Anekant 1975 Book 28 Ank Visheshank

Author(s): Gokulprasad Jain
Publisher: Veer Seva Mandir Trust
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/538028/1

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traimAsika zodha patrikA 20P mahAvIra nirvANa vizeSAMka sAsava vimala anekAnta parasparopavanAma varSa 28 vIra nirvANa sambat 2501 1975 parAmarza-maNDala DA0 prA0 ne0 upAdhye DA premasAgara jana zrI yazapAla jaina sampAdaka zrI gokula prasAda jaina ema.e., ela.ela.bI. sAhityaratna prakAzaka vIra sevA mandira 21, dariyAgaMja, dillI M12 mUlya : 10 rupae bhagavAna zrI bAhubali gommaTeza jainanagara, phirojAbAda pratiSThA

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: 3.9 . SUN -19 N:... 40.- .... CY RA * Saya . Air - . . 1. . ... ... ..XER.. KM CANTIPINEMA nAPATHY-in. SHERE CERTAINMENT A W Alerikhaadana thaMkara mahAvIra [phoTo : shrii|

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sampAdakIya mahAzramaNa tIrthaMkara mahAvIra vizva-itihAsa meM IsA-pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA kAla atyanta mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| aneka dezoM meM mAdhyAtmika vyagratA tathA bauddhika vikSobha ke cihna daSTigocara ho rahe the| bhArata kI sthiti bhI isa kAla meM atyanta dayanIya thii| cAroM ora hiMsA, anAcAra, zoSaNa evaM karmakANDa kA tANDava-nRtya ho rahA thaa| vANI-rahita dIna pazumoM kI bali dekara yajJAdi dhArmika kRtya sampanna kie jAte the / zUdra evaM nArI kI sthiti to pazu se bhI hIna tathA dayanIya ho cukI thii| prahammanya paNDita vividha prakAra ke khaNDana-maNDana se vyApta vitaNDAvAda meM vyasta the tathA itara siddhAntoM ko hIna ghoSita karake apane hI daSTikoNa ko zreSTha evaM sarvamAnya pratipAdita kara rahe the| sabase bar3I viDambanA yaha thI ki adharma, dharma kA tathA pApa, puNya kA paridhAna pahina kara khar3A ho gayA thaa| aisI viSama paristhitiyoM meM isa manAcAra kA saphala virodha kisI sAdhAraNa 'vIra' ke lie sambhava na thaa| isake lie to eka aise 'mahAvIra' kI mAvazyakatA thI jo mAtma-bala dvArA jana-jana ke kalyANa hetu atyAcAra kA nirAkaraNa kara sake tathA bhaTake hue duHkha-prasta prANiyoM ko sanmArga pradarzita kara unako duHkhoM se mukti dilA sake / yuga kI isI AvazyakatA ke samanurUpa vaizAlI ke eka sanniveza kuNDagrAma meM caitra zuklA trayodazI ke punIta divasa ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma huaa| samasta sukha-sAdhanoM se sampanna kSatriya rAjakumAra hokara bhI ve bhogavilAsa meM prAsakta nahIM hae aura 30 varSa kI avasthA meM sabhI rAjya-vaibhava tyAga kara unhoMne vItarAga pravajyA grahaNa kii| lagabhaga 12 varSoM taka tIvra tapa-sAdhanA karake tathA ghora upasargoM ko sahana karake kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| sarvajJa hokara unhoMne ahiMsA, satya, aparigraha, syAdvAda Adi siddhAnto kA pracAra karake, sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa kiyA / sarvatomukhI krAnti ke sUtradhAra mahAvIra ne loka-bhASA ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama banA kara paNDitoM ke bhASAbhimAna kA nirAkaraNa kiyaa| 72 varSa kI prAyu taka prANimAtra ko divya dhvani kA rasa-pAna karA kara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kArtika amAvasyA ko pAvApurI meM nirvANa lAbha kiyaa| aise krAntikArI yuga-puruSa mahAzramaNa tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI 2500vI nirvANa-tithi kI pAvana velA meM mahAvIraparinirvANa-varSa kA Ayojana mahatI dharma-prabhAvanA tathA prAtmonnati kA punIta avasara hai| isa upalakSa meM jitane bhI dhArmika, sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika kAryakramoM kA Ayojana ho, ve alpa hI haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prati saccI zraddhA tabhI vyakta ho sakegI, jaba hama prAdarza evaM vyavahAra meM samatA lAkara unake prAdoM ko apane jIvana meM caritArtha kara skeN| isa punIta parva para 'bhanekAnta' kA yaha mahAvIra-nirvANa-vizeSAMka mAnanIya vidvAnoM tathA jijJAsu pAThakoM ke kara-kamaloM meM sAdara samarpita hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana darzana evaM siddhAnta, zramaNa saMskRti bhaura paramparA, jaina darzana aura sAhitya tathA jaina purAtatva, itihAsa, kalA, sthApatya, jyotiSa prAdi vividha viSayoM para vibhinna adhikArI vidvAnoM ke zoSapUrNa lekhoM se susajjita karake isa vizeSAMka ko sarvAGga-sampanna banAne kA hamArA prayAsa kitanA saphala hamA hai isakA nirNaya to suvijJa pAThaka hI kara skeNge| hama to kevala truTiyoM ke lie kSamArthI haiN| prastuta vizeSAMka ke lie hameM jina vidvAn lekhakoM kA sahayoga prApta humA hai, usake lie hama unake atyanta pabhArI haiN| mAzA hai ki bhaviSya meM bhI hameM isI prakAra unakA sahayoga evaM bhAzIrvAda prApta hotA rhegaa|

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citra paricaya vIra sevA mandira 'vIra sevA mandira sosAiTI' kA vArSika adhivezana prAvaraNa mukhapRSTha : prathama jaina tIrthakara samrATa RSabhadeva ke dvitIya putra 26 sitambara, 1975 ko huaa| niyamAvalI kI dhArA 6(1) ke antargata kAryakAriNI samiti ke eka tihAI tathA samrATa bharata cakravartI ke bhrAtA, mahApratApI, dRddh'| sadasyoM ko avakAza prApta karanA thaa| ata: lATarI ke tapasvI evaM mahAyogI mahAsatva zrI bAhubali gommaTeza kI manojJa 45 phuTa UMcI muurti| yaha mUrti seTha chadAmI lAla prAdhAra para sarva zrI sAhU zAntiprasAda jaina, zyAmalAna jaina jaina TrasTa, jaina nagara, phirojAbAda dvArA maMgalApAr3a, kAra ThekedAra, bAbU lAla jaina (zrImatI) jayavantI devI jaina, mahendra kala (karnATaka) meM, rASTrapati dvArA 1966 meM puraskRta sena jainI, zIlacanda jaina tathA lakSmIcanda jaina ne avakAza prasiddha zilpI zrI renjAla gopAla zeNa se utkIrNa karAI prApta kiyaa| gaI hai| adhivezana me ina sAtoM sadasyoM kI sarva sammati se punaH kAryakAriNI samiti kA sadasya nirvAcita kiyA gyaa| mati vivaraNa : prakhaNDa zilA kI lambAI 45 phuTa tatpazcAt 1 aktUbara 1975 ko navanirmita kAryatathA caur3AI 12 phuTa / mUrti kI lambAI (mApAda-mastaka) mApAda-mastaka) kAriNI samiti kI baiThaka meM nimnalikhita padAdhikArI 353 phuTa / mUrti kA bhAra 180 Tana / zilpakArya : bhI sarvasammati se puna: nirvAcita kie gae :prArambha 12-6-1973; pUrNa 20-2-1975 / zrI sAha zAntiprasAda jaina... adhyakSa isa mUrti kI pratiSThA jaina gagara, phirojAbAda me zrI zyAmalAla jaina ThekedAra'......upAdhyakSa pharavarI 1676 meM hone kI sambhAvanA hai| upAdhyAya zrI mahendra mena jainI .........." mahAsaciva muni zrI vidyAnanda jI ne seTha chadAmI lAla jI ko isa -saciva mahatkArya ke lie 'mAdhunika cAmuNDarAya' kI upAdhi se | 'anekAnta' ke sambandha meM tathya sambandhI ghoSaNA vibhUSita kiyA hai| isa sampUrNa kArya meM zrI ratnatraya dhArI prakAzana-sthAna - vIra sevA mandira, jaina evaM zrI vimala kumAra jaina dono TrasTiyoM kA vizeSa. 21, dariyAgaja, dillI-6 tayA anupama yogadAna rahA hai| prakAzana pravadhi- mAsika prAvaraNa caturtha pRSThaH madraka-prakAzaka - vIra sevA mandira ke mimitta zrI mahAvIra jina mandira, jaina nagara, phirojAbAda zrI promaprakAza jaina (zrI chadAgI lAla jaina TrasTa dvArA nirmit)| makarAnA rASTrikatA - bhAratIya dhavala pASANa (saMgamaramara) nirmita isa bhavya mandira patA -- 23, dariyAgaMja, dillI-6 kI sthApanA tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mUrti kI pratiSThA sampAdaka -zrI gokula prasAda jaina (paMca kalyANaka) san 1961 meM huI thii| TrasTa ke rASTrikatA -bhAratIya -3, rAmanagara, naI dillI-55 pAdarza saMkalpAnusAra mandira meM kevala eka hI mUrti svAmitva -vIra sevA mandira, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI lagabhaga 10 phuTa UMcI padmAsana 21, dariyAgaja, dillI-6 mUrti-virAjamAna hai| mandira cAroM bhora se udAsIna maiM, momaprakAza jaina, etadvArA ghoSita karatA hUM ki pAzrama, kAnjI pustakAlaya, matithi-gRha, pravacana bhavana, merI pUrNa jAnakArI evaM vizvAsa ke anusAra uparyukta sagrahAlaya evaM sundara sarovara se parivRtta hai| vivaraNa satya hai| isI mandira ke pIche bhaura saMgrahAlaya ke sAmane bhaga momaprakAzana vAna zrI bAhubali kI ukta suvizAla khaDgAsana mUrti kI prakAzaka pApanA kI jaaegii| patA

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viSayAnukramaNikA prArambhikA zrI mahAvIra-stavanam bhagavAna mahAvIra : unakA yuga aura jIvana-darzana mahAvIra kI tapasyA aura siddhi -upAdhyAya muni zrI vidyAnanda bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ke sphuliMga -prAcArya zrI tulasI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vaicArika krAnti -sAhU zreyAMsa prasAda jaina lokanAyaka mahAvIra -zrI rAjadhara jaina 'mAnasahaMsa' bhagavAna mahAvIra kA krAnti tattva aura vartamAna sandarbha -DA0 narendra bhAnAvata bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka navIna dRSTikoNa -zrI bAbUlAla jaina bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana : prAdhunika sandarbha meM -pro0 zrIraMjana sUrideva mahAvIra : kucha tathya -zrI zobhanAtha pAThaka tIrthaMkara mahAvIra tathA mahAtmA buddha : vyaktigata samparka -DA0 bhAga candra jaina mahAvIra ke videzI samakAlIna ---DA. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya mahAvIra-kAlIna bhArata kI sAMskRtika jhalaka -zrI kanhaiyA lAla sarAvagI mahAvIra-kAla : kucha aitihAsika vyakti -zrI digambara dAsa jaina mahAvIra tathA nArI -zrI ratnatraya dhArI jana ''30rAya 149 163 171 186 167 zramaNa saMskRti aura paramparA zramaNa-saMskRti : itihAsa aura purAtatva ke sandarbha meM -muni zrI nagarAja zramaNa-sAhitya meM varNita bibhinna sampradAya -DA. bhAgacandra jaina bhAratIya saMskRti meM 'parahanta' kI pratiSThA -DA. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina zramaNa-sAhitya : eka dRSTi -muni zrI dUlaharAja zramaNa aura samAja : purAtana itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM -zrI citreza gosvAmI zramaNa-paramparA kI prAcInatA -paM0 kailAza candra zAstrI zramaNa-saMskRti evaM paramparA -zrI yugeza jaina naparzana evaM nyAya sUphI bhaura jaina rahasya-bhAvanA syAdvAda aura anekAnta : eka sahI vivecana bhAgavata purANa aura jaina dharma syAdvAda kA itihAsa mahiMsA ke mAyAma : mahAvIra maura gAMdhI -DA. puSpalatA jaina -zrI bAbUlAla jaina -zrI triveNI prasAda zarmA -zrI mizrIlAla jaina -zrI yazapAla jaina 216 221

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229 117 133 152 225 57 nirgaNa rahasya-bhAvanA aura jaina rahasya-bhAvanA -DA0 puSpalatA jaina jaina nyAya-parizIlana -DA0 darabArIlAla koThiyA jaina sAhitya kundakundAcArya aura unakI racanAeM -zrI premacanda jaina jaina kavi kuzalalAbha kA hindI-sAhitya ko yogadAna -DA. manamohana svarUpa mAthura bhAratIya vAGmaya ko prAkRta kathA-kAvya kI dena -DA0 kusuma jaina chunakalAla kRta nemi-byAha -zrI kundanalAla jaina isi-bhAsiyAI-sUtra kA jApAnI anuvAda -zrI candrazekhara prasAda darzana-sAra kA hindI-padyAnuvAda -zrI kundanalAla jaina upAdhyAya yazovijaya : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva -zrI gokula prasAda jaina kucha prAcIna jaina vidvAn -paM0 paramAnanda jaina jaina itihAsa evaM rAjanIti mahArAja prazoka maura jaina dharma -zrI digambara dAsa jaina vaizAlI gaNatantra -zrI rAjamala jaina magadha aura jaina saMskRti -DA. jyoti prasAda jaina ahiMsA : prAcIna se vartamAna taka -zrI jagannAtha upAdhyAya yApanIya saMgha para kucha paura prakAza -DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye jaina purAtattva evaM kalA zilpa-kalA evaM prakRti-vaibhava kA pratIka : amara sAgara -zrI bhara candra jaina ur3IsA meM jaina dharma evaM kalA -zrI mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI madhya pradeza kI prAcIna jaina kalA -pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI mahAvIra svAmI : smRti ke jharokhe meM -zrI zivakumAra nAmadeva tIrthakaroM ke zAsana deva aura deviyA~ -paM0 balabhadra jaina jaina saMskRti aura mauryakAlIna abhilekha -sva. DA0 puSyamitra jaina bhAratIya saMskRti ko jaina kalA kA yogadAna -zrI nIraja jaina maina-vijJAna harivaMza purANa meM zarIra-lakSaNa -zrI rAjamala jaina vijJAna mora mahAvIra kI mahiMsA -zrI zamsuddIna jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa -sva. DA. nemi candra zAstrI vividhA pustaka-samIkSA -zrI yugeza jaina 171 244 115 136 158 178 204 254 - vArSika mUlya 6) rupaye mahAvIra nirvANa vizeSAMka kA mUlya 10) rupae jo sabasya isa vizeSAMka se manekAnta ke grAhaka baneMge, unheM yaha vizeSAMka prAdhe malya meM diyA jaaegaa|

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prom maham yaannkr mahAvIra nirvANa vizeSAMka paramAgamasya bIjaM niSiddhajAtyagdha sindhuravidhAnam / sakalanayavilasitAnAM virodhamathanaM namAmyanekAntam // vIra-sevA-mandira, 21 dariyAgaMja, dillI-6 vIra-nirvANa saMvat 2501, vi0 saM0 2032 zrI mahAvIra-stavanam tihuvnn-bhvnnppsriy-pcckkhvvoh-kirnn-priveddho| uino vi aNatthavaNo parahaMta-vivAyaro jyu|| -mahAbandha artha--prarhat (mahanta) bhagavAna rUpI usa sUrya kI jaya ho, jo tIna loka rUpI bhavana meM prasRta jJAnakiraNoM se vyApta haiM tathA jo udita hue bhI asta nahIM hote| so jayai jassa kevalaNANujjaladappaNammi loyAloyaM / puDha padibivaM dosai viyasiya sayavattagabhagauro viiro|| -kasAyapAhuDa (jayadhavala) artha-jisake kevalajJAnarUpI ujjvala darpaNa meM loka aura praloka vizada rUpa se pratibimba ke samAna dikhAI dete haiM aura jo vikasita kamala ke garbha ke samAna samujjvala tathA soneke samAna pItavarNa haiM, una bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jaya ho| jayai jagajIva joNI, vihANa pro jagaguru jgaannnyo| jaganAho jagabandhu, jayaha jagapiyAmahA bhagavaM // jayaha suyANayabhavo, titthayarANaM apacchimo jyh| jayai guruloyANaM, jayai mahappA mahAvIro // parya-jagat ke sampUrNa carAcara jIvoM ke jJAtA tathA jagata ke guru, nAtha, bandhu pora mAnanda-rUpa pitAmaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jaya ho, jaya ho| dvAdazAMga sUtroM ke janma-dAtA, mantima tIrthakara, samagra loka ke guru tathA mahAn prAtmA, bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jaya ho, jaya ho|

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kundakundAcArya aura unakI racanAe~ prema candra jaina, zoSa-chAtra, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya digambara jainavAGamaya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama se inake nAma kA vizeSa ullekha hai| gaNadhara ke bAda prAcArya kundakunda eka agragaNya evaM inake upalabdha graMthoM kA paricaya nimna prakAra se hai: sammAnanIya manivara tathA granthakAra hai| digambara granthoM meM kundakundAcArya ke upalabdha sabhI graMtha prAkRta padyo meM inakA vividha nAmoM se ullekha prApta hotA hai, jaise haiM / arthAta unakA eka bhI graMtha na to gadya me hai aura na pAnandI, gRdhapiccha, cakragIva aura elAcArya / parantu ina hI saMskRta me | digambara jaina vAGmaya me sabase adhika graMtha mAmoM kI vAstavikatA zaMkAspada hai| inakA samaya bhI (22-23) Apake hI upalabdha hote hai, jo 84 pAhur3a vivAda hai| isa viSaya meM koI spaSTa aura prAmANika graMthoM ke kartA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| . . ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai| koNDakuNDa ke nivAsI 1.paMcAstikAya sAra : hone ke kAraNa ye kundakunda nAma se kahe jAte hai| paMcasthakAyasaMgrahasakta' (paMcAmtikAyasaMgrahasUtra) athavA isI nAma se inakI vaMza paraMparA calI hai athavA paMcasthikAyasAra' padyAtmaka, jaina zaurasenI me racita isa 'kundakundAnvaya' sthApita hunA hai, jo aneka zAkhA- kati ke do svarUpa prApta hote haiN| eka meM amRtacandra ke prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta hokara dUra-dUra taka phailA hai, markarA mata se isa samagra kRti meM 173 gAthAeM hai aura dUsare meM ke tAmrapatra meM, jo zaka saMvata 388 meM utkIrNa hupA hai, jayasena aura basudeva kRta TIkA ke anusAra 181 padya haiN| isI koNDakundAnvaya kI paramparA meM hone vAle chaH purAtana, aMtima padya meM yadyapi 'paMcasthikAyamaMgrahamUkta' nAma prAtA prAcAryoM kA guru-ziSya ke krama se ullekha hai|' hai, parantu dUsarA nAma vizeSa pracAra meM hai| amRtacandra ke ye bahuta hI prAmANika evaM supratiSThita prAcArya hue| anusAra prathama skandha meM 104 gAthAeM tathA dvitIya skandha sambhavata: inako ukta zruta-supratiSThA ke kAraNa hI zAstra. meM 66 gAthAeM haiM, prArambha ke 26 padya pIThabaMdha rUpa hai aura sabhAke prAdi meM jo maMgalAcaraNa 'maMgalaM bhagavAn vIroM' 64 vIM prAdi gAthAoM kA nirdeza siddhAMtasUtra ke nAma se ityAdi kiyA jAtA hai usameM 'maMgalaM kundakundAyoM isa rUpa kiyA gayA hai| sau indroM dvArA namaskRta jinoM kA vandana 1. dekho : kurga-inskripazansa kA nimna aMza-(I. vyAkhyA nAma kI saMskRta TIkA hemarAja pANDe ke sI0 aaii0)| bAlAvabodha para se pannAlAla bAkalIvAla kRta hindI 2. dasa bhakti me gadyAtmaka aMza hai, parantu usake kundakunda anuvAda ke sAtha (rAyacandra jaina graMthamAlA) ne 1904 ko maulika racanA hone meM sandeha hai| meM tathA aMgrejI anuvAda sahita pArA se prakAzita huI 3. devasenAcArya ne bhI apane darzanasAra (vi0 saM0 16.) hai| isI graMtha-mAlA meM prakAzita isakI dUsarI ko nimna gAthA meM kundakunda (padmanandi) ke sImaMdhara prAvRti meM amanacandra jayasena kI saMskRta TIkAyeM tathA svAmI se divyajJAna prApta karAne kI bAta likhI hai. hemarAja pANDeya kA bAlAvabodha chapA hai| amRtacandra jaipa umaNadi-NAho somaMdharasAbhi-divabaNANaNa / kI TIkA ke mAtha gujarAtI anuvAda 'digambara na vivohai to samaNA kahaM subhagaM payANaMti // svAdhyAya mandira, se vi0 saM0 2014 meM prakAzita zravaNabelagola zilAlekha na.40 4. yaha kRti amRtacandra kRta tatvadIpikA yAnI samaya 5. dhavalA meM 'paMcasthikAyasAra' kA ullekha hai| humA hai|

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kundakunvAcArya aura unakI racanAe~ karake isakA prArambha kiyA gayA hai| kiyA gayA hai| kula milAkara 275 gAthAeM haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM SaDdravya aura pAMca prastikAyoM kA prathama zrutaskandha : vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ dravya kA nakSaNa, dravya ke samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyaka cAritra kA bheda, saptabhaMgI, guNa aura paryAya, kAla dravya kA svarUpa, mokSa mArga ke rUpa meM ullekha, cAritra kA dharma ke rUpa meM jIba kA lakSaNa, siddhoM kA svarUpa, jIva aura pudgala kA dharma kA zama ke sAtha aikya, aura zama dravya ke lakSaNa, jIva baMdha, pudagala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ke lakSaNa ke zubhAzubha aura zuddha pariNAma, sarvajJa kA svarUpa, 'svayaMbha' kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya skandha meM nau kI vyAkhyA, jJAna dvArA sarvavyApitA, zrutakevalI, sUtra paura padArthoM ke prarUpaNa ke sAtha mokSamArga kA varNana kiyA pratIndriya jJAna tathA kSAyika jJAna kI vyAkhyA, tIrthapura gayA hai| puNya, pApa, jIva, majIva, prAsrava, baMdha, saMvara, dravya, paryAyoM mAdi ke lakSaNa, svabhAva evaM anantatA, nirjarA aura mokSa kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| pratyakSa evaM parokSa jJAna kI vyAkhyA, siddha paramAtmA kI sUrya TIkAeM : uparokta kRti para amRtacandra ne tatvadIpikA ke sAtha tulanA, indriyajanya sukha kI prasAritA prAdi / athavA samaya vyAkhyA nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| vyAkhyA dvitIya zrutaskandha : kAra ne isameM kahA hai ki dravya meM prati samaya parivartana hone dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke lakSaNa, svarUpa tathA pArapara bhI usake svabhAva ko abAdhita rakhane kA kArya praguru sparika sambandha, saptabhagI kI vyAkhyA jIvAdi pAMca aura laghu nAmaka guNa karatA hai / isake atirikta jayasena', kAla kA nirUpaNa, paramANu aura prameya kI vyAkhyA, zuddha brahmadeva, jJAnacandra, malliSaNa aura prabhAcandra ne bhI saMskRta ____mAtmA pora bandha kI vyAkhyA aadi| TIkAeM likhI hai, isake alAvA prajJAtakRtaka do saMskRta TIkAeM bhI hai jiname se prathama kA nAma tAtparyavRti hai| tRtIya zrutAskandha : aisA ullekha jinaratnakoSa (vibhAga 1 pRSTha 231) meM cAritra zrutaskandha meM zrAmaNya ke cihna, chedopasthApaka hai| mUla kRti para hemarAja pANDe ne hindI meM bAlAvabodha zramaNa, cheda kA svarUpa, yukta pAhAra, utsarga aura pplikhaa| bAlacandra deva kI kannar3a TIkAeM bhI haiN| prabhA- vAdamArga, pAgamajJAna kA mahatva, zravaNa kA lakSaNa, mokSa candra kI hindI TIkA bhI prApta hotI hai| tatvAdi kA prarUpaNa hai| 2. pravacanasAra: TokAeM : pavayaNasAra para saMskRta, kannar3a aura hindI "pavayaNasAra" prAkRta ke eka prakAra ke zaurasenI meM, meM aneka vyAkhyAyeM kI gaI haiN| saMskRta vyAkhyAnoM meM mAryA chanda meM racita hai / isa grantha meM tIna taskandha hai, amRtacandra kI vRtti sabase prAcIna aura mahatvapUrNa hai| prathama meM 62, dvitIya meM 108 evaM tRtIya meM 75 gAthAe dUsarI saMskRta meM jayasena kI TIkA tAtparyavRtti' hai| isameM hai| isameM kamazaH jJAna, jJeya aura caritra kA pratipAdana TIkAkAra ne paMcAthikAyasaMgraha kI TIkA kA nirdeza kiyA 6. inakI TIkA kA nAma 'tAtparyavRti' hai / isakI ullekha pavayaNasAra kI unakI TIkAmoM meM hai| ina puSpikA ke anusAra mUlavRti tIna adhikAroM meM tInoM meM se paMcasthikAya saMgraha kI TIkA meM sabase vibhakta hai| prathama adhikAra meM 111 gAthAeM haiM aura adhika uddharaNa pAte haiN| pATha antarAdhikAra hai, dvitIya adhikAra meM 50 7. inakI TIkA kA nAma 'pradIpa' hai| gAthAe haiM aura dasa antarAdhikAra haiM tathA tRtIya 5. kaI logoM ke mata se devajita ne bhI saMskRta meM TIkA likhI hai| adhikAra meM 20 gAthAeM haiM aura vaha bAraha vibhAgoM 9. bAlacandra ne kannar3a meM TIkA likhI hai| meM vibhakta haiN| isa taraha isa TIkA ke anusAra kula 10. dekhiye-pRSTha 162-186 jaina itihAsa-mehatA 181 gAthAeM hotI haiN| jayasena kI isa TIkA kA eNDa kaapdd'iyaa|

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4, varSa 28, ki0. anekAnta hai| dArzanika viSayoM ke nirUpaNa meM ye amRtacandra kA zuddha naya kI apekSA jIva ko kamoM se aspRSTa mAnA anusaraNa karate haiM aura unakI vRtti kA bhI upayoga karate haiN| inakA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI ke dvitIya caraNa ke "ove kammaM baddhaM puSThaM cedi vvhaarnnyaannvN| pAsapAsa hai| prabhAtacandra kRta "saroja bhAskara" pavayaNa sudhaNayassa dujove prabaddhapuTaThaM havA kammaM // sAra kI tIsarI TIkA hai| usakI racanA samayasAra kI vyavahAra naya kI apekSA jIva karmoM se spaSTa hai, zuddha bAlacandra kRta TIkA ke pazcAt huI hai| inakA samaya naya kI apekSA to use prabaddha aura praspaSTa samajhanA caudahavIM zatAbdI kA hai| malliSeNa nAmaka kisI digambara caahie| ne isa para saMskRta meM TIkA likhI thI, aisA mAnA jAtA karma bhAva ke naSTa ho jAne para karma kA phira se udaya hai| inake alAvA varSamAna ne bhI eka vRti likhI hai| nahI hotA: hemarAja pANDe (vi0 saM0 1706) ne hindI meM bAlAvabodha pakke phalammi pariva jahaH Na phalaM yajjhabe puNoM vihe| likhA hai, isakA prAdhAra amRtacandra kI TIkA hai| jIvassa kammajhAve paDide Na puNodayamaveha // 3. samayasAra: jese pakke phala ke gira jAne para phira apane DaMThala se samayasAra kundakundAcArya ko jaina zaurasenI meM padya meM yakta nahI hotA, vaise hI karmabhAva ke naSTa ho jAne para racita eka mahatvapUrNa kRti hai| isakI do vAcanAe milatI phira se usakA udaya nahIM hotaa| haiN"| prathama meM 415 padya hai tathA dvitIya meM 436 hai| 29 hai| TIkAeM: samayasAra para amRta candra ne 'prAtmakhyAti' mamatacandra ne samagra kRti ko 6 vibhAgo meM vyakta nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isameM 263 padya kA eka kiyA hai| prathama 38 gAthAno ko pUrva raMga kahA hai| kalaza hai| kundakundAcArya kI prApta sabhI kRtiyoM meM samayasAra sabase jayasena ne 'tAtparyavRtti'15 nAma kI saMskRta TIkA bar3A hai| jayasena ko TIkA meM 10 adhikAra hai| pahale likhI hai| isake alAvA nimna TIkAkAra bhI haiMmeM svasamaya, parasamaya, zuddhanaya, mAtmabhAvanA aura samyaktva (1) prabhAcandra, (2) nayakIti ke ziSya bAlacandra, kA prarUpaNa hai| dUsare meM jIva-prajIva, tIsare meM karma-kartA, vizAlA kIti tathA jinmuni| isa para eka ajJAtakRtaka cauthe meM puNya-pApa, pAMcaveM meM mAnava, chaThe me saMvara, sAtaveM meM nirjarA, mATha meM bandha, naveM meM mokSa aura mantima saMrakRta TIkA bhI hai| dasaveM meM zuddha pUrNa jJAna kA pratipAdana hai| 4. niyamasAra: samayasAra kA svarUpa pratipAdana karate hue kahA hai : zrI kundakundAcArya dvArA racita yaha padyAtmaka kRti kamma babamabaddha jIvaM evaM tu jANa NayapakhaM / bhI jaina zorasenI me hai tathA prAdhyAtmika viSaya ko lie paksAhipakaMto puNa bhaNNavi jo so smysaaro|| hae hai| isameM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, aura samyak jIva karma se baddha hai yA nahIM, yaha nayoM kI apekSA se cAritra ko niyama-niyama se kiyA jAne vAlA kAryahI jAnanA cAhie / jo nayo kI apekSA se rahita hai use evaM mokSopAya batalAyA gayA hai aura mokSa ke upAya bhUta samaya kA sAra samajhanA caahie| samyagdarzanAdi kA svarUpakathana karate hue unake anuSThAna 11. anuvAda ke sAtha 'sekariDa buka Apha da jainsa' sirIja tmaka anuvAda jaina bhatithi sevA samiti, sonagar3ha kI meM 1930 meM tathA amRtacandra paura jayasena kI pora se 1940 meM prakAzita huA hai| TIkAmoM ke sAtha sanAtana jaina 'graMthamAlA' banArasa ye 1 12. isa kalaza para zubhracandra ne saskRta me tathA rAyamalla aura jayacandra ne eka-eka TIkA hindI me likhI hai| se bhI 1944 meM yaha chapa cukA hai| inake atirikta 13. isame paMcasthikAya saMgraha ko apanI TIkA kA ullekha zrI himmatalAla jeThAlAla zAha kA gujarAtI pathA- kiyA hai|

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kundAkundAcArya aura unakI racanAe~ kA tathA unake viparIta mithyA-darzanAdike tyAga kA vidhAna mUla kRti para hemarAja pANDe ne hindI meM bAlabodha kiyA gayA hai aura isI ko jIvana kA sAra nirdiSTa likhA hai| kiyA gayA hai| pAhata niyamasAra meM prApta, Agama aura tatvoM kI zraddhA se _kaI vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki zrI kundakundAcArya ne samyakatva kI utpati, aThAraha doSo kA ullekha, prAgama, 84 pAhur3a likhe the| parantu ina sabake aba taka bhI nAma jIva prAdi chaH tatvArtha, jJAna evaM darzanarUpa upayoga ke prakAra, svabhAva paryAya evaM vibhAva paryAya, manuSyAdi ke upalabdha nahI hue hai"| jaina zaurasenI meM pATha pAhur3a prApta hote hai| jo nimna prakAra se hai : bheda, vyavahAra evaM nizcaya se kartRtva aura bhoktRtva pudgala mAdi ajIva padArthoM kA svarUpa, heya evaM upAdeya tatva, 1-nasaNapAhur3a (darzana prAbhuti) zuddha jIva meM bandha sthAna, udaya sthAna, kSAyaka Adi cAra isameM samyagdarzanA ke mahAtmyAdi kA varNana 36 bhAvoM ke sthAna, jIva sthAna aura mArgaNA sthAna kA gAthAoM meM hai| isase yaha jAnA jAtA hai ki samyagdarzana prabhAva, zuddha jIva kA svarUpa, saMsArI jIva kA prAtmA se ko jJAna aura caritra para pradhAnatA prApta hai| vaha dharma kA abheda, samyagdarzana evaM samyagjJAna kI vyAkhyA, ahimA mUla hai aura isalie jo samyagdarzana se jIvAdi tatvoM ke prAdi paca mahAvrata kI, IryA Adi pA~ca samiti kI tathA yathArtha-zraddhAna se bhraSTa hai, usako makti kI prApti nahI vyavahAra evaM nizcaya naya kI apekSA se manogupti Adi ho sktii| 26vI gAthA meM tIrthaGkara cauMsaTha cAmaroM se tIna gupti kI spaSTatA, paMca parameSThI kA svarUpa, bheda yukta hote hai aura jinake cautIsa atizaya hote hai tathA vijJAna ke dvArA nizcaya, cAritra kI prApti, nizcaya naya 35vI gAthA meM unakI deha 1008 lakSaNoM se lakSita hotI ke anusAra pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna, caturvidha pAlocanA, hai, isa bAta kA prarUpaNa hai| prAyazcita, parama samAdhi, sAmayika evaM parama bhakti kA nirUpaNa, nizcaya bahirAtmA aura antarAtmA, vyavahAra evaM TIkA : dasaNapAhur3a para vidyAnanda ke ziSya zruta sAgara" ne saMskRta me TIkA likhI hai| dasaNapAhur3a para nizcaya naya ke anusAra sarvajJatA, kevala jJAnI meM jJAna amRtacandra ne TIkA likhI thii| aisA kaI logoM kA aura darzana kA eka hI samaya meM sadbhAva Adi / anumAna hai| ____TIkAeM : isa grantha para eka mAtra saMskRta TIkA padma. prabha malacarideva kI TIkA upalabdha hai| isake anusAra 2-cAritrapAhur3a (cAritra prAbhUta) gAthAnoM kI saMkhyA 187 hai / TIkA kA nAma 'tAtparyavati' isa grathakI gAthA saMkhyA 44 tathA viSaya samyakacAritra hai / isameM unhone amRtAzIti, zrutabandhu aura mArgaprakAza hai| yaha caritra tathA usake do bheda samyaktvacaraNa maura meM se uddharaNa diye hai| sayama-caraNa aise do bhedoM meM vibhakta karake unakA alaga-alaga inake atirikta akalaMka, amRtaca dra, guNabhadra, candra- svarUpa batAtA hai aura sayamacaraNa ke sAgAra aura anAgAra koti, pUjyapAda, mAdhavasena, bIra nandI, samantabhadra, aise do bheda karake unake dvArA kramaza. zrAvakadharma kA sUcanAsiddhasena, aura somadeva kA bhI ullekha pAtA hai| tmaka nirdeza karatA hai| 14. ye pAhuDa aura pratyeka kI saMskRta chAyA, dasapAhuDa 15, inakA paricaya inhI kI racita praudAryacintAmaNi prAdi prArambha ke chapAhuDo kI zrutasAgara kRta saMskRta ityAdi vividha kRtiyoM ke nirdeza ke sAya maiMne 'jaina TIkA, rayaNasAra aura vArasANu-vekkhA 'SaTprAbhUtAdi- saMskRta sAhityanoM ke itihAsa' [khaMDa 1: sArvajanIna saMgraha:' ke nAma se mANikacandra digambara jaina graMtha- sAhitya pRSTha 42-44 aura 46 aura 300) meM diyA mAlA meM prakAzita hue hai| hai| zrata sAgara vikrama solahavIM sadI meM hae the|

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6, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta TIkA: cArittapAhuDa para zrutasAgara kI TIkA hai| 6-mokkha pAhaDa (mokSa prAbhUta) isameM 106 padya hai| isameM prAtmA ke bahirAtmA, 3-sutapAhuDa (sUtra prAbhUta) aura paramAtmA aise tIna bheda karake unake svarUpa ko samayaha grantha 27 gAthAtmaka hai| isameM sUtrArtha kI mArgaNA jhAyA hai| mukti athavA maramAtmA-pada kaise prApta ho sakatA kA upadeza hai / prAgama kA mahatva khyApita karate hue usake hai, isakA aneka prakAra se nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| anasAra calane kI zikSA dI gaI hai, jaise ki sUtra se yukta khAna meM se nikalane vAlA svarNa aura zuddha kiye gaye sUI ho to vaha naSTa nahIM hotI, guma nahIM hotI vaise hI suvarNa meM jaisA antara hai, vaisA aMtara antarAtmA aura parasUtra kA jJAtA saMsAra me bhaTakatA nahI hai| mAtmA meM hai| TokA : isakI TIkA ke racayitA zrutasAgara hai| isa dasapAhuDa se mokkhapAhuDa taka ke cha: prAbhUta 4-boSapAhuDa (boSa prAbhUta) graMthoM para zrutasAgara kA TIkA bhI upalabdha hai, jo ki mANikacandra granthamAlA ke SaTprAbhUtAdi saMgraha meM mUla graMthoM isa pAhuDa ke zarIra meM 62 haDDiyoM kI gAthAnoM se ke sAtha prakAzita ho cukI hai| nirmita haiN| isakA prArambha prAcAryoM ke namaskAra se hotA hai / isakI tIsarI tathA cauthI gAthAmo meM isameM prAne 7-liga pAhuDa (liMga prAbhUta) vAle gyAraha adhikAroM kA nirdeza hai-(1)mAyatana, yaha 22 gAthAtmaka graMtha hai| isame zramaNa liMga ko (2) caityagRha, (3) jina pratimA, (4) darzana, (5) lakSya lekara una pAcaraNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo jina bimba, (6) jina mudrA, (7) jJAna, (8) deva, isa liMgadhArI jaina sAdhu ke lie niSiddha hai| jo zramaNa (9) tIrtha, (10) tIrthaGkara eva (11) prbjyaa| prabrahma kA prAcaraNa kare, vaha saMsAra meM bhaTakatA hai| jo TIkA : isa para zrutasAgara kI TIkA hai| antima vivAha karAe, kRSi karma, vANijya aura jIvaghAta karAye, tIna gAthAnoM ko unhoMne 'cUlikA kahA hai| vaha dravya-liMgI naraka meM jAtA hai| ____TIkA : liMga pAhuDa para eka bhI saMskRta TIkA agara 5-bhAvapAhuDa (bhAva prAbhUta) racI bhI gaI ho to prabhAcandra kI mAnI jAtI hai| 163 gAthAnoM se nirmita yaha grantha bar3A hI mahatva kA 8-sIla pAhara (zIla prAbhata) hai| isameM bhAva ko cittazuddhi kI mahattA ko aneka prakAra isa graMtha meM 40 gAthAeM haiN| isameM zIla kA, viSayoM se sarvopari nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| binA bhAva ke bAhya se virA kAma yA hai| binA bhAva ke bAhya se virAga kA mahatva batAyA gyaa| pAMcavIM gAthA meM esA parigraha kA tyAga karake nagna digambara sAdhu hone aura bana ullekha hai ki cAritra rahita jJAna, darzana rahita liMga grahaNa meM jAkara baiThane taka ko vyartha ThaharAyA gayA hai| pariNAma paura saMyamarahita tapa nirarthaka hai| unnIsaveM padya meM jIvanati ke binA saMsAra paribhramaNa nahI rukatA aura na binA dayA, dama, satya, pracaurya, brahmacarya, saMtoSa, samyagdarzana, jJAna bhAva ke koI puruSArtha ho sakatA hai| aura tapa ko zIla kA parivAra kahA hai| viSaya-lolupatA isakA mahatva isalie bhI bar3ha jAtA hai ki upalabdha ke kAraNa satyaki putra naraka meM gayA, aisA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| sabhI AThoM pAhaDoM meM sabase bar3A hai| inameM se (163 meM se) adhikAMza AryA chanda meM hai| ____TIkA: sIla pAhaDa para bhI eka bhI saMskRta TIkA yadi racI gaI hai to prabhAcandra kI mAnI jAtI hai| TIkA : isa para zrutasAgara kA TIkA hai| 1.kucha padya manusTupa meM haiN| adhikAMza bhAga bhAryA chanda meM hai|

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saphI aura jaina rahasya-bhAvanA DDA. zrImatI puSpalatA jaina madhyakAlIna suphI-hindI jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se kAraNa vaha prakaTa nahI ho pAtA / jAyasI ne bhI guru rUpI aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sUphI kaviyo ne bhAratIya sAhitya paramAtmA ko apane hRdaya meM pAyA hai| jAyasI kA brahma aura darzana se jo kucha grahaNa kiyA hai, usameM jainadarzana kI sAre saMsAra meM vyApta hai aura usI ke rUpa se sArA saMsAra bhI paryApta mAtrA rahI hai| jAyasI brahma ko sarva vyApaka, jyotirmAna hai|jnoN kA prAtmA bhI sarvavyApaka hai aura zAzvata, malakha aura arUpI' mAnate haiM / janadarzana meM bhI usake vizuddha svarUpa meM saMsAra kA hara padArtha darpaNavat mAtmA ko arasa, arUpI aura cetanA guNa se yukta mAnate pratibhASita hotA hai| hai| sUphiyo ne mUlata: prAtmA ke do bheda kiye haiM- naksa jAyasI ne brahma ke sAtha advaitAvasthA pAne meM mAyA aura rUha / naphsa sasAra meM bhaTakane vAlA prAtmA hai aura milAuhIna) aura zaitAna (rAghavadUta) ko bAdhaka tatva rUha viveka sampanna hai' / jaina darzana meM bhI prAtmA ke do mAnA hai| vAsanAtmaka prAsakti hI mAyA hai / zaMtAna svarUpoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai-pAramArthika aura prema-sAdhanA kI parIkSA lene vAlA tattva hai / padmAvata meM vyAvahArika / pAramArthika dRSTi se AtmA zAzvata hai nAgamatI ko duniyA~ dhaMdhA, alAuddIna ko mAyA evaM aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se vaha saMsAra meM bhaTakatI rahatI rAghava cetana ko zaitAna ke rUpa meM isIlie citrita kiyA hai / sUphI darzana me rUha ko viveka sampanna mAyA gayA hai| gayA hai| jAyasI ne likhA hai- maiMne jaba taka prAtmA jaino ne prAtmA kA guNa anantajJAna darzana mAnA hai| sUphI svarUrI guru ko nahI pahicAnA, taba taka karor3o parde bIca darzana me rUha (uccatara) ke tIna bheda mAne gae haiM- meM the, kintu jJAnodaya ho jAne para mAyA ke saba AvaraNa kalva (dila) rUha (jAna) sira (anta.karaNa) / janoM ne naSTa ho gae / prAtmA aura jIvagata bheda naSTa ho gyaa| bhI prAtmA ke tIna bheda mAne hai-bahirAtmA, antarAtmA jIva jaba apane prAtmabhAva ko pahicAna letA hai to phira paura paramAtmA sUphiyoM kI AtmA kA sirra rUpa jainoM kA yaha anubhava ho jAtA hai ki tana, mana, jIvana saba kucha antarAtmA kahA jA sakatA hai / yahI se paramAtma pada kI vahI eka prAtmadeva hai / loga ahakAra ke vazIbhUta hokara prApti kA mArga prazasta hotA hai / saMsAra kI sRSTi kA hara dvaitabhAva meM phaMse rahate hai, kintu jyoM hI ahakAra naSTa ho konA sUphI darzana ke anusAra brahma kA hI praza hai| para jAtA hai, tyoM hI chAyA aura prAtapa vAlA bheda naSTa ho jaina darzana ke anumAra sRSTi kI saMracanA meM paramAtmA kA jAtA hai| mAyA kI aparimita zakti hai / usane koI hAtha nahIM rahatA / jaina darzana kA prAtmA hI bizuddha ratanasena jaise siddha mAdhaka ko padacyuta kara diyA / hokara paramAtmA banatA hai arthAt usakI prAtmA meM hI alAuddIna rUpI mAyA sadaiva striyoM meM prAsakta rahatI hai / paramAtmA kA vAsa rahatA hai para ajJAna ke prAvaraNa ke chala-kapaTa bhI usakI anyatama vizeSatA hai / daza dvAra meM 1. jAyasI granthAvalI pR. 3 7. pravacanasAra, prathama adhikAra; banArasI vilAsa, 2. samayasAra, 46; nATaka samayasAra, utthAnikA 36-37 jJAnabAvanI, 4 8. jAyasI granthamAlA, pR. 301 3. hiya ke joti dIpa vaha sujhA-jAyasI granthAvalI, pR 51 6. jaba lagi gurU hauM par3A na cInhA / 4 jAyasI grathAvalI, pR 156 koTi antarapaTa bIcahiM dInhA / 5. gurU bhore bhore hiye diye turaMgama ThATa, vahI pR. 105 jaba cInhA taba aura koI / tana mana jiu jIvana saba soii|| 6. nayana jo dekhA kevala bhA, niramala nIra sarIra / 'hoM hoM karata dhokha itraahiiN| jaba bhA siddha kahA~ prchaahiiN|| haMsata jo dekhA haMsa bhA, dasana joti nagahIra // vahI, pR. 105, jAyasI kA padamAvata: kAvya aura vahI pR. 25 darzana, pR. 216-20. pAvalI turaMga- rasarA

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8, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta sthita prAtmatattva ko antarmukhI dRSTi se hI dekhA jA ke paripAlana se prApta hotA hai'| jAyasI ne bhI jainoM ke sakatA hai para mAyA isa prAtmadarzana meM bAdhA DAlatI hai| samAna totA rUpa sadguru ko mahattva diyA hai| yahI padmAmAyA ko isIlie Thaga, baTamAra Adi jaisI upamAyeM bhI batI rUpI sAdhya kA darzana karAtA hai| bI gaI haiN| saMsAra mithyA mAyA kA pratIka hai| yaha saba jAyasI ne viraha ko prema se bhI adhika mahattva diyA prasAra hai| hai| isalie jAyasI kA viraha-varNana sAhitya aura darzana jainadarzana meM mAyA-moha athavA karma ko sAdhya prApti ke kSetra meM eka anupama yogadAna hai| uttarakAlIna jaina bhakta meM sarvAdhika bAdhaka kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isameM prAsakta sAdhaka bhI isa viraha kI jvAlA meM jale hai| banArasIdAsa vyakti aindrika sukha ko hI yathArtha sukha mAnatA hai| yahAM aura prAnaMdadhana ko isa dRSTi se nahI bhulAyA jA sktaa| mAyA aura zaitAna jaise pRthak do tattva nahIM mAne gye| jAyasI ke samAna hI hindI jaina kaviyoM ne bhI prAdhyAsArA saMsAra mAyA aura mithyAtvajanya hI hai| mithyAtva tmika vivAha aura milana racAye hai / jAyasI ne paramAtmA ke kAraNa hI isa kSaNika saMsAra ko jIva apanA mAnatA ko pati rUpa mAnA hai para vaha hai strI-padmAvatI / parantu hai| jAyasI ne jise antarapada athavA antardarzana kahA hai, jaina sAdhakoM-bhaktoM ne paramAtmA ko pati rUpa meM svIkAra janadharma use prAtmajJAna athavA bhedavijJAna kahatA hai / jaba kiyA hai para usakA rUpa strI nahIM, puruSa rahA hai| banAtaka bheda vijJAna nahI hotA taba taka mithyAtva, mAyA, karma rasIdAsa kA nAma dAmpatyamUlaka jaina sAdhakoM meM agraNI hai| athavA ahaMkAra prAdi dUra nahIM hote| jAyasI ke samAna jAyasI aura hindI jaina kaviyoM kI varNana zailI meM yahAM jIva aura prAtmA, do pRthak tattva nahI hai| jIva hI avazya antara hai| jAyasI ne bhAratIya loka kathA kA prAtmA hai| use mAyA rUpI ThaginI jaba Thaga letI hai to prAdhAra lekara eka marama rUpaka khar3A kiyA hai aura usI vaha saMsAra meM janma-maraNa ke cakkara lagAtA rahatA hai| ke mAdhyama se sUphI darzana ko spaSTa kiyA hai| parantu jaina vAsanA ko yahAM bhI saMsAra kA pramukha kAraNa mAnA gayA sAhitya ke kaviyoM ne loka kathAoM kA prAthaya to liyA hai| mithyAtva ko duHkhadAyI aura pAtmajJAna ko mokSa kA hai parantu uname vaha rahasyAnubhUti nahIM jo jAyasI meM kAraNa kahA gayA hai| dikhAI detI hai| jaino ne apane tIrthadura neminAtha ke jaina yoga sAdhanA ke samAna sUphI yoga sAdhanA bhI hai| vivAha kA khuva varNana kiyA aura unake viraha meM rAjula maSTAMgayoga aura yama-niyama lagabhaga samAna hai| jAyasI rUpa mAdhaka kI prAtmA ko taDaphAyA bhI hai parantu milana ke kA yoga prema se saMbalita hai para jainayoga nhii| jAyasI ne mAdhyama se pranirvacanIya AnaMda kI prApti meM prasphuTana ko rAjayoga mAnA hai, haThayoga nhiiN| jaina bhI haThayoga ko bhala gaye jise jAyasI ne apanI jAdUbharI kalama se prApta mukti kA sAdhana nahIM maante| sUphiyoM meM jIvana mukti hA mAnata / sUphiyA ma jAvana mukti karAyA hai| vahA padmAvatI rUpI paramAtmA bhI ratnasena aura jIvanottara mukti, donoM muktiyo kA varNana milatA rUpI priyatama sAdhaka ke viraha se prAkula-vyAkula huI hai| hai| jIvana mukti dilAne vAlI bhAvanA hai jo phanA aura jainoM kA paramAtmA sAdhaka ke lie itanA tar3apatA humA bakA ko eka kara detI hai| phanA me jIva kI sArI sAMsA dikhAI nahI detaa| vaha tar3aphe bhI kyo ? vaha to becArA rika AkAMkSAyeM, moha, mithyAtva prAdi naSTa ho jAte haiN| bItarAgI hai| rAgI prAsmA bhale hI tar3apatI rahe / jainadharma meM isI avasthA ko vItarAga avAyA kahA gayA isa prakAra sUphI aura rahasyabhAvanA ke tulanAtmaka hai| isI ko advaitAvasthA bhI kaha sakate hai, jahAM AtmA adhyayana se yaha patA calatA hai ki sUphI kavi jaina sAdhanA apanI paramocca avasyA meM lIna ho jAtI hai| yahI se bahata kucha prabhAvita rahe hai| unhoMne apanI sAhityika nirvANa hai jo samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra sakSamatA se isa prabhAva ko bhalIbhAMti antarbhUta kiyA hai| 1. pravacanasAra, 64; banArasI vilAsa, jJAnabAvanI 16-30 3. paMcAstikAya, 162, nATaka samayasAra, saMvaradvAra, 6, 2. uttarAdhyayana, 20-37; hindI pada saMgraha, pR. 36 pR. 125 nATaka samayasAra, jIvadvAra, 23

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nirguNa rahasya bhAvanA aura jaina rahasya bhAvanA D DA0 zrImatI puSnalatA jaina nirguNa kA tAtparya hai-pUrNa vItarAga avasthA / kabIra kabIra kI mAyA, bhrama, mithyAjJAna, krodha, lobha, mAdi nirguNI santoM kA brahma isI prakAra kA nirgaNa aura moha, vAsanA, prAmakti prAdi manovikAra mana ke paridhAna nirAkAra mAnA jAtA hai| kabIra ne nirguNa ke sAtha hI hai, jinhone triloka ko apane vaza me kiyA hai| yaha mAyA saguNa brahma kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| isakA artha yaha hai brahma kI lIlA kI zakti hai| isI ke kAraNa manuSya ki kabIra kA brahma nirAkAra aura sAkAra, dvata aura digbhramita hotA hai| isIlie ise ThagaurI, ThaginI, chalanI, advaita tathA bhAvarUpa aura prabhAvarUpa hai| jaise jainoM ke nAgina Adi kahA gayA gayA hai| kabIra ne vyAvahArika anekAnta meM do virodhI pahala apekSAkRta daSTi se nibha dRSTi se bhASA ke tIna bheda mAne hai - moTI mAyA, jhInI sakate haiM, vaise kabIra ke brahma meM bhI hai| kabIra para jAne mAyA aura vidyaaruupinnii| moTI mAyA ko karma kahA gayA anajAne eka aisI paramparA kA jabaradasta prabhAva par3A thA, hai| isake antargata dhana, sampadA, kanaka, kAminI Adi jo apane meM pUrNa thI aura spaSTataH kabIradAsa kI satyA- pAte hai| pUjA-pATha prAdi bAhADambara meM ulajhanA bhI nveSaka buddhi ne use svIkAra kiyaa| unhone anubhUti ke aise karma hai jinase vyakti paramapada kI prApti nahIM kara mAdhyama se use phicaanaa| jaina paramparA meM bhI prAtmA paataa| jhInI mAyA ke antargata mAzA, tRSNA, mAna Adi ke do bheda milate hai| niSkala aura skl'| ise hI hama manovikAra pAte hai| vidyArUpiNI mAyA ke mAdhyama se kramazaH nirguNa aura saguNa kaha sakate hai| rAmasiMha ne santa sAdhya taka pahuMcane kA prayatna karate hai| yaha prAtmA nirguNa ko hI ni saMga kahA hai| use hI niraMjana bhI kA vyAvahArika svarUpa hai| kahA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdo meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM kA mithyAtva athavA kama kabIra kI mAyA ke paJcaparameSThiyoM meM arhanta aura siddha kramaza: saguNa aura sidvAnta ke samAnArthaka hai| kabIra ke samAna jana kaviyoM niguNa brahma hai jise kabIra ne svIkAra kiyA hai / banArasI. ne bhI mAyA ko ThaginI kahA hai| kabIra kI moTI mAyA dAsa ne isI nigaMNa ko zuddha, baddha, avinAzI aura ziva jainoM kA karma hai jisake kAraNa jIva meM mohAsakti banI saMjJAoM se abhihita kiyA hai| rahatI hai| jaisA hama dekha cuke haiM, jaina kavi bhI kavIra ke : 1. satoM, dhokhA kAMsU kahiye, unakI kathAyeM jahAM eka tarapha lokika dikhAI detI hai, vahAM rUpaka ke mAdhyama se vahI pAralaukika dikhatI hai, jabaki guNa meM niraguNa, niraguNa meM guNa, jaina kavi pratibhA sampanna hote hue bhI isa zailI ko nahIM bAMTa chAr3i kyU nahiye?-kabIra graMthAvalI, pada 180 apanA ske| unakA vizeSa uddezya prAdhyAtmika siddhAntoM 2. jaina zodha aura samIkSA-pR0 62 kA nirUpaNa karanA rahA / jAyasI kA prAtmA aura brahma ye 3. paramAtmaprakAza, 1-25 donoM pRthak-pRthaka tatva hai jo antarmukhI vRtiyoM ke mAdhyama 4. pAhur3adohA, 100 se advaita avasthA meM pahuMcate haiN| jabaki janoM kA paramAtmA 5. paramAtmaprakAza, 1.16 mAtmA kI hI vizuddhatama sthiti hai| vahA~ do pRthak-pRthak 6. banArasI bilAsa, zivapaccIsI, 1-25 tatva nahIM isalie milana yA brahmasAkSAtkAra kI samAna 7. kabIra graMthAvalI, pu0966 tIvratA hote hue bhI dizAyeM alaga-alaga rhiiN| ...... . vahI, pR0 151 9 . vahI pR0 116

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10, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta samAna bAhyADambara ke pakSa meM bilakula nahIM haiN| ve to zuSka haThayoga ko jainoM ne avazya svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| pAramA ke vizuddha svarUpa ko prApta karane ke lie vizuddha kabIra ke samAna jaina kavi bhI samadarasI hue hai aura sAdhana ko hI apanAne kI bAta karate haiN| vidyArUpiNI prema ke khUba pyAle piye haiM / tabhI to unakA duvidhA bhAva mAyA kA sambandha muniyoM ke cAritra se jor3A jA sakatA jA sakA / kabAra jA sakA / kabIra ne likhA hai-- hai / kabIra aura jainoM kI mAyA meM malabhata antara yahI hai pANI hI ta hima bhayA, hima hai gayA bilaai| ki kabIra mAyA ko brahma kI lIlA kI zakti mAnate hai jo kucha yA soI bhayA, aba kacha kahyA na jaai| banArasIdAsa ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai-- para jaina use eka manovikAra janya karma kA bheda svIkAra piya more ghaTa, maiM piya mAhi, karate haiN| jala taraMga jyoM duvidhA nAhi // ___ mAyA athavA manovikAroM se mukta honA hI mukti "rAma kI bahuriyA" mAnakara brahma kA sAkSAtkAra ko prApta karanA hai| usake binA saMsAra-sAgara se pAra kiyA hai| piyA ke premarasa meM bhI kabIra khUba nahAye nahIM humA jA sktaa| isalie "pApA para saba eka hai| banArasIdAsa aura prAnandadhana ne bhI isI prakAra samAna, taba hama pAyA pada nirabANa" kahakara kabIra ne dAmpatyamunaka prema ko apanAyA hai| kabIra ke samAna hI mukti-mArga ko nirdiSTa kiyA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne ise chIhala bhI pAne priyatama ke viraha se pIr3ita hai / prAnandahI bhedavijJAna kahA hai aura vahI mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA dhana kI prAtmA to kabIra se bhI adhika priyatama ke viyoga gayA hai| kabIra aura jaina, donoM saMsAra ko du.khamaya, meM tar3apatI dikhAI detI hai| kabIra kI cunariyA ko kSaNika aura anitya mAnate hai| narabhava-durlabhatA ko bhI usake prItama ne saMvArA' aura magabatI dAsa ne apanI donoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| donoM ne hI duvidhAbhAva kA cunariyA ko iSTadeva ke raMga meM rgaa| kabIra aura banAanta karake muktAvasthA prApta karane kI bAta kahI hai| rasIdAsa donoM kA prema ahetuka hai| dono kI patniyoM kabIra kI jIvanmukta aura videha bhavasthA jainoM kI kevalI apane priyatama ke viyoga me jala ke binA machalI ke samAna aura siddha avasthA kahI jA sakatI hai| tar3aphI hai| AdhyAtmika vivAha racAkara bhI viyoga kI svAnubhati ko janoM ke samAna niNI santoM ne bhI sarjanA huI hai| brahmamilana ke lie nirguNa santoM aura mahattva diyA hai| kabIra ne brahma ko hI pAramArthika sat jaina kaviyo ne khUba ragaraliyAM bhI khelI haiN| mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki brahma svayaM jJAnarUpa hai, sarvajJa ra kahA hai ki brahma svaya jJAnarUpa hai, sarvajJa isa prakAra nirguNiyAM santoM aura madhyakAlIna hindI vyApaka hai aura prakAzita hai-avigata aparaMpAra brahma, jaina kaviyoM ne thor3I bahuta asamAnatAnoM ke sAtha samAna gyAna rUpa saba tthaam'|" jainoM kA vizuddha pAtmA bhI cetana rUpa se gurU kI preraNA pAkara brahma kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA guNa rUpa hai aura jJAna-darzana zakti se samanvita hai| isI hai| isake lie unhone bhakti athavA prapatti kI sArI jJAna zakti se mithyAjJAna kA vinAza hotA hai| kabIra vidhAnoM kA prAzraya liyA hai| jaina sAdhakoM ne apane iSTa kI 'pAtamadRSTi' jaino kA bhedavijJAna athavA prAtmajJAna deva kI vItara gatA ko jAnate hue bhI zraddhAvazAt unakI hai| banArasIdAsa, dyAnatarAya mAdi hindI jaina kaviyoM sAdhanA kI hai / 00 ne sahajabhAva ko bhI kabIra ke samAna apane Dhaga se liyA nyU eksaTensana eriyA, hai / aSTAMga yogo kA bhI lagabhaga samAna varNana huA hai| sadara, nAgapura 1. kabIra granthAvalI, pR0 145 6. banArasI vilAsa, adhyAtmagIta, 16 2. nATaka samaya sAra, nirjarA dvAra, pR0 210 7. Anandadhana bahottarI, 32-41 3. kabIra granthAvalI, pR0 241 8. kabIra-DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, pR0 pU87 4. kabIra granthAvalI, pR0 100 9. canarI, hastalikhita prati; apabhraMza aura hindI meM 5. kabIra granthAvalI, paracA ko bhaMga, 17 jaina rahasyavAda, pR010

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zramaNa sAhitya meM varNita vibhinna sampradAya D0 bhAgacanda jaina bhAskara, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya prAcIna sAhitya me sAhityakAra svapAlita darzana ko nizcita sthiti jJAna taka na pahuMcane para amarAvikkhepavAda, upasthita karane ke sAtha hI itara darzanoM kA khaNDana kiyA nevasajInAsIvAda, ucchedavAda prAdi jaise siddhAntoM karatA thA / zramaNa (jaina-bauddha) sAhitya meM yaha khaNDana- kI sthApanA kI gii| prAkRta sAhitya meM sambhavata inhIM maNDana paramparA bhalIbhAMti upalabdha hotI hai| yahAM hama matoM ko 363 bhedo me vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-kriyAbha0 mahAvIra aura bha0 buddha kAlIna aise hI sampradAyoM kA vAda ke 180, prakriyAvAda ke 84, prajJAnavAda ke 67 praura ullekha kara rahe hai jinakI paramparA lagabhaga chinna-bhinna ho vinayavAda ke 32 / bArahaveM aga dRSTivAda meM bhI janetaraH cukI hai| __matoM kA varNana rahA hogA / sabhbhava hai, ina matoM ke mUlata pAli-sAhitya meM mahAtmA buddha ke samakAlIna chaH do bheda rahe ho-kriyAvAda aura prakriyAvAda / taTastha-vatitIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha pAtA hai-pUraNa kassapa, makkhali ne isake bAda prajJAnavAda ko, aura usake uparAnta vinaya gosAla, ajita-kesakambali, prabudha kaccAyana, saMjaya velaTThi- vAda ko janma diyA hogaa| putta tathA nigaNThanAtaputa (mhaaviir)| inake atirikta 1. kriyAvAda - isa darzana ke anusAra jIva kA aura bhI choTe-moTe zAstA the jo apane siddhAMto ko samAja astitva hai aura vaha apane puNya-pApa rUpa karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai| ina karmoM kI nirjarA kara usake mata meM jIva mata isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai jinheM vahAM durjeya kahA nirvANa prApta kara letA hai| kahI-kahI kriyA kA artha gayA hai| cAritra bhI kiyA gayA hai / tadanUsAra vyakti ko kriyA hI 1. prAdi sambandhI 18 mata (pubbAntAnudiTThi phaladAyI hotI hai, jJAna nahI; kyoMki vaha jJAna se saMtuSTa aThArasahi vatthUhi) nahIM hotaa| ata: ekAnta rUpa se jIvAdi padArtho ko (i) sassatavAda svIkArane vAlA mata kriyAvAda hai| usake 180 bheda haiN| (ii) ekaccasassatavAda jIva, ajIva, prAsrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya paura (iii) antAnantavAda (iv) amarAvikSepavAda pApa, ye nava padArthoM ke svata: aura parata ke bheda se do prakAra (v) adhiccasagupAntavAda ke hai| ve nitya aura anitya bhI rahate hai| puna: ye sabhI 2. anta sambandho 44 mata (aparantAnudiTThI- bheda kAla, yadRcchA, niyati, svabhAva, Izvara aura prAtmA catucatArI vatthUhi) ke bheda se 5 prakAra ke hai| isa prakAra 6x2x245 1. uddhamAghAtanikA saJjIvAdA 16) =180 bheda hue| 2. " asaJjIvAdA kriyAvAda kI dRSTi meM jJAna rahita kriyA se 3. " nevasajInAsajIvAdA 844+1= kisI bhI kArya kI siddhi nahIM hotii| 'isIlie paDhama 4. ucchedavAda 7] 62 5. diTThadhammanibbAnavAda nANaM tapo dayA" kahA gayA hai| 'ahaM su vijjAcaraNaM ina bAsaTha mithyAdaSTiyoM meM prAtmA, loka, punarjanma pamokkhama' kA bhI yahI sadarbha hai| isI prasaMga meM sAMkhya, jaise praznoM para vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| kisI vaizeSika, naiyAyika evaM bauddhoM ko kriyAvAdI kahA gayA 1. dIghanikAya, sAmaJcaphalasutta / 2. sUtrakRtAMga, niyukti 1, 12, 116 / 3. vahI, 1, 12, 11 /

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12, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta hai / jaina darzana bhI kriyAvAdI hai| usake anusAra kAla, skte| ajIvAdi padArthoM meM bhI pratyeka ke sAta vikalpa svabhAva, niyati, puruSArtha, karma Adi samasta padArthoM ko hote hai| prataH 647-63 mata hue| inameM cAra bheda pRthak-pRthak mAnanA mithyA hai| unake sammilita svarUpa aura milAye jAte hai ---(iiii) artha kI utpatti sat ko hI yahA~ svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| asat, sadsat se hotI hai, yaha kauna jAnatA hai aura usase 2. prakriyAvAda-kriyAvAda ke viparIta prakriyAvAda phala bhI kyA hai, (iv) vaha pravaktavya bhI hotI hai, yaha mAtmA, puNya, pApa Adi karmoM kA koI sthAna nhiiN| kauna jAnatA hai aura usa jAnane se phala bhI kyA hai / lokAyatika aura bauddhoM ko isa daSTi se prakriyAvAdI dIghanikAya ke anusAra ajJAnavAda kA prasthApaka kahA jA sakatA hai| pAli sAhitya me nigaNThanAtaputta ko saJjayavelaTriputta hai| ve hara dArzanika samasyA ke prati kriyAvAdI kahA gayA hai jabaki buddha ne svayaM ko kriyA ajJAnatA aura anizcitatA vyakta karate hai| zIlAMka vAdI aura prakriyAvAdI, dono mAnA hai| kriyAvAdI isa saJjaya kA nAma hI bhUla gye| unhoMne upayukta siddhAnta lie ki ve jIvoM ko satkarma karane ke lie prerita karate jina prAcAryoM se sambaddha mAnate hai ve zata pratizat sahI hai aura prakriyAvAdI isalie ki ve isa karma ko tyAgane nahIM lagate / udAharaNArtha unhone makkhali gosAla kA kA upadeza dete hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI baddha ko eka sthAna sambandha prajJAnavAda, niyativAda aura vinayavAda se jor3A para kriyAvAdI aura dUsare sthAna para prakriyAvAdI kahA hai jabaki sajaya velaTriputta se aparicitatA vyakta kI gayA hai| prAtmA ke astitva ko asvIkAra karane ke kAraNa hai / vastutaH ajJAnavAda sajaya velaTriputta kA siddhAnta hai| use yahAM sammilita kiyA gayA hai; anyathA vaha kriyA aura niyativAda makkhali gosAla kaa| pAli sAhitya meM vAdI hI hai| ise adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM bhI prakriyAvAda ke 84 bheda hai| jIvAdi sapta padArtha gosAlaka ko niyativAda kA pravaktA mAnA gayA hai| aura unake sva-para ke bheda se do bheda hai| ve sabhI bheda sUtrakRtAMga ne ajJAnavAda ko 'pAsabaddhA', 'micchAdiTThI', punaH kAla, yadRcchA prAdi ke bheda se cha prakAra ke haiN| isa 'aNAriyA' jaise vizeSaNoM se sambaddha kiyA hai / bha0 mahAprakAra 742x6=84 hue| prAtmAke akriya hone para vIra ke dharma ko svIkArane vAloM meM saJjaya kA nAma prakriyAvAda meM kRtanAza aura akRtAbhyAgamadoSa maavege| pAtA hai / saMbhava hai, ve sajaya velaTTiputta hI hoM / samasta vastu jagata bhI sarva vastu svarUpa ho jaayegaa| 3. pramAnavAva-isake anusAra zramaNa brAhmaNoM ke 4. vinayavAda - vinayavAdI vinaya se hI mukti mata paraspara viruddha hai, ata: asatya ke adhika nikaTa hai| mAnate hai| samasta prANiyoM ke prati ve pAdara bhAva vyakta isalie ajJAna ko hI zreSTha mAnA jAnA caahie| karate hai| kisI kI nindA nahIM karate / vinayavAda ke 32 phira saMsAra meM koI atizaya jJAnI nahIM jise sarvajJa kahA bheda haiM-devatA, rAjA, yati, jJAti, vRddha, adhama, mAtA jA sake / jJAna jJeya padArtha ke pUrNa svarUpa ko eka sAtha jAna aura pitaa| ina pATha vyaktiyoM kA mana, vacana, kAya aura bhI nahIM sktaa| ajJAnatA hone se citta-vizaddhi adhika vAda ke dvArA vinaya karanA abhISTa hai| prataH 544= banI raha sakatI hai| prajJAnavAdI jisa prajJAna ko kalyANa 32 bheda hue| pAli sAhitya se patA calatA hai ki yaha kA kAraNa mAnate hai / vaha 67 prakAra kA hai-sat, asat, bAta lokapriya rahA hogaa| mahAtmA buddha bhI svayaM ko sadasat, pravaktavya, asad vaktavya aura sdsdvktvv| venayiko samaNo gotamo kahate hai| sUtrakRtAMga ne vahI ina sAta prakAroM se jIvAdika nava padArtha nahIM jAne jA vinaya kalyANakArI batAyA hai jo samyagdarzana se yukta ho| 1. vahI, 1, 12 : niyukti 121, vRtti pR. 210-1 / 3. vahI, 1, 12, ni. 121, vRtti pR. 210-1 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 1, 12, vR. pR. 208-1; niyukti 4. vahI, 1, 12, 2 kI vRtti / 116-121, 6, 27, 3. pR. 152 / 5. aMguttaranikAya, bhAga 3, pR. 265 /

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zramaNa sAhitya meM vaNita vibhinna sampradAya uparyukta cAroM matoM ke puraskartAmoM ke viSaya meM isa mata ke anusAra sattvoM ke kleza maura zuddhi kA paryApta matabheda hai / akalaka' ne isa sandarbha meM kucha nAma koI hetu-pratyaya nhii| ve nirbala, nirvIrya, bhAgya maura ginAye hai| unake anusAra kolkala, kANeviddhi, kauzika, saMyoga se cha: jAtiyoM meM utpanna hote haiM aura sukha-duHkha harismazru, mAMchapika, romaza, hArIta, muNDa, azvalAyana bhogate hai| vahA~ zIla, vrata, tapa, brahmacarya prAdi kA koI prAdi prAcArya kriyAvAdI hai| marIcikumAra, kapila, ulUka, sthAna nahI / sukha-duHkha droNa se tule hue hai| jaise sUta kI gArya, vyAghrabhUti, vAdUli, mAThara, maudgalAyana Adi golI pheMkane para uchalatI huI giratI hai, vaise hI mUrkha aura bhAcArya prakriyAvAdI paramparA ke hai| sAkalya, balkala, paNDita daur3akara AvAgamana meM par3akara duHkhoM kA anta kuthumi, sAtyamagra, nArAyaNa, vRddha, mAdhyandina, mauda, paplAda, kreNge|' prAkRta sAhitya meM bhI niryAtavAda isI rUpa meM vAdarAyaNa, ambaSThi, kRdauvikAyana, vasU, jemini prAdi vaNita hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki niryAtavAda ke anusAra prAcArya ajJAnavAdI hai| vasiSTha, pArAzara, jatukarNI, bAhya kAraNoM se utpanna sukha-duHkha svayaMkRta athavA parakRta vAlmIki, romaharSiNI, satyadatta, vyAsa, elAputra, auSa- nhiiN| isake pIche kAla, Izvara, svabhAva, karma aura purumanyava, indradatta, ayasthUNa Adi vainayika AcArya haiN| ina SArtha bhI kAraNa nhiiN| usake pIche mAtra eka kAraNa matoM kA nirUpaNa dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMga meM hugrA niyati hai| mahAn prayatna karane para bhI abhavya vastu kI hai / cUki yaha aga upalabdha nahIM, ata: isa viSaya meM kucha utpatti nahIM hotI aura bhavya vastu kA vinAza nahIM hotaa| bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| phira bhI yaha draSTavya hai ki zIlAMka ne prAjIvaka, ajJAnavAdI aura vainayika ke ukta prAcAryoM meM adhikAMza AcArya paurANika hai| vyAkhyA siddhAntoM ko mizrita kara diyA hai aura ina tInoM kA prajJapti ke tIsaveM zataka meM ina cAroM vAdoM kI apekSA se prasthApaka gozAlaka ko mAna liyA hai| yaha nizcita hI samasta jIvoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bhrAmaka hai| para isase yaha anumAna avazya lagAyA jA niyativAda : sakatA hai ki prajJAnavAda aura vinayavAda adhika lokapriya niyativAda kA prasthApaka makkhali putta gozAlaka ko nahIM ho sake aura zIlAMka ke samaya taka ye prAjIvika mAnA jAtA hai / yahI AjIvika sampradAya kA pravartaka hai| sampradAya ke aga bana gye| gozAlaka kA rAzika pAli sAhitya meM makkhali zabda milatA hai para prAkRta siddhAnta prasiddha hI hai| use bhI zIlAMka ne aspaSTa hI sAhitya 'maMkha liputra' zabda kA ullekha AtA hai| maMkha kA rahane diyA / artha hai-hAtha meM citrapaTa lekara unake dvArA logoM ko sajIvataccharIravAda : upadeza dekara prAjIvikA calAne vAlA bhikSuka / vyAkhyA sUtra kRtAga meM prathamataH cArvAka aura tajjIvataccharIprajJapti ke pandrahaveM zataka ke ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki ravAdiyoM ke mata ko pRthak-pRthak batAyA hai aura bAda meM yaha maMkha paramparA bha0 mahAvIra se pUrva bhI pracalita thii| dono ko eka kara diyA hai| tajjIvataccharIravAdI vaha hai maMkhali mahAvIra kA ziSya bhI banA aura bAda me sagha se jo zarIra aura jIva ko eka mAne / bhUtavAdI cArvAka aura pRthak bhI huaa| usake zAMta, kalaMda, kaNikAra, achidra, tajjIvacharIravAdI meM antara yaha hai ki bhUtavAdI ke anuagnivezyAyana aura gomAyuputra arjuna ina chaH ziSyoM sAra pAMca bhUta hI zarIra rUpa meM pariNata hokara saba (dizAcaroM) kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| ye ziSya mahA- kriyAyeM karate hai parantu tajjIvataccharIravAdI ke mana meM vIra ke pathabhraSTa ziSya the| isalie makkhali ko aura zarIra rUpa meM pariNata una pAMca bhUto se caitanya zakti kI ina ziSyoM ko carNikAra ne 'pAsattha kahA hai| pAsattha utpatti hotI hai| zarIra ke naSTa hone para usakA bhI pathabhraSTa bhikSayoM ke lie hI adhika prayukta huyA hai| vinAza ho jAtA hai| karmaphalabhoktA paralokagAmI mAtmA 1. tatvArtha vArtika 1,20, 12 pR. 47 / / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3, 4, 6 vRtti pR. 68, 11, 113 vRtti 3. dIghanikAya, sAmaJa phala sutta / pR. 166 ityaadi|

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14, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta jaise padArtha kA zarIra se pRthak koI astitva nhiiN| isa tratA aura murge kA raMga yaha saba svabhAva se hI hotA hai|' daSTi se yahA~ puNya-pApa karmoM kA bhI koI astitva nhiiN|' buddhacarita aura zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM bhI svabhAvavAda rAjapraznIya meM kezI aura pradezI ke bIca jIva aura pAtmA kI yahI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| zIlAMka ne ise tajjIvake sandarbha meM jo vivAda hamA, usameM pradezI tajjIvataccharI- taccharIravAda se sambaddha kiyA hai aura yaha kAraNa diyA hai ravAdI dikhAI detA hai| ki cUki paMca mahAbhUtoM se mAtmA pRthak nahI hai| isalie pAli sAhitya meM tajjIvataccharIravAda ko ucchedavAda jagata kI vicitratA meM svabhAvavAda kAraNa rUpa mAnA ke bhedoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai sambhava hai cArvAk sampra- jAnA caahie| dAya meM kucha matamatAntara rahe hoN| aura tajjIvataccharIra. isake atirikta pravyAkRta vAda, kAlavAda, yadRcchAvAda, bAda unameM se eka rahA ho| zIlAMka ne bhI ina donoM puruSavAda, puruSArthavAda, IzvaravAda, devavAda Adi jaise aneka ko kahIM kahIM apRthaka mAnA hai| vAdoM ke ullekha milate hai jinheM lokanirmANa ke kAraNa bhAsmaSaSThavAvI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM bhI ina sUtra-kRtAMga me ise sAMkhya tathA vaizeSika darzana se sambaddha sabhI ko kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, parantu unake samanvita rUpa mAnA hai| pAMca mahAbhUta ke bAda AtmA ko chaThA padArtha ko, na ki pRthak-pRthak rUpa ko|| mAna lene ke kAraNa ve prAtmaSaSThavAdI kahe gaye hai|' nahi kAlAdi hito kevalae hito jAyae kiMci / prAsmAtavAda: iha muggaraSaNAivi tA sabbe samRdiyA heu / ' zIlAMka prAtmAdvaitavAda evaM ekAntAtmadvaitavAda donoM isake sAtha hI janadarzana meM karma ko bhI sasAra ke isa zabdoM ko samAnArthaka mAnate hai| isake anusAra jaise eka vaicitrya kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai / usako bhI su hI pRthvI samUha vividha rUpoM meM lakSita hotI hai, usI kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| karma mUrta hai kyoki sukhAdi se prakAra eka mAtmasvarUpa yaha samasta jagata nAnA rUpoM meM sambaddha hone ke kAraNa bhI vyakti tadanukala anubhava karatA dekhA jAlA hai| usakI dRSTi meM eka hI jJAna piNDa prAtmA hai| mUrta karma dvArA amUrta prAtmA kA upaghAta adhavA upapRthvI Adi bhUtoM ke prAkAra meM aneka prakAra kA dekhA kAra usI prakAra hotA hai jisa prakAra madirA Adi mUrta jAtA hai parantu isa bheda ke kAraNa prAtmA ke usa svarUpa meM vastuoM dvArA vijJAnAdi amUrta vastuoM kA / loka SaD koI bheda nahIM hotaa| cetana acetana rUpa samasta padArtha dravyamaya hai| dravya utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka hai| usakA eka hI prAtmA hai'| prAtmAdvaitavAda meM na pramANa hai,na nUtana paryAyoM meM pariNamana, pUrva paryAyo kA vinAza tathA prameya, na pratipAdya hai, na pratipAdaka, na hetu hai, na dRSTAnta mUla aMza kI sthiti rahatI hai| isameM Izvara ko pari aura na unakA prAbhAsa / samasta jagata mAtmA se abhinna cAlaka mAnane kI bhAvazyakatA hI nhiiN| hone ke kAraNa eka ho jAtA hai| isa sthiti me pitA, prAraNyaka: patra, mitra prAdi kA bheda nahIM rahatA, sukhAdika nahIM rhte| prAraNyaka mAraNya meM hI rahanA apanA dharma samajhate mataH mAtmAdvaitavAda nirdoSa nhiiN| the| ve kandamUla phalAhArI, vRkSamUlavAsI, grAmantakavAsI svabhAvavAda: tathA sarvasAvadyAnuSThAna se panivRta rahate the aura ekendriya svabhAvabAda ke anusAra jagata kI vicitratA kA mUla jIvoM ke ghAta se prAyaH ve apanA nirvAha karate the| tApasa kAraNa svabhAva hai| kaNTaka kI tIkSNatA, mayUra kI vici- prAdi aise hI hote the| ve dravyata: aneka vratoM kA mAcaraNa 1. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 1, 11 vRtti pR. 20,2 / 5. buddhacarita 5 / 2. vahI 1, 1, 16 vRtti pR. 24 / / 3. vahI, 1, 1,6vRtti pR. 16 / 6. zAstravArtA samuccaya 166-172 / 4. vahI, cUNi pU. 30, dIpikA pR05| 7. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 5, 15 vRtti /

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amaNa sAhitya meM gaNita vibhinna sampradAya karane para bhAvataH unase zUnya rahate the| isake pAlaka prAyaH 7. govratI-govrata rakhane vaale| brAhmaNa rahA karate the| prata. ve apane Apako prahantavya 8. gRhidharmI-gRhasthAzrama ko hI zreSTha mAnane vAle / mAnate the| unakA mata thA- zadraM vyApAdya prANAya meM hai. dharmacintaka-dharmazAstra kA adhyayana karane vaale| japet kiJcid dadyAt / ' pAli sAhitya me bhI prAraNyakoM 10. aviruddh-vinyvaadii| paura parivrAjakoM ke paryApta ullekha milate hai| 11. vRddhA-saMnyAsa meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle / anya sampradAya : 12. shraavk-dhrmshrotaa| uparyukta sampradAyo ke atirikta zramaNa sAhitya meM raktapaTa-rakta vastradhArI privraajk'| aura bhI aneka prakAra ke sampradAyoM ke ullekha milate hai| zramaNa sAhitya meM para matoM kA ullekha aneka nAmoM se prazna vyAkaraNa me asatyamApaka ke rUpa meM sampradAyoM kA humA hai-jaise ege pavayamANA, anya yUthikAH, pAsatthA, vibhAjana isa prakAra kiyA hai disAcarA, manyatIthikAH, mithyAdRSTi vAlA prAdi / isa1. nAstikavAdI athavA vAmalokavAdI-cArvAka lie unakA sahI vivaraNa milanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / 2. paMcaskandhavAdI bauddha sUtra kRtAMga ke kuzIla adhyayana meM carNikAra ne kucha prasaMyamI 3. manojIvavAdI sampradAyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unameM pramukha haiM - gautama, 4. vAyujIvavAdI govatika, raMDadevatA, vIrabhadraka, agnihomavAdI tathA jala5. anDe se jagata kI utpatti mAnane vAle / shocvaadii| RSiaSita' graMtha meM kucha ahaMdarUpa RSiyoM 6. loka ko svayaMbhUkRta mAnane vaale| kA ullekha hai| uname se kucha ye hai-asitadevala, aMgi7. saMsAra ko prajApati nirmita mAnane vaale| rasa, (bhAradvAja), mahAkazyapa, maMkhaliputta, yAjJavalkya, 8. sAre saMsAra ko viSNumaya mAnane vAle / bAhuka, mAthurAyaNa, soriyAyaNa, parisava kaNha, pariyoyaNa, 6. prAtmA ko eka prakartA, vedaka, nitya, niSkriya, gAdhApatiputra taruNa, rAmaputra, harigiri, mAtaMga, vAyu, piga aura nilipta mAnane vaale| brAhmaNaparivrAjaka, aruNa mahAsAla, tArAyaNa, sAtiputra 10. jagata ko yAdRcchika mAnane vAle / (buddha), dvaipAyana, soma, yama, varuNa, vaizramaNa / 11. svbhaavvaadii| propapAtika sUtra meM gaMgAtaTavAsI vAnaprasthoM kA 12. devvaadii| ullekha milatA hai13. niytivaadii| 1. hottiya-agni homa karane vaale| 14. iishvrvaadii| 2. pottiy-vstrdhaarii| 'nAyAdhammakahAno' ke naMdImUla nAmaka pandrahaveM adhyAya 3. kottiy-bhuushaayii| meM eka saMgha ke sAtha vividha mata vAloM ke pravAsa kA 4. jaNNaI -yAjJika / ullekha hai / una mata vAloM ke nAma ye haiM 5 saDDhaI ---zraddhAzIla / 1. caraka-tridaNDI athavA kachanIdhArI-kopInadhArI tApasa 6 thAlaI -sArA sAmAna lekara calane vAle / 2. cIrika -cIthar3oM se nimita vstrdhaarii| 7 huMva uDDha-kuNDI lekara calane vAle / 3 carmakhaNDika carmavastra athavA carmopakaraNa rakhane vaale| 8 datumvaliya-dAMtoM se cabAkara khAne vAle / 4. bhicchuDa-bhikSuka athavA bauddha bhikSuka / 6 ummajjaka, sammajjaka aura nimajjaka-snAna karane 5. paMDuraga- zivabhakta, bhasma lagAne vAle / vAle / 6. gautama -sAtha me baila rakhane vAle bhikSaka / 10. saMpavAla-zarIra para miTTI lagAkara snAna karanevAle 1. sUtra. 2,2,28.26 / 2. praupapAtika 38vA sUtra bhI dekhiye| 1. madhyayana 26 va 31 /

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16, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta 11. dakkhikalaga-gaMgA ke dakSiNa taTa para rahane vaale| aupapAtika sUtra meM hI prAjIvika zramaNoM ke sAta 12. uttarakulaga-- gagA uttara taTa para rahane vaale| prakAra vatAye gaye haiM-dudharaMtariyA (do ghara chor3akara 13. saMkhadhamaka--zaMkha bajAkara bhojana karane vAle / bhikSA lene vAle, tigharatariyA, satAgharaMtariyA, uppala14. kuladhamaka-kinAre para khar3e hokara aAvAja kara veMTiyA (kamala ke DaMThala khAkara rahane vAle), gharasamabhojana karane vaale| dANiya (pratyeka ghara se bhikSA lene vAle), vijjuaMtariyA (vidyatapAta ke samaya bhikSA na lene vAle) tathA uTTiya15. miyaludaya-pazu bhakSaNa karane vAle / samaNa kisI bar3e miTTI ke vartana meM baiThakara tapa karane 16. hatthitAvasa-hAthI ko mAra kara eka varSa taka use vAle) / inake atirikta prattuvakosiya, paraparivAiya khAne vaale| tathA bhUikammiya zramaNa bhI the / sAta nihRvoM 17. uDuDaMDaka-daNDa ko Upara kara calane vAle / kA bhI yahA~ ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai-bahuraya 15. disApokkhI-dizA siJcana karane vAle / jIvapaesiya ( pravartaka -tisyagupta ), pravattiya 16 vakkaposI-valkala pahanane vAle / (pravartaka-prAviDhAcArya), sAmuccheiya (saMsthApaka-prazva20. aNbuvaasii-jlvaasii| mitra, dokariyA (pravartaka-gagAcArya), terAsiyA (rahi21. bilavAsI-vila meM rahane vAle / guhA sasthApaka) tathA pravaddhiya (sasthApaka mAhila) ye 22. velavAsI-samudra ke kinAre rahane vAle / mUlataH kisI na kisI sampradAya se sambaddha prAcArya the| 23. rukkhamUliyA- vRkSa ke nIce rahane vAle / pAgama sAhitya meM zramaNoM ke pAMca bheda bhI diye gaye hai| 24. aMbubhakkhI (jalabhakSI), vAyabhakkhI aura sevaalbhkkhii| nirgrantha, zAkya, tApasa, gairika aura praajiivik| inameM se prAja nirgrantha aura zAkya hI zeSa rahe hai / isI sUtra meM pravajita zramaNa kA alaga se ullekha isa prakAra pAli-prAkRta-saMskRta sAhitya meM SaDdarzanoM kiyA gayA hai| saMkhA (sAkhya), joI (yogI), kavila ke atirikta prAcInakAla meM vizeSataH bha0 mahAvIra ke (kapila), bhiucca (bhagu RSi ke anuyAyI), hasa (vana- kAla meM anekavAdoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| parantu unakA bAsI para bhikSArtha grAmabhramaNa karane vAle), paramahasa (nadI mUla maiddhAntika sAhitya upalabdha nahI hotaa| sambhavata: taTavAsI tathA vastrAdi chor3akara prANa tyAga karane vAle), adhikAMza uktavAdoM kA koI vizeSa sAhitya thA bhI nahIM; bahuudaya (gAMva meM eka rAta aura nagara meM pAMca rAta rahane anyathA unakA ullekha avazya miltaa| isalie pratIta vAle), kuDibbaya (gRhavAsI tathA rAgAdi tyAgI), vRNha hotA hai ki ye vAda adhika prabhAvaka siddha nahI rahe hoMge parivyAyaga (kRSNa parivrAjaka) unameM pramukha hai| brAhmaNa / jAla tathA yaha bhI sabhava hai ki unakA jIvana kAla adhika nahIM parivrAjakoM meM kaNDa, karakaNDa, aMbaDa, parAsara, kaNhadIvA rahA hogaa| prAvazyakatA yaha hai ki isa viSaya para gaMbhIra yaNa, devagupta aura NAraya tathA kSatriya parivrAjakoM me zodha kI jAya aura unake samUce siddhAnta vividha sAhitya selaI, sasihAra, NaggaI, bhaggaI, videha, rAyArAya pramukha hai| se ekatrita kara bhAratIya saMskRti meM unake sthAna kA ye parivrAjaka vedavedAMga meM niSNAta, snAnAdi meM vizvAsa nirNaya kiyA jAya / mAnava ke lie unakI kahA~ taka karane vAle, sAde DhaMga se rahane vAle anarthadaNDa se virata upayogitA hai, isakA bhI mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA ape. rahane vAle the| kSita hai| adhyakSa pAlI-prAkRta vibhAga 00 nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, nAgapura

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM arahanta kI pratiSThA 0 DA. harIndra bhUSaNa 'parahaMta' jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke paramArAdhya deva hai| bharahaMta zabda kA prati prAcIna itihAsa hai| jainaisI kAraNa anAdinidhana maMtra meM inheM sarvaprathama namaskAra vAGmaya ke prati prAcIna granthoM meM to isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai -'Namo arahatANaM Namo siddhANaM / ' arahaMta hamA hI hai, kintu vaidika bauddha evaM saMskRta vAGmaya meM bhI zabda prAkRta hai| isakA saMskRta rUpa hai 'mahat' / 'prahapUjA- isa zabda kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| yAm' arthAt-pUjArthaka 'ahaM' dhAtu se 'prahaH prazaMsAyAm' pANini-sUtra se prazaMsA artha meM 'zat' pratyaya hokara 'mahat' baMrika-vAGmaya meM mahaMta zabda / zabda niSpanna hotA hai| prathamA ke eka vacana meM 'ugidacarcA prAcArya vinobA bhAve ne Rgveda ke eka maMtra kA ukha' sarvanAmasthAne ghAto.' pANini-sUtra se 'num' kA pAgama raNa dete hue jainadharma kI prAcInatA siddha kI hai| ve kahate hokara 'mahan' pada banatA hai| sambodhana eka vacana meM bhI haiM ~'Rgveda meM bhagavAna kI prArthanA meM eka jagaha kahA gayA hAvada 'arhana' rUpa banatA hai| hai-'ahaMt idaM dayase vizvamambam' (Rgveda 2.33.10)prAkRta bhASA meM 'zata' pratyaya ke sthAna para 'nta' pratyaya he mahat, tuma isa tuccha duniyA para dayA karate ho| isameM hokara 'prahaMta' rUpa banatA hai| sAtha meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke mahat aura dayA donoM janoM ke pyAre zabda haiN| merI to 'i:zrI hrIkrItaklAntaklezamlAsvapnasparzahahiMgaSu'(prAkRta mAnyatA hai ki jitanA hindU dharma prAcIna hai zAyara utanA prakAza 3.62), sUtra ke anusAra raha ke madhya ikAra kA hI jaina dharma prAcIna hai| mAgama hokara 'arihaMta' tathA prAkRta kI paramparA ke anu Rgveda kA uparyukta maMtra isa prakAra haisAra prakAra kA prAgama hokara 'prarahaMta' rUpa prAkRta bhASA arhat vibharSi sAyakAni meM banate haiN| prAcArya kundakunda ne prAkRta bhASA me isakA dhanvAhanniSkaM yajata vizva rUpam / eka rUpa 'praruha bhI prayoga kiyA hai-'prAhA siddhAyariyA' prahannidaM dayase vizvamambaM na vA projIro rUdra tvadanyadasti / / (bhokta pAhuDa 6104) sambhavata: isa aruhA zabda para tamila kA prabhAya ho| 'pratiSThAtilaka ke kartA prAcArya nemicandra Rgveda ke uparyukta maMtra se pratyanta prabhAvita pratIta hote haiN| unhoMne prakAra haiM upayukta maMtra ke prAyaH samasta padoM ko grahaNa karake bhaInta saMskRta mahaMta ke guNoM kA nimna prakAra vistAra se varNana kiyA haiprAkRta parahaMta tathA parihata 'mahaMta vimarSi mohArividhvaMsinayasAyakAn / pAli marahanta anekAntadyotinidhipramANodAradhanuH ca / / jaina zaurasenI tatastvameva devAsi yuktizAstrAvirodhivAk / mAgadhI alahaMta tathA malihaMta daSTeSTavAdhiteSTAH syuH sarvakAntavAdinaH / / bhapabhraMza pamahatu tathA palihatu pahanniSkamivAtmAnaM bahirantarmalakSayam / tamila mAha vizvarUpaMca bizvArthe veditaM labhase sadA / / avhata. mAha pahaMnnidaM ca dayase vizvamabhyaMtarAzrayam / 1. prAcArya vinobA bhAve-zramaNa saMskRti, pR. 57 2. prAcArya nemicandra pratiSThAtilaka 174-75

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18varSa 28, ki01 nRsurAsurasaMghAtaM mokSamArgopadezanAt // 'vedaantaahtsaaNkhysaugtguruybhkssaadisuuktaadRsho|" brahmAsurajayI vAnyo deza rudrastvadasti / / 'brAhmazavaM vaiSNavaM ca sauraM zAktaM tathAhatam / " 'he ahaMn ! mApa moha-zatru ko naSTa karane vAle 'naya' zarIraparimANo hi jIva ityaahNtaamnynte|" rUpI bANoM ko dhAraNa karate ho tathA anekAnta ko prakA saMskRta sAhitya ke mUrdhanya kavi kAlidAsa ne apane zita karane vAle nirbAdha pramANa rUpa vizAla dhanuSa ke kAvya-nATakoM meM anekatra 'mahat' kA prayoga kiyA hai / dhAraka ho| yukti evaM zAstra se aviruddha vacana hone ke kAra bhApa hI hamAre mArAdhya deva ho| sarvathA ekAntavAdI raghuvaMza meM, rAjA raghu gurudakSiNAbhilASI kautsa RSi ko samboSita karate hue kahate haiM-he mahata, mApa do tIna hamAre devatA nahIM ho sakate ; kyoMki unakA upadeza pratyakSa dina Thaharane kA kaSTa kareM taba taka maiM mApake lie guruevaM anumAna se bAdhita hai| dakSiNA kA prabandha karatA hUM'he mahana, mApa aisI prAtmA ko dhAraNa karate ho jo dvitrANyahAnyarhasi soDha mahen yAvadyate sAdhayitu niSka arthAt prAbhUSaNa yA rala kI taraha prakAzamAna hai, - tvadartham / bAhya bhora mantaH mala se rahita hai aura jo samasta vizva raghuvaMza meM eka anya sthAna para kAlidAsa arhat ko ke padArthoM ko eka sAtha nirantara jAnatA hai| he marhana, nayacA vizeSaNa dekara sambhavataH unake pramANa eva nayo mApa manuSya, sura evaM asura sabhI ko mokSamArga kA upadeza sabhA 1 upadaza ke jJAtRtva kI pora saketa karate haidete ho; ataH vimba para dayA-bhAva se paripUrNa ho pApa se 'prarhaNAmahaMte cakrumunayo nayacakSuSa / " panya koI aura brahma athavA prasura ko jItane vAlA balavAn zAzvatakoSa tathA zAradIya nAma mAlA meM mahat zabda devatA nahIM hai|' 'jina' kA paryAyavAcI kahA gayA hai| Rgveda meM anya sthAnoM para bhI mahaMta pada kA prayoga milatA hai 'stAdahana jinapUjyayoH / / 'pahana devAn yakSi mAnuSat pUrvo prdh|" 'tIrthakaro jagannAtho jino'rhana bhagavAn prbhuH|" 'mahanto ye sudAnavo naro prasAmi zava saH / " amarakoSakAra ne prarhat ko mAnane vAle logoM ko prahantA cityurodadhe zeva devAvartate / " bhAIka, syAdvAdika tathA pArhat kahA hai| Rgveda ke upayukta uddharaNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai 'syAt syAdvAdika prArhaka: prArhata itydi|" ki Rgveda kAla meM jaina dharmAvalambI mahanta kI upAsanA prAcArya hemacandra prarhat ko padArtha kA yathArtha varNata karate the| karane vAle paramezvara kahate haiMvarAhamihirasaMhitA, yogavAsiSTha, vAyupurANa tathA 'yathAsthitArthavAdI ca devo'hat paramezvaraH / 5 brahmasUtrazaMkarabhASya meM bhI parhat mata kA ullekha hanumannATaka meM kahA gayA hai ki jaina zAsana ke mAnane milatA hai| vAle apane Izvara ko mahaMta kahate haiM'digvAsAstaruNo rUpabAMzca kaaryo'hNtaaNdevH|" pahannityatha jainazAsanarataH karmeti mImAMsakAH / " 3. Rgved-265|22|41 10. raghuvaMza 5 / 25 4. vahI- 413 / 6 / 5215 11. vahI 1155 5. vahI-3865 12. zAzvatakoSa-641 6. varAhamihira saMhitA 45458 13. zAradIyAsya nAmamAlA-harSakItiH, 6 7. vAlmIki, yogavAsiSTha 6 / 173134 14. amarakoSa 207 / 18 (vaNiprabhA TIkA) 8. vAyupurANa 10416 15. hemacandra, yogazAstra 2-4 6. brahmasUtrazAGkarabhASya, 2 / 2 / 33 19. hanumannATaka 1,3

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM mahanta kI pratiSThA bauDavAGmaya meM mahat zama jinakI mAtmA zuddha hai, ve mahaMta haiN| gaDhavaduSAikammo ___ bauddha vAGmaya meM arahanta zabda mahAtmA buddha ke lie dasaNasuhaNANa vIriyamaIpro / prayukta prayoga hai| marahanta ke jo guNa pAli-sAhitya meM suhahatyo mammA suddho pariho vicitijjo| kahe gaye haiN| ve bahuta aMzoM meM jaina parahanta ke guNoM se samA (dravya saMgraha 50) matA rakhate haiN| pAli-bhASA ke bauddha pAgama (tripiTika), dhavalA ThIkA meM prarihanta kA artha karate hue likhA 'dhammapada' meM 'parahantabaggo' nAmaka eka prakaraNa hai| isameM hai kidaza gAthAnoM meM bharahanta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dhammapada parihananAdarihaMtA, ... rajohananAdA parihantA, ke anusAra prarahanta vaha hai jisane apanI jIvana-yAtrA pratizaya pUjAhatvAdA parihantAH" samApta kara lI hai, jo zoka rahita hai, jo saMsAra se mukta marthAt parihanta ve haiM jinhoMne karma-zatruoM kA prathavA hai, jisane saba prakAra ke parigraha ko chor3a diyA hai aura karmamala kA nAza kara diyA hai tathA jo atizaya pUjA ke jo kaSTa rahita hai yogya haiN| 'gataddhino visokassa vippamuttassa sabbadhi / pAcArya kundakunda 'bodhapAhuDa meM parihanta ke guNoM kA sabbaganthapahInassa parilAho na vijjati // ' varNana karate hue likhate haiM(dhammapada, parahantabaggI, 10) jaravAhijammamaraNaM ca ugaigamaNaM ca pUNNapAvaM ca / aisA prarahanta jahAM kahIM bhI vihAra karatA hai vaha taNa doSakamme hauNANamayaM ca parahaMto / / bhUmi ramaNIya (pavitra) hai arthAt jinhoMne jarA, vyAdhi, janma, maraNa, caturgati'yatthArahanto biharanti taM bhUmi rAmaNeyyaka / ' gamana, puNya, pApa-ina doSoM tathA karmoM kA nAza kara (dhammapada, arahanta baggo 92) diyA hai aura jo jJAnamaya ho gaye haiM ve parahata haiN| mahAtmA buddha ne kahA thA "bhibhumo, prAcInakAla meM bharahaMta kI inhIM vizeSatAmoM ko paMcAdhyAyI meM isa jo bhI parahanta tathA buddha hue the, unake bhI aise hI do prakAra kahA gayA haimukhya anuyAyI the jaise mere anuyAyI sAriputta maura maugga divyaudArikadehasthA ghautaghAticatuSTayaH / lAyana hai / ' 'saMyukta nikAya', 5.164 (gautama buddha / jJAnadRgvIryasaukhyADhyaH so'haM na dharmopadezakaH / / " pR0 147) upasaMhAra mainoM ke upAsya marahanta bhAratIya samasta sAhitya meM arahanta zabda atizaya jaina dharma meM pAMca avasthAmoM se sampanna bhAtmA pUjya prAtmA ke artha meM prayukta humA hai| vedakAla se lekara sarvotkRSTa evaM pUjya mAnI gaI hai| inameM parahanta sarvaprathama adyAvaSi isa zabda kA mahatva hai| marahanta, jainoM ke to haiN| prashanta kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM hai| vaha paramArAdhya deva haiM / jaina dharma meM jo cAra zaraNa batalAe haiM to mAdhyAtmika guNoM ke vikAsa se prApta hone vAlA mahAna unameM parahanta sabase pahale zaraNa haiMmaGgalamaya pada hai| , cittAri zaraNaM pavvajjAmi / prarahante zaraNaM jainAgama meM parahaMta kA svarUpa nimna prakAra batAyA paLajAmi / siddhaM zaraNa pavvajjAmi / sAha gayA hai-jinhoMne cAra ghAtiyAkarmoM kA nAza kara diyA zaraNa pagvajAmi kevali paNNatto dhammo hai, jo ananta darzana sukha zAna maura vIrya ke dhAraka hai, jo zaraNaM pvvjjaami| uttama deha meM virAjamAna paryAt jIvanamukta haiM, aura 17. dhavalA-TIkA, prathama pustaka, pR0 42-44 16. paJcAdhyAyI-2607 16. bodhapAhuDa, 30

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zramaNa-sAhitya : eka dRSTi "poSTa - muni zrI dulaharAja jI bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-kAla I. pUrva chaThI- zramaNa-sAhitya kI saMjJA dii|' isa zramaNa-sAhitya meM pAMcavIM zatAbdI [B.C. 527-455] thaa| usa samaya caudaha pUrva, kriyAvAda, prakriyAvAda, niyativAda bhAdi aneka mata pracalita the| sabhI dharma-pravartakoM kA apanA- siddhAntoM ko poSaNa dene vAlA sAhitya samAviSTa humaa| apanA sAhitya thaa| sArA sAhitya cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya meM isa prAcIna 'zramaNa yaa| sAhitya' kI jhAMkI upalabdha hotI hai| DA0 vinTaraniTja (1) zramaNa sAhitya / ne likhA hai-In the Sacred texts of the Jainas, (2) brAhmaNa sAhitya / a great part of the ascetic literature of ancient (3) bauddha-sAhitya / India is embodied, which has also left its (4) jaina sAhitya / traces in Buddhist literature as well as in the ina cAra vibhAgoM meM prathama vibhAga 'zramaNa-sAhitya' Epics and the Puranas. Jaina literature is, aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| therefore, closely connected with the other usa kAla meM sabhI saMpradAya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta the branehes of post vedic religious literaturc. (1) vaidika saMpradAya (2) zramaNa saMpradAya / "mAgama sAhitya meM prAcIna bhArata ke zramaNa sAhitya vaidika saMpradAya ke antargata IzvaravAdI tApasa prAdi ' kA bahuta bar3A bhAga hai / zramaNa-sAhitya kA kucha praza bauddha pAte the aura zramaNa-saMpradAya meM jaina, bauddha, prAjIvaka, sAhitya tathA paurANika kAvyo meM bhI milatA hai| prataH tridaNDI prAdi-pAdi saMpradAya mAte the| vaidika mAnyatA ke jaina-sAhitya vedoM ke uttaravartI vaidika dharma-sAhitya se pratinidhi prantha veda sabase prAcIna mAne jAte the| bahuta saMbadhita hai|" kAlAnukrama se unake RSi-maharSiyoM ne bAhANa, mahAbhArata prAdi granthoM meM aneka sthala aise hai jinase pAraNyaka, upaniSad, kalpa-sUtra Adi kI racanA kI yaha spaSTa vibita hotA hai ki usame pratipAdita dharma aura vaidika sAhitya ko apanI upalabdhiyoM se samRddha rahasya brAhmaNetara-paramparA kA hai|' yaha brAhmaNetara paramparA kiyaa| mahAtmA buddha ke upadezo ko saMgrahIta kara boDa- zramaNa-paramparA se atirikta nahIM hai| manISiyoM ne use tripiTaka kI saMjJA dii| bhagavAna mahA- bhagavAn mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha sama-sAmayika vIra kI vANI kA saMgraha karake jaina mahaSiyoM ne use aMga the| unakA kArya kSetra eka thaa| rAjagRha, nAlandA, vaikhAlI aura aMga-bAhya bhAgama ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyaa| yaha zrAvastI, pATaliputra prAdi-Adi nagara inake pracAra ke nirgrantha-pravacana khlaayaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura mahAtmA kendra the| ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unakI sAdhanAbaddha se pUrva jo vaidiketara sAhitya thA, use zramaNa-sAhitya' pabati bhI kaI samAna rekhAmoM para blii| prAcAra aura kahA gyaa| pro0I0 lyUmena ne ise parivrAjaka-sAhitya vicAra kI kucha samAnatAmoM kA pratibiMba unake sAhitya kahA maura DA0 vinTaraniTja ne ise (aiseTika liTarecara) meM prAja bhI upalabdha hotA hai / ina samAnatAmoM ke mAdhAra 2. Jainas in Indian iiterature Page 6,7. 1. Some Problems of Indian literature-Asce- gic literature of ancient Indta Page 21.

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bhamaNa-sAhila : eka dRSTi 21 para kisa paddhati kA kisa para prabhAva par3A hai, yaha pasaM- sahI hai ki buddha ke vacanoM kA bahulAMza bhAga bauddha bhikSayoM digdha rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa viSaya meM hameM meM pracalita thA aura unhIM kA saMgraha piTakoM meM kiyA yaha nahIM bhulA denA cAhie ki koI bhI sAhitya pAri- gayA hai| parantu vartamAna meM piTakoM ke vibhinna aMza, una pAzvika yAtAvaraNa ke mAdAna-pradAna se mukta nahIM raha kA vartamAna vyavasthApana aura vibhAga nizcita hI bahuta sktaa| isa viSaya para hama Age carcA kreNge| kAla bAda kA hai| jana prAgama-sAhitya ke aise aneka sthala hai jinakI bauddha piTaka kA bahulAMza bhAga azoka ke samaya meM tulanA bauddha-sAhitya se tathA brAhmaNa-sAhitya se bhI kI likhA gayA aura usako pUrNarUpa bahuta mAge taka milatA jA sakatI hai| hajAroM zloka aise hai jiname zabda-sAmya rkhaa| tapA artha-sAmya hai| isa prakAra kI racanAmoM se pAThaka ke bauddha sAhitya mahAtmA buddha tathA unake uttaravartI mana meM yaha prazna ubhara pAtA hai ki pahale kauna ! isa prazna prAcAryoM dvArA pranthita hai| isase pUrva unakA sAhitya kisI kA uttara itanA sahaja nahIM hai| jaina mAgama vIra nirvANa ma vAra nivANa bhI rUpa meM rahA ho, yaha nahIM mAnA jaataa| jo vartamAna kI dazavIM zatAbdI (663) me lipibaddha kie gaye / isase jaina mAgama hai, ve bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA ke haiN| pUrva ve nahIM likhe gaye-yaha prasaMdigdha rUpa se nahIM kahA . uttaravartI prAcAryoM ne ina para vyAkhyAtmaka grantha likhe jA sktaa| isa eka sahasrAbdI meM smRtibhraza mAdi doSoM aura use subodha banAne kA prayAsa kiyA; parantu bhagavAn ke kAraNa aneka sthala pUrNa vismRta ho gae, aneka sthala mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA kA sAhitya arddha-vismRta hue aura aneka nae sthaloM kA yathA-sthAna upalabdha thA aura aneka pApityIya zramaNa usa sAhitya samAveza humA / svayaM pAgama isake sAkSI haiN| ke udgAtA the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM ve kAphI bauddha sAhitya bhI isakA apavAda nahIM rhaa| usameM saMkhyA meM the| pApityIya zramaNoMpAsakoM kA ullekha bhI nae-nae samAveza hue aura bauddhAcAryoM ne use sAhi prAgama sAhitya meM bhI pAyA hai| jaba pArzva kI paramparA tyika rUpa dekara jana yogya praNAlI meM prastuta kiyaa| isa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna ho gayI, taba usa kArya paddhati se aneka prAcIna sthala badala gae / nae sthaloM paramparA se caturdaza pUrva kA jJAna bhI usI meM antanihita ko yathA sthAna baiThAyA gyaa| ho gyaa| ataH jaina paramparA bhagavAn mahAvIra se prAcIna bhikSa prAnanda kauzalyAyana ne likhA hai-"prazna ho hai aura usakA sAhitya bhI purAnA hai| usa sAhitya ko sakatA hai ki tripiTaka to buddha ke 500 varSa bAda lipi- lipibaddha karane ke lie tIna pramukha vAcanAyeM huI aura baddha kiyA gyaa| itane samaya meM usame kucha milAvaTa kI antima vAcanA vIra (993) meM use vyavasthita rUpa diyA kAphI saMbhAvanA hai| ho sakatA hai lekina phira tripiTaka gyaa| isa vAcanA meM aneka prAcIna ghaTanAyeM saMgahIta para kisa dUsare sAhitya ko prAthamikatA deM? yadi yaha hii| isase una ghaTanAoM kI prAmANikatA bddh'ii| ataH mAma bhI liyA jAya ki buddha kI apanI zikSAoM ke sAtha jaina sAhitya ko kevala lipibaddhatA ke prAdhAra para prarvAkahIM-kahIM tripiTaka meM kucha aisI zikSAe~ bhI dRSTigocara cIna aura avizvasanIya mAnanA ucita nahIM lgtaa| hotI haiM jinakI saMgati buddha kI zikSAoM se prAsAnI se nahIM milAyI jA sakatI, to bhI hama buddha kI zikSAmoM ke jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya meM aneka samAna lie tripiTaka ko chor3akara aura kisI dUsare sAhitya kI kathAnaka mAte hai / kahIM-kahI ve eka se lagate haiM, kahIM-kahIM zaraNa leN|" unakI vyAkhyA-paddhati aura kathAvastu meM antara bhI lagatA DA0 bhAra0 sI0 majUmadAra ne mAmA-'yaha koI mahI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra me bhaneka kathAyeM aisI haiM jinakA mAnatA ki piTakoM meM kevala buddha ke hI vacana hai| yaha ullekha bauddha tathA vaidika sAhitya meM bhI humA hai / jaise3. bukha vacana (dvitIya saMskaraNa) bhUmikA pR0 2 . Ancient India, Page 182.

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zramaNa-saMskRti : itihAsa aura purAtattva ke saMdarbha meM aNuvrata-parAmarzaka muni zrI nagarAja jo mAryoM kA prAgamana : jIvana-vyavahAra gA pramukha aMga thii| meksamUlara tathA anya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI gaveSa- bhautika vikAsa kI dizA me bhI ve loga pragati ke NAoM ne yaha to sarva-sammata rUpa se pramANita kara diyA hai zikhara para the| unake AvAsa, unake grAma aura unake ki kisI yuga me uttarI kSetroM se vahata bar3I saMkhyA meM nagara bahuta vyavasthita the aura hAthI va ghor3oM kI savArI Arya loga bhAratavarSa meM paae| una logoM kI eka vyava. bhI ve karate the| unake pAsa gamanAgamana ke yAna bhI the, sthita sabhyatA thii| yahAM ke AdivAsI logoM ko unhone yahAM taka ki unameM bhakti aura punarjanma ke vicAroM kA sAmAjika, rAjanaitika Arthika Adi sabhI kSetroM meM bhI vikAsa thaa|' parAsta kiyA aura uttara se dakSiNa taka samagra deza meM trimala mati : apanI saMskRti kA prabhAva bddhaayaa| yaha vahI sabhyatA mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI khadAI se milane vAle hai, jise loga vaidika sabhyatA ke nAma se abhihita purAtattvAvazeSa uparokta dhArAoM ke AdhAra banate haiN| karate hai| ina avazeSoM meM eka yogAsana sthita trimukha yogI kI prAga-prArya sabhyatA: pratimA vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / usa mUrti ke sammukha hAthI, isa gaveSaNA ke sAtha aba taka yaha tathya bhI jaDA vyAghra, mahiSa aura mRga prAdi pazu sthita hai| isa mUrti hamA thA ki pAryoM ke Agamana se pUrva isa bhAratavarSa meM ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM dvArA nAnA kalpanAeM kI gaI hai| koI samunnata, sabhyatA yA saMskRti nahI thii| jaina aura bahutoM kA kathana hai--yaha pazupati ziva kI mUrti hai|' bauddha paramparAeM bhI isI saMskRti kI utkrAntiyA-mAtra yaha bhI socA gayA hai ki yogasUtra - 'ahiMsA pratiSThAyAM haiM / ina dinoM meM jisa prakAra itihAsa karavaTa le rahA hai, tat sannidho vairatyAga, ke sUcaka kisI pahace hae yogI kI usase yaha spaSTa hotA jA rahA hai ki pAryoM ke Agamana mUti hai| se pUrva yahAM eka samunnata saMskRti aura sabhyatA vidyamAna ziva yA zAnti jina ? thii| vaha saMskRti ahiMsA, satya aura tyAga para AdhArita trimukha mUrti ke avalokana se arhata-atizayoM se thii| yahAM taka ki usa saMskRti me pale-puse loga apane abhijJa vyakti ke mana meM yaha kalpanA bhI sahaja rUpa se sAmAjika, rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika hitoM ke saMrakSaNa ke hotI hai ki samavasaraNa-sthita caturmakha tIrthakara kA hI vaha lie bhI yuddha karanA pasanda nahIM karate the / ahiMsA unake koI zilpa-citraNa hai| usakI banAvaTa ke sAtha eka mukha 1. Ancient India (An Ancient History of By majumdar, Ray Chaudhary and K. C. India-PartI) Dutta P. 21) By Majumdar, Roy Chaudhary and K. C. Datta, P. 23. S. Mohan-jo-dro and the Indur civilization 2. The Religion of Ahinsa, By Prof. A. (1931) vol. 1, P.P. 32-3. Chakaravarti, M. A. P. 17. 6. mohan-jo dro and the Indus civilization 3. Mohan-Jo-dro and the Indus civilization (1931) Vol. 1, P.P. 52-3. (1931) Vol 1 P.P.93-5. 4. Ancient Indla (An Ancient History of 7. ADIDSa in indian culture, by Dr. Nathmal India Part 1) Tantia m.A., D. Litt.

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zramaNa-saMskRti : itihAsa aura purAtatva ke saMdarbha meM 25 kA adRzya honA svAbhAvika hai| yaha vizeSatA to kiyaa| isIlie unakI rAnI aura deza ke prathama cakravartI tIrthakaroM kI svaya-siddhi hai hI ki unake sAnnidhya meM kI mAtA vidyAdhara vaMza kI thii| isase yaha pramANita vyAghra, gaja, maga grAdi nitya virodhI pazu bhI maitrI pUrvaka hotA hai ki ikSvAka aura vidyAdhara prAg-pAya-kAla meM yahA~ baiThate hai| maga kI avasthiti TIka vaise hI hai, jaise rahate the aura unameM maMtrI-mambandha thA, jo ukta vivAhavartamAna yuga meM zAntinAtha prabhu kI mUrtiyoM meM hamA prasaga se jAnA jAtA hai| karatI hai| mRga solahaveM tIrtha vara kA lAchana bhI hai| eka aura prAgArya vaza para bhI hameM yahAM dhyAna denA yaha kalpanA isa lie kI jA sakatI hai ki haDappA aura caahie| harivaMza ke loga deza ke pazcima bhAga meM rahane mohanajodaDoM kI khadAiyoM meM kucha anya mUrtiyA tathA vAle the| zrIkRSNa aura bhagavAn ariSTanemi dono harimudrAeM upalabdha huI hai, jinase jaina tIrthakara aura jaina maskRti vaMza ke the / isa vaMza ke rAjA ahiMsA dharma ke rakSaka hone kA AbhAsa milatA hai, aisA vidvAno kA abhimata hai| ke rUpa me suvikhyAta hai| itihAsa ke isa siMhAvalokana trimukha mUrti ke viSaya me uparyukta kalpanA ekAeka sa yaha spaSTa hA jAtA hai ki prAyA ka a se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pAryoM ke Ane se pahale bhI bhale hI kucha dUra kI lage, para usa sambandha se ziva kI ahiMsA-dharma isa deza meM vyApaka thA aura vaha rAjakalpanA karane meM bhI vidvAna pUrA nirvAha nahIM kara pA rahe parivAroM ke dvArA samAdata thaa| sambhava to yaha bhI hai hai| unakA kahanA hai ki tIna netro ke sthAna para tIna ki vaha deza ke bahuta sAre bhAgoM meM rAjadharma bhI thaa| mukha ho sakate hai aura trizUla ke dyotaka, mUrti ke dikhalAye prAgArya vidyAdhara, jo ki prAgArya sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke do soga ho sakate hai| sacamaca hI yaha kalpanA bar3A hI mUla puruSa the, draviDa logo ke pUrvaja mAne jAte hai / yadi lacIlI aura khIcatAna kI mI hai| kucha bhI ho; trimukha purAtattva-gaveSaka vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA svIkAra ho mUrti se itanA to nirvivAda hai hI ki AryoM ke Agamana jAtI hai to isa nizcaya para pahuMca hI jAte haiM ki vaha se pUrva usa pradeza se dhyAna aura manitva kA astitva ahiMsA-dharma hI hai jo prAcIna draviDa saMskRti aura sabhyatA vartamAna thaa| kA AdhAra thaa| prAgArya vaMza: DA0 e0 sI0 saMna, ema0 e0, ela-ela0 bI, posuprasiddha vidvAna pro. e. cakravartI kA kahanA hai, 1. eca0 DI0 (haimburga) kA bhI abhimata hai"-buddha aura mahA'aisA kahA jAtA hai, bhagavAn Rpabha ikSvAkuvaMdA ke the| vIra ke vicAra vaidika saMskRti se svatantra rUpa meM vikasita anya adhikAza tIrthaGkara bhI isI vaza ke the| bhagavAna zrI hue hai aura yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki iname se bahuta sAre ra mahAvIra ke samakAlIna zAkya mani gautama badadha bhI isI vicAroM kA prArambha prAcIna prAgArya aura prAga vaidika yuga ikSvAkuvaMza ke the| avatAra pUruSa mAne jAne vAle rAma meM ho cukA thaa| bhI ikSvAkuvaMza ke the| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai navAgata saMskRti aura zrIkRSNa : ki prAcIna bhArata me ikSvAkuvaMza kA eka sammAnita sthAna itihAsa aura anusandhAna ke kSetra meM yaha to nirvivAda thaa| bahuta sambhava hai, ikSvAku loga prAgArya the; kyoki nizcita hai hI ki Arya-saMskRti lokapaSaNA-pradhAna thii| vaidika saMhitAgrI meM unheM usa deza ke prAcIna logoM meM prAtmA, punarjanma, mokSa, ahiMsA, satya tathA tyAga jaisI se mAnA hai| yadyapi bhagavAn Rpabha ikSvAkuvaMza ke the mAnyatAeM uname nahIM thii| vibhinna devoM kI himA-pradhAna tathApi eka vidyAdhara rAja-kanyA meM bhI unhone vivAha yajJoM se upAmanA karanA aura apanA bhautikI iSTa mAMganA 8. Kamta Prasad Jain in his paper in the 9. Ancient India (An Advanced History of Voice of Ahinsa-Tirthankar Rishbhadeva India Part 1 )By Majumdar Ray, Chaudhary Number, Vol. VII N. 3-4 march-April and K.C. Dutta, P. 20. 10. The Religion of Ahinsa, p.p.37-31. 1957, P.P. 152-6. 11. Elements of Jainism, p.2.

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(28, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta bhArata kA hI svarNayuga nahIM thA pratyuta jisa kAla meM mahA- rahA para usakA nivAsa jhoMpar3I thaa| samartha rAmadAsa, vIra aura baddha bhArata kA netRtva kara rahe the, vizva kA zivAjI aura hindU rASTra ke patha pradarzaka the para svayaM eka netatva bhI kahI IsA to kahIM mohammada sAhaba sambhAle laMgoTI me santuSTa the| Rpi aura mani kUTiyo meM rahate hue the| yaha saba ho rahA thA sApekSatA ke prAdhAra pr| the, samrAToM ke rAjya maMcAlana ke kendra-bindu the| vartamAna mahAbIra mAja bhI vidyamAna hai, isalie ki jaina bhArata ke svAtantrya yajJa ke adhiSThAtA mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI vidyamAna hai| aura aba jaina hai to ve binA netA ke nahI saMta hI the| kyA ve vaibhava kA jIvana bitAne meM asamartha ho sakate / saMsAra kahIM bhI binA netatva ke kabhI khaDA the? nahI, kintu yaha samarthatA dhAraNa karanA unakI prAtmanahIM hmaa| netRtva ne jaba cAhA bhayAnaka nara saMhAra kI svIkRti ke bAhara thaa| netRtva sadaiva udAra, nispRha, ghoSaNA kara dI, visaMgatiyoM ko panapane kI chaTa de dii| nisvArtha evaM aparigrahI hotA hai; tabhI netRtva saphala hotA netatva ne cAhA to prAnanda kI varSA hone lasI, svarNa aura hai| mahAvIra aise hI netA the| saba ko saba kucha diyA ratna barasane lge| niSkAma hokara / unhone jana-jana ko samRddha kiyA jar3atA hamArA deza svatantra ho cukA hai| mahAvIra kA jana- rahita viveka se sama-prabhyudaya ke lie, sama-vikAsa ke rAhata vivaka sa sama-prabhyudaya ke lie, tantra, prajAtantra ke rUpa meM punaH sthApita humA hai, to dIrgha- li kAlIna tamitrApUrNa rAtri kA yaha antima prahara hai| prajAtantra kA artha bhI yahI hai| prajA kA tantra kevala prabhyudaya nikaTa hai| prAcI se prakAza kI bhora kadama rakhatA' samAnatA hai| eka ora pUjI aura dUsarI ora daridratA, azumAli punaH prakaTa ho rahA hai| hame jIvana kI ora yaha prajAtantra kI ghoSaNA ke viparIta hai| isalie janaagrasara honA hai| hameM sahI patha pradarzana cAhie / mahAvIra tantra meM janme mahAvIra sasatva kI ghoSaNA karate hai se anuprANita hI sahI netRtva de sakatA hai gantavya kI prajA ke yathArtha tantra kI vyavasthA ke lie / prajAtantra kA prApti ke lie| to hameM netA kI ora daSTipAta karanA artha hai jAtIyatA kA bhAva / mahAvIra ne jAtIyatA ko hogaa| mahAvIra para eka dRSTi DAleM to ve magna dikhAI majAtIyatA meM badala diyaa| prajAtantra kA artha hai ekatA / dete haiN| yaha nagnatA svaya kI mora jitanI arthapUrNa hai. mahAvIra ne anekAnta se ekatA kI sthApanA kii| bhinnautanI hI samaSTi kI bhora bhii| mahAvIra prastuta hai saba bhinna dRpTiyA~ bheda kA kAraNa banatI hai, mahAvIra ne isa tyAga kara paramArtha kI mora / para hogA to ghara ke praagrh| vijJAna ko lAna lene kI bAta kahI jise jAna lene ke uparAnta bheda kI dIvAre gira jAtI hai, ekatA kA gharAtala hoMge, vastra hoMge to zarIra ke bhAgraha hoNge| unakI, samagra nirmita ho jAtA hai / prajAtantra kA artha hai pUrNa vikAsa / ko kalyANa bhAvanA bhaTaka na jAye, mahAvIra pUrNa praparigrahI ho jAte haiN| jese hI janakA vyaktigata ghara chUTatA hai isake lie mahAvIra ne samyakatva pratipAdita kiyA, jaha' to ve barAbara ke nikaTa ho jAte haiN| eka aura dRSTi kevala samAnatA hogI, kalaha nahIM hogA, ghRNA nahIM hogI aura taba hogI kevala samRddhi, jo Aja khIcAtAnI me TUTa mahAvIra ko socane kii| mahAvIra ko dIna, dukhI aura rahI hai| prajAtantra kA artha hai caritra kI ujjvltaa| daridra ke bhI nikaTa jAnA thA to ve vaibhava ko tyAga kara mahAvIra ne samyak cAritra kI ghoSaNA kI, brahmacarya ko hI sAmIpya prApta kara sakate the| ve unake kaSToM ko pratiSThita kiyaa| yaha prAvaraNa jIvana ke proja, puruSArtha jIvana meM anubhava karake jAnanA cAhate the aura unhoMne kA prAcaraNa hogaa| yahAM jamAkhorI nahI hogI, bhraSTAcAra jAnA, aura unase tAdAtmya sthApita kiyaa| nahI hogA, taskarI nahI hogI, vyabhicAra nahIM hogA, jinhoMne bhI sahI netRtva kiyA hai, isI sthiti meM samAja 'uNDa nahIM hogA, vidyArthI samAcaraNa ke hoge, Thahare hai| netA mAdeza nahIM detA, mAdarza upasthita karatA raMjana vijJa eva prAdarza hoge, vyApArI arthAcArI nahI hai / prAdezoM kI avajJA hotI hai, prAdarzoM kA pramukaraNa' hogA, adhikArI svecchAcArI nahI hoge, karmacArI aura sammAna | cANakya pUre gupta sAmrAjya kA saMcAlaka mamAcArI nahIM hoge| yaha hai netRtva kI bhaadrshvaaditaa|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA krAMti-tattva aura vartamAna sandarbha D DA0 narendra bhAnAvata eka visakI pUti aura mAnA pATane ke krAnti puruSa hai jo sUkSma draSTA ho, jisakI vRtti nirmala, svArtharahita vardhamAna mahAvIra krAtikArI vyaktitva lekara prakaTa aura sampUrNa mAnavatA ke hito kI savAhikA ho| mahAvIra hue / uname svastha samAja nirmANa aura prAdarza ne bhautika aizvarya kI caramasImA kA sparza kiyA thA, para vyakti-nirmANa kI taDapa thii| yadyapi svaya usake lie eka vicitra prakAra kI riktatA kA anubhava ve barAbara samasta aizvarya aura vaijJAnika upAdAna prastuta the, tathApi karate rahe, jisakI pUrti kisI bAhya sAdhanA se sambhava na unakA mana uname nahI lgaa| ve jisa bindu para vyakti bhii| vaha prAntarika cetanA aura mAnasika taTasthatA se hI aura samAja ko le jAnA cAhate the, usake anukUla pari- pATI jA sakatI thii| isI riktatA ko pATane ke lie sthitiyAM usa samaya na thii| dhArmika jar3atA pIra andhazraddhA unhone ghara-bAra chor3a diyA, rAja-vaibhava ko lAta mAra dI ne sabako puruSArtha rahita banA rakhA thA, Arthika viSamatA aura bana gaye aTala vairAgI, mahAn tyAgI, ekadama apariapane pUre ubhAra para thii| jAti-bheda aura sAmAjika grahI, nispRha / vaipanya samAja-deha me ghAva bana cuke the| gatAnugatikatA / unake jIvana-darzana kI yahI pRSThabhUmi unhe krAMti kI kA chora pakar3a kara hI sabhI cale jA rahe the| isa viSama paura le gii| unhone jIvana ke vibhinna paripAzvoM ko aura cetanArahita pariveza me mahAvIra ne dAyitva ko jaDa, gatihIna aura niSkriya dekhA / ve sabame cetanatA, gtimmjhaa| dUsaro ke prati sahAnubhUti aura sadAzayatA ke zIlatA aura puruSArtha bhAvanA bharanA cAhate the| dhArmika, bhAva uname ge zrI. eka krAntadarzI vyaktitva ke rUpa sAmAjika, Arthika aura bauddhika kSetra meM unhoMne jo meM ve sAmane pAye, jisane sabako jAgata kara diyA, apane krAnti kI, usakA yahI darzana thaa| apane kartavyoM kA bhAna karA diyA aura vyakti tathA samAja kAmika krAMti ko bhUlabhulayA se bAhara nikAla kara sahI dizA-nirdeza hI nahI kiyA, varana usakA mArga bhI prazasta kara diyaa| ___ mahAvIra ne dekhA ki dharma ko loga upAsanA kI krAnti kI pRSThabhUmi nahIM, pradarzana kI vastu samajhane lage hai| usake lie mana pariveza ke vibhinna mUtro ko vahI vyakti pakaDa makanA ke vikAroM aura vibhAgo kA tyAga aAvazyaka nahIM rahA, prAvazyaka sA yajJa me bhautika mAmagrI kI pAhuti denA, (pRSTha 28 kA zeSAsa) yahA~ taka ki pazuo kA balidAna krnaa| dharma apane isalie lokanAyaka mahAvIra ke nAyakatva kI ghoSaNA dharmAnuprANita rAjanIti hai, prajAtantra kI jIvana rakSA ke svabhAva ko bhUla kara ekadama kriyAkADa bana gayA thaa| usakA sAmAnyIkRta rUpa vikRta hokara vizeSAdhikAra ke lie, prajAtantra ke samunnata vikAsa ke lie mahAvIra __ kaTaghare me banda ho gayA thaa| Izvara kI upAsanA sabhI 2500 varSa pUrva janatantra ke nAyaka the / prAja unakA darzana makta hRdaya se nahI kara sakate the| uma para eka varga kA hI prajAtantra kA nAyakatva kregaa| antara nirmana hai, kevala ekAdhipatya-sA ho gayA thaa| unakI dRSTi sUkSma se sthala mala ko haTAnA hai| 00 paura antara se bAhya ho gaI thii| isa sthiti ko cunautI sivila vArDa na. 1 seTha bhojarAja kA bADA diye binA Age baDhanA duSkara thaa| ata. bhagavAna mahAvIra sinemA roDa-damoha (ma0pra0) ne pracalita dharma aura upAsanA paddhati kA tIvra zabdoM meM

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20, varSa 28, ki01 bhanekAmsa khaMDana kiyA aura batAyA ki Izvaratva ko prApta karane ke tAraNA kabhI karma ke AdhAra para sAmAjika sudhAra ke sAdhanoM para kisI varga vizeSa yA vyakti vizeSa kA adhi- lie zrama-vibhAjana ko dhyAna meM rakha kara kI gaI thI, vaha kAra nahIM hai / vaha to svayaM me svatantra, mukta, nirlepa aura Ate-Ate rUr3higrasta hI raha gaI aura usakA prAdhAra aba nivikAra hai| use hara vyakti, cAhe vaha kisI jAti, janma hI raha gyaa| janma se vyakti brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya varga, dharma yA liMga kA ho- mana kI zuddhatA aura prAcaraNa aura zUdra kahalAne lgaa| phala yaha huA ki zUdroM kI kI pavitratA ke bala para prApta kara sakatA hai / isake lie sthiti atyanta dayanIya ho gii| nArI jAti kI bhI yahI Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane kaSAyoM-krodha, mAna lobha sthiti thii| zadroM kI aura nArI jAti kI isa dayanIya kA tyAga kara de| avastrA ke rahate hue dhArmika kSetra meM pravartita krAMti kA dharma ke kSetra me usa samaya ucchaGkhalatA phaila gaI thii| koI mahatva nahIM thaa| ataH mahAvIra ne bar3I dRr3hatA aura hara pramukha sAdhaka apane ko tIrthakara mAna kara cala rahA nizcitatA ke sAtha zUdro aura nArI jAti ko apane dharma hai thaa| upAsaka kI svataMtra cetanA kA koI mahatva nahI raha me dIkSita kiyA aura yaha ghoSaNA kI ki janma se koI gayA thaa| mahAvIra ne Izvara ko itanA vyApaka banA brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdrAdi nahIM hotA, karma se hI saba diyA ki koI bhI Atma sAdhaka Izvara ko prApta hI nahI hotA hai| harikezI cANDAla ke lie, saddAla putra kumbhakAra kare, varan svayaM hI Izvara bana jAya / isa bhAvanA ne prasa ke lie, candanabAlA (strI) ke lie unhoMne adhyAtmahAya, niSkriya janatA ke hRdaya meM zakti, Atma-vizvAsa sAdhanA kA rAstA khola diyaa| aura Atmabala kA teja bhraa| vaha sAre prAvaraNoM ko bheda prAdarza samAja kaisA ho? isa para bhI mahAvIra kI kara, ekabAragI uTha khar3I huii| aba use Izvara-prApti ke dRSTi rhii| isIlie unhoMne vyakti ke jIvana me vratalie paramukhApekSI bana kara nahI rahanA pdd'aa| use lagA sAdhanA kI bhUmikA prastuta kI / zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM meM ki sAdhaka bhI vahI hai aura sAdhya bhI vahI hai| jyoM-jyo samAjavAdI samAja racanA ke anivArya tatva kisI na kisI sAdhaka tapa, sayama aura ahiMsA ko AtmasAt karatA rUpa meM samAviSTa hai / niraparAdha ko daNDa na denA, asatya jAyagA, tyoM-tyoM yaha sAdhya ke rUpa meM parivartita hotA na bolamA, corI na karanA, na cora ko kisI prakAra kI jaaygaa| isa prakAra dharma ke kSetra se dalAloM aura madhyastho sahAyatA denA, svadAra-satoSa ke prakAza me kAma bhAvanA ko bAhara nikAla kara, mahAvIra ne sahI upAsanA paddhati para niyantraNa rakhanA, prAvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha na kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| karanA, vyaya pravRtti ke kSetra kI maryAdA karanA, jIvana me sAmAjika krAMti samatA, saMyama, tapa aura tyAga vRtti ko vikasita karanAmahAvIra yaha acchI taraha jAnate the ki dhArmika krAMti isa vrata-sAdhanA kA mUla bhAva hai| kahanA na hogA ki isa ke phalasvarUpa jo nayI jIvana-dRSTi milegii| usakA kriyA- sAdhanA ko apane jIvana meM utArane vAle vyakti jisa nvayana karane ke lie samAja ke pracalita rUDha mUlyoM ko samAja ke aMga hoge, vaha samAja kitanA prAdarza, pragatizIla bhI badalanA pdd'egaa| isI sandarma me mahAvIra ne sAmAjika paura caritraniSTha hogaa| zakti aura zIla kA, pravatti krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| mahAvIra ve dekhA ki samAja meM aura nivRtti kA vaha sundara sAmaJjasya hI samAjavAdI do varga hai / eka kulIna varga jo ki zoSaka hai. dUsarA nimna samAja-racanA kA mUlAdhAra honA caahie| mahAvIra kI varga jisakA ki zoSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| ise rokanA yaha sAmAjika krAnti hiMsaka na hokara ahiMsaka hai, sNghrsshogaa| isake lie unhoMne aparigraha darzana kI vicAra- mUlaka na hokara samanvaya-mUlaka hai| dhArA rakhI, jisakI bhitti para Age cala kara Arthika mArthika krAnti / krAnti hii| usa samaya samAja meM varNa-bheda apane ubhAra mahAvIra svayaM rAjaputra the / dhana-sampadA aura bhautika para thaa| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kI jo bhava- vaibhava kI raMgIniyoM se unakA pratyakSa sambandha thA, isI.

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kAnti-tasvIra vartamAna saMdarbha lie ve prartha kI upayogitA ko aura usakI mahattA ko ne syAdavAda yA bhanekAnta darzana khaa| mAinsTIna kA ThIka-ThIka samajha sake the| unakA nizcita mata thA ki sApekSavAda isI bhUmikA para khar3A hai| isa bhUmikA para sacce jIvanAnanda ke lie AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha hI Age cala kara saguNa-nirguNa ke vAda-vivAda ko, jJAna ucita nhii| aAvazyakatA se adhika sagraha karane para do aura bhakti ke jhagaDe ko sulajhAyA gyaa| prAcAra meM samasyAyeM uTha khaDI hotI hai| pahalI samasyA kA sambandha ahiMsA kI aura vicAra meM anekAnta kI pratiSThA kara vyakti me hai, dUsarI kA samAja se / anAvazyaka saMgraha karane mahAvIra ne apanI krAntimUlaka dRSTi kI vyApakatA dii| se vyakti lobha-vRtti kI ora agrasara hotA hai aura samAja kA zeSa aMga usa vastu vizeSa se vaMcita rahatA hai| phala ahiMsaka dRSTi svarUpa samAja me do varga ho jAte haiM-eka sampanna, ina vibhinna krAntiyoM ke mUla meM mahAvIra kA vIra dUsarA vipanna aura donoM meM saMgharSa prArambha hotA hai| kArla vyaktitva hI sarvatra jhAMkatA hai| ve vIra hI nahIM. mahAvIra mAsa ne ise varga-saMgharSa kI saMjJA dI hai aura isakA hala the| inakI mahAvIratA kA svarUpa prAtmagata adhika thaa| hiMsaka krAti meM DhaDhA hai| para mahAvIra ne isa prAthika usameM duSToM se pratikAra yA pratizodha lene kI bhAvanA vaiSamya ko miTAne ke lie aparigraha kI vicAradhArA rakhI nahIM. varan dUSTa ke hRdaya ko parivartita kara usameM maanhai| isakA sIdhA artha hai --mamatva ko kama karanA, anA vIya sadguNoM dayA, prema karuNA adi ko prasthApita karane bazyaka saMgraha na krnaa| apanI jitanI prAvazyakatA ho, kI spRhA adhika hai| caNDakauzika ke viSa ko amRta banA use pUrA karane kI dRSTi se pravRtti ko maryAdita aura dene meM yahI mUla pravRtti rahI hai| mahAvIra ne aisA nahIM prAtmA ko pariSkRta karanA jarUrI hai| zrAvaka ke bAraha kiyA ki caNDakauzika ko hI naSTa kara diyA ho| unakI vratoM meM ina sabakI bhUmikAyeM nihita haiN| mArksa kI vIratA meM zatru kA damana nahI, zatru ke durbhAvoM kA damana Arthika krAti kA mUla AdhAra bhautika hai, usame cetanA hai / ve burAI kA badalA burAI se nahIM, balki bhalAI se ko nakArA gayA hai jabaki mahAvIra kI yaha pArthika krAMti dekara bure vyakti ko bhalA manuSya banA denA cAhate hai| cetanAmUlaka hai| isakA kendra-bindu koI jar3a padArtha nahIM, yahI ahiMsaka dRSTi mahAvIra kI krAnti kI pRSTha-bhUmi varan vyakti svayaM hai| rahI hai| bauddhika krAnti vartamAna saMdarbha aura mahAvIra mahAvIra ne yaha acchI taraha jAna liyA thA ki bhamaivAna mahAvIra ko hue Aja 2500 varSa ho gaye jIvana tatva apane meM pUrNa hote hue bhI vaha kaI prazoM kI haiM para abhI bhI hama una mUlyo ko prAtmasAt nahI kara prakhaNDa samaSTi hai| isIlie aMzoM ko samajhane ke lie pAye haiM jinakI pratiSThApanA unhoMne apane samaya meM kI aMza kA samajhanA bhI jarUrI hai| yadi hama graMza ko nakArate thii| saca to yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke tatva-cintana kA rahe, usakI upekSA karate rahe to hama aMzoM ko usake mahatva unake apane samaya kI apekSA prAja vartamAna saMdarbha sarvAGga sampUrNa rUpa meM nahIM samajha skeNge| sAmAnyata: meM kahIM adhika sArthaka aura prAsaMgika lagane lagA hai| samAja meM jo jhagar3A yA vAda vivAda hotA hai, vaha durAgraha vajJAnika cintana ne yadyapi dharma ke nAma para hone vAle haThavAditA aura eka pakSa para khar3e rahane ke hI kAraNa bAhya kriyAkANDoM, atyAcAroM aura unmAdakArI pravRttiyoM hotA hai| yadi usake samasta pahalamoM ko acchI taraha dekha ke viruddha janamAnasa ko saMgharSazIla banA diyA hai. umakI liyA jAya to kahIM na kahIM satyAMza nikala paayegaa| indriyoM ke viSaya-sevana ke kSetra kA vistAra kara eka hI vastu ko vicAra vA eka tarapha se hI na dekha kara diyA hai, audyogIkaraNa ke mAdhyama se utpAdana kI use cAroM ora se dekha liyA jAya, phira kisI ko eta- prakriyA ko teja kara diyA hai, rASTroM kI dUrI paraspara kama rAja na rhegaa| isa bauddhika dRSTikoNa ko hI mahAvIra kara dI hai, tathApi prAja kA mAnava sukhI aura zAMta nahIM

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32, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta hai| usakI dUriyAM bar3ha gaI hai| jAtivAda, raMgabheda, ke anupAlana kI svatantratA hai| ye paristhitiyAM mAnava bhukhamarI. guTaparastI jaise sUkSma jahArI kITANo se vaha itihAsa meM isa rUpa meM itanI sArvajanika bana kara pahale grasta hai / vaha apane paricito ke bIca raha kara bhI apari- kabhI nahI paaii| prakArAntara se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA cita hai, ajanavI hai. parAyA hai| mAnamika kuNThAnoM, aparigraha va anekAnta siddhAnta hI isa cintana ke mUla meM vaiyaktika pIr3Amo aura yuga kI kaDavAhaTa se vaha trasta hai. preraka rahA hai| santAna hai| isakA mUla kAraNa hai-yAtmagata mulyo ke vartamAna paristhitiyoM ne prAdhyAtmikatA ke vikAsa prati unakI niSThA kA prabhAva / isa prabhAva ko vaijJAnika ke lie acchA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kara diyA hai| Aja pragati praaura grA.yAgika sphuraNA ke sAmaMjasya se hI dUra aAvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tatvakiyA jA sakatA hai| cintana kA upayoga samasAmayika jIvana kI samasyAgro ke _AdhyAtmika sphuraNa kI pahalI zarta hai-vyakti ke samAdhAna ke lie bhI prabhAvakArI tarIke se kiyA jAya / svatantracetA astitva kI mAnyatA jisa para bhagavAna mahA- vartamAna paristhitiyA itanI jaTila evaM bhayAvaha bana gayI vIra ne sarvAdhika bala diyA aura Aja kI vicAradhArA bhI hai ki vyakti apane grAvegoM ko roka nahI pAtA aura yaha vyakti meM vAdita mulyo kI pratiSThA ke lie anukUla pari- vivekahIna hokara AtmaghAta kara baiThatA hai / prAtmahatyAgro sthiti ke nirmANa para vizeSa bala detI hai| aAja sarakArI ke ye prAkaDe dila dahalAne vAle hai| aimI paristhitiyoM aura gaira-sarakArI stara para mAnava-kalyANa ke lie nAnA- se bacAva tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki vyakti kA dRSTikoNa vidha saMsthAe aura ejenmiyA kAryarata hai| gaharI sampatti prAtmonmakhI bne| isake lie pAvazyaka hai ki vaha jaDa kI sImAbandI, bhUmi kI sIliga aura aAyakara-paddhati tatva meM pare cetana tatva kI sattA meM vizvAsa kara yaha prAdi kucha aise kadama lo Arthika viSamatA ko kama cintana kare ki mai kona ha. kahA se prAyA hai. kisase karane meM sahAyaka siddha ho sakate hai| dharma nirapekSatA kA sakata ha / dhama nirapekSatA kA bagahUM mujhe kahA jAnA hai? yaha citana-krama usameM siddhAnta bhI mulata isa bAta para bala detA hai ki apanI- prAtma-vizvAsa, sthiratA, dharya. ekAgratA jaise sadbhAvoM apanI bhAvanA ke anukUla pratyeka vyakti ko kisI bhI dharma kA vikAma kregaa| jaina sAhitya meM padgala sRSTi jina mUla 6 dravyoM se racI huI hai, pudgala unameM se eka hai| sparza, rasa, gandha, varNa, ye cAra pudgala ke guNa haiM / pudgala ko galana milana kI prakriyA meM dvitIyaka guNa utpanna hote hai, jisameM bhArahInatA eka hai / snigdha sparza guNa ko pratyadhika vRddhi se pudgala bhArI ho jAtA hai tathA rukSa sparza gaNa kI atyadhika vRddhi se halkA ho jAtA hai| vijJAna kI bhASA meM snigdha vidyata RNAtmakatA kA kama honA aura rukSatA vidyuta RNAtmakatA kA bar3hanA hai| paramANoM kA bandha vizeSa niyamoM se hotA hai| jaina vicAra ke anusAra snigdha tathA rukSa apane hI sadRzya guNa vAle paramANapoM se jaba bandha karatA hai| to paraspara meM do athavA do se adhika prazoM kA aMtara honA caahie| prAdhanika vijJAna kI dRSTi meM ye paramANu ko nAbhi adhika sthAI hote haiM tathA bahutAyata meM aise tattva pAye jAte haiM jinameM proTIna kI saMkhyA meM vo kA bhAga jA ske| skandha do prakAra ke haiM sthUla, sUkSma / sUkSma skandha bhI do prakAra ke haiM -praSTa sparzI tathA ctusprshii| catusparzI pudgaloM kA vyavahAra atyanta nirAlA hai| ye bhArahIna hote haiN| vijJAna kI vRSTi meM bhArahIna kI kalpanA kaThina hai kintu kyoMki bhautika kaNa ve hI mAne jAte hai| jinameM 'prApara mAsa' tathA gati ho| jaina vicAra ke anusAra bhautika kaNa bhAra tabhI grahaNa karate haiM jaba unameM vidyata RNAtmakatA ko gaharI kamI hotI hai| padArtha sambandhI jJAna jo jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hai vaha mAdhunika vijJAna ke lie bahuta upayogI ho sakatA hai|

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mahArAja azoka aura jainadharma / zrI digambara dAsa jaina, eDavokeTa, sahAranapura bauddha granthoM ke AdhAra para hai ki ve bauddha grantho kA aitihAsika rUpa asvIkAra karate ____ maurya samrATa azoka (232-271 I0 pU0) ko kucha hai| pro0 DeviDa bhI bauddha grantho ke aitihAsika praura vidvAna bauddha grantho ke AdhAra para bauddha dharmI samajhate hai, dhArmika kathana ko mahatva mahI dete| DA0 karna bauddha parantu prasiddha bauddha itihAsakAra DA0 vinsenTa smitha bauddha grantho se tatva kI bAta nikAla kara asurakSita svIkAra prantho ko zekhacillI kI kahAniyo se adhika mahatva nahIM karate hai aura kahate hai ki azoka kI rAjanIti bauddha tatya dete aura kahate hai ki unakA koI aitihAsika mahatva nahIM prakaTa nahIM krtii| mi0 hairAma kA kathana hai ki bauddha hai| pro0bhaNDArakara bauddha kathAgrI ko saccAI ke viruddha aura sAhitya ne bahana se vidvAnoM ko dhokhe meM rakhA aura bauddha viparIta kathana pAte hai aura unakA aitihAsika satya svIkAra grantho kA yaha kahanA ki mahArAja azoka ma. baddha kA nahIM krte| pro0 prAra0 ke0 makarjI bauddha granthoM ke eka ziSya thA, bilkula vizvAsa yogya nahIM' / svaya bauddha grantha varNana ko dUsare se aneka sthAno para itanA viparIta pAte (samAnatA prasAdikA] (14445) se spaSTa varNana hai ki 1. Dr. Vincent Smith admits that Buddhist Chronicles are full of 'Silli fictions" and hence are of no historical value. They should be treated simply edifying romances. -Smith, Ashoka, pp. 19-23. 2. Prof. DR. Bhandarkar supports him that the Buddhist traditions contain such down-right absurdities and inconsistencies and disclose so much of dogmatical and sectarian tendency that very little that is contained in these traditions, may be accepted as historical truth. - Bhandarkar, Ashoka p 96. 3. In the words of Prof RK. Mookerjee, "These (Buddhist's) legends are themselves at conflict with one another in many places and thus betray themselves all the more. -Mookerjee, Ashoka, p. 2 4. Prof. T.W. Rhys David remarks, 'The pictursque accounts, written by well meaning members of the Buddhist order, who were thinking the while not historical criticism, but of religious edification, seems of poor accounts." -The Buddhist India, p. 274. 5. Dr. Kern says, "It is unsafe to draw inference from such narrations''. ---Manual of India, Buddhism, p 115. 6. Nothing of the Buddhist spirit can be discovered in his (Ashoka'a ) State Policy. - Prof. Kern, Journal ot Royal Asiatic Society, 1887, P. 187. 7. Rev. Fr. H. Heras, S.J. declares, The Buddhist Chronicles of 4th, 5th & 6th centuries have deceived many a scholar. To count so greal monarch as Ashoka among the disciple of Gautama was unquestionably a distioct advantage to the declining Buddhist monarchism. Hence their statement is not reliable at all. Quarterly Journal of Mythic Society Vol XVII p. 225.

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35, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta prazoka 'Heretics' siddhAMta kA anugAmI thA, Heretics itihAsa saMgraha ke anusAra) bauddhoM me nahI balki jana dhama (rAyala eziyATika sosATI, bombe brAnca ke jaranala, bhAga meM prayukta hotA hai| zilAlekha na0 13 meM zabda 'pAkhaNDa' 4, janavarI 1855, pR. 401 ke anusAra) adhikatara jaina ka lie pro0 eca0 eca0 vilasana joradAra zabdo meM carmI ko kahate hai| kahA~ taka likheM phlITa", vilasana", (rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI ke jaranala bhAga 12 pR. thomasa, mekaphaila", monAhana" Adi aneka pracaNDa aiti- 236 me) kahate hai ki yaha zabda kadAcita bauddha dharma kA hAmika vidvAno kA abhimata hai ki azoka bauddha dharmI nahIM thaa| nahI hai| pro0 halTaza ne isakAzana kAraporama IDive sma zilAlekhoM ke prAdhAra para pustaka prathama me dhAraNA prakaTa kI, 'azoka ke stambha lekha kucha vidvAna zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para azoka ko na0 3 me jI malina vikRti ke svarUpa aura manovikAra vauddha dharmI mAna baiThate hai parantu ye zilAlekha tathA stambha tathA prAsiva kI jo TippaNI dI hai usakA aura bauddha dharma lekha azoka ne jisa krama se likhavAye hai aura jisa prakAra meM vaNita 'pAsiva' evaM 'kaleza' kA koI mela nahI baitthtaa|' inakA prArabha kiyA gayA, inDiyana ainTIkvarI, 1914 ke kucha vidvAno kA kahanA hai ki jaba azoka jaina thA to tInoM bhAgoM ke anusAra unakA limvavAne vAlA bauddhadharmI usane apane abhilekho me devAnA-priya kA ullekha kyo nahIM, balki jaina dharmI hI honA cAhie / prasiddha itihAsa kiyA? yaha zabda to bauddha sAhitya kI dena hai| aise vidvAnoM kAra jJAna sundara ne bhI apane 'prAcIna jaina itihAsa saMgraha' ne jaina sAhitya kA bhalI prakAra adhyayana nahIM kiyaa| bhAga 2 (phalaudI) pR0 24 meM batAyA ki azoka ke jaina sAhitya me devAnAM-priya kA prayoga sAdhAraNa janatA se zilAlekhoM kI lipi tathA zabdoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki ina lekara rAjAoM-mahArAjAno taka ne kiyA hai| bha0 mahAvIra zilAlekhoM ko likhavAne vAlA bauddha dharmI nahIM, balki kaTTara ke pitA mahArAjA siddhArtha ne kalpasUtra pR0 135-136 ke jaina dharmI honA cAhie / 22veM tIrthaDrara zrI neminAtha kI __anusAra apanI rAnI trizalA devI ko devAnA-priya kahakara 43 nirvANa-bhUmi girinAra jI ke zilAlekha na03 meM zabda sambodhita kiyA / vIra nirvANa saM0 1206 me racita padma 'svAmivAtsalyatA' kA (prAcIna jaina itihAsa sahabhAga purANa meM prAcArya raviSeNa ne gautama gaNadhara dvArA rAjA 5 pR0 71 ke anusAra) bauddha dharma me kadAcita prayoga zreNika ko (devAnA-priya) Adara sUcaka zabda se sambodhita nahIM hotA, balki jaina dharma me prayoga hotA hai| kiyA, isa prakAra ati prAcIna kAla se vikramI pAThavI inDiyana enTikvarI bhAga 37 pR. 24 meM bhI zatAbdI saka jaina sAhitya meM isa zabda kA prayoga milatA girinAra parvata ke azoka stambha lekha na. 3 kA kartA hai| isako kevala bauddha dharma kI dena kahanA bhrama hai| azoka jana dharmI hai, yaha anumAna milatA hai| zilAlekha kA apane lekhoM meM isa zabda kA prayoga jaina sAhitya ke na06 meM 'maMgala' zabda kA upayoga (prAcIna jaina anukUla hai, pratikUla nahI hai / 8. Even Buddhist literature -Samanta Pasa- dika (1044-4 ) said clearly that Ashoka fllowed the doctrine of the heretics. -Buddhist Studies pp. 49-492. 9. The hcretics (Tithyas) are mostly jains. - Journal Bombay Branch of Royal Asia- tic Society vol. IV, January 1855, p401 It is not a new idea that the religion of Astoka was not Buddhistic 10. Fleet - Journal, Royal Asiatic Society Pp. 491-492. 11. Wilson-Journal, Royal Asiatic Society 1908 p. 238. 12. Thomas-Journal, Royal Asiatic Society IX p. 181 13. Macphail - Ashoka, p. 48 14. Monohan-Early History of Bengal P 21 15. Others-Journal of Mythic Society XVII pp. 271-273 & Hindi Vishwa Kosh vol. VII 4

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mahArAja prazoka mora jainadharma prAcIna jaina itihAsa saMgraha bhAga 5 pR0 40 ke anu- tathA bhAvoM ko tarka rUpI kasauTI para ghisakara jAMca sAra azoka ke stambha lekho me pazu-vadha aura jala-prANiyoM karane se usakA likhavAne vAlA jainadharmI spaSTa siddha ho kA zikAra mAdi aneka prakAra kI hisA para aSTamI, catu- jAtA hai| (vistAra ke liye, prAcIna jaina itihAsa saMgraha dazI, paryupaNa (dazalakSaNa parva) tIno Rtumo ke (kArtika, bhAga 5 pR0 34 se 40 tathA bhAratIya itihAsa : eka phAlgana, pASAr3hake antima pATha-pATha dina) paThAI-parva mAdi dRSTi) mi0 esa0 baila bhI ezipATika sosAyaTI ke jina 56 dino me pAbandI lagAI hai, ye saba dina jaina dharma jaranala bhAga 6 pRSTa 166 para likhate hai ki azoka ke pavitra parva hai| inakI jaisI mAnyatA jainadharma meM hai, bauddha stambha lekhoM se usakA prama na kevala pazu pakSiyoM se balki dharma me nhii| aneka vidvAno kA vizvAsa hai ki jaina parva jalakAya, vAyukAya mAdi sUkSma jIva janta se bhI prakA ke dino me jIvahiMsA kA rokanA avazya yaha prakaTa karatA hotA hai|" azoka ke stambha lekha yaha prakaTa nahI hai ki inako likhavAne vAlA mahArAja azoka jaina dharmI karate ki vaha bauddha dhamauM thaa|" niHsandeha prazoka thaa| siddhAntoM se atyanta prabhAvita thaa|" azoka ke prAjJApatra) ___ azoka ke stambha lekho ke UparI sire para bane hue pro0 vilasana ke zabdo meM, bauddha dharma kI apekSA jaina dharma siMha-cihna kA mahAtmA buddha ke siddhAnto se koI sambandha se adhika milate hai" aura usake zilAlekha usako jaina nhiiN| siha bha0 mahAvIra kA suprasiddha cihna he jinakI dharmI siddha karate hai|" mejara janarala pharalAga ke zanno smati me azoka ne sihayakta stambha sthApita kraaye| meM azoka ke stambha lekha eka sacce jainadharmI samrATa ke itihAsa ratna DA. jyoti prasAda kA kahanA hai ki azoka khudavAye hue hai" / rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI ke jaranala ke zilAlekho meM koI aisI bAta prakaTa nahIM hotI jisase bhAga 6 pR0 161-168 ke anusAra azoka ne stambha usakA bauddhadharmI honA siddha hotA haa| aneka vidvAno sthApita karane ke vicAra jaina dharma sa hI liyaa| prazoka kA kathana hai ki azoka ke stambha lekho kI lipi, zabdoM ne apane lekhoM meM jaina pAribhASika zabdo aura bhASA kA 16. Pillar Edicts show Ashoka's love towards the poor anafficted, towards the hip ds and quaerapede, towards the fouls of the air and beings that move in water. ---Rev. S Beal. Journal of Royal Asia Society vol. IX p. 199. 17. Inscriptions do not say that Ashoka embraced the doctrine of Gautama Budba. -Journal of mythic Society vol. XVII. p. 276. 18. Ashoka was specially influenced by the Jain doctrines as regard sacredness of in. violability of life. -Rev. H. Heras. Journal of Mythic Society XVII p. 271. 19. His (Ashoka's) Ordinance concerning sparing of animal life agree much more closey with the dicos of the heretical Jain than those of the Buddhists. -Prof. Wilson. (a) Journal of Royal Asiatic Society. 1883, p. 275. (b) Indian Antiquary vol. V p. 205. 20. Inscriptions of Asnoka prove his faith in Jainism. -- Jain Antiquary, vol. V p. 86. 21 His (Asoka's) Inscriptions are really those of a Jaina Sovereign. -Major General Furlong, Short Studies in Science of Comparative Religions. 22. Asoka graped the idea of building pillars from Jainism. The animals and symbols, which he used, are also found in Jainism. -Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol IX, PP. 161 to168.

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36, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta prayoga kiyA hai| pIra unapara vRSabha, siha, azva banA diyA ki na kevala nara nAriyo, pazu-pakSiyo balki vAnA jaina dharma ke prabhAva kA phala hai| jalakAya, agnikAya aura vAyakAya ke jIva-jantuSoM kI isa prakAra sanmati sandeza mArca 1661 ke anusAra azoka hatyA banda karane ke Adeza apane stambha lekhoM meM aMkita ke zilAlekho para vAstava meM jaina dharma kI gaharI chApa hai| kagaye / aisI sUkSma dayA jaina dharma ke atirikta kisI ahiMsA prAvi siddhAntoM ke prAdhAra para : anya dharma yA sampradAya meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| kucha vidvAna azoka ko dayAlu hone ke kAraNa bauddha- bauddha dharma meM mAsa-bhakSaNa kA niSedha nhii| svayaM dharmI batAte hai parantu zrI rAjamala maDavaiyA, (purAtatvA- mahAtmA buddha kA zarIrAnta mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke kAraNa humA nveSaka, bhUtamArgadarzaka zAsakIya jilA purAtatva saMgrahAlaya, thaa|" isake viparIta jaina dharma me mAsa-bhakSI ko narakagAmI vidizA ma0 pra0) ne apane vidizA-vaibhava ke pR0 634 kI saMjJA dI hai| svayaM buddha ke samaya kevala jainadharmI hI para kathana kiyA hai ki azoka bar3A nirdayI thaa| usane mAsa ke tyAgI the| jaina anTIkvarI bhAga 5 ke anusAra vaMza ke vaMza naSTa kara diya / liga-vijaya ke narasahAra usa samaya brAhmaNa va bauddha prAdi spaSTa rUpa se mAMsa-bhakSaNa ko sunakara hRdaya kaoNpa uThanA hai| azoka ne rAjya-lipsA karate the| azoka ne jaina dharma ke prabhAva se na kevala svaya ke pIche apane daso baDe bhAiyo kA ghAta kara diyaa| mAsa kA tyAga kiyA balki apane parivAra taka ko isa lAkhoM manuSyoM ko mauta ke ghATa utAra kara digvijA kii| mahAna pApa se rokane ke lie rAjya bhojana zAlA meM bhI hajAroM baccoM ko anAtha aura hajAro striyo ko vidhavA mAsa bhakSaNa para roka lagA dii| banAyA / yaha vidizA ke jainadharmI nagara seTa theSTi kI azoka ne mAsa-bhakSaNa, pazu-badha, pazubali tathA pazuprabhAvazAlI jaina mahimA kI preraNA kA hI phala hai ki yajJa Adi dharma ke nAma para hone vAlI hara prakAra kI azoka ne hiMsA na karane kA praNa kiyA aura isa prakAra hisA para rAjya-prAjJA dvArA pratibandha lagAkara hara prANI jaina dharma ko hI yaha zreya prApta hai ki usane azoka kA ko jiyo aura jIne do (Live & Let Live) kI hRdaya palaTa diyA aura usakA jIvana itanA ahimAmayI gAranTI dii| 22-A. Asoka used technical terms and lan- have died from the effect of eating bad guage of Jains in composing of his cdicts. pork, with which he had been treated by a (1)-E. Senari Les Inscriptions Piyasidsi, sweeper host", PP.505-513. (11)-- Jai Antiquary, Vol. PP. 9-15. --Traditional History of India p. 198. 22-B. The monuments of Asoka and their 25. In the Budhist period, it was only Jainism, symbols betray the influence of Jainism who condenined meat dishes. Brahmans on Asoka and he closely followed and copied Jain ideas in his buildings. and Buddhists and others freely partake -Jain Antiquary, Vol. VI, P.9. them, hence the statement of Asoka that 23 Asoka gave practical example of his piety in the end, he abolished hinsa for his royal towards living beings. Rogulations were kitchen altogether, betrays the influence of instituted for the protection of animals Jainism on him. Asoka's reign was and birds and forests were not to be burni. TRUELY A JAIN RAJYA.J. Antiquary No animal food was served at the Imperial table : vol. V PP. 53 to 60& 81to89. ---Dr. Zimmir : Philosophics of India, pp. 26. Asoka abolished killing of animals on all 497-498. account. No body was allowed to kill any 24. Buddha does not appear to have been a living being even for sake of religious vegetarian, if he were one. he would not belief or 10 santiate to sensual cravings.

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mahArAja azoka aura jainadharma 37 DA0 karna ke zabdoM meM azoka ne jisa ahiMsA ko 3. asadhimitrA-prazoka kI rAnI jainadharmI thii| apanAyA aura jima pahisA kA pracAra kiyA, vaha bauddha usake pitA zreSTha vidizA (ma.pra.) ke nagara seTha paura siddhAnto ke nahI batika jaina dharma ke anusAra hai / DA0 sudRr3ha jainadharmI the / itihAsa-ratna DA. jyotiprasAda balhara kA bhI kahanA hai ki jainiyoM ke samAna haspatAla (bhAratIya itihAsa eka dRSTi pR0 64) ke zabdo me, isa khola kara aura hara prakAra kI jIva hatyA rokane kI jaina rAnI se rAjakumAra kuNAla paidA huA / 'vidizAghoSaNA prAdi karane se prazoka sudRDha jainadharmI siddha vaibhava' meM azoka aura usakI rAnI asaghimitrA kA vara hotA hai"| aura vadhU ke bheSa me ikaTTA eka citra bhI de rakhA hai| isa prakAra zoka kA rAjya vAstava me jaina rAjya thA 4. papaka-azoka ke sage bhrAtA the jo jaina mani aura vaha apane antima stambha lekha likhavAne taka avazya ho gaye the / bauddha lekhaka tArAnAtha ne inDiyana hisTorikala dila se jainadharmI thaa| kvATaralI bhAga 6 pR0 335 ke anusAra padmaka ko nirgrantha prazoka kA kula dharma : (jaina muni pigala) kA upAsaka svIkAra kiyA hai| 1. candragupta (317-368 I.) maurya vaMza ke 5. vizoka-prazoka kA eka aura bhAI thaa| yaha bhI saMsthApaka aura azoka ke pitAmaha the, jo smitha ke zabdo jainadharmI thaa| yaha jaina tIrthoM kI yAtrA karane aura unakI me jaina guru antima zruta kevalI bhadrabAhu ke ziSya the aura unnati tathA jIrNoddhAra ke lie dAna dene me itanA prasiddha jisane jaina muni hokara jainadharma kA pracAra kiyaa| aneka thA ki vIra (meraTha, varSa pR0 257) ke anusAra saprasiddha aura prAmANika aitihAmika grantha isa satya kI divyAvadAna' nAmaka grantha meM use tIrtha-bhakta likhA hai| puSTi karate hai| 6. kuNAla-azoka kA putra aura usake rAjya kA 2. binusAra (298-274)- azoka ke pitA the adhikArA jainadharmI thaa| jinake jainadharmI hone meM vidvAno ko na pahale koI gakA 7 samprati- prazoka kA pautra aura kRNAla kA putra thI aura na aba hai| inhone aneka jaina mandira banavAye thaa| pichale janma me yaha atyanta nidhana aura rogI thaa| tathA misra, sIriyA, yUnAna Adi videzoM ke gajadUna eka jaina muni ke upadeza se vaha jaina mani ho gayA thA inakI rAjasabhA meM aneka prakAra kI bheTa lekara pAte jisake puNya phala se vaha isa janma meM itanA prasiddha aura the, jainadharma kA pracAra kiyaa| pratApI samrATa huyA ki samUce bhArata kA adhikArI bnaa| 27. Asoka professed and preached Ahinsa for the good of men and beasts alike. His Royal Instructions are a kin to the idea of Ahinsa in Jainism, nothing of Buddhist Spirit His Ordinances concerning the sparing of animal life agree much more closely with the ideas of the heretical Jain as than those of the Buddhists. -Dr. Kern, Manual of Indian Buddh ists. 28. Dr. Bulber also remarked that like Jain, Asoka opened Hospitals even for animal life" and proclaimed "Amari-Ghosh" (Not to Kill). In fact Asoka was an ideal Jaina King and an ardent follower of the faith like a IRUE JAINA -Indian antiquary. Vol 1111874) pp. 71-80. 29 Chandra Gupta was Jain and disciple of Jain Acharya Bhadr a Bahu. He became Jain monk under his influence : (a) Smith's Early History of India (Revised Edn.) P. 154. (b) Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II Introd. PP. 36-40. (c) Journal of Royal Asiatic Sociely, Vol. I, P.176. (d) Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, P. 484. (e) Journal of Mythetic Society, Vol. XVII, P 272. (1) Indian antiquary, Vol XVII, P.272. (8) Journal of Bihar & Orissa Research Society Vol. XIII P. 24.

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38, varSa 28, ki0 1 bhanekAnta bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi ke pR0 100 ke anusAra isa prakAra prazoka kA usase pahale aura usakhe bAda samasta vaha jaina prAcArya samprati kA ziSya thaa| isane apane parivAra tathA usakA maurya vaza aura kUla jainadharmI thA to rAjya meM hajAroM jaina mandira aura hIre-panne, ratno prAdi aisI zakti ke abhAva meM jo usake hRdaya ko badala de, badamalya javAharAtoM kI hajAro mUrtiyA (24 tIrthaGkaro azoka jaina dharma se kaise pachatA raha sakatA thA ? kI) banavA kara sthApita kii| na kevala bhArata meM balki prazoka dvArA videzoM meM dharma-pracAra: videzoM taka meM jainadharma phailAne ke lie candragupta ke samAna candragupta maurya ke jIvana kAla meM azoka takSazilA pracAraka bheje / DA0 vinsenTa smitha ke anusAra (alI (pAkistAna) kA gavarnara thA, usane vahA~ buddha-dharma kA hisTarI Apha iNDiyA pR0202-204) samprati ne araba, nahI, balki jainadharma kA pracAra kiyaa| usa samaya sikandara IrAna. aphagAnistAna prAdi aneka dezo meM jaina saMskRti mahAna bhArata meM prAyA to use takSazilA meM bauddha bhikSu sthApita kii| nahIM balki jaina nagna sAdhu adhika saMkhyA meM mile / rAyala 8. zAlizaka (160-170 I0 pU0)- azoka kA eziyATika sosAyaTI, bombe brAnca ke jaranala bhAga 4 pR0 prapautra aura samprati kA putra aura usakA uttarAdhikArI 401 ke anusAra sikandara una jaina maniyo ke jJAna, tapa thaa| yaha bhI sudar3ha jaina zrAvaka thaa| smitha kI arlI tathA AcaraNa se prabhAvita hokara svayaM unake pAsa tattvahisTarI Apha inDiyA pR0 166 ke anusAra isane bhI carcA ke lie gayA aura yUnAna le jAne kA nimantraNa apane pitA samprati ke samAna dUra-dUra taka videzoM meM jana- diyaa| azoka ke stambha lekho se siddha hai ki usane dharma kA pracAra kiyaa| sIriyA, mizra, yUnAna, araba, laMkA, aphagAnistAna Adi azoka ke dUsare sambandhI dazaratha aura usake deva- aneka dezo me apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke lie pracAraka varmana, phira satadhanuSa aura phira bRhadratha maurya vaza ke rAjA bheje"| yadi azoka boddha dharmI hotA to vaha vahA~ vauddhahA jo janadharmI the aura unhoMne jainadharmakA hI pracAra kiyaa| dharma kA pracAra karAtA aura vahA~ kucha na kucha bauddha dharma ke bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi pR0 100-102 ke anu- cihna nizcita rUpa se avazya milane cAhie the parantu mAra unhone jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke aneka kArya kiye| bauddha-dharma ke sthAna para vahA~, eziyATika rIsarcesa bhAga 3 30. Samprati was a great Jain Monarch and a staunch supporter of the faith. He errected thousands Jaina temples throughout his Empire and constructed a large number of images. He sent Jain Missionaries and asects abroad to preach Jainism in the distant countries and spread the faith there. - Jain Siddhant Bhaskar, Vol. XVI PP. 114-117. 31. A nacked Sraman-Acharya (Jain Preacher) went to Greece as his Samadhi spot was found marked at Athens. Indian Historical Quarterly vol. lI p. 293. The Gymnophists, whom Alexahder the great encountered near Taxilla were no doubt Jain sarmans. JBBRAS vol. IV p. 401. Likewise Ceylon was a great resort of Jains till the begining of chronicles. It is evedent even from Buddhist Chronicles that Nirgranthas (Jain naked Saints) predominated at Anuradha-pur in Ceylon, and were influcntial enough to attract the attention of the ruling monarch; who built a vihar (Jain temple) and a monastry for them in 3rd century B.C.-The Indian Seat of the Jainas p. 15. These continued to flourish till 80 B.C. It means that Jainism remained in Ceylon long after Asoka. J.A. Vol. VII p. 22. The traces of existence of Jainism in the countries of Arabia, Persia, and Afghanisthan, (Cunnig ham's Ancient Geography of India (New Edn) p. 674) are also available, which proves that Asoka formed his religion on the basis of Jainism and preached in as well. -Jain Antiquary vol VII PP. 23 to 25.

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mahArAja prazoka aura janadharma 106 ke anusAra, jainadharma ke cihna prApta hae", jinase (Modern Review mArca 1646 pR0 22) ke anusAra siddha hai ki videzo meM azoka ne bauddha dharma kA nahIM, balki mitra se bhAratIya zailI kI mUrtiyAM prApta huii| misr| jainadharma kA hI pracAra kraayaa| bauddha-dharma ke vizeSajJa nivAsI jaina dharma ke samAna Izvara ko jaga kA kartA nahI ema0 vila bhI janarala rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI bhAga maante| mAsa machalI to kyA, mUlI prAdi kanda bhI nahIM 16 ke pR0 420 para isa kathana kI puSTi karate hai| khAte / mahAvIra smRti graMtha (amarA) 1648 bhA0 1 prasiddha vidvAna baina ke anusAra yUnAna se koI bauddha cihna pR0 114 ke anusAra azoka ne videzoM meM jaina dharma kA prApta nahIM huaa| maMthika sosAyaTI ke jaranala bhAga 17 pracAra kiyaa| pR0272 para azoka ke videzoM meM jainadharma ke pracAra kA prazoka dvArA jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA: kathana hai| 'rAja taragiNI' me varNana hai ki azoka ne azoka ne jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke itane adhika kazmIra meM jaina dharma kA pracAra kraayaa| prabula-phajala ne mahatvapUrNa kArya kiye jo bauddha-dharmI nahI kara paataa| 'pAIna e-akabarI' meM isa satya kI puSTi kI" / prazoka 1. azoka ne prasiddha jaina tIrtha zravaNa bena gola ke rAjya-samaya meM videzo meM bauddha dharma kA pAyA jAnA (maisUra) kI yAtrA aura vandanA kI aura vahAM vizAla jA kisI prAmANika aitihAsika grantha se siddha nahIM hotaa| mandira bnvaaye"| jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma meM antara na jAnane aura prAja- 2. rAja taraMgiNI pR0 8 ke anumAra prazAka na kala barmA, lakA, cIna, jApAna, tibbata prAdi meM bauddha vitastApUra ke vihAra me eka atyanta zrAkarSaka aura milane ke kAraNa prAdhunika itihAsakAro ko yaha bhrama ho darzanIya jaina mandira bnvaayaa| gayA ki vahA prazoka ne bauddha dharma phailAyA aura isa bhrama 3. azoka ne zravaNa belagola ke candragiri parvata para ke kAraNa hI ve azoka ko boddha-dharmI khnelge| eka mandira banavAyA aura usakA nAma apane pitAmaha ___ aMgrejI mAsika (oriental) 1862 I0 pR0 23. candragupta ke nAma para candragupta bastI rakhA jahA~ Rice ' 24 me kathana hai ki azoka para jaina dharma kA adhika prabhAva Archicological Survey Report 1887 ke anusAra, hone ke kAraNa usane misra, maiseDoniyA aura koriyA me candragupta maurya ne apane jIvana ke antima 12 varSa vyatIta dharma pracAraka bheje / vahA bauddha nahI, jaina smAraka mile hai| kiye the aura jahA~ kI 60 jAliyo para candragupta ke jIvana 32. Egypt, Macedonia, Cyrene, Carynth, Ceylon and Afganisthan, are named in Asoka's edicts, where he sent preachers to propogate his religion (Jainism). If Asoka was follower of Buddhsim, he would have preached in these countries Buddhism, surely some evidence of it should have come from there, but it is a striking fact that, "No Buddhist records are kept in the History of Egypt, Mecedonia, Coryoth and Cyrene, which countries were supposed to be converted to Buddhism, by the zeal of Asoka; on the other hand it can be said about Jainism that the influence of the religion is traceable in the above countries, in one or the other form. The Egyptian and Greek Philosophy do betray Jain influence --Confluence of Opposites. Ancient Greek found the sromanas, who should be Jain, traveling the countries of Eur hopes and Abiyssinia. -Asiatic Reasearches vol 1]]p. 6. 33 I doubt very much whether there is any reference to 11 Buddhists in the Greek account. ---Rev. S. Beal, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, vol. XIX P. 420. 34. Asoka supported Jainism in Kashmir as his father Bindusar and grand father Chander Gupta throughout Magadha Empire. -- Abulfazal, Aina-i-Akbari, p. 29 35. Rajvali-Katha indicates that Asoka having visited Sravanbelgola, a Holi Jain Tirth in Mysore) built a lofty Jain Temple there. -- Jain Shilalekha Sangrah, vol. I Intro. P.6.

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parva 28, ki0 1 anekAnta sanbandhI citra aMkita hai| jainiyoM ke caubIsa tIrthaDuroM ke pratIka haiN| dharma yuga 4. azoka ne bha0 mahAvIra ke janma sthAna vaizAlI 24-1-71 ke anusAra bhArata sarakAra ne 22-7-1947 se meM mahAvIra-cihna-yukta siMha stambha banavAyA" / pro. DA0 isa pAre yukta dharmacakra ko apane rASTrIya dhvaja me pUSpamitra ne anekAnta varSa 25 pR0 176 para kahA ki apnaayaa| vaizAlI kA yaha stambha mahAtmA buddha kI smRti me bana- 7. prasiddha hindU prAmANika mAsika kalyANa 1950 vAyA, saMgata nahIM hai kyoMki aisA hotA to vaha vIra-cihna pR0 736 me kathana hai ki prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA siMha ke sthAna para buddha ke pratIka hI sthApita krtaa| bhI azoka upAsaka thaa| usane apane rAmapuraSA stambha meM 5. DA0 pRSpamitra ne anekAnta varSa 25 pR0 170 RSabha-cihna vRSabha sthApita kiyaa| para yaha bhI batAyA ki kevala jJAna ke pazcAta tIrthaGkara 8. itihAsa ke khojI vidvAna mukarjI ke 'azoka,' bhagavAna caturma gvI pratIta hote hai| aneka atyanta prAcIna 1088 ke anusAra azoka ne jaina sAdhunoM ke prayoga caumukhI tIrthadara mUrtiyoM kA purAtatva vibhAga ke adhi- ke lie bahata sI guphAeM bnvaaii| azoka tathA isake kAriyoM ko kaMkAlI TIlA matharA Adi aneka sthAnoM se prapautra dazaratha ne bhI bihAra prAnta ke barebara tathA nAgAraprApta honA aura lakhanaU Adi aneka rAjya-purAtatva saMgrahA- janI kI pahAr3iyo me bhI aneka guphAyeM banavAyI" aura layoM meM prAja bhI unakA surakSita honA jaina-dharma me comukhI unakI dekhabhAla ke lie viziSTa adhikArI niyukta mUrtiyoM kI puSTi karatA hai| azoka ne jaina dharma kI isa kiye| prathA se prabhAvita hokara 11veM jaina tIrthavara zreyAsa jI sAMcI ke toraNa-dvAra para prazoka ne bAImaveM kI janma bhUmi siMhapurI meM (vArANasI ke nikaTa) apane , tIrthadara neminAtha ke samozaraNa kI racanA kraaii| kucha stambha meM caumakhI siMha sthApita kiye aura ahiMsAmayI vidvAna isako bauddha vihAra samajhate hai kintu suprasiddha mAna damako bauTa vihAra samajhate hai bhArata sarakAra bhI mahAvIra ke isa caumukhI siMhacihna ko vidvAna tribhavana dAsa lahera canda zAha ne prAcIna bhArata rASTrIya cihna banA kara sikkoM aura noTo para isakA (gajarAtI) meM isa sAMcI stupa para tarka pUrvaka prakAza prayoga karatI hai| DAlate hue svIkAra kiyA ki ye bauddha vihAra nahI hai aura 6. tIrthara jaba vihAra karate hai to dharma cakra mAge- na isakA bauddha dharma se koI sambandha hai| yaha sampUrNa rUpa prAge calatA hai aura yaha dharma cakra samasta tIrthaGkaro kA se jaina dharma kA smAraka hai| vizeSa cihna hai| azoka tIrtharoM kA parama bhakta thaa| 10. azoka bauddha samvata kA nahI balki vIra sambata tIrthaGkara hara yuga meM caubIsa hote hai / azoka ne apane dharma kA prayoga karatA thaa| azoka ke pAThaveM stambha-mabhilekha cakra meM caubIma pAre banavAye / ahiMsA vANI varSa 15 meM sambata 256 aMkita hai| kucha vidvAna ise buddha nirvANa pR0 321 ke anusAra, bhUtapUrva pradhAna mantrI, bhArata paMDita samvata samajhate hai kintu aisA mAmane se azoka kA samaya javAharalAla neharU ke zabdoM meM bhI dharma cakra ke caubIsa pAre 544 se 256 ghaTA kara 288 I0 pU0 hotA hai jabaki 36 Asoka Pillar is surmounted by a lion, which is the signifying emblem of the last Thirthankara, Lord Vardhamana Mahavira. -Journal of Bihar & Orissa Research Society, vol. III PP. 465-467. 37. Asoka also got excaved many a caves for the use of Sramans (Jain monks). -Mookerjee's Asoka P. 88. 38. A group of caves in Bartara and Nagar juni hills (Bihar) dedicated by Asoka and Dasarath for the use of Ajivika Sect. (Jain Ssints) -Kuraishi, List of Ancient Monuments Protected under Act VII of 1904 in the Bihar and Orissa Provinces (1938) p. 33. 39. The edicts of Asoka show that he appoin ted special officers for looking into the affairs of Jainism. Prof. Keran's Asoka.

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mahArAja prazoka aura janadharma azoka kA rAjyAbhiSeka 272 I0 pU0 meM hunA thA, ima dharmI holA nIvara jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke itane adhika prakAra prazoka aura bauddha sambata kI gagati ThIka nahI kArya na karatA / baiTatI / vIra nirvANa 527 60 pU0 mA thA, isame se azoka ko bauddha dharmI samajhane ke kAraNa : 256 kama kare nA 271 I0 pU0 goya kA rAjyAbhiSeka jaina itihAsa se bhalI prakAra paricita na hone ke samaya bilakula ThIka baiThatA hai| imase yaha bhI spaSTa ho kAraNa jisa prakAra azoka ke pitAmaha candragupta ko kucha jAtA hai ki itane atyanta prAcIna samaya meM bhI janatA tathA vidvAna brAhmaNa aura kucha bauddha dharmI samajha rahe the, jisa nareNa vIra samvata kA upayoga karate the| prakAra mahArAjA zreNika bimbasAra ko kucha vidvAna bhrama 11. rAjataragiNI pR068 ke AdhAra para pro0 thAmsa se bauddha dhamI samajhate the aura jisa prakAra jaina dharma ko kA kahanA hai ki azoka ne kazmIra meM jaina dharma kA pracAra bauddha-dharma se bAda kA pracalita tathA bha. mahAvIra ko kiyaa| abula ne prAina e-akabarI me isa satya kI jaina dharma kA saMsthApaka mAna baiThe the; usI prakAra kI bhUla pRSTi kii| se ve azoka ko bauddha-dhamI samajha rahe hai / 14. prasiddha itihAsakAra thI jJAna sundara ne prAcIna dakkana kAlija risarca insTITyUTa ke bune Tina ke jaina itihAsa saMgraha bhA0 5 pR0 40 para batAyA ki anusAra baDaudA ke purAtatva vibhAga ko vijayapura kI aSTamI, caudasa, dazalakSaNa parva Adi 56 jaina pavitra khadAI se cAra prAcIna ghAtu-mUrtiyAM prApta huI to ve parvo me jIva hiMsA kA sampUrNa rUpa se rAjAjJA dvArA rokanA bauddha dharma kI batAI gii| DA0 saMkaliyA~ ne una muniyA bhI azoka kI dhArmika nIti jaina prakaTa karatI hai| kA dhyAnapUrvaka adhyayana karake prakaTa kiyA ki ye bauddha dharma 13. apane prAdhyAtmika sukha kI prApti ke liye kI nahIM, apitu jaina tIrthaGkaroM kI hai, taba se vidvAna unako azoka jaina siddhAnto se atyanta prabhAvita thaa"| mabaddha ke sthAna para jaina tIrthaGkaroM kI mUrtiyAM mAnane 14. bAImaveM tIrtha dhara neminAtha kI nirvANa-bhami lge| giranAra parvata kI talahaTI meM azoka ne nirvANa sthAna ko jaina saMskRti ke vismRta pratIka pR0 78 ke anavandanA karane vAle yAtriyoM kI suvidhA ke lie sudarzana sAra 3 agasta sana 1972 ko 50 bAbulAla jamAdAra nAma kI bhIla khudvaayii| pazcimI baMgAla ke jilA puraliyA se 13 mIla para spina 15. hindU patrikA kalyANa 1656 pR0 736 me poliyA grAma gaye to unhoMne vahA~ ke eka madira meM kathana hai ki azoka ne apane rAjyakAla meM tIsare tIrthadara jisako vahAM ke loga ziva mandira kahate the, do bihAna sambhavanAtha kI smRti me unake cihna 'azva' yukta sikke mUrtiyA~ dekhii| eka para baila kA cihna yukta Rpabhadeva kI pracalita kiye jinake citra prAcIna jaina hatihAsa saMgraha me 24 tIrthaDuro mahita aura dUsarI gyArahaveM tIrtha ra zrA chape hai| zreyAMsanAtha kI unake cihna 'gaMDA'yukta 24 tIryakarga mahita / ina samasta pramANo se spaSTa hai ki yadi azoka bauddha ina dono mUrtiyoM ko vahAM ke loga ma0 buddha kI mUrti 40. Thomas finds about preaching of Jainism in Kashmir by Asoka. (1)-Journal of Royal Asiatic Society vol. IX P. 155. (ii)-Bibloteea Indica, Aina-i-Akbari, Vol. II. 2nd Epn. translated by Col. HS. Jarret. 41. There was nothing to show that he (Asoka) was not a Jain and his desire for eternal happiness may have been ipfiun ced by his Jain back ground. -Traditional History of India p 198. 20 Archaeolopical Department of Baroda State found four metal images from Mahudi in Vijapur and declared them as to those of Buddha, but Prof Dr. Sankalia proves them to the Jain ones. -Bulletin of Decan College Research Institute, vol. I March 1940, pp. 185 to188.

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42, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta mAnate the| jamAdAra jI ne tIrthaGkaroM kI mahimA aura P. 222. DA0-smitha kA vizvAsa hai ki aneka bAra jaina unake cihnoM ko dikhA kara samajhAyA ki ye jaina tIrthaGkaroM mUrtiyoM ko vidvAna bhala se bauddha mAna daiThe hai"a | kI mUrtiyAM hai, taba se una logoM ne unako tIrtharoM kI phlITa sAhaba isa satya kI puSTi karate hue kahate haiM ki mUrtiyAM svIkAra kii| aneka vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA-ki samasta stUpa aura 'The Temples and Sculptures of South mUrtiyA~ bauddhoM kI hai, jaina mUrtiyo kI pahacAna meM bAdhaka rahI"bI East Asia' ke citra naM0 33, 34, 35 tathA 37, meM sapta Qev. Fr. Heras ne to se spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra sarpaphana yukta pUrNa nagna dhyAnamayo, nAsAdaSTi mUrtiyo ke kiyA hai ki bauddhoM ne vidvAno ko bhUla meM rakhA / cAra alaga-alaga citra hai jinako pustaka ke lekhaka ne Adhunika vidvAna azoka ke apane zilAlekhoM ke atirikta thAIlaiMDa ke nezanala myUjiyama, baiMkAka me surakSita batAkara aura sAkSI ko mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahI aura ye zilAlikhA hai ki ve mahAtmA buddha kI hai / ma0 buddha kA sarpaphana lekha kisI prakAra bhI azoka ko bauddha-dharmI prakaTa nahI yukta koI dRSTAnta nahIM milatA, hamane paMjAba yunivarsiTI krte"| jaina samAja yadi isa prakAra kI aitihAsika lAyarI, caMDIgar3ha meM isa pustaka aura ina citroM kA bhalI bhUloM ke sudhAra kA yatna karatI to azoka ko Aja bauddhabhAMti adhyayana kiyaa| ve spaSTa rUpa se teIsaveM tIrthaGkara dharmI na kahA jaataa| bha. pArzvanAtha kI hai| lekhaka jaina dharma se anabhijJa hai| upasaMhAra ina citroM meM se eka khaDgAsanastha nagna hone ke kAraNa lekhaka azoka kA prArambhika jIvana meM jaina-dharmI honA to svayaM 10 236 para likhatA hai ki yaha ma0 buddha kI pratIta bauddha vidvAna rAIsa (Mysore and Coorg pR. nahIM hotI. kisI anya dharma ke mahAtmA kI hai| yadi vaha 12.15) aura thAmasa (rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI jaina dharma se paricita hotA to aisA kadAcita na likhtaa| bombe brAMca ke jaranala bhAga-4, janavarI 1855, pR0 prajJAnatA ke kAraNa jisa prakAra jaina mUrtiyo me buddha mUrti prakAra jana mAnayA ma buddha mUti 150) svIkAra karate hai| prasiddha mAsika patrikA kA mrama ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra azoka ko jaina dharmI 'kalyANa' 1950 pR0 864 tathA 576 para azoka ko jaina ke sthAna para bauddha dharmI samajhane kA bhrama ho gyaa| dharmI batAyA gayA hai kintu azoka kA apanA atima stambha ___Conning him jaise purAtatva adhikArI ne khaja- lekha siddha karatA hai ki vaha nizcita rUpa se usake likharAho se prApta jaina mUrtiyo ko bauddha batAyA / DA. vAne taka jaina dharmI thaa"| (Fergusson) ne aneka prabhAvazAlI uddharaNoM se siddha uttara pradeza ke bhUtapUrva mukhya mantrI tathA rAjasthAna ke kiyA ki ye jaina mUrtiyAM hai taba unhone bhI jaina mUrtiyA~ rAjyapAla DA0 sampUrNAnanda ne apanI racanA 'samrATa svIkAra kI-Immortal Khajuraho (Asia Press) azoka' pR. 35-36 para batAyA hai ki rAga-dveSa eva vAma 42-A. In some cases, monuments, which are by Buddhist's Chronicles long ag. Moreally Jainas, have been erroneously dis- dern Criticisms can not accept other docu ments referring to Asoka than HIS OWN carded as Buddhists. INSCRIPTIONS and these do pot say -Dr. VA. Smith. Jain Shasan, p. 294. that Asoka embraced the doctrincs of 42-B. The Prejudice that all stups and Stone Gautma Bhuddha." railings must necessarily be Buddhists, has - Journal of Mytbic Society, vol. XIII probably prevented the recognizaticn of p. 276. Jain Structures. 44. Asoka was Certainly a Jain layman. Even -~-Dr, Fleet : Imperial Gazette Vol II. his last of all pillars edict proves that Page 111. his belief in Jainism remained till then. 43. Rev. Hears says, "We have been misleaded -Jain Antiquary, Vol. VII P. 25.

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mahArAja prazoka mora jainadharma mAdi mahA pApoM para vijaya karane vAloM kI cAroM zreNiyoM koI bAta aisI nahIM milI jisase azoka buddha ghI mAnA meM sarvazreSTha zramaNa parahanta hote hai| prazoka kI dRSTi me jA ske| aise prarahantoM ko sarvopari sthAna prApta hai / 'sanmati-saMdeza' bhaneka vidvAnoM kA vizvAsa hai ki vAstava me prazoka janavarI 1961 1015 para varNana hai ki jaina gratho meM jaina zikSA se prabhAvita thaa"| inDiyana enTIkvarI bhAga azoka ke jaina dharmI hone ke aneka pramANa milate hai| pR021 ke anusAra prazoka kI dhArmika nIti kI nIMva DA0 kAmatA prasAda kA kahanA hai ki koI kAraNa nahIM ki prArambha se anta taka jaina siddhAMtoM para sthita thI aura vaha jaina grantho ko svIkAra na kiyA jaae| dillI jaina jainadharma kA anuyAyI thA" / TreDizanala hisTrI Apha iMDiyA DAyarekTarI, (1661) pR0 16 para azoka ko jaina dharmI pR0 188 ke anusAra azoka kA jaina kanyA se vivAha likhA hai| paM. prabhudayAla ne bhI apane jaina itihAsa aura sampUrNa rUpa se mAMsa-tyAga prazoka ko jaina dhamI (1902) pR0 18 para prazoka ko jaina dharmI btaayaa| siddha karatA hai| sAUtha inDiyana insakripzana bhAga 1 pR0 88 bhI azoka ke hRdaya meM jainatva ke lie prema samasta prAyu prazoka ko jaina dharmA batAtA hai| uttara pradeza ke Direc* rahA / svaya umakA apanA zilA lekha bhI azoka ke jaina Indology zrI jI0 ke0 pille bhI azoka ko ghI hone kA sAkSI hai"| DA. vAmatA prasAda kA kahanA jaina dhamI svIkAra karate hai| hai ki azoka spaSTa rUpa se jaina dharma kA pAlana karatA thA DA. rAdhA kumada makajI ke zabdoM meM do bauddha dharmA isIlie DA0 mukhI azoka ko jaina samrATa aura usake cInI, yAtrI phAhiyAna evaM yuvAnacavAMga, prAcIna samaya meM dharma ko jaina batAte hai"| vAstava me prazoka jaina aura bhArata pAye / unhone apane varNanoM meM prazoka kI carcA usakA rAjya jaina rAjya thaa| Don jarUra kI aura usake stambha lekha bhI dekhe, parantu unheM gaurIzaMkara bAjAra, ssaarnpur| 45. Asoka was a Jain at First -G.K. Pillai, Director, U.P. Central In dology, Allahabad. 46. It should be noted that these Chinese Pilgrims (Fe-hain and you an Chavan) Visited India and saw the inscriptions. Both inspite of being Buddhists, did not feel from them that Asoka was Buddh ist. 49. His marriage with the daughter or a Sethi of Beenagar and his endeavour to stop meat eating both inay indicate that he was a Jain. -Traditional History of India p. 188. 50. At any rate the spirit of Jainism was near and dear to the heart of Asoka through out his whole life. His last of all inscription proves his belief in Jainism. -Jaina Antiquary, vol. VII p. 23. 51. According to Dr. Kamata Prasad Asoka followed Jainism openly. - Jain Antiquary, vol. Vp.59. 52. Asoka was an ideal of Jain Kings and or dent afollower of the faith like a TRUE JAINA. --(i) Mookerji's Asoka, p. 22. -(ii) Indian Antiquary, vol. III pp. 77. -Dr. Radha Kumood Mukerji. 47. In fact Asoka was greatly influnced by the human teachings of the Jinas. -(a) Indian Antiquary vol. xxp. 243. --(b) Journal of Royal Asiatic Society IX p. 155. 48. It is obivious that Asoka certainly pro fessed Jainism and composed his religious code mainly based on Jain dogmas from begining to end. No doubt he seems to b a in at heart when he got inscribed his last pillar edict. -Indian Antiquery vol. VII p. 21. ___81, 53. And as such Asoka's rien was TRUELY A JAIN RAJYA. -Jain Antiquary vol. V.p. 86.

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zramaNa aura samAja : purAtana itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM 1] zrI citreza gosvAmI, dillI (prastuta lekha meM vidvAn lekhaka ne aitihAsika dRSTi se zramaNa eva samAja ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai / lekhaka ne 'zramaNa' eva 'purohita' zabdo kA saMkucita artha na le lekara vyApaka artha grahaNa kiyA hai tathA vizva kI ati prAcIna sabhyatAoM-misra, sumera, asura, bAbula, yUnAna, roma, cIna, madhya eziyA, prAcIna amerikA, sindha-ghATI evaM vaidika Adi--ke itihAso me zramaNa-tattvoM kA anveSaNa kiyA hai / isa lekha meM prastuta kucha mAnyatAe vivAdAspada ho sakatI haiN| vistAra-bhaya se isame uddharaNa evaM pramANa prastuta nahI kie gae hai, ataH jina pAThakoM ke mana me lekhaka kI mAnyatAoM ke sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI zaMkAe utpanna hoM, ve 'anekAnta-kAryAlaya ko bheje| hama lekhaka se unake samAdhAna kA nivedana kreNge| -sampAdaka) bhamikA prAgaitihAsika kAla sRSTi ke prArambha se aba taka, samAra ke pratyeka kSetra vartamAna itihAsa ke dapTikoNa se agaNya brahmANDo meM do vicAra-dhArAmro kA prAdhAnya rahA hai-nivRttiparaka meM se hamArI isa dharatI kI grAyu isa samaya pAca araba nIra pravRttiparaka / imI ko yoM bhI kaha sakate hai ki varSa se eka araba varSa ke madhya bUtI gayI hai| mAnava kA magkRti ke do rUpa rahe, zramaNa aura gRhastha / ina dono itihAsa bhI eka lAkha varSa se adhika kA hai / parantu spo meM TakarAva bhI rahA hai, yaha satya hai, para vAstava me vizvasanIya itihAsa guhAvAsI mAnava se prArambha hotA hai, dono paraspara pUraka hai / jaba bhI dono meM se eka bhI aga jaba se usame sAmAjikatA kA AbhAsa hone lgaa| nirbala par3A, samAja kA hrAsa huA hai; itihAsa isakA eziyA aura yugepa ne aneka sthAno para guhAvAsI gRhastha ka binA zramaNa-pusahita, nAva, prAsTa mAnavoM ke smRti-cihna prApta hue hai| spena kI allAmIrA, gagana kucha bhI kaho--zarIra-yApana hI nahIM kara pAegA phAsa kI lAsoksa prAdi guhAyo meM gRhA-mAnava kI citraaura umake binA gahastha kA mArga-darzana nahIM hogA, vaha kalA ke jo namune prApta hue hai, unameM kaI sthAno para kAgI hokara bhaTaka jaaeg|| zramaNa gRhastha kA mArga- sAmpratika mAnava-samAja ke aguvA purohita-varga kA bhI nidezaka hai, vaha sadA use smaraNa dilAtA rahatA hai ki citraNa hai, jo usa samAja ke kalyANa ke lie vividha kevala apane hI prati nahIM, apitu samAja ke prati bhI usa anuSThAna karate the| samAja apane mancaya me se aMzamAga kA kartavya hai| dono hI vicAra-dhArAmoM ke madhya pavitra- dekara unake bharaNa-poSaNa kI vyavasthA karatA thaa| yahI Aja triveNI kI gupta-sarasvatI hai, lok-hitpnnaa| loka- kI purohita, saMnyAsI yA zramaNa-paramparA kA bIja hai| hitapaNA ke vinA zramaNa kA tyAga aura tapa aura gRhastha mistra, sumera, asura, aura bAbula kA manaya dono hI vyartha hai, itanA hI nahIM apitu samAja prAcIna sabhyatAo me, misra kI sabhyatA atyanta ke svastha vikAma ke lie ghAtaka bhI hai| prAcIna hai, jirAko paramparA bhArata kI hI bhAti sAna

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zramaNa aura samAja : purAtana itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM sahasra se bhI adhika varSoM se akSuNNa calI A rahI hai| kA upadeza dete the| isI samaya vartamAna turkI aura usase isI kI samakAlIna sabhyatAe~ sumera, asura aura bAbula dakSiNa me lebanAna aura sIriyA me hattI aura mittannI kI haiM, jo miTatI aura banatI rahI hai| ina sabhI sabhya- sabhyatAye vikasita ho rahI thii| ina dono sabhyatAmo tAno me purohita-paramparA kA pUrNa vikAsa huA hai| ye kI bhAratIya sabhyatA se gaharI samAnatA thI, pUjya deva taka purohita prAya. pUre samAja ke hI sacAlaka bana gae the, dono ke eka hI pratIta hote hai| isI prakAra, dono hI me sAmrAjyo ke nirmANa-vinAza taka kI sAmarthya unhone purohito mIra saMnyAsiyo kI susthApita paramparAe thii| prApta kara lI thii| iname adhikAza purohita zramaNa ke inakA sIdhA prabhAva yUnAna kI sabhyatA aura usakI prartha meM kevala loka-hitapI to avazya hI rahe hoge, kintu uttarAdhikArI roma kI sabhyatA para bhI par3A / kintu sarva-tyAgI sanyAsI kI bhAti jIvana-yApana karane kI roma kI karma-kANDa tathA ihaloka-pradhAna jIvana-zailI ma paramparA ke asa digdha pramANa iname nahI prApta hote| yaha vicAra dhArA jamI na raha sakI / roma me sanyAsa niHsandeha turkI meM aphagAnistAna taka kI marubhUmi aura kA praveza bAda me yahadiyo aura IsAiyo ke mAdhyama se nirjana sthaliyoM meM usa samaya bhI sthAna-sthAna para gaha- huA sAtavI chaTI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ma IrAna ke mAdhyama tyAgI dhamaNa ghUmate the| lekina samAja ke kalyANa ke se yUnAna ke sAtha sAskRtika sambandha sthApita hone ke bAda lie sarvasva tyAga kara nispRha ghUmane vAle sanyAsI-varga se, yUnAna ke darzana para bhAratIya darzana kA prabhAva spaSTa kI akSuNNa parampaga yahUdI samAja ne hI sthApita kii| lakSita hone lgaa| sAtha hI, sanyAsa kI paramparA bhI mUsA se IsA taka yaha paramparA calI AI hai| ye paigambara vahA~ bala pakar3atI gaI / prAyaH nijana-vAsa karate; atyanta alpa aura moTe vastra, cIna aura madhya eziyA yA vRkSo kI khAla pahanate; parivrAjakoM kI bhAti ghUmate cIna kA darzana ihaloka-pradhAna rahA / isa kAraNa aura kaThora tapa karate the / svayaM mUsA ko paramAtmA kI vahA~ ke sato me, bauddha-dharma se pUrva, gahanyAgI manyAsiyo prApti ke lie ca.nIya dina taka sinAI-parvata para bhUkhe- yA zramaNo kI pravRti kA to paricaya nahI milatA. pyAse raha kara nA karanA par3atA thaa| dhIre-dhIre yaha kintu purohito se pRthaka aise mano kI parampaga avazya paramparA anya sAmpratika sabhyatAoM meM bhI phailI aura thI, jo loka-hitaiSaNA se hI kArya karate the, manyAsI na parohita nathA sarvatyAgI saMnyAsI kA bheda spaSTa hone hote hue bhI, sAdA jIvana bitAte the| IsavI pUrva pahalI ImA ke janma se cAra-sau varSa se bhI pahale se aise zatI meM bauddha-dharma ke praveza ke pazcAta to zramaNa zailI saMnyAsiyoM ke prAthama aura saMgha vidhivat sthApita hone lage samAja kA pradhAna aura pajya aMga hI bana gaI / cIna se the| itihAsa sAkSI hai ki isa jIvana-zailI para bhAratIya pazcima aura unara-pazcima ke paThAro-khotAna, kAzagara vicAra-dhArA kA gaharA prabhAva hai| vyApAra ke mAdhyama se prAdi kSetroM ke sAtha bhArata ke sambandha aura bhI prAcIna jo sAskRtika lena-dena svAbhAvika hI hotA hai, usake hai; bauddha-dharma se pUrva hI bhAratIya sanyAsI vahA~ vicaraNa pariNAma-svarUpa uttarI aphrIkA ke uttarI taTa para, leba- karate the / isa prakAra, zramaNa-sagha vahAM sthApita ho cuke nAna aura sIriyA meM bhAratIya darzana aura usI ke pari- the| cIna me bauddha-dharma kA prasAra vAstava meM, NAma svarUpa saMnyAsI-magha-zailI kA pracAra hunA hogaa| parivrAjako kA prasAda hai / aAja bhI, bauddhetara anya yUnAna aura roma mamAja apane purAhito ko zamana hI kahatA hai| yUnAna me sabhyatA kA vikAsa IsA se lagabhaga 1500 prAcIna amarIkA varSa parva prArambha hayA hai| vahA bhI isa prakAra ke loka- prAcIna amarIkA me ImavI parva prathama zatI sahI to kI paramparAe~ atyanta prAcIna hai, jo pracalita mAyA-sabhyatA unnati ke zikhara para pahu~ca kI thii| aba karmakANDa me dara rahakara dasaro ko bhI sarala jIvana-yApana isa bAta ke paryApta pramANa mila cuke hai ki mAyA-mabhyatA

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46 :varSakiraNa 1 anekAMta para bhAratIya sabhyatA kI pUrI chApa hai| mAyA-sabhyatA meM to, sUphI, daraveza, khvAjA, phakIra, pIra prAdi anekoM kI anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra unake pUrvaja pUrva se vahA~ gRha-tyAgI saMnyAsiyoM ke sampradAya islAma kA pradhAna aMga phuNce| mAyA-jana kI sarvAdhika pUjyA aura iSTa devanAtA bana gae / yaha mAnane meM saMkoca nahI honA cAhiye ki mAyA hai, jo bhAratIya lakSmI kI bhAMti kamala dhAraNa islAma meM saMnyAsa kA praveza IsAI saMnyAsI sampradAyoM, kie haiM aura pradhAna deva 'huitjlIpokhtalI' nAgadhArI IrAna, aphagAnistAna aura madhya esiyA ke bauddha bhora ziva hai, jo saMnyAsiyoM ke Adi gurU hai / maiksiko ke bauddhetara zramaNa-sampradAyoM tathA kAzmIra, sindhu aura iNDiyana ejaTaka vAstava me prAstIka kI santAna hai| nikaTavartI kSetro ke hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke sAtha samparka kA sambhavataH janamejaya se saMdhi ke pazcAt prAstIka nAgo, hI pariNAma hai| nahapo, aura margo ko polIneziyA ke mArga se vartamAna bhArata pramarIkA me le gae the| Aja bhI maiksiko ke AdivAsI bhArata meM to zramaNa aura gahastha kA sambandha aura nAga kI pajA karate hai| bhArata se dUra jA basane para bhI, bhI spaSTa hai / bhArata kI jJAta sabhyatAmoM meM sarvAdhika ve bhAratIya paramparAmro ko nahI bhUle / anya paramparAmro prAcIna sabhyatA sindhu-sabhyatA mAnI jAtI hai / usa kAla ke sAtha. mArata meM pUrI vikasita saMnyAsa parAmparA bhI kI mudrAmo para utkIrNa citro se yaha spaSTa hai ki saba vahAM pahuMcI / prAcIna itihAsakAro aura yAtriyoM kI kucha tyAga kara vanoM meM nivAsa aura kaThora tapa karane sAkSI hai ki pAstIka apane purohitoM ko 'zamana' kahate vAle saMnyAsiyo, yogiyoM kI paramparAe~ taba taka samAja the, jo spaSTa hI 'zramaNa kA hI rUpAntara hai / me susthApita hI nahI ho cukI thI; apitu samAja kA IsAiyata aura islAma pUjya aMga bana cukI thii| eka mudrA para eka yogI vRkSa ke pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki IsA se kaI zatAbdI nIce samAdhistha hai aura anya pazuo se parivata hai| yadyapi pUrva saMnyAsa kI paramparA araba, misra, ijarAyala aura isa sabhyatA ko pUrva-vaidika kahanA to bhUla hI hogA, kintu yanAna me jaDa pakar3a cukI thii| sIriyA meM nirjanavAsI yaha spaSTa hai ki mudrAno se prakaTa hone vAlA dharma aura saMnyAsiyo ke sagha aura prAthama sthApita the hii| unameM se jIvana-zailI vedo se prApta dharma aura darzana se bhinna hI kucha to atyanta kaThora tapa karate the / svayaM IsA ke dIkSA- pratIta hotI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ihaloka-paraka gurU yUhannA isI sampradAya ke the / kucha paramparAgoM ke hone ke kAraNa, pravRti-paraka vaidika upAsanA aura jIvana anusAra, IsA ne bhI bhArata me Akara, saMnyAsa aura zailI to abhilikhita ho gaI, kintu ihaiSaNA-rahita bhAratIya darzana kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| Aja bhI bhArata sarvatyAgiyo kI jIvana-zailI kA abhilekhana, svabhAvataH meM sabase prAcIta IsAI sIriyAI-IsAI haiM, jo eka prakAra nahIM ho sakA / tathAkathita pUrva-vaidika yA vedetara jIvana se vizva ke prAcInatama IsAI-matAvalambI hai; kyoki aura upAsanA zailI ke abhilekha-pramANo kA prabhAva pranthatiyoM ke anusAra, ve mahAtmA IsA ke pratyakSa ziSya sambhavata. isI kAraNa hai / sindhu lipi ke uddhAra ke bAda sata tAmasa kI ziSya paramparA me hai| sIriyAI IsAiyoM isa prabhAva kI pUrti zAyada ho ske| kI jIvana-caryA bhAratIya saMnyAsiyoM se adhika bhinna vedo ke antima aMzo, pAraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM meM nahI hai| unakI jIvana-caryA kA prabhAva thor3A bahuta sabhI avazya yaha bheda ubhara kara pAyA hai / zramaNa zabda kA IsAI saMpradAyoM para par3A hai| ullekha bhI pahale-pahala vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM hI hai| islAma kA pravartana hajarata muhammada se hai| muhammada vedoM ke RSiyo kI paramparA aura zramaNoM kI paramparA sAhaba svayaM to pracalita arthoM meM saMnyAsI nahIM the, kintu meM pradhAna bheda yahI rahA hai ki RSi adhikAMzataH gRhastha unako devI upadezo kA darzana nirjana marusthaloM meM ekAnta rahe, jabaki zramaNa kaThora tapa karane vAle parivrAjaka jIvana bitAne aura tapa karane ke bAda hI humA thA / bAda sarvasva tyAgI saMnyAsI the|

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zramaNa aura samAja : purAtana itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM 'zramaNa' zabda kI vyutpati hI 'zrama' dhAtu me yuc yA tIrthakara mAnA hai| vAstava meM, avadhUtoM yA nAthoM se pRthak lyuT pratyaya ke yoga se hotI hai / yo zramaNa kA artha jaina dharma kA prArambha, aitihAsika dRSTi se, bhagavAna kaThora tapasvI hotA hai| kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vartamAna mahAvIra se mAnA jAnA cAhie / barddhamAna saMnyAsiyoM ke vibhinna bheda bahuta pahale hI ho cuke the| mahAvIra ko buddha ne 'nigaNTha' (nirgrantha) kahA hai / bAda meM rAmAyaNa meM (1. 1.4 12) meM zramaNa aura tApasa zabda unheM hI 'jina' bhI kahA gayA / para, svaya buddha ko bhI ikaTThe Ae hai jisame spaSTa hai ki zramaNa aura kaThora aneka sthAno para 'jina' aura 'grahat' kahA gayA hai aura tapasvI me bhI bheda hai / yahI vizeSaNa svayaM mahAvIra ke lie bhI prayukta hue hai / inameM bhI sabase mahAna saMvarga avadhatoM kA hai| purANo isI prakAra dono sampradAyo ke saMnyAmI bhI Age cala kara ne avadhUtoM ko paramparA svayaM ziva se sthApita kI hai| zramaNa' kahalAe / kheda yahI rahA hai ki bauddha dharma kA kintu aitihAmika dRSTi se avadhata paramparA ke grAdi- sthAyI prabhAva bhArata kI sImA se bAhara bhI rahA hai, AcAya bhagavAna RSabhadeva hai| bhagavAna Rpabhadeva parama- kintu varddhamAna kI zramaNa-paramparA bhArata se bAhara sthAyI avadhUta zreNI ko prApta saMnyAsI the / ye viSNu ke avatAra prasAra na pA skii| aura prAdinAtha nAma se jaina dharma ke prathama tIrthakara mAne upasaMhAra gae hai| ina bhagavAna RSabhadeva se hI digambara avadhato yoM mAnava samAja meM itihAsa kAla ke prArambha meM kI paramparA kA prArambha hai| itihAsa-krama se yaha ghaTanA aba taka zramaNa yA saMnyAsI ne sammAna pUrNa sthAna pAyA sindhu kAla ke prArambha kI bhI ho sakatI hai kyoMki eka hai| thamaNa samAja kA guru hai / zramaNa ke patana se sadA sindhu-mudrA para yogI aura vRSabha cinha aMkita pAyA gayA samAja kA patana huA hai, yA samAja yadi savala rahA hai hai / lekha to abhI nirdhAnta rUpa se paDhA nahIM gayA hai, to usI ne patita thamaNa kA nAza karake apane pApako kintu cinha se vaha yogI-mUrti RSabhadeva kI bhI mAnI patana se bacAyA hai| bhArata se bauddha dharma kA lopa kucha jA sakatI hai, kyoki jaina-parampaga meM vapabha bhagavAna bauddha bhikSuoM kI isI pravRti kA pariNAma hai / yaha hugrA RSabha deva kA cinha hai| hai aura hotA rhegaa| samAja ne madA se aba taka jisa RSabhadeva ke putra bharata bhI avadhUta the, jinhoMne bhadra zramaNa kA sammAna kiyA hai, vaha maThoM yA saghArAmo kA kAlI ke sammukha bali-pazu ke sthAna para svaya ko upasthita aizvaryazAlI svAmI zramaNa nahI thA; vaha vahI thA, jo karake pazu-bali ke viruddha mauna-satyAgraha kiyaa| zAyada gItA kI bhASA meM sthitapraja, nispRha, nimaga yogI thA, vedoM ke zunaHzeSa ke bAda pazu-bali ke viruddha prathama sazakta jisa buddha na gha jise buddha ne dhammapada me 'bamhana' kahA, jo nirgrantha, svara bharata kA hI hai| indriya-jetA, jina kahalAne kA vAstavika adhikArI thA. bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke bAda, avadhUta parAmparA ke jisane loka-kalyANa ke liye sadA apanA balidAna diyA bAisa prAcArya aura hue, lekina teIsave prAcArya bhagavAna hai| aise 'thamaNa' jaba taka raheMge, mAnava samAja sadA patana pArzvanAtha ke samaya se avadhuto kA eka sampradAya unase ke gambhIratama gahvaro se ubhara kara kalyANa mArga para pRthaka ho gayA aura nAtha sampradAya kahAyA / pArzvanAtha kA AtA rahegA / mAnava samAja bhI jaba taka aise sacce mUla sampradAya isa yuga se nigrantha sampradAya kahA jAne saMnyAsiyo ko vAstavika hArdika sammAna detA rahegA, lgaa| isI nirgrantha sampradAya meM caubIsaveM prAcArya varddhamAna jaba taka unake caraNa-cinho kA anusaraNa karatA rahegA, the, jinako jaina matAvalambiyoM ne caubIsavAM praura antima taba taka koI bhaya nahI hai| 00 patA :- makAna naM0 1867, galI naM0 45, nAIvAlA, karaula kaga, naI dillI

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46 varSakiraNa 1 anekAMta para bhAratIya sabhyatA kI pUrI chApa hai| mAyA-sabhyatA meM to, sUphI, daraveza, khvAjA, phakIra, pIra Adi anekoM kI anathatiyoM ke anusAra unake pUrvaja pUrva se vahA~ gRha-tyAgI saMnyAsiyo ke sampradAya islAma kA pradhAna aMga pahaMce / mAyA-jana kI sarvAdhika pUjyA aura iSTa devanAtA bana gae / yaha mAnane meM saMkoca nahI honA cAhiye ki mAyA hai, jo bhAratIya lakSmI kI bhAMti kamala dhAraNa islAma meM saMnyAsa kA praveza IsAI saMnyAsI sampradAyoM, kie haiM aura pradhAna deva 'huitjlIpokhtalI' nAgadhArI IrAna, aphagAnistAna aura madhya esiyA ke bauddha paura ziva hai, jo saMnyAsiyoM ke Adi gurU hai / maiksiko ke bauddhetara zramaNa-sampradAyoM tathA kAzmIra, sindhu mora iNDiyana ejarTaka vAstava meM AstIka kI santAna hai| nikaTavartI kSetroM ke hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke sAtha samparka kA sambhavataH janamejaya se saMdhi ke pazcAt prAstIka nAgo, hI pariNAma hai| nahaSo, aura moM ko polIneziyA ke mArga se vartamAna bhArata amarIkA meM le gae the| Aja mI maksiko ke AdivAsI bhArata meM to zramaNa aura gahastha kA sambandha pora nAga kI pUjA karate hai / bhArata se dUra jA basane para bhI, bhI spaSTa hai / bhArata kI jJAta sabhyatAoM meM sarvAdhika bhAratIya paramparAoM ko nahI bhUle / anya paramparAmro prAcIna sabhyatA sindhu-sabhyatA mAnI jAtI hai| usa kAla ke sAtha mArata meM parI vikasita saMnyAsa parAmparA bhI kI mudrAmo para utkIrNa citro se yaha spaSTa hai ki saba vahAM pahuMcI / prAcIna itihAsakAro aura yAtriyoM kI kucha tyAga kara vanoM meM nivAsa aura kaThora tapa karane sAkSI hai ki prAstIka apane purohito ko 'zamana' kahate vAle saMnyAsiyoM, yogiyoM kI paramparAe~ taba taka samAja the, jo spaSTa hI 'zramaNa kA hI rUpAntara hai / me susthApita hI nahI ho cukI thI; apitu samAja kA IsAiyata aura islAma pUjya aga bana cukI thii| eka mudrA para eka yogI vRkSa ke pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki IsA se kaI zatAbdI nIce samAdhistha hai aura anya pazupro se parivata hai| yadyapi pUrva saMnyAsa kI paramparA araba, misra, ijarAyala aura isa sabhyatA ko pUrva-vaidika kahanA to bhUla hI hogA, kintu yanAna me jar3a pakar3a cukI thii| sIriyA meM nirjanavAsI yaha spaSTa hai ki mudrAoM se prakaTa hone vAlA dharma aura saMnyAsiyoM ke saMgha aura Azrama sthApita the hii| unameM se jIvana-zailI vedo se prApta dharma aura darzana se bhinna ho kucha to atyanta kaThora tapa karate the| svayaM IsA ke dIkSA- pratIta hotI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ihaloka-paraka gurU yahannA isI sampradAya ke the / kucha paramparAgoM ke hone ke kAraNa, pravRti-paraka vaidika upAsanA aura jIvana anusAra, IsA ne bhI bhArata me pAkara, saMnyAsa aura zailI to abhilikhita ho gaI, kintu ihaiSaNA-rahita bhAratIya darzana kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| Aja bhI bhArata sarvatyAgiyoM ko jIvana-zailI kA abhilekhana, svabhAvataH me sabase prAcIta IsAI sIriyAI-IsAI hai, jo eka prakAra nahIM ho skaa| tathAkathita pUrva-vaidika yA vedetara jIvana se vizva ke prAcInatama IsAI-matAvalambI hai; kyoki aura upAsanA zailI ke abhilekha-pramANoM kA prabhAva anazratiyoM ke anusAra, ve mahAtmA IsA ke pratyakSa ziSya sambhavata. isI kAraNa hai / sindhu lipi ke uddhAra ke bAda sata tAmasa kI ziSya paramparA meM hai| sIriyAI IsAiyoM isa abhAva kI pUrti zAyada ho ske| kI jIvana-caryA bhAratIya saMnyAsiyoM se adhika bhinna vedo ke antima aMzoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM meM nahIM hai| unakI jIvana-caryA kA prabhAva thor3A bahuta sabhI avazya yaha bheda ubhara kara pAyA hai / zramaNa zabda kA IsAI saMpradAyoM para par3A hai| ullekha bhI pahale-pahala vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM hI hai| islAma kA pravartana hajarata muhammada se hai / muhammada vedoM ke RSiyoM kI paramparA aura zramaNoM kI paramparA sAhaba svayaM to pracalita arthoM meM saMnyAsI nahIM the, kintu me pradhAna bheda yahI rahA hai ki RSi adhikAMzataH gRhastha unako devI upadezoM kA darzana nirjana marusthaloM meM ekAnta rahe, jabaki zramaNa kaThora tapa karane vAle parivAjaka jIvana bitAne pora tapa karane ke bAda hI hamA thaa| bAda sarvasva tyAgI saMnyAsI the|

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zramaNa aura samAja : purAtana itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM 'zramaNa' zabda kI vyutpati hI 'zrama' dhAtu meM yuca yA tIrthakara mAnA hai| vAstava meM, avadhUtoM yA nAthoM se pRthaka lyuT pratyaya ke yoga se hotI hai / yoM zramaNa kA artha jaina dharma kA prArambha, aitihAsika dRSTi se, bhagavAna kaThora tapasvI hotA hai| kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki varddhamAna mahAvIra se mAnA jAnA cAhie / varddhamAna saMnyAsiyo ke vibhinna bheda bahata pahale hI ho cuke the| mahAvIra ko buddha ne 'nigaNTa' (nirgrantha) kahA hai / bAda meM rAmAyaNa me (1. 1.4 12.) me zramaNa aura tApasa zabda unheM hI 'jina' bhI kahA gayA / para, ravayaM buddha ko bhI ikaTTe Ae hai jisame spaSTa hai ki zramaNa aura kaThora aneka sthAnoM para 'jina' aura 'grahat' kahA gayA hai aura tapasvI meM bhI bheda hai| yahI vizeSaNa svaya mahAvIra ke lie bhI prayukta hue hai| ___iname bhI sabase mahAna saMvarga avadhato kA hai| pUrANo isI prakAra dono sampradAyo ke maMnyAsI bhI Age cala kara ne pravadhUno ko parampaga svayaM ziva se sthApita kI hai| 'zramaNa' kahalAe / kheda yahI rahA hai ki bauddha dharma kA kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se avadhata paramparA ke prAdi- sthAyI prabhAva bhArata kI sImA se bAhara bhI rahA hai, prAcArya bhagavAna RSabhadeva hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva parama- kintu varddhamAna kI thamaNa-paramparA bhArata se bAhara sthAyI avadhUta zreNI ko prApta saMnyAsI the| ye viSNu ke avatAra pramAra pramAra na pA skii| aura AdinAtha nAma se jaina dharma ke prathama tIrthakara mAne upasaMhAra gae haiM / ina bhagavAna RSabhadeva se hI digambara avadhUto yo mAnava samAja meM itihAsa kAla ke prArambha se kI paramparA kA prArambha hai| itihAsa-krama se yaha ghaTanA aba taka zramaNa yA saMnyAsI ne sammAna pUrNa sthAna pAyA sindhu kAla ke prArambha kI bhI ho sakatI hai kyoki eka hai| zramaNa samAja kA guru hai / zramaNa ke patana se sadA sindhu-mudrA para yogI aura vapabha cinha prakita pAyA gayA samAja kA patana hanA hai; yA samAja yadi sabala rahA hai hai / lekha to abhI nirdhAnta rUpa se paDhA nahI gayA hai, to umI ne patita zramaNa kA nAza karake apane pApako kintu cinha se vaha yogI-mUrti RSabhadeva kI bhI mAnI patana se bacAyA hai| bhArata se bauddha dharma kA lopa kucha jA sakatI hai, kyoki jana-parampaga meM vRSabha bhagavAna bauddha bhikSuoM kI isI pravRti kA pariNAma hai / yaha huA RSabha deva kA cinha hai| hai aura hotA rahegA / samAja ne madA se aba taka jisa RSabhadeva ke putra bharata bhI avadhata the, jinhone bhada- zramaNa kA sammAna kiyA hai, vaha maThoM yA saghAgamo kA kAlI ke sammukha bali-pazu ke sthAna para svaya ko upasthita aizvaryazAlI svAmI zragaNa nahIM thA, vaha vahI thA, jo karake pazu-bali ke viruddha mauna-satyAgraha kiyaa| zAyada gItA kI bhASA me sthitapraja, nispaha, nimaga yogI thA, vedoM ke zunaHzeSa ke bAda pazu-bali ke viruddha prathama mazakta jise buddha ne dhammapada me 'bamhana' kahA, jo nirgrantha, svara bharata kA hI hai| indriya-jetA, jina kahalAne kA vAstavika adhikArI thA . bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke bAda, avadhUta parAmparA ke jisane loka-kalyANa ke liye sadA apanA balidAna diyA bAisa prAcArya aura hue, lekina teIsaveM prAcArya bhagavAna hai| aise 'thamaNa' jaba taka rahege, mAnava samAja sadA patana pArzvanAtha ke samaya se avadhUto kA eka sampradAya unase ke gambhIratama gahvaro me ubhara kara kalyANa mArga para pRthaka ho gayA aura nAtha sampradAya khaayaa| pArzvanAtha kA prAtA rahegA / mAnava samAja bhI jaba taka aise sacce mUla sampradAya isa yuga se nirgrantha sampradAya kahA jAne saMnyAsiyo ko vAstavika hArdika sammAna detA rahegA, lgaa| isI nirgrantha sampradAya me caubIsave prAcArya varddhamAna jaba taka unake caraNa-cinhoM kA anusaraNa karatA rahegA, the, jinako jaina matAbalambiyo ne caubIsavAM aura antima taba taka koI bhaya nahIM hai| patA :- makAna naM0 1867, galI naM0 45, nAIvAlA, karaula kAga, naI dillI

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jaina kavi kuzalalAbha kA hindI sAhitya ko yogadAna DA0 manamohana svarUpa mAthura, udayapura aneka jaina grAcAyo ne hindI sAhitya kI sevA viSaya-vastu kI daSTi se ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA vI hai / aise hI eka jaina prAcArya hai-kuzalalAbha, jinhone jA sakatA hai-1. premAkhyAnaka racanAe~, 2. jaina bhakti hindI bhASA aura sAhitya kI apUrva sevA kii| kuza- sambandhI racanAyeM, 3. paurANika sAhitya tathA 4. rItilalAma dharma se jana yati the aura jaisalamera ke rAvala hara- sambandhI rcnaayeN| gaja ke . pAzrita the| prArambha me unhone hararAja ke kutUhalArtha mAdhavAnala kAmakadalA caupAI, DholA, mAgvaNI kavi kI rIti-vivecaka racanA hai-piMgala-ziromaNi' / caupAI jaisI zRgAra-paraka kRtiyoM aura zikSaNa ke lie yaha rAjasthAnI bhASA kA prathama chanda-vivecaka grantha hai| piMgala-ziromaNi jaise chaMda-grantha kA nirmANa kiyaa| rAvala isameM kavi ne pralaMkAra, koza aura rAjasthAnI bhASA ke haragaja kI mRtyu ke pazcAta prAya parivAjaka bana kara chanda vizeSa 'gIta' kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai| kuzalalAbha upAzrayo me hI Apane apanA zeSa jIvana bitaayaa| isa ko yahI paramparA haripiMgala prabandha, raghuvarajasa prakAsa, kAla me unhone jaina carita-kAvyo kA praNayana kiyaa| raghanAtha rUpaka gItA ro, kavi kulabodha, sajjana citra cunAva ' iname se kisI bhI grantha meM kavine apane jIvana-vatta saMbadhI candrikA prAdi rAjasthAnI rIti-grantho ke rUpa meM vikasita cA kAI saketa nahIM diyA hai| kintu grantho me vaNita katipaya huI / rAjasthAnI me pralaMkAra-vivecana kI daSTi se yaha ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para kuzalalAbha kA astitva-kAla grantha abhI bhI sarva prathama eva maulika hai| vikrama savat 1560-1565 se vi0 saM0 1655 taka ina sabhI kRtiyoM kA prArambha magalAcaraNa se kiyA mAnA jA sakatA hai / imI bhAMti kuzalalAbha kI bhASA ke gayA hai| ye magalAcaraNa gaNapati, sarasvatI, zaMkara, viSNu, AdhAra para yaha sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki prApakA mahAmAI, kAmadeva, jinaprabhu jinezvara, pArzvanAtha, gautamajanma gujarAta ke nikaTavatI mAravAr3a prAnta me hI huA RSi kI stuti se sambandhita hai / jaina bhakti sambandhI raca. hogaa| kRtiyo kI puSpikAo se spaSTa hotA hai ki kuza nAyo me jambUdvIpa, zatrujayagiri Adi kA bhI paricaya lalAbha kharataragaccha sampradAya ke adhiSThAtA jinacandra ke diyA gayA hai / kavi kI ina racanAoM kA anta puSpikA ziSya jinabhadra sUri kI ziSya-paramparA meM upAdhyAya dvArA humA hai, jiname kavi ne apanA aura apane guru kharaabhayadharma ke ziSya the| taragacchIya upAdhyAya abhayadharma kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| kuzalalAbha ne apane jIvana-kAla meM jaina evaM jainetara stotra evaM devI-bhakti racanAoM meM yaha anta kavi ne viSayo se sambandhita 18 grantho' kI racanA kii| inheM 'kalaza' chanda ke mAdhyama se kiyA hai, yathA 1. rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna, udypur| 2. mAdhavAnala kAmakandalA caupAI, DholAmAravaNI caupAI, jinapAlita jinarakSita sadhi gAthA, pAzvanAtha dazabhava stavana, pragar3adatta rAsa, tejasAra rAsa caupAI, piMgala-ziromaNi, stambhana pArzvanAtha stavana, bhImasena haMsarAja caupAI, zatruJjaya yAtrA stavana, zrIpUjya vAhaNa vAhaNa gIta, mahAmAI durgA sAtasI, jagadambA chanda athavA bhavAnI chanda, sphuTa chada, kavitta aura guNa sundarI caupAI (?) / 3. paramparA, bhAga 13.- rAjasthAnI zodha saMsthAna, jodhpur|

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jaina kavi kuzalalAma kA hindI sAhitya ko yogadAna 46 indrAdika sura asuraH sadA tujha sevA sAraH karatI haisvarga mRtyu pAtAla pracala tumaci bhASAraH putra ulayo prohita jisaI. harakhaI bUDhA mAMsa tisaI / gira gahara vara vivara nagara puravara trika cAcara mAdho le prAliMgana bIyaI pati praNava kholA liyaa| prApa chandi pANaMda zakti pole sacarAcara ziva saMgati yugati beli sadA vividha rUpa vizvezvarI nagara sAha siNagAriyo, sayala loka prANaMda kIghau // " kavi kuzalalAbha kalyANa kari jaya jaya jgdiishvrii|' jaina kathAnaka sambandhI racanAoM meM nAyaka ke svadeza kavi kI adhikAMza premAkhyAnaka racanAoM me prAdhikA- lauTane para koI guru usako dharma meM dIkSita karatA hai| rika kathA kA prArambha prAya: kisI ni satAna rAjA athavA tatpazcAt nAyaka apane bar3e putra ko rAjyabhAra sabhAla kara purohita dvArA santAna prApti ke prayala ke varaNa se huA sanyAsI banate citrita kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki jane tara hai / devI-devatA, Rpi mani ke grAmatrita phala athavA racanAoM meM mugyamaya pArivArika jIvana ke sAtha kathA kA unake batAye anusAra puSkara yA anya pavitra sthalo kI anta hai / isa prakAra jahA jenetara racanAyo kI kathA-vastu 'jAta' dene para uma rAjA ke yahAM putra athavA putrI kA sukhAnta hai, vahA~ jaina carita sambandhI racanAyo bI prasAjanma humA hai| yuvA hone para kisI aparAdha para dAnta / pitA se kahA sunI hone para athavA rAjAjJA se nAyaka kuzalalAbha ne zRGgAra, bhakti, kAvya-zAstra, caritrako ghara chor3anA paTA hai| isI niSkAsana se nAyaka ke pAkhyAna Adi vividha viSayo ko lekara prabandha, laghu-gIta vaiziSTya ke dvArA ina racanAyo meM kavi ne prema-tatva ko chanda, stotra prAdi racanAyeM likhii| inameM pradhAnatA zRMgAra ubhArA hai| rasa kI hI hai / zAntarasa to sahAyaka hai eva uddezyapUrti ke nAyaka-nAyikAmoM meM prema kA Arambha pratyakSa-darzana nimitta hI prayukta huA hai| isa sadarbha meM zrI zrIcanda aura rUpa-gaNa-zravaNa dvArA hotA hai| nAyaka-nAyikA me jaina kA kathana hai-"jaina kAvya meM zAti yA zama kI pramoddIpana eva usake saMyoga meM totA, maMtrI-putra, bhATa pradhAnatA hai avazya, kintu vaha prArambha nahI, pariNati hai khavAsa, sakhiyA~ Adi sahAyaka hae hai / nAyikA kI prApti ....... nArI ke zRgArI rUpa, yauvana evaM tajjanya kAmotte. ke pazcAta jaba nAyaka pana: apane nivAsa ko loTatA hai janA prAdi kA citraNa isI kAraNa jaina kaviyo ne bahuta to mArga me usakA pratinAyaka ke sAtha yuddha dikhalAyA sUkSmatA se kiyA hai / gayA hai / nAyaka vijayI hokara jaise hI Age bar3hatA hai, ina raso ke atirikta karuNA, vAtmalya, vIra, roDa, nAyikA kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai| isake pazcAt nAyikA ko bhayAnaka raso kA bhI yathA prasaga prayoga huA hai| punarjIvana yogI-yoginI athavA vidyAdhara'" dvArA prApta hotA kavi ne apanI kRtiyo me aneka chandoM kA sundara hai| ghara lauTane para sabhI premAkhyAnaka racanAo me nAyaka prayoga kiyA hai| "piMgala ziromaNi' nAmaka apane rIti ke mAtA-pitA eva usa nagara kI prajA nAyaka kA svAgata (zeSa pRSTha 54 para) 4. rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna, udayapura, graM0 206 8. DholA mAravaNI caupAI, pragar3adatta rAsa, bhImasena haMsa chaMda 48. (jagadambA chd)| rAja caupaaii| hai. DholA mAravaNI caupAI, bhImasena haMsarAja caupaaii| 5 mAdhavAnala kAmakadalA caupAI , DholA mAravANI caupAI 10. pragar3adatta rAsa, mAdhavAnala kAmakandalA, tejabAratejasAra rAsa caupAI ityAdi rcnaaeN| rAsa caupaaii| 6. tejasAra rAsa, pArzvanAtha dazabhatra stavana ityAdi raca- 11. mAdhavAnana kAma-kaMdalA caupAI-pAnanda kAya mhonaayeN| dadhi, mau0 7, pR0 180, caupAI 644-647 / 4. mAdhavAnala kAmakandalA caupAI, sthUlibhadra chatIsI, 12.jaina kathApo kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR.132agar3adatta raas|

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mahAvIra kI tapasyA aura siddhi - upAdhyAya munizrI vidyAnanda mahAna kArya-siddhi ke lie mahAna parizrama karanA Ate the / usake sivAya apanA zeSa samaya ekAnta sthAna, paDatA hai| zrI varddhamAna tIrthakara ko anAdi samaya kA vana, parvata, guphA, nadI ke kinAre, zmazAna, bAga Adi karma-bandhana, jisane ananta zaktizAlI prAtmAnoM ko dIna, nirjana sthAna meM bitAte the / vana ke bhayAnaka hiMsaka pazu hIna balahIna banAkara saMsAra ke bandIghara ( jelakhAne ) jaba tIrthakara mahAvIra ke nikaTa pAte to unheM dekhate hI meM DAla rakhA hai, naSTa karane ke lie kaThora tapasyA karanI unakI Rra hiMsaka bhAvanA zAnta ho jAtI thI, ataH par3I, tadartha- vaha jaba prAtma-sAdhanA nimagna ho jAte the, unake nikaTa siMha, hariNa, sarpa, nyolA, billI, cahA taba kaI dina taka eka hI prAsana meM macala baiThe yA khar3e Adi jAti-virodhI jIva bhI dveSa, vaira-bhAganA chor3akara rahate the| kabhI-kabhI eka mAsa taka lagAtAra Atma-dhyAna prama zAnti sa kAr3A kiyA karata th| karate rahate the| usa samaya bhojana-pAna banda rahatA hI niHsaMga vAyu jisa prakAra bhramaNa karatI rahatI hai, eka thA, kintu isake sAtha bAharI vAtAvaraNa kA bhI anubhava hI sthAna para nahIM rukI rahatI, isI prakAra prasaMga nirgrantha nahIM ho pAtA thaa| zIta Rtu meM parvata para yA nadI ke tIrthaMkara mahAvIra tapazcaraNa karane ke liye bhramaNa karate saTa para athavA kisI khule maidAna meM baiThe rahate the, unheM rahe / bhramaNa karate hue jaba vaha ujjayinI nagarI ke bhayaMkara zIta kA bhI anubhava nahIM hotA thaa| grISma Rtu nikaTa pahuMce taba vahAM nagara ke bAhara 'pratimuktaka' nAmaka meM vaha parvata para baiThe dhyAna karate the, Upara se dopahara kI zmazAna ko ekAnta-zAnta pradeza jAnakara vahAM prAtmadhyAna dhUpa, nIce se garama patthara, cAroM mora se lU (garama havA) karane Thahara gaye / jaba rAtri kA samaya huA to vahAM para unake nagna zarIra ko tapAtI rahatI thI, kintu tapasvI 'sthANu' nAmaka eka rudra paayaa| usa sthANu rudra ne dhyAnavardhamAna ko usakA bhAna nahIM hotA thaa| varSA Rtu meM magna tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ko dekhaa| dekhate hI usane unheM nagna zarIra para mUsalAdhAra pAnI giratA thA, teja havA dhyAna se vicalita karane ke liye ghora upasarga karane kA vicAra kiyaa| calatI thI, parantu mahAna yogI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra acala Asana se prAtma ciMtana meM rahate the| tadanusAra apane sidgha vidyAbala se apanA bhayAnaka __ jaba vaha mAtma-dhyAna se nivRtta hue aura zarIra ko vikarAla rUpa banAyA aura kAnoM ke parde phAr3a dene vAlA kucha bhojana dene kA vicAra hA to nikaTa ke gAMva yA aTTahAsa kiyaa| apane mukha se agni-jvAlA nikAla kara nagara meM cale gaye / vahA~ yadi vidhi-pranusAra zudadha bhojana dhyAnArUr3ha tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI mora jhpttaa| bhUta-pretoM mila gayA to ni:spRha bhAvanA se thor3A-sA bhojana kara liyA ne bhayAnaka nRtya dikhalAye / sarpa, siMha, hAthI, prAdi ne bhora tapasyA karane vana, parvata para cale ge| kahI do dina bhayAnaka zabda kiye| dhUli, agnivarSA kI / isa prakAra Thahare, kahI cAra dina, kahI eka saptAha, phira vihAra ke aneka upadrava tIrthaMkara ko bhayabhIta karane tathA prAtmakarake kisI anya sthAna ko cale gye| yadi sonA prAva. dhyAna se calAyamAna karane ke liye kiye, parantu use kucha zyaka samajhate, to rAta ko pichale pahara kucha dera ke liye bhI saphalatA na milI / na to parama tapasvI varddhamAna racakaravaTa se so jaate| isa taraha se prAtma-sAdhana ke liye mAtra bhayabhIta hue aura na unakA citta dhyAna se calAyaadhika se adhika aura zarIra kI sthiti ke lie kama se mAna huA / vaha usI prakAra apane pracala pAsana se Thahare kama samaya lagAte the| rahe, jisa prakAra mAMdhI ke calataM rahane para bhI parvata jyoM aisI kaThora tapazcaryA karate hue vaha deza-dezAntara meM kA tyoM khar3A rahatA hai| anta meM apanA ghora upasarga bhramaNa karate rahe, nagara yA gAMva meM kevala bhojana ke liye viphala hote dekha, sthANu rudra cupacApa calA gyaa|

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mahAvIra ko tapasyA aura siddhi jagata meM koI bhI padArtha bahumUlya evaM pAdaraNIya ke mUla kAraNa durddha mohanIya karma kA zIghra kSaya karane banatA hai to vaha bahuta parizrama tathA kaSTa sahana karane ke ke liye kSapaka zreNI upayogI hotI hai| karma-kSaya ke yogya pazcAta hI banA karatA hai| gaharI khudAI karane para miTTI. AtmA ke pariNAmoM kA prati kSaya asakhya guNA unnata honA pattharoM meM milA hamA bhaddA ratna-pASANa nikalatA hai, hI kSapaka zreNI hai| kSapaka pAThaveM, nauveM, dasaveM aura bArausako chainI, TA~kI, hathaur3o kI mAra sahanI par3atI hai, haveM guNa sthAna me hotI hai| ina guNa-sthAnoM me cAritrya zANa kI tIkSNa ragar3a khAnI paDatI hai, taba kahIM jhila- mohanIya ko zeSa 21 prakRtiyo kI zakti kA kramazaH hrAsa milAtA hA bahamulya ratna prakaTa hotaa| agni ke bhArI hotA hai, kSaya bArahaveM guNa-sthAna meM ho jAtA hai : santApa me bAra-bAra pighalakara sonA camakIlA banatA hai, usa samaya prAtmA ke samasta krodha, mAna kAma, lobha, tabhI saMsAra usakA pAdara karatA hai aura pUrNamUlya dekara mAyA, dvaSa Adi kaSAya samUla naSTa ho jAte hai, prAtmA utkaMThA se kharIdatA hai| pUrNa zuddha vItarAga icchA-vihIna ho jAtA hai, tadanusAra dUsarA zukla dhyAna (ekatva vitarka) hotA hai, jisase jJAnapadArtha sasAra meM eka bhI nahI hai| ratna kI taraha usakA darzana ke aviraka tathA balahIna kAraka (jAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaibhava bhI anAdi kAlIna karma ke maila se chipA humA hai| varaNa aura antarAya) karma kSaya ho jAte hai, taba mAtmA usa gahana karma-mala meM chipe hue vaibhava ko pUrNa zuddha me pUrNa jJAna, pUrNa darzana aura pUrNa bala kA vikAsa ho prakaTa karane ke liye mahAna parizrama karanA par3atA hai aura jAtA hai, jinako dUsare zabdoM meM ananta jJAna, ananta mahAna kaSTa sahana karanA par3atA hai, taba yaha prAtmA parama darzana, ananta sukha, ananta bala kahate hai| ina guNoM ke zuddha vizvavandya paramAtmA vanA karatA hai| pUrNa vikasita ho jAne se prAtmA pUrNajJAtA--drapTA bana tIrthakara mahAvIra ko bhI prAtmazuddhi ke lie kaThora jAtA hai / yaha prAtmA kA 13vA guNa-sthAna kahalAtA hai / tapasyA karanI pdd'ii| tapazcaraNa karate hue unakI pUrva kSapaka zreNI ke guNa-sthAno kA samaya antarmuhUrta hai, saMcita karmarAzi nirjIrNa (nirjarA) ho rahI thI, karma usI meM yogI sarvajJa ho jAtA hai| vItarAga sarvajJa ho prAgamana (prAsrava) tathA bandha kama hotA jA rahA thaa| jAnA hA mAtmA kA jAvana-mukta paramAtmA (mahanta) hA arthAt prAtmA kA karma-mala kaTatA jA rahA thA yA ghaTatA jAnA hai| prAtmonnati yA prAHma-zuddhi kA itanA bar3A jA rahA thA / ataH prAtmA kA pracchanna teja kramazaH udIya kArya hone me itanA thor3A samaya lagatA hai. kintu yaha mAna ho rahA thA, prAtmA karma-bhAra se halkA ho rahA thA, mahAna kArya hotA tabhI hai, jabaki prAtmA tapazcaraNa ke dvArA zukla dhyAna ke yogya bana cukA ho| mukti nikaTa prAptI jA rahI thii| terahaveM guNa sthAna meM tIsarA zukla dhyAna ( sUkSma vihAra karate-karate tapasvI yogI, tIthaMkara mahAvIra kriyA pratipAtI) hotA hai|| magadha (bihAra) prAntIya 'jambhikA' gAMva ke nikaTa bahane mAtmonnati yA prAtmazuddhi athavA vItarAga, sarvajJa vAnI 'RjukalA' nadI ke taTa para laaye| vahA~ pAkara mahanta, jIvanmukta paramAtmA banane kA sahI vidhi-vidhAna unhone sAla vRkSa ke nIce pratipAyoga dhAraNa kiyaa| tIrthakara mahAvIra ko bhI karanA pdd'aa| 12 varSa 5 mAsa sthAtma-cintana meM nimagna ho jAne para unheM sAtizava 15 divasa taka tapazcaryA karane ke anantara unhoMne prathama apramattaguNa sthAna prApta humA / tadanantara cAritra mohanIva zakna dhyAna kI yogyatA prApta kI, tatpazcAt pahale likhe karma kI zaSa 21 kRtiyoM kA kSaya karane ke liye kSapaka liya kSapaka anusAra unhoMne mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa mora zreNI kA prAdyasthAna pAThanoM guma sthAna humaa| tavartha antarAya cAra dhAtiyA karmoM kA kSaya antarmuhUrta me karake prathama zukla dhyAma (pRthakatva vitarpha vicAra) hmaa| vacAra hA sarvajJa vItarAga yA barhanta jIva-makta paramAtma-pada prApta jaise UMce bhavana para zIghra pahane ke liye sIDhI upa kiyaa| mata: vaha pUrNa zuddha evaM vikAlamAtA trilokasa yopI hotI hai, usI prakAra saMsAra-bhramaNa evaM karma-bandhana bana gye|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ke sphuliMga prAcArya zrI tulasI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zAzvata satya kI khoja kI aura pracalita dhAraNAmoM meM jahA~-jahA~ viSamatA dikhAI dI, usI kA pratipAdana kiyaa| ve kore yugadraSTA nahIM the| usakA pratirodha kiyaa| yugadraSTA kevala sAmayika satya ko dekhatA hai| jo zAzvata kucha vidvAna kahate hai ki vaidika dharma meM pracalita darzI hotA hai, vaha yugadarzI hotA hI hai, kintu yugAtIta- rUDhiyoM kA virodha karane ke liye mahAvIra samAja ke darzI bhI hotA hai / zAzvata satya kA prasphuTana yuga ke sammukha eka sudhAraka ke rUpa meM prastuta hue| unakI pravR. saMdarbha meM bhI hotA hai aura usase pare bhI hotA hai| mahA ttiyoM aura dhArmika preraNAmoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa vIra bhArata kI miTTI meM janme / bhAratIya samAja unakA nikAlA jAtA hai| kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha yathArtha nahIM patA samAja thA / unake pitA licchavigaNa ke eka hai| unhoMne avazya hI viSamatApUrNa rUr3hiyoM kA pratirodha sadasya the| vaizAlI kA vipula vaibhava aura prabhutva unake viyA, para vaha pratirodha karane ke liye eka sudhAraka ke bhAsa pAsa parikramA kara rahA thaa| ve jisa samAja meM pale rUpa meM prastuta nahIM hue| vaha samatAmaya dharma kI samagra saba samAja una dinoM bhAratIya samAja kahalAtA thA dhAraNA ko lekara samAja ke sAmane prastuta hue aura prAsaMaura mAja vaha hindU samAja kahalAtA hai| usa samaya meM gika rUpa meM pratirodha bhI unake liye anivArya ho gyaa| dharma kI do dhArAeM pravAhita ho rahI thIM-vaidika aura samAja kA bahuta bar3A bhAga janmanA jAti me vizvAsa ma zramaNa / mahAvIra ne dono dhArAmoM kA nikaTatA se pari __ karatA thA / yaha viSamatApUrNa siddhAnta thaa| jAti se caya kiyaa| tIsa varSa kI avasyA meM vaha zramaNa bne| yadi prAdamI UMcA aura nIcA ho sakatA hai to phira purumAle bAraha varSa taka unhoMne dIrgha tapasthA aura sAdhanA SArtha kA koI mahatva hI nahI rhtaa| jAti se koI kii| usake bAda unheM kaivalya prApta huA / unhoMne satya prAramInIcA kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA / janahita ke liye unhoMne dharma- bhInIcA bhI nIcA hI rahegA aura uccajAti vAlA burA AcaraNa vyAkhyA kii| unhoMne batAyA-samatA dharma hai / rAga pAra karane para bhI UMcA rahegA / isa vyAkhyA me puruSArtha aura noM viSamatA ke vIja hai / antara jagata kI prAcaraNa zUnya ho jAte hai / jAti hI saba kucha ho jAtI jitanI samasyAeM hai, unakA mUla hetu rAga-dvaSa hA hai| hai| isa vyAkhyA ke pIche chipA hamA jo pakSapAta thA vaha sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika stara para bhI jo samasyAeM samatA-dharma ke anukUla nahIM ho sktaa| dharma se manuSya ubharatI hai, unake pIche bhI rAga-dveSa kA bahuta bar3A hAtha taTasthatA kI apekSA rakhatA hai| vahI dharma yadi pakSapAta hotA hai| rAga-dveSa para vijaya pAye binA samatA nahIM saghatI aura rAga-dveSa kA pATha par3hAye to dharma kI prayojanIyatA aura samatA kI sididha hae binA dharma prApta nahIM ho hI samApta ho jAtI hai| mahAvIra ne pracalita jAtiyoM ko sakatA / jahA~ jitanI aura jo viSamatA hai, vaha saba asvIkRta nahIM kiyA / jAti-vyavasthA ke pIche rahe huye adharma hai| jahA~ jitanI aura jo samatA hai, vaha saba dharma manovaijJAnika kAraNoM kI upekSA nahIM kii| unhoMne kevala hai| isa kasauTI para unhoMne dharma ko kasA bhora dharma kI janmanA jAti ke sUtra ko badala kara karmaNA jAti kA

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ke sphuliMga sUtra prastuta kiyaa| isake anusAra eka hI manuSya ekahI para pratiSThita kiyaa| unheM samma kmo kI sacatA kA janma meM brAhmaNa bhI ho sakatA hai, kSatriya bhI ho sakatA samabhAgI banA mAnabIya ekatA kI mAdhArabhUmi prazasta hai, kucha bhI ho sakatA hai, pitA kSatriya aura putra vaizya ho kii| sakatA hai| vaizya pitA kA putra zudra bhI ho sakatA hai| usa samaya vaicArika hiMsA kA bhI daura cala rahA thaa| karmaNA jAti kI isa parivartanazIla vyavasthA meM U~ca, apane se bhinna vicAra rakhane vAloM para prahAra karanA, nIca aura chupAchata kA bheda nahIM panapa sktaa| unake vicAroM kI prasatyatA prAmANika karanA dharma-sampra. samatA ke do pramakha pratiphala -ahiMsA evaM apari- dAyoM meM bhI mAnya thaa| eka dharma ke loga dUsare dharma graha / ahiMsA kA siddhAnta apanI prAtmA ke prati jAga- vAloM para kaTAkSa karate the / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anekAnta rUka rahane kA siddhAnta hai| apanI AtmA ke prati jAga- kA darzana prastuta kara janatA ko smjhaayaa| satya kI rUka vahI raha sakatA hai jo prAtmA ke paramAtma svarUpa ko upalabdhi samanvaya aura sApekSatA ke dvArA hI ho sakatI jAnatA hai / aisA vyakti dUsaroM ke prati viSamatApUrNa vyava- hai| ekAMkI dRSTi se prastuta kiyA jAne vAlA koI bhI hAra nahIM kara sktaa| isa AdhAra para bhagavAna mahA- vicArapUrNa satya se vicchinna hone ke kAraNa satya nahIM vIra ne pazu-bali-anaucitya tthhraayaa| anivArya hiMsA bhI ho sktaa| isa anekAnta kI dhArA ne sAmpradAyika hiMsA hai| dharma ke nAma para hiMsA vihita nahIM ho sktii| sakIrNatA ke sthAna para udAra vicAra, sarvagrAhI dRSTikoNa bhora samanvaya kI pratiSThA kii| ___ vanaspati kA pAhAra jIvana kI anivAryatA hai yA ho sakatI hai, kintu mAMsa kA bhojana jIvana kI ani DhAI hajAra varSa pahale samAja ko pArmika svataMtratA vAryatA nahI hai| usase sAtvika vattiyoM kA upaghAta adhika prApta thii| koI vyakti cAhe jitanA dhana ajita bhI hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mAMsAhAra ke prati kara sakatA thaa| rAjakIya kara bhI bahuta kama the| kucha janatA meM pravAMchanIyatA kI bhAvanA paidA kI paura bhAra vyakti dhana kubera the| kucha bahata daridra bhI the| pArthika tIya samAja meM mAMsAhAra-virodhI daSTikoNa prabhAvazAlI viSamatA ke prati koI sAmAjika citana vikasita nahIM ho gyaa| humA thaa| sAmAnya janatA me yaha dhAraNA thI ki jo dhanI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne karmakANDoM ko AdhyAtmika rUpa banA hai, usane pUrva janma me acche karma kie hai / jo garIba diyaa| usa samaya yajJasasthA bahuta prabhAvazAlI thii| bhaga hai usane pUrva janma meM bure karma kie hai| apane-apane kie vAna ke yajJa ke prati hone vAle janatA ke AkarSaNa ko hue karmoM kA phala bhugatanA par3atA hai| isa dhAraNA ke samApta nahI kiyA, kintu yajJa kI AdhyAtmika yojanA AdhAra para garIba ke mana me amIra ke prati mAkroza nahI kara use rUpAntarita kara diyaa| thA / sAmAjika stara para bhI vaha viSamatA-pUrNa vyavasthA hiMsA kA vidhAna svarga ke liye kiyA gayA thaa| bhaga- mAnya thii| kintu samatA kI kasauTI para vaha kharI nahIM vAna mahAvIra ne nirvANa ke vicAra ko itanI prakharatA utara rahI thii| isa lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aparise prastuta kiyA ki svarga kI AkAMkSA aura svarga ke liye graha kA siddhAta samajhAyA / unhone kahA-~-pratyeka gRhastha kI jAne vAlI hiMsA-dono ke pAsana hila gaye / hiMsA ko vratI bananA cAhie aura jo vratI bane, use parigraha kA artha kevala prANaharaNa hI nahIM hai / ghuNA bhI hisA hai| kI sImA avazya karanI caahie| arjana ke sAdhanoM kI svataMtratA kA apaharaNa bhI hiMsA hai| tatkAlIna samAja zuddhi, parigraha kI sImA aura upabhoga kA sayama-ina vyavasthA me striyo aura zUdroM ko apekSita svataMtratA tInoM ko zrRMkhalita kara dharma kI eka aisI dazA kA udaprApta nahIM thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne striyoM aura zUdroM ghATana kiyA, jisakI vyAvahArika pariNati Arthika samAko apane saMgha meM dIkSita kara unheM samAnatA ke prAsana natA meM hotI hai|

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54, varSa 28, ki0 1 nikAnta usa yuga kA samAja-vyavasthA meMzana kooNti manuSya prayaloM me. khojI jA sakatI hai| unhoMne janabhASA meM * kA bhI parigraha hotA thaa| strI puruSa bikate the| bikA apanI bAta kahI aura unakI bAta sIdhI janatA taka huA AdamI dAsa hotA thA aura usa para mAlika kA phucii| janatA ne use apanAyA. para koI bhI purAnA pUrNa adhikAra rahatA thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa saMskAra eka sAtha nahIM TUTa jAtA / DhAI hajAra varSoM ke prathA ko hiMsA aura parigraha dono dRSTiyoM se anucita bAda hama anubhava kara rahe hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI batAyA aura janatA ko ise chor3ane ke lie prerita kiyaa| vANI ke ve sAre sphuliMga pAja mahAzikhA banakara na kevala dAsa-prathA-unmUlana, parigraha, mAnavIya ekatA, svataMtratA, bhAratIya samAja ko, kintu samUce mAnava-samAja ko prakAza samAnatA, sApekSatA, sahaastitva, grAdi samatA ke vibhinna de rahe hai| pahaluoM kI mUlaghArA bhagavAn sahAvIra ke vacano tathA [pR0 46 kA zeSAMza] vivecaka grantha meM kuzala lAbha ne 104 chandoM kA sodAharaNa ataH usakI bhASA kA janatA kI bhASA honA anivArya lAkSaNika vivecana kiyA hai / unhIM meM se kucha chandoM meM bhI thaa| kavi ne apanI anubhUti ko vibhinna kRtiyoM meM vANI dI sAhitya ko samAja kA sAMskRtika itihAsa kahA hai / ye pramukha chanda hai-dUhA, caupAI, gAhA, troTaka, haNa- jAtA hai| kavi samAja meM rahatA hai| ataH usakA samAja phAla, vipakkharI, padghaDI, motIdAma vastu, cAvakI, roma- kI gatividhiyoM se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hI hai| vatI, hATakI, kalaza praadi| ina chandoM kI pradhAna vize- sabhI yugIna pravRttiyoM kA citraNa kuzala lAbha ne apane SatA yahI hai ki aneka sthaloM para ye chanda lakSaNa se mela sAhitya me kiyA hai| ye varNana sAmantI evaM jaina saMskRti nahIM khaate| isake atirikta tuka ke prAgraha se chaMdoM ke se sambaddha hai| kAraNa, kavi kA sAhitya vizeSa rUpa se padAnta hakAra, i-kAra, prakAra ho gaye haiM / kavi ne chaMdoM hama do samAjoM se sambandhita hai / kavi ne apane sAhitya ko janaruci ke anukUla banAne ke lie tatkAlIna pracalita me usa yuga meM pracalita alaukika zaktiyoM meM prAsthA, zAstrIya evaM laukika rAga-rAginiyoM aura baMdhoM ko bhI jyotiSiyo kI bhaviSyavANiyoM meM zraddhA, svapna-phala paura grahaNa kiyA hai| ina rAgoM ke prayoga se kavi ke paripakva zakno meM vizvAsa rakhane prAdi kA bar3A sarala ullekha saMgIta-jJAna kA paricaya bhI milatA hai| kiyA hai| pUrva karma-phala ke prati zraddhA kA eka udAharaNa prastuta hai| kuzala lAbha ke sAhitya kA hindI bhASA ke vikAsa paile bhava pApa meM kiyA, to tujha viNa itarA dina gyaa| kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva hai| kavi ke sAhitya meM mUlataH Hd saimaSa bAta kare vASANa, bIvana janma prANa supramANa // do prakAra kI bhASA kA prayoga humA hai-prathama, zuddha hiMgala 00 paura dvitIya, madhyakAla meM pracalita loka-bhASA rAjasthAnI jise kucha vidvAnoM ne jUnI-gujarAtI athaka prAcIna rAja- prAdhyApaka, hindI vibhAga, sthAnI nAma bhI die hai| kavi kI adhikAMza racanAmA bhUpAla nobalsa mahAvidyAlaya, kI yahI bhASA hai / vastuta: kuzala lAbha loka-kavi thaa| udayapura ( rAja.) 1. DholA mAravaNI caupAI, caupAI sa0557 /

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vaicArika krAnti sAhU zreyAMsa prasAda jaina, bambaI kAMti kA sUtrapAta vicAroM se hotA hai aura vicAra vizeSa sAdhanA kI ucca bhUmikA meM bhale hI pUrNa ahiMsaka hI prAcAra aura vyavahAra meM parivartana lAte hai| vizva ho sake kintu sabake lie pUrNa ahiMsA sambhava nahI hai itihAsa isa bAta kA gavAha hai ki duniyA meM jaba bhI isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne muniyoM ke lie mahAvata kucha parivartana huA to usake pIche cintana aura vicAra aura zrAvakoM ke lie praNavratoM kA upadeza diyaa| 'jIyo kI bhUmikA avazya rahI / samaya samaya para saMsAra meM aura jIne do' kA sandeza dene vAle bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka mahApuruSa hue jinhoMne apane anubhava, cintana evaM jIne kI kalA sikhAI / jIvana eka dUsare ke sahayoga para manana se mAnavajAti kA mArgadarzana kiyaa| AdhArita hotA hai / pratyeka vyakti jIne aura sukha se jIne Aja se lagabhaga ar3hAI hajAra varSa pahale bhArata kI kI kAmanA karatA hai| duHkha koI nahIM cAhatA, isalie puNya dharatI para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne janma liyaa| 2500 mahAvIra ne sabhI jIvoM ke prati samatA kA upadeza diyA varSa pahale kA vaha yuga saMsAra meM vaicArika krAMti kA yuga aura hiMsA kA virodha kiyaa| thaa| duniyAM ke aura dezoM meM bhI aneka mahApuruSa usa mahAvIra ke yuga me dharma ke nAma para aneka kriyAkANDa mamaya me hue jisameM sukarAta, kanaphyUziyasa, buddha, jarathuna yajJa evaM pAkhaNDa pracalita the aura hiMsA ko bhI dhArmika Adi ullekhanIya haiM / bhagavAna mahAvIra jisa yuga meM hue mAnyatA dekara dharma kA eka aMga mAna liyA gayA thaa| mahAvIra ne isa sthiti meM apane krAMtikArI vicAroM se usa samaya kI sthiti meM unhoMne mahAna krAMtikArI ciMtana logoM ke sAmane rkhaa| sacamuca mahAvIra krAMtadRSTA the / dharma ke nAma para calane vAle pAkhaNDa bhora hiMsA kA prati kAra kiyaa| ThIka usI yuga meM bhagavAna buddha ne bhI aisI krAMti kA prathama caraNa svayaM jIvana se hI zurU hotA hai| hI dharma-krAMti kI bhora mahisA kI pAvana dhArA meM sArA baMbhava, vilAsa aura bhogoM ko chor3a kara tyAga evaM saMyama vizva pavitra ho utthaa| kI bhora unakA sahaja jhukAva mAnava jIvana ke lakSya ke sAmAjika kSetra meM jAti-pAMti mora chamAchata kA prati eka krAMti thii| saMsAra ke sabhI bhautika sukho ko bolabAlA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA-'manuSya janma kSaNika mAnakara prAtmasukha ke lie mahAvIra ne ghara-saMsAra chor3akara sAr3he bAraha varSoM taka kaThoratama sAdhanA kii| se nahI, karma se mahAna banatA hai / jAti se koI ucca kaivalyajJAna kI prApti ke bAda apane carama jJAna ko prANI athavA nIca nahIM hotaa|' sAdhanA ke kSetra meM garIba aura mAtra ke lie pAvana gaMgA kI taraha pravAhita kiyaa| amIra, rAjA yA raMka, harijana yA mahAjana kA bheda mahA___mahAvIra kI krAMti, bhASA se zurU hotI hai| vidvAnoM vIra ne nahI svIkArA / unhoMne manuSya mAtra ko eka jAti maanaa| khaNDavana kI ora jAte hae bhagavAna mahAevaM bauddhikoM ke lie vaha yuga saMskRta bhASA evaM prAkRta kA pAMDityapUrNa yuga thaa| kintu mahAvIra ne janabhASA vIra dhIra-gaMbhIra mudrA meM bar3ha rahe the / sAmane se eka vRddha arddhamAgadhI ko hI apane upadezoM ke lie cunaa| krAMti vyakti unakI bhora tejI se daur3atA huA pAyA aura mahA bIra ke pIche calane vAlI bhIr3a ne cillA kara kahAke lie yaha jarUrI hai ki jana-jana taka cintana ko pahucAyA jAya aura isIlie vidvAnoM kI bhASA ke sthA napara 'use roko, mAge mata prAne do| yaha harikezI cANDAla janabhASA ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apnaayaa| mahAvIra ne hai, chU jAyagA kisI kocintana ke kSetra meM naI krAMti dI, nayA dRSTikoNa prastuta mahAvIra do kadama Age bar3hate hue dhIra-gaMbhIra vANI kiyaa| unhoMne sukha kI prApti ke lie ahiMsA kA mArga meM bole-'use roko mata, prAge pAne do|' harikezIbatAyA / ahiMsA kA sUkSma vivecana karate hue bhI mahAvIra cANDAla mahAvIra ke caraNo meM jhukane lagA aura mahAvIra ne use ekAntika yA ekapakSIya nahIM bnaayaa| vyakti ne use gale se lagA liyA / sAre rAjakumAra vismita ho

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56, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta uThe, kintu mahAvIra harikezI kI sAdhanA se paricita the eka zrAvaka ke lie ucita hai| prataH manda manda muskarA rahe the| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI cintana ke kSetra meM eka abhinava mahAvIra kI ahiMsA samatA para AdhArita thI / dena yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne vyakti ke svataMtra astitva ko usakA vaicArika pahalU anekAnta thaa| anekAnta arthAt mahatva dete hue paurupa aura prAtma-zakti kA sandeza diyaa| satya ke pUrNa rUpa ko jAnane ke lie use aneka pahalugro zramaNa zabda kA artha hI zrama karane vAlA puruSArthI / se dekhanA / parasara virodhI lagane vAle cintana me bhI mahAvIra ne kahA thA-pratyeka prANI eka svataMtra prAtmA kahIM sAmya kA aMza ho sakatA hai ataH usake lie udAra hai jo apane guNoM kA vikAsa kara paramAtmA bana sakatA mana evaM anAgraha bhAvanA se satya kI khoja meM laganA hai| vaha kabhI bhI kisI anya prAtmA me vilaya nahI hotA anekAnta hai / mahAvIra kI yahI ahiMsA DhAI hajAra varSoM aura na naSTa hI hotA hai| mahAvIra ne mAnava ko apane ke bAda bhI saMsAra ke aneka cintakoM dvArA yuga aura astitva ke prati AsthA dI evaM vyaktitva ke carama vikAsa paristhitiyo ke anusAra Aja bho vikasita hotI rahI kI ora prayatnazIla bnaayaa| isI prakAra vyakti apane hai| mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kA vaha visphoTa pAzcAtya ko hIna athavA tuccha mAnakara kisI dUsare ke bharose vidvAn TAlsTAya, rasala aura svAitjara tathA rASTrapitA jIvana nahI jItA balki svayaM apane puruSArtha se Age mahAtmA gAMdhI ke cintana meM kharA utarA hai| mahAtmA bar3hatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM mahAvIra kA yaha krAMtikArI gAdhI ne mahAvIra kI hisA kA prayogAtmaka rUpa svA- cintana jana jana ko AkRSTa kara rahA hai| dhInatA saMgrAma meM prastuta kara ahiMsA ko vyAvahArika Aja se paccIsa sau varSoM pUrva jina siddhAnto kI pratiSThA punaH dilaaii| mahAvIra ne dena dI hai, ve vartamAna yuga meM bhI utane hI mahAvIra ke santulita aura sukhI jIvana jIne ke| lie cintana me anekAnta, bhASA meM syAdvAda aura prAcAra. upayogI siddha ho rahe hai balki Aja to una siddhAntoM kI aura bhI jyAdA AvazyakatA hai / hisA aura bhayase pIr3ita vyavahAra ke lie aNuvrata kI kalA sikhaaii| dUsare ke vicAro ke prati sahiSNutA rakhanA aura dUsare siddhAnta ke prANiyo ke lie ahiMsA ke sivAya koI mArga nhiiN| aNu astro kI hor3a me lage deza bhI virodhoM ke bAvajUda prati anAdara nahIM karanA jaba hama svIkAra lete hai to sahaja hI saMdharSa, vaimanasya aura vivAda kama ho jAtA hai| eka maMca para baiThakara saha-astitva kA cintana karate hai| Aja ke zabdoM meM anekAnta kA cintana prajAtAtrika vaijJAnika apane dvArA banAye hue vinAza ke hathiyAroM se paddhati aura samAjavAdI samAja-racanA kI prAdhAra-zilA khuda parezAna hai aura bahumata se svIkAra karane lage hai ki hai| isIlie rASTrasanta vinobA bhAve evaM kAkA kAlelakara saMyama aura ahiMsA ke binA duniyA meM sukha-zAMti sambhava jaise cintaka bhI mAnate hai ki anekAnta darzana bhagavAna nahIM, aisI sthiti me bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo pahisA mahAvIra kI maulika dena hai| mora sayama kA mArga batAyA, vahI ekamAtra pauSadhi hai| samAja-racanA ke lie mahAvIra ne aparigraha para bala ___satya hamezA satya rahatA hai| use kAla athavA pridiyaa| sagraha, zoSaNa ke viruddha mAvAja uThAte hue dhana sthiti dhUmila nahIM kara sktii| vaha aTala dhra va kI taraha jagatI ko mAlokita karatA rahatA hai| bhagavAma upArjana meM bhI mahAvIra ne prAmANikatA aura nyAya kA mahAvIra ke krAMtikArI cintana se vartamAna yuga kI sandeza diyaa| eka mora muniyoM ke lie jahAM mahAvIra ne samasyAoM kA sahaja samAdhAna mila sakatA hai| pAvazyaka pUrNataH aparigraha kA vrata batAyA, vahAM gRhasthoM ke lie pari hai ki unake dvArA calAe gae ahiMsA, anekAnta aura praha pariNAma kA upadeza diyaa| maMgraha kI sImA karane ke lie upadeza diyaa| apAra sampatti aura atula vaibhava se aparigraha ko jIvana-vyavahAra me utaareN| hameM mAzA sampanna prAnanda zrAvaka parigraha parimANa vratadhArI the| karanI cAhie ki mahAvIra ke isa 2500veM nirvANa sampatti maura vaibhava ke sImAMkana ke bAda dhana kA apane mahotsava varSa meM sArA vizva unake jIvana evaM darzana ko sie hI nahIM balki jana-kalyANa ke lie upayoya karanA samajhakara vyavahAra meM apane jIvaname utaaregaa| 00

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vaizAlI-gaNatantra 0 zrI rAjamata na dillI vaMzAlI-gaNatantra ke varNana ke binA jaina rAjazAstra "he bhikSuSoM ! deva-sabhA ke samAna sundara isa licchavikA itihAsa apUrNa hI rhegaa| vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke nirvA- pariSada ko dekho| cita rASTrapati ('rAjA' zabda se prasiddha) ceTaka kI putrI mahAtmA buddha ne vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke mAdarza para bhikSa trizalA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI pUjya mAtA thIM" / (zve- saMgha kI sthApanA kii| bhikSu saMgha ke chanda (mata-dAna) tAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra, trizalA ceTaka kI bahana thI) tathA dUsare prabandha ke DhaMgoM meM licchavi (vaizAlI) gaNataMtra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha vaizAlIke eka upanagara kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai|"(raahl sAMkRtyAyana purAtatva'kuNDagrAma' ke zAsaka the / ata: mahAvIra bhI 'vaizAlika' nibandhAvalI-pRSTha 12) yadyapi buddha zAkya-gaNatantra se athavA 'vaizAlIya' ke nAma se prasiddha the / bhagavAna mahA- sambaddha the (jisake adhyakSa buddha ke pitA zuddhodana the). vIra ne saMsAra-tyAga ke pazcAt 42 cAturmAso me se chaH tathApi unhoMne vaizAlI-gaNatantra kI paddhati ko apnaayaa| cAturmAsa vaizAlI meM kiye the| kalpa-sUtra (122) ke anu- hindU rAjazAstra ke vizeSajJa zrI kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla mAra mahAvIra ne bAraha cAturmAsa vaizAlI meM vyatIta kiye ke zandoM me "bauddha saMgha ne rAjanaitika saMghoM se aneka bAteM prahaNa kii| buddha kA janma gaNatantra meM hamA thaa.| unake mahAtmA buddha evaM zAlI: par3osI gaNatantra-saMgha ye mora ve unhIM logoM meM bar3e haam| ___ isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki kevala mahAvIra ko hI unhone apane saMgha kA nAmakaraNa 'bhikSu-saMgha' arthAt bhikSuoM vaizAlI priya thii| isa gaNatantra tathA nagara ke prati mahAtmA kA gaNatantra kiyaa| apane samakAlIna gurumoM kA anukaraNa baddha kA bhI madhika sneha thaa| unhoMne kaI bAra vaizAlI karake unhoMne apane dharma-saMgha kI sthApanA meM gaNataMtra meM bihAra kiyA thA tathA cAturmAsa bitAe / nirvANa se saMghoM ke nAma tathA saMvidhAna ko grahaNa kiyA / pAli-mUtrA pUrva jaba buddha isa nagara meM se gujare to unhoMne pIche mur3a meM upata, buddha ke zabdoM ke dvArA rAjanaitika tathA dhArmika kara vaizAlI para dRSTipAta kiyA aura apane ziSya prAnanda saMgha vyavasthA kA sambandha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai|" se kahA, "prAnanda ! isa nagara meM yaha merI antima yAtrA vidvAna lekhaka ne una sAta niyamoM kA varNana kiyA hai hogii|" yahIM para unhone sarvaprathama bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthA- jinakA pUrNa pAlana hone para vajji-gaNa (linyavi eva panA kI tathA prAnanda ke anurodha para gautamI ko apane videha) nirantara unnati karatA rahegA / ina niyamoM kA saMgha meM praviSTa kiyaa| eka avasara para jaba buddha ko varNana mahAtmA buddha ne magagharAja ajAta zatru (jo jilicchiviyoM dvArA nimantraNa diyA gayA to unhoMne kahA- gaNa ke vinAza kA icchuka thA) ke mantrI ke sammukha kiyaa| 1. muni nathamala-zramaNa mahAvIra, pR. 303 2. idaM pacchimakaM Ananda ! tathAgatassa bemAlida ssanaM bhavimyati / 3. upAdhyAya zrI muni vidyAnanda kRta 'tIrthakara varSamAna se udhata yaMsa bhikkhave ! bhivamvanaM devA tAvanimA adiTTA, praloketha bhikkhave! licchavanI parisaM. apalokeSa / bhikkhaye ! licchavI parisara! upasaMharatha bhiksve| licchave! licchavI parisara tAvanisA sadasati // 4. zrI kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla-hinda yoniTI

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58 varSa 28 ki.. anekAnta thaa| buddha ne bhikSa-saMgha ko bhI ina niyamo ke pAlana kI zUramena 13 assaka (azmaka) 14. avanti 15. gandhAra preraNA dI thii| 16 kamboja / " iname meM 'vajji' kA udaya videha sAmrAjya bIDa ya evaM vaizAlI: ke patana ke bAda humaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke iti- jaina graMtha 'bhagavatI mUtra' meM ina janapadoM kI sUcI bhinna hAsa tathA kArya praNAlI ke jJAna ke lie hama bauddha grantho ke rUpa meM hai jo nimnalikhita hai -- 1. aMga 2. vaMga 3. magaha RNI hai / vivaraNoM kI upalabdhi ke viSaya meM ye vivaraNa (magadha) 4. malaya 5. mAlava (ka) 6. praccha 7. vacchanirAle hai| sambhavata: isI kAraNa zrI jAyasavAla ne isa (vatma) 8. koccha (kancha ?)pADha (pANDya yA paur3a) gaNataMtra ko "vivaraNayukta gaNarAjya' Recorded republic 10. lADha (lATa yA gaTa) 11. vajji (vajji) 12. zabda se sambodhita kiyA hai| kyoMki adhikAMza gaNarAjyo moli (malla) 13 kAzI 14. kosala 15 pravAha 16. kA anumAna kucha sikkoM yA mudrAgro se yA pANinIya vyA. sammattara (sambhottara ?) / aneka vidvAna isa sUcI ko karaNa ke kucha sUtroM meM prathavA kucha grantho me yatra-tatra upa- uttarakAlIna mAnate hai parantu yaha satya hai ki uparyukta labdha saMketoM se kiyA gayA hai| isI kAraNa vidvAna lekhaka solaha janapado me kAzI, kozala magadha, avanti tathA ne ise 'prAcInatama gaNatantra' ghoSita kiyA hai, jisake vajji sarvAdhika zaktizAlI the| likhita sAkSya hameM prApta hai aura jisakI kArya-praNAlI kI vaMzAlI gaNatAtra kI racanA : jhAMkI hameM mahAtmA buddha ke aneka samvAdoM meM milatI hai| vajji' nAma hai eka mahAsaMgha kA, jisake mukhya aga vaizAlI gaNatantra kA astitva kama se kama 2600 the-jAtaka. licchavi evaM vaji / jJAtRkoM se mahAvIra ke varSa pUrva rahA hai / 2500 varSa pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 72 pitA siddhArtha kA sambandha thA (rAjadhAnI-kuNDagrAma) varSa kI prAyu meM nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| yaha spaSTa hI licchaviyoM kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI kI pahacAna bihAra ke hai ki mahAvIra vaizAlI ke adhyakSa ceTaka ke dauhitra the| majappharapura jile meM sthita bamAr3ha-grAma se kI gaI hai| mahAtmA buddha mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| buddha ke nirvANa vaji ko eka kula mAnA gayA hai jisakA sambandha vaizAlI ke zIghra pazcAta baddha ke upadezoM ko lena-baddha kara liyA me thA / ima mahAmaMdha kI gajadhAnI bhI vaizAlI thii| gayA thaa| vaizAlI meM hI bauddha bhikSoM kI dUsarI saMgIti licchaviyo ke adhika zaktizAlI hone ke kAraNa isa kA prAyojana (baDa ke upadezoM ke saMgraha ke lie) humA mahAsaMgha kA nAma licchavi-sagha' pdd'aa| bAda meM, rAjadhAnI baizAlI kI lokapriyatA se isakA bhI nAma vaizAlI-gaNavaizAlI gaNatantra se pUrva (chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0) tanya ho gyaa| kyA koI gaNarAjya thA? vastunaH isa viSaya meM hama aMdha- bajji evaM licchavi : kAra meM hai| vidvAnoM ne graMthoM meM yatra-tatra prApta zabdoM se bauddha ma.hitya meM yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki vajjiisakA anumAna lagAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / vaizAlI se mahAsaMgha meM aSTa kula (videha. jJAtRka, licchavi, ji, pUrva kisI anya gaNatantra kA vistRta vivaraNa hameM upalabdha ugra, bhoga, kaurava tathA aikSvAku) the / iname bhI mukhya thenahIM hai| bauddha graMtha 'aMguttara nikAya' me hameM jJAta hotA hai vaji tathA licchabi / baudadha-darzana tathA prAcIna bhAratIya ki IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se pahane nimnalikhita molaha bhagola ke adhikArI vimAna zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne 'mahAjana pada' the----1. kAzI 2. kosala 3 aMga 4. magadha chapane gratha (buddha kAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pRSTha 383. 5. bajji (vaji) 6. malla 7. cetiya (cedi) 8. vaMsa. 84 (hindI-mAhitya sammelana prayAga saMvat 2018) me (batma kuru 10. paMcAla 11. maccha (matsya) 12. nimnalikhita mata pragaTa viyA hai -"vastRtaH micchaviyo 5. purAtatva-nivAdhAvalI-20 / kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, chaThA saMskaraNa, 1653 / 6. re caudhurI, poliTikala hisTrIzApha aiMziyeMTa iNDiyA pRSTha 65

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vaizAlItantra aura bajjiyoM meM bheda karanA kaThina hai, kyoMki bajjina yu0) ke ullekhoM se bhI vaji (vaipAlI, licchavi) kevala eka alaga jAti ke the, balki licchavi mAdi gaNa- gaNatantra kI mahattA tathA khyAti kA anumAna lagAyA jA tantroM ko milA kara unakA sAmAnya abhidhAna vajji sakatA hai| pANinIya 'praSTAdhyAyI meM eka sUtra hai-mA. (saM0 vRji) thA aura isI prakAra vaizAlI na kevala vajji vajjayo: kana 4 / 2 / 31. isI prakAra, kauTilya ne 'marthasaMgha kI hI rAjadhAnI thI balki vajjiyo, licchaviyoM tathA zAstra' me do prakAra ke saMghoM kA antara batAte hue likhA anya sadasya gaNatantroM kI sAmAnya rAjadhAnI bhI thii| hai-"kAmboja, surASTra mAdi kSatriya zreNiyA~ kRSi, vyA. eka alaga jAti ke rUpa meM vajjiyoM kA unlekha pANini pAra tathA zAstro dvArA jIvana-yApana karatI hai maura licchane kiyA hai aura kauTilya ne bhI unheM licchaviyoM se pRthak vika, vRjika, mallaka, madraka, kukura, kuru, paJcAla prAdi batAyA hai| yUnAna cADa ne bhI vajji (pha-li-ciha) zreNiyAM rAjA ke samAna jIvana bitAtI hai|' deza aura vaMzAlI (phI-ze-lI) ke bIca bheda kiyA hai| parantu pAli tripiTaka ke grAdhAra para aisA vibheda karanA rAmAyaNa tathA viSNu purANa ke anusAra, vaMzAlIsambhava nahI hai| mahAparinirvANa sUtra meM bhagavAn kahate nagarI kI sthApanA ikSvAku-putra vizAla dvArA kI gaI hai| hai, "jaba taka bajji loga sAta aparihANIya dharmoM kA vizAla nagarI hone ke kAraNa yaha 'vizAlA' nAma se bhI pAlana karate rahege. unakA patana nahI hogaa|" paranta saMyatta prasiddha huii| vRddha kAla meM isakA vistAra nau mIla taka nikAya ke kaliMgara sutta me kahate hai, "jaba taka licchavi __thaa| isake atirikta, 'vaizAlI, dhana-dhAnya-samRddha tathA thaa| loga lakar3I ke bane takhto para soyege aura udyogI bane jana-saMkula nagarI thii| isame bahuta se ucca bhavana, zikhara rahege; taba taka ajAtazatra unakA kucha nahI bigAr3a sktaa|' yukta prAsAda, upavana tathA kamala-sagevara the / (vinayaisase pragaTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna buddha vajji aura licchavi piTaka evaM lAlata vistara) bauddha evaM jana-dono dhamoM ke zabdoM kA prayoga paryAyavacI prathaM meM hI karate the| isI prArambhika itihAsa se vaizAlI kA ghaniSTa sambandha rahA prakAra vinaya-piTaka ke prathama pArAjika meM pahale to vajji hai| "I0 pU0 pAMca sau varSa pUrva bhArata ke uttara pUrva bhAga pradeza meM dubhikSa par3ane kI bAta kahI gaI hai (pArAjika me do mahAn dhamoM ke 'mahApuruSo' kI pavitra smRtiyAM pAli, paSTha 16, zrI nAlandA-saMskaraNa) aura grAge cala vaizAlI meM nihita hai|"". banI huI janasaMkhyA ke dabAva se kara vahI (pRSTha 22 me) eka putrahIna vyakti ko yaha citA tIna bAra isakA vistAra yA / tIna dIvAreM ise ghara to karate. dikhAyA gayA hai ki kahI licchavi unake dhana ko thii| "tinbatI vivaraNa bhI isakI samRddhi kI puSTi karane na le leN| isame jIpagjiroM aura licchaviyo kI abhi- hai| tibvatI vivaraNa (sulya 380) ke anusAra, vaizAlI jatA pratIta hotI hai|" meM tIna jile the| pahale jina meM svarNa-zikharo se yukta vidvAn lekhaka dvArA pradarzita isa abhinnatA se maiM ... para the, dUsare jile meM cAMdI ke zikharo se yukta. sahamata hU~ / isa prasaMga meM 'bajji' se baddha kA tAtparya 14000, ghara the tathA tIsare jile meM tAre ke zikharo se licchaviyo se hI thA aura imI prAdhAra para vajji sabadhI yukta 21000 ghara the| ina jile meM uttama, madhyama tathA nimna buddha-vacano kI vyAkhyA honI caahie| varga ke loga apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra rahate the| anya graMthoM meM ullekha : (rAruhila lAipha Apha buddha-pRSTha 62)". / prApta vipANini (500 I0 pU0) aura kauTilya (300 I. . raNo ke anusAra vaizAlI kI janasaMkhyA 16000 7. kAmboja surASTra kSatriya zreNyAdayo vArtA- ___ aiNDa insTITyUzaMsa, (1963) pRSTa 506. zastropajIvinaH licchivika vRjika-mallaka- 6. bI. sI lA-hisTorikala jyographI Apha aiMziyeMTa. kUkara-pAJcAlAdayo rAjazabdopajIvinaH / iNDiyA, phAineMsa' meM prakAzita (1954) pRSTha 266. 8. bI. e. sAlatora-aiziyeMTa iNDiyana poliTikala thauTa 11. bahI--pRSTha-266.67. .

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60, varSa 28, ki aevaM nivAsI: kahA gayA hai| vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se, 'licchavi' zabda jahA~ taka isakI sImA kA sambandha hai, gaMgA nadI ise kI vyutpatti 'licchu, zabda se huI hai| yaha kisI vaMza kA magadha sAmrAjya se pRthak karatI thii| dhIre caudharI ke nAma rahA hogA / bauddha graMtha 'khudakapATha' ) SaSoSazabdoM meM, "uttara dizA meM licchavi-pradeza nepAla taka kRta) kI aTThakathA meM nimnalilita rocaka kathA hai-kAzI vistRta thaa|" zrI rAhala sAMkRtyAyana ke anusAra, vajji- ko rAnI ne do jur3e hue mAMsa-piNDo ko janma diyA aura pradeza meM mAdhunika campArana tathA majajpharapura jiloM ke unakA gagA nadI meM phikavA diyaa| kisI sAdha ne unako kucha bhAga, darabhaMgA jile kA adhikAMza bhAga, chaparA jila uThA liyA aura unakA svayaM pAlana-poSaNa kiyaa| ve ke mirjApura evaM parasA, sonapara pulisa-kSetra tathA kucha nicchavi (tvacA-rahita) the| kAla-krama se unake aMgoM kA anya sthAna sammilita the| vikasita huprA aura ve bAlaka-vAlikA bana gye| bar3e hone basADha meM hae purAtatva vibhAga ke utkhanana se isa para ve dUsare baccoM ko pIr3ita karane lage, ataH unheM dUsare sthAnIya vizvAsa kI puSTi hotI hai ki vahA rAjA vizAla bAlako se alaga kara diyA gyaa| (vajjitanva-jikA gar3ha thA / eka mudrA para aMkita thA-'vezAli inu * Ta tby)| isa prakAra ye 'vajji' nAma se prasidgha hue| ..'kAre sayAnaka / " jisakA artha kiyA gayA, "vaizAlI sAdhu ne una donoM kA paraspara vivAha kara diyA aura rAjA kA eka bhramaNakArI adhikaarii|" isa khadAI meM jaina tIrtha se 300 yojana bhUmi unake lie prApta kii| isa prakAra dUroM kI madhyakAlIna mUrtiyAM mI prApta huI hai| unake dvArA zAsita pradeza 'vajji-pradeza' khlaayaa|" vaMzAlI kI janasaMkhyA ke mukhya aMga the-kSatriya / zrIra caudharI ke zabdoM meM "kaTTara hindU-dharma ke prati unakA sAta dharma: maitrI bhAva prakaTa nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta, ye kSatriya magadharAja ajAta zatru sAmrAjya-vistAra ke lie jaina, bauddha jaise pabrAhmaNa sampradAyoM ke prabala poSaka the| / licchaviyo para AkramaNa karanA cAhatA thaa| usane apana ma manusmati ke anusAra, "jhalla, malla, dravir3a, khasa Adi ke mantrI basakAra (varSakAra) ko baddha ke pAsa bhejata hue samAna ve vAtya rAjanya the|"12 yaha suvidita hai ki prAtya kahA- brAhmaNa ! bhagavAna baddha ke pAsa jAgro paura kA artha yahAM jaina hai, kyoki jaina sAdhu evaM dhAvaka hisA merI pora se unake caraNoM meM praNAma kro| merI ora se patya, paurya, brahmacarya pAra paripaha ina pAMca loga unake pArogya tathA kuzalatA ke viSaya meM pUcha kara unase upayukta zlokA ra liccha- nivedana karo ki vaidehI-putra magadharAja prajAtazatru ne viyoM ko nicchavi' kahA gayA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne liccha- vajjiyoM para AkramaNa kA nizcaya kiyA hai aura mere ye vikoM kI tibbatI udagama' siMdada karane kA prayatna kiyA zabya kaho--'vajji-gaNa cAhe kitane zaktizAlI ho, mai haiM parantu yaha mata svIkArya nahIM hai| anya vidvAna ke anu- unakA unmUlana karake pUrNa vinAza kara duuNgaa| isake bAda sAra licchavi bhAratIya kSatriya hai, yadyapi yaha eka tathya sAvadhAna hokara bhagavAna tathAgata ke bacana suno|"" aura hai ki licchavi-gaNatantra ke patana ke bAda ve nepAla cale pAkara mujhe batAbho / tathAgata kA vacana mithyA nahIM hotaa| gaye aura vahAM unhoMne rAjavaMza sthApita kiyA / " majAta zatru ke mantrI ke vacana suna karapa ne maMtrI liDara' zabda kI vyutpati : ko uttara nahIM diyA balki apane ziSya prAnanda se kuTa - jaina-graMthoM meM licchaviyoM ko licchaI' athavA 'licchavi prazna pUche aura taba nimnalikhita sAta aparihAnIya dhamoM - 12: jhallo mallAzca rAjanyA: prAtyAli licchivirevadho 14. rI DebiDsa (anuvAda) buddha-susta (sekriDa-buksa ... naTapaca karaNazca khaso draviDa eva c| 1022. Apha IsTa-bhAga 11-motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI 13. bharatasiha upAdhyAya--vahI-puSTa 331. pRSTha 23-4,

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baMzAlI-gaNatantra (dhamma) kA varNana kiyA anuSThAnoM kI avamAnanA na kareMge; 1. abhiNDa manipAtA sannipAtA bahulA bhvissNti| 7. bajjIna arahatesu dhammikA rakkhAvaraNa- gutti susaM he mAnanda ! jaba taka bajji pUrNa rUpa se nirantara vihitA bhavi sati / pariSado ka prAyojana karate rahege! ___ jaba taka vajjiyoM dvArA prarahanto ko rakSA, surakSA 2. samaggA sannipAtissati samaggA vaTu hissaMti eva samarthana pradAna kiyA jAyegA; taba taka vajjiyo kA samagA saghakaraNIyAni karissati / patana nahIM hogA, apitu utthAna hotA rhegaa|" jaba taka vajji maMgaThita hokara milate rahega, sagaThita prAnanda ko isa prakAra batAne ke bAda buddha ne vassahokara unnati karate raheMge tathA samaThita hokara kartavya karma kAra se kahA, "maine ye kalyANakArI sAta dharma vajjiyoM ko karate rahege: vaizAlI me batAye the|" isa para vamsakAra ne buddha se 3. appaaMta na pajjApessaMti, paJcataM na samucchindi- kahA, 'he gautama ! isa prakAra magadharAja vajyio ko yuddha ssaMti yathA, paJataMSu sikkhApadesu samAdAya va tassati / meM taba taka nahIM jIta sakate, jaba taka ki vaha kuTanIti jaba taka ve aprajJapta (asthApita) vidhAno ko sthA- dvArA unake saMgaThana ko na tor3a deN|" buddha ne uttara diyA, pita na kareMge sthApita vidhAnoM kA ullaMghana na kareMge tathA "tumhArA vicAra ThIka hai|" isake bAda vaha maMtrI calA pUrva kAla meM sthApita prAcIna vajji-vidhAnoM kA anusaraNa gayA / karate rahege; vassakAra ke jAne para buddha ne prAnanda se kahA4. ye ta mapitaro saMghapariNAyakA te sakkarissaMti "rAjagRha ke nikaTa rahane vAle saba bhikSano ko ikaTThA garu karissaMti mAnessaMti pUjessaMti tesaJca sotannaM mani. kro|" taba unhoMne bhikSu sagha ke lie nimnalikhita sAta mmati / dharmoM kA vidhAna kiyAjaba taka ve jija-pUrvajo tathA nAyako kA satkAra, 1.he bhikSuoM ! jaba taka bhikSu-gaNa pUrNa rUpa se mammAna, pUjA nathA mamarthana karate rahege tathA unake vacano nirantara pariSado me milate raheMge: ko dhyAna se suna kara mAnate rahege; 2. jaba taka ve saMgaThita hokara milana raheMge, unnati 5. ya te dhajjInaM vajjimahallakA te sakkarissaMti, karate rahege tathA saMgha ke kartavyo kA pAlana karate rasa~ga: guru karissanti mAnassaMti, pUjessati, yA tA kulisthiyo 3. jaba taka ve kisI aise vidhAna ko sthApita nahI kulakupAriyo tAna pAkassa pasahya vAssenti / karaMge jisakI sthApanA pahale na huI ho, sthApita vidhAno jaba taka va vajji-kula kI mahilAoM kA sammAna kA ullaMghana nahI kareMge tathA matra ke vidhAno kA anagakarate rahege aura koI bhI kulastrI yA kula-kumArI unake raNa kreNge| sArA bala pUrvaka apahata yA niruddha nahIM kI jAyeMgI; 4. jaba taka ve saMgha ke anubhavI gurunoM, pitA nayA 6. vajji cetiyAni inmatarAni ceva bAhirAni ca nAyako kA sammAna tathA samarthana karate rahege tathA unake tAni sakkarissaMti, garu karissaMti, mAnessati, pUjessaMti, vacanoM ko dhyAna se suna kara mAnate rahege: tasaJca dinnapubbaM katapubvaM dhAmmikaM bali no parihAssati 5. jaba taka ve usa lobha ke vazIbhata na hogA jo parivArasati / umame utpanna hokara duHkha kA kAraNa banatA hai| jaba taka denagara yA nagara se bAhara sthita syA~6. jaba taka ve sayamita jIvana meM prAnanda kA anAva (pUjA-sthAnI) kA aAdara evaM sammAna karate rahege aura kareMga: pahale dI gaI dhArmika bali tathA pahale kie gae dhArmika 7. jaba taka ve apane mana kA isa prakAra mayamita 15. pAli-pATha rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ke grantha 'hindU sabhyatA' (anuvAdaka-DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla) dvitIya maskaraNa 1958- pRSTha 166-200 se ubuna / niyama saMkhyA maina dI hai| 16. vahI-pRSTha 67.

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62, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta kareMge jisase pavitra evaM uttama puruSa unake pAsa AyeM aura jyeSTha jano ke sammAna ke niyama kA pAlana nahIM hotaa| pAkara sukha-zAnti prApta kare; pratyeka svaya ko 'rAjA' samajhatA hai / 'maiM rAjA hU~ ! maiM taba taka bhikSu-sagha kA patana nahIM hogA, utthAna hI thAna hA rAjA hU~ !' koI kisI kA anuyAyI nahIM bntaa|". isa rAjA hai| koI kisI kA nayA hogaa| jaba taka bhikSugro me ye sAta dharma vidyamAna hai, jaba uddharaNa se spaSTa hai ki kucha mahattvAkAkSI sadasya gaNa raNa taka ve ina dharmo me bhalI-bhA~ti dIkSita hai, taba taka unakI rAjA (adhyakSa) banane ke icchuka the| unnati hotI rhegii| rAMsatsadasyo kI itanI bar3I saMkhyA se kucha vidvAnI mahApArAnabbAna sutta ka upayukta uddharaNa se vazAlA- kA anumAna hai ki vaizAlI kI sattA kucha kulo (7707) gaNatantra kI uttama vyavasthA evaM anuzAsana kI puSTi hotI meM nihita thI aura ise kevala 'kUla-tanya' kahA jA sakatA hai| vaizAlI ke lie vihita sAta dharmoM ko (kucha pari- bAbA, hai| isa mAnyatA kA prAdhAra yaha tathya hai ki 7707, vartita karake) buddha ne apane saMgha ke lie bhI apanAyA; rAjAgro kA abhiSeka eka vizeSatayA surakSita sarovara isase spaSTa hai ki 2600 varSa pUrva ke prAcIna gaNatantroM meM (puSkariNI) meM hotA thaa|". svargIya pro. Ara. DI.vaizAlI gaNatantra zreSTha tathA yogyatama thaa| bhaNDArakara kA niSkarSa thA . 'yaha nizcita hai ki vaizAlI licchaviyo ke kucha anya guNA ne unheM mahAn bnaayaa| saMgha ke aMgIbhata kucha kaloM kA mahAsaMgha hI yaha gaNarAjya unake jIvana meM prAtma-sayama kI bhAvanA thii| ve lakar3I thaa|" zrI jAyasavAla tathA zrI altekara jaise rAjazAstra ke tahata para sote the, ve sadaiva kartavyaniSTha rahate the| jaba vida isa niSkarSa se sahamata nahI hai / zrI jAyasavAla ne taka uname ye guNa rahe, prajAtazatru unakA bAla bA~kA bhI hindU rAjazAstra' (pRSTha 44) meM likhA hai-"isa sAkSya na kara skaa|" se unheM 'kula' zabda se sambodhita karanA Avazyaka nhiiN| zAsana-praNAlI: chaThA-zatAbdI I0pU0 ke bhAratIya gaNatantra bahuta pahale licchaviyoM ke mukhya adhikArI the-rAjA, uparAjA, samAja ke jana-jAtIya stara se gujara cuke the / ye rAjya, senApati tathA bhANDAgArika / inase hI sabhavata. mantri gaNa aura saMgha the, yadyapi iname se kucha kA AdhAra rASTra maMDala kI racanA hotI thii| kendrIya sasada kA adhivezana yA janajAti thA; jaisA ki pratyeka rAjya-prAcIna yA aAdhunagara ke madhya sthita santhAgAra (sabhA-bhavana) ma hAtA thaa| nika kA hotA hai| sasada ke 1707 sadasyA (rAjA' nAma sa DA0 e0 aima. astakara kA yaha uddharaNa vizeSata. yakta) meM nihita tho|" sambhavata: inameM se kucha 'rAjA' draSTavya he-yaha svIkArya hai ki yaudheya, zAkya, mAlava tathA ugra the aura eka dUsare kI bAta nahIM sunata the| isI kAraNa licchavi gaNarAjya prAja ke artho meM lokatantra nahI the| lalitavistara-kAvya me aise rAjAgyo kI mAno bhartsanA adhikAza Adhunika vimita lokatanyo ke samAna sarvocca kI gaI hai-"ina vaizAliko meM ucca, madhya vadadha eva evaM sArvabhauma zakti samasta vayaska nAgarikoM kI sasthA 17. dekhie zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya - kRta 'baddha kAlIna magadharAja vaidehi-putra ajAtazatra ko unake dAMva-peMca bhAratIya bhUgola' (pRSTha 385-86) kA nimnalikhita mila jaayegaa|" uddharaNa ("saMyukta nikAya pRSTha 308 se uddhRna. 18. tasya nicakAlaM rajjaM kAretvA vasaMmAnaM yeva rAjana "bhikSutroM ! licchavi lakar3I ke bane taste para sote satasahassAni satasatAni tatra ca / rAjAno hoti tatta hai| apramatta ho, utsAha ke sAtha apane kartavya ko pUrA kA, ye va uparAjAyo tattakA, senApatino nattakA, karate hai| magadharAja vaidehI putra ajAtazatru unake tattakA bhNddaagaarikaa| J. I. S. 0. 4. viruddha koI dAva-peMca nahI pA rahA hai / bhikSuoM ! 16. nocca-madhya-vRdhdha jyeSThAnapAlitA, ekaka eva manyate bhaviSya me licchadi loga bar3e sukUmAra aura komala ahaM rAjA, ahaM rAjeti, na ca ksycchissytvmupgcchti| hAtha-paira vAle ho jAyege / ve gaddedAra vichAvana para 20. vaizAlI-nagare gaNarAjakulAnA abhiSekamaMgalapokhariNI gulagule takie lagAkara dina-car3he taka soye raheMge / taba -jAtaka 41148.

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vaizAlI-gaNatantra meM nihita nahIM thii| phira bhI ina rAjyo ko hama gaNa- unhoMne apane saMdeza bhejane ke lie dUta niyukta kie (vezArAjya kaha sakate haiN| pArTI ma, gema, madhya-yugIna likAnA licchivinAM vacanena) venima, saMyukta nIdaralaNDa aura ponara ko gaNarAjya' kahA nyAya vyavasthA-nyAya-vyavasthA praSTa kula sabhA ke jAtA hai; yadyapi una meM kigI me pUrNa lokatantra nahI hAtha me thii| zrI jAyasavAla ne 'hindU rAjazAstra' (pRSThathA / iga maddhAntika pracami nayA tihAgika mAkSya 43.47) me inako nyAya prakriyA kA nimnalikhita varNana ke AdhAra para nizcaya hI prAcIna bhAratIya gaNarAjyoM kiyA hai -"vibhinna prakaraNo (pave-paTukAna) para gaNako u hI arthoM meM gaNarAjya kahA jA sakatA hai jisa artha / rAjA ke nirNayo kA vivaraNa sAvadhAnI pUrvaka rakhA jAtA me yUnAna tathA roma ke prAcIna rAjyoM ko gaNarAjya kahA thA jinama aparAdhI nAgarikA ka aparAdhA thA jiname aparAdhI nAgariko ke aparAdho tathA unake jAtA hai| ina rAjyoM meM sArvabhauma manA vimI eka vyakti die gae daNDo kA vivaraNa akita hotA thA / vinizcaya yA alpasaMkhyaka varga ko na mila kara baha-samyaka varga ko mahAmAtra (nyAyAlayo) dvArA prArambhika jAMca kI jAtI prApta thii|"51. thI / (ye sAdhAraNa aparAdho tathA dIvAnI prakaraNoM ke mahAbhArata meM bhI 'pratyeka ghara me rAjA' hone kA varNana lie niyamita nyAyAlaya the) / apola-nyAyAlayoM ke hai|" uparyukta vidvAna ke matAnusAra, "ima varNana me choTe adhyakSa the -- vohArika (vyavahArika) / ucca nyAyAlaya gaNarAjyoM kI tathA una kSatriya kulo kI carcA hai jinhone ke nyAyAdhIza gadhAra' kahalAte hai| antima apIla ke upaniveza sthApita karake rAjapada prApta kiyA thaa| mayukta lie prapTa-kalaka' hote the| inameM se kisI bhI nyAyAlaya gajya amarIkA meM mUla upaniveza sthApako ko navAgantuko dvArA nAgarika ko niraparAdha ghoSita kara ke mukta kiyA kI apekSA kucha vizeSAdhikAra prApta kie| jA sakatA thaa| yadi sabhI nyAyAlaya kisI ko aparAdhI 'malAbAra gajaTiyara' ke AdhAra para zrI ambikA- rAte to mantrimaNDala kA nirNaya antima hotA thaa| prasAda vAjapeyI ne 'nayyaro ke eka rAgha' kI ora dhyAna vidhAyikA prAkarSita kiyA hai jisameM 6000, pratinidhi the / ve kerala licchaviyo ke sasadIya vicAra-vimarza kA koI pratyakSa kI masada ke samAna the|". boddha-sAhitya se jJAta hotA pramANa prApta nahI hotA, parantu vidvAno ne cullavaga evaM hai ki rAjA vimbimAra zreNika ke ammI hanagara gAmika vinaya piTaka ke vivaraNo se isa viSaya meM anamAna lagAe (grAmika) the| imI gAzya para anumAna kiyA jA sakA hai| jaba kogana ne zAkya- rAjadhAnI para aAkramaNa kiyA hai ki 7707, rAjA vibhinna kSetroM (yA nivAcana-kSetrA) aura uname grAtma samarpaNa ke lie kahA to zAkyo dvArA ke usI rUpa me svatantra sacAlaka the jisa prakAra dezI isa viSaya para mana-dAna kiyA gayA / mana-patra ko 'chandam' riya sato ke jAgIradAra rAjA ke prAdhIna hokara bhI apanI eva korama ko 'gaNa-pUraka' tathA prAsanI ke vyavasthApaka nijI puliga yI tathA anya vyavasthAe~ karate the| vo 'grAmana-prajApaka' kahA jAtA thaa| gaNa-pUraka ke prabhAva vaidezika sambandha-licchaviyoM ke vaidezika sambandho meM adhivezana aniyamita mamabhA jAtA thaa| vicArArtha kA niyantraNa no gadasyo kI pariSada dvAga honA thA / prastAva kI prastuti ko 'japti' ka / jAtA thaa| maMgha se inakA varNana bauddha eva jaina sAhitya me 'nava licchavi' ke tIna-cAra bAra pUchA jAnA thA i kyA saMgha prastAva se rUpa me kiyA gayA hai / prajAta gatra ke grARgaNa ke mukA- mahamata hai / maghake mauna kA artha sahAriyA svIkRti gamajhA bale ke lie eka paDosI rAjyAM navamala nathA apTAyA jAnA thA / bahamata dvArA ravIkRta nirNaya ko 'ye bhayyasikAzI-kAla ke mAtha mila kara mahAsagha banAnA paDA / kama' (bahamata kI icchAnagAra) kahA jAtA thaa| mata21. DA ema alakara ---prAcIna bhArata meM rAjya eva 24. "tena ro pana mamayena rAma mAgadho ganiyo bimba zAsana (1958) pRTha 112-113 mAge pratIniyA nAma sahamapa isarAdhigacca gaja 22. gRhe-gahe tu rAjAna, - mahAbhArata 2 / 15 / 2. karoni / " 23. vAjapeyI, ambikA pramAda, hindU rAjyazAstra-pRSTha- zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya dvArA uddhRta- vahI--pRSTha104. 166.

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64, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta patroM ko 'zalAkA' tathA mata-patra-gaNaka ko 'zalAkA-prAhaka' sImA gaMgA-taTa para cuMgI ke vibhAjana ke prazna para jhagar3A kahA jAtA thaa| aprAsagika tathA anarthaka bhASaNoM kI bhI ho gyaa| prastu, jo bhI kAraNa ho; itanA nizcita hai zikAyata kI jAtI thii| zrI jAyasavAla ke matAnusAra, "sudUra pratIta (chaThI ki ajAtazatru ne isake lie bahata samaya se bar3I taiyA zatAbdI I.pU.) se gRhIta isa vicAradhArA se 'eka uccataH riyA kA thaa| savaprathama usana gagA-taTa para pATaliputra vikasita avasthA kI vizeSatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| (mAdhunika paTanA) kI sthApanA kI / jaina vivaraNoM ke imameM bhASA kI pAribhASikatA evaM praupacArikatA vidhi anusAra, yaha yuddha solaha varSoM taka calA, anta meM vaizAlI evaM mavidhAna kI pratinihita dhAraNAe~ ucca stara kI gaNatantra magadha sAmrAjya kA aMga bana gyaa| pranIta hotI hai| isameM zatAbdiyoM se prApta pUrva anubhava kyA vaMzAlI-gaNarAjya ke patana ke bAda licchaviyoM bhI sidadha hotA hai| jJapti, pratijJA, gaNa-pUraka, zalAkA, kA prabhAva samApta ho gayA? isa prazna kA uttara nakA. bahamata-praNAlI prAdi zabdoM kA ullekha, kimI prakAra kI kI rAsmaka ho sakatA hai parantu zrI sAletora (vahI pRSThaparibhASA ke binA kiyA gayA hai, jisase inakA pUrva praca- 508) ke anusAra, "bauddha sAhitya meM inakA sabase lana siddha hotA hai| adhika ullekha huA hai kyoMki itihAsa meM eka hajAra varSoM vaizAlI gaNatantra kA anta se adhika samaya taka inakI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa rhii|" vaizAlI-gaNatantra para magadharAja prajAta zatra kA prAkra- caudharI namAra vAlavI hAtAbdI meM maNa isa para ghAtaka prahAra thaa| ajAtazatra kI mAtA celanA vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka kI putrI thI, tathApi sAmrAjya kriyAzIla rahe / gupta samrATa samudragupta licchavi-dauhitra' . kahalAne meM gaurava kA anubhava karate the|" vistAra kI umakI AkAMkSA ne baMgAlI kA anta kara 2500 varSa pUrva mahAvIra-nirvANa ke anantara, navadiyA / badadha se bheMTa ke bAda mantrI vammakAra ko prajAtazatra dvArA vaMzAlI me bhejA gyaa| vaha mantrI vaMzAlI ke mallo evaM licchaviyoM ne prakAzotsava tathA dIpamAlikA logoM me mila kara rahA aura usane usame phuTa ke bIja kA prAyojana kiyA aura tabhI se zatAbdiyoM se jaina isa vo die / vyaktigata mahattvAkAkSAmoM tathA phUTa se itane punIta parva ko 'dIpAvalI' ke rUpa meM manAte haiN| kalpa sUtra mahAna gaNarAjya kA vinAza huaa| 'mahAbhArata' me bhI ke zabdoM meM, "jisa rAta bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mokSa prApta gaNatantro ke vinAza ke lie aise hI kAraNa batAe haiN| kiyA, sabhI prANI dukhoM se mukta ho gae / kAzI-kauzala bhISma pitAmaha ne yudhiSThira se kahA, 'he rAjan ! he ke aThAraha saMghIya rAjAoM, nava mallo tathA nava licchabharatarSabha ! gaNo eva rAjakulo me zatrutA kI utpatti ke viyoM ne candrodaya (dvitIyA) ke dina prakAzotsava prAyomUla kAraNa hai- lobha evaM IrSyA dveSa ! koI (gaNa yA jita kiyA; kyoki unhoMne kahA -- 'jJAna kI jyoti bujha kula) lobha ke vazIbhUta hotA hai, taba IrSyA kA janma hotA gaI hai. hama bhautika saMmAra ko pAlokita kreN| hai aura dono ke mela se pArasparika vinAza hotA hai|" 2500 veM mahAvIra-nirvANotsava ke sandarbha meM prAdhuvaizAlI para mAkramaNa ke aneka kAraNa batAe gae hai| nika bhArata vaizAlI se preraNA prApta kara sakatA hai / aneka sAMskRtika kArya-kalApa baMgAlI para kendrita hai| isI ko eka jaina kathAnaka ke anusAra, seyAgama (secAnaka) nAmaka dRSTigata karake rASTra kavi sva. zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara hAthI dvArA pahanA gayA 18 zRMkhalAmoM kA hAra isakA ne vaizAlI ke prati zraddhAMjali nimnalikhita rUpa meM prastuta mUla kAraNa thA / bimbasAra ne ise apane eka putra vehalla kI haiko diyA thA parantu ajAtazatru ise har3apanA cAhatA thaa| vaizAlI jana kA pratipAlaka, gaNa kA mAdi vidhaataa| vehalla hAthI aura hAra ke sAtha apane nAnA ceTaka ke pAsa jise DhUMDhatA deza prAja, usa prajAtantra kI mAtA / / ruko eka kSaNa, pathika ! yahA~ miTTI ko sIsa nvaamo| bhAga gyaa| kucha logoM ke anusAra, ratnoM kI eka khAna ne rAja-sididhayoM kI sampatti para, phana car3hAte jaatro||OD ajAtazatru ko AkramaNa ke lie llcaayaa| yaha bhI kahA kendrIya hindI nidezAlaya, jAtA hai ki magadha sAmrAjya tathA vaizAlI-gaNarAjya kI vaisTa blAka. rAmakRSNapurama-7, naI dillI-22 25. vahI -pRSTha 65-66. 26. vahI-pRSTha 106 para uddhRta /

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bhAratIya vAGamaya ko prAkRta kathA-kAvyoM kI dena DA0 kusuma jaina, gunA prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM vividha koTi kI kathAmo- detA hai jo carita-kAvya ke nAyaka yA nAyikA ke carita jantukathA, lokakathA, premakathA, nItikathA prAdi kA praNayana ke udaghATana aura vikAsa meM sahayogI hote hai| inameM humA hai| yaha sAhitya saMskRta tathA pAli kI apekSA kathApravAha kI akSuNNatA para kavi kA dhyAna nahIM rahatA, vipula eva vividha hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA prArambhika isIliye inameM kathA ke pradhAna guNa kutUhala tattva kA rUpa hameM prAgama aura usake TIkA sAhitya meM milatA hai| prabhAva rahatA hai| ina carita-pratho ke nAyaka zalAkApuruSa nAyAdhammakahAyo isa dRSTi meM vizeSa ullekhya hai| TIkA hai| sAhitya meM kathAnoM kA vikasita aura parimAjita rUpa itivRttAtmaka dharmakathAno me una kathAgrantho kA pari. prApta hotA hai| gaNana kiyA gayA hai jiname rasAtmaka citraNoM kA prAyaH prAkRta-kathAkAro ne kathAnoM kA vargIkaraNa kathA ke prabhAva hai athavA rasAtmaka sthala atyalpa hai| iname ghaTauddezya ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| sAmAnyataH kathA ke tIna nAmoM ke itivata diye gaye hai, ataH inhe itivRttAtmaka bheda kiye gaye hai-akathA, vikathA aura satkathA / satkathA dharmakathAe kahA gayA hai| kAlakAcArya kathA, narmadAsundarIdharma me prerita karane vAlI tathA munipraNIta hone se upAdeya kathA. jinadattAkhyAna, zrIpAlakathA, mahIpAlakathA isI hai| kAma aura artha kA varNana hone se sasAra kA kAraNa koTi ke kathAkAvya hai| banane vAlI vikathA gahaNIya hai| ina kathAnoM ke kAmakathA, dharma, artha tathA kAma se saMkIrNa kathA ko saMkIrNa yA prarthakathA, dharmakathA tathA mizrakathA isa prakAra ke bhI bheda mithakathA kahA gayA hai| prAkRta me isa koTi kI praneka kiye gaye hai / vikathA-strIkathA, bhartRkathA, janapadakathA, kathAyeM hai| pAdalipta kI taragavatI aisI hI sarasa tathA rAjakathA, caurakathA prAdi kaI prakAra kI hotI hai / sakIrNa- utkRSTa racanA thI, jisakI paravartI kaviyoM ne paryApta kathA mUlata. dhAmika uddezya ko lekara calane vAlI ki tu prazaMsA kI hai| yaha kRti anupalabdha hai| isake gujarAtI martha paura kAma ke tattvoM se mizrita hotI hai| yahI kathA va jarmana anuvAda ho cuke hai| vasudevahiNDI guNADhya kI sarasa aura manohArI hai| kathA ke kalpita aura carita bahatkathA kI bhAMti eka vizAlakAya racanA hai. jo nAma se do bheda aura kiye gaye haiN| kathA ke sakalakathA, 10. lambhako meM vibhakta hai tathA aneka vRttAntoM se parikhaNDakathA, ullApakathA, saMkIrNakathA, tathA parihAsakathA-ye parNa hai| isakI racanA bahatkathA ko prAdhAra banAkara huI pAMca bheda bhI kiye gaye hai| sakala kathA caritAtmaka hotI hogii| samarAiccakahA eka dharmakathA hai, isame naaykhai| hemacandra ne kathA ke 10 bheda kiye hai, sakalakathA, pratinAyaka kI manobhAvanAoM ke mundara citraNa hai| kathA khaNDakathA, ullApakathA, pAkhyAna, nidarzana, maNikulyA, nau janmoM taka calatI hai| mattahasita, upakathA, bRhatkathA paura pravahnika / pAtroM ke samarAiccakahA ke praNetA haribhadrasari ke ziSya mAdhAra para divya aura divya mAnuSI ye do bheda kiye gaye udyotanasUri ne kubalayamAlA nAmaka utkRSTa campUkoTi ke kathAkAvya kI sarjanA kI hai| isa grantha kA, bhASA, chanda, carita-kAvya kathA se pRthak koTi ke grantha hai| carita- viSaya-vividhatA prAdi dRSTiyoM se bahuta mahattva hai| kathAkAvyoM meM kavi una sthaloM aura ghaTanAoM para vizeSa dhyAna koza prakaraNa ke racayitA jinezvaramUri ne nirvANalIlA.

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66, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta vatI nAmaka kathAgrantha kI racanA kI thI / sUrasundarI rikta upadezapada, upadezamAlA, bhavabhAvanA, saMvegaraMgazAlA, cariya ke racayitA dhanezvarasUri ne isakA prazaMmAtmaka upadezaratnAkara, sIlobaesa mAlA, upadezakadali, vivekaullekha kiyA hai| yaha kathA bhI hamAre durbhAgya se maMjarI prAdi anekAneka kathAoM kA praNayana humA hai, jo apane mUla rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isakA iloka- itivRttAtmaka eva upadezAtmaka koTi meM antarbhAvita ho baddha saMskRta sakSipta rUpAntara jinaratnasari ne kiyA hai| sakatI hai| isakI kathAvastu kI yojanA kuvalayamAlA ke mAdhAra para parihAsakathA kI dRSTi se dhUrtAkhyAna ekamAtra upakI gaI hai| labdha kRti hai / isa kathAgrantha meM haribhadrasUri ne mahAbhArata, taraMgavatI, vasudevahiNDI, samarA iccakahA, kubalayamAlA rAmAyaNa aura purANoM meM varNita hAsyAspada aura asambhava tathA nirvANalIlAvatI pAco hI thAgrantha utkRSTa evaM ghaTanAmoM para tIvra-prahAra kiyA hai| prArambhika bhAratIya advitIya hai| eka eka grantha kA pRthak pRthak parizIlana sAhitya me hasya-vyaMgyAtmaka sAhitya kA prabhAva hai| prAvazyaka hai| isake atirikta rayaNaseharanivakahA, sura haribhadrasUri, isake pratikala, janma se pratibhAsampanna tathA sundarIcariya aura ratnacar3akathA kAvyasauSThava kI dRSTi se svabhAva se vinodI kavi hai| apane dhUrtAkhyAna ke mAdhyama ullekhanIya hai| ina kathAgranthoM meM sAhityikatA ke sAtha se unhone bhAratIya sAhitya ko amUlya dena dI hai, jo kaI sAtha pracura sAMskRtika nirdeza prApta hote haiN| tatkAlIna daSTiyo se advitIya hai| saMkSepa meM prAkRta sAhitya kI dhArmika, mAthika. sAmAjika va rAjanItikavAna amUlya maNiyoM meM gAthAsaptazatI, samarAiccakahA kuvalayabhI inase prakAza par3atA hai| ina granthoM kA mahatva isa daSTi mAlA evaM paumacariya ke samAna hI isa kRti kA mahattvame dviguNita ho jAtA hai| pUrNa sthAna hai| prAkRta ke prAyaH samasta kathAkAvya jainamuniyoM dvArA prAkRta kathAkAvyoM kI eka koTi laghukathAno kI hai| racita hai| vasUdevahiNDI, samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlA inameM eka hI gAthA me koI upadezAtmaka bAta kahakara aura lIlAvatI (jinezvara sUrikRta) Adi mahAkathA-koTi phira usa niyama ko caritArtha karane vAle vyakti kA kI kathAno me bhI kathAkozoM kI bhAti anekAneka laghujIvana-vRtAnta gadya yA padya me diyA jAtA hai| pAlijAtako kathAyeM avAntara-kathAnoM ke rUpa meM bharI par3I hai / ye pravAtathA paMcatantra, hitopadeza prAdi saMskRta granthoM me bhI yahI tara kathAyeM malakathA se pUrNataH sambaddha tathA usake vikAsa praNAlI apanAI gaI hai| isa prakAra ke laghukathAtmaka ganthoM meM sahAyikA hai| kathA-kAvyoM me muniyoM ke jIvana aura kA prAkRta meM bhI paryApta mAtrA meM praNayana huyA hai| upa. upadezoM ko prastuta karate hue janadarzana kA vyApaka nirUpaNa dezoM kI bharamAra tathA saMyama, zIla, dAna, tapa, tyAga aura hai| inake sAtha hI kathAkAvyoM meM vividha zAstrI-prathavairAgya kI prabalatA hone para bhI inakA kAvyatva dabA nahIM zAstra, rAjanIti, kAmazAstra, jyotiSa, dhanurveda, prAyurveda, hai| rasoM, bhAvoM, vividhavarNano tathA manobhAvo ke sundara gArUDa, tantra vidyA, zakuna-apazakuna, dhAtuvAda, rasavAda, citraNa ina kathAgratho ke gaurava me vRddhi karate hai| ina khanyavidyA, ratnaparIkSA, azvazikSA, saMgItazAstra, chanda, kathAgraMthoM ke antargata aneka kathAe aisI bhI hai, jinheM hama prahelikA, vezyA-jIvana, anurakta-virakta, nArI ke lakSaNa itivRttAtmaka yA vivaraNAtmaka kaha sakate hai| kathAkoza- Adi ke varNana haiM, jinase ina kaviyoM kI bahuzrutatA kA prakaraNa, pAsyAnakarmANakoza, dharmopadeza mAlAvivaraNa, bodha hotA hai| kathAranakoza, pAiyakahAsaMgaho, kUmAravAlapaDiboha, janajIvana kA citraNa hone se ye yathArthavAdI hai, yathArthamirivijayacaMda kevalicariya, kathAgranthoM kA parigaNana vAditAke doSoMse mukta tathA prAdarzonmukha hai / kathAke prArambha saMkIrNa kathA meM kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi inameM bhI aneka meM pAtroM kI svAbhAvika zithilatAmoM kA varNana hai| anta meM kathAyeM itivRttAtmaka koTi kI ho sakatI hai| inake mati- ve pAtra kisI manike samparka se apane aparAdhoM ke parimArjana

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bhAratIya vAGmaya ko prAkRta kathA-kAvyoM kI dena tathA prAtmonnati ke liye dharma kI ora unmukha hote hai| chanda kI dRSTi se inameM prAya: gAthA chanda kA prayoga isa prakAra ye kathAyeM yathArthaparaka tathA mAdarzonmukha dharma- hai, jisame yatibhaMga kA doSa bahulatA se prApta hotA hai| kathAyeM haiN| vasudevahiNDI, kuvalayamAlA, jinadattAruyAna, narmadAsundarIdhArmika tatva prANo kI taraha anusyUta hone para bhI kathA, pAkhyAnakamaNikoza, surasundarIcariya, kathAkozainakA sAhityika saundarya kama mAkarSaka nahI hai| samasta prakaraNa, kumArapAla pratibodha mAdi meM gAthA chanda ke pratirasoM kA citraNa hone para bhI zAnta, zRMgAra, vIra tathA rikta maMskRta aura apabhraMza chandoM ke prayoga hue hai| raudrarasa ke pracara varNana hai / zAnta rasa ke sundara citraNa ye grantha padyAtmaka tathA gadyapadyamitha donoM hI zailiyoM sarvatra vyApta hai| __ meM racita hai / prAkRta kathA-kAvyo kA adhikAMza bhAga isI pAkhyAnakamaNikoza, samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlA, mizrakoTi kA hai| paTakathAnoM me dhUrtAkhyAna, nirvANadharmopadezamAlA-vivaraNa, narmadAsundarIkathA mAdi me lIlAvatI tathA zrIpAlakathA mukhya hai| gadyapradhAna-kAvyoM bhAvaTriyA, rukmiNI, vilAsavatI, priyaMguzyAmA, rAjImatI, meM vasudevahiNDI, samarAicakahA, kuvalayamAlA, rayaNanarmadAsundarI Adi ke nakha-zikha varNana prApta hote hai| cur3arAyacariya, jinadattAkhyAna, rayaNasehara nivakahA, narmadAnakha-zikha varNana kAvya meM prAcInakAla se hotA rahA hai| sundarIkahA mAdi ullekhanIya hai| taraMgavatI kathA ko bhI rItikAla meM yaha adhika vyApaka rUpa se pracalita huaa| taraMgalolA campU kahA gayA hai, ata: yaha racanA bhI gadyaina kathAkAvyoM meM mArmika aura hRdayAkarSaka subhASitoM padyamizrita zailI meM likhita rahI hogI, yadyapi vartamAna ke prayoga hue haiM / mahezvarasUri ko jJAnapacamakiyA isa upalabdha saMkkhittataraMgavaIkahA padyamaya hI hai| tatIya kathA. dRSTi se advitIya hai| isame strI-viSayaka subhASita koza koTi ke granthoM meM kucha gadyapradhAna padyamitra hai| gadya manohArI haiN| kI cAroM zailiyo muktaka, vRttagandhi, utkalikAprAya aura alaMkAroM kI dRSTi se zabdAlaMkAroM me yamaka, anuprAsa carNaka kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi samAsarahita, va sarala zleSa ke sAtha-sAtha zRkhalAyamaka kA prabhUta subodha, prasAdaguNayukta gadya kA hI adhika prayoga humA hai, prayoga huA hai / pracalita arthAlakAro kA sahaja, svAbhA tathApi kahI kahI dIrgha samAsADhya padAvalI kA bhI rucipUrvaka vika aura surucipUrNa Dhaga se prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prayoga hamA hai| ina sthaloM para yaha gadya alaMkRta aura granthoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai, jise apabhraMza jaTilatA ke vaibhava se maNDita hai tathA kAdambarI kI aura arddhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa jaina mahArASTrI gadyacchaTA kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| jahA~ kisI vastu athavA kahA gayA hai / kAvyo meM bIca-bIca me saMskRta aura apa dRzya kA citraNa karanA hotA hai, kavi isI samArabahulA bhraMza ke padya bhI haiM / saMskRta ke padya prAyaH uddharaNa ke rUpa zailI ko apanAte hai| saralagadya kathAvastu ke pravAha ko meM hai| janaruci ke anukUla dezya zabdoM kA prabhUta prayoga Age bar3hAtA hai| saMvAdoM meM isI sarala gadya kA prayoga inakI mahatI vizeSatA hai| vAstava meM yahI zabda manta- hai| nihita prAzaya ko abhivyakta karate hai| bhASA-prayoga kI taraMgavatIkathA, samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlA, daSTi se kuvalayamAlA darzanIya hai| isameM paizAcI prAkRta AkhyAnakamaNikoza, kumArapAlapratibodha, dharmopadezamAlAtathA tatkAlIma dezI boliyoM ke prayoga hai, sAtha hI 18 vivaraNa prAdi meM sundara prakRti-citraNa prApta hote hai| dezoM kI bhASAoM kI vizeSatAoM ko nidarzita kiyA gayA jinadattAkhyAna, narmadAsundarIkathA, zrIpAlakathA, dhUrtAkhyAna, hai| prAyaH sabhI granthoM meM apabhraMza aura saMskRta ke uddharaNa ratnazekharanupakathA, jJAnapaMcamIkayA, kathAkozaprakaraNa prAdi haiM / kumAravAlapaDivoha tathA rayaNaseharamivakahA meM prAcIna prakRti-citraNa kI dRSTi se sAmAnya haiN| ina granthoM meM gajarAtI bhASA kA prayoga hai| bhASA meM nAdasaundarya tathA candrodaya. candrAsta. saryodaya. saryAsta ke sAtha pahanatayoM layAtmakatA ke sAtha-sAtha prathaMgAmbhIrya hai| ke citraNa atyanta ramaNIya haiN| ina varNanoM meM prakRti kA

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68, varSa 28, ki. 1 anekAnta prAyaH mAnavIkaraNa ke rUpa meM hI citraNa hai| rAtri, pUrva pratIta hotA hai, jisameM rASTrakaTa ke zAsaka govinda ne dizA prAdi kahI abhisArikA ke rUpa meM, kahIM IrSyA kalu. veMgI ke viSNuvardhana caturtha cAlukya ko parAsta kiyaa| pita nAyikA ke rUpa me citrita hai| sUrya evaM candra kahI premI yadi kavi isa ghaTanA se prabhAvita hai to vaha veMgI ke nikanAyaka, kahI rAjA, kahIM bhramaNapremI, kahIM pakSI, khii| Tastha donoM kA nivAsI honA cAhie, kintu isake kAvya yoddhA prAdi ke rUpa meM varNita hai| nadI, zmazAna, samudra, meM drAvir3a bhASAmoM kA prabhAva na hone ke kAraNa kaha sakate maTavI, parvata, tapovana, sarovara, prAsAda, upavana, nagara haiM ki yaha beMgI yA bhImezvara tIrtha ke nikaTastha kSetroM kA Adi ke bhI bhavya citra prApta hote haiN| nivAsI nahI hai| vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta tathA mahArASTra 17 pArita hone meM ye deza kI bolI se kevala paricita hI nahIM, apita usake kathAye adhika marmaspazinI evaM hRdayahAriNI hai| vyakti prati prAtmIyatA pradarzita karatA hai yaha bhASAtmaka prAdhAra kI svAbhAvika durbalatAoM kA yathArtha nidarzana hone se bahuta prabala prAdhAra hai, jisake kAraNa hama use mahArASTa iname sundara manovaijJAnika citraNa prApta hote haiN| deza kA nivAsI mAna sakate hai| lIlA-vaI-kahA ke praNetA koUhala bahalAdita nAmaka ____dhvanyAloka meM prApta lIlAvaI-kahA ke vastutatva kI ora saMketa isakI apara sImA nirdhAraNa karane meM sahAyaka tInoM vedo ke jJAtA yAjJika brAhmaNa ke pautra tathA bhUSaNa bhaTTa hai| isakI praparasImA (pAnandavarddhana kA kAla) 860ke putra the / graMtha kI eka gAthA 'koUhaleNa-viraiyA' 890 I0 hai| itihAsakAroM ke anusAra sAtavAhana rAjaullekha hai, koUhala kA artha autsukya bhI ho sakatA hai, vaMza kI sattA kA avasAna 300 I. se pahale ho cukA kyoMki paravartI graMtho meM aise ullekha nahI hai, jiname kautu hai| lIlAvaI-kahA ke vastutatva ko dekhate hue pratIta hotA hala, kutUhala athavA koUhala ko kavirUpa me smaraNa kiyA hai ki yaha rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, vRhatkathA, abhijJAnagayA ho| lIlAvaI-kahA kI ekamAtra upalabtha saMskRta zAkuntala, vikramorvazIyaM, kumAra saMbhava, kAdambarI, subandhuTIkA me kutUhala zabda ko kavi ke nAma ke rUpa meM grahaNa kRta vAsavadattA, ratnAvalI Adi gratho se prabhAvita hai| ye kiyA gayA hai| ukta saMskRta TIkAkAra paramparA ke prAdhAra samasta gratha sAtavI zatI taka race jA cuke the / samarAiccapara hI kutUhala ko vipra aura lIlAvaI-kahA kA kartA kahA aura kuvalayamAlA (776 I.) se bhI yaha paricita batalA rahA hai| itanA hI nahI, TIkAkAra kavi kI patnI ho sakatA hai| prastAvanA zlokoM me gauDavaho (666. kA nAma bhI asandigdha rUpa se sAvitrI likhatA hai, 735 I.) kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| isameM rASTra'jabaki gAthAmro me yaha nAma kahI nahIM hai| prAphe kI sUcI kUTa aura cAlukyo ke saMnya sacaraNa kA ullekha hai| prathama me kutUhala paNDita kA ullekha hone se DA. upAdhye ne tAtkA rASTrakUTa dantidurga meM hI hai aura usakA sainya sacaraNa 740 lika rUpa se lIlAvaI ke kartA ko kutUhala mAnA hai| hama I0 ke nikaTa prabhAvI rUpa meM huaA, prataH koUhala ne jo usa paramparA para adhika bala denA cAhate hai, jisakA ullekha kiyA, usakA sambandha una ghaTanAoM se nahIM ho prAdhAra saskRta TIkAkAra ne grahaNa kiyA hai| hame isa meM sakatA, jo 740 I0 ke pUrva kI hogii| koUhala kA sandeha nahIM hai ki koUhala yA kutUhala vAstava meM kavi ke sthitikAla isase pIche hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi koUhala nAma hai| ke mana meM bAdAmI ke cAlukyo ke abhiyAnoM kA prabhAva hai kohala kavi ke nivAsa kA prazna kevala anumAna kA to ve 753 I. ke pazcAt niHsatva ho cuke the| isa viSaya hai| isane eka gAthA meM rASTra kaTa tathA cAlukya sthiti ko svIkAra karane para mAnanA hogA ki ise 740 senApo kA ullekha kiyA hai| zrI upAdhye ke anusAra se 753 I. ke nikaTa rakhA jA sakatA hai| isa ullekha me rASTrakUTa aura cAlukyoM ke una saMgharSoM kA nimna hai. jo uttarapUrvIya kSetro meM prAThavIM zatI ke madhya me koUhala kA yuga (8vIM-havI zatI I0) prAcIna bhArata phNce| zrI upAdhye kA saMketa 772 I. ke usa yuddha kI bhora kI samApti kA tathA kAnyakubja sAmrAjya kA yuga hai| isa

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bhAratIya vAGmaya ko prAkRta kathA-kAvyoM kI dena avadhi meM navodita rASTrakuTa sattA se sampUrNa mahArASTra, isI vaMza ke vatsarAja ne kannauja para adhikAra kiyA thA, sampUrNa madhya deza tathA kAnyakubja rahate hai| dakSiNa ke para vaha dhruva se hAra gyaa| batsarAja ke putra nAgabhaTa rASTrakaTa, pazcima ke pratihAra tathA pUrvIya bhArata ke pAla dvitIya ne prAndhra, saindhava, vidarbha aura kaliMga jItA, kintu nareza tIno sattAye kAnyakubja ko prAtmasAt karanA cAhatI vaha rASTrakaTa govinda tRtIya se hAra gayA / 833 I. meM thii| 815 I0 ke pazcAta isakA nirNaya pratihAroM ke pakSa nAgabhaTa kA putra rAmabhadra pUrva meM gvAliyara taka kA kSetra meM ho jAtA hai| isa kAlakhaNDa kI sarvotkRSTa nagarI adhikRta kiye hue thaa| rAmabhadra ke putra bhoja dvArA 36 kAnyakubja ko rAjadhAnI hone kA gaurava harSavarddhana (606. I0 me prasArita vArAha-tAmrapatra se sUcita hotA hai ki 640 I.) ne pradAna kiyA tathA 8vI zatI ke pUrvAddha me kAnyakubja, kAliMjara, maNDala, madhya eva pUrvIya rAjapUtAnA yazovarmana ne isakI zrIvRddhi kI thii| tathA sampUrNa kAThiNavADa isake rAjya kSetra meM the| zaurya araboM kA mindha se madhyadeza taka AkramaNa isa yuga meM dhruva aura dharmapAla ke samAna isakA nAma liyA jAtA kI pramukha ghaTanA hai| isa samaya nAgabhaTa prathama (gurjara- hai| bhAja ke putra mahendrapAla (prapara nAma nirbhayarAja) kA pratihAra) ke dhvaja ke nIce prarbada kSetra se udbhata vaMzoM sAmrAjya (885-610 I0) himAlaya se vindhyAcala taka vAle kSatriya-pratihAra, cAhamAna, guhila, cAlukya bhora sudRr3ha rUpa se avasthita thA / paramAra ekatrita hue / araba AkrAntA haTA diye gye| 750 Ike nikaTa dayitaviSNu ke pautra aura vapyaTa rASTrakUToM kA mUla sthAna vartamAna haidarAbAda ke anta- ke putra gopAla ne pAla rAjavaza kI sthApanA kii| isake rgata usmAnAbAda ke jile meM avasthita laTralara gA~va mAnA vijetA putra dharmapAla (770 I0.810 I0) ko uttarAjAtA hai| inakI aneka pIr3hiyA~ barAra ke elicapUra meM patha kA svAmI kahA gayA hai| bagAla aura bihAra usake cAlUkyo ke sAmanda ke rUpa meM thii| sarva prathama indra ne zAsita kSetra tathA nepAla aura kAnyakubja isake prabhAva meM cAlukya rAja kanyA kA apaharaNa kiyaa| isake pazcAta the| dharmapAla kA putra devapAla (810.850 I.) eka usakA putra dantidurga yA dantivarmana (773 I0 me) uttarA- mahAna vijetA thA / devapAla kA uttarAdhikArI vigrahapAla dhikArI hyaa| kRSNa ke pazcAt usakA putra govinda thA, jisake samaya se yaha rAjavaza patanonmukha ho gyaa| dvitIya aura usake pazcAt usakA anuja dhruva uttarA- isa samaya purANoM ko mAnyatA prApta thii| brAhmaNa dharma dhikArI hA / dhruva ke samaya rASTrakUTa sattA kA sAmanA kA utkarSa tathA bauddha dharma kA hrAsa ho rahA thaa| inhI karane vAlI anya zakti bhArata meM nahIM thii| dhruva kA zatiyo me bhAratIyo ne vRhattara bhArata kA nirmANa kiyaa| uttarAdhikArI usakA tRtIya putra govinda tRtIya 763 I0 / manusmRti para meghAtithi kI TIkA ko vizeSa sammAna meM siMhAsana para AsIna huaaa| isane rAjya kA aura milA / striyoM kI sthiti sammAnapUrNa thii| zakarAcArya vistAra kiyaa| isI yuga meM hue / tAntrika vidhiyo ne bauddha aura brAhmaNa isake uparAnta ravi amoghavarSa (816 I0 meM) rAja- dharma meM anAcAra kA praveza kraayaa| sAhitya me saskRta ko siMhAsana para ArUr3ha huA / isakA mahatva mAnyakheTa (mAdhu- ucca sthAna prApta thA / isa yuga me sAhityasarjanA pracura nika malakheDa) ko rAjadhAnI banAne meM hai| vaha svaya mAtrA meM haI / saskRta meM dRzya-kAvya tathA sAhitya-zAstro vidvAno aura kaviyo kA prAzrayadAtA thaa| 860 I. ke kA nirmANa adhika hmaa| vizeSa rUpa se kazmIra meM pazcAta 18 varSoM taka isane zAntimaya jIvana vyatIna mAnidhya-zAstrIya miTAtI para pathamarjanA kI mAra kiyaa| isakA rAjyakAla dIrgha thaa| isake putra kRSNa prA gaI thii| lollaTa, vAmana, udbhaTa tathA zaMkuka isI yuga dvitIya kA rAjyakAla 880 I0 se 615 I0 taka hai| kI dena hai| gurjara pratihAro meM se nAgabhaTa prathama ne arabo ko prAkRta bolI kA stara pAra kara cukI thii| usakI parAsta kara paryApta prasidghi evaM prabhAva pajita kiyaa| saralatA antardhAna ho gaI thii| vaha alakRta tathA kRtrima

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70, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta ho gaI thI, ata: jaina kavi bhI saMskRta kI ora unmukha isame hai| kavi kA uddezya ise kathA banAne kA hai, usane ho rahe the, tathApi prAkRta bhASAoM ke prati jaina vidvAnoM meM ise kathA kahA hai / anya prAcAryoM ne bhI ise kathA ke rUpa ruci evaM zraddhA banI rhii| prAkRta graMthoM meM lIlAvaI-kahA me hI ullikhita kiyA hai| isakI zailI saMvAdAtmaka hai| ke pratirikta vAkpatirAja kA gauDavaho, haribhadrasUri kI antaH kathAeM mUla kathA ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka haiN| kathA samarAicca-kahA aura dhUrtAkhyAna tathA udyotana sUri kI kA nAmakaraNa nAyikA ke nAma para hai| aisI sthiti meM kuvalayamAlA vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| yaha prayAsa upayogI aura apekSita pratIta nahIM hotA ki hama lIlAvaI meM jisakI sarjanA aura vikAsa kavi ne lIlAvaI-kahA kI tIna pAMDulipiyAM kramaza: paTTana, sampUrNa cetanA ke sAtha eka kathA ke rUpa meM kiyA, jaisalamera aura bIkAnera se milI hai, jisakA prakAzana DA0 mahAkAvya ke katipaya tatva dRDhakara use mahAkAvya siddha e0 ena0 upAdhye ke sampAdakatva me siMdhI jaina graMthamAlA karane kA prayatna kre| grantha meM rasAtmakatA honA, zailI se san 1946 tathA 1966 me do bAra huA hai| lIlAvaI. kA udAtta honA caritra aura uddezya kA mahat honA ye kahA para eka hI kisI ajJAtanAmA saMskRta TIkAkAra kI mahAkAvya ke lie pRthagrupa se nizcita tatva nahIM ho saMskRta-kathA-vRtti milatI hai, jo bIkAnera vAlI pANDu. sakate / meghadUta aura gItagovinda rasAtmaka, udAtta zailI lipi ke sAtha prApta huI hai / lIlAvaI-kahA ke donoM prakA se yukta, bhAvasampanna evaM garimAmaya hai, para ve mahAkAvya zita saMskaraNo ke sAtha isakA prakAzana hupA hai| nahI / dUtavAkya ekAMkI rUpaka hai, jisameM pADavoM ke dautya granthakAra ke anusAra yaha graMtha 1800 chaMdoM meM racita meM saMlagna nAyaka kRSNa uttama caritra vAle aura mahAna thaa| isame 1330 upalabdha hai| (bIca-bIca meM gadya nirdeza uddezya ke sie prayatnazIla vyakti hai, tathApi eka laghurUpaka hai tathA eka sthala para pratiSThAna kA sakSipta varNana bhI mAtra hai| gadyamaya hai|) yaha eka padya-kAvya hai| isameM samasta raso sAmAnyataH mahAkAvya ke kSetra meM svAbhAvika rUpa se paura cAroM vargoM kA abhidhAna hai / yaha kRti vahadAkAra hai, lIlAvaI-kahA me aneka truTiyA~ pratyakSa hai| bhale hI hemacaMdra laghu kAvyoM meM parigaNita nahIM kI jA sakatI, kyoki ne rAvaNa vijaya aura hari vijaya ko uddhRta kara svacchaMdAgrantha kA vastutatva kisI ladhu ghaTanA para AdhArita yA tmaka racanA ko mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM parigaNita kiyA ho, kisI prasiddha itivRta kA aza nahIM hai / isame kathA nAyaka kintu sudRr3ha paramparA ke anusAra mahAkAvya kA sargavandhatva ke vyApaka jIvana kA vivaraNa prastuta hai| prataH lIlAvaI- (prAkRta me pAzvAsabandhatva) eka aparihArya tatva hai| kahA padyAtmaka mahAprabandha, mahAkAvya yA bRhatkAya kathA isI prakAra dhIrodAtta guNAnvita kathAnAyaka ko sthApita (sakalakathA, parikathA) ho sakatI hai| dhIrazAnta nAyaka karanA dUsarI pradhAna prAvazyakatA hai| zeSa tatva inhI ke tathA eka vijetA dvArA sunAI gaI aneka pratiyogiyoM kI caturdika ekatra ho jAte hai aura ve anyatra bhI samAna hote hai| kathA na hone se yaha sakalakathA ke lakSaNoM ke anurUpa bhI lIlAvaI me ukta donoM pramukha tatvoM kA abhAva hai| aisI nahIM hai| samasta phalAnta prAkRta-padya-prabandha hone se yaha sthiti meM use mahAkAvya nahIM, kathA mAnA jaaygaa| rudraTa prAnandavarddhana aura abhinavagupta ke lakSaNoM ke anusAra ke anusAra use mahAkathA aura prAnandavarddhana ke anusAra sakalakathA ho sakatI hai| DA0 nemicanda zAstrI ne ise sakala kathA kahA jA sakatA hai| hamArI dRSTi se lIlAvaImahAkAvya kahA hai| isameM eka mahAkAvya kI bhAMti prArambha kahA eka kathAtmaka mahAkAvya hai / meM sannagarIvarNana, aitihAsika kathAnAyaka, vasantavarNana, yuddha jaina kathAkAro ke vargIkaraNa ke anusAra yaha kAmakathA yojanA, pratinAyaka-yojanA, sabhI tatva isa rUpa meM hai ki yA vikathA ke antargata strIkathA yA rAjakayA kahI ise rudraTa kI paribhASA ke anusAra mahAkAvya bhI kaha jaaygii| divyAdivya pAtroM kI mizrita kathA hone se yaha sakate haiN| sAtha hI rudraTokta mahAkAvya ke bhI sabhI lakSaNa divyamAnuSI kathA bhI hai|

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bhAratIya vAGamaya ko prAkRta kapA-kAvyoM kI dena 71 nIlAvaI-kahA meM vRhatkathA, kAdambarI, subandhukRta jA sakate hai| kuvalayamAlAkAra (776 I.) abhinanda vAsavadattA, ratnAvalI, raghavaza, kumAra saMbhava, vikramorvazIya, (nauvIM zatAbdI kA prArambha) ne pAdaliptasari aura unakI setubandha, mamarAiccakahA, gauDavahI prAdi se bastugata tathA taraMgavatI kathA kI prazaMsA kii| kalpa pradIpa ke anusAra bhAgavata sAmya hai| pAdalina ne bhaneka granthoM kI racanA kI, jisameM zatrujayazilAlekhoM ke anusAra sAtavAhana yA sAtavAhana vaMza kalpa bhI hai / prabhAvakacaritra ke anusAra unhone isa samaya kA astitva pramANita hai| madrAmoM meM sAda tathA rAjA vIra stuti kii| pAdalipta nAgahastasUri ke ziSya the| sAtavAhana ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| purANoM meM isa vaMza kI prAkRta pAdalipta prabandha ke anusAra pratiSThAnapura ke sAtamUcI dI gaI hai / gAhAsatasaI ke antaH sAkSya ke anusAra karNI ne bhRgukaccha ke rAjA naravAhana para mAkramaNa kiyaa| gAthA saptazatI kA kartA hAla sAlAhaNa hI kayAnAyaka bhadrabAhu ne bhI isa ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA hai| paTTAvaliyoM hAla, sAlAhaNa yA sAlavAhana hai| sambhavata: yaha kuntala ke anusAra yaha ghaTanA vIrasaMvat 453 (17 I0 pU0) meM janapada kA adhipati thaa| bANabhaTTa abhinanda, rAjazekhara, samApta huii| guNADhya sAtavAhana ke prAthita kavi ke rUpa soDDhala ne hAla-kRta koza kA ullekha kiyA hai. merutuMga, meM tathA nAgArjuna prabhAvakacaritra meM ullivita hai, yaha rAjazekharasUri, jinaprabhasUri ne bhI gAthAkoza kA ullekha pAdalipta ke ziSya the| bodita, boDisa, kumArila hAla kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM se eka sAmAnya paramparA kA bodha ke sahayogI kavi hai| karpUramajarI meM yaha koTTisa hai| hotA hai, jisake anusAra rAjA hAla sAtavAhana kavi saMbhava hai aitihAsika pAdaliptamUri, ko vodita, boDisa, gAthA saptazatI yA gAthAkoza kA nirmAtA athavA saMkalana- koTTisa yA poTrisa prAdi vikRta rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA gayA kartA mAnA gayA hai| ho / eka siMhala nareza zilAmedha (8vI zatAbdI) ne siyavasalakara kI racanA kI thii| sAtavAhana zabda kisI sAtavAhana nAmaka rAjA se pravartita hone vAle rAjavaMza kA sUcaka hai| paravartI lekhakoM koUhala ke anusAra grantha kI bhASA mahArASTra deza kI ne ise isa vaMzake anya zAsakoM ke lie bhI grahaNa kiyA hai| prAkRta bhASA hai tathA katipaya dezI zabdoM se savalita hai / ataH gAthAkoza kA kartA kauna sAtavAhana hai yaha nizcita isa para apabhraMza kA prabhAva hai tathA yazruti prApta hotI hai / karanA kaThina hai| bhadrabAhumUri ne hAla kA ullekha kucha zabdoM kI tulanA prAdhunika marAThI se kI jA kiyA hai| udyotanamUri, abhinanda, prabhAcandra, merutuga makatI hai| aura rAjazekhara ne hAla ko pAdaliptasUri se sambaddha kiyA lIlAvaI-kahA kA praDIrasa zRGgAra hai| isameM hai| anyatra bhI hAla kA nAma eka rAjA, eka vyakti ke tramA hAla kA nAma eka rAjA, eka vyakti ke zRMgAra ke dono pakSo kA citraNa hai| isake atirikta rUpa meM parivartI kAla meM upalabdha hai| purANo ke anusAra vIra. raudra tathA karuNa ke acche citraNa hai| vaise samasta sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki hAla kA sthiti- raso kA isame sanniveza hai pAtro kI manodazAmo ke zreSTha kAla prathama zatI me 66 I0 pUrva hai| zrI haraprasAda zAstrI barNana hai| isameM pramukhatayA mAdhurya aura prasAda guNa kA tathA gaurIzaMkara mojhA ke anusAra gAthAsaptazatI kA prayoga hai, para yathAvasara proja tathA dIrghasaghaTanA vAlI gor3I lekhaka hAla sAtavAhana IsA kI prathama zatI meM rAjya rIti kA bhI prayoga hai| karatA thaa| alakAroM kI dRSTi se lIlIvaI-kahA me upamA, pAdaliptakRta nirvANa-kalikAkA prakAzana mohanalAla utprekSA dRSTAnta, rUpaka, yathAsaMkhya, mAlAdIpaka, kArakadIbhagavAnadAsa jhaverI ne kiyA hai| isakI bhUmikA ke anu- paka, samosokti, bhrAntimAn, udAtta, atizayokti, byAjasAra bhadrabAhu svAmI jaina paramparAnusAra 14 pUrvo ke stuti, virodhAbhAsa, vyatireka, kAyaliMga, samuccaya, prAkSepa, jJAtAnoM meM antima the| pAdalipta inake samakAlika kahe sandeha, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, arthAntaranyAsa, molita mora

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72, parSa 28, ki0 1 bhanekAnta pratadguNa prAdi vividha pralaMkAroM ke prayoga hai| inake svayaMbha, kavi mAdi ne lIlAvaI-kahA kI gAthAnoM ko mAdhyama se kavi ne kahI prakRti kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai, uddhRta kiyA hai athavA usake vastutattva kI bhora saMketa to kahIM manodazAoM kI saphala abhivyakti kI hai| kavi kiyA hai| kavirAja kaMjara nemicandra ke kannar3a campU lIlAkI daSTi zabdAlaMkAroM kI apekSA arthAlakArI para hI vatI, kSemendra kI bahatvathAmaMjarI, jayavallabha ke bajjAlagga, adhika hai| zabdAlakAro me zleSa, anuprAsa, yamaka aura ghanezvarasUri ke surasundariya cariya, somaprabhasUri ke kumArazRMkhalA-yamaka alakAroM ke prayoga sahaja hI sulabha hai| pAlapratibodha, somadeva ke yazastilaka campU, subhASitA valI, agaDadana kI kathA, dhAhila ke paumamiricariu lIlAvaI eka pratyanta utkRSTa koTi kA kAvya hai| Adi me lIlAvaI se bhASA aura bhAvagata sAmya hai / nadI, parvata, vRkSa, puSpa, latA, kuja, phala, bhramara, kokila candramA, sUrya, Rtu, samudra, araNya, sarovara, udyAna prAdi prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM lokajIvana pracura rUpa meM prakRti ke samasta upakaraNo kA citraNa yahA~ bahulatA se pratibimbita hayA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM uccavarga ke prApta hotA hai| kavi kA prakRti-nirIkSaNa sUkSma evaM jIvana kA hI citraNa adhika hai, jaba ki prAkRta sAhitya madvitIya hai| isa grantha meM anekoM achutI upamAyeM tathA meM janasAdhAraNa ke jIvana kA, unakI paristhitiyoM aura urvara kalpanAyeM dekhane ko milatI hai| sAmAnyataH prakRti- vivazatAoM kA aMkana hai / bhAratavarSa ke vigata DhAI hajAra varNana kI cAra vidhAyeM pAlambana, uddIpana, alakaraNa tathA varSoM ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kA surekha citrapaTa khIMcane meM mAnavIkaraNa yahA~ upalabdha hotI hai| prakRti ke kalAtmaka jitanI vizvasta aura vistRta upAdAna sAmagrI ina varNana sUryodaya, sUryAsta, candrodaya aura candrAsta ke prasaMga kathAgranthoM me milatI hai, utanI anya kisI prakAra ke meM dekhe jA sakate hai| yadyapi prakRti ke ramaNIya rUpa kA sAhitya meM nahIM mila sktii| ina kathAoM meM bhArata ke varNana hI kavi ko priya hai, tathApi prakRti ke bhISaNa svarUpa bhinna-bhinna dharma, sampradAya, rASTra, samAja, varNa prAdi ke kA bhI yatkiJcit citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| vividha koTi ke manuSyoM ke nAnA prakAra ke prAcAra vicAra, vyavahAra, siddhAnta, Adarza, zikSaNa, saMskAra, lIlAbaI-kahA kA kathAnAyaka hAla eka rAjA hai| roti-nIti, jIvana-paddhati, rAjatantra, vANijya-vyavasAya, vijayAnanda, poTrisa, mAdhavAnila, citrAMgada, nAgArjuna, arthopArjana, samAjasagaThana, dharmAnuSThAna, evaM prAtmasAdhana bhaTTa kumArila, pAzupata, zilAmegha, vipulAzaya, nalakUbara Adi ke nidarzaka bahuvidha varNana prApta hote hai, jinake haMsa tathA malayAnila isa kathAkRti ke puruSa pAtra tathA AdhAra se hama prAcIna bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kA lIlAvatI, mahAnumati, kuvalayAvalI, candralekhA, mAdhavIlatA, vicitralekhA, zAradazrI, vasantazrI, padmA, kamalA sarvAMgINa evaM sarvatomukhI mAnacitra taiyAra kara sakate hai| aura raMbhA strI pAtra haiN| inake atirikta dvArapAla, puro- ina granthoM meM vividha sAmAjika utsavo-janmotsava, hita, mantriputra, vIravAhana, sAlAhaNa kA putra prAdi pAtro nAmakaraNa, varaNaya, svayaMvara, vivAha, malla-mahotsava prAdi ke ullekha haiN| caritra citraNa kI dRSTi se kathA meM kisI ke varNana hai| dhArmika utsavoM me paryapaNa-parva, aSTAhnikApAtra ke caritra kA kramika vikAsa pradarzita nahI kiyA parva, siddhacakravidhAna prAdi kI carcA hai / vividha kalAnoM gayA hai, aura na hI aise sthaloM kI yojanA kI gaI hai, tathA vidyAoM kI sUciyAM dI gaI hai| zikSA prApta karane jinase pAtroM ke caritra spaSTa hoN| strI pAtroM meM unake kI mAyu tathA zikSAgRhoM ke ullekha hai| kuvalayamAlA meM zArIrika saundarya aura praNayI svarUpa kA hI citraNa hai, vijayApurI ke chAtramaTha kA vahA~ ke chAtro aura upAdhyAyoM yahI bAta mAdhavAnila aura citrAMgada ke viSaya meM kahI jA kA varNana hai| bhojana tathA manorajana ke sAdhano, dhUtakrIr3A, sakatI hai| prahelikA, goSThiyoM mAdi ke ullekha hai| vastra, prAbhUSaNa mAnandavardhana, bhoja, hemacandra, vAgbhaTa, trivikrama, tathA tatkAlIna rIti-rivAjo kA bhI inase patA lagatA

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bhAratIya vAGmaya ko prAkRta kathA-kAvyoM kI dena hai| isa yuga ke sAhitya meM tAntrika vidyA siddha kiye gayA hai| kuvalayamAlA meM dizAgamana, mitra banAnA, nara. jAne ke pracara varNana milate hai| kApAlika aura siddhapuruSoM patisevA, mAna-pramANo meM kuzalatA, dhAtuvAda, mantra devatAke varNana prAya: sabhI kathA-grantho meM milate hai / devatAo rAdhana, sAgarataraNa, rohaNa, gvanana, vANijya, nAnA prakAra ke samakSa narabali dI jAtI thI aura manokAmanA kI siddhi ke karma, vividha vidhAye eva jilpa prartha prApti ke upAya ke lie kuladevatA ke atirikta nadI, samudra prAdi prAkRtika batAye gaye hai| prAkRta kathApo meM myana yAtrAgrI aura upAdAnoM kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| nArAyaNa, caDikA, hara, jala-yAtrAmoM ke rocaka varNana upalabdha hote hai| prAyaH ravi, vinAyaka prAdi ima yuga ke pramukha upAsya devatA the| vaNika hI aisI yAtrAye kiyA karate the| ina varNano meM kAmadeva aura gaurI kI pUjA bhI pracalita thii| mAnava-svabhAvo aura paramparAgro ke vistRta varNana prastuta kiye gaye hai| iname jaga, pavahaNa, beDiya, doSa, vegaDa, isa kathA sAhitya se strI jIvana kA bhI acchA pari. sina, bhAvana, khurapa bohittha ityAdi vibhinna jalayAno caya milatA hai| uccakUla kI bAlikAyeM bhI bAlako kI sajA kA ke varNana hai| ina yAtrAmoM ke pUrva samudra, kuladevatA, brAhmaNa bhAti prAcAyoM ke pAsa jAkara zikSA prApta karatA thaa| prAdi kI pUjA kI jAtI thI tathA anya sAthiyo ko bhI sahazikSA bhI pracalita thii| vivAha mAtA-pitA ko anu. sAdha le jAyA jAtA thaa| cIna, suvarNabhUmi, yavanadvIpa, mati se hote the, yadyapi kanyAo kI svIkRti bhI lI siMhaladvIpa, babbarakUla, TaMkaNa deza Adi pramukha vyApArika jAtI thii| svayaMvara aura gAndharva vivAha bhI hote the| isI thA kendra the| gAr3iyoM dvArA sthala-yAtrAyeM kI jAtI thii| sapiNDa vivAha hote the| vivAha antaradharmIya hote the, varSA-Rtu meM ina yAtrAmo meM aneka kaThinAiyAM pAtI thii| kintu samiyo me vivAha prazasta samajhe jAte the| ucca mArgoM me bhIlo ke aura coro ke pAtramaNa ho jAte the / varga me bahuvivAha pracalita thaa| vivAha choTI Ayu me | thaa| vivAha chATA prAyu ma rAjaputra bhI ina yAtrAmo meM sammilita hote the / vyApArI kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| prAyaH paripakva pAyu me hii| loga zulka (cagI) kI corI bhI kiyA karate the / dhAtuvivAha hote rahe hoge kyoMki kanyAnoM ke zikSita hone vAda bhI isa yuga me dhanaprApti kA sukhada mAdhana thaa| ye tathA unakI sammati lie jAne ke aneka prasaMga hai| loga narendra kahalAte the| dhAtUvAdI pauSadhiyo se svarNa vivAha meM manobhAvanAmo ko jAnane ke lie citra banAte the| pRthvI ko khoda kara gar3A hA dhana nikAlanA bheje jAte the| vivAha ke avasara para zveta raga zubha bhI dhana prApti kA sAdhana thaa| mAnA jAtA thaa| prAkRta ke isa vizAla kathA-sAhitya meM vividha prakAra kanyAyoM kA janma duHkhada mAnA jAtA thaa| striyoM kI kI kathA vastuyeM hai tathA tadanurUpa hI vividha prakAra ke dazA dayanIya hI thii| sandeha hone para pati patnI kA pari pAtroM ke varNana prApta hote haiN| rAjyatantra tathA rAjA ke tyAga kara dete the| pitA ruSTa hone para apanI kanyA kA vivAha ayogya vara se kara dete the| aneka pativratA aura __ jIvana kI bhanaka bhI yatra-tatra prApta hotI hai| sAdhvI striyoM ke inameM varNana hai, jinhoMne apane sAtha-sAtha rAjya jyeSTha putra ko milatA thaa| rAjA ko apanI apane samparka meM prAne vAle vyaktiyoM ke caritra ko bhI patnI, putra, mantrI tathA sAmantI kI bhI parIkSA unnata kiyA hai| dhArmika preraNA se likhita hone ke kAraNa karanI par3atI hai| sAmantoM kI dazA dayanIya hotI thii| ina granthoM meM strI-nindA-sUcaka varNana milanA svAbhAvika rAjA ke rAjya kI ora se virakta hone para mantrI unheM hai| vezyAmoM, duzcaritra tathA kalahapriya nAriyoM ke varNana haTAkara unake putroM ko rAjya de dete the| rAjA prajA se bhI yahAM milate haiN| mAya kA chaThA bhAga kara ke rUpa me vasUla karate the| yuddha ina granthoM meM arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM kA nirUpaNa karane se pUrva rAjA mantriyo se mantraNA karate the| guptacaro karate hue prAcIna RSiyoM ke vacanoM ko uddhRta kiyA kI niyukti kI jAtI thii| rAjyAdhikAriyoM kI bhI rAjA

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74, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta samaya samaya para parIkSA niyA karate the| senA meM sarvaprathama ke kAvyamaya varNano meM prAkAra, aTTAlikA, gopura, devakula, padAti, usake pazcAt kramazaH azva, hasti tathA rathasenA dhavalaprAmAdo, pArAmo, udyAno, vihAro Adi ke varNana hotI thii| zubha muhUrta me yuddha ke hetu prasthAna kiyA jAtA hai| nagara ke cAroM aura parikhA se ghirA humA sudhAdhavala thaa| zatrusenA ke pAne para mArga meM jo gA~va par3ate the, prAkAra hotA thaa| nagara trika, catuSka, carcara, caturmukha, unheM khAlI kara diyA jAtA thA, kue~ Dhaka die jAte the, mahApatha, patha Adi bhAgo dvArA suvibhakta rahatA thaa| parikhAyeM jala se paripUrNa kara lI jAtI thii| vividha bhavana me zAlabhanikAye hotI thii| inake chajjo ko zastra tIkSNa kara lie jAte the| yoddhAnoM kA sammAna mattavAraNa kahA jAtA thaa| talaghara ko bhUmigRha kahA kiyA jAtA thaa| durgoM ko khAdya padArtha tathA Idhana se paripUrNa jAtA thaa| prAsAda gapnabhUmika bhI huyA karate the| kara liyA jAtA thaa| samudra taToM ko viSama (du sacaraNIya) maktA-nirmita jina-pratimAoM ke ullekha hai / pASANa, kiyA jAtA thaa| sarovaroM kA pAnI apeya kara diyA mAlikA bora kATa ko matiyAM banAI jAtI jAtA thaa| rAjA svayaM bhI yuddha karane jAte the, para zakti- vAdyo ke tathA saMgItakalA ke varNana milate hai| madanazAlI rAjA apane senApatiyo ko hI bhejate the| yaddha meN| mahotsava yA zAradIya pUNimA ke avasara para carcarI gIta vijaya prApta hone para jayastambha gADe jAte the tathA jaya- yA rAsaka natya hone the| DaMkA bajAye jAte the| rAjA kA zveta hAthI jayavAraNa, vividha raMgI se kAgaja, vastra, kASTha tathA bhittiyoM jayakuMjara yA paTTahasti kahalAtA thaa| sandhi hone para zastra para citra banAye jAte the / citrakalA meM rekhA kI vizuddhatA, lauTA diye jAte the| rAjyAdhikAriyoM meM amAtya, mantrI, varNo kA sandara sAmajasya tathA pramANoM kI yUktatA kA daNDAdhipa, sAmanta, akvadaliyo, niuttapurisa, cArapurisa, dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| maNiyo ke cUrNa kA prayoga citra kaTakapAla, pArakhiyapurisa, kotavAla, pugtheSThi, mukiyAloya, kI racanA meM kiyA jAtA thaa| pAtAra, mahAzvapati, padAtisenAkA adhipati, syandanAdhipati isa yuga meM kAvyakalA ke prati bhI logo kA AdaraprAyudhazAlApAlaka, kAraNika, senAdhipa prAdi hote the| bhAva thaa| zreSTha sabhApita para thepThi eka lAkha mudrA bhI rAjA ke pAMca sau taka mantrI hone kA ullekha hai| vividha pradAna kara dete the| vidvattA kI parIkSA samasyApUrti dvArA prAyudhoM ke ullekha milate hai| corI ke aparAdha me prANa- kI jAtI thii| daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| aparAdhI ko yamagaNDikA para baiThA. isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki prAkRta kathA-kAvyoM ne kara nagara me ghumAyA jAtA thaa| prasannatA ke avasaro para sAhityika, sAmAjika aura sAskRtika kSetra me eka avibandiyo ko chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| smaraNIgha nidhi deza ko saupa dI hai| iname deza kA sahasroM lalitakalAyeM isa samaya unnata avasthA me thii| nagara voM kA jIvana vizad rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai| zrI kastUrabA kanyA mahAvidyAlaya, gunA / udabhAvanA kisI ne kahA- macchara bahuta ho gae haiM, bar3A duHkhI karate haiN| inako naSTa karane kI koI bavA batAyo / manuSya bhI bahuta ho gae haiN| inhoMne jAnavaroM ko aura nanheM jantuSoM ko bar3A du kho kara rakhA hai| unake jaMgala-ghoMsale-jAle sApha karavA diye, unheM maravA DAlA, unake chedana bhedana kie, unako pITA, kaida kiyA, parantu jAnavaroM ne kabhI nahIM socA ki ye manuSya bahata ho gaye haiN| inako naSTa karane kI koI yojanA bnaaeN| kyA mAnava jIva-jantuoM se bhI adhika krUra hai ? X prakAza se koI bhI prakAza le le -prakAza bar3ha jAtA hai| dIpaka se dIpaka jalA lo prakAza bar3ha jAtA hai| darpaNa dIpaka ke prakAza se hissA baTA letA hai to prakAza bar3ha jAtA hai| jJAna bhI baMTAne se bar3hatA hai| - zrI mahendra sena jaina X

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syAdvAda aura anekAnta : eka sahI vivecana zrI bAbU lAla jaina [anekAnta kA yaha artha nahIM ki yaha bhI saca hai, vaha bhI saca hai| aneka nta kA sahI artha samajhanA Avazyaka hai, anyathA aneka bhrAntiyoM kA janma ho jAtA hai| vastu me ananta dharma hai| usakA kathana asti nAsti dRSTi honI hI caahie| ye dRSTiyA koI vastu me heraphera rUpa se, (positive aura negative) rUpa se, kiyA jAnA nahIM karatI, yaha to jaisI vastu hai, usakA usa rUpa se hai / asti (positive) dharma meM eka kI pradhAnatA rahatI pratipAdana karatI hai| nayo se vastu badalI nahIM jAtI hai nAsti, (negative) dharma bAkI ke apradhAna dharmoM ko hai, naya to jo cIja vastu meM hai, usakA pratipAdana jindA rakhatA hai| isalie asti va nAsti (positive karate hai| and neagtive) dono mila kara pUrI vastu banatI hai| isI prakAra vastu meM usakA eka akelA svarUpa hai jase prAtmA meM jJAna hai, darzana hai, sukha prAdi dharma hai| aura ekaH saMyogI avasthA hai / eka dRSTi akele svarUpa ko prAtmA kA jJAnaguNa hI jJAna rUpa hai| darzanaguNa jJAnarUpa batA rahI hai, dUsarI usI samaya jo sayoga hai, usako batA nahI, sukhaguNa jJAnarUpa nhiiN| yAne darzana guNa aura sukha guNa rahI hai| agara sayoga me ekapanA mA jAegA taba vastu jJAnarUpa nahIM hai, athavA ajJAnarUpa hai| jaba yaha hamA ki jaimI hai, vaisI magajha meM nahIM Ane se ekAnta ho jaaegaa| pAtmA jJAnarUpa hai| isameM jJAna dharma kI pradhAnatA hai aura vastu kA viparyaya ho jaaegaa| prAtmA prajJAna svarUpa hai, isameM jJAna ke alAvA bAkI saba anekAta vahI banatA hai jahA~ vastu svarUpa ko dikhAne dharma mA gye| imI prakAra se agara yaha kahA jAye ki vAle do virodhI dharmoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| mAtmA darzana svarUpa hai taba bAkI dharma pradarzana svarUpa athavA yaha kahanA cAhie ki satya kA pratipAdana karanA Thaharege : darzana svarUpa kahane meM darzana kI pradhAnatA hai aura usa satya ko batalAne vAle aneka dRSTikoNo rahI paura pradarzana svarUpa kahane meM darzana ke alAvA (view points) se usakA pratipAdana karanA hai| ve bAkI sAre dharma A gae aura pUrI vastu kA kathana sabhI daSTikoNa jo matya ko batAne vAle haiM, hameM majUra ho gyaa| isalie vastu kathacita jJAna svarUpa hai hote hai| parantu jo matya ko batAne vAle nahIM hai, ve dRSTiaura kathacita ajJAna svarUpa hai| masti (positive) koNa syAdavAda ke nAma para maMjUra nahIM ho skte| satya rUpa dharmoM ke alAvA bAkI dharmoM kA nAsti svarUpa eka prakAra kA hai aura eka hI hai| astitva dikhAyA gayA hai| ___mAmAnya vastu svarUpa se vizeSa vastu kA svarUpa dUsarI prakAra, vastu dravya svarUpa yAne sAmAnya svarUpa virodhI hai| eka akele svarUpa se sayogI svarUpa virodhI hai aura paryAya rUpa yAne vizeSa svarUpa bhI hai / kyoki pUrI hai| jJAna guNa se darzana guNa virodhI hai| isI prakAra vastu sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai isalie pUrI vastu kA kathana dhrauvya se utpAda-vyaya virodhI hai aura kyoki vastu karane ke lie dravyadRSTi se agara nitya rUpa kahate haiM to sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka, dravya-paryAya rUpa hai aura anaMta guNA. paryAya dRSTi se anitya rUpa dekhanA jarUrI hai aura pramANa tmaka hai isalie eka dRSTi se pUrI vastu kI jAnakArI dRSTi se eka hI samaya meM nitya anityAtmaka dekhanA nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka dUsarI dRSTi ko jindA nahIM rakhA jarUrI hai| isalie pUrI vastu kA pratipAdana mAtra eka dRSTi jAya, cAhe gauNa rUpa se hI kyo na rakhA jAya / naya se se nahI huA, usa eka dRSTi ko pUraka dUsarI usakI virodhI varNana karanA usI ko kahA jAtA hai jaba vaha pUrI vastu ko

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76, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta pahale jAne aura phira eka-eka dRSTi se kathana karate hue vastuoM ke eka kSetra meM rahate hue bhI unameM saMyoga bhI dUsarI daSTi kI apekSA rakhe / aAjakala jo anekAMta kA nahI maantaa| mvarUpa batAyA jAtA hai : aisA bhI hai. vaisA bhI hai, hameM to jaisA sambandha prAtmA kA jJAna ke sAtha hai. saba maMjara hai, hama to anekAMtI hai, yaha to anekAMta dharma vaisA rAga ke sAtha nahI hai| jJAna kA majAka uDAnA hai / anekAMta dharma jaisI vastu hai usako vyApta-vyApaka rUpa hai| jahA~-jahA~ jJAna hai, vahA~ vahA~ usI rUpa meM dekhatA hai, anyathA nhiiN| isalie anekAta prAtmA hai aura jahA~-jahA~ prAtmA, vahAM-vahAM jJAna hI satya svarUpa hai / jo anekAMta se rahita hai, vaha mithyA hai| jahA~ jJAna nahIM, vahA~ prAtmA nahI, jahAM prAtmA nahIM rUpa hai : hAthI ko khambhA dekhane vAlA galata hai, pakhA vahA~ jJAna nhiiN| parantu aisA sambandha rAga ke sAtha nhiiN| dekhane vAlA bhI galata hai| pahale hAthI ko, pUre ko jAne, jahA~-jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~-vahA~ prAtmA hai parantu jahA~ prAtmA phira paira ko khambhe rUpa dekhatA humA hAthI ke bAkI bace hai, vahAM rAga ho bhI yA na bhI ho| isalie jJAna kA mAtmA zarIra ke sAtha meM sApekSatA rakhe taba yaha kaha sakatA hai ki ke sAtha kathana evaM rAga aura AtmA kA kathana alaga-alaga pairoM kI apekSA vaha khambhe jaisA hai| hAthI khambhe rUpa hai, rUpa se karanA jarUrI hai| anyathA donoM meM eka prakAra kA aisA nahI hai| kyoki para hAthI se abheda rUpa hai, isalie hI sambandha samajha meM Ane se vastu kA kathana viparyaya ko pairo kI apekSA hAthI khambhe rUpa hai parantu utanA hI hAthI prApta ho jaaegaa| nahI hai| pUre hAthI ke lie bAkI hAthI ke svarUpa kI vastu kA kathana eka usakI apekSA se hotA hai, eka apekSA karanA jarUrI hai| yaha tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba pUre saMyogI vastu kI apekSA se kathana hotA hai| eka abheda hAthI kA jJAna ho| rUpa se hotA hai, eka bheda dRSTi se hotA hai| eka guNoM kA isI prakAra se prAtmA nAmaka vastu hai| usameM- bheda karake kathana hotA hai, eka 'para' ko bhinna karake kathana (1) jJAnAdi guNo kA piNDa abheda hai, hotA hai / parantu naya kI sArthakatA tabhI hai, jaba jaisI vastu (2) rAgAdi bhAva ho rahe hai, hai usako usI rUpa dikhAve / saMyoga ko saMyoga rUpa, eka (3) jJAna-darzanAdi aneka guNa hai, ko eka rUpa / hame eka sayoga me paDe vyakti kA kathana (4) jJAnAdi guNa kI aneka avasthA ho rahI hai, isa prakAra karanA hai ki sayoga jisakA jisa prakAra kA (5) karmoM kA sambandha hai, hai, vaha vaisA hI samajha meM A jAya taba usakA jo kathana (6) zarIra kA sambandha hai, hogA vaha isa taraha se aura isa dRSTi se hogA :(7) bAhara me strI-putrAdika kA, dhana-vastrAdi kA, (1) eka nizcaya-paramArtha dRSTi hai vaha prAtmA ko sambandha hai| sAre sayogoM se alaga, eka akelI dikhAtI hai| apane aba isakA pratipAdana isa prakAra se karanA hai ki guNoM se bhinna hai, jaise - caitanya / hareka sambandha kI tAratamyatA meM pharaka na par3e aura 'para' aura (2) azuddha nizcaya dRSTi-yaha pariNamana hai to ke sAtha ekatva baddhi na ho jaaye| kyoki eka vastu kabhI pAtmA meM, parantu azuddha pariNamana hai, jaise rAgAdi. krodhAdi pariNamana / bhI anya vastu rUpa nahI ho sktii| vastu kA eka akelA (3) anupacarita sadbhUta vyabahAra naya batAtA hai-yaha pana kAyama rahanA hI cAhie / do dravyo me ekapanA hotA prAtmA ke guNa hai isalie sadbhUta hai| kahI bAhara se bhAI nahI aura do dravyo meM ekapane kI mAnyatA hI mithyAtva huI bAta nahI hai, jaisA hai vaisA hI hai / isalie anupacarita hai| do dravyo kI paryAyo kA eka-dUsare ke sAtha saMyoga aura vyavahAra, hai to prAtmA ke sAtha prabhedarUpa, parantu hotA hai, usako dekha kara ajJAnI usameM ekapanA mAna letA alaga-alaga vastutaH nahIM kie jA sakate, samajhAne ko hai| vyavahAra bhI do vastumoM meM ekapanA nahIM batAtA parantu alaga-alaga kayana kiyA gayA hai, isalie vyavahAra hai, do vastupro ke sayoga ko maMjUra karatA hai| paramArtha do jaise prAtmA ke jJAna-darzana guNa prAdi /

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sthAyavAda aura anekAnta : eka sahI vivecana (4) upacarita sadbhuta vyavahAra naya batAtA hai ki bastu ko jAnanA aura paryAyadaSTi ke viSaya bhUta vastu ko yaha bAta hai to prAtmA ke astitva meM isalie sadabhata hai jAnanA dono bAto ko eka sAtha jAnanA jarUrI hai parantu parantu bAhara se, 'para' ke sambandha se huI hai, isalie upa- kathana eka sAtha nahI kara sakate-eka ko pahale kahanA carita hai aura abheda meM bheda karake kahI gaI hai, isalie paDegA, dUsarI bAta usake bAda kahI jaaegii| vahA~ aisA vyavahAra hai| jaise prAtmA ke matijJAnAdi / ye jJAna ke bheda samajhanA cAhie ki agara eka bAta bhI kahI gaI hai to karma janita hai| prAtmA ke jJAna guNa kI apUrNa, avikasita dUsarI bAta bhI jarUra jidA hai, usakA niSedha nahI hai. avasthA haiN| pahalI bAta dUsarI kI apekSA rakhe hue hai, vastu kA pUrA (5) anupacarita asadbhuta vyavahAra naya batAtA hai svarUpa dono bAta kahane para hI hogaa| agara hama kahate ki yaha prAtmA ke astitva meM nahIM hai| isalie amadbhuta hai hai ki yaha prAtmA manuSya hai aura yaha kathana upacarita parantu AtmA ke sAtha nimitta namittika sambandha hai; isa- asadbhUta vyavahAra naya se hai to isakA artha yaha hA ki lie anupacarita hai| prAtmA ke na hone para bhI prAtmA ke yaha manuSya kA zarIra prAtmA se bhinna hai| phira bhI donoM sa lAdAra se samAja ko milAkara yaha bAta kahI gaI hai| taba do dravyoM me se baMdhI hai| ekatva buddhi hone kA savAla nahIM rhtaa| loka vyavahAra (6) upacarita prasadbhUta vyavahAra naya batAtA hai jo calatA hai vaha sayoga ko hI lekara calatA hai| maTara ki yaha prAtmA ke astitva me nahIM hai, isalie amadbhata hai kI khicaDI kahane se kevala maTara nahI parantu sAtha me aura inakA sambandha prAtmA ke sAtha karma ke samAna nahI cAvala hone se hI bnegii| parantu kahalAvegI maTara kI hai, bAharI hai, isalie upacarita hai| phira bhI prAtmA kI khicddii| pUrI vastu kA jJAna karake phira jo kathana kisI kahI jA rahI hai isalie vyavahAra hai| jaise-AtmA dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bAkI bacI vastu ke kathana ko zarIra dhArI hai, manuSya hai| sAtha rakhane para hI pUrA kathana hotA hai| (7) upanaya batAtA hai yaha prAtmA se sambandhita bhI jaise dUdha kA udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA gayA hai ki nahI hai parantu upacarita asadbhuta vyavahAra naya ke viSaya dUdha kA kathana kisa prakAra se 'para' sayoga kI apekSA ke sAtha sambandhita hai isalie naya meM zAmila nahIM hone mita malina meM zAmila nahIM hone kiyA jAtA hai, yaha kathana usI para lAgU par3atA hai jo para bhI naya kI taraha hai| jaise-makAna, kapar3A, strI Adi asalI dUdha ke nija svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, usI kA kesako AtmA kI khnaa| riyA dUdha, garma dUdha, mIThA dUdha, kahanA sahI hai| vahI ina sAtoM bAto se yahI sAbita hotA hai ki kisI asalI dUdha kA svarUpa jAnatA hai| isalie kesariyA, garma prAtmA ke eka akele svarUpa ko samajha kara yaha samajhanA kahate hue bhI yaha samajhegA ki yaha saMyoga kI apekSA hai| hai ki anya kA sambandha prAtmA ke sAtha kisa prakAra kA parantu jisane jIvana me hamezA mIThA DAlA humA dUdha piyA hai| anya ke sambandha ko batAne vAlA amadbhuta vyavahAra ho aura kabhI eka akele dUdha kA svabhAva nahI jAnA, vaha naya hai, eka abheda prAtmA meM bheda karake kathana karane vAlA to yahI samajhegA ki dUdha kA akele kA svAda mIThA hotA sadabhata vyavahAra naya hai aura jo AdamI kI avasthA varta- hai| vaha yaha nahIM mAnegA ki mIThApana Upara se pAyA hamA mAna meM ho rahI hai, usako batAne vAlA azuddha naya hai| hai| isa kAraNa usakI dUdha sambandhI mAnyatA mithyA ho ina pATho ko do bhAgo meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaaegii| isI prakAra prAtmA kA kathana karane meM aura nizcaya naya yAne dravyAthika naya aura bAkI saba paryAyA- samajhane me pahale prAtmA ke eka akele svabhAva ko jAnanA thika ny| isa prakAra jo pahale kA viSaya thA ki vastu jarUrI hai| phira yaha samajhe ki isake sAtha ina-ina cIjoM dravya-paryAyarUpa athavA sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai, isalie pUrI kA saMyoga isa-isa prakAra kA hai, taba to sayoga me ekapamA vastu kA jJAna karane ke lie dravya dRSTi ke viSayabhUta nahIM banegA aura jaisI vastu hai vasI jAnakArI ho jaatii|

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78, varSa 28, ki0 1 pranekAnta ghara meM bar3e bar3e loga bacce ko kahate hai mA ko bulA laa| avasthA badalI huI hai| pramANa dRSTi eka samaya meM yaha isakA matalaba unakI apanI mAM me nahI parantu bacce kI dekhatI hai ki vastu ananya hote hue bhI anya rUpa hai / mAM se hai| parantu kahA yahI jAtA hai kyoMki baccA usI pramANa dRSTi vaha hai jahA~ para donoM dRSTi rUpa vastu ko bhASA meM bAta ko samajhatA hai| isI prakAra vahane vAle ko eka sAtha dekhA jAtA hai| parantu kathana eka sAtha nahIM vahI bhASA bolanI paDatI hai parantu yaha samajha kara bolatA hokara prAge pIche hI hogaa| isalie tarAja kI DaMDI ko hai ki yaha sunane vAle ko samajhAne ke lie bolI jA pramANa kahA jAtA hai aura donoM palaDoM ko do daSTiyA~ rahI hai| kahA jAtA hai athavA aisA bhI kaha sakate hai ki nyAya karane ____ samayasAra me unhone isI viSaya kA khulAsA karate vAlA jaba pramANa rUpa hotA hai, vaha kisI dRSTi kA pakSa. hae likhA hai ki AtmA avaddha-asparza ananta-pranitya- pAta nahIM karatA aura dono pakSo ke do vakIla do naya prasa yukta aura pravizeSa hai| jo aisI AtmA ko dekhatA hai, kahalAte hai| ve apane-apane pakSa kA pratipAdana karate hai / vaha pare aAgama ko dekhane vAlA hai| vahA likhA hai ki jJAna hai, vaha pramANarUpa hai aura zabdo se jo kathana kiyA agara paramArtha dRSTi ke viSayabhUta AtmA ko dekhe to vaha jAtA hai, vaha nayarUpa hotA hai| na karmoM se baMdhA hai, na karmo se sparzita hai| parantu usI vakta paryAyarUpa se prAtmA ko dekhe to kamoM se badhA bhI hai| tIsarI bAta hai ki AtmA ko jaba dravya dRSTi se dekhate hai to vaha nitya dravya rUpa dikhatA hai aura usI vakta paura sparzita bhI hai| udAharaNArtha-eka pAdamI rassI se agara paryAya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai to samaya-samaya meM baMdhA huA hai, usako agara paramArtha dRSTi se dekheM to, paryAya yAne avasthA badalI ho rahI hai, utpAda-vyayapane ko kyoMki paramArtha dRSTi 'para' ko grahaNa nahIM karatI, eka prApta ho rahI hai| utpAda-vyaya kyA hai ? eka hI bAta ko akelI vastu ko grahaNa karatI hai, isalie vaha prAdamI apane / meM hai, rassI kA astitva rasmI me hai rasmI aAdamIrUpa do prakAra se rakhanA hai-eka ghar3A phUTa gayA aura dUsare usake kapAla bana gye| jaba vyaya kI dRSTi se dekheM to nahI ho gaI, aAdamI rassIrUpa nahI ho gayA / isalie vahA~ mAtra vaha AdamI hI dRSTigocara hogaa| parantu paryA kahate hai ghar3A phUTa gayA aura utpAda dRSTi se dekhate hai to yarUpa se dekhe to vaha baMdhA humA dikhAI degaa| isa prakAra kahate hai kapAla bana gyaa| parantu asala meM dekhA jAya to ina dono dRSTiyo se dekhane se phAyadA yaha huA ki yaha ghar3e kA phUTanA, kapAla kA honA, eka hI bAta hai| isabAta samajha meM A gayI ki bandhana bAhara se AyA hA lie ghar3e kA phaTane rUpa vyaya aura kapAla kI utpatti hai / vastu kA apanA rUpa nhiiN| alaga ho sakatA hai, vasta rUpa utpAda eka samaya me huA hai aura maTTI-maTrI rUpa se ke sAtha ekapane ko prApta nahI hai / dono avasthAoM meM eka rUpa dhruva hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jaba dravya rUpa se dekhate hai to cauthI bAta hai, asaMyukta prAtmA kI dravya daSTi se dekheM mAtmA praneko avasthAno me jAte hae bhI apane ekapane to prAtmA eka akelA caitanya hai| parantu paryAya rUpa se ko nahI chor3atA, apane eka caitanya svabhAva ko nahI dekha tA rAgA-dvapA hA rahA hai / jasa ghA hai, vaha bhAga para choddtaa| parantu usI samaya paryAya rUpa se dekheM to hara rakha kara garma kara diyA jAve to pahale ThaDA thA, aba garma vasthA alaga-alaga hai| jaise maTTI kA ghar3A, maTakanA ho gayA / gama hone hara meM ho gyaa| garma hone hara bhI ghI apane cikanepana svabhAva Adi bane hai, usa ghar3e aura maTakane ko na dekhakara mAtra ko nahIM chor3a rahA hai| cikanepane ko dRSTi meM lekara maTTI ko dekheM to ghar3A aura maTakane meM bar3A antara hai| isa vicAra kareM to vaha ekarUpa hai aura ThaMDe-garmapane ko lekara bAta ko donoM dRSTiyo se samajhane para eka avasthA ke vicAra kareM to pahale ThaMDA thA, aba garma hai| badalI hone para vaha yaha nahIM samajhegA ki vastu kA sarvathA avizeSa yAne prAtmA ko prabheda rUpa se dekheM to prAtmA nAza ho gyaa| vaha yahI samajhegA ki vastu kI mAtra eka akhaNDa rUpa dRSTigocara hotI hai| parantu guNo ke bhedo

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syAvAda aura anekAnta : eka sahI vivecana 76 ko lekara moceM to jJAna guNa alaga hai, usakA kRtya alaga isase mAlUma hotA hai ki vastu meM do dharma hai / jahA~ apane hai aura darzana Adi guNa alaga-alaga hai| pramANa dRSTi se astitvapane kA dharma hai vahA~ 'para' ke nAstikapane kA bhI dekheM to jisa samaya abheda rUpa hai, usI samaya bheda rUpa bhI dharma hai| jaise korTa meM kahA jAtA hai ki maiM satya kahU~gA, satya hai| imalie vastu ko nizcaya vyavahAra pa, sAmAnya- ke alAvA anya kucha nahI kahU~gA / Apa agara kevala vizeSAtmaka jaisI kI tamI dekhanahI vAstavikatA hai| itanA hI kahe ki matya kahagA to vAta pUrI nahI hotI, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tIna yAdamI hai, ve eka sarrApha kI sAtha me yaha bhI kahanA par3atA hai ki satya ke alAvA anya dUkAna para jAte hai| eka ko sonA lenA hai eka ko sone kucha nahIM khuuNgaa| agara hama kahe, yaha mAtmA, hai isase : kA banA ghaDA lenA hai, eka ko ghar3e ke TukaDe lene hai| itanI bAta to banI, yaha AtmA hai parantu yaha prAtmA hone sarrApha kI dUkAna para mone kA ghar3A par3A hai| tIno pAdamI ke sAtha anya bhI kucha ho sakatI hai yaha bAta abhI banI vAhie thA, vaha khuza hotA hai| raha gaI / taba yaha pahanA jarUrI ho gayA ki yaha prAtmA usakI cIja mila rahI hai| eka ko ghaDe ke Tukar3e lene the, hai aura prAtmA ke alAvA anya kucha nahIM / isa prakAra vaha duHkhI hotA hai| monA lene vAle ko na sukha hotA hai| sukha hotA hai jahA~ prAtmA kA astitva batAyA hai, vahA~ usame 'para' kA na dukha hai| sarrApha digAne ko ghar3A le kara pAtA hai| nAstitva bhI batAyA gayA hai, taba prAtmA prAtmA rUpa se usake hAtha me ghaDA chUTa jAtA hai aura Tukar3e ho jAte hai| kAyama hotI hai| jisako Tukar3e lene the, vaha hapita ho jAtA hai| jisako mAmAnya-vizeSa donoM parampara viruddha hai| ata eva jaba ghar3A lenA thA, vaha vipAda ko prApta hotA hai aura jisakI sAmAnya kI pradhAnatA hotI hai usa samaya sAmAnya ke vidhidRSTi sone para hai, vaha baimA ho hai| isase yaha sAbita humA rUpa hone se vizeSa niSedha rUpa kahA jAtA hai aura jaba ki paryAya to nAzavAna hai, anitya hai aura dravya ravabhAva vizeSa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai usa samaya vizeSa ke vidhirUpa para jisakI dRSTi hai use paryAya ke badalane para dukha nahI hone se sAmAnya niSedha rUpa kahA jAtA hai| isa apekSA hotA / jo dravya svabhAva ko nahIM jAnatA, jimakI dRSTi / 6 se sAmAnya aura vizeSa me vidhi-niSedha dharmoM kI kalpanA mAtra paryAya para hai yaha dukhI-mumbI hotA rhegaa| kI jA sakatI hai / yahI bAta sthAdvAda ke sA bhago ke dvArA isI prakAra anya loga kahate hai neti-neti, yAne nahIM dikhAI gaI hai| jaise--- eka ghaDA hai usakA kathana karanA hai, nahI hai| ve loga to samAra ko mAyA kahane ko esA hai-(1) yaha ghaDA hai -yaha asti rUpa kathana hai| (2) kahate hai parantu isakA amalI artha hai ki 'para' hai to sahI yaha anya nahIM-- yaha nAstika rUpa kathana hai / savAla yaha parantu mere meM nahIM hai / usase merA apanA kyA vAstA hai| paidA hotA hai ki dono bAno meM se kauna sI hai / to vaha 'para' bhI hai aura maiM bhI hU~ parantu 'para' mere meM nahIM hai| kahatA hai-(3) myAda asti, syAda nAsti / phira savAla yaha artha asala meM neti kA hotA hai| isI prakAra jo loga paMdA hotA hai-kyA yaha jo astipanA aura nAritapanA dono kahate hai ki zUnya hai, kucha nahI hai, vahA~ para bhI yahI artha spa hai, vaha grAma pIche hai ki eka sAtha hai ? taba hai to hai ki prAtmA zUnya nahIM parantu prAtmA 'para' se zUnya hai, eka mAtha, parantu eka sAtha kathana nahIM kara sakate isalie mAtmA me 'para" nahI hai| cauthA bhaMga banatA hai, (4) syAda pravaktavya arthAt eka anekAnta kA vicAra to kara liyaa| aba syAdvAda sAtha nahI kahA jA sktaa| isa prakAra ima syAdvAda ke para vicAra karate hai| vastu dravya paryAya rUpa se hai aura dvArA vastu kI satyatA meM kahI sandeha hI nahIM rahane diyaa| hareka vastu dUsare se bhinna hai| jahAM eka vastu meM apanA isako lekara kucha loga kahate hai ki hameM to sabakI bAta astitva hai, vahAM para usI vastu meM dUsarI vastu kA prabhAva manjUra hai kyoki hama to syAdvAda ko mAnane vAle hai|maa bhI hai / jahA~ vastu kaha rahI hai ki maiM meja hU~, vahAM vaha yaha syAdvAda kA artha nahIM / syAdvAda kA artha hai ki hameM jaisI bhI jJAna karA rahI hai ki vaha kursI prAdi anya nahIM hai| vastu hai, vasI manjUra hai, vastu se anyathApanA manjara nahIM

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50, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta hai| cAhe kathana karane vAlA vizeSa dRSTi se kaheM, cAhe pUrva siddhoM ko ho cukI hai / isa prakAra cAroM anuyogoM kI sAmAnya dRSTi se, cAhe asti rUpa se kathana kareM, cAhe ekatA hotI hai| nAsti rUpa se, jo kucha dharma vastu meM hai aura jo vastu rUpa / ke kahane vAle haiM, vo hameM manjUra haiM / parantu jo dharma vastu hameM A~kha mIca kara bhI nahIM calanA cAhie ki zAstra meM nahIM, vaha kaise manjUra ho sakatA hai / isalie sthAdvAda meM aisA udAharaNa diyA hai, hama usI ko pakar3e baiThe haiM / aura anekAnta kA artha samajhane se vastu kA asalI rUpa hama zAstra kI prAjJA bhI mAnanI hai parantu A~kha khola kara jaisI vastu hai, vaisI samajhane meM AtA hai| mAnanI hai| jaise kisI ne kahA, isa bacce ko TaTTI karavA lo, vaha lar3akA pezAba karane lage to kahe, yaha prAjJA bhinna anuyogoM kA adhyayana bhI anekAnta daSTi ko nahIM / hameM zAstra kA abhiprAya samajhanA jarUrI hai| udAkAyama rakha kara hI kiyA jAnA caahie| sabase pahale yaha haraNa ko udAharaNa hI rahane deM, usako dRSTAnta na banA samajhanA jarUrI hai ki jo kathana hai, vaha kisake lie hai| leveM / kathana zAstra meM aneka prakAra ke hai / hameM dekhanA hai agara yaha kahA hai ki yaha pASANa hai, isako pUjane se kyA / ki hamAre kisa jAti kA roga hai aura hamAre lie kauna hogA to vahAM samajhanA cAhie, yaha upadeza usako nahIM sA kathana hitakArI hai| bukhAra to jADe se bhI hotA hai, diyA jo mUrti pUjane ko jAtA hI nahIM, parantu usako garmI se bhI hotA hai| donoM kI davAI alaga-alaga hai aura diyA jo jina-darzana se prAtmadarzana nahIM kara rahA hai / hamane sardI ke bukhAra meM garmI ke bakhAra kA upacAra kiyA usako jina-darzana ko gauNatA dikhA kara prAtmadarzana ke na to nukasAna hI hogaa| bhagavAna kundakunda ne kahA hai ki sammukha kiyA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra hareka kathana meM sama maiM jo kahUMgA, usako apane nija anubhava se, yukti se, nyAya jhanA cAhie / kathana to kAra car3hane ko kiyA hai, yaha se, samajha kara vastu vaimI ho to manjUra karanA; mAtra mere apanI kaSAya anusAra nIce-nIce jAne kA sAdhana banA letA kahane se mAna lene se tatva jJAna nahIM hogaa| hai| cAra anuyoga hai / hamAre vicAra karane meM, bolane meM, bAharI pakar3a taba taka rahatI hai jaba taka vastu pakar3a cAroM anuyogoM kI sApekSatA rahanI caahie| agara eka me nahIM paatii| jahA~ vastu pakar3a me A jAtI hai, vahA~ zabdoM kA bhI khaNDana hotA hai to samajhanA cAhie, hamAre kathana kI pakar3a chUTa jAtI hai, pakSapAta chUTa jAtA hai, khaMcatAna meM kahIM galatI hai / cAra suI hai / hamArA dhAgA cAroM meM khatma ho jAtI hai| jaise lAla mandira hai, usako to dekhA se nikalanA cAhie taba to ThIka hai, anyathA mithyA hai| nahIM, usake kathana ko par3ha kara pakSapAta ko prApta ho jAte agara koI caraNAnuyoga se pUchatA hai ki mokSa-prApti kA parantu jaba lAla mandira ko dekha liyA to aba koI kyA upAya hai to vaha batAtA hai ki munivrata dhAraNa kara lo, use jaina mandira kahe cAhe lAla mandira, cAhe mAravala kA mokSa ho jAegI kyoki usakA viSaya bAharI pAcaraNa / mandira, cAhe urdavAlA mandira, koI pakSapAta rahatA nhiiN| mAtra hai| agara yahI bAta karaNAnuyoga se pUchI jAya to isI prakAra vastu pakar3a me pAne para na bAhara kI kriyA kI yaha kahegA, karmoM kA nAza kara do, mokSa ho jaayegii| pakaDa rahatI hai, na koI pakSapAta rahatA hai| isalie zAstra adhyAtma se pUchA jAya to kahegA prAtmA me lIna ho jAo, ke zabdoM ko na pakaDa kara vastU pakar3ane kI ceSTA karanI mokSa ho jaayegii| prathamAnuyoga kahatA hai- jo pahale siddho cAhie / zAstra to vastu ko dilAne kA mAtra izArA hai| ne kiyA, vahI karo mokSa ho jaayegii| bAhara se samajhane / vastu ko dekhane kI jarUrata hai, izAre ko pakar3ane kI nhiiN| vAlA samajhatA hai ki cAra taraha kA javAba hai| asala me vastu jinake pakar3a me nahIM pAtI, ve izAre ko pakar3e rahate jabAba eka hI hai| ina cAroM kI ekatA kaise ho ? agara hai aura pakSapAta banA rahatA hai| yahI prajJAnatA hai| prAtmasvabhAva kA mAzraya lekara bAhara meM manipanA dhAraNa kare, to karmoM kA nAza hokara mokSa ho jAyegI, jaise isase

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chunakalAla kRta nemi-byAha prisipala zrI kundanalAla jaina, dillI suvisaal| neminAtha aura rAjula jaina sAhitya meM aise tapaH pUta kI chavi / (4) pada / (5) laavnii| (6) vivAhaevaM udAtta carita-nAyaka nAyikA hai ki vizva ke kisI vidhi / isa guTake kI lambAI 17 se0 mI0 aura caur3AI bhI sAhitya meM aise pAtra nahI dikhAI dete haiN| yathArtha me 13 se. mI. hai| lipikAra ne isameM patra saMkhyA nahIM inakA jIvana itanA zreSTha aura prAdarzamaya rahA hai ki prAja DAlI hai para svayaM gaNanA karane para tIsa patra prApta hote hajAroM varSa bAda bhI loga unakA puNya smaraNa karate hai| haiN| hara patra para paMktiyA hai tathA hara pakti meM 25-25 naimi prabhu aura rAjula itihAsa-prasiddha hai| zrIkRSNa kI prakSara hai| lipi ati suvAcya aura sundara hai / lAla aura aitihAsikatA ke sAtha nemi prabhu kA bhI sambandha jur3A kAlI syAhI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ lipi sundara hai huA hai| vahA~ lekhana kI azuddhiyA~ bahulatA se pAI jAtI hai| isameM nemi prabhu ke gauravapUrNa caritra evaM jIvana darzana ne hI lipi-kAla nahIM hai| lekhakoM, kaviyoM eva kalAkAroM ko unake viSaya meM prAtmA zrI chunakalAla jI ne prastuta kRti kI racanA magasira bhivyakti ke lie bAdhya kiyA, maiM samajhatA hUM ki nemi nadI 141 meM kI thI jaisA ki nimna chanda se prabhu aura rAjala ke viSaya meM jitanA sAhitya racA gayA spaSTa jJAta hotA hai :hai, utanA rAma aura kRSNa ko chor3a kara kisI ke viSaya meM kRSNa pacchi saptamI dina jAno somavAra mAraga sara na racA gayA hogaa| loka-kaviyo ne to loka nAyaka ke rUpa meM nemi prabhu ke jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM para bar3e vizada cinicAri vasucaMda aMka sava saMvat ke jAne halasAra // aura vizAla sAhitya kI sRSTi kara bhAratIya vAGmaya ko gauravAnvita kiyA hai| nemi prabhu sambandhI vibhinna kavi mahodaya ne racanA ke aMtima dasa chandoM meM racanAeM jahA bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAoM meM upalabdha prAtma-paricaya bhI diyA hai jo bahuta hI saMkSipta hai / kRpAlu hotI hai, vahAM hindI me bhI rAso, dhUli, ghoDI, vyAhaloM, pAThaka use par3heM aura jaaneN| bannA Adi vibhinna vidhAoM meM nemi prabhu saMbadhI sAhitya prastuta racanA ko par3hakara aisA lagatA hai ki kavi ko prApta hotA hai| bhASA para to adhikAra thA hI, sAhityika vidhiyoM evaM nAma prabhu saMbaMdhI bahuta sA sAhitya aprApya evaM apra- chanda alaMkAra Adi kA bhI jJAna bar3e vizAla stara para kAzita hai, yahAM hama eka aisI hI choTI sI racanA jo thaa| manuprAsa alaMkAra kI chaTA kA dyotaka nimna chanda bar3I sarasa aura madhura hai, kRpAlu pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta nizcaya hI paThanIya evaM atyadhika rocaka hai| kara rahe hai| yaha sarvathA aprApya aura aprakAzita hai| caMcali bakasA sI candra kalA sI' isake lie hama karerA ke seTha mizrIlAla jI ke prati kRtajJa cali cakalA-sI calati cle| haiM jinakI kRpA se yaha kRti hameM prApta ho skii| caMcalatA bhAsI bali capalA sI, yaha kRti eka tIsa patrIya choTe se guTake meM saMgrahIta cali capalA so calati harma hai| isameM nimna racanAe saMkalita hai| (1) kriyA koSa caMcala gati jo hai, calati ju mohai, kA antima bhaag| (2) neminAtha vyaahlo| (3) airAvata caMcala sohai, dhamaki cle|

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52, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta caMcala gati gharatI cali mana haratI, kaIka goda ghara para bAlaka rovati tAhi suNAvati hai| caMcalatI calati bhale / / kaIka cAva bharI ati caMcala aMcala paTa dai jhAMkati hai| isake atirikta kavi Rtu-varNana, nAyikA-varNana, taji taji kula ko kAni saba bhaI subudhi-balahIna / mAbhUSaNa-varNana, mahaloM kA varNana, ghor3oM kA varNana, phUloM kA dona bhaI pUchana lagI sakhiyana se ju pravIna 166 citraNa, ratha-varNana, prabhuko tela car3hAnA, vadhU-gRhakI sajAvaTa, kaIka sAra siMgAra ko keI kAhU Teri bulAvati hai| barAta dekhanA, nRtya, bAjo kA varNana, pazugrI kA vilApa, keI mAraga meM sukahai yaha bAta barAta itahI prAvati hai| rAjula kA viyoga mAvi ko bar3e hI mArmika dRzya chando me sukaTi ke bhUSana gali meM sudharai paga paMjani sIsa car3hAvati hai aMkita kara sakA hai| isa taraha kavi chunakalAla jI ne 'nemi vyAhalo' eka nemi prabhu kI bArAta dekhane ke lie Atura nAriyo ati hI AkarSaka racanA racI jise hama avirala rUpa se kI manodazA kA citraNa kavi ne nimna chando meM bar3e hI pAThakoM ke manoraMjanArtha evaM jJAna vardhana hetu yahA~ prastuta kara AkarSaka DhaMga se kiyA hai| rahe hai / kRpAlu pAThako se nivedana hai ki kavi aura usakI baurI sau daurI phirai subharI sundara gAta, kRti ke sambandha me kisI ko kucha aura adhika jAnakArI gorI manamohana adhika sucaMcala cAli suhAti / 62 // prApta ho to lekhaka ko sUcita kara anugRhIta kreN| 68, kunto mArga, vizvAsa nagara, zAhadarA, dillI-32 ubhAvanAeM _ vinodapriyatA, kSamAzIlatA tathA sahanazIlatA kI jananI honI caahie| inake binA vinodapriyatA nirarthaka ho jaayegii| X sAMsArika dRSTi se dhanika honA eka bahuta bar3A guNa hai / parantu yadi kisI se pUchA jAye to yahI kahegA ki mAtra dhanika vyakti se, jisake pAsa aura koI guNa nahI ; vaha vyakti acchA hai jo nirdhana hote hue bhI anya guNoM se sampanna hai| loka vyavahAra meM phira bhI mAnyatA mAtra dhana hone se hI milatI hai / kahane aura karane meM yaha kitanA bar3A antara hai ? xxx lagatA hai ye mandira nahIM, kabristAna haiN| vahAM bhI hara kabra para kisI murde kA nAma likhA hotA hai| yahA~ bhI hara dIvAra para kisI kA nAma likhA jAne lagA hai| X mana kI dRr3hatA hI saba zaktiyoM kA srota mAlUma hotI hai / mana kI dRr3hatA ke binA koI bhA pauruSa dRDhatA se pragati nahIM kara sakatA, aura zakti kA saMcaya bhI nahIM ho sktaa| mana kI dRr3hatA vAlA vyakti cAhe DAka kI zakti kA saMcaya kare yA tapasvI kI zakti kA / kamajora mana kA vyakti saba tarapha hI kamajora rhegaa| -zro mahendrasena jaina,

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atha zrI neminAtha byAha zrI chunaka lAla kRta atha chaMda likhyate :doharA mukha para aMcala DAri haMsI jahAM kRSna tanI gopati saarii| prathama namo arahaMta ko dUje sarasuti maai| tava nArAyana vilakha badana hai mana meM karo gilphtaarii| tIja guru paranAma kara chanda racau harapAi / tAsa bhrAta balabhadra kahIye ima sunI bhrAta girvrpaarii| chanda iMdra caMdra nAgindra khagAdika nara sura sevA kara saarii|| jambU dIpa suhAvanI jojana lakha vistAra / karanA sAgara jagata ujAgara hai nara sAgara nara bhaarii| bharata kSetra dachiNa disA soraTha desa mjhaar| karunA pAi dharaMge dIkSyA so upAu ko bhaarii| nagara dvArakA taha basa lasaM su suraga samAna / imi balabhadra bhrAtA kahie aba sunihai viradaM dhaarii| nava bAraha jojana tanI vistara tAkI jAna / rita basaMta tatakAla tatachina pAI hai tahA~ sukhkaarii| chappana koTa jAdau jahA~ basa mahA balavaMta / vana upavana phalaphUla phalAdika phUla phale su phulvaarii| tAhI vaMsa viSa bhae bala nArAyana maan| tinapara SaTapada guMja karata hai tinako dhuni nikamata pyaarii| chanda tribhaMgI galini galini gharaghara maMdira madhi naTati naTatiso naTavArI vasUdeva ke nArAyana humA nAma kRSna jana sukhkaarii| kAna dana bajAvata gAvata gAvata gaMdhrapa gndhaarii| tAsa bhrAta balabhadra kahie bala kara mUsara ke dhaarii| bAga bagIcana ke vRcchana para kokila zabda kara nyaarii| adabhata cakraratana hari pAyau tAkI chabi prAMtasa nyArI tava manamohana mato sukarike dharai hiye kapaTa bhaarii| prabhu nAma sAra manameM vicAra kavilAla sujina para blihaarii|| rukaminI jAmavaMtI satabhAmA gavarI aura sutndhaarii| eka samai saba baiThe sabhA banI maanvkaarii| lachimI padamA soM imi bole tuma ho sabahI sukhkaarii| mApasa meM mili maMtra vicAra bala kI bAta valI saarii|| rUpa sIla guna lAvaNajuta ho aura tuma mo ajnyaakaarii| haka paMDava balamA batAve kaMima batA girdhaarii| nema prabhupe byAha racAUM jo tuma catura kalA paarii| taba balabhadra javai uThi bole tuma ho bAlaka avicaarii| hama madha ke vacana ju suna kari namrIbhUta bhaI saarii| nemi prabhu soM tihUM loka meM koU nahIM hai bldhaarii|| pAina bichumA pAijeba dhuMghurU mekhala paM pgdhaarii| sunata bAta taba choha bhayo hai taba hama bole bnvaarii| hiye hAra motina kI mAlA gare pacalarI rtnaarii| tAsa bhrAta bala hameM batAvaha kaise haiM ve bldhaarii| karanaphala kAnana meM camaka, namakaM sIsaphala bhaarii| kRDana tAta nai tavI bulAye mAye zrI jina jntaarii| cAlI camakati keI jhamakati jhmkaarii| sabhA siMghAsana baiThe prabhu jI Ter3hI kara aMgurI dhaarii| dAminI sI bamakaM cama cama cama chama chama chama chamakArI aMgari madhi vAri kari saMkari saMkara so hai prati bhaarii| mApusa meM bole hole hole pole pole pgpaarii| pAMDava aura sakala hai joSA hata hai catura kasA paarii| kaMdI kadana kI vimala badana kI rasanA ravana kI rsdhaarii| naka na aMgurI saSI hoI, kheci rahe joSA bhaarii| madI madana ko sabaka sadana ko jadunaMdana kI hai naarii| vaMci peci sabahI paca hAre, dekhata haiM tahAM naradhArI / sira dho sArI, sai picakArI, raMga kI jhArI kara dhaarii| zro jinavara kara UMco konI tahA~ jhulAe girdhaarii| bane talAba bAga ke aMdara tAtaDaphUla phulvaarii|

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84, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta graa| ucita dhAma vana koDati tinameM jhajharI hai nyaarii| siMghAsana cala baiThe prabha jo hamahI prAdi prjnyaakaarii| sIce jhAva vivava anAra jahAM tahAM nAsa laTakata bhaarii|| zrI jina dIna dayAla bhae tava lIne sa~ga dhnussdhaarii| 28 neminAtha ke hAtha pakari kara khar3I bhaI bhAvaja saarii| sabhA sathAnaka prAi virAje rAja diyau praanndkaarii| pror3he cora tIra saravara ke jahA~ khar3I hai jdunaarii| 17 / / lachimI pati ko rAja viyo kadhakIyo nisaMka subhayaTArI / jabahI hari ika vipra bulAyA mahA prabIna klaadhaarii| satibhAmA prabhu ko gahi jAmA kara soM kara gahi ganadhArI ugrasena turata paThAyo calo tahA~ teM ttkaarii| tela phulela sucovA caMdana pratara gulAba suphula naarii| 18 likhau lekha le gayo tatachina dIno jAhasa sukhkaarii| kaIka hAsa vilAsa karata kaI kaTAkSa karati pyaarii| tuma putrI vita sabhada vija sata tina so kariya hitakArI ur3ata gulAla paraspara Upara nevara bAje jhnkaarii| mudita manda pramoda bhae cita vAcata haraSa nr-naarii| kaIka prabhu ko mukha cumbana kara hasi hasi karatI kilakArI kara sanamAna pAna baha dekara likho sAco pAi sudhaarii| kayaka prabhu maMga suparasa kaIka kara soM kara dhaarii| tuma lAika hama joga nahIM haiM pakarI bAMha su hama tumhaarii| raMga raMga suhoro khele hiya hulAsa bhayo bhArI / maiM ati dIna kIna bahu pAsA tuma likhI varaja baha lacArI rukamani jAmavaMtI satabhAmA karatI maraja sabai haarii| TokA aura sabha laguna paThAI sAMvana SaSThI ujiyArI / 32 // aba ve pIra bhae prabhu kavate tuma to ho krunaapaarii| kiyo vidA nAma dAhai kadi prAyo nagara dvaarkaarii| hama prAdhIna bhaI kara jore kara-kara bharaja saba haarii| prathama praNAma kiyo sudIyo tina lIyo lekha muralIdhArI byAha kabUla karo yaha avasara nAtara praba karihai syArI / 21 va kArahatyArA 21 dekha lekha le gae jahAM tahA~ sabhada vija mahArAjI rI / 33 jaba prabhu maMda-maMda masukyAne so musukyAna lagI pyaarii| hAtha jori kari vino pAri kari jori karI binatI sArI hakamani jAmavaMtI satabhAmA tina yaha niharca kari dhaarii| gar3ha gira nerI pAsa jhanAgar3ha ugrasaini hai vudhidhaarii| byAha kabUla kiyau prabhu jI ne taba haraSI hai jadunArI 22 tinake TIkA lagana paThAI aura likhI bar3I manahArI / 34 // kari prasanAna pahiri pATambara ambara pahare sukhkaarii| TIkA aura zubha lagana ju pAI bhaI sagAI hitkaarii| jAmavaMtI soM ha~si kara bole dhovatI nicoro tuma mhaarii| saba jana ko sakha cana bhayo taba liyo bulAi kuTuma sArI prabalA vaSi vicAra mana meM hoM viSaMDapati kI nArI / 23 sabha syAti sabha parI maharati subha dina sainoM TIkA rii| hai triSaMDa pati nAyaka mero nA yaha hukama kiyo bhaarii| taba baha dAma damodara kharaca turata bulAyo bhnnddaarii| kahA kahoM maiM tuma soM devara rAkhI kAna su bhai thaarii| kanika ratana bahu bAsana bhaSana haya gaya sahita suaNbhaarii| kauna kahai hari soM vacana e prabanAtara jAna para saarii| grAma nagara pura paTana bahu vidhi sikke sUnI sukhlaarii| sunata bAta satabhAmA bAI cali pAI rukamini pyaarii| dIyA dAna sanamAna ja karika vidA kiyo ju vipra caarii| kara gahi bovatI uThAi laI tina paise vacana su ucaarii| ita vita doi ghara hota badhAe gAvata gIta ju nr-naarii| rahita viveka vadhi karahI nite yaha kAnata maiM dhArI / 25 nara-nArI taba tilaka saMjoyo karI tela kI taiyaarii| indra candra nAgendra khagAdika nara sura seva kara saarii| matimana cauka parAi savA sIna dharI tahA~ so pnvaarii| he triloka nAika pati je praba nA pAe hari blkaarii| zrI jina tana duti sIsaha sohai uDagana sI ju khar3I naarii| karani meM tUM kara bar3I hai, toko sama jayaraM naarii| 26 / keyaka haradI tela car3hAvati koI nhAvati bhari bhaarii| ko hathiyAra tahA praba basAlA pAe tahA~ jana sukhkaarii| kaiyaka sAra sugagSa lagAvati kaiI lagAvati srjhaarii| SanaSa caDhAi karI zaMkha pani suni meM upajI prati bhaarii| kaiyaka pAna virI kara dharatI kaI saMbhArati vAgaurI / / garaja ghana, vana siMha bahAro, suno zabada girvrdhaarii| 27 mArataMDa mani sasi pracaNDa ti ghare zravana kuNAla bhaarii| prabhuta suni dhani vIrati tatachina mAra gae tahA~ balabArI bhujadaNDa vAjuni kari maDita sahita mudrikA ngjaarii| kopa kiyo prabhu kAke Upara sabahI seva kara thaarii| jagamaga-jagamaga jagamagAti dhuki-buki mAkaMTha so kaMThArI //

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atha dhI neminAtha vyAha 85 naba ratanani navAgraha sI camakati rukati sIsa seharA rii| kaI jhAlara mAla lAla baha laTaka baMdhI sutorana mAlanisoM kara kaMkana prAbhUSana sohata mohata mAla rtnaarii| chaMda boharA-ratana jaTita maMdira jahA~ bane subahuta asela, jhilimili jhilimili jhilamilAti sira peMca turaarii| dhujA kalasina se sohaye caukhUTe graha gola 58 sundara sAra subhaga prati sohati nAnA vidhi soM rgdhaarii| chaMva-prAsAda virAja duti prati lAja sobha samAja sohatiha prati caMcala so calati-calati gati svara madaMga ravi unahArI tina meM citrAma khacca abhirAma lakhe nara vAma sukohata hai manaupa ravi ko siMdhana taji kari mahA viptana dutidhaarii| mana jaTi kavi lAge bahu dvAra su dekhata hI mana mohata hai| kara siMgAra tayAra bhae tava nirakhata chavi koU pttnaarii| boharA chaMda-mahalani meM gokheM banI su sunvari bahuta suhAta mAtA sivadevI karata vadhAe vArati ratana subhari thaarii| tina me mahalani kari dekhana car3hI barAta / 60 mAha sapAi suasa vArina dvArani prAni kari ghorI tthaaddh'ii| tthaaddh'aa| kaiika mahala mahala car3hi sukaDhe bahu maMgala bhASata haiN| sarala.marala jar3ata jar3Ava ratana mani mAnika jhala jhUlata pAkhara bhaarii| kaI kesara siMgAra kara kaI sakhiyana ke kachu nAkhati hai| jina lagAma jati hari nikari kalagI sohati hai nyaarii| kaMDaka goda ghara para bAlaka rovati tAhi su rAkhati hai| ase asva mahA prati sohati nema kuMvara kari prsvaarii| kaIka cAva bharI prati caMcala aMcala paTa vai jhAMkati haiM / 61 chatra saI jar3avA jaI mAno ravi te sobhA ati bhaarii| doharA-caurAsI daurati phirai, sabharI sundara gAta / harihala ita uta caMvara kara vara ujali sasi sama unahArI gorI mana-mohana adhika, sUcaMcala cAli suhAti // sabhada vijai prAdika saba bhrAtA cale subhUpa mukuttdhaarii|45 chaMda-caMcala cakalA-sI candrakalA-sI bali cakalA-sI tava vasudeva varAta banAI mahA uchAha kiyo bhaarii| calati calai 162 nAnA vidhi sauM takhata saMbhAre lie akhAre varu laarii| caMcalatA bhAsI cala capalA-sI cali capalA-sI calata hle| chappana koTi cale jAdauvaMsI aika-aika te adhikaarii|46| caMcala gati johai calati ju mohai caMcala sohai camaki cle| keyaka taravata ramA car3hi cAla keyaka car3e muhaakaarii| caMcala gati dharatI cali manaharatI caMcalatI calati bhle| caMcala capala turaMgani cAdata kaI car3he gaja ambhaarii| doharA chaMda-kari-karika siMgAra vaha pahire vasana sulAla / kahaka baiThi sukhAsana cAle siMgani kora khar3I nyArI / 46 kaIka mAraga ke viSa khar3I khilAve bAla 64 mAtasabAjI calI khAisi kotila haya hI se bhaarii| chaMda-calI jAti galina meM koU magana meM mApusa meM batamana mataMga badana ke halake mana pAI syAra ghaTA kaarii| rAvati hai| lAla nisAna vani yo emaka damakati bAjU chttaakaarii| sakhI bhUla gaI kachu sudhi na rahI mohi, ase kahati sahA. calati varAta bAbaha bAjati nauvati bAje dhNdhkaarii| vati hai| akhI sutara kI chava chAjata karata sadhani rana dhaarii| aba khar3I rahai mama hAtha gahai hamahU taM cali pAvati hai| turahI surahI zabda kara bahu bAjata sura sohai so naarii| kaI sAja sabha rati cIra sughArati isa vidhi nAri. nema kuvara ko calI barAta ju pahuMco bhunAgar3ha saarii| suhAvati hai / 65 // vane sumaMdira ambara ke jahaM utarI jAha su sukhkaarii| doharA chava-saji-taji kula ko kAni saba bhaI sudhi-budhiutateM ugrasena cali pAe bheMTa sughari phiri gRhgaarii| balihIna / do0 ugrasena jaba jAi kari, racau nagara subhasAra dona bhaI pUchana lagI sakhiyana se ju pravIra / 66 / sovaranana kavi ko kara, subhahi bhA agara apaar| chaMda-kadaka sAra-siMgAra kara kaI kAhU Teri bulAbati hai| chaMda-sabhasAra bajAra apAra chAe makhamala aura lAla- kaI mAraga meM su-kaheM yaha bAta barAya itaMhI prAvata hai| ___ banAtina sau| sakaTi ke bhuSana gala meM sughara paga-pejana sIsa car3hAvati hai| kahU~ kirakhAva ke baMdhe caMdoe rezama DorI lAlani soN| tasava balekI bAMdhI cAdara jhalakata mutiyana jhAlarasoM doharA chaMda-praba saji ke sabahI jahAM vAhana ca manoja /

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16, varSa 28, ki01 bhanekAnta pura praveza kInaM sahI dekheM sabahI loga / 6 banI rinika jhAlara kI jahAM tahA~ tAkI jhalaka chaMda-prathama jaleva dikheha bAje nauvati paravI sutarI jaani| mahA dutivaan| bhapati sAna dui visi tina ke diggaja-gaja paracaMDa mahAna / aise kamala pramala prati anupama tA Upari hai nema sujAna / caMcala capala turaMgani Upara lAla dhujA lahaka pramolana / doharA chaMda-lAla syAma aru sveta baha harita prota jar3ita jar3Ava jIva aura pAkhara aMse hayagaya kotala jAna / raMga paahi| doharA chaMda-kati vaSa dohU visA calati khaI sNsaar| varana varana ke ratana subha lage saratha ke mAhiM / 8 / / laga su sabako mohanI dekhata saba nara-nAra 70 chana-kahuM marakati mani ko hai prAbhA kahuM prabhAvi Ida-gula jumuka geMdA gulAba turaMga praru gula khairA jAti / dama hai lAla / gula makhamala gula cInI kahI ai gala sabo gaiha prAni kahuM camaki mani pA rAga ko kahuM damaka bar3o jI visAla bakhAni indranIla mAnikahi dhirAja nikasira haiM kirana ko jAla / gulameMhadI gulAsakari lAhI aura gula nAraMga sadavadI samAni siMghani sobhA kahaM lagi baranau mAno meru sipira sadA gulAba bana gulAla ityAdi phulavArI ju vakhAni / giri bhAla / boharA chaMda-ratana jaTita haTika tanau vAjina sahita sumAI doharA chaMda-tAmai nemIsura hai Upara caMvara DhuraMta / ase takhata suhAvano calata akhArini maahi| hI rasami sahita mAno sahI sasi duti prati sobhaMta / 2 / chaMda-nemIsara ke mastaka Upara ratana jaTita so chatra phirata / chaMda-mRdaMga sutAra sitAra baje su sAja vinA dhuni garjata hai| gAvata raMga kaMnUna tamUre caMga upama so sAjata hai| bhuka * * mukesa kI jhAlara tAmeM lagi hai duti vanaMta / mukha mayaMka avaloki prabhU ko mahimA hIya kahai ima saMta / bajata khAvasu prabhrata kuNDala praraduttara chavi chAjata hai| ghanni bhAga hai rAjamatI ko tini pAyo aba aiso kaMta / mohI caMga marAja muralI avAja ina Adika bAje bAjata hai doharA chaMda-kari kari ke siMgAra bahu pahirai basana anupa / doharA chaMda-yaha prakAra bAje baje sura aru tAla milaai| samada vija ke prAdi dai mukuTa baMdha saba bhUpa // 24 // nRtya kare tahaM nRtya kI SaT vidhi rAga sugAya 174 / chaMda-madamatta gayaMda sugarja kara bahugajita sobhA sobha the| chaMda-kaika sAji saMhAri kaheM mukha keika tAra milAvati hai kaMDaka pani saMgIta sanaM subaja gati bhIva batAvati hai| hinanATahinanahIMna zabda kara subhadeva vimAna susobha me| zrI nemanAtha ke saMga ja sabahI sobhA sahita suhAra gae / kaDaka taMDava nRtya kara sudhara bahu mAva sugAvati hai| __ doharA chaMda-daravAje gae nemi jI jahAM lagahi marajAda / kaiika nAri karai jhanakAri sudai jhumarI dhAvati hai| taba pasuvani mili dekhikara prabhu sauM karI phirAda / 6 / boharA chaMda-tA pArcha aba nemi ke prAva ratha avavAta / chaMda-hama dona sudInAnAtha binA subhae bahu dIna pukArata hai mana mohana sohana adhika dekhata naina sirAta 76 / hamare sisu lAla cikAra kare so tuma bina kauna char3Avata hai chaMda-doya coya pAhare duha visa maiM tagemaH silage unamAna / aidIna sUryana sunaM jabahI taba svArathi sauM batarAvata hai| papa rAga mani kasI prAbhA adhika virAja candra smaan| doharA chanda-taba svAratha kara jori kara paraja karI gata Upara avadhAra sAmagrI mA mahala tasa Upara jAna / sira naah| hAya sAta sama bhU teM unnata Upari pramari pramalAna 77 aighere isa kArana bhIlAdika saba rAya / / boharA chaMda-sveta barana ati sohane mAMjha mahala suvisAla chanda-ai bIna suvaina suve suna javahI tabahI tatakAla jhalakati jhalaka suhAvanI larakata mutiyana mAla 78 // subaMdi chudd'aaii| chaMba-ravi sama seta banau mAjha mahala tA Upara hai kAja prakAja samAja sabai jahaM jAni na jIma jaavbraaii| kamala mahAna / bhayabhIta bhaye bhava teM javahIM tabahI prabhu dvAdasa bhAvanA bhAI prIta barana raMga suvana maha hai kaI raMga mana papa samAna / deva RSIsura mAi gae pani dhani sudhani kaha siisunvaaii|

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praya zrI neminAtha vyAha doharA chanda-tuma bina ko aisI kare graho jagata ke naath| kyA gAlI mujha deta haiM bhaye su kahA pragyAna // 10. bahu sambodhana vacana kaha sunyo su nami naminAtha / chanda-jA jaga meM prItama nama vinA aura to saba to sama chanda-mAtha navAi gae jaba hI taba hI hari sivikA la dhAe jAnati hoN| sura cAri prakAra mahAmukha kAra suja jinindra tAteM mAta sutAta chimA sabasauM prabanAhi kahI avamAna ti ho kahaka sira nAe / evana sukahI uThi ThAr3hI bhaI giri jAi suprajita kaMkana DAri sumera utAra hue susavAra susAmana bhaae| suThAnati ho| hari hala doU bhrAtA jini ke tAta kahAM tuma jAta navabhava kI bho so prIta piyA isameM kyA cUka vakhAnati hoN| kahata paae|61 voharAchanda-navabhava ko tumasauM lagI prIti mahArasalIna / boharA chanda-rAja sampadA choDi kara cale kahAM paravIna / caka kahA prabake prabhu sudAsa po bhava taji bIna // 102 samada vija ke prAdi de bilakhata vadana mabIna / 12 / chanda-hama dIna bhaI vilalAta aba tuma ho prayAla junAtha chanda-tiniko bahu saMbodhana karike sivikA hari hmaare| bala kaMdha lIna / mauna tajo mukha vaina bhajo kara jori ke pAya paroM ju tumhAre sAta paMDa "lakari cAle bahari suvidyAdhara prviin| jagajIvana jAva su pAlata hA mA jAvA phiri surindra tatakAya tatachina lakari giranArI ghari dIna / sNbhaaro| sahAM siMghAsana prAsana Upara baiThe jaya sukha prAtamalona // 63 moha vinA niramoha bhayo hamahU to piyA aba sAtha tumhAre / / cAharAchada-tava surindra mAnanda kari prastuti par3ha gana gaah| boharAchanda-rAjali ne bIcchA laI bhaI jikA taam| chorodadhi jala lAi kari prabhu prasanAna karAi // 64 dudhara tapa tapatI bhaye karama khipAye vAma // 104 chanda-tahAM bahU bhUSana vasana utAre nagana digaMbara bhae pravIna chanda-karama kalaMka khipAI vie sukie tapa durghara deha khii| bhavabhayabhIta bhae bhavateM jaba sahasabhUpa saMga dicchA lIna / tava hari jala caMdana achita lekari dIpabhUpa sama pUjA kon| prastrIliMga suchevi mahA lalitaMga sunAmA deva bhaI / aragha banAi gAi gana prabhu ke pheri kIye jA natya pravIna // yA bhava ke aMtara lI rahe phiri pIya paM jA milage shii| doharA chanda-tava kalyAnaka kari jahAM indra gaye nija geh| doharA chanda-yA sisAra prasAra lakha bhaye jatIsura prAya / rAjuli karata siMgAra jahAM bAta kahI kaI aiha ||96 paca mahAvata dhAri ke japaM su prAtama jApa / / 106 chanda-kAhe ko sAra siMgAra kara chada-jaba nemosura joga lIyo hai gharau mahAvata prati sukhakAra suni tero piyA giranera gayo rii| dina chappana lauM chapastha rahai phira kevala upajo pratihI sAra mUchita hai gharanI paMparI mano vIraja chaTakA mAna prorii| samosarana jaba racyo indra ne tAkI upamA ko nahiM pAra / sudhibudhi bisari gaI sabhaI hama tana ta cetani dari bhyorii| sAtasau barasa saMbodha kiyo jina pari pAye so gada sItala pavana suceta koI mo pIba kahA~ jahA~ nAma lIyo ro| girinAri // 107 doharAchanda-ugrasaini para jAhaka rAjuli nAyo maath| doharA chaMda-prAu mAsa bAkI rahI joga niroSau jAna / hama giri jAigeM jahA~ hamArI nAtha // 68 samva sUkalA SaSTi meM poho ce pochi suthAna // 108 chanda-gayo nara hau sukahAju bhayo aba tero vivAha supheri chaMda-mukti gae na rahe jaga na muni paMcaso chatIsa saMga jae kreNge| kahe sUdahe vasUkama javai susavai sivatiya ke kata bhe| pura paTTana dIpa samudra sabai le prohita saMga suprApa phireNge| khirayo vapu aMga sarIra jahAM sutahAM nakha kesa pare ja rhe| vara zreSTa sudhIima candrakalA saMpUrana chabi vara lyaaighrog| hari hiya meM dhAri sucAri prakAra sujaya jaya karata su ghara baiThi sudhIya yirarAli suaiha uchAha supheri kareMge IIRE prAi gae // 10 // boharAchanda-graho tAta vaha nAya vina jagata bhrAta sama mAna / doharA chaMda-caMbana agara ityAdi la sukIne tana tayAra /

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58 varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta nakha para kesa tahAM dhare kono tava kInau tava sNskaar|110 chimA sabada jaga meM prasAda yaha tAta nAma kusala hai cNd| chaMda-sura sakra sacI suracI bahu bhAMti racau tana tAhi parama nAma sukha hI ke jAnau bhayo paramasukha cauthe naMda // 117 pranAma ce| doharA chaMda-chimAcaMda ke naMda ko nAma svAda anusaar| phiri agnikumAra karI nuta sAra su prastuti paTa kari a lapamati bahu tuccha budhi kono yaha vistAra // 118 sosa ne| chaMda-karama jogaI karunA kArana prAye nagara sakUrAbAda / tabahiM mukuTa te pragini jharI sujaragho tana tAteM bhasma bhe| taha kArana subha saphala sukari ke bhayo nahIM tahAM haraSa viSAna sura haraSita citta subhasma pavitra lagAi sumAthana thAna ge|| zrAvaga sevA dasa tanavara jI tinisau mili pAyo prahalAda // doharA chaMda-samadavija ko naMbavara bhayo susivamaya siddh| doharA chaMda-bhaI mitratAI milatahiM manameM haraSa upAi / tinake gata baranani karI supAce baha vidhi rikhi // 112 lagha naMdana ke nama vAra janai prati sukharAi // 120 chaMda-ridhi sighi subahu vidhi pAva gAva gana jinake chaMda-tini aso upadesa diyo hama koI banAvai maMgala mAla / amalIna / tiniko mana upadesa lage sabha tinako heta racyo vaha lAla / mana vaca kAya sudha mana karika paDhe par3hAvai so bdhivaan| krasna pacchi saptamI dina jAnau somavAra mAragatara putra pautra pratApa bar3ha jasa narabhava sukhataM suraga nidAna / suvisaal| dhunakalAla jana kahai kahAM laga pranakrama te pravicala nikhaan| citi cAri vasa caMda aMka sava saMvata ke jAne halasAra // 121 doharA chaMda-graMkha taMDaga nagara meM zrAvaka basau sujaan| doharA chaMda-bhalacaka achira pramila koja suddha pravAna / deva dharama guru graMtha kI ye tiniko saradhAna // 114 mahAvijachina catura sauM kavi yaha vinatI kauna // 122 chaMda-kara sarapAna sujina pahicAna sumana meM prAna yahI mAne chaMda-kavi kari vinatI mahAdInatA suno vijachina parama deva parama aru graMya vinA aru dUjo deva nahIM jAne / pravIna / samakita kI paratIti ghara mana mora ku koyA nahIM ThAne / laghadIragha maiM kacha anajAnau tAM aisI hai mo mati haan| sAparamI jina sAsana varatI tini sauM prIti adhika praan| so badhi prAyani nahIM sayAnI tAtai gharaja sahaja hama kaan| doharA chaMda-tini maiM zrAvasiMdhamani jinmaargmhiliin| jini ke gata ko ghara ko nahIM pArata ra kahA~ budhibala ha putra cAri tinika bhae sAdharamI paravIna // 116 mati chIna // 123 chaMda-prathamaputra ko nAma ratana sama tAta kahie mAnikacaMda iti zrI neminAtha jI ke vivAha ko varananu budha anusAra hari upota gharai prati ujila aise guna dhAra haricaMda / samApataM / udabhAvanA saMyama, vrata aura tapa, zakti ke anusAra hI dhAraNa karane cAhie / zakti se adhika niyama lene se ve bhaMga hoMge hI, aura unameM avazya doSa paayegaa| paranta isakA yaha artha nahIM ki apane ko zaktihIna mAna kara, svacchandI ho jAya~ / vartamAna zakti ke paryAya yogyatA ke anusAra cAritra-dhAraNa karake, apanI zakti kA uttarottara vikAsa karane kA puruSArtha nirantara kare, aura isa prakAra krama se vItarAgatA ko sIr3hiyA~ car3hatA jaae| kiyA hai| vaha bar3A nahIM hai ki jisane jJAnopArjana kiyA hai-bar3A vaha hai ki jisane cAritra dhAraNa -mahendrasena jaina

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bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka navIna dRSTikoNa 0 zrI bAbUlAla jaina, dillI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA zera kI paryAya se prAraMbha diyA / prAja mujhe yaha jJAna-jyoti pragaTa huI hai / isa hotI hai / jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra hone vAlA vaha jIva zera prakAra jaba zera vicAra karane lagA to usake netro se azrukI eryAya me bhUkha se vyAkula hokara eka mRga kA zikAra dhArA bahane lgii| sAdhu sambodhana karake cale ge| kara rahA thA; usI samaya do sAdhu jo sayama aura tapa kI praba vaha zera kI paryAya me thA parantu usane atulamUrti the, pAtmajJAna kA sAkAra rUpa the, vahA~ pAte hai aura nidhi ko, sva nidhi ko prApta kara liyA thaa| taba apane usa zera ko sambodhana karate hai / ve yaha nahIM kahate hai ki svarUpa kA mAlika thA, zarIra meM rahate hue bhI zarIra meM tune maga ko mArA hai, tU hiMsaka hai, tU naraka me jaayegaa| apanApanA nahIM thaa| jisa prakAra eka dhobI ne kisI ko parantu use prAtma-tatva ke sammukha karane kA upadeza dete kapar3A lAkara diyA, usane usako apanA kapar3A samajha hai / ve kahate hai-he pAtmA! anatakAla se tU saMsAra me cakkara kara pahana liyA / phira dhobI ne pAkara yaha batAyA ki lagA rahA hai, koI aisA sthAna nahI jahA~ tU paidA nahI isameM to dasare kA cihna lagA hai / yaha pApakA nahIM hai| humA, koI aisI avasthA nahI jisako tUne prApta nahIM jaba usane cihna ko milAyA to mAlUma humA isame hamArA kiyA / apane AtmasvarUpa ke jJAna ke binA isa karma sayoga ciddha nahI hai| yadyapi abhI vaha kapar3A pahane thA, utArA se prApta huI avasthA ko hI apanA jAna kara rAga-dveSa ko nahI thA, parantu apanApanA to turanta chUTa gayA thA, svAprApta hokara tUne karmoM kA bandha kiyA aura usa karma-phala me mitvapanA, mAlikapanA chuTa gayA thaa| isI prakAra zera ko phira apanApanA mAna kara phira rAga-dveSa kiyaa| isa nija svabhAva kI pakar3a pAte hI 'para' hote hue, zarIra prakAra kabhI acche karma karake deva huA, kabhI khoTe karma hote hue, usame mai panA nahI rahA / yaha antara krAnti thI karake naraka ko prApta hamA, kabhI mizrita karma karake jo kisI kriyA se dhaTita nahI hotI hai parantu nija ke manuSya aura pazupane ko prApta humA parantu karma ke phala se jAnane se ghaTita hotI hai| bhinna, nija svabhAva me apanApanA nahIM mAnA / apane sva- isa paryAya kI prAya pUrI karake vaha zera kA jIva, bhAva ko nahI jAnane kI ajJAnatA se rAga-dveSa humA, rAga- aura do cAra paryAya dhAraNa karake, apanI sAdhanA ko dveSa se karma-bandha huA, karma ke udaya se zarIra milA, baDhAtA hamA, bhagava na mahAvIra banane kI pAtratA ko prApta zarIra se indriyAM milI aura phira unameM isane apanApanA karane lagA aura eka paryAya pahale vaha jIva usI prAtmamAnakara rAga-dveSa kiyaa| he jIva ! jarA samajha, tU kauna jJAna ke bala para, nija 'para' kI pahanAna karatA huA apanI hai, terA apanA kyA hai| vArambAra jaba usa zera ko una eka akelI mAtmA me, apanepana kA anubhava karatA hai| karuNAsAgara sAghuro ne sambodhita kiyA taba usa zera kI vaha sAta prakAra ke bhaya se rahita ho jAtA hai kyoMki cetana dRSTi bAhara se haTakara apane cetana svabhAva ko DhaDhane lagI prAtmA kA to maraNa hotA nahI aura jisakA maraNa hotA aura usane jAnA ki mAja taka jisako maiM mAna rahA thA, hai, vaha apanA hai nahI, isa lie maraNa kA bhaya nahI rhaa| 'vaha to maiM nahIM, vaha to karma saMyoga se milI huI avasthA yahA~ bhaya karane, nahI karane kA, savAla nahI, bhaya rahA hI haiM, merA apanApanA to apane nija svabhAva meM hai| poho, nahIM / jaba maraNa kA bhaya nahIM rahA tI janma kA bhaya bhI maiMne ananta kAla isa 'para' ko nija rUpa jAna kara bitA nahI rahA / pahale sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa 'para' ko jAnatA

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9., varSa 28, ki01 anekArata thA taba para kI vAMchA thii| jaba jAna liyA ki sukha to parantu kisI cIja meM apanApanA nahIM / jaba apane utarane 'sva' meM ramaNa karane se hotA hai. 'para' se nahIM, naba vAMchA kA sTezana prAtA hai to kahatA hai ki phira kabhI mileNge| kA koI prayojana nahIM rahA / vastu svabhAva jaba unake strI, putrAdi kA sambandha aisA hI samajhatA hai jaise musAsamajha meM prA gayA to 'para' se glAni kA bhI koI prayo- phirakhAne meM Thahare hue musAphira hoN| jaise roga hone para jana rahA nahIM / pahale bhagavAna ke prati mUDha buddhi thI, koI davAI lenI par3atI hai, usI prakAra se bhogoM kA sevana zAsana ke prati mUDha buddhi thI, guru ke prati mUr3ha buddhi thI, karanA par3atA hai, isalie kara rahA hai parantu antara se haTanA tasva ke prati mUDha buddhi thI ki vaha bhalA karane vAle haiN| cAhatA hai| kaSAya kI barajorI se haTa nahIM sktaa| dhana jaba mUDhapanA chuTa kara, jaisA unakA svarUpa thA, vaha samajha ke prati prAsakti kA prabhAva ho gayA, isalie pAtra ko dekha meM pA gayA taba saba jIvoM ke prati vAtsalya bhAva paidA ho kara yaha ceSTA karatA hai ki yaha kisI ke satkArya meM laga gayA aba vaha kisI kA prahita nahIM cAhatA / jo jIva sake, isalie pAtrA dAgadi meM prati utsAhavAna hotA hai| dharma se cyUta hotA hai, use sahArA dekara phira dharma meM sthApita apanI zakti ke anusAra tapa kI bhAvanA lAtA hai ki vaha karatA hai, anya ke doSo ko nahI dekhatA aura jahA~ taka dina kaba Ave jaba maiM ekAkI samasta parigraha se haTa kara bane prAtmadharma kI baDhavArI karanA cAhatA hai / isa prakAra apanI AtmA me Thahara kara, prAtma-svabhAva kA mAnaMda luttuuN| darzana vizuddhatA ko prApta hotA hai / vinaya guNa vikAsa prAtmA ke prAnanda meM aisA bhAna hotA hai ki bAhara meM khAne ko prApta hotA hai, vinamra bhAva ko prApta hotA hai, kaTho- pIne kI phikara se rahita ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra bhagaratA pariNAmoM se haTa jAtI hai| jaba 'para' meM apanApanA vAna mahAvIra ke jIva ne sahaja zarIra ko kaSTa die binA nahIM rahA to para kA ahaMkAra bhI nahIM rahA, dhana-vaibhava- aneka prakAra tapa ko dhAraNa kiyA aura nirantara yaha zarIra aura puNya ke udaya kA koI mada nahI rahA / jaba bhAvanA kI ki maiM sahaja samAdhi ko prApta ho jaauuN| mada nahI rahA to sahaja svAbhAvika binamratA pragaTa jo koI sAdhaka rogI ho, koI takalIpha meM ho, usake hotI hai / hama bar3oM kI vinaya kareM, yaha svAbhAvika vinaya guNa nahIM, yaha to kanDIzanala bAta hai ki koI aisA ho prati yaha bhAvanA hotI hai ki kisa prakAra usake rogAdi ko meTane meM sahAyaka bana / prarahaMtAdi jo zikhara hai, prAtma to maiM vinaya kruuN| parantu jo prAtmA kA guNa hotA hai kalyANa kI maMjila haiM, usa maMjila ke prati atyanta anuvahA~ bar3e-choTe kA, dharmAtmA adharmAtmA kA, savAla nahIM . rAga ko prApta hotA hai| una zAstra ke prati jo prAtmarahatA, kahA~ to mAtra itanI hI bAta hai ki koI bhI ho maiM to apane vinayapane meM nirahaMkAratA meM, nirmadapane meM / kalyANa meM sAdhana hai unake prati vinaya ko, bahumAna ko, prApta hotA hai| kabhI stotra paDhatA hai. kabhI dhyAna karatA hai, kabhI bhagavAna ko vaMdanA karatA hai, kabhI pApoM kA prAyajaba pariNAmoM meM saralatA pAI to pariNAma zIla ke zcita karatA hai aura nirantara dharma kI prabhAvanA karatA pAlana karane kI tarapha sahaja jhuke, zIla kI mahimA aMtara hai| isa prakAra kI bhAvanA bhAtA hamA antara nija mAtmA meM pAI, viSaya bhogoM ko mahimA httii| nirantara jJAna kA ke rasa meM DabakI lagatA rahatA hai| ina bhAvoM se vaha agale pabhaya-sA rahatA hai, antara meM mija jJAna svabhAva ke sammukha bhava meM bhagavAna mahAvIra banane lAyaka pAtratA ko prApta hotA hai, bAhara meM pAgama zAstra adhyayana ke dvArA apane hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra hone ke lie pahale bhava meM isa ko bar3hAne kA upAya karatA hai| phira saMsAra zarIra bhogoM prakAra kI sthiti ko prApta honA jarUrI hai| vahI jIva se udAsInatA ko prApta hotA hai / bheda jJAna ke bala para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke rUpa meM janma letA hai / usa vyakti ko samajha meM pAtA ki jaise koI relagAr3I meM baiThA ho aura bar3e-bar3e vaibhava ke dhArI indrAdika deva cakravartI rAjA mahA usa sITa ko, Dabbe ko bhI apanA kahatA ho, dUsare musA- rAjA seThoM ko dekha kara saMsAra meM anya du.khI prANiyoM ko ..phira baiThe haiM unase prema se bAta karatA ho, sAtha rahatA ho, dekha kara, pratyanta karuNA paidA hotI hai| jaise kisI pratyAta

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bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka navIna dRSTikoNa duHkhI ko dekha kara hamAre pariNAmoM maiM atyanta dukha vyA- se rahita haiM jo yaha bAlaka prApta kregaa| jaise koI garIba pta hotA hai parantu usa pAtma-jJAnI ko, jo loga puNya ke paise vAle ko dekha kara, koI putrahInA putravatI strI ko phala ko bhoga rahe hai, saMsArika dRSTi se sukhI hai, aise vya- dekha kara, koI bhUkhA bhojana ke thAla ko dekha kara, jaisA ktiyoM ko dekha kara vaisA duHkha vyApta ho jAtA hai| maho! tRSita ho jAtA hai, vaise hI devarAja indra usa pAtmajJAnI yaha saMsArI prANI 'para' vastu me, zarIrAdi me apanApanA ko dekha kara bhAva vibhora hokara usake caraNoM meM jhuka gayA mAna kara kisa prakAra se tRSNA kI Aga meM jhanjhApAta le aura apane janma ko saphala mAnane lgaa| rahA hai, kisa prakAra se 'para' padArtha ko grahaNa karane ko svayaM buddha bAlaka bar3A hone lgaa| jaise-jaise usakI hApTA mAra rahA hai| ise yaha bhI nahIM mAlUma hai ki umra bar3hatI thI vaise-vaise dhana aura vaibhava bhI bar3hatA jAtA jisako prApta kara maiM sukhI honA cAhatA hUM vaha mRga-marI- thaa| prajA sukhI thii| parantu bAlaka kI dRSTi to apane cikA hai| ina jIvoM kA duHkha kaise dUra ho? jaba isa nija vaibhava para lagI huI thii| vaha ghara meM rahatA humA bhI prakAra ke atyanta du.kharUpa pariNAma hue, usa samaya usa ghara meM nahI thA, rAjya vaimava me rahatA humA sabase udAsIna mAtmA meM kucha aise hI karmoM kA sambandha humA jisase vaha thaa| kabhI nija svabhAva kA avalokana karatA thA, taba agale bhava meM lAkhoM jIvoM ke kalyANa kA kAraNa banA, pAtA thA, maiM to jJAna-darzana kA piNDa, eka akelA caitanya lAkhoM jIva usake upadeza se prAtma-kalyANa meM lge| , merA apanA to kucha nahI, jo kucha hai, vaha to saMyogI isa prakAra vaha atyanta puNyAtmA jIva mAja se 2500 hai| kabhI jaba nija svabhAva ke anubhava se haTatA pAtA to sAla pahale bihAra kI vaizAlI nagarI meM rAjA siddhArtha kI pAtA ki yaha prAtmA vikAra meM par3I hai, para-vaza hokara rAnI trizalA ke garbha me svarga se pAtA hai| jaba aisA yaha prAtmA rAga-dveSAdi ko prApta ho rahI hai| jyAdAtara puNyAtmA jIva garbha me AtA hai to sAre deza meM, saba jIvoM jo viziSTa puruSa hote hai unake bacapana me khAsa ghaTanA ko, svataH nirAkulatA prApta hotI hai, durbhikSa dUra ho jAte nahIM hotii| ve usa kSaNa kI pratIkSA karate rahate hai jaba ve haiM, jamIna dhana-dhAnya se pUrita ho jAtI hai, sArA deza sukhI use dene meM samartha ho jAte hai jise dene ko unakA janma ho jAtA hai, zatruoM kA bhaya dUra ho jAtA hai / jaba vaha hA hai| isalie mahAvIra ke bacapana kA jIvana ghaTanAmoM bAlaka utpanna hotA hai to usa puNyAtmA kA darzana se zanya hai| karane, rAjA siddhArtha ko badhAI dene, rAjA siddhArtha ke koI pUcha sakatA hai ki mahAvIra kA janma kSatriya ke bhAgya kI sarAhanA karane, deza-deza ke rAjA aura jJAnIjana, ghara kyoM humA aura kisI garIba ke ghara kyoM nahIM hyaa| yahAM taka ki devatA gaNa bhI, pAte hai / unake janma kA isakA uttara hai ki kSatriya jItane vAlA hotA hai, vijetA prati utsava karate haiN| parama prArama-jJAnI devatAoM kA hotA hai| isalie jItane vAle ke bhItara latriyatva honA rAjA indra apane avadhi jJAna ke dvArA jAnatA hai ki yahI hI cAhie aura rAjA ke ghara isalie huprA ki jo isa bAlaka thor3e hI kAla meM saMyama kA samrATa bana kara, apanI saMsAra ko nahI jIte, vaha usa saMsAra ko kyA jiitegaa| AtmA kI malinatA tathA rUpa rAga-dveSa moha kA nAza kara pahale isa loka ko jItegA taba usa loka ko jItane para parama mAnanda ko, parama jJAna ko prApta hokara paramAtma-pada daSTi jaaegii| ko prApta hogA jahA~ se phira janma-maraNa nahIM dhAraNa hotaa| mahAvIra ne vivAha kiyA ki nahIM, isa para tatva rUpa se aisA jAna kara vaha prati tRSita netro ke dvArA, animeSa to vicAra karane kI jarUrata hI nahIM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra netro se, usa bAlaka ko dekhatA hai aura dekhatA-dekhatA nahIM jaisA vyakti jo kisI jar3a padArtha para bhI prabhutva sthApita apaataa| vaha jJAnI indra vicAra karatA hai ki usa parama nahI karanA cAhate the, ve zAdI karake strI para prabhutva kyoM pAtmika mAnanda kA maiM pyAsA hUM, mujhameM aisA puruSArtha sthApita karate / 36 varSa kI avasthA me vaha itane prAtmamahIM ki usa mAnanda ko prApta kara skuuN| maiM vistRta vaibhava vibhora ho cuke the ki aba unake lie ghara meM rahanA

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12, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta mazkila ho gyaa| ghara aura bAhara kA bheda khatma ho gyaa| hai, yahI tere karane yogya hai, yahI dharma hai. yahI kalyANa hai / usa samaya unhone vastu-tatva kA vicAra kiyA hai ki he Aja taka tUne 'para' me, sasAra zarIra bhogoM meM, apanAAtmA, ye sasAra, zarIra bhoga, strI, dhana, vaibhava, rAjapATa, panA mAnA, jisase ananta kAla se tU janma maraNa kara rahA mAM-bApa, paMsA, saba saMyogI padArtha hai| jinakA sayoga hotA hai, karmoM kA pAstava baMdha ho rahA hai aura yaha jIva manuSyahai unakA viyoga nizcita hai| yaha zarIra prAyu ke adhIna deva-nArakI-pazu, yoniyoM ko dhAraNa karake ananta duHkhoM hai| prAyu ke anta meM yaha nahIM raha sktaa| koI bacAnA ko bhoga rahA hai| kabhI isa janma ko dhAraNa karatA hai, cAhe to baca nahIM sktaa| maiM caitanya prAtmA, merA inase kabhI anya janma ko dhAraNa karatA hai, kahI sukha kI prApti kyA vAstA? yaha merI caitanya jAti ke nahIM, maiM inakI nahIM hotii| apanI ajJAnatA se pApa karma bA~dha rahA hai jAti kA nhii| inakI sattA, merI sattA, merA astitva, aura usake phala ko ajJAnI hayA Apa hI bhoga rahA hai hunakA astittva. bhinna-bhinna hai| yaha cAhe anukala hA, cAhe aura da khI ho rahA hai| jaba yaha zarIra prAtmA ke bheda ko viparIta hoM parantu mere apane nahIM hai| he prAtmA / tU inameM jAne, apane me apanatva buddhi ko prApta ho, bAhara se haTa kyoM rukA hA hai| prAyu ke anta me isa zarIra ko koI kara bhItara me pAe, 'sva' kI mahimA grAve, taba karmoM kA rakha nahIM sktaa| isa jIva kA paryAya-apekSA maraNa prAsrava ruke aura nija meM ramaNatA ko prApta kare to karmoM nizcita hai| phira vaha maukA tujhe milA hai usa mauke me kA nAza kara parAdhInatA ko meTe / he prAtmA, tU pUrNa svAtU apanA Atma-hita kara le anyathA prAyu kA ata ho dhInatA ko prApta ho / yaha samUcA saMsAra aneka prakAra ke jaaegaa| yaha maukA nikala jaaegaa| yaha zarIra to pauda- jIvoM se bharA hai / uname se ananto jIva to aise hai jinako galika hai, mA~ bApa ke sambandha se utpanna hayA hai, karma ke aise puruSArtha kA maukA hI nahIM / tujhe, prAtmatva kI jAgRti adhIna tu usame rukA hai| aba aisA puruSArtha kara ki phira huI hai| saMsAra meM saba kucha jIva ko prApta ho sakatA hai aise karma kA sambandha hI na ho ki prAtmA ko zarIra prApta parantu yaha prAtma jAgRti atyanta durlabha hai / he prAtmA, ho| yaha ghRNita hai taba bhI merA nahI hai, yaha mundara hai, aba tU aisA puruSArtha kare ki samasta rAga-dveSa kA nAza kara parama praudArika hai taba bhI, he prAtmA ! terA nhii| ina ke pUrNa jJAna aura prAnanda ko prApta ho| 'para' padArthoM ke saMyoga se to tere svabhAva kA tiraskAra jaba isa prakAra kI bhAvanA bhA rahe the usa samaya bar3ehamA hai / inake saMyoga meM terI mahimA nhiiN| inake saMyoga baDe prAgama jJAniyoM, devo ne prAkara unake vicAroM kI se terI niMdA hai / inake saMyoga ke kAraNa tere aneka nAma sarAhanA kI aura kahA, dhanya hai Apa jinhoMne prAtmadhare gaye, koI rAjA kahatA hai, koI beTA kahatA hai, koI kalyANa kA vicAra kiyA / una bhAvoM kI sarAhanA karane kucha kahatA hai| koI kucha kahatA hai / yaha nAma mere nhiiN| se ve deva bhI dhanya ho gae aura bhagavAna mahAvIra taba parama mai to caitanya hUM, maiga apanA kucha nahIM / he prAtmA, aba tU sAdhanA ko prApta karane ke lie sAdhu avasthA ko prApta puruSArtha ko prApta ho / dekha raNabherI baja cukI hai, gulAmI / ko chor3a kara vijetA bane / prAtmA kA ekatvapanA bhI bAhara se dekhane vAle samajhate the ki mahAvIra ne rAja sarvaloka me sundara hai / eka akelI vastu apane meM hotI hai choDA, pATa choDA, aisa-pArAma choDA, parantu bAta aisI * 'para' ke saMyoga se usakA ekatvapanA naSTa ho jAtA hai| nahI thI / mahAvIra ne sabako choDa diyA, aisA nhiiN| isalie 'para'kA saMyoga prasundara hai / he prAtmA, tUne kAma, unhoMne kacha choDA nahIM parantu vahA~ para pakar3ane yogya kucha bhoga, bandha, kA paricaya to ananta bAra kiyA, hara janma nahI thaa| bhagavAna ne to kaMkar3a-pattharoM ke alAvA kucha meM kiyA, pUNya kI kathA bhI sUnI, puNya kArya bhI kiyA, bhI nahI choddaa| jaba hama apanI daSTi se dekhate haiM to hameM parantu yaha maukA milA hai jaba tU apane Apa se paricaya lagatA hai sArA sukha chor3a diyA, hIre javAharAta chor3e, kara, 'para' se haTa kara apane meM Thahara jA, yahI terA kartavya rAja-pATa chor3A aura hamAre bhItara unake usa chor3ane kI

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bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka navIna dRSTikoNa mahimA prAto hai / kyoki jo chUTa gayA, vaha hamAre lie labdhi thii| vaha Atmika Ananda thA / usa mAnanda ke bahuta kucha thA / parantu mahAvIra ke lie vaha kImata rahita sAmane jo do kaur3I kA thA, vaha chUTa gayA thaa| bAhara se thA, artha rahita thA, kaMkar3a-patthara se bhI tuccha thaa| eka dekhane vAle ko lagA, itanA tyAga karane se mahAvIra ho baccA kaMkar3a-patthara kA saMgraha karatA hai aura koI usase le ge| parantu bhagavAna ne jo upalabdha kiyA, vaha antara meM letA hai to vaha rotA hai ki merA calA gyaa| usake lie kiyA thaa| vaha antara-upalabdhi hone para, bAhara chaTa vaha kaMkar3a-patthara saba kucha hai| parantu jaba vahI samajhatA hai gyaa| usa antara upalabdhi kA jJAna bAhara se dekhane vAle ki jinako maine pakar3a rakhA hai vaha kakar3a patthara hai to saba ko nahI ho sakatA : chuTa jAte hai / vahA~ vaha yaha nahIM kahatA ki maine kucha tyAga jaba nayA pattA pAne ke sammukha hotA hai to bAharI kiyA hai, na hama bacce ke jIvana me likhate hai ki usane pattA gira jAtA hai / bAhara se dekhane vAlA samajhatA hai itane kakar3a patthara chodd'e| jisa roja hama jAnege ki mahA- ki bAharI pattA girane se nayA pattA AyA hai parantu vastuvIra ne kaMkar3a-patthara chor3e, usa roja hama kahege ki unhone sthiti aisI nahI hotii| isI prakAra jaba akura ugane ke kucha tyAga kiyA / mahAvIra se pUchA jAtA ki pApa ne sammukha hotA hai to jamIna phaTa jAtI hai, parantu jamIna itanA tyAga kiyA to zAyada vaha kahate, maiMne to kucha tyAga phADane se akura nahI nikalatA / ajJAnI samajhatA hai jamIna nahIM kiyA kyoki tyAgI to vaha cIja jAtI hai jisakA phADane se akura nikala jAegA isalie usakA puruSArtha kacha malya ho / prApa roja apane ghara ke bAhara kacarA pheMkate bAhara meM hotA hai parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra kA puruSArtha hai| akhabAra me nahI chapatA ki Apane kucha tyAgA hai| aMtara me thA, apane meM thaa| jo hamAre lie dhana-daulata hai, vaha mahAvIra ke lie kacarA mahAvIra ne antarAtmika svatantratA prApta karane ke ho gayA hai| hameM vaha kacarA nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| asala lie bAharI parAdhInatA ko choDa diyaa| bAhara meM kisI ra meM jitanA pharka bacce va hamArI cetanA ke tala me hai, utanA padArtha kI apekSA nahI rakhA, yahA~ taka ki bAla banAne kA hI pharka hamArI aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kI cetanA ke tala ustarA bhI kauna rakhe / bAla baDha jAte hai to unako ukhAr3a me hai| yahA~ isa jagata me hame jo bhI dikhAI par3atA hai dete hai / koI khAne ke bartana kA upadrava nahIM hai, pahanane ko * mahAvIra ke lie usakA sArA mUlya kho gayA hai, vaha nirmUla kapar3e kA jhamelA nahIM hai| mahAvIra nagna ho gaye hai kyoMki ho gaI hai| mahAvIra chor3ate nahI, cIjeM chUTa jAtI hai| jo vaha antara se itane sarala ho gae hai, itane nirdoSa ho gae vyartha ho gaI, use DhonA asambhava hai| mahAvIra chor3a kara hai ki unhe nagnatA kA bagedha hI nahIM kucha loga apane ko nahIM jAte, ve jAte hai, cIje chUTa jAtI hai| mahAvIra duHkha nagna dikhAnA cAhate hai| yahA~ para vaha nagnatA nahIM thii| uThAne nahIM jA rahe hai, mahAvIra to itane Ananda se bhara / eka AdamI isalie nagna ho jAtA hai ki usake mana meM gae hai ki aba du kha kA koI upAya hI nahI rahA / koI jaba nagnatA chipAne kA, DhA~kane kA, dekhane kA koI bhAva ra mahaloM meM nahI ho sakatA thA / parantu mahala nahI rahA / bAlaka kI taraha nirdopa ho gyaa| dUsarA baha sana hokara rahane kA apanA prAnanda hai / mahala hai jo dikhAnA cAhatA hai ki loga mujhe nagna dekh| yaha bAhara vakSa ke nIce rahane kA apanA grAnanda hai / dAnA dono bAte eka jagaha nahI ho sakatI hai| donoM ko alaga' meM koI tulanA nahI hai| alaga samajhane meM bar3A antara hai aura kaThina bhI hai| jo mahAvIra ne jo kucha prApta kiyA vaha itanA kImatI vyakti saralatA kI vajaha se nagna hA hai, vaha jIvana ke thA ki usake sAmane jo chor3A, vaha do kaur3I kA thaa| pora hisso meM bhI sarala hogA, sAre jIvana me milI mahAvIra kI mahattA to usa upalabdhi se hai jo unhoMne hogA / aisI nagnatA thI bhagavAna mahAvIra kii| prApta kI thI / vaha cetana prAtmasvarUpa, jJAtAdRSTApanA, bhagavAna mahAvIra zarIra ko kaSTa nahIM dete| kisI * eka akele caitanya meM jo ThaharanA thA, vaha bar3I bhArI upa- dUsare ko bhI kaSTa nahI dete / jisako dasare ko

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14, varSa 28, ka. 1 kara dene meM mAtA hai, vahI apane ko kaSTa dene meM AhAra milatA hai ki nahIM milatA, koI gAlI nikAlatA prAnanda samajhatA hai / kaSTa denA, duHkha sahanA , dharma nahIM hai ki sammAna karatA hai, koI rAjA namaskAra karatA hai to parama prAnanda ko prApta honA hai| isalie jaba ki garIba karatA hai. kyoMki yaha koI dAyitva aba unakA bhagavAna mahAvIra parama prAnanda ko prApta hote haiM to unheM nahIM rahA / maiM apane meM hUM, bAhara se jo ho rahA hai, vaha zarIra kI sthiti kA bodha nahIM rhtaa| loka me dekhA ho| koI upasarga kara rahA hai taba bhI maiM apane meM hai, koI jAtA hai ki jaba koI prAnanda meM magna hotA hai to pUjA kara rahA hai taba bhI maiM apane meM haM / karmoM meM bahatA bhakha nahIM rhtii| yahI hAla bhagavAna mahAvIra kA thA aura jA rahA hUM, aba tairane kI bAta nahI rhii| mahInoM-mahInoM mahAvIra dhyAna meM khar3e rahate, unheM bhukha bhItara meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ananta prema se bhara jAte kA anubhava hI nahIM rhtaa| yahAM para bhI vahI bAta hai| hai, bAhara meM hiMsA kA vilaya ho jAtA hai, nija trikAla bAhara se dekhane vAlA samajhatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA zarIra ko kaSTa dene kI sAvanA hai| parantu bhagavAna satya svabhAva ko prApta karate hai to bAhara meM asatya kA mahAvIra ko sAdhanA zarIra ko kaSTa dene kI nahIM, paraMta parama vilaya ho jAtA hai / bhItara nija vastu ko grahaNa karate mAnaMda kI sAdhanA hai| ve prAnanda meM, mAtmika prAnaMda meM magna hai to bAhara 'para' vastu kA grahaNa nahIM rahatA / aMtara meM nija brahma kI caryA meM lagate hai to bAhara meM prabrahma visathe, apane meM magna the| isase 'para' kI phikra chuTa gayI thii| jita ho jAtA hai / antara meM nija svabhAva kI niSThA ko mAja unakI nakala karane vAle zarIra ko kaSTa dene kii| prApta hote hai to paraniSThA visajita ho jAtI hai| ananta ceSTA karate hai parantu Atmika Ananda ko prApta karane kA puruSArtha nahIM karate kyoMki ve bAhara se dekhate hai| nAda ko suna rahe hai isalie bAhara me kucha sunane kA nahIM rahA / anantarasa kA pAna karA rahe hai isalie bAharI sparza jobAnI vyakti hotA hai, jisane yaha nirNaya kiyA kI jarUrata nahIM rhii| nija vaibhava kA avalokana karA rahe hai, anubhava kiyA hai ki maiM eka akelA caitanya haM, vaha bAhara hai isalie bAhara me kucha dekhane ko nahIM rhaa| nija gaMdha ke sAmane 'para' gaMdha nahIM rahI / isa prakAra kaSAya pora meM jo jo kucha hotA hai, usakA mAlika nahIM bntaa| 'usake prati atyanta udAsIna vRtti kI prApti ko jAtA indriyoM para vijaya prApta karate hai| sahaja vratoM kA pAlana hai| vaha maiM nahIM hU~, usa jJAna sApekSa usa dUsare pakSa ko hotA hai / vItarAga bhAva utpanna huA hai isalie bAhara cAhe karma kRta kaha kara usase prapanA dAyitva chor3e, cAhe meM mana, vacana, kArya kI ceSTA se rahita ho gaye haiM aisI kevala jJAna meM jhalakA hai vaisA ho rahA hai, yaha kahakara apanA gupti kA pAlana karate hai / isI prakAra vItarAga bhAva ke dAyitva chor3e, bAta hai usase apanA dAyitva ko chor3ane hAna se sahaja samitiyoM kA pAlana ho rahA hai| vaha bhaga. vAna mahAvIra mAtra vartamAna meM hai, na bhUtakAla kA vicAra kii| yaha vahI chor3a sakatA hai jo jJAna kA mAlika banatA hai jo antara meM jJAna kA mAlika to banA nahIM, bAhara meM hai, na bhaviSya kI cintA hai / isa prakAra kitane sAla dhyAna, tapAdi karate hue, aneka jagaha vihAra karake, bAraha uttaradAyitva chor3a detA hai to yaha ekAnta pakSa bana jAtA varSa ke bAda apane nija svabhAva kI sAdhanA se, darzana-jJAna hai / dAyitva chor3anA usakA sahI hai jisane jJAna ko cAritra kI ekatA ko prApta hokara, zukla dhyAna ko prApta 'pakar3A / paryAya kA dayitva chor3anA usakA mithyA hai jisane abhI jJAna ko nahIM pakar3A / vaha bacane ke lie, dAyitva hote haiM aura rAgAdi doSoM kA sarvathA prabhAva karake, jJAna se ghabarA kara chor3a rahA hai| pahale vAle ke pAsa dAyitva aura Ananda kI pUrNatA ko prApta hote haiM / rahA hI nhiiN| yahI bAta bhagavAna mahAvIra kI thii| unhoMne usa jJAna rUpI dIpaka se loka-praloka prakAzita hotA bAhara kA, paryAya kA dAyitva chor3a diyaa| mava kyA hotA hai / vahA~ jJAna ke pyAle ko jJAna rUpI jala kA pAna hai, isakI cintA nhiiN| garmI par3atI hai ki sardI par3atI hai, karAyA jAtA hai aura deva-dAnava, manuSya, pazu taka sabhI

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bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka navIna dRSTikoNa usa jJAna dIpa se pAlokita hote hai / jo bhAvanA pUrva janma sarva prakAra se rahita hokara, apane mananta jJAna-darzana mAnaMda meM prAI thI ki maiM saMsAra ke prANI 'para' meM sukha mAna kara vIrya kI paripUrNatA ko lie ananta-mananta kAla taka apane 'para' meM apanApana mAna kara viSaya-bhogoM meM laga kara, nija svarUpa meM lIna rahegI / sarva karmoM kA prabhAva hone apanI AtmA kA kalyANa kara rahe hai, unakA bhalA kaise se phira saMsAra meM prAkara na janma kA savAla hai, na maraNa ho, usa bhAvanA ko sAkAratA hotI hai / Atma tatva ke kA, jahAM prAnanda hI bhAnanda hai| upadeza dvArA ananta jIvoM kA hita hotA hai / jIva apanI mahAvIra se bhagavAna mahAvIra bana kara, mAnava se galatI samajha kara nija mAnanda ko prApta karane kA puru- mahAmAnava bana kara, prAtmA se paramAtmA bana kara, unaka SArtha karate haiM / anantAnanta kAla se jisa 'para' ko apanA dvArA jo prAtma-kalyANa kA mArga dikhayA gayA vaha bhAja samajha kara pakar3a rakhA thA aura prAkulatA ko prApta ho bhI upalabdha hai aura usI mArga kA avalambana lekara mAja rahe the, aba jaba samajha meM pAyA ki jisako pakar3a rakhA bhI yaha vyakti apane Apako paramAtmA banane kA, anantahai vaha to 'para' hai usameM merA apanA kucha nahIM, maiMne itanA mAnandamayI banAne kA, puruSArtha kara sakatA hai / hareka prANI lambA kAla isa 'para' ke pIche yoM hI gavAyA, taba yaha apane sacce puruSArtha ke dvArA krama se apanI AtmA ko atyanta kheda ko prApta hote haiM / aAja bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra zuddha banA kara mujha jaisA paramAtmA bana sakatA hai yaha bhagake usa pAtmatatva ko par3ha kara, unake jIvana ko samajha vAna mahAvIra kI sasAra ke prANI mAtra ke lie mahAna kara, samaya-samaya meM jIva apanA kalyANa kara raheM haiM, aura svatantratA kI ghoSaNA hai| cunAva terA hai, cAhe saMsAra kA karate rheNge| kara le cAhe mokSa kA / puruSArtha terA hai| kArtika kRSNa amAvasyA ke roja savere usa mahAna mAtmA se prAyu ke aMta meM pAvApura sthAna se isa nazvara sanmati vihAra, zarIra kA sambandha chUTa jAtA hai aura vaha prAtmA yahAM se 210, dariyAgaMja, sAta rAjU Upara, jahA~ loka kA zikhara hai, vahA~ 'para' se dillI-6; udabhAvanAeM prAyazcit tabhI arthapUrNa hogA ki jaba tatsaMbaMdhI doSa ke lie vAstavika kheda ho aura bhaviSya meM usase bacane kI sAvadhAnI kI pratijJA ho| yaha nahIM ki doSa lagane do, phira prAyazcita karake usase nivRtta ho jAyeMge athavA jAna-bUjha kara doSa me pravRtta hue aura phira prAyazcit karake samajha liyA ki usake phala se mukta ho ge| X vijJAna kahatA hai ki prAtmahatyA binA pAgalapana ke nahIM ho sktii| adhyAtma kahatA hai ki prAtmahatyA atitIvra kaSAya kI dazA meM hotI hai| prataH kaSAya-pAgalapana isa prakAra jitane aMza meM kaSAya rahegA, pAgalapana (behozI) utane aMza meM rahegI, svabhAva kA utanA ho pAta rhegaa| X X lagatA hai jIvana meM to thakAna kA sthala prA gayA hai / parantu anAdikAla ke bhramaNa se thakAna kaba mahasUsa hogI? -zrI mahendrasena jana

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harivaMzapurANa meM zarIra-lakSaNa : eka adhyayana zrI rAjamala jaina, naI dillI prAcArya jinasena ne apane harivaMza purANa meM kucha usakI mAtA diti ne svayaMvara se pahale usase yaha kahA vistAra se hastarekhA vijJAna kA varNana prazagavaza kiyA hai| ki vaha usake bar3e bhAI tRNabindu ke putra madhupigala kA (yahA~ hastarekhA me zarIra-lakSaNo kA bhI samAveza abhISTa varaNa kre| yaha bAta rAjA sagara kI pratihArI mandodarI ne hai|) san 783 I0 meM samApta isa racanA meM ina lakSaNo suna lI, aura rAjA sagara ko saba kucha batA diyaa| rAjAkA varNana, adhyayana evaM kautuka kA viSaya hai| prastuta lekha sagara mulasA se byAha karanA cAhatA thA, isalie usane meM jinasena dvArA varNita rekhAoM Adi kI tulanA prasiddha eka purohita se sAmadrika-zAstra ke siddhAnta likhavAe prAra pAzcAtya hastarekhA vizeSajJa kIro (cherro) kI pustaka unhe eka lohe ke saMdUka me banda karavA kara svayavara-bhUmi 'pAmisTrI phora pAla' tathA bonahama ko 'lAja Apha sAiM. me gar3avA diyA / aura jaba svayavara kA dina AyA taba Tiphika haiDa rIDiga' se paMDita gopI kumAra projhA kI eka vaha zAstra usane saba rAjApo ke sAmane pddh'vaayaa| use anya pustaka 'hastarekhA kA vijJAna' se udadharaNa dekara kI sana madhupigala ne mocA ki usakI praoNno me dopa hai / jAegI / pa0 aojhA ne apanI ukta kRti me bhAratIya isalie sulasA usakA varaNa nahIM kregii| ataH vaha svaevaM pAzcAtya donoM hI siddhAnto ko sammilita kiyA hai| yaMvara maipa se hI uTha kara calA gayA / isa prakAra sulasA prataH sAra rUpa me anya bhAratIya eva pAzcAtya hastarekhA kA vivAha rAjA sagara se huyA / bAda meM jaba madhupigala vizeSajJoM kA mata bhI yathAsambhava samAviSTa kiyA jA ko yaha jJAta hayA ki usame doSa nahIM hai, pIra use vyartha skegaa| bhAratIya jJAnapITha se eka jaina kRti 'karalakkhaNa' meM hI dopayukta ghopita kiyA gayA thA, to usane pratizodha prakAzita huI hai, kintu usake kartA aura kAla kA jJAna liyA, ityaadi| nahIM hai| usakA bhI prayoga tulanA ke lie kiyA jaaegaa| bara:-(ji.) rAjA ke paira machalI, zaMkha tathA isa prakAra yaha tulanA sImita hI rhegii| lekhaka yaha bhI mAta vidroM se yakta hote haiM, kamala ke bhItarI bhAga spaSTa kara denA cAhatA hai ki vaha hastarekhA kA paNDita mAna unakA madhya bhAga hotA hai / er3iyoM kI uttama nahIM hai| usane kevala zauka ke bataura hastarekhA para bhI zobhA se sahita hote hai, unakI aguliyoM ke paura eka kucha par3hA hai, aura isa prAcIna sAmagrI para nigAha par3ane dUsare se saTe rahate hai, unake nakha cikane evaM lAla hote para usane use yahA~ dene kI dhRSTatA kI hai| harivaMza purANa unakI gAThe chipI rahatI haiM, ve nasoM se rahita hote hai, saMskRta me hai / yahA~ paMDita pannAlAla jaina sAhityAcArya kucha-kucha uSNa hote hai, kachue ke samAna uThe hote hai aura dvArA kie gae hindI anuvAda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| pasIne se makta hote hai| isake viparIta pApI manuSya ke mAdhunika yuga meM rAjA to rahe nahI, isalie aba rAjA se rasapa ke grAkAra ke, phaile hae, nasoM se vyApta, Ter3he, rUkhe mahApuruSa yA prasiddha puruSa kA artha grahaNa karanA ucita nakhoM se yukta, sUkhe evaM virala, aguliyoM vAle hote hai| hogaa| jo paira chidra rahita evaM kaSale raga ke hote hai ve vaza kA harivaMza purANa ke teIsaveM sarga meM hastarekhA sambandhI nAza karane vAle hote hai| (sacchidrau sakaSAyo ca vaMzaprasaMga isa prakAra hai-"dhAraNayugma nagara ke rAjA ayodhana cchedakaro tu tau) / hiMsaka manuSya (hiMsrasya) ke paira jalI tathA rAnI diti kI sulasA nAmaka eka sundara kanyA thii| huI miTTI ke samAna aura krodhI manuSya ke paira pIle raMga ke

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harivaMzapurANa meM zarIra lakSaNa : eka adhyayana PH jAnanA caahie| sAmudra tilaka ke anusAra mojhA jI ne likhA hai ki zrI projhA ne prAcIna bhAratIya granthoM ke uddharaNa hAthI ke samAna ghuTane vAlA bhogI hotA hai mora moTe dete hue likhA hai "jinake paira meM zakha, chetra, vana, ghuTano vAlA pRthvI kA svAmI hotA hai| ghuTanoM para prasatalavAra, dhvajA, kamala, dhanuSa, bANa, zakti, sarpa, mAna mAMsa jisake ho, vaha kabhI dhanI nahIM hotaa| vyajana, cAmara prAdi cihna haiM, ve bhAgyazAlI hote hai / roma aura keza:-prAcArya ke matAnusAra rAjAmoM varAha mihara kA mata hai ki rAjA ke paira kachue kI taraha ke eka roma-kapa meM eka roma hotA hai| yadi do yA tIna unnata hote hai| bhAgyavAnoM ke pairoM kI uMgaliyAM milI ho to manuSya nirdhana yA murkha hotA hai| yahI bAta kA huI hotI haiM tathA nAkhUna lAla hote haiM / isI prakAra sapheda para bhI lAga hotI hai| aura rUkhe nAkhUna jIvana meM kaSTa bhogane vAloM kI sUcanA gane vAlA kA sUcanA samudra RSi ke matAnusAra eka roma-rUpa meM se eka hI dete haiN| jinake para kaSAya varNa ke hoM, unakA vaMza mAge roma yA keza kA nikalanA bahuta zubha hai| do nikaleM to mAhI kA nikalana nahIM calatA aura jalI huI miTTI kI taraha jinake paira kA vyakti batimAna hogaa| magara tIna nikale to daridrI raMga ho, ve pApI aura hiMsaka hote haiM / pairoM meM nasoM kA evNdkhii| dikhAI denA bhI "acchA lakSaNa nhiiN|" aNDakoSa, nitamba prAdi:-jinasena kA mata hai ki 'kara lakkhaNa' kA pramukha uddezya vrata lene ke icchuka yadi kisI bAlaka kA zizna choTA, dAhinI ora sthUla vyaktiyoM ko kevala taba hI vrata denA ucita banAnA hai jaba tathA pranthiyukta ho to vaha zubha hotA hai| isaro viparIta ki hAtha kI rekhAoM Adi ko dekha kara usakI pAtratA yA azubha hotA hai| choTe aMDakoSa vAle zIghra hI mRtyu ko apAtratA kA nirNaya kara liyA gayA ho| isalie usake prApta hote haiM, kintu viSama aMDakoSa vAle striyoM ko vaza 'pairoM meM zaMkha prAdi cihnoM kA phala nahI kahA gayA hai| meM karate haiM / jo rAjA hotA hai, usake aNDakoSa sama hote (jaba ki hAtha meM ina cihnoM kA phala batAyA gayA hai|) hai aura nIce kI pora laTakate rahate haiM, ve dIrghajIvI hote sambhavataH ye lakSaNa yatiyoM ko batAe jAte the| isa prantha haiN| isI prakAra jisakA mUtra sazabda nikalatA hai, ve sukhI meM likhA hai hote haiM aura isake viparIta vAle du.khI / jinake mUtra kI iya kara lakkhaNameyaM samAsapo chaMsijhaM jaijaNassa / pahalI aura dUsarI dhArA dAhinI ora par3atI hai, ve lakSmI puvAyariehiM garaM parikkhi uNaM vayaM dijjaa| ke svAmI hote hai tathA isase ulaTI dhArA vAle nirdhana (isa prakAra pUrvAcAryoM ne yatiyoM ke kara lakSaNa, hote hai / puSTa nitamba vAlA vyakti sakhI hotA hai, sthala saMkSepa meM batAe haiN| inake dvArA manuSya kI parIkSA karake vAlA daridra aura U~cA uThe nitamba vAlA vyAghra se mArA prata denA caahie| jAtA hai| kamara aura peTa :-siMha ke samAna patalI kamara vAlA kIro aura benahama ne bhI apanI ukta pustakoM meM pairoM vyakti rAjA hotA hai, jaba ki U~Ta yA bandara ke samAna ke ukta lakSaNoM kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kamara vAlA dhnii| jisakA peTa na choTA, na bar3A ho, vaha ghuTane aura piMDaliyA-jinasena kA mata hai ki jina sukhI aura ghar3e ke samAna peTa vAlA duHkhI hotA hai / sAMpa manuSyoM kI piMDaliyoM meM thor3e bAla hote haiM aura yadi ve kI taraha lambe peTa vAlA daridra evaM bahuta bhojana karane gola-gola hoM to ve manuSya bhAgyazAlI hote haiM aura vAlA hotA hai| dubalI-patalI piMDaliyoM yA jaoNrgha prazubha hotI haiN| isI zrI projhA ne bRhatsaMhitA ke mAdhAra para zera kI sI prakAra bhAcArya ne sthala ghuTane vAle ko dhanI, U~ce uThe kamara vAle ko uccAdhikArI tathA bandara yA hAthI ke vAle ko bhogI, gahare vAle ko nidhana evaM viSama vAle ko bacce ke samAna jisakI kamara ho, use dhanahIna batAyA hai| viSama hI kahA hai| isI prakAra unhoMne samudra RSi ke anusAra bandara, hAthI

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68, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta yA siyAra prAdi kI taraha kamara vAle ko nirdhana batAyA agrabhAga choTe aura sthUla hote hai, ve uttama, bhAgyazAlI hote haiM / jinake dIrgha yA viSama hote hai, ve nirdhana / __ bhaviSya purANa ke anusAra zrI projhA ne sama udara hRdaya evaM vakSa-ukta prAcArya kA mata hai ki rAjAnoM vAle ko dhana-aizvarya-sampanna batAyA hai. aura ghar3e kI taraha kA hRdaya puSTa, cauDA, UcA praura kapana se rahita hotA hai| peTa vAle ko daridra / peTa Age nahIM nikalA honA zubha puNya hInoM kA, tIkSNa rogo se vyApta rahatA hai| sama lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai / 'sAmudra tilaka' prAdi grantho me meDhaka vakSasthala vAle saMpatti-zAlI, sthUla vAle zUra vIra kintu hirana mAdi jAnavaroM ke peTa se peTa kI tulanA kara zubhA- nirdhana, aura kRza tathA viSama vAle nirdhana evaM zastra se zubha phala kahA gayA hai| sAmadra tilaka me sApa kI taraha mAre jAne vAle hote hai| peTa vAle ko jokara honA batAyA gayA hai| zrI projhA ke anusAra caur3A, sthira, unmatta aura pasaliyAM aura kUkSi:-prAcArya kA kathana hai ki kaThina vakSasthala zubha lakSaNa hai| patale vakSa vAlA vyakti jinakI pasaliyA~ bharI hotI hai, ve sakhI hote hai, UMcI- nirdhana hotA hai, tathA puSTa vAlA bahAdura / isI prakAra nIcI, Ter3hI pasaliyoM vAle bhoga rahita batAe gaye hai / sama samatala yAlA dhanI kahA gayA hai| kukSi vAle bhogI, asama vAle bhoga rahita, viSama vAle bagala, garadana, pITha, skandha :-jinasena ke anusAra nirdhana aura uThI huI kukSi vAle nirdhana hote hai| dhanI manuSyoM kI bagala pasIne se rahita, pRSTa aura samAna romameM se yukta hotI hai / nirghana kI garadana namoM se yukta, bhaviSya purANa kA saMdarbha dete hue zrI projhA ne likhA capaTI hotI hai, jaba ki zaMkha jaisI garadana vAlA rAjA hai ki sama kukSi vAle bhogI hote hai, kintu nIcI kukSi hotA hai aura bhaisa jaimI garadana se yukta vyakti zUravIra / vAle dhanahIna / hAthI jaisI kukSi jinakI hotI hai, ve kapaTI jo pITha roma se rahita aura sIdhI ho, vaha zubha hotI hai| yA mAyAvI kahe gaye haiN| jhukI huI aura romoM se bharI pITha prazubha kahI gaI hai| nAbhi pora bali :-caur3I, U~cI aura gaharI gola nirdhana ke kandhe choTe, prapRSTa eva romo se vyApta hote hai, nAbhi ko prAcArya jinasena ne sukhI manuSya kA lakSaNa jaba ki parAkramI aura dhanavAna ke kandhe saTe hue evaM puSTa batAyA hai| jisakI nAbhi choTI dikhAI dene vAlI ho, vaha hote hai| duHkhI hotA hai / kamala kaNikA jaisI nAbhi manuSya ko zrI mojhA ke anusAra bhaviSya purANa meM bhI puSTa, rAjA banAtI hai, vistRta nAbhi dIrghAyu aura dhanavAna hone binA pasIne kI bagala rAjA kI hotI hai, aisA kahA gayA kI sUcanA detI hai| isI prakAra jisake eka vali hotI hai| garuDa parAe + vAla hAtA hai| garur3a purANa ke anusAra pIpala ke patte ke prAkAra kI hai, vaha zAstrArthI hotA hai, do vali se yukta vyakti strI- sagandhayukta, mRd romoM se yukta bagala rAjA kI hotI hai| premI tIna vAlA prAcArya aura cAra vAlA adhika santAna viSama hone para ki beImAtra lodhI viSama hone para vyakti beImAna, lobhI hone para nirdhana vAlA tathA jisake eka bhI vali nahI ho, vaha rAjA hotA ityAdi hotA hai| hai| svadAra-saMtoSI vyakti kI vali sIdhI hotI hai, jaba garadana ke jo lakSaNa prAcArya jinasena ne kahe hai, ve ki pragamyagAmI evaM pApI logoM kI viSama / bhaviSya purANa meM bhI Aye haiN| kevala mRga ke samAna garabhaviSya purANa sIdhI vali vAle ko sadAcArI aura dana vAle vyakti ko Darapoka kahA gayA hai| UMcI-nIcI yA TeDhI bali se yukta vyakti ko vyabhicArI bhaviSya parANa aura mAmaTika nAstra meM pITa ke ji ghoSita karatA hai / eka bhI vali kA na honA uttama, eka vyAghra, siMha, kachue Adi se samAnatA kara zubhAzuma lakSaNa se vidvAna, do se bhogI, tIna se aneka zAstroM kA vidvAn kahe gae hai / pITha para royeM na honA dhanI vyakti kA cihna paura cAra ke kAraNa bahuta putravAn hotA hai| batAyA gayA hai, jaba ki pITha para royeM vAle ko nirdhana harivaMza purANa ke anusAra jina manuSyoM ke stanoM ke kahA gayA hai|

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harivaMzapurANa meM zarIra-lakSaNa : eka adhyayana isI prakAra hAthI, baila yA supara kI taraha UMce kandhe ko tapasvI mAnatA hai| vahatsaMhitA ke hI anusAra nAka vAle ko mahAbhogI. mahAdhanI yA ucca padAdhikArI batAyA ke chidro kA choTA honA zubha lakSaNa hai| kintu samudra gayA hai| romo kA honA mI nirdhanatA kI nizAnI kahA tilaka kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki yadi nAka bahuta bar3I yA gayA hai| inakI tulanA ke lie bhI pazupo se sAmyatA kA bahuta choTI ho aura mAge se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho sahArA liyA gayA hai| to vyakti nirdhana hotA hai / isI prakAra eka bAra chokane bAr3hI, dA~ta, goTha prAdi:-jinasenAcArya ke matA- vAle ko dhanI, do-tIna bAra chIkane vAlA dIrghAyu tathA nusAra jinakI dAr3hI patalI aura lambI hotI hai, ve nirdhana jo cAra bAra chIke, usake bhoga kA nAza hotA hai / adhika aura jinakI puSTa hotI hai, ve dhanI hote haiN| bimbaphala ke bAra chIMkanA azubha hai / garga RSi ne netra ke lalAI lie samAna lAla pITha manuSya ko rAjA banAte haiM / ve kaTe-phaTe hae kinAre ko zubha batAyA hai| garur3a purANa hAthI jaise na ho aura sIdhe bhI ho / sama aura snigdha dADha tathA netra vAle ko senA nAyaka banAtA hai| mahAbhArata meM pimala sapheda eva saghana dAMta, lambI aura komala jIbha vAle bhogI (billI jaise) netra vAle ko prazabha banAyA gayA hai| isa hote hai| kAno para roma bAle dIrghAyu, sIdhI aura samAna, prakAra ke netra duryodhana ke batAye gaye the / bhaviSya purANa choTe chidroM vAlI nAka vAle bhogI hote haiM / jise eka ne billI ke samAna netra vAle ko hiMsaka mAnA hai| garmachIka pAe, vaha ghanI, do-tIna vAlA vidvAna, lagAtAra choka RSi ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki A~khoM ke lakSaNoM ko vAle dIrghAyu hote hai / gajendra evaM bala ko prAMkhe rAjA ke pradhAnatA dI jAnI caahie| anya sau lakSaNa eka tarapha lakSaNa hai jaba ki atima bhAga me lAla aA~khe dhanikoM kI aura prAkha sambandhI lakSaNa eka tarapha rakhanA cAhiye / hotI hai, kintu pIlI A~khoM vAle pramAgalika evaM pApI vibhinna prAcAryoM ne netra ke lakSaNoM meM vibhinna jIva-jatuSoM hote hai| unase na mitratA karanI cAhie aura na hI unakI kI praoNkho se manuSya kI praoNkho ke lakSaNo kI tulanA kI yora dekhanA cAhie / billI ke samAna jinakI akhi hai| (ina pazumo meM gAya, kharagoza, sarpa prAdi pramukha haiN| hotI hai, ve mana, vacana, karma se pApa pUrNa hote hai eva yahaoN kevala jinasena ke mata meM samAnatA vAle lakSaNopara abhAge aura nirdayI hote hai| hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai|) zrI projhA ne mAmudra tilaka nAmaka grantha kA saMdarbha makha lakSaNa :--jinasenAcArya kA mata hai ki jinakA dekara likhA hai ki dAr3hI-mUcha ke keza saghana, sUkSma aura makha bharA hamA, saumya, sama aura kuTilatA rahita hotA mRdu hoM to yaha uttama lakSaNa hai| unake anusAra garur3a- hai, ve rAjA hote hai| bar3e mukha vAla prabhAge mora gola maha purANa bhI lAla aura cikane proTha vAle vyakti ko rAjA vAle mUrva hote hai / strI ke samAna mukha vAle sammAnahIna, banAtA hai aura phaTe oMTha vAle ko nidhana / varAha mihira choTe mava vAle kaMjUsa tathA lambe muha vAle nirdhana hote rAjA ke lakSaNo meM patale aura sIdhe proTha bhI zAmila hai| karate hai / bhaviSya purANa hAthI yA gadhe ke samAna cikane makha sambandhI ukta lakSaNa (rAjA se sambandhita) dAMta vAle ko dhanI aura guNI mAnatA hai| isI prakAra bhaviSya purANa ke lakSaNo se milate hai| kintu strI jaise 32 dAMtoM kA honA uttama lakSaNa hai| samudra RSi U~ce makha vAle ke liye yaha kahA gayA hai ki usakA putra nahIM dA~ta vAle ko balavAna aura bhogI mAnate hai| hotA / isI prakAra bar3e muMha vAloM ko bhaya utpanna karane lAla, cikanI aura dIrgha jIbha vAle ko bhaviSya- vAlA evaM pApI kahA gayA hai, aura choTe cehare vAloM ko parANa me U~cI padavI prApta karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| alpAyu yA dhana-nAza se du.khI hone vAlA batAyA hai| zrIprobhA ne bahatsaMhitA kA yaha mata uddhRta kiyA hai ki samudra Rpi choTe cehare vAle ko kasa kahate hai / bhaviSya jinake kAnoM meM roma hoM, ve dIrghAyu hote haiM, kintu bhaviSya- purANa ne golAI vAle maha ke vyakti ko dhAmika ghoSita parANa baDe kAna bAloM ko dIrghAyu tathA lambe kAna vAlo kiyA hai / garga Rpi ne cehare ko sabase adhika mahatva

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100, varSa 28, ki0 1 pranekAnta diyA hai aura likhA hai ki "mukha hI vAstava meM manuSya the key to a knowledge of your client's natur ral refinement." jinasenAcArya ne likhA hai ki phala-pratipAdana ke liye zrI projhA ne bhaviSyapurANa kA yaha mata uddhRta kiyA manaSya ke mAna. janmAna zarIra kI U~cAI) svara heda hai ki chIdI aMguliyoM vAle daridrI hote hai tathA saghana gati, vaMza, uttama varNa aura prakRti para avazya vicAra aguliyoM vAle saMpanna / karanA caahie| anya granthoM meM bhI zarIra kI UMcAI, kalApUrNa hathelI aura nakha-jinasenAcArya ke matA. 'cAla aura hasita prAdi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| nusAra jinakI kalAI atyanta gar3ha evaM suzliSTa saMdhiyoM se ' hAtha-hAthoM kI banAvaTa ke anusAra bhI hastarekhA yukta hAtA hai, ve rAjA hAta hai kintu DhaulI mAra sazabda vizArada phala-pratipAdana karate haiN| jinasenAcArya ke anu kalAI vAle daridrI hote hai| gaharI tathA bhItara ko dabI 'sAra "rAjAoM ke hAtha sthala, sama, lambe aura hAthI kI hathelI vAle napusaka tathA pitA ke dhana se rahita tathA sUDa ke samAna hote haiN| parantu nirdhana manuSyoM ke hAtha gaharI va bharI hathelI vAle dhanI hote hai| ghanI logoM kI 'choTe aura romoM se yukta rahate hai| dIrghAyu manuSyoM kI hathelI lAkha ke samAna lAla hotI hai| isake viparIta 'aMguliyAM lambI tathA atyanta komala hotI haiN| nirghana pIlI hathelI vAlaM agamyagAmI aura rukSa hathelI se yukta manuSyoM kI balarahita aura buddhimAna manuSyoM kI choTI vyakti saundaryarahita hotA hai| uThI huI hathelI vAlA choTI hotI haiN| nirdhana manuSyoM ke hAtha sthUla rahate hai, dAnI hotA hai| jisake nAkhUna tuSa ke samAna ho, ve napusaka, 'sevakoM ke hAtha cipaTe hote haiM vAnaroM ke samAna hAtha vAle phaTe nAkhUna vAlA nirdhana, lAla nAkhUna vAle senApati manuSya dhanADhya hote haiM aura vyAghra ke samAna hAtha vAle aura bhadde nAkhUna vAle vyartha kA tarka-vitarka karate haiN| manuSya zUravIra hote hai / " isI prakAra kalAI se lekara hAtha taka tIna rekhAmoM vAle karalakSaNa' ke anusAra jisa vyakti kI aMgaliyoM ke rAjA hAta hai| parva mAMsala hoM, vaha dhanavAna aura sadA sukhI hotA hai| 'karalakkhaNa' me bhI likhA hai kiisake viparIta aMguliyoM vAlA daridrI hotA hai| tippa ririktA payaDA javamAlA hoi jassa mnnibNdho| hastarekhA vizeSajJoM ne hAthoM ko vargAkAra (sarvaprathama so hoi ghaNAhaNNo khattiya puNa patthivo hoii|| koTi kA) phailA huA hAtha (kriyAzIla vyaktitva) nukIlA (jisake maNibaMdha meM yavamAlA kI tIna dhArAeM hoM, . vaha dhana se paripUrNa hotA hai aura yadi vaha kSatriya ho to hAtha (kalAkAra), laMbA, patalA hAtha (zAtipriya) tathA 19 moTI tvacA choTI aMguliyoM vAlA hAtha (sabase nikRSTa rAjA banatA hai|) ' hAtha) prAdi sAta vargoM meM hAtha ko bAMTA hai| zrI ojhA ne 'vivekavilAsa' kA saMdarbha dete hue likhA hai ki jisakI hathelI kA madhya bhAga nIcA hotA hai, vaha ' kIro (Chiero) kA dAvA hai, "The difference dhanI hotA hai aura UMcA-nIcA hone se nidhana hotA hai| in the shape of the hands of the French and maNibaMdha kI tIna rekhAyoM ke viSaya meM zrI ojhA ne German or the French and English races would sAmudra tilaka kA yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki jisakI tIna convince any thinking person that temperament prakhaDita rekhAe hoM, vaha dhana, suvarNa evaM ratna kA svAmI and disposition are indeed largely indicated hotA hai| by the shape of the hand itseif." kIro ne labe, choTe tathA capaTe nAkhUnoM ke anusAra benhama kA mata hai, "This quality of texture kramazaH phephar3oM aura chAtI, hRdaya kI bImArI tathA lakave kI will aid you in estimating character, for it ibhAvanA jatAI sa postening influence on all the coarser bImArI kI avasthA batAyA hai| qualities seen in any subject." Texture is [zeSa pR0 103 para]

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zilpakalA evaM prakRti-vaibhava kA pratIka : amarasAgara (jaisalamera) zrI bhUracanda jaina, bAr3amera rAjasthAna ke pazcimI sImAnta-kSetra meM sthita jaisala- meM hI banakara pUrNa ho gayA thaa| sarovara ke makhya bAMdha para mera jilA registAna ke U~ce UMce TIboM ke lie khyAti nirmita mahArAvala amarasiMha kI chatarI paura vi0 saM0 prApta kiye hue hai| prAkRtika vipadAnoM se pIr3ita rahane 1717 meM nirmita amarezvara mahAdeva kA mandira prakRtivAlA yaha jilA zilpakalA ke lie jagata-vikhyAta hai| saudarya evaM dhArmika vAtAvaraNa paidA karane ke lie prAra jaisalamera kA durga, durga para sthita jaina mandira, paTavoM kI bhI vidyamAna haiM / sAgara kA majabUta bAMdha, bAMdha para nirmita haveliyAM, seTha nathamala kI havelI, javAhara-vilAsa, prAdala- chatarI-mahAdeva kA mandira, U~ce mahala, mahaloM ke agnima vilAsa, lakSmInAtha kA mandira, mAtAjI kA darzanIya bhAga meM sundara phavvAre, krIr3A sthalI prAdi aba bhI isa sthala, sAlamasiMha kI havelI zilpakalAtiyoM ke lie ramaNIya sthala kI zAna bane hue hai| sAgara ke cAroM tarapha mAja bhI prAcIna zilpakalA kI ruci kA paricAyaka banI prAmravRkSoM kI katAreM, camelI kI sugandha, mogare kI mahaka, huI hai| vaise sampUrNa jaisalamera meM zilpakalA ke rUpa meM registAna meM mana lubhAvanA vAtAvaraNa paidA kara detI hai| bane jAlI aura jharokhoM kI pratyeka ghara ke agrima bhAga meM amara sAgara pAMca sau phITa lambA aura cAra sau phITa bharamAra hai| pIle pASANoM para bane jAlI aura jharokhoM caur3A hai jisake tala para jala kI kaI pagabAva aura kI sundaratA na kevala jaisalamera nagara taka hI sImita rahI aura beriyAM nirmita kI huI hai / ina pagabAbo aura beriyo hai apitu isakA vistAra sampUrNa jile me rahA hai / jana kI bastI me pramara sAgara kA mukhya prAkarSaNa kA kendra, dharmAvalabjiyoM kA prasiddha jaina tIrtha lodavA kI zilpakalA jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA zrI mAdIzvara prabhu kA bArIka itanI hI khyAti prApta hai jitanI amara sAgara sthita jaina-zilpakalA kA anokhA jina.maTiA hai| zilpakalA kA anokhA jina-mandira hai / isa mandira jagata ke zrI mAdIzvara prabhu ke jina mandira kii| amara kA nirmANa vi. sa 1928 me bAphaNA-gotrIya sAgara jaisalamera se tIna mIla dUra lodavA jAne vAlI seTha zrI himmata lAla jI ne karavAyA aura pratiSThA khatarasar3aka para AyA humA hai| yahAM seTha himmatamala jI kA gacchIya zrI jina mahendra sUri jI ne karavAI thii| maMdira banAyA zilpakalA kA khajAnA lie jina-mandira, mahA- me pratiSThita mUlanAyaka zrI prAdIzvara bhagavAna kI lagabhaga rAvala zrI amarasiMha dvArA nirmita, prakRti kI sundaratA ko 1500 varSoM se prAcIna pratimA virAjamAna hai jise vikrama khAna, amara sAgara, mahArAnI anupakavara ke nAma se nirmita pura koTa se lAyA gayA thaa| mandira kA bAharI bhAga zItala evaM zuddha jala kI manapa vAva prAja bhI darzakoM ke mukhya dvAra choTe-choTe toraNoM, jharokhoM, jAliyoM se sajAyA lie AkarSaNa kA kendra-bindu banI huI hai| gayA hai / laTakate kagUroM kI sundaratA, bArIka zilpakalA sailAniyoM kA saudarya-sthala, bhramaNakAriyo kI rama kI prAcInatA, pIle pASANoM kI camaka aura bIca meM bane NIya bhami, yAtriyoM kA darzanIya nagara, bhakto kA zraddhA- sapheda saMgamaramara ke gavAkSa gokha ne to isake kalAkendra, amara sAgara kA nirmANa jaisalamera ke mahArAvala zrI saundarya me anokhI zAna paidA kara dI hai| do maMjile amarasiMha ne vi0 saM0 1717 se prArambha kara 1758 taka isa bhavya devaprAsAda kA zikhara-bhAga dUra-dUra se dikhAI parNa kiyA thaa| pramara sAgara kA sarovara vi0 saM0 1756 detA hai / zikhara ke pichale bhAga me pIle patthara kA banA

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102, varSa 20, ki01 anekAnta dvAra darzakoM ke lie vizeSa prAkarSaNa kA kendra banA huA AdIzvara bhagavAna ke maMdira kI pratiSThA mahArAvala rnnhai| yaha maMdira tAlAba kI talahaTI me Ane ke kAraNa jIta siMha ke samaya me sampanna haI thii| ina mandiro ke jaba amarasAgara pAnI se bhara jAtA hai to maMdira kA nirmAtAmo ne bhI sundara choTe-choTe bagIce bhI banAye hai / nicalA bhAga pAnI meM DUba jAtA hai| usa samaya pASANa jahA~ mAja bhI yAtrI Thahara kara prAnanda lAbha lete hai| kalA kRtiyoM aura isa zikharaghArI maMdira kI parachAI aura pAnI se bhare amarasAgara kI banAvaTa aura usame zrI TApa kI bhAMti devasthAna kI sthiti atyaMta hI sundara AdIzvara bhagavAna kA mandira prakRti-chaTA kI anokhI lagatI hai| pAnI kI laharo ke sAtha jhUlatI tasvIra batAtA hI hai| dUsarI ora jaba registAna meM mandira ke zikhara kI parachAI, bArIka zilpakalA se prakAla kI bhISaNatA rahatI hai to sampUrNa amarasAgara sUkha nimita jharokhoM aura jAliyoM kI banAvaTa atyanta hI jAtA hai / usa samaya isakI goda meM pagabAve aura beriyAM Anandita karatI hai| hI ekamAtra isakA paridhAna bana kara raha jAtI hai / anekoM zrI prAdIzvara prabhu ke isa derAsara kA zilpakalA se pagabAtoM sajA jitanA sundara bAhya pora zikhara kA bhAga hai, utanA kI banAvaTa aura usakI sAja-sajjA kA prAnanda lene ke hI sundara andara kA hissA pASANa kalAkRtiyoM se lie grISma kAla meM prAcIna jaisalamera kSetra kA janasamudAya sajAyA gayA hai| sabhA maDapa, raMga-maDapa, mUla gambhArA barAbara upayoga karatA rahatA hai| amarasAgara meM banI ko pASANa kalAkAra ne apanI chenI aura hathaur3I se pagabAvar3iyoM ko rAjA mahArAjAoM, seTha sAhakAroM aura sajAne kA saphalIbhUta prayatna kiyA hai| prAcIna matra-paTTa vezyAmoM ne banAyA haiN| yahAM sakhe sAgara kI paga bAvar3iyoM kI sundara pASANa banAvaTa, prAcIna aitihAsika mahattA, ke prAMtarika sthaloM meM nirmita bhavanoM meM saMgIta kI laya matro kI chipI jAnakArI prAgantukoM ko svataH hI apanI jAna nAca ke sAtha gUgaroM kI jhanajhanAhaTa, sAjoM kI surIlI ora prAkarpita kie rahatI hai / citAkarSaka mUla pratimA kI prAvAja tathA bhattigAna ke gItoM kI dhuna sunAI detI hai| banAvaTa aura sajAvaTa nayanAbhirAma hai| isa mandira ke jaba varSA ke pAnI se sAgara labAlaba bhara jAtA thA, taba prAMtarika aura bAharI bhAga ko sajAne savArane se achUtA kinAroM para banI haveliyoM, madiroM, dharmazAlAoM, rAjanahIM chor3A gayA hai| kalAkAro ne yahA~ pASANoM para kalA prAsAdoM kI jAliyo aura jharokhoM meM jhAMkatI ramaNiyoM kRtiyoM ko gaharA aura UMcA ubhArane kA anokhA prayatna kI sundaratA, bhavanoM kI parachAiyoM DabakI lagAte tairAkoM kiyA hai| mandira ke pAsa banI pagavAva aura dAdA zrI kI kalAvAjiyoM, cA~danI rAta me naukA-vihAra kA dRzya jinakUzalasUrijI ke caraNa-mandira ko banAvaTa bhI dekhane / mana-mayUra ko Anandita kie binA nahI rhtaa| lAyaka bano huI hai| mandira ke sAmane seTha zrI himmatamala amara sAgara kA nirmala jala, zrI AdIzvara prabha kI jI ke bizrAma-gRha kI banAvaTa aura usame kI gaI sapheda bhakti aura sUkhI pagabAvar3iyoM ke vaibhava kI gaurava-gAthAmoM pAliza prAcIna vaibhava kA paricaya detI hai / isa vizrAma para bane gIta Aja bhI gunagunAe jAte hai| isa vaibhava ke sthalI ke pAsa sundara bagIcA, aMgUra kI beloM ke lie atirikta mahArAvala amarasiMha kA banAyA bagIcA aura pIle pASANa ke toraNa Aja bhI prAcIna evaM zAna zaukata usameM banI vizrAma caukiyoM ke gumbaja unakI pASANakalA kI pradA batA rahe hai| priyatA, prakRti-prema tathA vaibhava kI garimA kA paricaya isa mukhya mandira ke atirikta amarasAgara kSetra meM do dete haiN| isa bAga meM anAra, amarUda, nIMbU, prAma, ilAanya mandira-zrI prAdIzvara prabha ke mandira vidyamAna hai| yacI, agara Adi phala paidA kiye jAte the jisake per3aeka seTha zrI savAIrAma jI ne vi0 saM0 1867 meM aura paudhoM ke avazeSa isa samaya bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| dasarA posavAla paMcAyata kI tarapha se vi0 saM0 1903 meM mogarA, camelI bhAdi phUloM kI sugadha se yaha bAga banAyA gayA hai| prosavAla paMcAyata kI ora se nirmita hamezA mahakatA rahA hai| mAja bAga kI sthiti badala

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zilpakalA evaM prakRti vaibhava kA pratIka : amarasAgara (jaisalamera) cukI hai| phala phUloM me jhUmane vAlA dRzya yadyapi nahIM hai, mUla sAgara, mUla tAlAba, kizanaghATa, gajarUpasAgara, Isa phira bhI sAga-sabjI kI hariyAlI aba bhI vidyamAna hai| tAlAba, gulAu sAgara, gar3asI-sara prAdi sarovaroM kI loka amara bAga ke pAsa hI mahArAvala zrI amarasiMha ne priyatA, vaibhava, sundara zilpakalA, dhArmika bhAvanAmoM, prakRti apanI dharmapatnI anapakaMvara ke nAma se anupa bAva-mAtubAva ke nayanAbhirAma dazyo ke sAtha mahArAvala zrI amarasiha kA nirmANa bhI krvaayaa| yaha pagabAva kAphI bar3I hai| dvArA nirmita amarasAgara kI pavitratA mAja bhI lokapriya jisake pazcimI kinAre para banI pIle pASANoM kI chatarI banI huI haiN| amarasAgara prakRti-saundarya kI sthalI hai, prakRti-saundarya kA pratIka hai| isa pagabAva kA nirmala, dhArmika puNyabhami hai, vaibhava kA pratIka hai, zilpakalAkRtiyoM zAnta aura svaccha jala atyanta hI svAdiSTa hai / jaisalamera kA anokhA khajAnA hai aura purAtattva ko aitihAsika aura prAsapAsa kA janasamadAya prakRti-vaibhava kA prAnanda khoja kA kendra bhI banA huA hai| jaina dharmAvalambiyo kA lene ke lie barAbara yahAM pAtA rahatA hai aura goTha gUgarI yaha tIrthasthAna hone ke kAraNa prati varSa hajAro yAtrI tathA pikanika ke sAtha-sAtha isa bAva meM DubakiyAM lagAkara darzaka isakI yAtrA kA prAnanda uThAte hai| jaisalamera snAna kA Ananda lete hai| ke khyAti-prApta jaina tIrtha lodavA kI yAtrA ke samaya jaisalamera ke cAro ora lagabhaga eka se cAra mIla isakI yAtrA kI jAtI hai| jaisalamera jaina paMcatIrthI kA ke dAyare meM phaile ratnasAra, jetasAra, rAmanAtha, gaMgAsAgara, yaha makhya darzanIya aMga bhI haiN| jUnI caukI kA vAsa, bAr3amera (rAjasthAna) [pR0 100 kA zeSAza] isI prakAra maNibaMdha para tIna rekhAoM se pAzcAtya jinasenAcArya ne prAyu saMbaMdhI jisa rekhA kA Upara hastarekhA vizArada dIrghAyu hone kA phala batAte hai| ullekha kiyA hai, vaha anya bhAratIya hastarekhA-granthoM meM kula hAtha kI rekhAeM-jinasenAcArya ke anusAra jisakI rekhA yA gotra rekhA kahA gayA hai| kintu bhAratIya paura rekhA kaniSThA se lekara pradezinI taka labI calI jAtI hai. pAzcAtya mata meM bar3A aMtara hai| ise bhAratIya prAyu-rekhA vaha dIrghAya hotA hai| jisakI rekhAeM kaTI-phaTI yA choTI kahate hai to pAzcAtya vidvAna hRdy-rekhaa| pAzcAtya mata ke hoM, vaha alpa prAya kA dhAraka hotA hai| yadi kisI vyakti anusAra yaha rekhA karatala ke dAhinI ora se nikala kara guru kSetra ke nIce golAI lie hue maNibadha kI ora calI ke hAtha meM talavAra, gadA, bhAlA, cakra Adi hoM to vaha jAtI hai (zrI projhA) senApati hotA hai| ukta svayaMvara ke bAda jaba madhupiMgala ko eka anya 'karalakkhaNa' meM prAyu-rekhA kA phala isa prakAra kahA sAmudrika ne yaha batAyA ki usake netro kA pIlApana to kahA gayA hai| anya lakSaNo se milakara usake rAjya aura saubhAgya ko bIsa tIsa cattA paNNAsa saTri sari prsidh| sUcita karate hai / isa para jinasenAcArya ne yaha mata vyakta NauyaM kaNadiyAU paesiNaM jAva jaanninaa|| kiyA hai ki jo loga svayaM zAstroM ko dekhate samajhate nahIM, lagAkara pradezinI taka rekhA ke anumAgila ke samAna dasare logoM dvArA Thage jAte haiN| sAra bIsa, tIsa, cAlIsa, pacAsa, sATha, sattara, assI aura nabbe varSa kI Ayu jAnanA caahie|) sahAyaka nidezaka, ukta atha meM hI hAtha meM siMha, baila, cakra, asi, kendrIya hindI nidezAlaya, parazu. tomara, zakti, dhanuSa aura kunta ke prAkAra vAlI pazcimI blAka, 7, rAmAkRSNApuram, rekhAmoM kA phala senApati honA batalAyA gayA hai| naI dillI-22

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ur3IsA meM jaina dharma evaM kalA D zrI mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kI prAcInatA pArzvanAtha ke kAla paramparA se spaSTa hai ki pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM hI jainadharma taka svIkAra ko jAtI hai| jaina paramparA me 18veM tIrtha- kaliga (ur3IsA) meM praviSTa ho cukA thA, aura taba se kara aranAtha ke sambandha me ullekha hai ki unako rAyapUra cedi zAsaka khAravela (lagabhaga prathama zatI I0pU0) ke me pahalI bhikSA milI / rAyapura kI pahacAna mahAbhArata samaya taka nirantara lokapriya rahA / yaha jJAtavya hai ki meM vaNita kaliMga kI rAjadhAnI rAmapura se kI jAtI hai| uDIsA meM jaina dharma ke purAtAtvika pramANa lagabhaga dvitIya bhavadeva sari kRta pArzvanAtha caritra (14vIM zatI) me zatI I0 pU0 se hI prApta pArzvanAtha aura prabhAvatI ke vivAha kI kathA aura sAtha maurya sAmrAjya ke anta aura zugo ke prArambha ke sAtha hI kaliMga eka pramukha rAjanItika kSetra ho jAtA hai| hI pAzrvanAtha dvArA kaliMga-zAsaka yavana ke paMje se prabhAvatI ko mukta karAne ke ullekha prApta hote hai| inake dUsarI pahalI zatI I0 pU0 zuMga kAlIna jaina guphAe~ ur3IsA atirikta bhI jaina sAhitya me vibhinna sandarbho me kaliMga kI udayagiri-khaNDagiri pahAr3iyoM para utkIrNa haiN| udaya giri pahAr3I para sthita hAthI gumphA me cedi zAsaka khArarAjya kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / kucha spaSTa ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI prApta hotA hai, jisame ullekha hai ki kaliMga vela kA lekha abhilikhita hai, jisakA kAla lipi ke ke pradhArmika logo ko tyAganA cAhie, jo binA vedoM AdhAra para dUsarI zatI I0pU0 kA uttarArdha yA pahalI evaM yajJa ke rahate haiM / svaya devatA bhI unake hAtho kI zatI I0 pU0 nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai / isa lekha meM spaSTa pUjana sAmagrI nahI svIkAra karate hai| bodhAyana sUtra bhI ullekha hai ki kaliMga kI jisa jina pratimA ko nandarAja kaliMga ko azuddha deza batalAtA hai| 'tivasasata' varSa pUrva kaliMga se magadha le pAye the, use khArasAhityika sAkSyoM se mahAvIra ke bhI kaliMga se saba- vela punaH apane deza vApasa le pAye / 'tivasasata' zabda kA ndhita hone kI puSTi hotI hai| haribhadrIya vatti eva artha vivAdAspada hai| samprati lagabhaga samasta vidvAna ise harivaMza purANa se mahAvIra ke kaliMga-prAgamana kI puSTi 300 varSa kA sUcaka mAnate hai| yaha lekha prarahatoM evaM hotI hai / aAvazyaka sUtra meM tIsali evaM mausali meM mahA. siddhoM ko namaskAra se prArambha hotA hai aura sAtha hI praravIra ke upadeza dene kA ullekha hai| prAcInakAla meM tosali hatoM (ahaMtoM) ke smAraka avazeSo kA ullekha karatA hai| mahatvapUrNa jaina kendra rahA hai| vavahArabhASya (6-115) meM isa lekha ke AdhAra para jina-mUrti kI sambhAvita prAcIzAsaka tIsa lika dvArA surakSita jina mUrti kA ullekha natA lagabhaga cauthI zatI I0 pU0 taka svIkAra kI jAtI prApta hotA hai / vidvAnoM ne tausali ko uDIsA meM kaTaka hai| yaha abhilekhikI pramANa jahA~ eka mora lohAnIpura ke samIpa sthita svIkAra kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM (paTanA ke samIpa) se prApta maurya yugIna mUrti ke tIthaMkara caMpA ke eka vyApArI kA ullekha pAyA hai, jo mahAvIra mUrti hone ko pramANita karatA hai, vahI cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA ziSya thaa| isa vyApArI ke vyApAra ke silasile me I0pU0 meM jina-mUrti nirmANa kI paramparA ke pracalana kA pithuNDa jAne kA ullekha hai| pithaNDa nizcita rUpa se bhI samarthana karatA hai / yadyapi khAravela ke lekha se spaSTa kaliga kA pramukha nagara thA, jisakA ullekha khAravela ke hai ki usane jaina dharma ko vizeSa samarthana diyA, tathApi hAthI gumphA lekha me bhI prApta hotA hai / DA0 ke0 pI0 jana kalA kI dRSTi se usakA yogadAna nagaNya rahA hai / jAyasavAla khAravela ke lekha kI 14vI paMkti ke mAdhAra para svayaM lekha meM vaNita jina-mUrti bhI samprati prApta nahIM mahAvIra dvArA svaya kaliMga ke kUmArI pahAr3I para upadeza hotI hai| kevala lekha ke prArambha evaM anta meM jaina dharma meM die jAne kI dhAraNA vyakta karate haiM / isa prakAra jaina pracalita kucha pratIkoM ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai |jnyaatmy

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ur3IsA meM jaina dharma evaM kalA 105 hai ki trizUla (triratna kA sUcaka) vardhamAnaka, svastika, sAtha hI isa kSetra me zaMva aura vaiSNava dharmoM ke bar3hate hue nandipada mora vedikA ke andara vRkSa jaise pratIka anya dharmoM prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa bhI jaina dharma kA prabhAva kramazaH kSoNa meM bhI samAna rUpa se pracalita the| khAravela ke abhilekha ho rahA thaa| kA vizeSa yogadAna kevala tIrthakara mUrti kI prAcInatA se hvenasAMga ne sAtavIM zatI meM kaliMga meM jaina dharma ke sambandhita ullekha ke sandarbha meM hai| vidyamAna hone kA ullekha kiyA hai / puriya yA purI inake atirikta inhIM pahADiyoM para sthita anantagumphA kA bhI jaina granthoM me jaina dharma ke kendra ke rUpa meM ullekha rAnIgumphA evaM gaNeza gumphA bhI lagabhaga I0 pU0 150 se prApta hotA hai| purI jile meM sthita yaha kSetra jIvita50I0 pU0 ke madhya utkIrNa kI gii| ananta gumphA ke svAmI (jIvaMta svAmI) pratimA ke lie jJAta thA paura pratyeka praveza dvAra para tIna phaNo se yukta do sau kA yahA~ aneka zrAvaka rahate the| pAvazyaka niyukti evaM cUrNi citraNa sambhavataH usake pArzvanAtha se sambandhita hone kA ke anusAra jaba varasvAmI purI padhAre the, taba yahA~ kA sUcaka hai, jinakA kaliMga se sambandhita honA vibhinna graMtho zAsaka bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI thA aura bauddhoM evaM jainoM ke se pramANita hai| sAtha hI rAnI evaM gaNeza guphAoM me sambandha acche nahIM the / zalodbhava zAsaka dharmarAja (lagautkIrNa vistRta dRzyAvalI ko bhI sAmAnyata: pAzrvanAtha bhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatI) ke bANapura lekha meM ullekha hai ki ke jIvana dRzya se sambandhita kiyA jAtA hai. para DA. usakI rAnI kalyANa devI ne dhArmika kRtya ke lie jaina vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla dvArA sujhAyA vAsavadattA evaM zaku sAdhu ko bhUmi dAna diyaa| ntalA ke jIvana dRzyoM se pahacAna jyAdA mAnya hai, kyoki upalabdha granthoM meM usa kAla taka pArzvanAtha ke jIvana-kAla upanagdha purAtAtvika evaM prabhilekhikI pramANoM se kI ghaTanAoM kI dhAraNA vikasita nahI ho pAI thii| yaha sarvathA nizcita hai ki udyotakesarI (11vIM zatI) sAtha hI sampUrNa dRzyAvalI meM kahI bhI pArzvanAtha yA unase ke atirikta zAsakoM se spaSTa saMrakSaNa yA samarthana na prApta sambaddha sarpa-phaNoM kA utkIrNana nahI kiyA gayA hai / isa hone kI sthiti meM bhI jaina dharma apanI dRr3ha pRSThabhUmi ke prakAra spaSTa hai ki samucita rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika pRSTha phalasvarUpa lagabhaga svIM-10vIM zatI se 12vIM zatI bhUmi ke bAvajUda udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI I0 pU0 kI taka uDIsA meM, vizeSakara udayagiri-khaNDagiri guphAmo guphApoM kA jaina pratimA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva (purI jilA) meM, niraMtara lokapriya thaa| isakI puSTi nahIM rahA hai| udayagiri-khaNDagiri guphAnoM ke atirikta anya sthaloM se khAravela ke uparAnta ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kA itihAsa prApta hone vAlI jaina mUrtiyoM se hotI hai / navamuni gumphA kAphI samaya taka ajJAta hai| bihAra, uttara pradeza evaM ke udyotakesarI ke lekha meM kulacandra ke ziSya ke rUpa me madhya pradeza ke samAna hI isa kSetra meM jaina dharma kI sthiti khallasUmacandra kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isI zAsaka ke para prakAza DAlane vAle jaina granthoM kA bhI sarvathA prabhAva lalATendU yA siMgharAjA guphAlekha meM ullekha hai ki udyothai| sAtha hI dUsarI prathama zatI I0pU0 kI udayagiri-khaNDa- kesarI ne apane rAjya ke veM varSa meM prasiddha kumAra parvata giri bana guphAmo ke bAda havIM-10vI zatI ke pUrva kI koI para naSTa tAlAboM evaM mandiroM kA punanirmANa karavA kara bhI jaina purAtAtvika sAmagrI isa kSetra meM nahIM prApta hotI 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM pratiSThita krvaaii| isa ullekha hai, jisakA kAraNa isa kSetra meM kramazaH bauddha dharma kA bar3hatA se udyota kesarI kA jaina dharma ko samarthana spaSTa hai| yaha huA prabhAva thaa| dAthAvaMza se jJAta hotA hai ki kaliMga ullekhanIya hai ki udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI navani evaM ke zAsaka guhAziva (lagabhaga cauthI zatI) ne jaina dharma ko bArabhujI guMphAoM meM prApta svatantra yakSiyo, 24 yakSiyoM chor3a kara bauddha dharma svIkAra kara liyA thA, aura sAtha hI evaM mahatvapUrNa sAmUhika citraNa bhI isI kAla (11vI. sabhI nirgrantha janoM ko kaliMga se bAhara nikAla diyA thA, 12vIM zatI) kI kRtiyAM haiM / udAra soma-svAmI zAsakoM janhoMne pATaliputra ke pANDa rAjA ke yahAM zaraNa lii| ke kAla meM bhI muktezvara mandira kI cahAradIvArI kI

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106, barSa 28, ki01 anekAnta bAharI rathikAmoM meM tIrthakara mUrtiyAM utkIrNa kI gyiiN| mandira (mandira naM0 12, 862) ke maNDovara para utkIrNa ur3IsA ke jaina dharma ke mahAna saMrakSaka rASTrakUTa zAsakoM ke hai| khaNDagiri kI hI vizala yA hanumAna guphA meM bhI 24 prabhAva kSetra ke antargata pAne ke phalasvarUpa bhI sambhavataH tIrthaMkaroM kI lAMchanayukta mUrtiyA~ aMkita hai| lalATendujaina-mUrti-nirmANa ko protsAhana milA thaa| rASTrakUTa- kesarI evaM hanumAna guphAmoM meM bhI lagabhaga 8vI havIMzAsaka govinda tatIya kauzala, kaliMga, vaMga aura praudraka kI zatI ko jaina matiyAM utkIrNa hai| isa prakAra zilpagata vijaya kA ullekha karatA hai| sAkSya me yaha sarvathA spaSTa hai ki lagabhaga 8vI-6vIManya sAkSyoM ke prabhAva bhI uDIsA ke vibhinna kSetro zatI se 12vIM zatI taka nirantara jaina dharma udayagirise prApta hone vAlI jaina mUrtiyAM una sthaloM para kisI na khaNDagiri me prabhAvazAlI rahA thaa| kisI rUpa meM jana dharma ke astitva ko pramANita karatI haiM / udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI guphApo ke atirikta jayapura 24 tIrthakaro evaM yakSiyo ke sAmUhika citraNa isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki jaina pratimA-vidhAna ke sandarbha meM ho mandanapura aura koraputa jile ke bhairavasiMha pura jaise sthalo se bhI jaina mUrtiyAM prApta hotI hai| sAtha hI kiyauMjjhara, rahe vikAsa se isa kSetra ke kalAkAra avagata the| phira bhI mayUrabhaMja, valasora (caraMpA), aura kaTaka (jajapura) jiloM kisI nizcita pratimA lAkSaNika grantha ke prabhAva meM kucha ke vibhinna sthaloM se bhI jaina matiyoM ke udAharaNa prApta yakSiyoM ke nirUpaNa meM brAhmaNa eva bauddha dharmoM kI deviyoM hote hai / kaTaka jile ke jajapUra sthita akhaNDalezvara maMdira ke lAkSaNika svarUpoM ke spaSTa anukaraNa kie gae haiN| evaM maMtraka mandira ke samUhoM meM bhI jaina mUrtiyA~ surakSita ye anukaraNa ina dharmoM ke prapekSAkRta vikasita evaM prbhaavhaiN| ye jaina mUrtiyAM pramANita karatI haiM ki zAkta kSetra zAlI rahe hone ke bhI sUcaka haiM / zAMtinAtha, agnAtha evaM hone ke bAda bhI jaina dharma yahA~ lokapriya thaa| naminAtha kI yakSiyoM ke nirUpaNa me kramaza: gajalakSmI, tArA (bauddha devI) evaM brahmANI ke prabhAva spaSTa hai| uDIsA meM digambara sampradAya hI lokapriya thA, isakI puSTi tIrthaMkaroM kI nirvastra pratimAoM se hotI hai| ur3IsA sampUrNa adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki lagabhaga 8vI zatI ke vibhinna sthaloM se prApta jina-mRtiyoM meM lokapriyatA I0 pU0 meM pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM jaina dharma ke ur3IsA meM kI dRSTi se kramazaH pArzvanAtha, AdinAtha evaM mahAvIra praveza ke pazcAt se lagabhaga prathama zatI I0 pU0 taka yaha pramukha hai| mUrtiyoM meM pArzvanAtha kA sarvAdhika lokapriya nirantara isa kSetra meM lokapriya rahA / sAtha hI prathama zatI honA, unake isa kSetra se sambandha rahe hone kA sUcaka ho I0 pU0 ke bAda bhI jaina dharma ke isa kSetra meM kisI na sakatA hai| svatantra tIrthakara mUrtiyoM ke atirikta dvitIrthI kisI rUpa meM astitva kI puSTi dAthAvaMza evaM hvenasAMga jina mUrti (briTiza saMgrahAlaya), ambikA, sarasvatI evaM ke ullekhoM se hotI hai / para jaina mUrti-vidhAna kI dRSTi yakSiyA~ anya lokapriya viSaya-vastu rahI haiN| jana pratimA- se 8vI zatI ke uparAnta hI isa kSetra kA mahatva sthAvijJAna ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa khaMDa- pita ho sakA thA, jahA~ choTe kendroM ke atirikta udayagiri pahAr3I para sthita navamuni (lagabhaga 11vI zatI) giri khaNDagiri pahADiyoM kI guphAnoM meM bahulatA se jaina evaM bArabhujI (lagabhaga 11vIM-12vIM zatI) guMphAnoM kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| mUrtiyA~ haiM / navamuni guphA me 10 tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha unase sambaddha yakSiyoM ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| aura bArabhujI guphA meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha unase sambaddha yakSiyoM ko janiyara risarca phailo, mUrtigata kiyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki 24 yakSiyoM ke pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama) sAmUhika citraNa kA yaha ekamAtra dUsarA jJAta udAharaNa DI- 511164-bI, sUrajakuNDa, hai / pahalA prArambhika udAharaNa devagar3ha ke zAntinAtha vArANasI-221001 (u0 pra0)

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana : Adhunika sandarbha meM pro0 zrI raMjana sUrideva, paTanA mAnavatA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya saMskRti sandarbha me, rASTrIya saMskRti ke prati niSThA tathA vyApaka makhyataH do ghArAmo me vibhakta hokara kAryazIla rahatI mAnavIya mUlyo ke AdhAra para abhinava samAja kI saMracanA pAI hai| eka hai vaidika paramparA, jise 'brAhmaNa-saMskRti' se uktavidha deza va avadhAraNAoM kA punamatyAMkana kevala ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai aura dUsarI hai avaidika bauddhika carcA ke lie hI nahIM, apitu jana-jAgaraNa ke paramparA, jo 'zramaNa-saMskRti' kI saMjJA dhAraNa karatI hai| lie bhI nitAnta Avazyaka hai| isI pariprekSya me, mAja ye donoM saMskRtiyAM paraspara eka-dUsare para hAvI hone kI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 2500 ve nirvANa-mahotsava ke abahor3a ke sAtha satata pravahamANa hai| kahanA na hogA ki ye sara para, unake jIvana-darzana kA mUlyAkana apekSita hai| dono hI saskRtiyA~ prAcIna aura aizvaryavAn hai| kintu. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana mukhyatayA ahiMsA, bhAratIya saMskRti kI aba taka jo vyAkhyA kI gaI hai, aparigraha aura anekAnta kI trayI para prAdhata hai| dRSTiusameM sirpha brAhmaNa-saMskRti kI vizeSatA para hI adhika nipuNatA tathA sabhI prANiyo ke prati sayama hI ahiMsA hai| prakAza DAlA gayA hai, jisakI vyApakatA nirvivAda hai| dRSTi nipuNatA kA prartha hai satata jAgarUkatA tathA saMyama kA kintu, brAhmaNetara saskRtiyo ke pariveza se haTakara kI prartha hai mana, vANI aura zarIra kI kriyAoM kA niyamana / jAne vAlI, bhAratIya saMskRti kI vyAkhyA ekAgI hai| jIvana ke stara para jAgarUkatA kA artha tabhI sAkAra hotA samAja-vijJAna ke cintakoM kA vicAra hai ki brAhmaNa hotA hai, jaba usakI pariNati saMyama me ho / saMyama kA saMskRti para devavAda, sukha-duHkha ke cakravat parivartana ke lakSya tabhI siddha ho sakatA hai, jaba usakA jAgarUkatA se prati nitAnta bhAgyavAdI sammAna, ekamAtra Izvara ke satata dizA-nirdeza hotA rhe| lakSyahIna aura digmraSTa katatva meM vizvAsa aura varNavAda jaisI, mAnava ko apane saMyama arthahIna kAyakleza-mAtra banakara raha jAtA hai| puruSArtha se virata karane vAlI avadhAraNAoM yA jar3Ibhata samAjagata zuci aura azuci kI avadhAraNA ke mUla meM saMskAroM kA vyApaka prabhAva hai| phalasvarUpa, hamArA deza yahI saMyama yA niyama bhrAnta arya me samAviSTa hai| kintu, vaicArika parivartana aura sAmAjika pragati ke lie prAMta- yahAM smaraNIya hai ki brAhmaNa-saskRti ke saMyama-niyama yA rika rUpa se akSama hai| isa prakAra ke dvandvila vicAro ke 'nema-gharama' se zramaNa-saskRti kA saMyama bhinna artha rakhatA samarthana aura virodha meM prAyaH brAhmaNa-granthoM yA vaidika hai| brAhmaNa-saMskRti kA saMyama Ajakala prAya: vilAsa-vaibhava zAstro ko hI prAdhAra mAnakara pakSa aura vipakSa ke vidvAn yA vyaktigata prAbhijAtya ke abhimAna kI bhAvanA se cintana karate rahe haiM / yadyapi jaina aura bauddha jaisI zramaNa- utpanna zuci aura prazuci kI avadhAraNA meM badala gayA saMskRtiyoM ke zAstroM meM jar3a saMskAroM ke parivartana aura hai| isase samAja me amIra-garIba, U~ca-nIca aura spRzyAkrAntikArI pragati kI ora prerita yA dinirdeza karane spRzya. yAnI chUta-prachUta, jaise vargabheda ko paripoSaNa mila vAlI pracara pravadhAraNAeM nihita hai| parantu, durbhAgyavaza rahA hai| kintu, bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zramaNa saskRti ke adhikAMza samAjacintaka zramaNa-saMskRti kI ukta avadhAra- sandarbha meM jJAnadRSTi ke prAdhAra para jIvana-caryA kA sayaNAmoM se aparicita rahe haiN| pratha ca, dArzanika vidvAn mana hI tAtvika saMyama hai| jIvana-caryA ke saMyamana ke inheM kevala zuSka narka kA viSaya banAe hue haiN| prAdhunika binA mAnava-jAti meM ekatA kI pratiSThA tathA vilAsa

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108, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta vaibhava kA niyantraNa sambhava nahI hai| ekatA aura samatA bhoga yA vilAsa-vaibhava ke sthAna para saMyama yA brahmacarya saMyama aura niyantraNa ke prabhAva kI sthiti meM hiMsA kI rakhane kA krAntikArI sandeza diyaa| pravati ko protsAhana milatA hai, jisase janatA kA duHkha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aparigraha tathA mahiMsA ke siddhAMta baDhatA hai / isalie dUsare ke du.kha ko dUra karane kI dharma- aArthika vikAsa tathA vartamAna samAja kI AkAMkSAoM vatti ko hI ahiMsA kahA gayA hai / 'parassa adukkhakaraNa ko Upara uThAne meM adhikAdhika sAdhaka siddha ho sakate dhammo ti| ( vasudeva hiNDI ) hai| kisI ke jIvanAdhikAra kA pratikramaNa na karanA . bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sampUrNa mAnava-jAti ko ekatA ahiMsA hai| jIvana kA adhikAra jIvana ke pramukha tIna kA sandeza diyaa| unhone kahA-- janma se koI kisI sAdhano-bhojana, vastra aura AvAsa kI samasyAoM se jAti kA mahI hotA, karma se usakI jAti kA nirdhAraNa saMpRkta hai| ina sAdhanoM ke binA jIvana kI sattA Tika hI hotA hai / brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ye saba janmanA nahI sktii| tAtkAlika AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha nahIM, karmaNA hote hai / arthAt, karma kI zucitA aura azu. karanA sarvathA anucita hai| kyoki isase dUsare loga vaMcita citA ke AdhAra para hI kisI manuSya kI uccatA yA hote hai / AvazyakatA kI patti me bhI svAmitva kA bhAva nIcatA nirbhara karatI hai| usame janma se hIna yA ucca vajita hai| parigraha svAmitva kA rUpAntaraNa to hai hI, jaisA bhAva kucha nahI hai| pratyeka prANI, cAhe vaha eka pratigata aura sArvajanika jIvana ke sAdhanoM para vyaktigata choTA-sA kIr3A ho yA prAdamI, aAtmasattA ke stara para sattA kA prAropaNa bhI hai| zoSaNa aura saMgraha isI parisamAna hai| usameM antanihita sambhAvanAe samAna hai / graha ke kriyAtmaka rUpa hai / aura, isI ke nimitta jAti yA varNa se koI zreSTha yA prazreSTha, spRzya yA aspRzya kAlAbAjArI, karoM kI corI, rAjyaviruddha taskara-vyApAra nahI hotaa| vikAsakrama se gujara kara eka kITa bhI kabhI milAvaTa, aprAmANika mApa-taula prAdi jaghanya kRtya kiye siddhAtmA hokara lokAgra para avasthita ho sakA hai| isa jAte hai| isIlie, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tyAga aura saMyama, prakAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jAti ko mahatva na dekara aparigraha pIra pracaurya-pUrvaka bhojana, vastra aura prAvAsa ke mAnavatA ko hI sarvopari sthAna diyA hai| adhigrahaNa kA Adeza diyA hai / prAdhunika parigrahavAda para mAnavatA kI pratiSThA ke lie hI bhagavAna mahAvIra izApAnaSad ke IzopaniSad ke racayitA ne bhI kazAghAta kiyA hai : 'tena ne IzvaravAda kI avahelanA karake puruSArtha ko mahattva tyaktena bhuMjIthA, mA gRdhaH kasyasvid dhanam / ' niSkarSa yaha diyA / sAmAnyatayA IzvaravAda aura bhAgyavAda ke vyApaka ki apane lie kama se kama upabhoga karanA aura dUsaroM ke siddhAnta se puruSArtha kI avadhAraNA zithila paDa jAtI hai| lie adhika-se-adhika chor3anA tathA svAmitva kA sarvathA isIlie, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke manIzvaravAda me mAnava- parityAga hI aparigraha hai| sattA kI mahattA ko hI spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdita kiyA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne aparigraha ke vrata para isalie gayA hai| unake matAnusAra, Izvara nAmaka koI sRSTikartA bala diyA hai ki ve jAnate the-Arthika asamAnatA aura paura sRSTiniyAmaka sattA nahI hai / prAtmA yA jIva kI prAvazyaka vastumo kA anucita sagraha sAmAjika jIvana zuddha, buddha aura mukta avasthA hI Izvara hai| jIva kA ko vighaTita kara dene vAlA hai| dhana kA sImAkana svastha siddhatva hI apane Apa me Izvaratva kI avasthiti hai| samAja ke nirmANa ke lie anivArya hai| dhana sAmAjika pratyeka puruSArthI manuSya mokSa kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| vyavasthA kA AdhAra hotA hai aura usake kucha hAthoM me isIlie. bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhAgyavAda ke sthAna para sImita hone se samAja kA sampUrNa vikAsa nahI ho pAtA puruSArtha, karmakANDa ke sthAna para sApanA, vaiSabhya ke sthAna hai| jIvanopayogI vastupro kA saMgraha samAja meM kRtrima para samatA, hiMsA ke sthAna para ahiMsA, yuddha ke sthAna para prabhAva kI kaSTakara sthiti paidA karatA hai / mahAvIra ne ni:zastrIkaraNa, parigraha ke sthAna para tyAga aura viSaya- aise samAja-cAtaka parigrahavAda ke virodha meM mAvAja

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-rzana : prAthanika sandarbha meM umaI aura aparigraha ke sAmAjika mUlya kI sthApanA ki sApekSa stara para satya ko usake sandarbho meM dekhA jAya kii| 'parosparopagraho jIvAnAma' arthAta jIvo ke prati aura use una sandarbho meM aMtarnihita rUpoM ke dvArA sammAparaspara upakAra kI bhAvanA hI unakI sAdhanA kA lakSya vita kiyA jAya / satya ke sandarbha meM 'sva' aura 'para' kI thaa| bhAvanA vyartha hai / satya caMki niyaktika sattA hai, isalie jIvana kA majikramasa artha ke stara para hI nahI, usakA sAkSAtkAra nirvaiyaktika stara para hI sambhava hai| sabanama maura vicAra ke stara para bhI hotA hai / apane yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra kI bhASA syAdvAdI hai| yaha vicAro ko dUsaroM para bAda kara unheM tadanukala calane ke 'syAt' zabda jAgatika stara para sApekSatA kI sUcanA detA lie bAdhya karanA bhayAvaha hiMsA hai| hai to yaha bhAva- hai| isa sApekSatA ko samajhane kI anAgraha-vatti ko hI hiMsA, kintu isakA duSprabhAva dravya-hiMsA se bhI adhika 'bhanekAnta' kahate hai| tIvra hotA hai / bhAvahisA hI antatogatvA dravyAhisA uparivivecita ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anekAnta kI meM badala jAtI hai| vizeSatayA dharma ke nAma para isa prakAra trayI meM ahiMsA sumeru kI taraha pratiSThita hai / kahanA yaha kI hiMsA bahuta hotI rahatI hai / madhyakAlIna yUropa ke ki mahAvIra kA sampUrNa jIvana-cakra ahiMsA kI dhurI para dharmayuddha isake sAkSI haiM / manuSya ne dharma ke nAma para manuSya hI dhamatA hai| ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie hiMsA kA pariko jindA jalAyA, usakA rakta bahAyA aura usakI ijjata- jJAna paramAvazyaka hai| kyoMki hiMsA ke aneka prAyAma hai, ghAbarU ke sAtha khilavAr3a kiyA / Aja bhI deza meM sAmpra- jinake samAnAntara hI ahiMsA ke pAyAma sthita hai / zarIra bAyika unmAda yadA-kadA phUTa par3atA hai| dharma ke nAma para ke stara para hiMsA prANAtipAta hai, jIvana-sAdhanoM ke stara hI yaha deza saNDita humA aura ghora lajjAjanaka saMhAra- para hone vAlI hiMsA parigraha hai aura vicAroM ke stara para lIlAeM huii| kahanA na hogA ki sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatA ko jAne vAlI hiMsA ekAntavAdI prAgraha hai| isalie, baicArika sahiSNatA ko umAratI hai / isa saMdarbha meM bhaga- ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anekAnta ke bIca koI vibhAjaka vAna mahAvIra kA anekAntavAda, prAdhunika samAjavAdI- rekhA nahI khIcI jA sakatI / tIno ahiMsA kI hI dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA se atizaya nikaTa hone ke mUlabhUta prANa sattA kI abhivyaktiyAM hai| ahiMsA kI sAtha hI vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika vicAroM ko svastha samagra sAdhanA ke rUpa meM hI aparigraha pora anekAnta samAbanAne meM tato'dhika prabhAvakArI hai| hita haiN| inhe hI hama 'ratnatraya' bhI kaha sakate hai : anemahAvIra kA kathana hai-satya anantamala hai| apane ko kAnta samyagjJAna hai, aparigraha samyagdarzana hai aura ahiMsA aikAntika rUpa se sahI mAnanA aura dUsare ko galata sama- samyakcAritra hai| ahiMsA hI jIvana kI sahI daSTi bhanA satya kA apalApa karanA hai| kisI ko sarvathA galata vahI jI pAyegA, jo jIne degaa| kisI kI bhI jIvana mAnanA vaicArika stara para hiMsA hai, usakI jIvana-sattA sattA kA atikramaNa hamArI apanI hI jIvana sattA kI koM asvIkAra karanA hai| isase svayaM satya kI hatyA hotI atikramaNa hai| hai| eka dasare kA satya paraspara saNDita hone para domo kula milA kara, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jaina dharmajana samma stara para samAna pratiSThA ke yogya hai| kisI kA kA sIdhA uddezya sAmAjika Andolana se maaz patra use pitA kahatA hai, to bahana use bhAI kaha kara pukA- ke tIna mukhya bhaga hote hai : darzana, karmakANDa aura samAja. to isalie vaha na kevala pitA hai, na bhAI hI hai, nIti / Adhunika sandarbha me kisI bhI dharma kI upayogitA pratimApekSa stara para vaha pitA aura bhAI dono hI hai| kA mUlyAMkana usakI samAjanIti se kiyA jAtA hai| mahAprata eva. kisI bAta para ekAnta bhAmaha hisA hai, jobama bora ke pravacanoM se spaSTa hai ki jainadharma kI utpatti tatkA THI kinta. anekAntika mAmaha mahilA hai, lIna bhADambara pUrNa, samAja-vyavasthA ke virodha meM eka jIvana kA sammAna hai| anekAnta darzana kA sAra yahI hai sazakta krAnti ke rUpa meM huI thii| mahAvIra ne varga-vaSaya

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110, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta miTA kara samatA kI sthApanA, dArzanika matavAdoM meM ko bhI vistRta pRSThabhUmi pradAna kii| ahiMsA, aparigraha samanvaya, dhAmika prADambaroM kA bahiSkAra, pazubali kA aura anekAnta nizcaya hI mahAvIra ke sAmAjika tathyAharA anAvazyaka dhana-saMcaya kI varjanA, nArI-samAja kA nveSaNa ke pariNAma hai| koI bhI mAtma-sAdhaka mahApuruSa nAdi kArya-prakriyAoM dvArA sAmAjika Andolana laukika yA sAmAjika vyavasthA ke mAdhAra bhUta tatvoM kI kI gati ko tIvratA aura kSipratA pradAna kI thii| pUrvokta upekSA nahIM kara sakatA / mahAvIra ne pada-dalita logoM ko mA. aparigraha aura anekAnta ke siddhAnta nizcaya hI sAmAjika sammAna dekara unameM prAtmAbhimAna kI bhAvanA janika samAja kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie prati- ko ubuddha kiyaa| unhoMne harikezI jaise cANDAla ko zaya upayogI hai| gale lagAyA, to striyoM ko puruSoM ke samakakSa pratiSThA kI nirdhanatA, jAtivAda aura sampradAyavAda jaisI viSama adhikAriNI ghoSita kiyaa| aura vyApaka samasyAoM ke atirikta vyaktigata mAcAravicAra kI samasyAoM ke bhI vyAvahArika samAdhAna jaina- mahAvIra ne apane vicAroM kI abhivyakti ke lie dharma-darzana meM pratyakSarUpeNa upalabdha haiM / mahAvIra kI dRSTi tatkAlIna janabhASA prAkRta kA mAdhyama svIkAra kiyaa| meM matabheda saMgharSa kA kAraNa nahI, apitu unmukta mastiSka yaha unakI janatAntrika dRSTi ke vikAsa kA paricAyaka kI prAvAja hai| isI tathya ko prakaTa karane ke lie unhoMne pakSa hai / bhASA kA jIvana ke sAtha avicchinna sambandha hai, kahA ki vastu ekapakSIya nahIM, apitu anekapakSIya hai| isa tathya ko ve jAnate the; isalie apane samAjoddhAraka pratyeka vyakti satya ke naye pakSa kI khoja kara samAja kI vicAroM ke pracAra ke lie janatA kI bhASA kA prayoga samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kara sakatA hai| nissandeha, 'bhanekA- karate the| unhoMne maharniza janabhASA meM jana-jIvana ke nta' samAja kA gatyAtmaka siddhAnta hai, jo jIvana me vaicArika unnAyaka mUlyavAna tattvoM kA hI vaijJAnika vivecana kiyA pragati kA mAhAna karatA hai| apane ko pahacAne binA hai, jo samasAmayika bhAratIya samAja ko sahI dizA de samAja kI nAr3I ko pakar3a pAnA azakya hai| prata ema. sakate hai| mahAvIra kA sampUrNa jIvana prAtma-sAdhana ke pazcAt sAmA- sampAdaka, jika mUlyo kA pratiSThApanA meM hI vyatIta huA / unhone pariSada, patrikA, vyakti ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie eka ora AtmavikAsa kA bihAra rASTrabhASA-pariSada, patha prazasta kiyA to dUsarI ora loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA paTanA-4, satya kI khoja samikkha paMDie tamhA pAsa jAipahe bh| appaNA saccamesejjA metti bhUssa kappae // artha-vidvAna puruSa saMsAra-paribhramaNa ke kAraNoM ko bhalI-bhAMti samajhakara apane pApa satya ko khoja kare mora saba jIvoM para maMtrI-bhAva rkhe| vigiya ca kammaNo heDaM, jasaM saMciNu khNtie| sarIraM pADhavaM hiccA, uDDhaM pakkamaI visN|| karmabandha ke kAraNoM ko DhUMDho, unakA chedana karo aura phira kSamA prAdi ke dvArA prakSaya yaza kA saMcaya kro| sAdhaka pArthiva zarIra ko chor3akara, udhvaM gati (mokSa) ko prApta karatA hai|

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zramaNa-paramparA ko prAcInatA paM0 kalAzacandra zAstrI, vArANasI mAja sarvatra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke paccIsavIM samaya taka yaha nadI pAryoM ke saMsAra kI sImA mAnI jAtI zatI mahotsava ke rUpa meM manAI jA rahI hai| bhagavAna thii| isake bhAge yatheccha unakA mAnA-jAnA nahIM thaa| mahAvIra kA janma vihAra pradeza meM huA thaa| isI pradeza bRhadAraNyaka upanizada zatapatha brAhmaNa kA antima meM kaThora tapasyA ke dvArA unhoMne kevalajJAna prApta kiyA bhAga mAnA jAtA hai| isI se vidvAn usakA racanA-kAla thaa| isI pradeza ke vipulAcala para unakI prathama dharmadezanA pAThavIM zatAbdI IsvI pUrva mAnate haiN| yahI samaya bhagavAna huI thI aura jisa loka-bhASA meM huI thI, usakA nAma bhI mahAvIra ke pUrvaja tIrthakara pAzvanAtha kA hai jo kAzI isI pradeza ke nAma para ardhamAgadhI hai| isI pradeza se nagarI meM janme the| unake jIvana kI ghaTanA hai ki eka unhoMne nirvANa-lAma kiyaa| isa taraha yaha pradeza bhagavAna yA / isa taraha yaha pradaza bhagavAna dina vaha gaMgA ke taTa para gye| vahAM kucha tApasa paMcAgni mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha itanA susambaddha hai ki na to tapa karate the| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (4-3-12) meM hA isa pradeza ke vinA bhagavAna mahAvIra ko rakhA jA sakatA hama tApasI aura zramaNoM kA nirdeza mAtra pAte haiN| yAzahai aura na mahAvIra ke vinA isa pradeza kI hI garimA kA vAlkya janaka se prAtmA kA svarUpa batalAte hue kahate hai bakhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ki "isa suSupta avasthA meM zramaNa prazramaNa aura tApasa tIrthaGkara to anekoM hue kintu jinake pAMcoM kalyANaka pratApasa ho jAtA hai|" apane janma-pradeza meM hI hue, aise ekAkI tIrthakara mahA yaza-pradhAna brAhmaNa-saMskRti vIra haiN| sarvasva tyAga dene para bhI mAno vaha apanI isa zatapatha brAhmaNa meM tapa se vizva kI utpatti batajanma bhUmi kA moha nahIM tyAga sake the| mAtR bhUmi aura . lAI hai| pratidina agnihotra karanA eka pradhAna karma thaa| mAtRbhASA sacamuca meM mAtA se bhI bar3hakara hai| isakI utpatti kI kathA isa prakAra batalAI hai-"prArambha pUrvI bhArata meM vaidika sabhyatA kA praveza-manISiyo meM prajApati ekAkI thaa| usakI aneka hone kI icchA kA vicAra hai ki aMga, magadha, kAzI, kosala aura videha huii| usane tapasyA kii| usake mukha se agni utpanna meM vaidika sabhyatA kA praveza bahuta kAla pazcAt huA thaa| hii| caMki saba devatAoM meM agni prathama utpanna huI; zata0 brA0 (1-4-1) meM likhA hai ki 'sarasvatI nadI se isI se use pagni kahate haiN| usakA yathArtha nAma agni agni ne pUrva kI bhora prayANa kiyaa| usake pIche videSa, / pachi vidadhA hai| mukha se utpanna hone ke kAraNa agni kA bhakSaka honA mAdhava aura gautama rAhagaNa the| sabako jalAtI aura mArga svAbhAvika thaa| kintu usa samaya pRthvI para kucha bhI nahIM kI nadiyoM ko sukhAtI huI vaha agni sadAnIrA ke taTa para thaa| ataH prajApati ko cintA huI, taba usane apanI phuNcii| use vaha nahIM jalA skii| taba mAdhava ne agni vANI ko mAhati dekara apanI rakSA kii| jaba vaha marA se pUchA-'maiM kahAM rahUM?" usane uttara diyA-- "terA "tarA to use agni para rakhA gayA; kintu agni ne umake zarIra ho nivAsa isa nadI ke pUraba meM ho| aba taka bhI yaha nadI para nadA ko hI jlaayaa|" prataH pratyeka vyakti ko agnihotra kA kosaloM paura videhoM kI sImA hai|" caahie| yadi nayA jIvana prApta karanA cAhate ise vaidika AyoM ke sarasvatI nadI ke taTa se sadA- agnihotra kro| nIrA ke taTa taka bar3hane ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai| bahuta Rgveda kA pahalA maMtra hai 'pagnima yA pAra yogI

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112, varSa 28, ki01 pranekAnta yajJasya devamRtvijam / hotAra ratnadhAtamam / agni devoM ke arthAt zivakAla me vidyAbhyAsa karate hai, yauvana meM purohita hai| purohita kA artha hai, Age rakhA humaa| viSayabhoga karate hai, vRddhAvasthA meM munivRtti arthAt vAnaagni meM Ahuti dekara hI devoM ko tuSTa kiyA jA sakatA prasthAzrama meM rahate haiM aura anta meM yoga ke dvArA zarIra tyAga karate haiN| brAhmaNagranthoM ke kAla meM yajJo kA prAdhAnya rahA / gautama dharmasUtra meM (410) me eka prAcIna bhArya kA unake pazcAt prAraNyakoM kA samaya prAtA hai| devatAvizeSa mata hai ki vedoM ko to eka gahasthAzrama hI mAnya hai| ke uddezya se unakA tyAga hI yajJa hai / yaha mAraNyakoM atharvaveda aura brAhmaNa granthoM meM brahmacaryAzrama kA, vizeSataH ko mAnya nahIM hai / brAhmaNagranthoM kA sarvocca lakSya svarga kSya svaga upanayana kA, vidhAna hai kintu cAra pAzramoM kA ullekha thA aura usakI pragati kA mArga yA yajJa / kintu mAraNyakoM chA. upa. meM hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM kisI saMnyAsI ke meM yaha bAta nahI hai / taittirIya bhAraNyaka meM hI prathama darzana nahI hote, sarvatra vAnaprastha milate hai, bAra zramaNa zabda tapasvI ke artha meM pAyA hai| lokamAnya tilaka ne apane gItA rahasya meM likhA hai-- Rgveda ke saMkalayitA RSi araNyavAsI RSiyoM se vedasaMhitA aura brAhmaNoM meM saMnyAsa ko prAvazyaka nahI bhinna the| ve araNya meM nahIM rahate the| vaidika sAhitya meM khaa| ulTe jaimini ne vedoM kA yahI spaSTa mata batalAyA 'araNya' zabda ke jo artha pAye jAte hai, unase isa para prakAza par3atA hai| Rgveda meM gAMva ke bAhara kI binA jutI hai ki gRhasthAzrama meM rahane se hI mokSa milatA hai| jamIna ke artha meM 'araNya' zabda kA prayoga hamA hai| zata (vedAntasUtra 3, 4, 17, 20,) unakA yaha kathana kucha nirAdhAra bhI nahIM hai kyoMki karmakANDa ke isa prAcIna mArga patha brAhmaNa (5 / 3 / 35) meM likhA hai-araNya meM cora basate ko gauNa mAnane kA prArambha upaniSadoM meM hI pahale pahala hai| bRhadA0 upa. (5 / 11) me likhA hai-'murde ko bharaNya dekhA jAtA hai| upaniSatkAla meM hI yaha mata amala me me le jAte hai kintu chA0 upa0 (143) meM likhA hai mAne lagA ki mokSa pAne ke lie jJAna ke pazcAt vairAgya ki araNya me tapasvI jana nivAsa karate hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai-jaba vaidika Arya pUraba kI pora se karma-saMnyAsa karanA caahiye|' ityAdi / bar3he to yajJa pIche raha gaye aura yajJa kA sthAna ta la kintu prAcIna upaniSadoM meM vahI purAnI kani milatI liyA, kintu tapa ko svIkAra karane para bhI marya devatAmoM hai-zatapatha brA. (13, 4-1-1) ma likhA hai-'etad va ke purohita agni ko nahIM chor3a sake; ataH paJcAgnitapa jarAmarya satraM yad agni hotram' arthAt jaba taka jiyo, pravartita huA / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ko gaMgA ke taTa para agnihotra karo / IzA0 upa0 meM kahA hai--'kurvanneveha paJcAgni tapa tapane vAle aise hI tapasvI mile the| karmANi jijIveSet zataM samA' arthAt eka manuSya ko mAdhama-patuSTaya apane jIvana bhara karma karate hue sau varSa taka jIne kI cAra AzramoM kI vyavasthA bhI cintya hai| bAdANa ko icchA karanI cAhiye / bodhAyana aura Apastamba sUtroM meM brahmacArI aura gRhastha ke rUpa meM jIvana bitAne ke bAda bhI gRhasthAzrama ko hI mukhya kahA hai| smRtiyoM ko bhI saMnyAsI ho jAnA cAhiye, yaha niyama vaidika sAhitya meM kucha aisI hI sthiti hai| manusmRti meM saMnyAsa pAzrama kA kathana karake bhI anya prAzramoM kI apekSA gahasthAzrama ko nahIM miltaa| paurANika paramparA ke anusAra rAjya tyAga kara bana meM cale jAne kI prathA kSatriyoM meM pracalita thii| hI zreSTha kahA hai| kavi kulaguru kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza me raghunoM kA bamaNa-dharma kA mahatva varNana karate hue kahA hai isake viparIta jaina dharma ke anusAra pasaNa dharma ko zaizave'bhyasta vidyAnAM yauvane viSaya'SiNAm / apanAye binA mokSa kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| gRhasthavArdhake munivRttInAM yogenAnte tanutyajAm / dharma muvi-dharma kA laghu rUpa hai aura jo muni-dharma kA

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zramaNa-paramparA ko prAcInatA pAlana karane meM asamartha hotA hai, vaha gahastha dharma kA gambhaTriyassa jassa u hiraNavaTThI sakaMcaNA pddiyo| pAlana karatA hai| teNaM hiraNNagambho jayammi ugijjae usabho / tyAjyA najanaviSayAn pazyano'pi jinAjJayA / arthAta jimake garbha me yAne para muvarNa ko vRSTi huI, mohAttyanumazaktasya gRhidharmo'numanyate / / isI se RSabha jagat me hiraNyagarbha khlaaye| jo jinadeva ke upadezAnumAra, saMsAra ke viSayo ko Rgveda ma. 10, sUkta 121 kI pahalI RcA isa tyAjya jAnate hae bhI mohavaza chor3ane meM asamartha hai, use prakAra haigahastha-dharma kA pAlana karane kI anumati dI jAtI hai| hiraNyagarbha samavartatA bhatasya jAtaH patireka mAsIt / jaina dharma ke pA~ca vrata prasiddha hai - ahiMsA, satya, sa dAdhAra pRthivI dyAMmutemA kasma devAya haviSA vidhema // pracaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / inakA sarva deza-pAlana isameM kahA gayA hai ki pahale hiraNyagarbha hue| vaha prANIthamaNa karate hai aura ekadeza ko gRhastha pAlatA hai / ataH mAtra ke eka svAmI the| unhoMne prAkAza sahita pRthvI ko zramaNoM ke vratoM ko mahAvrata aura gRhasthoM ke vratoM ko dhAraNa kiyaa| aNuvrata kahate hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara mahAvIra paryanta caubIsoM tIrthakaro ne gahavAsa chor3a kara zramaNa ughara mahAbhArata zAntiparva a. 346 me hiraNyagarbha dharma ko agIkAra kiyA thaa| ko yoga kA vaktA kahA hai---- 'hiraNyagarbhaH yogasya vaktA nAgyaH puraatnH|' vaidika sAhitya meM zramaNa tattva __ zrImadbhAgavata me RSabhadeva kA jo citraNa hai, vaha prarthAt hiraNyagarbha yogamArga ke pravartaka hai, anya koI bhI jaina mAnyatA kA hI samarthana karatA hai| usame unakI unase prAcIna nahI hai| to kyA RSabha hI to hiraNyagarbha tapasyA kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai-usa samaya kevala nahIM haiM ? zarIra mAtra usake pAsa thA aura ve digambara-veSa meM bhagavAn RSabha ikSvAkuvaMzI the| ikSvAku mUlataH puru nagna vicaraNa karate the / mauna se rahate the| koI DarAye, rAjAmoM kI eka paramparA thii| yadyapi Rgveda meM puruSoM mAre, Upara thake, patthara pheMke, mutra viSThA pheke to ina ko sarasvatI ke taTa para batalAyA gayA hai| kintu uttara sabakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete the| yaha zarIra asata padAthoM ikSvAkutroM kA samvandha ayodhyA se thaa| jaina zAstroM meM kA ghara hai, aisA samajha kara ahaMkAra mama-kAra kA tyAga ayodhyA ko hI RSabhadeva kA janma sthAna mAnA hai| karakaM akele bhramaNa karate the| unakA kAmadeva ke samAna ughara sAMkhyAyana zrautra sUtra me hiraNyagarbha ko kausalya kahA gayA hai| ayodhyA ko kosala deza meM kahA gayA hai| prataH sundara zarIra malina ho gayA thA, Adi / kosala deza meM janma lene se RSabhadeva ko kausalya kahA isI meM yaha bhI kahA hai ki vAtarazana zramaNo ke dharma jA sakatA hai / isa taraha yoga ke vaktA hiraNyagarbha ke sAtha kA upadeza dene ke lie unakA avatAra hA / janmahIna yogI RSabha kI ekarUpatA anveSaNIya hai| RSabhadeva jI kA anukaraNa karanA to dUra, anukaraNa karane kA manoratha bhI koI anya yogI nahIM kara sakatA kyoki zramaNa-paramparA aura purAtattva jisa yogabala ko RSabha jI ne prasAra samajhakara grahaNa sindhu-ghATI ke utkhanana ke sahayogI zrI rAma prasAda nahIM kiyA, anya yogI usI ko pAne pAne kI ceSTAe candA ne apane eka lekha meM likhA hai--'mohejodar3o se prApta karate haiN| lAla pASANa kI mUrti, jise pujArI kI mUrti samajha liyA / jaina granthoM meM RSabha ko hiraNyagarbha bhI kahA hai gayA hai, mujhe eka yogI kI mUrti pratIta hotI hai| vaha kyoki unake garbha meM mAne para prakAza se svarNa kI varSA mujhe isa niSkarSa para pahuMcane ke lie prerita karatI hai ki huI thii| yathA sindhughATI meM usa samaya yogAbhyAsa hotA thA pora yogI

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114, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta kI mudrA meM mUrtiyAM pUjI jAtI thiiN| moheMjodar3o aura NAnAmRSINAm' Adi likhA hai, ye zabda anumandhAna kI harappA se prApta mohareM jina para manuSya rUpa meM devoM kI dRSTi se mahatva ke hai| pAkRti aMkita hai, mere isa niSkarSa ko pramANita karatI taittirIya pAra0 meM bhI isI prakAra kahA hai-'vAta zanA ha RSayaH zramaNA Urdhvapanthino babhUvuH (2-7) / 'sindhupATI se prApta moharoM para baiTho avasthA me Rgveda (10-136-2) me bhI muniyo ke liye vAtaaMkita matiyAM hI yoga kI mudrA meM nahIM hai kintu rAr3I razanA kahA hai| avasthA meM aMkita mUrtiyAM bhI yoga kI kAyotsarga mudrA ko atharvaveda (22543) me indra ke dvArA yatiyoM kA batalAtI hai| mathurA myUjiyama meM dUsarI zatI kI kAyo- vaya kiye jAne ko kathA AtI hai| ssarga meM sthita RSabhadeva jina kI eka mUrti hai / isa mUrti yaha kathA etareya brA. (7-2%) aura paJcaviMza kI zelI sindhu se prApta mohage para akita khar3I huI brAhmaNa (13 / 4 / 7, 8 / 14) meM bhI pAI hai / deva-matiyoM kI zailI se bilkula milatI hai / RSabha yA sAyaNa ne apane bhASya me likhA haivRSabha kA artha baMla hotA hai aura RSabhadeva tIrthakara kA 'yatina-patayo nAma niyamazIlA prAsuryA prajA: ciddha bala hai| mohara na. 3 se 5 taka ke Upara akita yadvA'tra yatigabdena vedAntArthavicArazanyA parivrAjakA devamatiyoM ke sAtha baila bhI akita hai jo Rpabha kA pUrva- vivkssitaa.| (atharva) rUpa ho sakatA hai| arthAt yati kA artha hai vrata-niyama kA pAlana karane vAle isI para DA. rAdhAkumada mukarjI ne apanI hindu asura loga / athavA yahA~ yati zabda vedAnta ke vicAra se sabhyatA nAmaka pustaka me likhA hai : zrI candA ne 6 anya zUnya parivrAjaka lenA caahie|' moharoM para khaDI haI mUrtiyoM kI ora bhI dhyAna dilAyA paJcaviMza brAhmaNa kI vyAkhyA meM sAyaNa ne eka hai / phalaka 12 aura 118 prAkRti 7 (mArzala kRti mohe sthAna para yati kA artha 'yajana virodhI janA.' kiyA hai| jodaDo) kAyotsarga nAmaka yogAsana meM khaDe hue devatAyo arthAta indra ne yatiyo ko mArA, ve saba yajJayAgAdi virodhI ko sacita karatI hai| yaha mudrA jaina yogiyoM kI tapazcaryA aura vedaviruddha vrataniyamAdi kA pAlana karane vAle the| meM vizeSa rUpa se milatI hai; jaise matharA paMgrahAlaya me Rgveda ke vAtarazana muni, te. prA. ke vAtarazana zramaNa sthApita tIrthakara zrI RSabhadeva kI mUrtiyAM / RSabha dA bhinna pratIta nahI hote / ve hI sambhavataH yati bhI hoN| bharya hai baila jo prAdinAtha kA lakSaNa hai| muhara saMkhyA zrI madbhAgavat meM unhI vAtarazana zramaNo ke dharma ke sAtha F.G. H. phalaka do para akita devamUti meM eka baila hI RSabhAvatAra ko jor3A gayA hai / yaha Akasmika pratIta banA hai / saMbhava hai yaha RSabha kA hI pUrva rUpa ho| yadi nahIM hotaa| ina sabake prakAza me zramaNa paramparA kI aisA ho to zeva-dharma kI taraha jaina-dharma kA mUla bhI tAmra prAcInatA kA darzana hotA hai| umI paramparA ko bhagavAna yugIna sindhu sabhyatA taka calA jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne apanA kara grAja se 2500 varSa pahale pAvA (hi. saM. 23-24) se nirvANa lAbha kiyA thaa| hama unakI usa zuddha-buddha ukta tathyoM ke prakAza meM jaina dharma ke prathama tIrthakara prAtmA ko namana karake apanI zraddhAJjali arpita karate yogI RSabhadeva kI sthiti purAtattvajJo ke lie anveSaNa hai| kA rucikara viSaya ho sakatI hai aura unakI sthiti 10 spaSTa hone para zramaNa paramparA ke udgama para bhI prakAza adhiSThAtA-syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, par3a sakatA hai| zrI madbhAgavat meM jo 'vAsaraganAnAMpA. bI-3180, bhadainI, vArANasI

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madhya pradeza kI prAcIna jaina kalA 0pro0 kRSNa datta vAjapeyI, sAgara lalita kalApro ke vikAsa ko daSTi se bhArata ke meM deza ke vibhinna bhAgo me jaina dharma kA jo itanA madhyavartI kSetra kA vizeSa mahatva hai| prAgaitihAsika yuga se adhika prasAra humrA, usakA eka mukhya kAraNa vyApAriyoM lekara uttara-madhyakAla taka isa bhU bhAga me lalita kalAye dvArA bahuta bar3I saMkhyA me jaina mandiroM, maThoM, aneka rUpo meM saMvita hotI rhii| narmadA ke uttara me vidhya mUrtiyo Adi kA nirmANa karAnA tathA vidvAnoM ko kI upatyakAmo meM Adima jana eka dIrghakAla taka zilA- protsAhana pradAna karanA thaa| zrayoM meM nivAsa karate the| ve apanI gRhAmro kI dIvAlo madhyapradeza kSetra meM bharahuta tathA sAcI bauddha kalA ke aura chato para citrakArI karate the| adhikAza prAcIna prArambhika kendroM ke rUpa me prakhyAta hai| vidizA, erana, citra aAja bhI ina guhAyo meM surakSita hai pIra tatkAlIna mumarA, nacanA Adi aneka sthalo para vaiSNava tathA zavadharmoM jana-jIvana para rocaka prakAza DAlate hai / kA vikAma maurya yuga me lekara gupta yuga taka bar3e rUpa meM hmaa| jahA taka jaina dharma kA sambandha hai, andhati dvArA isa kSetra meM se hokara aneka baDe mArga jAte the| ye isa kSetra meM isa dharma ke udabhava tathA prArambhika vikAsa mArga mukhyata. vyApArika suvidhA hetu banAye gaye the| dharma- para rocaka prakAza paDatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM vidizA pracAra tathA sAdhAraNa AvAgamana ke lie bhI unakA upa- nagarI kA ulnava bar3e sammAna ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai aura yoga hotA thaa| eka bar3A mArga ilAhAbAda jile ke prAcIna yaha kahA gayA hai ki ima nagarI meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI kauzAmbI nagara se bharahuna (ji0 matanA), erana (prAcIna pUjA prArambha meM 'jIvanta mvAmI' ke rUpa me hotI thii| airikiNa, ji. sAgara), gyArasapura tathA vidizA hote anati ke aAdhAra para, avanti ke gAmaka pradyota ne isa hae ujjana ko jAtA thaa| ujjaina se godAvarI taTa para pratimA ko geruvA (sidhu-sauvIra rAjya) me lAkara vidizA sthita pratiSThAna (aAdhunika paThana) nagara taka mArga jAtA meM pratiSThApita kiyA thaa| isa pratimA ke sammAna me rththaa| anya baDA mArga mathurA se padmAvatI (gvAliyara ke yAtrAmo ke utmava bar3e samAroha ke mAtha nikalate the| pAsa pavAyA), kAntipurI (murenA jile kA kutavAra), vidinA ke atirikta ujjayinI (ujjaina) meM bhI tumbavana (tumaina, jilA gunA), devagaDha (ji. jhAsI) jaina dharma ke prArambhika pracAra kA ullekha 'kAlakAcAryahotA hA vidizA ko jAtA thaa| tumbavana se eka mArga kathAnaka' prAdi granthoM meM upalabdha hai| kauzAbI ko jor3atA thaa| ina mAgoM para aneka nagarI ke ga mAtavAhana kAla (I0 pUrva dUsarI zatI se lagabhaga atirikta choTe gA~va bhI the| vyApArI tathA anya loga jo 200 I. taka) me vidizA meM yakSa-pUjA kA pracalana thaa| ina mArgoM meM yAtrA karate the, ina mArgoM ke upayukta sthAno yakSoM tathA yakSiyoM kI aneka mahattvapUrNa mUtiyA vidizA se para mandirI, stupoM, dharmazAlAyo grAdi kA nirmANa karAne milI hai| kucha varSa pUrva betavA nadI ro yakSa yakSI kI the| bar3e nagaro, gAvo tathA vanyasthalo me aneka mandiro vizAla pratimAyeM prApta huI, jo aba vidizA ke saMgrahAlaya prAdi ke avazeSa mile hai| ina jaina smArako tathA kalA- meM surakSita hai / nAga-pUjA kA bhI pracAra vidizA, panAkRtiyo kI saMkhyA bahuta bar3I hai| tumana, devagaDha, caMderI, vatI, kAntipurI grAdi sthAno meM bar3e rUpa me humA / nAgabona, prahAra, vidizA, khajurAho Adi sthAna jaina vAstu nAgiyo kI pratimAyeM sarpAkAra tathA mAnavAkAra donoM tathA mUrtikalA ke pramukha kendra bane / madhyakAla rUpo meM banAI jAtI thii|

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116, varSa 28, ki0 1 bhanekAnta zaka-kaSANa-yuga (I0 pUrva prathama zatI se dvitIya zatI vikramAditya kA bar3A bhAI thaa| ukta lekho tathA rAmagRpta I. ke anta taka) me kalAkendra ke rUpa meM mathurA kI bar3I nAma vAle bahusasyaka sikko se rAmagupta kI aitihAsikatA unnati huii| vahA jaina tathA bauddha dharmoM kA asAdhAraNa siddha ho gaI hai| vikAsa hmaa| mUrti-zAstra ke mahatva kI dRSTi se mathurA ina tInoM mUrtiyo kI kalA nissadeha mathurA zailI se me nimita prArambhika jaina evaM bauddha kalAkRtiyAM tathA prabhAvita hai| dhyAnamudrA meM padmAsana para sthiti, aMgoM kA vaidika-paurANika devoM kI aneka pratimAyeM ullekhanIya hai| vinyAsa, sAdA prabhAmaMDala Adi se isa bAta kI puSTi vividha bhAratIya dharma pUrNa svAtaMtrya tathA sahiSNutA ke hotI hai| mathurA kI prArambhika mUrtiyoM kI taraha ye tInoM vAtAvaraNa me sAtha-sAtha, binA IyA-dveSa ke mathurA, pratimAye bhI cAroM ora se kora kara banAI gaI hai| vidizA, ujjayinI prAdi aneka nagarI me zatAbdiyo taka pratyeka tIrthaGkara mUrti ke dono ora ca~vara lie hae devapallavita-puSpita hote rhe| yaha dharma-sahiSNutA prAcIna tAnoM ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| mUrtiyoM kI caukI para bhAratIya itihAsa kI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA mAnI cakra banA humA hai| vidizA se prApta ye tIno nabIna mUrtiyA jAtI hai| sthAnIya maTamaile patthara kI banI hai| unake lekha sA~cI zaka kuSANa kAla meM mathurA ke sAtha vidizA kA tathA udayagiri ke guptakAlIna brAhmI-lekhoM jaise hai| saMparka bahuta bddh'aa| ina vazo ke zAsako ke bAda vidizA me nAga rAjAmro kA zAsana sthApita hupraa| unake samaya guptayuga meM jaina kalAkRtiyoM kA nirmANa vivecya kSetra ke vividha bhAgoM meM jArI rhaa| vidizA ke pAsa udayame mathurA kalA kA spaSTa prabhAva madhyabhArata ke padmAvatI, giri kI guphA sakhyA 20 me gupta-samrAT kumAra gupta prathama vidizA prAdi nagaro kI kalA-kRtiyoM meM dekhane ko| ke zAsana kAla meM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha kI atyanta kalApUrNa milatA hai| kalA meM bAhya rUpa tathA AdhyAtmika saudarya mUrti kA nirmANa huaa| pannA jile meM saleha ke samIpa ke sAtha rasadRSTi kA samAveza isa kAla se milane lagatA sIrA pahArI se eka tIrthaGkara pratimA milI hai, jimakA hai, jisakA unmeSa guptakAla (cauthI se chaThI zatI I0) me nirmANa-kAla lagabhaga 500 I0 hai| vizeSa rUpa se huaa| jhaoNsI jila kI lalitapura tahasIla meM sthita devagar3ha mukhyata: mathurA me jaina tIrthaGkara pratimAnoM ko viziSTa meM guptakAla me tathA pUrva madhyakAla (lagabhaga 650 se lAchana yA pratIka pradAna karane kI bAta prArambha huii| 1200 I.) meM kalA kA pracara unmeSa haa| gupta kAla zrI vatsa cihna ke atirikta vividha magala cihna tathA me vahAM viSNu ke prasiddha dazAvatAra mandira kA nirmANa tIrthaDro se sambandhita unake vizeSa pratIko kA vidhAna hamA / agale kAla meM yahA~ vetavA nadI ke taTa para atyanta unakI pratimAnoM me matharA kI prAcIna kalA me dekhane ko manorama sthala para jaina mandiro kA nirmANa huaa| yaha milatA hai| jana sarvatobhadra (caumukhI) pratimAyeM bhI nirmANa kArya sAtavI se bArahavI zatI taka hotA rahA / mathurA meM kuSANa-kAla se banane lgii| isakA anukaraNa isa kArya meM zAsakIya protsAhana ke atirikta vyavasAyI anya kalA kendro meM kiyA gyaa| varga tathA janasAdhAraNa kA sahayoga prApta humA / phalasvarUpa kucha varSa pUrva vidizA se tIna durlabha tIrthaGkara mUtiyo yahAM bahusakhyaka kalAkRtiyA nirmita huii| devagar3ha me jaina kI prApti huii| ina tIno para brAhmI lipi tathA saMskRta dharma ke bhaTTAraka saMpradAya ke prAcAryoM ne samIpavartI kSetra meM bhASA meM lekha khude hai| do pratimAno para tIrthaGkara cadraprabha jaina dharma ke prasAra meM bar3A kArya kiyaa| kA nAma tathA tIsarI para tIrthaGkara puSpadata kA utkANa caMderI, thUbona, dudhaI, cA~dapura Adi aneka sthalo se hai| lekho se jJAta huA hai ki tInoM mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa jaina dharma sambandhI bahusakhyaka smAraka tathA mUrtiyA milI gaptavaMza ke zAsaka 'mahArAjAdhirAja' rAmagupta ke dvArA hai| ye isa bAta kI dyotaka hai ki pUrva madhyakAla meM janakarAyA gyaa| yaha rAmagupta guptasamrATa caMdragupta dvitIya [zeSa pR0 120 para]

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isi-bhAsiyAI-sUtra kA jApAnI anuvAda zrI candra zekhara prasAda jApAna meM jaina dharma kA adhyayana : isakA lekhA-jokhA abhI taka nahIM liyA gayA hai| isa ema0 mAtsunAmI kA isibhAsiyAI satra kA jApAnI upekSA kA kAraNa bauddha dharma evaM bhAratIya saMskRti kI anuvAda jApAna ke kyUsa vizvavidyAlaya se 1967 meM prAdAna meM jApAna kA bhArata se saMdhi sambandha kA prabhAva prakAzita hyaa| mAtmanAmI jI kA jApAnI anavAda mAtra ho rahA hai| isake atirikta eka aura sabala kAraNa hai| saMyoga nahIM hai / dharma eva darzana ke adhyayana me lage jApAnI thiyena thAI nAmaka cInI bauddha sampradAya ke tIsare saghavidvAnoM ne jaina dharma ke adhyayana kI eka vizeSa aAvazyakatA nAyaka, jo bar3I vicakSaNa buddhi ke the, bauddha sUtro kA kA anubhava kiyA hai| unake isa vizeSa AvazyakatA ke mUlyAkita vibhAjana kiNa aura baddha dvArA upadezita anubhava kA eka itihAsa bhI hai| jApAna ke adhikatara aAgamoM (pAlo nikAyo) ko sabase nimna koTi me rakhakara loga bauddha hai evaM vahAM kI sabhyatA eva saskRti ke vikAsa sAdhAraNa buddhi vAloM ke lie upadezita sUtra btlaayaa| me bauddha dharma kI prAdhAramUlaka bhUmikA hai| vahAM bauddha dharma isa vibhAjana kA duSprabhAva yaha huA ki pAgama sUtroM kI kA pracAra sIdhe bhArata se nahIM, balki koriyA aura cIna kevala upekSA hI nahIM huI, balki unake paThana-pAThana kA se harA eva usake vikAsa me bhI cIna meM vikasita bauddha milamilA bhI cIna eva jApAna me avachinna ho gyaa| dharma srota kA kAma karatA rahA / parantu bauddha dharma ke sAtha vartamAna yuga me ina mUtro meM jApAna ke vidvAnoM kI abhiruci bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saskRti bhI vahA~ phucii| bhAratIya puna. baDhI hai jise pro0 mastAnI ke zabdo me ina sUtroM kA sabhyatA aura saskRti kI chApa vahA kI bhASA, rIti- bhAgyodaya kaheMge / rivAja, dainika jIvana prAdi sabhI kSetro meM prAja bhI abhiruci ke bar3hane kA bhI kAraNa hai| pazcimI dezo spaSTa dikhatI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jApAnI varNamAlA ke samparka meM prAne para pazcimI dezoM kI takanIka se prabhAkole sarakata varNamAlA me akSara jima dhvanikrama me hai, ma nIgomakhI jApAna timI Ratni mammati usI dhvanikrama meM jApAnI varNamAlA meM prakSaro ko sajAyA kI unnata cIjo ko apane deza meM lAne aura apanAne me gayA hai| sampUrNa jApAna meM manAyA jAne vAlA utsava ejuTa ho gyaa| dharma eva darzana ke adhyayana-adhyApana kA 'bona' bhAratIyo kA pitRpakSa hI hai jisame pUrvajo kI yAda kSetra bhI achatA na rhaa| zodhakArya eva paryAlocanAtmaka eva sammAna meM utsava manAyA jAtA hai| yaha utsava tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA pazcimI Dhaga apanAyA gyaa| isa ulambana sUtra ke nAma para jApAnI uccAraNa meM badalakara krama meM bauddha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi cInI vauddha dharma kI pora urAbona kahalAyA jise sakSepa meM loga sAdhAraNata. bona se haTAkara, bauddha dharma kI bhArata meM utpatti aura vikAsa kahate hai| isa sUtra meM maudgalAyana ke, apanI mAtA kI tathA usakI pRSThabhUmi kI ora jA lgii| bhAratIya dharmasadgati ke lie kiye prayatno kA varNana hai| aise aneka darzana ke prakANDa vidvAna yAnejAkI ne likhA hai ki agara udAharaNa hai jinako ginAne kI tIvra icchA kA savaraNa pUrvI dezo meM vikasita bauddha dharma phUla aura parAga haiM to kara rahA huuN| dakSiNI dezoM kA bauddha dharma zAkhAyeM aura pttiyaaN| phUla jApAna meM bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kI usa chApa aura parAga kI camaka meM hama mUla ko bhalA nahI skte| meM kitanA aMza jaina dharma aura jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA hai jApAna meM punaH bauddha bacano kA mUla srota prAgamoM, saskRta -

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118, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta satroM evaM tibbatI me panadina mUtra kA adhyayana eka ora jaina mUtro eva zAstroM meM tIrthadhara kI bAteM ThIka-ThIka usI hA to dUsarI ora sampUrNa bhAratIya dharma eva darzana kA rUpa meM pUrI kI pUrI surakSita haiM, aisI bAta nahIM hai| phira bhI gambhIra adhyayana huaa| bhAratIya prAcya vidyA eva bhI bauddha dharma ke pUrva athavA zAkyamuni ke yuga kI cIjoM bauddha darzana ke khyAtanAmA vidvAna eka para eka isa kSetra me ko prastuta karane ke atirikta zAkyamuni ke sudhAra ke praaye| ina vidvAno meM pro0 Ui agragaNya hai| abhI jIvita, sambandha me paricaya rakhane vAlI mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI hai|" kAma me lage vidvAnoM meM pro0 hAjime nAkAmarA kA nAma isibhAsiyAI meM vauddha pAtra : sabase Upara hai| jaina dharma evaM darzana kA adhyayana jApAnI vidvAnoM ke bhAratIya dharma evaM darzana ke adhyayana meM jaina dharma eva lie eka vizeSa kA mahatva kA hai| yaha zikSA kI dRSTi darzana kA bhI adhyayana hugrA / jApAna ke vizvavidyAlayoM se mAtra viSaya ko jAnane ke lie hI nahIM, balki usake meM bauddha dharma ke sAtha jaina dharma ke adhyayana kI bhI vyavasthA apane bauddha dharma, darzana evaM saskRti ke srota ko acchI hai| jaina dharma kA adhyayana jApAnI vidvAno ke lie eka taraha samajhane, usake itihAsa kI TI zRkhalA ko jor3ane vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra bhagavAna buddha eva aspaSTa sthalo ke spaSTIkaraNa meM upayogI hai| mAtsuke samakAlIna evaM eka hI kAryakSetra ke hone ke kAraNa jaina nAmI jI ne isibhAsiyAiM ko anuvAda ke lie cunA, dharma aura bauddha dharma kA udbhava aura vikAsa paraspara ke kAraNa isame hindU aura jaina RSiyo ke sAtha vauddha bhikSumo saMdarbha meM pAdAna-pradAna, khaNDana-maNDana se huprA / jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM pAye devoM kI sUktiyoM bhI hai| ye zAstroM meM bauddha dharma ke sambandha meM vaimI sAmagriyA hai jo sUktiyA~ bauddho ke lie vizeSa sAmagrI hai jo bauddha sAhitya svayaM bauddho ke bIca lupta ho gaI hai| udAharaNa ke lie meM nahI hai| anuvAda ke krama meM kucheka RSiyo kA sAmya pudgalabAdI (prAtmavAdI) bauddha sampradAyo ke zAstra prAja bauddha bhikSuSoM eva bauddha sAhitya meM vaNita devoM ke sAtha upalabdha nahIM hai, para tattvArthasaMgraha bhASya meM pudagalavAda kI unhone baiThAyA hai| ye RSi isa prakAra hai-mahata RSi sUtroM evaM zAstroM ke uddharaNa sahita ca rvA hai / svayaM pudgala nArada (1)-bauddha paramparA meM bhI kaI nArada haiM / lekina zabda jo bauddha-dharma meM sampUrNa vyakti kA bodha karAtA hai, jaina dharma meM mAtra bhautika tattva ke lie prayukta hai| pudgala isa nArada kI mUktiyo kI vipaya vastu kA mela vahA~ nahIM zabda donoM dharmo me eka hI srota se prAtA hai, para unake baiThatA hai| bhinna dArzanika siddhAntoM ke sadarbha me isakA artha eva arhata, RSi vajjiyaputta (2) pAli tripiTaka ke paryAya bhinna ho gaI hai| isa prakAra paraspara sambandhita therI gAthA meM sammilita bhikSu vajjipuna (vRjiputra) hai hone ke kAraNa ye donoM dharma zikSA kI dRSTi se jAnane jo vatmiputra se bhinna hai / pro0 suvariMga ne vatsIputra kiyA aura samajhane meM eka-dUsare ke pUraka hai| isa tathya ko hai| mahaMta muni asitadevila (3) bauddha paramparA ke asita jApAnI vidvAnoM ne acchI taraha pahacAnA hai eva isI ko devala hai jo brAhmaNa muni the| ahaMta RSi aMgarisi mAtmanAmI jI ne apane zabdoM meM isa prakAra rakhA hai bhArahAi (4) bauddha paramparA ke agaNika bhAradvAja hai jo "jaina dharma se sambaddha zodhakArya meM jina pahalamo para sabase brAhmaNa the, para bauddha dharma meM pravajita ho gye| thera gAthA adhika abhiruci hai, uname eka hai sahacara bauddha dharma ke meM inakA bhI nAma hai| arhata RSi vagalacIrI (6) bauddha sAtha tulanA / vartamAna meM surakSita bauddha dharma ke mUla sUtrI, paramparA ke bakhalI hai| ye bhI thera gAthA ke bhikSaNoM meM uttarI paramparA kA prAgama aura dakSiNI paramparA kA eka h| nikAya se baddha ke jo vacana the, unhe vizvasanIya rUpa se ahaMta Rpi mahAkAsAva (8) bauddho ke mahAkassapa bAhara nikAlanA saMbhava nahI hai, yaha nizcita ho cukA hai| thera hai jo dharma senApati sAriputta, jisakA nAma pIche '. isalie jano ke sUtro ke adhyayana kI - aaavshyktaa-hai| * pAyA hai aura moggallAna kI mRtyu ke bAda saMtha ke agraNI /

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isi-bhAsiyAI-sUtra kA jApAnI anavAda 116 bhikSu bane aura jinhoMne bala ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda milA hai, use pAda-TippaNiyo meM diyA hai aura jahAM-tahA~ prathama dharma saMgIni kA prAyA jana nAravA kara baddha ke upa- zabdo kI banAvaTa para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| apane bauddha dezo kA dhamma-vinaya ke rUpa meM mAlana krvaayaa| dharma kI zikSA aura anubhava kA bhI upayoga unhoMne anuinake atirikta jina; mamatA baiThAyI hai, ve hai - vAda meM kiyA hai| aMbaDA adhyayana ke prArambha meM pAye mahaMta Rpi bArakA (14) vAhika, ukkala (20) 'devANupiyA' kI samatA baddhAnuzAsana se baiThAyI hai| ukkala, rAmaputta (13) uddakarAmaputa, mAvaga (26) buddhAnuzAsana baddha aura anuzAsana ko sadhi se nahIM, balki sAta mAtakaputta, piMga (32) pigiya, sAtiputta (38) sAri baddhAnAma ke nAma kA na hokara banA lagatA hai| buddhAnAma puta, saMjaya (36) sanaya eva majaya velasthipuna, dIvAraNa zAsana kI taraha devAnAmapriya zabda vanA hai jo prazoka ke (40) kaNhadIpAyaNa, soma (42) sutta somA, jama zilAlekhoM meM prayukta hai| para vahA yaha zreSTha ke artha meM (43) yamaka, varuNa (44) varuNa, vesamaNa (45) vessa pAyA hai jabaki yahA heya artha lie hai| mAtsunAmI jI ne mana / inameM se kaI theggAthA meM bhI pAye hai| kahI kahI zabdo ke bhinna artha ko lekara gAthAnoM kA tarkasaMgata artha lagAyA hai, jo spaSTIkaraNa ke svarUpa meM hai| ve arhata Rpi, jinakI samatA bauddha paramarA me nahI davilabhAyaNa kI prAThavI gAthA kA artha zrI manohara muni hai. ve hai - grahata Rpi puphphasAlaputta (5), kummAputta jI ma. zAstrI karate hai.-"jaise zreSTha dUdha bhI dahI ke (7), ketalIputta (8) makhaliputta (11), madhurAyaNa masarga se dugdhatva paryAya ko chor3akara dahI bana jAtA hai| (15), vidu (17) varisava kaNha (18) AriyAyaNa vaise gRhastho ke samarga doSa me mani bhI pApa karma me lipta (16), gAhAvatiputta (21), dagamAla (22), harigiri ho jAte hai|" mAtsunAmI jI antima pakti kA "gRddhi (24) prabaDa (25), tArAyaNa (26) indAnAga (41) / NA ke To me kAraNa se | pApa karma bar3hatA jina arhana Rpiyo ke mambandha meM mAtsunAmI jI ne aimA artha karate hai| unhoMne gehippadopaNa ke 'gehi' kA kucha nahIM kahA hai ve hai--grahaMta tetalIpta (10), jaNNa. athaM gRha tha nahIM karake gati arthAt tRSNA karate hai / TIkA bakka (12), metejja bhayAlI (13), sogyiAyaNa (16), meM 'gaMhi' kA artha 'gaddhi' hI hai| mAtsunAmI jI kA artha vArattai (27), grahaha (28), baddhamAna (26), vam / adhika tarkasagata hai, kAraNa gahamtho ke sasarga ko sarvathA (30), pAsa (31), aruNa mahAsAlaputta (33), isigiri pApakarma meM giranA mAna lene meM gAyoM ko aise nimnastara (34), addAlaka (35) sirigiri (37) / para kara diyA jAtA hai ki go evaM zAstroM meM varNita ujjvala caritra ke gahastho kI kathA amagana ho jAtI hai| mAtsunAmI jI ne ahaMta RpiyoM kA jo mAmya bauddha prAdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mArga gahamthoM ke lie bhI hai| paramparA meM pAyA hai aAvazyakatA hai use aura vistRta rUpa dene kI / isame ina patroM ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnavArI mAIpuna ajhapaNa (3bha) kI gAthA--14 kA artha milegI eva panakI gUktiyo vaM. tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM zrI manohara mani jI ma mAthI mArA --"indriya-jettA aneka aspaSTa sthalo para prakAza milegaa| ke lie jaMgala kyA aura dAnta (damanazIla) vyakti ke lie pAzrama pA ? arthAt usake lie vana-pAthama donoM anuvAda kI kucha vizeSatAe : sama hai| gega se atikrAnta makta vyakti ke lie pauSadha kI mAtsunAmI jI ne apane anuvAda meM mukhya rUpa se pro0 AvazyakatA nahIM hai aura zAstra ke lie abhedyatA nahIM hai| suriMga kI pustaka Isibhasaiyaim, Ein Jaina-Text vaha mavako bheda sakatA hai / " isakI antima pakti (NAtider Frithheit kI sahAyatA lI hai| pisela kI bhI kaM tassa bhesajja Na vA matthassa bhejjatA / ) kA mAtsusahAyatA lI gaI hai| anuvAda ke krama meM mAtsunAmI jI nAmI jI ke zabdoM meM vyAdhi se mukti prApta vyakti ke ne TIkA prAdi meM jahAM kahI bhI sUtra kA bhinna pAThAntara lie prauSadha nahIM athavA zalya zastra se cIrane-phAr3ane kI

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120, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta sthiti nahI (ke jaise)" aisA artha hai| yaha artha adhika vAda saMyoga nahIM, balki jApAna meM jaina dharma ke adhyayana tarkasaMgata hai, kAraNa zastra ke lie bhI prabhedyatA hai| 'phira kI aAvazyakatA kA jo anubhava kiyA gayA hai, vaha vyakti roga se mukti ke lie pauSadha kI anAvazyakatA' aura 'zastra vizeSa ke prayAsa meM pUrtilAbha kara rahA hai| yaha jApAnI ke lie abhedyatA nahIM' ke bIca vaisI saMgati nahIM jo donoM vidvAnoM ke lie upayogI hai, kAraNa isameM unake apane eka sAtha upamA kA kAma kreN| vastuta: isa gAthA meM bauddha-dharma ke sambandha meM sAmagrI hai| sAtha hI jaina dharma ke upayogitA khatama hone kI bAta para bala hai-dAnta indriya- jijJAsuno, usake anuyAyiyo evaM vidvAnoM ko bhI isameM jetA ke lie bana aura Azrama kI jaise ki vyAdhimukti lAbha ho sakatA hai, kAraNa bauddha dharma kI zikSA aura ke lie prauSadha kii| isa saMdarbha me zastra ke lie prabhedyatA saMskAra meM pale hone ke kAraNa mAtsunAmI jI kA anuvAda nahI' artha karane se gAthA ke artha meM asaMgati mA jAtI hai| kahI-kahI paramparA ke adhika saMnikaTa aura tarka pagata hai| mAtsunAmI jI kA isibhAsiyAi kA jApAnI anu 00 [pR0 117 kA zeSAMza] dharma kA atyadhika vikAsa huyaa| pUrva meM khajurAho (jilA haa| mUtiyoM meM pratimA lakSaNoM kI ora vizeSa dhyAna (chatahapura) isa kSetra kA eka kendra banA, jahA mandiro ke diyA gayA hai| atirikta aneka kalAtmaka mUrtiyAM darzanIya hai| pUrva tathA pUrva yugo ke anurUpa bahusaMkhyaka madhyakAlIna jaina uttara madhyakAla (1200 se 1800 I0) meM madhyapradeza .... kalAkA kalAkRtiyAM abhilikhita milI haiN| una para akita lekho ke bhaneka kSetroM meM kalA kA pracara vikAsa hmaa| ahAra, se na kevala dhArmika itihAsa ke sambandha meM jAnakArI vInA-bArahA, ajayagaDha, bAnapurA, mohendrA, terahI, damoha, prApta huI hai, apitu rAjanItika, Arthika, sAmAjika tathA gaMdharAvala, gvAliyara, gyArasapura, bhAnapurA, bar3oha-paThArI bhASAtmaka viSayo para rocaka prakAza par3A hai| madhyapradeza ke vibhinna sArvajanika sagahAlayo tathA nijI saMgrahAM ke prAdi kitane hI sthalo se jaina kalA kI prabhUta sAmagrI atirikta kalA kI vizAla sAmagrI Aja bhI vibhinna upalabdha huI hai| ise dekhane para patA calatA hai ki vAstu prAcIna sthaloM para bikharI par3I hai, jisakI samucita surakSA kalA tathA mUrtikalA aneka rUpoM meM yahA~ vikasita hotI mAtakalA anaka rUpA ma yahA vikasita hotA kI ora aba turaMta dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai| hai rhii| adhikAMza mandiroM kA nirmANa nAgara zailI para vizAla hRdaya pANDavoM ko vanavAsa dekara kaurava khuziyA~ manA rahe the / kaurava loga khuziyA~ manAne gandharvabAga ko upayukta samajha kara vahA~ phuNce| gandharvo ne bAga meM hAni hone kI sambhAvanA se unheM bAga meM utsava manAne ko manA kiyA / kintu kaurava nahIM mAne / taba gandharva unhe rokane ko kaTibaddha ho gae / yaha saba dekha anya kaurava to bhAga gaye kintu unhoMne duryodhana ko pakar3a liyaa| jaba yudhiSThira ko yaha sUcanA milI to unhoMne kahA-hama ghara meM 100 aura 5 haiM kintu dUsaroM ko 105 haiN| unhoMne arjuna ko bheja kara duryodhana ko chur3A liyaa|

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magadha aura jaina saMskRti 7 vidyAvAridhi DA. jyotiprasAda jaina, lakhanaU vartamAna bhAratIya saMgha ke bihAra rAjya kI paTanA kara isa pradeza para apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA thaa| usake kamiznarI (DivIjana), vizeSakara usake paTanA eva gaya' bahuta samaya pazcAt kuru kI pAMcavI pIDhI me utpanna vasu jiloM tathA hajArIbAga evaM zAhAbAda (pArA) jiloM ke nAmaka rAjA ne yadu ke vaMzajo kI cedi zAkhA ko vijita bahabhAga meM vyApta kSetra, itihAsa meM magadha nAma se prasiddhA karake 'caMdyoparicara" upAdhi dhAraNa kI aura vizA hanA thaa| bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna itihAsa meM magadha dezaka sAmrAjya sthApita kiyA jisakA vistAra matsyadeza paryanta nAma svarNa akSaro meM aMkita hai| jaina purANoM meM varNita pUre madhya deza para rahA batAyA jAtA hai| usakI mRtyu ke 53 dezoM athavA 253prArya dezoM, mahAbhArata meM ulli. uparAMta rAjya usake pAMca putroM meM vibhakta ho gayA, jinameM khita 18 mahArAjyoM, jaina bhagavatI sUtra ke 16 janapadoM bahadratha mamadha ke bAhadratha vaMza kA saMsthApaka humA / saMbha aura mahAvIra-buddha-kAlIna SoDaza mahAjanapadoM meM magadha vattayA isI ke samaya se deza kA magadha nAma bhI prasiddha parigaNita hai / sthAnAMga evaM nizItha sUtroM meM ullikhita hnaa| aisA bhI saMketa milatA hai ki maga nAmaka rAjA ne bhArata kI dazA mahArAjadhAniyoM aura bauddha 'dIrghanikAya' usa sthAna para, jo kAlAntara meM kuNDalapura, nAlandA aura ke 'mahAsudarasana sutta' meM vaNita cha: mahAnagariyoM meM magadha bar3AgAMva kahalAyA, apanI rAjadhAnI banAI thI jisakA kI prasiddha rAjadhAnI rAjagRha sammilita hai| nAma usane sambhavataH magadhapura rakhA / tadanantara usase sImA evaM vistAra : nAtidUra paMca pahAr3iyoM se ghira suramya evaM surakSita bhU-bhAga sAmAnyatayA magadha janapada kI uttarI sImA meM usane apanA durga evaM rAjamahala banAye aura vaha sthAna gaMgAnadI banAtI thI, jisake pAra (uttarI bihAra meM) rAjagaha kahalAyA tathA zanaiH zanaiH vahI deza kI rAjadhAnI videha janapada avasthita thaa| mithilA aura vaizAlI bana gyaa| isI maga ke nAma para deza kI saMjJA magadha huI / usakI prasiddha nagariyAM thiiN| magadha ke pUrva me aMga deza yaha sambhava hai ki uparokta bRhadraya yA usake putra kA thA jisakI rAjadhAnI campApUrI thii| campA praparanAma athavA jarAsaMdha kA hI mUla yA tata: prasiddha nAma maga rahI caMdanA nadI ina donoM janapadoM ko pRthaka karatI thii| ho / rAjadhAnI to sambhavatayA vasu-caidyoparicara ke samaya par3osI aMga deza ke sAtha magadha ke kucha aise ghaniSTha sambandha se hI rAjagRha ho gayI thii| vibhinna janAjana anuzrutiyoM meM pAMca pahAr3iyoM se ghirI isa mahAnagarI ke aparanAma rahe ki bahudhA aMga magadha kA eka yugala ke rUpa meM bhI ullekha hA hai| magadha ke dakSiNa meM maNi aura malaya nAma girivraja, paMcazailapura, magadhapura, caNakapura, RSabhapura, kSitike do choTe-choTe janapada the aura pazcima meM kAzI janapada, pratiSThita aura kuzAgrapura prApta hote hai / ukta pahAr3iyoM uttara-pazcima meM kozala apara nAma kuNAla deza (rAja ke nAma vipulagiri (vipulAcala), ratnagiri, udayagiri, ghAnI zrAvastI) aura dakSiNa-pazcima meM vatsadeza (rAja svarNagiri evaM vaibhAragiri the| kahIM-kahI inake nAmAMtara ghAnI kauzAmbI) avasthita the| bhI milate haiN| mahAbhArata-kAla meM uparokta bRhadratha kA vaMzaja, jise kahI-kahI vasu kA pautra, prata: bRhadratha kA putra itihAsa : kahA hai, prabala pratApI rAjagRha nareza jarAsaMdha thaa| ___ isa pradeza kI sarva-prAcIna nagarI maMbhavatayA gayA isa prakAra magadharAjya aura rAjadhAnI rAjagRha kA thI, jise brAhmaNIya purANoM ke anusAra, jantu kI pAMcavIM abhyudaya purANakAla meM hI niSpanna ho cukA thA, parantu yA chaThI pIr3hI meM utpanna gaya nAmaka rAjA ne basA- zuddha itihAsa kAla meM bhI magadha sAmrAjya ko hI bhArata

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122, varSa 28, ki01 bhanekAnta varSa kA prathama sAmrAjya aura mahAnagarI rAjagRha ko usakA taka kaha diyA gayA ki kAzI me koI kauvA bhI mare to kendra banane kA zreya prApta humaa| pAMcavIM zatI IsA pUrva ke sIdhA baikuNTha jAya aura magadha me manuSya bhI mare to gardabhaprArambha meM hI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha se navIna nagara pATali. yoni meM janma le / magadhavAsiyoM ko ayajvayana, akarma, putra (paTanA), aparanAma kusumapura, puSpapura yA puSpabhadra meM anya vrata, devapIyu Adi apazabdo se sambodhita kiyA jAtA sthAnAntarita ho gayI thI aura agale eka sahasrAbda thaa| unake kSatriyoM ko ghRNApUrvaka vrAtya-kSatriya, kSAtraparyanta-bIca ke tIna-cAra zatiyoM ke antarAla ko baMdhu, vRSala Adi saMjJAeM dI jAtI thiiN| unhe madhyadezIya chor3a kara-vahI bhAratavarSa kI sarvopari rAjya-sattA kA vaidika Arya kSatriyo se bahuta nIcA samajhA jAtA thaa| kendra rhii| zizunAga, zaizunAka, nanda, maurya, zuga aura gupta itanA hI nahI, magadha ke brAhmaNo ko bhI pazcimI brAhmaNoM samrAToM kI pradhAna rAjadhAnI magadha kI mahAnagarI hI rhii| kI apekSA ati nimna koTi kA samajhA jAtA thaa| unake vaidika sAhitya aura magadha : viSaya me dhAraNA thI ki ve veda aura vedAnumodita yajJayAga aise vilakSaNa aitihA sika mahatva ke hote evaM karmakANDa ko sahaja hI chor3a dete hai / hue bhI prAcIna brAhmaNIya sAhitya evaM anuzrutiyoM meM magadha aura magadhavAsiyoM kI nindA bhartsanA, zramaNa-saMskRti kA kendra-magadha : tiraskAra evaM upekSA hI prApta hotI hai| Rgveda kAraNa spaSTa hai ki bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna saptakhaNDoM meM magadha nAma kA ullekha nahIM milatA kintu eka meM se prAcya khaNDa se mUcita bhU-bhAga, jisame magadha aura maMtra (3153114) meM kahA gayA hai ki "kIkaToM ke deza meM usake paDosI videha, aMga, baMga, kaliMga Adi janapada vidyave kyA karate hai ? jahA~ gaueM somayAga ke lie bhI paryApta mAna the, vaidika AryoM kI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura dharma se dUdha nahIM detiiN| ata: he maghavana pramaMgada (avaidika) naicA- bahuta pIche ke samaya taka achatA rahatA pAyA thA / na kevala zAkha (nIca, anArya) logoM ke (madhyadeza vaidika AryoM vahA~ ke nivAsI vaidika prArya brAhmaNo evaM kSatriyoM kI kI nivAsa bhUmi ke) pUrva dizA meM sthita usa pradeza ko santati meM nahIM the, ve vAtarAnA, arhata, vrAtya, nirgrantha, apane huMkAra se bhara de|" spaSTa hI hai ki kIkaTa, pramaMgada zramaNa tIrthakaroM kI paramparA ke upAsaka tathA anuyAyI, aura nacAzAkha zabdoM se magadha aura magadhavAsiyoM kI ora itihAsAtIta hI nahI, anumAnAtIta kAla se rahate Aye saMketa hai| atharva veda meM eka sthAna (5:23114) me to the / unakI sabhyatA bhI nAga, yakSa, vajji, licchavi, jvaranAzanadeva se yaha prArthanA kI gayI hai ki vaha magadha ke jJAtaka, jhalla, malla, moriya, koliya, bhaMgi prAdi anArya nivAsiyoM ko (magadhebhyaH) jvara se pIDita kara de / anyatra pravaidika tatvoM dvArA saMpoSita evaM pallavita huI thI aura (15 / 2 / 45) "prAtya" kA priya dhAma prAcI dizA, usakI jJAna-vijJAna, kalA-kauzala, zilpa prAdi kI dRSTi se vaidika puMzcalI (rakhaila) zraddhA aura mitra mAgadha (magadhavAsI) prArya sabhyatA kI apekSA zreSThatara evaM nAgarika sabhyatA batAe gaye haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa (14,10) meM mAgadhoM ko thii| cirakAla taka nAga jAti kA prAdhAnya rahane ke kAraNa brAhmaNa yA vaidika dharma ke bAhara batAyA gayA hai| kAtyA- yaha nAga sabhyatA bhI kahalAI / nagara, nAgara, nAgarI, nAgapana (2214122) paura lATyAyana (16 / 28) ke zrIta rika prAdi zabda, sthApatya kI nAgara zailI, bhASA kI nAgarI sUtroM meM kahA gayA hai ki vrAtya dhana yA to patita brAhmaNa lipi usI sabhyatA kI dena haiN| svayaM prAcIna yuga kI ko diyA jAya yA magadha ke brAhmaNoM ko diyA jAya / manu- bhAratIya janabhASA prAkRta aura nAgabhASA zabda paryAyasmRti prAdi anya aneka brAhmaNIya granthoM se spaSTa hai ki vAcI rahe haiM / yahI bhASA cirakAla taka mAgadhI yA arghamadhyadeza (prAya: vartamAna uttara pradeza, dillI, hariyANA, mAgadhI khlaaii| mAgaSa yA nAga sabhyatA kA prasAra hone paMjAba) ke vaidika Arya magadha ko pApa bhUmi kahate the aura aura prabhAvakSetra bar3hane para yaha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta prAyaH usa pradeza meM 'gamanAgamana karane kA niSedha karate the; yahA~ pUre bhArata kI loka-bhASA vana gaI thii| zramaNa tIthaMkaroM

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maga mora jaina saMskRti 136 kA upadeza usI loka bhASA me hotA thaa| unakA vihAra isa prAcyakhaMDa meM bhI humA thaa| vaha cauhosa zramaNa saMskRti kI vizeSatAe~ : tIrthakaroM meM prathama the| bAisaveM tIrthakara ariSTanemi kA nirvANa saurASTra ke ujjayanta (giranAra) parvata para hamA isa dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika paramparA ke prastotA jitendriya hone ke kAraNa jina yA jinendra, samasta pUjya thaa| zeSa vAisa tIrthaMkaro kI nirvANa-bhUmiyAM vihAra prAMta guNoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa arhat, digambara yA digvAsa meM hI hai, jiname se 13veM tIrthakara vAsupUjya kA nirvANarahane ke kAraNa bAtarazana muni, vratapUrvaka sadAcaraNa ke sthala bhAgalapura jile kA mandAragiri (campApura) hai aura mArga para grArUDha hone ke kAraNa vrAtya, samasta antaraga evaM mantima tIrthakara vardhamAna mahAvIra kA paTanA jile kA bahiraMga se mukta hone ke kAraNa nirgrantha, pUrNa samatva ke pAvApura (madhyamA pAvA yA apAvApurI) hai| zeSa bosa sAdhaka evaM udghoSaka hone ke kAraNa samaNa, svecchA evaM tIrthakaroM kA nirvANa isI pradeza ke hajArIbAga jile meM zramapUrvaka tapa, tyAga, sayama kA mArga apanAne ke kAraNa sthita samedAcala (sameda zikhara yA pArasanAtha parvata) para zramaNa, saMsAra ko du.kharUpa jAna kara aura mAna kara usase humA thaa| nauve tIrthakara puSpadanta kI janmabhUmi kAkandI thii| kucha vidvAna magera jile ke kAkana nAmaka sthAna se pAra hone ke lie dharma rUpI tIrtha kA udghATana karane ke usakA samIkaraNa karate hai| dasaveM tIrthakara zItalanAtha kI kAraNa tIrthakara kahalAte the / ahiMsA para AdhArita yaha paramparA nivRti-pradhAna thii| manuSya-manuSya ke bIca kisI janmabhUmi bhadilapura yA bhadrikAvatI thI-kucha vidvAna prakAra kA UMca-nIca mAdi bheda-bhAva ise prabhISTa nahI thaa| bhaddiya kI pahicAna muMgera (mudgalagiri) se karate haiM, sabhI prANiyo kA hita sapAdana isa sarvodaya mArga kA prayo. aura kucha madrilapura kI pahicAna hajArIbAga jile ke jana thA / isakI dRSTi udAra, sahiSNu aura anekAntika / madiyA nAmaka grAma se karate hai jo kisI samaya malaya thI, kadAgraha usase dUra thaa| prAjJA-pradhAnatA kI apekSA janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| kAkandI pora madilapura kI parIkSA-pradhAnatA para vaha bala detI thii| svapuruSArtha dvArA pahacAna mihAra ke bAhara anya pradezoM meM bhI kI gayI hai| parama prAptavya kI prApti usakA lakSya thaa| vaha vedo. bArahavaM tIrthakara vAsupUjya kI janmabhUmi bhAgalapura jise yAjJika hisA aura vaidika karma-kANDa kI virodhI thii| kA campApura thA / unnIsaveM tIrthakara mallinAtha kI tathA mahAbhAratottara kAla ke zramaNa-dharma-punarutthAna mAndolana kA 21va tAthakara nAmanAtha kA janma bhUmi uttarI bihAra kI pradhAna kendra magadha rahA aura tadanantara lagabhaga do sahasra mithilA nagarI thii| bIsaveM tIrthakara manisuvrata kI janmavarSa paryanta isa pradeza ko usakA pramukha gar3ha rahane kA bhUmi svaya rAjagRha nagarI thI aura antima tIrthakara mahA. saubhAgya prApta rhaa| ataeva katipaya Adhunika vidvAnoM vIra kA janma to uttarI bihAra me, videha deza evaM zakti ne ukta zramaNa yA jaina saskRti aura usake dharma ko magadha zAlI vajji gaNatantra kI rAjadhAnI mahAnagarI vaizAlI ke saMskRti aura mAgadha dharma nAma bhI die hai| eka upanagara (kuNDalapura, kuNDagrAma, basukuNDa yA kSatriya kuNDa) meM huA thA, kintu unhe kevalajJAna kI saMprApti zramaNa paramparA evaM magadha : dakSiNI bihAra me hI RjukUlA nadI ke taTavartI jambhikaisa paramparA ke prathama prastotA prAdideva RSabha the, grAma ke bAhara haI thii| unakI prathama dezanA aura dharmacakra jo svayambhU mahAdeva, brahmA aura prajApati bhI khlaae| pravartana magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ke vipulAcala para Rgveda ke kaI maMtroM meM unake pratyakSa evaM parokSa ullekha hanA thA aura nirvANa paTanA jile meM sthita pAvApura meM hai aura prAgetihAsika siMdhughATI sabhyatA ke avazeSo meM huA mAnA jAtA hai| unake indrabhUti gautama prAvi gyAraha usa yuga meM unakI pUjA ke pracalana ke saMketa pAye jAte gaNadhara bhI parama vidvAna evaM tejasvI brAhmaNa hI the| magadha hai| unakA janma ayodhyA me, kevalajJAna prayAga me akSaya- nareza bimbisAra zreNika unake zrAvaka saMgha kA mukhiyA vaTa ke nIce, aura nirvANa kailAza parvata para hue the, kiMtu thA, usakI paTTarANI celanA unake zrAvikA saMgha kI

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124, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta mukhiyA thI, aura usake abhayakumAra, vAripeNa, meghakumAra naitika pratidvandvI thA aura antata. kRSNa ke chala-bala kA prAdi dasa putra unake parama ziSya the aura dIkSita hokara use zikAra honA pdd'aa| mahAbhAratottara kAla meM vaidika muni bane the / pradhAna gaNadhara gautama kI nirvANa bhUmi dharma eva saMskRti kA tathA vaidika prArya kSatriyo kI rAjyaguNAvA (matAntara se vipUlagiri) bhI magadha meM hI thii| sattA eva saMkhyA meM drata vega se hAsa hA, to zramaNa dharma unakI ziSya paramparA meM lagabhaga do sau varSa paryanta jitane punarutthAna-pAndolana ne abhatapUrva bala pakar3A aura nAga saMghAcArya hue, ve prAya sabhI magadha nivAsI the / bhagavAna prabhati aneka prAgArya evaM anArya kintu dezaja sattAeM pUre kI dvAdazAgavAsI (jaina zrutAgama) kI vAMcanA ke lie deza meM yatra-tatra ubhara uThI / antima paurANika cakravartI prathama sagIti bhI magadha kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra me hI brahmadatta bhI isI jAti kA thA, aura teisaveM tIrthakara huI thii| RSabhAdi mahAvIra paryanta prAyaH caubIsoM hI pArzva kA janma bhI kAzI ke eka nAga kSatriya yA uraga tIrthakaro kA tathA uparAtakAla me bhI cirakAla paryanta vaza me huA thaa| unake samaya meM ukta Andolana apane jaina zramaNo kA isa pradeza meM satata bihAra hote rahane se carama zikhara para thA aura magadha deza unakA priya bihAra hI vaha bihAra nAma se prasiddha huaa| kSetra thaa| unake nirvANa (IsA pUrva 777) ke lagabhaga Der3ha sau varSa uparAta zramaNa paramparA meM yaha vizvAsa vala pakar3a magadha meM zramaNa-vaidika-saMgharSa : rahA thA ki antima tIrthakara kA udaya hone vAlA hai| pUrva kAla ke prasiddha nareza vasu aura jarAsagha ke jainasAhitya me vistRta vivaraNa prApta hote hai jinakA brahmaNIya vividha zramaNa-sampradAyoM kA udaya : vivaraNo ke sAtha sthUlataH adbhuta sAdRzya hai / vasu mUlataH phalasvarUpa IsA pUrva chaThI zatI meM zramaNa paramparA meM ahiMsA dharma kA anuyAyI thA, parantu apane sahAdhyAyI utpanna aneka cintako ne ukta pratima tIrthakara hone kA nArada ke vipakSa me dUsare sahAdhyAyaparvata kA pakSa lekara dAvA kiyaa| uname makkhaligosAla, pUraNakAssapa, pakubha yAjJika hisA kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa patana ko prApta kaccAyana, ajita kezakambalina, saMjaya belaTThi putra, zAkya hA thA / yaha isa prAnta me vaidika prabhAva ke prathama praveza putra gautama guddha pora nigraMtha jJAtapura (nigaTa nAtaputta) kA saketa thA / isa ghaTanA ke samaya magadha ke tIrthakara varddhamAna mahAvIra ke nAma to prApta hI hote hai| ye saba munisuvrata ke nirvANa ko paryApta samaya bIta cukA thA / magadha athavA usake nikaTavartI pradezoM ke nivAsI the aura agale tIrthakara mithilA ke naminAtha videha ke janakoM ke yaha prAcIna deza hI unakA pradhAna kAryakSetra thaa| itanA hI pUrvaja the / unake ahisA pradhAna AdhyAtmika upadezoM ke nahI svaya brAhmaNa paraparA ke sAMkhya-darzana praNetA kapilaprabhAva ke phalasvarUpa isa prAnta me vaidika dharma ke prabhAva me muni aura yogadarzana ke puraskartA patajali RSi bhI magadhaprAye kSatriya manISiyo ne yAjJika hisA evaM vaidika karma- vAsI hI rahe batAe jAte hai-ye donoM darzana zramaNakANDa kA virodha kiyA tathA praupaniSadika prAtmavidyA kA vicAradhArA se prabhAvita bhI rahe pratIta hote hai / makkhalivikAsa evaM pracAra kiyA / agale tIrthakara ariSTanemi gosAla kA prAjIvika sampradAya lagabhaga Der3ha sahasra varSa mahAbhArata kAla meM hue aura nArAyaNa kRSNa ke tAUjAta bhAI paryanta jIvita rahakara jaina-paramparA meM hI samAviSTa ho the / zramaNa dharma punarutthAna-pAndolana ke vaha prastotA the| gayA / bauddha dharma ke atirikta anya sampradAya alpa-sthAyI isI samaya magadha kA prabala pratApI nareza pratinArAyaNa rahe / vauddhadharma ne bhArata deza kI sImAoM ke bAhara pahuMcajarAsaMdha huA, jisake pAtaka se trasta hokara bhI yAdavagaNa kara adbhuta vistAra prApta kiyA / buddha kA janma magadha apane zarasena deza kA parityAga karake pazcima taTavartI ke bAhara zAkya deza me huA thA kintu unhoMne satyAnveSaNa dvArakApurI meM jA base the| thA to jarAsaMdha bhI zramaNoM ke ke apane prayoga aura sAdhanA magadha meM hI kie, yahI gayA ahisA dharma kA hI anuyAyI, isalie brAhmaNIya sAhitya meM unhoMne bodhi prApta kI aura magadha videha prAdi janame usakI nindA huI, sAtha hI vaha kRSNa kA prabala rAja- padoM ko apane kArya-kSetra ke bhItara bhI rakhA, tathApi

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magadha aura jaina saMskRti 125 unhoMne apanA dharma-cakra pravartana gayA se calakara vArANasI ke prAramaNa ne (12vI zatI I0 ke lagabhaga) isa pradeza ke nikaTa sAranAtha meM kiyaa| unhone apane upadezo kI meM bauddho ko nAmazeSa kara diyaa| bhASA prAkRta kA pAni rUpa rakhA jise zrAvasta bhASA parantu jaino ne, apanI puNyabhami magadha ko kabhI (uttarI kosala kI rAjadhAnI zrAvastI kI bhASA ) bhA vismata nahI kiyA / usakA cappA-cappA jainoM ke sAMskRkahA jAtA hai| unakA svaya kA prabhAva-kSetra bhI magadha tika itihAsa se ragA hai| rAjagaha, paMca pahAr3I, pAvApura, videha mAdi prAcya dezo kI apekSA madhyadeza adhika rhaa| ... nAlandA (bar3AgAva), gayA, gorathagiri, (carAcara parvata) vahI malla bhUmi ke kuzinagara me inakA parinirvANa huaa| jabhikagrAma, kAkadI, bhaddiva, guNAvA, navAdA, bihAra isake viparIta. tIrthakara mahAvIra kI dvAdazavIya sAdhanA zarIpha). sammedazikhara. pATalipatra (paTanA) maramAra. kA adhikAMza magadha me hI vyatIta huA / yahI unheM kevala- nagara (masAda), pacAra pahAr3a, zrAvaka parvata, causA, ArA jJAna kI samprApti huii| yaho unakA dharmacakra pravartana prAdi anekoM sthAnoM meM prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna jaina puraahyaa| isI pradeza meM tIsa varSIya tIrthakaratva kAla kA tattvAvazeSa, jina mUrtiyoM, pavitra smAraka prAdi prApta hai| bahu bhAga bItA aura yahI unhoMne nirvANa lAbha kiyaa| iname adhikAMza sthala tIrthakSetroM ke rUpa meM pUjyanIya hai| unake upadezo kI bhASA bhI mAgadhI kA vaha ardhamAgadhI bhAratavarSa ke kone kone se prativarSa sahasro jaina yAtrI rUpa thA jise anya pAsa-pAsa ke pradeza kI boliyo ke magadha ke ina pavitra tIrtha-sthAno kI yAtrA ke lie cirasamacita mizraNa ke kAraNa eka ati vistRta bhUbhAga eva kAla se Ate rahe hai| jana samudAya ko lokabhASA kA sthAna prApta huaa| sakSepa me, magadha deza kA jaina dharma aura jaina saMskRti jaina dharma evaM magadha . ke sAtha atyanta cirakAlIna, aTuTa evaM ghaniSTa sambandha magadha ke zizanAgavaMzI ( bibisAra, ajAtazatru, rahatA AyA hai| eka se pRthak karake dUsare ke viSaya meM udAyI Adi) zizunAga nadivarddhana, mahAnandI Adi, naMda- socA-samajhA hI nahI jA sktaa| vazI aura mauryavanI samrATa jI sabhI vrAtya kSatriya the, magadha kA astitva aura itihAsa usakI mAgadha mahAvIra ke dharma ke anuyAyI eva prabala poSaka rahe / unake saMskRti, zramaNa paramparA aura jainadharma ke astitva eva abhayakumAra, vardhakAra, zakaTAra, rAkSasa aura cANakya Adi itihAsa ke abhinna aMga hai; una donoM ke prabhyudaya athavA mahAmantrI bhI magadha nivAsI tathA jaina dharma ke anuyAyI utthAna aura patana bhI anyonyAzraya rahe hai| magadha ne the| azoka maurya ke samaya meM zramaNa paramparA ke hI bauddha yadi jainadharma ko poSaNa diyA aura use usakA vartamAna sampradAya kA pracAra bar3hA to magadha ke siMhAsana para azoka aitihAsika rUpa diyA to jainadharma ne bhI magadha kA sarvato. ke uttarAdhikArI dazaratha se AjIvika sampradAya kA makhI utkarSa-sAdhana kiyA aura use vizva-vizrata banA vizeSa prazraya milaa| senApati puSpamitra zaMga ne apane diyaa| svAmI aMtima maurya nareza kA vadha karake magadha kA sihA sahAyaka saMdarbha sUcI sana hastagata karake brAhmaNa dharma ke punaruddhAra kA prayatna (prayojana bhUta prAcIna jaina, brAhmaNIya eva bauddha graMthoM kiyA aura zramaNoM para atyAcAra kiyA, to jaina samrAT atirikta) kaliga-cakravartI mahAmeghavAhana khAravela kA use kopabhAjana kAmatA prasAda jaina-dI rilIjana prAva tIrtharAja bananA pdd'aa| isake pazcAt magadha meM sAmAnyatayA sabhI (eTA, 1964) zramaNa sampradAyoM ko aura vizeSakara jainadharma ko phira kRSNa datta vAjapeyI---dI jyomiTikala inasAiklopIDiyA kabhI rAjyAzraya prApta nahI humA / pUrvamadhya kAla meM pAla prAva ezeMTa aiMDa meDivala iMDiyA, vaMzI narezo ke samaya meM bauddhadharma ko puna: prabhUta protsA (vArANasI, 1652 ) hana milA, kintu unake uparAnta hI, vizeSakara musalamAno (zeSa pR0 132 para

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mahAvIra svAmI : smRti ke jharokhe me zrI zivakumAra nAmadeva, DiNDorI (ma0 pra0) sampUrNa vizva ko tyAga, ahimA aura satya kI rAha vicAra thA ki dhArmika upadezakoM yA saMtoM kI mUrtiyA~ mAnava dikhAne vAle kuNDalapUra ke rAjakumAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ko satkArya kI ora prerita karatI hai, ataeva unakI caubIsaveM tIrthakara ke rUpa meM avatarita hue the| unakI mUrtiyoM ko aise dhArmika sthAna para sthApita kiyA gayA, puNya jIvanagAthA dIna-hInoM meM navajIvana, asaMyamI eva jisa sthAna se mahAna puruSoM kA sambandha rahA ho| jainakAmaka jIvoM me saMyama aura niSThA paidA kara detI hai| pratimAnoM meM tIrthakara ke atirikta sabhI mUrtiyAM gauNa jIvana-maraNa mukhya nahIM hai / mukhya hai-pAvAgamana se mukti| samajhI jAtI hai| prAja jo kucha hama bhoga rahe haiM, vaha Aja kI kamAI nahI, ___ bhAratIya zilpakalA me pAtmajayI bhagavAna mahAvIra pUrva karmoM kA pratiphala hai, lekina bhaviSya meM kyA hogA vaha Aja para nirbhara hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ye zikSAyeM kA pratimAya sarvatra upalabdha hotI hai| mahAvIra pratimAyeM Aja mAnava ko apane vAstavika svarUpa ko pahacAnane hetu pUrNataH nagna, nAsAgra dRSTi aura kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3I prerita kara rahI hai| (khaDgAsana) yA dhyAna mudrA meM pAsIna (padmAsanastha) hotI thii| mahAvIra biMboM meM yadA-kadA vastroM kA kucha zilpa dRSTi aMza bhI pradarzita kiyA jAtA thA, jo zvetAmbara sampradAya jaina mUrtiyA~ do prakAra kI batAI gaI hai-kRtrima evaM se sambandhita hone kA sUcaka thaa| adhikAza pratimAoM akRtrima / prakRtrima pratimAyeM sampUrNa lokoM meM phailI huI ke vakSasthala para zrIvatsa cihnAkita hone ke sAtha hI sAtha hai eva kRtrima pratimAyeM mAnava nirmita hai| isa kalpa kAla meM sabase pahale RSabhadeva ke putra prathama sArvabhauma samrATa hasta-tala evaM siMhAsana para dharmacaka aura uSNISa tathA bharata cakravartI ne jina pratimAnoM kI sthApanA kI thii| UrNA ke cihna bhI prApta hote hai / sAtha hI prabhAvalI evaM dono pAvoM meM zAsana devatAoM ke atirikta anya kaI sahAjisa samaya RSabhadeva sarvajJa hokara isa dharAtala ko pavitra yaka prAkRtiyA~ bhI utkIrNa kI jAne lgiiN| sihAsana ke donoM karane lage, usa samaya bharata cakravartI ne toraNoM aura pAvoM para siMha evaM usake madhya meM unakA viziSTa lAMchana ghaMTAnoM para jina pratimAyeM banavA kara bhagavAna kA smAraka siMha utkIrNa hotA thaa| unake kAna skaMdhoM taka lambe aura kAyama kiyA thaa| tatpazcAt unhoMne hI bhagavAna ke bhujAyeM ghuTanoM taka prasArita hotI thiiN| nirvANa ghAma kailAza parvata para tIthaMkaroM kI caubIsa svarNamayI pratimAyeM nirmita karAI thiiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA viziSTa lAMchana siMha aura jisa bhAratIya kalA ke AdhAra para vaha nizcita rUpa se kahA vRkSa ke nIce unhoMne kaivalya prApta kiyA thA, vaha zAla jA sakatA hai ki jaina mata meM pUjA nimitta pratimAyeM pratyaMta kA vRkSa hai| inake yakSa-yakSiNI kramazaH mAtaMga evaM aparA prAcIna kAla meM nirmita hii|'jain matAnuyAyiyo kA yA siddhAyikA hai / aparAjitapRcchA evaM vAstasAra meM yakSoM 1. prAdipurANa 1-8, jaina siddhAMta bhAskara, bhAga 2, kiraNa 3. jaina mata meM mUrtipUjA kI prAcInatA evaM vikAsa : 1, sana 1932, pR08| zivakumAra nAmadeva, bhanekAta, maI 1974 / 2. kAmatA prasAda jaina : jaina siddhAMta bhAskara, bhAga 2, 4. 'tIrthaGkara pratimAmoM kI vizeSatAyeM' : zivakumAra kiraNa 1, sana 1832, pR08| nAmadeva, 'zramaNa', pharavarI 1674, pR0 24.26 /

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mahAvIra svAmI-smRti ke jharokhe meM 127 evaM yakSiNiyoM ke vAhana evaM lAMchana ke viSaya me mataikya tmaka daSTi se prati sundara hai| jaina dharma meM pratIkopAsanA nahIM hai / apara jitapRcchA ke anusAra mahAvIra kA varNa kI satata pravAhI dhArA inase siddha hotI hai paura kisa kAMcana hai| prakAra mUrti-pUjana kA samanvaya uma dhArA ke sAtha huA hai kuNDalapura ke gajakumAra, samUce vizva ko tyAga, yaha bhI vidita hotA hai| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta ahisA eva satya kI rAha dikhAne vAle, jaina dharma ke prANa, amohina dvArA pradatta mAyAgapaTTa kI tithi kalA-samIkSakoM prAtaH smaraNIya, caubIsaveM tIrthakara prAtmavazI mahAvIra kI ne I0 pU0 meM sthira kI hai / ukta prAyAgapaTTa vartulAkAra pratimA bhAratIya zilpakalA me IsvI sana pUrva me nimita arthArtha zilApaTTa hai jisake madhya bhAga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra prApta nahI hotI hai| isakA ekamAtra udAharaNa pAyAga- kI dhyAna mudrA me laghu pratimA dRSTigocara hotI hai| usake paTTa ke madhya utkIrNa prAkRti meM pAyA jAtA hai| utkIrNa caturdika janamata ke nimnAkita praSTa mAgalika cihna prAkRti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dhyAnamadrA meM akita kiye utkIrNa hai : (1) svastika, (2) darpaNa, (3) bhaSma pAtra, gae hai| (4) beta kI tipAI (bhadrAsana), (5-6) do machaliyA~, bhagavAna mAvIra kA samakAlIna ujjayinI nareza (7) puSpa mAlA, (8) pustaka / caNDapradyota thaa| caNDapradyota jaina matAnuyAyI thaa| aisA propapAtika sUtra (ma0 31) me aSTamAMgalika cihnoM ullekha prApta hotA hai ki pradyota ne mahAvIra kI eka ke nAma isa prakAra haipratimA dazapura (aAdhunika maMdasaura, ma0 pra0) meM prati svastika, zrIvatsa, nandyAvarta, varddhamAnaka, bhadrAsana, pThita karane ke lie eva usakI sevA prAdi ke lie bAraha kalaza, darpaNa tathA matsya-yugma / sau grAma dAna meM die the| caNDapradyota ne aisI hI eka DA. smitha ne mathurA se prApta kucha jaina mUrtiyo kI aura jIvanta svAmI kI pratimA banavAyI thI tathA usane pAdapITha para akita siMha ko bhagavAna mahAvIra kA lAchana usakI pratiSThA ujjaina meM karavAyI thii| samrATa azoka ke mAna kara unakA samIkaraNa mahAvIra se kiyA hai| parantu vazaja maurya nareza samprati kA jaina mAhitya me vahI sthAna DA. smitha kA yaha samIkaraNa ucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai jo sthAna samrATa azoka kA bauddha dharma meM hai| pari- hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pAdapITha para akita siha, ziSTa parva ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki samprati ke samaya mihAmana ke pratIka hai na ki mahAvIra ke pratIka siha ke| ujjayinI me jIvata svAmI kI pratimA kI rathayAtrA yadi ve mahAvIra ke lAchana hote to unhe mUrtitala ke madhya nikalI thii| yadyapi ukta kAla kI mahAvIra pratimAyeM prAja bhAga me utkIrNa kiyA jAtA, jaisA ki hama paravartIyugIna taka upalabdha nahI huI hai kintu sAhityika varNana se ukta pratimAno me pAte hai| viSaya para prakAza par3atA hai| kRSANakAlIna mathuga kI kalA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke kuSANayugIna jaina pratimAye bauddha mUrtiyo ke hI sadaza lAMchana nahIM pAye jAte, jinase kAnAtara meM unakI pahacAna hai| matharA ke kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana se upalabdha amo. kI jAtI thii| kevala RSabhanAtha ke skandhoM para khule hue hina dvArA pradatta pAyAgapaTra tathA tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ ulle- kezo kI laTeM aura supArzvanAtha ke mastaka para sarpaphaNoM khanIya haiN| prAyAgapaTa pUjA-zilAyeM thI jinakI paramparA kA prATopa banAyA gayA hai / isa prakAra, kuSANa yuga meM ati prAcya hai| ye zilAyeM pratIkAtmaka aura tIrthakara. tIrthakaroM ke vibhinna pratIko kA parijJAna na ho sakA thaa| pratimA-saMyukta donoM prakAra kI hai| jaina mAyAga-paTTa kalA- vibhinna tIrthaMkaro ko pahacAnane ke lie caukiyoM para 5. prAcIna bhAratIya mUrti vijJAna : vAsudeva upAdhyAya, 7. pariziSTa parva, 11123 64 / citraphalaka 81 / 5. free: Jain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, reprint Varanasi 1969 PIS 6. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita, parva 10, sarga 2 / XCIII, XCIV.

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128, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta akita lekhoM meM nAma kA ullaMkha hI paryApta thaa| kAlAMtara tulya mUrtiyoM ko sthAna diyA gayA thaa| gupta-yuga kI meM pratimA kI caukI para unakA lAMchana utkIrNa kiyA pratimAoM ke prAbhAmaNDala para do mAlAdhArI vidyAdhara jAne lgaa| dikhalAI par3ate haiN| prabhAcakra kA aMkana bhI pratimAnoM ko kuSANakAlIna bhagavAna mahAvIra kI eka anya pratimA gupta-kAlIna ghopita karatA hai| mahAvIra kI pratimAyeM gupta kAlAna jo mathurA saMgrahAlaya (mathurA saMgrahAlaya-jI 1) meM sura- Asana-mudrA meM madhya pradeza evaM bihAra Adi se upalabdha kSita hai, utthita padmAsana me baiThI hai| mastaka ke pIche pada- huI haiM / mahAvIra kI pratimAyeM prAyaH kamalAsana yA siMhAsana mAva-patra aura Upara challedAra keza hai isame aMgoM kA para baiThI milatI hai / unake donoM hAtha dhyAna-mudrA meM vinyAsa Thasa na hokara loca bharA hai aura mukha para divya dRSTigocara hote hai| chavi hai| tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke vakSa para zrIvatsa evaM matharA ke kaMkAlI TIle se upalabdha eka mastaka rahita mastaka ke pIche prabhAmaNDala pAyA jAtA hai| phaNATopa jina-mati lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM sarakSita hai / pratimA para vAlI mUrtiyoM meM prabhAmaNDala nahIM rahatA / kinhIM mUrtiyoM gupta savata 113 (432 I0) akita hai / purAtAtvikoM ne meM tIrthaGkara kA nAma bhI milatA hai| isa pratimA kA samIkaraNa mahAvIra se kiyA hai|" sambhamahAvIra kI " U~cI, yamunA nadI se upalabdha, vataH vidvAno ke samIkaraNa kA prAdhAra pratimA-pITha para pratimA padmAsana meM hai| yaha pratimA matharA saMgrahAlaya utkIrNa siMha hai jo mahAvIra jI kA lAMchana hai| parantu hama (kramAMka 2126) meM saMrakSita hai| mUrtitala para utkIrNa pratimA-pITha para utkIrNa siho ko sihAsana ke pratIka adhUre lekha meM bardhamAma kA spaSTa nAmollekha hone ke bAva- ke dyotaka mAna sakate hai, na ki pratimA ke lAMchana ke rUpa jUda isa pratimA meM tithi aMkita nahIM hai| kaMkAlI Tole meN| se mahAvIra kI 1 phuTa 4 iMca U~cI pratimA prApta huI hai jo mahAvIra kA citraNa karane vAlI eka guptayugIna mUrti dhyAna-mudrA meM prAsIna hai| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita bhArata-kalA-bhavana, vArANasI meM sagahIta hai / vArANasI se yaha pratimA bhagna hai / lekhayukta pAdapITha para citrita ardha upalabdha isa mUrti meM devatA ko ucca pIThikA para dhyAnAstambhoM para dharmacakra sthita hai, jo pATha pUjakoM dvArA vaMdita vasthA me pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| pIThikA ke madhya bhAga ho rahA hai / ye sambhavataH mUrti ke dAna-dAtAoM kI prAkR* me utkIrNa dharmacakra ke donoM pArzva meM sihoM kA aMkana hai tiyoM kA aMkana karatI haiN| mathurA sagrahAlaya (kramAMka- jo isa pratimA kI mahAvIra ke aMkana se pahacAna karAtI 536) meM saMkalita mathurA ke hI gUjaraghATI sthAna se hai| pIThikA ke donoM pArzva me utkIrNa do tIrthakara isa prApta eka madhyayugIna citraNa kA zreSTha udAharaNa 24 aMkana kI apanI vizeSatA hai| isa manorama citraNa meM tIrthaGkaroM kI mUrtiyAM haiM jinakA varNana yathA-sthAna kiyA mahAvIra ke donoM pAzca me do prAkRtiyo ko utkIrNa kiyA jaayegaa| gayA hai jo sambhavata. zAsana-devatA haiN| mahAvIra ke pRSTha bhAga ___gupta-kAlIna jaina pratimAyeM sundaratA tathA kalAtmaka me pradarzita alaMkaraNarahita prabhAcakra ke dono pArzva meM do dRSTi se sarvotkRSTa haiN| gupta-yuga meM jaina pratimAnoM meM hameM ur3ate hae gaMdhoM kA citraNa hai| mahAvIra ke keza racanA do vizeSatAyeM-adhovastra tathA zrIvatsa-parilakSita hotI gucchakoM ke rUpa meM nirmita hai| guptakAlIna sampUrNa vishesshaiN| jaina mUrtiyoM kI banAvaTa uttama hai| isI kAla meM jana tAmoM se bhaSita isa mUrti ke mukha para pradarzita ma pratimAoM meM yakSa-yakSiNI, mAlAvAhI gandharva prAdi deva- zAnti va virakti kA bhAva prazaMsanIya hai| 9. bhAratIya kalA : vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pR0 284, Jaya Golden Jublles vol 1, Pt. Page 153, citra 316 / Figure 8. R. D. Banerjee : Age of Impe. rial Guptas Pt. XVIII; U.P. Shah : Akota 10. Dr. R.C. Sharma : Mahavira Jain Vidya. Bronzes, P. 15.

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mahAvIra svAmI : smRti ke jharokhe meM 129 vardhamAna mahAvIra ko dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pUrva jIvaMta madhya pradeza ke lakhanAdauna (sivanI jilA) se upasvAmI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| uktAvadhi meM cUki ve labdha mahAvIra kI eka advitIya kalAtmaka pratimA abhI rAjakIya vezabhUSA se susajjita the, ata zilpiyo meM unheM hAla hI meM prApta huI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pratimA usI vezabhUSA me pradarzita kiyA hai| jIvata svAmI kI ve ganchako ke rUpa meM pradarzita keza-vinyAsa uSNISabaDa gupta-yugIna do pratimAyeM bar3audA saMgrahAlaya me surakSita hai| daSTi nAsikA ke agrabhAga para sthita hai| prazAMta nayana, hai|" rAjakIya paridhAna meM hone se unakI pahacAna sugamatA mandara bhave, nAsikA ke nIce madasmita moTha, aisA pratIta se ho jAtI hai| hotA hai ki mAno bhagavAn mahAvIra kI amRtavANI jaise uttara guptakAla me jaina kalA se sabaMdhita aneka kendra prasphuTita honA hI cAhatI hai / sugaThita vibuka, cehare kI the| isa kAla meM kalA tAMtrika bhAvanA se prota prota thI bhavyatA evaM garimApUrNa racanA zilpiyoM kI zreSThatA ke jisakA spaSTa prabhAva tatkAlIna pratimAno ke avalokana paricAyaka hai / karNa lambe hai jina para karNaphula zobhita ho se spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai / yadyapi isa yuga meM kalAkAroM rahe haiM / urdhva bhAga meM vikSatra hai jisameM motiyoM kI pAMca kA kArya-kSetra vistRta ho gayA thA, parantu ve pratimA-nirmANa laTakane hai / trichatra ke nIce tIna padamoM se gumphita trichatra meM svacchaMda nahIM the apitu ve apanI racanAoM ko pratimA- hai| mastaka ke pRSTha bhAga meM prAbhAmaNDala hai| ukta pratimA zAstrIya graMthoM ke AdhAra para hI rUpa pradatta karate the| ukta saumyamudrA meM dhyAnamagna cAra-cAra stambhoM se nirmita siMha baMdhana ke phalasvarUpa madhyayugIna jainakalA niSprANa-sI ho pIThikA para padmAsanArUr3ha hai| pratimA kA prAkAra 4' gaI thI / uttara guptayugIna jaina kalA kI eka pramukha vize- 2" hai| vivecya pratimA pratimAzAstrIya adhyayana ke SatA jo hameM parilakSita hotI hai, vaha hai kalA me caubIsa dRSTikoNa se 8vIM sadI kI jJAta hotI hai| nIDaroM kI yakSa-yakSiNI ko sthAna pradatta kiyA jaanaa| madhya pradeza ke yazasvI rAjavaMza kalacuriyoM ke kAla madhyakAlIna jaina pratimAno meM caukI para pATha graho meM unakI dhArmika sahiSNutA ke phalasvarUpa anya matoM ke kI prAkRti kA aMkana hinduoM ke navagrahoM kA anu- sAtha hI janadharma bhI phalA-phulA / unake samaya meM jainadharma karaNa hI hai| isa yuga meM madhya bhArata, bihAra, ur3IsA evaM kalA kA adhika prasAra huaa| tathA dakSiNa meM digambara mata kA prAdhAnya ho gayA thaa| kalacurikAlIna kArItalAI se prApta evaM samprati pASANa ke atirikta ghAtu pratimAyeM bhI nimita kI jAne rAyapura saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita, tIna phuTa pAMca iMca U~cI lagI thiiN| mahAvIra kI pratimA kalAtmaka dRSTi se uccakoTi kI hai| mathurA saMgrahAlaya (kramAka 536) me saMrakSita mathurA bhagavAna mahAvIra U~ce siMhAsana para utthita padmAsana meM ke hI gUjara ghATI se upalabdha eka madhyayugIna citraNa meM dhyAnastha baiThe hue hai| keza dhuMgharAle eva uSNISabaddha tathA kAyotsarga madrA meM khar3I mukhya prAkRti ko anya 23 tIrtha- hRdaya para dhIvakSa cihnAkita hai| prabhAcakra kI dakSiNa hura prAkRtiyoM se veSThita pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / bahuta pAca paTTI para unake paricAraka saudharmendra khar3e hai / anya saMbhava hai ki madhya meM avasthita mUlanAyaka kI prAkRti tIrthaGkara kI cAra padmAsana sthita pratimAyeM bhI haiM / dharmacakra mahAvIra kA aMkana karatI ho| ucca caukI ke madhya bhAga meM sthita hai jisake Upara unakA 11. U. P. Shah : Akota Bronzes, P. 26-28. 12. Haihyas of Tripuri and their Monuments: R. D. Banerji%; kalacuri nareza aura unakA kAla : DA. mirAzI; dhubelA saMgrahAlaya kI jaina pratimAyeM : zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, agasta 1972 kalacuri-kalA meM zAsana deviyA~ : zivakumAra nAmadeva anekAMta, maI-jUna 1672; kalacurikAla meM jainadharma-zivakumAra nAmadeva, bhanekAMta, julAI-agasta 1972

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130, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta lAMchana siMha hai| dharmacakra ke nIce eka strI leTI hai| rAjasthAna se mahAvIra kI aneka pratimAyeM evaM devAlaya mahAvIra kA yakSa mAtaMga aMjalibaddha evaM yakSI siddhAyikA prakAza meM Aye hai| prosiyA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caMbarI liye hue hai|" eka prAcIna mandira hai jisameM vizAlakAya mahAvIra svAmI zyAma balupA pASANa se nirmita 4' 4" '" kI mUrti hai / yaha madira parihAra nareza vatsarAja ke samaya prAkAra kI jabalapura se prApta mahAvIra kI eka sundara / Tara kA hai| jainatIrtha savaMsaMgraha meM prosiyAM kA vivaraNa dete hue pratimA philDelaphiyA myUjiyama prApha pArTa meM surakSita likhA hai ki yahA~ soyazikharI vizAla madira bar3A ramaNIka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI yaha nagna pratimA kAyotsarga hai| mUlanAyaka pratimA mahAvIra jI kI hai jo DhAI phuTa mudrA meM khar3I hai| hRdaya para zrIvatsa cihAMkita hai| hasta UMcI hai / devAlaya bhavya parakoTe se ghirA huaA hai, toraNa ghuTane taka labe hai| zIrSa ke Upara viLatra tathA usake darzanIya eva stabhoM para tIrthadUroM kI pratimAyeM uttIrNa hai| kinAre do hastI aMkita hai| baMgAla ke baoNkUDAM jile ke pAka beDarA nAmaka sthala vizvavikhyAta kalAtIrtha ilorA kI gaphAyeM (navIM para jainakalA ke aneka avazeSa upalabdha hue hai jina meM zatI) tIrthaGkara pratimAnoM se paripUrNa hai / guhA saMkhyA 30 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI bhI pratimAye hai| uA meM se eka meM, jo choTA kailAza ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai, mahAvIra paMcatIrthI parivara toraNa bhAbhaNDalAdi pratihArya yukta hai| kI baiThI huI pASANa mUrtiyA~ padamAsana evaM dhyAnamudrA meM / dUsarI pratimA ke parikara me aSTagraha pratimAyeM vidyamAna utkIrNa haiN| pArzva meM cAvarayukta yakSa-gaMdharva Adi kI AkRtiyAM haiN| siMhAsanArUr3ha baiThe mahAvIra kI mUrti ke Urdhva bhAga maisUra ke hoyalezvara devAlaya se do phAga kI dUrI meM kSatra hai| para jainoM ke tIna devAlaya hai, jina meM caubIsa tIrthaDro kI pratimAyeM bhI aMkita hai| prAba sTezana se eka mIla kI dUrI __dUsarI guphA meM padmAsanArUr3ha dhyAnamudrA meM mahAvIra para delavAr3A meM pA~ca jaina mandira hai jiname tIrthaGkaroM kI kI bhaneka pratimAyeM hai / / indrasabhA nAmaka guhA meM siMhA pratimAyeM vidyamAna hai / kubhAriyA tIrtha kA kalApUrNa mahAsanArUr3ha mahAvIra kI baiThI mUrtiyA~ dhyAnAvasthA meM hai| vIra madira kalAtmaka dRSTi se sundara hai|" isa maMdira ke jagannAtha nAmaka guhA ke dAlAna meM mahAvIra kI mUrtiyA~ chaThe khaNDa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana kA bhAva utkIrNa hai jisa meM mahAvIra ke pichale 27 bhava, 5 kalyANaka aura sAtavIM-pAThavI-zatI meM nirmita aihola kI eka guhA me jIvana kI viziSTa ghaTanAyeM-jaise caMdanabAlA kA prasaMga, mahAvIra kI prAkRti bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| siha, kAna meM kIleM Thokane aura caNDakauzika sarpa ke upasarga makara evaM dvArapAlo kA khudAva, unakA paridhAna elIpheMTA prAdi kI ghaTanAyeM-khadI hai| eka chata ke sAtave bhAga meM ke samAna uccakoTi kA hai| ur3IsA ke nikaTa udayagiri- bhagavAna mahAvIra dezanA de rahe hai, gaNadhara baiThe hue haiM, saMgha khaNDagiri kI eka gRhA meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI pratimAyeM ke manuSya alaga-alaga vAhanoM para savArI karake dezanA utkIrNa hai| sunane ko pA rahe hai, isa taraha kA bhAva utkIrNa hai| 13. mahaMta ghAsIrAma smAraka saMgrahAlaya, rAyapura, sUcIpatra, 16. baMgAla ke jaina purAtatva kI zodha meM pA~ca dina : zrI citraphalaka k| bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, anekAMta, jalAI-agasta 1973 / / 14. sTelA kemarica - iNDiyana skalpacara ina di philDela- 17. 'kubhAriyA kA mahAvIra mandira : zrI harihara siMha - - phiyA myUjiyama Apha ArTa, pR0 12 / zramaNa, nava-disambara 1674; kubhAriyA tIrtha kA 15. mosiyAM kA prAcIna mahAvIra maMdira : zrI agaracanda / kalApUrNa mahAvIra maMdira : zrI agaracanda nAhaTA zramaNa nAhaTA, anekAMta, maI 1974 / apraila 1974 /

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mahAvIra svAmI : smRti ke jharokhe meM 131 mAlava bhUmi ne bhAratIya kalA ko vizeSa yoga pradatta pArzva me vidyAdhara yugala pUjA sAmagrI lie haye hai| devatA kiyA hai| vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina kA purAtatva- ke skaMdhoM ke samIpa dono pAvoM meM do sihoM kA utkRSTa saMgrahAlaya mAlavA va ujjayinI ke avazeSoM se sampanna hai| citraNa hai| DA. kumArasvAmI ne ise havI zatI kI pratimA saMgrahAlaya meM lagabhaga dasa pratimAyeM sarvatobhadra mahAvIra mAnA hai / sambhavataH yaha pratimA bundelakhaNDa meM upalabdha kI hai jina para pAradarzI vastra hai| sabhI meM mahAbIra padmA- huI thii| sana me dhyAnAvasthA meM aMkita hai / yahA~ kI eka anya kendrIya saMgrahAlaya, indaura" meM sagRhIta mahAvIra kI pratimA kAyotsarga mudrA meM khaDgAsana avasthA meM hai| mUrti kA AkAra 72 X 66430 se. mI. hai| pratimAye lekhayukta hai / DA. vAsudeva upAdhyAya ke 'prAcIna bhAratIya mUrti vijJAna' nAmaka gratha ke citraphalaka 82 meM madhya-pradeza ke prasiddha kalA-kendra khajurAho" ke eka AdinAtha evaM mahAvIra kI yugma mUrti kA citra hai / mahAjaina mandira meM mahAvIra kA eka manojJa bimba kAyotsarga vIra kI pratimA ke pITha para unakA vAhana siha hai| mudrA meM utkIrNa hai, jisameM pUrNata. nagna mahAvIra ko unake viziSTa lAMchana siMha se sambaddha rUpa me citrita kiyA gayA zilpa zAstra meM mahAvIra hai| deva kI mukhAkRti para zAnti aura saumyatA kA bhAva jana pratimA-samUha meM tIrthaDrara pratimA kA hI prAdhAnya suspaSTa hai / mastaka para sarpaphaNoM ke ghaTATopo se yukta deva hai| jinoM ke citraNa meM tIrthaTTaro kA sarvazreSTha pada prakapArzva meM khar3e upAsaka devoM se AveSThita hai| mahAvIra kI lpita hotA hai / RSabhanAtha, neminAtha evaM mahAvIra kI eka anya padmAsanastha pratimA devagar3ha ke mandira meM hai| padma mudrA kamalAsana hai jo inake isI prAsana mudrA meM kaivalya maya alaMkaraNoM ke prabhAcakra se yukta mUlanAyaka ko prAkRti prApti kI sUcaka hai / mahAvIra ke yakSa-yakSiNI, kevala vakSa ke donoM pArzva meM unake zAsana devatA tribhaMga mudrA meM khar3e eva cAmaraghArI yA dhAriNI ke viSaya meM pratimA-vijJAna ke devatA ke zIrSa-bhAga se puna: do pAsIna tIrthaGkaroM kA granthoM meM mataikya nahI hai / vaha sarvamAnya hai ki unakA dhvaja bimba utkIrNa hai| prabhAmaNDala ke Upara tIna zreNiyoM me yA vAhana siha hai / aparAjita eva vAstumAra ke anusAra vibhakta trichatra ke dono mora hAthoM meM puSpamAla liye hue unakA zAsana deva mAtaMga hai / zAsana-devI siddhAyikA, vidyAdhara hai| pAdapITha ke nIce do siMha AkRtiyoM kA kevala vRkSa zAla evaM cAmaradhArI yA dhAriNI zreNika hai| aMkana hai| mahAvIra ke yakSa kA vAhana yA lAMchana aparAjita ke manumahAvIra kI balUye pASANa se nirmita eka viziSTa sAra hastI evaM vAstusAra ke anusAra gaja hai| isI prakAra pratimA jisakA Urva bhAga mAtra hI zeSa bacA hai, aAjakala yakSI kA vAhana yA lAchana aparAjita ke anusAra bhadrAsana bosTana saMgrahAlaya me sarakSita hai / yaha UvakAya pratimA evaM vAstusAra ke anusAra siMha tathA pratiSThA sArovAra, sakSma nirIkSaNa se nagna rahI pratIta hotI hai / pratimA kI abhijJAna cintAmaNi, amarakoSa, digambara jaina prAikanoU~cI keza racanA vAstava meM isakI sAdhu prakRti kI sUcaka grAphI evaM harivaMza purANa ke anusAra kamala hai| hai| mahAvIra ke keza gucchaka unake skaMdhoM para laTaka rahe hai / vakSasthala para tIrthaDuroM kA viziSTa cihna zrIvatsa pratIka zAstrIya pradhyayana : utkIrNa hai| mastaka ke Upara pradarzita trichatra, azoka vakSa tIrthaGkara brahmabhUta mahApuruSa haiN| tIrthaGkaroM ke hRdaya evaM kacha prAkRtiyoM se veSTita hai| mUrti ke bAma evaM dakSiNa para zrIvatsa kA arthAt cakra-cihna rahatA hai| yaha dharmacakra vivavidyAlaya, ujjaina ke purAtatva saMgrahAlaya kI aprakAzita jaina pratimAyeM : DA. surendra kumAra prArya, anekAnta, julAI-agasta 1972 / 16. khajurAho kI advitIya jaina pratimAyeM : zrI zivakamAra nAmadeva, anekAnta, pharavarI 1974 / 20 kendrIya saMgrahAlaya, iMdaura kI saMkSipta mArgadarzikA /

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132, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta hai| inake pAsana ke nIce aMkita pratIka dhAraNa-dharma ke ve solaha svapna dekhe the jinameM eka prAkAza kI ora uchalatA pratIka haiM / trichatra, trizakti (jJAna-icchA-kriyA) ke humA siMha bhI thaa| svayaM rAjA siddhArtha ne isakA phala yaha siddhAnta haiM jo sabhI bhAratIya sampradAyo meM samAna zraddhA batAyA thA ki hone vAlA bAlaka atula vIra evaM parAkramI ke sAtha mAne jAte hai / mastaka ke pIche lagA huA prabhA- hogaa| maNDala dharma-cakra kA rUpa hai| yaha kAla cakra hai jo kAla uparokta varNana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhAratIya aura dharma-cakra ke rUpa meM viSNu aura zakti ke hAthoM meM hai kalA AtmavazI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana caritra se prota. aura jina tathA buddha se sambaddha hai / mastaka para tIna chatroM prota hai| prAta. smaraNIya mahAvIra svAmI-- bhagavAna vardhavAlA chatra hai| yaha trizakti kA pratIka hai| yaha ziva paura mAna kA jIvana caritra bhakto ke lie amata hai, bhAratIya buddha kA prizUla tathA durgA kA trikoNa hai / bhagavAn mahA janatA ke liye saMjIvana hai aura vizva kI bhaTakatI janatA vIra padmAsana para ArUr3ha dikhAye jAte haiN| padma sRSTi kA ke lie jagamagAtA prakAza-stambha hai| pratIka hai| 00 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vAhana siMha hai| hindU, bauddha evaM jaina matAvalambiyoM ne siMha ko ucca sthAna pradatta kiyA vyAkhyAtA, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM siMha zakti kA pratIka mAnA gayA zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma ke pUrva unakI mAtA ne DinDaurI (maDalA) madhya pradeza [pR0 115 kA zeSAMza jyoti prasAda jaina-- pI0 sI0 rAya caudhurI jainijma ina bihAra ( paTanA, 1. jainijma dI molDesTa liviga rilIjina 1956) (banArasa, 1951) vimalA caraNa sAhA -mahAvIra : hija lAipha eNDa TIcigsa 2. tIrthaGkaroM kA sarvodaya mArga (dillI, 1974) (landana, 1637) 3. dI jana sorseja mAra dI hisTarI mAva enseTa baijanAtha siha vinoda-magadha, itihAsa aura saMskRti iDiyA (dillI, 1964) ,(banArasa 1654) 4. pramukha aitihAsika jaina (dillI, 1975) zazikAnta jaina-khAravela eNDa azoka (dillI, 1673) 5. bhAratIya itihAsa - eka dRSTi (di0 saM0 vArANasI, 1966) hIrAlAla jaina evaM prA0 na0 upAdhye-mahAvIra : yuga aura 6. rilIjana eMDa kalcara prAva dI jensa (dillI jIvana-darzana (dillI 1974) 1975) 7. zrI vIra zAsana (lakhanaU, 1974) nandalAla -jyographIkala DikzanarI bhAva esenTa eNDa meDi- jyotinikuMja, vala iddiyaa| cArabAga, lakhanaU-1

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'darzana sAra' kA hindI padyAnuvAda 0 zrI kundana lAla jaina, dillI devasenakRta 'darzanasAra' jaina vAGgamaya meM bahata hI kucha dinoM taka darzanasAra aura usake kartA devasena para prasiddha aura apanI prAcInatA ke lie vikhyAta bhI hai| vidvAnoM meM bar3I carcA evaM UhApoha huA thA jo tatkAlIna mUlataH yaha prAkRta meM hai para isakI aitihAsikatA ne anekoM zodha patroM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| prAcArya devasena gaNI vidvAnoM ko apanI pora AkarSita kiyA hai / phalataH isake ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie sva0 DA0 nemIsaMskRta, hindI, gadya, padya me anekoM anuvAda hue hai| candra jI jyotiSAcArya likhita bRhadgraMtha "tIrthaMkara mahA'darzanasAra' kI sarvaprathama khoja DA0 pITarsana ne sana 1884 vIra aura unakI prAcArya paramparA", bhAga 2, pR0 370 para me kI thii| ve usa samaya jainAcArya pUjyapAda svAmI ke kAla dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahAM hamArA uddezya uparyukta vistAra nirNaya ke sambandha meM khoja-zodha kara rahe the| pUjyapAda kA me jAne kA nahIM hai| apitu hame dillI ke jaina bhaNDAroM meM ullekha darzana sAra kI 24vI gAthA meM hai| ataH DA0 sthita pAMDulipiyoM kI vivaraNAtmaka sUcI taiyAra karate pITarsana ne bhANDArakara proriyaMTala risarca iMsTITyUTa pUnA, hue darzanasAra kA hindI padyAnuvAda dekhane ko milA thA, meM kramAMka 507 para sthita 'darzanasAra' kI prati dekhI aura hama usI kI carcA karanA cAhate haiN| ise prakAzita bhI karAyA, para yaha prakAzana pUrNatayA zuddha aura adhikRta na thaa| isake bAda aura bhI prakAzana hue, para darzanasAra bhASA (padya) di. jaina khaDelavAla mandira, vaida vADA, dillI ke zAstra bhaMDAra me kramAMka 162 bI ve kucha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa siddha na hue| se suzobhita hai| isakI lambAI 113 iMca tathA caur3AI paM0 nAtharAma jI premI ne jaina hitapI' ke 133 4 iMca hai / isame kevala 3 hI patra hai| pratyeka patra me E-6 bhAga me darzana sAra kI carcA nibaMdha rUpa meM kI, tathA bAda me paktiyAM hai tathA hara eka pakti me 60-60 akSara hai| isa san 1917 meM 'darzana sAra' zIrSaka se grantharUpa me hindI prati ko magasira sudI 2, saM0 1676 meM zrI rAjulAla jI prantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya se prakAzita kraayaa| isame mUla baDajAtyA ne jayapura me likhA thaa| isakI racanA kisI pATha, saMskRta chAyA, hindI artha tathA samIkSAtmaka vivecana adhyAtma premI ne bhAdo vadI 16, sa. 1772 me kI thI bhI thA / san 1934 ke AsapAsa DA0 AdinAtha neminAtha jo nimna chanda se spaSTa hai| upAdhye ne 'yApanIya saMgha : eka saMpradAya' zIrSaka lekha sattaraha se vahari adhika bhAvauM terasi syAma / likhA to usa samaya unhe 'darzana sAra' kI upayogitA pralapamati nu kahata yaha bhASa raco abhirAma // anubhava huI, kyoki isakI 29vI gAthA me yApanIya saMgha kA ullekha hai| ataH unhone bhANDArakara prorienTala upayukta anuvAda mere khyAla se sarvathA aprakAzita isTITyUTa, pUnA meM sthita lagabhaga AdhI darjana pAMDulipiyo eva ajJAta hai jise hama yahAM avikala rUpa se prastuta kara ke AdhAra para eka sarvazuddha adhikRta pATha taiyAra kiyA aura rahe hai / prAzA hai ki prAkRta se anabhijJa hindI premI isakA Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research rasAsvAdana kara skeNge| isa prati me 36vI gAthA kA Institute, Poona, Vol. XV, Part III-IV, 1934 anuvAda nahIM hai| isakA kyA kAraNa hai, kucha bhI kahanA AD meM pR. 198 para prakAzita karAyA thaa| usa samaya kaThina hai / anusadhAtA vidvAn isase lAbha utthaaveN|

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134, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta darzanasAra : hindI padyAnuvAda viparIta mithyAta dohA suvrata tIratha samaya suSa samakita khIra kadaMba / ziSya tAsu duTha vasu napati para suta paravata taMba // 16 // namita vIra jiNa yaMda surase Ni nama sudha gyAni / / mata viparIta kiyo sabai saMjama loka vinAsi / pUrava sUrihi kahiu jima barasana sAra vakhAni // 1 // tAteM sa saba bhaye ghora mahA naraka sAtaveM vAsi // 17 // soraThA-khetra bharata tIrthesa nAka zreSTha devendra nata / samaya hota jike sujIva mithyAta pravarta je // 2 // vinaya mithyAta varNana dohA-riSabha jinesura putra suta kalaMkita moha mithyaat| maukara ke samaya utapati vinaya mithyAta / mahA sarva viSTanu dhurI pUraba sUri vikhyAta // 3 // sajaya maMDita sira sikhA nagana keya vikhyAta // 18 // dohA-tihi vicitra darasana kie rUpa sumirata vyaap| duSTa jike guNavaMtahU saba dina bhakti samAna / taiseM itarani phuni samika vrata suhAni vrata mApa // 4 // nAMhi baMDa mana phuni janana maDha nakala pitu jJAna // 16 // dohA-yaka ekAMta saMsaya dutiya viparita vinaya vikhyAta / ajJAna mithyAta varNana mahAmoha agyAna e kahe paMca mithyAta // 5 // vIra tIrthakara bahu zrutI pAsa saMgha gaNi sikSa / dohA ---ekAMta mithyAta varNana marakaTa pUraNa sAdhu katha loka agyAna apikSa ||20| vAre pAsa jinaMda ke saj tIra palApta / prajJAnina ke mukha kahai mukati jIva nahiM gyAna / nagara, ziSya pihitAvaha buddhi kIrati muNI bhAsa // 6 bahuri prAgamana bhamaNa nahIM bhava bhava jIvanu jAni // 21 // machi prAsana pUrana udara aganita bhraSTa prvrjy| eka suddha karatA sabanu je jiya saravasa loka / pravati kiyo ekAMta tina vastara rakta gharajya // 7 // sUni dhyAna baranAvarana tihiM para sikSata koka // 22 // tAteM tihi bAMchana te bhavata pApa prabuddha / jina maga vAhija tatva je darasAye mana pApa / mAsa mohinahi jIva jiya phala sakkara dadhi dadhyA saptama naraka nigoda jAyaka vividha kaSTa dukha prApa // 23 // varajanIka madahU nahIM jala jima drava dravya eh| drAviDa saMgha utpatti varNana ima lokana maha ghoSi ke prati pApa kiya jeha / / karma kara pravara pravara bhugate iha siddhAnta / pUjyapAda zrI sikSa duSTa saMgha drAviDa karana / parakalapita kirava gyAna yaha upajyo naraka mahaMta // 10 vajranaMdi paratakSa pAhuDa vedI mahata zruta // 24 // prApane zruta vacanehi bharavana doSa nahi munina khN| saMsaya mithyAta varNana viparIta raciu tehi ima vizeSa visatArayaU // 25 // ikasata pravara chattIsa vikrama rAjA marana gata / bIja mAMhi nahIM jIvaubha prasana nahIM phAsu nhi| soraThapura balabhI sasaMgha seta paDhaU supanau // 11 // sAvavi manaina kIna giNaina kalapita graMtha kiya // 26 // bhadrabAhu zrI muni gaNI satyAcAraja sikSa / kachakheta vAsata vaNija kari ke jIvana kIna / tAsa sikSa jiNacaMda duTha cArita maMda dhravikSa // 12 // nhAvata sItala nIra sauM pravara pApamaya lIna // 27 // tinahi ihai mata pragaTi kiya triyA tihi bhava mokss| vikrama rAya mue parcha barasa pAMca se chattIsa / kevala jJAnI phuni kamala bhakSa roga tana pokha // 13 // dakSiNa matharA te bhayo dvAvira saMgha manIsa // 28 // sIjhaya aMbara juta jatI vIra garabha cAritra / paraliMgI hui mukata hui phAsu bhakSa saravatra // 14 // yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti inahiM prAvi mAgama avara duSTa midhyA sAsatra / barasa sAta se pAMca gata nagara kalyANa sujAta / race prApakoM thApiyo prathama naraka vRkha ttr||15|| saMgha jApanIya jAniyo zrI kalasa ta vikhyAta // 26 //

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'darzanasAra' kA hindI padyAnuvAda 135 kASThA saMgha utpatti padamanaMdI jatinAtha zrImaMdhara jina jhalaka / zrI muni vIra suseni sikSa zruta jJAtA jinaseni / nava vibodhaya siva pAya muni kima pAvai zuddha yaga / / 43 / / padamanaMdi zrI pachai causaMghau dhAriu tena // 30 // puhupavaMta balibhUta dekha dakhina manukrama dharama / tAsa sikSa guNavaMta guNabhA jJAna paripUra / je bhAsita muni sUta niravikalapa je tatvavit // 44 // dakSiNa vijjhi sudesa puhakalapura mani vIracaMda / pakSa subuddhi viveka jana bhAva liMgI tapa sUra // 31 bIta aThAraha sesu bhillaya saMgha prarUpaye // 45 / / phuni tini pIche tatvavita vinaya sena muni sAra / tina siddhAnta zrata ghoSi nija suraga loka gati dhAra // 32 so nija gacchakarApha bhinta paDikavaNa aura kriyaa| vinayasena dikSata pragaTa bhayo kumAra suseni / gyAnAvaraNa vipAka suSTa hama jina mAra gahaM // 46 // pragRhIta dikSA bahuri jihi sanyAsa bhajena || 3|| bahuri na kahiyo koya guNa gaNadhara puMgamichata / parivajita pIchI camara gahI moha kalitena / dukhama prati yaka hoya mithyA darazana nAza kara // 47 // unmAraga pragaTita sabana vAgaDa deza sujena // 34 // dhAra mUla guNehi vIra muni nAma hue| triya ko dIkSA phuni khulika loka sucaryA vIra / prAtama zruta dhAreha jana prabodha de vIra vatu // 48 // karkasa gAhana kesa aru chahau guNa vrata dhIra // 35 / / pUraba prAcArija kaheu gAthA tihi anusAri / soraThA-pAgama zAstra purANa prAyazcita kachu anyathA / devasena zrI muni gaNI dhArA nagara maMjhAra // 46 // racita mithyAta vakhANa mar3ha janani paravati kiya // 36 // soraThA ----raciya darasana sAra hAra bhaviya nava se nivenahe paddhar3I-so zravaNa saMgha vAhikumAra zreNI so samaya pAsa jina dhaar| mithyAta dhAra / mAha sukula dazamI pavita // 50 // chADiu jihi upasama rudra lona para rupiu kAsaTa saMgha hIna rUTau tUThaU loka satya kathaka tahi jIva ke / sAta sai tarepaNa varSa vIta vikrama rAjA maraNe prtiit| athavA nRpati jU koku abhaya sATikA rahana huI // 51 // nAdayavara grAma suthAna jAni kASThA saMgha utpati tahAM mAnisatraha se vahattari pradhika bhAdoM terasi syAma / alapamatinu kahata yaha bhASa racyo abhirAma // 52 // nipicha saMgha utpatti iti darzana sAra bhASA sampUrNa giti magasira sudI 2 pIche sata varaSa gata mathurA mAthura nAtha / sa0 1676 hastAkSara ganu nAla baDajAtyA rAmaseNi tihi nAma kaha varaNi nipiccha supATha // 40 // jaipura nivaasii| soraThA-samakita prakRti mithyAta kaho tinihi biMbajina / prApa parasthita jAta bhamata buddhi ke vasana taM / / 41 / / 68 kuntI mArga, soI guru mama jAna apara nAsti cita pari ramaNa / vizvAsa nagara, zAhadarA svaguru kula abhimAna itara vibhaMgaiha karana phuni // 42 / / dillI 32 ahiMsA "mArane kI sajA dene vAlA, prANiyoM ke zarIra ko kATane vAlA, mArane vAlA, kharIdane vAlA, becane vAlA, pakAne vAlA, parosane vAlA, va khAne vAlA sabhI pApo aura duSTa hai| jisakA mAMsa maiM yahA~ khAtA hU~ (mAM), mujhako vaha bhI dUsare janma meM avazya ho khaaegaa|" ---manusmRtiH 5 / 55 "jo loga aNDe aura mAMsa khAte haiM, maiM una duSToM kA nAza karatA haiN|" - atharvaveda, kANDa 6, varga 6, mantra 13. "he agni ! mAMsa khAne vAloM ko apane muMha meM rakha / " / --Rgveda 1067-2.

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tIrthaMkaroM ke zAsana-deva aura deviyAM paM0 balabhadra jaina, dillI pahanta pratimA aura zAsana devatA : jaina pratimA- ke sAtha yakSa-yakSI kI sthApanA kA vidhAna pUrvAgata paramparA zilpa meM tIrthaGkara-pratimAnoM ke sAtha yakSa aura ke anusAra nimna prakAra kiyA haiyakSI kI mUrti banAne kA vidhAna hai| ye yakSa-yakSI indro jinendrottamazAsanasya trANe pravINaM pratizAsanAham / hI zAsana devatA athavA zAsana deva aura deviyA~ nyayaMkta satkRtya yamAdarAtaM nyasAmi yakSaM jinsdhybhaage| kahalAtI hai| aneka prAcAryoM ne aura pratiSThA pATha ke raca- lamyAdhikArI jinazAsanasya trANetataH zAsanadevateti / yitA vidvAnoM ne tIrthaDara pratimAoM ke sAtha yakSa-yakSiyoM rUDhAM bhavi prauDhataraprabhAvAM nyasAmi yakSI jinavAmabhAge / kI saMracanA kA vidhAna kiyA hai| prAcArya vasunandi ne, jo arthAta indra ne jinendra bhagavAna ke uttama zAsana kI 11-12vI zatAbdI ke vidvAn hai: pratiSThA sAra saMgraha rakSA meM pravINa aura pratizAsana meM sakSama jisa yakSa ko nAmaka pratiSThA-graMtha meM tIrthaMkara pratimA ke sAtha yakSa-yakSI satkAra karake niyukta kiyA thA, usako maiM pAdarapUrvaka ko anivArya batAte hae bahuta hI spaSTa zabdoM meM ullekha jinendradeva ke dakSiNa pArzva meM sthApita karatA huuN| jinendra kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai ke zAsana kI rakSA karane kA jise adhikAra prApta hai aura 'yasaM ca dakSiNe pArve vAme zAsana devatAm / loka meM jo zAsanadevatA ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai aura jo lAMchanaM pAdapIThAdhaH sthApayed yasya yadbhavet // 5 // 12 // atyanta prabhAvayukta hai, aisI yakSI kI sthApanA maiM jinendrayakSANAM devatAnAJca sarvAlaGkArabhUSitam / ke vAma pArzva meM karatA hai| svavAhAnayudhopetaM kuryAtsarvAGgasundaram // 4 // 7 // ina upayukta ullekho se sahaja hI yaha niSkarSa nikaarthAt dakSiNa pArzva meM yakSa aura vAma pArzva meM zAsana latA hai ki jinendra pratimA ke dakSiNa pArzva meM yakSa devatA kI sthApanA kare tathA pAdapITha ke nIce jisa tIrtha aura vAma pArzva meM yakSI ko saMyojanA karane kA kara kA jo lAMchana (cihna) ho, vaha utkIrNa karAve / vidhAna hai / yakSa-yakSI kI mUrti-saMracanA meM unhe yakSoM aura zAsana deviyoM kI mUrti sampUrNa alaMkAroM se sarvAlaMkAra vibhUSita, tathA unake vAhana evaM AyudhoM vibhUSita, unake vAhanoM aura prAyudho se yukta tathA sarvAGga se yukta hI nirmita karane kI AvazyakatA para vizeSa sundara bnaave| isI prakAra, paM0 prAzAdhara ne-jo 13vIM zatAbdI ke bala diyA gayA hai tathA unheM jina zAsana ke rakSaka zAsana devatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vidvAna haiM-bhI isakA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / yathA"robAvidoSanirmaktaM prAtihAyokayakSayata / tiloyapaNNattI aura yakSa-yakSI : pratiSThA graMthoM se -prtisstthaasaaroddhaar| lagabhaga 6.7 zatAbdI pUrva racita 'tiloyapaNNattI' nAmaka arthAta prahanta pratimA rodra Adi bAraha doSoM se rahita ArSa grantha meM pratyeka tIrthakara ke sAtha eka yakSa aura eka yakSI ho azoka vakSAdi praSTa prAtihAryoM se yukta ho tathA usake kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha vidhAna tIrthaMkara ke mahanIya dono pAvoM meM yakSa-yakSI hoN| aura divya prabhAva ko pragaTa karate hue kiyA gayA haiprAcArya nemicanda-jo 15vI zatAbdI ke vidvAn haiM- 'gujjhako idi ede jakkhA cauvIsa usaha pahINaM / ne apane pratiSThA grantha 'pratiSThAtilaka" meM jinendra pratimA titthayarANaM pAse ce,te bhattisaMjuttA // 4936 // 1. prakAzaka : dozI sakhArAma nemacandra, solApura, vIra saMvat 2451.

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tIrthakaroM zAsana-deva pora deviyAM prarthAt ye bhakti se maMyukta caubIsa yakSa RSimAdaka karane meM paramparAgata mAnyatA kA bhASAra prApta huA tIrthakaroM ke nikaTa rahate haiN| hogaa| ___ yaha vidhAna jisa pariprekSya meM kiyA gayA hai. vaha jaina zAstroM meM zAsana devatAoM ke mUti-nirmANa kA vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| tIrthakaro ke samavasaraNa kA spaSTa ullekha prApta hone aura IsA kI prArambhika zatAvistRta varNana karane ke bAda granthakAra ne batAyA hai ki 24 bdiyoM kI yakSa-yakSI mUrtiyA upalabdha hone para bhI yakSayakSa aura 24 yakSiyAM bhaktisaMyukta ho tIrthakrI ke yakSiyoM kI jaina mAnyatA ke sambandha meM kucha vidvAnoM ko nikaTa rahate hai / jinAlaya samavasaraNa ke pratIka hote hai| bhrama hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai / suprasiddha vidvAn zrI yU. pI. jaba samavasaraNa meM pratyeka tIrthakara ke nikaTa eka yakSa aura zAha kA abhimata hai ki IsA kI nauvIM zatAbdI meM jainaeka yakSI rahate hai to jinAlaya meM tIrthakara mati ke sAtha pratimA zilpa meM zAmana devatAoM kA praveza humA / isase bhI yakSa-yakSI rahe yaha tarkasagata bAta hai| isI ko prAdhAra eka zatAbdI pUrva, parthAt pAThavIM zatAbdI meM jaina sAhitya mAnakara pratiSThApAThoM ke racayitA prAcAryoM aura vidvAno meM zAsana devatAnoM kA samullekha prArambha humA / "tiloya. ne tIrthakara-mati ke sAtha yakSa-yakSI kI mati banAnA prAva. paNNattI" meM dI gaI yakSa-yakSiyoM kI sUcI ke sambandha meM zyaka batAyA, aisA pratIta hotA hai| zrI zAha kA mata hai ki vaha aMza pazcAtkAla meM jor3A gayA zAsana devatA-mati mAM aura unakA nirmANa-kAla : jana hai| pratimA-zilpa meM zAsana devatAoM kA praveza kisa kAla meM zrI zAha ne 'tiloyapaNNatto' ke yakSa yakSI sambandhI huaA, yaha eka mahattvapUrNa vicAraNIya prazna hai| hamAre ullekha ko prakSipta aMza mAnA hai| usakA kyA prAdhAra hai, vinamra mata meM zAsana devatAmoM ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiyoM ne yaha hama nahI samajha ske| IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI athavA IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM zrI zAha kA yaha mata bhI ki nauvI zatAbdI meM jaina hI jaina pratimA-zilpa meM apanA ucita sthAna banA liyA pratimA zilpa meM zAsana devatApoM kA praveza humA, adhika thaa| isase pUrvavartI kAla meM unheM tIrthaDageM ke sevaka ke tarka saMgata pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki zAsana devatAmoM kI rUpa meM to mAnyatA prApta rahI, kintu zAsana devatAoM ke aneka mUrtiyA~ isase pUrva kAla kI prApta hotI haiN| rUpa meM unhoMne IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke pAsa-pAsa hI udayagiri (ur3IsA) kI navamuni gumphA aura bAraha sthAna grahaNa kiyaa| sAhitya meM to unheM pAMcavIM zatAbdI bhajI gamphA meM bhittiyoM para tIrthakara mUrtiyA~, unake cihna meM sarva prathama sthAna milaa| prAcArya yativRSabha ne 'tilo. aura unake adhobhAga meM unakI zAsana deviyoM banI huI yapaNNattI' meM tIrthaDuroM ke nikaTa yakSa-yakSI ke rahane kA hai| bArahabhujI gumphA meM mahAvIra kI yakSA siddhAya vidhAna karake yakSa-yakSI kI paramparAgata mAnyatA ko sAhi- SoDazabhujI hai tathA isI gumphA meM cakrazvarA davA kA tyika samarthana pradAna kiyA / isake pazcAt to aneka mUrtiyAM bArahamujI haiM / unake Upara prAdinAtha tIrthaGkara prAcAryoM ne isa bAta kI puSTi kI tathA yakSa-yakSiyoM kA kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / pArvanAtha mUrti ke nIce padmAvatI kI jo savistAra rUpa-nirdhAraNa kiyaa| isa rUpa-nirdhAraNa meM mati hai, usake sira para saptaphaNa-maNDapa banA huA hai / unakA rUpa, prAyudha, vAhana, mudrA, prAsana, pralaMkAra mAdi khaNDagiri ke Upara bane huye mAdhunika mandira meM kucha sammilata haiM / loka-vyavahAra meM bhI paramparA-pracalana ke prAcIna mUrtiyAM rakhI huI haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki ye mUrtiyA~ pazcAt hI niyama aura vidhAna nirmita kiye jAte haiM, devasamA (uparyukta mandira ke pIche bhagna jinAlaya) se jisase paramparA meM ekarUpatA aura anuzAsana rakhA jA lAkara yahAM virAjamAna kI gaI thiiN| yaha dhvasta jinAlaya sake / kintu ina niyama-vidhAnoM me paramparA prAcIna hotI samrATa khAravela dvArA nirmita batAyA jAtA hai / sambhavataH hai / paramparA kA bhI koI prAdhAra hotA hai / lagatA hai ki yaha vahI mandira hai jisakA ullekha hAthI-gumphA zilAzAsana-devatAoM ko tIrthara-matiyoM ke sAtha sthAna prApta mekha meM humA hai, jisakA nirmANa bAravela ne apanI digvi

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138 28 0 1 / jaya ke bAda kiyA thA maura jisameM "kaliMga jina" ko samAroha pUrvaka virAjamAna kiyA thaa| yadi isa anubhUti meM kucha tathya hai to devasabhA se prApta mUrtiyAM khAravela kAla kI, arthAt IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI kI mAnanI hoNgii| ina mUrtiyoM meM eka mUrti 14" kI ambikA kI hai| devI lalitAsana meM zrAsIna hai / usake dAyeM hAtha meM grAma gucchaka hai, bAyIM goda meM bAlaka hai| yahI eka mUrti gomeda pakSa aura ambikA yakSI kI hai| donoM lalitAsana se baiThe hue haiN| ambikA kI bAyIM goda meM eka bAlaka baiThA huA hai / dUsarA bAlaka donoM ke bIca meM khar3A hai| devI ke Upara ghAstavaka hai / usake Upara tIrthaGkara neminAtha kI padmAsana mUrti virAjamAna hai| donoM pAiyoM meM camarendra bar3e hai| mekAnA samaya pAThavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isI mandira meM eka mITara UMce zilA-phalaka meM ambikA kI eka svatantra mUrti hai usameM donoM bAlaka hai, mAmragucchaka hai| isake Upara / sihAsana kA dasa iMca UMcA zIrSaphalaka hai| devI ke bhayobhAga meM usakA vAhana siMha baiThA huA hai| apanI zodhayAtrA meM mujhe ambikA aura gomeva kI eka sundara mUrti khukhundU ( jilA devariyA, uttara pradeza ) me dekhane kA avasara prApta huA / yaha mUrti gupta kAla kI mAnI jAtI hai aura utkhanana meM prApta huI hai| isame vikA ke sAtha kevala eka bAlaka hai / isame yakSa mUrti kA bhIkana hai / khukhundU ke nikaTa kahAU grAma meM pASANanirmita eka mAnastambha hai / yaha stambha usake zilAlekha ke anusAra samudragupta kAla kA hai / khukhundU aura kahAU | sumundra aura kahAU kA sampUrNa purAtatva guptakAlIna hai| isalie ambikA aura gomeda kI ukta mUrti ko guptakAlIna mAnane meM koI bAbA nahI hai| rAjagRhI ke vaMbhAragiri para utkhanana meM prApta bhana jinAlaya meM aneka mUrtiyA~ rakhI huI hai| yahA~ kI kucha mUrtiyAM nAlandA saMgrahAlaya meM tathA kucha mUrtiyAM rAjagRhI nagara ke bAla mandira meM pahuMcA dI gayI hai| vaibhAragiri ke isa mandira meM savA do phuTa ke eka zilAphalaka meM ambikA prora gomeda kI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa hai / prAmragucchaka, bAlaka, neminAtha- pratimA sava pUrva kI bhAMti hai| vizeSatA yaha hai ki devI ke caraNoM ke nIce pAMca bhakta baiThe hue haiN| devI kA eka hAtha bhUmi sparza karatA hudhA rakhA hai tathA dUsarA hAtha chAtI para rakhA hai| tIrthaGkara pratimA kA mukha kita hai zAsana devatA kI isa mUrti kA sarvasammata 1. Ay/13 bhuvanezvara se prApta / eka anya mUrti hai jo bar3I zradbhuta hai| eka zilAphalaka meM tIna paMktiyoM meM 23 tIrthara mUrti banI huI hai| cauthI paMkti meM tIrthaGkara mAtA leTI huI hai| unake bagala meM bAlaka tIrthadUra leTe hue hai| inake madhya meM bhaga vAna neminAtha kI padmAsana pratimA banI huI hai| isake bAda ambikA devI apane dono bAlakoM- zubhakara maura priyaMkara ko lekara baiThI huI hai| sabase dhanta meM camaravAhinI - hai / isa mUrti ke patirikta anya kaI mUrtiyA~ haiM, jo navagraha nava devatA, nava deviyoM kI hai| ina sabakA dhanumA nika kAla pAThavIM zatAbdI pratIta hotA hai / bhuvanezvara ke rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya meM gomukha yakSa' kI mATha iMca UMcI mUrti surakSita hai, jisakA svIkRta samaya sAtavI zatAbdI hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha sahaja hI niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki na to yakSa-yakSiyoM kA pracalana nauvIM zatAbdI meM prArambha humA dhaurana 'tiloyapaNNattI' nAmaka prArthagrantha kA yakSa-pakSI se sambandhita bhaza prakSipta hai / apitu prAcArya yativRSabha dvArA yakSa-yakSiyoM kA ullekha karane ke pUrva hI tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha aura svatantra rUpa se bhI yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa pracalita ho gayA thaa| zAsana devatAoM ke mUrtizilpa kA kramika vikAsa zAsana devatAo ke mUrtizilpa kA kisa prakAra kramika vikAsa huA, isakA koI itihAsa nahIM milatA hai| varta mAna meM unakA jo vikasita rUpa hame upalabdha hotA hai, itihAsa ke vibhinna yugoM meM sadA hI yaha rUpa nahIM rahA / kalA kabhI sthira nahI rahI usakI mAnA vidhAoM ne vibhinna deza-kAlo kI dhArAmro me vibhinna prAkAra grahaNa kiye| kintu kisI bhI kAla kI vidhA ke lie koI eka nizcita siddhAnta sthira nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / anumAna ke mAdhAra para kevala kalpanA hI kI jA sakatI hai|

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topaMdharoM ke zAsanakara deviyAM hamArI vinamra mAnyatA hai ki yakSa-yakSI kI kalpanA yakSa-yakSiyo ke kamika vikAsa kI isa zRMkhalA meM ko mauryakAla meM hI prAkAra prApta hone lagA thaa| do bAteM vizeSa vicAraNIya hai| prathama to yaha ki prArambhika avasthA meM yakSa-yakSI ko saMbhavata: camara-vAhaka yakSa-yakSiyo me prathama prAkAra kise milA, nizcayAke rUpa meM sAkAra kiyA gayA thaa| dIdAragaMja (paTanA) se tmaka rUpa me yaha kahanA kaThina hai| dUsare yaha ki prApta camara-dhAriNI yakSI-mUrti isI kAla kI hai| yaha yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyAM pahale svatantra banI athavA pahale paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| kuSANa-kAlIna matharA tIrthadhara mUrtiyoM ke sAtha unakA nirmANa prArambha hamA, yaha zailI meM yakSa-yakSiyoM ke mUrti zilpa kI prAya: upekSA kii| freo pokhI kahanA kaThina hai, kyoMki prArambha se hI donoM prakAra kI mUrtiyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| gaI hai| kintu prAyaH isI kAla meM udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI zAsana devatA aura tantravAda : kucha vidvAnoM kI rAnI gumphA, alakApurI prAdi meM yakSa yakSI ko dvAra para mAnyatA hai ki jaina dharma ke zAsana devatA tantravAda kI dena sthAna diyA gyaa| jinhe hama dvArapAla aura dvArarakSikA kahate haiN| hama unakI isa mAnyatA se prasahamata hai, kyoki pArSahai, ve yakSa-yakSI ke atirikta anya koI nahI hai| isase grantho meM samavasaraNa kI jo saracanA batAI gaI hai, usameM lagatA hai ki jaina mUrti zilpa me yakSa-yakSiyoM kA praveza to yakSa-yamiyoM kA bhI viziSTa sthAna mAnA gayA hai| isalie usa samaya ho gayA thA, kintu unheM taba taka jinAlaya ke yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mAnyatA kisI prabhAva kA pariNAma mahIM bAhara raha kara hI santoSa karanA pdd'aa| dakSiNa aura mAnI jA sktii| kintu yaha svIkAra karane meM koI dakSiNa-pUrva meM kaI sthAnoM para jinAlayoM ke dvAra para dvAra saMkoca nahI ho sakatA ki eka samaya aisA bhI mAyA, jaba pAla ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ milatI hai| unhe yakSa-yakSiyoM ke kAryoM ko kucha vidvAnoM, bhaTTArakoM mora jinAlayoM ke andara praveza pAne aura tIrthaGkara-mUrtiyoM ke yatiyoM ne tantravAda ke sAtha sambaddha karane kA prayala kiyaa| sAtha sthAna grahaNa karane meM kucha zatAbdiyoM kA samaya lagA bhArata me jaba tantravAda kA bahuta jora thA aura bauddha evaM hogaa| vaidika dharma usakI lapeTa meM A gaye the, usa samaya pradhyAtmahameM lagatA hai ki sarva prathama bAIsaveM tIrthaGkara neminAtha pradhAna jaina dharma ke vizAla vRkSa ko bhI tantravAda kI isa ke zAsana devatA gomeda aura ambikA ne mUrti rUpa dhAraNa pA~dhI ne kucha jhakajhora diyA thaa| usa kAla me tantravAda kiyaa| isake pazcAt padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, siddhAyikA ne jaina dharma kI pUjA paddhati me praveza pAne kA kucha prayatna aura bAda meM zeSa zAsana devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM nirmita hone kiyA thaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa kucha vidvAna lekhakoM ne yksslgiiN| IsA kI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka zAsama deva. yakSiyoM kA dargA upAsaka se uThAkara Asya taka pahuMcAne tAoM kI mUrtiyoM kA paryApta vikAsa ho gyaa| itanA hI kA bhagIrathe prayatna kiyaa| isa kArya me bhaTTArakoM kA nahIM, navagraha, kSetrapAla, sarasvatI prAdi deva-deviyo ne evaM yogadAna ullekhanIya rhaa| unhone jvAlAmAlinI kalpa, pratIkAtmaka rUpa se gaMgA-yamunA mAdi ne bhI isa kAla meM padmAvatI kalpa prAdi kalA grayoM kI racanA kI; aneka mantra. apanA ucita sthAna banA liyaa| nauvIM-dasavIM zatAbdI me zAsva race gaye jinameM devatAmoM ko prasanna karane ke bahaviSa to tIrthara mUrtiyoM ke sAtha anya deva-deviyoM ko bhI vidhAna batAye gaye, aihika kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie sthAna prApta hone lgaa| zAsana devatAoM ke mUrti-zilpa ke aneka tAntrika prayogoM kA sRjana kiyA gyaa| jaina pUjAisa kramika vikAsa kA samucita mUlyAMkana aura adhyayana vidhi me pacAGga pUjA (mAhvAnana, sthApana, sanniSIkaraNa, nahIM ho pAyA hai| yadi isakA vyavasthita adhyayana ho pUjana aura visarjana) kA pracalana isI kAla me humaa| to aneka rocaka rahasyoM kA udghATana hone kI sambhA- pratiSThApAThoM meM yakSa-yakSiyoM, vidyAdeviyoM, navagrahoM, vanA hai| digpAloM prAdi devatAoM kA praSTadravya se pacAMga pUjana kA yaha eka rocaka tathya hai ki yakSoM kI apekSA yakSI- vidhAna nizcaya hI tantravAda se prabhAvita rahA hai| kinta mUrtiyo kA sadA hI bAhulya rahA hai| yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mAnyatA para tantravAda kA prabhAva nahIM hai,

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140 varSa 28, ki0 / unake kAryoM ko tantravAda ke prAgrahI kucha vidvAnoM ne tantra- 'samyakaprabhAvitajimezvara zAsana zrI pazvarI prabhUtivAda se prabhAvita karane kA avazya kucha prayatna kiyaa| zAsana devtaayaaH|' yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mAnyatA prAya: jaina pratimA-zilpa ke sAtha isI prakAra, bhAcArya somadeva ne yakSa-yakSiyoM ko. hI pracalita ho gaI thI aura yaha vaha samaya thA jaba tantra. zAsana rakSaka svIkAra kiyA hai aura paM0 mAzAdhara ne vAda ko samAja meM vizeSa mahatva prApta nahI hamA thaa| unhe zAmana devatA mAnA hai| dUsarI ora, yakSa-yakSiyoM ke kAryoM ko tantravAda ne madhyo. pratIta hotA hai ki uttara madhyakAla meM tIrthaGkaroM ke tara kAla me kucha prabhAvita kiyA thaa| upAsaka zAsana devatAoM ko aihika kAmanA-pUrti ke nAma jaina dharma meM zAsana devatAoM kA sthAna : pratiSThA para upAsya kA pada pradAna karane kA prayatna prArambha hone zAstroM meM yakSa-yakSiyo ko zAsana devatA athavA zAsana lagA thaa| kintu tabhI isa paramparA ke viruddha pravRtti kA rakSaka devatA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka tIrthaGkara joradAra virodha bhI hayA / prAcArya somadeva' ne isa pravRtti ke nikaTa samavasaraNa meM eka yakSa aura eka yakSI kI joradAra zabdo meM bhartsanA karate hue kahA ki tInoM rahate hai| unake mana meM apane tIrthaGkara ke prati baDI bhakti lokoM ke daSTA jinendradeva aura vyantarAdika devatAno ko rahatI hai| ve samavasaraNa meM tIrthaGkara kI prathavA unake pUjA vidhAna meM jo samAna samajhatA hai, vaha naraka meM jAtA zAsana kI sevA yA rakSA kisa prakAra karate haiM athavA hai| unhoMne yaha to svIkAra kiyA hai ki paramAgama meM ina unakA kArya kyA hai, yaha kisI graMtha meM dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| zAsana devatAnoM kI kalpanA zAsana kI rakSA ke lie kI kisI pratiSThA grantha athavA purANa meM bhI isa sambandha me gaI hai| ataH sabhyagdaSTiyoM ko yajJa kA kucha bhAga dekara koI prakAza nahI DAlA gyaa| kintu unhe zAsana devatA unakA sammAna karanA ucita hai| kintu unhone isa pravRtti athavA zAsana rakSaka devatA ke rUpa me jaina dharma meM mAnyatA kA kar3A virodha kiyA ki apanI manokAmanAyoM kI pUrti prApta hai, isameM koI sandeha nahI hai| ke lie athavA ApadAoM ke nivAraNa ke liye zAsana deva- prAcArya nemicandra kRta pratiSThA tilaka meM yakSa pUjA ke tAoM kI pUjA upAsya ke rUpa meM kI jAya / unhone kahA prasaMga me yakSoM kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate hue batAyA ki jaina dharma ke bhakta samyagdRSTi vratI puruSo ke Upara to gayA hai: ve zAsana devatA aura unake indra svaya hI prasanna rahate . 'yamaM yajAmo jinamArgarakSAdakSaM sadA bhavyajanaka pkssm| hai| nirvagbaniHzeSavipakSakalaM pratIkSyamatyakSasukhe vilakSam // isI prakAra, paM0 prAza dhara ne apanA virodha kA svara 5. isame yakSo ko jina zAsana meM rakSA-parAyaNa aura mukhara karate hue spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA-mApadAmo se mAkusaMdA bhavyajanoM kA pakSa lene vAlA batAyA gayA hai| lita hokara bhI darzanapratimAdhArI zrAvaka unakI nivRtti - " isI prakAra, yakSI-pUjA ke prasaMga meM unheM zAsanadevatA ke liye kabhI bhI zAsama devatAoM kI sevA nahIM karatA, batAyA gayA hai| sandarbha isa prakAra hai : pAkSika zrAvaka aisA karatA hai| 5. tacchAsanakabhaktAnA sudazA suvratAtmanAm / svayameva prasIdanti tA: pusAM sapurandarAH / -----upAsakAdhyayana, 36669 / - 1. upAsakAdhyayana 36066 / .2. sAgAradharmAmRta 37 / .3. devaM jagattrayInetra vyantarAdyAzca devatAH / * sama pUjAvidhAneSu pazyan dUraM bajedadhaH // --upAsakAdhyayana, 366667 / 4. tAH zAsanAdhirakSArtha kalpitA: paramAgame / prato yajJAMzadAtena mAnanIyA: sudRSTibhiH // -upAsakAdhyayana, 39698 / prApadAkulito'pi dArzanikastannivRtyartha zAsanadevatA* dIna kadAcidapi na bhajate, pAkSikastu bhajatyapItyevamartha meMkagrahaNam -sAgAradharmAmata, 317.8 / /

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tIparoM ke zAsana-veva aura deviyA~ ina virodhI svaroM meM zAsana devatAoM ko upAsya ke inameM yakSa vyantara devoM kI eka jAti mAnI gaI hai| ye rUpa meM mAnane aura unakI pUjA karane kI paramparAviruddha bhI bAraha' prakAra ke hote haiM-mANibhadra, pUrNabhadra, zalabhadra, mAnyatA ke virodha meM asahya kSobha kI dhvani hai jo tatkA- manobhadra, bhadraka, subhadra, sarvabhadra mAnuSa, dhanapAla, svarUpa lIna loka mAnasa ko pratibimbita karatI hai| yadyapi ugra yakSa, yakSottama aura manoharaNa / inake mANibhadra aura pUrNabhadra virodha hone ke bAvajUda digambara paramparA ke kucha bhaTTArakoM ye do indra hote haiN| aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke kucha prAcAryoM kI ruci maMtra- pizAca jAti ke vyantaroM meM bhI yakSa nAmaka deva hote taMtra kI ora vizeSa rUpa se rahI, unake kAraNa zAsana hai| pizAca devoM ke 14 bheda' batalAye gae haiM-kUSmANDa, devatAoM ko vizeSa mahatva prApta ho gyaa| vibhinna kalpoM yakSa, rAkSasa, saMmoha, tAraka, azuci kAla, mahAkAla, zuci, aura vidhAno kI racanAe~ isI kA pariNAma hai| isa satAlaka, deha mahA deha, tUSNIka aura pravacana / pravRtti kA eka klezakArI pariNAma yaha bhI nikalA ki chaha dizAoM ke chaha rakSaka' deva hote hai-vijaya, deviyoM ke zIrSa para vItarAga tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyA~ banane vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita, anAvarta aura pAvataM / ye bhI lgii| yaha saba hone para bhI zAsana devatAoM ko tIrthaMkaroM yakSa kahe jAte hai| ke samakakSa darjA kabhI nahIM mila sakA, unhe tIrthaMkaroM ke 24 yakSo ke nAmo me kinnara, gandharva, kubera bhora upAsaka ke rUpa me hI mAnyatA prApta huii| varuNa ye nAma bhI sammilita hai| kinnara aura gandharva ye yakSa yakSiyoM kA pArasparika saMbandha aura unakI jAti: . vyantara nikAya ke devoM ke bheda hai / ataH ye donoM vyastara tIrthakaroM ke ina 24 yakSoM aura 24 yakSiyoM ke sabadha deva hone cAhiye / kubera aura varuNa ye donoM lokapAla deva meM kucha jijJAsAe mana meM jAgRta hotI hai aura apekSA hai| cAroM dizAoM kI rakSA karane vAle devoM ko lokapAla kI jAtI hai ki inakA kucha sAdhAra samAdhAna prApta ho| kahate hai / cAroM dizAmoM kI rakSA karane vAle cAra lokaudAharaNata: pAla hote hai -soma, yama, varuNa aura kubera / aise lokaye yakSa yakSI kisa deva nikAya yA devoM kI pAla bhavanavAsiyoM aura kalpavAsiyoM me arthAta donoM kisa jAti ke hote he ? nikAyoM meM hote haiM / bhavanavAsiyo me pratyeka indra ke pUrvA(2) ina yakSa-yakSiyoM kA paraspara meM kyA sambandha dika dizAmoM ke rakSaka krama se soma, yama, varuNa aura dhanada. hotA hai, arthAta ye yugala pati-patnI hote hai athavA nahI? (kubera) nAmaka cAra-cAra lokapAla hote hai| isa prakAra yahA~ yakSa zabda se kisI eka hI jAti ke devoM kA bhavanavAsiyoM meM 40 lokapAla hote hai| isI prakAra. vaimA. grahaNa nahI hotA / yakSa zabda tIrthaMkaro ke sevaka yA zAsana nika'devoM meM bhI cAra-cAra lokapAla hote hai| ye lokarakSaka ke artha meM liyA gayA hai, aisA devatA devo ke kisI pAla saudharma, IzAna, sanatkumAra, mAhendra, brahma, lAMtava. nikAya kA ho, usakI kisI bhI jAti kA ho / yakSa devoM maha zukra, sahasrAra aura mAnatAdi cAra ina saba indroM ke kI eka jAti hotI hai aura yakSa jAti jyotiSka nikAya cAra-cAra hote hai - soma, yama, varuNa aura kuvera / saudharma ko choDa kara zeSa sabhI nikAyoM meM prApta hotI hai| indra ke lokapAla niyama se dvicaramazarIrI hone vyantara devoM meM sATha jAtiyA~ hotI hai-'kinnara, uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kabera kimparuSa. mahoraga, gandharva, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhata paura pishaac| aura varuNa nAmaka yakSa lokapAla the| ve yA to bhavanabAsI 1. tatvArtha sUtra, 4 / 11 / 2. tiloyapaNNattI, 6 / 42; trilokamAra, 265-266 / 3 tiloyapaNNattI, 6 / 48-49 trilokasAra 271-272 / 4., pratiSThAsAroddhAra, 3 // 196-201 / 5. patteka iMdayaNaM somo yama varuNa dhaNada NAmA ya / puvAdi loyapAlA havaMti cttaari-cttaari| -tiloyapaNNatI, 3371 / 6. tiloyapaNatI, 8287-266 /

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iyR, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAta the athavA klpvaasii| dharaNendra aura padmAvatI bhavanavAsI yakSo ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : tiloyapaNNattIdevoM kI nAgakumAra jAti ke uttarakSetrIya indra-indrANI (1) govadana, (2) mahAyakSa, (3) trimukha, (4) ___ yakSezvara, (5) tumvakha, (6) mAtaga, (7) vijaya, purANoM Adi meM vibhinna sthanoM para yakSoM ke bhinna- (8) ajita, (6) brahma, (10) brahmezvara, (11) bhinna kAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jaise yakSendra cAra dharma- kumAra, (12) paNmukha, (13) pAtAla, (14) kinnara, cakroM ko samavasaraNa me dhAraNa karate hai / yakSa tIrthakaroM ko (15) kiMpuruSa, (16) garur3a, (17) gandharva, (18) kubera, 64 camara dalAte hai / samavasaraNa meM yakSa aura yakSI bhaga tA bhaga- (16) varuNa, (20) bhRkuTi, (21) gomegha, (22) vAna ke nikaTa rahate haiM / sarvAhna' yakSa gaja para prArUr3ha ho pAla, (23) mAtaMga aura (24) guhyk| kara mastaka para dharmacakra rakha kara donoM hAthoM se use pakar3a vasunandikRta pratiSThAsAra, saMgraha -(1) gomukha, rakhatA hai aura do hAtha jor3e hue bihAra ke samaya bhagavAn (2) mahAyakSa, (3) trimukha, (4) yakSezvara, (5) tuMvara, ke prAge calatA hai| sarvAhna yakSa kisa jAti kA deva hai, jAti kA dava / (6) puSpa,(7) mAtaga,(8) zyAma, (6) ajita, (10) yaha jJAta nahI ho paayaa| sambhavataH vaha vyantara jAti kA brahma, (11) Izvara, (12) kumAra, (13) caturmukha, (14) hogaa| dharmacakra ko dhAraNa karane vAle yakSendra bhI vyantara pAtAla, (15) kinnara, (16) garur3a.(17) gandharva, (18) jAti ke hote hai| ravendra, (16) kubera, (20) varuNa, (21) bhRkuTi, 64 camara vyantara jAti ke yakSa DhulAte hai / zeSa yakSa- (22) gomeda (23) dharaNa aura (24) maatNg| yakSI kisa nikAya yA jAti ke deva hai, isa prazna kA AzAdharakRta pratiSThAsAroddhAra-sabhI nAma vasunandi uttara dRSTigocara nahIM huaa| ke anusAra hai| isI prakAra, dUsarA prazna ki pratyeka yakSa-yakSI yugala nemicandrakRta pratiSThAtilaka-sabhI nAma vasunandi kA pArasparika sambandha kyA thA, yaha bhI anasulajhA hI ke anusAra hai / kevala 13veM yakSa kA nAma SaNmukha hai| rakha jAtA hai| kisI pratiSThA zAstra meM prathavA digambara- hemacandrakRta abhidhAnacintAmaNi-cauthA yakSa yakSaivetAmbara grantha me isa sambandha meM koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| nAyaka, chaTavAM sUmukha, pAThavA vijaya, gyArahavAM yakSezvara, kevala dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ke sabandha meM uttarapurANa terahavoM SaNmukha, aThArahavAM yakSendra, teIsavA~ pAzvaM / zeSa mAdi zAstroM meM yaha ullekha prApta hotA hai ki ve bhavana- nAma vasunandi ke samAna hai| vAsI nikAya kI nAgakumAra jAti ke indra-indrANI the| vardhamAnasUrikRta AcAradinakara-coyA yakSezvara inake atirikta, zeSa 23 yakSa-yakSI bhI kyA isI prakAra chaTavAM kusuma ; zeSa nAma sAdhAraNa parivartana ke sAtha abhipati-patnI the athavA nahIM, isa saMbandha me koI sUcanA prApta dhAnacintAmaNi ke samAna haiN| nahIM hotii| ThakkurapherukRtavAstusAra prakaraNa-cauthA Izvara, maThAyakSa yakSiyoM ke nAmoM meM vaiSamya : tIrthakaro ke rahavAM yakSendra / zeSa hemacandra ke anusAra hai| 24 yakSo aura yakSiyo ke nAmo ke saMbandha me pAdaliptasUrikRta nirvANakalikA-ThakkUrapheru ke zAstro meM bahuta matabheda yA vaiSamya hai| digambara aura samAna haiN| mvetAmbara zAstro meM inake jo nAma upalabdha hote hai, apraajitpRcch|-phlaa vRSamukha, cothA caturAnana, ve yahA~ diye jA rahe hai| isase unameM kahA~ ekarUpatA aura nauvAM jaya, gyArahavA~ kinnresh| zeSa nAma prAcAradinakara kahA~ vaiSamya hai, yaha samajhane meM suvidhA hogii| ke samAna hai| 1. uttuMgaM zaradabhrazubhramucita savibhramaM vibhrataM, yo divya dvipamAruroha zirasi zrI dharmacakra do| hastAbhyAmAsitadyuti karayugenAnyena baddhAMjali, taM jainAdhvararakSaNakSamamimaM sarvAhnayakSaM yaje // -pratiSThAtilaka, pR066|

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tIrtharoM ke zAsana-veva aura reviyAM yakSoM ke jo nAma vibhinna digambara-zvetAmbara granthoM jitA (20) bahurUpiNI (21) cAmuNDA (kusumamAlinI) meM diye gae hai, unameM vizeSa antara nahIM hai, kintu ina (22) prAmrA (kUSmANDI) (23) padmAvatI (24) zAstroM me diye gae nAmoM se tiloyapaNNattI meM diye gae siddhAyikA (siddhAyinI) / pratiSThAsAroddhAra bhora pratinAmoM meM bhArI antara hai| krama saMkhyA kI dRSTi se usake SThAtilaka meM zeSa nAma samAna haiN| prArambhika pAMca nAma hI anya granthoM se milate hai| zeSa prAcAradinakara - (1) cakrezvarI (nirvANakalika) nAmoM meM krama bhaga hai| tiloyapaNNattI meM jo nAma chaTaveM aura vAstusAraprakaraNa me apraticakrA (2) ajitabalA sthAna para hai, vaha anya grantho meM sAtaveM sthAna para hai| (ni0 ka. aura vA0 sA0 pra0 meM ajitA) (3) duriyaha antara anta taka hai| tiloyapaNNattI meM caubIsaveM yakSa tAri (4) kAlI (ni0 ka. aura vA0 sA0pra0 me kA nAma guhyaka diyA hai, kintu isa nAma kA koI yakSa kAlikA) (5) mahAkAlI (6) acyutA (abhidhAnaanya granthoM meM nahIM miltaa| isa prasaMgati kA kAraNa yaha cintAmaNi me zyAmA) (7) zAntA (8) bhRkuTi (6) hai ki tiloyapaNNattI meM chaTave nambara ke yakSa kA nAma sutArA (a0 ci0 meM sutArakA) (10) azokA (11) chUTa gayA, jisase krama bhaMga ho gayA aura anta meM caubIsa mAnavI (12) caNDA (ni0 ka. aura vA0 sA0pra0 meM saMkhyA pUrI karane ke lie guhyaka nAmaka eka yakSa kI pracaNDA) (13) viditA (14) akuzA (15) kaMdarpA kalpanA karanI pdd'ii| yaha bhUla mUla grantha kI hai athavA (16) nirvANA (anya granthoM meM nirvANI) (17) balA pratilipikAroM aura sampAdakoM kI, isa sambandha meM kucha (18) dhAriNI (19) nAgAdhipA (ma0 ci0 meM gharaNabhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| priyA, ni0 ka. aura vA0 sA0 pra0 meM vairoTyA) (20) yakSoM kI apekSA pakSiyoM ke nAmoM ke sambandha me jaina acchuptikA (nadattA) (21) gAndhArikA (anya granthoM meM zAstroM meM nAma-bheda adhika hai| yahAM vibhinna granthoM ke gAndhArI yA gAndhArA) (22) ambA (a0 ci0 meM nAma sAmya aura vaiSamya para prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai : ambikA, ni0 ka. aura vA0 sA0 pra0 me kUSmANDI) tiloyapaNNattI-(1) cakrezvarI (2) rohiNI (3) (23) pdyaavtii| abhighAnacintAmaNi, nirvANakalikA prajJapti (4) bajrazRMkhalA (5) bajrAMkuzA (6) aprati aura vAstusAraprakaraNa meM zeSa nAma prAcAradinakara ke cakrezvarI (7) puruSadattA (4) manovegA (8) kAlI ra samAna haiN| (10) jvAlAmAlinI (11) mahAkAlI (12) gaurI / (13) gAndhArI (14) vairoTI (15) anantamatI (16) aparAjitapRcchA me anya grantho se nAma vaiSamya hai| mAnasI (17) mahAmAnasI (18) jayA (16) vijayA prata. usake nAmoM kI tAlikA pRthak se dI jA rahI hai jo (20) aparAjitA (21) bahurUpiNI (22) kRSmANDI isa prakAra hai : (23) padmA (24) siddhaayinii| (1)cakrezvarI (2) rohiNI (3) prajJA (4) bajapratiSThAsAra sagraha-(1)cakrezvarI (2)rohiNI(3) zaMkhalA (5) naradattA (6) manovegA (7) kAlikA prajJapti (namrA) (4) bajazRkhalA (pratiSThAsAroddhAra () jvAlAmAlinI (8) mahAkAlI (10) mAnavI paura pratiSThAtilaka meM pavizRMkhalA) (5) puruSadattA (11) gaurI (12) gAndhArikA (13) virATA (14) mathavA saMsArI (pra0 sA0 meM khaDgavarA) (6) manovegA tArikA (15) anantAgati (16) mAnasI (17) mahA(7) kAlI (mAnavI) (8) jvAlinI (jvAlAmAlinI) mAnasI (18) jayA (16) vijayA (20) aparAjitA (6) mahAkAlI (10) mAnavI (11) gaurI (gomedhakA) (21) baharUpA (22) ambikA (23) padamAvatI (12) gAndhArI (13) roTI (pra. ti0 me varoTikA) (24) siddhaayikaa| aparAjitapRcchA kI yaha nAma-sacI (14) anantamatI (15) mAnasI (16) mahAmAnasI zvetAmbara grantho kI apekSA digambara granthoM kI sUcI ke (17) jayadevI (jayA) (10) tArAvatI (19) aparA- adhika nikaTa hai|

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14, 28, ki.1 tiloyapaNNattI meM yakSo ke nAmo ke samAna yakSiyoM ke nizcita rUpa se yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kintu nAmoM meM bhI krama-viparyaya haiM aura nAmoM meM kucha antara bhI kuSANa kAla kI sarasvatI pratimA milane se yaha kalpanA hai| isa grantha meM pAMcaveM nAma se hI krama-bhaMga ho gayA hai kama se kama 2000 varSa prAcIna to hai hii| isake pazcAt tathA 5 nAmoM meM antara bhI hai| sarasvatI kI parikalpanA meM kramika vikAsa huprA; usake isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki yakSiyoM ke nAmoM meM bar3A vAhana, prAyUdha, rUpa prAdi kI kalpanA kI gii| isake antara milatA hai / khaNDagiri kI bArAbhujI evaM navani pazcAt sarasvatI ke SoDaza rUpo kI kalpanA kA vikAsa gumphAmoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha unakI yakSiyAM bhI utkIrNa humA, jinheM SoDasa vidyAdeviyA kahA jAtA hai / abhiyAna haiM / devagar3ha aura cAtiyAnadAI (vartamAna meM prayAga saMgra- cintAmaNi (devakANDa, dvitIya) me ina SoDaza deviyo kA hAlaya meM ) caubIsa yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyAM tIrthaMkaroM ke binA nAmollekha karate hue isa kalpanA ko isa prakAra vyakta banI huI hai / inameM unake nAma bhI likhe hue haiM / devagar3ha kiyA gayA hai : kI yakSiyoM ke nAma kisI bhI anya meM diye gae unake ___ "vAg brAhmo bhAratI gorgIrvAgI bhASA srsvtii| nAmoM se nahIM milate haiN| jisa prakAra sAhitya meM yakSiyoM malata ha / jisa prakAra sAhitya meM yakSiyoM bhUtadevI vacanaM tu vyAhAro bhASitaM vacaH // ke nAmoM ke sambandha meM paraspara aikamatya nahI hai, usI prakAra vAga. brAjhI. bhAratI, go., gIrvANI, bhASA, sarasvatA, sAhitya aura zilpa ke nAmoM meM bhI sAmya dikhAI nahI tadevI. bacana, vyAhAra, bhASita aura vacas ye saba ekaapdd'taa| rthaka hai| vidyAdeviyoM kI mAnyatA : jaina paramparA isakA Azaya yaha hai ki sarasvatI zrutadevatA se bhinna meM sarasvatI-pUjA prati prAcIna kAla se pracalita nahIM hai aura ye vidyAdeviyA~ zrutadevatA ke ho vibhinna rahI hai| mathurA ke jaina zilpa me kuSANa kAla kI mataM rUpa hai / 'nirvANakalikA' nAmaka grantha meM sarasvatA sarasvatI pratimA milI hai| sambhavataH sarasvatI prati- ko dvAdazAMga zratadeva kI adhidevatA batAyA hai| SoDaza mAnoM meM yaha sabase prAcIna hai| sarasvatI nAmaka koI sva. vidyAdeviyA~ vidyA yA jJAna kI deviyA~ hai, aisI mAnyatA tantra vyaktitva ho, aisA nahIM lagatA, balki samasta dvAda- hai| zAnazruta ko devatA ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| zrata kI nA hai| zruta kI harivaMzapurANa (56 / 27) meM sarasvatI devI kA nAmomAnyatA bhI deva aura guru ke samAna hai| isalie hI zruta- lekha hA hai / usameM batAyA hai ki jaba tIrthaGkara nemibhakti meM "bhaktyA nityaM pravande zrutamahamakhilaM sarvalokaka- nAtha kA vihAra ho rahA thA, usa samaya lokAntika dava sAraM" kaha kara zruta kI bandanA kI gaI hai| zrata ke bhagavAna ke prAge pAge cala rahe the, padamA aura sarasvatIsambandha meM batAyA gayA hai : deviyA apane hAtho me kamala lekara tathA unake parivAra parahaMtabhAsiyatthaM gaNaparadevehi gaMpiyaM smm| kI deviyAM hAtho meM maMgala-dravya dhAraNa karake bhagavAna ke paNamAmi bhatijutto sudaNANa mahovahi sirasA // prAge-mAge cala rahI thiiN| arthAt prarahaMtoM dvArA bhASita paura gaNa vara devoM dvArA ye padamA aura sarasvatI deviyA~ sambhavata: lakSmI aura athita zrutajJAnasAgara ko maiM bhakti pUrvaka praNAma karatA sarasvatI deviyAM hai| lakSmI nAmaka eka devI zikharI parvata ke puNDarIka sarovara meM padma-prAsAda meM sAmAnika zruta jinendra kI vANI hai| isalie vaha jinendra ke aura pAriSada devoM ke parivAra sahita nivAsa karatI hai| samAna hI mAnya praura pUjya mAnA gayA hai / itanI mAnyatA chaha kulAcaloM ke madhya bhAga meM pUrva se pazcima taka lambe hone ke kAraNa use zruta devatA mAna liyA gayA aura zruta chaha vizAla sarovara haiM / unameM mahApuNDarIka sarovara me devatA ke pratIka rUpa meM sarasvatI kI kalpanA kI gii| nivAsa karane vAlI buddhi nAma kI eka devI hai / sambhavata: sarasvatI kI kalpanA sarvaprathama kisa kAla meM kI gaI, yaha devI hI sarasvatI devI hai| lagatA hai ki bhagavAna nemi

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tIrthaDura ke zAsana-deva aura devigA 145 nAtha ke Age padamA aura sarasvatI nAmaka jo deviyA cala deviyo ke rUpa, vAhana aura prAyUdha prAdi ko vyavasthita rahI thI ye kalAcalo ke sarovara meM rahane vAlI buddhi paura rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA / digambara paramparA meM prAyaH vidyAlakSmI deviyoM thI / ye aizAnendra kI grAjJAkAriNI hai| deviyo ke pUjA-vidhAna ke rUpa meM unakA rUpa-varNana kiyA rucakara dvIpa ke kaTo para divakumArikAyeM nivAsa karatI gayA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM unake mUrti-zilpa kA hai| uname lakSmImatI aura padmA nAmaka deviyo ke nAma varNana milatA hai / digambara paramparA meM nIrthakara mUrtiyoM to hai kinta sarasvatI nAmaka pisI devI kA nAma nahIM ke atirikta, garvatobhadrikA pratimAye, sahasrakaTa jinAlaya, hai / ye dikkUmAriyA~ tIrthadura mAtA kI sevA karatI hai| nandIzvara jinAlaya, mamavasaraNa jinAlaya Adi kI paradeviyoM ke isa vistRta vivaraNa me bhI hame sarasvatI devI mparA pracalita hai, vidyAdeviyo, aSTamAtRkAoM, kSetrapAla, kA nAma nahIM milatA, kevala eka bAra bhagavAna naninAtha sarasvanI, napagraha prAdi kI mAnyatA hai aura uname se kaI ke bihAra ke prasaga me usakA nAma prAyA hai / usase yaha bhI kI mUrtiyAM bhI milatI hai / kintu pAzcayaM hai ki pratiSThAjJAta nahI hotA ki vaha devo kI kisa jAti se sabandhita gratho, middhAnta prayo aura purANa graMtho meM inake sambandha me thii| sambhAvanA yahI lagatI hai ki vidyA kI adhiSThAtrI adhikRta vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| isalie kucha logo kI aura zrata kI adhidevatA sarasvatI dvAdazAMga zrutajJAna kA aisI dhAraNA bana gaI hai ki digambara paramparA meM inameM se kAlpanika matarUpa hai| aisA lagatA hai ki isa kalpanA ko baratI dA fern zaREAT IT zilpa me pahale AkAra diyA gayA, sAhitya meM bAda meM hai, yadyapi abhI hama isa dhAraNA se mahamata nahIM hai aura sthAna milA, kyoki sAhitya meM sthAna milane se pUrva hA hama jaina zilpa ke isa vaividhya ke AdhAro kI zodha kara sarasvatI kI pratimAye bananI prArambha ho gaI thii| dvAdazAMga zruta ke adhidevatA ke rUpa meM isa devI ko sAhitya meM vidyAdeviyoM ke nAma : 16 vidyAdeviyoM ke nAma sthAna pAne meM paryApta samaya lgaa| tiloyapaNNattI isa prakAra hai ...1. rohiNI, 2. prajJapti, 3. bajazRMkhalA, (411881) me pANDakapana kI jina pratimAno ke sAtha 4. bajrAkRzA, 5 jAmbUnadA', 6. puruSadattA, 7. kAlI, ratnAdiko kI zratadevI, marvA aura manatkumAra yakSo kI : mahAkAlI, gaurI 1. gAbhArI tiyA~ rahane kA ulakha letA hai| isame jisa zrutadavI mAlinI', 12 mAnavI, 13. vairoTI', 14. acyutA', 15. kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha vAstava meM kyA sarasvatI- mAnasI. aura 16. mhaabhaansii| devI kahI jA sakatI hai? tIrthakarI kI 24 yakSiyo aura 16 vidyAdeviyo ke sarasvatI devI kA vRANa, gupta, pratihAra, kalacuri nAmo kA milAna karane se aisA lagatA hai ki ina 16 Adi vibhinna kAlo me prati mAye banI / kaI sthAno para deviyo kA koI svatantra astitva nahI hai| inameM se 2-3 va milatI hai / kintu sAhitya meM 6-10vI zatAbdI me ko choDakara prAya. mabhI nAma yakSiyo meM hai| samIkaraNa usako vyavasthita rUpa milA / digambara aura zvetAmbara karane para hama isa niSkarSa para pahacate hai ki sarasvatI ke dono hI paramparAmo me inhI yA pazcAdvartI zatAbdiyo meM vibhinna rUpo kA lekara 16 vidyAdeviyo kI kalpanA kI zilpa zAstroM aura pratiSThA zAstro kI racanAyeM huii| gaI, kintu unakA svatantra vyaktitva pradAna nahI kiyA gayA, uname tathA prAsaMgika rUpa meM anya mAhityika grantho me sara- balki yakSiyoM ke bahubhAga ko vidyAdevI kA bhI nAma svatI aura usake vibhinna rUpo kI anukRti para vidyA- pradAna kiyA gayA / ina deviyoM ke yakSI yA vidyAdevI ke 1. abhidhAnacintAmaNi (deva kANdra dvitIya) ckreshvge| 3 nirvANakalikA - jvaalaa| padamAnanda 18384 praticakrA / 4. , bairoTyA / 2. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, devakANDa -mahAparA / prAcAra- 5. , praccha ptaa| dinakara (udaya 33) meM bhI mahAparA nAma diyA hai|

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146, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta rUpoM kI pRthak pahacAna ke lie unake rUpa, vAhana aura hai / vAhanoM ke nAma hai -vRSabha, kamala, gaja, lohAsana, yA yudho meM antara DAla diyA gyaa| vidyAdeviyoM ko svatantra mayura, hama, garuDa, mRga, turaga, siMha, kamona, pADA, kacchA, vyaktitva na dene kA ekamAtra kAraNa hama yahI mamajho hai zUkara, makara, sarpa, matsya, vyAghra, zava, aSTApada, puSpa, ki ye yakSiyo me bhinna koI alaga devI nahIM hai / ina zarabha, puruSa, godhA, ajagara / vidyAdevI kA rUpa to kalpita hai| sambhavana isIlie makha : sAdhAraNataH sabhI deva deviyA prapane maumya rUpa digambara jaina zilpa meM ina deviyoM kA prakana dene meM nahI me hI zilpa me prApta hote hai| kintu kucha devoM ke mukha eka praayaa| prAbU kI vimalavasahI meM inakA akana prApta hotA meM adhika batAye gaye hai, deviyo meM kisI kA mukha eka meM adhika nahIM hotA / yakSo me tIna, cAra, chaha aura pATha hindU aura bauddha parampaga meM bhI sarasvatI kI mAnyatA maba taka mAne gaye hai| trimakha, kumAra, pAtAla, kinnara hai| uname sarasvatI ke SoDaza po yA pAiza devi kI grora gomeda yakSo ke 3 ; mahAyakSa, brahma, pamukha kuvera, mAnyatA nahI hai| kintu SoDaza vidyAdeviyoM meM se adhi- pora bhRkuTi yo ke 4; rabendra yakSa ke 6 aura varuNa yakSa kAza deviyo kI mAnyatA hinda aura bauddha parampaga me bhI ke mana mAna gaye hai| inake atirikta, gomava yakSa kA rahI hai / deviyoM ke rUpa jaina, kinda praura boTa parampagamA mukha gau jaisA hai tathA mAtaga aura gamDa yakSI ke mukha bakra meM prAyaH milate-jalate rahe hai| jaino ke vibhinna likhaka yA kuTila mAna hai| bhI ina deviyoM ke rUpa ke sambandha meM ekamata nahI rhe| bhujA : yo me yevala 2, yakSiyo ma 2, aura vidyAisalie kimI devI-mUrti ko dekha kara ki.mI purAtatva- deviyo me 2 ke ho do bhajAyeM batAI hai| cAra bhujA vAle vizeSajJa ke lie yaha nirNaya karanA grati mAhamArNa kArya deva-debiyo me 12 yakSo, 18 yakSiyo praura 13 vidyAhI kahA jAyegA ki prastuta mUti kima parampaga vizepa se deviyo ke nAma hai| par3abhajI deva-deviyoM meM 5 yakSa aura sambandhita hai| 2 yakSI hai / aSTabhUjI 3 yakSa, 1 yakSI aura 1 vidyAdevI zAsana devoM kA rUpa * zAsanadeva yA zAmana devatA hai| 2 yakSa aura 1 yakSI dvAdazabhUjI mAne hai| kahane se zAsana rakSaka yakSa aura yakSI eva vidyAdevI kA prAyaSa : zAmana deva deviyo meM 16 yakSa prora 20 prAzaya liyA jAnA hai| inakA rUpa, vAhana, prAyudha, madrA, yakSI eka-eka hAtha abhaya yA varada madA ma uThAye hue hai| bhajAyeM prora uname lie hae vividha prAyadhI ke mambandha meM vidyAdeviyo meM digambara paramparA ke anusAra eka bhI davI vibhinna jaina zAstrI me aikamatya nahIM milatA / sthAna ke varada mudrA me nahI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra sakoca ke kAraNa isa mabako jAnakArI vistAra se na de kaI deviyAM varada mudrA me hAtha uThAe hue hai| ina deviyo ke kara yahA~ kevala umakA saketa mAtra diyA jA rahA hai| zeSa hAtho meM nimnalikhita prAyudha yA upakaraNa hai-- mAlA, prAsana-ye sabhI deva-deviyAM yA to lalitAmana me paraza, vijaurA, bajra, cakra, phala, trizUla, kamala, akuza, baiThate haiM athavA bIrAsana me / lalitAmana me dAyA para talavAra daNDa, zakha kanikA candra, kamaNDalu, dhanuSa, dAna, pIThAsana para rahatA hai aura vAyAM para dAyI jaghA pr| bANa. nAgapAza, sarpa, bhAlA, ghaNTA, matsya, akSamAlA, vIrAsana me dono jaghAno ke Upara dono pairo ko rkhaa| zakti, madgara, kalaza, gadA, mUmala, cAbuka hala, hariNa, jAtA hai / prAya: kamala, kUrma, makara aura pIThAmana para ye pAza, pAna pAnagucchaka, pustaka, ba gvalA, vINA, kunta, deva-deviyA~ vIrAsana me milate hai, zeSa vAhanoM para lalitA- kheTa aura namaskAra mudraa| sana meM prApta hote hai / lalitAsana me vAhana ke eka pArzva varNa : zAsana deva deviyoM kA varNa isa prakAra hai --- kI ora hI dono paira rahate hai| yakSo me 3 suvarNa, 5 veta, 11 zyAna 2 rakta, 1 vAhana : ina deva-deviyo ke vAhana aneka prakAra ke harita.1 indradhanuSa pora 1 madaga vaNa ke yakSa hai| 1 anagAradharmAmRta 8.3|| prabhAcandra kRta kriyAkalApa /

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vijJAna aura mahAvIra kI ahiMsA zrI zamsuddIna, rAyapura eka bAra eka vaijJAnika bahuta bar3I bhabhA meM vijJAna tairanA sikhAyA, kintu eka ingAna kI taraha pRthvI para kaise kI upalabdhiyoM para prakAza DAla rahA thaa| usane batAyA rahanA yaha vijJAna ne hame nahI sikhAyA; aura kSaNa bhara ki mAja vijJAna ne itanI unnati kara lI hai ki hama ke liye pUrI sabhA meM sannATA chA gayA tathA vaijJAnika apane kamare meM baiThe-baiThe hajAge lAkhoM mIla dUra kI aAvAja niruttara ho gyaa| mana makate hai. yahI nahIM bahA hone vAlI ghaTanAyo ko bhI bAta bhI saca hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga me sasAra ne pAlo me dekha sakate hai, minaToM meM saMkaTo mIla kI yAtrA jitanI unnati kI hai, mAnavatA kA utanA hI adhika kara sakate hai, teja garamI meM kamare ke bhItara zItala havA patana hotA dikhAI de rahA hai / aAja insAna, insAna na kA Ananda le sakate hai, tathA ThaDa meM garamI paidA kara sakate rahakara mazIna kA pUrjA-mAtra raha gayA hai tathA usake bhItara hai| zrAja hamArA jIvana itanA Agama aura mukhamaya ho nihita dayA, kSamA, prema, mahAnubhUti Adi gAyaba-sI ho gayA hai ki hama kaha makate hai ki hamane svarga ko pRthvI para rahI hai| manuSya bhautika sugva-sAdhano kI adhikatA ke bIca utAra liyA hai / imI samaya eka vyakti ne bar3e hokara bhI eka ajIba-sI azAti praura becainI kA anubhava kara vahA-hama mAnate hai ki vijJAna ne hama pakSI kI taraha rahA hai| usakI icchAgro kA koI anta nahI dikhAI detaa| aAkAza meM uDanA sikhAyA, machalI kI taraha samadra para eka jhaThI mRga-tRSNA ke pIche vaha niraMtara bhaTaka rahA hai| yahI nahI, prAja isa vijJAna ne aise-aise khataranAka aujAro yakSI 11 suvarNa, 3 zveta, 1 rakta, 6 harita, 1 pIta, kA nirmANa kara diyA hai jinase minaTo meM sArI duniyA 1 kRSNa aura 1 pravAla varNa kI hai| kA hI vinAza ho makatA hai| aise samaya barabasa hame vidyAdeviyo meM 7 muvarNa, 3, mIna, 2 zveta, 2 zyAma, bhagavAna mahAvIra sarIkhe mahAmAnava kA smaraNa ho pAtA 1 ravata aura 1 vidrama varNa kI devI hai| hai jinake upadeza na kevala kuThita eva karAhatI huI mAnavatA vizeSa : kRra yakSa-yakSiyo ke vizeSa cihna hote hai ke liye jIvanadAna de sakate hai, varan vizva ko vinAza ke jinase unakI pahacAna hotI hai; jaise prathama gomava yakSa garna me girane se bhI bacA sakate hai| ke mastaka para ghamaMcakra hotA hai| tIsare trimukha yakSa ke tIna netra hote hai| pAMcavA tambaru yakSa sapa kA yajJopavIta aAdhunika yuga vijJAna kA yuga hai| isame bhautika dhAraNa karatA hai / teIsave dharaNendra yakSa ke sira para sarpa . dRSTi se manuSya apane carama utkarSa para pahuca cukA hai| dRSTi phaNa rahatA hai| caubIsave mAtaga yakSa ke sira para dharmacakra usane prakRti para vijaya pA lI hai, aneka zArIrika rogo umana pra rahatA hai| para niyatraNa kara liyA hai, tathA bhautika sukha-sampannatA meM isI prakAra, bAisavI yakSI pAmrA prAmravakSa kI svagaM ko bhI mAta de dI hai| kintu itanA saba hone ke bAda bhI Aja vizva me zAti nahI hai| sarvatra bhaya, prAzakA chAyA meM do putro ke sAtha hotI hai / prAyaH eka putra usakI goda meM rahatA hai aura dUsarA bagala meM khar3A rahatA hai| eka eva khatare kA vAtAvaraNa banA huA hai| Aja aNuteIsavIM yakSI padamAvatI ke sira para visarpaphaNAvalI rahatI zakti ke nirmANa meM hor3a laga gaI hai tathA pratyeka rASTra apane pApako dUsaro se adhika zaktizAlI DD banAkara rakhanA cAhatA hai| svArtha evaM mahaMkAra se prerita hai /

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148, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta zakti kI isa hoDa ne saMsAra ko vinAza ke kagAra apane svArtha sAdhana meM lipta rahate hai ve vAstava meM samAja para lA kara baDA kara diyA hai| isake eka visphoTa mAtra aura mAnavatA kI hiMsA ke bhAgIdAra hai| se na kevala samUce vizva meM tADava phaila sakatA hai, varana vaijJAnika yaMtrIkaraNa ke pariNAma-svarUpa kRSi eva mAnavatA ke astitva ko bhI khataga paidA ho sakatA hai| udyogoM ke utpAdana meM abhUtapUrva vRddhi avazya huI, kintu aimI sthiti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mahimA kA madeza hI isakA duSpariNAma yaha bhI huprA ki bar3e kRpako aura vaha patavAra hai jo vizva kI DUbatI huI naukA ko pAra udyogapatiyoM meM saMgraha-vatti bar3ha gii| amIra aura bhI lagA sakatI hai| amIra hokara pUjIpati banane lage tathA garIba majadara aura vijJAna ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja jitanI sampannatA bhI garIba hokara mAre-mAre phirane lge| abhIra pIra bar3ha rahI hai, logo me utanA hI adhika asatoSa baDha rahA garIba kA yaha varga-bheda aAja itanA adhika bar3ha gayA hai ki hai| isakA kAraNa logo meM baDhatA hA lobha aura moha aneka prayatnoM ke bAvajada bhI hama deza meM samAjavAda kI hai| jyoM-jyo lAbha bar3hatA hai, nyo-tyoM lobha bhI baDhatA sthApanA karane meM asaphala rahe haiN| magrahavRti kA hI jAtA hai, aura jaba lobha bar3hatA hai to moha bar3hatA hai aura duriNAma hai ki adhika utpAdana hone athavA paryApta isakA aMta honA hai dukha aura asaMtoSa meM / yahI kAraNa hai mAtrA meM vastue~ upalabdha hone ke bAvajUda bhI kRSima ki Aja sampanna dezoM aura vargoM meM mukha-saMtoSa nahI prabhAva kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai tathA vastupoM kI dikhAI detA / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza hai ki saMtoSa kImateM pAsamAna chUne lagatI hai| se lobha para vijata prApta kro| apanI prAvazyakatA se aise logoM ke lie mahAvIra ne aparigraha kA upadeza adhika kA lobha karanA kisI anya ko usakI diyA hai jisakA tAtparya hai magravRtti se dUra rahanA / aAvazyakatA se vacita karanA hai| dUsare zabdo meM, yaha unakA kahanA thA ki jitanI hamArI AvazyakatA hai. usakI hiMsA hai| usase adhika apane pAsa maMgraha kanne kA hama koI adhivijJAna ne prAja manuSya ko itanA bhautikavAdI banA kAra nahI hai / yadi ghara meM kevala do prANI rahane ko hai to diyA hai ki vaha hara vastu ko, yahA~ taka ki mAnavatA ko bahuta baDI koThI banA kara apane kabje meM rakhanA ucita bhI, artha kI tulA para taulane lagA hai| paisA hI pAja nhii| isI prakAra, adhika dhana apane pAsa saMgraha karake usakA bhagavAna hai tathA usake sAmane naitika mUlyo kA bhI rakhane kA artha hai dUsare jarUratamada ko usase vacita rkhnaa| koI mahatva nhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jala kI kamI hone dUsare zabdoM meM, yaha unakI prAyika hisA hai| para loga pAnI ko bhI becate hai, garIba kA baccA tar3apa- mAja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bijalI kI jagamagAtI taDapa kara mara jAtA hai lekina phIsa ke abhAva me DAkTara rozanI tathA gaganacambI prAlikAmo ko dekha hama bhale usake ghara nahIM jAtA; akAla se pIDita nighana bhUkho mara hI apanI tarakkI kA dama bhare, kintu yaha bhI hame mAnanA ja.te hai kintu amIra anAja ko kaM Thio me chipAkara hogA ki Aja vyakti apane UMce Adarzo se nIce gira rakhe rahate hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza hai ki samAja gayA hai| usakA vyaktitva dUSita ho gayA hai / hara AdamI ke vyApaka hita meM apane sakucita svArthoM kA tyAga kro| socatA hai ki maiM hI saba kucha hU aura dUsare kucha nahIM / maiM kisI bhUkhe ko yadi bhojana kI jarurata hai to apanI roTI jo kahatA hai, vahI ucita hai aura bAkI saba anucita / kA prAdhA hissA use de do| apanA prAdhA vastra dekara isase ahaM kI bhAvanA bar3hatI hai aura manuSya kA dRSTikoNa kisI nage kA tana DhAMka sakate ho to use saharSa de do| saMcita hotA hai| isI ke bAda usame anya durgaNa grA isa prakAra, apane saMkucita svArtha kA tyAga kara mAnava- jAte hai aura vaha patana kI ora bar3hane lagatA hai / bhagavAna mAtra kI bhalAI karanA mahAvIra ke anamAra saccI mahAvIra ne kahA ki namratA se grahakAra ko to| isase pahisA hai| jo dUsaroM ko dugvI aura pIr3ita dekara bhI [zeSa pR0 151 para]

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mahAvIra : kucha tathya zrI zobhanAtha pAThaka, meghanagara (jhabumA) tathA satya, ahiMsA, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya kI caitre jinaM sitatRtIyajayAnizAnte, varIyatA se yuga ko avagata karAne vAle, 24ve tIrthakara sobhAhnicandramasi cottara phAlgunisthe / ' mahAvIra kI mahattA ko prakinA mugama nahI hai, jinake / catramitapakSaphalgani zazakiyoge vine trayodazyAm / myAdAda va anekAnta kA sambala mamAra ko mavAra, pAkula jajJe svoccastheSu graheSu saumyeSu zubhalagne / ' antasa ko ubArane me pUrNa sakSama hai| saha-astitva, sahi ina uddharaNo se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki varddhamAna ThaNutA va mamanvaya ke samaveta svara ne unakI varavANI me caitra zuklA trayodazI ko zubha lagna meM paidA hue the| jabaki udbhata ho, bhUle-bhaTake jano ke hRdaya ko mambala diyA, anya pado meM aura bhI ullekha milatA hai, yathA:mAnava ko mAnavatA kI tulA para Upara uThAyA, tathA jJAna siddhArthanapatitanayo bhAratavarSavidehakuNDapure / kI thAtI kA apUrva kopa dharatI para luTAyA / aAja praNu meM devyA priyakAriNyo susvapnAnsaMpradaya vibh||' bhayabhIta mAnavatA ke uddhAra ke lie mahAvIra kA himA arthAta middhArtha rAjA kI priyakAriNI (trizalA) rUpI astra varadAna svarUpa hai| aisI mahAna vibhUti ke dharmapannI kI pavitra kogya se videha janapada ke kuNDapura grAma viSaya meM kucha viziSTa bAteM jAnakara hama unake giddhAnto me mahAvIra kA janma hamA thaa| yahI bAta 'kAvya-zikSA' ko apane jIvana meM utAre, imI apekSA se jJAna davi kA meM bhI kI gaI hai, yathA:-- atala me paMTha AnandAnubhUti se nihAla hone kA mAhAna bhAtikAlimANikyaM siddhArtho nAma bhUpati / kuNDagrAmapurasvAmI tasya putro jino'vatu / ' mahAvIra kA janma-sthAna tathA kAla ina nathyo meM spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra rAjA pAzrvezatIrthasatAne paJcAzadadvizatAtmake / middhArtha kI patnI vizalA kI kokha se videha janapada ke taba antaravatyimahAvIro'tra jAtavAna / / kA DagrAma me paMdA haye the| videha-janapada ke antargata hI arthAta pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI tIrtha-paramAga ke 50 vaizAlI thA jimake mamIpa hI kuNDagrAma thA jise mAjakala vargA'bhyantara kAla me tIrthakara varddhamAna mahAvIra utpanna vAmuNDa kahate hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra kA vadha vaizAlI va nideha me vizeSa rUpa se jJAta hotA hai jo nimna hue / yaha zubha avasara 596 I0 pUrva kA hai, jaba mAnA uddharaNa se ujAgara honA hai, yathAtrizalA kI kukSi se mAsa 7 dina 12 ghaTe vyatIta kara vizAlA jananI yasya, vizAla kulameva c| vaImAna caitra zuklA trayodazI ko praryamA yoga meM utpanna vizAlaM vacanaM cAsya, tena vaizAliko jinH|| hue / yahI bAta vividha granthoM se bhI puSTa hotI hai, yathA--- videha-janapada se bhI mahAvIra kI ghaniSThatA vyakta kI daSTegraha ratha nijIvigata samalaMgne, gaI hai, yathA : "nAe nAyaputte nAyakulacande videhadinne, yathA patitakAlamasUta raajii| videhajacce videhasUmAle tIsa bAsAI videhasi kh|" 1 barddhaganacarita (pramaga kavi), 1718 3 nirvANabhakti,4. 2. nirmANa bhakti, 5; tathA 4. kAvyazikSA, 31. 'pracchinA pAvamAse aTraya divame bahana miyapakkheM 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 213. (japaghavalA, bhAga 1, pR. 78) 6. kalpamUtra-sUtra 11

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150, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta videha-janapada kA kuNDagrAma mahAvIra ke prAvirbhAva se itanA loka-kalyANa ke lie sarvasva-tyAga pAvana evaM garimAmayI ho gayA ki manISI umakI varIyatA jaise-jaise avasthA bar3hatI gaI, mahAvIra kI sAMsA. kA varNana karate nahIM aghaate| harivazapurANa me to mvarga se rika vaibhava vilAga kI pora aruci parilakSita hotI rhii| isakI tulanA kI gaI hai, yathA tyAga kA akara unake atas meM ubharane lagA / mAtAatha dezosti vistArI jambUdvIpasya bhaarte| pitA tathA bhAI nandivarddhana ise bhAMpa kara unhe sAMsArivideha iti vikhyAtaH svargakhaNDasamaH zriya / katA meM rijhAnA cAhate the, kintu unake sAre prayAsa viphala tatrAkhaNDanetrAlI padminI khaNDamaNDanam / rhe| mahAbIra to mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke lie Aye the. sukhAmbhakuNDa mAbhAti nAmnA kuNDapura puram // prata 30 varSa kI bharI javAnI meM unhoMne apane apara mukha, arthAta svagika samRddhi ko bhI mAta dene vAlA videha dhana-daulata aura rAja-pATa kI Thokara mAra kara zramaNa dIkSA janapada kA kuNDagrAma kitanA gauravazAlI hai jahA~ 24veM ko grahaNa kara liyaa| unhoMne spaSTa kahAtIrthakara varddhamAna mahAvIra kA zubha prAvirbhAva huaa| "savvaM meM prakaraNijja pApa kamma" ye uddharaNa vizeSa rUpa se isalie dene par3e hai ki kucha arthAt prAja se sabhI pApa karma prakaraNIya hoge| tathAlogoM ke ulaTa-phera se mahAvIra kA janmasthAna kuNDapura "karemi sAmAiyaM savva sAvajja jogaM paccakkhAmi" (lichapAr3a), aMga janapada me dIrghakAla taka mAnA jAtA rahA samasta sAvadAkarmoM kA tIna karaNa aura tona yoga meM hai| prAja kI aitihAsika kasauTI para yaha galata siddha tyAga karatA huuN| mahAvIra ne atyadhika sAdhanAmaya jIvana hamA hai| aba nirvivAda rUpa se vaizAlI ke pAsa vAsukuNDa bitAnA prArambha kara diyA / hI unakA janma-sthAna mAnA jAtA hai, jahA~ DA. rAjendra sAdhanAmaya jIvana prasAda dvArA eka zilAlekha lagAyA huA hai| isa sthAna na prItimadagadevAsaH sthaMya prati mayA saha / ko svayaM maiMne dekhA hai| ina samasta sthAnoM kI parakha ke na gahivinaya kAryoM, mauna pANau ca bhojanam / ' bAda bhI zodha apekSita hai| arthAt aprItikAraka sthAno para kabhI nahIM rahUgA / bAlyakAla kI upalabdhiyA~ sadA dhyAnastha rahakara mauna rhNgaa| hAtha meM hI bhojana rAjA siddhArtha kI dharma-patnI trizalA kI kokha me karU~gA tathA gahasthoM kA vinaya nahI kahogA / 'prAcArAGga pAte hI asIma samRddhi umar3ane lgii| ataH rAjA ne paMdA sUtra' ke anusAra unhone kabhI bhI para-pAtra me bhojana nh| hote hI tadanurUpa usa bAlaka kA nAma samRddhi sUcaka varddha- kiyaa| mahAvIra ne kaThoratama sAdhanA kii| unake kAnoM mAna rakha diyA, yathA me kAsa ThamI gaI, kuttoM se kaTavAyA gayA, gAvoM me dhUla tadUgarbhataH pratidinaM svakulasya lkmii| phekI gaI, aneka devoM ne prasahanIya vedanAe~ dI, kintu dRSTvA mudA viSukalAmiva barddhamAnam // mahAvIra vicalita nahI hue| mahInoM-mahIno ve binA sAdhaM surabhaMgavato dazamehi tasya / khAye raha jAte. yahA~ taka ki pAnI kA bhI tyAga kara dete, zrIvarddhamAn iti nAma cakAra raajaa||' para dhyAnastha ve kaMTakAkIrNa patha se vicalita nahI hue| asAdhAraNa pratimA-sampanna varddhamAna kI bauddhika varI- pUre 12 varSa 6 mAsa 15 dina kI tapasyA meM mahAvIra yatA jahA~ saba ko moha letI, vahIM kor3A meM rata, saMgama- ne kevala 350 dina (pAraNA ke) bhojana kiyA tathA deva dvArA parIkSA lI jAne para unake sAhasa, vIratA, prAdi zepa dina nirjala upavAsa meM vyatIta kiye| dhanaghora ke kAraNa unheM 'vIra' aura 'mahAvIra' kI mahattA se sama. sAdhanA me unhoMne zarIra ko tapA ddaalaa| antataH vaizAkha laMkRta kiyA gyaa| aba ve varddhamAna se mahAvIra ho gye| zuklA dazamI ke dina jambhikA grAma meM RjuvAlukA nadI 1. harivaMzapurANa, sarga 2. 1 kalpasUtra suvo. pR0 288. 1. barddhamAnacarita, 17 / 61. 2. prAcArAGga 161, gAthA 16.

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maha aura: kucha tathya ke kinAre jIrNa udyAna ke pAsa zyAmAka nAmaka gAthApati 36000 mAdhviyAM, 1,56,000 zrAvaka va 3,18,000 ke kSetra meM zAlavRkSa ke nIce, uttarAphAlgunI nakSatra ke zrAvikA bhii| yoga meM unheM kevalajJAna prApta huaa| aba ve 'arhata', isake bAda mahAvIra ghama-dhama kara sadupadezoM se logoM 'jina', 'sarvadarzI' va 'kevalI' hue| ko lAbhAnvita karane lge| janabhASA arddhamAgadhI meM ve apanA pravacana dete jimase jana-mana mugdha ho unakI caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA pora ginA pAtA / rAjA zreNika, kaNika prAdi taka jahA~ isake bAda hI madhyama pAvA meM bhavya samavazaraNa kA unake bhakta the, vahI harikezI jaise achUna bhii| mahAvIra prAyojana huA, jisakI vyavasthA devalAnI ne kii| kI daSTi meM gabhI mamAna the| baTTI maja-dhaja ke sAtha yaha hunA, yathA nirvANa prazokavRkSaH surapuSpavRSTi:, aMtataH 72 varSa kI Ayu meM prarthAt 527 I0 pU0 meM vidhyadhvanizcAmaramAsana ca / pAvA meM dIpAvalI kI rAta unako nirvANa prApta hmaa| bhAmaNDalaM duNdubhirAtapatrAM, ima niSaya meM thor3A matabheda hai ki vaha pAvAnagarI kaunasataprAtihAryANi jinezvarasya / / bhI hai, jo unheM nirvANa prApta hugrA / vaise to maiMne pAvA pUrIva pAyAnagarI dono ko dekhA hai va bahata kucha tavya isI mamavazaraNa meM mahAvIra ne gautama Adi 11 ekatrita phira hai| kintu lekha bahuta bar3ha rahA hai, ataH yaha gaNadharoM ko zramaNa dIkSA dekara caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA phira kabhI deNge| yahA~ basa itanA hI kahakara samApta kI, jisameM zramaNa, zramaNA, thAvaka evaM zrAvikAe~ karanA hai ki 2500 vA~ nirvANotsava vizvastara para manA thii| unake isa pUre dharma-parivAra meM gaNa, 11 gaNadhara, kAmagadha himA, asteya, aparigraha va brahmacarya ke mambana me pTi ko sabAreM myAdvAda va anekAta se yUga ko 600 caudahapUrvadhArI, 400 vAdI, 700 vaitriyala bdhi- nikhare dhArI, 800 anuttaropapAtika mani, 14000 sAdhU, 00 [pR0 14. kA zepAya dayA, kSamA, prema prAdi sadaguNa apane Apa manuSya me pAyege diyA ki yariyA, dayA kSamA eka prema meM bar3I apUrva zakti aura vaha 'ahisA paramo dharma' kA pAlana kara skegaa| hotI hai tathA yaha zakti use macce sukha evaM zAti kI prAja vijJAna ke bhotikavAdI yuga meM logo kI bhagakAra hAvIra DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva samAja kI icchAmro kA koI prata nahI aura jaba manuSya kI icchA jima sthiti ko dabakara dRgvI aura vicalita hue the, kI prati nahIM hotI to use krodha pA jAtA hai| yaha krodha nAja usameM kahI adhika bI sthiti hamAre samAja kI bhI manuSya ke lie bar3A ahitakara hai| yaha na kevala manuSya hai| grAja kA mAnaba bhautika pragati kI cakAcauMdha meM pathakI zakti ko kSINa karatA hai, varana dUsaroM ke prati prema kI bhraSTa ho, digbhramita-sA idhara-udhara bhaTaka rahA hai| dharma bhAvanA ko bhI naSTa karatA hai| tapa ke samaya bhagavAn meM usakI grAmthA nahIM; sadAcaraNa kA umakI dRSTi meM mahAvIra ko logoM ne taraha-taraha se yAtanAyeM dI, una para koI malpa nahIM: nIti aura prAdarza use kore upadeza patthara pheke, unhe bekasUra mArA-pITA, kintu unhoMne kimI pratIta hote hai| aisI sthiti meM, sasAra-sAgara meM DagamagAtI para krodha nahI kiyaa| hiMsA kA uttara koMne ahisA meM mAnavatA kI isa naiyA ko bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ahiMsA diyaa| natIjA yaha huA ki Age calakara logoM ko / hI kinAre lagA sakatI hai| pazcAttApa hA aura ve unake caraNo para prA gire| isa prakAra, mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke kAryoM se siddha kara rAyapura, (madhya pradeza)

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upAdhyAya yazovijaya : vyaktitva aura kRtitva zrI gokula prasAda jana, naI dillI prAcArya hemacandrA ke pazcAta upAdhyAya yazovijaya vidvAna the| unake sAnnidhya me yazovijaya kA vidyA yayana jaisA sarvazAstra-pAraMgata aura udbhaTa dUsarA vidvAna prArambha huaA aura zIghra hI yazovijaya bhI saskRta, prAkRta. dRSTigocara nahI hotaa| darzana zAstra ke to ve asAdhAraNa gujarAtI aura hindI meM pAragata ho gaye aura kAvya racanA manISI the| tarka-zAstra meM inakI vizeSa gati thii| ye karane lne| eka bAra ahamadAbAda meM unakI adbhuta smaraNavi. sa. 1680 se 1743 taka vartamAna rhe| zakti aura prakhara baddhi se prabhAvita hokara seTha dhana jI yadyapi yazovijaya ne svayaM apane vyApaka sAhitya meM sUrA ne do hajAra cA~dI kI dInAreM, unake ucca adhyayana kahIM para bhI apane viSaya meM kucha nahI likhA to bhI ke lie bheMTa kii| ve vArANasI cale gaye aura vahA~ ke 'sujasavelIbhAsa' ke AdhAra para unakA thoDA-bahuta paricaya sarvotkRSTa vidvAn bhaTTAcArya jI se SaDdarzana kA pArAyaNa prApta ho jAtA hai| 'sujasavelIbhAsa' ke racayitA manivara kiyaa| vahA~ ve 'nyAya vizArada' aura 'nyAyAcArya' se vibhakAntivijaya unake samakAlIna the| prata. yaha kRti isa Sita hue| tIna varSa ke uparAnta vahA~ se Akara unhoMne daSTi se sarvathA prAmANika mAnI jAnI caahie| vi0 sa0 1703-1707 taka cAra paryanta taka AgarA meM karkaza taka zAstra kA adhyayana kiyaa| uparyukta racanA me bhI yazovijaya ke janmasthAna ke / viSaya me kucha nahI likhA hai| isI kAraNa abhI taka isa ve navya nyAya ke bar3e bhArI vidvAna the aura unhone viSaya para matabheda thA, kintu aba mahArAjA karNa deva ke usI zailI meM kaI grantha bhI race / unake jaina tarka bhASA, tAmrapatra se siddha ho gayA hai ki unakA janma gujarAta ke jJAna binda, naya rahasya, naya pradIpa yAdi grantha utkRSTa 'kanoDA" gAMva me hayA thaa| yazovijaya kA janma koTi ke hai| unakI vicAra sAraNi bahana hI pariSkRta aura saM0 1680 ke lagabhaga huA thaa| satulita thii| yazovijaya ke pitA kA nAma nArAyaNa aura mAtA yazovijaya jaina nyAya ke bhI prakANDa paDita the| kA nAma saubhAgya devI thaa| donoM hI dharmaparAyaNa, dAna- uname prabhAvita hokara hI paM0 banArasIdAsa digambara bana zIla aura udAra vRtti ke vyakti the| unakA prabhAva yazo- sake the| ye janma se gujarAtI the kintu aneka varSa taka vijaya para bhI pdd'aa| inakA bacapana kA nAma jasavanta hindI kSetra me rahane ke kAraNa hindI para bhI inakA pUrNa athavA yazavanta thaa| unakA eka choTA bhAI padmasiMha bhI adhikAra ho gayA thaa| agAgha vidvatA ajita karake lauTane thA / prahamadAbAda meM prasiddha hIrIzvara jI ke caturtha padavara para yazovijaya kA ahamadAbAda ke sUbedAra mahAvata khA paM.nayabijaya jI ne vi0 saM0 1688 meM yazavanta ko, usake ne apane darabAra meM bar3A zAnadAra sammAna kiyaa| vahA mAM-bApa kI svIkRti ke sAtha dIkSA dii| tatpazcAt ye unheM ne apanI vidvattA aura smaraNa zakti ke paricAyaka yazovijaya khlaaye| aThAraha pravadhAna prastuta kiye aura saba ko atyanta prabhA. paM0 naya vijaya jI svayaM prAkRta, saMskRta, gujarAtI, vita kiyaa| ahamadAbAda me hI unheM vi0 sa0 1718 meM vyAkaraNa, koza, jyotiSa Adi vidyAoM ke udbhaTa 'uyAdhyaya' padavI se vibhUSita kiyA gyaa| mahesANA se pATaNa jAne vAlI relave lAina para dUsarA sTezana dhINoja hai| isase cAra mIla pazcima meM kanoDA gAMva hai|

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upAdhyAya yazovijaya : vyaktitva aura kRtitva yazovijaya ne vi.saM. 1719 se 1043 taka sAhitya yazovijaya ne gujarAtI bhASA meM aneka stavanoM, sajana kiyaa| unhoMne saMskRta meM hI lagabhaga 500 choTe-bar3e gItoM aura vandanAmoM kI racanA kI hai jo saba "gurjara pranthoM kI racanA kI / saMskRta, prAkRta, gujarAtI aura hindI sAhitya saMgraha" ke do bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho cukA para unakA samAna adhikAra thA aura unhone inhI cAra hai| inakA likhA 'jasa vilAsa' hiMdI kA prasiddha kAvya graMtha bhASAoM meM likhA hai| hai / yaha prakAzita ho cukA hai aura isameM inake 75 padoM vi0 sa0 1743 me DabhoI nagara meM upAdhyAya yazo- kA saMgraha hai| isake atirikta unakI hindI kI kRtiyAM vijaya kA svargavAsa huaa| yahA~ vi0 saM0 1745 me 'mAnandaghana praSTapadI', "digpaTa 84 bola', 'sAmya zataka', pratiSThita yazovijaya jI kI pAdukA aba bhI vidyamAna 'dUhA', 'nava nidhAna stavana', tathA adhyAtma aura bhaktipada bhI hai| paM0 nAtha rAma jI premI ne DabhoI nagara ko yazovijaya kA janmasthAna mAnA hai| aba yaha bAta mAnya nahIM inhone apane prAnandaghana aSTapaTI' nAmaka graMtha meM rahI hai| yazovijaya ne pUrNa brahmacarya aura saccI hindI ke jaina santa Anandadhana kI stuti meM jo pATha pada sAdhutA pUrvaka jIvana yApana kiyA aura ve gaurava ke sAtha banAe the, unhI kA sagraha hai| kahA jAtA hai ki upAlagabhaga 65 varSa jIvita rhe| zrImad hemacandrAcArya ke dhyAya yazovijaya aura prAnandadhana jI kI bheMTa bhI huI pazcAt una jaise prakANDa vidvAn vastuta: yazovijaya thii| prAnandaghana sadaiva adhyAtma rasa me magna rahate the| hI the| jaba jana samparka me pAte to subodha aura surucipUrNa zailI meM upadeza dete the| yazovijaya jI unase milanA cAhate the| yazovijaya ne mukhya rUpa se tarka aura pAgama para yazovijaya jaisA vidvAna unhe dekha bhAva vimugdha hue binA likhA hai| kintu vyAkaraNa, chanda, alakAra aura kAvya ke na raha skaa| prAnandaghana kI prazasA me yazovijaya dvArA kSetra meM bhI unakI gati adbhuta thii| unhoMne TIkAe aura likhA eka pada isa prakAra hai : / bhASya likhe hai tathA aneka maulika kRtiyo kI racanA kI hai| 'khaNDana khaNDa-khAdya' jaise graMtha kI racanA unakI "pAnanda kI gata pAnandaghana jANe / alaukika pratibhA aura agAdha pANDitya kI paricAyaka vAi sukha sahaja acala alakha pada, hai| unhoMne jaina paramparA ke cAroM anuyogo para mahatvapUrNa vA sukha sujasa bakhAne // 1 // racanAe kI hai| ve jIvana bhara zAstro kA cintana karate sujasa vilAsa jaba pragaTe prAnandarasa, rahe aura navya zAstro kA nirmANa karAte rhe| unakI prAnanda akhaya khajAne / kRtiyA~ tIna prakAra kI hai-khaNDanAtmaka, pratipAdanAtmaka aisI dazA jaba pragaTe cita antara, aura samanvayAtmaka / khaNDana meM ve pUrNa gaharAI taka pahuMce hai| sohi aAnandaghana pichAneM // 2 // pratipAdana unakA sUkSma aura vizada hai| yadyapi unakI isa pada me, yogIrAja mAnandaghana se milane tathA sabhI kRtiyA abhI taka upalabdha nahI haI hai to bhI jitanI prAdhyAtmika adhyayana aura manana se prApta prAtmAnubhava ke kRtiyAM milI hai| uname upAdhyAya jI ke agAdha pAMDitya Ananda aura prAkarSaNa kI jhalaka milatI hai| jJAna ke aura alaukika pratibhA aura sujana zakti kA jJAna prApta ho sAtha caritra kA mela aura pANDitya ke sAtha prAtma-sAkSAjAtA hai| skAra kI AkAMkSA maNi-kAMcana kA suyoga hai| 1. yaha dakSiNa pUrva relave lAina para, baDaudA se 16 mIla hAsa, bambaI, san 1917 I0, pRthTha 62 / dUra sthita eka relave sTezana hai| isakI jana saMkhyA 3. mAnandaghana pada saMgraha meM pRSTha 164 para chapa cukI hai| lagabhaga 40 hajAra hai| yaha saMgraha adhyAtma jJAna prasAraka maNDala, bambaI se 2. paM. nAthUrAma premI : hindI jaina sAhitya kA iti- vi0 saM0 1966 meM prakAzita humA thaa|

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154 varSa 20 ki0 1 yazovijayajI ne dikpaTa caurAsI bola' paM0 hemarAjajI ke 'sitapaTa caurAsI bola' kA khaNDana karane ke lie likhI thii| inake viSaya meM pa0 sukhalAla jI kA yaha abhimata hai ki upAdhyAya jI pakke jaMna aura dhuraMdhara paDita the / yaha ThIka hI pratIta hotA hai kyoMki unhoMne 'adhyAtma mata khaNDana' me tArkika khaNDana- maNDana kA zrAzraya liyA hai / 'divapaTa caurAsI bola' kI unnIsavI zatAbdI kI likhI huI eka hastalikhita prati abhaya jaina graMthAlaya, bIkAnera meM upalabdha hai| isame 161 padma hai / inakI 'sAmya zataka" nAmaka racanA meM 105 padya hai / yaha grantha zrI vijayasiMha sUri ke 'sAmya zataka' ke AdhAra para muni hema vijaya ke lie likhA gayA thaa| kavivara ke dUhA nAmaka grantha meM 104 dohoM me samAdhitantra kA padyAnu vAda hai tathA 'navanidhAna stavana' me no stavana hai / yazovijaya kI racanA 'jasavilAsa', 'sajjhAya pada ghane stavana sagraha' nAma ke pada-saMgraha meM chapI hai| isameM 75 muktaka pada hai jo sabhI jinendra kI bhakti se sambandhita haiN| inake atirikta bhI kavivara ke aneka pada vibhinna zAstra bhaMDAroM meM upalabdha hote hai yazovijaya ke pado me bhAvanAeM tIvra aura prAvezamayI haiM bhora sagItAtmaka pravAha ke sAtha avatarita huI hai / bhASA meM lAkSaNika vaicitrya na ho kara sarasatA aura saralatA hai| pado meM pradhAnatayA AdhyAtmika bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA hai| apane dhArAdhya ke prati pragAr3ha bar3hA maura bhakti kI bhAvanA yazovijaya meM tIvra rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai| inake aneka pado me bauddhika zAnti ke sthAna para prAdhyAtmika zAnti kI bhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI hai / prAdhyAtmika vizvAsoM aura prAsthAnoM kI bhAva bhUmi para mAnava AtmAnanda me kitanA vibhora ho jAtA hai, yaha isa pada me darzanIya hai :-- anekAnta prabhu guna anubhava candrahAsa jyoM, so to na rahe myAna meM / campaka 'jasa' kahe moha mahA hari, jIta liyo maidAna meM ||hama0 // 6 // yazovijaya jI ke pado kI bhASA atyanta sarala hai| inake padoM meM sAramaniSThA aura vaiyaktika bhAvanA bhI vidya mAna hai| inake pado me bhakti aura adhyAtma kA srota bar3e nirmala rUpa meM pravAhita huA hai| isI prAzaya kA inakA eka pada isa prakAra hai--- hama magana bhaye prabhU dhyAna meM || Teka || bisara gaI duvidhA tana mana kI pracirA-suta-gunagAna meM // 0 // 2 // hari-hara-brahma- purandara ko riSi, bhAvata nahiM kou bhAna meM / cidAnaMda kI mauja macI hai. samatA rasa ke pAna meM X X X ||m0 // 2 // X 1. rAjasthAna meM hindI ke hastalikhita granthoM kI khoja, bhAga 4, udayapura, san 1954, pRSTha 136 / parama prabhu saba jana sabadaM ghyAvaM / jaba laga antara bharama na bhAjai, taba laga kou na pAyeM ||parama0 // 1 // sakala aMsa dekheM jaga jogo, jo khinu samatA prAye / mamatA aMdha na dekheM yAko, cita cahU~ poraM dhyAve |parama0 // 2 // par3hata purANa veda ra gItA, mUrakha artha na parva ita uta phirata gahata rasa nAhIM, jyoM pazu caravita cArva || parama0 ||3|| 1 pudgala dhApU chipAye bhrama kahA~ bhAgI jAye || parama0 // 4 // pudgala se nyAro prabhu mero unase antara nAhi hamAre yazovijaya ke sabhI padoM meM grAtmAnanda kI mastI jhalakatI hai tathA sabhI meM bhakti, jJAna aura adhyAtma kI puTa dRSTigocara hotI hai, jo ki ina pado se spaSTa haicidAnanda avinAsI ho, mero cidAnanda avinAsI ho / kori marori karama kI meTa, sujasa subhAva vilAsI ho // X X X X tathA cetana jo tUM jJAna abhyAsI 1 zrApahI bAMdhe prApahI chor3e, nijamati zakti vikAsI || 1 || X X X X eva cetana ava mohi darzana dIjaM / tuma darzanaM ziva sukha pAi tuma darzane bhava chIje ||1|| X -- X X X inake pada soraThA, dhanAdhI (AzAvarI), kAphI, jagalo Adi rAgoM meM milate hai| pada pUrNatayA geya hai| bhASA para kahIM kahI gujarAtI evaM rAjasthAnI kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / OO 3, rAma nagara, naI dillI-55 , 2. rAjasthAna meM hindI ke hastalikhita pratho kI khoja, bhAga 4, udayapura, san 1954 /

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bhAgavatapurANa aura jainadharma zrI triveNIprasAda zarmA, jabalapura hamArA bhArata deza prArambha se hI sadaiva dharma parAyaNa gaye ki dharma meM bhraSTa tarIkoM evaM mADambara ke samAveza kA rahA hai| dharmaparAyaNatA apanI parAkASThA para pahuca kara dharma- koI sambhAvanA nahIM raha gii| bhIrutA meM bhI pariNata hotI dekhI gaI; yahA~ taka ki yuddha jaina dharma ke prAyaH sabhI pramakha siddhAnta vaidika dharma ke meM bhI dharma kI pradhAnatA rahI aura dharmayuddha meM apanI aTUTa granthoM me milate hai, yadyapi yaha saca hai ki unake sAtha hI AsthA ke kAraNa hI eka nahIM kaI bAra bhAratIyo ko / sAtha uttara vaidika kAla meM dharma ke andara virodhAbhAsa videzI prAkramaNakAriyo se parAjita honA par3A / isa bAta tathA prADambaroM kI bahulatA ke kAraNa sUkSma adhyayana se kA bhAratIya itihAsa sAkSI hai| hI yaha samAnatA spaSTa hotI hai / isa kathana ke pratipAdana hetu zrImadbhAgavata purANa meM varNita katipaya dhArmika mAnyasabhavata: 2500 I0 pU0 evaM 2000 I0 pU0 ke tApro kI pora yahA~ para saMkSepa meM saMketa kiyA jAtA hai| bIca pAryoM kA bhArata praveza pazcimottara pradeza kI bhora se huaa| bhArata me pAkara basane va pUrNa zAnti sthApita jana dharma zAstro ke anusAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva isa hone ke pazcAt AryoM ne vedo kA sRjana kiyA aura cAro yuga meM dharma ke prathama pravartaka the / vaha bhagavAn ke avatAra veda usa kAla kI sabhyatA va dhArmika avasthA ke paricA- va prathama tIrthakara the / inake uparAMta teIsa aura tIrthakara yaka hai| vaidika kAla ko pUrva vaidika va uttara vaidika kAla meM avatarita hae jiname bhagavAna mahAvIra antima va caubIsaveM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| pUrva vaidika kAla me dharma kA rUpa tIrthakara mAne jAte hai| inakA janma prAja se lagabhaga 25atyanta sarala thA; aura vaidika dharma var3A hI udAra, vyApaka 72 varSa pUrva bihAra meM huA thaa| zrImadbhAgavata purANa eva spRhaNIya thA parantu uttara vaidika kAla meM usame aneka (1-3 pra. evaM 2-7 pra.) me bhI bhagavAn ke caubIsa jaTilatAoM kA samAveza ho gayA aura kucha paraspara virodhI avatAroM kA ullekha hai jiname se zrI RSabhadeva ke rUpa meM evaM asagata mAnyatAyeM bhI dikhalAI par3ane lgii| IsA ke bhagavAna kA pAThavA avatAra mAnA gayA hai jo jaina dharma ke pUrva sAtavIM saha taka vaidika dharma meM prADambara kA bAhulya pravartaka the / spaSTa parilakSita hone lgaa| jaina dharma ke nimnalikhita pramukha siddhAntoM kA darzana bhI zrImadbhAgavata purANa me kaI sthaloM para hotA hai :isa sabake pariNAma svarUpa, prabuddha dharmopadezakoM ne dharma mAtmA kA astitva : me pAI huI jaTilatAnoM evaM prADambaro ko haTAne tathA use punaH sarala karane kI ora apanA dhyAna lgaayaa| jaina dharma mAtma-pradhAna jaina dharma ke anusAra sabhI prANiyoM meM, aise prayatnoM meM agraNIya thaa| jaina dharma ke siddhAnto meM. yahAM taka ki per3a-paudhoM meM bhI pRthaka mAtmA kA astitva uttara vaidika kAla ke anta ke samaya taka dharma meM ghusI hai| zrImadbhAgavata (2-60) ke anusAra svayaM bhagavAna haI kurItiyoM va asaMgatiyoM ko tyAmane ke sAtha hI ahiMsA, ne sRSTi-racayitA brahma ko zrImadbhAgavata ke mUla cAra satya, macaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha jaisI sadAcAra sambadhI zlokoM ko sunAyA tathA isa siddhAnta kI puSTi kI ki purAnI dhArmika mAnyatAmoM ke niyama itane kaThora kara diye brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zudra ina cAroM varSoM meM zrI

Page #161
156, barSa 28, ki.1 bhanekAnta nArAyaNa kA eka-sA prakAza vidyamAna hai| viveka-dRSTi saMsAra se chaTane kA upAya : dvArA unake kucha bhI bheda na jAnakara sabhI jIvoM meM bhagavAna sAMsArika kaSToM se chaTakArA pAne ke lie jaina dharma kA eka-sA svarUpa samajhanA cAhie / jisa prakAra sUrya kA manuSya ko ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha prakAza sonA, cAMdI, lohA evaM miTTI prAdi ke bartanoM para mahAvoM para mahAvratoM ke pUrNa pAlana kI prAvazyakatA batalAtA hai / zrIeka jaisA par3atA hai, usI taraha sabhI jIvoM meM bhagavAna kA madbhAgavata meM bhI ina sabhI guNoM kI mahimA ke bakhAna eka-sA prakAza samajhanA caahie| isI siddhAnta kA prati hai / inake viparIta kArya karane vAle ko jIte jI aneka pAdana ekAdaza va dvAdaza skaMdha meM bhI huA hai| kaSTa va mRtyu uparAnta naraka hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai| mAtmA kI pUrNatA : prathama skaMdha, saptama adhyAya meM prAtatAyI ke chaH lakSaNa jaina dharma ke anusAra pratyeka manuSya tyAga aura zuddha batAye gae hai-prAga lagAnA, viSa denA, guru kI prAjJA na bhAva se kArya karake kaSToM se sthAyI chuTakArA pA sakatA mAnanA, brAhmaNa hokara adharma karanA, dvijAti meM janma le hai, pAtma sAkSAtkAra dvArA pUrNa bana sakatA hai tathA paramA- kara madirA pAna karanA, aura anya prANiyoM ko mAra kara smapada bhI prApta kara sakatA hai| zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra, khaanaa| vahA~ hiMsA ko burA mAnA gayA hai / hiMsA karane jo jJAnI manuSya saba prANiyoM meM eka mAtra bhagavAna vAlA ajJAnI bana kara anya aparAdha bhI karatA hai| rAjA trilokInAtha ko hI prakAzita dekhatA hai, use brahmajJAnI parIkSita ne apane dvArA samIka RSi ke gale meM mRta sarpa evaM bhAvAgamana se mukta jAnanA cAhie (2-7 a.) / DAlane kA kAraNa yahI mAnA thA ki "vana meM zikAra khelate japa, tapa evaM Izvara kA pUjana karane se manuSya aneka hue jIva hiMsA karane se vaha prajJAnI bana gae the aura isI prakAra ke sukhoM ko bhogane ke pazcAt mokSa-pada ko prApta kAraNa unase vaha aparAdha huaa|" (1-18) / jo manuSya hotA hai (1-17 ma0) / yogI saba prANiyo meM Izvara kA sAMsArika sukha meM lipta nahIM hote tathA kisI ko kaSTa eka barAbara camatkAra dekhatA hai / zrImadbhAgavata meM aneka nahIM pahuMcAte, unheM kabhI daNDa nahI bhoganA par3atA (3rAjAmoM kI kathA varNita hai, jinhoMne baddhAvasthA meM rAjya- 27) / manuSya svabhAva meM kAma, krodha, lobha, moha Adi bhAra uttarAdhikArI ko sauMpa kara sAMsArika lobha, moha va durguNa samaya-samaya para avazya hI praveza kara jAte hai, isIaizvarya tyAga kara, tapasyA va satsaMga karate hue nirvANa pada lie ina sabase moha tyAga kara kevala hari-smaraNa karanA prApta kiyaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva jI ne bhI aisA hI kiyA / sarvottama hai| (4-11 m0)| sAdhu-santoM kI sevA karanA 15-6 pr0)| evaM saMgati karanA mokSa kA dvAra hai aura parastrI gamana karma kI pradhAnatA : karanA, corI, juA khelanA, viSayI honA va madirA pAna karanA naraka kA dvAra hai, isameM kucha bhI saMdeha nahIM (5-- jaina dharma ke anusAra jo manuSya jaisA AcaraNa karegA 4 a0)| use vaisA hI pariNAma bhugatanA hogA / karmoM se chuTakArA pAne para sthAyI zAMti va sukha prApta hotA hai| zrImadbhA- mahiMsA mahAvrata : gavata meM bhI isI bAta kA pratipAdana hai ki jo prANI jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ko sarvazreSTha sthAna hai / kisI bhI duSkarma karatA hai use naraka kI yAtanA bhugatanI par3atI hai prANI ko mAranA to dUra, use duHkha pahu~cAne ke lie aura jo sadAcArI hotA hai vaha mokSa prApta karatA hai / socanA yA salAha denA bhI pApa hai / zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI narakoM kA varNana vistAra se (5-6 50 va 1-17 a0) meM ahiMsA kI mahimA batAI gaI hai / eka bhIloM ke rAjA kiyA gayA hai ki saMsAra me samasta jIva apane-apane pApoM ne jaba bhadrakAlI ke samakSa apanI pUrva manautI ke anusAra (duSkamoM) ke kAraNa duHkha pAte haiN| jaba taka prANI isa eka brAhmaNa kI bali car3hAnI cAhI to bhadrakAlI ne rAjA saMsAra se virakta nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha janma-maraNa se kI talavAra chur3A kara usI se rAjA va usake purohita kA mukta nahIM ho pAtA (8-24 m0)| sira kATa liyA (5-6 pra0) / jo koI kisI manuSya

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bhAgavatapurANa aura jaina dharma 157 va pazu-pakSI ko apane bhojana ke liye yA zatratA se mAratA zrImadabhAgavata meM bhI ise bar3A mahatva diyA gayA hai| parahai, use yamadUta mahAraurava naraka meM DAla dete hai| jo koI strIgamana yA parAye puruSa se anaitika sambandha bar3A pApa hiraNa va pakSI Adi ko bAMdha rakhatA hai, use kumbhI pAka hai| brahmacarya kI mahimA pApoM ko naSTa karane ke lie eka naraka hotA hai (5-26 a.)| devI-devatAoM ke nAma aAvazyaka guNa ke rUpa meM mAnI gaI hai / vrata ke samaya brahmase apane bhojana ke lie jIva hiMsA karane vAlA bhI naraka- carya kA vizeSa mahatva darzAyA gayA hai| gAmI hotA hai| saba dharmo se uttama dharma yaha hai ki mana, aparigraha mahAvata: vacana, karma se kisI kA aniSTa na kare (7-15 pra0) dhana kA parityAga sAMsArika jhagaDoM se mukti pAne ke jo manuSya apane zarIra ko puSTa karane ke lie jIva hiMsA lie Avazyaka hai| tRSNA rakhane se dharma nahIM rahatA aura karate hai, ve avazya hI naraka ke bhAgI hote hai (11- lajjA chuTa jAtI hai| dharmAtmA vyakti ke lakSaNoM meM batAyA 21 a0)| gayA hai ki vaha satyavAdI ho, hRdaya meM dayA rakhe va dInasatya mahAvata : dukhiyoM kA dukha haraNa karane kA yathAzasti prayatna kare, dAna hita, mita aura priya vacana bolanA hI satya bolanA de aura lAlaca kA tyAga kare tathA jIva hiMsA na kre| hai, jisakA jaina dharma meM vizeSa mahatva hai| zrImadbhAgavata dhana prApta hone para dAna evaM puNya karanA hI uttama hai| ke anusAra, jo koI kisI se dravya lekara jhUThA nyAya jo lobhI manuSya dhana saMcaya karake mara jAte hai, unako karatA hai, athavA jhUThI gavAhI detA hai, vaha "vizvAsana" yamapurI meM coroM meM samAna daMDa bhoganA par3atA hai| indranAmaka naraka kA bhAgI hotA hai (5-26 a.)| pApoM purI "amarAvatI" kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ko naSTa karane ke lie brahmacarya vrata rakha kara zreSTha dharma vahAM kAmI, krodhI, lobhI tathA ahaMkArI aura kevala apane tathA tapasyA karanA, indriyoM ko apane vazIbhata rakhanA. zarIra kA pAlana karane kI icchA rakhane vAle prANI nahIM mana ko sAMsArika mAyAjAla se virakta rakhanA, satya pahuMca sakate / lAlaca karake adhika dAna lenA ucita nahIM bolanA, mana, vacana va karma se kisI kA aniSTa na karanA, hotA / saMtoSa hI parama ghana hai / tyAga kI mahimA kA paropakAra meM tatpara rahanA tathA kisI bhI prANI ko kaSTa varNana ekAdaza skaMdha ke pAThaveM mora nauveM adhyAya meM bhI na pahu~cAnA, ye sabhI prayatna Avazyaka hai (6-12 pr.)| milatA hai| tRSNA aura kroSa hI samasta jIvoM se prazubha bhagavAn ne apane aneka rUpoM kA varNana karate hae uddhava kArya karAte hai / dhana ekatrita karane se duHkha ke atirikta se kahA thA ki satya vaktAyoM meM satya vahI hai| mukha nahIM miltaa| pracaurya mahAvata: anekAntavAda: corI karane se manuSya kA vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika dhAmika vicAradhArA ko nizcaya tathA vyavahAra donoM jIvana kaluSita ho jAtA hai, aisA jaina dharma kA mata hai| daSTiyoM se pariSkRta karane meM jaina dharma vizeSa saphala rhaa| zrImadbhAgavata meM bhI corI atyanta burA kukarma mAnA sadAcAra kevala bAtoMhI bharase nahIM balki manasA, vAcA aura gayA hai| svAmI se binA pUche kisI bhI vastu kA lenA karmaNA tInoM prakAra se pratipAdita hone para hI vAstavika corI hai| jo manuSya dUsare kA dhana evaM strI chala-bala kara kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina dharma meM mAMsAhAra. madirApAna. le letA hai vaha "tAmisra" naraka ko jAtA hai / jo koI vyabhicAra, zikAra, corI, dhUtakarma, prazuddha bhojana va pAna kisI brAhmaNa kA dhana ba kheta corI se yA jabaradastI le ityAdi tyAjya vyasana mAne gaye haiM aura inheM tyAge binA letA hai vaha "sandedazana" nAmaka naraka kA bhAgI hotA koI saccA jaina nahIM ho sakatA / ina sabhI vyasanoM ko hai (5-26 m0)| zrImadbhAgavata purANa meM bhI niSiddha karAra diyA gayA hai| brahmacarya mahAvrata : aneka kathAnaka aise haiM jinameM ina vyasanoM ke vazIbhUta ho jaina dharma meM brahmacarya mahAvrata kA bar3A mahatva hai| (zeSa pRSTha 162 para)

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jaina saMskRti aura mauryakAlIna abhilekha sva0 DA. puSyamitra jaina, prAgarA maurya sAmrAjya ke saMsthApaka candragupta bhArata ke sarva- para vRSabha-catuSTaya paura siMha-catuSTaya bhI kramaza: bhagavAna prathama samrAT the, ve jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the| yaha bAta RSabhadeva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dyotaka hai| ataH bhagaaba aitihAsika tathyo ke AdhAra para bhI siddha ho cukI vAn mahAvIra ke sambandha meM hone ke kAraNa sAranAtha stambha hai / inake pazcAt isa vaMza meM bindusAra, azoka, samprati jaina saMskRti kA pratIka hai| Adi pratApI samrATa hue| iname bindusAra aura samprati to isa stambha ke sambandha meM itihAsakAroM kA abhimata prArambha se anta taka jaina dharma ke anuyAyI rhe| parantu hai ki yahA~ (sAranAtha) para bhagavAna buddha ne apanA sarvakaliMga yuddha taka jaina dharma me prAsthA rakhane ke pazcAt prathama dharmopadeza dekara pAMca vyaktiyoM ko apanA ziSya azoka ne bauddha dharma grahaNa kara liyaa| rAjataraMgiNI meM bhI banAyA aura isa prakAra dharmacakra pravartana kA kArya prArambha isa bAta kA spaSTa ullekha hai ki azoka jaina dharmAnuyAyI kiyaa|' isa smRti ko cirasthAyI banAne hetu hI azoka thA, vaha bar3A dharmAtmA thA, usane aneka stapoM kA nirmANa ne isa stambha kA nirmANa karAyA aura sihacatuSTaya para karAyA tathA vistArapUra ke dharmAraNya bihAra meM eka bahuta dharmacakra kI sthApanA kI / parantu yaha tarka yuktisaMgata nahI U~cA jina mandira bnvaayaa|' maurya samrATo ne zilA- hai, kyoMki giranAra trayodaza abhilekha meM azoka ne bhagakhaNDoM para aneka abhilekho ko utkIrNa kraayaa| inakA vAn buddha ko hasti ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA hai / yadi dharmaaitihAsika tathA sAskRtika dRSTi se bar3A mahattva hai / cakra pravartana kI smRti meM isakA nirmANa karAyA jAtA to dharmacakra bhagavAn buddha ke pratIka hasti athavA hastisAranAtha stambha catuSTaya para sthApita hotA, na ki siMha-catuSTaya para / jaina mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ataH isa stambha kA nirmANa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bihAra cihna siMha hai aura kevala jJAna ke pazcAt tIrthakara caturmukha gamana ko smRti me hI humA hai| pratIta hote hai| isake atirikta jaba ve vihAra karate haiM gyAraha lagha abhilekha to dharmacakra unake Age-Age calatA hai| ataH sAranAtha gurjarA, mAskI, rUpanAtha, sahasarAma, brahmagiri, siddhastambha kA dharma cakra aura siMhacatuSTaya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUra, eraDi, govimaTha, praharIra, vairATha tathA jaTiMga rAmedharma pracArArtha vihAra kA smaraNa dilAte hai / sAMcI ke siMha- rabara ina gyAraha laghu abhilekhoM kA pramukha viSaya yaha hai catuSTaya para dharmacakra nahI hai, vaha unake samavazaraNa meM DhAI varSa aura kucha adhika samaya hamA, mai prakAza rUpa meM virAjamAna hone kA pratIka hai / pATaliputra ke khanana kArya upAsaka thA, parantu maiMne adhika parAkrama nahIM kiyA / eka meM mauryakAlIna stambha zISa meM bRSabha catuSTaya prApta huprA varSa maura kucha adhika samaya humA, jaba maine saMgha' kI zaraNa hai| yaha bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI smRti meM nirmita pratIta lI, taba se adhika parAkrama karatA hUM / isa kAla me jambU hotA hai| giranAra ke prayodaza prabhilekha me bhagavAna buddha dvIpa meM jo devatA pramitha the, ve isa samaya mizra kiye gae, kA smarappa hasti ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| isI prAdhAra parAkrama kA yahI phala hai| inameM se gurjarA bhaura mAsko 1. rAjataraMgiNI, pRSTha 8 / 3. DA. rajabalI pAMDe kRta azoka abhilekha, pRSTha 13 / 2. sarva zveta hasti vizva kA kalyANa kareM; zveta hasti 4. saMgha kA artha jaina saMgha aura bauddha saba donoM hai| bhagavAn buddha kA pratIka hai|

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jana saMskRti aura mauryakAlIna prabhilekha 156 abhilekhoM meM prazoka kA tathA zeSa me priyadarzI kA ullekha rata rahanA par3A thaa| bhAiyoM ko parAjita karane ke pazcAt hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki azoka ke lie bhI priya- azoka 272 I0pU0 me siMhAsanArUr3ha humA aura agale varSa darzI kA prayoga hotA thA aura ye samasta abhilekha usI hI ina abhilekhoM ko utkIrNa kraayaa| ke dvArA utkIrNa karAye gaye hai kyoki ina samasta abhi jambUdvIpa me jo devatA amizra the, unheM mizra banAyA lekhoM ke viSaya me samAnatA hai| gayA isakI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM matabheda ___ ina abhilekhoM meM se vairATa, mAsko tathA jaTiMga rAme hai| kucha vidvAno ke anusAra, jambUdvIpa meM jo devatA amRSA zvara ko choDa kara zeSa pATha meM 256 aMkita hai / vyUlara a (satya) the, ve mRSA kiye gye| isake viparIta anya kA kathana hai ki yaha buddha nirvANa samvata hai, parantu aisA vidvAno kA mata hai ki prazokane apane dharmAcaraNa se jambudvIpa mAnane se azoka kA samaya 544-256-288 I0 pU0 ko aisA pavitra banA diyA ki yaha devaloka sadRza ho gayA prAtA hai, java ki azoka ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA samaya 272 aura deva tathA mAnava kA antara miTa gyaa|" parantu ye I0 pU0 hai| isase azoka aura baddha nirvANa kI sagati donoM hI vyAkhyAyeM yuktisaMgata nahIM hai kyoMki pAlI yA ThIka nahI baiThatI hai / ata: 256 buddha nirvANa samvata nahIM prAkRtameM saskRta maSA kA rUpa 'musA' hotA hai 'misA' nhiiN| ho sakatA / aAjakala itihAsakAro kA abhimata hai ki isI prakAra DeDha varSa ke parAkrama meM azoka ne jambUdvIpa isakA (256 kA) artha 256vAM par3Ava hai|' ko devaloka sadaza banA kara deva aura mAnava kA antara parantu yaha bhI yaktisaMgata nahI hai kyoMki eka ke samApta kara diyA, yaha bAta bhI hRdayagrAhI nahI hai| atirikta zeSa sAta me paDAva kI krama saM0 256 se kama jAna sakatA hai ki isa uparyasta vAkya kA vAstaathavA adhika hogii| pATho me hI par3Ava krama saM0 256 vika tAtparya kyA hai| pAmizra ko prAmiSa par3hane para prartha nahI ho sktii| ata: 256 kA tAtparya 256vA par3Ava bilkala spaSTa ho jAtA hai, arthAt jambUdvIpa meM jina devabhI nahIM hai| tAmoM para pazubali dI jAtI thI, prazoka dvArA ahiMsA azoka rAjyAbhiSeka ke prArambhika pATha varSoM meM jaina pracAra se vaha banda ho gaI aura usake sthAna para devatAmoM dharma kA anuyAyI thA, jaisA ki pahale varNana kiyA jA ko miSThAnna, anna, ghRta, nAriyala, phala, phUla Adi kI cukA hai / ataH 256 vIra nirvANa samvata hai jo abhilekhoM bali dI jAne lgii| vAstava meM, dharma ke nAma para pazupara utkIrNa hai / isa prakAra ina abhilekho kA nirmANa- bali usa yuga kI sabase bar3I samasyA thI / azoka ne kAla 527-256-271 I0pU0 hai, arthAt rAjyAbhi- ahiMsA pracAra se isa samasyA kA samAdhAna kiyA / isI Seka ke dUsare varSa hI prazoka ne inhe utkIrNa karAyA thaa| tathya kI prora ina abhilekhoM meM saketa kiyA gayA hai / isa 256 vIra nirvANa sambata mAnane se isakI azoka ke kArya meM azoka ko jo saphalatA milI vaha koI pAzcarya zAsanakAla tathA abhilekho me varNita eka varSa aura kucha kI athavA anahonI bAta nahI hai| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM adhika samaya ke parAkrama se saMgati TIka baiThatI hai| DhAI isa prakAra ke aura bhI udAharaNa milate hai / kAzmIra ke varSa ke kama parAkrama kA samaya rAjyAbhiSeka se pUrva kA jAna rAjA meghavAhana dvArA ahiMsA dharma pracAra kA yaha pariNAma par3atA hai jisameM azoka ko apane bhAiyoM ke sAtha saMgharpa- nikalA ki pazubali ke sthAna para miSTa arthAt mATe ke 5. priyadarzI kA prayoga samasta maurya samrAToM ke . azoka abhilekha, pRSTha 112 / lie hotA thA, isakA vivaraNa prAge dikhAyA gayA 6. 527 I0 pU0 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa humA hai| 10. DA0 rAjabalI pANDe kRta azoka abhilekha, pR. 112 6. azoka abhilekha, pRSTha 112 / 11. vahI 7. buddha nirvANa samvata 544 hai| 12. bali kA artha bheMTa hai|

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160, varSa 28, ki0 1 pazu tathA ghRta pazu se kAma liyA jAne lgaa|" dazavIM sUcaka zabda se sambodhita karAyA hai| isa prakAra, pati zatAbdI meM viracita yazastilakacammU se bhI vidita hotA prAcIna kAla se vikrama kI pAThavI zatAbdI taka prayoga hai ki mahArAja yazodhara ne apanI mAtA ke prAgraha se prATe milatA hai| ataH ise kevala bauddha sAhitya kI hI dena ke murga kI bali dI thii| kahanA bhrama hai| prazoka dvArA abhilekhoM meM isakA prayoga itihAsakAroM kA abhimata hai ki azoka ne ina abhi- jaina saMskRti ke anukUla hI hai| lekhoM ko rAjyAbhiSeka ke bArahaveM varSa arthAta 272-12 caturdaza prabhilekha -260 I0pra0 meM utkIrNa karAyA thA, kyoki ve DhAI varSa giranAra, kAlasI, zahavAja gar3hI, mAnaseharA, dholI maura DeDha varSa kI gaNanA kaliMga vijaya se karate hai / parantu tathA jaugAr3A meM se pratyeka jagaha eka-eka zilAkhaMDa para aisA karanA yuktisaMgata nahI hai, kyoMki abhilekho meM caturdaza abhilekha utkIrNa hai| gholI aura jogAr3A ke 12, 133, 19veM, 26veM varSa Adi kA ullekha hai| yaha nakha hai / yaha zilAkhaMDa para ekAdaza, dvAdaza tathA trayodaza abhilekha nahIM gaNanA rAjyAbhiSeka se kI jAtI hai| kaliMga vijaya se haiN| inake sthAna para do pRthak-pRthak abhilekha hai| parantu isakI gaNanA karane kA koI aucitya hI nahIM hai / rAjyA- ina chahoM zilAkhaMDoM ke abhilekho meM viSaya kI daSTi se bhiSeka se gaNanA karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prazoka samAnatA hai, arthAta giranAra ke prathama abhilekha kA jo ne ina abhilekhoM ko usa samaya utkIrNa karAyA jaba ki viSaya hai, zeSa pAMcoM zilAkhaMDoM ke prathama abhilekha kA vaha jaina dharma kA anuyAyI thA, ataH ve abhilekha jaina bhI yahI viSaya hai| yahI bAta anya abhilekho ke sambandha saMskRti ke pratIka hai| meM bhI caritArtha hotI hai| iname se prathama cAra mabhilekha devAnAM priya rAjyAbhiSeka ke 12veM varSa meM utkIrNa karAye gaye hai| kaliMga zaDA-ina sabhI prabhilekhoM meM devAnAM priya kA vijaya se sambandhita abhilekha 13vAM hai / yadi ina samasta ullekha hai" aura yaha bauddha sAhitya kI dena hai, kyoMki bhalekhoM kA nirmAtA azoka hotA. to mahattva tathA samaya vaidika sAhitya meM isakA artha "mUrkha" hai / ataH yaha bAta cakra kI daSTi se kaliMga abhilekha ko prathama sthAna miltaa| samajha me nahI pAtI ki jaina hokara bhI azoka ne bauddha ataH yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki prathama bAraha abhilekho sAhitya ke isa zabda kA prayoga ina abhilekho meM kyoM ke nirmAtA azoka ke pUrvaja hai| inameM se prathama, caturtha kiyA ?15 tathA paMcama abhilekhoM kA mUkSma dRSTi se adhyayana karane samAdhAna-'devAnA priya' yaha zabda kevala bauddha . para bhI yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki inakA prazoka kI sAhitya kI hI dena nahI hai| jaina sAhitya meM bhI isa melA sake parvajo se kahIM adhika sambandha hai| pAdarasUcaka zabda kA prayoga sAdhAraNa janatA se lekara rAjA prathama abhilekha meM yajJoM meM pazubali, hisAtmaka utsava mahArAjAoM taka ke lie milatA hai| udAharaNArtha mahA- tathA mAMsa bhakSaNa kA niSedha hai| yajJo me pazubali tathA hiMsArAja siddhArtha apanI rAnI trizalA ko "devANuppiyA" tmaka kAryoM kI to jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharmoM meM samAna tathA sabhAsadoM ko 'devANuppie' kaha kara sambodhita karate rUpa se nindA kI gii| parantu bauddha dharma meM mAMsa bhakSaNa hai / RSabha brAhmaNa bhI apanI patnI devAnandA ke lie kA niSedha nahI hai| svaya bhagavAna buddha kA zarIrAnta bhI devANuppiyA kA prayoga karatA hai| vIra nirvANa samvat mAsa bhakSaNa ke nimitta hI hupA thaa| isake viparIta 1206 me viracita padmapurANa meM bhI raviSeNAcArya ne gautama jaina dharma meM mAMsa bhakSaNa kI ghora nindA karate hue mAMsagaSadhara dvArA rAjA zreNika ko "devAnAM priya' isa prAdara bhakSI ko narakagAmI kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| azoka ke pUrvaja 13. rAjataraMgiNI, pRSTha 39 15. kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne supara ke mAMsa kA 14. kaliMga vijaya rAjyAbhiSeka ke mAThaveM varSa kI bhakSaNa kiyA thA, unheM atisAra kA roga huprA aura ghaTanA hai| pariNAma svarUpa unakA zarIrAnta humA /

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jaina saMskRti aura mauryakAlIna abhilekha candragupta aura bindusAra jaina dharma ke anuyAyI hone se prazoka ke pUrvaja jaina dharmAnuyAyI the / prataH unake mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke virodhI the / isakI puSTi arebhAI abhi- rAjya me zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ke prati anucita vyavahAra lekhoM se hotI hai / isame likhA hai : rAjA jIvadhAriyoM ko kA prazna hI nahI utthtaa| isake viparIta candragupta maurya se mAra kara khAne se paraheja karatA hai| vidvAna purAlipi pUrva magadha me 150 varSa taka nandoM kA rAjya rahA / ye zUdra zAstra ke AdhAra para isa abhilekha ko tRtIya zatI I0 aura atyAcArI the, jaisA ki itihAsa se vidita hotA pU0 ke pUrvArddha prarthAt candragupta maurya athavA bindusAra ke hai| prataH inake rAjya me zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ke prati samaya kA mAnate hai / 16 pratyAcAra honA koI asvAbhAvika bAta nahIM thii| mahAcANakya candragupta kA guru tathA sAmrAjya kA mahAmaMtrI padyananda ne to cANakya kA apamAna bhI kiyA thaa| candrathA, vaha bhI ahiMsA" dharma meM AsthA rakhatA thA tathA gupta ke samrATa hote hI sthiti meM parivartana huprA tathA mAMsa-bhakSaNa" aura mRgayA kA virodhI thA / ataH samrATa zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ke prati ucita vyavahAra meM vRddhi huii| aura mahAmantrI dvArA pArasparika vicAra-vinimaya ke isa abhilekha meM isI mora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| ata: pazcAt hiMsAtmaka utsavoM para pratibandha lagAnA tathA rAja. isa prabhilekha kI saMgati azoka ke pUrvajoM ke sAtha hI ThIka kIya pAkazAlA ke nimitta pazuoM ke vadha ko roka danA pratIta hotI hai| svAbhAvika hI hai / isake viparIta bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI vaparAta bAddha dhama ke anuyAyA paMcama abhilekha meM dharma-vRddhi hetu bhAI-bahinoM tathA azoka dvArA mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA niSedha asvAbhAvika-sA sambandhiyoM ke anta.pura meM rAja karmacAriyoM ke bIca tathA pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki svaya bhagavAna buddha bhI mAMsa-bhakSaNa prajAjanoM meM dharma mahAmAtra niyukta karane kA ullekha hai| karate haiN| prataH yaha abhilekha azoka kI apekSA usake pUrvajoM se kahIM adhika sambandhita hai| bauddha granthoM ke anusAra, rAjyAbhiSeka se pUrva hI prazoka ne apane samasta bhAI-bahinoM kA vadha karavA DAlA thA / ataH caturtha abhilekha: isakA pramukha viSaya hasti-darzana, vimAna-darzana, bhAI-bahinoM ke yahAM mahAmAtra niyukta karane vAlA abhiagni skaMdha darzana tathA divya pradarzanoM dvArA janatA lekha prazoka kA nahIM ho sktaa| isake atirikta yaha bhI me dharma ke prati ruci utpanna karanA hai| isake vicAraNIya hai ki prazoka ne apane putra aura putrI ko atirikta isameM isa bAta kA bhI ullekha hai ki saikar3oM bhikSuka tathA bhikSuNI banA kara laMkA meM tathA anya bhikSumoM ko tibbata prAdi dezoM meM dharma pracArArtha bhejA thaa| bhArata varSoM se zramaNa aura brAhmaNoM ke prati anucita vyavahAra ho| meM bhI yaha kArya bhikSutroM se na karA kara dharma mahAmAtroM se rahA thA, parantu devAnAM priyadarzI ke dharmAnuzAsana meM unake kyoM karAyA gayA, jabaki gahatyAgI mora nilipta bhikSayoM prati ucita vyavahAra meM vRddhi huI hai| isa abhilekha ko kA janatA para jitanA prabhAva par3atA hai, usakA zatAMza bhI bhI azoka ke sAtha saMgati ThIka nahIM baitthtii| praba kyoMki vetanabhogI dharma mahAmAtroM kA nahI par3a sktaa| vAstahasti darzana ke atirikta anya divya darzanoM kA bauddha dharma vikatA yaha hai ki ye dharma mahAmAtra aura koI nahIM, varan se koI sambandha nahIM hai, isake viparIta ina sabakA jainadharma meM ullekha hai| tIrthaGkara kI mAtA ko 16 svapna pAte guptacara the jinheM cANakya ke parAmarza se niyukta kiyA gayA thaa| kauTilya arthazAstra" meM isa prakAra mahAmAtra haiM / inameM hasti, vimAna tathA agni skaMdha bhI hai| zvetA. " mbara jaina mandira meM dhAtuoM ke bane hue ina svapnoM kA niyukta karane kA ullekha bhI hai| paryuSaNa parva tathA anya dhArmika utsavoM para pradarzana bhI dvitIya, tRtIya tathA 6veM se 12veM abhilekhoM kA viSaya kiyA jAtA hai| lokopayogI kArya, prativedana, dAna tathA dharma mahimA mAdi se 16. DA0 rAjabalIkRta azoka abhilekha, pRSTha 192 18. mAMsa bhakSaNam prayuktaM sarveSAm, vahI 17. 'ahiMsA-lakSaNo dharmaH' cANakya praNIta sUtra 561, 11.arthazAstra, pRSTha 39, 40 kauTilya arthazAstra 682

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162. varSa 28, ki.1 sambandhita hai| unakI saMgati kisI ke sAtha bhI baiThAI jA ullekha hai| ina donoM abhilekhoM (sudarzana jhIla, pare bhAI) sakatI hai| parantu prayodaza abhilekha prazoka kA hai, aura ke AdhAra para yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki prazo mahatva tathA samayacakra kI dRSTi se yaha usakA prathama abhi- uttarAdhikArI tathA pUrvaja sabhI priyadarzI kahalAte the| lekha hI ho sakatA hai| prata: yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki saMkSepa meM, sabhI maurya samrAToM ke lie priyadarzI kA prayoga isase pahale ke bAraha abhilekha azoka ke pUrvajoM ke hI hai| hotA thaa| bhAtIya vAGmaya kA adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai priyadarzI ki azoka vATikA meM rAvaNa sItA ko 'priyadarzane' tathA zaGkA-rUpanAtha prAdi gyAraha abhilekhoM ke prAdhAra mathurA meM kAlI kRSNa aura baladeva ko "priyadarzI' para priyadarzI azoka kA upanAma hai / uparyukta vaNita kaha kara sambodhita karate hai| nimitta jJAnI bhI mahArAja bAraha abhilekho meM bhI priyadarzI kA ullekha hai| ataH ye siddhArtha se kahate hai ki tumhArA putra priyadarzI hogaa| sabhI caturdaza abhilekha azoka ke hI hone caahie| isase spaSTa hai ki jina vyaktiyoM ke darzana se sukhAnusamAdhAna - priyadarzI azoka kA upanAma nahIM hai| bhUti hotI thI, unhe priyadarzI kaha kara sambodhita kiyA yadi aisA ho to mAsko aura gurjarA abhilekhoM meM azoka jAtA thaa| sambhava hai isI AdhAra para janatA maurya samrAToM ke sAtha priyadarzI kA bhI ullekha hotA / sudarzana jhIla ke / ko priyadarzI kaha kara sambodhita karatI ho / mabhilekha se vidita hotA hai ki prazoka ke samaya meM tuSpa nAmaka rAja karmacArI ne isakA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| tatpa- inake atirikta aura bhI bahuta se mauryakAlIna abhizcAta yaha kArya priyadarzI dvArA karAyA gayA / bhASA- lekha hai| inameM se kucha azoka ke tathA zeSa samprati vizeSajJoM ke anusAra are bhAI abhilekha candragupta athavA ke hai| 03 vindusAra ke samaya kA hai aura usameM bhI priyadarzI kA (pRSTha 57 kA zeSa) kara zaktizAlI vyakti bhI duHkha va saMtApa ke bhAgI he| siddhAnta kA pratipAdana humA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM isa prakAra ke avaguNoM vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie naraka meM eka samAna hI paramAtmA kA camatkAra hai| jJAnI manuSya nizcita hai| (pR. 26 pr.)| jaisA loga dUsare kI bhami, ko kisI kI nindA athavA stuti nahI karanI cAhie, ghana aura strI ko lene ke lie parizrama karate haiM aura use saba jIvoM meM paramezvara kA eka-sA camatkAra jAnanA apane parAye ko mAra DAlate haiM, vaisA parizrama yadi kAma, cAhie (11-27 pr0)| kisI ko duHkha na de mora / kodha, lobha prAdi balavAna zatru SoM ko jItane meM kareM to mana, karma, bacana se jahAM taka bana par3e paropakAra karatA rahe inakA paraloka sudhara jAe / jo manuSya sampUrNa jIvoM meM tathA jaba taka prANI brAhmaNa aura cANDAla ke zarIra meM zrI nArAyaNa kI zakti ko eka samAna dekhatA hai tathA eka hI Izvara kA prakAza nahIM dekhatA, taba taka vaha majJAnI kAma, krodha, lobha, moha mAdi ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI banA rahatA hai / se zatrutA athavA mitratA nahIM rakhatA, vahI mukti pada ko prApta hotA hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM bhaneka prasaMgoM meM isa . 1560, nepiyara TAuna, jabalapura

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tIrthakara mahAvIra tathA mahAtmA buddha : vyaktigata samparka DA0 bhAgacandra jaina bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha I0 pU0 pAMcavIM- ne lokadharma kA rUpa le liyA thaa| chaThI zatAbdI ke utkrAntikArI vyaktitva the| unhoMne jaisA hama jAnate hai, pAvanAya kA dharma cAturmAma thaa| tatkAlIna sAmAjika tattvoM kI prasupta cetanA ko jAgRta isakA ullekha jaina aura bauddha donoM prAgama sAhitya meM karane kA aura sarvasAdhAraNa vyakti kI samasyAoM kA maulika paryApta hayA hai| jaina AgamoM meM pArzvanAtha paramparAnupAkara unakA apane-apane DhaMga se samAdhAna prastata yAgiyoM ko pAsasya Tar pAsala FTA yA mora yAyiyoM ko pAsatya athavA pAzrvApatya kahA gayA haiM aura karane kA yathAzakya prayatna kiyA thaa| amIra-garIba aura batAyA vahAM yaha nirdeza hai ki sAdhunoM ko inakA sahavAsa nahIM U~ca-nIca ke bIca kI khAI ko pATane meM sarvAdhika prayatna karanA cAhiekarane vAle ye donoM hI mahApuruSa the| sarvodaya ko anupama pAsatyo sapaNa kuzIla saMthavo Na kira vaTTatI kaauuN| ajasra dhArA meM samAjavAda kA zuddha aura sahI cintana sAdhugaNAnAM pArve tiSThantIti pAvasthA: tathA saMyamA. inhIM kI mAnasika cetanA kA pariNAma hai / nuSThAne'vasIdanti ityavasannAH tathA kutsitaM zIla yeSAM te donoM hI mahApuruSa eka hI kSetra aura eka hI kAla kuzIlAH etaiH pAvasthAdibhiH saha saMstavaH paricayaH sahameM samAna rUpa se vihAra karate rhe| kucha samaya samAna saMvAsarUpo ma kila yatInAM vartate kartR miti / paramparA kA anugamana bhI kiyaa| parantu unakA vyaktigata pAzrvApatyoM ke prati aisI dhAraNA zAyada isalie rahI samparka kahA~ taka humA; yaha abhI spaSTa nahIM ho skaa| hogI ki usa samaya taka unameM zithilAcAra bar3hane lagA karane ke lie Avazyaka hai ki hama "vyaktigata thA, aura ise dUra karane ke lie hI mahAvIra ne paJca. samparka" ko kucha vistRta artha me grahaNa kreN| sAtha hI mahAvrato kI sthApanA kii| pAli tripiTaka isa vikAsa kA unakI paramparAoM aura vihAra-sthaliyoM para kAla kI ullekha karatA hai| udAharaNataH dIrghanikAya ke sAmaJjadRSTi se vicAra kreN| phala sutta meM nigaNTha nAtaputta ko "cAturyAmasaMvara yutto" pAzrvanAtha-paramparA: kahA gayA hai| yAma kA tAtparya hai mahAvrata / yahAM tIrthakara bha. pArzvanAtha bha0 mahAvIra se 350 varSa pUrva kAzI mahAvIra ne prathamataH apanI pUrva paramparA kA hI anugamana ke uragavaMzIya nareza azvasena aura vAmA ke ghara avatarita kiyA hogA aura usI kA dhyAna mahAtmA buddha ko rahA hue the| bAlabrahmacArI ke rUpa meM samUcA jIvana vyatIta hogA / isIlie cAturyAmasaMvara kA sambandha nigaSTha nAta. kara sau varSa bAda sammedazikhara se unhoMne nirvANa prApta putta se rakhA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha sambandha pArzvanAtha kiyaa| isI vaMza meM brahmadatta cakravartI hue jinakA ullekha paramparA se honA cAhie thaa| eka aura bhUla yahAM huii| pAli sAhitya meM bahuta adhika prAtA hai| isa samaya savvavArivArito, savvavAriyuto, samvavArighuto aura savvalicchavi mora vajjigaNoM meM pArzvanAtha dvArA pravedita dharma vAriphuTo ina cAroM mahAvatoM kI paramparA sahI nahI hai| 1. sUtra kRtAGga vR. 102 pR. 177 the| inako jainAgamoM me "pAsAvaJcijja" kahA gayA uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 23veM adhyayana kA kezI hai| prAcArAMga meM bha. mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA ko bhI gautama saMvAda bhI isa bAta kA nidarzaka hai ki mahA- pAzrvApatyIya kahA gayA hai (215.15) / vIra ke saMgha meM pArzvanAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI bhI 2. ThANAMga, pR.1 TIkA

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164, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta kucha bhI ho, itanA niSkarSa to nikAlA hI jA sakatA hai 5. surAmerayamajjappamAdaTThAyI hoti / ki mahAtmA buddha pArzvanAtha paramparA se bhalIbhAMti pari- yahA~ bhI pAMca pApoM kA ullekha kramazaH nahIM huA cita rahe hoMge / jahA~ taka mahAvatoM ke parigaNana kI bAta aura parigraha ke sthAna para surAmerayamajjappamATAna kA hai, use hama jaina prAgamoM meM dekha sakate hai| ThANAMga' meM yaha ullekha kiyA gyaa| ina uddharaNoM se tIna niSkarSa nikAle paramparA isa prakAra hai jA sakate hai| 1. sarvapANAtipAtaveramaNa, 1. pArzvanAtha kI paramparA cAturyAmasaMvara kI thii| 2. sarvamRSAvAdaveramaNa, 2. nigaNTha nAtaputta ne cAturyAmasaMbara kI jagaha pAMca 3. sarvAdattAdAnaveramaNa maura mahAvratoM kA upadeza diyaa| 4. srvbhiddhaadaanvermnn| yahAM mathuna aura parigraha 3. mahAtmA buddha donoM paramparAmoM se paricita the / donoM kA antarbhAva hai| ___ ina uddharaNoM me ye do mukhya doSa pratIta hote haiMprasivandhakaputta gAmiNi nigaNThanAtaputta kA ziSya thaa| 1. jaina paramparA kA ullekha yathAkrama na honaa| bha0 buddha ne usase pUchA--nigaNThanAtaputta apane zrAvakoM 2. parigraha jo pApAzrava ke kAraNoM meM antima thA, ko kaisI zikSA dete hai ? uttara me gAmiNi ne kahA-ni. kA ullekha na honaa| nAtapatta nimnalikhita pApoM se dUra rahane kA prAgraha karate hai want bhagavAna mahAvIra : 1. pANaM pratipAteti, lagabhaga 696 I0pU0 bihAra kI puNyasthalI vaizA2. adinnaM pratipAteti, lIya kSatriya kuNDagrAma meM jJAtRkulIya kAzyapa gotrIya mahA3. kAmesu micchA carati aura rAja siddhArtha aura vAsiSTha gotrIya trizalA ke ghara caitra4. musA bhaNati / zuklA trayodazI ke dina mahAvIra kA janma humA thA / yahA~ bhI cAra prakAra ke pApoM kA hI ullekha hai, pAMca kalpasUtra meM inake aura dUsare nAma zramaNa aura vardhamAna kA nahI / dUsarI bAta ullekhanIya yaha hai ki ni0 nAtaputta diye hai| pAli sAhitya mahAvIra kA nigaNTha nAtaputta ke ne parigraha se kuzIla ko pRthaka kara use jo svatantra rUpa nAma se ullekha karatA hai| sUtrakRtAGga' aura bhagavatI sUtra diyA thA, usakA to pAli tripiTaka meM ullekha hai parantu imako vaizAlika kahate hai| parigraha kA nhiiN| isakA tAtparya hai -mahAtmA buddha ukta saMsAra kA upabhoga kiye binA hI tIsa varSa kI sudhAra se paricita the| bhale hI usakA pracAra na hone ke pravasthA meM mahAvIra svAmI ne mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyaa| kAraNa pA~coM kA yathAkrama ullekha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA lagabhaga bAraha varSa kI kaThora tapasyA ke bAda unako kevala jJAna prApta huaa| isake bAda dharmopadeza karate hue 72 varSa aMguttara nikAya me nigaNTha nAtaputta ke anusAra pApAzrava ke pAMca kAraNa diye gaye hai kI avasthA meM kArtikI amAvasyA ko rAtri ke antima prahara meM unhoMne nirvANa prApta kiyaa| 1. pANAtipAti hoti, 2. AdinAdAyi hoti, mahAtmA buddha 3. abrahmacAri hoti, zAkya putra mahAtmA buddha kA janma 563 I.pU. 4. musAvAdi hoti aura prathadhA paramparA ke anusAra 624 I. pU. 6 meM kapilavastu ke 3. saMyutta nikAya bhAga 4, pR. 317 / 5. bha. sU. 1. 2. 1. pR. 246 4. vizAlA jananI yasya vishaalkuldevtaa| 6. maiM paramparAsammata janmatithi ko hI mAnane ke pakSa vizAlaM pravacanaM cAsya tena vaizAliko jinH|| 22 2.3 pR. maM. 71

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tIrthaGkara mahAvIra tathA mahAtmA buddha : vyaktigata samparka 165 'rAjA zuddhodana aura mahiSI mahAmAyA ke ghara lumbinIvana hai ki buddha aura unakA kula jaina dharma meM dIkSita rahA hai| meM huA thaa| bAlyAvasthA kA nAma siddhArtha thaa| solaha pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke varSa kI avasthA meM siddhArtha kA yazodharA ke sAtha vaivAhika vyaktigata samparka jAnane ke lie yaha eka mUla kar3I hai| sambandha ho gyaa| yazodharA putravatI bhI ho gaI parantu AcArya devasena ke kathana se yaha bAta aura bhI spaSTa ho siddhArtha kA mAnasika saMgharSa rokA nahI jA sakA / phalataH jAtI hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki buddha pihitAzrava nAmaka unhoMne 20 varSa kI avasthA me pravrajyA grahaNa kara lii| jaina muni ke ziSya the jinhoMne unhe pArzvanAtha paramparA lagabhaga chaha varSoM taka usa samaya pracalita sabhI dharmoM meM me dIkSita kiyA aura buddhakIrti nAma rakhA / parantu kucha dIkSita hokara siddhi prApta karane kA prayatna kiyA samaya bAda matsya, mAsAdi kA bhakSaNa kara lene se unheM saMgha kintu asaphala hone para madhyama mArga kI kalpanApUrvaka se niSkAsita honA par3A aura lAla kapar3e pahina kara AcAra-vicAra ke mAdhyama se siddhi-prApti me saphalatA unhoMne apanA pRthaka rUpa se saMgha sthApita kiyaa| ise hI prApta kii| tabhI se dharma pracAra-prasAra karate hue bhagavAna buddha 80 varSa kI Ayu me parinivRtta hue| bauddha dharma kA nAma kAlAntara meM de diyA gyaa| mahAtmA buddha kA paramparA gata dharma kyA thA, yaha kahanA ubhaya mahApuruSoM kA kAla : ma. mahAvIra aura ma0 buddha donoM mahApurupo kA kAla kaThina hai| lekina anumAnata: aisA lagatA hai ki ve pArzva abhI taka vivAdAspada banA huA hai| vidvAn mahAvIra nAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI rahe hoMge / nAmoM ke AdhAra para kA parinirvANa 468 I. pU. se lekara 546 I. pU. taka saMskRti vizeSa kA jJAna ho sakatA hai| zuddhodana (zuddha rakhate hai aura buddha kA parinirvANa 487 I. pU. se lekara prodana - zuddhabhAta) arthAta zuddha bhojana karane vAle, siddhArtha 544 I.pU taka socate hai| adhikAMza vidvAn mahAvIra (siddha ho gayA hai prartha-prayojana-mukti-prApti jisakA), kA parinirvANa 527 I. pU. aura buddha kA parinirvANa mahAmAyA (saMsAra-bhramaNa meM mahilAoM ko kAraNa mAna 483 I. pU. mAnate hai| isa viSaya meM yahA~ vistAra se kara unake lie mAyA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA nahI kahA jA sakatA, parantu itanA to avazya hai ki yaha hai|) Adi nAma hai jinase prAbhAsita hotA hai ki ve jaina kAla yadi svIkAra kiyA gayA to mAnanA hogA ki pAli dharma ke pAlaka rahe hoge| licchavi aura vajjigaNo meM tripiTaka meM pAye prAyaH sabhI ullekha uttarakAlIna hai aura pArzvanAtha kA dharma paryApta rUpa se lokapriya ho gayA thaa| gar3he hue pratIta hote hai / isa sandarbha me yaha bhI ullekhanIya baddha kA bhI unase ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| pAli tripiTaka hai ki jaina pAgama mUlata: buddha ke viSaya meM koI vizeSa meM baddha ne sabhI sampradAyoM kI kar3I pAlocanA kI parantu sUcanAyeM nahIM detaa| uttarakAlIna vRtti. niyUkti Adi nigaNTha nAtaputta ke prati unhoMne prAdara pradarzita kiyaa| me avazya ullekha milate hai|" jainAgama aura bauddhAgama ke dIghanikAya meM acela kassapa ke nAma para kucha aisI tapa ullekha paraspara kAlakrama kI dRSTi se ukta kAlagaNanA meM sthAnoM ke rUpoM kA ullekha milatA hai jinako zramaNa viparIta siddha hote hai / isalie yadi mahAvIra kA paribrAhmaNa apanAye hue the / majjJima nikAya' meM kahA nirvANa 545 I. pU. aura buddha kA parinirvANa 543 I. gayA hai ki ina sabhI tapasyAoM kA bhagavAna baddha ne bodhi pa. svIkAra kiyA jAya to bahuta kucha gutthiyA~ sulajha prApta karane ke pUrva abhyAsa prApta kiyA thaa| bAIsa prakAra jAtI hai| ke una vibhinna tapa-rUpoM ko mUlAcAra Adi grantho meM mahAvIra ke varSAvAsa aura vihAra-sthala : vidhi-niSedha Adi ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isake ThANAMga sUtra meM mahApadmacaritra ke prasaMga meM mahAvIra ke vistAra meM jAnA yahA~ ucita nhiiN| parantu itanA nizcita viSaya meM likhA hai ki maine tIsa varSa yatA 7. taM ca panamhAka ruccati ceva khamati ca tena cAmha 1. majjhima nika prattamanA ti, majjhima nikAya, prathama bhAga pR. 63 / 10. darzanasAra 8-6 / 8. dIghanikAya, prathama bhAga, pR. 166 / 11. sUtrakRtAga niyukti, zrutaskaMdha dvitIya, patra naM. 134-136

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166, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta varSa 13 pakSa kevalajJAna prApti meM aura teraha pA kama 21. mithilA, kAkandI, polAsapura, vANijyagrAma, vaizAlI tIsa varSa dharma pracAra meM bitaaye| isake anusAra mahA- (varSAvAsa), vIra ne 42 varSa nimna sthaloM meM bitAye / 22. rAjagRha, (varSAvAsa), 1.kuNDagrAma, karmAragrAma, morAka sanniveza, jJAta vaNDa. 23. kRtaMgalA, zrAvastI, bANijyagrAma (varSAvAsa), vana, kollAga-sanniveza, dUijjaMtaga, asthikagrAma 24. brAhmaNakuNDa, kauzAmbI, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), (varSAvAsa). 25. campA (varSAvAsa), 2. morAka, dakSiga-utara vAcAla, saramipura, zvetAmbI, 26. kAkandI, mithilA (varSAvAsa), rAjagRha, nAlandA (varSAvAsa), 27. zrAvastI, mithilA (varSAvAsa), 3. kollAga, brAhmaNagrAma, suvarNakhala, campA (varSAvAsa), 28, hastinApura, mokAnagarI vANijyagrAma (yarSAvAsa), 4. kAlApa, kumArAka, patta, colAka, pRSTha campA 26. rAjagRha (barSAvAsa), (varSAvAsa), 30. campA, dazArNapura, vANijyagrAma (varSAvAsa), 5. kayaMgalA, pAvattA, kalaMkabukA, pUrNakalaza, zrAvastI, 31. kAmpilyapura, vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), naMgalA, rADadeza, malaya, bhahila (varSAvAsa), 32. vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), 6. kamalI, taMvAya, vaizAlI, jambusaMDa, kupiya, prAmAka, 33. rAjagRha, campA, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), bhadiyA (varSAvAsa), 34. rAjagRha, nAlandA (varSAvAsa), 7. magadha, prAlaMbhiyA, (varSAvAsa), 35. vANijyagrAma, vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), 8. kuNDAka, bahusAlaga, lohArgalA, gobhUmi, mardana, 36. sAketa, vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), purimatAla, unnAga, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), 37. rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), 9. lADha-vajabhUmi bhora sumhabhUmi, 38. nAlandA (varSAvAsa), 10. siddhArthapura, kUrmagrA, vaizAlI, vANijyagrAma, zrAvastI 36. mithilA (varSAvAsa), (varSAvAsa), 40. mithilA (varSAvAsa), 11. sAnulaTTiya, mosali, siddhArthapura pAlaMyA, zrAvastI, 41. rAjagRha (varSAvAsa) aura vArANasI, mithilA, malaya, kauzAmbI, rAjagaha, 42. apApApurI (varSAvAsa) yahIM nirvANa praa| vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), mahAtmA buddha ke varSAvAsa aura vihAra-sthala : 11. saMsamArapUra, nandigrAma, kauzAmbI, meDhiyagrAma, mahAtmA buddha 26 varSa kI avasthA meM saMnyAsI hue sumaMgala, empA (varSAbAsa), paura lagabhaga 6 varSa ke bAda bodhi prApta kI aura 80 varSa abhiyagrAma, meM Dhiya, pAvA, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), kI avasthA meM unakA parinirvANa hyaa| isa bIca unake 14. brAhmaNakUNDa, kSatriyakuNDagrAma, vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), varSAvAsa aura vihAra-sthala nimna prakAra se rahe 5. kauzAmbI, zrAvastI, vANijya grAma (varSAvAsa), 1. vArANasI, RSipatana (varSAvAsa), 16. rAjagRha, (varSAvAsa), 2. gayA, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), 17. campA, vItabhaya, vANijyagrAma (varSAvAsa), 3. rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), 18. vArANasI, pAlaMbhiyA, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa) 4. kapilavastu, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), 16. rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), 5. vaizAlI, zrAvastI, kapilavastu, vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), 20. kauzAmbI, pAlabhiyA, vaizAlI (varSAvAsa), 6. rAjagRha, maMkulaparvata (varSAvAsa), 12. ThANAMgasatra, ThANA, uddezya 3, sUtra 663 kI vRtti, pR. 561/1 dhavalA meM mahAvIra kA kevalikAla 29 varSa 5 mAha 20dina likhA hai|

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tIrthakara mahAvIra tathA mahAramA buddha : vyaktigata samparka 7. trAyastriMza (varSAvAsa), aise hI nagara hai jahAM donoM ne apane dharma kA paryApta pracAra8. zrAvastI rAjagaha, vaizAlI, susumArigiri-cunAra prasAra kiyA / yadi mahAvIra kA parinirvANa 527 I. pU. (varSAvAsa) aura buddha kA parinirvANa 483 I. pU. mAna kara calA jAya 6. kauzAmbI (varSAvAsa), to yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa ho 10. pArileyaka (varSAvAsa), jAne para ma. buddha ne dharmacakrapravartana kiyaa| parantu yaha 11. zrAvastI, nAlA-nAlandA (varSAvAsa), vicAra sahI pratIta nahIM hotA / sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra ke 12. kurU-kalmASadamya, mathurA, vedaMjA (varSAvAsa), 19veM varSAvAsa ke samaya rAjagRha meM prAdrakumAra kA bauddha 13. prayAga, kAzI, vaizAlI, cAliyaparvata (varSAvAsa), bhikSa ke sAtha zAstrArtha hone kI ghaTanA kA ullekha pAyA 14. vaizAlI, zrAvastI, sAketa, prApaNa zrAvastI hai|" baddha kA 22vAM varSAvAsa bhI rAjagRha meM humaa| isI (varSAvAsa), prakAra aura bhI aneka prasaga hai / 15. kusInArA, kosala, kapilavastu, rAjagRha, campA, ___mahA. rAhula jI ne buddhacaryA ko kAlakrama kI dRSTi ___ kapilavastu (varSAvAsa), se saMjone kA prayatna kiyA hai| tadanusAra dharmacakrapravartana 16. pralavI-kAnapura (varSAvAsa), ke samaya hI buddha kI bheMTa AjIvika saMpradAya ke bhikSu se 17. kauzAmbI, rAjagRha (varSAvAsa), huii| hama jAnate haiM, gozAlaka mahAvIra ke sAtha 10veM 18-19. cAliya parvata, varSAvAsa taka rahA / isalie saMbhava hai buddha kI usI se yA 20. campA, sumhadeza (hajArIbAga jilA), rAjagRha usI ke anya kisI ziSya se bheMTa haI hogii| (varSAvAsa), buddha" jaba maMkula parvata para vavAsa kara rahe the, usa 21. vaizAlI, rAjagRha, zrAvastI (varSAvAsa), samaya rAjagRha ke eka zreSThI ne candana pAtra ko sIke para 22-45. varSAvAsa zrAvastI meM kiyaa| isa bIca buddha bAMdha rakhA aura use divya zakti dvArA uThAne ko tIrthaMkaroM kosala, kuru, rAjagRha, nAlandA sAmagAma (zAtmA- se kahA: paranta prajita kezakambalI, pakucha kaccAyana, deza), pAvA, vaizAlI, kusInArA Adi sthAno para saMjaya vela Tiputta, nigaNTha nAtaputta va makkhali gozAla ye vihAra karate rhe| sabhI tIrthakara asaphala hae / parantu buddha ke ziSya piNDola 46. vaizAlI (vrssaavaas)| yaha varSAvAsa yuktisaMgata bhAradvAja ne usa bartana ko saralatA pUrvaka uThA liyaa| nahIM dikhAI detaa| 26 varSa kI avasthA me buddha yaha sunakara buddha ne apane ziSyoM ko prAtihArya na karane ne mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyA, 35 varSa kI avasthA meM kA zikSA-pada diyaa| bAda meM bimbisAra ne buddha se prAtibodhilAbha hamA aura 80 varSa kI avasthA meM varSA- hArya karane ke lie kahA kyoMki ukta sabhI tIthika unheM vAsa se pUrva, vaizAkha-pUrNimA ko unakA parinirvANa celeMja de rahe the| yaha jAnakara buddha ne cAra mAha bAda hamA / isalie aMguttara nikAya (2.45) kA yaha prAtihArya karane ko khaa| tIthika vaddha ke pIche-pIche cle| kathana ki buddha kA 46vAM varSAvAsa vaizAlI meM hamA, unake sAtha ve rAjagaha aura zrAvastI bhI phuNce| buddha ne bhrAntipUrNa pratIta hotA hai| apanA prAtihArya prasenajita ke samakSa kiyaa| phalasvarUpa donoM mahApuruSoM kA vyaktigata samparka : mAma kI guThalI ne acAnaka eka bar3e vRkSa kA rUpa le bha. mahAvIra aura bha. buddha ke varSAvAsoM aura vihAra liyaa| tIthika koI prAtihArya nahIM kara ske| isa prasaMga sthaloM para daSTipAta karane se donoM mahApuruSoM kI vihAra- meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki nigaNTha lajAte hue bhAga gye| bhami kabhI na kabhI nizcita rUpa se eka hI grAma rahI zaka ne buddha kI sahAyatA kii| yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hogii| zrAvastI, rAjagRha, nAlandA, kauzAmbI mAdi kucha hai ki yahAM nigaNTha nAtaputta ke sthAna para nigaNTha (jana 13. sUtrakRtAMga 2. 6. patra naM. 125-158 / 14. cullavagga 5, dhammapada aTThakathA 4.2 /

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158, varSa 28, ki. 1 anekAnta sAdhu) kA ullekha hai| yahAM nigaNTha nAtaputta ke sarvajJatva meM aMguttaranikAya meM bhI likhA hai ki sIha buddha kA ziSya para bhI chIMTAkazI kI gaI hai| isa ghaTanA se lagatA hai ho gyaa| phira bhI buddha ne sIha ko kahA ki cirakAla buddha aura mahAbIra ne rAjagRha aura zrAvastI meM eka sAtha se tumhArA kUla nigaNThoM ke lie rahA hai, isalie unheM hI varSAvAsa bitaayaa| phira bhI ve eka dUsare ke samakSa dAna denA banda nahIM karanA caahie| vahIM yaha bhI likhA spaSTa rUpa meM nahIM paaye| hai ki sIha ne buddha ko mAMsa khilAyA jisakI ghora nindA ___ nAlandA meM bhI buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ne eka sAtha nigaNThoM ne kii| varSAvAsa kissaa| saMyuttanikAya meM kahA gayA hai ki mahA- mantagaDadasAyo (pa. 6) meM theNika ke una putroM aura vIra ne zramaNa gautama buddha se zAstrArtha karane ke lie apane rAniyoM ke nAma diye gae hai jinhoMne bha. mahAvIra se pravrajyA pradhAna ziSya asibandhakaputta gAmaNI ko bhejA thA aura lI thii| putroM meM jAli, mayAli, uvavAli, puruSasena, usase yaha prazna karane ko kahA thA ki tathAgata jaba kuloM vAriseNa, dIrghadanta, laSTadanta vehalla, vehAsa, abhaya, dIrghakI unnati aura rakSA kI bAta karate haiM to ItipUrNa va sena, mahAsena, gUDhadanta, zudghadanta, halla, duma, drumasena, sUkhe pradeza me kyo vihAra karate hai ? buddha ke isa prazna ke mahAdrumasena, siMha, siMhasena, mahAsiMha sena aura pUrNasena" uttara se prabhAvita hokara grAmaNI unakA anuyAyI ho ye nAma milate hai| pAli tripiTaka meM nigaNThanAtaputta ke gayA hai| isI samaya buddha ne grAmaNI se prazna kiyA ki ziSyoM meM sIha, dIghanakha, upAli aura prabhaya kA nAma nigaNThanAtaputta apane zrAvakoM ko kaunasA dharmopadeza karate pAtA hai| saMbhava hai, ye dheNika ke hI putra hoN| hai ? grAmaNI ne uttara meM kahA ki hiMsA, asatya, steya, meNDaka nAmaka gRhapati bhI jaina thA jo bAda meM buddha kuzIla prAdi kukRtya karane vAlA durgati pAtA hai| isa kA anuyAyI ho gayA, aisA piTaka meM kahA gayA hai|" lie vyakti ko ina pApoM se bacanA caahie| isI uttara- yaha aMgadeza ke bhaddiyAnagara kA rahane vAlA zreSThI thaa| pratyuttara se prabhAvita hokara grAmaNI buddha kA ziSya ho bibasAra rAjA ke pAMca amita-bhoga-saMpanna zreSThI thegyaa| isa ghaTanA se bhI yahI lagatA hai ki baddha aura jotiya, jaTila, maMDaka, puSpaka aura kAkavalIya / " meDaka mahAvIra donoM ne kabhI eka dUsare se milane kA prayatna unameM eka thaa| isI ke putra dhanaMjaya zreSThI kI magramahiSI nahIM kiyA balki ve apane ziSyoM ko hI zAstrArtha ke sumanA devI ke garbha se hI vizAkhA kA janma huA thaa| lie bhejate rhe| kAlAntara meM isakA sambandha zrAvastI ke mRgAra zreSThI ke "isI prakAra kI eka ghaTanA vaizAlI meM huii| yahA~ putra puNDavardhana se humaa| mRgAra nigaNThoM kA pUjaka thA bhI donoM mahApuruSa usa samaya vaizAlI meM Thahare hue the| aura vizAkhA buddha me adhika bhakti rakhatI thii| mRgAra sIha ne ni. nAtaputta se yuddha ke darzana karane ko jAne kI ne nigaNThoM ko bulAyA parantu vizAkhA ne unakI kar3I anumati mAMgI jise ni. nA. ne asvIkAra kara diyA yaha AlocanA kI, nagnatva kI dRSTi se / phalasvarUpa mRgAra kahakara ki kriyAvAdI hote hue prakriyAvAdI ke pAsa kyoM bhI bauddha ho gyaa| yahA~ bhI nigaNTha nAtaputta kA nAma jAte ho? uttara meM baddha ne apane pApako kriyAvAdI nahIM, nigaNThoM kA nAma hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki aura prakriyAvAdI donoM btaayaa| sUtrakRtAMga" meM bhI bauddha aMgadeza aura zrAvastI meM jaina-bauddha samAna rUpa se rahate dharma ko prakriyAvAda meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| bAda the| 15. saMyuttanikAya, 3.1.1 / 19. tIrthakara mahAvIra, bhAga 2, pR. 53 / 16. saMyutta nikAya, 40. 1.6 / 20. mahAvagga 2.2 / 17. aMguttara nikAya, 8.1.2.2 / 21. dhammapada aTThakathA / -4.8 / 18. sUtrakRtAMga 12.6 te cArvAkabauddhAdayo'kriyAvAdina 22. aMgusara nikAya pa. kathA, 1.7.2 / evamAcakSate "pR. 218 //

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tIrthaGkara mahAvIra tathA mahAtmA baddha : vyaktigata samparka 169 zAkya deza meM bhI jaina aura baudghadharma dono lokapriya nAlandA meM mahAtmA buddha kA jaba 42vAM varSAvAsa ho the| majjhima nikAya meM eka uddharaNa hai ki zAkya dezIya rahA thA, usa samaya nigaNTha nAnapuna bhI vahA~ apanI bar3I devadaha grAma meM mahAtmA buddha bhikSuSoM meM kahate hai ki pariSada ke sAtha Thahare hA the| taba dIrghatapasvI nigrantha nigaNThoM kA siddhAnta hai ki vyakti jo mukha, dukha yA buddha ke pAsa phuNcaa| buddha ne pUchA-nigaNTha nAtaputta adukha, asukha kA anubhava karatA hai, vaha saba usake pUrvakRta pApakarma ke lie kitane kanoM kA vidhAna karate haiM / tapasvI karmoM ke hetu se / ina pUrvakRta karmoM kA tapasyA dvArA anta ne uttara diyA-karma kA nahI, daNDa kA vidhAna karanA karane se aura navIna karmoM kA pAthava-dvAra banda ho jAne se nigaNTha nAtaputta kA niyama hai| ye daNDa tIna prakAra ke hai, bhaviSya me vyakti pariNAma rahita (anAthavI) ho jAtA kAyadaNDa, vacanadaNDa aura modaNTa / iname kAyadaNDa mahAhai / pariNAma rahita hone se karmakSaya, karmakSaya se dukhAya, doSayukta hai| upAli gahAni bhI mahAvIra kA bhakta thaa| dukhakSaya se vedanAkSaya, vedanAkSaya se sabhI duHkha jIrNa ho gautama ke sAtha vAdavivAda karane ke lie mahAvIra ne jAte hai| isa sidghAnta kI yahA~ anargala pAlocanA kI upAli ko bhejA / anta meM kahA gayA ki upAli aura gaI hai| rAjagRha me bhI buddha ne nigaNThoM ke isa siddhAnta dIghatapasvI donoM buddha ke anuyAyI ho gye| yaha jAnako unhI se sunA thA aura unakA anumodana bhI kiyA kara mahAvIra upAli ke pAsa gaye aura usase pUchA-tuma thaa| yahI nigaNTha nAtaputta ke sarvajJatva kI bhI kaTa pAlo- kisake ziSya ho ? uttara meM pAli ne badgha kI ora canA bhagavAna buddha ne kI hai| prAnanda ne bhI sandaka pari- hAtha jor3akara saketa kiyaa| isake Age to yahAM taka vrAjaka se kauzAmbI me nigaNTha nAtapUtta ke sarvajJatva ko batAyA ki buddha kA satkAra asahya ho jAne para mahAvIra tIvra pAlocanA kI aura use anAzvAsika (mana ko saMtuSTa ne muha se uSNa rakta ugala diyA / na karane vAlA) btaayaa| mahAtmA buddha kA 17vAM varSAvAsa rAjagaha meM hayA isake bAda donoM mahApuruSoM kA vihAra rAjagaha kI thaa|" usa samaya vibhinna matAvalambiyoM ne yaha jAnakara aura humA / rAjagRha meM nigaNTha nAtaputta ne abhaya rAjaharSa vyakta kiyA ki isa bAra aga-magadhoM ko prAdhyA- kumAra ko gautama ke pAsa vAdavivAda karane ko bhejA aura tmika lAbha milane kA svarNa avasara hai jo ki rAjagaha kahA ki gautama se pUcho-"kyA ante ! tathAgata aise me pUrNa kAzyapa, makvali gosAla, ajitakeza kambalI, vacana bola sakate hai jo dUsaro ko apriya-apamAnapUrNa hoM ?" pakudha kaccAyana, sajaya velaTripUtra aura nigaNTha nAtavRtta yadi "hA~" kahe to pratiprazna karanA ki pRthakjana (sAdhAvarSAvAsa ke lie pAye hue hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA raNa maMsArI jIva) aura tathAgata meM kyA bheda hunA?" 16vA~, 22vA, 24vAM varSAvAsa rAjagaha meM yA, yaha aura yadi uttara nipedhAraka rahe to kahanA "mApane devajainAgamoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai| datta ke lie bhaviSyavANI kyoM kI hai ki devadatta prApAcampA meM bhI bha. badadha ne sabhI tIrthakaro kI tapasyA yika hai, devadatta nairayika hai, devadatta kalpastha hai, devadatta kI pAlocanA kI, vajjiya mahita gahapati se / AlocanA acikitsya hai| vyApake isa vacana se devadatta ko prasannoSa tabhI kI jAtI hai jaba usa siddhAnta kA pracAra adhika hmaa| gautama ne isa prazna kA uttara diyA ki yaha ho jAtA hai| hama jAnate haiM ki campA mahAvIra kI mura ya / ekAzika (binA apavAda ke) dRSTi se kahA jA sktaa| vihAra-bhUmi rahI hai| __ anta meM abhaya buddha kA ziSya bana gyaa| 23. majjhima nikAya 3.1.1 / 26. majjhima nikAya 2.6.7 / 24. majjhima nikAya 1.2.4 / 27. ma. nikAya, 2.2.6 / 25. cullavagga, 6. calasakuladAyI sutta (rAjagaha) meM bhI ' sakula udAyI parivrAjaka ne ni. nAtaputta ke sarvajJatva 28. abhayarAjakumAra sutta, majjhima nikAya, 1.5.8 / kI mAlocanA kii|

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170, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta rAjagRha meM hI ghaTita eka aura ghaTanA hai| ajAta usa samaya kI prajA bhI dharma-sahiSNu hA karatI thii| zatru ne tatkAlIna sabhI tIrthaka seM se sAmaJaphala (dhamaNya- rAjAoM meM zreNika, kuNika (ajAtazatra), ceTaka, caNDaphala) pUchA / nigaNTha nAtaputta ne uttara meM cAturyAmasavara pradyota, prasenajita, abhayakumAra Adi aise the jinhone mhaabtaayaa|" yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki cAturyAma sabara nigaNTha vIra aura buddha donoM se samAna rUpa se samparka banAye rkhaa| nAtaputa kA nahI thA, pArzvanAtha kA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki dono-jaina aura bauddha sAhitya-- rAjagaha kI ina ghaTanAoM se lagatA hai, mahAvIra aura unheM apanA-apanA batalAte hai| mahAvIra aura badadha ke baddha donoM ke ziSya paraspara milate-jalate the aura vAda- vyaktigata samparka banane aura bigar3ane meM ina rAjAnoM kI vivAda bhI karate the / sambhava hai, dono mahApuruSo kA yahAM bhI paryApta bhUmikA rahI hai| lekha ke vistAra ke bhaya se vyaktigata samparka bhI huA ho; jaisA ukna uddharaNo se isa prasaMga ko yahA upasthita nahIM karanA caahtaa| pratIta hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra prAIka kumAra (mahAvIra kA parama ziSya) ne zAkyapUtroM se vAdavivAda upatahAra kiyA aura unheM parAjita kiyaa|" anta meM hama isa niSkarSa para pahucate hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra-viSayaka antima uddharaNa sAmagAma satta me mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha dono mahApuruSoM ke bIca diyA gayA hai jisame pAvA meM mahAvIra ke parinirvata ho pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa se vyaktigata samparka banA rahA hai| jAne kI sUcanA buddha ko dI gii| kucha logo kA kahanA yadyapi jainAgamo meM etadviSayaka sAmagrI lagabhaga na ke hai ki yaha sUcanA vastuta. gozAlaka se sambandhita hai, varAbara hai, parantu pAli tripiTaka me jo jaisA bhI nigaNTha nigaNTha nAtaputta se nhii| parantu aimA tarka prastuta krnaa| nAtaputta ke sandarbha me milatA hai, use hama pUrNataH asvIkAra yukti saMgata nahI jNctaa| abhI hamane aise udadharaNa dekhe nahIM kara sakate ; bhale hI vaha pakSapAtapUrNa rahA ho| mahAjinase donoM mahApuruSoM ke aneka varSAvAsa antima samaya vIra ke nirvANa-kAla ke viSaya meM bhI isa sandarbha meM vAra taka eka hI sthAna para hote rhe| paryApta vicAra kiyA jAnA cAhie / mujhe to aisA lagatA hai, yadi mahAvIra kA parinirvANa 545 I.pU aura buddha samAna vyaktigata samparka banAye rakhane vAle rAja-parivAra: kAparinirvANa 543 I.pU svIkAra kara liyA jAya to bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha se samAna rUpa adhika yuktisaMgata hai| se vyaktigata samparka banAye rakhane vAle aneka rAjA the| 00 bhagavAna apanI caryA ke anusAra ghara-ghara meM dhamate aura se hI khAlI hAtha loTa pAte / isa caryA meM pAMca mAsa aura paccIsa dina pUre ho gaye / chabbIsaveM dina bhagavAn dhanAvaha theSThi ke ghara phuNce| vahAM eka kumArI dehalI ke bIca khar3I thii| usake pairoM meM ber3I thii| sira maMDita thaa| tIna dina kI bhakhI thii| usake pAsa eka sUpa thaa| usake kone meM ubale hue ur3ada the| yaha rAjaputrI thii| vartamAna meM vaha dAsI kA jIvana bitA rahI thii| kumArI ne bhagavAna ko dekhaa| usakA ceharA khila uThA / dukha kI ghaTAyeM vilIna ho gii| usakA romaroma pulakita ho utthaa| vaha madita svara meM bolI--'bhante mere pAsa aura kucha nahIM hai| ye ubale hue ur3ada haiN|' prApa anugraha kreN| mere hAtha se pAhAra leN| bhagavAna ko prAte dekha kumArI ko lagA, ve mAhAra lene ko mudrA meM haiN| kintu kucha hI kSaNoM meM usakI prAzA, nirAzA meM badala gayI, bhagavAna prAhAra lie binA hI mur3a gye| usake cehare para uvAsI chA gii| A~khoM se prAsU baha cle| bhagavAna ne sisakiyAM sunii| ve vApasa mur3e / kumArI ke hAtha se ubale hue ur3ada kA pAhAra le liyaa| prAcArya zrI tulasI 26. dIghanikAya, 1.1.2 / 30. tIrthaGkara mahAvIra, bhAga 2, pR. 57-58 /

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mahAvIra ke videzI samakAlIna DA0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya, ujjaina the, karmoM ke phala, grAtmA, punarjanma ko asvIkAra karate the / pakudha bhautika jagat sukha-dukha Adi kA racayitA kisI ko nahIM mAnate the aura na hI vadha, hatyA, pIr3A zrAdi me koI doSa mAnate the / saMjaya saMdehavAdI darzana ke pravaktA the aura makkhali zrAjIvaka saMpradAya ke prarvataka the jo anta me mahAvIra ke ziSya ho gae the| inake atirikta do aura dArzanika usa kAla meM apane sagha lie logoM ko upadeza bhArata meM yaha yuga upaniSadoM kA thA, jinhoMne vedoM ke diyA karate the - prAlAra kAlAma aura uddaka ( rudraka) bahudevavAda se vidroha kara 'brahma' kI pratiSThA kI, citana rAmaputta dono buddha ke guru raha cuke the| inake zrAzramoM ko hiMsAtmaka yajJoM se Upara rakhA, brAhmaNoM ke me ko prabhutva kucha kAla raha kara buddhatva prApta karane se pahale gautama tiraskRta kara kSatriyo ko sattA darzana ke kSetra meM sthApita ne jJAnArjana kiyA thA, para vahA~ apane prazno ke sahI uttara kii| usa kAla me satya kI khoja meM vicAro kA saMgharSa karate na pA unase virakta hokara ve rAjagiri kI ora jA pahAaneka sAdhu, prAcArya aura parivrAjaka apane-apane ziSya - r3iyA~ lAMgha gayA pahuce the aura vahA unhoMne samyak sambodhi sagha lie deza me phirA karate aura tarka tathA prajJA se satya prApta kI thI / ko parakhate / ye prAyaH sabhI vicAraka dArzanika - kama se kama mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna - anIzvaravAdI adhyAtmavAdI the / inameM agraNI mahAvIra aura buddha the jo kSatriya aura abhijAta the aura azvapati kaikeya, pravahaNa jaivali, prajAta zatru kAzeya aura janaka videha kI rAjaparamparA meM vicAroM ke pravartaka hue| inhone upanipado ke 'brahma' ko bhI chor3a diyA, AtmA ko bhI aura vaicArika vidroha ko Age bar3hAyA / mahAvIra ke samasAmayikoM, svadezI citakoM meM buddha the, jinake vicAroM kA deza-videza me sarvatra ghanA pracAra huA / inake atirikta pA~ca anya dArzaniko ke nAma tatkAlIna sAhitya ne bacA rakhe hai-ye the purANa kazyapa, ajita keza-kambalin, pakuca kAtyAyana, sajaya belaTThaputta, aura makkhali gosAla / purANa kazyapa, pApapuNya me bheda nahIM mAnate the, na unakI sambhAvanA hI svIkAra karate the / ajita, jo kezo kA kambala dhAraNa karate IsA pUrva chaThI sadI, jisameM tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kA janma huA thA (566-27 ), saMsAra ke itihAsa meM asAdhAraNa uthala-puthala kI sadI thii| sAre saMsAra me taba ciMtana ke kSetra meM vidroha ho rahA thA aura naye vicAra pratiSThita kie jA rahe the, naye darzana race- paribhASita kiye jA rahe the / bhArata, cIna, IrAna, isrAyala - sarvatra naye vicAro kI dhuna lagI thI / cIna me usake itihAsa kA klAsikala kAla - cuna. ciu kA sAmantI yuga - prAya 722 I0 pU0 hI janma le cukA thA aura rAjanIti aba saskRti kI zrora netRtva ke lie dekha rahI thii| netRtva darzana aura dharma ne diyA bhI use / mahAvIra ke prAyaH jIvana kAla meM hI, chaThI sadI I0 pU0 meM, cIna ke vizAla deza me tIna mahApuruSa janmekanphyUzasa (la0 551-479 I0 pU0 ), lAmo-rajU (la0 560 I0 pU0 ) aura motj ( la0 500.420 I0 pU0 ) lAmro-tjU to sambhavataH aitihAsika vyakti na thA para usakA aizvayaM paryApta phlaa-phuulaa| zeSa donoM dhArmikadArzanika netA abhijAta kulo ke the, mahAvIra aura buddha kI hI bhA~ti / kanphyUnasa lU rAjya kA rahane vAlA thA aura suraMga rAjakula kI eka zAkhA meM janmA thA / usake pUrvaja vastutaH zAga samrAToM ke vaMzaja the jo kAlAntara meM lU rAjya meM jA base the / kanphyUzasa kA darzana tasvata. rAjanItika thA / usakA cintana yadyapi pratikriyAvAdI tha

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172, varSa 28, ki0 1 pranekAnta kyoMki vaha apane samAja ko 'DikeDenTa --nimnagAmI- mahattva kI bAta hai ki kanphyUzasa ko chor3a zeSa prAyaH mAnatA thA aura atIta ke svarNa yuga ko lauTa jAnA cAhatA sAre conI dArzanika cintaka bhAratIya cintakoM kI hI thaa| usI dizA me usane prayatna bhI kiye para pratikriyA- bhAMti asteya, aparigraha, ahiMsA kA jIvana jI rahe the vAdI hote hue bhI usakA vaicArika Adolana cala nikalA aura usakA pracAra kara rahe the| yahI kAraNa thA ki bauddha aura usane janatA para apane moha kA jAdU DAlA, ThIka bhikSuoM kA java cIna meM praveza humA, taba vahA~ ke zraddhAusI taraha jisa taraha pratikriyAvAdI hote hue bhI ava- lupro ko vaha nayA bauddha dharma sarvathA videzI nahIM lgaa| nIndranAtha Taigora kA ajantAvAdI aAMdolana bhArata me cala vastutaH ina AdolanoM ne usa dharma ke lie bhami taiyAra gayA thA aura usakA jAdU baMgAla para dIrgha kAla taka chAe kara dii| kucha hI kAla bAda cIna me eka vikaTa ghaTanA rahA thaa| kamAyUzasa ne prAcIna graMthoM kA apane cintana ghttii| uttara-pazcima me sUkhA par3A, kAnsU ke haNa vicala darzana ke anurUpa DhAlakara unakI vyAkhyA kI aura Adima hue, carAgAhoM kI khoja meM pazcima kI ora cale akRtrima jIvana kI ora usane apane anuyAyiyoM ko lauTa aura unakI Takkaro se yUhacI ukhar3a gaye / yahaciyoM ne calane ko khaa| prAcAra usakA parama prArAdhya bnaa| zako ko aura pazcima meM DhakelA / zako ne vakSa (grAmabhArata ke dArzanika, mahAvIra ke sAtha-sAtha sabhI bhAratIya dariyA kI ghATI) se grIkoM ko bhagA diyaa| yahacI cintaka, rUDhi virodhI the, apanI tarkasattA kI lIka para kI pITha para hI hUNa bhI the jo apanI bArI (grAma dariyA) calate the| anukaraNa maulika cintana kA zatra hai yaha ve meM jA base / tabhI bhArata kA azoka bauddhadharma ke sAdhuno jAnate the aura apanI hI khojI rAha para calate the| ko dezAntaro me bheja rahA thaa| jisake pitAmaha candragupta maurya ne mahAvIra ke dharma ko apanAyA thA aura jisake motja kanphyuzasa kA ekAnta pratigAmI thA, rUDhiyoM pautra, dazaratha aura samprati kramaza. AjIvaka aura jaina kA apratima zatru / vaha sagaThita samAja ko hI asvIkAra dharmoM kA pAlana-pracAra kara rahe the| cIna ne dekhA takakaratA thaa| use anitya aura dukhakara mAnatA thA / mahA- lAma-kAna-turphAna-tunahuprAMga kI rAha bhAratIya cIvaradhArI vIra ke bhAratIya samakAlIno me motja atyanta nikaTa thaa| bhikSa una bhAratIya bastiyo kI ora jAnalevA rAha se vaha bhI abhijAta thA, usakA darzana bhI AbhijAtyamUcaka cale pA rahe the jo rezamI vyApAra ke mahApatha para basa ekAntika thaa| usakA dArzanika prAdolana mohista nAma gaI thI aura jo usa bauddha aizvarya ko bhoga rahI thI, kI se phailaa| jisakA anekAMza mahAvIra cintana se prabhAvita thaa| nAgrovAda kA pravartaka lAmotz2a bhI prAya. tabhI humA pazcimI eziyA sAmrAjyoM kI sattA se saMtrasta thaa| thaa| yadyapi usakI aitihAsikatA me kucha logoM ne sumeriyoM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa para bAbulI uThe the, bAbuliyoM ke avizvAsa kiyA hai / lAmotjU cAhe aitihAsika vyakti na bhagnastUpoM para amuro ne apane apUrva bhavano ke stambha khar3e rahA ho, para usake darzana kI bela usI kAla lagI, jaba kie the aura talavAra se apanI kIti likhI thii| unakA kevalI mahAvIra apane dekhe satya kA bhArata meM pracAra kara sAmrAjya aba naSTa ho rahA thaa| prArya mIdiyoM kI uThatI rahe the / tAnovAda paryApta phailA jo vastuta. prAja taka huI sattA ke aba ve zikAra ho rahe the| unhone asuroM mara nahI paayaa| bauddhadharma ke cIna meM pracAra ke bAda kI rAjadhAnI nineve ko jalA DAlA thA aura mahAvIra ke usakA darzana nae dharma kA sabala pratidvandI siddha huaa| samakAlIna IrAnI samrATa kurupa ne misa se prAramInIyA apane sAvadhi samAja ko usane bhI nimnagAmI-DikeDenTa taka aura sIriyA se sindhu taka kI bhUmi jIta lI thI, mAnA aura akRtrima sahaja jIvana ko usane apnaayaa| jisakI sAmrAjya sImA pUraba me dArA ne sindhu nadI lAMgha usane pragrajyA ko sarAhA aura kabhI rAjasattA kA anugAmI rAvI taka bar3hA lI thii| jaba mahAvIra bAsaTha varSa ke hue vaha nahI bnaa| tabhI 537 I0 pUrva meM udhara eka mahAna ghaTanA ghaTI

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mahAvIra ke videzI samakAlIna kuru ne vana kI matadArA prabhAva utpanna karane vAlI ghaTanA thI, kAraNa ki isane una yahUdI naviyoM ko bandhana mukta kara diyA, jinhe khaldI samrATa ne isrAyala se lAkara kaida meM DAla diyA thA / bAibila kI 'purAnI pothI' kI vaha ghaTanA bhI tabhI ghaTI thI jisakA ullekha hara bhASA kA muhAvarA karatA hai| sarvanAza ke lie 'dIvAla kA lekha' / bAbula kA rAjA velzajjAra taba jazana meM masta thA / dAvata cala rahI thI / nagI nAriyAM bhojana parasa rahI thii| kivadantI hai, eka hAtha nikalA aura mahala kI dIvAla para usane nila diyA tuma taule jA cuke ho, tumhAre dina samApta ho cuke hai, tumhArA anta nikaTa hai - mene, mene, tela, uphArsIna / aura kuruSa ne tatkAla hamalA kara bAbula ko jIta liyA / bAbula jIta to liyA gayA para vAyu ke purAne gayI asuro kA devatA 'asura' IrAniyoM ke sira jAdU banakara jA pdd'aa| usakA ulle mahAna devatA ke rUpa me bAhara majdA ke nAma se jendAvestA meM huyA aura usI devatA ke pradhAna pUjaka mahAvIra ke prAya sanakAlIna pArasiyoM ke navI jarathutra hue| agni kI pUjA ke samarthaka, AcAra ko gharma me pradhAna sthAna dene vAle isa dhArmika ne IrAna kI sImAo ko sapane upadezoM se guMjA diyA / jarathuma kA dharma ho gayA dArA prAdi sabhI rAjAo ne use svI kAra kiyaa| para svayaM usa dharma ke pracAraka ko dharmArtha bali ho jAnA pdd'aa| agnizikhA ke sAmane mandira me yaha pUjA kara rahA thaa| taba asahAya ne usame praveza kara mahAtmA kA vadha kara diyaa| bhArata isa prakAra kI hatyAo se dharma aura darzana ke kSetra me sarvathA mukta thA / I grIsa yuddhoM meM vyasta thA, vahA ke perikAiyana yuga kA bhI dhArambha nahIM huA thA usake mukarAta pIra diyojanIja, aphalAtUna aura arastU sabhI bhaviSya ke garbha me the para hA, pazcimI eziyA ke bhUmadhya sAgarIya / pUrvI acala meM eka aisI jAti kA janma kucha sadiyo se ho gayA thA jisake nabiyoM ke samAna zaktimAn svara me dhArmika netA kahI aura kabhI na bola the| vaha jAti thI yahUdI, philistIna kI jUdiyA ivAna kI ibrAhima dhIra mUsA kI santAna zAbdika zakti aura cunautI bharI vANI meM unakA saMsAra me koI sAthI nahIM unhIM meM kAlAntara me IsA aura batismAvAdI yohana kA janma huA para hama bAta to unakI kaha rahe hai jinhoMne khUnI asura samrATo ko lalakArA thA aura nirbhIkatA kA rAja nIti aura dharma ke kSetra me sAkA calAyA thA - ve bhI mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the / unako hI kuruSa ne khaldI samrAToM ke vacana se bAbuna meM mukta kiyA thaa| ekezvaravAda kI kalpanA sabase pahale yahUdiyoM ne kI, yahavA athavA jehovA kI jisakA nAma Rgveda taka meM vizeSaNa ke rUpa me indra, varuNa Adi mahAna grArya devatAoM ke nAmo ke sAtha jur3A milatA hai| yahUdiyo, vizeSakara unake nabiyo ke anya devatA kA isrAyala meM pUjA jAnA zrama thA / atyAcAriyoM ko dhikkArane kA kArya santa elijA aura elizA ke samaya hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| vAyo ne mahAvIra se so sAla hI pahale zAnti ke pakSa me yuddha ke virodha meM pahalI AvAja uThAI thI unheM apanI talavAro ko galA kara hala ke phala banAne par3eMge' aura 'eka rASTra dUsare rASTra ke viruddha talavAra nahI uThA sakegA / ' jairemiyA ne asura samrATa asura banipAla ke vidhvasAtmaka AkramaNa se apanI janatA ko to AgAha kiyA hI thaa| usa samrATa ko bhI usakI khUnI yuddha-nIti ke lie dhikkArA thaa| - " nAma ke jIvana kAla me hI mahAvIra janme the| sahana sarvanAzI masura samrATo kI rAjadhAnI ke prati nive ke prati usake vizvata ke pUrva nAhUna ne cunautI ora vikAra ke svara me lalakArA thA 'dekha aura suna le, nineve, isrAyala kA devatA terA duzmana hai-- dekha tarI kAravAjI tere sUnI kAranAme, tujhe nagA karake, hama rASTroM aura jAtiyoM ko dikhA deMge tu caina kI nIMda nahIM so pAyegA, prAga kI lapaToM me jala maregA tere zAsaka / tere abhijAta bikhara jAeMge, dUra dUra pahAr3I coTiyoM para Tukar3e TukaDe hokara kucala jaaege| unheM koI ikaTTA na kara pAyegA terA koI nAmalevApusAhAla na rahUMgA ! muna" tine nahI uThatI huI dhAryo kI zakti se naSTa kara diyA gayA /

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ahiMsA : prAcIna se vartamAna taka // zrI jagannAtha upAdhyAya, vArANasI ahiMsA bhAratIya paramparA me eka vikasanazIla hone kI dhAraNA puSTa hotI gyii| bIsavI zatAbdI meM AdhyAtmika prayoga hai aura vaha vibhinna prayogoM ke dvArA mahAtmA gA~dhI ne isa AdhyAtmika tatva ko vyAvahArika hI eka uccatama mAnasika guNa tathA nIti-dharma ke rUpa meM tathya ke rUpa meM lAkara khar3A kara diyaa| unhoMne isa kSetra vikasita huaA hai| ahiMsA kA svarUpa prayogAtmaka isa meM yugAntarakArI sAhasa kA paricaya diyA aura isake lie artha meM rahA hai ki vaha anya aneka prAdhyAtmika tatvoM kI rAjanIti kA kSetra canA, jo vyAvahArika dRSTi se bahuta taraha pUrva se vizvAsa-prApta dharma nahIM, pratyuta usake pIche hI viSama aura jaTila hotA hai, jisake lie dharma aura vyAvahArika pariNatiyA~ aura sAdhako ke anubhava dIkha itihAsa ne kUTanIti yA pranIti ko bhI grAhya, nyAyya par3ate haiM / isa prakAra vyAvahArika anubhava aura mAnasika aura kSamya mAnA hai / gA~dhI jI ke mahAn prayogoM ne isa sAdhanA ke dvArA yaha eka apAjita tathya ke rUpa meM prastuta dizA kI agrima sambhAvanAoM ko vahuta hI mukharita kara hai, jo sadA vidyamAna sthiti meM rahA hai| isa vikAsa krama diyA hai| aba hama isa sthiti meM hai ki ahiMsA ke itimeM ahiMsA jaba taka adhika vyaktigata rahI hai, taba taka hAsa kA tarka samasta vaijJAnika adhyayana kara sakeM aura usakA vyavahAra kSetra meM sAmAnya parIkSaNa nahI ho sakatA isakI nayI vyAvahArika sambhAvanAoM para apanA vicAra thA kintu prAcIna kAla me hI jaise-jaise vyaktigata anu- vyakta kara ske| bhavoM kI vyAvahArika siddhi ke rUpa meM saMbhAvanA kI jAne prAcIna bhAratavarSa me ahisA ke vikAsa ke do kSetra lagI. vaise-vaise usake vaijJAnika tathya ke rUpa meM vikasita rahe hai-eka vyaktigata sAdhanA kA tathA dUsarA vyAva isrAila jaba apanI zaktima bhaviSyavANI se dizAe hArika kalpanA kA / vyaktigata sAdhanA ke rUpa meM vikAsa gaMjA rahA thaa| taba mahAvIra cAlIsa sAla ke the| usane kA eka mAtra theya yoga-zAstra ko hai aura usake vyAvaapanI AvAja se apanI janatA (yaha diyo) ko phira jagAyA hArika sambhAvanApro kA suvistRta vivecana bauddha jAtakoM isI ke samaya bAbulI kaida se kuruSa ne, mahAvIra ke jIvana mahAbhArata, bauddha-tripiTakoM, jaina kathAnoM me tathA inake kAla meM hI nabiyoM ko DAyA, jahA~ ve dazakoM bandI rahe varNya viSayo para jo pazcAdvartI sAhitya kAvya, nATaka. the aura dhArmika netAoM ke sAtha vaha bhI isrAyala lauTa, purANAdi likhe gae hai, uname UhApoha ke sAtha vaNita hai| aura kucha hI dinoM bAda sulemAna (sAlomana) kA vidhvasta yoga kI prAmANikatA meM cArvAka aura mImAMsakoM ko maMdira phira jerusalama meM uTha khar3A huaa| chor3a kara kisI bhI bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA me vivAda isrAyalI yahUdI nabI bAbulI kaida meM kucale jAte rahe nahIM rahA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki yoga me bhI vizvAsa-labdha yA unhoMne apane dhArmika vizvAsoM para pAMca nahIM mAne tatvoM kI bhAvanA ke lie paryApta avakAza hai, isake dI, na apanA dharma chor3A, na yahabo ke atirikta dUsare devatA prAdhAra para paramAtmA meM matabheda bhI rahA hai, kintu ahiMsA ko svIkAra kiyA / usI kaidakhAne meM unhoMne apanI dharma kI sthiti unase bhinna hai| sabhI ekamata se ahiMsA kI pustaka ke pAMca AdhAra pentutukha' likhe jo bAibila me 'purAnI pothI'-prolDa TesTAmenTa ke nAma se prasiddha hue| upayogitA ko svIkAra karate hai| paribhASA aura vizle00 SaNa meM bhI prAyaH sabhI samAna hai| eka to ahiMsA kI adhyakSa-prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, gaNanA bauddhoM ke anusAra zIla me, vaidikoM ke anusAra vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina (ma0pra0) 'yama' meM tathA jaino ke anusAra 'aNa-vrato' meM kI gaI hai,

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mahiMsA: prAcIna se vartamAna taka jo vAstava meM pradhAna rUpa se yoga nahI, yogAGga hai / yaha anya naitika evaM vyAvahArika guNo zerI, satya, surA pAna prAdi viratiyo-- ke sAtha paTita hai| isa prakAra mahilA ko vayaM natvanI mAnA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bahuta prAcInakAla meM hI prayoga dRSTi se hiMsA ke kSetra ko bahuta vyApaka samajhA jAne lgaa| use bauddho ne 'pramANa' janoM ne 'mahAvrata tathA pAtaloM ne 'sArvabhauma mahAvrata' kI saMjJA dI hai| isa prakAra prAcInakAla meM hI ahisA ke nirapavAda niyama hone kI kSamatA kati kara lI gaI thI / patajali yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki ahasA jAti, deza aura kAla kI sImAo se badhI huI nahI hai / purAne yajJavAdiyoM ne tathA unake popaka mImAsakoM ne ahisA ko sImita karane kA vipula prayAsa kiyA hai| usameM unako aAMzika saphalatA bhI milI hai| yogiyoM ne bhI loka vyavahAra meM vividha vigatAoM ke kAraNa apane DhaMga se hiMsA kI sImA mAnI hai, kintu dhArmika AdhAra para nahI / yahA~ taka ki vaidika yogiyoM ne bhI grahisA ke samakSa hisaka yajJAdi ko ko kabhI nahIM svIkAra kiyA | yogiyo ke prabhAva se manu zrAdi dharmazAstrakAroM taka ko yajJa ke eka zreSTha vikalpa ke rUpa me ahisA ko svIkAra karanA par3A / manu kisI eka dezI prAcArya kA mata batAte hai ki ve loga yajJazAstravettA hai, kintu usakA anuSThAna na karake sadA viSayoM kA homa indriyoM meM karate hai / etAn ete mahAyajJAn pazazAstravido janAH / pranImAnA satata indriyeSveva juhU va vati // manu svayaM bhI kahate haiM ki sabhI dheyaskara evaM anu zAsana pUrNa kArya mahimA se hI sampanna ho sakate hai / ahiMsaya bhUtAnAM kAryapo'nuzAsanam / ukta tathyoM ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI mAnyatA ke sambandha meM sabhI bhAratIya vicArakoM kA jo aikamatya mAlUma hotA hai, vaha itihAsa ke aneka pAta-pratighAtI kA samanvita pariNAma hai, jise hama paravartIkAla me bhAratIya saMskRti me pratiphalita pAte haiM kintu mahilA kI mUla samasyA kA hama taba taka Avazyaka vizleSaNa / 175 aura samAdhAna nahI kara pAyeMge, jaba taka prAcIna bhArata ko una spaSTa do dhArAmro ko dhyAna meM nahIM rakheMge, jinheM pravRtti aura nivRtti athavA brAhmaNa aura zramaNa athavA RSi-muni zrathavA hiMsaka ahiMsaka nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / ina do dhArAmroM meM bhAratavarSa kA saMpUrNa vAhya aura prAntara jIvana vibhakta rahA hai| saMpUrNa bhAratIya itihAsa meM isa vibhAjana ko hama kabhI prati spaSTa kabhI Ipat spaSTa aura kabhI antarlIna pAte hai| vartamAna jIvana bhI isa vibhAjana se achUtA nahIM hai| ina pravRttiyoM ke vizlepaNa ke binA bhAratIya jIvana ke aMtaraMga ko samajhanA sambhava nahI hai aura na to isake binA bhAratIya samAja ko koI nirvAdha dizA hI dI jA sakatI hai| ina vikAsa dhArAmro ke samucita jJAna para hI ahiMsAtmaka prayogoM kA vartamAna aura bhaviSya bahuta kucha nirbhara hai / prahiMsA kA antarrASTrIya prayoga bhI bhAratIya pariveza me eka bhinna prakAra kA hI hogA / isa anivAryatA kA bhI hameM dhyAna rakhanA hogaa| * ahiMsA kA tatvajJAna aura usakA prayoga zramaNadhArA kI vizeSatA hai| isakA prArambha mahAvIra dhIra buddha se hI nahI, pratyuta isake prAraMbhika saketa Rgveda, brAhmaNagrantho me tathA vibhinna prakAra ke sAMkhya sampradAyoM meM bhI milate hai / mahAvIra aura buddha ne apane sAmAjika maura dhArmika prAndolanoM se ise aisA mahatva pradAna kiyA, jisase isake anurUpa eka aura tatvajJAna aura grAcAra kA vikAsa huA, dUsarI ora hiMsA-sammata yajJayAgAdi vividha karmakANDo kA virodha bhI khar3A huA / zramaNa zama pradhAna aura nivRttivAdI the / inakA pradhAna karttavya thA jIvanazodhaka zrIra uddezya thA duHkha nivRtti yA niHzreyas / brAhmaNo kA uddezya aihika evaM dhAmika sukha bhoga thaa| unakA pradhAna kartavya thA samAja me aise sudu varga bane raheM jisame vidyA, rakSA aura dhana kI kisI prakAra kamI na ho| nivRtti vAdiyoM meM samAnatA nahIM thii| buddha meghapane saddharma ke vistAra kA pradamya utsAha thaa| vaha prajJA ke prakAza se hI sambhava thA, ataH unhone prajJA para vizeSa jora diyaa| mahAvIra ne vyakti kI zuddhi paura usake prAcAra para vizeSa mahatva diyaa| donoM meM sama aura

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176, varSa 28, ki01 pranekAnta zama, samatA aura zAMti aisI samAna mAnyatAeM thI jina saikar3oM anuyAyiyoM ko svayaM ahiMsaka prAcaraNa para ahiMsA kA vikAsa sambhava hotaa| brAhmaNo kA evaM vyavahAra kA prazikSaNa diyA, jo hiMsaka samAja me jhakAva sukha aura vyavasthA kI ora hone se unakA virodha pahaMca kara saddharma kA prayAsa kareM tathA maraNAnta apanI viSamatA, yuddha yA azAnti se nahIM thA / ataH ahisA ahiMsaka vRtti ko na chor3eM / baddha kA kahanA thA ki donoM kI tarapha unakA AkarSaNa taba taka nahIM huA, jaba taka tarapha se DaNDe aura bhAle calate hoM, unakI coTa se aga yaha saMbhAvanA khar3I nahI ho gayI ki ahiMsA bhI yathAsabhava aMga chida gayA ho, usa para bhI hamAre anuyAyI ke mana sukha aura vyavasthA kA sAdhana bana sakatI hai| zramaNa jisa meM dausa (dveSa) yA jAe to vaha dharmazAsana kI rakSA nahIM samAja meM rahate the, vaha bar3A hI viSama aura kolAhalapUrNa kara sakatA / isa paristhiti meM par3A huA vyakti hisaka thA, usame samatA aura zAnti mUlaka vyavasthA Avazyaka ko yaha zikSA de, 'na ceva no cita vipariNata bhavissati thI, ataH unake lie yaha Avazyaka huA ki ve vyaktigata na ca pApika vAcaM nichAressAma, hitAnummI ca vihissAma ahiMsA kA samAjonmukha prayoga kreN| jIvana kI ina metacittA, na domAntarA (majjhi kakacUpama sutta) do donoM dhArAoM ke kAraNa zatAbdiyoM taka hiMsA aura sImAno me sthiti nadI ke pAnI ko lekara licchavi aura ahiMsA ke sAmarthya-asAmarthya tathA dharma adharma ke sambandha bajjiyoM ke bIca hone vAle sarpa ko buddha dvArA bacAne meM UhApoha evaM zAstrArtha hotA rhaa| yaha kArya vicAra kA prayAsa, unake dvArA aGgulimAla jaise bhayakara aura mAdhanA ke kSetra meM hI nahIM, pratyuta sAmAjika aura DAkRmo ke sudhArane kA prayatna, ahimaka prayogoM kI saphavyAvahArika kSetra me bhI huaa| latA kA nidarzana hai| aisI ghaTanAgro kA vaijJAnika adhyayajJapi ahisA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se aba taka bhAra yana karake hisA-zakti kI sabhAvanAeM samajhI jAnI tIya itihAsa kA parizIlana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, tathApi caahie| isa prakAra ke adhyayana kI paryApta sAmagrI vikIrNa gilatI yaha jAnane kI bAta hai ki bauddha tathA jaina dharmoM ke anu. hai| ati prAcInakAla meM jaino meM neminAtha, pArzvanAtha yAmI gaNatanyo aura rAjAoM dvArA samAjasudhAra aura aura mahAvIra dvArA kie prayogoM kA saMgraha honA caahie| dharmapracAra kA kauna sA ahipaka mArga apanAyA gayA thA, kahA jAtA hai ki yaduvaMzI neminAtha ke virodha se vivA jisase kahIM bhI vipakSiyoM ke khUna kA eka katarA bhI nahIM hAdi utsavoM meM hone vAle pazano kA bagha aura matsya girA aura zatAbdiyoM zatAbdiyo taka prajA para zramaNa mAMsa surA Adi se saMbandhita phijUlakharcI banda huI thii| vicAro kA prabhAva chAyA rhaa| deza meM hI nahIM, sudUra kAzIrAja azvapati ke kumAra pArzvanAtha ne usa samaya videzoM taka saMbaDoM aura hajAro kI saMkhyA me nihatthe pracalita tapasyAnoM dvArA hone vAlI anekAneka prakAra kI bhikSa pahaca kara dharma kA sAmrAjya sthApita kara sake the| hiMsAnoM kA virodha kiyaa| mahAvIra svAmI ke kAryoM kA usake pIche eka aimI adamya zaktiyoM kA saMketa hai, jo sAkSya prAcIna jainAgamoM meM surakSita hI hai| hajAro kurbAniyoM ke bAda bhI usakI preraNA se dharma dUta bhagavAna baddha ahisAtmaka prAndolana ke pravartakoM me Age bar3hate gaye / hameM eziyA ke vibhinna dezoM ke aitimahAnAyaka hai, jinhone vyakti, samAja aura dharma ke kSetra hAsika sAkSyo ke AdhAra para usa kArya-vidhi kA adhyameM pracalita hiMsA kA eka sAtha virodha kiyA / unhoMne yana karanA hogaa| avazya hI usase vibhinna prakAra ke apanI AlocanAmoM se hiMsA ke virodha meM kevala lokamata ahiMsAtmaka prayoga sAmane prAyeMge / apane deza meM hI hI taiyAra nahIM kiyA, apitu hiMsaka rAjanyoM aura brAhmaNoM azoka aura unake putra evaM pautra, kaliMgarAja, khAravela, gurjara ke bIca svayaM upasthita hokara hajAroM yajJIya pazuoM pratihAra siddharAja, kumArapAla, dharmapAla prAdi aise darjanoM ko chor3avAyA aura yajJayUpoM ko tudd'vaayaa| unhoMne apane aitihAsika rAjAnoM ke nAma haiM, jinakI zAsana-vidhi ke

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mAhisA : prAcIna se vartamAna taka mAdhAra para hama aise niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM, jo ahiMsA dRSTi se bahuta hI sampanna hai| gItA ke prati prasidya prasaMga ke vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa sAbita hoNge| ko hI leM, marjana dvArA prArambha meM jisa utkRSTa koTi kI mahiMsA ke sambandha meM kisI niSkarSa para pahacane ke tyAgapUrNa ahiMsA-vRtti kA ullekha karAyA gayA hai aura lie zramaNa brAhmaNoM dvArA ahiMsA yA hiMsA kI zreSThatA usake javAba meM pUrI gItA dvArA ahiMsA ke guNa manAaura upayogitA siddha karane ke lie kAvya, kathA, purANoM sakti se samanvita kSAtradharma aura hiMsA ko zreSTha rUpa meM aura jAtakoM meM likhita aitihAsika, argha aitihAsika yA khar3A kiyA gayA / isa prakAra ke prasaMgoM ke sUkSma adhyayana manatihAsika ghaTanAmoM ke saMyojana karane kA jo bhAvA se hama kevala apanI saMskRti ko hI nahIM pahacAneMge, papitu tmaka evaM kalAtmaka prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, usase bhAratIya / usase hama hiMsA ahiMsA ke mUlabhata praznoM ko lekara saMskRti ke hiMsA-ahiMsA-pradhAna pakSoM para mahatvapUrNa bhAdhunika sandarbha meM bhI socane meM sahAyatA le leNge| Aloka par3atA hai| usase donoM pakSoM kI samanvayAtmaka bhAratIya jIvana meM mahiMsA ke sambandha meM hajAroM pravRtti kA bhI adhyayana hotA hai| isameM mahAbhArata ke varSoM se antaH zodha tathA vyAvahArika prayoga cala rahe haiM, bhanekAneka sthala jaise zrImadabhagavata gItA prAdi, azvaghoSa, kinta abhI taka ve apanI prayogAvasthA meM hI haiN| kisI kAlidAsa ke kAvya-nATaka, Arya zUra, subandhu, vANa ke prayoga ko darzana kI koTi meM lAne ke lie yaha prAvazyaka kAvya sahAyaka hoge / isI prakAra prAkRta kAvya aura hai ki vibhinna prayogoM aura mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para anya jaina grantho meM pauma cariya, rayaNacUDarAyacariya, vicAra pratiphalita hoM, athavA ve vicAra prayogo se samanizItha cUNi, upadezamAlA, kathAkoza Adi, isa prakAra thita eva parIkSita ho / bhAratavarSa ne isa viSaya meM jo ke adhyayana meM upayogI hai / udAharaNa svarUpa vyAghrI prabhata anabhava prApta kie hai, kisI niSkarSa para pahuMcane ke jAtaka ke aAdarza ko leM-bodhisatva ne dUra se bhUkha se tar3a- lie unakA upayoga honA cAhie / isI dRSTi se kucha phar3AtI vyAghrI ko tatkAla prasava se paidA hae apane hI baccoM aitihAsika aura sAskRtika tathyo kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa ko khAte jAte hue dekha, apane anugAmI ziSya ko dUsare kiyA gyaa| kintu yaha saba ahiMsA kA bahiraMga svarUpa mArga cala kara bhAge pratIkSA karane ke lie bheja kara bodhi- hai| usakA antaraga usake apane andara kA hI saMgata satva svaya apane ko hI samarpita kara vyAghrI ke baccoM ko vikAsa hai, jo vizeSa rUpa se mAnasika sAdhanA kA aura apane ziSya ko bacA lete hai / DhaMDhate hae ziSya ne kSetra hai| isa antaraga vivecana se yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki anta me guru kI kucha haDDiyA~ hI prApta kii| isa ahi- prAcIna bhArata ke manISI unakI cAritrika utkrAnti saka prAdarza ke javAba me kAlidAsa ne raghavaza me guru kI ahiMsA ke vikAsa kI kisa maMjila taka pahuMcI thI, mAge gAya nandinI ko bacAne ke lie vyAghra ke samakSa apane calakara mahAtmA gAMdhI ke yugAntarakArI prayAsoM se usameM ko samarpita na karake kSatriya dharma ke anusAra dilIpa ne kyA pragati huI / isase hama ahiMsA ke bhaviSya kI saMbhAvabANa khIcA, kintu tarakasa se hAya saTa jAne ke kAraNa nAeM pUrI taraha se jJAta bhI kara sakate haiN| svayaM apane ko hI arpita kara denA cAhA / isa ghaTanA 00 kI pUrI saMracanA, aura vahAM ke kathopakathana se kSAtra dharma kI zreSThatA aura hiMsA kI kathaMcita upayogitA spaSTa kI adhyakSa-pAli evaM bauddha-darzana vibhAga, jAtI hai| azvaghoSa maura kAlidAsa ke sabhI kAvya isa vArANaseya maMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, dRSTi se vAda-prativAda ke samAna hai| mahAbhArata bhI isa bArANasI-2

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bhAratIya saMskRti ko jainakalA kA yoga-dAna zrI nIraja jaina, ema. e., satanA (ma0pra0) bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa apanI jisa lambI savA do hajAra varSa pUrva-tIsarI matI I. pU. se yAtrA ko pAra karake apane vartamAna taka pahuMcA hai, usa milanA prArambha hote haiM / isI samaya se hI hameM jaina sthAyAtrA kI kathA bar3I rocaka hai| saMskRti ke sandarbha meM patya tathA mUrtiyAM bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta hotI hai| avazeSoM bhAratavarSa ko hama eka bar3e bhArI upavana kI taraha samajha sakate haiN| upavana kI zobhAvRddhi meM hara paudhe kA, pratyeka mohanajodar3o ke avazeSoM kI gaNanA nahIM kara rahe kyoMki latA kA aura yahAM taka ki dharatI kI dUba kA bhI mahatvapUrNa abhI taka usa kalA kA na to pUrvApara sambandha jor3A jA yoga hotA hai| dUba, latA, poSe paura vRkSa apane bhApa meM sakA hai aura na usa kAla kI lipi hI par3hI jA sakI hai| upavana nahIM kahe jA sakate, kintu inakA samUha sahaja hI to bhI, saMndhava sabhyatA ke avazeSoM meM hameM pazupoM meM eka upavana kA nAma pA jAtA hai aura usakI zobhA suSamA vizAla skandha yukta bRSabha tathA eka jaTAdhArI yogI kA kA bhAgIdAra bana jAtA hai / isI prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti prakana-vahAM prApta hue haiM / vRSabha tathA jaTAjUTa ke kAraNa ke vikAsa meM kalA kI jina vidhAmoM kA aura kalA ke hama yogI kI pratimA ko prathama jaina tIrthakara mAna sakate jina prakAroM kA yogadAna hai, ve saba usakI mahAnatA ke haiN| yahAM se prApta avazeSoM meM eka dhar3a bhI hai jo khaDgAbhAgIdAra haiN| sana hai tathA spaSTa hI jaina-mUrti se milatA-julatA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA meM janoM vartamAna pramANoM ke prAdhAra para yadi hama tIsarI zatI kA bahumukhI yogadAna rahA hai| pAhe vaha sAhitya kA kSetra rahA ho, cAhe lalita kalAmoM kI kisI bhI vidyA kA I0pU0 ke kAla ko bhAratIya mUrtikalA ke udbhava kA prArambha mAneM to hame jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha se hI kSetra rahA ho| mAdima yuga kI bhitti-citrakalA se lekara paravartI kAla ke pANDulipi-citra-phalakoM taka tathA I0pU0 bhAratIya mUrtikalA ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI isa yAtrA ke stUpIya vAstu zilpa se lekara, zilotkIrNa guphA mandiroM meM jaina kalAkAroM kA yogadAna ullekhanIya aura mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| bhAratIya mUrtikalA kI koI aisI paramparA yA ko durgama rAha se hote hue paravartIkAla ke gaganacumbI, vidhA nahIM hai, jisakA sampUrNa aura sahI pratinidhitva jaina zikhara zobhita pralaMkRta maMdiroM taka aura zugakAlIna kalAvazeSoM meM prApta na hotA ho| yaha bAta kevala vivimAyAgapaTTa kI pratIka pratimAnoM se lekara kuNDalapura ke dhatA para hI nahIM, bahulatA para bhI lAgU hotI hai| uttara bar3e bAbA aura zravaNavelagola ke gommatezvara taka bhAra se dakSiNa aura pUrva se pazcima taka prAyaH samasta deza meM tIya kalA ke vikAsa meM sarvatra jaina kalAkAra apanA pratyeka kAla kA pratinidhitva karane vAle jaina zilpAvazeSa mahatvapUrNa yogadAna bar3I sakSamatA ke sAtha arpita karatA itanI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hote hai ki unake mAdhyama se dikhAI detA hai| bhAratIya mUrtikalA kA sarvAMgINa adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA isa choTe se lekha meM hama bhAratIya saMskRti ko jaina hai| nAgarI lipi ke kramika vikAsa kA adhyayana kiyA mUrtikalA aura purAtattva ke yogadAna kA hI eka saMkSipta jA sakatA hai| gurvAvalI tathA gaccha aura gaNa paramparA meM lekhA-jokhA prastuta kreNge| bhaneka naye nAma jor3e jA sakate haiM paura jaina kathA sAhitya hamAre deza meM mUrtikalA ke avazeSa tathA pramANa pAna ke katipaya sarvathA navIna pAkhyAnoM kA udghATana kiyA

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bhAratIya saMskRti ko nAkA yogadAna jA sakatA hai| yaha bAta avazya svIkAra karanI par3egI meM magadha para pAkramaNa karake vijaya prApta kI paura bhagaki 'pattharoM se sira TakarAkara' ina upalabdhiyoM kI prApti bAn jinendra kI vaha prasiddha pratimA punaH prApta kI jise ke lie jo madhyavasAya aura zrama kiyA jAnA cAhie, kabhI rAjA nanda uThAkara lAyA thA mora jo 'kaliMga jina, usakA zatAMza bhI abhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| nAma se prasidgha thii| isa prakAra IsA se bahuta pahale jaina yahI sthiti bhaprakAzita jaina sAhitya tathA prasiddha mUtiyo kA na kevala astitva siddha hotA hai balki jaina citrakalA kI bhI hai| sAhitya meM to merI gati nahIM * unakI lokaprasiddhi bhI siddha hotI hai| na hai para itanA maiM kaha sakatA hai ki sitamnavAsalla' ke jaina jaina kalAkAra isa kAla meM apane pArAdhya tIrthakaroM madiroM kI anupama citrakArI, elorA kI jaina guphA, indra kI eka se eka manojJa mora sundara matiyAM banAne lage the| sabhA ko vismRtaprAya citrasampradA aura 'jina kAMcI' prAdi yo yadyapi vaidika pITha pora toraNa pUjA ke mAdhyamoM kA aMkana __ mathurA ke jaina stUpoM meM bhI milA hai parantu tAtkAlika taba bhAratIya citrakalA kA itihAsa naye sire se likhane tIrthakara pratimAno kI bhI vahAM kamI nahI hai / mathurA meM kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| to jaina tIrthakara pratimAmoM ke nirmANa kI yaha zRMkhalA uttarottara vikasita hotI huI, guptakAla meM hameM adbhuta maurya evaM zaMgakAla rUpa meM dikhAI detI hai| deza ke aneka bhAgoM meM, dUra-dUra bhArata para sikandara mahAna ke bhAkramaNa ( 326 I. taka, mathurA ke sthAnIya lAla baluvA patthara se mathurA meM hI pU0 ) ke uparAnta uttara bhArata meM prasiddha maurya sAmrAjya banI huI pratimAeM itanI adhika mAtrA meM prApta huI hai jinase sthApita humA / isa sAmrAjya kA sabase pratApI samrATa nagatA hai ki yA to ina pratimAoM kA nirmANa kisI bRhada azoka humA / azoka yadyapi bauddha dharmAnuyAyI thA parantu maura suniyojita dhArmika anuSThAna abhiyAna antargata humA jIvana ke antima samaya meM usake dvArA jaina dharma aMgIkAra hogA yA phira mathurA meM vyApArika dRSTikoNa se ye mUrtiyAM kara lie jAne ke ullekha jaina sAhitya me milate haiN| banAkara deza-dezAntara ko bhejI jAtI thii| zuMgakAla meM jainadharma, sAhitya aura kalA ko azoka kA saMrakSaNa prApta mathurA meM jisa padabhata zilpa kA nirmANa humA, usameM hone kA bhI ullekha bhAtA hai| azoka ke pautra samprati jaina mAyAgapaTTa tathA katipaya jaina tIrthakara mUrtiyAM umra ne to na kevala jainadharna dhAraNa kiyA varana deza bhara meM tathA kAla kI samacI nirmiti apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatI haiN| deza ke bAhara aphagAnistAna taka usakA pracAra bhI kiyaa| prAyAgapaTTa ke madhya meM tIrthakara kA aMkana karake cAroM bihAra meM jo itihAsa prasiddha jaina rAjA hae, unameM mora svastika, naMdyAvarta, dharmacakra, mInayupala, svastika, zreNika ( bimbisAra), pajAtazatra, ceTaka, jitazatra, nanda- kalaza tathA aneka prakAra ke latA vRkSoM kA jo manohArI varDana, candragupta maura samprati ke nAma ullekhanIya hai| saMyojana mathurA ke kalAkAra ne kiyA hai athavA usakI yadyapi isa kAla me bauddhamaTha, vihAra, stupa aura kuzala mora pravaNa chenI se tIrthakara matiyoM para devatva stambha hI adhikatara nirmita kiye gae tathA jana mora aura vItarAgatA ke jo bhAva avatarita hue hai, usase vahAM zava nirmANa bahuta hI alpa hue, phira bhI isa kAla ke ke kalAkAra ke saundaryabodha aura bhAvAMkana kI kSamatA kucha bahuta zAnadAra avazeSa khaNDagiri udayagiri kI kA pramANa milatA hai| guphAmoM me, bihAra meM paTanA ke pAsa-pAsa tathA mathurA se lagabhaga usI kAla meM nirmita khaNDagiri-udayagiri prApta hae haiN| khaNDagiri udayagiri kI jaina guphAmoM kA kI gaphAnoM meM bhI tAtkAlika vikasita aura eka sarvathA nirmAtA samrATa khAravela azoka kI hI taraha mahAn pratApI suniyojita jaina mUrtikalA ke darzana hote haiM / vahA 'kaliMga dhArmika aura ezasvI samrATa thaa| hAthIgumphA zilAlesa jina' kI punaHsthApanA kA mahotsava manAte hue samrATa khArake anusAra, bArabela ne apane zAsanakAla ke prAraha varSaH vela aura unakI rAvamAhitImA ullAsapUrNaH.aMkala to.

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180, 28, ki0 1 darzanIya hI bana par3A hai| usake atirikta pUjana kI bhumarA aura nacanA ke ziva tathA pArvatI maMdira pUrva sAmagrI lekara jAte hue rAjapuruSoM tathA krIr3Arata bAlakoM guptakAla ke acche udAharaNa mAne jAte haiN| inhIM maMdiroM prAdi kA aMkana bhI huA hai| tIrthakara pratimAyo ke pari- ke pAva meM, usI kAla me sIrA pahAr3a kI jaina guphAmoM vAra meM zAsanadeviyoM kA prAyudha, vAhana Adi ke sAtha tathA unameM sthita manohara tIrthakara pratimAno kA nirmANa banAyA jAnA bhI khaNDagiri kI apanI vizeSatA hai| purA- humA tathA siddhanAtha kI jaTAjUTa yukta sundara jaina mUrtiyAM tatva meM zAsanadeviyoM kA prAcInatama astitva saMbhavataH astitva me paayiiN| sIrA pahAr3a kI mUrtiyo ke indra yahIM prApta hotA hai| isa sthAna kI sAmagrI kI zodha aura vidyAdhara yugala apanI sundaratA aura sughar3atA ke karAkara use prakAza meM lAne kI bar3I AvazyakatA hai| kAraNa guptakAla ke uttama pratinidhi haiM, tathA vahAM se isa dizA meM sva. bAba choTelAla jI kA kArya adhUrA paDA prApta bhagavAna pArasanAtha kI saptaphaNAvali yukta utthita hanA hai jise bhAge bar3hAyA jAnA caahie| lohAnIpura padmAsana pratimA-jo aba rAmana (satanA) ke tulasI (paTanA) se prApta katipaya tIrthakara pratimAeM bhI jo paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai-usa kAla kI prANavAn kalA kA saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahIta hai, isa kAla kA acchA pratinidhitva eka zreSTha udAharaNa hai| karatI hai| uttara tathA madhyabhArata meM guptakAla ke avazeSoM meM guptakAlIna mUrtikalA : devagaDha, rAjaghATa, vArANasI, mandasaura aura pavAyA Adi anekoM sthAnoM se prApta sAmagrI kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| kalA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa meM guptakAla (cauthI, ma guptakAla (cAyA, devagaDha meM yadyapi madhyayuga kA zilpa hI adhika hai tathApi pAMcavI aura chaThavI zatI I0) ko isa deza kA svarNakAla vahA~ kI katipaya mUrtiyAM aura eka do mandira nizcita hI kahA jAtA hai| sthApatya, zilpa, citrAMkana aura sAhitya guptakAla kI racanA haiN| ye mUrtiyAM sajjA kI vividhatA racanA kA jo kArya isa kAla meM huA, vaha usake bAda utanI tathA kalA ke aMkana meM gUptakAlIna kalA ke mAna kI viziSTa kalAtmaka aura maulika zailI meM phira kabhI nahIM rakSA karatI haiN| rAjaghATa se prApta dharaNendra-padmAvatI / ho skaa| sahita pArasanAtha pratimA bhI kalA kI dRSTi se utkRSTa isa kAla meM bhI kalA ke kisI bhI zAkhA ke vikAsa mAnI gayI hai| yaha mUrti bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI meM aura nirmANa meM janoM kA yogadAna kama nahI rahA / citrAM- saMgahIta hai| kana tathA sAhitya-sRjana ke alAvA zilpa ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa kArya humA hai / isa kAla meM jaina dharma kI sthiti, dakSiNa kA yogadAna : deza meM prAyaH hara jagaha acchI thii| jagaha-jagaha nAgara vikhyAta purAtattvajJa zrI TI. ena. rAmacandrana ke zailI ke UMce-UMce zikharabaMda maMdiroM kA nirmANa hmaa| matAnusAra 'dakSiNa meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA itihAsa ina maMdiroM ke zikhara nIce kI mora se uttarottara saMkIrNa dravir3oM ko pArya sabhyatA kA pATha par3hAne kA hI itihAsa hote hue Upara jAkara eka maMgalakalaza ke rUpa meM pari- hai|' isa abhiyAna kA prArambha tIsarI zatI I0pU0 meM vartita ho jAte the| jainoM ke prathama tIrthakara RSabhanAtha prAcArya bhadrabAhu kI dakSiNa yAtrA se humA / samrATa candrakI tapasyA bhUmi aura nirvANa sthalI kailAza thii| ataH ye gupta maurya isa yAtrA meM sAtha rahA aura usI samaya se zikhara usI kI anukRti ke rUpa meM nirmita kie jAte the| jainakalA aura sAhitya kI gatividhiyA dakSiNa meM parinAgavaMziyoM dvArA apanI rAjya-sImA ke pratIkarUpa meM lakSita hotI haiN| nAgara zailI ke maMdiroM ke praveza-dvAra para gaMgA pora yamunA prAcArya bhadrabAha ke uparAnta kAlakAcArya paura kA aMkana prArambha kiyA gayA thaa| rAjyacihna hone ke vizAkhAcArya dvArA bhI dakSiNa kI yAtrA kI gyii| paiThA kAraNa jainoM ne isa parati ko biimpnaayaa| ke rAjadarabAra meM kAmakAcArya kI bar3I mAnyatA thii|

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bhAratIya saMskRti ko nakalA kA yogadAna paThana pratiSThAna ke nAma se prasiddha thA aura yahIM caturthakAla kI UMcAiyAM bhI jitanI isa mUrti ne pAI hai, utanI anyatra meM tIrthakara mani suvratanAtha kI pratimA sthApita kiye dekhane meM nahI aatii| apanI usI mahAnatA paura vizijAne kA ullekha padmapurANa meM hai| paiThana ke sAtavAhana STatA ke kAraNa yaha pratimA saMsAra ke mAzcaryoM meM ginI rAjAoM dvArA nirmita dUsarI zatI I0 pU0 kA sthApatya jAtI hai tathA bhAratIya mUrtikalA meM jaina kalAkAroM kA upalabdha hai| chaThavIM zatI I0 meM kavi ravikIti dvArA yaha saMbhavataH sabase nirAlA, bahumUlya aura mahattvapUrNa yogaaihola me vizAla jaina mandira kA nirmANa hamA / cAlukdhoM dAna hai| ke rAjyakAla meM isI samaya aihola tathA badAmI meM anya katipaya vizAla-pratimAeM: aneka mandiroM, mUrtiyoM tathA gRhAmandiroM kA nirmANa bAhubali kI khar3agAsana mUrtiyoM kI sthApanA dakSiNa humA / aihola me ravikIrti ke zilAlekha meM isa rAjyAzraya bhArata ko apanI vizeSatA rahI hai| aihola aura bAdAmI kA ullekha hai| yahA~ kI vizAla ambikA mUrti bhI kalA kI guphAnoM tathA mandiroM meM chaThavI zatI meM nirmita bAhukI dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai| bali kI aneka sundara mUrtiyAM upalabdha haiN| AThavIM, nauvIM karnATaka me jainakAla ke lie svarNayuga kA prArambha aura dasavI zatI meM elorA kI jaina guphAmoM kA nirmANa gaMgavaMza ke rAjyakAla se haa| kahA jAtA hai ki isa rAjavaMza kI sthApanA meM jainAcArya sihanandi kA bar3A hAtha huA jo jainakalA kA eka advitIya udAharaNa hai / yahA~ bhI bAhubali kI sthApanA kI yaha paramparA vartamAna rahI thA aura vaMza ke prathama rAjA ko unakA parAmarza bhI prApta hai jisake pramANa meM hama kArakala kI 42 phuTa UMcI tathA yaa| isI rAjavaMza kA tIsarA rAjA duvinIta (605-50 belUra kI 35 phuTa kI una pratimAmoM ko le sakate haiM I0) huA jo prAcArya pUjyapAda kA bar3A bhakta thaa| jinakA nirmANa kramazaH 1432 mora 1604 I. meM huaa| duvinIta ke pUtra mazkara ne to jainadharma ko rAjyadharma hI ghoSita kara diyaa| uttara bhArata meM bAhabali kI sthApanA prAcInakAla meM isI vaMza meM rAjalla prathama (817-28 I0) humA prAyaH nahIM hii| khajurAho, devagar3ha, bilaharI, tevara Adi jisane arakATa jile me vallI malaI grAma meM eka vizAla meM jahAM unakA aMkana huA bhI, vahA~ prAya: choTI-choTI jaina guphA aura kucheka mandiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| isa mUrtiyAM banAkara hI santoSa kara liyA gayA, parantu prAyaH rAjavaMza ke dIrgha zAsanakAla meM dakSiNa meM aneka jagaha ina sabhI sthAnoM para solahaveM tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha kI samaya-samaya para jo mUrtiyA~, mandira aura guphAyeM nirmita mUrti athavA tInoM cakravartI tIrthaDuroM-zAntinAtha, kunthuhuI, ve dakSiNa bhArata me jainakalA ke eka muniyojita aura nAtha, arahanAtha-kI ekatra pratimAyeM eka se eka bar3hakara kramika vikAsa kI sAkSI hai| yaha rAjavaza jainadharma ke vizAla aura sundara banAyI gyii| una mUrtiyoM ke sandarbha prati itanA prAsthAvAna tathA zraddhAlu thA ki isake eka meM ahAra, devagar3ha, khajurAho, vAnapura, bajaraMgagar3ha, Una, pratApI rAjA mArasiha tRtIya (961-74 I.) dvArA gvAliyara grAdi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| inameM prAhAra anta meM sallekhanA maraNa agIkAra karane kA ullekha milatA kSetra para 1235 I0 meM sthApita 14 phuTa UMcI bhagavAna hai| isI mArasiMha ke svanAmadhanya senApati zrI cAmaNDarAya zAntinAtha kI camakadAra pAliza se yukta pratimA sarvAdhika hue jinake dvArA zravaNabelagola kI adbhata gommaTezvara sundara aura AkarSaka hai / ise 'uttara bhArata kA gomaTezvara pratimA kA nirmANa humaa| kaha sakate hai| dazavIM zatI I. ke antima caraNa meM nirmita bhagavAn vizAla pratimAnoM kA yaha varNana taba taka pUrA nahIM bAhubalI kI yaha vizAla evaM saumya pratimA 57 phoTa kahA jA sakatA jaba taka isameM kuNDalapura (damoha, ma. UMcI hai| isa mUrti meM kevala mAkAra meM hI UMcAI nahIM pra.) kI vizAla padmAsana pratimA kA ullekha na kara haibarana zarIra-sauSThava, anupAta, kalA paura bhAva-pravaNatA diyA jaay| bhavya mAsana bhora saumyarUpa meM virAjamAna

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1628,f.. 14 phuTa UMcI yaha mUrti jaTAjUTa yukta bhagavAna AdinAtha khajurAho meM jaina kalAkAra ke mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kA kI hai| siMhAsanastha yakSa gomukha aura cakrezvarI bhI isI mUlyAMkana karanA adhika prAsAna hai kyoki vahA~ eka hI kI sAkSI hai para tIna sau varSa pUrva isa mandira ke jIrNoddhAra kendra meM zaiva, vaiSNava aura zAkta mandiroM ke samUha bhI pAye ke samaya, siMhAsana ke siMha yugala se prabhAvita hokara eka gaye haiN| inameM vizAlatA kI dRSTi se kandarpa mahAdeva kA tatkAlIna zilAlekha meM ise mahAvIra kI pratimA mAna mandira sabase bar3A hai parantu jaina samUha kA pArzvanAtha liyA gyaa| taba se yaha mUrti mahAvIra rUpa meM hI pUjI mandira khajurAho ke mandiroM meM apanI vizeSatA rakhatA jA rahI hai| vaise to deza meM aneka sthAnoM para isase bhI hai| bAhya bhittiyoM para nirmita apsarA aura yakSiNI vizAla padmAsana pratimAyeM hai parantu kalA kA jo sabala mUrtiyoM meM usa mandira ne khajurAho meM advitIya khyAti paura avismaraNIya prabhAva tathA vItarAgatA kI jo bhapUrva pAyI hai| ina mUrtiyoM kA prAkAra samUce khajurAho ke anubhUti isa pratimA se hotI hai, vaha anyatra durlabha hI hai| kisI bhI mandira kI mUrtiyoM ke prAkAra se bar3A hai| isakA nirmANa pUrva madhyakAla meM humaa| hAsya, lAsya, nRtya, zRMgAra, yuddha, rAga-raMga, krIr3A tathA madhyakAla-pAja deza meM jitane bhI zilpAvazeSa upa. choka, mabAla, kSudhA prAdi ke sAtha majana, pUjana, arcanA, bandha hote haiM, unameM se adhikAMza kA nirmANa madhyakAla meM hI stuti, zAstrArtha, pravacana mAdi ke nAnA abhiprAyoM ke humA / deza ke itihAsa meM yaha samaya eka sarvavyApI dhArmika mAdhyama se khajurAho ke mUrti kalAkAra ne kalAkAra kI cetanA kA kAla thA aura isa kAla meM prAyaH samUce deza meM bhAvanA ko isa mandira kI bhittiyoM para bar3I saphalatAjo dhArmika anuSThAna, mandira nirmANa aura pratimA-pratiSThAyeM pUrvaka vyaMjita kiyA hai| zAstrIya dRSTi se dekheM to dikahuI, unake khaNDita sAkSya prAja hamAre cAroM pora bikhare pAla, dvArapAla, gaMgA-yamunA, praSTa mAtRkAyeM, navagRha, solaha par3e haiN| kevala baudadhadharma ko choDakara isa kAla meM zaiva. vidyAdeviyA~, caubIsa zAsana-deviyA~ mora anaginata yakSavaiSNava, zAkta maura jaina matAvalambiyoM dvArA apane-apane yakSiyAM khajurAho ke ina pArasanAtha bhora pAdinAtha maMdiroM mArAdhya devatAmoM kI pracuratApUrvaka sthApanA kI gii| meM aMkita hai| pArasanAtha mandira kI tIna-cAra apsarA bar3e-bar3e mandira hI nahI balki bhagaNita mandiro ke samUha pratimAyeM to aneka dezI-videzI vidvAnoM kI sammati meM paura nagara bhI nirmita hue / devagar3ha, khajurAho, tirUpatti- samUce khajurAho kI bhadvitIya bhanupama aura manamola nidhi kunarama, halebIDa, pAbU, koka, elorA, mUDabadrI, cittaur3a hai| pAdi aise hI sthAna haiM / isa kAla me kalA ke vikAsa aura zAntinAtha mandira meM mUlanAyaka kI 14 phUTa UMcI pracAra-prasAra ke isa daura meM jaino kA yogadAna kama nahIM pratimA ke atirikta dharaNendra-pamAvatI kI sarva sundara yugala hai| elorA kI indrasabhA nAmaka jaina guphA kI do maMjilA mUrti tathA sattAisa nakSatroM kA zilAMkana ullekhanIya hai| banAvaTa, usameM pArasanAtha, bAhabali, indra aura ambikA ghaMTAI mandira bhI apanI bArIka kalAkArI ke lie kI savizeSa pratimAyeM tathA usakI yojanAbaddha sajjA sahaja prAsaddha hai| vismaraNIya nahIM hai / devagar3ha meM to madhyakAla kI janakalA tirupattikunaram meM bhI zivakAMcI, viSNukAMcI aura ko sampatti kA jo koSa bharA par3A hai, usakI khoja khabara jinakAMcI kA ekatra vaibhava dekhakara hama jainakalA kA lene meM bhI prabhI eka yUga lgegaa| yahAM paraNendra-papAvatI mahattva sahaja hI pAMka lete haiM / prAbU ke sagamaramara ke saikar3oM yugala mUrtikhaNDa tathA ambikA ke vividha rUpoM nirmita jaina mandira to apanI vilakSaNatAnoM ke kAraNa kI bhaneka mUrtiyA~ aura prAyaH sabhI zAsana deviyoM kI eka bahuzruta haiM / saMgamaramara kI sUkSma se sUkSma kaTAI aura raMgase eka bar3hakara sundara svatantra mUrtiyA~ janakalA kI utkRSTatA, viraMgI paccIkArI tathA baDe-baDe khambhoM ke pAdhAra para saundarya-bodha bhora sUkSmatara kalpanA-zakti kA paricaya dizAla sabhAkakSa AbU kI vizeSatA hai| chatoM, meharAdhoM detI pAja bhI yatra-tatra bikharI par3I haiN| aura toraNoM kI sayojanA meM to vahA~ ke kalAkAra kI

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mahAvIra - kAlIna bhArata kI sAMskRtika jhalaka rAjanaitika sthiti : mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhArata meM prAyaH sATha se adhika rAjya vidyamAna the / inheM mahAjanapada yA janapada kahA jAtA thA / inake nAma kamboja, gaMdhAra, kaikeya, paMcAla, zAlva, vairATa, maru, sindhu-sauvIra, kaccha, suraTha, marahaTTa, matsya, grAbhIra, kuha, sUrasena, vatsa, bhavantI, lohitya, bhagga, kosala, kAzI, zAkya, malla, vajji, videha, magadha aga, utkala, kaliMga, baMga, bhuttuva, kAmarUpa, prAgajyotiSa, kolIya, maurya, sabara, koMkaNa, Andhra, pANDya, tAmrapaNa, Adi the| iname vatsa, prabantI, kosala dhaura magadha me rAjataMtra thA, bAkI gaNataMtrAtmaka the / rAjataMtroM kA rAjA nirakuza nahIM hotA thA, vaha maMtri pariSada kI rAya se kArya karatA thA aura prajA kI kainI bhaura adhika santulita bhaura adhika camatkAra pUrNa ho uThI hai| bar3e mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki kalA ke ina sabhI prADambaroM ke madhya bhI vItarAga jinendra kI sAdagIpUrNa saumya mudrA ke avataraNa meM bhI ghAbU ke kalAkAra ko barAbara kI saphalatA prApta huI hai| caudahavIM zatI meM bAbU meM DijAinoM jAliyoM aura paccIkArI ke jo namUne ina jainakalA-prArAdhakoM ne prastuta kiye the, unakI samAnatA kara pAne me tAjamahala kA kalAkAra bhI sakSama nahIM ho sakA / paravartIkAla me jaba bhAratIya mUrtikalA kI ArAdhanA dakSiNa me vizeSa rUpa se huI taba vahA~ bhI jaina kalAkAra pIche nahI rahA / para jaba kalA kA hrAsa deza meM huA to jainakalA kA bhI hrAsa hotA gyaa| phira bhI Aja jo pramANa upalabdha haiM, unake sahAre yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya kalA ke vikAsa meM hI nahIM, prasAra meM bhI jainoM kA yogadAna pracura evaM mahattvapUrNa rahA hai| 00 suSamA presa, satana ( ma0pra0) zrI kanhaiyAlAla sarAyako 1 bhAvanA kA samAdara thA / gaNataMtra meM kahIM eka mukhya rAdhA hotA thA, kahI gaNarAjAoM kI pariSada thI, kahIM mukhya rAjA hote hue bhI gaNapariSad pradhAna thI aura kahIM mukhyagaNa bArI-bArI se rAjya karate the / kucha eka mahatvAkAMkSI vistAra - lolupa samrAT bhI the| gaNataMtroM se inake sambandha acche nahIM the aura kabhI-kabhI ve yuddha taka kara baiThate the / maga kA rAjA kuNika (prajAtazatru) isakA jvalaMta udAharaNa hai / usane vajji, kAzI, kosala, ghora malla rASTroM ko prAkramaNa dvArA jIta kara apane rAjya kA vistAra kiyA thA / kosala ke rAjA viduDama ( vidudhava) ne zAkyoM para AkramaNa kara unheM apAra kSati pahuMcAI thI, para zAkyoM para kosala kA zAsana sthApita nahIM hudhA thaa| isameM rAjya vistAra kI kAmanA na hokara badale kI bhAvanA thii| gaNataMtroM ke sambandha prApasa meM prAya: acche the| kAraNa vizeSa se kabhI-kabhI kucha vivAda bhI uThate rahate the / nadI, jala, parivahana, grAma Adi ke kAraNoM se vivAda uThanA hI inameM mukhya thA / kabhI-kabhI kisI kanyA ko lekara bhI jhagar3e khar3e ho jAte the / zAsana paddhati : vajjiyoM meM eka mukhya rAjA hote hue bhI gaNoM kI pariSada se yaha rASTra zAsita thA / mahala rASTra ke gaNarAjA bArI-bArI se rAjya karate the / jaina zAstroM ke anusAra vajji aura mahala gaNatantroM kI no no zAkhAyeM thIM / vajji gaNataMtra meM licchivi pramukha the, bAko jJAtR, videha, malla, ugra, bhoga, aikSvAka Adi the| jJAtu mahAvIra kA pitRkula thA, isakI paramparA RSabhadeva ke kula se saMbaMdhita batAI jAtI hai / malla bhI ikSvAku ke vaMza se sambandhita the / lakSmaNa ke putra candraketu ne ise basAyA thA / gaNataMtroM kI rAjya praNAlI suvyavasthita thI aura

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184, 28, ki01 anekAnta niyamoM kA pUrNa samAdara thaa| rASTra ke rakSArtha senA rakhI gaNataMtroM meM sabase bar3A aura zaktizAlI vajji gaNajAtI thI aura mAMtarika suvyavasthA ke lie pArakSI dala taMtra thaa| saMbhavata: bhArata varSa kA sarvaprathama gaNataMtra bhI rakhA jAtA thaa| pratyeka gaNa apane meM svataMtra bhI thA aura yahI thaa| isameM 7707 gaNa-rAjA sammilita the| magadha paraspara sambaddha bhI thaa| apanI sImA meM jahAM gaNarAjA rAjataMtra se saTe hone ke kAraNa magadha kI A~kheM isa saMgha sarvopari the, vahA~ rASTrIya tala para eka dUsare se baMdhe hue para lagI rahatI thIM zreNika (bimbasAra) ne bhI vajjiyoM bhora saMsthAgAra ke niyamoM ke adhIna the| usa samaya apa- para AkramaNa kiyA thA, para pIche ceTaka kI putrI cellanA rAdha kama hote the aura daNDa-vyavasthA dRDha, para sarala thii| se vivAha karane ke bAda Apasa meM saMdhi ho gaI thii| aparAdhoM ke nyAya ke lie uttarottara kaI nyAyAlaya bane ajAta zatru ne to isa gaNataMtra ko sahAyakoM malla, kAzI hue the| maura kosala sahita adhInastha kara liyA thaa| ajeyatA ke sAta kAraNa : adhikArI evaM pramAtya : gaNataMtroM kI praNAlI kI savyavasthiti para buddha aura gaNataMtroM kI rAjya praNAlI meM nimna adhikArI evaM ajAtazatru ke mahAmAtya varSakAra kI vArtA se samucita amAtya hote the :prakAza par3atA hai| yadyapi prastuta prasaga vaizAlI (vajjiyoM) rAjA, uparAjA, senAdhyakSa, bhANDAgArika (koSAdhyakSa) se sambadha rakhatA hai, para gaNatatroM kI praNAlI prAyaH milatI- ye cAra mukhya the / inake atirikta zulka, vyavahAra, pArajulatI hone ke kAraNa ise sabhI gaNataMtro kI praNAlI kaha kSaNa, vANijya, dautya Adi ke lie vibhinna amAtya rakhe sakate hai| buddha ne prAnanda ke mAdhyama se varSakAra ko vajjiyo jAte the / adhikAriyoM aura amAtyo me cune hue aura kI ajeyatA ke sAta kAraNa batAye the jo nimna prakAra vetanabhukta dono prakAra ke loga hote the / gaNatatro meM eka saMsthAgAra hotA thA, jisame sabhI gaNarAjA upasthita hokara 1-vajji ikaTTha jaTate, uThate-baiThate, udyama karate, vicAra-vimarga karate, niyama banAte aura sambandhita viSayo paura rASTrIya kartavyo kA pAlana karate hai| -sadhi, vigraha, pararASTra-sambandha Adi para nirNaya lete the| 2-vajji bAra-bAra ikaTTe hote, inake juTAva pUrNa sAmAnyataH nirNaya sarva-sammata hote the, mataikya nahIM hone aura sarva-sammilita hote hai; para chada (voTa) lie jAte the / saMsthAgAra meM jo nirNaya 3-vajji sabhA kI rAya se niyama banAe binA ho jAtA yA jo niyama bana jAtA, use mAnanA sabake mAjJA yA Adeza nahI prasArita karate, niyamo kA ullaghana lie anivArya thaa| nahI karate, purAne niyamo kA pAlana karate aura saMsthAno chada tIna prakAra ke lie jAte the-maukhika hAtha se mila kara kArya karate hai| uThA kara yA sahamati sUcaka khar3e hokara aura zalAkAno ke 4-vajji vRddhoM kA Adara karate, unakI sevA karate dvArA / zalAkA chada ko gupta matadAna kaha sakate hai| unakI bAto para dhyAna dete, mAnate haiM, vibhinna raMgoM kI zalAkAyeM vitarita kara dI jAtI thIM 5-bajji kula nAriyo mora kumArikAnoM kA aura pakSa-vipakSa ke raMgoM kI ghoSaNA ke uparAnta unhe samAdara karate hai, una para balAtkAra nahIM karate hai| ekatra kara bahumata se nirNaya hotA thaa| sAvAraNataH jaba 6-vajji devasthAnoM ko mAnate, unakI rakSA karate jo viSaya upasthita hotA thA, usI para vicAra kiyA hai aura unakI sampattiyo ko nahIM chInate hai aura jAtA thA, viSayAntara meM jAne kI anumati nahIM dI jAtI 7-vajji mahatoM kI rakSA karate, unhe Adara vete, thii| na pAe hubho ko bulAte aura pAye hue rAjya me icchA- kalA evaM vidyA : bhusAra nirApada vihAra kareM, isakA dhyAna rakhate haiN| usa samaya prAyaH massI se bhI adhika kalAyeM evaM (dIghanikAya) vidyAyeM pracalita thIM, jaise lekha, gaNita nATaka, sagIta,

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mahAvIra-kAlIna bhArata kI sAMskRtika jhalaka 185 vAdya, yuddha, zastrayuddha, mallayuddha, gajalakSaNa, hayalakSaNa, jo rAjA prathama vivAha anya jAtiyo me kara letA golakSaNa, kAvya, prahelikA, dyUta prAdi / rAjAoM ko ina thA, vaha jAticyuta ho jAtA thA aura vaha apanI vivAbidyAmI kA jAnanA prAvazyaka mAnA jAtA thA / sAdhAraNa hitA kI jAti kA mAnA jAtA thaa| yaha saba raktaloga bhI adhika se adhika vidyApro me nipuNa hote the| zuddhi kI bhAvanA se kiyA jAnA thaa| zAkyo meM to zAkyoM rAjAno ke rAjyArohaNa ke samaya vizeSa prakAra ke ke atirikta purupa yA strI se vivAha na karane kA kaThora Ayojana hote the| kisI puSkariNI, nadI athavA nadiyo, niyama thA / raktazuddhi kI rakSArtha cAcA kI lar3akI yA tIrthoM Adi ke jala se abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thaa| isa sagI bahana se bhI vivAha karanA pracalita thaa| nAriyA~ avasara para anya rAjA, matrI, sAmata, parijana, purajana, bhI viduSI aura yuddhanipuNa hotI thI tathA rAjakAryoM meM purohita prAdi upasthita hote the aura svasti-vAcana, prAzI- bhI bhAga latI thii| sAmato kI kanyAno se bhI rAjapurUSa di, kartavya-zikSA prAdi ke sAtha siMhAsana para baiThAyA vivAha karata the / zvetAmbara pratho ke anusAra mahAvIra kA jAtA thA aura tilakoparAta prajA tathA amAtya rAjabhakti vivAha mahAsAmata samaravIra kI kanyA yazodA se huA kI pratijJA lete the| aneka prakAra ke maMgala-dravya-kalaza, thA : digambara jaina-zAstro ke anusAra mahAvIra prAjanma dhAnya, vastra prAdi rakhe jAte the| avivAhita the| khaDga, gadA, dhanuSa-bANa, hala-mUsala, bhAle prAdi yuddha ke mukhya prAyudha the| mallayuddha bhI pracalita thA / prajAta. sAmAjika sthiti : zatru ne do naye prAyudho-rathamUsala aura mahAzilAkaTaka mahAvIra-kAla me sAmAjika sthiti bhI suvyavasthita kA prayoga kiyA thaa| dono mahAsahAraka astro ke sahAre thii| varNa aura jAtiyA~ bhI vidyamAna thI, para unake ghere usane bajjiyo para vijaya pAI thii| gaja, ghoDe, ratha, U~Ta, ka Tana nahIM the| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zada, rajaka, khaccara prAdi yuddha kI savAriyA thii| rAjamahiSiyoM bhI cANDAla, carmakAra, svarNakAra, kumbhakAra, dAruzilpI Adi raNa-kauzala meM niSNAta hotI thI aura AvazyakatA par3ane jAtiyA~ thii|maacaar-vicaar bheda se prArya pora anArya ke para yuddha bhI karatI thii| kabhI-kabhI apane patiyo kI sahA- bhI vibhAga the| pahale varNAzrama-vyavasthA kucha jaTila thI, yatArtha bhI yuddha bhUmi me sAtha jAtI thIM / bandhula malla ke parantu mahAvIra aura buddha kI vicArAdhArA ne usame mAtha usakI patnI mallikA ne bhI abhiSeka-pRSkariNI ke parivartana lA diyA thaa| lie licchiviyo se yuddha kiyA thaa| logoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke vastra aura AbhaSaNoM kA bhI pracalana thA / vastroM meM devadUSya, dukala, kSoma, cInAanya rASTro se maitrI yA vigraha saMsthAgAra meM vicAro- zuka, paTavAsa, valkala Adi aura prAbhUSaNoM meM mukuTa, parAnta hI hotA thaa| vivAha bhora dIkSA sAdhAraNataH kaDala, keyUra, caDAmaNi, kaTaka, kakaNa, mudrikA, hAra, mAtA-pitA kI anumati se hote the| kahI-kahI svayaMvara ko mekhalA, kaTisUtra kaMThaka, ratnAvalI, nupura grAdi kA pracabhI prathA thii| svayavara me kanyA kA balapUrvaka haraNa bhI lana thaa| prasAdhana-sAmagriyAM bhI aneka thI / sAdhAraNa se hotA thA / aise bhI udAharaNa milate hai ki apahRta kanyA lekara bahumUlya sAmagriyA vyavahRta hotI thii| candava, kI icchA ke viruddha apaharaNakartA umame vivAha nahI ku kuma, agarAga, pAlaktaka, ajana, zatapAka tela, sahasrakaratA thA, vagn kanyA icchita puruSa ko lauTA dI jAtI pAka nela, gadha, (itra), aneka sugandhita dravya, mizrita lepa, thii| rAjAno me bahu vivAha pracalita thA, antarjAtIya midUra, kastUrI, mAlA, tAmbUla, prAdi ke vyavahAra kA vivAha bhI hote the, parantu pahalA vivAha kSatriyANI se ullekha milatA hai| licchiviyoM kI veza-bhUSA ko dekha karanA anivArya thaa| kSatriyANI se utpanna satAna hI rAjya kara buddha ne unakI tulanA vAyastriza svarga ke devo se kI adhikArI hotI thii| kI thii| puruSa aura mahilA donoM hI gahane aura sajIle vivAha:

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186, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta vastro se apane aMga sajAte the, vibhinna prakAra ke lepa-gaMdha ko nizcita zulka yA bhAgIdArI ke AdhAra para RNa bhI prAdi bhI lagAte the| dete the| sArtho ke apane yAna, vAhana, cAlaka, vAhaka, __ manoraJjana ke lie nATaka, gIta, vAdya, citrakalA, rakSaka Adi bhI hote the / prAcIna bhArata meM sArthoM kI chada-racanA, cUta, jalakrIr3A, vRkSArohaNa, prAmalI krIDA bhamikA kI vizeSa jAnakArI DA. motIcandra kI pustaka Adi kA pramukhatA se pracalana thA / vizeSa avasaro para 'sArthavAha' se milatI hai| aneka sAmUhika mahotsava bhI hote the| nagara-nAriyAM bhI lena-dena ke lie niSka, zatamAna, kArSApaNa Adi kA thI, unheM rASTra se bAhara jAne kI sAdhAraNata: anumati vyavahAra thA / madrAnoM para janapada, zreNI athavA dhAmika nahIM thii| cihna aMkita hA karate the| vANijya-vyApAra para rAjapAvAgamana aura bhAravahana ke lie ghor3e, hAthI, Ura, kIya niyantraNa nahI thA, kara-bhAra bhI prAya ke dasave se khaccara, baila, zakaTa, zivikA, ratha, nAva, pota prAdi kA chaThe bhAga taka sImita thA / vizeSa paristhitiyo, yuddha, vyavahAra hotA thaa| makAna kacce aora pakke dono taraha bhikSa Adi ke samaya yaha avazya dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA banate the| phUla kI kuTiyA aura parvata-guphApo se lekara ki koI anucita lAbha na le sake / jagalo, durgama mArgo satakhaNDe mahala taka banate the / makAna kATha, ITa tathA patthara meM kahI kahI dasyUdala bhI sakriya hote the / yo aparAdha ke-jisakI jahA suvidhA hotI, banate the / sAdhugro ke batta kama hote the| AvAsa ke lie saghArAma, vihAra, caitya Adi banate the / / ghAmika sthiti : tatkAlIna deza meM jahA samRddhi thI, vahA kucha upekSita dalita paura vipanna bhI the| unhe U~cA uThAne aura samAja isa yuga meM prAcIna dhArmika paramparAye TUTa rahI thI meM upayukta sthAna dilAne kI dizA meM mahAvIra kA bahuta / . aura dhArmika evaM sAmAjika tala para mahAna parivartana hue the / bali, yajJAdi kriyAkANDo kA sthAna bhakti, upAbaDA yogadAna hai| zramaNa saskRti ne mAnava ko samAnatA kA matra diyA thaa| jAti aura varNa ke badale pAcaraNa, sanA, satkarma aura sadAcAra ne le liyA thaa| jaina, bauddha theSThatA aura pUjyatA kA prAdhAra bana gayA thaa| aura vaidika tIno saskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha cala rahI thI, Arthika sthiti : bauddha saskRti apekSAkRta navIna thI, para dina-dina isakA prAthika daSTi se bhI tatkAlIna bhAratavarSa mampanna vistAra ho rahA thaa| mahAvIra-nirvANa ke bAda isakA thA / kRSi, pazupAlana, vyApAra, vANijya, kalA-kauzala meM adhika prasAra haa| kucha kSetro me isa rAjakIya sarakSaNa bhI yaha deza pracara pragati kara cukA thA / prAtarika vyA bhI milA thaa| usa samaya dharma ke nAma aura siddhAto para para ke sAtha hI videzoM se bhI jalapoto ke sahAre vyApAra aneka vAda race jAte the| dharma-parivartana sAdhAraNa-sI bAta hotA thaa| pUrva me tAmralisti aura pazcima me bhaDoca ke thii| kahI kahI eka hI kula parivAra ke vyakti alagabandaragAha prasiddha the| yahA~ se rezamI vastra, malamala, kabala, alaga dharmoM ko mAnate the| sugandhita dravya, auSadhiyA~, motI. ratna, hAthI dAMta, lakar3I, mahAvIra ke kAla meM zramaNa-saMskRti meM zrAvaka, zrAvikA sone-cAdI, miTTI Adi ke sAmAna videzo ko bheje jAte sAdhu, sAdhvI, caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA huI thii| jainoM the / sthAnIya loga bhI inakA vyavahAra karate the| kI dekhA-dekhI bauddhoM ne bhI isI prakAra caturvidha saMgha dUra dezoM yA videzo meM vyApAra-vANijya ke lie kaI banAyA thaa| mahAvIra ke atirikta anya pA~ca tIrthikavyApArI samUha meM jAte the aura mArga dikhAne ke lie sArtha makhali gozAla, prakudha kAtyAyana, saMjaya velaTTiputra, ajita hote the| sArthoM ko mArgoM kA pUrA jJAna hotA thA aura kezakambala aura pUrNa kAsyapa prasiddha the| buddha bhI eka nirApada yAtrA ke lie unakA sahayoga Avazyaka athavA samakAlIna tIrthaka the| vaidika dharma meM bhI jaTila, tridaNDI, anivArya thaa| sArtha sampanna bhI hote the, ve vyApAriyoM maDita Adi aneka AmnAya the / dharmaguruSoM aura sAdhunoM

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mahAvIra-kAlIna bhArata kI sAMskRtika jhalaka 187 kA sammAna thA aura unheM Avazyaka AvAsa, AhAra, vastra vaha maratA hai to pRthvI dhAtu pRthvI me, apa ghAtu jala meM, pAtrAdi diye jAte the| teja dhAtu teja meM aura vAyu dhAtu vAyu me mila jAte hai bauddha sAhitya me ullekha : tathA indriyA~ AkAza meM calI jAtI hai / dAna karane kI uparyavata sAta tIrthako (dharmanAyako) me mahAvIra bAta mUrkhatApUrNa hai : mRtyu ke bAda prANiyoM ke guNa-avapaura buddha ko chor3a kara bAkI ke viSaya meM bahata kama guNo kI carcA hotI hai, unakA kucha bhI zeSa nahIM bacatA' jAnakArI milatI hai| isakA kAraNa sambhavata. yahI hai ki saba bhasma ho jAtA hai| unake grAmnAyo kA uccheda ho cukA hai| bauddha sAhitya pUrNa kAzyapa : me tatsambandhI jo ullekha milatA hai, usakA sAra isa pUrNa kAzyapa prakriyAvAdI the| ve kahate the ki kisI prakAra hai ke acche bare karmoM kA koI puNya-pApa nahI hotA / cAhe maMkhalI gozAla: kaisA bhI dAna, yajJa kiyA jAya, usakA puNya nahIM hotA makhalI gozAla niyativAdI the| ve kahate the-prANI kI aura cAhe jaimI himA, corI, asatya-bhASaNa mAdi kare, zuddhatA yA apavitratA kA koI hetu nahIM hotA / prANiyo usakA pApa bhI nahIM hotaa| ke sAmarthya se kucha nahI hotA, uname bala, parAkrama, vIrya niyaMTha nAtapAta (mazavIra) : yA zakti nahIM hai| ve avaza, durbala aura nivArya hai| ve nigaTa nAtaputta (mahAvIra) saMvaravAdI the, unake niyati (bhAgya), sagati eva svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNata cAra mabara thehote hai aura janmo meM duHkha bhogate hai| 1-nigrantha jala kA vAraNa karatA hai, jisase jala ke prakudha kAtyAyana : jIva na mara jaaye| prakudha kAtyAyana anyonyavAdI the| pRthvI, Apa, teja, vAyu, 2-nirgrantha sabhI pApA kA vAraNa karatA hai| sugva, duHkha eva jIva-ina mAta padArthoM ko ve svayabhU batAte 3-nirgrantha saba pApo ke vAraNa se dhUtapApa ho jAtA the, kisI ke banAye hue nahI / unake anusAra koI kisI ko na to satAtA hai na sukha pahucAtA hai / padArthoM ko 4-nirgrantha mabhI pApo ke nivAraNa meM lagA rahatA jAnane yA kahane vAlA koI nahI hai| koI kisI ke prANa nahI letaa| hatyA karane vAle kA zastra sAta padArtho ke ima prakAra cAra-cAra sabaro se saMvata rahane ke kAraNa bIca ke avakAza me ghusa gayA hai, aisA mAnanA caahie| nirgrantha. gatAtmA (anicchaka), yatAtmA (saMyamI) prAra saMjaya velaTTiputra : sthitAtmA kahA jAtA hai| ___sajaya velaTThiputra vikSepavAdI the / paraloka hai yA nahI, uparyukta varNana dIghanikAya sAmaJa phala-sutta me prANiyo kI aupapAtikatA hai yA nahIM, acche-bure karmoM kA pAtA hai, jise dharmAnanda kosAmbI ne bhagavAna budgha, pR0 phala hotA hai yA nahI. mRtyu ke bAda jIva rahatA hai yA 181-183 meM upasthita kiyA hai| nahI. ina bAtoM ke viSaya meM unakI koI nizcita dhAraNA jaina sAhitya meM ullekha : nahI thii| jaina-mAhitya se bhI tatkAlIna dharmanAyakoM para vizeSa ajita kezakambala : prakAza nahI pddtaa| maMkhalI gozAla ke viSaya meM kucha ajita kezakambala ucchedavAdI the| unake anusAra ullekha milatA hai, parantu anya nAma yA unake sampradAyoM iloka, paraloka, mAtA-pitA, dAna, yajJa, homa me kucha kA nAma dekhane me nahI paataa| jana-zAstro ke anusAra nahI hai| inako jAnane vAlA bhI koI nahI hai / zarIra mavalI gAMgAla se mahAvIra kA sAkSAtkAra humA thaa| kucha cAra bhUto-pRthvI, Apa, teja aura vAyu-kA banA hai / jaba samaya taka ve mahAvIra ke ziSya bhI rahe, parantu bAda meM

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188, varSa 28 ki.1 anekAnta alaga hokara mahAvIra ke kaTTara virodhI ho gaye; yahAM (bihAra) kA kucha bhAga bhI isameM sammilita thaa| tIrthataka ki unhoMne mahAvIra para tejomezyA taka bhI choDa dI thara puSpadanta kA janma devariyA ke pAsa hI kAkandI meM thI / mahAvIra-nirvANa se solaha varSa pUrva vaha bhayaMkara huA thaa| bImArI ke kAraNa mRtyu ko prApta hue| taba aura aba : mahAvIra ke jIvana (karma-kSetra) se vajji, videha, mahAvIrakAlIna bhArata se prAja ke prabhAvagrasta deza magadha aura malla dezo kA gaharA sambandha thaa| vajji deza kI koI tulanA nahIM hai| usa samaya prAtmanirbharatA thI meM unakA janma, vaMzAlI-vartamAna basADha-ke nikaTa aura pragati kA mAdhyama dezI sAdhana, bhAvanA, vicAra, kollAga sanniveza ke kSatriya-kuNDagrAma meM hanA thA / veSa, bhASA aura bhojana the| loga kartavya-niSTha the aura unake prAyaH bAraha varSAvAsa isa kSetra me hue the / videha unakA naitika stara U~cA thaa| prAja hama kRSi, udyoga, kSetra kI mithilA me cha: varSAvAsa hae the / magadha me caudaha vANijya, vyavasAya, vinimaya, parivahana, zikSA, samAjavarSAvAsa hue the aura rAjagRha ke vipulAcala aura vaibhAra vyavasthA, saskRti, svAsthya prAdi sabake lie zAsana kI parvato ke prAntoM meM unakI dezanAye aura prAgamAgoM ke upa- hI apekSA karate hai| kartavya-niSThA aura prAtma-nirbharatA deza hue the / malla deza aura vajji deza kI sImA ke kA yaha zIrSAsana rUpa hai| hamArA pratIta batAtA hai ki bhAsa-pAsa jambhika grAma meM unhe kevala jJAna kI prApti vyakti kI prAtmanirbharatA, naitikatA aura kartavya-niSThA se huI thI aura malla rASTra ke pAvAnagara meM hastipAla kI rASTra ko prAtmanirbharatA, niSThA aura nIti thii| atIta rajjaka-sabhA-bhavana meM ve nirvANa ko prApta hA the / mallo ke itihAsa ko surakSita rakhane aura usake punanirIkSaNa kI aura licchiviyo ne nirvANoparAnta unake sammAna meM sArthakatA tabhI hai, jaba hama isase preraNA le aura usake proSadha kara dIpAvalI manAI thii| mAdhyama se atIta evaM vartamAna kI truTiyo ko dUra kara ujjvala bhaviSya kA nirmANa kara skeN| mahAvIra ne jisa bajji deza vartamAna bihAra kA ti rahata pramaNDala thA, ahiMsA, satya, aparigraha aura anekAnta kA vicAra diyA jisakI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thii| vaizAlI se vAyavya koNa thA, use vyaktigata aura rASTrIya jIvana me parisphuTa kara me kollAga sanniveza (kolhA ) thA aura usI ke manta- hama satyArtha me pragati kI prora agrasara hoge pora eka aise rgata kSatriya-kuNDagrAma thaa| vajji gaNatantra banane ke pahale sarvodaNe samAja kI racanA kara sakege jisame abhAva, tirahuta pramaNDala kA adhikAza kSetra nepAla kA dakSiNI asatoSa, utpIr3ana, anaitikatA, jamAkhorI, ghusakhorI, har3abhAga videha kSetra kahA jAtA thA, isakI rAjadhAnI mithilA tAla, tAlAbandI, padalolupatA, zAsakIya niyatraNa mAdi thii| aAjakala ise janakapura dhAma kahate hai / yaha nepAla ko sthAna nahIM hogaa| kI tarAI me hai| mithilA malli aura nami do-tIrthaDuroM eva prakampita gaNavara kI janmabhUmi rahI hai| magadha ke mahAvIra ke isa 2500veM nirvANa-varSa ke avasara para unake upadezo ko jIvana meM utArane kI bhAvanA jAgarita antargata vartamAna paTanA, gayA aura hajArIbAga ke jile karane kA saMkalpa lenA mAnava-mAtra kA kartavya hai| the, isakI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha me thii| malla rASTra meM vartamAna devariyA, bhAjamagar3ha (utara-pradeza) ke jile the| sArana 00

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mahAvIra-kAla : kucha aitihAsika vyakti zrI digambara dAsa jaina, egvokeTa, sahAranapura itihAsakAro kA kahanA hai ki bhArata kA prAmANika (iv) prabhAvatI siMdhu sauvIra ( kaccha ) deza ke rAjA itihAsa bha0 mahAvIra ke janma se prArambha hotA hai, isa. udayana kI rAnI thii| lie hama unake samaya ke hI kucha aitihAsika purupo kA (v) celanA jo magadha samrATa zreNika-bimbasAra kI paTa ullekha kara rahe hai| yadi hama apanI vipula sAmagrI tathA rAnI thii| bhAvanA ke anusAra vistAra-pUrvaka varNana kare to jitane vya- (vi) satI candanA saMsAra kI kAmavAsanAoM ko rokane ktiyo kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, utane hI grantha likhane ke lie svayaM prAjanma brahmacAriNI rahI aura hoge / sthAna ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hama kevala unakA sakSapa bha0 mahAvIra ke samozaraNa me prAyikA ho gaI me saketa karanA par3a rahA hai thI aura apane ghora tapa-bala se sarvazreSTha mukhya 1. mahArAja ceTaka--- vaizAlI ke samrAT aura bha0 prAyikA huii| mahAvIra ke nAnA the / yaha itane sadRDha jaina the ki inhone (1) jyeSTA bacapana se hI vairAgI thI aura prakhaNDa praNa kara rakhA thA ki apanI putriyo ko ajaina se nahI brahmacAriNI rhii| vivaahgaa| prajanake ghara jaina kanyA jainadharma kA icchAnusAra isa prakAra mahArAjA ceTaka samasta bhArata ke suprasiddha bhalI prakAra pAlana nahIM kara sktii| inake mahAyoddhA 10 rAjAmro ke nikaTa sambandhI the / satya to yaha hai ki paMcama putra dhanadatta, dattabhadra, upendra, sudatta, siMhabhadra, sakumbhoja, kAla meM janadharma unake tathA unakI satAna ke hI parizrama prAkampana, supataMga, prabhajana, aura prabhAsa tathA 7 kanyAe kA phala hai| thii| (1) silAdevI, jo kuNDala para ke rAjA siddhArtha se 2. bimbasAra-upanAma zreNika, magadha-samrATa, vyAhI thI aura bha0 mahAvIra kI mAtA thii| bhArata kA prathama aitihAsika nareza, sudRDha jainadharmI / bha. (ii) mRgAvatI kozAmbI nareza zatAnIka kI rAnI thii| mahAvIra ke samozaraNa kA sarvazreSTha para mukhya zrotA / 24 (in) saprabhA dazANa deza ke rAjA dazaratha se byAhI tAthavaro vA parama bhakta / paTanA hAI korTa ke jaja TI. DI. banarajI ne sammeda zikhara jI ke phaisale me likhA hai 1. King Chetak and his queen Bhadra were the Jainas held him one of their greatest devout Jain who observed the daily vows Royal Patrons, whose historicity fortuof a Jay-man, They got 10 sons and 7 nately past all doubts daughters, who all were devotee of Maha- -Jainism in Northern India, p. 116 to 118. vita. -Dr. Kamta Prasad : Religion (ii) Shrenik- Bimbsar was Jain. of Tirthankaras. -Early History of India, P. 33-45. 2. (1) The literary and legendary traditions of (iii) Shrenika, Bimbsar, Ajat-Satru and Uda Jains about Shrenika are so varied and yin were followers of Jainism. so well recorded that they are eloquent -Cambridge History of India, Vol. I, witness to the high respect with which p.161. thii|

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160, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta ki zreNika ne tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANa-sthAna khojakara vahA se kahA ki Aja tumane majhe sacce zrAvakoM ke darzana karA unakI smRti meM caraNa sthApita karAye the / ' vidvAnoM kA die / abhaya kumAra pazu-vadha ke viruddha thaa| rAjya-sukha mata hai ki yadi mahArAjA zreNika bha. mahAvIra se 60 tyAga kara digambara mani ho mokSa pada paayaa| hajAra prazna na pUchate to pacama kAla meM jaina dharma sambandhI 4. vAriSeNa-vAripeNa bhI zreNika putra thaa| gRhasthI kucha bhI jAnakArI na hotii| vistAra ke lie zreNika meM bhI pratyeka praSTamI aura caturdazI kI rAtri ko zmazAna caritra (sUrata, jo hindI meM chapa cukA hai) dekhie| me dhyAna lagAtA thaa| bacapana meM hI ise mani hotA dekha 3. abhaya kumAra-theNika putra / samasta vaddhimAno kara isakA mitra tathA rAjyamatrI kA putra puSpaDAla bhI unake meM sarvazreSTha / eka bAra zreNika ne abhaya kumAra se eka sAtha digambara muni ho gyaa| parantu apanI kAlI strI ke saphaMda, dUsarA kAlA-do tambU nagarI ke bAhara lagavA diye moha ko na tyAga makA, isalie dhyAna meM usakA jI na ora ghoSaNA karA dI ki jo sacce jainI hai, sapheda ve tamba laga sakA / vAriSeNa ne yaha bAta bhAMpa lI aura use apane ma aura jo nahIM hai, ve kAle tambU meM baiTha jAyeM / zAma kA purAne rAjamahala meM le jAkara apanI atyanta sundara navazreNika aura abhaya kumAra dekhane gae to sapheda tamba meM yuvatI 32 rAniyA~ dilaaii| puSpaDAla vicAra karane lagA tila rakhane ko bhI sthAna na thaa| itana adhika vyaktiyA meM ki jaba vAripeNa itane vizAla rAjya-vaibhava tathA rUpavatI unhoMne pUchA ki Apa apane ko saccA jainI kahate ho ? rAniyo kA moha tyAga sakatA hai to kyA mai eka kAlI unhone kahA ki hama jainadharma ke sambandha meM saba kucha aura kurUpa strI ko nahIM chor3a sakatA ? usane vAriSeNa jAnata hai / kAle tamba me kevala 3-4 pAdamI the| unase kA dhanyavAda kiyA ki Apane mujhe dharma se Digane se bacA pUchA ki tuma sacce jainI kyo nahI ho ? unhoMne kahA ki liyaa| donoM phira bha0 mahAvIra ke samozaraNa me A gae yatna karane para bhI hama krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ko nahIM aura zarIra taka me moha tyAga kara itanA ghora tapa kiyA ki tyAga ske| abhaya kumAra ne kahA-jainadharma ke sambandha meM kevala jJAna prApta kara mokSa-pada pAyA / vAriSaNa samyak bhI kucha jAnate hai ? unhoMne kahA-"kevala jAnane meM sthiti aga me sapratiSTha kahalAne lge| kyA hotA hai ? pAcaraNa to pUre rUpa meM nahIM kara pAte, 5. prajAtazatru-ajAtazatru bhI zreNika putra thA / phira sacce dhAvaka kaise ? |Nika ne abhaya kumAra DA0 vI0 e0 smitha ne prAksaphorDa hindI grApha iNDiyA 2A. The Hindu Traveller's account, published affected. At night, he went to the houses in Asiatic Society's Journal, January, 1824, of those officers and asked each one to reveals the fact, how Raja Shrenika of give half ounce flesh of his heart, which Magadha, contemporary of Mahavira had been prescribed, as remedy for the Swami had discovered the Nirvan-place queen. Each one excused himself and of Tirthankaras and established charan gave Abhay Kumar a large amount of (Shrines) at Sammed Shikara (Parshv, money for a promise not to mention their Hill in Bihar). refusal to the King. Next day, Abhay ---Honble Justice T. D. Banarji, Kumar deposited the amount in the Judge Patna High Court, Judgement of King's court and told that according to Sammed Sikharji case. his experience, flesh is not available at any 3. In the Court of Bimbasar, some officers price. Those officers also supported him observed that flesh was rather cheap. and it was decided that flesh should not Abhay Kumar was much agrivously be taken. -VOA, 19.7, p. 55.

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mahAvIra-kAla : kucha aitihAsika vyakti 161 pR0 51 para batAyA hai ki ajAtazatru baudadhadharmI nahIM taka ko mAranA pAramanako hai| ve kaise vijaya prApta kara balki sudRDha jaina thaa| DA. gadhAkRmada makarjI prAdi makeMge ? vaizAlI sainApati se zatru senApati ne kahA-vAra aneka suprasiddha itihAsakAra bhI isakI puSTi karate hai| karo, usane kahA-vAra karanA merA dharma nahIM, deza-rakSA mvaya mahAtmA badara ajAtazatra ko baudadha dharma svIkAra na (Defence) merA dharma hai, yadi Apane vAra kiyA to karane para aise mahAna mamrATa ko badakismata kahate hai| nAko cane cabavA daMgA |shss ne pUrI zakti sa mAkramaNa bha0 mahAvIra kA mavazaraNa isakI rAjadhAnI meM pAyA kiyaa| vaizAlI-menA bar3I vIratA se laDI, 6 mAsa taka to itanA harSita hayA ki jana jagnala aktUbara 1968 ghamAmAna yuddha hotA rahA, donoM tarapha se hajAroM sainika pR0 6666 ke anusAra usane 12 lAkha 50 hajAra rupaye mAre gaye / ajAtazatra cakita thA ki vaizAlI senA itane sUcanA dene vAle ko puraskAra meM diye aura svayaM apanI lambe samaya taka raNabhami meM kaise Thahara sakI ? usane eka ganI mabhadrA ko sAtha le baDI bhakti aura utmAha se unakI nimitta-jJAnI me kAraNa pUchA to usane kahA ki vaizAlI vandanA ko gyaa| meM 20veM tIrthaMkara mani suvratanAtha kA stambha hai| yaha 6 bAhatva kumAra--- yaha ajAtazatru kA lagha bhrAtA thaa| usakA atizaya hai ki jaba taka vaha sthita hai, vaizAlI ajaya rAjya kI vaoNTa para ajAtazatru se isakI anabana ho gii| rhegii| ajAtazatru bar3A catura thaa| usane apanA dUta ceTaka ajAtazatru jisakA upanAma kuNika thA, imako jAna se ke pAsa bhejA ki muni muvratanAtha stambha use de diyA jAve maravAnA cAhatA thA jisake bhaya se isane mahAgajA ceTaka to vaha binA yuddha vApasa lauTa jaavegaa| ceTaka stambha denA ke pAsa vaizAlI jAkara zaraNa-yAcanA kii| mahAgaja jAnate nahI cAhate the, zAntapriya the| hajAro sainikoM ke mAre the ki ajAtazatra atyanta balavAna yoddhA hai| parantu eka jAne me duHkhI the aura samajhate the ki hajAroM aura mAre mudRDha jana garaNa me pAye hae ko abhaya-dAna dene se kaise jAyeMge / isalie vaha stambha unhoMne use de diyA / stambha inakAra kara sakatA thA ? ajAtazatra ne ceTaka se bAhattva- kA denA thA ki vaizAlI vijaya ho gii| kumAra ko mAMgA, inakAra karane para vizAla senA lekara 7. dhanakumAra-seThAnI prabhAvatI kA putra / aTUTa vaizAlI para prAzramaNa kara diyaa| mahArAja ceTaka tathA sampati kA svAmI yaha jainadharmI thaa| bha. mahAvIra ke samava. isakA pradhAna senApati sihabhadra aura senApati varaNa nAga zaraNa meM jina-dIkSA le digambara muni ho gayA / mokSa-pada hisA drata ke dhArI the| loga cakita the ki zatra ati pAyA / vistAra ke lie dhana kumAra caritra (suurt)| prabala hai aura hamAga gajA tathA senApati kisI cITI 8. jIvandhara-hemAga deza (mamUra prAnta) kA samrATa 4. Both Buddhists and Jainas clained Ajat- such as his inumacy with Deva Dutt--a Satru as one of them The Jaina claim rebel disciple of Buddha : enimity with appears to be well founded. the Vrijis--a favourite clan of Buddha, -- Dr. V. Smith : Oxford History of his battle against Prasenajita--a stunch India, 2nd Ediuon 1923, Oxford, p. 51. devotee and follower of Buddha. 5. Ajat-Satru was a follower of Mahavira in --Jain Journal (Calcutta) Oct. 1968, the days of Buddha and Mahavira. p. 65. -Dr. Radha Kumud Mukerjee, The Hindu Civilization (Hindi Edn ) 7. Buddha's disregard for Ajat-Satru is clear pp. 19091. from Buddha's own statement, "Ajat6. There are many more reasons for Ajat Satru is an unfortunate King." Satru not being a follower of Buddba, -Dighanikaya, Samannyanphala Sutra.

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192, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta jainadharmI thaa| marate hue kutte ko NamokAra mantra diyA hone para bhI majha, zAnti prApta nahI hotii| gautama gaNadhara jisake prabhAva se vaha svarga me deva hmaa| vistAra ke lie ne kahA-zrAvaka ke vrata lo, unake prAcaraNa me avazya jIvandhara caritra / milegii| mAnanda ne kahA ki cAra vrato kA to maiM mAja 9. zAlibhadra-yaha itanA dhannA seTha thA ki jina ratna bhI pAlana kara rahA hU / parigraha-parimANa-vrata kA pAlana kambaloM ko pasanda pAne para mahArAjA zreNika bhI nahI kharIda nahIM ho sakatA, kyoki jo sAmagrI mujhemAja prApta hai, sakA, unako savA lAkha svarNa mudrA prati kambala dekara 316 usase kama me merA nirvAha nahI ho sakegA / gautama gaNadhara kambala vyApAriyo ke pAsa the, saba kharIda lie| zreNika ko ne batAyA ki zAti prAkulatA ke kAraNa hotI hai / prAkupatA calA to cakita raha gayA aura bhagavAna mahAvIra se latA kI jaDa icchAoM ko kevala parigraha-parimANanvata vaza pUchA ki yaha itanA dhanI kyo huA ? gautama gaNadhara ne meM kara sakatA hai| zAnti ke iccha ko ko prArigraha-vrata batAyA ki pichala janma meM yaha sakhiyA nAmaka atyanta daridrI pAlanA hI hogaa| isakA pAlana kucha bhI kaThina nahI, gvAlana kA putra sagama thaa| kaI dina taka ise bhojana prApta jitanI apanI grAvazyakatA samajho, utane kA parimANa kara na hotA thaa| eka dina ise jidda ho gaI ki khIra khaauugaa| lo| yadi grApa jo sampatti prAja hai, unase adhika yadi ho mAtA sAcana lagI ki dUdha aura mIThA kahA sa lAe~ ? jAve to usakA tyAga kara deN| yahI parigraha-parimANa hai| sayama ka rAna sa par3AsA kA dayA mAI aura usane de aAnanda ne yaha suna kara 5 praNavato ke pAlane kI pratijJA diyaa| khIra khAna kAhI thA ki eka muni mahArAja pAhAra kara lI aura ghara Akara apane karmacAriyo ko samasta kanimitta zrI gy| sagama unhe dekha kara var3A hapita hyaa| sampatti kA ciTA bA~dhane kA Adeza diyA aura kahA ki bhUla gayA apanI bhUkha kA, bar3I bhakti mora paDagAha se isa ciTaThe se sampatti bar3hane na pAve, mujhe turanta sUcita pragarAha kara vidhi pUvaka usana muni kA grAhAra kraayaa| kro| agale dina pazugaha kA darogA 1 mana dUba lAyA, yaha itanA bhAgyazAlA, dhanI, yaza aura taja kA svAmI prAnada ne kahA--5 mera ghara ke kharca ke lie rakha kara thaa| yaha di0 muni kI mAhAra dena kA phala hai| bAkI haspatAla meM marIgo ke lie bheja do| bAga kA 10. siMhabhadra-caTaka kA senApati thaa| bha0 mahAvIra mAlI santa re, ke ne, grAma pradi ke Tokare lAyA to mAnada kA upadaza suna kara usane kahA ki mai senApati ha, zatruA ne AvazyakatA ke anamAra rakha kara satra pAThazAlAmo me ko mAranA marA dharma hai| maiM cAhatA hai ki aNuvrata dhAraNa bacco ke lie bhijavA die / manIma gaNa ne batAyA ki karU, parantu pahisA-dhama mara sanika kAya ma bAdhaka hai| 10 hajAra vyAja kA prAyA hai| grAnanda na kahA, dhamazAlA gotama gaNadhara na kahA ki sainika ghama to zrAvaka kA banavAne meM lagA do / pratidina aisA hone lagA to saba prathama dhama hai| deza-rakSA tathA pratyAcAroM kA anta yahi- prAnanda ke yaza gAne lge| prAnanda ko adhika kamAne kI saka kArya hai, hisaka nhiiN| yaha sunakara sihabhadra ne zrAvaka icchA na rahI / santopa dhAraNa rakhane se parama zAnti ka vrata turanta la lie| milane lgii| jo yaha samajhate the ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 11. prAnanda-maMzAnI ke nikaTa bANijya grAma ke karor3o kI sampatti rakhane vAle ko bhI parigraha vrata kA sarvazreSTha vyApArI the / cAra karoDa prazaphiyau byAja para, dhArI banA diyA, aba unake rahasya ko samajhe / cAra karor3a kArabAra me, cAra karoDa acala sampatti aura 12. mahAtmA buddha (567-487 I0 pU0) rAisacAra karor3a svaNa mudrAye nakada thii| yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra DeviDa kA kahanA hai ki mahAtmA buddha ne apanA dhArmika kI vandanA ko gae aura kahA ki itanI adhika sampatti jIvana jaina dharmI ke rUpa meM prArambha kiyaa| vAstava 8. Buddha started his religious life as a Jain. of his Jain teacher. At any rate Gautama gave himself up to -Budhism And Vaisili (By Public a cause of austerities under the influence Relation Dept., Bihar Govt.) p. 9.

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mahAvIra kAla . kucha aitihAsika vyakti 165 nikaTa zAnti se baiTha gye| kevala jJAna prApta kara mokSa vrata nahI pAla skoge| rAjakumAra ne kahA ki dharma pAlana paayaa| Ayu para nahIM, balki zraddhA aura vizvAsa para hai| vaise prAyu kA bharomA kyA? mRtyu ke lie baccA aura bUDhA 26. arjuna mAlI-mahA bhayAnaka duSTa, jo 6 manuSya eka samAna hai| yadi jIvita bhI rahA to sadA nirogI aura eka strI pratidina mAra DAlatA thA aura jisake bhaya rahane kA kyA vizvAsa ? rogI sa dharma-pAlana nahIM ho se koI usa jagala me grA-jA nahI sakatA thaa| isako sakatA / baDhApe me to dharma-sAdhanA kI zakti hI nahI pakar3ane ke lie mahArAjA zroNika ne 10,000 rupayo kA rahatI / manuSya-jIvana bAra-bAra nahIM miltaa| sayama puraskAra ghoSita kara rakhA thaa| rAjagiri ke seTha mudarzana manuSya hI pAla makatA hai| choTI-sI Ayu meM ho vaha di. para jo mahAvIra-mamogaraNa meM bandanA ko jA rahA thA, yaha muni ho gyaa| jhapaTa pddaa| bIrabandanA-bhAva ke puNya phala se vana-devatA ne use kola diyaa| arjana bar3A zaktizAlI thaa| usane __ 32 spAtyakIya-nAmaka antima (11vAM) rudra ne bahuta yatna kiye, kintu bandhana-mukta na ho skaa| vaha vIra-tapa kI parIkSA ke lie ujjaina ke prati mukti nAmaka zamazAna meM rAtri ke samaya apanI mAyAmayI vidyA ke bala mudAna ke caraNo me gira pdd'aa| mudarzana ne kahA ki yadi para bhayAnaka varpA joradAra vakSo taka ko ukhAr3a dene tuma apanA kalyANa cAhate ho to mere sAtha vIra-dhandanA ko vAlI prAdhI, aAdi meM mahAvIra svAmI para atyanta dhora clo| arjuna ne kahA ki vahA to mahArAjA zreNika jaise upasarga kiyA / tapa se na Digane para usane hajAro viSadhanavAna aura dharmAtmA Adi ko sthAna milatA hai / mubha, bhare sarpa, bicchu Adi unake nagna zarIra se cipaTA diye / jame nirdhana aura pApI ko kauna jAne degA? sudarzana ne kahA ki vahA~ rAjA ho yA raka, dharmAtmA ho yA pApI, parvata ke samAna dhyAna me sudRDha dekhakara cakita ho usane una ke caraNoM me gira kara kSamA maagii| saba upasarga dUra karake choTA ho yA baDA, saba puruSo ko eka jaisA sthAna milanA sugandhita havA calAI, parantu bha0 mahAvIra to rAga-dveSa hai / yaha muna kara arjuna mAtha ho liyA aura vIra-upadeza se rahita the / upasagaM se dukhI aura unake dUra hone para sukhI itanA prabhAvita huA ki samasta samArI vastupro kA moha / na hote hue nirantara dhyAnArUDha he / / tyAgakara digambara mani ho gyaa| aise mahA duSTa aura pApI ko muni avasthA meM dekha zreNika cakita raha gayA aura 33. guhyaka-bha. mahAvIra kA gAsana devatA (yakSa) jisako pakar3ane aura mRtyu-daNDa dene ke lie bhArI puraskAra 5 thaa| usakA vAhya hAthI thA / vIra kA parama bhakta thA / kI ghoSaNA kara rakhI thI, bhakti bhAva se use namaskAra .4. siddhArno-vIra zAsana-devI (yakSiNI) aura kiyaa| vIra bhaktA thii| 30. zabdAlaputra-yaha kumhAra polAsapura meM rahatA aura bhI aneka prasiddha rAje prAdi vIra-bhakta unake thaa| vaha vIra ke samozaraNa me gayA to itanA prabhA- mamaya me hae / sthAna ke prabhAva se una sabakA varNana nahI vita huA ki usane turanta zrAvaka ke vrata lie| usa kara paaye| samaya mAlI, kumhAra, kahAra Adi bhI zrAvaka-vrata pAlate __ kevala bhArata me hI nahIM, videzo taka meM vIra kI mAnyatA thii| DA. rAdhAkRSNana, bhUtapUrva bhAratIya rASTrapatike, zabdoM 31. vikramasiMha-paulAsapura kA rAjA thA, jaina dharma me vIra-janma-zatAbdI 600 I pU. prAdhyAtmika zAnti tathA kA anuyAyI thaa| vIra ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara usake anta karaNa kI zuddhi ke lie atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| cIna meM rAjakumAra evanta ne apane pitA se di0 muni hone kI lAprotse aura kanaphazama, yUnAna meM parameniDasa aura empe. prAjJA maoNmI to usane kahA ki abhI tuma bacce ho, muni- doklasa, IrAna meM jarathuna aura bhArata meM bha0 mahAvIra th|

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166, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta aura mahAtmA buddha hue hai| balki kandamUla prAdi ko abhakSya gAnatA thaa|" IrAna ke bAdazAha kurUpa (554-530 I0 pU0) kA cIna ke santa vicAraka lAmotse ne apane deza me rAjakumAra prAIka to bha0 mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA sunakara , ratnatraya kA pracAra kiyaa|18 apane 500 mitroM sahita bha0 mahAvIra kI vandanA kI pAyA / vaha aura usake sava sAthI vIra ke upadeza se itane itihAsa-ratna DA0 jyoti prasAda ne apanI prasiddha prabhAvita hue ki samasta rAjya-sukha tyAga digambara mani racanA bhAratIya itihAsa eka dRSTi pR. 48.50 para batAyA (bha0 mahAvIra ke samozaraNa me) ho ge|" inake prabhAva ki bha0 mahAvIra se bhArata meM hI nahIM balki samasta se IrAna meM jaina dharma kA pracAra hA aura IrAnI jaina- mamAra me jJAna-jAgati haI / philistIna me mUmA grAdi siddhAnta apanAne lge| santa vicAraka huye| yUnAna kA prasiddha darzanika pathegorasa bha0 mahAvAra itihAma mAkSI hai ki vIra-kAla me jagata ke vibhinna kA samakAlIna thA / usane bhI vIra ke siddhAnto ko apa- bhAgo meM aneka prakhyAta vicAraka, dArzanika, dharma pravartaka nAyA aura apane deza meM pracAra kiyaa| vaha prAtmA aura harA ninhoMne apane apane dezo meM bha. mahAvIra ke pramakha pAvAgamana ko mAnatA thA aura na kevala mAsa-macchI siddhAnto kA pracAra kiyaa| 00 15 600 B.C. was remarkable for the Spiritual 17.1 The Greek Philosor her Pythagoras unrest and intelletual ferment in many (born 580 BC ) was contemporary of countries. In CHINA we had Lao-Tze ahavira, believed in the theory of and Confusius, in GREECE Parmenides of metapsychosis, transmigration of and Empedocles, in IRAN Zarathustras soul doctrine of Karma and refrained in India, Mahavira and Buddha. from the destruction of life and eating --Dr. S. Radha Krishnan . Foreward meat and even regarded a certain vege. 2500 years of Buddhism. Published table as taboo. by Publication Divison, Govt of --The Legacy of India, Oxford (1937) India, P. V. 16 i. Shrenik's Son Abhay Kumara had ii. All these beliefs are peculiary and disfriendship with Prince of Persia by name tinctively Jain and they have little in Ardraka. He called him to India and common with either the buddhist or took him to Mahavira. Hearing the the Brahmanic religions. divine discorse, Ardraka becama Jaina -Dr Jyoti Prashad : Jainism, The monk. He took the massage of Animsa Oldest Divine Religion, p. 19. to hisc untry. Lao-Tse, the great sage philosopher of -Religion of Tirthankaras, World Jain ___Mission's publication. China preached three jewels (1) Forgiveii. Jain Siddhant Bhaskar, Vol XI, P. 2 ness. (2) Restraint, (3) Alysence of asfor details. piration of being first in the world. iii Dictionary of Jain Biography (Arrab) -Jain Journal, (Calcutta) Oct. 1966, Pp. 11 to 92. p.44. 18.

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mahAbIra-kAla : kucha aitihAsika vyakti 163 me mahAtmA buddha bha. mahAvIra ke siddhAnto se itanA mvarga ke deva parIkSA hetu eka rogI kuSThI, atyaMta durgandha prabhAvita hue ki ve jaina bana gae; parantu jaina muni pUrNa ki koI unake pAsa bhI na jAtA thA, muni banakara kA kaThina tapa aura 22 pariSaha sahana na kara pAne ke unakI nagarI me paayaa| dono ne bar3I zraddhA se unakA kAraNa apanA eka nayA madhyama (bauddha) dharma pracalita kara byAbrata kiyaa| usakA mala-matra taka bhI unhoMne uThAyA diyaa| mahAtmA buddha svaya svIkAra karate hai ki usane jaina jise dekhakara vaha mani asalI deva-rUpa me pragaTa humA / una maniyo kI niyAgrA kA pAlana kiyaa|" aneka vidvAno kA dono kI bar3I prazasA kI aura mahArAjA udayana samyak kahanA hai ki mahAtmA buddha ne aneka jaina siddhAnta apane ke tIsare nivicikitsA praga me jaga prasiddha huye| bauddha dharma meM zAmila kie|" buddha bha0 mahAvIra ko sarva 14. satI cavanA-ceTaka kI putrI itanI sundara thI daSTi se jJAnI svIkAra karate the aura kahate the ki aimA ki eka vidyAdhara use uThAkara le gayA aura apanI paTa anupama jJAna unhe (buddha ko) prApta nahIM / ganI banAnA caahaa| vaha sahamata na huI to eka bhayAnaka 13 udaya sindha-ye sauvIra ke itane mahAna samrATa jagala meM chor3a diyaa| vahA~ bhIloM ke rAjA ne apanI strI ki kaI mo makuTa banda rAje unake prAdhIna the / ceTaka kI banAnA cAhA aura inakAra karane para kozAmbI ke bAjAra putrA prabhAvatI unakI paTa rAnI thii| dono vIra-bhakta the| meM use nIlAma kara diyaa| eka vaizya ne use kharIda liyaa| apanI rAjadhAnI meM unhoMne mahAvIra jaina mandira bha0 candanA usake sAtha nahIM jAtI thii| vahAM ke seTha vRpabha mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI banavA liyA thA jisame sena bahana-sA dhana vezyA ko dekara candanA ko ghara le unhone bha0 mahAvIra kI svarNamayI pratimA virAjamAna praayaa| unakI meThAnI ne candanA ko apane se bhI sundara kara rakhI thii|" unake maMdira me bha0 mahAvIra ko aura catura jAnakara IrSyAbhAva se usake sara ke bAla kaTavA mundara kASTha kI eka bar3I anupama aura kalApUrNa pratimA kara lohe kI jajIro meM jakar3a kara kAla koTharI ma banda itanI manojJa thI ki mAlavA deza kA rAjA candrapradyota kara diyA aura khAne ko miTTI ke pyAle meM kodoM ke dAne usa sandala kI vIra-mUti ko apanI rAjadhAnI ujjaina le detI thii| bha. mahAvIra ko vihAra karate huye kauzAmbI prAye gayA aura use udayana yuddha karake vApasa laayaa|" rAjA 6 mAha ho gaye / rAje mahArAje pragAne ko khar3e hote para ganI dono digambara muniyo ke itane bhakta aura mevaka the ki unakA nimitta na milatA / candanA ne jharokhe me unake 9 In fact Buddha being inspired by the (1) Budoha must have borrowed Jaina teachings of Lord Mahavira, became JAIN Doctrines. SAINT, but being unable to stand the --- Prof. Sil: J.H.M. November, 1928, p. 3. hard life of a Jain monk, he founded the (1) Jainism is mother of Buddhism. Madhyam Path ---Dr. H. Jacobi, Digamber Jain, Surat, -J.H M. Feb. 1925, p. 26. Vol. V, p. 48. 10(i) majjhima ni0 1/2/6 (hindI pR. 48-46) / 12. majjhima ni0 bhAga 1, pR062-63 / (1) vistAra ke lie, hamArA varddhamAna mahAvIra" pR. 43.6 / 11. Karma theory of Jain is an original and 13. Udayin was a devout Jain King. He got integral part of their system. They built a very beautiful Jaina temple in his (Buddhist's) must have borrowed the capital with gold image of Lord Mahavira. term (Asrava) from Jains. - Dr. Kamta Prasad, Sanksipt Jain -Dr. H Jacobi, Encyclopaedia of Itihas Vol. I, pp. 14-23. Religion & Ethics, Vol. VII, p. 472. 14 Da. U.P. Shah : Studies in Jain Art.

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194, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta darzana kie jisake puNya phala se usakI jaMjIra svayaM TaTa sahita jaina mani tathA unake dUsare gaNadhara ho gye| gaI / miTTI kA pyAlA-svarNa kA aura kode ke dAne khIra 19. vAyubhUti gautama-indrabhuti ke laghu bhrAtA aura bana gye| usane vidhi pUrvaka bhagavAna ko prAhAra diyA apane samaya ke mahAvidvAn brAhmaNa the| 500 ziSyoM sahita, jisako munakara vahAM kA rAjA zatAnIka aura usakI bha0 mahAvIra ke jJAna se hI prabhAvita ho jaina muni ho gaye rAnI mugAvatI usa bhAgyazAlI candanA ke darzana karane seTha aura unake tIsare gaNaghara bane / vapabhasena ke ghara Aye / seThAnI ghabarA gaI ki candanA 20. sacidatta-apane samaya ke bar3e vidvAna brAhmaNa ne mere atyAcAra kaha diye to prANadaNDa milegaa| vaha cabanA paNDita the| yajJa me prasiddha the| bha. mahAvIra se prabhAke caraNoM me pddii| rAjA aura rAnI ne candanA ko paha- vita hokara digambara muni ho gaye aura hiMsaka tapa va yajJa cAna liyaa| vaha rAnI kI sagI bahina thii| candanA ko tyAga kara mahAvIra ke cauthe gaNavara hue| rAja maMDala meM le jAnA cAhA; parantu saMsAra ke bhayAnaka 21. maNDika-dhanadeva kI strI vijayA devI ke putra duHkho ko dekhakara, loka-kalyANa hetu jaba mahAvIra svAmI aura prasiddha brAhmaNa vidvAna the| bha0 mahAvIra ke upadeza ko kevala jJAna ho gayA; to vaha unake samadasaraNa me ApikA se prabhAvita hokara jaina muni ho gaye aura pAMcaveM gaNaghara ho gayI aura yogyatA ke bala para zIdhra hI sarva pramukha bane / prAyikA khlaaii| 22. maurya-putra-kAzyapa gotrIya brAhmaNa maurya ke putra 15. celanA :- ceTaka-putrI tathA magadha samrATa zreNika the| bha0 mahAvIra ke samavazaraNa me jainamuni hokara chaThe kI paTarAnI zreNika ne apanI rAjadhAnI rAjagiri meM, prAtma- gaNadhara khlaaye| dharma, agasta 1966, 10170 ke anusAra, celanA ke 23. prAkampina--mithilA-nivAmI, gautama gotrIya, kahane para bhagavAna mahAvIra kehI jIvana kAla meM unakA devadattaka putra the| jayantI inakI mAtA kA nAma thaa| vizAla mandira bnvaayaa| mahArAjA zreNika ko sadana jana brAhmaNa-dharma tyAga digambara muni ho gae / bha0 mahAvIra ke sAtaveM gaNadhara the| aura vIra-bhakta banAnA isI mahilA-ratna kA kArya thaa| 16. yaminI-mahA tAnA zAlibhadra kI putrI, itanI 24. acala vasu- kosalA nivAsI brAhmaNa the / nandA devI inakI mAtA kA nAma thaa| brAhmaNa-dharma tyAga kara vidvAn aura jJAnavatI thI ki haribhadra sUri jaise vidvAn vIra svAmI se prabhAvita ho jaina muni ho gaye aura pAThaveM ko zAstrArtha me parAjita karake unheM jaina dharma me dIkSA gaNadhara hue| dikhlaaii| 25. maMtriya-vatsa deza ke nivaasii| kauDinya nAmaka 17. indrabhUti gautama-vIra-samaya kA sarvazreSTha brAhmaNa brAhmaNa ke putra / mAtA varuNa devI / naveM gaNaghara atyanta vidvAna thaa| rAjagiri ke nikaTa govaTa grAma kA nivAsI catara aura baddhimAna / thA / isakA gotrI gautama thA jisake kAraNa isako gautama 26. prabhAsa-inake pitA kA nAma bala aura mAtA bhI kahate the| vasubhati ke jyeSTha putra the| pRthvI inakI kAnAdha pratibhadrA thaa| rAjagiri nivAsI, mahA paNDita / mAtA thii| 500 pracaNDa vidvAno ke guru the / bhagavAn brAhmaNa putra, dasaveM gaNaghara the| mahAvIra se zAstrArtha karane unake samavazaraNa me gaye, paratu 27. sudharma-rAjagiri ke suprasiddha brAhmaNa ke mahA unake anupama jJAna, sarvajatA se prabhAvita hokara unake vidvAna pUtra / jaina muni hokara bha. mahAvIra ke 11veM nikaTa jaina mani ho gaye aura apanI yogyatA se unake gaNadhara the| pramukha gaNaghara bana gye| 28. yazoSara-mahA muni, siMha se bhI bhayAnaka 500 18. agnibhUti gautama- indrabhUti ke majhale bhrAtA zikArI kutte eka duSTa ne ina para chor3a diye; parantu yaha aura usa samaya ke pracaNDa brAhmaNa vidvAn tathA 500 ziSyoM dhyAna meM magna rahe aura inakI zAnta mudrA tathA tapa ke ke guru the| bha0 mahAvIra se prabhAvita hokara 500 ziSyoM prabhAva se vaha saba kara kutte pyAra se duma hilAte hue inake

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mahAvIra tathA nArI 169 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dharma-tIrtha ke lie caturvidha saMgha- dhAma rahatA hai, vaha dukhI rahatA hai|" aise anekAneka muni, prAyikA, zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA kI vyavasthA kii| prasaMga vibhinna dhArmika tathA sAmAjika granthoM meM mileNge| sAre pArivArika tathA dhArmika saMskAroM me zrAvaka tathA inakA puruSa-samAja para vyApaka prabhAva paDA aura nArI ke zrAvikA kI sthiti tathA stara samAna hai| isa satya se prati puruSa-saMskAra bahuta krUra aura amAnavIya bane / / mukha nahIM moDA jA sakatA / pArivArika vyavasthA, cAhe pArivArika sthiti ke atirikta usa kAla meM nArI vaha kisI bhI maskRti kI ho, puruSa-pradhAna hai / kucha ko ceTikA, dAmI, gaNikA tathA vezyA ke rUpoM ko bhI apavAdoM ko chor3a kara puruSa-pradhAna-vyavasthA ko hI grAdarza dhAraNa karanA pdd'aa| adhikAza meM yaha paristhitiyAM nArI mAnA gayA hai| yaha kaTa satya hai ki gahamtha-jIbana me nAge kI svecchA se utpanna nahIM huI parantu puruSa-pradhAna samAja kA jo abhyatthAna honA cAhie thA, vaha nahI ho pAyA ne apane zArIrika tathA prAdhika bala ke kAraNa apanI hai / nArI svayaM bhI mohagrasta rahI hai aura isa vyavasthA svArtha-pUrti ke lie una para thopa dI / tulasI dAsa jI kI ko usane grAnanda aura harSa se svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha nimna pakti se nArI kI sAmAjika bibazatA tathA para. jana-sAdhAraNa kI bAta hai parantu kucha rAjA tathA dheSThi- vazatA kA AbhAsa hotA hai| parivAra isake apavAda ho sakate hai| "kata vidhi sajI nAri jaga maahi| / nArI ke vibhinna rUpa parAdhIna sapanehuM sukha nAhIM // . purupa ke vyaktigata tathA sAmAjika me jIvana hameM nArI "he vidhAtA tUne, aurata kI racanA hI kyoM kI? ke vibhinna rUpa prApta hote hai| jaise -- patrI bahina, patnI, parAdhIna vyakti ko sapane meM bhI sukha nahIM miltaa|" / damaH yaka mpoM meM samAja nArI-jIvana kI vivazatA para ronA pAtA hai| uparyata tathA puruSa prabhAvita hasA hai aura vaha svayaM bhI aneka rUpoM paktiyA~ nArI ke antarmana kI vyathA vyakta kara rahI hai| tathA sthitiyo se prabhAvita huI hai / nArI kI dRSTatA kI / daratA kI nArI jIvana ke bojha ko anamane-pana se svayaM na jI kara carama sImA kA citraNa bhI hai tathA usakI vizAlatA, dUsarA ke lie jI rahI thii| aisI paristhiti meM bhI pUraSakomalatA aura prema kI udAttatA ke citra bhI dekhane ko mamAja usake mAtRtva kI mahimA kA gAna karake lAbha uThAne se nahI cukA / mA se apekSA kI gaI ki putra cAhe striyo ke caritra ke sambandha meM sammaga jAtaka (bauddha kapUta hI nikale parantu mAtA kabhI kumAtA nahIM hotI hai| grantha) me kahA hai ki dhanya hai nArI, usane ise bhI akSaraza. pUrA kiyaa| surakkhita metti kathaM na vissase / sAdhvI-vyavasthA aneka citAsu na hatyi rkhnaa| parantu use milA kyA? kyA kabhI umake antarmana etAdi pAtAla papAta snnibhaa| ko zAnti mila pAyI ? kyA samAja ne samajhA ki aimI etthatha matto vyasanaM niJchati // bhISaNa sthiti usame jIvana ke prati baMgagya paidA nahIM kara "yadi koI samajhatA hai ki maiMne apanI strI ko sktii| nArI isa vaiSamya se Uba uThI thii| isa sUtrakAlIna surakSita rakhA huyA hai to vaha bhrama meM hai| usakA kabhI vyavasthA ke virodha me jo krAnti huI, usase nArI ne vizvAsa nahI karanA caahie| strI kI buddhi bahuta hI bhikSuNI vyavasthA ko svIkAra kiyaa| vaha vyavasthA nArI caMcala hotI hai, usakI rakSA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| ke prati prAdara ke bhAva jAgRta kara sakI aura nArI-jIvana usakA svabhAva to jharane kI taraha hotA hai jo barAbara kA viziSTa aga bana gii| Upara se nIce kI ora hI giratA rahatA hai| Upara uThanA vaidika-sAhitya meM bhikSaNI-sAdhvI tathA saMnyAsinI usake lie sarvathA asambhava hai| nIce giranA hI umakA yA usase milatI-julatI kisI bhI aisI vyavasthA kA svabhAva aura dharma hai| jo bhI vyakti usake prati prasAva- ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vaidika yuga meM sAdhviyoM kA milate hai|

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200 varSa 28, ki.. anekAnta astitva nahIM thaa| kahI-kahI viduSI nAriyo tathA brahma- samAja meM dono kA viziSTa sthAna thA aura grAja bhI hai| vAdinI striyoM kA varNana avazya milatA hai parantu vaha rAjA tathA prajA donoM hI prAyikA yA parivrAjikA ko kiso vyavasthA kA dyotaka nahIM hai| pUrA pUrA vinayapUrvaka sammAna dete hai| RSi-patniyA~ tathA rAniyA pati kI sahayoginI ke jo nAriyA pArivArika tathA sAmAjika kAraNoM rUpa meM hI dhArmika ( yajJAdi ) kRtya karatI thii| bAna- dvArA pIr3ita hotI thI tathA jinake mana meM vairAgya ke prastha tathA sanyAsAzrama meM unheM praveza karane kA adhikAra aMkUra phaTa nikalate the, ve pravajyA letI thii| isame rAjanahIM thaa| isame puruSa-varga kA hI ekAdhikAra thaa| kula mAmanta tathA zreSThI va sambhrAnta parivAro kI nAriyA uttara vaidika kAla meM nArI dhArmika adhikAro se vacita bhI hotI thI jinhe masAra kI asAratA kI vivekamayI kara dI gii| kAlAntara me usakA hrAsa hI hotA gyaa| pana bhati ho jAtI thii| isa sarvodaya-tIrtha meM nArI ko jaina-mAgamoM se bhalI-bhAMti spaSTa hai ki usa kAla meM bhI pUre prAtmotthAna kA avasara tathA tajjanya prAnanda prApta nArI ko na kevala jaina dharmAnuyAyI puruSoM ke samAna dhAmika hotA thA / adhikAra prApta the; balki prAdhikA-saba kI vyavasthA me taga bhayavAna mahAvIra ke kAla me kaI sampradAya the ora sAdhvI banane para bhI kisI prakAra kA pratibandha yA akuza una sampradAyo ke samthApako ne apane lie bhI 'tIrthakara' nahI thaa| mahAvIra kAla meM striyo ko saMddhAntika tathA upAdhi kA prayoga kiyA hai jame pUraNa kAssapa, makvalivyAvaha rika dAno dRSTiyo se puruSo ke sanAna stara tathA / gosAla, ajita kesakambali, padhakaccAyan (prakudha pratiSThA milii| kAtyAyana) saJjaya velaTThiyutta, zuddhodana-putra bodhisatva / jaina-Agamo meM prAyikA-sagha kI vyavasthA prathama inake atirikta bhI inase choTe aneka zAmtA the jo apane tIrthakara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke kAla se hI thii| unakI sidvAnto ko usa kAna meM pracalita kara rahe the| inameM meM dono putriyAM brAhmI tathA sundarI ne prAyikA-dIkSA bhagavAna kucha ne mahAvIra kA anukaraNa karake laghurUpa meM bhikSugIse lI thI aura brAhmI ( mukhya prAyikA ) ke natRtva meM sagha kI vyavasthA karane kA prayAsa kiyA parantu vaha cala tIna lAkha aAyikAmo kA sagha thaa| usake bAda bhI nahIM paaii| bauddha-dharma meM hI azata usakA pAlana ho pratyeka tIrthakara ke kAla me prAyikA-sagha kI vyavasthA thii| paayaa| bauddha-dharma ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI sampradAya pAzvanAtha ke kAla meM prAyikA-sagha kI pradhAna prAyikA chinna-bhinna ho gae aura unakA cihnamAtra bhI zepa nahI puSpacala thI tathA unake netRtva me 38 hajAra prAdhikA hai| thii| mahAvIra ke prAyikA-sagha me 36 hajAra prAyikAe baudagha-dharma meM bodhisatva ne bhikSa sagha kI sthApanA thI / pradhAna prAyikA satI candanA thI parantu kucha kA kI parantu bhikSuNI-sagha kI sthApanA usake kaI varSoM kahanA hai ki pradhAna mAyikA yazasvatI thI parantu yaha (lagabhaga mAta aATha varSa) taka nahIM huii| usakA kAraNa vivAda grasta bAta nahIM hai ki satI candanA prasiddha prAyikA yaha hai ki budgha nArI ke prati udAsIna rahe / apano raajthii| kumAra avasthA meM unhone pratApUra kI paricArikAmoM ko jaina mahAvratI sagha-vyavasthA me jainAcArya nirmita ghaNita rUpo meM dekhA thA aura usase unake mana meM glAni niyamoM ke AdhAra para mani-sagha tathA AdhikA-sagha kA utpanna ho gaI thii| yaha bhI unakI pravrajyA kA eka saMrakSaNa va saMcAlana karate the| satpAtra nArI ko prAyikA- kAraNa thA / unhone striyo ko brahma vayaM kA vikAra batAyA doA lene meM koI vizeSa kaThinAI nahIM hotI thii| mani- thaa| sagha tathA prAyikA-saMgha ke stara me thor3A hI antara thA "ityo gala brahmacariyasya etthAya sajjate pajA" parantu vyavahAra meM yaha samAna hI thaa| muni tathA prAyikA sayata nikAya 1136 kI dinacaryA tathA vinaya ke niyama lagabhaga samAna hI hai| unakA vizvAsa thA ki nArI pitA, pati tathA putra

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mahAvIra tathA nArI // zrI ratnatrayadhArI jaina, naI dillI "nArI tathA mahAvIra" viSaya apane Apa meM bar3A strI-prAcAra-sahitA ekAgI rahI hai, jabaki puruSa ke lie vicitra lagatA hai; kyoki janamAnasa para yaha bAta spaSTa AcAra-sahitA se usakA nirakuza prabhutva vyakta hotA hai| hai ki vaha janmanA brahmacArI, antarmukhI, prAtmadarzI tathA kAvya-grantho meM bhI nArI ke nakha-zikha-varNana kA aparigrahI the; taba unakA nArI se kyA sambandha ho sakatA bAhulya hai; mAno mAnava evaM devo ke manoginoda ke lie hI nArI kI sRSTi huI ho| use puruSa ke lie bhoga vilAsa yaha bhrAti phailI huI hai ki prAdhyAtmika gharAtala para kA anyatama sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| nAyikA, gaNikA, hone se sabhavatayA usa mahAmAnava ne "garI nagkasya vArAMganA, abhisArikA, dutI prAdi aneka rUpoM meM nArI dvAram" mAnA hai| isa bhrAnti kA prAdhAra hai-digambara kA citraNa isa bAta kA jvalanta pramANa hai| isase spaSTa hai mAmnAya kI yaha mAnyatA- "nArI.paryAya se mokSa nirI yi sa mAjha ki rasika rAjA evaM gaNapradhAna tathA sampanna zreSThI-varga nahI ho sktaa|" isa mAnyatA ko nArI ke prati baDA unmatta praNaya-vyApAra ke lie nArI kA khulakara upayoga anudAra mAnA gayA hai| buddha ke anusAra bhI strI samyak / karate the| sambuddha nahI ho sktii| anya dharmoM meM bhI aisI mAnya- vaidika kAla meM to nArI kA sAmAjika stara acchI tAeM hai ki mokSa-prApti me parama puruSArtha hetu puruSa-paryAya sthiti meM rahA parantu zanaiH zanaiH imakA hrAsa hotA gayA; hI apekSita hai yA prAdhyAtmika utthAna tathA tapa kI yahA~ taka ki smRti-yuga me nArI dvArA veda-mantro ke jitanI kriyAe~ hai, ve puruSa ke zarIra-sagaThana se hI sahaja uccAraNa para pratibandha lagA diyA gy|| svatantra jIvanaaura sulabha hai| yApana usake lie niSiddha ho gyaa| nArI kI bauddhika Aja ke pariveza me; jaba yaha varSa bhagavAna mahAvIra zakti ke prati avajJA kA bhAva prakaTa kiyA gyaa| nArI kA 2500vA nirvANa-varSa hai tathA sayukta rASTra-sagha dvArA ko 'aguli-bhara prajJA vAlI' kaha kara apamAnita kiyA bhI isa varSa ko antarrASTrIya "nArI-varSa" ke rUpa me gyaa| nArI ko kevala santAnotpatti kA sAdhana mAnA manAyA jA rahA hai| prastuta viSaya para carcA atyanta gyaa| mAtR-sattAtmaka samAja ke sthAna para pitRsattAtmaka pAvazyaka evaM samIcIna hai| samAja kI sthApanA se nArI kI dazA dina-pratidina dayajanetara granthoM meM nArI: nIya hotI gii| nArI ke jitane rUpa granthoM meM upalabdha rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi aneka jainetara granthoM ke hote hai hote hai, ve puruSa-sattA se prabhAvita hai| madhyakAlIna katipaya uddharaNo me jahAM eka ora nArI ko hIna, patita, uddharaNA ma jahA eka prAra nArA kA hAna, pAtata, sAhitya me nArI-vyaktitva kI maraNAsanna dazA vyakta pApinI, avizvasanIya tathA puruSa kI sampatti kahA gayA hotI hai / zRGgAra-paraka sAhitya ne na kevala apane yuga hai, vahAM devI rUpI nArI ko lakSmI, sarasvatI tathA zakti ko prabhAvita kiyA apitu isakA kuprabhAva sudIrgha kAla kA uccatama rUpa mAnA gayA hai| yaha saba hote hue bhI taka banA rhaa| 1. pitA rakSati kaumAre, bhartA rakSati yauvne| putrastu sthavire bhAve, na strI svAtalyamahati // -bodhAyana dharma-sUtra, 2 / 2 / 2 2. prajananAcaM striyaH mRSTAH, santAnArthaM ca mAnavAH / - manusmRti 666

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198, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, manusmRti, yAjJavalkya-dharma-sUtra, jaina-pranthoM meM nArI vasiSTha-dharma-sUtra, harivaMza-purANa prAdi vaidika granthoM tathA vaidika saMskRti meM putra ke janma ko mahatva diyA gayA dIghanikAya, sullAvagga, jAtaka-kathA Adi bauddha granthoM se nArI kI hIna sAmAjika sthiti pUrNatayA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| pitR-RNa se makti pAne ke lie putra-prApti parama hai| ina granthoM ne yadA-kadA jahA~ bhI nArI ko sammAnita pAvazyaka mAnI gaI hai| parantu zramaNa (jaina va bauddha) rUpa meM pradarzita kiyA hai, ve nAriyA kevala rAjakula, saskRti meM isa para koI prAgraha nhii| vahA~ isakI upekSA sAmanta, zreSThi-varga kI kucha nAriyA~ haiN| sAmAnya nArI kI gayI hai / putra naraka se pitA kI rakSA nahIM kara sakatA hai| karma meM pratyeka jIva svatatra hai| isalie use piNDa ko to vezyA, zudra tathA pazu kI sthiti meM rakhA gayA hai| tathA jala-tarpaNa Adi kriyA kANDa kI koI AvazyakatA nahI isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki vauddha evaM jaina yuga ke hai| isa mAnyatA se putra tathA putrI kI samAnatA ke prati grArambha taka nArI kI sthiti hIna tathA dayanIya ho dRSTikoNa ko bala milatA hai| anya saskAro me bhI nArI cukI thii| ke vyaktitva ko pAgamo me sammAna se dekhA gayA hai| mahAvIra dvArA krAnti kA sUtrapAta jaina-pAgamo meM bhI kaI sthalo para nArI ke prati kaTu licchavi gaNarAjya meM janme mahAvIra isase bhalI bhAMti paricita the| isIlie unhoMne krAnti kI udaghoSaNA eva durbhAvanA-pUrNa vAkyo kA upayoga huA hai / isakA eka kAraNa yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda jaina-sAhitya kI aura dhArmika jar3atA, karmakANDa tathA purupa-pradhAna tathA prAgama-gratha vaidika tathA bauddha prabhAva se achUte nahI samAja-vyavasthA tathA brAhmaNavAda kA bahiSkAra karane ko raha sake / saskRtiyo kA AdAna-pradAna eka kAla meM kahA / varNa-vyavasthA para sIdhA kuThArAghAta kiyaa| mAnava itanA vyApaka aura gaharA hotA hai ki kabhI kabhI mUla kI samAnatA tathA sammAna ko dharma kA mUla kahA / prANi mAnyatA usakI capeTa me pUrNatayA naSTa ho jAtI hai| mAtra ke prati samatA tathA prema bhAva kI preraNA dii| ekAgI dRSTikoNa aura bhrAnti tathA haTAgraha kI agni se jalate dhyAna pUrvaka ciMtana tathA manana karane para jJAta hogA ki hae logo ko anekAnta tathA syAdvAda kA rasa-pAna nArI ke viSaya me jo kucha bhI kahA gayA hai, vaha mayama-pAlana kraayaa| mAnavIya guNo kI vRddhi tathA pratyeka vyaktitva ke tathA usakI rakSA hetu hai| agara puruSa ke mayama-pAlana ma carama vikAsa kA lakSya rkhaa| isI se nArI kA bhI strI bAdhaka hotI hai to usI prakAra nArI ke sayama pAlana meM abhyudaya tathA carama vikAsa humaa| purupa bAdhaka hotA hai| vAstava me jo bhI doSa hai, vaha puruSa nArI ko bhagavAn ne pratiSThita kiyaa| usake mAtRtva yA nArI kA eka dUsare ke prati dRSTikoNa tathA bhAvAnubhUti ko pUjya bnaayaa| usa Atma-kalyANa kA mArga btlaayaa| kA hai| jisa bhAva kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai, vaise hI rUpa usa patha para nArI kI agragati ke lie bhikSuNI tathA ke darzana hote haiM aura vaisI hI kriyA tathA pratikriyA kA prAyikA-saMghoM kI sthApanA huii| use puruSa ke samAna hI phala hotA hai / jaina-darzana kI nIva guNa-pUnA para prAdhArita dhAmika adhikAra mile / jaise-jaise mahAvIra kI vicAra- hai, isa lie kisI bhI bAhya padArtha tathA vyakti se, cAhe dhArA phailI, vaise-vaise nArI kA utsAha baDhatA gayA aura vaha strI ho yA puruSa, sAdhanA prabhAvita nahIM ho sakatI, vaha sammAnita sthAna prApta karatI gii| jaba taka vyakti kI dRSTi svayaM prabhAvita na ho| bhAvanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA ki nArI hI tIrthakara tathA pradhAna hone se jo bhI pariNAma hotA hai, usakA karnA zalAkA puruSo ko janma dene vAlI hai| unhoMne kahA ki svayaM jIva hotA hai| anya koI bhI usakA hita ahita, nArI tyAga kI mUrti hai aura jaba vaha viveka se vicaraNa nahI kara sakatA hai| bauddha tathA jaina AgamoM ne nArI ko karatI hai, apanI icchAyeM alpa kara letI hai| sAta tathA caudaha ratnoM meM se eka mAnA hai|

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mahAvIra tathA nArI 201 ke adhIna gRhastha meM raha kara yathAzakti dharma kA pAlana maThoM, vihAroM, caityoM tathA mandiroM meM bhikSuNI-saMgha kA kare / ve saiddhAntika tathA vyAvahArika daSTi se striyo ko prabhAva-sA hI hai| usa kAla meM bhI bauddha bhikSuNI tathA sagha meM praveza dene ke pakSa meM nahI the / usa kAla meM nArI jaina prAyikA-sagha kI saMkhyA ke anupAta meM bar3A antara kA brahmacarya meM vizvAsa va use pAlane kI icchA hone para thaa| jaina prAgamo me kahIM bhI aisA varNana nahIM milatA bhI zArIrika racanA ke kAraNa use puruSa ke bala-prayoga ki kisI gaNikA ne pAyikA-dIkSA lI ho; parantu aneka dvArA bhraSTa kiyA jA sakatA thaa| gaNikAnoM ne bauddha bhikSa-saMgha me dIkSA lI thii| unameM se buddha ke pradhAna bhikSu prAna da isa sambandha meM udAra the prakhyAta prAmrapAlI hai| bhikSaNI-saMgha tathA mAyikA-saMghaaura mahAvIra kA zramaNI-saMgha bhI unakI dRSTi meM thaa| donoM dIkSita nArI-saMgho kI kisa prakAra kI vyavasthA unhoMne kitanI bAra cAhA ki bhikSaNI-sagha bhI sthApita hogI, yaha isa pora igita karatA hai| ho, parantu buddha ne isake lie anumati nahIM dI / isI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caturmakhI-saMgha-vyavasthA ne dharmaprakAra kA prayAsa buddha kI mausI gautamI bhI karatI rhii| tIrtha kI vRddhi meM paryApta mahatvapUrNa yoga diyA hai / isase unake hAtha bhI nirAzA lgii| eka bAra unhone apane samAja meM nArI kA zrAvikA tathA zramaNikA ke rUpa meM kezoM ko kaTavA liyA thA tathA bauddha bhikSupro ke samAna sammAna kA sthAna banA rahA hai| kASAya vastra dhAraNa kara lie aura anya bahuta-sI striyoM ko bhI apane sAtha le liyA aura kapila-vastu se vaizAlI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla kI aneka ghaTanAyeM aisI haiM jaba ki nArI ne unake prAtmadIpa ke prakAza meM zAnti tathA kI pada-yAtrA kii| prAnanda tathA gautamI ne eka ke bAda eka tarka die kalyANa kI anubhUti kii| parantu yahA~ do ghaTanAmoM kI carcA se nArI ke prati unake kalyANamaya tathA karuNAmaya paura buddha ne anicchA tathA anamane-rana se sahamati pradAna hara dRSTikoNa ke darzana hote hai| kI thii| prAnanda ne bhikSaNI-saMgha ke vidhAna kI racanA kI dRSTi aura isa vyavasthA se bhikSuNI banane ke lie mArga khola satI candanabAlA diyaa| isa saMgha kI pramukhatA bhikSutroM ke hAtha me thii| satI candanabAlA kI kathA se kauna paricita nahIM hai ? bhikSa aura bhikSaNI kA stara jaina muni tathA prAyikA ke rAjA zatAnIka ne vijayadazamI kA parva campA nagarI ko lUTa samAna eka-se stara kA nahIM bana paayaa| kara manAyA thaa| sainiko ne mahArAnI dhAriNI tathA vasubhikSa bhaura bhikSuNI-sadha kI sthApanA se kaI navIna matI kA apaharaNa kara liyaa| dhAriNI kI mRtyu mArya meM samasyAyeM samAja ke sAmane utpanna huii| yaha deza kA ratha se kUdane ke kAraNa ho gii| aneka duHkhada paristhidurbhAgya rahA ki usa kAla kI rAjya-vyavasthA ke kAraNa tiyoM me se hokara anta meM candanA kA vikraya humA aura bhikSuNI ke sAtha anucita kArya karane se kuzIla vyakti dhanavAha seTha ne vasUmatI ko dhana dekara prApta kara liyaa| sAmAjika yA rAjadaNDa kA bhAgI nahI hotA thaa| bhikSuNI- aba vaha dAsI kA jIvana jI rahI thii| saMva pratiSThA tathA sammAna prApta nahIM kara skaa| mahAvIra ke jJAna meM vasumatI kI sArI sthiti citrita Aja bhI bauddha dharmAvalambiyoM meM mAnyatA hai ki nArI ho gii| vaha abhigraha rakha kara mAhAra ko nikale / dAsI (nimna jIva) ko saMgha meM praveza karAkara zAkya muni ne ke vIbhatsa rUpa para vaha prahAra karanA cAhate the| unakI acchA nahIM kiyaa| aisA karake unhoMne bauddha-dharma kI unnati bhAvanA thI ki nArI ke lie yaha abhizApa sadaiva ke lie ko 500 varSa pIche dhakela diyA hai / Aja bhI himAlaya miTa jaae| ke kinnara pradeza, tibbata evaM laddAkha meM (jo ki bauddha- mahAvIra kauzAmbI meM nirantara kitane hI dina nirAhAra dharma ke gar3ha haiM), nArI ko sammAnita pada prApta nahIM hai| lauTa paate| sArI nagarI cintA meM Daba gaI ki cAra mahIne mAja bauddha bhikSuNI nAma-mAtra ko raha gaI haiN| gomphAnoM, se bhagavAn pratidina mAhAra ke binA vaise hI lauTa jAte haiN|

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202, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta mahArAja zatAnIka ne upasthita hokara bhagavAna se apanI zakti ke sAmane vaha eka bAla-prayAsa hI thaa| yuddha kA tathA nagaravAsiyoM kI ora se prArthanA kI, parantu ve mauna aAtaMka chA gyaa| rhe| isa dazA meM lagabhaga 6 mahIne bIta ge| magAvatI ne isa ghoratama aMdhakAra tathA nissahAya avasthA eka dina bhagavAn mahAvIra dhanavAha seTha ke ghara kI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA smaraNa kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra usa caukhaTa para jAkara khar3e ho gae jahA~ para candanA bandinI kauzAmbI ke udyAna meM A gye| mahAvIra kA Agamana hote kA jIvana vyatIta kara rahI thii| vaha bhagavAn ko dekha kara hI mRgAvatI ne kauzAmbI nagara ke saba dvAra khulavA die| ekadama khar3I ho gaI / vaha prasanna thI, saba abhigraha pUre the bhaya tathA andhakAra abhaya tathA prakAza meM parivartita ho parantu prabhukaNa nahI the| bhagavAna muDe, aisA dekha kara gae / mRgAvatI bhagavAna ke samavasaraNa meM aaii| vahAM para candanA kI AkhoM se azradhArA baha niklii| usane prArthanA caNDapradyota bhI praayaa| bhagavAn kI divya-dhvani huii| kI-pApa to nArI jAti ke uddhAraka haiN| dAsa-prathA sabane prAtmadharma tathA ahiMsA kA rasa-pAna kiyaa| tor3ane ke lie kaTibaddha hai, phira bhI Apa lauTa cle| caNDapradyota kA Akroza tathA kAma zAnta ho gyaa| rAnI bhagavAn ne mur3a kara dekhA aura vApisa A ge| aba to ne bhagavAna se prArthanA kI aura sAdhvI hone kI icchA sabhI saMkalpa pUre ho gae the| candanA ne ubale ur3ada kA prakaTa kii| kauzAmbI ke rAjakumAra apane putra udayana grAhAra bhagavAn ko diyA / saba ber3iyAM TUTa gaI, satI kI surakSA kA bhAra caNDapradyota ko sauMpakara usane jayantI kA teja camaka uThA / dAsI se AhAra liyA / yaha bAta (zatAnIka kI bhaginI) ke sAtha prAyikA-dIkSA le lii| sAre nagara meM phaila gaI / dAsI candanA ko pahacAna liyA vAsanA kA tamas prema meM badala gyaa| prAkrAntA saMrakSaka gayA ki vaha rAjA dadhivAhana kI putrI vasumatI hai| bana gyaa| mRgAvatI kA zIla surakSita raha gayA - yaha dAsatva se candanA kI mukti ho gaI / dAsatva para kuThArA. nArI kI surakSA tathA ahiMsA kA advitIya udAharaNa hai| ghAta tathA nArI-bandha-vimocana kI isase bar3o ghaTanA aura caturvidha saMgha meM nArI kyA ho sakatI hai ? nArI-utthAna kA anupama prayoga thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sarvodaya-tIrtha meM hiMsA tathA dAsacandanabAlA ne saMsAra tyAga kara bhagavAna se prAyikAdIkSA le lii| vaha prAtmotthAna ke mArga kI pathika bana prathA kA virodha hai aura samatA kA upadeza hai| jaatigii| nArI-jAti ke vikAsa kA avaruddha dvAra khula prathA aura UMca-nIca kA isameM koI sthAna nhiiN| nArI jAti kA pUrNodaya usameM hai| nArI kI garimA kA samyak gyaa| mUlyAMkana hai| mahAvIra bhagavAna dvArA pratipAdita catavidha mRgAvatI kI kathA saMgha-zramaNa, zramaNikA zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA-mAja bhI dUsarI ghaTanA bar3I hI vicitra hai / ahiMsA tathA nArI cala rahA hai| kalyANa kA adbhuta prayoga hai| saMgha-vyavasthA dharma-tIrtha ke lie pratyannAvazyaka mAnI ujjayinI kA rAjA caNDapradyota bahuta zaktizAlI gaI hai| vartamAna kAla meM bhI zrAvikA (gahastha-nArI) ko tathA kAmuka thA / vaha zatAnIka kI patnI maha: caturvidha saMgha kI pravRtti meM kendra mAnA gayA hai| suzIla, rAnI mRgAvatI para mohita ho gayA thA aura apane lie usakI mAMga kii| zatAnIka ne prastAva ThukarA diyA / caritravatI tathA dharmajJA nArI pati ko sukhI rakhane kA isakA pratyAzita phala kauzAmbI para prAkramaNa huaa| zatA kAraNa banatI hai tathA zramaNa aura zramaNikA ko navadhA bhakti se mAhAra dekara dharma-tIrtha ke avagAhana meM bar3A yoga nIka ghabarA gayA aura rugNa hokara mRtyu ko prApta huaa| detI hai| mahArAnI tathA janatA ne kauzAmbI kI yathAzakti gAMdhI jI gujarAta-nivAsI the| gujarAta pradeza kI rakSA karane kA prayAsa kiyA, parantu caNDapradyota kI sainya saMskRti natva-pradhAna rahI hai| vahAM para nAriyoM kA bar3A

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mahAvIra tathA nArI 203 sammAna rahA hai tathA dhArmika evaM sAmAjika kAryoM meM prAcArya vinobA bhAve ne strI zakti ke sandarbha meM kahA : unakA bahumUlya yogadAna rahA hai| isakA gAMdhI jI para "maiM mAnatA hai ki jaba taka zakarAcArya ke samAna prabhAva par3A aura isI kAraNa unhoMne apane saba kAryoM meM prakhara vairAgya-sampanna strI paidA nahIM hotI; taba taka striyo jaise prAzramoM va bhAndolanoM meM, nArI jAti se pUrNa sahayoga kA uddhAra kRSNa, buddha, gAdhI jaise puruSa bhI nahIM kara sakate liyA / una para prAyikA-saMgha kA apUrva prabhAva thaa| isa haiM / kucha sImA taka madada kI jA sakatI hai| kintu striyoM lie saba rASTrIya pravRttiyoM meM unhoMne nAriyoM kA sahayoga kA uddhAra striyoM se hI hone vAlA hai; vairAgya, zIla aura prApta kiyA thaa| Aja kI rASTrIya cetanA bhI nArI-cetanA jJAna kA pracAra karane vAlI bahaneM, jinase zAstra bana sakatA banI hai| mahAvIra kI sarvodaya-krAnti ko gAMdhI jI ne hai, kyo na nikale, yaha merI samajha meM nahIM paataa| ahiMsA-pAlana aura nArI-jAti kA utthAna karake apane meM samagratayA utAra liyA thaa| "agara maiM strI hotA to na jAne kitanI bagAvata unakA aTUTa vizvAsa thA ki striyoM meM ahiMsA kii| krtaa| maiM to cAhatA hai ki striyoM kI tarapha se bagAvata vizeSa zakti rahatI hai aura isIlie sarvotama kAnti unhI / ho| lekina bagAvata to vaha strI karegI jo vairAgya kI ke dvArA siddha hogii| mRti hogii| vairAgya-vRtti pragaTa hogI tabhI to mAtRtva siddha hogaa| striyA~ svataMtratA cAhatI hai to unhe vAsanA vinobA jI ke (pavanAra Azrama se vyakta) nimna ke bahAva meM bahanA nahIM caahie|" bhAva haiM : mahAbIra ne dAmI candanA ko pradhAna prApikA ke rUpa "jainadharma ke prAcArya zrI mahAvIra svAmI kA yaha meM dIkSita karake nArI ko krAnti kI preraNA dii| mahA2500vAM nirvANa-varSa hai / mahAvIra svAmI pahale dharmAcArya prakRti ko usakI mahAzakti kA jJAna karAyA tathA usakI hai, jinhone samAja-pravAha ke viruddha jAkara mahilAoM ko vairAgya-vatti ko samyak dharma kA upadeza dekara sampuSTa apane dharma-sampradAya meM Adara kA sthAna diyaa| yahI, kiyaa| nArI mAtra ko trizalA kA sammAna diyaa| kAraNa hai ki Aja deza meM hajAroM jaina sAdhviyAM ahiMsA ise devI, sukhada tathA vicitra sayoga kahe yA prakRti saMyama, sahiSNutA aura aparigraha kA vrata lekara himmata ke kI satyatA kA udghoSa kahe ki mahAvIra ke ima 2500ve sAtha dharmopadeza detI huI samAja meM vicaratI hai|" nirvANa-mahotsava-varSa ko 'saMyukta-rASTra sava' ne 'nArI-varSa' -maitrI, jUna 1975 pR. 404 ghoSita karake bhagavAna mahAvIra ko upayukta zraddhAJjali maharSi ramaNa ne bhI kahA thA : apita kI hai| "pati ke lie caritra, saMtAna ke lie mamatA, samAja ke lie zIla, vizva ke lie dayA tathA jIvamAtra ke lie karuNA saMjone vAlI mahAprakRti kA nAma hI nArI hai|" naI dillI-1 8, janapatha lena, 000 mahAvIra-vANI jo parigraha meM phaMse hue haiM. ve vara ko hI bar3hAte haiN| jisakA citta viSayoM se virakta hai, vaha yogI hI prAtmA ko jAna sakatA hai| jo mAtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha saba zAstroM ko jAnatA hai| 000

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jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa / sva. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI, pArA "jyotiSAM sUryAdigrahANAM bodhakaM zAstra"-sUryAdi graha se kI gaI hai| samasta nakSatroM kA kula, upakula aura paura kAla kA bodha karAne vAlA zAstra jyotiSa kahalAtA kulopakuloM meM vibhAjana kara varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha hai| atyanta prAcIna kAla se prAkAza-maNDala mAnava ke lie varNana-praNAlI jyotiSa ke vikAsa meM apanA mahatvapUrNa kautUhala kA viSaya rahA hai / sUrya aura candramA se paricita sthAna rakhatI hai| ghaniSThA, uttarAbhAdrapada, azvinI, ho jAne ke uparAnta tArAmoM, grahoM evaM upagrahoM kI jAna- kRttikA, mRgazirA, puSya, maghA, uttarAphAlgunI, citrA, kArI bhI mAnava ne prApta kii| jaina paramparA batalAtI hai visAkhA, mUla evaM uttarASADhA-ye nakSatra kulasaMjJaka; ki mAja se lAkhoM varSa pUrva karmabhUmi ke prArambha meM prathama zravaNa, pUrvAbhAdrapada, revatI, bharaNI, rohiNI, punarvasu, kalakara pratizrati ke samaya meM, jaba manuSyoM ko sarva- prAzleSA, pUrvAphAlgunI, hasta, svAti, jyeSThA evaM pUrvA. prathama sUrya aura candramA dikhalAyI par3e, to ve sazaM- SADhA-ye nakSatra upakulasaMjJaka aura abhijit, zatamiSA, kita hae aura apanI utkaMThA zAnta karane ke lie ukta pArdrA evaM anurAdhA kulopakula-saMjJaka hai| yaha kulopakula pratizruti nAmaka kulakara manu ke pAsa gye| ukta kulakara kA vibhAjana pUrNamAsI ko hone vAle nakSatro ke AdhAra saura-jyotiSa ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| Agamika para- para kiyA gayA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki zrAvaNa mAsa ke mparA bhanavicchinna rUpa se anAdi hone para bhI isa yuga meM ghaniSThA, zravaNa aura abhijita ; bhAdrapadamAsa ke uttarAbhAdra. jyotiSa-sAhitya kI nIva kA itihAsa yahA~ se prArambha pada, pUrvAbhAdrapada aura zatamiSA; AzvinamAsa ke azvinI hotA hai| yoM to jo jyotipa-sAhitya aAjakala upalabdha aura revatI; kAtikamAsa ke kRttikA aura bharaNI, agahana hai, vaha pratizruti kulakara se lAkhoM varSa pIche kA likhA yA mArgazIrSa mAsa ke mRgazirA aura rohiNI, pauSamAsa ke puSya, punarvasu aura pArdA, mAghamAsa ke madhA aura AzleSA, jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya kA udgama aura vikAsa- phAlgunamAsa ke uttarAphAlgunI aura pUrvAphAlgunI, caitramAsa prAgamika dRSTi se jyotiSa zAstra kA vikAsa vidyAnu. ke citrA aura hasta, vaizAkhamAsa ke vizAkhA aura svAti, vAdAMga aura parikarmoM se huA hai| samasta gaNita-siddhAnta jyeSThamAsa ke jyeSThA, mUla aura anurAdhA evaM prASADhamAsa jyotiSa-parikarmoM meM akita thA aura aSTAMga nimitta kA ke uttarASADhA aura pUrvASADhA nakSatra batAe gae hai| pratyeka vivecana vidyAnuvAdAMga me kiyA gayA thaa| SaTkhaDAgama mAsa kI pUrNamAsI ko usa mAsa kA prathama nakSatra kulasaMjJaka, ghavalA-TIkA' me raudra, zveta, maitra, sAragaTa, daitya, vairocana, dUsarA upakulasajJaka aura tIsarA kulopakulasajaka hotA hai| vaizvadeva. abhijita, rohaNa, bala, vijaya, naiRtya, varuNa, isa varNana kA prayojana usa mahIne kA phala nizcaya karanA maryamana mora bhAgya-ye pandraha muhUrta mAye hai| muhUrtoM kI hai| isa grantha me Rtu, prayana, mAsa, pakSa aura tithi nAmAvalI vIrasena svAmI kI apanI nahIM hai, kintu pUrva sambandhI carcAyeM bhI upalabdha hai| paramparA se prApta zlokoM ko unhone uddhRta kiyA hai| samavAyAGga meM nakSatroM kI tArAyeM, unake dizAdAra ataH muhUrta-carcA paryApta prAcIna hai| mAdi kA varNana hai| kahA gayA hai-"kattipAiyA sattaNanavyAkaraNa meM nakSatroM kI mImAMsA kaI dRSTikoNoM kAttA puccadArimA / mahAiyA tattaNayattA daahinndaarimaa| 1. dhavalA TIkA, jilda 4, pR. 318. 2. praznavyAkaraNa, 10.5.

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jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa 205 anurAhA-iyA sattaNakkhatA avaradAriyA / ghanidAiyA caMdima sUriyassa aTThAsIi maiggahA parivAro', arthAt sattaNakkhatA uttaradAriyA'' arthAt kRttikA, rohiNI, eka eka candra aura sUrya ke parivAra meM, pravAsI-praTrAsI mRgazirA, pArdA, punarvasu, puSya aura pAzleSA-ye sAta nakSatra mahAgraha hai| prazna-vyAkaraNa meM sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, pUrvadvAra, maghA, pUrvAphAlgunI, uttarAphAlgunI, hasta, citrA, guru, zukra, zani, rAhu aura ketu yA dhUmaketu-ina nau grahoM svAti kSaura vizAkhA-ye nakSatra dakSiNadvAra, anurAdhA, ke sambandha me prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jyeSThA, mUla, pUrvASADhA, uttarASADhA, abhijit aura zravaNa- samavAyAMga meM grahaNa ke kAraNoM kA bhI vivecana ye sAta nakSatra pazcimadvAra evaM dhaniSThA, zatamiSA pUrvAbhAdra- milatA hai| isameM rAhu ke do bheda batalAye gaye haiMpada, revatI, azvinI aura bharaNI-ye sAta nakSatra uttaradvAra nityarAhu aura parvarAha / nityarAha ko kRSNa pakSa aura vAle haiN| samavAyAMga 116, 214, 3 / 2, 413, 29 meM zukla pakSa kA kAraNa tathA parvarAhu ko candragrahaNa kA mAyI huI jyotiSa carcAeM mahatvapUrNa hai| kAraNa mAnA hai / ketu, jisakA dhvajadaNDa sUrya ke dhvajadaMDa ThANAMga me candramA ke sAtha sparza-yoga karane vAle / se U~cA hai, bhramaNavaza vahI ketu sUryagrahaNa kA kAraNa nakSatroM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ batalAyA gayA hai hotA hai| kRttikA, rohiNI, punarvasu, maghA, citrA, vizAkhA, anurAghA aura jyeSThA-ye pATha nakSatra candramA ke sAtha sparzayoga dina-vRddhi aura dina-hrAsa ke sambandha meM bhI samakarane vAle hai| isa yoga kA phala tithiyoM ke anusAra vAyAMga me vicAra-vinimaya kiyA gayA hai| sUrya jaba dakSivibhinna prakAra kA hotA hai| isI prakAra nakSatroM kI anya NAyana me niSadha-parvata ke pAbhyaMtara maNDana se nikalatA saMjJAyeM tathA uttara, pazcima aura pUrva dizA kI ora se huA 44va maNDala-gamana mArga se prAtA hai, usa samaya candramA ke sAtha yoga karane vAle nakSatroM ke nAma aura 61/88 maharta dina kama hokara rAta bar3hatI hai ---isa samaya 64/ unake phala vistAra-pUrvaka batalAye gaye hai| ThANAMga meM 24 ghar3I kA dina aura 36 ghar3I kI rAta hotI hai| uttara dizA meM 44veM maNDala-gamana mArga para jaba sUrya pAtA hai, aMgAraka, kAla lohitAkSa, zanaizcara, kanaka, kanaka-vitAna, kanaka-saMtAnaka, somahita, pAzvAsana, kajjIvaga, karbaTa, taba 61/88 muhUrta dina bar3hane lagatA hai| isa prakAra jaba ayaskara, daMduyana, zaMka, zaMkhavarNa, dandrAgni, dhUmaketu, hari, sUrya 63ve maNDala para pahucatA hai, to dina paramAdhika 36 pigala, budha, zukra, bRhaspati, rAha, agasta, mAnavaka, kAza, ghar3I kA hotA hai| yaha sthiti prASAr3hI pUNimA ko prAtI sparza, pUra, pramakha, vikaTa, visandhi, vimala, pIpala, jaTi- hai| laka, aruNa, agila, kAla, mahAkAla, svastika, sauvAstika, isa prakAra jaina Agama grathoM me Rtu, prayana, dinamAna, varddhamAna, puSpamAnaka. akaza. pralamba, nityaloka. nityodi- dinaddhi, dinahAsa, nakSatramAna, nakSatroM kI vividha sanAyeM. cita, svayaMprabha, usaNa, zreyaMkara, preyaMkara, prAyaMkara, grahoM ke maNDala, vimAnoM ke svarUpa aura vistAra graho kI prathaMkara, aparAjita, araja, azoka, vigatazoka, nirmala, prAkRtiyoM Adi kA phuTakara rUpa me varNana milatA hai| vimukha, vitata, viRta, vizAla, zAla, suvrata, anivartaka, yadyapi aAgama gantho kA saMgraha kAla I. sana kI prAraMbhika ekajaTI, dvijaTI, karakarIka, rAjagala, puSpaketu eva bhAva- zatAbdI yA usake pazcAt hI vidvAn mAnate hai, kintu ketu mAdi 88 grahoM ke nAma batAe gae hai|' samavAyAMga jyotiSa kI uparyukta carcAye paryApta prAcIna haiM / inhIM meM bhI ukta 88 graho kA kathana pAyA hai| "egamegassaNa maulika mAnyatAoM ke mAdhAra para jaina jyotiSa ke 3. samavAyAga, sa. 6, sUtra 5. 7. bahirAmoM uttarAmroNaM kaTThAmo sUrie paumaM chammAsaM 4. ThANAMga, pR. 68-100. prayamANe coyAlisa ime maDalagate adrAsIti egasITa 5. samavAyAMga, sa. 88.1. bhAge muttasa divasakhettasa nibuThettA eyaNIkhesasa 6. samavAyAMga, sa. 15.3. mabhinivuThettA sUrie caura cri| -sa. 88.4.

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206, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta siddhAntoM ko grIkapUrva siddha kiyA gayA hai| sUrya kA saMsthAna tathA tApakSetra kA saMsthAna vistAra se itihAsajJa vidvAn gaNita jyotiSa se bhI phalita ko batAyA gayA hai| isameM samacatustra, viSamacatustra Adi prAcIna mAnate haiM / ataH apane kAryo kI siddhi ke lie vibhinna AkAroM kA khaNDana kara solaha vIthiyoM meM candramA samaya-zaddhi kI AvazyakatA prAdima mAnava ko bhI rahI ko samacatustra gola AkAra batAyA gayA hai| isakA hogii| isI kAraNa jaina prAgama grantho me phalita jyotiSa kAraNa yaha hai ki suSamA-suSamAkAla prAdi ke zrAvaNa ke bIja tithi, nakSatra-yoga, karaNa, vAra, samaya-zuddhi, kRSNA pratipadA ke dina jambUdvIpa kA prathama sUrya pUrva-dakSiNadinazuddhi Adi kI carcAyeM vidyamAna hai| agnikoNa meM aura dvitIya sarya pazcimottara-vAyavyakoNa jaina jyotiSa sAhitya kA sAMgopAMga paricaya prApta / meM claa| isI prakAra prathama candramA pUrvottara-IzAnakoNa karane ke lie ise nimna cAra kAlakhaNDoM meM vibhAjita me aura dvitIya candramA pazcima-dakSiNa naiRtya koNa meM kara hRdayaMgama karane meM saralatA hogii| calA / pratagava yugAdi meM sUrya aura candramA kA samacatustra AdikAla- I. pU. 300 se 600 I. tk| saMsthAna thA, para udaya hote samaya ye graha vartulAkAra pUrva madhya kAla- 601 I. se 1000 I. tk| nikale, ata: candramA aura sUrya kA prAkAra ardhakapITha-ardha uttara madhya kAla- 1001 I. se 1600 I. tk| samacatustra gola batAyA gayA hai| parvAcIna kAla- 1601 I. se 1860 I. tk| candraprajJapti meM chAyAsAdhana kiyA gayA hai aura chAyA AdikAla kI racanAoM meM sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, pramANa para se dinamAna bhI nikAlA gayA hai| jyotiSa kI aMgavijjA, lokavijayayantra evaM jyotiSkaraNDaka Adi dRSTi se yaha viSaya bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| yahA~ prazna ullekhanIya haiN| kiyA gayA hai ki jaba ardhapuruSa-pramANa chAyA ho, usa sUryaprajJapti prAkRta bhASA meM likhita eka prAcIna samaya kitanA dina vyatIta hA aura kitanA zeSa rahA? racanA hai / isa para malaya giri kI saMskRta TIkA hai| I0 isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki aisI chAyA kI sthiti san se do varSa pUrva kI yaha racanA nirvivAda siddha hai| me dinamAna kA tRtIyAza vyatIta huA samajhanA caahie| isameM paMcavarSAtmaka yuga mAnakara tithi, nakSatrAdi kA yahA~ vizeSatA itanI hai ki yadi dopahara ke pahale ardhapuruSasAdhana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zAsanatithi pramANa chAyA ho to do tihAI bhAga-pramANa dina gata aura zrAvaNa kRSNA pratipadA se, jabaki candramA abhijita nakSatra eka bhAga pramANa dina zeSa samajhanA cAhie / puruSa pramANa para rahatA hai, yugArambha mAnA gayA hai / chAyA hone para dina kA cauthAI bhAga gata aura tIna cauthAI candraprajJapti meM sUrya ke gamanamArga, prAyu, parivAra bhAga zeSa, Der3ha puruSa pramANa chAyA hone para dina kA paMcama mAdi ke pratipAdana ke sAtha paMcavarSAtmaka yuga ke ayanoM bhAga gata aura cAra paMcama bhAga (6 bhAga) avazeSa dina ke nakSatra, tithi aura mAsa kA varNana bhI kiyA gayA hai| samajhanA caahie| candraprajJapti kA viSaya prAyaH sUryaprajJapti ke samAna isa graMtha meM gola, trikoNa, lambI evaM caukora vastUpoM hai| viSaya kI apekSA yaha sUryaprajJapti se adhika mahatvapUrNa kI chAyA para se dinamAna kA prAnayana kiyA gayA hai| hai| isameM sUrya kI pratidina kI yojanAtmikA gati nikAlI candramA ke sAtha tIsa muhUrta taka yoga karane vAle zravaNa, gaI hai tathA uttarAyaNa aura dakSiNAyana kI vidhiyoM kA ghaniSThA, pUrvAbhAdrapada, revatI, azvinI, kRttikA, mRgazirA alaga-alaga vistAra nikAla kara sUrya aura candra kI gati pUSya, maghA, pUrvAphAlgunI, hasta, citrA, anurAdhA, mUla nizcita kI gaI hai| isake caturtha prAbhUta meM candra aura aura pUrvASAr3ha-ye pandraha nakSatra batAe gae hai| paitAlIsa 8. candAbAI-abhinandana-grantha ke antargata 'grIkapUrva jaina tA tibhAge gae vA tA sese vA, porisANaM chAyA jyotiSa vicAradhArA' zIrSaka nibandha, pR. 462. divassa ki gae vA sese vA jAva caubhAga gae sese 9. tA pravaDaporisANaM chAyA divasassa ki gate sese vA vA / candraprajJapti, pra. 6.5.

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jana jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa 207 muhUrta taka candramA ke sAtha yoga karane vAle uttarAbhAdrapada, isakA vicAra 45 veM adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| 52 va rohiNI, punarvasu, uttarAphAlgunI, vizAkhA aura uttarA- adhyAya meM indra-dhanuSa, vidyuta, candra graha, nakSatra, tArA, SAr3hA-ye chaH nakSatra evaM pandraha maharta taka candramA ke sAtha udaya, asta, amAvasyA, pUrNamAsI, maMDala, vIcI, yuga, yoga karane vAle zatamipA, bharaNI, ArdrA, AzleSA, saMvatsara, Rtu, mAsa, pakSa, kSaNa, lava, muhUrta, utkApAta, svAti aura jyeSThA- ye cha. nakSatra batAye gaye hai| dizAdAha Adi nimittoM se phalakathana kiyA gayA hai| candraprajJapti ke 16 veM prAbhata meM candramA ko svataH sattAIsa nakSatra paura unase hone vAle zubhAzubha phala kA prakAzamAna batalAyA hai tathA isake ghaTane bar3hane kA kAraNa bhI vistAra se ullekha hai / sandhi meM isa graMtha meM aSTAMga bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| 18veM prAbhata meM pRthvI tala se nimitta kA vistArapUrvaka vibhinna dRSTiyoM se kathana kiyA sUryAdi grahoM kI U~cAI batalAI gayI hai| gayA hai|" jyotiSkaraNDaka eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai / isame aya- lokavijaya-yantra bhI eka prAcIna jyotiSa-racanA nAdi ke kathana ke sAtha nakSatra lagna kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| yaha prAkRta bhASA me 30 gAthAnoM meM likhA gayA hai| gayA hai / yaha lagna-nirUpaNa kI praNAlI sarvathA navIna aura isameM pradhAnarUpa se subhikSa, durbhikSa kI jAnakArI dI gayI maulika hai hai / prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa karate hue kahA hai - laggaM ca dakSiNAya visuve suvi prasa uttara prynne| paNamiya payAraviMde tilocanAhassa jagapaIvassa lAgaM sAI visuvesU paMcasu vi dakSiNe prayaNe bucchAmi loyavijayaM jaMtaM jaMtuNa siddhikayaM // arthAt azvinI aura svAti ye nakSatra viSuva ke lagna jagatpati nAbhirAya ke putra trilokanAtha RSabhadeva batAye gaye hai| jisa prakAra nakSatroM kI viziSTa avasthA ke caraNakamaloM meM praNAma karake jIvoM kI siddhi ke lie ko rAzi kahA jAtA hai, usI prakAra yahA~ nakSatroM kI loka vijaya yantra kA varNana karatA hai| viziSTa avasthA ko lagna batAyA gayA hai| isame 145 se prArambha kara 153 taka dhruvA bataisa graMtha meM kRttikAdi, ghaniSThAdi, bharaNyAdi, zrava- lAe gae haiN| ina dhra voM para se hI apane sthAna ke zubhANAdi evaM abhijita Adi nakSatra gaNanAoM kI vivecanA zubha phala kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / kRpizAstra kI kI gaI hai| jyotiSkara NDa kA racanAkAla I0pa0 300 daSTi se bhI yaha grantha mahatvapUrNa hai| ke lagabhaga hai| viSaya aura bhASA-dono hI daSTiyoM se kAlakAcArya - yaha bhI nimitta aura jyotiSa ke yaha grantha mahatvapUrNa hai| prakANDa vidvAna the| inhoMne apanI pratibhA se zakakula ke aMgavijjA kA racanAkAla kuSANa-gupta-yuga kA sAhi ko svavaza kiyA thA tathA gardabhilla ko daNDa sandhikAla mAnA gayA hai / zarIra ke lakSaNoM se athavA diyA thaa| jaina paramparA meM jyotiSa ke pravartakoM meM inakA anya prakAra ke nimitta yA cihnoM se kisI ke lie zubhA- mukhya sthAna hai| yadi yaha prAcArya nimitta aura saMhitA kA zubha phala kA kathana karanA hI isa graMtha kA varNya viSaya hai| nirmANa na karate, to uttaravartI jaina lekhaka jyotiSa ko isa grantha meM kula sATha adhyAya hai| lambe adhyAyoM kA pApazruta samajhakara achUtA hI chor3a dete| pATaloM meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| prArambha ke adhyAyo varAhamihira ne bRhajjAtaka meM kAlakasaMhitA kA meM aMgavidyA kI utpatti, svarUpa, ziSya ke guNa-doSa, aga- ullekha kiyA hai| nizItha cUNi, Avazyaka-Ni mAdi vidyA kA mAhAtmya prabhRti viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA granthoM se inake jyotiSa-jJAna kA patA calatA hai| hai / gRha-praveza, yAtrArambha, vastra, yAna, dhAnya, caryA, ceSTA umAsvAti ne apane tattvArtha mUtra meM jaina jyotiSa ke mAdi ke dvArA zubhAzubha phala kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| mUla siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| inake mata se grahoM pravAsI ghara kaba aura kisI sthiti meM lauTakara pAyegA, kA kendra sumeru parvata hai, graha nitya gatizIla hote hue meka 10. bhAratIya jyotiSa, pR. 207.

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208, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta pradakSiNA karate rahate hai| cauthe adhyAya meM graha, nakSatra, gharatara saMjJaka hote haiN| dagdhasaMjJaka svara dagdhasaMjJaka vyaMjanoM prakIrNaka aura tAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| saMkSipta rUpa meM meM milane se dagdhatama saMjJaka hote hai| ina saMjJAmoM ke mAI huI inakI carcAeM jyotiSa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| pazcAt phalAphala nikAlA gayA hai| jaya-parAjaya, lAbhA isa prakAra AdikAla meM jyotiSa kI aneka racanAeM lAbha, jIvana-maraNa Adi kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai / huii| svataMtra graMthoM ke atirikta anya viSayoM ke dhArmika isa choTI-sI kRti meM bahuta kucha nibaddha kara diyA gayA graMthoM, Agama graMthoM kI caNiyoM, vattiyoM aura bhASyoM meM bhI hai| isa kRti kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| isameM jyotiSa kI mahattvapUrNa bAteM aMkita kI gii| tiloya- madhyavartI ka, ga aura ta ke sthAna para ya zruti pAyI paNNatti meM jyotirmaNDala kA mahatvapUrNa varNana pAyA hai| " jyotilokAndhakAra meM ayana, gamanamArga, nakSatra evaM dina karalakkhaNa-yaha sAmudrika-zAstra kA choTA-sA graMtha mAna Adi kA vistAra pUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| hai| isameM rekhAoM kA mahatva, strI aura puruSa ke hAthoM pUrva madhyakAla meM gaNita aura phalita donoM prakAra ke ke vibhinna lakSaNa, aMguliyoM ke bIca ke antarAla parvo ke jyotiSa kA yatheSTa vikAsa huaa| isameM RSiputra, mahA phala, maNibandha, vidyArekhA, kula, dhana, Urdhva, sammAna, vIrAcArya, candrasena, zrIdhara prabhati jyotividoM ne apanI samRddhi, prAyu, dharma, vrata Adi rekhAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / mamUlya racanAoM ke dvArA isa sAhitya kI zrIvaddhi kii| bhAI, bahana, santAna prAdi kI dyotaka rekhAoM ke varNana ke bhadrabAhu ke nAma para arhaccUDAmaNisAra nAmaka eka uparAnta aMguSTha ke adhobhAga me rahane vAle yava kA vibhinna praznazAstra-sambandhI, 68 prAkRta gAthAnoM meM, racanA upa- paristhitiyoM meM pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yava kA yaha labdha hai / yaha racanA caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAha kI hai, isameM prakaraNa nau gAthAo meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa grantha kA to sandeha hai / hameM aisA lagatA hai ki yaha bhadrabAha varAha- uddezya graMthakAra ne svayaM hI spaSTa kara diyA haiM :mihira ke bhAI the, prata: saMbhava hai ki isa kRti ke lekhaka iya karalakkhaNameyaM samAsamo vaMsinaM jaijaNassa / yaha dvitIya bhadrabAha hI hoNge| prArambha me varNoM kI saMjJAeM puvAyariehi NaraM parivajjaNaM vayaM dijjA // 6 // batalAyI gayI hai| bhaie pro, ye cAra svara tathA ka ca yatiyoM ke lie saMkSepa meM karalakSaNoM kA varNana kiyA Ta ta pa ya za ga ja Dha da va lasa, ye caudaha vyaMjana prAli- gayA hai| ina lakSaNoM ke dvArA vrata-grahaNa karane vAle kI gita saMjJaka haiN| inakA sabhaga, uttara aura saMkaTa nAma bhI parIkSA kara lenI cAhie / jaba ziSya meM pUrI yogyatA ho, hai| pAI ai mo, ye cAra svara tathA kha chaTha thaphara vaha vratoM kA nirvAha kara sake tathA vratI jIvana ko prabhAvaka pazaTha, dha ma vaha ye caudaha vyaMjana abhipramita saMjJaka banA sake, tabhI use vratoM kI dIkSA denI caahie| prataH haiN| inake madhya, uttarAdhara aura vikaTa nAma bhI haiN| spaSTa hai ki isa graMtha kA uddezya janakalyANa ke sAtha u U aM aH ye cAra svara tathA Ga, aMjaNa na ma ya vyaMjana navAgata ziSya kI parIkSA karanA hI hai / isakA pracAra bhI dagdhasaMjJaka haiN| inakA vikaTa, saMkaTa, adhara aura azubha sAdhunoM meM rahA hogaa| nAma bhI hai| prazna meM sabhI prAliMgita akSara hoM, to prazna RSiputra kA nAma bhI prathama zreNI ke jyotividoM meM kartA kI kAryasiddhi hotI hai| parigaNita hai / inheM garga kA putra kahA gayA hai| garga muni praznAkSaroM ke dagdha hone para kAryasiddhi kA vinAza jyotiSa ke dhurandhara vidvAn the, isameM koI sandeha nahIM / Aza inake sambandha meM likhA milatA haihotA hai| uttara saMjJaka svara uttara-saMjJaka vyaMjanoM meM jaina prAsojjagadvaMdyo garganAmA mahAmaniH / saMyukta hone se uttaratama aura uttarAdhara tathA adhara svaroM tena svayaM sunirNItaH yaH satpAtraH kevlii| se saMyukta hone para uttara aura adhara saMjJaka hote haiM / pradhara etajjJAnaM mahAjJAnaM jainaSibhirudAhRtam / saMjJaka svara dagdhasaMjJaka vyaMjanoM meM saMyukta hone para pradharA- prakAzya zuddhazIlAya kulInAya mahAtmanA / 11. arhaccUDAmaNisAra,"gAthA 1.8.

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jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa 206 sambhavataH inhIM garga ke vaMza meM RpipUtra hae hoge| mahAvirAcArya - ye dhurandhara gaNitajJa the| ye rASTrakUTa inakA nAma hI isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki yaha kisI RSi vaza ke amoghavarSa napa tuka ke samaya meM hue the, ataH inakA ke vaMzaja the athavA kisI muni ke AzIrvAda se utpanna samaya I0 san 850 mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne jyotiSapaTala hae the| RSiputra kA eka gratha nimitta -zAratra hI upalabdha aura gaNitasAra-saMgraha nAma ke jyotiSa granthoM kI racanA hai| inake dvArA racI gayI eka sahitA kA bhI madanaratna kI hai| ye donoM hI anya gaNita jyotiSa ke hai aura ina nAmaka graMtha meM ullekha milatA hai| RSipUtra ke uddharaNa graMtho se inakI vidvattA kA jJAna sahaja hI prAMkA jA sakatA bRhatsAhitA kI mahotpalI TIkA me upalabdha hai| hai| gaNitasAra ke prArambha meM gaNita kI prazaMsA karate hue Rpiputra kA samaya varAhamihira ke pahale honA batAyA hai ki gaNita ke binA saMsAra ke kisI bhI zAstra cAhie / prataH RSiputra kA prabhAva varAhamihira para spaSTa kI jAnakArI nahIM ho sakatI hai| kAmazAstra, gAndharva, hai| yahAM do-eka udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA jaaygaa| nATaka, sUpazAstra, vAstuvidyA, chandazAstra, alaMkAra, kAvya, sasalohivaNNahovari saMkuNa itti hoi nnaaythyo| tarka, vyAkaraNa, kalApravRti kA paryAya jJAna gaNita ke binA saMjAmaM puNa ghoraM khajjaM sUro NivedaI / sambhava nahI hai / ataH gaNita vidyA sarvopari hai| -Rpiputra nimittazAstra isa graMtha meM saMjJAdhikAra, parikarma-vyavahAra, kalAzazirudhiravaNe bhAno nabhasthale bhavanti saMgrAmAH / savarNa vyavahAra, prakIrNa vyavahAra, rAzi vyavahAra, mizraka -varAhamihira vyavahAra, kSetra-gaNita vyavahAra, jJAtavya vyavahAra evaM chAyA apane nimittazAstra meM pRthvI para dikhAI dene vAle vyavahAra nAma ke prakaraNa haiN| mithaka vyavahAra meM samakuprAkAza meM dRSTigocara hone vAle aura vibhinna prakAra ke TTIkaraNa, viSama kuTTIkaraNa aura mizraka kuTTIkaraNa zabda-zravaNa dvArA prakaTa hone vAle ina tIna prakAra ke prAdi aneka prakAra ke gaNita haiM / pATIgaNita aura rekhAnimittoM dvArA phalAphala kA acchA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| gaNita kI dRSTi se isameM aneka vizeSatAyeM haiN| isa kSetravarSotpAta, devotpAta, rajotpAta, ulkotpAta, gandharvotpAta vyavahAra prakaraNa meM prAyata ko varga aura varga ko vRtta meM ityAdi aneka utpAtoM dvArA zubhAzubhatva kI mImAmA bar3e pariNata karane ke siddhAnta diye gaye hai / samatribhuja, viSamasundara DhaMga se kI gaI hai| tribhuja, samakoNa caturbhuja, viSamakoNa caturbhuja, vRttakSetra, ___ lagnazuddhi yA lagnakuDikA nAma kI racanA haribhadra sUcI vyAsa, pacabhuja kSetra evaM bahubhuja kSetroM kA kSetraphala kI milatI hai| haribhadra darzana, kathA aura prAgama zAstra ke tathA dhanaphala nikAlA gayA hai| bahuta bar3e vidvAn the| inakA samaya pAThavI zatI mAnA jyotipa-paTala me grahoM ke cAra kSetra, sUrya ke bhaNDala, mAnA jAtA hai| inhone 1440 prakaraNa grantha race haiN| nakSatra aura tArAmoM ke saMsthAna, gIta, sthiti maura inakI aba taka 88 racanAoM kA patA muni jinavijayajI saMkhyA Adi kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ne lagAyA hai| inakI 26 racanAeM prakAzita ho cukI hai| candrasena ke dvArA 'kevala jJAna horA' nAmaka mahatva__ lagnazuddhi prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gayI jyotiSa-racanA pUrNa vizAlakAya patha likhA gayA hai / yaha grantha klyaannhai| isameM lagna ke phala, dvAdaza bhAvoM ke nAma, unake varmA ke pIche kA racA gayA pratIta hotA hai| isake prakavicAraNIya viSaya, lagna ke sambandha meM grahoM kA phala, grahoM raNa sArAvalI se milate-julate haiM, para dakSiNa meM racanA kA svarUpa, navAMza, uccAMza mAdi kA kathana kiyA gayA hone ke kAraNa karNATaka pradezoM ke jyotiSa kA pUrNa prabhAva hai| jAtakazAstra yA horA zAstra kA yaha prantha hai / upa- hai| inhoMne graMtha ke viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie bIcayogitA kI dRSTi se isakA adhika mahatva hai / grahoM ke bIca meM kannar3a bhASA kA bhI prAzraya liyA hai| yaha anya bala tathA lagna kI sabhI prakAra se zuddhi, pApa graho kA anumAnataH cAra hajAra zlokoM meM pUrNa humA haiN| paMtha .mabhava, zubha grahoM kA sadabhAva vaNita hai| ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai ki

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210, varSa 28, ki.1 anekAnta horA nAma mahAvidyA vaktadhyaM ca bhavaddhitam / jAtakazAstra sambandhI racanA hai| isa graMtha meM lagna, graha, jyotirnikasAraM bhaSaNaM budhapoSaNam // grahayoga evaM janma-kuNDalI sambandhI phalAdeza kA nirUpaNa unhoMne apanI prazaMsA bhI pracura parimANa meM kI haiM- kiyA gayA hai / dakSiNa bhArata meM isa grantha kA adhika mAgamaH sadRzo jainaH candrasenasamo muniH| pracAra hai| devalIsadazI vidyA durlabhA sacarAcare / candronmIlana prazna bhI prazna-zAstra kI eka mahatvapUrNa isa graMtha meM hema prakaraNa, dAmya prakaraNa, zilA prakaraNa racanA hai| isa grantha ke kartA ke sambandha meM bhI kucha jJAta mRttikA-prakaraNa, vRkSa-prakaraNa, karpAsa-gulma, balkala-tRNa, roma-carma-paTa prakaraNa, saMkhyA prakaraNa, naSTa dravya prakaraNa, nahI hai / graMtha ko dekhane meM yaha avazya avagata hotA hai ki isa prazna-praNAlI kA pracAra khUba thA / praznakartA ke praznanirvAha prakaraNa, apatya prakaraNa, lAbhAlAbha prakaraNa, svara varNo kA saMyukta, asaMyukta, abhidhAtita, adhipramita, mAliMprakaraNa, svapna prakaraNa, vastu prakaraNa, bhojana prakaraNa, deha gita, aura dagdha-ina saMjJAnoM meM vibhAjana kara praznoM ke loha dikSA prakaraNa, aMjana vidyA prakaraNa evaM viSa prakaraNa prAdi hai| grantha ko prAdyopAnta dekhane se avagata hotA hai uttara meM candronmIlana kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / "proktaM ki yaha sahitA-viSayaka racanA hai, hogaviSayaka nhiiN| candronmIlanaM zuklavastrastaccAzuddham" isase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha praNAlI lokapriya thii| candronmIlana nAma kA jo zrIdhara-ye jyotiSa-zAstra ke marmajJa vidvAna the| anya upalabdha hai, vaha sAdhAraNa hai| inakA samaya dazavI zatI kA antima bhAga hai / ye karNATaka prAnta ke nivAsI the / inakI mAtA kA nAma abbokA uttara madhyakAla meM phalita jyotiSa kA bahuta vikAsa aura pitA kA nAma baladeva zarmA thaa| inhoMne bacapana meM hugrA / muhUrta jAtaka, saMhitA, prazna, sAmudrika zAstra prati apane pitA se hI saskRta aura kannar3a-sAhitya kA adhyayana viSayoM kI aneka mahattvapUrNa racanAyeM likhI gayI haiN| isa kiyA thaa| prArambha meM ye zaiva the, kintu bAda meM jaina dharmA- yuga meM sarvaprathama aura prasiddha jyotiSI durgadeva haiN| durgadeva nuyAyI ho gaye the / inakI gaNitasAra maura jyotirjJAna vidhi ke nAma se yoM to aneka racanAyeM milatI hai, para do racasaMskRta bhASA meM tathA jAtakatilaka kannar3a bhASA me raca- nAyeM pramukha haiM-riTThasamuccaya aura arghakANDa / durgadeva kA nAyeM hai / gaNitasAra meM abhinna guNaka, bhAgahAra, varga, varga- samaya san 1032 mAnA gayA hai / riTThasamuccaya kI racanA mUla, ghana, ghanamUla, bhinna, samaccheda, bhAgajAti, prabhAga- apane guru saMyamadeva ke vacanAnusAra kI hai| graMtha me eka jAti, bhAgAnubandha, bhAgamAtra jAti, trairAzika, saptarAzika, sthAna para saMyamadeva ke guru saMyamasena aura unake guru mAdhava navarAzika, bhANDapratibhANDa, mizraka vyavahAra, ekapatrI- candra batAe gaye haiN| riTThasamuccaya zaurasenI prAkRta meM karaNa, suvarNa gaNita, prakSepaka gaNita, samakraya-vikraya, zreNI- 261 gAthAoM meM racA gayA hai| isameM zakuna aura zubhAvyavahAra, khAtavyavahAra, citidhyavahAra, kASThaka vyavahAra, zubha nimittoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne riSToM rAzi-vyavahAra, evaM chAyA vyavahAra mAdi gaNitoM kA ke piNDastha, padastha, padastha aura rUpastha nAmaka tIna bheda nirUpaNa kiyA hai| kie haiN| prathama zreNI meM aMguliyoM kA TUThayA, netra-jyoti _ 'jyotirjJAnavidhi' prArambhika jyotiSa kA prantha hai| kI hInatA, ssAzAma kI nyUnatA, netroM se lagAtAra jalaisameM vyavahAropayogI muhurta bhI diye gaye haiN| prArambha meM pravAha evaM jihvA na dekha sakanA mAdi ko parigaNita saMvatsaroM ke nAma, nakSatra-nAma, yoga-karaNa, tathA umake kiyA hai| ritIya zreNI meM sUrya aura candramA kA anekoM zubhAzubhatva diye gaye haiN| isameM mAsa zodha, mAsAdhipati- spoM meM darzana, prajvalita dIpaka ko zItala anubhava karanA, zeSa, dinazeSa evaM dinAdhipati zeSa prAdi gaNitAnayana kI candramA ko tribhaMgI rUpa meM dekhanA, candralAMchana kA darzana adbhuta prakriyAyeM batAyI gayI hai| na honA ityAdi ko grahaNa kiyA hai| tRtIya meM nijachAyA, jAtakatilaka-kannar3a bhASA meM likhiDa hoza yA parachAyA tathA chAyApuruSa kA varNana kiyA hai| praznAbhara,

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jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa 211 zakUna praura svapna prAdi kA bhI vistAra-pUrvaka varNana kiyA siddhi prasiddhi prAdi kA vicAra vistAra pUrvaka kiyA gayA gayA hai| hai| praznazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha grantha atyanta mahatvapUrNa prardhakANDa meM tejI-mandI kA grahayoga ke anusAra hai| vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha graMtha bhI 146 prAkRta gAthAnoM udaya prabhadeva - inake guru kA nAma vijayasena sUri meM likhA gayA hai| thaa| inakA samaya I. san 1220 batAyA jAtA hai| mallisena-ye saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM bhASAoM ke inhone jyotiSa viSayaka, prArambha sidghi, aparanAmA vyavaprakANDa vidvAna the| inake pitA kA nAma jinasena sUri hAracaryA grantha kI racanA kI hai| isa grantha para vi0 saM0 thaa| ye dakSiNa bhArata ke dhAravAr3a jile ke antargata gadaka- 1514 meM ratnazekhara sUri ke ziSya hemahaMsa maNi ne eka tAlukA nAmaka sthAna ke rahane vAle the| inakA samaya I0 vistRta TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA me inhoMne muharta saMbaMdhI san 1043 mAnA gayA hai| inakA mAryasadbhAva nAmaka ___ sAhitya kA acchA saMkalana kiyA hai| lekhaka ne pratha ke jyotiSagratha upalabdha hai / prArambha me hI kahA hai prArambha meM graMthokta adhyAyoM kA saMkSipta nAmakaraNa nimna prakAra diyA hai| sugrIvAdimanIndraH racitaM zAstraM yadAryasabhAvam / tatsampratyAryAbhiviracyate malliSeNena // vaivajJadIpakAlikA vyavahAracaryAmArammasiddhimadayaprabha devAnAma zAstikrameNa tithivAramayogarAzigocarya-kAryAdhvajaghUmasiMhamaNDala vRSakharagajavAyasA bhavantyAH / mAyante te vidvadabhirihaikottaragaNanayA caasstto| gamavAstuvilagnomiH / ina uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki inake pUrva bhI sugrIva hemahaMsagaNi ne vyavahAracaryA nAma kI sArthakatA dikhaprAdi jaina muniyoM ke dvArA isa viSaya kI aura racanAyeM lAte hue likhA haibhI haI thIM, unhIM ke sArAMza ko lekara prAryasadabhAva kI "vyavahAra ziSTajanasamAcAraH zubhatithivArAdiSa racanA kI gaI hai| isa kRti meM 165 pAryAya aura anta zubhakAryakaraNAdirUpastasya caryA / " yaha grantha 'maharta citA. me eka gAthA, isa taraha kula 166 padya hai / isame dhvaja, maNi' ke samAna upayogI aura pUrNa hai| maharta viSaya kI ghuma, siMha, maNDala, vRSa, khara, gaja aura vAyasa-ina pAThoM jAnakArI isa akele graMtha ke adhyayana se kI jA sakatI pAryoM ke svarUpa aura phalAdeza vaNita hai| bhaTTavosari-'prAyajJAna' tilaka, nAmaka grantha ke raca- rAjAditya - inake pitA kA nAma zrIpati aura mAtA yitA digambarAcArya dAmanandI ke ziSya bhaTTavosari hai| kA nAma vasantA thaa| inakA janma koDimaNDala ke 'yavinayaha praznazAstra kA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| isame 25 prakaraNa bAga' nAmaka sthAna meM huA thaa| inake nAmAntara rAja aura 415 gAthAyeM hai| granthakartA kI sarvopajJa vRtti bhI varma, bhAskara aura vAcirAja batAye jAte hai| ye vissnnhai| dAmanandI kA ullekha zravaNabelgola ke zilAlekha naM0 vardhana rAjA kI sabhA ke pradhAna paNDita the, ataH inakA 55 me pAyA jAtA hai| ye prabhAcandrAcArya ke sadharmA yA samaya san 1120 ke lagabhaga hai / yaha kavi hone ke sAthagurubhAI the| ataH inakA samaya vikrama samvata kI 11vIM sAtha gaNita ke mAne hue vidvAna the| zatI hai aura bhaTTavosari kA bhI inhI ke pAsa-pAsa kA "karNATaka-kavi-carita" ke lekhaka kA kathana hai ki samaya hai| kannar3a sAhitya meM gaNita kA pratha likhane vAlA yaha sabase isa grantha me dhvaja, dhUma, siMha, gaja, khara, zvAna, vRSa, bar3A vidvAn thaa| inake dvArA racita vyavahAragaNita, kSetra. dhvAMkSa-ina pATha pAryoM dvArA praznoM ke phalAdeza kA vistRta gaNita, vyavahAraratna tathA jaina-gaNita-mUtraTIkodAharaNa aura vivecana kiyA hai| isameM kArya, prakArya, jaya-parAjaya, lIlAvatI-ye gaNita grantha upalabdha hai| 12. prazasti saMgraha, prathama bhAga, sampAdaka-jugalakizora mukhtAra, prastAvanA, pR0 65-66 tathA purAtana vAkya sUcI kI prastAvanA, pR0 101-102 /

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212, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta padmaprabhasUri-nAgaura kI tapAgacchIya paTTAvalI se saMvatsaraphala, grahadveSa, meghoM ke nAma, kulavarNa-dhvani-vicAra, patA calatA hai ki ye vAdideva sUri ke ziSya the / inhone dezavRSTi, mAsaphala, rAhucandra, 14 nakSatraphala, saMkrAnti-phala bhuvanadIpaka yA grahabhAvaprakAza nAmaka jyotiSa kA grantha Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| likhA hai| isa graMtha para siMhatilaka sUri ne vi0 saM0 13- mahendrasUri-ye bhUpupura nivAsI madanasUri ke ziSya 36 meM eka vivRtti likhI hai / "jaina sAhitya no iti* tathA phirojazAha tugalaka ke pradhAna sabhA-paNDita the| inhoMne hAsa" nAmaka graMtha me inhone inake guru kA nAma vibudhaprabha nAr3IvRtti ke dharAtala meM gola pRSThastha sabhI vRttoM kA parisUri batAyA hai| bhuvanadIpaka kA racanA kAla vi0 saM0 Namana karake yantra rAja nAmaka graha-gaNita kA upayogI graMtha 1294 hai| yaha graMtha choTA hote hue bhI atyanta mahatva- likhA hai| inake ziSya malayendu sUri ne isa para sodAharaNa pUrNa hai| isameM 36 dvArA prakaraNa hai| rAzisvAmI, ucca- TIkA likhI hai| isa graMtha meM paramAkrAnti 23 aMza 35 nIcatva, mitra-zatru, rAhu kA gaha, ketu sthAna, graho ke sva. va.lA mAnI gaI hai| isakI racanA zaka samvat 1263 meM huI rUpa, dvAdaza bhAvo se vicAraNIya bAteM, iSTakAla jJAna, hai| isameM gaNitAdhyAya, yantra-ghaTanAdhyAya, yantra-racanAlagna sambandhI vicAra, vinaSTagRha, rAjayoga kA kathana dhyAya, yantra zodhanAdhyAya aura yantra-vicAraNAdhyAya-ye lAbhAlAbha, vicAra lagneza kI sthiti kA phala. prazna dvArA pAMca adhyAya haiN| garbha-vicAra, pradana dvArA prasava, jJAna, yamajJa vicAra. matya- "kramotkamajyAnayana, bhujakoTijyA kA cApasAdhana, yoga, cauryajJAna, dreSkANAdi ke phalo kA vicAra vistAra krAntisAdhaka yujyAkhaMDasAdhana, yujyAphalAnayana, saumyase kiyA hai| isameM kula 100 zloka hai| isakI bhASA gaNita ke vibhinna gaNitoM kA sAdhana, akSAMza se unnatAMza saMskRta hai| sAdhana, graMtha ke nakSatra dhruvAdika se abhISTa varSa ke dhruvAnaracandra upAdhyAya-ye kAtadahagaccha ke siMhasari ke dika kA sAdhana, nakSatroM ke haka karmasAdhana, dvAdaza rAziyoM ziSya the| unhone jyotiSa zAstra ke kaI gratho kI racanA ke vibhinna vRtta sambandhI gaNitoM kA sAdhana, iSTa zaMku kI hai| vartamAna me inake ber3A jAtaka vRtti, prazna zataka, se chAyAkaraNa sAdhana, yantrazodhana prakAra aura usake anuprazna-catuviza tivA, janma-samaTIkA, lagna vicAra aura sAra vibhinna yantroM dvArA sabhI grahoM ke sAdhana kA gaNita jyotiSa prakAza upalabdha hai| naracandra ne saM0 1324 meM bahuta sundara DhaMga se batAyA gayA hai| isa gratha me pacAMgamAgha sudI 8 ravivAra ko ber3A jAtaka vatti kI racanA nirmANa karane kI vidhi kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| 1050 zloka pramANa meM kI hai / jJAnadIpikA nAma kI 'bhadrabAhu-saMhitA' aSTAMga nimitta kA eka mahatvapUrNa eka anya racanA bhI inakI mAnI jAtI hai / jyotiSa- grantha hai| isake prArambha ke 27 adhyAyo meM nimitta aura prakAza saMhitA aura jAtaka sambandhI mahatvapUrNa racanA hai| saMhitA viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / 30veM adhyAya aTThakavi yA ahaMdAsa-ye jaina brAhmaga the| inakA meM ariSToM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ina pranthoM kA samaya IsvI san 1300 ke AsapAsa hai / prahaMdAsa ke pitA nirmANa zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke vacanoM ke AdhAra para huA nAgakumAra the| arhadAsa kannar3a bhASA ke prakANDa vidvAna hai| viSaya nirUpaNa aura zailI kI dRSTi se isakA rcnaathe| inhone kannar3a me aTThamata nAmaka jyotiSa kA mahatva- kAla 8.6vI zatI ke pazcAt nahIM ho sakatA hai| hA~, pUrNa grantha likhA hai / zaka saMvata kI caudahavI zatAbdI meM lokopayogI racanA hone ke kAraNa usameM samaya-samaya para bhAskara nAma ke prAndhra kavi ne isa graMtha kA telagU bhASA saMzodhana aura parivartana hotA rahA hai| meM anuvAda kiyA thaa| aTumata me varSA ke cihna, prAka- isa graMtha meM vyaJjana, aMga, svara, bhauma, channa, antasmika lakSaNa, zakuna, vAyucakra, gRha-praveza, bhUkampa, bhUjAta- rikSa, lakSaNa evaM svapna-ina pAThoM nimittoM kA phala-nirUphala, utpAta-lakSaNa, pariveza-lakSaNa, indradhanurlakSaNa, prathama- paNasahita vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ulkA, parivezaNa, vidyuta, garbha-lakSaNa, droNasaMkhyA, vidyuta-lakSaNa, pratisUrya-lakSaNa, abhra, sandhyA, meSa, bAta, pravarSaNa, gandharvanagara, garbha lakSaNa

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jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa yAtrA, utpAta, grahacAra, grahayuddha, svapna, muhUrta, tithi, prAraMbha meM 10 zloko me lara 'jJAna kA nirUpaNa hai / isa prakakAraNa, zakuna, pAka, jyotiSa, vAstu, indrasampadA, lakSaNa, raNa meM bhAvo ke svAmI, graho ke chaH prakAra ke bala, daSTivyaJjana, cihna, lagna, vidyA, auSadha, prabhRti sabhI nimitto vicAra, zatru, mitra,- vakrI mAzrI, ucca-nIca, bhavoM kI ke balAbala, virodha aura parAjaya Adi viSayoM kA saMjJAeM, bhAvarAzi, grahabala-vicAra prAdi kA vivecana vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha nimitta-zAstra kiyA gyaa| dvitIya prakaraNa me yogavizeSa-dhanI, sUkhI,. kA bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa aura upayogI graMtha hai / isase varSA, daridra, rAjyaprApti, santAnaprApti, vidyAprApti prAdi kA kRSi, dhAnyabhAva, eva aneka lokopayogI bAtoM kI jAna- kathana hai / tRtIya prakaraNa meM, nidhiprApti ghara yA jamIna kArI prApta kI jA sakatI hai| ke bhItara rakhe gae dhana aura usa dhana ko nikAlane kI kevalajJAna prazna car3AmaNi ke racayitA samantabhadra kA vidhi kA vivecana hai / yaha prakaraNa bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| samaya 13vI zatI hai| ye samanta vijayatra ke putra the| itane sarala aura sIdhe DhaMga se isa viSaya kA nirUpaNa vijayapatra ke bhAI nemicandra ne pratiSThAtilaka kI racanA anyatra nahIM hai| caturtha prakaraNa bhojana aura paMcama grAmaprAnanda saMvatsara me caitramAsa kI paMcamI ko kI hai / ataH pRcchA hai / ina tIno prakaraNoM meM nAma ke anusAra vibhinna samantabhadra kA janma samaya 13vI zatI hai / isa gratha meM dRSTiyo se vibhinna prakAra ke yogo kA pratipAdana kiyA dhAtu, mUla, jIva, naSTa, muSTi, lAbha, hAni, roga, mRtyu, gayA hai / SaSTha-putra-prakaraNa hai, isameM santAna-prApti kA bhojana, zayana, zakuna, janma, karma, astra, zastra, vRSTi, samaya, santAna-sakhyA, putra-putriyo kI prApti mAvi kA ativRSTi, anAvaSTi. siddhi, asiddhi prAdi viSayo kA kathana hai / saptama prakaraNa meM chaThe bhAva se vibhinna prakAra prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha me aca Ta ta pa ya za ke rogoM kA vivecana, apTama me saptama bhAva se dAmpatya athavA pA e ka ca Ta pa ya za ina akSaro kA prathama varga, sabadha aura navama meM vibhinna dRSTiyo se strI-sUkha kA prA e kha chaTha va pha ra pa ina akSaro kA dvitIya varga, 3 vicAra kiyA gayA hai / dazama prakaraNa strI-jAtaka meM yo ga ja Da da ba la sa ina akSaro kA tRtIya varga I pro striyoM kI duSTi se phalAphala kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| ghajJa ma vahana ina akSaro kA caturtha varga aura uUNa ekAdaza me paracakragamana, dvAdaza meM gamanAgamana, trayodaza me na bha a aH ina akSaroM kA paMcama varga batAyA gayA hai| yuddha, caturdaza meM sandhivigraha, paMcadaza me vRkSajJAna, SoDaza prazna kartA ke vAkya yA praznAkSaroM ko grahaNa kara saMyukta. me graha doSa, graha-pIr3A, saptadaza me pAyu, aSTAdaza meM pravaasaMyukta, abhihita aura abhidhAtita-ina pAcoM dvArA tathA haNa aura ekonaviza me pravrajyA kA vivecana kiyA hai| prAliMgita abhidhumita aura dagdha-ina tInoM kriyAvizeSaNoM bIsave prakaraNa meM rAjya yA padaprApti, ikkIsave me vaSTi. dvArA prazno ke phalAphala kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa vAIsave me ardhakANDa, teIsaveM meM strIlAbha, caubIsaveM meM grantha meM mUka prazno ke uttara bhI nikAle gaye hai| yaha naSTa vastu kI prApti eva paccIsaveM meM graho ke udayAsta. praznazAstra kI dRSTi se atyanta upayogI hai| subhikSa-dubhikSa, maharSa, samargha aura vibhinna prakAra se tejIhemaprabha-inake guru kA nAma devendra mUri thA / inakA mandI kI jAnakArI batalAyI gayI hai| isa grantha kI samaya caudahavIM zatI kA prathama pAda hai| sambat 1305 meM prazasA svaya hI inhoMne kI hai| trailokya prakAza racanA kI gayI hai / inakI do racanAyeM zrImaddevendrasUrINAM ziSyeNa jJAnavarSaNaH / upalabdha hai-trailokya prakAza aura meghmaalaa|" vizvaprakAzakazcake zrIhemaprabhasUriNA // - alokyaprakAza bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM 1160 zloka hai| isa eka grantha ke adhyayana se phalita zrI devendra sUri ke ziSya zrI hemaprabha sUri ne vizvajyotipa kI acchI jAnakArI prApta kI jA sakatI hai| prakAzaka aura jJAnadarpaNa isa grantha ko rcaa| 13. jana granthAvalI, pR0 356.

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214, varSa 28, ki0 1 meghamAlA kI zloka saMkhyA 100 batAyI gayI hai / pro0eca0 DI velaMkara ne jaina granthAvalI meM ukta prakAra kAhI nirdeza kiyA hai / ratnazekharasUri ne dinazuddhi dIpikA nAmaka eka jyotimra grantha prAkRta bhASA meM likhA hai| inakA samaya 15 vIM zatI batAyA jAtA hai / grantha ke anta meM nimna prakAzita gAthA milatI hai| hiriyaraseNa gurupaTTa nAhIsarihematilayasUrINaM / pasAyA esA rayaNasiharasUriNA visiyA // 44 // sena gurU ke paTTara zrI hematilaka sUri ke prasAda se ratnazekhara sUri ne dinazuddhi prakaraNa kI racanA kI / pranekAnta ise 'munimaNabhavaNapayAMsa' prarthAt muniyoM ke mana rUpI bhavana ko prakAzita karane vAlA kahA hai| isameM kula 144 gAthAeM haiM / isa grantha meM vAradvAra, kAlahorA, vAraprArambha, kulikAdiyoga, varjyaprahara, nandabhadrAdi saMjJAyeM, krUra tithi, vajyetithi, dagdhatithi, karaNa, bhadrAvicAra, nakSatradvAra, rAzidvAra, lagnadvAra, candra avasthA, zubharaviyoga, rAjayoga, zrAnandAdi yoga, amRtasiddhiyoga, utpAdiyoga, lagnavicAra prayANakAlIna zubhAzubha vicAra, vastu muhUrta, SaDaSTakAdi, rAzikUTa, nakSatrayoni vicAra, vividha mUhUrta, nakSatra- doSavicAra, chAyAsAdhana aura usake dvArA phalAdeza evaM vibhinna prakAra ke zakunoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha vyavahAropayogI hai / caudahavIM zatAbdI meM Thakkara pherU kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai / inhoMne gaNitasAra aura joimasAra ye do mahatva - pUrNa grantha likhe haiM / gaNitasAra meM pATIgaNita aura parikarmASTaka kI mImAMsA kI gaI hai| joisasAra me nakSatroM kI nAmAvali se lekara grahoM ke vibhinna yogoM kA samyak vivecana kiyA gayA hai| uparyukta graMthoM ke atirikta harSakIrti kRta janmapatrapaddhati, jinavallabha kRta svapnasaMhitA jayavijaya kRta zakunadIpikA, puNya tilaka kRta grahAyusAdhana, gargamuni kRta pAsAvalI, samudra kavi kRta sAmudrika zAstra, mAnasAgarakRta mAnasAgarIpaddhati, jinasena kRta nimittadIpaka Adi grantha bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM / jyotiSasAra jyotiSasaMgraha, 14. kevalajJAna praznacUDAmaNi kA prastAvanA bhAga / zakuna saMgraha, zakunadIpikA, zakunavicAra, janmapatrI paddhati, gRhapAla nAmaka bhaneka aise sagraha graMtha upalabdha haiM, jinake kartA kA patA hI nahIM calatA hai / arvAcIna kAla meM kaI acche jyotirvid hue haiM jinhoMne jaina jyotiSa sAhitya ko bahuta Age bar3hAyA hai|" yahA~ pramukha lekhakoM kA unakI kRtiyoM ke sAtha paricaya diyA jAtA hai| isa yuga meM sabase pramukha hai meghavijaya gaNi / ye jyotiSa zAstra ke prakANDa vidvAn the / inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1036 ke Asa pAsa mAnA gayA hai / inake dvArA racita megha mahodaya yA varSaprabodha, udayadIpikA, yA ramalazAstra aura hastasaMjIvana Adi mukhya haiM / varSaprabodha meM 15 adhikAra aura 35 prakaraNa haiN| isameM utpAta prakaraNa, karpUracakra, padminIcaka maNDalUpakaraNa, sUrya aura candragrahaNa kA phala, mAsa, vAyu-vicAra, savatsara kA phala, grahoM ke udayAsta aura vakrI ayana mAsa kA vicAra, saMkrAnti phala, varSa ke rAjA, maMtrI, ghAntheza, rameza Adi kA nirUpaNa, Aya vyaya vicAra, sarvatobhadracakra evaM zakuna Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / jyotiSa viSaya kI jAnakArI prApta karane ke lie yaha racanA upayogI hai| hastasajIvana meM tIna adhikAra hai| prathama darzanAdhikAra meM hAtha dekhane kI prakriyA, hAtha kI rekhAnoM para se hI mAsa, dina, ghar3I, pala Adi kA kathana evaM hastarekhAnoM ke AdhAra para se hI lagnakuNDalI banAnA tathA usakA phalAdeza nirUpaNa karanA varNita hai| dvitIya sparzanAdhikAra meM hAtha kI rekhAoM ke sparza para se hI samasta zubhAzubha phala kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isa adhikAra meM mUla praznoM ke uttara dene kI prakriyA bhI varNita hai / tRtIya vimarzanAdhikAra meM rekhAnoM para se hI zrAyu, santAna, strI, bhAgyodaya, jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAyeM, sAMsArika sukha, vidyA, buddhi, rAjyasammAna aura padonnati kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / yaha graMtha sAmudrika zAstra kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa aura paThanIya haiN| ubhayakuzala - inakA samaya 18vIM zatI kA pUrvArddha hai / yaha phalita jyotiSa ke acche jJAtA the / inhoMne bivAha

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jaina jyotiSa-sAhitya : eka sabakSaNa 215 paTala aura camatkAracintAmaNi TabA nAmaka do graMthoM kI batAyA jAtA hai| ye jyotiSa, nyAya, vyAkaraNa aura racanA kI hai| ye maharta aura jAtaka, donoM hI viSayoM ke darzana zAstra ke dhurandhara vidvAna the| inhoMne grahalAghava ke pUrNa paMDita the| cintAmaNi TavA meM dvAdaza bhAvoM ke anusAra Upara vAtika nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| vi0 saM0 1062 grahoM ke phalAdeza kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| vivAha meM janmakuNDalI viSaya ko lekara "yazorAja-paddhati" nAmaka paTala meM vivAha ke mahUrta aura kuNDalI milAna kA sAgo- eka vyavahAropayogI graMtha likhA hai / yaha grantha janmakuNDalI pAMga varNana kiyA gayA hai| kI racanA ke niyamoM ke sambandha meM vizeSa prakAza DAlatA hai| uttarArddha meM jAtaka paddhati ke anusAra sakSipta phala labdhacandragaNi-ye kharatara-gacchIya kalyANanidhAna batAyA hai| ke ziSya the| inhoMne vi0 saM0 1051 meM kArtika mAsa meM janmapatrI-paddhati nAmaka eka vyavahAropayogI jyotiSa inake atirikta vinayakuzala, harikuzala, megharAja, kA grantha banAyA hai| isa grantha meM iSTakAla, mayA, bhayoga, jinapAla, jayaratna, sUracandra prAdi kaI jyotiSiyoM kI lagna, navagraho kA spaSTIkaraNa, dvAdazabhAva, tAtkAlika jyotiSa sambandhI racanAyeM upalabdha hai| jaima jyotiSa cakra, dazabala, viMzottarI dazA sAdhana Adi kA vivecana sAhitya kA vikAsa Aja bhI zoSa-TIkAmoM kA nirmANa evaM saMgraha-granthoM ke rUpa meM ho rahA hai| saMkSepa meM prakakiyA gayA hai| gaNita, bIjagaNita, rekhAgaNita, trikoNamitigaNita, pratibAdhatI mani-ye pAzva-candragacchIya zAkhA ka muni bhAgaNita, paMcAga nirmANa gaNita, janmapatra nirmANa gaNita the| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1083 mAnA jAtA hai| prAdi gaNita-jyotiSa ke aMgoM ke sAtha horAzAstra, inhoMne tithisAriNI nAmaka jyotiSa kA mahattvapUrNa grantha sahitA," muhUrta sAmudrika zAstra, praznazAstra, svapnazAstra, likhA hai| isake atirikta inake do-tIna phalita jyotipa / nimittazAstra, ramalazAstra, pAsAkevalI prati phalita ke bhI muharta sambandhI grantha upalabdha hai| inakA sAraNI agoM kA vivecana jaina jyotiSa meM kiyA gayA hai| jaina grantha, makaranda sAraNI ke samAna upayogI hai| jyotiSa sAhitya ke aba taka pAMca sau granthoM kA patA laga yazasvatasAgara-inakA dUsarA nAma jasavaMtasAgara bhI cukA hai|" 00 mahAvIra-vANI uttama ati milane para mI zraddhA kA honA durlamatara , mithyAtvopAsaka jana haiM, mata kara pramAda, gautama ! kSaNa-mara / dhArmika zradA pA phira dharma nimAne vAle dulaM matara , kAma-gRddha bahujana hai, bhataH na kara pramAda, gautama kSaNa-mara // -uttarAdhyayana-sUtra padyAnuvAda-muni zrI mAMgIlAla 'mukusa' 15. bhadrabAhu-saMhitA kA prastAvanA aMza / 16. mahAvIra smRtigrantha ke antargata "jaina jyotiSa kI vyavahArikatA" zIrSaka nibandha, pR. 166-167 / 17. varNI-abhinandama-grantha ke antargata "jyotiSa kA poSaka jaina jyotiSa", pR. 475-463

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syAdavAda kA itihAsa zrI mizrIlAla jaina, eDavokeTa, gunA (ma0pra0) syAdvAda viSayaka dArzanika sAhitya ke itihAsa para ghAna AcArya amRtacandra ne prastuta nahIM kiyaa| dvitIya dRSTipAta karane para bhagavatI sUtra me hI 'siya asthi, siya TIkAkAra jayasena ne isakA rahasyodghATana kiyA hai| patthi siya aktavvaM |'-in tIna bhAgoM kA nirdeza prApta ve likhate hai ki syAdasti yaha vAkya sakalavastu kA bodha hotA hai| isake uparAnta prAcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAya karAtA hai, ataH pramANa vAkya hai tathA syAdastyeva dravyaM paura pravacanasAra meM eka-eka gAthA dekara sAtoM bhAgoM ke yaha vAkya vastu ke eka dharma kA vAcaka hai, ataH nayavAkya nAma nirdeza kie hai| donoM granthoM meM nirdiSTa saptabhaMgI hai| ke krama meM antara hai| paMcAstikAya meM syAvAda kA nirdeza sthAvastIti sakalavastugrAhakatvAt pramANavAkyaM / karane vAlI gAthA isa prakAra hai syAdastyeva dravyamiti vastvekadezagrAhakatvAnnayavAkyam // siya pratyi tthi uhavayaM pravattavaM puNo ya tattivayaM / pravacanasAra kI TIkA me ise aura spaSTa karate hai ki davvaM khu sattabhaMga prAvesavaseNa saMbhavadi / / paMcAstikAya me syAdasti isa pramANa vAkya dvArA pramANa ___ jo dravya apane dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se hai, vahI saptabhaMgI tathA pravacanasAra meM syAdastyeva vAkya dvArA dravya para ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se nahIM hai| vahI pramANa saptabhaMgI tathA pravacanasAra meM syadastyeva vAkya meM dravya hai aura nahIM bhI hai| isa prakAra ubhayarUpa hai| vahIM evakAra kA grahaNa naya saptabhaMgI ko batalAne ke lie kiyA dravya eka sAtha kathana me nahI AtA arthAt pravaktavya hai| gayA hai| vahI dvavya hai para kahane meM nahI AtA, vahI dravya nahIM haiM parva-paMcAstikAye sthAdastItyAdi pramANavAkyena pramANaaura kahane meM nahI pAtA, vaha dravya hai bhI aura nahI bhI saptabhaMgI vyAkhyAtA / atra tu syAdastyeva yadevakAra grahaNa hai, para kahane meM nahIM AtA hai| isa prakAra dravya kI sapta tannayajJApanArthamiti bhAvArthaH / bhaMgoM dvArA vivecanA saMbhava hai| prAcArya samantabhadrAcArya kI prAptamImAMsA meM kevala pravacanasAra meM prAcArya kahate hai ki kisI paryAya se nayasaptabhaMgI kA varNana hai, pramANa saptabhaMgI kA nahIM / anta utpAda aura kisI se vinAza, sarva padArthamAtra ke hotA hai meM prAcArya zrI kA kathana hai ki ekatva anekatva prAdi aura kisI paryAya se padArtha vAstava me dhruva hai| vikalpoM meM bhI naya vizArada ko ukta saptabhagI kI yojanA uppAdo va viNAso vijjavi satvassa atttthjaadss| ucita rIti se kara lenI caahie| isa grantha meM satpajjAeNa du keNavi aTTho khalu hodi sambhUdo // asat, eka-aneka, nitya-anitya, dvaita-advaita, deva-puruSArtha prAcArya amRtacandra aura jayasena pravacanasAra ke TIkA- Adi aneka daSTikoNoM se jaina daSTi kA sundara samanvaya kAra hai / pravacanasAra ke pATha se donoM TIkAkAroM ne evakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (hI) grahaNa kiyA hai| prAcArya amRtacandra paMcAstikAya deva aura puruSArtha ke pracalita matabheda ke sandarbha meM ko TIkA meM syAdasti dravyaM (syAt dravya hai) aura pravacana- AptamImAsA me samantabhadra svAmI ne likhA hai-na koI sAra kI TIkA meM syAdastyeva (kathaMcita hai hI) likhate kArya deva se hotA, na puruSArtha se| donoM rassiyoM se dadhihaiM / prAcArya kundakunda ne bhinna-bhinna grantho me pathak-pRthaka maMthana hotA hai / jahA~ baddhipUrvaka prayatna ke prabhAva meM phaladaSTi se vyAkhyAna kyoM diyA? isa prazna kA koI samA- prApti ho, vahA~ deva ko pradhAna tathA puruSArtha ko gauNa tathA

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syAvAda kA itihAsa 217 jahA~ buddhipUrvaka kArya se siddhi ho, vahAM puruSArtha ko pradhAna, bauddhoM ke mAkramaNa se jaina darzana kI rakSA kA bhagIratha daiva ko gauNa mAnA jaayegaa| prayatna kiyaa| isakI anekAMta-jayapatAkA aura anekAMtavAdasiddhasena divAkara ne sanmati-tarka ke nayakAMDa meM naya- praveza isake lie pramukharUpa se draSTavya hai| saptabhaMgI kA hI varNana kiyA hai| syAdvAda saptabhagI vikrama kI 11 vIM zatAbdI meM hemacandrasUri ne syAd ke vartamAna rUpa ke lie jaina darzana donoM prAcAryoM kA vAdaratnAkara tathA municandra sUri ne anekAMta-jayapatAkA RNI hai / jaina darzana ke isa syAdavAda-sidadhAnta se samasta TippaNagranthoM kI racanA kii| jainetara dRSTiyoM kA vastusparzI samanvaya svataH ho jAtA hai dharmabhUSaNa yati ne nyAyadIpikA rcii| 18vIM zatI ina donoM prAcAryoM ne kevala naya-saptabhaMgI kA hI varNana meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI kA nAma ullekhanIya hai / kiyA hai, pramANasaptabhaMgI kA nhiiN| yadyapi ukta prAcAryoM inhoMne navya-nyAya kI zailI meM aneka graMthoM kA nirmANa ke graMthoM kA sUkSma parIkSaNa karane para pramANa-saptabhaMgI ke kiyaa| vimaladAsa kI saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI saptabhaMgI kA bIjabhUta vAkyoM kA anveSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai; tathApi pratipAdana karane vAlI anUThI racanA hai| pramANasaptabhaMgI kA sarvaprathama spaSTa nirdeza karane kA zreya saMkSepa meM uparyukta grantha hI syAdvAba ko pratipAdya bhaTTAkalaMka ko hI prApta hai| prakalaMka deva ne rAjavAtika viSaya banAne vAle pramukha graMtha hai| aura vidyAnaMdi ne zlokavArtika meM pramANa saptabhaMgI aura prAcArya samantabhadra kI prAptamImAMsA meM pramANa-saptaaura nayasaptabhaMgI kA pRthaka-pRthaka varNana kiyA hai| vikramI krama bhaMgI tathA nayasaptabhaMgrI donoM kA saMketa milatA hai| ve kI chaThI zatAbdI meM pUjyapAda svAmI ne sarvArthasiddhi tathA likhate haiM ki prApakA yugapata sarva padArthoM kA pratibhAsanarUpa mallavAdi ne nayacakra nAmaka bRhad granthoM kI racanA kii| tattvajJAna pramANabhUta hai, kyoMki vaha syAdavAda tathA nayoM se nayacakra me naya ke vividha bhaMgo dvArA jaimetara daSTiyoM ke saMskRta ho rahA hai| samanvaya kA saphala prayatna huA hai| tatvajJAnaM pramANaM te pugapata sarvabhAsanaM / pAThavIM zatAbdI ke eka aura mahAna prAcArya hai-hari- kramabhAvi ca yajjJAnaM syAdava banayasaMskRtam // bhadrasUri jinhoMne vividha zAstra tathA kAvya-granthoM kI sarjanA kara mastiSka kI praur3hatA aura hRdaya kI sarasatA pRthvI rAja mArga, kA paricaya kiyA hai| inhoMne janetara vidvAnoM vizeSataH gunA (ma0 pra0) 000 mahAvIra-vANI pakA humA taru-patra jyoM ki gira jAtA samaya bItane para, tyoM manujoM kA jIvana hai, mata kara pramAda, gautama ! kSaNa-bhara / jyoM kuzAgrasthita prosa-bindu kI svalpa-kAla-sthiti hai sundara, tyoM manujoM kA jIvana hai, mata kara pramAda, gautama ! kSaNa-bhara / / -uttarAdhyayana-satra padyAnuvAda-munizrI mAMgI lAla 'mukula' 000

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zramaNa saMskRti evaM paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti evaM itihAsa kI saMkalpanA evaM saMracanA meM zramaNa-saMskRti kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / aneka aitihAsika zodha kAryoM evaM purAtAtvika utkha nanoM se yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki ati prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratavarSa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa- ye do saskRti-dhArAyeM ajasra rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI hai / jahA vaidika saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra yajJa, karmakANDa, varNAzrama vyavasthA evaM mAnandavA rahe hai, vahAM tyAgI zramaNoM ne lokaSaNA kA tyAga karake niHzreyasa kI siddhi ke lie nivRttiparaka mArga pratipAdita kiyA hai / 'zramaNa' zabda kI racanA 'zrama' dhAtu ( zramu tapasi khede ca ) me lyuT pratyaya jor3akara huI hai / prAcArya haribhadrasUri ( dazavaikAlika, sUtra 1 / 3 ) kA kathana hai--" zrAmyatIti' zramaNaH tapasyatItyarthaH " arthAt jo tapa karatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai| isa prakAra 'zramaNa' kA artha haitapasvI yA parivrAjaka / zramaNa zabda kA artha pratyanta vyApaka hai / ise kevala jainoM taka sImita rakhanA anucita hogA / vibhinna bhASAoM meM upalabdha, zramaNa zabda ke vividha rUpa ( samaNa, zamaNa, savaNu, zravaNa, bhramaNa, saramanAI, zramaNera zrAdi ) zramaNa-zabda kI vizva vyApakatA, siddha karate hai / misra, sumera, asura, bAbula, yUnAna, roma, cIna, madhya eziyA, prAcIna zramarIkA, araba, isarAila Adi prAcIna sabhya dezoM meM bhI zramaNa paramparA kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna thI, yaha aneka aitihAsika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se siddha ho cukA hai| vizva ke 1. tRdilA pratRdilAso zradrayo'zramaNA prathitA zramRtyavaH / Rgveda 10/64 / 11. zrazramaNAH - zramaNa- varjitAH sAyaNa bhASya / 2. munayo vAtarazanA pizaGgA vasate malAH / - Rgveda 1011352. zrI yugeza jaina, dillI prAcInatama grantha Rgveda meM zramaNa zabda tathA vAtarazanAH munayaH (vAyu jinakI mekhalA hai, aise nagna muni) kA ullekha huA hai / " bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM zramaNa ke sAtha-sAtha 'tApasa' zabda kA pRthak prayoga huA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla se hI tApasa brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa bhinna mAne jAte the / taittirIya prAraNyaka meM to Rgveda ke 'munayo vAtarazanAH;' ko zramaNa hI batAyA gayA hai / uparyukta uddharaNo se prAcIna vaidika kAla se hI zramaNoM kA astitva evaM prabhAva spaSTa rUpa se vyakta hotA hai / purAtatva kI dRSTi se bhI zramaNa saMskRti kI prAcInatA zanaiH zanaiH siddha hotI jA rahI hai| bhAratIya purAtatva kA itihAsa mohanajodar3o evaM har3appA se prArambha hotA hai / yadyapi ina sthAnoM se prApta mudrAnoM kI lipi --- sindhu-lipi kA prAmANika vAcana nahIM ho sakA hai aura isI kAraNa sindhu sabhyatA ke nirmAtAoM kI jAti athavA nRvaMza ke sambandha meM nirvivAda rUpa se kahanA sambhava nahIM; tathApi sindhu ghATI ke avazeSoM meM upalabdha katipaya pratIkoM ko zramaNa saMskRti se sambaddha mAnA jA sakatA hai / sara jAna mArzala ke anusAra, mohaMjodar3o se prApta kucha mUrtiyAM yogiyoM kI mUrtiyAM pratIta hotI haiM / ina mUrtiyoM meM se eka, yogAsana sthita trimukha yogI kI pratimA vizeSataH ullekhanIya hai / isa mUrti ke sammukha hAthI, vyAghra mahiSa, mRga prAdi pazu sthita haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra, yaha pazupati ziva kI mUrti hai / " anya vidvAnoM ke 3. zramaNo'zra maNastApaso'tApasaH ....... bhavati bRhadAraNyakopaniSada 4 / 3 / 22 4. 5. Mohan-jodro and Indus civilization (1931) Vol. 1, pp. 52-3. -- Sir John Marshal vAtarazanA ha va RSayaH zramaNAH Urdhvamanthino babhavu:taittirIyAraNyaka 27.

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zramaNa-saMskRti evaM paramparA anusAra, yaha mUrti kisI pahuMce hue yogI kI mUrti hai / " "isa trimukha mUrti ke avalokana se bharhat-pratizayoM se safe koI bhI vidvAn yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakatA hai ki yaha samavazaraNa sthita caturmukha tIrthaMkara kA hI koI zilpa-citraNa hai jisakA eka mukha usakI banAvaTa ke kAraNa pradRzya ho gayA hai / " astu, zrAryoM ke Agamana se pUrva yahA~ eka samunnata saMskRti evaM sabhyatA vidyamAna thI jo ahiMsA, satya, evaM tyAga para AdhArita thI / isa viSaya meM adhikArI vidvAn zrI candA kA nimnalikhita mata vicAraNIya hai 'sindhu ghATI kI aneka mudrAoM meM aMkita, na kevala baiThI huI deva-mUrtiyA~ yoga mudrA meM hai aura ve usa sundara atIta meM yoga mArga ke pracAra ko siddha karatI hai, apitu khaDgAsanastha deva mUrtiyAM bhI yoga kI kAyotsarga-mudrA meM sthita hai / yaha kAyotsarga-mudrA vizeSataH jaina hai / zrAdi purANa - 15 / 3 meM RSabhadeva ke tapa ke sambandha meM kAyo tsarga-mudrA kA ullekha hai / jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI kAyotsarga-mudrA me sthita eka khaDgAsanastha mUrti ( dvitIya zatAbdI IsvI) mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM hai / isa mUrti kI zailI se sindhu-ghATI se prApta mudrAnoM meM aMkita khar3I huI deva-mUrtiyo kI zailI bilkula milatI hai / " 'vRSabha kA artha hai - baila / RSabhadeva kA cihna baila hai / mudrA saM. 3 se 5 taka meM prati deva-mUrtiyo ke sAtha baila bhI aMkita hai jo RSabha kA pUrva rUpa ho sakatA hai / " DA. rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne bhI 'hindU sabhyatA' nAmaka grantha meM zrI caMdA ke uparyukta mata kI puSTi kI hai aura tAmrayugIna sindhu sabhyatA ko jaina dharma kA mUla pratipAdita kiyA hai / prasiddha purAtatvavettA zrI TI. aina. rAmacandran ne 6. Ahimsa in Indian Culture. --- Dr. Nathmal Tantia 7. munizrI nagarAja jI, vIra ( zramaNa zraMka ), vIra nirvANa saM. 2460, pRSTha 46. 8. mADarna rivyU, jUna, 9. mADarna rivyU, jUna, 1932, zrI caMdA kA lekha / 1932, zrI caMdA kA lekha / 10. tApasAH bhuMjate cApi zramaNAzcaiva bhuMjate / - rAmAyaNa, 81412 11. mahAbhArata, 12 / 154 / 21. 216 har3appA se prApta do mUrtiyoM meM se prathama mUrti ko 'naTarAja ziva kA prAcIna pratirUpa' tathA dvitIya ko tIrthaMkara- mUrti mAnA hai| vedoM meM varNita 'zira devAH kA prarthaM liMgapUjaka ke atirikta ziznayukta arthAt nagna devatAoM ke pUjaka bhI ho sakatA hai| uparyukta donoM mUrtiyoM ke nagna hone ke kAraNa inakI saMgati 'ziznadevA:' se sthApita kI jA sakatI hai tathA sindhu sabhyatA me zramaNa saMskRti ke bIja DhU~Dha jA sakate hai / uparyukta vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki prAgAyaM evaM prAvaidika kAla se zramaNa-saMkRti kI punIta srotasvinI nirantara pravAhita hotI rahI hai / tt vaidika vAGmaya ke pratirikta, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, ' tathA bhAgavatapurANa" meM zramaNoM kA spaSTa ullekha humA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ke zrAdya pravartaka bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA bhI ullekha vedoM" tathA purANoM meM zraddhApUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| uttarakAlIna bhASyakAroM ne sAmpradAyika durAgraha ke kAraNa ina ullekhoM kA anyArtha siddha karanekA prayatna kiyA hai| vastutaH zramaNa evaM brAhmaNa donoM saMskRtiyo kI janmabhUmi eka hI bhUmi - bhAratabhUmi rahI hai / anya prAcIna sAhitya ke abhAva meM hame zramaNa-saMskRti ke bIja bhI vaidika vAGmaya meM DhUDhane hoge / sambhava hai ki atyanta prAcIna kAla me veda donoM saMskRtiyoM ke mAnya grantha rahe hoM parantu kAlAntara me yAjJika purohitoM ke prAbalya ke kAraNa vedo me se zramaNa-sambandhI uddharaNo ko nikAlane kI ceSTA kI gaI ho jisake phalasvarUpa zramaNoM ne vedoM kA prAmANya asvIkRta kara diyA ho / astu, prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya eva saMskRti kI saracanA meM zramaNoM kA yogadAna kisI anya sampradAya yA varga se kama nahIM rahA hai / 12. santuSTAH karuNA maMtrA zAntA dAntAstitikSavaH / zrAtmArAmAH samadRzaH prAyazaH zramaNAH janAH / 13. Rgveda 101102 / 6. tathA 4 / 58 / 3. 14. 'barhiSi tasminneva viSNudatta bhagavAn paramarSibhiH prasAdito nAbheH priyacikIrSayA tadavazeghAyane merudevyAM dharmAn darzayitukAmo vAtarazanAnA zramaNAnAmRSINAmUrdhvamanthinA zuklayA tanuvAvatatAra // ' bhAgavata purANa 5 / 3 / 20

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220, barSa 28, ki01 anekAnta bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke anantara, dvitIya tIrthakara zrI krAnti kii| pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana meM vyasta dArSatikoM ajitanAtha se lekara 21veM tIrthaMkara zrI naminAtha taka ke ko syAdvAda tathA anekAnta kA mahAmantra dekara sammArga kAla kA aitihAsika anuzIlana, purAtAttvika pramANoM ke dikhaayaa| loka-bhASA meM upadeza dekara unhoMne paNDioM ke prabhAva meM, abhI sambhava nahIM ho pAyA hai| bAIsaveM tIrtha- niraMkuza varcasva ko samApta kiyA aura vaicArika-jagat me dUra zrI neminAtha (ariSTanemi) kA aitihAsika astitva kAnti kii| aneka vidvAno dvArA pramANita kiyA jA cukA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke hI samaya meM mahAtmA buddha kA teIsaveM tIrthakara zrI pArzvanAtha to aba aitihAsika mahA- mAvirbhAva hamA, jinhoMne zramaNa-saMskRti kI anya dhArApuruSoM kI koTi meM pA cuke haiN| ahiMsA ke itihAsa meM bauddha dharma kA 'madhyama mArga'-pratipAdita kiyaa| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA 'cAturyAma' apUrva koTi kA mAnA jAtA hai| mahAvIra tathA mahAtmA buddha kI samakAlInatA ke kAraNa kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra aura mahAtmA zramaNa-saskRti kI dono ghArAmoM-jana tathA bauddha-ke buddha kI suvikasita ahiMsA kA mUla udgama pArzvanAtha kA sivAntoM tathA pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kiMcita samAnatA cAturyAma hI hai|" svAbhAvika hI hai| bha0 mahAvIra tathA buddha ke lie prayukta bhAratIya itihAsa meM IsA-pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA kAla 'jina' tathA 'arhat' zabda isa bAta ke jvalanta pramANa' haiN| vizeSa mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| vastuta: yaha kAla saMkrAnti-kAla isI prakAra donoM sampradAyoM ke sAdhu-saMnyAsI 'zramaNa' thA jisame prAgaitihAsika yuga kI mAnyatAeM zanaiH zanaiH kahalAe / vikRta rUpa dhAraNa kara rahI thii| loga dharma ke vAstavika isa prakAra lagabhaga pAMca hajAra varSoM se zramaNa saMskRti svarUpa ko purohita-varga ke kriyAkAMDa meM phaMsa kara bhUla kI srotasvinI akSuNNa rUpa se pravAhita hotI A rahI hai / cuke the aura ve prazvamedha mAdi yajJo meM prANiyoM ke bali- samaya-samaya para ise aneka bAdhAnoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A dAna ko hI dharma kI itizrI mAnane lage the| vANI-rahita hai| eka yuga meM to sthiti yahA~ taka viSama ho gaI thI dIna evaM nirIha pazuoM kA krandana sAmUhika mantroccAra ki zramaNo tathA brAhmaNoM kA virodha zAzvata mAnA jAne kI dhvani meM vilIna kara diyA jAtA thA / kSaNika mAnanda lgaa| virodhI prahAro ko sahana karate hue bhI ni.zreyas hI manuSya kA dhyeya bana gayA thA aura isa dhyeya pUrti kA kI siddhi meM saMlagna zramaNa adamya sahiSNutA, tyAga-vRtti sAdhana mAnA jAtA thA-yazo kA karmakANDa / purohita- evaM sAdhanA kA prAzraya lekara zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa varga ke vazIbhUta katipaya zaktizAlI rAjAoM kA prAzraya evaM prasAra karate rhe| pAkara yaha yajJavAda itanA prabala ho cukA thA ki kisI bha. mahAvIra ke 2500veM parinirvANa-mahotsava-varSa sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie isakA virodha karanA asambhava kI isa pAvana velA me hamArA kartavya hai ki hama bhAcAra ho gayA thaa| eva vicAra me zramaNa saMskRti ke pavitra prAdoM ko grahaNa aise saMkaTagrasta kAla me vaizAlI ke rAjakumAra vardhamAna 1 karake deza-videza meM isakA pracAra evaM prasAra kreN| ra mahAvIra ne eka sarvatomukhI krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| unhoMne ahiMsA, satya, pracaurya, brahmacarya tathA aparigrahaina pAMca mahAvratoM (zramaNoM ke lie) tathA aNuvratoM 1464, kUcA seTha, (zrAvakoM ke lie) kA vidhAna karake bhAcAra jagat meM darIbA, dillI-6 15. (ka) zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbI- bhAratIya saMskRti 17. 'yeSAM ca viroSaH zAzvatikaH' (maSTAdhyAyI, 249) aura mahiMsA, pRSTha 57 para pAtaMjala mahAbhASya-"yeSAM ca-'ityasyAvakAzaH (kha) The Religion of Ahinsa, P. 14. mArjAra-mUSakaM zramaNabrAhmaNamityAdI jJeyaH" / 16. pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma, pRSTha 28-29.

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ahiMsA ke AyAma : mahAvIra aura gAMdhI 0 zrI yazapAla jaina, dillI mahiMsA kI zreSThatA : kAraNa banate / parazurAma se yaha sahana na humA / unhoMne mAnava-jAti ke kalyANa ke lie ahiMsA hI ekamAtra dhanuSa-bANa uThAyA, pharasA liyA aura saMsAra se kSatriyoM sAdhana hai, isa tathya ko grAja sArA saMsAra svIkAra karatA ko samApta karane ke lie nikala pdd'e| jo bhI kSatriya hai, lekina kama hI loga jAnate hai ki ahisA kI zreSThatA milanA, use ve mauta ke ghATa utAra dete| kahate hai, unhoMne kI ora prAcInakAla se hI bhAratavAsiyo kA dhyAna rahA 21 bAra isa bhUmi ko kSatriyoM se khAlI kara diyA, lekina hai / vaidika kAla me hiMsA hotI thI, yajJoM me pazuoM kI hiMsA kI jar3a phira bhI banI rahI / vizvAmitra mahiMsA ke bali dI jAtI thI, lekina usa yuga meM bhI aise vyakti the, vratI the, ve svayaM hisA nahIM karate the, para dUsaroM se hiMsA jo anubhava karate the ki jisa prakAra hameM duHkha-darda kA karavAne me unheM hicaka nahIM huii| parazurAma hiMsA se anubhava hotA hai, usI prakAra dUsare prANiyoM ko bhI hotA ahiMsA sthApita karanA cAhate the| donoM kI ahiMsA meM hai, ataH jIvoM ko mAranA ucita nahI hai| Age calakara niSThA thI, kintu unakA mArga sahI nahIM thaa| usame hiMsA yaha bhAvanA aura bhI vikasita huii| mahAbhArata ke 'zAnti ke lie gujAiza thI aura hiMsA se ahiMsA kI sthApanA parva' me hama bhISmapitAmaha ke muha se sunate hai ki hisA ho nahIM sakatI thii| atyanta anarthakArI hai| usase na kevala manuSyoM kA saMhAra bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya : hotA hai, apitu jo jIvita raha jAte hai, unakA bhI bhArI bhagavAna buddha ne eka nayI dizA dii| samAja ke hita patana hotA hai| usa samaya aise vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA kama ko dhyAna meM rakha kara 'bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya' kA nahI thI, jo mAnate the ki yadi hiMsA se ekadama bacA nahI ghoSa kiyaa| unhoMne kahA, "vaha kAma karo, jisameM bahajA sakatA to kama-se-kama unhe apane hAtha se to hiMsA saMkhyaka logoM ko lAbha pahuce, sukha mile|" isase spaSTa yA nahI karanI caahie| unhoMne yaha kAma kucha logoM ko saupa ki unhone anajAne mArane kI maryAdA ko chUTa dI arthAt diyA, jo bAda meM kSatriya khlaaye| brAhmaNa unase kahate jisa kArya se samAja ke adhikAMza vyaktiyoM kA hita the ki hama ahiMsA kA vrata lete hai, hisA nahIM karege, lekina sAdhana hotA ho, use ucita ThaharAyA, bhale hI usase alpayadi hama para koI prAkramaNa kare athavA rAkSasa hamAre yajJa sakhyako ke hitoM kI upekSA kyo na hotI ho| me bAdhA DAla, to tuma hamArI rakSA krnaa| vizvAmitra mahAvIra aura mAge baDhe brahmarSi the, dhanuvidyA meM niSNAta the, para unhoMne ahiMsA kA bhagavAna mahAvIra eka kadama Age bddh'e| unhoMne sabake vrata le rakhA thaa| apane hAtha se kisI ko nahI mAra sakate kalyANa kI kalpanA kI aura ahiMsA ko parama dharma mAna the / unhone rAma-lakSmaNa ko dhanuSa-bANa calAnA sikhAyA kara pratyeka prANI ke lie use anivArya tthhraayaa| unhoMne aura apane yajJa kI surakSA kA dAyitva unhe sauNpaa| kahAmArane kI zakti hAtha meM prA jAne se kSatriyoM kA 'savve pANA piyA uyA, suhasAyA, dukkhapaDikalA. prabhutva bar3ha gyaa| ve zatru ke Ane para usakA sAmanA prAppiyavahA / krte| dhIre-dhIre hisA unakA svabhAva bana gyaa| jaba piya jIviNo jIviukAmA, (tamhA) NAtivAejja zatru na hotA to ve mApasa me hI lar3a par3ate aura duHkha kA kiMcaNaM //

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222, varSa 28, ki.1 bhanekAnta arthAta, saba prANiyoM ko prAyu priya hai, saba sukha ke do', arthAta yadi tuma cAhate ho ki sukhapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta prabhilASI haiM, duHkha sabake pratikUla hai, vadha sabako apriya hai, karo to usake lie Avazyaka hai ki dUsaroM ko bhI usI saba jIne kI icchA rakhate haiM, isase kisI ko mAranA athavA prakAra jIne kA avasara do| unhoMne samaSTi ke hita meM kaSTa nahIM pahuMcAnA caahie| vyaSTi ke hita ko samAviSTa kara dene kI preraNA dii| hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra se pahale bhI aneka dharma- vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika jIvana ko vikRta karane vAlI pravartakoM tathA mahApuruSoM ne ahiMsA ke mahatva evaM usakI sabhI burAiyoM kI mora unakA dhyAna gayA aura unheM dUra upAdeyatA para prakAza DAlA thA, lekina mahAvIra ne ahiMsA- karane ke lie unhoMne mArga sujhaayaa| tatva kI jitanI vista ta, sUkSma tathA gahana mImAMsA kI, mahAvIra kI ahiMsA prema ke vyApaka vistAra meM se utanI zAyada hI aura kisI ne kI ho / unhoMne ahiMsA upajI thii| unakA prema prasIma thaa| vaha kevala manuSyako gaNa-sthAno me prathama sthAna para rakhA aura usa tatva jAti ko prema nahI karate the, unakI karuNA samasta jIvako carama sImA taka pahuMcA diyaa| kahanA hogA ki unhoMne dhAriyoM taka vyApta thii| choTe bar3e, UMca-nIca prAdi ke prahiMsA ko saiddhAMtika bhamikA para hI khar3A nahIM kiyA, bhedabhAva ko unake prema ne kabhI svIkAra nahI kiyA / yahI use mAcaraNa kA adhiSThAna bhI bnaayaa| unakA kahanA kAraNa hai ki ahiMsA kA unakA mahAna Adarza pratyeka thA mAnava ke lie kalyANakArI thaa| sayaM tivAyae pANe, aduvannehi dhAyae / jisane rAjya chor3A, rAjasI aizvarya ko tilAMjali vaNataM vANajANAi, deraM vaDDhai appaNI // dI, bharI javAnI meM ghara-bAra se muMha mor3A, sArA vaibhava (jo manuSya prANiyo kI svayaM hiMsA karatA hai, dUsaroM chor3akara akiMcana banA aura jisane bAraha varSoM taka darSa se hisA karavAtA hai aura hiMsA karavAne vAloM kA anu- tapasyA kI, usake pAtmika bala kI sahaja hI kalpanA nahIM modana karatA hai, vaha saMsAra meM apane lie baira bar3hAtA hai| kI jA sktii| mahAvIra ne rAta-dina apane ko tapAyA ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA karate hue vaha kahate hai : aura kaMcana bane / unakI ahiMsA vIroM kA prastra thI, durbala tesiM pracchaNa jo eva, nicca hoyabvayaM siyaa| vyakti usakA upayoga nahIM kara sakatA thaa| jo mArane maNasA kAyavakkeNa, eva havadU saMjaya // kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai, phira bhI mAratA nahIM aura nirantara (mana, vacana aura kAyA, iname se kisI eka ke dvArA kSamAzIla rahatA hai, vahI ahisA kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| bhI kisI prakAra ke jIvoM kI hiMsA na ho, aisA vyavahAra yAda koI cUhA kahe ki vaha billI para AkramaNa nahIM hI saMyamI jIvana hai| aise jIvana kA nirantara dhAraNa hI karegA, usane use kSamA kara diyA hai, to use ahiMsaka nahIM ahiMsA hai|) mAnA jA sakatA / vaha dila meM billI ko kosatA hai, para saba jIvoM ke prati prAtmabhAva rakhane, kisI ko trAsa usameM dama hI nahIM ki usakA kucha bigAr3a ske| isI se na pahuMcAne, kisI ke bhI prati vara-virodha-bhAva na rakhane, kahA hai-"kSamA vIrasya bhUSaNam / " yahI bAta ahiMsA ke apane karma ke prati sadA vivekazIla rahane, nirbhaya banane, viSaya meM kahI jA sakatI hai| kAyara yA nivI dUsaro ko abhaya dene, prAdi-mAdi bAto para mahAvIra ne ahiMsaka nahI ho sakatA hai| vizeSa bala diyA, jo svAbhAvika hI thaa| mAnava-jIvana isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kA ko UrdhvagAmI banAne aura samAja meM phailI nAnA prakAra vyApaka pracAra-prasAra kiyA aura use dharma kA zaktizAlI kI vyAdhiyoM ko dUra karake use sthAyI sukha aura zAMti aMga bnaayaa| usa jamAne meM pazu-vadha Adi ke rUpa meM ghora pradAna karane ke abhilASI mahAvIra ne samasta carAcara hiMsA hotI thii| mahAvIra ne usake viruddha apanI AvAja prANiyoM ke bIca samatA lAne aura unheM ekasUtra meM bAMdhane UMcI kii| unhoMne logoM meM yaha vizvAsa paidA kiyA ki kA prayatna kiyaa| unakA siddhAnta thA-'jIyo mora jIne hiMsA asvAbhAvika hai| manuSya kA svAbhAvika dharma ahiMsA

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mahiMsA ke mAyAna: mahAvIra aura gAMdhI 22 // hai / usI kA anusaraNa karake vaha svayaM sukhI raha sakatA lie unhoMne dhArmika hI nahIM, sAmAjika, pArthika, rAjahai, dUsaroM ko sukhI rakha sakatA hai| naitika tathA anya sabhI kSetro meM mahiMsA ke pAlana kA prAgraha isa dizA meM hama IsA ke yogadAna ko bhI nahIM bhUla kiyaa| unhone kahA : sakate haiN| unhoMne hisA kA niSedha kiyA aura yahAM taka "hama logoM ke dila meM isa jhaThI mAnyatA ne ghara kara kahA ki yadi koI tumhAre eka gAla para tamAcA mAre to liyA hai ki ahiMsA vyaktigata rUpa se hI vikasita kI dUsarA gAla bhI usake sAmane kara do| unhone yaha bhI jA sakatI hai aura vaha vyakti taka hI maryAdita hai / vAstava kahA ki tuma apane ko jitanA prema karate ho, utanA hI me bAta aisI nahIM hai / ahisA sAmAjika dharma hai aura vaha apane par3osI ko bhI kro| sAmAjika dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita kI jA sakatI hai, yaha ahiMsA kA vyApaka pracAra : manavAne kA merA prayatna aura prayoga hai|" itanA hI nahIM, isake pazcAt ahiMsA ke pracAra ke bahuta se udAharaNa unhAna yahA taka kahA : milate haiN| kaliMga-yuddha meM eka lAkha vyaktiyo ke mAre "agara ahiMmA vyaktigata guNa hai to vaha mere lie jAne se samrATa azoka kA mana kisa prakAra ahiMsA kI tyAjya vastu hai / merI ahiMsA kI kalpanA vyApaka hai| yaha ora AkRSTa humA, yaha sarvavidita hai| apane zilA-lekho karoDoM kI hai / maiM to unakA sevaka h| jo cIja karoDoM meM azoka ne dharma kI jo zikSA dI, usase ahiMsA ko saba kI nahI ho sakatI hai, vaha mere lie tyAjya hai aura mere se UMcA sthAna milaa| terahavI-caudahavI sadI meM vaiSNava dharma sAthiyoM ke lie tyAjya honI caahie| hama to yaha siddha kI lahara utthii| usane ahisA ke svara ko deza ke eka karane ke lie paidA hue hai ki satya aura ahiMsA vyaktichora se dUsare chora taka pahuMcA diyaa| mahArASTra meM yAra- gata prAcAra ke hI niyama nahIM hai, ve samudAya, jAti aura karI sampradAya ne bhI isa kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| rASTra kI nIti ho sakate hai| merA yaha vizvAsa hai ki aura bhI bahuta se sampradAyoM ne hiMsA ko rokane ke lie ahiMsA hamezA ke lie hai, vaha prAtmA kA guNa hai, isalie prayatna kiye| santoM kI vANI ne lAkhoM-karoDo nara-nAriyoM vaha vyApaka hai, kyoMki prAtmA to sabhI ke hotI hai| ko prabhAvita kiyaa| ahisA sabake lie hai, saba jagahoM ke lie hai, saba samaya pariNAma yaha huA ki jo ahiMsA kisI samaya kevala ke lie hai| agara vaha vAstava meM prAtmA kA guNa hai to tapazcaraNa kI vastu mAnI jAtI thI, usakI upayogitA hamAre lie yaha sahaja ho jAnA caahie|" jIvana tathA samAja meM vyApta huii| usake lie jahAM koI logoM ne kahA, "satya aura ahiMsA vyApAra meM nahIM sAmUhika prayAsa nahIM hotA thA, vahA~ aba bahuta se loga cala sakate / rAjanIti meM unakI jagaha nahIM ho sktii|" milajula kara kAma karane lge| ina prayAsoM kA pratyakSa pari- aise vyaktiyoM ko uttara dete hue gAMdhI jI ne kahA / NAma dRSTigocara hone lgaa| jina manuSyoM aura jAtiyoM "mAja kahA jAtA hai ki satya vyApAra meM nahIM calatA, ne hiMsA kA tyAga kara diyA, ve sabhya kahalAne lagIM, unhe rAjakAraNa meM nahIM calatA, to phira kahA~ calatA hai ? pramara samAja meM adhika sammAna milane lgaa| satya jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM aura sabhI vyavahAroM meM nahIM ahiMsA kI sAmAjikatA aura gAMdhI : cala sakatA to vaha kaur3I kImata kI cIja nahI hai| jIvana lekina ahiMsA ke vikAsa kI yaha mantima sImA nahIM meM usakA upayoga hI kyA rahA? satya aura ahiMsA koI thI / vartamAna avasthA taka pAne meM use kucha maura sIr3hiyAM prAkAza-puSpa nahIM haiN| unheM hamAre pratyeka zabda, vyApAra car3hanI thiiN| vaha avasara use yuga-puruSa gAMdhI ne diyaa| aura karma meM prakaTa honA caahie|" unhoMne dekhA ki nijI jIvana meM mahiMsA aura bAhya kSetra gAMdhIjI ne yaha saba kahA hI nahIM, isa para amala kara meM hiMsA, ye bonoM cIjeM sAtha-sAtha nahIM cala sakatIM, isa- ke bhI dikhaayaa| unhoMne prAcInakAla se calI mA rahI

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264, varSa 28, ki0 anekAnta ahiMsA kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAyA, use nayA mor3a diyaa| sthiti madhika samaya taka calane vAlI nahIM hai| yAtAyAta unhoMne jahA~ vaiyaktika jIvana meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kI, ke sAdhanoM ne duniyA ko bahuta choTA kara diyA hai aura vahAM use sAmAjika tathA rAjanaitika kAryoM kI mAdhAra- choTe-bar3e sabhI rASTra yaha mAnane lage haiM ki unakA astitva zilA bhI bnaayaa| ahiMsA ke vaiyaktika evaM sAmUhika yuddha se nahIM, prema se hI surakSita raha sakatA hai / para unameM prayoga ke jitane dRSTAnta hameM gAMdhIjI ke jIvana meM milate abhI itanA sAhasa nahI hai ki varSa meM 364 dina saMhAraka haiM, utane kadAcita kisI dUsare mahApuruSa ke jIvana meM nahIM astroM kA nirmANa kareM aura 365veM dina una sAre astroM milte| ko samudra meM pheMka deN| ahiMsA aba naye mor3a para khar3I hai aura saMketa karake kaha rahI hai ki vijJAna ke sAtha adhyAtma hisA-prahiMsA kI prAMkha-micaunI: ko jor3o aura vaijJAnika prAviSkAroM ko racanAtmaka para durbhAgya se hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI prAMkha-micaunI dizA meM moddo| jIvana kA carama lakSya sukha aura zAMti mAja bhI cala rahI hai| gAMdhIjI ne apane prAtmika nala se hai| usakI upalabdhi saMgharSa se nahIM, sadbhAva se hogii| ahiMsA ko jo pratiSThA pradAna kI thI, vaha praba kSINa ahiMsA meM nirAzA ko sthAna nahIM / vaha jAnatI hai ki uSA ho gayI hai| ahiMsA kI tejasvitA manda par3a gayI hai, hiMsA ke prAgamana se pUrva rAtri ke antima prahara kA andhakAra kA svara prakhara ho gayA hai| isIse hama dekhate haiM ki prAja gahanatama hotA hai / Aja vizva meM jo kucha ho rahA hai| vaha cAroM ora hiMsA kA bolabAlA hai| vijJAna kI kRpA se isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki aba zIghra hI naye yuga kA udaya naye-naye pAviSkAra ho rahe hai aura zaktizAlI rASTroM ko hogA aura saMsAra meM yaha viveka jAgRta hogA ki mAnava prabhutA kA prAdhAra vinAzakArI prANavika astra bane hue tathA mAnava-nIti se adhika zreSTha aura kucha nahIM hai / prAja haiN| hirozimA aura nAgAsAkI ke narasaMhAra kI kahAnI nahIM to kala, kala nahIM to parasoM, vaha dina prAyegA jaba aura vahAM ke prasaMkhya pIr3itoM kI karAha prAja bhI dig- rASTa nayA sAhasa baTora pAyeMge aura vIra-zAsana ke sarvodigaMta meM vyApta hai, phira bhI rASTroM kI bhautika mahatvA- daya tIrtha tathA gAMdhI ke rAmarAjya kI kalpanA ko caritArtha kAMkSA tathA adhikAra-lipsA tRpta nahIM ho pA rahI hai| kreNge| saMhAraka prastroM kA nirmANa tejI se ho rahA hai aura unakA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa-mahotsava-varSa meM hama prayoga mAja bhI kucha rASTra beghar3aka kara rahe hai| apane jIvana me nayA mor3a lA sakeM to usase hamArA bhalA lekina hama yaha na bhUleM ki ahiMsA kI jar3eM bahuta hogA aura samAja kA bhI kalyANa hogaa| cAritrya ke binA gaharI haiN| unheM ukhAr3a pheMkanA sambhava nahIM hai| usakA jJAna aura darzana adhUre hai, isa satya ko hameM acchI taraha vikAsa nirantara hotA gayA hai aura aba bhI usakI pragati hRdayaMgama kara lenA caahie| rukegI nahI / hama do vizvayuddha dekha cuke hai aura bhAja bhI 00 zItayuddha kI vibhISikA dekha rahe haiN| vijetA aura parA- 7/8, dariyAgaMja, jita, donoM hI anubhava kara rahe haiM ki yaha bhasvAbhAvika dillii|

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kucha prAcIna jaina vidvAna paM0 paramAnanda jaina zAstrI, dillI bIpAla vidya deva: bhI vahAM rahe haiN| rAjA jayasiMha dakSiNa ke caulukya yA zrIpAla vidya deva dramila saMgha aura praruGgalAnvaya solaMkI vaMza ke rAjA the, vIra aura parAkramI the| siMhapura ke prAcArya the / yaha apane samaya ke bar3e bhArI vidvAn aura unhIM ke rAjya meM thaa| unake rAjyakAla ke aneka zilAtapasvI the| ve paravAdimarza aura SaTadallana me niSNAta yogI- lekha upalabdha hue haiN| zaka saM0638 se 164 taka 26 zvara the| inakI syAdvAda-bhUSaNa, vAdIbhasiMha, vAdIkolA- varSa to unakA rAjya nizcita hI rahA hai| vAdirAja to hala aura vidya cakravartI mAdi upAdhiyAM thiiN| isase unakI rAjadhAnI meM rahe haiM aura unakI sabhA meM aneka yaha usa samaya ke bar3e bhArI pratiSThita vidvAna jAna par3ate vAdiyoM ko parAjita bhI kiyA hai / vAdirAja ke guru matisAgara zrIpAla vidya deva ke ziSya the| yasya vAgamataM loke mithyakAnta viSApaham / zaka saM0 1067, san 1175 I0, ke eka zilAlekha tasmai zrIpAla devAya namastravidya-cakriNe meM hoyasala vaMza ke viSNuvardhana pomasaladeva ne jina-mandiroM ||(jain khekha saM0 bhA0 3 pR.72)| ke jINoddhArArtha aura RSiyoM ke mAhAra-dAnArtha vAdirAja jinake vacanarUpa amRta se mithyA ekAnta rUpa viSa ke vaMzaja zrIpAla yogIzvara ko 'zalya' nAma kA eka gAMva dUra ho jAtA hai; una vidya cakravartI zrIpAla deva ko dAna me diyA thA : namaskAra ho| inake dUsare ziSya vAsupUjya vratIndra the, jo bar3e vidvAna san 1145 I. ke eka lekha meM unheM-'syAdvAdAcalamastake the| ye zikSA-dIkSA aura surakSA meM nipuNa the| jaisA ki sthitiraso zrIpAla kaNThIravaH' likhA hai| yaha gadya-padya- zilAlekha ke nimna padya se prakaTa hai| rUpa donoM taraha kI racanA me kuzala the| isase ve prakANDa zrIpAla vidya vidyApati pada kamalArAdhanA-labdha-buddhi, vidvAn jJAta hote hai / para kheda hai ki unakI isa samaya siddhAntAmbho-nidhAna pravisarabamRtAsvAda - pusstt-prmodH| koI racanA upalabdha nahI hai / jaina zilAlekha-saMgraha dIkSA-zikSA-surakSA-kama-vRtti-nipuNaH santata bhavya-sevyaH, tRtIya bhAga ke aneka lekhoM meM zrIpAla vidya kI prazaMsA so'yaM dAkSiNya-mUrtijaMgati vijayate vAsupUjyaH vatInaH / / kI gaI hai| inake aneka vidvAna ziSya the| bAdirAja jaina lekha saM0 bhA0 3 pu0 148 // sUri ne 'pAzvanAtha carita' kI prazasti meM apane dAdA guru za ka saM0 1095-1173 I. meM zrIpAla vidya deva zrIpAla deva ko "siMhapuraka-mukhya' likhA hai, jisase spaSTa ke ziSya vAsupUjya deva ko, hoyasala ballAla deva ke sandhi haki ve siMhapura ke nivAsI the| sambhavataH yaha siMhapura vigrahI maMtrI cimappa ne sigenADa mAkalI meM trikUTa unheM jAgIra meM milA huA thaa| isa paramparA kA maTha jinAlaya banavA kara usa gAMva ke devatA kI pUjA paura bhI vahA~ thaa| vAdirAja aura unakI paramparA ke manijana mAhAra-dAnAdi ke lie dAna diyA thaa| 1. 'intu niravadya syAdvAda bhUSaNa gaNa poSaNa same saru- 2. akalaka siMhAsanArUtasaM tAkika pakravatigalu pAvana mAgi vAdIma siMha vAvikolAhala tAkika cakravartI- viSayamo SaT tarkAvilabahu-ni-saGgataM zrIpAladembA zrIpAla vidha devarne / ' (jaina lekha saM0 bhA. vidya-gadya-padya-baco-vinyAsaM nisarga-vijaya-vilA: sam / " (jaina lekha saM0 bhA0 3 pR. 115)

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226, varSa 28, ki01 ina saba ullekhoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zrIpAla ratnakIti nAma ke aura bhI vidvAn hue haiM, jinakA vidya deva aura unakI ziSya-paramparA ne jaina zAsana kI saMkSipta paricaya nimna prakAra hai :sevA kI hai| ukta zrIpAla vidya deva IsA kI 12vIM eka ratnakIti ve haiM jinakA ullekha, kharagona se Una zatAbdI ke pratibhA-sampanna vidvAna the| jAne vAlI sar3aka para RSabhadeva kA eka vizAla mandira meM ratna kIti : prApta hamA hai / cauvArA derA naM. 1 meM eka bar3I mUrti para kASThAsaMgha mAthurAnvaya ke prasiddha bha0 anantakIrti ke vi0 saM0 1182 kA eka lekha aMkita hai, jisameM jainApaTTadhara kSemakIti ke ziSya the : kSemakIrti ke paTTadhara hema- cArya ratnakIti kA nAma aMkita hai jisase yaha ratnakIrti kIti the| ratnakIti prAkRta-saMskRta bhASA ke acche vidvAn vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke upAntya samaya ke prAcArya the| inhoMne apane guru kI prAjJA se prAcArya devasena ke jAna par3ate haiN| 'pArAghanAsAra' kI TIkA banAI thii| ArAdhanAsAra mUla- dUsare ratnakoti ve haiM jinakA ullekha saM0 1334 ke grantha prAkRta bhASA kA hai, usameM 115 gAthAoM meM samyara- eka lekha meM pAyA jAtA hai, jisameM paNDitAcArya ratnakIrti darzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra aura samyaktapa ina cAra dvArA eka mUrti ke sthApita kie jAne kA ullekha hai| mArAdhanAoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / TIkA vizada, sugama 14vIM zatAbdI kA yaha lekha indaura ke myUjiyama meM saMra. aura sarala hai| gAthAnoM ke artha kA bodha karAte hue vastu kSita hai| svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai aura mArAdhanAmoM kI kathA tIsare ratnakIrti ve haiM jo nandisaMgha balAtkAra gaNa nAkata kiyA hai jisase pAThakA kA gAthAmA ke bhadrAraka dharmacakra ke paTTadhara the / yaha syAvAda vidyAkA rahasya samajhane meM saralatA ho gaI hai / yadyapi isa graMtha sAgara, bAlabrahmacArI, tapa ke prabhAva se pUjita aura majapara paNDita pravara pAzAdhara jI kI TIkA bhI upalabdha hai, mera paTa ke paTTadhara the| yaha ajamera ke paTTa para saM0 1266 jise unhoMne vinaya cakra ke anurodha se vikrama kI 13vIM meM 1310 taka rahe haiN| devagar3ha ke saM0 1481 ke lekha meM zatAbdI meM banAI thI; para vaha atyanta saMkSipta bhI ina ratnakIti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| hai| ratnakIrti kI yaha TIkA vistRta hai| TIkAkAra ne (jaina lekha saM0 bha0 3 pR0 461) apanI laghutA vyakta karate hue likhA hai ki maiMne yaha TIkA cauthe ratnakIti ve haiM, jo bhaTrAraka jinacandra ke ziSya yaza ke nimitta nahI banAI / kintu sva ke bodha ke lie the| inakA samaya vikrama kI 16vI zatAbdI hai| kyoMki banAI hai:-'mayA yamArAdhanAsArAkhyo grantho vyaraci na bhaTAraka jinacandra kA vi0 saM0 1507 meM pratiSThita hone punaryazonimittaM, yaduktaM-na kavitvAbhimAnena na kIrti kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| aneka granthoM kI lipi prazaprasarecchayA / kRtiH kintu madIyevaM svabodhAryava kevalam // stiyoM meM bhI ina ralakIti kA jinacandra ke ziSya rUpa TIkAkAra ne TIkA meM usakA racanA-kAla nahIM diyA, meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| jisase usakA samaya nizcita karane meM kaThinAI ho rahI ' nA ho rahA pAMcaveM ralakIti kASThA saMgha mAthuragaccha puSkara gaNa hai| prataeva anya sAmagrI para se usakA vicAra kiyA vacAra kiyA ke bhaTrAraka kamalakIrti ke ziSya the; unhoMne saMvata hai jAtA hai| saM0 1466 kI pravacanasAra kI amRtacandra kRta ra kA amRtacandra kRta 1516 meM vavAgAMva ke mandira kA jINoddhAra karAyA thaa| tAtparya-vRtti kI lipi prazasti meM muni azvasena, kSema (jaina lekha saM0 bhA03 pR. 460) kIti aura hemakIti kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| ratnakoti ke ziSya the| prataeva isa TIkAkAra kA racanA-kAla kSema- pracitrakarNa paNanambI: koti vikrama kI 15vIM zatAbdI kA madhyakAla honA yaha mUlasaMgha dezIya gaNa ke vidvAn gollAcArya ke cAhie / prastuta ranakIti vikrama kI 15vIM zatAbdI ke ziSya the / yaha paviddhakarNa the-karNavadha saMskAra hone se vidvAn haiN| pUrva hI vAsAvasthA meM dIkSita ho gae the| isI se yaha

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kucha prAcIna kena vidvAna 225 kaumArakhatI kahalAte the|' siddhAnta zAstra ke bar3e bhArI kAra the| kulabhUSaNa ke ziSya kulacandra munIndra the jo vidvAn, prazAnta tapasvI aura dhIra-vIra the / vidvad samUha apane prajita yaza se jaMgamatIrtha ke samAna the| saccaritra ke bhUSaNa the aura praphulla kamala ke samAna suzobhita hote aura viveka buddhi dvArA kAmadeva ko apane pAsa phttthe| unakA mana zAnta bhAvanA meM nimagna rahatA thA / mana kane nahIM dete the / ve bar3e tapasvI mora saiddhAntika vidvAna meM sarasvatI kA nivAsa hone se ve sahaja hI sundara zarIra the| ke adhikArI the / inake do ziSya the, kulabhUSaNa aura kulabhUSaNa muni ne apanA koI samaya nahIM diyA aura pramAcandra / inameM kula bhUSaNa sad-vRtta tapasvI aura saiddhAM- na inakI koI kRti hI upalabdha hai jisase unake sambandha tika vidvAna the, aura prabhAcaMdra prathita tarkakAra the| ve darzana meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta hotI / yaha IsA kI 11vIM zAstra ke prasiddha vidvAna the| sAtha hI siddhAnta ke bhI zatAbdI ke vidvAn jAna par3ate haiM / yaha apane samaya ke pAragAmI the| inakI nyAya zAstra kI do kRtiyAM prameya- prabhAvazAlI pAcArya the| kamala mArtaNDa aura nyAya kumuda candra, mANikacandra grantha- bhaTTAraka mallibhUSaNa : mAlA se prakAzita ho cuke haiN| inakA samaya IsA kI mUlasaMgha balAtkAra gaNa sarasvatI gaccha ke bhaTTAraka 11vI zatAbdI jAna par3atA hai| vidyAnanda ke paTTa para pratiSThita hue the / apane samaya ke kulabhUSaNa : maccha vidvAna the aura mallibhaSaNa guru ke nAma se ulle___yaha mUla saMghAntargata nandIgaNa ke bhedarUpa dezI gaNa ke khita kie jAte the| brahmazruta sAgara ne inakA sundaragollAcArya ke ziSya praviddhakarNa kaumAravatI padhamandI zabdoM meM smaraNa kiyA hai / 'tatpaTTamuni mallibhUSaNa gurusaiddhAntika ke ziSya the| kulabhUSaNa ko zilAlekha ke padya bhaTTArako naMdatu' (prakSaya nidhi vidhAna kathA pN050)| meM cAritrasAgara aura siddhAnta ke pAragAmI batalAyA gayA tatpAda-paMkaja rajo racitottamAMge, zrI mallibhUSaNa gururviduSAM hai| yaha siddhAnta munIndra apane prajita yaza se ujjvala vrennyH| (pallividhAna kathA 240) isase spaSTa hai ki hone ke kAraNa jaMgamatIrtha ke samAna the / maMtraNa, mokSa aura mallibhUSaNa vidvAna bhaTTAraka the / brahmazruta sAgara ne pallasadaguNoM ke samudra ko bar3hAne meM ve candramA ke samAna the| vidhAna kathA kI racanA malli bhUSaNa guru ke upadeza se tathA sarasvatI devI ke citta rUpI vallI ke pada-paMkaja (ke racI thii| jaisA ki usake nimna padyAMza se prakaTa hainivAsa) se marvayukta vidvatsamudAya ke hRdaya kamala ke aMtara- 'zrI mallibhUSaNa guru pravaropadezAt zAstra vyavApayadidaM rAga se unakA mana raMjAyamAna thaa| kRtinAM hRdiSTaM" 248 / inake saparmA prathita tarkakAra prabhAcandra the, jo darzana- virudAvalI meM mallibhUSaNa ko 'pravAdigajayutha-kesarI, zAstra ke atirikta siddhAnta ke vidvAn evaM kuzala TIkA- aura padmAvatI ke upAsaka batalAyA hai / inhoMne maMDapa3. prAviddha karNAdika padmanandI saiddhAntikAraNyojani candrAkhyo munirAja paNDitavaraH zrI kunda-kundAnvayaH / yasya loke / / zravaNa vellola lekha naM.40 kaumAradeva titA prasiddhi jIyasta sozAmanidhiH tasya zrI kulabhUSaNAkhya sumunezziSyo vineyastutaH / sa dhIraH // . -zravaNa velgola lekha naM.40 prAviddha karNAdika padmanandi sadAntikAravyo'jani sadvatta: kulacandra deva muniryassiddhAnta vidyA nidhiH // ysyloke| zravaNa velgola naM. 40 kaumAradeva titA prasiddhi yastu so jJAna-nidhi- 5. maMtraNa mokSasadguNa gaNabdhi ya buddhige cadra naMte vAsudhIraH // 15 // kAMteya cittavalli padapaMkajaddapta bughAli hRtsarItacchiSyaH kulabhUSaNAravya yatipazcAritra vArAnnidhi- jAMtararAgaraMjita manaM kulabhUSaNa divya sevya'ssiddhAntAmbudhipArigo nata vineyastatsadhau mahAna / ' saddhAnta munIndra rUjita-yazojvala jaMgamatIrtha kalparU 12 zakAmbhoruhabhAskaraH prapita tarka pragyakAH prabhA tADapatrIya dhabalA kI kannaDa lipi prazasti

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228, varSa 28,ki.1 giri aura gopAcala (gvAliyara) kI yAtrA kI thI aura putrI jinamatI vissahI kArApitA praNamati zreyAm / maMDapagar3ha ke sulatAna gyAsadIna kI sabhA meM sammAna prApta -dAnavIra mANikacanda pR043 kiyA thA / ' yaha mAlave kA sulatAna thA, isakA rAjya- bhaTTAraka malli bhUSaNa kI anya-sUciyoM para se tIna kAla san 1466 se 1500I0 taka rahA hai| isakI racanAmoM kA patA calA hai| paMca kalyANa pUjA (IDara) rAjadhAnI maNDapa durga thii| dhanyakumAra carita patra saMkhyA 20,di. jaina pAvarvanAtha mandira caugAna bUMdI (rAjasthAna) jaina grantha sUcI bhAna mallibhaSaNa ne prAcArya amarakIrti ko paMcAstikAya pra0 336), dazalakSaSa vratodyApana pUjA patra 14 (graMtha. kI prati pradAna kI thI aura saM0 1544 meM eka niSaSI sabI bhAga 41049 inake atirikta inakI aura bhI kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| jaisA ki nimna lekha se spaSTa kRtiyA~ hoMgI, khAsa kara IDara aura sUrata ke bhaNDArI Adi meM anveSaNa karane para prApta ho sakatI haiN| saM0 1544 varSe vaisAkha sudI 3 some zrI mUlasaMdhe- malli bhUSaNa guru ke ziSya brahma nemidatta the| unhoMne sarasvati gacche balAtkAra gaNe bha0 vidyAnandi devaH tatpa? inakA apanI kRtiyoM meM smaraNa kiyA hai| inakA samaya llibhUSaNa, zrI stambhatIrtha huvaDa jJAtIya zreSThI vikrama kI 16vI zatAbdI hai| 00 . cAMpAmAryArUpiNI tatputrI zrI ajikA ratnasiri jhullikA epha 62, javAhara pArka, jinamatI, zrI vidyAnanda dIkSitA mAthikA kalyANasiri, vesTa lakSmInagara, tatvallabhI agrotakAzAtIya sAha devA bhAryA nAraMgadeva- dillI-51 00D meraka vANI dharmaH sukhasya heturheturna virAdhakaH svakAryasya / tasmAtsukhabhaGgabhiyA mAbhUrSamasya vimukhastvam / artha-dharma sukha kA kAraNa hai / kAraNa kabhI bhI apane kArya kA viroSI nahIM hotA; prataH 'dharma ke prAcaraNa se sukha naSTa ho jAegA aisA samajha kara tU dharma se vimukha mata ho| sadRSTijJAnavRttAni dharma dharmezvarAH viduH / yadIye pratyanIkAni bhavanti bhavapaddhatiH / / artha-prAcAryoM ne samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ko dharma kahA hai| inake viparIta-miNyAvarzana, mithyAjJAna aura miNyAcAritra-saMsAra-paramparA ko bar3hAne vAle hote haiN| -prAcArya suSamA 000 6. tatpaTTodyAcala bAla bhAskara pravara paravAdi gaja yUtha kesari maNDapagiriSAda samasyA pracandra pUrNa vikaTavAdi gopAcala durga meSAkarSaka bhavika jana-sasyAmata bApiyarNaNa-surendra nAgendra RgendrAdi sevita paraNAra viMdAnA mvAsadIna samAmadhya prApta sanamAna-pakhAvatyupastakAnAM zrI mahilabhUSaNa bhaTTAraka varSaNAm / jaina si.bhA. bhA. 17 pR51

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jaina nyAya-parizIlana DA0 darabArI lAla koThiyA, bArAmatI nemi ie, jo unake cAcA samudravijaya ke putra the| inakA sAhitya, itihAsa aura purAtatva kI sAkSiyoM se yaha vaidika sAhitya meM ullekha milatA hai| siddha ho ca kA hai ki bhAratIya dharma hote hue bhI jaina dharma pariSTanemi ke koI eka hajAra varSa pIche teIsaveM vaidika aura bauddha donoM bhAratIya dharmoM se judA dharma hai| tIrthakara pArzvanAtha hue, jo kAzI (vArANasI) ke rAjA isake pravartaka hindU dharma ke 24 avatAroM aura bauddha dharma vizvasena ke rAjakumAra the pora jinheM aitihAsika mahAke 24 buddhoM se bhinna 24 tIrthakara haiN| inameM prathama tIrtha- puruSa mAna liyA gayA hai| inake par3hAI sau varSa bAda kara RSabhadeva hai, jinheM prAdi brahmA, prAdinAtha, bRhaddeva, caubIsaveM tIrthakara varddhamAna-mahAvIra hue, jo mantima tIrthapurudeva aura vRSabha nAmoM se bhI ullekhita kiyA gayA hai| kara aura bauddha dharma ke zAstA buddha ke samakAlIna the evaM yugArambha meM unhoMne prajA ko bhoga-bhUmi kI samApti hone jinheM mAja 2500 varSa ho gae haiN| para bhAjIvikA hetu kRSi (khetI karane), masi (likhane bAvazAMga muta: par3hane), prasi (talavAra mAdi sAdhanoM se rakSA karane) ina tIrthaMkaroM ne jana kalyANa ke lie jo dharmopadeza Adi vRttiyoM kI zikSA dI thI, isase inheM prajA diyA, use unake gaNagharoM (yogyatama pradhAna ziSyoM) ne pati bhI kahA gayA hai|' mahApurANa, paumacariya' mAdi ke ullekhAnusAra inake garbha meM prAne para hiraNya (suvarNa) meM 'dvAdazAMga dhruta' kahA jAtA hai| pArSa, mAgama, siddhAnta kI varSA hone ke kAraNa inakA hiraNyagarbha bhI nAma thaa| yaa| pravacana mAdi nAmoM se bhI usakA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| prajApati, hiraNyagarbha aura vRSabha nAmoM se inakI Rgveda, yaha zruta mUlata: do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-(1) aMgapraviSTa atharvaveda, zrImadbhAgavata Adi vaidika vAGmaya meM bhI / maura (2) aMmabAhya / aMgapraviSTa vaha zruta hai jo tIrthakara saMstuti kI gaI hai / bhAgavata meM to vRSabhAvatAra ke rUpa meM kI sAkSAt vANI sunakara gaNadhara dvArA racA jAtA hai| pUrA jIvana-carita dete hue inheM mahata-dharma kA pravartaka ise ve suvidhAnusAra bAraha bhAgoM meM nibaddha karate haiN| bhI kahA hai / ataH RSabhadeva kI mAnyatA prAyaH sabhI isa prakAra hai-(1) prAcArAMga, (2) sUtrakRtAMga, (3) bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kI hai| sthAnAMga, (4) samavAyAMga, (5) vyAkhyA-prajJapti, (6) RSabhadeva ke bAda vibhinna samayoM meM kramazaH ajita- nAthadharma kathA, (7) upAsakAdhyayana, (8) antaHkRddaza, nAtha se lekara naminAtha paryanta bIsa' anya tIrthakara hue, (8) anuttaropapAdika daza, (10) praznavyAkaraNa, (11) jinakA jaina vAGmaya meM savizeSa varNana hai aura jo mahA- vipAkasUtra, paura (12) duSTivAda / inameM dRSTivAda ke bhArata kAla se prAkkAlIna haiN| inake pazcAt mahAbhArata pAMca bheda haiM-(1) parikarma, (2) sUtra, (3) prayamAnukAla meM zrI kRSNa ke samaya meM bAisaveM tIrthakara mariSTa- yoga, (4) pUrvagata aura (5) callikA / inake bhI pravA1. prAcArya samantabhadra, svayambhU stotra zloka 2 // 5. atharvaveda 15, 1, 2.7 / 2. jinasena, mahApurANa 12-65 / 6. bhA. pu., ska. 5, ma. 3 / 3. vimalasUri, paumacari0 3-68 / 7. prAcArya kundakunda, cavIsa-titthayara-bhatti, gA.3,4.5 5. bahI, 2, 33, 15 /

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230, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta ntara bheda kie gae haiN| parikarma ke 5, pUrvagata ke 14, hai| prArambha meM vaha ziSya-paramparA meM smRti ke prAdhAra paura callikA ke pAMca bheda haiM / parikarma ke pAMca bheda ye para vidyamAna rhaa| bAda meM usakA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| haiM:-(1) candra prajJapti, (2) sUrya prajJapti, (3) jambU- vartamAna meM jo zruta prApta hai, vaha digambara paramparA ke dvIpaprajJapti, (4) dvIpasAgara prajJapti aura (5) vyAkhyA- anusAra dRSTivAda kA kucha aMza hai, zeSa gyAraha aMga aura prApti, (yaha pAMcaveM aMga vyAkhyA prajJapti se alaga hai)| bArahaveM aMga kA bahubhAga naSTa evaM lupta ho cukA hai / zvepUrvagata ke 14 bheda nimna haiM-(1) utpAda, (2) prAgrA- tAmbara paramparA kA mata isake viparIta hai| yaNIya, (3) vIryAnupravAda, (4) asti-nAsti pravAda, sAra gyAraha aMgoM kI upalabdhi aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda (5) jJAna prasAda, (6) satya pravAda, (7) prAtmapravAda, aMga kI anupalabdhi hai| karma pravAda, (6) pratyAkhyAna pravAda, (10) vidyA- dharma. varzana aura nyAya : navAda, (11) kalyANanAmadheya, (12) prANAvAya, (13) ukta zrata meM dharma, darzana aura nyAya tInoM kA samAkriyAvizAla, aura (14) loka-bindusAra / cUllikA ke vega paDatA pUlikA 2 veza rahatA hai / mukhyatayA prAcAra ke pratipAdana kA nAma 5 bheda isa prakAra haiM-(1) jalagatA, (2) sthalagatA, dharma hai| isa dharma kA jina vicAroM dvArA samarthana evaM (3) mAyAgatA, (4) rUpagatA aura (5) bhaakaashgtaa| sampoSaNa kiyA jAtA hai una vicAroM ko darzana kahA inameM unake nAmAnusAra viSayoM kA varNana hai| jAtA hai| jaba dharma ke samarthana ke lie prastuta vicAroM zruta kA dUsarA bheva aMgabAhya hai / yaha zruta maMgapraviSTa ko yukti-pratiyukti, khaNDana-maNDana, prazna-uttara aura zruta ke pAdhAra se prAcAryoM dvArA racA jAtA hai, isI se zaMkA-samAdhAna pUrvaka dRr3ha kiyA jAtA hai to use nyAya ise aMgabAhya zruta kahA hai| isake 14 bheda kiye gaye hai| kahate haiM / dharma, darzana aura nyAya meM yahI maulika bheda hai| hai-(1) sAmAyika, (2) caturvizatistava, (3) dharma-zAstra kahatA hai ki 'saba jIvoM para dayA karo, kisI vandanA, (4) pratikramaNa, (5) vainayika, (6) kRtikarma, jIva kI hiMsA na karo' athavA 'satya bolo, asatya kabhI dazavakAlika, (6) uttarAdhyayana, (9) kalpya vya- mata bolo' / darzanazAstra dharmazAstra ke isa kathana (niyama) bahAra, (10) kalpyAkalpya, (11) mahAkalpa, (12) ko hRdaya meM utAratA hayA kahatA hai ki 'jIvoM para dayA parIka, (13) mahApuNDarIka aura (14) nissiddhikaa| karanA kartavya hai, guNa hai, puNya hai aura sukha milatA hai| isa zruta meM mukhyatayA sAdhvAcAra varNita hai| kintu jIva kI hiMsA prakartavya hai, doSa hai, pApa hai, aura : uttarakAla meM alpamedhA ke dhAraka prAcArya isI dvividha duHkha milatA hai|" isI taraha satya bolanA kartavya hai, guNa zrata kA pAzraya lekara vividha granthoM kI racanA karate aura hai, puNya hai, aura sukha milatA hai| kintu asatya bolanA janheM jana-jana taka pahu~cAne kA prayatla karate haiN| akartavya hai, doSa hai, pApa hai aura duHkha milatA hai| nyAyaupalabdha zrutaH zAstra darzanazAstra ke isa samarthana ko yukti dekara dRr3ha ' RSabhadeva kA dvAdazAMga zruta ajitanAtha taka, ajita- karatA hai ki yataH dayA jIva kA svabhAva hai, anyathA koI nAtha kA zambhavanAtha taka aura zambhavanAtha kA abhinandana- bhI jIva jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| parivAra meM, deza meM nAtha taka, isa taraha pUrva tIrthakara kA zruta uttaravartI magale aura rASTroM meM anavarata hiMsA rahane para zAnti aura sukha tIrthakara taka rahA / teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA dvAda- kabhI upalabdha nahIM ho sakate / isI prakAra 'satya bolanA zAMga zruta taba taka rahA, jaba taka mahAvIra tIrthaMkara nahIM manuSya kA svabhAva na ho to paraspara meM avizvAsa chA hue| Aja jo dvAdazAMga zruta upalabdha hai, vaha tIrthaMkara jAyegA aura lena-dena prAdi sAre sAmAjika vyavahAra yA mahAvIra kA hai / anya sabhI tIrthakaroM kA dvAdazAMga zruta to bhraSTa ho jAyeMge mora yA samApta ho jaayeNge| tAtparya maSTa evaM lupta ho jAne se anupalabdha evaM prApta hai| yaha hai ki dharma jahA~ sadAcAra kA vidhAna paura durAcAra varSamAna mahAvIra kA dvAdazAMga zruta bhI pUrA upalabdha nahIM kA mAtra niSedha karatA hai vahA~ darzanazAstra unameM kartavyA

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jananyAya parizIlana zA kartavya, puNyA-puNya paura sukha-duHkha kA vicAra paidA karatA dvArA hI sambhava hai| haievaM mArga-darzana karatA hai tathA nyAyazAstra darzanazAstra zvetAmbara paramparA ke bhAgamoM meM bhI "se kevaDhe ke vicAra ko hetupUrvaka mastiSka meM biThA detA hai| vastutaH bhaMte evamaccAI jIvANaM bhaMte? ki sAsayA prsaasyaa| nyAyazAstra se vicAra ko jo dRr3hatA milatI hai| vaha cira- goymaa| jIvA siya sAsayA siya prasAsayA / goymaa| sthAyI, vivekAdhUta aura nirNayAtmaka hotI hai| usameM saMdeha, dambaThThayAe sAsayA bhAvaThyAe prasAsamA" / jaise tarkagarbha viparyaya yA anizcitatA kI sthiti nahIM rhtii| isI praznottara milate hai| "siyA' yA 'siya' zabda 'syAt' (karSakAraNa bhAratIya darzanoM meM nyAyazAstra kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna cidarthabodhaka) saMskRta zabda kA paryAyavAcI prAkRta zabda hai, jo syAdvAda nyAya kA pradarzaka hai| yazovijaya ne" spaSTa jaina nyAya kA udgama: likhA hai ki "syAvAdArthI dRSTivAdArNavotthaH" / syAvAdArtha prastuta meM jana nyAya, usake udagama aura vikAsa para -jaina nyAya dRSTivAda rUpa arNava (samudra) se utpanna vicAra karanA mukhyataya: abhISTa hai / prathamataH usake udgama humA hai / yathArtha meM 'syAdvAda' jaMna nyAya kA hI paryAya zabda para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| hai| samantabhadra ne" sabhI tIrthakaroM ko syAdvAdI-syAvAvahama Upara dRSTivAda aMga kA ullekha kara pAye hai| nyAyapratipAdaka bhora unake nyAya ko syAdvAdanyAya bataisameM jaina nyAya ke pracura mAtrA meM udgama-bIja upalabdha lAyA hai| haiN| prAcArya bhUtabali aura puSpadanta kRta "SaTkhaNDAgama" meM, yahA~ yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki brAhmaNa-nyAya pora jo ukta dRSTivAda aMga kA hI aMza hai, 'siyA pajjatA, bauddha-nyAya ke bAda jaina nyAya kA vikAsa humA hai, isalie siyA apajjatA 'maNAsa-apajjatA davvapamANeNa kevaDiyA, usakI utpatti ina donoM se mAnI jAnI caahie| chAndoaMsakhejjA,' jaise 'syAt' zabda aura praznottara zailI ko gyopaniSad (pra07) eka 'vAkovAkya' zAstra-vidyA kA lie hue pracura vAkya pAe jAte haiM, jo jaina nyAya ke vIja ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jisakA artha tarkazAstra, uttara-pratyuhaiM-unase usakI utpatti huI hai, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai| tarazAstra, yukti-prati-yuktizAstra kiyA jAtA hai|" 'SaTkhaNDAgama' ke AdhAra se racita AcArya kundakunda ke vAtsyAyana ke nyAyabhASya" meM bhI eka AnvIkSikI vidyA paMcAstikAya, pravacanasAra prAdi pArSa-graMthoM meM bhI usake kA, jise nyAya-vidyA athavA nyAyazAstra kahA gayA hai, kucha aura adhika udagama-bIja milate haiN| "siya patthi- kathana milatA hai| takSazilA ke vizvavidyAlaya meM darzanaNatthi uhayaM', 'jamhA,''tamhA' jaise yuktipravaNa vAkyoM evaM zAstra evaM nyAyazAstra ke adhyayana, adhyApana ke pramANa zabda prayogoM dvarA unameM praznottara uThA kara viSayoM ko bhI milate batAye jAte haiM / " isase jaina nyAya kA udbhava dRr3ha kiyA gayA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki jaina nyAya brAhmaNa nyAya aura bauddha nyAya se huA pratIta hotA hai ? kA udbhava dRSTivAda aMgazruta se hamA hai| dRSTivAda kA yaha prazna yukta nahIM hai, kyoMki uparyakta nyAyoM se bhI jo svarUpa diyA gayA hai, usase bhI ukta kathana kI puSTi pUrvavartI ukta dRSTivAva zruta pAyA jAtA hai aura usameM hotI haiM / usake svarUpa meM kahA gayA" ki 'usameM vividha pracura mAtrA meM jaina nyAya ke bIja samAviSTa haiM / prataH dRSTiyoM-vAdiyoM kI mAnyatAmoM kA prarUpaNa aura unakI usakA udaya usI se mAnanA upayukta hai / dUsarI bAta yaha samIkSA kI jAtI hai|' yaha samIkSA hetupoM evaM yuktiyoM hai ki brAhmaNa nyAya aura bauddha nyAya meM kahIM bhI sthAdvAda 8. SaTkhaMDA. 121176, ghava. pu. 1 pR. 216 / 13. svayambhU0 14, 102 / prAptamI. kA. 13 / 6. vahI, 122150, pu0 3 pR0 262 / 14. darzana kA prayojana, pR.1| 10. paMcA0 14, 13 / 15. nyAya mA. pR.4| 11. SaTkhaM0, dhavalA, pu. 1, pR.108| 16. vikrama smRti graMtha pR. 718 / 12. praSTasa. TI. pR.1|

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212, varSa 28, ki01 kA samarthana nahIM hai, pratyuta usakI mImAMsA hai| aisI jaina darzana kSetra meM yugapravartaka kA kArya kiyA hai| unase sthiti meM syAdvAda rUpa jana nyAya kA udgama syAvAdAtmaka pahale baina darzana ke prANabhUta tatva 'syAdvAda' ko prAyaH dRSTivAda zruta se hI sambhava hai| siddhasena," prakalaMka, Agama rUpa hI prApta thA aura usakA prAgamika tatvoM ke paura vidyAnanda" kA bhI yahI mata hai| prakalaMka deva ne nirUpaNa meM hI upayoga hotA thA tathA sIdhI-sAdI vike myAyavinizcaya ke prArambha meM kahA hai ki "kucha guNa dveSo canA kara dI jAtI thii| vizeSa yuktivAda dene kI usa tAkikoM ne kalikAla ke prabhAva aura ajJAnatA se svaccha samaya AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thI; parantu samantabhadra ke nyAya ko malina banA diyA hai / usa malinatA ko samya- samaya meM usakI prAvazyakatA mahasUsa huI, kyoMki dUsarIjJAnarUpI jala se kisI taraha dUra karane kA prayatna kreNge| tIsarI zatAbdI kA samaya bhAratavarSa ke itihA prakalaMka ke isa kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina nyAya dArzanika krAnti kA rahA hai / isa samaya vibhinna darzanoM meM brAhmaNa nyAya aura bauddha nyAya se pUrva vidyamAna thA aura aneka krAntikArI vidvAna paidA hue haiM / yadyapi mahAvIra jise unhone malina kara diyA thA, tathA usa malinatA ko bhaura buddha ke upadezoM se yajJapradhAna vaidika paramparA kA prakalaMka ne dUra kiyaa| ata: jaina nyAya kA udgama ukta bar3hA humA prabhAva kAphI kama ho gayA thA aura zramaNamyAyoM se nahI humA, apitu duSTivAda zruta se huA hai| jaina tathA bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva sarvatra vyApta ho cukA sambhava hai ki ukta nyAyoM ke sAtha jaina nyAya bhI thaa| kinta kacha zatAbdiyoM ke bAda vaidika paramparA kA phalA-phUlA ho; arthAt jaina nyAya ke vikAsa meM brAhmaNa- puna: prabhAva prasRta huA aura vaidika vidvAnoM dvArA zramaNanyAya aura bauddha nyAya kA vikAsa preraka humA ho aura paramparA ke siddhAntoM kI mAlocanA evaM kATa-chAMTa prAraMbha unakI vividha kramika zAstra racanA jaina nyAya kI Rmika ho gii| phalasvarUpa zramaNa- bauddha paramparA me azvaghoSa, zAstra racanA meM sahAyaka huI ho / samakAlInoM meM aisA mAtRceTa, nAgArjuna prabhRti vidvAnoM kA prAdurbhAva humA aura mAdAna pradAna honA yA preraNA lenA svAbhAvika hai| unhoMne vaidika paramparA ke siddhAntoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA jaina nyAya kA vikAsa : khaNDana aura apane sidAntoM kA maNDana, pratiSThApana tathA ___ kAla kI dRSTi se jaina nyAya ke vikAsa ko tIna pariSkAra kiyaa| ughara vaidika paramparA meM bhI kaNAda, kAloM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai aura una kAloM ke nAma bhakSapAda, bAdarAyaNa, jaminI mAdi mahA udyogI vidvAnoM nimna prakAra rakhe jA sakate haiM : kA prAvirbhAva hamA bhaura unhoMne bhI prazvaghoSAdi bauddha. 1-pAdikAla athavA samantabhadrakAla (I0 200 se vidvAnoM ke khaNDana-maNDana kA sayuktika javAba dete hue I0650 tk)| apane vaidika siddhAntoM kA saMrakSaNa kiyaa| isI dArzanika 2-madhyakAla athavA akalaMkakAla (I0650 se I0 uThApaTaka meM IzvarakRSNa, prasaMga, vasuvandhu, vindhyavAsI, 1050 tk)| vAtsyAyana prabhRti vidvAn donoM hI paramparAoM meM hue| 3-antyakAla athavA prabhAcandrakAla (I. 1050 se isa taraha usa samaya sabhI darzana akhAr3e bana cuke the aura I0 1700 tk)| paraspara meM eka dUsare ko parAsta karane meM lage hue the| 1.mAvikAla athavA samantabhadra kAla: isa sabakA bhAbhAsa usa kAla ke azvaghoSAdi vidvAnoM ke jaina nyAya ke vikAsa kA prArambha svAmI samantabhadrale upalabdha sAhitya se hotA hai| jaba ye vidvAn apanehotA hai / svAmI samantabhadra ne bhAratIya dArzanika kSetra ke apane darzana ke ekAnta pakSoM aura mAnyatAoM ke samarthana 17. dvAtrizikA 1-30, 4.15 / 20. mahAtmyAttamasaH svayaM kalivazAtprAyo guNadveSibhiH / 18. tatvArthavArtika pR. 265 / nyAyo'yaM malinIkRtaH kathamapi prakSAlya nanIyate, 16. praSTasahasrI pR. 238 / samyagjJAnajalaco niramalastatrAnukampAparaH // nyAyavi0 zlo01

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jaina nyAya-parizIlana 233 tathA para-pakSa ke nirAkaraNa meM vyasta the| usI samaya detI hai ? manityavAdI kahatA thA ki vastu prati samaya dakSiNa bhArata ke kSitija para jaina paramparA meM prAcArya naSTa ho rahI hai, koI bhI vasta sthira nahI hai| anyathA gaddhapiccha ke bAda svAmI samantabhadra kA udaya hmaa| ye janma, maraNa, vinAza, prabhAva, parivartana prAdi nahI honA pratibhA kI mUrti aura kSAtra teja se sampanna the| sUkSma evaM cAhie, jo spaSTa batalAte hai ki vastu nitya nahIM hai, agAdha pANDitya aura samanvayakAriNI prajJA se ve samanvita anitya hai| the| unhone ukta saMgharSoM ko dekhA aura anubhava kiyA ki isI taraha bhedavAda-prabhedavAda, apekSAvAda-anapekSAparaspara ke prAgrahoM se vAstavikatA lupta ho rahI hai| dArza- vAda, hetuvAda-ahetuvAda, devavAda-puruSArthavAda prAdi ekanikoM kA haTha bhAvakAnta, prabhAvakAMta, vaitakAMta, advaita- eka vAda (pakSa) ko mAnA jAtA aura paraspara meM saMgharSa kAnta, anityakAnta, nityakAnta, bhedakAnta, abhedai- kiyA jAtA thaa| kAnta, hetuvAdakAnta, ahetuvAdaikAnta, apekSAvAdaikAnta, jaina tAkika samantabhadra ne ina sabhI dArzanikoM ke pakSoM anapekSAvAdakAnta, devakAnta, puruSArthekAnta, puNyakAnta, kA gaharAI aura niSpakSadaSTi se adhyayana kiyA tathA pApakAnta Adi aikAntika mAnyatAnoM meM sImita hai| unake dRSTikoNoM ko samajha kara syAdvAdanyAya se unameM isakI spaSTa jhalaka samantabhadra kI 'yAptamImAsA' meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA / unhoMne kisI ke pakSa ko milatI hai / mithyA kaha kara tiraskRta nahIM kiyA, kyoMki vastu ananta samantabhadra ne prAptamImAMsA meM dArzanikoM kI ina dharmA hai| prataH koI pakSa mithyA nahI hai, vaha mithyA tabhI mAnyatAoM ko de kara syAdvAdanyAya se unakA samanvaya hotA hai, jaba vaha itara kA tiraskAra karatA hai / kiyA hai / bhAvakAntavAdI apane pakSa kI upasthApanA karate hue kahatA thA ki saba bhAva rUpa hI hai, prabhAvarUpa koI samantabhadra ne vAdiyoM ke ukta pakSa-yUgaloM meM syAdvAdavasta nahIM hai...'sarva sarvatra vidyate' (saba saba jagaha hai), nyAya ke mAdhyama se saptabhaMgI kI vizada yojanA karake na koI prAgabhAva rUpa hai, na pradhvaMsAbhAva rUpa hai, na unake ApasI saMgharSoM kA jahAM zamana kiyA, vahA unhoMne anyonyAbhAvarUpa hai aura na atyanta bhAvarUpa hai| abhAva- tatvagrAhI evaM pakSAgraha-zUnya niSpakSa dRSTi bhI prastuta vAdI isake viparIta prabhAva kI sthApanA karatA thA aura kii| yaha niSpakSa dRSTi syAdvAda-dRSTi hI hai, kyoki jagata ko zUnya batalAtA thA / usameM sabhI pakSoM kA samAdara eva samAveza hai / ekAntaadvaitavAdI kA mata thA ki eka hI vastu hai, aneka dRSTiyo meM apanA-apanA bhAgraha hone se anya pakSoM kA nahI / aneka kA darzana mAyAviz2ambhita athavA aviSopa- na samAdara hai aura na samAveza hai| kalpita hai / pratavAdiyoM ke bhI aneka pakSa the| koI samantabhadra kI yaha anokhI kintu sahI krAMtikArI mAtra brahma kA samarthana karatA thA, koI kevala jJAna ko ahiMsaka dRSTi bhAratIya dArzanikoM, vizeSakara uttaravartI aura koI kevala zabda ko mAnatA thaa| dvaitavAdI isakA jaina tAkikoM ke lie mArgadarzaka siddha huii| siddhasena, virodha karate the aura tatva ko aneka siddha karate the| prakalaMka, vidyAnanda, haribhadra prAdi tAkiko ne unakA dvatavAdiyoM kI bhI mAnyatAyeM bhinna-bhinna thIM / koI anugamana kiyA hai| sambhavataH isI kAraNa unheM 'kaliyuga sAta padArtha mAnatA thA, koI solaha aura koI paccIsa meM syAdvAdatIrtha kA prabhAvaka' aura 'syAdvAdAgraNI' Adi tatvoM kI sthApanA karatA thaa| rUpa meM smRta kiyA hai| yadyapi syAdvAda aura sapnabhaMgI kA nityavAdI vastu mAtra ko nitya batalAtA thaa| vaha prayoga prAgamoM meM" tadIya viSayoM ke nirUpaNa me bhI hotA tarka detA ki yadi vastu anitya ho to usake nAza ho thA, kintu jitanA vizada aura vistRta prayoga evaM yojanA jAne ke bAda yaha jagata aura vastue~ sthira kyoM dikhAI unakI kRtiyoM meM upalabdha hai utanA unase pUrva prApta nahIM 21. SaTkha 0 1. 1. 76, 1. 2. 50 mAdi tathA paMcAsti0 gAthA 14 /

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234, varSa 28, ki0 1 manakAnta hai| samantabhadra ne 'nayayogAnta' sarvathA, 'nayanaya-vizAradaH anitya Adi pakSoM ke Agraha ko bhI samApta kara unheM jaise padaprayogoM dvArA saptabhaga nayo se vastu kI vyavasthA vAstavika siddha kiyA hai| unakA kahanA thA ki itara hone kA vidhAna banAyA aura "kathacita sadeveSTa 5 "sadeva pakSa ke tiraskAraka 'sarvathA" ke Agraha ko choDa kara usa sarva 'ko' necchet svarUpAdi-catuSTayAt" jaise vacanoM dvArA pakSa ke saMgrAhaka "syAt' ke vacana me vastu kA nirUpaNa usa vidhAna ko vyavahRta kiyA hai| karanA caahie| isa nirUpaNa meM vastu aura usake sabhI udAharaNa ke lie hama unake bhAvavAda aura prabhAvavAda dharma surakSita rahate haiN| eka-eka pakSa satyAMzoM kA hI ke samanvaya ko unakI prAptamImAsA se prApta karate haiM nirUpaNa karate hai, sampUrNa satya kA nhiiN| sampUrNa satya kA vastu kathaMcit bhAvarUpa hI hai, kyoki svadravya, svakSetra nirUpaNa tabhI sambhava hai jaba sabhI pakSo ko Adara diyA svakAla bhora svabhAva se vaha vaisI hI pratIta hotI hai| jAe-unakI upekSA na kI jaae| samantabhadra" ne spaSTa yadi use saba prakAra se bhAvarUpa mAnA jAe, to prAgabhAva, ghoSaNA kI ki nirapekSa--itara tiraskAraka pakSa-samyaka pradhvaMmAbhAva, anyonyAbhAva aura atyantAbhAva-ina cAra nahI hai, sApekSa-itarasaMgrAhaka pakSa hI samyak (satya prabhAvoM kA prabhAva ho jAegA, phalataH vastu anAdi, jAegA. phalataH vasta pratADi pratipAdaka) hai| ananta, sarvAtmaka aura svarUpa-rahita ho jaaegii| ataH prAcArya samantabhadra ne pramANalakSaNa, nayalakSaNa, saptavastu svarUpacatuSTaya kI apekSA bhAvarUpa hI hai / isI taraha bhaMgIlakSaNa, syAdvAdalakSaNa, hetulakSaNa, pramANa-phala vyavasthA, vastu kathaMcit abhAvarUpa hI hai, kyoki paradravya, parakSetra, vastusvarUpa, sarvajJasiddhi prAdi jaina nyAya ke katipaya aMgoMparakAla aura parabhAva se vaisI hI avagata hotI hai| yadi pratyaMgoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA, jo prAyaH unake pUrva nahIM use sarvathA abhAvarUpa hI svIkAra kiyA jAe to vidhi huA thA athavA spaSTa thaa| ata: jaina nyAya ke vikAsa rUpa meM hone vAle mAre jJAna aura vacana ke vyavahAra lupta ke AdikAla ko samantabhadrakAla kahanA sarvathA ucita hai / ho jAyeMge aura jagat andha evaM mUka bana jaaegaa| ataH samantabhadra ke isa mahAna kArya ko uttaravartI zrIdatta, pUjyavastu paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se prabhAvarUpa hI hai| isI pAda, siddhasena, mallavAdI, sumati, pAtrasvAmI prabhati jaina prakAra vastu kathacit ubhaya rUpa hI hai, kyoki kramaza. donoM tAkikoM ne apanI mahatvapUrNa racanAtroM dvArA agrasara vivakSAe~ hotI hai / vastu kathacit pravaktavya hI hai, kyoki kiyaa| zrIdatta ne, jo vesaTha vAdiyoM ke vijetA the, eka sAtha donoM vivakSAeM sambhava nahI hai / ina cAra bhaMgoM jalpanirNaya ; pUjyapAda ne sAra-saMgraha; siddhasena ne sanmati (tattad dharma ke pratipAdaka uttara-vAkyo) ko dikhalA kara mallavAdI ne dvAdazAra nayacakra sumati ne sanmati-TIkA; vacana kI zakyatA ke AdhAra para samantabhadra ne apunarukta pAtrasvAmI ne trilakSaNa-kadarthana jaisI tAkika kRtiyoM ko tIna bhaMga (tIna dharma ke pratipAdaka tIna uttaravAkya) aura racA hai| durbhAgya se jalpanirNaya, sArasaMgraha, sanmatiTIkA yojita karane kI sUcanA dete hue saptabhagI-yojanA pradazita aura trilakSaNa-kadarthana Aja upalabdha nahI hai, kevala unake kI hai / isa taraha samantabhadra ne bhAva (sattA) aura prabhAva ullekha milate hai| siddhasena kA sanmati aura mallavAdI (prasattA) ke pakSo meM hone vAle prAgraha ko samApta kara kA dvAdazAranayacakra upalabdha hai, jo samandabhadra kI kRtiyoM dono ko vAstavika batalAyA aura dono ko vastuvarma ke prAbhArI haiN| nirUpita kiyaa| isI prakAra unhone dvaita-advaita, nitya- hamArA anumAna hai ki isa kAla meM aura bhI aneka 22. prAptamI0 14 // 23. vahI, kA0 23 / 24. prAptamI0 kA0 14 / 25. vahI, 15 / 26. vahI, kA. 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 / 27. vahI, 20, 22, 23 / 28. svayambhU. 101, 102 / 26. prAptamI. 108, svaya. 61, yuktyanuzA. kA. 51 /

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jaina nyAya-parizIlana 235 nyAya-atha race gae hoge", kyoMki eka to usa samaya kA zAstrArtha kA aga mAnanA isa kAla kI dena bana gyaa"| dArzanika vAtAvaraNa pratidvandvitA kA thaa| dUsare, jaina kSaNikavAda, nairAtmyavAda, zanyavAda, vijJAnavAda Adi vidvAnoM me dharma aura darzana ke grathoM ko racane ko mukhya pakSo kA samarthana ima kAla meM dhar3alle se kiyA gayA aura pravRtti thii| bauddha vidvAn zAntarakSita (I0 7vI, 8vI kaTTaratA se itara kA nirAsa kiyA gyaa| zatI) aura unake ziSya kamalazIla (I0 7vI, 8vI prakalaka ne isa sthiti kA adhyayana kiyA aura sabhI zatI) ne tatvasaMgraha evaM usakI TIkA meM jaina tAkiko ke darzano kA gaharA eva mukSma abhyAsa kiyaa| isake lie nAmollekha aura binA nAmollekha ke uddharaNa dekara unhe kAcI, nAlandA grAdi ke tatkAlIna vidyApITho me unakI AlocanA kI hai| parantu ve graMtha Aja upalabdha pracchanna vepa meM rahanA pddaa| samantabhadra dvArA sthApita nahIM hai / isa taraha isa AdikAla athavA samantabhadra-kAla syAdvAdanyAya kI bhUmikA ThIka taraha na samajhane ke kAraNa meM jaina nyAya kI eka yogya aura uttama bhUmikA taiyAra diGnAga, dharmakIti, udyotakara, kumArila mAdi bauddhaho gayI thii| vaidika vidvAno ne dUSita kara dI thI aura pakSAgrahI daSTi 2. madhyakAla athavA prakalaMka kAla : kA hI samarthana kiyA thA / grata prakalaka ne mahAprayAsa ukta bhUmikA para jaina nyAya kA uttuga aura sarvAMga karake do apUrva kArya kie ----eka to sthAdvAda nyAya para pUrNa mahAna prAsAda jisa kuzala aura tIkSNa-buddhi tAkika- mAropita dUSaNo ko dUra kara use svaccha banAyA" aura zilpI ne khar3A kiyA, vaha hai akalaka / prakalaka ke kAla dUsarA kitanA hI nayA nirmANa kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki meM bhI samantabhadra kI taraha jabardasta dArzanika maThabheDa ho unake dvArA nirmita mahatvapUrNa gratho me cAra gratha to kevala rahI thii| eka tarapha zabdAdvaitavAdI bhartRhari, prasiddha nyAyazAstra para hI likhe gae hai| yahA akalaka ke ukta mImAMsaka kumArila, nyAyaniSNAta udyotakara prabhati dono kAryoM kA kucha digdarzana karAyA jAtA hai -- vaidika vidvAna apane pakSo para ArUDha the, to dUsarI ora 1. dUSaNoddhAra : dharmakIti aura unake tarkapaTu ziSya evaM vyAkhyAkAra yo akalaka ne vibhinna vAdiyo dvArA die gae sabhI prajJAkAra, dharmottara, karNakagomi prAdi bauddhatAkika apane pakSa dUpaNo kA parihAra kara unake siddhAnto kI kar3I samIkSA para dRDha the| zAstrArthoM aura zAstra-nirmANa kI parAkASThA kI hai| kintu yahA unake dUpaNoddhAra aura samIkSA ke thii| pratyeka dArzanika kA prayatna thA ki vaha jisa kisI kevala do sthala prastuta kie jAte hai --- taraha apane pakSa ko siddha kare aura parapakSa kA nirA- (ka) prAptamImAsA me samantabhadra" ne mukhyatayA prApta karaNa kara vijaya prApta kare / itanA hI nahI, parapakSa ko kI sarvajJatA aura unake upadeza gyAdvAda kI siddhi prasad prakAro se parAjita evaM tiraskRta bhI kiyA jAtA kI hai pIra-kevalajJAna aura syAdAda meM sAkSAta paa| virodhI ke lie 'pazu', 'ahIka' jaise zabdo kA prayoga (pratyakSa) eva asAkSAt (parokSa) parvatatvaprakAzana kA karake use aura usake siddhAnto ko tuccha prakaTa kiyA bheda batalAyA hai"| kumArila ne mImAsAralokavAtika me jAtA thaa| yaha kAla jahA~ taka ke vikAsa kA madhyAhna sarvajJatA para aura dharmakIti ne pramAvAtika me syAdvAda mAnA jAtA hai: vahA~ isa kAla meM nyAya kA bar3A upahAsa (anekAnta) para prAkSepa kie hai : kumAgli kahate hai--- bhI humA hai| tatva ke sarakSaNa ke lie chala, jAti aura evaM yaH kevalajJAnamindriyAdyanapekSiNaH / nigraha-sthAnoM kA khula para prayoga karanA aura unhe sUkSmAtItAdiviSayaM jIvasya parikalpitam / / 30. zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha naM. 54 // 67 me samati- 32. nyAyavinizcaya kI kArikA 2, jo pahale phuTanoTa meM saptaka nAma ke eka mahatvapUrNa tarka graMtha kA ullekha hai, pA cukI hai| jo prAja anupalabdha hai| 33. prAptamI. kA. 5 aura 113 / 31. nyAyasU. 13101, 4 / 2 / 50; zarA2,3,4; aadi| 34. vahI, kA. 105 / .

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936, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta narte tadAgamAtsiddhayenna ca tenAgamo vinaa| sugato'pi mago jAte mRgo'pi sugata: smRtH| -mImA. zlo. 87 / tathApi sugato vanyo mRgaH khAdyo yatheSyate // jo sUkSmAdi viSayaka pratIndriya kevalajJAna puruSa ke tathA vastubalAdeva bhedAbhevavyavasthiteH / mAnA jAtA hai, vaha pAgama ke binA siddha nahIM hotA codito dadhi khAveti kimaSTamabhidhAvati // aura usake binA Agama siddha nahI hotA, isa prakAra nyAyavi. kA. 472, 373, 374 / sarvajJatA ke svIkAra meM anyonyAzraya doSa hai|' 'dadhi aura UMTa ko eka batalA kara doSa denA dharmaakalaMka kumArila ke isa dUSaNa kA parihAra karate kIrti kA pUrvapakSa (anekAnta) ko na samajhanA hai aura hue uttara dete hai dUSaka ho kara bhI ve vidUSaka-dUSaka nahIM, upahAsya hote evaM yatkevalajJAnamanumAna vijambhitam / hai, kyoMki unhI kI mAnyatAnusAra sugata bhI mRga the aura narte tadAgamAt siddhayet na ca tena vinA'gamaH // mRga bhI sugata huA hai| phira bhI sugata ko vandanIya aura satyamarthabalAveva puruSAtizayo mtH| mRga ko bhakSaNIya kahA jAtA hai aura isa taraha paryAyabheda prabhavaH pauruSeyo'sya prabandho'nAdiriSyate // se sugata meM vandanIya-bhakSaNIya kI bhedavyavasthA tathA -nyAyavi. kA. 412, 413 / sugata va mRga meM eka cittasantAna (jIvadravya) kI abheda'yaha saca hai ki anumAna dvArA siddha kevalajJAna rAmi kevalajJAna vyavasthA kI jAtI hai, isI prakAra vastubala (paryAya aura (sArvajJaya) prAgama ke binA aura pAgama kevalajJAna ke dravya kI pratIti) se sabhI padArthoM me bheda aura abheda kI binA siddha nahIM hotA, tathApi unameM anyonyAzraya doSa vyavasthA hai / ataH kisI ko 'dahI khA' kahane para vaha UMTa nahIM hai kyoMki puruSAtizaya-kevalajJAna arthabala-pratIti- ko khAne ke lie kyo daur3agA, kyoki sat-dravya kI apekSA vaza se mAnA jAtA hai aura isalie bIjAMkura ke prabaMdha- abheda hone para bhI paryAya kI apekSA uname bheda hai| atasantAna kI taraha ina (kevalajJAna aura pAgama) kA prabandha eva vaha bhakSaNIya dahI (paryAya) ko hI khAne ke lie (santAna) prAdi kahA gayA hai|' daur3egA, abhakSaNIya UMTa (paryAya) ko khAne ke lie nhii| yahA~ spaSTa hai ki samantabhadra ne anumAna se jisa yahI vastu-vyavasthA hai| bhedAbheda (anekAnta) to vastu kA kevalajJAna (sarvajJatA) kI siddhi kI thI, kumArila ne svabhAva hai, usakA apalApa nahI kiyA jA sktaa| usI meM anyonyAzraya dopa diyA hai| prakalaMkadeva ne sahetuka yahA~ prakalaka ne dharmakIti ke prAkSepa kA zAlIna upausI doSa kA parihAra kiyA aura sarvajJatA tathA prAgama hA sa dvArA bar3A hI karArA uttara diyA hai| bauddhadono ko anAdi batalAyA hai| paramparA me sugata pUrva janma me mRga the, taba ve bhakSaNIya the (kha) dharmakIti kA syAdvAda para nimna prAkSA hai - aura jaba vahI mRga sugata humA taba vaha bhakSaNIya nahI rahA; sarvasyobhayarUpatve tadvizeSanirAkRte. / vandanIya bana gyaa| isa prakAra ekacitta santAna kI apekSA codito dadhi khAdeti kimuSTaM nAbhidhAvati // unameM abheda hai aura mRga tathA sugata do paryAyoM kI dRSTi -pramANavA. 1.183 / / se bheda hai| isI prakAra jagat kI pratyeka vastu isa bhedAbheda 'yadi saba padArtha ubhayarUpa-anekAntAtmaka hai to kI vyavasthA kA atikramaNa nahIM krtii| akalaka ne dharmauname bheda na rahane ke kAraNa kisI ko "dahI khA" kahane kIti ke prAropa kA uttara dete hue yahA~ yahI siddha kiyA para vaha UTa ko khAne ke lie kyo nahI daudd'taa|' hai| isa taraha akalaMka ne dUSaNoddhAra kA kArya bar3I yogyatA dharmakIrti ke isa pAkSepa kA sabala uttara dete hue aura saphalatA ke sAtha pUrNa kiyA hai| akalaMka kahate hai - (2) nava-nirmANa : vadhyaSTrAderabhevatvaprasaMgAdekacodanam / akalaMka deva ne dUsarA mahatvapUrNa kArya nava-nirmANa kA pUrvapakSamavijJAya dUSako'pi vidUSakaH // kiyaa| jaina nyAya ke jina Avazyaka tatvoM kA unake

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jaina nyAya-parizIlana 237 samaya taka vikAsa nahIM ho sakA thA, unakA unhoMne vikAsa prakalaMka ne jaina nyAya kI jo rUparekhA aura dizA kiyA athavA unakI pratiSThA kii| unhone apane cAra patha nirdhArita kI, usI kA anusaraNa uttaravartI sabhI jaina nyAyazAstra para likhe hai| ve hai--(1) nyAya-vinizcaya- tAkikoM ne kiyA hai| haribhadra, vIrasena, kumAra nandi, (svopajJa vRtti sahita), (2) siddhivinizcaya (svopajJa- vidyAnanda, anantavIrya prathama, vAdirAja, mANikya nandi vRtti sahita), (3) pramANa-saMgraha (svopajJa vRtti sahita), Adi madhyayugIna AcAryoM ne unake kArya ko Age bar3hAyA aura (4) laghIyastraya (svopajJa vRtti shit)| ye cAro aura use yazasvI banAyA hai / unake mUtrAtmaka kathana graMtha kArikAtmaka hai| nyAya vinizcaya meM 480, siddhivi. ina prAcAryoM ne apanI racanAyo dvArA suvistRta, suprasAnizcaya me 367, pramANa saMgraha me 87 aura laghIyastraya rita aura supuSTa kiyA hai| haribhadra kI anekAnta jayameM 78 kArikAe~ hai / ye cAroM gratha bar3e kliSTa aura patAkA, zAstra-vArtA-samuccaya, vIrasena kI tarkabahala durUha haiN| nyAyavinizcaya para vAdirAja ne, siddhivini- dhavalA, jayadhavalA TIkAyeM, kunAranadi kA vAda nyAya, vidyA zcaya para anantavIrya ne aura laghIyastraya para prabhAcandra ne nanda ke vidyAnanda mahodaya, tatvArtha zlokavAtika, praSTavistRta evaM vizada vyAkhyAyeM likhI hai / pramANa-saMgraha para sahasrI, prAptaparIkSA, pramANa-parIkSA, patraparIkSA, satyabhI prAcArya anantavIrya kA bhASya (vyAkhyA) hai, jo upa- zAsana-parIkSA, yuktyanuzAsanAlakAra, anantavIrya kI siddhilabdha nahIM hai| vinizcaya-TIkA, pramANarAgraha bhApya, vAdirAja ke nyAyaakalaMka ne inameM vibhinna dArzanikoM kI samIkSApUrvaka vinizcaya vivaraNa, pramANanirNaya aura mANikyanandi kA pramANa, nikSepa, naya ke svarUpa, pramANa kI saMkhyA, viSaya, parIkSAmukha isa kAla kI anUThI tAkika racanAyeM hai| phala kA vizada vivecana, pramANa ke pratyakSa-parokSa bheda, (3) antyakAla prayavA prabhAcandra kAla : pratyakSa ke sAMvyavahArika aura mukhya ina do bhedoM kI prati- yaha kAla jaina nyAya ke vikAsa kA antima kAla hai| SThA, parokSa pramANa ke smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna, isa kAla meM maulika graMthoM ke nirmANa kI kSamatA kama ho prAgama-ina pAMca gadA kI iyattA kA nirdhAraNa, unakA gaI aura vyAkhyA-grantho kA nirmANa hugraa| prabhAcandra ne saMyuktika sAdhana, lakSaNa-nirUpaNa tathA inhI ke antargata isa kAla meM apane pUrvaja prAcAryoM kA anugamana karate hue upamAna arthApatti, sambhava, abhAva Adi parakalpita pramANoM jaina nyAya para jo vizAlakAya vyAkhyA-grantha likhe hai| vaise kA samAveza, sarvajJa kI aneka pramANoM se siddhi. anumAna vyAkhyAgraMtha unake vAda nahIM likhe gaye / akalaMka ne laghIyake sAdhya sAdhana aMgo ke lakSaNoM aura bhedoM kA vistRta straya para laghIyastrayAlakAra, jisakA dUsarA nAma 'nyAyanirUpaNa tathA kAraNa hetu, pUrvacara hetu, uttaracara hetu, saha- kumudavandra' hai aura mANikyanandi ke 'parIkSAmugva para prameya cara hetu prAdi anivArya hetuproM kI pratiSThA, anyathAnupa- kamala-mArtaNDa' nAma kI prameyabahula evaM tarkapUrNa TIkAeM patti ke prabhAva se eka akiMcitkara hetvAbhAsa kA svIkAra prabhAcandra kI amogha tarkaNA aura ujjvala yaza ko prasata aura usake bhedarUpa se prasiddhAdi kA pratipAdana, dRSTAnta, karatI hai| vidvajjagat meM ina TIkAnoM kA bahata pAdara hai| dharmI, vAda, jAti aura nigrahasthAna ke svarUpAdi kA jana abhayadeva kI sanmati-taka-TIkA aura vAdi-devari kA daSTi se pratipAdana, jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA prAdi kitanA syAdvAda ratnAkara (pramANanaya tatvAlokAlaMkAra TIkA) ye hI nayA nirmANa kara ke jaina nyAya ko na kevala samRddha do TIkAyeM bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM / kintu ye prabhAcandra kI tarkapaura paripuSTa kiyA, apitu use bhAratIya nyAyazAstra me paddhati se vizeSa prabhAvita hai| vaha gauravapUrNa sthAna dilAyA, jo bauddha nyAya ko dharmakIti isa kAla meM laghu anantavIrya, abhayadeva, devamUri, ne dilAyA hai| vastutaH akalaka jaina nyAya ke madhyakAla abhayacandra, hemacandra, mallipaNa mUri, mAzAdhara, bhAvasenake sraSTA hai| isase isa kAla ko 'prakalaMka kAla' kahA jA vidya, ajitasena, abhinava dharmabhUSaNa, cArukIti, vimala. sakatA hai| dAsa, narendrasena, yazovijaya Adi. tAkiko ne apanI vyA

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238, varSa 28, ki.1 khyA yA mUla racanAoM dvArA jaina nyAya ko saMkSepa evaM anumAna" ko nyAya kaha kara usase vastu paricchitti pratisarala bhASA meM prastuta kiyA hai / isa kAla kI racanAoM pAdana karate hai / jaina tArkika prAcArya gaddhapiccha ne 'pramANa meM laya anantavIrya kI prameyaratnamAlA (parIkSAmukhavRtti) nayairadhigamaH' (ta0 sU0 1-6) sUtra dvArA pramANoM aura abhayadeva kI sanmati tarka TIkA, devasUri kA pramANanaya- nayoM se vastu kA jJAna nirUpita kiyA hai| phalataH abhitatvAlokAlaMkAra aura usakI svopajJa TIkA syAdvAda ratnA- nava dharmabhUSaNa" ne "pramANanayAtmako nyAya:"-pramANa pora kara, abhayacandra kI laghIyastraya tAtparya vRtti, hemacandra kI naya ko nyAya kahA hai| ataH jaina mAnyatAnusAra pramANa pramANa-mImAMsA, malliSeNa sUri kI syAdvAda-maMjarI, mAzA- aura naya dono nyAya (vastvadhigama-upAya) hai| ghara kA prameya ratnAkara, bhAvasena kA vizva tatva prakAza, pramANa : prajitasena kI nyAyamaNi-dIpikA, cArukIti kI artha- paTkhaNDAgama" meMjJAnamArgaNAnusAra pATha jJAnoM kA prakAzikA aura prameya-ratnAlaMkAra, vimaladAsa kI sapta- pratipAdana karate hue tIna jJAnoM (kUmati, kuthuta pora kumabhaMgi-taraMgiNI, narendrasena kI pramANa-prameyakalikA aura vadhi) ko mithyAjJAna aura pAMca jJAno (mati, zrata, avadhi yazovijaya ke praSTasahasrI-vivaraNa, jJAnabindu aura jaina- mana.paryaya aura kevala) ko samyagjJAna nirUpita kiyA hai| tarkabhASA vizeSa ullekha yogya jaina nyAyagraMtha haiM / antima kundakunda ne usakA anusaraNa kiyA hai / gaddhapiccha" ne tIna tAkikoM ne apane nyAya granthoM meM navyanyAya-zailI ko usame kucha nayA mor3a diyA hai| unhoMne mati prAdi pAMca bhI apanAyA hai| isake bAda jaina nyAya kI dhArA prAyaH jJAnoM ko samyagjJAna to kahA hI hai, unheM pramANa bhI pratibanda-sI ho gaI aura usake Age koI pragati nahIM huii| pAdita kiyA hai| arthAt unhone matyAdirUpa paMcavidha samyagjJAna ko pramANa kA lakSaNa batalAyA hai / samantabhadra" jaina nyAya : ne tatvajJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| unakA yaha tatvajJAna upaukta kAla-khaNDoM meM vikasita jaina nyAya kA yahA~ yukta samyagjJAnarUpa hI hai| samyak aura tatva donoM kA saMkSepa me vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| eka hI artha hai aura vaha hai-satya-yathArtha / ataH samyanIyate paricchitte jJAyate vastutatvaM yena so nyAyaH / " rajJAna yA tatvajJAna ko hI pramANa kahA hai / akalaMka," isa nyAya zabda kI vyutpatti ke AdhAra para nyAya use kahA vidyAnanda" aura mANikyanandi" ne usa samyagjJAna ko gayA hai jisake dvArA vastu svarUpa jAnA jAtA hai / tAtparya "svApUrvArtha vyavasAyAtmaka" siddha kiyA aura pramANayaha ki vastusvarUpa ke paricchedaka sAdhana (upAya) ko lakSaNa me upayukta vikAsa kiyA hai| vAdirAja," devasari nyAya kahate hai| kucha dArzanika nyAya ke isa svarUpa ke hemacandra, dharmabhUSaNa" prAdi paravartI tAkikoM ne prAyaH anusAra "lakSaNapramANAbhyAmarthasiddhiH" lakSaNa aura yahI pramANa-lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA hai / yadyapi hemacaMdra ne pramANa se vastu kI siddhi (jJAna) mAnate haiM / anya dArza- samyak artha-nirNaya ko pramANa kahA hai, para samyak arthanika "pramANararthaparIkSaNaM nyAyaH" pramANoM se vastu parIkSA nirNaya aura samyagjJAna me zAbdika bheda ke atirikta koI batalAte hai / katipaya tArkika paMcAvayava vAkya ke prayogaja arthabheda nahI hai| 35-37, nyAya dI0 pR0 5, vIrasevAmaMdira prakAzana / 44. pramANa pa. pR. 5, vIrasevA-maMdira TrasTa prakAzana / 38. vahI, pR0 5 / 45. parI. mu. 1-1 / 36. SaTkhaM0 141015 / 46. pramANa nirNaya. pR. 1 / 40 niyamasA0 gA0 10,11,12 / 47. pra. na. ta. 1-2 / 41. ta. sU. 1.6,10 / 48. pra. mI. 11112 / 42. prAptamI. 101 / 46. nyAya. dii.p.ii| 43. laghIya. kA. 60 /

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jaina nyAyaparizIlana 239 pramANa-bheda: mparA kA bhI saMrakSaNa rahatA hai| vidyAnaMda" aura mANipramANa ke kitane bheda sambhava aura pAvazpaka haiM, isa kyanaMdi" ne bhI pramANa ke yahI do bheda svIkAra kie aura dizA meM sarva-prathama prAcArya gaddhapiccha" ne nirdeza kiyaa| akalaMka kI taraha hI unake lakSaNa evaM prabheda nirUpita hai| unhoMne pramANa ke do bheda batalAye hai--(1) parokSa kie hai : uttaravartI jana tAkikoM ne prAyaH isI prakAra kA 19 ha aura (2) pratyakSa / pUrvokta pA~ca samyagjJAno me Adi ke pratipAdana kiyA hai| do jJAna-- mati aura zruta-parasApekSa hone se parokSa tathA parokSa : anya tIna jJAna, avadhi, mana paryaya aura kevala indriyAdi parokSa kA spaSTa lakSaNa prAcArya pUjyapAda" ne prastuta parasApekSa na hone eva prAtmamAtra kI apekSA se hone ke kiyA hai| unhone batalAyA hai ki para prarthAn indriya, mana, kAraNa pratyakSa-pramANa hai| pramANa-dvaya kA yaha pratipAdana prakAza aura upadeza prAdi bAhya nimittoM tathA svAvaraNaitanA vicArapUrNa aura kuzalatA se kiyA gayA hai ki inhI karmakSayopazamarUpa prAmyantara nimitta ko apekSA se prAtmA do meM saba pramANoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| mati meM jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai, vaha parokSa hai / ataH matijJAna (iMdriya-anindriyajanya anubhava), smRti, sajJA (pratyabhi- mora zrutajJAna donoM ukta ubhaya nimittoM se utpanna hote jJAna), cintA (takaM) aura abhinibodha (anumaan)| ye hai, ata. ye parokSa kahe jAte hai / akalaka ne isa lakSaNa pAMcoM jJAna idriya aura anindriya sApekSa hone se matijJAna ke sAtha parokSa kA eka lakSaNa aura kiyA hai, jo unake ke hI avAntara bheda hai aura isa lie unakA parokSa me hI nyAya prathoM meM upalabdha hai| vaha hai avizada jJAna / arthAt antarbhAva kiyA gayA hai|" aspaSTa jJAna parokSa hai| yadyapi donoM (parApekSa aura jaina nyAya ke pratiSThAtA akalaMka ne bhI pramANa ke pravizada jJAna) lakSaNo meM tatvata: koI pratara nahI haiinhIM do bhedoM ko mAnya kiyA hai| vizeSa yaha ki unhone jo parApekSa hogA. vaha avizada hogA, phira bhI vaha dArza. pratyeka ke lakSaNa aura bhedo ko batalAte hue kahA hai ki nika dRSTi se nayA eva sakSipta hone se adhika lokapriya vizada jJAna pratyakSa hai aura vaha mukhya tathA saMvyavahAra ke pora grAhya huaA hai| vidyAnaMda ne dono lakSaNo ko apabheda se do prakAra kA hai| isI taraha avizada jJAna parokSa nAyA hai aura unhe sAdhya-sAdhana ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai aura usake pratyabhijJA prAdi pAMca bheda hai| ullekhya hai hai| unakA mantavya hai ki parApekSa hone ke kAraNa parokSa ki prakalaMka ne upayukta parokSa ke prathama bheda mati (idriya- avizada hai / mANikyanadi ne parokSa ke isI avizadatAmanindriya-janya anubhava) ko savyavahAra-pratyakSa bhI vaNita lakSaNa ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura use pratyakSAdipUrvaka kiyA hai| isase iMdriya-anidriyajanya ko pratyakSa mAnane hone ke kAraNa parokSa kahA hai| paravartI nyAyalekhakoM ne kI lokamAnyatA kA saMgraha ho jAtA hai aura Agama para- akalaMkIya parokSa lakSaNa ko hI prAya: prazraya diyA hai| 50. 'tatpramANe', 'prAye parokSama', 'prtykssmnyt'| 56. 'tathopAttAnupAttaparapratyayApekSa prokssm| -ta. sU. 1-10, 11, 12 / __ - ta. vA. 1-11 / 51. 'matiH smati: saMjJA cintAbhinibodha itynaantrm'| 'jJAnasyeva vizadanirbhAsinaH pratyakSatvam, itarasya paro ksstaa'| -laghIya. 1.3 kI svIpajJavRtti / 52. laghIya. 1.3, pramANasaM. 1-2 / / 57. 'parokSamavizadajJAnAtmakama, parokSatvAt' / 53. pra. parI. pR. 28, 41, 42 / -pramANaparI. pR. 41 / 54. parI. mu. 2-1, 2, 3, 5, 11 tathA 3.1, 2 / 58, 'parokSamitarat', pratyakSAdinimitta smatipratyabhijJAna55. 'parANIndriyANi manazca prakAzopadezAdi ca bAhya trkaanumaanaagmbhedm| -parI. ma. 3-1, 2 / nimitta pratItya tdaavrnnkrmkssyopshmaapeksssyaatmno| matizruta utpadyamAnaM parokSa mityAkhyAyete' / '59. 'pravizadaH prokssm| -sa.si. 1.11 // -pra. mI. 1221maadi|

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240, varSa 28, ki01 parokSa ke bheda : jo sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai vaha anumAna hai / jaise ghUpa se ___ tatvArthasUprakAra" ne parokSa ke do bheda kahe hai-(1) agni kA jJAna / zabda, saMketa prAdipUrvaka jo jJAna hotA hai, matijJAna aura (2) zratajJAna / idriya aura mana kI vaha zruta hai / ise pAgama, pravacana Adi bhI kahate hai / sahAyatA se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna mati jJAna hai tathA jaise-'meru prAdika hai' zabdoM ko sunakara sumeru parvata prAdi mati-jJAnapUrvaka hone vAlA jJAna zrutajJAna hai| matijJAna kA bodha hotA hai| ye sabhI jJAna parApekSa aura avizada aura zrutajJAna--ye prAgamika parokSa bheda hai| akalaMkadeva" hai| smaraNa me anubhava; pratyabhijJAna meM anubhava tathA smane Agama ke ina parokSa bhedoM ko apanAte hue bhI unakA raNa; tarka meM anubhava, smaraNa aura pratyabhijJAna; anumAna dArzanika dRSTi se vivecana kiyA hai| unake vivecanA- meM liMgadarzana, vyAptismaraNa aura zruta meM zabda evaM 'saMkenusAra parokSa pramANa kI saMkhyA to pAMca hI hai, kintu tAdi apekSita hai, unake binA unakI utpatti sambhava nahIM unameM mati ko chor3a diyA gayA hai, kyoMki use saMvyavahAra hai| ataeva ye aura isa prakAra ke upamAna, arthApatti pratyakSa mAnA hai tathA zruta (prAgama) ko le liyA hai| prAdi parApekSa bhavizadajJAna parokSa pramANa mAne gae hai| isame saiddhAtika aura dArzanika kisI dRSTi se bhI bAdhA akalaMka ne inake vivecana me jo dRSTi apanAyI, vahI nahI hai / isa taraha parokSa ke mukhyatayA pAMca bheda hai"- dRSTi vidyAnanda, mANikyanandi prAdi tAkikoM ne anusRta (1) smRti, (2) saMjJA (pratyabhijJAna), (3) citA- kI hai| vidyAnanda" ne pramANa-parIkSA meM aura mANikya(tarka), (4) abhinibodha (anumAna) aura (5) zruta- nandi5 ne parIkSA-mukha meM smRti Adi pAcoM parokSa (paagm)| pramANoM kA vizadatA ke sAtha nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ina pUrnAnubhUta vastu ke smaraNa ko smati kahate hai| jaise donoM tAkiko kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhone pratyeka kI 'vaha' isa prakAra se ullikhita hone vAlA jJAna / anubhava sahetuka siddhi karake unakA parokSa meM hI samAveza kiyA tathA smaraNapUrvaka hone vAlA jor3a rUpa jJAna saMjJA jJAna hai| hai| vidyAnanda" ne inakI pramANatA meM sabase bar3A hetu ise pratyabhijJA yA pratyabhijJAna bhI kahate haiM / yathA... yaha unakA pravisaMvAdI honA batalAyA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI vahI hai', athavA 'yaha usI ke samAna hai' yA 'yaha usase kahA hai ki yadi koI smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna vilakSaNa hai' aadi| isake ekatva, sAdRzya, vaisAdRzya aura zruta (pada-vAkyAdi) apane viSaya me visavAda(bAdhA) prAtiyogika prAdi aneka bheda mAne gae hai / anvaya (vidhi) utpanna karate hai to ve smRtyAbhAsa, pratyabhijJAbhAsa, tarkAaura vyatireka (niSedha) pUrvaka hone vAlA vyApti kA bhAsa, anumAnAbhAsa aura zrutAbhAsa hai / yaha pratipattA kA jJAna cintA athavA tarka hai| Uha athavA UhA bhI ise kartavya hai ki vaha sAvadhAnI aura yukti prAdi pUrvaka nirNaya kahate hai / isakA udAharaNa hai... isake hone para hI yaha kare ki amuka smRti nirbAdha hone se pramANa hai aura amuka hotA hai aura nahI hone para nahI hI hotaa| jaise "agni sabAdha (visavAdI) hone se apramANa hai / isI prakAra ke hone para hI dhunAM hotA hai aura agni ke abhAva meM pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura zruta ke prAmANyAprAmANya dhuprAM nahI hI hotA / nizcita sAdhyavinAbhAvI sAdhana se kA nirNaya kareM / ye pA~coM jJAna yataH avizada hai, ataH 60. 'mAdye prokssm'| -ta. sU. 1.11 / zabdayojanAt zeSaM zrutajJAnamanekaprabhedam / ' laghIya. 61. pra. saM. 1-2, laghI. 1.3 / / 2-10 kI vRtti / 32. 'parokSaM pratyabhijJAdi pramANe iti saMgrahaH / ' 64. pra0pa0 pR0 41 se 65 / prmaannsN.2| 65.50 ma0 3.1 se 101 / 63. 'pravisaMvAdasmRta': phalasya hetutvAt pramANaM dhaarnnaa| 66. 'smRtiH pramANam, avisaMvAdakatvAt, pratyakSavat / yatra smRtiH saMjJAyAH prtyvmrshsy| saMjJA cintAyAH tu visaMvAdaH sA smRtyAbhAsA, pratyakSAbhAsavat / / tarkasya / cintA. abhinibodhasya anumaanaadeH| prAk . pra.pa.pR0 42 /

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jaina nyAya-parizIlana 241 parokSa hai, yaha bhI vidyAnanda ne spaSTatA ke sAtha pratipAdana (2) praarthaanumaan| anumAtA jaba svayaM hI nizcita kiyA hai| sAdhyAvinAbhAvI sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna karatA hai to vidyAnanda" kI eka aura vizeSatA hai / vaha hai anumAna usakA vaha jJAna svArthAnumAna kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNArthaaura usake parikAra kA vizeSa nirUpaNa / jitane vistAra jaba vaha dhUpa ko dekha kara agni kA jJAna, rasa ko cakha ke sAtha unhone anumAna kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, utanA kara usake sahacara rUpa kA jJAna yA kRttikA ke udaya ko smRti Adi kA nhii| tatvArthalokavAtika aura pramANa dekha kara eka muhurta bAda hone vAle saMkaTa ke udaya kA parIkSA meM anumAna-nirUpaNa sarvAdhika hai| patraparIkSA meM jJAna karatA hai; taba usakA vaha jJAna svArthAnumAna hai| to prAya: anumAna kA hI zAstrArtha upalabdha hai| vidyA- jaba vahI svArthAnumAtA ukta hetuoM aura sAdhyo ko bola nanda ne anumAna kA vahI lakSaNa diyA hai jo prakalaMka- kara dUsaroM ko una sAdhya-sAdhanoM kI vyApti (anyathAnudeva" ne prastuta kiyA hai, arthAt 'sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAnama- patti) grahaNa karAtA hai aura dUsare, usake ukta vacanoM ko numAnam'- sAdhana se hone vAle sAdhya ke jJAna ko unhone suna kara vyApti grahaNa karake ukta hetuoM se ukta sAdhyoM anumAna kahA hai| sAdhana aura sAdhya kA vizleSaNa bhI kA jJAna karate hai to dUsaroM kA vaha anumAna jJAna parArthAunhone akalaMka-pradarzita dizAnusAra kiyA hai| sAdhana" numAna hai| vaha hai jo sAdhya kA niyama se avinAbhAvI hai| sAdhya ke dharmabhUSaNa" ne svArthAnumAna aura jJAnAtmaka parArthAnuhone para hI hotA hai aura sAdhya ke na hone para nahIM mAna ke sampAdaka tIna ago aura do agoM kA bhI pratihotA / aisA avinAbhAvI sAdhana hI sAdhya kA anUmApaka pAdana kiyA hai| ve tIna praga hai-(1) sAdhana, (2) hotA hai, anya nhiiN| trilakSaNa, paMcalakSaNa prAdi sAdhana- sAdhya pora (3) dhrmii| sAdhana to gamaka rapa aMga hai, lakSaNa sadoSa hone se yukta nahI hai"| isa viSaya kA sAdhya gamya rUpa se aura dharmI donoM kA prAdhAra rUpa se / vizeSa vivettana hamane anyatra kiyA hai| do aMga hai-(1) pakSa pora (2) hetu / jaba sAdhya dharma sAdhya" vaha hai jo iSTa-abhipreta, zakya-abAdhita ko dharmI se pRthaka nahI mAnA jAtA-usase viziSTa dharmI paura aprasiddha hotA hai| jo aniSTa hai, pratyakSAdi se ko pakSa kahA jAtA hai to pakSa bhora hetu-ye do hI aMga bAdhita hai aura prasiddha hai, vaha sAdhya-siddha karane yogya vivakSita hote hai| ina donoM pratipAdanoM meM mAtra vivakSAnahIM hotA / vastutaH jise siddha karanA hai, use iSTa honA bheda hai-maulika koI bheda nahIM hai| vacanAtmaka parArthAnu mAna ke, pratipAdyoM kI dRSTi ro, do, tIna, cAra aura pA~ca cAhie, aniSTa ko koI siddha nahI krtaa| isI taraha avayavoM kA bhI kathana kiyA gayA hai| do avayava pratijJA jo bAdhita hai-siddha karane ke ayogya hai, use bhI siddha nahI kiyA jAtA tathA jo siddha hai use punaH siddha mora hetu hai| udAharaNa sahita tIna, upanaya sahita cAra karanA nirarthaka hai| prataH nizcita sAdhyAvinAbhAvI sAdhana mora nigamana sahita ve pAMca avayava haiN| (hetu) se jo iSTa, abAdhita aura prasiddha rUpa sAdhya kA yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki vidyAnanda" ne parArthAnumAna vijJAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha anumAna pramANa hai| ke akSara zruta aura anakSara zruta-ina do bhedo ko prakaTa anumAna ke do bheda haiM-(1) svArthAnumAna aura karate hue use akalaMka ke abhiprAyAnusAra zrutajJAna bata67. pra. pa. pR0 45 se 58 / 71. pra0pa0 pR0 45 se 46 / 68. pra0pa0 pR0 45 / 72. jaina tarkazAstra meM anumAna vicAra, pR0 62, vIra66. 'sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAnamanumAnaM tadatthayo '-nyA0vi0 sevA mandira TrasTa prakAzana, 1966 / dvi0 bhA0 // 1 // 73. pra. pa, pR. 57 / 70. 'tatra sAdhanaM saadhyaavinaabhaavniymnishcyklkssnnm|' 74. nyA. dI, pR. 72, 3-24 / -pra0pa0 pR0 45 //

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242, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta lAyA hai aura svArthAnumAna ko" abhinibodharUpa matijJAna- pratyakSa ke bheva : vizeSa kahA hai| pAgama kI prAcIna paramparA yahI hai| pratyakSa ke bhedoM kA nirdeza sarvaprathama prAcArya ga. zratajJAnAvaraNa aura vIryAntarAyakarma ke kSayopazama- piccha* ne kiyA hai| unhoMne batalAyA hai ki pratyakSa tIna vizeSa rUpa antaraMga kAraNa tathA matijJAnarUpa bahiraMga- prakAra kA hai--(1) avadhipratyakSa, (2) manaHparyayapratyakSa kAraNa ke hone para mana ke viSaya ko jAnane vAlA jo aura (3) kevala pratyakSa / pUjyapAda ne inhe do bhedoM meM pravizada jJAna hotA hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai"; athavA prApta ke bAMTA hai-(1) deza pratyakSa aura (2) sarvapratyakSa / avadhi vacana, aMgulI prAdi ke saketa se hone vAlA aspaSTa jJAna praura manaH paryaya-ye do pratyakSa jJAnamatika padArtha ko hI thata hai| yaha zrutajJAna santati kI apekSA anAdi nidhana jAnane ke kAraNa deza-pratyakSa hai aura kevala pratyakSa mUrtika hai| usakI utpAdaka sarvajJa paramparA bhI anAdinidhana hai| aura amUrtika sabhI padArtho ko viSaya karane se sarvapratyakSa bIjAMkUrasantati kI taraha dono kA pravAha anAdinidhana hai| kinta tInoM hI prAtmamAtra kI apekSA se hone aura hai| prataH sarvajJokta vacanoM se utpanna jJAna zrutajJAna hai aura indriyAdi para kI apekSA se na hone tathA pUrNa vizada hone vaha nirdoSa puruSajanya evaM avizada hone se parokSa pramANa / se pratyakSa hai| akalaMkadeva" ne pAgama kI isa paramparA ko apanAte pratyakSa: hae bhI usameM kucha mor3a diyA hai / unhone pratyakSa ke mukhya jo indriya, mana, prakAza prAdi para kI apekSA nahI aura saMvyavahAra ke bheda se do naye medoM kA pratipAdana rakhatA aura prAtmamAtra kI apekSA se hotA hai, vaha pratyakSa kiyA hai| loka meM indriya aura manojanya jJAna ko pratyakSa jJAna hai" | akalaMka deva" ne isa lakSaNa ko prAtmasAt kahA jAtA hai| para jaina darzana unhe parokSa mAnatA hai| karate hue bhI eka nayA lakSaNa prastuta kiyA hai, jo dArza- prakalaMka ne pratyakSa kA eka saMvyavahArabheda svIkAra kara nikoM dvArA adhika grAhya aura lokapriya huA hai| vaha hai usake dvArA unakA saMgraha kiyA aura vyavahAra (upacAra) vizada jJAna / jo jJAna vizada arthAt anumAnAdi jJAnoM se se unhe pratyakSa khaa| isa prakAra unhone aAgama aura madhika vizeSa pratibhAsI hotA hai, vaha pratyakSa hai| udAhara- loka donoM daSTiyo meM samela sthApita kara unake vivAda NArtha-'magni hai' aise kisI vizvasta vyakti ke vacana se ko sadA ke lie zAnta kiyaa| utpanna athavA 'vahAM agni hai, kyoki dhuoM dikha rahA hai' eka dUsare sthAna para unhone" pratyakSa ke tIna bhI bheda aise ghUmAdi sAdhanoM se janita agnijJAna se, 'yaha agni hai| batalAe hai-(1) indriya pratyakSa, (2) anindriya pratyakSa agni ko dekha kara hue agnijJAna me jo vizeSa pratibhAsa- aura (3) atIndriyapratyakSa / prathama ke do pratyakSa saMvyava. rUpa vaiziSTya anubhava me pAtA hai, usI kA nAma vizadatA hAra pratyakSa hI hai, kyoki ve indriyapUrvaka va pranindriyahai aura yaha vizadatA hI pratyakSa kA lakSaNa hai| tAtparya pUrvaka hote hai| anta kA pratIndriya pratyakSa mukhya pratyakSa yaha ki jahA~ praspaSTa jJAna parokSa hai, vahA~ spaSTa jJAna hai, kyoki vaha indriya aura mana kI apekSA na karake prAtmapratyakSa hai| mAtra kI apekSA se utpanna hotA hai| 75. pra. pa. pR.58 / 81. .... tadveghA' 'dezapratyakSaM sarvapratyakSa ca / dezapratyakSa76. vizeSa ke lie dekheM, 'jaina tarkazAstra meM anumAna mavavimana paryayajJAne / sarvapratyakSaM kevalam / ' vicAra', pR. 77-85 / -sa. si. 1 / 21 kI utthaanikaa| 77. pra. pa. pR. 58 / 52. ta. sU. 1227, 28 / 78. sa. si. 1212, pR. 103 / 66. laghI. 1 / 3 / / 83. ta. sU. 226 / 80. 'pratyakSamanyat'-ta. sU. 1|12|s. si. 121 kI 84. laghIya. 113 / utthaanikaa| 85. pra. sa. svopajJavRtti. 1 / 2 /

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jaina nyAya-parizIlana 243 vidyAnanda ne ina pratyakSa bhedoM kA vizadatA aura pramANa kA phala : vistArapUrvaka nirUpaNa kiyA hai| indriyapratyakSa ke prArambha pramANa kA phala arthAta prayojana vastu ko jAnanA svagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra bheda hai / ye pro cAroM pAMca indriyoM aura bahu Adi bAraha arthabhedoM ke phala hai| vastu ko jAnane ke uparAnta usake grAhya hone nimitta se hote hai| vyaMjanAvagraha cakSu aura mana se nahI para usame grahaNa buddhi, heya hone para hedha buddhi aura upekSahotA, kevala cAra indriyo se vaha bahu prAdi bAraha prakAra NIya hone para upekSA-baddhi hotI hai| ye baddhiyAM usakA ke arthoM meM hotA hai| ataH 441245-240 mora paramparA phala hai| pratyeka pramAtA ko ye donoM phala upa1x1244-48 kUla 288 indriya pratyakSa ke bheda hai| labdha hote hai| pranindriya pratyaka ke 44124148 bheda hai| indriyapratyakSa aura anindriyapratyakSa ye donoM matijJAna arthAt naya saMvyavahArapratyakSa ke kUla 336 bheda hai| atIndriya pratyakSa padArthoM kA yathArtha jJAna jahA~ pramANa se prakhaNDa ke do bheda hai-(1) vikala pratyakSa aura (2) sakala (samagra) rUpa me hotA hai, vahA naya se khaNDa (praza) rUpa pratyakSa / vikala pratyakSa bhI do prakAra kA hai-(1) me hotA hai| dharmI kA jJAna pramANa aura dharma kA jJAna avadhijJAna aura (2) mana: paryayajJAna / sakala pratyakSa mAtra naya hai| dUsare zabdo meM vastvazagrAhI jJAna naya hai| yaha eka hI prakAra kA hai aura vaha hai kevala pratyakSa / inakA mUlata. do prakAra kA hai-(1) dravyAthika aura (2) vizeSa vivecana pramANaparIkSA se dekhanA caahie| isa paryAyAthika / mathavA (1) nizcaya mora (2) vyavahAra / prakAra jaina darzana me pramANa ke mUlataH pratyakSa aura parokSa-- dravyAthika dravya ko, paryAyAdhika paryAya ko, nizcaya prasaMye do hI bheda mAne gae hai| yogI ko aura vyavahAra sayogI ko grahaNa karatA hai| ina mUla nayo ke pravAntara bhedoM kA nirUpaNa jaina zAstroM meM pramANa kA viSaya : vipulamAtrA meM upalabdha hotA hai| vastu ko sahI rUpa meM jaina darzana meM yataH vastu anekAntAtmaka hai, ata pratyakSa jAnane ke lie unakA sUkSma se sUkSma vizleSaNa kiyA gayA pramANa ho, cAhe parokSa pramANa, sabhI sAmAnya-vizeSarUpa, hai| vistAra ke kAraNa vaha yahA nahI kiyA jaataa| yahA~ dravya-paryAyarUpa, bhedAbhedarUpa, nityAnityarUpa Adi anekA- hamane jaina nyAya kA sakSepa meM parizIlana karane kA prayAsa ntAtmaka vastu ko viSaya karate arthAt jAnate hai| koI bhI kiyA hai| yoM usake vivecana ke lie eka pUrA gratha prapepramANa kevala sAmAnya yA kevala vizeSa Adi rUpa vastu kSita hai| 00 ko viSaya nahI karate, kyoki vaisI vastu hI nahI hai| 11/28, camelI kuTIra, vastu to anekAntarUpa hai aura vahI pramANa kA viSaya hai| DumarAva bAga, assI, vArANasI-5 86. 'tat trividham- indriyAnindriyAtIndriyapratyakSavi- mapi mukhya pratyakSam, manokSAnapekSatvAt / ' kalpAt / tatrendriyapratyakSaM sAvyavahArika dezato viza -pra. pa. pR. 38, anuccheda 61 / datvAta / tadvadanindriyapratyakSam / atIndriya-pratyakSa tu 87. pra. pa. pR. 40 / dvividhaM vikalapratyakSa sakalapratyakSaM ceti / vikala- 88 vahI, pR. 65 / pratyakSamapi dvividham -avadhijJAnaM manaHparyayajJAnaM 6. pra. pa. pR. 66 / ceti / sakalapratyakSa tu kevalajJAnam / tadetattrivigha- 60. laghI. nayapraveza, kA. 30-46 /

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jaina saMpradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura prakAza DA. prAdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye, ema. e. DI. liT, maisUra nigaNThanAtapUta yA mahAvIra ne jisa dhArmika aura tiSya gupta dvArA pracalita 'jIvapradeza' jaise saiddhAntika matabheda zramaNa saMgha kA netRtva kiyA thA, vaha unase pUrva pArzvaprabhu to vidyamAna the hii|' bha0 mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda dvArA saMsthApita thA aura isIlie bha0 mahAvIra ko jaina paramparA digambara aura zvetAmbara rUpa meM vibhAjita 'pAsAvacijja' kahA jAtA thA arthAt ve pArzvaprabhu dvArA ho gaI jisakA mUla kAraNa sambhavataH kucha sAdhuoM kA pracalita dharma kA anusaraNa kara rahe the| uttarAdhyayana (23) dakSiNa bhArata meM sthAyI rUpa se basa jAnA ho, jisake pIche meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki pArzva prabhu aura bha0 mahAvIra ke zramaNa AcAroM sambandhI thor3I bahuta matabhedo kI tIvratA ziSya paraspara milakara apane zramaNa prAcAroM ke vibhinna ho jo pahale se hI cale pA rahe the| prAryASAr3ha (bha. vivAdo ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa karate hai| yahI ve vivAda mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 214 varSa bAda) dvArA pracalita hai jinhone Age cala kara jaina paramparA meM kaI varga, dharma- matabheda jaina paramparA me aura adhika vibhAjana karane ke bheda yA saMpradAya paidA kara die| lie cirasthAyI bana ske| 'samAgama sutta' meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki "mahAvIra yA sadiyo pUrva ke mathurA lekha se spaSTa hai ki gaNa, kula, nigaNThanAtaputta ke nirvANa ke bAda jaina paramparA meM hone zAkhA pora saMbhoga jaise zramaNa varga bheda jaina paramparA meM vAlI vighaTanakArI pravattiyoM eva matabhedoM se mahAtmA pahale se hI vidyamAna the| digambara prAmnAya meM sagha (mala. buddha acchI taraha paricita ho gae the, ataH unhoMne apane dravir3a Adi) gaNa, (dezI, sena, kANDara Adi) gaccha, ziSyoM ko sAvadhAna kiyA thA ki ve aise vargabheda kI (pustaka prAdi) anvaya prAdi (kundakundAdi) tathA pravattiyo se bceN|" bha0 mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla me hI zvetAmbara AmnAya me kharatara, tapA, aMcala, gaccha jaise unake jAmAtA jAmAli dvArA pracalita 'bahurata' tathA bheda Aja bhI vidyamAna hai|' + yaha nibaMdha 17 julAI 1973 ko hone vAlI 29vIM 1. nalinAkSa datta kI Early History of the spread antarrASTrIya prorienTala kAgresa ke perisa adhivezana of Budhhism & Buddhist School, p. 200. meM dakSiNa pUrvI eziyA (bhArata) varga meM par3hA gayA thaa| 2. E. Leumains : Die altem Berichtevon 6 prArambhika adhyayana ke lie dekho-Indian anti- den Schismen Der Jaina 1, 5. XVIII pp. quary VII P. 34, H. Luders : E, IV P. 338, 91-135. nAthUrAma premI : jaina hitaiSI, XIII P. 250-75, A. N. Upadhey : Journal of the Univer 3. Dr. Hoernle, Quoted in South Indian Jainism pp 25-27. sity of Bombay 1956, I, VI, PP. 224 ff%; zrI premI kA jaina sAhitya aura iti0 dvitIya saskaraNa 4. dekho-vizeSAvazyaka bhASya gAthA 2304-2548 / bambaI 1956 PP. 565, 1555, 521F, P. B. 5. See the Introduction to Reportore D. Desai : Jainism in South India, Sholapur. epigiaphie Jaina By A. Guerinot Paris 1757, pp 163-66 aadi| 1908. mUlataH aMgrejI lekha ke anuvAdaka-zrI kundanalAla jaina

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the| jaina saMpradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura prakAza 245 prAcArya devasena (9-10vI IsvI) ne apane darzanasAra nahI diyA gayA hai kyoki eka to yApanIyoM ke viruddha kucha meM saMghoM kA kucha vivaraNa diyA hai, jo yahA~ ullekhanIya dveSa yA pUrvagraha bhAva sA rahA hai / dUsare digambaro tathA shvehai| zrI kalaza (vikrama kI mRtyu ke 205 varSa bAda) ne tAmbaro kI bhAMti aAjakala unakA kucha astitva bhI nahIM yApanIya saMgha kI, vajranaMdI ne (vikrama kI mRtyu ke 526 hai| yApanIyo ke udgama ke bAre meM bahuta sI kivadantiyAM varSa bAda) dravir3a saMgha kI, kumAra sena ne (vikrama kI (paramparAya) hai / prAcArya devasena ne vikrama kI mRtyu ke 101 mRtyu ke 753 varSa bAda) kASThA saMgha kI tathA rAmasena ne yA 110 varSa bAda 'darzanasAra' kI racanA kI thii| ve isa (vikrama kI mRtyu ke 653 varSa bAda) matharA saMgha kI graMtha me likhate hai ki thI kalaza nAmaka zvetAmbara sAdha ne sthApanA kI thii| aise vibhAjana prAcAroM kI vibhinnatA kalyANa nagara me vikrama kI mRtyu ke 205 varSa bAda yApake kAraNa sarvathA aparihArya the kyoki zramaNo ke sadha isa nIya sagha prArambha kiyA thaa| dUgare ratnanadI (15vIM deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM pravAsa aura vihAra kiyA karate I0 ke bAda) ne apane bhadrabAhu-carita meM yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti ke bAre meM nimna ghaTanA likhI hai--"mahArAja uparyukta gaNa, kula, saMgha, gaccha prAdi bhedoM kI kucha bhUpAla karahATaka meM rAjya kara rahe the| unakI nakalAdevI paribhASAyeM bhI upalabdha haiN| jaise tIna sAdhanoM ke samUha nAma kI priyA rAnI thii| eka bAra rAnI ne apane pati ko gaNa, sAta sAdhugro ke samUha ko gaccha tathA sAghupro kI se kahA ki mere paitRka nagara meM mere kucha gurujana (mani niyamita jAti ko sagha kahA jAtA thaa| para ye pari- gaNa) padhAre hai, so pApa vahAM jAkara unase anunaya-pUrvaka bhASAyeM sArvabhaumika evaM sarvamAnya na thii| kahI-kahI gaNa prArthanA kare ki ve (sAdhu) yahA~ padhAre aura hamAre ghArmika aura saMgha ko eka dUsare ke sthAna para prayukta karane ke udA- anuSThAno kI zobhA baDhAve / mahArAja bhapAla ne nakUlA haraNa milate hai / udyotana (776 I.) ke anusAra gaccha devI ke kathanAnusAra apane matrI baddhisAgara ko guruyo ke zabda kA prayoga mUlata: apane makhiyA ke netRtva meM vihAra pAsa bhejA jo unheM bar3I prArthanA aura vinatI ke sAtha karane vAle sAdhuoM (group) ke lie hI kiyA karahATaka rAjya me le aayaa| rAjya meM sAdhUgro ke padhAjAtA thaa| pAraparika artha to digambara-zvetAmbaro ke rane para mahArAja bhUpAla unakI agavAnI ke lie bar3e pramukha sAdhuno se hI grahaNa kie jA sakate hai| ThATa-bATa se gae, para jaise hI rAjA ne una sAdhanoM ko eka kannaDa pAilipi 'gaNabheda' me sagha kI apekSA dUra se dekhA ki ve nagna digambara sAdhu nahI hai to rAjA gaNa ko hI adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| isame cAra ko bar3A Azcarya huprA aura socane lagA ki ye savastra gaNa mAne gaye hai jinhe kucha sapo se antavaMddha kiyA gayA sAdhu kauna hai ? inake pAsa bhikSA pAtra hai aura lAThI bhI hai jaise 1. senagaNa (mUlasaMgha), 2. balAtkAragaNa (naMdI- hai| gajA ko acchA na lagA aura usane una sAdhayoM ko saMgha) 3. dezIgaNa (siMha sagha) aura 4. kAlogragaNa anAdara pUrvaka vApisa loTA diyA aura apanI rAnI ke (yApanIya sgh)| pAsa prAkara kahA ki usake gurujana to pAkhaNDI aura yApanIya saMgha kI zogha evaM khoja kI ora vizeSa dhyAna nAstika hai, mai unakA sammAna aura agavAnI karane kA BAnnals of the B.O.R.I.XV. III-IV, pp. 198ff, Poona 1934. 7. dekho mUlAcAra para yazonaMdI kI saMskRta TIkA IV 32 bambaI 1620 / 8. kuvalayamAlA pR. 80 paMkti 17 epha, bambaI 1956 / 6. kAlogragaNa yApanIya saMgha se saMbadhita kaNDara yA kANara gaNa kA saMskRta rUpa pratIta hotA hai| 10. dekho ratnanadI kA bhadrabAhu-carita, kolhApUra 1621. IV pR. 135-54 / H. Jacobi : Uber die cntstehung der Svetambara and Digambara, Scktenzdmg XXXVIII pp. 1-42; H. Luders . HI, IV p,338.

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246, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta taiyAra nahIM hUM kyoMki ve jaina (digambara) sAdhu nahIM haiN| yApanIya zabda kA mUla artha apane prApa meM eka svataMtra rAnI nakulA devI apane pati ke abhiprAya ko samajha gii| prazna hai| isakI bahuta sI vartanI (hijje) milatI hai jaise vaha turanta hI una sAdhuoM ke samIpa gaI aura unase yApanIya, jApanIya, yapanI, pApanIya, yApuliya, Apuliya, prArthanA kI ki ve vastrAdi kA tyAga kara nirgrantha-veza jApuliya, jAvuliya, jAviliya, jAvaliya, jAvaligeya dhAraNa kara leM / sAdhuoM ne rAnI kA anurodha svIkAra kara prAdi mAdi / 'yA' ghAtu ke sAtha kAraNa pratyaya jor3akara turaMta hI vastrAdi kA tyAga kara diyA bhora pIchI kamaNDalu usake bhinna-bhinna prathaM nikAle gae hai| telaMga ke anasAra lekara digambara mudrA meM rAjya meM praveza kiyA; taba to yApanIya zabda kA artha hai-"binA Thahare sadA ho vihAra mahArAja bhapAla ne una sAdhupro kA bar3e ThATa bATa evaM karane vaale"|" pravacanasAra (11.10) meM do prakAra ke mAnadAra tarIke se una sAdhUnoM kA svAgata-sammAna evaM guruSoM kA ullekha milatA hai 1. pavvajjAdAyaga aura 2. gavAnI kii| isa taraha yadyapi ve sAdhU bAhya tapa saM nijjAvaga / 'nijjAvaga' kA kartavya hotA hai ki pathabhraSTa digambara veza meM the para unake prAcAra aura kriyAkalApa sAdhunoM ko sanmArga para pUnaH sthApita krnaa| ve adhInasthoM zvetAmbara sAdhunoM jaise hI the| mAge calakara inhIM sAdhunoM para niyaMtraNa rakhate hai tathA navAgatoM kA mArgadarzana karate ne yApanIya saMgha kI nIva ddaalii| haiN| nijjAvaga kA zuddha saMskRta rUpa niryApaka kI jagaha naMdI kA uparyukta kathana 15vIM sadI ke bAda kA niryAmaka jyAdA upayukta baiThatA hai| jaina graMthoM meM 'javahai. prataH ise pUrNarUpeNa akSarazaH svIkAra karane meM bar3I Nijja' zabda kA prayoga eka se adhika arthoM meM prayukta sAvadhAnI kI aAvazyakatA hai, kyoki isake kucha aura bhI kiyA hamA milatA hai| 'nAyAdhammakahAno' meM idiya javaabhiprAya nikala sakate hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki rAnI Nijje zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai jisakA artha yApanIya na nakalA devI zvetAmbara vicAradhArA kI rahI ho pora una hokara yamanIya hotA hai, jo yam (niyatraNe) ghAtU se banatA dinoM dakSiNa bhArata me zvetAmbara sAdhunoM ko vizeSa prAdara hai| isakI tulanA 'thavaNijja' zabda se kI jA sakatI hai jo evaM prasiddhi nahI prApta thI, kyoki yadi isa karahATaka ko sthApanIya zabda ke lie prayukta hotA hai| isa taraha javaAdhunika mahArASTra ke satArA jilA sthita 'kahaDi' nAmaka Nijja' kA sahI saMskRta rUpa yApanIya nahI ho sakatA, sthAna mAnA jAtA hai to nizcaya hI dakSiNa bhArata meM prataH javaNijja sAdhu (yApanIya kahalAne vAle) ve hai jo zvetAmbara sAdhuoM kI vizeSa mAnyatA na thii| prAcArya yama-yAma kA jIvana bitAte the / isa saMdarbha meM pAzrvaprabhu ke devasena aura ratnanaMdI ke uparyukta vivaraNoM se aisA pratIta 'caujjAma, cAturyAma dharma se yama-yAma kI tulanA kI jA hotA hai ki yApanIya saMgha zvetAmbaroM ke vargabheda ke rUpa me mI udbhata hA; bhale hI Upara se unakA bAhya pariveza diga yApanIya sAdhunoM ke viSaya meM hameM kucha vizada sAmagrI mbara sAdhuo jaisA rahA ho| kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI mAnyatAnusAra yApanIya upalabdha hai ataH yaha Avazyaka hai ki yApanIya saMgha aura usase saMbaMdhita sAdhunoM ke viSaya meM, jinakA vibhinna sthAnoM jana nAstika varga ke the| indranaMdI ne apane nItisAra (10veM padya) me yApanIyoM ko nimna pAca kRtrima voM meM va ghaTanAmoM se saMbaMdha hai aura adhika mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI kA vivecana kiyA jaae| sannihita kiyA hai :gopUcchikAH zvetavAsAH draaviddoyaapniiykaaH| samrATa khAravela ke hAthI guphA lekha kI 14 vIM, niHpicchakazceti paMcate jainAbhAsAH prkiirtitaaH|| paMkti meM 'yApajJAvakehI' zabda yApanIyoM ke prasaMga meM kucha 11. dekho I.A.VII, P. 34, footnote. 13. Otherwise the expression in the nAyadhamma12. See my Paper on the meanings of Yap- kahAno cannot be properly explained. niya' in the zrI kaNThikA maisUra 1972 /

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jaina saMpradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura prakAza 247 saMdeha utpanna karatA hai, para ise sunizcita rUpa se kucha isa maMdira ke adhikArI yApanIya saMgha (koTi) maDuvagaNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa"| aura pumyAraha (saMbhavataH punAgavakSagaNa jaisA hI) naMdIkadaMba baMzIya mRgezavarmana (475-460 I.) ne gaccha ke jinana yApanIya, nigraMtha aura karcako ko anudAna diyA thA, inake maMdira deva the"| 680 I0 kA saudati (sugaMdhavatti) kA guru kA nAma dAmakIni ullikhita hai / prAge mRgezavarman zilAlekha bhI hai jo cAlukyavaMza ke tailapadeva se prArambha hotA ke putra (467-637 I.) ne bhI kucha grAma pranudAna me hai| isame zAtivarma aura unakI rAnI canda kabbI kA bhI die the jinakI AmadanI se pUjA pratiSThA ke anuSThAna vizeSa ullekha hai / zAtivama ne jo jaina nadira banavAyA thA, kie jAte the aura yApanIya sAdhUnoM ke cAra mAha kA usake lie unhone bhUmidAna kiyA thaa| isame kucha sAdhuoM bharaNa-poSaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| isameM jina gAyoM ke ke nAma die hai jo yApanIya sagha kANDara gaNa ke the| inake nAmollekha hai, ve hai dAmakIrti, jayakIti, baMdhusena aura nAma hai bAhubali deva (bhaTTAraka), (jinakI upamA cadra, kumAradatta / saMbhavataH ye cAro hI yApanIya hoN| Age kRSNa siMha prAdi se kI hai) ravicandra svAmI, arhanandI, zubhacadra, varmana ke putra deva varmana (475.480 I.) ne yApanIya siddhAntadeva, monideva aura prabhAcadra deva aadi"| DAo sagha ko eka grAma dAna kiyA thA jisase madira kI pI bI. desAI ne hosura (sodatti, jilA velagAva) ke surakSA aura dainika dekhabhAla ho ske| eka dUsare lekha kA vivaraNa diyA hai jisame yApanIya saMgha ke kANDaragaNa ke upadezako (sAdhugro, gurugro) kA ullekha 812 I. ke kadaMba dAnapatra meM nimna vivaraNa prApta hai jinake nAma hai zubhacaMdra prathama candrakIti, zuzavadra dvitIya, hotA hai.---"rASTrakUTa rAjA prabhUtavarSa ne kuchI (lI) nemicandra, kumArakIti, prabhAcandra aura nemicandra dvitiiy"| prAcArya ke ziSya arkakIti dvArA saMcAlita maMdira ko ___ patA calA hai ki belagAga kI doDA vasadi meM bha0 svayaM dAna diNa thA jo yApanIya naMdI saMgha punnAga vRkSa neminAtha kI pratimA hai jo kisI samaya kile ke mandira mUlagaNa ke zrI kIti prAcArya ke uttarAdhikArI the (bIca meM thii| isameM jo pIThikA lekha hai, usase patA calatA hai ki meM kaI prAcAryoM ko choDakara) arkakIrti ne kunni gila yApanIya sagha ke pArisayya ne 1013 I0 meM isa mandira deza ke zAmaka (gavarnara) vimalAditya kA upacAra kiyA kA nirmANa karAyA thA, jise sAhaNAdhipati (saMbhavataH thA jo zanigraha ke duSprabhAva se pIr3ita thaa| nautI I ke kadambazAsaka jaya ke zi ke daNDanAyaka) kI mAtA kattayya kiraippAkkama (cigalapeTa, tamilanADa) lekha se dezavallabha aura jakkavve ne kallahaviLa (gokama ke pAsa) grAma kI nAmaka eka jaina madira kA patA calatA hai jo yApanIya bhUmi dAna meM dI thii| upayukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai saMgha aura milagaNa ke mahAvIra guru ke ziSya pramala ki pArisayya sAdhu yA guru nahI the apitu koI sAmAnyamudala guru dvArA nirmita karAyA gayA thA" aura anudAna jana the jinake yApanIya sagha se ghaniSTha savadha raha hoMge patra me pApanIya saMgha ke sAghuroM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI bhI isIlie unakA vizeSatayA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vyavasthA kA ullekha hai| 1020 I. ke raDhavag lekha meM spaSTa likhA hai ki hUvinapUrvI cAlukyavaMza ke mamma dvitIya ne jaina maMdira ke vAge kI bhUmi kA dAna daNDanAyaka dAsimarasa ne vikhyAta lie maliyapunDI (prAndhra) grAma kA anUdAna diyA thaa| yApanIya sagha pUnAgavRkSa mUla gaNa ke prasiddha upadezaka 14. E.I.XX No, 7, p. 80, 19. Journal of the B.B A.A.S.X 71-72, teut 15. I.A. VI, pp. 24.7, VII pp. 33.5. Pp. 206-7. 16. E.C.XII Gubbi 61. 20. Jainism in South India p. 165. 17. A.R.S.I.E. 1954-35, N. 22 p. 10 Delhi 19:8 21. jinavijaya (kannaDa) janavarI 1931 / 18. E.I.IX No.6.

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248, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta (AcArya) kumArakIti paMDita deva ko kiyA thaa| isa dAna patra ko municandra siddhAnta deva ke ziSya dAyi1028-26 I. ke hosura (dhAravADa) lekha meM likhA hai yayya ne lipibaddha kiyA thaa| dharmapurI (jilA bhira, ki posavara ke prAccha-gavanDa ne supArI ke bAga evaM kucha mahArASTra) lekha meM likhA hai "nAnA prakAra ke karoM se ghara vasadi (mandira) ko dAna meM die the| yahAM yApanIya prApta prAmadanI bhagavAna kI pUjA tathA sAdhuoM ke bharaNasaMgha (punnAgavRkSamUla-pUga nahI paDhA jAtA) ke guru jaya- poSaNa ke lie anudAna rUpa me pohalakere ke paJcapaTTaNa, kIti kA spaSTa ullekha hai| hali kA vivaraNa do bhAgoM kaJcugArasa aura teluganagarasa dvArA dI jAve / yaha anudAna meM upalabdha hai, prathama, cAlukyavaMzI pAhavamalla somezvara yApanIya saMgha aura vadIyUragaNa ke mahAvIra paMDita ke sipurda (1044 I0) kA, dUsarA, jagadeva malla ke lie tathA kI gaI thI jo vasadi ke prAcArya bhI the| 11vI sadI ke inase mabaMdhita sAdhuoM ke lie anudAna kI vyavasthA hai| rAmaliGga madira ke kalabhAvI lekha meM pazcimI gagavaMza hUli ke prathama vivaraNa meM yApanIya saMgha punnAgavakSa ke zivamAra kA ullekha hai, zivamAra ne kumuda vADa nAmaka mUla ke bAlacandra bhaTTAraka deva kA ullekha hai tathA dUsare grAma jaina madira ko dAna diyA thA, jinheM svaya ne nimita meM rAmacandra deva kA vizeSa ullekha hai| 1045 I0 ke karAyA thA, aura ise mailAyAnvaya kAreyagaNa (jo yApamugada lekha meM bhI yApanIya saMgha aura kumudigaNa kA saMdarbha nIya saMgha ke saMbandhita hai aisA vailahogala vivaraNa meM milatA hai / yaha eka patra hai jisameM bar3e acche spaSTIkaraNa likhA hai) ke guru devakIrti ke supurda kiyA thA, inake pUrvA aura sAdhuoM ke nAmollekha bhI hai jaise zrIkIrti goravaDi, cAryoM meM zubhakIti, jinacandra, nAgacandra aura guNakIti prabhAzazAMka, nayavRttinAtha, ekavIra, mahAvIra, narendrakIti, Adi prAcAryoM kA bhI ullekha hai| nAgavi vika-vRtIndra, niravadyakIti bhaTTAraka, mAdhavendu, bAla- 1108 I0 me ballAladeva aura gaNDarAditya (kolhA candra, rAmacandra, municandra, ravikIti, kumArakIrti, dAma- pUra ke zilAhAra vaMzIya) ke samaya meM mUla saMgha punnAganaMdi, vidya govardhana, dAmanaMdi, vaDaDhAcArya Adi / yadyapi vRkSamalagaNa kI prAyikA rAtrimatI-kanti kI ziSyA bammaupayukta nAmo me kucha kRtrima aura jAlI hai, phira bhI gavaDa ne maMdira banavAyA thA jisake lie anudAna kA iname se bahuta se sAdhu bar3e vikhyAta aura jJAna tathA ullekha honnUra lekha meM vidyamAna hai / bailahoMgala (jilA cAritra ke kSetra me advitIya rUpa se atyadhika prasiddha the| belagAMva) kA lekha cAlukyavaMzIya tribhuvana malla deva ke moraba (jilA dhAravAr3a) vivaraNa meM yApanIya saMgha ke samaya kA hai, isame raha mahAsAmanta aGka zAntiyakka aura jayakIti deva ke ziSya nAgacandra ke samAdhimaraNa kA kuNDi pradeza kA ullekha hai / yaha kisI jaina madira ko ullekha hai, nAgacandra ke ziSya kanakazakti the jo maMtra diyA gayA anudAna patra hai, isame yApanIya saMgha mailAcaDAmaNi ke nAma se prasiddha the| tribhuvanamalla ke pAnvaya kAreyagaNa ke mala bhaTTAraka aura jinadevasUri kA zAsana meM 1066 I. ke Doni (jilA dhAravAra) vivaraNa vizeSa rUpa se spaSTa ullekha hai"| vikramAditya SaSTha ke meM yApanIya saMgha vRkSamUlagaNa ke municandra vidya bhaTTAraka zAsana kAlIna huli (jilA belagAva) lekha me yApanIya saMgha ke ziSya cArakoti paDita ko upavana dAna kA ullekha hai, kaNDura gaNa ke bahubali. zubhacandra, monideva aura mAghanadi 22. Journal of the Bombay Historical Society iii pp. 102-200. 23. S.I.I.XII No. 65, Madras 1940. 24. E.I.XVIII, Also P. B. Desai, Ibidem pp. 174F. 25. S,I.I.XII, No. 78, Madras 1940. 26. A R-S.I.E. 1928-29, No, 239, p. 56. 27. S.I.I.II, iii No. 140. 28. ARS.I.E. 1961-62 B 460-61. 29. I.A.XVIII P.309, Also P.B. Desai Ibidem p. 115. 30. I.A.NII p. 102. 31. A.R.S.I.E. 1951-52, No. 33, p. 12,

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jaina saMpradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura prakAza 246 mAdi kA ullekha milatA hai|vsaambi (jilA belagAva) yApanoya magha ke kaNDaragaNa ke sakalendu siddhAntika ke meM vijayAditya (zilAhAra gaNDAgaditya ke putra) ke senA- ziSya the| tegali (jilA gulavarga) me 12vI sadI pati kAla na (Na) dvArA nirmita neminAtha vasadi se prApta kI pratimA hai jisake pIThikA lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki lekha dvArA jJAta hotA hai ki yApanIya magha punnAga vRkSa mUla isakI pratiSThA yApanIya sagha ke vaDipura (vandipUra) gaNa gaNa ke mahAmaDalAcArya vijayakIti ko madira ke lie ke nAgadeva middhAntika ke ziSya brahmadeva ne karAI thii| bhUmidAna kiyA gaNa thaa| inakI guru paramparA nimna prakAra 12vI sadI I. ke manoli (jilA velagAva) ke lekha se milatI hai- manicandra, vijayakIni, kumArakIti aura vidita hotA hai ki yApanIya magha ke guru manicandradeva kI vidya vijayakIti prAdi / ra kAtivIrya ne 1175 I0 samAdhi nimita karAI gaI thI jo siriyA devI dvArA me isa mandira ke sasammAna darzana kie the"| 12vI madI sasthApita vamadi (mandira) ke prAcArya the| isI me yApake madhya meM likhe gaye asikere (maimUra) lekha meM jaina madira nIya sagha ke manicandra ke ziSya pAlyakIti ke samAdhiko die gae anudAna kA ullekha milatA hai| isa lekha maraNa kA bhI ullekha hai"| 13vI sadI I0 ke pradara ke prArambhika chando me se eka chanda me maDavagaNa yApanIya gunchi (jilA ghAravAra) ke vivaraNa me yApanIya sagha aura (saMgha) kI bhUri bhUri prazasA kI gaI hai, mUrti pratiSThA kANDa ragaNa kI ucchagi sthita vamadi ko dI jAne vAlI ponnAga vRkSa mUla gaNa aura sagha (yApanIya) ke ziSya bhami kI mImAyo kA lekhA-jokhA prApta hotA hai| mANikazehi dvArA karAI gaI thI, pratiSThAcArya the kumAra. 13vI sadI ke hukeri (jilA belagAva) vivaraNa se kIti siddhAnta jo yApanIya saMgha maDavagaNa se sambandhita jo sarvathA asta-vyasta aura kaTA-phaTA hai, yApanIya sagha ke the / eka dUsare lekha meM isake dAnakartA kA nAma yApanIya kisI gaNa (gaNa kA nAma miTa gayA hai) ke kIrti kA sagha ke somayya kA hai| dUsare anya vivaraNo kI bhAti nAmollekha milatA hai"| isame bhI janasAmAnya ko yApanIya saba se susambaddha kiyA gavADa (jilA belagAva) ke talaghara me bha0 nemihai / dUsare, isa lekha ke sampAdaka kA mata hai ki imame se nAtha kI eka vizAla pratimA hai jisake pIThikA-lekha me yApanIya zabda ko miTA diyA gayA hai| tIsare, kASThAmukha dharmakIti aura gAma bammarasa ke nAmollegva hai, isame jo pratibaddha jaisA zabda bAda meM isameM joDA gayA hai para yaha tithi akita hai, vaha 1364 I. ke mamakAlIna tithi hai| saba sarvathA atizayokti hai / vaise yApanIyo ke viruddha kucha ima vivaraNa meM kucha vyavadhAna bhI hai para yApanIya madha aura dveSa to avazya darzAyA gayA hai para koI paryApta pramANa panAgavRkSa mUla gaja ke sAdhugro me nemicandra (jo tuSTuvaupalabdha nahIM hai ki unakA kASThAmukha kI ora jhukAva ho gajya sthApanAcArya bhI kahalAte the) dharmakIti aura nAgakyoki kASThAmukha pratibaddha zabda svayaM bAda me jor3A gayA candra ke nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai"| gayA hai para yaha samajha meM nahIM pAtA ki isa asagati kucha binA tithiyo ke bhI vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| ko haTAne ke lie jisane kASThAmukha pratibaddha zabda joDA sikara (jamavaDi) vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki pArzvanAtha hai, usI ne yApanIya zabda ko miTAyA ho" / 12vI sadI bhaTrAraka kI pratimA kumuma jinAlaya ke lie yApanIya ke lokapura ke (jilA belagAva) vivaraNa meM likhA hai ki sagha aura vRkSamUla gaNa ke kAlimehi ne bheMTa kI tho"| brahma (kallabhAvaNDa ke putra) ne ubhaya siddhAnta cakravartI garam (jilA dhAravAra) vivaraNa meM yApanIya sagha kumudi32. E.I.XVIII pp. 201F. 36. A.R.IE. 1960-91, No. 511 also PB. Desal 13. A.R. of the Mysore Arch. Deptt. 1961, Ibidem p. 404. pp. 48 FE. 37. A.R S.I.E. 1940-41, No. 563-65, p. 245. 38. A.R.SIE 1941-2. No.3, p. 255. 34. Ed. S. Sattar : J. of the Karnatak Uai 39. A.R SI.E. 1941-42, No. 6, p. 261. versity.x,1965, 159 FF. (Kannada) 40. jinavijaya (kannaDa) belagAMva julAI 1931 / 35. kannaDa zodha saMsthAna, dhAravAra 1642-48, naM. 47 / 41. A.R.S.I.E. 1938-39, No. 98, p. 219.

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250 varSa 2001 gaNa ke zAMtivIra deva ke samAdhimaraNa kA spaSTa ullekha hai, eka aura naSTa hue isI taraha ke vivaraNa meM isI sa ke vivaraNa meM isI sagha aura gaNa kA ullekha milatA hai" raga ( jilA vellarI) vivaraNa me nisidi ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai, jisame ATha nAma likhe haiM, unameM se mUlasagha ke candrabhUti tathA yApanIya saMgha ke candrendra, bAdayya aura tammaNa ke nAma svAbhipreta hai" / kucha aura lekha eva vivaraNa hai jo bahuta vilamba se prakAza meM pAye hai, uname eka hai 1124 I0 kA sema lekha jisameM mava gaNa ke prabhAvandra vidyA kA ullekha hai| sabhavataH yaha gaNa yApanIya saMgha se hI mabadhita ho" / dUsarA hai 1216 I0 kA badali ( jilA belagAva ) lekha jisame yApanIya saMgha aura kAreya gaNa kA ullekha hai, isameM jina sAdhuo ke nAmollekha hai ve hai mAdhava bhaTTAraka vinayadeva, kIrti bhaTTAraka, kanakaprabha aura zrIdhara vidya deva" / tIsarA hai 1201 aura 1257 I0 ke mari halakeri lekha isame yApanIya saMgha, mahalApAnvaya kArayagaNa kA sandarbha milate hai, isameM jina guruyo ke nAma prati hai, ve hai kanakaprabha (jo 'jAtarUpa para vikhyAtam' kahalAte the tathA apanI nirgranthatA ke lie prati prasiddha the aura zrIdhara ( kanakaprabha paMDita ) " / cauthA hai kolhApura ke magalavAra peTha vAle maMdira kI pahalI maMjila kI pITha vAlA kannaDa lekha, jisame likhA hai ki vobhiyaNDa ne yaha pAThazAlA banavAI thI jo yApanIya saMgha punAgavRkSa mUla gaNa ko vijayakIti ke ziSya raviyaNNa kA bhAI thaa| pA~cavA jisakI pratilipi DA0 gurUrAja bhaTTa ne mujhe bhejI thI, jo raMga (da0 ka0) sthita pratimA se prApta huA hai, isame kANUra gaNa kA ullekha hai| zrI bhaTTa jI ne isa lekha kA gambhIratA se adhyayana kiyA hai| uparyukta yApanIya saMgha se saMbaMdhita nAnA vivaraNoM aura lekho kA (vIM sadI se 14vI sadI I0 taka) tithikama se sarvekSaNa karane para saMgha ke bAre meM bahuta se suni 42 A.R SIE 1925-26, No. 5441-42, p. 76. 43. ARS,IE. 1919 No 109, p. 12. 44. PB Desai: Ibidem p. 403. anekAnta zcita aura vistRta evaM prAmANika tathya prakAza me prA hai| sarvaprathama to yApanIya jana nirgranthoM, zvetapaTa aura kUrbako se sarvathA bhinna the| yApanIya saMgha kA gaNo se vizeSa saMbaMdha thA / jaise kumuliMgaNa yA (kumudigaNa ) (koTi) maDuvaraNa, kaNDara yA kAragaNa, punAgavRkSa mUla gaNa (jo mUla saMgha se bhI saMbaMdhita hai ) vandipuragaNa, kAreyagaNa aura nandagaccha aura mailApAnvaya Adi aadi| isa taraha vibhinnagaNo se asaMgatatA se spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki saba kramazaH gaNo ke mAdhyama se hI viruvAta ho sakA 'gaNabheda' graMtha ke vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki ve karnATaka aura usake cartI kSetra me apanika upayogI aura prasiddha the / phalataH yApanIya magha kima taraha kramaza lupta hotA calA gayA aura dUsaro ke sAtha milane lagA, khAsa taura se dakSiNa me digambaro ke sAtha hI / yApanIya saMgha ke eka sAdhu ko 'jAtarUpaghara' kahA gayA hai jo prAyaH digambara sAdhuSo dvArA hI prayukta hotA thaa| isa saMgha ke sAdhuyo ne apane cAcAra, darzana, vicAra pAdikA ga ke sAtha kaise samanvaya kiyA yaha apane pApa me zodha kA viSaya hai| inadi ke nItimAra ( 72 ) ke anusAra yApanIyo me siMha, nadi, sena aura deva sagha prAdi nAma se sabase pahale sagha vyavasthA thI phira vAda meM gaNa gaccha prAdi kI vyavasthA bnii| lekina 'gaNabheda' graMtha se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha dinoM bAda gaNa-vibhAjana ne saMgha ko samApta kara unakA sthAna grahaNa kara liyaa| isa gaNapakSapAta kA vivaraNa 'zrutAvatAra' (101 loka ) me spaSTa kiyA gayA hai jisase patA calatA hai ki kisa prakAra nadi vIra, deva Adi prata nAma kA " pracalana / yApanIya saMgha kA vivaraNa jina sthAnoM se milatA hai, unase yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki isa saba ke sAdhuSoM kA varcasva eva prabhutva AAja ke dhAravAra, belagAMva, kolhApura aura gulavarga Adi jilo ke kSetra meM atyadhika vipulatA se thA" mAndhra aura tamilanADu meM isa saba se / 46. K. G. Kundamgar : Inscription from N. 45. R.S. Panchamukh Karnataka Inscription 1, Dharwar 1941, pp. 75-6. Karnatak & Kolhapur State 1931. 47 jinavijaya (kannaDa) belagAva 1931 (maI-jUna) / 48. See Foot Note No 2 cup 11; the Srutavatara is also included in that Volume. 49. See also P.B. Desai, Ibidem pp. 164F.

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jaina saMpradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha pora prakAza 251 saMbaMdhita jo sAmagrI prApta hai, vaha bahuta hI thoDI hai| sAgara ne bhI unake viruddha kaI bAteM kahI hai| yahAM taka zramaNavelagola me yApanIya sagha se sabadhita kucha bhI sAmagrI ki yApanIyo dvArA sasthApita mUrtiyo kI pUjA kA bhI kA na milanA isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki isa pITha kA virodha kiyA hai, bhale hI digambara pratimAeM hI kyoM na vikAsa yApanIya sAdhunoM ke alAvA anya sAdhugro ke ho"| ina sabake hone para bhI yApanIya sAdhuno kI unake sahayoga se hayA / karnATaka ke uttara bhAga meM hI yApanIyo utkRSTa jJAna aura uttama cAritra ke kAraNa vibhinna lekhoM kA jora thA jo mukhyatayA madiro aura masthAno se evaM vivaraNo me sammAna sahita bhUri-bhUri prazasA kI gaI sambandhita rahate the (aura iname neminAtha aura pArzvanAtha hai tathA unhe samAja meM ucca sthAna prApta hone kA ullekha kI hI pratimAno ke prati adhika prAgraha rahatA thaa)| kiyA gayA hai / dakSiNa bhArata me to yApanIya sAdhugro dvArA vizeSa mahattva kI bAta yaha dilAI detI hai ki yApanIya sAdhu patiSThita pratimAno ko digambara loga baDe bhakti-bhAva se mandiro ke prabandha-vyavasthApaka yA sagho ke bharaNa popaNa pUjA arcanA karate hai, isI me vidita hotA hai ki yApanIya kartA ke hI rUpa meM vizeSatayA dikhAI dete hai| jo prAyaH aura digambara aApasa meM kisa taraha adhikatA se ghulamila rAjAnI yA samAja ke anya viziSTa varga ke vyaktiyo se gae the| anta meM eka dRSTAnta bhI hai ki yApanIya mAdhu anudAna me bhUmi, bAga Adi prApta kiyA karate the / inako ko jAtarUpadhara kahA gayA hai jo ki digambaratva kA bhI kArya-paddhatiyA apane kSetra me thor3I bahuta Adhunika bhaTTA- pratIka hai| rako kI bhA~ti pracalita thI / jaina niyamo ke anamAra yApanIyo kA eka sagha thA aura isake gurujana (mAdhumAyikA sagha (prAyikA, kAti kSAntikA) kI avasthiti gaNa) mandiro ke adhyakSa humA karate the, jinake nirmANa se tadbhava strI-mukti jaise maiddhAntika prazno para bhI koI eva bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie anudAna rUpa meM bhami yA dhana prabhAva na thaa| jainiyo meM bar3e-baDe daNDanAyako kI vyavasthA prApta hotA thaa| ata: yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki ye parihone para bhI hisA jaise pramukha siddhAnta se koI bAdhA myiAnayA yApanAya sAdhunA ke sthitiyA yApanIya sAdhupro kI sAhityika pravRttiyoM ke nahI pdd'ii| AvazyakatA kevala isa bAta kI thI ki hisA vikAsa meM pUrNatayA sahAyaka middha huI / haribhadra (8vI sadI aura tadbhava strI-mukti kI vicAradhArA ko sahI rUpa se I.) ne yApanIyatA me likhA hai" :-"strIgrahaNa tAsAsamajhA jaave| uparyukta vivaraNoM se yaha spaSTa pratIta honA mapi tadbhava iva sasArakSayo bhavati iti jJApanArtha vaca. hai ki yApanIya sagha kA jana-sAmAnya para koI vizeSa prabhAva yathoktam yApanIyatatra-No khalu itthA ajIvo Na yAvi na thaa| usakA sambandha to kucha viziSTa vazo yA vya abhabyo Na yAvidasaNa virohiNI, No pramANusA No praNAni ktiyo taka hI sImita thA, jinakI isa sagha ke sAdhugro yA utpatti No prasakhe jjAuyA, No graha (e) kuramaI NoNa prAcAryoM para viziSTa zraddhA-bhakti thii| uvasata mohA, No Na muddhAcArA, No amuddhavoMdI No baba___kAlAntara me sagha, gaNa, gaccha, anvaya Adi zabdoM ke sAya vajjiyA, No apuvakaraNa virohiNI, No Nava guNaThANa artha badalane lage the| sagha aura gaNa prAyaH paraspara me hI rahiyA, No ajogaladdhIe, No akallaNa bhAyaNati, kadaNa ubhae dhamma saahignti|" parivartita hone lage the| aba unakA tathA unake pArampa- thatamAgara ne likhA hai ki 'kalpasUtra' kI jAnakArI ke rika sambandhA kA vistRta adhyayana eka prabhAva kI vasta lie unhoMne kalpa kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| ho gayA hai| pAlpakIti nAma se prasiddha, virUpAta vaiyAkaraNa zAkaUpara dekhA hI hai ki kisa taraha indranandi ne apane TAyana yApanIya the, aisA malaya giri ne kahA hai aura unake TAyana yApanAya tha, esA malayAgAra na kahA ha ' nItisAra me yApanIyo ko jainAbhAsa kahA hai aura zrata- saMskRta vyAkaraNa" se niyukti bhASya prAdi meM lie gae 50. paTaprAbhUtAdi saMgraha kI saskRta TIkA, bambaI 1920, 52. My eather paper noted in F.NI. on p. 9. pR. 76 / 51. See my earlier paper noted above; also 53. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana Hemachandra's Yogasastra, B.I. ed. p. 5 2. 1971 prastAvanA praura mapAdakIya /

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252, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta uddharaNoM se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke ne inhe zrata kevalI kahA hai, siddhasena kA digambarI va zve. kucha pATha unhe svIkArya the| unhone bahuta se granthakAge tAmbarI prasiddha siddhAnto se spaSTa matabheda thA, para kAla. kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM se kucha yApanIya sagha ke sAdhu gati ke sAtha-sAtha yApanIyo dvArA sasthApita maMdira tathA bhI the| jaisA ki kucha TIkAkAro ne likhA hai ki apabhraza uname pratiSThita mUrtiyAM prAja digambarI kahalAtI hai tathA ke prasiddha kavi svayaMbhU ApulIya yA yApanIya saMgha ke tha digambaroM dvArA pUjI jAtI hai| ata: yaha svAbhAvika hI kucha vidvAno kA kathana hai ki paumacariu ke kartA zrI hai ki vikhyAta yApanIyoM dvArA nirmita sAhitya mukhyatayA vimalasUri bhI yApanIya saMgha ke the, para isa sambandha me dakSiNa bhArata meM hI upalabdha hai| isIlie vimalamUri ke paumacariu ke gambhIra adhyayana pUrvaka gahana zodha kI prAya- pauma cariya, raviSeNa ke padmacarita, jaTila (jo siddhasena zyakatA hai / aura umAsvAti ke pratyadhika RNI the) ke varAGga-carita vikhyAta vaiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana ne prAtma-prazasti meM tathA svayaMbha ke pauma cariu prAdi grantho ke gambhIra adhyanimna prakAra likhA hai5 :-"iti zrI zratakevali dezI yana evaM gahana zogha khoja kI AvazyakatA hai| yAcAryasya zAkaTAyanasya kRtI zabdAnuzAsane" ityAdi / yahA~ mai eka aura Avazyaka eva Thosa bAta kaha dUMki sambhavata. yahI tarIkA hai jisase yApanIya sAdhu (guru) svaya 'gaNabheda' gratha ke anusAra aAdhunika kopvala (koppakSa) ko dUsaro se pRthak samajhA karate the / tatvArtha sUtra ke kartA umAsvAti ne bhI aisA hI varNana kiyA hai : yApanIyo kA mukhyapITha thA aura vahAM pallikki gunDu meM tatvArtha-sUtra-kartAram umAsvAti munIzvaram / jaTila yA jaTAcArya ke caraNacihna prApta hue hai| 13vI zruta kevali dezIyam bande'ham guNamandiram // madI I. ke prArambha meM kannar3a ke prasiddha kavi janna ne sUtro aura bhASya kA ardhamAgadhI bhASA se spaSTa mata- jaTAsiMha nadi ko kANara gaNa kA mAnA hai (dekho anantabheda hai aura pUjyapAda svAmI aneko sthalo para mutro ke nAtha purANa I. 17)" jo yApanIya saMgha kA hI aga thaa| pATha se sarvathA asahamata hai / " sva. pa. nAtharAma premI ne jaba maiMne 'varAga carita' kA sampAdana kiyA thA to sabase umAsvAti ke yApanIya hone ke pakSa meM prabala tarka prastuta pahale yahI vivAda uThA thA ki isakA kartA digambara thA kiye hai| unakA mata hai ki zivArya aura aparAjita mari yA zvetAmbara ?" bhI yApanIya saMgha ke hI the| prAcIna prAkRta ke zreSTha grantha uparyukta vistRta vivaraNo se yaha spaSTa hai ki dakSiNa 'prArAdhanA' kI racanA zivArya ne kI thI tathA apagajita bhArata ke zilAlekhoM va vivaraNo meM yApanIyo kA prasaMga sUri ne isakI TIkA saMskRta meM kI thI / inake graMtho meM bahulatA se vidyamAna hai, para hameM yaha bhI dekhanA hai ki kannaDa kucha prasaga aise hai jo zvetAmbara yA digambarI daSTikoNo aura usake samakakSa sAhitya meM bhI yApanIya saMgha ke kucha se bilkula bhI mela nahIM khaate|" siddhasena divAkara to saMdarbha milate hai ki nahIM ? hariSeNa kI"(131-32 I0) hara sambhava dRSTi se yApanIya the hI, isI lie haribhadra vRhatkathA (naM0 131) me tathA kannar3a ke 'vaDArAdha" ne' 54. zrI nAthUrAma premI : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa II 56. dekho 'varAMgacarita' kI merI prastAvanA, bambaI 1638 / prAvRtti pR 166 / 60. Annals of the BO.R I.XIV. 1-11 Poona 55. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kolhApura, 1907 / 1933, 3rd Ed. Mysore 1972. 56. E.C.VIII, Nagar No. 46, though lateE1 siMghI jaina sIrIja 17, bambaI 1970 / in age: it is a valuable record of traditinal Information 62. D. L. Narsimhachar, 4th Ed. p. 93. 57 zrI nAthUrAma premI : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, Mysore 1970. pR. 56, FF521F dvi. zrAvRtti / 63. kannaDa nighaNTu bagalora ne isa prora merA dhyAna 58. 'siddha sena divAkara kA nyAyAvatAra aura anya kArya' prAkarSita kiyaa| zrI hampA nAgarAja ne batAyA ki meM merI prastAvanA dekho : jaina sAhitya vikAsa maDala, kannaDa sAhitya me jAvaligepa kA kahIM ullekha nahI bambaI 1971 / miltaa|

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jaina saMpradAya ke yApanIya saMgha para kucha paura prakAza 253 meM thor3A bahuta jApuli saMgha kA ulne kha milatA hai / yadyapi haribhadra ke paDadarzana samuccaya (cauthe adhyAya ke prArabha prasaga baDe bhrAmaka hai, phira bhI dono hI gratho me pradhaMphAlaka, se) kI TIkA karate hA guNaratna ne likhA hai" :--digabarA kAmbalika, zveta bhikSu aura yApanIya kA ullekha hai / 12vI punaH nAgnyaliGgAH pANipAtrAzca. te caturdhA-kASThA-magha, sadI I. ke kavi janna ke kannar3a anantanAtha purANa meM kANara mUlagagha, mAthugmagha, gopya sagha bhedAt / kASThAsadhe camarI gaNa (2.25) ke rAmacandra deva kA ullekha hai aura vaha bAlazca picchikA, mUlasaMdhe mayUrapiccha: picchikA, mAtharamunicandra vidya ko jAvaligeya vizeSaNa se alaMkRta karatA saghe mUlano'pi picchikA nAhatA, gopyA mayUra picchikA hai, para usakI sahI aura spaSTa vyAkhyA nahIM kara pAtA hai| prAdyastrayo'pi saMghA vandyamAnA dharmavaddhi bhaNanti, strINAM sambhavata yaha yahI manicandra hai jinakA ullekha pAirva paM0 maktim kevalinA muktim sadvatamyApi macIvarasya makti na (1222 I.) ne apane kannaDa pArzvanAtha pugaNa (133) manyante, gopyastu vandyamAna dharmalAbhaM bhaNanti svINA makti me kiyA hai| " mere vicAra se jAbaligeya vidoSaNa unake saMgha kevalinA ca bhakti ca mnynte| gopya yApanIya. ityucynte|" yApanIya ke lie hI jor3A gayA hai| sabase adhika rocaka isa taraha yApanIya kA eka dUmaga nAma gopya bhI thA, to yaha hai ki kavi janna ne jaTAsiha nandi ko aura indra- jise digambaro ke antargata rakhA hai; yadyapi unhe strI-mukti nandi ko kANa ragaNa kA batAyA hai jo ki yApanIya sagha se aura kevali bhukti svIkArya thI, jaba ki digambara inhe ghaniSThatA se sambandhita thA / kavi janna dvArA kI gaI nahI mAnate / yApanIyoM ko strI-makti aura kevali-bhakti vibhinna prAcAryo kI stuti se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki jaise siddhAnta mAnya the, yaha zAkaTAyana ke saMskRta vyAka. gaNagaccha Adi kI pRthakatAvAdI pravRtti ko ina kaviyo ne raNa se bhI middha hotA hai, jisameM upayUkta zIrSako me do nahI mAnA thA / pradhyAya bhI race gaye the jo prakAzita bhI hai|" yaha pratyaaitihAsika levo, vivaraNo eva sAhityika ullekho dhika rucikara hai ki zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa dakSiNa bhArata ke yaha spaSTa pramANita ho jAtA hai ki yApanIya digambaro ke digambrage me atyadhika prasiddha aura pracalita hai| para ye mAtha mAtha rahA karate the / yApanIyo ke kucha mandira aura dono siddhAnta (mbImukti kevali bhakti) zvetAmbaro meM mUrtiyA~ pAja bhI dakSiNa bhArata meM digambage davAga praje hI pracalita eva mAnya haiN| jAte hai / guNaratna (1348-1418 I.) ko yApanIyo anta me zrutasAgara (15vI sadI vikramI) yApanIyoM ke bAre meM vizeSa jAnakArI nahI hai aura zramAgara ko ko nahIM mAnate / ve indranandi ke chanda ko udadhata karate hA (16vI sadI vikramI) to yApanIyo se tanika bhI mahAnu- yApanIyo ko kevala jainAbhAsa hI kahate hai, aura gopucchika bhUti nahIM hai aura tathya yaha hai ki Aja bhI bahuta bar3e zvetavAsa, draviDa aura yApanIya ke viSaya me likhate hai :rUDhivAdI vidvAna yaha nahI jAnate ki jo kucha thoDI- "draviDA. sAvadya prAmUka ca na manyante, udabhojana nirAkabahuta mUrtiyA digambara mandiro me hai, ve saba yApanIyo se vaMnti yApanIyAstu vesarA ivobhaya manyante, ratnatraya pUjahI sambandhita haiN| phira bhI yApanIyo dvArA pratiSThita eva yanti, kalpa ca vAcayanti, strINA tadabhave mokSa, kevali pUjya prAcIna mUrtiyoM para Apatti karate haiM / yApanIya jinAnA kavalAhAra para zAsane magranthAnA mokSa ca kathaprAcAryoM dvArA prayukta siddhAntika, vidya Adi upA- yanti / " dhiyoM se vidita hotA hai ki ve paTkhaNDAgama prAdi ke adhyakSa-prAkRta evaM jaina-vidyA-vibhAga, viziSTa pradhyetA the| isa viSaya meM abhI aura adhika zodha magara vizvavidyAlaya, mAnasa-gagotrI kI bhAvazyakatA hai| maisUra-6 (karNATaka) 64. bhAratIya jJAnapITa, vArANasI 1670, .160-61 // 65. See the Appendix to the Intro. by Dr. Birwe to the zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa noted above. Muni Sri Jamhu Vijayaji is bringing out a new ed. along with the svopajJa ttiikaa| 66 uparyukta SaT prAbhatAdi saMgraha pR. 11 /

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pustaka-samIkSA tIrthakara vardhamAna-lekhaka-mani zrI vidyaanndjii| pAkarSaka upazIrSako dvArA grantha kI rocakatA meM vRddhi huI prakAzaka-zrI vIra-nirvANa-grantha-prakAzana-samiti, indaura hai / itihAsa eva upanyAsa kA sarasa samanvaya isakI pRSTha sN0-100| mUlya---tIna rupye| mukhya vizeSatA hai, jisase pAThaka ise eka bAra par3hanA muni zrI vidyAnanda-kRta isa zodhapUrNa grantha meM 'ikSvAku prArambha karake pUrA paDhe binA nahIM chodd'taa| vaMza kezarI,' 'licchavi-jAti-pradIpa,' 'nAtha-kula-mukuTa- isa upayogI prakAzana ke lie lekhaka tathA pATaka maNi' prAtaH smaraNIya tIrthakara mahAvIra kA aitihAsika badhAI ke pAtra hai| chapAI, mAja-sajjA Adi kI dRSTi meM tathA jyotiSa zAstrIya jIvana-paricaya hai / isake pustaka surucipUrNa hai| atirikta aitihAsika kAla-gaNanA tathA vaizAlI-vaibhava bhagavAna mahAvIra-mAdhunika sandarbha meM- sampAdakakA yuktiyukta vivecana isakI mukhya vizeSatA hai / DA0 narendra bhAnAvata / prakAzaka-a0bhA0 sAdhumArgI pUjya munizrI ne isame mahAvIra kI janma-kuNDalI, vaizAlI jaina saMgha, samatA-bhavana, gamapuriyA saDaka, bIkAnera / pRSTa kI saracanA tathA mahAvIra-kAlIna bhArata kI bhaugolika sa0-350 (sajilda) mUlya--cAlIsa rupye| sthiti kA mAnacitra dekara ime zodhapUrNa tathA upayogI banAyA hai| prArambha me jIvanta svAmI (dIkSA se pUrva upayukta grantha me 50 vidvAna lekhako ke vidvattApUrNa lekha sakalita hai| iname DhAI hajAra varSo ke pazcAta, vartabhagavAna mahAvIra kI guptakAlIna mUrti) kA citra pustaka kI sundaratA meM vRddhi karatA hai / mAna yuga kI jvalanta samasyAgro ke pariprekSya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vyaktitva eva middhAnto kA yukti-yukta vivepaM0 bAbUlAla zAstrI dvArA likhita vidvattApUrNa bhUmikA cana kiyA gayA hai| meM prastuta kRti ke sandarbha meM vaidika tathA zramaNa-saskRti kA samanvayayAtmaka citraNa kiyA gayA hai / pustaka meM jIvana, vyaktitva eva vicAra ke sAtha-sAtha rAjanaitika, tathyAtmaka sAmagrI paryApta hai / ata zodhArthI chAtroM tathA sAmAjika, Arthika, vaijJAnika, manovaijJAnika, dArzanika sAdhAraNa jijJAsumo donoM ke lie isakI upayogitA svaya- tathA sAskRtika mandarbho me, prastuna pratha ko pATa khaNDo me siddha hai| chapAI-saphAI, kAgaja tathA sAja-sajjA kii| vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / navama khaNDa 'paricarcA' me 'mahAdRSTi se pustaka surucipUrNa hai| vIra aura mAdhunika sandarbha' kI dRSTi se prastuta cAra-pAMca vaizAlI ke rAjakumAra-vardhamAna mahAvIra -- lekhaka prazno para dasa-gyAraha vidvAno ke vicAra sakalita hai| DA. nemicandra jaina / prakAzaka-uparyukta / pRSTha sa0- adhikAza lekhoM kA pratipAdya niSkarSa hai-vartamAna 248. mUlya-do rupye| bahu-AyAmI yuga me manuSya ne aneka vaijJAnika evaM bhautika prasiddha bhASAvid eva cintaka DA0 nemicandra dvArA suvidhAye upalabdha kI hai aura vaha nirantara prakRti para racita isa pustaka meM sarala tathA pravAhapUrNa bhASA me bhaga- vijaya prApta karatA jA rahA hai / vijJAna manuSya ko vidyAvAna mahAvIra ke preraka jIvana kA hRdayagrAhI citraNa kiyA dhara yA ijIniyara banA sakatA hai, paramAtmA nahIM / jIvana gayA hai| ke mUla tttvN| yA AdhyAtmika cetanA kI dRSTi se mahAvIra pustaka cAra khaNDo meM vibhAjita hai--pUrvAbhAsa, jIvana, yA anya vItarAga manISiyo ne jo darzana diyA, vaha atupramaga tathA dezanA / cAro khaNDI meM prastuta sAmagrI prAtma- lanIya hai| kSaNa-sthAyI sandarbho me se usako tulanA iSTa bogha kI ora pAThaka ko prerita karatI hai / choTe-choTe nahI hai|

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pustaka-samIkSA 255 ima sakalana meM vibhinna lekhako kI vicAra-dhArAyeM kA yogadAna -lekhaka-DA0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla / tathA zaliyA dariTagocara hotI hai| kaI sthAno para pAThaka prakAzaka-zrIlAla pAramAthika TasTa phaDa. renavAla (kizanavicAro kI punarukti, vaicArika dvandva yA antavirodha meM gaDha), rAjasthAna / ulajha jAtA hai| sAbhara (zAkambharI) pradeza jaina dharma, sAhitya evaM madraNa tathA sAja-sajjA kI dRSTi se grantha sundara hai| purAtattva kI dRSTi se garimApUrNa rahA hai| prastuta pustaka mUlya kucha adhika pratIta hotA hai|| me isI pradeza ke sAskRtika gaurava kA pratipAdana kiyA mahAkavi daulatarAma kAsalIvAla; vyaktitva evaM gayA hai| isake prathama adhyAya meM pradeza ke pramukha sAskRkRtitva-lekhaka-DA. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla / prakA- tika nagaro kA, dvitIya adhyAya meM bhaTTAraka-paramparA, zaka-zrI sohanalAla sogANI, matrI-pra0 kA0, di0 zAstra bhaNDArI, jana santo tathA unake kAvya kA, tRtIya jaina a. kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI, mahAvIra-bhavana, jypur| adhyAya meM prasiddha jaina mandiro kA tathA caturtha adhyAya meM pRSTha sa0 -110310 mUlya-10 rupye| pradeza kI vartamAna sthiti kA zodhaNaM anuzIlana kiyA DA0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla (adhyakSa, sAhitya-zodha gayA hai| vibhAga, zrI di0 jaina a0 kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI, jaya __ajamera se raNathambhaura ke kile taka vistRta ima pradeza pura) kI yaha amUlya kRti 'mahAvIra-graMthamAlA' ko 17veM kA aitihAsika mahattva zodha kA viSaya hai| vidvAn sampApuSpa ke rUpa meM prakAzita huI hai| kauna-mA jaina-dharma-jijJAmu daka ne zodhapUrNa prastAvanA likha kara pustaka ko adhika pa0 daulatagama jI ke nAma se aparicita hogA? basavA prAmANika banAyA hai| vidvada pa0 ToDaramala jI se nivAmI tathA jayapura-rAjya kI sevA me rata, 18vI gatI sambaddha isa pradeza kA khojapUrNa citraNa karake lekhaka ne eka I0 ke uttarArdha meM utpanna, 50 daulatarAma kAsalIvAla bar3e abhAva kI pUrti kI hai| pustaka paThanIya hai| jaina maskRti-purANoM ke prathama bhASA-gadya-bacanikAkAra hue hai| prAjala evaM pravAhapUrNa gadya ke racayitA pa0 daulatarAma paMpa yaga ke jaina kavi-lekhaka-paM0 ke0 bhujabalI. jI ke mukhya gratha hai-jIvadhara-svAmi-carita, viveka-vilAsa, zAstrI, muuddbidrii| sampAdaka eva prakAzaka-50 vardhamAna, adhyAtma-bArahakhaDI, zrIpAla-carita, padmapurANa (bhASA), pArzvanAtha zAstrI, mantrI prAcArya kathumAgara-grathamAlA, harivazapurANa (bhASA), paramAtma prakAza (bhASA TIkA) kalyANa-bhavana, solApura-2 / pRSTha sa0 160 / evaM Adi pUrANa / Adhunika hindI-gadya ke prArambhika mamIkSya pustaka me mahAkavi pampa tathA unake yUga ke vikAma me paNDita jI kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| aneka kaviyo (pona, rana, cAmuNDagaya, zrIdharAcArya, ___ aise mahAn sAhityakAra ke viSaya me zodhapUrNa kRti divAkaranandI, zAntinAtha, nAgacandra, kanti, nayasena prAdi) dekara DA0 kAsalIvAla jI ne eka mahAn prabhAva kI pUrti ke jIvana evaM kRtitva kA paricaya diyA gayA hai / kannaDa evaM saMskRta sAhitya meM mahAkavi pampa kA nAma itanA kI hai| rAjasthAnI santoM, kaviyo evaM grathakAro ke mahAna adhika mahatvapUrNa hai ki vaha yuga-pravartaka kavi mAne jAne adhyetA tathA aneka zodhapUrNa graMtho ke praNetA DA. kAsalI lge| 'prAdipurANa' tathA 'vikramArjana-vijaya' nAmaka do vAla jI kA yaha prayAsa atyanta sarAhanIya hai| grantha saMskRta-sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai| vidvAn lekhaka 103 pRSTho kI vidvattApUrNa prastAvanA me vidvAna ne pampa tathA anya kaviyoM kA mUlyAkana karake eka prazaMsalekhaka ne mahAkavi daulatarAma jI ke vyaktitva eva kRtitva kI zodhapUrNa vivecanA kI hai| isake atirikta do katiyo nIya prayAsa kiyA hai| pustaka pAThako ke lie upayogI tathA jJAnavardhaka hai| kA pUrNa pATha tathA cha gratho pAzika pATha dekara pratha ko ta adhika upayogI banAyA gayA hai| pustaka saMgrahaNIya hai| hindI kI prAvi aura madhyakAlIna phAga-kRtiyAM zAkambharI pradeza ke sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jaina dharma lekhaka-DA. govinda rajanIza / prakAzaka-maMgala-prakA

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256, varSa 28, ki0 1 anekAnta hAta govinda rAjiyo kA rAstA. jypr-| paSTha saM0 jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa (dvitIya bhAga)-- 275 / mUlya-28 rupye| lekhaka-prAcArya zrI hastImala jI mahArAja / prakAzakaDA. govinda rajanIza ke isa zodha-prabandha meM hindI jaina itihAsa-samiti, jayapura / puSTha saM0-863, mUlya kI prAdi aura madhyakAlIna phAgu-kRtiyo kA pAlocanA. 40 rupyaa| tmaka adhyayana kiyA gyaa| bhUmikA-bhAga me phAgu-kAvya prastuta grantha ke dvitIya khaNDa me kevalI evaM pUrvadhara ke pariveza, paramparA eva pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa karake maniyo-indrabhati gautama, Arya sudharmA, prArya jambU, hindI kI prAdikAlIna phAgu-kRtiyo kA kAvya-zAstrIya prAcArya prabhava svAmI, prAcArya zrI bhadrabAhu, prArya sthUlaevaM chandaHzAstrIya mUlyAkana kiyA gayA hai| mUla bhAga bhadra, prArya suhastI, vAcanAcArya, devaddhi kSamAzramaNa Adime vibhinna phAgu-kRtiyo kA paricaya dekara unakA pravi- ke jIvana eva kRtitva kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / pustaka kala pATha diyA gayA hai| paryApta zrama se taiyAra kI gaI hai| isame yathAsambhava prastuta grantha se pAThakoM ko phAga-kRtiyoM kA viziSTa zvetAmbara evaM digambara AmnAyoM ke sAdhana-sroto kA paricaya prApta hotA hai / phAgu-kRtiyoM meM prAdhyAtmika tattva upayoga karake ise zodha-dRSTi se paripUrNa banAyA gayA hai| ke atirikta kAvyagata manorajana bhI prApta hotA hai / lekhaka kI zailI rocaka evaM khojapUrNa hai| dvAdazAMga eka gratha meM itanI phAgu kRtiyo kA samAveza jijJAsu kA paricaya jaina sAhitya ke jijJAsu pAThako ke lie pAThako ke lie hitakara hai| upayogI siddha hogA, aisI prAgA hai| mudraNa tathA sAjachapAI evaM sAja-sajjA kI dapTi meM bhI pustaka sajjA kI dRSTi se prastuta grantha sundara hai| prastuta granya sagrahaNIya he| sundara bana par3I hai| phaDAmaNTalsa mApha jainijma (agrejI)-lekhakatIrthakara vardhamAna mahAvIra-lekhaka pa0 padma candra varisTara zrI campatarAya jaina, prakAzaka-vIra-nirvANazAstrI, prakAzaka-zrI vIra nirvANa-grantha-prakAzana samiti, bhAratI, 66, tAragara.na sTrITa, meraTha (u. pr.)| pRSTha indaura pRSTha--115, mUlya-pATha rupe| sakhyA 121, mUlya ATha rupae / parama pUjya upAdhyAya muni zrI vidyAnanda jI kI vidazA ma jana-dhama-pracAra ke kSetra me bairisTara zrA preraNA se likhita, upayukta grantha me bhagavAn mahAvIra ke campatarAya jana kA yoga-dAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa rahA hai / jIvana sambandhI tathyoM ko sapramANa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| unakI mahattvapUNa pustaka 'di prakTikala pAtha' kA sazAcita prArambha me lekhaka ne vividha uddharaNo dvArA jaina dharma kI saskaraNa prakAzita karake vIra-nirvANa-bhAratI ne stutya prAcInatA pratipAdita kI hai| vibhinna grantho se uddharaNa prayAsa kiyA hai / Alocya pustaka meM lekhaka na dazanazAstra dekara lekhaka ne mahAvIra-jIvana-carita ko prAmANika kI eka mukhya vidhi anakAntavAda kA vizlaSaNa karaka banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadyapi lekhaka kI dRSTi eva olI paurANika rahI hai, tathApi zodhArthI pAThako ke lie sapta tatvo, karma-svabhAva Adi kA yuktiyukta vivecana bhI isame yatra-tatra zodha-kaNa bikhare hue hai| 'manasukha kiyA hai / isake atirikta sAdhanA kI avasthAno---guNasAgara' nAmaka kAvya-grantha se uddharaNa dekara pustaka ko sthAno kI vizada vyAkhyA kI gaI hai aura ghama kA vyAvarocaka banAyA gayA hai| 62 zloko se yukta dezanA hArika rUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| manta ma jainadharma mAnavomiTAnokAna ko tulanAtmaka prAcInatA siddha karake lakhaka ne ise adhika lekhaka ne ise adhika upayogI banAyA hai| prAmANika banAyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bhavya citra se susajjita yaha dharma-jijJAsu pAThakoM ke lie yaha pustaka pravAsI pastaka pAThakoM me dharma-prabhAvanA karegI, aisI mAzA hai| paThanIya hai|

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pustaka-samIkSA citeroM ke mahAvIra --lekhaka-DA0 prema sumana jaina, vAn mahAvIra, 2. bhagavAn mahAvIra-cintana aura patha, prakAzaka-gramara jaina sAhitya-sasthAna, udayapura / pRSTha 3. atIta ke pRSTha, 4. viveka ke darpaNa me| ma0 178, mUlya-chaha rupe| patrikA kA stara pUrvavat zreSTha hai| aneka lekha zodhasamIkSya dRti meM zramaNa-paramparA, mahAtIra-jIvana-carita dRSTi se paripUrNa hai| kavitAyeM tathA ekAkI adhyAtmatathA unake upadezo ko marasa pIra subodha zailI meM prastuta bhAva se gukta hai| mudraNa eva sAja-sajjA kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| upanyAsa-vidhA me prastuta yaha pustaka pAThako smArikA mundara bana par3I hai| ke lie rocaka tathA jJAnavardhaka hogI aisI AzA hai / 2 zrI mahAvIra-smArikA-pradhAna sampAdaka-zrI mudraNa tathA sAja-majjA kI dRSTi se pustaka sundara hai| akSaya kumAra jaina, prakAzaka-jana mitra maNDala, dharmapUrA, paM. udaya jaina abhinandana grantha--pradhAna sampAdaka- dillii| mUlya-pAMca rupe| DA. narendra bhAnAvata / prakAzaka-pa0 udaya jaina abhinandana- jaina mitra maMDala kI hIraka-jayantI para prakAzita isa samAroha-samiti, kAnor3a (gajasthAna)--mUlya---ru.20/. smArikA meM aneka vidvAno eva kavigo ke lekha evaM kavi javAhara--vidyApITha, kanoDa ke saMsthApaka-saMcAlaka tAya makalita hai| isake pA~ca khaNDa hai --1. prArambhikA. 1. zrI udaya jaina kI paSTi-pUrti ke avasara para prakA- 2. mahAvIra-jIvana eva middhAnta, 3. vicAra-vIthi, zita isa abhinandana-grantha meM paNDita jI ke jIvana, vyakti 4. jaina mitra maMDala, 5. kAvya-puSpAjali / jainAcAryo, tva, vicAra eva kartatva para aneka leyako ke lekho ke maniyo, netAmo tathA samAja-seviyo ke mandeza, vidvAno atirikta zikSA tathA samAja-sevA se sambandhita mahatvapUrNa ke zodhapUrNa lekho, jaina mitra maMDala ke mantri paricaya sAmagrI bhI sakalita kI gaI hai| nathA kaviyo kI hRdayahAriNI kavitAyo dvAga mmArikA ___ yaha grantha jIvana evaM karta tva, zikSA, samAja-mevA ko sarvAgasundara banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| tathA rAjasthAna kI pramakha jaina zikSaNa-sasthAye--gIpaka mudraNa tathA mAja-sajjA kI dRSTi se smArikA sundara cAra khaNDo meM vibhAjita hai| zikSA - khaNDa meM zikSA ke hai| uddezya aura zikSita kI pahacAna' (DA. rAmanArAyaNa jaina bhAratI--mahAvIra-nirvANa-vizeSAka meharotrA), vidyAlayIya zikSA--prayojana aura prakriyA mamgAdaka-thI. bacchaganama cetI (pro. kamala kumAra jaina), prAcArya (zrI rameza muni zAstrI) prakAyaka --zrI. jaina zvetAmbara tegapathI mahAsabhA, Adi aneka lekha vizeSata. paThanIya hai| rAjasthAna kI 3, pocaMgIja carca sTrITa, kalakattA pramukha prAbAsIya zikSaNa saMsthAoM kA paricaya jJAna pRSTha ma0 176-1-22. mUlya-pAca rupae mamIkSya vizepAka me bhagavAna mahAvIra se sambaddha varSaka hai| prayAma prazamanIya hai aura chapAI uttama hai / mUlya kuch| aneka lekhoM tathA kavitAno kA makalana hai / aneka vidvAn adhika lagatA hai| santo, lekhako eva kaviyoM ne vidvattAparNa lekhoM meM zramaNa paramparA tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana evaM zikSAmro patra-patrikAeM kA vivecana kiyA hai| 1. mahAvIra-jayantI-smArikA. 1975-sampAdaka- madraNa evaM mAja-majjA kI dRSTi se aka mundara pa0 bhaMvaralAla polyaakaa| prakAzaka-thI ratanalAla chAbar3A, hai| sAmagrI paThanIya tathA saMgrahaNIya hai| mantrI-gajasthAna jaina sabhA, jayapura-3, mUlya-cAra rupe| zrI pramara bhAratI-mahAvIra-nirvANa-vizeSAka sva. paM0 cainasukhadAsa jI kI preraNA se prArambha kI mukhya sampAdaka-munizrI nemicandra jI gaI vArSika 'mahAvIra-jayantI smArikA' ke prastuta aMka prakAzaka -sanmati jJAna-pITa, pAgarA-2 mezreSThavidvAnoM dvArA likhita lekha saMkalita haiN| 1. bhaga pRSTha sa0-277 mUlya-pAca rupe|

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258, varSa 28, ki01 anekAnta 'amara bhAratI' ke prastuta vizeSAka me bhagavAn mahA- zaka- sastA-sAhitya maNDala prakAzana, kanATa sarkasa, naI. vIra ke jIvana, siddhAnta tathA upadezoM se sambaddha, aneka dillii| vidvAno ke lekha, kavitAye, kahAniyAM tathA ekAMkI saka- prastuta vizeSAka me bhagavAna mahAvIra se sambaddha aneka lita hai| ise cAra khaMDo meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- lekhoM me upayogI sAmagrI dI gaI hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI prAdi 1. jIvana-rekhA, 2. siddhAnta, 3. upadeza tathA 4. vIrAya- aneka santo, vividha rAjanetAo, sAhityakAro tathA tana / 'vIrAyatana' khaNDa me sanmati jJAnapITha dvArA vidvAno ne apane vidvattApUrNa lekho meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMcAlita sasthA vIrAyatana ke uddayoM eva gatividhiyo caraNo me zraddhAjali arpita kI hai| vizeSAka sUndara tathA kI carcA hai| paThanIya hai| ___ madraNa tathA sAja-sajjA kI dRSTi se vizeSAka sundara jaina-sandeza- zodhAka (34), sampAdaka-DA. jyotihai| sAmagrI paryApta parizrama se taiyAra kI gaI hai / vize- prasAda jaina, (pharavarI, 75) / prakAzaka-zrI bhA0 di0 SAka paThanIya tathA sagraNIya hai| jaina sagha, caurAsI, mthuraa| pRSTha saM0-42, mUlya-eka jaina jagata--bhagavAn mahAvIra-bandanA-vizeSAka rupayA / (disambara-janavarI-75) vigata gauravapUrNa paramparA ke samAna, jaina sadeza ke sampAdaka-zrI RSabhadAsa rAkA prastuta zodhAka me aneka zodhapUrNa lekha prakAzita kie gae prakAzaka-bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, 15-e, hAnimana hai| sarkala, phorTa, bambaI 400001 'mahAvIra-nirvANa-kAla' tathA jaina saMskRti ke pratIka pRSTha saM0-182 mUlya-do rupe| mauryakAlIna abhilekha vizeSata. paThanIya hai| zodhArthI prastuta vizeSAka meM 2500 veM mahAbIra-nirvANa-maho- vidyArthiyo ke lie yaha aka bahuta upayogI hai| tsava kAryakrama ke zubhAvasara para prApta. prAcAryoM evaM muniyo prApti-svIkRti ke prAzIrvacana ke atirikta vibhinna pradezo me gaThita 1. sanmati-vANI-mahAvIra jayantI-graMka / sampAdaka nirvANotsava-samitiyoM ke kArya kalApa kA vivaraNa diyA -zrI nAthUlAla zAstrI mAdi / prakAzaka-zrI di0 gayA hai| apraila, 75 ke aka me bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jaina mAlavA prAntika sabhA evaM madhyapradezIya di0 jaina jIvana evaM zikSAgro ke sambaddha vividha lekho kA saMkalana tIrtha-rakSA samiti, zIzamahala, sara hukamacanda mAge, idaura-2 hai| donoM aka paThanIya hai| 2. jaina milana-mahAvIra jayantI aka / pradhAna zramaNopAsaka-mahAvIra-jayantI-vizeSAMka (apraila-75) sampAdaka-DA0 bhAgacanda jaina, prakAzaka-jaina milana, sampAdaka-sarvazrI jagarAja seThiyA, DA. manohara zarmA gAMdhI cauka maTara naagpr-1| evaM DA. zAntA bhAnAvata / 3. mahAvIra * smArikA-pradhAna sampAdaka-60 prakAzaka-a. bhA. sAdhu-mArgI jaina maMgha, samatA paramAnanda zAstrI / prakAzaka-pAla iNDiyA digambarabhavana, rAmapuriyA, bIkAnera / pRSTha saM0-124 / eka bhagavAna mahA vIra 2500vA~ nirvANa-mahotsava-sosAiTI, prati kA mUlya-50 paise| lakSmI nagara-zakarapura-upakSetrIya samiti, dillii| prastuta aka me khyAti-prApta vidvAnoM ke, bhagavAn mahA 4. sanmati-- zrI mahAvIra-jayantI vizeSAMka, bhASAvIra-sambandhI nibandha, kathAyeM, ekAkI tathA kavitAye saka- marAThI (mArca apraila, 75) / sampAdaka-zrI bhA0 ja. lita hai / aneka lekha vidvattApUrNa tathA paThanIya hai| bhIsIkara ityAdi / prakAzaka-zrI vAhubali brahmacaryAzrama, jIvana-sAhitya-tIrthakara mahAvIra - vizeSAMka / sanmati kAryAlaya, bAhabali (kambhoja) kolhApura / (mArca-apraila, 75), saMpAdaka-zrI yazapAla jaina / prakA- 5. zramaNopAsaka-maI, 75 aMka /

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pustaka-samIkSA 256 6 mahAvIra-zatAbdI-sandeza---prakAzaka --di0 pra. prakAzaka-hindI-bhavana, vizva bhAratI, zAnti niketana bhagavAna mahAvIra 25vI nirvANa-zatAbdI-samiti, 1417, (pa. bNgaal)| mahAvIra-bhavana, cAdanI cauka, dillii-6| 14 samyagjJAna-apraila, 75 / prakAzaka-di0 jana 7. vora-parinirvANa--apraila, 75 / prakAzaka-bhaga- triloka zodha-sasthAna, 4610, pahADI dhIraja dillI / vAn mahAvIra 250. vo nirvANa-mahotsava-mahAmamiti, 15 tIrthaDura-pharavarI, 75 prakAzaka-hIrA bhaiyA 210, dInadayAla upAdhyAya mArga, naI dillii-1| prakAzana' 65, patrakAra kAlonI, kanADiyA mArga, indaura-1 8. RSabha-sandeza-mahAvIra - jayantI - vizeSAka / 16. jinavANI-mArca, 75 / prakAzaka- samyagjJAna prakAzaka-RSabha brahmacaryAzrama, caurAsI, mthuraa| pracAraka-maNDala / rAmalAla jI kA gastA, jayapura-3 . sanmati sandeza-mahAvIra-jayantI prk| sampA- 17. jaina jarnala-(aMgrejI zramAnika) prakAzaka jaina daka -zrI prakAza hitaiSI / 535, gAMdhInagara, dillI-31 bhabana, klkttaa| 10.prAnma-dharma---mAcaM, 75 / prakAzaka - zrI di0 1 8. zramaNa-apraila. 75 / prakAzaka-pArvanAthajaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa / sonagaDha (saurASTra), vidyAzrama zodha sasthAna / pAI. TI. pAI. roDa, vArA 11. ahiMsA-vANI-apraila, 75 / prakAzava-pra0 NasI-5 / vi0 jaina mizana, alIgaja (ettaa)| 16. vora-mahAvIra-jayantI-vizeSAMka / sampAdaka12. vIra-vANI-(pAkSika) maI, 75 / sampAdaka- paM0 parameSThI dAsa jaina / prakAzanA-ma0 bhA0 di. jaina zrI bhavaralAla jaina, manihAro kA rAstA, jypur-3| pariSada, 66, tIragarAna sTrITa, mertth-2| 13. vizva-bhAratI patrikA janavarI, mArca, 75 / -yugeza jaina 000 kAma-bhogoM kA svarUpa sallaM kAmA visa kAmA kAmA praasiivisovmaa| kAme patthemANA prAkAmA jati doggaI / / bhAvArtha-kAma-bhoga zalya (koTA) hai, vipa hai, aura pAzIviSa sarpa ke samAna hai| kAma bhoga ke icchuka vyakti unakA sevana na karate hue bhI, durgati ko prApta hote hai / suvvaNappassa u padhvayA bhave, siyAha kelAsasamA asaMkhayA / narassa luddhassa na tehi kici, icchA humAgAsasamA praNatayA // bhAvArtha - mone-cAMdI ke kailAza parvata ke mamAna asaMkhya parvata ho jAe~ to bhI sRSNAvAn mamRSya unase thor3A-bhI tRpta nahI hotA / icchAe~ to aAkAza ke samAna ananta haiN| 000

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bhAratIya nArI kI gaurava garimA kI pratIka zrImatI ramA jaina kA akasmAta dehAvasAna sAhitya jagata kI apUraNIya kSati suprasiddha samAja sevikA, bhAratIya saMskRti kI pratIka, pITha kA punIta uddezya / 'mUti devI granthamAlA' tathA sAhitya, kalA evaM racanAtmaka kAryoM kI prANa, zreSTha anekAneka anya pranyaratnoM ke prakAzana se yaha uddezya pUrNa zrAvikA, parama viduSI zrImatI ramA jaina praba hamAre madhya / pratiphalita hayA / zrImatI ramAjI ke nirdezana meM isa dizA nahIM rahIM / 21-22 julAI, 1975 kI rAtriko 2-10 para meM jo vividha kArya sampanna hue, ve sAhitya-jagata ke lie hRdaya gati ruka jAne se ramA jI kA dehAvasAna ho gyaa| gaurava eva preraNA ke viSaya hai| 'jJAnapITha puraskAra' ko prasiddha udyogapati tathA vIra sevA madira ke adhyakSa yojanA to isa kSetra meM unake mahAna kAryoM kI carama zrI sAha zAnti prasAda jaina ko sahamiNI eva bhAratIya pariNati siddha hii| jJAnapITha ko sasthApikA-pradhyakSA zrImatI ramA jI kA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM pariniyANa varSa meM sAhitya-jagata ko apUrva yogadAna rahA hai| prati varSa eka jo anekAneka kArya sampanna e, unake mala me zrImatI ramA lAkha rupaye ke jJAnapITha puraskAra dvArA bhAratIya bhASAoM ke jI ko preraNA kA pramukha sthAna rahA hai| muni zrI vidyA. gheSTha sAhityakAroM kA sammAna to isa dizA me unako nanda jI ko preraNA se sthApita 'vIra-nirvANa-bhAratI' ke alaukika udAratA kA jIvanta zilAlekha hai, jo bhASAnoM aneka puraskAra prAyojano meM bhI prApakA sakriya yogake samAna tathA samacita mUlyAMkana ke dvArA vibhinna bhASA dAna rahA hai| samaNa suttaM' kA saMkalana evaM prakAzana apane bhASI bhAratIyoM ke ekIkaraNa tathA ekasUtraNa kA anUThA Apa meM eka abhUtapUrva ghaTanA hai / saba sampradAyoM ke sAdhuprayoga hai| varga evaM vidvAno ke sahayoga evaM prAcArya vinobA bhAve, zrImatI ramAjI kA janma san 1917 meM kalakatte meM seTha zrI jinendra varNI evaM zrImatI ramA jaina ke stutya prayAsa rAmakRSNa DAlamiyA ke ghara hmaa| bAlyAvasthA se hI seTha se hI yaha mahAna kArya sampanna ho sakA hai| jaina kalA jamanAlAla bajAja ke pAma, vardhA ke preraNAprada evaM rASTrIya evaM sthApatya viSayaka zodha-kArya kI sthAyI yojanA, jainacetanA-pUrNa tathA gAMdhIvAdI bhAvanAmaya vAtAvaraNa meM prApa citra pradarzanI, 'brAhmI : vizva ko mUla lipi' nAmaka gratha kA lAlana-pAlana tathA zikSaNa humA / sabake prati kA prakAzana prAdi unake anekAneka mahattvapUrNa kArya samatA evaM udAratAmaya dRSTi tathA anuzAsana bhAvanA cirasmaraNIya rahege / vardhA kI hI dena thii| zrImatI ramA jI susampanna evaM sarva samartha parivAro uname dharma aura darzana ke prati bAlyakAla se hI prAka- kI putrI tathA vadhu avazya thI, kintu vastutaH isa sabase pare, rSaNa thaa| vivAhoparAnta jaina darzana ke prati vizeSa prAkarSaNa unakA apane prApa meM paripUrNa, projasvI, hA jo anta meM samyak zraddhA meM pariNata ho gyaa| jvala evaM svayaMprabha vyaktitva thA / phalasvarUpa, unakA sampUrNa jIvana dharma-prabhAvanA, sAhitya zrImatI ramA jI ke prasAmayika nidhana se deza kI sevA tathA samAja-sudhAra ke prati samarpita rahA / gambhIra apUraNIya sAhityika, sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika kSati I evaM vyApaka adhyayana se unakA mAnasa apratima jJAna hai| 'anekAnta-parivAra' isa prati du.khada ghaTanA se pratyanta jyoti evaM sAMskRtika cetanA se samRddha humA / zokAkula hai tathA zrImatI ramA jI ke samasta satkRtyoM sana 1944 meM vArANasI meM bhAratIya jJAnapITha ko evaM punIta kAryoM kA puNya smaraNa karate hue, bhagavAna jinendra sthApanA se sAhU jI tayA zrImatI ramA jI ke sAhityika se prArthanA karatA hai ki vivagata prAnmA ko sugati tathA anuSThAna kA zubhArambha humA / 'jJAna ko vilupta dhaura zAnti prApta ho tathA zokAta sAhU parivAra ko isa anupalabdha sAmagrI kA anusandhAna eva prakAzana tathA apAra kSati evaM bhISaNa duHkha ko sahana karane kA bhala eva lokahitakArI maulika sAhitya kI racanA yaha thA jJAna- dharya prApta ho| --sampAdaka

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HA small Som ba parama vituSo dhAvikA sva0 zrImatI ramA jaina (1917 - 1975)

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mA . thI mahAvIra jina mandira jaina nagara. phirojAbAda (u0 pra0) (sthApita : seTha chadAmI lAla jaina TrasTa

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