattva mAnatA hai| mImAMsaka ATha padArtha mAnate haiN| kaNAda ne sapta padArtha svIkAra kie haiM-dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya aura abhAva / tarkasaMgraha meM inhIM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM dravya nava mAne haiN| jaina darzana SaD dravya svIkAra karatA hai /

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jIva-dravya | 103 AtmA kA lakSaNa tarkasaMgraha meM annabhaTTa ne AtmA kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA hai"jJAnAdhikaraNamAtmA / " AtmA ko jJAna kA adhikaraNa arthAt Azraya kahA hai| AtmA ko do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-paramAtmA aura jIvAtmA / paramAtmA sarvajJa haiM, jabaki jIvAtmA alpajJa hai / AtmA nitya hai, vibhu hai aura prati zarIra meM bhinna-bhinna hai| kyoMki sabakA sukha-duHkha alaga hai| tarkasaMgraha meM zarIra kA lakSaNa diyA hai- "Atmano bhogAyatanaM zarIram / " jo AtmA ke sukha evaM duHkharUpa bhoga kA Ayatana arthAt Azraya ho, vaha zarIra hai / zarIra ke do bheda haiN| jaise ki yonija aura ayonija / zukra evaM zoNita ke saMyoga se jo utpanna hotA hai, vaha yonija zarIra hai / jaise ki manuSya, pazu aura pakSI kA, sveda se utpanna hone vAle kITANuoM kA, vRkSoM kA aura manu Adi siddha puruSoM kA zarIra ayonija hai / kyoMki vaha svayaMbhU hotA hai| tarkasaMgraha meM pA~ca indriyA~ mAnI haiM, jo jJAnendriya haiN| unake viSaya bhI pA~ca hI haiM / indriyA~ eka ora bAhya viSayoM se sambaddha haiM, aura dUsarI ora mana se, jo ki AtmA se sambaddha hotA hai / ataH mana AtmA aura indriya donoM se sambandha rakhatA hai, aura ye donoM hI sambandha jJAna ke kAraNa hote haiM / indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM-bAhya aura Abhyantara / mana to Abhyantara hai, zeSa indriya bAhya haiM / pA~coM jJAnendriya hI haiM / vaizeSika darzana meM karmendriyoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| sukha aura duHkha kI upalabdhi kA sAdhana mana hI hai / mana ko antarindriya mAnA hai / mana aNu rUpa hai, aura prati zarIra bhinna-bhinna hai / saba kA sukha-duHkha bhinna-bhinna hI hai / Antarika pratyakSa kA karaNa hone ke kAraNa mana indriya hai| vedAnta isa bAta ko nahIM maantaa| vedAnta kA tarka yaha hai, ki zru ti meM mana ko indriyoM se pRthaka mAnA hai| mana ko indriyoM se adhika sUkSma bhI mAnA hai| parantu vastusthiti yaha hai ki mana kI sthiti pA~ca indriyoM se pRthaka mAnanI hogii| phira cAhe use mana kaho, yA antaHkaraNa kI vRtti kaho / vedAnta-darzana use antaHkaraNa vRtti hI kahatA hai, mana nahIM /

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104 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva pAzcAtya darzana meM padArtha vicAra yUnAna ke mahAn dArzanika arastU ne bhI apane DhaMga se padArtha-vicAra kiyA hai / vastutaH arastU kA to darzana padArtha pradhAna rahA hai / usane apane tarka-zAstra meM daza padArtha mAne haiM-vastu, parimANa, guNa, sambandha, sthAna, kAla, sthiti, viziSTatA, gati aura nisskriytaa| ina daza meM antima nava vidheya haiM, aura vastu uddezya hai / yahA~ para yaha bAta dhyAna rakhane yogya hai; ki arastU kA vibhAjana tarkasaMgata hai, jabaki kaNAda kA tAttvika hai| vaizeSika darzana abhimata sapta padArtha aura arastU dvArA kathita daza padArthoM kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / dravya aura guNa to vastu aura guNa haiM hI, saMyoga aura samavAya donoM sambandha haiM, jinameM prathama guNa hai, aura dUsarA vizeSa prakAra kA padArtha / samaya aura sthAna kI gaNanA dravyoM meM kI jAtI hai| gati karma hai, aura niSkriyatA usakA niSedha hai| arastu ne abhAva kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| kyoMki vaha sattAvAn padArthoM kI gaNanA taka hI sImita rahA / prArambha meM vaizeSika darzana meM bhI abhAva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| yUnAnI paramANuvAda bhAratIya paramANavAda aura yUnAnI paramANa vAda kucha aMtara se milatA-julatA hai / lyUkiyasa ne yaha siddha kiyA ki hara padArtha ke kucha atyanta sUkSma paramANa hote haiM, jinakI prakRti aura AkRti eka-dUsare se bhinna hotI hai / epIkyUrasa ne unheM eTama nAma diyA / paramANuoM meM gati hotI hai, ve eka-dUsare milate bhI haiM aura bichDa bhI jAte haiN| paramANa nitya haiM, aura avinAzI haiM / paramANuoM se hI mana aura AtmA ko bhI utpanna maanaa| lyU ki yasa aura DemokriTasa donoM hI mana aura AtmA ko paramANaoM se banA huA nahIM mAnate the| bhArata meM, jainadarzana meM tathA kaNAda darzana meM paramANavAda para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya darzana ke pariprekSya meM pAzcAtya darzana kI apanI eka alaga paddhati hai / vicAra karane kA

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jIva-dravya | 105 apanA alaga dRSTikoNa hai| darzana ke mukhya viSaya tIna haiM-jIvana, jagat aura paramAtmA / pAzcAtya darzana meM tInoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / jJAnamImAMsA, padArtha-mImAMsA aura kAraNa-mImAMsA para bahuvidha, vyApaka tathA gambhIra vicAra aura anveSaNa kiyA gayA hai / pAzcAtya darzana meM aneka nUtana AyAmoM kA dvAra khulA hai| bhautika vijJAna, manovijJAna, nIti vijJAna, samAja vijJAna aura na-vaMza vijJAna / vastutaH ye saba darzana ke antargata the / parantu jaise-jaise cintana Age bar3hatA gayA, vaise-vaise hI vijJAna darzana se alaga hotA gayA / itanA hI nahIM, vijJAna darzana para prabhAvI hotA gyaa| usakA itanA vistAra ho gayA, ki usako zAkhA-prazAkhAe~ phailatI calI gayIM aura Aja darzana na rahakara ekamAtra vijJAna hI yUropa kI zAna bana gyaa| usake gaurava kA AdhAra bana gyaa| usakI pahacAna bana gyaa| kAla-vibhAga pAzcAtya darzana kA vibhAjana tIna bhAgoM meM kiyA gayA thA---yUnAnI darzana, madhyayugIna yUropiyana darzana aura AdhikArika Adhunika yUropiyana darzana / yUnAnI darzana kA prArambha-thelIja, pAithAgorasa aura herAkliTasa se hotA hai / usakA anta sukarAta, pleTo aura arastU meM hotA hai / arastU meM yUnAnI darzana apane vikAsa ke carama zikhara pahu~ca jAtA hai / eka Alocaka kA kahanA hai, ki yUnAnI darzana, pleTo taka zuddha darzana hai, aura arastU meM vijJAnavAda prArambha ho jAtA hai / arastU meM darzana vijJAna kA rUpa grahaNa karane lagatA hai| masIhA sampradAya yUnAnI darzana ke asta ho jAne para, jisakA vikAsa sukarAta, aphalAtUM aura arastU ne kiyA thA, aba vaha masIhA sampradAya ke logoM ke hAtha meM A gyaa| usameM tIna mukhya haiM - santa AgasTAina, santa thAmasa ekvAyanA aura plATinasa / ye tInoM hI dArzanika kama aura santa adhika the| ye dArzanika nahIM, dhArmika the / buddhi aura anveSaNa kama thA, AsthA aura viveka adhika / ataH nayA cintana samApta ho cukA thaa|

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106 | jana darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva nUtana darzanika yuga nUtana yuga kA prArambha DekArTa se prArambha hotA hai, aura hyUma para samApta hotA hai / yUropa ke prasiddha dArzanika chaha haiM-rene DekArTa, beneDikTa spinojA, gauTaphAiDa vilhelma lAibanitja, jAna laoNka, jArja barkale aura DeviDa hyUma / DekArTa bahutattvavAdI thaa| isakI padArtha-mImAMsA prasiddha hai / spinojA ekatattvavAdI thaa| lAibanitja cidaNuvAdI thaa| ye tInoM dArzanika padArthavAdI haiM / padArtha kI kalpanA tInoM kI bhinna-bhinna haiM / laoNka anubhavavAdI thA / barkale pratyayavAdI thA / hyUma saMdehavAdI thA / anubhavavAda meM, pratyayavAda meM aura saMdehavAda meM yUropa kA darzana apane vikAsa ke carama zikhara jA pahuMcA thaa| darzana-zAstra phira jarmanI pahu~ca gyaa| vahA~ ke do dArzanika atyanta prasiddha the-imainuela kAMTa aura jArja vilhelma hegala / kAMTa buddhivAdI thA tathA hegala nirapekSa pratyayavAdI thaa| kAMTa ne anubhavavAda aura buddhivAda kA samanvaya kiyA / hegala ne darzana ko vijJAnavAda aura advaitavAda kI bhUmikA para khar3A kiyaa| vastutaH kAMTa aura hegala ke kAla meM, yUropa kA darzana-- vikAsa kI sabase UMcI coTI para sthita ho gayA thA / saMkSepa meM yahI yUropa ke darzana kI jhalaka hai| yUnAna ke tIna dArzanika pAzcAtya dezoM meM darzana-zAstra kA janma-sabase pahale yUnAna meM huA thaa| parantu usakA paripAka huA thA-sukarAta, aphalAtUM aura arastU ke darzana meM, lekina tInoM kI vicAra paddhati bhinna-bhinna thI / sukarAta guru thaa| aphalAtUM usakA ziSya thaa| arastU aphalAtU kA ziSya thaa| arastU ne apane granthoM meM sukarAta aura aphalAtU ke vicAroM kI AlocanA kI hai| mahAna dArzanika sukarAta sukarAta yUnAna deza kA eka mahAn vicAraka tathA dArzanika thaa| usane apane vicAroM ko anya dArzanikoM ke samAna likhita rUpa nahIM diyA thaa| vaha sadA ghUmatA rahatA thA aura logoM se vArtAlApa kiyA karatA thaa| apane vicAroM ko dUsaroM taka pahu~cAtA thA, aura dUsaroM ke vicAroM ko svayaM jAnatA thaa| anya dArzanikoM ke tulya na vaha dUsaroM ko prabhAvita karatA thA aura na apanA anugAmI banAtA thaa| na vaha apanI sampradAya

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jIva-dravya | 107 sthApita hI karanA cAhatA thA / sukarAta kA uddezya logoM ko jJAna denA nahIM thA / vaha logoM ke mana meM jijJAsA utpanna karanA cAhatA thA / sukarAta kI isa paddhati ko dvandvAtmaka paddhati kahA jAtA hai / vAda vivAda aura saMvAda se jJAna kI abhivRddhi kI jAtI hai / bhArata meM guru-ziSya ke madhya meM hone vAle vArtAlApa ko saMvAda kahA gayA hai / isa paddhati se ziSya ko jJAna kI prApti aura abhivRddhi hotI hai / jJAna kA siddhAnta sukarAta kA kathana thA, ki jJAna jIvana ke lie atyanta upayogI hai / usake anusAra manuSya kA parama uddezya naitika evaM guNa sampanna jIvana vyatIta karanA hai / naitika vyakti banane ke lie jJAna prApta karanA ati Avazyaka hai / sukarAta jJAna ko manuSya kA sadguNa mAnatA thA / jJAnI vyakti kA jIvana hI zreSTha jIvana hotA hai / sukarAta ke anusAra jJAnI vyakti hI ucita kArya kara sakatA hai / jisa vyakti ko ucita tathA anucita kA jJAna hI na ho, vaha ucita evaM naitika kArya kaise kara sakatA hai / sukarAta ke kathanAnusAra anucita kAryoM kA kAraNa ekamAtra ajJAna hI hotA hai / pratyeka vyakti sukha aura Ananda cAhatA hai / Ananda zubha kAryoM dvArA prApta hotA hai / parantu zubhakarmoM ko karane se pahale zubhajJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai | ataH sukarAta ke anusAra jJAna aura naitikatA meM ghaniSTha sambandha hai | arastU ne sukarAta ke jJAnavAda kI AlocanA kI hai / arastU kA kahanA hai, ki sukarAta ne manuSya ke bauddhika pakSa ke atirikta, jIvana ke anya pakSoM kI avahelanA kI hai / vAstava meM, manuSya meM buddhi ke atirikta-saMvega evaM bhAvanA bho hotI hai / ataH buddhi kiMvA jJAna ko hI manuSya kA samagra rUpa samajha lenA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa hogA / manuSya ke adhikAMza kArya usakI bhAvanAoM aura saMvegoM dvArA bhI paricAlita hote haiM / jJAna hI saba kucha nahIM ho sakatA / jIvana meM bhAvanA tathA kriyA kA bhI mahatva kama nahIM haiM / akele jJAna kI ora jhuke rahanA, ekAntavAda hai / ekAntavAda kabhI sukhada evaM sundara nahIM hotA /

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108 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva sukarAta kA naitika siddhAnta sakarAta kA vicAra, naitikatA ke sambandha meM, ugravAda aura rUDhivAda donoM se bhinna thaa| ugravAdI naitika niyamoM meM, kisI prakAra kI tAttvika anivAryatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate / rUr3hivAdI loga naitikatA ke niyamoM ko nirapekSa tathA Adarza rUpa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra naitika niyamoM meM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH sukarAta kA kathana thA, ki naitikatA ke niyamoM ko zuddha bauddhika siddhAntoM para AdhArita honA caahie| sUkarAta kI naitikatA kA sambandha yathArtha jIvana evaM vAstavika jagat se hai| anucita evaM ucita kA nirNaya karanA, buddhi kA kAma hai| usake anusAra mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya parama zubha ko prApta karanA hai / parama zubha ko prApta karane ke lie bauddhika, naitika niyamoM kI vyavasthA kI jAtI hai| grIka nIti-zAstra meM, cAra guNoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA thA-buddhimattA, sAhasa, mitAcAra aura nyAya / lekina sukarAta isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha kevala sadguNa arthAt naitikatA ko hI mAnyatA detA thaa| sukarAta kA tarka yaha thA, ki yathArtha jJAna to eka hI hotA hai, aura jJAna hI sadguNa hai / ataH sadguNa bhI eka hI hai| sukarAta sadguNa ko hI Ananda mAnatA thaa| jahA~ sadguNa hogA, vahIM para Ananda hogaa| pAzcAtya darzana meM, sukarAta dvArA pratipAdita naitika niyamoM kA sambandha vAstavika jIvana se hai| vaha vyAvahArikatA meM vizvAsa karatA thA, kore upadeza meM usakI abhiruci nahIM thI / yUnAna ke itihAsa meM sukarAta sadA amara rhegaa| pleTo kA siddhAnta pleTo ke jagata kI sattA sambandhI siddhAnta ko vijJAnavAda kahate haiN| usane jagata ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai-vyAvahArika jagata aura pAramArthika jagata / vyAvahArika sattA ke viSaya meM pleTo ke vicAra herAklAiTasa ke samAna haiM, aura pAramArthika sattA ke viSaya meM vaha pArmenAiDIja ke vicAroM se sahamata hai| pleTo kA vijJAnavAda inhIM donoM ke vicAroM kA samanvita . rUpa hai| yaha vijJAnavAda yathArthavAda para AdhArita hai| vaha mAnatA thA,

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jIva- dravya | 106 ki vAstavika satya mAnasika pratyayoM aura bAhya tathyoM para AdhArita hotA hai / AtmA kA pratyaya yUnAnI darzana meM AtmA kA artha - jIva kI jIvanI zakti mAnA jAtA thA / pleTo ne apane AtmA sambandhI vicAra 'ripablika' ke antima bhAga meM vyakta kiye haiM / pleTo AtmA ko amara mAnatA thA / usake anusAra jIva ke zarIra ke samApta hone ke bAda athavA mRtyu hone ke pazcAt jo kucha zeSa rahatA hai, vahI AtmA hai / vastutaH AtmA kI amaratA ke sambandha meM pleTo pAithAgorasa ke vicAroM se atyadhika prabhAvita thA / pleTo ke anusAra 'jIvAtmA aura vizvAtmA' meM paryApta samAnatA hai / antara kevala itanA hai, ki jIvAtmA apUrNa hai, vizvAtmA pUrNa hai / pleTo ne AtmA ko eka samagra mAnA hai / AtmA ke vibhinna kArya haiN| pleTo ke anusAra jIvAtmA ke tIna bhAga haiM - bauddhika, abauddhika aura kulIna / AtmA kA bauddhika bhAga sarala evaM avibhAjya hotA hai / kulIna abauddhika AtmA / AtmA ke isa bhAga ke guNa evaM kArya haiM - sAhasa, AtmasammAna aura saMvega | akulIna abauddhika AtmA isakA sambandha jIva kI vibhinna vAsanAoM se hai / AtmA ko amaratA pleTo ne AtmA ko sarala, avibhAjya aura cetana mAnA hai / AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane ke lie pleTo ne aneka tarka prastuta kie haiM / mukhya tarkoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM - jJAnamUlaka tarka, tattvamUlaka tarka aura naitika tarka / pleTo yaha mAnatA thA ki bauddhika AtmA ko zAzvata vijJAnoM kA jJAna hotA hai / smRti ke AdhAra para bhI AtmA kI amaratA siddha ho jAtI hai / isa smRti jJAna kA AdhAra AtmA kI amaratA hI hai / vartamAna jIvana athavA janma se pUrva bhI AtmA ke vibhinna jIvana the / AtmA kI prakRti sarala tathA avibhAjya hai / sarala tattva ko na to banAyA jA sakatA hai, aura na hI vighaTita kiyA jA sakatA hai / AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane ke lie pleTo ne mUlyAtmaka athavA naitika tarka bhI upasthita kie haiM / manuSya sadA nyAya kI mAMga karatA hai| nyAya kI vyavasthA tabhI sambhava hai, jabaki AtmA sthAyI evaM amara ho / naitika evaM bauddhika nyAya

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110 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva kI vyavasthA ke lie bhaviSya jIvana kI anivAryatA hotI hai| zubha karmoM ke phala ke lie aura azubha karmoM ke phala ke lie bhI AtmA ko amara honA hI cAhiye / anyathA phala kisako milegA ? pleTo ke anusAra AtmA meM buddhi bhI hai, saMkalpa bhI hai, vedanA bhI hai aura vAsanA bhI hai| naitika jIvana meM ina sabhI kA sthAna hai / pleTo ne vizva ko bauddhika mAnA hai / AtmA ke bauddhika bhAga kA kArya, anya bhAgoM ko niyantraNa meM rakhanA hai| yUnAnI darzana meM, pAithAgorasa ke bAda pleTo ne hI AtmA kI amaratA ko svIkAra karake use tarkoM se siddha kiyA hai| arastU ke siddhAnta arastU ke darzana meM dravya aura svarUpa do mUlabhUta tattva haiM / arastU ke vizva darzana ko samajhane ke lie ina donoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| arastU ne kAraNa ko vistRta dhAraNA mAnA hai| pratyeka vastu athavA ghaTanA ke cAra kAraNa mAne haiN| ye cAra kAraNa milakara eka sAtha kisI ghaTanA athavA vastu ke nirmANa kA kArya karate haiN| ye kAraNa haiM-upAdAna kAraNa, nimitta kAraNa, svarUpa kAraNa aura lakSya kAraNa / bAda meM usane cAra ko do kAraNoM meM rUpAntarita kara diyA- svarUpa kAraNa aura nimitta kAraNa / isa prakAra usane mUla rUpa se saba vastuoM aura ghaTanAoM ke do kAraNa mAne haiM-upAdAna kAraNa aura svarUpa kAraNa / inhIM do kAraNoM se sambandhita do padArtha haiM-dravya aura svarUpa / pratyeka vastu ke do pakSa haiMdravya yA upAdAna / dusarA hai-svarUpa yA vastu kA vinyAsa athavA vyvsthaa| kAraNa kA siddhAnta arastU ne kAraNatA ke siddhAnta ke viSaya meM maulika vicAra prastuta kie haiM / usake dvArA pratipAdita kAraNatA kA artha paryApta vistRta hai / apane siddhAnta ko pratipAdita karane ke lie usane sarvaprathama kAraNa aura prayojana meM aMtara spaSTa kiyA hai / arastU kisI bhI ghaTanA ko sampanna hone ke lie cAra prakAra ke kAraNa anivArya mAnatA hai / ye cAroM kAraNa paraspara milakara hI ghaTanA ko sampanna karate haiN|

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jIva-dravya | 111 arastU ke cAra kAraNa 1. prathama kAraNa hai-upAdAna / kisI vastu kA upAdAna kAraNa usa dravya yA padArtha ko kahA jAtA hai, jisase vaha vastu banatI hai| upAdAna kAraNa usa kaccI sAmagrI ko kahA jAtA hai, jo bAda meM vastu kA rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai| udAharaNataH eka ghaTa ke nirmANa ke liye miTTI usakA upAdAna kAraNa hai / miTTI se ghar3A banatA hai / 2. nimitta kAraNa-kisI ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone meM yA kisI vastu ke nirmANa meM jo sahAyatA dene vAlA ho, use nimitta kAraNa kahate haiN| nimitta kAraNa dvArA hI parivartana sambhava hotA hai| miTTI se ghar3e kA nirmANa karane meM kumhAra nimitta kAraNa hotA hai| 3. svarUpa kAraNa-arastu ke anusAra svarUpa kAraNa kA sambandha vastu ke sAra yA mUla tattva se hai| ghar3e ke nirmANa ke saMdarbha meM kumhAra ke mastiSka meM upasthita ghar3e kA pratyaya hI ghar3e kA svarUpa kAraNa hai| svarUpa kA honA, parama Avazyaka hai| 4. lakSya kAraNa-lakSya kAraNa vaha sAdhya hai, jisake lie kAraNatA kI pUrI prakriyA calatI hai / lakSya kAraNa kI ora unmukha hokara vastu kI racanA kI pratyeka kriyA kI jAtI hai| ghar3e kI racanA kI prakriyA ke saMdarbha meM, pUrNa ghar3A hI lakSya kAraNa hai / arastU kI kAraNa-mImAMsA prasiddha hai| tarkazAstra kA mUla AdhAra hI kArya-kAraNa bhAva ko mAnA gayA hai / arastU dArzanika ke sAtha tArkika bhI thaa| darzana aura tarka ke bAda vaha vijJAna kI ora bhI apane kadama bar3hAtA rhaa| usane apane jJAna kI sImAoM ko cAroM ora se bar3hAyA thA / arastU ne sUkarAta aura pleTo donoM kI AlocanA kI hai| arastu apane yuga kA eka mahAna vyaktitva thaa| jJAna aura zikSA ke kisI bhI kSetra ko usane apane astitva kAla meM achUtA nahIM chodd'aa| darzana-zAstra kI samasyA darzanazAstra pUrvI ho, yA pazcimI, una donoM kI eka samasyA haijIva, jagata aura paramAtmA kI vyAkhyA, avasthA aura vyavasthA karanA / yUnAna ke darzana meM tInoM samasyAe~ vidyamAna haiN| vibhinna yugoM meM prakArAntara se inhoM kA samAdhAna dArzanika karate rahe haiM / jJAna-mImAMsA aura padArtha mImAMsA-ye saba usake aMgabhUta haiN|

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112 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva dRzya vastu kevala jagat hai| jIva aura paramAtmA adRzya haiN| una donoM kA samAdhAna honA, to ati kaThina hai / lekina jagat jo ati sthUla hai, evaM dRzya vastu hai, usake bhI gahana rahasyoM samAdhAna abhI taka nahIM ho paayaa| phira bhI dArzanika loga ina samasyAoM ko sulajhAne kA samayasamaya para prayAsa karate hI A rahe haiM / yUnAna ke aneka dArzanika hue haiM, lekina sukarAta, pleTo aura arastU ke yuga meM darzanazAstra ne Azcaryajanaka pragati evaM vikAsa kiyA thaa| yUropa ke darzana kA mUla AdhAra vahI thA / arastU ne to darzana-zAstra ko paramocca sthAna pradAna karA diyA thaa| arastU ke bAda aura nUtana yuga ke madhya meM jo vicAraka the, ve dArzanika nahIM, mAtra samAja-sudhAraka the / jJAna aura tarka ko chor3akara ve loga AsthA evaM viveka kA upadeza diyA karate the| ataH ve loga dhArmika the / dharma kA hI prasAra tathA pracAra kiyA karate the| apanI sampradAya ke kalyANa ko hI ve apanA kalyANa samajhate the| masIhA ke dharma ke pracAraka the|

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na va tatva

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1 1. tattva kI paribhASA nava tattva para bhagavatI, prajJApanA, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama sAhitya meM vizeSa rUpa se vicAra carcA kI gaI hai / Agama yuga ke anantara AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra ke 357 choTe-choTe sUtroM meM nava-tattva para itanA sundara aura vistRta vivecana kiyA hai ki usameM ekAdaza aMga - sAhitya kA hI nahIM, caturdaza pUrva kA sAra bhI A gayA hai / AcArya kundakunda dvArA viracita samayasAra meM bhI kyA hai ? nava-tattva kA vivecana hI to hai / siddhAntavAdI AcArya nemicandra ne dravya-saMgraha meM nava-tattvoM kA hI vizleSaNa kiyA hai / isa prakAra Agama yuga evaM Agama ke uttarakAlIna AcArya yuga meM racita granthoM meM nava-tattvoM kA varNana vizeSa rUpa se milatA hai / jIvana meM tattva kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / jIvana aura tattva ekadUsare se sambaddha haiM, alaga-alaga nahIM / jIvana meM tattva samAviSTa hai, aura tattva meM jIvana A hI jAtA hai| jIvana meM se tattva ko, aura tattva meM se jIvana ko nikAla kara alaga pheMka dene kA artha hai - vyakti evaM AtmA ke astitva se inkAra kara denA / isase spaSTa hai ki tattva ke binA jIvana gatizIla nahIM ho sakatA, aura jovana ke abhAva meM tattva bhI nahIM raha sakatA / hamAre sAmane tIna vyakti haiM - eka vaijJAnika, dUsarA dArzanika aura tIsarA kavi / tInoM dRSTiyoM se yukta vyakti mAnava samAja meM rahate haiM, aura ye samAja meM se hI utpanna hue haiN| yAda rakhie, unakA udbhava samAja meM se hotA hai, unakA vikAsa bhI samAja meM hotA hai aura unake vicAroM evaM prayogoM kA lAbha bho samAja ko milatA hai / tInoM vicAradhArAe~ aura tInoM dRSTiyA~ tIna tattva kI hote hue bhI eka dUsarI se sarvathA bhinna nahIM 115 ) (

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116 ! jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva haiM, parantu tInoM kA samanvaya jIvana meM parilakSita hotA hai| ataH yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki tInoM dRSTiyA~ evaM tInoM vicAradhArAe~ kyA haiM ? inakI paribhASA kyA hai ? vicAra evaM cintana kI dRSTi se tInoM kA apanA-apanA svatantra sthAna evaM mahatva hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi vastu meM sthita satya kA anveSaNa karatI hai, vaha vastu ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usameM nihita tathya ko, yathArthatA ko jAnane kA prayatna karatI hai| dArzanika dRSTi kalyANakArI, maMgalamaya evaM amRtamaya tathya ko dekhane kA kArya karatI hai| dArzanika kA dhyAna kalyANa, maMgala aura amata ko khoja nikAlane aura jana-jana ko vitarita karane kA rahatA hai| kavi kI dRSTi jar3a-cetana pratyeka vastu meM sthita saundarya evaM mAdhurya ko dekhane-parakhane kI rahatI hai| vaijJAnika satya kA anveSaka hai, dArzanika amRtamaya evaM kalyANamaya svarUpa ko sAmane rakhakara cintana-manana karatA hai aura kavi vastu ke saundarya evaM mAdhurya kA avalokana karatA hai / tInoM ke kArya tIna taraha ke hote hue bhI tInoM eka-dUsare se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai| vAstava meM, saccA vaijJAnika vaho hai, jo dArzanika bhI hai, aura kavi bhI hai| saccA dArzanika vahI hai, jisameM vaijJAnika evaM kavi kI satyAnveSaNa aura saundarya-avalokana kI dRSTi bhI nihita hai / sacce artha meM kavi vaha hai, jo vaijJAnika evaM dArzanika kI bhAvanA se otaprota hai| mahAn vicArakoM meM hameM tInoM dRSTiyoM kA samanvaya spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detA hai| kAlidAsa apane yuga kA eka mahAna kavi thA aura Aja bhI mahAn kavi ke rUpa meM vizva meM prasiddha hai| usake dvArA racita meghadUta meM kAlidAsa ko vaijJAnika dRSTi spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai, raghuvaMza meM usake dArzanika rUpa kA kalyANakArI evaM amRtamaya cintana kA spaSTa darzana hotA hai aura abhijJAna-zAkuntala meM usakA kavi hRdaya bola rahA hai, vaha pada-pada para saundarya ko chaTA bikheratA cala rahA hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke kAvya meM vaijJAnika, dArzanika evaM kavi, ina tInoM dRSTiyoM kA samanvaya parilakSita hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA upadiSTa Agama sAhitya kA anuzIlanaparizIlana karane para hama nissandeha kaha sakate haiM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana, evaM unakI sAdhanA tInoM dRSTiyoM se samanvita thii| bhagavAna

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tattva kI paribhASA | 117 mahAvIra zramaNa evaM dArzanika hI nahIM, mahAn vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yukta the / unakA anekAnta kA siddhAnta sabase bar3I vaijJAnika zodha hai| vastu meM evaM dravya meM sthita aneka dharmoM kA tat-tat dRSTi se avalokana karanA, aura sApekSadRSTi se unakI vyAkhyA karanA, yahI anekAnta evaM syAdvAda kA siddhAnta hai| usa yuga meM eka ora ekAnta nityavAda kI sthApanA karane vAle vedAnta ke prarUpaka the aura dUsarI ora ekAnta kSaNikavAda yA anityavAda ke saMsthApaka buddha the / aura donoM kA ekAntavAda vastu ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM bAdhaka thaa| yadi AtmA ko ekAnta rUpa se nitya mAnate haiM aura yadi vaha pUrNataH kUTastha-nitya hai--usa meM kisI taraha kA parivartana nahIM hotA hai| kisI taraha kA vikAra nahIM AtA hai, taba AtmA kA bandha evaM mokSa kaise ghaTita hogA? kyoMki vikAra-yukta azRddha bhAvoM se bandha hotA hai, aura vikAroM ke nAza se mukti / astu, ekAnta nitya AtmA meM bandha aura mokSa ghaTita nahIM ho sakate / isI prakAra yadi AtmA ko ekAnta anitya mAnate haiM, taba usameM puNya-pApa ke ke sambandha kI vyavasthA nahIM hogI? kyoMki jisa AtmA ne jisa kSaNa pUNya yA pApa kiyA, vaha usI kSaNa samApta ho gayA, aba usakA phala use na milakara usake sthAna para Ae hue dUsare AtmA ko milegA, jisane usa kriyA ko kiyA hI nahIM hai / aura aisA kadApi nahIM hotA, ki kriyA koI kare aura usakA phala mile dUsare ko / isalie ekAnta nityavAda bhI doSayukta hai, aura ekAnta anityavAda bhI / astu, vastu ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hameM anekAnta kI vaijJAnika dRSTi dI, aura Aja ke vaijJAnika bhI isI sApekSadRSTi, anekAnta-dRSTi (Relative-vision) ko satyAnveSaNa ke lie upayukta mAnate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai-AtmA yA duniyA kA koI bhI dravya na to ekAnta rUpa se nitya hai, aura na ekAnta rUpa se anitya hai| vaha dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai, aura paryAya kI apekSA se anitya / usakI nityatA bhI sApekSika hai, aura anityatA bhI sApekSika hai / ___ isI taraha bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa Agama-mAhitya meM unakI kavi kI mahAna saundarya dRSTi bhI parilakSita hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM jIvana kA ananta saundarya evaM mAdhurya pada-pada para parilakSita hotA hai / uttarAdhyayana meM tanmaya hokara usakA gAna karane vAle sAdhaka ke rAga-raMga

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118 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva vItarAgatA kI dhArA meM pravAhita hue binA nahIM rheNge| isa prakAra sacce sAdhaka meM hameM tInoM dRSTiyoM kA samanvaya parilakSita hotA hai / jaba taka vaijJAnika meM samanvaya dRSTi nahIM AegI, taba taka usakI zodha kalyANarUpa nahIM ho sktii| ekAnta vijJAna kI dRSTi aNu-bama hI taiyAra karegI, jisake pariNAma hirozamA evaM nAgAzAkI kI janatA bhoga cukI hai, aura jisake nAma se sampUrNa vizva kI mAnava-jAti bhayabhIta hai| ekAnta kavi dRSTi bhI vAsanA evaM vilAsitA se adhika kucha nahIM detii| aura samAja ke hita-ahita se pUrNataH alaga hokara ekAnta rUpa se darzana kI bAta karane vAle RSi bho sAmpradAyika gheroM ko banAne se adhika kucha nahIM kara skte| isalie yaha Avazyaka hai, ki vaijJAnika dArzanika baneM aura dArzanika vaijJAnika / kyoMki vaijJAnika, dArzanika evaM kavi, tInoM dRSTiyoM kA, tInoM vicAradhArAoM kA yA yoM kahie satyAnveSaNa, kalyANamaya evaM maMgalamaya cintana, evaM saundaryamaya dRSTi kA athavA satyaM, zivaM, evaM sundaraM kA saMgama sthala ho, jIvana hai / astu, jIvana aura tattva eka-dUsare se bhinna nahIM, pratyuta saMbaddha hai / nava-tattva meM mukhya tattva do haiM-jIva aura ajIva / isake atirikta sAta tattva donoM ke saMyoga aura viyoga se bane haiN| do padArthoM ke milana ko saMyoga, aura donoM ke pathaka hone ko viyoga kahate haiN| sAtoM tattva pUrNataH svatantra nahIM haiM, unameM se kucha saMyoga se bane haiM, aura kucha viyoga se| Asrava, bandha, puNya aura pApa, ye cAroM tattva saMyoga se bane haiM, aura saMvara, nirjarA evaM mokSa, ye tInoM tattva viyoga se bane haiN| jIva ke Atma-pradezoM ko Avata karane vAle karma jisa kriyA se Ate haiM, usa tattva ko Asrava kahate haiN| jahA~ Asrava hotA hai, vahA~ bandha bho hotA hai, kyoMki kriyA se Ane vAle karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM kA rAga-dveSa kI pariNati se bandha hotA hai| Asrava aura bandha-zubha aura azubha bhAvoM se zubhAzubha karmoM kA hotA hai| zubha ko puNya kahate haiM, aura azubha ko pApa / isalie Asrava, bandha, puNya evaM pApa cAroM tattva jIva-ajIva ke saMyoga se bane haiN| saMvara kA artha hai-Asrava se Ane vAle karma-pravAha ko rokanA, karmoM ke sAtha AtmA kA saMyoga nahIM hone denaa| karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ko evAdeza se haTAne vAle tattva ko nirjarA kahate haiM, aura AtmA para lage hue sampUrNa karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM ke

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tattva kI paribhASA | 116 AvaraNa ko haTA dene vAle tattva ko mokSa kahate haiN| saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa, ye tInoM tattva viyoga sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| AtmA saMyoga karatA nahIM hai, vaha to hotA hai / bhale hI vyakti ke mana meM karma ke sAtha saMyoga karane kI bhAvanA ho, yA na ho, jaba taka vyakti ke mana meM, jIvana meM rAga-dveSa, moha, vikAra, vikalpa raheMge, taba taka karmoM kA saMyoga hogA hii| zubha aura azubha bhAvoM ke anurUpa zubha aura azubha Asrava kA-jise pUNya aura pApa kahate haiM, bandha hotA hI hai| jisa karma kA phala hameM acchA lagatA hai, use puNya kahate haiM, aura jisa kA phala hamAre mana ko rucikara nahIM lagatA, use pApa kahate haiN| pratyeka vyakti puNya kA phala cAhatA hai, para pApa kA phala koI nahIM caahtaa| parantu eka AcArya kahate haiM-Aja vyakti kA jIvana aisA bana gayA hai, ki use jisa vastu kA phala acchA lagatA hai, vaha vastu acchI nahIM lagatI, aura jisake phala ko vyakti pasanda nahIM karatA, usa kArya ko vaha pasanda karatA hai / yadi spaSTa bhASA meM kahU~, to vyakti puNya-phala to cAhatA hai, parantu puNya kA kArya karanA nahIM cAhatA / vyakti pApa kA phala bhoganA nahIM cAhatA, parantu pApa kA tyAga bhI nahIM karatA / ataH vyakti zubha yA azubha jaisA bhI kArya karegA, use vaisA phala milegA hii| aura jo vyakti vikAra evaM vikalpa se rahita hokara kArya karegA, vaha zubha aura azubha donoM se mukta rahegA / Asrava aura bandha donoM kA AdhAra vikAra aura vikalpa haiN| ataH rAga-dveSa Adi vikAroM ko kama karanA evaM unase mukta honA hI Asrava aura bandha se mukti honA hai|

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nava-tattva jainadarzana meM tattva vargIkaraNa jaina darzana dvArA svIkRta nava tattva ye haiM 1. jIva 4. pApa 7. saMvara 1. jIva 2. ajIva 5. Asrava 8. nirjarA vyavahAranaya se jo zubha evaM azubha kAryoM kA kartA bhI hai, aura bhoktA bhI hai / nizcayanaya se jo jJAna, darzana aura cAritra rUpa nijaguNoM kAhI kartA hai, aura bhoktA hai / jo duHkha tathA sukha kA vedaka hai / jo cetanAvanta hai, aura jo upayogavAn hai, use jina bhagavAn ne jIva kahA hai / jo dravya aura bhAva prANoM ko dhAraNakartA hai, vaha jIva hai / jo jIvita thA, jo jIvita hai aura jo jIvita rahegA, vaha jinazAsana meM jIva kahA jAtA hai / 2. ajIva jisa meM ye lakSaNa upalabdha nahIM hote, vaha ajIva hai / jo upayogazUnya hai, jisameM cetanA nahIM hai, vaha ajIva hai / jo duHkha tathA sukha kA vedaka nahIM hai, vaha jinazAsana meM ajIva kahA gayA hai| jisameM na jJAna ho, na darzana ho aura na cAritra ho - jina bhagavAn ne use ajIva kahA hai / ajIva meM na dravya prANa haiM evaM na bhAva prANa hote haiM / ajIva prANavanta nahIM hai / 3. puNya 6. bandha 6 mokSa ( 120 )

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jaina darzana meM tattva vargIkaraNa | 121 3. puNya jisake kAraNa se jIva, zubha karma ke pudgaloM kA saMcaya karatA hai, vaha puNya hotA hai / jisake udaya se jIva ko sukha kI anubhUti ho, vaha puNya kahA jAtA hai-puNya se sukha kA vedana hotA hai / 4. pApa jisake kAraNa se azubha karma ke pudgaloM kA saMcaya hotA hai, vaha pApa hotA hai / jisake udaya se jIva ko duHkha kI anubhUti ho, vaha pApa kahA jAtA hai-pApa se duHkha kA vedana hotA hai / 5. Asrava jo nUtana karmoM ke bandha meM kAraNabhUta hotA hai, jo nUtana karmoM ke pravAha ke Ane kA dvAra banatA hai, jinazAsana meM, use Asrava kahA jAtA hai / jo azubha evaM zubha karmoM ke upAdAna meM hetubhUta hai, jina bhagavAn ne use Asrava kahA hai| 6. saMvara jisake kAraNa abhinava karmoM ke Ane kA dvAra banda ho jAtA hai, vaha saMvara hotA hai| Asrava ke nirodha ko jina-zAsana meM saMvara kahA gayA hai| saMvara se karmoM ke pravAha ke dvAra kA avarodha ho jAtA hai, jisase karmapravAha andara AtmA meM praveza nahIM pAtA hai / 7. bandha navIna karmoM ko grahaNa karake unakA jIva ke sAtha sambaddha ho jAnA, bandha hai / purAtana karmoM ke sAtha navIna karmoM kA bandha hotA, lekina jIva unase baMdha jAtA hai| yaha bandha kaise hotA hai ? jaise nIra aura kSIra paraspara milakara ke ekameka ho jAte haiM. vaise hI karma aura jIva eka dUsare se baddha ho jAte haiM / isa sthiti ko jina-zAsana meM vidvAnoM ne baMdha kahA hai / bandhanayukta AtmA svatantra nahIM rhtaa| 8. nirjarA jisa kriyA se athavA jisa upAya se Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha baddha karmadalika athavA karma paramANu ekadeza se AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai, vaha

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122 / jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva nirjarA hai / yaha zabda jaina paramparA kA pAribhASika zabda hai| pUrvakRta karmoM kA kSaya jisase hotA hai, use nirjarA kahA gayA hai| tapa ke dvArA karma AtmA se pRthak ho jAtA hai / ataeva tapa ko nirjarA kA hetu kahA gayA hai / tapa meM bar3I zakti hai| 6. mokSa mokSa AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko kahate haiN| jaba taka AtmA karmoM se baddha hai, taba taka vaha saMsArI hai / karma-mala se zunya ho jAne para vaha mukta ho jAtA hai / karma ke tIna rUpa hote haiM-saMcita karma, kriyamANa karma aura prArabdha karma / tInoM kA kSaya ho jAne para hI mokSa hotA hai| Atma-pradezoM se karmoM kA sarvathA kSaya ho jAnA hI jinazAsana meM mokSa hai| ataH vaha AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa hai| ___ jaina darzana meM nava hI tattva haiM, na kama aura na adhika / samyagdRSTi jIva tattvoM para jo zraddhAna karatA hai, vaha samyagdarzana hai| tattvoM kA jo jJAna karatA hai, vaha samyagjJAna hai / heyoM ko chor3ane kA aura upAdeyoM ko grahaNa karane kA jo prayAsa karatA hai, vaha samyakacAritra hai| vastutaH nava tattva hI jaina darzana kA mUla AdhAra hai / jaya, heya tathA upAdeya nava tattvoM meM se do tatva-jIva aura ajIva jJeya haiN| jJeya kA artha hai, jJAna kA viSaya / jJeya, prameya aura abhidheya-ye tInoM paryAyavAcI haiM / pramA ke viSaya ko prameya kahate haiM / abhidhA zabda meM rahane vAlI eka vRtti hai / abhidhA kA viSaya, abhidheya kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ para jIva aura ajIva-ye donoM jJAna ke viSaya hone se jJa ya kahe jAte haiN| puNya, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa-ye cAra tatva upAdeya haiM, grahaNa karane ke yogya haiM / jIva inheM grahaNa karake apanI AtmA kA kalyANa kara sakatA hai / saMvara aura nirjarA-donoM mokSa ke sAdhanabhuta haiN| saMvara se Asrava kA nirodha hotA hai| tapa se pUrvakRta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| ataH ye donoM hI upAdeya haiM / sAdhanA meM AcaraNa karane yogya haiN| lekina puNya ke sambandha meM, matabheda hai / puNya yA to zubha Asrava rUpa hai, yA zubha bandha rUpa / donoM sthiti meM, vaha mokSa kA hetu kaise ho sakatA hai ? ataH

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jaina darzana meM tattva vargIkaraNa | 123 kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai, ki vyavahAranaya se puNya bhI zrAvakoM ke lie upAdeya hai, avazya grahaNa karane yogya hai| parantu nizcayanaya se puNya, zrAvakoM ke lie heya hai, avazya tyAgane yogya hai| aba rahA, sAdhu-jIvana kA prazna / sAdhu kyA kare ? samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki utsarga mArga meM, sAdhu ke lie puNya heya hai, tyAgane yogya hai / kintu apavAda mArga meM, sAdhu ke liye puNya upAdeya hai, grahaNa karane yogya bhI hai| ataH puNya heya evaM upAdeya donoM hai| pApa, Asrava aura bandha-ye tInoM tatva sadA heya haiM, sadA tyAgane ke yogya haiN| mokSa kI sAdhanA karane vAle ko inakA kabhI AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhiye / ye tInoM saMsAra ke sAdhanabhUta haiM / duHkha rUpa saMsAra kI abhivRddhi karane vAle haiN| saMkSepa aura vistAra zAstra meM vastu kA kathana do prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai-saMkSepa se aura kahIM para vistAra se / guru ziSya kI yogyatA tathA zakti kI jA~ca karake hI tatva kA kathana karatA hai| saMkSepa meM do tattva haiM-jIva aura ajIva / sthAnAMga sUtra meM evaM dravyasaMgraha Adi meM do tattvoM kA hI kathana kiyA gayA hai| puNya aura pApa jIva ke hI hote haiM, ajIva ke kabhI nahIM hote / karma bandha bhI jIva ko hI hotA hai, ajIva ko kabhI nahIM / karma kyA hai ? pudgala pariNAma / Atma-sambaddha pudgala kI karma saMjJA hotI hai| ataH dagala ajIva hai| kyoMki vaha upayoga-zUnya hai| Asrava kyA hai ? mithyAdarzana Adi rUpa upAdhi ke kAraNa jIva kA malina svabhAva / yaha Asrava, AtmA ke pradeza aura pudagala kA saMyogI bhAva hai| savara kyA hai ? Asrava nirodha rUpa hai / Atma-pradeza aura pudgala kA viyogI bhAva hai| AtmA kA nivatti rUpa zuddha pariNAma hai / AtmA jJAna svabhAva vAlA hai| nirjarA kyA hai ? Atma-pradezoM se pudgala paramANuoM kA dhIre-dhIre alaga ho jAnA / nirjarA bhI AtmA aura pudgala kA viyogI bhAva hai / mokSa kyA hai ? Atma-pradezoM se pudagala kA sarvathA kSaya ho jaanaa| mokSa bhI AtmA aura pUdagala kA viyogI bhAva hai| puNya, pApa, Asrava aura bandha-ye cAra saMyogI bhAva haiN| saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa-ye tIna viyogI bhAva haiN| saMyoga aura viyoga,

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124 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva kisake haiM ? jIva aura pudgala ke / ataH mukhya tattva do haiM--- jIva aura pudgala / sapta tattva kucha granthoM meM sapta tattva kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| puNya aura pApaina donoM kA kathana isa prakAra se kiyA hai, ki donoM kA antarbhAva, bandha meM athavA Asrava meM ho jAtA hai| zubha bandha aura azubha bandha / zubha Asrava athavA azubha Asrava / isa viSaya kA adhika vistAra--- tattvArthasUtra meM, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM aura loka-prakAza Adi granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sapta tattvoM ke krama kA kAraNa saMsAra aura mokSa jIva ke hote haiM, ajIva ke nhiiN| ataH sarvaprathama jIva tattva kahA hai| ajIva ke nimitta se hI jIva saMsAra yA mokSa paryAya ko prApta hotA hai / isalie jIva ke bAda ajIva kA kathana kiyA hai / jIva aura ajIva ke nimitta se hI Asrava hotA hai| ataH donoM ke bAda Asrava kahA gayA hai| Asrava ke bAda bandha hotA hai / bandha ko rokane vAlA saMvara hai / jo jIva AgAmI karmoM kA saMvara kara letA hai, usI ke saMcita karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai / nijarA ke bAda hI mokSa hotA hai / ataH sabake anta meM, mokSa hotA hai| nava padArtha AgamoM meM aura vizeSataH dazana granthoM meM tattva ke artha meM, padArtha zabda kA prayoga bhI upalabdha hotA hai| tattva kA artha hai- tasya bhAvaH tattvam arthAt usakA bhAva / padArtha kA artha hai-padasya arthaH, padArthaH / padArtha arthAt pada kA artha, pada kA vAcya / zabda hotA hai, vAcaka aura artha hotA hai, vAcya / zabda ke vAcya ko padArtha kahate haiM / tattvoM meM puNya aura pApa kI svatantra gaNanA karane se nava tattva ho jAte haiN| inhIM ko nava padArtha bhI kaha sakate haiM / ataH tattva do bhI haiM, sapta bhI hai, aura nava bhI haiN| tattva, darzana-zAstra kA mUla AdhAra hotA hai| pratyeka sampradAya ko tattva svIkAra karanA hotA hai / jaina darzana meM mUlabhUta tattva nava mAne gaye haiN|

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3 jIva-tattva jIva, AtmA aura prANI tInoM paryAyavAcaka zabda haiN| jIva kA kyA artha hai ? jo jIvita thA, jo jIvita hai, jo jIvita rahegA, vaha jIva hotA hai| AtmA kA kyA artha hai ? jo nirantara nUtana paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatA rahatA hai, vaha AtmA / prANI kA kyA artha hai ? dravya tathA bhAva prANa jisake hoM, vaha prANI hotA hai, prANavAn hotA hai| jisase jIva kI pahacAna ho, vaha lakSaNa kauna-sA hai ? jIva kA lakSaNa hai, upayoga / jIva lakSya hai, upayoga usakA lakSaNa hai| jIva cetana hai, kyoMki cetanA usakA nija guNa hai / guNa, guNI se pRthaka nahIM hotaa| vaha anAdi-siddha, anAdi-ananta hai, svatantra dravya hai / vaha arUpI hai, ataH usakA pratyakSa, indriyoM se nahIM ho sakatA / kintu svasaMvedana pratyakSa usakA hotA hai / anumAna aura Agama se bho usakA jJAna hotA hai / upayoga kA kyA artha hai ? AtmA kA bodha rUpa vyApAra upayoga kahA jAtA hai / jIva meM bodha kI kriyA hotI hai, ajIva meM nahIM / bodha kA kAraNa hai, cetanA zakti / cetanA jisameM ho, usameM bodha kriyA hotI hai, ajIva meM nahIM, acetana meM nahIM / ___ jova meM kevala upayoga hI nahIM, anya bhI ananta guNa aura ananta paryAya hote haiM / lekina pradhAnatA upayoga kI hai| upayoga ke do bheda hote ( 125 )

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126 / jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva haiM-sAkAra aura anAkAra / jJAna aura darzana / vizeSa bodha aura sAmAnya bodha / savikalpa jJAna aura nirvikalpa darzana / nirvikalpa, sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA upayoga, anAkAra hai| savikalpa, vizeSa ko grahaNa karane vAlA upayoga, sAkAra hai / AkAra sahita, sAkAra aura AkAra rahita, anAkAra / AkAra kA artha hai ? vastUgata nAma, jAti, guNa aura kriyA rUpa dharmoM ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnanA / yaha vizeSatA jJAna meM hotI hai / anAkAra kA artha kyA hai ? vastugata vizeSa dharmoM ko grahaNa na karane vAlA / sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA / yaha darzana hotA hai / ataH vizeSa ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna savikalpa hai| sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA darzana nirvikalpa hotA hai| jisameM vikalpa ho, vaha savikalpa / jisameM vikalpa na ho, vaha nirvikalpa / nAma, jAti, gUNa aura kriyA rUpa dharmoM ko vikalpa kahA jAtA hai / jJAna, padArthagata vizeSa dharma ko grahaNa karatA hai / darzana, padArthagata sAmAnya dharma ko grahaNa karatA hai| jJAna evaM darzana donoM upayoga haiN| jJAnopayoga ke ATha bheda haiM--pA~ca jJAna aura tIna ajJAna / jJAna aura ajJAna meM antara kyA hai ? mithyAtvasahacarita ajJAna aura samyaktvasahacarita jJAna / yahI donoM meM antara hai / darzanopayoga ke cAra bheda haiM-cakSurdarzana, acakSurdarzana, avadhidarzana aura kevaladarzana / upayoga, jIva kA AtmabhUta lakSaNa hai| jIva ke bhedoM ko jAnane se pUrva yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki upayoga kI carcA kA sAra kyA hai ? upayoga kI vicAraNA kA niSkarSa yaha hai, ki cetanA AtmA kA guNa hai| usake paryAya ko upayoga kahate haiN| upayoga ke do bheda haiM-darzana aura jJAna / jJAna ko sAkAra upayoga kahate haiM aura darzana ko nirAkAra upayoga / jo upayoga padArthoM ke vizeSa dharmoM kAjAti, guNa, kriyA tathA nAma Adi kA grAhaka hai, vaha jJAna kahA jAtA hai, aura jo upayoga padArthoM ke sAmAnya dharma kA arthAt sattA kA grAhaka hai, usako darzana kahate haiM / yahI donoM meM bheda hai|

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jJAnopayoga ke bheda jJAnopayoga ke do bheda haiM- pA~ca jJAna aura tIna ajJAna / donoM ko milAkara ATha bheda hote haiM / jIva-tattva | 127 1. matijJAna - jo jJAna indriya aura mana ke dvArA hotA hai / 2 zrutajJAna - jo jJAna zAstra ke vAcana se tathA sunane se jo artha jJAna hotA hai / 3. avadhijJAna - jo jJAna indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA maryAdApUrvaka rUpI dravya kA hotA hai / 4. manaHparyAyajJAna - jo jJAna indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA maryAdApUrvaka saMjJI jIvoM ke manogata bhAvoM ko jAnatA hai / 5. kevalajJAna - jo jJAna saMsAra ke bhUta, bhaviSyat aura vartamAna kAla ke samasta padArthoM ko, guNoM ko tathA paryAyoM ko yugapat jAnatA hai / 1. matiajJAna - jo jJAna mithyAtva sahacara hotA hai / mithyAtva dazA meM hotA hai / 2. zrutaajJAna - jo jJAna mithyAtva sahacara hotA hai / mithyAtva dazA meM hotA hai / 0 3. vibhaMgajJAna - jo jJAna mithyAtva sahacara hotA hai / mithyAtva dazA meM hotA hai / vibhaMga zabda kA artha hai - viparIta | avadhi ajJAna / manaH paryAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna to niyama se samyagdRSTi ko hI hote haiM / ataeva ina donoM kA kabhI ajJAna hotA hI nahIM hai / ajJAna zabda meM 'a' niSedha vAcaka nahIM hai / ataH ajJAna kA arthajJAna kA abhAva nahIM hotA / yahA~ para 'a' viparIta vAcaka hai / ataH ajJAna kA artha hai - viparIta jJAna / parokSa aura pratyakSa pA~ca jJAna, do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM- parokSajJAna aura pratyakSajJAna / mati aura donoM nizcayanaya se parokSa haiM, aura vyavahAranaya se pratyakSa / zruta

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128 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala-ye tInoM pratyakSa haiN| pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM-sakala aura vikala / kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hai| avadhi tathA manaHparyAya jJAna deza pratyakSa haiM / sakala aura vikala bhI kahate haiM / darzanopayoga ke bheda darzana ko sAmAnya bodha kahA gayA hai| usake cAra bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. cakSur darzana-netra ke dvArA padArthoM ke jisa sAmAnya dharma kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha cakSar darzana hai / 2. acakSur darzana-netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM- tvacA, rasanA, ghrANa aura zrotra-- dvArA padAthoM kA jo sAmAnya bodha hotA hai, vaha acAra darzana hai| 3 indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA AtmA ko rUpI dravya ke sAmAnya dharma kA jo bodha hotA hai, usako avadhidarzana kahate haiM / 4. saMsAra ke samasta padArthoM kA yugapat jo sAmAnya bodha hotA hai, usako kevaladarzana kahate haiN| ___ manaHparyAyadarzana kyoM nahIM hotA hai ? samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki manaHparyAyajJAna, kSayopazama ke prabhAva se vizeSa dharmoM ko hI grahaNa karake utpanna hotA hai / vaha sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hI nahIM / ataH usakA darzana nahIM hotaa| manaHparyAya jJAna kyA hai ? saMjJI ke manogata bhAvoM ko jaannaa| bhAva paryAya rUpa hotA hai / paryAya sadA vizeSa hI hotA hai, sAmAnya nahIM / kyoMki jo sAmAnya hogA, vaha dravya hogaa| ataH paryAya ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna, sAmAnya ko grahaNa nahIM krtaa| isI kAraNa manaHparyAya kA darzana hotaa| jIva ke bheda 1. ekendriya ke cAra bheda 1. sUkSma paryApta 2. sUkSma aparyApta

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3. bAdara paryApta 2. vikalendriya ke chaH bheda- 1. dvIndriya paryApta 3. trIndriya paryApta 5. caturindriya paryApta 3. paJcendriya ke cAra bheda 1. asaMjJI paryApta 3. saMjJI paryApta - jIva-tattva | 126 4. bAdara aparyApta 2. dvIndriya aparyApta 4. trIndriya aparyApta 6. caturindriya aparyApta 2. asaMjJI aparyApta 4. saMjJI aparyApta jIva ke caturdaza bheda haiM / ekendriya ke cAra bheda haiM / vikalendriya ke chaha bheda haiM / paJcendriya ke cAra bheda haiM / saba milAkara jIva ke caturdaza bheda haiM / sUkSma aura bAdara, paryApta aura aparyApta, tathA saMjJI aura asaMjJI - ye vizeSa zabda haiM / inakA artha samajhanA parama Avazyaka hai / pahale vikala aura sakala ko samajhanA hai / vikala kA artha hai - apUrNa, adhUrA / sakala kA artha hai - pUrNa, samasta / indriya kA artha hai - jJAna ke sAdhana / mUrta rUpavAn aura pudgala - tInoM kA eka artha hai| pudgala kaisA hai ? mUrta hai / rUpavAn athavA rUpI hai / isakA indriyoM ke dvArA jJAna hotA hai / amUrta evaM arUpI ko indriyA~ grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI haiN| varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ko rUpa athavA mUrti kahate haiM / ye saba pudgala ke vizeSa dharma haiM / indriyA~ inako grahaNa karatI haiM / sparza ko grahaNa karane vAlI indriya sparzana kahalAtI hai, isako tvacA bhI kahA jAtA hai / rasa ko grahaNa karane vAlI rasanA, gandha ko grahaNa karane vAlI ghANa, rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSu athavA netra aura zabda ko grahaNa karane vAlI zrotra / indriyoM ke AdhAra para jIva ke pA~ca bheda hote haiM / jAti nAma karma nAma karma ke bayAlIsa bhedoM meM eka bheda jAti nAma karma hai, usake pA~ca bheda isa prakAra haiM 1. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko kevala eka indriya, tvag, tvacA evaM sparzana kI prApti ho, use ekendriya jAti nAma karma kahate haiM /

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130 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 2. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko do indriyA~, sparzana aura rasanA prApta hoM, vaha dvIndriya jAti nAma karma kahA jAtA hai| 3. jisa nAma karma ke udaya se tIna indriyA~, sparzana, rasana aura ghrANa prApta hoM, vaha trIndriya jAti nAma karma kahA jAtA hai / 4. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko cAra indriyA~, sparzana, rasana ghrANa aura netra prApta hoM, vaha caturindriya jAti nAma karma hotA hai / 5. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ko pA~ca indriyA~, sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, netra aura zrotra prApta hoM, vaha paJcendriya jAti nAma karma hotA hai| indriyoM ke AdhAra jIva ke tIna bheda haiM-eka indriya vAle jIva / do, tIna aura cAra indriya vAle jIva tathA pA~ca indriya vAle jIva / ekendriya, vikalendriya tathA sakalendriya arthAt paJcendriya jIva / indriyoM ke AdhAra para ye bheda haiN| sUkSma-jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kA zarIra itanA sUkSma ho, ki chadmastha jIva jisako dekha nahIM sktaa| bAdara-jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kA zarIra sthUla ho, phira bhI vaha zarIra dRSTigocara nahIM hotA, aneka zarIroM kA saMghAta hI najara AtA hai| paryApta evaM aparyApta-jisa karma ke udaya se jova, svayogya paryAptiyoM ko pUrNa karatA hai, vaha paryApta aura jo pUrNa kie binA hI mara jAtA hai, vaha aparyApta kahA jAtA hai| __ saMjJI-asaMjJI-jisake saMjJA ho, vaha saMjJo hotA hai, aura jisake saMjJA na ho, vaha asaMjJI hotA hai| saMjJA kA artha hai-saMjJAna, jJAna aura paribodha / eka viziSTa prakAra ke jJAna ko saMjJA kahate haiM / jisase atIta, vartamAna evaM anAgata kA spaSTa vicAra ho, vaha saMjJA hai / jisake saMjJA na ho, vaha asaMjJo kahalAtA hai| spaSTa cintana kA abhAva hotA hai, usameM / saMjJI se viparIta asaMjJo hotA hai| saMjJI aura asaMjJI ke sthAna para kucha AcAryoM ne samanaska tathA amanaska zabdoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| jisake mana ho, use samanaska

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jIva-tattva | 131 kahA hai / mana-sahita jIva samanaska hotA hai / jisameM manana karane kI zakti ho, vaha samanaska hotA hai / jo isake viparIta hai-vaha amanaska hai| binA mana kA hai| mana-rahita hai / manana karane kI zakti usameM nahIM hai / vaha cintana nahIM kara sakatA hai / ___ mana ke do bheda haiM-dravya mana aura bhAva mana / bhAva mana jJAna rUpa hone se saba saMsArI jIvoM ke hotA hai / lekina dravya mana sabake nahIM hotaa| dravya mana pudgala rUpa hotA hai / jisako yaha dravya mana hotA hai-vaha samanaska kahA jAtA hai| jisako yaha dravya mana nahIM hotA hai-vaha amanaska kahA jAtA hai / cintana ke lie dravya mana Avazyaka hai|

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4. ajIva-tattva jIva zabda kA viparIta ajIva hai / kintu ajIva kA abhAva artha nahIM hai / 'kyoMki jaina darzana meM jisa prakAra jIva anAdi aura ananta hai, usI prakAra ajIva bhI anAdi aura ananta hai / donoM kI trikAla sattA hai / jIva aura ajIva kA saMyoga hI saMsAra hai, aura viyoga hI mokSa hai / jIva aura ajIva ke madhya meM, saMyogI bhaMga do haiM- Asrava tathA bandha / ye donoM jIva kI dizA badalakara saMsAra kI ora kara dete haiM / puNya aura pApa, Asrava rUpa haiM, athavA to bandha rUpa haiM / ataH puNya evaM pApa bhI saMyogI bhaMga haiM, jo jIva ko saMsAra kI ora hI khIMcate haiM / viyogI bhaMga bhI do haiM- saMvara aura nirjarA / jIva ko mokSa kI ora le jAne vAle / mUla meM do hI tattva haiM -- jIva aura ajIva, zeSa to donoM ke saMyoga tathA viyoga paryAya | jaina darzana donoM ko Adi-hIna aura anta-hIna mAnatA hai / lekina donoM meM antara hai / jIva to upayogavAn hai, tathA ajIva anupayogavAn hai / usameM upayoga nahIM hai, bodha rUpa vyApAra nahIM hai, cetanA nahIM hai, prANa nahIM hai, upayogazUnya hai, cetanArahita hai, usameM bodha kriyA nahIM hai / usameM hita aura ahita kA jJAna nahIM hai / jIvana rUpa paryAya usameM nahIM hai / ataH vaha ajIva kahA jAtA hai / jIva aura ajIva kI bheda - rekhA kyA hai ? vaha upayoga hI ho sakatA hai, anya kucha nahIM / ajIva kA lakSaNa hai- upayoga ko anupalabdhi / a + jIva, jo jIva nahIM hai vaha ajova' / upayoga kA abhAva hI ajIva kA lakSaNa bana gayA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra ajIva, yaha jIva kA virodho bhAvAtmaka tatva hai, vaha kevala abhAvAtmaka nahIM hai / ( 132 )

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ajIva-tattva | 133 sAMkhya-yoga darzana bhI do tatva mAnatA hai-- puruSa aura prakRti / puruSa kA dharma hai-caitanya / prakRti kA dharma hai-kartRtva / donoM kA saMyoga, saMsAra hai, donoM kA viyoga, mokSa hai / caitanya bhAva jisameM ho, vaha puruSa / jisameM na ho, vaha prakRti hotI hai| jaina-darzana ke upayoga kA hI zabdAntara tathA arthAntara hai-sAMkhya darzana kA caitanya zabda / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana meM AtmA kA asAdhAraNa dharma hai-jJAna / jisameM jJAna ho, vaha AtmA ! jisameM jJAna na ho, vaha paMcabhUta athavA jar3a hai / jIva aura jar3a kA saMyoga, saMsAra hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI jIva aura ajIva kA bheda kiyA hai| donoM kI bheda-rekhA jJAna hI hai / cArvAka darzana ekamAtra jar3a ko hI mAnatA hai| usake mata meM cetanA aura cetana bhramAtmaka zabda haiM / vedAnta darzana ekamAtra cetana ko hI tatva mAnatA hai| jainadarzana jIva aura ajIva donoM kI sattA mAnatA hai / ataH jaina-darzana ekatvavAdI nahIM, dvaitavAdI darzana hai / ajIva ke bheda ajIva rUpI 1. pudgala arUpI 1. dharma 2. adharma 3. AkAza 4. kAla ajIva kAya 1. dharma 3. AkAza 2. adharma 4. pudgala athavA 1. dharma 2. adharma 3. AkAza 4. pudgala 5. kAla astikAya astikAya astikAya astikAya anastikAya

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134 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva astikAya ke nava bheda 1. dharma ke tIna 2. adharma ke tIna 3. AkAza ke tIna 4. addhA kA eka 5. pudgala ke cAra skandha, deza, pradeza skandha, deza, pradeza skandha, deza, pradeza kAla evaM samaya skandha, deza, pradeza, paramANu rUpI kA artha hai - rUpavAn / rUpa kyA hai ? varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ko rUpa kahate haiM / ye cAroM sahacara haiM / cAroM sAtha hI rahate haiM / varNa arthAt rUpa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa rUpI kahA gayA hai, anyathA gandhavAn, rasavAn aura sparzavAn kaha sakate haiM / rUpI kauna hai ? ekamAtra pudgala hI rUpI hai, zeSa samasta dravya arUpI haiN| ye cAroM pudgala ke asAdhAraNa dharma haiM / ekamAtra pudgala meM rahate haiM / dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla arUpI haiM / jo jIva aura pudgala kI gati kriyA meM sahAyaka hai, vaha dharma dravya hai / jo jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti kriyA meM sahAyaka hai, vaha adharma dravya hai / jo saba dravyoM ko apane meM avakAza detA hai, vaha AkAza dravya hai / jo nUtana ko purAtana banAtA hai, vaha kAla dravya hai / isakA lakSaNa hai - vartanA / pudgala kA lakSaNa hai- pUraNa- galana svabhAva vAlA dravya / isa meM paramANuoM kA apacaya aura upacaya nirantara hotA hai / astikAya do zabdoM ko milAkara banA hai / asti kA artha haipradeza | kAya kA artha hai - samUha / pradezoM ke samUha ko astikAya kahate haiM / kAla anastikAya hai / kyoMki vaha pradezoM kA samUha nahIM hai / kAla dravya eka pradezI kahA gayA hai / dharma, adharma aura AkAza ke tIna-tIna bheda haiM- skandha, deza aura pradeza | dharma aura adharma ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM / AkAza ke asaMkhyAta aura ananta pradeza haiM / lokAkAza ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM, aura alokAkAza ke

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ajIva-tattva | 135 ananta pradeza hote haiN| kAla kA eka hI pradeza hotA hai / pudgala ke cAra bheda hai-skandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANu / skandha kyA hai ? ananta paramANuoM kA saMghAta, skandha hotA hai / deza kyA hai ? skandha kA vibhAga deza kahA jAtA hai / usakA choTA bhaag| pradeza kyA hai ? pudgala kA avibhAjya aMza pradeza hotA hai| pradeza apane pradezI se kabhI pRthak nahIM hotaa| paramANu kyA hai ? parama+aNu ko paramANu kahate haiM / aNu ananta haiM aura nitya haiN| unakI paryAyoM meM parivartana hotA hai| paramANu aura pradeza meM kyA antara hai ? paramANu skandha se pRthak ho sakatA hai / parantu pradeza skandha se kabhI alaga nahIM hotA hai / paramANuoM meM sadA saMghAta aura bheda hotA rahatA hai| pradeza meM kabhI bheda nahIM hotAyahI donoM meM antara hai| vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aparatva-ye kAla dravya ke upakAra haiM, arthAt kArya haiM / usakI upayogitA yahI hai / vartanA-samasta dravya apane Apa pravRtta hote haiM, tathApi unake vartana meM jo bAhya sahakArikAraNa hotA hai, use vartanA kahate haiM / pariNAma-apane svabhAva ko na chor3akara dravyoM kI paryAyoM ke badalane ko pariNAma kahate haiN| jaise jIvoM ke pariNAma krodha Adi aura pudgaloM ke pariNAma aNu aadi| kriyA-eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM gamana karane ko kriyA kahate hai| paratva-aparatva-choTe-bar3e ke vyavahAra ko paratva-aparatva kahate haiN| jaise paccIsa varSa ke manuSya ko bar3A aura bIsa varSa ke manuSya ko usakI apekSA choTA kahate haiN| ___ ye saba kAla dravya kI sahAyatA se hote haiN| isalie inheM dekhakara amUrta nizcaya kAla dravya kA anumAna ho jAtA hai| ___ kAla ke do bheda haiM-nizcayakAla aura vyavahArakAla / samaya rUpa kAla to nizcayakAla hai| muhUrta, ghar3I, dina-rAta, pakSa-mAsa aura varSa-yuga Adi vyavahArakAla hai, jo DhAI dvIpa meM hI hotA hai /

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puNya-tatva nava tattvoM meM puNya bhI eka tattva hai / puNya kA phala sukha hotA hai, puNya kA phala priya hotA, puNya kA phala madhura hotA hai| pUNya ko sabhI dharmoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / puNya kI paribhASA alaga-alaga ho sakatI haiN| purANoM meM pUNya ko svarga kA dvAra kahA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki paNya AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai| pUNya malina AtmA ko ujjvala banAtA hai| jaise malina vastra ko sAbuna ujAlA kara detA hai, vaise pApa mala se malina AtmA ko puNya dho DAlatA hai, use pApa rahita kara detA hai / jaina darzana meM tIna yoga mAne gae haiM- manoyoga, vacanayoga aura kAyayoga / mana kA vyApAra, vAgvyApAra aura kAyavyApAra / tInoM mila kara yoga kahalAte haiM / yaha yoga zubha bhI haiM, aura azubha bhI haiN| yoga kI zubhatA tathA azubhatA kA adhAra, bhAvanA hai / zubha uddezya se pravRtta yoga, zubha aura azubha uddezya se pravRtta yoga, azubha hotA hai| azubha yoga pApa hai aura zubha yoga puNya hotA hai / jIva ke mana kI bhAvanA hI usake vicAra ko, usakI vANI ko aura usake vyavahAra ko zubhatA-azubhatA pradAna karatI hai| hiMsA, corI aura vyabhicAra Adi kAya vyApAra-azubha kAyayoga hai / dayA, dAna aura brahmacarya Adi kAya vyApAra- zubha kAya yoga hai| sAvadha bhASaNa, mithyA bhASaNa aura kaThora-kaTu bhASaNa Adi azubha vAgyoga hai / niravadya bhASaNa, satya bhASaNa aura madhura mRdu bhASaNa Adi zubha vAgyoga hai| dUsaroM kI nindA, dUsaroM kA vadha aura dUsaroM kA ahita cintana Adi azubha manoyoga hai| dUsaroM kA utkarSa dekhakara prasanna honA aura hita cintana karanA Adi zubha manoyoga hai| ( 136 )

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puNya-tattva | 137 zubha yoga kA kArya puNya prakRti kA bandha aura azubha yoga kA kArya pApa prakRti kA bandha hai / puNya aura pApa, donoM bandha ke kAraNa haiM / ataH Asrava rUpa haiN| zubha aura azubha bhAvoM se yukta jIva puNya aura pApa rUpa hote haiM / sAtAvedanIya, zubha Ayu, zubha nAmakarma aura ucca gotrakarma-ye puNya rUpa haiM aura zeSa karma pApa rUpa haiN| puNya kriyA kA phala sukha hai / ataH jIva ko puNya karanA caahie| puNya ke bheda 1. padArtha puNya ke bheda1. anna 2. jala 3. sthAna 4. zayana 5. vasana 2. yoga puNya ke bheda1. mata 2. vacana 3. kAya 3. vinaya puNya kA bheda 1. namaskAra padArtha puNya kA artha hai-puNya kI utpatti meM padArtha nimitta hotA hai| saMsAra kA sabase UMcA padArtha anna hai| anna ko prANa kahA gayA hai| kyoMki vaha prANImAtra ke prANoM kA AdhAra hotA hai| jaThara meM anna hai, to saba kucha hai, anyathA kucha bhI nhiiN| bhUkhe ko bhojana karAnA, pUNya hai, satkarma hai| bhojana karane vAle kI tRpti hotI hai, vaha santuSTa hotA hai / ataH anna kA dAna denA, arthAt kisI ko bhojana karAne ko puNya kahA gayA hai| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI anna dAna kA bar3A mahatva hai| ___ anna jaisA hI mahatva jala kA bhI hai| jala to jIvana hI hai / binA jala ke jIvana Tika nahIM sktaa| pyAse ko pAnI pilAnA puNya hai / anna dAna ke samAna jala dAna kA bhI bar3A mahatva mAnA gayA hai / bhArata meM jala dAna karane ke lie pyAU lagatI haiN|

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138 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva jina dIna-anAtha logoM ke pAsa rahane ko ghara na ho, sira chupAne ko sthAna na ho, unheM rahane ke lie sthAna denA, ghara denA bhI puNya hai / sthAna kA dAna puNya kA hetu hai| ataH bhArata meM loga dharmazAlAoM kA nirmANa karAte haiM, jahA~ loga vithAma kara skeN| jina logoM ke pAsa rAta meM vizrAma karane kA sthAna na ho, unheM zayana kakSa denA puNya hai| bhArata meM purAtana kAla se pAnthazAlAoM kA nirmANa hotA rahA hai, jahA~ para lambI yAtrA para nikalA yAtrI rAtri vizrAma karake sukha kA anubhava karatA thaa| ___ zItakAla meM abhAva grasta manuSya vasana ke abhAva meM pIr3A pAtA thaa| zIta sahana na kara sakane ke kAraNa se logoM kI mRtyu taka ho jAtI hai / ataH vastradAna bhI eka puNya kA hetu hai| bhArata meM vastradAna kI bahuta purAtana paramparA rahI hai| yoga puNya kA artha hai-mana se, vacana se aura kAya se puNya karanA / zubha yoga hI puNya kA kAraNa hai / zubha yoga se mana kI pravRtti, zubha yoga se vacana kI pravRtti aura zubha yoga se kAya kI pravRtti puNya kA kAraNa hai / mana se puNya kaise hotA hai ? dUsaroM kA hita cintana karane se / saba jIvoM para premabhAva rakhane se / sabako sukhI karane kI bhAvanA se / dukhiyoM para dayAbhAva karane se / manda kaSAya se jIva puNya kA upArjana karatA hai| vacana se puNya kaise hotA hai ? madhura vacana bolane se, priya vacana bolane se, mRdu vacana bolane se / guNavAn ke guNoM kI prazaMsA karane se / abhaya vANI bolane se puNya hotA hai| kAya se puNya kaise hotA hai ? kAya ko sAdhane se / kAya ko japa-tapa meM lagAne se / dharma ke kArya karane se / vRddha, rugNa aura apaMga kI sevA karane se puNya hotA hai| ___ namaskAra se puNya kaise hotA hai ? namaskAra, vinamra bhAva hai, vinaya bhAva hai, vinaya samasta guNoM meM zreSTha hotA hai| gurujanoM kI bhakti karane se puNya hotA hai| bar3oM kA Adara-satkAra karane se puNya hotA hai| namaskAra guNIjanoM ke prati eka prakAra kI bhakti hai / bhakti se puNya hotA hai|

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| pApa-tattva jIva ke azubha yoga se pApa kI utpatti hotI hai / azubha yoga pApa kA kAraNa hai| pApa kA phala duHkha hotA hai| pApa kA phala jIva ko pratikUla hai, anukUla nahIM / pApa se jIva adhogati meM jAtA hai| pApa ke kAraNa naraka gati tathA tiryaMca gati prApta hotI hai / jo AtmA ko patana ke gahana garta meM DAlatA hai, vaha pApa hai| azubha bhAva se pApa hotA hai| pApa AtmA ko malina banAtA hai| jaise nUtana vasana dhUli Adi ke saMyoga se malina ho jAtA hai, vaise hI pApa ke saMyoga se AtmA malina ho jAtA hai / vastra kA prakSAlana karane se vastra phira svaccha ho jAtA hai / japa evaM tapa Adi kriyAoM se pApa bhI dUra ho jAtA hai, naSTa ho jAtA hai| ____ ajJAna, moha aura dveSa Adi dUSita bhAvoM se pApa utpanna hotA hai / mana se dUsaroM ke prati dveSa karane se pApa hotA hai / vacana se dUsaroM kI niMdA karane se pApa hotA hai| kAya se dUsaroM ko pIr3A dene se pApa hotA hai| kaSAya bhAva tIvra hone se pApa kA bandha ho jAtA hai / pApa kA phala duHkha hai / pApa se kabhI sukha kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| pApI kI saMgati se acchA AdamI bhI burA bana jAtA hai / duniyA ke sabhI dharmoM ne pApa ko burA kahA hai / saba dharmoM ke AcArya pApa kI nindA karate haiN| saba dharmoM ke zAstra pApa ko chor3ane kA upadeza dete haiN| phira bhI saMsAra meM pApa ke kAle bAdala chAe hue haiN| yaha kitanI vicitra bAta hai, ki manuSya jisakA phala cAhatA hai, use karatA nahIM hai| jisakA phala nahIM cAhatA, use rAta-dina karatA hai| manuSya puNya kA phala sukha cAhatA hai, lekina puNya kA AcaraNa nahIM karatA; AcaraNa karatA hai, ( 136 )

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140 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva pApa kA / parantu pApa ke phala duHkha se vaha ghabarAtA hai| bar3I hI vicitra bAta hai yh| __ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nava tatvoM meM eka tatva pApa ko bhI mAnA hai / lekina pApa jAnane ke yogya hai, AcaraNa ke yogya nhiiN| pApa ko samajhakara use chor3a do| jisako chor3anA hai, use samajhanA bhI jarUrI ho jAtA hai / ataH bhagavAn ne pApa ko heya tatva kahA hai| isake tyAga meM hI jIva kA kalyANa hai| puNya phUla hai, pApa kA~TA hai / puNya sukha hai, pApa duHkha hai / puNya Upara uThAtA hai, pApa nIce girAtA hai| puNyavAn kI jagata meM prazaMsA hotI hai, pApAtmA kI nindA hotI hai / puNya se priyatA prApta hotI hai, pApa se apriytaa| pApa ke bheda dveSa 1. avrata pApa ke pA~ca bheda1. prANAtipAta 2. maSAvAda 3. adattAdAna 4. maithuna 5. parigraha kaSAya pApa ke chaha bheda1. krodha 2. mAna 3. mAyA 4. lobha 5. rAga 3. vANI ke pApa ke cAra bheda1. kalaha 2. abhyAkhyAna 3. paizunya 4. para-parivAda 4. mana ke pApa ke tIna bheda1. rati-arati 2. mAyAmRSA 3. mithyAdarzana 1. prANAtipAta-pApa ke hetubhUta arthAt karma bandhana ke kAraNoM ko pApasthAnaka kahA jAtA hai| usake aSTadaza bheda haiM / unameM prathama hiMsA

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pApa-tattva | 141 hai / pramAdavaza prANoM kA atipAta karanA, prANAtipAta hai / hiMsA kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai, ki pA~ca indriya, tIna bala, zvAsa-prazvAsa aura AyuSya - kisI ke bhI ina daza prANoM kA ghAta karanA, hiMsA hai / prANAtipAta do prakAra kA hai- dravya aura bhAva / dravya prANoM kA ghAta karanAdravya hiMsA hai / krodha evaM dveSa-bhAva hiMsA hai, yaha adharma hai / 2. mRSAvAda - mithyA bhASaNa karanA - mRSAvAda hai / usake do bheda - dravya aura bhAva / mithyA bhASaNa ke cAra bheda bhI hote haiM - abhUta-udbhAvana, bhUtaninhava, vastvantara nyAsa aura paranindA | ye cAroM mithyA bhASaNa ke prakAra haiM / 3. adattAdAna svAmI, jIva, tIrthaMkara aura guru dvArA adatta vastu ko grahaNa karanA- corI hai / vastu tIna prakAra kI hai - sacitta, acitta evaM mizra / 4. maithuna - mithuna ke bhAva ko athavA karma ko maithuna kahA jAtA hai / rAgavaza nara-nArI ke saMyoga tathA sahavAsa ko maithuna kahA gayA hai / 5. parigraha - mUrcchA bhAva ko parigraha kahA hai / mamatAvaza vastuoM kA saMcaya karate rahanA / parigraha ke do bheda haiM- bAhya aura Abhyantara / dhana, dhAnya, kanaka aura rajata Adi bAhya parigraha haiM, aura pramAda, kaSAya tathA mithyAtva Adi Abhyantara parigraha haiM / mohanIya karma ke do bheda haiM- kaSAyamoha aura nokaSAyamoha | kaSAyamohakarma ke udaya se hone vAle jIva ke saMjvalana, ahaMkAra, vaMcanA aura mUrcchA rUpa pariNAma kramazaH krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha haiM / kaSAyamohakarma ke udaya se hone vAle krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rUpa AtmA ke pariNAma vizeSa, jo samyaktva, dezavirati sarvavirati aura yathAkhyAta cAritra kA ghAta karate haiM / ataeva ye kaSAya kahe jAte haiM / 1. krodha - krodha mohakarma ke udaya se hone vAlA, kRtya aura akRtya viveka ko haTAne vAlA, saMjvalana svarUpa AtmA ke pariNAma ko krodha kahate haiM / krodha se jIva jalatA rahatA hai / 2. mAna - mAna mohakarma ke udaya se jAti, bala evaM vIrya Adi guNoM meM ahaMkAra buddhi rUpa AtmA ke pariNAma ko mAna kahate haiN| mAnI jIva apane ko sabase bar3A samajhatA hai /

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142 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 3. mAyA-mAyA mohakarma ke udaya se mana, vacana evaM kAya kI kuTilatA dvArA para-vaJcanA rUpa AtmA ke pariNAma ko mAyA kahate haiM / 4. lobha-lobha mohakarma ke udaya se mUrchA, tRSNA evaM asantoSa rUpa AtmA ke pariNAma vizeSa ko lobha kahate haiN| lobha se parigraha hotA hai| 5. rAga mAyA aura lobha, jisameM aprakaTa rUpa meM vidyamAna hoM, vaha Asakti rUpa jIvana kA pariNAma rAga kahA jAtA hai / yaha bandhahetu hai| 6. dvoSa-krodha aura mAna, jisameM avyakta rUpa se hoM, vaha aprItirUpa jIva kA pariNAma dvaSa kahA jAtA hai / yaha bandhahetu hai / manuSya vANI para saMyama na rakhane ke kAraNa bhI pApa karatA hai| vANI ke cAra pApa haiM 1. kalaha-jhagar3A karanA, rAr3a karanA / 2. abhyAkhyAna-kisI meM avidyamAna doSoM kA Aropa lgnaa| lAMchana lgaanaa| 3. paizunya--pITha pIche kisI ke doSa prakaTa karanA / cugalI karanA, kAnA-phUMsI krnaa| 4. para-parivAda-para kI nindA karanA / dUsaroM kI dRSTi meM usake vyaktitva ko giraanaa| manuSya meM kAyakRta tathA vacanakRta pApa ke atirikta sabase bar3A pApa mAnasika bhI hotA hai 1. rati-arati-priyatA tathA apriyatA, nokaSAyamohakarma ke udaya se jIva meM jo priyatA evaM apriyatA kA bhAva hotA hai, vaha ratiarati hai| 2. mAyAmRSA-mAyApUrvaka asatya bolanA / do doSoM kA eka sAtha sevana krnaa| 3. mithyAdarzana-zraddhA kA viparIta honaa| yaha AtmA kA eka bhayaMkara zalya hai|

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7. Asrava-tattva karma ke do prakAra haiM- zubha aura ashubh| zubha tathA azubha karma ke Ane ke dvAra ko Asrava kahA jAtA hai / jaise kisI tAlAba meM pAnI Ane ke dvAra ko arthAt nAlI yA morI ko Asrava kahA jAtA hai / Asrava, jisake dvArA jIva rUpI sarovara meM karma rUpI jala praveza karatA hai, andara AtA hai, usako kahA jAtA hai / mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyA ko yoga kahate haiM / kAya, vacana aura mana ke dvArA AtmA ke pradezoM meM halana calana hone ko yoga kahate haiM / yoga ke tIna bheda haiM 1. manoyoga - mana ke nimitta se AtmA ke pradezoM meM jo halanacalana hotA hai, usako manoyoga kahate haiN| kyoMki mana kI kriyA nimitta hai / 2. vacanayoga - vacana ke nimitta se AtmA ke pradezoM meM jo halana - calana hotA hai, use vacanayoga kahate haiM / kyoMki vacana kI kriyA nimitta hai / 3. kAyayoga-kAya ke nimitta se AtmA ke pradezoM meM jo halanacalana hotA hai, use kAyayoga kahate haiM / ina tInoM yogoM kI utpatti meM vIryAntarAya karma kA kSayopazama kAraNa hai / isa prakAra mana kI kriyA ko, vacana kI kriyA ko aura kAya kI kriyA ko yoga kahA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM isa trividha yoga ko Asrava kahA hai / jisa prakAra kUpa meM pAnI Ane meM, kUpa ke andara hI andara cAroM aura srota hote haiM, ( 143 )

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144 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva usI prakAra AtmA ke karma Ane meM yoga srota ke tulya hai, jisase karma-raNa andara A jAtA hai| jaina darzana kA yoga zabda pAribhASika hai| isa yoga kA artha haipravRtti / pataJjali ne bhI apane yoga-darzana meM yoga zabda kA prayoga bahulatA se kiyA hai / parantu usa yoga kA artha-nivRtti hI hai| cittavRttiyoM ke nirodha ko yoga kahA hai| jaina darzana meM usa artha meM saMvara zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| __ Asrava kA nirodha karake saMvara kI ora jAnA hI sAdhanA kahI jAtI hai / zAstroM meM sarvatra hI Asrava kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / kyoMki yaha karmabandha kA kAraNa hai| bandha se saMsAra kI prApti hotI hai| jaba taka bandha kA kAraNa hai, taba taka bandha hotA hI rhegaa| bandha hai, to janma-maraNa bhI hotA rahegA / janma aura maraNa kA cakra hI saMsAra kA saba se bar3A duHkha hai / duHkha aura kleza kA anta karane ke lie isa Asrava ko rokanA Avazyaka hai / nava tatvoM meM Asrava ko bhI tattva mAnA gayA hai| lekina vaha upAdeya nahIM hai, heya mAnA gayA hai| chor3ane ke yogya hai| usakA AcaraNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| jisako chor3anA ho, use samajhanA bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| Asrava ke bheda 1. bandha hetubhUta Asrava ke pA~ca bheda : 1. mithyAtva 2. avrata 3. pramAda 4. kaSAya 5. azubha yoga 2. avrata Asrava ke pA~ca bheda : 1. prANAtipAta 2. maSAvAda 3. adattAdAna 4. maithuna 5. parigraha 3. viSaya Asrava ke pA~ca bheda : 1. varNa 2. gandha

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Asrava-tattva | 145 3. rasa 4. sparza 5. zabda 4. yoga Asrava ke tIna bheda : 1. manoyoga 2. vacanayoga 3. kAya yoga 5. ayatanA Asrava ke do bheda : 1. bhaNDopakaraNa 2. sUci-kuzAgra mAtra 1. mithyAtva-vItarAga kathita tatvoM para zraddhA na honaa| athavA viparIta zraddhAna kA honA / jo tatva nahIM hai, usako tatva samajha lenaa| mokSa mArga ko saMsAra kA mArga mAna lenA, aura saMsAra ke mArga ko mokSa kA mArga samajha lenA-mithyAtva hai| mithyAtvamoha ke udaya se viparIta zraddhAna rUpa jIva ke pariNAma ko mithyAtva kahate haiN| 2. avrata-hiMsA, asatya, corI, brahmacarya aura parigraha kA tyAga na karanA / pA~ca pApoM se nivRtta na honA-avrata Asrava hotA hai| 3. pramAda-zubha yoga ke abhAva ko athavA zubha kArya kA svIkAra na karanA / satkarma meM prayatna na krnaa| jisase jIva jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura taporUpa mokSa mArga meM, pramAda karatA hai / 4. kaSAya-jo zuddha svarUpa AtmA ko kaluSita karatA hai, vaha kaSAya hai| jo karmarUpa mala se AtmA ko malIna banAtA hai, vaha kaSAya hotA hai| kaSa arthAt karmamala kiMvA saMsAra kI abhivRddhi ho, prApti ho, use kaSAya kahA jAtA hai| kaSAyamohakarma ke udaya se hone vAlA, jIva kA krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha rUpa pariNAma kaSAya hai| 5. yoga-mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyA ko yoga kahate haiM / yoga ke do bheda hote haiM- zubha yoga aura azubha yoga / yoga Asrava hai / / pA~ca indriyoM ke pA~ca viSaya haiM-rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza aura zabda / zabda zrotra kA viSaya hai / rUpa netra kA viSaya hai / rasa rasanA kA viSaya hai / gandha ghrANa kA viSaya hai| sparza tvacA kA viSaya hai| yadi indriyA~ inameM rAga-dvaSavaza pravRtti karatI haiM, to yaha Asrava hotA hai / Asrava se karma kA bandha hotA hai, jisakA pariNAma hai- duHkha evaM kleza / jIva pIDA bhogatA

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146 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva hai / zabda meM Asakti se hariNa evaM sarpa kA vadha hotA hai / rUpa meM Asakti se pataMge kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai / vaha dIpaka para mara jAtA hai / gandha meM Asakti se bhramara kamala meM banda ho jAtA hai / rasa meM Asakti se matsya jAla meM pha~sa jAtA hai / sparza meM Asakti se balavAna gajarAja bhI bandhana baddha ho jAtA hai / parantu jo 'manuSya pA~coM indriyoM ke vazIbhUta ho jAtA hai, usakI kyA dazA hogI / ataH indriyoM ko viSayoM se haTAnA cAhie / viSayoM meM pravRtti hI Ava hai, vaha bandha kA kAraNa hai / ayatanA -yatanA na karanA - Asava hai / usake do bheda haiM 1. bhaNDopakaraNa - vastra, pAtra athavA anya kisI bhI upakaraNa ko, saMyama ke sAdhana ko yatanA se na rakhanA aura yatanA se na uThAnA / - 2. sUcikuzAgra mAtra - sUci evaM kuzA ke agrabhAga jitanI choTI vastu ko bhI ayatanA se rakhanA aura uThAnA /

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savara-tattva saMvara zabda jaina-darzana kA eka viziSTa zabda hai| yaha Asrava kA virodhI tatva hai / saMvara kA artha hai-nirodha / bAhara se andara Ane vAlI vastu ko roka denaa| saMvara mokSa kA hetu hai / mokSa kA ananya sAdhana hai| isake abhAva meM mokSa kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai| saMsAra aura saMsAra ke sAdhanoM kA nirodha saMvara hai / sAdhanA kA zikhara hai / Asrava kA rukanA jAnA hI saMvara hotA hai| AtmA meM jina kAraNoM se karmoM kA Asravana hotA hai, una kAraNoM ko dUra kara dene se jo karmoM kA AnA banda ho jAtA hai, usako saMvara kahate haiN| saMvara ke do bheda haiM-dravya saMvara aura bhAva sNvr| dravya saMvara kyA hai ? pudgala maya karmoM ke Asrava kA ruka jaanaa| bhAva saMvara kyA hai ? karmoM ke Asrava ke kAraNabhUta rAga-dveSa bhAvoM kA ruka jaanaa| __ tapa bhI mokSa kA hetu hai| kyoMki tapa se karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai, aura saMvara bhI hotA hai / tapa ko saMvara kA pradhAna kAraNa kahA gayA hai / tapa kA pradhAna phala hai, pUrva saMcita karmoM kA kSaya honA / saMvara kA kAraNa kyA hai ? gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, pariSahajaya aura cAritra-ye saba hI saMvara ke kAraNa hote haiM / tapa aura dhyAna se bhI saMvara hotA hai / yaha saMvara mokSa kA sAdhana hai / ( 147 )

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148 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva saMvara ke bheda 1. mokSa hetubhUta saMvara ke pA~ca bheda1. samyaktva 2. vrata 3. apramAda 4. akaSAya 5. zubha yoga athavA ayoga 2. vrata saMvara ke pA~ca bheda1. ahiMsA 2. satya 3. asteya 4. brahmacarya 5. aparigraha 3. viSaya saMvara ke pA~ca bheda1. rUpa saMvara 2. rasa saMvara 3. gandha saMvara 4. sparza saMvara 5. zabda saMvara 4. yoga saMvara ke tIna bheda1. manaH saMvara 2. vacana saMvara 3. kAya saMvara 5. yatanA saMvara ke do bheda-- 1. bhaNDa-upakaraNa saMvara 2. sUcikuzAgra mAtra saMvara

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nirjarA-tattva nirjarA zabda bhI jaina darzana kA eka pAribhASika zabda hai / nirjara zabda kA saMskRtabhASA meM deva artha hotA hai / kyoMki svargavAsI deva kabhI vRddha nahIM hote / jarA se pAra pA cuke haiM / ataH nirjara zabda devavAcaka hotA hai / yahA~ para nirjarA zabda hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-jhar3a jAnA, dUra ho jAnA, nikala jAnA / nava tattvoM meM eka tattva nirjarA hai| yaha mokSa se pUrva hotA hai / ataH Atma-saMbaddha karmoM kA aMza rUpa meM dhIre-dhIre kSaya honA nirjarA kahA jAtA hai / karmoM kA aMzena kSaya nirjarA aura sarvAtmanA kSaya mokSa hotA hai / nirjarA bhI eka prakAra se mokSa hai| pUrva mokSa aura uttara mokSa / yahI donoM meM antara hai / nirjarA kA antaraMga kAraNa hai - tapa / binA tapa ke kabhI nirjarA nahIM hotii| tapa ke do bheda haiM- Abhyantara tapa aura bAhya tapa / zarIra aura karmoM kA tapAnA tapa hai / jaise Aga meM tapA sonA nirmala hokara zuddha hotA hai, vaise tapa rUpa Aga meM tapA AtmA karmamala se rahita hokara zuddha ho jAtA hai / bAhya tapa kA zarIra para spaSTa prabhAva par3ane se bAhya tapa kahA jAtA hai / tapa kI sAdhanA karane vAlA tapasvI athavA tApasa hotA hai| jisa tapa kA sambandha AtmA ke bhAvoM se ho, use Abhyantara tapa kahate haiN| Abhyantara tapa mokSa kI prApti meM aMtaraMga kAraNa kahA jAtA hai| nirjarA ke bheda 1. bAhya tapa ke chaha bheda : 1. anAhAra 2. avamaudarya 3. vRtti saMkSepa 4. rasa parityAga 5. kAyakleza 6. pratisaMlInatA ( 146 )

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150 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 2. Abhyantara tapa ke chaha bheda : 1. prAyazcitta 2. vinaya 3. vaiyAvRtya 4. svAdhyAya 5. vyutsarga 6. dhyAna bhojana grahaNa na karanA anAhAra hai / kama bhojana karanA Unodara tapa hai / vattiyoM kA saMkoca karanA / rasoM ko chor3anA / kAya kaSTa sahana karanA / eka sthAna para sthira honA / yaha chaha prakAra kA bAhya tapa kahalAtA hai| vratoM meM doSa lagane para daNDa lenA, zuddhi ke lie| gurujanoM kA vinaya karanA / bAla, vRddha aura rugNa kI sevA karanA / zAstroM kA zuddha pATha karanA / Abhyantara aura bAhya parigraha kA tyAga karanA / yogoM kI ekAgratA krnaa| yaha chaha prakAra kA Abhyantara tapa hotA hai|

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bandha-tattva Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha karma paramANuoM kA jo sambandha hotA hai, use bandha kahate haiM / baddha AtmA apane svarUpa ko bhUla jAtA hai| jova kaSAyavaza hokara karma ke yogya kArmaNa vargaNA rUpa pudgala skandhoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha pudgala skandhoM kA grahaNa hI bandha kahalAtA hai / kArmaNa vargaNA rUpa pudgala sampUrNa loka meM parivyApta haiN| kaSAya ke kAraNa AtmA ke sAtha usakA sambandha ho jAtA hai, vaha bandha hai / _ jaise eka vyakti apane zarIra para tela lagAkara dhUli meM leTa jAe, to dhUli usake zarIra para cipaka jAtI hai| mithyAtva evaM kaSAya Adi se jIva ke pradezoM meM jaba hala-cala hotI hai, taba jisa AkAza-pradeza meM AtmA ke pradeza haiM, vahIM ke ananta-ananta karma yogya pudgala paramANu jIva ke ekaeka pradeza ke sAtha ba~dha jAte haiN| karma paramANa aura Atma-pradeza isa prakAra mila jAte haiM, jaise dUdha aura pAnI, tathA Aga aura loha-piNDa paraspara eka hokara mila jAte haiM / AtmA ke sAtha karmoM kA jo yaha sambandha hotA hai, vahI bandha kahalAtA hai / bandha ke kAraNa hI AtmA ananta saMsAra meM, ananta kAla se paribhramaNa karatA hai / janma aura maraNa karatA hai| bandha ke bheda bandhabhUta karma ke cAra bheda1. prakRti 2. sthiti 3. anubhAga 4. pradeza 1. prakRti bandha-karma paramANuoM meM jJAna evaM darzana Adi ke Dhakane kA svabhAva / ( 151 )

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152 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 2. sthiti bandha - jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmoM kA apane svabhAva se cyuta na honA / 3. anubhAga bandha - jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmoM meM tIvra athavA manda phala dene kI zakti / 4. pradeza bandha- - jJAnAvaraNa Adi karma-rUpa hue pudgala skandhoM ke paramANuoM kI saMkhyA ko pradeza bandha kahate haiM / prakRti kA artha hai -- svabhAva / sthiti kA artha hai - kAla maryAdA | anubhAga kA artha hai - tIvra evaM maMda phala / anubhAga, anubhAva aura anubhava - tInoM kA eka hI artha hai / pradeza kA artha hai -- karma skandhoM ke paramANuoM kI saMkhyA kA kama aura adhika honA / prakRti bandha aura pradeza bandha, yoga ke nimitta se hote haiM / sthiti bandha aura anubhAga bandha, kaSAya ke kAraNa se hote haiM / karmoM kA bandha do prakAra kA hotA hai - nidhatta bandha aura nikAcita bandha | donoM kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra se kI jAtI hai 1. nidhatta bandha -- udvartanA aura apavartanA karaNa ke sivAya vizeSa karaNoM ke ayogya karmoM ko rakhanA nidhatta kahA jAtA hai / nidhatta avasthA meM udIraNA evaM saMkramaNa Adi nahIM hote haiM / tapA kara nikAlI huI loha zalAkA ke sambandha ke samAna pUrva baddha karmoM ko paraspara milAkara dhAraNa karanA nidhatta hai / isake bhI prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza rUpa cAra bheda haiM / 2. nikAcita bandha - jina karmoM kA phala bandha ke anusAra nizcaya hI bhogA jAtA hai / jinheM binA bhoge chuTakArA nahIM hotA / una karmoM ko nikAcita kahate haiM / nikAcita karma meM koI bhI karaNa nahIM hotA / tapA kara nikAlI huI loha zalAkAyeM ghana se kUTane para jisa prakAra eka ho jAtI haiM, usI prakAra ina karmoM kA bhI AtmA ke sAtha pragAr3ha sambandha ho jAtA hai / nikAcita karma ke bhI prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza ke bheda se cAra bheda ho jAte haiM / bandha kina kAraNoM se hotA hai ? bandha ina kAraNoM se hotA haimithyAdarzana se, avrata se, pramAda se, kaSAya se aura yoga se /

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mokSa-tattva mokSa AtmA ko parama zuddha avasthA hai| saMsAra ke samasta bandhanoM kA naSTa ho jAnA hI to mokSa hai / samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAnA-mokSa kahA jAtA hai / cAra ghAtI karmoM ke kSaya ho jAne para jIva ko kevalajJAna hotA hai| ghAtI karmoM meM sabase pahale mohakarma kA kSaya hotA hai / bandha ke kAraNoM kA abhAva tathA nirjarA ke dvArA jJAnAvaraNa Adi samasta karmoM kA atyanta abhAva honA - mokSa hai| AtmA se samasta karmoM kA sambandha chUTa jAnA, mokSa hai, aura vaha mokSa saMvara tathA nirjarA ke dvArA prApta hotA hai / mukta AtmA phira bandhana baddha nahIM hotaa| ___ mokSa ke do bheda haiM-dravya mokSa aura bhAva mokSa / Atma-pradezoM se pudgala paramANuoM kA pRthak ho jAnA-dravya mokSa hai| kaSAya bhAvoM kA sarvathA kSaya ho jAnA-bhAva mokSa hai| __ bhArata ke sabhI Astika darzanoM ne mokSa svIkAra kiyA hai| mokSa, mukti aura nirvANa-ye saba mokSa ke paryAyavAcaka zabda haiN| nyAyavaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga aura vedAnta AtmA kI parama zuddha dazA ko mokSa kahate haiN| bauddha kSaNikavAdI hokara bhI nirvANa ko svIkAra karate haiM / nirvANa abhAvAtmaka nahIM, bhAvAtmaka hai / jaina darzana meM mokSa-sthitivizeSa aura sthAnavizeSa bhI hai| mokSa ke bheda 1. mokSa ke do bheda 1. dravya mokSa ( 153 ) 2. bhAva mokSa

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154 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva 2. mokSa ke cAra bheda 1. jJAna 2. darzana 3. cAritra 4. tapa 3. mokSa ke cAra sAdhana 1. dAna 2. zIla 3. tapa 4. bhAva mokSa ke cAra bheda haiM, yaha kathana upacAra se kiyA gayA hai / mokSa eka hI hai, usakA bheda nahIM hotaa| usake ye cAra kAraNa haiN| kAraNa meM kArya kA upacAra kara liyA gayA hai| mokSa ke cAra kAraNa haiM-tatvoM kA yathArtha bodha, tatvoM kA yathArtha zraddhAna, tatvoM kA yathArtha AcaraNa aura samyak tapa-ye cAroM milakara mokSa ke kAraNa haiN| inakA paripUrNa vikAsa hI vastutaH mokSa hai / dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva-ye cAroM dharma ke aMga haiN| ataH paramparA se ye cAroM bhI mokSa ke sAdhana hone se upacAra se mokSa kahe jAte haiN|

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AATHA G pariziSTa

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hindI TippaNa pAribhASika zabdakoSa lakSaNa jIva ke lakSaNa se parijJAta hotA hai, ki vaha ajIva se bhinna vastu / mizrita vastuoM ke bheda parijJAna ke lie lakSaNa kA paribodha Avazyaka hai / "yena vastu lakSyate, tallakSaNam / " arthAt jisake dvArA vastu kA bheda jJAna ho, vaha lakSaNa kahA jAtA hai / ataH aneka mizrita padArthoM meM se kisI eka padArtha ko pRthak karane vAle ko lakSaNa kahate haiM / usake do bheda haiM-AtmabhUta lakSaNa aura anAtmabhUta lakSaNa / - 1. AtmabhUta lakSaNa- - jo lakSaNa vastu ke svarUpa meM ekIbhUta ho, use AtmabhUta lakSaNa kahate haiM / jaise agni kA lakSaNa uSNatA / AtmabhUta lakSaNa kA artha hai, jo kabhI apane lakSya se dUra na ho / jIva kA AtmabhUta lakSaNa upayoga hai, arthAt caitanya hai, jo kabhI jIva se dUra nahIM hotA / isako asAdhAraNa dharma bhI kahate haiM / 2. anAtmabhUta lakSaNa - jo lakSaNa vastu ke svarUpa meM ekIbhUta na ho, use anAtmabhUta lakSaNa kahate haiM / jaise daNDena daNDI puruSaH / chatreNa chatrI puruSaH / tilakena paNDitaH / daNDa puruSa se alaga hai / chatra chatrI se bhinna hai / tilaka paNDita se pRthak hotA hai / phira bhI ye lakSaNa vyakti ko anya vyaktiyoM se alaga karate haiM / ataH ye lakSaNa kI koTi meM to parigaNita ho hI jAte haiM / ( 157 )

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pramANa upayoga, jIva kA lakSaNa hai, yaha kahA jA cukA hai| kisI bhI vastu ko vizeSa rUpa se tathA sAmAnya rUpa se jAnanA-upayoga hai| usake do bheda haiM-jJAna aura darzana / jo upayoga padArthoM ke vizeSa dharmoM kA, jAti, guNa evaM kriyA Adi kA grahaNa karatA hai, vaha jJAna hai| jJAna ko sAkAra upayoga kahate haiN| jo upayoga padArthoM ke sAmAnya dharma kA arthAt sattA kA grahaNa karatA hai, use darzana kahate haiN| darzana ko nirAkAra upayoga kahate haiN| jJAna ke do bheda haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSa / indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA, sAkSAt AtmA se jo jJAna ho, vaha pratyakSa pramANa hai / jaise avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna / indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se jo jJAna ho, vaha parokSa pramANa hai| jaise matijJAna aura zratajJAna / jo jJAna aspaSTa ho, spaSTa na ho, use parokSa pramANa kahate haiN| jaise smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura aagm| jaina-darzana meM pramANa kA varNana do prakAra se kiyA gayA hai-Agama paddhati se aura tarkazAstra kI zailI se| pahalI ko jJAna-mImAMsA kahate haiM, aura dUsarI ko pramANa-mImAMsA kahate haiM / ___ pramANa se prameya kI siddhi hotI hai / pramANa ke binA kisI bhI vastu kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM ho pAtA hai / ataH pramANa kA bodha Avazyaka hai| pramANa ke bheda pramANa se prameya kA parijJAna hotA hai| pramANa kA bodha Avazyaka hai| pramANa ke cAra bheda haiM ( 158 )

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pariziSTa : pramANa | 156 1. pratyakSa-akSa kA artha hai-AtmA aura indriya / indriyoM kI sahAyatA ke binA, AtmA ke sAtha sIdhA sambandha rakhane vAlA jJAna pratyakSa pramANa hai / jaise avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / indriyoM se sIdhA sambandha rakhane vAlA arthAt indriyoM kI sahAyatA se AtmA ke sAtha sambandha rakhane vAlA jJAna pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai / jaiseki pA~ca indriyoM se hone vAlA pratyakSa / 2. anumAna-liMga arthAt hetu ke grahaNa aura sambandha arthAt vyApti ke smaraNa ke pazcAt jisase padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha anumAna pramANa hai| sAdhana se sAdhya ke jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| 3. jisake dvArA sadRzatA se upameya padArthoM kA jJAna hotA hai, use upamAna pramANa kahate haiN| jaiseki gavaya, gAya ke samAna hotA hai| 4. Agama-zAstra ke dvArA hone vAlA jJAna, Agama pramANa kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra pramANa ke cAra bheda haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama / ye cAra bheda anya sampradAyoM meM bhI atyanta prasiddha haiM / bhagavatIsUtra tathA anuyogadvAra meM bhI ye cAra pramANa haiN|

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naya-svarUpa ajIva yA jIva, pratyeka vastu pramANa evaM naya kA viSaya hai / pramANa kA varNana kiyA gayA, naya kA varNana yahA~ prastuta hai| naya ke do bheda haiMdravyArthika naya tathA paryAyArthika naya / 1. dravyAthika naya-jo paryAyoM ko gauNa karake dravya ko hI mukhyatayA grahaNa kare, use dravyAthika naya kahA jAtA hai| 2. paryAyAthika naya-jo dravya ko gauNa karake paryAyoM ko hI mukhyatayA grahaNa kare, use paryAyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai| eka anya prakAra se nayoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / vaha hai, adhyAtma dRSTi / nizcaya evaM vyavahAra / nizcaya naya-vastu ke zuddha evaM mUla svarUpa ko nizcaya kahate haiN| jaise AtmA siddha svarUpa hai|| vyavahAra naya-vastu kA lokasammata svarUpa vyavahAra hotA hai / AtmA manuSya, tiryaJca rUpa hai / nizcaya meM jJAna kI pradhAnatA hai / vyavahAra meM kriyAoM kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra paraspara eka-dUsare ke sahAyaka haiM, eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| nayoM ke anya prakAra se bhI bheda-prabheda kiye gae haiN| jaise zabda naya aura artha naya, jJAna naya aura kriyA naya / jaina darzana meM nayoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| ( 160 )

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saptanaya bandha aura mokSa-donoM jIva kI paryAya haiM / eka zuddha paryAya hai, to dUsarI azuddha / pramANa aura naya se jIva Adi sapta tatva tathA nava padArtha kA adhigama hotA hai / pramANa kA saMkSepa meM kathana kiyA / yahA~ para saMkSepa meM naya kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / naya kyA hai ? pramANa dvArA parigRhIta ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke eka dharma ko mukhya rUpa se jAnane vAle jJAna ko naya kahA jAtA hai / usake sAta bheda haiM 1. naigama-do paryAyoM, do dravyoM aura dravya tathA paryAya ke pradhAna evaM gauNa bhAva se vivakSA karane vAle naya ko naigama naga kahate haiM / aneka gamoM arthAt vikalpoM se vastu ko jAnatA hai| "tatra saMkalpamAtrasya grAhako naigamo nayaH / " nigama kA artha hai-saMkalpa, jo nigama arthAt saMkalpa ko viSaya kare, vaha naigama naya kahA jAtA hai / jaise-kauna jA rahA hai ? maiM jA rahA hU~ / yahA~ para koI jA nahIM rahA hai, kintu jAne kA kevala saMkalpa hI kiyA hai| 2. saMgraha-vizeSa se rahita satva, dravyatva Adi sAmAnya mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAle naya ko saMgraha naya kahate haiN| saMgraha naya ke do bheda haiMpara saMgraha aura apara saMgraha / sattA mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya para saMgraha hai / kyoMki yaha naya dravya kahane se jIva aura ajova sabako grahaNa karatA hai / avAntara sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya apara saMgraha hai| jIva kahane se saba jIvoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, ajIva ko nahIM / 3. vyavahAra naya-laukika vyavahAra ke anusAra, vibhAga karane vAle naya ko vyavahAra naya kahate haiM / jaise jo sat haiM, vaha dravya hai, yA paryAya / jo dravya hai, usake chaha bheda haiM / jo paryAya hai, usake sahabhAvI aura kramabhAvI ye do bheda haiM / jIva ke saMsArI aura mukta do bheda haiM / bheda-mUlaka vyavahAra naya hotA hai| ( 161 )

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162 | jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 4. RjusUtra naya - vartamAna kSaNa meM hone vAlI paryAya ko pradhAna rUpa se grahaNa karane vAle naya ko RjusUtra naya kahate haiM / jaise sukha paryAya isa samaya hai / parantu adhikaraNabhUta AtmA ko gauNa rUpa se mAnatA hai / bauddha darzana isakA sundara udAharaNa hai / 5. zabda naya-kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA, puruSa aura upasarga Adi ke bheda se zabdoM meM arthabheda kA pratipAdana karane vAle naya ko zabda naya kahate haiM | jaise meru thA, meru hai aura meru hogA / taTaH taTI taTam / 5. samabhirUDha naya - paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM nirukti ke bheda se bhinna artha ko mAnane vAle naya ko samabhirUDha naya kahate haiM / jaise indra aura purandara zabda paryAyavAcaka haiM / phira bhI artha meM antara hai / 7. evaMbhUta naya - zabdoM kI svapravRtti kI nimittabhUta kriyA se yukta padArthoM ko hI unakA vAcya mAnane vAlA naya evaMbhUta naya hai / jaise indana kriyA kA anubhava karate samaya hI indra ko indra zabda kA vAcya mAnatA hai / evaMbhUta naya meM upayoga sahita kiyA kI pradhAnatA hai / saptabhagI jaba eka vastu ke kisI eka dharma ke viSaya meM prazna karane para virodha kA parihAra karake vyasta aura samasta, vidhi aura niSedha kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, to sAta prakAra ke vAkyoM kA prayoga hotA hai, jo ki syAtkAra se aMkita hote haiM / usa sapta prakAra ke vAkya prayoga ko saptabhaMgI kahate haiM / ve sAta bhaMga isa prakAra haiM (1) kathaMcit hai: (2) kathaMcit nahIM hai / (3) kathaMcit hai, aura nahIM hai / ( 4 ) kathaMcit kahA nahIM jA sakatA / (5) kathaMcit hai, phira bhI kahA nahIM jA sakatA / (6) kathaMcit nahIM hai, phira bhI kahA nahIM jA sakatA / (7) kathaMcit hai, nahIM hai, phira bhI kahA nahIM jA sakatA /

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pariziSTa : saptabhaMgI | 163 mUla bhaMga asti aura nAsti do haiN| donoM kI yugapat vivakSA se avaktavya nAma kA bhaMga banatA hai aura yaha bhI mUla bhaMga meM parigaNita ho jAtA hai / ina tInoM ke asaMyogI (asti, nAsti, avktvy)| dvisaMyogI (asti-nAsti, asti avaktavya, nAsti avaktavya) aura trisaMyogI (asti, nAsti, avaktavya) banAne se sAta bhaMga ho jAte haiN| ataeva isako saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai| saptabhaMgI nyAya jaina-darzana kA eka viziSTa viSaya bana gayA hai / saptanaya aura sapta bhaMga ko samajhanA parama Avazyaka hai / kisI prazna ke uttara meM yA to hama 'hA~' bolate haiM, yA 'nhiiN'| isI 'hA~' aura 'nahIM' ko lekara saptabhaMgI kI racanA kI hai| saptabhaMgI kA sAmAnya artha hai-vacana ke sAta prakAroM kA eka samudAya / kisI bhI padArtha ke lie apekSA ke mahatva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue sAta prakAra se vacanoM kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| ve sAta vacana isa prakAra haiM-- (2) nahIM (3) hai aura nahIM (.) kahA nahIM jA sakatA (5) hai, parantu kahA nahIM jA sakatA (6) nahIM hai, parantu kahA nahIM jA sakatA (7) hai, aura nahIM, kintu kahA nahIM jA sakatA kisI bhI padArtha ke viSaya meM sAta prakAra ke hI prazna ho sakate haiN| ataH ATha, nava aura dazavA~ bhaMga nahIM bana sktaa| sAta hI bhaMga haiM, kama tathA adhika nahIM / ataH yaha saptabhaMgI kahI jAtI hai / (1) ghaTa dravya kI apekSA se nitya hai / (2) ghaTa paryAya kI apekSA se anitya hai / (3) ghaTa krama vivakSA se nitya bhI hai, aura anitya bhI hai| (4) ghaTa avaktavya hai, arthAt yugapat vivakSA se avaktavya bhI hai| ina cAra vacana prayogoM para se pichale tIna vacana aura banAe jAte haiN|

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164 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva (5) dravya kI apekSA se ghaTa nitya hone ke sAtha yugapat vivakSA se avaktavya hai| (6) paryAya kI apekSA se ghaTa anitya hone ke sAtha yugapat vivakSA se avaktavya hai| (7) dravya aura paryAya kI apekSA se ghaTa kramazaH nitya aura anitya hone ke sAtha sAtha yugapat vivakSA se avaktavya hai| pichale tIna vacana prayoga, avaktavya rUpa caturtha bhaMga ke pahalA dUsarA aura tIsarA milAne se banate haiM / ataH vAstava meM mukhya rUpa se tIna yA cAra hI bhaMga hai / yaha sapta bhaMgI kA svarUpa hai / vastutaH zabda kI pravRtti pravaktAoM ke bhAvoM para AdhArita hotI hai| pratyeka vastu meM ananta dharma hote haiN| vibhinna pravaktA apane-apane dRSTikoNa se unakA ullekha karate haiM / jaina darzana meM anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA sthAna atyanta gauravapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| saptabhaMgIvAda, nayavAda aura pramANavAda-ye saba syAdvAda rUpI durga ke saMrakSaka haiM / anekAntavAda eka dRSTi hai, usakI abhivyakti syAdvAda ke dvArA hotI hai| ataH anekAMta kA bhASAtmakarUpa hI to syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgIvAda hai|

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pramANa aura naya pramANa- - apanA aura dUsare kA nizcaya karAne vAle yathArtha jJAna ko kahate haiM | pramANa vastu ko saba dRSTi-binduoM se jAnatA hai / vastu ke samasta aMzoM ko jAnane vAlA pramANa hotA hai / naya - pramANa dvArA jJAta ananta-dharmAtmaka vastu ke kisI eka aMza athavA guNa ko mukhya karake jAnane vAle jJAna ko naya kahate haiM / naya-jJAna vastu ke anya aMza kI ora upekSA yA gauNatA rahatI hai / meM mukhya-padArtha ke aneka dharmoM meM jisa samaya jisa dharma kI vivakSA hotI hai, usa samaya vahI dharma pradhAna mAnA jAtA hai / pradhAna dharma ko mukhya dharma kahA jAtA hai / gauNa - mukhya dharma ke atirikta sabhI avivakSita dharma gauNa kahalAte haiM / jisakI vivakSA usa samaya na ho, vaha gauNa hotA hai / sAmAnya - vastu ke jisa dharma ke dIkhate hoM, usako sAmAnya kahate haiM / sAmAnya hai / kAraNa aneka padArtha eka jaise jaise aneka gAyoM meM gotva padArthoM se bhinnatA kA bodha jaina darzana meM vastu sAmAnya vizeSa- sajAtIya aura vijAtIya karAne vAlA dharma, vizeSa kahA jAtA hai| vizeSAtmaka mAnI jAtI hai / sAmAnya dravya hai, aura vizeSa paryAya kahA jAtA hai / ( 165 )

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nikSepa nikSepa kA artha hai- nyAsa / vastu kA yathArtha artha samajhane ke lie nikSepa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / nikSepa ke cAra bheda hote haiM - 1. nAma-loka vyavahAra calAne ke lie guNa Adi kI apekSA na rakhakara, kisI padArtha kI saMjJA rakhanA, nAma rakhanA-nAma nikSepa hotA hai / jaise kisI bAlaka kA nAma, mahAvIra rkhnaa| yahA~ para bAlaka meM vIratA guNa kI apekSA nahIM hai / saMjJA, nAma evaM saMketa bhara kiyA hai| 2. sthApanA- kisI vastu meM arthAt pratikRti meM, mUrti meM athavA akSa-pAsA Adi meM mUla vastu kI parikalpanA kara lenA, sthApanA hotI hai| vaha do prakAra kI hai- tadAkAra aura atadAkAra / jaise jambUdvIpa ke citra ko jambU dvIpa kahanA / zataraMja ke moharoM ko gaja, azva, vajIra kahanA / 3. dravya- kisI padArtha kI bhUta aura bhaviSyat paryAya ke nAma kA vartamAna meM vyavahAra karanA, dravya nikSepa hai| jaise rAjA ke mRtaka zarIra meM yaha rAjA hai-isa prakAra bhUta paryAya kA vyavahAra karanA / bhaviSya meM rAjA hone vAle yuvarAja ko vartamAna meM yaha rAjA hai, yaha kathana karanA / zAstra kA jJAtA, jaba usa zAstra ke upayoga se zUnya hotA hai, taba usakA jJAna, dravya jJAna kahAtA hai / zAstra meM kahA hai-"anupayogo dravyam" arthAt upayoga na honA, dravya hotA hai| jaise sAmAyika kA jJAtA, jisa samaya sAmAyika ke upayoga se zUnya hai / usa samaya usakA sAmAyika jJAna, dravya sAmAyika jJAna kahA jAtA hai| 4. bhAva-paryAya ke anusAra, vastu meM zabda kA prayoga karanAbhAva nikSepa hotA hai| jaise rAjya karate hue manuSya ko rAjA kahanA / sAmAyika ke upayoga vAle ko saamaayik-jnyaataa-khnaa|

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sva-para-catuSTaya Asrava aura saMvara tathA jIva aura ajIva-kisI bhI prakAra kA tattva kyoM na ho ? usameM eka sAtha paraspara viruddha aneka dharma raha sakate haiN| kyoMki jaina-darzana, anekAnta darzana hai / isake anusAra vastu meM aneka dharma rahate haiM / apekSAbheda se paraspara viruddha pratIta hone vAle dharmoM kA bhI eka hI vastu meM sAmaMjasya hotA hai / jaise astitva aura nAstitva / ye donoM dharma paraspara viruddha haiM, parantu apekSAbheda se donoM eka vastu meM raha sakate haiM / ghaTa eka padArtha hai / vaha sva-catuSTaya kI apekSA asti dharma vAlA hai, aura para-catuSTaya kI apekSA nAsti dharma vAlA bhI hai| sva-dravya, sva-kSatra, sva-kAla, aura sva-bhAva--sva-catuSTaya hotA hai / para-dravya, para-kSetra, para-kAla aura para-bhAva-para-catuSTaya hotA hai / (1) dravya-guNoM ke samUha ko dravya kahate haiM / jaise jar3atA Adi ghaTa ke guNoM ke samUha rUpa se ghaTa hai / parantu caitanya Adi jIva ke guNoM ke samUha rUpa se vaha nahIM hai| isa prakAra ghaTa sva-dravya kI apekSA se asti dharma vAlA hai / para-dravya arthAt jIva dravya kI apekSA se vaha nAsti dharma vAlA bhI hai| (2) kSetra-nizcaya se dravya ke pradezoM ko kSetra kahate haiN| jaise ghaTa ke pradeza ghaTa kA kSetra hai / jIva ke pradeza jIva kA kSetra hai / apane kSetra meM rahanA hI sva-kSetra hai, para-kSetra meM rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| lekina apekSAbheda se yaha kathana hai| (3) kAla-vastu ke pariNamana ko kAla kahate haiN| jaise ghaTa svakAla se basanta Rtu kA hai / vaha zizira Rtu kA nahIM hai| (4) bhAva-vastu ke guNa yA svabhAva ko bhAva kahate haiM / jaise ghaTa svabhAva kI apekSA se jala dhAraNa svabhAva vAlA hai| parantu vastra kI bhA~ti AvaraNa svabhAva vAlA nahIM hai / athavA ghaTatva kI apekSA sadpa aura paTatva kI apekSA asat rUpa hai| ( 167 )

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nigoda ananta jIvoM ke piNDIbhUta eka zarIra ko nigoda kahate haiM / siddhoM se bAdara nigoda ke jIva anaMta guNa adhika haiN| kanda, mUla, adaraka evaM gAjara-mUlI Adi bAdara nigoda haiM / sUcI ke agrabhAga meM bAdara nigoda ke anaMta jIva rahate haiN| sukSma nigoda ke jIva unase bhI anaMta guNa adhika haiN| bAdara nigoda kA svarUpa hai, yaha / lokAkAza ke jitane pradeza haiM, utane sUkSma nigoda ke gole haiN| ekaeka gole meM asaMkhyAta nigoda haiN| eka-eka nigoda meM ananta jIva haiN| bhUta, bhaviSyat aura vartamAna tInoM kAla ke samaya ekatrita karane para jo saMkhyA ho, usase ananta guNa jIva eka-eka nigoda meM haiN| yaha sUkSma nigoda kA svarUpa hai| nigoda ke do bheda haiM- vyavahAra rAzi aura avyavahAra rAzi / jo jIva eka bAra bAdara ekendriya yA trasatva bhAva ko prApta karake phira nigoda meM calA jAtA hai, vaha vyavahAra rAzi kA jIva kahalAtA hai / jisa jIva ne nigoda se bAhara nikalakara kabhI bAdara ekendriyatva yA trasatva ko prApta nahIM kiyA, anAdikAla se nigoda meM hI janma aura maraNa kara rahA hai, vaha avyavahAra rAzi kA jIva hotA hai| avyavahAra rAzi se vyavahAra rAzi meM AyA haA jIva phira sUkSma nigoda meM jA sakatA hai| kintu vaha vyavahAra rAzi kA hI jIva kahA jaaegaa| kyoMki vaha eka bAra bAhara nikala cukA hai| ( 168 )

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dravya guNa paryAya dravya jisameM guNa aura paryAya hoM, use dravya kahate haiN| guNa aura paryAya kA Azraya dravya hai| guNa-jo dravya ke Azrita rahatA hai, vaha guNa hai / guNa sadA dravya ke andara rahatA hai| paryAya-dravya aura guNa meM rahane vAlI avasthAoM ko paryAya kahataM haiM / paryAya, guNa aura dravya donoM meM rahatI haiN| 1. skandha-ananta paramANu piNDa ko skandha kahate haiN| 2. deza-skandha ke ardha bhAga ko deza kahate haiN| 3. pradeza-skandha yA deza meM mile hue dravya ke ati sUkSma, vibhAga ko pradeza kahate haiN| 4. paramANu-skandha yA deza se alaga hue pudgala ke ati sUkSma niraMza bhAga ko paramANu kahate haiM / samyaktva kA sthAna sapta tatva, nava padArtha, SaD dravya aura paJca astikAya-ye jainadarzana ke mUlabhUta tatva haiM / anya sabhI tatvoM kA samAveza inameM ho jAtA hai| jitanA bhI jJeya, prameya aura abhidheya tatva hai, usase bAhara nahIM hai / ina tatvoM kA yathArtha bodha, padArtha zraddhAna aura yathArtha AcaraNa hI vastutaH mokSa mArga kahA jAtA hai| isameM bhI zraddhAna hI mukhya hai| kyoMki usake abhAva meM jJAna, ajJAna hai, aura AcaraNa, anAcaraNa ho jAtA hai| tapa ko bhI caturtha sthAna mAna leM, to ye cAroM mokSa ke upAyabhUta sAdhana haiN| samyaktva dhAraNa karane vAle vyakti meM ina SaT sthAnoM kA honA, parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai1. jIva hai| 4. pariNAmI nitya hai| 2. karma-kartA hai| 5. mokSa hai| 3. karma-phala bhoktA hai| 6. usakA upAya hai| ( 169 )

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skandha / pudgala ke mokSa meM jAne vAle jIvoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai, ki vaha sva-para kA bheda jJAna rakhe / jIva se bhinna kyA hai ? ajIva / ajIva meM bhI pudgala para hai| pudgala kyA hai ? pUraNa evaM galana dharma vAle rUpI dravya ko pudgala kahate haiM / usake chaH bheda haiM 1. sUkSma - sUkSma - paramANu pudgala / 2. sUkSma - do pradeza se lekara sUkSma rUpa se pariNata ananta pradezoM kA chaH bheda 3. sUkSma - bAdara -- gandha ke pudgala / 4. bAdara - sUkSma -- vAyu kAya kA zarIra / 5. bAdara - osa Adi apkAya kA zarIra / 6. bAdara - bAdara - agni, vanaspati, pRthvI tathA sakAya ke jIvoM kA zarIra / sUkSma sUkSma aura sUkSma kA indriyoM se anubhava nahIM ho sakatA hai / meM ina donoM meM kevala paramANu yA pradezoM kA bheda hai / sUkSma-sUkSma eka hI meM paramANu hotA hai, aura vaha eka hI AkAza pradeza ko gheratA hai / sUkSma paramANu adhika hote haiM, aura AkAza pradeza bhI aneka hote haiM / sUkSma - bAdara kA kevala ghrANa se anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura kisI indriya se nahIM / bAdara - sUkSma kA sparzana se anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai / bAdara kA netra aura tvacA se anubhava kiyA jAtA hai / bAdara bAdara kA sabhI indriyoM se anubhava hotA hai / ( 170 ) t

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SaT ananta 1. siddha 2. sUkSma aura bAdara nigoda ke jIva 3. vanaspati ananta vanaspati jIva 4. kAla tInoM kAloM ke samaya 5. pudgala paramANu 6. alokAkAza chaha bola karane meM koI samartha nahIM 1. jIva ko ajIva banAne meM 2. ajIva ko jIva karane meM 3. eka sAtha satya aura asatya bhASA bolane meM 4. kRtakarma kA phala apanI icchAnusAra bhogane meM 5. paramANa kA chedana-bhedana karane meM 6. loka se bAhara jAne meM Avazyaka ke chaha bheda 1. samatA sAmAyika samatva yoga 2. stava stuti tIrthaMkaroM kI 3. vandana namaskAra guru ko 4. pratikramaNa AlocanA doSoM kI 5. kAyotsarga mamatA tyAga zarIra kA 6. pratyAkhyAna anAgata kA saMvara prAkRta bhASA ke chaha bheda 1, mAgadhI 2. ardhamAgadhI 3. zaurasenI 4. mahArASTrI 5. paizAcI 6. apabhraMza bhASA ( 171 )

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laghu nava tattva prakaraNa jIva tattva viyogI bhaMga 1. saMvara 2. nirjarA 3. mokSa nava tattva 1. ekendriya ke cAra bheda : 1. sUkSma paryApta 3. bAdara paryApta saMyogI bhaMga 1. puNya 2. pApa 3. Asrava 4. bandha jIva ke bheda 2. vikalendriya ke chaha bheda : 1. dvIndriya paryApta 3. trIndriya paryApta 5. caturindriya paryApta 3. paJcendriya ke cAra bheda : 1. asaMjJI paryApta 3. saMjJI paryApta ajIva ke bheda 1. astikAya ke nava bheda : ajIva tattva 2. sUkSma aparyApta 4. bAdara aparyApta 2. dvIndriya aparyApta 4. trIndriya aparyApta 6. caturindriya aparyApta 2. asaMjJI aparyApta 4. saMjJI aparyApta 1. dharma ke tIna - skandha, deza, pradeza 2. adharma ke tIna - skandha, deza, pradeza 3. AkAza ke tIna-skandha, deza, pradeza ( 172 )

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pariziSTa : laghu nava tattva prakaraNa | 173 2. addhA kA eka bheda : 1. kAla, samaya 3. pudgalAstikAya ke cAra bheda : 1. skandha 2. deza 3. pradeza 4. paramANu puNya ke bheda 1. padArtha puNya ke paJca bheda : 1. anna 2. jala 3. sthAna 4. zayana 5. vasana 2. yoga puNya ke tIna bheda : 1. mana 2. vacana 3. kAya 3. vinaya puNya kA eka bheda : 1. namaskAra pApa ke bheda 2. mRSAvAda 4. maithuna 1. avrata pApa ke pA~ca bheda 1. prANAtipAta 3. adattAdAna 5. parigraha 2. kaSAya pApa ke chaha bheda 1. krodha 3. mAyA 5. rAga 3. vANI ke pApa ke cAra bheda 1. kalaha 3. paizunya 2. mAna 4. lobha 2. abhyAkhyAna 4. para-parivAda

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174 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva 4. mana ke pApa ke tIna bheda 1. rati-arati 3. mithyA darzana 2. mAyAmRSA Asrava ke bheda 1. bandha hetubhUta Asrava ke pA~ca bheda1. mithyAtva 2. avrata 3. pramAda 4. kaSAya 5. azubha yoga 2. avrata Asrava ke pA~ca bheda1. prANAtipAta 2. mRSAvAda 3. adattAdAna 4. maithuna 5. parigraha 3. viSaya Asrava ke pA~ca bheda1. sparzana Asrava 2. rasana Asrava 3. ghrANa Asrava 4. netra Asrava 5. zrotra Asrava 4. yoga Asrava ke tIna bheda--- 1. mana se Asrava 2. vacana se Asrava 3. kAya se Asrava 5. ayatanA Asrava ke do bheda 1. bhaNDopakaraNa Asrava 2. sUci kuzAgra mAtra Asrava saMvara ke bheda 1. mokSa hetubhUta saMvara ke pA~ca bheda 1. samyaktva 3. apramAda 5. zubha yoga 2. vrata 4. akaSAya

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pariziSTa : laghu nava tattva prakaraNa | 176 2. vrata saMvara ke pAMca bheda1. prANAtipAta viramaNa 2. mRSAvAda viramaNa 3. adattAdAna viramaNa 4. maithuna viramaNa 5. parigraha viramaNa viSaya saMvara ke pAMca bheda1. sparzana saMvara 2. rasana saMvara 3. ghrANa saMvara 4. netra saMvara 5. zrotra saMvara 4. yoga saMvara ke tIna bheda1. mana se saMvara 2. vacana se saMvara 3. kAya se saMvara 5. yatanA saMvara ke do bheda1. bhaNDa-upakaraNa saMvara 2. sUci-kuzAgna mAtra saMvara nirjarA ke bheda 2. avamaudarya 4. rasa-parityAga 6. pratisaMlInatA 1. bAhya tapa ke chaha bheda 1. anAhAra 3. vRtti saMkSepa 5. kAya-kleza Abhyantara tapa ke chaha bheda1. prAyazcitta 3. vaiyAvRtya 5. vyutsarga bandha ke bheda 2. vinaya 4. svAdhyAya 6. dhyAna 1. bandhabhUta karma ke cAra bheda 1. prakRti 3. anubhAga 2. sthiti 4. pradeza

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176 | jaina-darzana ke mUlabhUta tattva mokSa ke bheda 1. mokSa-sAdhana ke cAra bheda 1. jJAna 3. cAritra athavA 2. darzana 4. tapa 2. prakArAntara se cAra bheda 1. dAna 3. tapa 2. zIla 4. bhAva sapta tattva athavA nava padArtha sapta tattva 1. jIva 2. ajIva 3. Asrava 4. bandha 5. saMvara 6. nirjarA 7. mokSa nava padArtha 1. jIva 2. ajIva 3. puNya 4. pApa 5. Asrava 6. bandha 7. saMvara 8. nirjarA 8. mokSa

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dhArmika vizvAsa kI AdhArabhUmi hai- dArzanika cintana ! darzana hI "dharma" ko bauddhika AdhAra detA hai, aura AcAra-niyamoM ko santulita rakhatA hai / jaina dharma kA dArzanika AdhAra hai - tatva cintana / Sadravya aura naMvatatva ke maulika svarUpa kA parijJAna jaina dharma, darzana ke pratyeka jijJAsu ke lie upayogI hI nahIM, anivArya bhI hai / hamAre dhArmika vizvAsa evaM AcAra maryAdA kI AdhAra bhUmi hI tatva-cintana hai / prastuta kRti ,jaina darzana ke mUlabhUta tatva meM Sadravya evaM navatatva para bahuta hI sAragarbhita, prAmANika tathA anya darzana evaM, Adhunika vijJAna ke sAtha tulanAtmaka vivecana kiyA hai, vidvAna manISI zrI vijayamuni jI zAstrI ne / zrI vijayamuni jI eka bahuzruta manISI haiM / Apa bhAratIya manISA ke staMbha prajJApuruSa rASTrasanta zrI amaramuni jI ke pramukha vidvAna ziSya haiM / guru kI prakhara urvara cintanazIlatA Apako jaise virAsata meM prApta huI hai / Apane jitanI gaMbhIratA ke sAtha saMpUrNa jaina vAGmaya kA anuzIlana kiyA hai, utanI hI taTasthatA va gaharAI se bauddhapiTka, veda-vedAnta, upaniSada, gItA aura zAMkarabhASyoM kA mUla ke sAtha pArAyaNa kiyA hai / itihAsa, nyAya aura kAvya-zAstra bhI Apake priya viSaya, rahe haiM / bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya dharma-darzana kA samagratA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane vAle virale vidvAnoM meM ApakA agraNI sthAna hai / divAkara prakAzana A-7 avAgar3ha hAUsa ema. jI. roDa AgarA - dvArA mudrita