Jain Angashastra ke Anusar Manav Vyaktitva ka Vikas

Author(s): Harindrabhushan Jain
Publisher: Sanmati Gyan Pith Agra
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010330/1

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bha0 mahAvIra kI 25vIM nirvANazatAbdI ke upalakSya me - - jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa __ lekhaka DaoN0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, sAhityAcArya prAdhyApaka, saskRta vibhAga vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina (ma0 pra0) purovAk DaoN0 zivamaGgalasiMha 'sumana' kulapati, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina (ma0 pra0) AgarA prakAzaka sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2

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sanmati AgamasAhityamAlA kA 12vA~ rala pustaka : jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa lekhaka : DaoN. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, sAhityAcArya prAdhyApaka, maskRta vibhAga, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjana (ma0pra0) purovAk DaoN. zivamagalasiMha 'sumana' kulapati, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina (ma0pra0) prathama saskaraNa bha0 mahAvIra kA 2500 vA~ nirvANavarSa dIpAvalIparva, kArtika kR0 15 navambara 1674 mUlya: pandraha rupaye mAtra prakAzaka: sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaMDI, AgarA-2 mudraka : prema ilekTrika presa 1/11 sAhitya kuja, mahAtmA gAdhI mArga, AgarA-2

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samarpaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA pradazita patha kA anusaraNa karate hue apane vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM satata saMlagna pUjya pitAzrI brahmacArI choTelalAjI mahArAja ke karakamaloM meM savinaya samarpita ujjaina dinAka 30-6-1674 -harIndrabhUSaNa jaina

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prakAzakIya mAnava kA janma kisI eka parivAra me hotA hai, kintu usake jIvana kA vikAsa hotA hai, samAja, rASTra aura dharmasaMgha ke uttama vAtAvaraNa me / vibhinna dharmazAstroM me mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie vibhinna mArga batAye hai, parantu jainadharma ne mAnavajIvana kI alaga-alaga bhUmikA ke anusAra vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie samanvayavAdI udAra dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai| jainadarzana ne vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie kisI deza, veza, liMga, sampradAya, jAti, cihna Adi ko mahattva na de kara jJAna-darzana- cAritra kI sAdhanA ko mahattva diyA hai / jainaagazAstro me ye vAte yatratatra vikharI huI milatI haiN| DaoN0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina ne agazAstro se mAnava-vyaktitva ke sambandha me bikhare hue vacanaratno ko pravandha ke rUpa me eka sUtra me piro kara ise pustakArUDha kiyA hai / mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie sacamuca yaha pustaka anUThI mArga-darzaka hai / pratyeka vicAraka ke lie, khAsataura se jaina-saMskRti ke premiyo ke lie yaha pustaka bahuta hI upAdeya hai / yahI soca kara sanmati jJAnapITha ne isake prakAzana kA nizcaya kiyA / yadyapi preso kI kAryavyastatA ke kAraNa yaha pustaka kAphI vilamba se prakAzita ho rahI hai, jisake lie kaI jaina vidyArasiko ko bahuta hI pratIkSA bhI karanI paDI hai / isake lie hama una pAThako se kSamAprArthI haiM / AzA hai, dharmadRSTi se jIvananirmANapremI pAThaka isase avazya hI lAbha uThAyeMge / sujJa pu kiMbahunA ! --mantrI, sanmati jJAnapITha lohAmaMDI, AgarA-2

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purovAk bhAratIya saMskRti kI mahattA, tapasyA aura utsarga kI bhUmikA para hI pratiSThita huI hai| jaba sAdhaka sAdhanA karate karate siddhamaya ho jAtA hai to vahI saskRti bana jAtA hai| Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bahujanahitAya aura bahujanasukhAya svaya ko utsarga kara diyA thaa| unakI virAT savedanA deza, jAti, kAla kI sImAo ko pAra kara gaI thii| isalie ve sRSTimAtra ke uddhAraka eva muktidAtA mAne gae / ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI aisI amoghavANI sRSTi me pahale kabhI nahIM sunI gaI thii| apanI tAttvika arthavattA meM Aja bhI vaha ananya hai| loka-kalyANa kI dRSTi se jana-bhApA prAkRta me hI unake pravacana mukharita hue ye / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke inhI upadezo kA sAra agazAstra me sagrahIta hai / yuddha kI vibhISikA se satrasta astavyasta mAnavatA ko bhagavAn kI usa magalamayI vANI kI jaisI Aja AvazyakatA hai, aisI pahale kabhI nahI thii| vizvakalyANa kI sArvajanInatA ko savArane ke liye mAnavAtmA ke antarmanthana se tatvacintana aura darzana kI jitanI upalabdhiyAM Aja taka haI haiM, uname anekAnta, satyAnveSaNa kI sarvottama upalabdhi hai| cintana aura manana kI bhAvabhUmi para zIla, saujanya, sahiSNatA, udAratA aura nirapekSa mUlyAkana kA isase baDhakara udAharaNa mila sakanA kaThina hai / prAkRta-bhApA me nibaddha jaina sAhitya vizvamanIpA ke tatvacintana kI bahumUtya upalabdhi hai| binA usakA adhyayana kie bhAratIya itihAsa eva saskRti kA marma AtmasAt nahI kiyA jA sktaa| jaina agazAstro kI bhApA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isI ke mAdhyama se jana-jana-kalyANI gagA kI dhArA pravAhita kI thii| isI tapa pUta vANI kI preraNA se anaginata anAma arhato ne prAkRta bhASA me ananta srotasviniyA~ pravAhita kI thI, jiname avagAhana kie binA bhAratIya vAGmaya ke bhAvanA-vaibhava kA Akalana nahI kiyA jA sktaa| mahAvIra-parinirvANa ke isa pAvanaparva para yadi prAkRta ke

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( 6 ) isa agAdha bhaNDAra kA paryavekSaNa, punarmUlyAkana aura prakAzana sambhava ho sake to bhAratIya saMskRti ke punarjAgaraNa kI bhUmikA caritArtha ho sake / DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina ne agazAstra ke agAdha ambudhi meM avagAhana kara mahAvIra kI amRtavANI ke AdhAra para mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI jo rUparekhA prastuta grantha meM udghATita kI he -- vaha nissaMdeha samasta vizva me zAti, sauhArda eva pArasparika prema-bhAvanA ke prasAra kI parikalpanA sAkAra kara sakatI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 2500 ve nirvANa varSa me isa grantha kA prakArAna bhI eka sayoga hI hai / DA0 jaina ne apanI naiSThika ArAdhanA, adhyayana aura adhyavasAya se na kevala bhagavAn kI kalyANakArI vANI se hame upakRta kiyA hai, varan prAkRta bhASA ke agAdha bhaNDAra ke avyayana-adhyApana kI tIvra jijJAmA bhI jAgRta kara dI hai / sadiyo kI sacita - sAdhanA kA yaha marmodghATana svaya meM hI bahumUlya hai / isa saprayatna ke lie DA0 jaina hama sabake sAdhuvAda ke pAtra haiM | Agama nigama aura purANo ke mahAraNya me agazAstra kI mahimA ko udbhAsita karane kA yaha anuSThAna jJAnapITha ko sanmati kA hI paricAyaka hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI magalamayI vANI jana-jana kA kalyANa aura mAnavatA kA pAritrANa kare isI vinamra stavana ke sAtha 0 0 - zivamaMgalasiMha 'sumana'

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prastAvanA jaina-agazAstra para zodhakArya karane ke pariNAma svarUpa, san 1957 me sAgara vizvavidyAlaya se mujhe pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi prApta huii| prastuta grantha usI zodhakArya kA pariSkRta rUpa hai| jaina saskRti me agazAstra kA atizaya mahatva hai| agazAstra ve Agama granya haiM, jinakA sakalana tIrthakara mahAvIra kI vANI se kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi Aja yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki agazAstra ke zabda pUrNarUpa se ve hI zabda hai, jinakA prayoga tIryakara mahAvIra ne kiyA thaa| kAla kI karAla gati se ve aneka vAra chinna-vicchinna hue aura aneka bAra unhe joDa kara surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA, phira bhI AcArya-paramparA se prApta isa amUlyanidhi me prAya maulikatA vidyamAna pratIta hotI hai| __ Aja jaina-sAhitya paryApta samRddha ho cukA hai, kintu hamane usa atiprAcIna khaNDahara me paDI huI vahumUlya kaDiyo ko ekatrita kara zRkhalArUpa me bAMdha kara mAnava ke vyaktitva-vikAsa ko samajhane kI cepTA kI hai| isa prayAsa me hame aGgazAstra ke sAtha prAya sabhI jana-Agamo kA adhyayana karanA par3A hai| jaina-Agamo para abhI taka bahuta thoDA anusadhAna-kArya huA hai| DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne sabase prathama jaina-Agamo para anusadhAnakArya kiyA / unakA vaha kArya aMgrejIbhASA me 'lAipha ina eMzyeMTa iNDiyA eja DepikTeDa ina di jaina kenansa' nAmaka grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita hai| isakA hindI anuvAda bhI prakAzita ho gayA hai| maiM DA0 jaina ke isa zodhakArya se atyanta prabhAvita huaa| aneka sthalo para unakA yaha grantha mujhe sahAyaka siddha huA hai, isake lie maiM unakA atyanta kRtajJa huuN| DaoN0 jagadIzacandra ne apane grantha me jaina-Agamo me varNita bhArata kI prAcIna saskRti ke darzana karAye haiM, aura maiMne apane grantha ko kevala AdhyAtmika saskRti taka hI sImita rakhA hai| ,

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( 5 ) maiMne isa grantha me isa bAta ko pradarzita karane kI ceSTA kI hai ki mAnava apane jIvana ko vibhinna avasthAoM meM raha kara kisa prakAra dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika dRSTi se apane vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie AcaraNa aura vyavahAra kare | isa dRSTi se jaina-agasAhitya para kArya abhI prAya nahI huA hai / guruvara DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya, adhyakSa, saskRtavibhAga, sAgara vizva - vidyAlaya ne mujhe jainadharma eva jainadarzana para zodhakArya karane kI satata preraNA pradAna kI / prastuta grantha ke lekhana aura prakAzana me bhI unakA mArgadarzana hame prApta huA / isalie maiM unake prati apanI kRtajJatA abhivyakta karatA hU~ | maiM AdaraNIya pa0 zrI sukhalAlajI saghavI, guruvara pa0 zrI kailAzacandra zAstrI, zrI pa0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, upAdhyAya zrI amaramuni, purAtattvavettA panyAsa zrI katyANavijaya gaNI Adi kA atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinake AgamasamvandhI jJAna eva prakAzita racanAoM se mujhe bahumUlya mahAyatA prApta huI / maiM hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke gahana cintaka aura kavi, jainadarzana aura saskRti ke prati pragADha AsthAvAn, tathA vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati DaoN0 zivamaGgalasiMha 'sumana' kA atyanta AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne mere anurodha ko svIkAra kara isa pustaka kA 'purovAk' likha dene kA kapTa kiyA / anta meM, maiM AdaraNIya rASTrasanta kaviratna upAdhyAya zrI amaramunijI puna ke prati apanI kRtajJatA abhivyakta karatA hU~; jinhone bhagavAn mahAvIra kI 2500 vI nirvANa zatAbdI ke upalakSya me isa grantha ko 'sanmati jJAnapITha' ke mAdhyama se prakAzita kara mujhe anugRhIta kiyA / sarIramAhu nAvatti, jIvo vuccai nAvio / sasAro aNNavo vRtto, ja taraMti mahesiNo // [ mahAvIra vacanAmRta - uttarAdhyayana 23 / 76 ] ( zarIra ko naukA kahA gayA hai, AtmA ko nAvika kahA gayA hai aura sasAra ko samudra kahA gayA hai, jise maharSigaNa pAra kara jAte hai ) adhyApaka AvAsagRha, ujjaina ( ma0pra0 ) / parya paNa parva dinAka 20-6-1674 vinIta - harIndrabhUSaNa jaina

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anukramaNikA prathama adhyAya (aMga-zAstra kA paricaya) aMgazAstra 2. jainAgama tathA agazAstra 3. aMgazAstra kA itihAsa 4 aMgazAstra kI prAmANikatA 5. agazAstra kA racanAkAla 6. aMgazAstra kI zailI eva bhApA 7. aMgazAstra kI padasaMkhyA 8. aMgazAstra kI TIkAe~ 6. aMgagAstra kA viSaya tathA vivaraNa dvitIya adhyAya (Adarza-mahApuruSa) 1. caubIsa tIrthaMkara 2. bhagavAn RSabha (a) bhAgavata me RSabhadeva 3 anya tIrthakara 4. bhagavAna ariSTanemi 5. bhagavAn pAzvanAtha (a) pArzva kA cAturyAma dharma (A) pAzva-sagha (i) pArva-kAlIna zruta bhagavAn mahAvIra (a) janmakAlIna paristhiti (A) janma (i) gRha-jIvana (I)-gRha-tyAga tathA sAdhaka-jIvana

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sAdhanA kA rahasya (U) tapa (e) nirvANa (ai) upadeza (o) sArvajanika sevA (a) tatkAlIna anya sampradAya (a) saMgha aura ziSya paramparA ( a ) gaNa tathA gaNadhara (ka) ziSya - paramparA (a) padArtha - nirUpaNa (1) jIva (a) jIva ke bheda (A) gati 1. tattva-jJAna 2. pUrvIya tathA pazcimIya tattvajJAna kI prakRti kI tulanA 3. jaina-tattvajJAna (i) indriya (I) zarIra janma bhAva (e) lezyA (ai) veda (o) jJAna (au) naya (2) ajIva ( 10 ) tRtIya adhyAya ( jaina-tattva-jJAna) (a) pudgala (A) dharma tathA adharma (i) AkAza (I) kAla (1) palyopama (2) sAgaropama !!:::: .. *** wo **** 1429 .... .. pRSTha 53 54 58 58 62 64 76 78 80 83 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 86 60 60 6 1 2 2 63 65 65 65 66 6 67 67

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( 11 ) m :: m m m m t (3) Asrava (4) baMdha (5) savara (6) nirjarA (7) mokSa (8), (6) puNya tathA pApa (va) loka kA svarUpa (1) Urdhva-loka (2) tiryag loka (a) jambUdvIpa (3) adholoka (sa) jainadharma aura Izvara ::::. r onormomorror or wom s h m mm mm caturtha adhyAya (mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa) 106 111 1. virAT vizva 2. vizva me mAnava kA sthAna 3 mAnava-jIvana kI prApti 4. mAnava-jIvana kI mahattA vikAsa kI paribhASA vyaktitva kA vikAsa tathA usake sAdhana 7 upAsaka tathA zramaNa jIvana 8 vikAsa kI carama avasthA 6 vyaktitva-vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAe~ (a) (a) arihata (1) tIrthakara (A) siddha (i) AcArya (I) upAdhyAya (u) sAdhu 10 vyaktitva-vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAe~ (va) 116 121 121 123 ...

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( 12 ) pRSTha paMcama adhyAya (upAsaka-jIvana) 142 144 145 148 151 152 156 AA ororanmom wrrrror 1. upAsaka-avasthA 2 upAsaka-avasthA kA mahatva 3. upAsaka-avasthA me samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra kA mahattva 4 upAsaka-avasthA ke bheda upAsaka-dharma (a) araNuvrata (A) digvata (i) upabhoga-paribhoga- parimANa-vrata (I) anarthadaNDaviramaNa (u) sAmAyika (U) dezAvakAzika (e) popaghopavAsa (ai) yathAsaMvibhAga (o) upAsaka kI 11 pratimA (au) mAraNAMtika sallekhanA tathA maraNottara vidhAna 6 upAsaka kA jIvana-krama 7 upAsaka kI vicAradhArA SaSTha adhyAya (zramaNa-jIvana) zramaNa-avasthA 2. zramaNazabda kA nirvacana tathA samAnArthaka zabda / / 3 zramaNa-avasthA kA mahatva 4 pravrajyA (a) pravrajyA ke kAraNa (A) niSkramaNa satkAra zramaNa-avasthA ke bheda (a) pulAka (A) vakuza 172 174 178 181 182 184 186 186 160

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8 (i) kuzIla nigranya 4. snAtaka (U) AcArya, upAdhyAya, sthavira, tapasvI, glAna, raukSya, sAdharmika gaNa, sagha, (e) sAdhu ke 21 prakAra ke savaladopa zramaNa-dharma (a) mahAvrata (A) samiti tathA gupti (i) dharma (I) parIpahajaya saMyama ( 13 ) 7 zramaNa kI jIvanacaryA (a) bhikSAvRtti tapa (1) bAhya-tapa (2) Abhyantara- tapa pratimA sallekhanA tathA maraNottara - vidhAna (A) nivAsa, malamUtraprakSepa tathA zayyA (i) vastra (I) pAtra ( u ) vihAra zramaNa jIvana kI vicAradhArA 1. saMskRti 2 brAhmaNa-saMskRti 3. zramaNa saMskRti (a) jainasaskRti (A) vauddhasaskRti (i) jaina tathA bauddhasaskRti kA antara ... brAhmaNa tathA zramaNasaskRti kA antara (a) vaiSamya tathA sAmya-dRSTi (A) paraspara prabhAva aura samanvaya ... .... ... saptama adhyAya ( brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa saMskRti) . ... kula, pRSTha 160 190 160 161 161 192 163 165 165 196 197 197 166 200 200 201 205 205 206 208 208 206 210 214 214 215 216 216 217 217 217 220

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5. ( 14 ) 1 ubhaya saMskRtiyo kI tulanA ( a ) mAnava jIvana kA uddezya (A) saskAra (i) vidyArthI - jIvana (I) adhyayana - kAla ( u ) jJAna kI pratiSThA (U) vidyA ke adhikArI zUdro kA vidyAdhikAra (ai) vidyAlaya (o) adhyayana ke viSaya (o) zikSaNa - vidhi (a) anuzAsana (a.) zikSaka kA vyaktitva (ka) samAvartana (kha) vivAha (ga) vAnaprastha tathA saMnyAsa aSTama adhyAya upasaMhAra 1. jaina - paramparA me mAnavIya vikAsa kI rUparekhA 2. jaina - paramparA ke Adarza 3. jaina - paramparA me vikAsa ko do zreNiyA~ aura unakA paraspara samanvaya sahAyaka grantho kI sUcI (a) jaina agazAstra (A) jaina Agama grantha (i) vaidika grantha (I) vauddha grantha ( u ) anya grantha pariziSTa **** **** .... .... .... .... 40 **** .. :: 8060 ... .... ... ... *** 4007 **** atse ...w LOUS 0008 - pRSTha 220 220 222 224 225 225 226 228 226 231 234 235 236 237 238 240 244 247 246 251 251 252 253 254- 255

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jaina aMgazAstra __ ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa parasparopaThAhI jIvAnAma

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prathama adhyAya aMga zAstra kA paricaya aMga zAstra : brAhmaNa dharma me veda (zruti) kA tathA vauddha dharma me tripiTaka kA jaisA mahattva hai, vaisA hI mahattva jaina dharma me agagAstra kA hai / samavAyAga me agagAstra ko 'gaNipiTaka' kahA gayA hai / TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne 'gaNipiTaka' kA artha nimnaprakAra kiyA hai-gaNI arthAt AcAryoM kA, piTaka arthAt dharmarUpa nidhi rakhane kA pAtra / ' gaNipiTaka ke 12 bheda hai - 1 AyAre 2 sUyagaDe 3 ThANe 4 samavAe 5 vivAhapannatti 6 NAyAdhammakahAo 7 uvAsagadasAo ( AcArAga) (sUtrakRtAga) ( sthAnAga) (samavAyAga) ( vyAkhyAprajJapti) (jJAtAdharma kathA) ( upAsakadazAga) ( antakRddagAga) da atagaDadasAo E aNuttarovavAiyadasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadagAga ) 10 11 vivAgasuya 12 diTThivAe paNhAvAgaraNAi ( praznavyAkaraNAga ) (vipAkazruta) ( dRSTivAda) Agama me yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki AcArAga Adi ago kI racanA mahAvIra ke anuyAyI gaNadharo ne kI hai 13 'jina' 1 mamavAyAga 136 (abhayadevavRtti, pR0 100 a ) 2 nadIsUtra, 44 3 nadIsUtra vRNi, pR0 111, lA0 ina e0 i0, pR0 32 5

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jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa bhagavAn upadeza dekara kRtakRtya ho jAte hai, usa upadeza ko gaNadhara yA viziSTa prakAra ke sAdhaka grantha kA rUpa dete hai|' jaise samaya samaya para buddha ne jo mArmika gAthAeM kahI, unakA sakalana udAna' me pAyA jAtA hai, aise hI aneka gAthAeM aura vAkya una una prasago para jo tIrthakaro ne kahe, ve sava mUla hI nahI, gavdarUpa me bhI ina gaNadharo ne dvAdazAga me rakhe hoge / 2 bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa 467 I0 pU0 huA thaa| mahAvIra ke samaya me jaina siddhAnta 'caturdaza pUrva' ke rUpa me pracalita thA / mahAvIra ne ye caudaha pUrva apane ziSyo ko acchI taraha sikhAye aura unakA abhyAsa bhI kraayaa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke vAda unake giyo ne caudaha pUrvo, mahAvIra ke upa dego tathA mahAvIra ke zipyo ke jIvana ke AdhAra para jina saiddhAntika Agamo kA nirmANa kiyA, ve agazAstra ke nAma se prasiddha hue / yadyapi ina agagAstro kI sakhyA 12 hai, kintu vartamAna me kevala 11 agazAstra hI upalabdha hai| antima aga dRSTivAda hai, jo ki dArzanika gahana vicAro se paripUrNa eva atyanta kliSTa hone ke kAraNa upekSita rahA aura isI kAraNa lupta bhI ho gayA / agazAstro ke nirmANa ke kAraNa pUrvazAstro kA adhyayana tathA adhyApana prAya. samApta hone lagA, kyoki ina agazAstro me kevala pUrva zAstro kA hI nicoDa nahI thA, pratyuta tatkAlIna jaina dharma kA vaha parivartita eva sazodhita rUpa bhI vidyamAna thA, jisakA upadeza bhagavAn mahAvIra ne diyA thaa| isa prakAra pUrvAgamo kA adhyayana kevala paTTadhara AcAryoM tathA jaina siddhAnta ke mahAmarmajo taka hI sImita rahA aura agazAstra samasta jaina-paramparA ke anuyAyiyo ke paThanIya viSaya vane / 3 jainAgama tathA agazAstra : 'nandImUtra'4 me zrutajJAna ke do bheda kie gae hai--agapraviSTa tathA agavAhya / agavAhya zruta do prakAra kA hai-Avazyaka tathA U 1 Avazyaka niyukti, zloka, 162 2 jainadarzana, pR0 11 antagaDadamAo, prastAvanA, pR0 16-19. 4 nandImUtra, 43

Page #21
prathama adhyAya : aMgazAstra kA paricaya [3 aavshykvytirikt| Avazyaka zruta sAmAyikAdi' ke bheda se chaha prakAra kA hai / Avazyakavyatirikta zruta do prakAra kA hai-kAlikazruta tathA utkAlika 2 zruta / utkAlika zruta dagavaikAlika, kalpAkalpa Adi ke rUpa me 26 prakAra kA hai / kAlika zruta uttarAdhyayanasUtra, dagAzrutaskandha Adi ke rUpa me aneka prakAra kA hai| agapraviSTa zruta AcArAga Adi ke rUpa me 12 prakAra kA hai| vartamAna me sarvajJapraNIta (arhata dvArA upadiSTa) 32 Agama hI pramANa koTi me Ate hai-11 agazAstra (antima aga dRpTivAda kA lopa ho gayA hai), 12 upAgagAstra, 4 mUlagAstra, 4 chedagAstra tathA 1 Avazyaka sUtra / / 12 agazAstro ke nAma hama Upara likha cuke haiN| upAgagAstro ke nAma ye hai-1 aupapAtikazAstra, 2 rAjapraznIyazAstra, 3 jIvAbhigamagAstra, 4 prajApanAzAstra, 5 jambUdvIpaprajaptizAstra, 6. sUryaprAptizAstra, 7 candraprajJaptizAstra, 8 nirayAvalikAo, 6 kappaDisiyAo, 10 pupphiyAo, 11 pupphacUliyAo tathA 12 vhidsaao|| - 4 mUla gAstra ye hai-1. dazavaikAlikazAstra, 2 uttarAdhyayanazAstra, 3. nandIzAstra tathA 4 anuyogadvArazAstra / 4 chedazAstra ye hai-1. vyavahArazAstra, 2 vRhatkalpagAstra, 3 dagAzrutaskandhazAstra, 4 nizIthazAstra / isa prakAra 31 Agama tathA 1 AvazyakazAstra milAkara kula 32 Agama pramANita mAne jAte hai| 1 sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, vandanA pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga, tathA pratyAkhyAna- ye chaha Avazyaka zruta ke bheda haiN| -nandImUtra 43 pR0 115 2 jo dina aura gata ke prathama tathA antima pahara rUpa kAla me paDhe jAte hai, ve kAlika tathA jo usase bhinna samaya me paDhe jAte hai ve utkAlika zruta hai| -nandImUtra (hi0) pR0 118 3 nandIsUtra, 44 / 4 anutaropapAtika dazAsUtra, (hi.), prastAvanA pR0 3-4.

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4] jana-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa agazAstra kA itihAsa . agazAstra kI surakSA---RgvedAdi vedo kI surakSA bhAratIyo kA adbhuta parAkrama hai| Aja bhI bhAratavarSa meM aise saMbaDo brAhmaNa vedapAThI milege, jo Adi se anta taka veTo kA zuddha mukhapATha kara sakate hai, unako veda-pustaka kI AvazyakatA nahI hotii| veda ke artha kI paramparA bhale hI unake pAsa nahIM hai, kintu vedapATha kI paramparA to avazya hai| jaino ne bhI apane agagrantho ko surakSita rakhane kA vaisA hI pravala yatna bhUtakAla me kiyA hai, kintu jisa rUpa me bhagavAn ke upadeza ko gaNadharo ne grathita kiyA thA, vaha pa Aja hamAre pAsa nahI hai / prAkRta hone ke kAraNa usakI bhApA me parivartana honA svAbhAvika hI hai| ata brAhmaNoM kI taraha jainAcArya aura upAdhyAya agagrantho kI akSaraga surakSA nahIM kara sake hai| inanA hI nahIM, ve kaI sampUrNa grantho ko to bhUla bhI cuke hai aura kaI grantho kI avasthA vikRta kara dI gaI hai| phira bhI itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki ago kA adhikAga jo Aja upalabdha hai vaha bhagavAn ke upadeza ke adhika nikaTa hai / usa me parivartana aura parivarddhana huA hai, kintu sava kA sava vilkula nayA aura managaDhanta hI hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kyoki jaina sagha ne usa sampUrNa zruta ko bacAne kA bAra-bAra jo prayatna kiyA hai, usakA sAkSI itihAsa miTAyA nahI jA sktaa| __bhUtakAla me jo vAdhAe~ jainathrata ke nAga me kAraNa huI , kyA ve hI vedo kA nAga nahI kara sakatI thI? kyA kAraNa hai ki jainazruta se bhI prAcIna veda to surakSita raha sake aura jainazruta sampUrNa nahIM to adhikAga naSTa ho gayA ? ina prazno kA uttara sahaja hI hai / vedo kI surakSA me dono prakAra kI paramparAo ne sahayoga diyA hai / janmavaga kI apekSA pitA ne putra ko aura usane apane putra ko, tathA vidyAvaga kI apekSA guru ne giSya ko aura usane apane giNya ko veda sikhAkara vedapATha kI paramparA avyavahita gati se cAlU rakhI hai, kintu jainAgama kI rakSA me janmavaza ko koI sthAna hI nahI hai| yahA~ pitA apane putra ko nahI, kintu apane ziSya ko hI paDhAtA hai / ataeva kevala vidyAvA kI apekSA se hI jainazrata kI paramparA ko jIvita

Page #23
prathama adhyAya : agazAstra kA paricaya rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| yahI kamI jainazruta kI avyavasthA me kAraNa huI hai| brAhmaNo ko apanA sugikSita putra aura vaisA hI suzikSita brAhmaNa ziSya prApta hone me koI kaThinAI nahI thI, kintu jainazramaNa ke lie to apanA sugikSita putra jainazruta kA adhikArI hI nahI hai, yadi vaha zramaNa nahI hai / aura udhara agikSita zramaNa, putra na hone para bhI yadi gipya ho, to vahI zruta kA adhikArI ho jAtA hai| veda kI surakSA eka vargavizepa se huI hai, jisakA svArtha usakI surakSA me hI thaa| janazrata kI rakSA vaise kisI vargavizeSa ke adhIna nahI, kintu caturvarNa me se koI bhI manuSya yadi jainazramaNa ho jAtA hai to vahI jainazruta kA adhikArI ho jAtA hai| veda kA adhikArI brAhmaNa adhikAra pAkara usase varI nahI ho sakatA, arthAt usake jIvana kI prathamAvasthA me niyamita vedAdhyayana Avazyaka thaa| anyathA brAhmaNa samAja me usakA koI sthAna nahI thaa| isake viparIta jainazramaNa ko jainazruta kA adhikAra to mila jAtA hai kintu kaI kAraNo se vaha usa adhikAra ke upayoga meM asamartha rahatA hai / brAhmaNa ke lie vedAdhyayana sarvasva thA, kintu jaina zramaNa ke lie AcAra hI sarvasva hai| ataeva koI mandabuddhi gipya sampUrNa zruta kA pATha na bhI kara sake, tava bhI usake mokSa meM kisI bhI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahI thI aura usakA aihika jIvana bhI nirvAdha rUpa se sadAcAra ke vala para vyatIta ho sakatA thaa| jainasUtro kA dainika kriyAo me vizepa upayoga bhI nahI hai| jahA~ eka sAmAyika padamAtra se bhI mokSamArga sugama ho jAne kI zakyatA ho, vahA virale hI sAdhaka yadi sampUrNa zrutadhara hone kA prayatna kare, to isame kyA Azcarya ? adhikAga vaidika sUkto kA upayoga aneka prakAra ke kriyAkANDo me hotA hai, tava kucha hI jaina sUtro kA upayoga zramaNa ke lie apane dainika jIvana me hai| apanI smRti para bojha na vaDhA kara pustako me jainAgamo ko lipivaddha karake bhI jainazramaNa Agamo ko bacA sakate the, kintu aisA karane me aparigrahavrata kA bhaGga asahya thaa| usame unhone asayama dekhaa|' java unhone apane aparigraha vrata ko kucha zithila kiyA, taba ve Agamo kA adhikAga bhUla cuke the| pahile jisa pustaka-parigraha ko asayama kA kAraNa samajhA thA 1 potthae su gheppata emu asajamo bhvdd| -daNavaikAlika cUNi, pR0 21

Page #24
jaina-aMgazAstra anumAra mAnaya ninyA vikAsa usI ko sayama kA kAraNa mAnane lge| kayokimA na karane nA zrutavinAga kA bhaya thaa| kintu aba kyA ho sakatA thA jo kucha unhoMne kho diyA thA, vaha to mila hI nahIM mAnA thA / jAna nanA avazya huA ki java me unhone pustaka-parigraha ko nayama kA kAraNa mAnA, to jo kucha Agamikamapatti usa samaya taka gepa raha gaI zrI. vaha surakSita raha gaI, adhika hAni nahIM hai| AcAra ke niyamo ko zruta kI surakSA kI dRSTi se githila kara diyA gyaa| zruta rakSA ke lie kaI apavAdo kI mRpTi bhI kI gii| __ dainika AcAra meM bhI zratasvAdhyAya ko adhika mahatva diyA gyaa| itanA karane para bhI jo maulika kamI thI usakA nivAraNa tI huA hI nahI, kyoki guru apane zramaNaziSya ko hI jAna de sakatA hai. yaha jo niyama thA, usakA to apavAda huA hI nhiiN| ataeva adhyetA zramaNo ke abhAva me garu ke sAtha hI jJAna calA jAe to usama Azcarya kyA? kaI kAraNo se, vizeSakara janazramaNa kI kaThora tapasyA aura atyanta kaThina AcAra ke kAraNa anya vauddhAdi zramaNamaMtrI kI taraha jainazramaNasagha kA sakhyAvala prArambha se hI kama rahA hai| aisA sthiti me kaThastha grantho kI to kyA, valabhI meM likhita sakala grantho kI bhI surakSA na ho sakI to isame Azcarya kyA hai|' pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA--vauddha itihAsa me bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza ko vyavasthita karane ke lie bhikSuo ne kAlakrama ne tIna sa~gItiyA kI thI, yaha prasiddha hai| usI taraha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ko vyavasthita karane ke lie jainAcAryoM ne bhI milakara tIna vAcanAe~ kii| java-java jainAcAryoM ne dekhA ki zruta kA hrAsa ho rahA hai, usame avyavasthA ho gaI hai, taba-taba unhone ekatra hokara jainazruta ko vyavasthita kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke vAda AcArya yazobhadra ke jyeSTha 1 kAla puNa paDucca caraNakaraNaTThA avocchittinimitta ca geNhamANamsa potyae sajamo bhvdd| -dazavakAlika cUNi pR0 21. jainAgama, pR0 10 3 saccamagaho bhUmikA, pR0 9, tathA lA0 ina e0 i0, pR0 33, noTa 6.

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prathama adhyAya : aMgazAstra kA paricaya [7 ziSya sabhUtivijaya chaThe paTTadhara hue| isI samaya ( 311 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga) candragupta maurya magadha ke sihAsana para ArUDha hue / kalpasUtrAnusAra sabhUtivijaya kI mRtyu ke bAda AcArya sthUlabhadra paTTadhara hae, yadyapi usa samaya vidyA aura buddhi kI apekSA AcArya sthUlabhadra se adhika pratibhAzIla eva prabhAvazAlI, AcArya yazobhadra ke laghu ziSya AcArya bhadravAhu vartamAna the| AcArya sthUlabhadra ke samaya me magadha me 12 varSa kA akAla pddaa| jaina zramaNa sagha kA eka bhAga AcArya bhadravAha kI sarakSakatA me dakSiNa kI ora prayANa kara gayA, kyoki usa akAlagrasta kSetra me dharma ke sarakSaNa me sAvadhAna rahanA atikaThina thaa| isa avyavasthita samaya me agagAstro ke adhyayana aura adhyApana kI upekSA rahI, ata zramaNasagha ko usakA adhikAga bhAga vismata ho gyaa| susamaya Ane para lagabhaga 300 I0 pU0, pATaliputra me jainazramaNasagha ekatrita huaa| ekatrita hue zramaNo ne eka dUsare se pUchakara 11 ago ko vyavasthita kiyA / 2 usa samaya 12 vA aga 'dRSTivAda' vyavasthita nahI kiyA jA sakA, kyoki upasthita zramaNo me se kisI ko bhI usakA jJAna nahI thaa| usa aga ke eka mAtra jJAtA AcArya bhadravAha the| ve mahAprANa nAmaka dhyAnayoga kI sAdhanA ke lie nepAla kI ora prayANa kara gae the| AcArya bhadravAhu hI 14 pUrvo ke ekamAtra jJAtA the| zramaNasagha ne AcArya sthUlabhadra ko kaI sAdhuo ke sAtha dRSTivAda aga tathA 14 pUrvo ke adhyayana ke lie bhadravAhu ke nikaTa bhejA, kintu unameM se kevala sthUlabhadra hI dRSTivAda ko grahaNa karane meM samartha hue| AcArya sthUlabhadra ne dRSTivAda ke sAtha-sAtha 14 pUrvo kA bhI adhyayana karanA cAhA, kintu ve 10 pUrvo kA pUrNa jJAna tathA vAkI 4 pUrvo kA artha se hIna kevala zabdajJAna hI prApta kara ske| pariNAma yaha huA ki sthUlabhadra taka hI caturdaga pUrva kA jJAna zramaNasagha me 1 AvazyakacUgi, tityogAlIpainnaya 2 Avazyaka bUNi, bhAga 2, pR0 187 hemacandra pariziSTa parva, sarga 9, praloka 57, 58, tathA vIra nirvANa savat pR014

Page #26
8] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAna rahA, kintu unakI mRtyu ke vAda 12 ago meM se 11 aga aura 10 pUrva kA hI jJAna zeSa raha gayA / " mAthurIvAcanA -- paTTadhara AcArya skadila ke samaya me puna 12 varga kA akAla paDA aura isa vAra bhI agavAstra chinna-vicchinna ho gae / ' AcArya skadila ke sabhApatitva me, 12 varSa ke duSkAla ke vAda, zramaNasagha mathurA me puna ekatrita huA aura smRti ke AdhAra para agazAstra vyavasthita kie ge| yaha vAcanA mathurA me huI thI, ata yaha mAthurIvAcanA kahalAI / isase itanA to spaSTa hai ki dUsarI vAra bhI duSkAla ke kAraNa zruta kI duravasthA ho gaI thI / isa vAra kI sakalanA kA zreya AcArya skadila ko hai| muni zrI kalyANa vijaya jI ne AcArya skadila kA paTTadhara kAla vIra nirvANa samvat 827 se 840 taka mAnA hai, ata yaha vAcanA isI bIca huI hogii| 3 vAlabhI- vAcanA - java mathurA me vAcanA huI usI samaya valabhI me bhI nAgArjuna sUrI ne zramaNasagha ko ekatrita karake Agamo ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA / vAcaka nAgArjuna aura ekatrita sagha ko jo jo Agama yAda the ve likha lie gae aura vistRta sthalo ko pUrvApara savadha ke anusAra ThIka karake vAcanA dI gaI / 4 devadhigaNikA pustaka lekhana - uparyukta vAcanAo ko sapanna hue lagabhaga 150 varSa se adhika samaya vyatIta ho cukA thA / usa samaya puna valabhI nagara me devadhigaNi kSamA zramaNa kI adhyakSatA me zramaNasagha ekatrita huA aura pUrvokta dono vAcanAo ke samaya sakalita Agamo ko likhAkara surakSita karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA / " 1 lA0 ina e0 i0, pR0 32 tathA jaina Agama, pR0 11, antagaDadamAo prastAvanA, pR0 20, 21 nadI, cUrNi pR0 8 vIra nirvANa savat, pR0 104. 2 rU 4 5 vahI pR0 110 tathA lA0 ina e0 i0, pR0 32, 33 atagaDadasAo, bhUmikA, pR002

Page #27
prathama adhyAya : aMgazAstra kA paricaya .[8 isa zramaNa-paripad ne dono vAcanAo ke siddhAnto kA paraspara samanvaya kiyA aura jahA~ taka ho sakA bhedabhAva miTAkara unhe eka rUpa kara diyaa|' yahI kAraNa hai ki mUla aura TIkA me hama "vAyaMNatare-puNa" yA "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti' jaise ullekha pAte hai|' yaha kArya vIra nirvANa savat 60 (454 I0) me huA / vAcanAntara ke anusAra isa kArya kA kAla 663 vIra savat (467 I0) bhI hai / vartamAna me jo agazAstra upalabdha hai, unakA adhikAga isI samaya me sthira huaa| kSamAzramaNa devadhigaNI ne Agamo ko likhita rUpa dene kA kArya mabhavata. isa AzakA se prerita hokara kiyA hogA ki kAlAntara me kahI ye Agama smRtidurvalatA ke kAraNa lupta na ho jaaeN| unake pahile AcArya, ziSyo ke adhyayana ke lie likhita grantho kA prayoga nahI karate the, kintu vAda me Agamo ke likhita rUpa me A jAne ke kAraNa, likhita Agamo kA upayoga adhyayana aura adhyApana ke lie hone lagA / prAcIna kAla me pustake thI hI nhiiN| vaidika puruSa smRti para hI adhika vizvAsa rakhate the| jaina aura vauddho ne bhI unakA anukaraNa kiyA / isame koI sadeha nahI ki adhyApana kI isa zailI ke parivartana kA zreya devadhigaNI ko hI hai| pratyeka AcArya tathA kama se kama pratyeka upAzraya ke lie Agamo kI aneka pratiyA~ devadhigaNI dvArA avazya taiyAra karAI gaI hogii| aMgazAstra kI prAmANikatA aMgazAstra kI prAmANikatA aura maulikatA ke viSaya me jainAgama ke pragADha abhyAsI DA0 harmana yAkovI jaise yoropIya vidvAno ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| ve ina agazAstro ko vAstavika 'jainazrata' mAnate hai aura inhIM ke AdhAra para ve jainadharma kI prAcInatA siddha karane meM saphala hue hai|" 1 vIra nirvANa mavat, pR0 112. 2 vIra nirvANa savat, pR0 116. 3 jaina-Agama, pR0 15, jainasUtrAbhAga 1, prastAvanA pR0 37. 4 jainamUtrAj, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 38, 39 5 vahI bhAga 1 prastAvanA, pR0 9

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10] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa pAramArthika dRSTi se dekhA jAe to satya eka hI hai, siddhAnta eka hI hai / nAnA deza, kAla aura purupa kI dRSTi se usa satya kA AvirbhAva nAnA prakAra se hotA hai, kintu una AvirbhAvo meM eka hI sanAtana satya anusyUta hai / isI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jainAgama ko anAdi eva ananta kahA jAtA hai| ____nadIsUtra meM kahA hai ki-"dvAdazAMgabhUta gaNipiTaka kabhI nahIM thA, aisA nahI, kabhI nahI hai, aisA bhI nahI, aura kabhI nahI hogA, aisA bhI nhii| vaha to thA, hai, aura hogaa| vaha dhruva hai, niyata hai, gAzvata hai, akSaya hai, avyaya hai, avasthita hai aura nitya hai|"5 / vRhatkalpabhASya me kahA gayA hai ki RpabhAdi tIrthaMkaro kI zarIra-sapatti aura varddhamAna kI garIra-sapatti meM atyanta vailakSaNya hone para bhI ina sabhI ke dhRti, saMghayaNa aura zarIra-racanA kA vicAra kiyA jAe tathA unakI Atarika-yogyatA (kevalajJAna) kA vicAra kiyA jAe to una sabhI ko yogyatA meM koI bheda na hone ke kAraNa unake upadeza meM bhI koI bheda nahIM ho sktaa|' sabhI tIrthakaro ke upadeza kI ekatA kA udAharaNa agazAstra me bhI milatA hai| AcArAga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki-"jo arihata pahile ho gae hai, jo abhI vartamAna hai aura jo bhaviSya meM hoge, una sabhI kA eka hI upadeza hai ki kisI bhI prANa, jIva, bhUta aura sattva kI hatyA mata karo, unake Upara apanI sattA mata jamAo, unako dAsa mata banAo aura unako mata staao| yahI mArga dhrava hai, nitya hai, gAzvata hai aura vivekI puruSo dvArA batAyA huA hai|" 3 uparyukta kathana se yaha vAta nirvivAda siddha hai ki satya kI jo avicchinna dhArA agaNita kAla se calI A rahI hai, madhya me utpanna hone vAle Adarza mahApurupo ne usI dhArA kA apanI apanI dRSTi se uddhAra eva samvardhana kiyA hai| satya kA AvirbhAva kisa rUpa meM 1 nadIsUtra, 57 2 vRhatkalpa bhASya, 202, 203 3 AcArAga 1, 4, 126

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prathama adhyAya aMgazAstra kA paricaya [11 huA? kisane kiyA? kava kiyA? aura kaise kiyA ? ityAdi dRSTi se vicAra karane para Agamo kI sAditA eva sAntatA bhI siddha hotI hai| isa prakAra ubhaya dRSTi se vicAra karane para jaina aga pauruSeyatA aura apauruSeyatA ke sundara samanvaya pratIta hote hai| aMgazAstra kA racanAkAla agazAstra kI racanA ke sambandha me eka paramparAgata siddhAnta yaha hai ki ye sabhI aga prathama tIrthakara dvArA hI race gae hai, kintu Ajakala vaijJAnika yuga me isa siddhAnta para vizvAsa nahI kiyA jA sktaa| agazAstra gavdavAcya koI eka grantha nahIM hai, kintu anekakartRka aneka grantho kA samudAya hai, ataeva agazAstra kI racanA kA koI eka kAla bhI nizcita nahI kiyA jA sktaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza 500 vikrama pUrva me prArambha huA, ataeva upalabdha kisI agagAstra kI racanA kA usase pahile honA sambhava nahI hai| aura usake dUsarI ora antima vAcanA ke AdhAra para pustaka-lekhana, valabhI me vikrama savat 510 ( matAntara se 523 ) me huaa| ataeva tadantargata koI gAstra vikrama 525 ke vAda kA nahI ho sakatA / isa maryAdA ko dhyAna me rakhakara hame sAmAnyata agagAstra kI racanA ke kAla kA vicAra karanA hai|| aga grantha gaNadharakRta kahe jAte hai, kintu uname sabhI eka samAna prAcIna nahI hai| AcArAga ke hI prathama aura dvitIya zrataskandha bhAva aura bhApA me bhinna hai, yaha koI bhI kaha sakatA hai| prathama zrutaskandha dvitIya se hI nahI, kintu samasta jaina vADamaya me sabase prAcIna aza hai / usame parivartana aura parivarddhana sarvathA nahI hai, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu usame navIna aga savase kama milAyA gayA hai, yaha to nizcayapUrvaka kahA hI jA sakatA hai| vaha mahAvIra ke sAkSAt upadeza rUpa na bhI ho, taba bhI usake atyanta nikaTa to hai hii| aisI sthiti meM use hama vikrama-pUrva 300 se vAda kI sakalanA nahI kaha sakate / adhika sabhava yahI hai ki vaha prathama vAcanA kI sakalanA hai| AcArAga kA dvitIya zrutaskandha AcArya bhadravAha ke vAda kI racanA honA cAhie, kyoki usame prathama zrutaskandha kI

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12 ] jaina-aMgaNAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa apekSA bhikSuo ke niyamopaniyama ke varNana meM vikasita bhUmikA kI sUcanA milatI hai| ise hama vikrama-pUrva dUsarI gatAbdI meM idhara kI racanA nahIM kaha sakate / yahI bAta hama anya sabhI ago ke viSaya me sAmAnyata kaha sakate hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki unameM jo kucha sakalita hai vaha isI zatAbdI kA hai| vastu to puganI hai, vaha gaNadharo se paramparA se calI hI AtI thii| usI ko sakalita kiyA gyaa| isakA matalava yaha bhI nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki vikramapUrva dUsarI zatAbdI ke bAda isame kucha nayA nahIM joDA gayA hai| sthAnAga jaise aga pratho me vIra nirvANa kI chaThI zatAbdI kI ghaTanA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| kintu aise kucha azo ko choDakara vAkI sava bhAva purAne hI hai| bhApA me yatra-tatra kAla kI parivartita hotI huI gati aura prAkRta bhASA ke kAraNa bhApA-vikAsa ke niyamAnusAra parivartana honA anivArya hai, kyoki prAcIna samaya me isakA paThana-pAThana likhita grantho se nahI, kintu kaThopakaTha se hotA thaa| praznavyAkaraNAMga kA varNana jaisA nadIsUtra meM hai, use dekhate hue upalabdha praznavyAkaraNa aga sapUrNa hI vAda kI racanA ho, aisA pratIta hotA hai| vAlabhI-vAcanA ke vAda kava yaha aga naSTa ho gayA aura kava usake sthAna me nayA vanAkara joDA gayA, isake jAnane kA hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahI hai| itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki abhayadeva kI TIkA, jo ki vikrama 12 vI zatAbdI ke prArambha me likhI gaI hai, usase pahile hI vaha kabhI vana cukA thaa|' ___ DA0 haramana yAkovI ne bhI apane AcArAga sUtra kI prastAvanA me vistAra ke sAtha samasta Agamo ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA hai| agazAstra kI bhASA, chanda Adi ke gahana adhyayana ke bAda ve isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce hai ki agazAstra kI racanA kA kAla 300 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga honA cAhie, java Agamo kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra me huI thii| 1 2 jaina Agama, pR0 22, 23 janasUtrAj bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR 0 43.

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prathama adhyAya : aMgazAstra kA paricaya [13 aMgazAstra kI zailI evaM bhASA zailI-guru-ziSya ke krama se Aye hue sUtro kI bhApA aura gailI me hajAra-ATha sau varSa me kucha bhI parivartana na ho, yaha sambhava nahI hai / yadyapi sUtro me prayukta prAkRta usa samaya kI sIdhI-sAdI lokabhApA thI, parantu samaya ke pravAha ke sAtha usakI sugamatA ojhala hotI gaI aura use samajhane ke lie vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA huii| prArabha me vyAkaraNa tatkAlIna bhASAnugAmI vane, parantu pichale samaya me jyojyo prAkRta kA svarUpa adhika mAtrA meM badalatA gayA tyo-tyo vyAkaraNa ne bhI usakA anugamana kiyaa| phala yaha huA ki hamArI sautra-prAkRta para bhI usakA asara paDe vinA nahI rhaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha mUtro kI bhApA navIna-sI pratIta hotI hai / prAcIna sUtro me eka hI AlApaka, sUtra aura vAkya ko vAra-vAra likhakara punarukti karane kA eka sAdhAraNa niyama-sA thaa| yaha usa samaya kI sarvamAnya gailI thii| usa samaya ke vaidika, vauddha aura jaina grantha isI gailI me likhe hue hai| parantu jaina Agamo ke pustakArUDha hone ke samaya vaha zailI kucha agoM me vadala kara sUtrapATha sakSipta kara die gaye aura jisa viSaya kI carcA eka sthala para vyavasthita rUpa me ho cukI thI use anya sthala para sakSipta kara diyA gyaa| jijJAsuo ke lie usI sthala para sUcanA bhI kara dI gaI ki yaha vipaya amuka sUtra athavA sthala para dekha lenaa| isake atirikta kucha anya vAte bhI, jo usa samaya taka zAstrIya mAnI jAne lagI thI, ucita sthAna para yAdI ke taura para likha dI gaI, jo Aja taka usI rUpa me dRSTigocara hotI hai aura apane svarUpa se hI ve navIna pratIta hotI hai|' ___ agagAstra me, eka aga kA dUsare aga me tathA prastuta aMga kA prastuta aga me hI varNana pAyA jAtA hai, jaise-samavAyAga me 12 ago kA varNana hai, jiname samavAyAga kA bhI varNana sammilita hai / atakRddazAga me svaya usakA varNana hai| yahI krama anya ago me bhI hai| 1 zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra, pR0 332, 333 2 mamavAyAga sUtra, 136, tathA antagaDadazAo, 27, pR0 64

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14 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa isakA kAraNa Agamo kI prAcIna zailI hai, jo ki vedo me bhI pAI jAtI hai| bhASA-agazAstra kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI hai| samavAyAga, bhagavatI ovavAiya tathA paNNavaNA me isa bAta ke spaSTa ullekha hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra apane siddhAnto kA pracAra arddhamAgadhI bhApA me karate the aura vaha bhApA saba jIvo ko apanI-apanI bhApA me pariNata ho jAtI thii| sthAnAga sUtra tathA anuyogadvAra me isa bhApA ko 'isi-bhAsiyA' (RSibhAsitA) kahA gayA hai| isI AdhAra para hemacandrAcArya Adi ne isakA nAma 'Apa' rkhaa| ata ardhamAgadhI, RSibhApitA tathA Apa-ye tIno hI nAma eka hI bhASA ke hai| pahalA nAma utpattisthAna (magadha) ke kAraNa hai tathA anya nAma usa bhASA ko sarvaprathama sAhitya me sthAna pradAna karane vAle Rpiyo se sambandha rakhate hai| DA0 harmana yAkovI ne jainAgama kI bhASA ko prAcIna mahArASTrI kaha kara 'jaina mahArASTrI' nAma diyA hai, jisakA DA0 pigala ne apane vikhyAta prAkRta-vyAkaraNa me khaNDana karake sapramANa siddha kiyA hai ki arddhamAgadhI me vahulatA se aisI aneka vizepatAe~ hai, jo mahArASTrI Adi kisI prAkRta me DhUDhane se bhI nahIM milatI, isalie uparyukta nAma nahI diyA jA sktaa| nATako me jo arddhamAgadhI pAI jAtI hai usame aura sUtro kI arddhamAgadhI meM samAnatA kI apekSA bheda hI adhika hai / bharata tathA mArkaNDeya ne arddhamAgadhI ke bhinna-bhinna lakSaNa batAye hai| ye lakSaNa kevala nATakIya arddhamAgadhI ke hai| hemacandrAcArya ne apane vyAkaraNa me arddhamAgadhI ko 'Apa prAkRta' aura arvAcIna rUpa ko 'mahArASTrI' mAnA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki mahArASTrI se arddhamAgadhI vahuta prAcIna hai / athavA yo kahie ki arddhamAgadhI hI mahArASTrI kA mUla hai / 1 samavAyAga sUtra, 34 bhagavatI, 5 4, pR0 231 ovavAiya, 56. paNNavaNA, pR0 56, (Agamodaya-samiti) 2 hemacandrAcArya kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa, sUtra 1, 3 3 bharata nATyazAstra, 16 48, 50. 4 inTroDakzana TU prAkRta lakSaNa Apha caDa, pR0 19, DA0 hArnalI

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prathama adhyAya : aMgazAstra kA paricaya [ 15 bahuta se loga arddhamAgadhI kI vyutpatti "ardhaM mAgadhyA " karake kahate hai ki jisakA AdhA aza mAgadhI bhASA ho vaha arddhamAgadhI hai kyoMki nATakIya arddhamAgadhI me mAgadhI ke lakSaNa bahulatA se pAe jAte hai, isalie vaha arddhamAgadhI hai / aura jaina sUtro me mAgadhI ke lakSaNa bahuta kama milate hai, isalie vaha ardhamAgadhI nahI hai / parantu unakI yaha vyutpatti bhramAtmaka eva asaMgata hai / isakI vAstavika vyutpatti hai - " arddha magadhasyeya " arthAt magadha deza ke ardhAza kI jo bhASA ho vaha arddhamAgadhI hai / isakI utpatti pazcima magadha athavA magadha aura sUrasena kA madhya pradeza ( ayodhyA Adi) hone para bhI isameM mAgadhI aura gaurasenI ke itane lakSaNa nahI dikhate, jitane mahArASTrI ke dikhate hai / isakA kAraNa saMbhavata. zramaNo kA duSkAla ke kAraNa dakSiNa-gamana eva taddezIya bhASA kA prabhAva hai / " aMgazAstra kI padasaMkhyA ra prAcIna paddhati ke anusAra jaina sUtroM kI padasaMkhyA nizcita karake likhI gaI hai / naMdI TIkA tathA samavAyAga sUtra ke anusAra jainasUtro kI padasaMkhyA nimnaprakAra hai. aMgazAstra 1 AcArAga 2. sUtrakRtAga 3 sthAnAMga 4 samavAyAga 5 vyAkhyA - prajJapti 6 jJAtAdharma-kathAga upAsakadagAMga antakRddazAga 6 anuttaraupapAtikadazAga 10 11 vipAkasUtra k 1 2. praznavyAkaraNa muttAgame, pR0 18, 19 ( prastAvanA ). samavAyAga, 136-147. padasaMkhyA 1,000 36,000 72,000 1,44,000 2,88,000 5,76,000 11,52-000 23,04,000 46,08,000 82,16,000 1,84,32,000

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16 ] jaina- agaNAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa yahA para pada kA artha 'arthabodhaka-gavva' athavA jisake anta me vibhakti ho vaha 'pada' kiyA gayA hai / " aMgazAstra kI TIkAe~ agagAstra kI TIkAe~ prAkRta aura saMskRta me huI hai / prAvRna TIkAe~ niryukti, bhASya aura cUrNi ke nAma se likhI gaI hai / niryukti aura bhASya padyamaya he aura cUrNi gadyamaya / upalabdha niyuktiyA~ bhadravAha dvitIya kI racanAe~ hai / unakA samaya vikrama pAcavI yA chaThI zatAbdI hai / niryuktiyo me bhadrabAhu ne aneka prasaMgoM para dArzanika carcAe~ vaDe sundara DhaMga se kI hai / kisI bhI viSaya ko carcA kA yadi apane samaya taka kA pUrNarUpa dekhanA ho to bhASya dekhane cAhie / bhASyakAro me prasiddha savadAsagaNI aura jinabhadra haiM / inakA samaya sAtavI zatAbdI hai / lagabhaga sAtavI-AThavI zatAbdI kI cUrNiyA~ milatI haiM | cUrNikAro me jinadAsa ati prasiddha hai / cUrNiyoM me bhASya ke hI vipaya ko sakSepa me gadya me likhA gayA hai| agagAstra kI sabase prAcIna saMskRta TIkA AcArya haribhadra ne kI hai / unakA samaya vikrama 757 se 857 ke vIca kA hai / haribhadra ne prAkRta cUrNiyoM kA prAya saMskRta me anuvAda kiyA hai / haribhadra ke vAda gIlAkasUri ne dasavI gatAvdI me saMskRtaTIkAo kI racanA kI / isake bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra abhayadeva hue, jinhone sthAnAga Adi nava ago para saMskRta me TIkAe~ racI / unakA janma vikrama 1072 me aura svargavAsa vikrama 1135 me huA hai / saMskRta-prAkRta TIkAo kA parimANa itanA bar3A thA aura triSayo kI carcA itanI gahanatara hotI gaI ki vAda meM yaha Avazyaka samajhA gayA ki AgamA kA gavdArtha batAne vAlI sakSipta TIkAe~ kI jAe~ / saMskRta aura prAkRta volacAla kI bhASA me haTakara mAtra sAhityika bhASA vana gaI thI / ata. tatkAlIna apabhraMga arthAt prAcIna gujarAtI bhASA me vAlAvavodho kI racanA huI / inhe 'TavA' kahate haiM / 1 suptiGanta pada - pANinIya, 14 14 2 jaina Agama pR0 26, 27

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prathama adhyAya : aMgazAstra kA paricaya [ 17 aMgazAstra kA viSaya tathA vivaraNa AcArAMga-AcArAga vAraha ago meM sabase prathama aga hai| isakA dUsarA nAma 'sAmAyika' bhI hai|' isake do zrutaskandha hai, jo ki zailI tathA viSaya dono me eka dUsare se atyanta bhinna hai / prathama zrutaskandha dvitIya zrutaskandha kI apekSA atyanta prAcIna mAlUma paDatA hai / prathama zrutaskandha me ATha adhyayana tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha me sattaraha adhyayana hai / isame mukhyatayA zramaNa nirgrantho ke AcAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhikSu ko bhikSA, gayyA, vastra, pAtra Adi kisa prakAra, kitanI mAtrA me, kina sthAno se mAganA cAhie aura kisa prakAra uparyukta vastuo kA upayoga karanA cAhie, bhikSu ko kisa prakAra gamana karanA cAhie, kisa prakAra kI bhApA volanA cAhie, use kahA~ ThaharanA cAhie, kahA~ mala mUtra tyAga karanA cAhie, Adi bhikSu ke AcAra-savadhI samasta prazno ke uttara AcArAMga me samAviSTa hai| ___ AcAra-varNana ke atirikta bhikSu ke vicAro ko prabhAvita karane ke lie AcArAMga me sukha-dukha, hiMsA-ahiMsA, samyaktva-mithyAtva Adi viSayo para bhI vistRta rUpa se carcA kI gaI hai| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate hai ki AcArAga bhikSu ke AcAra tathA vicAra kA eka mahAgrantha hai| ___ AcArAga kI mahattA kA eka savase mahAn kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki AcArAga agazAstro me sabase prAcIna grantha mAnA jAtA hai, ataH isame rAgraha kie hue mahAvIra ke jIvana aura tapa kA vivaraNa aitihAsiko ke lie bahuta hI upayogI tathA prAmANika siddha huA hai| isake AdhAra para hI Aja ke yuga me jainadharma tathA mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA eva prAmANikatA pratiSThina huI hai| sUtrakRtAMga-sUtrakRtAga 12 ago me dvitIya aga hai| isake do zrutaskandha tathA 23 adhyayana hai| isame sUtra (sakSipta) rUpa me kathana 1. anagAra dhanya, sAmAyika Adi ekAdaza agazAstro kA adhyayana karane lgaa| -~-anuttaropapAtikadazAga, 3 2 jainasUtrAja bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 47-53, samavAyAga mUtra, 136, nadImUtra, 45

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18] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa hone ke kAraNa sambhavata isa grantha kA nAma sUtrakRtAga rakhA gayA hogaa|' yahI kAraNa hai ki isa aga ke sambandha me yaha paramparA rakhI gaI ki sAdhu-jIvana ko svIkAra karane ke vAda caturtha varSa me isa aga kA adhyayana kiyA jaae| sUtro ke durjeya hone ke kAraNa vinA pUrva zAstrAbhyAsa ke isa grantha kA adhyayana karanA kaThina hotA hogaa| isa aga me navadIkSita zramaNo ko sayama me sthira karane ke lie upayogI jaina siddhAnta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha me tatkAlIna anya mato kA nirAkaraNa karake svamata kI sthApanA bhI kI gaI hai| isame bhUtavAdiyo kA nirAkaraNa karake AtmA kA pRthak astitva, brahmavAda ke sthAna me nAnAtmavAda nathA jIva aura zarIra ko pRthaka vatAkara karma aura usake phala kI sattA siddha kI gaI hai / jagadutpatti ke viSaya me nAnAvAdo kA nirAkaraNa karake "vizva ko kisI Izvara ne nahIM banAyA, vaha to anAdi ananta hai'' isa mata kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| tatkAlIna kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, vinayavAda aura ajAnavAda kA nirAkaraNa karake susaskRta kriyAvAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| samavAyAga ke anusAra isa aMga meM 180 kriyAvAdiyo ke, 84 akriyAvAdiyo ke, 67 ajJAnavAdiyo ke tathA 32 vinayavAdiyo ke isa prakAra kula 363 anya-darzano ke mato kA khaNDana kara jaina siddhAnta kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta isameM jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, savara, nirjarA, vandha aura mokSa ina nava padArtho kI bhI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| "prAcIna bhArata ke tattvajJAna ke abhyAsI ke lie sUtrakRtAga me varNita ajaina siddhAnta rocaka eva jJAnavarddhaka hoge|" 1 sUtra kA lakSaNa 'alpAkSaramamadigdha sAravad vizvano mukham / astobhamanavadya ca sUtra sUtravido vidu / " -~-laghu ko0 phuTa noTa pR0 14 2 jainasUtrAj bhAga 2, prastAvanA, pR0 39, phuTa noTa na0 1 3 jaina Agama, pa0 25, 26 4 samavAyAgasUtra, 137, tathA nadIsUtra, 46 5 AnandazaGkara bApU bhAI dhruva, sUtrakRtAga (hi0 a0) pR0 3, (prastAvanA)

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prathama adhyAya : agazAstra kA paricaya [ 16 3 sthAnAMga tathA samavAyAMga - agagAstra meM sthAnAga tRtIya tathA samavAyAga caturtha aga hai / ina dono ago me eka - eka zrutaskandha hai / sthAnAga me 10 adhyayana aura samavAyAga me 1 adhyayana hai / dono ago kA varNana tathA varNanIya viSaya prAya eka hI prakAra ke hai / inakI racanA vauddho ke aguttaranikAya ke DhaMga kI hai / rathAnAga me padArtho ke guNa, dravya, kSetra, kAla, tathA paryAyo kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / isake atirikta parvata, nadI, samudra, sUrya, bhavana, vimAna, nidhi, puruSo ke prakAra, svara jyonipsacAra Adi kA vistRta varNana bhI isa aga meM hai / AtmA, pudgala, jJAna, naya, pramANa Adi dArzanika viSayo kI carcA bhI bahuta sundara DhaMga se isa aMga me kI gaI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana me hue 7 nihnavo kA varNana bhI isameM samAviSTa hai / aise 7 vyakti batAye gaye hai, jinhone mahAvIra ke siddhAnto kI bhinna-bhinna vAto ko lekara apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA, ve hI nihnava kahe jAte hai / " ekarUpa padArtho kA varNana ( ekavidha vaktavya ), do rUpa padArtho kA varNana (dvividhavaktavya ) aura isI prakAra krama se eka-eka vaDhAte hue 10 rUpa taka ke padArtho kA varNana isa aga kI eka viziSTa zailI hai / samavAyAga ke varNana kI zailI bhI uparyukta prakAra kI hI hai / kevala antara itanA hai ki sthAnAga me 10 rUpa taka ke padArtho kA varNana hai, java ki samavAyAga me 1 se lekara 1-1 kI vRddhi karate hue 100 rUpa taka ke padArthoM kA varNana hai / tathA Age adhika vRddhi karate hue koTi-koTi rUpa taka ke padArthoM kA varNana hai / sthAnAga kA varNana kucha vistRta hai, kintu samavAyAMga kA sakSipta hai / sthAnAga me eka prakAra ke padArtho kA varNana karane ke lie aneka sUtra hai aura samavAyAga me eka prakAra ke padArtho kA varNana karane ke lie eka hI sUtra hai / isame jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaDa dvIpa, puSkarArdha dvIpa tathA parvatoM ke vistAra, U~cAI tathA prakAra Adi kA varNana hai / samavAyAga me 12 ago ke varNanIya viSayo kI bhI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| 1 sthAnAga 587 2 samavAyAga, 138-139, nandIsUtra, 47-48

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20] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa bhagavatosUtra-isa aga kA nAma 'bhagavatI-vyAkhyA-pranapti' hai| sakSepa me ise bhagavatIsUtra tathA vyAkhyA prajasti sUtra kahA jAtA hai / isakA agazAstra me pAcavA sthAna hai| isame eka zrutamkandha tathA 10 adhyayana hai| vartamAna meM isameM 41 zataka upalabdha hote hai / isakI racanA bauddha 'suttapiTaka' kI taraha hai| suttapiTaka me mahAtmA buddha se pUche gaye prazna tathA unake dvArA die gae uttara sagRhIta hai, usI prakAra bhagavatI sUtra me bhI mahAvIra se pUche gae prazna tathA unake dvArA die gae uttaro kA saMgraha hai| tattva jAna ke vipaya me sadigdha tatkAlIna deva, narendra, rAjarpi tathA maharSiyo ke dvArA nava padArtha tathA unake dravya, guNa, kSetra, kAla, paryAya, pradeza, pariNAma, yathAstibhAva, anugama, nikSepa, naya, pramANa Adi ke samvandha me mahAvIra se jo jo prazna kie gae aura mahAvIra ne unake jo jo sayuktika uttara die, unakA sagraha isa aga meM kiyA gayA hai|' jJAtAdharmakathA-yaha dharmakathA-pradhAna chaThA aga hai| isame kalpita tathA akalpita dono hI prakAra kI kathAo ke AdhAra para dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / jAtAdharmakathA me do zrutaskandha hai| prathama zrutarakandha ke 16 adhyayana tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha ke 10 varga hai| nandIstra ke anusAra jAtAdharmakathA me dharmakathAo ke 10 varga hai, jiname pratyeka dharmakathA me pAca-pAca sau AkhyAyikAe~ hai, ekaeka AkhyAyikA me pA~ca-pA~ca sau upAkhyAyikAe~ hai, eka-eka upAkhyAyikA me pA~ca-pA~ca sau AkhyAyikopAkhyAyikAe~ hai| isa prakAra kula milAkara adhyuSTa-sAr3he tIna karoDa kathAe~ isa aga me hai| jAtAdharmakathA me jAta arthAt udAharaNabhUta vyaktiyo ke nagara, udyAna, vanakhaDa caitya yakSAyatana, samavasaraNa-dharmasabhA, rAjA, mAtA-pitA, dharmAcArya, dharmakathA, isa loka-paraloka samvandhI RddhivigeSa, bhoga kA tyAga, pravrajyA, munidIkSA, paryAya dIkSAsamaya, zrutagrahaNa, tapa-upadhAna, sallekhanA, bhaktapratyAkhyAna, pAdapopa 1 samavAyAga, 140, nadIsUtra, 49.

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prathama adhyAya . aMgazAstra kA paricaya [21 gamana (TUTe hue vRkSa kI taraha ceSTArahita hokara anazana karanA), devaloka-gamana, sUkula meM janma, pratyAgamana, samyaktvadharma kI prApti aura aMtakriyA (nirvANa prApti) kA varNana hai|' upAsakadazAMga-yaha sAtavA~ aga hai / isame zramaNopAsako (sAdhuo ke sevaka zrAvako) ke nagara-udyAnAdi, bhogo kA parityAga, zrAvaka dIkSA,zrAvaka avasthA kA kAla pramANa, zrutagrahaNa, tapa-upadhAna, zIlavrata, aNuvrata, guNavrata, pratimA, upasarga (kaSTa), sallekhanA, bhakta-pratyAkhyAna, pAdapopagamana, devalokagamana, punaH manuSya bhava me sukula kI prApti, samyaktva dharma kI prApti aura antakriyA Adi kA varNana hai / isa aga meM eka zrutaskandha tathA dasa adhyayana hai|' antakRtdazAMga-yaha AThavaoN aga hai| isame antakRt-saMsAra kA anta karane vAle manupyo ke nagarAdi, bhogaparityAga, pravrajyA (munidIbhA), zrutagrahaNa, tapa-upadhAna, sallekhanA, antakriyA Adi kA varNana hai / isameM eka zrutaskandha tayA ATha varga hai|3 anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga-yaha navA aga hai| isameM anuttarIpapAtika-anuttara vimAna meM utpanna hone vAle jIvo ke nagarAdi tathA nirvANa prApti kA varNana hai| isameM eka zrutaskandha tathA tIna varga hai| prazna-vyAkaraNAMga-yaha dasavA aga hai| isame eka zrutaskandha tathA 10 adhyayana hai| hisA, asatya, corI, abrahmacarya aura parigraharUpa AtravadvAro tathA ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraharUpa saMvara dvAro kA isameM vistRta varNana hai| nadIsUtra tathA samavAyAga ke anusAra isame una prazno-vidyAo ( agupThapragna, aguSThavidyA, vAhupragna, Adargaprazna Adi ) kA varNana hai, jo kevala japa-mAtra se pUche gaye, vinA pUche gaye tathA ubhayarUpa prazno ke uttara detI hai| ina m 1 mamavAyAga, 141, nadIsUtra 50 2 vahI, 142 tathA vahI, 51 3 vahI, 143 vahI, 52 4 vahI, 144 vahIM, 53 llh >>

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22] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vidyAo ke sAtha nAgakumAra, suvarNakumAra Adi ke divya savAda bhI isa aga me varNita hai|' vipAkazruta-yaha 11 vA aga hai| isame zubhAzubha karmoM ke phalavipAka kahe gaye hai / phalavipAka 20 hai-10 dukhavipAka tathA 10 sukhavipAka / dukhavipAka me dukha-vipAka ke bhogane vAle puspo ke nagarodyAnAdi,isaloka paraloka-Rddhi-vigepa, durAcaraNa se narakagamana sasAra me janma kA vistAra, dukha kI paramparA, puna. hIna-kula me utpatti aura samyaktva dharma kI durlabhatA Adi kA varNana hai| sukhavipAka me sukhavipAka ko bhogane vAle purupo ke nagarAdi, bhogo kA parityAga, pravrajyA, tapa-upadhAna, sallekhanA, AhAratyAga, devaloka-gamana, sukha-paramparA, puna uttama kula me janma, samyaktva-lAbha tathA nirvANa-prApti kA varNana hai| isame do zrutaskandha tathA vIsa adhyayana hai| dRSTivAda-yadyapi paramparAnusAra yaha aga pUrNa rUpa se lupta ho gayA hai, phira bhI isake varNanIya viSaya Adi ke sambandha me samavAyAga tathA nadIsUtra meM ullekha milate hai| yaha 12 vAM aga hai| dRpTivAda ke 5 bheda kie gae hai-1. parikarma, 2 sUtra, 3 pUrvagata, 4 anuyoga, tathA 5 cUlikA / dRSTivAda ke ina bhedo ke bhI aneka prabheda hai| dRSTi kA artha hai-"drshn"| isa aga me prajJApana, prarUpaNa, darzana, nidarzana tathA upadarzana kA vizepa rUpa se varNana hai| isame eka zrutaskandha tathA caudaha pUrva hai| 1 samavAyAga , 145. tathA nadIsUtra, 54, 2 vahI, 146 vahI 55 3 vahI, 147 vahI, 56

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dvitIya adhyAya Adarza-mahApuruSa caubIsa tIrthaMkara jaina-paramparA ke anusAra isa dRzyamAna jagat me kAla kA cakra sadA ghUmatA rahatA hai| yadyapi kAla kA pravAha anAdi aura ananta hai, tathApi usa kAla cakra ke chaha vibhAga hai-1 susama-susamA (suSamasupamA), 2 susamA ( suSamA ), 3 susama-dUsamA (suSama-duSamA), 4 dUsama-susamA (du pama-suSamA), 5 dUsamA (duSamA), 6 dUsamadUsamA (du pama-du pmaa)| ___ jaise calatI huI gADI ke cakra kA pratyeka bhAga nIce se Upara aura Upara se nIce jAtA hai, vaise hI ye chaha bhAga bhI kramavAra sadA ghUmate rahate hai, arthAt eka vAra jagata sukha se dukha kI ora jAtA hai aura dUsarI vAra duHkha se sukha kI ora baDhatA hai| sukha se dukha kI ora jAne ko osappiNI (avasarpiNI) yA avanati kAla kahate hai, aura dukha se sukha kI ora jAne ko ussappiNI (utsarpiNI) yA vikAsa-kAla kahate hai| ina dono kAlo kI avadhi lAkho karoDo varSoM se bhI adhika hai| pratyeka avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAla ke dukha-sukha rUpa bhAga me cauvIsa tIrthakaro kA janma hotA hai, jo 'jina' avasthA ko prApta karake jaina-dharma kA upadeza dete hai| isa samaya avasarpiNI kAla cala rahA hai| isa yuga ke cauvIsa tIrthakaro me se bhagavAn usabha (Rpabha) prathama tIrthakara the aura bhagavAn vaddhamANa (varddhamAna) arthAt mahAvIra antima tIrthakara the / 2 sama 1 sthAnAga, sUtra 50. 2 namavAyAga, sUtra 23.

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24 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vAyAga me ina cauvIsa tIrthakaro ko devAhideva (devAdhideva) kahA gayA hai, kyoki ye indrAdi devatAo ke bhI pUjya hai|' bhagavAn RSabha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra, ye dono aitihAsika mahApurupa hai, yaha prAya sabhI Adhunika pUrvIya tathA pAzcAtya vidvAn svIkAra kara cuke hai / 2 bhagavAn neminAtha (ariSTanemi) taka bhI itihAsa kI kucha kiraNe pahu~ca cukI hai, kintu bhagavAn RSabha ke vAre meM abhI taka kucha bhI sunizcita rUpa se jJAta nahI hai| ____ isa vAta ko to prAya sabhI vidvAna svIkAra karate hai ki bhagavAn Rpabha jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the| DA0 yAkovI kahate haiM ki--isame koI bhI pramANa nahI ki pArzvanAtha jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the| jainaparamparA prathama tIrthakara Rpabhadeva ko jaina dharma kA sasthApaka mAnane me ekamata hai / isa mAnyatA me aitihAsika satya kI sambhAvanA hai| DA0 yAkobI ke isa mata se DA0 sara rAdhAkRSNana bhI sahamata hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jaina paramparA Rpabhadeva se apane dharma kI utpatti hone kA kathana karatI hai, jo vahuta-sI gatAbdiyo pUrva hue the| isa vAta ke pramANa pAe jAte hai ki IsA-pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM prathama tIrthakara Rpabhadeva kI pUjA hotI thii| isameM koI sadeha nahI ki jainadharma varddhamAna aura pArzvanAtha se bhI pahile pracalita thaa| yajurveda me Rpabhadeva, ajitanAtha aura ariSTanemi-ina tIna tIrthakage ke nAmo kA nirdeza hai| bhAgavata-purANa bhI isa vAta kA samarthana karatA hai ki Rpabhadeva jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the|4 bhAgavata meM RSabhadeva brAhmaNa paramparA aura usame bhI vigepa rUpa se vaiSNava-paramparA kA vahumAnya aura sarvatra atiprasiddha grantha bhAgavata hai, jise bhAgavata1 samavAyAga, mUtra 24 2 jainamUtrAja bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 100 iNDiyana eNTIkverI , pustaka 9, pR0 163 iNDiyana philAsaphI, pustaka 1, pR0 287

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [25 purANa bhI kahate hai| inameM Rpa madeva kA sundara varNana hai jo ki jaina-paramparA ke varNana se vahata ago me milatA hai| usame likhA hai ki-"java brahmA ne dekhA ki manuSya sakhyA nahI baDhI to usane svayabhU matu aura satarUpA ko utpanna kiyaa| unake priyavrata nAma kA laDakA huA, priyavrata kA putra agnIdhra huA, agnIdhra ke ghara nAbhi ne janma liyA / nAbhi ne marudevI se vivAha kiyA aura unase Rpabhadeva hue / Rpabhadeva ne indra ke dvArA dI gaI jayantI nAma kI bhAryA se sau putra utpanna kie aura vaDe putra bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka karake sanyAsa le liyaa| usa samaya kevala garIramAtra unake pAsa thA aura ve digambara veza meM nagna vicaraNa karate the, mauna rahate the, koI DarAe, mAre, Upara thUke, patthara pheke, mUtra-viSTA pheke, to ina savakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete the| yaha garIra asat padArthoM kA ghara hai, aisA samajhakara ahakAra-mamakAra kA tyAga karake akele bhramaNa karate the| unakA kAmadeva ke samAna sundara garIra malina ho gayA thaa| unakA kriyA-karma vaDA bhayAnaka ho gayA thA / garIrAdika kA mukha choDakara unhone "Ajagara" vrata le liyA thaa| isa prakAra kaivalyapati bhagavAn Rpabhadeva nirantara parama Ananda kA anubhava karate hue bhramaNa karate-karate koka, baika, kuTaka, dakSiNa karnATaka dezo me apanI icchA me pahu~ce, aura kuTikAcala parvata ke upavana meM unmatta ke samAna nagna hokara vicarane lge| jagala me vA~so kI ragaDa se Aga laga gaI aura unhone usI meM praveza karake apane ko bhasma kara diyA / "1 isa taraha Rpabhadeva kA varNana karake bhAgavatakAra Age likhate hai ki-"ina RSabhadeva ke caritra ko sunakara koka, baika, kuTaka dego kA rAjA arhan unhI ke upadeza ko lekara kaliyuga me java adharma vahuta ho jAegA tava svadharma ko choDakara kupatha pAkhaDa (jainadharma) kA pravartana kregaa| tuccha manupya mAyA me vimohita hokara, gauca AcAra ko choDakara Izvara kI avajA karane vAle vrata dhAraNa krege| na snAna, na Acamana / brahma, brAhmaNa, yana sabake nidaka aise purupa hoge, jo veda viruddha AcaraNa karake naraka me girege| 1 zrImadbhAgavata skanva 5, adhyAya 2

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26 ] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa yaha RSabhAvatAra rajoguNa se vyApta manuSyoM ko mokSamArga sikhalAne ke lie huaa|"1 zrImadbhAgavata ke ukta kathana meM se yadi usa aMga ko nikAla diyA jAe, jo ki dhArmika virodha ke kAraNa likhA gayA hai to usase varAvara yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki Rpabhadeva ne hI jaina-dharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| kyoki jaina tIrthakara hI kevala-jAna ko prApta kara lene para "jina", "ahata" Adi nAmo se pukAre jAte hai aura usI avasthA me ve dharmopadeza karate hai jo ki unakI usa avasthA ke nAma para jainadharma yA Arhata-dharma kahalAtA hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ke dvArA unake putro ko jo upadeza diyA gayA hai vaha bhI vahuta ago me jaina dharma ke anukUla hI hai, usakA sAra nimna prakAra hai : 1 he putro ! manuSyaloka me zarIradhAriyo ke bIca me yaha garIra kaSTadAyaka hai, bhogane yogya nahI hai| ata. divya tapa karo, jisase ananta sukha kI prApti hotI hai| 2 jo koI mere se prIti karatA hai, viSayI jano se, strI se, putra se aura mitra se prIti nahI karatA, tathA loka me prayojana mAtra Asakti karatA hai vaha samadargI, prazAnta aura sAdhu hai / / ___3 jo indriyo kI tRpti ke lie parizrama karatA hai, use hama acchA nahIM mAnate, kyoki yaha garIra bhI AtmA ko klezadAyI hai| 4 jaba taka sAdhu Atmatattva ko nahI jAnatA, taba taka vaha ajJAnI hai| jaba taka yaha jIva karmakANDa karatA rahatA hai taba taka sava karmoM kA, zarIra aura mana dvArA AtmA se vandha hotA rahatA hai| 5 guNo ke anusAra ceSTA na hone se vidvAn pramAdI ho, ajJAnI vanakara, maithuna-sukha-pradhAna ghara meM vasa kara aneka satApo ko prApta hotA hai| 6 purupa kA strI ke prati jo kAmabhAva hai, yahI hRdaya kI granthi hai| isI se jIva ko ghara, kheta, putra, kuTumba aura dhana se moha hotA hai| 1. zrImadbhAgavata skandha 5, adhyAya 6

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[27 dvitIya adhyAya : Adarga mahApuruSa 7 java hRdaya kI granthi ko vanAe rakhane vAle mana kA vandhana githila ho jAtA hai, tava yaha jIva sasAra se chUTatA hai aura mukta hokara paramaloka ko prApta hotA hai| 8 java vaha sAra-asAra kA bheda karAne vAlI va ajJAnAndhakAra kA nAga karane vAlI merI bhakti karatA hai aura tRSNA , sukha-du.kha kA tyAga kara tattva ko jAnane kI icchA karatA hai, tathA tapa ke dvArA sava prakAra kI ceSTAo kI nivRtti karatA hai, tava mukta hotA hai| 6. jIvo kI jo viSayoM kI cAha hai, vahI andhakUpa ke samAna naraka me jIva ko paTakatI hai| 10 atyanta kAmanA vAlA tathA napTadRSTi vAlA yaha jagata apane kalyANa ke hetuo ko nahI jAnatA hai| 11 jo kubuddhi sumArga chor3a kumArga meM calatA hai, use dayAlu vidvAn kumArga meM kabhI bhI nahIM calane detaa| 12. he pUtro ! sava sthAvara-jagama jIvamAtra ko mere hI samAna samajha kara bhAvanA karanA yogya hai| ye sabhI upadeza jainadharma ke anusAra hai| iname na04 kA upade, to vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai, jo karmakANDa ko vandha kA kAraNa vatalAtA hai| jainadharma ke anusAra mana, vacana aura kAya kA nirodha kie vinA karmavandhana se chuTakArA nahI mila sakatA / kintu vaidika dharmoM meM yaha vAta nahI pAI jaatii| garIra ke prati nirmamattva honA, tattvajJAnapUrvaka tapa karanA, jIvamAtra ko apane samAna samajhanA, kAmavAsanA ke phande meM na phaMsanA, ye sava to vastataH jainadharma hI hai| ata zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra jainadharma kA udagama zrI Rpabhadeva se huA, aisA spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai|' bhagavAn Rpabha dvArA apane putro ko upadeza dene kA prasaga agazAstra meM bhI hai| sUtrakRtArA kA dvitIya adhyayana (prathama zrutaskandha) isI upadeza se bharA hai| bhagavAn Rpabhadeva ke sau putra the, jiname bharata sabase jyeSTha the| bharata ne rAjya-prApti ke bAda apane ninyAnave 1. jainadharma , pR0 6-7

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28] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa bhAiyo ko santApa diyaa| apane bar3e bhAI se dukhI hokara ve sabhI apane pitA bhagavAn Rpabha ke nikaTa pahuMce, jo ki apTApada parvata para sthita the aura jinhe divyajJAna utpanna ho gayA thaa| putro ne kahA ki he bhagavan / bharata hama logo se apanI AjA pAlana karAnA cAhatA hai, hame kyA karanA cAhie? tava bhagavAn Adi tIrthakara RSabhadeva ne apane putro ko agni kA dRSTAnta dekara yaha upadeza kiyA ki jaise kASTha se agni kI tRpti nahIM hotI hai usI prakAra vipayo kA bhoga karane se manuSya kI icchAnivRtti nahI hotI hai / bhagavAn ke isa upadeza kA varNana sUtrakatAga meM hai| isake pazcAt zrI RSabhadeva kA upadega sunakara unake ninyAnave putro ne sasAra ko asAra, vipayo ko kaTuphalavAle eva sAra rahita Ayu ko matavAle hAthI ke kAna ke samAna cacala tathA yuvAvasthA ko pahADI nadI ke samAna asthira jAnakara bhagavAn kI AjJA pAlana karane meM ho kalyANa hai-yaha samajha kara unake pAsa pravrajyA grahaNa kii| bhagavAn Rpabha apane pUrvajanma me cakravartI rAjA the| unake jIvana ke sambandha meM kalpasUtra me nimna prakAra kA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavAn RSabha prathama jina, tathA prathama tIrthakara the| unakA janma agaNita varSa pUrva usa atyanta prAcIna samaya meM huA thA, java ki loga vilkula azikSita tathA jIvana kI kalAo se pUrNa anabhijJa the| ve kogalI kahalAte the, kyoki unakA janma kogala arthAt ayodhyA me huA thaa| __AsADha kRSNA caturthI ko svarga se pRthvI para unakA avataraNa huaa| unake pitA kA nAma nAbhi aura mAtA kA nAma marudevI thaa| unakA janmasthAna ikSvAku-bhUmi ( ayodhyA) thaa| bhagavAna RSabha ke pitA kulakara the, kyoki ve hI sabase prathama kula arthAt vaMza ke 1 sUtrakRtAga, bhAga 1, prathama zrutaskandha, dvitIya adhyayana 2 vahI bhAga 1, prathama zrutaskandha, dvitIya adhyayana kI bhUmikA. --(TIkAkAra zIlAkAcArya) 3 samavAyAga, sUtra 23 /

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dvitIya avyAya . Adarza mahApuruSa [ 26 pravartaka the| caitra kRSNA aSTamI ko bhagavAn kA janma huaa| ve kAzyapa gotra ke the| bhagavAn RSabha prathama rAjA, prathama zramaNa, prathama jina tathA prathama tIrthakara the| ve caurAsI lAkha-varSa taka isa pRthvI para rahe, jisame vIsa lAkha-varSa rAjakumAra avasthA me, tresaTha lAkhavarSa rAjA ke rUpa meM, eka hajAra varSa tapasvI ke rUpa me, ninyAnave hajAra varpa kevalI ke rUpa me rhe| unakA 83 lAkha-varpa gRhasthaavasthA kA aura 1 lAkha-varpa zramaNa avasthA kA kAla hai| bhagavAn RSabha ne apane 63 lAkha-varpo ke rAjya-kAla me mAnava jAti ke hita ke lie aneka prakAra ke jJAna-vijJAna tathA kalAo kA praNayana, samvarddhana eva zikSaNa kiyaa| unhone manuSyo ko lekhana, gaNita, jyotipa Adi 72 prakAra ke vijJAna, nRtya, gAyana, vAdana Adi 64 prakAra kI striyopayogI kalAo, miTTI ke vartana vanAnA, lohA, sonA, cA~dI Adi dhAtuo ke kAma, ra~gAI, bunAI tathA nAI ke kAma Adi 100 prakAra ko mAnavIya kalAo tathA kRpi, vANijya Adi vyavasAyo kI zikSA dii| anta me apane sau putro kA rAjyAbhipeka kara unhe pRthak pRthak rAjya arpaNa kiyaa| bhagavAn Rpabha manuSya jAti ko sasAra me praviSTa hone kI zikSA dene ke lie hI nahI Ae the, kintu sasAra me praviSTa jano ko umase nikalane kA mArga vatAne kA uttaradAyitva bhI unhI ke Upara thaa| ata. gRhasthajIvana me janakalyANa me vyasta bhagavAn Rpabha ko laukAntika jAti ke devatAo ne sambodhita kiyA aura unhe vAstavika AtmakalyANa tathA janakalyANa karane kA mArga vtaayaa| ve gRhastha jIvana se Uva uThe aura caitra kRSNA aSTamI ke dina sudarzanA nAmaka givikA para ArohaNa karake siddhArtha vana nAmaka upavana me gaye, jahA~ azoka vRkSa ke nIce unhone cAra muTThiyoM se apane kego ko ukhaaddaa| aDhAI dina kA nirjala upavAsa kara 1 tIrthakaro ko janakalyANa ke lie prerita karane eva unakA niSkramaNa tathA tapa-kalyANaka manAne ke lie laukAntika deva, svargaloka se manuSya loka para Ate haiN| -uttarAdhyana, 22, rathanemIya, pR0 235 tathA AcArAga 2-15

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30] jana agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa cAra hajAra prazasta, ucca kulIna manuSyo ke sAtha anagAra avasthA ko prApta kiyaa| eka hajAra varSa ke nirantara tapazcaraNa eva adhyAtma cintana ke vAda unhe kevalajJAna prApta huaa| isake vAda hajAra varSoM taka ve prANimAtra ko Atma-kalyANa kA mArga batAne meM vyasta rahe / avasarpiNI kAla ke supama-suSamA vibhAga ke samApta hone me java tIna varSa, sADhe ATha mAha raha gaye tava bhagavAn RSabha ne mAgha kRSNA trayodazI ke dina aSTApada (kailAza ) parvata ke zikhara para dasa hajAra sAdhuo ke sAtha nirvANa prApta kiyaa| bhagavAn Rpabha ke 84 gaNa tathA 84 gaNadhara the| unake saMgha me 84 hajAra zramaNa, tIna lAkha bhikSuNI, tIna lAkha pA~ca hajAra upAsaka, paoNca lAkha caUana hajAra upAsikAe~, tathA aneka caUdaharvadhArI, avadhinAnI, mana paryayajAnI, kevalajJAnI, RddhidhArI Adi sAdhu the| bhagavAn RSabha ko mukti-lAbha kie 42002 varSa 8 / mAha kama eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama vyatIta ho cukA hai| - uttarAdhyayana me kezimuni tathA gautama muni ke samvAda ke samaya RSabha tathA mahAvIra ke samaya kI tulanA kI gaI hai| usame kahA gayA hai ki prathama tIrthakara ke samaya me manuSya buddhi me jaDa hone para bhI prakRti ke sarala the, kintu antima tIrthakara ke samaya ke manuSya jaDa tathA prakRti ke kuTila hai / RSabha prabhu ke anuyAyI puruSo ko dharma samajhanA kaThina hotA thA, parantu samajhane ke bAda use dhAraNa karane me samartha hone ke kAraNa ve bhavasAgara pAra utara jAyA karate the, kintu antima tIrthakara ke anuyAyiyo ko dharma samajhanA sarala hai, parantu unase dharma kA pAlana karavAnA kaThina hai / 2 anya tIrthakara bhagavAn Rpabha ke nirvANa ke vAda unake dvArA dikhAe hae mArga para AtmakalyANa tathA janakalyANa karane kA kArya anya 23 tIrthakaro ne kiyaa| uname se 20 tIrthakaro ke vAre me kisI prakAra kI 1 2 jaina mUtrAj bhAga 1 (kalpasUtra), pR0 281-285 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyayana 23 , pR0 253

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa viziSTa sAmagrI upalabdha nahI hai, jo ki unake jIvana para prakAza DAla ske| kalpasUtra me una sabhI ke nAma tathA eka tIrthakara se dUsare tIrthakara ke nirvANa-kAla kA antara diyA gayA hai| anya 23 tIrthakaro ke nAma nimna prakAra hai - 1 ajita, 2 sambhava, 3 abhiNadaNa (abhinandana), 4 sumai ( sumati ), 5 paumappaha ( padmaprabha ), 6 supAsa ( supArzva ) 7 candappaha (candraprabha ), 8 suvidhi, PS sIala (gItala ), 10 sijjasa ( zreyAsa ), 11 vAsupujja (vAsupUjya), 12 vimala, 13 aNata ( ananta), 14 dhamma (dharma), 15 santi ( zAnti ), 16 kuntha (kunthu), 17. ara ( araha ), 18 mallI, 16 muNisuvvaya (munisuvrata), 20 nami, 21 nemi, 22 pAsa (pArva), 23 baddhamANa ( varddhamAna ) / "nAyAdhammakahAo" me unnIsave tIrthakara mallI ke jIvana kA kucha vivaraNa milatA hai| mallI ke pitA kA nAma kumbhaka aura mAtA kA nAma prabhAvatI thaa| mallI ko choDa vAkI 23 tIrthakara puruSa the, kevala mallI strI thii| vaha janma se hI atyanta rUpavatI thii| usake nayana adhika ramaNIya, oSTha vimvaphala ke samAna sundara, dAta kI pakti atyanta zveta, kamala kI taraha sundara aura komala aga tathA pUrNa vikasita kamala ke samAna sugandhita ni zvAsa thaa| bacapana pAra kara java rAjakumArI ne apanI yauvanAvasthA me praveza kiyA to unake saundarya para mugdha hokara chaha rAjA mallI ko prApta karane kI kAmanA karane lge| jaba vaha sau varSa meM kucha kama thI taba usane avadhijJAna se una chaho rAjAo ko jAna liyaa| rAjakumArI mallI ne mahala me apane pratirUpa eka suvarNa pratimA kA nirmANa karAyA, jisame Upara kI ora eka Dhakkana rkhaa| vaha pratidina Dhakkana uThAkara bhojana kA eka grAsa usame DAla diyA karatI thii| eka dina rAjakumArI ne chaho rAjAo ko apane ghara para nimatrita kiyaa| ___avasara pAkara rAjakumArI ne rAjAo ke samakSa apane pratirUpa usa sundara suvarNa pratimA kA, jisame va Upara kA Dhakkana uThAkara 1 samavAyAga, sUtra na0 24 /

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32] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa pratidina apane susvAdu bhojana kA eka eka grAsa DAla diyA karatI thI, Dhakkana Upara uThAyA / Dhakkana uThAnA thA ki durgandha kA jvArasA A gayA, mAre durgandha ke rAjAo kI nAka phaTane lagI, dama ghuTane lagA aura unhone uttarIya vastro se apane apane muha AcchAdita kara lie| tadanantara rAjakumArI jitagatru pramukha una sabhI rAjAo se isa prakAra volI ki "he devAnupriyo, isa ramaNIya suvarNa pratimA me manoja bhojana ke eka eka grAsa ko pratidina DAla dene para isa prakAra agubha paudgalika eva durgandha rUpa pariNamana huA to isa audArika (sthUla) zarIra kA, jo ki vAta, pitta, kapha, zoNita, pUya, mUtra, purIpa Adi se paripUrNa eva saDane aura galane ke svabhAva vAlA hai. atima pariNAma kyA hogA? ata. he devAnupriyo, Apa loga ina mAnavIya kAmabhogo me anurakta, gRddha evaM lubdha mata hoo|" isake bAda mallI ne dIkSA grahaNa karane kA vicAra kiyaa| devarAja gaka tathA rAjA kumbhaka ne mallo ko sihAsana para viThAyA, sone ke eka hajAra ATha kalagoM se abhiSeka kiyaa| isake vAda unhe givikA para viThAyA gyaa| devatA logo ne zivikA ko kandhe para uThAyA aura mallI ne sahasrAmravana me jAkara dIkSA dhAraNa kii| dIkSAdhAraNa ke sAtha hI mallI ko mana paryayajJAna huA / dIkSA ke dina hI ardharAtri ke samaya zubha pariNAma eva pragasta leNyA ke dvArA taTAvaraNa karmo kA nAza kara apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna me praveza karake mallI ne kevalanAna tathA kevaladarzana prApta kiyaa| mallI ne sahavAmravana se nikala kara bAhara bhramaNa karanA prArambha kiyA aura logo ko Atmonnati kA mArga vatAyA / AryikA mallI ke 28 gaNa tathA bhikSukapramukha 28 gaNadhara the| unake saMgha me 48 hajAra zramaNa, 55 hajAra AryikA, 1 lAkha 84 hajAra zrAvaka, 3 lAkha 65 hajAra zrAvikAeM tayA aneka pUrvanAnI, mana paryayajAnI tathA valanAnI ziSya the| anta me avagipTa karmoM kA nAza kara ganI ne nirvANa paayaa|' - 1 nANadhamma kahAno, AThavA adhyayana pR0 10

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dvitIya adhyAya Adarza mahApuruSa [ 33 prathama 22 tIrthakaro ke sambandha me aisI kisI bhI prakAra kI aitihAsika sAmagrI upalabdha nahI hai jisame ki unakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA sthApita kI jA sake / ina sabhI tIrthakaro meM ikSvAkuvaza me samvandha rakhane vAle tIrthakara adhika hai / inameM se prAya' adhiko ne sammeya (sammeta) parvata para nirvANa prApta kiyA hai / unake jIvanakAla kI lambI avadhi tathA eka tIrthakara se dUsare tIrthakara ke vIca ke aMtarAla para vicAra karane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye paurANika puruSa 24 buddho ke sakhyA kI samAnatA milAne ke lie hI sthApita kie gae hai / " sabhI tIrthakaro ko mukti lAbha kie Aja se nimnAkita samaya vyatIta ho cukA hai 1 nami, 5 84 686 varSa 2 munisuvrata, 1184880 varSa 3 mallI, 6584 680 varSa 1 4 araha, 10000 000 varSa 5 kunthu, palyopama kA eka cauthAI tIna 6 zAnti, 7 dharma, "1 11 tIna sAgaropama 13 8 ananta, sAta solaha vimala, 10 vAsupUjya, cAlIsa 11 zreyAsa, sau 12 zItala, eka karoDa 13 suvidhi, dasa karoDa 14 candraprabha, sau " 15 supArzva, eka hajAra 16 padmaprabha, dasa 11 17 sumati, eka lAkha,, 18 abhinadana, dasa lAkha,, lA0 ina0 e0 i0, pR0 19 11 " 13 27 37 11 11 73 33 21 (mallI ke mukti lAbha se pUrva ) 12 11 " 11 11 11 11 33 11 31 21 " 31 11 11 " " 11 11 }} 11 (42,003 varSa 8 || mAha kama, mahAvIra ke mukti lAbha se pUrva ) (gItala ke mukti lAbha se pUrva ) 11 = = = = 37 " 17 " "1 31 11 27 11 15 " = = = = "

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jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ( zItala ke mukti lAbha se pUrva ) 34 ] 33 16 sambhava, vIsa lAkha 20 ajita, pacAsa "" " 11 17 "} 51 #1 bhagavAn ariSTanemi anya pUrvavartI 21 tIrthakaro kI taraha 22 ve tIrthakara ariSTanemi ke jIvana ke sambandha meM bhI bahuta kama sAmagrI upalabdha hai / ye vAsudeva kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the / inake nAma kA ullekha yajurveda meM bhI milatA hai / " kalpasUtra me arhat ariSTanemi ke jIvana kA eka adhyAya hai, usake anusAra unake pitA kA nAma samudravijaya tathA mAtA kA nAma zivA thA / unakA janmasthAna saurIpura (zauryapura) thA / kArtika kRSNA dvAdazI ko aparAjita vimAna se avatarita hokara ve mAtA ke garbha me Ae aura zrAvaNa zuklA pacamI ke dina unhone pRthvI para janma liyA / unakI mAtA ne garbhakAla me svapna me cakra kI nemi dekhI thI ata unakA nAma nemi yA ariSTanemi rakhA gayA / zrAvaNa zuklA SaSThI ko uttara kuru nAmaka zivikA para ArohaNa karake bhagavAn dvArAvati ( dvArikApurI) hote hue sIdhe raivataka nAmaka upavana me pahu~ce jahA~ para unhone pacamuSTi kegaloca kiyA / tadanatara DhAI dina kA nirjala upavAsa kara hajAro manuSyo ke sAtha avaziSTa kezo kA luJcana karake unhone anagAra avasthA ko dhAraNa kiyA 13 arhatu ariSTanemi lagAtAra 54 dino taka zarIra kI kucha bhI paravAha kie vinA tapazcaraNa me magna rahe / 55ve dina Azvina kRSNA amAvasyA ko giranAra parvata kI coTI para vetasa vRkSa ke nIce unhe sampUrNa, pratipUrNa, nirAvaraNa, avyAhata kevalajJAna utpanna huA / 1 jaina sUtrAj bhAga 1 ( kalpasUtra, epAksa Aph dI iNTaramIDiyaTa tIrthaMkarAj) pR0 280 2 jaina darzana, pR0 6 tathA iDiyana philAsaphI, pustaka 1, pR0 287 3 tulanA, mahAbhArata - yuge yuge mahApuNya dRzyate dvArikApurI, avatIrNo hariryatra prabhAsazazibhUSaNa 1 revatAdrI jino nemiryugAdivimalAcale, RSINAmAzramAdeva muktimArgasya kAraNam || 7

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 35 arhat ariSTanemi ke 18 gaNa aura 18 gaNadhara the / unake sagha me 18 hajAra zramaNa, 40 hajAra AryikA, 1 lAkha 66 hajAra upAsaka, 3 lAkha 36 hajAra upAsikAe~ tathA aneka 14 pUrvajJAna ke dhArI, avadhijJAnI, mana. paryayajJAnI, kevalajJAnI, RddhidhArI eva caramazarIrI sAdhu, upAdhyAya tathA AcArya the / bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA jIvanakAla eka hajAra varSa kA thA, jisame ve tIna sau varSa rAjakumAra avasthA me, 54 dina tapasyA meM magna, aura kucha kama 700 varSa kevalI avasthA me rahe / avasarpiNI kAla ke duppama -supamA kAla kA adhika bhAga vyatIta ho cukane para ASADha zuklA aSTamI ke dina eka mAha kA nirjala upavAsa karake giranAra kI coTI para 556 sAdhuoM ke sAtha bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA nirvANa huA / taba se 84 hajAra 676 varSa vyatIta ho cuke hai / " uttarAdhyayana meM "rathanemIya" nAma kA eka prakaraNa hai jisameM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke jIvana kI usa mahAn ghaTanA para prakAga DAlA gayA hai jisane, unake jIvana me eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita kiyA aura jisake kAraNa ve sAsArika moha-mAyA ko tyAga kara muktipatha ke pathika vane / rathanemi ariSTanemi ke sahodara laghu bhrAtA the / yaha prakaraNa unhI ke nAma se hai kyoki isame mukhya rUpa se unake jIvana kI usa ghaTanA kA citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jisame ve sAdhujIvana svIkAra kara lene ke vAda bhikSuNI rAjImatI (jinake sAtha bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA vivAha sambandha nizcita huA thA) ko dekhakara sAdhutva se cyuta hone lagate haiM kintu bhikSuNI dvArA upadeza die jAne para puna sAdhutva meM sthira ho jAte hai / yadyapi ariSTanemi vAlyakAla se hI Azrama meM praveza karane kI unakI lezamAtra to vairAgya me DUbe hue the, kintu apane cacere 4 susaskArI the / gRhasthabhI icchA nahI thI / ve bhAI mahArAja kRSNa ke 1 jaina sUtrAj, bhAga 1 (kalpasUtra, lAipha Apha ariSTanemi ) pR0 276- 276

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36 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ati AgrahavA, unakA vivAha sambandha jUnAgaDha ke mahArAja ugrasena kI sugIlA, sunayanA suputrI rAjImatI ke sAtha nizcita huaa| bharapUra ThATavATa ke sAtha samasta yAdavakula sahita kumAra apane vivAha ke lie cala paDe / unake zvasura ne mAsAhArI atithiyo ke satkAra ke lie kucha pazuo ko apane ghara ke nikaTa eka vADe me vada kara rakhA thA / java vArAta usa vADe ke nikaTa pahu~cI to kumAra ne bhaya se pIDita eva cIkhate-cillAte hue una pazuo ko dakhakara sArathi se pUchA ki ye itane pazu isa taraha kyo roke gae hai / ariSTanemi ko yaha jAnakara atyanta dukha huA ki mere vivAha me atithiyo ke satkArArtha ina pazuo kA vadha kiyA jAne vAlA hai| ve vole ki yadi mere vivAha ke nimitta itane pazuo kA jovana saMkaTa meM hai to dhikkAra hai aise vivAha ko, ava mai vivAha nahI kruuNgaa| ve tatkSaNa ratha se nIce utara paDe aura mukuTa tathA kagana ko pheka kara vana kI ora cala die / vArAta me isa samAcAra ke phailate hI kuharAma maca gayA / jUnAgaDha ke anta pura me java rAjImatI ko yaha samAcAra milA to vaha mUcchita hokara gira pdd'ii| vahuta se loga neminAtha ko lauTAne ke lie dauDe, kintu vyartha / ve pAsa hI meM sthita giranAra parvata para caDha gae aura sahasrAmravana me digamvara ho AtmadhyAna me lIna ho ge| ___ hoga Ane para rAjImatI ne socA ki rAjakumAra ne mujhe tyAga diyA, rAjapATa tathA aizvarya sukha choDa kara unhone dIkSA dhAraNa kI aura ve yogI bana gae kintu maiM abhI taka ghara me hI huuN| mere jIvana ko dhikkAra hai, mujhe bhI dIkSA lenI cAhie, isI me merA kalyANa hai| yaha socakara vidupI rAjImatI ne vahuta-sI saheliyo tathA sevikAo ke sAtha dIkSA dhAraNa kI aura usI giranAra parvata para tapa karane lgii| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha Adhunika jaina-paramparA ke nirmAtA mahAvIra hai, isame kisI bhI vidvAn ko sadeha nahIM hai| kintu mahAvIra kI AcAra-vicAra paramparA. 1 uttarAdhyayana, a0 22, "rathanemIya", pR0 229

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza - mahApuruSa [ 37 unakI apanI hI thI athavA kisI pUrvavartI sAdhu kI, isa viSaya me pAJcAtya aitihAsika sadigdha avazya the / DA0 yAkovI jaise vidvAno ne unakA sadeha nivAraNa kiyA aura akATya pramANo ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ni.sadeha eka aitihAsika mahApuruSa hai / isa viSaya me DA0 yAkovI ne jo pramANa die uname jaina Agamo ke atirikta vauddha-piTaka kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / vauddhapiTakAta ullekhoM se jainAgamagata varNano kA mela viThAyA gayA, tava aitihAsiko kI pratIti dRDhatara huI ki mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha avazya hue hai / 1 # bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA siddha ho jAne ke bAda isa vAta me bhI koI saMdeha nahI rahA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jainaAcAra-vicAra kI paramparA pArzvanAtha se milI thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pitA pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI the, ata unheM jainAgamo me "pAzrvApatyika" kahA gayA hai / prApta Agamagrantho me aneka jagaha pArzvanAtha aura unakI paramparA ke sambandha me sUcanA prApta hotI hai | AcArAga, sUtrakRtAga, sthAnAMga, bhagavatI, uttarAdhyayana aura kalpasUtra isa vipaya me adhika mahattvapUrNa hai | bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA janma vArANasI (banArasa) me huA thA / rAjA azvasena unake pitA the / unakI mAtA kA nAma vAmAdevI thA / pauSa kRSNA dazamI ko unhone garbha me praveza kiyA aura mAha 7|| dina ke vAda pRthvI para janma liyA / unakI mAtA ne svapna - kAla me pAsa me reMgate hue kAle sarpa ko dekhA thA, ata unakA nAma pArzvanAtha rakhA gayA / 30 varSa taka ve ghara me rahe, aura isake vAda paupa kRSNA ekAdazI ke dina vigAlA nAma kI zivikA para ArohaNa karake banArasa se sIdhe Azramapada nAma ke upavana me Ae tathA agoka vRkSa ke nIce unhone pacamuSTi kegaluca kiyA / sADhe tIna dina kA nirjala upavAsa kara 300 anya manuSyoM ke sAtha avaziSTa kego ko ukhADa kara bhagavAn pArzva ne anagAra 1 jainamUtrAj, bhAga 2, prastAvanA, pR0 21 2. AcArAga 2, bhAvacUlikA 3, sUtra sa0 401, pR0 38

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38 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa avasthA ko prApta kiyA / ve 83 dina taka niratara tapazcaraNa me magna rahe / 84 ve dina caitra kRSNA caturthI ko dhAtako vRkSa ke nIce unhoMne kevalajJAna prApta kiyA / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke 8 gaNa tathA 8 gaNadhara the / unake sagha me 16 hajAra zramaNa, 18 hajAra AryikA, 1 lAkha 84 hajAra upAsaka, 3 lAkha 27 hajAra upAsikAe~ tathA aneka pUrvadhArI kevalajJAnI Adi the / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA jIvana kAla kula 100 varSo kA hai jisame ve 30 varSa taka gRhastha rhe| unhone 83 dina taka tapazcaraNa kara kevalajJAna prApta kiyA tathA kucha kama 70 varSa taka kevalI avasthA me niratara bhramaNa karate hue ve manuSyoM ko upadeza dete rahe / avasarpiNI kAla ke dUpama-supamA ke adhika bhAga samApta ho cukane ke bAda zrAvaNa zuklA aSTamI ke dina sammeta zikhara (pArzvanAtha hila) para 83 sAdhuo ke sAtha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne nirvANa pAyA / unake nirvANa ko 1226 varSa vyatIta ho cuke hai / " bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA samaya mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai | pArzvanAtha ne apane jIvana kAla meM aneka sthAno kI yAtrA kI jiname ahichatta, Amalakappa, sAvatthI, hatthinApura, kampillapura, sAgeya, rAyagiha tathA kosamvI pradhAna hai / ve " purisAdAnIya" arthAt manuSyo ke sammAnIya rUpa me prasiddha the | 3 pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se calA Ane vAlA dharma cAturyAma dharma kahalAtA thA jisakA varNana sthAnAgamUtra me milatA hai / 1 sarvaprANAtipAta viramaNa, 2. sarvamRpAvAda viramaNa, 3 sarvaadattAdAna viramaNa aura 4 sarvavahidvAdANa viramaNa arthAt sapUrNa prakAra kI hisA, jhUTha, corI tathA parigraha se nivRtti | 4 TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne vahiddhAdANa kA artha, parigraha kiyA hai / isa parigraha me abrahma kA tyAga bhI iSTa thA / 1 jainasUtrAj, bhAga 1 ( kalpasUtra, lAiph Aph pArzva, 2 vahI bhAga 2 uttarAdhyayana, noTa na0 3 pR0, 189 3 4 lA0 ina0 e0 i0, pR0 18 sthAnAgasUtra 266, pR0 189 pR0 271

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- - . [36 dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa pApityika paramparA vuddha ke samaya vidyamAna thii| buddha tathA unake anuyAyI isa paramparA se pUrNa abhina the| vauddhapiTako me nirgrantha sAdhu ke lie AyA huA "cAturyAmasavarasavutto" vizeSaNa hameM pArzvanAtha kI isI paramparA kI ora saketa karatA hai / mahAtmA buddha ne gRha-tyAga ke bAda kucha dina taka nirgrantha AcAra kA pAlana kiyaa| usake sAtha tatkAlIna nirgrantha AcAra kA java hama milAna karate hai tathA vauddhapiTako me pAye jAne vAle AcAra aura tattvajJAna sambandhI kucha pAribhASika zabdoM,2 jo kevala nirgrantha pravacana me hI pAye jAte hai, para vicAra karate hai to aisA mAnane me koI sadeha nahIM rahatA ki buddha ne bhale hI thoDe samaya ke lie ho, pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ko svIkAra kiyA thA / vauddha vidvAn adhyApaka dharmAnanda kozAmbI bhI isa mAnyatA se sahamata hai|4 1 dIghanikAya, mAmaJjaphalasutta / 2. puggala, Asava, maMvara, upomatha, sAvaka, uvAsaga ityAdi / puggala zabda bauddha piTaka me jIva vyakti kA vodhaka hai (majjhimanikAya, 104) / jainaparamparA me vaha zabda sAmAnya rUpa se jaDa paramANuo ke artha me rUDha ho gayA hai| to bhI bhagavatI tathA dazavakAlika ke prAcIna staro me usakA bauddha-piTaka svIkRta artha bhI surakSita rahA hai / Asava aura maMvara, ye dono zabda paraspara viruddhArthaka haiN| Amavacitta yA AtmA ke kleza kA bodhaka hai, javaki savara umake nivAraNa eva nivAraNa upAya kA / ye dono zanda jaina Agama aura bauddhapiTaka me samAna artha meM prayukta hote hai (sthAnAga sUtra 1 lA sthAna, samavAyAgasUtra 5vA samavAya, majjhima nikAya, 2 ) / 'uposatha' zabda gRhastho ke upavrata vizeSa kA vodhaka hai jo piTako me AtA hai (dIghanikAya 26) / usI kA eka rUpa posaha yA popadha bhI hai jo Agamo meM prayukta hotA dekhA jAtA hai (uvaaskdsaao)| sAvaka tathA uvAsaga-ye dono zavda kisI na kisI rUpa me piTaka (dIgha nikAya 4 ) tathA Agamo me pahale se pracalita rahe hai / 3 jaina darzana, pR0 7 4 pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAmadharma, pR0, 24-26

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40 ] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAna pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma tathA mahAvIra ke paMcamahAvrata kA antara uttarAdhyayana ke 23 ve adhyayana meM varNita hai / vahA~ pAvapityika nirgranthakegI aura mahAvIra ke pramukha gipya indrabhUti (gautama), dono ke zrAvastI me milane kI aura AcAra-vicAra ke kucha praznoM para savAda hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai| kezI pAvapityika prabhAvazAlI nirgrantha rUpa se nirdiSTa hai | indrabhUti to mahAvIra ke sAkSAt gipya hI hai| unake bIca kI vArtA ke viSaya kaI hai, para yahA~ prastuta do hI hai| kezI gautama se pUchate hai ki he mune / pArzva ne cArayAma-rUpa dharma kA upadeza diyA, javaki varddhamAna mahAvIra pacamahAvrata rUpa dharma batalAte hai, mo kyo ? isI taraha pArzvanAtha ne sacela ( savastra) dharma vatalAyA, ki mahAvIra ne acela (vastra rahita ) dharma, so kyo ? isake javAva me indrabhUti ne kahA ki tattvadRSTi se cArayAma aura paMcamahAvrata meM koI antara nahI hai, kevala vartamAna yuga kI kama aura viparIta samajha dekhakara hI mahAvIra ne vizeSa zuddhi kI dRSTi se cAra ke sthAna para pAca mahAvrata kA upadeza diyA hai / mokSa kA vAstavika kAraNa to Antara jJAna, darzana aura guddha cAritra hI hai / indrabhUti ke uttara kI yathArthatA dekhakara kegI paMcamahAvrata dharma svIkAra karate hai aura isa prakAra mahAvIra ke sagha ke eka aga vanate hai / ' java I uttarAdhyayana ke ukta prakaraNa se yaha vAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki pArzva ke cAturyAma dharma aura mahAvIra ke pacamahAvrata dharma me koI antara nahI hai / pAvapityika paramparA ke cAra yAmo me se "vahiddhAdANa" kA artha jAnanA yahA~ Avazyaka hai / navAgI - TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne "vahiddhAdANa " zabda kA artha "parigraha " sUcita kiyA hai ! " parigraha se virati " yaha pArzvapityiko kA cauthA yAma thA jisameM abrahma kA varjana avazya abhipreta thA / " isa prakAra pArzva ke cAturyAma dharma me " vahiddhAdANa" kA artha parigraha tathA abrahma dono hai kintu jaba manuSya sulabha durbalatA ke 1 uttarAdhyayana a0 23 zloka 23, 32 pR0 252 2 iha ca maithuna parigrahe'ntarbhavati, na hi aparigRhItA yopid bhujyate, --sthAnAga, 266 sUtravRtti.

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dvitIya adhyAya . Adarza mahApuruSa [41 kAraNa abrahma-viramaNa me mithilatA AI aura parigraha-virati ke artha me spaSTatA karane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, tava mahAvIra ne abrahmaviramaNa ko parigraha viramaNa se alaga svatatra yamarUpa meM svIkAra karake paoNca mahAvrato kI bhISma-pratijJA nirgrantho ke lie rakhI aura svaya usa pratijA-pAlana ke agraNI hue| itanA hI nahIM, balki kSaNakSaNa ke jIvana-krama meM badalane vAlI manovRttiyo ke kAraNa hone vAle mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika dopa bhI mahAvIra ko nirgrantha jIvana ke lie atyanta akharane lage, isalie unhone nirgranthajIvana me satata jAgRti rakhane ke lie pratikramaNa dharma ko bhI sthAna diyA, jisase ki pratyeka nirgrantha sAya-prAta apane jIvana kI truTiyo kA nirIkSaNa kare aura lage dopo kI AlocanApUrvaka bhavipya me dopo se bacane ke lie guddha sakalpa ko dRDha kare / unake isa kaThora prayatna ke kAraNa hI cAra yAma kA nAma smRtigeSa raha gayA tathA pA~ca mahAvrata sayama dharma ke jIvita aga bane / java cAra yAma me se mahAvIra ke pA~ca mahAvrata aura buddha ke pA~ca gIla ke vikAsa para vicAra karate hai, tava kahanA paDatA hai ki pArvanAtha ke cAra yAma kI paramparA kA jAtaputra ne apanI dRSTi ke anusAra aura gAkyaputra ne apanI dRSTi ke anusAra vikAsa kiyA / adhyApaka dharmAnanda kogAmbI ke "pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAmadharma" nAmaka pustaka likhane kA tAtparya bhI yahI batalAnA hai ki gAkya putra ne pAvanAtha ke cAturyAmadharma kI paramparA kA vikAsa kisa taraha kiyaa| AcArAga me kahA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ne gRha tyAga karate samaya eka vastra dhAraNa kiyA thA / kramaza unhone usakA hamezA ke lie tyAga kara diyA aura pUrNatayA acelatva svIkAra kiyaa| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ne sacelatva meM se acelatva kI ora kadama vddhaayaa| pAzrvApatyika-paramparA me nirgrantho ke lie maryAdita vastra dhAraNa varjita na thA, java ki mahAvIra ne vastradhAraNa ke vAre me anekAnta 1 cAra tIrthakara, pR0 151, 152 2 vahI, pR0 155 3 AcArAga 191

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42 ] OMna-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vidhAma dRSTi se kAma liyaa| unhone salatva aura acelatva-dono ko nigranthasagha ke lie yathAzakti aura yathAruci sthAna diyaa| isI kAraNa unake nirgrantha sagha meM macela aura acela dono nigrantha apanI-apanI ruci eva bhakti kA vicAra karake ImAnadArI ke sAtha parampara udAra bhAva se rahe / mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki mukti ke lie to mugya aura pAramArthika liga-sAdhana, jAna, darzana, cAritra rUpa AdhyAtmika sapatti hai, acelatva yA sacelatva yaha to laukika vAhya ligamAtra hai, pAramArthika nahI / ' pArzvasaMgha jaina Agama-grantho me aneka jagaha pAva tathA unake anuyAyiyoM kA (pAsAccijja-pAzrvApatyika) varNana milatA hai| hama kaha cuke hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pAva ke anuyAyI the| ___ kAlAsavesI nAmaka pArarvApatyika kA varNana bhagavatI sUtra me hai jo ki kinhI sthaviro me milA aura jisane sAmAyika, sayama, pratyAkhyAna, kAyotsarga Adi para aneka prazna kiye| sthaviro dvArA saMtopapUrNa uttara pAne ke vAda kAlAsavesI ne mahAvIra ke pacamahAvrata aura pratikramaNa dharma ko svIkAra kiyA !2 ___ bhagavatI sUtra meM eka anya jagaha gAgeya nAmaka pApityika kA varNana hai / vANijya grAma me jAkara usane bhagavAn mahAvIra se jIvo kI utpatti, cyuti ke sabadha me prazna kiyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra se satopapUrNa uttara pAkara gAgeya ko unakI sarvatratA kI pratIti huI aura ata me vaha sapratikramaNa pacamahAvrata svIkAra kara mahAvIra ke saMgha kA aga vana gayA / sUtrakRtAMga me eka pArvApatyika udaka peDhAla kA varNana hai, jo ki gautama ke pAsa AyA aura kucha prazno kA sayuktika uttara pAkara mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita ho gyaa| 1. cAra tIrthakara, pR 150 2 bhagavatI mUtra, 1. 9 76 3 vahI, 6 32 378, 379. 4 sUtrakRtAT, nAladIya adhyayana, 2. 7 71, 72, 81.

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 43 pAravapityika nirgrantha kezI tathA mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama ke paraspara milana - vArtA aura ata me kezI ke mahAvIra sagha me sammilita hone kI bAta hama pahile hI kaha cuke hai / bhagavatI sUtra me kucha aise thero ( sthaviro) kA varNana milatA hai jo ki rAjagRha meM mahAvIra se maryAdApUrvaka mile, kucha AdhyAtmika prazna kiye, zAntipUrvaka unakA uttara sunA, aura mahAvIra kI sarvajJatA kI pratIti kara unake ziSya vana gaye / 1 Avazyaka cUrNi me aise aneka pAvapityiko kA varNana milatA hai jo ki mahAvIra ke bhramaNa kAla me upasthita the / uppala aisA hI eka pArzva kA anuyAyI thA, jisane ki sAdhu-jIvana kI kaThina tapasyA se ghavaDAkara gRhastha dharma ko svIkAra kara liyA thA aura phira "aTThiyAgAma" me bhaviSyavaktA (namitta) kA vyavasAya kara apanA jIvana vyatIta karane lagA thA / sImA aura jayantI nAma kI usakI do vahino ne bhI pArzva kA dharma svIkAra kiyA thA, kintu usakI kaThoratA se ghabaDAkara zramaNadharma choDakara vaidika dharma ko apanA liyA thA / 3 tugiyAgrAma pAvapityika thero kA kendra mAnA gayA hai / vahA~ para pArzva ke anuyAyI sAdhu 500 kA sagha banAkara bhramaNa kiyA karate the / usa grAma ke nivAsI pAvapityika zrAvaka unake pAsa dharma-zravaNa ke lie jAyA karate the aura unase khUba tattva carcA kiyA karate the / eka vAra rAjagRha me bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama dvArA pArzvapityika thero aura zrAvako kI dharma carcA kI bAta sunI thI / 4 nAyAdhammakahAo me varNana hai ki zramaNopAsakA kAlI ko vairAgya utpanna ho gayA aura usane AryikA puSpacUlA ke nikaTa bhagavAn pArzva ke dharma ko svIkAra kiyA / " 1 2 3 4 gaa bhagavatI sUtra, 59 226 Avazyaka cUrNa, pR0 273 vahI, pR0 286 bhagavatI sUtra, 25. nAyAdhammakahAo, 21 pR0 222

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44 ] jaina aMgazAratra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa bauddha grantho me nirgrantha kA 'eka gATaka' vizepaNa pAzrvApatyika nirgrantho kI ora hI saketa karatA hai| jaina-Agama tathA vauddha-sAhitya ke uparyukta uddharaNo me isa vAta kI sUcanA milatI hai ki mahAvIra se pUrva pArzvanAtha ne jisa nirgrantha dharma aura sagha kA nirmANa kiyA thA usane mahAvIra ke dharma aura saghanirmANa ke lie nIva kA kAma kiyA / pArzvakAlIna zruta jaina Agamo me jahA~ kahI bhI anagAra dharma svIkAra karane kI kathA hai vahA~ yA to yaha kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAmAyika Adi 11 aga paDhatA hai yA caturdaga pUrva paDhatA hai|' zAstro me yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki AcArAga Adi 11 ago kI racanA mahAvIra ke anugAmI gaNadharo ne kii| bhagavatIsUtra me aneka jagaha mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai ki amuka vastu puruSAdAnIya pArzvanAtha ne vahI kahI hai jisako mai bhI kahatA huuN| aura java hama yaha bhI dekhate hai ki mahAvIra kA tattvajJAna vahI hai jo pArvApatyika paramparA se calA AtA hai tava hame 'pUrva' zabda kA artha samajhane me koI dikkata nahIM aatii| 'pUrva' zruta kA artha spaSTatayA yahI hai ki jo zruta mahAvIra ke pUrva se pAzrvApatyika paramparA dvArA calA AtA thA aura jo kisI na kisI rUpa me mahAvIra ko bhI prApta huA / DA0 yAkovI kA bhI aisA hI mata hai|4 jaina zruta ke mukhya vipaya navatattva, pacaastikAya, AtmA aura 1 aguttaranikAya, chakka nipAta, 2 1 11 aga paDhane kA ullekha, bhagavatI 11 9.4, 18 16 5, pR0 76. jAtA dharmakathA, a0 12 , 14 pUrva paDhane kA ullekha bhagavatI sUtra 11. 11 432 , 17 2 617 , jJAtA-dharmakathA a05 / jAtA-dharma kathA a06 me pAMDavo ke 14 pUrva paDhane kA eva draupadI ke 11 aga paDhane kA ullekha hai / isI prakAra jAtA02. 1 me kAlI sAdhvI banakara 11 aga paTanI hai, aisA varNana hai| nadI sUtra (vijayadAnasUri sazodhita), vaNi pR0 111 4 jaina sUtrAj 1, prastAvanA pR0 44

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [45 karma kA savadha, usake kAraNa, unakI nivRtti ke upAya, karma kA svarUpa Adi hai| inhI vipayo kA mahAvIra aura unake ziSyo ne sakSepa se vistAra aura vistAra se sakSepa kara bhale hI kahA ho, para ve saba viSaya pArvApatyika paramparA ke pUrvavartI zruta me kisI na kisI rUpa se nirUpita the, isa viSaya me koI sadeha nahI / eka bhI sthAna para mahAvIra athavA unake zipyo meM se kisI ne bhI aisA nahI kahA ki mahAvIra kA zru ta apUrva arthAt sarvathA navIna hai| caudaha pUrva ke vipayo kI eva unake bheda-prabhedo kI jo TUTI-phUTI yAdI naMdIsatra tathA dhavalA 2 me milatI hai usakA AcArAga Adi 11 ago me tathA anya upAMgAdi zAstro me pratipAdita vipayo ke sAtha milAna karane para isame sadeha nahI rahatA ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra-vicAra vipayaka mukhya prazno kI carcA pApityika paramparA ke pUrvazrata aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ke agopAga zruta me samAna hI hai| kalpasUtra me varNana hai ki mahAvIra ke sagha me 300 zramaNa 14 parva ke dhArI the| isase maiM abhI taka nimnalikhita niSkarSa para AyA hU~ ki - 1 pArvakAlIna paramparA kA pUrva-zruta mahAvIra ko kisI na kisI rUpa me avazya prApta huA, tathA usI me pratipAdita vipayoM para AcArAga Adi gratho kI pRthak-pRthak hAtho se racanA huii| 2 mahAvIrazAsita saba me pUrva zruta aura AcArAga Adi zruta dono kI vaDI pratiSThA rahI, phira bhI pUrva-zruta kI mahimA adhika hI kI jAtI rahI hai| isI se hama digambara tathA zvetAmvara, donoM paramparAo ke sAhitya me AcAryoM kA aisA prayatna pAte hai ki ve apane apane karmavipayaka tathA jJAna Adi vipayaka itara pUrAtanagraMtho kA sabadha usa vipaya ke pUrva nAmaka gratha se jor3ate haiN| dono paramparA ke varNana se itanA nizcita mAlUma par3atA hai ki sArI nirgrathaparamparA apane vartamAna zruta kA mUla 'pUrva' me mAnatI AI hai|4 1 nadIsUtra, pR0 106 2 paTkhaDAgama (dhavalA TIkA) pustaka 1, pR0 114 jainasUtrAja bhAga 1 (kalpasUtra 5), pR0 268 4. cAra tIrthakara, pR0 155

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46 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 3 pUrva zruta meM jisa-jisa deza kAla kA eva jina-jina vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA prativimva thA usame AcArAMga Adi ago se bhinna deza-kAla eva bhinna-bhinna vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA prativimba paDA, yaha svAbhAvika hai, phira bhI AcAra eva tattvajJAna ke mukhya praznoM ke svarUpa me donoM me koI vizeSa aMtara nahI paDA / 4 bhagavAn mahAvIra janmakAlIna paristhiti : Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva mahAvIra ke janma se pahile, bhArata kI sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanetika sthiti aisI thI, jo ki eka viziSTa Adarza kI apekSA rakhatI thI / deza me aise aneka maTha the jahA~ rahakara sAdhu loga vibhinna prakAra kI tAmasika tapasyAe~ kiyA karate the / aneka aise Azrama the jahA~ mAyAvI manuSya ke samAna mamatva rakhane vAle vaDe-baDe dharmaguru rahate the| kitanI hI sasthAe~ aisI thIM jahA~ vidyA kI apekSA karmakANDa kI, vizeSakara yajJa kI pradhAnatA thI aura una yajJo me pazuo kA validAna dharma mAnA jAtA thA / ' samAja 2 eka aisA vaDA dala thA, jo pUrvaja ke parizramapUrvaka upArjita gurupada ko apane janma siddha adhikAra ke rUpa me sthApita karatA thA / usa varga me uccatA kI aura vidyA kI aisI kRtrima asmitA rUDha ho gaI thI ki jisake kAraNa vaha anya kitane hI logo ko apavitra mAnakara apane se nIca aura ghRNA yogya samajhatA, unakI chAyA ke sparza taka ko pApa mAnatA, tathA grantho ke arthahIna paThanamAtra meM pANDitya mAnakara dUsaro para apanI gurusattA calAtA / gAstra aura usakI vyAkhyAe~ vidvadgamya bhASA me hotI thI, isase janasAdhAraNa usa samaya una zAstro se yatheSTa lAbha uThA na pAtA thA / striyo, zUdro aura vizeSakara ati zUdro ko kisI bhI vAta se Age vaDhane kA pUrA avasara nahI milatA thaa| unakI AdhyAtmika mahattvAkAkSAo ke jAgRta hone kA athavA jAgRta hone ke vAda unake puSTa rakhane kA 1 2 zatapatha brAhmaNa, kA0 3, a0 7, 8, hai vahI, kA0 3, a0 1, brA0

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApurupa [47 koI vizeSa avalambana na thA / pahile se pracalita jaina guruo kI paramparA me bhI vaDI zithilatA A gaI thii| rAjanaitika sthiti me kisI prakAra kI ekatA na thii| gaNasattAtmaka tathA rAjasattAtmaka rAjya idhara-udhara vikhare hue the| yaha sava kalaha me jitanA anurAga rakhate the, utanA mela-milApa meM nhii| pratyeka eka dUsare ko kucala kara apane rAjya-vistAra kA prayatna karatA thaa| aisI paristhiti ko dekhakara usa kAla ke kitane hI vicAragIla' aura dayAlu vyaktiyo kA vyAkula honA svAbhAvika thaa| usa dazA ko sudhArane kI icchA, kitane hI logo kI hotI thii| vaha sudhArane kA prayatna bhI karate the aura aise prayatna kara sakane vAle netA kI apekSA rakhate the| aise samaya me mahAvIra kA janma huaa|' bhagavAn pArzva ke nirvANa ke vAda jaina paramparA ke sabase pravala pracAraka bhagavAn mahAvIra hue| ve isa avasarpiNI kAla ke 24 tIrthakaro me se sabase atima tIrthakara the| Aja se kucha hI dazaka pUrva Adhunika vidvAn isa mahApuruSa ko eka kAlpanika daivI vibhUti mAnate the| kintu jaina-Agama-grantho ke prakAza eva pracAra me A jAne ke bAda prAya sabhI pUrvIya tathA pAzcAtya vidvAn isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca cuke hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra eka aitihAsika mahApurupa hai|4 mahAvIra svarga se avatarita hokara savase prathama RSabhadatta kI patnI brAhmaNI devAnada ke garbha me aae| saudharma svarga ke indra zakra ne . aisA socakara ki tIrthakara kabhI bhI brAhmaNI ke garbha se janma nahI lete, unhe brAhmaNI ke garbha se nikAla kara kSatriyANI trizalA ke garbha me rakha diyA / 5 1 Apastamba, 3 9 15. (jahA~ cADAla rahatA ho, vahA~ veda nahI paDhanA cAhie) , gautama 124 6 (zUdra yadi veda kA pATha suna le to usake kAno me zIzA galAkara DAla denA cAhie, yadi vaha vedoccAraNa kare to jIbha kATa lenA caahie| cAra tIrthakara, pR 37 3. sthAnAga, sUtra 53 4 caina sUbAja, bhAga 1, prastAvanA pR0 10 5 mAcArAga, 2 15 tathA jaina mutrAj, bhAga 1 (kalpa mUtra) 2 17-30

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48 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa mAnava-vaza ke itihAsa meM isa prakAra kI ghaTanA sabase anokhI mAlUma hotI hai / jise Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga me sahasA svIkAra nahI kiyA jA sktaa| Adhunika jaina vidvAn pa0 sukhalAla jI saghavI ne isa asagata ghaTanA kA khulAsA karate hue likhA hai ki --- (1) mahAvIra kI jananI to brAhmaNI devAnadA hI hai, kSatriyANItrigalA nhii| (2) trigalA jananI to nahI hai, para vaha bhagavAn ko goda lene vAlI yA apane ghara para rakhakara samvardhana karane vAlI mAtA avazya hai| trigalA dvArA mahAvIra sambardhana ke aneka kAraNa ho sakate hai| trizalA ke koI apanA aurasa putra na hogaa| strI mulabha putravAsanA kI pUrti usane devAnaMdA ke aurasa putra ko apanA banAkara kI hogii| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI sabhava hai ki mahAvIra choTI umra se hI usa samaya brAhmaNa-paramparA me atirUDha hisaka yajJa aura dUsare nirarthaka kriyAkANDI-kula-dharma-viruddha-saskAra vAle tathA tyAgI prakRti ke the| unhe choTI umra me hI kisI nigraMtha paramparA ke tyAgI bhikSu ke sasarga me Ane kA avasara milA hogA aura usa nirgrantha saskAra se unakI svAbhAvika tyAga vRtti kI puSTi huI hogii| mahAvIra ke tyAgAbhimukha saskAra, honahAra ke yogya zubha lakSaNa aura nirbhayatA Adi guNa dekhakara usa nirgrantha guru ne apane dRDha anuyAyI siddhArtha aura trigalA ke yahA~ unako samvardhana ke lie rakhA hogaa|' mahAvIra kA janma sthAna kuNDapUra athavA kuNDagrAma hai / AcArAga satra me ise sanniveza kahA gayA hai| vyAkhyAkAro ne sanniveza kA / artha 'yAtriyo kA vizrAmasthala' kiyA hai| isa kuNDapura kI dakSiNa digA me brAhmaNa loga rahate the aura uttara dizA me kSatriya loga / __ vauddha sAhitya "mahAvaga" meM likhA hai ki java buddha "koTiggAma" me the. tava amvapAlI nAma kI vezyA tathA samIpastha rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ke licchavI loga unake pAsa gaye the| saMbhavata. vauddho kA yaha "koTigagAma" jaino kA "kuNDagrAma" hI ho / aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha 1 cAra tIrthakara, pR0 110

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dvitIya adhyAya Adarza mahApuruSa [46 kuNDagrAma videha kI rAjadhAnI vaigAlI kA koI mohatlA hI hogaa| kyoki sUtra kRtAMga me mahAvIra ko vaizAlika kahA gayA hai|' ___avamarpiNI kAla ke supama supamA, supamA, mupama duppamA pUrNa rUpa se samApta ho cuke the tathA duppama-supamA kA bhI bahuta adhika bhAga samApta ho cukA thA / kevala 75 varpa mAha avagiSTa the| usa samaya ApADha zuklA papThI ke uttarA phAlgunI nakSatra meM mahAvIra ne svarga se utara kara jambUdvIpa bhAratavarSa me brAhmaNI devAnadA ke garbha me siMharUpa me pravega kiyaa| mAha 7 // dina vyatIta hone para caitra-kRSNA trayodagI ko kSatriyANI trizalA ke garbha se mahAvIra kA janma huaa| usI rAtri ko devatAo ne amRta, gadha, cUrNa, puSpa aura ratno kI bahuta vRSTi kI, tathA bhagavAn kA abhiSeka, tilaka aura rakSAvandhana Adi kiyaa| jisa dina se mahAvIra ne rAnI trigalA ke garbha me pravega pAyA, usI dina se rAjA siddhArtha ke ghara me dhana-dhAnya kI atyadhika vaddhi huI, mata janma se 11ve dina rAjA siddhArtha ne apane sage savadhiyo ko bulAkara unhe bhojanAdi dvArA satuSTa karake yaha ghopita kiyA ki "java se kumAra ne rAnI trigalA ke garbha me pravega pAyA hai, hamAre ghara me dhana-dhAnya kI aneka prakAra se vRddhi huI hai / ata kumAra Aja se 'varddhamA' na isa nAma se sambodhita kie jaayege| mahAvIra ke samvardhana ke lie pA~ca dAiyA~ rakhI gaI thI-1 dadha pilAne vAlI, 2 snAna karAne vAlI, 3. kapaDe pahinAne vAlI, 4 khilAne vAlI aura 5 goda se rakhane vaalii| bhagavAna ke tIna nAma the-mAtA-pitA kA rakhA haA nAma 'varddhamA' na thaa| apane vairAgya Adi sahaja guNoM se prApta 'zramaNa' nAma thA, aura aneka upasarga-paripaha sahana karane ke kAraNa devo kA rakhA A 'zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra' nAma thA / bhagavAna ke pitA ke bhI tIna nAma the-siddhArtha, zreyAsa aura jasasa (yazasvI) / bhagavAn kI mAtA ke bhI trigalA, videhadinnA aura priyakAriNI tIna nAma the| bhagavAn ke kAkA kA nAma 1. jaina sUtrAj, bhAga 1, prastAvanA pR0 10 tathA 11., mUtra kRtAga 1 / 3.

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50 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa supArzva, vaDe bhAI kA nAma nandivarddhana aura bar3I vahina kA nAma sudarzanA thaa|' ___ bhagavAna ke mAtA-pitA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke zramaNo ke upAsaka the, unhone vahuta vo taka zramaNopAsaka ke AcAra kA pAlana kara ata me chahakAya ke jIvo kI rakSA ke lie AhAra-pAnI kA tyAga(apazcima-mAraNAtika sallekhanA) karake deha tyAga kiyaa| isake bAda ve acyuta kalpa nAmaka 12 ve svarga me deva hue| vahA~ se ve mahAvideha kSetra me jAkara antima ucchvAsa ke samaya siddha, buddha aura mukta hokara nirvANa ko prApta hoge tathA sava dukho kA ata karege / 2 gRhajIvana ___mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA jisa pArzvanAtha kI pamparA ke anuyAyI the, usame tyAga aura tapa kI bhAvanA pravala thI, jo ki mahAvIra ko janmakAla se prApta huii| ata vAlyakAla vyatIta hone ke vAda java mahAvIra ke sAmane vivAha kA prastAva AyA to unhone isa para apanI aruci prakaTa kI, jo ki svAbhAvika hI thii| kintu vinayazIla mahAvIra apane mAtA-pitA ke Agraha ko na TAla sake aura vivAha karanA paDA / unakI patnI kA nAma yazodA thA jo ki kauDinya gotra kI thii| yazodA se mahAvIra ko eka putrI prApta huI, jisake do nAma the-anavadyA tathA priydrshnaa| ___yadyapi mahAvIra apanI pUrva pratijJAnusAra 28 varSa kI avasthA me hI gRha tyAga kara denA cAhate the kintu apane jyeSTha bhrAtA ke Agraha se unhone gRhavAsa kI avadhi do varSa aura vaDhA dii| ina do vo me mahAvIra ne ghara me bhI tyAgI aura tapasvI jIvana ko vyatIta kiyaa| gRha tyAga tathA sAdhaka jIvana mahAvIra ne 30 varSa gRhasthAzrama me rahakara apane mAtA-pitA kA 1. mAcArAga 2 / 15 / 177 2 AcArAga, 2 15 178 3 vahI, 2 15 177

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dvitIya adhyAya * Adarza mahApuruSa [ 51 dehAnta hone para apanI pratijJA (mAtA-pitA ke dehAnta hone para pravrajyA lene kI pUrI karane kA samaya jAnakara mArgazIrSa-kRSNA dazamI ko pravrajyA tene kA nizcaya kiyaa| karma-bhUmi' meM utpanna hone vAle tIrthakara kA java dIkSA lene kA samaya nikaTa AtA hai tava pA~cave kalpa ke vimAno me rahane vAle lokAntika deva Akara unako savodhita karate hai ki he bhagavan ! Apa sakala jIvo ke hitakAraka dharma-tIrtha kI sthApanA kare / isI ke anusAra 26 ve varSa una devo ne Akara bhagavAn se aisI prArthanA kii| tIsave varSa me bhagavAn ne dIkSA lene kI taiyArI kii| usa samaya saba deva-devI apanI samasta samRddhi ke sAtha apane-apane vimAno me baiThakara kuNDagrAma ke uttara me kSatriya vibhAga ke IzAnya me A phuNce| hemanta Rtu ke pahile mahIne me, prathama pakSa meM mArgazIrSa kRSNA dazamI ko bhagavAn ko zuddha jala se snAna karAyA gayA aura uttama sapheda vArIka do vastra aura AbhUpaNa pahinAye gye| unake lie candraprabhA nAmaka suzobhita pAlakI lAI gaI, jisame bhagavAn nirmala zubha manobhAva se virAjamAna hue| usa samaya unhone eka hI vastra dhAraNa kiyA thaa| phira unako dhUmadhAma se gA~va ke bAhara jJAtRvazI kSatriyo ke udyAna meM le gye| udyAna me jAkara bhagavAn ne pUrvAbhimukha baiThakara sava AbhUpaNa utAra DAle aura pA~ca muTThiyo me dAhine hAtha se dAhinI ora ke aura bAe~ hAtha se bAI ora ke sava vAla ukhADa diye| phira siddha ko namaskAra karake, "Age se maiM koI pApa nahI karU~gA", yaha niyama lekara sAmAyika cAritra ko svIkAra kiyaa| deva aura manuSya citra ke samAna stabdha hokara yaha saba dekhate rhe| bhagavAn ko 'kSAyopagamika sAmAyika cAritra' lene ke bAda mana:paryayajJAna prApta huA aura ve manuSya loka ke pacendriya aura sanI jIvoM ke manogata bhAvo ko jAnane lge| pravrajyA lene ke vAda mahAvIra ne mitra, jAti, svajana aura savadhiyo ko vidA kiyA aura svaya ne yaha niyama liyA ki ve 12 varSa taka garIra kI rakSA yA usame mamatA rakhe, 1 sasAra kA vaha bhAga, jahA~ dharma pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, karmabhUmi kahalAtI hai / jambUdvIpa, bharata, airAvata tathA videha karmabhUmi hai / jaina sUtrA bhAga 1-AcArAga, noTa na0 1, pR0 195.

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52 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vinA, jo kucha bhI parISaha aura upamarga AeMge una savako aDiga hokara sthira bhAva se sahana karege tathA upasarga (vighna) dene vAle ke prati samabhAva rkhege| aisA niyama lekara mahAvIra bhagavAn kummAra grAma me A phuNce| isake bAda bhagavAn zarIra kI mamatA choDakara vihAra, nivAsasthAna, upakaraNa, tapa, sayama, brahmacarya, tyAga, satopa, samiti, gupti Adi me sarvottama parAkrama karate hue tathA nirvANa kI bhAvanA se apanI AtmA ko bhAvita karate hue vicarane lge| ve upakAra tathA apakAra, sukha aura dukha, loka tathA paraloka, jIvana aura mRtyu, mAna tathA apamAna Adi me samabhAva rakhane, sasAramamudra pAra karane kA nirantara prayatna karane aura karma rUpI zatru kA samuccheda karane me tatpara rahate the| isa prakAra vicarate hue bhagavAn ko deva, manuSya tathA pazu-pakSI Adi ne jo kaSTa diye una savako unhone apane mana ko nirmala rakhate hue, adInabhAva se sahana kiyA aura apane mana, vacana aura kAya ko pUrNa rUpa se svAdhIna rkhaa| - isa prakAra 12 varSa bItane para 13 ve varSa meM, grISma ke dUsare mahIne meM, vaisAkha-zuklA dazamI ko jrAbhaka gaoNva ke vAhara RjuvAlikA nadI ke uttara kinAre para zyAmAka nAmaka gRhastha ke kheta me bhagavAn godohAsana se baiThe dhyAna magna hokara dhUpa me tapa kara rahe the / usa samaya unako aTThamabhatta (chaha dina kA anazana) nirjala upavAsa thA aura ve zuddha dhyAna meM lIna the| usI samaya unako sapUrNa, pratipUrNa, avyAhata, nirAvaraNa, ananta aura sarvottama kevalajJAna tathA darzana utpanna huA / ava bhagavAn arhat, jina, kevalI, sarvajJa aura sarvabhAvadargI hue| __ bhagavAn ko kevalajJAna huA, usa samaya deva-deviyo ke Ane jAne se atarikSa me dhUma macI thii| bhagavAn ne prathama apane ko, phira loka ko dekhabhAla kara pahile devo ko upadeza diyA aura phira manuSyo ko|' 1 AcArAga, 2 15 179 tathA kalpasUtra "lAipha Apha mahAvIra" /

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa sAdhanA kA rahasya mahAvIra ke sAdhanAviSayaka AcArAga ke prAcIna aura prAmANika varNana se unake jIvana kI bhinna-bhinna ghaTanAo se tathA ava taka unake nAma se pracalita sampradAya kI vizeSatA se yaha jAnanA kaThina nahI hai ki mahAvIra ko kisa tattva kI sAdhanA karanI thI aura usa sAdhanA ke lie unhone mukhyata kauna se sAdhana svIkAra kiye the / [ 53 mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA kendra ahisA tattva thA aura usake lie sayama aura tapa ye do sAdhana mukhya rUpa se agIkAra kiye the / unhone yaha vicAra kiyA ki sasAra me jo valavAn hotA hai vaha nirbala ke sukha aura sAdhana eka DAkU kI taraha chIna letA hai / yaha apaharaNa karane kI vRtti apane mAne hue mukha ke rAga se, vizeSakara sukhazIlatA se paidA hotI hai / isa vRtti se gAti aura samabhAva kA vAtAvaraNa kaluSita hue binA nahI rahatA / pratyeka vyakti apane sukha aura suvidhA ko itanA mahattva dene lagatA hai ki usake sAmane dUsare prANiyoM kI sukha-suvidhA kA kucha bhI mUlya nahI honA / isa prakAra svArthaparipUrNa vRtti se, vyakti-vyakti, vyakti-samAja tathA samAja samAjo me Apasa kA antara vaDhatA hai aura zatrutA kI nIva paDatI jAtI hai| isake phalasvarUpa nirbala valavAn hokara vadalA lene kA prayatna karane lagatA hai / isa prakAra hiMsA aura pratihisA kA aisA malina vAtAvaraNa taiyAra hotA hai ki loga isa saMsAra me hI naraka kA anubhava karane lagate hai| hisA ke raudra tADava se ArdrahRdaya mahAvIra ne ahiMsA-tattva me hI prANimAtra kI zAMti kA mUla dekhA / yaha vicAra kara unhoMne kAyika sukha-dukha kI samatA se vaira bhAva rokane ke lie tapa prAraMbha kiyA aura adhairya jaise mAnasika doSa se hone vAlI hiMsA ko rokane ke lie sayama kA avalamvana liyA / sayama kA saMbaMdha mukhyata mana aura vacana ke sAtha hone ke kAraNa usame dhyAna aura mauna kA samAvega hotA hai| mahAvIra ke samasta sAdhaka jIvana me sayama aura tapa yahI do vAte mukhya hai aura unhe siddha karane ke lie 12 varSo taka unhone jo prayatna kiyA aura usame jisa tatparatA aura apramAda kA paricaya diyA vaisA Aja taka kI tapasyA ke itihAsa me kisI vyakti ne diyA ho, yaha nahI dikhAI

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54 ] jaina- agaNAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA viSAma detA / kitane loga mahAvIra ke tapa ko deha-dukha aura deha-damana kahakara usakI avahelanA karate hai, parantu yadi ve satya tathA nyAya ke lie mahAvIra ke jIvana para gaharA vicAra kareMge to yaha mAlUma hue binA nahI rahegA ki mahAvIra kA tapa zuSka deha-damana nahIM thA / ve sayama aura tapa dono para samAna rUpa se vala dete the / vAraha varSa kI kaThora aura dIrgha sAdhanA ke pazcAt jaba unheM apane ahisA tattva ke siddha ho jAne kI pUrNa pratIti huI taba ve apanA jIvanakrama vadalate hai | ahisA kA sArvabhauma dharma usa dIrgha tapasvI me paripluta ho gayA thA / ava unake sArvajanika jIvana se kitanI hI bhavya AtmAo me parivartana ho jAne kI pUrNa sabhAvanA thI / magadha aura videha deza kA pUrvakAlIna malina vAtAvaraNa dhIre dhIre zuddha hone lagA thA, kyoki usame usa samaya aneka tapasvI aura vicAraka lokahita kI AkAkSA se prakAza me Ane lage the / isI samaya dIrgha tapasvI bhI, prakAza me Ae / tapa AcArAMga sUtra me bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tapa kA jo varNana milatA hai, vaha vastuta dhyAna dene yogya hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra pravrajyA svIkAra kara hemaMta Rtu kI sardI me hI ghara se bAhara nikala paDe / usa atyadhika gIta meM bhI vastra se zarIra ko na Dhakane kA unakA dRDha sakalpa thA / 1 araNya me vicaraNa karane vAle bhagavAn ko choTe-bar3e aneka jantuo ne cAra mahIne taka aneka kaSTa diye aura inakA mAsa tathA rakta cUsA / teraha mahIne taka bhagavAna ne vastra ko kadhe para rakha chor3A, phira dUsare varSa zizira Rtu ke AdhI vIta jAne para usako bhI choDakara bhagavAn sampUrNa acelaka (vastra rahita ) ho gaye | 3 vastra na hone para bhI kaThina gIta me ve apane hAtho ko lambe rakha kara dhyAna karate the / gIta ke kAraNa unhone kisI bhI dina hAtha 1 2. vahI, 19.3. 3. vahI, 194 22 AcArAga, 19 1 2.

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 55 bagala me nahI DAle / kabhI-kabhI ve gIta ke dino me chAyA meM baiThakara hI dhyAna karate aura kabhI-kabhI garmI ke dino me dhUpa baiThakara 19 me vastra rahita hone ke kAraNa tRNa ke sparza, ThaMDa-garmI ke sparza tathA DAsa - macchara Adi ke sparza mahAvIra ne samabhAva se sahana kie / mahAvIra calate samaya Age pIche puruSa kI lambAI ke varAvara mArga para dRSTi rakhakara sAvadhAnI se calate the| koI unase bolatA, to bhI ve bahuta kama volate / unako isa prakAra nagna dekhakara bhaya bhIta hokara laDako kA jhuMDa unakA pIchA karatA aura cillAtA rahatA thA | 3 / ujADa ghara, sabhA sthAna, pyAU aura hATa aise sthAno me mahAvIra aneka vAra Thaharate the / kabhI luhAra ke sthAna para to kabhI dharmazAlAo me, vagIco me, gharo me, yA nagara me bhI Thaharate the / isa prakAra mahAvIra ne 12 varSa se adhika samaya vitaayaa| ina varSo me rAta-dina prayatnazIla rahakara bhagavAn apramatta hokara samAdhipUrvaka dhyAna karate, pUrI nIda na lete, nIda mAlUma hone para uThakara AtmA ko jAgRta karate / kisI samaya ve karavaTa se ho jAte, kintu nidrA kI icchA se nahI / kadAcit nidrA A hI jAtI to ve usako pramAda vaDhAne vAlI samajha kara uThakara dUra karate / * una sthAno para bhagavAn ko aneka prakAra ke bhayaMkara saMkaTa paDe / una sthAno para rahane vAle jIva-jantu unako kaSTa dete / nIca manuSya bhI unhe bahuta dukha dete| kaI vAra gA~va ke caukIdAra hAtha meM hathi - yAra lekara bhagavAn ko satAte / kabhI-kabhI viSaya vRtti se striyA~ yA puruSa bhagavAn ko taMga karate / rAta me akele phirane vAle loga vahA~ bhagavAn ko akelA dekhakara unase pUcha-tAcha karate / bhagavAn ke javAva na dene para to ve ciDha hI jAte the / koI pUchatA ki tuma kauna ho to bhagavAn kahate, "mai bhikSu hU~ / " adhika kucha na kahane para 1 2. vahI, 1940 3 AcAroga, 1922 16-17 4 vahI, 19521 vahI, 192429

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56 ] jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ve bhagavAn para nArAja ho jAte, para bhagavAn to dhyAna hI karane rahate / " bhagavAn durgama pradeza lATa me vajra bhUmi aura zubhra - bhUmi meM bhI vicare the / vahA~ unako ekadama burI me burI gatyA aura Asana kAma me lAne paDe the / vahA~ ke loga bhI unako vahuta mArate khAne ko rUkhA bhojana dete tathA kutte kATate the / kucha loga una kutto ko rokate the, to kucha loga kutto ko una para choDa kara unhe kaTavAte the / kitanI hI vAra kutto ne bhagavAn kI mAsa-peziyo ko khItra DAlA / itane para bhI aise durgama lAr3ha pradeza me -hisA kA tyAga karake aura zarIra kI mamatA chor3akara ve anagAra bhagavAn saba sakaTo ko sahana karate aura saMgrAma me Age rahane vAle vijayI hAthI ke samAna ina sakaTo para jaya prApta karate the / aneka vAra lADha pradeza me bahuta dUra cale jAne para bhI gA~va na AtA thA, kaI vAra gA~va ke pAsa Ate hI loga bhagavAn ko vAhara nikAla dete aura mAra kara dUra kara dete the, kaI bAra ve bhagavAn ke zarIra para baiThakara unakA mAsa kATa lete the, kaI vAra una para dhUla phekI jAtI thI tathA kaI vAra unako Upara se nIce DAla diyA jAtA thA / kabhI-kabhI to loga unheM Asana para se Dhakela diyA karate the / * dIkSA lene ke kucha adhika do varSa pUrva se hI bhagavAn ne ThaMr3hA pAnI pInA choDa diyA thA / ve apane lie taiyAra kiyA huA bhojana kabhI nahI karate the / isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki ve isame apane lie karmabandha samajhate the / pApamAtra kA tyAga karane vAle bhagavAn nirdoSa AhAra- pAnI prApta karake usakA hI upayoga karate the / ve kabhI bhI dUsaro ke pAtra meM bhojana nahI karate the aura na dUsaro ke vastra hI kAma me lAte the / mAna-apamAna ko tyAga kara, kisI kI garaNa na na cAhane vAle bhagavAn bhikSA ke lie phirate the | 3 bhagavAn AhAra pAnI ke parimANa ko varAvara samajhate the isa kAraNa ve kabhI raso me lalacAte na the / caoNvala, vera kA cUrA, aura AcAgaga, 19 30 31 34-35. 1 2 vahI, 1941-53 3 vahI, 161, 19

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dvitIya adhyAya . Adarza mahApuruSa [ 57 khicaDI ko khA khAkara hI ve apanA nirvAha karate the / bhagavAn ne 8 mahIne taka ina vastuoM para nirvAha kiyA / unhone Adhe mahIne taka pAnI grahaNa nahI kiyA / isa prakAra ve chaha mahIne taka vihAra karate rahe / sadA AkAkSArahita bhagavAn kisI samaya ThaMDA anna khAte to kisI samaya chaha, ATha, dasa yA bAraha bhakta ke vAda bhojana karate the / gaoNva yA nagara me jAkara ve dUsaro ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA AhAra sAvadhAnI se khojate the / AhAra lene jAte samaya mArga me bhUkhe-pyAse kaue Adi pakSiyoM ko baiThA dekhakara tathA brAhmaNa, zramaNa, bhikhArI, atithi, cANDAla, kutte, billI Adi ko ghara ke Age dekha kara, unako AhAra milane me vAdhA na ho yA unako aprIti na ho, aisA socakara ve vahA~ me dhIre-dhIre anyatra cale jAte aura dUsare sthAna para ahisApUrvaka bhikSA ko khojate the / kaI bAra unhone bhigoyA huA, sUkhA tathA ThaMDA AhAra liyA / bahuta dino kI khicaDI, tathA pulAga ( nissAra khAdya ) bhI ve kabhI - kabhI lete the / aisA bhI na mila pAtA to bhagavAn zAnta bhAva se rahate the / 2 bhagavAn nIroga hone para bhI bharapeTa bhojana na karate the aura na auSadhi hI lete the / zarIra kA svarUpa samajha kara ve usakI zuddhi ke lie sagodhana (julAba), vamana, vilepana, snAna aura data prakSAlana nahI karate the / isI prakAra zarIra ke ArAma ke lie ve apane hAtha, paira nahI davavAte the / kAmasukho se isa prakAra virata hokara ve vicaraNa karate the / unhone kapAyo kI jvAlA jJAta kara dI thI aura unakA darzana vigada thA / apanI sAdhanA me ve itane nimagna the ki unhone kabhI apanI A~kha taka na masalI, aura na zarIra ko khujAyA hI / rati aura arati para vijaya prApta karake unhone isa loka ke aura deva-yakSa Adi ke aneka bhayakara saMkaTo ko samabhAva se sahana kiyA / 4 8. AcArAga, 1958-60 1 2. vahI, 1962-67. 3 vahI, 954-55 4 AcArAMga, 1856, 11, 20, 32, 33

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58 ] nirvANa jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa mahAvIra lagabhaga 30 varSo taka tIrthakara avasthA meM bhramaNa kara janatA ko sadupadeza dete rahe aura ata me 72 varSa kI Ayu meM, kArtika kRSNA amAvasyA ko pApA (pAvA ) meM nirvANa prApta kara siddha, vuddha tathA mukta ho gae / " jisa rAtri ko mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA, usI rAtri ko unake pradhAna giSya gautama indrabhUti ko kevalajJAna prApta huA / nirvANa prApti kI rAtri ke uSa kAla me kAzI aura kozala tathA mallaki aura licchavi vaza ke 18 rAjAo ne yaha kahakara ki ava sasAra se jJAna kA prakAza sadA ke lie asta ho gayA, ata hame pArthiva dIpako kA prakAza karanA cAhie, dIpamAlA prajvalita kI / 3 mahAvIra 30 varSa taka gRhastha avasthA me kucha adhika 12 varSa taka arddha vikasita avasthA me, kucha kama 30 varSa taka kevalI avasthA me, 42 varSa taka zramaNa avasthA meM, isa prakAra kula 72 varSa taka saMsAra me rahe / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANakAla 467 IsA pUrva hai | bhagavAn pArzva ke nirvANa ke 250 varSa vAda mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA / " upadeza vAraha varSa ke nirantara tapaJcaraNa ke vAda mahAvIra ko sampUrNa vastuo ke sampUrNa bhAvo tathA avasthAo ko eka sAtha jAnane vAlA avyAhata eva nirAvaraNa kevalajJAna tathA kevaladarzana utpanna huA / isake bAda unhone mAnavajAti ke kalyANa ke lie upadeza denA 1. jaina sUtrAj bhAga 1 ( kalpasUtra ) 123, pRSTha 265 2 vahI 127, pR0 266 3. vahI 128, pR0 21 4. vahI 147, pR0 267. 5 muni kalyANa vijayajI ke anusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANakAla 528 I0 pU0 haiM / ve kahate haiM ki mahAvIra ne buddha ke parinirvANa ke 14 varSa vAda nirvANa pAyA - "vIra nirvANa savat aura kAla-gaNanA", nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, pR0 21.

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [56 prArambha kiyaa| mahAvIra ne sabase prathama gautama Adi zramaNa nirgrantho ko bhAvanAo ke sAtha pA~ca mahAvrata kA upadeza diyA thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki sAdhu ko jIvana paryanta ke lie mana, vacana, kAya se samasta jIvo kI hiMsA, asatya-rUpa vANI, sava prakAra kI corI, sava prakAra ke maithuna aura saba prakAra ke parigraha tathA unameM Asakti kA tyAga karanA cAhie / uparyukta prakAra ke pApa, sAdhu na svaya kare, na dUsaro se karAve aura na karate hue vyakti kA anumodana hI kare / / mahAvIra sundara tathA sahaja grAhya dRSTAnta dekara janatA ko sasAra se virAga kA upadeza diyA karate the| eka bAra unhone puDarIka (kamala) kA dRSTAnta dekara pathabhraSTa mAnavo ko sanmArga para Ane kA upadeza diyA thaa| unhone kahA ki eka, jala aura daladala se paripUrNa var3I sundara jhIla hai / usame jagaha-jagaha puDarIka uge hue hai| una saba ke vIca jhIla ke madhya bhAga me eka bahuta vaDA puDarIka hai jisa kI sugandha aura saundarya advitIya hai| pUrva dizA se eka puruSa jhIla ke pAsa AyA aura taTa para khaDA hokara usa puDarIka ko dekhakara bolA, "mai kugala aura udyogI puruSa huuN| maiM mArga-gamana-zakti kA jAnane vAlA huuN| maiM abhI isa puMDarIka ko ukhADa ddaaluugaa|" vaha jhIla me utara kara Age baDhane lagA, kintu jyo-jyo vaha Age vaDhA tyo-tyo jala aura daladala me phaMsatA gyaa| ata me aise gahare pAnI aura kIcaDa me phaMsA ki na vaha puDarIka taka pahu~cA aura na lauTa kara kinAre para hI aayaa|| isI prakAra dakSiNa, pacchima tathA uttara dizA se kramaza tIna puruSa Ae aura ve sava apane ko kugala aura parizramI samajha kara puDarIka ukhADane ke lie jala me praviSTa hue kintu sava ke sava daladala me pha~sate ge| isake vAda kisI aniyata digA se eka vItarAga aura pAra sasAra sAgara) karane kI icchA vAlA bhikSu aayaa| vaha jhIla ke taTa para Akara khaDA huA aura usane puDarIka tathA daladala me pha~se hue una cAro hI purupo ko lakSya karake kahA, "aphasosa, apanI gakti aura gatividhi ko na jAnate hue ye puruSa puDarIka ko ukhADane cale parantu svaya hI phaMsa ge| jo tarIkA inhone puDarIka 1 AcArAga, 2 15 176

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60] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ukhADane ke kAma me lAyA vaha ThIka nahIM thaa| isa prakAra kamala nahIM ukhADe jAte / isakA ThIka upAya maiM jAnatA huuN|" yaha kahate hue usane vahI se AvAja dI, "uDa jA, puDarIka ur3a jaa|" aura puDarIka uDa gyaa| ___ bhagavAn ne isa dRSTAnta kA artha samajhAte hue kahA ki, 'yaha manuSya loka eka vaDI jhIla hai| jIvo ke zubhAzubha karma isame jala hai / kAma bhoga isame daladala hai| manupya samAja isame puDarIka samudAya hai / cakravartI isame mahApuDarIka hai| anya-tIrthika cAra purupa hai| dharma bhikSu hai / dharma-tIrtha jhIla kA kinArA hai| dharma-kathA bhikSu kI AvAja hai, aura nirvANa vahA~ se uDanA hai|" sUkhI tathA gIlI miTTI ke dRSTAnta dvArA mahAvIra ne sasAra se Asakti tathA anAsakti kA kitanA sundara citraNa kiyA hai / "gIlI aura sUkhI miTTI ke do laude hai, unako bhIta se mArane para jo laudA gIlA hai vaha bhIta se cipaTa jAtA hai aura sUkhA laudA nahI ciptttaa| isI prakAra kAmabhogo me Asakta duSTavuddhi jIva to pApa karake sasAra se cipaTa jAtA hai aura jo virakta purupa hai, ve sUkhI miTTI ke Dhele ke samAna sasAra se nahI cipttte|"2 / tatkAlIna hisaka yajo eva jAtigata ucca-nIca bhAvanA ke prati mahAvIra ke mana me atyadhika aruci thI, isa kAraNa unhone apane upadezo dvArA vAstavika yajJa tathA sacce brAhmaNa kA artha janatA ko smjhaayaa| unakA kahanA thA ki, "satya jJAna tathA brAhmaNa ke satya karma se ana mUDha puruSa kevala "yajJa yajJa' zabda cillAyA karate hai kintu ve yajJa kA vAstavika artha nahI jaante|"3 zuddha agni kI taraha pAparahita hone se pUjya, kuTumba me anAsakta, sayamI, rAgadveSa Adi se dUra, sadAcArI, tapasvI, damitendriya tapasyA dvArA kRzagAtra, zAntakaSAya, ahisaka, krodha, lobha, hAsyAdi ke vaza hokara asatya nahI bolane vAlA, alpaparigrahI, maithuna kA 1 sUtra kRtAMga, 211 2. uttarAdhyayana, 25 42-43. 3 vahI, 25, 18

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [61.. mana, vacana, kAya se tyAga karane vAlA, kAmabhogo me alipta, bhikSAjIvI, aura akiMcana vyakti hI saccA brAhmaNa kahalAne ke yogya hai|' mAthA muDA lene se koI sAdhu nahI bana jAtA, okAra gavda ke uccAraNa se koI brAhmaNa nahI ho jAtA, ghara choDakara jagala me rahane mAtra se muni tathA bhagavA vastra pahina lene se koI tApasa nahI ho jaataa| ___ mahAvIra ne vaidika yajJa kI tulAna jainadharma ke sayama aura tapa se kI hai / ve kahate hai ki pA~ca indriyo ko vaza me karane vAlA, apane jIvana kI bhI paravAha nahI karane vAlA, garIra ke mamatva se rahita mahApurupa vAhya zuddhi kI apekSA na karate hue, uttama eva mahAvijayI bhAva-yana karatA hai| usa bhAva yana me dharmarUpI hada tathA brahmacaryarUpI tIrtha hai / manuSya AtmA ke vizuddha dharmakuDa meM "yaja snAna" kara karmaraja se rahita hotA hai / yana snAna kie hue vyakti ko, tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA hI usa taparUpI agni kA sthAna hai, mana, vacana, kAya kA yoga kaDachI hai, karma Idhana (samidhA) hai, aura sayamarUpI zAtimatra hai| isa taraha pragasta caritra rUpI yajJa dvArA yajana ko maharpiyo ne uttama mAnA hai| mahAvIra ne apane upadezo me isa bAta para sava se adhika vala diyA hai ki manuSya ko sAsArika kAma-bhogo me Asakta nahIM honA cAhie / duvale vaila ko, jaise mAra kUTakara calAne para vaha aDiyala ho jAtA hai aura ata me vajana Dhone ke badale thaka kara par3a jAtA hai, aisI hI dagA, viSaya-rasa sevana kie hue manuSya kI hai / ye vipaya to Aja yA kala choDakara cale jAyege, aisA socakara kAmI manuSya ko prApta yA aprApta vipayo kI vAsanA tyAga denA caahie|6 kAmI manupyo ko ata me vahuta pazcAttApa aura vilApa karanA par3atA hai / ata buddhimAn purupa ko pahile hI sAvadhAna hokara 1 uttarAdhyayana 25 19-29 2 vahI 25 31 32 3 vahI 12 42 4 vahI 12 45 5 vahI 12 44 6 sUtrakRtAga, 23 56

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62 / jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ata me na pachatAnA paDe---isalie AtmA ko bhogo se chuDAnA caahie|' ____ mahAvIra ne apane samaya me jJAnahIna sAdhuo kI bahutAyata dekhakara manuSya kA dhyAna isa bAta para AkRSTa kiyA ki koI bhale hI nagna avasthA me phire yA mAsa ke ata me eka bAra bhojana kare kintu vaha yadi mAyAvI hai to usako bAra-bAra garbhavAsa prApta hogaa|' kevala snAna se mukti mAnane vAlo se mahAvIra ne kahA ki yadi snAna karane mAtra se mokSa milatA ho to pAnI meM rahane vAle aneka jIva bhI mukta ho jaave| pAnI yadi pApa-karmo ko dho sakatA, to usase puNya bhI dhula jA sakate haiM / unhone manuSya kA dhyAna Atma-prazasA se haTAkara vAstavika Atmonnati kI ora AkRSTa kiyA / "prasiddha kula meM utpanna hokara jo bhikSu vane hai aura mahA tapasvI hai, yadi unakA tapa kIrti lAbha kI icchA se kiyA gayA hai to vaha zuddha nahIM hai| jise dUsare na jAnate ho vahI tapa hai, aisA samajha kara sAdhu ko kabhI bhI AtmaprazasA me lIna na honA caahie| jo sarvasva kA tyAga karake, khe-sUkhe AhAra para rahane vAlA hokara bhI garva aura stuti kA icchuka hotA hai, usakA sanyAsa hI usakI AjIvikA hotI hai| jJAna prApta kiye vinA vaha sasAra me vAra-vAra bhaTakatA hai|" sArvajanika sevA zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kA 43 se 72 varSa taka kA yaha dIrghajIvana sArvajanika sevA me vyatIta huaa| isa samaya meM unake dvArA kie gae mukhya kAryo kA vivaraNa nimna prakAra hai . 1 mahAvIra ne jAti kA tanika bhI bheda rakhe vinA pratyeka vyakti ke lie (zUdro ke lie bhI) bhikSu-pada aura guru-pada kA mArga 1 sUtra kRtAga, 2 3 7 2 vahI 2 16 3 vahI 7 14 4 vahI 7 16 5 vahI 8 24. 6 vahI 13 12.

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dvitIya anyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [63 khola diyA thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki zreSThatA kA AdhAra janma nahIM, balki guNa hai| vastuta: varNa-vyavasthA janmagata nahIM, kintu karmagata hai| karmo se hI brAhmaNa hotA hai, karmoM se hI kSatriya hotA hai, karmoM se hI vaizya hotA hai tathA karmo se hI zUdra hotA hai| 2 unhone purupoM kI taraha striyo ke vikAsa ke lie bhI pUrNa svatatratA dI aura vidyA tathA AcAra dono me striyo kI pUrNa zreSTha yogyatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| unake lie gurupada kA bhI AdhyAtmika adhikAra unhone diyA / 3 unhone lokabhASA me 'tattvajJAna aura AcAra kA upadeza karake kevala vidvadgamya saskRta bhApA kA moha ghaTAyA aura yogya adhikAro ke lie jAna prApti meM bhApA kA vighna dUra kiyaa| 4 unhone aihika aura pAralaukika sukha ke lie hone vAle yaja Adi karma-kANDo kI apekSA sayama tathA tapasyA ke svAvalavI tathA purupArthapradhAna mArga kI mahattA kI sthApanA kI aura ahisA dharma me janasAdhAraNa kI prIti utpanna kii|" 5. unhone tyAga aura tapasyA ke nAma para rUDha zithilAcAra ke sthAna para sacce tyAga aura saccI tapasyA kI pratiSThA karake bhoga ke sthAna para virAga ke mahattva kA vAyumaDala cAro ora utpanna kiyaa| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 12 1 (cANDAla kula me utpanna kintu uttama guNI harikezavala nAmaka eka jitendriya bhikSu ho gae hai|) 2 vahI 25 33 3 nAyAdhammakahAo, 2 1 pR0 222 (zramaNopAsikA kAlI ne AryikA puSpacUlA ke nikaTa pArzva ke zramaNadharma ko svIkAra kiyA / ) 4 samavAyAga sUtra, 34 (bhagavAn arddhamAgadhI bhApA me dharma kA vyAkhyAna karate hai|) 5. uttarAdhyayana, 25. "yajJIya"

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64 ] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa tatkAlIna anya saspradAya pArzva kA cAturyAma dharma ___ jaisA ki hama pahile kaha cuke hai, mahAvIra ne kisI navIna mata kI sthApanA nahI kI thI, valki apanI pitRparamparA se prApta pAva ke cAturyAma dharma ko hI deza-kAla kI paristhiti ke anusAra navIna rUpa pradAna kiyA / pArzva ke cAturyAma dharma me ahisA, satya, acaurya tathA aparigraha-ina cAra vAto kI pradhAnatA thii| yadyapi pAva ke aparigraha me brahmacarya kI bhI pratiSThA thI, kyoki strI kA grahaNa bhI eka prakAra kA parigraha hI hai, tathApi mahAvIra ne brahmacarya pAlana me zithilatA dekhakara use svatatrarUpa se mAnakara pA~ca mahAvato kI sajA dI / yama kI jagaha mahAvrata zabda kA upayoga bhI isa vAta kI ora saketa karatA hai ki ve pArva ke pAramparika dharma ko navIna rUpa dekara eka abhUtapUrva jAgati utpanna karanA cAhate the| isake atirikta pArzvadharma me sAdhu loga vividha raMga ke vastra pahinate the| java ki mahAvIra ne unhe zveta vastra athavA nirvastra-rUpa alpa upadhi kA upadeza diyA thaa| bauddha sampradAya isa vAta se prAya sabhI vidvAn sahamata hai ki mahAtmA buddha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| vuddha ne jisa mata kA praNayana kiyA thA vaha yadyapi bahuta ago me jaina dharma se milatA hai, phira bhI vaha jaina dharma se pRthak, eka svatatra dharma hai| jaina sUtro me vauddha dharma ke sambandha me nimna prakAra kA varNana milatA hai| usame vauddho ke do sampradAya mAne gae hai-eka ve, jo mAnate hai ki jagata kA nirmANa pA~ca skandho se hotA hai| ve pA~ca skandha ye hai-1 rUpa, 2 vedanA, 3. vijJAna, 4. sanA tathA 5 saskAra / sasAra meM inase bhinna 1 2 uttarAdhyayana, 23. 12 vahI 23 29 bA0 yAkobI ne mahAvIra tathA buddha ke dharma kI samAnatA aura asamAnatA para vistAra me vicAra kiyA hai| -jana mUtrAj (bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR0 19-28

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [65 AtmA nAma kA koI skandha nahIM hai / pRthvI, dhAtu tathA rUpa Adi ko "rUpa skandha" kahate hai / sukha-duHkha tathA asukha aura aduHkha ke anubhava ko "vedanA skandha" kahate hai| rUpa vijJAna, rasa vijJAna Adi vijJAna ko "vijJAna skandha" kahate hai| sajA ke kAraNa vastu-vigepa ke vodhaka zabda ko "sanA skandha" kahate hai| dUsare prakAra ke bauddha ve hai, jo nimna cAra dhAtuo ko jagata ko dhAraNa karane vAlA mAnate hai / pRthvI dhAtu hai, jala dhAtu hai, teja dhAtu hai aura vAyu dhAtu hai / ye cAro padArtha jagata ko dhAraNa aura popaNa karate hai, isalie dhAtu kahalAte hai| ye cAro dhAtu java ekAkAra hokara garIra rUpa meM pariNata hote hai tava inakI jIva sajJA hotI hai| "cAturdhAtukamidaM zarIra" arthAt yaha zarIra cAra dhAtuo se banA hai ata ina cAra dhAtuo se bhinna AtmA nahI hai / AjIvika sampradAya jainAgama tathA vauddha grantho se yaha vAta spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya me AjIvika mata adhika prabhAvazAlI thA / 3 AjIvika sampradAya ke netA "makkhaligogAla" tatkAlIna prasiddha chaha AcAryo me se eka gine jAte the, anya pA~ca AcAryoM ke nAma nimna prakAra hai : 1 pUraNakassapa, 2. ajitakesakambalI, 3 pakudhakaccAyana, 4 sajaya- . velaThThiputta tathA 5 nAtaputta (jAtRputra mhaaviir)|" ___ bhagavatI sUtra meM AjIvika sampradAya ke pradhAna gozAla kA nimna paricaya milatA hai / makkhaliputra gogAla, saravaNa nAmaka sanniveza me eka brAhmaNa kI gogAlA me paidA hue the| unake pitA kA nAma "makha" thA, jo ki hAtha me citra lekara use dikhA-dikhAkara bhikSA 1 2 sUtra kRtAga, 1 1 17 mahAsattipaTThAnasutta ( dIghanikAya, 2. 9 ) 'pAMco upAdAna skandha dukha haiN|" sUtra kRtAga, 1 1 18. AjIvika sampradAya ke "makkhalI" kI mahAtmA buddha ne sabase adhika hA niprada sAdhuo ke madhya gaNanA kI hai| (aguttaranikAya 1 33 ) "AjIvika mata" ke lie, dekhiye "zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra" kA pacama adhyAya "AjIvika mata-digdarzana", pa0 259 bhagavatI TI0, 12 pR0 87 4

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66 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa mA~gA karatA thA / gozAlA me paidA hone ke kAraNa usane apane putra kA nAma gogAla rakhA / putra java vaDA huA to usane apane pitA ke vyavasAya ko sIkhakara bhikSA mAMganA prArambha kara diyA / eka samaya vaha rAjagRha meM AyA aura nAladA me tatugAlA meM ThaharA / mahAvIra bhI usI samaya vahA~ upasthita the / gozAla ne mahAvIra se use apanA ziSya banA lene kI prArthanA kI, jise mahAvIra ne svIkAra kiyA / gogAla 6 varSa taka mahAvIra ke sAtha rahe, kintu vAda me unakA mahAvIra se matabheda ho gayA aura ve unake sagha se alaga ho ge| alaga hone ke bAda gozAla ne tapasyA dvArA indrajAla vidyA kA abhyAsa kiyA aura apane ko "jina" kahakara AjIvika sampradAya ke netA bana gae / kumbhakAra saddAlaputta tathA unakI patnI hAlAhalA, AjIvika sampradAya kI thI / sAvatthI tathA polAsapura sabhavata isa sampradAya ke kendra the / AjIvika sampradAya ke mata kA jo vivaraNa jenAgama tathA vauddhasAhitya me aneka jagahoM para milatA hai vaha lagabhaga eka-sA hI hai / uvAsa gadagAo me mahAvIra tathA AjIvikopAsaka saddAlaputta ke vArtAlApa kA vivaraNa hai, jisase unake siddhAnta kA patA lagatA hai | sUtrakRtAga me isa vAda ko niyativAda kahA gayA hai / "jIva ke sukhadu.kha Adi svaya kie hue nahI hai, ve to daivaniyata hai / " 2 kisI vyakti athavA vastu ke jIvana me utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya, paurupa, parAkrama kucha nahI kara sakate, kyoki sasAra ke sapUrNa padArtha apaneapane svabhAva me niyata ( sthita ) hai / " 3 vauddha grantho me AjIviko ke mata kA nimna prakAra varNana hai / " isa saMsAra me prANiyo ke kleza kA na koI hetu hai aura na koI pratyaya ( kAraNa ) hai / manuSya ke parAkrama para kucha bhI nirbhara nahI hai kyoki isa saMsAra me AtmakAra, parakAra, vala, vIrya, puruSArtha, parAkrama nAma kI koI vastu nahI hai / samasta prANI niyativaga hokara sukha-dukha kA anubhava karate hai / "4 1 bhagavatI sUtra, 15 2. sUtra kRtAga, 12 3 uvAsagadasAo, 7. dIghanikAya, sAmaJjaphalasutta.

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 67 AjIvika sAdhuoM kA AcAra nimna prakAra thA - ve nagna rahate the tathA apane hAtho para bhojana karate the / ve bhojana ke lie kisI kA nimaMtraNa svIkAra nahI karate the / unake sthAna para lAe hue athavA unake lie taiyAra kie hue bhojana ko bhI ve svIkAra nahI karate the| jina vartano me bhojana pakAyA jAtA thA, una vartano se athavA anya vartano se ve bhojana grahaNa nahI karate the / vacce ko sAtha me lie hue strI se bhI ve AhAra grahaNa nahI karate the / yadi kuttA pAsa meM khaDA ho athavA makkhiyA~ bhinabhinA rahI ho to ve bhojana nahI karate the / ve mAMsa, machalI tathA madya nahI lete the / kucha loga kevala eka hI ghara jAkara kevala do grAsa bhojana lete the, anya loga sAta gharo me jAkara sAta grAsa le lete the / vAra bhojana lete the, to kucha loga do dina me sAta dina me eka vAra aura kucha loga 15 dina me eka vAra / kucha loga dina me eka eka vAra / kucha loga 'AjIvika' zabda kI utpatti " AjIva' zabda se huI hai jisakA artha hai jIvana athavA vyavasAya kA eka navIna prakAra | mAlUma paDatA hai ki AjIviko ne eka viziSTa jIvana ke tarIke ko apanAyA thA isalie bhI unhone apane sampradAya kA nAma 'AjIvika' rakha liyA ho / " yaha sampradAya gogAla se bhI pahale vartamAna thA / gogAla isa sampradAya ke tIsare netA mAne gae hai / bhagavatI sUtra me likhA hai ki AjIvika sampradAya gogAla se 170 varSa prAcIna hai / " ucchedavAda ajita kesakamvalI ucchedavAda ke pramukha vyAkhyAtA mAne jAte hai| unakA kahanA thA ki "dAna, yajJa tathA homa yaha sava kucha nahI hai, bhale-bure karmo kA phala nahI milatA, na ihaloka hai na paraloka, cAra bhUto se milakara manuSya vanA hai / java vaha maratA hai to usame kA pRthvI dhAtu pRthvI me, ApodhAtu pAnI me, tejo dhAtu teja me tathA vAyu dhAtu vAyu meM mila jAtA hai aura indriyA~ sava AkAza me mila jAtI hai / mare hue sanuSya ko cAra AdamI arthI para sulAkara usakA guNagAna karate hue le jAte hai / vahA~ usakI asthi sapheda ho jAtI hai 1 2 vAmagadasAo, pR0 238 - (DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya) bhagavatI sUtra, 15

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68 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa aura Ahuti jala jAtI hai / dAna kA pAgalapana mUrkho ne utpanna kiyA hai / jo AstikavAda kahate hai ve jhUTha bhASaNa karate hai, vyartha kI vaDavar3a karate hai / aklamada aura mUrkha dono hI kA mRtyu ke bAda uccheda ho jAtA hai / mRtyu ke bAda kucha bhI avazeSa nahIM rahatA / " kesakavalI ke isa mata ko ucchedavAda kahate haiM / " anyonyavAda AcArya pakudha - kAtyAyana isa vAda ke pramukha vyAkhyAtA the / unakA kahanA thA ki "sAto padArtha na kisI ne kie, na karavAe / ve baMdhya, kUTastha tathA khabhe ke samAna acala hai / ve hilate nahI, vaTalate nahI, Apasa meM kaSTadAyaka nahI hote / aura eka-dUsare ko mukha dukha dene meM asamartha hai| pRthvI, ap, teja, vAyu, sukha, dukha tathA jIvana ye hI sAta padArtha hai / iname mArane vAlA, mAra khAne vAlA, sunane vAlA, kahane vAlA, jAnane vAlA, janAne vAlA koI nahI / jo teja gastro se dUsare ke sira kATatA hai, vaha khUna nahI karatA / usakA zastra ina sAta padArtho ke avakAza (rikta sthAna) meM ghusatA hai / " isa mata ko anyonyavAda kahate hai | vikSepavAda AcArya sajaya belaTThiputta ke vAda ko vikSepavAda kahate hai / unakA kahanA hai ki "paraloka hai yA nahI, yaha maiM nahI samajhatA / paraloka hai - yaha bhI nahI, paraloka nahI hai - yaha bhI nahI / acche yA bure karmo kA phala milatA hai, yaha bhI maiM nahI mAnatA nahI milatAyaha bhI maiM nahI mAnatA / vaha rahatA bhI hai nahI bhI mRtyu ke vAda rahatA hai yA nahI rahatA, yaha mai nahI rahatA hai yaha bhI nahI, vaha nahI rahatA yaha bhI nahI / " vikSepavAda kahate hai | 3 rahatA, tathAgata samajhatA / vaha isa vAda ko ucchedavAda, anyonyavAda tathA vikSepavAda tathA unake vyAkhyAtAoM kA vivaraNa bauddha-sUtro me aneka jagaha pAyA jAtA hai / " 1 bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, 26 pR0 46 vahI 27 pR0 46, 47 2 3 vahI 29 pR0 47 4. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, 23 pR0 45.

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[ 69 dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa cAra prakAra ke anya vAda sUtrakRtAga meM cAra prakAra ke vAdo kA varNana milatA hai jo ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM vartamAna the| 1 kiriyam (kriyAvAda), 2 akiriyam (akriyAvAda), 3 annANam (anAnavAda), 4 viNIyam (vinyvaad)| kriyAvAda kriyA AtmA kI sUcaka hai, ata. jo vAdI AtmA kI sthiti ko svIkAra karate hai ve kriyAvAdI hai| jo yaha mAnatA hai ki jIva naraka me duHkha kA anubhava karate hai, jo pApa aura usase virakti ko mAnate hai tathA du kha aura usake sampUrNa nAza kA bhI jinhe jJAna hai ve kriyAvAda ke vyAkhyAtA mAne jAte hai| kriyAvAda ke 180 bheda hai| jIva, ajIva, Asava, vadha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya aura pApa-ye nava padArtha hai / ye nava hI padArtha, svata -parataH, nitya-anitya tathA kAla, Izvara, AtmA, niyati, tathA svabhAva ke bheda se (Ex2x 245) ke bheda se 180 ho jAte hai| kriyAvAda kI yaha paribhASA jaino ke lie bhI lAgU hotI hai| kevala atara itanA hai ki jaina samyakdarzana, samyagnAna tathA samyakcAritra tIno ke ekatva se mukti mAnate hai, java ki kriyAvAdI kevala samyakcAritra (kriyA) se hI mukti mAnate hai / akriyAvAda akriyAvAdI AtmA kI sthiti ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake anusAra pratyeka vastu kSaNasthAyI hai / java pratyeka vastu eka kSaNa ke vAda naSTa ho jAtI hai to kriyA kaise ho sakatI hai ? yaha siddhAnta bauddho ke kSaNikavAda siddhAnta ke bahuta nikaTa hai| isa mata ke anu 1 sUtra kRtAga, 1 12 2 "kriyAvAdI ke 180, akriyAvAdI ke 84, ajJAnavAdI ke 67 tathA vinayavAdI ke 32-isa prakAra saba milakara 363 pAkhaDiyo ke vyUha hai|"-smvaayaaNg, 137 / nadI sUtra, 46 pR0 122 3 sUtra kRtAga (TIkA), 1 12 pR0 208-a

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70 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa sAra sUrya kA udaya yA asta nahI hotA, candramA ghaTatA yA vaDhatA nahI, nadiyA~ vahatI nahI aura havA calatI nahI / vauddha grantho me AcArya pUraNa- kazyapa ke akriyAvAda kA varNana milatA hai / sabhavana jaina sUtro me milane vAlA yaha akriyAvAda vahI akriyAvAda ho / unakA kahanA thA ki "kisI ne kucha kiyA yA karavAyA, kATA yA kaTavAyA, takalIpha dI yA dilavAI, zoka kiyA yA karavAyA, kaSTa sahA yA diyA, DarA yA dUmaro ko DarAyA, prANI kI hatyA kI, corI kI, DakaitI kI, ghara lUTa liyA, vaTamArI kI, parastrI gamana kiyA, asatya vacana kahA, phira bhI usako pApa nahI lagatA / tIkSNa dhAra ke cakra se bhI agara koI isa saMsAra ke sava prANiyo ko mAra kara Dhera lagA de to bhI use pApa na lagegA | gaMgA nadI ke uttara kinAre para jAkara bhI koI dAna de yA dilavAe, yajJa kare yA karavAe, to kucha bhI puNya nahI hone kA / dAna, dharma, sayama, satya bhASaNa - ina savo se puNya prApti nahI hotI / " 2 akriyAvAda ke caurAsI bheda hai| uparyukta jIvAdi nava padArtho me se puNya-pApa ina do padArthoM ko chor3akara bAkI sAta padArtha, svata tathA parata eva kAla, Izvara, AtmA, niyati, svabhAva tathA yadRcchA ke bheda se (7 x 2x6) 84 ho jAte hai / 3 sthAnAga sUtra me akriyAvAdI ke sAta bheda batAe gae hai1 ekA vArDa (ekavAdI), 2 aNegAvAI (anekavAdI ), 3 miyavAI (mitavAdI ), 4 nimmiyavAI ( nirmitavAdI ), 5 samuccheyavAI (samucchedavAdI), 6 niyavAI (nityavAdI), 7 na santa paralokavAI (na zAnti paralokavAdI ) / ekavAdI - eka hI AtmA pratyeka prANiyo me vyApta hai / jaise eka hI candramA kA prativimva aneka jalAgayo me aneka prakAra se dikhatA hai, usI prakAra yaha eka AtmA bhI nAnA rUpa meM pratibhAsita hotA hai / sUtra kRtAga, 112 4-8 bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, 24 pR0 45-46. 1 2 3. sUtra kRtAga TIkA, 112 pR0 206 1

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 71 __ anekavAdI-isa sasAra meM sava jagaha AtmA hI AtmA hai| AtmA ke atirikta saMsAra me aura kucha hai hI nhii| pRthvI, teja, jalAdi saba me AtmA vyApta hai| isa prakAra AtmA kI anekatA mAnane vAle anekavAdI hai| mitavAdI-jIvo kI anekatA svIkAra karate hue bhI unakI parimitatA ko mAnane vAle athavA AtmA ko agaSTaparvamAtra yA zyAmAka tadulamAtra parimita mAnane vAle athavA pRthvI ko saptadvIpa parimita mAnane vAle mitavAdI hai| nirmitavAdI-isa sasAra ko Izvara, brahmAdi dvArA nirmita mAnane vAle nirmitavAdI hai| samucchedavAdI-vastu kA pratikSaNa niranvaya samuccheda (nAga) mAnane vAle samucchedavAdI hai| nityavAdI vastu ko sarvathA nitya mAnane vAle nityavAdI hai| na gAnti paralokavAdI-isa loka me na gAnti (mokSa) hai aura na paraloka hI hai, isa bAta ko mAnane vAle na gAnti paralokavAdI buddha grantho me pakudhakAtyAyana akriyAvAdI mAnA gayA hai|' ajJAnavAda ajJAnavAda nirvANa prApti ke lie jAna kI AvazyakatA nahI mAnatA / ajJAnavAdI kahate haiM ki paraloka, svarga aura naraka tathA acche-bure karmo ke phala Adi ke vipaya me hama kucha nahI jAna skte| svarga Adi kA astitva hai-yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA athavA nahI hai-yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake 67 bheda hai| jIvAdi padArtha, sat, asata, sadasata, avaktavya, sadavaktavya, asadavaktavya tathA sadasadavaktavya ke bheda se (47) 63 tathA iname sat, asat, sadasat, tathA avaktavya ke joDane se kula 67 ho jAte hai / 1 sthAnAga, 607 TIkA, pR0 403-404 2 lA-"hisTArikla glIniMgsa", pR0 33 3 sUtrakRtAga TIkA, 1 12, pR0 206

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72 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa / vinayavAda vinayavAdiyo ko vainayika tathA aviruddha bhI kahA jAtA hai| ye loga caritra ke mahattva ko svIkAra nahI karate / unakA kahanA hai ki kevala vinaya (zraddhA) se hI mukti yA nirvANa prApta ho sakatA hai|' vinayavAdI deva, rAjA, sAdhu, hAthI, ghoDA, gAya, bhaisa, vakarI, spAra, kauA, sArasa, ghar3iyAla tathA anya prANiyo ko bhI samAna vinayapUrvaka dekhate hai / mana, vacana, kAya tathA dAna ke dvArA devatA, mAlika, sAdhu, manuSya, baDe puruSa, choTe vyakti, mAtA aura pitA kA vinaya karane ke kAraNa yaha vAda (844) 32 bhAgo me vibhakta hai| sapta niva zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrtha me 7 pavayaNa niNhaga (pravacananihnava) kahe gae hai / pravacananihnava kA artha hai-ve vyakti jo mahAvIra ke siddhAnto se sahamata na hokara unake pravacana kA virodha karate the| unake nAma nimna prakAra hai --~1 jamAli (jamAlI), 2 tIsagutta (tiSyagupta), 3 AsADha (ASADha), 4 asamitta (azvamitra), 5 gage (gaga), 6 chalue (SaDuluka), 7 goTThAmAhile (goSThAmAhila) jamAli-jamAli bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bhAnaje tathA unhI ke dAmAda (sudarzanA ke pati) the / mahAvIra ne hI unhe dIkSita kiyA thaa| anucita AhAra-vihAra ke kAraNa unhe roga utpanna ho gayA aura vedanA se pIDita hokara eka sAthI zramaNa se unhone sastAraka (zayyA) vichAne ko khaa| zramaNa gayyA vichA hI rahA thA ki jamAli ne pUchA, kyA gayyA vicha gaI ? zramaNa ne kahA ki, zayyA vicha gii| isa para jamAli gayyA ke nikaTa aae| kintu unhone dekhA aura socA ki zayyA vichAI jA rahI hai ata zramaNa kA yaha kahanA ThIka nahI ki zayyA vicha gaI hai| 1 sUtra kRtAga TI0 1.2 2. 2. vahI, 1.12, pR0 209 3 sthAnAMga, 587.

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 73 jamAli kA matabheda kriyAviSayaka nahI, tarkaviSayaka thaa| unakI samaya meM pUrNa nahI ho samaya taka calakara java isa prakAra eka kArya mAnyatA thI ki koI bhI kArya kisI eka hI sakatA / koI bhI kAryaviSayaka kriyA aneka uparAma pAtI hai, tava kAryasiddhi hotI hai / aneka samaya kI kriyA me niSpanna hotA hai / ata. koI bhI kArya kriyAkAla me "kriyA" nahI kahA jA sakatA / kintu kriyAkalApa ke ata me jaba kArya pUrA ho jAe taba use "kriyA " kahanA cAhie / isake viparIta mahAvIra kA "calamANe calie", "karemANe kaDe", arthAt calane lagA calA, kiyA jAne lagA kiyA, yaha siddhAnta hai / isa siddhAnta kA AdhAra RjusUtranaya' nAmaka nizcaya naya hai / yaha naya kevala vartamAnagrAhI hai / ata isake anusAra kisI bhI kriyA kA kAla samaya mAtra hai| mahAvIra kA siddhAnta hai ki koI bhI kriyA apane vartamAna samaya me kArya sAdhaka hokara dUsare samaya me naSTa ho jAtI hai / isa dazA me prathama samaya kI kriyA prathama samaya me hI kucha kArya karegI tathA dUsare samaya kI dUsare samaya meM / prathama samaya kI kiyA dUsare samaya me nahI rahatI, tathA dUsare samaya kI tIsare samaya me / isa dazA meM prati samayabhAvI kriyAe~ prati samayabhAvI paryAyo kA hI kAraNa vana sakatI hai, uttarakAlabhAvI kArya kA nahI / aura jaba kriyAkAla niraga samaya mAtra hai, tatra bhagavAn mahAvIra kA siddhAnta vAstavika siddha hotA hai / jamAli ne ise bahusamayAtmaka mAnakara Agrahavatra apanA matabheda khaDA kiyA aura ve tathA unake anuyAyI " bahuratadharmAcArya" kahalAe 13 tiSyagupta - tiSyagupta caturdaza pUrvadhArI vasunAyaka AcArya kA gipya thA / usakA mata thA ki - " asakhyAta pradezo vAlA jIva kevala eka pradeza ke kama raha jAne mAtra se jIva nahI kahA jA sakatA, ata jisa atima pradeza ke kama ho jAne se vaha jIva nahI kahA jA sakatA vahI pradeza tattvata jIva hai / " guru ne use samajhAyA ki jo atima pradeza jIvasajA ko prApta karatA hai, vaha guNo me ekAdi pradezo ke samAna hI hai, ata jisa prakAra ekAdi pradeza ajIva hai usI 2 3 isa zabda kI vyAkhyA "jainatattvajJAna" prakaraNa meM dekhie | sthAnAgamUtra, TIkA abhayadeva, 487 pR0 389-30 "zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra", caturya pariccheda pR0 256

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74 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa prakAra atima pradeza bhI ajIva mAnA jaaygaa| isa kAraNa tumhAre mata me jIva kA abhAva ho ho jaaegaa| tiSyagupta ko guru ko yaha bAta samajha meM nahI AI aura vaha durAgraha ke kAraNa sagha se vahiSkRta kara diyA gayA / ye 'jIvapradezika dharmAcArya' kahe jAte the| ASAr3ha-ApAr3ha eka sAdhu the| hRdaya-zUla ke kAraNa ve mRtyu ko prApta hue tathA apane hI mRta zarIra me praviSTa hokara ve apane ziSyo ko paDhAte rhe| kArya pUrti ke bAda eka dina ziSyoM se bole ki "he ziSyo, maiM sAdhu nahI, deva hU~, ata mujhe kSamA karanA ki aba taka maine tuma logo se apanI stuti, vandanA kraaii|" ziSya apane AcArya ko asayata (sayamahIna) deva jAnakara bar3e Azcaryacakita hue aura tava se lekara ve avaktavya-matavAdI ho ge| unakA kahanA thA ki "yaha nahI kahA jA sakatA ki amuka vyakti sAdhu hai ayavA deva, isI taraha devatA ke sambandha meM bhI kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki vaha deva hai athavA adeva / " ye "avaktavya-mata-dharmAcArya' kahe jAte the| ___azvamitra-inakA mata thA ki "prANI kI utpatti ke vAda usakA sarvathA nAga ho jAtA hai, ata sukRta aura duSkRta rUpa karma kA vedana nahI ho sktaa|" ye "sAmucchedika dharmAcArya' kahe jAte the / ___ gaMga-ye eka samaya ullukA nadI pAra kara rahe the, Upara sUrya kI uSNatA se sira meM garmI lagI tathA nIce jala kI zItalatA se paira me tthdd| ata. unhone socA ki yaha kahanA galata hai ki eka samaya me eka hI kriyA kA vedana (anubhavana) hotA hai| mujhe eka hI samaya me dono kriyAo kA anubhava ho rahA hai| ye "vaikriya-dharmAcArya" kahe jAte the| SaDuluka-SaDuluka mAnate the ki sasAra me kevala jIvarAzi tathA ajIvarAzi ye do hI rAziyA~ nahI hai| kintu "nojIvarAzi" nAma kI eka tIsarI rAzi bhI hai| nojIvarAzi kA udAharaNa pUche 1 sthAnAga, TI0, 287, pR0 390 2 vahI, pR0 391 3. vahI, pR0 392a. 4. mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki rAzi do hai, jIvarAzi tathA ajIva rAzi / (samavAyAga, 2, sthAnAga, 57 )

Page #93
dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [75 jAne para ve kahate the ki yaha rAzi dRSTAntasiddha hai| jaise eka vazakhaDa ke tIna hisse hote hai-Adi, ata tathA madhya, isI prakAra sasAra kI sabhI vastue~ tIna rAzi vAlI hai| ye "trairAzika dharmAcArya ke nAma se prasiddha the|' goSThAmAhila goSThAmAhila kA mata thA ki jisa prakAra zarIra se kacukAdi (kuratA) kA sparzamAtra hotA hai usI prakAra AtmA tathA karma, dono kA paraspara kevala sparga hotA hai, badhana nhii| ye "avaddhika dharmAcArya" kahe jAte the| kucha anya sampradAya 1 attukkosiya-isa sampradAya ke sAdhu vaDe svAbhimAnI hote the| 2 bhUikammiya-ye loga bhasma dvArA dUsaro ke jvara Adi dUra kiyA karate the| 3 bhujjo bhujjo kouyakAraka-ye loga saubhAgya prApti ke lie maMgala snAna Adi kA pracAra karate the| inhe "Abhiyogiya" bhI kahA jAtA thaa| 4. caNDidevaga-ye loga apane pAsa eka choTI sI talavAra (sikkaka) dhArmika sapatti ke rUpa me rakhate the| 5. vagasoyariya-ye suivAI (zucivAdI) bhI kahalAte the| yadi snAna ke bAda inheM koI chU letA to ye causaTha vAra snAna karate the| mathurA ke nArAyaNa koTa me eka "dagasoyariya" sAdhu rahatA thaa| govara grahaNa karake tIna dina ke upavAsa kI samApti kA chala usane kiyA thA / vaha strI zabda kA prayoga nahIM karatA thA, aura cupa rahatA thaa| loga usake AcaraNa se itane prabhAvita the ki ve use vastra tathA bhojana-pAna diyA karate the| malayagiri ke anusAra ye sAdhu sAkhyamata ke mAnane vAle the| 6 dhamacitaka-ye loga yAjavalka dvArA nivaddha dharma sahitA ke citana me vyasta hokara niratara dhArmika granthoM kA adhyayana karate rahate the| 1. sUtrakRtAga TI0, pR0 362ma 2. sUtrakRtAga, TI0 1. 12 pR0 209.

Page #94
__76 ] jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 7 gIyarai-ye loga premAnanda me vibhora hokara sagIta me tanmaya rahate the| 8 goama-ye loga eka sundara javAna baila ko rago se citravicitra karake use kauDiyo se sajAkara usake dvArA logo kA manorajana karate hue AjIvikA kamAte the| inakA bhojana cAvala mAtra thaa| ___ kasmAra-bhikkhu-ye loga apane ArAdhyadeva kI pratimA lekara bhramaNa kiyA karate the| 10 kucciya-ye loga lambI dADhI tathA mche rakhate the| 11 paraparivAiya-ye loga anya sAdhuo kI nindA kiyA karate the| 12. piNDolaga-ye loga vahuta maile rahate the| inake zarIra me jU taka regane lagatI thii| inake deha se bahuta durgandha AtI thii| eka piNDolaga sAdhu ne "vebhAra" nAmaka parvata para eka caTTAna ke nIce dava kara apane ko samApta kara diyA thaa| 13 sasarakkha-ye loga indrajAla vidyA meM nipuNa hote the, aura barasAta ke lie dhUli kA saMgraha kara liyA karate the| ye nagna rahate the tathA hAtha para hI bhojana karate the| 14. vaNImaga-ye loga bhojana ke ati lobhI hote the aura apane ko gAkya Adi kA bhakta batAkara bhikSAvRtti kiyA karate the| apanI avasthA va huta hI karuNa banAkara tathA aneka prakAra kI cATutApUrNa vAte karake, ye logo ke hRdaya ko dravIbhUta kiyA karate the| 15 vAribhadraka-ye loga pAnI tathA kAI para jIvana nirbhara rakhate the| ye hamegA snAna tathA pagadhAvana me hI vyasta rahate the| 16 vArikhala-ye loga apane pAtra ko vAraha vAra miTTI se ragaDate the| sagha tathA ziSya-paramparA yo to jaina-dharma aura jaina-sagha mahAvIra se bhI prAcIna hai, kyoki tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ne mahAvIra se bhI pahile unakI sthApanA kI thii| 1 lA0. ina0. e0. i0 , pR0 215.

Page #95
dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [ 77 kintu mahAvIra ke samaya taka loka paristhiti itanI badala gaI thI ki usa prAcIna jaina sagha kA punaruddhAra Avazyaka thA / mahAvIra ke "vIrasagha" kI catuvidha vyavasthA ne usa AvazyakatA ko pUrNa kiyA / bhagavAn kI zaraNa me aneka bhavya prANI Ae the / koI zramaNa huA, kisI ne upAsaka ke vrata dhAraNa kie / puruSa hI nahI, striyo ko bhI sagha me apane bhAgya - nirmANa kA avasara prApta huA / aneka ramaNiyo ne mahAvrata dhAraNa kie aura ve AryikA vanI / jinakI gRhasthI se mamatA vanI rahI, ve aNuvrato kA pAlana karatI huI apane vikAsa me tatpara rhii| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke bhakta do prakAra ke the- gRhatyAgI aura gRhavAsI / gRhavAsI bhakta upAsaka tathA upAsikAe~ thI, jo vratI aura avratI ( mAtra samyag dRSTi) dono taraha ke the parantu gRha tyAgI bhakta jo adhikatara bhagavAn ke sAtha vihAra kiyA karate the, zramaNa tathA AryikAe~ thI / ata vIra sagha catuvidha rUpa thA, jisake jaga the 1 zramaNa, 2 AryikA, 3 upAsaka, 4 upAsikA / 1 kalpasUtra me "vIra-sagha" ke cAro ago kA ullekha milatA hai / usa sagha me 14 hajAra zramaNa the, jiname savase pradhAna zramaNa indrabhUti the / 36 hajAra bhikSuNI arthAt AryikAe~ usa sagha me thI, jiname saba se pradhAna AryikA cadanA thI / 1 lAkha 56 hajAra upAsaka usa sagha ke aga the, jiname sabase pradhAna upAsaka gakhagataka the / 3 lAkha 18 hajAra upAsikAe~ usa sagha me thI, jiname sabase pradhAna upAsikA sulasA thI / - isake atirikta unake sagha me 14 pUrvagata jJAna ke dhArI 300 sAdhu, avadhijJAna ke dhArI 1300 sAdhu, kevalajJAna ke dhArI 700 sAdhu, 700 RddhidhArI, 500 mana paryaya - jJAnadhArI, 400 vAdIzAstrArthI tathA 800 ekabhavI ( eka bhava ke bAda mukti pAne vAle ) sAdhu the / unake upadeza ko sunakara vIrAgaka, vIrayA, sajaya, eNeyaka, seya, ziva, udayana 3 aura gakha ina 8 samakAlIna rAjAo ne pravrajyA am - 1 sthAnAga 363. 2 jaina- sUtrAj bhAga 1 ( kalpasUtra ), "lA0 oNpha mahAvIra", pR0 267 3 bhagavatI sUtra 12 2.

Page #96
78] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa agIkAra kI thii| abhayakumAra, ' meghakumAra Adi aneka rAjakumAro ne bhI ghara choDakara vrato ko agIkAra kiyA thaa| skadhaka pramukha aneka tApasa bhI tapa kA rahasya jAnakara bhagavAn ke ziSya bana gae the / aneka striyA~ bhI sasAra kI asAratA ko jAnakara unake zramaNIsagha me sammilita huI thI, jiname aneka to rAjaputriyA~ bhI thii| unake gRhastha anuyAyiyo meM magadharAja zreNika, kuNika, vaizAlIpati ceTaka,5 avantipati caNDapradyota, Adi pramukha the| Ananda Adi vaizya zramaNopAsako ke atirikta zakaDAla putra jaise kumbhakAra bhI upAsaka sagha me sammilita the| arjunamAlI jaise duSTa se duSTa hatyAre bhI unake pAsa vaira tyAga kara, zAMti rasa kA pAna kara tathA kSamA ko dhAraNa kara dIkSita hue the| zUdro aura atizUdro' ko bhI unake sagha me sthAna thA / unakA sagha rADhAdeza, magadha, videha, kAgI, kozala, sUrasena, vatsa, avantI, Adi dezo me phailA huA thaa| unake vihAra ke mukhya kSetra magadha, videha, kAzI, kogala, rADhAdeza, aura vatsa the|50 gaNa tathA gaNadhara mahAvIra ne apanI zramaNa-sasthA ko vyavasthAsaukarya kI dRSTi se gaNo me vibhakta kara diyA thA, aura inake niyamana ke lie 11 pradhAna ziSyo ko niyata kiyA thA, jo "gaNadhara' nAma se prasiddha the| gaNadharo ke jIvana Adi kA sakSipta vRttAnta hame kalpasUtra, Avazyaka 1 Avazyaka cUNi, pR0 115. 2 nAyAdhammakahAo, 1. 3 uttarAdhyayana, 20 4 aupapAtika sUtra, 12 Avazyaka cUNi, 2, pR0 164. 6 vahI, pR0 401 uvAsagadasAo, 1. 8 vahI, 7 uttarAdhyayana, 12. 10. bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR0 8.

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adarza mahApuruSa [76 niyukti Adi sUtro me prApta hotA hai| unakA jIvana vRttAnta nimna prakAra hai indrabhUti gautama mahAvIra ke savase pradhAna ziSya the| ye magadha dezAntaragata govvaragAma ( govara grAma ) ke nivAsI gautama-gotrIya brAhmaNa vasubhUti ke putra the| indrabhUti vaidika dharma ke prakhara vidvAn aura adhyApaka the| eka samaya ve pAvA-madhyamA nivAsI somilArya ke nimatraNa para, apane 500 ziSyo ke sAtha unake yajotsava meM sammilita hone ke lie ge| udhara RjuvAlikA ke taTa se vihAra kara mahAvIra bhI pAvA-madhyamA me pdhaare| indrabhUti vAdI vanakara mahAvIra ko parAjita karane ke lie unakI dharmasabhA me gae, para unhone indrabhUti ko unake sadigdha veda pado kA vAstavika artha samajhAkara unake samasta giSyo ke sAtha apanA ziSya banA liyaa| dIkSA ke samaya indrabhUti kI avasthA 50 varSa kI thii| ye mahAn tapasvI, vinIta tathA guru-bhakta zramaNa the| jisa rAtri me mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA usI rAtri ke ata me indrabhUti ko kevala-jJAna prApta huA thaa| isake bAda ve 12 varSa taka jIvita rahakara mahAvIra ke upadezo kA pracAra karate rhe| ata me apanI Ayu samApta hotI dekhakara, indrabhUti ne apanA gaNa Arya sudharmA ko samhalAyA aura mAsika anazana ke bAda 62 varSa kI avasthA me nirvANa prApta kiyaa| agnibhUti tathA vAyubhUti, indrabhUti ke choTe bhAI the| ye dono bhI indrabhUti ke samAna somilArya brAhmaNa ke yajJotsava meM sammilita hone ke lie apane 500 ziSyo ke sAtha mahAvIra ke nikaTa Ae the aura apane sadigdha veda pado kA tAttvika artha samajhakara unake ziSya vana gae the| mahAvIra ne inhe vidvAn eva atyanta yogya samajhakara kramaga dvitIya tathA tRtIya gaNadhara vnaayaa| cauthe tathA pA~cave gaNadhara Aryavyakta tathA sudharmA the| ye kollAga sanniveza nivAsI tathA kramaza bhAradvAja gotrIya tathA agni-vezyAyana gotrIya brAhmaNa the / ye dono adhyApaka the aura inake ziSyo kI sakhyA bhI 500-500 thii| pAvA-madhyamA meM mahAvIra ke mukha se 1 jaina sUtrAj bhAga 1 (kalpa sUtra, 127, pR0 266).

Page #98
80 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa apanI gUDha gakAo kA samAdhAna pAkara ye dono unake dharma meM dIkSita ho gae the| chaThe gaNadhara kA nAma maDika hai| maDika mauryasanniveza ke rahane vAle vaziSTha gotrIya vidvAn brAhmaNa the| inake 350 mipya the| sAtave gaNadhara mauryaputra, kAzyapa gotrIya brAhmaNa the| inakA nivAsasthAna bhI mauryasanniveza thaa| ye bhI 350 chAtro ke adhyApaka the| mahAvIra ke apTama gaNadhara kA nAma akampita thaa| ye mithilA nivAsI gautama gotrIya brAhmaNa the| inake 300 ziSya the| nave, dazave tathA gyArahave gaNadharo ke nAma acalabhrAtA, metArya tathA prabhAsa hai / iname acalabhrAtA hArIta gotrIya, tathA anya dono kauNDinya gotrIya brAhmaNa the| ina tIno vidvAn adhyApako ke pratyeka ke 300 ziSya the| ye sabhI vidvAn somilArya ke nimatraNa para unake yaja me sammilita hone ke lie gae the, jahA~ para unakI mahAvIra se bheTa huI aura unake upadeza se prabhAvita hokara ve unake ziSya ho gae tathA unase pravrajyA dhAraNa ko| ___ kalpa-sUtra me uparyukta sabhI gaNadharo ke nAma nimna prakAra hai1 idabhUi ( indrabhUti ), 2 aggibhUi ( agnibhUti ), 3 vAubhUi ( vAyubhUti ), 4 ajjaviyatta (Aryavyakta), 5 ajjasudhamma (AryasudharmA ), 6 maNDiya ( maDika ), 7 moriyaputta (mauryaputra), 8 akampiya ( akapita ), 6. ayalabhAyA ( acalabhrAtA), 10 meijja ( metArya ), tathA 11. pabhAsa (prbhaas)|' ziSya-paramparA ____ mahAvIra apane jIvanakAla me caturvidha saMgha ke pradhAna the| unake nirvANa ke vAda sthavira Arya sudharmA sagha nAyaka hue aura ve 20 varSo taka sagha kA adhipatitva karate rahe / sudharmA ke vAda Arya jambU sadha ke nAyaka vane / ve savase atima kevalI the| jambU ke vAda krama se prabhava, gayyambhava, yagobhadra aura sabhUtivijaya ne sagha kA netRtva kiyaa| isake bAda bhadravAhu sagha ke netA hue, inake samaya me bhAratavarSa me vahuta vaDA akAla paDA / bhadravAhu ke bAda sthUlabhadra ne sagha kA 1 janamUtrAj bhAga 1 (klpasUtra), "lisTa Apha sthavirAj", pR0 286-287

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dvitIya adhyAya : Adaza mahApuruSa [81 sacAlana apane hAtha me liyaa| ve nave nada ke pradhAna matrI zakaTAla ke putra the, aisA mAnA jAtA hai / sthUlabhadra bahuta samaya taka jaina saMgha ke pradhAna rahe / jambU ke bAda chaha AcArya zrutakevalI kahe gae hai|' sthUlabhadra ke vAda Arya mahAgiri saMghapati hue| unhone nagnavega ko dhAraNa kara prAcIna jinakalpa paramparA kA uddhAra kiyA / sthUlabhadra ke vAda Arya suhasti ne jina sagha kA netRtva kiyaa| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki inhone gajA agoka ke pautra eva uttarAdhikArI rAjA "sampaI" samprati) ko jainadharma meM parivartita kiyA thaa| rAjA samprati jainadharma ke atyanta bhakta the aura unhone anArya dezo me jainadharma ke pracAra me paryApta sahayoga diyA thaa| ____ Arya suhasti ke bAda Arya susthita, suprativuddha tathA indradatta kramaza jaina-sagha ke pradhAna vane / inake vAda suprasiddha AcArya kAlakAcArya ne sagha kA zAsana kiyaa| inhone apane samaya me sIthiyana rAjAo kI sahAyatA se rAjA gardabhilla ko parAsta kiyA thA / 2 ye rAjA gAtavAhana ke samakAlIna mAne jAte hai / isake bAda prabhAvazAlI AcAryo me Arya vajra kA nAma pradhAna hai| ve savase atima dazapUrvadhArI AcArya mAne gae hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki tatkAlIna pATilaputra ke rAjA ne unakA vaDe mahotsava ke sAtha sammAna kiyA thaa| unake samaya me do bAra deza me lambe samaya kA akAla pddaa| pahalI vAra uttarApatha me, dUsarI vAra dakSiNApatha me| apanI Ayu ke atima dino me Arya vajra raivataka parvata para gae aura anna-jala kA tyAga kara nirvANa prApta kiyaa| Arya vajra ke vAda Arya rakSita ne sagha kA netRtva grahaNa kiyaa| ve navapUrva ke jJAtA the| vAda ke AcAryo me umAsvAti, kundakunda, siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, haribhadra, akalaka, vidyAnada tathA hemacandra ke nAma pradhAna hai / sabhI AcArya jainadharma ke pUrNa marmajJa the aura 1 nizItha cUrNi, 5, pR0 437. nizItha cUNi, 10 pR0 571 3 Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 390-396, 404

Page #100
82] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa unhone jainadharma ko sthAyI karane ke lie aneka grantho kI racanA kI / hemacandra kalikAla sarvajJa mAne gae hai| ve advitIya pratibhAsampanna vyakti the / unakA samaya 1121 I0 hai / unhI ke samaya me rAjA kumArapAla ne jainadharma agIkAra kiyA aura use gujarAta meM rAjadharma kA pada prApta kraayaa| taba se jainadharma niratara hrAsa para hai|' 1 lA0 ina0 e0 iDiyA, pR0 30.

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tRtIya adhyAya jaina-tattvajJAna tattvajJAna vizva ke vAhya aura AMtarika svarUpa ke sabaMdha me tathA usake sAmAnya eva vyApaka niyamo ke saMbaMdha meM jo tAttvika dRSTi se vicAra kie jAte hai, unakA nAma tattvajJAna hai / isa prakAra se vicAra karanA manuSyatva kA viziSTa svarUpa hai, ataeva pratyeka deza meM nivAsa karane vAlI pratyeka prakAra kI mAnava - prajA meM ye vicAra alpa yA adhika aga meM udbhUta hote hai / manuSya jAti java prakRti kI goda me AI aura usane sabase pahile vAhya vizva kI ora A~khe kholI taba usake samakSa adbhuta aura camatkArI vastue~ tathA ghaTanAe~ upasthita huI / eka ora sUrya, candra aura agaNita tArAmaMDala tathA dUsarI ora samudra, parvata, vizAla nadIpravAha, meghagarjanAe~ aura vidyutacamatkAro ne usakA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA / manuSya kA mAnasa ina sava sthUla padArtho ke sUkSma cintana me pravRtta huA aura usake hRdaya meM isa sabaMdha me aneka prazna udbhUta hue / jisa prakAra manuSya ke mastiSka meM vAhya vizva ke gUDha tathA ati sUkSma svarUpa ke viSaya me aura unake sAmAnya niyamo ke viSaya meM vividha prazna utpanna hue, usI prakAra Atarika vizva ke gUDha aura ati sUkSma svarUpa ke viSaya me bhI usake mana me vividha prazna uThe / ina prazno kI utpatti hI tattvajJAna kI utpatti kA prathama sopAna hai / pUrvI tathA pazcimI tattvajJAna kI prakRti kI tulanA pUrvI ho yA pazcimI, sabhI tattvajJAna kevala jagat, jIva aura Izvara ke svarUpa cintana meM hI pUrNa nahI hote, parantu ve apane pradeza 1. aneka manuSyo ko yaha jJAna nahI hai ki ve kahA~ se Aye hai aura kahA~ jAne vAle haiM ? unakI AtmA janmajanmAntara ko prApta karatI hai yA nahI ? - AcArAga 111-3

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84 ] jaina-sagazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa me cAritra kA prazna bhI hAtha me lete hai| alpa yA adhika aga me pratyeka tattvajJAna apane me jIvana-godhana kI vividha mImAsA kA samAvega karatA hai, phira bhI pUrvI tathA pazcimI tattvajJAna ke vikAsa meM hama thoDI bhinnatA bhI dekhate hai / grIka tattva-cintana kA prArabha kevala vizva ke svarUpa savadhI prazno se hotA hai aura Age jAkara krizciyeniTI ke sAtha isakA savadha hone para isame jIvana-godhana kA bhI prazna samAviSTa hotA hai / parantu Arya-tattvajJAna ke itihAsa me hama eka vizepatA dekhate hai, aura vaha yaha ki mAno isa tattvajJAna kA prArabha hI jIvana-godhana ke prazna se huA ho, kyoki Arya-tattvajJAna kI vaidika, vauddha aura jaina-ina tIna mukhya zAkhAo me samAna rIti se vizvacintana ke sAtha hI jIvanagodhana kA cintana sakalita hai| AryAvarta kA koI bhI dargana aisA nahI ki jo kevala vizva-cintana karake hI satoSa dhAraNa karatA ho| hama dekhate hai ki pratyeka mukhya yA zAkhArUpa Arya darzana jagat, jIva aura Izvara savadhI apane viziSTa vicAra dikhalA karake ata me jIvana-zodhana ke prazna ko bhI letA hai aura jIvana-godhana kI prakriyA dikhalA kara ke vizrAnti letA hai| isalie hama pratyeka Arya dargana ke mUla grantha me prArabha me mokSa kA uddezya aura ata me usakA hI upasahAra dekhate hai / jaina-tattvajJAna (a) padArtha-nirUpaNa-jainAgama me sadbhAva-padArtha : mAne gae hai-1 jIva, 2. ajIva. 3. Asrava, 4 vadha, 5 savara, 6 nirjarA, 7 mokSa, 8 puNya tathA 6 pApa 13 1 jaina-tattvajJAna, pR0 6. 2 vedAntasAra, prArabha "akhaDa saccidAnadamavADmAnasagocaram, AtmAnamakhilAdhAramAzraye'bhISTasiddhaye / " samApti "vimuktazca vimucyate, ityAdi zrute" sAyyakArikA-prArabha "du khatrayAbhidhAtAjjijJAsA tadapaghAtake hetau", samApti "aikAntikamAtyantamubhaya kaivalyamApnoti' tarkabhApA-prArabha "tattvajJAnAnnizreyasAdhigama" 3 sthAnAMga, 2, 7 10, 13, 14, 16, 665 samavAyAga, 1

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [85 __padArtha-vyavasthA kI dRSTi se yaha vizva dravyamaya hai, kintu mumukSu puruSa ke lie, jinako tattvajJAna kI AvazyakatA mukti ke lie hai, ve padArtha mAne gae hai / jisa prakAra rogI ko roga-mukti ke lie roga, roga kA kAraNa, roga-mukti aura roga-mukti kA upAya-ina cAra vAto kA jAnanA cikitsA-zAstra me Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai, usI prakAra mokSa prApti ke lie sasAra, sasAra ke kAraNa, mokSa aura mokSa kA upAya-isa mUlabhUta catuvyUha kA jAnanA paramAvazyaka hai| jIva tathA ajIva ye do padArtha milakara hI sasAra kahe jAte hai|' cetanA lakSaNa jIva hai aura isake viparIta ajIva hai / puNya, pApa tathA Asrava, badha-ye cAra padArtha sasAra ke kAraNa hai| mana, vacana tathA kAya kI zubha pravRtti puNya aura azubha pravRtti pApa kahalAtI hai| pApa ko taraha puNya bhI sasAra kA kAraNa hai kyoki pravRtti mAtra, cAhe zubha-rUpa ho cAhe azubha-rUpa, karmAgamana me kAraNa hotI hai / mukti ke lie to pravRtti-nirodha hI Avazyaka hai| puNya tathA pApa ke dvArA karmarUpa pudgala paramANuo kA AtmA ke samIpa Agamana hotA hai, vahI Asrava kahalAtA hai / Asrava karmAgamana kA dvAra hai / jIva aura karma kA paraspara me sagliSTa ho jAnA badha hai / jIva kA samasta karmavandhano se mukta ho jAnA mokSa hai / savara tathA nirjarA, ye do padArtha mokSa ke kAraNa hai / Asrava ke rokane ko savara kahate hai, savara navIna karmo ke Agamana kA dvAra bada kara detA hai / badhe hue karmo ko tapa ke dvArA naSTa kara denA nirjarA hai|2 1. jIva-jaisA ki hama pahile kaha cuke hai, isa sasAra me do padArtha hI pUrNa rUpa se vyApta hai, jIva tathA ajIva / ' ina dono padArtho se bhinna sasAra nAma kI koI vastu hai hI nhiiN| nava padArtho me ye do 1 samavAyAga, 103 2 vauddha-darzana me jo dukha, samudaya, nirodha aura mArga-cAra Aryasatya haiM, (abhidharmakopa, 6, 2) aura sAsya tathA yogadarzana me heya, heya-hetu, hAna, aura hAnopAya cartuvyUha hai jise nyAya darzana me "arthapada' kahA gayA hai| inake sthAna me Asrava se lekara mokSa taka ke pAMca tattva jainadarzana me prasiddha haiN| -jainadarzana, pR0 214 sthAnAga,57

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86 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anumAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa hI mUla padArtha hai, kyoki ina dono ko lekara hI anya padArtho kI kalpanA huI hai| jIva kA lakSaNa caitanya hai| jisame cetanA guNa-jAnane, dekhane, anubhava karane kI zakti pAI jAtI hai, vahI jIva hai / sAkhya bhI cetanA ko puruSa kA svarUpa mAnatA hai|' jJAna aura darzana-ye jIva ke do viziSTa guNa hai| pratyeka sacetana prANI apane samakSa upasthita vastu kA prathama darzana karatA hai, aura usake pazcAt jJAna / darzana, jJAna kA pUrva rUpa hai| isa prakAra jJAna tathA darzanarUpa caitanya se yukta prANI hI jIva sajA ko prApta karatA hai / jIva ke bheda-sasAra tathA mukti kI apekSA jIva ke do bheda kie gae hai, siddha tathA asiddha / siddha ve jIva hai jo karmoM kA pUrNa vinAga karake sasAra ko choDakara muktigAmI ho cuke hai aura asiddha ve hai jo abhI karmavadhana ke kAraNa sasAra me paDe hue haiN| inhe kramaga asasArasamApannaka tathA sasArasamApannaka kahA gayA hai|4 siddha jIvo me to koI bheda hotA nahI hai, kyoki sabhI samAna guNa-dharma vAle hote hai| gati-sasArI jIva jina-jina avasthAo me nirantara gamana (bhramaNa) karatA hai ve gati kahalAtI hai / gati cAra hai-1 narakagati, 2 tiryacagati, 3 manuSya gati, tathA 4. devagati / " gati kI dRSTi se sasArI jIva ke 4 bheda kie gae hai-1 nArakI, 2 tiryaca, 3 manuSya tathA 4 deva / pRthvI ke nIce sAta naraka hai, uname jo jIva nivAsa karate hai, ve nArakI kahalAte hai / svargo me jo nivAsa karate hai ve deva hai| 8 jo 1 sAkhyakArikA, ___ 2 sthAnAga, 104 3 vahI, 101 4 vahI, 57 5 vahI, 267 6 vahI, 365, 294 7 sthAnAga, 546, 8 vahI, 258,

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [ 87 naraka aura svarga ke vIca madhyaloka me nivAsa karate hai tathA jinhone manuSya-yoni meM janma pAyA hai ve manuSya hai / deva, nArakI tathA manuSya ko chor3a jitane sasArI jIva hai ve sava tiryaca kahalAte hai| __indriya-prANI ko jo artha grahaNa (jJAna) me sahAyaka hotI haiM ve indriyA~ kahI jAtI hai| indriyA~ 5 hai-1 spargana, 2 rasanA, 3 ghrANa, 4. cakSu, tathA 5 shrotr| spargana indriya vastu kA sparza karake padArtha ko jAnatI hai / samasta zarIra meM vyApta tvak (carma) hI sparzana indriya hai| jo vastu kA svAda lekara padArtha kA jJAna karatI hai vaha rasanendriya hai / ghrANendriya vastu kI gadha ko grahaNa karatI hai| cakSu indriya kA kArya vasturUpa ko dekhanA hai tathA zrotrendriya kA kArya vastu ke gabda ko sunanA hai / ____ indriya kI apekSA sasArI jIva pAca prakAra ke hote hai-1 ekendriya, 2 dvIndriya, 3 trIndriya, 4 caturindriya, tathA 5 pacendriya / indriyo ke gaNana me inakA krama apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai / ekendriya jIva ve hai, jinake kevala eka indriya, arthAt prathama (sparzana) indriya hI hai| dvIndriya jIva ve hai jinake do indriyA~ arthAt prathama tathA dvitIya (sparzana evaM rasanA) indriyA~ hai| trIndriya jIva ve hai jinake prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya (spargana, rasanA tathA ghrANa) indriyA~ hai| caturindriya jIva ve haiM jinake prathama, dvitIya, tRtIya eva caturtha (sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa tathA cakSu) indriyA~ hai, aura pacendriya jIva ve hai jinake uparyukta pA~co hI indriyA~ hai|' indriyo ko dRSTi me rakhakara sasArI jIva ke anya prakAra se bhI bheda kie gae hai| sasArI jIva do prakAra ke haiM- trasa tathA sthAvara / jina jIvo ke mAtra sparzana indriya hotI hai, ve sthAvara jIva kahe jAte hai| pRthivIkAyika, jalakAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika tathA vanaspatikAyika, isa prakAra pA~ca taraha ke sthAvara hai| do-indriya se lekara pacendriya taka ke jIva trasa kahe jAte haiN| jainadharma ke anusAra manuSya, pazu, pakSI Adi ke atirikta pRthivI, jala, agni, vAyu tathA vanaspati me bhI jIva hai| miTTI me kIDe Adi jIva to hai hI kintu miTTI 1 sthAnAga, 458

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88 [ jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa kakaDa Adi svaya mI pRthivIkAyika jIvo ke zarIra kA piNDa hai / isI taraha jala me yatro ke dvArA dikhAI dene vAle aneka jIvo ke atirikta jala svaya jalakAyika jIvo ke garIra kA piNDa hai, yahI vAta agnikAya Adi ke vipaya me bhI jAnanA caahie|' laTa Adi jIvo ke spargana aura rasanA, ye do indriyA~ hotI hai| cITI vagairaha ke sparzana, rasanA aura ghrANa, ye tIna indriyA~ hotI hai| bhaure Adi ke spargana, rasanA, ghrANa tathA cakSu ye cAra indriyA~ hotI hai| ina indriyo ke dvArA ve jIva apane-apane yogya sparga, rasa, gadha, rUpa aura gabda kA jAna karate hai| manuSya prakRti kA sarvocca prANI hai, usake tathA sarpa, nevalA, pazu-pakSI Adi ke pA~co hI indriyA~ hotI hai| ___ basa tathA sthAvara ke pA~ca upabhedo ko milAkara, chaha jIva- . nikAya ( jIvasamudAya ) mAne gae hai / ve nimna prakAra haiM1 pRthivIkAya, 2 apakAya, 3. vAyukAya, 4 vanaspatikAya, tathA 5. trasakAya / ina sabhI prakAra ke jIvo kA varNana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| ___ jIvo ke bhedo kA isase bhI sUkSma vivecana jainasUtro me hai / samavAyAga me caudaha bhUtagrAma (jIvo ke samUha) kahe gae hai| ye bheda jIvo ke paryAptaka tathA aparyAptaka, sUkSma tathA vAdara (sthUla) eva sanI tathA asanI rUpa ko dhyAna me rakhakara kie gae hai| paryAptaka jIva unhe kahate haiM jo janma se pUrva garIrAdi chaha paryAptiyo ko pUrNa kara lete hai / jo ina paryAptiyo ko pUrNa kie vinA mRtyu ko prApta ho jAte hai ve aparyAptaka kahalAte hai / ekendriya jIvo me sUkSma tathA vAdara bheda hote hai| gepa jIvoM ke kevala sthUla hone ke kAraNa uname sUkSma bheda nahI pAyA jAtA / paMcendriya jIva do prakAra ke hai asanI tathA sjii| asaMjI jIvo ke mana nahI hotA aura sajI jIvo ke mana hotA hai| mana kA sadbhAva kevala pacendriya prANiyo me ho hai, ata sajJI-asajI kA bheda bhI kevala unhI me hai| ve caudaha bhUtagrAma nimna prakAra hai - 1 AcArAga, 1, 1, (zastraparijJA adhyayana) 2 samavAyAga, 6 tathA sthAnAga 480 3. vahI, 14

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [86 1 sUkSma aparyAptaka ekendriya (suhumA apajjattayA egidiyA) 2 sUkSma paryAptaka ekendriya (muhumA pajjattayA egidiyA) 3 vAdara aparyAptaka ekendriya (vAdarA apajjattayA egidiyA) 4 vAdara paryAptaka ekendriya (vAdarA pajjattayA egidiyA) 5. aparyAptaka dvIndriya (apajjattayA veidiyA) 6 paryAptaka dvIndriya (pajjattayA beidiyA) 7 aparyAptaka trIndriya (apajjattayA tediyA) 8 paryAptaka trIndriya (pajjattayA tediyA) 6 aparyAptaka caturindriya (apajjattayA cauridiyA) 10 paryAptaka caturindriya (pajjattayA cauridiyA) 11 asajJI aparyAptaka pacendriya (asanni apajjattayA pacidiyA) 12 asajJI paryAptaka pacendriya (asanni pajjattayA pacidiyA) 13 sanI aparyAptaka pacendriya (sanni apajjattayA pacidiyA) 14. sajJI paryAptaka pacendriya (manni pajjattayA pacidiyA) yahA~ yaha bhI spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki jainadarzana jIvavahutvavAdI hai| vaha pratyeka jIva kI svatatra sattA svIkAra karatA hai| sthAnAga me kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka garIra ke hisAva se eka jova hai|' jIvo kI bhinna-bhinna avasthAo ko dekhakara sAkhya ne bhI 'purupa' tattva kI anekatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ zarIra-jIva ke kriyA karane ke sAdhana ko garIra kahate hai| sasArI jIvo ke pA~ca prakAra ke garIra hote hai-1 audArika, 2 vaikriya, 3. AhAraka, 4 taijasa, 5 kANi / ____jo garIra udAra ( sthUla ) ho, jo jalAyA jA sake, jisakA chedana-bhedana ho sake vaha audArika garIra kahalAtA hai| jo garI kabhI choTA, kabhI vaDA, kabhI patalA, kabhI moTA, kabhI eka, kabhI aneka ityAdi vividha prakAra kI vikriyA kara sake vaha vaikriya garIra hai / jo zarIra kevala kisI vizepa RddhidhArI (caturdazapUrvI) muniyo ke dvArA racA jA sake, vaha AhAraka zarIra kahalAtA hai / jo zarIra tejomaya hone ke kAraNa grahaNa kie hue AhAra Adi ke paripAka 1 sthAnAga, 17, tathA mamavAyAga, 1 2 sAsyakArikA, 18 (purapavahutva siddham)

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60 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa kA hetu aura dIpti kA nimitta ho vaha taijasa zarIra hai / kSaNa-pratikSaNa grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA karma kA samUha hI kArmANa garIra kahalAtA hai| taijasa tathA kArmANa garIra pratyeka sasArI jIva ke hote hai| audArika garIra kevala deva tathA nArakiyo ke hotA hai| AhAraka garIra kA nirmANa koI vizeSa RddhidhArI muni hI kara sakate hai| java kabhI caturdagapUrvapAThI muni ko kisI sUkSma viSaya meM sadeha ho jAtA hai aura java sarvajJa kA sannidhAna nahI hotA, tava ve apanA sadeha-nivAraNa karane ke lie audArika zarIra se kSetrAtara me jAnA asabhava samajha kara apanI viziSTa ddhi kA prayoga karate hue jo hastapramANa choTA garIra nirmANa karate hai, vaha AhAraka garIra kahalAtA hai / 1 / janma-samUcrchana, garbha tathA upapAta ke bheda se janma tIna prakAra kA hai / jarAyuja, aNDaja tathA potaja prANiyo ke garbha janma hotA hai / jarAyu arthAt garbhaveSTana ke sAtha jo prANI utpanna hote hai ve jarAyuja kahalAte haiM, jaise manuSya, gAya Adi / aNDe se paidA hone vAle jIva aNDaja kahalAte hai , jaise sApa, mora, ciDiyA Adi / jo kisI prakAra ke AvaraNa se veSTita na hokara hI paidA hote hai ve jIva potaja kahalAte hai, jaise hAthI, gagaka, nevalA, cUhA aadi| svarga tathA naraka me deva tathA nArakiyo ke janma ke lie niyata sthAna-vizeSa upapAta kahA jAtA hai| deva tathA nArakiyo ke upapAta janma hotA hai kyoki ve upapAta-kSetra me sthita vaikriya-pudgalo ko zarIra ke lie grahaNa karate hai| ina do janmo se atirikta janma vAle samasta prANiyo kA janma samUrchana janma kahalAtA hai / 2 __ bhAva-AtmA ke sabhI paryAya kisI eka hI avasthA vAle nahI pAe jAte / kucha paryAya kisI eka avasthA me hai to dUsare kucha paryAya kisI dUsarI avasthA me| paryAyo kI ve bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ bhAva kahalAtI hai / AtmA ke paryAya adhika se adhika paoNca bhAva vAle ho sakate hai / ve pA~ca bhAva nimna prakAra hai-1 aupaza mika, 2 kSAyika, 3 kSAyopazamika, 4 audayika, 5 pAriNAmika / ___ aupagamika bhAva vaha hai jo karma ke upazama se paidA hotA hai| upagama eka prakAra kI Atmazuddhi hai, jo karma kA udaya vilakula ruka jAne 1 samavAyAga, 152 2 sthAnAga, 85, 543

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [ 61 para vaise hI hotI hai, jaise mala nIce vaiTha jAne para jala me svacchatA hotI hai / kSAyika bhAva vaha hai jo karma ke kSaya se paidA hotA hai / kSaya AtmA kI vaha parama vizuddhi hai jo karma kA sambandha vilakula chUTa jAne para vaise hI prakaTa hotI hai, jaise sarvathA mala nikAla dene para jala me pUrNa svacchatA prakaTa ho jAtI hai / kSAyopagamika bhAva karma ke kSaya tathA upagama dono se paidA hotA hai / kSayopagama bhI eka prakAra kI Atmika guddhi hai, jo karma ke eka aza kA kSaya hone para prakaTa hotI hai / yaha vizuddhi vaisI hI mizrita hai jaise dhone se mAdaka zakti ke kucha kSINa ho jAne aura kucha raha jAne para kodo kI zuddhi / audayika bhAva vaha hai jo karma ke udaya se utpanna hotA hai| udaya eka prakAra kI Atmika malinatA hai jo karma ke vipAkAnubhAva se vaise hI hotI hai, jaise mala ke mila jAne para jala me mAlinya ho jAtA hai / pAriNAmikabhAva dravya kA vaha pariNAma hai jo kevala dravya ke astitva se Apa hI Apa huA karatA hai, arthAt kisI bhI dravya kA svAbhAvika mvarUpa-pariNamana hI pAriNAmika bhAva kahalAtA hai| ye hI pA~ca bhAva AtmA ke svarUpa hai, arthAt sasArI yA mukta koI bhI AtmA ho, usake sabhI paryAya ukta pA~co bhAvo me se kisI na kilo bhAva dAle avazya hoge|' lezyA-krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha-rUpa kapAya ke sadbhAva me mana, vacana tathA kAya kI pravRtti ko prerita karane vAle Atma-pariNAma lezyA kahalAte hai| lezyA audayika bhAva hai, jo ki karma ke udaya hone para hI hotI hai| AtmA ke bhAva asakhya ho sakate hai, isa dRSTi se legyAe~ bhI asakhya haiM kintu vyavahAra ke lie unako mukhya rUpa se chaha bhAgo me vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| ve chaha bhAga nimna prakAra hai-1 kRSNa leNyA, 2 nIla leNyA, 3. kApota lezyA 4 tejo legyA, 5 padma lezyA tathA 6 zukla lezyA / kapAya kI tIvratA ke kAraNa atimalina Atma-pariNAma kRSNaleNyA hai / kapAya kI kucha alpatA ho jAne se malina Atma-pariNAma nIla legyA hai / kApota lezyA me pariNAmo kI malinatA nIla leNyA kI apekSA aura bhI alpa hotI hai| isI prakAra tejas, padma aura 1 sthAnAga, 537

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62] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktiva kA vikAma zukla lezyA meM malinatA kI mAtrA apekSAkRta alaga me alpatara hotI calI gaI hai| ___veda-veTa liga ko kahate haiM / ye tIna hai-1 strI veda, 2 purupaveda, 3 napusaka ved| ye tIno veda dravya aura bhAva-rUpa se do-do prakAra ke hai| dravya veda kA matalava Upara ke cihna se hai aura bhAva-veda kA matalava abhilApA vizeSa se hai| jisa cihna se purupa kI pahicAna hotI hai vaha dravya puruSa-veda hai aura strI ke sasargasukha kI abhilApA kA bhAva purupa-veda hai| strI kI pahicAna kA sAdhana dravya strI-veda, aura puruSa ke sasargamukha kI abhilApA kA bhAva-strI-veda hai| jisame kucha strI ke cihna aura kucha purupa ke cihna ho vaha dravya napusaka-veda aura strI-purupa dono ke sasargasukha kI abhilApA kA bhAva napusaka veda hai / nArakIjIva tathA samUrcchana janma vAle jIva napusaka-veda vAle hote hai| zeSa samasta sasArI prANI tIno veda vAle hote hai / 2 / __ jJAna:-jJAna ke do bheda hai-pratyakSa tathA prokss| jo jJAna indriyo tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke vinA kevala AtmA se utpanna hotA hai use pratyakSa kahate hai| isake viparIta indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA se hone vAlA jAna parokSa kahalAtA hai / pratyakSa jJAna ke tIna bheda hai-avadhijJAna, mana paryayajJAna tathA kevalajAna / avadhinAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopagama se, indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke vinA kucha nizcita avadhi taka ke padArtho kA jJAna avadhijJAna hai / isake do bheda hai-bhavapratyayAvadhi tathA kSAyopagamikAvadhi / jo avadhijJAna janma se prANiyo ko prApta hotA hai use bhavapratyayAvadhinAna kahate hai| yaha jAna deva tathA nArakiyo ke hotA hai / jo avadhinAna tapa Adi anuSThAna ke dvArA avadhijJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopagama se prApta hotA hai use kSAyopazamikAvadhijJAna kahate ..1 mamavAyAga, 6, sthAnAga, 504 mamavAyAga, 156 3 "jAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai-AbhinivodhikajAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, mana paryayajJAna, tathA kevalajJAna / " -sthAnAga, 463.

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satIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [ 63 hai| yaha jAna pacendriya-tiryaca tathA manuSyo ke hotA hai / mana paryayajAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se utpanna, prANiyo ke manobhAvo ko jAnane vAlA jAna mana paryayajJAna kahalAtA hai| isake bhI do bheda hai-Rjumati mana paryaya tathA vipulamati mana paryaya / manobhAvo kA sAmAnya jJAna Rjumatimana paryaya tathA viziSTajJAna vipulamatimana paryaya kahalAtA hai / Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati-mana paryayajJAna vizuddhatara hai tathA vaha manobhAvo ke adhika sUkSma vizeSo ko adhika spaSTa rUpa se jAnatA hai| kevalajAnAvaraNa karma ke kSaya se vastu kI bhUta, bhaviSyat eva vartamAna kI samasta paryAyo ko eka sAtha jAnane vAlA jAna kevalajJAna kahalAtA hai|' yaha jJAna 'arihata' tathA 'siddha' avasthA me utpanna hotA hai| parokSajAna do prakAra kA hai-Abhinivodhika tathA zrutajJAna / matijJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se, indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA dvArA utpanna jJAna AbhinivodhikanAna kahalAtA hai| zrutajJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se, indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA pUrvaka matijJAna ke bAda utpanna hone vAlA vicArAtmakanAna zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai| zrutajAna ke do bheda hai-agavAhya tathA agapraviSTa / AcArAga Adi 12 agazAstra agapraviSTa zrutajJAna hai tathA inase atirikta uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika Adi aneka Agama grantha agavAhya zrutajJAna hai / ' naya-vastu ko jAnane ke sAdhana do hai-pramANa tathA naya / pramANa vastu ke pUrNa rUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai, aura naya pramANa dvArA gRhIta vastu ke eka aza ko jAnatA hai| vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai, pramANa samagrabhAva se grahaNa karatA hai, usame aga-vibhAjana kI ora usakA lakSya nahI hotaa| jaise "yaha ghaDA hai" isa jAna me pramANa ghaDe ko akhaDa bhAva se usake rUpa, rasa, gadha, sparNa Adi ananta guNadharmo kA vibhAga na karake pUrNarUpa me jAnatA hai, java ki koI bhI naya usakA vibhAjana karake "rUpavAn ghaTa.", "rasavAn ghaTa" Adi rUpa me use apane-apane abhiprAya ke anusAra jAnatA hai, 13 1 2 3. kalpasUtra, 5, 127, pR0 266 sthAnAga (sUtravRtti-abhayadeva), 71 1045-47 (va) jainadarzana, pR0 475

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e4 ] jaina - agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa pramANa ke Abhinivodhika Adi pA~ca bhedo kA varNana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| naya ke sAta bheda hai -- 1 naigama, 2 saMgraha, 3 vyavahAra, 4 RjusUtra, 5 zavda, 6 samabhirUr3ha tathA 7 evabhUta | naMgama naya - sakalpamAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naigama naya hotA hai / jame koI puruSa daravAjA banAne ke lie lakar3I kATane jagala jA rahA hai| pUchane para vaha kahatA hai ki "maiM daravAjA lene jA rahA hU~ / " yahA~ daravAjA banAne ke sakalpa me hI "daravAjA" vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai / sagraha naya - aneka paryAyoM ko eka dravya ke rUpa se yA aneka dravyo ko sAdRvyamUlaka ekatvarUpa se abhedagrAhI saMgraha naya hotA hai | jaise--''sapUrNa jagata sadrUpa hai", kyoki sattArahita koI vastu hai hI nahI / vyavahAra naya - saMgraha naya ke dvArA gRhIta artha me vidhipUrvaka, avisavAdI aura vastusthitimUlaka bheda karane vAlA vyavahAra naya hai / yaha naya loka - prasiddha vyavahAra kA avirodhI hai / jaise - " sadrUpa vastu bhI jar3a-cetana rUpa se do prakAra kI hai / cetana tattva bhI sasArI tathA muktarUpa se do prakAra kA hai / " ityAdi rUpa se bheda karanA / RjusUtra naya - atIta cU~ki vinaSTa hai aura anAgata anutpanna hai, ata vartamAna kSaNavartI arthaparyAya ko hI viSaya karane vAlA RjusUtra naya kahalAtA hai / isa naya kI dRSTi me palAla kA vAha nahI ho sakatA, kyoki agni kA sulagAnA, dhokanA, jalAnA Adi asakhya samaya kI kriyAe~ vartamAna kSaNa me nahI ho sakatI / zabda naya--kAla, kAraka, liMga tathA saMkhyA ke bheda se zavda bheda hone para unake bhinna-bhinna artho ko grahaNa karane vAlA zabda naya hai / jaise bhinna kAraka tathA bhinna vacano me kahA gayA "devadatta" eka hI nahI, kintu aneka hai / samabhirUr3ha naya - eka kAlavAcaka, eka- liMgaka tathA eka saMkhyAka bhI zabda aneka paryAyavAcI hote haiM / yaha naya una pratyeka paryAyavAcI gavdo kA arthabheda mAnatA hai / jaise - indra, gaka tathA purandaraina tIna zabdo me pravRtti nimitta kI bhinnatA hone se bhinnArtha vAcakatA hai /

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tRtIya adhyAya jaina-tattvajJAna [ 65 ___ evaMbhUta naya-yaha naya, padArtha jisa samaya jisa kriyA meM pariNata ho usa samaya usI kriyA se niSpanna zavda kI pravRtti svIkAra karatA hai / jaise koI manuSya pUjA karate samaya hI "pujArI" kahA jA sakatA hai, anya samaya nhiiN|' 2. ajIva-jisa padArtha me jAna-darzanarUna caitanya nahI pAyA jAe use ajIva kahate hai / yaha jIva kA virodhI bhAvAtmaka padArtha hai / isake pA~ca bheda hai-pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAga tathA kAla / pudgala-jisa padArtha me sparga, rasa, gadha, rUpa tathA ganda pAyA jAe use pudgala kahate hai| sparga ke 8 bheda hai-1 karkaza, 2 mRdu, 3 guru, 4 laghu, 5 gIta, 6 uSNa, 7 snigdha tathA 8 rukSa / rasa ke pA~ca bheda hai-1. tikta, 2 kaTu, 3 kapAya, 4. amla, tathA 5 mdhur| gadha ke do bheda hai-sugadha tathA durgandha / rUpa ke caudaha bheda hai-1 surUpa, 2 dUrUpa, 3 dIrgha, 4 hrasva, 5. vRtta 6 vyasra, 7 caturastra, 8 pRthula, parimaNDala, 10 vRSNa, 11 nIla, 12 lohita, 13 hAridra, tathA 14 zukla / gavda ke do bheda hai-zubha tathA ashubh|2 indriyo ke dvArA hama jo kucha dekhate haiM, sUghate hai, chUte hai, cakhate hai, aura sunate hai, vaha saba pudgala dravya kI paryAya hai| pudgala ke do bheda hai-- aNu tathA skandha / pudgala kA sabase choTA hissA aNu hai tathA eka aNu me eka se lekara adhika aNuo ke milane se skandha banatA hai| dharma tathA adharma-dharma tathA adharma se puNya tathA pApa kA abhiprAya nahIM hai / kintu ye dono bhI jIva tathA pudgala kI taraha svatatra padArtha hai| jo, jIva tathA pudgalo ke calane eva Thaharane meM sahAyaka hote hai ve kramaza dharma tathA adharma dravya kahe jAte hai| yadyapi calane 1 sthAnAga, 552, (abhayadeva-vRtti, 370-371) 2 sthAnAga, 47 3 vahI, 442

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mana agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava anindra kA vita aura Thaharane kI gati do jIva aura padgala me hai hI, ninta vAdya sahAyatA ke binA nAtinI vyakti nahIM ho sakatI, ana nadI padArthoM kA svataMtra astitva svIkAra kiyA gyaa| AkAza-jo sanI dravyoM ko avakAza detAjage AnA hane hai| yaha padArtha amUrtika nayA sarvavyApI hai| unake do bhaMdra I-gokAkAga tathA alovAkAza / jahA jIva tapA ajIva padArtha mAge jAne hai use lokAkAga kahate hai / jahA~ ye dono padArtha nahI pAye jAte use alokAkAma rahate haiN| jainadharma ke anugAra do zAkAga sAna nayA alokAkAga ananta hai| prasiddha vaijJAnika AdanTIna samasta loga ko sAta mAnate hai / ___ kAla-jo vastu mAtra ke parivartana kagane meM sahAyaka hai ume kAla dravya kahate hai| yadyapi pariNamana kI zakti manI padArthI meM hai kintu vAhya nimitta ke binA una zakti kI vyakti nahIM ho sakatI, ana kAla dravya kA pRthak astitva svIkAra kiyA gyaa| kAla dravya ke do bheda hai--nizcaya kAla tathA vyavahAra kAla lokAkAga ke pratyeka pradeza para pRthak pRthaka kAlA (kAla ke aNu sthita hai, ina kAlANuo ko nizcayakAla kahate hai / ApasI vyavahAra ke nimitta sthira kie gae samaya, AvalI, ucchvAna Adi vyavahAra kAla hai / bhagavatIsUtra (vyAkhyA praptisUtra) me vyavahArakAla ke viSaya meM nimna prakAra vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| ___ AkAga ke eka pradeza meM sthita pudgala paramANu madagati se jitanI dera me usa pradeza se lage hue pAsa ke dUsare pradeza para pahuMcatA hai use "samaya" kahate hai| asakhyAta samayo kA samudAya eka "AvalikA" kahalAtI hai| asakhyAta AvalikAo kA eka "ucchvAsa" aura utanI hI AvalikAo kA eka "ni zvAsa" hotA hai| samakta aura 1 "prophesara ghAmIrAma ne dharma dravya kI tulanA Adhunika vijJAna ke "Iyara" nAmaka tattva se tathA adharma dravya kI tulanA "sara Aijaka nyUTana" ke "AmarpaNa siddhAnta" se kI hai|" kAmamolojI olDa eNDa nyU, pR0 44. 2 kAmamolojI olDa eNDa nyU, pR0 57. 3 vyAkhyApranapti (abhayadevavRtti) 6, 7, 246 pR0 500-502 4 jaina-dharma pR0 97

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tRtIya adhyAya jaina-tattvajJAna [67 nIroga manuSya ke eka 'svAsocchvAsa" ko "prANa" kahate hai| isa prakAra ke sAta prANo kA eka "stoka" sAta stoko kA eka "lava" aura 77 lavo kA eka "muhUta" hotA hai| isa prakAra eka muhUrta meM 3873 cvAsocchvAsa hote hai / 30 muhUrtoM kA eka "ahorAtra" (rAta dina), 15 ahorAtra kA eka "pakSa", do pakSa kA eka "mAsa", do nAsa ko eka "Rtu", tIna Rtuo kA eka "ayana", do ayana kA ki "mavatsara" (barSa) tathA pAca savatsara kA eka "yuga" hotA hai| aupamikakAla do prakAra kA hai-palyopama aura sAgaropama / / palyo pama-~-eka yojana (cAra kosa) pramANa lavA, cauDA, aura gaharA eka palya gaDDhA) rUsa-ThUsa kara vAlAgro (jisakA dUsarA khaDa na ho sake aise vAla) se bharA jaae| usa palya me se sau-sau varpa ke antara ne eka-eka vAlAgra nikAlA jAe aura isa prakAra jitane kAla me vaha palya khAlI ho jAe utane kAla ko eka palyopama kahate hai| ___sAgaropama-dasa koTAkoTi (eka karoDa 4 eka karor3a)palyopamo kA eka sAgaropama hotA hai / vyavahArakAla ke anya chaha bheda kie gae hai-1 supamasupamA, 2 supamA, : supamaduSamA, 4. du pamasupamA, 5 dupamA, 6 dupmdupmaa| cAra koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA supamasupamA kAla hai / tIna koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA supamA kAla hai| do koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA supamadu.pamA kAla hai| vyAlIsa hajAra varSa kama eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama kA dupamamupamA kAla hai / ikkIsa hajAra varSa kA dupamA kAla hai / ikkIsa hajAra varSa kA hI dupama dupamA kAla hai| ina hrAsonmukha chaha kAlo ke samudAya ko avasarpiNI kahate hai| isI prakAra du pama pamA se lekara supamamupamA taka kA vikAsonmukha kAla utsapiNI kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra dasa koTAkoTi sAgaropama avasaraNI tathA dasa koTAkoTi sAgaropama utsarpiNI kAla' hai| 3. Alava-jIva ko eka tAlAva kI upamA dI gaI hai tathA karma ko jala kI / jIva rUpI tAlAva me karmarUpI jala kA Agamana Asrava 1 zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR0 85-89.

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jaina- aMgaNAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa hai / Asrava ke dvAra pA~ca kahe gaye hai- 1 mithyAtva, 2 avirati 3 pramAda, 4 kapAya, aura yoga 1 (22 ] mana me padArthoM kI yathArthatA ke prati zraddhA na honA mithyAdarzana hai / hisAdi pApo ke tyAgarUpa vrata kA abhAva avirati hai / dharma ke prati azraddhA ke kAraNa dharmAcaraNa meM Alasya pramAda hai / krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha, AtmA ko dukha dene ke kAraNa kapAya kahe gaye hai / mana, vacana tathA kAya kI pravRtti yoga hai / " AtmA pratikSaNa mithyAdarzanAdi ke dvArA karma kA AkarSaNa karatA rahatA hai| prazna vyAkaraNAga me Asrava ke kAraNabhUta hisA, asatya, corI, maithuna tathA parigraha rUpa pAco pApo ko Asrava kahA gayA hai / " 4 baMdha - kapAya sahita hone ke kAraNa jIva ke dvArA karmarUpa pudgala - paramANuo kA grahaNa kiyA jAnA badha hai / vadha zabda kA artha hai - badhana, arthAt AtmA tathA karma kA paraspara vadha jAnA - eka kSetra me sthita ho jAnA / yaha vadha cAra prakAra kA hai - 1 prakRtivadha, 2 sthitivadha, 3 anubhAvavadha, 4 pradezavadha | karma pudgalo me jJAnAdi ko AvaraNa karane kA jo svabhAva vanatA hai vahI svabhAva nirmANa prakRtivadha hai / svabhAva vanane ke sAtha hI sAtha usa svabhAva se kisI nizcita samaya taka cyuta na hone kI maryAdA bhI pudgalo me nirmita hotI hai, yaha kAla maryAdA kA nirmANa hI sthitivadha hai / svabhAvanirmANa ke sAtha hI usame tIvratA, mandatA - Adi rUpa me phalAnubhava karAne vAlI vizeSatAe~ badhatI hai| aisI vizeSatA hI anubhAvavadha hai / grahaNa kie jAne para bhinna-bhinna svabhAva meM pariNata honevAlI karmapudgalarAtri svabhAvAnusAra kinhI niJcita parimANo me vaeNTa jAtI hai, yaha parimANavibhAga hI pradezavadha kahalAtA hai / sthAnAga, 418, (abhayadeva taMtra tti, pR0 300 - 301 va ) 2 vahI, 70 +3 5 6 " 7.1 vahI, 166 vahI 48 vahI, 124 praznavyAkaraNAga, 1, 2, pR0 5 a

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna karma kI prakRtiyA~ ATha hai - 1 jJAnAvaraNa, 2 darzanAvaraNa, : 3 vedanIya, 4 mohanIya, 5. Ayu, 6. nAma, 7 gotra, tathA 8 antarAya | jo karma AtmA ke jJAnaguNa kA AvaraNa karatA hai vaha jJAnAvaraNakarma kahalAtA hai / isake pA~ca bheda hai - 1 AbhinivodhikajJAnAvaraNa, zrutajJAnAvaraNa, 3 avadhijJAnAvaraNa 4 mana paryaya - jJAnAvaraNa, 5 kevalajJAnAvaraNa | ye pAco jJAnAvaraNa kramaga Abhinivodhika, zruta, avadhi, mana paryaya tathA kevalajJAna kA AvaraNa " ( AcchAdana) karate hai / harcha [ ee, jisake dvArA darzana (sAmAnyavodha ) kA AvaraNa ho, vaha darzanA - varaNa hai | darzanAvaraNa karma ke nava bheda hai- 1 nidrA, 2 pracalA, 3 nidrAnidrA, 4 pracalApracalA, 5 styAnagRddhi, 6 cakSudarzanAvaraNa, 7 acakSudarzanAvaraNa, 8 avadhidarzanAvaraNa, tathA = kevldrshnaavrnn| jisa karma ke udaya se sukhapUrvaka jAga sake aisI nidrA Ave, vaha nidrA hai / jisa karma ke udaya se baiThe-baiThe yA khaDe - khaDe hI nidrA A jAve, vaha pracalA hai / jisa karma ke udaya se nidrA se jAganA atyanta duSkara ho, vaha nidrAnidrA hai / jisa karma ke udaya se calate-calate hI nIda A jAe vaha pracalApracalA hai| jisa karma ke udaya se jAgRta avasthA me soce hue kAma ko nidrAvasthA me karane kI sAmarthya prakaTa ho jAe, vaha styAnagRddhi hai| jo karma cakSudarzana, acakSudarzana, avadhidarzana, tathA kevaladarzana kA AvaraNa kare, ve karma kramaza cakSadarzanAvaraNa, akSudarzanAvaraNa, avadhidarzanAvaraNa tathA kevaladarzanAvaraNa kahalAte hai / jisase sukha yA dukha kA anubhava ho vaha vedanIya karma hai | vedanIya ke do bheda hai-sAtAvedanIya tathA asAtAvedanIya / jisa karma ke udaya 1 2 sthAnAga 596, (abhayadevasUtravRtti, pR0 394, 395) vahI, 464 sthAnAga, 668, mamavAyAga 9 "AtmaguNa caitanya, avasthA vizeSa me nirAkAra raha kara darzana, aura darzana kI vyAkhyA padArthoM pR0 265 sAkAra hokara jJAna kahalAtA hai / ke sAmAnyAvalokana taka jA pahu~cI / " jainadarzana, T

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100 [ jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-yaktitva kA vikAsa me prANI ko mukha kA anubhava ho, vaha mAtAvedanIya hai / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI ko dukha kA anubhava ho vaha amAtAvedanIya hai| jisa karma ke udaya se AtmA moha (mUDhatA rAga-dvepa) ko prApta ho vaha mohanIya karma hai| mohanIya ke do bheda hai-darganamohanIya tathA cAritramohanIya / jisa karma ke udaya se padArthoM kA yathArtha zraddhAnarUpa darjana na ho vaha darganamohanIya hai| jisa karma ke udaya se sAmAyikAdi cAritra me ruci utpanna na ho vaha cAritramohanIya hai|' jisa karma ke udaya se bhava-dhAraNa ho, vaha Ayu hai / Ayu ke cAra bheda hai-1 narakAyu, 2 tiryacAyu, 3 manuSyAyu, 4 devAyu / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI ko naraka, tiryaca, manuSya tathA devagati kA jIvana vyatIta karanA paDe, vaha kramA narakAyu, tiryacAyu, manuSyAyu tathA devAyu hai / jisame viziSTa gati jAti Adi kI prApti ho vaha nAma hai| nAmakarma ke do bheda hai--1 zubhanAmakarma, 2 agubhanAmakarma / jisa prakAra nipuNa citrakAra sundara tathA asundara eva priya tathA apriya rUpo kA nirmANa karatA hai, isI prakAra nAmakarma bhI jIva ke gobhana tathA azobhana eva iSTa tathA aniSTarUpa aneka AkRtiyo kA nirmANa karatA hai| jisa karma ke udaya se prANI kA sundara tathA ipTa rUpa utpanna ho vaha zubha nAmakarma hai| jisa karma ke udaya se azubha eva apriya rUpa utpanna ho, vaha azubha nAmakarma hai| "darzana ke cAra bheda haiM-cakSudarzana, acakSudargana, avadhidarzana tathA kevaladarzana / cakSu indriya me hone vAlA mAmAnyAvalokana cakSudarzana hai| cakSu ko choDa anya indriyo se hone vAlA mAmAnyAvalokana atrakSudarzana hai / imI pakAra avadhijJAna tathA kevalajJAna me pUrva hone vAlA mAmAnyAvalokana kramaNa avadhidarzana tathA vanadagaMna hai|" ----syAnAga, 365 1 sthAnAga, 105 2 vahI, 105 3 vahI, 294 5 sthAnAga, 105 (abhayadevamUtravRtti, pR0 92, noTa na0 1

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [ 101 jisase U~capana yA nIcapana mile vaha gotrakarma hai / gotra ke do bheda haiM- uccagotra tathA nIcagotra / pratiSThA prApta kula meM janma dilAne vAlA karma uccagotra hai / zakti rahane para bhI pratiSThA na mila sake aise kula meM janma dilAne vAlA karma nIcagotra hai / ' jisa karma ke udaya se lene tathA dene Adi me vighna ho vaha antarAyakarma hai / antarAya ke do bheda hai - pratyutpannavinAgi tathA pidhattAgAmipatha / jisa karma ke udaya se vartamAna meM, vastu ke lAbhAdi me vighna paDe vaha pratyutpannavinAza antarAya hai / jisa karma ke udaya me bhaviSya meM prApta karane yogya vastu ke lAbhAdi me vighna paDe vaha pidhatAgAmipatha antarAya hai / " 5. saMvara - jIvarUpI tAlAva me karmarUpI jala kA AnA Asrava kahalAtA hai, ThIka isake viparIta karmarUpI jala ke Ane ko roka denA savara hai / Asrava savara kA virodhI hai, isa kAraNa jo mithyAdarzanAdi Asrava ke dvAra kahe gae hai unake virodhI samyagdarzanAdi savara ke dvAra hai / savara ke pA~ca dvAra hai- 1 samyaktva, 2 virati 3 apramAda, 4 akapAya, 5 ayoga | ye paoNco kramaza Asrava ke prakaraNa me kahe gae mithyAdarzana, avirati, pramAda, kapAya, tathA yoga ke abhAva se hote hai / 3 praznavyAkaraNAga me ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacaryaM tathA aparigraha savara ke dvAra kahe gae he | 1 6. nirjarA - AtmA ke sAtha vadhe hue jAnAvaraNAdi karmo kA ekadeza se naSTa honA nirjarA hai| samavAyAga meM nirjarA sthAna (nirjarA ke kAraNa ) pA~ca vatAe gae hai -1 prANAtipAta ( hisA ) se viramaNa, 2 mRSAvAda (asatya) se viramaNa, 3 adattAdAna (corI) se viramaNa, 4 maithuna ( abrahmacarya) se viramaNa, 5 parigraha se viramaNa / prANAtipAna Adi kA jaba sapUrNarUpa se tyAga hotA hai taba ye mahAvrata kahalAte hai / jaba inakA sthUlarUpa se tyAga hotA hai taba ye aNu 2 ra 1 sthAnAga 105, (abhayadeva vRtti, pR0 92, noTa na0 1) vahI, 105 vahI, 418 ( abhayadevasUtravRtti, pR0 300 ) prayANaIT, dvitIya zrutaskandha, ( savaradvAra ) /

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102 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vrata kahalAte hai| kintu java inakA tyAga sAdhAraNarUpa se hotA hai nava ye nirjarA-sthAna kahe jAte hai / ' ___. mokSa-AtmA ke sAtha vadhe hue jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kA sapUrNa rUpa se abhAva ho jAnA mokSa hai / samavAyAga me mukta AtmA (siddha) ke 31 guNa kahe gae hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi pA~ca karmo ke abhAva se pA~ca guNa, darzanAvaNAdi : karmoM ke abhAva se guNa, sAtAvedanIya tathA asAtAvedanIya ke abhAva se do guNa, darzanamohanIya tathA cAritramohanIya ke abhAva se do guNa, naraka, tiryaca, manuSya tathA deva-Ayu ke abhAva se cAra guNa, zubhanAma tathA azubhanAma karma ke abhAva se do guNa, uccagotra tathA nIcagotra ke abhAva se do guNa tathA dAnAntarAya Adi pA~ca antarAyo ke abhAva se pA~ca guNa, isa prakAra ATho karmoM ke abhAva ho jAne se mukta jIvo ke 31 guNa prakaTa ho jAte hai| 8-6 puNya tathA pApa-ahisA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraharUpa zubhakarma puNya hai tathA hisA, jhUTha, corI, maithuna tathA parigraharUpa azubhakarma pApa hai| vAstava me yadi zubha eva azubha karmo kI gaNanA kI jAve to puNya tathA pApa ke aneka bheda ho jAeMge kintu ahisAdi samasta zubhakarmoM kA pratinidhitva karate hai| isI taraha hisAdi samasta pApa karmoM kA pratinidhitva karate hai| 3 (ba) loka kA svarUpa yaha samasta sasAra tIna bhAgo me vibhakta hai|4 Urdhvaloka, tiryagloka tathA adholoka / adholoka meruparvata ke samatala ke nIce nau sau yojana kI gaharAI ke vAda ginA jAtA hai / samatala ke nIce tathA Upara ke nau sau, nau sau yojana arthAt kula aThAraha sau yojana kA tiryagloka hai / tiryagloka ke Upara sapUrNa pradeza Urdhvaloka hai / " 1 samavAyAga, 5 (abhayadevasUtravRtti, pR0 10) 2 vahI, 31 mamavAyAga, 1 tathA sthAnAga, 59 / tulanA, "puNyo vai puNyena karmaNA bhavati pApa pApeneti / " vRhadAraNyakopanipad, 560 4 sthAnAga, 153 vahI, 153 (abhayadevasUtravRtti, pR0 121 va ) 3

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tRtIya avyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [ 103 yaha loka nIce kI ora vistRta, madhya me sakSipta aura Upara ke bhAga me vigAla hai| AkAra meM vaha adhobhAga meM palaga jaisA, madhya bhAga me bajra jaisA aura Upara bhAga me mRdaga jaimA hai| yaha loka gAzvata, parItta (asakhyeyapradegAtmaka) tathA parivRta (alokAkAga se vyApta) hai| bhagavatI sUtra me lokasthiti kA svarUpa vahuta spaSTarUpa se samajhAyA gayA hai, '-"basa sthAvarAdi prANiyo kA AdhAra pRthivI hai, pRthivI kA AdhAra udadhi hai, udadhi kA AdhAra vAyu hai aura vAyu kA AdhAra AkAga hai| jaise koI purupa manaka ko havA se pUrNa bhara kara usakA muha vada karade, phira usako vIca meM se majabUta vAdha kara maha para kI gATha khola havA nikAla kara usame pAnI bhara de aura phira maha para kasakara gA~Tha vA~dha de, phira vAda me vIca kI gA~Tha khola de to vaha pAnI nIce kI havA para tthhregaa| isI taraha AkAza ke Upara havA aura havA ke Upara pRthivI Adi rahate hai|" avaloka-madhyaloka ke Upara kucha kama 7 rajjupramANa vistAra vAlA Urbaloka hai| yaha devatAo kA nivAsa sthAna hai| devatA 4 prakAra ke kahe gae hai-1. bhavanavAsI, 2 vyantara, 3 jyotiSka, 4 vaimaanik| bhavanavAsI deva bhavano me nivAsa karate hai| inake bhavana nagarasahana hote hai / ve vAhara se gola aura bhItara se samacatuSkoNa aura nIce puSpakarNikA jaise hote hai / bhavanavAsiyo ke 10 bheda hai--1 asurakumAra, 2 nAgakumAra, 3 vidyutkumAra, 4 muparNakumAra, 5 agnikumAra, 6 vAtakumAra, 7 stanitakumAra, 8 udadhikumAra, 6 dvIpakumAra, 10 dikkumaar| sabhI bhavanavAsI deva kumAra kahalAte hai, kyoki ve kumAra kI taraha dekhane meM manohara tathA sukumAra hote hai aura mRdu eva madhuragativAle tathA krIDAgIla hote hai / 1 bhagavatI, 5 9 2 vahI, 16 3 sthAnAMga, 153 (abhayadevasUtravRtti, pR0 121 ba) 4 vahI, 258 5 bahI, 736

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104 ] jaina agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vyantaradeva apanI icchA se yA dUsaro kI preraNA se tIno loko me bhinna-bhinna sthAno para jAyA karate haiM / ve vividha prakAra ke parvata tathA guphAo ke ataro me vasane ke kAraNa vyantara kahalAte hai / inake bheda hai -1 pizAca, 2 bhUta, 3 yakSa, 4 rAkSasa, 5. kinnara, 6 kipurupa, 7 mahoraga, gandharva / ' jyotiSka jAti ke deva prakAzamAna vimAno me nivAsa karane ke kAraNa jyotiSka kahalAte haiM / inake pA~ca bheda hai - 1 candra, 2 sUrya, graha, 4 nakSatra, 5 tArA |2 vaimAnikadeva yadyapi vimAnoM meM nivAsa karate hai phira bhI unakA yaha nAma pAribhASika mAtra hai, kyoki anya deva bhI vimAno me rahate hai / ina devo ke vimAna eka dUsare ke Upara sthita hai| vaimAniko ke do bheda hai ---- kalpopapanna tathA kalpAtIta | jo kalpa me rahate hai ve kalpopapanna kahalAte hai / kalpa ke 12 bheda hai--1 saudharma, 2 aigAna, 3 sAnatkumAra, 4 mAhendra, 5 brahmaloka, 6 lAntaka, 7 mahAzukra, sahasrAra, Anata, 10. prANata, 11. AraNa, 12 acyuta / klpo ke Upara anukrama se vimAna hai, jo puruSAkRti loka ke grIvA sthAnIya bhAga me hone ke kAraNa graiveyaka kahalAte hai / inake Upara vijaya, vaijayanta, jayata, aparAjita, tathA sarvArthasiddhi ye pA~ca vimAna krama se Upara-Upara hai, jo savase uttara (pradhAna) hone ke kAraNa anuttaropapAtika kahalAte haiM / 3 e 2 tiryagloka -- Urdhvaloka ke nIce tathA adholoka ke Upara 18 ma yojana pramANa tiryagloka hai / isame manuSya tathA tiryaco kA nivAsa hai / loka ke madhya me hone ke kAraNa ise madhya-loka bhI kahate haiM / madhyaloka meM asakhyAta dvIpa aura samudra hai / ve krama se dvIpa ke vAda samudra tathA samudra ke vAda dvIpa isa taraha avasthita hai / jambUdvIpa thAlI jaisA gola hai aura anya sava dvIpa tathA samudro kI AkRti valaya sthAnAMga, 654 2 vahI, 401 3 4 samavAyAga, 149 sthAnAga, 153 (abhayadevasUtravRtti, pR0 121 va )

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [105 [cUr3I] ke samAna hai| jambU dvIpa lavaNasamudra se veSTita hai, lavaNasamudra ghAtakIkhaNDa-dvIpa se veSTita hai, dhAtakIkhaNDa-dvIpa kAlodadhisamudra se, kAlodadhisamudra puSkaravara dvIpa se aura puSkaravaradvIpa puSkarodadhi se veSTita hai| yahI krama svayaMbhUramaNasamudra-paryanta hai| jambUdvIpa-jambUdvIpa sabase pahalA dvIpa hai aura samasta dvIpa-samudro ke bIca me sthita hai / isakA vistAra eka lAkha yojana pramANa hai / / isake bIca me meruparvata kI U~cAI eka lAkha yojana hai| ___jambUdvIpa me sAta kSetra haiM, jo varSa kahalAte hai| iname pahalA bharatakSetra hai jo dakSiNa kI ora hai| bharata se uttara kI ora haimavata, haimavata ke uttara me hari, hari ke uttara me videha, videha ke uttara me ramyaka, ramyaka ke uttara me hairaNyavata aura hairaNyavata ke uttara me airAvata kSetra hai| sAtoM kSetroM ko eka dUsare se alaga karane vAle unake madhya chaha parvata hai, jo varSadhara kahalAte hai / ye sabhI parvata pUrva-pazcima lambe hai| bharata aura haimavata ke bIca himavAn parvata hai / haimavata aura hari kA vibhAjaka mahAhimavAna hai| hari aura videha ko judA karane vAlA niSadha parvata hai| videha aura ramyaka ko bhinna karane vAlA nIla parvata hai| ramyaka aura hairaNyavata ko vibhakta karane vAlA rukmI parvata hai / hairaNyavata aura airAvata kA vibhAga karane vAlA zikharI parvata hai| ____ jambUdvIpa me sAta mahAnadiyA~ hai jo ki pUrvAbhimukha hokara lavaNasamudra me giratI hai / unake nAma isa prakAra hai-(1) gaMgA, (2) rohitA, (3) harI, (4) sItA, (5) narakAntA, (6) suvarNakUlA aura (7) rktaa| isI prakAra anya sAta nadiyA~ bhI pazcimAbhimukha hokara lavaNasamudra me giratI hai| unake nAma isa prakAra hai-(1) sidhu, (2) rohitAsyA, (3) harikAntA (4) sItodA, (5) nArIkAntA (6) rupyakUlA tathA (7) rktvtii| jambUdvIpa kI apekSA dhAtakIkhaDadvIpa me meru, varSa, varSadhara tathA nadiyo kI saMkhyA dUnI hai| meru Adi kI jo sakhyA dhAtakIkhaDa 1. sthAnAMga, 163. 2. samavAyAMga, 1. 3. sthAnAMga, 86-62, 555 4. vahI, 555

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106 ] jaina-aMgazAratra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa dvIpa kI hai vahI saMkhyA puSkarAdha-dvIpa kI bhI hai, kyoki puSkaravara dvIpa ke arddhabhAga me mAnuSottara parvata ke pahale hI manuSya tathA tiyaMco kA nivAsa hai| ____ adholoka-tiryagloka ke nIce kucha adhika sAta rajjupramANa vistAra vAlA adholoka hai| iname nArakI jIvo kA nivAsa hai| jo jIva azubha karmoM dvArA pApopArjana karake narakagati ko prApta karate hai. ve nArakI kahalAte hai / nArakI jIva ina pRthciyo me A kara apane pUrvopAjita karmAnusAra mahAdu kho ko bhogate hai| ___ adholoka ke sAta vibhAga hai (1)-ratnaprabhA, (2 zarkarAprabhA, (3) vAlukAprabhA, (4) pakaprabhA, (5) dhUmaprabhA (6) tama , tathA (7) tamastamaH / ina sAto pRthviyo ke nAma usa usa pRthvI me rahane vAlI prabhA evaM aMdhakAra kI taratamatA ke anusAra hai| jaise ratnaprabhA pRthvI me ratna kI prabhA ke samAna prakAza hai tathA tamastama.pRthvI me ghora andhakAra hai| jainadharma aura Izvara jainadharma kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usame prAkRtika tathA Adhidaivika devo athavA nityamukta Izvara ko hI pUjya kA sthAna nahI hai ; usame to eka sAmAnya manuSya bhI apanA carama vikAsa karake janasAdhAraNa ke lie hI nahI, kintu devo ke lie bhI pUjya vana jAtA hai| isI kAraNa indrAdi devo kA sthAna jainadharma me pUjaka kA hai, pUjya kA nahI / syAnAga me kahA gayA hai ki arihato kI utpatti ke samaya, unake pravrajyA dhAraNa karane ke samaya tathA unhe kevalajJAna utpanna hone ke samaya indrAdi deva apane Asana se uThate hai, Asana se calate hai, siMhanAda (harpa dhvani) karate hai, celotkSepa (harSa me unmatta hokara vastrAdi phekanA) karate hai tathA mahotsava manAne ke lie svargaloka se utara kara manuSyaloka me Ate hai| 1. sthAnAMga, 555 tathA 63 2. vahI, 546 3. "devA vi taM namasati jassa dhamme sayA mnno|" dazavakAlika 4. sthAnAga, 134

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tRtIya adhyAya : jaina-tattvajJAna [107 ___ jainadharma meM mahAvIra Izvara ke avatAra nahIM hai, kintu ve kevala mAnava hI hai, jinhone apane satprayatno dvArA samasta karmoM se mukti pA kara paramAtma-pada ko prApta kiyA hai| unhe nityavaddha tathA nityamukta Izvara kabhI nahI kahA gayA, kyoki nitya-Izvara ko isa saskRti me koI sthAna nahIM hai / nityamukta Izvara ko na mAnane me eka bAdhA upasthita ho sakatI hai ki "isa samasta sRSTi kA nirmANa eva vyavasthA kauna karegA" _____ upayukta prazna kA uttara sUtrakRtAMga me bahuta vistAra ke sAtha diyA gayA hai| koI kahate hai ki kisI devatA ke dvArA yaha loka banAyA gayA hai, aura dUsare loga kahate hai ki brahmA ne yaha loka banAyA hai|' IzvarakAraNavAdI kahate hai ki jIva, ajIva, sukha tathA dukha se yukta yaha loka IzvarakRta hai aura sAkhyavAdI kahate hai ki yaha loka pradhAnAdikRta hai| koI anyatIrthI kahate hai ki viSNu ne isa loka ko banAyA hai| kisI kA kahanA hai ki yamarAja ne mAyA dvArA isakA nirmANa kiyA hai / koI brAhmaNa-zramaNa aisA bhI kahate hai ki yaha jagat aNDe se utpanna huA hai| pUrvoktavAdI apanI icchA se jagata ko kiyA huA batalAte hai, kintu ve vastusvarUpa ko nahIM jAnate, kyoki yaha jagat kabhI bhI anitya nahIM hai| upayukta kathana se yaha siddha hai ki jagat anAdi eva ananta hai, ata isa jagata ko banAne ke lie kisI sRSTikartArUpa IzvarAdi ke mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahI hai| jainasaMskRti ke anusAra jo bhI prANI tyAga aura tapasyA ke mArga para cala kara apane AtmavikAsa kI parAkASThA para pahu~ca jAtA hai, vaha 1. 2. sUtrakRtAga, 1, 1, 3, 5 vahI, 1.1 3.6. "prakRti se mahAn (buddhitattva) utpanna hotA hai, mahAn se ahakAra, ahaMkAra se solaha padArtho kA gaNa, usa gaNa meM se pA~ca tanmAtrAo dvArA pA~ca mahAbhUta utpanna hote hai, isa prakAra yaha sRSTi-racanA kA krama hai|" -sAkhyakArikA, 22 sUtrakRtAga 1. 1. 3 7 vahI, 1. 1. 3 8 vahI 1. 1. 3.6 3. 4. 5

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108 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa pUrNa vana jAtA hai| use hama alaukika aizvarya kA bhoga karane ke kAraNa 'Izvara' AtmA ke paramotkRSTa pada prApta kara lene ke kAraNa 'paramAtmA' Adi nAmo se pukArate hai| paramAtmapada ko prApta Izvara do prakAra ke mAne gae hai-sadehamukta tathA videhmukt| paramAtmapada pA lene ke bAda AtmA jaba taka saMsAra me nivAsa karatI hai, tava taka vaha sadehamukta paramAtmA hai / use 'arihata' 'jIvanmukta' Adi ke nAmo se saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai / vahI AtmA zarIra chor3a dene ke bAda pUrNa paramAtmapada ko prApta kara siddha saMjA ko grahaNa karatI hai / 2 mahAvIra ne bAraha varSa kI nirantara kaThina tapazcaryA ke bAda arihata pada ko pAyA aura lagabhaga tIsa varSa ke arihata pada ke vAda zarIra kA tyAga kara siddhapada ko prApta kiyaa| 1. sthAnAga, 226 2. vahI, 268. 3 kalpasUtra, 1.5 127 (jainasUtrAja bhAga 1, pR0 266)

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa virAT vizva ___ java hama isa sasAra me apanI Akhe khola kara dekhate hai to cAro ora eka asImita vizva ke darzana hote haiN| pratyeka dizA tathA vidizA me lAkho-karoDo aura ananta yojana taka nadI, samudra, maidAna aura jaMgala hai, jiname ananta jIva apane kSudra jIvana kI moha-mAyA meM ulajhe rahate hai / yaha virATa sasAra jIvo se ThasAThasa bharA huA hai| bhUmaNDala para agaNita kIDe makoDe, samudro meM ananta maccha-kaccha, magara aura ghaDiyAla, tathA AkAza me raMga-virage asakhyAta pakSIgaNa apanIapanI lIlAo meM magna hai / pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati meM asakhyAta jIvo kA eka virATa saMsAra soyA par3A hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gautama dvArA loka kI vizAlatA ke bAre me pUche jAne para vizva kI virATatA kA kaisA sundara citra upasthita kiyA hai--"gautama, asakhyAta koTi-koTi yojana pUrvadizA me, asakhyAta koTi-koTi yojana pazcima dizA me, isI prakAra asakhyAta koTi-koTi yojana dakSiNa, uttara, urdhva evaM adho dizA me loka kA vistAra hai|' gautama prazna karate hai-"bhnte| yaha loka kitanA bar3A hai ?" bhagavAn samAdhAna karate hai-"gautama, loka kI vizAlatA ko samajhane ke lie kalpanA karo ki eka lAkha yojana ke U~ce meruparvata ke zikhara para chaha mahAn zaktizAlI Rddhisampanna devatA vaiThe hue hai aura nIce 1 bhagavatI, 12, 7, 457

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110 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa bhUtala para cAra dizA-kumArikAe~ hAtho me valipiMDa liye cAro dizAo me khaDI hai, jinakI pITha meru kI ora hai eva mukha dizAo kI ora / ukta cAro dizA-kumArikAeM apane-apane bali-piMDo ko apanI apanI dizAo me eka sAtha phaikatI hai aura udhara una meruzikharastha chaha devatAo me se eka devatA tatkAla daur3a lagA kara cAro hI balipiDo ko bhUmi para girane se pahale hI pakar3a letA hai / isa prakAra zIghra gati vAle ve chaho devatA hai| eka samaya ve chaho devatA loka kA anta mAlUma karane ke lie kramaza chaho dizAoM me cala pdd'e| apanI pUrI gati se eka pala kA bhI vizrAma liye binA ve dina-rAta calate rhe| jisa kSaNa devatA meruzikhara se ur3e, kalpanA karo, usI kSaNa kisI gRhastha ke yahA~ eka hajAra varSa kI Ayu vAlA putra utpanna huaa| kucha varSa pazcAt mAtApitA paralokavAsI hue hai| putra bar3A huA aura usakA vivAha ho gyaa| vRddhAvasthA me usake bhI putra huA aura bUr3hA hajAra varSa kI Ayu pUrI karake cala vasA / isake bAda usakA putra, phira usakA putra, phira usakA bhI putra, isa prakAra eka ke bAda eka, eka hajAra varSa kI Ayu vAlI sAta pIr3hiyA~ gujara jAe~, itanA hI nahIM, unake nAma, gotra bhI vismRti ke garbha me vilIna ho jAe~, taba taka ve devatA calate rahe, phira bhI loka kA aMta nahI prApta kara skte| itanA mahAn aura virAT hai yaha saMsAra / " pAnI kI eka nanhI-sI bUMda asakhyAta jalakAya jIvo kA vizrAmasthala hai / pRthvI kA eka choTA-sA rajakaNa asakhyAta pRthvIkAyika jIvo kA piNDa hai| agni aura vAyu ke sUkSma-se-sUkSma kaNa bhI isI prakAra asaMkhya jIvarAzi se samAviSTa hai| vanaspati-kAya ke sambandha me to kahanA hI kyA hai| jaina-sAhitya me vizva kI virATatA ke lie caudaha rAju kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai / eka vyAkhyAkAra rAju kA parimANa batAte hue kahate hai ki koTi mana lohe kA golA yadi U~ce AkAza se choDA jAe aura vaha dina-rAta avirAma gati se nIce giratA-giratA chaha mAsa me 1. bhagavatI sUtra, 11, 20 421.

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caturtha adhyAya : mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 111 jitanA lambA mArga taya kare, vaha eka rAju kI vizAlatA kA parimANa hai / ' " sUkSma pA~ca sthAvaro se yaha asaMkhyAta yojanAtmaka virAT saMsAra ThasAThasa bharA huA hai| kahI aNumAtra bhI aisA sthAna nahI hai, jahA~ koI sUkSma jIva na ho / sampUrNa lokAkAza sUkSma jIvo se parivyApta hai / vizva meM mAnava kA sthAna anantAnanta vizva meM manuSya eka nanhe se kSetra me avaruddha-sA khaDA hai / jahA~ anya jAti ke jIva asaMkhya tathA ananta saMkhyA me hai, vahA~ yaha manuSya jAti, alpa evaM sImita hai / vizva kI anantAnanta jIvarAzi ke sAmane manuSya kI gaNanA me A jAne vAlI alpa sakhyA usI prakAra hai, jisa prakAra mahAsamudra ke samakSa eka nanhI-sI bU~da / caudaha rAju loka me manuSya ko kevala sabase kSudra evaM sImita DhAI dvIpa hI rahane ko milA hai| mAnava jIvana kI prApti saMsAra meM anantakAla se paribhramaNa karatI huI AtmA jaba kramika vikAsa kA mArga apanAtI hai, taba vaha ananta puNyakarma ke udaya se nigoda ( prANI kI sabase alpavikasita avasthA) se nikala kara pratyekavanaspati, pRthvI, jala Adi yoniyo me janma letI hai / yahA~ bhI jaba ananta zubhakarma kA udaya hotA hai, tava hIndriya kecuA Adi ke rUpa me janma hotA hai / isI prakAra tIna indriya cITI Adi, caturindriya makkhI, macchara Adi, paMcendriya nAraka, tiryaca Adi kI vibhinna yoniyo kopAra karatA huA kramaNa Upara uThakara jIva ananta puNyabala ke prabhAva se manuSya janma grahaNa karatA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate hai ki jaba azubha karmo kA bhAra dUra hotA hai, AtmA zuddha, pavitra aura nirmala banatI hai, tava kahI yaha jIva manuSya kI sarvazreSTha gati ko prApta karatA hai | t 1. zramaNa sUtra, pR0 3. uttarAdhyayana, 36, 'suhamA savvalogammi' 3 vahI, 10, 5, 20 vahI, 3, 7,

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112 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vizva me manupya hI savase thoDI saMkhyA me hai, ataH manupya-jIvana ko pA lenA hI durlabha hai / "saMsArI jIvo ko manuSya kA janma cirakAla taka idhara-udhara anya yoniyoM me bhaTakane ke bAda baDI kaThinAI se prApta hotA hai / vaha sahaja nahIM hai, duSkarma kA phala bar3A hI bhaMyakara hotA hai| ataeva he gautama kSaNabhara ke lie bhI pramAda mata kr|' jo prANI chala-kapaTa se dUra rahatA hai, prakRti se hI sarala hotA hai, ahakAra meM zUnya hokara vinayazIla hotA hai, saba choTe-bar3o kA yathocita sammAna karatA hai, dUsaro kI kisI bhI prakAra kI unnati ko dekha kara DAha nahIM karatA, pratyuta jisake hRdaya me harSa aura Ananda kI svAbhAvika anubhUti hotI hai, raga-raga me ThayA kA saMcAra hai, jo kisI bhI prANI ko dekhakara dravita ho jAtA hai evaM usakI sahAyatA ke lie tana-manadhana saba luTAne ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai, vaha mRtyu ke pazcAt manuSya-janma pAne kA adhikArI hotA hai / / mAnava-jIvana kI mahattA ___ jana-saMskRti me mAnava-janma ko bahuta hI durlabha evaM mahAna mAnA gayA hai / jaina-dharma ke anusAra deva honA utanA durlabha nahI, jitanA ki manuSya honA durlabha hai| jainAgama me jahA~ kahI bhI Apa kisI ko saMvodhita hote hue dekhege vahA~ 'devAnupriya' zabda kA prayoga pAyege / 3 bhagavAn mahAvIra bhI manuSya ko devAnupriya zabda se saMbodhita karate the| devAnupriya zabda kA artha hai, devatAo ko bhI priya / durbhAgya se mAnavajAti ne isa ora dhyAna nahIM diyA aura vaha apanI zreSThatA ko bhUla kara avamAnatA ke dala-dala me phaMsI huI hai| manuSya tU devatA se bhI U~cA hai, devatA bhI tujha se prema karate hai, ve bhI manuSya banane ke lie vyAkula hai| kitanI virATa preraNA hai--manuSya kI supta AtmA ko jagAne ke lie| manuSya-jIvana kI isa mahattA kA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha apanI buddhi kA vyavasthita upayoga kara satkAryoM dvArA usa avinAza sukha ko prApta kara sakatA hai, jisakI prApti ke lie devatA loga bhI vyAkula rahate hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 10,4 2. aupapAtikasUtra 3. vivAgasUyam, 1, 1, pR0 6.

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 113 jainasUtroM me manuSya jIvana ke mAhAtmya kA vahuta varNana milatA hai / " sUtrakRtAga me likhA hai ki isa manuSyaloka meM dharma kA sevana karake jIva sasAra-sAgara se pAra ho jAte hai / manuSya ko choDa kara anya gati vAle jIva siddhi ko prApta nahI hote, kyoki uname aisI yogyatA nahI hai / a yaha manuSyabhava prApta karanA atyanta kaThina hai / " jo isa manuSya-zarIra se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai, use vodhi prApta karanA durlabha hai / " yaha manuSyabhava atyanta duSprApya hai tathA jIvo ko bar3e lambe kAla ke bAda kabhI milatA hai, kyoki karmoM ke phala gADha (ghora) hote hai / aneka vighno se paripUrNa aura kSaNa-kSaNa ghaTatI huI Ayu vAle isa jIvana me pUrva sacita karmo ko zIghra dUra kara denA cAhie / 7 kuza ke agra bhAga para sthita osa kI bU~da kI taraha yaha manuSyajIvana kSaNabhaMgura hai | " vikAsa kI paribhASA manuSya hI kyA, sasAra kA pratyeka prANI sukha cAhatA hai tathA duHkha se bhAgatA hai / " vAstava me prANI kA ananta eva avinAzI sukha kA prApta kara lenA hI usake jIvana kA sarvocca vikAsa hai / jainAgama me sukha ke do bheda kie hai- (1) Atarika tathA (2) vAhya | prathama AtmaniSTha hai to dvitIya vastuniSTha prathama AdhyAtmika hai to dvitIya bhautika, prathama ajara-amara hai, to dvitIya kSaNika / eka dukha kI kAlimA se sarvathA rahita hai, to dUsarA sukha ko taraha pratIta hone vAlA kintu, dukho se paripUrNa / 1. tulanA, "guhya brahma tadidaM bravImi na hi mAnupAta zreSThataraM hi kiMcit" - mahAbhArata / 2. 3 4 5 6. sUtra kR0, 1, 15, 15 vahI, 1, 15, 16 / vahI, 1, 15, 17 / vahI, 1, 15, 18 uttarA0, 10, 4 / 7 vahI, 10, 3 / 8. vahI, 10, 2 / E. AcArAga 1, 2, 80 /

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114 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vAhya sukha me isa prakAra ke bhautika tathA paudgalika sukho kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / yaha sukha vastuniSTha hai ata vastu hai to sukha hai, anyathA du kha / saccA sukha AtmA se hI paidA hotA hai, ata: vaha hamezA sthira rahatA hai / java AtmA bAhara bhaTakatA hai to duHkha kA zikAra vanatA hai / aura java lauTa kara apane andara me hI AtA hai to vairAgyarasa kA AsvAda karatA hai aura sukha-zAnti use apane me hI mila jAtI hai|'' pravuddha-jJAnendriya manuSya ko java upayukta rUpa se sacce Atma-sukha kA bodha ho jAtA hai to usake sabhI vyApAra Atmonmukha ho jAte hai / jJAnendriyA~, karmendriyaoN, vuddhi, mana, zarIra Adi ke kAryo kI dizA badala jAtI hai| usame prANimAtra ke prati samAnatA kI bhAvanA paidA hone lagatI hai|' vaha Atmasukha kI jhalaka pA jAtA hai aura use mAlUma ho jAtA hai ki mAnavajIvana kA dhyeya na dhana hai, na rUpa hai, na vala hai aura na sAsArika sukha hI hai; kintu manuSya jIvana me manuSyatA kA pUrNa vikAsa kara ananta sukha prApta karanA hI usakA antima lakSya hai| yo hI kahI se ghUmatA, phiratA, bhaTakatA AtmA zubhakarmoM ke prabhAva me mAnava-zarIra me AyA, kucha dina rahA, khAyA-piyA, laDA-jhagaDA, royA aura eka dina mara kara kAla-pravAha me Age ke lie baDha gayA, bhalA yaha bhI koI jIvana hai ? jIvana kA uddezya maraNa nahI, maraNa para vijaya prApta karanA hai / isa virATa sasAra me koI jAti, kula, varNa aura sthAna aisA nahI hai jahA~ isa jIva ne ananta bAra janma-maraNa na kiyA ho / bhagavatIsUtra me hamAre janma-maraNa kI duHkhabharI kahAnI kA spaSTIkaraNa karane vAlI eka mahattvapUrNa praznottarI hai| gautama pUchate hai ki-"bhante, asaMkhyAta kor3A-koDI yojana pariNAma 1 "manuSyo ko baDI-baDI kAmanAe~ hotI hai jinake kAraNa ve sacce sukha se dUra rahate haiN|" -AcArAga, 1, 5, 141 / "pratyeka zramaNa-brAhmaNa ko bulA kara pUcho ki bhAI, tumhe sukha dukharUpa hai yA dukha duHkha-rUpa ? yadi ve satya bolege to yahI kahege ki hama ko dukha hI dukharUpa hai| phira unase kahanA cAhie ki tumako jaise dukha duHkha-rUpa hai, vaise hI saba jIvo ko bhI du.kha mahAbhaya kA kAraNa aura agAti-kAraka hai|" -vahI, 1, 4, 133, 134 / bhagavatI sUtra, 12, 7, 457 /

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caturtha adhyAya . mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ina vistRta loka me kyA kahI koI aisA bhI sthAna hai, jahA~ ki isa jIva ne janma-maraNa na kiyA ho ?" mahAvIra ne uttara diyA-"gautama, adhika to kyA, eka paramANu (pudgala) jitanA bhI aisA sthAna nahIM hai, jahA~ isa jIva ne janma-maraNa na kiyA ho|" manuSya ke hAtha-paira pA lene se hI koI manuSya nahI bana jaataa| manupya banatA hai manuSya kI AtmA pAne se aura vaha AtmA milatI hai dharma ke AcaraNa se / bhoga, nirA bhoga manuSya ko rAkSasa banAtA hai, ekamAtra tyAga kI bhAvanA hI manuSya ko manuSya banAne kI kSamatA rakhatI hai| mokSa kI prApti ke cAra durlabha kAraNa batAte hue bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pAvApurI ke apane antima pravacana me manuSyatva ko hI savase pahale ginAyA hai| unhone batalAyA ki manuSyatva, zAstra-zravaNa, zraddhA tathA sadAcAra ke pAlana me prayatnazIlatA, ye cAra sAdhana jIva ko prApta hone atyanta kaThina hai|"2| manuSyatA hI manupya kI sabase baDI sampatti hai| manuSya kA vyaktigata bhoga-vilAsa kI manovRtti se alaga rahanA, tyAga-mArga apanAnA, dharma aura sadAcAra ke raMga meM apane ko raMganA, janma-maraNa ke vadhano ko toDa kara ajara-amara pada pAne kA prayatna karanA hI manuSyatA kI ora agrasara honA hai| manuSya-jIvana kA dhyeya pUrNa prakAza pAnA hai / vaha prakAza, jisase baDhakara koI dUsarA prakAza nahIM, vaha dhyeya, jisase baDhakara koI dUsarA dhyeya nhiiN| vyaktitva kA vikAsa tathA usake sAdhana . jaisA ki hama pahile bhI kaha cuke hai, prANI kA manuSya-jIvana pA jAnA hI usakI vikAsonmukhatA kA darzaka hai / kevala manuSya jIvana kA pA jAnA hI vyakti ke vikAsa ke lie paryApta nahIM hai, kintu vikAsa 1. "dharma ko jJAnI puruSo ke pAsa se samajha kara, svIkAra kara ... parigraha kA saMgraha na kare tathA prApta bhoga padArthoM me vairAgya dhAraNa kara loka ke pravAha ke anusAra calanA choDa de|" --AcArAga, 1, 4, 127 / / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 3,10 -

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116 ] jaina - aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ke lie kucha anya bAto kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai / sthAnAga-sUtra me likhA hai ki mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke yaha chaha sthAna sabhI jIvo ko sulabha nahI hai - (1) manuSyabhava, (2) AryakSetra me janma, (3) satkula me utpatti, (4) kevaliprajJapta dharma ke sunane kA avasara (5) dharma me zraddhA, tathA (6) zraddhA se gRhIta dharma kA zarIra se AcaraNa / uparyukta vivaraNa se pratIta hotA hai ki manuSya ko apanA pUrNa vikAsa karane ke lie jahA~ eka ora manuSya jIvana tathA AryakSetra evaM sukula meM janmarUpa bhautika sAdhano kI AvazyakatA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora jinopadiSTa dharma kA zravaNa kara zraddhApUrvaka usake AcaraNarUpa AdhyAtmika sAdhano kI bhI AvazyakatA hai / " isI bAta ko uttarAdhyayana me bhI duharAyA gayA ki - " prANimAtra ko ina cAra ago kI prApti honA isa saMsAra meM durlabha hai- (1) manuSyatva, (2) zruti, (3) zraddhA, (4) aura saMyama - pAlana me zakti lagAnA / "2 mAnava-jIvana prArambha se hI acchA yA burA nahI hotA, vaha to kaccI gIlI miTTI ke samAna hai, jise cAhe jisa rUpa me parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai | cAhe usake dvArA apanA aura dUsaro kA kalyANa kara lo, cAhe use vyartha hI par3A rahane do / janma ke samaya manuSya ko jIvana ke atirikta aneka vastue~ prApta hotI hai / manuSya kA zarIra sabase prathama vastu hai jo ki use jIvana me mahattvapUrNa sahayoga pradAna karatI hai / zarIra ke sAtha use paripUrNa jJAnendriyA~ aura karmendriyA~ bhI prApta hotI hai / buddhi, mana aura Ayu bhI use prApta hotI hai aura ina sabase Upara usake sAtha ve purAtana saMskAra bhI rahate hai; jinakI sahAyatA se vaha mAnava-jIvana prApta karatA hai / jainAgama kI bhASA me hama unhe karma kahate hai / mana, vANI tathA zarIra dvArA kSaNa pratikSaNa AtmA ke sthAnAga, 485 / uttarAdhyayana, 3, 1 / 3. " he puruSa, tU hI terA mitra hai, bAhara kyo mitra khojatA hai ? apane ko hI vaza meM rakha to tU saba duHkho se mukta ho jAvegA / " - AcArAga, 1, 3, 117, 118 1 1.

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caturtha adhyAya . mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 117 sAtha sambaddha hone se ye karma hI AtmA ke utthAna evaM patana ke lie pUrNarUpa se uttaradAyI hai| buddhi kI arddha-vikasita avasthA pAra karane ke bAda manuSya jaba saMsAra kA vAstavika darzana aura jJAna prApta karatA hai, vaha avasthA manuSya ke jIvana me vahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnI gaI hai / yahA~ se usake jIvana ke vikAsa athavA patana kA prArambha hotA hai| isa avasthA me yadi manuSya apanI nAnA pravRttiyo aura bAhya uttejanAo ke pravAha me apane ko nirvandha chor3a de to vaha jIvana kI paraspara virodhI kSudra aura nirarthaka bAtoM meM apane ko phaMsA degA aura vaha jIvana ke mUla srota ko sparza bhI na kara skegaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnava-gati ko sugati tathA durgati donoM rUpa mAnA gayA hai| AtmajJAna-manuSya ke vikAsa kI sabase prathama zreNI yaha hai ki vaha apanI vartamAna sthiti para gahana vicAra kare ki use manuSyajIvana me jo jo vastue~ prApta huI hai, unakI vAstavikatA kyA hai ? zarIra kyA hai, aura AtmA kyA hai; maiM kauna hU, mai kahA~ se AyA hU~ aura kahA~ jAU~gA; yaha AtmA janma-janmAntara me saMkramaNa karane vAlA hai athavA nahI? Adi prazno para use pUrNarUpa se vicAra karanA cAhie / saMbhava hai, use ina prazno kA uttara svayaM na mila sake to usakA kartavya hai ki vaha kisI viziSTa jJAnI kA samAgama prApta kara saMsAra kI vAstavikatA ko jAnane kI ceSTA kare / dhIre-dhIre use jJAta hotA hai ki isa saMsAra me do dravya pradhAna hai, AtmA tathA anAtmA / sAMsArika vyakti kA AtmA anAtmA ke bandhana me par3a kara janma-janmAntaro me nirantara saMkramaNa karatA rahatA hai| AtmA - kA svabhAva amUrta tathA jJAnadarzanarUpa hai java ki anAtmA kA svabhAva vilkula isane viparIta hai| 1. "karma se baMdhA huA yaha jIva sasAra me paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai / " -uttarAdhyayana, 33, 1 / 2. sthAnAga, 121 / / 3. AcArAga, 1, 1, 1-5 / 4. vahI, 1, 1, 11 /

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118 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa karmasamArambha kA jJAna-AtmajJAna ke sAtha hI manuSya ko karmasamArambha kA jJAna prApta karanA cAhie, kyoki karmasamArambha hI jIvana ko aneka yoniyo me bhramaNa karAtA huA sAsArika dukho ko sahana karane ke lie bAdhya karatA hai| saMsAra kA pratyeka prANI apane jIvana kI rakSA ke lie loka me mAna-sammAna, pUjA-pratiSThA Adi pAne ke lie, janmAntara me ucca jAti ke prAptyartha, zatru Adi ke mAraNArtha tathA dukho se mukti ke lie evaM apane dukho ko naSTa karane ke lie jo aneka prakAra ke hiMsAdi kriyAo se paripUrNa karma karatA hai, ve hI karmasamArambha kahalAte hai| yahI karmasamArambha karmavaMdhana kA kAraNa hone se saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA kAraNa hai| yaha karmasamArambha tIna prakAra se hotA hai yA to ye hiMsAdi-paripUrNa kArya svayaM kiye jAte hai athavA dUsaro se karAe jAte hai athavA kisI anya vyakti dvArA kiye jAne para anumodanA kie jAte hai / AtmajAna se paripUrNa vikAsonmukha vyakti ke lie tIno prakAra se hI karmasamArambha na karane kA saMkalpa karanA caahie|' hisAdi kA jJAna-eka sAdhAraNa vyakti ko jaba AtmajJAna hotA hai to use saMsAra kI samasta AtmAo ke prati pUrNa sadbhAvanA paidA hotI hai aura vaha yaha jAnane kI ceSTA karatA hai ki isa pRthvI-tala para kahA~kahA~ AtmA kA nivAsa hai| anta me use jJAta hotA hai ki saMsAra me pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ina sabhI me AtmA kA nivAsa hai / ina pA~ca prakAra ke jIvo ke atirikta eka anya prakAra kA jIva bhI hai, jo calatA-phiratA hai aura jisame jIvana kA jJAna spaSTarUpa se dikhAI detA hai| choTe se choTe kIr3e se lagA kara manuSya taka ke jIva isI dvitIya zreNI me Ate hai| AtmajJAna ke sAtha ina chaha prakAra ke jIvo kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka hai| karmasamArambha ko ananta saMsAra kA kAraNa samajhane vAlA prANI ina chaha kAya ke jIvo kI surakSA me nirantara tatpara rahatA huA apanI AtmA ke vikAsa ke prati unmukha rahatA hai / vaha niSprayojana kisI prANI kA nAza to karatA hI nahI hai, saprayojana bhI pramAdarahita ho kara kama-se-kama prANi-hiMsA ho, aisA saMyata jIvana vitAne kA prayatna karatA hai| 1 AcArAMga, 1, 1, 11-13 2. vahI, 1, 1, 15-61 (prathama adhyAya 'shstrprijnyaa')|

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caturtha adhyAya : mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 11 sfer-viSayo ke prati virAga-zabdAdi indriya-vipayo ke prati anurakta vyakti dukhI ho kara pramAdI ho jAtA hai / pramAda ke kAraNa jJAna kA hrAsa aura moha ( ajJAna ) kI vRddhi hotI hai / vaha socane lagatA hai ki yaha merA pitA hai, yaha merI mAtA hai, vaha merI strI, putra, vadhU, mitra, nAte-riztedAra hai / yaha merI aneka prakAra kI dhana-sampatti hai, bhojana-vastra Adi hai, isa prakAra kA moha bhI use hotA hai / yaha mohI- prANI rAta-dina dukhI hotA huA ipTa - padArtho ke saMyoga kI abhilApA karatA hai aura punaH dhanAdika me lubdha ho kara aneka prakAra ke hisAtmaka kAryo me pravRtta hone lagatA hai / ata jJAnI puruSa kA karttavya hai ki vaha indriyo ke vipayo se dUra rahane kA nirantara abhyAsa kare / ' upAsaka tathA zramaNa, jIvana jaina-dharma me AcaraNa ko cAritra kahate hai / cAritra kA artha hai saMyama, vAsanAo tathA bhoga-vilAso kA tyAga, indriyo kA nigraha, azubha pravRtti kI nivRtti aura zubha pravRtti kI svIkRti | cAritra ke pradhAnarUpa se do bheda mAne gae hai, agAra cAritra, tathA anagAra cAritra | jIvana kI pUrNa tyAgavRtti anagAracAritra hai tathA apUrNarUpa se tyAgavRtti agAracaritra hai / pUrNa tyAga mahAvrata hotA hai / mahAvrata kA artha hai, hiMsA, asatya, caurya, maithuna aura parigraha kA sarvathA pratyAkhyAna | yaha sAdhuo ke lie hotA hai / hisAdi kA ekadeza se pratyAkhyAna aNuvrata kahalAtA hai, yaha upAsaka (gRhastha ) ke lie hai | 3 upAsaka - hRdaya me Atmatattva ke prati dRDha vizvAsa le kara, AtmA tathA anAtmA ke bheTa ko samajha kara sAdhanA ke patha para calane ke lie prayatnazIla manuSya java hiMsAdi pApo se apanI paristhiti ke anusAra virakta hone kA saMkalpa karatA hai to use sAdhakajIvana kI sabase pahalI upAsaka avasthA prApta hotI hai / vaha ghara me hI raha kara nirantara ahiMsAtattva kI sAdhanA me saMlagna rahatA hai / gArhasthika kAryavaza yadi vaha 1 AcArAga, 1, 1, 62 / 2 "caritam duvihe paNNatte, tajahA, agAracarittadhamme ceva aNagAracaritamme ceva" sthAnAga 72 / 3. sthAnAMga, 389 /

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120 ] jaina- aMgaNAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ahiMsAdi dharma kA pUrNa pAlana karane meM asamartha rahatA hai to bhI vaha mana se kabhI bhI kisI prakAra kI hiMsAdi kI bhAvanA nahI karatA / " jainAgamoM meM upAsaka ke vAraha vrato kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / uname pA~ca aNuvrata hote hai / aNu kA artha choTA hotA hai, aura vrata kA artha pratijJA hai / sAdhuo ke mahAvrato kI apekSA gRhasthoM ke hisA Adi ke tyAga kI prakriyA maryAdita hotI hai, ata: vaha aNuvrata hai| sAta zikSAtrata bhI una vrato ke aMga hai / zikSA kA artha zikSaNa, abhyAsa hai / jinake dvArA dharma kI zikSA lI jAe, dharma kA abhyAsa kiyA jAe, ve pratidina abhyAsa karane yogya niyama zikSAvrata kahe jAte hai | - upAsaka avasthA meM manuSya ke hRdaya meM dharma ke prati zraddhA nirantara dRDha se dRDhatara hotI rahatI hai / sAdhu-samAgama tathA Agama-abhyAsa dvArA vaha apane tAttvika jJAna ko nirantara bar3hAtA rahatA hai, anta meM eka dina vaha isa sthiti para pahu~ca jAtA hai, jahAM vaha yaha anubhava karane lagatA hai ki gArhasthika jIvana eka bandhana hai aura vaha use toDane ko utsuka ho jAtA hai | 3 sAdhaka kI vAstavika sAdhanA kA prArambha yahI se hai / zramaNa - indriyo ke viSayoM ke prati virakta, chaha kAya ke jIvo kI rakSA me sAvadhAna, zraddhA evaM jJAna se paripUrNa vyakti eka dina isa niSkarSa para pahu~catA hai ki jaba taka ghara me nivAsa hai, taba taka nizcaya hI saMyama kA pUrNa pAlana nahI ho sakatA, kyoki gRha nivAsa asaMyama kA pratIka hai / ata AtmA ke vikAsa me tatpara vyakti suavasara prApta kara gRhatyAga karake anagAra- avasthA ko prApta karatA hai / 1 2. 3. 4. 'hiMsA' cAra prakAra kI hai - ( 1 ) sakalpI (icchApUrvaka), (2) ArambhI (gRhakArya ke nimitta), (3) udyogI (AjIvikA ke nimitta ) (4) virodhI (deza tathA AtmarakSA ke nimitta ) | gRhastha iname se kevala sakalpI hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai / - jainadharma, pR0 181 / uvAsagadasAo, 1, 4, pR0 4. " pramAdI (asayamI ) puruSa ghara me nivAsa karate hai / " vahI, 1, 11, 44 / - AcArAga, 1,1,44

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 121 vikAsa kI carama avasthA pravrajyA-grahaNa ke bAda sAdhu kI viSaya-virAgatA apanI carama sImA para pahu~ca jAtI hai / bhautika indriyo ke prayoga dvArA vaha vastuo ko jAna to letA hai, kintu kisI bhI vastu ke prati use prApta karane kI abhilASA nahI karatA / ' sampUrNa prakAra se viSaya-virakta sAdhu ke jIvana kA kevala eka hI mahAn uddezya raha jAtA hai, vaha hai nirantara AtmavikAsa / aura isa uddezya ke sAmane usake jIvana kI samasta kriyAe~ gauNa ho jAtI hai / calanA, phiranA, khAnA, pInA, uThanA, baiThanA sabhI kArya Atma-vikAsa kI dizA meM hote hai| anta me pUrNamukta vaha jIva kevala Atma-tattva ko prApta kara letA hai / jise jainAgama kI bhASA meM nirvANa-prApti kahate hai / vyaktitva-vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAeM (a) jainadharma me paoNca prakAra kI avasthA vAle vyakti sarvotkRSTa evaM lokapUjya mAne gae hai| unake nAma isa prakAra hai (1) arihaMta, (2) siddha, (3) Ayariya (AcArya), (4) uvajjhAya (upAdhyAya), (5) sAhU (sAdhu) arihaMta tathA siddha, ye sAdhanA kI pUrNa avasthAe~ hai / siddha videhamukta tathA ariha ta sadeha-mukta paramAtmA hai / anya avasthAeM sAdhanA ke patha para calane vAle sAdhaka kI hai| ye sabhI avasthAe~ eka apavAda ko chor3a kara apanI yogyatA se krama se rakhI gaI hai| vaha apavAda hai, siddha ke pahile arihaMta kA AnA / isakA kAraNa saMbhavata yaha jAna par3atA hai ki, cUki saMsArI; vyaktiyo kA pratyakSa sambandha (upadeza Adi ke kAraNa) arihaMta se hotA hai , ata unakA smaraNa siddha se pUrva kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi siddhAvasthA arihaMta kI apekSA utkRSTa hai / 1 2 vahI, 1, 2, 75 samavAyAga, 1. 'Namo arihatANa, Namo siddhANa, Namo AyariyANa, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, Namo loe savvasAhUNaM', bhagavatI, 1, 1, 1, 2, kalpasUtra, 1, 1, 1 / zramaNasUtra pR0 12, 13 / 4

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122 ] baagaan baa any maan-leninm taa bikhyaan arihaMta Adi kisI vyakti vizeSa ke nAma nahIM hai| pratyuta mAdhyAtmika guNo ke vikAsa se prApta hone vAle pAca mahAna AdhyAtmika maMgalamaya pada hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ye pAco mahAna AtmA caparameSThI ke nAma se saMbodhita kI jAtI hai|' parameThI zabda kA artha hai-jo paramapada (navocca avasyA) me rahate hai| gaMgAra ke anya sAdhAraNa vAmanAmanna AtmAno kI apekSA AdhyAtmika vikAsako ucca svarUpa ko prApta arihaMta, middha, AcArya, upAdhyAya tayA nAhI 'paMcaparameSThI' hai| arihaMta-arihaMta' ganda kA artha hai, ari (dharmagana) kA hanana (nAza) karane vAlA / isakA phalitArya yaha huA ki jo mahAna AtmA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke bala para mana ke vikAro se lar3ate hai, vAmanAnoM se saMgharSa karate hai, rAga-dvapa se Takkara lete hai aura aMta meM unako pUrNa rUpa se sadA ke lie naSTa kara DAlate haiM, ve arihaMta kahalAte haiN| arihaMta avasthA ko prApta vyakti "arahA" (arhata) kahA jAtA hai| janasUtroM me prAya sabhI jagaha mahAvIra mATi tIrtha karo ke lie mahaMta vizaMpaNa kA prayoga huA hai| __ "arihaMta" zabda ke sthAna me kucha prAcIna yAcAryoM ne arahaMta aura aruhanta pAThAntara bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| unake vibhinna saMskRta rUpAntara hote hai; jaise-arhanta, arahontara arathAnta, arahanta aura alhnt| arha-pUjAyAm dhAtu se banane vAle arhanta zabda kA artha pUjya hai| vItarAga tIrthakaradeva vizva ke kalyANakArI dharma ke pravartaka hai, ata. asura, sura, nara Adi sabhI ke pUjanIya haiM / ___siddha avasthA prApta karane se pUrva AtmA arhata-avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| isa avasthA ko hama addha siddha-avasthA bhI kaha sakate hai| jaba mAtmA Atma-guNo ko naSTa karane vAle karmo (4) ke vandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai, tava use arhata-avasthA prApta hotI hai| yaha avasthA use saMsAra me 1. zramaNaNUtra, pR0 6 2. aMtagaDadasAo, 1, 1, pR0 3. 3. sAmAyika sUtra pR0 259. 4. "kSINamoha arhat ke cAra ghAtI karma (jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya va antarAya) eka sAtha naSTa ho jAte hai|" sthAnAMga, 226.

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caturtha adhyAya : mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 123 hI prApta ho jAtI hai| ata. zarIra rahane ke kAraNa kucha karmoM kA saMvandha usake sAtha rahatA hai, yadyapi ve karma usakI AtmA ke pUrNa vikAsa me thor3I-sI bhI vAdhA nahI DAlate / ' karmavandhana ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha pUrNamukta arthAta siddha nahI kahalAtA / phira bhI vaha Atma-vikAsa me vAdhaka karmo ke naSTa ho jAne se AtmA ke pUrNa vikasita guNo ko prApta kara letA hai| jJAna ke vAdhaka karma naSTa hone se use pUrNa jJAna arthAt kevala-jAna kI prApti ho jAtI hai aura vaha samasta saMsAra ke aNuparamANu kI prati samaya kI pratyeka avasthA ko jAnane lagatA hai| isI prakAra darzana ke vAdhaka karma ke naSTa ho jAne se vaha saMsAra kI kSaNa-pratikSaNa kI avasthA kA darzana karane lagatA hai| mohanIya aura aMtarAya ke naSTa hone se anantasukha aura use anantazakti kI prApti ho jAtI hai, isa prakAra arhata-avasthA ko prApta prANI sAsArika paramAtmapada ko prApta kara letA hai| ye prathama samaya 'jina' sayogakevalI, saMdehamukta tathA jIvanmukta Adi nAmoM se kahe jAte hai / tIrtha kara arihaMta kI bhUmikA me tIrtha kara-arihaMta bhI A jAte hai aura dUsare samasta arihaMta bhii| tIrtha kara aura dUsare kevalI-arihaMto me Atma-vikAsa kI dRSTi se kucha bhI aMtara nahIM hai / sava arihaMta antaraMga meM eka bhUmikA para hote hai| savakA jJAna, darzana, caritra aura vIrya samAna hI hotA hai / sabake sava arihaMta 'kSINamoha' kI bhUmikA pAra karane ke vAda terahave guNasthAna me hote haiM / tIrthakara kA artha hai tIrtha kA nirmAtA / jisake dvArA saMsArarUpa moha-mAyA kA nada muvidhA se tirA jAe; vaha dharmatIrtha kahalAtA hai| 1. arhat ke cAra karma maujUda rahate hai-"vedanIya, Ayu, nAma, aura gotra" __sthAnAga, 268, 2 mahanta ke jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ye 4 ghAtIkarma naSTa ho jAte haiN| janamUtrAj, bhAga 1, (kalpasUtra, 5, 127 pR0 266) 4. tulanA, "jIvanmukto nAma * 'akhilaganvarahito brahmaniSTha." ___vedAntasAra, pR0 14 5. "tIrtha pravacane zAstra labdhAmnAye digambare, puNyAraNye jalottAre mahAsattve mahAmunI" amarakopa /

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124 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa isa dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA karane ke kAraNa bhagavAna mahAvIra Adi tIrtha kara kahalAte hai / sthAnAgasUtra me likhA hai ki arhatoM ke nirvANa se loka me aMdhakAra ho jAtA hai tathA arhato ke utpanna hone se loka me udyota ho jAtA hai|' tIrya kara 'nAmakarma' kI eka prakRti (bheda) mAnI gaI hai, jisakA vaMdha kinhI viziSTa zubha kAryoM ke karane se hotA hai / isakA yaha artha huA ki yadi koI vyakti jIvanabhara zuddha bhAvanA se una zubha kAryo ko karatA rahe to vaha agnima janma me tIrtha karapada ko dhAraNa kara sakatA hai| nAyAdhammakahAo me varNana hai ki mahAvala muni aneka prakAra kI tapasyAo ko karake sarvotkRSTa puNya ke pariNAmasvarUpa tIrthakara nAmakarma kA baMdha karate hai, jisakA ki baMdha nimnalikhita bIsa kAraNo se hotA hai| 1-7. arihaMta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthavira, vahuzruta evaM tapasvI ina sAta vyaktiyo me ke prativAtsalya bhakti prazita krnaa| 8 anavarata jJAnAbhyAsa karanA / 6. jIvAdi padArtho ke yathArtha zraddhArUpa zuddha samyaktva kA pAlana krnaa| 10. gurujano kA vinaya karanA / 11 prAyazcitta evaM pratikramaNa dvArA apane aparAdho kI kSamAyAcanA krnaa| 16 ahiMsAdi vrato kA aticArarahita yogya rIti se pAlana krnaa| 13. pApo kI upekSA karate hue vairAgyabhAva dhAraNa karanA / 14 vAhya aura Abhyantara tapa karanA / 15 yathAzakti tyAgavRtti ko apanAnA / 16 sAdhujanoM kI sevA karanA / 17. samatAbhAva rakhanA / 1. sthAnAga, 134 / 2. samavAyAga, 42 / 3. nAyAdhammakahAo 8, 66, pR0 61 /

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caturtha adhyAya : mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 125 18 jJAna-zakti ko nirantara bar3hAte rhnaa| 16. Agama para zraddhA rkhnaa| 20. pravacana kA prakAza krnaa| tIrthakara apane samaya kA sabase bar3A dharma prarvataka hotA hai| jinazAsana aura jina-saMgha kA pUrNa uttaradAyitva tIrthaMkara para hotA hai| bhagavatIsUtra me likhA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra tIrthaMkara the, ve svayaMbuddha the, ve sampUrNa puruSI me zreSTha, siMha kI taraha nirbhaya tathA zaktizAlI aura kamala kI taraha sundara evaM samasta saMsAra ke svAmI the| ve logo ko prakAza dene vAle the, cakSa dene vAle the tathA logo ke sanmArga ke pradarzaka the| ve saMsAra se bhayabhIta prANiyo ko zaraNa dene vAle the| ve chadma aryAt chala, pramAda evaM dhAtIkarmAvaraNo se dUra the| ve jina, tIrNa, tAraka, vuddha, vodhaka, mukta, mocaka, sarvaja aura sarvadarzI the tathA ziva, acala, aruja, ananta akSaya, avyAvAdha tayA apunarAvartaka siddha gati ko prApta karane kA lakSya rakhate the| upayukta sabhI vizeSaNa isa bAta kA dyotana karate hai ki tIrtha kara svayabuddha ho kara prANimAtra ko vAstavika dharma kA rahasya batA kara samasta saMsAra ke kalyANa me tatpara rahate hai| tIrthaMkara bhI arhata-avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| arthAta vaha AtmaguNavinAzaka cAra karmoM kA nAza kara pUrNa jJAna, darzana, sUkha aura zakti ko prApta kara letA hai / arhata-avasthA ko prApta kara lene ke bAda hI tIrthakara dharma kA upadeza dete hai| isake pUrva nhii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne 12 // varSa kI tapasyA ke bAda jaba arhata-avasthA ko prApta kiyA; taba hI unhone upadeza denA prArambha kiyA / 2 pUrvajanma me zubha kAryoM dvArA ananta puNyabandha karane vAlA jIva agale bhava me tIrthakara avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| ata vaha janma se hI tIrthaMkara hotA hai| tIrthakara kI mAtA putra ke garbha meM Ate hI 14 zubha svapna dekhatI hai| tIrthakara ke pitA jaba una svapno kA rahasya samajhAte 1. bhagavatI sUtra, 1 5 tathA nAyAdhammakahAo 1 / 2. jainasUtrAj bhAga 1 (kalpasUtra 1, 5, 121,-122) / /

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126 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa hai, tava unakI mAtA ko jJAta hotA hai ki koI atizaya puNyazAlI vyakti isa pRthvI para janma lene vAlA hai / tIrthakara kA janmotsava manAne ke lie svarga se devatAgaNa Ate hai / ve amRta, gandha, cUrNa, puSpa aura ratno kI vRSTi karate hai, aura phira tIrthakara kA abhiSeka kara unhe tilaka tathA rakSAvandhana Adi karate hai| tIrthakara kI dIkSA kA java samaya nikaTa AtA hai, tava pAMcave kalpa (svarga) brahmaloka me rahane vAle lokAntika devatA unako A kara samajhAte hai ki 'he bhgvn'| Apa sakala jIvo ke hitakAraka, dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA kre| isa sambodhana ke sAtha hI unheM apane tIrthakaratva kA voca hotA hai aura ve nikaTa bhaviSya me dIkSA kI taiyArI karane lagate hai|| dIkSA ke samaya bhI devI-devatA svarga se Ate hai aura ve manuSyo ke sAtha mila kara mahotsava manAte hai| usa samaya tIrthaMkara eka hI vastra dhAraNa kara pAlakI me baiThate hai aura sabake sAtha vana kI ora calate haiN| aMta me dIkSA dhAraNa kara tapasyA meM saMlagna ho kara ve kevalajJAna prApta kara arhata, jina, kevalI, sarvajJa evaM samabhAvadarzI ho jAte hai| kevalajJAnaprApti ke samaya puna devI-devatA aura manuSya utsava kA Ayojana karate hai| isI samaya bhagavAna kI advitIya pratibhA evaM jAna ko dekha kara aneka strI-puruSa unake anuyAyI vana jAte hai|4 __ tIrthakara kA vAstavika tIrtha-pravartana yahI se prArambha hotA hai| ve devI-devatA strI-purupa sabhI ko sadbhAva se dharma kA upadeza dete hai| dharma kA upadeza dete hue anta me avaziSTa karmoM kA nAza kara ve nirvANalAbha karate hai| 1 vahI (1, 3, 31, 46) / 2. jainasUtrAja bhAga 1, (kalpasUtra 1, 5, 98), tathA AcArAga 2, 158 3. vahI 1, 5, 110, 111 / 4. vahI " 1, 5, 112, 113, 120 / 5. jainasUtrAj bhAga 1, kalpasUtra 1, 5, 134-142 / 6. vahI , 15 147 /

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caturtha adhyAya * mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 127 samavAyAga me 34 buddhAtizayo kA varNana hai / " TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri ne buddha kA artha tIrthakara kiyA hai / 2 ina atizayo ke anusAra tIrthaMkaro kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAe~ spaSTa hotI hai 1 tIrthaMkaro ke sira ke bAla, dADhI tathA mUMcha, evaM roma aura nakha aDhate nahI hai, hamezA eka hI sthiti meM rahate hai / 2 unakA zarIra hamezA roga tathA mala se rahita hotA hai / 3. unakA mAMsa tathA khUna gAya ke dUdha ke samAna sapheda varNa kA hotA hai / 4 unakA zvAsocch vAsa kamala ke samAna sugandhita hotA hai / 5 unakA AhAra tathA nIhAra (mUtrapurISotsarga) dRSTigocara nahI hotA / 6. ve dharma cakra kA pravartana karate hai / 7 unake Upara tIna chatra laTakate rahate hai / 8 unake dono ora cAmara laTakate hai / 6 sphaTikamaNi ke bane hue pAda- pITha sahita unakA svaccha siMhAsana hotA hai / 10 unake Age hamezA aneka laghupatAkAo se veSTita eka indradhvaja patAkA calatI hai / 11. jahA~-jahA~ arihata bhagavAn Thaharate hai, athavA baiThate hai, vahA~vahA~ yakSa-deva sachatra, sadhvaja, saghaTa, sapatAka tathA patra-puSpoM se vyApta azokavRkSa kA nirmANa karate haiM / 12 unake mastaka ke pIche dazo dizAo ko prakAzita karane vAlA tejomaMDala hotA hai| jahA~ bhagavAn kA gamana hotA hai; vahA~ nimnalikhita parivartana ho jAte hai 13 bhUmibhAga samAna tathA sundara ho jAtA hai / 1. samavAyAga, 34 / 2. vahI, TI0 (abhayadeva) pR0 35 /

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128 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnavavyaktitva kA vikAsa 14 kaNTaka adhomukha ho jAte haiM / 15 Rtue~ sukhasparza vAlI ho jAtI hai / 16 samavartaka vAyu ke dvArA eka yojana taka ke kSetra kI zuddhi ho jAtI hai / 17. megha dvArA ucita vindupAta se raja aura reNu kA nAza ho jAtA hai / 18 paMcavarNa vAlA sundara puSpasamudAya prakaTa ho jAtA hai / 16 (a) aneka prakAra kI dhUpa ke dhue~ se kSetra sugaMdhita ho jAtA hai / (ba) amanojJa zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa tathA gaMdha kA abhAva ho jAtA hai / 20 (a) bhagavAn ke dono ora AbhUSaNI se susajjita yakSa camara Dhote haiM / (ba) manojJazabdAdi kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai / (sa) upadeza karane ke lie arihaMta bhagavAn ke mukha se eka yojana ko ullaMghana karane vAlA hRdayagama svara nikalatA hai / 22 bhagavAn kA bhApaNa arddhamAgadhI bhASA me hotA hai / 23 bhagavAn dvArA prayukta bhASA Arya, anArya, dvipada, catuppada Adi samasta prANivarga kI bhASA ke rUpa me parivartita ho jAtI hai / 24 pahile vaddhavara deva, asura, nAga, suparNa, yakSa, gaMdharva Adi deva bhagavAn ke pAdamUla me prazAtacitta ho kara dharma-zravaNa karate hai / 25 anya tIrtha vAle prAvacanika (vidvAn ) bhI bhagavAn ko namaskAra karate hai / 26 anya tIrtha vAle vidvAn bhagavAn ke pAdamUla meM A kara niruttara ho jAte hai / jahA~ bhagavAn kA vihAra hotA hai, vahA~ paccIsa yojana taka nimna bAte nahI hotI 27. Iti (dhAnya ko naSTa karane vAle cUhe Adi prANI kI utpatti) nahI hotI / 26 mArI (saMkrAmaka bImArI) nahI hotI /

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caturtha adhyAya * mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 126 26. apanI senA upadrava nahI krtii| 30 dUsare rAjA kI senA upadrava nahI krtii| 31 ativRSTi nahIM hotii| 32. anAvRSTi nahIM hotii| 33. durbhikSa nahI hotaa| 34 rudhiravRpTi tathA jvarAdi kA prakopa nahI hotaa| siddha dUsarA pada siddha kA hai| siddha kA artha pUrNa hai| jo rAga-dvaSarUpa zatru o ko jIta kara, arihaMta bana kara caudahave guNasthAna' kI bhUmikA ko bhI pAra kara sadA ke lie janma-maraNa se rahita ho kara zarIra aura zarIrasambandhI sukha-duHkho ko pAra kara, ananta, ekarasa Atma-svarUpa meM sthita ho gae hai, ve siddha kahalAte hai / siddhadazA muktadazA hai, vahA~ AtmA hI AtmA hai| vahA~ karma nahI aura karma-vandha ke kAraNa bhI nahI hai| ataeva vahA~ se lauTa kara saMsAra me AnA nahI hai; janma-maraNa pAnA nahI hai / siddha, loka ke agrabhAga me virAjamAna hai| jahA~ eka siddha hai vahA~ ananta siddha hai| prakAza me prakAza milA huA hai| "Namo siddhANaM" ke pada dvArA trilokavartI anaMtAnaMta siddho ko namaskAra kiyA jAtA hai| sAdhaka, samyaktva kI bhUmikA se caturtha guNasthAna se vikAsa karatA huA jIvanamukta arihaMta banatA hai aura usake vAda videhamukta ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra siddha Atma-vikAsa kI antima koTi para hai, usase Age aura koI vikAsabhUmikA nahI hai| yaha sAdhaka se, sAdhanA dvArA siddha hone kI amara yAtrA hai| jaina saMskRti kA antima dhyeya siddhatva hai| sasArika avasthA me prANI ke karmoM kA baMdhana hotA hai| kSaNa-pratikSaNa prANI ina karmo ke phala kA anubhava karake inase mukti bhI pAtA rahatA hai aura kSaNa-pratikSaNa zubha aura azubha kriyA-rUpa vyApAra dvArA inhI karmo kA sacaya bhI karatA rahatA hai / isa prakAra karmoM kI eka saMtati calatI rahatI hai, jo isa AtmA ko kabhI svatantra nahIM hone detii| sAdhaka saMyama ke dvArA Ane vAle karmoM kA mArga banda kara detA hai aura 1. samavAyAga, 14 / 2 zramaNa sUtra, pR 9

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130 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa tapa ke dvArA saMcita karmoM kA nAza kara karmasaMtati se hamezA ke lie mukti pA letA hai| karma-bandhana se pUrNa mukti pA lenA hI AtmA kI sarvocca vikasita avasthA hai / isI ko nirvANaprApti kahate hai, aura yahI siddha-avasthA kahalAtI hai| arihaMta-avasthA me cAra AtmanAzaka karmoM kA abhAva hotA hai| zarIra ke sambandha se anya cAra karma usake upasthita rahate hai| jisa samaya vaha zarIra choDatA hai, tatkSaNa avaziSTa cAra karmoM kA bhI abhAva ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha siddha ho jAtA hai / ' mahAvIra ne jisa kSaNa apApA (pAvA) me mRtyu ko prApta kiyA, usI kSaNa ve siddha, buddha tathA mukta ho ge| siddho ke ATha hI karmo kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| isI bAta ko dRSTi me rakha kara samavAyAga sUtra me siddha ke 31 guNo kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| Abhinibodhika jJAnAvaraNAdi pA~ca jJAnAvaraNo ke abhAva se jJAna sambandhI pA~ca guraNa, cakSu darzanAvaraNAdi nau darzanAvaraNo ke abhAva se darzana-sambandhI nau guNa, sAtAvedanIya tathA asatAvedanIya ke abhAva se do guNa, darzanamohanIya tathA caritramohanIya ke abhAva se do guNa, narakAdi cAra Ayu ke abhAva se cAra guNa, uccagotra aura nIcagotra ke abhAva se do guNa, zubhanAma tathA azubhanAma ke abhAva se do guNa, dAnAntarAya Adi paoNca antarAyo ke abhAva se pA~ca guNa isa prakAra (5+8+ 2+2+4+2+2+5) siddho ke kula 31 guNa kahe gae hai| 3 siddho ko prathamasamaya siddha ayoga-kevalI tathA videhamukta kahA jAtA hai| AcArya vyavasthA aura anuzAsana kI dRSTi se zramaNajIvana ke jo tIna bheda kiye jAte hai uname AcArya kA sthAna sabase pradhAna evaM prathama hai| dvittIya sthAna upAdhyAya kA tathA antima sthAna sAdhu kA hai| 1. sthAnAga, 196 2 kalpasUtra 1 5 123 (jainasUtrAu bhAga 1) 3 samavAyAga, 31 / 4 tulanA 'aya deha avasAne kAryasaskArANAmapi vinAzAt paramakaivalya___ mAnandaikarasa akhaDa brahmAvatiSThate' vedAntasAra, pR0 25 /

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 131 zramaNa avasthA ko prApta vyakti ke liye Avazyaka hotA thA ki vaha svataMtrarUpa me vicaraNa na kara kisI zramaNa saMgha me sammilita ho, kyoki ekAnta vicaraNa ke kAraNa saMbhava hai ki kabhI saMyama ke naSTa hone kA avasara A jaae|' AcArya isa prakAra ke zramaNasaMgho kA netA hotA thA / mahAvIra ke catuvidha saMgha me jo unake 11 ziSya ( gaNadhara ) the, ve sabhI AcArya the / uname pratyeka ke apane-apane zramaNa saMgha the / sabase pradhAna gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama ke zramaNa saMgha me 500 zramaNa the / dvitIya gaNadhara agnibhUti ke zramaNa saMgha meM 500 zramaNa the / savase antima gaNadhara prabhAsa ke zramaNa saMgha me 300 zramaNa the | AcArya kA karttavya hotA hai ki vaha apane saMgha me dhArmika niyamo ke anusAra vyavasthA rakhe / zraddhAlu saMsArabhayabhIta vyakti kI yogya parIkSA kara use jinadharma meM dIkSita kre| dIkSita sAdhuo ko dharma me sthira evaM dRDha rakhane kA pUrNa uttaradAyitva AcArya para hotA hai / sAdhu dvArA kisI prakAra kA aparAdha, anuzAsana kI avahelanA Adi ho jAne para vaha AcArya ke nikaTa jA kara apanA aparAdha nivedana karatA hai aura AcArya usako yathAvidhi prAyazcita de kara yathApUrva, dharma me sthita rahane kI preraNA karatA hai | 3 AcArya svaya sAdhu hotA hai; ata AcArya ke uparyukta karttavyI ke atirikta use zramaNajIvana ke pUrNa karttavyoM kA bhI pAlana karanA paDatA hai / AcArya pUre saMgha me sabase adhika jJAnI eva cAritra kI dRSTi se sarvotkRSTa vyakti hotA hai, jise udAharaNasvarUpa mAna kara anya sAdhu apane karttavya me dRDha rahakara AtmavikAsa kI ora unmukha rahate hai / AcArya ko dharmapradhAna zramaNa saMgha kA pitA kahA gayA hai / 'AcArya parama pitA / 1 gRhastha kI striyoM, putriyA~, putravadhue~, dAsiyA~ yA dAiyA~ brahmacArI zramaNa ko lubhAne yA DagamagAne kA prayatna kara sakatI haiM" / - AcArAga 2, 2, 82 / 2 jainasUtrAj bhAga 1, ( kalpasUtra, " lisTa Apha sthavirAj", 1 pRSTha 286, 287 / 3. "10 prakAra ke vaiyAvRtya me prAyazcitta kA sthAna prathama hai / prAyazcitta kA abhiprAya hai, guru ke nikaTa jA kara apane aparAdho kA nivedana karanA tathA daDapa tapa Adi kA grahaNa karanA" sthAnAga, 712 |

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132 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vaha ahiMsA, satya Adi AcAra kA svayaM dRDhatA se pAlana karatA hai tathA anya sAdhuo ko bhI usa AcAra ke pAlana ko preraNA detA hai / yaha pada adhikAra kA nahIM, sAdhako ke jIvana-nirmANa kA pada hai / vaha arihaMta kI bhUmikA kI ora baDhane vAlA mahAprakAza hai, jo apane pIche calane vAle caturvidha saMgha kA patha pradarzana karatA hai| AcArya ko dIpaka kahA hai; jo jyoti ko jyoti se jalAtA huA dUsare Atma- dIpo ko bhI pradIpta kara detA hai / ' sthAnAga me guNa tathA dIkSA ko dRSTi me rakha kara AcArya ke kaI bheda kie gae hai | guNo kI dRSTi se AcArya cAra prakAra ke hote hai 1 Amalaka - madhura, ( Avale kI taraha mIThA) / 2 muvI kA madhura (dAkha kI taraha mIThA ) 3 kSIra- madhura (dUdha kI taraha mIThA ) 4 khaMDa - madhura ( zakkara kI taraha mIThA ) TIkAkAra abhayadeva kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra A~valA, dAkha, dUdha tathA zakkara me madhuratA kI mAMtrA ISad, bahu, bahutara tathA bahutama rUpa me kramaza vRddhi para hai; isI prakAra upazama (zAti) Adi guNo kI krama se vRddhi ke kAraNa AcArya cAra prakAra ke hote hai / dIkSA kI dRSTi se bhI AcArya cAra prakAra ke hote hai 1. pravAjanAcArya 2 utthApanAcArya 3 pravrAjanotthApanAcArya 4 dharmAcArya pravrAjanAcArya ve AcArya kahalAte hai, jo gRhastho ko sAdhudharma kI pravrajyA (dIkSA) dete hai / sAdhudharma se skhalita ho jAne para zramaNo ko puna: dIkSA dene vAle AcArya utthApanAcArya kahalAte hai / 1 2. zramaNa sUtra, pR0 1 sthAnAga sUtra, 320 /

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 133 jo AcArya upayukta dono prakAra ke kArya karate hai, ve prajAjanotthApanAcArya kahalAte hai| jo upayukta tIna prakAra ke kAryoM se rahita ho kara kevala dharma kA upadeza dete hai, ve dharmAcArya kahalAte hai / ' upAdhyAya __ cauthA pada upAdhyAya kA hai| zramaNa-jIvana me jJAna kA vizeSa mahattva hai; kyoki ajJAna eka ora zraddhA ko zithila kara detA hai to dUsarI ora caritra se bhI bhraSTa kara detA hai / vivekI nAnaniSTha sAdhaka hI sAdhanA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajha sakatA hai, utthAna aura patana ke kAraNo kI vivecanA kara sakatA hai, dharma aura adharma ke bIca bhedarekhA khIca sakatA hai, saMsAra aura mokSa ke mArga kA pRthakkaraNa kara sakatA hai| ajJAnI sAdhaka kyA jAnegA, vaha andhA cala to sakatA hai parantu cale kahA~ ? kisa ora ? use na mArga kA patA hai, na maMjila kA / ata yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA ki sAdhu ko niraMtara jAna kA abhyAsa karate rahanA cAhie / kintu yaha tava taka saMbhava nahI ho sakatA ; jaba taka ki kisI viziSTa jJAnI kA samAgama use prApta na ho / ata yaha vidhAna rakhA gayA ki aga zAstro tathA pUrvarUpa Agamo ke jJAna se sampanna vyakti saMgha me avazya honA cAhie; jo ki anya samudAyo ko nirantara jJAnAbhyAsa me sahAyatA pradAna karatA rahe / caritra kI sAdhanA ke samAna hI jJAna kI sAdhanA bhI mokSa kA aMga hai| upAdhyAya kA pada dharma-saMgha me jAna kI jyoti jagAne ke lie hai| vaha andho ko A~kha detA hai| svayaM zAstro ko par3hanA aura dUsaro ko paDhAnA usakA kArya hai / vaha eka taraha kA upAcArya hotA hai; kyoki AcArya kI anupasthiti meM use saMgha kA netRtva bhI karanA par3atA hai| vaha AdhyAtmika-zikSA kA sabase bar3A pratinidhi hotA hai| pApAcAra ke prati virakti tathA sadAcAra ke prati anurakti kI zikSA dene vAlA upAdhyAya vastuta sAdhanA-patha ke yAtriyo kA sabase mahattvapUrNa sAthI hai| cU~ki sagha me sAdhuo kI saMkhyA itanI adhika hotI hai ki AcArya kevala saMgha ke anuzAsana me hI pUrNa vyasta rahatA hai / ata 1. sthAnAgasUtra vRtti, (abhayadeva) pR0 228-230 /

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134 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa AcArya kA pada upAdhyAya se alaga rakhanA paDA / yadyapi kabhI-kabhI AcArya aura upAdhyAya pada AvazyakatA par3a jAne para eka hI vyakti grahaNa karatA hai| upAdhyAya anya sAdhuoM kI taraha AcArya ke pUrNa anuzAsana me rahatA hai aura unako hI AjJAnusAra adhyApana kA kArya kiyA karatA hai / upAdhyAya ke sAdhu hone ke kAraNa vaha sAdhu-jIvana ke samasta kartavyo kA nirdoSarUpa se pAlana karatA hai| sthAnAgasUtra me adhyApana karane vAle AcArya (upAdhyAya) ke cAra bheda vatAe gae hai - 1 uddezanAcArya, 2 vAcanAcArya, 3 ubhayAcArya, 4. dhrmaacaary| jo AcArya aMgAdi zAstro kA savyAkhyA adhyApana karate haiM, ve uddezanAcArya kahalAte hai| jo kevala aMgAdi zAstro ke vAcana kA abhyAsa karAte hai, athavA vAcana kara dUsaro ko sunAte hai, ve vAcanAcArya kahalAte hai / jo upayukta dono prakAra ke kArya karate hai ve ubhayAcArya kahalAte hai| ukta tIno prakAra ke kAryoM se rahita ho kara jo dharma kA upadeza dete hai ve dharmAcArya kahe jAte hai| sAdhu zramaNa-jIvana kI sabase prathama avasthA sAdhu hai / saMsAra se virakta vyakti jaba kisI AcArya ke nikaTa pravrajyA dhAraNa karatA hai, to vaha sAdhu-saMgha me sammilita ho jAtA hai| use sAdhujIvana ke kartavyo kA pUrNarUpa se pAlana karanA, upAdhyAya ke nikaTa jAnAbhyAsa karanA aura sagha ke AcArya ke pUrNa anuzAsana me rahanA Avazyaka hotA hai| sAdhu kA artha hai-sAdhaka / sAdhanA karane vAlA sAdhaka hotA hai / sAdhu mokSa-mArga kI sAdhanA karatA hai / sAdhu kA pada bar3e mahattva kA hai| sAdhu sarva-viratirUpa sAdhanA kA patha kA prayama yAtrI hai| yahI upAdhyAya AcArya aura arihaMta taka pahu~catA hai aura anta me siddha vana jAtA hai| 1 sthAnAga sUtra, 320 tathA sUtravRtti (abhayadeva) pR0 228 230.

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caturtha adhyAya * mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 135 sAdhu ko na jIvana kA moha rahatA hai aura na mRtyu kA bhaya, na isa loka me use Asakti hotI hai aura na paraloka me / mukhya rUpa se vaha zuddhopayoga meM rahatA hai aura gauNarUpa se zubhopayoga me, parantu azubhopayoga me vaha kabhI nahIM utara kara AtA / usake ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha, ye pAca mahAvrata jIvana-paryanta ke lie hote hai aura ve hote hai, mana-vacana-kAya se / hisA, asatya Adi kA durbhAva, vaha na mana me rakhatA hai na vacana me aura na zarIra me / itanI bar3I pavitratA haisAdhu-jIvana kI / ata pA~cave pada me "Namo loe savvasAhUNa" kahate hue saMsAra ke samasta sAdhuo ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa-jIvana meM kSAti (kSamA) mukti nirlobhatA, Arjava (mana kI saralatA), mArdava (mana kI komalatA), lAghava (parigraha kA tyAga) satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga (padArthoM ke prati moha, kAmanA Adi kA tyAga) tathA brahmacaryavAsa ina dasa dharmoM kA atyadhika mahattva hai| isI kAraNa ye zramaNa-dharma kahe gae haiN| samavAyAga mUtra me jo anagAra ke 27 guNa vatAe gae hai| ve zramaNajIvana kA pUrNa pratinidhitva karate haiM / ve 27 guNa nimna prakAra hai 5--hiMsAdi pA~ca pApo se pUrNa viramaNa (nivRtti) 5-sparzana Adi pA~ca indriyo kA pUrNa nigraha (nigraha) 4-krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobharUpa kapAyo kA tyAga / 3-bhAvasatya, karaNa-satya tathA yoga-satya | bhAvanAo kI vizuddhi bhAvasatya hai| AcaraNa kI vizuddhi karaNasatya hai tathA mana, vacana evaM kArya ke prayoga kI vizuddhi yoga-satya hai| 2-kSamA evaM viraagtaa| 3-mana, vacana tathA kAya kA samAharaNa (saMkSepa) karanA / 3-samyagjJAna (samyagdarzana, satyazraddhA) tathA smykcritr-smpnntaa| 2-kapTasahiSNutA evaM maraNAtika shissnnutaa| 1. sthAnAMgamUtra 386 2. samavAyAga 10. 3. samavAyAga 27.

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136 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa arihaMta Adi pA~co pado kA mUla svarUpa vItarAga - vijJAnatA hai / yaha vItarAga - vijJAnatA hI hai, jo arihaMta Adi ko tribhuvana ke pUjya banAtI hai / vyaktitva vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAeM (ba) aMga - zAstro me mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI 14 avasthAo kA vivaraNa milatA hai / ina avasthAo ko guNasthAna kahate hai / " guNa yA svabhAva (bhAva) pA~ca prakAra ke hote hai / audayika, aupazamika, kSAyika kSAyopazamika aura pAriNAmika, ye jIvo ke pA~ca bhAva hote hai| ye bhAva kramaza karma ke udaya, upazama ( zAti), kSaya, kSayopazama tathA udayAdi ke vinA kevala svabhAvamAtra kI apekSA se hote hai | cU~ki jIva ina guNo vAlA hotA hai, isalie AtmA ko bhI guNanAma se kahA jAtA hai aura usake sthAna guNasthAna kahe jAte hai / ye caudaha guNasthAna kramaza. nimna prakAra hai-- 9. 2. 1 micchAdiTThI ( mithyAdRSTi) 2 sAsAyaNasammadiTThI ( sAsAdana samyagdRSTi ) 3 sammAmicchAdiTThI ( samyak mithyAdRSTi ) 4 avirayasammadiTThI ( aviratasamya gRhapTi ) 5 virayAvirae ( viratAvirata ) 6 pamattasaMjae (pramattasayata ) 7 appamattamajae (apramattasaMyata ) 8 niyaTTIvAyare (nivRttivAdara ) aniya TTIvAyare ( anivRttivAdara ) 10 suhumasaparAe (sUkSmasAparAya ) 11 uvasAmae, khavae, uvasatamohe ( upazAtamoha) 12 khINamohe (kSINamoha) 13 sayogI kevalI ( sayoga kevalI ) 14 ayogI kevalI ( ayogakevalI ) vahI sUtra 14 sthAnAgamUtra 537

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 137 pahile kahe gaye 8 karmo me se sabase prabala mohanIya karma hai / yaha karma hI AtmA kI samasta zaktiyoM ko vikRta karake na to use sacce mArga kA bhAna hone detA hai aura na usa para calane detA hai / kintu jyo hI AtmA ke Upara se moha kA paradA haTane lagatA hai, tyo hI usake guNa vikasita hone lagate haiM / ata ina guNasthAno kI racanA me moha ke caDhAva aura utAra kA hI jyAdA hAtha hai / inakA svarUpa sakSepa me kramaza isa prakAra hai / (1) mithyAdRSTi - mohanIya karma ke eka bheda - mithyAtva' ke udaya se jo jIva apane hitAhita kA vicAra nahI kara sakate, athavA vicAra kara sakane para bhI jinhe hitAhita kA ThIka jJAna nahI hotA, ve jIva mithyAdRSTi kahe jAte haiM / jaise jvaragrasta vyakti ko madhura rasa bhI acchA mAlUma nahI hotA, vaise hI unhe dharma acchA nahI mAlUma hotA / sasAra ke adhikatara jIva isI zreNI ke hote haiM / (2) sAsAdana - samyagdRSTi 2 - jo jIva mithyAtva karma ke udaya ko haTA kara samyagdRSTi ho jAtA hai; vaha jaba samyaktva se cyuta ho kara mithyAtva me AtA hai to dono ke bIca kA yaha darjA hotA hai / jaise pahAr3a kI coTI se yadi koI AdamI luDhake to jaba taka vaha jamIna me nahI A jAtA taba taka use na pahAr3a kI coTI para hI kahA jA sakatA aura na jamIna para hI, isI prakAra ise bhI jAnanA cAhie / samyaktva coTI ke samAna hai, mithyAtva jamIna ke samAna hai aura yaha guNasthAna bIca ke DhAlU mArga ke samAna hai, / ata jaba koI jIva Age kahe jAne vAle cauthe guNasthAna se giratA hai tabhI yaha guNasthAna hotA hai / isa guNasthAna meM Ane ke bAda jIva niyama se pahile guNasthAna me pahu~ca jAtA hai / (3) samyag - mithyAdRSTi -- jaise dahI aura gur3a ko milA dene para dono kA milA huA svAda hotA hai, usI prakAra eka kAla me 1 sthAnAga, (sUtravRtti) 105, pR0 62, a / 2 tulanA, mahAtmA buddha ke aSTAgika mArga kA pahilA mArga 'samyagdRSTi' hai / vauddha darzana, pR0 25 /

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138 ] jaina - agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa samyaktva aura mithyAtvarUpa mile hue pariNAmo ko samyag - mithyAdRSTi kahate hai / (4) aviratasamyagdRSTi - jisa jIva kI dRSTi arthAt zraddhA samIcIna hotI hai use samyagdRSTi kahate hai / aura jo jIva samyagdRSTi to hotA hai, kintu sayama nahIM pAlatA, vaha avirata samyagdRSTi kahA jAtA hai / Age ke saba guNasthAna samyagdRSTi ke hote haiM / (5) viratAvirata - jo saMyata bhI ho aura asaMyata bhI ho use viratAvirata kahate hai / arthAt jo trasajIvo kI hisA kA tyAgI haiM aura yathAzakti apanI indriyo para bhI niyaMtraNa rakhatA hai use viratAvirata kahate haiM / gRhastha kA jo caritra batAyA gayA hai vaha viratAvirata kA hI caritra hai / vratI gRhastho ko viratAvirata kahate hai / isa guNasthAna se Age ke jitane guNasthAna hai, ve saba sayama kI hI mukhyatA se hote hai / (6) pramattasayata jo pUrNa saMyama ko pAlate hue bhI pramAda ke kAraNa usame kabhI-kabhI kucha asAvadhAna ho jAte hai una zramaNo ko pramattasaMyata kahate hai | 1. (7) apramattasayata - jo pramAda ke na hone se askhalita saMyama kA pAlana karate hai, zubha dhyAna me magna una muniyoM ko apramattasaMyata kahate hai | sAtave guNasthAna se Age do zreNiyA~ prArambha hotI hai -1 upazamazreNI aura 2 kSapakazreNI / zreNI kA matalaba hai paMkti yA katAra / jisa zreNI para jIva karmo kA upazama karatA huA caDhatA hai, use upazamazreNI kahate hai aura jisa zreNI para karmoM ko naSTa karatA huA caDhatA hai, use kSapakazreNI kahate hai / pratyeka zreNI me cAra-cAra guNasthAna hote hai| AThavA~navavaoN aura dasavA~ guNasthAna upazama zreNI me bhI sammilita hai aura kSapaka zreNI me bhI sammilita hai / gyArahavA~ guNasthAna kevala upazamazreNI kA hai aura bArahavA~ guNasthAna kevala kSapakazreNi kA hai / 1 " pramAdI puruSa ko cAro ora se bhaya rahatA hai aura apramAdI puruSa cAro ora se nirbhaya ho jAtA he / " AcArAga, 1, 1, 123, / ' pramAdI puna - puna. garbha me AtA hai / " AcArAga, 1, 1 109 /

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caturtha adhyAya * mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 136 guNasthAna kevala kSapakazreNi kA hai| ye sabhI guNasthAna kramaza hote hai aura zubha dhyAna me magna muniyo ke hI hote hai| (8) nivRttivAdara-isa guNasthAna kA nAma "apUrvakaraNa" bhI hai| karaNa zabda kA artha pariNAma hai aura jo pahile nahI hue hai unhe apUrva kahate hai / sudhyAna me magna jina muniyoM ke pratyeka samaya me apUrva-apUrva pariNAma-bhAva hote hai| unhe apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna vAlA kahA jAtA hai / isa guNasthAna me na to kisI karma kA upazama hotA hai aura na kSaya hotA hai, kintu usake lie taiyArI hotI hai / isa guNasthAna me jIva ke bhAva pratisamaya unnata se unnatatara hote cale jAte hai| (E) anivRttivAdara-isa guNasthAna kA nAma "anivRttibAdara sAmparAya" bhI hai / samAna-samayavartI jIvo ke pariNAmo me koI bheda na hone ko anivRtti kahate hai / aparvakaraNa kI taraha yadyapi yahA~ bhI pratisamaya apUrva-apUrva pariNAma hI hote hai| kintu apUrvakaraNa me to eka samaya me aneka pariNAma hone se samAnasamayavartI jIvo ke pariNAma samAna bhI hote hai aura asamAna bhI hote hai| parantu isa guNasthAna me eka samaya me eka hI pariNAma hone ke kAraNa samAna samaya me rahane vAle sabhI jIvo ke pariNAma samAna hI hote hai| una pariNAmo ko anivRttikaraNa kahate hai / aura bAdarasAmparAya kA artha "syUlakaSAya" hotA hai / isa anivRttikaraNa ke hone para dhyAnastha muni yA to karmoM ko davA detA hai yA unhe naSTa kara DAlatA hai / yahA~ taka ke saba guNasthAno me sthUla-kaSAya pAI jAtI hai, yaha batalAne ke lie isa guNasthAna ke nAma ke sAtha "vAdarasAmparAya" pada joDA gayA hai| (10) sUkSmasAmparAya-ukta prakAra ke pariNAmo ke dvArA jo dhyAnastha muni kaSAya ko sUkSma kara DAlate hai; unhe sUkSmasAmparAya guNasthAna vAlA kahA jAtA hai| (11) upazAMtamoha-isa guNasthAna kA nAma "upazAtakaSAya vItarAga chadmastha" bhI hai| upazamazreNI para caDhane vAle dhyAnastha muni java usa sUkSma kaSAya ko bhI davA dete hai to unhe upazAtakapAya kahate hai| pahile likha Ae hai ki Age baDhane vAle dhyAnI muni AThave guNasthAna se do zreNiyo me ba~Ta jAte hai| uname se upazamazreNI vAle moha ko

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140 ] 'jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa dhIre-dhIre sarvathA davA dete hai, para use nimUla nahI kara pAte / ata: jaise kisI vartana me bharI huI bhApa apane vega se Dhakkana ko nIce girA detI hai, vaise hI usa guNasthAna me Ane para davA huA moha upazamazreNi vAle AtmAo ko apane vega se nIce kI ora girA detA hai / isame kaSAya ko vilakula dabA diyA jAtA hai / ataeva kapAya kA udaya na hone se isakA nAma upazAntakaSAya vItarAga hai; kintu isame pUrNa jJAna aura darzana ko rokane vAle karma maujUda rahate hai, isalie ise chamastha bhI kahate hai| (12) kSINamoha-kSapakazreNI para caDhane vAle muni moha ko dhIre dhIre naSTa karate hue java use sarvathA nirmUla kara DAlate hai to unhe kSINamoha kahate hai| isa prakAra sAtave guNasthAna se Age baDhane vAle dhyAnI sAdhu cAhe pahalI zreNI para caDhe, cAhe dUsarI zreNI para car3he ve saba AThavaoN, navavA aura dazavA~ guNasthAna prApta karate hI hai| dono; zreNI para caDhane vAlo me itanA hI antara hotA hai ki prathama zreNi vAlo se dUsarI zreNI vAlo me Atmavizuddhi aura Atmavala viziSTa prakAra kA hotA hai, jisake kAraNa pahilI zreNI vAle muni to dazave se gyArahave guNasthAna me pahu~ca kara dave hue moha ke udbhUta ho jAne se nIce gira jAte hai aura dUsarI zreNI vAle moha ko sarvathA naSTa karake dasave se bArahave guNasthAna me pahu~ca jAte hai / yaha sava jIva ke bhAvo kA khela hai| usI ke kAraNa gyArahave guNasthAna me pahuMcane vAle sAdhu kA avazya patana hotA hai aura vArahave guNasthAna me pahu~ca jAne vAlA kabhI nahIM giratA, balki Upara ko hI caDhatA hai / (13) sayogakevalI-samasta mohanIya karma ke naSTa ho jAne para terahavA~ guNasthAna hotA hai| mohanIya karma ke cale jAne se zeSa karmo kI zakti kSINa ho jAtI hai / ata.vArahave ke anta me jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya ina cAro ghAtiyA karmo kA nAza karake kSINakapAya muni sayogakevalI ho jAtA hai / jJAnAvaraNa karma ke naSTa ho jAne se usake kevalajJAna prakaTa ho jAtA hai| vaha jAna padArtho ke jAnane me indriyaprakAza aura mana vagairaha kI sahAyatA nahI letA, isalie use kevalajAna kahate hai aura usake hone ke kAraNa isa guNasthAna vAle kevalI kahalAte hai| ye kevalI AtmA ke zatru, ghAtikarmoM ko jIta lene ke kAraNa

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caturtha adhyAya mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa [ 141 paramAtmA, jIvanmukta', arihata Adi nAmo se pukAre jAte hai| jaina tIrthakara isI avasthA ko prApta karake jainadharma kA pravartana karate hai aura jagaha jagaha ghUma kara prANi-mAtra ko unake hita kA mArga batalAte hai tathA isI kArya meM apane jIvana ke zeSa dina vyatIta karate hai| jaba Ayu antamuhUrta (eka muhUrta se kama) raha jAtI hai to ve saba vyApAra banda karake dhyAnastha ho jAte hai / java taka kevalI ke mana, vacana aura kAyA kA vyApAra rahatA hai| taba taka ve sayogakevalI kahalAte hai / (14) ayogakevalI-java kevalI dhyAnastha ho kara mana, vacana aura kAya kA saba vyApAra baMda kara dete hai| tava unhe ayogakevalI kahate hai| ye ayogakevalI vAkI bace hue cAra aghAtiyA karmoM ko bhI nAza karake, dhyAnarUpa agni ke dvArA samasta karma bhasma karake karma aura zarIra ke bandhana se chUTa kara mokSalAbha karate hai| "vedAnta me bhI isI prakAra kI jIvanmukta avasthA mAnI gaI hai|" vedAnta sAra, pR0 14 / sUtrakRtAga 14, (sUtravRtti abhayadeva, pR0 26, 27) tathA "jainadharma" pR0 220 /

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paMcama adhyAya upAsaka-jIvana upAsaka avasthA jainAgama ke anusAra nirvANa prApti kA ekamAtra mArga dharma hai / usake do bheda hai - sAgAra-dharma aura anagAra-dharma, gRhastha kA dharma aura sAdhu kA dharma / sAgAra-dharma eka sImita mArga hai / vaha jIvana kI sarala kintu choTI pagaDaDI hai / gRhastha kA dharma aNu hai, choTA hai, kintu vaha hIna eva nindanIya nahI hai / isa sAgAradharma kA AcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti zramaNopAsaka athavA upAsaka kahalAtA hai / ' isa dvividha dharma kA mUla AdhAra vinaya arthAt AcAra hai, ata ina dono ko AgAra - vinaya aura anagAravinaya bhI kahA gayA hai / Atmadharma me dRDha zraddhA rakhane vAlA vyakti AtmA aura anAtmA ke jJAna ko prApta kara, sAsArika paristhitiyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jaba apane ko gRha kA pUrNa rUpa se tyAga karane meM asamartha pAtA hai to vaha isa prakAra kA saMkalpa karatA hai ki mai abhI zramaNopAsaka ke vrato ko hI graharaNa kara AtmA kA dhyAna karU~gA / 3 gRhastha saMsAra meM rahatA hai / ata usake Upara parivAra, samAja tathA rASTra kA uttaradAyitva hotA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha pUrNarUpa se ahiMsA aura satya ke rAjamArga para nahI cala sakatA / use kabhI-kabhI 1 syAnAga sUtra, 72 / 2. nAyAdhammaka hAmo, 60, pR0 74 / 3. vahI, 60, pR0 73 / t

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pacama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 143 apane virodhI pratidvandvI logo se saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai, kintu zAnti evaM ahiMsA ke sAtha, jIvanayAtrA ke lie kucha na kucha zopaNa kA mArga apanAnA hotA hai, kintu nyAya evaM nIti ke sAtha; tathA parigraha kA jAla bhI bunanA par3atA hai, kintu icchAo ke nirodha ke sAtha / upayukta paristhitiyoM me vaha pUrNatayA nirapekSa, akhaNDa ahisA eva satyarUpa sAdhu-dharma kA pAlana karane meM apane ko asamartha pAtA huA ahiMsA aura satya ke ekadezapAlanarUpa upAsakadharma ko svIkAra karatA hai| ___ mUtrakRtAga me upAsakajIvana kA saMkSepa me bahuta sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai / ' .--"kitane hI zramaNopAsaka jIva aura ajIva tattvo ke sambandha me jAnate haiM, pApa-puNya ke bheda ko jAnate hai, karma AtmA meM praveza kyo karate hai (Ava), aura kaise roke jA sakate hai (saMvara), unake phala kaise hote hai aura ve kaise naSTa ho sakate hai (nirjarA), kriyA kise kahate hai, usakA adhikaraNa kyA hai, baMdha aura mokSa kise kahate hai, yaha sava jAnate hai / kisI anya kI sahAyatA na hone para bhI deva, asura, rAkSasa yA kinnara Adi unako unake dharma se vicalita nahIM kara sakate / unako jaina siddhAnta me zakA, kAkSA (viSayo kI icchA) aura vicikitsA (glAni) nahIM hotii| ve jaina siddhAnta kA acchI taraha artha samajha kara nizcita-mati hote hai / unako vizvAsa hotA hai ki yaha jaina siddhAnta hI artha aura paramArtharUpa hai, aura dUsare sava anartharUpa hai| unake ghara ke dvAra Age nikale hue hote hai| unake daravAje abhyAgato ke lie khule rahate hai| uname, dUsaro ke ghara me yA anta pura meM ghusa par3ane kI icchA nahIM hotii| ve caturdazI, apTamo, amAvasyA aura pUrNimA ko pUrNa pauSadha vrata (upavAsa) vidhipUrvaka karate hai| ve nigratha zramaNo ko nirdoSa khAna-pAna, mevA-mukhavAsa, vastra-pAtra, kambala, rajoharaNa, auSadha, sonevaiThane ko pATa, zayyA aura nivAsa ke sthAna Adi dete hai| ve aneka zIlavrata, guNavata, viramaNavrata, pratyAkhyAnavrata, paupadhopavAsa Adi tapakarmo dvArA AtmA ko vAsita karate hue rahate haiN| "isa prakAra kI caryA se bahuta samaya jIvana vyatIta karane para jaba usa zramaNopAsaka kA zarIra roga, vRddhAvasthA Adi vividha saMkaTo se 1. sUtrakRtAga, 2, 2, 75-77, pR0 381-384, (jainasUbAja bhAga 2)

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144 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ghira jAtA hai tava athavA yo bhI, vaha khAnA-pInA choDa detA hai tathA apane kie pApakarmo ko guru ke sAmane nivedana karake unakA prAyazcitta svIkAra karane samAdhiyukta hotA hai aura AyuSya pUrNa hone para mRtyu ko ko prApta kara mahARddhi aura mahAdyuti se yukta devaloko me se kisI deva-loka me janma letA hai| yaha sthAna Arya hai, zuddha hai, saMzuddha hai aura saba du kho ko kSaya karane kA mArgarUpa hai|" upAsaka-avasthA kA mahattva upAsaka-avasthA sAdhaka kI viratAvirati avasthA hai| isa avasthA me vyakti pUrNa manoyoga se sAsArika hisAdi-paripUrNa kriyAo se virata hone kA prayatna to karatA hai kintu gArhasthika paristhitiyA~ use pUrNa virata nahI hone detI / mana se virata kintu zarIra se avirata yaha vyakti mizra avasthA me jhUlatA rahatA hai| dharma meM kriyA se adhika bhAvanA kA mahatva hai; ataH mizra avasthA me rahane vAlA vyakti bhI AtmavikAsa kI ora nirantara baDhatA rahatA hai / "jo avirati se yukta hai vahI sthAna hiMsA kA hai aura tyAjya hai / jo virati kA sthAna hai vahI ahisAM kA - hai aura svIkAra karane yogya hai / jisame kucha virati aura kucha avirati hai vaha sthAna hisA aura ahisA dono kA hai to bhI yaha viratAvirata rUpa mizra-dharma bhI Arya hai, sazuddha hai aura sava du kho kA kSaya karane vAlA hai|"1 kucha loga gRhasthadharma ko nindya tathA heya batAte hai / unakA kahanA hai ki gRhasthajIvana jidhara dekho udhara hI pApo se bharA huA hai, usakA pratyeka AcaraNa pApamaya hai, vikAramaya hai, usame dharma kahA~ ? parantu aisA mAnane vAle loga satya kI gaharAI taka nahIM pahuMca pAye hai| yadi sadAcArI gRhastha-jIvana vastutaH nindya tathA heya hotA to jaina-saskRti ke prANa-pratiSThApaka zramaNa-bhagavAn mahAvIra dharma ke do bhedo me gahasva-dharma kI gaNanA kyo karate ? kyo ucca sadAcArI gRhasthI ko zramaNa ke samAna mAnate hue unako "samaNabhUe" (zramaNabhUta2) zabda 1. jainasUtrAj bhAga 2 (sUtrakRtAga, 2, 2, 78, pR0 384, 385) 2. samavAyAMga, 11 /

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pacama adhyAya . upAsaka-jIvana [ 145 se sambodhita karate ? kyo uttarAdhyayana-sUtra me yaha kahA jAtA ki"kucha bhikSuo kI apekSA gRhastha sayama kI dRSTi se zreSTha hai aura gRhasthadazA me rahate hue bhI sAdhaka suvrata ho jAtA hai|' __yaha ThIka hai ki gRhastha kA dharma kSudra hai, sAdhu jaisA mahAna nahIM hai, parantu yaha kSudratA sAdhu ke mahAn jIvana kI apekSA se hai| anya sAdhAraNa kAmanAo ke daladala meM phaMse saMsArI manuSyo kI apekSA to eka dharmAcArI sadgRhastha kA jIvana mahAn hI hai, kSudra nhiiN| upAsaka yadi gRhastha-dharma me pUrNa-rUpa se sAvadhAna hai to sAdhu usakI vinaya karate hai aura sAdhuo ke dvArA upAsaka kA kisI prakAra avinaya ho jAne para ve upAsaka se kSamAyAcanA bhI karate hai| upAsakadazAga me varNana hai ki 3-"zramaNopAsaka Ananda ko Atmavizuddhi ke kAraNa 500 yojana dUra jAnane yogya avadhijJAna paidA huaa| usane zramaNa gaumata ke sAmane apane avadhijJAna utpanna hone kI bAta khii| gautama ne Ananda se kahA ki gRhastha ko avadhijJAna to ho sakatA hai kintu itane vistRta kSetra vAlA nahI, jitanA ki tuma kaha rahe ho / ata. tuma asatya-bhASaNa kI AlocanA (guru ke samakSa aparAdha-nivedana) tathA pratikramaNa (daNDagrahaNa) kro| Ananda ne kahA ki 'mai satya kaha rahA hU~ ata mujhe nahI; kintu Apako hI AlocanA aura pratikramaNa karanA cAhie, gautama ko Ananda ke vacano me zaMkA huI aura ve bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nikaTa pahu~ce tathA unase pUchA / mahAvIra ne kahA ki''gautama, Ananda satya kahatA hai / ata tumhe AlocanA tathA pratikramaNapUrvaka Ananda se kSamAyAcanA karanA caahie|" bhagavAn kI vAta suna kara gautama ne Ananda se kSamAyAcanA kii| upAsakaavasthA meM samyagadarzana-jJAna-cAritra kA mahattva samyagdarzana-AdhyAtmika-vikAsa-krama me upAsaka kI avasthA cauthI hai| ise caturtha guNasthAna bhI kahate hai| isake pahile ke tIna 1 2. uttarAdhyayana 5, 20 / sthAnAgasUtra-vRtti, 386, pR0 277 (a) upAsakadagAga (abhayadevavRtti) 1, 12-14, pR0 26-33 / "caudaha guNasthAno me caturtha guNasthAna, aviratasamyagdRSTi hai|" samavAyAga 14

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146 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa guNasthAna satya ke prati anAsthA evaM asatya ke prati gADhazraddhA se paripUrNa hote hai / yaha avasthA samyagdarzana ke sAtha prArambha hotI hai| samyagdarzana kA artha hai, "satya ke prati dRDha vishvaas|" manuSya ke jIvana me AcaraNa eva jJAna kI apekSA vizvAsa kA adhika mahattva hai; kyoki vizvAsahIna manuSya ke hRdaya me na to jJAna kI ora jhukAva ho sakatA hai aura na AcaraNa kI ora unmukhatA / ' jainAgama me samyagdarzana, samyagajJAna, aura samyakacAritra ko mukti kA mArga kahA gayA hai / ina tIno me samyagadarzana kI pradhAnatA kahI gaI hai| upAsakajIvana kA Arambha hRdaya me satya ke prati dRDha AsthA utpanna ho jAne ke sAya hI ho jAtA hai / isI ko samyaktva bhI kahate hai / yaha zraddhA andhazraddhA nahI hai, apitu vaha prakAzamAna jIvita zraddhA hai, jisake prakAza me jaDa ko jaDa evaM caitanya ko caitanya samajhA jAtA hai, tathA saMsAra, mokSa, dharma, adharma, sabhI kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| vastuta vivekavuddhi kA jAgRta ho jAnA hI samyaktva hai / ise tattvArthazraddhAna bhI kahate haiN| anantakAla se hama yAtrA to karate cale A rahe hai, kintu usakA gantavya lakSya sthira nahIM huA thA, isa lakSya kA sthirIkaraNa samyaktva ke dvArA hotA hai / 3 / / jAtAdharmakathA sUtra me samyaktva ko ratna kI upamA dI gaI hai / anantakAla se dIna-hIna, daridra bhikhArI ke rUpa me bhaTakatA huA Atmadeva samyaktvaratna pAne ke bAda AdhyAtmika dhana kA svAmI ho jAtA hai| samyaktvI kI pratyeka kriyA nirAle Dhaga kI hotI hai| usakA socanA, samajhanA, bolanA aura karanA sava kucha vilakSaNa hotA hai / vaha saMsAra me rahatA huA bhI sasAra se niviNNa ho jAtA hai| samyagdarzana ke sAtha hI sAtha upAsaka ke hRdaya me dharma ke prati zakAzIlatA kA sarvadA ke lie nAza ho jAtA hai| use isa bAta kA pUrNa nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki AtmavikAsa ke lie dharma ke atirikta 1. sthAnAga, 70 / 2 vahI, 43, 157 / 3. "hama kahA~ se Ae hai ? kahA~ jAvege? isakA jJAna sAdhAraNa prANiyo ko nahIM hotaa|" AcArAga, 1, 1, 1--4 /

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pacama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [147 isa saMsAra meM koI anya vastu sahAyaka nahI ho sakatI / sAsArika bhogavilAso evaM kAmanAo ko vaha dukha kA kAraNa mAna kara hamezA ke lie unase muMha mor3a letA hai / Atma-jJAna karAne vAle zramaNa, nirgrantha athavA vidvajjano ke prati usake hRdaya me eka abhUtapUrva zraddhA eva sneha kI bhAvanA paidA ho jAtI hai / vaha unakI bhautika kamiyo ko dekha kara unase kisI prakAra kI glAni evaM sakoca nahI krtaa|' Atmadharma me use itanI pragAr3ha zraddhA hotI hai ki vaha anyadharmAvalambiyo ke sAtha na to atiparicaya hI sthApita karanA cAhatA hai aura na hI unake pAkhaNDapUrNa kAryo kI thoDI-sI bhI sarAhanA / kyoki isa prakAra ke kArya use apane dharma se vicalita kara sakate hai| - samyagajJAna-jainAgamo me adhikatara zramaNopAsaka zabda ke sAtha jIva ajIva kA jJAtA' isa vizepaNa kA prayoga huA hai| yaha isa vAta kI ora saketa karatA hai ki upAsaka ke jIvana me darzana ke bAda aura AcAra se pahile jJAna kA honA atyadhika Avazyaka hai| jIva tathA ajIva ke vandhana aura mukti ko le kara jainAgamoM me 6 padArtha vaNita hai|3 jyo hI upAsaka ko jIva-ajIva tattva kA vAstavika jJAna prApta ho jAtA hai, tyo hI vaha nava padArtho kA jJAna bhI prApta kara letA hai / "karma AtmA me kyo praveza karate hai ? (Asrava), unako kaise rokA jA sakatA hai ? (savara), unake phala kaise hote hai aura ve kaise naSTa ho sakate hai ? (nirjarA), kriyA kise kahate hai, usakA adhikaraNa kyA hai, vandha aura mokSa kise kahate hai ?-ina saba bAto kA jJAna upAsaka ko hotA hai|"4 samyakcAritra-zraddhA eva jJAna se sampanna upAsaka java AdhyAtmika yAtrA me agrasara hone ke lie cAritra kA avalamvana karatA hai to vaha caturtha guNasthAna se nikala kara dezavatI zrAvaka kI paMcama bhUmikA meM AtA hai|" yaha vaha bhUmikA hai, jahA~ ahisA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya 1 upAsakadagAMga, 1, 6, pR0 10 / / 2 upAsakadazAga, 1, 6, pR0 10, tathA nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 5, 60, sthAnAga, 665 / 4 janasUtrAj bhAga 2, (sUtrakRtAga, 2, 2, 75----77) 5. caudaha guNasthAno me pA~cavA guNasthAna viratAvirata hai samavAyAga, 14

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148 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa aura parigraha-parimANabhAva kI maryAdita sAdhanA prArambha ho jAtI hai| sarvathA na karane se kucha karanA acchA hai, yaha Adarza isa bhUmikA kA hai|' __ gRhastha ke jIvana me pArivArika, sAmAjika aura rASTrIya uttaradAyitvo kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAra hai| aisI sthiti me pUrNatyAga kA mArga to apanAyA nahIM jA sakatA; parantu apanI sthiti ke anusAra maryAdita tyAga to grahaNa kiyA hI jA sakatA hai / isa maryAdita eva Azika tyAga kA nAma hI Agama kI bhASA me dezavirati hai| upAsaka-avasthA ke bheda yadyapi jaina-sUtro me spaSTa rUpa se upAsaka-jIvana ke bhedo kA koI varNana nahI milatA kintu usake jIvana-krama ko dekhane ke bAda aisA pratIta hotA hai ki upAsaka ke jIvana kI tIna avasthAe~ hotI hai / prathama avasthA-gRha kAryo me vyasta mAnava, ananta puNyodaya se jaba kisI sAdhu athavA dharmajJa ke samAgama ko prApta kara usase dharma kA zravaNa karatA hai to usake hRdaya me dharma ke prati apUrva AsthA utpanna ho jAtI hai / use apanA asayamita eva amaryAdita jIvana bhArasvarUpa eva kaSTaprada pratIta hone lagatA hai / vaha vinIta bhAva se sAdhu ke nikaTa jAkara unase apane jIvana ko saMyamapUrNa banAne kI abhilApA prakaTa karatA hai aura sAdhu dvArA apane vicAro kA samarthana prApta kara vaha unake nikaTa pA~ca aNuvrata tathA sAta zikSAvratarUpa upAsakadharma ko svIkAra karatA hai / isa prakAra ghara para rahakara upAsaka ke bAraha vrato kA pAlana karanA upAsaka kI prathama avasthA hai| dvitIya avasthA kucha varSoM taka vAraha vrato kA pAlana karane ke bAda upAsaka ko aisA pratIta hone lagatA hai ki ghara me upAsaka ke vrato kA niraticAra (nirdoSa) pAlana karanA usake lie asambhava hai| ata. vaha mitro, kuTumbijano Adi ke samakSa apane jyeSTha putra para ghara kA bhAra DAla 1 2 "upAsaka ke pA~ca aNuvrata" upAsakadazAga, 1, 4, pR0 4 / upAsakadazAga, 1, 3-5, pR0 2-5 /

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paMcama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 146. kara ghara se saparka kama karane lie "pauSadhazAlA" (upAsako ke dharmasAdhana ke sthAna) meM calA jAtA hai| vahA~ pahu~ca kara pauSadhazAlA ko acchI taraha pramArjana kara uccAraprasravaNabhUmi (malamUtraprakSepabhUmi) ko acchI taraha dekhabhAla kara, darbha vichA kara, poSadha Adi upAsaka kI gyAraha pratimAo kA yathAmArga tayA yayAtattva pAlana karane lagatA hai| pauSadhazAlA me raha kara gyAraha pratimAo ke pAlana ko upAsaka kI dvitIya avasthA samajhanA caahie|' tRtIya avasthA-gyAraha pratimAo kA nirdoSa pAlana karate hue upAsaka kA zarIra java tapa ke dvArA sUkha kara lagabhaga haDDiyo kA DhA~cA mAtra raha jAtA hai, tava vaha socane lagatA hai ki jaba taka usame uThane tathA kArya karane kI zakti, vala, vIrya, pauruSa, zraddhA, vairAgya Adi vidyamAna hai, tava taka yaha zreyaskara hogA ki vaha anna-pAna kA tyAga kara mRtyu kI AkAMkSArahita ho kara mAraNAtika sallekhanA (zAtipUrvaka maraNa ke prayatna) ko dhAraNa kare / sallekhanA-dhAraNa ke samaya upAsaka pUrNa rUpa se gRha eva parigraha se sambandha chor3a detA hai tathA kramaza bhojana-pAna bhI alpa karate hue ekadina sarvathA choDa detA hai aura zAntipUrvaka AtmadhyAna karate hue vaha mRtyu kA Aligana karatA hai / 2 paravartI AcAryoM ne upAsaka-jIvana kI inhI tIno avasthAo ko le kara upAsaka ke tIna bheda kie hai-pAkSika, naiSThika tathA sAdhaka / __ pAkSika upAsaka vaha kahalAtA hai jo upAsaka ke bAraha vrato kA nirdoSa pAlana karatA hai| naipTika zrAvaka vaha hai jo upAsaka kI gyAraha pratimAo kA nirdoSa pAlana karatA hai tathA sAdhaka vaha hai jo ki zAnti pUrvaka Arambha-parigraha kA tyAga kara nirAkAkSa ho kara mRtyu kA Aligana karatA hai| __ zramaNa ke prati bhakti evaM sevAbhAva ko dhyAna me rakhakara zramaNopAsaka ke cAra bheda kie hai-1 ammApitisamANe (mAtRpitRsamAna), 1. 2. 3. upAsakadazAga, 6, 10, pR0 24-25 / vahI, 1,15, pR0 33, "jainadharma", pR0 184-201 /

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150 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 2 bhAtisamANe (bhrAtRsamAna), 3 mittasamANe (mitrasamAna), 4 savattisamANe (sptnismaan)| jina upAsako me, sAdhu ke prati bhakti, zraddhA, sneha evaM sevA-bhAvanA mAtA-pitA ke samAna, bhAI ke samAna, mitra ke samAna tathA sapatni (sauta) ke samAna kramazaH hIna se hInatara hotI calI jAtI hai ve upAsaka kramaza mAtRpitR-samAna, bhAta-samAna, mitra-samAna tathA sapatni-samAna zramaNopAsaka kahalAte hai|' upadeza grahaNa karane kI zakti, mana kI caMcalatA Adi ko dhyAna meM rakha kara zramaNopAsaka ke cAra bheda kie gae hai-1 adghAgasamANe, (AdarzasamAna), 2 paDAgasamANe (patAkAsamAna), ThANusamANe (sthANusamAna) 3 kharakaNTaasamANe (khrkttksmaan)| ___ jo upAsaka svaccha darpaNa kI taraha dharmopadeza ko yathArtharUpa meM grahaNa kara letA hai, vaha AdarzasamAna zramaNopAsaka hai / jisa upAsaka kA mana patAkA (dhvajA) kI taraha cacala rahatA hai, vaha patAkA-samAna zramaNopAsaka hai| jo upAsaka apane durAgraha ke kAraNa sthANu (lakaDI ke khambhe) kI taraha kabhI bhI namra svabhAva vAlA nahIM hotA, vaha sthANusamAna zramaNopAsaka hai / tathA jo upAsaka upadezaka ke prati tIkSNa kA~To kI taraha vedhane vAle durvacana kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha kharakaTaka samAna zramaNopAsaka hai| sthAnAga me upAsaka-avasthA kI jyeSThatA evaM kaniSThatA Adi ko dhyAna me rakhakara upAsaka ke cAra bheda kie gae hai 1. rAyaNiye samaNovAsage mahAkamme mahAkirie aNAyAvI asamite dhammassa aNArAhate (rAtnika-zramaNopAsaka-mahAkarma-mahAkriya-anA tApI asamita-dharmasyAnArAdhaka.)-jo upAsaka-avasthA me jyeSTha hokara bhI karmavandhana ke kAraNabhUta pramAdAdi se paripUrNa zarIrAdika kI mahAn kriyA eva karma karatA hai, alpazraddhA hone ke kAraNa zItAdi kaSTo ko sahana nahIM karatA, gamana; bhojana, bhApaNa Adi me asAvadhAna rahatA hai - 1. sthAnAga, 321, pR0 230-231 (ba) 2. vahI, pR0 230-232 (ba)

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paMcama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 151 tathA upAsakadharma kA pAlana nahIM karatA, vaha "rAtnika 'anArAdhaka kahalAtA hai| 2 rAyaNiye-samaNovAsage appakamme-appakirie AtAvIsamie dhammassa ArAhate (rAtnika-znamaNopAsaka-alpakarma-alpakriya-AtApi samita-dharmAsyArAdhaka)-jo upAsaka-avasyA me jyeSTha hokara, prayama prakAra ke upAsaka se bhinna, alpa karma eva alpa kriyA vAlA, pragADha zraddhA hone ke kAraNa zItAdi kapTo ko sahana karane vAlA, gamanabhojanAdi kAryo me pUrNa sAvadhAna tathA upAsakadharma kA yathArtharIti se pAlana karane vAlA hai, vaha "rAnika ArAdhaka kahalAtA hai| 3 omarAtiNite samaNovAsage mahAkamme-mahAkirie-aNAyAvI asamite dhammassa aNArAhate (avamarAtnika-zramaNopAsaka-mahAkarma-mahAkriya-anAtApI-asamita-dharmAsyAnArAdhaka )-avasthA me laghu hokara bhI jo upAsaka mahAkarma tathA mahAkriya evaM gamanAdi kriyAo me asAvadhAna * tathA upAsakadharma kA anArAdhaka hai, vaha "avamarAtnika anArAdhaka" kahA jAtA hai| 4 omarAtiNite samagovAsage appakamme-appakirie-AtAvI samie dhammassa ArAhate (avamarAtnika-zramaNopAsaka-alpakarma-alpakriyaAtApi-samita-dharmasyArAdhaka) avasthA me laghu kintu alpakriya, alpakarma, gItAdi kapTo ko sahane vAlA, gamanAdi kriyAo me sAvadhAna tathA upAsaka-dharma kA ArAdhaka, zramaNopAsaka "avamarAnika / ArAdhaka" kahalAtA hai| __yahI cAra bheda zramaNopAsikAo ke bhI kahe gae hai|' upAsaka-dharma vAraha gihidhamma (gRhIdharma), gyAraha uvAsagapaDimA (upAsakapratimA) tayA apacchima mAraNatiyasalehaNA (apazcimamAraNAntikasallekhanA) isa prakAra kula 34 prakAra kA upAsaka kA dharma hai / pacANuvvaya (paMca aNuvrata) tayA sattasikkhAvaiya (sapta zikSAvrata), kula vAraha prakAra kA gRhIdharma aryAt gRhastha kA dharma kahA gayA hai| inhe 1. sthAnAgasUtra vRtti, 320, pR0 228 tathA 230 /

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152 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa gahastha-dharma isa kAraNa kahA jAtA hai ki ina vrato kA pAlana, upAsaka gRhame raha kara hI karatA hai| anya vrato kA pAlana karane ke lie upAsaka ko ghara choDa kara popadhazAlA me jAnA paDatA hai|' aNuvrata-upAsaka ke hisAdi pApo se virata hone ko aNuvrata kahate hai / upAsaka gRhastha hone ke kAraNa pApo se pUrNatayA virata nahI ho sakatA, isa kAraNa usake vrata aNuvrata kahalAte hai / aNu kA artha 'laghu' hai / ina vrato me laghutA mahAvrato kI mahattA kI apekSA se hai, kisI anya apekSA se nahI / aNuvrata pA~ca prakAra ke hai 1 thUlAto pANAivAyAto veramaNa (sthUlaprANAtipAtaviramaNa) 2 thUlAto musAvAyAto veramaNa (sthUlamRSAvAdaviramaNa) 3. thUlAto adinnAdANa-veramaNaM (sthUlaadattAdAnaviramaNa) 4 sadArasatose (svadArasatoSa) 5 icchAparimANe (icchAparimANa) sthUlaprANAtipAtaviramaNa-ahisA AdhyAtmika jIvana kI AdhArabhUmi hai / vaha eka sarvavyApI siddhAnta hai / yadi sUkSma dRSTi se dekhA jAe to sAdhaka kevala ahiMsA kI sAdhanA me hI tallIna rahatA hai| ahisA vrata me upAsaka athavA zramaNa ke sabhI vrata gabhita ho jAte hai| satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-vrato kI sAdhanA bhI ahisA para avalambita hai aura vAstava me anya sabhI vrata ahisA-vrata ke hI vistAra hai| "maiM jIvanaparyanta mana, vacana, kAya se sthUla hisA na karUMgA, aura na kisI anya dvArA karAU gA(' yaha ahisANuvrata kA svarUpa hai| hiMsA kA lakSaNa -jainadharma me kriyA kI apekSA bhAvanA kI pradhAnatA hai / ata kisI prANI ko jIvana se viyukta kara denA hI hisA nahI hai; apitu anya prANI ke jIvana-sarakSaNa ke prati hRdaya me asadbhAvanA paidA honA hI hisA hai| pramAdI ho kara kisI anya prANI ke prati sAvadhAna 1 nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 60, pR0, 74 / sthAnAga sUtra, 386, tathA sUtravRtti, pR0 277 (a) upAsakadazAga, 1, 5, pR0 5,

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- pacama adhyAya * upAsaka-jIvana [ 153 nahI rahanA bhI hiMsA hai / anya prANI kI mRtyu ho athavA na ho, kintu prayatna karane vAle prANI ke hRdaya kI apavitratA athavA pramAdIpana hisA kA dyotaka hai| prANI kI hisA ho jAne para bhI yadi apramAda hai, to vaha hisA nahIM kahI jA sktii| ahisA kA lakSaNa-uparya kta prakAra kI hisA se virati ahiMsA hai| yaha ahiMsA kevala niSedhAtmaka hI nahI hai| kintu isakA vidheyAtmaka rUpa bhI hai| upAsaka kI ahisA rASTro kI Atarika zAsana-praNAlI me AmUla parivartana tathA sAmAjika evaM Arthika vyavasthAo. me saMzodhana kI ora saketa karatI hai| pArivArika, kauTumvika aura jAtIya jIvana ke nirmANa me bahuta mAtrA meM sahAnubhUti, paraspara sahAyatA, sneha, tyAga aura ekaniSThA kI bhAvanAo kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai, jo ki ahisA ke hI rUpa hai / vAstava me ahisA ke siddhAnta kA yaha artha hai ki samasta-jIvana valaprayoga ke stara se U~cA uThA kara viveka, vinaya, sahanazIlatA aura pArasparika sevA ke stara para pratiSThita kiyA jaae| ___ ahisANuvrata kA dhAraka upAsaka jahA~ manuSyamAtra ke prati pragAr3ha sneha evaM sahAyatA kI bhAvanA se otaprota rahatA hai, vahA~ vaha pazujAti ke prati bhI atyanta sahAnubhUtipUrNa hotA hai / vaha gAya, bhaisa Adi pazuo ko kaThora bandhano se nahI vaoNdhatA, unhe lakar3I se nahI pITatA, unakI nAsikA Adi aMgo kA chedana nahIM karatA, unake Upara zakti se adhika bhAra nahI lAdatA aura unake khAne, pIne ke samaya kA ullaghana na karate hue unhe pUrNa bhojana detA hai| jo upAsaka upayukta maryAdAo ke pAlana me zithilatA karatA hai; usakA vrata nirdoSa nahI kahA jA sakatA / vrato kI nirdopatA ko dhyAna me rakha kara pratyeka vrata ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra kahe gae hai| upAsaka ke jo kArya vrata me dUpaNa lagAte hai; ve aticAra kahalAte hai / "sthUla prANAtipAtaviramaNa" ke pA~ca aticAra hai 1. "pramAda aura usake kAraNa kAmAdi me Asakti hI hiMsA hai|" AcArAga, 1, 1, 34-35 / 2. upAsakadagAga, 1, 5, pR0 5 /

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154 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa. 1 vadha (vadha)-pazuo ko kaThora vandhano se vA~dhanA / 2 vaha (vadha)-unako lAThI Adi se piittnaa| ___3. chavicchee (chaviccheda)-unakI nAsikA Adi aMgo ko chednaa| 4. aibhAra (atibhAra)-unake Upara adhika bhAra lAdanA / 5 bhattapANaviccheda (bhaktapAnaviccheda)-unako yathAsamaya bhojana va pAnI na denA / __sthUlamRSAvAdaviramaNa-ahisA aura satya kA nikaTa sambandha hai, athavA yo kahiye ki ahiMsA ke binA satya aura satya ke binA ahisA jIvita hI nahIM raha sktii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahisA ko bhagavatI aura satya ko bhagavAn kahA hai| satya kA Adarza jitanA hI UMcA hogA, manupya kA vyaktitva utanA hI ucca hogA aura vaha utanI hI mAtrA me samAja ko vartamAna duzcakra se nikAla kara viveka tathA naitikatA ke UMce stara para sthApita kara skegaa| satyANuvratadhArI upAsaka jIvanaparyanta mana, vacana tathA kAya se na kisI prakAra kA jhUTha svayaM volatA hai aura na kisI anya ke dvArA bulAtA hai| ___ahiMsANuvrata kI taraha satyAraNuvrata bhI niSedhAtmaka nahI hai| kintu isakA vidheyAtmaka rUpa bhI hai| satya, jahA~ jhaTha kA tyAga hai, vahA~ prANimAtra se sneha-paripUrNa miSTa-bhASaNa kA bhI dyotaka hai / asatyabhApaNa se manuSya kA jIvana hamezA zaMkA evaM bhaya se paripUrNa rahatA hai aura paga-paga para use kapTa kA anubhava karanA paDatA hai| kintu satyabhASaNazIla vyakti sarvadA abhaya evaM nizaMka jIvana vyatIta karatA huA apane tathA samAja ke kalyANa me tatpara rahatA hai| ___ isa vrata ke pUrNa pAlana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki upAsaka kisI bhI vAta ko khUba soca-samajhane ke bAda hI kahe / sahasA kisI bhI vyakti para dopAropaNa nahI karanA cAhie, kisI bhI vyakti kA rahasya mAlUma 1 upAsakadazAga 1, 6, pR0 10 / 2. vahI, 1.

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paMcama adhyAya upAsaka-jIvana [ 155 ho jAne para use prakaTa nahI karanA cAhie tathA apane kauTumbika jana, mukhyata. apanI strI ke rahasya ko anya se prakaTa nahI karanA caahie| jhUThA upadeza dene tathA jhUThe lekha likhane aura likhAne se bhI upAsaka ko dUra rahanA caahie| __ jo upAsaka uparyukta maryAdAo ke pAlana me zithilatA karatA hai; usakA vrata nirdopa nahI kahA jA sktaa| sthUlamRpAvAdaviramaNa vrata ke paoNca aticAra hai1. sahasabhakkhANe (sahasAbhyAkhyAna)-vinA soce-samajhe kisI bhI vAta kA khnaa| rahasabhakkhANe (rahasyAbhyAkhyAna)-kisI ke rahasya kA prakaTa kara denaa| sadAramaMtabhee (svadAramantrabheda)-apanI strI kI gupta bAto ko prakaTa kara denaa| mosovaese (mRSopadeza)-jhUThA upadeza denA / 5. kuDalehakaraNe (kUTalekhakaraNa ) - jhUThA lekha (dastAveja) yA jhUThe vahIkhAte likhnaa|' sthUlaadattAdAna-viramaNa-acaurya kA sAdhAraNa artha corI nahI karanA hai, kintu isakA tAtvika artha yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti ko dUsare ke adhikAro para AghAta nahIM karanA cAhie / acaurya jahA~ corI ke tyAga ko vatalAtA hai, vahIM para pArasparika sevA, sahAyatA evaM sadbhAvanA kI ora bhI saMketa karatA hai| corI kisI bhI vastu ke apaharaNamAtra ko hI nahIM kahate, kintu hRdaya me paradravya ke prati AkarSaNa paidA honA athavA corI ke kArya me thoDI-sI bhI sahayoga kI bhAvanA paidA honA corI hai / upAsaka mana, vacana, kAya se jIvana-paryanta isa prakAra kI corI karane tayA kisI anya ke dvArA karavAne ke tyAga kI pratijJA karatA hai / 2 or 1. upAsakadazAga (vRtti, abhayadeva) 1, 6, pR0 11 / 2. vahI, 1, 5, pR0 5 /

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jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa itanA hI nahI, vaha kabhI bhI corI kI gaI vastu ko grahaNa nahI karatA / cora kI rakSA ayavA sahAyatA bhI vaha nahIM karatA / AjJA ke vinA apane rAjya se viruddha kArya yA rAjya kI sImA me vaha praveza nahI karatA tathA jhUThI tarAjU aura jhUThe vaoNTa bhI nahIM rkhtaa| vaha zuddha vastu me azuddha kA sammizraNa karake nahI bectaa| jo upAsaka upayukta maryAdAo ke pAlana me zithilatA karatA hai usakA vrata nirdopa nahI kahA jA sakatA / sthUla-adattAdAna viramaraNavrata ke pA~ca aticAra hai1 teNAhaDe (stenAhRta)-cora dvArA lAI huI vastu kA grahaNa krnaa| takkarapaoge (taskaraprayoga)-corI kA upAya batAnA / viruddharajjAikkame (viruddharAjyAtikrama)-virodhI rAjA ke rAjya kI sImA kA ullaMghana karanA / kUDatulakUDamANe (kUTatulAkUTamAna)-vastu ke becane, kharIdane ke pramANo (tarAjU, vA~Ta Adi) ko kama-vaDha rkhnaa| tappaDirUvagavvavahAre (tatpratirUpakavyavahAra )-adhika mUlya vAlI vastu me usake samAna kama mUlya vAlI vastu milA kara becanA / 2. takkama 3 ki svadArasaMtoSa-apanI pariNItA strI me hI pUrNa saMtopa rakha kara anya striyo ke sAtha mana, vacana tayA kAya se jIvana-paryanta maithuna sevana karane tathA karavAne kA tyAga svadArasaMtoSa-vrata hai| isa vrata me jahA~ anya striyo ke sAtha kAmavidhi ke tyAga kA niyama hai, vahA~ apanI strI ke sAtha bhI atikAmukatA ke tyAga kI pratijJA hai| isa vrata kA upAsaka vyakti, vezyA athavA kisI dUsare kI strI athavA laDakI ke sAtha vyabhicAra nahI karatA, kAma-sevana ke aMgo se bhinna ago dvArA kAmakrIDA nahIM karatA, kAma- sevana me tIvra abhilASA 1 upAsakadazAga, (vRtti, abhayadeva) 1, 6, pR0 11-13 / 2. vahI, 1, 5, pR05|

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pacama adhyAya upAsaka-jIvana [ 157 nahIM rakhatA tathA dUsaro ke vaivAhika samvandha nahI karAtA / isa vrata kA vidhAna mAnasika pavitratA ko lakSya me rakha kara kiyA gayA hai| ataH kisI bhI prakAra kI mana meM amaryAdita kAmabhoga kI bhAvanA kA paidA honA isa vrata ke nAza kA kAraNa hai / jo upAsaka upayukta maryAdAo ke pAlana me zithilatA karatA hai ; usakA vrata nirdoSa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| . svadAra-saMtopavata ke pA~ca aticAra hai - 1 ittariyapariggahiyAgamaNe ( itvaraparigRhItAgamana )-dhanAdi de kara kucha kAla ke lie rakhI huI striyo se vyabhicAra karanA / apariggahiyAgamaNe (aparigRhItAgamana)---vidhivat vivAha na huA ho, usa ke sAtha vyabhicAra krnaa| 3 aNaMgakIDA (anaMgakrIDA)-kAmasevana se bhinna ago dvArA kAmasevana krnaa| parivivAhakaraNe (paravivAhakaraNa)-apanI saMtAna ko chor3a anya logo ke vivAha kraanaa| 5 kAmabhogativvAbhilAse (kAmabhogatIvAbhilApA)-kAma-bhoga kI tIvra abhilApA rkhnaa|' icchAparimANavata-parigraha bhI eka bahuta vaDA pApa hai / parigraha mAnava-samAja kI manobhAvanA ko uttarottara dUSita karatA hai aura kisI prakAra kA bhI svaparahitAhita kA viveka nahI rahane detA / sAmAjika - viSamatA, saMgharSa, kalaha evaM azAti kA pradhAna kAraNa parigrahavAda hI hai| ata sva aura para kI zAti ke lie amaryAdita svArthavRtti evaM saMgrahavuddhi para niyantraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai| isa vrata kA nAma icchAvidhiparimANavata hai, jo isa bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki azAti kA kAraNa parigraha nahI, parigraha kI icchA hai| ata. icchA ko maryAdita karanA hI vAstavika parigraha-parimANa hai| __eka vyakti akicana ho kara parigrahI ho sakatA hai aura vaha apanI saMgraha-buddhi ke kAraNa nirantara dukhI raha sakatA hai, jabaki anya vyakti apane pAsa bahuta dhana-sampatti ke hote hue bhI usame tRSNA evaM 1 upAsakadagAMga, (vRtti, abhayadeva) 1,6 pR0 13 /

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158 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa abhilASA ke tyAga ke kAraNa apane ko nirantara sukhI anubhava karatA hai / isa vrata kA dhAraka upAsaka apane jIvana me prayoga meM Ane vAlI pratyeka vastu kI usa saMkhyA kA parimANa nizcita kara letA hai, jisase adhika vaha apane jIvana me saMgraha nahI karatA / isa vrata me yaha vAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki vastuoM ke saMgraha se mukti pA lene ke bAda bhI yaha nahI kahA jA sakatA ki upAsaka ne vrata ko nirdoSarUpa me grahaNa kara liyA hai, kyoki isa vrata kA abhiprAya icchA ke niyaMtraNa se adhika, aura vastu ke saMgraha para niyantraNa se kama hai| vAstava me parigraha kI icchA hI parigraha hai; kyoki dukha kA kAraNa icchAe~ hai, vastu nahI / ataH upAsaka ko parigraha me mUrcchita buddhi kI zuddhi kA prayatna karanA cAhie / isa vrata ko dhAraNa karane vAlA upAsaka kSetra tathA makAna Adi ke pramAraNa kA ullaMghana nahI karatA, sonA cA~dI, pazu, dhana, dhAnya tathA gRhopakaraNa Adi ke bhI pramAraga kA ullaMghana nahI karatA / jo upAsaka uparyukta maryAdAo ke pAlana me zithilatA karatA hai, usakA vrata nirdoSa nahI kahA jA sakatA / icchAvidhi parimANavrata ke pA~ca aticAra hai 1 khettavatthu pamANAikkame ( kSetravastupramANAtikrama ) - jIvanaparyanta ke lie kie gae kSetra tathA vastuo ke pramANa ko baDhA lenA / 1 2 hiraNNasuvaNNapamANAikamme ( hiraNyasuvarNapramANAtikrama ) - sone-cAMdI ke pramANa ko baDhA lenA / - 3. duppayacauppayappamANAikkame ( dvipadacatuSpadapramANAtikrama ) dopAye tathA caupAye prANiyo samvandhI pramANa ko vaDhA lenA / 4 ghaNaghaNNapamANAikkame ( dhanadhAnyapramANAtikrama ) - dhana-dhAnya ke pramANa ko bar3hA lenA / 5 kuviyappamANAikkame ( kupyapramANAtikrama ) - gRha -- sAmagrI ke pramANa ko bar3hA lenA / 1. upAsakadagAMga, 1, 6, pR0 11 - 13 /

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paMcama adhyAya : upAsaka - jIvana [ 156 upAsakadAga' me eka Ananda zramaraNopAsaka kA varNana hai; jisane mahAvIra svAmI ke samakSa upAsaka ke vrata grahaNa karate samaya nimnaprakAra se icchA - parimANavrata svIkAra kiyA thA / usane jIvanaparyanta sthira kopa- svarNamudrA, vRddhiprayukta svarNamudrA, pravistaraprayuktasvarNamudrA, catuppadavidhi, kSetravastuvidhi, zakaTa-vidhi, vAhanavidhi, upabhoga- paribhogavidhi, jalalUSaNa vastra, dantavana, phala vidhi, abhyagavidhi, uvaTanavidhi, majjanavidhi, bhojanavidhi, peyAhAravidhi, bhakSyavidhi, audanavidhi - sUpavidhi, ghRtavidhi, zAkavidhi, mAdhurakavidhi, jemanavidhi, pAnIyavidhi aura mukhavAsavidhi kA parimANa kiyA / usane nizcaya kiyA ki vaha samasta kAryo me lagI huI kevala 12 karoDa svarNamudrAye, 10 hajAra gAyo ke vraja ke hisAba se 4 vraja, 50 hajAra nivartana ( ekaDa ) kSetra, 1 hajAra zakaTa ( bailagADI), 8 vAhana, eka jala luSaraNavastra ( snAna ke bAda zarIra ke jalazoSaNa karane kA vastra ), 1 dantadhAvana, 1 madhura Avale kA phala, zatapAka tathA sahastra pAka tela, 1 uvaTana ke liye sugandhita cUrNa, snAna ke lie 8 uSTrikAghaTa jala, 1 kSau yugalavastra ( do rezamI vastra ), zarIralepana ke lie agarukumakuma tathA candana-rUpa gadhadravya, kamala tathA mAlatI puppa, eka karNAbharaNa tathA eka aMgUThI, agaru tathA turuka kI dhUpa, bhojana ke lie kRSTapeya, ghRtapUra, khaMDakhAdyaka, kalamazAli odana, kalAyasUpa ( maTara kI dAla) tathA mudgamASasUpa ( mUMga tathA urda kI dAla ) zaratakAla, me sagRhIta gAya kA ghI, vathuA evaM maTara kI tathA sauvastika zAka, pAlaMgA - mAdhuraka ( vallIphala kA rasa ) sedhAmla tathA dAlikAmla (dahIvar3A), varSAjala tathA pAca sugandhita dravyo se pUrNa tAmbUla ke sivAya anya samasta vastuo ko jIvanaparyanta grahaNa nahI karegA / digvrata -- pUrva, pazcima, uttara, dakSiNa Adi dizAo tathA vidizAo me jIvanaparyanta kisI nizcita sthAna taka Ane-jAne kA parimANa kara lenA diqhata hai| maiM amuka dizA meM jIvanaparyanta amuka pradeza taka amuka koso taka jAUMgA; usase Age nahI jAU gA; isa prakAra kA niyama digvata kahalAtA hai / pApA 1. upAsakadagAga, 1, 5, pR0 5-6 1

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160 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa caraNa ke lie gamanAgamanAdi kSetra ko vistRta karanA jainagRhastha ke lie nipiddha hai / digvrata me karmakSetra kI maryAdA bA~dhI jAtI hai| usa nizcita sImA se bAhara jA kara hisA, asatya Adi pApAcaraNa kA pUrNa tyAga digvata kA lakSya hai| ___ yaha vrata manuSya kI lobhavRtti para aMkuza rakhatA hai| manuSya vyApAra Adi sAsArika kAryoM ke lie dUra dUra taka jAtA hai tathA vahA~ kI prajA kA zoSaNa karatA hai / jisa kisI prakAra se dhana kamAnA hI java manuSya kA lakSya ho jAtA hai, to eka prakAra se lUTane kI manovRtti usame paidA ho jAtI hai| jainadharma kA sUkSma AcArazAstra isa prakAra kI manovRtti me bhI pApa dekhatA hai / vastuta pApa hai bhI / zopaNa se bar3hakara aura kyA pApa hogA? digvata isa pApa se bacA sakatA hai| ___ isa vrata ke svIkAra karane vAle upAsaka ko kisI bhI paristhiti me kI gaI dizAo kI maryAdA kA na to vismaraNa karanA cAhie aura na hI kisI dizA-vidizA me maryAdita kSetra ko vaDhAnA cAhie / isa vrata ke pAca aticAra kahe gae hai---1 1 uDaDhadisipamANAikkame (urdhvadikapramANAtikrama) 2 ahodisipamANAikkame (adhodikapramANAtikrama) 3 tiriyadisipamANAikkame (tiryadikapramANAtikrama) 4 khittavuDDhI (kSetravRddhi) 5 saiantaraddhA (smRtyantardhAna) Upara nIce tathA cAroM ora dizAo me kie gaye parimANa kA atikramaNa karanA kramaza prathama tIna digvata ke aticAra hai| AvazyakatA paDa jAne para pUrvanizcita kSetra kI sImA meM vRddhi kara lenA caturtha aticAra hai / tathA sImAo ke parimANa ko bhUla jAnA pA~cavA~ aticAra hai| upabhogaparibhogaparimANavata-jIvana bhoga se vadhA hai| jaba taka jIvanaM hai, taba taka bhoga kA sarvathA tyAga to nahI kiyA jA sktaa| 1. upAsakadagAga (abhayadevavRtti) 1, 6 pR0 14 /

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pacama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 161 magara Asakti ko kama karane ke lie usakI maryAdA avazya kI jA sakatI hai | aniyantrita jIvana pazujIvana hai / valki usase bhI nikRSTa hai, kyoki pazu bhI apanA jIvana kucha to maryAdita rakhate hI hai / isa prakAra / kA amaryAdita jIvana na apane lie hitakara hai, na dUsaro ke lie | anintrita bhogAsakti saMgrahavaddhi ko uttejita karatI hai| saMgraha buddhi parigraha kA jAla bunatI hai / parigraha kA jAla jyo- jyo phailatA hai; tyo-tyoM hiMsA, dveSa, ghRNA, asatya, caurya, Adi pApo kI paramparA lambI hotI jAtI hai / ataeva zramaNasaMskRti gRhastha ke lie bhogAsakti kama karane aura usake upabhoga paribhoga me Ane vAle bhojana, pAnI, vastra Adi padArthoM ke prakAra evaM saMkhyA ko maryAdita karane kA vidhAna karatI hai / ukta vrata ke dvArA paMcama araNuvrata me parimita kie gae parigraha ko ora bhI parimita kara ahisA kI bhAvanA ko pravala evaM vistRta banAyA jAtA hai / isa vrata kA uddezya dainika jIvana kI anna-vastrAdi vastuo tathA unakI prApti ke lie kiye jAne vAle pratidina ke vyAvasAyika kAryo kA AvazyakatA se adhika svIkAra nahI karanA hai| upabhoga- paribhoga ke do bheda hai - bhojana tathA karma / bhojana meM vAhya tathA Abhyantara dono prakAra ke samasta bhogayogya padArthoM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / bhojana - samvandhI aticAra pAMca hai 1. sacitAhAre ( sacittAhAra ) - pRthvI, jala tathA vanaspatikAya vAle jIvazarIro kA sacetanarUpa meM bhakSaraNa karanA / 2 sacittapaviddhAhAre (sacittaprativaddhAhAra ) - vIja, guThalI Adi sacetana vastu ke sahita phalAdi kA bhakSaNa karanA / 3 appauliosahibhakkharagayA ( aprajvalitaauSadhibhakSaNa) agni ke dvArA asaMskRta taDulAdi kA bhakSaNa karanA / 4 duppauliosahibhakkhaNayA ( duSpakvaauSadhibhakSaNa ) - agni ke dvArA arddhasaMskRta yA duppakva taMDulAdi kA bhakSaNa karanA /

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162 ] jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 5 tucchosahibhakkhaNayA (tucchaapavibhakSaNa) - kacce anna phalAdi kA bhakSaNa karanA / karmasamvandhI aticAra 15 prakAra ke he 1 iMgAlakamme (agnikarma ) - lakaDI jalA kara koyalA Adi banAne, ITa pakAne, bhaTTo me cUnA pakAne Adi kA vyavasAya karanA / 2 vaNakamme ( vanakarma ) --- jaMgala ke vRkSoM ko kaTavAne Adi kA vyava sAya karanA / 3 sADIkamme ( zakaTakarma ) - bailagADI Adi zakaTo ke banAne, vecane Adi kA vyApAra karanA / - 4 bhADIkamme ( bhATIkarma) - vailagADI, nAva, makAna Adi bhADe kirAye para de kara dhaMdhA karanA / - 5 phoDIkamme (sphoTIkarma) - jamIna phoDane, suraga vichA kara sphoTa karane kA vyavasAya karanA / 6 daMtavANijje (daMtavANijya ) - hAthIDhAta Adi kA vyavasAya karanA / 7 lakkhavANijje ( lakSavANijya ) - lAkha kA vyavasAya karanA / 8. rasavANijje ( rasavANijya ) - madirA Adi ghAtaka raso kA vyavasAya karanA / 6 visavANijje ( viSavANijya ) - jIva ke prANo kA nAza karane vAle vipa, zastrAdi ko banAne tathA vecane kA vyavasAya karanA / 10 kesavANijje (kezavANijya ) - keza vAle prANiyo ( dAsa, gAya, U~Ta, hAthI) Adi ko yA kezo ko becane kA vyavasAya karanA / 11 jantapIlaNakamme (yaMtrapIDanakarma) - yaMtro dvArA tilAdi dravyo kA pIDana karane (perane ) kA vyavasAya karanA | 12 nillaMchaNakamme (nirlAchanakarma ) - pazuo ko napuMsaka karane, unhe tapta lohe se dAgane Adi kA vyavasAya karanA / 1. upAsakadazAga

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pacama adhyAya * upAsaka-jIvana [ 163 13. davaggidAvaNayA (dAvAgnidApa)--jaMgala me Aga lagAnA / 14 saradahatalAyasosaNayA (sarohradataDAgazopaNa)-anApasanApa khetI karane ke nimitta se tAlAva Adi jalAzayo ko sukhAnA / 15. asaIjaNaposaNayA ( asatIjanapopaNa) vezyAkarma dvArA dhanopArjana ke nimitta kulaTA Adi striyo kA pAlana-poSaNa krnaa| anarthadaNDaviramaNa-manupya yadi apane jIvana ko vivekazUnya evaM pramatta rakhatA hai to vinA prayojana bhI hisAdi kara baiThatA hai| niSprayojana pApAcaraNa anarthadaNDa hai| upAsaka isa anarthadaNDa se virakta rahatA hai| jainAgamo me anarthadaNDa ke cAra bheda kie gaye hai.-1 apadhyAnAcarita, 2. pramAdAcarita, 3. hiMsra pradAna 4. pApakarmopadeza / khoTedhyAna-pUrvaka kiyA gayA AcaraNa apadhyAnAcarita hai| pramAdapUrvaka kiyA gayA AcaraNa pramAdAcarita hai| hiMsAdi pApakAryo me sahAyaka zastro kA pradAna karanA hisrapradAna hai / tathA pApakAryoM kA upadeza denA pApAkarmopadeza hai / vratI upAsaka ina cAra prakAra ke tathA anya prakAra ke bhI vyartha pApa-pUrNa kAryo kA tyAgI hotA hai| vaha kAmotpAdaka vArtAlApa bhI nahIM karatA, apane zarIra ke avayavo dvArA kuceSTA nahIM karatA, asambaddhaasatya evaM bahuta bakavAda nahIM karatA, hisA ke sAdhano kA kArya me prayoga nahIM karatA aura AvazyakatA se adhika jIvanopayogI vastuo kA saMgraha nahI krtaa| isa vrata ke pAca aticAra hai1. kandappe (kandarpa)-kAmotpAdaka vArtAlApa karanA / 2 kukkuie (kautkucya)-zarIra ke avayavo kI kucepTAo dvArA ha~sI majAka krnaa| 1. upAsakadazAga, (abhayadevasUtravRtti) 1, 6 pR0 16, 17 / 2. hiMsA do prakAra kI hai- arthadaNDa, (saprayojana) anarthadaNDa, (niSprayojana) samavAyAga 2

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164 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 3. moharie (maukharya)- dhRSTatApUrvaka asatya evaM asambaddha pralApa karanA, phijUla bakavAsa karanA / 4. saMjuttAhikaraNe (saMyuktAdhikaraNa)-Ukhala, mUsala Adi ko saMyukta karake rkhnaa| 5 uvabhogaparibhogAiritta (upabhogaparibhogAtirikta)-bhojana, snAna Adi kI vastuoM kA AvazyakatA se adhika rUpa me upabhoga krnaa| sAmAyika--janasAdhanA me sAmAyika vrata kA bahuta bar3A mahattva hai| sAmAyika kA artha hai smtaa| rAgadveSavardhaka saMsArI prapaMco se alaga ho kara jIvanayAtrA ko niSpApa evaM pavitra banAnA hI samatA hai| gRhastha jIvana-paryanta saba pApavyApAro kA pUrNarUpa se tyAga kara pavitra jIvana nahI bitA sakatA / ata use pratidina kama se kama 48 minaTa (eka muhUrta) ke lie to sAmAyika vrata dhAraNa karanA hI caahie| sAmAyika karate samaya upAsaka zramaNa jaisA ho jAtA hai / yaha gRhastha kI sAmAyika sAdhu kI sAmAyika kI bhUmikA hai| sAmAyika karane ke lie upAsaka kisI ekAnta nirbAdha sthAna me Asana bichA kara alpavastra dhAraNa kara kama se kama 48 minaTa taka, sampUrNa sAvadha vyApAro kA tyAga kara sAsArika jhaMjhaTo se alaga ho kara apanI yogyatAnusAra adhyayana, cintana Adi dvArA AtmA kA dhyAna kare / isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra hai - 1. maNaduppaNihANe (manoduSpraNidhAna)-sAmAyika-kAla me mana se khoTe ahitakara vicAra karanA / 2 vayaduppaNihANe (vacoduSpraNidhAna)-kaThora tathA doSapUrNa zabdo kA sAmAyika-kAla me prayoga karanA / __ 3 kAyaduppaNihANe (kAyaduSpraNidhAna)--sAmAyika-kAla me zarIra dvArA hiMsAdi pApakArya krnaa| 4 sAmAiyassa saiakaraNayA (sAmAyikasmRtyakaraNa)-sAmAyika karanA yA lI huI sAmAyika ko bhUla jaanaa| 1 upAsakadazAga (abhayadevasUtravRtti) 1 6 pR0 17

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paMcama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 165 5. sAmAiyassa aNavaThiyassakaraNayA (sAmAyikaanavasthitakaraNa) yathoktarIti se sAmAyika na karanA, avyavasthitarUpa se karanA / dezAvakAzika-parigrahaparimANa aura dizAparimANavata kI jIvanaparyanta pratijJA ko aura adhika vyApaka eva virAT banAne ke lie dezAvakAzika vrata grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| divrata me gamanAgamana kA kSetra sImita kara liyA jAtA hai aura yahA~ usa sImita kSetra ko, eka do dina Adi ke lie aura adhika sImita kara liyA jAtA hai| dezAvakAzika vrata me jahA~ kSetra-sImA sakucita hotI hai, vahA~ upabhogasAmagrI kI sImA bhI saMkSipta hotI hai| arthAt sImita kSetra ke bAhara kI sAmagrI kA upabhoga isa vrata kA dhArI manuSya nahI kara sakatA / isa vrata me upAsaka mana, vacana, karma tIno se kSetra kI maryAdA kara letA hai| phira vaha maryAdita bhUpradeza se vAhara kI vastuo ko kisI ke dvArA nahI ma~gavA sakatA, maryAdita bhUpradeza se bAhara kisI vyakti ko apane kArya ke lie nahI bheja sakatA, maryAdita bhUpradeza se vAhara sthita anya purupa ko zabda-prayoga karake nahI bulA sakatA, maryAdita bhUpradeza se bAhara ke vyakti ko apanA rUpa Adi dikhA kara nahIM bulA sakatA tathA maryAdita bhUpradeza se bAhara sthita vyakti ko miTTI, patthara, DhelA Adi pheka kara koI kArya nahIM karA sktaa| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra hai 1 ANavaNappaoge (Anayanaprayoga)-maryAdita kSetra se bAhara kI vastu kA mNgvaanaa| 2. pesavaNappaoge (preSyaprayoga)-maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara kisI ko bhejnaa| 3. sadANuvAe (zabdAnupAta)-maryAdita kSetra se bAhara ke manuSya ko zabda-prayoga karake vulaanaa| ___ 4 rUvANuvAe (rUpAnupAta)-maryAdita kSetra se bAhara ke manuSya ko apanA rUpa dikhA kara vulaanaa| 1 upAsakadazAga (abhayadevasUtravRtti) 1, 6 pR0 12

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166 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ___5. vahiyApoggalapakleve (vAhyapudgalaprakSepa)-miTTI, patyara Adi phaika kara maryAdita pradeza se bAhara ke manuSya se koI kArya karAnA / pauSadhopavAsa-yaha vrata jIvana-saMgharpa kI sImA ko aura adhika saMkSipta karatA hai| eka rAta-dina ke lie sacitta vastuo kA, zastra kA, pApa-vyApAra kA, bhojana-pAna, zarIrabhaMgAra tathA abrahmacarya kA tyAga karanA paupadhanata hai| paupadhavratadhArI kI sthiti sAdhu jaisI hotI hai| ata. paupadha me gRhasthocita vastra nahI pahane jAte, palaMga Adi para nahI soyA jAtA aura snAna bhI nahI kiyA jaataa| sAsArika prapaMco se sarvayA alaga raha kara ekAnta me svAdhyAya, dhyAna tathA Atmacintana Adi karate hue jIvana ko pavitra banAnA hI isa vrata kA uddezya hai / isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra hai 1 appaDilehiyaduppaDilahiyasijjAsaMthAre (apratilekhitaduSpratilekhitazayyAsaMstAra)-zayyAsaMstAra (vichaune) ko vinA dekhe-bhAle athavA asAvadhAnatApUrvaka dekhabhAla kara karanA / 2 appamajjiyaduppamajjiyasijjAsaMthAre (apramAjitaduSpramAjitazayyAsaMstAra)--vinA bADa-pocha kie athavA asAvadhAnatApUrvaka jhAr3a poMcha kara zayyAsaMstAra kA vichAnA / __ 3 appaDilehiyaduppaDilehiyauccArapAsavaNabhUmi (apratilekhitaduSpra tilekhitauccAraprasravaNabhUmi)-vinA dekhebhAle athavA asAvadhAnI se dekhabhAla kara, mUtra tathA purISotsarga krnaa| 4 appamajjiyaduppamajiyauccArapAsavaNabhUmi (apramAjitaduSpramAjitauccAraprasravaNabhUmi)-sthAna ko vinA jhADa-pocha kie athavA asAvadhAnI se jhADa-pocha kara mUtrapurIpotsarga karanA / 5 posahovavAsassa saMmma aNaNupAlaNayA (pauSadhopavAsasamyagananupAlanA)-pIpadhopavAsa kA niyamAnukUla pAlana nahI karanA / / yathAsaMvibhAga-yadi parigraha kA upayoga kevala apane hI taka sImita rahatA hai tathA vaha janakalyANa se prayukta nahI hotA to mahA 1. upAsakadagAMga, (abhayadevamUtravRtti), 1, 6, pR0 18, 16 / 2. vahI, 1, 6 pR0 16 /

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paMcama adhyAya * upAsaka-jIvana [ 167 bhayaMkara pApa bana jAtA hai| pratidina baDhate hue parigraha ko bar3he hue nakha kI upamA dI gaI hai| bar3he hue nakha ko kATane kI taraha parimita parigraha kA nityaprati yatkicit dAna dene kA vidhAna hai| dAna parigraha kA prAyazcitta hai| gRhastha ke ghara kA dvAra janasevA ke lie khulA rahanA __ cAhie, vizeSakara tyAgiyo, vratiyo evaM zramaNo ke lie| yadi ve loga kisI upAsaka ke ghara padhAre to upAsaka kA kartavya hai ki vaha unako yogya bhakti-bhAva se AhAra-pAnI de / sthAnAgasUtra me zramaNopAsanA se paramparA se mukti kI prApti vatAI gaI hai| "zramaraNasevA se zAstra kA upadeza sunane ko milatA hai| zAstropadeza kA phala AtmajJAna hai / AtmajAna se vijJAna (viziSTanAna), vijJAna se pratyAkhyAna (vastuo ke tyAga kI icchA), pratyAkhyAna se saMyama, saMyama se anAzrava (kamA kA Agamana rukanA) tathA anAva se tapakriyA tayA aMta me nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai|"1 isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra hai 1 sacittanikkhevaNayA (sacittanikSepa)--sAdhu ko deya vastu sacetana patra, puppa Adi para rakha denA / __ 2 sacittapihaNayA (sacittapidhAna)--sAdhu ko deya vastu sacetana patra-puppa Adi se DhaMka denA / 3 kAlAikkame (kAlAtikrama)--sAdhu ke bhikSArtha bhojana-kAla kA ullaMghana kara denaa| 4. paravvavaese (paravyapadeza)---bhikSA ke lie apane ghara sAdhu ke Ane para apanI vastu ko kisI anya vyakti kI, batA kara sAdhu ko TarakA denA ki yaha bhojya padArtha amuka vyakti kA hai / 5 macchariyAe (mAtsarya)-apane yahA~ kisI kAraNa sAdhu dvArA AhAra na lene para yA kisI anya gRhastha ke yahA~ se lene para usase IrSyA karanA / 1. sthAnAga 66, 160 / 2 upAsakadazAga, (abhayadevavRtti) 1, 6, pR0 16, 20 /

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168 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anubhAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa upAsaka kI 11 pratimA pratimA-upAsaka ghara me raha kara jina vratoM kA pAlana karatA hai unhe gRhIdharma athavA sAvayadhamma (zrAvakavarma) kahA jAtA hai| yaha bAta nitantA satya hai ki koI bhI vyakti ghara meM raha kara dharmasAdhanA yathArtharIti se nahIM kara sktaa| kyoki gRhasthI ke jhabhaTa usake mana ko sthira nahI rahane dete / ata mana kI ekAgratA ke lie yaha ucita mAnA gayA ki vaha ghara se dUra kisI dharmasthAna me jA kara upAsaka dharma ko nirdoparUpa se pAlana karane kA prayatna kre| jainAgama me upayukta dharmasthAna ko posahasAlA (pauSadhazAlA) kahA gayA hai| paupadhazAlA upAsaka-dharma ke pAlana karane kA nirvAdha sthAna hai| upAsaka apane kuTumba kA bhAra jyeSThaputra ke Upara DAla kara sabhI sAsArika kAryo se nizcinta ho kara isa pauSadhazAlA meM raha kara AtmajAgaraNa me tatpara ho jAtA hai| yahA~ para Ane ke bAda vaha apane kuTumba se pUrNarUpa se saMbaMdha-tyAga karane kA abhyAsa karatA hai| paupavazAlA kA jIvana gRhastha tathA sAdhujIvana ke bIca kI kar3I hai| yahA~ A kara upAsaka sabase pahile usa bhUmi kA acchI taraha pratilekhana pramArjana karatA hai, jahA~ use nivAsa karanA hai / isake bAda vaha jIvajantu rahita bhUmi ko bhalIbhaoNti dekhabhAla kara pramArjana sApha kara letA hai, jahA~ use malaprakSepAdi kAryo se jAnA par3atA hai| pauSadhazAlA me vaha darbha yA kaThora kASTha kI zayyA para sotA hai aura saMpUrNa samaya gRhastha ke kartavyapAlana karane tathA AtmadhyAna me vyatIta karatA hai|' upAsaka pauSadhazAlA me jA kara aNuvrato tathA zikSAvratI ke atirikta jina pratijAo ko grahaNa karatA hai| unhe paDimA (pratimA) kahA gayA hai| upAsaka kI ye pratimAeM 11 hai, jinake nAma nimna prakAra hai-4 1 upAsakadazAga, 1, 7, pR0 22 / 2. upAsakadagAMga, 1, 10, pR0 26 / 3. jo zramaNa kI upAsanA karate hai, ve upAsaka kahalAte hai / upAsako kI pratinA upAsakapratimA hai| samavAyAga (abhayadevavRtti) pR0 19 a / 4. upAsakadazAga 1, 11, pR0 26 /

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pacama adhyAya . upAsaka jIvana 1. daMsaNapaDimA ( darzanapratimA) 2. vayapaDimA ( vratapratimA) 3. sAmAiyapaDimA ( sAmAyikapratimA) 4 posahapaDimA (pauSadhapratimA) 5. paDimApaDimA (pratimApratimA) [ 166 6. avambhavajjanapaDimA (abrahmavarjanapratimA) 7 sacittAhAravajjaraNapaDimA (sacittAhAra varjanapratimA) 8. sayamArambhavajjaNapaDimA ( svayamAraMbhavarjanapratimA) 9 pesA rambhavajjaNapaDimA (preSyArambhavarjanapratimA) 10 uddiTThabhattavajjaNapaDimA (uddiSTabhaktavarjanapratimA) 11 samaNabhUyapaDimA (zramaNabhUtapratimA) prathama pratimA kA kAla eka mAha hai, dvitIya pratimA kA kAla do mAha hai, isa prakAra eka eka pratimA eka eka mAha adhika taka baDhatI jAtI hai | aMtima gyArahavI pratimA kA kAla gyAraha mAha hai / isa prakAra samasta pratimAo kA pUrA kAla pA~ca varSa chaha mAha hotA hai / pratyeka pratimA ke dhAraNa se pahile upAsaka ke dvArA usase pahile kI pratimA kA yathAkAla yathAniyama abhyAsa kara liyA jAnA Avazyaka hai / ' 1. darzanapratimA - jIva, ajIva, Azrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa puNya eva pAparUpa nava padArthoM para yathArtha zraddhA honA samyagadarzana hai / java upAsaka isa samyagdarzana kA zaMkAdidoSo se rahita ho kara nirdoSa rUpa me pAlana karatA hai, taba usake darzanapratimA kahI jAtI hai / 2 vratapratimA - darzanapratimA kA pUrNa abhyAsa kara lene ke bAda aticArarahita pAca aNuvrato tathA sAta zikSAvrato ke pAlana kI pratijJA karanA vratapratimA hai / isa pratimA ke sAtha hI manuSya 1 upAsakadazAMka (abhayadevasUtravRtti) pR 26 / 2. upAsakadazAga (abhayadevasUtravRtti) pR0 26 phuTanoTa naM 0 1 /

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170 ] jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa me kSamA, dayA, sahanazIlatA Adi mAnavIya guNo kA vikAsa hone lagatA hai / ' 3. sAmAyika pratimA - darzana tathA vratapratimA se yukta upAsaka, prAta madhyAhna tathA sAya, jo sAmAyika (samabhAva, kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha sAmAyikapratimA hai / mana ko ekAgra kara vAhya Abhyatara parigraha kA tyAga kara kucha nizcita samaya taka AtmA tathA paramAtmA kA dhyAna karanA va jIvana me samabhAva kA AcaraNa karanA sAmAyika kahalAtA hai / 4 pauSadhapratimA - uparyukta tIna pratimAoM se yukta upAsaka pratyeka aSTamI tathA caturdazI ko 48 ghaMTe taka AhArapAnI kA pUrNa tyAga kara dharmAcaraNa me samaya vyatIta karatA hai; use paupadhapratimA kahA jAtA hai | 3 5 pratimApratibhA - isa pratimA - graharaNa ke pahile yaha Avazyaka hai ki upAsaka dvArA samyaktva, aNuvrata, guraNavrata, tathA zikSAvrata evaM sAmAyika tathA paupadhapratimA kA acchI taraha yathAkAla pAlana kara pUrNa abhyAsa kara liyA jA / jo upAsaka pratyeka aSTamI tathA caturdazI kI rAtri me pratimA kI taraha nizcala rahatA hai, kevala dina me hI bhojana karatA hai, DhIle vastra pahinatA hai, dina me pUrNa brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai, rAtri me bhI adhika kAmabhogo me saMlagna nahI rahatA, dina me pratimA kI taraha Asana me sthira ho kara trilokapUjya, jitakapAya 'jina' kA dhyAna karatA hai athavA AtmadoSo ko naSTa karane vAle kisI anya tatva ( AtmAdi ) kA dhyAna karatA hai, vaha paMcamapratimAdhArI hai / " 6. abrahmavarjanapratimA - uparyukta pAca pratimA ke pUrNa paripAlana ke bAda sAsArika kAmabhogo se mukti pA lenA abrahmavarjanapratimA hai / isa pratimA ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti rAtri me bhI zRMgArapUrNa carcA, upAsakadazAga abhayadevasUtravRtti pR0 27 phuTanoTa na0 1 / pR0 27 phuTanoTa na0 2 / pR0 27 phuTanoTa na0 3 / 1 2 . vahI 3 vahI 4 11 13 vahI pR0 27 noTa na0 4 / 1

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paMcama adhyAya upAsaka-jIvana [ 171 striyo se atiparicaya tathA apane zarIra kI sajAvaTa Adi se dUra rahatA hai / 1 7 sacittAhAravarjanapratimA-pUrvapratimAo ke abhyAsapUrvakasacitta vastuo ke bhakSaNa kA tyAga karanA sacittAhAravarjana pratimA 8. svayamArambhavarjanapratimA-pUrva pratimAo ke pAlana ke sAtha ghara me sadopa kArya ke svayaM na karane kA niyama lenA, svayamArambhavarjana pratimA hai / AvazyakatA par3ane para anya vyakti ke dvArA gRhakArya karAyA jA sakatA hai| 6. parArambhavarjanapratimA-pUrva pratimAo ke guNo se yukta hokara upAsaka, dUsare vyakti ke dvArA bhI sadopagRhakAryo ke na karAne kA jo niyama letA hai, vaha parArambhavarjanapratimA hai| 10. uddiSTabhaktavarjanapratimA-pUrvapratimAo kA pAlana karate hue upAsaka apane uddezya se taiyAra kie gae bhojana kA jo tyAga karatA hai; vaha uddiSTabhaktavarjanapratimA hai| isa pratimA me sapUrNa prakAra ke Arambha kA tyAga ho jAtA hai, sira ko pUrNarUpa se muMDita kara diyA jAtA hai, athavA eka choTI-sI zikhA rakha lI jAtI hai| kisI vastu ke sambandha me pUche jAne para yadi jAnatA hai to upAsaka kahatA hai ki maiM jAnatA hU; yadi nahI jAnatA hai to kahatA hai ki maiM nahI jAnatA huu| aryAta-apane Apako upAsaka vatA kara vaha sAsArika vivAdo meM adhika vyasta nahIM hotaa|" ___ 11 zramaNabhUtapratimA-gyArahavI pratimA me upAsaka apane sira ko pUrA muMDA letA hai| vaha zramaNaveza tathA upakaraNI ko upAsakadazAMga abhayadevasUtravRtti pR0 28 noTa na0 1 / 2. vahI , pR0 28 noTa na0 2 / 3. vahI pR0 28 noTa na0 3 / pR0 28 noTa n04| pR0 28 noTa n05| vahI

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172 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa dhAraNa kara sayama kA pAlana karatA huA sAdhu jaisA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| ina pratimAo ke pAlana kA uddezya upAsaka ke dvArA dhIre-dhIre zramaNa-avasthA ko prApta karanA hai| jaisA ki gyArahavI pratimA ke nAma se prakaTa hotA hai| mAraNAntika sallekhanA tathA maraNottara vidhAna sallekhanA--jIvana kI aMtima vyavasthA me upAsaka kA zarIra vRddhAvasthA evaM tapa ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa haDDiyo kA DhA~cA mAtra raha jAtA hai| usame uThane-baiThane tathA karma karane kI zakti nahIM rhtii| kintu utyAna, kriyA, vala, vIrya, paurupa, zraddhA tathA vairAgya vidyamAna rahate hai| upAsaka ke jIvana me yaha sabase mUlyavAna evaM atyanta sAvadhAna ho jAne kA samaya hai / yadi isa kAla meM upAsaka apane kartavyo se lezamAtra bhI cyuta hotA hai to usakA jIvanabhara ArAdhita upAsakadharma niSphala ho jAtA hai| isa samaya upAsaka atyanta zAnti ke sAtha mAraNAntika saMllekhanA dhAraNa karatA hai| jainAgama me isa vrata ko apacchimamAraNatiya saMlehaNAjhasaNArAhaNAe (apazcimamAraNAntikasallekhanAjoSaNArAdhanA) kahA gayA hai| "saMllekhanA" zabda kA artha hai zarIra tathA kaSAya ko kSINa karAnA aura joSaNa zabda kA artha hai AtmasevA krnaa| maraNakAla me azana-pAna kA kramaza sarvathA tyAga kara zarIra ko tathA nirantara AtmopAsanA me lIna raha kara krodhAdi kapAyo ko kSINa karanA aura anta me zAntipUrvaka mRtyu kA Aligana karanA saMllekhanA kahalAtA hai / ____ maraNottaravidhAna-jo vyakti jIvanaparyanta upAsaka ke vrato kA nirdoSa pAlana karatA hai tathA anta me saMllekhanA dhAraNa kara zAntipUrvaka mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai; vaha AnAmI janma me niyama se mahAdyuti evaM mahARddhi se yukta devaloka meM janma letA hai| 1 upAsakadagAga abhayadevasUtravRtti pR0 26 noTa na0 1 / 11 pratimAo ke vigepa vivaraNa ke lie dekhie-uvAsagadasAo (DA0 pI0 ela0 vedyA) pR0 224 / 2 upAsakadAga (abhayadevasUtravRtti) 1 7, pR 21 / 3. jainasUtrA- bhAga 2 (sUtrAkRtAga) 2, 2 77, pR0 384 /

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paMcama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 173 mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki-Ananda zramaNopAsaka vahuta varSoM taka upAsaka ke kartavyo kA pAlana kara saudharmakalpa (svarga) ke aruNavimAna me cAra palya kI Ayu vAlA devatA hogaa| naMdanIpitA tathA sAlihIpitA ne apane pUrNa jIvana me upAsaka ke vrato kA pAlana kiyA / maraNakAla me sallekhanA dhAraNa kara ve mRtyu ko prApta hue| usake bAda dono ne kramaza. devatva prApta kara Anatasvarga ke aruNagava vimAna tathA saudharmasvarga ke aruNakIla vimAna me janma grahaNa kiyaa| ina dono ke samvandha me yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki ye dono krama se mahAvideha me janma le kara phira siddhi ko prApta kreNge| isase yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki upAsaka devaloka prApta karane ke bAda kramaza nirvANa ko bhI prApta karatA hai| jo vyakti apanA jIvana upAsaka ke rUpa me na vyatIta kara sAMsArika bhoga-vilAso me vyatIta karate hai tathA hisAdi pApakarmo me lipta rahate hai; ve isa bhava me nArakIya yAtanAo ko prApta karate hai tathA parabhava me aneka janmo taka narakagAmI hote hai| jainasUtro me aise aneka manuSyo kA varNana hai, jinhone apane jIvana me hiMsAdi pApo kA AcaraNa kiyA aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa unhe ihaloka tathA paraloka dono jagaha aparAdha kA phala bhoganA paDA / 2 / / gottAsaa (gotrAsaka) nAmaka eka bahuta adhAmika manuSya thA / vaha pratidina gozAlA me jA kara pazuo kA vadha karatA tathA maoNsa eva madya kA sevana kiyA karatA thA / jIvanabhara adhArmika kRtyo ke dvArA usane pApa kA saMgraha kiyA aura azAntiparvaka mara kara dvitIya naraka me tIna sAgaropama kI Ayu vAlA nArakI huA / naraka se nikalane ke vAda usane puna bhUloka me janma liyaa| usakA nAma ujjhita rakhA gyaa| ujjhita ne puna. mAMsabhakSaraNa, juA khelanA, madya pInA Adi adhArmika kAryo me apanA jIvana vitAyA aura anta me vezyAgamana ke pariNAmasvarUpa use rAjadaMDa bhugatanA par3A / usake nAka-kAna kATa lie gae; usake samasta zarIra me tela cupaDa diyA gayA, use vadhyacihna ke rUpa me do khaMDavastra tathA lAla puSpo kI mAlA pahinAI gaI, use 1 upAsakadagAga 1 6, pR0 24 / 2 vivAgasuyam, prathamazru taskandha (du.khavipAka)

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174 ] jaina agazAstra ke anugAra mAnana vyakti kA vikAga jamIna kI ora sira karake bAMdha diyA gayA, una garIra ne mAsa kATa kara svaya use khilAyA gayA, uMga hajAro koTIma pITA gayA aura dhana __ me use phAsI kA daNDa diyA gyaa|' vijayavarddhamAna nAmaka gAMva meM eka "kyA:" nAmakA bAbadhAmina zAsaka thaa| vaha pAMca nI gAMvo para zAsana karatA thaa| yaha prajA para atyadhika atyAcAra karatA, unheM mAratA, gatA, unakA pana chIna letA, unase aneka prakAra ke anadhikRta Taiksa letA tathA coroM aura vAyuyo ko sahAyatA detA thA / upayukta pApapUrNa kArya karate hue ikAI ko zvAsa, kAsa, jvara, kukSigUla Adi molaha roga utpanna ho gaye aura una rogo se mara kara vaha ratnaprabhA naraka meM eka nAgara-pramANa kI Aya vAle nArakIrapa meM utpanna huaa| mahAvIra me gautama ke pUchane para unhoMne ikkAI ke bhaviSya-jIvana kA isa prakAra varNana kiya -- " . . vaha siMha kA rUpa dhAraNa karegA aura isake bAda mara kara prathama naraka me nArakI hogaa| vahA~ se nikala sarIsapI (peTa ke bala reMgane vAle sarpa Adi prANiyo) me utpanna hogaa| isake bAda vaha dvitIya naraka me, phira tRtIya naraka me, phira caturtha, pacama, papTha tathA saptama naraka me utpanna hAgA / phira krama ne vaha ekendriya, hIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya, paMcendriya jIvo kA zarIra dhAraNa karatA huA manuSyaparyAya ko prApta kara zramaNadharma kA pAlana karake AlocanA, pratikramaNaparvaka samAdhimaraNa ko prApta ho kara sIdharmasvarga me devalpa me utpanna hogA, vahA~ se nikala kara mahAvideha me utpanna ho kara anta meM siddhi ko prApta kregaa| upayukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki mahAn adhArmika manuSya bhI dhArmika kartavyo kA pAlana kara devatva tathA siddhi-pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai| upAsaka kA jIvana-krama kisI bhI jAti athavA varNa kA gRhastha' strIpurupa nirganya pravacana me zraddhAvAn ho kara kisI sAdhujana ke samakSa java pA~ca aguvrata tathA sAta 1 vivAgasuya 1, 2 2 vivAgasUya 1, 1 /

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pacama adhyAya upAsaka-jIvana [ 175 zikSA-vratarUpa vAraha prakAra ke gRhastha-dharma ko svIkAra karatA hai; tava se usakA upAsakajIvana prArambha hotA hai| gRhastha-dharma svIkAra karane ke bAda vaha jIvana-bhara ke lie sthUla hiMsA, jhUTha tathA corI kA parityAga kara detA hai, apanI strI ke atirikta anya striyo ke sAya maithunavidhi ke tyAga kA tathA grAhIsthika vastuo ke saMgraha kI kama se kama mAtrA kA bhI nizcaya kara letA hai| ___ vaha pratinA karatA hai ki apane jIvana me sonA, cA~dI, kheta, bailagAr3I, nAva, vastra, AbhUpaNa Adi nizcita mAtrA ke atirikta anya sonA, caoNdI Adi ko prayoga me nahI laaegaa| vaha bhojanavidhi kA bhI parimAraNa karatA hai aura nizcaya kara letA hai ki kucha prakAra ke phala, miSTAnna, dAla, ghRta, zAka, madhura rasa, dahIvar3A, jala tathA tAmbUla Adi kA kucha nizcita mAtrA me hI apane jIvana me sevana kregaa| yahA~ taka ki tailamardana, uvaTana, snAna, vilepana, puSpadhAraNa Adi ke sambandha meM bhI vaha apanI AvazyakatAo kI atyalpa sImA nizcita kara letA hai| parigraha kI sImA kama ho jAne se manuSya aneka prakAra kI saMgrahasamvandhI mAnasika cintAo se mukta ho jAtA hai aura ghara me sthita vastuo me hI use saMtoSa kA anubhava hone lagatA hai| upAsaka kI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA kSetra manupyamAtra taka sImita nahIM hai| vaha pazu-pakSiyo para bhI dayA se paripUrNa hotA hai| vaha jina gAya, bhaisa Adi pazuo kA parigraha rakhatA hai, unako samaya para bhojanapAnI dene kA pUrA dhyAna rakhatA hai aura unhe kisI bhI prakAra kA kapTa nahI hone detA, unhe mAratA-pITatA nahIM aura na hI unake ago ko chedatA hai| 'karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra hotA hai', uttarAdhyayana 25, 33 / upAsakadagAMga, 4 / vahI, 5 / 4. upAsakadagAga, 1, 6 pR0 19 /

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176 ] jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa vaha ApasI vyavahAra me vilkula satya, spaSTa evaM miSTabhApI hotA hai, vinA vicAre nahI bolatA, kisI ke rahasya kA bhedana nahI karatA, jhUThA upadeza nahI detA aura na hI jhUThe lekha, vahIkhAte yA dastAveja likhatA hai / vaha aisA satya bhI nahI volatA, jo aniSTa tathA apriya ho / 2 vyApAra ke sambandha me upAsaka bahuta sAvadhAna rahatA hai / vaha aise karma nahIM apanAtA, jiname savadha va ativadha hotA hai / vaha niSiddha, rASTraghAtaka, naitikatAviruddha eva saMyamaghAtaka karmoM dvArA vyApAra nahI karatA, kintu nyAyocita kAryoM dvArA vyApAra kara apane kuTumva kA pAlana karatA hai / vaha corI kI vastu grahaNa nahI karatA aura coro ko kisI prakAra kI sahAyatA bhI nahI pahu~cAtA / vaha vyApAra me rAjakIya niyamo kA pUrNa dhyAna rakhatA hai| vastuoM meM milAvaTa nahI karatA aura na hI kama va avika tolatA - nApatA hai / usakA vyaktigata jIvana bhI bahuta pavitra hotA hai, vaha dubhAvarnAo ko apane pAsa phaTakane nahI detA / apanI strI ke atirikta anya striyoM ko vaha mAtA, vahana tathA putrI samajhatA hai / vaha apanI strI ke sAtha bhI adhika kAmabhoga nahI karatA, tathA duzcaritra vAle strI-puruSo ke sAtha vaha kisI prakAra kA samparka nahI rakhatA / upAsaka yaha samajhatA hai ki dukho kA kAraNa asaMtoSa hai, ataH vaha kama se kama vastu meM saMtuSTa rahane kA prayatna karatA hai / vaha kama se kama vastu ke saMgraha kA niyama le kara kabhI usa maryAdA ko baDhAne kA prayatna nahI karatA aura pratyeka jIvanopayogI vastu kI nizcita maryAdA me hI apanA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai / isa prakAra vaha apanI icchA aura tRSNA para vijaya prApta karane kA prayatna karatA rahatA hai karake nirantara antara upAsaka apane vAhya-jIvana ko saMkucita jIvana ke vikAsa kA prayatna karatA hai / vaha vAhya-saMsAra meM apane AvAgamana kI paridhi bhI nizcita kara letA hai aura jIvanabhara usI paridhi ke bhItara rahatA hai / atyAvazyaka kArya A par3ane para bhI paridhi - laMghana kA bhAva usake mana me utpanna nahI hotA / isa prakAra usake doSapUrNa kAryo 1 upAsakadazAka 1, 6, pR0 10 1 2. vahI, 1, 6, pR0 11 |

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pacama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 177 kA kSetra saMkucita ho jAtA hai / ' upAsaka kA bhojana zuddha tathA sAtvika hotA hai / kacce phala, amaryAdita tayA abhakSya vastueM usake bhojya nahI hotI / jala evaM vanaspati ko bhI pUrNa rUpa se pakA kara vaha unhe acittarUpame bhakSaraga karatA hai / __ upAsaka sarvadA Atma-cintana me jAgRta rahatA hai / vaha vyartha pApapUrNa kAryo ko na svayaM karatA hai aura na kisI ke karane me, mana, vacana, athavA karma se sahAyatA hI karatA hai| vaha jIvana ke pratyeka kArya ko Alasyarahita ho kara sAvadhAnI ke sAtha karatA hai| vaha apane zarIra ke aMgo se kuceSTAe~ bhI nahIM krtaa| zayyA, bichaunA athavA anya Avazyaka vastuo ko uThAte-rakhate samaya vaha atyanta sAvadhAnI se kAma letA hai / vaha usa jagaha ko bhI pahile se dekhabhAla va jhAr3a-poMcha letA hai, jahA~ una vastuoM ko rakhanA hai| una vastuo ko rakhane se pahile bhI vaha unheM acchI taraha jhAr3a-pocha letA hai / upAsaka kA hRdaya samatva kI bhAvanA se paripUrNa hotA hai / use AdhyAtmika dRSTi se manuSya, pazu athavA jantuo ke madhya koI bheda nahI dikhatA / vaha AtmA ko sarvocca mAna kara zarIra ke bheda ko bilakula bhUla jAtA hai| isI samatva-bhAvanA kI prApti ke lie dina me tIna vAra kucha nizcita samaya ke lie ekAnta, nirvAdha sthAna meM baiTha kara vaha AtmadhyAna karatA hai| isa samaya vaha saMsAra ko vilakula hI bhUla jAtA hai, parigraha se pUrA sambandha toDa detA hai aura kucha samaya ke lie sAdhuavasthA ko prApta kara letA hai| isa prakAra upAsaka sarvadA dharma ke prati zraddhAvAn ho kara dharmIjano kA bhI pUrNa vinaya karatA hai, unakA samAgama prApta karane kI nirantara cepTA karatA hai aura kisI sAdhujana ke ghara A jAne para unhe ucitasammAna de kara yayAvidhi AhAra-pAnI Adi detA hai| 3. 4. 5 upAsakadagAga, pR0 11, 12 vahI, 1, 6, pR0 12, 13 / / vahI, 1, 6 pR0 17 / vahI,, vahIM, 1, 6, pR0 18 /

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178 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa gRhasthajIvana meM nirantara sAvadhAna upAsaka jaba isa prakAra kA anubhava karane lagatA hai ki ghara me raha kara vaha gRhasthadharma kA pUrNa rUpa se pAlana nahIM kara pAtA; tava kisI dina apane kuTambijana tathA mitro ko ghara para bulA kara bhojanAdi dvArA santuSTa karake apane gRha-tyAga-sambandhI vicAra unake samakSa rakha detA hai| kuTumbijano tathA putra kI svIkRti ke bAda vaha ghara kA samasta bhAra apane jyeSTha-putra ko sAMpa kara AtmasAdhana ke lie paupadhazAlA me calA jAtA hai| pIpadhazAlA me jAte samaya vaha sabhI logo se kahatA hai ki Aja se kisI ke ghara para usake nimitta bhojanAdi taiyAra na kiyA jAe aura na hI kisI sAMsArika kArya me usakI sammati lI jaae|' paupadhazAlA meM jAne ke vAda upAsaka gyAraha pratimAo kA krama-krama se yathAsUtra, yathAkalpa, yathAmArga tathA yathAtatva ArAdhana prArambha kara detA hai / antima 'zramaNabhUta" pratimA me pahu~ca kara vaha lagabhaga sAdhu kAsA jIvana vyatIta karane lagatA hai| isa prakAra apane jIvana kI aMtima avasthA taka vaha paupadhazAlA me raha kara apane kartavyo kA pUrNarUpa se pAlana karatA huA apane vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM tatpara rahatA hai|' ata me saMllekhanAparvaka zAti se maraNa kara sadgati ko prApta hotA hai| upAsaka kI vicAra-dhArA zraddhA, mAnava ke vyaktitva-vikAsa kI AdhArazilA hai-upAsakaavasthA kA prArambha nigrantha-pravacana evaM jIvAjIvAdi padArthoM meM zraddhA evaM vizvAsa se hotA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki "jaise koI vyakti rudhira me raMge vastra ko rudhira se hI sApha karanA cAhe to kyA vaha sApha ho sakatA hai ? nahI, isI prakAra prANAtipAta Adi se hone vAlA pApo se ragA manuSya, mithyAdarzana Adi ke tyAga tathA samyagadarzana (satyazraddhA) Adi ke grahaNa se zuddha ho sakatA hai|"4 1 upAsakadazAga, 1, 10 pR0 25 / 2. vahI (abhayadevavRtti, 1, 10, pR0 26 / 3. vahI 1, 15 pR0 33 / 4. nAyAdhammakahAo, 5, 60. pR. 74, 75 /

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pacama adhyAya : upAsaka-jIvana [ 176 mAnava-jIvana ni.sAra hai-upAsaka isa manuSyajIvana koAnandaprada tathA sthAyI nahI mAnatA; kintu isake viparIta vaha ise adhra va, anizcita azAzvata, bijalI kI taraha caMcala, jalavuvuda, kuzAgrajalabindu, saMdhyAkAlIna lAlimA tayA svapnadarzana kI taraha anitya mAnatA hai| vaha yaha bhI jAnatA hai ki manuSya kA jIvana sar3anA, galanA, naSTa honA Adi dharmo se paripUrNa hai tathA zIghra athavA vilamba se choDa dene yogya hI hai|" bAlaka, bRddha aura garbhastha sabhI manuSyo kA jIvana nAzavAna hai| yaha dekho, jaise zyenapakSI vartakapakSI ko mAra DAlatA hai, isI taraha Ayu kSINa hone para mRtyu prANI jIvana ko naSTa kara detI hai|" mAnavIya kAmabhoga kSaNika hai-upAsaka, manuSya ke kAmabhogo se dUra rahane kA prayatna karatA hai / yadyapi gRhasthAvasthA ke kAraNa vaha unase sarvathA pRthak to nahI ho sakatA, kintu unakI vAstavikatA, du khotpAdakatA evaM anityatA ko jAnatA hai| vaha samajhatA hai ki ye kAmabhoga azuci, azAzvata, vAntAsrava (vamana ke dvAra), pittAsrava, zleSmAsrava, zukrAsrava, zoNitAsrava, mUtra-purIpa-pUyAdi se paripUrNa, adhruva evaM anizcita hai tathA eka na eka dina inhe avazya hI choDa denA pdd'egaa| mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki-"saba vaipayika gAna vilApa hai, sava nAcaraMga viDambanA hai, samasta alaMkAra zarIra para vojha hai tathA samasta kAmabhoga duHkha dene vAle hai|"3 "sonA, caoNdI aura svajanavarga sabhI parigraha, isa loka tayA paraloka me dukha dene vAle tathA sabhI nazvara hai| ataH ise jAnane vAlA kauna puruSa gRhavAsa ko pasanda kara sakatA hai ?"4 dhanasampatti tyAjya hai-sonA, cA~dI, maNi, mauktika Adi cora, agni, rAjA, bhAI, bandhu eva mRtyu dvArA chIne jA sakate hai / ve zarIra kI taraha saDana, galana Adi dharmoM se paripUrNa hai aura eka na eka dina naSTa hone vAle hI hai|' 1 jainasUtrAja bhAga 2 (sUtrakRtAga 1, 2, 1, 2 pR0 246) 2. nAyAdhammakahAo 1, 28 pR0 27 / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 13, 16 / jainasUtrAja bhAga 2, (sUtrakRtAga 1, 2, 2, 10 pR0 254) 5. nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 28 pR0 27 /

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180 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa nigrantha pravacana upAdeya hai - yaha nigrantha-pravacana klIva, kApuruSa, isa loka me prativaddha tathA paraloka me aceta evaM nIca puruSo ke lie kaSTa se AcaraNa karane ke yogya hai / parantu jo vyakti dhIra evaM udyamazIla hai, unheM isa niHzreyasa pravacana me kucha bhI dugkara nahI hai / yaha nigranthapravacana satya, sarvazreSTha, nyAyayukta, pApakarmoM kA nAza karane vAlA, mokSa kA mArga tathA sampUrNa duHkho se mukta karAne kA eka mAtra upAya hai / ' sadAcAra grAhya hai - yaha sasAra jarA evaM maraNa ke dvArA pradIpta hai / jisa prakAra koI gRhapati apane ghara me Aga laga jAne para usame se alpabhAra evaM bahumUlya vastuoM ko grahaNa karake ekAnta me calA jAtA hai, yaha socatA huA ki ye vastue~ hame agrima jIvana-yAtrA me sukha tathA ni zreyasa Adi kA sAdhana bnegii| isI prakAra upAsaka ke pAsa AcArarUpa vastu hai, jo atyanta iSTa hai tathA saMsAra kA nAza karane vAlI hai | 1. nAyAdhammakahAo 1, 28 pR0 28 2. antagaDadasAo prathamavarga, pR0 4 /

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SaSTha adhyAya zramaNa-jIvana zramaNa-avasthA upAsakajIvana se Age kI koTi zramaNa-avasthA hai / upAsaka gyArahavo pratimA me prAyaH zramaNa ho jAtA hai, isa kAraNa hI usa pratimA kA nAma "zramaNabhUta" pratimA hai|' isa aMtima pratimA me upAsaka zramaNajIvana kA abhyAsa prArambha kara detA hai| jaba vaha apane ko zramaNa-jIvana ke kaThora niyamo ko acchI taraha pAlana karane ke yogya samajha letA hai, tava vaha zramaNa-jIvana meM praveza karatA hai| zramaNa-jIvana atyanta kaSTasAdhya hai| jainAgama me isakI kaThoratA para acchI taraha prakAza DAlA gayA hai| "zramaNa-jIvana, do hAtho se sAgara ko tairane jaisA kaThina, reta ke grAsa jaisA nIrasa, talavAra kI dhAra para calane jaisA mahAkaSTasAdhya, lohe ke cane cabAne jaisA azakya, prajvalita agni-zikhA ko pI jAne jaisA duHsAdhya, havA se kapar3e ko thailI bharane jaisA asAdhya aura tuccha kATe se eka lAkha yojana vAle meruparvata ko bhedane jaisA asambhava hai|" vastuta zramaNa-jIvana itanA hI una jIvana hai / "yaha mArga klIva, kApuruSa, isa loka meM Asakta tathA paraloka se aceta aura duranucara prAkRtajanoM kA nahI hai; kintu dhIra, vIra, nizcalamati evaM sthitaprajJo 1 upAsakadagAga, 1, 11, pR0 26 / 2 nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 28 pR0 27, 28 tathA uttarAdhyayana, 19, 36 42 /

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182 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa kA hai|"1 jo loga kAyara hai, sAhasahIna hai, vAsanAoM ke dAsa hai, indriyo ke cakkara meM par3e hai aura dina-rAta icchAoM kI laharo ke thapeDe khAte rahate hai, ve bhalA kyo kara isa kSa radhArAsama durgamapatha para cala sakate hai ? zramaNa zabda kA nirvacana tathA samAnArthaka zabda nirvacana-zramaNa kA mUla prAkRta zabda "samaNa hai / samaNa ke saMskRta rUpAntara tIna hote hai-zramaraNa, samana tathA zamana / zramaNasaMskRti kA vAstavika mUlAdhAra inhI tIna saMskRtarUpo para se vyakta hotA hai| "zramaNa zabda "zram" dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai zrama karanA / yaha zabda prakaTa karatA hai ki vyakti apanA vikAsa apane parizrama dvArA kara sakatA hai| sukha-dukha, utyAna-patana sabhI ke lie vaha svaya uttaradAyI hai / "samana" kA artha hai-samatAbhAva arthAt sabako apane samAna samajhanA tathA savake prati samabhAva rakhanA / dUsaro ke prati vyavahAra kI kasauTI AtmA hai| jo bAta apane ko burI lagatI hai vaha dUsaro ke lie bhI burI hai|' "zamana" kA artha hai apanI vRttiyo ko zAnta rakhanA / anuyogadvArasUtra me "bhAvasAmAyika" kA nirUpaNa karate hue zramaNa zabda ke nirvacana para prakAza DAlA gayA hai-"jisa prakAra mujhe dukha acchA nahIM lagatA, usI prakAra saMsAra ke anya sabhI jIvo ko dukha acchA nahIM lagatA, yaha samajha kara jo svaya na hiMsA karatA hai, na dUsaro se karavAtA hai aura na kisI prakAra kI hisA kA anumodana karatA hai tathA sabhI prANiyo me samatvabuddhi rakhatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai|" mUla sUtra me "samamaNa i" zabda AyA hai| usakI vyAkhyA karate hae AcArya hemacandra likhate hai-"aN" dhAtu pravRtti ke artha me hai aura 'sama' 1. nAyAdhammakahAo 1, 28, pR0 28 / 2. sUtrakRtAga, 2, 2, 81 (jainasUtrAja bhAga 2, pR0 387) / 3. zramaNasUtra, pR0 75,76 / 4. anuyogadvAra mUtra, upkrmaadhikaar|

Page #201
SaSTha adhyAya zramaNa-jIvana [-183 zabda tulyArthaka hai| ata jo saba jIvo ke prati sama arthAt samAna aragati arthAt pravRtti karatA hai vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai| dazavakAlika sUtra me zramaNa kA artha tapasvI kiyA gayA hai "jo apane hI zrama se-tapa sAdhanA se muktilAbha karate hai, vezramaNa kahalAte hai|" AcArya zIlAka bhI sUtrakRtAga me zramaNa zabda kI yahI "zrama" aura "sama" samvandhI vyAkhyA karate hai / 2 buddha ne bhI zramaNazabda ke artha para kucha prakAza DAlA hai-'jo vratahIna hai, mithyAbhASI hai, icchA tathA lobha se bhare hue hai| aise vyakti muNDita ho kara bhI kyA zramaNa banege? jo choTe-bar3e pApa kA zamana karatA hai, use pApo kA zamanakartA hone ke kAraNa zramaNa kahate hai / "3 ___ mahAvIra ne bhI yahI kahA hai ki-'kevala muNDita hone mAtra se bhI koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, zramaraNa hotA hai-samatA kI sAdhanA se|4 samAnArthaka zabda-vaise to zramaNa zabda ke samAnArthaka aneka zabdo kA prayoga aMgazAstra me huA hai| phira bhI hama kucha mukhya zabdo kI vyAkhyA yahA~ karate hai| ___ muni-jo pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati tathA samasta trasa jIvoM ke hisArUpa 'karmasamArambha' ko acchI taraha jAna kara usakA tyAga kara detA hai, vaha muni kahalAtA hai| anagAra-samasta prANiyo ke rakSaNarUpa saMyama kA pAlana karane vAlA, samyagdarzana, samyagajJAna tathA, samyakacAritrarUpa mokSamArga me pravRtta aura mAyA kA tyAga karane vAlA anagAra kahalAtA hai|6 1. "zrAmyantIti zramaNA , tapasyantItyarthaH" dazavakAlikasUtravRtti, 1, 3, 2. "zrAmyati tapasA khidyate iti kRtvA zramaNo vAcya athavA samaM tulyaM mitrAdiSu mana:-anta karaNa yasya sa samamana., sarvatra vAsI-candanakalpaityarthaH" sUtrakRtAga, 1. 16 (hindI TIkA, pR0 268, 269) dhammapada, dhammavagga, 6, 10 / uttarAdhyayana, 25, 31,32 / AcArAMga, 1, 1, 1 7 (jainasUtrAj bhAga 1 pR0 1, 15) 6. vahI, 1, 1, 3, 1, bhAga 1 pR0 5 /

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184 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa brAhmaNa-"vaha brAhmaNa isalie kahalAtA hai ki vaha rAga-dRpa, kalaha, jhUThI nindA, cugalI, AkSepa, saMyama me arati, viSayo me rati, mAyAcAra aura jhUTha Adi saba pApakarmoM se rahita hotA hai, samyaka pravRtti se yukta hotA hai, sadA yatnazIla hotA hai, apane kalyANa meM tatpara hotA hai, tathA kabhI krodha athavA abhimAna nahIM krtaa|"1 zramaNa-"vaha zramaNa isalie kahalAtA hai ki vaha vidvAnoM se nahI hAratA aura sava prakAra kI AkAkSA se rahita hotA hai| vaha parigraha, hisA, jhUTha, maithuna krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga tathA dU parUpI pApa se virata hotA hai|" bhikSa -"vaha bhikSa isalie kahalAtA hai ki vaha abhimAna se rahita namra hotA hai aura guru kA AjJAnuvartI hotA hai / vaha vividha prakAra ke kaSTo tathA vighno se nahI hAratA / adhyAtmayoga se vaha apanA anta - karaNa zuddha karatA hai| vaha prayatnazIla, sthiracitta aura dUsaro dvArA bhikSA ke rUpa me die hue bhojana kI maryAdA me raha kara jIvana-nirvAha karane vAlA hotA hai / "3 nigraMtha-"vaha nitha isalie kahalAtA hai ki vaha akelA (saMnyAsI) hotA hai, eka ko jAnane vAlA (mokSa athavA dharma ko) hotA hai, jAgRta hotA hai, pApakarmo ke pravAha ko rokane vAlA hotA hai, susaMyata hotA hai, samyakapravRtti se yukta hotA hai Atmatattva ko samajhane vAlA hotA hai, vidvAn hotA hai, indriyo ke viSayo se virakta hotA hai, pUjA, satkAra aura lAbha kI icchA se rahita hotA hai, dharmArthI hotA hai, dharmajJa hotA hai, mokSaparAyaNa hotA hai tathA samatAparvaka AcaraNa karane vAlA hotA hai|"4 zramaNa-avasthA kA mahattva ___ jainadharma me zramaNa kA pada bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama me usakA sthAna chaThA hai| yadi yahA~ se vaha 1 sUtrakRtAMga (hi.), 1, 16, 1, pR0 67 / 2 vahI 1,16, 2, pR0 67 / 3. vahI 1, 16, 3, pR0 68 / 4. vahI 1, 16, 4, pR0 68 /

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SaSTha adhyAya * zramaNa-jIvana [185 nirantara UrdhvamukhI vikAsa karatA rahe to anta me caudahave guNasthAna kI bhUmikA para pahu~ca kara sadAkAla ke lie ajara, amara, siddha, buddha evaM mukta ho jAtA hai| aise hI zramaNa-jIvana ko paMcanamaskAramatra me "Namo loe savvasAhUNaM" kaha kara namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ yaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jisa mantra me arihaMta evaM siddha paramAtmA ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai, usI maMtra me unhI ke samakakSa rakha kara sAdhu ko bhI namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki zramaNa-jIvana avazya hI mukti kA sAdhaka hai, aura zramaNa-avasthA ko prApta vyakti kisI dina avazya hI pUrNa mukta ho jAtA hai / bhagavatIsUtra me pA~ca prakAra ke devo kA varNana hai / vahA~ mahAvIra ne gautama gaNadhara ke prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue sAdhuo ko sAkSAt "dharmadeva" kahA hai / vastuta sAdhu dharma kA jItA-jAgatA devatA hI hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke caudahave zataka me bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAdhujIvana ke akhaNDa Ananda kA upamA ke dvArA eka bahuta hI sundara citra upasthita kiyA hai / gaNadhara gautama ko sambodhita karate hue bhagavAn kahate hai ki "he gautama, eka mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA zramaNa nirgrantha vANavyantara devo ke sukha ko atikramaNa kara jAtA hai| do mAsa kI dIkSAvAlA muni nAgakumAra Adi bhavanavAsI devo ke sukha ko atikramaNa kara jAtA hai| isI prakAra tIna mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA sAdhu asurakumAra devo ke sukha ko, cAra mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA graha, nakSatra eva tArAo ke sukha ko, paoNca mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA jyotiSkadevajAti ke indra-candra evaM sUrya ke sukha ko, chaha mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA saudharma evaM IzAna devaloka ke sukha ko, sAta mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA sanata kumAra eva mAhendra devo ke sukha ko, ATha mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA brahmaloka eva lAntaka devo ke sukha ko, nava mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA Anata eva prANata devo ke sukha ko, dasa mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA AraNa eva acyuta devo ke sukha ko, gyAraha mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA 1 bhagavatI, 1, 1, 1, tathA kalpasUtra 1, 1, 1, Namo arihatANa, Namo siddhANa, Namo AyariyANa, Namo uvajjhAyANa, Namo loe savvasAhUNa / ' bhagavatI, 12, 6 /

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186 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa navagaiveyaka devo ke sukha ko tayA vAraha mAsa kI dIkSA vAlA zramaNa anuttaraupapAtika devo ke sukha ko atikramaNa kara jAtA hai|' pravrajyA jo vyakti sasAra se virAga prApta kara zramaNa-jIvana ko grahaNa karane kA icchuka hotA hai, vaha vinA kisI jAtibheda athavA zreNi-bheda ke jainasagha me sammilita kara liyA jAtA hai / kevala sAdhAraNa manuSya hI zramaNa nahI hote hai; kintu bar3e-bar3e yoddhA, dhanI, mAnI tathA jJAnI vyakti zramaNa-jIvana svIkAra karate hai| yaha socate hue ki yaha sAsArika indriyabhoga vyartha hai; jIvana pAnI ke bulabule ke samAna kSaNasthAyI hai, ve apanA samasta vaibhava tathA kuTumba ko choDa kara sAdhu jIvana svIkAra kara lete hai| pravrajyA ke kAraNa sthAnAgasUtra me pravrajyA ke daza bheda batalAe gae hai| 1. chandA (sasAra se svata virakta hokara pravajyA dhAraNa krnaa)| roSA (acAnaka krodha ke kAraNa pravrajyA le lenaa)| 3 dAridra yadya nA (daridratA ke kAraNa pravrajyA svIkAra krnaa)| svapnA (saMsAra se virAga paidA karane vAlA svapna dekha kara pravajyA svIkAra krnaa)| pratizru tA (pahile kI gaI pratijJA-pUrti ke nimitta pravrajyA lenaa)| smAraNikA (pUrvabhava kI smRti ke kAraNa pravrajyA grahaNa kara lenaa)| rogiNikA (vImArI ke kAraNa pravrajyA agIkAra krnaa)| 8. anAdRtA (apamAna ke kAraNa pravrajyA aMgIkAra krnaa)| c 1 2. bhagavatI, 14, 9 / aupapAtika, 14, 49 /

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 187 6 devasaMjaptA (devatAo dvArA sambodhita kie jAne para pravrajyA svIkAra krnaa| 10 vatsAnubaMdhikA (dIkSita putra ke sneha ke kAraNa pratrajyA dhAraNa karanA ) / bhAvanAzIla vyakti kabhI-kabhI choTA-sA bhI nimitta mila jAne para pravrajyA grahaNa kara lete the| ujjayinI kI rAnI devilAsattane apane pati ke sira para eka sapheda vAla dekha kara use agalI se moDa kara nikAla diyaa| rAjA ne use dekhA aura kahA ki vRddhAvasthA kA dUta A gayA hai / usane use sone kI peTI me vanda kiyA, rezamI vastra se use bA~dha kara sAre nagara meM ghumaayaa| isake bAda apane putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara usane yaha ghoSaNA kI ki hamAre pUrvapuruSa sapheda bAla hone se pahale hI pravajita ho jAte the; ata. maiM bhI pravrajyA svIkAra karatA huuN| kabhI-kabhI to atituccha kAraNa bhI pravrajyA-grahaNa ke lie paryApta hotA thaa| bharata ne apanI aMgulI ko mudrikAzUnya ataeva amanojJa dekha kara sasAra se vairAgya prApta kiyA aura dIkSA grahaNa kii| rAjA dummuha ne indra-dhvaja ko girate dekhA aura unhe vairAgya ho gayA / aripTanemi ne pazuo ko vandhana meM dekhA aura unakI hiMsA me khuda nimitta na vana jAya; isa kAraNa tayA saMsAra kI anityatA kA jJAna kara pravajyA dhAraNa kii| nimnokta prakAra ke vyakti pravrajyA dhAraNa nahI kara sakate the-bacce, vRddha, napuMsaka, AlasI, Darapoka, vImAra, DAkU, rAjA ke zatru, pAgala, andhe, dAsa, mUrkha, RNI, aMgahIna, balAtadharma-parivartana karane vAle, gabhiNI strI tathA navayuvatI 16 1 sthAnAMga, 10, 712, pR0 459 / 2 AvazyakacUrNi, 2, pR0 202 / 3 uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 18, pR0 232 a 4 vahI, 9, pR0 136 / 5. vahI, 6, pR0 126, phuTa noTa / 6. sthAnAMga 3, 202, pR0 154 /

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18] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa niSkramaNasatkAra-pravrajyA grahaNa karane vAle vyakti kA pravajyAmahotsava (niSkramaNasatkAra) bahuta hI samArohapUrvaka manAyA jAtA thaa| rAjA, rAjakIya jana tathA prajAjana isa kArya meM sammilita hote the| rAjAloga prajA ko dIkSita hone ke lie utsAhita kiyA karate the| rAjA kRSNa vAsudeva ne ghoSaNA kI thI ki koI bhI rAjA, rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI, rAnI, rAjakumAra, rAjya, kA pradhAna, yoddhA, kuTumba kA pradhAna, grAma kA mukhiyA dhanI puruSa, zrISThI, senAdhyakSa, tathA vyApAriyo kA pradhAna Adi yadi pravajita honA cAhatA hai to vaha svaya una logo ke kuTumba ke pAlana kA uttaradAyitva grahaNa karane ko taiyAra hai| pravrajyA kamalasarovara athavA kisI pavitra devamandira ke nikaTa dI jAtI thii| isa kArya ke lie koI zubha dina cuna liyA thA / caturthI tathA aSTamI isa kArya ke lie anupayukta mAne jAte the| pravrajyA-dhAraNa ke pUrva apane mAtA-pitA aura sarakSaka se pravrajyA grahaNa karane kI AjJA prApta kara lenA Avazyaka thaa| prAyaH saMrakSaka loga dIkSA grahaNa karane ke icchuka purupa athavA strI ko AcArya ke samakSa bhikSArUpa me bhI bheTa kara diyA karate the| nAyAdhammakahAo me rAjakumAra megha ke prabajita hone kA varNana hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza suna kara meghakumAra apane ghara vApisa Ae aura mAtA-pitA se dIkSA lene kI AjJA mA~gI / jaba meghakumAra kI mA ne putra ke pravrajyAgrahaNa ke viSaya me sunA to vaha dukha se vyAkula ho kara mUchita ho gii| isake bAda mAtA-pitA ne use pravrajyA grahaNa karane se rokane kA bahuta prayatna kiyA, kintu rAjakumAra apane vicAra se thoDA bhI vicalita nahIM huaa| isake bAda bAjAra (kuttiyAvaNa) se vastra, pAtra, rajoharaNa Adi dharmopakaraNa maMgAye gaye / eka nAI (kAsAvaya) bAlo ko kATane ke lie bulAyA gyaa| isake bAda meghakumAra ko snAna karAyA gayA / usakA zarIra candana se lipta kiyA 1 nAyAdhammakahAo 5, pR0 71 / 2 vRhat kalpabhASya 413 / nAyAdhammakahAo 1, 31 tathA antagaDadasAo 5 28 / 4 vahI 1, 26-32, pR0 24-34 /

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 186 gayA tathA use sundara vastra aura AbhUSaNo se sujjita kiyA gayA / isake bAda vaha zivikA me baiThA / usake dAhinI ora mAtA tathA vaoNI ora dharmopakaraNa le kara upamAtA (dhAya) baiThI / meghakumAra guNazIlaka caMtya para bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nikaTa gae tathA apane hAtho se paMcamuSTi ke loca kara mahAvIra ke samakSa upasthita hue aura tIna bAra unakI pradakSiNA kara stuti tathA pUjA kii| mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko pravrajita kara svIkAra kiyA aura use upadeza diyA ki tumhe ava yatnA se calanA hai, khar3a e honA hai, vaMThanA hai, sonA hai, khAnA hai, bolana Adi hai / zramaNa avasthA ke bheda dIkSAkAla guNa, Ayu Adi kI adhikatA tathA alpatA kI apekSA sAdhu ke do bheda kie gae hai--- zaMkSa tathA sthavira / jo zramaNa kisI AcArya ke nikaTa zikSA ( upadeza ) grahaNa kara sAdhujIvana kI pravrajyA dhAraNa karatA thA, use kSa kahA jAtA thA / zaikSa kA artha haizikSArthI navadIkSita yA alpa avasthA vAlA sAdhu / kSa ke tIna bheda hai-- utkRSTa, madhyama tathA jaghanya / jo zramaNa AcArya ke nikaTa sAta dina-rAta taka zikSA grahaNa karake mahAvrata svIkAra karatA thA, vaha jaghanya zaikSa kahalAtA thA / jo cAra mAsa kI zikSA ke bAda mahAvrata svIkAra karatA thA, vaha madhyama zaikSa kahalAtA thA / isI praka ra jo chaha mAsa kI zikSA ke bAda mahAvrata svIkAra karatA thA, vaha utkRpTa zaikSa kahalAtA thA / isa chaha mAha kI sImA kA ullaghana nahI kiyA jAtA thA / arthAt chaha mAha kI zikSA grahaNa ke vAda zramaNadIkSA svIkAra karanA anivArya thA / zaikSa ke viparIta sthavira hotA thA / sthavira zabda kA artha hai vRddha, dIrgha avasthA vAlA sAdhu | sthavira ke tIna bheda haiM- 1 jAtisthavira, 2 zrutasthavira 3 paryAyasthavira | jAti kA artha hai janma, jo zramaNa janma kI apekSA anya zramaNo se vRddha hotA thA, vaha jAtisthavira kahalAtA thA / zrata kA artha hai- Agama / jo zramaNa anya zramaNoM kI apekSA AgamajAna me vRddha hotA thA, vaha zruta

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160 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa sthavira kahalAtA thaa| paryAya kA artha hai pravrajyA-grahaNa / jo zramaNa pravrajyAgrahaNa kI apekSA anya zramaNo se vRddha hotA thA, vaha paryAyasthavira kahalAtA thaa|' zramaNa nitha ke pAca bheda kie gae hai-1 pulAka 2 vakuza 3 kuzIla 4 nigna tha 5 snAtaka / zramaNajIvana ke mUla gurgoM tathA uttaragaNo me paripUrNatA prApta na karake bhI jo vItarAgapraNIta Agama me kabhI apanI zraddhA zithila nahI hone detA, vaha pulAka hai| ___jo zarIra tathA upakaraNa (vastra-pAtra-rajoharaNa Adi) ke saMskAroM me lIna rahatA ho, siddhi tathA kIrti cAhatA ho aura sukhazIla ho, vaha vakuza hai| vakuza nirgatha do prakAra ke hote hai-upakaraNavakuza aura zarIrabakuza / jo upakaraNo me Asakta hone ke kAraNa nAnA prakAra ke bahumUlya aura aneka vizepatAyukta upakaraNo kA saMgraha karatA hai tathA hamezA unakI sajAvaTa Adi me lIna rahatA hai, vaha upakaraNavakuza hai / jo zarIra me Asakta hone ke kAraNa usakI zobhA ke nimitta usakA saMskAra karatA rahatA hai, vaha zarIravakuza hai| kuzIla ke do bheda hai-pratisevanAkuzIla tathA kaSAyakuzIla / jo indriyo kA vazavartI ho, vaha pratisevanAkuzIla hai| jo tIna kaSAya ke vaza na ho kara kadAcita kevala manda kaSAya ke vazIbhUta ho jAe, vaha kaSAyakuzIla hai| jisame sarvajJatA na hone para bhI rAgadvaSa kA atyanta abhAva ho aura kevala antarmuhUrta ke bAda hI jisako sarvajJatA prakaTa hone vAlI ho, vaha ninatha hai| jisame sarvajJatA prakaTa ho cukI ho, vaha snAtaka hai / 2 1. sthAnAga, 159, (abhayadevavRtti, pR0 123) / 2 sthAnAga 445 (abhayadevavRtti pR0 219) tathA vahI 158 pR0 123-125

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 161 vaiyAvRtya ke prakaraNa me sAdhu ke 10 bheda kie gae hai'.-. 1. AcArya 2 upAdhyAya 3. sthavira 4 tapasvI 5. glAna 7 zaikSa 7 kula 8 gaNa 6. saMgha 10 sArmika / mukhya rUpa se jisakA kArya vrata aura AcaraNa grahaNa karAne kA hai, vaha AcArya hai / jisakA mukhya kArya zru tAbhyAsa karAne kA hai, vaha upAdhyAya hai / jo dIkSA Ayu tathA guNo me ApekSika rUpa se vRddha hai, vaha sthavira kahalAtA hai / jo mahAna aura ugra tapa karane vAlA hai, vaha tapasvI hai / jo roga Adi se kSINazarIra ho, vaha glAna hai, jo navadIkSita ho kara zikSaNa prApta karane ke lie tatpara ho vaha zaikSa hai| eka hI dIkSAcArya kA ziSya-parivAra kula kahalAtA hai| pRthak-pRthaka AcAryoM ke ziSyarUpa sAdhu yadi paraspara sahAdhyAyI ho to unakA samudAya gaNa kahalAtA hai / eka hI AcArya ke anuzAsana me rahane vAle zramaNo kA samudAya saMgha kahalAtA hai| jJAna Adi guNo me samAna athavA eka hI dharma, sampradAya ko mAnane vAle sArmika kahalAte hai / ___ samavAyAga me zavala sAdhu (caritrabhraSTa) ke 21 prakAra vatAe gae hai| 1 hastakriyA dvArA kAmonmAda zAnta karane vaalaa| 2 maithunasevana me Asakta / 3 rAtri bhojana karane vaalaa| 4 sadupTa AhAra puna punaH grahaNa karane vaalaa| 5 zayyAtara (AzrayasthAnadAtA) ke yahA~ se AhAra grahaNa __ karane vaalaa| 6 sAdhu ke nimitta se banAye hue, kharIde gae tathA lAe gae bhojana ko grahaNa karane vaalaa| 7 dina me bAra bAra bhojana karane vaalaa| 8. chaha mAha ke bhItara eka zramaNasagha ko chor3a anya saMgha me jAne vaalaa| hai eka mAha ke bhItara tIna bAra udakalepa (nAbhipramANa jalAvagAhana) karane vAlA / 1. sthAnAga, 713, pR0 449 / 2 samavAyAga 21 /

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192 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 10. eka mAha meM tInavAra mAyAsthAna kA sevana karane vaalaa| 11 rAjapiNDa kA sevana karane vaalaa| 12 svecchAnusAra prANAtipAta karane vaalaa| 13. , mRpAvAda karane vaalaa| 14. , adattAdAna karane vaalaa| 15 , vyavadhAnarahita pRthvI para sthAna, Asana, kAryotsarga tathA svAdhyAyAdi karane vAlA / 16. sacittapRthvI athavA zilA para evaM kITayukta kASTha para sthAna, zayana tathA Asana karane vaalaa| 17 jIvasahita, bIjasahita tathA haritavanaspatisahita sthAna para AsanAdi karane vaalaa| 18 svecchAnusAra mUla, kanda, tvacA, pravAla, puSpa, phala, haritazAkAdi kA bhojana karane vaalaa| 19 eka varSa ke bhItara 10 vAra udakalepa karane vaalaa| 20 eka varSa ke bhItara 10 bAra mAyAsthAna kA sevana karane vaalaa| 21 zItala jala se vyApta hAtho dvArA bhojana grahaNa karane vAlA / zramaNadharma aMgazAstra me jaina-sAdhu kI jIvana-caryA kA atIva virAT evaM talasparzI varNana hai| vAstava me samasta aMgazAstra kA kendrabindu zramaNa jIvana hI hai| zramaNadharma me mahAvrata kA atyadhika mahatva hai| kyoki zramaNa kI samasta jIvanacaryA kA mukhya uddezya mahAnato kI pUrNa sAdhanA hai| zramaNadharma ke rUpa me jina samiti gupti, dharma, paropahajaya, saMyama, tapa tathA pratimAo kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, ve saba mahAvata kI sAdhanA ke hI aMga hai| mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna prApta karane ke bAda sabase prathama zramaNo ke mahAnato kA hI upadeza diyA thaa|' 1. AcArAga 2, 15, 29 /

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SaSTha adhyAya * zramaNa-jIvana [ 163 mahAvrata-hisAdi pAca pApo se sampUrNa virata honA mahAvrata hai| usake pAca bheda tathA 25 bhAvanAe hai| mahAvrata ke pAca bheda isa prakAra hai-1. sarvaprANAtipAtaviramaNa 2 sarvamRSAvAdaviramaNa 3. sarvaadattAdAnaviramaNa 4 sarvamaithunaviramaNa 5 sarvaparigrahaviramaNa / 1 sarvaprANAtipAtaviramaNa-samasta jIvo kI hiMsA kA jIvanaparyanta tyAga karanA sarvaprANAtipAtaviramaNa hai| isa vrata kA dhAraka zramaNa mana vacana tathA kAyA se kisI prANI kI hisA na svayaM karatA hai na dUsaro se kagatA hai aura na hisA-kArya meM kisI prakAra kA anumodana hI karatA hai / isa vrata ke nirdopapAlana ke lie vaha sAvadhAnI se gamana karatA hai, mana, vacana tathA kAyA ke prayoga me bahuta sAvadhAna rahatA hai aura AhAra-pAnI ko acchI taraha dekhabhAla kara grahaNa karatA hai / 2 sarvamRSAvAdaviramaNa-asatya tathA pIr3AkArI vacano ke prayoga kA jIvana-paryanta tyAga karanA sarvamRSAvAdaviramaNa hai / isa vrata kA dhAraka zramaNa mana, vacana tayA kAyA se na svayaM asatya volatA hai, na kisI anya se bulavAtA hai aura na asatyavacano kA kisI prakAra se anumodana karatA hai / isa vrata ke nirdopa pAlana ke lie zramaNa bolane se pahile vahuta acchI taraha vicAra kara letA hai; krodha, lobha, bhaya tathA hAsya ke vaza volane kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai, kyoki iname se kisI eka ke bhI vaza ho kara asatya bolanA saMbhava hai|' ___ sarvaadattAdAnaviramaNa-vinA dI huI vastu ke grahaNa kA jIvanaparyanta tyAga karanA sarvaadattAdAnaviramaNa hai / isa vrata kA dhAraka zramaNa mana, vacana tathA kAyA se vinA dI huI vastu ko na svaya grahaNa karatA hai, na dUsaro ko grahaNa karavAtA hai aura na isa kArya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI anumodanA hI karatA hai / isa vrata ke nirdoSa pAlana ke lie vaha bhikSA me prApta bhojana AcArya ko dikhA kara sevana karatA hai; jIvano 1 samavAyAga 25 / 2 AcArAga 2, 15 (1) pR0 203 / 3. vahI 2, 15 (2) pR 204-205 /

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194] jaina-aMgagAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vijJAna payogI vastuo kI parimita mAtrA meM tathA bahuta kama bAra (daphA) yAcanA karatA hai|' sarvamaiyunaviramaNa-deva, manupya nayA tiyaM ca-sambandhI maithana kA jIvanaparyanta tyAga karanA sarvameyanaviramaNa hai / isa vrata kA dhAraka zramaNa mana, vacana tathA kAyA se kisI bhI prakAra ke maMthuna kA sevana na svaya karatA hai, na maro se karatA hai aura na isa kArya meM kisI prakAra kI anumodanA hI karatA hai / isa vrata ke nirdopa pAlana ke lie vaha strIsamvandhI vikathA nahI karanA, striyo ke manohara agoM ko nahI dekhatA, striyoM ke sAtha pUrvAnubhUta kAmakrIDA kA smaraNa nahI kantA, pamiANa se adhika tayA kAmoddIpaka AhAra grahaNa nahIM karatA aura strI, mAdA pazu yA napu saka se saMsakta Amana para nahI baiThatA / sarvaparigrahaviramaNa-saMsAra kI sacitta, acitta, mizra. vidyamAna yA avidyamAna kisI bhI vastu me mamanvabuddhi kA AjIvana tyAga karanA sarvaparigrahaviramaNa hai| isa vrata kA dhAnka zramaNa, mana, vacana tayA kAyA se kisI bhI vastu me mamattvavaddhina svaya rakhatA hai aura na dUsaro se rakhAtA hai aura na isa kArya meM kisI prakAra kA anumodana hI karatA hai| isa vrata ke nirdopapAlana ke lie vaha manohara zabda, rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, tayA sparza me Asakti kA pUrNa tyAga karatA hai| samiti tathA gupti-zramaNajIvana kI Avazyaka kriyAo me sAvadhAnatApUrvaka pravRtti karanA samiti hai / kAyika, vAcika tathA mAnasika kriyA kA sabhI prakAra se nigraha karanA gupti hai / gupti me atikriyA kA nipedha tathA samiti me satkriyA kA prarvatana mukhya hai| samavAyAMga me 5 samiti tayA 3 gupti, ina 8 ko, pravacana--mAtara. kahA gayA hai, kyoki ye dvAdazAgarUpa pravacana ke AdhAra-bhUta saMgha tathA zramaNa ke lie mAtA kI taraha hitakArI hai / 1 vahI 2, 15 (3) pR0 205-207 2 AcArAga 2, 15 (4), pR0 207-208 / 3 vahI 2, 15 (5), pR0 208-210 / 4. samavAyAga 8, (abhayadevasUrivRtti pR0 13-14) /

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 165 samiti-samiti ke pA~ca bheda hai|-1. Isimiti, 2 bhApAsamiti 3. epaNAsamiti, 4. AdAnabhANDAmatranikSepaNAsamiti 5. uccAraprasravaNagvelasiMghANajallaparipThApana-samiti / kisI bhI jantu ko kleza na ho, isa kAraNa sAvadhAnIpUrvaka calanA IryAsamiti hai| satya, hitakArI, parimita aura sadeharahita bolanA bhASAsamiti hai| bhikSA se sambandhita 42 doSo kA nirAkaraNa karate hue dharmapAlana ke lie zuddha tathA sAtvika bhojana grahaNa karanA eSaNAsamiti hai| vastumAtra ko bhalIbhaoNti dekhabhAla kara evaM pramArjita kara uThAnA yA rakhanA AdAna-bhANDAmatranikSepaNAsamiti hai| jIvajanturahita niravadya sthAna para acchI taraha dekhabhAla kara mala, mUtra, nAsikA-mala thaMka Adi kA pariSThApana karanA (DAlanA) uccAraprasravaNakhelasiMghANajallapariSThApanasamiti hai| gupti-gupti ke tIna bheda hai -1. kAyagupti 2. vacanagupti tayA 3. manogupti / kisI vastu ke lene, rakhane athavA uThane, baiThane, calane Adi me kartavyAkartavya ke vivekapUrvaka zArIrika vyApAra kA niyamana karanA kAyagupti hai| volane ke pratyeka prasaMga para yA to vacana para niyaMtraNa karanA athavA mauna dhAraNa kara lenA vacanagupti hai| duSTa sakalpa ayavA mizrita (acche vure) sakalpa kA tyAga karanA aura acche sakalpa kA sevana karanA manogupti hai| . dharma-sAdhu ko jo zramaNadharma me dhAraNa (sthira) karate hai, ve dharma hai| inakI saMkhyA 10 hai 3-1 kSAnti, 2. mukti, 3 Arjava, 4 mArdava, 5 lAghava 6 satya, 7 sayama, 8. tapa, 6. tyAga, 10 brhmcryvaas| kSAnti kA artha hai-sahanazIlatA, arthAta krodha ko utpanna na hone denA ayavA utpanna hue krodha ko vivekavala se davA denA / hRdaya me lobhakaSAya kA abhAva honA mukti-nirlobhatA hai| bhAva kI vizuddhi arthAta vicAra, bhASaNa tathA pravRtti kI ekarUpatA saralatA hI Arjava hai| citta me mRdutA aura bAhyavyavahAra me namravRtti 1 vahI 5 / 2 samavAyAga 3 / 3 vahI 10 tathA sthAnAga 712, pR0 446 /

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196 ] jaina- agagArana ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa honA mArdava hai / isa dharma ke AcaraNa ke lie jAti, kula, bala, tapa, lAbha, vidyA, rUpa, aizvarya Adi ke mada kA tyAga karanA Avazyaka hai / vAhya aura Abhyantara parigraha kA tyAga kara apanI AtmA meM laghutA halakepana kA anubhava karanA lAghava hai / prANimAtra ke lie hina, mita, priya tathA yathArtha vacana bolanA satya hai / mana, vacana tathA kAyA kA niyamana arthAta vicAra vANI aura gatisthiti Adi meM yatanAcAra manavacanakAya niyaMtraNa kA abhyAsa karanA sayama hai| malinavRttiyoM ko nirmUla karane ke nimitta apekSitavala kI sAdhanA ke lie jo Atmadamana ( icchA nirodha) kiyA jAtA hai, vaha tapa hai / vastuoM meM mUrcchAviddhi kA tyAga karanA tyAga hai / vAhya kAmabhogo se apanA citta haTA kara brahma (AtmA) me ramaNa karanA brahmacaryavAsa he / pariSahajaya - svIkRta dharmamArga se calita na hone, sthira rahane aura karmabandhana ke kSaya ke lie jo jo sthiti mamabhAvapUrvaka sahana karane yogya hai, use parivaha kahate hai / zramaNa ke lie ina paripaho para vijaya prApta karanA atyAvazyaka hai / yadyapi paripaha saMkSepa meM kama aura vistAra se adhika bhI kalpita kie jA sakate haiM, tathApi tyAga ko vikasita karane ke lie jinakA sahana karanA vizeSa Avazyaka hai, ve hI 22 paripaha Agama meM ginAe gae hai / " 1 digichA (bhUkha kI vAdhA ), 2 pipAsA ( pyAsa kI bAdhA ). 3 NIta, 4 upNa, 5 dazamazaka (DaoNsa, macchara, jUM, khaTamala makkhI Adi kI bAdhA ), 6 acela (vastrAbhAva yA vastrAlpatA ke kAraNa utpanna vAdhA ), 7 arati (kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa dharmamArga me aruci honA ), 8 strI (vijAtIya liMga ke prati AkarSaNa), 6 caryA (pada - vihAra), 10. naMpedhikI (sopadrava athavA nirupadrava svAdhyAyabhUmi), 11 zayyA ( sukhada athavA dukhada sthAna tathA vichaunA), 12 Akroza (durvacana), 13. vadha ( lakaDI Adi ke dvArA pITA jAnA), 14 yAcanA ( bhikSAmAganA) 15 alAbha ( bhojanAdi kA prApta na honA) 16 roga, 17 tRNasparza ( tIkSNatRNAdi kA sparza) 18 jalla (zarIra tathA vastrAdi para pasIne yA mela kI bAdhA ), 16 satkAra - 1. samavAyAga, 22, pR0 38-39 tathA uttarAdhyayana, 2, paripahAdhyayana |

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[ 167 puraskAra ( sammAna me gabhita aura apamAna me dukhita honA) 20 prajJA ( camatkAriNI vRddhi ke hone para garva tathA usake abhAva me kheda), 21 ajJAna (tapasyAdi karane para bhI jJAna prApti na honA), 22 adarzana ( aneka mato ke zravaNa se svadharma me zraddhA kA asthira ho jAnA) / SaSTha adhyAya zramaNa-jIvana . saMyama - AtmA kA zuddhAvasthA meM sthira rahanA, sayama yA cAritra hai / pariNAmo kI vizuddhi ke tAratamya (nyUnAdhikatA) kI apekSA se saMyama ke 5 bheda hai 1 - 1 sAmAyika, 2 chedopasthApanA 3 parihAravizuddhi 4 sUkSmasamparAya 5 yathAkhyAta / samabhAva me sthira rahane ke lie samasta sAvadya ( sadoSa ) pravRttiyo kA tyAga karanA sAmAyika hai / prathama choTI dIkSA lene ke vAda viziSTa zruta kA abhyAsa kara cukane para vizeSa zuddhi ke nimitta jo jIvanaparyanta ke lie puna dIkSA lI jAtI hai athavA dIkSA meM dopa utpanna ho jAne para usakA cheda kara phira navInarUpa me jo dIkSA kA AropaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha chedopasthApanA hai / jisame viziSTa prakAra ke tapa pradhAna AcAra kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha parihAravizuddhi hai / jisame krodhAdi kapAyo kA udaya to nahI hotA, kevala lobha kA aMza atisUkSmarUpa me rahatA hai, vaha sUkSmasamparAya hai | jisame kisI bhI kapAya kA udaya bilkula nahI rahatA, vaha yathAkhyAta arthAta vItarAgasaMyama hai / tapa - vAsanAo ko kSINa karane tathA samucita AdhyAtmikavala kI sAdhanA ke lie zarIra, indriyo aura mana ko jina-jina upAyo se tapAyA jAtA hai, ve sabhI tapa hai / tapa ke do bheda hai- bAhyatapa tathA Abhyantaratapa / bAhyatapa- bAhyatapa ye chaha bheda hai- 1 anazana, 2. unodarI, 3 vRttisakSepa 4 rasaparityAga, 5 kAyakleza, 6 pratisaMlInatA | maryAdita samaya taka yA jIvana ke anta taka sava prakAra ke bhojanapAna kA tyAga karanA anazana hai| bhUkha se kama khAnA unodarI tapa hai / vividha bhojya vastuoM ke sevana ke lobha ko kama karanA vRttisakSepa hai / ghI, dUdha Adi tathA madya-madhu Adi vikAra paidA karane vAle viggaiya raso 1. sthAnAga, 428, pR0 306, 307 /

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168 ] jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa kA tyAga karanA rasa - parityAga hai / dharmasAdhanA ke lie vividha AsanAdi dvArA samabhAvapUrvaka zArIrika kaSTa sahanA kAyakleza he / vipayo va kapAya se AtmarakSA karane hetu bAdhArahita ekAnta sthAna meM rahanA pratisalInatA hai / " kAyakleza ke 7 bheda hai / Abhyantaratapa-jina tapo me mAnasika kriyA kI pradhAnatA ho aura jo mukhyarUpa se vAhyadravyo kI apekSA na rakhane ke kAraNa dUsaro ko na dikha sake, ve Abhyantaratapa hai / 1 sthAnAyatika ( zarIra ko bhUmi para pUrNarUpa se phailA denA) 2 utkaTukAsanika ( ukaDU baiThanA ) 3 pratimAsthAyI (pratimA kI taraha nizcala rahanA) 4 vIrAsanika ( siMhAsana para baiThe hue ke samAna Asana lagAnA) / 5. naeNpadhika (pairo ko barAbara karake rakhanA) 6 daDAyatika (daDa kI taraha deha ko phailAnA) 7 lagaNDazAyI ( isa prakAra zayana karanA ki pITha pRthvI ko na chue) Abhyantaratapa ke chaha bheda hai - 1 prAyazcitta, 2. vinaya 3 kyAvRtya 4. svAdhyAya 5 dhyAna 6 utsarga | , prAyazcita - dhAraNa kie hue vrata me pramAdajanita dopo kA jisase zodhana kiyA jA sake; vaha prAyazcitta hai / isake chaha bheda hai - 1 AlocanA 2 pratikramaNa, 3 tadubhaya, 4 viveka, 5 vyutsarga, 6 tapa / guru ke samakSa zuddhabhAva se apane aparAdha ko prakaTa kara denA, AlocanA hai | daMDagrahaNa kara gata aparAdha se nivRtta honA tathA bhaviSya me aparAdha na ho, aisI sAvadhAnI rakhanA pratikramaNa hai / eka hI aparAdha ke lie AlocanA tathA pratikramaNa karanA, tadubhaya hai / bhojana karate samaya yadi abhojyavastu prApta ho jAya, to samajha kara usakA tyAga 1. 2 3 samavAyAga, 6 vahI, 6 / sthAnAga, 196, 489 /

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SaSTha adhyAya zramaNa-jIvana [ 169 kara denA viveka hai| ekAgratApUrvaka zarIra aura vacana ke vyApAro ko chor3a denA, vyuttsarga hai| anazanAdi vAhyatapa karanA tapa hai| ___ vinaya-jJAnAdisadguNo me vahumAna rakhanA, vinaya hai / isake sAta bheda hai 1-1 jJAnavinaya, 2 darzanavinaya, 3 cAritravinaya 4 manovinaya, 5 vacanavinaya, 6. kAyavinaya, 7 upacAravinaya / jJAna prApta karanA, jJAnavinaya hai, tatva kI yathArthapratItirUpa samyagadarzana se vicalita na honA, darzanavinaya hai / sAmAyikAdi cAritra me citta kA samAdhAna rakhanA cAritravinaya hai| upayukta tIno prakAra ke vinayo ko mana vacana tathA kAyapUrvaka vinaya karanA; kramaza manovinaya, vacanavinaya tathA kAyavinaya hai / apane se jJAna-darzana-cAritra me Age vaDhe hue kA Adara karanA upacAravinaya hai| vaiyAvRtya-yogya sAdhano ko juTA kara athavA apane Apako kAma me lagA kara sevyapurupo kI sevAzuzrUSA karanA vaigavRtya hai| isake 10 bheda hai-1 AcAryavaiyAvRtya, 2 upAdhyAyavaiyAvRtya, 3 sthaviravaiyAvRtva 4 tapasvIyAvRtya, 5 glAnavaiyAvRtya, 6 zaikSavaiyAvRtya, 7 kulavaiyAvRtya, 8.gaNavaiyAvRtya, 6 saghavaiyAvRtya, 10 sArmikavaiyAvRtya / "zramaNa-jIvana ke bheda" nAmaka prakaraNa me kahe hue AcArya Adi zramaNo eva kula, gaNa, sagha, va sAdharmI kI sevAzuzra SA karanA kramaza. AcAryavaiyAvRtya Adi hai| svAdhyAya-jJAnaprApti ke lie Agama Adi kA vividha prakAra se adhyayana karanA svAdhyAya hai| isake pA~ca bheda hai-1 vAcanA, 2 pRcchanA, 3 parivartanA, 4 anuprakSA, 5 dhrmkthaa|| sUtra yA grantha kA arthasahita pATha lenA vAcanA hai| zakA dUra karane ke lie athavA vizeSa nirNaya ke lie pUchanA pRcchanA hai / paDhe hue pATha kI uccAraNazuddhipUrvaka AvRtti karanA parivartanA hai / Agama-pATha yA usake artha para vizepa citana karanA anuprekSA hai| jAnI huI vastu kA rahasya samajhAnA, vyAkhyA karanA yA dharmopadeza denA dharmakathA hai / 1. sthAnAga, 585 / 2 vahI, 712 / 3. sthAnAga, 465 /

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200 / jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa dhyAna-eka viSaya me anta karaNa kI vRtti ko TikAnA-sthApita karanA dhyAna hai| isake cAra bheda hai.--1 ArtadhyAna, 2. raudradhyAna, 3 dharmadhyAna, 4. zukladhyAna / dukha me pIDita hone para vAravAra zoka, vilApa Adi karanA, cintAgrasta ho jAnA ArtadhyAna hai| hisAdi pApo ko kriyAnvita karane kA vicAra karanA raudradhyAna hai dharma ke sambandha me vividha prakAra se cintana karanA dharmadhyAna hai| ATha prakAra ke karma-mala se rahita AtmA evaM AtmA se sambandhita jJAnAdi guNo, zaktiyo Adi kA zuddha cintana karanA, zukladhyAna hai| ina cAro me prArabha ke do dhyAna saMsAra ke kAraNa hone se heya tathA anta ke do, mukti ke kAraNa hone se upAdeya haiN| utsarga-bAhya tathA Abhyantara upadhi (granthi) kA tyAga karanA utsarga hai / dhana, dhAnya, makAna, kSetrAdi vastue~ vAhya upadhi hai tathA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdirUpa manovikAra Abhyantara upadhi hai| pratimA-viziSTa saMhanana (zarIrayogyatA) vAle bhikSuo kI pratijJAe~ pratimA hai| ve 12 prakAra kI hai-1 mAsikI, 2 dvimAsikI, 3 traimAsikI; 4 caturmAsikI, 5. pacamAsikI, 6. pANmAsikI, 7 saptamAsikI, 8 prathamA saptarAvindivA, 6. dvitIyA saptarAtrindivA 10 tRtIyA saptarAvindivA, 11. ahorAtrikI, 12. ekraatrikii| __ prathama pratimA-prathamapratimAdhArI bhikSu ko ekadatti AhAra aura ekadatti jala lenA cAhie / sAdhu ke pAtra me dAtA dvArA diye jAne vAle AhAra aura jala kI dhArA java taka akhaMDa banI rahe, usakA nAma datti hai / dhArA khaMDita hone para datti kI samApti ho jAtI hai| isa pratimA kA kAla ekamAsa hai| dvitIya-saptama pratimA-do datti AhAra kI tathA do datti pAnI kI lenA dvitIyapratimA hai / isI prakAra tRtIya, caturtha, paMcama, paSTha tathA saptama pratimAo me kramaza 3, 4, 5, 6, aura 7 datti AhAra 2 vahI, 247 3. samavAyAga, 12 /

Page #219
SaSTha adhyAya zramaNa- jIvana [ 201 kI ora utanI hI datti pAnI kI grahaNa kI jAtI hai / pratyeka pratimA kA samaya eka eka mAsa kA hai kevala dattiyoM kI uttarottara vRddhi ke kAraNa ye dvimAsikI, tramAsikI Adi kahI jAtI hai / aSTama pratimA - yaha pratimA sAta dina rAta kI hotI hai| isame nagara ke bAhara, upavAsapUrvaka uttAnAsana (AkAza ko ora mu~ha karake sIdhA leTanA) athavA nipadyAsana (pairo ko barAbara karake vaiThanA) se dhyAna lagAnA hotA hai / navamapratimA - yaha pratimA bhI sAta dinarAta kI hotI hai / isame nagara ke bAhara; upavAsapUrvaka daNDAsana, laguDAsana athavA utkaTukAsana se dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai / dazamapratimA - yaha pratimA bhI sAta dinarAta kI hotI hai / isame nagara ke bAhara, upavAsapUrvaka godohAsana, vIrAsana athavA AmrakubjAsana se dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai / ekAdaza pratimA - yaha pratimA eka dinarAta kI hotI hai / isameM upavAsapUrvaka nagara ke bAhara dono hAtho ko ghuTane kI ora laMbA karake daNDAyamAna rUpa me khaDe hokara kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai / dvAdazapratimA - yaha pratimA kevala eka rAtri kI hai| isame upavAsapUrvaka nagara ke bAhara zmazAna me yA zUnyasthAna meM khar3e ho kara, mastaka jha ukA kara, eka vastu para dRSTi rakha kara, nirnimepa netro' se nizcalatApUrvaka kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai / saMllekhanA tathA maraNottara vidhAna saMllekhanA - nirantara tapazcaryA karane se yA ativRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa athavA asAdhya roga ke kAraNa zarIra ke kRza, zuSka, nirmA sa tathA asthicarmamAtra raha jAne se athavA apanA AyuSya nikaTa jAna kara yA kisI mitradeva dvArA sAvadhAna karane para sAdhaka dvArA anazana karake zarIra ko kRza karane ke sAtha-sAtha viSayo aura kaSAyo ko kRza karanA saMllekhanA hai / anuttaraupapAtikadazAga me dhanya anagAra ke tapazcaraNa se utpanna zArIrika dazA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai " - "dhanya anagAra ke anuttaropapAtikadazAMga, 3 1

Page #220
202 ] jaina-agazArana ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa paira sakhe vRkSa kI chAla, lakaDI kI khaDA athavA jIrNa jUte ke samAna the| unake para kevala haDDI, camaDA tathA nasI se pahicAne jAte the, na ki mAsa-rudhira ge / unake paMge kI aMguliyAM dhupa me muralAI huI, mUga athavA uDada kI phaliyo ke samAna thii| anagAra dhanya kI jaMghAe kAka tathA DhaMka pakSiyo kI jaghAo ke samAna nirmAsa ho gaI thii| unake ghuTane kAka tathA DhaMka pakSiyoM ke saMvisthAno ke samAna the| unake U dhUpa me murajhAe hue priyaMgu, badarI, galyakI, tathA zAlmalI vRkSa ke pravAla ke samAna the / dhanya anagAra kA kaTipradeza U~Ta athavA baDhe bala ke paira ke samAna thA / unakA udara mUkhI mazaka, athavA nane bhUnane ke pAtra ke samAna thaa| unakI pArzva-asthiyAM aise pratIta hotI thI, jaise vaha kaI darpaNo, pANanAmaka pAtro athavA sthANuo kI pakti ho / unakA pRSThabhAga aisA mAlUma hotA thA, jaise kAna ke AbhUpaNo, gola pApANoM athavA lAkha ke bane hue khilauno kI paMkti ho| unakA ura sthala bA~sa ke paMkhe, tAr3a ke paMkhe athakA gAya ke carane ke kuNDa ke adhonAga ke samAna thA / dhanya anagAra kI bhujAe~, mAMsa tayA rudhira kI kamI se isa prakAra sUkha gaI thI, jaise zamI, vahAya aura agastika vRkSa kI phaliyA~ dhUpa me sUkha jAtI hai| unake hAtha sUkhe govara athavA baDa yA palAza ke sUkhe patto ke samAna the| unake hAtho kI ugaliyA~ kalAya, maga tathA ur3ada kI sUkhI phaliyo ke samAna thiiN| dhanya anagAra kI grIvA mAsa aura rudhira ke abhAva se isa taraha dikhAI detI thI, jaisI surAI, kamaNDalu athavA kisI U~ce mukha vAle pAtra kI grIvA ho / unakI ThoDI-civuka bhI tumve yA hakuva kA phala athavA Ama kI guThalI jaisA dikhatA thA | unake oTha sUkhI joka athavA zleSma yA mehadI kI golI ke samAna prabhAhIna the| unakI jIbha palAza athavA vaTavRkSa ke sUkhe patte ke samAna thI / anagAra dhannA kI nAsikA Ama, Amalaka yA mAtuliga kI dhUpa me sukhAI gaI atisUkSma phAka ke samAna nirmAsa dikhAI par3atI thii| unakI oNkhe vINA ke chidra athavA prabhAtakAlIna tAre ke samAna niSprabha mAlUma par3atI thii| unake kAna sUkha kara murajhAe hue mUlI, cirabhaTI athavA karele ke chilake ke samAna nirmA sa the / unakA sira dhUpa me sUkhe hue komala tumvaka, AlU athavA sephAlaka ke samAna prabhAhIna pratIta hotA thaa|"

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 203 jaba zramaNa kA zarIra tapa kI ArAdhanA ke kAraNa uparyukta prakAra se nirmAsa evaM prabhAhIna ho jAtA thA, taba vaha socane lagatA thA ki jaba taka mujhame zakti, bala, vIrya, puraskAra, parAkrama Adi ke sAtha dhRti zraddhA, evaM savega (virAga) vidyamAna hai; taba taka mere liye yahI zrayakara hogA ki maiM kisI dharmAcArya yA guru (jyeSTha muni) kI sarakSakatA ( nizrAya) me sallekhanA (AmaraNa anazana - sathArA, grahaNa kara zAti pUrvaka mRtyu ko prApta karU N / vaha calA jAtA hai / malamUtra - prakSepa-bhUmi saMllekhanA - grahaNa ke lie AcArya yA guru athavA gItArtha baDe sAdhu kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai / AcArya kI anumati le kara zramaNa sarvaprathama apane samasta sAthI zramaNo se, phira sagha se va 84 lakSa jIvayoni se apane pUrvakRta aparAdho ke lie kSamAyAcanA karatA hai / isake bAda sallekhanAlIna sAdhu kI sevA karane vAle zramaNa ke sAtha parvata Adi kisI ekAnta nirvAdha sthAna me vahA~ pahu~ca kara vaha pRthvI - zilApaTTaka eva ko acchI taraha dekhabhAla kara, jhADapocha kara darbha vichAtA hai / isake bAda pUrva kI ora muMha karake darbha-zayyA para baiTha kara mastaka para aMjali karake paMcaparameSThiyoM ko namaskAra karatA hai aura phira azana, pAna, khAdima tathA svAdimarUpa cAra prakAra ke AhAra kA jIvanaparyanta tyAga kara detA hai / sallekhanA grahaNa karane vAle sAdhu ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha saMllekhanA ke aticAro (doSo ) se dUra raha kara apane vrata kA nirdoSa pAlana kare / sallekhanAvrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimnaprakAra batAe gae hai- ' 1 ihalogAsasappaoge ( maiM mara kara kisI zreSThI Adi ke rUpa me janma lU~, yA pracura sukhabhoga ke sAdhana prApta ho, aisI vAJchA karanA / ) 2 paralogAsaMsappaoge ( maiM mara kara devatA Adi ke rUpa me janma lU~, mujhe devaloka ke sukha mile, isa prakAra kI phalAkAkSA karanA / ) 3 jIviyA saMsappaoge ( merI jiMdagI bahuta laMbI cale, jisase mai logo se milane vAlI vAhavAhI lUTa lU~, yA 1. upAsakadazAga, 1, 6, pR0 18 (abhayadevasUrivRtti, pR0 31) |

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204 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa mere kuTumbIjano ko mAlAmAla karatA jAu~, isa prakAra adhika jIne kI Asakti karanA / 4 maraNAsasappaoge jaldI mauta AjAya to isa dukha se piDa chUTa jAya, isa prakAra kI maraNAkAkSA karanA) 5 kAmabhogAsaMsappaoge (maiM mAnavIya yA divya kAmabhogoM ko pAlU yA bhoga lU~; aisI AkAkSA karanA / ) saMlllekhanAvratI sAdhu pUrvokta prakAra se azana pAna kA, 18 pApasthAno kA, cAro kapAyo kA pUrNa tyAga kara vairAgyamagna evaM AtmajAgaraNa me sAvadhAna zramaNa, sthavira zramaNo ke nikaTa 11 ago kA svAdhyAya karatA rahatA hai| anya zramaNa pUrNarUpa se usako vaiyAvatya karate hai| eka dina vaha AtmadhyAna karate karate zAntipUrvaka mRtyu kA AliMgana kara letA hai| anya sthavira zramaNa yaha jAna kara ki sAthI zramaNa ne mRtyu ko prApta kara liyA hai| usake bha DopakaraNa (vastra, pAtra, rajoharaNa Adi) le kara apane AcArya yA guru ke nikaTa Ate hai aura una bhaMDopakaraNo ko unake samakSa rakha kara saMllekhanAprApta zramaNa kI mRtyu kI sUcanA dete hai|' __ maraNottara vidhAna-pUrvokta prakAra se samAdhipUrvaka mRtyu ko prApta zramaNa niyama se anuttaravimAna nAmaka svarga me devapada ko prApta karatA hai aura aMta vaha nirvANapada bhI prApta kara letA hai| anuttaropapAtikadazAga me aise aneka zramaNo kA varNana hai, jinhone sallekhanApUrvaka mRtyu kA Aligana kiyA, anuttaravimAno me devapada ko prApta kiyA aura anta me siddha, buddha evaM mukta hue| meghakumAra zramaNa ne saMllekhanApUrvaka mRtyu ko prApta kara vijaya mahAvimAna me devatva prApta kiyA aura vahA~ para 33 sAgaropama kI Ayu bhoga kara vahA~ se cyuta ho kara mahAvideha me utpanna ho kara siddhatva prApta kiyaa|' jAlikumAra 16 varSa taka zrAmaNyaparyAya kA pAlana kara anta me sallekhanAparvaka mRtyu ko prApta hue aura unhone vijayavimAna me devapada ko prApta kiyaa| bha0 mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki-"zramaNa jAlikumAra mahAvideha kSetra me janma le kara siddhatva prApta kregaa|"3 1 2. 3 nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 36, pR0 43-46 / vahI , 1, 37 pR0 46 / anuttaropapAtikadazAga, 1 /

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 205 zramaNa kI jIvana-caryA bhikSAvRtti-bhikSu kSatriya, vaizya, gvAla, vunakara Adi kisI bhI anindita va agahita kula me bhikSAcaryA ke lie jA sakatA hai, kintu use cakravartI rAjA, rAjakarmacArI tathA rAjavaMziyo ke yahA bhikSA grahaNa karane na jAnA caahie| jisa mArga me gaDha, Tekara, gaDDhe, khAI, koTa Adi hoM tathA jahA~ bhayaMkara pazu vicarate ho; usa mArga se bhikSAvRtti ko nahI jAnA caahie| bhikSAvRtti ko jAte sanaya sAdhu ko apane vastra, pAtra, rajoharaNa Adi samasta dharmopakaraNa sAtha me le jAnA cAhie / bhikSA mAMgane jAte samaya sAdhu ko gRhastha ke ghara kA daravAjA usakI anumati ke vinA tayA vinA dekhe-bhAle nahI kholanA caahie| yadi kisI jagaha bhoja (saMkhaDi) ho to usa ora sAdhu ko calA kara bhikSAvRtti ke lie nahIM AnA caahie| yadi dAtA kA hAya yA pAtra sUkSma jIva, bIja yA vanaspati Adi sacitta vastu se yukta hai to usake hAtha se yA pAtra se bhojana nahI lenA caahie| yadi dhAnya, phala, phalI Adi bhojya vastu cAkU Adi se kATI huI nahI hai tathA anti dvArA pUrNarUpa se pakAI huI nahIM hai, usakI ugane kI zakti pUrNatayA naSTa nahIM huI hai to use sadopa samajha kara bhikSu ko grahaNa nahI karanA caahie| 4 bhikSu AhAra grahaNa karane ke vAda usame se acchA (svAdiSTa) AhAra sevana kara le tathA kharAva choDa de, to usase doSa lagatA hai| ata sAdhu ko acchA-burA saba bhojana samabhAva se svIkAra kara lenA caahie| ___AhAra-pAnI ke sabadha meM bhikSuo ke sAta niyama hai / ye niyama saptapiNDepaNAe~ tayA "saptapAnapaNAe~" kahalAte hai / ve isa prakAra hai 4 5. 1 vahIM AcArAga (hi0) 2, 1, 11, 21, pR0 68 / vahI 2, 1,26, 27, 31 pR0 68, 66 / AcArAga (hi0)2, 1, 16, 20, pR0 66 / 2, 1, 13, pR071 / 2, 1, 1, pR0 73 / 2, 1, 2, pR073| 2,1,52-54 pR0 76 / 2, 1, 63 pR0 81-83 /

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206 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 1 bhikSu, alipta tathA sUkhe hAtha athavA pAtra se diye hue nirjIva acitta (prA) AhAra ko svayaM mAMga kara yA dUsaroM ke dene para grahaNa kare / 2 bhikSu, lipta hAtha athavA pAtra se die hue acitta AhAra ko hI le / 3. bhikSu, zuddha tathA bhare hue pAtra evaM hAtha se, hAtha me athavA pAtra meM diyA huA AhAra grahaNa kare / 4 acitta pohe, hole, dhAnI Adi jisame phekane kA kama aura khAne kA adhika nikalatA ho tathA jisase dAtA ko bhI vartana dhone Adi kA pazcAtkarma na karanA paDa e ho, aisA hI AhAra bhikSu grahaNa kare / 5 jo acitta bhojana gRhastha ne svayaM apane khAne ke lie kaTorI, thAlI Adi meM parosa kara rakhA ho, bhikSu use grahaNa kare / 6 jisa nirjIva bhojana ko gRhastha ne apane yA dUsare ke lie kaDachI Adi se nikAlA ho, usI kA sAdhu svayaM mA~ga kara athavA dUsare ke dene para le | 7 jo bhojana phaikane yogya ho, jisako koI dUsarA manuSya yA jAnavara na lenA cAhe, usa prAsuka bhojana ko sAdhu grahaNa kare / nivAsa, malamUtraprakSepa tathA zayyA - jainAgamo me sAdhuo ke nivAsa malamUtraprakSepa tathA zayyA Adi ke viSaya me aneka prakAra ke niyama batalAe gae hai / nivAsa - bhikSu ko aise AvAsa me nahI ThaharanA cAhie, jo usake nimitta se banAyA gayA ho, mA~gA gayA ho athavA kharIdA gayA ho / ' strI, pazu aura napuMsaka kA jahA~ rAtrinivAsa ho, yA gRhasthakA jahA~ pratidina bhojanAdi kA Arambha - samArambha hotA ho, aise makAna yA kakSa me use nahI ThaharanA caahie| use sarAya, bagIcoM ke 1. 2. AcArAga ( hi0) 2, 2,64, pR0 85 / 2, 2,67, pR0 85, 86 /

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa jIvana [ 207 vizrAmagRho tathA maTho me, jahA~ vAra-bAra sAdhu Ate jAte rahate hai, nahI ThaharanA cAhie / 1 bhikSu ko cAhie ki vaha apane nivAsa ke lie jIva-jantu se rahita, ekAnta, tathA nirvAdha sthAna kI gavepaNA kare / malamUtraprakSepa- jIvajantu se yukta, gIlI, dhUla vAlI, kaccI miTTI vAlI jamIna para tathA sacitta zilA, Dhele, evaM kIDe vAlI lakar3I para malamUtra nahIM DAlanA cAhie | jisa jamIna para gRhastha ne mUga ur3ada, tila Adi voe ho, vahA~ bhI bhikSu ko malamUtra - pariSThApana nahI karanA cAhie / ArAma, udyAna, vana, upavana, devamaMdira, sabhAgRha Adi malamUtra ke lie nipiddha sthAna hai / bhikSu ko khule bAr3e me yA ekAnta jagaha meM jahA~ koI dekha na sake aura jo sthAna jIvajantu se rahita ho, vahA~ kisI pAtra me malamUtra karake use khule bADe athavA jalI bhUmi para yA kisI nirjIva sthAna me sAvadhAnI se DAla denA cAhie / zayyA - bhikSu, zayyAsaMstAraka (bichaune) ke sambandha me nimnokta cAra niyamo ko bhalIbhAMti jAna kara iname se kisI eka ko svIkAra kare 3 1 bhikSu ghAsa, tinakA, sUkhI dUba, parAla, vaoNsa kI khapaciyA~, pIpala Adi ke paTTe (phalaka) me se kisI eka kA nizcaya karake bichAne ke lie svayaM yAcanA kare athavA dUsare de to use svIkAra karale / 2 Upara batAI gaI vastuoM meM se kisI eka kA nizcaya karake, bhikSu ume gRhastha ke ghara dekha kara vichAne ke lie mAMge athavA dUsaro ke dene para le | 3 bhikSu jisake makAna meM Thahare; usake yahA~ upayukta koI vastu vichAne ko ho to vaha mAga le athavA gRhastha de to le le; anyathA ukaDU yA palhathI Adi mAra kara baiThA rahe aura sampUrNa rAtri vyatIta kara de / 3 vahI 2, 2, 77, pR0 87 1 AcArAga, 2, 10, 163 - 169, ( hi0) pR0 118, 119 / 2 vahI, 2, 2, 100-102, pR0 10, 61

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208 ] jaina-aMgazAratra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 4. bhikSu jisake yahA~ Thahare, usake makAna me patthara yA lakar3I kI paTTI par3I mila jAe to usa para so jAya ; anyathA ukar3a yA palhathI Adi mAra kara baiThA rahe aura sampUrNa gatri vyatIta kara de| ___ zayyAsaMstAraka (vichaune) ke lie sthAna dekhate samaya sAdhu ko nAcArya, upAdhyAya Adi tathA vAlaka, rogI yA atithi sAvu Adi ke lie sthAna choDa denA caahie| sone ke pahile nikSu ko malamUtra tyAgane ke sthAna kI acchI taraha dekhabhAla kara lenI caahie| bhikSu ko Avazyaka hai ki vichAne kI vastuo ko kAma me lene ke bAda vaha una vastuoM ko sAvadhAnI ke sAtha gRhastha ko lITA de|' vastra-bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko vastra kI AvazyakatA par3ane para vaha Una, rezama, sana, tADapatra, kapAsa yA reze ke bane hue vastra kI yAcanA kre| jo bhikSu balavAna tathA niroga ho use eka hI vastra grahaNa karanA cAhie / bhikSuNI cAra vastra grahaNa kara sakatI hai-eka do hAtha kA, do tIna hAtha ke aura eka cAra hAtha kA / itanI lamvAI vAle vastra na mile to joDa kara banA lenA caahie| ____ jo vastra bhikSu ke nimitta taiyAra kiyA gayA ho, kharIdA gayA ho, athavA mA~gA gayA ho use bhikSu ko grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| gRhastha jisa vastra ko pahana cukA ho, jo vastra pheka dene lAyaka ho athavA jise koI yAcaka bhI svIkAra na kare, aisA vastra sAdhu ko grahaNa karanA caahie| pAtra-bhikSu ko yadi pAtra kI AvazyakatA ho to vaha tUvA, lakaDI, miTaTI yA isI prakAra kA koI pAtra mAMge / valavAna tathA niroga bhikSu eka hI pAtra grahaNa kre| jo pAtra gRhastha kAma me le cukA ho athavA jo pheka dene lAyaka ho, jise koI yAcaka bhI svIkAra na kare ; aisA pAtra sAdhu ko grahaNa karanA caahie| AcArAga, 2, 2, 105-107 pR0 61, 62 hi0) vahI 2, 5141-143, pR0 605 , vahI 2, 5, 145 pR0 106 , vahI 1, 6, 152 pR0 111 // 3 4

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 206 vihAra -- varSARtu prArambha hone para bhikSu ko cAhie ki vaha gA~vagA~va ghUmanA banda karake sayama ke sthAna para cAturmAsa (varSAvAsa) karake rahe / varSARtu ke vAda hemantaRtu ke bhI dasa - pA~ca dina vyatIta ho jAne para jaba mArga me jIva-jantu tathA ghAsa kama ho jAe tathA logo kA AnA-jAnA prArambha ho jAe taba bhikSu sAvadhAnI se vihAra kare / ' 1 bhikSa u ko calate samaya apane samakSa cAra hAtha jamIna para dRSTi rakhakara jIva-jantu ko bacAte hue calanA cAhie / jAte samaya yadi sAtha me AcArya, upAdhyAya yA apane se adhika guNasampanna sAdhu ho to bhikSu ko cAhie ki vaha isa prakAra cale ki unake hAtha paira se apanA hAtha paira na TakarAe / ' mArga me hisaka pazuo ko dekha kara unase Dara kara bhikSu ko mArga choDakara vana, jhADI Adi durgama sthAno me na ghusanA, na per3a para car3hanA, na pAnI me kUdanA aura na kisI prakAra ke hathiyAra Adi kI zaraNa lenA cAhie; kintu thor3A-sA bhI vicalita hue binA saMyamapUrvaka calate rahanA cAhie / yadi mArga me luTero kA jhuMDa mila jAe aura ve vastrAdi chIna le to unhe namaskAra, prArthanA Adi karake vastue~ vApisa nahI mA~ganA cAhie; kintu upekSAbhAva dhAraNa kara lenA cAhie / yadi eka gA~va se dUsare gA~va jAte samaya mArga meM kamara taka pAnI pAra karanA paDe to pahile sira se paira taka zarIra ko sApha kara nirjIva kara le phira eka paira pAnI me, aura dUsarA paira jamIna para rakha kara sAvadhAnI se apane hAtha-paira eka dUsare se na TakarAve, isa prakAra jala ko pAra kare |4 1. AcArAga (hi0) 2, 3, 111-113, pR0 14, 65 / 2. vahI 2, 3, 114, 128, pR0 95 / 3. vahI 4 vahI 2, 3, 131, pR0 67, 68 2, 3, 118, pR0 66 /

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210 ] jaina-aMgamAntra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa zramaNa-jIvana ko vicAradhArA zuddha Atmatattva kI prApti carama lakSya hai-zramaNa-jIvana kA eka mAtra uddezya apanI AtmA kI sarvocca unnati karanA hai, ata. zramaNa sarvadA AtmA kA cintana karatA rahatA hai / aMgazAstra meM jahA~ kahIM bhI zramaNa-jIvana kA varNana hai vahA~ yaha avazya likhA hai ki, "vaha AtmA kA vicAra karatA huA vihAra karane lgaa|"1 Atma-tattva kI unnati ke lie zramaNa ko usakI vikRta evaM prakRta dono avasthAo para vicAra karanA par3atA hai| AtmA krodhAdi kapAyose abhibhUta hone ke kAraNa vikRta hotA hai| aisA vikRta AtmA zatru ke samAna mAnA gayA hai / mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki, "he bandhu, apane sAtha hI yuddha kara, vAhya yuddha karane se kyA lAbha hogA ?"' jo zramaNa AtmA kI isa vikRti para saMyama evaM tapa ke dvArA pUrNa vijaya prApta kara letA hai, usakA AtmA usakA mitra ho jAtA hai| AcArAga me kahA gayA hai ki, "he purupa tU hI terA mitra hai, vAhara ke mitra ko kyo Dhar3hatA hai ?" tU apanI AtmA ko nigraha me rakha aura isa prakAra tU dukha se mukta ho jaavegaa| ahiMsA caramalakSya kI prApti kA sAdhana hai-yadi vAstava me dekhA jAe to zramaNa-jIvana eka ahisA kA jIvana hai / zramaNa kI pratyeka kriyA tathA vicAra ahiMsA kI bhAvanA se ota-prota rahatA hai| zramaNa ke pacamahAvrato me prathama sthAna ahisA kA hai / satya aura acaurya me ahiMsA kI hI bhAvanA vyApta hai / bahmacarya evaM parigraha-tyAga isI ke hI rUpa hai / ahisA kI pUrNa sAdhanA ke lie zramaNa anagAra vanatA hai|5 mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki, "manuSya dUsare jIvI ke prati asAvadhAna na rahe, 1. "appANa bhAvemANe viharai" nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 4, 1, 32, 1, 35 / AcArAga (hi0) 1, 5, 154, pR0 33 / tulanA, "Atmaiva hahyAtmano vandhurAtmaiva ripurAtmana , gItA 6, 5 / AcArAga, (hi0) 1, 3, 117, 118, pR0 23 / "vividha karmarUpI hiMsA kI pravRttiyA~ me nahI karU~, isa bhAva se udyata huA, buddhimAna' anagAra kahA hai|" AcArAga (hi0) 1, 1,36, 61 pR0 8 / 5

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SaSTha adhyAya : zramaNa-jIvana [ 211 jo dUsaro ke prati asAvadhAna rahatA hai, vaha apanI AtmA ke prati asAvadhAna rahatA hai | jo apanI AtmA ke prati asAvadhAna rahatA hai, vaha dUsare jIvo ke prati asAvadhAna rahatA hai / " " apramAda ahiMsA kI AdhArazilA hai- kisI ko jIvanavimukta kara denA athavA kaSTa denA hI hisA nahI hai / hiMsA kA AdhAra to hiMsA kI bhAvanA hai / prANihisA hone para bhI mana kI pavitratA se vyakti ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai aura prANihiMsA na hone para bhI yadi hRdaya meM prANI ko rakSA ke bhAva nahI hai to apramAda ke kAraNa vyakti hiMsaka mAnA jAyegA / Alasya ke kAraNa hRdaya me prANI kI rakSA ke bhAva tathA rakSArUpa pravRtti na honA pramAda hai / AcArAMga me kahA hai ki, " pramAda aura usake kAraNa kAmAdi me Asakti hisA hai / zramaNa hamezA isa vAta kA vicAra karatA rahatA hai ki vaha eka kSaNa ke lie bhI pramatta na ho / pramAda ko karma tathA apramAda ko akarma kahA gayA hai / 3 mahAvIra ne vAra vAra kahA hai ki, "zramaNa ko thor3AsA bhI pramAda nahI karanA cAhie / "4 pramAda ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI zramaNa ke do bheda kie gae hai : 1. pramattasaMyata, tathA 2 apramattasaMyata / pramAdI zramaNa prathama koTi me tathA apramAdI zramaNa dvitIya koTi me AtA hai / pramAdI manuSya sarvadA bhayagrasta rahatA hai aura apramAdI nirbhaya ho kara vicaraNa karatA hai / " zarIra tathA kAmabhogoM me Asakti saMsAra kA kAraNa hai-- zramaNa java taka zarIra tathA indriya ke viSayo me mUchita rahegA, vaha kabhI 1. 2 imo = us 3. 5. AcArAMga (hi0) 1, 1, 22, pR0 8 vahI 1, 1, 34, 35, pR0 8 sUtrakRtAMga (hi0) 2, 3, pR0 137 / AcArAga (hi1) 1, 2, 84, 1, 1, 80, 95 pR0 14 / samavAyAMga, 14 / AcArAga ( hi0) 1, 1, 123, pR0 24 /

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212 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa apramatta nahI ho skegaa| saMsAra me kAmanAo kA pAra nahIM hai| kAmanAo ko pUrNa karane kI icchA, calanI meM pAnI bharane ke samAna vyartha hai| kAmanAo ko pUrNa karane ke lie dUsare prANiyo kA vadha Adi karanA par3atA hai| manuSya ina vAsanAo ke kAraNa hI vAra-bAra garbha (janma) prApta karate hai / bhoga se tRSNA kabhI zAMta nahI hotI; aisA samajha kara bhikSa ko inakI icchA chor3a denI caahie| apramatta avasthA ko prApta karane ke lie zramaNa eka ora to sAMsArika vipaya-sukho se dUra rahane kA cintana karatA rahatA hai aura dUsarI ora vaha hamezA zarIra se ni spRhatA kI bhAvanA jAgRta karatA hai / saMsAra anitya eva azaraNa hai-zramaNa isa vAta kA sadaiva dhyAna karatA hai ki sasAra kSaNabhaMgura evaM heya hai| "manuSya kA jIvana atyalpa hai aura ise sasAra me kahI bhI zaraNa nahIM hai| jaba manuSya mRtyu se ghira jAtA hai, A~kha kAna Adi indriyo kI zakti kama ho jAtI hai, vRddhAvasthA A jAtI hai, jIvana aura javAnI pAnI kI taraha bahane lagatA hai, taba kuTumbIjana usakA tiraskAra karane lagate hai / usa samaya mAtApitA tathA priyajana koI bhI use mRtyu ke mukha se nahI bacA skte|' yahI soca kara mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki, "he dhIra puruSa, tU saMsAravRkSa ke mUla aura DAliyo ko tor3a phaika / isa saMsAra kA vAstavika (anityarUpa) svarUpa samajha kara AtmadarzI bana / "4 zarIra apavitra evaM upekSaNIya hai-saMsAra ke prati virAgatA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie zramaNa zarIra kI azucitArUpa vAstavikatA para bhI vicAra karatA hai / " yaha zarIra jaisA (apavitra) bhItara hai, vaisA hI vAhara hai aura jaisA bAhara hai, vaisA hI bhItara hai / paMDita manuSya, zarIra 1. AcArAMga (hi0) 1, 3, 108, 106, pR0 20 / AcArAga (hi0), 1, 2, 84, 85, / vahI 1, 2, 63, 65, pR0 11 / 4. vahI 1, 3, 111 /

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[ 213 ke bhItara durgandha se bhare hue bhAgo ko jAnatA hai aura zarIra ke mala nikalane vAle bhAgo ke svarUpa ko bhI samajhatA hai / buddhimAna isako ThIka taraha samajha kara nikalI huI lAra ko cATane vAle vAlaka kI taraha tyAge hue bhogo me phira lipta nahI hotA / "" SaSTha adhyAya zramaNa-jIvana * 1. vahI 1, 2, 13, 14, pR0 15

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saptama adhyAya brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti saMskRti ___saMskRti kA ekamAtra uddezya mAnavatA kI bhalAI hai| saMsAra me bhAratIya saMskRti, yoropIya saMskRti Adi jina-jina vibhinna saMskRtiyo ke nAma sune jAte hai, una saba me hama una prayatno kA samAveza pAte hai, jo samaya-samaya para mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI dizA me kie ge| isa dRSTikoNa se saMsAra me kevala eka hI saMskRti hai aura vaha hai maanv-sNskRti| yaha mAnava-saMskRti bhaugolika dRSTikoNa se aneka saMskRtiyo me vibhAjita ho jAtI hai / hamAre bhAratadeza kI vaha AcAra-vicAra-paramparA, jisane zatAbdiyoM pUrva se mAnava ko aihalaukika sukha-zAnti ke sAtha pAralaukika-samRddhi kA bhI mArga pradarzita kiyA; vaha "bhAratIya saMskRti" athavA Arya-saskRti" kahalAtI hai| ___AryasaMskRti me mAnava-vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI do prAcIna paramparAeM mukhya hai-1 brAhmaNa-paramparA tathA 2 shrmnn-prmpraa| inhe hama kramaza. brAhmaNa-saMskRti tathA zramaNa-saskRti ke nAma se sambodhita krege| brAhmaNa-saMskRti brAhmaNa-saskRti mUla me 'brahman, ke AsapAsa prAraMbha aura vikasita huI hai| brahman ke aneka artho me se prAcIna do artha isa jagaha dhyAna dene yogya hai 1-prArthanA (stuti) tathA 2 yjyaagaadikrm| vaidika-maMtro

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saptama adhyAya : bAhyaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 215 evaM sUkto ke dvArA jo nAnAvidha stutiyA~ aura prArthanAeM kI jAtI hai; ve brahmana kahalAtI hai| isI taraha vaidika-matro dvArA sAdhya yajayAgAdi karma bhI brahman kahalAtA hai / vaidika-maMtro ke sUtro kA pATha karane vAlA purohita varga aura yajayAgAdi karAne vAlA purohitavarga hI brAhmaNa hai| brAhmaNa-saMskRti kA mUla AdhAra veda hai| ata. yaha vaidika-saMskRti ke nAma se bhI kahI jAtI hai / veda ke pradhAnatayA do vibhAga hai--sahitA aura brAhmaNa / maMtro ke samudAyo kA nAma saMhitA hai| brAhmaNa-granyoM meM inhI maMtro ko vistRta vyAkhyA hai| brAhmaNa ke tIna khaDa hai-1. brAhmaNa 2 AraNyaka, aura 3 upaniSad / ata vedoM se cAra prakAra ke grantho kA bodha hotA hai-1 veda 2 brAhmaNa, 3 AraNyaka tathA 4. upaniSad / ' zramaNa-saMskRti zramaNa-saMskRti kA AdhArabhUta zabda "samaNa" hai / samaNa zabda prAkRta kA hai, usake saMskRta-rUpa tIna hote hai-1 zramaNa, 2. samana, 3. zamana / zramaNa saMskRti kA rahasya inhI tIno zabdoM me antahita hai| zramaNa zabda "zrama" dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai--tapa aura zrama krnaa| "samana" kA artha hai-samatA kA bhAva, tathA "zamana" kA artha hai-apanI vRttiyo ko zAnta rakhanA / mahAtmA buddha ne "zramaNa" kA artha kiyA hai, "pApo ko zamana karane vAlA"3 | isa prakAra tapa va zrama, samAnatA tathA zAnti ye tIna tatva zramaNa-saskRti kI AdhArazilA hai| abhI jainadharma ke nAma se jo AcAra-vicAra pahicAnA jAtA hai| vaha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM vizeSakara mahAvIra ke samaya meM niggaMThadhamma (nimra thadharma) nAma se pahicAnA jAtA thA, parantu vaha zramaNa-dharma bhI kahalAtA thaa| antara kevala itanA hai ki ekamAtra janadharma hI zramaNadharma nahI hai| zramaNadharma kI aura bhI aneka zAkhAe~ bhUta 1 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 18 / 2 uttarAdhyayana, 25, 32 / 3. dhammapada, dhammaTThavagga, 6, 60 /

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216 ] jaina-aMgazAratra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa kAla me thii| aura ava bhI vauddhadharma ke nAma se eka zAkhA jIvita hai| ataH hama sAdhAraNata zramaNa-saMskRti ko do bhAgo me vibhAjita kara sakate hai-1. jaina-saMskRti, aura 2 vAdyasaMskRti / jaina-saMskRti-jisa saMskRti ko hama jana-saskRti ke nAma se pahicAnate hai, usa ke sarvaprathama AvirbhAvaka kauna the, aura unase vaha pahalepahala kisa rUpa se udgata huI ? isakA pUrA-pUrA sahI varNana karanA itihAsa kI sImA ke bAhara hai| phira bhI Ajakala jo zodha huI hai usake AdhAra para hama kaha sakate hai ki jaina-saMskRti ke prathama praNetA bhagavAn Rpama tathA atima uddhAraka mahAvIra the| isa saskRti ke sarvamAnya pulpa "jina" kahalAte hai / "jina" kA artha hai-ve purupa, jinhoMne cAra koM para vijaya prApta karake saMsAra kI samasta vastubo ko eka sAtha jAnane vAlA kevalajJAna prApta kara liyA hai| ataH "jina" ke nAma para isa saMskRti kA nAma jaina-saskRti hai| bauddha-saskRti-mahAtmA gautama buddha mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| ve vauddha-paramparA ke pravartaka mAne jAte haiM / isa dharma kI nIva Aja se lagabhaga 2500 varSa pUrva paDI thii| vuddha ne tatkAlIna paristhitiyo se Uba kara svataMtra rUpa se soca-vicAra karanA prArabha kiyaa| unhone bodhi-vRkSa ke nIce dhyAnamagna ho kara nizcita kiyA ki tapa aura yajo se manupya mukti nahI pA sakatA, use mukti pAne ke lie jIvana ko zuddha vanAnA aura apanI icchAoM kA nirodha karanA hogaa| mahAtmA buddha ne dukha ke pUrNa vinAza ke lie ASTAMgika mArga batalAyA hai, jiname dRSTi, sakalpa, vacana, karma, jIvikA, prayatna, smRti tathA samAdhi kI zuddhi para bala diyA gayA hai|4 vuddha ne apane upadeza usa samaya kI lokabhApA "pAlI" me diye, jinakA saMgraha "tripiTaka" ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| mahAtmA buddha ke nAma para isa saMskRti kA nAma bauddha-saMskRti pddaa| 1. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, pR0 45 / 2. kalpasUtra, 5, 121, pR0 264 / 3 bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, pR0 40 / 4. dIrghanikAya, 2, 9 / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 346 /

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 217 jaina tathA bauddha saMskRti kA antara-mahAvIra aura buddha na kevala samakAlIna hI the, balki ve bahudhA eka hI pradeza meM vicarane vAle tathA samAna aura samakakSa anuyAyiyo ko eka hI bhApA "prAkRta" me upadeza karate the| dono ke mukhya uddezya me koI antara nahI thaa| phira bhI mahAvIra-poSita tathA vuddha-saMcAlita sampradAyo me prAraMbha se hI vizeSa aMtara rahA hai, jo jJAtavya hai| vauddha-sampradAya vuddha ko hI AdarzarUpa se pUjatA hai tathA vuddha ke hI upadezo kA Adara karatA hai, jaba ki janasampradAya mahAvIra Adi cauvIsa tIrtha kara ko ipTadeva mAna kara una sabhI ke vacano kA Adara karatA hai| vauddha, citta-zuddhi ke lie dhyAna aura mAnasika saMyama para jitanA vala dete haiM, utanA vala vAhyatapa aura dehadamana para nhiiN| jaina, dhyAna aura mAnasika sayama ke atirikta dehadamana para bhI adhika bala dete rhe| buddha kA jIvana jitanA logo me hilane-milane vAlA tathA unake upadeza jitane adhika sIdhe-sAde lokasevAgAmI hai, vaisA mahAvIra kA jIvana aura upadeza nhii| bauddhaanagAra kI vAhyacaryA utanI niyatrita nahI rahI, jitanI jaina-anagAro kI rhii| isake atirikta aura bhI aneka vizepatAe~ hai, jinake kAraNa bauddha-sampradAya bhArata ke samudra aura parvato kI sImA laoNgha kara usa purAne samaya me bhI vibhinna-bhASAbhApI, sabhya-asabhya aneka jAtiyo me dUra-dUra taka phailA aura karoDo abhAratIyo ne bhI bauddha AcAra-vicAra ko apane-apane DhaMga se, apanI-apanI bhASA me utArA va apanAyA java ki jaina-sampradAya ke saMvadha me aisA nahI huA / brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa saMskRti kA antara vaiSamya tathA sAmyadRSTi-brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa saskRtiyo ke madhya choTe-baDe aneka viSayo me maulika atara hai| para usa atara ko sakSepa 1. "bhikSa o, ina atiyo kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie-1 kAmamukha me lipta honA 2. garIra pIDA me lgnaa|" sayuktanikAya, 55, 2, 1 / "zarIra ko satApa denA jaDatA kI nizAnI hai / " pramANavArtika svavRtti, 1, 342 / 2. janasaskRti kA hRdaya, pR0 10 /

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218 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa me kahanA ho to itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki brAhmaNa-saskRti vaiSamya para pratiSThita hai, jaba ki zramaNa-paramparA sAmya para pratiSThita hai| yaha vaiSamya aura sAmya tIna vAto me dekhA jA sakatA hai 1-samAja-viSayaka 2, sAdhya-viSayaka, 3 prANijagat ke prati dRsstti-vissyk| samAjaviSayaka vaiSamya kA artha hai-samAjaracanA tathA dharmAdhikAra me brAhmaNaM-varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva aura itara varNo kA brAhmaNa kI apekSA kaniSThatva / Rgaveda me kahA hai ki brAhmaNa "brahmA" ke mukha se paidA hue java ki zUdra pairo se / yahI kAraNa hai ki brAhmaNa tathA zUdra me utanA hI bheda vyavahAra me lAyA gayA, jitanA bheda mukha aura paira me hai / anya varNo ke sAtha bhI AnupAtika DhaMga se viSamatA kA vyavahAra kiyA gyaa| brAhmaNa-dharma kA vAstavika sAdhya hai-"abhyudaya", arthAt aihikasamRddhi, rAjya, pazu, putrAdi ke nAnAvidha lAbha tathA indrapada, svargIyasukha Adi nAnAvidha pAralaukika lAbha / abhyudaya kA sAdhana mukhyatayA yajJadharma hai / isa dharma me pazu-pakSI kI bali anivArya mAnI gaI hai, aura kahA gayA hai ki vedavihita hisA dharma kA hetu hai / isa vidhAna me bali kiye jAne vAle niraparAdha pazu-pakSI Adi ke prati spaSTatayA AtmasAmya ke abhAva kI arthAt Atma-vaiSamya kI dRSTi hai| __ zramaNadharma samAja me kisI bhI varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva na mAnakara guNakRta tathA karmakRta zreSThatva va kaniSThatva mAnatA hai|4 isalie vaha samAjaracanA tathA dharmAdhikAra me janmasiddha varNabheda kA Adara na karake guNakarma ke AdhAra para hI sAmAjika vyavasthA karatA hai / ataeva usakI dRSTi me sadguNI zUdra bhI duguNI brAhmaNa Adi se zreSTha hai aura dhArmika kSetra me yogyatA ke AdhAra para pratyeka varNa kA vyakti (puruSa yA strI) samAnarUpa se uccapada kA adhikArI hai / 5 1 Rgaveda, 10, 10, 12 / 2. "agnIpomIya pazumAlabheta" sAMkhyakArikA TIkA, 11, pR0 5 / 3 "karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA gUdra hote hai|" uttarAdhyayana, 25, 3 / 4. "cANDAlakulotpanta, kintu uttamaguNI harikezavala nAmaka eka jitendriya bhikSu ho gaye hai|" uttarAdhyayana, 12, 1,

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saptama adhyAya brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 216 zramaNadharma kA aMtima sAdhya brAhmaNa dharma kI taraha abhyudaya na hokara niHzreyasa hai / ni yasa kA artha hai - aihilaukika tathA pAralaukika nAnAvidha lAbho kA tyAga karane vAlI aisI sthiti, jisame pUrNa sAmya prakaTa hotA hai / aura koI kisI se kama yogya yA adhika yogya nahI rahane pAtA / jIvajagat ke prati zramaNadharma kI dRSTi pUrNa Atma- sAmya kI hai / jisame na kevala pazu-pakSI Adi jantuo kA hI samAveza hotA hai, apitu vanaspati jaise atikSudra jIvavarga kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / ' isame kisI bhI dehadhArI kA kisI bhI nimitta se kiyA jAne vAlA vadha Atmavadha jaisA hI mAnA gayA hai| ni zreyasa ke sAdhano me ahiMsA mukhya hai / kisI bhI prANI kA kisI bhI prakAra se hisA na karanA samasta prANiyo ko Atmavat samajhanA yahI nizreyasa kA mukhya sAdhana hai / jisame anya saba sAdhano kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / yaha sAdhanagata sAmyadRSTi hiMsApradhAna yajJayAgAdi karma kI dRSTi se vilakula viruddha hai / isa taraha brAhmaNa aura zramaNadharma kA vaiSamya aura sAmyamUlaka itanA virodha hai, ki jisase dono dharmo ke vIca pada-pada para saMgharSa kI saMbhAvanA rahI hai, jo sahasro varSoM ke itihAsa meM lipibaddha hai / yaha purAnA virodha brAhmaNakAla me bhI thA aura buddha eva mahAvIra ke samaya me bhI, tathA isake vAda bhI / isI ciraMtana virodha ke pravAha ko mahAbhASyakAra patajali ne apanI vANI me vyakta kiyA hai / vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne sUtra me zAzvata virodha kA nidarzana kiyA hai, patajali " zAzvata " - janma - siddhavirodha vAle ahi-nakula govyAghra jaise dvandvo ke udAharaNa dete hue sAtha-sAtha brAhmaNa zramaNa kA bhI udAharaNa dete hai| pataMjali se aneka zatAbdiyoM bAda hone vAle jainAcArya hemacandra 1 sabhI prANiyo ko jIvana priya hai, sukha acchA lagatA hai, tathA dukha pratikUla hai / " AcArAga, 1, 2, 3 / 2. " jo muni vanaspati kI hiMsA ko jAnatA hai vaha saccA karmana hai / " AcArAMga 1, 1,45-47 / " jo apanA dukha jAnatA hai, vaha bAhara kA dukha jAnatA hai aura jo bAhara kA dukha jAnatA hai, vaha apanA dukha jAnatA hai / " AcArAMga 1, 1, 55 / tuma vahI ho, jise tuma mAranA cAhate ho, pIDA denA cAhate ho, pakaDanA cAhate ho 'AcArAMga zru 9 3 mahAbhASya 2, 4, hai|

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220 / jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ne bhI vAhmaNa-zramaNa udAharaNa dekara patajaMli ke anubhava kI yathArthatA para muhara lagAI hai|' paraspara prabhAva aura samanvaya-brAhmaNa aura zramaNa-paramparA paraspara eka dUsare ke prabhAva se vilakula achUtI nahI hai| choTI-moTI aneka vAto me eka kA prabhAva dUsare para nyUnAdhika mAtrA me paDA huA dekhA jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha, zramaNadharma kI sAmyadRSTimUlaka ahiMsAbhAvanA kA brAhmaNaparamparA para kramaza itanA prabhAva par3A ki jisase yajJIya-hiMsA kA samarthana kevala purAnI zAstrIya carcAoM kA viSayamAtra raha gayA aura aura vyavahAra me yajJIya-hisA lupta-sI ho gayI / ahiMsA va 'sarvabhUtahite rata' siddhAnta kA pUrA Agraha rakhane vAlI sAkhya, yoga aupaniSad, avadhUta Adi jina paramparAo ne brAhmaNa-paramparA ke prANabhUta vedavipayaka prAmANya aura brAhmaNavarga ke purohita va gurupada kA AtyaMtika virodha nahIM kiyA; ve paramparAe~ kramaza brAhmaNa dharma ke sarvasaMgrAhaka kSetra me eka yA dUsare rUpa me mila gaI hai| isake viparIta jaina, bauddha Adi jina paramparAo ne vaidikaprAmANya aura brAhmaNa varNa ke gurupada ke viruddha AtyaMtika Agraha rakkhA, ve paramparAeM yadyapi sadA ke lie brAhmaNadharma se alaga hI rahI hai| phira bhI unake zAstra eva nivRttidharma para brAhmaNaparamparA kI lokasagrAhaka vRtti kA eka yA dUsare rUpa me prabhAva avazya par3A hai / 2 ubhaya saMskRtiyoM kI tulanA mAnavajIvana kA uddezya-vaidika dRSTikoNa se mAnavajIvana kA ekamAtra yahI uddezya mAnA gayA ki mAnava apane jIvanakAla me adhika se adhika sukha yA Ananda prApta kare aura jIvana ke pazcAt use svarga athavA mukti kI prApti ho / isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie sarvaprathama, mAnavajIvana ke dIrghAyu hone kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI / Rpiyo ne 100 varSa ke karmaTha jIvana kI kalpanA kI thii| 100 varpa ke jIvana me pUrNa Ananda kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka thA ki zarIra svastha rahe aura 1 middhahaimavyAkaraNa, 3, 1, 141 / 2 jainadharma kA prANa, pR0 4 / 3. Rpiyo kI vANI hai-"kurvanneveha karmANi jijIviSet zataM samA."

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saskRti [ 221 indriyA~ sazakta rahe tabhI to jIvana me Ananda kI prApti sambhava ho sakatI hai| vauddha dRSTikoNa se mAnavajIvana kA ekamAtra uddezya du kha-vinAza mAnA gyaa| dukha-vinAza bauddha ke cAra Aryasatyo me se eka hai| buddha kA kahanA thA ki saMsAra me janma, maraNa, buDhApA Adi dukha hai, yaha bAta satya hai| dukha kA kAraNa tRSNA (bhogo kI abhilASA) hai| tRSNA ke atyanta nirodha se dukha kA nAza ho jAtA hai| aura du.kha-nAza kA upAya ApTAgika mArga hai / ' vuddha ne apane jIvanakAla me adhika se adhika sukha yA Ananda kI prApti kI kalpanA nahI kii| unakA kahanA thA ki mAnavajIvana ke carama lakSya ko pAne ke lie na to kAma-sukho me lipta hone kI AvazyakatA hai aura nahI zarIra ko pIDA dene kI / vuddha ne ina dono atiyo (parAkASThAo) ke bIca kA mArga janatA ko smjhaayaa| yahI mArga majjhimamArga (madhyamamArga) ke nAma se prasiddha huaa|2 jaina-dRSTikoNa se mAnavajIvana kA carama lakSya nirvANa prApta karanA mAnA gayA / isa nirvANa-prApti kA upAya ahisA hai| mAnava pUrNa hisaka jIvana vyatIta kara du kho se Atyantika abhAvarUpa evaM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantamukha eva anantazaktirUpa nirvANa ko prApta kara sakatA hai|4 yadyapi sayama tathA tapa ahisA ke hI rUpa hai| kintu carama lakSya ko prApti ke lie sayama tathA tapa kI bhI AvazyakatA divatAne ke lie ahisA ke sAtha saMyama tathA tapa kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| mana ko sthira evaM zAnta rakha kara zarIra se kapTa sahana karanA tapa tathA indriyo kA damana kara chahakAya ke jIvo kI rakSA karanA sayama hai| 1. bauddhadarzana, "cAra Aryasatya" pR0 23 / 2 bauddha saskRti, pR0 7 / 3 sUtrakRtAga, 12, 2, 32 / 4. sUtrakRtAga 1,11 / "ahisA, sayama evaM tapa rUpa dharma dazavakAlika 1 1 / hI utkRSTa magala hai|"

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222 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa saMskAra--brAhmaNa saMskRti me mAnavavyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie saMrakAro ko atyadhika Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / saMskAra kA sAdhAraNa artha hai-kisI vastu ko aisA rUpa denA, jisake dvArA vaha adhika upayogI bana sake / ' pratyeka saskAra ke samaya prAyaH devatAo ke samakSa zuddha, saMskRta aura ucca bhAvI-jIvana kI pratijJA kI jAtI rahI hai kyoki vaidika purupo kI aisI dhAraNA thI ki kisI manuSya ko apane vyaktitva kA vikAsa karane ke lie devatAo kI sahAyatA lenA apekSita hai| jainasaskRti me dhArmika dRSTi se saskAro kI koI mahattA svIkAra nahI kI gaI, kyoki saMskAro kA saMbaMdha mukhyatayA zarIra me hai aura jaina saskRti zarIranirapekSa, AtmasaskRti hai|' yadyapi jainAgama me aneka jagaha aise prakaraNa upalabdha hote hai, jo ki hame "saMsAra" kI ora saMketa karate hai, kintu unakA mahatva kevala sAmAjika hai / dhArmika nhii| brAhmaNa,-dharmazAstro me saMskAro kI saMkhyA bahumata se 16 mAnI gaI hai-1 garbhAdhAna, 2 pu savana, 3. sImantonnayana, 4 viSNuvali, 5 jAtakarma, 6 nAmakaraNa, 7 niSkramaNa, 8 annaprAzana, 6 caula, 10 upanayana, 11-14 cAra vedavata, 15 samAvartana tathA 16 vivAha / ' jAtakarma taka ke pA~ca saMskAra putra ke janma se sambandha rakhate hai| ina saskAro me garbhasthiti se lekara putrotpatti taka viSNu, tvaSTA, 1 "saMskAro nAma sa bhavati yasmina jAte padArtho bhavati yogya. kasya cid arthasya / " jaiminIsUtra, 3, 1, 3, (shvrttiikaa)| sUtrakRtAga 1, 2, 1, 14 / "jaise lepa vAlI bhitti lepa girA kara kRza karadI jAtI hai, isI taraha anazanAdi rUpa ke dvArA zarIra ko kRza karake ahiMsAdharma kA pAlana karanA caahie|" gautama (8, 14-24) ke anusAra saskAro kI saMkhyA 40 hai, jiname pradhAna saskAro ke atirikta 5 dainika mahAyajJa, 7 pAkayajJa, 7 haviyajJa, 7 somayajJo kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| vaikhAnasa ke anusAra 18 zarIra saskAra haiN| agirA ne saskAro kI saMkhyA 25 batAI hai| manu, yAjJavalkya aura dharmasUtrakAra viSNu ke anusAra garbhAdhAna se antyeSTi taka 16 saskAra hai|

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 223 prajApati, sarasvatI, azvinIdvaya Adi devatAo kI ArAdhanA karake garbhastha bAlaka ke kalyANa tathA usake putrarUpa me utpanna hone kI kAmanA kI jAtI thI / dasaveM yA bArahave dina nAmakaraNa saMskAra dvArA putra kA nAma rakhA jAtA thaa| paurANikayuga me yaha saMskAra zizu ke lagabhaga 6 mAha kA ho jAne para hotA thA / isake bAda utpatti ke caturthamAsa meM zizu ko candra-sUrya ke darzanArtha ghara se bAhara nikAla kara niSkramaNa-saMskAra kiyA jAtA thA / chaThe mAsa me zizu ko dahI, madhu tathA ghI caTA kara annaprAzana saMskAra kiyA jAtA thA / isake vAda prathama athavA tRtIya varSa me kezakartana tathA cUDAsthApanA dvArA caulasaMskAra hotA thA / janasUtro me sabase prathama saMskAra garbhAdhAna mAnA gayA hai| isake bAda dvitIya saMskAra jAtakarma hai, jo putrotpatti ke prathama dina kiyA jAtA thA / garbhakAla me bhI mAtA-pitA dvArA putra kI surakSA ke lie paryApta sAvadhAnI rakhI jAtI thii| aisA kahA gayA hai ki garbhiNI ko sAvadhAnI se uThanA baiThanA, sonA tathA calanA cAhie aura use bhojana bhI atyanta svAsthyakara grahaNa karanA cAhie | 3 jAtakarma-saMskAra me prathama dina putra kI nAla kATa kara pRthvI meM gAr3a dI jAtI thI / dvitIya dina "jAgarikA" utsava manAyA jAtA thA, jisame rAtribhara jAga kara loga Ananda manAte the / tRtIya dina "candrasUryadarzanikA" utsava hotA thaa| jisame bahuta ullAsa ke sAtha navotpanna putra ko candra-sUrya ke darzana karAye jAte the / isake bAda lagAtAra 7 dina taka harSollAsa manAyA jAtA thA / 11 ve dina "zucikarma" (gRhazuddhi) hotA thA aura 12ve dina pitA sundara vastra eva alakAro ko dhAraNa kara samasta mitra, kuTumvIjana, tathA nikaTajano ko apane ghara para bulAtA thaa| ghara para bahuta mAtrA me viziSTa bhojana taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA aura sabhI Agantuka jano ko bhojanapAna dvArA saMtuSTa karake unake samakSa putra kA nAmakaraNa saMskAra hotA thA / 4 1 Rgveda, 10, 184 / bhAgavata, 10, 8, 6 / 3 nAyAmma kahAo 1, 16, tathA bhagavatI, 11, 11 / 4 vahI 1, 20 /

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224 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa isake bAda bhI aneka prakAra ke utsava manAye jAte the| vAlaka jaba kucha regane lagatA thA, taba "paraMgAmaNa", java calanA prArambha karatA thA tava "payacaMkAmaNa", java prayama bAra anna grahaNa karatA thA, tava 'jemAmaNa" jaba prathama vAra spaSTa zabdo kA uccAraNa karatA thA, tava "pajjapAvaNa" aura java kAna chede jAte the, taba "karNavedha" saskAra hotA thA / "varSana thi" (savaccharapaDilakkhaNa), kezakartana (colopaNa), yajJopavIta (uvanayaNa) tathA akSara jJAna (kalAgrahaNa) saskAro kA bhI varNana jainAgamo me yatratatra bIja rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| bhagavatIsUtra me sabhI saskAra "kautuka" kahe gae hai| abhayadeva ne kautuka kA artha "rakSAvidhAnAdi"kiyA hai / ina utsavo ke samaya yAga (pUjAvizeSa) dAya (dAna) Adi kriyAoM ke dvArA putra kI rakSA kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA thaa|' vidyArthI jIvana-brAhmaNa-saskRti ke anusAra vAlaka kA vidyArthI jIvana upanayana-saMskAra se prArambha hotA hai / isa saMskAra ke pazcAta unakA brahmacaryAzrama-jIvana mAnA jAtA hai| upanayana-saskAra meM AcArya vidyArthI ke lie "gAyatrI" yA "sAvitrI" mantra kA zikSaNa Arambha karatA thA / anta me AcArya brahmacArI kI kaTi me mekhalA vAdha kara aura aura daDa de kara brahmacaryavrata kA Adeza detA thA, "tuma brahmacArI ho, jala pIo, kAma karo, soo mata, AcArya ke adhIna ho kara veda kA adhyayana kro|"3 upanayana-saskAra ke vAda AcArya aura vidyArthI kA vaha sambandha sthApita hotA thA, jisake dvArA vidyArthI lagabhaga 12 varSo taka vaidika sAhitya tathA darzana kA adhyayana karatA thA / aMgazAstra meM bhI upanayana (uvaNayaNa) saMskAra kA varNana hai / abhaya deva ne upanayana kA artha "kalAgrahaNa" kiyA hai| kalA kA artha hai 1 2 bhagavatI, 11, 11, 426 pR0 666, 1000, nAyAdhammakahAo 1, 20, kalpasUtra, 5, 102-108 ovAiyasutta, 40, pR0 185 / "upanayana kA mAlika artha hai (AcArya ke dvArA) kalA-grahaNa kiyA jaanaa|" pANini, 1, 3, 36 / bhAratIya saMskRti kA utthAna, pR0 43, 44 / 3

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saptama adhyAya * brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 225 vidyA, vidyAgrahaNa ke samaya jo utsava manAyA jAtA thA, use upanayana kahA gayA hai|' upanayana ke bAda mAtA-pitA apane putra ko kalAcArya (vidyAguru) ke sAtha bheja dete the| ___ adhyayana kAla-vaidika yuga me brahmacaryAzrama kA prArambha 12 varSa kI avasthA meM hotA thaa| usa yuga me vedo kA adhyayana hI pradhAna thaa| ataH 12 varSa kI avasthA se lekara java taka vedo kA adhyayana calatA rahatA thA, taba taka vidyArthI par3hate rahate the| sAdhAraNa rUpa se 12 varSa kA samaya brahmacArI ke lie ucita mAnA gayA hai| ___agazAstra ke anusAra bAlaka kA adhyayana kucha adhika 8 varSa se prArambha hotA thA aura jaba taka vaha kalAcArya ke nikaTa saMpUrNa 72 kalAo kA athavA kucha kalAo kA adhyayana nahIM kara letA thA, tava taka adhyayana karatA rahatA thA / / bauddha-saMskRti me koI bhI gRhastha apane kuTumba kA parityAga karake kisI avasthA kA hone para bhI buddha, dharma aura sagha kI zaraNa meM jA kara vidyAdhyayana me laga sakatA thaa| __jJAna kI pratiSThA-vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI dizA me jJAna kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai / mAnavajIvana kI saphalatA usake jJAna kI mAtrA para avalavita hotI hai| zatapatha-brAhmaNa meM jJAna kI pratiSThA ko pramANita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki-"svAdhyAya aura pravacana se manuSya kA citta ekAgra ho jAtA hai, vaha svatatra bana jAtA hai, use nitya dhana prApta hotA hai, vaha sukha se sotA hai, vaha apanA parama cikitsaka ho jAtA hai, vaha indriyo para saMyama kara letA hai, usakI prajA baDha jAtI hai aura use yaza milatA hai|" jainAgamo me bhI jJAna kI mahimA svIkAra kI gaI hai| ziSya ne pUchA-"bhaMte / jJAnasampannatA se jIva ko kyA lAbha hai?" guru ne kahA 1. bhagavatI, sUtra 11, 11, 426, pR0 666, (abhydevvRtti)| 2 chAndogya upanipad, 6, 1, 1-2 / 3. gopatha brAhmaNa, 2,5 / 4. nAyAdhammakahAo, 1,26, pR0 21 / 5. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 11,5, 7, 1-5 /

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226 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa AyuSman, jJAnasampanna jIva samasta padArthoM ko yathArtharUpa se jAna sakatA hai / yathArtharUpa se jAnane vAle jIva ko isa caturgatimaya saMsArarUpI aTavI me kabhI duHkhI nahIM honA pddtaa| jaise dhAge vAlI suI khotI nahI hai, vaise hI jJAnI jIva sasAra me pathabhraSTa nahIM hotA aura jJAna, cAritra, tapa tathA vinaya ke yoga ko prApta hotA hai tathA svaparadarzana ko yathArtha jAna kara asatyamArga me nahI phNstaa|"1 ___ jaino tathA bauddho ne laukika vibhUtiyo ko tilAjali dI aura bhikSa kA jIvana apanA kara bhI jAna kA arjana aura vitaraNa kiyA / tatkAlIna samAja ne natamastaka ho kara una mahAmanIpiyo kI pUjA kI aura apanA sarvasva unake lie samarpita kara diyA / aisI paristhiti me vidvAno ko anagAra yA akiMcana hone para bhI yaha pratIta na huA ki ghara vAle athavA svarNajaTita vastra vAle unase acche hai / avazya hI una vidvAno kA samAja para yaha prabhAva par3a kara rahA ki aneka rAjAo aura rAjakumAro ne apane vaibhava aura aizvarya ke pada ko aMgIbhAra na karake jIvanabhara jJAnamArga ke pathika raha kara sarala jIvana vitAyA aura apane jIvana ke dvArA jJAna kI mahimA ko ujjvala kiyA / 2 vidyA ke adhikArI-vaidika kAla me jina vidyAthiyo kI abhiruci adhyayana ke prati hotI thI, AcArya prAya unhI ko apanAte the| jina vidyArthiyoM kI pratibhA jJAna prApta karane meM asamartha hotI thI, unhe phAla aura hala yA tAne-bAne ke kAma meM laganA par3atA thaa| jainAcAryoM ne vidyArthI kI yogyatA ke lie usakA AcAryakula meM rahanA, utsAhI, vidyApremI, madhurabhApI tathA zubhakarmA honA Avazyaka batalAyA hai| AjA kA ullaMghana karane vAle, gurujano ke hRdaya se dUra rahane vAle zatru kI taraha virodhI tayA vivekahIna ziSya ko 'avinIta' kahA gayA hai| isake viparIta jo ziSya guru kI AjJA kA pAlana 1. uttarAdhyayana, 26, 56, pR0 343 / 2. vahI 20, bhagavatI sUtra, 12, 2, 13, 6 atagaDadasAo, 7 / 3. chandogyaupanipad, 6, 1, 2 / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 11, 14 / 5. vahI 1,3 /

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 227 karane vAlA hai, guru ke nikaTa rahatA, (antevAsI) hai, tathA apane guru ke ke i' gita, manobhAva tathA AkAra kA jAnakAra hai, use "vinIta" kahA gayA hai / ' ziSya ko vAcAla, durAcArI, krodhI, haMsI-majAka karane vAlA kaThora vacana kahane vAlA, binA pUche uttara dene vAlA, pUchane para asatya uttara dene vAlA, gurujano se vaira karane vAlA nahI honA cAhie | uttarAdhyayana sUtra me ziSya ke lie nimtokta vidhAna batalAyA gayA hai - " gurujano kI pITha ke pAsa athavA Age-pIche nahI baiThanA cAhie jisase apane pairo kA unake pairo se sparza ho / zayyA para leTe-leTe tathA apanI jagaha para baiThe-baiThe hI unheM pratyuttara na denA cAhie / gurujanI ke samakSa paira para paira car3hA kara athavA ghuTane chAtI se saTA kara tathA paira phailA kara kabhI nahI baiThanA caahie| yadi AcArya bulAe~ to kabhI bhI mauna na rahanA cAhie / mumukSa evaM gurukRpeccha ziSya ko tatkAla hI unake pAsa jAkara upasthita honA caahie| jo Asana guru ke Asana se U~cA na ho tathA jo zabda na karatA ho aise sthira Asana para ziSya ko baiThanA cAhie / AcArya kA karttavya hai ki aise vinayI ziSya ko sUtra, vacana aura unakA bhAvArtha, usakI yogyatA ke anusAra samajhAe / a I uttarAdhyayana sUtra me guru tathA ziSya ke saMbandha para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai "jaise acchA ghoDA calAne me sArathI ko Ananda AtA hai, vaise catura sAdhaka ko vidyAdAna karane meM guru ko Ananda prApta hotA hai / jisa taraha ar3iyala TaTTU ko calAte calAte sArathI thaka jAtA hai, vaise hI mUrkha ziSya ko zikSaNa dete dete guru bhI hatotsAha ho jAtA hai / pApadRSTi vAlA ziSya kalyANakArI vidyA prApta karate hue bhI guru kI capato aura va bhartsanAoM ko vadha tathA Akroza (gAlI) mAnatA hai / sAdhupuruSa to yaha samajha kara ki guru mujha ko apanA putra, laghubhrAtA, athavA svajana ke samAna mAna kara aisA kara rahe hai, guru kI zikSA ( daNDa ) ko apane lie kalyANakArI mAnatA hai, kintu pApadRSTi vAlA ziSya 1. uttarAdhyayana, 1, 2 / 2 . vahI 3. vahI 1, 4, 6, 13, 14, 17, 1, 18-23 /

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228 ] jaina- agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa usa dazA me apane ko dAsa mAna kara dukhI hotA hai / kadAcit AcArya kuddha ho jAya to ziSya apane prema se unhe prasanna kare, hAtha joDa kara unakI vinaya kare tathA unako vizvAsa dilAe ki vaha bhaviSya me vaisA aparAdha kabhI nahI karegA / ' bauddha saMskRti me vidyArthI kA sadAcArI honA Avazyaka guNa mAnA jAtA thA / tatkAlIna AcAryo kA vizvAsa thA ki duSTa svabhAva kA ziSya baDe jUte ke samAna hai, jo kharIde jAne para bhI paira ko kATatA hai / duSTa ziSya AcArya se jo jJAna grahaNa karatA hai, usI se unakI jar3a kATatA hai / " bhikSuo ko uccattara zikSaNa dene ke lie jo " upasampadA " saskAra hotA thA usake pahile hI sagha ke sabhI sadasyoM kA mata liyA jAtA thA / yadi saMgha pakSa me nahI hotA thA, to usa bhikSu kI upasaMpadA nahI ho sakatI thI / tathAgata buddha ne niyama banAyA thA ki DhogI, DhITha, mAyAvI yA gRhastho kI nindA karane vAle bhikSu o ke lie saMgha meM sthAna nahI hai / gautama ne Adeza diyA ki gRhAsakta, pApecchu, pApasaMkalpI bhikSu ko bAhara nikAla diyA jAya 13 saMgha meM praveza karane vAle bhikSuoM ko chUta roga se mukta honA, RNabhAra se mukta honA, rAjA kI sevA meM na honA, mAtA-pitA kI svIkRti lenA, avasthA meM kama se kama 20 varSa honA Adi Avazyaka guNa the / 4 zUdro kA vidyAdhikAra - vaidika kAla me Aryetara jAtiyoM ke dvArA Arya bhASA aura saMskRti me niSNAnta ho kara vaidika maMtro kI racanA karane kA ullekha milatA hai zUdro ke lie vaidika zikSA para roka pradhAnata. smRtikAla me lagI / unake lie sadA se hI purANoM ke adhyayana kI suvidhA thI / AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra me brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra, cAro jAtiyo ke "samAvartana" saMskAra ke vidhAna die gae hai / " jAtakakAla meM aise aneka zUdra aura cANDAla ho cuke hai, jo uccakoTi ke dArzanika tathA uttarAdhyayana, 1, 37-41 / upAnahajAtaka, 231 / 1 2 3. cullavagga, 6, 1, 4 / 4. cullavagga, 10, 17, 2 / 5. AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra, 3, 8 /

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 226 vicAraka the| suttanipAta ke anusAra mAtaMga nAmaka cANDAla to itanA bar3A AcArya ho gayA thA ki usake yahA~ adhyayana karane ke lie aneka uccavarNa ke loga Ate the| jaina-saMskRti meM cANDAlo taka kA dArzanika zikSA pA kara maharSi vananA saMbhava thA / uttarAdhyayana me harikezavala nAmaka cANDAla kI carcA AtI hai, jo svayaM RSi vana gayA thA aura sabhI guNoM se alaMkRta humA / jainazAstro me yaha spapTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki varNa-vyavasthA janmagata nahI kintu karmagata hai| "karma se brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se kSatriya hotA hai, karma se vaizya hotA hai tathA karma se zUdra hotA hai|"3 vauddha saMskRti me bhI jJAna ke dvArA vyaktitva kA vikAsa karane kA mArga sabake lie samAna rUpa se khola diyA gayA thaa| eka bAra saMgha me praveza pA jAne para jJAna pAne kI dizA me apanI zadrajAti ke kAraNa kisI prakAra kI vAdhA nahIM raha jAtI thii| gautama ke jIvanakAla me hI zadravarga ke asaMkhya vyakti unake ziSya bana cuke the / vidyAlaya-vaidika kAla meM prAya pratyeka vidvAna gRhastha kA ghara vidyAlaya hotA thaa| kyoki gRhastha ke pA~ca yajJo me bahmayajJa kI pUrti ke lie gRhastha ko adhyApana-kArya karanA Avazyaka thA / 6 jina vanI, parvato aura upanada-pradezo ko logo ne svAsthya-saMvardhana ke lie upayogI mAnA ve sthAna AcAryoM ne apane Azrama aura vidyAlayo ke upayoga ke lie cune / mahAbhArata me kaNva, vyAsa, bhAradvAja, aura parazurAma Adi ke Azramo ke varNana milate hai / rAmAyaNa-kAlIna citrakUTa me vAlmIki kA Azrama thaa| 1. setujAtaka, 377 / / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 12, 1 / vahI 25, 33 / 4 cullavagga, 6, 1, 4, mahAvagga, 6, 37, 1 / / 5 chAndogya upanipad, 8, 15, 1, 4, 6, 1 tathA 2, 23, 1 / / 6 adhyApana brahmayajJa. manusmRti, 3, 70 / 7 Adiparva, 70 / 8. rAmAyaNa, 2, 56, 16 / /

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230 ] jaina-agagAgtra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa jana-saMskRti kI AcArya-parampaga tIrtha karo me Arambha hotI hai| tIrtha kara prAya anagAra hote the / antima tIrthakara mahAvIra kA nigrantha honA prasiddha hai| aise tIrtha karo kI pAThazAlA kA bhavano me honA saMbhava nahIM thaa| unake zipya-saMgha AcAryoM ke sAtha hI dezadezAntara meM paryaTana karate the| mahAvIra ke jo 11 gaNadhara (gipya) the, ve bhava AcArya the| uname indrabhUti, agnibhUti. vAyubhUti, Aryavyakta tathA sudharmA ke pratyeka ke 500 ziSya the; maMDitaputra tathA mauryaputra ke pratyeka ke 350 gipya the| aura akampita, acalabhrAtA, metArya tathA prabhAsa ke pratyeka ke 300 gijya the| ye bhamaNa karate hue saMyogavaza mahAvIra se mile aura unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho kara apane ziSyo sahita unake saMgha me sammilita ho ge| zana -zanaiH jainamuniyo tathA AcAryoM ke lie bhI guphA-mandira tathA tIrthakSetra ke mandira Adi banane lge| isake vATa rAjadhAniyA~, tIrthasyAna, Azrama tayA mandira zikSA ke kendra bane / rAjA tathA jamIMdAra loga vidyA ke popaka tathA saMrakSaka the / samRddha rAjyo kI aneka rAjadhAniyAM bar3e-bar3e vidyA-kendro ke rUpa meM pariNata huii| jainAgamo me varNana hai ki banArasa vidyA kA kendra thA / zakhapura kA rAjakumAra agaDadatta vahA~ vidyAdhyayana ke lie gayA thaa| vaha apane AcArya ke Azrama meM rahA aura apanA adhyayana samApta kara ghara lauTA / sAvatthI (thAvastI) eka anya vidyA kA kendra thaa| pATaliputra bhI vidyA kA kendra thA / "ajjarakkhiya" java apane nagara dazapura me apanA adhyayana na kara sakA to vaha ucca zikSA ke lie pATaliputra gayA / 'pratiSThAna, dakSiNa meM vidyA kA kendra thaa| ____ sAdhuo ke nivAsasthAna (vasati) tathA upAzrayo me bhI vidyAdhyayana huA karatA thaa| aise sthAno para ve hI sAdhu adhyApana ke adhikArI hote the, jo upAdhyAya ke samIpa rahakara Agama kA pUrNarUpa se abhyAsa kara cuke hote the / bauddha-zikSaNa, vihAro meM hotA thaa| ye vihAra nagaroM ke samIpa U~ce bhavanoM ke rUpa me vanate the / tatkAlIna aneka rAjAo aura dhanI logo 1. kalpamUtra, "lisTa Apha sthavirAja, zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR0 211 220 / 2. lA0 ina e0 i0, pR0 173-174 /

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saptama adhyAya . brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 231 ne gautamabuddha ke samaya se hI vihAro ke banavAne kA uttaradAyitva liyaa| aisI paristhiti meM vihAro kA rAjaprasAda ke samakakSa honA svAbhAvika hI thA / prArambha me vihAra sAde hote the para dhIre-dhIre ve susaMskRta banane lage / zrAvastI ke " jetavana" vihAra kA nirmANa anAthapiMDaka ne gautama - buddha ke jIvanakAla me karAyA thA / isame 120 bhavana aura aneka zAlAe~ thI / upadeza dene ke lie, samAdhi lagAne ke lie tathA bhojana karane ke lie pRthaka-pRthaka zAlAeM nirdhArita thii| sAtha hI snAnAgAra, auSadhAlaya, pustakAlaya, adhyayanakakSa Adi bane hue the / pustakAlaya meM bauddhadharma kI pustako ke atirikta anya vicAradhArAoM ke grantho kA kA bhI saMgraha kiyA gayA thA / usame aneka jalAzaya bhI banAe gae the / 1 adhyayana ke viSaya - vaidika-zikSaNa ke AdikAla se hI Rgveda kA adhyayana aura adhyApana sarvaprathama rahA / veda ke atirikta vedAga, zikSA kalpa, nirukta, chanda, vyAkaraNa tathA jyotipa kA mahatva bhAratIya vidyAlayo me sadaiva rahA hai / inakA adhyayana aura adhyApana vaidika kAla me hI vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se hone lagA thA / chAndogya upaniSad me tatkAlIna adhyayana ke vipayo kI eka sUcI isa prakAra milatI hai - "cAro veda, itihAsa - purANa, vedo kA veda (vyAkaraNa), pitrya ( zrAddha-yajJa), rAzi (gaNita), daiva (bhautika- vidhAna), nidhi ( kAla - jJAna), vAko - vAkya (tarka), ekAyana (nIti), deva vidyA ( zilpa tathA kalAe~) / bhagavatIsUtra (21) tathA aupapAtika - dazAsUtra (32 p. 172) me adhyayana ke viSaya nimna prakAra batalAe gae hai-chaha veda, chaha vedAMga tathA chaha upAga / chaha veda isa prakAra hai - 1 Rgveda, 2 yajurveda, 3 sAmaveda, 4 atharvaveda, 5 itihAsa (purANa) tathA 6 nighaTu | chaha vedAMga isa prakAra hai - 1. sakhANa ( gaNita ), 2. sikkhAkappa ( svarazAstra) 3. vAgaraNa (vyAkaraNa) 4 chanda, 5 nirukta (zabdazAstra) 1 vATarsa, hva enasAMga, bhAga 1, ya0385, 386 / 2 chAndogya upaniSad, 7, 1,2 /

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232 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa tathA 6 joisa (jyotip) / chaha upAgoM meM prAya bedAMgoM meM vaNina vipayo kA aura adhika vistArapUrvaka varNana thaa| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jana-saMskRti meM bhI veda kA adhyayana prArambha kAla me hotA rahA hai| sthAnAMga me bhI Rgveda, yajurveda tathA sAmaveda kA ullekha hai / ' uttarAdhyayana TIkA me nimnaprakAra 14 vidyAsthAna (adhyayana ke vipaya) vatAe gae haiM-cAra veda; chaha vedAMga, mImAMsA, nAya (nyAya) purANa tathA dhammasattha (dharmazAstra) / sthAnAgamUtra meM nava prakAra ke pApaca to kA varNana hai: 1 uppAya (apazakuna-vijJAna) 2 nimitta (zakuna-vijJAna) 3. manta (ucca-indrajAla vidyA) 4. Aikkhiya (nIca-indrajAla vidyA) 5 tegicchiya (cikitsA-vijJAna) 6. kalA (kalA-vijJAna) 7 AvaraNa (gRha-nirmANa-vijJAna) 8. aNNAraNa (sAhitya-vijJAna, kAvya nATakAdi) 6 micchApavayaNa (asatya-zAstra) aMgazAstra me 72 kalAo kA varNana milatA hai| yadyapi sabhI chAtra ina samasta kalAo me nipuNatA prApta nahIM karate the, phira bhI apanI 1 sthAnAMga, 3, 3, 185, "jaina paramparA ke anusAra veda do prakAra ke hai-Aryaveda tathA anAryaveda / Aryavedo kI racanA bharata tathA anya AcAryoM ne kI thii| iname tIrthakaro ke yazogAna tathA zramaNa evaM upAsako ke kartavyoM kA varNana thA / vAda me sulasA, yAjJavalkya Adi ne anAyavedo kI racanA kii|" AvazyakacUNi 215 / uttarAdhyayana TokA, 3, pR0 56 (a)| sthAnAMga, 6, 678 / nAyAvammakahAmo, 1, 20, pR0 21 / - ra

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saptama adhyAya * brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saskRti [ 233 zakti ke anusAra ina kalAo me dakSa honA pratyeka chAtra kA uddezya hotA thaa| ye 72 kalAe~ nimna prakAra hai-1 leha (lekha), 2. gaNiya (gaNita), 3 porekancha (kavitA banAnA), 4 ajjA (AryAvRtta kA jJAna), 5.paheliyA (paheliyoM kA jJAna), 6 mAgadhiyA (mAgadhI bhASA me kavitAnirmANa), 7 gAhA (gAthA vRtta me kavitAnirmANa) 8 gIiya (gIto kA nirmANa), ha. siloya (zloko kA nirmANa), 10.rUva (mUti-nirmANa-kalA) 11 naTa (nRtya), 12 gIya (gAyana), 13. vAiya (vAditra), 14 saragama (saragama), 15 pokkharagaya (DholavAdana), 16 samatAla (tAla kA jJAna), 17. dagamaTiyya (mRttikA vijJAna), 18. jUya (dhUta), 16. jaNavAya (vizeSa prakAra kA dya ta), 20 pAsaya (akSaya ta) 21. aTa ThAvaya (zataraMja), 22 suttakheDa (kaThaputalI vijJAna), 23. vattha (bhaure kA khela), 24 nAlikA kheDa (pAso kA khela), 25 annavihi (bhojana vijJAna), 26 pANavihi (pAnakavijJAna), 27 vatthavihi (vastravijJAna), 28. vile vaNavihi (vilepana vijJAna), 26 sayaNavihi (zayyAvijJAna), 30. hiraNyajutti (cAdI ke AbhUSaNo kA vijJAna), 31 suvaNNajutti (sone ke AbhUSaNo kA vijJAna), 32 cuNNajutti (cUrNavijJAna), 33. AbharaNa vihi (AbharaNa-vijJAna), 34. taruNI paDikamma (yuvatI-vijJAna), 35 pattacchejja (patra-cheda dvArA AbhUSaNo ke prakAra banAnA), 36 kaDacchejja (mastaka ko sajAne kA vijJAna), 37 itthilakkhaNa (strI lakSaNa-vijJAna), 38 purisalakkhaNa (puruSalakSaNa-vijJAna) 36 hayalakkhaNa (azvalakSaNavijJAna), 40 gayalakkhaNa (gajalakSaNavijJAna), 41 golakkharaNa (go lakSaNa vijJAna), 42 kukkaDalakkhaNa (murgI lakSaNa) vijJAna) 43 chattalakkhaNa (chatralakSaNavijJAna), 44 daNDalakkhaNa (daNDalakSaNavijJAna), 45 asilakkhaDa (asilakSaNavijJAna), 46. maNilakSaNa(maNilakSaNavijJAna), 47 kAkiNIlakkhaNa (kAkiNI-ratnalakSaNa vijJAna), 48 sauNaruya (pakSiyo kI bolI kA vijJAna), 46 50. cArapaDicAra (gRhI ke calana tathA praticalana kI vidyA), 51. suvaNNapAga (suvarNa banAne kI vidyA), 52 hiraNNapAga (caoNdI banAne kI vidyA), 53. sajjIva (nakalI dhAtuo ko asalI dhAtu me parivartita karane kI vidyA), 54. nijjIva (asalI dhAtuo ko nakalI dhAtu me parivartita karane kI vidyA), 55. vatthu vijjA (gRhanirmANavijJAna), 56-57 nagaramANa

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234 ] jaina-maMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa -khaMdhAramANa (nagara tathA skandhAvAro ko nApane kI vidyA), 58. juddha (yuddhavijJAna), 56. nijuddha (mallavijJAna), 60 juddhAtijuddha (ghora yuddha), 61. diTa Thijuddha (dRSTiyuddha), 62. muThijuddha (muSTiyuddha), 63 bAhu yuddha (vAyuddha), 64 layAyuddha (mallayuddha), 65. Isatya (tIra vijJAna), 66 charuppavAya (asivijJAna), 67 dhanuvveya (dhanurveda), 68. vaha (vyUha (vijJAna), 69 paDivUha (prativyUha vijJAna),70. cakkavRha(cakravyUha vijJAna), 71 garulavUha (garuDavyUhavijJAna), 72. sagaDavUha (kttvyuuhvinaan)| zikSaNa vidhi-vaidika kAla me prAraMbha se hI sUtro ko kaMThAna karane kI rIti thii| udAtta, anudAtta tathA svarita kI abhivyakti vANI ke sAtha-sAtha hAtha kI gati se bhI kI jAtI thii| vaidika maMtro ko kaMThastha karane ke lie tathA unake pATha me kisI prakAra kI truTi na hone dene ke lie vividha prakAra ke pATha hote the| jaise, saMhitApATha, pada-pATha, kramapATha, jaTApATha tathA dhanapATha / jaina-zikSaNapaddhati kA zreya mahAvIra ko hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki, "jaise pakSI apane bacco ko cugAdAnA dete hai, vaise hI zipyo ko nitya dina aura rAta zikSA guru ko denI caahie|"1 yadi ziSya saMkSepa me kucha samajha nahIM pAtA thA to AcArya vyAkhyA karake use samajhAtA thaa| AcArya artha kA anartha nahIM karate the| ve apane AcArya se prApta vidyA ko yathAvat ziSya ko grahaNa karAne me apanI saphalatA mAnate the / ve vyAkhyAna dete samaya vyartha kI vAte nahI karate the| paravartI yuga me zAstro ke pATha karane kI rIti kA pracalana huaa| vidyArthI zAstro kA pATha karate samaya zikSaka se pUcha kara sUtro kA ThIka-ThIka artha samajha letA thA aura isa prakAra apanA saMdeha dUra karatA thA / vidyArthI bAra-bAra AvRtti karake apane pATha ko kaMThastha kara letA thaa| phira vaha paDhe hue pATha kA manana aura citana karatA thaa| prazna pUchane se pahile vidyArthI AcArya ko hAtha joDa letA thaa|" 1. AcArAga, 1, 6, 3, 3 / 2 sUtrakRtAga, 1, 14, 24-27 / 3 uttarAdhyayana, 26, 18, tathA 1, 13 / 4 vahI 1, 22 /

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saptama adhyAya brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saskRti [ 235 jaina zikSaNa kI vaijJAnika zailI ke paoNca aMga the-1. vAcanA (paDhanA), 2. pRcchanA (pUchanA), 3 anuprakSA (par3he hue viSaya kA manana karanA), 4. AmnAya-pariyaTTaNA (kaNThastha karanA aura AvRtti karanA) tathA / 5. dharmopadeza / ' vauddha-zikSaNa-paddhati kA Adarza svayaM gautamabuddha ne pratiSThita kiyA thA / gautama ne apanI zikSaNa-paddhati kA vivecana karate hue svayaM kahA hai-"jisa prakAra samudra kI gaharAI zanaiH-zanaiH baDhatI hai, sahasA nahI, he bhikSuo, usI prakAra dharma kI zikSA zanaM -zana honI cAhie / padapada cala kara hI arhat banA jA sakatA hai / 2 gautama ke zikSaNa me prAsaMgika upamA, dRSTAnta, udAharaNa aura kathA kA samAveza hotA thaa| ___ anuzAsana-vaidika yuga me AcArya vidyArthI ko prathama dina hI Adeza detA thA ki, "apanA kAma svaya karo, karmaNyatA hI zakti hai, agni me samidhA DAlo, apane mana ko agni ke samAna ojasvitA se samRddha karo, soo mata / "3 jainazikSaNa meM bhikSuo ke lie zArIrika kaSTa ko atizaya mahatva diyA gayA hai / vratabhaMga ke prasaMga para sAdhu ko maranA hI zreyaskara batAyA gayA hai| janazikSaNa meM zarIra kI bAhyazuddhi ko kevala vyartha hI nahIM, apitu anarthakara batAyA gayA hai| zarIra kA saskAra karane vAle zramaNa "zarIravakuza" (zithilAcArI) kahalAte the| vaidika paddhati ke agnihotra Adi kI upekSA bhI jainasaMskRti me kI gaI hai| parivartI yuga meM vidyArthiyo ke lie AcArya kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA, DATa par3ane para bhI cupacApa saha lenA, bhikSA me svAdiSTa bhojana na lenA Adi niyama banAye gye| vidyArthI sUryodaya se pahile jAga kara apanI vastuo kA nirIkSaNa karate the aura gurujano kA abhivAdana karate the| dina ke tIsare pahara me ve bhikSA mAMgate the, rAtri ke tIsare pahara me ve 1. sthAnAga, 465 / 2. cullavagga, 6, 1,4 / 3 zatapathabrAhmaNa, 11, 5, 4, 5 / 4 sthAnAga 445 tathA 158 / sUtrakRtAga, 1,7 /

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236 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa sote the| vidyArthI bhUla se kie gae aparAdhoM kA prAyazcina bhI karate the| jainasaMskRti ke vidyArthI Una, rezama, kSoma, sana, tADapatra mAdi ke vane hue vastro ke lie gRhastha se yAcanA karate the| ve camar3e ke vastra yA vahUmalya rala yA svarNajaTita alaMkRta vastro ko grahaNa nahIM karate the| haTaTe-kaTaTe vidyArthI kevala eka aura bhikSuNiyA~ cAra vastra pahinatI thii|2 zikSaka kA vyaktitva-Rgavaidika AcArya, jisake divya pratIka agni aura indra hai, tatkAlIna jJAna aura AdhyAtmika pragati kI dRSTi se samAja me sarvocca vyakti the / AcArya vidyArthI ko jJAnamaya zarIra detA thaa| vaha svayaM brahmacArI hotA thA aura apane brahmacarya kI utkRSTatA ke bala para asaMkhya vidyAthiyo ko AkarSita kara letA thaa| janazikSaNa ke AcAryo para mahAvIra aura unake pUrvavartI tIrtha karo kI chApa rahI hai| ve apanA jIvana aura zakti mAnavatA ko sanmArga dikhAne ke prayatna me hI lagA dete the / 5 ___ AcArya ke Adarza vyaktitva kI janasaMskRti me jo rUparekhA Age banI vaha isa prakAra thI-"vaha satya ko nahI chipAtA thA aura na usakA prativAda karatA thaa| vaha abhimAna nahI karatA thA aura na yaza kI kAmanA karatA thA / vaha kabhI bhI anya dharmo ke AcAryoM kI nindA nahI karatA thA / satya bhI kaThora hone para usake lie tyAjya thaa| vaha sadaiva sadvicAroM kA pratipAdana karatA thaa| ziSya ko DaoNTa-DapaTa kara yA apazabda kaha kara vaha kAma nahI letA thaa| vaha dharma ke rahasya ko pUrNarUpa 1 uttarAdhyayana, 26 / 2 AcArAga, 2,5, 1, 1 / 3 atharvaveda, 11, 5, 3 / 4 vahI, 11, 5, 16 / 5. AcArAga, 1, 6, 5, 2-4 /

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 237 se jAnatA thA / usakA jIvana tapomaya thA / usakI vyAkhyAnazailI zuddha thI, vaha kuzala vidvAn aura sabhI dharmo kA paMDita hotA thA / " bauddha zikSaNa me gautama ke vyaktitva kI sarvopari mahimA thI / gautama ne jo nijI Adarza upasthita kiyA thA, vaha bauddha zikSaNa ke paravartI AcAryo ke lie mArga-pradarzaka bana kara rahA / gautama me adamya utsAha thaa| uname karmaNyatA kI kalpanAtIta zakti thI aura naI-naI viSama paristhitiyo ko sulajhAne ke lie pratyutpanna vuddhi aura samAdhAna kI kSamatA thI / sAre bhArata ke bhikSu gautama ke samIpa apane saMdeho ko miTAne ke lie Ate the | samAvartana - vaidikakAla meM adhyayana samApta ho jAne para kucha vidyArthI AcArya kI anumati se ghara lauTa jAte the / Azrama chor3ate samaya AcArya vidyArthI ko kucha aisA upadeza -- dIkSAnta bhASaNa detA thA, jo usake bhAvI jIvana kI pragati meM sahAyaka hotA thA / isa avasara para brahmacArI ke zarIra kA alakaraNa kiyA jAtA thA / samAvartana kA artha hai, lauTanA / isa saMskAra me brahmacArI kA vidhipUrvaka snAna honA thA / isI "stAna" ko mahatva dete hue isa saMskAra ko bhI snAna kahA gayA hai / samAvartana saMbaMdhI snAna kara lene ke bAda vyakti 'snAtaka, kahalAtA thA / vivAha ke samaya taka snAtaka pada kI pratiSThA rahatI thI aura vivAha hote hI snAtaka gRhastha kI upAdhi se alakRta ho jAtA thA / janasUtro me bhI samAvartana saMskAra kA varNana milatA hai| chAtra jaba adhyayana samApta karake ghara vApisa AtA thA, taba atyanta samAroha ke sAtha use svIkAra kiyA jAtA thA / rakSita jaba pATaliputra se adhyayana samApta karake ghara vApisa AyA to usakA rAjakIya sammAna kiyA gyaa| sArA nagara patAkAo tathA baMdanavAroM se susajjita kiyA gayA / 1 sUtrakRtAga, 9, 14, 16-27 / 2 mahAvagga, 8, 13, 7 / 3 " AjAyAsaMgamAt snAtako bhavati, ata Urdhva gRhasthaH / ' boghAyanagRhya sUtra, paribhASA, 1, 15, 10 /

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238 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa rakSita ko hAthI para viThAyA gayA tathA logo ne usakA satkAra kiyaa| usakI yogyatA para prasanna hokara logo ne use dAsa, pazu tathA svarNa Adi dravya diyaa|' vivAha-vaidika dhAraNA ke anusAra gArhapatya (gRhastha jIvana) ke lie patnI kA honA apekSita hai| devatAo kI pUjA karane ke lie patipatnI kA sahayoga honA caahie| snAtako kA vivAha sAdhAraNata unakI yogyatA, vidyA aura caritra ke dvArA uttama kula kI yogya kanyAo se anAyAsa hI ho jAtA thaa| snAtako ke brahmajJAna para mugdha hokara kucha uccakoTi ke nAgarika apanI kanyAe~ unhe de dete the| isa prakAra kI vaivAhika yojanA kA nAma brahmavivAha thA / 3 zatapatha brAhmaNa me gRhastha ke lie 5 mahAyajJo kA vidhAna hai| gRhastha kA kartavya thA ki vaha nitya una yajJoM kA sapAdana kare / paMca mahAyajJo me brahmayaja sarvaprathama hai| brahmayajJa me vedo kA svAdhyAya pradhAna thA / brahmayajJa ke atirikta pitRyajJa, devayajJa, bhUtayajJa aura atithiyajJa kA vidhAna hai / pitRyajJa me pitaro kI paritRpti ke lie "svadhA" ke sAtha jala Adi samarpita kiyA jAtA thA / devayajJa me "svAhA" ke sAtha samidhA Adi se devatAo kA paritoSa kiyA jAtA thaa| bhUtayajJa me prANiyo kI paritRpti ke lie nitya bali dI jAtI thii| atithiyajJa meM atithi ke lie jala Adi prastuta karake unakA paritoSa kiyA jAtA thA / 4 jainasaMskRti me prAya AraMbha se hI gRhastho ke vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI yojanA suvyavasthita vidhi se prastuta kI gaI hai| sAdhAraNataH jaina-gRhastha unhI niyamo aura vrato ko aMzata. apanAtA thA jinako janazramaNa pUrNarUpa me apanAte the| ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, 1 2 3 4. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 2, pR0 22 (a)| Rgveda, 10, 45, 24, 5, 3, 2, 5, 28,3 / gAtiparva, 76, 2 / gatapatha brAhmaNa, 11, 5, 6, 2 / upAsakadazAga me jainagRhastho ke vyaktitva-vikAsa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai|

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saptama adhyAya brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 236 brahmacarya aura aparigraha kA vrata muni aura gRhastha dono ke lie samAna rUpa se lenA par3atA thaa| muni ke lie yaha mahAvrata hotA thA aura ve isako sarvata grahaNa karate the, para gRhastha ke lie inakA sarvata grahaNa karanA asaMbhava hI hai / aisI paristhiti me unakA vrata kevala AMzika hI hotA thaa| unake AMzika vata kA nAbha azuvrata thaa| aNuvrato ke sAtha gRhastha ko sAta zikSAvrata bhI grahaNa karanA par3ate the, jinake anusAra vaha jIvanaparyanta cAro dizAo me Ane jAne kA niyama, nipprayojana hisAdi pApo kA tyAga, sAmAyika, upavAsa, upabhoga kI vastuo kA parimANa nizcita karanA tathA atithisaMvibhAga vrata kI pratijJA karatA thaa|' ina vrato me se sAmAyika, poSadhopavAsa aura yathAsaMvibhAgavata kramaza. vaidika saMskRti ke brahmayajJa, vratopavAsa aura atithiyana ke samakakSa hai / gRhastha-jIvana kA ata sallekhanA-vidhi se honA cAhie / isake anusAra zuddha mana ho kara, sabhI vikAro se mukta ho kara aura sabhI logo se kSamAdAna le kara apane samasta pUrvakRta pApoM kI AlocanA kI jAtI thI / anta me mahAvrato ko apanA kara zoka, bhaya, viSAda, arati Adi se citta ko vimukta kara bhojana, peya kA sarvathA tyAga kara ke samAdhimaraNa apanA liyA jAtA thA / bauddha-saMskRti me gRhastha bhI buddha, dharma tathA saMgha kI zaraNa me jAte the| unhe cAra Aryasatyo kA abhyAsa karanA par3atA thA / gautama svayaM gRhastho kA sammAna karate the| bauddha-bhikSa, gRhastho ke upakAra se kRtajJa hote the| phira bhI sAdhAraNataH bauddhAcAyoM kA mata thA ki yathAzIghra gRhasthAzrama ko choDa dene me hI kalyANa hai / jo nahIM chor3a sakate hai, ve bhale hI gRhastha upAsaka bane rahe / upAsaka bananA vyaktitva ke vikAsa kI sabase pahalI sIDhI mAnI gaI hai / upAsaka se AzA kI jAtI thI ki vaha vauddha sAdhuo kI utkRSTatA dekha kara svayaM hI unake samAna banane ke lie pravrajyA le le|' 1 nAyAdhammakahAo, 1, 60, pR0 74 / 2 upAsakadazAga, 1, 7, pR0 21 / 3 mahAvagga, 5, 13, 5, 1 /

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240 ] jana-agazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa tathAgata buddha ke anusAra yadi zraddhAlu gRhastha me satya, dharma, dhRti aura tyAga ye cAra guNa hai to vaha isa loka tathA paraloka me zoka nahIM krtaa|' gautamabuddha ke pazcAt kAlAntara meM bauddhasaskRti kI mahAyAna zAkhA prasphuTita huii| mahAyAna ke anusAra gRhastha, jIvana ke kisI kSetra me kyo na ho; pravajyA lie binA hI nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai| cAhe vaha vyApArI, zilpI, rAjA, dAsa yA cANDAla hI kyo na ho| aise ko nirvANa-prApta karAne ke sAdhana, dayA, maitrIbhAvanA, udAratA, tyAga, gRhastha AtmabalidAna, buddha aura bodhisatvo kI bhakti Adi hai / 'vAnaprastha tathA sanyAsa-vaidika saMskRti me manuSya kI uttara avasthA me vAnaprastha tathA sanyAsa ina do AzramoM kA atyadhika mahatva rahA hai / prArabhika yuga me vAnaprastha tathA sanyAsa, dono munikoTi me rakhe jAte the| sUtrakAla se ina dono kA bheda sunizcita huA hai| . vAnaprastha nAma se hI pratIta hotA hai ki isa Azrama ke sambandha meM AraMbhika yuga se hI ghara choDa kara vana kI zaraNa lene kA vidhAna rahA hogA / muni, ajina vastra dhAraNa karate the, sira para jaTA rakhate the aura unake dAta maile hote the| unake mukha se kAnti nahI TapakatI thI / vAnaprastha muni ko kabhI gaoNva me praveza nahI karanA caahie| vaha vana ke phala aura mUla se athavA prApta kI gaI bhikSA se, Ae hue atithiyoM kI pUjA karatA thA aura bhikSa oM ko bhikSA detA thaa| niyama thA ki vAnaprastha apanI vANI para saMyama rakhe, kisI se spardhA na kare, dUsaroM ke prati kSamA tayA maitrI-bhAva vaDhAe aura satyaparAyaNa vane / sAdhAraNataH vAnapastha muni keza, zmazra, vaDhAte the| nitya samAhita honA vAnaprastha ke lie Avazyaka thaa| vAnaprasthavAsI striyA~ bhI valkala aura ajina dhAraNa karatI thI / gAdhArI aura kuntI ne vAnaprastha vrata apanAyA thaa|" 1 muttanipAta, ADavakasutta / 2. mahAyAna sUtrAlakAra, 2, pR0 16, tathA Age / 3. setuketujAtaka, 177 / 4. Azvamedhika parva, 46 vA adhyAya / 5 AzramavAsika parva, 16, 15, 26, 12, 13 /

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saptama adhyAya : brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti [ 241 sanyAsa Azrama me manuSya sarvatantra-svataMtra ho kara mahAn vicAraka banane kA avasara pAtA thaa| sanyAsa kA vidhAna mAnava ko kisI eka sthAna, kuTumba, grAma. deza, kula, dharma, vyavasAya tathA pada ko sakucita sImA se nikAla kara vizAla AdhyAtmika kSetra meM lAne ke lie kiyA gayA hai ! vAnaprastha-Azrama ke manana, cintana aura tapa sAdhAraNataH brahmanAna ke sAdhana hai| brahmajJAna ho jAne para ina sAdhano kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI / sAdhanA kI avadhi samApta ho jAne para muni kI saMnyAsa avasthA hotI hai / aise brahmanAniyo kA ullekha upaniSad-sAhitya meM milatA hai; jo sabhavata* brahmacarya, gRhastha aura vAnaprastha Azramo me apane vyaktitva kA vikAsa karake bahmasaMstha ho cuke the| bauddha tayA jaina saMskRtige me yadyapi gRhastha ke lie vyaktitva vikAsa kI yojanA banAI gaI, para gRhasthAzrama ko kabhI Avazyaka nahI mAnA gyaa| dono saMskRtiyoM ke granyo meM grahasthAzrama ke dopoM kI gaNanA prAya. milatI hai / gautama ne gRhasthAzrama kA vivecana karate hue batAyA hai ki, "putra aura pazu me Asakta mana vAle gRhasya ko mRtyu usI prakAra le jAtI hai, jaise soye hue gAva ko bADha / aisI paristhitiyo me pitA, putra, bhAI, vandhu koI nahIM bacA sakate / jaba satya isa prakAra hai to zIlavAna paMDita yathAzIghra nirvANa kI ora le jAne vAle mArga ko apane lie khoja nikAle / dArzanika tatvo ke AdhAra para bhI gautama ne vairAgya kA kAraNa batalAte hue kahA hai ki, "sabhI saMskAra (vanI huI vastueM) anitya aura dukhamaya hai| sabhI dharma (padArtha) anAtma he| java ina bAto ko koI vyakti apanI prajJA se dekhatA hai to use saMsAra se virAga hotA hai, yahI vizuddhi kA mArga hai / jaina-saMskRti ke anusAra yadi koI vyakti carAcara saMpatti rakhatA hai yA usake rakhane kI sammati detA hai to vaha kabhI mukta nahI ho sktaa| 1. chAndogya upaniSad, 2, 23, 1, tathA manusmRti, 6, 81 / 2 dhammapada, 20, 15, 17 / 3. vahI, maggavagga, 5-7 / 4. sUtrakRtAga, 1, 1, 1, 2 /

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242 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa gRhasthAzrama ke ghanaghora zrama se bacane ke lie kucha loga usakA parityAga karate the; tabhI to unake sambandhI unase kahate the ki, "tuma se hama sarala kAma karAyege, tumhArA RNa bhI hama vaoNTa lege, tuma ghara lauTa clo| "aise AzvAsana pA kara kabhI-kabhI loga ghara lauTa jAte the| "saMsAra ke sabhI prANI Atura hai, yaha dekha kara ghara se nikala hI par3anA caahie| isa prakAra ke vicAra prAyaH jainasAdhaka ke huA karate the| isa saMskRti ke vicArako ko mAnavajIvana nazvara, ghRNAspada aura caMcala pratIta hotA thA, ata isa jIvana ko sudhArane ke lie unake samakSa pravrajyA hI ekamAtra upAya thaa| unhe svabhAvata: gRhasthAzrama ke kAmabhogo me azuddhi aura apavitratA dikhAI paDatI thI / yaha bAta pratyakSa hai ki "saMsAra kA samasta aizvarya marane ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAtA hai, putrAdi saba kucha nazvara hai hI, phira kisake lie gRhasthAzrama meM nivAsa kiyA jAe ?"3 vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie bauddha-saMskRti me vano kA atizaya mahatva rahA hai| isa saskRti me araNya ko ramaNIya mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki kAmanAo ke cakkara me na par3ane vAle virAgI puruSa inhI araNyo me ramaNa karate hai|4 ___ gautamabuddha ne vana kI upayogitA pramANita karate hue kahA thA ki, 'java taka bhikSa, vana ke zayanAsana kA upabhoga karege, unakI vRddhi hogii| unhone niyama banAyA thA ki bhikSa ekAsana aura eka zayyA vAlA ho kara akelA vicaraNa kare, Alasya na kare, apanA damana kare aura vana me AnandapUrvaka rahe / 1 vahI, 1, 3, 2 / 2. vahI, 3, 1, 106 / 3. jJAtAdharma kathA, 1, 1 / 4 dhammapada, 7, 10 / 5 mahAparinivvAnasutta, 1, 6 / 6. dhammapada, pariNa vaggo, 16 //

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[ 243 jaina saMskRti me AtmA ko karmoM ke saMskAra se bacAne ke lie hI puna janma ke bandhana se mukta hone kI jo yojanA banAI gaI, usake lie gupti, samiti, dharma, anupra ekSA, parISahajaya aura saMyamarUpa sAdhana prastuta kiye gae | " saptama adhyAya brAhmaNa tathA zramaNa-saMskRti * jahA~ taka jainamuniyoM ke rahane aura khAne-pIne kI vyavasthA kA samvandha hai; yaha nizcaya rahA ki unake nimitta na koI ghara bananA cAhie, na bhojana aura na vastra / aisI paristhiti me zmazAna, zUnyAgAra, gRhA tathA zilpazAlA Adi me vaha nivAsa kara sakatA thA / " vaha zota se bacane ke lie agni prajvallita nahI karatA thA / usake lie vastra bhikSA se prApta hote the / zIta se bacane ke lie vaha kucha adhika vastra le sakatA thA, kintu garmI ke Ate hI vaha unheM chor3a detA thA / 1. ina sabake vivaraNa ke lie dekhie, isI pustaka kA "zramaNa jIvana" adhyAya / 2 AcArAga, 1, 7, 2, 1 / 3. vahI 1, 7, 3 | "

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aSTama adhyAya upasaMhAra jainaparasparA meM mAnavIya vikAsa kI rUparekhA AtmA apanI svAbhAvika pariNati se zuddha hai, nirmala hai, vikArarahita hai, parantu kapAyamUlaka vaibhAvika pariNati ke kAraNa vaha anAdikAla se karmavandhana me jakaDA huA hai| yaha sabhI anubhava karate hai ki prANI sote-jAgate, uThate-baiThate, calate-phirate, kisI na kisI prakAra kI kapAyamUlaka halacala kiyA hI karatA hai| yaha halacala hI karmabandha kI jaDa hai / ata siddha hai ki karma, vyaktiza arthAta kisI eka karma kI apekSA se Adi vAle hai parantu karmarUpa-pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi hai / bhUtakAla kI ananta gaharAI me pahu~ca jAne ke bAda bhI aisA koI prasaga nahI milatA; java ki AtmA pahile sarvathA zuddha rahA ho aura vAda me karmasparza ke kAraNa azuddha bana gayA ho| yadi karmapravAha ko AdimAna mAna liyA jAya to prazna hotA hai ki vizuddha AtmA para vinA kAraNa acAnaka hI karmamala laga jAne kA kyA kAraNa hai ? vinA kAraNa ke kArya to hotA nahI hai / aura yadi sarvathA dRzya AtmA bhI vinA kAraNa ke yo hI vyartha karmamala se lipta ho jAtA hai to phira japa-tapa Adi kI anekAneka kaThora sAdhanAo ke bAda mukta hue jIva bhI punaH karmalipta ho jaayeNge| eka bAra mahAvIra ke ziSya maMDita-putra ne unase prazna kiyA ki, "karmoM se vadhamokSa tathA AtmA kA naye-naye rUpo me sasAra me bhaTakanA 1. sAmAyikasUtra, pR0 26 /

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aSTama adhyAya : upasahAra [ 245 buddhigrAhya nahI hai kyoki zAstro me likhA hai ki AtmA triguNAtIta, bAhya tathA Abhyantara sukha-dukho ke prabhAva se pare hai, ataH vaha kisa kAraNa karmavaddha' hogA? aura jisakA bandhana hI nahI hai, usake chUTane kI vAta hI kahA~ ? isa kAraNa jo avaddha hogA, vaha saMsAra me bhramaNa bhI kisa lie va kyo karegA ? mahAvIra ne uttara diyA ki, "ukta zrutivAkya me jo AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana hai, vaha kevala siddha AtmAo para hI lAgU hotA hai; saMsArI AtmAo para nahI / " maMDitaputra ne puna prazna kiyA, "siddha aura saMsArI yoM do prakAra kI AtmAoM kI kalpanA karane kI apekSA sabhI AtmAo ko kevala karmamukta siddhasvarUpa mAna liyA jAe to kyA Apatti hai ?" mahAvIra bole-- " saMsArI AtmAo ko karmarahita mAna lene para jIvo me jo karmajanya sukha-dukha ke anubhava kA vyavahAra hotA hai, vaha nirAdhAra siddha hogA / maiM sukhI hU~ duHkhI hU, ityAdi vyavahAra kA AdhAra jIvo ke karmaphala mAne jAte hai / yadi hama jIvo ko karmarahita mAna leMge to isa sukha-dukha kA kAraNa kyA mAnA jAegA ? AtmA kA zarIra athavA anta. karaNa ke sAtha jo ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai usI ko hama "vaMgha" kahate hai / AtmA svarUpa se ujjvala hai, isame koI virodha nahI; para jaba taka vaha karmabandhayukta hai, zarIradhArI hai, tava taka karmaphala se malina hai / isa malina prakRti ke kAraNa vaha navIna-navIna karma bA~dhatA rahatA hai aura una karmo ke anusAra U~ca-nIca gatiyo me bhaTakatA hai, yahI isakA sasAra - paribhramaNa hai / java taka AtmA ko sasAra se mukta hone kA sAdhana prApta nahI hotA, tava taka vaha cAturgatika saMsAra me bhaTakatA rahatA hai aura apane karmo kA phala bhogatA rahatA hai / jisa samaya ise guru ke dvArA athavA svayaM mokSamArga kI prApti hotI hai, tava yadi mukti 1. " tasmAnna vadhyate, nApi mucyate, nApi sasarati kazcit, sasarati, vacyate mucyate ca nAnAzrayA prakRti." sAsyakArikA, 62

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246 ] jaina-agazAstra ke anumAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ke lie vaha udyama karane lagatA hai to karmabaMdhanoM kA kSaya karake vaha mukti ko prApta kara letA hai|" manupyajIvana ke do rUpa haiM, eka bhItara kI ora aura dUsarA bAhara kI ora / jo jIvana bAhara kI aura jhA~katA rahatA hai, saMsAra kI mohamAyA me ulajhA rahatA hai, apane Atmatattva ko bhUla kara kevala deha kA pujArI vanA rahatA hai, vaha manuSya-bhava me manupyatA ke darzana nahIM kara sakatA / zAstrakAra isa prakAra ke bhautika vicAra rakhane vAle dahAtmavAdI ko vahirAtmA yA mithyAvRSTi kahate hai| mithyAsaMkalpa, manuSya ko apane vAstavika antarajagat kI ora arthAta caitanya kI ora nahI jhAkane dete aura sadA vAhya jagat ke bhautika vilAsa kI ora hI ula jhAye rahate hai / kevala vAhyajagat kA drapTA manuSya ApatimAtra se manuSya hai, parantu usame mokSasAdhaka manuNyatva nhiiN| ___manuSya-jIvana kA dUsarA rUpa bhItara jhAkanA hai| bhItara kI ora jhA~kane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki manupya, deha aura AtmA ko pRthaka-pRthaka vastu samajhatA hai, jar3ajagat kI apekSA caitanya ko adhika mahatva detA hai aura bhoga-vilAsa kI ora AMkhe banda karake antara me rahane vAle Atmatattva ko dekhane kA prayatna karatA hai| zAstra meM ukta jIvana ko antarAtmA yA samyagadRSTi kahA gayA hai / manuSya ke jIvana me manuSyatva kI bhUmikA yahI se prArambha hotI hai| adhomukhI jIvana ko UrdhvamukhI vanAne vAlA samyagadarzana ke atirikta aura kauna hai ? yahI vaha bhUmikA hai, jahA~ anAdikAla ke ajJAnAMdhakAra se Acchanna jIvana me sarvaprathama satya kI sunaharI kiraNa prasphurita hotI hai / 1. zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR0 65, 67 / 2 "AtmavikAsa ke 14 guNasthAno me sabase prathama guNasthAna midhyAdRSTi hai|" samavAyAga, 14 / 3. "manuSya ko ye gara vAteM durlabha haiM, 1. manuSyatva, 2. zru ti=dhamaMzravaNa, 3. zraddhA 4. saMyamadhAraNa kI zakti / " uttarAvyayana 3, 1 / 4 buddha ke aSTAMgika mArga me prathama mArga samyagadRSTi hai, jisakA tAtparya hai-kAyika, vAcika, mAnasika, bhale bure karmoM kA ThIka-ThIka jJAna" vauddhadarzana, pR0 25 /

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aSTama adhyAya . upasaMhAra [ 247 ___ manuSya yadi isa satya-parIkSaNa kI zuddha dRSTi ko prApta kara anAtmA se sambandha chor3a Atmonmukha ho jAya to vaha nirantara vikAsa karatA huA mAnavajIvana ke carama lakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| mAnavIya vikAsa kI isa rUparekhA ko ThIka taraha samajhane ke lie hame jaina-paramparA ke Adarzo kI ora apanI dRSTi daur3AnI pdd'egii| jaina-paramparA ke Adarza mAnavIya vikAsa kI jaina-paramparA ko samajhane ke lie hame saMkSepa me una AdarzoM kA paricaya prApta karanA hogA, jo pahile se Aja taka jaina-paramparA me sarvamAnya rahe hai| sabase prAcIna Adarza jaina-paramparA ke samakSa RSabhadeva aura unake parivAra kA hai| RSabhadeva ne apane jIvana kA vahubhAga una uttaradAyitvoM ko buddhipUrvaka nibhAne me vyatIta kiyA, jo prajApAlana ke sAtha una para A par3e the| unhone usa samaya ke vilakula apar3ha logo ko paDhanA-likhanA sikhAyA, kucha kAmadhandhA na jAnane vAle vanacaro ko khetI-bAr3I tathA bar3haI, kumhAra Adi ke jIvanopayogI dhandhe sikhAe, Apasa me kaise vyavahAra karanA, kaise sAmAjika niyamo kA pAlana karanA ? yaha bhI sikhAyA / jaba unako yaha jAna ho gayA ki unakA vaDA putra bharata prajApAlana ke samasta uttaradAyitvo ko samhAlane ke yogya ho gayA hai, taba ve rAjya kA bhAra use saupa kara gahana AdhyAtmika vipayo kI chAnabIna ke lie tapasvI ho kara ghara se nikala paDe / ___ RSabha ke bharata aura vAhuvali nAmaka putro me rAjya ke nimitta bhayAnaka yuddha prArambha huA / anta me yuddha kA nirNaya huaa| bharata kA pracaNDa prahAra niSphala gayA / java bAhuvalI kI bArI AI aura samarthatara bAhuvalI ko jAna par3A ki mere muSTi-prahAra se bharata kI avazya durdazA hogI, taba usane bhrAtRvijayAbhimukha kSaNa ko Atmavijaya me vadala diyaa| unhone yaha soca kara ki rAjya ke nimitta lar3AI me vijaya pAne aura vaira-prativaira tathA kuTumva-kalaha ke bIja vone kI apekSA saccI vijaya ahaMkAra aura tRSNA para jaya me hI hai, apane vAhuvala ko krodha aura abhimAna para hI jamAyA aura avaira se vaira ke pratikAra ke jIvana kA

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248 ] jaina-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa Adarza sthaapit-kiyaa| phala yaha huA ki anta me bharata kA bhI lobha aura garva khatma huA / ' eka samaya thA java ki kevala kSatriyo me hI nahIM, para sabhI vargoM meM maoNsa khAne kI prathA thii| pratidina ke bhojana, sAmAjika utsava, dhArmika anuSThAna ke avasaropara pazu-pakSiyo kA vadha aisA hI pracalita aura pratiSThita thA; jaisA Aja nAriyalo aura phalo kA car3hanA / usa yuga me bhagavAn ariSTanemi ne eka alaukika parampaga sthApita kii| unhone apane vivAha me bhojana ke lie vadha kie jAne vAle nirdopa, pazu-pakSiyo kI ArtamUkavANI se Ardra-hRdaya ho kara yaha nizcaya kiyA ki ve aisA vivAha na karege, jisame anAvazyaka aura nirdoSa pazu-pakSiyo kA vadha hotA ho / usa gaMbhIra nizcaya ke sAtha ve savakA Agraha TAla kara bArAta se zIghra vApisa lauTa Ae ora dvArikA se sIdhe giranAra parvata para jA kara unhone tapasyA kii| kImAra vaya meM rAjaputrI kA tyAga aura dhyAna tathA tapasyA kA mArga apanA kara unhone usa cirapracalita pazuvadha kI prathA para AtmadRSTAnta dvArA aisA kaThora prahAra kiyA ki jisase gujarAtabhara me aura gujarAta se prabhAvita dUsare prAnto me bhI bhI vaha prathA nAmazepa ho gii| / bhagavAn pArzva tathA mahAvIra kA jIvana jaina-paramparA me mahAna Adarza samajhA jAtA rahA hai / mahAvIra ke jIvana me pArzva ke AtmavikAsa kA pUrNa prativimba upasthita hai| dIrghatapasvI mahAvIra ne apane jIvana me ahisAvRtti ko apanA kara pUrNa sAdhanA kA aisA paricaya diyA ki unake samaya me tathA unake bAda bhI loga brAhmaNadharma me se hisA kA nAma miTA dene ke lie una prayatna karate rahe / pariNAma yaha huA ki jina yajJo me pazuvadha ke vinA pUrNAhuti nahI ho sakatI thii| aise yajJa bhAratavarSa me nAmazeSa ho ge| ___mahAvIra kI eka aura apanI vizeSatA thii| unhone manuSya ke bhAgya ko Izvara aura devo ke hAtho se nikAla kara svaya manuSya ke hAtha 1. uttarAdhyayana, 22 kalpasUtra "lAipha Apha ariSTanemi" / 2 kalpasUtra, "lAipha Apha RSabha" /

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aSTama adhyAya : upasaMhAra [ 246 para rakha diyA / mahAvIra se spaSTa kahA thA ki "hisA se to hiMsA ko uttejanA milatI hai| logo me paraspara zatrutA vaDhatI hai; aura sukha kI koI AzA nahI / sukha cAhate ho to saba jIvo se maitrI karo, prema karo saba dukhI jIvo para karuNA rakho / Izvara meM aura devo me yaha sAmarthya nahI ki ve tumhe sukha yA duHkha de sake / tumhAre karma hI tumhe sukhI aura duHkhI karate hai| acchA phala paao| burA karma karake burA pariNAma bhogane ke lie taiyAra rho|" jaina-paramparA meM vikAsa kI do zreNiyA~ aura unakA paraspara samanvaya-jaina paramparA me mAnava ke vikAsa kI do zroNiyA~ hai1 gRhasyajIvana me rahate hue vikAsa karane vAlA gRhastha upAsaka aura 2. gRhasyavAsa ko chor3a kara AtmasAdhanA ke patha para calane vAlA anagAra zramaNa / ina dono vargoM kA Adarza eka samAna hai kintu dono ke vikAsa karane kI gati me jitanA tAratamya hai, utanA hI tAratamya una donoM sAdhako ke sAdhano me bhI hai / ahisA, satya, acArya, brahmacarya aura apari graha ye vikAsa ke sAdhana hai| unake pAlana me gRhasthasAdhaka ke lie maryAdA rakhI gaI hai| kyoki use gRhasthadharma nibhAte hue sAtha-sAtha Atmadharma me bhI Age baDhanA hotA hai / isI kAraNa usake samasta vrato me utanI hI maryAdA rakhI gaI hai, jitanI usake jIvana me susAdhya ho sake / kintu zramaNa-sAdhako ko to vikAsa ke una sAdhano kA sampUrNa pAlana karanA hotA hai / isa kAraNa gRhastha ke vrato ko aguvrata aura zramaNa ke vrato ko mahAvrata kahate hai|' ___ sAdhu ke lie zramaNa tathA gRhastha ke lie zramaNopAsaka zabda hameM vikAsa kI dono zroNiyo me paraspara samanvaya kI ora saMketa karate hai| isI prakAra AgAra-cAritra aura anagAra-caritra, AgAra-sAmAyika aura anagAra-sAmAyika Adi bhI hameM spaSTarUpa se yaha batAte hai ki mahAvIra 1. samavAyAga, 5 / 2. sthAnAga, 72 / 3. vahI 84 /

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250 ] jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa ne eka hI dharma ko kevala avasthAbheda se do prakAra kA kahA hai / unhone donoM vargoM ke vyakti ke lie pUrNarUpa se alaga dharmo kI vyavasthA nahI kI tathA mahAvIra ne zramaNa aura zramaNopAsaka dono ke lie AlocanA tathA pratikramaNa kI vyavasthA kI ora isI prakAra dono ke lie mRtyu kAla me sallekhanA kA bhI vidhAna kiyA / mahAvIra ne kabhI bhI gRhasthadharma kI nindA nahI kI / isake viparIta unhone gRhasthadharma ko sAdhudharma kI prathama zreNI mAnA hai| gRhastha kI pratimAo me atima " zramaNabhUta" pratimA para vicAra karane se yaha bAta bilakula spaSTa ho jAtI hai / " isa prakAra hama kaha sakate hai ki jaina paramparA me vikAsa kI donoM zreNiyoM ke paraspara samanvaya para pUrNa bala diyA gayA hai / 1. samavAyAga, 11

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pariziSTa sahAyaka grantha-sUcI 1. suttAgame 2. AcArAga 3 sUtrakRtAga jaina-aMgazAstra sampAdaka, pupphabhikkhu, guDagAva chAvanI, 1953 / agrejI anuvAda, haramana jekobI, "sekreDa buka oNpha dI IsTa" pustaka na0 22, jainasUtrAj, bhAga 1, 1884 / niyukti, bhadravAhu, sUrata, 1935 vRtti, golAkAcArya, sUrata, 1635 / cUNi, jinadAsagaNI, ratalAma. 1941 / hindI anuvAda (hi0), gopAladAsa jIvAbhAI, paTela, vambaI, 1938 / agrejI anuvAda, haramana jekobI, "sekreDa buka Apha dI IsTa" pustaka na0 45, jainasUtrAj bhAga 2,1865 / niyukti, bhadrabAhu / cUrNi, jinadAsagaNI, ratalAma, 1941 / vRtti, zIlAkAcArya, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1917 / hindI TIkA, paM0 avikAdatta ojhA, rAjakoTa, vikrama savat 1993 / (3 bhAga) hindI anuvAda (hi.), gopAladAsa jIvAbhAI paTela, vambaI, 1638 / vRtti, abhayadeva, ahamadAvAda, 1937 / vRtti, abhayadeva, ahamadAvAda, 1638 / 4 sthAnAga 5. samavAyAga

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252 ] jana-aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa . 6 bhagavatI (vyAkhyA prajJapti) vRtti, abhayadeva, ratalAma, 1937 / 8 jJAtAvargakathA, vRtti, abhayadeva, Agamodayasamiti, bambaI, (nAyAdhammakahAo) 1919 / sampAdaka pro0 ena0 vhI. vaidya, pUnA, 1940 / hindI anuvAda, pyArecandajI mahArAja, ratalAma, vikrama savat, 1995 / 8. upAsakadazAga vRtti, abhayadeva, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat (uvAsagadasAmo) 1963 / sampAdaka, DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1930 / aMgrejI anuvAda, hAnale, kalakattA, 1888 / gujarAtI anuvAda, jIvarAja ghelAbhAI, ahamadAvAda 1922 / 6 antakRdazAMga, vRtta, abhayadeva, saMpAdaka, ma0 ci0 modI, ahamadA(antagaDadasAo) bAda, 1632 // sampAdaka, pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1632 / '10. anuttaropapAtikadamAga vRtti, abhayadeva, sampAdaka, ma. ci0 modI, (anuttarovavAiyadasAo) ahamadAbAda, 1932 / sampAdaka, pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1632 / hindI anuvAda, upAdhyAya AtmArAmajI mahArAja lAhaura, 1636 / 11 praznavyAkaraNAga, vRtti, abhayadeva, vambaI, 1616 / vRtti, jJAnavimalasuri, ahamadAbAda, vikrama savat 1663 / .12. vipAkasUtra, vRtti, abhayadeva, sampAdaka, ma0 ci0 modI, pUnA, (vivAgasUrya) tathA vhI0 je0 caukasI, ahamadAvAda, 1935 / jaina-Agamagrantha 1. anuyogadvAra, vRtti, haribhadra, ratalAma, 1628 / 2. Avazyaka sUtra, niyukti, bhadrabAhu / cUrNi, jinadAsagaNI, ratalAma, 1628 /

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pariziSTa 3 uttarAdhyayana, 33 37 4. aupapAtikasUtra, ( ovAiyasutta), 5. kalpasUtra, 6. dazavaikAlika, 31 " 7. nizItha, 8. nadIsUtra, 31 6 vRhatkalpa, 10 pannavaNA, 11. paTkhaNDAgama, 1 atharvaveda, 2. Apastava sUtra, 3. AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra, 4 Rgveda, [ 253 aMgrejI anuvAda, haramana jekobI, "sekreDa buka Apha dI IsTa" pustaka na0 45, jainasUtrAj bhAga 2, 1865 / hindI anuvAda, muni zrIsaubhAgyacandrajI, vambaI, vikrama saMvat 1962 / TIkA, zAntisUrI, vambaI, 1916 / vRtti, abhayadeva, dvitIya, eDIsana, sUrata, 1914 aMgrejI anuvAda, haramana jekobI, "sekreDa Apha dI IsTa" pustaka na0 22, jainasUtrAj bhAga 1, 1884 / vRtti, haribhadra, bambaI, 1918 | cUrNi jinadAsa gaNI, ratalAma, 1633 / , hindI anuvAda, muni zrIsaubhAgyacandrajI, bambaI, 1936 / cUrNi jinadAsa gaNI, sampAdaka, vijayapremasUrIzvara, vikrama saMvat 1965 / cUNi, jinadAsa gaNI, ratalAma, 1928 / bhASA TIkA, hastimalla muni, muthA, 1942 / bhASya, saMghadAsa gaNI / vRtti, malayagiri, bambaI, 1618, 1916 dhavalA TIkA, bhAga 1 | vaidika grantha "sekreDa buka Apha dI IsTa" pustaka na0 2, AksaphorDa, 1817 / 5 gopathabrAhmaNa, 6 chAndogya upaniSad, 7. jaiminIsUtra (zavara TIkA ),

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254 ] 8 tarkabhApA, PS. bodhAyana gRhyasUtra, 10. vRhadAraNyakopanipada, 11. zrImadbhAgavata 12 mahAbhArata, 13. mahAbhASya, 14. manusmRti, 15 rAmAyaNa, 16 vedAtasAra, 17 zatapatha brAhmaNa, 18 sAkhyakArikA, 1 aMguttaranikAya, 2 abhidharmakopa, 3. cullavagga, 4. dIggha - nikAya, jaina- aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa annabhaTTa, sampAdaka- rAmakRSNa bhaDArakara, pUnA, 1937 / 13. jAtaka, 14. saMyuktanikAya, TI0 0 Ara0 kRSNAcArya, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1606-1906 / patajali | "sekreDa buka Apha dI IsTa' pustaka 25 anuvAda, vuhalara, 1886 | TI0 Ara0 kRSNAcArya, vambaI, 1911 / sadAnaMda, pUnA, 1626 / TIkA, vAcaspati mizra, pUnA, 1934 / bauddha grantha pI0 TI0 esa0 landana, 1885-1600 / 5. dhammapada, 6 pramANavArtika, 7 bauddhadarzana, 8 voddhasaskRti, 6 majjhimanikAya, 10. mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, 11. mahAparinivvAnasuttaMta, 12. saccasaMgaho, sampAdaka - roja DeviDsa, pI0 TI0esa0, landana, 1886 / pI0 TI0 esa0 1606-1615 / , svavRtti, rAhulasAkRtyAyana, ilAhAvAda, 1948 / rAhulasAkRtyAyana, kalakattA, 1952 / sampAdaka- Tekanara, landana, 1888-1866 bhadaMta, Anada kauzalyAyana, prayAga, 1657 / sampAdaka- phosavAla, landana, 1877 - 1867 liana phora, landana, 1884 sampAdaka - ema0 1868 / vikrama saMvat

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pariziSTa [ 255 anya grantha 1 inTroDakzana TU prAkRta lakSaNa Apha caNDa, DA0 haarnle| 2. iDiyana eNTIkverI, pu. 6, DA0 yAkovI / 3. iDiyana philAsaphI, pu0 1, DA0 rAdhAkRSNan / 4 kAsmolojI olDa eNDa nyU, pro0 ghaasiiraam| 5 cAra tIyaMkara, pa0 sukhalAla saMghavI, banArasa, 1953 / 6. jainadarzana, pro0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, kAzI, 1955 / 7. jaina Agama, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, vanArasa / 8 jainadharma, paM0 kailAgacandrajI, mathurA, 1955 / 9. jainasaskRti kA hRdaya, paM0 sukhalAla saghavI, banArasa, 1946 / 10. jainadharma kA prANa, paM0 sukhalAla saghavI, banArasa, 1946 / 11 nATyazAstra, bharata, kAzI saMskRta sIrija, 1626 / 12 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, pu0 na0 21 / 13 prAkRta vyAkaraNa, AcArya hemcndr| 14 pArzvanAthAcA cAturyAma dharma, dharmAnanda kosmbii| 15. bhAratIya, saskRti aura ahiMsA, dharmAnanda kosambI, bambaI, 1948 / 16. bhAratIya saMskRti kA utthAna, DA0 rAmajI upAdhyAya, ilAhAvAda, 1650 / 17 lAipha ina ainrayeTa iDiyA eja DepikTeDa ina dI jaina kainansa (lA0 ina e0 i0) DA. jagadIzacandra, vambaI, 1947 / 18 vIra nirvANa saMvat, munishriiklyaannvijyjii| 16. sAmAyika sUtra, upAdhyAya amaramunijI, AgarA, vikrama savat 2003 / 20 saskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, baladeva upAdhyAya, banArasa, 1945 / 21. siddhahaima zabdAnuzAsana,

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256 ] jaina-maMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa 22 zramaNasUtra, upAdhyAya amaramuni, AgarA vikrama saMvat 2007 / 23 zramaNa bhagavAn 50 kalyANavijaya gaNI, jAlora, vikrama saMvat mahAvIra 1668 / 24 hemacandra pariziSTa parva, 25 hvenasAga, vATalaM, bhAga 1 26 ardhamAgadhI kopa, prathama bhAga, kesarIcandra bhaNDArI, idaura, 1923 / dvitIya bhAga, iMdaura, 1927 / tRtIya bhAga, rejIDenTa janarala sekreTarIja, bambaI, 1630 / caturtha bhAgI , 1632 / / 27 pAia sadda mahaNNavo, sampAdaka, haragovindadAsa seTha, kalakattA, 1923 / 28 jaina tattvajJAna, paM0 sugvalAlajI saghavI, jaina maMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa hi0 yUni0 patrikA na 12 /

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