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________________ maMdira A.zrI. kailAsAgara zrI mahAvIra jaina ArAdhanA kendra kolA uttara bhArata meM jainadharma mUla lekhaka cimanalAla jaicaMda zAha ema. e. hindI anuvAdaka kastUramala bAMThiyA seTha zrI saravAramalajI munota rauMyA vAlA kucAmana siTI (rAjasthAna) ke Arthika sahayoga se mudrita 1990 For
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________________ uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma ( I. pU. 800 se I. pa. 526 ) aMgrejI meM lekhaka : cimanalAla jaisiMha zAha, ema. e., zrAmukha lekhaka pAdarI eca. herAsa, esa. je. DAirekTara, iNDiyana hisTorikala risarca iMsTITyUTa, seMTa kjeviyarsa kAleja, bambaI hindI anuvAdaka : kastUramala bAMThiyA yamunA nagara (paMjAba) tArIkha 9-6-59
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________________ prakAzaka | sevA mandira rAvaTI jodhapura, 342 024 saMskaraNa | prathama praveza varSa | vikrama saMvat 2047 vIra saMvat 2516 zaka saMvat 1912, IsvI san 1990 prati | 1000 pRSTha 240 zrAkAra | raoNyala AkTeva (20 x 30 ATha pejI) prAdhika saujanya - zrI nauratnamalajI saradAramalajI munota riyAMvAle rupaye 15000 mUlya kAgaja (20 x 30 krIma voba) 31 rIma chapAI va prUpha rIDiMga 30 pharme x 170 jilda baMdhAI va bhAr3A ityAdi anya vyaya 6200.00 5100.00 5700.00 kula vyaya bAda anudAna 17000.00 15000.00 lAgata 2000.00 eka prati kA vikraya mUlya 2.00 (pustaka vikretA apanA naphA kharcA atirikta legA) bitaraka | satsAhitya vitaraNa kendra sevA mandira rAvaTI jodhapura, 342 024 mudraka | zyAma prinTiga presa tripoliyA sTrITa, dhAsamaNDI roDa, jodhapura isa pustaka para kisI bhI prakAra kA adhikAra prakAzaka ne svAdhIna nahIM rakhA hai|
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________________ Arthika sahayogI seTha zrI saradAramalajI munota riyAMvAlA kucAmana siTI (rAjasthAna) SAR -: saMkSipta paricaya : Presita-CA ApakA janma rAjasthAna ke nAgaura jile ke antargata kucAmana siTI me 75 varSa pUrva humA / Apa zrImAn seTha zrI tejamalajI munota ke dvitIya suputra haiN| Apa bahuta hI sarala prakRti zAnta svabhAvI haMsamukha vyakti haiM / sabhI saMta satiyoM ke prati ApakI gaharI zraddhA hai| samAja ke hara kArya meM Apa va ApakA parivAra hamezA agrasara rahate haiM / Apake pAMca suputra do suputrI eva dasa pautroM kA harAbharA sukhI parivAra hai| Apa evaM Apake parivAra ke sadasya koI bhI sAmAjika. zaikSaNika, svAsthika kArya ke prAyojana meM hamezA bar3I dilacaspI se tana, mana va dhana se pUrA karake hI bar3A santoSa anubhava karate haiM / ApakA parivAra samAja kI kaI saMsthAnoM se jur3A huA hai| Apa apane vrata pratyAkhyAna ke pakke dRr3ha zrAvaka haiN| Apake pAMco suputra bambaI meM bilDiMga kansTrakasana (bhavana nirmANa) kA vyApAra karate haiN| Apa va Apake suputra aneka samAja sevI saMsthAoM ko mukta hasta se dAna dete haiN| Apa mAravAr3a ke aDhAI gharoM meM se eka ghara kahalAne vAle riyAM vAle seThoM ke parivAra meM janma lene vAle eka pArivArika sadasya haiN| isa parivAra ne jodhapura evaM jayapura rAja gharAnoM kI Arthika sahAyatA kAphI mAtrA meM kI haiM aura isIlie isa parivAra ko seThoM kI padavI se suzobhita kiyA thaa| aura darabAra meM hamezA isa parivAra ko sammAna se dekhA jAtA thaa| bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala kA tIna varSa pUrva bambaI kA adhivezana saphala banAne meM ApakA pUrNa yogadAna rhaa|
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________________ Amukha zrI cimanalAla jaisiMha zAha iNDiyana hisTorikala risarca iMsTITyUTa' ke agragaNya vidyArthiyoM meM se eka haiM aura unakA yaha grantha unakI isa mahAn saMsthA kI pratiSThA rUpa hI siddha hogA / zrI zAha dharma se jaina haiM aura unhoMne apanI gaveSaNA kA viSaya jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa pasanda kiyA jisake adhyayana ke paripAka rUpa meM isa grantha kI racanA huI hai| bhAratavarSa ke saba mahAn dharmoM ke avalokana meM jaina dharma kI adhika upekSA kI gaI hai| isa grantha meM jaina dharma ke prAcIna itihAsa meM jo-jo aitihAsika evam daMtakathA rUpa meM hai vahI sandra nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai, apitu isa mahAn dharma ke saMsthApaka ke siddhAMta unake ziSyoM ke bIca hae matabheda aura usake phalasvarUpa nae nae sampradAyoM ke udbhava, aura usa bauddha-baMdhUdharma ke sAtha hae satata saMgharSa kA vivecana bhI isameM kiyA gayA hai ki jisake sAtha isa deza meM janma lete hue bhI yaha to Aja taka jIvita aura TikA hA hai aura bauddha-dharma kA prAyaH nAma zeSa hI ho gayA hai| zrI zAha ke jaina dharma ke isa itihAsa meM do sImAe dekhane meM AyeMgI--eka to bhaugolika aura dUmarI kAlakrama kI / dakSiNa-bhArata meM sarvatra jaina dharma bahuta zIghra hI phaila gayA thA aura vahAM usane aise nae samAja kI sthApanA kara lI thI ki jisake na kevala gurU hI dUsare the apitu vyavahAra aura vidhi-vidhAna evam prAcAra-vicAra bhI bhinna ho gae the / saMkSepa meM dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina dharma kA itihAsa uttara bhArata ke jainadharma ke itihAsa meM eka dama hI bhinna hai aura vaha apanI bhinna aitihAsika ikAI banAtA hai| isIlie zrI zAha ne apane isa grantha kI bhaugolika sImA pAryAvarta yAne uttara bhArata hI rakhI hai| zrI zAha kI dUsarI sImA kAla sambandhI hai| unakA yaha itihAsa I. san 526 meM samApta ho jAtA hai jaba ki vallabhI kI sabhA yA pariSada meM jaina dharma ke siddhAMta kA antima rUpa nizcaya aura sthira kiyA gayA thaa| jaina dharma ke itihAsa meM yaha prasaMga atyanta mahatva kA avasthAntara nirdezaka thaa| isake pUrva jainadharma prAthamika marala dazA meM hI thaa| parantu vaha dazA siddhAnta ke saMhitA-baddha kie jAne ke pazcAt eka dama hI vilaya ho gii| isa kAla ke pazcAt jainadharma niyata evaM sthAyI bhAva dhAraNa karatA hA dIkha par3atA hai aura usakI vAstavikatA evam satyapriyatA bhI vaha gumAtA jAtA hai| phira bhI zrI zAha ne gaveSaNA ke lie prAcIna samaya hI pasanda kiyA hai kyoMki vaha itihAsa prati rocaka aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se bahata hI mahatva kA hai| prAzA hai ki isa grantha kI paddhati ke viSaya meM atyanta sUkSmadarzI itihAsavettA ko bhI kucha vizeSa prApattijanaka bAta mAlUma nahIM hogI kyoMki eka to manuSya-kRti sampUrNatayA doSa rahita to ho hI nahIM sakatI hai, aura dUsare zrI zAha kI yaha prathama racanA hai. ina donoM hI dRSTi se yaha sampUrNa grantha pAThakoM aura samAlocakoM kI udAratA kA paryApta pAtra hogA yaha AzA hai / phira bhI yaha kahanA Avazyaka hai ki zrI zAha ne dUsare vidvAnoM kA kahA athavA pratipAdana kiyA huA dekha kara hI saMtoSa nahIM kara liyA hai kyoMki taba to vaha svatantra gaveSaNA nahIM apitu saMgraha mAtra hI ho yA raha jAtA / unhoMne isa aitihAsika grantha kI racanA karane meM pratyeka mUla vastu kA adhyayana aura manana svayam kiyA hai, matamatAMtaroM ke guNa-doSoM kA vivecana kiyA hai, mUla vastu kI mUla vastu ke sAtha tulanA kI hai, aura isa prakAra athaka parizrama le kara eka aitihAsika kI ucita niSpakSa dRSTi se
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________________ samAlocanA karate hue bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa ke eka atyanta andhakArAviSTa yuga para atyanta sundara rIti se prakAza DAlA hai| zrI zAha kA yaha grantha 'iNDiyana hisTorikala risarca iMsTITyUTa ke bhAratIya itihAsa kA abhyAsa kA chaThA grantha hai| yaha prakAzana unake anugAmiyoM saMsthA ke hAla ke zodhasnAtakoM ko navIna protsAhana degA yahI mAzA kI jAtI hai / bhAratavarSa ke bhUtakAla meM abhI bhI bahuta se agamya tatva par3e haiM jo ki bhaviSya kI prajA ke kalyANa ke lie bhAratavarSa ke bhAvI itihAsakAroM se avirata parizrama kI apekSA rakhate haiM itihAsavettA kA kArya satya kI khoja karanA hI hai / yadi hama usako ekAgra, vizuddha aura niSpakSa dRSTi se avalokana yA nirIkSaNa kareM to satya svataH hI sadA prakaTa ho uThegA aura phira vaha satya svayam hamAre prayAsoM kI vijaya-gAthA bana jAegA / nArIkha 15 janavarI, 1931 eca. herAsa, esa. je. DAIrekTara iNDiyana hisTorikala risarca iMsTITyUTa, seMTa jeviyarsa kAleja bambaI
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________________ jaina dharma se kyA abhipreta hai ? jaina dharma kA udbhava arvAcIna khojoM kI apekSA adhika prAcIna hone ke pramANa uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma -: viSaya sUcI : pahalA adhyAya - mahAvIra pUrvottara jaina dharma pArzva aura mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA pArzva kI aitihAsikatA ke pramANa bauddha sAhitya meM jaina dharma ke prArambha ke ullekha pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dharma kA saMbaMdha hindU sAhitya meM jaina dharma ke ullekha jaina dharma kI pracInatA ke saMbaMdha meM Adhunika vidvAna pArzva ke sambandha meM aneka vivaraNa pArzva ke 250 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA zrAgamana bhArata varSa meM dharma kA mahAna pracAra dUsarA adhyAya - mahAvIra aura unakA samaya (1) brAhmaNoM kA bar3hatA huA prabhAva evaM jAtivAda ke vizeSa adhikAra mahAvIra aura buddha ke prAvirbhAva se dharmAdhikArI maNDaloM kI sattA evaM kaTTara jJAtivAda kA anta sAmAnya dRSTi se jaina dharma mahAvIra caritra bhArata varSa kI isa mahAn krAMti meM brAhmaNoM ke prati tiraskAra kA prabhAva jIvana-dRSTi aura bhAratIya lokamAnasa ke itihAsa meM sUkSma parivartana (2) -apaharaNa yA bhrUNa parivartana 'mahAvIra ke mAtA pitA pArzva ke pUjaka zraura zramaNoM ke anuyAyI the mahAvIra kA sAdhu jIvana mahAvIra kI nagnAvasthA aura jaina zAstroM kA artha mahAvIra kA dIrgha vihAra mahAvIra nirvAraNa samaya pRSTha 8 9 10 10 ENGL 11 12 13 14 16. 1 1 2 2 2 18 18 19 19 21 22. 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 23 24 25 27 28. 28 29 30
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________________ ( 3 ) jaina dharma kI dRSTi se saSTi kI utpatti jina-jana dharma ke AdhyAtmika netA jIva, ajIva. puNya, pApa, prAzrava, saMvara, baMdha, nirjarA aura mokSa tIna ratnoM dvArA mokSa samyaga darzana, samyag jJAna aura samyag caritra mukta prAtmA-paramAtmA ke sarva lakSagA anubhava karatI hai tIrthakara aura kevalI yAne sAmAnya siddha tIrthakara kauna ? ahiMsA kA Adarza sAmAyika aura pratikramaNa do prAvazyaka kriyAe syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta jaina dharma meM par3e hue mukhya bheda sAta niNhava-jAmAli, tiSyagupta, ASAr3ha, azvamitra, gaMga, chalue aura goSTA mAhila maMkhaliputta gozAla-mahAvIra kA mukhya pratispardhI tatkAlIna bhAratIya dhArmika pravAha kI mahAna taraMga meM maMkhaliputta kA sthAna DA. barUyA aura gauzAla kA prAjIvaka mata mahAvIra ke saMzoSita jaina dharma para gozAla kA prabhAva gauzAla kI mRtyu tithi aitihAsika dRSTi se bhAjIvika jaina dharma meM anya mahatva ke bheda jaina dharma ke zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAya paMthabheda kI vividha daMtakathAeM paMthabheda ke samaya ke viSaya meM sAmAnya ekyatA paMthabheda kA mUla kAraNa : sAdhutA kA Avazyaka lakSaNa nagnatA hai jaina aura nagnavAda do pradhAna viSaya jinake viSaya meM donoM ekamata nahIM haiM mathurA ke zilAlekha aura yaha mahAna paMthabheda IsavI san ke prAramma taka aise paMthabheda astitva meM nahIM the vallamI kI pariSada ke samaya se hA aMtima paMthabheda sthAnakavAsI samAja aura jaina dharma ke anya nAnA matabheda paMthabhedoM kA pAgalapana jainoM kI vizeSatA jaina samAja Aja bhI kyoM jIvita hai ?
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________________ tIsarA adhyAya rAjyavaMzI kuTamboM meM jaina dhama (I.pU. 800 se I.pU. 200 taka) pArzva kA samaya pAvaM ke samaya ke lie jaina sAhitya ekamAtra sAdhana pArzva ke samaya meM rAjya prAzraya pArzva se nahAvIra taka ke samaya kA ajJAna 250 varSa kA aMdhakAra mahAvIra kA samaya unakA pitA siddhArtha videha, licchaviyo, jJAtriko, vajji yA licchavI saMgha ke vajji mallakI jAti aura kAzIkosala ke gaNarAjAnoM ke sAtha unake sambandha ye saba vaMza eka yA dUsarI rIti se mahAvIra ke upadeza ke prabhAva meM pAe videhI liNchavI jJAtrika vajji mallakI kAzo kosala ke gaNarAja ) ( 2 jaina dharma aura solaha mahAjanapada magadha kA sAmrAjya aura jaina itihAsa meM usakI viziSTatA magadha para zAsana karane vAle pRthaka pRthaka vaMza aura jaina dharma zezunAgavazaM nandavaMza maurya vaMza 108 113 cauthA adhyAya-kaliga-deza meM jaina dharma 127 127 128 kaliMgadeza meM jaina dharma arthAt khAravela ke samaya kA jaina dharma hAthI guphA ke zilAlekha hI khAravela ke eka aitihAsika sAdhana haiM jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se ur3IsA kA mahatva hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha ke Asa-pAsa ke avazeSa udayagiri aura khaNDagiri ke parvata I.pU. dUsarI aura tIsarI sadI kI guhAoM se vyApta hai satdhara, navamuni aura ananta guphA bArabhujA, trizUla aura lAlaTeNDu-kezarI guphA 129 130 130 131
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________________ rAgI aura gaNeza guphAeM jaya vijaya, svargapurI siMha aura sarpa guphAeM ina bikhare inegine khaNDaharoM kI aitihAsika upayogitA pArzva ko samarpita zrAdhipatya khaNDa giri kI TekarI para kA jaina mandira hAthI guphA kA zilAlekha zilAlekha kI AThavIM paMkti aura khAravela kA samaya zilAlekha kI vastu khAravela aura kaliMgajina kaliMga meM jaina dharma kI prAcInatA khAravela aura jaina dharma pAMcavAM adhyAya - mathurA ke zilAlekha khAravela ke pazcAt ujjaina ke vikramAditya kA samaya vikrama saMvata aura siddhasena divAkara vikrama ke pUrvaja gardabhilla paura kAlikAcArya kAlikAcArya aura pratiSThAnapura kA sAtavAhana siddhasena divAkara aura unakA samaya pAdaliptAcArya aura inake sambandha kI daMtakathAeM jaina sAhitya kI aitihAsikatA aura vikrama va usake saMvat kA astitva mathurA ke zilAlekha dhIra jaina dharma ke viSaya meM unakI upayogitA mathurA ke jaina lekhoM kA mUla kaMkAlI TIlA mathurA ke kSatrapoM sambandhI zilAlekha saMvatvAle aura saMvat rahita kuzAna zilAlekha mathurA ke zilAlekha dhaura jaina dharma ke itihAsa ko dRSTi se unakI upayogitA chaThA adhyAya - guptakAla meM jaina dharma ko sthiti kuzAna samaya se guptoM ke prAgamana taka kI aitihAsika bhUmikA gupta sAmrAjya kA vistAra gupta samaya meM dharma kI paristhiti jainoM ke prati guptoM kI sahAnubhUti ke zilAlekhI pramANa kuvalayamAlA daMtakathA aura guptakAlIna jaina itihAsa vallabhayoM kA udaya dhaura guptoM kA prata vallabhovaMza kA cauthA rAjA pravasena ke pUrva kA samaya aura jaina itihAsa ke nirdiSTa samaya kA aMta 132 133 134 135 135 136 138 140 147 150 152 158 158 158 159 160 160 161 163 164 165 166 166 171 171 172 172 175 180 181
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________________ 182 183 184 186 187 187 193 sAtavAM adhyAya-uttara kA jaina sAhitya prAstAvika vivecana jaina siddhAnta 'zvetAmbara zAstroM ke viSaya meM digambaroM kI mAnyatA zvetAmbaroM ke lAbhaprada pratipAdana -caudaha pUrva bAraha maMga bAraha upAMga dasa payannA yA prakIrNaka chaha chedasUtra cAra mUlasUtra do cUlikA sUtra jaina zAstroM kI bhASA TIkA sAhitya jo niyukti nAma se paricita hai prayama TIkAkAra bhadrabAhu mahAvIra ke samakAlIna dharmadAsagaNi umAsvAmI aura unake grantha siddhamena divAkara aura pAdaliptAcArya-jaina sAhitya ke prabhAvika jyotirthara 194 154 195 196 197 197 198 199 200 200 AThavAM adhyAya-uttara meM jaina kalA 204 204 205 205 207 w. sthApatya meM jaina dharma kI viziSTatA nidiSTa yuga ke bAhya ke kitane hI sthApatya aura citrakalA ke avazeSa nirdiSTa yuga ke avazeSa bhAratIya kalA kI kitanI hI viziSTatAeM ur3IsA kI guphAeM-kalA kI dRSTi se unakI upayogitA jainoM meM stUpa-pUjA aura mUrtipUjA mathurA ke avazeSa mathurA ke prAyAgapaTa devoM dvArA nirmita voddha stUpa mathurA kA toraNa sthApatya nemeza kI cAturyatA dikhAne vAlA suzobhita zilpa upasaMhAra sAmAnya grantha sUcI 210 211 213 214 215 217 218
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________________ :: mUlagrantha kI citra sUcI :: 1. jaina dharma ke teIsaveM tIrthakara zrI pArzvanAtha (13 vIM sadI kI tADapatrIya hastalikhita kalpasUtra se) 2. sameta zikhara parvata para zrI pArzvanAtha kA nirvANa ( vahI3. jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha (mathurA) 4. negamesa dvArA mahAvIra ke garma kA apaharaNa batAnevAlI suzobhita zilA (mathurA) bhagavAn mahAvIra terahaveM varSa meM zAlavRkSa ke nIce sarva zreSTha kevala jJAna prApta kiyA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara 7. barAbara TekarI kI tomaza RSi kI guphA 8. guru hemacandrAcArya aura unakA ziSya rAjA kumArapAla 9. khaNDagiri para kI jaina guphA, udayagiri para ko rAnI guphA ke uparibhAga ke kevAla kA dRzya 10. udayagiri para kI svargapurI kI guphAeM 11. khaNDagiri para ke jaina mandira 12. mahArAjA zrI harigupta kA sikkA 13. junAgar3ha para kI bAbA pyArAmala kI guphAe 14. sacitra jaina grantha kA hastalikhita udAharaNa 15. udayagiri para kI gaNeza guphA ke uparibhAga ke kevAla kA dRzya. vahIM kI rANI guphA ke chajje kI eka kinAra kA bhAga 16. IToM kA banA prAcIna jainastUpa (mathurA) 17. AyAgapaTa arthAt pUjA kI zilA (mathurA) 18. zivayazA dvArA sthApita pUjA kI zilA (mathurA) 19. jina yukta AyAgapaTa-I. pU. 1lI zatI (mathurA) 20. pAmohinI dvArA sthApita pUjA kI zilA (mathurA) 21. manuSyAkRtivAle bAr3a-sthambha (mathurA) 22. deva-nirmita bauddhastUpa ke kalAvidhAna kA dRSya 23. devoM aura manuSyoM dvArA tIrthakara ko namaskAra karanA sUcita karate toraNa ke do pakSa 24. toraNa kA Age aura pIche kA bhAga 23. nemesa ke cAturya se Ananda pradarzita karatI nartikAeM tathA saMgItakAroM ko dikhAtI suzobhita zilA 26. mahAvIra ke garbha apaharaNa dikhAtI cAra khaNDita mUrtiyAM / 233 krAuna caupejI pRSTa isa mUla aMgrejI pustaka meM haiN| phUTanoTa 1275 haiN| baMbaI vizvavidyAlaya kA ema. e. DigrI ke lie diye nibaMdha ko parivardhita-saMzodhita kara ise 1932 I. lAMgamainsa grIna eNDa kapamnI ne chapavAyA thaa| usakA gujarAtI anuvAda san 1937 meM vahIM se prakAzita hayA thaa|
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________________ :: saMketa sUcI: prAMhiprAra eri prAsaI prAsari Asavyai iNDi-eNTI iNDi hikvA eMsA. bi epI. iNDi. epI. karNA. eMrie. kaihii. kAi aprApatrikA baeso patrikA - baMzAeso patrikA biuprA patrikA jeDIela jaiga baMeso kArya patrikArAeso patrikA - jaisAsaM maitrAsa mavi aAMdhra hisTorikala risarca sosAiTI / eziyATika risarceja / pAkiyAlojikala sarve Apha iNDiyA (enyUala riportts)| riporTasa Apha dI ArkiyAlojikala sarve Apha iNDiyA (knidhm)| prAkiyAlojikala sarve Apha vyasTarna iNDiyA / iNDiyana ennttiipverii| iNDiyana hisTorIkala kvArTarlI / eMsAiklopIDiyA briTenikA / epIgrAphikA iNDikA / epIgrAphikA karNATikA / esAiklopIDiyA grApha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa / kaimbrija hisTrI Apha iNDiyA / kArapasa iMskripzanama iNDikArama / amerikana oriyaMTala risarca sosAiTI patrikA / eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla, patrikA / rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, baMbaI zAkhA, patrikA / bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI patrikA / jaranala Apha dI DipArTameMTa Apha speTarsa / jaina gajaTa / jaranala eNDa prosIDiMgja Apha dI eziyATika sosAiTI prApha baMgAla / jaranala Apha dI rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI / jainasAhitya sNshodhk| maisUra pAkiyAlojikala sarve riporTa / marAThI vizvakoza (eMsAiklopIDiyA) sekreDa buksa Apha dI buddhIsTsa / sekreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa / sekreDa buksa Apha dI jainAja / jaiyaTaziphaTa Dera DAyazana moraganalANDizana gaiselazAphaTa / sebubu sevuI sebuja jeDaDI emajI
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________________ lekhaka kA prAkkathana yaha durbhAgya kI hI bAta hai ki bhAratIya purAtatva ke abhyAsa se jainadharma ke viSaya meM Aja taka jitanA bhI kahA gayA hai vaha usakI tulanA meM nagaNya hai ki jo kahA jAne kA zeSa hai| aneka pramANoM se yaha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yaddhapi jainadharma kA samakAlIna baMdhudharma, bauddhadharma bhAratavarSa kI sImA meM se lagabhaga adRzya ho gayA thA, phira bhI vidvAnoM se usako Avazyaka bhyAya prApta huA hai| parantu jainadharma ko jo ki deza meM zrAja taka bhI TikA huA hai aura jisane isa vizAla deza kI saMskRti evaM usakI rAjakIya aura Arthika ghaTanAoM para bhI bhArI prabhAva DAlA hai, vidvAnoM se zrAvazyaka nyAya prApta nahIM huA aura na Aja bhI prApta ho rahA hai, yaha mahA veda kI bAta hai| zrImatI sTIvansana likhatI hai ki yadyapi jainadharma kisI bhI rIti se kahIM bhI rAjadharma nahIM hai phira bhI bAja jo prabhAva usakA dekhA jAtA hai vaha bhArI hai| usake sAhUkAroM aura sarAphoM kA dhana-vaibhava RNadAtAoM va sAhUkAroM kA sarvopari mahAn dharma hone kI usakI sthiti se isakA rAjakAja para prabhAva, vizeSa rUpa se dezI rAjyoM meM, sadA hI rahA hai| yadi koI isake isa prabhAva meM pazaMkA karatA ho to use dezI rAjyoM kI ora se prakAzita jainoM ke pavitra dhArmika divasoM meM jIvahiMsA baMda rakhane saMbaMdhI prAjJApatroM kI saMkhyA bhara dekha lenA caahie| bhAratavarSa kI janasaMkhyA ke jaina niHsaMdeha eka mahAn dhaura jAhojalAlI evaM sattA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapU bhAga hai| harTala niHsaMdeha satya kahatA hai ki 'bhArata kI saMskRti para aura vizeSatayA bhArata ke dharma aura nIti, kalA aura vidyA, sAhitya aura bhASA para jainoM ne prAcIna kAla meM jo prabhAva DAlA thA aura grAma bhI jo ve DAlate jA rahe haiM, usa saba ko samajhane aura jaina dharma kI upayogitA ko svIkAra karane vAle pAzcAtya vidvAna bahuta hI kama hai|" zrI jainI, zrI jAyasavAla, zrI ghoSAla Adi katipaya prasiddha vidvAnoM ke sivA kisI bhAratIya vidvAna ne isa dizA meM saMtoSaprada koI kArya nahIM kiyA hai / bauddhadharma ke prati vidvAnoM kA pakSapAta prakAraNa nahIM hai kyoMki vaha dharma eka samaya itanA vizAla vyApta thA ki use eziyA mahAdvIpa kA dharma kahanA bhI pratizayokti nahIM thA pakSAntara meM jainadharma yadyapi maryAdita kSetra meM hI rahA thA phira bhI zrI nAnAlAla ci. mehatA ke anusAra 'cInI tukaMstAna ke guhA maMdiroM meM usake prAsaMgika citra bhI dekhane ko hameM mila jAte haiM / 5 jainadharma ke tulanAtmaka abhyAsa ke lie prAmANika sAdhana nahIM milane evaM bauddhadharma ke prati pakSapAta ke kAraNa isake viSaya meM bhulAye meM DAlane vAle anumAna kitane hI pAzvAtya prasiddha vidvAnoM ko karane par3e the kyoMki ina donoM baMdhupama kA prAcIna itihAsa ekasA hI unake dekhane meM AyA thaa| saubhAgya se pichale kucha varSoM meM ye vicitra dhanumAna pAzcAtya evaM paurvAtya vidvAnoM dvArA yadyapi saMzodhita ho gae haiM phira bhI ina bhrAmaka aura asatya anumAnoM ke kucha udAharaNa yahAM denA praprAsaMgika nahIM hogA / zrI yU esa. lile kahatA hai ki 'bauddhadharma apanI janmabhUmi meM jainadharma ke rUpa meM TikA huA hai| yaha nizcita bAta hai ki jaba bhAratavarSa se buddhadharma parazya ho gayA, jainadharma dikhalAI par3A thaa| 18 zrI vilsana kahatA hai ki 'saba 1. dekho jainI, pAuTalAinsa graoNpha jainIma, pu. 03 1 2. sTIvansana zrImatI dI hArTa praoNpha jaMgama, pU. 191 4 3. vilsana granthAvalI, bhAga 1, pR 347 4. haTala, oNna dI liTarecara oNpha dI zvetAmbarAja zraoNpha gujarAta, pR. 1 5. mehatA sTaDIja ina iNDiyana peMTiMga, pR. 2 hemacandra ghora anya paramparA ke anusAra bhI jainadharma dekho hemacandra, pariziSTa parvan yAkobI sampAdita, pR. 69, 282 meM hI parisImita nahIM thaa| bhAga 14, pR. 144 1 6. jile isa prAya 1411 yAja ke bhAratavarSa kI sImA dekho marAThI vizvakoza,
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________________ 4 ] vizvasta pramAraNoM se bhI yaha anumAna dUra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki janajAti eka navIna saMsthA hai aura aisA lagatA hai ki vaha sarva prathama pAThavIM aura navIM sadI IsavI meM vaibhava aura sattA meM AI thii| isase pUrva bauddhadharma kI zAkhA rUpa meM vaha kadAcit astitva meM rahI ho, aura isa jAti kI unnati usa dharma ke daba jAne ke bAda se hI hone lagI ho ki jisako svarUpa dene meM isakA bhI hAtha thaa| zrI kolabuka jaise lekhakoM ne gautama buddha ko mahAvIra kA ziSya mAna lene kI bhUla kI thI kyoMki mahAvIra kA eka ziSya indrabhUti bhI gautamasvAmI yA gautama kahalAtA thaa| eDvarDa TAmasa kahatA hai ki 'mahAvIra ke pazcAt isake dharma meM do dala ho gae the| buddha ke samAnArthI nAmavAle indrabhUti ko pUjya puruSa kA sthAna diyA gayA kyoMki bauddha aura jainazAsrAnusAra 'jina' aura 'buddha' kA artha eka hI hotA hai| parantu yaha satya nahIM hai kyoMki 'jina' kA artha 'jetA' aura 'buddha' kA artha 'jJAtA' hotA hai| rAyala eziyATika sosAITI kI sArvajanika sabhA meM par3he gae nibandha meM kolaka ne kahA thA ki 'jaise DaoN. emilTana aura mejara DIlAmene kahate haiM, jainoM aura bauddhoM kA gautama eka hI vyakti hai aura isase eka dUsarA vicAra bhI udbhavita hotA hai aura vaha yaha ki ye donoM dharma eka hI vRkSa kI zAkhAeM hoN| jainoM ke kathanAnusAra mahAvIra ke gyAraha ziSyoM meM se eka ne hI apane pIche AdhyAtmika uttarAdhikArI chor3e the; arthAt jainAcAryoM kA uttarAdhikArI mAtra sudharmA svAmI se hI cala rahA hai| gyAraha ziSyoM meM se mAtra indrabhUti aura sugharmA do hI mahAvIra ke bAda vidyamAna rahe the| pahalA ziSya gautamasvAmI nAma se prasiddha thA aura usakA koI bhI uttarAdhikArI nahIM thaa| isase yathArtha niSkarSa yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki isa jIvita ziSya ke koI bhI anuyAyI nahIM thA aisA nahIM apitu yaha ki ve jainadharmI nahIM the| isa gautama ke anuyAyiyoM kA hI bauddha dharma banA jisake ki siddhAnta bahutAMza meM jainadharma ke jaise hI haiN| pakSAntara meM sudharmAsvAmI ke anuyAyI jaina haiN| tIrthakaroM kA itihAsa, kathAnaka aura purANa donoM hI ke eka dUsare se bilkula bhinna haiN|'' kitane hI nAmoM aura niyamoM kI aisI pAkasmika samAnatA para se racita donoM prora ke ina zIghra anumAnoM aura pramANoM ko jaise kisI bhI prakAra se aitihAsika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI unheM nyAyasaMgata bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. yAkobI ke zabdoM meM yadi kaheM to aisI sAmyatA phalyUlena ke aise nyAya siddhAMta para hI TikI raha sakatI hai ki maisIDona meM eka nadI hai aura mAnmatha (Monmourh) meM bhI eka nadI hai| mAnmatha kI nadI ko vAI kahate haiN| parantu dUsarI nadI kA vAstavika nAma aba kyA hai yaha mujhe smaraNa nahIM hai| parantu vaha saba eka hI haiN| jaise merI aMguliyA~ eka dUsare se milatI haiM vaisI hI ve bhI haiM aura donoM meM hI sAlamana jAti kI machaliyAM haiN|' DaoN. hApakisa jaise suprasiddha vidvAna ne bhI 'mUrtipUjA, devapUjA aura manuSyapUjA' ko mahAvIra ke sAtha ekAnta rUpa se joDa diyA hai| vaha jainadharma ke saMbaMdha meM kahatA hai ki bhArata ke saba mahAn dharmoM meM se nAtaputta kA dharma hI nyUnatama rocaka hai aura pratyakSata: jIvita rahane kA vaha nyUnatama adhikArI hai| usakA isa sambandha kA eka pakSIya vicAra athavA usakA ajJAna itanA gaharA jAna par3atA hai ki apane aMtima nivedana meM bhI isI prakAra ke vicAra vaha doharAe binA nahIM raha sakA thA kyoMki vaha anta meM likhatA hai ki 'jo dharma mukhya siddhAMta rUpa se Izvara ko nahIM mAnanA, manuSya pUjA karanA aura kIr3I-makor3I kI rakSA-poSaNa karanA sikhAtA hai, umako vastuta: jIvita rahane kA hI na to adhikAra hai aura na usakA vicAra-tatvajJAna ke itihAsa meM hI eka darzanarUpa se koI adhika prabhAva hI kabhI rahA hai / / DA. hApakiMsa ke ye anumAna itane bahirmArgI haiM ki unheM kapolakalpita aura apakvanirNayoM ke rUpa meM niSedha karake hI hama satya ke adhika samIpa pahu~ca sakate haiN| kyoMki 'aneka padAthoM kI hI bhAMti jise 1 vilsana, vahI, pR 334 / 2. yAkobI, kalpasUtra pR / / 3. TAmasa (eDavarDa), jIjma aura dI arlI phetha graoNpha prazoka, pR. 6 / 4. kolabuka, misaleniyasa eseja, bhAga 2, pR. 315,3161 5. yAkobI, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 9, pR. 162 / 6. hApakisa rilIjansa praoNpha iNDiyA, pR. 296 /
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________________ [ 5 usake kathanAnusAra jIvita rahane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai, vaha jainadharma do hajAra se adhika varSoM se bhI jIvita hai itanA hI nahIM apitu usane sAdhuSoM evaM gRhasthoM meM aneka uttama koTI ke puruSa bhI utpanna kie haiM aura atyanta zraddhAlu aura satya mArga zodhaka aneka upAsakoM mora bhaktoM ko mArga darzana karAkara vAstavika zAMti bhI pradAna kI hai|" / / parantu aise vicAra ke vyakti DaoN hAsa hI akele nahIM haiM parantu aise dUsare vidvAnoM se hameM usako pRthaka karanA hI hogA kyoMki vaha aise bebuniyAda apane niSkarSo ko bhrama nivAraNa kie jAne para virecana nahIM karane jaisA durAgrahI aura satyavimukha nahIM thA / zrI vijayendrasUrijI ko eka patra meM usane likhA thA ki 'mujhe aba ekadama patA laga gayA hai ki jainoM kA vyavahArI dharma pratyeka rIti se prazaMsApatra hai taba se maiM nizcaya hI dukhI hUM ki logoM ke caritra aura naitikatA para isa dharma ne jo prAzcaryajanaka prabhAva DAlA usakI prora dhyAna die binA hI Izvara ko nahIM mAnate, kevala manuSya pUjA karane aura kIr3I-makor3I kI rakSA poSaNa karane vAle ke rUpa meM jainadharma kI maiMne niMdA kii| parantu jaisA ki bAraMbAra banA karatA hai, dharma ke sAtha gAr3ha sambandha hI, na ki pustakoM dvArA prApta kie bAharI jJAna, usakI viziSTatAoM kA digdarzana karAtA hai aura samaSTi meM pratyanta anukUla vAtAvaraNa vahI utpanna karatA hai 12 Azcarya kI bAta basa itanI hI hai ki aise pUrNa abhyAsa ke pratyakSa pariNAmoM se hI lambe samaya taka janadharma pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM bauddhadharma kI eka zAkhA mAtra mAnA jAtA rahA thaa| aisI khoTI dhAraNA se purAtattva kI isa zAkhA ke abhyAsI zodhakoM kA dhyAna jainadharma ke sundara tattvoM kI ora kvacit hI gayA aura aise bhrama kucha kAla taka avazya hI calate rahe the| parantu jainadharma eka svataMtra dharma rUpa meM siddha ho cukA hai isase aba to inkAra kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai / nivAraNa ke lie DaoN. yAkobI aura DaoN. vhUlara jaise vidvAna dhanyavAda ke yogya haiM / isa bhrama , ina do suprasiddha vidvAnoM ke avirata prayAsa ke phala svarUpa jainadharma viSayaka prajJAna aba dinodina dUra hotA jA rahA hai / DaoN. yAkobI ke 'zrI bhadrabAhu ke kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA' aura 'zrImahAvIra aura unake purogAmI anukrama se I.san 1879 grora 1880 meM prakAzita vidvattApUrNa do lekha aura san 1887 meM par3hA gayA DaoN. uhUlara kA 'jainoM kI bhAratIya zAlA' lekha hI jainadharma ke zAstrIya yA buddhigamya para vistRta vivaraNa denevAle sarva prathama lekha the| ina prasiddha vidvAnoM ko kIrti mahAna buddhimattA aura tAtvika sUkSma dRSTi se isa viSaya kI vivecanA ne isa prabhu dharma ke prati yoropIya vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA aura jo kArya unhoMne prArambha kiyA thA vaha na kevala Aja divasa taka calatA hI rahA hai apitu usake aneka suMdara pariNAma bhI Ae haiM / sadbhAgya se prAja jainadharma ke prati dRSTi meM darzanIya antara par3a gayA hai aura bhUtakAla meM jvalaMta bhAga lene vAle paura jagata kI pragati, saMskRti aura sabhyatA kI vRddhi meM jagata ke anya dharmoM jitanA hI advitIya yogadAna denevAle isa dharma ko jagata ke dharmo meM isakA upayukta sthAna prApta hone lagA hai / isI sambandha meM zrI smitha kahatA hai ki yaha zaMkAspada satya hai ki kisI bhI kAla meM samagra bhArata kA pracalita dharma bauddhadharma hI thaa|' isalie aneka lekhakoM dvArA prayukta 'bauddhadhamaM yuga' nAma ko jhUThA aura bhramAspada kahate vaha isakI niMdA karatA hai kyoM ki usakA yaha kahanA hai ki 'brAhmaNayuga ke sthAna meM bhArata meM jaina yA bauddha yuga isa dRSTi se kabhI bhI nahIM rahA ki usane brAhmaNIya hindUdha kA sthAna hI le liyA ho / " vastu sthiti jo bhI ho, phira bhI ina donoM dharmo ne bhArata varSa ke itihAsa ke pRSThoM meM amiTa chApa chor3I hai aura bhAratIya vicAra, jIvana, saMskRti Adi meM inhoMne dhanupama yogadAna diyA hai isako svIkAra kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa grantha ke nirmANa kA merA uddezya isalie sAmAnya jainadharma, na ki usake koI sampradAya vizeSa jaise ki zvetAmbara, digambara prathavA sthAnakavAsI, uttara bhArata me kisa pramANa meM phailA huA thA, vaha khojane praura usakI ho vRddhi evam vistAra kA itihAsa hI prAlekhita karane kA hai| 1 belavalakara, brahmasUtraja, pu. 120 121 1 dekho zAha, jaina jaina gajaTa, bhAga 23, pR. 105 1 iNDi eNTI, pusta, 9, pR. 158 dhAdi smitha oNksaphorDa hisTograoNpha iNDiyA, pa. 55 1
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________________ 61 isa mahAn dharma ke siddhAnta, isakI saMsthAnoM ke mahAn vikAsa aura usake bhAgya kA varNana karane yA rUparekhA dene kA hI merA vicAra nahIM hai| yahI kyoM, jainadharma kA itihAsa, usake vividha citra-vicitra kathAnaka aura pavitra dhArmika sAhitya ke dvaitarUpa ki jo zvetAmbara yA digambara mAnyatA kI mAMga svarUpa Aja hameM prApta hai, prAdi praznoM kI kadAcit hI maiM carcA kruugaa| merA prayatna to mAtra itanA hI hogA ki maiM una sAhasI aura baliSTa, mahAn aura yazasvI pUrvajoM ke prayAsoM kA jo unhoMne apane evam apane dharma ke itihAsa nirmANa karane ke kie the, maiM anusaraNa karU' aura cAhe vaha prAMzika aura parIkSAmUlaka hI ho phira bhI unake yogadAna kA aura vizeSatayA uttara bhArata kI prasanna aura phalaprada sAMskRtika dhArA meM die yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana kruu| isa prakAra ke grantha nirmANa kI tIvra prAvazyakatA ke isake sivAya bhI aneka kAraNa haiM kyoMki pichale savA sau varSoM meM sAhityika kRtiyoM ko dekhate hae, vidvAnoM ne paurvAtya abhyAsoM ke vibhinna vibhAgoM kI ora atyanta durlakSa kiyA hai| pahalA kAraNa yaha hai ki uttara-bhArata kA itihAsa taba taka sampUrNa likhA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai jaba taka ki vaha jainadharma ke prakAza meM nahIM likhA jAe kyoMki isa dharma ne gRhasthoM aura rAjavaMzoM meM agaNita parivartana kie the| dUsarA yaha ki bhAratIya tattvajJAna kA avalokana bhI jainadharma ke tattvajJAnAvalokana ke abhAva meM apUrNa raha jAtA hai aura yaha vizeSa rUpa se viMdhyaparvata ke uttara prora ke kSetra ke lie, jahAM ki jainadharma kA janma huA thA, aura bhI adhika lAgU hotA hai| tIsare yaha ki yadi bhAratIya kriyAkANDa, rItirivAja, daMtakathAeM, saMsthAeM, lalitakalA aura zilpa Adi kA susambandhita aura sUkSma avalokana karanA khoja kA viSaya ho to usa uttara bhArata meM ki jahAM bAraMbAra ke videzI abhiyAnoM ke zikAra hone ke kAraNa koI bhI saMsthA yA dharbha sahIsalAmata nahIM rahe, jainadharma ke citravicitra itihAsa ko svabhAvataH pramukha sthAna milanA hI caahie| DaoN. harTala kahatA hai ki janoM kI varNanAtmaka kathAeM bhArata kI varNanAtmaka kalA kI lAkSaNika haiM / unameM bhAratIya prajA ke jIvana aura usakI pRthaka pRthaka prakAra kI rItabhAMti kA vAstavika aura susaMgaThita rUpa meM varNana hameM milatA hai| isalie jaina kathA-sAhitya bhAratIya sAhitya ke vizAla kSetra meM lokasAhitya kA (usake vistRta artha meM lete hue) hI nahIM apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa kA bhI sabase adhika mUlyavAna maulika sAdhana hai| anta meM, rASTra ke mAnasa tathA sabhyatA ko jAnane kA bhUtakAla kA sUkSma aura sAvadhAnI pUrvaka abhyAsa ke sivAya dUsarA rAmabANa upAya koI bhI nahIM hai| aise adhyayana se hI bhUtakAla kI prajJAnajanya aura andhapUjA ke sthAna meM ra.tya aura puruSocita abhyarthanA sthApita kI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya kI nidhi meM jainoM ne jo yogadAna diyA hai usa saba kA itihAsa diyA jAe to eka svataMtra grantha ko hI racanA ho jaae| janoM ne prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM dharma, nIti, vijJAna tattvajJAna Adi viSayoM dvArA apanA sampUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainoM ke die yogadAna kA sUkSma dRSTi se avalokana karate hue zrI bArthaM likhatA hai ki 'bhAratavarSa ke sAhityika aura vaijJAnika jIvana meM unhoMne bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa bhAga liyA hai| jyotiSa zAstra, vyAkaraNa aura romAMcaka sAhitya unake prayatnoM kA AbhArI hai| lalitakalA ke pradeza meM udayagirI aura khaNDagiri ke parvatoM para ke nivAsagRha aura guhA maMdiro ke kuzalatApUrvaka utkIriNata veSTaniyAM (phrIjeja), mathurA ke suzobhita pAyAgapaTa tathA toraNa, giranAra aura zatru jaya kI parvatamAlA para ke svatatra khar3e sundara stambha aura prAbU evaM anya parvatoM para ke jaina maMdiroM kA adbhuta zilpakAma Adi bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti ke vidyArthI kI rasa pravRtti ko jAgRta karane ke lie paryApta haiN| isI prakAra dhArmika kSetra meM bhI mahAn zaMkarAcArya aura RSi dayAnanda kA pRSThabata jaina aura bauddha prabhAva ke sadiyoM kI pratikriyA ke jJAna vinA pUrNa rUpa se jAnA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai| sAhitya, kalA aura dharma kI ye halacaleM mahAn rAjyoM ko surakSita chatrachAyA ke binA vijayI ho hI nahIM sakatI thIM isalie hamAsa abhyAsa jainadharma kI rAjasattA kI surakSA meM huI pragati kI khoja karane ke kAma se prArambha honA cAhie kyoMki apanI kramonnati meM vaha kitane hI rAjyoM kA usa dRSTi se rAjadharma bana jAtA hai ki kitane hI mahAn rAjA usako svIkAra ka . 1. haTaMla, praoNna diliTarecara graoNpha dizvetAmbarAja zraoNpha gujarAta pR. 81 - 2 bArtha, dI rilIjansa praoNpha iNDiyA, pa. 1441
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________________ lete haiM. use prAvazyaka uttejana dete haiM aura apanI prajA ko bhI ve usI dharma kI ora jhukA sakane meM bhI saphala hote haiM / " phira bhI hamArA kArya kaMTakAkIraNaM he satya to yaha hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina dharma kA sampUrNa aitihAsika avalokana pUrA-pUrA karA sake aisA eka bhI upayogI grantha upalabdha nahIM hai, to bhI bhAratIya itihAsa ke vidyArthI ke lie na to vaha kSetra ekadama praddhatA hI hai aura na vaha mAtra aitihAsika va kAlpanika nAmoM kA dhArmika dRSTAntoM kA. mahAkAvya athavA dharmagranthoM kI purANa kathAoMoM kA jaisA taisA kiyA huA saMgraha hI hai| kyoMki yadi aisA hI hotA to hajAroM prAcIna jaina sAdhuyoM aura paNDitoM ko ina bahumatampAdita racanAoM kI ki jinheM prati por3hI smRti dvArA hI ki jise bAja kA yuga eka camatkAra hI mAnatA hai, diyA jAnA rahA thA, surakSita rakhanA hI nirarthaka ho jAtA hai / yahI kyoM vigata Der3ha sau varSa kA suprasiddha bhAratIya aura videzIya paNDitoM aura purAtatvavidoM kA kiyA huA kAma bhI akAratha ho jAtA hai. yadi unake kheloM ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja hama aisA susambaddha itihAsa ki jo sAdhAraNa pAThaka kI samajha kA aura prabhyAziyoM ke upayoga kA ho, nahIM likha pAte haiM / jaina itihAsa ke aneka aMza yadyapi Aja bhI andhakAra meM haiM, dhAra aneka vivaraNa sambandhI prazna prabhI sthita haiM to bhI hamArA yaha sadbhAgya hai ki janayuga ke sAmAnya itihAsa kI racanA kA kArya sava itanA bhArI nahIM raha gayA hai| bhArI hai yA nahIM, hama to apane lie na to nijI khojoM kA aura na paurvAtya vidvattA evam khoja kI sImAoM ko kisI prakAra vistRta karane kA hI zreya kA adhikArI samajhate haiN| anta meM uttara bhArata" kI vyAkhyA spaSTa kara denA bhI hamAre lie pavazyaka hai| kRSNA mora tuMgabhadrA nadI ke dakSiNa aura bAe hue pradezoM ko maryAdita rUpa meM dakSiNa bhArata" kahA jAtA hai| ina nadiyoM se uttarIya pradezoM ko "davakhana" kahane kI prathA hai / parantu dakSiNa aura uttara bhAratavarSa yAne narbadA ke dakSiNI aura mahAnadI ke uttarI pradeza apane meM hI eka-eka ikAI haiN| isI ikAI ke artha meM "uttara-bhArata" zabda kA yahAM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| sAptI nadI ke dakSiNa bhAga se hI dakkhana kA ucca pradeza yAne pleTo nizcaya hI zurU hotA hai| dakSiNa yAne upaDIpI bhArata (peninsara iNDiyA) se bhArata ko istutaH pRthaka karane vAlI to baMdA nadI hI hai| isI uttara-bhArata pradeza meM samasta bAraha lAkha kI jainoM kI lagabhaga AdhI saMkhyA yAja bhI banatI hai / ye chaha jitane jaina aitihAsika sAmAjika aura dhArmika dRSTi se apane Apa meM usI prakAra eka nizcita ikAI haiM jaise ki ye dantakathAeM, rItirivAja para mAnyatA se spaSTa rUpa meM uttarIya hai| vIdoM kI bhAMti uttara aura dakSiNa ke jainoM kA yaha vibhajana mUlataH bhaugolika hote hue bhI "siddhAnta, gAvabhASA dalakA aura rItirivAjoM ke samasta zAstrabhASA, zarIra meM hI antataH syApta ho gayA hai|"a 1. smitha, vahI, pR. 55 3. vArtha, vahI, pR. 145 2. zrInivAsacArI aura sAgara hisTrI grApha iNDiyA, bhAga 1. pR. 3 /
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________________ 81 pahalA adhyAya mahAvIra pUrvottara jaina dharma jainadharma se kyA abhipreta hai ? "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa mAnava saMskRti aura usake vikAsa kI tIsa sadiyoM kA itihAsa hai / yaha pRthaka-pRthaka kitane hI yugoM meM vibhAjita hai / kitanI hI arvAcIna prajA ke samasta itihAsa kI tulanA meM bahuta kAla taka khar3A raha sake aisA vaha pratyeka yuga hai / " 1 mAnava saMskRti aura usake vikAsa ke ina tIna hajAra varSo kI kalA, zilpa, dharma, nIti aura tatvajJAna kI aneka vidha pragati meM jainadharma kA yogadAna dvitIya hai / parantu jainadharma kI pramukha siddhi hai "grahiMsA" kA Adarza / jaina mAnate haiM ki zrAja kI duniyAM zanaiH zanaiH pradRzya rIti se phira bhI usI prAdarza kI ora pragati kara rahI hai / pratyeka ucca vyAvahArika aura Atmika pravRtti kA dhyeya grAhisA hI mAnA jAtA ho aura bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke logoM ke nivAsa ke kAraNa saMskRti kI ulajhanabharI vizAla abhivRddhi meM se pariNata huI saba vibhinnatA ke hote hue bhI ahiMsA hI ekatA kA cihna mAnI jAtI thI ? jainadharma mukhya rUpa se darzana ke naitika artha kA sUcaka hai| jaise bauddha jJAnI buddha ke anuyAyI haiM vaise hI jaina vItarAga jina ke anuyAyI haiM / jainoM ke sabhI tIrthakaroM ko "jina" kahA jAtA hai / " jina ke pRthaka-pRthaka guNoM para se udbhUta aneka nAma unakI saphalatA ke prati bhaktoM ke bhAvoM ke pradarzaka haiM jaise ki jagataprabhu-yAne jagata kA svAmI, sarvajJa- yAne sarva padArtha kA jJAtA, trikAlavita -yAne bhUta bhaviSyat zrara vartamAna tInoM hI kAla ko jAnane vAlA, kSIraNakarmA-yAne sarva daihika karmoM ko kSINa yAne nAza karane vAlA, adhIzvara - yAne mahAn Izvara, devAdhideva - yAne devoM kA bhI deva / aise aura bhI aneka guNavAcaka nAma jina ke haiM / phira kitane hI nAma arthasUcaka bhI haiM jaise ki 'tIrthaMkara', yA 'tIrthakara', 'kevalI' 'ahaM' aura 'jina' / 'tIyaMte pranena' arthAt saMsAra rUpI samudra jisakI sahAyatA se terA jA sake vaha 'tIrthaMkara', pratyeka prakAra ke doSa se rahita apUrva prAdhyAtmika zakti jisameM ho vaha 'kevalI,' devoM aura manuSyoM ko jo mAnya ho vaha 'prarhat' aura rAga evaM dva eSa se pare aisA jitendriya ho vaha 'jina' kahalAtA hai / 1. datta ( ramezacandra ). enseMTa iNDiyA, 1890 pR. 1 / 2. una saba striyoM aura puruSoM ko bhI yaha lAgU hotA hai ki jina ne apanI hIna vRttiyoM para vijaya pAlI hai aura jo saba rAga-dva eSa ko pUrNatayA jIta kara uccatama sthiti para pahuMca gae haiN| dekho rAdhAkRSNana, iNDiyana philosophI, bhAga 1, pR. 286 1 3. grasya ca jaina darzanasya prakAzayitA paramAtmA rAgadveSAdyAntararipujetatvAdanvarthaka jinanA madheyaH / jino rhan syAdvAdI tIrthaMkara iti jJAnarthAntaram / zrataeva tatprakAzita darzanamapi janadarzana mahatpravacana jainazAsanaM syAdvAdadRSTiranekAntavAda ityAdaya nivAnaivyaM padipate / vijayadharmasUri bhaNDArakara smRti grantha, pU. 139 /
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________________ jina kA prarUpita dharma hI 'janadharma' hai| use 'janadarzana', 'janazAsana', 'syAdvAda', bhAdi bhI kahate haiM / jainadharma pAlane vAle gRhasthoM ko bahadhA zrAvaka bhI kahA jAtA hai / / janadharma ke prArambha kI nizcita tithI batAnA kaThina hI nahIM apitu asambhava hai / phira bhI jainadharma bauddha yA brAhmaNa dharma kI zAkhA hai isa prAcIna mAnyatA ko hama arvAcIna khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa nighar3aka ajJAnasUcaka aura bhramAtmaka mithyAvarNana ghoSita kara sakate haiN| hamAre jJAna kI pragati yahAM taka ho cukI haiM ki aba yaha kahanA eka aitihAsika bhrAMti hI hogA ki jainadharma kA prArambha bhagavAna mahAvIra se hI huA jaba taka ki isako samarthana karane vAle koI bhI aitihAsika pramANa prastuta nahIM kie jAeM, kyoMki jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthakara zrI pAzvanAtha aba eka aitihAsika vyakti pUrNatayA svIkRta kie jA cuke hai aura anya jinoM kI bhAMti mahavIra unakI zreNI meM eka sudhAraka se adhika kucha bhI nahIM the yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA jA cukA hai| manuSya jAti jitanA hI dharma prAcIna hai, athavA isakA udbhava bAda meM huaa| yaha abhI taka bhI aitihAsika anveSakoM kI vivecanA kA viSaya utanA hI banA huA hai jitanA ki dharma kA prArambha aura tatvajJAna aura isakA koI bhI hala unheM nahIM milA haiM / mAnasa-zAstra kI dRSTi se hI isa prazna kA uttara yA jA sakatA hai / parantu yaha prazna nirA dArzanika hI hai| jo kisI bhI uccatara vyakti yA vyaktiyoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karatI ho aisI koI Adima jAti yA prajA aAja taka bhI nahIM milI hai aura yaha dharma ke vizAla artha meM eka parama mahatva kI bAta hai| jaba hama kisI viziSTa dharma kA vicAra karate haiM to bhI yaha prazna upasthita hotA hI hai ki vaha dharma manuSya jitanA hI prAcIna hai athavA manuSya jIvana meM usakI utpatti bAda meM huI thii| isa viSaya meM pratyeka dharma kA bahutAMza meM yahI dAvA hai ki jo spaSTatayA parantu saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai:-"hamArA dharma anAdi aura sarvavyApaka hai aura anya dharma saba pAkhaNDa haiM / " apane pranAditva ke isa dAve ko siddha aura samarthana karane ke lie prAyaH pratyeka dharma meM aneka prakAra kA kAlpanika yA paurANika sAhitya hai ki jo dhArmika rUpakoM aura dharmapustakAntargata purANakathAoM ko Azraya dete haiM / astitva rakhatA huyA koI bhI dharma anAdi aura sarva-vyApaka hone kA apanA dAvA vastuta: siddha kara sakatA hai athavA manuSya kI yaha eka nirbalatA hI hai, yaha kahanA hamArA kArya nahIM hai kyoMki yaha hamAre kSetra ke bAhya viSaya hai| adhika se adhika hama jaina dharma ke isa viSaya meM kathana kA hI yahAM vicAra kara sakate haiN| 1. hemacandra abhidhAnacitAmaNi, adhyA. 1, zloka 24-25 / 2. isa adhyAya ke antima aMza kA samajhanA sarala ho jAe isalie yahAM isa avasarpiNI kAla ke 24 tIrthakaroM ke nAma de die jAte haiM :- 1. RSabha, 2. ajita, 3. saMbhava, 4. abhinaMdana, 5. sumati, 6. padmaprabha, 7. supArzva, 4. candraprabha, 9. puSpadaMta, athavA suvidhanAtha, 10. zItala 11. zreyAMsa, 12. vAsupUNya, 13. vimala, 14. anaMta, 15. dharma, 16. zAMti, 17. kunthu, 18. para 19. malli, 20. munisuvrata, 21. nami, 22. nemi yA ariSThane mi, 23. pArzva yA pArzvanAtha, aura 24. vardhamAna jisako mahAvIra Adi bhI kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka tIrthakara kA paricAyaka cihna yAne lAMchana bhinna-bhinna hotA hai aura yaha lAMchana unakI mUrti para sadA hI pAyA jAtA hai, jaise pArzvanAtha kA lAMchana pharaNIsarpa hai aura vardhamAna kA siMha / dekho etasyA mavasapiNyAmaSabho jitasaMbhavo...prAdi-hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 26, 20.28 /
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________________ 10 ] jaina dharma kA udbhava aura prarvAcIna khojoM kI apekSA adhika prAcIna hone ke pramANa jainoM kI mAnyatAnusAra aneka tIrthakaroM ne jagata ke pratyeka yuga meM vAramvAra jaina dharma kA udyota kiyA thaa| vartamAna yuga ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura antima do pArzvanAtha evam mahAvIra the| ina tIrthaMkAroM ke jIvana caritra janasiddhAntapustakAntargata evam aneka mahAna jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita carita vizeSoM meM sampUrNa rUpa se prApta hai / ina tIrthakaroM meM RSabhadeva kA zarIra 500 dhanuSya kA aura prAyu 84,00,000 varSa pUrva kI kahI gaI hai jaba ki antima do yAne pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA Ayu anukrama se 100 aura 72 varSa hI thA aura zarIra bhI grAjakala ke se manuSyoM mA hI lambA thA / ina tIrthakaroM kI mrAyu aura deha kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hameM jJAta hotA hai ki RSabhadeva se prAyuSya aura dehamAna barAbara uttarottara ghaTa hI prA rahe the| pArzva ke pUrvaja bAIsave tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA AyuSya 1000 varSa kA hI kahA jAtA hai / 1 grantima do tIrthakaroM ke die gae buddhigamya AyuSya aura deha ne kitane hI vidvAnoM ko isa sambhava pariNAma para pahuMcane kI preraNA dI ki ye hI tIrtha kara aitihAsika puruSa mAnI jAnA cAhie / " pAzva aura mahAvIra donoM aitihAsika haiM: pArzvanAtha ke sambandha meM lekhana kahatA hai ki isa jina kA dhAyu usake purogAmiyoM kI bhAMti koI bhI maryAdA ullaMghana nahIM karatA hai, isIlie usake aitihAsika puruSa hote kI bAta ko isaro vizeSa samarthana milatA hai / " . yaha yaha satya hai ki hama aise tarka ke AdhAra para kisI bhI prakAra kA aitihAsika anumAna nahIM bAMdha sakate hai, parantu bhAratIya itihAsa ke jisa samaya kA hama yahA~ vicAra kara rahe haiM usakI sAmagrI itanI apUrNa hai ki hama usake AdhAra para pramANita nirNaya kucha nahIM kara sakate haiN| zrI datta kahate haiM ki mahAn alekjeNDara ke bhArata Agamana ke pahale ke bhAratIya itihAsa kI nizcata tithiyoM kA nirNaya karanA lagabhaga asaMbhava hai|" niHsandeha eka rahasya kI hI bAta hai ki jahAM mahAvIra ke udbhava ke bAda kI pratyeka vastu kA vyavasthita lekhA rakhA jA sakA, vahAM unake pUrva kI kisI bhI bAta kA prAmANika lekhA hameM nahIM milatA hai / phira bhI jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsika tithi nizcita karanA eka dama hI asaMbhava nahIM hai| zrI mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya kA samakAlika sAhitya jaina itihAsa ke isa mahatva ke prazna para bahuta sundara prakAza DAlatA hai, yahI nahIM para hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jaina sUtroM meM prastuta kie tatsambandhI pramANa bhI kucha kama mahatva ke nahIM haiM / - 1. hemacandra ne apane grantha prativAnacitAmariNa meM bItI utsarpiNI ke 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke aura AgAmI ke 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma die haiM / satsarpiNyAvid Adi aura bhAvinyAM tu grAdi / zlo. 50-56 isa sUcI kI samApti isa prakAra kI hai evaM sarvAvasapiyutsapaNISu jinottamAzlo. 561 2. sUtroM meM se bhadrabAhu kA kalpasUtra athavA sudharmA kA Avazyaka sUtra Adi dekho; pRthaka caritroM kI sUcI meM inakA nAma nirdeza kiyA jA sakatA hai - hamavijayagari kA pArzvanAthacaritram zrI munibhadrasUri kA zAMtinAtha mahAkAvyam; vinayacandrasUri kA mallinAthacaritram haribhadrasUri kA mallinAtha caritrama nemicandrasUri kA mahAvIra svAmI caritram grAbi Adi / 3. kalpasUtra, sUtra 227, 168, 147 jaina ke anusAra eka pUrva 7,05,60,00,00,00, 000 varSa kA hotA hai / dekho saMgrahaNIsUtra, gAthA 262 4. kalpasUtra. sUtra 182 1 5. sTIvensana / pAdarI / kalpasUtra, prastA. pu. 12 6. lAsenaba I. eNTI pusta. 2. 261 7. datta, vahI, pR. 11 1
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________________ pAvaM kI aitihAsikatA ke pramANa-khoja kI dRSTi se zrI pArzvanAtha kA jaba hama vicAra karate haiM to aisA dekhate haiM ki zilAlekha yA smAraka rUpa se pramANika koI bhI prAdhAra hameM aisA nahIM milatA hai ki jisakA sIdhA sambandha unase ho / parandu kitane hI zilAlekha aura smAraka aise haiM ki jinase unake sambandha meM parokSa anumAna niHsaMkoca kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ mathurA ke jaina zilAlekhoM kI parIkSA karane para hama dekhate haiM ki unameM gRhastha-bhaktoM dvArA RSabhadeva ko ayaM apita kie jAne ke ullekha haiN| isake atirikta bahuta se zilAlekhoM meM na kevala eka arhata hI kA apitu aneka arhatoM kA ullekha hai / "una lekhoM meM rAjoM ke nAma ho yA nahIM hoM, phira bhI ve saba iNDosidiyana kAla ke haiM aisA spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai, aura yadi kaniSka evaM usake vaMzajoM kA kAla zakayuga hI mAnA jAtA ho to ve saba lekha pahalI aura dUsarI sadI ke mAlUma dete haiN| yadi mahAvIra ko jainadharma kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAe to jinako arpiNa karane kA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai una logoM ke aura mahAvIra ke bIca meM samaya kA bahuta bar3A antara nahIM honA cAhie, aisA avazya hI kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki vaha antara nirA chaha sadI kA hI hai aura yaha antara aisA nahIM hai ki jisameM jainadharma kI sthApanA viSayaka pramukha bAtoM se ye loga bahuta ghaniSTha paricaya nahIM gva pAe hoM / phira yaha bhI dRSTavya hai ki yaha ayaM eka se adhika arhatoM ko paura pramukha rUpa se zrI RSabha ko diyA gayA hai| yaha bAta spaSTa pramANita karatI hai ki jainadharma kA prArambha ati prAcIna hai aura taba se aba taka meM isake aneka tIrthakara bhI saMbhavataH ho cuke haiN| phira hameM jainoM ke eka mahAn tIrtha' kA akSayakIrtistambha svarUpa pramANa bhI prApta hai aura yaha mahAna tIrtha hai hajArIbAga jile kA sametazikhara kA pahAr3a jisako pArzvanAtha yA pArasanAtha pahAr3I grAja kahA jAtA hai / kalpasUtra meM jo ki zrI bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnI jA cukI hai aura isalie vaha I. sa. pUrva 300 varSa kA hai, evaM anya jaina sAhitya-granthoM meM pArzvanAtha ke pUrva vahAM pahuMca jAne aura usI para nirvANa prApta karane kA pramANa bhI hameM prApta hai| samakAlika sAhitya ko jaba hama dekhate haiM to usameM aneka aise ullekha aura ghaTanAeM mila jAtI haiM ki jo pArzvanAtha ke aitihAsika jIvana ke viSaya meM jarA sI bhI zaMkA rahane nahIM detI hai / yahAM una sabhI bAtoM kI satyatA kI parIkSA karane kI yadyapi hameM aAvazyakatA nahIM hai phira bhI unameM se thor3I sI pramukha upayogI paura atyanta vizvasta bAtoM ko yahAM ginA jAtA hai| 1. prIyatAmbhagavAnuSamazrI: (bhagavAn zrI RSabhadeva, prasanna ho)- epI. iNDi., pustaka 1, pR. 386; lekha saM. 8 2. namo prarahaMttatAnaM (arhatoM ko namaskAra), vahI, pR. 383, lekha saM. 3 / / 3. vahI, pR. 371 / 4. tIrtha, jaina paribhASA ke anusAra, pavitra yAtrA sthAna ko kahate haiN| 5. sametazimbara, jise mejara renAla ke nakze meM pArasanAtha kahA gayA hai, baMgAla aura bihAra ke bIca kI pahAr3iyoM meM hai| janoM kI dRSTi meM yaha mahAn pAvana aura pUjanIya hai| bhAratavarSa ke dUra-dUra ke pradezoM se yAtrI loga yahAM prati varSa yAtrA ke lie prAte haiM aisA kahA jAtA hai / kAlabuka, vahI, pusta. 2, pR. 213 / isa pahAr3I para pAzvaM kA suprasiddha mandira hai / 6. zArpaTiyara, uttarAdhyayanasatra, prastAvanA, pR. 1 3-14 / 7. dekho kalpasUtra, mUtra 168; nirvANamAsatra saMmetAdrIyayo prabhuH / hemacanda, triSaSThi-zalAkA, parva 9, zlo. 316. pa. 2191
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________________ 12 ] bauddha sAhitya meM jainoM kA prathama ullekha--jaina zAstroM meM jana sAdhU aura sAdhvI ko 'nigaMTha aura nirgaThi' saMskRta meM 'nigranthi aura nigranthiraNI' ke nAma se jo kahA gayA hai isakA artha 'binA gAMTha yA prAsakti' ke hotA hai|' bauddhazAstroM meM bhI inakA aisA hI ullekha hai| varAhamihira aura hemacandra bhI unako 'nigranthi' hI kahate haiM / parantu anya lekhaka unake 'vivasana'", 'muktAbara' jaise ekArthI zabda kA prayoga karate haiM / jainoM ke dhArmika puruSoM ke lie 'nigranthi' nAma azoka zilAlekhoM meM 'nigaMTha' rUpa meM prayukta hanA hai / bauddhoM ke piTakoM meM buddha aura usake anuyAyiyoM ke virodhI ke rUpa meM 'nigaMTha' zabda kA bArambAra upayoga kiyA gayA hai / bauddhazAstroM meM jahAM usa zabda kA ullekha hai vahAM mukhya rUpa meM unake mata kA khaNDana karane aura spaSTa rUpa se bhagavAna buddha kI zreSThatA siddha karane ke lie hI usakA upayoga huaA hai|' isase do bAteM siddha hotI haiM / eka to yaha ki jaina sAdhU 'nigaMTha' kahalAte the aura dUsarI yaha ki bauddha sAhitya kI dRSTi se jaina aura bauddha paraspara mahAn pratispardhI the / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vicAra karate hue hama yaha dekhate haiM ki unake pitA siddhArtha kAzyapa gotrI the ki jo jAta kSatriyoM kA hI eka gotra mAnA jAtA thaa| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra apanI jIvanAvasthA meM jJAtaputra ke nAma se bhI pahacAne jAte the| pAlI bhASA meM jJAnI kA samAnArthI zabda nAya hai aura isIlie jJAtRputra aura nAyaputta kA artha eka hI haiM aura kalpasUtra evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mahavIra ke lie prayukta "nAyaputta" virUda se isakA adhika mela baiTha jAtA hai| isa prakAra nigaMThanAta nigaMThanAtaputta, yA kevala nAtaputta nAmapada mahAvIra ke atirikta praura kiptI kA bodha nahIM karAtA hai / DaoN. vhUlara kahatA hai ki jainoM ke mukhya sthApaka kA saccA nAma khoja nikAlane kA yaza DaoN. yAkobI aura mujha ko hai| jJAtRputra zabda jaina aura uttarIya bauddhazAstroM meM prayukta huA hai| pAlI meM yaha zabda nAtaputta aura jaina prakRta meM nAyaputta hai / ita athavA jJAti usa rAjapUta jAti kA nAma hI mAlama detA hai ki jisameM se nirgrantha udbhava hue the| 1. dekho uttarAdhyayana, adhyA. 12, 163 16, 2; prAcArAMga skaMdha 2, adhya 3, 2 aura kalpasUtra sU. (130 pora) 2 devo dodhanikAya, 1. pa. 50; buddhIgma ina TrAMsalezaMsa (hAvarDa pro. sirIja), 3, pa. 224, 342-43 469, pAdi; mahAparinivAraNa sutta, adhyA. 5,260 grAdi / udAharaNArtha dekho hrisa DeviDsa, se. bu. I. pusta. 3, pa. 166 / 3. zaoNkyopAdhyAyAta nirgranthanimitta...yAdi / -varAhamihira, vRhatsaMhitA, adhyayana 51, glo. 21; varAhamihira (chaThI sadI) kI vRhatsaMhitA, 60, 19 (sampA, karna), nagna jaina yatiboM kA dhAnika veSa batAyA gayA hai| vArtha, vahI, pR. 1451 4. nirgrantho bhikSu...grAdi / -hemacanda abhidhAnacitAmaNi, zlo. 761 5. vivsnsmy...paadi| -paNazIkara, brahmasUtra-mAdhya, pa. 252 (2ya saMskaraNa) / 6. vhalara, epo, iNDi., pusta. 2, pR. 272 / 7. dekho aMguttaranikAya, 3, 74%; mahAvaMgga, 6, 31 Adi / 8. abauddha mAnyatAoM kI dharma sampradAyoM meM hI nigraMtha yA jaina haiM jinakI vRddhaghoSa vipakSI rUpa meM brAhmaNoM se bhI adhika kaTuzabdoM meM niMdA karatA hai| -narImAna, saMskRta buddhIjma, 2 va saMskaraNa pa. 199%; dekho mitrA, dI saMskRta buddhIsTika liTarecara hana nepAla, pa. || mii| 9. nAya kulacaMde, udAharaNa ke lie dekho kalpasUtra, sUtra 110; dekho, vahI, sUtra 20 grAdi mI: pAcArAMgasUtra, skaMdha 2 adhya. 15, sUtra 4 1 10. vahI. skaMdha 1, adhya. 7 sutra 12, aura adhya. 8 sUtra 9 / / / . yAkobI, kalpasUtra. prastAvanA pa. 6 / 12. vhalara, igDi. aiNTI., pu. 7 pR. 143 tti.5| isa sujhAva ke lie hama pro. yAkobI ke grAbhArI haiM ki guru jisako bauddhadharma granthoM meM isa upAdhi se paricaya diyA gayA hai. mahAvIra hI hai aura yaha sujhAva ni:sandeha yathArtha hai| -ke. hi. iM., bhAga 1, pR. 160 /
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________________ phira bauddhazAstroM ko jaba dekhA jAtA hai to sAmaMjaphalamutta nAma ke prAcIna sihalI zAstra meM nigaThanAtaputta kI mRtyu pAvA meM hone kA ullekha hameM mila jAtA hai| nigaMThoM ke siddhAMtoM kA bauddhasUtroM meM vizeSa rUpa se varNana milane se jainoM dhIra nimaMThoM kI prabheda siddha ho jAtI hai| nigaThanAtaputa sarva vastu jAnatA hai. pora devatA hai, saMpUrNa jJAna aura darzana kA vaha dAvA karatA hai, tapazcaryA se karmoM kA nAza aura kriyA se nae karmoM kA avarodha vaha sikhAtA hai, jaba karma samApta ho jAte haiM taba saba kucha samApta ho jAtA hai / aise aise aneka ullekha mahAvIra aura unake siddhAMta ke viSaya meM bauddhoM ke prAcIna grantha meM milate haiM parantu hama una saba meM se eka kA hI adhika vicAra yahAM kareMge kyoMki vaha pArzvanAtha taka ke itihAsa kI khoja ke lie hameM atyanta upayogI hone vAlA hai| 1 13 pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dharma kA sambandha - sAmaMjaphalasutta meM nAtaputta ke siddhAMtoM kA ullekha isa prakAra hai cAtuyAma savara saMto isako DA. yAkovo jaina pAribhASika zabda 'cAturyAma' sambandhI ullekha mAnate haiN| 'yaha vidvAna kahatA hai ki ' mahAvIra ke purogAmI pArzvanAtha ke siddhAMta ke lie isI zabda kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| tAki mahAvIra ke sudhAre hue siddhAMta 'paMcayAma' dharma se yaha pRthaka ho jAe / " DA. yAkobI kA yaha mantavya samajhane ke lie hameM jAnanA zrAvazyaka haiM ki pArzvanAtha ke mUla dharma meM unake anuyAyiyoM ke lie cAra mahAvrata niyata the aura ve isa prakAra thegrahisA, satya, asteya (pravIrya aura aparigraha (anAvazyaka sarva vastuoM tyAga) sudhAraka mahAvIra ne dekhA ki jisa samAja meM ve vicarate the usameM pArzvanAtha ke aparigraha vrata se eka dama pRthaka 'brahmacarya yAne zIlavata' ko svatantra vrata rUpa bar3hAnA parama Avazyaka hai|* jainadharma meM mahAvIra ke lie isa sudhAra ke sambandha meM DaoN. yAkobI kahatA hai ki pAzrzvanAtha ghora mahAvIra ke antarAla samaya meM sAdhu saMsthA meM cAritrya kI zithilatA grA gaI ho aisI zAstra ke tarka se pUrva sUcanA milatI hai| aura aisA tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ki hama antima do tIrthaMkaroM ke bIca meM paryApta samayAntara mAna lete hai, aura pArzvanAtha ke 250 varSa bAda mahAvIra hue yaha sAmAnya dantakathA isa mAnyatA se eka dama mela khA jAtI hai / * isa prakAra bauddha granthoM se hI hameM aise Thosa pramANa prApta hote haiM ki jo pArzvanAtha ke jIvana kI aitihAsikatA ke nirNaya karane meM hamArI sahAyatA karate haiM / phira boddhazAstroM meM nAtaputta aura unake tatvajJAna ke sambandha meM ve saba ullekha prApta hote dekhakara hameM bar3A hI vicitra sA lagatA hai ki pratispardhI dharma ke lie itane adhika khaNDana aura ullekha hone para bhI jainoM ne apane zAstroM meM pratipakSiyoM kI upekSA kI hai| isase yahI samajhA jAnA cAhie ki jahA~ bauddha nigdhoM kI sampradAyako mahatva kI mAnate the vahAM nirgandha baMdudharma bauddha ko apane nirgranthoM granthoM meM ullekha yogya mahatva kA nahIM mAnate the| donoM dharmoM ke sAhitya kI ina vicitratAtroM se buddha aura mahAvIra ke bahuta varSoM pUrva se hI jainadharma astitva meM thA yaha svataH siddha hotA hai| DaoN. yakobI kahatA hai ki nirgranthoM kA ullekha bauddha ne aneka bAra, yahAM taka ki piTakoM ke prAcInatama bhAga meM bhI kiyA hai parantu bauddhoM ke vijaya meM spaSTa ullekha abhI taka to prAcInatama jaina sUtroM meM kahI bhI mere dekhane meM nahIM AyA hai. hAlAMki unameM jAmAlI, gauzAlA aura granya pAkhaNDI dharmAcAryoM ke viSaya meM lambe-lambe kathAnaka 1. jeDa. DI. ema. jI. saMkhyA 3. pR. 749 | dekho vhUlara, dI inDiyana syaikTa grApha do jainAja, pR. 34 2. aMguttaranikAya, 3, 74 dekho se su. I., pusta. 45, prastA. pU. 15 1 / 3. yAkobI, iNDi eNTI. pusta. 9 pU. 160 4 vratAni... paMcavratAni...yAdi / 4. vratAni... paMcavAni... prAdi / -- dekho kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, p. 3 / 5. yAkobI. se. bra. I., pUta 45 pa. 122 123 1
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________________ 15 tIrthakaroM kI bAta ko hama chor3a deM to bhI hindUdharma ke eka prAcInatama sUtra meM jaina tatvajJAna ke sambandha meM ullekha hameM mila jAte haiN| brahmasUtra jise telAMga aura anya paNDitoM ne IsA pUrva cauthIM sadI kI prAcIna racanA mAnA hai, meM syAdvAda aura prAtma sambandhI jainadharma kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta mahAbhArata, manusmRti, zivasahasra, tettarIya-pAraNyaka, yajurvedasaMhitA aura anya hindUzAstroM meM jainadharma sambandhI aneka ullekha hameM prApta hote haiN| parantu yahAM hameM una para vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai|" / anta meM pArzvanAtha aura unake purogAmiyoM kI aitihAsikatA ke viSaya meM prAcIna aura pavitra jainasUtra evam Adhunika suprasiddha vidvAna kyA kahate haiM usakA yahAM vicAra karaleM / jaina sAhitya ke kisI bhI vibhAga kA sIdhA vicAra karane ke pUrva hama yaha dekha leM ki usa samaya kI rUparekhA para se isa viSaya ke sambandha meM kyA bAteM milatI haiM / DaoN. jArla zArpaTiyara kahatA hai ki tathyoM ke sAmAnya vicAra ko dRSTi se yaha vaktavya ki zAstra kA pramukha mAga mahAvIra aura unake nikaTastha anuyAyiyoM dvArA utpanna hue the, saMbhavataH vizvasta mAnA jA sakatA hai / parantu jainI to isase bhI eka kadama Age jAte haiN| unake anusAra prathama tIrtha kara RSabhadeva ke samaya se cale pAte pUrva hI prAcIna meM prAcIna pavitra jaina dharmagrantha haiN| isake atirikta dUsarI adhika vizvasta paramparA bhI eka hai jisa para DaoN. yAkobI usako AMzika satya mAnate hue ThIka hI bhAra dete haiM / yaha paramparA isa prakAra hai ki pUrvo kA upadeza to svayam mahAvIra ne diyA thA aura gyAraha aMgoM kI racanA bAda meM unake gajadharoM ne kI thii| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra aura unake uttarAdhikArI gajadhara pAgama pAhitya ke kartA haiM / jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kartA the to usakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki ye zAstra unake hI likhe hue haiM. apitu yaha ki jo kucha likhA gayA usakA upadeza unane hI diyA thA / "kyoMki bhAratavarSa meM kartavya mukhya rUpa se vastu para se mAnA jAtA hai / jaba taka ki bhAva vahI ho to zabda kisake haiM yaha bAta aprAsaMgika mAnI jAtI hai|" phira jaina sAhitya kI kucha viziSTatAnoM se hI hama dekha sakate haiM ki dharma kI bhAMti, sAhitya meM vardhamAna aura unake samaya taka kA bhI usameM anusaMdhAna milatA hai / parantu yahAM hameM usakI eka bhI lAkSaNikatA kA nirdeza nahIM karanA hai kyoMki "jaina sAhitya' zIrSaka ke adhyAya meM isakA sampUrNa vicAra kiyA jAne vAlA hai| jaba ki pArzvanAtha ke sambandha meM karmaveza aMza meM jainazAstroM meM hameM sarvamAnya pramANa milate haiM to unakI sapramAgatA meM zaMkA karane kA koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha bhadrabAha ke kalpasUtra ko hI liijie| usameM janoM ke saba tIrthakaroM kA varNana hai| zrI pArzvanAtha mahAvIra ke dharmoM ke usameM die ullekhoM ke viSaya meM bahata kucha kahA hI jA cukA hai / dUsarA zAstra bhagavatIsUtra kA atyanta upayogI bhAga vaha hai ki jahA~ pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI kAlAsavesiyaputta aura mahAvIra ke kisI ziSya meM hue saMvAda-vivAda kA varNana diyA gayA hai / isa varNana 1. se. bu. I., pustaka 8, pR. 32 / 'nyAya-darzana aura brahmasUtra (vedAnta) kI racanA I. san 200 aura 400 ke bIca meM kabhI bhI huI thii|' yAkobI / dekho amarIkA proriyanTala sosAyaTI patrikA, saMkhyA 31, pR. 29 / 2. udAharaNa ke lie dekho, paMzIkara, vahI, pR. 252 / 3. hIrAlAla haMsarAja ezeMTa hisTrI Apha dI baina rilIjana, bhAga, pR. 85-89 / 4. zArpa-Tiyara, vahI, pR. 12 / 5. yAkobI, se. bu. I., pustaka 22, prastA. pR. 45 / 6. yAkobI, kalpasUtra, pR. 151
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________________ 16 ] kI samApti ukta kAlAsasiyata ke 'anivArya pratikramaNa sahita cAra vratoM ke sthAna meM pAMca vrata pahA kara sAtha rahane kI prAzA mAMgane meM huI hai| zIlAMka kI prAcArAMga TIkA meM bhI zrI pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyiyoM ke caturyAma aura zrI mahAvIra ke tIrtha ke paMcayAma dharma meM itanA ho antara batAyA gayA hai| 2 uttarAdhyayanasUpa meM bhI isI bAta kI punarAvRtti kI gaI hai| dAsa guptA ke zabdoM meM uttarAdhyayana kI yaha kathA ki pArzvanAtha kA eka ziSya mahAvIra ke eka ziSya ko milA aura donoM ne mahAvIra pravartita dharma paura pArzvanAtha ke prAcIna dharma kA samanvaya kiyA, yaha sUcita karatI hai ki pArzvanAtha sambhavataH eka aitihAsika puruSa the / '3 jaina dharma kI prAcInatA aura Adhunika vidvAna: Adhunika vidvAnoM meM bhI, yadi hama patA lagAeM to, pArzvanAtha ke jIvana kI aitihAsikatA ke viSaya meM sarvamAnya ekatA hai / saMskRta ke purAne pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM se pholabuka, sTIvansana eDavarDa TAmasa to nizcayapUrvaka mAnate hI the ki jainadharma nAtaputta ghora zAkyaputa se bhI prAcIna hai kolabuka kahatA hai ki pArzvanAtha jainadharma ke sthApaka the| aisA maiM mAnatA hUM aura mahAvIra evaM unake ziSya sudharmA ne usa jainadharma kA punaruddhAra kara use sutA se suvyavasthita kiyA thA mahAvIra aura unake purogAmI pArzvanAtha donoM ko sudharmI yA usake anuyAyI tIrthakara ke rUpa meM pUjate the aura Aja ke jaina bhI usI prakAra unheM pUjate haiM / jaise kitane hI jaramana vidvAnoM ne eca. eca. vilsana 10. dUsarI pora DA. svara" aura DA. yAkobI lekhana Adi dvArA prastuta kie gae tarkoM kA kiyA hai| DA. yAkobI kahatA hai ki 'mahAvIra dvArA sudhAra kie pUrvake jainadharma kI kitanI hI bAteM itanI dhika spaSTa hai ki ve vizvasta sAdhAroM se lI gaI haiM aisA mAne sivAya cala hI nahIM sakatA hai| isalie hameM isa niSkarSa para pahuMcanA hI cAhie ki mahAvIra ke pUrva nigranthi astitva meM the / isa niSkarSa ko Age AnuSaMgika pramANoM se aura bhI spaSTa karUMgA 15 jo 1, abhI ke samaya kA vicAra kareM to DA. belbelakara DA. dAsaguptA 14 aura DaoN rAdhAkRSNana ' ki bhAratIya tatvajJAna ke tIna mahAlekhaka haiM aura DA. zArpeTiyara 10 gerInoTa majumadAra, phejara ", 1. ese kAlAsa vesiyapatte aNagAre mere bhagavaMto baMda namaMsaha 2 (tA) evaM vadAsI- icchAmi maMte / tum...| dekho bhagavatIsUtra, sUtra 76 zataka 1 dekho vyevara kegmeMTa Dera bhagavatI, pR. 185 1 1 2. sa eva caturyAmabhedAccaturyA prAdi / dekho AcArAMgasUtra zruta skaMdha 2, gAyA 12 - 13, pR. 320 3. dAsaguptA, hisTrI grApha iNDiyana philosophI bhAga 1. pR. 169 dekho to kesi yuvantaM tu gomo irAvI... Rta udhyayanasUtra adhyayana 23 gAyA 25 4. kolabuka, vahI, pusta 2, pR. 3171 5. sTIvansana (pAdarI), vahI, aura vahI pRSTha | 6. TAmasa (eDvarDa), vahI, pR. 6 1 7. kolabuka vahI, aura vahI pRSTha / 12. art, gfog. yazt., gea 14. dAsaguptA, vahI, pR. 173 1 16 zArpeTiyara, kai. hi. iM., bhAga 18. majumadAra vahI pu. 292 Adi / ' 17 12 8. kUlara dI iMDiyana spekTa grApha do jenAja, pU. 32 vhUlara, 10. vilsana, vahI. bhAga 1. pR. 334 1 11. lesana, iNDi eNTI pusta 2. pU. 197 3 1 9, q. 160 1 pR. 15. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, pR. 281 / 1, pR. 153 9. yAkobI, se. bu.I., pusta. 45 prastA. pR. 2 1 13 velvalakara, dI brahmasUtrAja pR. 106 17. gerInoTa, biblIyogrAphI jenA, prastA pR. 8 / 19. kejara, liTTerI hisTrI Apha iMDiyA, pR. 128 1
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________________ [ 17 IliyaTa', pusina , Adi jo itihAsavettA aura mahAn paNDita haiM, saba eka hI mata rakhate haiM / DA. belavalakara likhatA hai ki sAMkhya, vedAnta aura bauddha jaise adhika vikasita AdhyAtmika darzanoM ke udbhava meM samakAlika mAne jAne vAle jainadharma ko nItizAstra aura AdhyAtma-vidyA kI dRSTi se yogya nyAya nahIM diyA gayA hai bAta yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne apane darzana kA astitva prAcIna puruSoM se vArase meM prApta kiyA thA aura usako unane usI parivartita rUpa meM bAda kI prajA ko de dene ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM kiyA thaa| .. uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI vidvattApUrNa prastAvanA meM DaoN. zATiyara likhatA hai ki hameM donoM hI bAteM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainadharma mahAvIra se avazya hI prAcIna hai aura unake prasiddha purogAmI pArzvanAtha eka aitihAsika puruSa ho gae haiM aura isalie mUla siddhAMta kI pramukha bAteM mahAvIra ke bahuta samaya pUrva se hI saMhitAbaddha ho gaI hogii| antima parantu ati mahatva kA ullekha DaoN. gerInoTa kA hai jo isa prakAra hai ki pArzvanAtha aitihAsika vyakti ho gae haiM isameM zaMkA hI nahIM hai / jaina mAnyatAnusAra ve 100 varSa jIvita rahe aura mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva unakA nirvANa hugraa| isase unakA samaya yAne kAryakAla I. pu. AThavIM sadI kA kahA jA sakatA hai| mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pArzvanAtha ke dharma ke anuyAyI the / ' mahAvIra ke pahale ke tIrthaMkaroM kI vidyamAnatA ke sambandha meM itane, agiraNata pramANoM ke aitihAsika bhramasaMkulatA bhaya se rahita hokara aisA kaha sakate haiM ki Adhunika khoja pArzvanAtha ke samaya taka to ThIka-ThIka pahuMca gaI hai| anya tIrthaMkaroM ke lie DaoN. majumadAra ke amaprAya kA jo jaina kathAnako ko avagaNanA kI jokhama uThAkara bhI kahate haiM ki janoM ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva biThUra meM vairAjavaMza (I. pU. 29 vIM sadI) ke rAjA the / hama samarthana nahIM kara sakate haiM ki hama DaoN. yAkobI ke zabdoM meM anta meM yaha kaheMge ki 'jainadharma kI prAkaaitihAsikatA kI samAlocanA kI kucha jhAMkI dene ke sAtha hI hama hamArI khoja kA kArya yahAM samApta kara dete haiM / antima dRSTi bindu jo ki hama dekha sakate haiM vaha pArzvanAtha haiN| unake pUrva kA itihAsa sarva kalpita kathAnako aura mAnyatAoM kI sudha meM kho gayA, aisA lagatA hai|" 1. iliyaTa, hindu ijma eMDa buddhIjma, 1, pR. 110 / 2. pUsena, dI ve TU nirvANa, pR. 67 / 3. velvalakara, vahI, pR. 107 / 4. zaTiyara, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, prastAvanA pR. 21 / 5. gerInoTa, vahI, aura vahI pRSTha / 6. majumadAra, vahI aura vahI pRSTha / 7. yAkobI, vahI, pR. 162 /
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________________ dUsarA adhyAya mahAvIra aura unakA samaya pArzva ke sambandha meM aneka bAteM: pahale adhyAya meM mahAvIra ke purogAmI pArzvanAtha, ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA thaa| jainasUtroM ke atirikta anya sAhitya unake viSaya meM sUcanA kucha bhI de sake aisA nahIM hai / bauddhasAhitya meM pArzvanAtha ke caturyAma dharma sambandhI kucha sUcanAeM milI thii| parantu usake sivA unake sambandha meM jo bhI hama jAnate haiM, saba jainasUtroM se hI jAnate haiM aura ve hI sutra usa sabakA jo ki unake viSaya meM itihAsavettAoM aura anya vidvAnoM ne kahA hai, bhUla AdhAra hai| pArzvanAtha ke sambandha meM jaina jo kucha bhI kahate haiM usa sabako yahAM kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai kyoMki ina antima donoM tIrthakaroM ke bIca ke samaya kA itihAsa bhI likhA jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isake do kAraNa hai / pahalA to yaha ki unake viSaya meM jo bhI hama jAnate hai vaha saba paramparA aura dantakathA para hI AdhArita hai / dUsarA yaha ki usameM bhI kitanI hI paraspara virodhI hai| phira bhI itanA to avazya hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pArzvanAtha vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra the aura unakI mAtA kA nAma vAmAdevI thaa| isake sivA jaina mAnyatAnusAra unake 16,000 sAdhu, 38,000 sAdhviyAM, 1,64,000 zrAvaka aura 3,27,000 zrAvikAeM thii| ve 100 varSa jIvita rahe the aura isameM se unake 70 varSa nirvANa prApti ke lie hI bitAe yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai| [pArzvanAtha ke 250 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA prAdurbhAva huA] ___ mahAvIra, jaina mAnyatAnusAra, unake purogAmI ke lagabhaga 250 varSa bAda meM hue the / ' mahAvIra kA janma aura astitva kA samaya bhAratIya itihAsa kA buddhivAdI yuga kahA jAtA hai / isa yuga kI avadhi ke sambandha meM vidavAna yadyapi eka mata nahIM haiM, phira bhI sAmAnya dRSTi se I. pUrva 1000 se I. pUrva 200 isa yuga kI grAdi aura anta sImAeM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| bhAratIya vIragAthA-yuga bIta cukA thA / gaMgA-ghATI ke koraba, pAMcAla 1. kalpasUtra, sUtra 150; aura bhI dekho avatAradvAmAsvAminyA udare...Adi / hemacandra, triSaSTi-zailAkA, parva 9, zlo. 2 3, pR. 196; zATiyara, ke. hi. iM., bhAga 1, pR. 154 / / 2. kalpasUtra, sUtra 161-164; digambara mAnyatAnusAra ina saMkhyAyoM meM antara hai| 3. vahI, sUtra 168; aura dekho saptativratapAlaneM / ityAyurvatsarazataM...Adi / hemacanda, vahI, zloka 318, pR. 219; majumadAra, vahI, pR. 551 / 4. zrI pArzvavirvANAta paMcAzadadhikavarSazatadvayena zrI vIranirvANaM / kalpasUtra, subodhikA---TIkA, pR. 132 / kyoMki mahAvIra nirvANa ke 250 varSa pUrva unakA nirvANa honA kahA jAtA hai, isalie ve I. pU. 8vIM zatI meM sambhavataH hue hoge / kai. hi. I., bhAga 1, pR. 153 / 5. dekho datta, vahI, viSaya sUcI; majumadAra, vahI,viSaya suucii|
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________________ [ 19 kausala, aura videha bhI saba astitva meM nahIM the| isI kAla meM Arya gaMgA ghATI se bAhara nikala pAe the prora bhArata ke dhura dakSiNa pradezoM taka meM unane hindU rAjyoM kI sthApanA kara lI thI aura apane ina nae rAjyoM meM jvalaMta sAyaM saMskRti kA pracAra bhI kara diyA thaa| brAhmaNoM kA bar3hatA prabhAva aura jAtivAda ke vizeSAdhikAra: yahI samaya bhArata meM dharmo ke utkarSa ke lie bhI prasiddha hai| caudaha sadiyoM se jisa prAcIna dharma kA Arya loga pAlana aura pracAra karate A rahe the, vaha vividha rUpoM meM vikRta ho gayA thA / eka bhArI parivartana kA prArambha aba bhArata ko dekhanA bacA thaa| deza ko hindU dharma meM, cAhe vaha bhale ke lie ho athavA bure ke lie hI para, bhArI krAMti kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| dharma ke sacce svarUpa kA sthAna dikhAve lokikatA ne le liyA thaa| utkRSTatama sAmAjika aura naitika niyama asvAsthyakara jAtibheda, brAhmaNa ekAti adhikAra aura zUdroM ke prati krUra vidhAna se kalaMkita kara die gae the parantu aise ekAdhikRta pratyAdhikAroM ne bhI brAhmaNoM kA sudhAra karane meM sahayAtA nahIM kI / eka jAti rUpa meM ve itane lobhI, itane lAlacI, itane ajJAna aura itane dambhI bana gae the ki svayam grAhmaNa sUtrakAroM taka ko bhI prati kaThora zabdoM meM unakI isa burAI kI niMdA karanA Avazyaka ho par3A thA / 2 hinduoM meM gurU saMsthA kA praveza pIche se huA hai yaha to nirvivAda haiN| Rgveda' meM jo ki prArya-saMskRti kA prAcInatama grantha hai, brAhmaNa zabda yadyapi prayukta to huA hai parantu 'dhArmika gItoM kA gAne vAlA' ke artha meM hI vaha prayoga hai| para aba ve dhArmika kriyAkANDa karAne vAle purohita ke rUpa meM paricaya pAne lage the, aura jaise samaya bItatA gayA vaise hI isa kArya kA adhikAra vaMza paramparAgata hotA gayA evaM brahmaNa zanaiH zanaiH ucca se uccatama mAna prApta karate gae phala yaha huA ki brAhmaNoM kA dambha khUba hI bar3ha gayA / inakI jAti phira bhI ekAdhikRta nahIM bana pAI thI / IrAniyoM se pRthaka hone ke samaya se usa siMdhu nadI ke muhAne ke nikaTastha sapta nadiyoM ke pradeza se jahAM ki AryagaNa prArambha meM base the, Age bar3hane ke samaya taka to AryoM kI sthiti yahI thii| " parantu isa saptanadiyoM ke pradeza se dakSiNa-pUrva ke pradezoM kI ora prayAga aura gaMgA-yamunA nadiyoM ke taTIya pradezoM meM hindU-prAryo ke basa jAne se vaidika dharma ne brAhmaNa dharma yA brAhmaNoM ke dharmAdhIzataMtra ko janma de hI diyA / 7 1. datta, vahI, pR. 340 2. vahI, pR. 341; aura dekho - (brAhmaNa) jo na to veda aura na yajJAgni hI rakhate haiM, ve zudra samAna haiN| viziSTha adhyA. 3, zlo. 1 gear. 14, q. 16 1 pusta. pR. 3. griphitha dI himsa grApha dI Rgveda bhAga 2. pu. 96 Adi (2va saMskaraNa) / 4. dekho TIle, AuTalAinsa grApha dI hisTrI Apha rilIjana pR. 115 | 5. kAlAntara meM purohita kA rAjA ke sAtha sambandha sthAyI hotA jAne lagA aura saMbhavatayA vaha paitrika ho gayA dekho lAhAna nAtha, eMjeMTa iNDiyana poliTI, pR. 44 1 6. brahmarSi deza aura saptanada kI bhUmi meM grAryoM ke Adi saMsthAnoM ke sambandhoM kA nirNaya karanA itanA sahaja nahIM hai / ke. hi. I, bhAga 1, pR. 51 7. dekho TIle, vahI, pR. 112, 117 Rgveda kI bhASA, vaidika saMskRti kA prAcInatama rUpa saptanada deza kI hai / brAhmaNoM kI aura upari yamunA aura gaMgA ke deza (brahmavideza) kI uttarakAlIna vaidika sAhitya kI bhASA saMkramaNa kAla kI hai| ke. hi. I. bhAga 1, pR.57 " paDhate aura par3hAte haiM dekho kUlara se.. I.
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________________ 20] isa brAhmaNadharma ke sAtha hI varNa-vyavasthA yAne jAtivAda kI sajar3atA kA janma huA jo ki 'vIragAthA (mahAbhArata) kAla meM phira bhI lacIlI saMsthA hI thI / parantu buddhivAdI yuga meM isa jAti prathA ke niyama adhika kar3aka aura anamanazIla ho gae yahAM taka ki nimna jAti ke logoM kA dharmAdhikAritA kI sImA meM praveza karanA taka bhI asambhava ho gayA thA / " isa sthiti kA pariNAma yaha huA ki brAhmaNa parizrama karane se bilakula vimukha ho gae aura anya vargoM ko unake parizrama kA kucha bhI evaja die binA hI una parizramI vargoM kI sampatti para hI nirvAha karane vAle hote gae / 2 dhIre-dhIre ve yahAM taka niSkarmA bana gae ki parizrama se mukti prApti kI yogyatA ke lie Avazyaka jJAna prApta karane se bhI ve hicakicAne lge| vaziSTha ko brAhmaNoM kI yaha burAI aura anyAya bahuta hI prasahya ho uThA thA dhaura isalie usane aise niSkarmAoM ko prAthava athavA poSaNa dene kA aisI ugra bhASA meM ghora virodha kiyA ki jaisI jItI-jAgatI prajA kA hindU dharma ho tabhI prayoga kI jA sakatI thI / " 4 varNAzrama ke adhikAroM se utpanna isa apavyavahAra ko lekhanalA ke sarvadhA prabhAva athavA sAhitya lekhana meM usake sAmAnyatayA prayoga ne brAhmaNavarga ke pravardhamAna varcasva ko aura bhI bar3hAne meM pUrI-pUrI sahAyatA kii| 1 rAjoM aura umarAvoM kI prajA aura ghASita rahate rahate hI unake kRpApAtra banane aura vaha pratipAdana karane ki brAhmaNa ke rakSaNa aura svAtantrya kI rakSA karanA hI unakA dharma hai, kA prayatna karate rhe| dhIre dhIre ina rAjoM aura umarAvoM ke upadeSTA hone ke kAraNa ye loga ekAdhikArI upadeSTA hone kA dAvA karate hue zruti aura smRti ke rakSaka aura vivaraNakAra hI bana baiThe / " zurU zurU meM dharma kI aneka pustakeM yajJayAgAdi anuSThAnoM ke uddeza se hI racI gaI thiiN|" unhIM kA cAra vedoM meM jinakA pratyeka kA bhinna bhinna brAhmaNa hai, samAveza hotA hai / ina brAhmaNoM meM mukhya rUpa se saMkucita kriyAkANDa, zizujanocita prAdhyAtmavAda aura aneka nagaNya bAtoM ke viSaya meM kusaMskAra sampanna vArtAeM jaisI ki aparimita dhArmika sattAprApta zaktizAlI aura pAMDityapradarzI guruyoM se prAzA kI jA sakatI hai, bharI huI haiN|"" yajJakriyA isa prakAra yojita aura saMgaThita huI thI ki dhIre dhIre vaha bahukaSTasAdhya aura jaMjAla yukta hotI gaI aura isake lie inake karAnevAloM kI saMkhyA meM adhika vRddhi hotI gaI / aura ye yajJa karAnevAle anivAryataH brAhmaNa hI hote the| kisI kisI samaya ye yajJakarAnevAle yahAM taka bar3ha jAte the ki devoM ke prati mAna bhI nyUna lI. eca. bhAga 2 pu. 493 I I 1. datta, vahI, pR. 264 dekhoM kuka, ema. 2. dekho maiDala eNzeTa iNDiyA. pu. 209 maikkriDala, 3. 'rAjA usa grAma ko daNDa degA jisameM brahma apane pavitra dharma aura veda jJAna se rahita ho, bhikSA dvArA jIvana nirvAha kareMge kyoMki ve luTeroM ko bharaNa-poSaNa dete haiN|' vaziSTha, 3, 4 1 dekho vhUlara se. bu. I. f. gr. 14, q. 17 1 4. dekho TIle, vahI, pR. 121 5. 'isI varga meM bhaviSyakathana vidyA mI ekAntarUpeNa parisImita thI aura inake sivA koI bhI yaha vyavasAya yaha " kalA nahIM kara sakatA hai|' mekRRiNDela, vahI aura vahI pRSTha / 6. rAjasUyayajJa, paNvamevayajJa, puruSamepayaza, aparAdhI manuSyoM kI bali dI jAtI thI yadyapi ise sarvAnumati se uThAyA nahIM gayA 7. TIle, vahI, pR. 123 sarvamevayajJa hI pramukha yajJa the| ina cAroM yajJoM meM prAcIna kAla meM parantu jaise jaise sadAcAra vinamra hotA gayA, yaha praNa bhI uThatI gii| thA, phira bhI isakA vyavahAra eka dina uTha hI gayA /
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________________ [ 21 lagatA thA kyoMki ve apane ko hI ina devoM kI koTi meM rakha dete the / yajJakriyA ke pIche aisI lokamAnyatA thI ki vidhividhAna aura yajJasAmagrI ke ucita saMmizraNa meM hI icchita pariNAma utpanna karane kI camatkArika zakti hai jaise ki varSAMvarasAnA, putra janma honA, matru senA kA sampUrNa parAjaya yAdi yAdi me yajJAdi naitika unnati ke lie itane nahIM apitu vyavahArika sampannatA ke sAdhanoM ko prApta karane ke lie hI kie jAte the|" 1 isa prakAra brAhmaNoM kA sAmAjika lakSya dharmAdhikArI kI amaryAdita sattA aura jJAtiyoM kA ekAnta pRthakakaraNa thaa| aisI sthiticusta samAja meM kitane hI upayogI dhanye pApa rUpa gine jAne lage the aura logoM ko una lajjAyukta dhandhoM se jo unheM pApasvarUpa janma meM prApta hue the, pIche haTate bhI rokA jAtA thaa| UMce se UMce adhikAra brAhmaNoM ke lie surakSita rahate aura pratyanta sImAtikrAMta svatvoM ke bhI ve hI pAtra hote the| yaha saba yahAM taka calatA rahA thA ki rAjA kI amaryAdita sattA bhI unakI sevA ke lie hI mAnI jAne lagI thii| prAcIna bhAratIyoM kA dhArmika jhukAva hI aisA thA ki pratyanta prAcIna kAla se jisakA ki hameM kucha bhI patA hai, rAjya ke dharmAdhikArI pramukha vyakti mAne jAne lada gae the| sAmAjika vyavasthA meM strI kI sthiti nagaNya ho gaI thI aura zUdra to ekadama tuccha va tiraskRta hI mAne jAte the / ' " mahAvIra aura bauddha ke AvirbhAva se dharmAdhikArI maMDaloM kI sattA aura kaTTara jAtivAda kA prantaHsvAbhAvika hI thA ki samAja kI yaha paristhiti lambI avadhi taka nibha nahIM sakatI thI / aura isa sthiti kA eka aura mahAvIra evaM dUsarI pora zAkyaputra buddha ke dhAgamana se pranta thA hI gayA 'phrAMsa kA viplava' datta ra 1 likhatA hai ki mukhyataH do kAraNoM se huA thA yAne rAjAoM ke pratyAcAroM me vettAoM kI bauddhika prakriyA se bhArata kA bauddha viplava isase bhI spaSTa parantu ai ke pratyAcAroM se loga viplava ke unmukta kara diyaa|" -- paThArahavIM sadI ke tatvakAraNoM se yA brAhmaNadharma lie zrAtura to the hI, aura tatvavettAoM ke kAryoM ne aise viplava kA mArga ekadama DA. hAsa kisa to kucha dhAge bhI bar3ha jAtA hai aura jina logoM ne aise vicAroM ko sarvaprathama utpanna kiyA unake mAnasa ko hI isakA zreya detA hai vaha kahatA hai ki "bahutAMza meM jaina aura bauddhadharma kI vijaya tAtkAlika rAjakIya pravRtti kI hI prabhArI hai| pUrvadeza ke rAjA pazcimI dharma se prasantuSTha the ve use pheMka dene meM prasanna the... pUrva kI apekSA pazcima adhika rUr3higrasta thaa| vaha apane mAnya grAcAroM kA kendra thA aura pUrva mAtra unakA pAlaka pitA thaa|" 1. unako hI 'devI aura sammAna kA sarvoc sthAna prApta thaa| dekho mekriSTala, vahI aura vahI sthAna | 2. dAsaguptA, vahI, pR. 208 dekho nAhA, na. nA. vahI, pR. 39 3. rASTra ke nirdezaka aura rAjya ke salAhakAra ve deva dvArA niyukta hue the, parantu ve svayaM rAjA nahIM bana sakate the / lAhAna. nA., vahI pR: 45 4. purohita bhI kahe jAte the jisakA vyutpattika artha hai 'Age dharA huA, niyukta' / 5. TIle, vahI, pR, 129-30 | 'yatra kiyA jAne para bhI manu ne striyoM ko donoM ke lie hI samAna rUpa se usane aura adhyA. 4 zlo, 80 / datte. vahI, nAryastu paNyante ramante tatra devatA' / paMkti kA uddharaNa bahudhA prastuta saMskAra kriyA kA niSedha hI kiyA hai| yaha niSedha striyoM aura zUdroM kiyA hai / dekho manusmRti adhyA. 5 zlo. 155; adhyA. 9 zlo, 18 ; pR. 255 1 6. hApakisa, vahI, pR. 282 1
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________________ 22 ] brAhmaNoM ke prati tiraskAra kA prabhAva ---- parantu isa mahAn bhAratIya krAMti ke spaSTIkaraNa meM hama brAhmaNa virodhI kisI prakAra kI vRtti kI khoja karane ko prAtura nahIM haiM / yaha to 'vIragAthA-yuga kI prArambha meM vyApta vicAroM ke sAmAnya ubhAra kA hI pariNAma thaa|| hameM use 'brAhmaNoM ke jAtibheda ke prati kSatriyoM ke virodha kA pariNAma mAtra nahIM mAna lenA cAhie kyoMki 'brAhmaNadharma ke sanAtana gar3ha ke bAhara navIna vizvAsoM aura siddhAMtoM kI vRddhi ke lie bhUmi acchI taraha taiyAra ho gaI thii| isake sivA vikAsa kA mUla jisa para kisI bhI dharma kA itihAsa vistAra pAtA hai, aise siddhAMta para TikA rahatA hai ki dharma meM hone vAle saba parivartana aura navarUpa cAhe ve viSaya dRSTi se usakI unnati yA avanIti rUpa hI dikhate hoM, svAbhAvika vikAsa ke pariNAma hI hote haiM aura unhIM se unakA samAdhAna bhI mila jAtA hai| apane nirdiSTa samaya kI ora Ane para hama dekhate haiM ki isa paristhiti ko bhAratIya vicAroM ke itihAsa aura bhAratIya jIvana ke ikAva meM hue zAMta parivartana se puSTi milI thii| zrI kunte kahate haiM ki 'gautamabuddha veda kI sAmAjika, rAjakIya aura dhArmika pravRttiyoM kA vyavasthita virodha karane meM saphala hae usase bahuta pUrva se hI veda kI sattA meM zaMkA utpanna karane kI vRtti dekhane meM pAtI thii| isa prakAra kI mAnyatA prAnya vidvAnoM kI bhI hai / 'bauddha aura jaina dharma ko' DA. yAkobI kahatA hai ki 'bAhmaNadharma kI dhArmika kriyAnoM se udbhuta pariNAma hI mAnA jAnA cAhie ki jo prAkasmika sudhAroM se nahIM parantu lambe samaya se calI AtI dhArmika pravRttiyoM se prerita hue the| yadi hama aisA kaheM to anucita nahIM hogA ki bhaviSya meM hone vAle aise parivartana kI gUja upaniSadoM meM ki jinameM saba dizAnoM se navIna praNAlI kA pUrva sUcana hai, spaSTa sunAI par3atI hai|' isa navIna paddhati ke agradUtoM ne 'DA. dAsaguptA kahatA hai ki, bahuta karake upaniSadoM se aura yAjJika dharma se hI preraNA lekara apanI svatantra buddhi ke jora se apanI praNAliyAM nirmita kI thii| logoM ke mana meM cala rahe aise parivartana kA samaya zrI datta I. pU. gyArahavIM sadI arthAt hama jisa samaya kA yahAM vicAra kara rahe haiM usase pAMca sadI pUrva jitanA prAcIna mAnate haiN| unake anusAra 'utsAhI aura vicArakara hindunoM ne brAhmANoM ke jaMjAla bhare kriyA kANDoM se Age jAne kA sAhasa kiyA aura prAtmA tathA usake nirmAtA ke gar3ha rahasyoM kI pUchatAcha yA khoja karane lage the| taba hindUdharma kI yaha sthiti thii| isalie svAbhAvikatayA jainadharma bhI usake bure prabhAvoM se bacA raha nahIM sakatA thA / hamane dekha hI liyA hai ki mahAvIra ko unake purAgAmI dvArA prastuta kie gae cAra vratoM meM kitanA hI pheraphAra karanA par3A thA aura isake phala svarUpa unake upadiSTa pAMcavratoM kA prArambha huA thA / samAja kI paristhiti taba aisI thI ki loga svataMtra aura svacchaMdI jIvana ke lie mila sakane vAlI thor3I sI chUTa kA bhI lAbha lene se kvacita hI cUkate aura isalie mahAvIra ko pArzvanAtha ke dharma kI pratyeka dizA kA vizadIkaraNa kyoM karanA par3A thA yaha spaSTa vidita ho jAtA hai| 1. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 293 / 2. zrInivAsAcArI aura prAyaMgara, vahI, pR. 48 / 3. phrejara, vahI, pR. 117 / 4. kaNTe, vahI, pR. 407, 408 1 5. yAkobI, se. bu. I., pustaka 22, prastAvanA pR. 32 / 6. dAsaguptA, vahI, bhAga 1, pa. 210 / 7. datta,. vahI, pR. 340 / 7. ...250 varSa meM jo ki unake nirvANa aura mahAvIra ke avataraNa meM bIte, vikAra itanA adhika phaila gayA thA..., Adi / sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pa. 491 8. dekho kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, pR. 3; yAkobI se. bu. I., pustaka 45, pR. 122, 113 /
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________________ [ 23 sAmAnya dRSTi se jainadharma: aise badalate hue vicAra-pravAha meM mahAvIra hue aura jagata ke rahasya kA Akalana karane ke liye unane apanA aisA mArga khojA ki jisameM ihaloka aura paraloka ke sukha kA bhaviSya manuSya ke nijI hAthoM meM hI rahA aura jisane prajA ko svAzrayI bnaayaa| jaba unane upadeza denA prArambha kiyA taba prajA to taiyAra thI hI unakA prAdhyAtmavAda prajA ko samajha meM AtA thA isaliya vaha prajA ko mAnya bhI ho gayA thaa| zanaiH zanaiH brAhmaNa bhI unheM eka mahAn gurU mAnane laga gae the| buddhimAna brAhmaNa bhI samaya samaya para jaina aura bauddhadharma meM apanI zraddhA se aura apanI pratiSThA ke lie Ane lage aura inane jainadharma kI sAhityika pratiSThA kAyama rakhane meM apanA pUrA yogadAna diyA thA / " jainadharma zanaiH zanaiH garIba aura patita vargoM meM bhI phailA kyoMki jAti ke vizeSa svatvoM kA vaha prakhara virodha karatA thaa| jainadharma manuSya kI samAnatA kA dharma thA / mahAvIra kI satya zIla prAtmA ne manuSya-manuSya ke aghaTita bhedoM ke viruddha krAMti jagAI aura unakA dayAlu hRdaya duHkhI, garIba aura asahAya logoM kI sahAyatA karane ko tatpara bnaa| pavitra jIvana aura nirdoSa paropakArI caritra kI sundaratA meM hI manuSya kI sampUrNatA hai aura aisI vyakti ko pRthvI svargatulya hai aisA unake manomandira meM prakAzahuyA aura eka paigambara evam sudhAraka kI bhAMti sampUrNa Atma vizvAsa ke sAtha unane dharma ke tatvarUpa meM ye bAteM sarva sAdhAragA ke sAmane rkhiiN| unakI vizvavistIrNa dayA ne duHkhI ho rahe jagata ko AtmasudhAra aura pavitra jIvana kA sandeza pahuMcAne kI preraNA kI aura unane garIba tathA patita jAtiyoM meM vizvabaMdhutva kI bhAvanA anuzIlana karane aura usake dvArA unake duHkhoM kA anta lAne ko AkarSita kiyA / brAhmaNa ho athavA zUdra, ucca ho athavA nIca, sabhI unakI dRSTi meM samAna the / pavitra jIvana se pratyeka jIva apanA mokSa samAna rIti se sAdha sakatA hai aura isalie apanA sarvamAnya premadharma svIkAra karane ko unane sabako AmaMtrita kiyaa| pUrva samaya meM yoropa meM jaise IsAI dharma phailA thA vaise hI dhIre-dhIre bhAratavarSa meM jainadharma bhI pracAra pAne lagA aura vaha bhI yahAM taka ki zreriNaka, kuriNaka, candragupta, samprati, khAravela aura anya aneka rAjau Adi ne bhAratavarSa ke hindUrAjya kI prArambhika vikhyAta zaktiyoM meM jainadharma ko svIkAra kiyaa| brahamaNadharma kI bhAMti hI jainadharma kA prAdhAra bhI punarjanma kA siddhAMta hI hai aura punarjanma kI anaMta paramparA samakti prApti hI usakA dhyeya hai| paranta isa mukti yA mokSa ke lie brAhmaNadharma ke tapa aura tyAga hI vaha paryApta nahIM mAnatA hai| isakA dhyeya brahma ke sAtha ekatA sAdhanA nahIM apitu nirvANa yAne samasta zArIrika prAkAro aura kriyAnoM se bhI ekadama mUkti yAni chUTanA hai| 1. prabhU: apApApUryo...jagAma, tatra...bahabo brAhmaNAH militAH...catuzcatvAriMzabchatAni dvijA pravajitAH / kalpasUtra. subodhikA TIkA, pR. 112, 118 / 2. vaidya ci vi., hisTrI grApha meDIvala hinda iNDiyA, bhAga 3, pa. 4061 3. sabasatvAnAM hitamukhAyAstu (sarva prANiyoM ko sukha aura hita ke lie ho) bhalara, epI. iNDi., pustaka 2, pa. 203, 204, zilAlekha saM 18 / 4. 'vaha jisake lie isa saMsAra meM kisI bhI prakAra kA koI bandhana nahIM hai...grAdi, janma lene kA mArga usane chor3a diyA hai|' yAkobI, se. bu. I., pusta. 22, pR. 213 / 5. prAcIna bhArata meM saMsAra sambandhI pramukha do siddhAMta the / eka to vaha jo vedAnta ke rUpa meM prasiddha huA aura jo yaha sikhAtA hai ki brahma aura Atma eka hI hai aura bAhya jagata eka mAyA hai / iliyaTa, vahI, 1 pR. 10 / 6. prAtyantiko viyogastu dehAdermokSa ucyate...haribhadra, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zlo. 52 /
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________________ 24 } devoM kA astitva, kama se kama pahale pahale to,asvIkAra kie binA hI jainadharma pratyeka jina ko unase ucca mAnatA hai aura unako paripUrNa saMta kI apekSA nyUna koTi kA ginatA hai| jaise prAthamika IsAIdharma bhI yahadIdharma se pRthaka thA vaise hI jainadharma bhI brAhmaNadharma se yaha asvIkAra karane meM zAstrajJAna evam bAhya prAcAra hI pavitratA kA sUcaka haiM aura yaha mAnane meM ki namratA, hRdaya aura jIvana kI pavitratA, dayA, pratyeka jIva ke prati ni:svArtha prema prAvazyaka hai, judA par3atA hai| parantu sarvatopari antara isakA jAtibheda sambandhI vicAra hai / mahAvIra na to jAtibheda kA virodha karate haiM aura na saba jAtiyoM ko eka samAna karane kA hI ve prayatna karate haiN| pakSAntara meM ve to yaha pratipAdana karate haiM ki pUrvajanmakRta sukRtyoM athavA pApoM ke pariNAma svarUpa ucca athavA nIca jAti yA kula meM jIva janma letA hai, aura sAtha yaha bhI ki pavitra aura premamaya jIvana se, AdhyAtmikatA prApta karane se pratyeka jIva sarvocca mokSa bhI eka dama prApta kara sakatA hai / isa mokSaprApti meM jAti unheM koI bAdhaka nahIM lagatI hai / ve to cANDAla meM bhI samAna hI AtmA dekhate haiN| jIdana ke sukha-duHkha saba ko samAna hI bhugatane par3ate haiN| unakA dharma saba jIvoM ke prati dayA kA dharma hai / isalie mahAvIra ne jo ananyatama kSemaMkara parivartana kiyA vaha yA jAtibheda ko avasthAdhIna aura apradhAna siddha karanA evam yaha batAnA ki prAdhyAtmika vyakti ke lie zAMti prathA kA bandhana tor3anA bilkula sahaja hai / mahAvIra kA jIvana: jainadharma kA sAmAnya svarUpa yahI hai / usakA yaha svarUpa lakSaNa rUpa meM ekadama rucikara hai| prAjJA kI apekSA upadeza ko hI vaha apanA sAdhana mAnatA haiM / mahAvIra kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki buddha kI bhAMti veM bhI eka abhijAtya kSatriyavaza meM janme the| saca to yaha hai ki jaina mAnyatA ho aisI rahI hai ki jina yAne tIrthakara kSatriya athavA usa jaise kula meM hI sadA janma lete haiN| parantu mahAvIra ke sambandha meM aisA huA ki vigata janmoM ke kitane hI karmoM ke kAraNa ve RSabhadatta brAhmaNa kI bhAryA devAnandA brAhmaNI kI kokha meM bharaNa 1. devAdhidevaM sarvajJa zrI vIraM prariNadadhmahe ... hemacandra, pariziSTaparvan, sarga 1, zlo. 2; ...jinendre surAsurendrasaMpUjya:...haribhadra, vahI, zlo. 45-46 / 2. kezalu dhana se hI koI zramaNa nahIM ho jAtA hai, OM ke pavitra uccAraNa se hI na koI brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura na vana nivAsa se ho koI muni, kuzadhAsa aura valkala pahanane se koI tapasvI / yAkobI sebUI, 40 / 3. sovAgakulasaMmUgro...hari esabalo...Adi / uttarAdhyayana, adhyA. 12 zAthA / / hari 140 / kezIbala zvapaca / (cANDAla) kula meM janmA thA vaha guggI aura bhikSu thA |...graadi / yAkobI, vahI, pR. 50 / 4. na to aisA kabhI huA hai, na hotA hai, nahIM aisA honA sambhava hai ki prahan...daridrakula...bhikSa kula yA brAhmaNa kula meM janma lete haiM kintu arhat...rAjanyakula...IkSvAkukula...vA anya aise hI uttama kula, donoM hI aora se vizuddha jAti yA vaMza meM janma lete haiM / yAkobI se buI, pusta. 22, pR. 225 / 5. jainoM kI mAnyatAnusAra hama isa janma meM jo bhI haiM, vaha saba pUrva janmoM meM kieko ke antima pariNAma svarUpa hai karma saba sAmAnyatayA avinAzI, avarNanIya, pramA hote haiM jaba taka ki bhoga liye nahIM jAve / mahAvIra ne nAma aura gotra karma apane parva ke dRzya 27 bhavoM meM se kisI eka meM bAMdhe the| unhoMne antima tIrthakara bhava meM janma lene ke pUrva meM bitAe the| usI karma ke kAraNa unheM pahale brAhmaNavaMza meM janma lenA par3A tanca nIcargotra bhagavatA sthalasaptaviMzatibhavApakSeyA tRtIyabhave bddh| kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, pR. 26 / dekho yAkobI bahI, pR. 190-191 /
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________________ [ 25 rUpa meM pahale prAe / saba paigAmbaroM ke jIvana kI bhAMti mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sambandha meM bhI yaha lokakathA priya kathA kahI jAtI hai ki jyoMhI rAjA aura devoM ke svAmI indra (zaka) ne yaha bAta jAnI to usane mahAvIra ke bhra gaNa ko devAnandA kI kokha se jJAtR kSatriyavaMzI kAzyapa gotrIya kSatrI rAjasiddhArtha kI patni trizalA kSatriyANI kI kokha meM badala dene kI yojanA kii| isa prakAra yadyapi yaha eka ajIba sI hI bAta hai phira bhI mahAvIra cAhe vaha camatkAra ke kAraNa hI ho, zeSa meM kSatriyavaMza ke hI the yahI hameM kahanA hogaa| bhrUNa parivartanaH pAzcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki isa dantakathA ko zilpa meM bhI utkIgita kara diyA gayA hai / mathurA ke janazilpa ke kucha namUnoM meM isakI tAdRza sAkSI prApta hai aura yaha nizcaya hI Azcaryajanaka hai / parantu sAtha hI yaha bhI siddha karatA hai ki yaha dantakathA isavI yuga ke prArambhika samaya kI aitihAsika to avazya hI hai aura isalie aisA bhI kahane meM koI Apatti nahIM ki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAtha athavA usa samaya kI kisI na kisI sAmAjika paristhiti ke sAtha isakA kucha na kucha sambandha avazya honA caahie| hameM kalpasUtra se mAlama hotA hai ki indra ne apanI prAjJA ke paripAlanArtha hariNagamezI ko bhejA thaa| isa hariNaga mezI ko sAmAnyataH "hari ko negamezI' yAne indra kA sevaka kahA jAtA hai| DaoN. bahUlara kahatA hai ki "vaha jaina zilpa jisameM negameza, eka choTe rUpa meM tIrthakara, aura eka choTe zizu sahita eka strI dikhAe gae haiM, devAnandA aura trizalA ke bhra Na-parivartana sambandhI usa prasiddha dantakathA kA hI sUcana karatA hA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jisameM isa deva ne pramukha bhAga liyA thaa|" pratyakSata: yaha dantakathA vicitra hI mAlUma hotI hai / parantu itanA to hameM svIkAra karanA hI hogA ki anya dharmoM meM apane devoM ke viSaya meM isase bhI adhika vicitra aura kAlpanika kathAeM kahI gaI haiM / hameM abhibhUta karane vAlI jo bAta isameM hai vaha isakA rUpa nahIM apitu isake pIche rahI huI bhAvanA hai| jainoM ke isa mAnasika bhAva kA yaha abhiprAya ho sakatA hai ki unakA sAdhUdharma mUlataH kSatriyoM ke lie ho yojita thA / parantu aisA bhAva dIkha to nahIM par3atA hai kyoMki mahAvIra ke samaya se lekara Aja taka ke itihAsa ko TaTolane para hama dekhate haiM dharma kI bar3I se bar3I aura suprasiddha vyaktiyoM meM se kucha brAhmaNa bhI thiiN| mahAvIra ke gaNadharoM meM indrabhUti se lekara antima gyArahaveM gaNadhara taka sabhI brAhmaNa the| unake bAda ke jaina itihAsa meM hone vAle siddhasena, haribhadrasUri prAdi prasiddha jainAcArya aura vidvAna bhI brAhmaNa the / 1. 82 divasa pazcAt garbha ko haTAyA gayA thA / samage bhagavaM mahAvIre...vAsIha...ganbhattAe sAharie... kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA, pR. 35, 36 1 2. yAkobI, vahI pR. 223 aadi| 3. vhalara, vahI. pR. 316 / 4. vahI, pR. 317 ! dekho mathurA skalpacarsa pleTa 2; A. sa. ri., saM. 20, pleTa 4 citra 2-5 / 5. indrabhUti ke sambandha meM aisI dantakathA hai ki apane guru ke prati usakA asIma prema thA / mahAvIra ke nirvANa samaya meM vaha vahAM upasthiti nahIM thaa| lauTane para apane guru ke akasmAt nirvANa kI bAta sunakara vaha zokAbhiSUta ho gayA / use jJAna huA ki antima zeSa vaMdhana jisake kAraNa vaha saMsAra se baMdhA huA thA vaha rAga thA jo ki guru ke prati vaha aba bhI dikha rahA hai / isalie usane usa bandhana ko kATa diyA aura "chiNNapiyabaMdhane" hote hI vaha kevala jJAna kI sthiti ko pahuMca gayA / mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke eka mahIne bAda hI usakI bhI mRtyu ho gaI thii| yAkobI, kalpasUtra, prastAvanA, pR. 1 / 6. piddhasena divAkara, brAhmaNa maMtrI kA putra...haribhadra pUrva meM vidvAna brAhmaNa thA...sTIvansa na (zrImatI vahI, pR76, 80 /
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________________ 26 ] aisA saMbhava ho ki buddhivAda ke yuga ke prArambha meM jaba brAhmaNa apanI pratiSThA ke prAyaH zikhara para the aura jaba anya jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa dAsatA ke viruddha adhikAdhika jAgRti ho rahI thI tabhI jainoM kI isa mAnyatA ne bhI nizcita spaSTa rupa liyA hogaa| bauddhoM meM bhI aise hI kucha vicAra the jaisA ki unake bhikSusaMgha meM die kSatriyoM ke se pratIta hotA hai| vArANasI ke eka pravacana meM buddha svayam kahate haiM ki "dharma ke lie kulIna yuvaka pradhAnasva saMsAra kA sarvathA tyAga kara dete haiM praura gRha rahina jIvanAvasthA ve strIkAra karate haiM / " 1 aisA hote hue bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainoM ko isa bAta se koI bhI etarAja nahIM thA ki brAhmaNa loga jaina gurU bana kara jainasaMgha meM ucca pada prApta nahIM kreN| parantu unane unake viSaya meM itanA hI bheda kiyA aura kahA hai ki brAhmaNa janma kevalI bana mokSa bhI prApta kara sakatA hai, parantu tIrthaMkara yAne dharmapravartaka vaha kabhI nahIM bana sakatA hai / kadAcit yaha bheda usa samaya ke logoM kI isa sAmAnya mAnyatA ko ki saba AdhyAtmika kAryoM meM brAhmaNa hI sarvopari hone ke adhikArI ho sakate haiM, miTA dene ke lie hI kiyAgayA ho / sapramANa sAkSiyoM se hameM jJAta haiM ki pUrva kAla meM dharma aura anuSThAnika mAmaloM meM brAhmaNa hI ekAdhikArI raheM yA sarvasattA bhogeM, aisA kucha bhI nahIM / hInakula logoM ke apane jJAna aura sadguNoM se purohitAI meM vastutaH praviSTi hone ke aneka udAharaNa bhI udghRta kie gae haiM / dhArmika jJAna kA ijArA kevala brAhmaNoM kA hI nahIM thA itanA hI nahIM apitu bahuta bAra zAstrajJAna prApta karane ke lie kSatriya rAjoM ke namra ziSya bhI bane aise bhI udAharaNa haiM / 2 zrI TIle kahatA hai ki 'unane apanI pRthaka jAti abhI taka nahIM banAI vo kyoMki rAjA aura rAjA kA putra bhI pavitra gAyaka rUpa meM prasiddha the aura dhArmika kriyAeM ve karate the yadyapi aneka pratiSThita logoM kI bhAMti ve bhI bahuta karake purohita bhI rakhate the / t sthiti jaisI bhI ho parantu jaisA ki hama pahale hI kaha grAe haiM, uttarakAlIna itihAsa meM igite prathavA ADambare, brAhmaNa loga samAja ke yathArtha hiteSI aura prAdhyAtmika gurU mAne jAne laga gae the, hAlAMki 'kisI bhI avasthA meM prAcIna RcAoM meM to brAhmaNa aura brAhmaNaputra kA phira bhI kabhI kabhI ullekha mila jAtA hai, parantu bAda kI RcAoM meM to inakA ullekha bahuta hai / " isalie brAhmaNoM ko apanI svambhU sarvopari sattA ke zikhara se girAne aura unake kitane hI adhikAra chIna lene ke lie kSatriya evaM anya jAtiyAM niHsaMdeha ukasita ho gaI hoMgI / ' mahAvIra ke jIvana ke isa prasaMga vizeSa kI vyAkhyA karane meM DA. yAkobI ne kucha kaSTakalpita anumAna lagAe haiN| ve isa parikalpanA para calate haiM ki siddhArtha mahAvIra ke pitA ke do rAniyAM thI eka kSatriyANI trizalA maura dUsarI brAhmaNI devaanndaa| phira ve mAna lete haiM ki mahAvIra vAstava meM devAnandA kI kola se hI janme the, 1 1. hima DeviDsa aura bolDanavarga se. bu. I., pustaka 13, pR. 931 3 2. da vahI . 264 1 datta, 3. TIle, vahI, pR. 116 jAtiyoM ke udbhava ke pUrva aura usa antarima kAla meM bhI jaba taka ki kAryakalApa acala pratiSThita nahIM ho gae the, rAjA svayam ke aura apanI prajA ke hitArtha anya kI sahAyatA binA hI yajJa kara sakatA thA / lA, na. nA. vahI. pR. 41 1 4 'unheM rAjoM se kar3A virodha kA sAmanA bahuta vAra karanA par3A thA / parantu sAmAnyatayA ve apane lakSya meM prauparava evam adhikAra se athavA cAlAkI me saphala ho hI jAte the|' TIle, vahI, pR. 121 5. vahI, pR. 115 I
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________________ 27 ] santu usakI mAtA kI ora se rAjya sambandhI lAbha aura mahattA prApta karAne aura apane kSatriya sambandhiyoM kA unheM prAzraya prApta karAne ke lAlaca se unheM trizalA kI kokha se janmA prasiddha kara diyA gayA thaa| eka mahAna barmavIra ke jIvana ke aise prasaMgoM para se kAlpanika anumAna ghar3a nikAlane meM hameM koI bhI sArthakatA nahIM dIkhatI haiN| phira bhI usa kAla kA vicAra karate hue jainasUtroM ke isa varNana kA itanA artha to ho hI sakatA hai ki torthakara ke atirikta byAhmaNa sabhI kucha ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra paTanA ke uttara lagabhaga 20 mIla para sthita vaizAlI ke pAsa ke gAMva meM trizalA mAtA se mahAvIra kA janma huA kahA jAtA hai| inake pitA kuNDagrAma gAMva ke paradAra the aisA kahA gayA hai aura unakI mAtA trizalA videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ke saradAra kI bhaginI evam maMgadha ke rAjA bivamAra kI saMbaMdhI thii| nandivardhana unakA bar3A bhAI aura sudarzanA unakI bar3I bahana thii| unakA vivAha yazodA nAma kI koDinya gotra kI kanyA se huA thaa| i. yazodA se unheM eka putrI utpanna huI thI jimakA nAma araNojjA thA aura use priyadarzanA bhI kahA jAtA thaa| usakA vivAha unake bhAneja rAjaputra jAmAlI ke sAtha kiyA gayA thA ki jo apane zvasura kA ziSya aura jainadharma meM prathama matabheda pravartaka yAne ninhaba hunA thA / mahAvIra tIsa varSa taka gRhastha jIvana meM rahe the aura mAtA-pitA kA dehAnta pazcAt apane bar3e bhAI kI anumati se unane gRhatyAga kara adhyAtmika jIvana meM praveza kiyA thaa| "yaha jIvana pazcimI dezoM kI bhAMti hI bhArata meM bhI mahatvAkAMkSI laghuputroM ke lie sundara mAnA gayA honA caahie|" mahAvIra ke pitA mAtA pArzva patya the: jaina mAnyatAnusAra mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pArzvanAtha ke pUjaka aura zramaNoM ke anuyAyI the| mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ko jainasUtroM meM unake nija ke siddhAnta nahIM kahA gayA hai / parantu "paNNattA' arthAt sthApita sanAtana 1. dekho yAkobI, sebuI, pustaka 22. prastAvanA pR. 31 / 2. mujaphpharapura jile ke hAjIpura upavibhAga sthita aAdhunika vasAda ko hI vaizAlI kahA jAtA hai / 3. vaizAlI ke ThIka bAhara hI kuNDagrAma kA upapura thA jo aAja kA kadAcit vasukuNDa gAMva hI ho, aura yahAM jJAtrika kSatriyoM ke vaMza kA siddhArtha nAma kA dhanika nAyaka rahatA thaa| kai. hi. I. bhAga 1, pR. 150 / 4. dekho phrejara, vahI. pa. 128-131 / jainasUtroM ke anusAra trizalA ko videhadattA aura priyakAriNI bhI kahA jAtA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra bhI videhadattA ke putra kahe jAte the| dekho yAkobI, vahI, pR. 193, 194, 256 / 5. rAjA samaravIro the yazodAM kanyakA nijAm / pradAtaM vardhamAnAya... Satu yazodAyA majAyata |...duhitaa priyadarzanA / / hemacandra, triSaSThi-zlAkA, parva 10, zlo. 125, 154, pR 16 / 6. zATiyara, kai. hi. I., bhAga 1 pR. 158 / raajputro...| jamAliH ...priyadarzanAm // hemacandra, vahI, zloka 155, pR. 17 / 7. samA bhagavaM mahAvIre...tIsaM vAsAiM kaTTa ...videhasi muDe bhavittA, Adi / kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TIkA, pR. 89, 96 / 8. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, bhAga / pR. 287 / / 9. mahAvIrassa ammApiyaro pAsAvaccigjA...aAdi / prAcArAMga, zrata skaMdha 2, satra 187 pa. 422 / dekho yAkobI, vahI, pR. 194 / usake mAtA-pitA paramparA ke anusAra jo ki vizvasta hI pratIta hotI hai, pUrva tIrthakara pArzva ke hI anuyAyI the| jaisA ki pahale hI nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai mahAvIra kA siddhAnta pArzva ke siddhAnta kA punarnavIkRta yA saMzodhita saMskaraNa ke sivA aura kucha bhI nahIM thA / zApeM Teyara, vahI, pR. 160 /
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________________ 28 ] satya rUpa batAyA gayA hai| yadi buddha kI bhAMti hI ve apane dharma ke mUla saMsthApaka hote to yaha saba azakya ho jAtA / parantu yaha to koI bhI mAna sake aise eka sUdhAraka ke jIvana aura kathana kA hI ullekha hai| unakA guNagAna devoM aura manuSyoM ne ina zabdoM meM kiyA kahA jAtA hai-jinoM dvArA prarUpita askhalita mArga se sarvocca pada arthAt pokSa-nirvANa prApta kro|" mahAvIra kA tapasvI jIvana: gRha tyAga kara mahAvIra sAdhU kI sAmAnya jIvanacaryA meM rahe / bAraha varSa se kucha adhika kAla taka varSAvAsa ke atirikta ve bhramaNa karate rahe the| prArambha ke lagabhaga teraha mahIne taka 'pUjya tapasvI mahAvIra ne vastra dhAraNa kiyA thaa| bAda meM ve pratyeka prakAra ke vastra kA tyAga kara nagna hI bhramaNa karate rahe the / abAdhita dhyAna, akhaNDa brahmacarya tathA khAnapAnAdi niyamoM kA sUkSma pAlana karate hue unane apanI indriyoM ko sampUrNatayA vaza kiyA / bAraha varSa taka deha-mamatva kI ve upekSA karate rahe the aura kahIM se bhI Ate tamAma upasargoM ko samabhAva se sahana karane, unakA sAmanA karane aura unheM bhugatane ke lie ve kaTibaddha rahe the / yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki aisI vismRtAvasthA meM mahAvIra savastra the yA nagna isakA unheM bilakula hI bhAna nahIM thaa| aisI koI bhI spaSTa unakI pravRtti nahIM thI ki jisase ve nagna hI bhramaNa karate rheN| jo vastra unane padayAtrA meM rakhA thA, use unake pitA ke eka brAhmaNa mitra soma ne do bAra meM Tukar3e-Tukar3e karake le liyA thA / unakI thor3I bahuta vismRtAvasthA meM jo kucha bhI unake jIvana meM huA, vaha unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA zabdAnuzabda anukaraNIya hone ke abhiprAya se nahIM thaa| jainazAstroM meM aisI kaThora AjJA kahIM bhI dekhane meM nahIM pAtI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM sudharmA mukha meM nIce likhe zabda rakha die haiM ki 'mere vastra phaTa jAne ke pazcAt meM (turanta hI) nagna vicarUgA athavA nayA vastra lUgA, aise vicAra sAdhU ko nahIM rakhane caahie|' eka samaya usako koI bhI vastra nahIM hogA, dUsare samaya usake pAsa kucha hogaa| isa niyama ko hitAvaha samajha kara buddhimAna (muni) ko isa sambandha meM koI bhI zikAyata nahIM karanA caahie| saMkSepa meM isakA artha yaha hai ki aisI saba upAdhiyoM se sAdhU ko anAsakta rahanA caahie| phira bhI sAre samudAya ke anuzAsana kI dRSTi 1. yAkobI, iNDi. eNTI., pustaka 9, pR. 16 / 2. yokobI, se. bu. I., pustaka 22 1 258| unane tIrthakaroM ke sarvocca siddhAnta kA upadeza diyA thA / vahI, pustaka 45, pR. 288 / 3. "jaba varSARtu A jAtI hai aura varSA ho rahI hai to aneka jIvoM kI utpatti ho jAtI hai aura aneka bIjoM ke aMkura phuTa jAte haiM / ...yaha jAna kara muni ko grAmAnugrAma bhramaNa karanA nahIM cAhie nApitu eka hI sthAna meM varSARtu meM vAsAvAsa karanA caahie|"-yaakobii, sebuI, pustaka 22, pR. 1361 4. samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre saMvaccharaM sAhiyaM mAsaM cIvaradhArI hatthA teprAM paraM acelae paannipddigghie| kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, sUtra 117, pR. 98 / dekho sebuI, pustaka 22, pR. 259, 261 / 5. dekho vahI, pR. 200 / 6. tataH pitumitreNa bAhma gena gRhItaM / kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TIkA, pR. 98 / dekho hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 2, pR. 19 / 7. yAkobI, sebuI, pustaka 45, pR. 11 /
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________________ [ 29 se sAmAnya niyama yaha huA ki sAdhU ko eka vastra se kAma calA lene kA prayatna karanA cAhie aura usase na cale sakane para vaha do vastu bhI rakha sakatA hai / ' isa prakAra svataH svIkRta tapa aura dhyAna meM bitAe bAraha varSa unake niSphala nahIM gae the ... eka prAcIna mandira ke anati dUre... zAlavRkSa ke nIce gUr3ha dhyAnastha mahAvIra ko sarva zreSTha ananta, sarvottama, abAdhita, prAvicchinna, paripUrNa aura samagra hai, prApta ho gayA / " 2 mahAvIra kA dIrgha bihAra: isa prakAra prAthamika Atma-pIr3ana ke bAraha varSoM meM mahAvIra bahuta se sthAnoM meM jAte rahe the jinameM se aneka pahacAnanA dhAja atyanta kaThina hai| jaMgalI jAtiyoM se base dezoM meM bhramaNa karate, kahIM rAtri ke vizrAma ke lie sthAna bhI kabhI-kabhI hI pAte aura lAr3ha nAmaka jaMgalI logoM se base pradeza meM bhI bhramatA karate unheM nirdaya varNara logoM dvArA bahuta hI duHkhada aura bhayAnaka pariSaha sahana karane par3e the / parantu isa ghora sAdhanAvasthA kI samApti ke bAda ve sarvajJa, sarva viSaya-jJAtA, kevalI aura isa jagata meM jisake jAnane kA koI bhI gupta nahIM ho aise arhat rUpa meM prasiddha aura mAnya hue 14 isa samaya unakI Ayu 42 varSa kI ho cukI thI aura jIvana ke zeSa 30 varSa unane apanI dharma praNAlI ko sikhAne, sAdhudhoM ko saMgha meM vyavasthita karane para bhramaNa dvArA apane siddhAntoM ke 3 cAra evam svadharmamArgA banAne meM bitAeM the / magadha aura aMga deza ke ke lagabhaga sabhI nagaroM meM unane bhramaNa kiyA thaa| parantu pramukhatayA ve neka caturmAsa unakI janmabhUmi vaMzAlI magadha kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI "teharaveM varSa meM kevalajJAna jo ki rAjyoM meM Ae hue uttara aura dakSiNa bihAra magadha aura aMga rAjyoM meM hI rahe the / unake rAjagRha, prAcIna aMga kI rAjadhAnI caMpA, 1. yAkobI, sebuI, pustaka 22, pR. 157 "jainoM ke vastra sambandhI grAcAra itane sarala nahIM hai kyoMki sAdhu kA pravela yA eka do aura tIna vastra taka rakhane kI bhI prAjJA dI gaI hai| parantu yuvaka sazakta sAdhU ko niyamataH eka vastra ho rakhanA caahie| mahAvIra nagna hI rahe the aura vaise hI jinakalpika bhI yA ve jo mahAvIra kA cereaya dhanukaraNa karane ke prayatnazIla the nagna rahate the parantu unheM bhI apanI nagnatA ko prAcchAdita karane kI prAjJA thI vahI prastAvanA pU. 26 1 " ---- 2. vahI, pR. 263 dekho vahI pR. 201 1 3. dekho zArpeTiyara, vahI, pR. 158; rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, pR. 280 "mahAvIra bAraha varSa se kucha adhika kAla taka lAr3a, vajabhUmi aura zubhabhUmi meM aura baMgAla meM Aja ke rAr3ha pradeza meM bhramaNa karate rahe the| de, dI jyograoNphikala DikSanerI prApha eseMTa eNDa maiDIvala iNDiyA. pR. 108 DaoN. vhUlara ke pranusAra baMgAla meM Aja kA rAr3ha pradeza | dekho vhUlara, iNDiyana syaikTa grApha dI jainAja | pU 261 4. dekho yAkobI, vahI, pR. 263 264 5. kuNDagrAma ke nAma se baMgAlI nagara zIza jaina tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kahA jAtA hai aura isI se ve sAlI arthAt vaizAlI ke nivAsI bhI kahe jAte the| de, vahI, pR. 107 1 6. caMpA jainoM kA eka pavitra sthAna hai / isameM mahAvIra ne apane bhramaNa kAla meM tIna varSARtuoM se vAsAvAsa kiyA thA / phira yaha nagara jainoM ke bArahaveM tIrthaMkara zrI vAsupuNya kI janma aura nirvANa bhUmi bhI kahI jAtI hai / dekho, vahI, pR. 44
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________________ 30 ] videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilA aura AvastI unakA bhramaNa bahuta hI vistRta kSetra meM huA thA aisA pratIta hotA hai / prasaMgavaza ve magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ghora anya nagaroM meM padhArate the jahAM unako pUrva mAna milA karatA thA / " phira unake hI samaya meM jainoM meM matabheda ho jAne para bhI, jainoM kI mAnyatAnusAra, unake anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA unakI pratiSThA ko jarA bhI Thesa pahuMcAne vAlI nahIM thI / unake saMgha meM 14000 zramaNa, 36000 zramaNiyAM, 159000 zrAvaka praura 318000 zrAvikAeM thii| isake atirikta 5400 anya ziSya the jo yA to zrutakevalI caudahapUtroM ke mAtA the yA kevalI. manaH paryAya jJAnI pravadhijJAnI yAdi-Adi the| 8 1 meM hue the| / mahAvIra nirvANa samaya: / pArasanAtha pahAr3I ke nikaTa kI RjupAlikA nadI para ke zUmikA gAMva meM bayAlIsa varSa kI umra meM kevalI hone aura jainadharma ke sudhAraka ke rUpa meM 30 varSa taka bhramaNa karane ke pazcAt mahavIra rAjagRha nikaTastha meM hastilAla rAjA kI rajjuvazAlA meM 72 varSa kI Ayu meM nirvANa prApta hue Aja bhI jaina yAtrI hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM usa sthAna kI yAtrA karate haiM jaina kAla gaNanAnusAra yaha prasaMga I. pUrNa 527 meM athavA siMhala gaNanAnusAra bauddha nirvAraNa yadi I. pUrNa 5437 mAneM to usase solahaveM varSa meM banA mAnA jAtA hai / yaha saMvat aneka kAlagaNanA pustakoM aura TIkAgranthoM meM punarAvartita tIna gAthAnoM para hI avalambita hai / ' / ina gAthAoM 1. 'dhAvastI jisako saheta maheta bhI kahate haiM jainoM kI candrikApurI yA candrapura hai| yahAM tIsare tIrthakara saMbhavanAtha jI kA dhaura AThaveM zrI candraprabhujI kA janma huA kahA jAtA hai|' vahI pU. 190 | usa kAla meM, usa samaya meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne prathama cAturmAsa asthikagrAma meM tIna cAturmAsa caMpA aura pRSThacaMpA meM, bAraha vaizAlI aura vANijyagrAma meM cIdaha rAjagRha aura nAlaMdA ke upanagara meM... eka dhAvastI meM aura eka pAvAnagarI meM rAjA hastipAla kI rajjugazAlA ( lekhakazAlA ) meM kiyA thaa|' yAkobI, vahI, pR. 264 " T 2. zArpeTiyara, vahI aura vahI pRSTha aMga rAjyoM yAne Adhunika pravadha evam hugrA hai / ' vhUlara, vahI, pR. 20 / 'unaka prabhAvakSetra kA vistAra bAvastI yA kosala, videha magadha maura pazcimI baMgAla ke bihAra aura tirahuta pradezoM kI parisImAoM se milatA 3. yAkobI, vahI, pu. 267-268 4. ise jRmika yA milA bhI kahate haiM / - sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pR. 38 5. mahAvIra 30 varSa taka gRhavAsI, 2 varSa se kucha adhika chadmastha aura kucha nyUna 30 varSa kevalI yAne 42 varSa sAdhU rUpa meM rahe the|'vaakovii, vahI, pR. 269 6. pApA-pAvApurI, bihAranagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM lagabhaga 7 mIla giriyeka ke uttara meM do mIla para hai|' sTIvansana pAdarI ke kalpasUtrAnusAra, mahAvIra kA nirvAraNa yahAM para usa samaya huA jabaki pApA ke rAjA hastipAla ke mahala meM ve paparatA vyatIta kara rahe the| unake nirvANa sthalI para eka bAr3e meM cAra sundara jaina mandira haiN| dIvAlI (dIpAvalI) kA vArSika parva mahAvIra ke nirdhAraNa kI smRti meM hI pracalita huA thaa| dekho de, vahI. pR. 148 ! 7. dekho yAkobI, kalpasUtra, prastAvanA pR. 8 / 8. jinameM ye ghoSaNAeM milatI haiM, ve pramANa koI bhI hemacandra kA hai jisakA dehAMta I. 1172 meM huA thaa| / 12 vIM sadI IsavI se prAcIna nahIM haiN| pUrvatama pramANa vhUlara, vahI, pR. 23 1
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________________ [ 31 kA mUla yadyapi kisI bhI sthAna meM spaSTa rUpa se nahIM milatA hai, parantu phira bhI ye aneka TIkA granthoM aura prAcIna jaina kAlagaNanA granthoM meM uddhata haI dekhI jAtI haiN| inameM vIra aura vikrama saMvata ke bIca kA antara batAyA gayA hai aura prAcIna jaina kAlagaNanA ke lie inheM AdhArabhUta mAnA gayA hai| merutuga kI vicAra zreNI inhI gAthAnoM para AdhArita hai| inameM vIra nirvANa aura vikramAditya ke rAjyArohagA ke bIca meM 470 varSa kA antara kahA gayA hai| ina tIna gAthAnoM kA bhASAntara isa prakAra hai'-(1) jisa rAtri meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra deva ne nirvANa prApta kiyA, usI rAtri meM avaMti ke rAjA pAlaka kA rAjyAbhiSeka humaa| (2) rAjA pAlaka ke 60 (varSa), naMdoM ke 155 (varSa), mauryoM ke 108 aura puSpamitra (puSyamitra) ke 30; (3) balamitra aura bhAnumitra ne 60 (varSa) rAjya kiyA, namovAhana ne 40 aura usI prakAra garda milla kA rAjyakAla 13 varSa calA aura 4 zaka kA varNa hai| isa prakAra merutuga kI gaNanAnusAra vikramAditya ke yuga aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM 470 varSa kA antara hai aura isalie nirvANa I. pUrva 527 ke anusAra hai / merutuga kI gaNanAnusAra yaha antara 470 varSa mAna leM to vikrama saMvat ke prArambha aura mauryoM ke rAjya meM 255 varSa kA antara pAtA hai aura isase candragupta ke abhiSeka kA mAnyatAnusAra, I. pUrNa 312 (255+57) AtA hai / kyoMki vi. saM. I. pUrva. 57 meM zurU huA thA 18 aba 470 meM se 255 ghaTAveM to candragupta kA samaya aura nirvANa kA antara 215 prAtA hai / ina 215 varSoM ke viSaya meM saba eka mata nahIM haiM kyoMki hegacandrAcArya apane pariziSTaparNa meM likhatA hai ki "aura isa prakAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt candragupta rAjA hayA thaa| isavI sana pUrva 312 meM 155 varSa jor3ane para mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi I. pUrva 460 pAtI hai| yaha sahI hai ki merutuga bhI hemacandrAcArya ke isa kathana kA ullekha karatA hai, parantu sAtha hI kahatA hai ki granthoM meM isakA virodha kiyA gayA hai isase adhika vaha kucha bhI nahIM kahatA hai|' DA. yAkobI aura DA. zApaMTiyara donoM jaina vidvAnoM ne mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ina donoM jainAcAryoM ke die pramANoM ke AdhAra se nizcita kI hai / donoM ne itanIpradhika sUkSmatA aura aitihAsika satyatA se apane anumAnoM ko prastuta kiyA hai ki unake abhiprAya ko phira se siddha karane ke lie usa vivaraNa meM phira se 1. vhalara, iNDi. eNTI., pustaka 2, pR. 363 / 2. 'merutaM ga, suprasiddha jaina granthakAra, ne vi. saM. 1361-I.1304 meM apanA grantha 'prabandha-citAmaNi' aura usake do varSa pazcAt apanA 'vicArazreNI' graMtha racA thaa...|' -zATiyara, iNDi. eNTI., pustaka 4, pR. 119 1 3. 'ye gAthAe~ merutaM ga dvArA hI athavA usake kisI samakAlika dvArA hI nahIM racI gaI thI, yaha sunizcita hai kyoMki usa samaya taka jaina lekhaka bahuta pahale se hI prAkRta meM racanA karanA tyAga cuke the|' -zArpeTiyara, vahI, pR 120 / 4. jarayariMga kaalgno...sgssck...| vicArazreNI, pa. 1, hastapothI. bhA. prA. ma. pustakAlaya, sUcI 18711872 saM. 378 15. vikrama saMvat aura IsAI yuga ke prArambha ke bIca meM 57 varSa bIta cuke the| 6. evaM ca zrI mahAvIra...candragupto bhavannapaH / yAkobI, pariziSTaparvana, marga 8 zlo. 339 / 7. taccintyam yata evaM 60 varSANi tuTyanti / / anya granthaH sahavirodhaH / vicArazreNI, vahI, pR. 1 / 8. yAkobI kalpasUtra, prastAvanA, pR. 6-10 / . .9. zAaiMTiyara, vahI, pR. 118-123, 125-133, 167-178 /
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________________ 32 ] jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai / hecamandra ke prastuta kie pramANa ko svIkAra kara lene kI ve ziphAriza karate hue isa anibArya nirNaya para pAte haiM ki isa yuga kI tithi I. pUrva 460 ke lagabhaga hI honA cAhie / / 'maiMne yaha batAne kA prayatna kiyA hai' DA. zArpaTiyara kahatA hai ki 'kalAgaNanA kI TIpa jisa para jainoM ne vikrama saMvat ke prArambha aura mahAvIra nirvANa ke bIca kA antara 400 varSa hone kI kalpanA kI hai, vaha eka dama arthahIna hai| samaya kI pUrti ke lie jo rAjavaMzAliyAM banAI gaI haiM ve ekadama itihAsa viruddha aura kisI bhI prakAra se mAnI jA sake aisI nahIM haiN|..." jaina kathana ke ekadama kAlpanika AdhAra ko eka ora rakha kara ina prasiddha vidvAnoM jo anya pramANa prastuta kie haiM ve haiM buddha aura mahAvIra donoM kI samakAlika astitva aura hemacandra dvArA prastuta adhika vizvasta aitihAsika tathya / donoM mahApuruSa samakAlika aura pratispardhA sAdhU-samudAyoM ke sthApaka the| yaha aba eka siddha tathya hai| parantu yadi hama jaina daMtakathA ko satya mAna leM jo ki kahatI hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama pUrva 470 varSe yAni I. pUrva 527 meM huA thA to hameM aisI zaMkA hotI hai ki aisA sambhava hai bhI yA nahIM kyoMki buddha kA nirvANa, jisakI tithi pahale hI merI dRSTi meM ThIka hI, janarala kanidhama aura pro. maikSamUlara nirNaya ne kI thI, I. pUrva 477 meM humaa| aura saba prAdhAra yaha kahane meM eka mata haiM ki buddha usa samaya 80 varSa ke the, to phira unakA janma I. pUrva 557 meM honA caahie| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yadi mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pUrva 527 meM huaA ho to buddha usa samaya 30 varSa ke the aura unheM 36 varSa kI Ayu meM yAne I. pUrva 521 pahale na to buddhatva prApta huA thA aura na unane koI ziSya hI banAe the isalie yaha eka dama asambhava bAta hai ki buddha mahAvIra se kabhI mile hI nahIM hoN| phira donoM hI ajAtazatru jo buddha nirvANa ke 8 varSa pUrva hI rAjA huA thA aura jisane 32varSa rAjya kiyA thA, ke rAjyakAla meM the, yaha bhI pramANita hai| isalie Upara kahI gaI tithiyAM mAnanA aura asambhava ho jAtA hai| hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva meM die pramANoM kA vicAra karate hae DA. NATiyara kahatA hai ki 'hemacandra ke vikrama saMvat aura candragupta ke rAjyakAla meM batAe gae 255 varSa ke antara ko hama DA. yAkobI ke sAtha ThIka 1. ni:saMdeha anya vidvAna bhI haiM jo isase virodhI matavAle haiM, parantu unake vicAroM kI yAkobI aura zArpoTayara ke vivecanoM ne kAlavyatIta kara diyA hai| isalie yahAM para phira se unakA vicAra karanA anupayogI hai| ina vidvAnoM meM se kucha ke nAmoM kA saMketamAtra kara denA hI paryApta hai:- bayesa, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 2, pR. 140; rAisa, tyaisa, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 3 pR. 157; TAmasa (eDvarDa), iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 8, pR. 30, pAThaka, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 12, pa. 21%; haranole; 'iNDi. eNTI., pUsta. 20, pa. 360%; gerInoTa, biblogrAphI jainA, prastA . pa. 7 / Tiyara. vahI.pa. 1251 na kevala varSa kI saMkhyA 155 jo gAthA meM nandoM kA rAjyakAla kI dI gaI hai, atyadhika haiM apitu avaMtI ke rAjA pAlaka ke rAjyakAla kA, magadha rAjAoM ke rAjyakAla meM, varNana hI isa kAla gaNanA ko bahuta saMzayAspada kara detA hai|' yAkobI, vahI, pa. 8 / 3. zArpaTiyara, vahI, pa. 131-1321' nirvANa tithi ke hamAre vivecana ko phira se vicAra to spaSTa hai ki I. pUrva 467 jo hamane hemacandra ullikhita kAlagaNanA ke AdhAra para nirNaya kiyA hai, adhika azuddha nahIM lagatA hai kyoMki yaha buddha nirvANa kI saMzodhita tithi I. pUrva se samakAlikatA dRSTi se itanI acchI taraha mela khA jAtI hai ki jo hama pUrva zodhoM dvArA mAvazyaka pramANita kara cuke haiN|' yAkobI, vahI. pR. 9 /
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________________ [ 33 mAna sakate haiN| isase mahAvIra nirvANa aura vikrama ke rAjyArohaNa meM 2551-155 varSa mila kara kula 410 varSa kA antara ho jAtA hai aura isase mahAvIra nirvANa I. pUrva 467 meM honA hI nizcita hotA hai aura yaha sAla mere abhiprAyAnusAra usake sAtha sambandhita saba prasaMgoM se aneka prakAra se ThIka baiTha jAtA hai aura isalie ise hI satya svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai|'1 .inase atirikta aura bhI aneka kAraNa haiM ki jo eka yA dUsarI prakAra se mahAvIra nirvANa kI isa tithi ke nirNaya kie jAne se hamArI sahAyatA karate haiN| una saba kI carcA meM utarane ke sthAna meM unako yahAM kaha denA mAtra ucita hogaa| bhadrabAhu ke nirvANa kI tithi aura unakA candragupta ke sAtha sambandha', jainadharma meM hae tIsare paMthabheda kI tithi aura usake sAtha maurya rAjA balabhadra kA sambandha', devadhigariNa dvArA nizcita kI huI bhadrabAha ke kalpasUtra meM dI gaI tithi aura dhra vasena ke rAjyArohaNa varSa meM vallabhI meM ekatrita mahAsabhA kI tithi kA sambandha aura anta meM sthUlabhadra ke ziSya sahasti kI tithi evam usakA azoka ke pautra aura uttarAdhikAra samprati ke sAtha sambandha / hamAre sAmane ina saba aitihAsika tathyoM ke hone se eka bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ji / nirNaya para hama Upara pahuMce haiM usa vicAraNIya tithi se sambandhita aneka tathyoM ke sAtha pUrI pUrI saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| phira bhI I. pUrva 467 kI tithi yadyapi bahuta azuddha to nahIM hai, to bhI mahAvIra nirvANa kI tiyi yathArtha rUpa se nahIM svIkAra kI jA sakatI haiM kyoMki yaha mAnane kA bhI koI kAraNa nahIM hai ki hemacandra ne vikrama saMvat aura candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa meM 255 varSa kA antara hone kA aura isase jisa nirNaya para pahuMcane kA ki jaina kAlagaNanAnusAra candragupta kA rAjavaMza I. pUrva 312 meM prArambha hayA thA, satya svIkAra kara liyA thA isameM to koI bhI saMdeha nahIM hai ki candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa kI nizcita tithi nikAlanA Aja taka kI upalabdha sAkSiyoM dvArA asambhava hai| parantu phira bhI, itanI adhika anizcitatA kI bAta para adhika uhApoha na karate hue, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna tithi adhika ucita aura tAtkAlika aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa evam candragupta ke jIvana ke 1. zArpaTiyara, vahI, pR. 175 / 2. bhadrabAhu ke dehAnta kI yaha tithi vIrAt 170 hai jo paramparAgata vIra nirvANa tithI ke hisAba se I. pUrva 357 aura yAkobI evam zAaiMTiyara nirNIta tithi ke anusAra I. pUrva 290 pAtI hai / bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ke sambandha kI dRSTi se I. pUrva 357 sarvethA tyAya' hai| 3. yaha paMthabheda vIrAt 214 meM huA thA aura merutuga ke anusAra maurya rAjya kA prArambha vIrAt 215 hai| isalie hemacandra kI gaNanA jo ki maurya rAjya kA prArambha vIrAta 155 kahatA hai, adhika ThIka lagatI hai|| 4. yaha tithi vIrAt 980 yA yA 993 hai| yadi bIra nirvANa tithi I. pUrva 467 leM to I. 526 ke anukUla yaha pAtI hai aura vallabhI para dhra basena ke rAjyarohaNa varSa se eka dama mela khA jAtI hai| 5. merutuga ke anusAra yaha tithi vIrAt 245 hai aura yaha hemacandra kI kAlagaNanA ke bahuta kucha anurUpa hai jisake anusAra candragupta vIrAt 155 meM rAjya karanA prArambha karatA hai kyoMki azoka kI mRtyu candragupta se bAda 94 veM varSa meM huI thI aura isase samprati kI rAjyArohaNa tithi vIrAt 249 pAtI hai| 6. dekho zAaiMTiyara vahI, pR. 175-76; yAkobI, vahI, pR. 9, 10 / / 7. kAla nirupaNa kA hamArA doSI jJAna, usa vizvasta sUcanA se eka dama viparIta hai ki jo hameM deza aura zAsana ke sambandha meM prApta hai|' TAmasa (epha. DablyU.),ke. hi. I., bhAga 1, pR. 731
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________________ 34] aneka prasaMgoM ke adhika anukUla hI lagatI hai / DA. TAmasa ', zrI smitha Adi vidvAnoM ne candragupta ke rAjyArohA kA kAla I. pUrva 325 se 321 athavA usake pAsa pAsa rakhane ko sammata haiN|" yadi isa bAta ko hama apanA grAdhAra banAeM to hameM mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi I. pUrva lagabhaga 480-467 ke bIca pAtI lagatI hai aura buddha kI I. pUrva 477 kI ThIka kI huI nirvAraNa tithi se bhI saMgata ho jAtI hai jo ki 'lagabhaga sahI pramANita ho cukI hai / '' isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki spaSTa rUpa se ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke nirvANa meM bahuta hI thor3e varSoM kA antara honA cAhie / " phira vardhamAga ke nirvANa kI svIkRta vaha tithi una kisI bhI pramANoM aura tarkoM ke virUddha nahIM hai jo ki Upara ginAe jA cuke haiM / the ki khAravela kA zilAlekha maurya 300 varSa pUrva yAne I. pUrva 470 meM phira bhI mahAvIra ke kie jainadharma meM sudhAra kA vicAra karane ke pUrva zrI jAyasavAla, betaratI aura dhanya vidvAnoM dvArA prastuta yathAyeM mAne jAte dhanumAnoM se kAlagaNanA meM utpanna ho rahI bhramaNA ke sambandha meM bhI yahAM kucha kaha denA ucita hai| jaisA ki hama 'kaliMga deza meM jainadharma' zIrSaka adhyAya meM dhAge dekheMge ki abhI taka zrI viseTa smitha aura anya vidvAnoM kI bhAMti ye vidvAna bhI aisA mAnate yuga ke 165 veM varSa kA hai rAja musriya-kAle yAne I. pUrva 170 kA kaliMga meM kisI nanda rAjA ke nahara khudavAne kA isameM ullekha mAtA hai|" mahatva bar3ha jAtA hai / nauMvA zizunAga rAjA nandivardhana jisakI tithi pahale isa nandarAjA ko milA dene se smitha sArI zizunAga vaMzAvalI ko palaTa dene kI sImA taka pahuMca gae the aura ajAtazatru ko pahale ke I. pUrva 491 ke sthAna meM I. pUrva 554 viMvasAra ko I. pUrva 519 ke sthAna meM 582 meM unane rakha diyA T 19 buddha aura mahAvIra donoM kI samakAlIna vaMzAvalI meM yaha pheraphAra dekha kara aura naMdarAja isa bAta se yaha aitihAsika tithi kA I. pUrva 418 svIkRta huI thI, ke sAtha 1. vahI, pR. 471, 472 2. smitha bhartI hisTrI grApha iNDiyA (4thA saMskaraNa), pR. 2061 3. pro. kanaM candragupta kI rAjyArohaNa tithi I. pUrva 321 aura 322 nizcita kI hai| tadanusAra nirvANa tithi I. pUrva 477 aura 475 ke bIca meM kucha kucha par3atI hai jo ki kucha varSoM ke heraphera sahita satya hI pratIta hotI hai kyoMki buddha kI saMzodhita nirvANa tithi I. pUrva 477 se yaha mela khAtI hai / yAkobI, pariziSTa parvan prastAvanA, pR.61 4. yAkobI, vahI aura vahI pRSTha / 5. dekho dAsaguptA, vahI bhAga 1, pR. 173 * 6. jAyasavAla, vi. u. prA. patrikA, saM. 3, pR. 425-472; aura saM. 4 pR. 364 Adi benarajI (rA. dA), vi. u. prA. patrikA, saM. 3, pR. 486 Adi / 7. smitha, rA. e. so. patrikA, 1918, pR. 543-547 8. vahI, pR. 5461 9. apane grantha' arlI hisTrI grApha iNDiyA ke tRtIya saMskaraNa meM maiMne nandivardhana kA rAjyArohaNa samaya sazaMka I. pUrva lagabhaga 418 meM rakhA thaa| aba vaha I. pUrva lagabhaga 470 meM rakhA jAnA cAhie yA isase bhI kucha pUrva / usa zodha se prajAtazatru yA kaNika ( zizunAga 5 vAM ) ko kama se kama I. pUrva lagabhaga 554 meM aura usake pitA bisAra yAne besika ko (zizunAga 4 thA) kama se kama I. pUrva lagabhaga 582 meM rakhanA hogaa|' smitha, vahI, pR. 546-547 | apane prathama 1904 ke saMskaraNa meM smitha ne nandivardhana ko samaya I. pUrva 401 rakhA thA, pR. 33; dekho vahI, 41; vahI. pR. 51 (4thA saMskaraNa) / 3
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________________ [ 35 se apahRta pratibhA kA ullekha zilAlekha ke mukhya bhAga meM hone se smitha aura jAyasavAla isa nirNaya para pahuMce the ki khAravela ke zilAlekha ke anusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pUrva 527 meM aura buddha kA nirvANa I. pUrva 543 meM haA thA / aura yaha prAcIna paramparA kA hI samarthana karatA hai| hama Age dekheMge ki khAravela ke zilAlekha para AdhArita ye anumAna zrI jAyasavAla dvArA sUcita antima Akalana kA vicAra karate hue kucha bhI upayogI nahIM haiN| usameM nirdezita samaya kA mauryakAla se kucha bhI sambandha nahIM hai / phira yaha tathya bho kucha mahatva kA nahIM hai kyoMki mahAn iNDo-grIka rAjA DimoTriyasa ke ullekha kA vicAra karane para hama zilAlekha kI isa tithi para prAyaH pahuMca jAte haiN| isase ati mahatva kA pheraphAra jo huA vaha yaha hai ki ullikhita nahara naMdavaMza ke 103 veM varSa meM khudAI gaI thI na ki 300 varSa pUrva / isa prakAra vaha mUla AdhAra ki jisake kAraNa zrI smitha ne zizunAgoM kI sArA vaMzAvalI 50 varSa pIche haTAne kA jhaTapaTa sAhasa kara liyA thA, bhUpatita ho jAtA hai| yaha mahAn itihAsavettA kahatA hai ki 'navIna pramANoM se maiM itanA adhika prabhAvita huA hUM ki merI aba chapa rahI aura prakAzita hone vAlI "AksapharDa hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA" meM zizunAgoM aura naMdoM kA pUrva samaya meM honA mAnA / parantu jisa vidvAna ko zrI smithane isa sImAtaka ucita hI vizvAsa kiyA thA aura jo apane dRr3ha vizvAsa para DaTe rahane ke mahAna sammAna kA pAtra bhI hai, usane hI adhika lambe samaya ke abhyAsa aura khoja ke pazcAt zilAlekha ke pUrva Akalana ko ekadama hI badala diyA hai|| aba dekhie ki zrI jayasavAla kahate haiM ki "isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki I. pUrva 450 ke lagabhaga yA usase kucha pUrva bhI jaina pratimA kA ho| yaha batAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI tithi vahI honA cAhie ki jo hama pRthaka pRthaka jaina kAlagaNanA ko pU. meM aura pAlI granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha Akalana karane para prApta karate haiM aura jo saba ke AdhAra se I. pUrva 245 nizcita hotI hai|... yaha kucha vicitra sA avazya hI lagatA hai kyoMki jisa nandarAja kA yahAM ullekha huaA hai use zizunAgavaMzI nandivardhana jisakA samaya alabarUnI aura anya aitihAsika pramANoM se zrI jAyasavAla ne uparyukta nanda kA hI mAnA hai, ke sAtha vizeSa rUpa se kyoM jor3A jAtA hai, yaha kucha bhI samajha meM nahIM pAtA hai| yaha rAjAnanda jaisA ki hama dUsare adhyAya meM prAge dekheMge, DaoN. zArpaTiyara ke anusAra, nava nandoM meM ke eka se ThIka-ThIka milatA prAtA hai ki jinameM kA pahalA 'hemacandra dvArA bahuta ananukUla variNata mAlUma nahIM detA hai|" 1. 'pAlI kathAnakoM ke anusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha se pUrva ho gayA thaa| parantu anya pramANa I. pUrva 467 kA samarthana karate haiM jisakI ki DA. zATiyara anurodha karatA haiM aura yaha tithi bhadrabAha kI paramparAgata tithi se bhI mela khA jAtI hai jo ki candragupta maurya ke samakAlika the| I. pUrva 527 (528-7), jo ki atyadhika pramANa meM mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kahI jAtI hai, una aneka tithiyoM meM se eka hai| parantu isakA samarthana khAravela ke zilAlekha se hotA hai|' vahI, pR. 49 / 2. jAyasavAla, vi. u. prA. pratrikA, saM. 13,pa. 246 / 3. vahI, pR. 221 Adi / 4. smiya, rA. e. so. patrikA, 1918, pR. 547 / 5. jAyasavAla, vahI, pR. 246 / jAyasavAla kI yaha tithi una kAlakramAnusArI tathyoM para AdhArita hai ki jinako unane pAlI, purANa aura dharmI paramparAnoM ke parizIlana se nikAlA hai| dekho vahI saM. 1, pR. 114 / 6. jAyasavAla, vahI, saM. 13, pR. 240-241 / 7. zApaTiyara, vahI, pR. 171-172 /
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________________ 36 ] yadi donoM kI yaha samAnatA svIkRta ho to jaina pratimA ke stitva kA aitihAsika kAla I. pUrva cauthI sadI kA lagabhaga prArambha hI honA cAhie / phira yaha bhI mAnA jAe ki rAjA nanda ki tithi zrI jAyasavAla ke anusAra I. pUrva 457 ke lagabhaga haiM, vahI nandivardhana hai to aisA kahane meM ki jaina pratimAeM I. pUrvaM 450 ke lagabhaga yA usase bhI kucha pahale thI, aitihAsika bhUla athavA jaina dantakathA se koI virodha nahIM mAlUma detA hai / aisA kahane meM kevala isI kAraNa se aitarAja nahIM ho sakatA hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvAraNa I. pUrva lagabhaga 467 ke nahIM ho sakatA hai aura I. pUrva 545 taka dUra jAnA Avazyaka hai kyoMki satya yA zrasatya parantu aneka dantakathAoM ke anusAra mUrtipUjA jainadharma meM koI nahIM hai / " jaina kAlagaNanA meM ajAtazatru aura candragupta ke bIca kA antara udAyina aura nava-nandoM se sampUrNa kiyA gayA hai, aura meruturaMga jaisA lekhaka kahatA hai ki nandoM kA rAjya 155 varSa calA thA / pakSAntara meM hemacandra ne zaza nandoM ko kevala 95 varSa hI die haiM aura vaha vastutaH isameM navoM-nandoM ko hI letA hai / phira bhI I. pUrva 480 467 kA kAla jise mahAvIra nirvANa kAla hamane mAnA hai. sambhava parikalpanA kI sImA bAMdhane ke prayatna ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM haiM jaisA ki grAja taka upalabdha katipaya pramANoM se bhAratIya prAcIna itihAsa ke punarnirmANa ke hamAre prayatnoM meM honA bahudhA anivArya hai / isase adhika satya nirNaya ke lie hameM usa samaya kI pratIkSA karanI hI hogI ki jaba purAtatva khojoM se hameM aura paryApta sAdhana prApta nahIM ho jAeM / jainadharma kI dRSTi se sRSTi kI utpatti: mahAvIra ke saMskArita jainasampradAya yA tathAkathita jainadharma kA jaba vicAra karate haiM to hama dekhate haiM ki kisI ke bhI sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA hamAre lie sambhava nahIM hai| isa pustaka ke maryAdita kSetra meM hamAre lie itanA hI sambhava hai ki hama usake mukhya lakSaraNa aura manuSya ke zrAdhyAtmika jIvana sambandhI sAmAnya samasyAoM praznoM aura ulajhanoM ke viSaya meM usake vizvAsoM kA vicAra mAtra yahAM kara leM tatvajJAna kI jIvita jyoti citana hai| prAthamika tatva citana jagata kI utpatti kI khoja meM rahA thA aura karma siddhAnta ko svarUpa dene kA usane prayAsa kiyA thA / isa viSaya meM jainadharma ko nAstika yadi kisI zAzvata sarvopari Izvara ko sava vastuoM kA kartA aura svAmI nahIM mAnanA hI nAstikatA ho to, kahA jA sakatA hai| "devI sarjakAtmA ke astitva kA niSedha hI jainadharma kI nAstikatA kA artha hai / "" jainI aise sarva zaktimAna Izvara ko nahIM mAnate haiN| parantu ve zAzvata astitva, sarvavyApI jIvana, karmasiddhAnta kI aTalatA aura mokSa ke lie sarvajJatA kI AvazyakatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / jainoM ko vizva utpatti ke Adi kAraNa ke prazna ke Akalana kI grAvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI |" be buddhigamya yAdi kAraNa ke astitva ko nahIM mAnate haiN| ghora zUnya meM se athavA akasmAta udbhUta sarjana siddhAnta 1. tae sA dobaI rAyavara kasA... jeNeva jiladhare... yajikhapaTimANaM... paraNAmaM kareI... jJAtA sUtra 119 T. 210 1 2. dekho repsana. ke. hi... bhAga 1, pR. 313 / 3. hAparkisa, vahI, pR. 285 286 "unake yathArtha deva unake jina yA tIrthaMkara hI haiM jinakI mUrti kI pUjA unake mandiroM meM kI jAtI hai / " vahI / 4. kartAsti kazcid jagataH sa caikaH, sa sarvagaH sa svavaza sa nityaH / imA: kuhevAkaviDambanA: syusteSAM na yeSAmanuzAsakatvam ||9|| hemacandra, syAdvAdamaMjarI (motIlAla ladhAjI sampAdita), pR. 24; vahI, pR. 14 Adi / 5. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI bhAga 1 pR.299 dekho vijayadharmasUri bhaNDArakara smRtigrantha pR ( 14 Adi) 150-151 7
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________________ 37 ] kI bhI ve upekSA karate haiN| eka jaina vicAraka kI dRSTi meM prakRti ke siddhAnta kA vyavasthita saMcAlana kisI akasmAta athavA prArabdha kA phala nahIM ho sakatA hai| jainoM kI kalpanA meM yaha pro hI nahIM sakatA hai ki asarjaka Izvara ekA-eka sarjaka kaise bana sakatA hai| prAcArya jinasena prazna karatA hai ki "yadi Izvara ne vizva ko racA hai to isakI racanA ke pUrva vaha Izvara kahAM thA ? yadi vaha pAkAza meM nahIM thA to usane vizva kA sthAna nirdeza kaise kiyA ? arUpI aura amUrta Izvara mUrta dravya rUpa jagata ko kaise banA sakatA hai ? yadi dravya kA pahale se astitva mAna lete haiM to phira kyoM na jagata ko hI anAdi aura anutpanna hI mAna leM? yadi jagata ko kartA Izvara kA kartA koI nahIM hai to jagata ko svayam utpanna huA mAnane meM hI kyA doSa hai ? "vai aura bhI kahate haiM ki" kyA Izvara svayam pUrNa hai ? yadi aisA hai to usako jagata utpanna karane kA koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai / yadi vaha svayam sampUrNa nahIM hai to sAdhAraNa kumhAra kI bhAMti vaha yaha kArya karane ke lie azakta mAnA jAnA cAhie kyoMki pUrva siddhAnta se to sampUrNa jagata hI vaha banA sakatA hai| yadi Izvara ne apanI icchA se hI jagata ko khilaune ke rUpa meM banAyA hai to vaha Izvara bAlaka hI honA caahie| yadi Izvara dayAlu hai aura usane kRpA karake hI yaha jagata banAyA hai to usako sukha aura duHkha donoM hI nahIM banAnA cAhie thaa|"] yadi hama yaha kaheM ki jo kucha bhI astitva meM hai usakA koI kartA honA hI cAhie to kartA kA bhI koI kartA honA Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra hama eka vartula meM par3a jAeMge aura usameM se bacane kA mArga pratyeka vastu ke kartA kA syam astitva mAnane meM hI rahegA / yahAM phira yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi eka vyakti ke lie svayam astitva aura zAzvatatA zakya hai to vaha aneka vastuoM aura vyaktiyoM ke lie saMbhava kyoM nahIM? aisI paristhiti meM jaina dRSTi aneka dravyoM kI parikalpanA karatI hai aura sabhI dravyoM kI parikalpanA karatI hai aura sabhI dravyoM ko svayam-prakaTa hone ke siddhAnta dvArA isa vizva kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai|" jIva aura ajIva maya yaha vizva anAdi se calA A rahA hai aura usameM kisI bAhya devasattA ke dakhala binA hI prAkRtika niyamAnusAra asaMkhya parivartana hote hI rahate haiN| vizva kI vividhatA kA mUla pAMca samavAya yAne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, karma aura puruSArtha meM hI samAyA huA hai|" itanA saba hote hue bhI jainoM ke isa vizvAsa ne unheM avikAsa prApta jar3avAdI ki jise 'bhautikavAda' kahA jAtA hai athavA cArvAka ki jisakA siddhAnta 'yAvajjIveta sUkhaMjIveta' hai aura jo 'bhaSma hA zarIra phira se janma nahIM letA' mAnatA hai, nahIM banAyA / zrI vAsta ne apanI 'jainIjma' nAmaka pustikA meM jainadarzana aura anya darzanoM ke vicArabheda ko sundara rIti se nIce likhe zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai / 'vizva niyaMtA sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke siddhAMta kA eka vikalpa' vaha vidvAna kahatA hai ki 'AtmahIna jar3avAdI nAstikavAda kA siddhAMta hai jo pratipAdana karatA hai ki jIva aura cetana bhautika aNUtroM kI gati aura skaMdha kA pariNAma hai jo ki mRtyu samaya meM vicUrNita ho jAte haiN| parantu jinheM isa prakAra ke kisI bhI siddhAMta se santoSa nahIM hotA hai unake lie pustaka meM eka sthUla rUparekhA dI gaI hai ki jo na to prAtmA ke astitva kA hI niSedha karatA hai aura na zaSTikartA kI mAnyatA ko mAna kara hI calatA hai| parantu vaha pratyeka vyakti ko apane bhAgya kA Apa vidhAtA banAtA hai, pratyeka cetana prAtmA ke lie mokSa kA dhyeya banAtA hai aura usa zAzvata sukha ke prAvazyaka sAdhana rUpa aAtmavikAsa kI sarvotkRSTa bhUmikA meM pahuMcane taka ke samaya ke lie sarvocca tyAga Avazyaka kahatA hai| 1. lAThe, inTroDakzanaTU jainijma, pR. 85-87; jinasena. prAdipurANa, adhyA. 3 / dekho bhaNDArakara, riporTa zAna saMskRta mainyUskripTa, 1883-1884, pR. 118 / 2. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, pR. 330 / 3. vArena, jainIjma, pR. 2 / 'he mAnava ! tU hI apanA mitra hai, phira kyoM prapanese bAhara kisI mitra kI khoja karatA hai|' yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 22, pR. 33 /
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________________ 38 yahAM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yadi Izvara jaisI koI vastu prayavA vyakti jainI svIkAra nahIM karate haiM to ve kisa sattA ko mAnate haiM aura usa sattA ke lakSaNa kyA hai lakSaNoM dvArA pahacAne binA kisI bhI vyakti ke Adeza svIkAra karane meM manuttaradAyI aura dhAtatAyI sattAdhIza kI AjJA svIkAra karane kA Aropa dhAtA hai| sattAdhIza cAhe jaisA saccA ho phira bhI usake upadeza kI pahalI bhUmikA satyajJAna hai| dharma ke mUla tatva yA jar3akA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki manuSya aura IzvarI sattA kA pArasparika sambandha hI dharma kI tAtvika vyAkhyA nahIM hai aura yaha vyAkhyA jainadharma ke anukUla nahIM hai / aisI vyAkhyA dharma ke gUr3ha rahasya kA Akalana karatI hI nahIM hai / 'dukha ke astitva ke kAraNa jAnane kI, unako nirmUla karane kI, phalasvarUpa utpanna hone vAle zAzvata sukha ke lie manuSya kI svAbhAvika AkAMkSA hI dharma kA lakSaNa hai| uparyukta zaktiyoM ko icchApUrvaka hI indriyAtIla nahIM kahA gayA hai, tAki razya devI zakti isa prakAra asvIkAra ho jAeM aura phira ye zaktiyAM vAstavika rUpa meM nahIM apitu pUjakoM kI dRSTi meM laukika hai| * tathya jo bhI ho, yaha aisI nirbalatA hai ki jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM sArvabhaumika hai, dhaura isa dRSTi se, prakRtathA jaina bhI isase vimukta nahIM raha pAe hai| isa vicArasaraNI / ko yahIM chor3a deM to jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha Ae haiM jainadharma, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki, eka aisA svaccha aura paripUrNa prakAza hai jise una mahAna AtmAoM ne ki jinane apane saba vikAroM aura indriyoM para vijaya prApta kara it at ra jo saba prakAra ke karmoM se isalie vimukta ho gae the. isa saMsAra ko diyA thA / jina - jainadharma ke prAdhyAtmika netA: jainadharma ke maulika siddhAMtoM ko prastuta karanevAle saba zAstra pRthvI para manuSya rUpa meM vicarate pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra jaise mahAn zrAdhyAtmika guruzroM ke upadezAmRta haiM / ye upadeza sarvajJa, sarvadRSTA jina bhagavAn ke ziSya gaNadharoM ko sarva prathama unake dvArA die gae the aura una gaNadharoM ne Aja taka calI AtI guru paramparA ko vArase meM ve die / isa prakAra hama jo kucha bhI jainadharma ke viSaya meM aba kaheMge usa saba kA mUla ye jina bhagavaMta hI haiM / isameM jarA bhI saMdeha nahIM hai ki mUla siddhAMta kI dRSTi se unake AdhAra saba apekSAkRta paravartI kAlIna haiN| parantu mUla aura rUpAntara ko pRthaka karanA jarA bhI kaThina nahIM hai kyoMki DA. zApeMTiyara ThIka hI kahatA hai ki 'mUla siddhAMtoM ko dRr3hatA se cipake rahane meM choTI sI jaina jAti kI anamanazIla anudAratA' hI usakA sudRr3ha rakSaka rahI hai| isI dhanudAratA ke kAraNa aneka bhayaMkara vipattiyo ke Ane para bhI jainI loga apane zAstroM ko layabhaga abAdhita rUpa meM surakSita rakha pAe haiN| IsakI pahalI aura dUsarI sadI ke udbhidoM (vAsa rilIpha) meM unakI 1. vArena, vahI, pR. 1 1 2. TI, vahI, pR. 21 3. jinendro... rAgadveSavivarjitaH... kRtsnakarmakSayaM kRtvA saMprAntaH paramapadam / haribhadra, SaDdarzanasamuccaya zlo. 45, 46 | 'jainadharma kA yaha khayAla hai ki vahI jJAna yathArtha hai jo krodha, mAna, ghRNA Adi vikAroM se rahita hai vahI jo sarvajJa hai. vahIM grArjava ke mArga kA upadeza kara sakatA hai ki jisase jIvana kA anaMta sukha prApta ho sakatA hai aura vaha sarvajJatA usameM asambhava hai jisameM pramAdI tatva pAe jAte haiN|' dhArena vahI, pR. 3: 4. indrabhUti se prArambha kara prabhavasvAmI meM samApta hone vAle mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the| 5. prakrAntazAstrasya cIra jinavarendrApekSayA rthataH grAtmAgamatvaM tacchidhyaM tu paMcamaraNadharaM sudharma ... tacchidhyaM ca jaMbU ... paramparAgata pratipipAdayipu. sUtrakAraH... Aha... zAtA, TIkA, pR. 1 6. zApeMTiyara kehi.., mAga 1, pR. 1691
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________________ 40 ] prAtmA ko janma aura punarjanma sahita isa saMsAra cakra ke saba anubhava karane par3ate hai basa isI meM hamAre saba du:khoM kA mUla hai aura isalie jIva aura ajIva donoM tatvoM aura unake pArasparika sambandha ko sthUla rUpa meM samajhAne ke lie jainazAstrakAroM ne nava tatva kA vidhAna prastuta kiyA hai aura ye nau tatva isa prakAra haiM:-jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, pAzrava, saMvara, baMdha, nirjarA aura mokSa / ' ina saba tatvoM kA jaina adhyAtmazAstra meM bar3I sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, parantu hameM yahAM ina sabakA itanI sUkSmatA se vicAra karane kI AvazyatA nahIM hai / ina tatvoM meM jisameM cetana ho vaha jIva aura jo cetanarahita ho vaha ajIva hai| jaisA ki pahale hI kaha pAe haiM, isa sAMsArika astitva meM jIva yAne prAtmA aura ajIva donoM sAtha sAtha rahate haiN| isalie isa zarIra se sambaddha AtmA acche aura bure saba karmoM kA kartA banatI hai| apane zuddha svarUpa meM prAtmA anatadarzana, annatajJAna, anantasukha aura anantavIrya kI svAminI hai| vaha sampUrNa hai / AtmA jaba apane satya, zAzvata svarUpa meM hotI hai taba ina cAra ananta siddhiyoM kA vaha anubhava karatI hai / " sAmAnya dRSTi se kevala muktajIvoM ko chor3a kara saba saMsArI jIvo kI zakti aura svacchatA ananta samaya se cale Ate karmoM ke pudgaloM rUpI sUkSma prAvaraNoM se DhakI hotI hai| prAtmA ke svAmAvika guNa kamobeza pramANa meM isa prakAra prAcchAdita rahate haiM aura isalie puNya aura pApa kI vividha paristhitiyAM anubhava kI jAtI haiM / jIva aura ajIva ke bAda ke do vibhAga puNya aura pApa ke vicAra kI ora hama isa prakAra pahuMca jAte haiM / AtmA ko jo pudgala acche aura paropakArI kAryoM ke pariNAma svarUpa cipaTate haiM, unakA samAveza puNya meM hotA hai| isase viparIta sthiti meM jo cipaTate haiM vahI pApa hai|' puNyazIla karma puNya aura pApamaya karma pApa hai / jaba prAtmA zubhAzubha karma kI sattA ke adhIna isa prakAra prayatnazIla hotI hai to mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyAM usake ina prayatnoM meM sahAyaka hotI haiN| isase dhArmika pudgaloM ke Agamana ko avasara milatA hai aura prAtmA una pudgaloM ke sAtha baMdha jAtI hai athavA unake cipaTane meM vaha rukAvaTa DAlatI hai / isa prakAra prAzrava, saMvara aura baMdha astitva meM Ate haiN| 1. "pudgala cetanAhIna hai, prAtma cetana hai| pudgala meM icchA nahIM hai parantu AtmA dvArA usakA DhAMcA banatA hai / prAtmA aura pudgala kA saMbaMdha bhautika haiM, aura vaha AtmA kI pravRttiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai / baMdhana ko karma kahate haiM kyoMki vaha AtmA kA kArya yAne karma hai / yaha paudgAlika hai aura ati sUkSma kArmika pudgaloM kA yaha aisA sUkSma bandhana hai ki vahAtmA ko Urdhvagamana kara anaMtajJAna, anaMtasukha aura avyAbAdha zAMti ke sthAna mokSa meM nahIM jAne detA hai| "jainI, vahI, pR. 26; kartA zubhAzubhaM karmabhoktA karmaphalasya ca...haribhadra, vahI, zlo. 48 / 2. jIvA-jIvo tathA puNyaM paapmaaNshrvsNvrii| bandhazca nirjarAmokSo nava tatvAni tanmate / / haribhadra, vahI, zlo. 47 / dekho kundakundAcArya, paMcAstikAyasAra, gAthA 108 bhii| 3. dekho sTIvensana (zrImatI), vahIM, pR. 299-311 / 4. caitanya lakSaNo jIve, yazcaitadva parItyavAn / ajIvaH s...| haribhadra, vahI, pR. 49 / 5. darzana aura jJAna meM jaina vibheda karate haiN| padArthoM ke sAmAnya jJAna ko veda darzana kahate haiM jaise meM paTa dekhatA haM / padArtha ki viziSTatA kA jAnanA jJAna hai jaise maiM na kevala paTa hI dekhatA hUM apitu yaha bhI jAnatA hUM ki vaha kisakA hai, kisa jAti kA hai, kahAM kA banA hai Adi Adi / paricaya karate sabase pahale darzana hotA hai jisake pazcAt jJAna / zuddha prAtmA anaMtadarzana aura anaMtajJAna pUrNa viziSTatA sahita hotA hai-dAsaguptA, vahI. bhAga 1, pR. 129 1 6. jainI, vahI pR. 1 / 7. pUNyaM satkarma pudgalAH / haribhadra, vahI, zlo. 49 / pApaM tadviparItaM tu...vahI zlo. 501
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________________ [ 41 adhika spaSTatA se kaheM to mana, vacana aura kAyA ke vyApAra jo prAtmA kA karma pudgaloM ke sAtha sambandha karAte haiM yaha sAva hai, aura jina vyApAroM se karma pudgaloM kA sAgamana ruka jAtA hai vaha saMbara hai| karma pudgaloM kA prAtmA ke sAtha tanmaya sambandha ho jAnA hI baMdha hai / " isa prakAra jainamatAnusAra hama svayam apanI sthiti ke lie sarvathA uttaradAyI haiN| 'ajJAnI, rogI, duHkhI, dayAhIna, ghAtakI athavA nirbala cAhe jaisA bhI koI kyoM na ho usakA kAraNa isa janma se hI nahIM grapitu anaMta kAla (bhUtakAla ) ke janmoM se hama jo dRzya sUkSma parantu satya pudagaloM ko grahaNa karate pA rahe haiM, aura yahI AtmA ke svAbhAvika jJAna, mAnanda, prema, dayA aura zakti dhAdi kA avarodha karate haiM aura hameM apakRtya karane kI preraNA dete haiM / 2 f karma rUpI ina saba bandhanoM se hamArI prAdhyAtmika unnati ruka jAegI aisA vicAra kara rAiza hone kA koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai / yadyapi manuSya ke karma bahuta kucha usako banAte haiM, phira bhI satkArya ke lie usameM anaMtazakti aura anaMtavIrya hai jisase samaya samaya para karma ke prabhAva kA dabAva hote hue bhI ye zaktiyAM karma dvArA kisI bhI samaya niHsatva nahIM kI jA sakatI haiN| jainazAstra kahatA hai ki pUrNa dhArmika jIvana aura tapa se ina saba karmoM kA nAza kiyA jA sakatA hai aura AtmA apanI svAbhAvika ucca dazA ko jo ki mokSa hai, prApta kara sakatA hai / DA. vhalara kahatA hai ki nAtaputta prArabdhavAdI the yaha doSa pratipakSI ke prati ghRNA aura usakI apakIti karane kI dRSTi se utpanna kI huI kalpanA aura pariNAma mAtra hI samajhanA caahie|" karma ko bhAr3a kara pheMka dene athavA use kSaya kara dene ko nirjarA kahate haiM aura saba karma kA sarvathA nAza yAne kArmika pudgaloM ke grAtmA kI sampUrNa mukti hI mokSa hai / 1 grAtmA ke pariNAmoM meM pheraphAra hone se, usa para cipake hue karma bhoga lene se athavA paripAka pUrva hI tapasyA se unakI nirjarA kI jA sakatI hai| jaba saba karmoM kA jaya ho jAtA hai tabhI mokSa yA mukti milanI hai|" isa prakAra pratyeka padArtha ke lakSaNoM se yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki jaba taka jIva acche yA bure karmoM se sampUrNa Atmazuddhi dvArA antima chuTakArA prApta nahIM kara letA hai, taba taka eka yA dUsarI rIti se ye karma AtmA se cipake / / 1. ... mithyAtvAdyAstuhetavaH yastevandhaH sa vizeSa yAzravo jinazAsane saMvarastanirodhata bandhojIvasya arpaNaH / andhonyAnugamAtkarma mambandho yo dvayorapi / / haribhadra, vahI, zloka 50-511 2. vArena, vahI, pR. 5 'zuddha AtmA kI svAbhAvika pUrNatA bhinna bhinna prakAra ke karma pudgaloM se zrAcchAdita rahatI hai / jo usake samyajJAna ko AcchAdita karate haiM unheM jJAnAvaraNIya, jo usake samyakdarzana ko zrAcchAdita karate haiM jaise ki nidrA meM bAdhaka Adi, unheM darzanAvaraNIya, jo AtmA ko anaMtasukha prakRti ko DhakeM rakha kara use sukhaduHkha kA anubhava karAte haiM ve vedanIya aura jo samyakcaritra ke prati grAtmA kI sampaddhA ko rokate haiM, ve mohanIya karma haiM' dAsaguptA, vahI bhAga 1 . 190-191 ina cAra karmoM ke atirikta mI cAra prakAra ke karma aura haiM jinheM Ayu karma nAma karma, gotra karma aura maMtarAya karma kahate haiN| inase kramaza: Ayu kI sthiti, vaiyaktika svabhAva, kula athavA jAti aura AtmA kI saphalatA yA unnati kI avarodhaka nisargaja zakti kA nirNaya hotA hai / 3 7 , 3. vhalara vahI, pR. 32 dekho yAkobI, iNDi eNTI.. pusta. 9, pR. 159 160 1 1 4. asya karmaNaH zAToyastu sA nirjarA matA prAtyantiko viyogastu dehAtemetri ucyate // haribhadra vahI zloka 521 5. vipAkAttapasA vA karmaparIzATo karmAtmasaMyogadhvaMsaH nirjarAH kRtsnakarmakSayalakSaNaH mokSaH ... umAsvAtivAcaka, tatvArthAdhigama sUtra (motIlAla labhAjI sampAdita), pR. 7, TippaNa |
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________________ 42 ] hue hI rahate haiM aura isalie isa jagata meM kArmika vargaNAyukta jIva prajJAna, duHkha, daridratA, vaibhava prAdi dvArA bAhya sukhadu:kha anubhava karatA hai| jIva ke aise vilakSaNa paribhramaNa ko hI saMsAra kahA jAtA hai usase mukti prApta karanA hI mokSa yA antima chuTakArA hai| isameM jIva ko bAhara se kucha bhI nahIM prApta karanA hai parantu kArmika bandhanoM ke pAza meM se chUTa kara apanI svAbhAvika sthiti mAtra hI pAnA hai / ' saMkSepa meM saba karma bandhanoM se mrAtmA kI mukti hI mokSa dazA hai zubha yA azubha donoM hI prakAra ke karma zrAtmA ko bAdaloM kI bhAMti AvaraNarUpa haiM / jaba bAdala haTa jAte haiM to jaise jhala-jhalATa camakatA huA sUrya prakAzamAna ho jAtA hai, vaise hI karmarUpI AvaraNa ke dUra ho jAne para bhrAtmA ke sakala guNa prakaTa ho jAte haiN| isameM eka vastu dUsare kA sthAna le letI ho vaisI koI bhI bAta nahIM hai / sirpha vighnakartA vastu kA hI nAza isameM hotA hai / jaba koI pakSI piMjare meM se mukta hotA hai to isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki pakSI piMjare ko chor3a kara dUsarI vastu grahaNa kara rahA hai| parantu yahI artha hai ki parataMtratA rUpa piMjare ko hI vaha tyAga kara rahA hai| isI prakAra mAtmA jaba mokSa prApta karatA hai taba saba puNya evaM pApa karmoM kA sarvathA nAza kara vaha koI naI vastu grahaNa nahIM karatA hai apitu vaha zuddha zrAtmasvarUpa kA taba anubhava karatA hai / isa prakAra jaba zrAtmA ko mokSa mila jAtA hai taba vaha pavitra aura mukta AtmA bhautika zarIra aura usake aMtarAya se mukta hokara apanI svAbhAvika dazA ko prApta kara letA hai / tAtparya itanA hI hai ki mukta AtmA apanI ujjavalatA, zrAnaMda, jJAna aura zakti sahita pUrNa rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai| tIna ratnoM dvArA mokSa: sukha duHkha kI saba paristhitiyoM ke mUla ko isa prakAra samajhane para hI mokSa prApta kaise kiyA jAe yaha prazna upasthiti hotA hai / zrauttara-bAhya tapazcaryA se jIvana ke dukhoM meM se bAhara nikalane kA mArga jainadharma batAtA hai / jina bhagavAna ne batAyA hai ki samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagvaritra ina tIna ratnoM dvArA mokSa mila sakatA hai / " prathama raSTi meM pRthaka-pRthaka dikhate hue bhI ye tInoM bauddhadharma ke triratna buddha, niyama aura saMgha se milate hue hI haiN|" yaha "ratnatraya" jisakA pariNAma, jainoM ke anusAra, AtmA kI mukti hai, usa jaina yoga kA mUla AdhAra hai jise hemacandra mokSa kA kAraNa kahate haiM / * inameM se pahalA ratna kahatA hai ki jina prarUpita tatvoM meM zraddhA hI samyagdarzana hai| 5 isakA asvIkAra eka prakAra kA saMzayavAda hai ki jo saba prakAra ke gaMbhIra vicAra meM skApaTa karatA hai / isa samyagdarzana kA eka mAtra lakSya yaha hai ki "zuSka nyAya aura kutarka vitaNDA se naSTa hone athavA 1.... AtmanaH svabhAvasabhAvasthAnaMm vahI... svabhAvajaM sostham hemacandra, yogazAstra, prakAza 11 zloka 61, pR. 1 hastaprati bhaNDArakara prA. maM. pustakAlaya sUcI 1886-1892 saM. 1315 | " 2. samyag darzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / umAsvAtivAcaka, vahI adhyA. 1 sUtra 1 dekho haribhadra, vahI, zlo. 53 / 3. vArtha, vahI, pR 147 / "buddha, niyama aura saMgha, ina bauddha triratnoM se jaina ina triratnoM kI tulanA karanA avazya hI manoraMjaka hai| musalamAnI tripuTI, khera mera aura baMdagI aura pArasI trivarga yAne pavitra mana, pavitra vAcA aura pavitra vartana bhI tulanIya hai / " sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pR. 247 / 1 4. caturvarge prImo yogastasya ca kAraNam / jJAnazraddhAnacAritrarUpaM ratnatrayaM ca ma hemacandra vahI, prakAza 1, zlo. 15, 15 tatvArthaddhAnaM samyagdarzanam / umAsvAtivAcaka, vahI, pradhyA 1. sUtra 2 yahAM jina tatvoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai ve uparyukta nava-tatva hI haiN| haribhadra, vahI, pR. 531
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________________ [43 saMzayavAda ke khAra se khAI jAne ke sthAna meM isakI jJAna ke vRkSa rUpa meM vRddhi ho aura yaha caritra ke sarvamaMgalamaya phala meM phalita ho / " isa prakAra ina triratnoM meM ananyatama mahatva kA ratna to samyagdarzana hI hai kyoMki saMzayavAda kI prAtma-pravaMcanA aura jaTila vyarthatA se hamArI rakSA yahI karatA hai| pakSAntara meM samyagjJAna hameM una saba bAtoM kI sUkSma parIkSA karane kI yogyatA detA hai ki jo hamAre mAnasa para zraddhA dvArA aMkita hotI haiN| saMkSepa meM samyagjJAna hameM uparyukta tatvoM kI yathArtha aura spaSTa abhivyakti karAtA hai| vastutaH samyagjJAna jinoM dvArA prarUpita jainadharma aura usake siddhAntoM kA jJAna hI hai / saMkSepa meM zraddhAyukta jJAna hI hameM antima dhyeyarUpa samyakcAritra kI ora le jAtA hai| samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana donoM hI yadi samyakacAritra rahita hoM to vyartha haiM / jina dvArA prarUpita sarva niyamoM ke pAlana meM hI samkyacAritraka kA samAveza hotA hai aura usI ke dvArA mokSa prApta ho sakatA hai| hamArA antima dhyeya mokSa hI hone se svabhAvataH samyakcAritra aisA honA cAhie ki jo zarIra kA mahatva ghaTAe aura prAtmA ko unnata kre| mana, vacana aura kAyA se pAparUpa vyApAra kA tyAga hI, saMkSepa meM kaheM to samyakacAritra hai| ___ vyavahArika jIvana meM cAritra ke do bhAga kie gae haiM:-1. sAdhU-cAritra arthAt sAdhU kI caryA, aura 2. gRhastha-caritra arthAt gRhasthI kI caryA / parantu yahAM inake vivaraNa meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai / itanA hI kaha denA yahAM paryApta hogA ki gRhastha-caritra kI apekSA sAdhU caritra ke niyama svAbhAvikataH hI kar3e hote haiM kyoMki kaThinatama hote hue bhI nirvANa kA nikaTatama mArga vahI hai| gRhastha-jIvana kA dhyeya bhI nirvANa prApti hI hai parantu yaha mArga lamvA aura dhIga hai| jainadharma svIkAra ke pUrva vaha pratyeka manuSya se niyamana kI tIvratA, dRr3ha-icchA zakti aura zuddha cAritra kI apekSA rakhatA hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke pAMca mahAvratoM se prArambha kara mana, vacana aura kAyA kA saMyama poSaNa karate hue manuSya prAdhyAtmika jIvana kI parAkASThA ko pahuMca jAtA hai ki jahAM jIvana-maraNa kI AkAMkSA nahIM hai aura anta meM anazanavratI yA anAhArI raha kara mRtyu kA svAgata kiyA jAtA hai| jaina AcArazAstra itanA sUkSma aura vicArapUrvaka racA huA hai ki yaha svayam abhyAsa rUpa hai| hamane jIvana 1. jainI, vahI, pR. 34 / 2. ...tatvAnAM... ...avabodhastamatrAhaH smygjnyaanN...|| -hemacandra vahI, prakAza 1, 6. pa. 1 / jaina pAMca prakAra ke jJAna mAnate haiM aura bahuta hI sakSamatA se sarvajJatA taka pahuMcAne vAle jJAna kI ina pAMcoM zreNiyoM kA vivecana karate haiM, ve pAMca jJAna haiM -matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, mana: paryAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna / inako aMgarejI meM kramazaH kahA jA sakatA hai:-sensa nAleja (Sense Knowledge), TesTImanI (Testimony), nAleja Apha dI rimoTa (Knowledge of the remote), thATarIDiMga (Thought reading) aura promnIsIensa (Omniscience) / 3. sanasAvadyayogAnAM tyAgazcAritramucyate / -vahI, prakAza 1, zlo. 18, pR. 2 / 4. ahiMsAsatyamasteyavrahmacaryAparigrahAH |...vimuktye / / -hemacandra, vahI, prakAza 1, zlo. 19, pR. 2 / 5. maraNakAla ya praNasaNA / -uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyA. 30 gAthA 9 / 6. "jainadarzana kA mUlya isameM hI nahIM hai ki isane, hindudharma ke asamAna, dArzanika siddhAntoM ke sAtha naitika zikSA bhI jor3a dI hai apitu isameM bhI hai ki isane mAnavI prakRti kA adbhuta jJAna bhI apanI nIti ke pradarzana meM batAyA hai|"-sttiivnsn (zrImatI), vahI, pR. 123 1
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________________ 44 ] aura mokSa ke jaina dRSTi koNa kA jo aba taka vicAra kiyA hai usakA upasaMhAra kara jainadharma kI anya pramukhatA kA vicAra kreNge| prAcArya kudakuda ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra saMvaraNa kareMge :--- "aAtmA hI apane karma kA kartA aura bhoktA hai vaha ajJAnarUpa paDala se aMdha banA humA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kara kara rahA hai| yaha saMsAra zraddhAlu ke lie maryAdita aura azraddhAlU ke lie amaryAdita hai|" "yaha ajJAna kA par3adA samajha aura icchAzakti ko ghere hue haiN| isako jar3amUla se cIra kara, ratnatraya se susajjita ho, jisa nirbhaya-yAtrI ne paristhiti dvArA utpanna sukha duHkha ko jIta liyA hai aura prAtmajJAna ke Adarza meM se prakAza prApta karate hue vikaTa mArga meM jo cala rahA hai vahI pUrNatA ke devI mandira meM pahuMcatA hai|" isa prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha rUpa cAra kaSAyoM se ghirA huA aura acche bure karmoM ke kAraNa apanI svAbhAvika sthiti se balAtkAra dUra huA AtmA jaba ina saba vighAtaka aura bAhya prAvaraNoM ko dUra pheMka detA hai tabhI vaha Izvara yA paramAtmA ke saba guNoM ko dhAraNa kara letA hai aisA kahA jAtA hai| karma rahita hone ke pazcAt sarvajJa banA huaA yaha AtmA prazAMta avikArI aura zAzvata sukha prApta karatA hai| saca to yaha hai ki aimA AtmA hI jainadharma meM Izvara kA Adarza prastuta karatA hai aura eka samaya sarvottama pada para pahuMca kara phira usakA vahAM se patana saMbhava hI nahIM hai| zrI umAsvAtivAcaka kahate haiM ki dagdhe bIje yathA'tyantaM prAtubharvati nAGkaraH / karmabIje tathA dagdhe na rohati bhavAGkaraH / / arthAt bhUmi meM ke bIja jala jAne para phira se aMkurita nahIM hote usI prakAra karma rUpa bIja jala jAne para unameM se saMsAra rUpa akura nahIM phuTa sakate haiN|" isa prakAra Izvara zabda se yadyapi kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nirdeza nahIM hai to bhI sarva mAnya guNa jaba manuSya meM pUrNa vikasita ho jAte haiM taba vaha Izvaratva prApta kara letA hai| Izvara manuSya kI AtmA meM chupI zaktiyoM kA sarvottama, mahAn aura sampUrNa prakAza yA vikAsa mAtra hai / ' tIrtha kara aura kevalI: yahAM itanI sUcanA kara denA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki aisI sarvajJa prAtmAnoM meM buddhi hI nAma karma ke 1. kundakundAcArya, paMcAstikAyasAra, sebuje, pusta. 3, pR. 75-76 / / 2. "saMkSepa meM zaSTikartRvya siddhAnta ke mAnane vAle Izvara ko eka mAnava hI banA dete haiM aura use AvazyakatA aura apUrNatA kI sataha taka nIcA khIMca lAte haiN| pakSAntara meM jainadharma manuSya ko Izvaratva meM UMcA uThAtA hai aura use dRr3ha zraddhA, samyakacAritra aura samyagjJAna aura SkilaMka jIvana dvArA yathA saMbhava Izvaratva ke nikaTatama pahuMcane kI pUrI-pUrI preraNA detA hai / " -jainI vahI, pR. 6 / 3. kundakundAcArya vahI, gAthA 151 (jainI, vahI, pR 77 aMgarejI anuvaad)| 4. karmakSayassa karaNena bhavatIzvaro na pUnanityamuktaH kazcidekaH sanAtana IzvaraH / vijayadharmasUri, vahI, pa 150 / 5. umAsvAtivAcaka, vahI, adhyA. 10, sUtra 8, pR. 20 / / akarmakImataH paramAtmA na puna: karmavAnahIta bhavitum mukti prApya na punarodho vatAraMH...-vijayadharmasUri, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 6. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 331 / 4. jaise gotra nAmakarma mahAvIra ke kSatriyANI ke garma meM dhyavana meM bAdhaka hanA thA vaise hI yaha nAmakarma hai / tIrthaMkaranAmasaM jJaM na yasya karmAsti... -hemacandra, vahI, prakAza 11, zlo. 48 pR. 30 /
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________________ [ 45 phalasvarUpa tIrthaMkara kahalAtI haiN| tIrthakara kA khAsa lakSaNa hai ki unheM kisI ke upadeza binA hI AtmA kI svayaM jAgRti hotI hai aura ve apane usa zarIra se satyadharma kA upadeza aura pracAra karate haiM / anya sarvajJa AtmAeM sAmAnya kevalI kahI jAtI haiN| tIrthakara apanI advitIya prabhutA, pragabma devat aura asAdhAraNa evam Alaukika sundaratA, zakti, pratimA aura prakAza se jagata para cira smaraNIya chApa chor3a jAte haiN| tIrthaMkara kauna? tIrthaMkara jainoM kA eka viziSTa paribhASika zabda hai| isakA bahudhA sAdhU, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ke caturvidha saMgha kA sthApaka artha bhI kiyA jAtA hai, parantu yathArtha artha to yahI hai ki isa vicitra saMsAra rUpa samudra meM se pAra utArane ke lie aura adhyAtmika sukha ke zikhara para pahuMcane ke lie Atmika prakAza cahuM ora jo phailAtA hai, vahI tIrthakara kahalAtA hai| kyoMki usa prakAza dvArA hI Atmika sukha kI uccatA ko pahuMcA jA sakatA hai| ye tIrthakara dharma ko nava jIvana, nayA prakAza aura punarjAgRti dekara jagata kA kalyANa karate haiM aura sarva pUrva kAloM se jagata ko Age lA dete haiN| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki AtmA ko cipake hue acche-bure sabhI karmoM kA sarvathA nAza karane vAle hI usa uccatama dazA ko prApta kara sakate haiM aura apanI mahAn vijaya ke cihna svarUpa sabhI tIrthakara jina yA vijayI kahe jAte haiN| prAcArya yogendra kahate haiM ki "jisa AtmA meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, anaMtasukha aura anaMtavIrya hai vahI pUrNa santa hai aura svayaM prakAzI hone ke kAraNa vaha jinadeva yA AtmavijayI kahA jAtA hai| ye saba sarvajJa jIvAtmA isa jagata para kI nizcita prAyu pUrNa kara antima sthAna yAne mokSa prApta karate haiN| isa prakAra jainoM kA yaha nirvANa yA mokSa guNa aura sambandha vihIna evam punarjanma se vimukta sthiti / buddha dvArA prarUpita mokSa kI bhAMti yaha zUnya meM vilIna ho jAnA nahIM hai| usameM deha se chuTakArA hai parantu atmA ke astitva kA nAza nahIM hai| "jainoM kI dRSTi meM astitva to aniSTa hai nahIM, sirpha jIvana aniSTa hai / " zarIra jaba prAtmA se pRthaka ho jAtA hai to cetana aAtmA janma-maraNa kI paramparA se mukta ho jAtI hai, aura isa prakAra usakA nirvANa, AtmA kA nAza nahIM apitU, ananta prAnanda ko sthiti meM praveza mAtra hai / " (mukta) AtmA na to lambA hai aura na ThiMganA...; na zyAma hai aura na zveta...; na kaTu hai aura na tikta...; vaha azarIrI, punarjanmarahita, pudgala ke sambandha rahita, strI-puruSa-napuMsaka veda rahita hai / vaha dRSTA aura jJAtA hai, parantu usakI koI upamA nahIM hai (jisake dvArA mukta prAtmA kI prakRti samajhI jA ske)| vaha arUpI sattA hai, vaha zabdAtIta hai isalie usakA koI zabda nahIM hai|' 1. dekhoM jainI, vahI pR. 2 / 2. "jaba nayA tIrthakara dharma pravartAtA hai to pUrva tIrthaMkara ke anuyAyI isa nae tIrthaMkara kA anusaraNa karane lagate haiM jaisA ki pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI mahAvIra kA anusaraNa karane lage the|" sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pa. 2411 3. dekho jainI vahI, pR. 78 / 4. kucha vizadatA ke lie hama yahAM kaha deM ki jainoM kA digambara sampradAya bauddhoM se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI strI nirvANa prApti kI yogyatA nahIM rakhatI hai| digambaroM kI mAnyatAnusAra mokSa prApti ke pUrva strI ko puruSa rupa meM eka janma phira se lenA Avazyaka hotA hai| pakSAntara meM zvetAmbara mokSa kA mArga strI-puruSa sabhI ke lie samAna rUpa se mukta mAnate haiM / asti strInivAgaNaM pravata, zrI zAkaTAyanAcArya ne apane 'strI-muktikevalimuktiprakaraNayugmam' meM spaSTa kahA hai| dekho jaisAsaM, bhAga 2, aka 3-4, pariziSTa 2 zlo. 2 / 5. 'bauddhaloga...nirvANa zabda kA prayoga tRSNA ke vilepana meM hI nahIM jisase jaina bhI sahamata hoMge, apitu prAtmA ke vilopana ke ayaM meM bhI karate haiM. parantu isako jaina prakharatA se asvIkAra karate haiN|' sTIvansana (zrImatI). vahI, pR. 172 / 6. vArtha vahI, pR. 147 7. yAkobo, sebuI. pustaka 22, pR. 52 /
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________________ 461 ahiMsA kA Adaza:...jainadharma ke mukhyatAnoM kA vicAra karane para sabase adhika dhyAna prAkarSita karane vAlI bAta usakA ahiMsA kA prAdarza hai / prAcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki "jIva cetana, arUpI, upayoga vAlA, karma se jakar3A hamA, karma kA kartA aura bhoktA, sUkSama-sthUla zarIra dhAraNa karane vAlA, aura karma bandhana se chUTa kara loka ke agra bhAga taka urdhva gamana karane vAlA hai|"| jainoM ke anusAra jIva zAzvata hai aura kArya-kAraNa ke abAdhita niyamAdhIna hai| manuSya meM jIva hotA hai itanA hI nahIM, apitu vanaspati, pazu, pakSI, jIva jantu, pRthvI, agni, pAnI, havA Adi ke sUkSmAtisUkSma adRzya aNumoM meM bhI jIva hotA hai| yAkobI kahatA hai ki "yaha jar3acetanavAda siddhAnta jainoM kI pramukha vizeSatA hai aura "unakI sampUrNa dArzanika paddhati aura sadAcAra sahiMtA meM vaha aotaprota hai|"" pASANa vRkSa aura bahate jharaNoM Adi meM bhUtAstitva kI mAnyatA se yaha siddhAnta eka dama bhinna hai / isa bhUtatatva ko apara rUpa amUlya prANiyoM ke nAza dvArA rakta bali dekara santuSTa karanA hotA thaa| parantu jainoM kI dRSTi meM jIva mAtra, cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM vaha ho, pavitra hai aura saba eka hI dhyeya ke lie ucca dazA meM jAne vAle hote haiM isalie unheM kisI bhI prakAra ke bala prayoga dvArA duHkhI prANavihIna nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie / jainadharma meM pramukhatama prabhutvazIla lakSaNa arthAt ahiMsA siddhAnta kI sahI yukti yA manastatva kI pRSThabhUmi hai / ahiMsA kI paribhASA prAcArya hemacandra ne isa prakAra kI hai: na yatpramAdayogena jIvitavyaparopaNam / vasanAM sthAvarANAM ca tadahiMsAvataM matam / / "pramAdavaza paMcendriya, catureMdriya, vendriya, dvIndriya aura ekendriya kisI bhI jIva kA hanana nahIM karane meM ahiMsAvrata kA pAlana mAnA jAtA hai|" prAcArya zrI hemacandra isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate hue "yogazAstra" meM jo dRSTAMta dete haiM baisA atyantra kahIM bhI milanA sambhava nahIM hai| vaha dRSTAMta isa prakAra hai| zreNika rAjA ke kAla meM apanI krUratA ke lie prakhyAta aisA kAla saurika nAma kA eka kasAI dhaa| use sulasA nAma kA eka putra thA jo ki mahAvIra kA pUrNa bhakta thA aura isalie dharma bhAvanA se vaha zreNika rAjA ke putra abhayakumAra kA mitra thaa| isa kasAI kA mAnasa itanA Rra aura kSudra thA ki use jainoM kI ahiMsA ke pratikUla bhukAnA ekadama hI asambhava thA / zreNika mahAvIra kA parama bhakta thaa| isalie vaha isa bAta se khUba duHkhI hotA thA aura isa kasAI ko usane ucca buddhi se prerita ho kara isa prakAra khaa|...... '... sUnAM vimuca yat / dAsye hamarthamarthasya lemastvamasi sainikaH / / 1. kundakundAcArya sebuja, pusta. 3, pR. 27; dekho dravyasaMgraha, sebuja, pusta. 1, pR. 6-7 / 2. yAkobI, vahI, prastAvanA pa. 33 / 3. sarvajIvatatva kI bhAvanA ki prAyaH sabhI padArthoM meM prAtmA hai, siddha karatI haiM ki jainadharma mahAvIra bhIra buddha se bhI pahale kA hai| isa vizvAsa kA udbhava ati prAcIna kAla meM hI ho gayA hogA jaba ki dhArmika vizvAsoM kA uccatama rUpa sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya mAnasa para adhikAra nahIM jamA pAyA hogaa| dekho yAkobI, vahI. . pusta. 45, prastAvanA, pR. 33 / 4. dekho smitha, prAksapharDa hisTrI prApha iNDiyA, pR. 53 / / 5. hemacandra, vahI, prakAza 1, zlo. 20, pR. 2 / (anuvAda ke lie dekho sTIvansana, zrImatI, vahI, pR. 234) /
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________________ [ 47 arthAt jo tU apanA yaha kasAI kA dhandhA chor3a de to maiM tujha ko dhana dUMgA kyoMki tU dhana ke lie hI lobha se kamAI hai| rAjA kI isa prArthanA kA kasAI para kucha mI prabhAva nahIM hayA aura usane niDara hokara rAjA ko uttara diyA ki sUnAyAM mana ko doyo yayA jIvanti mAnavA: / tAM na jAtu tyAjAmIti...... arthAt jisase manuSyoM kA nirvAha hotA hai usa kasAIpana se kyA hAni hai ? maiM to ise kadApi chor3ane vAlA nahIM huuN|... isa prakAra rAjA ne jaba dekhA ki kasAIpana se nivRta karane kA anya mArga nahIM hai, to usane use eka aMdhere kue meM kaida kara diyA parantu sArI rAta usameM laTakAe hue rakhA / parantu vahAM bhI usa kasAI kI durbuddhi ne use kue kI bhIMta para pazuoM kI prAkRtiyAM khIMcane aura unheM vahAM kI vahAM miTA dene kI preraNA dI aura isa prakAra vaha apanI vRtti santuSTa karatA hI rahA / anta meM vaha kisI bhayaMkara vyAdhi meM grasita hokara marA evam naraka meM gayA / pitA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt sulasa ke sage-sambandhI saba turanta hI ekatra hue aura usako kula-vyavasAya calAte rahane ko samajhAyA / uttara meM usane unase kahA ki "jaise mujhe merA jIva priya hai vaise hI vaha saba jIvoM-prANiyoM ko priya hai, aura yaha saba jAnate hue bhI kauna mUr3ha hiMsA ke vyavasAya dvArA jIvana nirvAha karanA pasanda kara sakatA hai ?" parantu sulasa ke sage-sambandhiyoM para isa tarka kA prabhAva kucha bhI nahIM hamA, yahI nahIM unane usake karmo ke phala meM sAjhI banane kI pUrI-pUrI tatparatA dikhaaii| phira sulasa ne eka bhaiMse ko mArane kA DhoMga karate hue, apane pitA kI kulhAr3I ko apane hI paira para mArakara eka bhArI ghAva kara liyA jisase mUchita hokara vaha bhUmi para gira pdd'aa| jaba vaha saMceta huA to una sambandhiyoM se yoM kahane lagA...bandhavo yUyaM vimaNya mama vedanAm |'...he bhaaiyoN| aba grApa mere isa du:kha meM sAjhI banie yAne isameM kA kucha grApa le liijie| sivA zAbdika sAMtvanA dene ke ve koI bhI kucha nahIM kara sake / taba usane apane pUrva vacanoM kA smaraNa karAte hue unase kahA ki "...vyathAmiyatImapi / na me grahItumIzidhve tatkathaM narakavyathAm / / arthAt pApa jaba itanI sI merI vyathA bhI nahIM baMTA sakate haiM to phira naraka meM mujhe milane vAlA duHkha prApa kaise le sakeMge? isa prakAra sulasa ne saba sambandhiyoM ko apanI mAnyatA kI pora jhukA liyA aura jaina zrAvaka ke bArahavata aMgIkAra kara mRtyoparAnta vaha svarga meM gayA / / isa kathA kA sAra eka dama spaSTa hai / yaha karma-siddhAnta jitanI hI ahiMsA-siddhAMta ke prati jainoM ke pratyatAgraha kI ghoSaNA karatA hai| yajJa ke lie pazu-hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai aise manu ke vAkya uddhRta karate hue 'yogazAstra' meM kahA gayA hai ki 'nAstikoM kI apekSA bhI ve loga atyanta pApI haiM ki jo hiMsA kI zikSA denevAle zAstra banAte haiN|" 1. hemacandra, yogazAstra, svopajJavRttisahita, adhyA. 2, zlo. 30, pR, 91-95 / bahudhA svarga ko hI mokSa mAna liyA jAtA hai parantu yaha ThIka nahIM hai| jainoM kI dRSTi se mokSa vaha sthiti hai ki jahAM se prAtmA kabhI bhI nahIM loTatI hai| parantu svarga meM jIva kI prAyu kI sImA hai| parantu prAtmA jaba mokSa pA letI hai to sadA sarvadA ke lie vaha anaMtasukha kI bhoktA ho jAtI hai / kabhI prAyu samApta nahIM hotI hai / 2. hApakiMsa, vahI, pR. 288 / ha sthiti hai ki jahAM se prAtmA ko mokSa mAta
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________________ 48 ] vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI jainoM kA jIvoM ke pravi, dayAbhAva Azcarya janaka hai jaba .. sA. 5.0 5 / saMgharSa dinoM dina bar3ha rahA hai| grAja ke jainoM kI vartagaNI kI..TIkA karanA kisI apekSA se ucita bhI ho phira bhI jainoM kI ahimA kA mahAna prAdarza arthAt prAgI mAtra para prema aura usake prati mitratA adbhuta hai / isa samajhane ke lie saMkSepa meM kucha kahanA yahAM ucita hai| jaina mAdhu ke lie, kisI bhI jAti kI hiMsA umame na ho, isalie, yaha niyama hai ki vaha sadA tIna vastueM apane pAsa rakhe hI eka pIne kA pAnI chAnane ke lie bamta. dUsarA rajoharaNa aura tIsarA sukSma jIvoM kI jAne-anajAne ho jAnevAlI hiMsA ko bacAne ke lie mhpnii| 'isa niyama ke paripAlanArtha hI kezoM kA loca, pUrNa kATa kara hote hae bhI, kiyA jAtA hai. ki jo dIkSA lene ke samaya hI, prAcIna prathAnusAra, utAre jAte haiN| kezalauMca kI yaha prathA jainoM kI viziSTa prathA hai aura bhArata ke anya kimI tapasvI samAja meM yaha nahIM pAI jAtI hai / '' isI prakAra himAvata kA bhaMga nahIM ho jAe isa dRSTi me. eka gRhastha jainI bhI dainika jIvana meM bahuta mAvadhAna rahatA hai| isameM bhI eka viziSTatA hai aura vaha yaha ki ve rAta meM yAne sUryAsta ke pazcAt isalie nahIM khAte aura sambhava hote pAnI bhI nahIM pIte haiM ki anajAna meM bhI kahIM jIva-jantu unake khAnepIne meM nahIM pA jaae| isIlie hemacandra kahate haiM ki 'jisa rAtri ke andhakAra meM manuSya bhojanAdi meM par3anevAle jIvajantu ko degya nahIM sakatA hai, usa rAtri meM bhojana karanA hI kona cAhegA ?'2.. ina saba prathAnoM kA vicAra karate hue yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI hindudharma ne ahimA yAne jIva mAtra kI rakSA ke lie itane mAna aura tyAga bhAva ko mahattva nahIM diyA hai|' vyAvahArika jIvana meM niyamoM kI ina saba kaThoratAoM se eka kSaNa ke lie bhI kisI ko yaha nahIM mAna lenA cAhie ki uparokta niyamoM ke pAlane se jainadharma jagata meM khar3A rahI nahIM sakatA hai kyoMki usase rASTra meM gulAmI, akarmaNyatA gaura daridratA phaila jaaegii| 'jainadharma ke viSaya meM aisI khoTI samajha kA kAraNa hai ki isakI apUrNa jAnakArI aura pUrvagraha / apanA kartavya karate raho / jitanI bhI sahRdayatA se vaha kara sako karane rho| 'yahI saMkSepa meM jainadharma kI pramukha praura sarvaprathama zikSA hai / ahiMsA kisI bhI manuSya ke kartavya nirvahana meM bAdhaka nahIM hai / ' janoM ko ahiMsA durbaloM kI ahiMsA to hai hI nhiiN| vaha to eka vIra prAtmA kA prAtmabala hai ki jo jagata ke saba aniSTa baloM se ucca hai athavA ucca hone kI abhilASA rakhatA hai| hemacandra ne ise isa mUtra para aAdhArita ThIka hI kahA hai ki 'pAtmavat sarvabhUteSuH / garIba se garIba, nIca se nIca aura mAna bhUle hue ke prati eka jaina kA bhAva kaisA hotA hai isakA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM eka bar3A acchA dRSTAnta diyA hai jo isa prakAra hai: harikeza eka zvapaca yAne cANDAla thaa| vaha indriyoM kA damana kara uccatama guNa prApta eka mahAn sAdhU ho gayA thA / eka samaya gocarI (mikSAcarI) ke lie bhaTakate hue vaha brAhmaNoM ke yajJa ke eka bAr3e ke pAsa prA phuNcaa| usane vahAM kahA : "he.brAhmaNoM ! Apa kisa lie yaha agni jalA, pAnI.dvArA bAhya pavitratA prApta karane ho ? muja puruSoM kA to yaha kathana hai ki jo bAhya pavitratA tuma khoja rahe ho, vaha yathArtha vastu nahIM hai.|" halara, vahI, pR.15 1. 2... hemacandra, vahI. hastUpothI, prakAza 3, zlo. 49, pR. 8 3. bArtha, vahI, pR. 145 1 4. jabI, vahI, pR. 72-1 5. prAtmavat sarvabhUteSu...hemacandra, vahI, prakAza 2, zlo. 20, pR. 3 /
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________________ "tuma kuzaghAsa, yajJa-yUpa, kASTha zraura tRraNa ko vyavahAra karate ho| prAtaH sAyaM pAnI kA zrAcamana karate ho aura jIvita jantunoM kA tuma nAza karate ho| isa prakAra tuma apane ajJAna ke kAraNa bAraMbAra pApa karate ho / " dharma hI merA sarovara hai, brahmacayaM merA snAnAgAra hai jo malina nahIM hai. parantu prAtmAyeM prati vizuddha hai| tapa jyoti hai, dharma vyApAra mere yajJa kA cATU hai, zarIra mudA hai. kama merI samidhA lakar3iyAM hai, saMyama merA yathArtha puruSArtha hai aura zAMti balidAna hai| inakI sAdhupuruSoM ne prazaMsA kI hai aura vahIM maiM bali detA huuN|" yaha tanika bhI dhAzcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ki uttarAdhyayana] pukAra-pukAra kara kahatA hai ki "tapazcaryA kA phala dIkha par3a rahA hai| janma kA koI mahatva nahIM hai| zvapaca ke putra harikeza pavitrAtmA ko dekho usakI zakti ananta hai / "1 uparokta dRSTAnta jainoM ke grAhya una naitika guNoM kA spaSTa digdarzana karatA hai ki jinheM kI prAcIna kAla ke jaina punaH punaH upadeza dvArA zikSA diyA karate the vastutA yaha hai ki isa dharma kA viziSTha lakSaNa isakI sarvavyApakatA hI hai / aura usakI pRSTha bhUmi meM usakI mahAna Adarza ahiMsA hai jo kevala mokSArthI jaina sAdhU kA hI prAdarza nahIM apitu una sabhI saMgha ke sadasya sAdhuoM kA prAdarza hai jo dUsaroM ko bhI pAra lagAnA cAhate haiM / "yaha... mAtra kulInoM pAryoM ko hI nahIM, apitu nIcakula zUdroM aura bhArata meM pratyanta niraskRta mAne jAte paradeziyoM aura mlecchoM taka ko pAne manuSya mAtra ko mukti kI cora kA unake lie apanA dvAra mukta karane kA mahAn uddeza ghoSita karatA hai / " " 49 kisI bhI varga ke vyakti ko apane dharma meM svIkAra karane kI svatantratA jaMyI sArvabhaumika bhAvanA aura isa prakAra sahayogitA ke sivA bhI dUsare dharmoM ke dinoM kI rakhI gaI udAra bhAvanA bhI kama prazaMsanIya nahIM hai / vaha batAtA hai ki dUsare ke mAtroM ko aisa nahIM pahuMce isa viSaya meM jainadharma kisa sImA taka satarka thA / zrImatI sTIvansana ko bhI yaha svIkAra karanA par3A hai ki jainadharma kI padvitIya pratiSThA yaha hai ki vaha apanA dhyeya siddha karane ke lie parayamiyoM kI yogyatA ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai jabaki bhArata ke aneka dharma yaha bAta lie bahumAna rakhane kI yaha prazasta bhAvanA jainadharma kI sarvottama darzanasamuccaya ke jainadharma vibhAga ke prArambha meM hI prAcArya svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / " " dUsare dharmo ke prabhAvazAlI aneka vibhUtiyoM kA pramukha lakSaNa hai haribhadrasUrI kahate haiM ki pakSapAto na meM vIrAna dveSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacanaM yasya tasya kAryaH parigrahaH / / 1. yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 45, pR. 50-561 | 2. blara, vahI, pR. 3 "jainasaMgha pati aura zrAvaka aise do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| yadi bhArata ke kisI bhI.... bhAga meM, jaina jAtibheda ko vyAvahArika rUpa meM mAnate haiM to vaha ThIka vaisA hI hai ki jaise ki dakSiNa bhArata ke IsAIyoM aura musalamAnoM mAnate haiM / yahI kyoM siMhaladvIpa ke bauddha mAnate haiM / isakA dharma se jarA bhI sambandha nahIM hai| yaha to sAmAjika uccatA kI mAnyatA hI kAraNa hai ki jo bhAratiyoM ke mastiSka meM khUba gaharI ThasI huI aura jise dharmasudhArakoM ke vacana hI miTA sakate haiM / " - yAkobI, kalpasUtra, prastAvanA, pR. 4 / 3. "kaipizI meM nirgranthoM yAne digambaroM ke dekhe jAne para hy enatsAMga ( bIla kI sI-ya-kI, bhA. 1, pR. 55 ) kA TippaNa pratyakSa rUpa se yaha tathya batAtA hai ki unase kama se kama uttare- pazcima meM to bhArata kI parisImAmroM se pare apanA dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| "slara, yahI pU. 4 4. sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pR. 243
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________________ 50 arthAt 'mujhe na to mahAvIra ke prati pakSapAta hai aura na kapilAdi ke prati hI koI drupa hai / jisakA kathana yuktiyukta ho usako svIkAra karane meM merA koI bhI pUrvagraha nahIM hai|" sAmAyika aura pratikramaNa kI do aAvazyaka kriyAe: jainoM kI jahAM eka ora aisI udAra bhAvanA hai vahIM dUsarI ora unake ahiMsA ke aAdarza ne unheM apane doSa yA pApa-svIkaraNa ko bhI janasagha meM poSaNa aura paryApta pramukhatA dene ko bAdhya kiyA hai| manuSya jIvana meM hiMsA kucha aMzoM meM anivArya sI hI hai aura isalie sAre dina hone vAle pApoM aura skhalanAmoM kA dina prati dina dhyAna rahanA aura unakA dainika svIkaraNa antima dhyeya siddha karane ke lie Avazyaka hai| ise jainadharma kA advitIya lakSaNa nahIM mAnA jA sake to bhI jainadharma meM doSa-svIkaraNa ko jo mahatva diyA gayA hai vaha avazya hI advitIya hai| isa doSa-svIkaraNa ke tatva meM se hI phalita hone vAle do vidhAna yAne sAmayika aura pratikramaNa sAdhU aura zrAvaka donoM ke hI jIvana meM mahatva ke haiN| sudharmAsvAmI kA prAvazyaka sUtra to yahAM taka kahatA hai ki 'mAmAyika se prArambha aura vidusAra nAmaka caudahaveM pUrva meM samApta hone vAlA jJAna hI satya yAne samyagjJAna hai / usakA patiNAma sat yA samyakacAritra hai aura aise cAritra se nirvANa prApta hotA hai|" sAmAyika vrata jisase ki prAtmA svabhAva kI zikSA prApta karatA hai, kA vidhAna hai ki dina meM kama se kama 48 minaTa. arthAta do ghar3I to dhyAna meM bitAe hI jaaeN| isa vrata kA anivAryatama aza 'karemiyate' kA pATha hai jisakA artha isa prakAra hai: he bhagavata ! maiM mAmAyika karatA hUM / maiM saba prakAra pApamaya vyApAroM se nivRtta hotA hUM / jaba taka maiM jIvita rahaM, mana-vacana aura kAyA se na to maiM hI pApa karUgA, aura na kisI dUsare se hI pApa karAUMgA / he bhagavaMta ! maiM kie pApoM ko bhI vosirAtA yAne chor3atA huuN| gurU aura prAtmA kI sAkSI se maiM pApa kA micchAmi dukkar3a detA huuN| aura pApamaya kAryoM se merI AtmA ko mukta rakhane ke lie maiM yaha sAmAyika vrata svIkAra karatA huuN| mahAvIra ne saMsAra kA tyAga kara sAdhU kI dIkSA lI usa samaya unane uparokta zabda pratijJA rUpa se uccAraNa kie the| haribhadrasUri ne grAvazyakasUtra kI TIkA meM isa sAmAyika kI nIce likhI vyAkhyA kI hai: jisane savabhAva prApta kara liyA hai aura jo saba prANiyoM meM apanI hI prAtmA ko dekhatA hai usIne yathArthata: sAmAyikavrata pAlana kiyA hai| jahAM taka AtmA rAga-dveSa kA tyAga nahIM karatI hai vahAM taka kisI bhI prakAra kA tapa lAbhakAraka nahIM hai jaba jIva prANI mAtra ke prati samabhAva se dekha sakatA hai tamI rAga aura dveSa para vijaya prApta usane kara lI aisA kahA jAtA hai|' 1. haribhadra, vahI, pR. 39; dekho yaha bhI bhavabIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAH kSayamupAgatA yasya / brahmA vA viSNUrvA haro jino vA namastasme / / hemacandra, mahAvIrastotra zlo. 44 / 2. saamaaiymaaiiyN...| ...nivAraNaM / / prAvazyakasUtra, gAthA 93, pR. 69 / 3. dekho sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pR. 21514. karomimaMte...vosirAmi / AvazyakasUtra 4541. co bhagavAn...karemisAmAimaM...uccarati / kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA pR. 96 1 dekho pAvazyakasUtra, pR. 2815 6. yaH samaH' madhyasthaH, mAtmAnabhiva paraM..., 'sarvabhUteSu'..., tasya sAmAyika bhavati / prAvazyakasUtra, pR. 329 1 7. dekho dAsaguptA, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 2011
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________________ [ 51 aba paDikramaNam arthAt pratikramaNa kA vicAra kreN| isameM pApoM kA mukta svIkaraNa aura unake lie saccAI se kSamA mAMgI jAtI hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to prAtmA ko lage hue doSoM yA pApoM kA yaha prAyazcitta hai| "pratikramagA meM kisI bhI indriya vAle jIva ke prati kie hue aparAva kA smaraNa kara jainI kSamA mAMgate haiM / isake sivA grArogya ke niyamoM ke virUddha kisI bhI jIva-jantu kI utpatti unake dvArA ho gaI ho to usakA bhI isa samaya vicAra aura prAyazcita kiyA jAtA hai|"| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta meM se utpanna vizva-bandhutva ke guNoM kA vikAsa hI isa zikSA kA svAbhAvika pariNAma hai aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se mukti ke lie hA-hA karatI huI manuSya jAti kI sahAyatA karane kA artha isameM se udbhUta hotA hai| phira jainoM kA sAmAjika saMgaThana isa prakAra kA hai ki usameM uparokta prAdarza vyavahAra meM lAe jA sakate haiN| syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta :--- aba hama jaina tatvajJAna ke eka viziSTa lakSaNa kA vicAra kareM ki jo bhAratIya nyAyazAstra ko jaina darzana kA viziSTa yogadAna mAnA jAtA hai / kampUrNa jJAna kA prakAza aura pracAra hI saba dho kA hetu hotA hai / pratyeka dharma manuSya ko jagata-prapaMcoM se pare jAne yA dekhane kI zikSA dene kA prayAsa karatA hai| jainadharma kA bhI yahI prayatna hai parantu isake kathana meM unase itanA hI bheda hai ki vaha kisI bhI vastu ko ekAnta svarUpa yAne maryAdita bindu se nahIM dekhatA hai| sampUrNa jJAna prApta karane ke lie jainadharma ke pAsa apanA hI tatvajJAna hai jise syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta kahA jAtA hai / "naya kA (daSTi bindu kA) siddhAnta jaina nyAya kA viziSTa lakSaNa hai / " hama ne dekha hI liyA hai ki jaina adhyAtmazAstra jagata ko do pakAra yAne jIva ora ajIva meM vibhakta mAnatA hai aura pratyeka meM utpatti-utpAda, vyaya-nAza aura dhuvatva-nityatva ke guNa svIkAra karatA hai| yahAM utpatti yA utpAda kA artha nayA sarjana nahIM hai kyoMki jaina dRSTi se sArA vizva zAzvata yAne nitya anAdi hI hai| yahAM isakA prayoga isa artha meM hanA hai ki isa zAzvata jagata meM padArthoM kA nirantara rUpAntara hotA hI rahatA hai| pratyeka vastu-padArtha sahaja-svAbhAvika guNoM kI apekSA se sat-dhuva-nitya hai| parantu dUsare padArtha ke guNadharma kI apekSA se vaha sat nahIM hone se, asat hai yaha svataH siddha ho jAtA hai / "anubhava se aisA bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki zAzvata tatva pratyeka kSaNa kitane hI guNoM ko tyAga nae guNa grahaNa karatA jAtA hai| isI ko saMkSepa meM anekAntavAda kahA jAtA hai| "bauddhoM ke nAnAtvavAda aura upaniSadoM ke brahmavAda ke sthAna meM hI janoM kA yaha anekAntavAda hai / " isI para jainoM ke syAdvAdasiddhAnta kI racanA huI hai| ina paristhitiyoM meM yaha spaSTa hai ki prastuta padArtha ko pRthaka-pRthaka dRSTi bindu se dekhane para nAnA prakAra ke virUddha dikhane vAle dharma bhI usameM dekhe jA sakate haiN|" pratyeka padArtha anaMtadharma guNa rahe hue haiM jo saba eka hI samaya meM vyakta nahIM ho sakate haiM / phira bhI padhakaHpathaka apekSA se ye saba dharma usameM siddha kie jA sakate haiN| pratyeka padArtha kA bhinna-bhinna cAra dRSTiyoM se vicAra 1. sTIvansana (zrImatI), vahI, pR. 10 / / 2. rAdhAkRSNana, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 298 / 3. vastuttvaM cotpAdravyayadhovyAtmakam ... -hemacandra syAdvAdamaMjarI, pR. 168 / dekho vahI, zlo. 21-22 / yenotpAdavyayadhAvyayukta yatsattadivyate / anantadharmakaM vastu tanokta mAnagovaraH / / -haribhadra, vahI, zloka 57 / 4. dekho vArena, vahI, pR. 22-23 1 5. dAsaguptA, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 175 1 . 6. tatvaM...jIvAjIvalakSaNam, anantadharmAtmakameva... -hemacandra, vahI, pR. 170 / 7. dAsaguptA, vahI, bhAga,1,.. 174%; naMkAni mAnAni...anekAmAna iti / -vizeSAvazyakamASyam, mAyA 2186, pR. 8951 8. vetvanakara, vahI, pR. 112 /
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________________ 52 ] kiyA jA sakatA hai yAna dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se / isa prakAra 'syAdvAda kA siddhAMta yaha pratipAdana karatA hai ki pratyeka padArtha anantadharmI hone ke kAraNa cAhe jisa eka dRSTi bindu se nizcita kiyA usakA vidhAna ekadama satya nahIM mAnA jo sakatA hai| isa prakAra pratyeka padArtha meM bhinna bhinna apekSA se nAnA prakAra ke virUddha dharmoM kA svIkAra karanA hI syAdvAda hai|' padArtha ko saMyogAtmaka rIti se samajhane kI hI yaha paddhati hai|' __ isa syAdvAda ke siddhAMta ko bahadhA saMzayavAda kaha diyA jAtA hai| parantu adhika satya to yaha hai ki usako vaikalpika zakyatA kA siddhAMta mAnanA hI ucita hai| suprasiddha vidvAna prAnanda zaMkara dhrava kahate haiM ki 'syAdvAda kA siddhAMta saMzayavAda to nahIM hI hai / vaha manuSya ko vizAla aura udAra dRSTi se padArtha ko dekhane ko prerita karatA hai aura vizva ke padArtha kisa prakAra dekhe jAe yaha sikhAtA hai| yaha vastu kA ekAnta astitva nahIM svIkAra karatA hai aura na vaha usa prakAra ke svIkaraNa ko ekadama asvIkAra hI karatA hai| parantu vaha kahatA hai ki vastu hai, athavA nahIM hai arthAt aneka dRSTi bindu meM kI eka dRSTi se usakA vidhAna huA hai yaha vaha mpaSTa svIkAra karatA hai / vAstavikatA kA saccA aura sacoTa pratipAdana to mAtra prApekSika aura tulanAtmaka hI ho sakatA hai aura usa pratipAdana kI zakyatA vaha svIkAra karatA hai| pratyeka siddhAMta satya hotA hai parantu kucha nizcita saMyogoM meM hI yAne parikalpanA meM hI / anekadharmI hone ke kAraNa koI bhI bAta nizcaya rUpa meM nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| vastu ke vividha dharmoM ko batAne ke lie vidhi-niSedha sambandhI zabda prayoga sAta prakAra ke hote haiM, yahI isa siddhAMta kA vaktavya hai| ina sAta praznoM uttara dene kI paddhati ko hI saptabhaMgI naya athavA sAta-vacanaprayoga bhI kahate haiM / yaha tAtvika siddhAMta atyanta gahana aura rahasyapUrNa hai, itanA hI nahIM apitu vaha viziSTa paribhASika bhI hai| yaha spaSTa karane ke lie nIce ke vaha sarala aura sundara vivaraNa se adhika spaSTa kucha nahIM ho sakatA hai / 'adveta vAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki yathArtha astitva tatva eka hI hai yAne prAtmA / anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| ekamevAdvitIyam aura vaha nitya hai / isake atirikta saba asat hone soyika hai| isa prakAra prAtmavAda, ekavAda yA nityavAda isako kahA jAtA hai| ina advatAvAdiyoM kA mAtra yahI tarka thA ki jaise pyAlA. taztarI jaisI koI vastu hI nahIM hai, vaha to pRthaka pRthaka nAmoM se kahI jAtI miTTI mAtra hI hai vaise hI bhinna bhinna nAmoM se pahacAne jAte vizva ke padArtha eka prAtma-tatva ke hI pakSaka bheda mAtra haiN| dUsarI pora bauddha kahate haiM ki manuSya ko nitya grAtmA jaise kisI tatva kA saccA jJAna hI nahIM hai / vaha to mAtra aTakala hai kyoMki manuSya kA jJAna utpatti, 1. dAsaguptA. vahIM, bhAga I, pR. 109 / 2. vArena, vahI, pR. 20 / 3. dekho hunTaja, epI. iNDi., pusta. 7, pR. / / 3 / 'zUnyavAdI bauddha mAnyatA ke sthAna meM janoM ne saMzayavAdI pakSa svIkAra kiyA hai aura isalie unheM kathaMcit dArzanika' yAne syAdvAdina kahA jAtA hai hApakiMsa, vahI, pa. 29 / / 4. dekho phalITa. iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 7, pa. 107 | "isa dRSTi ko syAdvAda dRSTi kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isameM jJAna saMbhAvita hI mAnA jAtA hai| pratyaka sthiti hameM kevala kadAcit, syAt ho aisA hI kahatI hai| hama na to kisI padArtha kA pUrNatayA samarthana ho kara sakate haiM aura na inkAra hii| kucha bhI nizcita nahIM hai kyoMki vastueM ananta bhadAtmaka haiN|' rAdhAkRSNana, vahI. bhAga |, pa. 302 ) 5. kannomala, saptabhaMgI nyAya, prastAvanA pa. 8 / / 6. upAdhibhedopahita viruddha nAtheSvasatvaM sadAvAcyate / ca hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 24, pR. 194 / 7. rAdhAkRSNan, vahI. bhAga I. 4. 302; syAdvAdo hi sApekSastathaikasmin ...sadasatvanityAnityatvAdyanekadharmAnyupagamaH / vijayadharmasUri, vahI, pR. 151 /
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________________ [53 vinAza aura laya pA kara badalate hue padArthoM meM parimita ho jAtA hai| unakA yaha siddhAnta isIlie anityavAda kahA jAtA hai| mRttikA padArtha rUpa se nitya ho, parantu ghaTarUpa meM vaha anitya hai yAna astitva meM pA kara vaha nAza prApta ho jAtI hai| prastitva, jaisA ki advaitavAdI kahate hai, utanA sarala nahIM hai parantu jaTila hai aura isake lie usake viSaya kA hara vidhAna satya kA aMza mAtra hai| vastu ke pratyeka dharma kA vidhAna tathA niSedha sambandha zabda prayoga se sAta prakAra ke ho sakate haiM jisako jaina saptamaMgI kahate haiN| yaha vidhAna syAt' zabda ke upayoga mahina 'asti'. 'nAsti' aura 'pravaktavya' zabdoM ke ullekha se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai / vastu ke svaparyAya para mAra diyA jAe to 'syAdasti', paraparyAya sambandhI usake bheda para mAra deM to 'syAnAsti', aura jaba usake 'sat' evam 'asat' donoM hI paryAyoM para samAna bhAra diyA jAe to 'myAdastinAsti' hI kahA jA sakatA hai| parantu kisI eka para bhI bhAra die binA vaha padArtha vANI dvArA vyakta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai yaha batAne ke lie 'syAdavaktavya' kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai / isI prakAra amuka apekSA se vaha nitya hote hae bhI pravaktavya hai yaha banAne ke lie 'syAnAstigravaktavya' kA vyavahAra hotA hai| isake sivA amuka apekSA se vastu nitya aura anitya hone ke sAtha hI avaktavya hai yaha batAne ke lie 'syAdastinAsti pravaktavya' aisA kahA jAtA hai| ina mAta prakAroM se samajhane kA itanA hI hai ki saba samaya saba prakAra se aura saba rUpa meM vastu astitva meM hai aisA vicArA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai / parantu vaha eka hI sthAna meM astitva rakha sakatI hai aura dUsare sthAna meM nahIM, eka hI samaya meM astitva rakha sakatI hai aura dUsare samaya meM nhiiN|" "jainadharma kA yaha spaSTIkaraNa vedAntI aura bauddhoM ke do pratikeka kA samanvaya hai aura vaha buddhigrAhya anubhava para racA huaA hai|" yAkobI aura belvalakara saMjayavelAThiputra ke ajeyavAda ke virodhAtmaka ddhiAnta rUpa isako mAnate haiM / "jaba saMjaya kahatA hai ki" vaha hai yaha meM nahIM kaha sakatA hUM aura vaha nahIM hai yaha bhI maiM nahIM kaha sakatA huuN| "taba mahAvIra kahate hai ki" maiM kahatA hUM ki eka dRSTi se vastu hai aura vizeSa meM maiM yaha bhI kaha sakatA hUM ki amuka dUsarI dRSTi se vaha vastu nahIM hai|'' saMkSepa meM syAdvAda jaina tatvajJAna kA advitIya lakSaNa hai| jaina buddhimattA kA isase adhika sundara, zuddha aura vistIrNa dRSTAnta diyA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai| jaina siddhAnta kI isa khoja kA zreya mahAvIra ko hI hai / ' dAsaguptA ke abhiprAyAnusAra isa viSaya kA jaina zAstroM meM saba se prathama ullekha bhadrabAha kI sUtra kRtAMga niyukti (I. pUrva 433-350) kI TIkA meM hai| yaha usa vidvAna ne sva. DaoN. satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa ke AdhAra se likhA hai| aura unane pramANa meM niyukti se nIce likhI gAthA uddhRta ko hai : asiyamayaM kiriyANaM akkiriyANaM ca hoI culsiitii| annAriNaya sattaTTI veraNa iyAraNaM ca battIsA / / arthAt 'kriyAvAda ke 180, prakriyAvAda ke 84, ajJAnavAda ke 60 aura vaineyikavAda ke 32 bheda / imase 1. dekho bhaNDArakara, riporTa prAna saMskRta mainyUskripTsa, 1883-1884, pR. 95-96; rAisa (I.pI.) kainerIja liTarecara, pR. 23-24 1 2. dAsaguptA, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 1751 . 3. belvalakara, vahI, pR. 114 / dekho sebuI, bhAga 45, prastAvanA pR. 27; belvalakara aura rAnADe, vahIM, pR. 433 TippaNa, 454 praadi| 4. belvalakara, vahI, pR. 114 / / 5. dAsaguptA, vahI, mAga 1, . 181 TippaNa / / 6. vidyAbhUSaNa, hisTrI oNpha dI maiDIvala skUla praoNpha iNDiyana lojika, pR. 8; hisTrI praoNpha iNDiyana lojika pR. 167 / 7. sUtrakRtAMga, prAgamodaya samiti, gAthA 119, pR. 209 /
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________________ 54 ] spaSTa hai ki sva. DA. aise khoTe khayAla meM the ki niyukti kI uparokta gAthA meM saptabhaMgI naya kA ullekha hai / janA ko mAnya cAra nAstika matoM ke 363 bheda hI yahAM to prApta hote haiN| nizcaya hI hamArA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jainoM kA syAdvAda siddhAMta aura sAta nayoM kA ullekha sthAnAMga, bhagavatI aura anya janazAstroM meM prAptavya hai| anta meM lAlA kannomala ke zabdoM meM kaheM to 'isa jJAna ke tatvaijJA ne satya svarUpa aura usakI khUbiyoM ko samajhAne ke lie aneka mahAn grantha race haiM jo bhArata meM pracalita paraspara virodhI dIkhatI dhArmika pravRttiyoM ko jo ki bahudhA vicArabheda bar3hA detI haiM, samajhane ke lie isa vicAra paddhati kA upayoga kiyA jAe to samAdhAna kI pora pratyakSa jhukAva honA sambhava hai|' isa prakAra yadi ahiMsA ko jainadharma kA mukhya naitikaguNa-vizeSa mAnA jAe to syAdvAda jaina prAdhyAtmavAda kA mukhya aura advitIya lakSaNa mAnA jAnA cAhie, aura zAzvata jagatakartA sampUrNa Izvara kA spaSTa niSedha karanevAle jainadharma kA yaha sandeza hai ki 'he manuSya ! tU hI apanA mitra hai usake vidhividhAnoM kA kendrabindu kahA jAnA cAhie / ahiMsA ke prAdarza ke sAtha uparokta saba bAteM hameM sikhAtI haiM ki He prayeth well who loveth well Both man and bird and best, He prayeth best who loveth least all things both great and small; -kolorija (Coleridge) arthAt jo manuSya athavA pazu-pakSI ko prema se cAhatA hai, vahI ThIka prArthanA bhI kara sakatA hai jo choTe bar3e saba padArthoM ko ucca bhAva se cAhatA hai vahI uttama prakAra kI prArthanA karatA hai / vahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sadA hI kahate haiM ki khAmemi savvajIve, sabve jIvA khamaMtu meN| mettI meM sabvabhUesu, veraM majha na kerAI / / arthAt maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA karatA huuN| saba jIva mujhe kSamA kreN| saba jIvoM ke sAtha merI maitrI hai / merA krimI ke sAtha vaira nahIM hai| ina siddhAntoM ke eka bhI lakSaNa ke viSaya meM galataphahamI khar3I karanA athavA viparIta rItI se unheM samajhanA jainadharma ke satya svarUpa ke prati hI anyAya karanA hai| hameM khule mana se svIkAra karanA cAhie ki mahAvIra ke uddeza ucca aura pavitra the aura manuSya jAti evam sarva jIvAtmA kI samAnatA kA unakA sandeza bhArata ke yajJayAgAdi se trAsita aura jAti bheda se kSubhita logoM ke lie udAra aura mahAn pAzIrvAda rUpa the / 1. dekho yAkobI, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 26; vahI, pR. 315 prAdi / 2. sthAnAMga (nAgamodaya samiti), pR. 390, sUtra 552; bhagavatI (grAgamodaya samiti) sUtra 469, pR. 592 / anya sandarbho ke lie dekho sukha lAla aura ve caradAsa. siddhasena kA sammatitarka, bhAga 3, pR. 441 TippaNa 10 / 3. kannomala, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 7 / 4. dAsaguptA, vahIM, pR. 200 / 5. Avazyaka sUtra pR. 763 /
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________________ [55 jainadharma meM par3e hue mukhya bheda___mahAvIra dvArA saMskArita jainadharma viSayaka vicAra karane ke pazcAt raba hameM usameM hae pramukha matabhedoM kA bhI saMkSepa meM vicAra kara lenA caahie| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM hae ina matabhedoM ko jaina samAja kase pacA sakA usakA bhI sAtha sAtha thor3A vicAra hameM karanA hogaa| sabhI paigambaroM aura dharmasUdhArakoM ke sambandha vaisA hanA karatA hai aisA hI mahAvIra ko durbhAgya se apane jIvita kAla meM aura unake dharma ko pIche bhI pAkhaNDI dharmaguruyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A thaa| aise pAkhaNDiyoM meM hI jainoM meM suprasiddha sAta niNhavoM (ninhvoN)|| arthAt jina prarUpita dharma ke virUddha mata pracArakoM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai|' jamAlI, tIsagutta, ASAda, azvamitra, gaMga, chalue aura goSThA mAhila' ye sAta ninhava haiM / parantu virodhiyoM meM sabase vikhyAta aura mahAvIra kA pracaNDa pratidvavandvavI gozAla maMkhaliputta thA jo ki pAlI sUtroM meM ullikhita buddha ke chaha pAkhaNDI pratispadhiyoM meM ke eka maMsali gozAla ke sAtha barAbara ThIka utaratA hai / usakA aura usake AjIvaka saMgha kA hameM nagaNya paricaya hI milatA haiN| abhI taka astitva meM rahane vAle jaina aura bauddha donoM hI mahAna saMghoM kI eka samaya saMkhyA aura mahatva meM pratidvavandvavatA karane vAle isa sampradAya ke siddhAMta aura kriyAkANDa ke sambandha meM hama vAstavikatayA andhakAra meM hI haiN|'' gozAla ke bAda hama mahAvIra ke jAmAtA jAmAlI, jaina saMgha ke eka pavitra sAdhU tIsagutta Adi anya matabhedakArakoM kA nAma le sakate haiN| maMkhalIputra gozAla: gozAla pahale pahala mahAvIra ko rAjagRha meM milA thA aura vahAM vaha unakA turanta hI ziSya ho gyaa| vaha gozAlA meM janmA thA isalie gozAla kahalAtA thaa| usakA pitA eka bhikSuka thA / ye saba saMyoga prAjIvaka kahe jAne vAle bhikSuoM kI dharma-sampradAya ke saMsthApaka kI hInatA utpatti banAne ke lie paryApta haiN|'' sAtaveM aMgazAstra ne saddAlaputra meM gozAla kA prAjIvaka sampradAya svIkAra kiyA thA aisA kahA gayA hai| phira pAMcaveM 1. bhury...| satteegiNhagA...vaddhamAraNassa / AvazyakasUtra, gAthA 778, pR. 31 / 1; pratha sapta ninhavasvarUpaM ...likhyate / merutuga, vicArazreNI, jaisAsaM bhA. 2, saM. 3-4, pariziSTi, 4 11-12 / 2. bhagavatIsUtra, prAgamodaya samiti, bhAga 2, 4410-430 / 3. yAkobI, kalpasUtra, prastAvanA pR. 1 / 4. haranolI uvAsagadazAoM, bhAga 2, prastAvanA pR. 12 / dekho vhalara, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 20, pR. 362 / 5 mahAvIra ke kevalajJAnI tIrtha kara hone ke pazcAt caudahaveM varSa meM unake bhAnaje aura javAI jAmAlI ne unake virodha kA netRtva kiyA aura isI prakAra isake do varSa pazcAt hI saMgha meM se eka sAdhU tIsagupta ne unakA virodha kiyA thaa| ye donoM hI virodha nagaNya bAta ke sambandha meM the...jamAlI apana virodha meM apane jIvana paryata dRr3ha rahA thaa|' zATiyara, kehi, bhAga 1, pR. 163 1 6. kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, pR. 102 / 'gozAlA, bhikSujIvi maMkhalI aura usakI bhAryA bhadrA kA putra thaa| usane mAvatthI ke dhanika brAhmaNa gobahula kI gozAlA meM sarva prathama dina kA prakAza dekhA thA yAne vaha janmA thA / zAstrI (bena rajI), biuprA patrikA, saM. 12, pR. 55 / 7. 'pAjIvaka' nAma aisA lagatA hai ki mUla meM gozAlaka aura usake sampradAya ko vyavasAyI bhikSu kaha kara nindA karane kA hI sUcaka thA, hAlAMki bAda meM jaba yaha sAdhunoM kI eka sampradAya vizeSa kA nAma hI ho gayA to isakA phira vaha niMdAparaka artha nahIM rhaa| haranelI, eMrie, bhAga 1, pra.259 /
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________________ 56 ] aMgazAstra bhagavatIsUtra meM usa sampradAya ke mukhI gozAla kA hameM pUrA vRttAMta milatA hai / buddha ke upAlambha ke cune hae chaha bhikSusaMghoM ke netAoM meM kA eka netA rUpa meM gozAla maMkhaliputra kA ullekha bauddha dharmagranthoM meM aneka gAra milatA hai| phira bhI spaSTa rIti se unameM kahIM bhI usakA AjIvaka sampradAya ke sAtha sambandhita hone ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM milatA hai| parantu jaina aura bauddha donoM hI svatantra icchAzakti aura naitika uttaradAyitA ke niSedha ke tAtvika siddhAMta yAne niyativAda ke pracAraka ke rUpa meM use svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparA kI isa viSaya ke samAna mAnyatA spaSTataH hai / / jisa samaya kA yahAM vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai vaha prAcIna bhArata ke dhArmika-jIvana kA saMkrAti-kAla arthAt deza ke itihAsa meM buddhivAda kA yuga thA / vaha eka utthAna kA yuga thA jaba ki gozAlA maMkhalitta, saMjaya vela dvipatta aura anya tatvavettA utpanna hue the / saca to yaha hai ki bhAratavarSa taba aisI dhArmika jAgRti meM se gujara rahA thA ki...hameM yaha joroM ke sAtha kahanA cAhie ki usa samaya meM tatvajJAna kA jIvana aura vyavahAra ko talAka dekara mAtra vidvattA yA kriyAkANDa ke lie zobhArUpa mAnA jAnA baMda ho gayA thA |...isne dRr3ha aura sasAratyAgI vyaktiyoM ko vikasita kara diyA thA aura aneka prakAra ke adbhuta tapa aura AcaraNa kA praveza bhI jIvana meM pA gae the |...in avaidika svatantra vicArakoM ko hI isakA zreya diyA jAnA cAhie ki unane tatvajJAna kI vivecanA kA dvAra mukta kara diyA aura use jana sAdhAraNa ke dainika jIvana aura vyavahAra kI samasyAmoM kA samanvaya karane ko bAdhya kara diyA thaa| isI lie maMkhali gozAla ke AjIvaka sampradAya ke viSaya meM hama yaha par3hate haiM ki saba "ye prakAra ke vastroM kA tiraskAra karate haiM, sabhI ziSTAcArI svabhAva kA unane tyAga kara diyA hai, apane hatheliyoM meM lekara hI ye bhojana cATa jAte haiM |...ve machalI aura mAMsa nahIM khAte haiM, madirA athavA mAdaka padArtha kA sevana nahIM karate haiN| kitane hI eka ghara se aura eka hI grAsa bhikSA lAte haiM, anya do athavA sAta gharoM meM bhikSA kI yAcanA karate haiN| kitane hI eka bAra hI bhojana karate haiM, kitane do dina meM eka vAra, sAta dina meM mathavA eka pakhavAr3e meM eka dina hI bhojana karate haiM / " aura yaha koI apavAda rUpa hI nahIM thaa| aisA lagatA hai ki mAno vicAra maulikatA aura suprakaTatA evam vyavahAra svAtaMtrya aura utkendratA kA taba bahumUlya ho mayA thaa| yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki gozAla mahAvIra ke saMgha ko puSTa karane ke sthAna meM prArambha se hI unake saMskArita jainadharma kI pragati meM bAdhArUpa ho gayA thA / usane bauddhoM kI sattA sudRr3ha hone dene aura mahAvIra kI bar3hatI pratiSThA ko bhArI coTa pahuMcAne kA pUrA-pUrA prayatna kiyA thaa| isa dRSTi se nirIkSaNa karate hue mahAvIra aura gozAla ke prAthamika saMyoga ke pariNAma guru aura ziSya donoM ke lie nizcaya hI bhayAvaha the| "cAritra aura svabhAva se donoM hI itane adhika bhinna the ki chaha varSa ke sahavAsa bAda gozAla kI dhUrtatA aura avizvAsa se donoM kA sambandha Ta hI gayA aura ve alaga-alaga ho hI ge|"4 1. vhii| 2. velvalakara aura rAnADe, hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana philosophI, bhAga 2, pR. 460-461 / / 3. vivAda kA mukhya viSaya punarjIvana kA siddhAnta thA jisako gozAla ne vanaspatika-jIvoM ke mausamI pUnarjIvana ke pratyakSa anubhava ke AdhAra para kiyA thA aura isako usane yahA~ taka sAdharaNIkaraNa kara diyA thA ki vaha yaha siddhAnta pratyeka prakAra ke jIvoM para hI lAgU karatA thaa|" -barugrA, jeDI ela, saM. 2, pR. 8 / dekho zAstrI (benarajI), vahI, pR. 56 bhii| 4. haranolI, vahI, pR. 259 / "tejolezyA arthAt dAhaka zakti prakSepa kI vidyA kaise prApta kI jAtI hai yaha mahAvIra se jAnakara, aura pArzvanAtha ke kucha ziSyoM se pATha aMgoM kA mahAnimittA par3hakara, gozAla ne apane Apako jina ghoSita kara diyA aura apane guru se vaha pRthaka ho gayA / " -vilasana, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 295-296 /
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________________ [57 apane gurU se pRthaka hone ke pazcAt gozAla ne zrAvastI meM eka kubhAraNa ke ghara meM apanA mukhya sthAna banA kara bahuta prabhAva jamA liyA thaa|' mahAvIra se pRthaka hokara turanta hI usane apanI sAdhutA kI sarvazreSTha dazA arthAt jina pada prApta hone kI ghoSaNA kara dI thii| "mahAvIra ne svayam kevalajJAna prApta kiyA usake do varSa pUrva hI gozAla ne apanA yaha dAvA prastuta kara diyA thaa|" jaina dantakathAnumAra mahAvIra ne gozAla ko phira kabhI pratyakSa meM nahIM dekhA / unake kevala jJAnI hue pazcAt caudahaveM varSa meM kadAcit pahalI bAra ho ve zrAvastI pahuMce mAlUma hote haiM aura vahIM usake jIvana ke antima dinoM meM unane usako dekhA ho aisA lagatA hai / aisA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki yahAM gozAla kA dvaidha aura asthira svabhAva bahuta prakhara ho gayA thA aura apane gurU' ke prati aziSTa vartana kA use anta samaya meM pazcAttApa huaA thA / itanA hote hue bhI eka bAta hameM nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki mahAvIra aura gozAla kA sambandha yA yoM kahie ki bhArata ke dhArmika utthAna kI mahAna lahara meM maMkhaliputta kA sthAna kucha adhika spaSTatA se vicAre jAne kI apekSA rakhatA hai| DaoN. baruyA kucha bhrAMti pUrvaka kahatA hai ki "itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki jaina athavA bauddha AdhAroM se milane vAlI sUcanAmoM se yaha pramANita nahIM hotA hai ki gozAla mahAvIra ke do DhoMgI ziSyoM meM se, jaisA ki jaina mAnate haiM eka thaa| una pramANoM se to isase viparIta bAta hI siddha hotI hai arthAt maiM yaha kahanA cAhatA hUM ki isa vivAdagrasta prazna para nizcita abhiprAya dene kA itihAsavettA yadi prayatna kareMge to unheM yaha kahanA hI par3egA ki isake lie yadi koI bhI RNi ho to niHsaMdeha vaha gurU hai na ki jainoM kA mAna liyA huaA DhoMgI ziSya / isa vidvAna ko yaha bhrAMti ho gaI hai ki mahAvIra pahale-pahala pArzvanAtha kI dharma-sampradAya meM the, parantu sAla bhara pazcAt jaba ve nagna rahane lage, AjIvaka sampradAya meM ve jA mile| yaha mAnyatA pramANika jaina AdhAroM aura dantakathAnoM kI upekSA karatI hai itanA hI nahIM apitu gozAla ke anuyAyI pAjIvaka kyoM kahalAe isa tathya kA ajJAna bhI prakaTa karatI hai / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dharma-siddhAntoM meM bheda mahAvIra kI vicAra pragati kA hI thA aura AjIvaka zabda usa jAti ke prati ghRNA pradarzita karane ke lie hI thA ki jise jaina evam anya loga AjIvaka sampradAya kI mUla sthiti vyakta karane ko prayoga kiyA karate the / ' isa prakAra yaha asambhava thA ki mahAvIra prAjIvakoM kI mampradAya meM jA milate / phira isa nAma kA koI sampradAya gozAla ke apane gurU se vidroha karane ke pUrva koI thA hI nahIM kyoMki gozAla svayam hI isa sampradAya kA mUla saMsthApaka thaa| 1. svAminaH pArvAtsphiTita: zrAvastyAM tejovisargamAtApayati...) -aAvazyaka sUtra pR. 214 / 2. zArpaTiyara, kaihiI, bhAga 1, pR. 159 / 3. "kucha jainoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki mRtyu se pahale itanA ghora pazcAttApa karane ke kAraNa vaha naraka meM nahIM, apitu kisI eka devaloka meM hI hI gayA hogaa|" -sTIvansana, zrImatI, vahI, pR. 60 / 4. dekho, vahI / "usakA antima kArya thA apane ziSyoM ke samakSa mahAvIra ke apane sambandha ke vaktavya kI satyatA kA svIkAra karanA aura unheM apanI lajjA kI prakaTa ghoSaNA karane evam hara prakAra kI avajJA pUrvaka apanA antima saMskAra karane kA Adeza diyA thA / " -haranolI, vahI, pR. 260 / 5. barupA vahI, pR. 17-18 / 6. vhii| 7. "yaha spaSTa haiM ki prAjIvaka zabda bauddhoM meM bhI vRNAsUcaka hI thA aura vaha maskarina yA eka daNDina jaise hIna logoM ke lie hI prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / " -haranolI, vahI, pR. 260 /
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________________ 58 ] yaha spaSTa tathya hai ki gozAla aura usake anuyAyiyoM ke viSaya meM jo bhI hama jAnate haiM upakA AdhAra jaina aura bauddha grantha hI haiM / "inakA varNana avazya hI hameM mAvadhAnI se svIkAra karanA hogaa| parantu aAvazyaka tathyoM meM donoM prAdhArazrota eka mata haiN| isalie vaha varNana vizvasta honA cAhie / do svataMtra prAdhAroM se unakI prApti unheM aura bhI vizvasta kara detI hai| cAhe jahAM se chuTapuTa do cAra bAteM saMgraha kara lene se aisA saprabhAraNa sAdhana nahIM mila jAtA hai ki jisase hama yaha kahane ko prerita hoM ki "RNi koI ho to vaha nizcaya hI guru hai na ki jainoM kA mAnA huA r3hoMgI shissy|" aisA kahane kA khAsa kAraNa to yaha hai ki jina sAdhanoM me uparokta vyApaka anumAna kiyA gayA hai, ve hI usake virUddha jAte haiM / eka yA dUsarA nirNaya karane ke pUrva vidvAna paNDita pAlocakoM ko yaha vicArane kI kahate haiM ki "mahAvIra ke pUrva gozAla ke jinapada prApti kI bAta bhagavatI meM die maMkhaliputta ke itihAsa se nizaMka siddha hotI hai aura usameM kI pramukha pramukha ghaTanAeM kalpasUtra meM die mahAvIra caritra se bhI samarthita hotI haiN| acchA to yahI hotA ki vidvAna pAlocaka ko ukta tathya kA vicAra karane kI bAta hI nahIM kahatA / aisA lagatA hai ki vidvAna jAnabUjha kara samasta ghaTanA ke viSaya meM gaMbhIra bhrama utpanna karanA cAhatA hai| sUtra meM koI bhI sthAna para yA samasta jaina sAhitya meM kahI bhI goNAla ke jinapada prApti kA ullekha nahIM hai / vahAM itanA hI kahA gayA hai ki gozAla svataH apane Apa jina athavA tIrthaMkara bana baiThA thaa| buddha ne usake prati abrahmacarya kA doSa lagAyA hai| phira mahAvIra bhI usake prati aisA doSa lagAte haiM itanA hI nahIM apitu ve isa viSaya meM itane hI joradAra zabda bhI prayoga karate haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra ke ziSya Ardraka aura gozAla meM hue saMvAda meM gozAla kahatA gayA hai ki hamAre niyamAnusAra koI bhI sAdhU...kucha bhI pApa nahIM karatA hai...strI ke sAtha saMbhoga karatA hai| vaha apane anuyAyiyoM kI 'striyoM ke dAsa' kA doSa lagAtA hai aura kahatA hai ki 've sayamI jIvana nahIM bitA rahe haiN| aise naitika-niyama-viruddha siddhAntoM ke pracAra se kukhyAta vyakti jinapada, prApti yogya aura prApta kase kahA jA sakatA hai ? yaha to sunane meM hI adbhuta lagatA hai ki jaba ki yaha kahA jAtA hai ki usake jinapada prApti kA samarthana janasUtra hI karate haiN| eka anya sthAna para vidvAna lekhaka bhagavatIsUtra meM batAe gozAla ke chaha pUrva janmoM kA viziSTa mamayoM kI bAta kahatA hai aura yaha niSkarSa nikAlatA hai ki 'gozAla ke chaha pUrva janmoM kA bhagavatI kA ullekha cAhe vicitra yA kAlpanika hI lagatA ho parantu prAjIvaka paMtha ke itihAsa ko gozAla se 117 varSa pUrva khIMca le jAne kI itihAsakAra ko sahAyatA karatA hai / ...'' isa para se prakaTa hai ki mahAvIra ke sattAIsa bhavoM kI kathA yahAM bhUlA dI gaI hai / 'AjIvaka paMtha kA prAkamakhali itihAsa' racane ke lie lekhaka kisa prakAra prerita hugrA hai yahI samajhA nahIM jA sakatA hai|' isa prakAra DA. barupA ne samIkSaka ke vicAra ke lie aneka bAteM prastuta kI haiM, parantu pratyeka bAta ke lie usane svayam yaha bhI kahA hai ki yaha kalpanA kA mahA prayoga hai|' AjIvaka ke prati buddhigamya sahAnubhUti para ___ 1. vahI, pR. 261 / . barupA, vahI, pR. 18 / --3. aji jiraNappalAvI...akevalI kevalippalAvI...viharaha / bhagavatIsUtra, agamodaya samiti, zataka 15, pa. 659 / dekho prAvazyakasUtra, 4 214; zArpaTiyara, vahI, pR. 159 / 4. dekho haranolI, vahI, pR. 261 / 5. yAkobI, sebuI, pusta, 45, pR. 411 / 6. vahI, pR. 245,270 / vijayarAjendrasUri, abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR. 103 / 7. baruyA, vahI, pR. 5 / 8. barumA, vahI, pR. 7 / 9. vahI, pR. 22 /
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________________ [59 racita anumAnoM ko sthAyI karane ko prastuta kie gae sabhI tarkoM kA eka eka karake buddhipUrvaka vicAra kiyA jAe to gozAla para eka choTA sA nibandha hI likhanA hogaa| phira bhI itanA to kaha denA aAvazyaka hai ki vidvAna DAkTara ne jaina aura bauddha daMtakathAnoM ko bahutAMza meM asatya siddha karane kA hI isake dvArA prayatna kiyA hai jaba ki. DA. yAkobI kahatA hai ki 'khAsa pramANoM kI anupasthiti meM ina daMtakathAnoM ko avazya hI hameM vizeSa dhyAna me dekhanA caahie|' phira bhI itanA to avazya hI satya hai ki 'gozAla kA tatvajJAna isa deza meM ekadama hI navIna nahIM thaa| yaha nizcita hai ki aneka virodhI siddhAMtoM aura paraspara asaMgata mAnyatAoM ghaniSTa vAtAvaraNa meM mahAvIra ne jainasaMgha kI jitanI bhI saphalatA prApta kI vaha ni:saMdeha bhAratIya vicAra ke paddhati pUrvaka vikAsa ke anurUpa hI thii| phira DA. yAkobI ke anusAra maryAdita rIti se yaha kahane meM bhI koI virodha nahIM hai ki 'mahAvIra ke siddhAMta para adhika se adhika prabhAva makhali ke putra gozAla kA par3A hai| kyoMki gozAla ke vyAvahArika aura avyAvahArika jIvana kA nizcita rUpa se sthAyI prabhAva mahAvIra ke mAnasa para sambhavatayA par3A thA / eka bAta aura bhI kahI jA sakatI hai aura vaha yaha ki vicAra dRSTi se gozAla prArabdhavAdI thA ] vaha yaha mAnatA thA ki 'udyama, parizrama yA prArupa athavA manuSyabala jaisI koI bhI vastu nahIM haiN| saba kucha aparivartanIya rUpa meM nizcita hai|' vyavahArika jIvana meM vaha abrahmacArI hI thaa| isalie svabhAvatayA usake jIvana ke pApamaya aura nirlajja vyavahAroM ne sAdhU samAja ke lie khUba kaThora niyamoM kA banAnA unheM anivArya pratIta huprA aura nitAnta prArabdhavAda kA usakA siddhAnta caritrahIna anaitika jIvana meM pariNata hotA bhI lagane lgaa| jainadharma aise prArabdhavAda ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai kyoMki usakI to yaha zikSA hai ki yadyapi karma hI saba bAta kA nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI hama pUrva karmoM para apane vartamAna jIvana dvArA prabhAva DAla sakate haiM / "7 isa prakAra mahAvIra ke jIvana para aura unake saMskArita dharma para gozAla kA kucha bhI prabhAva par3A hai to bama itanA hI par3a sakatA hai na ki isase kucha bhI adhika / phira yaha bhI hama eka bAra aura kaha deM ki jainasaMgha ke ina aniSTa matabhedoM ke kAraNa "bhArata bhara meM eka dharmacakra sthApana karane kI mahAvIra kI pravRtti atyanta saMkaTApana ho gaI thii|" 1. vhii| 2. yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pu. 331 3. varupA, vahI, pR. 27 / 4. 'jaba ki saMjaya ke tarka saba nakArAtmaka haiM, gozAla ne apane 'terAsiya' yAne tribhaMgI nyAya ki kadAcita ho, kadAcit na ho, aura kadAcita ho aura na ho dvArA mahAvIra ke saptabhaMgI nyAya kA yAne syAdvAda kA mArga pahale se hI prazasta kara diyA thaa| belvalakara aura rAnADe, vahI, pa. 456-7 / dekho, haranolI, vahI, pR. 262 / 5. yAkobI, vahI, prastAvanA pa. 29 / 6. haranolI, uvAsagadasAmo, bhAga 1, pR. 97, 115, 116 / dekho vahI, bhAga 2, pR. 109-110, 132 / 7. zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 60 / "gozAla ke caritra ke kAraNa hI kadAcit mahAvIra ko pArzvanAtha ke caturyAma dharma meM brahmacarya kA pAMcavAM vrata bar3hAnA par3A ho|" -vahI, pR. 59 / dekho vahI, pR. 185%; haranolI, vahI, pR. 264 / 8. zAstrI-bainarajI, vahI, pR. 561 "I. pUrva chaThI se tIsarI sadI meM bauddhadharma eka nAyaka ke netRtva meM sAre bhAratavarSa meM aura usase pare ke dezoM meM bhI phaila gayA thaa| parantu matabheda ne jainoM kI prArambha se hI rIr3ha tor3a dI thI, phira bhI jainoM ko yahI jAnakara santoSa hotA hai ki eka samaya ke zaktizAlI AjIvaka to Aja kevala smaraNa meM hI avazeSa haiN|" -vahI, pR. 58 /
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________________ 60 ] gozAla ke lie itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai| hama dekha pAe haiM ki mahAvIra ke kevalI jIvana ke caudahaveM varSa meM gozAla ko matyU haI thii| yaha ghaTanA svabhAvatayA isa bAta se mela khA jAtI hai ki usakI mRtyu mahAvIra nirvANa ke 16 varSa pUrva huI ki jo mahAvIra ke kula 30 varSa ke kevalI jIvana meM se 14 varSa ghaTAne se baca rahate haiM / mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi jo hamane I. pUrva 480-467 ke bIca meM honA mAnA hai, se gozAla ko mRtyu I. pUrva 486-483 ke bIca meM kabhI bhI huI kahI jA sakatI hai| bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra gozAla kI isa mRtyu tithi kA isa bAta se bhI samarthana hotA hai ki usakI mRtyu aura rAjA kuriNayA (ajAtazatru) va vaizAlI ke rAjA cer3aga ke bIca meM advitIya sacenaka hAthI ke svAmitva ke kAraNa hue yuddha kI ghaTanA samakAlika hai| yaha hAthI kuriNaya ke pitA bibasAra ne ceDaga rAjA kI putrI cellaNA nAma kI apanI patni se utpanna kaniSTha putra vihalla ko diyA thA / rAjyagAdI para balAt adhikAra kara ajAtazatru ne apane kaniSTha bhAI ke pAsa yaha hAthI prApta karane kI ceSTA kii| parantu vihalla usa hAthI ko lekara apane nAnA vaizAlI meM bhAga gyaa| jaba kuriNaya zAMti se use lauTA lAne meM saphala nahIM huA to usane ceDaga se yuddha prArambha kara diyaa|" isa prakAra yaha yuddha kuriNaya ne rAjasattA prApti kI usI samaya meM hI kiyA aisA saMbhava lagatA hai aura ise I. pUrva. 496 meM rakha sakate haiN| AjIvaka sampradAya kA aitihAsika dRSTi se yadi vicAra kareM to hama dekhate haiM ki vaha usake pravartaka ke sAtha hI samApta nahIM ho gayA thA ! bauddhoM ke sAtha ke usake sambandha kA vicAra karane para mAlUma hotA hai ki bauddhoM ko "jaina athavA AjIvaka kisI ke sAtha bhI khAsa vaira rakhane kA koI kAraNa nahIM thA / " azoka aura dazaratha jaise bauddha rAjoM ne AjIvakoM ko nAgArjunI aura barAbara pahAr3I para kI guphAeM isI bhAva se arpita kI thI ki jisa bhAva se unane anya sthaloM para bauddha stUpa kA nirmANa karAyA thA aura brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA dI thI / bauddhoM kA vairabhAva pAjIvakoM athavA jainoM para nahIM utarA thA / parantu bAda meM jAkara brAhmaNoM para unakI vaira buddhi ho gaI thii| AjIvakoM kA sabase pahalA ullekha azoka ke terahaveM varSa arthAt I. pUrva 257 meM gayA ke pAsa kI barAbara kI TekarI kI caTTAna meM khodakara banAI gaI do gRhAnoM kI dIvAloM para khude saMkSipta zilAlekha meM milatA 1. haranolI, vahI, pariziSTa 1 pa. 7 / egahatthiraNApi NaM pam kaNie rAyA parAjiNittae / bhagavatI, pAgamodaya samiti, pa. 316, sutra 300 / dekho hemacandra, triSaSTi--zalAkA, parva 10, zlo. 205-206 / 2. haranolI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / dekho TAnI, kathAkoza, pa 178-9 bhI |...n dadyAstadAyuddhasajjo mavaimIti :--aAvazyaka sUtra, pR. 684 / 3. DaoN. haranolI, mahAvIra nirvANa I. pUrva 484 meM manAte hue, gozAla kI mRtyu aura ajAtazatru evaM usake nAnA ke bIca yuddha kI tithi I. pUrva lagabhaga 500 batAte haiM / dekho haranolI, eMrie, bhAga 1, pR. 26 / / 4. zAstrI-bainarajI, vahI, pR. 55 / 5. azoka kA rAjyAbhiSeka I. pUrva 270-269 meM mAna kara hI / dekho smitha, azoka, 3 ya saMska., pR. 73%; mukarjI, rAdhAkumuda, azoka pR. 37 /
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________________ [61 hai jo ki isa prakAra hai-"rAjA priyadarzI ne apane rAjya ke terahaveM varSa meM yaha guphA prAjIvakoM ko dI hai|'' dUsarA ullekha azoka ke suvikhyAta staMbha-prAjJApatroM meM milatA hai jahAM rAjA azoka apane dharmAdhikAriyoM ko kartavyoM ko ginAte hue prAjIvakoM kI samhAla rakhane kA kArya bhI unako sauMpatA hai / phira "rAjyArohaNa ke bIsaveM varSa meM arthAt I. pUrva 250 meM usa rAjA ne eka tIsarI mUlyavAna guphA prAjIvikoM ke nivAsa ke lie dI hai / " isake atirikta eka ullekha usake anugAmI dazaratha ke rAjya ke prathama varSa yAne I. pUrva 230 kA nAgArjunI TekarI para caTTAna se khodI tIna guhAgoM kI bhItoM para utkIriNata choTe se lekha meM milatA hai / yaha lekha isa prakAra haiM / "yaha guphA mahArAjA dazaratha ne apane rAjyA rohaNa ke turanta bAda hI sAmAnya AjIvakoM ko candra-sUrya tape vahAM taka nivAsa sthAna rUpa se upayoga karane ko dI hai|" isa prakAra "sAta guphAgoM meM kI yAne do barAbara TekarI kI aura tIna nAgArjunI TekariyoM kI guphAeM AjIvakoM ko (prAjIvakehi) dene kA ullekha hai / 'prAjIbakehi' zabda tIna sthAnoM para se jAnabUjha kara kutara kara nikAla diyA gayA sA lagatA hai jaba ki anya pratyeka zabda jaise ke taise dekhe jAte haiN| yaha kukRtya kisane kiyA hogA yaha kahanA kaThina hai| parantu itanA to spaSTa dIkhatA hai ki rAjA dazaratha ke bAda barAbara TekariyAM jaina rAjA khAravela ke hAtha meM prA gaI thii| usake rAjya ke 8veM varSa meM arthAt azoka-dazaratha kAla ke bAda hI vaha goraThagiri meM thaa| zilpa ke niyamAnusAra lomasaRSi guphA para se bhI yaha nizcaya kiyA jA sake aisA hai / eka pavitra zraddhAvAna jaina hone se khAravela ne "DhoMgI gozAla ke grAjIvaka anuyAyiyoM kA tiraskRta nAma ghisa kara miTA dene aura unake cinha taka kA nAza kara dene kA prayatna kiyA hogA / " 1. haranolI, vahI, pR. 266 / dekho iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 20, pR. 361 prAdi / smitha, azoka, 1 ma saMska., pR. 144 / prAjIvakoM ke prati jhukAva azoka kI, bahuta sambhava hai ki, usake mAtApitA se hI vArase meM milA thA / 'yadi hama daMtakathA meM vizvAsa kreN| vihAMvaMzaTIkA (pR. 126) meM jaisA ki pahale hI saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai, usakI mAtA ke gurU kA ullekha hai jisakA nAma janasAna kA (devimA kulUpago janasAno nAma eko AjIvaka) jisako rAjA biMdusAra ne rAnI ke svapnoM kA marma batAne ke lie bulAyA thA azoka ke janma pUrva / phira divyAvadAna (adhyA. 26) meM bindusAra ne svayam prAjIvaka saMta piMgalavatsa ko apane samastra putroM kI parIkSA lekara unameM se kauna usakA rAjya-uttarAdhikArI hone yogya hai yaha batAne ko bulAyA, likhA hai / mukarjI rAdhAkumuda, vahI, pR. 64-65 / '...AjIvaka saMta piMgalavatsa ne, rAjA ke bulAe jAne para, usake putroM meM se azoka ko hI utkRSTa uttarAdhikArI batAyA thaa|' vahI, pR. 3 / 2 smitha, vahI, pR. 155; epI. iNDi., pustaka 2. pR. 270, 272, 274 / 3. smitha, vahI, tIsarA saMskaraNa, pra. 54 / 4. haranolI, vahI, pR.266 / dekho iNDi. eNTI. 7, pustaka20, pR. 361 Adi; smitha, vahI, 1 ma saMska. pR. 145 / 5. zAstrI-benarajI, vahI, pR. 59 / / 6. vahI pa. 60 / dekho yaha bhI, 'donoM sthAnoM kI tulanA koI bhI saMdeha nahIM rahane detI hai kigAradhagiri kA harmyamukha aura lekha udayagiri (khAravela) ke lekhoM aura harmyamukhoM se bahuta nikaTa sambandhita haiM aura donoM hI jainoM ke banavAe hue haiM jisane 'mAjibakehi' zabda ko bhraza kara apanA dharmarAga dikhA diyA hai / vahI, pR. 6 / / 7. vahI pR. 60 / 'usane (khAravela ne) prakRtayA prAjIvakoM ko inameM se nikAla bhagAyA, unakA nAma bhI khuraca diyA aura kaliMgasenA ko ina barAbara guphAoM meM ThaharA diyA thaa| apUrNa lomasaRSi guhA bhI use bahuta suvidhAyaka huI hogii| tathya jo bhI ho, aisA lagatA hai ki, khAravela ne maurya-kAla pazcAt ke kArIgaroM dvArA inakI bhItoM ko ThIka karane meM lagAyA thaa|' zAstrI-benarajI, biuprA patrikA, saM. 12, pR. 310
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________________ 62 ] zilpazAstra ke pradezoM meM isa jaina grAjIvaka vaimanasya para likhate hue zrI mukharjI likhate haiM ki "yahAM kI barAbara kI guphAoM ke antima do azoka ke zilAlekha aura dazaratha ke nAgArjunI guhAmroM ke tIna zilAlekha prajIvakoM ko una guphAoM ke die jAne kA ullekha karate haiM / parantu inameM ke tIna zilAlekhoM meM "AjIvakehi " zabda ghisa dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA dIkhatA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki isa sampradAya kA nAma kisI ko sahana nahIM huA ho aura usI ne isako miTA dene kA yaha prayatna kiyA ho| parantu yaha kauna hogA ? DulTja kI dhAralA hai ki vaha maMkhari avaMtivarmana honA cAhie jisane ki barAbara guphAoM meM eka guphA kRSNa ko aura nAgArjunI kI do guphAeM ziva aura pArvatI ko arpita kI haiM aura usakA kaTTara hindu-mAnasa grAjIvakoM ko sahana nahIM kara sakA hogaa| DaoN. bainarajI zAstrI ne isase adhika vicArazIla bAta kahI hai| vaha khAravela para isa apakRtya kA doSa maMr3hatA hai ki jo kaTTara jaina thA aura grAjIvakoM ke prati jainoM kA virodha paramparA prasiddha thA / yaha kArya khari ke samaya se bahuta pUrva jaba ki azoka kI brahmI lipi bhUlI jA rahIM thI, taba hI ho jAnA caahie| 2 isa prakAra vyavahArika dRSTi se prAjIvaka sampradAya bhAratavarSa meM se I. pUrva dUsarI sadI ke anta meM naSTa ho gayA thA. 2 yadyapi bAda ke sAhitya meM arthAt varAhamihira zIlAMka kI sUtrakRtAMga TIkA, halAyuddha kI pramidhAna ratnamAlA aura viraMcipuram nikaTastha poyageI ke perumala mandira kI bhItoM para ke zilAlekha prAdi bAda ke sAhitya meM unakA ullekha avazya hI milatA hai / parantu ina ullekhoM kA AjIvakoM se sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai aura na ve prajIvakoM sambandhI hI haiN| aneka sthaloM para to zrAjIvaka zabda jainoM ke digambara sampradAya ke lie hI prayukta huA hai|" jainoM ke pahale paMthabheda ke viSaya meM itanA kahane ke pazcAt aba hama jainoM ke zvetAmbara digambara bheda kA vicAra kareMge / vastutaH isa sampradAya-bheda kA mUla kahAM hai yaha kahanA atyanta hI kaThina hai digambara aura zvetAmbara dantakathAeM isake sambandha meM jo kucha bhI kahatI haiM, vaha kahIM-kahIM to nirbodha aura bahutAMza meM bilakula naitihAsika hai / phira bhI itanA to nizcaya hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa matabheda ne jaina jAti kI sarva sAdhAraNa pragati ra unnati meM bahuta hI hAni pahuMcAI hai| jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa meM milane vAlI virUddha dantakathAoM ke kAraNa donoM hI sampradAyoM ko bahuta hI sahana karanA par3A hai / pArasparika vidveSa aura kabhI-kabhI to isase 1. mukarjI, rAdhAkumuda, bahI. pU 206 hulTja kA mata grAhya hai- 1. vaha pramANa die binA hI yaha mAna letA hai ki anaMtavarmana chaThI sAtavIM sadI meM azoka kI I. pUrva tIsarI sadI kI brAhmI lipi kA jJAtA aura paricita thA / ... zAstrI - benarajI, vahI, pR. 57 / 'vidvAna paNDita dvArA dUsarA kAraNa yaha kahA gayA hai ki anaMtavarmana jo ki hindU thA ko prAjIvakoM ke prati yadyapi koI khAsa vaimanasya nahIM thA, parantu vaha logoM meM viSNu yA kRSNa bhakta prasiddha thA / vahI / yaha bAta karna ke kathana para grAdhArita hai ( iNDi eNTI, pusta 20, pR. 361 Adi) parantu jaina siddhAMta grantha athavA anya sAhitya se isakA samarthana kucha bhI nahIM milatA hai| phira bhI, yaha binA kisI jokhama ke kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha apakRtya hinduoM yA bauddhoM kA kabhI nahIM ho sakatA hai, basa, jo vikalpa zeSa rahatA hai vaha jainoM kA hai lagabhaga vizvasta banA detA hai / ' iMskripazanam iNDikAram pusta. 1 'aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI jaina dhAvaka vizeSa ise zAstrI - benarajI, vahI, pR. 60 / hulTja ke vaktavya ke lie dekho korapasa prastA. pu. 28 nayA saraka 1925 kA 2. zAstrI - bainarajI, vahI, pR. 53 / 3. haranolI, vahI. 266, 267 1 4. " isameM koI bhI sandeha nahIM rahatA hai ki chaThI sadI IsavIM meM jaba ki varAhamihira ne isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA, usakA lakSya jainoM kA digambara sampradAya hI rahA thA" vahI pR. 266 "
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________________ [ 63 bhISikA se se eka dUsare ko dekhate rahe haiM / ' mahAvIra ke dharma ke mUla anuyAyI kahalAne ke utsAha meM donoM meM se eka bhI apanI utpatti ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahatA hai, parantu donoM hI pratispardhI sampradAya kI utpatti aura katipaya mAnyatAoM kI vyaMgapUrNa aura kabhI-kabhI apamAnajanaka ThIkA karate haiN| pahale digambara dantakathAoM kA hI vicAra kreN| unake anusAra hama dekhate haiM ki digambara svayam jainasaMgha meM hue isa sampradAya bheda ke viSaya meM eka mata nahIM haiN| dhAcArya devasena apane grantha 'darzanavAra' meM kahate haiM ki ''zvetAmbara saMgha kA prArambha vikrama rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt 136 varSa meM saurASTra ke vallabhIpura meM huA thA / ' isa vidvAna AcArya ke anusAra zvetAmbaroM kI utpatti kA kAraNa pUNya "bhadravAha" ke ziSya prAcArya zAMtisUra ke zivya jinacandrA duSTa paura vyabhicArI jIvana thA / " 112 kisa bhadrabAhu kA yahAM ullekha kiyA gayA hai yaha spaSTa nahIM hai yadi vaha candragupta maurya kAlIna bhadrabAhu hI haiM to matabheda kA ukta samaya ThIka nahIM ho sakatA hai / parantu digambara dantakathAnusAra candragupta maurya ke samaya meM par3e mahA duSkAla ke kAraNa bhadrabAhu aura unake ziSyagaNa uttara se dakSiNa deza meM cale gae the aura usake pariNAma svarUpa zvetAmbara aura digambara do sampradAyoM meM janasaMgha ke vibhakta ho jAne kA anumAna satya ho to yaha nirvivAda haiM ki vaha bhadrabAhu vahI honA cAhie gramya nahIM yAne bhadrabAhu bhutakevalI / devasenasUri ne yahI bAta 'bhAvasaMgraha' meM bhI kahI hai, parantu usameM bhadrabAhu ke jIvana se sambandhita duSkAna ke viSaya meM bhI vaha kucha kaha detA hU~ vahAM bhI jinacandra ko usI pRthya rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai para adhika meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki utsUtra mArga para calane ke lie upAlambha die jAne para usane apane gurU zAMtisUri kA vadha hI kara diyA thaa| grabhibhUta karane vAlI bAta to yaha hai ki yahAM bhI isa sampradAya bheda kI tithi vahI kahI gaI hai / " isa prakAra donoM dantakathAnoM meM nirdiSTa bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM spaSTa hI kucha bhrama yA apUrNatA hai / ho sakatA hai ki inameM kisI dUsare bhadrabAhu kA ullekha kiyA gayA ho, athavA aitihAsika ghaTanA ke sambandha meM kAlakrama kA vicAra kie binA hI dantakathA banA dI gaI ho| ye donoM hI dantakathAeM nirdoSa hoM isalie bhaTTAraka rAjanaMdI ne bhadrabAhucarita meM yaha adhika kaha diyA hai ki bhadrabAhu ke samaya meM ardhaphAlaka (ardha-vastra paridhAna kie ) ke nAma se matabheda prArambha huA aura sthUlabhadra ne jaba isa parivartana karanevAle kA virodha kiyA to usako mAra DAlA gyaa| isake bahuta samaya pazcAt vallabhIpura meM rAjA kI rAnI ujjAvinI ke rAjA kI putrI candralekhA ke kAraNa anta meM do alaga sampradAya bana hI gae / " 1. isa umpattI kahiyA, sevaiyANaM ca bhaggamadvANaM prAdidevasenasUri bhAvasaMgraha (sonIsampAdita), gAyA 160, pU. 39 dekho premI, darzanAsAra, pu. 57 micchAmi mo... yadi Avazyaka sUtra pu. 324 1 2. chattIne varivasae... sora... uparaNo sevaDo saMgho premI, darzanasAra gAthA 11 pR. 7 3. vahI, gAthA 12-15 / 4. sIse sIsegA dohadaMDeNa / premI. vahI, pR. 561 gAthA 137, pR. 351 dekho premI vahI, pR. 35 1 6. premI, nahI. pU. 60 digambaroM ke anusAra 'bhadrabAhu mahAvIra ke pazcAt dhAveM dhara ke samaya meM artha phAlaka nAma kA eka zithilAcArI sampradAya huA jiname zvetAmbaroM kA vartamAna sampradAya vikasita humA hai|' dAsaguptA, vahI bhAga pR. 170 * thaviro dhAeNa mujhe... Adi / devasenasUri, vahI, gAthA 153, pR. 38 | dekho 5. chattIsa varisasae... soraTTe uppaNNoM sevaDasaMgho...yAdi / devasenasUri, vahI,
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________________ 64 ] isake viparIta meM eka anya dantakathA yaha kahatI hai ki sthUlabhadra kA hI digambaroM ke nagnatatva ke prati ghora virodha thA aura usake pazcAt usake ziSya mahAgiri ne 'nagnatA ke prAdarza ko punarujjIvita kiyaa| vaha maccA sAdhU thA aura yaha mAnatA thA ki sthUlabhadra ke zAsana meM dharma meM bahuta zithilatA praveza kara gaI thii| unake isa pracAra kArya kA suhasti ne virodha kiyaa| yaha muhasti mahAgiri ke nIce aneka jainasaMgha netAoM meM se eka thaa| pakSAntara meM zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra isa paMthabheda kA mUla nIce likhI bAtoM meM dIkhatA hai / rahavIra gAMva meM zivabhUti athavA sahasamalla nAma kA eka vyakti rahatA thA / eka samaya usakI mAtA usase aprasanna ho gaI isase vaha ghara chor3a kara calA gayA aura jaina sAdhU bana gyaa| sAdhU kI dIkSA lene ke bAda rAjA ne use eka mUlyavAna kambala bheMTa kiyA aura vaha usase abhimAnI ho gyaa| usake gurU ne isakI aora usakA dhyAna dilAyA to vaha taba se hI nagna rahane lgaa| aura usane phira digambara sampradAya calA diyaa| usakI bahana uttarA ne bhI apane bhAI kA anukaraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA / parantu striyAM nagna raheM yaha ucita nahIM lagane se zivabhUti ne usase kaha diyA ki 'strI mukti kI adhikArigI nahIM hotI hai| isa paMtha bheda kI tithi zvetAmbara mahAvIra ke pazcAt 609 varSa kahate haiN| mahAvIra nirvANa aura vikrama ke bIca 470 varSa ke antara ke anusAra yaha ghaTanA vi. saM. 139 meM par3atI hai| isa prakAra tithi ke viSaya meM donoM hI prAyaH sammata haiM kyoMki digambara vikrama pazcAta 136 varSa meM aura zvetAmbara vi, saM. 139 meM paMthabheda hagrA kahate haiM / samaya ke viSaya meM isa prakAra aikya hote hue bhI kAraNoM ke viSaya meM donoM meM tanika bhI aikya nahIM hai| jinacandra aura zivabhUti aitihAsika kI apekSA kAlpanika vyakti hI lagate haiM kyoMki donoM sampradAyoM kI paTTAvaliyoM meM aise kisI vyakti kA nAma nahIM haiM / isI se digambara vidvAna zrI nAthUrAma premI kahate haiM ki isa para se hama yaha anumAna kara kate haiM ki donoM meM se koI bhI sampradAya bheda kI utpatti nahIM jAnatA hai| kucha na kucha likhanA yA kahanA cAhie isa dRSTi se bAda meM jo jisake mastiSka meM pAyA usane vaisA hI likha diyA hai / kucha kaTu hote hue bhI kahanA hogA ki donoM sampradAya mahAvIra ke samaya jambU taka jo ki mahAvIra ke nirvAgA ke pazcAt 64 veM varSa yAne I. pUrva 403 meM nirvANa hae the, ke gurunoM kI vaMzAvalI svIkAra karate haiM / " jambU ke pazcAt donoM pakSa apane gurupoM kI bhinna-bhinna vaMzAvaliyoM dete haiN| parantu candragupta ke samaya meM hue bhadrabAhu ko donoM hI svIkAra karate haiN|' satya to yaha hai ki ina saba paraspara virodhI dantakathAnoM meM se satya bAta kA patA laga nahIM sakatA hai aura i-lie jaina samAja ke isa mahAn sampradAya-bheda kI nizcita tithi batAnA eka dama hI kaThina hai| 1. zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 73 / 2. vahI, . 74 / 'mere vicAra se ye bheda prArya mahAgiri aura pAryasuhasti ke samaya se spaSTa rUpa se vyakta hue haiN|' jhaverI, nirvANakalikA, prastAvanA. pR. 7 / 3. upAdhyAya dharma mAgara kI pravacanaparIkSA meM yaha kathA dI gaI hai / dekho hIrAlAla haMsarAja, vahI, bhAga 2, pR. 15 / boDiyasivaiuttarAhi imaMya |...rhviirpure samuppaNaM / AvazyakasUtra, pR. 324 / 4. chavAsasayAI navuttarAI tabhayA siddhi gayassa vIrassa / to koDiyAraNa diTTI rahavIrapure samuppaNNA // vahI, pR. 328 | "digambaroM kI utpatti zivabhUti se kahI jAtI hai (I. san 83) zvetAmbaroM dvArA aura usakA kAraNa prAcIna zvetAmbaroM meM bheda par3a jAnA kAraNa batAyA jAtA hai|'...daas guptA, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 17 1 5. prema, vahI, pR. 30 / 6. dekho zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR 69 ! 7. dekho premI vahI aura vahI sthaan| ..
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________________ [ isa kaThinAI ke sAtha-sAtha do bAteM aura hameM vizeSa rUpa se lakSa meM rakhane kI haiN| pahalI yaha ki donoM kA virodha jaina sAdhU nagna raheM athavA apane zarIra ko Dhakane ke lie eka yA adhika vastra rakheM isa prazna para hai / dUsarI yaha ki donoM meM sampradAyabheda ke samaya ke viSaya meM sarvaM sAdhAraNa eka mAnyatA hai / donoM sampradAyoM ke nAma hI unake artha kA sUcana karate haiN| dizA rUpa vastra hai jinakA aise digambaroM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki sAdhu ke lie eka dama nagnatA Avazyaka hai| dUsarI sampradAya kA zveta vastra pahanane vAle yaha artha hotA hai| mahAvIra nagna rahate the ise zvetAmbara bhI svIkAra karate haiN| phira bhI ve kahate haiM ki vastra ke upayoga mAtra se hI uccatama mokSa pada ruka nahIM sakatA hai / " yadi yaha nirNaya satya ho to jainadharma ke mUla meM kauna sampradAya honA cAhie isa viSaya meM donoM ko hI vAdavivAda karanA Avazyaka nahIM hai kyoMki unakI mAnyatAnusAra to jainadharma Adi aura anta rahita hai / aitihAsika gaura sAhityika dRSTi se hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki zvetAmbara mahAvIra kI apekSA pArzvanAtha kA adhika anusaraNa kara rahe haiN| pakSAntara meM digambara pArzvanAtha kI apekSA mahAvIra ke adhika nikaTa haiM kyoMki mahAvIra ne apanA sAdhu jIvana nagnAvasthA meM hI bitAyA thA aura pArzvanAtha evam unake anuyAyI savastra jIvana bitAte the / isake sivA yadi zvetAmbaroM ke zAstrIya pramANa svIkAra kie jAe to eka kadama dhAge bar3ha kara yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki digambaroM ne mahavIra ke vacanoM kA jahAM prakSaraza: pAlana kiyA hai vahAM zvetAmbaroM ne kisI bhI niyama kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA hai kyoMki mahAvIra ne apanI nirvikalpa dhyAnastha avasthA meM jo anubhava kiyA use cAhe jisa pAdhyAtmika dazA meM unake anuyAyI cipake raheM, aisI unakI dhAraNA nahIM thI / 65 itanA hone para bhI jainadharma ke mUla meM donoM meM se kauna hai yaha prazna hI carcA kA viSaya nahIM hai kyoMki janasaMgha meM jainadharma kA prAvi dhanuyAyI kona hai athavA kauna ho sakatA hai isakA nirNaya karanA hI kaThina hai| itihAsa ke abhyAsiyoM kA yaha viSaya nahIM hai| unakI khoja kA viSaya yadi kucha hai to yahI ki jainasaMgha meM yaha paMthabheda kisa samaya huA thA? jo tathya hameM prApta haiM usako vicAra pUrvaka samIkSA karanA bhI hamAre lie sambhava nahIM hai| hama kucha kara sakate haiM to itanA hI ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM maMgaliputta jaba apane manasvI mata kI prarUpaNA kI / taba hI isa sampradAya bheda kA kIr3A janasaMgha ko laga gayA thA usakI mRtyu ke bAda grAjIvakoM kA bala bhI bahuta ghaTa gayA thA phira bhI kucha nigaMTha aise the ki jo nagnatA, kamaNDalu kI anAvazyakatA, jIvana viSayaka upekSA, daNDa kA vizeSa cinha aura anya aneka bAtoM meM thAjIvakoM ke sAtha sahAnubhUti rakhate the / " yaha sahAnubhUti bahuta sambhava hai ki bhadrabAhu ke samaya meM hI batAI gaI hogI jaba ki digambaroM kI mAnyatAnusAra paMthabheda kA zrIgaNeza 1. tapasviyoM meM nagnatA mahAvIra kAla meM 'praveka sampradAyoM meM vyavahAra meM thI, parantu bauddha evam anya aneka jo ki isako jaMgalI mora prazobhana mAnate the, unameM yaha nidita gahina bhI thii|" iliyaTa, vahI, pR. 112 / 2. dekho yAkobI, sebuI pusta. 119-129 "saMbhAvanA yaha lagatI hai ki sadA se saMgha meM do mata yA pakSa rahe the / vRddha aura nirbala jo ki vastra pahanate the aura jo pArzvanAtha ke samaya se cale A rahe the aura jo sthavikalpI kahe jAte the / zvetAmbaroM ke prAdhyAtmika gurU ye hI haiN| dUsarA pakSa thA jinakalliyoM kA jo mahAvIra kI bhAMti hI niyama kA akSaraza: pAlana karate the aura ye hI digambaroM ke agradUta hai|" zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 79 1 3. haranolI, vahI, pR. 267 Adi /
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________________ 661 pahale pahala huA thA / ' parantu taba to yaha bheda spaSTa prakAza meM nahIM AyA hogaa| phira jaba hama sthUlabhadra aura Arya mahAgiri kI dantakathAoMoM kA vicAra karate haiM aura I. san kI pahalI sadI ke anta taka pahuMcane haiM to hameM jainasaMgha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara bheda kI mAnyatAeM spaSTa rUpa se dikhalAI detI haiM / " yadyapi donoM sampradAyoM dvArA prastuta kI gaI dantakathAeM pratiraMjita aura nirbodha dikhalAI detI haiM phira bhI eka bAta unase spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina itihAsa ke isa vizeSa samaya meM koI aisI vicitra yA sAdhAraNa ghaTanA ghaTita huI hogI ki jo ina saba sAhityika dantakathAoM ke lie kAraNabhUta kahI jA sakatI haiN| phira bhI hama aisA nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki donoM sampradAyoM kA matabheda yahIM se vastutaH hai kyoMki mathurA ke zilAlekhoM meM hameM kitane hI aise tathya milate haiM ki jo yaha prakaTa karate haiM ki donoM sampradAyoM meM usa samaya bhI aneka vastueM eka thI jo ki paravartI kAla meM donoM meM carcA kA viSaya ho gii| : vastusthiti ko aura bhI spaSTa karane ke lie hama aisA bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jo mukhya tathya donoM sampradAyoM meM matabheda ke viSaya haiM ye haiM mahAvIra ke garbha kA apaharaNa, strImukti aura kevalImukti jinako digambara amAnya karate haiM aura zvetAmbara mAnya phira jainoM kA prAcIna dhAgama sAhitya nAma ho gayA vaha bhI digambara kahate haiM / " kitane hI vidhividhAnoM aura sAmAnya bAtoM ko chor3a deM to ye hI mukhya tathya donoM sampradAyoM ke matabheda ke haiM / ! 1 mathurA kI zilpakalA kA vicAra karate hue patA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke garbhApahAra ke zilpa meM mahAvIra ko nagna dikhAyA gayA hai / zilpa meM nemesa ke vAma ghuTane ke pAsa eka choTe grAkAra kA sAdhU khar3A dikhAyA hai vaha mahAvIra hI hai / zilpazAstrI ne usa prasaMga ko pradarzita karane ke uddeza se sAdhU ke upakaraNa bhI dikhAe haiN| aura mahAvIra ke taba taka janma nahIM lene evam prarhatpada prApta nahIM karane ke kAraNa hI unheM itane laghu AkAra meM batAyA gayA hai / " isa prakAra mathurA ke eka hI zilpa meM digambaroM kI nagnatA kI mAnyatA aura zvetAmbaroM ke garbhApahAra kI mAnyatA donoM hI grA jAtI haiN| isase yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki I. san kI pahalI sadI taka to donoM sampradAyoM kA paMca-bheya nizcaya hI utpanna nahIM huA thaa| phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainamUrti zAstra prArambha meM jaina tIrtha karoM ko nagna hI banAnA hai aura adhika nahIM to kama se kama san kI dUsarI sadI taka to aisA hI manamohana cakravatI udayagirI aura Dara 1. isase aisA lagatA hai ki jainasaMgha kA digambara aura zvetAmbara meM vibhAjana, jainadharma ke prArambha meM hI pAyA jAtA hai / isakA eka mAtra kAraNa mahAvIra aura gozAla, do sahayogI netAoM kA pArasparika virodha hai jo ki do virodhI sampradAyoM kA netRtva karate the| haranolI vahI, pR. 268 E 2. nirvANakalikA kI prastAvanA meM zrI jhaverI likhate haiM ki 'isa grantha kI prazasti se aisA mAlUma denA hai ki vikrama kI pahalI zatI meM digambara aura zvetAmbara nAma se do sampradAya jainasaMgha meM astitva meM the / siddhasena divAkara kI stutiyoM kI prazasti se bhI prAcInakAla meM aise sampradAyoM ke astitva kA samarthana hotA hai / ' prastAvanA pR. 7 / 3. terA kiyaM maraNamevaM itthIyAM pratthi tanmane mokkho / kevalarANINa puNo grahakkhANaM tahA rozro // aMbarasaha vijaI sijjhai vIrassa gavmacArataM / premI, vahI, gAthA 13-14, pR. 81 4. usake (nemesa ke) vAma ghuTane ke pAsa eka choTA nagna puruSa khar3A hai jisake bAeM hAtha meM sAdhu kI bhAMti vastra hai aura dAyAM hAtha UMcA uThA huA hai|' vhUlara, epI. iNDi., pusta. 2, pR. 316 5. vahI, pR. 317
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________________ [ 67 ke smArakoM ke viSaya meM likhate hue kahate haiM ki 'mAtra tIrtha kara hI nagnAvasthA meM dekhe jAte haiN| kisI kisI sthAna meM ve bhI vastra pahane dikhAe jAte haiM jahAM ki unake mAnavI jIvana ke dRzya yA prasaMga batAe gae haiM, striyoM, rAjAroM devoM, arhatoM, gaMdhavoM aura paricArakoM ko bahudhA vastra sahita batAyA gayA hai| mathurA zilpa meM nartakiyAM, azvAsura aura kucha tApasa digambara yAne nagna batAe gae haiN| kabhI-kabhI striyAM bhI nagna batAI gaI haiM, parantu sUkSma dRSTi se dekhane para unameM vastra kI sUkSama rekhAeM dikhalAI par3atI haiM ki jisameM se zarIra kI maror3a pArapAra dIva pAtI hai|' paravartI itihAsa meM varAhamihira ne apane vRhatsaMhitA grantha meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA varNana ina zabdoM meM kiyA hai- "janoM ke deva nagna, yuvAna, svarUpavAna, zAMta mukha mudrA vAle aura ghuTanoM taka lambe hAthoM vAle citrita kie jAte haiN| isa prakAra IsavI san ke prArambha taka jainasaMgha meM do pRthaka sampradAya jaibhA kucha bhI yadyapi nahIM dekhA jAtA hai, phira bhI itanA to svIkAra karanA hI hogA ki mahAna duSkAla ke samaya kI bhadrabAhu kI aura IsavI san 50 kI jinacandra aura zivabhUti kI kathAeM usa mahAna paMthabheda ke itihAsa kI suspaSTaya vasthAeM haiM, jisane ki, lekhaka ke matAnusAra, IsavI pUrva 250 meM mahAvIra nirvANa mAnate hue devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI pramukhatA meM IsavI 5vIM sadI meM jaba dUsarI pariSada milI taba do spaSTa sampradAyoM meM antima rUpa se pRthaka-pRthaka kara diyA thaa| parantu aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki aise spaSTa sampradAya isa samaya se kucha pUrva hI ho gae hoM aura samagra jaina siddhAnta ke antima sthirikaraNa evam uma rUpa meM lekhana ne, kucha siddhAntoM aura kUcha vizvAsoM kI vibhinnatA ke sAtha inheM jainasaMgha ke samakSa do spaSTa vibhAgoM meM antataH prastuta kara diyA ho| ise aise yuga kA jaba ki saba bAteM likha-likhAkara saMhitAbaddha kI jA rahI thI svAbhAvika samanupAta bhI nirApade kahA jA sakatA hai| pazcima bhArata kI guphAoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para zrI jemsa barDa yahI samaya isa mahAn sampradAya bheda kA svIkAra karatA hai aura isa nirNaya para pahuMcatA hai ki "digambara jainoM kI utpatti I. san 436 ke AsapAsa honA ina guphAoM kI tithi se bhI mela khA jAtA hai| kAThiyAvAr3a meM sthita pAlItAraNA ke jaina mandiroM kI kathA "zatrujayamAhAtmya bhI digambaroM kI utpatti kA samaya yahI nizcita karatI hai / isa paMthabheda ke itihAsa kA upasaMhAra, saMkSepa meM, sara cArlsa IliyaTa ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai ki "saMbhavatayA digambara aura zvetAmbara bheda jainadharma kI zaizavAvasthA se hI cale pAte hoM aura zvetAmbara hI vaha prAcIna sampradAya ho jisako mahAvIra ne saMskArita athavA garutara kiyA ho| hameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki "vardhamAna ke niyama vastra kA niSedha karate haiM, parantu purasAdAnI mArzva ke niyama eka adho aura eka upari isa prakAra do vastroM kI AjJA dete haiM parantu yaha paMtha bheda bahata varSoM bAda nizcita rUpa meM usa samaya prakaTa ho hI gayA ki jaba donoM ke zAstroM kA pRthaka-pRthaka nirmANa huA / " 1. manamohana cakravartI, noTsa prAna dI rimensa prAna dhaulI eNDa ina dI kenja Apha udayagiri eNDa khaMDagiri, 2. vRhatsaMhitA, adhyA. 59, rAeso patrikA, nayI mAlA saM. 4 pR. 328 meM karna kA anuvAda / dekho (pR. / / cakravartI, manamohana, vahI aura vahI sthaan| 3. dekho premI, vahI, pR. 3 / / 4. yaha nizcita lagatA hai ki I. san 454 meM saba zAstra likha liye gae the aura unakI pratiyAM bhI aneka imalie karAI gaI ki koI bhI pramukha upAzraya unake binA nahIM raha jaae| -"zrImatI sTIvansana, vahIM, pa. 15 / 5. barDa, hisTorikala risarceja, pu. 72 / 6. IliyaTa, vahI, pR. 112 /
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________________ 63 1 jainasaMgha ke isa paMthabheda kA pUrva itihAsa itanA adhika guphita hote hae bhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM mampradAyoM meM vAstavika bheda bahuta hI alpa hai| kitane hI siddhAntika aura vidhividhAna kI bAtoM meM donoM meM matabheda bar3A avazya hai phira bhI aneka virodhAtmaka tathya anAvazyaka aura parokSa haiM / Adhunika yuga ke atyanta sammAnya aura atyanta dharmiSTha zrI rAyacandrajI ke vicAra bahuta kucha aise hI haiN| ve eka mahAn tatvajJa aura AdhyAtmika vyakti the aura unake vicAra prAja bhI aneka vyaktiyoM ko svIkArya haiN| - "digambaroM ne, "DaoN. dAsaguptA kahatA hai ki, zvetAmbaroM se bahuta prAcIna kAla meM hI pRthaka hokara apane. vizepa dhArmika kriyA kANDa raca liye aura apanA pathaka dhArmika aura sAhityaka itihAsa bhI banA liyA hAlAMki pramukha siddhAnta ke viSaya meM donoM meM kucha bhI antara nahIM dIkhatA hai / " tAtvika dRSTi se donoM sampradAeM isa prakAra paraspara vizeSa bhinna nahIM hai / jo bhI antara unameM haiM vaha saba vyApArika bAtoM kA haiM aura vilsana ThIka hI kahatA hai ki "unakA pArasparika vidvaSa jamA ki sAmAnyataH hotA hai, usakI utpatti ke mUla kI apekSA tIvratA meM prati hI asantulita hai|"3 jainasaMgha ke isa dusare paMthabheda ko yahI samApta kara aba hama zvetAmbara jainoM ke pramUrti pUjaka bheda kA bhI vicAra kara leM jinheM Aja kala diyA athavA sthAnakavAsI kahA jAtA hai| jainadharma ke itihAsa meM yaha paMthabheda bahuta hI pIche se hamA aura yaha kahane meM bhI kucha Apatti nahIM hai ki bhAratavarSa ke dhArmika mAnasa para musalamA kI sIdhA prabhAva hI vaha kahA jA sakatA hai| zrImatI sTIvansana kahatI haiM ki "musalamAna vijaya kA eka aora to yaha prabhAva huA ki mUrtimaMjakoM ke virodha meM aneka jaina apane mUrtipUjaka jaina sAthiyoM ke atyanta nikaTa prA gae to dUsarI ora yaha bhI huA ki usane kucha ko mUrtipUjA se bilakula calita bhI kara diyaa| koI bhI porvAtya apane paurvIya bandhu dvArA mUrtipUjA virodhI pracAra kA cItkAra isako aucitya kA mana meM saMdeha jagAe binA suna hI nahIM sakatA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki gujarAta ke pramukha nagara ahamadAbAda meM jo ki usa samaya musalamAnI prabhAva meM atyAdhika thA, hI isa zaMkA ke pahale pahala cinha hameM dikhalAI die / lagabhaga I. 1452 meM pramUrtipUjaka prathama jaina sampradAya yAne laukA sampradAya kA udbhava hugrA aura I. 1653 meM phira diyA yA sthAnakavAsI sampradAya astitva meM AyA / yaha eka Azcarya kI hI bAta hai ki bhArata kI yaha pravRtti yorapa kI lyUthara aura pavitrapaMthI IsAI sampradAyoM kI hI samakAlika hai|"4 - jainasaMgha ke isa sampradAya ke viSaya meM adhika kahane kI yahAM aAvazyakatA nahIM hai kyoMki yaha hamAre nirdiSTa kAla se bahuta hI bAda kA hai| parantu jainasaMgha meM Aja pAe jAne vAle bhinna bhinna sampradAyoM ke viSaya meM itanA kahanA hI paryApta hogA ki digambara sampradAya cAra upasampradAyoM meM Aja vibhakta hai aura zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka 84 gacchoM meM ebam sthAnakavAsI 11 ToloM meN| IsavI dasavIM sadI ke pUrva inameM se kisI bhI vibhAga kA janma 1. vivAdasabaMndhIni vahani sthalAni tu aprayojanAyamAnAnyeva tayoH / -rAyacandajI, bhagavatIsUtra, jinAgama prakAza sabhA, prastAvanA, pR. 6 / 2. dAsaguptA, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 170 / 3. vilsana, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 340 4. zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 19 / 5. digambaraH punaryAnyaliMgA: pANipAtrAzca / te caturdhA, kASThAsaMdha ___-mUlasaMgha-mAthurasaMgha-gopyasaMghamedAta-premI, vahI, pR. 44 / 6. dekho zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 13 /
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________________ [ 69 nahIM huA thA aura sthAnakavAsI jainoM ko chor3akara aneka bheda to Aja lopa bhI ho gae haiN| yadi Aja bhI kucha astitva meM hoMge to unameM zvetAmbara digambara virodha jaisA paraspara spaSTa tiraskAra yA kaTutA kadAcita hogii| Mei yahAM yaha kaha denA bhI Avazyaka hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya se kaho yA usake pahale se hI matabheda kA yaha svara yA pAgalapana jainadharma kI yaha vizeSatA hI pratIta hotI hai| bhAratavarSa ke anya dharmoM meM aisA pAgalapana hai yA nahIM kucha bhI nahIM kaha sakatA hU~ parantu itanA to spaSTa hI mAlUma hotA hai ki unameM manabheda jainoM kI jitanI sImA taka kabhI nahIM pahuMcA hogaa| 2000 varSa se adhika ke isa antara kAla meM janasaMgha ke jIvana meM jo mata bheda utpanna hue ve adhikAMza nimna kAraNoM se hI udbhUta hue lagate haiN| inameM se kitane hI to mahAvIra ke kathana kI gairasamajha yA visaMvAda se hue haiN| dUsare isa kAraNa se ki jainadharma grahaNa karanevAle jima deza aura jAti meM utpanna hue the ve inakI viziSTa paristhitiyoM aura sayAMgoM ko nahIM chor3a pAe the, dhaura tIsare isase ki jaina sAdhuyoM ke mukhI yA khAsa khAsa mAcAyoM kI mAnyatA pRthaka pRthaka hotI jA rahI thI evam jaina mAdhusaMghoM kA pArasparika mana bheda ke kAraNa baDha gayA thA / 2 meM khar3A hai yahI 'jainadharma grAja paryanta jIvita dharma rUpa bhAratavarSa se adRzya hI ho gayA hai / " ina saba matabhedoM aura sampradAyoM ke hote hue bhI, eka vilakSaNa bAta hai. jaba ki bauddhadharma apanI janmabhUmi sarasarI dRSTi se dekhane para yaha eka vicitra sA hI bhAsatA hai. kintu zrI IliyaTa kahatA hai ki 'isakI zakti aura jIvita rahanA usake gRhastha dhanuyAyoM kI prIti sampAdana karane aura unheM eka rUpa meM saMgaThita karane kI zakti ke kendrita hai| pakSAntara meM bauddhoM meM bhikSusaMgha hI vastutaH bauddhadharma mAnA jAne lagA thA aura jana samudAya (jaisA kI cIna aura jApAna meM vastutaH huA haiM vaise hI ) anya dhArmika saMs ke samAna isa bhikSusaMgha ko apane se bAhara kI vastu mAna bhikSuoM ko pUjya puruSoM kI bhAMti pUjane laga gayA thaa| maThoM aura vihAroM meM gandagI phailane lagI yA unakA nAza kiyA gayA to jivita bauddhadharma jaisA kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rahA / parantu jainoM ke paribhramaNa karane vAle sAdhutroM ne dharma kI sArI sattA apane meM itanI kendrita nahIM kI thI aura unake anuzAsana kI kaThoratA se unakI saMkhyA bhI rudA hI parimita rahI thI / gRhastha dhanavAna the aura eka saMgha banA kara rahate the aura atyAcAra unheM sadA utsAhavardhaka rahatA thA / pariNAma yaha huA ki jaina jAti yahUdiyoM, pArasiyoM, kvekaroM Adi T phira jaba bauddhadharma 1. ina saba ke udAharaNa svarUpa hama pahalA sAta ninhavoM aura digambara zvetAmbara bheda ko sthAna deMge jinakA ki vicAra hama kara hI cuke haiN| dUsarA udAharaNa hama prosavAla, zrImAla kA bheda kA deMge jisameM ki zrImAla, zrImAla yA bhillamAla (Adhunika bhImala, mAravAr3a ke dhura dakSiNa kA) gAMva ke nAma se pAte haiM / ' (epI. iNDi., pusta. 2, pR. 41), aura tIsarA udAharaNa haiM zvetAmbaro ke 84 gaccha bheda jinameM se upA kharatara aura aMcala gaccha hI vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| inameM se kharataragaccha jina paristhitiyoM meM udbhava huA ve isa prakAra kahI jAtI hai jinadatta eka abhimAnI vyakti the| unakA yaha abhimAna unake die tuTaka uttaroM meM spaSTa dIkhatA hai jinakA ki sumatigari ne ullekha kiyA hai| isIlie vaha varatara kahalAne lage the vyaMga ko sammAnasUcaka samajha khuzI se svIkAra kara liyA hIrAlAla haMsarAja, vahI bhAga 2, 2. IliyaTa vahI, pR. 122 1 parantu unane isa paM. 19-20 3. DA. haranonI niHsaMdeha yaha ThIka hI kahate haiM ki jaina zrAvakoM yaha uttama saMgaThana jainasaMgha ke bar3e mahatva kA rahA hogA, yahI nahIM apitu bhAratavarSa meM jainadharma ke apanI sthiti banAe kAraNa mI rahA hogA jaba ki isako atyanta pramukha pratidvandvI bauddhadhamaM brAhmaNoM kI pratikriyA bilakula jhAr3apuMcha hI gayA thaa| zApeMTiyara kehi mA. 1. pR. 168 169 1 samasta jIvana meM rakhane kA pradhAna dvArA deza se
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________________ 701 jAtiyoM kI hI bhAMti ho gaI ki jinameM gRhasthoM kA zrImaMtapana, thor3A yA bahata kriyAkANDapana aura atyAcArasahanazIlatA Adi samAna lakSaraNa haiN|'' dUsare vidvAnoM kI bhI aisI hI mAnyatA hai / parantu jaba hama jainadharma ko TikAe rakhane vAlI saba paristhitiyoM kA vicAra karate haiM to aneka anya kAraNoM kI upekSA bhI hama nahIM kara sakate haiN| yadi sAdhAraNa samudAya ke lie jainadharma mukta karane se yaha Tika makA ho to sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI kahanA hogA ki bauddhadharma kI apekSA saMkucita pracAra kArya aura pUjA ke mukhya kendroM ke lie cune gae ekAMta sthAna bhI isa sthAyitva ke kAraNa haiN| isase musalamAna atyAcAroM aura brAhmaNoM ke punarutthAna ke dabAba meM bhI jainadharma sahI salAmata TikA raha sakA thA jaba ki bauddha dharma hindUdharma ke dabAva ke nIce bhAratavarSa meM bilakUla hI daba gayA thaa| "jainoM ko nAstika mAnate hue bhI brAhmaNoM ne unake prati dikhAI sahiSNutA se usa samaya aneka boddhoM ne jainasampradAya meM pAzraya le liyA / " isa prakAra jahAM taka musalamAnoM kI sattA ne "rASTra kI dhArmika, rAjasika, aura sAmAjika sattA ko tor3a nahIM diyA aura choTI-choTI jAtiyoM, samAjoM tathA dharmoM ke lie sarvatra anudAratA dikhAI vahAM taka jainoM ne apanI hasti TikAe hI rakhI thii| DaoN. zArpaTiyara aura DaoN. yakobI ke anusAra bhArata meM bahata se sampradAya naSTa ho gae the taba jainadharma ke Tike rahane kA kAraNa mahAvIra ke samaya se cale pAte siddhAntoM se dRr3hatA ke sAtha cipake rahane kI utkaTa lagna yA 1. IliyaTa, vahI, pR. 122 / bauddhoM meM bhI upAsakoM aura bhikSutroM kA saMgaThana aisA hI thA, parantu jaisA ki smitha kahatA hai, upAsakoM ke saMgha kI apekSA unane adhikAMzatayA upasampadA prApta bhikSu-saMgha para bharosA kiyA thaa| dekho smitha, pAksapharDa hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, 1.52 / jainoM meM donoM pakSoM ke sambandhI adhika saMtulita the aura isalie unakA sAmAjika saMtulana sthira thA / dekho zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 67; maikaDonyela, iNDiyAja pAsTa, pR. 70 / 2. DaoN. haranolI kA isa viSaya para baMgAla kI eziyATika sosAiTI meM 1898 meM die ma bhApati-pada ke bhASaNa meM vivecana advitIya rUpa se prakAzavAna thA kyoMki usameM jainoM ke saMgaThana meM zrAvakoM ko prArambha se hI upAdAna mUlaka bhAga kA sthAna prApta, isa bAta para unane pUrA-pUrA bala diyA hai / bauddhasaMgha meM, pakSAntara meM, upAsakavarga ko koI bhI praupacArika mAnyatA nahIM thii| isa prakAra "jaina sAdhAraNa ke sAMsArika jIvana meM vistRta stara ke sAtha sambandha ke abhAva meM bauddhadharma bArahavIM aura terahavIM sadI meM hue unake bhikSu-bihAroM para ke musalamAnoM ke ghora aAkramaNoM ke sAmane Tike rahane meM azakta hI nahIM rahA, apitu deza kI bhUmi se lopa hI ho gayA / " zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI. prastA. pa. 12 / dekho zATiyara, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 168-169; haranolI, baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI, vivaraNa-patrikA, 1898, pR. 53 / 3. "...bauddhoM kI apekSA nyUna sAhasI parantu adhika paricitanazIla hone aura usakI bhI prArambhika avasthA kI sI makriya pracAravRtti nahIM rakha kara jainadharma ne apekSAkRta taMga parisImoM meM zAMta jIvana bitAne meM santuSTha rahA aura isIlie Aja bhI pazcimI aura dakSiNI bhArata na kevala sampanna muni sasthA hI usakI dIkha rahI hai apitu zrAvaka bhI saMkhyA meM kama hote hue bhI prabhAvazAlI dhanI haiM / zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, prastAvanA pR.12 / 'apratirodhaka zikhara para nahIM pahuMca kara. parantu sAtha hI pratispardhI bauddha dharma kI bhAMti apanI janmabhUmi me se sampUrNatayA vilopa bhI nahIM hayA hai / zATiyara. vahI, pR. 169-170 / 4. dekho kuka, eMrie, bhAga 2, pR. 496 / 5. TIle. vahI, pR. 141 / 6. bArtha, vahI, pR. 152 /
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________________ tatparatA hI mAlUma hotI hai| "choTI sI janajAti kI apane mUla siddhAntoM aura saMsthAnoM ko cipake rahane kI grAgrahapUrNa anudAratA hI bahuta karake ghora atyAcAroM ke sAmane use TikAe rakhane kA mukhya kAraNa hai kyoMki bahuta samaya pUrva, jaisA ki DaoN. yAkobI kahatA hai, yAne I. pUrva lagabhaga 300 meM bhadrabAhu ke samaya meM prathama paMthabheda huA taba se hI jainadharma ke mukhya siddhAnta bahuta kucha apavartita hI rahe haiM / isake sivA yadyapi sAdhugroM aura gRhasthoM ke lie kitane hI sAmAnya anuzAsana niyama jo ki zAstra meM dekhane meM pAte haiM, anupayogI aura vismRta ho gae hoM phira bhI ainA nizaMka kahA jA sakatA hai ki do hajAra varSa pUrva jo dhArmika jIvana thA lagabhaga vahIM grAja bhI vaisA hI dIkha par3atA hai / yaha to svIkAra karanA hI par3egA ki pheraphAroM kA ekadama asvIkAra hI jainadharma ke sudRr3ha astitva kA kAraNa ho gayA hai|"| vaha anudAra svabhAva jaina samAja ke lie jaisI ki Aja bhI usakI sthiti hai, lAbhadAyaka hai yA nahIM, yaha bhArI zaMkAspada bAta hai / aAja ke samakAlika dharmoM ke adhyetA ko vaha viparIta hI lagatA hogA / sthiti sthApakatA meM asahiSNutA, asthiratA aura dhArmika daMbha ke cinha hI use dIkha par3eMge / utsarga-lekhoM aura anya pramAraNoM se sara cArlsa IliyaTa kahatA hai ki "ina ullekhoM se hama jAnate haiM ki jaina jAti bahuta se upavibhAgoM paura sampradAyoM kI banI hai. para isase hameM yaha vicAra kara lenA nahIM cAhie ki bhinna-bhinna gurU eka dUsare ke prati vaimasya rakhate the / parantu unakA astitva yaha pramANita karatA hai ki unakI pravRtti aura vyAkhyA kI svatantratA hI grAja ke aneka upasampradAyoM kA kAraNa hoNgii|" parantu eka bAta bilakula spaSTa hai aura vaha yaha ki mArI jaina samAja ke mAmAnya hita kA vicAra kie binA ye saba bhinna bhinna gurU apanI hI hAMkate rahe the / karnala TADa kahatA hai ki 'tapAgaccha aura kharataragaccha ne prAcIna kitanI hI pustakoM ko nAza karake musalamAnoM se bhI adhika hAni pahuMcAI hai|' yahI bAta jainoM ke zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAyoM ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / bhUta kAla meM hI nahIM apitu aAja bhI inakI eka dUsare ke prati pravRttiyAM mahAvIra ke anuyAyI ko zobhA de aisI nahIM haiM / sthiti yaha hai ki koI bhI jAti ke prati gairasamajha utpanna kie binA yaha avazya hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa prakAra kA virodhI vAtAvaraNa aura pArasparika vivAda jaina samAja meM kucha adhika kAla taka calatA rahegA to eka samaya aisA pA jAegA ki jaba jana jAti apane bandhu bauddhadharma kI bhAMti isa deza se nAza ho jaaegii| 1. zArpaTiyara, vahI, pR. 169 / dekho yAkobI, jeDaDIemajI, saMkhyA 38, pR. 17 aAdi / 2. IliyaTa, vahI, pR. / / 3 / 3. TADa, Trevalsa ina vyasTarna iNDiyA, pR. 284 / karnala TADa kI yaha bAta mAnI jA sake aimI nahIM hai kyoMki isake lie na to utane hI koI pramANa diyA hai aura na aisA pramANa kahIM koI upalabdha hI hai|
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________________ tIsarA adhyAya rAjavaMzoM me jainadharma I. pUrva 800--200 pichale adhyAya meM hamane jainadharma ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA thaa| pArzvanAtha eka aitihAsika purupa the zrIra mahAvIra kA apane samaya ke kitane hI pramukha rAja-kuTumboM ke sAtha rakta-sambandha thA, ye donoM hI bAta atyanta mahatva kI haiM kyoMki hameM aba yaha dekhanA hai ki kina saMyogoM meM 'janadharma amuka rAjyoM kA rAjyadharma vanA kitane rAjAnoM ne use apanAyA yA use uttejana diyA evam apanI prajA ko bhI apane hI mAya jainadharmI banA diyaa|| hamArA yaha prayatna sivA i ve aura kucha bhI nahIM hai ki hama uttara-bhArata ke jainoM kA itihAsa ko deza ke usa vimAga kA saba vaidha aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi sahita prAropa kreN| yA yoM kahie ki isa adhyAya kA nA usa kAla ke rAjavaMzoM kA uttara-bhArata ke jainoM ke sAtha kyA sambandha rahA thA usakA tAdRza citra khIMcanA hai| pahale pArzvanAtha ke samaya kA vicAra karate hue hama dekhate haiM ki aisA eka bhI upayogI sAdhana upalabdha nahIM hai ki jisa para hama kucha bharosA kara sakate haiN| 'unake nAma ke sAtha yadyapi sAhitya kA bahuta adhika bhAga saMbaddha hai, phira bhI pArzvanAtha ke jIvana aura dharmakathana sambandhI hamArI jAnakArI bahuta hI parimita hai| jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM, usa saba sAhitya meM aitihAsika vastu yadi kucha hai to basa itanI hI ki ve IThAku vaMza ke vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra the aura baMgAla (mAjakala bihAra) meM sthita sameta zikhara pahAr3I para nirvAga pApta hue the| unakA sAMsArika sambandha rAjA prasenajita ke rAjakula ke sAtha huA thA jisakA pitA pRthvIpati ravamana thA aura jo kuzasthala meM rAjya karatA thA evam jIvana ke antima dinoM meM jaina sAdhu bana gayA thaa| pabhAvatI nAmaka usakI putrI ke sAtha pArzvanAtha kA vivAha huaA thaa|' 1. smitha, vahI, pR. 55 1 2. zApeMTiyara, vahI, pR. 154 / 3. ...anugaMgaM nagaryasti vArANasyabhidhAnataH / / tasyAmidvAkuvaMzo bhUdazvaseno mahIpatiH / / hemacandra, tripaSThi-ilAkA, parva 9, zlo. 8, 14, pR. 195 / 4. puraM kuzasthalaM naam...| titrAsInaravarmeti...... pRthivIpatiH / / jainadharmarato nityN...| upAdatta parivrajyA susAdhugurusannidhau ||...raajy bhUnna rvrmnnH| sUnuH prsenjinnaam...|| tasya prabhAvatI nAma / ...kanyakA / / ... pAvo.......uduvAha prabhAvatIm / / hemacandra, vahI, parva 9, zlo. 58,59,61. 62, 68, 69, 210.pa. 198, 2031
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________________ [73 ye tathya aitihAsika raSTi se satya tatva-mAne jA sakate haiM yA nahIM, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki isa saba ke lie hama una sAdhanoM kA hI prAdhAra le sakate haiM ki jinheM jaina prastuta karate haiN| unake samarthana ke anya / koI aitihAsika sAdhana yA ullekha aise milate hI nahIM haiM ki jinakA vicAra kiyA jA sake / parantu yaha kaThinAI to mahAn alekjeNDara ke pUrva ke hI nahIM, apitu usa ke paravartI samaya ke mArata ke mAre hI itihAsa ke lie bhI hai / maubhAgya se , jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, IsavIyuga pUrva ko jainadharma zAstrIya aura anya jaina sAhitya ko hamAre yuga ke pramukha paNDitoM aura aitihAsajJoM ne jo pratiSThA dI aura usakA sAhityaka mUlyAMkana kiyA hai, usase yaha kahanA jarA bhI atizyoktika nahIM hai ki bauddha evaM hindU itivRttoM kI bhAMti hI jaina itivRtta bhI apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiM aura isalie unheM bhI yathocita vicAra yA Adara milanA caahie| DaoN. yAkobI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to "jainadharma kI utpati aura vikAsa ke viSaya meM grAja bhI kitane hI vidvAna sazaMkita sAvadhAnI rakhanA hI surakSita dekhate haiM, hAlAMki samasta prazna kI vartamAna sthiti kI dRSTi se isakA samucita kAraNa nahIM hai, kyoMki pracura aura prAcIna sAhitya hameM upalabdha ho gayA jo jainadharma ke prAcIna itihAsa kI pracura sAmagrI una logoM ko pradAna karatA hai ki jo unase lAbha uThAne ke icchuka haiN| itanA hI nahIM apitu yaha sAmagrI aisI bhI nahIM hai ki hama use avizvAsta kheN| hama jAnate haiM ki janoM ke pavitra dharmagrantha prAcIna haiM, spaSTataH usa saMskRta sAhitya se bhI prAcIna jise grArSa kahane ke abhyasta ho gae haiN| prAcInatA meM ye dharmagranya uttaya-bauddhoM ke prAcInatama dharmagranthoM se bhI tulanIya haiM / jaba ki ye bauddhadharma grantha buddha aura bauddhoM ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI ke rUpa meM vAraMvAra prayukta kie jA cuke haiM, hama koI bhI kAraNa nahIM dekhate ki phira jainoM ke ye pavitra grantha unake itihAsa ke saMkalana kI pramANapUrNa sAmagrI ke rUpa meM avizvasta mAne jaaeN| yadi ve virodhI varNanoM se bhare haiM athavA unameM dI gaI tithiyAM paraspara virodhI pariNAmoM para hameM pahuMcAtI haiM, to vaisI sAmagrI para AdhArita saba siddhAntoM ko zaMkA se dekhanA hamAre lie ucita kahA jA sakatA hai / parantu jaina sAhitya isa viSaya meM bauddha sAhitya se, vizeSatayA uttarIya bauddhasAhitya se kucha bhI bhinna nahIM haiN|" isa prakAra hamAre pAsa jo sAdhana hai unase kAzI athavA vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena aura kuzasthala kA rAjA prasenajita athavA usakA pitA naravarmana ko aitihAsika vyakti rUpa mAnanA hamAre lie yadyapi kaThisa hai phira bhI anya aneka aitihAsika evam bhaugolika ghaTanAeM aisI haiM ki jinase hama aise aneka anumAna nika! ta sakate haiM phira jinake pIche kucha aitihAsika mahatva nihita ho sakatA hai / 1. yAkobI, sevuI. pusta. 22, prastA. pR. 9 / "hama bhAvo zodhakoM ke lie isakA vivaraNa khojane kA kAma chor3a deM. parantu maine usa sandeha ko avazya hI nirmala kara diyA hogA ki jo kucha paNDitoM ko hai ki jainadharma eka svatantra dharma nahIM hai aura usake dharmazAstra usake prAcIna itihApa ke pragaTIkaraNa meM vizvasta abhilekha nahIM haiN|" -vahI, prastA. pR. 47 / dekho zATiyara, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, prastA.. pR. 25 / 2. "azvasena nAma ke kisI bhI vyakti ke hone kA brAhmagA ullekhoM nahIM jAnA jAtA hai / isa nAma kA eka mAtra vyakti jisakA vIragAthA meM ullekha hai, nAga rAjA thA aura use hama ki pI bhI prakAra se jaina tIrthakara pArva ke pitA meM sambandhita nahIM kara sakate haiN|" -zATiyara, kahiiM, bhAga 1, pR. 154 / prasaMgavaza, yahAM yaha bhI kaha deM ki pArzvanAtha kA sambandha jIvana bhara nAgoM se rahA thA aura grAja bhI isa santa kA lAMchana yA cinha nAga kA pharaNa-chatra hai| dekho zrImatI sTIvansanaM, vahI, pR. 48-49 /
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________________ 74 ] 3 hemacandra ke koza ke AdhAra senA ne kuzasthala aura kanauja yAne kAnyakubja ko eka hI batAya hai / " isakA samarthana dhanya vidvAna bhI karate haiN|" phira DaoN. rAya caudharI kahate haiM ki prasiddha nagara kAnyaku athavA kannauja kI sthApanA" ke sAtha pAMcAla bhI sambandhita haiM / phira pAMcAla aura kAsI ke rAjya pAsa-pAsa hI ye isako jaina aura bauddha sAhitya bhI samarthana karatA hai bauddha saMguttaranikAya se ghora jaina bhagavatIsUtra se mAlUma hotA hai ki isa samaya prarthAta I. pUrva 8vIM sadI meM saulaha mahAjanapada kahe jAne vAle bahuta vistIrgA aura zakti sampanna saulaha rAjya the| aura unameM kAsI kA ullekha yadyapi donoM meM hI samAna rUpa se haiM parantu pAMcAla kA ullekha to sirpha pahale meM hI hai / " pAMcAla ke itihAsa kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki yaha sthUla rUpa se rohilakhaNa khaNDa aura madhya doghAva ke kucha aMga se milatA julatA hai| "mahAbhArata, jAtaka, dhaura divyAvadAna meM isa rAjya ko uttarI aura dakSiNI aise do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta batAyA hai| bhAgIrathI (gaMgA) inheM vibhakta karatI ho gaI hai| mahAkAvyAnusAra uttara-pAMcAla kI rAjadhAnI pahinchana yA chatrAvatI barelI prAnta ke emonAlA nikaTastha hAla kA rAmanagara) thI jaba ki dakSiNa - pAMcAla kI kaupivya zrI zrIra gaMgA se cambala taka usakA vistAra mAnA jAtA thA / " pAMcAla ke isa itiha ko sUcanA ke lie jaba jaMnasUtroM ko sojate haiM to hameM eka yA dUsarI prakAra se sambandha kA patA lagatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM brahmadatta nAma ke pAMcAla ke rAjA kA ullekha AtA hai| isakA kAMpilya meM lagI kI kokha se janma huyA thA brahmadatta sArvamoma yAne cakravatI rAjA thaa| pUrva janma ke apane bhAI pisa se vaha milatA hai jo isa janma meM jaina dhamaNa ho gayA thA brahmadatta bhogavilAma meM itanA tallIna ho gayA thA ki usake bhAI zramarata vitta kA upadeza use kucha bhI prabhAvita nahIM kara sakA aura anta meM vaha naraka meM gayA / " 1. de, vahI, pR. 88, 111 / 4. kAnyakubja ko gAdhipura, mahodaya baura kuNasthala bhI kahA jAtA thA / ' kaniyama, eMjeMTa jyogrAphI grApha iNDiyA (majumadAra sampAdita ) pu. 707 1 2. rAya caudharI poliTikala hisTrI graoNpha eMseMTa iNDiyA pR. 86 thii|" smitha, alI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 391 / kanoja... pAMcAla rAjya kI rAjadhAnI yataH mukhyataH 3. rAya caudharI, vahI, pR. 59.60 4. rAya caudharI, vahI, pR 60 6. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 85 / dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 391-392; de, vahI, pR. 145 bhI / delo hipa DeviDsa kehi bhAga 1, pR. 172 1 5. vahI pR. 85 / dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 391, 392; de, vahI, pR. 145 1 7. kAMpilya ke pUrva itihAsa ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jAnakArI nahIM hai / kadAcit yaha kAMpilya pharrukAbAda jile kA prAdhunika kaMpila hI ho| smitha vahI, pR. 392 | | / ... 8. culagIe vmmdtto...|| kampille sammUjho citto...... vammaM soUraNa pavvaio || paMcAlarAyA viya bammadatto ...tasya vayaNaM prakAu ma narae paviTTo uttarAdhyayanasUtra adhyAya 13, gAthA 1, 2, 34 dekho yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 45, pR. 59-61 / tri / citta) aura sammata ( brahmadatta) kI kathA aura jo jo una para bItI, usakA brAhmaNa, jaina aura bauddhoM meM samAna rUpa se varNana hai| rAyacaudharI vahI, pR. 86 zArpeTiyara, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bhAga 2, pR. 328-331 1 parna janmoM meM
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________________ [75 usI satra meM kAApalya sambandhA dUsarA ullakha bhA hama prApta hotA hai yAra yaha kApilya ke rAjA saMjaya kA hai jimane 'rAjya tyAga kara pUjya mAdhU gardabhilla meM jainadIkSA svIkAra kara lI thii| isase mA sambhava lagatA hai ki ati vistIrga aura prabhAvazAlI mAlaha rAjyoM meM ke do' kAmI aura pAMcAla vivAha sambandha se jur3a gae the / phira jaba hama pArjITara kI taiyAra kI rAjabaMzAvaliyoM meM dakSiNa-paMcAla ke rAjA rUpa me kimI manajina kA nAma pAte haiM to vaha bAta ni saMzaya matya ho lagatI hai aura nAma meM thor3A mA sUkSma phera hone se isa menasti ko hama aitihAmika dRSTi meM prasenajita vinA kimI kaThinAI ke svIkAra kara' sakate haiM / eka mAtra aura ati upayogI anumAna jo isa para se nikAlA jA sakatA hai vaha yaha hai ki jainadharmamahAvIrakAla kI apekSA pArzvanAtha-kAla meM kama rAjyAyaya prApta nahIM thaa| usake anugAmI kI apekSA unake prabhAva kA vistAra-kSetra kicinmAtra nyuna nahIM thA / pArzvanAtha kAzI ke rAjavaMza ke puruSa aura paMcAla rAjA ke jamAtA " aura unakA nirvANa bihAra kI pAramanAtha pahAr3I para huyA thaa|" aise rAjavaMzoM kA pRubala prApta hone ke kAraNa yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unakA samakAlika rAjyavaMzA aura apane hI rAjya kI prajA para atyadhika prabhAva par3A hogaa| mutrakRtAMga evam anya jainAgamoM se hama jAna sakate haiM ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI magadha ke pAsa pAsa meM pAzrvAnuyAyo the| jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM, svayam mahAvora kA apanA kuTumba bhI pAzrvanAtha kA dharma pAlatA 1. kampile nayare raayaa...| nAmeNa sNjye...|| saMjo caiu ra nikvantA jigAsAsaNe / gaddhamAlissa bhagavagro agAgArassa anti e| uttarAdhyayanamtra, adhyAya 18, gAyA / , 19 / dekho yAkobI. vahI, pR. 80, 82; rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 2. 'jaina bhI kAmI kI mahAnatA kI sAkSI dete haiM aura vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena ko una pArzvanAtha kA pitA likhate haiM ki jinakA nirvANa mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva hayA kahA jAtA hai arthAt I. pUrva 777 meM vahI. pra. 61 / mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pUrva 480-467 mAneM to pArzva ke nirvANa kI tithi I. pUrva 730-717 grAtI hai| 3. dekho pArjITaya, zeMTa igdhiyana hisTorikala TreDIzana, pR. 146; pradhAna, kronolojI grApha, jeMTa iMDiyA pa. 10314. 'dusare sambandhoM meM pahalA aza chor3a diyA gayA hai...bhAgavata meM pramajana ko ayodhyA kA menajita kahA hai / ' pArjITara, vahI, pR. 127 / 5. majumadAra yahAM kisI bhrama meM par3e hae lagate haiN| unake mata se pAvaM upalabdha ke rAjA pramena jina ke jAmanA the aura isaprakAra ve do rAjavaMza yAne kAmI pora kauzala ko raktasambandha meM jor3a dete haiN| parantu merI sammati ma unane mahAvIra-kAlIna prasenajita ke mAtha isa pramenajita ko milA diyA hai jo ki jainadharma ke mahAn gazunAgavaMzIya napati biMbasAra kA zvasura thaa| hamane yaha pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki mahAvIra 72 varSa jIvita rahe, the aura pArzvanAtha 100 varSa taka / dekho majumadAra, vahI, pR. 495, 551, 552; zrImatI sTIvansana bhI kane hI bhrama meM par3I huI pratIta hotI hai kyoMki vaha kahatI hai pArzvanAtha kA vivAha prabhAvatI, ayodhyA ke rAjA pramenajita kI putrI se huaA thaa| zrImatI sTIvanmana, vahI, pR. 48 / 6....unakA nirvANa bihAra ke sametazikhara pahAr3a para huaA thA aura tabhI se vaha pArasanAtha pahAr3I bhI kahalAne lagI -vahI, pR. 49 / 7. rAjagRha ke bAhara, uttara-pUrva dizA meM, nAlandA nAma kA upanagara thA...aura yahAM kisI ghara meM pUjya gotama svAmI Thahare hue the| pUjya saMta jisa udyAna meM Thahare the, usI meM peDhAla kA putra udaka 'nigraMtha aura pApitya ThaharA humA / ... "yAkobI, vahI, pR. 419-420; ji / pAsi...tassa...ke kumAra samo...sAvatyi purasAgae...uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyA, 23, gAthA 1-3 / dekho yAkobI, vahI, pa. 118-120
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________________ 76 ] thaa| yahI nahIM apitu unake samaya ke hI pArzvanuyAyiyoM ke jainAgamoM meM ullekhoM se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke bahuta bar3e bhAga meM taba jainadharma khUba hI pracAra meM thA hAlAMki isako nizcita bhaugolika sImAeM Aja nahIM sIMcI jA sakatI hai / ' yaha bhI pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki pArzvanAtha ke 16000 sAdhU, 38000 sAdhviyAM 164000 zrAvaka aura 327000 zrAvikAoM ke atirikta kitane hI hajAra vratadhArI strIpuruSa bhI anuyAyI the / * pArzvanAtha se mahAvIra ke samaya taka ke aitihAsika dRSTi se mUlyavAna koI bhI tathya nahIM milate haiM / jaina itihAsa meM 250 varSa kA yaha kAla ekadama korA hI kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki usa kAla ke na to koI aitihAsika abhilekha aura na smAraka hI aise prApta hote haiM jina para itihAsa saMkalana ke lie vizvAsa kiyA jA ske| phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai hI ki ina donoM tIrthaMkaroM ke grantarima kAla kA aitihAsika gravaccheda bharA jAnA sambhava nahIM hone para bhI binA kisI zekhama ke yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa namasta antarima kAla meM bhI jainadharma eka jIvita dharma rahA thA / " hama yaha bhI dekha Ae haiM ki pArzva ke ziSyoM ne apanA dharmapracAra kArya yathAvata cAlU rakhA thA aura mahAvIra evam unake ziSyoM ne I. pUrva chaThI zatI meM saMskArita jainadharma ke prati grAkarSita karane aura usa varga ke aneka pratinidhiyoM kA grapane mata meM lAne ke lie milate rahanA par3A thA / mahAvIra kAla kA vicAra karate samaya aisA anumAna honA svAbhAvika hai ki kucha sthiti bacchI hogI / parantu yahAM bhI jaina aura buddha dharmazAstroM ko evam kucha granya dantakathAoMoM ko chor3akara aisA kucha bhI nahIM milatA hai jisa para hama vizvAsa kara skeN| " yaha hamArA saubhAgya hI hai ki jainazAstroM meM satya tathya aura ghaTanAeM surakSita milatI haiM jo chuTIchavAI aura prazAMza meM hote hue bhI isa kAla ke jaina itihAsa kA sajIva citra hamAre netroM ke samakSa prastuta karane ko paryApta haiN| pArzva kI bhAMti hI mahAvIra bhI usa kAla ke rAjavaMzoM se rakta sambandha sambandhita the| unake pitA siddhArtha svayam bar3e umarAva ke ghara jJAtR kSatriya vaMza ke the| unakA mukhya nivAsa sthAna kuNThapura yA kuNDagrAma (kuNDagAma * yA para jainazAstroM meM jaisA varzana unakA kiyA huA milatA hai| | 1. hama nahIM kaha sakate ki majumadAra kina grAdhAroM se pArzva ke samaya ke jainadharma kI sImAoM kI bhaugolikatA nizcita kI hai| usakA jainadharma" vidvAna lekhaka kahatA hai ki baMgAla me gujarAta taka phailA huA thaa| mAladaha aura bogar3A jilA usake dharma ke mukhya kendra the usake dharma meM pAne vAle adhikAMzatayA hinduyoM ke nimna varga aura banAye loga the... rAjapUtAne meM usake dhanuyAyI bar3e zaktizAlI the..." - majumadAra vahI aura vahI sthAna / 2. dekho yAkobI, saMbuI, pusta. 22, pR. 274 / evaM viharato bhartuH sahasrAH poDazapaMyaH / aSTAviNa sAdhyAnAM tu mahAtmAnAm // ... AvakA lakSmeka catuH paNThihasrayuka / dhAvikA 315, pR. 219 | dekho kalpasUtra, trilakSI sahasra saptaviMzatiH / ... - hemacandra. vahI, zlo. 312, 314 suvodhikA TIkAsU 161-164 pU. 130-131 1 3. dekhI haranolI usadasya bhAga 2, pR. 6 TipaNa 8 1 4 bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa yAja bhI hamAre purakhoM ke una nakzoM ke samAna hI hai jinameM 'bhagolavettAnagaroM ke dete the... hAlAMki jainoM ne apanI dRSTi hI se aitihAsika zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 7 1 prabhAva ke kAraNa pathahIna banoM meM hAthI citrita kara ke jJAta kA tathyoM se mela baiThAnA bar3A hI kaThina hai 5. mujaphpharapura ( tirahuta) jile kI vaizAlI (yAdhunika vasA kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma hai| vastutaH (kuNDagrAma) jise Aja kala vasukuNDa kahate haiM, prAcIna vaizAlI nagara kA jo ki tIna bhAga yAne vaizAlI(vasAr3ha) kuNDapura (vasukuNDa ) poragA (vANiyA kA thA, eka bhAga thA dekho, vahI, pR. 107 vANiyagAma ! I
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________________ [77 usase lagatA hai ki vaha apane kula kA nAyaka aura kisI rAjya kA cAhe vaha choTA ho yA bar3A, rAjA thA / " jaisA ki hama Age dekheMge vaha eka aise prajAsattAka rAjya kA adhikArI hI hogA ki jisakA mukhya sthAna kuNDapura hogA / parantu tAtkAlika samAja meM jo sthAna use prApta thA vaha eka svatantra rAjya ke sAmAnya adhikArI kI apekSA viziSTa arthAt svatantra rAjyakartA ke rUpa meM hI vaha jIvana vitAtA hogA / " solaha mahAjanapadoM kA vicAra karate hue hameM jJAta hotA hai ki vajjiyoM kA rAjya jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma ko mAnatA thaa| DA. rAyacIyarI kahatA hai ki pro. hisa Devisa aura kaniyama ke AdhAra para parijavI kA rAjya grATha sahakArI jAtiyoM yA kuloM kA banA thA jisameM videhI, liccavI, jJAnuka aura vajji vizeSa mahatva ke anya kuloM ko ThIka se pahacAnA nahIM jA sakA hai, aura bhI itanA to ullekhanIya ho ki kRtAMga ke eka vAkya ne umra. bhoga, eza aura phaurana jAniyoM kA jJAta pIra licchavI jAtiyoM ke sAtha hI rAjya kI pra eka hI sabhA ke rAjyoM ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ' pakSAntara meM bauddhoM ke viziSTa pramANoM ke grAdhAra para DA. pradhAna isa sahAyakArI maNDala meM eka aura jAti kA bhI samAveza karate hue kahatA hai ki vaha nI jAtiyoM kA banA huA saMgha thaa| unameM ko kitanI hI jAniya haiM licchavI, vRjji yAne vajjI, jJAtRka aura videha / ye mahAyakArI maNDala licchivI grathavA vRjjika maNDala ke rUpa meM hI pahacAne jAte the kyoMki una nau jAtiyoM meM licchivI aura vRjji hI mahatva kI thI / no licchivI jAtiyAM naya mallika jAti aura kAsI kosala ke aThAraha gaNa rAtroM ke sAtha sambandhita ho gaI thii|" vidvAna paNDita ke isa kathana kA samarthana jainasUtra bhI karate haiM / * DA. yAkobI kahatA hai ki rAya ceTaka ne ki jisa para cambA ke rAjA kuNika ne bhArI senA ke sAtha bAbA 1. kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra kI mAtA jilA ke svapnoM kA parva banAnevAle kA 'siddhArtha ke ratna samAna pratyanta sundara mahala ke mukhya dvAra' taka AnA kahA gayA hai / yAkobI, vahI, pR. 245 / usI sUtra meM eka anya sthAna para siddhArtha kA mahAvIra janmotsava manAne kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki unane apane daNDanAyakoM ko kuNThapura nagara ke ba bandiyoM ko mukta kara dene mApa aura tola ko bar3A kara dene grAdi yAdi kI prAjJAeM dI |..dekho vahI pR. 252 hemacandra vahI parva 10 zlo. 128, 132 16 1 " 2. bArapeTa antamadasAdho dhaura dhanuttarovavAiyodanAtha prastA. pU. 61 DA. yAkovI jainoM kI isa muda mAnyatA kA ki 'kuNDagrAma eka bar3A nagara thA aura siddhArtha eka zaktizAlI rAjA bhaNDAphor3a karane ke lie eka dUsarI prantya kalpanA kara DAlI hai ki 'isa sabase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki siddhArtha koI rAjA nahIM thA vaha apane kadhI kA nAyaka bhI nahIM thA, parantu bahuta sambhava hai ki vaha aise dhanyakAroM kA prayoktA mAtra ho, ki jokI pUrva ke dezoM meM bhUsvAmiyoM aura vizeSakara deza ke mAnya sacivaMzoM ke bhUsvAmiyoM ko sAmAnyataH prApta ho jAte haiM / ' - yAkobI, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 12 ' 3. rAyacaudharI, vahI pu 73-74 umra aura bhoga janoM kI mAnyatAnusAra u unake vaMzaja the jinheM RSabhadeva, prathama tIrthakara ne nagara kotavAla rUpa ne niyukta kiyA thA aura bhoga unake vaMzaja the ki jinheM una sammAna ke adhikArI rUpa se mAnA thA' pAkotrI sekhuI pariziSTa 3, pR. 581 3. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 215 pusta. 45. 71 Ti. 2 dekho honI hI | pR 4. nava mallai nava lacchada kAsIko salagA ghaTaThArasari gaNarAyANo... bhagavatI sUtra 300, pR. 316 dekho hemacandra, bahI, pU. 165 , ,
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________________ 781 bolA thA, kAsI, komala licchavI aura mallika yAdi maThAraha sahAyakArI kI mAMgoM ko ve svIkAra karanA cAhate haiM athavA usake virUddha yuddha kareMge meM uparyukta aThAraha rAjoM ne prasaMgocita utsava kiyA thaa|" ina saba bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki una saba sahAyakArI maNDaloM kA eka lakSaNa yaha thA ki ve inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra aura unake upadeza ke pratyakSa yA parokSa prabhAva meM A gae the| ve saba dharma se jaina the yA nahIM yaha kahanA to kaThina hai. parantu itanA to nizcaya hai ki ye saba zAbdika sahAnubhUti kI apekSA unako kucha adhika gaharI sahAyatA karate the / rAjoM ko bulAkara pUchA thA ki kulika isake sivA mahAvIra ke nirvANa prasaMga 1 pahale maNDala videha kA vicAra karane para jAnA jAtA hai ki 'usakI rAjadhAnI mithilA thI jisako kitane hI nepAla kI sImA meM grAyA 'janakapura' nAmaka choTe se gAMva ke sthAna para honA kahate haiM parantu ina videhoM kA eka vibhAga mAlI meM Akara bana gayA honA cAhie mahAvIra kI mAtA rAjakumArI trizalA jo videhadattA bhI kahI jAtI hai. prAyaH isI vibhAga kI thii| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai. jainasUtroM meM mahAvIra ke videhoM se sambandha ke viSaya meM yahAM vahAM chuTapuTa ullekha milate haiM / grAcArAMgasUtra meM nIce kA ullekha hai : mahAvIra kI mAtA ke tIna nAma the zilAvidattA aura priykaarinnii|" 4 "usa samaya meM, usa kAla meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra, jJAtR kSatriya, jJAtRputra, videhavAsI, videha kA rAjakumAra. videhe nAma se tIsa varSa taka rahe the / " " " kalpasUtra meM likhA hai ki" zramaraNa - bhagavAn mahAvIra..., jJAtR kSatriya, jJAtR kSatri ke putra, jJAtRvaMza ke candramariNa videha videhadattA kA putra, videha nivAsI, videha kA rAjakumAra - videha meM jaba ki unake mAtA pitA kA dehAnta huA taba taka tIna varSa raha cuke the| phira jainasUtroM se nIce likhe tathya bhI samarthita hote haiM- 1. videhoM kA eka kula videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI meM grAkara basa gayA thA / 2. trizalA devI isI videha kula kI thI aura mahAvIra videhoM ke sAtha gAr3ha mambandha se jur3e hue the | itanA hone para bhI pahale tathya ko aura bhI adhika spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai / jaise mahAvIra videhI the. vaise hI ve. yAkovI ke anusAra, vaisAlika bhI the yAne vaizAlI - nivAsI bhI / isa prakAra rAjA siddhArtha 1. yAkobI, maMbuI pusta. 22 prastA. pR. 12 dekho vahIM pU. 266; lAhA, vi. ca. samakSatriyA TrAisa grApha eMjeMTa eNDiyA. pR. 1; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR 128 bhagavatI, sUtra 300, pR. 316: hemacandra, vahI, vahI sthAna: kasUtra suvodhika TIkA. sUtra 128. pR. 121 pradhAna vahI, pR. 128 129 haranolI, vahI bhAga 2. pari 2, 59-601 , 2. rAyacaudharI vahI. pU. 74 samagsa gAM bhagavo mahAvIrassa mAyA...tisalAivA videhadinnA ivA pIikAriNI ivA... | subodhikA TIkA sUtra 109. 89 / kalpasUtra. 3. yAkobI, vahI, pR. 193 5. vahI, pR. 256 / 4. vahI, pR. 194 T 6. vahI. prastAvanA pR. / / /
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________________ / 79 kI kuNDapura yA kuNDagrI meM videha ke rAjavaMza kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ke mukhya bhAga ke nivA aura kucha bhI nahIM ho makatA hai / mahAvIra aura videhoM ke bIca upasthita pragADha sambandha ke ina saba ullekhoM ke atirikta bhI jaina zAstroM kI anya aneka vAteM isakA samarthana karatI haiM ki videhI jainadhama meM acchA rasa lete the rAja jyotiSI nAma ke viSaya meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra kahatA hai ki namI nameI appAraNaM sakkhaM sakkeNa cohyo| caiUNa gehaM ca vedehi sAmaNNe pajjuvaTiyo / / arthAt nami ne apane ko namra banA liyA, zaka dvArA pratyakSa meM prArthanA kie jAne para videha ke isa rAjA ne gRha kA tyAga kara diyA aura zramaNatva svIkAra kara liyA / " . phira kalpasUtra se bhI hama jAnate hai ki videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilA meM mahAvIra ne chaha caturmAsa kie the| yaha bAta prakaTa karatI hai ki mahAvIra kA videhoM ke sAtha gAr3ha mambandha thaa| saMkSepa meM unake viSaya meM jo kucha bhI hama jAna pAe haiM isase yaha spaSTa hai ki mAre hI nahIM to videhiyoM kA amuka aMza to jainadharma avazya hI pAlatA hogaa| licchaviyoM kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki I. pUrva chaThI sadI meM pUrva bhArata meM vaha eka mahAn aura zakti mpanna jAti thii| phira yaha bhI inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jJAtako ke sAtha ve bhI mahAvIra ke upadeza ke prabhAva meM avazya hI pAnA cAhie the / unakI mAtA trizalA kSatriyoM kI licchavI jAti ke vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kI bahana thI aura pitA kI aora se mahAvIra svayam jJAtRka the| yahAM eka prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki yadi trizalA licchavI jAti kI rAjakumArI thI to usako videhadattA nAma diyA jAnA kucha samajha meM nahIM pAtA hai| isakA samAdhAna kadAcita yaha ho sakatA hai ki videha ke nAma se pahale se suprasiddha pradeza ko hone ke kAraNa hI vaha videha dinnA kahI jAtI hogI aura jaisA ki hamane abhI dekhA ki videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thii| DaoN. rAyacaudharI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to 'videha rAjavaMza ke pradhaH patana ke "isaliga kuNDagrAmavideha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI kA eka upanagara hI kadAcita thaa| yaha kalpanA mahAvIra ko vaimAlie ga vaimAlika nAma jo ki sUtrakRtAMga 1, 3 meM unheM diyA gayA hai kA samarthana karatA hai| TIkAkAra ne isa pATha ko do prakAra se samajhAyA hai aura eka anya sthala para isakI tIsarI bhI vyAkhyA yA artha kiyA hai |...vaishaalik kA sAmAnyataH artha vaizAlI kA nivAsI hI hotA hai. aura mahAvIra sacce artha meM vaisA kahA jA sakatA thA jaba ki kuNDagrAma vaizAlI kA hI eka upanagara thaa| jaisA ki Tanahama grIna kA nivAsI naMdanI kahA jA sakatI hai / " -yAkobI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUca, adhyA. 9. gAthA 61 / dekho vahI, gAthA 62; adhyA, 18, gAthA 45 (yAkobI kA anuvAda, sebuI, pusta: 45, pR. 41, 87) / nami kI dantakathA ke pUrNa vivaraNa ke lie devo meyara, je.je., hindU Telsa, pa 147-169 / 3. yAkobI, kalpasUtra pR. 113 1. 4. aneka paNDitoM ke anusAra ceTaka licchavI thaa| parantu usakI mAMganI ke anya nAma (videhadatA) aura putrI (vedahI) saMbhavata: saMketa karate haiM ki vaha vaisAlI kA nivAsI ho jAne ke kAraNa-videhI thaa|' -rAyacaudharI. vahI, pR. 78 Ti. 2 /
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________________ 80] ke spaSTa pazcAt jiyoM kA saMgaThana huA hogaa| isa prakAra bhArata kI utkrAMti prIrA ke prAcIna nagaroM kI utkrAMti nurUpa hI huI dIkhatI hai jahAM ki vIra yuga kI rAjasattAeM prajAsattAka ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gaI thiiN|' eka dUsarI dattasthA para se bhI yaha kalpanA ho sakatI hai ki videha ke yathaH patana ke pazcAt usameM eka vibhAgalicchavI kahalAtA ho / " isa prakAra trizalA rAjakumArI hote hue bhI videhadattA kahI jAtI ho to isameM kucha bhI asvAbhAvikatA nahIM hai| isa vizAla sambandha siddhArtha ke sAtha huA thA jo ki jaina mAnyatAnusAra mahAvIra ke purogAmI pA nAtha kA dhanudhAyI thA isame svAbhAvika hI yaha anumAna ho sakatA hai ki yA to siDI kA rAjavaMza jainadharma pAlanA thA prathavA mAmAjika paristhiti aisI thI kI vaha prapanI kanyA dUsare janavaMza meM de sakatA vA vizeSa prasaMga se yahI phalita hotA hai ki licchaviyoM ko jainoM ke lie vizeSa mAna thA parantu jainoM kI sAhitya aura aitihAsika dantakathAeM aise eka hI prasaMga meM samApta nahIM ho jAtI haiM kyoMki hama grAge calakara dekheMge hI kI rAjA ceTaka kI sAta kamyAyoM meM se sabase choTI putrI lagA jo vaidehI bhI kahalAtI thI magadha ke mahAna " nAga visArako vyAhI jI dhIra ve donoM hI jaina the| bellA ke pratirikta neTaka ke chaha putriyAM aura thIM jinameM se eka sAdhvI bana gaI thI aura pAMca bhArata ke eka yA dUsare rAjavaMza meM spAhI gaI thiiN| yaha sadhya kitane praNa meM aitihAsika mAnA jA sakatA hai hama kucha bhI nahIM kaha sakate haiN| parantu Adhunika khojoM ke pariNAma svarUpa licchaviyoM ke sAtha sambandha rakhanevAle saba rAjavaMza sampUrNa rUpa se pahacAne jA sakeM, aise haiN| ina licchavI rAjakanyAoM ke nAma isa prakAra hai:- prabhAvatI, padmAvatI, mRgAvatI, zivA. jyeSThA, sujyeSThA aura vellaraNA / inameM saba se bar3I prabhAvatI vItamaya nagara ke rAjA udayana ko vyAhI thI jisakA ullekha jaina sAhitya meM sindhu sovIra deza kI rAjadhAnI rUpa se kiyA gayA hai|" deza ke kisa bhAga ke lie ye sAhityika ullekha hue haiM 1. vahI, pR. 76 2. bauddha ke samaya meM hI nahIM parantu usake bAda bhI kaI sadiyoM taka vaizAlI nivAsI licchavI kahalAte rahe the aura trikAMDakoza meM licchavI. videhI zraura tiramukti paryAyavAcI ho kahe gae haiN| kanighama, vahI, pR. 509 | 3. vesAliyo veDagro... satta dhUyAo... grAvazyaka sUtra, pR. 676 / kA 4. bisAra ke eka putra kA nAma pAlI dharmagranthoM meM vaMdehIputta prajAtazatru aura jainAgamoM meM kuNika kahA gayA hai| bAda kI dastakAoM meM bauddha use kosala devI kA putra batAyA gayA hai jabaki jaina dalakathA use putra kahatI hai jisakA prAcIna bauddha dharmagrantha videha rAjakumArI kA putra vedehIpula kahate samarthana karate haiM si DeviDsa, kehi bhAga 1, pR. 183 1 devyAkhyA sAmaparAgyadA nRpaH / vIraM samavasaraNasthitaM vanditu manyAgAt / vanditvA zrImadantaM valito to ca daMpati / hemacandra, bahI, glo. 11-12.pu. 86 1 hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 187 pR. 77 / nagare... udAyaNe nAmaM rAyA...tasa 5, Avazyaka sUtra, pR. 676; 6. sisovIre... bItImae prabhAvatI nAma devI bhagavatI sUtra 491. pR. 618 | dekho dhAvazyakasUtra, pR. 676; hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 190, pR. 77; sindhusovIradeze mti pUraM bImAdhyam vahI, zlo. 327, pR. 147; mevera, je. je. vahI, pu. 97 1
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________________ [81 nirdeza nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki bhinna bhinna pramANoM ke sAdhAra para bhArata ke uttara pazcima prathavA pazcimI pradezoM meM isakA honA mAnA gayA hai / kaniMghama use 'khaMbhAta kI khAr3I ke Upara kA IDara yA badarI prAnta' honA kahatA hai / " DA. si DeviDsa niyama kA kucha kucha samarthana karatA hai aura sovIra ko apane nakze meM kAThiyAvAr3a ke uttara meM kaccha kI khAr3I kI ora batAtA hai| elabarUnI use mulatAna aura jhAlAvAr3a kahatA hai aura zrI de isa mata ko svIkAra karatA hai / " pakSAntara meM jaina dantakathAe isake viSaya meM aisA kahatI haiM:- zrI abhayadevasUri bhagavatIsUtra kI panI TIkA meM isakI vyAkhyA yo karate haiM-mithunadyA prAmannAH socIrAH janapadavizeSAH sidhumovIrastepu ... vigatA ItayomayAni ca yatastadvItimayaM vidarbhIta kecit / * uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM se zrI meyara kI anUditta udAyana kI kathA meM vItamaya ke lie isa prakAra likhA hai"siMdhu aura mauvIra ke pradezoM meM ko vItamaya nagara meM udAyana nAma kA rAjA thA... 1 "zatru'jaya mAhAtmya usako siMdhu yA siMdha meM batAtA hai / " " ina saba anumAnoM se aisA lagatA hai ki vaha pradeza mAlavA kI uttara-pazcima ke rAjapUtAnA aura siMdhu nadI ke pUrva-taTa para Ae nigha ke vibhAga se bahuta kucha milatA huA hogA / yaha isase bhI sabUta hotA hai ki pravantI ke rAjA ke viruddha kie yuddha meM udAyana mAravAr3a aura rAjapUtAnA ke ragoM meM hokara hI gayA thA jahAM ki usakI senA pyAsa se bharane lagI thI ina saba anumAnoM ke atirikta bhI hameM varAhamihira ke die bhAratavarSa ke vibhAgoM meM sidhu-sauvIra-deza ke vijaya meM yaha bAta milatI hai ki jina tI vibhAgoM meM deza taba baMTA huA thA unameM se hI yaha eka thA" isase prApta hone vAlI aitihAsika aura bhaugolika vizeSatA kitane hI aMza meM jaina grAdhAroM ko pramANika ThaharAtI haiM ki jo yaha kahatI hai ki vItamaya sahita udAyana anya 363 gAMvoM kA rAjA thaa|" phira I. 12 vIM sadI meM hone 1. kaniMghama vahI, pR. 569 1 2. hiMga DeviDga, vRddhIsTa iNDiyA. pR. 320 ke sAmane kA nakzA / 3. sajAu, gratbanIja iNDiyA, bhAga 1 pR. 302 dekho de, vahI, pR. 183 1 4. bhagavatI sUtra 492, pR. 326-321 1 5. meyara, je. je. vahI, pR. 97 / uttarAdhyayana ke kathAnaka ke lie dekhI lakSmIvallabha kI dIpikA (siha saMskaraNa ), pR. 552-561 / 6. dekho de, vahI, pR. 183 I hai 7. uttaratAM ca ma skandhAvArastUyA mamAravyAvazyaka sUtra pR. 299 dekho mesera je. je. vahI, pR. 109 1 yahAM yaha bhI kaha denA cAhie ki bauddha dantakathAoM ke anusAra, sauvIra kI rAjadhAnI roruka thI / dekho kaihiI. bhAga 1, pR. 173; de, vahI, pR. 170 / kanidhama ke anusAra, rohaka siMdha kA prAcIna nagara prAlora hI bhavatayA thaa|" niyama vahI pu. 700 -kaniMghama, 8. varAhamihira pratyeka khaNDako varga kahatA no khaNDoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA hai| 298-302; kaniyama vahA~ pU. 6 parantu varAhamihira ke isa varNana aura usakI pazcima meM dhAna ke sAtha rakhA gayA hai|" 9. bItamayAdina ritupatiprabhuH hemacandra vahI zlo. 328, pR. 147 "yaha rAjA udAvana sidhu-sauvIra ko lekara 16 dezoM para vItamanagara ko lekara 363 nagaroM kA adhipati thA" meyera vahI, pR. 97 usakA kathana hai ki unase (vargoM se bhAratavarSa yAne sAdhA saMsAra, kendravarga, pUrvI varga yAdi Adi savAu, vahI, pR. 297 dekho vahIM, "isa yojanAnusAra... siMdhu sauvIra ko pazcima kA pramukha jilA dhA... vigata meM kucha antara hai kyoMki vigata meM siMdhu movIra ko dakSiNa vahI, pR. 71
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________________ 821 vAle kumArapAla rAjA ke caritra para se hameM patA lagatA hai ki usake kAryakAla meM vaha eka jaina prtimaa| pATaNa meM lAyA thA ki jo " huI thii|" aba usake zAsaka siMdhu-gAMdhIra deza aura usake samaya nagara ke viSaya meM itanA hI kahanA udAya ke viSaya meM aitihAsika anumAnoM kA vicAra kareM hAlAMki ve bahuta hI kama hai| DaoN. rAvacorI kahate haiM ki "laukika dantakathayoM ke jAla meM ne aitihAsika tatva kA nikAla pAnA kaThina hai / " " phira bhI yaha svIka. ra karanA hI ucita hai ki bahuta thor3e tathya hI aise haiM ki jo jaina mAhitya meM se mila jAte hai aura jinakA itihAsavettAoM ko dhyAna meM lAnA kucha graMza meM ucita hai| jaina sAhitya ke anusAra sauvIra deza ke udAyana ne apane pati pavatI ke caNDaprayota rAjA ko lar3AI meM harAyA thaa|" yaha caNDapradyota eka aitihAsika puruSa hai aura isake viSaya meM hama ceTaka kI cauthI putrI ziva ke pati ki haisiyata se vistAra ke sAtha pAne vicAra kreNge| phira hama yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki udAyana ke pazcAt usakA bhAnjA kesI rAjA huA thA jisake kAla meM vInamaya kA sarvazrA nAza ho gayA thA / " yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki yaha saba kapolakalpita hI hai athavA isakA yahI kAraNa hai ki hameM deza ke isa mahA bhU-bhAga ke itihAsa kA patA koI bhI nahIM laga rahA hai hAlAMki hama vizvasta pramANoM se yaha jAnate hI haiM ki eka samaya vaha bhAratavarSa ke nava-vargoM meM kA eka thA / hAM meM cArya ke kathanAnusAra udAyana ke samaya se vItamaya ke khaNDaharoM meM par3I udayana aura usakI rAnI prabhAvatI ke janadharma ke prati mukAva ke viSaya meM hamAre sAmane vizvarana jaina siddhAMta zAstroM ke pratyakSa aura parokSa, sabhI prakAra ke pramANa haiM jina para hama apanI dhAraNA bAMdha sakate haiN| eka kesIkumAreAe nagara para kI varSA garAI 1. anahila paTTA, vIrAvalapaTTaNa jise gujarAta meM uttara kA bar3odA kahA jAtA hai, vallabhI ke vinAza ke bAda saM 802 - I. 746 meM vanarAja yA vaMzarAja dvArA basAyA gayA thaa| nagara ke granahija pATaNa isalie kahA gayA ki isakA sthAna eka govAla yAne grahora dvArA batAyA gayA thA... hemacandra suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa aura kozakAra. ahilavAr3a ke rAjA kumArapAla (I. 1142-1173) ke darabAra meM camakA thA aura usakA dharmaguru thaa| 84 varSa kI Ayu pAkara isakA dehAnta I. 1172 meM huA thA ki jisa varSa kumArapAla ne jainadharma svIkAra kiyA thA / parantu anya pramANoM se yadu dharma parivartana I. 1159 meM huA thaa| 8vIM sadI meM vallabhI ke patana pazcAt anahilavADapATaNa gujarAta kA mukhyanagara huA aura vaha 15vIM sadI ke granta taka yaha sthAna bhogatA rahA thA... - de, vahI, pU. 6 1 2. jayasiMhasUri, kumArapAla bhUpAla carita mahAkAvya, sarga 9, zlo. 261, 265, 2661 3. udrAne zivate... tadeva pratimA... maviSyati bhUgatA rAja kumAra vasya... puSpena... va 83, pR. 158, 1601 saMdhu pratimAvimaMvidhyati / hemacanda vahI klo. 20. 22, 1. . jaba pajjoya sAmane zrAyA to caudharI, vahI, pR. 123 | dantakathAnusAra donoM meM yaha yuddha isalie huA thA ki caNDapradyota usakI eka dAmI aura eka jinapratimA sapaharaNa kara lAyA thA "isalie usane pajjoya ke pAsa dUta bheja kara kahalAyA ki "mujhe dAsI kI paravAha nahIM haiM, parantu vaha mUrti une bITA de|" parantu prayota ne aisA nahIM kiyaa...| udAyana ne turanta dasa rAjAyoM ko sAtha lekara usa para prAcA bola diyaa| udrAyana ne use baMdI banA liyA / " - meyera je. je. vahI, pR. 109, 5. udAyano rAjA...gata ujjayinoM... pradyoto...baddho / - vahI. pR. 298-299 619 "jaba vaha ur3Ayana marA to ra dabA par3A hai| sebara je.je. vahI. pU. 118-1161 sUtra 491 110 dekho prAvazyakasUtra, pR. 299 bhI / dekho hemacandra vahI, klo. 508, pR. 1561 devate
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________________ [ 83 sthAna para to licchavI rAjakumArI prabhAvatI, janaprAtamA kA pUjana karane ke pazcAt kahatI hai ki ,rAga. Dhepa aura bhrama rahina, sarvajJa, aSTamiddhiyukta, devAdhideva mahata bhagavAna mujhe apane divya darzana dene kI kRpA kreN| isase prakaTa hai ki sovIra kI rAjagahiSI jainadharma ke prati kitanA adhika sammAna rakhatI thii| phira uttarAdhyayana evaM anya mutragranthoM meM hameM patA lagatA hai ki rAjA bhI jainadharma kA kucha kama bhakta nahIM thaa| hAlAMki mUlataH vaha brAhmaga tApanoM kA bhakta thaa|' itanA hI nahIM parantu vaha saMsAra tyAga karane kI sImA taka pahuMca gayA thaa|' aura jaba usake putra grAbhI ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA prazna usake samakSa upasthita dayA to usane vicAra kiyA ki 'yadi maiM rAjakUmAra pAbhI ko rAjyAsana de kara saMsAra tyAga karUgA to grAmI rAjasattA aura rAjyamoha se : meM lubdha rahegA aura anAdi anaMta saMsAracakra meM vaha paribhramagA kregaa| imo no maiM apanI bahana ke putra ke sI ko rAjapATa de kara saMsAra tyAga karU to adhika mAchA rhegaa|'' uparokta dRSTAnta se udAyana ke aMta:karaNa kA palaTA devA jA sakatA hai| isI usakA saMsAratyAga jainoM ke liA lokokti ho gayA hai| aMtagAmAmutra meM udAdhAna ke viSaya meM isa prakAra kA ulekha hai ki 'phira rAjA alakkhe ne...usI prakAra saMsAra kA tyAga kiyA jaisA ki udAyana ne kiyA thaa| apavAda itanA mAtra thA ki isane apane jyeSTha putra ko rAjya kArabAra mauMpA thaa| yahAM yaha kaha denA prAvazyaka hai ki ima para TippagA karate hae DA. vAranyeTa ne bhUla se yaha dekhA hai ki vaizAlI ke rAjA ceDaga kI putrI mRgAvatI se utpanna hue zatAnIka ke putra, kaumAmbI ke rAjA udayana kA ukta maMdarbha meM nirdeza hai / isake sivA, yuddhavantI caNDaprayota ke prati udAyana kA kiyA vatri bhI usakI jainadharma meM ananya zraddhA pramAgita karatA hai kyoMki usane 'paSaNAparva meM ghorAtighora vairabhAva tyAga kara kSamA karane kI jainadharma kI zikSA' kA tatparatA se pAlana kiyA thaa| yaha ghaTanA isa prakAra hai| pay paraNAparva meM udAyana ko eka dina upavAsa thA / parantu caNDapradyota ko usakI icchAnusAra bhojana dene kI usane ucita vyavasthA kara dI thii| jaba bhojana caNDapradyota ko diyA gayA to usane vipa ke bhaya se usake hI lie banAyA gayA bhojana karane se yaha kaha kara inkAra kara diyA ki use bhI jaina hone ke kAragA udAyana kI hI bhAMti upavAma hai| jaba udAyana ko sUcanA 1. vahI, pR. 1051 2. prabhAvatyA...antaHpure caityagRhaM kAritaM...bhaktapratyAsthAnena mRtA devalokaMgatA / grAvazyaka mutra, pR. 298 / dekho meyera je. je., vahI, vahI sthAna; hemacandra, vahI, jalo. 404, pR. 1501 3. meyera, vahI, pR. 103 / sa ca tApama bhaktaH aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 298; hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 388, pR. 14.) / 4. taeNaM se udAyaraNe rAyA...samaraNamma bhagavo jAva pvvie| bhagavatI, sUtra 492, pR. 620; mayera vahI.. pR. 114 1.5. sauvIra ke rAjoM meM vRSabha samAna rAjA udAyana ne saMsAra tyAga kara bhagavatI dIkSA le lI aura yaha siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gyaa|' yAkobI, sevaI. pusta. 45, pR. 87 / isI sthAna para ke eka TippaNa meM DA. yAkobI likhatA hai ki 'vaha mahAvIra kA samakAlika thaa|' vahI / 6. vahI, pR. 113-114 / evaM khalu abhIyokUmAre...kAmamogeSu mucchie...bhAiNeja kemi kumAraM rajje ThAvenA... bhagavatI, sUtra. 491, pR 6191 7. vAranyeTa, vahI, pR. 96 1 8. vahI, pR. 96, TippaNa / . 9, bhaNDArakara, I. 1883-1884 ko prativedana, pR. 142; paz2jasaNa yA paryuSaNA, janavarSAnta para manAyA jAne .... vAlA dhArmika samAroha / dekho zrImatI. sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 76; pajjAsaviyANaM...khamiyavvaMsamAviyavvaM... kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TIkA, sUtra 59, pR. 191-192 /
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________________ 84 ] dI gaI to usane kahA ki maiM jAnatA hUM ki vaha dhUrta hai parantu jahAM taka vaha merA bandI haiM, vahAM taka merI payUMpaNa bhI pavitra aura maMgalakArI nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai 1" aba padmAvatI ke viSaya meM vicAra kreN| isakA vivAha jainadharma ke eka samaya ke kendra sthAna rUpa se prasiddha namyAnagarI ke rAjA dadhivAhana se huvA thA / " grAvazyakasUtra kI TIkA meM haribhadrasUri spaSTa hI kahate haiM ki rAjA dadhivAhana aura rAnI padmAvatI donoM hI jainadharma ke mahAn upAsaka the| jaina itivRttoM meM campA ko jitanA aitihAsika mahatva diyA gayA hai usako dekhate hue yaha mAnanA pranucita nahIM hai ki dadhivAhana kA sArA hI kuTumba jainadharma ke siddhAntoM meM sakriya rasa letA thA / " " jaina dantakathAnusAra isakA samaya I. pUrva chaThI sadI hai| usakI putrI candanA grathavA candanabAlA ne mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna prApti ke bAda hI striyoM meM sabase pahale jaina dIkSA unase svIkAra kI thI / "" jaina varNanAtmaka aura anya sAhitya mahAvIra kI isa sarva prathama sAdhvI kI kathA se bharA huA hai / vardhamAna ke samaya kI strI sAdhviyoM para dhAvikAoM kI praNI yahI thI usakI jIvanI se jur3I huI rAjanIti bAta isa prakAra hai| / " jaba kosAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ne dadhivAhana kI rAjadhAnI campA para dhAvA bolA, candanA eka luTere ke hAtha par3a gaI parantu vaha nirantara apane vrata kA pAlana karatI hI rahI thI / "" rAyacaudharI kA yaha vaktavya jaina kathAnakoM para hI avambita hai aura candanA kI pUrI kathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai unake pitA aura rAjA zatAnIka meM hue yuddha ke samaya meM vaha duzmana ke kisI sainika ke hAtha pahale par3a gii| isane use kosAmbI ke seTha dhanAvAha ko beca diyA pIra seTha ne usakA nAma candanA rakha diyA hAlAMki pitA kA rakhA huA usakA nAma vasumati thaa| kucha hI dinoM bAda isa dhanAvaha seTha kI patni mulA usameM DAha karane lagI aura isalie usane usake keza kATa 1. dekhI bhaNDArakara vahIM para vahI sthAna: merI pR. 110-111 kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA. 50. 192 prajApatiH sa bharatigrahamaNupoSitaH mamApi mAtA-pitarI saMpato, yadi dhAvazyaka pu. 300 pAyo dadhivAhanAya 2. dattA vahIM pR. 676 677 dekho je. je. vahI, pR. 1221 3. dekho de, vahI, pR. 44 de. baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI patrikA, naI mAlA. saM. 10, 1914, pR. 334 1 4. haribhadra kahate haiM ki rAjya kA bhAra apane putra karakaNDa ko sauMpa. rAjA aura rAnI donoM hI ne jainadharma dIkSA le le lI thii| padmAvatIdevI... dantapure prAyariNA mUle pratrajitA, graNi rAjyaM dadhivAhanastasmai datvA pravrajitaH, karakarmahAlAsanA jAta... - yAvazyaka sUtra pR. 716, 717, 718 vahI bhI kahA jAtA hai ki kArakaNDa ne bhI apane pitA kI taraha hI, granna meM dIkSA le lI thii| dekho vahI, pR. 719 / karakaNDa aura usake mAtA pitAyoM ke sambandha kI adhika jAnakArI ke lie mevera je. je. vahI, pR. 122-136 [tyAcArya uttarAdhyayanatra zivahitA. pU. 300-303, lakSmIvilAsa uttarAdhyayanadISikA pu. 254-58 5. yI vahI. pU. 69 dekha de, vahI. pU. 321 rAyacaudharI | 1 6. samaraNassa bhagavo mahAvIrassa grajjacaMdAnA mukkhAyAM chattIsa grajjiyA sAhasIgro... hutyA / - kalpasUtra, suvodhikA - TIkA, sUtra 133, pR. 123 dekho de, vahI bI / 7. rArI vahI pu. 69 dekho vahIM, pu. 84 "vivasAra ke rAjya meM milA lene ke kucha varSa pUrva hI pA ko kosAmbI ke rAjA zatanIka rAya ne adhikAra meM lekara naSTa kiyA thA / " -pradhAna vahI pa. 214 1
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________________ 85 kara eka koTar3I meM banda kara diyaa| isI baMdI avasthA meM eka bAra usane mahAvIra ko apane grAhAra meM se ho grAhAra diyA thA aura anta meM vaha unakI sAdhvI bana gaI thii|' ceTaka kI tIsarI putrI mRgAvatI thii| parantu isakA vicAra karane ke pUrva jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi meM campA ke viSaya meM kucha kahanA aprAsaMgira nahIM hogaa| abhI yaha nagara bhAgalapura ke nikaTa thor3I hI dUra para hai aura isakA ullakha caMga pUrI, caMpAnagara, mAlinI aura caMpAmAlinI grAdi nAmoM se milatA hai| jaina itihAsa meM isakI upayogitA svayam siddha hai kyoMki hameM patA hai ki mahAvIra ne aMga kI rAjadhAnI caMpA aura usake upanagara pRSTha caMpA meM caturmAsa bitAe the phira janoM ke bArahaveM tIrthaMkara zrIvAsu pujya kI janma aura nirvANa bhUmi bhI yahI kahI jAtI hai| caMdanA aura usake pitA ke mukhya nagara paura jainadharma ke pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM bhI yaha jainoM meM prakhyAna hai| yahAM digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI sampradAyoM ke vAsupUjya evam anya tIrthaMkaroM kI mula mUrti sahita prAcIna aura arvAcIna maMdira vahAM dekhe jAte haiN| uvAmagadamAno aura aMtagaDadasAno meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa pazcAt unake gyAraha gaNadharoM meM se eka mudharma ke samaya meM campA meM pUrNabhadra nAma kA eka caitya thaa|' 'jaina sampradAya ke yugapradhAnAcArya zrI sudharmAsvAmI, kuNika prajAtazatru ke samaya meM campA meM grAe the taba nagara ke bAhara unake nivAsa sthAna para darzana karane ke lie kugiNaka naMge pAMva pahuMcA thaa| sudharmA ke anugAmI jambU aura unake anugAmI prabhA, unake anugAmI zayaMbhava bhI isa nagara meM rahe the aura imI meM bhayaMbhava ne pavitra jainamiddhAnoM kA sAra rUpa dasa-adhyayanavAlA dazavakAlikasUtra racA thA / 'bivamAra ke mRtyoparAnta, riNaka-grajAtazatra ne campA ko hI apanI rAjadhAnI banA liyA thaa| parantu usakI mRtyoparAnta usake pUtra udAyI ne apanI rAjadhAnI pATalIpUtra meM badala lI thii|" caMpaka-zreSThi-kathA nAma ke jaina grantha se mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha nagara bahuta hI samRddha thaa| isakI prArambha kI paMktiyoM meM yahAM kI jAniyoM aura dhandhoM ke nAma pAte haiM / yahAM sugandhI dravya vikraka, masAle-vikraka, zakkara vikraka jauharI, carmakAra (kamAnevAle), hAra banAnevAle, sutAra, bunakara aura dhobI the|' / . dekho kalpasUtra, suvodhikA-TIkA, mUtra 118, pR. 106-107 / dekho aAvazyakamutra, 22 3-225%; hemacandra . vahIM, pR. 59-62; candanA ke vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekho bAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 98-100, 102, 106 / 2. dekho de, dI jyogrAphikala DikSanerI praoNpha ejeMTa eNDa maMDovala iNDiyA, pR. 44: kanidhama, vahI, pR. 546-5 722-723 / Aja bhAgalapura ke pAsa, gaMgA nadI para kA caMpApura kA gAMva hI yaha hai / prAcIna kAla meM prAdhunika bhAgalapura jilA jise kahate haiM usI ko aMga deza kahA jAtA thA aura yaha caMpA uma deza kI rAjadhAnI thii| 3. de vahI, pR. 44-45 / 'ajamera ke kisI prAcIna jaina mandira ke paDosa se utkhanita kucha jaina mUrtiyoM ke lavAna yaha patA lagatA hai ki ye mUrtiyAM vAsupUjya. mallinAtha, pArzvanAtha gaura vardhamAna kI 13 vIM sadI ImavI ne pratiSThita huI thI yAne vi saM, 1239 se 1247 taka meM / ' vahI, pa. 45; dekho bagAla eziyATika momAiTI patrikA, bhAga 7, pR. 52 / 4. haranolI, vahI, bhAga 2, pR. 2 TippaNa / 'ni:saMdeha, jambU una dinoM meM...campA nAmaka eka nagara thA...pUrNabhadra caitya...vAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 97-98, 100 / dekho vahI aura vahI sthAna / 5. de, vahI aura vahI sthAna / anyadAzrIgaNadhara: sudhrmaa...| jagAma cNpaa...|| tdaa...krinnkH...tyktpaaduko...| saSamasvAminaM dRSTavAdarAdapi namo karoDA hemacandra. pariziSTaparvana, sarga 4. zlo. 1. 9. 33, 351 6. vahI sarga 6, zlo. 21 praadi| 7. de, vahI aura vahI sthAna /
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________________ 86 1 aba magAvatI kI bAta kheN| ceTaka kI tIsarI isa pUtrI kA vivAha kosAmbI 'ke rAjA zatAnIka se huyA thA aura vaha videha kI rAjakumArI ke nAma se prakhyAta thii| ' vinayavijayagaNi kalpasUtra kI subodhikA TIkA meM kahate haiM ki 'jaba mahAvIra komAmbI pAe to usa deza meM zatAnIka rAjA magovatI aura raanii'thii| rAjA aura rAnI donoM hI mahAvIra ke ananya bhakta the yaha bhI jaina sAhitya se pramANita hotA hai / jisa kuTumba ke vAtAvaraNa meM usakA poSaNa va vardhana hayA thA usako dekhate hue mRgAvatI se svAbhAvika hI aisI AzA rakhI jA sakatI thii| itanA hI nahIM apitu jaina dantakathA spaSTa hI kahatI hai ki rAjA kA prAtmAtya aura usakI patni bhI jainadharmI the|" dadhivAhana aura zatAnIka meM hue yuddha kA varNana kiyA hI jA cukA hai| aitihAsika mahatva kI dUsarI bAta jaina sAhitya se yaha milatI hai ki "usakA putra aura anugAmI vibamAra kA samakAlika udAyana thaa|"' DaoN. pradhAna kahatA hai ki "udAyana ke pitAmaha kA sahasraNIka nAma mAsa ne sahasrAnIka aura purANoM meM vasudAmana diyA hai / yaha sahasrAnIka bivasAra kA samasamayI thA aura mahAvIra kA dharmopadeza usane sunA thaa| jaina use sAnIka kahate haiM jo sahasrAnIka kA hI saMkSepa rUpa hai aura saMskRta sahasrANIka kA prAkRta rUpa / sasAnIka hI purANoM kA vasudAmana hai aura use zatAnIka 2 ya kA nAma kA eka putra thaa| udAgana imI zatAnIka 2 ya putra thaa|" janoM ke pAMcaveM aMgasUtra bhagavatI kA pUrA-pUrA samarthana isa bAta meM vidvAna DaoNkTara ko milatA hai|' hama yaha bhI usame jAnate haiM ki zatAnIka kI bahana jayanti bhI mahAvIra kI dRr3ha anuyAyinI thI / / udAyana, usake zvasura zatAnIka hI paraMtapa bhI kahA jAtA thA / dekho hisa DeviDsa, vahI, pR. 3 / 2. 'kosAmbI, komAmbInagara athavA kosama, jamanA ke vAma taTasthita prAcIna gAva jo ki ilAhAbAda se pazcima meM lagabhaga 30 mIla dUra para sthita hai|' de, vahI, pR. 961 3. 'zatAnIka...ne videha kI rAjakumArI se vivAha kiyA thA kyoMki usakA putra vaidehIputra kahA jAtA thaa|' rAya caudharI, vahI, pR. 84 / dekho lAhA. vi. ca., vahI, pR. 136 / 4. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 250 / tataH krameNa kauzamvyAM gatastatra zatAnIko rAjA mRgAvatI devI / kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, sUtra / 4, pR. 106 / 5. mahAvIra kevalajJAna prApti ke pUrva bhramaNa karate hue eka bAra kosAmbI pahuMce the| usa samaya aisI ghaTanA ghaTI ki kimI abhigraha ke kAragA bhagavAn mahAvIra ko kaI dinoM taka vahAM grAhAra nahIM milA aura isalie mRgAvatIpi...mahatA duHkhenAmitatA...tena (rAjJA) grAzvAsitA tathA kariSyAmi yathA kalpa labhate...yAvazyakasUtra, pR. 223 / degyo sTIvansana, zrImatI, vahI, pR. 40 / 6. sugupto, mAtyo. nandA tamya bhAryA, mA ca zramaNopAsikA. sA ca zrAddhIti magavatyA vayasyA,... grAmAtyaupi sapatnika aAgata: svAminaM vadante,....aAvazyakatra, pR. 222, 225 / dekho kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, sUtra / 18, pa. 1061 7. rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / dekho vAranyaiTa vahI, pa. 96, Tipparaga 2 / 8. pradhAna. vahI aura vahI sthAna / "kathAsaritsAgara" kahatA hai ki zatAnIka kA putra sahasAnIka udAyana kA pitA thA / isa prakAra kathAsaritsAgara ne bhUla se krama ko ulaTA diyA hai|" devo TAnI (paMjara saMskaraNa), kathAsaritsAgara, bhAga I, .95-96 | rAyacaudharI, vahI, vahI sthAna / 9. sahassAraNIyassa ranno potte sayANIyassa rano putte ne Dagamma ranno natue migAvItA devIe attae jayaMtie samagovAmiyAe mattijjae udAyaNe nAma rAyA hotthA. aadi| -bhagavatI mUtra 441, 4.556 / " 10. tAga mA jayaMtI samaNovAsiyA...pavvaiyA jAva savvadukyuppahINA |...-vhiiN, sUtra 443, pR. 5581
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________________ [ 87 caNDapradyota evam usake anuyAyI Adi ke viSaya meM prAge hama vistAra se kheNge| yahAM isalie itanA hI kaha denA ucita hogA ki jaina usa ke jaina hone kA hI dAvA nahIM karate haiM apitu yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki "vaha eka mahAn rAjA thA jisane kitane hI yuddha vijaya kie the aura avantI. aMga tathA magadha ke rAna-kudamboM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandhoM se bhI vaha jur3A huA thaa|" ceTaka kI cauthI putrI zivA avantI yA prAcIna mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI ke rAjA caNDapradyota ko vyAhI thii| yaha caNDapradyota mahAsena-bhayaMkara pradyota, mahAn senA kA adhipati' aura vaMsa athavA vatsa deza kI rAjadhAnI kosAmbI ke rAjA udAyana ke zvasura rUpa se prasiddha hai| DaoN. hima DeviDsa kahatA hai ki "buddha ke samaya meM avantI kA rAjA bhayaMkara pradyota thA jo ki ujjaina meM rAjya karatA thaa| usake sambandhI dantakathA kahatI hai ki vaha aura usakA par3ausI kosAmbI kA rAjA udena samakAlika the| ve vaivAhika sambandha se bhI jur3e hue the aura yuddha bhI donoM hI ne kiyA thA / "" yaha daMtakathA jaina mAhitya se sampUrNa milatI hai| inhIM prAdhAroM se hama jAnate haiM ki vatsa rAjA udAyana kA vivAha vAsavadatta , avantI ke pradyota kI putrI se huA thA / grAcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki caNDapradyota ne zatAnIka se magAvatI ko usake pAsa bheja dene kA kahalAyA thA aura umake inkAra karane para usane usake Upara dhAvA bola diyA thA, isI arase meM zatAnIka kI mRtyu ho gaI aura jaba mahAvIra kosAmbI meM pAe the tava caNDapradyota ne unakI pratibhA cauMdhiyA kara vairavRtti chor3a, udAyana ko kausAmbI kA rAjA banA dene kA vacanabaddha hokara, mRgAvatI ko jaina sAdhvI ho jAne kI prAjJA de dI thii| "vatla kA rAjA yaha udAyana prema aura sAhasika aneka saMskRta kathAnoM kA mahAna cakra kA kendra vyakti hai / unameM anupama sundarI vAsavadattA ke pitA upajaina ke rAjA pradyotanA bhI kucha kama bhAga nahIM hai|" 10 jaisA ki abhI Upara kahA gayA hai usane avantI, aMga aura magadha ke rAja-kuTamboM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha bAMdha liyA thA / sampUrNataH vizvasta yadi nahIM bhI hoM to bhI bhinna-bhinna pramANoM se hameM patA lagatA hai ki avantI ke rAjA pradyota kI kAyA vAsuladattA hAthavA vAsavadattA aura magadha ke rAjA darzaka kI bahana padmAvatI evam aMga deza ke rAjA hara varmA kI putrI usakI rAniyA~ thii| inameM se vAsavadattA udAyana kI paTanI thii| bauddha evaM jaina donoM hI 1. pradhAna, vahI. pra. 123 1 2. dekho aAvazyakasutra pra. 677 / / 3. dekho de, vahI, pR. 209 / 4. dekho pradhAna, vahI. pa. 230 / 5. devo rAyacaudharI. vahI, pR. 83 / kauzAmbI nagara yA kosama...udAyana ke rAjya vaMzadeza yA vatsa deza kI rAjadhAnI thii| -de, vahI, pa. 96 / dekho vahI, pa. 28 1. 6. hisa DeviDsa, kaihiI, bhAga I. 4. 185 / 7. dekho AvazyakasUtra pR. 674: hemacandra, triSaSTi-zalAkA. parva 10, pR. 142-145 / / 8. 'avantI moTe taura para Adhunika mAlavA, nImAr3a aura madhyapradeza ke prAsa-pAsa ke sthAnoM taka phailA deza thA / pro. bhaNDArakara kahate haiM ki vaha janapada do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA / uttarI bhAga kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI thI aura dakSiNI bhAga ko avaMtI dakSiNI patha bhI kahA jAtA thA, kI rAjadhAnI mahAsattI yA mahiSyatI thI jo ki narbadA nadI para kA grAdhunika mAndhAtA hai|" -rAya caudharI, vahI, pa. 92 / 9. hemacandra. vahI, zlo 332, 4. 107 / 10. repsana, kaihiI, bhAga !, pR. 3 / / / dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 122; pharjITara, ezeMTa hisTorikala TreDIzana, pR. 285 / 11.dekho rAya caudharI, vahI aura vahIM sthAna; pradhAna, vahI, pR. 211. 246 / "dantakathAnoM meM udana aura usakI tInoM rAniyoM ke sAhasoM kI lambI kahAnI surakSita haiN|" -hrisa DeviDsa, vahI pR. 187 / pradhAna. vahI, pR. 21 : 246 takazoM
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________________ 88 ] sAhityoM meM avantI ke pradyota kI kanyA vAsUladattA kausAmbI ke rAjA udena kI rAnI athavA usakI tIna rAniyoM meM se eka kaise banI isakI adbhuta aura lambI kathA dI gaI hai|"1 dharma ke prati unakI manovRtti ke viSaya meM to usakI mAtA. biMbamAra, cellagA evaM usake anya sambandhI jo usa samaya jainadharma meM agraNI the, umake grAdarza the| svabhAvataH hI imalie usake mana meM jainadharma ke prati sammAna aura mahAnubhUti utpanna hue binA raha nahIM sakatI thii| pravanti ke pradyota aura usakI patni zivA ke jaina dharma ke prati grAdara ke sambandha meM grA. hemacandra kahate haiM ki pradyota ko jainadharma ke prati bahuta mAna thA aura usakI prAjJA milane para hI aMgAravatI grAdi usakI pATha rAniyAM ko sAmbI kI magAvatI ke sAtha jaina sAdhviyAM ho gaI thii| sauvIra ke udAyana ke varNana meM jaisA ki hama dekha pAe hai, pradyota ne svayam hI jAhira kiyA thA ki vaha jaina hai / yadyapi bauddha aura jaina donoM hI isa avaMtIpati ke atyAcAroM aura dhUrtatA se paricita haiM. phira bhI isa vizeSa prasaMga meM usane apane Apako kisI kAraNa vizeSa se jaina asatya hI kahA ho| aimA kucha samajha meM nahIM pAtA hai| yadi use bhojana ke viSaya meM zaMkA thI to kisI dUsare bahAne se bhI vaha bhojana nahIM karane kA kaha sakatA thaa| tathya jo bhI ho phira bhI itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki isa vizeSa prasaMga kA lakSya isa yA usa rAjA ke bure svabhAva kI chApa paTakane kI apekSA dumarA hI hai / mukhya lakSya yaha mAlUma detA hai ki pradyota kA ghora zatru hone para bhI udAyana payUSaNA jaise dhArmika pavitra dinoM meM kisI ko bhI cAhe koI jaina ho yA ajaina, baMdI rUpa meM dekhanA nahIM cAhatA thaa|' isa prakAra ceTaka kI sAta putriyoM meM se prabhAvatI, padyAvatI, magAvatI, zivA aura cellagA anukrama se sauvIra, aMga, vatsa (vaMsa), avaMtI aura magadha ke rAjoM ke sAtha vyAhI thiiN| inameM ke antima cAra dezoM ke nAma solaha mahAjanapadoM kI bauddha aura jaina sUciyoM meM pAe haiN| parantu mauvIra deza ke viSaya meM adhika kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / ceTaka kI zeSa do putriyoM meM se jyeSThA to mahAvIra ke bar3e bhAI nandIvardhana ke sAtha byAhI thii| parantu sujyeSThA mahAvIra kI ziSyA jaina mAdhvI ho gaI thii| yaha saba spaSTa hI batAnA hai ki vardhamAna kA prabhAva usakI mAtA licchavI rAjakanyA trizalA ke kAraNa hI phailA / isase yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra-kAla meM licchavI kSatriya ho mAne jAte the aura unheM apane ucca kula kA abhimAna thA aura unase pUrvI bhArata ke ucca kAlIna rAjA loga vaivAhika saMbaMdha jor3anA apane lie gauravAnvita mAnate the / 1. dekho hrisa DeviDsa, buddhIsTa iNDiyA, pR. 4; aAvazyaka sUtra pR. 674; hemacandra, vahI, pR. 142-145 / 2. mAmI smosle...| taeNaM se udAya ge yA...paMjjuvAsae / prAdi-bhagavatI, sU. 442, pR. 556 / mahAgRhalanmagAvatyA pravajyAM svaamisnnidhoN| aSTAvaMgAravatyAdyAH pradyotanapateH priyAH / / -hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 233, pR. 107 / 4 dekho hrisa DeviDsa, vahI aura vahI sthAna;...so ghutto... pAvazyakasUtra, pR. 300; bhaNDArakara, vahI aura vahI __ sthAna;...-kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TIkA, sUtra 59, pR. 192 / 5. dekho aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 300; meyeyara je. je., vahI, pR. 110-111, kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TikA, sUtra 59, pR. 192 / 6. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 59-60 / 7. dekho prAvazyakasUtra, pR. 677; hemacandra vahI; zlo. 192, pR. 77 / 8. dekho AvazyakasUtra, pR. 685; hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 266, pR. 80 /
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________________ 89 isa saba kA sAra yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke saMskArita jainadharma ko licchaviyoM eva vazAlo ke rAjyakartA-vaMza dvArA prArambhika dinoM meM sabhI aora se acchA aura sudRr3ha AzrayAprApta hayA thaa| inake dvArA hI- mahAvIra kA dharmavIra, aga, vatsa, avaMtI, videha aura magadha meM pracAra pAyA thA aura ye sabhI usa kAla ke atyanta zaktizAlI rAjya the| yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddhagranthoM meM vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kA kucha bhI varNana nahIM milatA hai hAlAMki unameM vaizAlI ke saMvedhAnika zAsana kA acchA varNana diyA hajhA hai|' DA. yAkobI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to 'buddhoM ne usakA kucha bhI ullekha isalie nahIM kiyA ki usakA prabhAva...pratidvandvI dharma ke lAbha meM prayoga ho rahA thaa| parantu jainoM ne apane tIrthakara ke mAmA aura grAzrayadAtA kI smRti sajIva rakhI ki jisake prabhAva ke kAraNa hI vaizAlI jainadharma kA gar3ha bana gaI thI jaba ki bauddhoM dvArA vahI pAkhaNDiyoM aura nAstikoM ke aDDe ke rUpa meM citrita kI gaI hai| inake sivA bhI jo janasUtroM meM licchaviyoM ke sambandha meM yatratatra ullekha milate haiM, unase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki ve jainI hI the / sUtrakRtAMga ko hI pahale leM jahAM ki jainoM dvArA unheM bahuta sammAna prApta batAyA gayA hai| usakA kathana hai ki 'janma se brAhmaNa yA kSatriya ugra kula kA vaMzadhara athavA licchavI jo ki sAdhU hokara dUsaroM se prApta bhikSA se nirvAha karatA hai, apane prakhyAta gotra ko bhI garva nahIM karatA hai|'' kalpasUtra kA lekha bhI dekhie 'jisa rAtri meM bhagavAna mahAvIra saba karmoM kA kSaya kara nirvANa prApta hae the usa rAtri meM kAsI, kosala ke aThAraha rAjoM, nava mallikoM, nava licchavI rAjoM ne amAvasyA ke dina, dIpa jalAe popaNa para jo ki upavAsa kA dina thaa| unane aisA kahA ki jJAna kA dIpaka kyoMki pAja asta ho gayA hai, hama dravya dIeka kA prakAza kreN| jainasUtroM ke ina do ullekhoM ke sivA uvAsagadasAyoM meM jitazatu rAjA kA ullekha hai jo ki haranolI ke anusAra jaina aura licchavI rAjA ceTaka ke sambandha meM parIkSaNa meM atyanta mahatva kA hai| jainoM ke isa sAtaveM aga ke dasa adhyayanoM meM se pahale adhyayana meM sudharmA jambU se kahate haiM ki 'nizcaya hI he jambU ! usa samaya meM usa kAla meM vAriNayAgAma nAma kA nagara thA...vAriNayAgAma ke bAhara IzAna koNa meM eka dvipalAma nAma kA caitya thaa| usa samaya meM vAriNayAgAma kA rAjA jitazatru thA |...us samaya meM usa gAMva meM grAnanda nAma kA gRhastha rahatA thA jo parama samRddha aura sarvazreSTha thaa| ___ usa samaya meM usa kAla meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra vahAM padhAre / loka samUha upadeza sunane ko vahAM pAyA thA rAjA kuriNaya ne jaisA eka prasaMga meM kiyA thA vaise hI rAjA jitazatru bhI unakA upadeza sunane bAhara AyA thA aura isa prakAra...vaha unakI sevA meM rahA thaa| 1. dekho de, noTsa prAna eMjeMTa aga, pR. 322; vhUlara, iNDiyana syaikTa grApha dI janAja, pR. 27 / 2. dekho yAkobI, saMbaI, pUsta. 22, prastA. pa. 12 / dekho Taranara, baMeso, patrikA, saM. 7, pR. 992 / 3. yAkobI, vahI. prastA. pa. 13 / 4. yAkobI, se buI, pusta. 45, 43211 5. 'kArtika mahIne kI pramAvasyA kI rAtri ko diye jalAkara jaina mahAvIra nirvAgA kA utsava manAte haiM / vahIM, pusta. 22, pR. 266 / 6. yAkobI, mebuI, pusta. 22, pR. 266 / 7. '...mahAvIra ke / / gaNadharoM meM se eka, jo unake bAda yugapradhAna hA thA. usakA uttarAdhikArI antima - kevalI jambU thaa|' haranolI, vahI, pR. 2, TippaNa 5 / 8. grAnanda aNuvatI zrAvaka kA jainoM meM utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| dekho hemacandra. yogazAstra, prakAza 3 zlo. 151, haranolI. vahI. pa. 7 graadi| 9. badrI pa. 3-7 9 /
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________________ 90 ] hai, use DA. haranolI aura DA. vAnyaMTA' jisa jita kA yaha ne ucita hI mahAvIra kA mAmA ceghaga yA ceTaka batAyA hai kyoMki jitazatru kA vANiyagAma, jaisA ki grAge dekheMge, vaizAlI kA hI dUsarA nAma thA athavA isa nAma me prasiddha unakA koI bhAga thA, DA. haranolI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to 'sUryaprajJapti meM jilA ko videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilAkA rAjA kahA hai... yahAM usako vArigAma pravAsAsI kA rAjA kahA hai| phira mahAvIra ke mAmA beDaga ko nAlI aura videha kA rAjA honA bhI kahA gayA hai|... isase lagatA hai ki jisa aura Daga eka hI vyakti haiN|" phira rAjA kuggiya jisake sAtha jitazatru kI tulanA kI gaI hai. anya koI nahIM apitu magadha ke rAjA bisAra kA putra aura granugAmI gatazatu ho hai / jaba hama yaha jAnate haiM ki kuNiya usake pitA jaisA mahAn jaina thA to yaha tulanA bilakula ho ucita lagatI hai| yaha paristhiti usake jIvanta paryaTakI rahI thI yA nahIM yaha to pIche vicAra kareMge, parantu itanA to nizcita kahA jA sakatA hai ki usako jainadharma ke prati vizeSa sahAnubhUti thI" aura vaha mahAvIra ke saMsarga meM eka se adhika bAra prAyA thA / hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki isa kuNiya yA kuNika kA usake nAnA ceTaka ke sAtha usa hAthI ko le kara yuddha huA thA jisako le kara usakA choTA bhAI vaisAlI palAyana kara gayA thaa| isase aisA lagatA hai ki ajAtazatu kI pratidvandvatA meM ceTaka jitazatru kahalAyA hogaa| eka bAra phira DA. haranolI kA pramANa dete haiM ki magadha kA rAma prajAtazatru eka samaya mahAvIra kA anuyAyI thA aura bAda meM vaha buddha kA anuyAyI bana gayA hogA jaisA ki sUcita kiyA gayA hai jisa (jitana) nAma ajAtazatru ke pratiindrI kI dRSTi se use de diyA gayA hogaa| jainoM meM ajAtazatru kuraNIya nAma me hI paricita hai aura isI nAma meM yahAM aura anyatra bhI jitazatru se usakI tulanA kI gaI hai / ' ina saba dantakathAtroM para se licchavI kSatriyoM ke viSaya meM aisA lagatA hai ki ve bhI videha kI jaise hI jaina the 15 yadi yaha svIkAra kara liyA jAe to mahAn aura zaktizAlI licchavI vaMza mahAvIra ke saMskArita dharma ke lie vAstava meM hI zakti kA mUlyavAna zrota siddha ho jAtA hai| unakI rAjadhAnI hI mahAvIra kAla meM jaina samAja kI pramukha nagarI thii| jaina sAhitya se bhI hama jAnate haiM ki mahAvIra licchaviyoM kI rAjanagarI ne pratyanta nikaTa saMparka meM the / jainoM ke isa antima tIrthaMkara ko vaizAlI apanA hI nAgarika ghoSita karatI hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki " pUjya prarhat jJAtRputra, vaizAlI ke prasiddha nivAmI, sarvajJa, samyagjJAna aura darzana yukta isa prakAra bole|" jainasUna uttarAdhyayana meM bhI yahI bAta kucha heraphera ke sAtha mila jAtI hai / " mahAvIra vesAlie athavA vaizAlika yA vaizAlI nivAsI kahalAte haiM / phira abhayadevasUri bhagavatI TIkA meM (21-12, 2) vaMzAlika ko mahAvIra hI batAte haiM aura vaizAlI ko mahAvIra kI jananI yA mAtA kahate haiM " 1. vAranTa, vahI, prastA. pu. 6 niyama sambandhI jainoM ke 8 aura 9 ve bhAMga ke saMdarbhoM ke lie dekho, vahI, pR. 62, 113 1 2. haranolI, vahI, pR. 6 Ti. 9 1 3. taeAM se kuNiyaM rAyA...samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM... vaMdatigamanati... papAtikasUtra 32, pR. 7 4. haranolI vahI dhaura vahI sthAna 1 5. jainadharma kI vaizAlI meM pradhAnatA ke adhika tathyoM ke lie dekho lAhA, vi. pa., vahI pu. 72-75 yAkobI vahI, pR. 194 6. arstat, age., gear. 45, q. 261 1 dekho 8. lAhA. bi. ca. vahI. pa. 31-321 rASyayana sUtra adhyayana 6 gAyA 17; yAkobI, vahI. pU. 27
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________________ [ 91 isake bhivA kalpasUtra se bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra apane sAdhU-jIvana meM apanI mAtRbhUmi ko bhUla nahIM gA the aura isIlie 42 caumAsoM meM se lagabhaga 12 unane vaizAlI meM kie| phira bhI jainoM ke antima tIrthaMkara aura licchaviyoM ke isa nikaTa sambandha kA mahatva isa bAta se aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai jaba ki hama vibhinna prAdhAroM me yaha jAnate haiM ki vaizAlI, linchavI rAjanagara, zaktizAlI, rAjavaMza ke adhikAra meM thI ki jo apane kAla ke rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika donoM kSetroM meM bahuta hI prabhAvazAlI thA / "vaizAlI", DaoN. lAhA kahate haiM, "mahAnagarI, sarva zreSTa, bhAratIya itihAsa meM licchavI rAjoM kI rAjadhAnI rUpa meM aura mahAn evaM zaktizAlI vajji jAti ke kendra rUpa meM prakhyAta hai| yaha mahAnagarI jaina aura bauddha dharma donoM hI ke prAcIna itihAsa ke sAtha nikaTa kA sambandha rakhatI hai itanA hI nahIM apitu Isabo yUgArambha ke 500 varSa pUrva meM bhArata ke IzAna koNa meM utpanna aura vikasita do mahAna dharmo ke saMsthApakoM kI pavitra matiyoM bhI usake sAtha lagI huI haiN|" eka bAta aura vicAra karane kI raha jAtI hai aura vaha yaha ki vaizAlI aura kuNDagrAma meM kyA sambandha thaa| IsavI yugArambha ke 500 varSa pUrva meM bhAratavarSa ke nagaroM meM vaizAlI ananyatama samRddha nagara thA isako dRSTi se rakhate hue eka bAta nizcita lagatI hai ki kuNDagrAma, jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, vaizAlI kA hI vibhAga honA cAhie / jaina aura buddha donoM hI kI dantakathAoM ke AdhAra para, DaoN. haranolI', rAkahila', grAdi vidvAna isase sahamata haiM ki vaizAlI tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita thA / "eka to vaizAlI khAna, dUbharA kuNDagrAma aura nImaga vAriNayagAma jo sAre nagara ke kSetraphala meM anukrama me naiRtya, IzAna aura pazcima meM avasthita the| phira ye tInoM hI khaNDa vaizAlI se nikaTa sambandhita the kyoMki mahAvIra kuNDagrAma meM janme hone para bhI vaizAlI-nivAmI 1. vahI, pR. 3 / / yaha licchavIkula kI rAjadhAnI thI, ki jo magadha ke rAjoM ke sA vivAha sambandha se pahale ne ho ghaniSTatama jur3I huI thI...vaha bajji zaktizAlI janapada kA pramukha sthAna thii...| una svatantra vaMzA ke samasta rAjyoM meM ki jo I. pUrva chaTI sadI ke sAmAjika aura rAjanItika jIvana meM pramukha sthAna rakhate the, eka yahI mahAnagarI thii| vaha prati sampanna nagarI honA caahie|" hisa DeviDasa, vahI, 1. 40. zapeMTiyara, kaihiI, bhAga 1, pR. 157 / 2. kuNDagrAma nAma se vaizAlI nagara jaina tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kahI gaI hai jo ki vesAlie bhI kahalAte the / bauddhoM kA koTigAma bhI yahI hai|" -de dI jyogrAphikala DikSanerI praoNpha ejeMTa eMDa maiDIvala iNDiyA, pR. 107 / 3. haranAla:, vahI, 1.3-7 / rAkahila, dI lAipha grApha buddha, pR. 62-63 1 5 haranolI. vahI, pR. 4 / dekhA lAhA vi. ca., vahI, pR. 33; de, vahI, pR. 17 / yahAM yaha kaha denA ucita hai ki uvAsa gadasAnoM meM vAriNayagAma ke sambandha meM nimna prAzaya kA ullekha milatA hai : vAriNayagAme nayare uccanIyamajjhimAr3a kulAI (vAriMgayagAma nagara meM ucca, nIca aura madhyama kuloM meM) ! haranolI, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 36 / prAzcarya kI hI yaha bAta hai kimadalva meM die vaizAlI ke varNana se yaha milatA hayA hai| -rAkahila, vahI, pR. 62 / vaizAlI ke tIna bhAga haiM : eka bhAga meM svarga zikhara vAle 7000 bhavana the, madhya bhAga meM raupya zikhara ke 14000 bhavana the aura antima bhAga meM 220000 tAmra zikhara ke ghara the / inameM ucca, madhya aura nimna varga ke loga apanI-apanI sthityAnusAra rahata the|" dekho haranolI, vahI, bhAga 2, pR. 6 Ti. 4 | zrI de ne ina tInoM vibhAgoM ko isa prakAra mAnA hai : vaizAlI khAsa (vasADha), kuNDapura (basukuNDa), aura vAriNayagAma (bAniyA) jinameM kramaza: brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya rahate the| -de, vahI, pR. 176 /
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________________ 921 kahalAte the aura jo bAraha caumAse unane vaizAlI meM bitAe unake viSaya meM kalpasUtra meM ullekha "zAlI aura vAyagrAma meM bAraha "" kaha kara kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. haranolI aura nandalAla de isase eka kadama Age bar3hakara kahate haiM ki ye to vaizAlI hI the kyoMki vaizAlI kA prAcIna nagara kuNThapura yA vANijagrAma bhI kahalAtA yA dhora anta meM ve yaha svIkAra kara lete haiM ki licchaviyoM kI riyAsata vaizAlI ke ye pRthaka vibhAga the| * isa prakAra itanA to spaSTa hai hI ki kuNDagrAma vaizAlI ke tIna pramukha vibhAgoM meM se eka thA aura isa vaizAlI kA zAsana grIka nagara rAjyoM ke zAsana se milatA julatA sA mAlUma hotA hai| isa kAla kI vicitra rAjya avasthA svatantra niyamAdi saMsthAeM rIti-rivAja aura dhArmika mAnyatAeM evam vyavahAra saba bhArata ke usa saMkramaNa kAla kI jhAMkI hameM karAte haiM jaba ki prAcIna vaidika saMskRti nava vikAsa sAdha rahI thI aura usa kalpanAzIla pravRtti meM prabhAvita hokara sadbhUta parivartana pA rahI thI ki jisameM naI sAmAjika-dhArmika sthiti kA parisphuTana huaa| DA. haranolI kahatA hai ki 'vaha eka alpajanamattAka (olIgArgika ripablika) rAjya thA; usakI sattA usake nivAsI vaMzoM ke nAyakoM ke bane hue maNDala meM veSTita rahatI thii| rAjA kA nAma dhAraNa karanevAlA thikArI usa maNDala kA sabhApatitva karatA thA aura usako eka pradhAna aura eka senAdhyakSa sahAyatA karate the| aise prajAsattAka rAjyoM meM vaizAlI ke vajji aura kuzInArA (kusInagara) evam pAvA ke malla rAjya mahatva ke the / roma ke jaise hI videha meM rAjasattA ke naSTa ho jAne para vajjiyoM kA prajAsattA sthApita huI thI / " isa prakAra purAnI rAjasattA ke sthAna meM kuNDagrAma aura anya sthaloM ko kSatriya jAtiyoM ko pramukhatA meM vaizAlI jaise prajAsalAka mahArAjya sthApita hue the| yadyapi deza ke rAjakIya vAtAvaraNa meM pasarI huI maMzunAga kI mahAna sattA kA vicAra karate hue aise prajAsattAka rAjya gralpasamayI hI the, phira bhI usa kAla meM inakA prastitva aura prabhAva to svIkAra kie binA cala hI nahIM sakatA hai / DA. lAhA kahatA hai ki 'mauyoM kI sArvabhauma rAjanIti kI vRddhi aura vikAsa ke pUrva uttara bhArata meM basatI bhinna bhinna Arya prajA meM pracalita rAjakIya saMsthAnoM kI prAcIna prajAsattAka rAjanIti kA khayAla pAlI bhASA ke 1. yAkobI, vahIM pR. 264 2. "vAriNyagAma (saMskR. vANijyagrAga) licchavI deza kI rAjadhAnI vaisAlI (saMskR. vaizAlI) ke mukhyAla nagara kA dUsarA nAma... | kalpasUtra meM... isako alaga batAyA gayA hai, parantu vaizAlI ke bahuta nikaTa meM / bAta yaha hai ki, jise vaisAlI sAdhAraNataH kahA jAtA hai vaha nagara bahuta vyApaka kSetra meM phailA huA thA jisakI paridhi meM sAlolAsa (dhAja kA basAr3ha) ke siyA... aneka aura bhI sthAna the| ina anya sthAnoM meM hI vANiyagAma aura kuNDagAma yA kuNDapura se prAja bhI vANiyA aura vasukuNDa nAma ke grAma rUpa meM ye vidyamAna haiM isalie saMyukta nagara ko jaisA avasara ho, usake kisI bhI gravayavAMza ke nAma se paricaya karAyA jAtA hai|" - haranolI vahI, bhAga 2, pU. 3-4 bAriyAgAma vaizAlI yA (vasAda), mujaphpharapura ( tirahuta) jile meM vastuta: vAliyAgAmA vaizAlI ke prAcIna nagara kA eka aMza hI thA... kuNDagAma mujaphpharapura ( tirahuta) jile ke vaizAlI Adhunika basAda) kA yaha dUsarA nAma hai vastutaH kuNDagAma (kuNDagrAma) jise aba bakuNDa kahate haiM, vaizAlI ke prAcIna nagara ke upanagara kA hI eka bhAga thA / " de, vahI, pR. 23,107 1 3. dekho zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 22 rAyacaudharI vahI, pR. 75-761 4. vahI. pR. 52. 116 | dekho TAmasa, epha. DablyU., kaihiDa, bhAga 1, pR. 491 /
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________________ bauddhoM meM die vanoM se ThIka ThIka hotA hai aura usakA samarthana moThaM sAmrAjya kI sthApanA ke lie uttaradAyI rAjanItijJa mahAn brAhmaNa' kauTilya bhI karatA hai / hamAre abhiprAya ke lie isalie itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki nAya yA nAta jAti ke mukhya puruSa siddhArtha ne rAjya aura rAjyamaNDala meM uccapada prApta kiyA hI hogA ki jisake phalasvarUpa vaha eka prajAsattAka rAjA kI bahana trizalA se vivAha kara sakA thA / " avajJAnikoM kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki unane bhAratavarSa ko eka sarvottama dhArmika sudhAraka diyA thA aura jaisA ki hama kAra dekha hI cuke haiM, jaba vayA licchavI rAjamaNDaloM kI mukhya jAtiyAM meM bhI inakA sthAna thA, taba kSatriya jAti ke rUpa meM usakA mahatva svataH siddha ho jAtA hai kyoMki yaha vRtA licchavI maitrI saMgha' ke pramukha kuloM meM se eka thii| siddhArtha aura unake putra tIrtha kara mahAvIra kI yahI jJAtrika kula thaa| inakA pramukha nagara kuNDapura yA kuNDagrAma aura kollAga, vaizAlI ke upanagara the| phira bhI ye sAlie athavA vaizAlI nivAsI kahe jAte the| 4 rAjA siddhArtha aura rAnI kA putra mahAvIra niHsaMdeha jJAtRka kula kA eka nara rana thA isa advitIya vyakti kA mahAn prabhAva apane jAti bhAiyoM para kitanA thA. isa viSaya meM inake ghora virodhI daur3oM ke dharmazAstrIya sAhitya meM hI isa prakAra ullekha milatA hai vaha saMghakA puruSa mahAna guru mahAna za lokamAnya mahAna anubhavI dIrgha tapasvI vayovRddha aura paripatra yA kA hai|" 1 93 " hama dekha hI pAe haiM ki mahAvIra aura unake mAtApitA zrI pArzvanAtha ke dharma ke anuyAyI the aura isalie nAya kSatriyoM kI sArI jAti hI usI dharma kI anuyAyinI ho yaha bahuta sambhava hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha nAvajAti mahAvIra ke purogAmI pArzva ke anuyAyI sAdhU-samudAya kA poSaNa karatI thI aura jaba mahAvIra ne dharmapravartana kiyA, taba unakI jAti ke sadasya unhIM dharma ke zraddhAzIla anuyAyI ho ge| sUtrakRtAMga meM kathana hai ki jinane mahAvIra prarUpita dharma kA anusaraNa kiyA ve 'sadAcArI aura prAmANika' haiM aura ve 'paraspara eka dUsare ko dharma meM dRr3ha karate haiM / " isa prakAra mahAvIra kI hI jJAti ke hone ke kAraNa jJAtrikoM para nAma ke siddhAMta kA svabhAvAyA atyadhika prabhAva par3A jainasUtra zAtrikoM kA pAdarza cipa prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki ve pApa aura pApamaya 1. lAhA, vi.ca, vahI, pR. 1-21 2. dekho zrImatI sTIyansana, vahI, pR. 22; yAkobI, vahI, prasnA pR. 121 3. kula kA nAma nAya yA nAtha hI diyA gayA hai| dekho lAhA. vi. ca. vahI, pR. 121 haranolI vahI, pR. 4 TippaNa | 4. uvAsagadasApro meM kollAga ke viSaya meM isa prakAra kahA gayA hai 'vAriNayAgAma nagara ke bAhara, uttara-pUrvI dizA meM kollA nAma kA eka upanagara thA jo vistRta, gura... mahalovAlA prAdi-pAdi thaa| 'haranolI vahI, pR. 8 dekho vahI pu. 4 TippaNa mujaphpharapura (tirahuta) jile ke vaizAlI (sAha) kA upa nagara, jisameM nAyakula kSatriya rahate the jaina tIrthakara mahAvIra isI kSatriya jAti ke the' de, vahI, pR. 102 1 1 5. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 74 | dekho vAranyaiTa, vahI, prastA. pR. 6; haranolI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 6. nAhA. vi. ca., vahI pU. 124 125 1 7. dekho zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 31 lAhA, bi. ca.. vahI. pU. 123 1 8. dekho pAkobI, semuI, pusta. 45, pR. 2561
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________________ 94 ] vyApAra se dUra rahate the| udAharaNArtha sUtrakRtAMga kahatA hai ki 'prANi mAtra kI anukaMpA karane ke lie ipTA, jJAtRputragaNa, saba pApamaya pravRttiyoM se dUra rahate haiN| isI bhaya se ve khAsa usake lie banAyA huA bhojana bhI svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / jIvita prANiyoM ko pIr3A pahuMcane ke Dara se ve duSTa kAmoM se dUra rahate haiM, kisI jIva ko dukha yA pIr3A nahIM karate haiM, isIlie ve aisA pAhAra bhI nahIM karate haiN| hamAre dharma ke sAdhunoM yahI kA prAcAra hai|' uvAsagadasAno se hama yaha jAnate haiM ki jJAnikoM kA apanI rAjadhAnI kollAga kI bAhara dvipalAsa nAma kA caitya thaa|' DA. haranolI caitya zabda kA artha 'jaina mandira athavA pavitra sthAna ' karate haiM, parantu sAmAnyatayA isase vaha samasta bar3A hI samajhA jAtA hai ki jisameM udyAna, vanasaMDa yA vanakhaNDa, mandira aura usake pujArI kI kuTi grAdi saba hote haiN|'' jaba hama yaha jAnate haiM ki ziSyoM sahita mahAvIra ke kuNDapura yA vaizAlI meM samaya samaya para prAgamana ke samaya Thaharane ko sthAna rakhanA pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI hone se jJAtRkoM ko prAvazyaka thA to caitya kA upayukta vyApaka artha ekadama samIcIna hI lagatA hai| aura isa artha ke samIcIna hone kA isase bhI samarthana ho jAtA hai ki dIkSita hone ke pazcAt mahAvIra apanI janmabhUmi meM jaba bhI grAe, unane isI caitya meM nivAsa kiyA thaa| jJAtRkoM aura unake kula vi. rITa mahAvIra prarUpita dharma ke prati unake bahumAna ke viSaya meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA / phira bhI hama yaha batA denA cAhate haiM.' DA. lAhA kahatA hai ki, 've mahAvIra hI the jinane jJAtRkoM kA pUrvI-bhArata kI par3osI jAtiyoM se nikaTatama saMsarga karAyA thA aura aise dharma kA vikAsa kiyA thA ki jo Aja bhI lAkhoM bhAratIya mAnate pAlate haiM / isI jJAtRka jAti kA dUsarA nara-ratna Ananda thA jo ki mahAvIra kA eka niSTha anuyAyI thA / jaina gasUtra uvAsagadasAyoM meM kahA gayA hai ki usake pAsa cAra karor3a maunayoM kI nidhI thii| phira yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki vaha aisA mahAn thA ki aneka rAjA. mahArAjA aura unake adhikArI se lekara vyApArI taka bhI usase anaka bAtoM kI salAha kiyA aura liyA karate the / usake zivanandA nAma kI pativratA bhAryA thii| ava vajjiyoM kA hama vicAra kreN| hama dekhate haiM ki licchaviyoM aura vajjiyoM ke bIca meM bheda karanA atyanta hI kaThina hai / ve bhI 'vaizAlI ke sAtha jo ki licchaviyoM ko rAjadhAnI meM hI nahIM thI, apitu samasta dhanapada kI mahAnagarI bhI thI, bahana samparka meM the| DA. lAhA ke anusAra licchavI aura adhika vyApaka artha meM kaheM to vajji dRr3ha dhArmika bhAvanA aura gaharI bhakti se prerita mAlUma hote haiN| magadha deza aura vajji bhUmi meM 1. lAhA, bi. ca., vahI. pR. 1 22 / 2. yAkobI, vahI, pR. 416 / DA. yAkobI ne yahAM TippaNa diyA hai ki jJAtRputra zabda yahAM jainoM ke lie paryAyavAcI rUpa se prayukta huyA hai / dekho vahI / 3. dekhA haranolI, vahI, bhAga I, pR. 2 / 4. haranolo. vahI, bhAga 2, pR. 2 TippaNa + / 5. dekho vahI, bhAga / , pa. 6; bhAga 2.pa. 9 / kalpasatra meM hameM duipalAsa ceiya kA nAma nahIM milatA hai yadyapi nAyakUla ke sANDavana udyAna kA nAma vahAM milatA hai| kalpasUtra, sUbodhikA TIkA sutra |15, pa. 95 / dekho yokobI, sebuI, pusta. 22. pa. 257; haranolI. vahI, pR. 4-5; zrImatI sTIvansana vahI, pR. 31 / 6. lAhA. bi. ca., vahI, pR. 125 / dekho haranolI, vahI. pu. 7-9 / 7. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 74-75 /
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________________ [ 95 mahAvIra ke apane dharma-siddhAnta kA vikAsa sAdha kara sarva jIvoM ke prati asIma dayAdharma kA pracAra karane ke pazcAt unake anuyAyiyoM meM licchavI hI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM the aura bauddha granthoM ke anusAra vaizAlI ke uccapadastha vyaktiyoM meM se bhI kucha una anuyAyiyoM meM the / "] isa prakAra videhI, licchavI, vajji, aura jJAtRka jainadharma ke sAtha kaise sambandha the yaha hamane saMkSepa meM dekhA / aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki vajji athavA licchavI kA rAja-maNDala mahAvIra ke saMskArita dharma ko zaktiprada thaa| mallikoM kA vicAra karane para mAlama hotA hai ki unakI bhI mahAna tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unake siddhAnta ke prati apUrva lagna thI aura bahuta mAna thaa| malloM kA deza solaha mahAjanapadoM-mahAna dezoM meM kA eka kahA jAtA hai / aura yaha bauddha evam jaina donoM hI svIkAra karate haiN| mahAvIra ke samaya meM malla do bhAgoM meM vibhakta dIkhate haiN| eka kI rAjadhAnI pAvA aura dUsare kI kusInArA thii| donoM rAjadhAniyAM eka dUsare se thor3I sI dUrI para hI thIM aura ve jainoM evam bauddhoM ke tIrtharUpa meM Aja taka prasiddha haiM kyoMki donoM ke dharma saMsthApakoM kA nirdhAraNa vahAM huA thaa| hama dekha hI Ae haiM ki mahAvIra kA pAvA meM nirvANa jaba hA ve "hastipAla rAjA kI lekhanazAlA (rajjugazAlA) meM Thahare hue the| aura pAdarI sTIvansana ke kalpasUtrAnusAra jaba ki ve pAvA ke rAjA hastipAla ke mahala meM pa!SaNA bitA rahe the / Aja vahAM unake nirvANa-smAraka rUpa meM cAra sundara mandira bane hue haiN|"| malloM kA jainoM ke sAtha sambandha yadyapi licchaviyoM jitanA nikaTa kA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai phira bhI vaha itanA to gaharA mAlama hotA hI hai ki jisase unheM apane dharma-pracAra meM unase sahAyyatA prApta hotI rahI thii| DaoN. lAhA ke anusAra isa bAta ke pracura pramANa hameM bauddha sAhitya se prApta haiM / vaha kahatA hai ki "pUrva-bhArata kI anya jAtiyAM jaise ki malla jAti meM bhI jainadharma ke aneka anuyAyI milate haiM / mahAvIra ke nirvANa pazcAt jainasaMgha meM par3I phaTa ke viSaya meM bauddha sAhitya meM variNata bAteM isako pramANita karatI haiM / mahAn tIrthakara ke nirvANa ke pazcAt pAvA meM nigaMTha nAtaputta ke anuyAyI pRthaka ho gae the| ina anuyAyiyoM meM sAdhU va nAtaputta anuyAyI zrAvaka donoM hI the kyoMki hameM likhA milatA hai ki" sAdhuSoM kI isa phUTa ke kAraNa, / zvetavastra dhAriyoM ke gRhastha anuyAyiyoM ko bhI nigaMThoM ke prati tiraskAra, krodha aura virAga huA thaa| ye gRhastha-upAsaka, ukta avataraNa se patA lagatA hai ki, usI prakAra ke zveta-vastradhArI the jaise ki Aja ke zvetAmbara sAdhU haiN| buddha aura unake pramukha ziSya sAriputta ne mahAvIra ke nirvANa pazcAt unake anyAyiyoM meM huI isa phUTa kA apane dharma pracAra 1. lAhA, bi. ca., vahI, pR. 67, 73 / 2. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pa. 59-601 3. dekho lAhA, vi. ca., vahI, pR. 147; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 79; hrisa DeviDsa kaihiI, bhA. 1, pR. 175 "kanighama ne manase Adhunika thaDarAnA ko pAvA yA pApA kaha diyA hai jahAM ki buddha ne cuNDa ke ghara bhojana kiyA thaa| prAcIna pApA yA apApApurI kA Adhunika nAma pAvApurI hai aura yaha bihAra nagara ke pUrva meM sAta mIla para hai / yahAM mahAvIra kA nirvANa huaA thaa|" -de, vahI, pR. 148, 155 / kusInArA yA kusInagara vaha sthAna hai jahAM buddha kA nirvANa I. pUrva 477 meM huaA thaa| pro. vilsana aura anya vidvAnoM ne Adhunika gAMva kAsiyA ko hI jo ki gorakhapura jile ke pUrva meM hai, kusInArA batAyA hai| isako prAcIna kAla meM kUzavatI bhI kahate the / dekho rAyacaudharI vahI aura vahI sthAna lAhA, bi. ca., vahI, pR. 147-148: de, vahI, pR. 111 / 4. vahI, pR. 148 / dekho vhUlara, vahI, pR. 27, pAdarI sTIvansana, kalpasUtra, pa, 9 / / 5. dekho blara, vahI aura vahI sthAna /
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________________ 96 ke lie lAbha uThAyA dIkhatA hai pAsAdika mRttAnta meM kahA gayA hai ki pAvA Ane vAle cuNDa ne hI malla deza ke sAmagAma ke prAnanda ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa hone kA samAcAra diyA thA aura isa prAnanda ko isa samAcAra kA mahatva turanta hI samajha meM A gayA aura isalie usane kahA, "he mitra cuNDa / isa mahatvapUrNa saMvAda ko bhagavAn buddha ke pAsa le jAne kI grAvazyakatA hai| isalie calo hama hI yaha samAcAra unheM jA sunAeM / ve zIghra hI buddha ke pAsa pahuMca gaa| jinane unheM taba eka lambA pravacana diyaa|" phira jaina sAhitya se bho hama jAnate haiM ki jainoM ke antima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke prati malla logoM kI parama zraddhA-bhakti thii| jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai| kalpasUtra ke anusAra mahAna tIrtha kara ke nirvANa divasa kA utsava manAne ke lie nau licchaviyoM ke sAtha nau mallika saradAra bhI the / ina saba ne usa dina upavAsa vrata kiyA thA aura jaba 'jJAna kA dIpaka bujha gayA hai taba dravya dIpakoM kA prakAza kareM' aisA kahate saba ne dIpotsava kiyA thA / phira jainoM ke AThave agagrantha 'a tagaDadasAyo' meM ugra, bhoga, kSatriya, aura licchaviyoM ke sAtha mahilakoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jainoM ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariTranemi athavA ariSTanemi bAravAI (dvArakA) zahara meM gae taba malli bhI upayUka saba logoM ke sAtha unakA svAgata aura darzana karane gae the| aba kAsI-komala ke aThAraha gagA rAjyoM kA vicAra kareM / yahAM hama dekhate haiM ki ve bhI licchaviyoM aura mallakoM kI bhAMti hI mahAvIra ke bhakta the / inane bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa divasa para upavAsa kiyA hayA thA aura dIpotsava bhI kiyA thaa| phira yaha bhI hama dekha cuke haiM ki jaina sAhitya meM aisA bhI ullekha hai ki rAjA kRgika ne jaba unake virUddha yuddha ghoSita kiyA taba rAjA ceTaka ne malla saradAroM ke sAtha aThAraha kAsI-komala ke gagArAjoM ko bhI apanI sahAyatA ke lie nimaMtrita kiyA thaa| kAsI kosala janapada kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki kAsI kI prajA videha aura kosala kI prajA ke sAtha zatru aura mitra donoM hI prakAra ke samparka meM prAyI thI / " 'solaha mahAjanapadoM meM se kA ii prathamatayA sambhavataH atyanta samRddha thA, aura yaha bAta bauddha evam jaina donoM hI svIkAra karate haiN| pArzvanAtha ke kAla meM jaina itihAsa meM isakI mahattA kA vicAra pahale hI kiyA jA cukA hai| phira mahAvIra bhI sAdhU jIvana meM kAsI gae the|' yahAM yaha bhI sUcana kara denA ucita hai ki pratagaDadasAnoM meM vArANapI ke eka rAjA alakkhe kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki jisane bhagavatI dIkSA lI thii| anta meM hama kosala kA vicAra kreN| kAsI kI bhAMti hI yaha bhI solaha vyApaka evaM samRddha janapadoM meM kA eka thA aura jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI sAhitya meM isakA varNana hai|' bhaugolika dRSTi se kosala Aja ke avadha prAnta se milatA hai aura umameM ayotyA, sAketa aura sAvatthI yA zrAvastI nAma ke tIna bar3e nagara hone ko kahA gayA hai|10 isameM ke 'kausala kI raajdhaanii|| zrAvastI meM mahAvIra eka se adhika vAra gae the aura vahAM unakA 1. lAhA, bi. ca , vahI, pa. 153-154 / dekho DAyalogsa Apha dI buddhA, bhAga 3, pa. 203 Adi, 203, 212 / 2. yAkodhI, vahI, pR. 206 / 3. vAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 36 / 4. dekho kalpasUtra, subodha TIkA. sUtra 128. pR. 121 / 5. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 44 / 6. vahI, pR. 59-60 / 7. dekho AvazyakasUtra, pR221 ; kalpasUtra, subodha TIkA sU. 106 / 8. vAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 96 9. rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 10. vahI, pR. 62-63 / 11. prabhAna, vahI, pR. 214 / 'sAvatthI rAptI nadI ke dakSiNI taTa para eka bar3A vidhvaMsa nagara hai jo nAjakala sahe tha-mahetha kahalAtA hai aura uttara-pradeza ke beharAiva aura goMDA jile kI sImAnoM para sthita hai|' dekho rAya caudharI, vahI, pR. 63 / dekho de, vahI, pR. 189--190 /
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________________ [ 97 bhArI sammAna huA thA / " dantakathA ke anusAra zrAvastI athavA candrapurIyA candrikApurI jainoM ke tIsare tIrthakara zrI sambhavanAtha aura AThaveM zrI candraprabhu kI janmabhUmi kahI jAtI haiN| prAja bhI vahAM zobhAnAtha kA eka mandira hai jo saMbhavanAtha kA apabhraMza nAma hI mAlUma detA hai|" bhinna bhinna pramANoM se hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki kosala aura zizunAga vaivAhika sambandha se jur3e hue the| mahAkomala kI putrI komaladevI mahAvIra ke mukhya zrAvikA cellaNA kI sAtha zreNika kI patniyoM meM se eka thI / " phira kitanI hI buddha dantakathAoM se hameM yaha sUcanA milatI hai ki mahAkosala kA putra gigara yA mRgadhara sAvatthI ke prasenajita kA mukhya zramAtya thA aura vaha nAstika aura nigranthi sAdhunoM kA eka niSya bhakta thA / 2 uparokta sArA vivecana yaha siddha kara detA hai ki prAyaH sabhI pramukha solaha mahAjanapada eka yA dUsarI rIti se jainadharma ke prabhAva meM A gae the / " solaha mahAzaktiyoM meM se magadha ke viSaya meM abhI taka hamane kucha bhI nahIM vicAra kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha nahIM thA ki magadha kA vicAra anya mahAzaktiyoM ke sAtha hI sAtha nahIM kiyA jA makatA thA, parantu yaha ki prAcIna bhArata kA yaha prAknArmana vaisyaiksa paravartI jaina aitihAsika carcA kA kendra hone kA thA / DaoN rAyacaudharI kahatA hai ki" solaha mahAjanapadoM meM se pratyeka kA samRddhi samaya I. pUrva chaThI sadI meM yA usake lagabhaga samApta ho jAtA hai / usake paravartI kAla kA itihAsa ina choTe janapadoM ke aneka zaktizAlI sAmrAjyoM dvArA nigala jAne evam anta meM una sAmrAjyoM ke bhI magadha ke mahAsAmrAjya meM samA jAne kA hI hai / " hameM isa vivaraNa meM sIdhe utarane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke isa eka mahAsAmrAjya" ne grAdhunika jaramanI ke itihAsa meM praziyA jaisA bhAga kaise adA kiyA thaa| hamArA itanA kahanA hI paryApta hogA ki isa sAmrAjya para jina bhinna-bhinna rAjyavaMzoM ne rAjya kiyA ve saba jainadharma ke sAtha kaisA sambandha rakhate the / zaizunAga, naMda aura mauryoM se prArambha kara hama khAravela ke samaya taka pahuMceMge aura dekheMge ki uttarIya jainoM ke itihAsa kI viziSTa maryAdA bAMdhane kA advitIya mAna prazoka kI bhAMti hI mahAmeghavAhana khAravela ke hisse meM AtA hai / kalpasUtra, subodhikA 1. bhagavaM... sAvasthI...logo... vade / AvazyakasUtra, pR. 221 TIkA, pR. 103, 105, 106 vAranTa, vahI, pR. 93 2. de. vahI, pR. 109 | zrAvastI hI bauddhoM kA sAvatthI yA nahI. pU. 189 dekho vahI, pR. 204, 214 yAkobI, vahI, pR. 2641 sAvatyIpura aura jainoM candrapura yA candrikApura hai / ' 3. dekho pradhAna, vahI, pR. 213; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 99 / pariziSTa 3, pR. 56-57; eka hila, vahI pu. 70-71 pradhAna, vahI, pR. 215 / 4. dekho haranolI vahI Telsa, saM. 7. pU. 110 7, 7 5. solaha mahAjanapadoM ke nAma bauddha paramparA ke anusAra isa prakAra hai-hAsI, kosala, saMga, magadha, bajji, malla, cetiya (ceTi), vaMza ( vatsa ), kuru, pAMcAla, maccha (matsya), sUrasena, prAssaka, prAvaMtI, gaMdhAra, aura kaMboja / jainoM ke bhagavatIsUtra meM inakI sUcI isa prakAra dI hai, baMga, magaha (magadha), malaya, mAlava, accha, vaccha (vatsa), kocdra ( kaccha ? ), pADha ( pANDya), lADha (rAta), bajji ( vajji), molI, kAsI, kosala, pravaha, sambhuttara (sambhora ?) DaoN. rAyacaudharI ne isa sUciyoM para isa prakAra TippaNa kiyA hai yaha dekha par3atA hai ki aMga vatsa, vajji, / magadha sa va kAsI dhAra kosala donoM sUciyoM meM samAna rUpa se hai bhagavatI kA mAnava kadAcit aMguttara kA pravantI hI hai| maulI saMbhavatayA malloM kA apabhranza hai| - "rAyacaudharI, bahIM, 59-60 1 vahI, pR. 97-98 dekho lAhA, bi. ca., vahI pu. 161 / rAjyaTana, zIphanarsaTiveTana
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________________ 98 ] magadha ke sattAvAhI vizeSa rAjyavaMzoM kA vicAra karane ke pUrva jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se magadha kI aitihAsika aura bhaugolika mahattA ke sambandha meM kucha kahanA yahAM aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA / Aja ke bihAra prAnta ke paTanA aura gayA jiloM ke hI lagabhaga samAna vaha magadha thA / usakI prAcIna rAjadhAnI gayA ke pAsa kI rAjagira TekariyoM meM bhAI girivraja prathA prAcIna rAjagRha zrI yaha rAjadhAnI pAMca TekariyoM se surakSita hone ke kAraNa ajeya ginI jAtI thI / "usakI uttara meM vaimAragirI aura vipulagirI (pahalI pazcima, aura dUsarI pUrva prora), pUrva meM vipulagirI aura ratnagiri yA ratnakUTa pazcima meM vaimAragiri kA cakra nAmaka vibhAga aura rastAcala aura dakSiNa meM udayagiri sonagiri aura girivajagiri dhAe hue haiN|"" ye saba TekariyAM ghAja bhI jaina itihAsa meM mahatva kI haiN| bemAra, vipula, udaya aura sonagirI para mahAvIra pAkhaM aura dhanya tIrthakaroM ke mandira haiM / " grAzraya Age hama dekheMge ki mahAvIra kevala svatantra upadezaka hI nahIM the, parantu apane mahAn dharmapracAra ke lie rAjya kA pratyakSa yAya aura sahAnubhUti pA kara rAjagRha aura usake mohalle nAlandA meM unane caudaha caturmAsa bitAe the / * kalpasUtra kA yaha ullekha magadha ke sAtha mahAvIra ke vaiyaktika samyakA pratyakSa pramANa haiM / phira usameM dI gaI sthavirAvalI meM hama jAnate haiM ki unake gyAraha gAdhara bhI anazana kI lambI aura mahAn tapazcaryA ke pazcAt yahAM hI nirvANa prApta hue the|" rAjyavaMzoM kA hama vicAra kreN| isakA prArambha hama zaizunAga pUrva usa kar3I kI khoja karanA bhI prAvazyaka hai ki mahAvIra ke sambandha thA yA nahIM 'jaina lekhakoM ne samudravijaya aura usake aba magadha para rAjya karanevAle bhinna bhinna vaMzIya bisAra se hI kreNge| parantu aisA karane ke purogAmI ke yuga ke jainadharma aura magadha meM bhI koI putra jaya kA rAja ke gajoM ke rUpa meM darzana kiyA hai / " ina meM se jaya jo ki gyArahavAM cakravatI kahA gayA hai, ne uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra hajAroM anya rAjoM ke sAtha sasAra tyAga kara saMyama ArAdhanA kI thI aura anta meM vaha siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gayA thaa|" jaina itivRttoM kI aisI grahadikRta bAtoM ko eka prora rakhakara hama jJAta aitihAsika evaM anya tathyoM kI hI yahAM jaina ullekhoM ke sAtha parIkSA kreNge| zaizunAga vaMzI vivasAra ke viSaya meM hama dekhate haiM ki jaina granthoM meM isa 1. yaha kinhIM anya nAmoM se bhI prakhyAta haiN| jaise ki "dI lAika grApha huenasAMga meM likhA hai ki "rAjagRha kA prAcIna nagara vaha hai jo ki u-ze-kI-lA polo (kuzAgrapura) kahalAtA hai| yaha nagara magadha ke kendra meM hai aura prAcIna kAla meM aneka rAjA aura mahArAjA usameM nivAsa karate the / " -bIla, lAipha graoNpha huenatmAMga, pR. 113 | dekho kavighama, vahI, pR. 529 bhAratIya bauddha lekhakoM ne isakA eka aura bhI nAma visArapurI' bhI diyA hai / dekho lAhA, bi. ca, buddhaghoSa, pR. 87, Ti. 1; rAyacaudharI vahI, pR. 70 | 2. de, vahI. pU. 66 | dekho kaniMghama, vahI, pR. 530 3. vahI, pR. 530-532 4. nAlandA Aja kA bAragAMva hI thA jo ki paTanA jile meM rAjagira ke uttara-pazcima meM sAta mIla para hai| isameM mahAvIra kA eka ramaNIya mandira bhI hai aura isI mandira ke sthAna para hI sambhavatayA mahAvIra nAlandA meM grAkara rahe the| pakSAntara meM buddha pAvarikA AmrakuMja meM Thahare the| de. vahI. pU. 137 1 5 dekho yAkobI, vahI pora vahI sthAna 6. vahI, pR. 287 1 7. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 72 dekho yAkobI sebuI pusta, 45, pR. 86 1 8. ani rAyasahassehi suparinacaI damaM nre| jayanAmo jilAklAyaM patto gmnnuttr| gAthA 43 dekho yAkobI, vahI, pR. 85-87; rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / uttarAdhyayana, pradhyayana 18,
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________________ [ 99 'rAyasiMha'1 ke itane adhika ullekha haiM ki unako dekhate hae isase inkAra kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai ki vaha nAtaputta aura unake dharma kA ananya aura naiSThika anuyAyI thaa| phira bhI usameM kI aneka bAtoM kI sUkSma parIkSA karane ke pUrva anya prAdhAroM se yaha patA lagAnA Avazyaka aura upayogI hogA ki zaizunAga-kAla meM magadha sAmrAja kA bala kitanA thA kyoMki dharma kI unnati, antataH to, janatA aura rAjyAzraya para hI bahuta kucha prAdhAra rakhatI hai| isake lie hameM magadha sAmrAjya ke vistAra ke lie zaizunAga rAjoM ke kie yuddhoM aura rAjanaitika dAvapecoM ke vivaraNa meM jAnA jarA bhI Avazyaka nahIM hai| hameM to kauna mahAjanapada spaSTa rUpa se hAra gae the athavA kinana parokSata: magadha kA adhipatya svIkAra kara liyA thA, itanA hI jAnanA upayogI hai| prAcIna bauddha granthoM meM bibasAra ke samaya kI bhAratavarSa kI rAjakIya paristhiti para paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| DaoN. hrisa DeviDsa likhatA hai ki choTe-choTe aneka vaca rahe AbhijAtika gaNatantroM ke atirikta cAra adhika vyApaka aura sattA sampanna gaNatantra the|" inake pitA bhI choTe-choTe grIka gaNantatra aura kucha anArya rAjya bhI the| hama yaha to pahale hI dekha pAe hai ki svatantra gaNatantroM meM vaizAlI ke vajji aura kusInArA evam pAvA ke malla ati mahatva ke the| phira bhI usa samaya ke rAjakIya itihAsa meM na to ye gaNatantra aura na anya rAjya itane adhika mahatva ke the jitane ki prasenajita, udAyana, pradyota aura biMbamAra zAsita kramaza: kosala, vatma, avantI aura magadha ke cAra bar3e rAjya the| inameM ke magadha sAmrAjya ke vAstavika saMsthApaka biMbasAra athavA zreNika ne prabhAvazAlI par3osI rAjyoM se lagna sambandha jor3akara apanI sattA khUba hI dRr3ha kara lI thii| usameM kA eka sambandha to usane vaizAlI ke prabhAvika licchaviyoM ke sAtha aura dUsarA kosala rAjavaMza ke sAtha jor3A thaa| kosala kI rAnI ke daheja meM use kAsI jile kA eka lAkha kI prAya kA eka gAMva snAna-siMgAra vyaya ke lie hI diyA gayA thA / ina donoM lagna sambandhoM kA ullekha pahale kiyA hI jA cukA hai, phira bhI yahAM itanA aura kahanA Avazyaka hai ki ye donoM hI rAjakIya dRSTi se mahatva ke the kyoMki unake dvArA magadha ke uttara aura pazcima meM vistAra kA mArga unmukta ho gayA thaa| isa dIrghadarzI rAjanIti se uttara pazcima ke rAjyoM kA vara dUra kara biMbasAra ko aga deza kI rAjadhAnI capA ko jItane kA apanA lakSa abAyita rUpa se banAne kA avasara mila gayA ki jise jaisA ki hama dekha pAe haiM, kucha varSa pUrva hI kosAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ne jIta kara dhvaMsa kara diyA thaa| aMga ko vijaya kara biMbasAra ne khAlasA kara diyA yAne apane rAjya meM hI use milA liyaa| aga ke magadha meM milA liye jAne ke dina se hI magadha kI mahattA aura bhavyatA prArambha hotI hai| jaina sAhitya bhI isakA samarthana karatA hai kyoMki vaha sucita karatA hai ki aMga kA zAsana pRthaka pradeza rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thA aura usakA zAsaka thA magadha kA rAjakumAra kuriNaka aura usakI rAjadhAnI thI campA / ' DaoN. rAyacaudharI kahatA hai ki "isa prakAra bibasAra ne aMga aura kAsI kA eka bhAga apane sAmrAjya meM jor3a 1....rAyasiho...-uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 20 gAthA 58 / 2. hrisa DeviDsa, buddhIsTa iNDiyA, pR. 1 / 3. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 116, 120 / 4. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 124, pradhAna, vahI, pR. 214 / 5. dekho smitha, arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 33 / 6. campAyI kUNikA rAjA vabhUva...bhagavatI, sUtra 300, pR. 16 / dekho de, baeso, patrikA 1914, pR. 322; hemacandra, pariziSTaparvan, sarga 4, zlo. 7,9; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 125%; praupapAtikasUtra, sUtra 6 /
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________________ 100 ] kara vijaya aura utkarSa dvArA usakA yAne magadha kA vistAra itanA bar3hAyA ki vaha azoka ke kaliMga vijaya kara apanI talavAra myAna meM rakhane para hI rukA thaa| mahAvagga meM kahA gayA hai ki bibasAra kA sAmrAjya 80,000 nagaroM kA thA jahAM ke gAmikA yAne rakSaka loga eka mahAsabhA meM milA karate the|"" zreNika ke anugAmI prajAtazatru yAne kulike ke kAla meM sAmrAjya kI mattaH unnati ke zikhara para pahuMca gaI thii| usane kosala ko bhI namA liyA thA aura kAsI ko apane sAmrAjya meM milA liyA thA. itanA hI nahIM apitu jainoM ke anusAra, usane vaizAlI ke rAjya ko bhI magadha ke sAmrAjya meM jor3a liyA thaa| komala ke sAtha hue yuddha ke phala svarUpa, apane pitA kI hI bhAMti ajAtazatru ko bhI kosana kI rAjakanyA. prasenajita kI putrI vajirA se vivAha ho gayA thA aura usake daheja meM kAsI jile kA zeSa bhAga bhI mila gayA thaa| isa prakAra usane apane par3osI kosala rAjya meM sambhavatayA vAstavika prabhAvakatA prApta kara lI thii| cUMki svatantra sattA se rUpa meM isa kosala kA paravartI kAla meM varNana nahIM milatA hai isase yaha nizvayasA hI hai ki vaha magadha sAmrAjya kA hI eka saMpUraka bana gayA hogA / " kucha bhI ho, vaizAlI aura manakI yadi usake mitra rAjyoM para kI kuzika kI vijayoM ki jisameM kAsI kosala bhI chA gae the. magadha sAmrAjya ke vistAra kI dRSTi se pUrNa nirNayAtmaka aura atyanta phalaprada rahI thii| 4 beTI rUpa svAbhAvika sImA taka bIca kA samagra deza kamoveza aMza DaoN. smitha kahatA hai ki "yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki vijetA ne parvata kI apanA hAtha lambA phailA diyA hogaa| aura phalasvarUpa gaMgA aura himAlaya ke meM magadha kI sIdhI sattA ke nIce grA gayA hogA / "" pahale se hI unako magadha sAmrAjya ke vistAra meM rukAvaTa DAlane vAle licchavI pratIta hue hoMge aura isI lie hama use yaha dar3ha nizcaya karatA huA dekhate haiM ki "meM ina vajjiyoM ko cAhe jitane hI balI ye kyoM na hoM phira bhI jar3amUla se ukhAr3a dUMgA / maiM ina vajjiyoM ko naSTa karUMgA / maiM ina bakjiyoM kA sarvanAza kruuNgaa| isa prakAra kosala, licchavI aura vajjiyoM ke sAtha ke 1. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. vahI / dekho pradhAna, vahI, pR. 213-214 | 2. vajjI videhaputte vahatthA, navamallaI navalecchaI kAsIkosalagA zraddhArasavi gaNarAyANo parAjahatthA || bhagavatI, sUtra 300, pR. 315 | dekho grAvazyakasUtra, pR. 684; hemacandra, triSaSTi- zalAkA, parva 10, zlo 29 pR. 168; rAyacIdharI vahI pU. 126 127 3. dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 37; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 67; pradhAna, vahI, pu. 215 1 4. bhagavatI meM ullekha haiM ki vaizAlI ke yuddha meM prajAtajJajJa ne mahAzilArakaMTaka aura rathamuzala kA prayoga kiyA thaa| pahalA mantracAlita prakSepaNAstra thA aura vaha bar3I-bar3I pASANa khaNDa zatruoM para pheMkatA thaa| dUsarA rakSAstra thA jisameM muzala lagA rahatA thA aura ba ratha idhara se udhara daur3atA to vaha muzala yoddhA sainikoM ko dharAzAyI kara detA thA / inake vistRta vivaraNa ke lie dekho bhagavatI, sUtra 300, 301, pR. 316, 319 | dekho haranolI, vahI pariziSTa 2. pR. 5960: rAjacaudharI, vahI. pR. 129; TAnI kathAkoza, pR. 1791 5. smitha, vahI aura vahI pRSTha kRNika prajAtazatru ne licchaviyoM, mallakiyoM aura kAmI komala ke aThAraha mahAjanapadoM se solaha parvataka calate rahanevAloM se yuddha karatA rahA thA aura prAMta meM vaha inakA nAza karane meM meM saphala ho gayA thA jaisA ki usane nizcaya kiyA thA hAlAMki usakA yuddhoddeza pravarUddha thA' pradhAna, vahI, pU. 215-216 dekho haranolI vahIM pariziSTa pu. 71 u 6. sebuI, pusta. 11, pR. 1, 2 dekho lAhA, bi. ca, sama kSatriya TrAibsa graoNpha ezeMTa iNDiyA, pR. 111 magadha aura vaizAlI ke vaimanasya ke vistRta vivaraNa ke lie dekho, vahI, pR. 11-16 1
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________________ usake yuddha 1 kasmika nahIM apitu ve magadha sAmrAjya ke vistAra kI sAmAnya yojanA ke hI pariNAma the ina yuddhoM ke phalasvarUpa vaizAlI, videha, kAsI aura anya rAjyoM ko milA kara magadha ke mahatvAkAMkSI rAjA ko utane hI mahatvAkAMkSI pravaMtI ke rAjA pradyota ke viruddha honA par3A thaa| hama jAnate hI hai ki avantI kA siMhAsana isa samaya caNDa pradyota mahAsena suzobhita kara rahA thaa| par3osI rAjya usase bhayAkrAnta ikA majjhamanikAya ke eka vaktavya se bhI hotA hai, jo kahatA hai ki ajAtazatru ne rAjagRha meM morcAbandI isalie karAI zrI ki use pradyota dvArA apane sAmrAjya para AkramaNa kA bhaya thA / yaha azakya bhI nahIM thA kyoMki aMga evam vaizAlI ke patana aura kosala ke parAbhava ke pazcAt gravantI hI magadha kA pramukha pratidvandI raha gayA thA / isa prakAra kuNika ke samaya meM pUrva bhArata ke prAyaH saba gaNatantra aura rAjya magadha meM milA liye gae the / usake putra aura pranugAmI udAyina ke kAla meM, jaina kathAnakoM ke anusAra magadha aura prati paraspara virodha meM grAmane sAmane A gae the|" sthavirAvalI carina aura anya jaina rAjyoM se hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki udAyina bhI eka acchA zaktizAlI rAjA thaa| usane eka rAjya ke rAjA ko buddha meM mAra aura harA diyA thA aura isa rAjA kA putra ujjayinI calA gayA thA aura vahAM usane apanI duHkhada gAthA kaha sunAI evaM rAjA kI sevA bhI svIkAra karalI | granta meM ina pradabhraSTa kumAra ne avantIpati kI kRpA prApta kara hI lI yahI nahIM para usakI sahAyatA prApta kara, jaina sAdhu ke veza meM, usane udAyina kI jaba ki vaha soyA huA thA eka dina hatyA kara hI dI / yaha dantakathA, adhika nahIM to itanA toprakAza DAlatI hI hai ki pravaMtI aura magadha ke bIca meM pratidvandvatA ke bhAva sajaga the aura donoM hI uttara bhArata meM sArvabhauma sattA prApta karane ke pUrNa abhilASI the / phira avaMtIpatI kI samAna aAkrAmaka nIti ne bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki donoM meM kalaha kA kAraNa uttara bhArata kI sArvabhomatA hI thA kathAsarinAgara aura anya jaina dantakathAoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki isa samaya kosAmbI rAjya bhI pradyota ke putra pravantIpatI pAlaka 1 ke rAjya meM milA liyA gayA thA / isa prakAra ajAtazatru ke samaya meM prAraMbha huA avantI-magadha kA yaha kalaha udAyina ke rAjya meM bhI cala rahA thA kalaha kA anta zunAga ke netRtva meM magadha ke lAbha meM huA ki jisane purANoM ke anusAra, pracota ke uttarAdhikArI vaMzajoM ke prabhAva aura pratiSThA ko naSTa kara diyA thA, ' avantI kA barAbara parAjaya hI hotA rahA thA / " ima 1 16 hAlAMki jaina kathAnakoM ke anusAra udAyina ke hA yahAM eka samasyA yaha khar3I ho jAtI hai ki magadha meM udAyina kA uttarAdhikArI kauna huA thA / parantu hameM bhAratIya itihAsa ke ina vivAdAspada aura aba taka bhI anirNIta tathyoM ko vivecanA meM jAne kI jarA bho AvazyakatA nahIM hai| hamAre lie to itanA hI punarAvartana kara denA paryApta hai ki pIra bhavaMto kA yaha pU. 609 1 dekho pradhAna, vahI, pR. 217 / 3. dekho hemacandra vahI zlo. 189-190 208 AvazyakasUtra vahI aura vahI sthAna 1 [ 101 " 1. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 123; pradhAna, vahI, pR. 216 1 2. pradasana niyamavantIzoppudAyinaH hemacandra pariziSTapana sarga 6 zlo. 191 dekho va 1 7 4. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR 131 1 5. ujjayinyAM prayotasutau dvau bhrAtaro pAlako, yadi AvazyakasUtra, pU. 699 6. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 217 | dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 132 1 7. ujjayinI... rAjA... bahuzaH paribhUyate udAyitA zrAvazyakasUtra. 690
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________________ 102 ] kalaha antata: magadha ke lAbha meM kisI zaizunAga ke netRtva meM samApta ho gayA thA ki jo zizunAga yA nandivardhana nAma se prakhyAta thA athavA usakA pUrA nAma, jaisA ki pradhAna kahatA hai, nandivardhana-zizunAga thaa| zaizunAgoM ke kAla meM magadha sAmrAjya ke vistAra va utkarSa kA paricaya prApta kara lene para hama saMkSepa meM usakA jainadharma ke sAtha sambandha aba dekheN| yahAM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhane kI hai ki jo bhI aba taka kahA gayA hai aura Age jo kucha bhI kahA jAne vAlA hai una rAjoM aura rAjavaMzoM ko jahAM janI jaina aura jainadharma ke AzrayadAtA eva sahAyaka kahate haiM. unheM bauddha bhI apane aura apane dharma ke lie vaise hI mAnate haiM / bhAratIya itihAsa kI isa paristhiti ke aneka kAraNa haiM jinameM vistAra se jAnA hamAre lie yAvazyaka nahIM hai kyoMki aisA kara hama kisI aise mAnadaNDa kA nirNaya nahIM kara sakate haiM ki hama nizcita rUpa se kaha sakeM ki amukha-amuka rAjA bauddha dharma mAnatA thA aura amuka-amuka jainadharma / zilAlekha aura anya pramANika aitihAsika abhilekhoM kI mAkSI ke binA koI bhI vastu aitihAsika tathya rUpa se prastuta nahIM kI jA sakatI haiM aura jahAM dharmazAstra aura sAhityaka evam lokika dantakathAeM hI AdhAra rUpa haiM vahAM to zuddha satya kA patA lagAnA thor3A bhI sahaja nahIM haiM ! pahale bisAra athavA jainoM ke zreNika ko hI liijie| usake viSaya meM bauddhoM kA cAhe jo bhI kahanA ho, phira bhI jainoM dvArA prastuta pramANa use mahAvIra kA bhakta siddha karane ko paryApta haiN| unake aura usake uttarAdhikArI ke sambandha meM jainoM ne itanA adhika likhA hai ki jainadharma ke sAtha unakA sambandha batAne ke lie unake kAryakAla kI bAtoM ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha kahanA Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra kahatA hai ki eka samaya zreNika ne mahAvIra ko yaha pUchA ki "yadyapi Apa yuvAna hai, phira bhI Apane dIkSA le lI hai; jo avasthA bhoga vilAsa kI hai usameM Apa zramaNa ho kara kaThora jIvana bitA rahe haiN| he mahAn tpsvii| maiM isa viSaya meM ApakA spaSTIkaraNa sunane ko utsuka huuN|" yaha sunakara nAtapuna ne eka lambA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA aura rAjA ko use sunakara itanA santoSa huA ki usane apane hArdika bhAva ina zabdoM meM vyakta kie "Apane manuSya janma kA uttamottama upayoga kiyA hai / Apa eka sacce jaina bana gae haiN| he mahAsaMyamI Apa manuSya mAtra ke aura apane svajanoM ke saMrakSaka haiM kyoMki Apane jinoM kA sarvottama mArga grahaNa kara liyA hai| Apa saba anAthoM ke nAtha haiM, he mahA tapasvin / maiM ApakI kSamA kA prArthI haM; merI prArthanA hai ki Apa mujhe satya mArga para jhukaaeN| Apase yaha saba prazna kara maiMne Apake dhyAna meM khalala pahaMcAyA hai aura maiMne Apako bhoga bhogane kA AmaMtraNa diyA hai, isa saba kI maiM Apase kSamA mAMgatA hUM. Apa mujhe kSamA kreN|"" anta meM uttarAdhyayana ThIka hI saMvaraNa karatA hai ki "jaba rAyasiMha ne isa prakAra parama parama bhakti se usa zramaNasiMha kI stuti kI aura taba se hI vaha vizuddha citta hokara apane antaH pura kI saba rAniyoM, dAmdAsiyoM, svajanoM evam sakala kuTumbI janoM sahita jainadharmAnuyAyI bana gayA thA / " 1. dekho pradhAna, vahI, pR. 217, 220; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 1 33-1 34 / 2. dekho pradhAna, vahI, pR. 220; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 1 32-133 / 3. yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 45, pR. 101 / 4. vahI, pR. 107 ! 5. evaM yuriNattANa sa rAyasIho araNagArasIha paramAi bhAtie / uttarAdhyayanaraNa adhyA. 20, gAthA 58 dekho yAkobI, vahI aura vahI sthAna /
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________________ [ 103 hama dekha hI prAe haiM ki biMbasAra kA vivAha vardhamAna ke mAmA ceTaka kI putrI cellapA se humA thA / apanI sAdhvI haI kucha bhaginiyoM aura apanI munA, tIrthakara kI mAtA, trizalA ke sambandha ke kAraNa cellaNA biMbasAra ke parivAra meM sarvAdhika mahAvIra se prabhAvita huI thii| usakA yaha jhukAva taba aura bhI dRSTavya ho jAtA hai jaba hama jAnate hai ki biMbasAra ke uttarAdhikArI ajAtazatru ke mAtA ke rUpa meM, vaha magadhapati kI paTarAnI yA agramahipI bhI honA cAhie / yahI kAraNa hai ki divyAvadAna meM eka sthAna para ajAtazatu ko vedehIputra aura dUsare sthAna para 'rAjagRha meM rAjA biMbasAra rAjya karatA hai' likhA pAte haiM / vedehI usakI mahAdevI yAne paTarAnI hai aura ajAtazatu usakA putra aura rAjakumAra / " phira cellaNA ko sAmAnyata: bauddhagranthoM meM 'vedehI' kahA gayA hai aura usake kAraNa hI prajAtazatu bahudhA vedehIputto athavA videhI rAjakumArI kA putra kahA gayA hai| itane para bhI 'kucha TIkAgrantha-udAharaNArtha thUsa aura tacchazUkara jAtakoM meM kahA gayA hai ki ajAtazatu kI mAtA komala ke rAjA kI bhaginI thii| parantu yahAM TIkAkAra biMvasAra kI do rAniyoM ke bIca kucha bhrama meM par3a gae dIkhate haiN| jainoM kI isa mAnyatA meM sandeha karane kA koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai ki kUNika cellaNA ke aneka putroM meM se eka aura jyeSTha putra thA aura vaha bhI, mahAvIra kI bhAMti hI, vedehIputto ucita hI kahA jAtA thA / ' cellaNA aura kosaladevI ke sivA bhI bibasAra ke aneka aura rAniyA thI isakA jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI aAdhAroM se samarthana hotA hai / " tadanusAra kuriNaka, halla. vihalla ina tIna cellagA ke putroM ke atirikta bhI usake aneka putra the jina sabake nAma donoM hI itivRttoM meM milate haiM cAhe ve nAma prApapa meM milate hue hoM yA nahIM yaha bAta dUsarI hai| zreriNake ke ina putroM aura rAniyoM ke viSaya meM jainoM kA kahanA hai ki adhikAMza ne mahAvIra bhagavAn se dIkSA le lI thI aura siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gae the / jainoM kA yaha dAvA, kucha apavAdoM ko chor3a, I. ekadA ca pravRtta zizira bhayaMkaraH |...tdaa...|| devyA cellaNyA sArcan ...nRpaH / viir'...| vanditamAnyaNAt / / hamacandra, triSaSTi-zalAkA, parva 10, zlo. 6, 10, 11, pR. 86 / ekadA jaba ki 'deza meM maMyakara zIta par3a rahA thA rAjA cellaraNA sahita mahAvIra ko vaMdana karane gyaa| TAnIyavAhI pR. 175 / isa viSaya se avika saMdarbho ke lie dekho vahI, pR. 239 | 2. rAjagRhe rAjA bibisAro...tasya vaidehI mahAdevI ajAtazatruH putraH, kovyela aura nIla, divyAvadAnaSa pR. 5451 dekho vahI, pR. 55; lAhA, bi. ca , vahI, pR. 107 / 3. lAhA, bi.ca., vahI. pa. 106 / saMyuttanikAya, bhAga 2, pR; 268; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 124; hisa DeviDsa, kahii, bhAga 1, pR. 1831 4. lAhA, bi. ca., vahI, pa. vahI / dekho phAsabUla, jAtaka, bhAga 3, pR. 121, aura bhA. 4, pR. 342; rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna: hrisa DeviDasa, vahI, pR. 183; zrImatI hima DeviDsa. dI buka grApha dI kiNDUyaDa seiMgja bhAga I, pR. 109, TippaNa / ! 5. koriNaka:...cellaNAyA udare utpanna; AvazyakasUtra, pR. 678...videhaputte jitthaa| bhagavatI, sUtra 300, pR. 315; videhaputteti koNika,...vahI, sUtra 301, pR. 317 / dekho hrisa DeviDsa, buddhIsTa iNDiyA, pR. 3; pradhAna vahI, pR. 212 / 6. dekho bhagavatIsatra, satra 6, pR. 11 / anagaDadasApA, sUtra 16, 17, pa. 25%; vAranyaTa, vahI, pa. 97 7. dekho aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 679; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 126 | "bibisAra ne aneka rAjyoM ke rAjoM se vivAha mambandha jor3a kara saMdhiyA kara lI thIM / aisA karanA prAcIna bhAratavarSa meM eka sAmAnya bAta thI, yaha nizcaya hI kahA jA sakatA hai|' beraNIprasAda, dI sTeTa ina ezeTa iNDiyA, pR. 163 /
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________________ 104 ] ekadama asatya AdhAra para nahIM hai| isameM avizvAsa athavA Azcarya kI koI bhI bAta nahIM hai ki mahAvIra ke hI sage sambandhiyoM ne trasta mAnavoM ke samakSa prastuta kie hae unake mahAn sandeha meM sajIva rUci dikhAI ho| mahAvIra aura unake rAjA anuyAyiyoM ke isa nikaTa sambandha kI bAta ko chor3a de to bhI zreNika sambandhI janoM kI sAhityika aura kAlpanika dantakathAeM itanI vibhinna aura itanI amilikhita haiM ki ve mahAn prAzrayadAtA rAjoM ke asIma sammAna kI dUrI pUrI sAkSI detI haiM ki jina kI aitihAsikatA, yaha saubhAgya kI hI bAta hai ki, zaMkA se dUra hai| aba hama kUrigaka kA vicAra kreN| yahAM hama dekhate haiM ki usake pitA dheNika jitane ve isake viSaya meM vAgmI nahIM hai hAlAMki usake jIvana se sambandhita prAyaHsabhI ghaTanAoM para prakAza DAlane vAlA pracura mAhitya hameM upalabdha hai| isa bAta ko bAjU rakha dene para bhI usakI jIvanI kI jo vAta atyadhika spaSTa hai vaha hai isa mahAna samrATa kA bauddhoM aura jainoM donoM ke prati hI rUkha / yaha prasaMga magadha ke siMhAsana se saMbaMdhita hai / bauddha yaha nizcita rUpa se kahate haiM ki jaba bibisAra ko usakA putra ajAtazatru khaMjara dvArA mAranevAlA hI thA, usane zAsana kA bhAra use saupa diyA yadyapi rAjyAdhikAriyoM ne use yAne zreNika ko bacA liyA thA phira bhI ajAtazatru ne use bhUkhA rakha kara mAra hI diyA aura usakI mRtyu ko pazcAt apanI isa pApa kA prAyazcita usane buddha ke sAmane pazcAttApa kara kiyaa|'' pakSAntara meM jaina isI ghaTanA kA varNana ekadama dUsarI hI prakAra karate haiM / unake anusAra bauddhoM ke pitRghAtI ajAtazatru na apane pitA ko yadyapi bandI avazya hI kara liyA thA aura use kArAvAsa meM duHkha bhI diyA thA, phira bhI zreNika kA nidhana aisI paristhitiyoM meM huA kahA gayA hai ki jo pitA aura putra donoM ke hI prati ghRNA ko apekSA hamArI samavedanA va sahAnubhUti hI jagAtI hai, pitA ke prati usakI asAmayika mRtyu ke zaraNa aura putra ke prati usake zubhasaMkalpa ko pitA dvArA galata samajha lie jAne ke kAraNa / 1. dekho aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 679; anuttarovavAiyadasAmro, sUtra 1, 2, pR. 1-2; vAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 110-112; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. vahI; pradhAna, vahI, pR. 2131 2. seriNayamajjAga...siddhA / aMtagaDadasAyo, sutra 16-26, pR. 25-32 / dekho vAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 97-107; aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 687; hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 406, pR. 171 / zreNika ke putroM meM se halla, vihalla, abhaya, naMdiSeNa, meghakumAra Adi ne mahAvIra ke sAdhUsaMgha ke sAdhU ho gae the, dekho anuttaro bavAiyadasAyo, mUtra 1, pR. / / vahI, sUtra 2, pR. 2; vAranyaiTa, vahI, pR. 110-112; aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 682, 685 / 3. zreNika ke mahAvIra prati bhakti ke lie dekho seriNaya rAyA, cellagA devI ||...prisaa niggayA, dhammo khiyo| bhagavatI. matra 4. 6. pa. 6. 10; mehassa kamArassa ammApiyaro...samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM...vaMdaMti namaMsati evaM vadAsI...amhe NaM devANappiyANa sissabhikkhaM dalayAmo / jJAtasUtra, sUtra 25, pR. 60 / dekho kalpasUtra, bodhikA-TIkA, pR. 20 / (zreNika;) rAjA bhaNati ahaM yuSmAsu nAtheSu kathaM naraka gamiSyAmi ?.aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 681 / isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka saMdarbha zreNika sambandhI jaina AgamoM meM se saMkalita kie jA sakate haiM. parantu hamAre lie itanA kahanA hI paryApta hogA ki jaina zreNika kA anAgata cauvIsI ke prathama tIrtha kara ke rUpa meM bahuta pUjate haiN| zreriNakarAijIva padmanAmo jinezvaraH / hemacandra, vahI, zloka 189 / dekho TAnI, vahI, pR.1781 4. janoM kA pahalA upAMga, praupapAtika sUtra sArA kA sArA prajAtazatru sambandhI hI hai| isake sivA isake saMdarbha bhagavatI, uvAmagadAo, ,aMtagaDadayAro aura anya aneka sthAnoM meM milate haiM / kUNika para janoM ne pUre vistAra - ke sAtha likhA hai| 5. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 214 | dekho rAkahila, vahI, pR. 95 Adi; hrisa DeviDsa DAyalogsa prApha dI buddhA, bhAga 1, pR. 94; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR 126-127; zrImatI hrisa DeviDasa, vahI, pR. 109-110 /
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________________ [ 107 ApanaM satya hI kahA hai ;satyadharma kA mArga prApane dikhAyA hai| mokSa aura zAMti kA ApakA mArga advivatIya hai|...'' kUriNaka ke uttarAdhikArI udaya athavA udAyina ke viSaya meM jaina evaM bauddha aneka dantakathAeM prastuta karate haiM / ina dantakathAoM ko nirdeza karate hue DA. rAyacaudharI kahate haiM ki 'purANoM ke anusAra prajAtazatru kA uttarAdhikArI darzaka thA / pro. gIgara ajAtazata ke pazcAt darzaka ke nAma kA praveza mUla mAnatA hai kyoMki pAlI zAstroM meM asaMdigdha rUpa se ullekha hai ki udAyIbhadra ajAtazatu kA putra thA aura sambhavata yA usakA uttarAdhikArI bhii|' yadyapi magadharAja ke rUpa meM darzaka ke astitva kI vAstavikatA mAsa ke svapna-vAsavadattA ke aviSkAra se pramAmiNa ho jAtI hai phira bhI bauddha evam jaina sAkSiyoM ke samakSa yaha vizvAsa ke sAtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ajAtazatru kA nikaTastha uttarAdhikArI thaa|" jisa jana sAkSI kA vidvAna DaoNkTara ne nirdeza kiyA hai vaha haribhadrasUri kI AvazyakaTIkA aura hemacandra ke triSaSTi-zalAkA evam pariziSTa parvana, aura TAnI kA kathAkoza' hai| ina grandhoM meM abhilikhita dantakathAeM pAlI dharmazAstroM kI dantakathAyoM se mela nahIM khAtI haiN| DaoN. pradhAna ke zabdoM meM 'mahAvaMza ke anusAra ajAtazatra kI usake putra udAyIbhadra ne hatyA kara dI thii|" para sthavirAvalI caritra meM kahA gayA hai ki udAyina ko pitA ajAtazatra kI mRtyu para itanA adhika zoka aura duHkha hayA ki vaha caMpA se uThAkara rAjadhAnI hI pATalIputra le gayA thA / ____ isa jaina dantakathA ko vAyupurANa bhI samarthana karatA hai kyoMki usake anusAra udAyI ne apane rAjyakAla ke cauthe varSa meN|" kusumapura (pATalIputra) kA nagara basAyA thA aura isalie yaha nizcita sA hI hai ki udAyina 1.tae NaM kuriNa e rAyA...mahAvIra...vaMdati...evaM vayAsI ..-suprakkhArate maMte, Adi-propapAtika, sUtta 36. pa.831 2. dekho pArjITa ra, DAinesTIja Apha dI kali eja, 21, 69; pradhAna, vahI, pR. 210 / 3. dekho gIgara, mahAvaMza, paricchedo 4, gAthA 1-2 / 4. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pa. 1301 "viSNapurANa kA rAjavaMzakrama ki jisameM ajAtazatru aura udayAzva ke bIca meM darzaka kA nAma AtA hai, kI hameM upekSA kara denA hogii...|' pradhAna vahI aura vahI sthAna / bibisAra ke unake putroM meM se hI darzaka ho jisane apane pitA ke jIvana kAla meM hI rAjakAja meM bhAga liyA ho| dekho vahI, pR. 212 / 5. koriNaka: ... mRtaH...tadA rAjAna udAyinaM sthApayanti...yAvazyakasUpa, pR. 687 / 6. hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 22 / dekho niSaSTi-zalAkA, parva 10, lo. 426, pR. 172 / 7. dekho TAnI, vahI, pR. 17718. dekho gIgara. vahI, gAthA / / 9. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 216 / dekho vahI, pR. 219 / siMhalI itivRttakAra kahate haiM ki ajAtazatru se lekara para sAre rAjA pitRghAtI the|' rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 133; hemacandra, pariziSTaparvana, marga 6. zlo. 32-180 / dekho Avazyaka sUtra, pR. 687,6891 10. 'pATalIputra kI pasandagI usake sAmrAjya ke kendra meM sthita hone ke kAraNa huI thI ki jo Aja ke uttara-vihAra ko bhI pamAviSTa karatA thaa| phira usakA gaMgA evaM sona nadiyoM ke saMgama para sthita honA bhI vyApArika aura sainika dRSTi se mahatva kA thaa| isa sambandha meM yaha ullekha bhI manoraMjaka hogA ki kauTilya sAmrAjya kI rAja ghAnI ke lie nadiyoM kA saMgama-sthala kI hI siphArisa karatA hai '...rAyacaudharI vahI. pR. 13 / / 11. dekho pArjITara, vahI, pa. 991 pradhAna, vahI, pa. 2163; rAyacaudharI. vahI aura vahI sthAna ...
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________________ 108] pitA kI mRtyu ghaTanA ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM thA / yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhoM ne usakA usake pitA jaisA hI citraNa kyoM kiyA hai ki usakA sattA aura sthiti kA lobha apane hI pitA ke prANoM ke prati svAbhAvika sahaja prema para isa adhikatA se hAvI ho gayA thaa| yadi bauddhoM kI mahAvaMza meM dI huI dantakathA kisI bhI prAcAra para hotI to jaina lekhaka isakA bhI usI bhAMti nirdeza avazya kara dete jaisA ki unane kuNika ke viSaya meM usake pitA kI mRtyu sambandhI ghaTanA kA nirdeza kiyA hai| pakSAntara meM jaina kahate haiM ki udAyina eka niSTha jaina yA usakI dhAjJA se usakI naI rAjadhAnI pATalIputra ke kendra meM eka bhavya jaina mandira banavAyA gayA thA / ' phira jaina sAdhU bhI usake pAsa binA roka-Toka prAte jAte the yaha bhI isa bAta se pramANita hotA hai ki usakA vadha kimI sAdhu-vezI rAjakumAra dvArA ki jisake pitA ko usane rAjyacyuta kara diyA thA, jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA haiM, kiyA gayA thA / isI prasaMga se yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki eka custa jaina kI bhAMti vaha jainoM ke mAmika parva niyama pUrvaka pAlatA thA kyoMki pauSadha ke dina hI eka jainAcArya, apane nae ziSya ke sAtha ki jisane astra chuyA rakhA thA, rAjamahala meM gae the aura rAjA ko unane dharma sunAyA thA / " athavA jinakI sattA meM magadha sAmrAjya ne nizcita svarUpa prApta kiyA thA, ke viSaya meM saMkSepa meM, jainoM kA itanA hI kahanA hai| yahAM yaha bhI spaSTa kara denA ucita hai ki jainadharma ke sAtha una vaMzoM ke sambandha kA vicAra karate hue hama sUkSma vivaraNa meM yadyapi nahIM utare haiM aura hama aisA isa adhyAya meM vivakSita kisI bhI rAjavaMza ke vivaraNa meM nahIM utaranA cAhate haiM parantu isase yaha nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhie ki ve sUkSma bAteM arthahIna haiM, parantu itanA hI ki uttara-bhArata ke jainoM ke isa sAdhAraNa aitihAsika sarvekSaNa meM una sUkSmavivaraNoM . meM utaranA na to zakya hI hai aura na iSTa / aba udAdina ke uttarAdhikArI kA hama vicAra kreN| bauddha dantakathA ke anusAra to usake uttarAdhikArI the praniruddha, muNDa aura nAgadAsaka una dantakathAoMoM meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki ye saba pitRtA the aura isalie "janamata unase ruSTa ho gayA evam isa rAjavaMza kA uccheda kara usake dhAmAtya zuzunAga (zizunAga ) ko unane rAjA banA diyA / "" parantu jaina aura paurANika dantakathAeM aniruddha aura granya nirbala nirvIyoM kA pravagaNanA kara detI hai athavA unheM bhulA detI hai aura bauddhoM ke udAyIbhadra ke uttarAdhikArI rUpa meM kisI nanda yA nandivardhana ko lA baiThAtI haiM / " jainI kahate haiM ki udAyina kI mRtyu para usake binA uttarAdhikArI ke mara jAne se amAtyoM ne pAMca rAjacinhoM yAne hAthI, ghor3A, chatra, cAmara aura kalaza sajA kara pUjA kara nagara vIthiyoM meM ghumaae| inakI zobhAyAtrA mArga meM nAI se utpanna vezyA puSa nanda ke vivAha kI zobhAyAtrA se jaba jA milA to ina pAMcoM 1. nagaranAmA podAni gRha kAritaM... AvazyakasUtra. pU. 689 dekho hemacandra vahI zlo. 181 2. sa rAjASTamI caturdazyoH pauSadhaM karoti dhAvazyakasUtra, pR. 690 dekho hemacandra vahI, zlo. 186, vahI loka 186-230; zApeMTiyara kehi bhAga 1 pU. 164 1 3. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 133 dekho gIgara, vahI gAyA 2-6 pradhAna, vahI, pR. 218-219 smitha, vahI, , pR. 36; repsana kehi bhAga 1, pR. 312-313 1 4. dekhAvazyaka " pu. 690 bAdi hemacandra vahI, zlo. 242: pATara. vahI, pR. 22,691 1
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________________ [ 109 rAjacinhoM ne usa nanda kA magadha ke rAjA ke rUpa meM abhiSeka kiyaa| isalie use pradhAnusAra rAjA svIkAra kara liyA gayA aura isa prakAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke sATha varSa pazcAt nanda magadha kA rAjA huaa| mahAvIra nirvANa tithi kA vicAra karate hue hamane dekhA thA ki usake 155 varSa bAda maurya magadha kI rAjagaddI para pAe the| isa prakAra nanda aura usake vaMzajoM kA rAjyakAla 95 varSa rahatA hai| DaoN. pradhAna kahatA hai ki "yaha paurANika dantakathA se bilakula mela khA jAtA hai ki jisake anusAra nanda vaMza lagabhaga 100 varSa rAja karanA pAyA jAtA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki purANoM ne prAcIna jaina mAnyatA ko hI prAyaH svIkAra kara liyA thaa|" yaha vidvAna yaha bhI kahatA hai ki "nAma-sAmya ke kAraNa hemacandra nandi-(avardhana aura nanda (= mahApadma) donoM ko eka hI samajha lete haiM itanA hI nahIM apitu isa bhrAmaka dantakathA kA bhI samarthana kara denA hai ki nanda (== mahApadya) ne lagabhaga 100 varSa (sthavirAvanI carita ke anusAra 95 varSa) rAjya kiyA thaa| parantu hemacandra ne nAma kA ghoTAlA Upara kahe anusAra kabhI kiyA hI nahIM thA kyoMki haribhadra aura hamacandra donoM hI ne navanandoM kA vicAra kiyA hai jinameM se prathama nanda ko donoM hI ne vastutaH hInotpanna hI batAyA hai| aisA kahanA ucita nahIM hai ki "hemacandra nandi-(pra)-vardhana aura (= mahApadma) nanda donoM meM bhramita ho gae haiM "kyoMki nandivardhana yA nandavardhana kA nAmasAmya yadi svIkAra kiyA hI jAtA hai to use zaizunAga ke vaMzaja rUpa se hI mAnanA hogA ki jo udAyina kA uttarAdhikArI huA thaa| yaha bAta prAcIna aura arvAcIna sabhI pramAraNoM se samathita hotI hai| DaoN. rAyacaudharI kahatA hai ki "purANoM pora siMhalI paNDitoM ne sirpha eka hI nandavaMza kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| unameM nandivardhana ko zaizunAgavaMzI rAjA batAyA hai aura yaha vaMza nandavaMza se ekadama bhinna hai|" isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jainakathA meM jarA bhI asaMdigdhatA nahIM hai kyoMki udAyin kA uttarAdhikArI nahIM thA aura magadha kA rAjya usake bAda nandoM ke hAtha meM ho gayA thaa| zezunAga kA sthAna nandoM ne kaise liyA una ghaTanAoM meM jAne kI hameM koI bhI prAvazyakatA nahIM hai / aisA huaA ho ki udAyina ke paravartI rAjA nirvIrya hue hoM aura usa vaMza ke antima mahAnandina ko jaisA ki smitha kahate haiM, zUdrA yA hInavarNA dAsI se utpanna mahApadma nanda nAma kA putra thA jisane rAjyasiMhAsana har3apa kiyA aura isa prakAra nandavaMza kI sthApanA kii| vidvAna aitihAsajJa kA yaha kathana isa jaina danta kathA ke pAya ki nanda nAI se utpanna vaizyA kA putra thA, milatA harA hai| isakA samarthana purAggoM aura pratyakjaiNDara ke magadhI samakAlika ke pitA viSayaka yAvanI griIka) vRttoM se bhI hotA hai| purANoM meM ise zUdra-garbha-udbhava yAne zUdra mAtA se utpanna kahA hai|' isa prakAra ina pArSa vRttoM se jainakathA kA adbhuta rIti se samarthana ho jAtA hai hAlAMki unake anupAra nandoM ne sIrpha pIr3hiyoM taka hI 1. nApitadAsa...rAjA jAtaH / -grAvazyakasUtra, pR. 690 1 dekho hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 231-243 / 2. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 218 / dekho pArjITara. vahI, pR. 26, 69 / 3. pradhAna, vahI, pR. 220 / dekho vahI. pR. 225 / 4. ...navame nnde...| -prAvazyakasUtra. pR. 693 / dekho hemacandra vahI sarga 7, zlo. 3 / / 5. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 138 / dekho pArjITara. vahI, pR. 23, 24 69; smitha. vahI, pR. 5 / / 6. vahI, pR41| 7. dekho pArjITara vahI pR. 25, 69; rAyacaudharI. vahI, pR. 140; pradhAna, vahI, pR. 226; smitha, vahI, pR. 43; repsana, vahI, pR. 3 / /
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________________ 1101 rAjya kiyA thA aura yaha rAjya kAla ke 55 varSa kA hI thaa| karTiyasa kahatA hai ki 'usakA pitA (yAne agrAmme athavA jaNDara meM kA pitA yAne prathama nanda arthAt mahApadma nanda) nizcaya hI nAI thA jo ki bar3I kaThinAI se AjIvikA calAtA thA / parantu vaha rUpa kA sundara thA isalie rAnI kI mAsakti usameM ho gaI aura usI rAnI ke kAraNa usakI pahuMca rAjA ke pAsa ho gaI aura vaha rAjA kA vizvAsa pAtra bhI bana gyaa| bAda meM usane dhoke meM rAjA kI hatyA kara dI aura tadanantara bAla-kumAroM ke saMrakSaka svarUpa kAma karane kA DhoMga karate hue hI usane sArI rAjasattA apane hAtha meM le lI aura phira rAjakumAroM ko mAra kara apane hI putra ko rAjagaddI para baiThA diyA / isane bhI vyavasthita rUpa se rAjakAja calAne ke evaja apane pitA kI hI nakala kI jisake phalasvarUpa prajA se baha ghRNya ho gayA aura vaha apadArtha mAnA jAne lgaa|' nandoM kI akSatriyotpatti ke viSaya meM jaina aura anya ullekhoM ko sAmyatA ke sivA kAlakrama meM bhI smitha ke anusAra yadi yaha ghaTanA I. pUrva 413 yA usake grAsapAsa rakhI jA sakatI hai| to jainoM kI dantakathA aura bhI samarthita ho jAtI hai| kyoMki jaisA ki hama dekha pAe haiM magadha kI sArvabhauma sattA zaizunAgoM ke hAtha se nandoM ke hAtha meM mahAvIra nirvagAta 60 meM grAI thI jisa nirvANa kI tithi hamane I. pUrva 480-467 mAnI haiN| pUnabhakti kA pAlambha lekara bhI yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki janoM dvArA sUcita nandoM kA samaya 95 varSa paurANika dantakathA se bhI milatA hai / merutuga aura anya logoM ke pramAraNoM kA vicAra karate hue viseMTa smitha kahatA hai ki buddhibhraza se jainoM ne usa vaMza ke 155 varSa gina liye haiM / '' parantu hamArI svIkRta kAla gaNanA ke anusAra mahAna itihAsavettA dvArA sucita 155 varSa nandavaMza ke nahIM apitu mahAvIra nirvANa aura candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa kA antarasUcaka kAla hai| isalie hamArA kAla unheM bhI svIkRta mAlama detA hai kyoMki 91 varSa kA kAla 'nizcita kAlakrama yojanA' meM ucita mAnA hai|| isa prakAra nIca kulotpatti, rAjyArohagA tithi aura nandoM kA rAjyakAla sambandhI jaina dantakathA kI puSTi anya grAdhAroM se bhI ho jAtI hai| isa rAjyavaMza kA jainadharma ke sAtha sambandhI kaisA thA isa vivaragaNa meM utarane ke pUrva nAdoM ke samaya meM bhAratavarSa meM magadha kA prAdhAnya TikA rahA thA yA nahIM yaha bhI hama saMkSepa meM dekheM / bhinna-bhinna ullekhoM se mAlama hotA hai ki usa samaya bhI magadha eka akhaNDa sAmrAjya ke rUpa meM TikA huyA thA, itanA hI nahIM apitu usakI sImA itanI dUra taka phailI huI thI ki mahAna alyekjeNDara aura usake satrapoM ke adhIna rahA hA uttarIya-pazcimI vibhAga candragupta ko aura kaliMga deza hI azoka ko phira se magadha sAmrAjya meM milAnA meSa rahA thaa| purANoM meM mahApadma athavA nanda / ma ko kSatriya jAti kA saMhAraka dUsarA parazurAma kahA gayA hai aura use pRthvI kA eka chatra rAjA bhI mAnA jAtA hai|' nanda zAsana meM mArata ke adhikAMza bhAga ke ekIkaraNa kA yaha purANoM kA varNana sarvotkRSTa itihAsa lekhaka bhI svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki alyaikjeNDara ke samaya meM eka hI rAjasattA ke nIce aneka zakti sampanna puruSa samudra pAra rahate the| unakI rAjadhAnI pAlImotra yA pATalIputra thii| 1. dekho maikakriNDale, dI inavejana prApha iNDiyA bAI alyaikjaiNDara dI greTa, 409 / 2. vahI, pR. 222 / dekho vahI, pa. 282; rAya caudharI, vahI. pa. vahI; pradhAna vahI aura vahIM pa., smitha, vahI, - pa. 42-43; jAyasavAla, bi. u. prAcya mandira patrikA saM. 1, pR. 88 / 3. smitha, vahI, pR. 431 4. vahI, pR. 42 / / 5. vahI, pR4|| 6. dekho pArjITara, vahI, pR. 25, 69 /
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________________ [ 111 kaTiyasa hameM kahatA hai ki "gaMjAdAI aura prAssI kA rAjA agrAmme ne" apane rAjya saMrakSaNa ke ucca prAkAroM meM 20,000 hayadala, 2,00,000 paidala, 2,000 cAra ghor3oM ke ratha, aura isake atirikta sabase bhayaMkara gajasenA bhI rakhI thI aura isakI saMkhyA 3,000 taka pahuMca gaI thii| isake sivA, nanda sAmrAjya meM kosala kA samAviSTa ho jAnA kathAsaritsAgara ke isa kathana se samathita hotA hai jahAM rAjA nanda ko ayodhyA meM par3Ava kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' khAravela kA hAthIguphA kA zilAlekha isakA vizeSa prAvazyaka pramANa hai jo ki, jaisA ki hama pahale dekha hI pAe haiM, kaliMga kI nahara ke sambandha meM nandarAja kA ullekha karatA hai| isa saba kA svAbhAvika artha yaha hotA hai ki nandarAjA ne kaliMga para bhI adhikAra kara liyA thaa| DaoN. rAyacaudharI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to "nanda kA kaliMga para adhikAra dekhate hue, usakI sudUra dakSiNa kSetroM kI vijaya bhI eka dama asambhava sI nahIM mAlUma detI hai / godAvarI para ke nagara nAMdeDa yAne nau-naMda-deharA' kA astitva bhI sUcita karatA hai ki nanda ke sAmrAjya meM dakkhaNa kA bhI adhikAMza bhAga thaa|" phira hama agale adhyAya meM dekheMge ki zilAlekha kA dUsarA vAkya kaliMga kI jinapratimA aura anya koza jo ki nanda vijaya-cinha svarUpa magadha meM le gayA thA kA ullekha karatA hai| khAravela ke isa zilAlekha se nandoM kA jainadharma ke sAtha sambandha carcA kA viSaya ho jAtA hai / isa aura anya nandarAja ke ullekha vAle vAkyoM ke sambandha meM jo kaThinAI upasthita hotI hai, vaha nandarAja ke barAbara pahacAne jAne kI hI hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI carcA meM hamane dekhA thA ki jAyasavAla, benarajI, smitha aura anya jaisA kahate haiM yAne nandarAja ko nandivardhana hI mAna liyA jAe aisA koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai| phira zATiyara ke AdhAra ke sivA jisakA ki pahale vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai, aura jaisA ki usake viSaya meM zrI candA kahate haiM, 'nandIvardhana kI sUcanA karane vAle eka mAtra hamAre aAdhAra purANoM meM aisI koI bhI bAta nahIM hai ki jisase hama kaha sakeM ki usako kaliMga meM kabhI bhI kucha kAma par3A thA / pakSAntara meM hameM spaSTa hI purANa kahate haiM ki jaba magadha meM zaizunAga rAjyavaMza aura usake pUrvaja rAja kara rahe the, battIsa kaliMga rAjA kaliMga para kramaza: eka ke bAda eka rAna karate rahe the| nandivardhana nahIM apitu vaha mahApadma nanda thA ki jisane 'saba ko apanI sattA ke adhIna kiyA, thA' aura saba kSatriyoM ko nirmUla kara diyA thA' yAne prAcIna rAjavaMzoM ko miTA diyA thaa| isa lie hAthIguphA zilAlekha kA nandarAja ki jisane kaliMga para apanI sattA jamAI thI, yA to svayaM mahApadma nanda mAnA jAnA cAhie yA usake putroM meM se koI eka / / saMkSepa meM khAravela ke zilAlekha kA nandarAja jainoM kA prathama nanda athavA purANoM kA mahApadma nanda ke sivA dusarA koI nahIM hai kyoMki paravartI nandoM ke viSaya meM jaina aura purANa dantakathA donoM hI aisA kucha bhI nahIM kahatI haiM ki jisase unameM se kisI ke lie bhI prathama nanda jaisA vijayI jIvana kA dAvA kiyA jA sakatA hai / yahAM 1. maikkriNDale, vahI, pR. 221-222 / dekho vahI, pR. 281-282; smitha, vahI, pR. 42; rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR.141 / 2. dekho TAnI (paMjara saMskaraNa) kathAsaritsAgara, bhAga 1, pR. 27; rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 3. dekho repsana, vahI, pR. 315 / 4. dekho maikolipha, dI sikkha rilIjana, bhAga 5, pR. 236 / 5. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 142 / / 6. dekho pArjITara, vahI, pR. 24, 62 / 7. candA, maimAyarsa grApha dI AkiyAlojikala sarve grApha iNDi., pR. 50 / saMkhyA 1, pR. 11-12 / dekho rAyacaudharI vahI, pR. 1381
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________________ 112 ] itanA kaha denA aura Avazyaka hai yadyapi purANa aura jaina dantakathA paraspara bahatAMza meM eka dUsare kA samarthana karatI haiM, phira bhI khAravela kA zilAlekha jainakathA kA hI isa nanda rAjA ko purANoM ke mahApadma nanda ke evaja nandarAja kaha kara samarthana karatA hai| jainoM aura naMdoM ke sambandha meM hAthIguphA kA zilAlekha kahatA hai ki rAjA nanda vijaya-cinha rUpase vahAM se eka jana pratimA le gayA thA, aura yaha, jAyasavAlajI ke anusAra jaisA ki hama Age ke adhyAya meM dekheMge, ddhi karatA hai ki vaindarAja jaina thA aura uDImA meM jainadharma bahuta samaya pUrva hI praveza kara gayA thaa| unhIM ke anusAra aisA isalie kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'vijaya-cinha svarUpa pUjA kI koI mUrti uThA le jAnA aura usameM kI kisI mUrti vizeSa ke prati sammAna dikhAnA paravartI itihAsa meM eka suprasiddha bAta dekhI jAtI hai| smitha aura zATiyara jaise vidvAna bhI isakA samarthana karate haiN| smitha ke zabdoM meM kaheM to 'naMdavaMza ne kaliMga para eka lambe samaya taka rAjya kiyA thaa| nandoM aura khAravela ke samaya meM kaliMga meM jaina dharma sarva pradhAna nahIM rahA ho jaisA ki honA cAhie thA, to bhI nizcaya hI vaha ati sammAna kA sthAna bhogatA thaa| maiM yaha kaha du ki nanda jaina the. isa abhiprAya para maiM svatantra rIti se hI pahuMcA thaa|' nandoM kI brAhmaNa-virodhI utpatti kA vicAra karate hue ve jaina ho isameM kucha bhI pAzcarya kI bAta nahIM hai|" unake udgama ke sivA bauddhoM kI bhAMti hI jainoM ko nandoM ke virUddha kahane kA kucha bhI nahIM hai / DA. zATiyara ke anusAra 'yaha bAta aisA sUcita karatI hai ki nanda jainadharma ke virUddha yA pratikUla jhukAva nahIM rakhate the| jaina dantakathAeM bhI isakA samarthana isakA samarthana karatI haiM kyoMki na..vaMza ke zreNIbaddha amAtya jaina hI the jinameM se pahale amAtya kalpaka ko vaha pada svIkAra karane ko bAdhya kiyA gayA thaa| isa amAtya kI sahAyatA se rAjA nanda saba kSatriya rAjavaMzoM ko nimala kara sakA thaa| jaina yaha bhI kahate haiM ki amAtyoM kI paramparA usI vaMza meM calatI rahI thii| nauveM nanda kA amAtya zakaTAla thaa| usake do putra the, bar3A sthUlabhadra aura choTA zrIyaka / zakaTAla kI mRtyu ke bAda nanda ne bar3e putra sthUlabhadra ko maMtrI pada svIkAra karane ko kahA / parantu usane saMsAra kI asAratA kA vicAra kara maMtrIpada lene se inkAra kara diyA aura jainadharma ke chaThe yugapradhAna sammUta 1, 'kaliMga sarvajIva-dharma, brAhmaNadharma, bauddhadharma aura jainadharma kI milIjulI mizra saMskRti thI / yaha Azcarya kI hI bAta hai ki koI bhI kabhI bilakula hI lupta nahIM huI thii|' subrahmaniyana, prAMdhra hiriso, patrikA saM. / / 2. jAyasavAla, bahI, saM 13, pR. 2450 3. zATiyara, vahI, pR. 164 / 4. smitha, rAeso patrikA, 1918, pR. 5461 5. 'koI hameM yaha samajhAne kA prayatna kareMge ki kaliMga jainI thA kyoMki vaha cira kAla taka brAhmaNa dveSa nandoM ke adhikAra meM rahA thA ki jinake jaina avazeSa Aja bhI jaipura jile ke nandapura meM pAe jAte haiN...| subrahmaniyana, vahI aura vahI sthAna / .. 6. zAaiMTiyara, vahI, pR. 174 / 7. pAvazyakasUtra, pR. 692; hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 73-74, 80 / 8. dekho AvazyakasUtra, pR. 691-692; hemacandra vahI, zlo. 1-74 / 9. darzitaH san kalpaka iti te ! rAjanaH) miitaaH...nssttaaH| -aAvazyakasUtra, pR. 693; hemacandra, vahI, zalo. 84, - 105-137 / dekho pradhAnavahI pR. 226 / 10. kalpakasya vazo nandivaMzena samamanuvartate,...-prAvazyakasUtra, 6933; hemacandra, vahI, sarga 8, zlo. 2 /
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________________ vijaya' ke pAsa jA kara jaina dIkSA le lI / " hI rAjA nanda kI sevA meM thA / u 3 [113 anta meM maMtrIpada unake choTe bhAI dhIyaka ko diyA ki jo pahale jainoM aura nandoM kA pArasparika sambandha isa prakAra hai / nandoM ke samaya meM jaina prabhAvazAlI the yaha bAta saMskRta nATaka 'mudrArAkSasa" se bhI spaSTa hotI hai ki jisane candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa kA prasaMga nATaka rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki usa kAla meM jainI pradhAnapada bhoga rahe the / " aura cANakya "kAMti kA mukhya praNetA bhI mukhya dUta svarUpa meM eka jaina ko hI rakhanA hai|"" nandoM kI rAjasattA para zaizunAga vaMza kA sA prakAza jaina granthoM meM kucha bhI nahIM milatA hai / bilakula spaSTa rUpa meM ve yahI sUcita karate haiM ki jaina amAtya kalpaka kI sahAyatA se rAjA nanda ne aneka rAjoM ko vaza kara liyA thA aura jaisA ki Age kahA jAegA, antima nanda ko cAraNakya ke zaraNa meM jAnA par3A thA ki jisane usake darabAra meM hue apane apamAna ke kAraNa usakI sattA nAza karane aura use padabhraSTa karane kI pratijJA kara lI thI / phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki nandavaMza kI rAjasattA ke viSaya meM yaha spaSTatA kevala jaina itivRttoM meM hI nahIM hai| jaisA ki DaoN. zApeMTiyara kahate haiM, "prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke aneka aMdhakAramaya yugoM meM se yaha nandoM kA rAjya eka prati andhakAra kA kAla hai / "" yaha nandoM ke bAda maurya pAte haiN| ina nandoM kA sthAna mopoM ne kaise aura kyoM liyA vaha kucha bhI spaSTa pratIta nahIM hotA hai| phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa ke isI parivartana kAla meM "kadAcita jagata kA nahIM to kama se kama bhArata kA to avazya hI prathama arthazAstrI" cAraNakya prakAza meM AtA hai / " vismaya kI bAta hI hai ki isa rAjavaMza krAMti kA byaurevAra vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI prAcIna sAhityika vanoM se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki antima nanda "usake prajAjanoM dvArA tiraskRta aura apadArtha mAnA jAtA thA / " phira ina vanoM meM darAta nandoM kI vizAla sthAyI senA evam unakA pratula dhana svabhAvataH sUcita karatA hai ki usa samaya inakI ora se bahuta kucha prArthika niSkarSaraNa cala rahA hogA / itanA hone para nandoM kI jaina aisI koI zikAyata nahIM karate haiN| 1. zakaTAlamantriputraH zrI sthUlabhadro... pitari mRte nandarAjenAkArya mantramudrAdAnAyAmyathitaH san pitRmRtyu svacitreta vicintya dIkSAmAdatta / kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, pR. 162 / dekho zrAvazyakasUtra, pR. 435-436, 693-695 hemacandra vahI, zlo. 3-82 smitha ne bhrama se use 'nave nanda kA mantrI' likha diyA hai / smitha, arlI hisTrI grApha iNDiyA, pR. 49, Ti. 2 1 2. prathama pradhAna sudharmA bhagavAn ke nirvANa ke 20 varSa bAda nirmANa hue the unane jambU ko yugapradhAnatva / diyA thA jo ki isa pada para 44 varSa rahe the aura nandoM ke rAjyAsIna hone ke samaya ke lagabhaga hI nirvANa prApta hue / unake bAda tIna yugapradhAnoM kI pIr3hiyAM huI aura antima nanda ke samaya janasaMgha meM do yugapradhAna the sammUtavijaya dhaura bhadrabAhu ..." zApeMTiyara, vahI, pR. 164 yAkobI, sebuI pusta. 22, pR. 287 3... bhIyakaH sthApitaH, AvazyakasUtra, pR. 436 hemacandra vahIM 1 10 83.84 " 1 4. dekhI narasiMhAcAra, epI. karnA., pusta. 2 prastA. pR. 41 rAisa ina mAisora eNDa kurga, pR. 8; smitha, AksapharDa hindI grApha iNDiyA, pR. 75 5. zapeMTiyara, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 6. sammadAra, dI glorIja grApha magadha pU. 2 7. mahAga meM antima nanda kI jaba dhana nAma dvArA niMdA kI gaI hai, to yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki prathama nanda ke prati prati lobha kA doSa maMdA jA rahA hai; aura cInI paryaTaka hya uenatsAMga bhI nanda rAja ko atula dhana kA prakhyAta svAmI kaha kara ullekha karatA hai|" smitha ghartI hisTrI graoNpha iNDiyA pu. 42 dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 143 1
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________________ 114 ] jaina dantakathA isa viSaya meM, saMkSepa meM, isa prakAra hai| eka niSTha brAhmaNa cariNana kI patni caNezvarI kA putra cANakya, yaha sunakara ki prasiddha brAhmaNoM ko naMda udAratA se dakSiNA detA hai, ki dakSiNA prApti ke lie pATalIputra gyaa| vahAM rAjadarabAra meM usakA apamAna kiyA gayA hai, use aisI pratIti huI aura tabhI se vaha antima nanda kA virodhI vairI ho gyaa| vahAM se vaha himavatkUTa gayA aura vahAM ke rAjA parvata ke sAtha isa zarta kI maitrI ki yadi nanda ko parAjita evam vaza karane meM vaha usakI sahAyatA karegA to vaha usako nanda kA prAdhA rAjya de degA basa unane AsapAsa ke pradezoM para adhikAra kara usake virUddha abhiyAna prArambha kara diyA aura anta meM deza kA tahasa-nahasa kara, una mitroM ne pATalIputra para gherA DAla diyA aura berI ko samaparNa hone ko bAdhya kiyA / nanda ne cANakya se dayA bhikSA mAMgI, isalie usako jitanA bhI dhana eka ratha meM vaha le jA sake utanA le rAjya chor3a cale jAne kI AjJA de dI gaI / nanda apanI do patniyoM evaM eka putrI ke sAtha kitanA hI dhana le ratha meM baiThA jaba jA rahA thA, to mArga meM candragupta milA jise dekhate hI nanda kI putrI usake prema meM par3a gaI / pitA kI sammati se usane svayambara rItyAnusAra usako pati varaNa kara liyaa| pitA ke ratha meM se utara kara jaba vaha candragupta ke ratha meM car3hane lagI taba usake pahie ke nau pAre TUTa gae / isase candragupta ne use nikAla hI diyA hotA, yadi cANakya yaha kaha kara use nahIM rokatA ki nayA rAjavaMza nau pIr3hI taka phlegaa| nandoM ke patana aura mauryo ke utthAna ke viSaya meM jaina itanA hI kahate haiM / himavatkUTa kA durbhAgI rAjA parvataka akasmAta mara gayA aura isa prakAra nanda evam parvataka donoM hI ke rAjya kA svAmI candragupta hI ho gyaa| jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai yaha ghaTanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 150 varSa pazca yahAM do prazna uThate haiN| eka to yaha ki jaina evam anya ullekhoM ke pra, ra nandoM ke patana meM cANakya akele hI kA hAtha ho to isa candragupta kI kula paramparA kyA thI? aura dUsarA yaha ki magadha sAmrAjya kA svAmI cANakya svayam kyoM nahIM banA? ina do samasyAoM meM se candragupta kI kula paramparA kI samasyA kA hala nahI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina dantakathA use rAjA ke mayUra-poSakoM ke gAMva ke mukhiyA kI putrI kA putra batAtI hai| smitha kahatA hai ki candragupta ne apanI mAtA athavA nAnI (mAtA mahI) murA ke nAma se apanA vaMza sthApita kiyA hogaa|" hindU ina mauryoM ko nandoM ke sAtha jor3a dete haiN| kathAsaritsAgara candragupta ko nanda kA 1. gato mivatkuTa, pArvatiko rAjA tena samaM metrI jaataa| -yAvazyakasUtra pR 434; hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 298 / pariziSTaparvana ke saMskaraNa meM yAkobI isa viSaya meM eka TippaNa detA hai jo isa prakAra hai| nepAla rAjavaMzAvalI meM, bauddha pArvatIya vaMzAvalI ke anusAra, tIsare vaMza kA gyAravAM rAjA, kirAtoM kA rAjA koI parva thA jo pratyakSataH hamArA parvata ho; kyoMki sAtaveM rAjA ke rAjyakAla meM yAne jitedAstI ke samaya meM buddha kA nepAla gamana batAyA gayA hai, aura caudahaveM rAjA sthuka ke kAla meM azoka kA vahAM jAnA kahA hai / -yAkobI, pariziSTapavan, pR. 58 / dekho bhagavAnalAla indrajI, I.eNTI., pusta. 13, pR. 412 / 2. dekho AvazyakasUtra, pR. 433, 434, 435%; yAkobI, vahI, pR. 55-59 / 3. dve api rAjye tasya jaate| -prAvazyakasUtra, pa. 4351 dekho hemacandra, vahI, pralo. 338 / 4. "kauTilya arthazAstra, kAmandaka nItizAstra, purANa, mahAvaMza aura mudrArAkSasa se hameM mAlama hotA haiM ki naMdavaMza kA uccheda candragupta ke mAhamAtya kauTilya dvArA hI hayA thaa|" -rAyacaudharI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / "kauTilya nAma kA eka brAhmaNa unakA unmUlana kregaa| 100 varSa taka isa pRthvI kA rAja bhoga kara, yaha rAjya mauryo ko calA jaaegaa|" -pArjITara vahI pR. 69 / 5. dekho pAvazyakasUtra pR. 433-4 34. hemacandra, vahI, zloka 240 / 6. dekho mitha. vahI, pR. 123 /
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________________ [ 115 putra kahatA hai| pahAvaMza usakA morIyavaMza batAtA hai / dibyAvadAna meM candragupta kA putra biMdusAra apane mUrdhAmiSikta kSatriya hone kA dAvA karatA hai| usI grantha meM biMdusAra kA putra azoka apane ko kSatriya kahatA hai / mahAparinivvANagutta meM moriyoM ko kSatriya jAti ke aura piSphAlIvana kA rAjavaMzI kahA gayA hai / ina maba bAtoM kA vicAra karate hae, DA rAyacaudharI kahatA hai ki 'itanA to nizcita hai hI ki candragupta kSatriya jAti yAne moriyA (maurya) vaMza kA thaa| I. pUrva chaThI sadI meM pipphalIvana ke choTe se prajAsattAka para rAjya karane vAle yaha moriyA jAti thii| pUrva bhArata ke anya rAjAoM ke sAtha vaha bhI magadha sAmrAjya meM mila gaI hogii| agramesa ke ayazasvI rAjya meM jaba usakI prajA ko vaha apriya ho gayA to bahuta karake ye moriyA candragupta ke netRtva meM phira prakaTa ho gae hoMge / takSazilA ke bAhmaNa ke putra kauTilya yA cANakya athavA viSNugupta kI sahAyatA se usane duSTa nanda ko padabhraSTa kara diyaa| candragupta kI vaMza-paramparA ke viSaya meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai| aba isakA vicAra kareM ki cANakya hI magadha kA rAjA kyoM nahIM banA ? isa viSaya meM DA. rAyacaudharI kA uparokta vaktavya kucha spaSTIkaraNa avazya hI karatA hai| yaha bahuta hI sambhava dIkhatA hai ki candragupta svayam hI, jaisA ki grIkI kahate haiM,' mahAn bhAgya ke pramukha cinha dekhakara rAjya prApta karane ko prerita hayA thaa| jaina itihAsa ke anya prAdhAroM kI bhAMti hI grIka sAhitya bhI vAstavika itihAsa para kucha prakAza nahIM DAlate haiN| candragupta ke viSaya meM ve itanA hI kahate haiM ki nanda rAjA dvArA mRtyudaNDa die jAne para vaha vahAM se bhAga nikalA thA, jaba vaha soyA hayA thA to usake zarIra meM se nikala rahe pasIne ko eka siMha cATatA rahA thA, isa adbhuta puruSa ko cANakya ne rAjapihAsana prApta karane ko ukamAyA thA aura usake sAmane eka vanagaja ekadA natamastaka ho gayA thaa| jaba aisI dantakathAeM sAlaka sAkSIbhUta AdhAra bhI candragupta ke viSaya meM kaheM to yaha koI bhI prAzcarya nahIM hai ki jaina dantakathA isa samasyA kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kare ki 'cANakya jaba janmA thA taba usake maha meM sAre hI dAMta the / isa Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA ke phalAphala ke viSaya meM jaba sAdhunoM ko pUchA gayA to unane bhaviSyakathana kiyA ki yaha zizu rAjA hogaa| parantu usakA pitA dhArmika vRtti kA thA evam pUtra ko prAtmA kI rAjapada kI bhayaMkaratA se vaha bacAnA cAhatA thaa| isalie usa rAjacinha ko dUra karane ke lie usane zizu ke dAMta tor3a die / phira bhI muniyoM ne kahA ki aba cANakya kisI pratinidhi dvArA rAja claaegaa| nandoM kI parAjaya pazcAt, yaha dantakathA kahatI haiM ki, nanda kI dhana sampadA saba candra gunta aura parvata donoM ne Apasa meM bAMTa lI / / 1. dekho TAnI (peMjara saMska.) vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 57 / 2. 'moriyAnAma khattiyAnaM vaMse prAdi...'-gIgara, vahI, pa. 30 / 3. ahaM rAjA kSatriyo muktiA ...'-kavyela aura nIla, divyAvadAna, pR. 360 / 4. hrisa DeviDsa, sebuI, pusta. 11, pR. 134-1351 5. janoM ke anusAra cANakya caNaka kA nivAsI thA jo ki gollA jile meM eka gAMva hai| dekho yAkobI vahI, pR. 55%; AvazyakasUtra, pR. 433 / 6. rAyacaudharI. vahI, pR. 165-166 / 7. maika kriNDale, vahI, pR. 320 / 8 vahI, pa. 327-328 / devo smitha, vahI, pR. 123, TippaNa 1 / 9. cANakya kI jIvana kI isa ghaTanA ke viSaya meM yAkobI isa prakAra TippaNa karate haiM : 'yahI bAta ricarDa 3ya ke viSaya meM kahI jAtI hai : 'TItha haiDasTa dAU ina dAI hayeDa vyena dAU vAsTa bArna-yAkobI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / TU signIphAI dAU kamyesTa TU bAiTa dI varlDa / ' 10. dekho prAvazyakasUtra, pR. 435%; hemacandra vahI. zlo. 3 7 /
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________________ 116 bhAratIya itihAsa kI ina prasiddha bAtoM ko yahI chor3a kara aba hama yaha dekheM ki magadha sAmrAjya kA paribala maurya-kAla meM kitanA thaa| magadha kI sattA aura rAjya-vistAra azoka ke samaya meM uccatama kakSA ko pahuMca gayA thaa| parantu yathArtha vijaya aura rAjya-vistAra to azoka ke samaya meM nahIM apitu candragupta ke samaya meM hI prArambha hokara samApta ho gayA thaa| rAjanIti kI dRSTi se azoka eka kvakara yAne dhArmika-vRtti kA aura vaha rAjA kI apekSA dharmagurU pada ke adhika yogya thaa| usane to mAtra kaliMga para magadha kI sattA punaH sthApita kI thii| mahAmAnya herAsa ke zabdoM meM "hindu-yuga ke hindusthAna kA mahAnatama samrATa candragupta thA / usake pautra azoka kI kIti to usake bauddhika kAmoM para khar3I hai| vaha zAsaka rAjA kI apekSA eka dArzanikaciMtaka thA; vaha zAsaka kI apekSA nIti kA upadezaka yA zikSaka thaa|"| tathya jo bhI ho, paraMtu mahAn maurya sAmrAjya ke magadha kA vistAra vyApaka thaa| paMjAba, siMdha aura uttarIya rAjapUtAnA ke sivA prAyaH sArA hI uttara-bhArata nandoM ke adhikAra meM ho gayA thA / usa vizAla sAmrAjya meM paMjAba, siMdha, balocisthAna, aphagAnisthAna aura sambhavataH, jaisA ki hamane himavatkUTa ke parvata ke TippaNa meM dekha liyA hai, nepAla aura kAzmIra bhI candragupta kAla meM milA lie gae the| uttara kI ghaTanAeM hI itanI saghana thI ki use dakSiNa kI ora dRSTi phaikane kA avakAza hI nahIM mila sakatA thaa| jaisA ki smitha kahatA hai." yaha vizvAsa karanA hI kaThina hai ki aprasiddhI meM se pUrNa prabhAvaka evam zaktizAlI bana jAne, maisIDonI senA ko deza se nikAla magAne, selyUkasa ke AkramaNa ko viphala karane, krAMti kara pATalIputra meM apanA rAjavaMza sthApane, ariyAna kA adhikAMza bhAga sAmrAjya meM milA lene aura baMgAla kI khAr3I se arabasamudra taka apanA sAmrAjya vistAra kara lene se adhika sanaya use kadAcit hI mila sakatA thaa|" dakSiNa kI vijaya candragupta ke putra aura uttarAdhikArI biMdusAra dvArA sampanna huI thI isakA aneka AdhAroM se samarthana hotA hai| use bhI usake pitA ke maMtrI cANakya kA nirdezana prApta thA / dakkhana athavA bhAratIya dvIpakalpa lagabhaga nelora ke akSAMza taka pratyakSatayA biMdusAra dvArA jIna liyA gayA hogA kyoMki azoka ko yaha saba uttarAdhikAra meM usI se prApta hayA thA aura usakA eka mAtra yuddha abhilekha kaliMga-vijaya kA hI thA / paravartI mauryoM ne sAmrAjya ke vistAra meM kucha bhI yogadAna nahIM diyA thaa| vastutaH azoka ke rAjyakAla ke samApta hote hI maurya sattA kSINa hone laga gaI thI aura bRhadratha se jisakI jaisA ki hama Age ke adhyAya meM dekheMge, usake hI mahAsenAdhipati puNyamitra dvArA hatyA kara dI gaI thI, aura jisane zugavaMza kA nayA rAjavaMza sthApana kiyA thA, maurya sattA bilakula hI tirohita ho gii| mauryo kI adhInatA meM magadha sAmrAjya ke vistAra kA zrRMkhalA baddha itihAsa jAna lene ke pazcAt aba hama unakA jainadharma ke sAtha ke sambandha kA vicAra kreNge| jaina dantakathA kahatI hai ki mauryavaMza saMsthApaka aura yavanoM kA vijetA aura bhArata kA prasiddha samrATa candragupta jaina thaa| isakI dantakathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai : 1. herAsa, mithIkala sosAiTI traimAsika, saM. 17, pR. 276 / dekho jAyasavAla, biuprA pratri, 2, pR. 83 / 2. dekho vahI, pR. 81 / 3. smitha, vahI, pR. 156 / dekho jAyasavAla, vahI, vahI sthAna / 4. AvazyakasUtra, pR. 184 / 5. dekho jAyasavAla, vahI, pR. 82-83; zIphanagara, vahI, pR. 89 / 6. dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 204 /
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________________ jaba uttara-bhArata meM (ujjaina me yA pATalIputra se) candragupta rAjya kara rahA thA, zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne ki jo usa samaya jainoM ke eka yuga pradhAna AcArya dvavAdazavarSI bhISaNa duSkAla kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| isa bhaviSya kathana ke pariNAmasvarUpa jainoM kA eka bar3A samUha (saMkhyA meM lagabhaga 12000), dakSiNa ko prasthAna kara gayA jahAM unameM se bhadrabAhu sahita aneka saMlekhanA vrata lekara kAla kara ge| yaha ghaTanA maisUra rAjya ke zravaNavelgola meM ghttii| candragupta jo ki saMgha ke sAtha hI udhara gayA thA saba kucha tyAga kara vAraha varSa taka apane devaloka prApta gurUbhadrabAhu kI caraNacinhoM kI pUjA karatA huA belgola meM hI TikA rahA (?) aura anta meM vaha bhI saMlekhanA karake divaMgata huaa| ukta sAra meM koSThaka evam prazna cinhAMkita vAkya eka hI dantakathA kI bhinna bhinna prAvRttiyoM kA saMketa karate haiM ki jo mUlataH sAmya rakhatI hai parantu apramukha vivaraNa meM bhinna bhinna hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAyoM ke AvirbhAva ke sAtha isa kathA kA sambandha yaha hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiN| zvetAmbara ise svIkAra nahIM karate haiM yadyapi bArahavarSI duHkAla kI bAta svIkAra karate hue hI ve kahate haiM ki candragupta kI rAjadhAnI meM rahate hue prAcArya susthita ko apane gaNa ko anya pradeza meM bhejane kI avazya hI AvazyakatA huI thii| isa dantakathA meM hamArI dilacaspI itanI hai ki isase prakaTa hotA ki candragupta jaina thA / isako sUkSma nirIkSA daNiNa-bhArata meM jainadharma ke vidyArthI kA hI kAma hai na ki hamArA / phira bhI yahA~ yaha kaha denA ucita hogA ki isakI vivecanA maisUra-nivAsI narasiMhAcAra, phlITa prAdi vidvAnoM ne vistAra ke sAtha kI haiM / isa dantakathA kA prathama sAhityaka rUpa hariSeNa kI vahatkathAkoza jo ki I. pan ) 31 lagabhaga kA hai, meM milatA hai| zravaNabelgola kA zilAlekha jisakA samaya anumAnataH I. san 600 abakA gayA hai, vahI isa sArI dantakathA kA mUla AdhAra hai| aneka pratiSThita aura pramANabhUta Adhunika vidvAna isa pariNAma para pahuMce haiM ki isa dantakathA ke AdhAra para candragupta jaina to binA kisI jokhama ke hI jA sakatA hai| 'jainazAstra (I. pUrvI sadI) aura paravartI jaina zilAlekha', DA. jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki, 'candragupta ko jaina rAjarSi rUpa meM ullekha karate haiM / merA adhyayana jainagranthoM ke aitihAsika tathyoM kA sammAna karane ko bAdhya karatA hai, aura maiM aisA koI kAraNa nahIM dekhatA ki hama jainoM ke isa dAve ko kyoM svIkAra nahIM kara le ki candragupta ne apane rAjya ke antima dinoM meM jainadharma svIkAra kara liyA thA aura rAjapATa tyAga diyA thA aura jaina muni kI rUpa meM hI divaMgata huA thA / ___ DA. smitha ki jinane antataH isI vicAra ko mAnya kiyA hai, kahate haiM ki candragupta maurya kA ghaTanApUrNa rAjyakAla kisa prakAra se samApta hugrA usa kI sIdhI aura eka mAtra sAkSI jaina dantakathA hI hai / jainI isa mahAn samrATa ko biMbasAra jaisA hI jaina mAnate haiM aura isa mAnyatA meM avizvAsa karane kA koI bhI paryApta kAraNa nahIM 1. dekho hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 377-378 / sthaviroM kI sUcI meM susthita kA nAma sthUlabhadra ke bAda AtA hai jo ki janasaMgha ke AThaveM yugapradhAnAcArya the| dekho yAkobI, sebuI., pusta. 22, pR. 287-288 / 2. narasiMhAcAra, vahI, prastA. pa. 36-42; phlITa, iNDi., eNTI., pusta. 2-1, pR. 156-160|3....vRhtkthaakosh, I. 931 kI hariSeNa kI saMskRta racanA, kahatA haiM ki bhadrabAhu, antima zrutakelI, kA ziSya rAjA candragupta thA / ' narasiMhAcAra, vahI, prastA. 1. 37 / dekho rAisa, lyUisa, vahI. pR. 4 / / 4. dekho narasiMhAcAra, vahI, prastA. pR. 39; vahI, anuvAda, pR. 1-2; rAisa, lyUisa, vahI, pR. 3-4 / 5. jAMyasalavAla, biuprA patrikA, saM. 1, pR. 452 /
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________________ 118 ] haiN| paravartI zaizunAgoM, nandoM aura mauyoM ke kAla meM jainadharma ni:saMdeha magadha meM atyanta prabhAvazAlI rahA thaa| yaha bAta ki candragupta ne eka brAhmaNa vidvAna kI yukti se rAjya pAyA thA, isa dhAraNa se kadApi asaMgata nahIM hai ki jainadharma taba rAjadharma thaa| jainagahasthAnuSThAnoM meM brAhmaNoM se kAma lete haiM, yaha eka sAmAnya prathA hI hai aura mudrArAkSasa nATaka meM jisako hamane Upara uddhRta kiyA hai, maMtrI rAkSasa kA viziSTa mitra eka jaina sAdhU hI batAyA gayA hai, jisane ki pahale nanda kI aura bAda meM candragupta kI maMtrI rUpa se sevA bajAI thii| yadi yaha tathya ki candragupta jaina thA athavA jaina ho gayA thA, eka bAra svIkRta ho jAtA hai to usake rAjya tyAgane evam anta meM jainadharma mAnya saMlekhanA vrata dvArA mRtyu kA pAvhAna karane kI dantakayA bhI sahaja vizvAsanIya ho jAtI hai| yaha bAta to nizcita hai ki I. pUrva 322 athavA usakI prAsapAsa candragupta gaddI para jaba AyA thA taba vaha eka dama yuvAna aura anubhavahIna thaa| 24 varSa pazcAt jaba usake rAjyakAla kA anta huaA, taba vaha 50 varSa se kama hI Ayu kA honA caahie| rAjyatyAga sivA itanI kama Ayu meM usase dUra bhAga jAne kA aura koI bhI kAraNa samajha meM nahIM pAte hai| rAjavaMziyoM ke aise saMsAra tyAga ke aneka dRSTAMta upasthi varSa kA duSkAla bhI svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM jaina dantakathA jahAM eka ora svasthAna kI rakSA karatI hai, vahAM dUsarA aura koI bhI vikalpa hamAre sAmane nahI hai / ina donoM vidvAnoM ke sivA bhI aura vidvAna haiM jo isI prakAra kA samarthana karate haiN| zravaNabelgola ke jaina zilAlekhoM ke prakhara abhyAsI rAisa aura narasiMhAcAra bhI isI kA samarthana karate haiN| prAcIna vidvAnoM meM zrI eDavarDa TAmasa bhI ki jisane grIka sAhitya kA isa viSaya meM vicAra kiyA hai isI ko svIkAra karatA haiM / phira yAkobI kahatA hai ki "hemacandrAcArya se le kara Adhunika saba vidvAna bhadrabAhu kI nirvANa tithi vIrAt 170 mAnate haiN|"4 apanI gaNanA ke anusAra I. pUrva 297 ke lagabhaga yaha tithi par3atI hai, mahAn prAcArya ke svargavAsa kI yaha tithi candragupta ke rAjyakAla I. pUrva 321-297 se barAbara mila jAtI hai| jaina sAhitya meM isa dantakathA ke uparAnta anya ullekha bhI milate haiM aura ve saba batAte haiM ki candragupta jaina hI thA athavA bAda meM vaha jaina ho gayA thaa| parantu hameM isa sAhityika mImAMsA meM utarane kI yahAM AvazyakatA 1. smitha, grAksapharDa hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, 75-76 / "maiM yaha vizvAsa karane ko taiyAra hUM ki...candragupta ne vAstava meM hI rAjya tyAga diyA thA aura vaha jaina sAdhU ho gayA thaa|" -smitha, arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA pR. 154 / hemacandra kahatA hai ki candragupta samAdhimaraNaM prApya divaM yayau... -hemacandra, vahI, zlo. 444 / 2. rAisa lyUisa, vahI, pR. 3.9 / "hamArA yaha mAna lenA isalie nirAdhAra nahIM hai ki candragupta dharma se jaina thaa|" -vahI pR. 8 / "uparyukta tathyoM kA niSpakSa vicAra isa pariNAma para pahuMcAtA hai ki jaina dantakathA ko khar3A rahane kA kucha prAdhAra avazya hI prApta hai|" -narasiMhAcArya, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 42 / / 3. "candragupta jainasaMgha kA eka sadasya thA, yaha bAta jaina lekhaka bilakula udAsIna bhAva se lete hai aura ise bAta mAnakara use siddha karane ke tarkAdi meM par3ane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM samajhate haiM / ...maigasthAnIja kI sAkSI isI taraha mAna letI hai ki candragupta zramaNoM kI bhakti aura upadezoM kA mAnane vAlA thA na ki brAhmaNoM ke dharma siddhAnta kaa|" -TAmasa eDavarDa, vahI, pR. 23 / yavana varNanoM meM jainoM ke ullekha ke lie dekho rAisa, tyUisa, vahI, pR. 8 / 4. yAkobI, kalpasUtra, prastAvanA, pR. 13 / digambaroM ke anusAra unakI mRtyu vIrAta __162 meM huI thii| dekho narasiMhAcArya, vahI, prastA. pa. 40 / 5. dekho rAisa, lyUisa, vahI, pR, 7; sthima, vahI, pR. 206; narasiMhAcArya, vahI, prastA. pR. 41 / 6. dekho yAkobI, pariziSTaparvan, pR. 61-62 /
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________________ [ 119 nahIM hai| candragupta ke uttarAdhikAriyoM kA vicAra karane ke pUrva jainoM ke dakSiNa prayANa kI upayogitA aura cANakya ke dharma sambandha meM bhI kucha yahAM kaha deN| yaha prayANa dakSiNa ke jaina itihAsa meM eka nizcita bhUmikA hameM pradAna karatA hai| isake sivA dakSiNa ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI isakI upayogitA kucha kama nahIM hai kyoMki dakSiNa-bhArata ke itihAsa meM itane hI mahatva kA prAcIna prasaMga aura koI ho aisA mAlUma nahIM hai / isa prakAra candragupta maurya kA yuga jo smitha kI dRSTi se itihAsavettA ko 'andhakAra se prakAza' meM uttara bhArata meM le jAtA hai, dakSiNa bhArata ke itihAsa meM bhI vaisA hI hai, yAne nayA yuga pravartaka hai| yaha bAta bhI kama mahatva kI nahIM hai ki jisa dharma ne dakSiNa bhArata ko prAcInatama, yadi sarvottama nahIM to, sAhitya pradAna kiyA, usI dharma ne usako apanI sarva prathama vizvasta aitihAsika paramparA bhI pradAna kI hai| aba cANakya ke dharma kA bhI saMkSepa meM vicAra kara leN| jainoM ke anusAra cANakya jainadharmI thA / vaha jaina gurUtroM ko mAna-sammAna detA thA aura apanI vRddhAvasthA meM eka naiSThika jaina sAdhu kI hI bhAMti anazana kara divaMgata hone kA usane prayatna kiyA thaa| dantakathA hai ki duSTa mantrI apane karmoM kA prAyazcitta karane ke lie narbadA ke taTa-sthita 'zukla tIrtha' meM calA gayA aura vahIM usakI mRtyu huI thii| candragupta bhI usake sAtha vahAM AyA thA aisA kahA jAtA hai| 'zukla tIrtha' kannar3a zabda 'belgola' jisakA artha 'dhavala sarovara' hai, kA hI ThIka paryAya zabda hai / zilAlekha meM use dhavala saras kahA gayA hai jisakA artha dhavala sarovara hotA hai| cAhe vaha Akasmika hI ho, phira bhI yaha sAmya ati mahatva kA hai / sUkSma bAtoM ko chor3a deM to zrI hrisa DeviDsa kI isa bAta se isakA mela khA jAtA hai ki upalabdha bhASA sambandhI aura zilAlekhI sAkSiyoM se jainoM meM pracalita kimbadantI kI sAmAnya satyatA kA samarthana hotA hai| 'usane yaha bhI kahA hai ki' yaha nizcita hai ki 'upalamya yAjakIya sAhitya meM lagabhaga dasa zatAbdiyoM taka candragupta bilkula upekSita hI rahA thaa|' yaha sambhava lagatA hai ki brAhmaNa lekhakoM kI cuppI yA upekSA kA yahI kAraNa ho ki candragupta maurya samrATa ne apane sAMsArika jIvana ke antima dinoM meM jainadharma svIkAra kara liyA thaa| anta meM hama candragupta ke uttarAdhikAriyoM kA bhI vicAra kara leN| jaina dantakathAnusAra ye the vindUsAra, azoka, kuNAla aura samprati / zaizunAgoM aura nandoM kI hI bhAMti, mauryoM kI vaMzAnukrama sUcI meM bhI bahuta kucha matAMtara aura vibhinnatA hai| parantu jahAM taka azoka kI bAta hai, usameM koI bhI mata bheda nahIM haiN| sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki candragupta ke bAda meM usakA putra evaM uttarAdhikArI bindUmAra hI thA aura isa bindusAra kA anugAmI usakA putra azoka / ina donoM mauryoM ke jainoM ke sAtha sambandha ke viSaya meM itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki jainoM kI sAhityika dantakathAeM inake viSaya meM itanI prakhara nahIM hai jitanI ki inake pUrvaja candragupta aura inake anugAmI samprati ke viSaya meM haiN| phira bhI ye donoM hI jainadharma ke prati anukUla the, aisA mAnane ke spaSTa kAraNa haiM / azoka 1. dekho smitha, AksapharDa hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR, 72 / 2. dekho yAkobI, vahI, pR. 62; jolI, arthazAstra Apha koTilya, prastAvanA pR. 10-11 / arthazAstra aura jaina sAhitya ke pambandha ke viSaya meM dekhie vahI, pR. 10 / hama dekha hI pAe haiM ki cANakya kA pitA brAhmaNa hote hA bhI pakkA jaina thA, aisI jaina dantakathA haiM / aAjakala ke brAhmaNa IsAiyoM jaisI hI yaha bAta lagatI hai, phira bhI isakA artha yaha to hai hI ki cANakya kA kula janma se brAhmaNa aura dharma se jainI thA / eDvarDa TAmasa ke anusAra 'yadyapi hamArA rAjA-nirmAtA brAhmaNa thA, parantu prAdhunika brAhmaNa artha meM vaha brAhmaNa nahIM thaa|' TAmasa, eDavarDa, vahI, pR. 25-26 1 3. dekho smitha, vahI, pa.75, Ti. 1 / 4. dekho narasiMhAcArya, vahI, prastA. pR. 1 / 5. hrisa DeviDsa, buddhIsTa iNDiyA, 164, 270 /
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________________ 120 ] ke pUrvaja bindusAra ke viSaya meM hama itanA hI jAnate haiM ki usane eNTIgrokosa soTara ke pAsa dUta bheja kara kisI grIka dArzanika ke bhejane kA sandezA pahuMcAyA thaa| aura yaha bhI ki usane sAmrAjya kA vistAra, usakI vijayoM aura usake pitA ke sAmrAjya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue, kama se kama maisUra ke kucha bhAgoM taka avazya hI phailA liyA thaa| ye donoM hI tathya nirupayogI nahIM haiM kyoMki pahalA bindusAra ke dArzanika prema kA digdarzana karAtA hai aura dUsarA dakSiNa bhArata meM azoka ke stambhoM ke pracAra para prakAza DAlatA hai| aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki mAtra vijaya kI svAbhAvika kSatriyocita mahA icchA ke atirikta apane pitA candragupta ke antima dinoM se pavitra haI bhUmi maisUra ko jItane ke vaha pitRprema se prerita huyA ho / pihala kI daMtakathAeM to yaha kahatI haiM ki biMdusAra brAhmaNa dharma pAlatA thaa| mahAvaMza meM azoka ke pitA ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki vaha brAhmaNa dharma kA mAnane vAlA hone se 60,000 brAhmaNoM ko pAlatA thA / parantu eDvarDa TAmasa kahatA hai ki "anya dezoM aura anya samayoM ke viSaya meM unakI sAkSI kA koI aisA mahatva nahIM ho sakatA hai| phira yaha bhI eka khAsa prazna hai ki ve brAhmaNadharma ke viSaya meM kitanA jAnate the, aura yaha ki brAhmaNa zabda kA upayoga unakI dRSTi meM, abauddha athavA bauddhoM kA virodhI koI bhI dharma artha meM hI to nahIM hai| hama vartamAna dRSTi se yahI kaha sakate haiM ki biMdusAra apane pitA ke dharma kA hI pAlana karatA thA aura uso dharma meM vaha cAhe jo bhI pramANita ho-azoka ne bhI bacapana meM zikSA pAI thii| isase adhika bidUsAra ke dharma viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| hama dekha hI pAe haiM ki vaha apane pitA kI hI bhAMti cANakya ke prabhAva meM thA / jaina daMtakathA kahatI hai ki usake samaya meM yaha brAhmaNa maMtrI svayam rAjA ko apriya ho gayA thA jisane usake sthAna meM kisI subandhu ko maMtrI niyukta kara diyA thA / usake putra aura uttarAdhikArI azoka ke viSaya meM yaha kahane kI to AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai ki usakA jIvana usake pitA kI bhAMti aprasiddha nahIM thaa| nirgrantha mampradAya ke sAtha usakA sambandha kaisA thA yaha batAne ke paryApta sAdhana haiM / azoka ne apane rAjyakAla meM kisa dharma kA pAlana kiyA thA yaha eka vivAdAspada viSaya hai, phira bhI usakA jainadharma ke prati rUkha kaisA thA yaha jAnane kI yahAM AvazyakatA hai| paramparAgata sAgaramAhI vatti kI thor3I dera ke lie upekSA kara deM to bhI hama yaha kahane kA sAhasa kara sakate haiM ki usake dAdA kA dharma hone ke kAraNa usakA usa para koI kama prabhAva nahIM par3A hogA, hAlAMki mahAvaMza to yahI kahatA hai ki usake pitA kI hI bhAMti, azoka bhI brAhmaNoM ko tIna varSa dAna-dakSiNAdi detA rahA thaa| usakI AjJAeM bahuta hI udAtta haiM aura ve samabhAva ko spaSTa sacanA detI haiN| phira bhI isa manovRtti kA mUla kadAcit vahI ho jaisA ki sUcita kiyA gayA hai| azoka bacapana se hI apane pitAmaha candragupta ke dharma se prAkarSita thA isa bAta ko eDavarDa TAmasa kI yaha bAta mamarthana karatI hai ki "akabara ke kuzala maMtrI abulaphajla ne AIna-e-akabarI meM kAzmIra ke rAjya ke lie tIna Avazyaka tathya kahe haiM jisameM se pahalA yaha hai ki "azoka ne svayam kazmIra meM jainadharma kA pracAra kiyA 1. smitha, arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 155-56 / 2. pitA saTThisahassAni brahmane brahmapakkhike mojesi / -gIgara, vahI, paricchedo 5, gAthA 34 / 3. TAmasa, eDvarDa, vahI, pR29| 4. cANakya apane rAjA kI aprasannatA kA bhAjana kisa kAraNa se harA isake lie dekho hemacandra, vahI, zloka 436-459 / 5. ...so pIte yevA ni vassAni bhojyii| -gIgara, vahI aura vahI sthAna /
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________________ [ 121 thaa|"1 yaha prastuta karate hue ukta vidvAna kahatA hai ki "azoka ke kAzmIra meM jainadharma pracAra kI bAta musalamAna granthakAra hI kevala nahIM kahate haiM apitu rAjataraMgiNI meM bhI yaha spaSTa svIkAra karane meM pAI hai / yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se yadyapi I. san 1148 kA racita mAnA jAtA hai| phira bhI usake aitihAsika vibhAga kA aAdhAra padmamihira aura zrI chavillAkAra ke adhika prAcIna ullekha hI haiN|"2 itanA hone para bhI vidvAna paNDita svIkAra karatA hai ki apane sAre rAjyakAla meM azoka AjIvana jaina nahIM rahA thaa| aisA hotA to jaina avazya hI usako apanA pratibhAzAlI dharma-saMrakSaka nyAyataH ghoSita kie binA kadApi nahIM rhte| eDavarDa TAmasa ke anusAra dhIre dhIre vaha badalatA hI gayA aura anta meM vaha buddhadharma kI pora pUrNatayA jhaka hI gayA / phira bhI azoka kI bauddhadharma svIkAra kara lene kI bAta sahaja meM mAnI jA sake aisI to nahIM hI hai jo kucha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai vaha itanA hI ki samaya bItate azoka buddha ke upadeza se prAkaSita hotA gayA thaa| parantu sAmpradAyika bAr3e meM nahIM rahate hue vaha sarvadarzana mAnya naitika niyamoM kA aura siddhAMta rUpa dharma kA prajA meM pracAra karane lgaa| yadyapi mahAmAnya herAsa ThIka hI kahate haiM ki 'pavitratA aura jIvana kI zAzvatA ke jaina siddhAMtoM kA usa para khAsa prabhAva to par3A hI thA / azoka bauddhadharmI nahIM thA yaha koI naI bAta hI nahIM kahI jA rahI hai / vilsana", maikphela' phlITa: menAhana", aura pAdarI herAsa10 to hama se pUrva hI yaha kaha cuke haiM / DA. kana bhI kahatA hai ki 'kucha apavAdoM 1. dekho TAmasa, eDavarDa, vahI, pR. 30-11 | "jaba kanaka ke kAkA ke putra azoka ko uttarAdhikAra milA, usane brAhmagadharma ko uThA diyA aura jainadharma ko pratiSThApita kara diyaa|" -jya reTa, pAina-e-akabarI, bhAga 2, pR. 382; vilsana, eziyATika risarceja, saM. 15, pR. 10 / / 2. TAmasa, aiDvarDa, vahI, pR. 32 / dekho vilaphorDa, eziyATika cija, saM. 9, pR. 96-97 / 3. TAmasa, eDavarDa, vahI, pR. 24 4. vhii| 5. herAsa, vahI, pR. 272 / dekho rAka eDikTasa (1, bii)|, (3, DI), (4, sI), (9, sI), prAdi; halTaja, kArapasa ___ iMskripzanama iNDikArama, pusta 1, pR. 215,18, 19, Adi (nayA sNskrnn)| 6. prathamatayA to, zilAlekhoM ke tathAkathita mukhya lakSya yAne bauddhadharma meM parivartana ke viSaya meM yaha zaMkA karanA akAraNa nahIM hogA ki ve isa prakAra ke kisI lakSya vizeSa se hI prasiddha kie gae the, aura yaha ki unakA bauddhadharma se kucha bhI sambandha hai / ' vilsana, rAe po patrikA, saM. 12, pR. 236, dekho vahI, pR. 250 / 7. dekho maikaphela, zoka, pR. 48 / dharma zabda calita artha meM hI yahI prayukta hai / prAjJAmoM meM vauddhadharma kA paryAyavAcI nahIM hai, parantu sAmAnya dayA kA hI ki jo azoka apanI saba prajA ko cAhe vaha koI bhI dharma mAnatI ho, pAlana karAnA cAhatA thaa|' vhii| 8. dekho phalITa, rAeso, patrikA, 1908, pR. 491-492 / 'pahAr3oM aura stambhoM donoM hI prAjJAlekhoM kA pratyakSa lakSya bauddha yA kisI dharma vizeSa kA pracAra karanA nahIM thA, apitu azoka kA nizcaya ghoSita karanA thA ki zAsana nIti aura prama se eka dharmarAjA ke kartavyAnusAra calAyA jAe aura sabhI dharmoM ke vizvAsa kA sammAna karate hue calAyA jAe / ...' Adi / vahI, pR. 492 / 9. azoka ke adhikAMza pahAr3oM aura stambhoM ke prAjJAlekhoM ke siddhAnta ekAnta bauddhadharma hI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| grAdi / menAhana, arlI hisTrI prApha beMgAla, pR. 214 / / 10. cauthI, pAMcavIM aura chaThI sadI ke bauddha itivRttoM ne aneka vidvAnoM ko bhramita kara diyA hai...| unameM bauddhoM ke gahana siddhAMtoM kA jarA bhI ullekha nahIM hai / herAsa, vahI, pR. 255, 271 /
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________________ 122] kucha 2 ke sivAya usake zilAlekhoM meM bauddhoM kA khAsa kucha bhI nahIM hai|" 'dharma meM jo kevala bauddhoM ko hI lAgU ho aisA bhI nahIM hotA hai' aisA kahate hue senArTa bhI isa prakAra kahatA hai ki 'merI rAya meM hamAre smAraka (azoka ke lekha) bauddhadharma kI usa sthiti ke sAkSI haiM ki jo paravatIM kAla meM vikAsa prApta [ dharma se bhAvapravaNarUpe bhinna hai / ' yaha AdhAra vihIna kalpanA hI hai / parantu aisA hI virodha hulTja ne bhI batAyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki usakI saba naitika ghoSaNAeM 'use bauddha sudhAraka ke rUpa meM batAtI hI nahIM haiM; phira bhI 'yadi hama jise vaha apanA dharma kahatA hai isakI parIkSA karane kA mana kare to mAlUma hotA hai ki usakA dharma usa bauddha naitikatA ke citra se eka dama milatA huA hai ki jo dhammapada ke sundara saMgraha meM surakSita hai / ' unhIM vaktavyoM ke anurUpa udbhava hue haiM ki jinake karanevAle prazoka ko bauddhadharma kA pracAraka kahate haiM / ' 73 senArTa aura hulTja donoM hI ke ye vaktavya bhinna bhinna vidvAnoM kI dRSTi se azoka ke prAzA-stambhoM aura zilAlekhoM ko dekhate hue bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki tathyoM kI dRSTi se ve yaha kucha bhI nahIM kahate haiM ki azoka vauddha hI thA athavA ho gayA thaa| aba hama usake lekhe hI kI nirIkSA isa dRSTi se kareMge ki usa para nirgrantha siddhAMta kA kahAM taka prabhAva par3A thaa| koI bhI aisA deza nahIM hai, prazoka kahatA hai, ki 'jahAM do varga yAne brAhmaNa aura zramaNa nahIM hoN| yonasa deza hI isakA apavAda 1'5 parantu ye 'bhramaNa' kauna the ? unheM bauddha bhikSu kahatA hai hAlAMki isakA koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai ki isakA itanA saMkucita dharma lagAyA jAe yA vyAkhyA kI jaae| 'zramaNa' kA sAmAnya artha tapasvI yA bhikSu hai / isa zabda ko jaina bauddhoM ke pUrva se hI prayoga karate Ae haiM / grIka granthoM meM bhI yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA hai / aura isakA samarthana anya vidvAnoM dvArA bhI, jaisA ki pahale hI dikhAyA jA cukA hai, kiyA gayA haiN| jainoM kI eka prAcIna pratijJA yA vrata isa prakAra kA hai : "maiM bArahaveM atithi saMvibhAga vrata kI pratijJA svIkAra karatA hUM jisase meM bhramaNa yA nirgrantha ko unheM kalpya caudaha nirdoSa vastueM dene kI pratijJA karatA huuN|" yadi Adi / kalpasUtra bhI isI prakAra 'Adhunika nirgrantha zramaNa' kA hI varNana karatA hai / " dakSiNa ke prathama digambara graMthakartA kundakundAcArya bhI apanI sampradAya ke sAdhuoM ke lie isI zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| parantu sabase viziSTa bAta to yaha hai ki bauddha svayam nirgrandoM ko 'zramaNa' zabda se varNana karate haiM kyoMki aMguttaranikAya meM likhA hai ki "are vizAkha... / eka zramaNoM kA varga hai ki jo nirgrantha kahA jAtA hai / " bauddhoM se pUrva kA hI yaha jainoM kA pracalita zabda hai yaha isa bAta se bhI nizcaya pUrvaka pramANita ho jAtA hai ki bauddha apane ko 'zAkyaputrIya samaraNa' kahate hue apane ko 'niggaMTha samaraNoM' se jo ki pahale se hI cale A rahe the, alaga ghoSita karate the / 10 24 azoka bauddhoM ke hI viSaya meM jaba kahatA hai to saMgha zabda kA hI vaha upayoga karatA hai / stambha prAzA 7vIM meM vaha kahatA hai ki "kitane hI mahAmantroM ko saMgha ke kAma kI vyavasthA ke lie meM AjJA detA hUM, anya kitanoM 1. karna, mainyuala Apha iNDiyana buddhIdhma, pR. 112 1 2. senArTa iNDi eNTI, pusta. 20, pR. 260, 264-2651 3. hulTja, vahI, prastAvanA pa. 49 / 4. dekho herAsa vahI, pR. 201 , 5. hulTja, vahI, pR. 47 (je) / 7. dekho rAisa, lyUisa, vahI. pR. 9. yAkobI, sebuI pusta. 22, pR. ' 11. dekho yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 45, prastA. pR. 17 / kAmatA prasAda jaina kA "dI jaina rephareMseja ina buddhIsTa liTarecara" lekha jo iMhisTorikala traimAsika aMka 2, pR. 698-709 meM prakAzita bhI dekho / 6. hulTja, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 1 / 8. zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 218 / 297 1 10. devo bhaNDArakara vahI, pR. 99 100 1 8 I 12. dekho hisa Devisa, vahI pU. 143 1
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________________ [ 123 hI ko brAhmaNa tathA prAjIvakoM ke kAma kI vyavasthA kA kAma detA haM, anya ko nirgranthoM ke kAma kI vyavasthA ke lie AjJA detA haM aura zeSa ko...anya dArzanikoM kI vyavasthA ke lie sUcanA karatA huuN|" __ brAhmaNa, AjIvaka, nirgrantha Adi saba kA isa prakAra svatantra ullekha yahI batAtA hai ki ye saba saMgha kI meM ekadama bhinna the| anya sthaloM para zramaNoM ke brAhmaNoM ke sAtha hI ginA diyA gayA hai| upayukta AjJA meM zramaraNoM kA prayoga isI prakAra samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki yahAM prAjIvaka aura nirgrantha zabda prayukta hue haiM ki jo donoM hI, jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai, saMgha se pRthaka haiN| vastuta: jaina aura anya dharmoM ke prati azoka kA jhakAva ina zabdoM se spaSTatayA jAnA jA sakatA hai ki "saba manuSya mere bAlaka haiN| jaisA meM apane nijI bAlakoM ke lie cAhatA hUM ki unheM ihaloka aura paraloka donoM hI kA kalyANa prApta ho, vaise hI meM parva manuSyoM ko vaha prApta ho, aisA cAhatA hUM / isI prakAra aura bhI spaSTa zabdoM meM vaha kahatA hai ki "maiM usI rIti se saba varSoM aura vargoM kA dhyAna rakhatA huuN| aura sabhI dharma-sampradAya mujha se aneka prakAra kA mAna-sammAna prApta kara cuke haiN|" uttara aura dakSiNa meM "bauddhoM, brAhmaNoM, AjIvakoM aura nirgranthoM evam anyoM kI sAra-samhAla ke lie" azoka dharma-mahAmAtroM kI niyuktiyAM kI thii| usakI asampradAyika nIti nimna zabdoM meM spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa hotI hai :-- __ mahArAja kahate haiM ki "jo koI apanI sampradAya ke lie andhazraddhA se abhimAna karatA hai aura dUsare kI sampradAya kI niMdA karatA hai vaha apanI sampradAya kI niMdA karatA hai vaha apanI sampradAya kI bar3I se bar3a hAni karatA hai|" barAbara kI guphA ke zilAlekhoM kI vivecanA karate hue smitha kahatA hai ki "ye saba lekha mahatva ke haiM aura ve spaSTa siddha karate haiM ki azoka kI hAdika icchA aura AjJA saba sampradAyoM ko mAna dene kI thii| usake anya zilAlekhoM ke lie bhI yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| hAlAMki usake udAra zAsana kAla meM uttara-bhArata meM jainadharma kI sthiti kI koI sIdhI sAkSI upalabdha nahIM hai phira bhI uparokta vaktavya aura avalokana candragupta ke mahAn uttarAdhikArI kA usa dharma ke prati jise usane, pahale nahIM to bhI gauravazIla rAjya ke sAyaMkAla meM svIkAra kara liyA thA, rUkha pradarzita karane ko paryApta hai| isa dantakathA kI paraMparAgata asara kA anumAna azoka ke pautra samprati ke Arya sUhastina dvArA jainI banAe jAne kI bAta se samarthita hotA hai| samprati kI jainadharma ke prati bhakti aura zraddhA kA vicAra karane ke 1. dillI-topar3A stambha AjJA lekha 7; hulTja, vahI, pR 136 (jaiDa) / 2. dekho parvata-prAjJAlekha, (3,DI), (4, sI), (9 jI), (11, sI), (13, jI), aura stambha prAjJAlekha 7 (eca eca); dekho halTaja, vahI, prastA. pR. 1 / 3. bhinna-bhinna pahAr3I AjJApatra-jUnAgar3ha, 1 (epha. jI.), 2 (e. epha); dekho hulTja , vahI, pR. 114-7 / 4. dillI-Topar3A stambha AjJAlekha 6 (DI. I.), dekho halTaja. vahI, pa. 129; prastA. pa. 48 / 5. vahI, prastAvanA pR. 40 / 6 giranAra parvata AjJAlekha, 12 (eca); dekho halTja, vahI, pR. 21 / 7. smitha, vahI, pR. 177 / dekho hulTaja, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 48 / 8. dekho yAkobI, pariziSTaparvan , 4 69; bhaNDArakara, vahI, pR. 135 /
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________________ 124 ] pUrva azoka kA sIdhA uttarAdhikArI kauna thA, yaha vicAra karanA hameM Avazyaka hai / durbhAgya se jaisA ki DaoN. rAyacaudharI kahate haiM kisI kauTilya yA maigasthanIja ne paravartI mauryoM ke viSaya meM kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| eka yA do zilAlekha tathA kucha brAhmaNa, jaina aura bauddha granthoM ke sAmAnya tathyoM se azoka ke uttarAdhikArI kA savistRta itihAsa saMkalana karanA asambhava hai|'' purANa bhI eka mata nahI hai ki azoka kA uttarAdhikArI kauna thaa| bhinna-bhinna pramANoM ke virodhI kathanoM kA samAmilana karanA sarala kAma nahIM hai| phira bhI azoka ke putra kunAla kI vAstavikatA sabhI svIkAra karate haiN| usake parivartiyoM kI dantakathAeM bhinna-bhinna haiN| kunAla kina vicitra saMyogoM meM andhA ho gayA thA aura "rAja-vyavasthA ke lie svayam azakta hone para usane apane priya pUtra samprati yAne jaina azoka ko usake lie niyukta karAyA, isakA rocaka varNana hemacandra se hameM milatA hai| isa samprati ko jaina aura bauddha donoM hI lekhaka azoka kA anantara uttarAdhikArI mAnate haiN|" azoka kA uttarAdhikArI samprati ko mAna lene meM basa eka hI kaThinAI hamAre sAmane upasthiti hotI hai aura vaha hai dazaratha kI yathArthatA ki jisane, jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha pAe haiM, nAgArjunI pahAr3I kI guphA AjIvikoM ko bheTa kI thii| isa kaThinAI kA eka sambhava spaSTIkaraNa yahI dIkhatA hai ki azoka ke pautroM ke rUpa meM donoM hI ne eka hI samaya meM rAjya kiyA hogaa| hAlAMki samprati azoka kA sIdhA hI uttarAdhikArI thA athavA yaha ki bauddha evam jaina donoM hI ne dazaratha kI upekSA kara dI hai| ina donoM sambhAvanAmoM meM pahalI bahutAMza meM vAstavika lagatI hai kyoMki samprati kA nAma magadha kI rAjavaMzAvalI meM sarvAnamati se sammilita huaA hai| isa prakAra isa bAta meM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM hai ki samprati maurya samrAToM meM itanA mahAn thA ki saba ne usakA nAma magadha rAjavaMzAvalI meM ginAyA hai| usake jainadharma ke prati utsAha ke viSaya meM ni:saMkoca yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina itihAsa meM dedIpyamAna nakSatroM meM se vaha bhI eka hai / jainadharma prasAra ke viSaya meM jaina ullekhoM meM samprati kA utanA hI UcA nAma hai jitanA ki bauddha ullekhoM meM azoka kA hai / smitha kahatA hai ki samprati jainadharma kA pracAra karane meM utanA hI utsAhI thA jitanA ki azoka gautama ke buddhadharma pracAra meM thaa| 1. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 220 / / 2. dekho pArjITara, vahI, pa. 28, 70; kovyala eNDa nIla, vahI, pR. 430%; kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TIkA, sUtta 163; rAyacaudharI, vahI 1. 221 / 3. dekho yAkobI, vahI, pa. 63-64; kovyala eNDa nIla, vahI, pR. 433; rAyacaudharI, vahI, vahI, pR; bhaNDArakara, vahI, vahI pR. / 4. samprati ke viSaya kI bauddha aura jaina dantakathAnoM kA nirdeza pichale TippaNa meM kiyA jA cukA hai / parA dantakathA ke lie dekho pArjITara, vahI, pR. 28,70 / dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 220 1 "saMbhava hai ki dazaratha aura samprati donoM hI meM sAmrAjya bAMTa diyA gayA ho|" -smitha, vahI, pR. 230 / 5. smitha, AksaphArDa hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 117 aura Ti. 1 / dekho bhaNDArakara, vahI, vahI sthAna; saMprati... pitA mahadattarAjyo rathayAtrApravRtta zrI AryasuhastinadarzanAjjAtajAtismRtiH...jinAlaya sapAdakoTi...akarota / kalpasUtra, subodhikA-TIkA, sUtra 6 pR. 163 / ' prAyaH sAre prAcIna jaina mandira yA ajJAta-mUla smAraka sabhI eka svara se samprati nirmita kahe jAte haiM ki jo vAstava meM jaina azoka ke samAna hI mAnA jAtA hai|'-smith, grI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 202 /
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________________ 1 125 samprati ke jainadharma ke prati utsAha ke viSaya meM bAcArya hemacandra saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kahate haiM, 'sAre jambUdvIpa meM jaina mandira usane karAe / ujjayinI meM prArya suhastina kI sthiratA ke samaya unake netRtva meM dhArmika parva ke nimitta se arhatu kI rathayAtrA kA utsava manAyA gayA thaa| usa prasaMga meM rAjA aura prajA donoM ne hI bar3I zraddhA aura bhakti batAI thii| samprati ke Adeza prora kArya se usake pradhIna rAjoM ne bhI jainadharma svIkAra karane pora use uttejana dene meM utsAhita hue the| isase apane rAjya ke atirikta AsapAsa ke dezoM meM bhI sAdhU apanA dharma pAlana kara sakate the / " hamAre jAne kI isa sambandha meM prati mahatva kI bAta to yaha hai ki sampati ne jainadharma ke pracAraka dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI bheje the aura jo aise pracAraka udhara gae ve zvetAmbara sampradAya ke hI the / hemacandra ko hI uddhRta kareM to 'asabhya asaMskRta dezoM meM una pracArakoM ke kArya ko vyApaka banAne ke lie samprati ne jaina sAdhu ke veza meM dUtoM ko bhejA thaa| unane logoM ko sAdhuoM ke kalpya AhAra, pAnI Adi anya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrI pUrI samajha dI aura tahasIladAra ko die jAnevAle sAmAnya kara ke evaja sAdhuyoM ko ye vastueM dAna dene kI, jaba bhI ve vahAM pahuMce, AjJA dii| isa prakAra mArga taiyAra karake usane prAcArya zrI ko sAdhudhoM ko anya dezoM meM bhejane kI prArthanA aura preraNA kI kyoMki unake yahAM rahana meM kisI bhI prakAra kI asuvidhA aba nahIM raha gaI thii| isa prakAra grA aura dramila deza meM usane dharma pracAraka sAdhU bhijavAe aura unheM rAjA kI AjJAnusAra saba suvidhAeM milii| isa prakAra anArtha prajA jainadharmI banI prAcArya hemacandra ke anusAra samprati ke anArya dezoM meM bheje hue jainadharma pracArakoM kA mahatva yaha hai ki dakSiNa meM zvetAmbara saMgha sambandhI sabase prathama ullekha hameM yahIM milatA hai / isalie pUrvaM prakaraNa meM kahe gae mahAn videza gamana jitanA hI mahatva kA yaha bhI prasaMga hai / suhastina zvetAmbara jaina the yaha isI se siddha hai ki digambara paTTA - vAliyoM athavA guruyoM kI vaMzAvaliyoM meM inakA koI nAma nahIM hai|' isa dharma pracArakoM ko khAma zvetAmbara kahane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina dharma meM digambara- zvetAmbara paMthabheda mahAn videzagamana aura suhastina - mahAgiri dantakathA donoM hI se sambandhita hai| hameM yaha bhI ullekha milatA haiM ki prArya suhastina ke upadeza se samprati ne jainadharma aMgIkAra kiyA thA aura jaba pArthamahAgiri ne yaha jAnA to ve dazArNabhadra ke vana meM cale gae kyoMki 'unakI sAdhuyoM ko kaThina sAdhvAcAra pAlana kI ora unmukha karane kI sArI yAtrAoM para pAnI isase phira gayA thA / isa prakAra zvetAmbara sampradAya samprati ke rAja darabAra meM vijayI ho gayA / 115 jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se magadha kI mahattA kA yahAM aMta ho jAtA hai| mauryooM ke anta evaM zugoM kI vijaya ke sAtha kaliMga deza isa itihAsa kA kendra bana jAtA hai| magadha kI sarvopari sattA ke patana se kaliMga kisI aMza meM vaha sthAna prApta karane meM vijayI ho jAtA hai / khAravela ke samaya meM zaktizAlI kaliMga magadha ko bhArI ho gayA 1. yAkobI, vahI, pR. 69 2. dekho bhaNDArakara, vahI aura vahI sthAna / isake sambandha meM jina prabhasUri ke pATalIputrakalpa meM likhA hai : pATalI putra meM mahAna samrATa samprati, kuNAla kA putra, tIna khaNDa kA adhipati, mahAn arhat jisane anArya dezoM meM bhI zramaNoM ke lie bihAra banavAe the, rAjya karatA thA / ' - dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 222 3. dekho yAkobI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 4. dekho haranolI, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 21, pR. 57-58; aura klATa, vahI, pusta. 11, pR. 251 / 5. zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 74 dekho bar3odiyA, hisTrI eNDa liTarecara graoNpha jainIjma, pU. 55 1
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________________ 126] thA aura sadbhAgya se thor3e samaya ke lie jaina itihAsa meM usane utanA hI mahatva kA kArya bhI kiyA thaa| samprati ke bAda mauryavaMza adhika dina TikA nahIM rahA thA yaha nizcita hai / jo bhI rAjA usake bAda hue hoMge ve nirbala hI hoMge kyoMki jaisA hama dekha Ae haiM aura Age bhI dekheMge. maurya senApati ne antima maurya rAjA ko nirdayatA se mAra kara magadha kA siMhAsana har3apa liyA thA / phira bhI pratibhAsampanna mauryavaMza ke patana ke kAraNoM meM utaranA hamAre lie prAvazyaka nahIM hai| itanA bhara kaha denA hI paryApta hai ki maurya azoka kI kaliMga vijaya bhArata aura magadha ke itihAsa meM eka mahAn lAkSaNika prasaMga thaa| isase magadha sAmrAjya tamila ko chor3a sAre bhArata bhara phaila gayA thaa| bibasAra ne vijaya kara aMga deza khAlasA kara vikraya yAtrA prArambha kI aura usa sAmrAjya kA utkarSa kAla aba yahAM aMta ho gyaa| eka nae yuga ko usane janma diyA zAMti, sAmAjika unnati aura dhArmika pracAra kA eka nayA yuga yadyapi prArambha huA, parantu rAjakIya jIvana kI maMdatA aura kadAcit sainika pradakSatA kA bhI aisA yuga prArambha ho gayA ki jisameM magadha sAmrAjya kI sArI vIratA yA vIra vRtti abhyAsa ke abhAva ke kAraNa mara gii| digvijaya kA yuga samApta ho gayA thA / dharma vijaya kA yuga prArambha ho gayA thA aura isake phala svarUpa magadha sAmrAjya para se maurya sArvabhoma sattA kA lopa aura anta huA /
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________________ cauthA adhyAya kaliMga - deza meM jainadharma "kaliMga deza meM jainadharma" se yahAM pramukha rUpa se khAravela ke rAjyakAla meM jainadharma kA itihAsa hI prabhipreta hai / parantu isakA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai ki khAravela se pUrva kaliMga - deza meM jainadharma ke koI cinha hI nahIM the / aisA kahane se to hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha, I. pUrva pAMcavIM aura cauthI zatI ke smArakoM se vahAM ke sthApatya aura zilpa kI sabhyatA evam jainagamoM meM atyanta pUjya grantha meM se nikalane vAle niSkarSo se hI inkAra karanA ho jaaegaa| phira bhI yaha to svIkAra karanA hI cAhie ki khAravela ke hAthIguphA ke aura usI kI rAnI ke svargapurI ke zilAlekha ke atirikta koI bhI anya sAdhana hameM upalabdha nahIM hai ki jisake nizcita AdhAra para hama ina deza ke jaina itihAsa ke apane anumAna khar3e kara sakate haiN| [ 127 yaha to pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki mahAvIra ke bAda hone vAle zaizunAga, nanda, maurya aura anya rAjyavaMzoM ke aneka rAjoM, jaina dantakathAoM aura itihAsa ke anusAra, apane-apane samaya meM jainadharma kA yA to dhanuSAyI se yA usake shaayk| isameM sandeha nahIM ki ye dantakathAeM aura itihAsa aneka jaina aura prarjana lekhakoM dvArA samarthita haiM. phira bhI vizuddha aitihAsika pramANoM kI dRSTi se sivA eka candragupta ke dhaura koI bhI rAjA usa mahAn jedI' samrATa khAravela se tulanIya nahIM hai ki jo usake hI eka zilAlekhAnusAra, jainadharmI thA / yaha samrATa khAravela kaba, kahAM aura kitane samaya taka rAja karatA rahA thA aura vaha jaina thA yA nahIM, isakA pramukha aitihAsika pramANa tatkAlIna hAthIguphA kA vaha zilAlekha hI hai| vaha kaliMga kA eka mahAna samrATa thA isa tathya ko yadyapi asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai phira bhI usa kaliMga deza kI sImAeM kyA thI yaha ThIka-ThIka nahIM batAyA jA sakatA hai / maurya sAmrAjya ke patana para kaliMga ne usake netRtva meM viplava kiyA aura svatantra ho gayA thaa| tilaMgAnA ke uttara baMgAla kI khAr3I ke kinAre-kinAre lagA thA aura pUrvIghATa ke bIca ke kSetra ko kaliMga kI sImA kahanA ucita nahIM mAlUma hotA hai / " bhUmi ko vaha paTTI jo baMgAla kI khAr3I ke sahAre 1. prArambha se hI yaha spaSTa samajha lene kI bAta hai ki kaliMga meM jainadharma kI kAlakramAnusAra unnati kI khoja karanA vyavahAratayA asambhava hai aura vastutaH yaha vAMchanIya bhI hamAre uddeza ke lie nahIM hai| hamAre lie to itanA hI Avazyaka hai ki Aja upalabdha prAcIna va arvAcIna, aitihAsika smArakoM ko lekara usa yuga ke samakAlika aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa ko yathA saMbhava dhyAna meM rakhate hue hI unase apane niSkarSa hama nikAleM / 2. cediyoM ke sambandha meM hama jAnate haiM ki vaidika aura prArtha kAla meM vaha eka suprasiddha rAjavaMza thA jo ki mahAkosala se jahAM ki ve paravartI itihAsa meM bhI pAe jAte haiM ur3IsA meM pAyA thaa| "yaha sunizcita hai ki ina cediyoM kI eka gAdI ati prAcIna kAla meM ur3IsA ke grAsa pAsa kahIM thI / " - binA patrikA, saM. 1 pR. 223 3. kehi bhAga 1 pu. 601 1. 1
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________________ 128 ] sahAre aura uttara meM godAvarI se Upara phailI huI hai, prAcIna kAla meM kaliMga kahalAtI thii| sthUla rUpa meM bhArata kA vaha bhAga jise prAjakala ur3IsA pora gaMjama pradeza kahA jAtA hai, isake antargata mAnA jA sakatA hai| khAravela kA yaha milAvela 'bhArata ke prAcIna smArakoM meM se eka mahAna viziSTa smAraka hote hue bhI atyanta jaTila hai / ' bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anuyAyI prAcInatama rAjoM meM se kisI bhI rAjA kA zilAlekha meM milane vAlA nAma eka samrATa khAravela kA hI hai / maurya samaya ke bAda ke rAjoM aura usa samaya ke jainadharma ke pratApa kI dRSTi se khAravela kA yaha zilAlekha deza meM upalabdha eka mahatva kA hI nahIM apitu eka mAtra lekha hai| jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se to yaha anupama hai, parantu bhAratIya rAjasika aura aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI isakI zragatyatA pUrva hai / zrI AsutoSa mukarjI ke zabdoM meM aitihAsika zodhakhoja ke sAdhana rUpa lipizAstra ke kSetra meM jo bhUlI huI adbhuta lipi meM likhe lesa khoja nikAle gae haiM aura unase bhUtakAla kA dvAra jo unmukta huA hai unameM samrATa khAravela kA hAthIguphA kA zilAlekha hamArA bahuta hI dhyAna AkarSita karatA hai| I. pUrva dUsarI sadI ke likhe isa lekha meM ur3IsA ke isa samrATa kI bAlyAvasthA se 30 varSa arthAt usake rAjyakAla ke terahaveM varSa taka kA vRttAMta hai / yaha lekha eka caTTAna para utkIriMgata hai aura I. 1825 meM zrI sTaliMga kI prAthamika khoja ke bAda sau varSa se barAbara jJAta hai aura taba se adhyetAoM dvArA yaha adhyayana bhI kiyA jAtA rahA hai| usake dvArA jo aitihAsika sAmagrI prApta huI hai vaha vizeSa mahatva kI hai kyoMki usameM usa samaya ke magadha ke rAjA, mathurA ke grIka rAjA, goratha giri (barAbara kI TekariyAM) aura rAjagRha kA gar3ha, pATalIputra ke gAMgeya sthAna para dakkhana ke rAjA sAtakarNI kA ullekha hai / brAhmI lipi meM likhe azoka ke zilAlekhoM se dUsare nambara ke, aura I. cauthI sadI ke samudragupta ke zilAlekhoM kI samAna zreNI ke isa zilAlekha kI khoja se aneka aura phalaprada abhyasanIya pariNAma nikale hai / "hai bhArata meM banArasa aura purI do atyanta mahatva ke aitihAsika ghaTanAoM aura pAvanatA donoM hI dRSTi se hI pragaTa huI hai aura yahAM hI prajA kI buddhi aura hAda tIrthadhAma haiM jo prajA kI avismaraNIya smRti meM saMgRhita prasiddha haiM / prajA kI AMtarika bhakti aneka prakAra se yahAM kA samAnAntara rIti se vikAsa huA hai| 3 hamAre yaha mAnane ke aneka kAraNa haiM ki ur3IsA ki jo aba hindUdharma kA udyAna usake jagannAtha rUpI yarUzalama ke kAraNa hai tIsarI sadI I. pUrva se I. pazcAt pAThavIM yA navIM sadI taka bauddha aura jainoM kA prabhAvazAlI kendra rahA thaa| bauddhadharma ne mahAn mIyaMrAja prazoka kI kaliMga vijaya ke samaya yAne I. pUrva 262 se yahAM apanA prabhAva jamAnA prArambha kiyA thA parantu usake marate hI maurya samrAjya zIghratA se kSINa hone lagA aura mIyoM ke rAjapurohita evaM brAhmaNa pratikriyAvAdiyoM ke mahAn saMvala puSyamitra ne rAjagaddI har3apa kara bauddhadharma ko bhAratavarSa meM bahuta bhArI dhakkA diyA / " parantu vaha bhI sAmrAjya kA Ananda niSkaMTaka nahIM bhoga sakA / dakSiNa meM mahAna vaMza ke sAtha sAtha maurya sAmrAjya ke pazcAt jo dUsarA rAjavaMza uThA vaha thA mahAmeghavAhana khAravela 1. vahI, pR. 534 2. viuprA patrikA sa. 10. pR. 9-101 saM. 4. gaMgUlI, ur3IsA eNDa hA rimeMsa eseMTa eNDa maiDIvala, pR. 17 5. majumadAra, hindU hisTrI 2ya saMskaraNa, pR. 636 1 3. eso patrikA bhAga 28 saM. 1 se 5 (1859) pR. 186 |
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________________ [ 129 ke netRtva meM suprakhyAta cedi vaMza jisakA pUrvI samudrataTa kA samatala pradeza nivAsa sthAna thaa| yaha cedivaMza uttara ke brAhmaNa-pratikriyAvAdiyoM ko acchA pratyAghAtI siddha huA / / __ isa prakAra I. pUrva dUsarI sadI meM brAhmaNa, jaina aura bauddha tInoM hI dharma kaliMga meM cala rahe the parantu jainadharma ko rAjadharma hone kA saubhAgya prApta thA / cInI-paryaTaka hya enatsAMga jisane ki I. 629 se 645 taka kaliMga kA bhramaNa kiyA thA, jainoM kI taba vahAM bar3I saMkhyA batAte hue use jainadharma kA gar3ha kahA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki 'vahAM aneka prakAra ke nAstika the parantu unameM adhika saMkhyA nirgranthoM (nI-kina ke anuyAyI) kI thii|" mAtRbhUmi magadha meM se dakSiNa-pUrva kI ora kaliMga taka huI jainadharma kI yaha spaSTa pragati hai / ur3IsA ke samrATa khAraSela aura usakI samrAjI ke khaNDagiri para ke do zilAlekha jainoM kI isa pragati ko pramANita karate haiM aura isa aitihAsika satya ko hamAre samakSa prastuta karate haiN| yaha samrATa I. pUrva dUsarI zatI ke madhya meM yAne I. pUrva 18 3 se 152 meM bhAratavarSa ke pUrvI taTa para rAjya karatA thA / udayagiri aura khaNDagiri para kI anya guphAeM evaM mandiroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSoM se bhI isakA samarthana hotA hai / yaha donoM TekariyAM bhuvanezvara ke uttara pazcima meM pAMca mIla kI dUrI para haiM aura donoM hI usa girivartma dvArA pRthaka pRthaka kara dI gaI haiM ki jo bhuvanezvara se vahAM pahuMcane ke mArga kI salagatA meM hai| phira una TekariyoM meM rahanevAlI aneka jAtiyoM ke nAma jo ki nimna jAtiyoM meM bhI nimna prAja mAnI jAtI haiM, jainoM ke prAcIna graMtha aMga aura upAMga meM milate haiM aura vahAM ina jAtiyoM kI bhASA ko mleccha bhASA batAyA hai| uparokta abhilekhoM meM prathama aura saba se bar3A khAravela kA zilAlekha hai aura usakA prArambha jaina paddhatyAnusAra maMgalAcaraNa se hamA hai| ur3IsA meM jainadharma praveza hokara antima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 100 varSa pazcAt hI jainadharma vahAM kA rAjadharma bhI bana gayA thA yaha saba isa zilAlekha se pramANita hotA hai / svargapurI kA dUsarA lekha yaha pramANita karatA hai ki khAravela kI pradhAna mahiSI ne kaliMga meM zramaraNoM ke lie eka mandira aura guphA baMdhavAI thii| hAthIguphA zilAlekha kA sUkSma vicAra karane ke pUrva pAsa-pAsa ke khaNDaroM se hameM kyA sUcanA milatI hai usakA hama vicAra kara leN| jilA gajeTIyara yAne vivaraNikA ke anusAra yaha nizcita bAta hai ki maurya samrATa azoka ke samaya meM aneka jaina yahAM basa gae the kyoMki udayagiri aura khaNDagirI kI retiyA patthara kI TekariyAM unake tapasviyoM ke vizrAmasthAna rUpa aneka guphAoM se ghirI huI haiM jinameM se kucha meM maurya yuga kI brAjhI akSaroM meM zilAlekha haiN| ye saba guphAeM jainoM ke dhArmika upayoga ke lie hI banAI gaI mAlUma hotI haiM kyoMki aneka sadiyoM taka jaina sAdhuoM ne unakA upayoga kiyA thA aisA lagatA hai| yahAM yaha kaha deM ki ur3IsA meM bauddha aura jaina kAla kI sthapita pragati meM guphA mandira eka pramukhatA thii| hama bauddha aura jaina donoM kI bAta isalie karate haiM ki khaNDa giri kI kucha guphAoM jaise ki rAnIguphA aura anaMta 1. kahiI, bhAga 1, pR. 518, 53412. bIla, sI-yU-ko, bhAga 2, pR. 208 / 3. biuprA, patrikA, saM. 13, pR. 244 / 4. milanI ke sUpAro aura pTolame ke sabarAI rUpa meM inakI pahacAna kI gaI hai| jaina sAhitya sandarbha ke lie dekho ___ vyaMvara, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 19, pR. 65, 69; pu. 20, pR. 25, 368, 374 / 5. baMgAla DisTrikTa gajeTiyara, purI, pR. 24 / 6. gaMgUlI, vahI, pR. 31 /
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________________ 130 guphA meM bo-vRkSa, bauddha trizUla, utsargita stUpa, viziSTa svastika cinha Adi Adi bauddha pratIka bahuta hI spaSTa dIla par3ate haiN|' yaha prabhAva I. pUrva 5vIM sadI se lekara I pazcAt 5vIM yA 6ThI sadI taka barAbara dekhA jAtA hai| isakA samarthana isa tathya se bhI hotA hai ki donoM khaNDagirI dhaura udayagiri pahAr3iyAM jo ki khaNDagiri nAma se ho prasiddha haiM, guphAoM yA koTar3iyoM se paripUrNa haiM jinameM se 44 udayagiri meM 19 khaNDagiri meM aura 3 nilagiri meM haiN| unakI saMkhyA, grAyu aura takSazilpa unheM pUrvI bhArata ke pramukha darzanIya sthAna banA dete haiM / prAcIna kAla meM inameM bauddha aura jaina bhikSu yA bhramaNa rahate the aura unameM se kaI pratnalipividyA lakSaNoM se I. pUrva dUsarI yA tIsarI sadI kI khodI huI lagatI hai| jaisA ki zrI gaMgUlI kahate haiM, 'hAthIguphA ke lekha ke kAla ke pUrva yAne I. pUrva cauthI yA pAMcavIM sadI meM ina guphAoMoM meM se kucha ko astitva meM zrAI kahane meM hama satya se adhika dUra nahIM raheMge kyoMki jisa sthAna meM ye khodI gaI thI vaha sama dhArmikoM kI dRSTi meM kucha pahale se pavitra mAnA jAne laga gayA hogA / * ina guphAoM ke nirmANa kI tithi nizcita rUpa se nirNaya karanA lagabhaga asambhava hai aura inameM bauddha aura jaina prabhAvoM ke saMmizraNa ho jAne se yaha kAma aura bhI kaThina ho gayA hai| koTariyoM kI bhItoM para sAmAnya umasI bauddha dantakathAeM evam jaina tIrthakaroM kI prAkRtiyAM khudI dIkha par3atI haiN| khaNDagiri kI jaina guphA meM bhavya stambha haiM / lagabhaga sabhI guphAoM kI viziSTatA yaha hai ki unake sAmane ke varaNDA yAne prosArI ke tInoM ora eka se Der3ha phuTa caur3I cabUtarI banI hai baraNDA kI do mIteM zIrSa meM isa prakAra khokhalI kara dI gaI haiM ki ve alamArI mI dIkhatI haiN| jaina yA bauddha bhikSu inakoM apane jIvanopayogI jo bhI thor3e se upakaraNa unake pAsa hoM, rakhane ke upayoga meM lete hoNge| "uttara bhArata kI jaina lalita kalA 'zIrSaka adhyAya meM isakA kalA kI dRSTi se Age vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| abhI to zrI gaMgulI kI inakI TIkA yahA~ uddhRta kara dete hai ki ye guphAeM dekhane meM sAdI hote hue bhI bhavya haiM aura bhUtakAla ke inake rahavAsiyoM ke jIvana ke hI anurUpa hai|" 6 laNDagiri guphAoM meM satacara yA satabaddha navamuni aura ananta ye tIna guphAeM ati mahatva kI haiN| inameM se pahale do para spaSTa jaina prabhAva haiM aura tIsarI para bauddha prabhAva" kyoMki isakI pITha kI bhIMta para svAstika aura tIkhA trizUla khudI huA haiM / yadyapi pahale svastika ke nIce eka choTI khar3I mUrti hai jo ki aba bahuta ghisI huI hai. parantu jilA vivaraNikA ke anusAra, vaha sambhavatayA jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI hai|" phira isa guphA kA caumIMtA uttarI aMza ke UMce bhAga ko samatala kara ke banAyA huA hai aura isameM jaina tIrthaMkaroM aura devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM haiM koraNI kI pratyeka maharAva sarpa kI do praraNoM meM hai jo ki pArzvanAtha kA lAMchana hai / maharAvoM aura pakSa kI bhItoM ke bIca kA sthAna hAthoM meM ardhya liye jAte hue vidyAdharoM se bhara diyA gayA hai| sataghara guphA lAMchana sahita tIrthaMkaroM kI prAkRtiyoM ke lie jo ki usake dakSiNI bhAga ke bhItarI khaNDa kI bhItoM para khudI hai. prasiddha hai|" pakSAntara meM navamuni prat nau santoM kI guphA eka sAdhAraNa guphA hai jinameM do " 1. vahI, pR. 40,57 3. gaMgulI, vahI, pR. 22 4. vahI, pR. 34 5. dekho cakravartI, manamohana, noTsa bAna dI rimensa ina ghaulI eNDa idavI keja grApha udayagirI eNDa khaNDagiri pR. 8 / 6. baMgAla DisTrikTa gajeTIyara, purI, pR. 263 / 2. baMgAla DisTrikTa gajeTiyara, purI, pR. 251 1 7. apane zAsana deva deviyoM sahita tIrthakaroM kI hI ye saba prAkRtiyAM haiM aura ye bauddha kI prAkRti se milatI-julatI nahIM hai jaisA ki prAkiyAlojikala sarve riporTa ( 13, pR. 81) ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai|
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________________ [ 131 bhavana aura eka salaMga prausArI yA varaNDA hai| isameM dasa tIrthaMkaroM kI lagabhaga eka phuTa U~cI sAdhAraNa ubharI AkRtiyAM pAdapITha meM zAsana devI yA deva kI prAkRtiyAM sahita haiN| pArzvanAtha jo ki unake nAgaphaNI chatra lAMchana ke kAraNa sahaja hI pahacAna meM A jAte haiM, adhikatama pUjya haiM kyoMki unakI prAkRti do bAra khodI huI hai| isake atirikta yaha guphA usake do zilAlekhoM ke kAraNa bhI prasiddha aura mahatva kI hai / inameM se eka no "mahAmahima udyotakesarIdeva ke pragatimAna aura vijayI rAjyakAla ke 18veM varSa kA hai| parantu donoM hI meM' Arya saMgha', graha kula, dezIgaNa ke prAcArya prakhyAta kulacandra ke ziSya jaina zramaNa zubhacandra "kA ullekha hai / donoM zilAlekha eka hI tithi ke yAne lagabhaga 10 vIM sadI IsavIM ke hoM aisA lagatA hai|" isa guphA se prAge bArabhujI athavA bAraha hAtha vAlI guphA hai| isako yaha nAma imalie milA ki isakI prosArI yAne varaNDA kI vAma bhIMta para bArahabhujA vAlI devI kI AkRti khudI hai| navamuni guphA kI hI bhAMti yahAM bhI sAdhAraNa ubharI huI zAsana deva-devI sahina jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI padmAsana meM baiThI prAkRtiyAM haiM / pITha kI bhIta para pArzvanAtha kI khar3I prAkRti satapho nAgachatra sahita parantu devI prAkRti rahita, hai| tIrthaMkara aura unakI striyAM lAMchanoM sahita yahAM batAI gaI haiN| ye saba eka hI mApakI yAne 8 se 9 / / iMca UMcI haiM / parantu pArzva kI mUrti 2 phuTa 71 iMca UMcI hai jisase yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki unheM yaha vizeSa mAna diyA gayA thaa| isI ke par3osa meM dakSiNa aura trizUla guhA hai / ise yaha nAma isalie prApta huprA ki isakI prosArI kI bhIta para sAmAnya koraNI ke bhItarI bhAga kI baiThaka advitIya hai| ina baiThakoM ke Upara pArzva sahita caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI AkRtiyAM khudI huI haiM / pArzva kI AkRti para saptaphaNI nAga chatra hai aura antima prAkRti mahAvIra kI hai / isa mUrti samUha meM bhI pArzva kI prAkRti mahAvIra ke pUrva hI teIsaveM tIrthaMkara kI mAMti nahIM rakhI jA kara, pITha kI bhIMta para kendra meM khodI gaI hai aura isa prakAra use vizeSa mahatva de diyA gayA hai| pandrahaveM tIrthaMkara kI prAkRti kA nIce kA bhAga prAMgana se uThate hue baiThaka yA kuratI meM DhakA gayA hai jisa para ki ghie-patthara (sopasTona) para sundara utkINita tIna AdinAtha kI mUrtiyAM haiN| isa samUha kI mUrtiyoM kI sAmAnya racanA pAsa kI guhA kI mUrti-racanA se kucha sUkSma aura acchI hai| navamuni guhA kI hI tithi kA eka zilAlekha lAlatendra-kesarI yA siMhadvAra guhA meM udyota kesarI kA hI hai / jilA vivaraNikA ke anusAra yaha du-maMjilI guhA rAjA lAlatendu-kesarI ke nAma para banI hai aura pahalI maMjila ke bhavanoM meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI kucha AkRtiyAM utkIriNata haiN| inameM bhI pArzvanAtha saba se pramukha hai|' yaha guhA kI pITha kI bhIMta para usakI tala bhUmi se 30 yA 40 phuTa kI UMcAI aura digambara sampradAya kI mUrtiyoM ke samUha ke Upara khudI hai|" 1. epI. iNDi., pusta. 13, pR. 166 1 2. baMgAla DisTrikTa gajaiTiyara, purI, pR. 26 3 / 3. epI. iNDi., pusta. 13, pR. 166 / 4. gaMgUlI, vahI, pR. 60 / 5. baMgAla DisTriTa gajaiTiyara, purI, pa. 262 / 6. vhii| 7. vahI, dekho cakravartI, manamohana, vahI, pa. 19 / 8. kadAcita aisA ho ki khAravela ke samaya meM mahAn matabheda ki jipane bAda meM jainoM ko digambara aura zvetAmbara aise do sampradAyoM meM vibhakta kara diyA, mpaSTa rUpa se prakAza meM nahIM AyA thaa| parantu jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha pAe haiM, bAda ke itihAsa meM digambara dakSiNa meM gromukha ho gae the| ilerA, badAmI aura aise hI anya sthAnoM kI jaina guphAoM se yaha spaSTa hai|
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________________ 132] zilAlekha acchI dazA meM nahIM hai aura isalie usakI antima paMkti ke kucha zabda bhusa gae haiM / jaisA bhI vaha hai usase hameM yaha patA lagatA hI hai ki " prakhyAta udyotakesarI ke vijayI rAjya ke pAMcaveM varSa meM prakhyAta kumAra pahAr3I para 1 jIrNazIrNa tAla aura jIrNazIrNa mandiroM kA phira se punaruddhAra karAyA gayA (aura) usa sthAna para caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyAM sthApita kI gaI pratiSThA ke avasara para... jasanandI... prarUpAta ( pAraspanAtha ) (pArzvanAtha) ke sthAna (mandira) meM 2 isa lekha meM jo kucha bhI likhA gayA hai usase spaSTa hai ki udyotakesarI yA to jainI thA yA vaha jainadharma kA bar3A saMrakSaka aura sahAyaka thA / hameM aisA koI nizcita grAdhAra prApta nahIM hai ki hama isa lekha ke udyotakesarI kA kisI aitihAsika vyakti vizeSa se milAna kara skeN| phira bhI itanA to nirjIvama kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki ur3IsA kA itihAsa I. 200 yAne bAMdhoM ke samaya se lekara I 7vIM sadI ke grandhakArAviSTa hai / prArambha taka bahutAMza meM parantu jagannAtha mandira ke tAr3apatrIya vRtta. mAdalA pAMjI ke anusAra, ur3IsA 7 vIM se 12vIM sadI IsavI taka kemarI yAne siMha rAjavaMza ke adhikAra meM thaa| isa kesarIvaMza kA vivaraNa khojanA niHsaMdahI hamAre pratipAdya yuga se bAhara jAnA hogaa| phira bhI bhuvanezvara aura anya sthAnoM para upalabdha unake bhavya pravazeSa usa rAjya vaMza kI sampannatA evaM ucca saMskRti kI pratyakSa sAkSI dete haiN| ye bhavya mandira batAte haiM ki usa samaya hindUdharma kA prabhAva ur3IsA para pUrA pUrA chA gayA thA aura bauddhoM kA koI bhI avazeSa jo kucha hI sadiyoM pUrva dantakathAoM ke anusAra vahAM praveza pAyA thA, prApta nahIM hotA hai / parantu usa samaya meM jainadharma kA prajA meM prabhAva aura prema calatA rahA thA athavA punarujjIvita ho gayA mAlUma par3atA hai kyoMki khaNDagiri udayagiri kI guhAoM meM zilAlekha aura zilokagita jaina tIrthaMkaroM yA devIdevatAoM kI usI yuga kI tithi kI mUrtiyAM pAI jAtI haiN| udayagiri para kI guphAoMoM kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki lalitakalA aura zilpa kI dRSTi se ye saba ur3IsA meM bar3e mahatva kI haiM / inameM se bhI rAnIguphA yA rAnI nUra se viziSTa hai kyoMki manuSya kI vividha kriyAoM ke dRzya usakI bhavya veSTanI kI koraNI meM khude haiN| isameM bhI tIna veSTaniyAM aura nIce ke manjila ke bhavanoM kI koraNI vizeSa dhyAna cArita karatI hai| jilA vivaraNikA ke anusAra 'razya yadyapi bahuta se prazita ho gae haiM phira bhI, kisI dhArmika prasaMga meM nagara meM nikalatI kisI sAdhu-puruSa kI savArI kA pradarzana karate haiM jisako loga apane gharoM meM se hI dekha rahe haiM tAki eka dRSTi to unheM bhI prApta ho jAe / ghor3e Age prAge cala rahe haiM, hAthI para savAriyA kI jA rahI haiM, rakSaka paharA de rahe haiM aura prajAjana, puruSa evaM striyAM, hAtha meM hAtha milA kara saMtoM ke pIche pIche cala rahe haiM aura striyAM khar3I raha kara yA baiTha kara thAla meM phala aura prahAra ardhya rUpa meM lie AzIrvAda mAMgatI haiM / ' 4 Upara kI mukhya pArzva kI veSTanI jo ki lagabhaga 60 phuTa lambI hai, atyanta manoraMjaka hai satya to yaha hai ki bhAratIya guphAoM kI koI bhI veSThanI purAtatvajJoM meM carcA kA aisA viSaya nahIM banI hai| isake rayoM kI jo ki 1. zilAlekha kI dUsarI paMkti se hameM patA lagatA hai ki khaNDagiri kA prAcIna nAma kumArI parvata thA / khAravela kA hAthIguphA kA zilAlekha udayagiri kA prAcIna nAma kumAra parvata batAtA hai ye jur3avA donoM parvata 7vIM vA 11vIM sadI IsavI taka kumArI parvata hI kadAcit kahI jAtI rahI hoMgI / / 4. vahI, pR. 254 2. epA. iNDi, pustaka 13, pR. 167 3. dekho baMgAla sisTrikTa gajeTiyara, purI, pR. 25 1
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________________ [133 zaguphA meM bhI saMkSepa meM punarAvartita hue haiM aneka vyAkhyAeM kI gaI haiN| jilA vivaraNikA kA sampAdaka kA vizvAsa hai ki isameM pArzvanAtha hI tIrthaMkaroM meM se mahAn sammAnita dikhAyA gayA hai / bhAvadevasUri ke pArzvanAthacarita, kalpasUtra aura sthavirAvalI jaise pramANoM meM ullikhita pArzva ke jIvana prasaMgoM ko saMkSipta sarvekSaNa karane para yaha anumAna nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki madhyakAlIna jaina dantakathAeM teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA kaliMga sahita pUrvIya bhArata se sambandha jor3atI haiM aura isalie yaha sUcita karanA anucita nahIM hai ki hAthI kAya pArzvanAtha kI bhAvI pani prabhAvatI ko unake sambandhiyoM evaM paricArakoM sahita prastuta karatA hai, dhora usake bAda kA dRzya kaliMga rAjA dvArA usake apaharaNa kA hai, cauthA dRzya prAkheTa ke samaya vana meM pArzvanAtha dvArA unakI vimukti kA hai, usake bAda kA dRzya lagnotsava samaya ke bhojana kA sAtavA lagnakriyA kA aura AThavAM nIce kI pArzva meM pArzvanAtha ke tIrthakara rUpa meM bhramaNa aura unheM die gae mAna-sammAna kA pradarzana karatA hai / * 3 isa para se anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki ye saba dRzya pArzvanAtha yA unake kisI vinayI ziSya ke jIvana ghaTanAoM sambandhI hI haiM hAlAMki aisA anumAna dI rimensa grApha ur3IsA, eMzeMTa eNDa meDIvala grantha " ke vidvAna lekhaka kA bahuta khIMcatAna se nikAlA huA hI lagatA hai kyoMki yaha pramukhatayA bauddha guhA hai ki jisake sambandha meM pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai / aisA hI bhrama gaNeza guphA ke viSaya meM bhI uThatA hai kyoMki rAnI nUra kI bhAMti hI isa guphA ke veSTInIzilpa meM ghAgharAvAle sainika haiM, isalie jilA vivaraNikA kA sampAdaka isa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki yaha dRzya kaliMga ke yavana rAjA dvArA prabhAvatI ke haraNa kI madhyakAlika kathA aura phira jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha dvArA usakI mukti kA nirdeza karatA hai|" jaba hama peradAra ghAgharA pahanAva vAle sipAhiyoM ko paradezI rUpa meM pahacAnate haiM to upayukta pariNAma kA samarthana bhI ho jAtA hai ki pArzvanAtha ne yavana rAjA ke pAza se prabhAvatI ko jaisA ki jaina dantakathA kahatI hai, mukti dilAI ho phira bhI gaMgulI vivaraNikA ke vidvAna sampAdaka se sahamata nahIM hai kyoMki vaha isa guphA ko bauddha guphA hI mAnate haiN| unake anusAra yaha mUrtizilpa boddhamUla kA nirbhrAnta hai / ' isa saba vivecanA se yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki jaina zramaraNoM ne apane parama pUjya tIrthaMkara kI jIvana ghaTanAoM ko apanI nivAsa guhAmroM yA koTar3iyoM meM khoda diyA ho / sthApatya kI dRSTi se dUgare nambara kI mahatva kI guphAeM haiM jayavijaya svargapurI siMha aura sarva guphAeM svagapurI guphA ke atirikta anya koI bhI inameM bar3e aitihAsika mahatva kI nahIM hai / para hi guphA meM eka bauddha lekha hai aura yaha ki DaoN. phargyusana aura baragsa ke anusAra " siMha aura paM guphAeM isa TekarI para kI mUrtizilpa kI prAcInatama guphAe 9 haiM prasaMga vaza yaha bhI kaha denA cAhie ki sarpa guphA jo ki hAthIguMphA ke pazcima meM haiM, ki prosArI ima 1. vahI / dekho cakravartI, manamohana, vahI, pR. 9-10 / 2. devo hemacandra tripaSTi zalAkA parva 9 pU. 197-201 mI / 3. tatrAzAsIt kaligAdidezAnAmekanAyakaH 4. baMgAla DisTrikTa gajeTiyara purI, pu. 256 5. gaMgulI, vahI, pR. 39 / 6 yavano nAma durdAntaH hemacandra vahI aura vahI sthAna / 7 baMgAla DisTrikTa garjeTiyara purI, vahI aura vahI sthAna "yaha dRzyAvalI veSThanI usa kathA kI pUrva kathA lagatI hai ki jo rAnI guMphA kI Upara kI maMjila meM vikAsa pAI haiN|" cakravartI, manamohana vahI. pU. 16 8. maMgUlI vahI. pu. 43 9. phagyUsana eNDa bampersa, keva Teyemyulsa graoNpha iMDiyA 68 " vahI, zlo. 95, pu. 199 1
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________________ 134] prakAra utkosita hai ki pArzvanAtha ke lAMchana sarpa ke tIna phasa jaisI vaha dIkhatI hai|" svargapurI guphA meM tIna zilAlekha haiM jisameM kA pahalA kaliMga samrATa khAravela kI paTarAnI kA hai / isa para se mAlUma hotA hai ki jaina sampradAya kI sevA karane ke sukArya meM vaha apanI paTarAnI ko bhI sAtha rakhatA thaa| udAra aura dhArmika vRtti kI isa strI, jo ki lAlAka kI putrI thI, kI smRti usakI nirmita guphA aura jaina mandira kA ullekha karane vAle choTe zilAlekha vAlI guphA ke sAtha jur3I huI hai jisakA ki hama Age vicAra karane vAle haiM / baMgAla jilA vivaraNikA ke purI khaNDa meM mudrita nakze ke anusAra DaoN. bainarajI ise maMcapurI guhA kahate haiM parantu kucha samaya pahale yaha svargapura kahA jAtA thA / " prinspa prinsyeya ne ise vaikuNTha guMphA, aura mitrA 4 ne baikuNThapura kahA thaa| isake bhinna-bhinna nAmoM ke viSaya meM zrI narajI kahate haiM ki "ina guphAoM ke sthAnIya nAma pratyeka pIr3hI meM badalate rahe haiN| jaba eka nAma vismRta ho jAtA hai to dUsarA turanta ghar3a liyA jAtA hai / vastutaH yaha guphA do maMjilI aura pArzva pakSavAlI guphA kI hI uparI maMjila hai, parantu sthAnika loga bahudhA bhAgoM ko bhI pRthaka nAma de dete haiN| 5 prathama lekha sAmane ke dUsare aura tIsare dvAra ke bIca ke upase hue sthAna para khudA huA aura tIna paMktiyoM kA hai aura vaha kahatA hai ki 'kaliMga ke zramaNoM ke lie eka guphA aura eka arhatoM kA mandira hastisAhasa (hastisAha) ke pautra lAlAka kI putrI, khAravela kI paTarAnI ne banAyA hai / ' 6 7 8 dUsarA aura tIsarA ullekha do guphAoM sambandhI hI hai jisameM kI eka guphA 'kaliMga kA niyaMtA rAjA kUDe sIrI aura dUsarI yuvarAja bahula" isa prakAra ke do nAmoM kI hai| sAmane kI bhIMta para pahalI aura nIce kI manjila kI bAjU kI bhIMta para dUsarI lekha khudI huyI hai / benarajI ke anusAra ina tInoM zilAlekhoM kI lipi' khAravela ke hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha ke thor3e hI samaya bAda kI hai|" ye saba sAdhana kaliMga para prabhAvazAlI jaina rAjavaMza kI hasti ko pramANita karate haiN| yaha vaMza kaba taka calatA rahA thA aura usake bAda kaunasA vaMza yAyA isakI jAnakArI nahIM hai parantu jilA vivaraNikA kahatI hai ki ur3ImA ghora kaliMga I. dUsarI sadI meM pradhavaMza kI pradhInatA meM thA jisake ki rAjyakAla meM vahAM buddhadharma kA praveza honA kahA jA sakatA hai / tibbatI vRttAntoM meM eka kathA surakSita hai aura vaha yaha hai ki grAMdhra darabAra meM I. 200 meM hone vAle nAgArjuna ne zroTizAke rAjA ko zrapane 1000 prajAjanoM sahita buddhadharma meM dIkSita kiyA thA / prajAjanoM kA yaha dharma parivartana rAjA ke udAharaNa se sahala bana gayA hogA ainA lagatA hai / 10 - ina aitihAsika pramANoM ke hamAre sAmane hote hue samrAjJI ke pitA ke sage-sambandhI bhI jaina hoM, yaha anumAna karanA jarA bhI pratizayoktika nahIM hai| hama grAge dekheMge ki unakA bhI eka aisA mahAn rAjavaMza honA cAhie ki jisake sAtha khAravela jaise mahAna samrATa ne apanA vaivAhika sambandha jor3anA ucita samajhA thA / 1. a~Diga purI. pu. 260 2. g. sfos., gea. 13, q. 159 | " 3. eso patrikA, saM. 6, pR. 10741 4. mitrA eMTIsviTIja grApha ur3IsA, bhAga 2, 7 5. epI. iNDi., pusta. 13, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 6. parata pamAdAya kAliyAnaM samanAnaM leNaM... siri khAravelasa prayamahisinA kAritam / vahI / 7. epI. iNDi., 13 pR. 16 1 8. vahI, pR. 161 1 14-15 I 9. vahI, pR. 159 1 10. fang, 251
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________________ [ 135 aba taka jo kucha hamane dekhA aura jAnA usa para se ina pahAr3iyoM kI eka lAkSaNikatA bahuta hI spaSTa hotI hai aura usakI ghora dhyAna AkarSita karanA yahAM mAvazyaka hai| jilA vivaraNikA ke anusAra khaNDagiri kI praka guphAoM meM jaina tIrthakaroM kI pratimAe haiM jo, guphAoMoM se paravartI kAla kI ho to bhI, madhyakAlIna jaina bhaktamAla (hagiology) ke udAharaNa rUpa se rocaka haiM aura yadi ye mUrtiyAM guruAmroM jitanI hI prAcIna haiM to ve tIrthakaroM aura unake parivAroM ke prAcInatama upalabdha namune haiM mUrtiyoM meM pArzvanAtha yA unake lAMchana phaMkAra ke prayoga kI pramukhatA eka vicitra bAta hai kyoMki anya upalabdha avazeSoM meM mahAvIra ko hI saba tIrthaMkaroM se pramukhatA dI gaI hai| pArzvanAtha kI pramukhatA ina avazeSoM kI prAcInatA ko hI siddha karatI hai aura yadi ThIka ho to ye jaina mUrtizilpa ke dvitIya udAharaNa hai| mahAvIra ke 200 varSa pUrva arthAt I. pUrva lagabhaga 750 meM hue pArzvanAtha ke viSaya meM hameM bahuta hI kama jAnakArI hai ki jisane cAra vratoM kA dharma hI upadeza diyA thA aura do vastroM, yAne eka ayo mora eka upari ke prayoga kI hI AjJA dI thii| isa raSTi se ina guphAoM meM prApta mUrti rUpI abhilekha, cAhe ve bahuta sAmAnya hI hoM phira bhI purAtatvajJoM dvArA svAgata yogya hI haiM / " aura 'marvaguNa sampanna pavitra puruSoM aura 'mavaMguNa sampanna pavitra puruSoM 'svarga aura mokSa ke dAtA' kA sthAna mAne jAne vAle isa deza ke pavitra avazeSoM se itane hI pariNAma nikAle jA sakate haiN| yahIM IsavI yuga se bahuta hI pahale, bauddha evam jainadharma pradhAna ho cuke the aura unane hindUdharma jisakA ucita nAma brahmaNadharma hai, ko bahuta hI prabhAvita kiyA thaa| RSiyoM ko isI meM kabhI jaina to kabhI bauddha prabhutva anubhava kiyA jAtA rahA thA, aura isalie kucha pratIkoM athavA sthapita kalpanAoM ke lakSaNoM ke tuccha AdhAroM para nizcita rUpa se ina guphAoM ko bauddha yA jaina mUla kI batAnA yA kahanA kaThina hI nahIM apitu asambhava sA lagatA hai| hamArI yaha kaThinAI taba aura bhI adhika ho jAtI hai jaba ki una dinoM meM donoM hI dharmoM meM svastika, vRkSa prAdi yAdi samAna pratIkoM kA prayoga eka sAdhAraNa bAta thii| aise aitihAsika tathya cAhe jaise bhI hoM, phira bhI yaha nizcita hai ki vicAra, kalA, kalAvidhAna, mUrtizilpa, sthApatya ke pratyeka vibhAga meM ho rahe mahA parivartana jaina aura bauddhadharma ke sAtha brAhmaNa dharma ke saMmilana se prabhAvita hue binA raha hI nahIM sake the| isa prArambhika vicAroM ke pazcAt aba hama hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha kA vistAra se vicAra kareMge / parantu isake bhI pUrva khaNDagirI TekarI berazilara para marahaToM dvArA banAe gae jaina mandira kA sarasarI dRSTi se vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| yaha mandira lagabhaga eka sadI hI kA prAcIna aura aThArahavIM sadI kI samApti ke AsapAsa kA banA huA hai|" jaina mandiroM kI sAmAnya pradhAnusAra yaha bar3e bhavya sthAna para banA huA hai aura vahAM se bar3A hI sundara dRzya dIkhatA hai| isa choTe se mandira ke viSaya meM 'dI eNTIkviTIja grApha ur3IsA ' grantha ke lekhaka kA kahanA hai ki " isa mandira meM zyAma pASANa kI mahAvIra kI khar3I pratimA hai aura vaha eka kaSTha siMhAsana para rakhI hai| yaha mandira digambara sampradAya ke kaTaka nivAsI jaina vyApArI maMju caudharI aura usake bhatIje bhavAnI dAdU ne banAyA thA / " isake mUla gabhAre meM hI eka cinA huA cabutarA hai jisake pIche kI bhIMta kucha Upara uThI huI hai aura isameM pAMca jaina tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyAM jar3I huI haiN| mandira ke pIche kucha hI nicAI para eka jharokhA hai jisa para idhara udhara bikhare hue aneka utsargita stUpa haiM jo ki prAcIna mandira ke astitva kA saMketa karate haiM / " 1. vahI, pR. 2661 4. fuar, at, g. 351 mitrA, vahI, pR. 2. vanaparva khaNDa 114 mane 4.5 , 5. vahI 1 6. baMjiMga, purI, pR. 264 3. brahmapurANa adhyAya 26 /
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________________ 136] hAthIguphA kA vicAra kreN| yaha eka prAkRtika guphA hai jise kalAvidhAna ne na to kucha vistRta ho kiyA hai aura na sudhArA hI hai / yaha guphA udayagirI TekarI ke dakSiNI muMha para hai jo svayam ur3IsA ke purI jile meM bhuvanezvara se lagabhaga tIna mIla kI dUrI para khaNDa giri nAma kI pahAr3iyoM kI nimna zreNI kA uttarIya zraMza hai / kalA aura sthApatya kI dRSTi se mahatva kI nahIM hote hue bhI usa bastI kI guphA meM sarva pramukha yaha isalie hai ki kaliMga ke samrATa kI AtmajIvanI kA usa "guphA ke zikhara" para eka bar3A zilAlekha hai / " yaha lekha kucha to agale bhAga para aura kucha guphA kI chata para khodA huA hai| I. pUrva 2 rI sadI ke bhAratavarSa ke usa itihAsa para isase bahuta hI prakAza par3atA hai "jaba ki candragupta aura azoka kA sAmrAjya vinAza ho cukA thA, aura rAjya apahartA puSyamitra maurya sAmrAjya ke zraMza para rAjya kara rahA thA evam dakSiNa bhArata ke prAMdhra zakti saMcaya kara uttara kI ora bar3ha zrAe the yahAM taka ki mAlavA ko mI kadAcit unane vijaya kara liyA thA / " " abhilekha jaina zailI se mahaMtoM aura siddhoM kI prArthanA se prArambha hotA hai|" phlITa ke vizvAsAnusAra', yaha prabhilekha khAravela dvArA jainadharma ke utkarSa ke lie kI gaI pravRttiyoM ke varNana kA nahIM hai parantu isameM usa samrATa ke apane 37 varSa arthAt usake rAjyakAla ke 13veM varSa taka kA itivRtti aura usI meM usakI vividha pravRttiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| usa zilAlekha kA jainA bhI vaha hai, manusaraNa karate hue hama dekhate haiM ki usakI jisameM ardha magadhI aura jaina prAkRta ke bhI chIMTe haiN| yaha zilAlekha khAravela ke rAjya ke gayA thA / usake rAjyakAla kA yaha terahavAM varSa usake jIvana ke saiMtIsaveM varSa ke anurUpa hai kyoMki pandraha varSa kA hone para khAravela yuvarAja huA thA aura usakA vedoktavidhi se mahArAjyAbhiSeka 24vAM varSa samApta hote hI huA thA / khAravela kA yaha zrabhiSeka batAtA hai ki jainadharma ne sanAtana zailI kI rASTrIya prathAnoM meM koI hastakSepa nahIM kiyA thA / " sAravela aura usake rAjanayika jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA ThIka ThIka dene ke pratirikta isa zilA lekha se hameM isa mahAna samrATa kI tithi ke prAya ThIka ThIka nirNaya kA bhI prAdhAra prApta ho jAtA hai| isa zilAlekha ke sivA aura koI bhI aitihAsika yA anaitihAsika mUlya kA sAdhana hameM prApta nahIM hai ki jo bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa ke isa kAlakrama para itanA acchA prakAza DAla sakatA hai / jaisA ki nIce die TippaNa se jJAta hogA, abhI abhI taka phlITa aura anya vidvAnoM ke vipakSa meM kucha bhASA apabhraMza prAkRta hai terahaveM varSa meM khudavAyA 1 1. migeft, at. g. 47 1 2. biuprA patrikA saM. 3, pR. 488 / 3. namo ahaMtAnaM namo savasithAnaM... Adi 4. rAeso patrikA, 1910 825 pR. 1 5. biuprA, patrikA, saM. 3, pR. 431, 438 / 6. isa TippaNa meM prAya: kAlakramAnusAra una vidvAnoM ke nAma die gae haiM ki jinane isa zilAlekha ko eka yA dUsarI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai| zrI e. sTaliMga ne isakI sarva prathama khoja kI thI aura karnala maikeMjI kI sahAyatA se isa dilacaspa pramilela kI san 1820 I. meM chApa lI aura use binA anuvAda yA pratilipi ke san 1825 meM apane atyanta mUlyavAna lekha 'ena akAuMTa, jyogrAphikala sTeTisTikala eNDa hisTorikala Apha urIsA prApara prAra kaTaka' (grAkiyAlojikala rivyu, bhAga 15, pR. 313 Adi, aura phalaka) sahita prakAzita kiyA thaa| phira jemsa prinsepa ne san 1837 me pahalI hI vAra lepTeneTa kiTTo kI zuddha pratilipi ke prAdhAra para prakAzita kiyA aura usake dhanusAra yaha lekha I. pUrva 200 se pahale kA nahIM ho sakatA hai (baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI patrikA, pusta. 6, pu. 1075 yAdi evaM phalaka 58 vahI saM. 4, pR 397, aura saM. 13, pR. 222 1 "
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________________ [ 137 vidvAna paNDitoM kA yahI vizvAsa thA ki isa lekha kI 16vIM paMkti meM maurya yuga kA ullekha thA aura vahI kaliMga itihAsa ke isa mahatva ke yuga kI tithi nirNaya kA eka mAtra AdhAra bhI / zrI jAyasavAla ne jo ki isa siddhAMta isa lekha kA lithogrApha kanidhama kA kiyA huaA hama phira kArapasa iMskripzana iNDikAram pusta 1 (1877), pa. 27 Adi, 88-101, 132 Adi aura phalaka 17 meM dekhate haiN| parantu aisA lagatA hai ki prisyepa ke vivecana ne pUrva vidyAvidoM kA dhyAna isakI upayogitA aura aitihAsika mUlya kI ora AkarSita kiyaa| rAjendra lAla mitra ne usake anuvAda aura pratilipi kI nakala kI aura saMzodhita rUpa meM use apane mahAn grantha "dI eNTIkviTIja prApha urIsA" ke pa. 16 prAdi meM san 18880 meM hubahu pratilipi ke sAtha prakAzita kiyA / usake anusAra isa zilAlekha kI tithi I. pUrva 416-316 ke bIca meM kahIM bhI honA cAhie / DA. mitra ke kucha hI varSoM ke bAda sva. paM. bhagavAnalAla indrajI ne isa mahatvapUrNa zilAlekha kA sabase pahalA kAmacalAU saMskaraNa chaTI inTaranezanala kAMgresa prApha moriyanTalisTa kI vivaraNa-patrikA meM jo ki lIDana (hAleNDa) meM san 1885 meM huI thI, prakAzita kiyA thA aura usake bhanumAra isakI tithi mauyaM samvat 165 arthAt I. pUrva 157 nizcita huI / (Actes Sia. Conar. Dr. aleide, pt. iii, sec. ii pp. 152-177 and date. isake pazcAt bhalara ne san 1895 aura 1898 meM apane grantha 'iNDiyana sTaDIja' saMkhyA 3, pR. 13 aura graMtha 'mAna dI prorijana grApha dI iNDiyana brAhmI elphAbaiTa' pR. 13 Adi meM kramaza: vicAra kiyA thA, parantu usane kucha azuddhiyoM kI zuddhi kA hI usameM prastAva kiyA thaa| svargI paNDita jI kI tithi-nirNaya, lekha kI 16vIM paMkti ke kisI mauryasambat ke ullekha mAtra se kiyA hamA, viseMTa smitha, kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla, rAkhAladAsa bainarajI aura anya purAtatvajJoM kI Adhunika sampradAyavAdiyoM dvArA prabhI taka te svIkRta hI thaa| parantu phlITa aura usake bAda kucha anya vidvAnoM ne ukta paMkti ke isa prakAra vAcana kA virodha kiyA hAlAMki phlITa ne yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA ki sva. paM. bhagavAnalAla indrajI ke vAcana ke viruddha eka bhI AvAja taba taka nahIM uThI thii| (dekho smitha, arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, 4 thA saMskaraNa, pR. 44 TippaNa 2 aura rAeso, patrikA, 1918, pR. 544 prAdi; jAyasavAla, biuprA patrikA, saM. 1 pR. 80 TippaNa 55, saM. 3, pR. 425-485, saM. 4, pR. 364 prAdi; bainarajI, rA. dA., biuprA patrikA saM. 3, pR. 486; DubyUila, aizeMTa hisTrI grApha dI Dyakana pR. 12; jinavijaya, prAcIna jaina lekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, jo sArA hI khAravela ke viSaya meM vicAra karatA hai aura jayasavAla sampradAya se sahamata hai / aura konova, pAkiyAlojIkala sarve Apha iNDiyA, 1905-1906, pR. 166 / isake anusAra lekha meM maurya-yuga kI hI tithi hai|) isa grantha kI samIkSA karate hue rAeso patrikA, 1910, pR. 242 prAdi vAle apane prathama TippaNa meM DA. phlITa kahatA hai ki DaoN. konova apanI kaiphiyata meM khAravela ke hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha kA ullekha karatA hai aura prasaMgavaza kahatA hai ki isakI tithi maurya samvat 165 hai / "hama isa avasara para yaha kaha denA cAhate haiM ki yaha galata bAta hai aura isakA 16vIM paMkti ke bhagavAnalAla indrajI ke vAcana ke sivA koI bhI AdhAra nahIM hai|" aba hama zrI phlITa evam unhIM ke mata ke anya vidvAnoM kA vicAra kreN| I. 1910 meM pro. eca. lyUDarsa ne epIgrAphikA iNDikA, saM. 10 meM lyaDarsa sUcI saM. 1345 ke pR. 160 meM isa zilAlekha kA saMkSepa prakAzita kiyA aura kahA ki isameM koI bhI tithi nahIM hai / isake pazcAt sva. DaoN. phlITa ne rAeso patrikA. 1910 pR. 242 prAdi meM eka TippaNa aura pR. 824 Adi meM dUsarA Tippara likha prakAzita kiyA / jaisA ki hama Upara dekha cuke haiM DaoN. phlITa ko isa zilAlekha meM maurya samvat kI koI tithi hone ke viSaya meM sandeha thA / hI unane ina TippaNoM meM yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ki lekha kI 16vIM paMkti ko aMza meM isa prakAra kI koI bhI tithi nahIM hai| parantu pakSAntara meM vaha jainAgamoM ke kisI eka pATha kA hI ullekha karatA hai ki jo mauryakAla
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________________ 138] ke sarva pramukha samarthaka the panI navIna khojoM ke AdhAra para eka sacce vidvAna kI parama udAratA ke sAtha phlITa aura anya paNDitoM meM sahamati svIkAra kara dI hai ki nirdiSTa paMkti meM hI nahIM apitu samuce lekha meM anyatra mI kahIM isa prakAra ke saMvata kA koI bhI ullekha nahIM hai / " isameM sadeha nahIM ki lekha kI chaThI paMkti meM nanda-yuga kA ullekha hai, parantu isa ullekha se khAravela kA samaya nizcita karane meM hameM tanika bhI sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai| 8 isa zilAlekha aura vedivaMza ke isa mahAna samrATa kA donoM hI samaya nirNaya karane ke lie isa zilAlekha meM ullikhita anya tathyoM ko dhyAna meM lenA atyanta hI Avazyaka hai| ina tathyoM ko una samakAlika aitihAsika ghaTanAoMoM ko prakAza meM jo bhI prApta ho, vyAkhyA karanA aura samajhanA hogA, aura tabhI hama isa zilAlekha kI tithi bahuta kucha ThIka ThIka nirdhArita kara sakate haiM yA kara sakeMge / zrI jayasavAla ke nae vAcana aura vyAkhyA ke anusAra isa zilAlekha kI AThavIM paMkti dveza kA yaha aMza jisameM ki samrATa khAravela ke rAjyakAla ke 8veM varSa kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai, isa prakAra hai :-- "ghAtApayitA rAjagRhaM upapIDApayati etinA ca kammApadAna saMnAdena saMbaData sena vAhano vipamucitu madhurAM apayAto yavana rAja- DimiTa yacchati vipalava 7 aura isakA artha yaha hai ki "(rAjagRha ke pare aura gorathaniri ke gar3ha ke hastagata karane ki jisake viSaya meM hama Age vicAra kareMge zaurya kAryoM se utpanna aphavAhoM ke kAraNa, grIkarAjA dimiTa (rIyAsa), apanI senA aura parivahana pIchA khIMca, athavA apanI senA aura rathoM se apane ko surakSita kara mathurA kA gherA uThA kara khisaka gayA / "10 1 meM avyavahArya ho gayA thaa| dekho ramezacandra majumadAra bhI (iNDi. eNTI, pusta. 47, 1918, pR. 223 prAdi, aura pusta. 48 1919, pR. 187 aadi| phlITa ke anusAra yaha 16vIM paMkti aspaSTa aura anizcita hai aura usane jayasavAla evam bainarajI rAmaprasAda candA ke aneka niSkarSo kA virodha kiyA hai ( rA eso patrikA 1919, pR. 395 zrAdi) / vaha phlITa aura lyUDarsa se hAthIguMphA lekha meM kisI tithi ke astitva kI anupasthiti ke viSaya meM sahamati dikhAtA hai| para aba yaha santoSa kI bAta hai ki zrI jayasavAla evam unakI sampradAya ke anya vidvAna bhI virodhI sampradAya ke mata se isa mahatva kI bAta meM sahamata ho gae haiM aura isalie lekha kI 16vIM paMkti kA vAcana jo ki isa sthApanA kI mukhya cAvI hai prAyaH sabhI vidvAnoM dvArA pUrNa svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai (dekho jAyasavAla, biumA patrikA saM. 13, pR. 221 Adi aura saM. 14. pR. 127 128 aura 150-151) ina khojoM ke sivA bhI gaMgUlI, pharagyUsana evam varasa aura pro. ke. haghuva ke mantavya bhI hameM saba prApta haiN| zrI manomohana gaMgUlI isa lekha ko sthApatya evam zilpI dhAraNAoM se I. pUrva tIsarI sadI ke anta ke lagabhaga kA honA mAnate haiM yAne maurya sihAsana para zoka ke pAne ke pUrva vA (dekho gagulI, pR. 48-50) DaoN. pharagyUsana evam varayaMsa ke anusAra "I. pUrva 300 yA usake pAsa-pAsa kI tithi isa lekha kI honA pratyanta sambhava hai|" ye lekhaka yaha bhI kahate haiM ki "azoka ke rAjyakAla se TekariyoM ko khoda kara guhAeM banAne kI prathA kA prArambha huA thA aura vaha isa kAla se lekara lagabhaga 1000 varSa dhAge taka uttarottara sauSThava evam utkarSa ke sAtha calatI rahI thii|" (pharagyUsana evaM baransa vahI pR. 67-68) pro. dhruva ne apane gujarAta nATaka 'saMca svapna' - bhAsa ke saMskRta nATaka 'svapnavAsavadattA' kA gujarAtI anuvAda kI prastAvanA meM tAtkAlika rAjavaMzoM aura puSyamitra suraMga se jainoM ke sambandha kI prAcInatA aura khAravela kA vicAra kiyA hai / 7. viumA patrikA saM. 13, pR. 236 biuprA, 1 prAdi vahI, saM. 4, pR. 399 8. naMdarAja-ti-vasa-ta-yopATitaM 10. vahI, pR. 229 1 9. vahI aura saM. 13, pR. 227 I
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________________ [ 139 yaha vAcana aura vyAkhyA jAyasavAla kI 'tama khoja ke anusAra hai aura ise zrI bainarajI evam DA. konova ne bhI prAmANika svIkAra kara liyA hai / / atyanta prAdhunikatama aitihAsika khojoM se hama itanA hI jAna sake haiM isalie ise khAravela ke rAjyakAla kI eka mAtra kI mAnakara, hama spaSTatayA kaha sakate haiM ki yavana rAjA ne mathurA para adhikAra kara liyA thA aura pUrva kI ora sambhavata; sAketa taka bhI vaha baDha AyA thaa| isakA samarthana gArgI-saMhitA kI sUcanA se bhI hotA hai jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki sAketa, pAMcAla aura mathurA ko jIta kara yavana-rAja maurya-yuga ke samApti samaya meM kusuma-dhvaja (pATalIputra) kI mora bar3ha rahA thaa|" isI ora dhyAna AkarSita karate hue DA. jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki 'jaba pataMjali saMskrata vyAkaraNa para apanA bhAgya likha rahA thA. magadharAja (puSyamitra) ne eka lambA yajJa prArambha kiyA huprA thA aura taba taka vaha sampUrNa nahIM huA thA / ayodhyA ke nae prApta zilAlekhoM ke anusAra usa magadharAja ne do azvamegha yajJa kie the| jaba azvamegha yajJa cala rahA thA tabhI kA pAtaMjali kA yaha ullekha hai ki yavanarAjA ne sAketa aura madhyamikA kA gherA DAlA thaa| kAlIdAsa bhI jaba ki puSyamitra kA azvameva-yajJa cala rahA thaa| usa nadI ke nikaTa kI rAjA kI vijaya kA ullekha karatA hai jo madhyamikA rAjya ke nikaTa se hotI huI bahatI hai| isa prakAra hameM spaSTa sAkSiyAM prApta haiM ki puSyamitra ke rAjyakAla meM yavanoM kA asaphala AkramaNa huA thaa| khAravela ke isa lekha meM aise hI samasAmayika yavana-pAkrAmaka kA ullekha hai ki jisako na kevala pIchA haTa jAnA hI par3A thA apitu mathurA bhI chor3a denA par3A thaa| yaha ghaTanA vahaspatimitra ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI ki jo jAtiyoM kI sAkSiyoM se agnimitra kA pUrvaja pramANita hotA hai / isalie ApatataH yaha pariNAma nikalatA hai ki ukta AkramaNa vahI thA jisakA gArgIsaMhitA aura pataMjali donoM hI ne varNana kiyA hai|" parantu isa sambandha meM eka dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ki vaha grIka rAjA DimeTriyasa yA mineNDara ? gArDanara ke anusAra, mineNDara kA samaya I. pUrva dUsarI sadI kA prArambha, aura viseMTa smitha ke anusAra, I. pUrva 155 hai| phira mineNDara ke isamosa (yamunA) ke lAMghane kI bAta hI nahIM kahI jAtI hai / vaha hipanisa yAne vyAsa nadI pAra kara kucha Age taka bar3hA thA itanA hI kahA jAtA hai| phira sAhitya kA jo aMza DimoTriyasa aura mineNDara donoM hI ko lAgU hotA hai, use vidvAnoM ne DimoTriyasa kI vyApaka vijayoM kA saMketaka mAnA hai| ina saba ke atirikta jo hameM yathArtha vyakti ke pahacAnane meM sahAyatA karatI hai| vaha hai apane pratispardhI yukreTAiDana ko dabA dene ke lie DimeTriyasa ke baikTriyA lauTa jAne kI bAta kyoMki zilAlekha spaSTa hI kahatA hai ki yavana-rAja, 1. vahI, saM. 13, pR. 228 / 2. gArgI-saMhitA ke yuga-purANa adhyAya meM yaha varNana hai ki 'durdamana vIra yavana' sAketa (avadha meM) pAMcAla deza (yamUnA aura gaMgA ke bIca kA devAba deza) aura mathurA ko adhIna kara, puSpapura (pATalIputra) pahuMcA; parantu ve madhya deza meM isalie Tike nahIM rahe ki unake apane deza meM hI prApasa Apasa meM ghora yuddha chir3a gayA thA (karna, vahatsaMhitA, pR. 37) spaSTa hI yaha saMketa usa paraspara vidhvaMsI yuddha kI ora hai ki jo yUthAiDimasa aura yUkreTAiDasa ke vaMzoM meM cala rahA thaa| 3. biuprA, patrikA, saM 13, pR. 241. 242 4. dekhI gArDanara, keTe loga Apha iNDiyana kAinsa, grIka eNDa sithika prastA.pa. 22. 23 / 5. smitha, arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 239 / 6. gArDanara, vahI, prastA. pR. 37 / 7. dekho meyera (ruaDI), esAiklo briTenikA, bhAga 7, pa. 982 (11 vAM saMskaraNa); aura rAlinsana, pAthiyA (dI sTorI prApha dI nezansa mAlA), pR. 65 /
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________________ 140] khAravela ke kisI prakAra ke usake viruddha prAkamA kie binA hI pIchA chUTa gayA thA aura mathurA chor3a gayA thaa| isa prakAra khAravela kA anumAnika samaya DimoTriyasa aura mineNDara ke madhya kA hai. yaha nizcita hI pratIta hotA hai| ' 1 isa DimoTriyasa kI vijayeM hI upake patana kA kAraNa huI, aisA grIka itihAsajJa kahate haiM / usakI vijayoM ke kAraNa usake mahArAjya kA kendra bindu baikTriyA se bhI Age calA gayA thaa| usakA pitR deza eka adhIna rAjya ho kara santoSa karanevAlA nahIM thaa| phalataH parAkramI aura zaktizAlI yupheTAiDasa ne jisake viSaya meM itihAsa kadAcida hI kucha kahatA hai, viplava kara pRthaka rAjya kI sthApanA kara lii| pArthiyA kA rAjA midhaTAiTasa ma ke rAjyArohaNa ke sAtha hI vaha bhI rAjA bana gyaa| apane bhAI phAta 1ma ke bAda I. pUrva 171 meM 1ma gaddI para baiThA yAne hameM vAna guTzmiDa kI I. pUrva 175 kI tithi yUkreTAiDasa ke lie lagabhaga sahI mAna lenA hI ucita hai| " usake rAjya kA prArambha tuphAnI thaa| vaikTriyA kA nahIM parantu bhAratavarSa siMdhu kI grAsapAsa ke pradeza) kA rAja DimoTriyasa apane pratispardhI yukreTAiDasa dvArA khar3I kI gaI kaThinAI ke kAraNa bhAratavarSa se pIchA lauTa gyaa| DimoTriyasa kA yA panarAvartana baikTriyA ke itihAsajJoM I. pUrva 175 meM huA mAnate hai aura yaha bAta gorayagiri evam rAjagRha ke ghere ke sAtha khAravela ke rAjya kA prArambha I. pUrva 175 se mela khA jAtI hai| isa prakAra khAravela ke rAjya kA prArambha I. pUrva 183 aura isa zilAlekha ke likhe jAne kA samaya I. pUrva 170 mAnA jA sakatA hai| 1 grIka rAjA DimoTriyasa ke uparokta vana ke atirikta dUsarA sAdhana bhI sAravela kA samaya prAyaH nizcita karane ke lie prApya hai| pazcima kA sArvabhauma, AMdhra ke rAjA sAtakarNI ko ho zilAlekha meM khAravela kA pratisparthI likhA hai / " hama ise nAnApATa ke zilAlekha kA sAtakarNI hI kaha sakate haiM kyoMki sAtakaraNa kI rAnI nAganikA kA nAnAghATa kA zilAlekha aura hAthIguphA kA zilAlekha donoM hI lipi ke AdhAra para kRSNa ke nAsika ke zilAlekha ke hI kAla ke lagate haiM / " prathama sAtavAhanoM ke nAnApATa ke zilAlekha 'azoka dhaura dazaratha ke AjJAlekhoM ke bahuta nahIM apitu kucha hI bAda ke haiM aura utkIrNalipi ke AdhAra para ve antima maurya athavA prathama suraMgoM ke kAla ke yAne I. pUrva dUsarI sadI ke prArambha ke haiM / " hAthIguphA kA lekha yadyapi tithi rahita hai phira bhI khAravela kA samaya DimoTriyasa aura sAtakarNI ke samaya ke sAtha yAne I. pUrva dUsarI sadI kA pUvArdha mAnane ke paryApta kAraNa haiM / jaba maurya sAmrAjya nirbala par3a gayA thA prAMdhravaMza aura kaliMgavaMza sAtha sAtha hI sattA meM AnA cAha rahe the aura yaha bAta sUcita karatI hai ki ina donoM rAjoM ke samakAlika hone kI bahuta adhika saMbhAvanA hai / isa prakAra zilAlekha kI tithi kA lagabhaga nirNaya kara lene ke pazcAt aba hama usakI bAtoM kI isa raSTi se nirIkSA kareMge ki jainadharma ke isa mahAna saMrakSaka ke viSaya meM hameM kyA patA lagatA hai. usakA rAjanayika jIvana kitanA vyApaka rahA thA ki jisane use bhAratIya itihAsa ke mahAna narapuMgavoM meM se eka kA mAna prApta karAyA / zilAlekha kI pahalI paMkti jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai jaina rIti anusAra prarhatoM aura siddhoM ke namaskAra smaraNa se prArambha huI hai| yaha jainoM meM Aja bhI pracalita paMca parameSThita namaskAra kI paddhati ke anusAra 1. kehi bhAga 1, pR. 446 iM, I 2. at 1 3. meyera, eDuarDa vahI bhAga 9, pR. 8901 4. dekho biuprA patrikA saM. 4, pR. 398, aura saM. 13, pR. 226 I 5. dekho kUlara, pAca sarve vyesTa iNDiyA, pusta 5, pR. 71 aura iNDiza peliyogrAphI, pR. 39 1 6. vhUlara, ci. sarve vyesTa iNDiyA, pusta 5, pR. 71 Adi /
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________________ | 141 hI hai| yahI hameM isa bAta kA patA lagatA hai ki khAravela cedivaMza kA thA aura usa vaMza ke rAjA 'aira' viruda dhAraNa karane vAle the / jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki 'irA' yA 'ilA' kA uttarAdhikArI hI 'airA' hotI hai aura isalie ise cedivaMza ke vaMzaja kA dyotaka mAnanA caahie| ve ise 'purANoM meM varNita ailA, se milAte haiM ki jo pramukha rAjavaMzoM meM se eka thA aura purANoM ke anusAra cedi isI vaMza ke the| dUsarI paMkti meM khAravela ke pandraha varSa ke yuvarAja pada kA varNana hai jaba ki usane bhinna bhinna vidyAeM sIkhI thii| "rAjA vena kI bhAMti hI mahAn vijaya prApta karate hue" usane yuvarAja rUpa meM aneka varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| rAjA vena vaidika vyakti thaa| manu' ke anusAra rAjA vena ke adhIna yaha sArI hI pRthvI thI / zrI jayasavAla kahate haiM ki "padmapurANa ke varNanAnusAra vena ne apanA rAjya acchI rIti se prArambha kiyA parantu pIche jAkara vaha jaina ho gyaa| hAthIguphA ke lekhAnusAra hameM padmapurANa kI isa bAta kA parokSa samarthana ho jAtA hai aura vaha bhI yahAM taka ki vena jisakI brAhmaNa dantakathA meM anta taka acchI khyAti nahIM rahI thI, jaina daMtakathA meM Adarza rAjA kI khyAti bhogatA hai| yadi jainoM meM usa samaya bhI jaba ki yaha zilAlekha utkIriNata kiyA gayA, vena apane rAjya kAla ke antima dinoM meM burA rAjA mAnA jAtA hotA to khAravela kI stuti meM usase tulanA kabhI bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| yaha draSTavya hai ki brAhmaNoM ne vena meM eka mAtra doSa yahI pAyA ki vaha jaina ho gayA thA yAne vaha jAti bheda nahIM mAnatA thaa| aisA lagatA hai ki vena ko badanAma karane kI dantakathA bAda kI evam jaina-paravartI kAla kI hai|' tIsarI paMkti meM, jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai, hama par3hate hai ki 24 varSe pUrNa kara khAravela ne kaliMgavaMza ke tIsare rAjA ke rUpa meM 'mahArAjA bhiSecanam' viruddha prApta kiyA aura usane kaliMga kI rAjadhAnI meM khibIra RSi sAgara kI pAla kA jIrNoddhAra karAyA aura ghATa baMdhavAyA thaa| cauthI paMkti se khAravela ke rAjakIya jIvana kA varNana prArambha hotA hai / paMkti ke prArambha meM hI kahA gayA hai ki khAravela ne 35 lAkha kI bahaprasa janatA ko prasanna karane kA prayatna kiyA thaa|10 itarI bhArI jana sakhyA se AzcaryAnvita hone jaisI koI bAta nahIM hai / azoka ke terahaveM parvatAvAlekha meM kahA gayA hai ki usakI senA ke viruddha kaliMga ne 1,50,000 yuddha bandI die, 1,00,000 katla kara die gae aura 'inase kitane hI guNe mara gae the' 111 hatAhatoM aura bandiyoM donoM kI saMkhyA hI DhAI lAkha kI ho jAtI hai / zAnahArTa kI gaNanAnusAra jana saMkhyA ko pratyeka pandrahavoM vyakti ne pararAjya-aAkramaNa ke samaya yadi astra grahaNa kiyA ho to azoka ke samaya meM hI kaliMga kI bastI lagabhaga 38 lAkha ko ho sakatI hai / isake sau varSa pazcAt arthAt khAravela ke rAjya kAla meM, maurya-vijaya aura maurya rAjya ke kAraNa vaha janasaMkhyA ghaTakara 35 lAkha raha jAnA bahuta hI sambhava hai| 1. Namo arihaMtAraNaM Namo siddhANaM prArariyANaM Namo uvajjhAyANaM Namo lee savvasAhaNaM, aiso paMvaraNamukkAro... kalpasUtra, sUtta 1 / 2. dekho biuprA, patrikA, saM] 4, pR. 397 aura saM. 13, pR. 222 / 3. pArjITara, rAeso patrikA, 1910, pR. 11, 26 / 4. viuprA, patrikA saM. 13, pa. 223 / 5. dekho vahAM, saM. 4, pR. 397 aura sa. 13, pR. 224 1 6. Rgveda, maNDala 10, RcA 123 / 7. mana, adhyAya 9, zloka 66-671 8. biuprA patrikA saM. 13, pR. 224, 225 / 9. dekho vahI, saM. 4,4. 397-8 aura saM. 13, 1.2551 10. dekho vahI saM. 4, pR. 398, saM. 13 pR. 226 / 11. nhUlara, epI. iNDi., pusta. 2, pR. 4711 12. dekho biuprA patrikA saM. 3 pR. 440 /
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________________ 142 ] isa saMkhyA ko svIkAra karate hue vinseTa smitha kahatA hai ki 'hama jAnate haiM ki maurya aura unake pUrvaja janagaNanA lagAtAra kiyA karate the, isalie isa sakhyA meM sandeha karane kA hamAre lie koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai| isa zilAlekha kI anya bAtoM kA vicAra karane ke pUrva usa samaya ke itihAsa para eka vihaMgama dRSTi phaika lenA upayogI hai / DA. vAranyaiTa ke zabdoM meM azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda maurya sAmrAjya turanta hI TUTa gayA aura pAsapAsa ke rAjoM ko apanI sImA bar3hAne kI mahatvAkAMkSA pUrI karane kA upayukta avasara pUrA pUrA mila gayA thaa| ina rAjoM meM hI simuka nAma kA eka rAjA thA jisane I. pUrva tIsarI sadI ke antima pAda meM sAtavAhana yA sAtakarNI rAjavaMza kI sthApanA kI aura isa vaMza ne telugU deza para prAyaH pAMca sadiyoM taka rAjya kiyA thA / usake athavA usake nikaTastha uttarAdhikArI usake choTe bhAI kRSNa yA kAnha ke rAjyakAla meM AMdha sAmrAjya pazcima meM kama se kama 74 dezAntara aura sambhavataH araba sAgara taka bhI vistAra pA gayA thaa| ina prArambhika sAtavAhanoM ke kAla meM prAMdhra rAjya kI sImA itanI bar3ha gaI thI ki usameM sArA hI nahIM to adhikAMza bhAga vidharva kA, madhyapradeza aura haidarAbAda kA samAveza hotA thaa| 'parantu isa samaya sUga aura prAMdha zaktiyAM hI deza ke usa bhU bhAga para jise aba madhya bhArata kahA jAtA hai, sattA jamAne kA prayatna nahIM kara rahI thiiN| hAthIguphA kA lekha batAtA hai ki I. pUrva lagabhaga 180 meM kaliMgAdhipati khAraDela bhI isake eka pratidvandvI rUpa meM 4 aayaa|' usa kAla ke rAjanItika vAtAvaraNa meM apane deza ko mahatva kA sthAna prApta karAne kI khAravela kI mahecchA ne use usake par3osI dakSiNa kI sArvabhauma sattA ke sAtha Takkara lene ko uksaayaa| AMdhrarAjA sAtakarNI ke virUddha usane apane rAjyakAla ke dUsare hI varSa pazcima meM eka bar3I senA bheja dii| isa vaMza ke zilAlekha ke anusAra yaha rAjA sAtavAhanakula kA aura purANoM ke anusAra mAMdha (prAMdhanRtyoM) kula kA thaa| maurya rAjya kI dakSiNI sImA para kI yaha avazIbhUta jAti thI aura isakA ghara madrAsa presIDeMsI kA godAvarI evaM kRSNA nadI ke bIca kA taTIya pradeza thaa| sAtavAhanoM ke mUla sthAna aura varNa kA vicAra karate hae zrI bArUle kahate haiM ki khAravela ke lekha meM sAtavAhanoM ko kaliMga ke pazcima meM batAyA gayA hai; jaina dantakathA meM nijAma rAjya kA peTharaNa unakI rAjadhAnI kahI gaI hai; kathAsaritsAgara meM isa vaMza ke udbhava ke die varNana meM isa vaMza ke saMsthApaka kA janma paiThaNa meM huA kahA gayA hai...sAtavAhanoM ke adhikAMza zilAlekha nAsika meM pAe jAte haiM; unakA prAcInatama zilAlekha pazcimIbhArata ke nAnAghATa meM hai| unake prAcInatama sikke bhI pazcimI bhArata meM hI pAe gae haiM...isase aisA mAlUma 1. smitha, rAeso patrikA, 1918, 4.545 / 2. nAsika ke zilAlekha saM. 1144 aura pUnA ke uttara-pazcima 50 mIla dUrastha nAnAghATa ke lekha saM. 2114 meM isakA nirdeza hai| 3. kaihiI, bhAga 1, pR. 599, 600 / 4. vahI, pR. 600 / 5. jisa prAMdhra rAjA kA yahAM saMketa kiyA gayA hai, vaha purANa vaMzAvalI kA tRtIya zrI-sAtakarNI hI ho sakatA hai ki jisakI smRti, bambaI ke pUnA jile ke prAcIna nagara jUnAra ko kokaNa se jAne vAle darrA, nAnAghATa meM milI virUpakRta parantu lekhoMkitaubharI mUrti meM surakSita hai |-vhlr, prAkiyAlojikala sarve grApha vyesTarna iNDiyA, saM. 5, pR. 59 / 6. pAjIMTara, DAinesTIja Apha dI kali eja, pR. 36 /
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________________ | 143 hotA hai ki sAtavAhanoM kA mUla sthAna pazcimI bhArata hI thA... sAtavAhana rAjoM ke varNa yA jAti ke viSaya meM jaina dantakathA kI mAjhI bar3I utsabhanabharI aura praddhaya hai eka dantakathA kahatI hai ki sAtavAhana cAra varSIya kumArikA ke peTa meM se janmA thA; dUsarI use yakSa kI vaMzaja kahatI hai / zilAlekha sAkSI sAtavAhana ko nizcaya hI brAhmaNa batAtI hai / ' khAravela ke isa pazcimI prakramaNa kA pariNAma yaha huA ki sAtakarNI yadyapi parAjita to nahIM huA, phira bhI khAravela ko mUnika rAjadhAnI hastagata karake hI santoSa kara lenA par3A thaa| isako usane kAzyapa kSatriyoM kI sahAyatA karane ke lie hI hastagata kiyA thaa| * ye ki bahuta saMbhava hai ki sAtakarNI ke adhIna mitra the aura aisA lagatA hai ki mUSika deza paiThaNa aura goMDavAnA ke bIca meM honA caahie| jaise kosala ur3IsA ke uttara pazcima meM hai, vaise hI mUSika deza bhI usake pazcima meM hI lagA huyA honA caahie| pAMca paMkti hameM isase adhika kucha bhI nahIM batAtI hai ki khAravela ne tIsare varSa meM saMgIta, nRtya prAdi lalitakalAyoM meM pravINatA prApta kI / " chaThI paMkti kucha mahatva kI hai| isI meM hama nandayuga kA kucha ullekha pAte haiM / pahale to yaha kahA gayA hai ki sAtakarNI aura bhUpikoM ke viruddha abhiyAna karane ke pazcAt sArakhe ne phira abhiyAna pazcimI bhArata kI aura kiyaa| apane rAjyakAla ke cauthe varSa meM usane marAThA deza ke rASTrakoM aura barAr3a ke bhojakoM ko natazira karAyA jo ki prAMnoM ke karada the / zilAleja ke anusAra usane dakkhana ke bAMdha rAjyoM para do bAra abhiyAna kiyA thaa| rAjyakAla ke dUsare varSa meM usane azva, gaja, paidala aura rathoM kI bhArI senA mAtakarNI ke viruddha pazcima meM bhejI; aura cauthe varSa meM usane marAThA deza ke rASTrakoM aura barAr3a ke bhojakoM ko jo ki donoM hI pratiSThAna ke prAMdhra rAjA ke adhIna the, nazira karAyA 15 ye car3hAiyAM niHsandeha davakharaNa kI sArvabhauma sattA ke cunautI rUpa thI, parantu inheM svarakSA kI sImA se bAhara taka nahIM calAyA gyaa| pro. repsana ke zabdoM meM "hama kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki khAravela kI senA mahAnadI kI ghATI, praura usakI sImAnta ko pAra kara godAvarI aura usakI zAkhA vaidhagaMgA evaM vardhA nadI kI tarAI ko pAra kara gaI thii| isa prakAra usakI senA ne usa kSetra meM car3hAI kI ki jise grAghra rAjA apane rAjya meM hI mAnatA thaa| parantu na to yaha kahA gayA hai aura na aisA anumAna karane kA hI koI grAdhAra hai ki kaliMga aura AMdhra kI senAoM kI vastutaH koI muThabher3a ina donoM car3hAiyoM meM se kisI meM bhI huI grathavA unase koI mahatvapUrNa rAjanayika pariNAma nikale the|" yaha hama khAravela kI vijayoM kI mahattA kama karane ke uddha eza se nahIM kahate haiM isameM sandeha hI nahIM haiM ki apane samaya kI rAjanayika ghaTanAoM meM bahAdura yoddhA svarUpa se usane khUba hI hissA liyA thA, parantu isase adhika 1. rAesI, bambaI - zAkhA patrikA (naI mAlA) saM. 3, pR. 49-521 2. vipatrikA saM. 4. pU. 398 aura saM. 13, pR. 2261 3. dekho vahI / 4. vahI, saM. 4, pR. 399 I 5. haidrAbAda ke zrIraMgAbAda jile meM godAvarI ke uttarI taTa sthita Adhunika peThA, sAhitya meM rAjA sAtakarNI zakti kumAra kI rAjadhAnI rUpa se prakhyAta hai| sAtavAhana yA zAlivAhA) aura usane putra 6. rezana, kehi bhAga 1, pR. 536 1
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________________ 144 J kucha bhI nahIM kiyA vaha avazya hI mahAn puSyamitra yA mahAn zAlivAhana ke samakSa khar3A ho sakatA hai. parantu jaisA saMketa usake dUsare aura cauthe varSa ke abhiyAnoM se milatA hai, yadi usakI prAkAMkSA pratiSThAna ke prAMdhra rAja se sArvabhauma sattA chInane kI thI to usake ye abhiyAna viphala hI kahe jaaeNge| vaisA karanA usake lie sambhava nahIM thA aura zilAlekha ke ullekha kA aisA artha bhI nahIM hai / rAjyakAla ke pAMcaveM varSa meM khAravela usa nahara ko jo rAjA nanda ke 103 veM varSa meM khodI gaI thI aura tanasuliya yA tosalI ke rAjamArga ko kaliMga ke nagara taka le paayaa|* isa prora aneka anya nirmUla varNanoM aura varSakoM se jo ki zilAlekha meM haiM, phlITa smitha Adi jaise vidvAnoM ko yaha anumAna karane ko prerita kiyA ki ur3IsA meM sAvadhAnI se itihAsa rakhA jAtA thA aura yaha bhI ki binA kisI samvat gaNanA ke ina satra lambI avadhiyoM kA hisAba ramanA sambhava nahIM ho sakatA thaa|" jisa sambat se samaya kI gaNanA yahAM kI gaI hai vaha nanda sambat thA, yaha lekha ke pATha se eka dama spaSTa hai| yaha itanA svAbhAvika hai ki koI bhI rAjA vizeSa ke rAjya-kAla se itane lambe samayAntaroM kI smRti rakhane kA vicAra hI nahIM kara sakatA hai yadi usa rAjA kA vaha samvat lagAtAra prayukta hotA nahIM rahA ho| jAyasavAla ke dhanusAra yaha rAjA sivA rAjA nanda vardhana ke dUsarA prora ho hI nahIM sakatA hai ki jisakI tithI unakI gaNanAnusAra I. pUrva 450 ke lagabhaga grAtI hai / 1 jaisA ki hama pahale dekha cuke haiM isa zilAlekha meM aisA koI aitihAsika zrAdhAra yA koI anya saMketa nahIM hai ki jisase hama ukta pahacAna kara sakate haiN| jAyasavAla kA vizvAsa hai ki elabarUnI nirdiSTa zrIharSa samvat ke sAtha yaha samvat milatA huyA hai aura isalie jo sthAnIya dantakathA elabarUnI ne harSa ke vilaya meM dI hai, usI ko jAyasavAla ne nandI vardhana" ke sAtha mUla se jor3a dI hai| isa lekhaka kI dRSTi meM batAna se pahacAna karane kI yahAM koI bhI samucita kAraNa nahIM hai| yaha kucha bhI asvAbhAvika nahIM hai ki samvat kA prArambha jainoM kA prathama nanda athavA purANoM ke mahApadma nanda se huA ho| jo kucha bhI hamane purANoM aura prAcIna varNanoM se nandoM ke viSaya meM jAnA hai, usase yaha nizcita hai ki vaha apane nAma kA samvat pravartana karane jitanA mahAn avazya hI thaa| isase hama ukta samvat ko binA kisI joma ke usake dvArA calAyA huA mAna sakate haiM mataH chaThI paMkti meM nirdiSTa nahara kI tithI I. pUrva 320-307 svataH hogI jabaki hama mahAvIra nirmANa kI tithi I. pUrva 480-467 lete haiN| sAtavIM paMkti meM jo kucha likhA hai usase hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki khAravela kI rAnI vajrakula' kI thI, aura jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki 'rAnI kA nAma yA to lekha meM diyA nahIM gayA hai athavA vaha 'ghuSita (tA) hai / " yaha usake rAjyakAla kA sAtavAM varSa thA aura aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki isa samaya usako puSarUpa rAjakumAra prApta ho 22 gayA thA / " 1. yaha mAnanA nyAya saMgata hogA ki khAravela kI rAjadhAnI tosalI thI jisakI par3osa meM hAthIguphA aura prAcI nadI pAe jAte haiN| haraprasAda zAstrI ke anusAra sosalI vyutpatti se holI ho sakatA hai jahAM ki kaliMga prAzAlekha kA eka sampradAya bAja bhI hai| smitha vahI, pR. 546 2. dekho biuprA patrikA saM. 4. pR. 399 3. dekho phalITa, rAeso patrikA, 1910, pR. 828; smitha, vahI, pR. 545 4. biuprA patrikA, saM. 13, pR. 240 patrikA saM. 13, pR. 240 5. dekho sacAu, elavarunIja iNDiyA, bhAga 2, pR. 5 1 6. dekho biuprA 7. vajira-ghara vaMti ghusitagharini / - vahI, pR. 227 / DA. ke. AyaMgara ke anusAra yaha vajravaMza hI prAcIna evaM pramukha vaMza haiM jo gaMgA ke isa ghora ke baMgAla kA svAmI thA |-sm kAMTIbyUzansa grApha sAutha iNDiyA TU iNDiyana RAGE 39 12 18. biuprA patrikA, sa. 13, pra. 227 9. ... / kamAra, prAdi-vahI /
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________________ [ 145 usake rAjya ke pATha varSa kA prArambha magadha kI car3hAI se hotA hai| vaha eka bar3I senA lekara goragari ke sudRr3ha gar3ha para dhAvA bolatA hai / " lela kI yaha dhAThavIM paMkti mahatva kI hai| isake viSaya meM pahale hI bahuta kucha kahA jA cukA hai| usameM nirdiSTa iNDo-grIka rAjA DimeTriyasa ke ullekha ne kaliMga ke itihAsa ke lAravela ke samaya ke bahuta ulajhana bhare aura mahatvapUrNa prazna ko spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA hai usakI pUrva kI paMkti ke kitane hI aMza ke sAtha zrI jayasavAla ke paMkti ke nae vAcana ke anusAra usakA zAbdika anuvAda isa prakAra hai aura isI ko hamane grAdhAra lekara yahAM vivecana kiyA" pAThaveM varSa meM vaha (khAravela) poraThagiri (gar3ha) ke surar3ha prAhAte yAne dIvAla, bADa) ko bar3I senA dvArA AkramaNa karavA kara, rAjagRha ke cahuM ora dabAva DAlatA haiM ( rAjagRha para gherA DAlatA hai)| isa khabara haMgAme ke kAraNa, vIratA ke kAryoM se utpanna (yAne goraThagiri ke gar3ha kI vijaya aura rAjagRha ke AkramaNa ), pratApI rAjA Dimee (riyasa) senA aura parivahana ko khIMca yAne apanI senA aura rathoM dvArA apane ko surakSita karatA hudhA mathurA kA gherA uThAkara lauTa gayA / " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki apane rAjyakAla ke pAThaveM varSa meM khAravela ne magadha para prAkramaNa kiyA thaa| yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki vaha na kevala svatantra rAjA hI apitu AkrAmaka rAjA bhI ho gayA thaa| vaha gayA se pATalIputra kI prAcIna mar3aka para (goraThagiri) bArabara pahAr3I taka pahuMca jAtA hai| khAravela ke isa abhiyAna kI bAta suna kara uttarabhArata kA rAjA DimeTriyasa, palAyana kara jAtA hai, pariNAmata: mathurA kA gherA uTha jAtA hai, " aura jisake bhItarI AkramaNa aura bhArata se palAyana kA varNana baikTriyA ke itihAsa meM aitihAsikoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai / " bahuta sambhava hai ki puSyamitra hI usa samaya siMhAsana para thaa| purANoM ke anusAra, puSyamitra ne 16 varSa taka rAjya kiyA thA aura viseMTa smitha ke anusAra puSyamitra ne antima maurya samrATa hRdaya ko I. pUrva 185 meM siMhAsana se utAra diyA thaa| jAyasavAla ke anusAra yaha ghaTanA I. pUrva 188 meM paTila huI aura isalie pupyamitra ne I. pUrva 185 se 149 yA 188 se 152 taka rAjya kiyA / lekha kI nauvIM paMkti meM mahatva kI aisI koI bAta nahIM hai| isameM brAhmaNoM ke die bhUmi dAna kA varNana hai, aura isa prakAra hindu rAjya meM pracalita brAhmaNoM ko die jAne vAle sAmUhika bhUmi dAna kA yaha samarthana karatI hai / " hama khAravela ke vaidika rItyAnusAra abhiSeka kie jAne kA pahale hI kaha Ae haiN| vaise hI yahAM bhI unakA jaina honA sanAtana rIti kI rASTrIya saMvidhAnika prathA kI paripAlanA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahIM DAlatI hai| dUsarA niSkarSa jo hama isase nikAla sakate haiM vaha yaha ki zrAryoM ke mUla jIvana para sthAyI kucha na kucha prabhAva par3A hI thA cAhe aura bauddhadharmaM brAhmaNadharma ke pracalita AkAra ke viruddha yA dikhAvaTI mAna aura dhanya vargoM se sAmAjika uccatA kA unakA dAvA ina nahIM huA thaa| saMgaThana kA janatA ke sAmAjika unakA dharma kucha bhI rahA ho| mahAvIra kaoNla kA jaina pratyakSa krAMti hI hoM, phira bhI brAhmaNoM ke prati yathArtha krAMtiyoM se viskula hI prabhAvita 1. mahatA senA mahata bhitti ) - goravagiri ghAtapavitA yAdi vahI saM. 4. pR. 399, aura sa. 13, pR. 227 2. vijA patrikA saM 4, pR. 378, 379 aura saM. 13, pR. 228, 229 / 3. meyera (I), vahI bhAga 9, pR. 880 1 4. pArjITara vahI, pR. 70 1 5. smitha, parlI hisTrI grApha iNDiyA, pR. 204 I 6. viumA patrikA saM 13, pR. 243 dekho vahI, saM. 4, pR. 400 dhaura saM. 13, pR. 229
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________________ 146 ] yadyapi aisI bAte vyaktigata udAra bhAvanAoM para bahutAMga meM nirbhara karatI hai, phira bhI khAravela azAMka kI bhAMti hI pratApI samrATa hone para bhI dhamrATa nahIM thA azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhAMti isakI yaha zilAlekha bhI use parama udAra aura dharmAdha vRtti se dUra hI siddha karatA haiM / sarvadharma samabhAva usakA guNa thA aura usakI udAravRtti aura svabhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha svayamko 'ma dharma ke logoM kA pUjaka' kahatA ho|' dasavIM paMkti kahatI hai ki pyAravela ne 38,00,000 sikke sarca kara mahAvijaya (vijaya prasAda) pramAda vanavAyA thaa| usake bAda 'sAma dAma aura daNDa' nIti ke anusAra vijaya ke lie uttara bhArata kI ora usane prayANa kiyA evam jisa para usane grAkramaNa kiyA unase use mUlyavAna bheTe prApta kii| bhAratIya rAjanIti kI tIsarI prakAra yAne bheda nIti kA usane prayoga nahIM kiyA yaha eka ullekhanIya ghaTanA hai aura isakA kAraNa kadAcita yaha ho ki khAravela kI nIti ke lie usakA prayoga grati nIca aura sammAnIya mAnA gayA thaa| * isake bAda kI paMkti hamAre uddeza ke lie vizeSa upayogI nahIM hai / gadhe ke hala dvArA khAravela ne koI maNDa (siMhAsana) ukhar3avAyA isakA isameM kahA gayA hai / " yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki vaha kisI nIca yo duSTa rAjA kA sihAsana thaa| isa rAjA kI nIcatA thA duSTatA jainamamaM virodhI pAcaraNa hI honA caahie| yahAM jisa nimana kI bAta hai vaha koI sajAI huI baiThaka yA koI vidhI huI gAdI bhI ho sakatI hai usa nIcA duSTa rAjA kA aisA kucha bhI ullekha zilAlekha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai ki jisase hama use pahacAna skeN| phira khAravela 113 varSa pUrva prathavA 113" varSa banI huI sIne kI prAkRti yA prAkRtiyoM ke samUha ko nAza karatA hai| khAravela ke 11 veM varSa se 113 varSa pUrva kI ginatI lagAeM to isa sIse kI prakRti yA zrAkRtiyoM ke nirmANa kI tithi I. pUrva 285 grAtI hai / parantu chaTI paMkti ke anusAra yadi ise nanda saMvat mAnate haiM to tithi I. pUrva 345 prAtI hai / prathama ghaTanA aparAja (duSTarAja) kI hai| aisA lagatA hai ki duSTarAja ne kisI prakAra kA yAkramaNa kiyA hogA / parantu dUsarI prakAra kI ghaTanA kucha bhI samajha meM nahIM prAtI hai| ye prAkRtiyAM jainoM ke sivA anya nahIM thIM, yaha nizcita hI lagatA hai kyoMki eka to aisA kucha kahA nahIM gayA hai aura dUsare usase usakI paradharma udAratA kA bhI bAdhA pahuMcatI hai| jaisA ki hama mAge satrahavIM paMkti meM dekheMge, khAravela gava dharmoM kA sammAna karanevAlA thA aura isIlie aisA lagatA hai ki ye zrAkRtiyAM jaina tIrtha karoM ko upahAsya rUpa meM dikhAne vAlI hI hoM / isa ghaTanA ke sivA isa paMkti se yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki khAravela ne uttarApatha (uttara paMjAba aura mImA pradeza) para bhI apanI dhAka baiThA dI thii| phira vArahavIM pani bhI hamArI dRSTi se mahatva kI hai| sirpha khAravela ke viSaya meM hI usakA mahatva ho so bAta nahIM hai / 'nanda aura usake dharma, jainadhamaM aura naMdavaMza', 'jaina dharma kI prAcInatA' aura 'jainoM meM mUrtipUjA' Adi praznoM para bhI isase paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| isameM ke aneka praznoM kI carcA to pahale hI kI jA cukI hai aura zeSa kI carcA yA yathAsthAna kI jAnevAlI hai| yahAM to mAtrA aura isake pUrva kI paMkti ke mukha pradeza kA zAbdika anuvAda denA hI paryApta hogA : -- 'bArahaveM varSa meM (vaha) uttarApatha ke rAjoM meM maya kA saMcAra karatA hai aura magadha kI janatA meM bar3A prAtaMka utpanna kara (yaha) apanI gajasenA ko sugAMgeya meM praveza karAtA hai, aura vaha magadha ke rAjA bahasatimitra ko apane 1. saya pAsaMda pUjakoM... viuprA patrikA, saM. 4, pR. 403 1 2. dekho vahI, pR. 400 3. dekho vahI dhaura saM. 13, pR. 230 4. dekho vahI 5. vahI / 6. vahI, pR. 2321 7. sava - deva / yatana - saMkArakArako... biuprA patrikA, saM. 4, pra. 4031
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________________ [ 147 caraNoM meM namAtA hai / (vah) usa kaligajina kI pratimA ko jo ki rAjA nanda dvArA apaharaNa kara lI gaI thI, punaH apane deza meM loTAlAtA hai aura yaMga evam magadha se daNDa svarUpa gRha ratna bhI vaha lAtA hai|" isa prakAra vAyavya sImA ke dezoM ko vazIbhUta karatA hai aura magadharAjA ko usake caraNoM meM bheMTa car3hAne ko bAdhya karatA hai| isase yaha bhI jAnA jAtA hai ki magadha ko rAjA nanda pATalIputra ko koI jainapratimA le gayA thA jo ki bArahamatibhitra ke harA kara evam magadha kI vijayoM ke anya vijaya cinhoM sahita udImA meM moTA lAtA hai| prathama dRSTi meM yaha jIva hai ki yaha pratimA 'kaligajina' kyoM kahI gaI hai| isase aise kisI tIrtha kara kA mAsa nahIM hotA hai ki jisakI jIvanalIlA kaliMga se sambandha ho, parantu aisA lagatA hU~, jaisA ki muni jimavijayajI kahate haiM, ki pratiSThA ke sthAna ke nAma se pratimAoM ko pahacAna sadA hI kI jAtI hai / " zaturaMjaya ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva udAharaNArtha tu jaya jina kahe jAte haiM / isI prakAra grAbU kI mUrti 'a'jina' aura ghulevA (mevAr3a) kI mUrti 'dhuvevAjina' kahalAtI hai| isalie yaha zrAvazyaka nahIM hai ki mUrti umI jina kI ho ki nIlA kaliMga se sambaddha ho| kaligajina ko vAkya se isalie itanA hI abhipreta hai ki isa jinamUrti kI pUjA kalie kalina ko rAjadhAnI meM huA karatI thii| } timi phona thA ki prakhyAta rAjA se usakI pahacAna isakekI ti kA vicAra karane ke pUrva kI jA sakatI hai aura kaliMga meM jaina dharma kaba se pracalita thA, ina bAtoM kA vicAra karanA yAvazyaka hai / usa kAla kA samakAlika itihAsa dekhate hue yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki yaha bahupatimitra mugarAja pupamitra hI thA / pazcima ke sAtavAhanoM kI bhA~ti vaha brAhmaNa thA aura usane prAcIna brAhmaNa vicAroM kA viplava jagA kara mauryo ko ukhAr3a apane vaMza kA rAjya sthApana kara liyA thaa| isakA itanA hI artha hai ki I. pUrva dUsarI sadI meM usane brAhmaNadharma kI punaH sthApanA kI thI / tArAnAtha ( I. 1608, prAcIna granthoM ke prAdhAra se) ki jisakA zuddha anuvAda svIphanara ne kiyA hai, kI sAkSI divyAvadAna ke mantavya se milatI hai jo kahatA hai ki puNyamitra pAkhaNDiyoM kA mitra thA aura usane vihAroM kA bhrama kiyA evam miyoM ko hanana kiyA thA :-- "brAhmagA rAjA puSyamitra kI anya tithiyoM ke sAtha lar3AI huii| usane madhyadeza se jalaMdhara taka ke aneka vihAra jalA kara bhUmisAta kara die the|"5 mitra ke isa dhArmika vilaya ke pIche khAsa rAjanaitika kAraNa bhI hoMge parantu kahanA cAhie ki mahAna maurya samrATa prazoka ne yaha kadAcita mocA hI nahIM thA ki rAjanaitika sahajajJAna kA usameM prabhAva usakI dhArmika nIti, usakI sarvadeva pUjA, aura usakA vibhAjana saba ne mila kara usakI sAmrAjya kI jar3e khokhalI kara dI haiM / anyathA usakI sura jamAI huI sainika tAnAzAhI mahAn bhAratI nareza kI mRtyu ke pazcAt 40 yA 50 varSa meM hI lupta nahIM ho jAtI ki jisa samrATa kA bauddha saMsAra grAja bhI prema se smaraNa karatI hai ghora jo saMsAra bhara meM eka uttama aura bhalA rAjA mAnA jAtA hai| usakI mRtyu uttara bhArata ke brAhmaNoM, dakSiNa ke sattAzIla grAMnoM aura bharata ke videzI duzmanoM ko hitAvaha huii| usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt hindUkuza taka kI mauyaM sattA nirbala ho 1. sehi vitAsayato uttarApadharAjAno magadhAnAM ca vipulaM bhayaM janeto.. aMgamAgaca vasu ca neyAti vI. saM4, pR. 401, paura saM. 13. pR. 232 2. dekho vA patrikA, maM. 4, pR.3861 3. vahI / 4. dekho koyala eMDa nIla, vahI, pR. 434 1 viuprA 5. skIphanara tArAnAyUsa hisTrI grApha buddhIjma, pR. 81
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________________ 148 ] gaI / vAyavya prAMta vAle aAkramaNa karane ko mukta ho gae aura baikTriyA, pAthiyA Adi grIka prAntoM evam sImApradeza kI yuddha-tatpara jAtiyoM ke lie bhAratavarSa asIma lAlaca kA sthAna bana gyaa| usake sarvadharma samabhAva hote hue bhI brAhmaNa loga apane dharma ko bhaya meM dekhate the aura isalie usake yAne azoka ke prati dveSa rakhate the sambhava hai ki brAhmaNoM ne apane sthApita adhikAroM meM se bhI aneka usa kAla meM kho die hoNge| inhIM kAraNoM se maurya sAmrAjya ke virUddha mahAn pratikriyA prArambha haI jisameM brAhmaNoM ne pahale chupe-chape bhAga liyA aura bAda meM antima maurya ke samaya meM unakA khulA virodha hI ho gyaa| azoka ke uttarAdhikArI ke pAsa mAtra magadha aura grAma pAsa ke pradeza hI raha gae the / antima maurya rAjA bRhadratha kA usake brAhmaNa senApati puSyamitra ne (bhAratIya maikavyetha ne) namaka harAmI se vadha kiyA / paurANika varNanoM ke AdhAra para mauryavaMza 137 varSa claa| isako svIkAra karate yaha kahanA hogA ki I. pUrva 322 meM candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa se I. pUrva 185 taka mauryavaMza kA rAjya rahA thA / yaha samaya prAyaH ThIka hai| isa prakAra vaha brAhmaNa vaza ki jisane bauddha maurya ko ukhAr3a pheMkA thA I. pUrva 185 meM bhAratavarSa meM sattA meM paayaa| isa prakAra brAhmaNoM ke ukasAne se puSya yA puSyamitra ne namaka harAma ho kara apane svAmI kA vadha kiyA mantriyoM ko kaida kiyA aura rAjya kA apaharaNa kara usane pApako rAjA ghoSita kara suga yA mitravaMza kA sthApana kiyA jisakA ki rAjya lagabhaga 110 varSa calA aura jisane hindU samAja evam sAhitya meM prAcIna vicAra paramparA kI krAnti phira se kara dI / bANabhaTTa ne apane harSacarita meM (I. zatI) isa sainika adhikAra kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai / "apane maurya rAjA vRhodratha ko ki jo siMhAsanArUr3ha hote samaya pratijJA ko pAlana karane meM asamartha thA, senA batAne ke bahAne, senA kA nirIkSaNa karate hue nIca puSyamitra ne kacaradhAraNa nikAla diyaa|" isI bAta para likhate hue 'dI hindU hisTrI' grantha kA lekhaka kahatA hai ki "puSyamitra, jaba vRddha ho gayA thA, uttara bhArata meM sArvabhauma rAjA kI pratiSThA ko prApta huyA thaa| pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke bhASyakAra apane gurU pantajali kI pramukhatA aura nirdezana meM isa puSyamitra ne eka rAjasUya aura eka azvamedha yajJa bar3I dhUmadhAma se kiyA / isa puSyamitra ne hindUdharma ko punarajIvita karane kI bharasaka ceSTA kI / usake yajJa bauddhoM para brAhmaNoM kI vijaya cinha rUpa hI the, bauddha granthakaroM ne puSyamitra ko dharmAdha aura atyAcArI citrita kiyA hai / aisA doSa maMDhA jAtA hai ki usane magadha se lekara paMjAba ke jAlaMdhara taka ke bauddha vihAroM ko jalA kara bhUmi sAta kara diyA aura bhikSutroM ko katla kiyaa| isameM kucha sacAI bhI ho sakatI hai| puSyamitra kA kahanA thA ki usake viruddha jainoM aura bauddhoM kA par3ayantra vyApaka thA / " uparyukta saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue eka bAta spaSTa hai ki azoka kI anyAyAnusaMdhitsu paddhati ko pratikriyA na sarva prathama to bauddhadharma para sAMghAtika grAghAta kiyA aura dUsare aneka rAjanaitika kAraNoM se uttara bhArata meM maurya prAdhAnya ke bhI maraNAMta pahuMcA diyaa| azoka ne bauddha dharma ke aura kucha aMza meM jaina dharma ke prati amIma udAratA batAI usake pariNAma svarUpa brAhmaNoM ke vizeSa adhikAroM ko bhArI kSati phuNcii| phira ye loga rakta-bali kI baMdhI aura jAsamI kI uttejaka kAryavAhiyoM se bhI asantuSTa the / isalie jyoM hI vRddha rAjA kA sudRr3ha 1. majumadAra, vahI, pR. 626 / 2. dekho pAjIMTara vahI pR. 271 3. biuprA patrikA 10. pR. 202 / 4. yaha anuvAda kovyala evaM TAmasa ke (harSacarita, pR. 193) aura vhalara (iM. eNTI saM. 2, pR. 363) evaM jAyasavAla ke anuvAdoM ko milA kara diyA gayA hai / dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 268 Ti. 1 / ,
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________________ [ 149 hAtha dUra huA ki brAhmaNoM kI sattA ke prabhAva ne phira se sira UMcA kiyA aura viplava macA diyA ki jisake phala svarUpa, jaisA ki hamane dekha liyA hai, suraMgavaMza kA sthApanA ho gii| suraMgoM ke rAjya vistAra kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki pATalIputra, Adhunika paTanA, prAcIna kAla kA pAlIpotrA aura usa samaya kI uttara bhArata kI rAjadhAnI, suraMgoM kI rAjadhAnI banI rahI aura AsapAsa ke pradeza bhI unake adhikAra meM rahe / dakSiNa meM narmadA taka unake rAjya kA vistAra thaa| bihAra, tirahUta aura grAdhunika uttara pradeza bhI unake rAjya meM thA / paMjAba tI paravartI mauryooM ke adhikAra meM se bahuta pahale hI nikala cukA thA ataH vaha suraMgoM ke adhikAra meM nahIM thA / bRhaspati aura puSyamitra eka hI vyakti haiM, vaha sAmayika itihAsa kI bAta vRhaspati aura puruSa nakSatra ke pAra sparika sambandha se bhI samarpita hotI hai| isa para TippaNa karate hue bhI smitha likhatA hai ki 'vapati kucha sikkoM aura choTe zilAlekhoM kA bahupati mizra hI pratIta hotA hai kyoMki donoM hI saMskRta zabda bRhaspati ke prAkRta rUpa haiM / phira jyotiSa meM bRhaspati graha puSya yA tiSya nakSatra kA ki jo karka rAzi kA hI aMza hai, svAmI kahA gayA hai| bahupati nizcaya hI purANoM kI vaMzAvalI ke suvaMza kA prathama rAjA puSyamitra kA hI vikalpa nAma hai| , isI raSTikoNa kA samarthana karate hue bhI haraprasAda zAstrI isa prakAra kahate haiM ki 'azoka vastutaH boddha rAjA yA aura vaha bhI dharmAndha... usane sAre sAmrAjya meM saba prakAra ke pazu-yaza baMdha kara die the... usakI yaha mAnA jahAM bhI brAhmaNa rahate ho unakI viziSTa jAti ke viruddha hI thI... isI prAjJA ke bAda eka dUsarI prAjJA bhI thI jisameM azoka ne garva ke sAtha ghoSaNA kI thI ki usane isa bhUmi para deva mAne jAnevAle logoM ko thor3e hI samaya meM kudeva banA diyA hai / yadi isakA koI artha ho to yahI hai ki bhUdeva mAne jAnevAle brAhmaNoM kA usane paradA phAza kara diyaa...| dharmamahAmAtoM kI azoka dvArA niyuktiyAM bhI brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAroM ke prati pratyakSa prakramaraNa thA / isa prakAra kI gaI apanI hAni ko brAhmaNa cupacApa sahane vAle nahIM the / ina saba ke kalaza rUpa, azoka ne apane eka prAjJAlekha meM apane samasta adhikAroM ko prAdeza diyA thA ki ve daNDasamatA aura vyavahArasamatA ke siddhAMtoM kA kar3AI ke sAtha paripAlana kareM arthAt jJAti, raMga aura varNa aura dharma zikSA aura samAna vyavahAra kA amala kareM... aisI paristhiti meM pratiSThA sampanna mahAn vidyAna dhaura viziSTa adhikAra prApta brAhmaNoM ko bhI anAryo ke sAtha jela meM rahane kor3oM kA daNDa die jAne, jIvita hI bhUmi meM gAr3a die jAne athavA phAMsI para laTakAe jAne ke daNDa graparAdhAnusAra die jA sakate the aura yaha unheM grasahya ho gayA thA | ye saba apamAna ve jaba taka ki azoka kA suhada bAhu sAmrAjya kA saMcAlana karatA thA taba taka sahate the... / parantu ve kisI aise sainika kI khoja meM bhI rahe ki jo unake adhikAroM ke lie lar3e, aura aisA vyakti unheM maurya sAmrAjya ko mahAsenAdhipati puSyamitra ke rUpa meM mila hI gyaa| vaha raga-raga se brAhmaNa thA aura bauddhoM se ghRNA karatA thA / " " kI avagaNanA karate hue samAna 1 saMkSepa meM kaheM to yaha ki vupatimitra ko puSpamitra mAna lene meM jarA bhI kaThinAI yA yApati nahIM hai aura na isase koI aitihAsika kSati hI pahuMcatI hai|" pakSAntara meM aisA karane se hI usa samaya ke samasamayI puruSoM 1. majumadAra, vahI, pR. 36 / 2. dekho eso kAryAvivaraNa aura patrikA, 1910 pR. 259-262 1 3. epo patrikA, 1918, pR. 5451 4. zAstrI, haraprasAda baMeso, kAryavAhI aura patrikA, 1910 pR. 259-2601 5. yahAM yaha dravya hai ki isa prakAra ke nAma - vikalpa bhAratIya itihAsa meM sAmAnya bAta hai-yAne biMbisA-zreNika, ajAtazatru - kUriNaya azoka priyadasI, candragupta- narendra, balamitra pragnimitra, bhAnumitra vasumitra Adi /
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________________ 150] aura aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA pArasparika samanvaya aura sambandha baiTha jAtA hai| pupyamitra kaTTara brAhmaNa thA aura khAravela jaina, ye donoM hI bAteM khAravela ko rAjya kA jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahatva bar3hA detI haiN| yadi puSyamitra ke brAhmaNIya dharmayuddha meM jainadharma kI rakSA karane vAlA khAravela usa samaya na hotA to mahAvIra kI dharmakrAnti bhI usI prakAra naSTa ho gaI hotI jaisI ki bauddhadhamaM kI buddha dvArA kI gaI krAnti aise vyakti ke hAthoM bilakula naSTa ho gaI ki jisakI khyAti 'bauddha siddhAnta ke unmUlanakartA' nAma se hai / jaMgA ki hama pahale hI kaha pAe haiM, khAravesa ne magadha para do bAra car3hAiyAM kI thI pahalI car3hAI meM vaha lagabhaga pATalIputra taka pahuMca gayA thA usa samaya puSyamitra ne yuktipUrvaka mathurA kI aura pIche haTane aura khAravela naM barAbara TekariyoM (goraThagiri) se mAMge nahIM bar3hane meM hI hoziyArI yA samajhadArI mAnI / parantu dUsarI car3hAI meM khAravela vijayI huyA / uttara bhArata meM pradeza kara himAlaya kI taleTI taka pahuMca usane yakAyaka magadha kI rAjadhAnI para gaMgA kI uttara se dhAvA bola diyaa| isa nadI ko usane kaliMga ke prakhyAta hAthiyoM dvArA pAra kiyA thaa| trizaraNAgata huA aura vijetA vela ne unake rAjya ke koma para apanA adhikAra jamA liyA / usameM kaliMgajita kI pratimA jo mahArAja nanda zma le prAyA thA, vaha bhI thI / usakI isa vijaya kA prabhAva suraMga rAjya kI pUrvI sImA mAtra para hI par3A usane baMgAla evam pUrva bihAra para bhI vijaya prApta kI hogI jahAM ki jainadharma ke prabhAva ke aneka pramANa grAja bhI upalabdha haiN|" khAravela kI isa vijaya ke viSaya meM jayasavAla kahate haiM ki " puSyamitra ne lar3AI ke pariNAma para apane rAjya sihAsana kA dAva lagAne kI apekSA bhUtapUrva tIna sadiyoM ke magadha kaliMga itihAsa ko saMkSipta karane vAle padArthoM ko lauTA kara rakSA kI bahuta saMbhava hai ki magadharAja kI sattA ne hI isa car3hAI ke uddeza ko kUTa rAjanaitika vijaya kI apekSA mahatva kA banA diyA kyoM ki bhAratavarSa ke isa sAmrAjya siMhAsana para adhikAra na kara yahI chor3a denA kisI bhI manuSya ke lie AsAna bAta nahIM thaa| ". bRhadratha khAravela puSyamitra kA yaha siMhAsana apaharaNa nahIM kara sakA thA, yaha bAta zilAlekha ke pATha se spaSTa pragaTa hai / usa sImA taka kalpanA ko khIMcane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai| vastutaH aisA huA dIkhatA hai ki jaisa sAtakaraNa ke sambandha meM huA thA vaise hI khAravela ko apane par3osiyoM para nA kucha adhika sarvoparitA jamA kara hI yahAM santoSa kara lenA par3A hogA, kyoMki antima mArya rAja kI hatyA ke pazcAt maurya sAmrAjya kI sampatti vibhAjana kara lene vAlI zaktiyoM kI pArasparika pratiindratA se usa samaya kA rAjanItika vAtAvaraNa baharA rahA thA / mahAna rAjya ke patana para uThanevAlI zaktiyoM meM sattA ke lie saMgharSa cala rahA thA / isa saMgharSa meM yaha binA jokhama ke kahA jA sakatA hai ki cAravela ne bhI pUrA pUrA bhAga liyA yA yahI nahIM apitu jo bhI use prApta ho sakA use le lene meM use yaza hI prApta huA thaa| kaliMga meM jainadharma kI prAcInatA kI dUsarI bAta kA vicAra karate hue hama dekhate haiM ki isa zilAlekha meM kaliMgajina ke ullekha ke atirikta hameM kucha bhI saMketa nahIM milatA hai jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai usameM jisa vAkyaracanA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki ukta mUrti kaliMga athavA kaliMga kI rAjadhAnI 1. davyAvadAna pR. 433-434 3. majumadAra, vahI. pR. 633 2. smitha, vahI, pR. 2009 4. viDA patrikA maM. 3.2.447 far, 1
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________________ [151 meM pUjI jAnevAlI jinamUrti hI hogI zilAlekha spaSTa hI kahatA hai ki yaha mUrti rAjA nanda uThA le gayA thA yAne vaha use kaliMga se magadha meM le gayA hogA / hama yaha bhI dekha Ae haiM ki yaha rAjA nanda jainoM kA nanda mi thA nakina jaisA ki zrI smitha ne jAyasavAla Adi vidvAnoM ne sAdhAra se mAna liyA hai|" yadi ye saba bAteM aitihAsika dRSTi se prAmANika mAnI jAe to yaha kahane meM jarA bhI atizayokti nahIM hai ki bauddhadharma ke kaliMga meM pAMva jamane ke bahuta pahale se hI jainadharma vahAM jama cukA thA aura janatA meM lokapriya ho gayA thA / saMkSepa meM nanda 1ma kI kaliMgavijaya ke samaya vahAM jainadharma pracalita dharma thA / ise samarthana karate hue jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki nAgavaMza ko nandivardhana arthAt rAjA nanda ke samaya meM hI jainadharma ur3IsA meM praveza kara cukA thaa...| khAravela ke samaya ke pUrva udayagiri pahAr3I para mahaMtoM ke maMdira the kyoMki zilAsela meM unakA astitva sAravela ke samaya se pUrva saMsthAnoM ke rUpa meM vaga kiyA gayA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki kucha sadiyoM se jainadharma ur3IsA kA rASTrIya dharma thaa|" isakA samarthana eka jainadantakathA se bhI hotA hai jisame I. pUrva chaThI sadI meM ur3IsA ko kSatriyoM kA kendra mAnA gayA hai / usa daMtakathA meM kahA hai ki ur3IsA meM mahAvIra ke pitA kA kSatriya mitra rAjya karatA thA aura mahAvIra vahA~ gae the| 'ur3IsA eNDa hara rimensa' grantha ko lekhaka vidvAna kahatA hai ki 'jainadharma kI jar3eM itanI gaharI thI ki hama usake cinha 16vIM sadI IsavI taka bhI pAte haiM / ur3IsA kA sUryavaMzI rAjA pratApa rudra deva jainadharma kI ora bahuta bhukA huA thaa|' lekha kI agalI paMkti kA vicAra karane kI ora jhukeM ise pahale yaha saMketa bhara kara denA cAhate haiM ki zilAlekha se isa niSkarSa para pahuMcane ke bhI acche prAdhAra haiM ki I. pUrva pAMcavIM sadI ke prArambha jitane prAcIna samaya meM hI jainoM meM mUrti pUjA kA pracAra thaa| isa mUrtipUjA ke prazna kA vicAra vistAra se Age isI grantha meM hama kreNge|" zilAlekha kI isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue zrI jAyasavAla tIna mahatva ke niSkarSa nikAlate haiM jo ki isa prakAra haiM:- ( 1 ) yaha ki nanda jaina thA, aura (2) yaha ki jainadharmaM kA ur3IsA meM praveza bahuta hI pahale, sambhavata; mahAvIra ke bAda hI yA unake samaya meM hI ho gayA thA (jaina daMtakathA unake ur3IsA meM bihAra kI bAta kahatI hai 1. nirdiSTa nanda rAja purANoM kA nauvAM zaizunAga rAjA nandivardhana lagatA hai / usako evaM usake uttarAdhikArI mahAnaMdina 10 vAM kA nanda hI una nau nandoM se pRthaka ki jo candragupta aura 10veM nanda ke bIca meM hote hai, mAnanA Avazyaka hai| mere grantha arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA ke 1914 ke tIsare saMskaraNa meM maiMne nandivardhana kA rAjyArohaNa I. pUrva 418 ke lagabhaga rakhA thaa| parantu aba ise I. pUrva 470 ke yA isase bhI kucha pUrva meM rakhanA cAhie smitha, rAeso patrikA 1918, pR. 547 2. vijayA patrikA saM. 3, pa. 448 biuprA pu. 1 3. tato bhagavaM mosaliMgamro....tatva subhAgahI nAma raDiyo piyamito bhagavadho so proeDa tano sAmI mosliNg...| Avazyaka sUtra . 219-220 4. pratApa rudra deva, gajapati rAjoM meM se eka ki jisane I. san 1503 se rAjya kiyA, ne janathamaM paristhAna kara diyA...loga eso patrikA, sAMga 28. saM. 1 se 4 aura 5, 1859. pU. 189 1 5. lI. vahI pR. 19
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________________ 152 ] aura zilAlekha kI 14vIM paMkti bhI sUcita karatI hai ki kumArIparvata (udayagiri) vaha sthAna thA ki jahAM dharma kA pravartana aura upadeza diyA gayA thA / lekha yaha bhI pramANita karatA hai ki (3) lagabhaga yA I. pUrva 450 yA usase bhI kucha pUrva jainamUrtiyoM ko khone kA yaha artha hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi vaha honA cAhie jo ki hameM una aneka jaina kAlanirUpaka sAmagriyoM kA purANika aura pAlI sAmagriyoM ke sAtha par3ha kara ki jo saba use I. pUrva 545 meM sthira karane ekya sthApana karate haiM, prApta hotA hai (biuprA, patrikA, saM. 1, pR. 99-105) ina tInoM hI niSkarSoM kI carcA hamane pahale hI acchI taraha kara dI hai| aba hama anugAmI paMkti kA vicAra kreNge| isameM bhI eka rAjanaitika ghaTanA dRSTavya hai-yAne usakI mahAn vijaya kA varSa dhura dakSiNa se atula dhana varSA kA bhI varSa thaa| Adi meM yaha paMkti hameM batAtI hai ki khAravela ne bhItara meM utkIrNa kAma kI bhavya mInAreM yA stambha banavAe the aura 'usa yogya puruSa' ne kaliMga meM pANDya deza (siMhala ke sAmane ko dhura dakSiNI deza) ke rAjA se adbhuta aura vismayotpAdaka gaja-vAhana, curnodA azva, mANaka, motI Adi aneka ratna prApta kie / isameM kaliMgAdhipati kI pAiya deza para AkramaNa kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / khAravela kI mahattA, aura usakI prAMdhroM evam sugoM para adhipatya ko dekha kara hI ye saba jayahinda pANDyoM ne apane Apa khirAja rUpa meM bheja die hoN| jaisA ki hama abhI hI dekheMge ki khAravela ke sainika zaurya ke isa varNana ke atirikta isa zilAlekha meM usake dharmakRtyoM kA bhI abhilekha kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha vizvAsa karane kA paryApta kAraNa mila jAtA hai ki rAjA aura usake parivAra kA jainadharma kI aora jhukAva thA aura usake vaMzaja uttarAdhikArI bhI pratyakSataH usI dharma ke mAnane vAle the| ___ caudahavIM se lekara lekha kI antima paMkti taka ke abhilekha se hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki rAjA khAravela nirA nAma kA hI jainI nahIM thA apitu usane isa dharma ko apane nitya naimitika jIvana meM bhI ucita sthAna diyA thaa| vahA~ jo kucha bhI kahA gayA hai usase spaSTa hai ki usake rAjyakAla ke terahaveM varSa meM, rAjya vistAra se santuSTa ho kara, usane dhArmika kAryoM meM apanI zakti mor3a dI thii| vaha kumArI parvata ke pavitra sthAnoM para khUba dhana kharca karatA hai aura gaurava se paripUrNa zilAlekha khudavAtA hai| vratoM kI samApti para die jAne vAle rAjakIya bhatte una yApa prAcAryoM ko ki jinane usa pavitra kumArI parvata kI zarIrAvazeSoM ke bhaNDAra para tapa karake apane janmAntaroM ke krama ko samApta kara diyA ho dene kA Adeza nikAlA ki jahA~ 'vijetA kA cakra" khUba acchI 1. biuprA patrikA, saM. 13, pR. 245, 246 / 2.siMhalI apane gajoM ke niryAta ke lie vizeSa prakAra naukAeM banAte the| aisA lagatA hai ki zilAlekha nirdiSTa 'gajavAhana' isI jAti ke the| 3. tu jaThara-likhita-varAnisihirAni nIbesayati...paMDarAjA cekSani anekAni matamaNiratanAni-biuprA patrikA ___ saM. 4, pR. 401 aura saM. 13, pR. 233 1 4. baMgAla jilA vivaraNikA, purI, pR. 24 / 5. vaha pavitra sthAna thA kyoMki vahAM jainadharma kI dezanA dI gaI thI (paMkti 14) / 6. parama Adarza jaina muni jinane tapoM dvArA apane ko (prAtmA ko) vimukta kara liyA hai| jaina darzana meM yaha bahuta hI prAdarza dhAraNA haiN| 7. yaha sUcita karatA hai ki jainoM meM varddha dharma vistAra kA bhI cinha thaa| mathurA ke jaina stUpoM meM pAe jAne vAle varSa ke pratIka se bhI yahI samarthita hotA hai|
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________________ [ 153 rIti se sthApita ho cukA thaa| yaha bhI Age kahA gayA hai ki khAravela ne zrAvaka ke vratoM kI pAlanA kara jIva aura deha kA sadvivaveka anubhava kara liyA thA / / khAravela ko jainadharma ke prati dRr3hatA aura pUrNa zraddhA kA isase acchA pramANa aura kyA ho sakatA hai ? yApa prAcAryoM aura anyoM ko ki jo kucha vratoM kA pAlana karate diyA jAne vAlA dAna yA bheTa, aura jaina darzanAnusAra jIva aura pudgala (deha) ke pAribhASika mahatva kA adhyayana karane ke prati prema spaSTa batAtA hai ki yaha aza jaina nahIM thA / usane apane dharma ke pramukha lakSaNoM ko pahale jAnane samajhane kA prayatna kiyA aura isa prakAra apane dharma kI mahattA kA anubhava kara vaha una logoM kI sahAyatA aura protsAhana ko sadA hI taiyAra rahatA thA jo ki sAdhU ho gae the yA jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ke divya saMdeza ke lie jIne aura marane ke lie sannaddha the / isa paMkti meM kucha aise bhI ullekha haiM jo ki bhUtapUrva dinoM ke jainAcAra para bhI mahatva kA prakAza DAlate haiM aura eka aise varga kA paricaya bhI dete haiM jo Aja astitva meM nahIM hai' yApa prAcAryoM ke varga kA ullekha batAtA hai ki usa samaya jainoM meM aisA eka sampradAya thaa| indrabhUti ke nItisAra ke anusAra vaha eka aisA mithyAdRSTi saMgha thA jinameM ki dakSiNa kA digambara sampradAya taba vibhakta thA: gopucchaka ? zvetavAsA drAviDo yApanIyakaH / ni:picchakazceti paMcete jainAmAsA: prakIrtitAH / / uparokta sUcI meM yApanIya kA nAma sammilita kiyA jAnA eka AzcaryakAraka bAta hai kyoMki cAlukya rAjA, ammarAja 2ya ke zilAlekha meM unheM pavitra aura pUjya naMdI-gaccha kA eka vibhAga batAyA hai aura unake saMgha ko 'pavitra yApanIya-saMgha' kahA gayA hai| phira zravaNa belgola ke zilAlekhoM meM se eka meM isa nandI-saMgha ko arhadabali ne ruDhicusta mAnA hai| usakI rAya meM yaha saMgha 'saMsAra kA netra' thA / niyamoM se viparIta sitAmbara aora anya saMghoM meM usane vibheda karane kA koI bhI prayatna nahIM kiyA hai / aura yadi koI sena, nandI deva aura siMha saMghoM ke viSaya meM aisA vibheda karatA hai, usako usane 'mithyAtvI yA pAkhaNDI' taka kaha diyA hai| isa viSaya meM jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki bhadrabAhacarita meM candragupta ke samakAlika bhadrabAha zrutakevalI ke turanta bAda ke jainadharma kA itihAsa dete hue kahA gayA hai ki bhadrabAhu ke ziSyoM meM jo ki gurU kI asthiyoM kI pUjA karate the. hI eka sampradAya yApanIsaMgha nAma se udbhava hayA aura isa saMgha ne anta meM hI digambara rahane kA nizcaya kara liyaa| yaha yApanasaMgha dakSiNa meM phalAphUlA kyoMki isakA karNATakIya zilAlekhoM meM pramukhatayA ullekha pAtA hai / aba yaha lupta hai / muni jinavijaya kA yaha mata hai ki isa saMgha ke kitane hI siddhAMta to digambara sampradAya se milate the aura kitane hI zvetAmbara sampradAya se| isa mata kI dRSTi se yApanasampradAya janasaMgha ke ina do spaSTa sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hone se pUrva kA hI kadama honA caahie| isa zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki yApa jisase ki isa sampradAya kA nAma par3A thA, kucha pavitra prAcAroM ko kahA jAtA thA / yadi hama isakA vicAra usa artha meM kareM ki jisameM baraka-pIr3A upazAmaka yA mahAbhArata 'prANa-poSaka' meM yaha prayukta hunA hai to yApa upadeSTA prANiyoM ke zArIrika du:khoM ke upazama ke dharma para hI bala dete the / 1. terasame ca vase supavata-vijaya-cakra kumArIpavate arahite yapa-ravINa-saMsitehi kAya...jIva-dehasirikA prikhitaa| biuprA patrikA, saM. 4, pR. 401, 402, aura saM. 13, pR. 233 / 2. premI, vidvaratnamAlA, bhAga 1, pR. 132 .hulTja, epI. iNDi., pusta. 9, pR. 55, zlo. 18, pR. 50 4. epI. karA., pusta. 2, esa. bI., 254 / 5. vhii| 6. biuprA patrikA, saM. 4, pR. 389 1
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________________ 154 ] phira. zilAlekha hameM kahatA hai ki ye yApa prAcArya kumArIparvata yAne kAyAniSIdhi para rahate the / lekha kI paMkti se hI pramANita hotA hai ki yaha niSIdi arhatoM kI hI niSIdi thii| niSIdi yA niSIdhi jaina sAhitya tIrtha karoM aura guruoM prAdi kI pavitra zobhA samAdhiyoM ke lie jaina sAhitya meM prayukta huA hai, parantu ise vizrAmasthAna hI samajhanA cAhie / isa para hI DaoN. phlITa kahatA hai ki "nizIdhi zabda ke lie ki jo niSaudhi, nizidhi aura nizidige rUpa meM bhI milatA hai-DaoN. ke. bI. pAThaka mujhe sucita karate haiM ki yaha zabda aAja bhI janasaMgha ke prAcIna kA vayovRddha sadasyoM dvArA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, aura isakA artha hai 'jaina sAdhu ke avazeSoM para khar3I kI gaI samAdhi' aura usane mujhe 'upasargakevalIgalakathe' se nimna aMza uddhRta kiyA hai ki jisa meM yaha zabda prayukta hai "RSi-samudAyaM = gRllaM dakSiNApathadi baMdu maTTArara niSidiyana = eyadida-pAgala, AdiH "sAdhuoM kA sArA samudAya dakSiNa ke pradeza meM Akara aura parama pUjya kI niSidhi para pahuMca kara, Adi / kumArIparvata para kI niSidhi jahAM ki yaha zilAlekha khudA hai, koI zomA samAdhi sI nahIM dIkhatI apitu eka yathArtha stUpa hai, kyoMki usa zabda ke pahale kAyama vizeSaNa lagA huA hai ki jisakA artha hotA hai, 'zarIrAvazeSoM kA' / zilAlekha para vicAra karate hue jAyasavAla kahate haiM ki "isase yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki jaina apane stupoM aura caityoM ko niSidhi kahate the| mathurA meM pAyA gayA jaina stUpa aura bhadrabAhucarita kA yaha kathana ki bhadrabAhu ke ziSyoM ne apane gurU kI asthiyoM kI pUjA kI, isa tathya kI sthApanA kara detA hai ki jaina (kama se kama digambara jaina to) apane guruSoM ke avazeSoM para smAraka banAyA hI karate the|" prasaMgataH yaha bhI kaha deM ki yaha prathA janoM aura bauddhoM meM parisImita nahIM thI, apitu guruSoM kI smRti meM smAraka-caitya banAne yA khar3e karane kI eka rASTrIya prathA hI thii| jaisA ki pahale kaha diyA gayA hai| pandrahavIM paMkti hamAre sAmane khAravela kA eka zraddhAlu jaina kA rUpa prastuta karatI hai / sAdhuoM aura ekAMtapriya tatvajJoM ke lie khAravela ne jo kucha kiyA thA usakA isameM varNana hai / parantu isa paMkti ke kucha zabda lupta ho gae haiM isalie hamAre lie yaha jAnanA sambhava nahIM hai ki vastuta: ve kArya kyA kyA the / phira bhI yaha spaSTa ullekha huyA hai ki vaha kArya thA saMgha ke netA aura pratyeka rIti se dakSa puruSa, pavitra kArya karane vAle aura siddha zramaNoM kaa|" isake sivA vaha yaha bhI kahatI hai ki arhat ke avazeSoM ke saMgrahasthAna ke pAsa, parvata kI r3halAI meM, rAjA khAravela ne "siMhapura (= prastha) mahala apanI rAnI siMdhudA ke lie bar3I dUra se acchI khAnoM ke lAe hue pattharoM se, ghaMTA lage stambhoM kA ki jo nepAla meM khaDeM isI varNana ke sundara madhyakAlIna stambhoM jaise haiM, aura usameM phirojA jar3A 75 lAkha paNoM kI lAgata se jo ki usa samaya kA pracalita pikkA thA, banavAyA thaa| jAyasavAla jI ne isa mahala kI pahacAna usa mahAn zilotkIriNata bhavana se jo ki 'rAnI yA 'rAnI kA mahala' kahalAtA hai, kI hai| yaha hAthIguphA ke pAsa hI, parvata kI DhAla meM hai aura yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki isakI mamatI 1. epI., iNDi., pusta. 2, pR. 274 / / 2. iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 12, pR. 9913. biuprA patrikA, saM. 4, pR. 389 / 4. sakati samaNa-suvihitAnaM ca sata-disAnaM...tapasi / -vahI, saM. 4, pR. 402 aura saM. 13, pR. 234 1 5. dekho prAyaMgara (ke|, vahI pa. 75,761 6. dekho biuprA patrikA, sa. 4, pR. 402, paura saM. 13, pR. 234, 235 / 7. vahI, saM. 13, pR. 235 /
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________________ [155 meM siMha bhI pramukha sthAnoM para rakhe haiN| isa prakAra avazeSa saMgrAhaka smAraka prarhat niSIdhi isI rAnI mahala ke pAsa kahIM honA caahie| jaisA ki zilAlekha meM kahA gayA hai| antima kitane hI dazakoM se jisakI vivAdAspada carcA cala rahI hai solahavIM paMkti kA vaha yaza ati mahatva kA hai isameM khAravela aura usake jaina itihAsa ke saMbaMdha meM kucha bhI nahIM hai| pUrva paMkti kI taraha yaha bhI isI bAta ko samarthana karatI hai ki khAravela mahAn jaina thA / jaina zAstra aura unakI surakSitatA meM use kitanI adhika dilacaspI bhI isI kA isameM spaSTa ullekha hai, kyoMki isa paMkti meM kahA gayA hai ki 'maurya rAjA ke kAla meM khoe 64 prakaraNa vAle cAra khaNDa ke aMga-saptikA grantha kA usane uddhAra kiyA / " " jaisA ki hama pahale dekha cuke haiM. DA. phlITa kA isa paMkti kI vyAkhyA bhI bahuta kucha aisI hI hai / hama use yahAM uddhRta karanA ucita samajhate haiM 'sAre varNana meM koI bhI tithi nahIM dI gaI hai, kevala yahI kahA gayA hai ki khAravela ne maurya rAjA vA rAjoM ke samaya meM upekSita sAta graMthoM ke saMgraha ke 64 prakaraNoM yathavA anya vibhAgoM kA aura kucha mUla pAThoM kA uddhAra kiyaa| yahAM hameM magadha ke mahAn duSkAla kA smaraNa ho prAtA hai ki jo bAraha varSa kA thA aura jisakI carcA pUrva adhyAya meM kI jA cukI hai| jaisA ki hama dekha cuke haiM isake pariNAma svarUpa candragupta rAjya chor3akara apane gurU bhadrabAhu evam grantha pravAsiyoM ke sAtha dakSiNa meM calA gayA thaa| isa duSkAla kI samApti para pATalIputra " meM sthUlabhadra yugapradhAna kI pramukhatA meM sAdhusaMgha ekatrita huA thA / ye sthUlabhadra saba kucha jokhama uThAkara bhI deza ke du kA bhISaNa dasyoM ko dekhane ke lie vahIM rahe the| isa prakAra zilAlekha kI yaha paMkti candragupta kAla meM kucha jaina zAstroM ke naSTa yA lupta ho jAne ke vivAda kI dantakathA kA samarthana karatI hai| kaliMga ne bahuta kucha bhadrabAhu aura unake sAtha dakSiNa meM gae anuyAyiyoM kA anugAmI hone se, magadha meM ekatra huI sAdhUsaMgha kI zAstra vAcanA yA pATha ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA yaha spaSTa hai / zilAlekha kI grantima yAne satrahavIM paMkti bhI isake pUrva kI solahavIM paMkti ke sAtha hI par3hI jAnI cAhie / isa prakAra par3hane para hama dekhate haiM ki usameM saMkSepa se khAravela ke pramukha guraNoM kA varNana hone ke sAtha sAtha, usakI sattA kI vyApakatA bhI batAI gaI hai / zilAlekha ke isa aMza meM vizeSa rUpa se hI kucha atizayoktikatA ho sakatI hai aura aisA honA svAbhAvika hai| parantu jaba hamAre sAmane khAravela kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane ko aura koI bhI sAdhana nahIM hai to hameM isa paMkti ko zabdArtha se hI santoSa karanA hogaa| jo ki isa prakAra hai - "vaha vaibhava (kSema) kA rAjA, vistAra (sAmrAjya ke) kA rAjA ( yA prAcIna logoM kA rAjA) bhikSugroM ko dAnI (yA rAjA hote hue bhI bhikSu) dharma kA rAjA jo hita (kalyANoM ko dekhatA, sunatA dhIra dhanubhava karatA hai...' " "rAjA khAravela - zrI mahAn vijetA, rAjarSiyoM ke vaMza meM avatarita huA ho, usane vaha jisakA sAmrAjya vistAra pAyA hai, jisake sAmrAjya ko rakSA sAmrAjya (yA senA) nAyakoM dvArA surakSA kI jAtI hai, vaha jisake ratha 1. vahI, pR. 236 2. eso patrikA, 1910, pR. 826-827 3. Adhunika paTanA inake saMgha ke vRttoM meM aitihAsika mahatva kA sthAna aura usa samaya maurya sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI / 4. isa pariSada ne jainoM ke pavitra gyAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrvo ke prAgama sAhitya ko nizcita kiyA thaa|
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________________ 156 1 aura senA kA avarodha nahIM kiyA gayA hai, vaha jisane pratyeka mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karAyA hai, vaha jo pratyeka dharma kA sammAna karatA hai, vaha jo viziSTa guNoM ke kAraNa kuzala hai...|"] . yahAM kaliMga kA mahAn samrATa, bhikSurAja khAravela aura jainadharma ke mahAn samarthaka rAjoM meM se eka kI AtmakathA samApta ho jAtI hai| prathama paMkti meM hI kiyA arhatoM aura siddhoM kA maMgalAcaraNa, jaina zramaNoM ke lie nirmita mandira aura guphAeM, yApa prAcAryoM ko bhUmi evam anya Avazyaka padArthoM kA dAna, rAjA naMda dvArA apahRta kaliMgajina pratimA kI punaH prApti Adi saba bAteM pratIta karAtI haiM ki khAravela jaina thA, I. pUrva 183 meM caubIsa varSa kI avasthA meM vaha rAjyagaddI para pAyA thaa| battIsa varSa kI avasthA meM usane magadha para pahalI aura 36 varSa kI avasthA meM dUsarI car3hAI kI thI / zrI jAyasavAla ke anusAra usakI mRtyu saMbhavataH I. pUrva 152 meM huI thii|" vaha eka aisA samrATa thA ki jisake vaMza ke viSaya meM hama kucha bhI nahIM jAnate haiM aura jisakI jIvanalIlA ke viSaya meM isa zilAlekha ke ki jisake Upara kAla kA prabhAva par3e binA nahIM raha sakA hai, sivA anya koI bhI sAdhana hameM prApta nahIM hai| phira bhI hama itanA to yahA~ avazya hI kaheMge ki vaha koI pAzcarya kI bAta nahIM hogI ki kisI sudina koI purAtatvajJa vidvAna ko 'rAjarSiyoM kI paramparA ke isa prakhyAta vaMzaja yA uttarAdhikArI' dharmarAja ke viSaya meM isase acchA aura adhika vivaraNa vAlA abhilekha prApta hI ho jaae| yaha niHsaMdeha hI Azcarya hai, hI nahIM avizvAsanIya hai ki jainoM ke pAsa aise vyakti ke viSaya meM kahane kA kucha bhI nahIM hai ki jisakA jaina itihAsa meM yogadAna kisI se bhI kama nahIM thaa| khAravela ke rAjya kA pariNAma aura usake siMhAsanAsIna hone ke pazcAt usakI kI huI naI vijayoM kA paricaya denevAlA aitihAsika athavA anya koI bhI samakAlika abhilekha hameM upalabdha nahIM hai / yaha to hamase dUsarI hI duniyAM kI usa dhvani jaisA hI hai ki jo hameM kahatI hai ki prata prAcIna kAla meM kaliMga kA khAravela nAma kA eka mahAn samrATa thA aura usako tumheM mAna lenA cAhie aura usake smRti cinha rUpa meM hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha se milane vAlI sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para hI samasAmayika aitihAsika vyaktiyoM meM se eka use bhI mAna lenA caahie| zilAlekha kahatA hai ki usane uttara meM mahAn suga rAjA puSyamitra ko harAyA thA / yaha samAcAra suna kara iNDo-grIka rAjA DimeTriyasa mathurA kA gherA uThA kara apane deza ko lauTa gayA thaa| usane dakSiNa meM sAtakarNI aura usake karada rAjyoM ko AdhIna kiyA aura usakI ina vijayoM kI kathA suna kara dhura dakSiNAMta ke pANDya rAjA ne use bahuta aura amUlya bheTeM bhejI thiiN| ___ tulanA ke sAdhanoM ke abhAva meM isa zilAlekha kI kaunasI bAta svIkAra kI jAe aura kauna nahIM, athavA use kisa rUpa meM samajhI jAe, yaha eka bar3I kaThinAI hai| yaha kaThinAI usa samaya aura bhI jaTila ho jAtI hai jaba ki aise sainika abhiyAna jinakA isa zilAlekha meM pracura pramANa milatA hai, aise samAja meM ki jisameM yuddha eka vyavasAya hai aura usa vyavasAyI jAti kA paramparAgata sadasya sainika hai, eka sAmAnya niyama ho jAtA hai aura jahAM apane rAjya kI sImA vistAra karane kI AkAMkSA, jaisA ki hamArI smRtiyAM kahatI hai, hI rAjatva kA eka pramukha 1. khemarAjA sa baDharAjA...anubhavato...kalANAni sava-pAsaMDa-pUjako...khAravelasiri / biuprA patrikA, saM. 4, pR. 403 aura saM. 13, pR. 236 / 2.biuprA patrikA, saM. 13, pR. 243 /
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________________ [ 157 guNa hai / prAcIna aura madhyakAlIna bhArata ke jIvana kA yaha pramukha lakSaNa rAjoM kI viradAvaliyoM meM suspaSTa hai aura isI se zilAlekhoM ke adhikAMza bhAga ki jo Adhunika kAla taka prApta hue haiM, bhare haiM, hama cAhe jitanI bhI udAratA unheM dekheM phira bhI hameM svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai ki ye saba prazastiyAM rAja-kaviyoM yA kRtajJa upahAra prApakoM kI upaja mAtra hai jinakA lakSya apane prazrayadAtA kA gauravagAna hI hotA thA na ki usake rAjya kA bhAvI saMtati ke lie yathArtha varNana prastuta krnaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki saphalatAeM pratiraMjita kI jAtI thI aura asaphalatAeM cuppI sAdha upekSA kara dI jAtI thIM / zilAlekhoM aura prazastiyoM ke vaktavya bahutAMza meM pUrvagrahoM sAkSiyoM ke hI haiN| aura unakA hameM mUlyAMkana bhI usI dRSTi se karanA cAhie yadi hama kAla surakSita aitihAsika sAkSiyoM ke ina katipaya aMzoM kA saccA mUlyAMkana karanA cAhate haiN| hAthIguphA ke zilAlekha meM khAravela kI saphalatAeM atiraMjita haiM aura sara AsutoSa bhukarajI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to "ur3IsA ke samrATa khAravela kA ki jisakA nAma deza ke itihAsa meM se lupta ho kara eka dama vismRta hI ho gayA thA, hAlAMki bhAratavarSa meM I. pUrva kI dUsarI sadI meM aisA mahA nagara kadAcit hI koI thA ki jo usake nAma hI se nahIM to kama se kama usakI zaktizAlI senA ke darzana mAtra se hI kAMpatA thA, pASANa hI hameM pUrNa byaure vAra vRttAMta prastuta karatA hai / ' "I jo bhI ho, phira bhI isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki khAravela apane samaya kA eka pramukha vyakti thA aura naitika dRSTi se vaha utanI UMcAI para pahuMca gayA thA ki vaha surakSita thA, aura jahAM vaha khar3A thA vahAM se phisalane kA hI nahIM thaa| saMkSepa meM vaha apane samaya kA mahAn vyakti thA, jisane apanI mahAnatA ke aneka pramANa usa samaya die bhI jaba ki deva ne use bhAratIya itihAsa kI avyavasthita aura parIkSAtmaka ghar3I meM isa mahAn nirdezana kA avasara prastuta kiyaa| 1. anu adhyAya 9, zlo. 251; adhyAya 10 zlo. 119 Adi / 3 2. biumA patrikA, saM. 10, pR. 8 1
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________________ pAMcavAM adhyAya mathurA ke zilAlekha khAravela kA hAthIguphA kA zilAlekha uttara-bhArata ke jaina itihAsa kA jaise pahalA bhUmicinha hai, mathurA ke jaina zilAlekhoM se vaise hI usa itihAsa ke dUsare yuga ke bhUmicinha prArambha hote hai| ina donoM ke bIca kA arthAt I. pUrva 150 se 16 taka kA samaya ekadama korA hai aisA mAna lenA Avazyaka nahIM hai kyoMki kaliMga ke jaina rAjA ke pazcAt usase bhI adhika suprasiddha ujjayinI kA vikramAditya huA thA jisako jaina apanI sampradAya kA rakSaka mAnate haiN| vahAM prApta prAcIna lekhoM kI sAkSI ke saMkSepa meM sarvekSaNa karane ke pazcAt kaliMga aura mAlavA ke atirikta mathurA ke jainadharma kI eka bar3I bastI ho gaI thI isakA vicAra kreNge| mahAvIra-nirvANa samaya kI carcA karate hue I. pUrva 57 yA 56 meM prArambha honevAle vikrama saMvat kA bhI nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| "vikramacarita' kA jaina pratisaMskaraNa kahatA hai ki jaina muni siddhasena divAkara kA upadeza suna kara, vikrama ne apanI pratiSThA vRddhi ke lie sArI pRthvI ko RNamukta kiyA, aura (aisA karake) usane vardhamAna ke saMvat meM parivartana (jisase parivartana kI sUcanA ho) kara diyaa| usI se paravartI bhAratavarSa ko apanA sarva prathama avicalita yuga yAne samvat prApta huA ki jo Aja taka bhI uttara-bhArata kA sAmAnya yuga yA sambat hai / eDgaTana ke zabdoM meM 'mAtra jainoM kA hI nahIM apitu samasta hindunoM kA aneka sadiyoM se aisA vizvAsa rahA hai / yaha mahAn avantIpati jisake ki gauravamaya dinoM kI aura atimAnavIya guNoM kI jaina evam brAhmaNa donoM hI sAhityoM meM vistAra se kIti gAI gayI hai, apane ko vikramAditya jisakA vyutpanna artha 'parAkrama meM sUrya samAna hotA hai, kahane lagA / usake paravartI aneka rAjAoM ko yaha viruda itanA adhika AkarSaka huA ki aneka ne, usa mahAn vaMza se kucha bhI sambandha na rakhane para bhI, apane nAma ke sAtha yaha viruda lagA liyA / isase pratIta hotA hai ki prathama vikramAditya avazya hI eka ati mahAn rAjA honA cAhie kyoMki aisA nahIM hotA to isa viruda kA itanA adhika prAkarSaNa kisI ko ho hI nahIM sakatA thaa| yaha vahI vikramAditya hai ki jise jainoM ke kathA-sAhitya meM jaina kahA gayA hai| usake pUrvaja gardA malla ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAn jainAcArya kAlakasUri ne, apanI bhaginI sAdhvI ke usake dvArA apaharaNa kie jAne se apamAnita ho kara, sithiyana rAjoM meM se eka ko apane pakSa meM kiyA aura usakI sahAyatA se unane 1. eDagarTana, vikramAja eDaveMcarsa, bhAga 1, prastA. pR. 58 / dekho prabandha cintAmaNi, pR. 11 Adi; zatujaya mahAtmya, sarga, 14, gAthA 103, pR. 8081 2. eDgarTana, vahI, prastA. pR. 59 /
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________________ [ 150 saphalatA pUrvaka isa apamAna kA badalA liyA / DA. zArpaTiyara kahatA hai ki yaha dantakathA aitihAsika rasa kI mAI REPREETTER tanika bhI nahIM ho so bilakula bAMta nahIM hai kyoMki isameM yaha ullekha hai ki kaise jainAcArya kAlaka, ujjaina ke rAjA gardImalla dvArA jo ki, aneka dantakathAoM ke anusAra suprakhyAta vikramAditya kA pitA thA, apamAnita kie jAne para usase pratizodha lene kI dRSTi se zakoM ke deza ko jisakA ki rAjA sAhAnasAhI' kahalAtA thA, ge| yaha viruddha, grIka aura bhAratIya rUpoM meM, nizcaya hI paMjAba ke zaka rAjoM mauesa evam usake uttarAdhikAriyoM dvArA jo ki isa yuge ke haiM, vahana kiyA jAtA thaa| unake uttarAdhikArI kuSANa rAjoM ke sikkoM para zAmonAno zAmo rUpa meM yaha vastuta, pAyA jAtA hai| isalie yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA sarvathA ucita hI hai ki daMtakathA kisI aMza meM avazya hI aitihAsika hai| jo bhI ho, kathA Age cala kara kahatI hai ki kAlaka ne kitane hI zaka satrapoM ko ujjaina para car3hAI aura gardImalla vaMza kA uccheda karane ko taiyAra kara liyaa| parantu usake kucha varSa bAda hI usake putra vikramAditya ne AkrAmakoM ko vahAM se nikAla bhagAyA aura apane pUrvajoM kI gaddI phira se prApta kara lii| isa dantakathA kA aitihAsika AdhAra kyA hai yaha sarvathA anizcita hai / sambhava ho ki isameM I. pUrva pahalI sadI meM hue pazcimI bhArata meM sithiyana rAjya kI ghughalI smRti hI ho| tathya jo bhI ho, parantu yaha jainoM kA ujjaina ke sAtha sambandha kA niHsandeha eka aura pramAraNa prastuta karatA hai| yahI bAta unake vikrama saMvat ke prayoga se bhI ki jo mAlavA deza meM jisakI ki rAjaghAnI ujjaina thI, pracalita huaA thA, sUcita hotI hai| jainAcArya kAlaka ke sambandha meM dUsarI bAta yaha kahane kI hai ki ve dakkhana ke pratiSThAnapura ke rAjA sAtayAna ke pAsa bhI gae the| rAjA indramahotsava ke kAraNa bhAdra zuklA paMcamI ko payUSaNa' jaina varSa kI samApti kA dhArmika parva meM bhAga lene meM azakta thA / ataH gurU ne eka dina pUrva yAne bhAdra zuklA caturthI ko vaha parva usake lie mnaayaa| tabhI meM samasta jaina samAja cautha kA samvatsarI vrata karane lagA hAlAMki paravartI kAla meM bahuta varSoM ke bAda aneka gacchoM ke udbhava hone ke kAraNa yaha cautha usI mAha kI paMcamI meM phira se badalA gaI hai| yaha ghaTanA yadi satya 1. kAlikAcArya-kathA, gAthA 9-40, pR. 1-4 / dekho konova, epI. iNDi., pusta. 14, pR. 293 / 'gardImallo cchedaka kAlakasUri vIrAt 453 meM hue the |'-klaatt, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 1!, pR. 251 / dekho vahI, pR. 24738 zATiyara, kahiiM, bhAga 1, pR. 168; zrImatI sTIvanmana, vahI, pR. 75, maisUra AkiyAlojikala riporTa, 1923, pR. 11 / 2. vazIkRtaH sarivaraH sa sAhi |-kaalkaacaary-kthaa, gAthA 26, pR. 2; sAhAnasAhiH sa ca maNyaterDatra / --vahI, gAthA 27, pR. 3 / dekho... / jaina graMtha kAlakAcArya-kathAnaka meM kahA hai ki unake rAjA sAhI kahe jAte the|' rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 274; yAkobI, jeDaDIemajI, saM. 34, pR. 262 / dekho konova, vahI, pR. 293 / 3. usa (vikramAditya) ne rASTra aura hindUdharma, sithiyanoM ko pUrNatayA harAkara, kI rakSA kI ki jinakA rAjanItika mahatva aura videzIya prAcAra-vicAra bhAratavAsiyoM ko akhara rahA thaa| majumadAra, vahI, pR. 63 / dekho vahI, pR. 638 bhI / 'vikramAditya ne zakoM ko nikAla bhagAyA evaM rAjA bana gayA, jisake pazcAt usane apanA hI yuga yAne samvat pravartana kiyA |'-konov, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 4. zArpaTiyara, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 5 tatazcatuthyAM kriyatAMnapeNa, vijJaptameyaM gurUNA numene :-kAlakAcArya-kathAnaka, gA. 54, pR. 5 / dekho zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 76 / jaisA ki klATa kahatA hai isakA samarthana tapAgaccha paTTAvalI se bhI hotA hai (iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 9, pR. 251) / pakSAntara meM kharataragaccha paTTAvalI meM kahA hai ki kAlaka jinane pardUSaNA parva tithi meM parivartana kiyA, vIrAt 993 meM hue aura yaha ki inake pUrva isI nAma ke do prAcArya aura ho cuke the jinameM se eka vIrAt 453 meM hue aura yahI gardImalla ne sambandhita the|'-innddi, eNTI., pusta. 11, pR. 247 /
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________________ 160 ] ho to do dRSTiyoM se mahatva kI hai / eka to vaha dakSiNa meM zvetAmbaroM kA sambandha batAtI hai aura dUsare dakSiA ke aise jaina rAjA kA vaha ullekha karatI hai ki jisakA kAlakAcArya jaise mahAn gurU taka itanA mAna rakhate the aura jisakA pajjUSaNa jaise mahAn jaina dhArmika parva kI tithi parivartana karAne meM pramukha bhAga thaa|' gardImalla ke uttarAdhikArI vikramAditya kA vicAra karate hue janoM ke ullekhoM se hameM patA calatA hai ki jana sAhitya ke itihAsa meM prakhara jyotidhara zrI siddhasena divAkara usake darabAra meM usa samaya rahate the aura unhIM ne mahAn rAjA vikrama ko aura zrImatI sTIvansana ke anusAra 'kumArapura ke rAjA' devapAla ko bhI / jainadharmI banAyA thA, isI samaya ke lagabhaga do aura ghaTanAeM bhI ghaTita huI kahI jAtI haiN| pahalI to yaha ki marUca meM jaina sAdhU snAmaka vAdI Arya khapuTa dvArA bauddhoM kI vAda meM hAra / aura dUsarI yaha ki jainoM ke parama pavitra za'tujaya tIrtha ke pAsa pAlItAraNA nagara kI sthApana yAvasAhara / kharataragaccha paTTAvalI kahatI hai ki mahAvIra ke pATa se solahaveM zrI vanasvAmI (vI.saM. 496-584) ne dakSiNa kI ora bauddhoM ke pradeza meM jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra kiyA thA / pAlItAraNA sthApanA kI dUsarI ghaTanA kA sambandha pAdaliptAcArya se hai jo ki vikrama mahAn ko samakAlika the / ' janoM ke anusAra pAdaliptAcArya ko AkAzagAminI vidyA siddha thii| isa para TipaNa karate hue zrImatI sTIvansana kahatI hai ki "zatrujaya kI sthApanA eka jainAcArya ne kI thI ki jinameM AkAzagAminI vidyA thI aura jinake eka ziSya kosuvarNasiddhi prApta thii| ina do zaktiyoM ke prabhAva se vahAM saMsAra kA advitIya mandira nagara basa gyaa|" isa tIrtha ke sambandha meM kharataragaccha paTTAvalI meM kahA hai ki vIrAt 570 meM vaha jIrNa ho gayA thA aura vikrama ke samakAlika 1. rAjA sAtayAna pakkA jaina thA, yaha kAlakAcArya-kathA (gAthA 50-54, pR. 4-5) se yadyapi spaSTa hai parantu vaha kauna thA, isakA kucha bhI patA nahIM hai / pratiSThAnapura sAtavAhanoM kI pazcimI rAjadhAnI thI, isase hama avagata haiM / jaina dantakathA isa vaMza ke rAjA hala ko bhI janI hI kahatI hai / delo glasanyapa Dera jainismasa, pR. 533; jhaverI, nirvANakalikA prastAvanA pR. 11 / 2. dekho, zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 3. usa (siddhasena divAkara) ne vikramAditya ko vIrAta 470 meM jainadharmI banAyA thaa| -"klATa, vahI, pR. 247 / dekho vahI, pR. 251; eDgaTana, vahI, pR. 251 Adi; zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 77; TAnI, vahI, pR. 116 Adi; maisUra AkiyAlojikala sarve, 1923, pR. 101 4. vidyAsiddhA prAryakhapuTA prAcAryA:...magukacche...buddho nirgataH, pAdayoH patitaH / -pAvazyaka sUtra pR. 411-4121 dekho jhaverI, vahI aura vahI sthaan| 5. dekho vahI, prastA. pR. 19%; zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 77-78 / 6. dekho klATa, yahI, pR. 247; hemacandra, pariziSTaparvan, sarga 12, zloka 311, 388; Avazyaka sUtra, pR. 295 / 7. klATa, vahI, pR. 247, 251 / "(pAdalipta) pAlitasUri pAlItAraNA ko nIMva se niHsandeha sambandhita haiN| jhaverI, vahI, vahI sthaan| 8. pAdalipta ne pairoM meM prauSadhi lagAkara ur3ane kI yaha gaganavAhinI vidyA prApta kI thI aura ve roja zatrujaya, giranAra yA revatagiri sahita pAMca tIrtho kI yAtrA kiyA karate the / -vahI prastA. pR. 11 / dekho TAnI, vahI, pR. 1951 1.zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 78, ttippnn.1| "nAgArjuna...pAdaliptasUri kA ziSya...svarNasiddhi prApta karane ko prayatnazIla thA..mAdi -jhaverI, vahI, prastA:pR.12 1
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________________ mAyar3a ke putra jAgar3a ne usakA uddhAra karAyA thaa| jaina dantakathAnusAra yaha rAjA aura jAva donoM pAlItANA yAtrA ke lie gae aura donoM vahAM rahe usa bhartI meM unane zIghaM kI rakSA ke lie bahuta mana kharca kiyA thaa|" dakSiNa ke sAtha zvetAmbaroM ke sambandha ke viSaya meM kAlaka kI bhAMti hI padAlipta kI bhI gaNanA honA cAhie / haribhadrasUri kI samyAtvasaptati meM likhA hai ki ye mahAn prAcArya mAnyakheTa gae the / aura ina saba sthAnoM meM 'sadguNoM sampanna jainasaMgha' the| isa prakAra pAdalipta aura kAlaka kI dantakathAeM spaSTataH sUcita karatI haiM ki I. pUrva pahalI zatI meM dakSiNa meM zvetAmbara jainoM kI hI pramukhatA thii| * samyAtvasaptati ke anusAra pratiSThAnapura kA rAjA zAlivAhana pAdalipta ko 'saba burI dhArmika paddhatiyoM' kA dhanta kara dene vAlA kahatA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zAlivAhana bhI pAdalipta ke hI sampradAya kA yAne zvetAmbara jaina honA cAhie / " vikrama samaya kI ina saba bAtoM ko vicAra karate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye saba bahutAMza meM paTTAvaliyoM para hI AdhArita hai jo ki "bahuta kucha kAlpanika aura sadigdha hai aura janasaMgha ke Adhunika gacchoM yA upabhedoM dvArA surakSita rakhI gaI haiN|"" isake sivA inakA AdhAra vaha sAhitya bhI hai jo usa kAla kA racita hai jisakI hamArI pratipAdya pravadhi se jarA bhI mela nahIM hai| dekhane kI bAta yaha hai ki ina saba saMyogoM para se kyA hama aise nizcaya para pA sakate haiM ki jaina dantakathA ekadama nirAdhAra hai aura yaha ki madhyakAlIna bhArata ke tathA kathita prakhyAta vIroM meM kA yaha vikramAditya ekadama dantakathAoMoM kA hI rAjA hai ? [ 161 isa sambandha ke bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM ke mantavyoM kI yathAsambhava sUkSma parokSa eDgarTana ne apane graMtha 'vikramsa eDaveMcarsa" kI prastAvanA meM kI hai / una mantavyoM ke nirasana meM prastuta kie isa vidvAna ke tarkoM kI punarAvRtti kie binA hI yaha kahanA paryApta hogA ki vikramAditya kI bAta aneka vyaktiyoM ke sambandha meM nizcaya pUrvaka kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA abhilekhoM yA sikkoM sevArA nirvivAda hai / koI bhI kAraNa nahIM hai ki "isa hindU prArthara rAjA " - sacce rAjA ke lie anukaraNIya Adarza kI satyatA meM avizvAsa kiyA jAe jaba ki usakA sAdhAra "jaina aura brAhmaNa donoM hI granthoM" meM hai| eDgarTana ke zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki "aisA lagatA hai ki jaina yuvapradhAnAcAryoM kI sUciyoM ko alaga rakha de to bhI prAcIna bhArata kI sakatA hai hAlAMki unakI aitihAsikatA 1. jAvar3a, saurASTra ke eka vyApArI ne cIna aura pUrvI dvIpa samUhoM ko eka jahAjI ber3A bhejA thA jo bAraha varSa bAda suvarNa se ladA huyA lauTA thA jAvada kA pitA vikrama kA samakAlIna vaa...|" majumadAra, vahI, pR. 65 1 dekho zatru jaya mAhAtmya, sarga 14, gA. 104, 192 Adi, pR. 808, 816 Adi; jhaverI, vahI prastAvanA pR. 19 / 2. dekho zatrujya mAhAtmya sarga 14, gAthA 280 pR. 824 3. mAnyaseTa yA mAnyakSetra prAja kA mAlAkher3A hI kahA jAtA hai jo ki nijAma rAjya meM hai / dekho jyogrAphikala DikSinerI, pR. 1261 yaha mAlAkher3A yA mAnyakheTa jahAM pAdaliptasUri gae the, paravartI sadiyoM meM rAjadhAnI rUpa se prakhyAta ho gayA thA ki jinameM jainadharma ke saMrakSaka aura mAnane vAle rAjA kucha hI 4. yavatvasaptati zloka 96, 97 dekho maisUra sAkiyAlojikala riporTa 1923, pR. 10-11 adhikAMza samaya pAdaliptasUri mAnaleTapura meM hI rahe the|" jhaverI, vahI, prastA. pR. 10 devo maigrAri 1923, pR 11 bhaverI vahI prastA. pR. 11 5. samyaktvasaptati gAthA 158 6. zArpeTiyara, vahI, pR. 1671 7. eDgarTana, vahI, prastA. pR. 58 Adi rASTrakaToM kI nahIM the / "jIvana kA
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________________ 162 ] yAne paTTAvaliyoM bhAratIya itihAsa ke anya sAdhanoM jitanI hI sasya aura vizvasta haiM aisA kahanA niHsandeha atizayoktika nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie)...mujhe yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki jainoM ke itivRttoM ko bilakula hI amAnya kara dene kA koI bhI nizcita aura suspaSTa kAraNa hai aura yaha suspaSTa kaha dene kA ki vikrama nAma kA koI rAjA I. pUrva 57 varSa meM huA hI nahIM thaa| kyA hama usa sadI kA itihAsa paryApta jAnate haiM ki jisase hama yaha kaha sakeM ki mAlavA ko sthAnIya una nAmoM meM se kisI bhI nAma ke rAjA ne ki jinase vikrama pahacAnA jAtA hai, madhyabhArata meM apanA rAjya itanA vyApaka nahIM kara liyA hogA (hAlAMki hindU atizayoktiyAM use sArvabhauma cakravartI hI mAnatI haiM parantu vaisA sarvabhauma use svIkAra karane kI hameM jarA bhI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ?" / eDgarTana ke sivA anya vidvAna jaise ki hUlara aura TAnI bhI jaina itivRttoM kI aitihAsikatA kI rakSA karate haiM / DaoN. vhUlara kahatA hai ki "vizeSarUpa se yaha svIkAra karanA hI cAhie ki prAcIna aura hAla kI varNanAtmaka kathAnoM kI vyaktiyAM yathArtha hI aitihAsika haiN| yadyapi kabhI kabhI aisA bhI hanA hai ki koI vyakti jima samaya vaha humA usase pUrva athavA paravartI kAla meM rakha dI gaI ho aura usake viSaya meM kitanI hI ekadama asaMbhavasI bAteM kaha dI gaI hai, phira bhI aisI bAta koI nahIM hai ki jisase hama nizcayatA se yaha kaha sakeM ki ina vRttoM meM ullikhita vyakti ekadama kAlpanika hI hai| pakSAntara meM, pratyeka prApta hone vAlA nayA zilAlekha pratyeka prAcIna pustaka saMgraha aura pratyeka yathArthataH aitihAsika grantha jo prakAza meM AtA hai, unameM variNata eka yA dUsare vyakti ke astitva kA samarthana hI milatA hai| isI prakAra unakI dI huI tithiyA bhI hamArI vizeSa sAvadhAnI kI apekSA rakhatI haiN| isa varga ke do granthoM se unakA jaba samarthana ho jo ki eka dUsare se bilakula hI svatantra haiM to binA hicakicAhaTa ke unheM aitihAsikarUpa se satya mAna lenA hI ucita hai|" DaoN. sTena koneva to isase bhI bar3hakara kahatA hai ki "vikrama kI dantakathAoM ke prati aba vidvAna nyUna upekSA rakhane vAle hote jA rahe haiN| vaha mahAn santa 'kAlakAcArya-kathAnaka' ko aura usake ajamAnAdi kI bAtoM kA ucita hI svAgata karatA hai / usake zabda hI isa sambandha meM uddhRta karanA ThIka hai| vaha kahatA hai ki "maiM jAnatA hUM ki aneka yUropIyana vidvAna, yadyapi unameM se adhikAMza bhAratIya dantakathA ko sasammAna varNana karate haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA unakA koI vicAra hI nahIM karate haiM / parantu aisA unake karane kA kAraNa merI samajha meM hI nahIM AtA hai| kAlakAcArya-kathAnaka ke vRttAMta ko avizvAsa hama kareM isakA mujhe koI bhI kAraNa nahIM mAlUma detA hai / maiM ne anyatra yaha siddha kiyA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM mAlavA meM rAjA vikramAditya kA honA mAnane ke hamAre sAmane aneka kAraNa haiM," aAdi / ' isa prakAra zArpaTiyara, eDgarTana, hUlara, TAnI aura sTena konova ke pramANAnusAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki janoM kA dantakathA sAhitya aitihAsika mAne jAne kA yathArthataH adhikArI hai, aura vikrama aura usake samvat kI vAstavikatA asvIkRta nahIM kI jAnI caahie| viseMTa smitha kA Adhunikatama mata bhI kucha aisA hI hai kyoMki vaha kahatA hai ki "aisA koI rAjA hA ho, yaha sambhava hai| phira, jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha Ae haiM, avantI athavA mAlavA kA rAjya mahAvIra ke dinoM meM bhI jainadharma kA kendra rahA thaa| mauryoM ke samaya meM vaha aura bhI adhikAdhika prAge pAyA aura anta meM unake antima dinoM ke pazcAta jaina jaise dhIre-dhIre magadha rAjya 1. vahI pR.64 / 2. mhUlara, ubera DAsa lebena Dresajaina-mUkasa hemacandra pR. 6 / dekho TAnI, vahI, prastA. pR. 6-7; vahI, pR. 5 prAdi / 3.konova, vahI, pR. 29414.smitha mAksapharDa hisTrI prApha iNDiyA, 1511
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________________ se apanA sthAna khAte gae, vaise hI bhArata ke pazcimI pradezoM meM pravAsI hote gae jahA~ ve sthAyI rUpa se basa gae aura unakI vaha basAhaTa vahAM prAMja taka kAyama hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki uttara bhArata ke jainadharma ke usa kAla ke itihAsa meM kaliMga kA apanA hI khAsa yogadAna hai, parantu phira bhI jainoM kI taba sAmAnya vRtti pazcima kI ora ho gaI thI aura I. pUrva dUsarI sadI ke madhya se jisa dUsare sthAna meM jainoM kI bastI sudRr3ha jama rahI thI, vaha mathurA thA / candragupta ke dinoM meM aura usake pazcAt samprati aura khAravela ke dinoM meM bhI jainoM kA phailAva sAdhAraNa rUpa se vIryavAna rahA ho aisA lagatA hai| ina mahAn samrAToM ke dhArmika dRSTikoNa aura bhAvoM kI bAta jAne bhI deM to bhI jainoM ke asAdhAraNa vIryavAna prasAraNa kI sAkSI hameM una aneka jaina kuloM aura zAbA meM milatI hai ki jinake janasaMgha meM hone kA hame I. pUrva lagabhaga dUsarI sadI se prArambha hone vAle kI tithiyoM ke mathurA ke zilAlekhoM se paricaya milatA hai / mathurA ke ye zilAlekha hameM uttarI bhArata ke iNDosithiyana rAjya kAla taka le pAte haiN| hama yaha to dena hI pAe haiM ki candragupta ne apane ko mesIDonI jur3e ke nIce karAha rahe. una bhAratIyoM kA netA banA liyA thA aura ye Dara ke pratyAgamana pazcAt usakI senA ko harA kara bhArata ke gale para se "dAsatA kA vaha jur3A " dUra phaika diyA thA / alyaikjeNDara ke pratyAgamana pazcAt hI deza meM kaisI ghaTanAeM ghaTI isakA spaSTa paricaya hameM nahIM hai / "mahAn pratyekjaNDara kI mRtyu ke pazcAt turanta hI bhArata kI ghaTanAoM ne kyA mArga liyA thA usa para aMdhakAra kA panAkoharA chAyA huA hai| phira bhI itanA to nizcita hI hai ki usakI mRtyu ke lagabhaga eka sadI pazcAt taka maurya samrAToM kI suddha bAhuyoM ne bhArata ko bhAratiyoM ke lie sabhI prAkrAntoM se bacAe rakhA bA aura unake pavana par3osiyoM ke sAtha bhI samAna vartAva hI kiyA gayA thA / " 163 mauyoM ke pazcAt gama kA brAhmaNa yugoM kA rAjatantra aura uttara-pazcima kA grIka taMtra khAravela ke netRtva meM hue cediyoM ke pracaNDa prAkramaNoM ke sAmane jhukate jA rahe the, yaha hama dekha prAe haiN| DimeTriyasa aura yukreTiDasa kI prApasI lar3AiyoM meM grIka zakti ko kitanI nirbala banA diyA thA ki yaha bhI hama ullekha kara cuke haiN| baikTriyA ke yavanoM ke anya bhAratIya duzmanoM kA aura suraMgoM ke viruddha kie sAtavAhanoM ke pracaNDa zrAkramaNoM kA vicAra karane kA hamArA koI irAdA nahIM hai / parantu itihAsa kI salagatA kI dRSTi se itanA kaha denA hI paryApta hogA ki 'I. pUrva dUsarI aura pahalI sadI meM kAphirastAna aura gaMdhAra ke bhAgoM meM yavanoM kA rAjya utthApita hokara usake sthAna meM zakoM kA rAjya sthApita ho gayA thA / * repsana ke zabdoM meM bhArata kI rAjanaitika vicchatA, mithi panoM dvArA I. pUrva lagabhaga 135 meM baikTriyA kI vijaya se aura roma evam pArthiyA ke lambe saMgharSa se jisakA ki prArambha I. pUrva 53 meM huA thA samApta ho cukI thI / " ina zaka rAjoM meM ke eka muraNDa nAma ke rAjA ke sAtha pAdalipphAcArya kA pragAr3ha paricaya thA jainoM ke dantakathA sAhitya ke anusAra yaha muSTha pATalIputra kA rAjA ho aisA lagatA hai / usake darabAra meM pAdalpita kA prabhAva pUrA-pUrA jamA huA thA / " isa mahAn prAcArya ne isa 1. dekho zArpeTiyara, vahI zrora vahI sthAna 2. maeNkaDonyelDa, kehi bhAga 1, pu. 427 3. dekho mica, parlI hisTrI grApha iNDiyA, pR. 253 1 4. rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 2731 5. remsana, kehi bhAga 1, pR.60 1 6. pATalIpure... rAjAsti muraNDo nAma...sa... hutAntaH karaNAM nRpaH sUrebalisya prAdAnAM praNAnecchu raveriva |'prbhaavkcrit pAdaliptaprabaMdha, zloka 44 61 dekho samyaktva saptati, gAyA 48; maMdhAri, 1923, pR. 11 jharI. vahI, prastA. pR. 80 1 "
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________________ 164] rAjA kI bhayaMkara zirapIr3A ko zAMta kiyA thA prabhAvakacarita nAmaka grantha meM isa ghaTanA kA ina zabdoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai ' pAdalipta jyoM hI apanI aMgulI usake ghuTane para lagAte haiM ki turanta hI rAjA muraNDa kI zirovedanA dUra ho jAtI hai|" baikTriyA ke sithiyana (zaka) prAkrAmakoM ke bAda yUtho paae| jaba I. pahalI sadI meM ina yUciyoM ke pramukha kabIloM, kuSANa, ne turkistAna aura baikTriyA sahita uttara-pazcima bhArata taka apanA sAmrAjya vistAra kara liyA to yaha kuSANa sAmrAjya bhArata aura cIna ke bIca meM zRMkhalA rUpa ho gayA aura prApasI vyavahAra kA eka saphala sAdhana bhI vaha banA jisakA pariNAma lAbhaprada hI huaa| pichale kucha varSoM kI khojoM ne pramANita kara diyA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti, bhAratIya bhASA aura bhAratIya prakSara cInI turkistAna meM sthApita ho gae the / aura tA. ci. mahattA ke zabdoM meM phira kaheM to cInI turkistAna ke guhA mandiroM ke citra kArya meM jaina viSayoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya sAmAnya itihAsa kI isa rUparekhA ke bAda mathurA ke zilAlekhoM kI ora hama pAeM pora jainadharma ke sAtha unake sambandha ke mahatva kI parIkSA kare / kaniMthama ke nimna zabdoM kI apekSA unakA aitihAsika mahatva dUsarA koI bhI acchI taraha se nahIM batA sakatA hai:-ina zilAlekhoM se milane vAle tathya bhAratIya prAcIna itihAsa ke lie vizeSa mahatva ke haiN| ina saha lekhoM kA sAmAnya abhiprAya eka hI hai yAne amuka vyaktiyoM dvArA apane dharma kI pratiSThArthaka lie, aura apane evam apane mAtA-pitAoM ke lAbhArthaM die dAnoM bheToM kA abhilekha krnaa| jahAM zilAlekha kevala isa sAdhAraNa bAta kA hI vijJApana karatA ho to usakA kucha mahatva nahIM hotA, parantu jaba ina mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM, jaisA ki adhikAMza meM dekhA jAtA hai, dAtAoM ne usa kAla meM rAjya karate rAjA kA nAma, dAna dene kI tithi aura samvat de die haiM. vahAM ye naSTa itihAsa ke rUparekhA pRSThoM kI vastutaH utanI hI pUrti kara dete haiN| jo sIdhI sUcanA inase prApta hotI hai, vaha eka prAcIna evam ati mahatva ke yuga kI yAne IsavI san " ke prArambha ke kucha hI pUrva aura paravartI kAla kI hai jaba ki, jaisA ki hama cInI prAdhAroM se jAnate haiM, bhaNDosithiyanoM ne samasta uttara bhArata ko jIta liyA thA hAlAMki unake vijita kSetra kA vistAra bilkula hI prajJAta hai / isalie ina upalabdha zilAlekhoM kA mahatva yaha hai ki hameM inase patA lagatA hai ki mathurA para sthAI adhikAra samvat 9 ke kucha hI pUrva ho gayA thA jabaki jhaNDo- sithiyana rAjA kaniSka uttara-pazcimI bhArata varSa aura paMjAba para rAjya karatA thA / " - mathurA ke aneka jaina zilAlekha kaMkAlI TIle se hI prApta hue haiM jo ki kaTarA se AdhI mIla dUra dakSiNa meM hai| kaTarA mathurA ke purAne kile se pazcima kI ghora eka mIla para hai| yaha kaMkAlI TolA bahuta phailA huA rahA ho aisA lagatA hai| isase prApta huI sabhI grAkAra bar3I se bar3I aurausase choTI kI mUrtiyoM kI sakhyA ko jela TekarI se prApta bauddha mUrtiyoM kI saMkhyA hAlAMki ve bhI bahuta hai phira bhI, nahIM pahuMcI hai / 4 Aja jahAM vaha TIlA hai, 1. prabhAvaka carita, zloka 59 | dekho samyaktva - saptati, gAthA 62; maizrAri, 1923, vahI aura vahI sthAna | 2. mathurA ke vadha ke zilAlekha bhI nI ghora viSaya meM jainoM ke zilAlekhoM jaise hI haiM patrikA (naI mAlA). saM. pU. 182 3. kanidhana, AsaI, pusta. 3, pR. 38-39 / dekho DAsana, rAeso 4. dekho vahI, pR. 46 / "kaMkAlI TolA kyA to mUrtiyoM meM aura kyA zilAlekhoM meM bahuta hI urvara rahA hai aura ye saba... vizuddha jaina smAraka hai| UMcAI kI bhUmi para eka bar3A jambU svAmI kA utsagita jaina mandira hai... vahI, pR. 191 yaha mandira caurAsI TIle ke nikaTa hai ki jo dekho vahI pusta. 17 pU. 112 1 usa sthAna para vArSika melA lagA karatA hai... svayam eka anya jaina sthApatya kA sthAna hai|"
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________________ [ 165 vahAM kisI samaya do bhavya mandira rahe hoNge| aneka lekha to khar3I aura baiThI nagna mUrtiyoM ke pAdapITha para khude hue haiM, jinameM se kucha mUrtiyAM comukhI yAni caturmukha haiN| DaoN. hUMlare ke anusAra nIce kA lekha unameM prAcInatama hai| samanasa mAharakhitAsa prAMtevAsisa vachIputrasa sAvakAsa (srAvakAsa) uttaradAsaka pAsAdotoranaM / / "mahArakhita (mAgharakSita) muni ke ziSya, vachI ke putra (vAtsI mAtA paura) zrAvaka uttaradAsaka (uttaradAsaka) ke mandira ke upayoga ke lie prAsAda toraNa (bhett)|"' eka dama prAcIna akSara aura anya bhASAyI viziSTatAnoM ke kAraNa vaha vidvAna mAnatA hai ki yaha lekha isavIM pUrva dUsarI zatI ke madhya kA honA caahie| isake paravartI kAla meM ve do zilAlekha pAte haiM ki jinakA sambandha mathurA ke satrapoM se hai| inameM se eka to pUrNa hai aura dUsarA 'bhA' se prArambha hone vAle kisI kSatrapa mahArAja kA nAma mAtra detA hai| pahalA zilAlekha mahAkSatrapa zoDAsa ke 42veM varSa aura hemanta Rtu ke dUsare mahIne kA hai| isameM pAmohinI nAma kI kisI strI ke pujA kI zilA utsagita karAe jAne kA ullekha hai / isa lekha meM kisa samvat kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| ___ kaMkAlI TIle ke isI rAjA ke nAma vAle dUsare zilAlekha para se mahAkSatrapa zoDAsa kA patA sabase pahale kanidhama ne khoja nikAlA thA / aAjeja (Azes) ke sikkoM se milate julate isake sikkoM para se usa vidvAna ne isakA samaya lagabhaga 80-57 I. pUrva mAnA thA aura yaha anumAna lagAyA thA ki vaha mathurA ke dUsare kSatrapa rAjubala athavA raMjubala kA hI putra ho| isa anumAna kA samarthana mathurA ke siMhadhvaja se bhI hotA hai ki zoDAma ko chatrava (kSatrapa) aura mahAchatrava rAjUla (raMjudula) kA putra kahatA hai| pro. repsana kahatA hai ki "mahA kSatrapa rAjUla, jisakA dUsare lekhoM meM rAjubala nAma bhI milatA hai, niHsaMdeha hI vaha raMjubula hai ki jisane pUrva paMjAba meM rAjya karate hae yavanarAja sTreTo / ma aura sTreTozya kI nakala zatrapa aura mAhazatrapa nAma se sikke pAr3e the / vaha zoDAsa kA pitA thA ki jisake samaya meM isa smAraka kA nirmANa huaA thaa| isake bAda mathurA kI amohinIvAlI zilA meM zoDAsa svayam mahA kSatrapa rUpa se ullikhita hai aura usakA samaya 42 veM varSa kI hemanta Rtu kA dUsarA mahInA hai|" zilAlekha meM kisa saMvat kA ullekha hayA hai isa sambandha meM mata vibhinnatA hai; parantu jisa zailI se isameM tithi dI gaI hai usase yaha bahuta hI sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki usameM kisI bhAratIya saMvat kA hI prayoga huA hai|" yadi yaha mAnya ho, jaisA ki sambhava lagatA hai, to vaha vikrama saMvat hI (I.pUrva 57) hai, aura isalie zilAlekha 1. vhUlara, epI. iNDi., pusta. 2, lekha saM. 1, pR. 198-199 / 2. vahI, pR. 1951 3. dekho hUlara, epI, iNDi., pusta. 2, lekha saM. 3, pR. 1991 4. dekho vahI, lekha 2, pR. 1991 5. dekho kanidhama, vahI, pR. 30, lekha saM. 1 / 6. dekho vahI, pR. 40-41 | "raMjula, rajuvula yA rAjUlA kA paricaya zilAlekhoM aura sikkoM donoM se hI milatA hai| mathurA ke nikaTastha morA ke brahmI akSaroM ke eka zilAlekha meM use mahAkSatrapa kahA gayA hai| parantu grIka dantakathA usake kucha sikkoM para use 'rAjoM kA rAjA, rakSaka' kahatI huI yaha batAtI hai ki sambhavataH usane apanI svatantra sattA ghoSita kara dI thii|" -rAyacaudharI, vahI, pa. 283 / 7. vhii| 8. repsana, kahiiM, bhAga 1, pR. 575 / 9. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 283 prAdi: smitha, vahI, pR. 241, tti.1| 10. dekhoM repsana, vahI, pR. 575-5761
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________________ 166] kI tithi I. pUrva 1,6-15 honA cAhie DA. kronova ne zoDAsa ke milAlekha meM vikrama saMvat ullikhita kie jAne ke vAstavika kAraraNa dikhAe haiM / ' usakA kahanA hai ki 'mujhe lagatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAra mahInoM kI eka Rtu aura tIna RtunoM ke anusAra tithi dene kI paddhati hI bAda meM vikrama saMvat kA khAsa lakSaraNa mAnA jAne lagA thaa| prAcInatama zilAlekhoM se jinameM ki isa saMvat kA ullekha hai. sUcita hotA hai ki vaha mAlava samvat kahA gayA hai| isa sambada ke prayoga ke do prAcInatama udAharaNa yAne naravarmana kAla ke mandasora ke aura dUsare kumAragupta 1ma kAla kI vahIM ke lekha meM Rtue spaSTa rUpa se dI gaI haiN| isa prakAra maiM mAnatA hUM ki zoDAsa ne apane zilAlekha meM vikrama saMvata kA hI vyavahAra kiyA hai aura yahI sambat kaniSka aura usake vaMzajoM ne samasta bhArata varSa kI apanI tithiyoM ke lie svIkAra kiyA hai kyoMki prajAkIya gaNanA ke lie uttara bhArata meM vahI samvat vyavahRta hotA thA / 2 ina do kSatrapa zilAlekhoM ke bAda vaise nIce vargita kiyA gayA hai aura jo bahUlara ke kA eka ullekha yogya hai : 'arhatu vardhamAna ko namaskAraH zakoM aura pAtheyoM ko kAle nAga ke samAna gotiputra ( guptiputra) kI kauzika gotra kI patni zivamitrA ne pUjA kI eka zilA karAI thI / * zilAlekhoM kA samUha prAtA hai jinheM 'zrApe' (Archaie) zIrSaka ke anusAra kaniSka ke pUrva ke yuga yA kAla ke haiM / ina meM se nIce DA. kUlara ke anusAra gotiputra aura kauzika aura zakoM ko eka kAle nAga ke samAna vAkya usake hai ki 'isase jina yuddhoM kA nirdeza hotA hai ve yA to athavA unakI sattA haTa jAne ke bAda ke bhI ho sakate haiM aura sambhavatayA I. pUrva 1lI sadI ke ho sakate haiM. sithiyana vijaya se pahale kA likhA huA ho to yaha jaina mandira kI karatA hai jahAM ki lekha upalabdha huA thA / " zivamaya donoM hI rAjakula ke the aura 'gotIputra, pAyeyoM vIra jAti ke hone kI sUcanA dete haiN| vaha vidvAna kahatA kaniSka ke pUrva sithiyanoM ne mathurA jItA usake pUrva ke hIM haiM / lekha ke prakSara jo ki vizeSa rUpa se purAnI paripATI ke pahale vikalpa kA pakSa hI samarthana karate haiN| yadi zilAlekha prAcInatA kA mUlyavAna pramANa bhI prastuta tithiyAM dI haiM aura jo kaniSka, huviSka jinheM bhI unhIM ke samaya kA kahA jAtA inake bAda kAlakramAnusArI lekhoM kA vaha samUha prAtA hai ki jinameM aura vAsudeva kA ullekha karate haiN| inake atirikta bhI tithi vAle lekha hai hai hAlAMki unameM usa kupAe rAjoM meM se kisI ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM huA hai / ' saM. 11 se 24 ke lekhoM kA samUha', DA. bahUlara kahatA hai ki, bhI tithi vAle lekhoM kA hai ki jo merI rAya meM kaniSka, hRviSka, aura vAsudeva hai| phira bhI merA vizvAsa hai ki ke kAla ke hI haiN| parantu unameM se eka meM bhI rAjA kA nAma nahIM diyA huA jo koI ina rAjoM ke nAma vAle tithyAMkita lekhoM se sAvadhanI ke sAtha inheM para nahIM AegA 18 milAegA, vaha kisI granya niSkarSa ye tithIvAle kupArA lekha sambat 4 se sambada 98 kI jJAta sImA ke haiN| yaha samvat vikrama yA abhya koI yaha ThIka ThIka kahanA sambhava nahIM hai| "isa yuga kI kAla gaNanA bhAratIya itihAsa kI pratyadhika usakI huI samasyA rahI hai aura aba bhI isakA koI hala nikala grAyA ho aisA nahI kahA jA sakatA hai / kahane kA 1. dekho konova epI. iNDi pusta. 14 . 139-141 3. skUlara, vahI, pusta. 2. lekha saM. 4-10, pR. 1961 5. vahI, pR. 3941 6. saz, qft. for.. gen. 196 1 , 2. dekho konova, vahI pu. 139 141 4. vahI, lekha, saM. 23, pR. 396 I 7. dekho vahI kaniSama vahI pu. 141 ,
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________________ [ 167 tAtparya yaha hai ki anumAna Aja bhI zaMkA spada hI hai|"1 kuSANa kAla gaNanA kI mahatvapUrNa bAta ke viSaya meM grAja bahata mata vibhinna uThatA hai| phira bhI, aneka gaNamAnya vidvAnoM ke sAtha hama bhI kaha sakate haiM ki ina lekhoM meM prayukta samvat I. 78 se prArambha hone vAlA zaka samvat hI hai|" kaMkAlI TIle ko jaina pAdapITha ko eka zilAlekha isa prakAra kA hai "siddha mahArAjasya kaniSkasya saMvatsara navame...mAse pratha...divase 5,' yaadi| yadyapi zoDAsa aura anya kuSANa zilAlekhoM kI bhAMti evam prAcIna mAlava-vikrama saMvat kI rIti anusAra yahA~ bhI Rtu, mAsa aura dina kramAnusAra kI tithi ullekha karane kI bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna paddhati hI hama dekhate hai, phira bhI aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki kuSANa rAjoM ne kisI bhI saMyoga meM zaka samvat kA upayoga nahIM kiyA thaa| pakSAntara meM prAcIna vikrama saMvat kI isa lAkSaNikatA kA kaniSka aura usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne apane brAhmIlipika abhilekhoM meM upayoga kiyA ho to vaha kucha bhI anahonI bAta nahIM hai aura hama yaha jAnate hI haiM ki kuSANoM meM eka rAjA kA nAma vAsudeva thA jo ki vizuddha bhAratIya nAma hai| . phira kuSANoM ke sambandha meM vikrama saMvat svIkAra kara lene se mathurA ke kSatrapoM ke uttarAdhikAriyoM kI sthiti kA nizcaya karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| hamArI yaha kaThinAI usa samaya aura bhI bar3ha jAtI hai jaba ki hama jAnate haiM ki kaniSkavaMzajoM ke samaya meM mathurA bhI usI eka sAmrAjya kA aMza thA / anta meM takSazilA ke prAcIna khaNDaharoM kI khudAI meM sara jAhna mArzala ko mile avazeSoM se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki kaniSka kA samaya IsavI pahalI sadI ke anta kA honA cAhie aura isako cInI itihAsakAroM ke varNanoM se tulanA karate hue aura usake sAtha ina zilAlekhoM kI tithi kA mela biThAte yaha nizcaya hotA hai ki IsavI 78 meM prArambha hotA prakhyAta zaka samvat kaniSka ne pravartana kiyA hI hogaa| isa prakAra kuSANa zilAlekhoM meM nirdiSTa saMvat 4 se 98 kA samaya I. lagabhaga 82 se 176 kA AtA hai| kuSANa zilAlekhoM meM ke do vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| inameM kA eka sAmpradAyika itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatva kA hai jo isa prakAra hai : "79 varSa kI varSA Rtu ke cauthe mahIne ke bIsaveM dina...kI strI zrAvikA, dinA (dattA) dvArA bheTa dI gaI mUrti devoM ke nirmita bauddha stUpa meM sthApanA kI gaI thii|" 1. raipsana, vahIM, pR. 583 / 2. kaniSka ke kAla sambandhI vibhinna matoM ke lie dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 295 prAdi / 3. phamyUM sana, praulDanabarga, TAmasa, bainarajI, repsana Adi vidvAnoM ke anusAra kaniSka ne I. 78 meM prArambha hone vAle sambat kA jo pIche zaka samvat kahalAyA, pravartana kiyA thaa|"-vhii, pR. 297 1 dekho haranolI uvAsagadasAyo, prastA. pR. 11 / isa bAta meM bahuta matabheda hai ki zaka samvat kA pravartaka vAstava meM kauna thA, yadyapi yaha to nizcita hI hai ki koI videzI zAsaka hI isakA pavartaka honA caahie| jaisA ki paM. aojhA kahate haiM ki isa sambat ke pIche kauna vyakti hai isakA nirvivAda rUpa se nirdezana karanA nahIM hai, dekho, aojhA, prAcIna lipimAlA, 2 ya saMskaraNa, pR. 172-173 / 4. kanidhama vahI, lekha saM. 4, pleTa 13, pR. 31 / 5. konova, vahI, pR. 141 / 6. dekho kanidhama, vahI, pR. 41 / 7. dekho rAyacaudharI, vahI, pR. 284 / 8. repsana, vahI, pa. 583 / 9. bhalara, vahI, lekha saM. 20, pR. 204 /
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________________ 168 ] isa zilAlekha para se hama dekha sakate haiM ki mathurA meM eka prAcIna stUpa thA jo sTulara ke anusAra I. 157 (zaka 79) meM deva nirmita mAnA jAtA thA. arthAt vaha itanA prAcIna thA ki usake nirmANa kI satya kathA hI bhunA gaI thii| dUsarA zilAlekha kuSANa rAjoM ke itihAsa ke lie mahatva kA hai| isameM 'mahArAja devaputra hukSa (huSka yAhuviSka kA nAma hai| isase hama nizcaya hI jAna sakate haiM ki rAjataMrigilI meM ullikhita aura kAzmIrI gAMva upakara kapura ke nAma meM surakSita huka zabda satya hI prAcIna samaya meM huviSka ke paryAya rUpa hI prayoga hotA thA / " ina kuSANa zilAlekhoM ke bAda kAlakrama se koI tIna zilAlekha prAte haiM jo DA. vhalara ke anusAra gupta-kAla ke haiM / * eka anya zilAlekha jo vahAM milA hai, vaha I. 11vIM sadI kA hai| isa prakAra lagAtAra lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa se kucha adhika jainoM kA dhArmika kendra sthala rUpa se mathurA rahA lagatA hai|" guptakAla ke gilAlekhoM kI carcA hama Age ke lie chor3a dete haiM jahAM ki usa kAla meM jainadharma kI sthiti kA vistAra se vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| yahAM to ina saba zilAlekhoM kI jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se kyA upayogitA hai, usI kA vicAra kareMge kyoMki rAjakIya dRSTi se to vicAra inakA Upara ho hI gayA hai| isa raSTi se ina lekhoM kI mahattA do prakAra yA kAraNoM se haiN| pahalI to jainadharma yA janasaMgha ke itihAsa ke viziSTa bhAvoM kI dRSTi se aura dUsarA uttarIya jainoM ke itihAsa kI sAmAnya mahattA kI dRSTi se : pahalA kAraNa hI hama leM / isa sambandha meM do bAteM hamArA dhyAna vizeSa rUpa se AkarSita karatI haiM / eka to yaha ki antima tIrthaMkara ke atirikta granya tIrtha karoM ko inameM namaskAra kiyA gayA yA aMjali arpita kI gaI hai; dUsarA yaha ki zilAlekhoM meM eka se adhika tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha hai| pArzva aura unake purogAmI tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA kA vicAra karate hue isakA vicAra kiyA hI jA cukA hai| phira, jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, kucha abhilekha isa prakAra samApta hote haiM 'sarva prANiyoM ke kalyANa aura sukha ke lie ho|' jaina mahisA ke Adarza kA vicAra karate hue isakA nirdeza kara ho cuke haiM ina kucha bAtoM ke atirikta ki jinakI vivecanA pahale kI jA cukI hai, ina mathurA ke zilAlekhoM sambandhI atyanta mahatva kI bAta yaha hai ki inameM jaina sAdhviyoM ke nAma evam unakI mahAn pravRttiyoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| isameM jarA bhI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai ki AryA saMgamikA aura mAryA vasulA ki jinakA nAma nimna zilAlekha meM AyA hai, sAdhviyAM hI hai.... ayasiGgamikaye zizIninaM praryAvasulaye nirvartanaM... Adi / (pUjya saMgamikA kI ziSyA pUjya vasulA ke upadeza se ... ) / yaha bAta unakI upAdhi 'arthA' (pUjya), unakI zizIni (zidhyA) aura vaktavya se unake nirvartana yAne mAMgane athavA upadeza se diyA gayA dAna para se svataH siddha hotA hai itanA nizcaya ho jAne para yaha mAnane meM kaThinAI hotI hI nahIM hai ki mathurA ke zilAlekha vahAM ke jainoM meM sAdhviyoM kA astitva batAte haiM / isa prakAra zvetAmbara catuvidha saMgha meM sAdhU, sAdhvI zrAvaka aura dhAvikA kA astitva IsavI yuga ke prArambha 1. vahI, pR. 198 dekho zApeMTiyara vahI. pR. 167 3. vahI, pR. 198 // 5. vahI, saM. 41, pR. 198 7. vhUlara, epI. iNDi., pusta 1, lekha saM. 2, 5, 7, 12, 14, yAdi, pR. 382, 384-386, 388-3891 8. vahI, leja saM. 2, pu. 382 1 2. kUlara, vahI lekha saM. 26, pR. 2061 4. hajara, vahI lekha saM. 38-40, pR. 188 6. dekho grAje. iNTi eNTI, pusta. 6, pR. 219 I
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________________ [ 169 taka batAyA jA sakatA hai aura isakA samarthana vaha jaina, zilAlekha bhI karatA hai ki jo kaniMghama ko mathurA meM eka TUTI zilA para milA thA aura jisameM caturvarNa saMgha par3hA jAtA hai| " 1 sAdhviyoM ke astitva ke viSaya meM viziSTa bAta yaha hai ki koI sAdhvI kisI dhAvika ko upadeza karatI mAlUma hotI hai aisA yaha eka hI udAharaNa milA hai| yahAM sAdhvI pUjya kumAra mitrA apanI saMsArI putrI kumAramaTTi ko vardhamAna kI mUrti karAne kA upadeza detI hai|" anya zilAlekhoM meM sAdhviyAM saMgha kI AdhikAoM ko samaSTi rUpa se hI dAna dene kI preraNA karatI haiN| ukta kumAra mitrA vidhavA yA sadhavAvasthA meM pati ke sAtha hI sAdhvI banI yaha kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki donoM hI bAteM sambhava haiN| kadAcit yaha bhI ho sakatA haiM ki usane apane pati kI jIvitAvasthA meM akele hI usakI prAjJA se dIkSA lI ho vidhavA mAnatA hai aura kahatA hai ki "grAja ke samaya meM bhI jaina sAdhviyoM kA adhikAMza bhAga vidhavAoMoM kA hI hotA hai, jo bahuterI jAtiyoM ke sAmAnya niyamAnusAra, punarvivAha nahIM kara sakatI haiM aura unheM sira muMDI sAdhvI banAkara bar3I saralatA se uddhAra ke mArga para lagA diyA jAtA hai| / * DaoN. hUlara usako DaoN. 95 mathurA ke zilAlekhoM meM nirdezita sAdhU- kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke sambandha meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta hogA ki unameM kitane hI nAma aise pAe haiM ki jinakA jainoM kI dantakathA sAhitya meM Ane vAle nAmoM ke sAtha mela khA jAtA hai|" jaina sAdhuoM ke ina vibhAgoM meM anya zAkhAoM kI apekSA koTTiya- koTika garaNa ke sAdhU hI mathurA meM adhika saMkhyA meM hoNge| DaoN. bahUlara ke anusAra "yaha draSTavya hai ki yahI eka garaNa caudahavIM sadI IsavI taka paramparAgata calatA rahA thaa| usakI itanI dIrgha Ayu aura usakI zAkhAtroM kI jaisI ki brahmadAsikA kula, uccanAgarI zAkhA 7 aura zrIgRha jilA jAti prAdi kI dIrgha Ayu kA lekha saM. 4 se samarthana hotA hai| isa zilAlekha kI antima sambhava tithi samvat 59 yAne I. san 128 129 hai / taba vartamAna pUjya prAcArya sIha cAra purogAmI apane guruyoM kA nAma ginAte haiM jinameM se sarva prathama IsavI kAla ke prArambha meM hI hue hoge| yaha garaNa, jaisA ki lekha se prakaTa hotA hai, usa purAtana kAla meM bhI itanA vibhakta ho gayA thA, aura yaha bAta usake I. pUrva 250 meM prArambha hone kI dantakathA ko puSTa karatA hai / " 18 1. yaha viziSTa jaina, siddhAnta hai ki zrAvaka aura zrAvikAeM bhI jainasaMgha ke bhAga hote haiN| isa viSaya meM jaina bauddhoM se bahuta hI spaSTatayA vibhinna haiM / 2. ukta zilAlekha kA hamArA akSarAntarIkaraNa isa prakAra hai-namoratAnaM namo siddhAnaM se 62 gu. 3 di. 5... ziSyA caturvarNasya saMghasya... vApikAye desi yaha abhilekha spaSTa nahIM hai| kucha svara-saMketa aura prakSara ThIka-ThIka par3e nahIM jA sakate haiN| isakI tithi sambat 92 hai, aura isameM kue ke viSaya meM sambhavataH caturvarNa samudAya ke lie kahA gayA lagatA hai| tithyAMza aura dAnollekhaza bahuta kucha paThanIya hai / dAtA koI strI zivyA mI lagatI hai, lese ke lie dekho kaniyama, dhAkiyAlojikala sarve iNDiyA riporTa 20 lekha saM. 6 pleTa 13 dekho hara vahI, pR. 380 4. dekho vayarsa iNDi eNTI, pusta. 13. pR. 2781 3. dekhA vahI lekha saM. 7, pR. 385 386; vahI, pR. 380 6. dekho vahI, pR. 378-379 5. stara, vahI, pR. 380 7. yaha bhaugolika nAma UMcanagara ke gar3ha ke anurUpa hI lagatA hai ki jo uttarapradeza ke bulandazahara meM hai / dekho kanidhama, prAkiyAlojikala sarve grApha iNDiyA riporTa, 14, pR. 147 8. blara vahI, pR. 379-389 dekho klATa, vahI, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 11 pR. 246 koTTiyagaNa ke sampradAyoM kI bAta kucha bhI kaThinAI upasthiti nahIM karatI hai kyoMki ve saba kalpasUtra meM die tadanukUla nAmoM se milate hue haiN| dekho yAkobI, kalpasUtra pR. 821
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________________ 170 ] ___ ina zilAlekhoM kI bhASA, zabda aura rUpa, mizra arthAt ardha-prAkRta-saMskRta hai / aisA hote hue bhI kucha zilAlekha pAlI zailI kI vizuddha prAkRta meM asilikhita kahe jAte haiM / jaisA ki pahale hI batAyA jA cukA hai unameM akSara bahuta hI prAcIna hai aura kevala isI AdhAra para unheM I. pUrva dUsarI aura pahalI sadI kA mAnA jAtA hai / sara e. kanidhama saMgraha ke kucha zilAlekhoM meM pUjvIye yA pUrvaye rUpa jo ki jaina prAkRta aura mahArASTrI prAkRta ke haiM, prayukta hue haiN| yaha nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko kisane prabhAvita kiyA thA jaba taka ki hameM IsavI pahalI aura dUsarI sadI meM madhya-bhArata meM prayukta bhASA kA ThIka-ThIka paricaya na ho| phira bhI aisA lagatA hai, jaisA ki DaoN. vhalara kahatA hai, ki "kitanI hI bAtoM meM vaha pAlI aura azoka ke AjJApatroM tathA grAMdhra ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM kI bhASA kI apekSA jaina prAkRta aura mahArASTrI ke bahuta anurUpa hai|" DA. bhaNDArakara evam anya vidvAnoM kI bhAMti hI yaha vidvAna bhI isa mizra bhASA ke mUla ke viSaya meM kahatA hai ki 'ardhadagdha prajA ke lekhana-vAcana ke pariNAma se hI aisA hayA hogA kyoMki jinako saMskRta kA apUrNa jJAna rahatA thA aura isIlie jo use sAmAnyatayA prayoga karane ke abhyAsI nahIM the, ve hI aisI bhASA likha sakate haiM / isameM zaMkA hI nahIM hai ki mathurA ke saba zilAlekha gurupoM aura unake ziSyoM dvArA likhe gae haiM kyoMki kisI para unake likhane vAloM kA koI bhI nAma nahIM hai| parantu isa pariNAma para hama isalie pahuMcate haiM ki usau prakAra ke paravartI aneka abhilekhoM meM una yatiyoM ke nAma die gae haiM jinane unakI racanA kI hai yA likhe haiN| pahalI aura dUsarI sadI meM yatiloga, jaisA ki Aja bhI karate haiM. apane upadezoM aura dharmazAstroM kI vyAkhyAoM meM samakAlika bolacAla kI lokabhASA kA prayoga hI karate the aura dharmazAstra prAkRta meM hI likhate the / yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki unake saMskRta lekhana ke prayAsa adhika saphala nahIM the / isa siddhAnta kA isa bAta se prabala samarthana hotA hai ki pratyeka abhilekha meM prAyaH apabhrazoM kI saMkhyA aura lakSaNa asamAna haiM aura aneka vAkyoM se jaise ki vAcakasya pArya-baladinasya ziSyo aryA-mAtridinaH tasya nirvartanA, aisA hI pramANita hotA hai| ukta vAkya kA aMtimAMza nae navasikhie kI likhAvaTa hI lagatA hai|"4 uttara-bhArata ke jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se mathurA ke zilAlekha I. pUrva tathA pazcAt ke iNDo-sikhika mamaya dharma kI sampannAvasthA ke acUka pramANa haiM, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAvIra aura anya tIrthaMkaroM ke mandira evam pratimAe~ banAne vAlI aura unako pUjane vAle custa jaina samAja ko astitva kA ye saba lekha pUrA-pUrA bhAna karAte haiM / khAravela ke hAthI guphA ke zilAlekha ke pazcAt mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA hI hameM isa bAta kA sampUrNa evaM santoSa janaka pramANa prastuta karatA hai ki IsavI yuga ke prArambha meM jainadharma bhI bauddhadharma jitanA hI mahAn sampanna aura samRddha thaa| 1. kaniMghama, prAkiyAlojikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA riporTa, saM. 3, lekha saM. 2, 3, 7 aura 11, pR. 30-33 / 2. nhalara, vahI, pR. 37613. dekho bhaNDArakara, iNDi. eNTI., pusta. 12, pR. 141 / 4. nhUlara, vahI, pR. 3771
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________________ [ 171 chaThA adhyAya gupta kAla meM jainadharma kI sthiti mathurA ke zilAlekha hameM bahuta kucha kuSANa kAla ke anta taka le pAte haiM / isa samaya kI dantakathAeM, smAraka aura zilAlekha yaha siddha kara dete haiM ki jainoM kI sattA uttara-pazcimI bhArata se lekara dakSiNa meM lagabhaga vidhyAcala taka aura pAmIra kI ghATiyoM se dUra pradezoM taka meM thii| kaniSka ke rAjya se lekara vAsudeva ke samaya meM kuSANa sattA bihAra para bhI thI aisA mAnane ke paryApta kAraNa haiN| uttara-bhArata kI yaha sArvabhauma sattA vAsudeva ke marate hI TUTa gaI / kuSANa yuga kA yahI antima rAjA thA aura isakI adhInatA meM bhAratavarSa kA bahuta vyApaka kSetra thaa| smitha kahatA hai ki yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki kuSANa sanA vAsudeva ke lambe rAjya kAla ke anta meM nirbala par3a gaI thI aura usakI mRtyu ke pUrva athavA pazcAt hI turanta paurvAtya sAmrAjyoM kI jo dazA sAmAnyatayA hotI hai vahI, kaniSka ke mahAn sAmrAjya kI bhI huI / arthAt thor3e hI mamaya taka sundara saMgaThana kA anubhava kara vaha bhinnabhinna bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| aneka rAjoM ne apanI svatantratA kA dAvA kiyA aura unane cAhe vaha thoDe hI samaya ke lie huA ho parantu phira bhI apane pRthaka-pRthaka rAjya sthApana kara liye / parantu tIsarI sadI ke itihAsa ke sAdhana ekadama hI aprApya hone ke kAraNa yaha kahanA prAya: asambhava hai ki ye svatantra rAjya kitane aura kaise the ? tIsarI aura cauthI sadI ke prArambha meM paMjAba ke atirikta uttarIya bhAratavarSa ke rAjya vaMzoM kA nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| kuSANa sAmrAjya ke avasAna aura gupta sAmrAjya ke udgama ke bIca kI eka sadI kA samaya bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa kA andhakAratama antarima kAla hai| phira bhI guptoM ke udaya ke sAtha hI andhakAra kA vaha par3adA uTha jAtA hai aura bhAratIya itihAsa aikya aura rasakA anubhava karatA hai| guptoM ke Agamana ke sAtha hI magadha phira Age AtA hai / 'itihAsa meM do bAra usane sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kI, maurya sAmrAjya I. pUrva cauthI aura tIsarI sadI meM, evam gupta sAmrAjya I, cauthI aura pAMcavI sadI meM / ' - chaha sadI pahale ke azoka kAla ke sAmrAjya kI vizAla sattA kI apekSA bhI isa gupta sAmrAjya kI sattA adhika 1. dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 274, 276; jAyasavAla, biuprA patrikA saM. 6, pR. 22 / 2. smitha, vahI, pR 288, 290 / 3. yaha kAla pratyakSatayA atyanta ulajhana kA thA, yahI nahIM apitu uttara-pazcima se videzI AkramaNa bhI taba ho rahe the / isa sthiti kA digdarzana prAmIroM, gardImalloM, zakoM, yavanoM, vAlhIkoM aura anya prakhyAta rAjyavaMzoM ke ki jinheM bAMdhoM ke uttarAdhikArI batAyA gayA hai, purANoM ke vibhrAnta varNanoM se hotA hai / vahI, pR. 290 / 4. repsana, vahI, pR. 310 /
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________________ 172 1 thii| isameM uttara bhArata ke atyanta ghanI bastIvAle maura urvara pradeza sabhI chA gae the| pUrva meM brahmaputra se lekara pazcima meM jamanA aura cambala nadI taka, aura uttara meM himAlaya kI taleTI se dakSiNa meM narmadA taka vaha sAmrAjya phailA huA thaa| isa vistRta sImA ke Age bhI mAsAma aura gAMgeya ( DelTA ) va dvIpa ke sImAnta pradeza aura himAlaya kI dakSiNI DhAla ke rAjya, evam rAjapUtAnA aura mAlavA ke svatantra kabIle usa sAmrAjya se sahAyaka saMdhiyoM dvArA saMlagna the / pakSAntara meM dakSiNa ke prAyaH sAre rAjyoM meM samrATa kI senA chArakhAra kara unase apanI sArvabhauma sattA aura aparAjeya zakti manavA AI thii| gupta kAla meM dharma kI sthiti kyA thI isa viSaya meM itanA to nizcita hai ki isa vaMza ke rAjA pratyakSataH brAhmaNadharmI hindU the aura unakI viSNu ke prati viziSTa bhakti thI parantu ve mI sarva dharma ke prati prAdara kI prAcIna bhArata kI rUr3hi kA hI pAlana karate the / vizeSa prIti nahIM hote hue bhI bauddha evam jainadharma donoM hI ko inane phalane phUlane diyA thaa| anupAna hotA hai ki vaiSNavadharma ke prati viziSTa samAdara dikhAte hue sarvadharma sahiSNutA aura paradharmo meM hastakSepa nahIM karanA hI unakA lakSya thA / 2 udAharaNArthaM candragupta vikramAditya yA candragupta tya, guptavaMza kA pA~cavA samrATa, "bauddha aura jainadharma ke prati sahiSNu hote hue bhI, svayam sanAtanI hindU aura viSNu kA parama bhakta thA / "" gupta rAjoM ko sarvadarzanasAra saMgrAhaka nIti ke sivA bhI, jainoM ke prati unakA viziSTa pradara, jaisA ki pahale kahA hI jA cukA hai, mathurA ke zilAlekhoM se pramANita hotA hai| una jaina zilAbhilekhoM meM tIna, DaoN. bahUlara ke anusAra, guptakAla ke haiM / unameM se eka jo ki nIce likhe anusAra hai, ke viSaya meM to koI zaMkA hI nahI hai kyoMki vaha eka baiThI mUrti para khudA huA hai aura kumAragupta ke rAjyakAla kA hai| vaha lekha isa prakAra hai jaya ho ! 113 veM varSa meM, mahAn rAjoM ke mahArAjA aura cakravartI kumAragupta ke vijayI rAjya kAla meM, bIsaveM dina (zIta- mAsa kArtika ke) - usa dina maTTimava kI putrI (aura) dAraNI grahamitrapAlita kI gRhapatni sAmADhyA (zyAmADhyA) ne eka pratimA sthApana karAI ki jisako yaha prAjJA (utsarga karAne kI koTTiyagaNa (aura) vidyAdharI zAkhA ke tilAcArya ( dattilAcArya) ne dI 5 dUsare donoM zilAlekhoM meM se eka acchI sthiti meM nahIM hai / isalie usakA saMlagga anuvAda denA saMbhava nahIM hai parantu usameM mandira banavAne yA mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karavAne kA abhilekha hI ho aisA lagatA hai / " tIsarA lekha lipi kI dRSTi se, vhUlara, ke matAnusAra, guptakAla kA hI lagatA hai / yaha zilAlekha eka choTI mUrti yA pUtale ke pAvapITha para khudA humrA hai, isa prakAra hai :-- "sattAvanaveM 57 veM varSa meM, zIta kAla ke tIsare mahIne meM, terahaveM dina meM (uparyukta vizeSa dina ) dina ko... dyyn 1. dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 303 sAmrAjya kA astitva 2. "mAnAsara, isalie, guptayuga kA saMketa karatA lagatA hai..; samasta bhArata-vyApI brAhmaNa dharma kI lokapriyatA aura vizeSataH vaiSNava sampradAya kI aura mukAva evaM bauddha va jainadharma ke prati sahiSNutA aura vizeSAbhAva...." prAcArya, iNDiyana prAkiTekcara prakADiMga mAnAsAra zilpazAstra, pR. 3941 3. smitha vahI pu. 309 4. dekho vhalara epI. iNDi, pusta. 2 lekha saM. 38-40, pR. 1981 5. vhUlara, vahI, lekha saM. 39, pR. 210 211 7. vahI lekha saM. 38, pR. 210 1 | 6. vahI, lega saM. 40, pR. 211
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________________ [ 173 usI vidvAna ke zabdoM meM "lipi ko prAkAra, aura vizeSataH hrasva aura dIrgha svaroM ke cinhita karane kI viziSTa zailI - yAne dIrgha kI mAtrA vyaMjana ke dAI ora evam hrasva kI mAtrA bAI ora lagAnA - lekha saM. 38 ko isase pUrva kA samaya dene ke asambhava mere vicAra se, banAtI hai / " gupta samvat 113 aura 57 kI tithi vAle uparokta donoM lekhoM ke yathArtha kAla kA nirNaya karane ke lie hameM guptoM ke pravatita samvat kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| guptakAla' 'guptavarSa' jaise zabda ko gupta rAjoM ke uskINita lipika aura anya abhilekhoM meM pAte haiM, unase aisA lagatA hai ki vaha samyat usa vaMza ke kisI rAjA ne avazya hI pravartita kiyA hogA parantu isakA koI likhita pramANa bAja taka to upalabdha nahIM humA hai / parantu ilAhAbAda ke samudra gupta ke milAne se jAnA jAtA hai ki candragupta 1ma, jo ki usakA pUrvaja thA, hI aisA rAjA hai ki jo apane ko 'mahArAjAdhirAja' kahatA hai| usake pUrvaja, gupta aura ghaTotkaca donoM hI rAjA, kevala 'mahArAja' kahalAte the| yaha aura isake sAtha hI samudragupta ke aura candragupta dvitIya ke samaya ke zilAlekhoM ke ullekha jo ki gupta saMvat 82 se 83 taka 3 ke haiM. para se vidvAnoM ne gupta sambat kA pravartana kAla candragupta 1ma ke rAjya kAla meM nizcita kiyA hai / 2 smitha kahatA hai ki paurvAtya paddhati se usake rAjyArohaNa samaya meM jabaki use sAmrAjya kA uttarAdhikArI ghoSita kiyA gayA aura jisa samaya dantakathAnusAra pATalIputra para adhikAra kiyA gayA taba saMvat pravartita karane jitanA hI unakA rAjakIya mahatva bhI thA / gupta saMvat jo ki kitanI hI sadiyoM taka bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM calatA rahA thA, kA pahalA varSa tA 26 pharavarI san 320 se tA 13 mArca san 321 taka kA thaa| isakI pahalI tArIkha yA tithi candragupta ma ke rAjyArohaNa kI tithi rUpa lI jA sakatI hai / " gupta saMvat ke pravartana kI I. 319--320 tithi elabarUnI ke vaktavya ke AdhAra para nizcita kI gaI hai jo kahatA hai ki zaka samvat ke 241 varSa saMvat kA pravartana huA thA / tadanusAra yaha I. san 319-320 AtA hai / kA yaha vakavya satya siddha pazcAt gupta araba paryaTaka 1. vahI, pR. 198 vaha prose kA saM. 3 (iNDi. eNTI, pusta. 4, pu. 219) hai| isakI vivecanA karate hue vidvAna paNDita kahatA hai ki "yadi yaha tithi usI saMvat kA 57 vAM varSa hai jo ki kaniSka aura huviSka ke lekhoM meM hai, to yaha isa kSetra meM milane vAlI prAcInatam jaina mUrti hai / parantu maiM yaha vizvAsa nahIM kara sakatA hUM / mere vivAra se yaha mUrti apekSAkRta yAdhunika hai..." prause, vahI, pR. 218 1 2. "jo (samudragupta ) mAnava ke pratipAlanArtha prAcAroM kI pratimAlanotsava karane vAlA pratyaloka kA mAnava hI thA, ( parantu anyathA isa bhUmi para rahatA hugrA avatAra jo prakhyAta gupta mahArAjA ke potra kA putra thA; jo prabhAnvita candragupta 1ma mahArAjAdhirAja kA putra thA, " Adi yAdi / -phlITa kArapasa iMskripzanam iNDikorama, saM. 3, lekha saM. 1, pR. 15-16 delo prophA, vahI pu. 174 1 3. dekho smitha, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 31, pR. 265; grojhA, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 4. smitha, grarlI hisTrI graoNpha iNDiyA, pR. 296 / dekho probhA, vahI, pR. 175; bArkeTa, eNTIkviTIja graoNpha iNDiyA, pU. 46 " 5. guptakAla ke sambandha meM loga kahate haiM ki gupta bar3e duSTa aura zaktizAlI ye aura jaba unakA prastitva miTa gayA to yaha tithi eka yuga pravartana kI mAna lI gii| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki vallabha inakA antima samrATa thA kyoMki gupta yuga kA saMvat, vallabhI yuga ke saMvat kI bhA~ti hI, zaka kAla ke 241 varSa bAda hI zurU hotA hai|" - sacAzro, elabarUnIja iNDiyA, bhAga 2, pR. 7 /
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________________ 174 ] huA hai, aura phlITa ke anusAra maMdasaura kA zilAlekha isakA samarthana karatA hai / " isa prakAra gupta saMvat kA prArambha I. san 319 meM 113 ke haiM, anukrama se I. san 376 aura 432 ke kahe zilAlekha candragupta 2 ya kA aura dUsarA zilAlekha meM kahe anusAra kumAragupta ma pahale se hI kahA jA cukA hai guptoM kA prAcInatama zilAlekhI abhilekha saM. 82 se bahUlara kA yaha kahanA satya hI hai ki pahalA zilAlekha jaise ki candragupta 2ya ke usake viSaya meM usakA anumAna svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai to 'usakI tithi, samvat prathama ullekha hai jo ki aba taka mila sakA hai / " lene se mathurA ke ye do zilAlekha ki jo varSa 57 aura jA sakate haiM svIkRta guptavaMza ke kAlakramAnusAra pahalA kA samaya kA hai / " jaisA ki prArambha hotA hai aura isase DA. samaya kA hama kaha cuke haiM, yadi 57, gupta samvat kA sarva 1 ina do mathurA milAlekhoM ke sivA mI jainoM se sambandha rakhane vAle do gupta sambandhI abhilekha aura bhI haiN| unameM kAlakramAnusAra pahalA ullekha udayagiri guphA kA zilAlekha hai jisameM spaSTata rAjA ke ullekha ke sthAna meM prArambha ke gupta rAjoM kI vaMzAvalI dI huI hai usakI tithi para se yaha bhI kumAragupta 1ma ke samaya kA hI lagatA hai usameM tithi zabdoM meM dI gaI hai jo varSa 106 I. san 425-426) ke kArtika mAsa ke kRSNa pakSa kI pAMcaveM sUrya divasa kI hai / " usa zilAlekha ke usa aMza kA anuvAda ki jisase usakA jaina honA spaSTa pragaTa hotA hai isa prakAra hai usane ( yAne zaMkara jisakA nAma 6ThI paMkti meM hai) jisane (prAdhyAtmika) riputroM ko jIta liyA hai, (aura) jisane zAMti aura saMyama sAdha liye haiM, (isa) guphA ke mukha meM jina kI yaha mUrti nAma kI vistRta phaNoM aura paricArikA devI (bharapUra sajI huI) sahita, (zrIra) jinoM meM sarvottama aise pArzva ke nAma vAlI, nirmita (aura sthApita ) karAI | vaha nizcaya hI saMta prAcArya gozarmana... kA ziSya hai' zrAdi / " isa prakAra udayagiri guphA ke zilAlekha kA uddeza guphA ke mukha para pArzva yA pArzvanAtha kI pratimA sthApanA kA ullekha karanA mAtra hai| jisa dUsare zilAlekha kI Upara bAta kahI gaI hai vaha hai kumAragupta ma ke pazcAt hone vAle skandagupta kA kahAuM kI pASANa stambha para kA lekha / khAkhI retiye patthara kA yaha stambha jisa para ki 7 1. "prava taka meM ne yahI batAyA hai ki pahale pahale kI gupta tithiyAM dhaura unake sAtha hI anya bhI jo ki usI sama zreNI kI siddha kI jA sakatI haiM, saba I. 319-328 yA usake AsapAsa ke yuga kI mAnI jAnI cAhie jaisA ki elabarUnI ne dhyAna khIMcA hai aura jo vIrAvala ke zilAlekha, vallabhI saMvat 945 ke se samarpita hai|" phlITa, vahI, prastA. pR. 16 Adi / 2. dekho vahI prastAvanA pR 23 3. dekho smitha, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 31, pR. 265-266 candragupta kA rAjyakAla I. lagabhaga 380 se I. lagabha 412 taka rahA thA aura kumAra gupta kA I. lagabhaga 413 se I. lagabhaga 455 taka dekho vahI smitha pa hisTrI graoNpha iNDiyA, pR. 345-346; bhaNDArakara, vahI, pR. 48-49; bAnayairTa, vahI, pR. 47-48 vahI aura vahI sthAna / 5. dekho lI, vahI, lela saM. 61, pR. 258 1 4. 1 6. vahIM, pR. 259 dekho sma iNTi eNTI, pusta. 11, pR. 310 7. "isa zilAlekha kA prAcIna kAkuma yA kAkumagrAma, ghora bAja kA kahAuM yA kahavA uttara-pazcima prAMta jisakA ki saba nAma uttara pradeza hai, ke gorakhapura jile kI devariyA yA dekhoriyA tahasIla salamapura mAholI paraganA kA pramukha nagara, salamapura majholI ke dakSiNa se pazcima kI ora pAMca mIla dUra sthita eka gAMva hai|" esITa -phlITa, vahI, pR. 66 1 dekho bhagavAnalAla indrajI, iNDi. eNTI, pusta. 10, pR. 125 8. dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 346 para baiThA thaa| dekho vahI kahA jAtA hai ki kumAragupta 1na ke bAda I. lagabhaga 455 meM yaha rAjasiMhAsana bArpeTa, vahI pR. 48
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________________ [ 175 lekha khudA huA hai, kahA kA nirdeza hai / usakI tithi 461) aura jyeSTha mAsa / gAMva ke uttara meM kucha dUra para hai| usa lekha meM prAcIna gupta samrATa skandagupta ke rAjya zabdoM meM dI huI hai jisake anusAra vaha hai, 141 vAM varSa (tadanusAra I. san 460lekha kA uddeza usake nIce uddhRta aMza se spaSTa hotA hai : 2 'usane (arthAt madra ne, jisakA nAma lekha kI 8vIM paMkti meM ullikhita hai), isa samasta saMsAra ko (sadA hI) parivartanoM kI paramparA se gujaratA dekha bhayabhIta ho apane lie bahuta dharma kamAyA (aura apane se) -grantima sukha ke lie (aura) (saba) jIvita prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie, pAMca sundara (pratimAeM ), pASANa kI banI, unakI ki jinane pahaMtoM ke mArga meM jo ki dhArmika kriyAeM karate haiM, anusaraNa kiyA hai, sthApita karake usa bhUmi meM phira yaha atyanta sundara pASANa stambha, joki merU parvata ke zikhara kI coTI ke samAna lagatA hai, (aura) jo (usakI kIrti pradAna karatA hai, ropaNa kiyA / " - zaza kahArDa zilAlekha yaha abhilekha karatA hai ki madra nAma ke kisI vyakti ne AAdikIrtiyoM yAne tIrthakaroM kI pratimAeM pratiSThApita karAI thI, aura yaha stambha para kI mUrtiyAM dvArA bhI samarthita hotA hai / ina mUrtiyoM meM kI atyanta mahatva kI pAMca khar3I nagna mUrtiyAM haiM ki jo DA. bhagavAnalAla indrajI ke anusAra zrAdinAtha, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzva aura mahAvIra ina pAMca lokapriya tIrthakaroM kI haiN|' 5 vidvatApUrNa vivecana guptoM aura jainoM kA sambandha batAne vAloM zilAlekhI ina sAkSiyoM ke atirikta, hama muni jina vijaya " 6 ke atyanta prabhArI haiM ki jinakA kuvalayamAlA " kA isake guptakAla ke jaina - itihAsa para bahuta hI prakAza DAlatA hai| jainoM ke isa kathAsAhitya ke racayitA vidvAna udyotanasUri ne svayam ko isa grantha meM hI isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai ki jo usa kAla kI ki jisameM ve hue aura pravRtti kI thI, yathArthatA kA pratIka hai| hameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha rocaka prAkRta kathA zaka saM. 700 yAne I. san 779 meM samApta huI thii|" isa kAla meM aneka amara racanAeM huI thI, parantu unake lekhakoM ne unameM apanA nAma dene kI jarA bhI cintA nahIM kI hai| phira bhI kuvalayamAlA ki jisameM aitihAsika dRSTi barAbara dhantanihita huI hai usa kAla kI evaM una paristhitiyoM kI 1. dekho phlITa vahI, lekha saM. 15, pR. 96; bhagavAnalAla indrajI, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 2. palITa vahI, pR. 68; bhagavAnalAla indrajI, vahI, pR. 126 I 3. lekha ke isa zraMza ke yathArtha zabda isa prakAra haiM : niyamavatAmarhatAmAdikartan paMcendristhA payitvA ... Adi / DaoN. indrajI ne isako isa prakAra anadita kiyA hai / " tapasvI arhatoM ke mArganusArI pAMca pramukha prAdikartR (tIrthaMkaroM)... kI sthApanA kara / " - iNDi eNTI, pusta. 10, pR. 126 / isa anuvAda para vidvAna paNDita ne isa prakAra Tippara diyA hai / " AdikartR-mUlasthApaka, vaha jisane pahale pahala mArga batAyA, parantu yaha vizeSaNa tIrthakaroM ke lie sAmAnyataH prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| dekho kalpasUtra, zatrastava samora samaraNassa bhagavadho mahAvIrassa... caramatitthayarassa | isakA saMskRta isa prakAra hai| namostu dhamaraNAya bhagavate mahAvIrAyAdikRta~ caramatIrthakarAya - / " vahI, pR. 126, TippaNa 16 / 4. vahI, pR. 126 1 dekho phlITa, vahI, pR. 661 5 jina vijaya, jaisAsa, saM. 3, pR. 169 bAdi / 6. yaha 8vIM sadI kA jainoM ke varNanAtmaka sAhitya kA eka grantha hai / . Aja mAravAr3a meM, parantu eka samaya gujarAta kAhI aMza mAne jAne vAloM jAbAlIpura (jAlaura) meM yaha pUrNa kiyA gayA thA / 7. sagakAle volI pR. 180 1 varisAba sahi sattahi gaehi egaviNehi rahayA abaraNhavelAe 11 vahI gAyA 36,
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________________ 176 } jinameM usakI racanA huI aura usake raciyatA sUri kI guruparaMparA kA yathArtha citra bahuta kucha hamAre sAmane prastuta 1 karatI hai| prAstAvika gAthAoM meM hamAre lie upayogI kucha gAthAeM isa prakAra haiM :--- (1) asthi puhupasiddhA doNNiA yahA doNi ceya desa ti / tatmAt paha dhAmerA uttarAvahaM brahujA || (2) suhRvicArusohA vizramizrakamalAragaraNA vimaladehA / tattharithajaladimA sariyA graha paMDAmAya ti / / (3) tIrammitIya pamaTA pavbaiyA grAma ramaNasohilA | janmatitha Thie bhuttA puhaI siritorAe / ( 4 ) tarasa gurU harivato mAyariyo prAsi guttalAmro / marIba viSNo jeraNa rigaveso tahi kAle / tIya ( 5 ) tassa vi sisso payaDo mahAkaI devauttaNAmo tti / * ina gAthAoM kA mAnArtha yaha hai "vizva meM do mArga aura do hI deza haiM (dakSiNApatha aura uttarApatha) ki jo sarva prakhyAta haiM / inameM se uttarApatha vidvAnoM se bharA pUrA deza mAnA jAtA hai / usa deza meM candrabhAgA nAma kI nadI bahatI hai, jo aisA lagatI hai ki mAno sAgara kI priyA hI ho / usa nadI ke taTa para phavaithA nAmaka suprasiddha aura sampanna nagara basA huA hai| jaba vaha yahAM thA taba zrItorarAya pRthvI para rAjya bhogatA thA / AcArya harigupta, jinakA guptavaMza meM janma huA thA, isa rAjA ke gurU the, aura usa samaya vaha bhI vahAM rahate the / devagupta jo eka mahA kavi thA, ina AcArya kA ziSya ho gayA thA / " udyotanasUra kI ye prastAvika gAthAeM uttara bhArata kI jaina samAja aura sAmAnya bhAratIya itihAsa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se atyanta mahatva kI haiN| rAjA toramANa yA torarAya jisakA tIsarI gAthA ke uttarArdha meM nirdeza kiyA gayA hai. hUNoM ke prakhyAta saradAra ke sivA aura koI nahIM hai ki jisake netRtva meM uttara-pazcimIya pATiyoM meM 1. jinavijayajI sUcita karate haiM ki isa kuvalayamAlA kI do hI hastapratiyAM abhI taka upalabdha huI haiM / eka pUnA ke sarakArI saMgraha meM aura dUsarI jaisalamera ke jaina bhaNDAra meM donoM pratiyAM na kevala choTI choTI bAtoM meM hI apitu ati mahatva kI aitihAsika bAtoM meM bhI eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| vidvAn paNDita ina bhedoM ko mUla lekhaka kartRka hI mAnatA hai aura vizvAsa karatA hai ki donoM hI pratiyoM meM ye matabheda mUla zrotoM se hI prAe haiM / dekho, vahI, pR. 1751 2. dekho vahI, pR. 177 pUnA kI prati meM uparyukta pahalI do gAyAeM nahIM milatI hai vaha prati tIsarI gAvA se hI dama bhinna hai / vaha likhA huA hai| prArambha hotI hai / phira prastAvika gAthA bhI isa prati kI jaisalamera ke prati kI gAthA se eka gAthA isa prakAra hai :- gratthi payAparI taurarAyeNa ke sthAna meM pUnA prati meM toramANa pAMcavIM gAthA ke prathamA ke sthAna meM hama pUnaH prati meM nimnalikhita sampUrNa gAthA pAte hai :-- (tassa) bahukalAkasalo siddhAntayavavAmro kaI dalo Ayariya devaguttoM ja ( ssa) jjavi vijjarae kittI / vahI / 3. hUNa madhya eziyA meM AryoM kI hI eka jAti thI / unane gupta sAmrAjya ko chinna-bhinna kara diyA thA aura kucha samaya taka bhAratavarSa ke eka bar3e bhAga para unakA Adhipatya bhI rahA thaa| huNoM kA rAjyavorabhAraNa ke uttarAdhikArI mihirakula kI parAjaya aura mRtyu ke sAtha hI samApta ho gayA thaa| isako chaThI sadI IsavI ke madhya ke lagabhaga rakhA jA sakatA hai| hUNoM ke vizeSa paricaya ke lie dekho zrIjhA, rAjapUtAnA kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 53 Adi, 126 Adi /
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________________ [ 177 ho kara hUNAM ke Tole ke Tole uttara-bharatavarSa meM pralaya kI bhAMti saba ora phaila gae the| isa torarAya ko haNa saradAra toramAraNa mAna lene meM koI bhI aitihAsika mUla nahIM hai kyoMki samasta bhAratIya itihAsa meM kevala eka hI pRthvIbhoktA toramAraNa hai / vaha apane samaya kA eka ati prakhyAta vyakti hI thA kyoMki, jaisA ki hama abhI kaha cuke haiM, vahI hUNoM ke AkramaNa aura pariNAmata: gupta sAmrAjya ke vighaTana kA pradhAna nAyaka thA / madhya eziyA ko tyAga kara vaha apane anuyAyiyoM sahita bhAratavarSa meM ghusa AyA aura paMjAba evaM dillI ko vijaya kara vaha madhya-bhArata ke mAlavA deza taka bhItara meM pahuMca gayA thaa| viseMTa smitha kahatA hai ki "bhAratavarSa ke isa AkramaNa kA ki jo kitane hI varSoM taka niHsaMdeha hI calatA rahA thA, netA toramAe nAma kA saradAra thA ki jisane madhyabhArata ke mAlavA pradeza taka apanA adhikAra I. san 500 ke pahale hI jamA liyA thA aisA kahA jAtA hai| usane apane lie 'mahArAjoM kA rAjA' kA bhAratIya viruda dhAraNa kiyA thA; aura mAnugupta evam vallabhI kA rAjA va anya aneka rAjoM ko usane apane karada rAjya banA liye hoNge| svabhAvataH madhyaeziyA ke AryoM ke netA, isa haraNAdhipati, ne bhAratavarSa kI rAjanaitika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika sthitiyoM meM bhArI krAMti hI lA dI hogii| usake prAdhipatya kA samaya ni:saMdeha alpakAlIna thA, parantu jisa samaya usakI mRtyu huI -I. chaThI sadI ke prathama dazaka meM usakA jamAyA huA bhAratIya sAmrAjya itanA zaktizAlI thA ki vaha usake putra evam uttarAdhikArI mihirakula ko mila skaa| parantu yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki purAtatvajJoM ko usakI rAjadhAnI kahAM thI isakA grasaMdigdha rUpa se patA abhI taka bhI nahIM laga pAyA hai / aneka AdhAroM se hama itanA to jAnate haiM ki paMjAba kA, zAkala, Adhunika siyAlakoTa, usake uttarAdhikArI mihirakula kI rAjadhAnI thii| phira bhI kuvalayamAlA ke kathAnusAra, toramAraNa kI rAjadhAnI candrabhAgA mAja kI cinAva, nadI ke taTa para kI pavvaiyA nagarI thii| isa pavva iyA ko jisakA ki saMskRta rUpAntara parvatikA yA pArvatI hai, uttarI-bhArata meM nizcita karanA kaThina hai| yuyAnavvAMga ke 'bhAratavarSa kA paryaTana yAne Trevalsa ina iNDiyA' grantha meM hameM mau-lo-sana-pU-lU yAne mulatAna se lagabhaga 700 lI uttara-pUrva ke po-phA-To deza meM usake jAne kA patA calatA hai / 'isa lekhAMza kA po-phA-To,' vATarsa kahatA hai ki 'zabda sambhavatayA po-lA-pho-TA yAne parvata kA hI paryAya mAlama hotA hai| isase kyA hama niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki cInI paryaTaka kA parvata nagara hI toramANa kI rAjadhAnI pabvaiyA nagarI thA ? vidvAna isa sambandha meM saba eka mata nahIM haiN| isalie hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki, jainoM ke 1. smitha, vahI, pR. 335 / dekho vAn]Ta, vahI, pR. 491 2. dekho smitha, vahI aura vahI sthAna / aojhA, vahI, pR. 128 / 3. dekho smitha vahI aura vahI sthAna; grojhA, vahI, pR. 129; vAnryeTa, vahI, pR. 50 / 4. dekho vATarsa, yunAnasAMgsa Traivalsa ina iNDiyA, bhAga 2, pR. 255; bIla, sI-yU-kI, mAga 2, pR. 275 / 5. vATarsa, vahI aura vahI sthAna / dekho bIla; vahI aura vahI sthAna / 6. viseMTa rimatha ke anusAra po-phA-To (parvata) kAzmIra rAjya jaisA ki vaha Aja saMgaThita hai, ke dakSiNa sthita (jammU) jamU kA rAjya honA cAhie / dekho vATarsa, vahI, pR. 342 / kaniMghama zorakoTa ko hI po-phA-To kahatA hai, yadyapi vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki paryaTaka nirdiSTa sthiti to cenAba para ke aMga ke sthAna se milatI hai| kanibama, eMjeMTa jyogrAphI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 233-234 / DA. phlITa ke anusAra, po-phA-To prAcIna nagara har3appA ke sivA dUsarA koI ho hI nahIM sakatA hai| phalITa, rAesoM patrikA, 1907, pR. 650 /
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________________ 178 ] anusAra, toramANa kI rAjadhAnI pavvaiyA nagarI thI aura aba yahI dekhanA zeSa raha jAtA hai ki isa nagarI ko uttara- bhArata ke nakze meM kisa sthAna para ThIka ThIka sthirIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / hamAre lie yahAM mahatva kI bAta to yaha hai ki koI harigupta nAma ke jainAcArya isa mahAn toramANa ke gurU the / kuvalayamAlA kA yaha kathana vastutaH prati hI mahatva kA hai| kucha hI zilAlekhoM ko chor3a kara, ki jinakA hamane Upara nirdeza kiyA huA hai, abhI taka koI bhI aisI vyavahArika bAta nahIM milI thI ki jo gupta kAla meM jainadharma kI sthiti para prakAza DAla sakatI thii| toramANa jaise videzI aura vijayI rAjA kA gurU eka jainAcArya kA honA jaina itihAsa meM koI kama mahatva kI ghaTanA nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| kitano hI nagaNya ise mAnI jAe, phira bhI isase hama itanA niSkarSa kA AdhAra to mAna hI sakate haiM ki zaizunArga, nandoM aura mauryo ke kAla kI ho bhAMti bhAratIya itihAsa ke isa suvarNa yuga meM bhI jaMnAcArya rAjagurU pada para rahe the| 1 prAcArya harigupta kA vicAra karane para aisA lagatA hai ki ve usa samaya ke mahAn AcArya honA cAhie / unakA paricaya hameM guptavaMzI kaha kara hI karAyA gayA hai| yaha kahanA ati kaThina hai ki ve gupta rAjyavaMza ke hI vyakti the athavA isI nAma ke kisI anya vaMza ke hamAre sAmane aisI koI bhI sAkSI nahIM hai ki jisase hama isa viSaya meM kucha bhI kaha sakate haiM / parantu jinavijayajI ke anusAra, ' yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina sAdhuoM meM yaha eka sAmAnya prathA thI jaba kisI prakhyAta vaMza yA kula kA koI vyakti sAdhU banatA thA to isakA ullekha dharma ko prabhAvanA kI dRSTi se bar3I sAvadhAnI se avazya hI kiyA jAtA thaa| saMgha ke zrAvakoM ke samakSa upadeza dete hue jaina sAdhU sAmAnyatayA apane gurutroM ke itihAsa kI aisI bAteM kaha kara zrotAoM ke mana para bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dharma aura anuyAyiyoM kI mahattA kI chApa baiThAnA kabhI nahIM bhUlate the / isa para se yaha anumAna yadi hama kareM ki prAcArya harigupta kA vaMza jisake ki viSaya me toramANa aura usake gurU ke tIna zatAbdiyoM bAda hone vAle zrI udyotanasUri ne ullekha kiyA hai, avazya hI eka zaktizAlI aura sammAnya honA cAhie to vaha kucha bhI atizayoktika yA aitihAsika dRSTi se azomana nahIM hai / phira ina hariguptAcArya kA hUNa samrATa ke sAtha sambandha bhI isa anumAna ko samarthana karatA haiN| guptoM ke rAjyakuTumba ko koI vyakti jaina sAdhU ho jAe, yaha bhale hI vismayakArI aura avizvasta sA lagatA ho, parantu aisA mAna lene kA hI koI kAraNa nahIM hai| phira una udyotanasUri kI prastAvika gAthAe~ yaha bhI sUcita karatI haiM ki ina harigupta AcArya ke eka ziSya mahAkavi devagupta thA isa devagupta ke udyotanasUri ne dhAge kI prastAvika gAthA meM guptavaMza kA rAjavi kahA hai|" isase yaha spaSTa hai ki devagupta gupta rAjavaMza kI hI koI vyakti honA caahie| ye saba tathya aitihAsika satya mAna liye jAeM isase pUrva niHsandeha hameM aura samakAlika nizcita sAkSiyoM kI AvazyakatA hai ki jo pariNAma kA samarthana kareM / phira bhI isa prakAra ko kisI aitihAsika saMracanA ke lie aise tathyoM kI upayogitA aura sArthakatA se ikAra hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa pRSThabhUmi se jaba hama yahAM taka pahuMca hI gae haiM to eka kadama Age bar3ha kara yaha bhI dekheM ki kyA gupta rAjyavaMza ke kisI vyakti se harigupta aura devagupta kI samAnatA sambhava bhI hotI haiM ? guptoM ke viSaya meM jo bhI aitihAsika abhilekha yaba taka saMgraha kie jA cuke haiM, unameM hameM harigupta kA koI nAma nahIM milatA hai| phira bhI 1894 meM kanidhama ne ahicchatrA meM eka aisA tAMbe kA sikkA prApta kiyA thA ki jisake eka ora pITha para rakhA 1. jinavijayajI, vahI, pR. 183 2. so jaya devaguptA se gustArA rAvarisI caturavijaya kuvalayamAlA - kathA (jaina mAtmAnanda sabhA), prastAvanA, pR.61
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________________ [179 huA kalaza yA aura dUsarI ghora ye zabda: "zrI mahArAjA harigupta "" usameM die nAma kI tulanA se sikkA vijJAnavettAoM kA mAnanA hai hI pAyA gayA hogA / phira bhI isa harigupta kA guptavaMza ke kisI sakatA hai / prAcIna lipizAstra ke anusAra aisA lagatA hai ki isa ke madhya meM honA caahie|" isa prakAra tithi aura sthAna jahAM ki para kA varNana jaina harigupta ke sAtha ThIka baiTha jAtA hai / sikkA paMjAba ke kimI jile se milA hai aura 'harigupta' toramANa kA samakAlika hone se vaha bhI vikrama kI chaThI sadI ke madhya kA honA caahie| isa prakAra tithi, sthAna, nAma aura vaMza ina saba bAtoM kI samAnatA ko dRSTi meM lete hue isa sikke kA aura jainoM kA harigupta eka hI vyakti mAnA jAe to usameM koI bhI bhUla nahIM hai / usake akSaroM ke AkAra aura ghATa se aura ki yaha sikkA guptavaMza ke kisI rAjA dvArA rAjA ke sAtha sambandha baiThAyA nahIM jA sikke meM varNita harigupta vikrama kI chaThI sadI yaha sikkA pAyA gayA thA, aura isa sikke byAhI gaI thI, kA aba devagupta kA vicAra kreN| isake viSaya meM bhI vaisI hI kaThinAiyAM haiM phira bhI bAga ke harSacarita se jo ki aitihAsika romAMca kathA kA sarva prathama prayAsa kahA jAtA hai, hameM patA lagatA hai ki thAgezvara aura kannauja ke mahArAjA ke hI kAla meM mAlavA ke siMhAsana para eka rAjA thA jise harSavardhana ke bar3e bhAI rAjyavardhana ne harAyA thA kyoMki mAlavA rAja kAnyakubja ke rAjA grahavarmana ki jise harSavardhana ko bhagini verI ghoSita kara diyA gayA thaa|" mAlavA ke isa rAjA ko DA. kUlara ne madhubana zilAlekha ko hI devagupta hI mAnA hai / " aba prazna uThatA hai ki kyA jaina dantakathA kA devagupta harSacarita meM jise mAlavA kA rAjA batAyA gayA hai, vahIM hai| isa viSaya meM kaThinAI kevala donoM devaguptoM ke samaya ke samanvaya kI hai| toramANa kI aneka tithiyoM meM se saba ne bAda kI tithi I. lagabhaga 516 kI hai| yadi ise mAna liyA jAe to 75 varSa kA rahanevAlA antara kevala isI kalpanA para ThIka baiThAyA jA sakatA hai ki toramANa kI mRtyu I. 516 ke kucha hI bAda huI hogI hariguptAcArya apane isa kRpAlurAjA kI mRtyu ke bAda bhI bahuta 1. dekho elana, kaMTeloga grApha iNDiyana kAinsa guptA DAinesTIja, pR. grApha maiDIvala iNDiyA, pU. 19 pleTa 2 7 catra 6 jinavijayajI ThIka hI kahate haiM, jainoM kA eka lokapriya pratIka hai / dekho jinavijayajI, vahI, 184 / 2. dekho kaniyama, vahI. pR. 18-19 prahara 'ha' kA grAkAra guptoM kA vizeSa prakAra kA hai|' vahI, pR. 19 lagabhaga 152 aura pleTa 26, 16 kaniyama, kAinsa yahAM yaha bhI kaha denA cAhie ki kalA, jaisA ki 3. unakI lipi ke anusAra harigupta ke sikke 5vIM sadI ke mAlUma hote haiN| elana, vahI, pR. 105 4. koyala aura TAmasa harSacarita 5. dekho vahI, prastA. pR. 11-12 prakhyAta rAjyavardhana jisake dvArA, yuddha meM apanA daNDa calAte devagupta Adi rAjA jo duSTa azvoM ke samAna the, mlAna mukha ho, vaza ho gae kUlara, epI. iSTi.. pusta. 1, pR. 741 dekho vATa vahI, pR. 52 mukarjI rAdhAkumuda, harSa, pR. 16-19, 53 6. mAraNa ke varNana kI satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue... yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki devagupta mAlavA ke rAjA kA nAma thA vahI pramukha ripu thA aura usake rAjya kI vijaya vArA ke isa vana se bhI samarthita hotI hai ki maNDina jo rAjyavardhana ke sAtha gayA thA, mAlavA kI lUTa harSavardhana ke pAsa usa samaya lAyA ki jaba harSa kumAra bhAskaravarmana ke rAjya meM rAjA gaur3a se pratizodha lene ke abhiyAna meM pahuMcA thA maiM yahAM kaha dUM ki mAlava zabda na to yahAM aura na zrI harSacarita meM anya ullekhoM meM hI madhyabhArata ke mAlava ke lie prayukta huA hai / paMjAba meM bhI eka dUsarA mAlava, thAnezvara ke nikaTatama thA aura kadAcit vahI yahAM prabhipreta hai / bahUlara, vahI, pu. 70 dekho mukarjI, rAdhAkumuda, vahI, pR. 25, 50 AAdi / prastAvanA, pu. 8 / 1 1
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________________ 180 ] kAla jIvita rahe hoMge aura devagupta ne apane gurU ke antima dinoM meM hI jainadIkSA lI hogii| tathya jo bhI ho, hameM isa kalpanA para adhika bhAra dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai kyoMki taba hama usa kAlAvadhi ke bAhara ke vicAra meM utara jAeMge ki jisakA hamane apane nibandha ke lie pratibandha kiyA huA hai / phira udyotana sUri kI kathA ke viSaya meM bhI hama usa samaya taka adhika kucha nahIM kaha sakate haiM jaba taka ki purAtatvika adhika khojeM isakA koI antima uttara nahIM deN| isa prakAra kA yaha tathya ki guptayuga meM bhI jainadharma eka kriyAzIla dharma rahA thA, aba taka ke kie uparokta vivecana se pramANita hotA hai| zilAlekhoM ke samUha se jo prAyaH samasta yA to bauddha haiM yA jaina aura 'gupta rAjoM kI' bauddha evam jainadharma donoM hI dharmoM ke prati parama sahiSNutA nIti se bhI aisA hI spaSTa hotA hai / aba eka bAta aura vicArane kI raha jAtI hai aura vaha yaha ki I. 5vIM sadI ke anta meM vallabhI vaMza kA udbhava kaise huA? isa vaMza kA udbhava Der3ha sau varSa ke guptoM ke suvarNa rAjya ke antima samaya meM hI huA kahA jA sakatA hai| kumAragupta 1ma kI mRtyu I. 455 meM nizcaya hI ho gaI thI aura tabhI se usa sAmrAjya kA patana bhI prArambha ho gayA thaa| kumAragupta 2ya ke rAjyakAla meM isa sAmrAjya kA nizcaya hI anta ho gayA thA / saurASTra dvIpakalpa kI pUrva meM AI huI vallabhI meM isa vaMza kI jo ki I. 770 taka calatA rahA thA, sthApanA kisI bhaTTAraka nAma ke saradAra ne kI thI jo ki "maitrika nAma ke videzI kula kA eka sadasya thaa|" vallabhIvaMza ke isa bhaTTAraka ke cAra putrathe aura ina cAroM ko hI vallabhIvaMza ne rAjoM kI sUcI meM kaptAna vilabaraphorsabyala evaM anya vidvAnoM ne ginAyA hai| isa sUcI kA cauthA rAjA dhra vasena 1ma, isa vaMza ke saMsthApaka kA tIsarA putra honA caahie| hama usakA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha isalie karate haiM ki jaina-zvetAmbara-saMgha ke prAcArya devadhigaNi kA vaha samakAlika thA, aura ye donoM hI uttara-bhArata meM jainadharma ke zAstroM ke anabhilekhita yuga ke aMta hone ke pratIka haiN| isake atirikta zrI smitha hameM yaha bhI vizvAsa dilAte haiM ki "vallabhI ke pahale-pahale ke rAjA svatantra sattAdhIza rahe hoM aisA nahIM mAlUma hotA hai| unheM hUNoM ko niHsandeha khirAja denI par3atI hogii|"5 isa prakAra yaha dhra vasena bhI hUNoM kA karada rAjA hI honA cAhie kyoMki usakA rAjyakAla zATiyara aura anya 1. smitha, vahI, pR. 318, 320 / 2. vahI, pR. 346 / "...guptoM kI zakti aura pratApakama hotA hI gayA thA aura rAjya evaM adhikAra se vaMcita hotehote I. chaThI sadI ke anta taka bilakula hI unakA anta ho gayA thaa|"-vilbrphors-byail, dI hisTrI oNpha kAThiyAvAr3a, pR. 37 / / 3. smitha, vahI, pR. 332 / "I. lagabhaga 470 ke, saurASTra ke itihAsa meM eka aura parivartana huA / isa varSa skandagupta kI mRtyu huI, aura cAraNoM kA kahanA hai ki usa samayamaitraka vaMza ko bhaTTAraka nAma kA jo vyakti senA kA mahAsenAdhipati thA / yaha vyakti saurASTra meM pahuMcA, aura apane ko svatantra ghoSita kara, usane eka vaMza sthApita kara liyA jo ki Age 300 varSa taka calatA rahA thA / -vilabaraphorsa-byaila vahI aura vahI sthAna / dekho bAnyaiTa, vahI, pR. 49 / / 4. dekho vilabaraphosaM-vyala, vahI, pR. 38-39; bAnyaiTa, vahI, pR. 49-50 / 5. smitha vahI aura vahI sthAna / "yaha vaMza prArambha meM guptoM kA mAtahata thaa| phira yaha hUNoM kA mAtahata huA aura anta meM svatantra ho gyaa|" -bAnya~Ta, vahI, pR. 491
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________________ [ 181 vidvAna I.526 meM pUrA ho jAnA dikhAte haiN| smitha aura vilabaraphorsa-vyala ke anusAra bhaTArka ne I. 490 meM isa vaMza kI sthApanA kI thii| bhaTArka aura dhra vasena ke bIca meM hone vAle rAjA do bhAiyoM ne alpa kAla taka hI rAjya kiyA hogA, aura isa prakAra dhra vasena 1 maI.526 meM vallabhI kI gaddI para pAyA hogaa| isakA samarthana isa bAta se bhI hotA hai ki vallabhI vaMza kA sAtavAM rAjA dharasena 2 ya I. 569 meM usa gaddI para AyA thA / vallabhIpati dhra vasena kI saMrakSakatA meM ekatra hae jaina zramasaMgha kI carcA Age ke adhyAya meM kI jaaegii| yahAM to basa itanA hI kaha denA paryApta haiM ki jainadharma ke mUla zAstra aura anya sAhitya isa yuga meM likha kara pustakArUr3ha kie gae the aura jaina itihAsa meM smRti paramparA kA yuga tabhI se samApta ho gyaa| jaina itihAsa kI isa mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA kA sambandha guptavaMza ke sAtha hI hai, yaha bhI draSTavya hai| isa samaya taka jainadharma sAre bhAratavarSa meM bahuta kucha phaila gayA thA aura isa tathya ko kisI bhI prakAra asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaina jAti kA ullekha karate zilAlekha I. chaThI sadI aura usake bAda saMkhyA meM bar3ha jAte haiM / gupta sAmrAjya ke anta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhArata varSa kA bhramaNa karanevAle cInI paryaTaka hya enatsAMga ne bhArata aura usakI sImA ke bAhara bhI jainadharmako phailA huA dekhA thaa| jainadharma ke viSaya meM aisI bikharI sUcanAoM kA anusaraNa karanA niHsaMdeha bar3A hI rocaka hogA, parantu aisA karanA hamAre kSetra ke bAhara yAne viSayAMtara hI hogaa| uddhRta abhilekha isa kathana kA samarthana karane ke lie paryApta haiM ki mahAvIra nirvANa ke bAda kI prathama pAMca sadiyoM meM bauddha dantakathA aura yathArtha aitihAsika pramANa donoM hI isa bAta kI sAkSI dete haiM ki bauddhadharma se bilkula hI svatantra rUpa meM pramukha dharma rUpa se deza meM jainadharma astitva bhoga rahA thaa| aitihAsika pramANoM meM kucha aise bhI haiM ki jo isa zaMkA kA bilakula nirasana kara dete haiM ki jainoM kI dantakathAeM svayam hI jhUThI ThaharatI hai| 1. dhra vasena 1 ma, vallabhI kA maitraka rAjA, I. 526-540 meM rAjya karatA thaa| -baanyett, vahI, pR. 50 / "aba cUki vallabhI kA yaha dhra vasena 1 ma I. 526 meM rAjagaddI para baiThA kahA jAtA hai...|" -zATiyara, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, prastA. pR. 161 vidvAna paNDita kI yaha tithi mahAvIra nirvANa I. pUrva 467 para aura jaina zAstra-vAcanA kI tithi vIrAt 993 para AdhArita hai| vAcanA kI dUsarI tithi bIrAt 980 hai aura isa gaNanA se vaha I. 514 ke lagabhaga pAtI hai / dekho yAkobI kalpasUtra ,prastA. pR. 15 1 phArkahara, rilIjasa liTarecara oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 163 / ina donoM tithiyoM meM antara isalie hai ki vIrAt 980 meM jainAgama nizcita rUpa meM lipibaddha hue the aura vIrAt 993 meM dhra vasena prathama ke Azrama meM prAnandapura ke janasaMgha ke sAmane kalpasUtra pahale pahala par3hA gayA thaa| navazatAzItitamavarSe kalpasya pustake likhanaM navazatatrinavatitamavarSe ca kalpasya parSadvAcaneti |-klpsuutr, subodhikA-TIkA, sUtta 148, pa. 126 / vIrAta 980 aura 993 kI donoM tithiyoM ke lie dekho sebuI, pusta. 22, pR. 270 bhii| 2. dekho smitha, vahI aura vahI sthAna; vilabaraphorsa-byaila, vahI, pR. 38 / 3. dekho vahI, pR. 391 "dharasena 2 ya...I. 573-589 taka rAjya karatA thaa|" -bAnyaiTa, vahI, pR. 51 / 4. ra enatsAMga kA digambaroM yA nirgranthoM ke kaipizI meM dekhe jAne kA ullekha...isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki ve, kama se kama uttara-pazcima meM to, dharmapracAra bhAratavarSa kI sImA se pare karane laga gae the| ilara, iNDiyana spaikTa prApha dI jainAja, pR. 3-4, Ti. 4; bIla, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 55 /
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________________ 182 ] sAtavAM adhyAya uttara kA jaina sAhitya janoM ne sadA sarvadA sAhitya ke kSetra meM prasanna pravRtti kA vikAsa kiyA hai| "yaha sAhitya atyanta hI vistRta aura rasa se aotaprota hai| bhAratIya aura yUropIya granthAlaya jaina hastapratiyoM ke aise bhArI saMgraha se bhare haiM / jinakA abhI taka bhI koI upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jaina granthakAra adhikAMza sAdhUvarga ke hI haiN| ye sAdhU caumAse ke cAra mahIne grantha lekhana meM upayoga karate the jaba ki unakA bhramaNa karanA dharma se niSiddha hai aura isalie unheM eka sthAna meM sthira nivAsa karanA hotA hai| grantha-racayitAmoM meM sAdhunoM ke hI adhikAMzata: hone ke kAraNa sAhitya meM bhI unakI vRtti kI chAyA viSaya aura prAzaya donoM meM hI spaSTa mAlUma hotI hai| pramukha bAtoM meM vaha sAhitya dhArmika lakSaNa vAlA hai aura isa viSaya meM vaha bauddha evaM brAhmaNIya sAhitya se milatA huA hai / IzvaravAdI aura dArzanika grantha, santoM kI kathAeM, dhArmika pustikAeM, aura tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti ke strota isa sAhitya ke pramukha aMga haiM / vijJAna, nATaka, kAvya, campU aura zilAlekha prAdi sAMsArika viSayoM ke inake granthoM meM bhI dhArmika vAtAvaraNa hI gUjatA hai| jaina itihAsa ke jisa kAla kA hama yahAM vicAra kara rahe haiM, usakA sambandha sAhitya likhe jAne ke pUrva kAla se hI hai / devardhigariNa eka dIpastambha ke samAna khar3e haiM aura ve usa kAla kA anta ki jisameM siddhAnta kahA jAne vAlA jainoM kA Agamika sAhitya hI pramukhatayA hai, aMkita karate haiN| phira bhI janoM ke samasta sAhitya kI prastAvanA rUpa se yahAM yaha kaha denA ucita hai ki isa apAra sAhitya meM bhI cacita viSaya atyanta vividhatA ke hai| "sarva prathama to siddhAnta aura usa para likhI gaI TIkAtroM kA samUha hai| isake atirikta vaijJAnika sAhitya bhI aneka prakAra kA hai| siddhAnta, nyAya aura darzana kI viziSTa paddhati kA vikAsa jainoM ne kiyA hai| phira unane brAhmaNIya vidvAnoM kA bhI bar3I saphalatA se vikAsa kiyA hai| saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI ke vyAkaraNa aura koza kI unane racanA kI hai / yahI kyoM, gujarAtI ko bhI kucha koza aura vyAkaraNa unake racita milate haiM aura phArasI kA eka koza bhii| kAvya, alaMkAra, chanda aura nIti kI donoM zAkhAeM yAne rAjanIti evam sAmAnya nIti ke bhI aneka jaina grantha haiN| nIti granthoM meM jIvana ke kuzala nirvAha ke niyama die gae haiN| rAjakumAroM kI zikSA ke lie jainoM ne gajazAstra, zAlihotra, yuddha-rathoM, aura dhanuSa zAstra evam kAmazAstra para bhI grantha likhe haiM / rAjakumAroM se atirikta janatA ke upayoga ke lie unane maMtra-tantra aura jyotiSa, camatkAra yAne jAdU, zakunaapazakuna aura svapnavicAra para grantha likhe haiM ki jinakA bhAratIya jIvana meM sadA hI mahatvapUrNa bhAga rahA hai / unake racita vastuzAstra, saMgIta, rAga aura vAdya, suvarNa, ratna Adi para bhI grantha upalabdha hote haiM... / saMkSepa meM bahuvyApaka lokapriya sAhitya ke raciyatA jaina haiN|" 1. harTala, pAna dI liTarecara Apha dI zvetAmbarAja Apha gujarAta, pR. 4 / 2. harTala, vahI, pR. 5-6 /
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________________ [ 183 isa saMkSipta prAstAvika kathana ke bAda aba hama jainoM ke pavitra dharmagrantha yAne siddhAnta kA vicAra kareM ki jo unakI mAnyatAnusAra usI yuga kA hai jisakA ki hama vahAM vicAra kara rahe haiM hama pahale bhI dekha cuke haiM aura dhAge isI pradhyAya meM phira dekheMge ki unake sAhityika vArase ke viSaya meM jainoM kI dantakathA kA hama avizvAsa nahIM kara sakate haiN| phira bhI yahAM hama mAtra siddhAnta granthoM kI eka sUcI dete haiM ki jinakA svIkAra byaivara, viTraniTja, 2 zArpeTiyara, zApeMTiyara yAdi ne ghor3e bahuta aMza meM kara liyA hai : 8 1. caudaha puvvA yA pUrva (Aja anupalabdha) : 1. uppAya ( utpAda) / 3. vauriyappavAya (vIryapravAda) / 5. nAraNappavAya (jJAnapravAda) / 7. prAyappavAya (AtmapravAda) / 9. paJcakkhANappavAya (pratyAkhyAnapravAda | 11. prabaMdha (madhya) / 13. kiriyAvizAla (kriyAvizAla ) / 2. bAraha aMga 3. bAraha upAMga (bAraha aMgoM ke anurUpa) 1. ubavAiya (dhopapAtika) 3. jIvAbhigama / 5. sUriyapati sUryaprajJapti 7 pati candra prajJapti) / 9. kappAvadaMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH) / 11. puSpacUli zrAzro (puSpacUlikAH) / 2. ageziya athavA mamAziya ? azAyaraNIya) 4 4. atthinatthiSpavAya ( prastinAstipravAda) / 6. saccappavAya (satyapravAda) / 8. kammappavAya ( karmapravAda) / 10. vijayavAya (vidhiyaanuprvaad)| 1. AyAra ( AcAra) / 3. ThAraNa (sthAna) / 5. viyApayati (vyAkhyAprajJapti), jo 6. nAyAdhammakahAo ( jJAtAdharmakathA : ) / 8. paMtagaDAmro (a MtakRtadazA) | 10. pahAyAgaraNAI ( praznavyAkaraNAni ) / 12. divA (STivAda), grAja upalabdha nahIM hai| 12. pAragAuma (prAraNAyuH) / 14. logavidusAra (lokabiMdusAra) / 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRta) 1 4. samavAya sAmAnyatayA bhagavatI kahA jAtA hai| 7. uvAsamadasAmro ( upAsakadazAH) / 9. praNuttarovavAiyadasAmro (anuttaropapAtikadazAH) | 11. vivAgasUyam (vipAkasUtram) / 2. rAyapaserigajja (rAjapraznIya) / 4. panavaraNA (prajJApanA) / 6. jaMbUddIvapaNNatti (jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti) / 8. niryAvalI / 10. puSpI grAmro ( puSpikAH) / 12. afgeerst (afayeurr:) | 1. dekho vyaMvara, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 17, pR. 279 Adi, 339 Adi; pusta. 18. pR. 181 bAdi 369 prAdi pusta. 19, pR. 62 Adi; pusta. 20, pR. 170 Adi, 365 Adi; aura pusta. 21, pR. 14 Adi, 106 zrAdi, 177 zrAdi, 293 Adi, 327 Adi, 369 Adi / 2. dekho biniTja ziSTa Dera iNDizana liTareTUra, bhAga 2, pU. 291 prAdi / 3. dekho zArpeTiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 9 Adi; belvalakara, brahmasUtAja grApha bAdarAyANa, pR. 107 Adi / 4. dekho zArpeTiyara, vahI prastA. pR. 12
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________________ 184] 4. dasa pahaNa athavA prakIrNAni : 1. causararaNa (catu: zaraNa / 3. maktapariSNa (bhakta parijJA) / 5. taMDulayAlaya (?) | 7. devidatthava (devendrastava) / 9. mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna ) / 5. chaha cheda sUtra 1. nisIha (nizIttha) / 3. vyavahAra (vyavahAra) / 5. bRhatkalpa / 6. cAra mUla sUtra : 1. uttaraubhayaNa (uttarAdhyayana) / 3. dazaveyAliya (dazakAlika) / 7. do sUtra : 1. nandIsutta (nandIsUtra ) / 2. urapaJcavANa ( AturapratyAkhyAna ) / 4. saMcAra (saMstAra) | 6. caMdAvimA (candravedhyaka) / 8. garigavijjA ( gariNata vidyA) / 10. vIratthava ( vIrastava) / 2. mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha ) / 4. prAyAradasAo (prAcAradazAH), yAvesAsUparakaMdha (dazAbhUtaskaMdha / 6. paMcakalpa / 2. praNayogadArasuta (dhanuyogadvArasUtra ) / uparokta saba siddhAnta grantha zvetAmbara sampradAya ke hI haiM kyoMki digambaroM ne inheM asvIkAra kara diyA hai| digambaroM kI yaha dantakathA usa bhISaNa duSkAla se sambandhita hai ki jo magadha meM candragupta maurya ke rAjya kAla meM par3A thaa| bhadrabAhuM aura unake ziSyoM ke dakSiNa pravAsa ke pazcAt jainadharma ke pavitra siddhAnta granthoM kA vismaraNa dvArA nAza hone kA bhaya upasthita ho gayA aura sthUlabhadra evam usake ziSyoM ne eka pariSad una sAdhutroM nimaMtrita kI ki jo udhara hI raha gae the| yaha pariSada I. pUrva tIsarI sadI meM maurya sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI evam janasaMdha ke itihAsa meM prasiddha pATalIputra meM ekatrita huI thii| jainoM kI isa pariSada ne jaisA ki DA. zArpeTiyara kahatA hai, 'bahuta kucha vahI kArya kiyA hogA ki jo bauddhoM kI pahalI saMgIti yAne pariSada ne kiyA thA / "" isa pariSada ne aMgoM aura pUrvo donoM kA hI pATha sthira kiyA aura yahI se siddhAnta kI prathama bhUmikA prArambha huI / parantu dakSiNa se lauTane vAle muniyoM ko siddhAnta ke isa prakAra sthira kie pATha se santoSa nahIM huA unane isa siddhAMta ko mAnane se inkAra hI nahIM kiyA apitu yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA ki pUrva jJAna aura aMza jJAna donoM hI viccheda 2. Avasya (Avazyaka) / 4. piDanijjutti (piNDanipuM kti) / 1. zArpeTiyara, vahI, prastAvanA pR. 14 | - bAhu racita the jaise ki kalpasUtra, sthira hue / ' vahI / isalie pATalIputra meM 2. 'isa prakAra, sthUlabhadra kI dantakathAnusAra, pahale dasa pUrva aura aMgoM kA siddhAnta aura anya zAstra jo ki bhadraeka pariSada bulAI gaI jisameM aMgadvidvivAya nAma ko saMgrahita iNDiyA, pR. 75; yAkobI, lie dekho pariziSTa parvan saga~ gyAraha aMga saMkalita kie gae aura huA / ' viTarniTja, vahI, pR. 293 kalpasUtra, prastA. pu. 11, 15 9 zloka 55-76, 101-103 14 parvo meM se baca rahe pUrva kA 12 vAM dekho phArkahara rilIjasa liTarecara zrApha pATalIputra kI pariSade kA hemacandra ke darzana ke
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________________ [ 185 calA gayA hai / " digambaroM kI isa mAnyatA kA ki jo Aja siddhAnta rUpa se upalabdha hai, vaha mUla rUpa se nahIM haiM, yahI AdhAra hai / hama Age thor3I hI dera bAda dekheMge ki unakI yaha dantakathA zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke kAraNoM ke vicAra dRSTi se kucha bhI mahatva kI nahIM hai / meM parantu isa prazna para vicAra karane ke pUrva hama dUsarI pariSada kA bhI ki jo devagiri ke netRtva meM ballamI gujarAta deza ko ekatrita huI thI ullekha kara denA cAhate haiN| isa devagiri kA jaina sAhityaka itihAsa meM vaisA hI sthAna hai jaisA ki bauddha sAhitya ke itihAsa meM buddhapoSa kA hai| yaha jaina pariSada I. chaThI sadI ke prArambha meM milI thii| magadha kI pahalI pariSada ke pazcAt kAla vyatIta hote hote zvetAmbara siddhAnta phira se avyavasthita ho gayA, yahI nahIM apitu usake sampUrNatayA naSTa ho jAne kA mI pUrA pUrA bhaya ho gayA / isalie jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha dhAe haiM. mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 980 athavA 993veM varSa meM eka devadhigari nAma ke mahAn jainAcArya ne jo ki kSamAzramaNa kahalAtA thA, yaha dekha kara ki siddhAntaluptaprAyaH hotA jA rahA hai kyoMki vaha likha nahIM liyA gayA hai, dUsarI bar3I pariSada vallabhI meM ekatrita kii| bArahavAM raMga to jisameM ki caudaha pUrvI kA jJAna saMgraha kiyA gayA thA, usa samaya taka naSTa ho hI cukA thA aura isalie jo kucha zeSa rahA thA usI ko likha kara taba suspaSTa rUpa de diyA gyaa| isa prakAra devagiriNa kA yaha prayatna kucha prAcIna lekhI prata pora kucha smRti paramparA ke AdhAra se pavitra dharmazAstroM ke siddhAnta ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA hI rahA hogA / jaisA ki Adhunika vidvAnoM meM se adhikAMza kA mAnanA hai, hameM bhI yaha zaMkA karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki siddhAnta kA samasta vAhya rUpa bhavasena ke samaya kA hI hai ki jisakI saMrakSakatA meM yaha mahA pariSada sammilita huI thii| digambara dantakathA kA vicAra hama kareM ki jo kahatI hai ki magadha ke bhISaNa duSkAla ke bAda hI siddhAMta sampUrNatayA vismRta yA naSTa ho gayA thaa| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki isa prakAra kA prativyApaka kathana kiyA jA sake aisA koI bhI prAdhAra hameM prApta nahIM hai| yahAM eka bAta prArambha meM hI kaha denA prati Avazyaka hai aura vaha yaha ki digambara bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya saba pUrvo aura pragoM ke jJAtA the| unheM bhI dvAdazAMgI kA zvetAmbaroM kI bhAMti hI bahumAna hai|* isalie hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hI 1. magadha ke bhISaNa duSkAla yAdi ke lie dekho vahI sthAna | zArpeTiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 13-15; viniTja, vahI, aura 2. zArpeTiyara vahI prastA. pR. 15 dekho biniTja vahI, pR. 293-294 yAkobI, sebuI pusta 22, prastA pR. 37-38 / eka anya paramparA ke anusAra, siddhAnta kA prakAzana zrI skaMdilAcArya kI pramukhatA meM huI mathurA kI pariSada meM huA thaa| vyavara, iNDi eNTI.. pusta 17, pR. 282 3. ' pUrva sarvasiddhAntAnAM pAThanaM ca mukhapAThanai 'vA' sita / ' -yAkobI kalpasUtra, pR. 117 | dekho virniTja, vahI, pR. 294 / isa pariSada ke kArya vivaraNa aura pratisaMskaraNakAroM kI zailI ko ThIka paricaya ke lie dekho zArpeTiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 16 Adi / 'pratyeka gurU ke athavA kama se kama pratyeka upAzraya ke lie pavitra dharmagraMthoM kI pratiyAM upalabdha karane ko devagiri ne siddhAnta kA bahuta bar3A saMskaraNa yAne aneka pratiyAM taiyAra karAI hoMgI / ' - yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 22, prastA. pR. 38 / 4. dekho kUlara, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 7 pu. 29 phira bhI hameM zvetAmbaroM evam digambaroM donoM hI dvArA kahA vAle sabhya aura sambhavatayA prAcIna bhI grantha the jinakI mUlataH jAtA hai ki paMgoM ke atirikta pUrva kahe jAne saMkhyA caudaha thI / yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pR. 44 /
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________________ 186] zeSa raha jAtA hai ki mUla siddhAMta sarvathA hI vilupta yA naSTa nahIM ho gayA thaa| prAcIna lipika sAkSI jo ki isa sambandha meM prastuta kI jA sakatI hai, vaha mathurA ke zilAlekhoM kI hai| jaisA ki hama dekha Ae haiM, una abhilekhoM meM jo aneka zAkhAoM aura kuloM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, unakI abhinnatA una zAstroM ke ullekhoM se barAbara pramAriNata hotI hai ki jinheM 'digambara paravartI aura mUlyahIna ghoSita karate haiM hAlAMki unakA kucha aMza meM upayoga karate bhI ve mAlUma hote haiN|" phira mahAvIra sambandhI dantakathA bhI mathurA - zilpa meM jaisI ki zvetAmbara zAstroM meM ullikhita pAI jAtI hai, vaisI hI a Mkita milatI hai| jaina sAdhutroM ko vAcaka yAne pAThaka yA upadezaka ke viruda sahita ullekha kiyA gayA hai| DA. viTarniTja ke anusAra yaha zeSokta tathya isa bAta kI sAkSI prAcInalipika detA hai ki jainoM ke pavitra dharma zAstra IsavI yuga ko prArambha taka to avazya hI vidyamAna the| phira jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai jaina sAdhU apavAda rUpa se nagna bhI raha sakate haiM aisA zvetAmbaroM ke granthoM meM bhI kahA gayA hai| ye saba bAteM pramANita karatI hai ki mUla pATha meM manamAnA pheraphAra karane kA jarA bhI sAhasa kisI ne bhI nahIM kiyA thA apitu unheM jahAM taka sambhava huA vahAM taka satya rUpa meM hI diyA gayA thaa| anta meM jaina dantakathA kI prAmANikatA kI saba se bar3I sAkSI yaha hai ki aneka upayogI vivaraNoM meM yaha bauddha dantakathA se ekadama hI milatI huI hai / 1 1 aneka vidvAnoM ke abhiprAyAnusAra siddhAnta ke honA bhI isakA puSTa pramANa hai ki ye siddhAnta graMtha aparivartita aura abAdhita rahanA hI cAhie parIkSaka mora bhAratIya chandazAstra ko ni sAmAnyataH ina siddhAnta granthoM meM vyavahRta sabhoM siddhAnta granthoM ke chandoM kI apekSA spaSTa hI adhika evam dhanya uttarIya bauddha graMthoM meM prayukta se apekSAkRta spaSTataH prAcIna haiN| isa prati niSkarSa para pahuMcA ki siddhAnta kA pramukha aura mahatva kA prAcIna bhAga IsabI pahalI zatI aura tripiTaka kAla ke madhya kA yAne I. pUrva 300 se lekara I. 200 kI avadhi meM racA huA honA hI cAhie aura maiM bhI isa niSkarSa ko bilakula nyAyayukta hI mAnatA hUM 15 mahatvapUrNa yaMtroM meM grIka khagola ke vicAroM kA ullekha nahIM adhika nahIM to kama se kama IsavI san kI pahalI zatI se to 'unake chaMdoM (Terminus a quo ) para se yAkobI jaise sUkSma mI jaise hI lagate ye siddhAnta grantha prArambhasthala hai kyoMki cAhe vaha tAliya, triSTuma aura dhAryA koI bhI ho, pAlI vikasita haiM yahI nahIM apitu ye siddhAnta ca lalitavistAra prakhara sAkSI se yAkobI isa isake atirikta sAre siddhAnta graMthoM meM chuTechavAe aneka vAkya haiM ki jo jaina siddhAnta kA samaya nizcita karane meM parama sahAyaka hone jaise haiN| ina saba vAkyoM ko uddhRta karanA yahAM zrAvazyaka nahIM hai, phira bhI yahAM eka 1. zArpeTiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 11 2. vAcakasya balavanasya... Adi, pR. q. 383-386 1 3. dekhI biniTja, vahI dhaura vahI sthAna / 1 4. dekho zApeMTiyara vahI prastA. pu. 25 parantu adhika vajanadAra tarka yaha hai ki siddhAnta meM hameM grIka jyotiSa kA kucha bhI prabhAva yA cinha nahIM dIkhatA hai| satya to yaha hai ki jaina jyotiSa eka avizvAsanIya sambhavatA kI paddhati hai| yadi jaina jyotiSa ke lekhaka ko grIka jyotiSa kA jarA bhI jJAna hotA to vaisI asambhava bAteM likhI hI nahIM jA sakatI thii| cUMki grIka jyotiSa kA bhArata meM praveza tIsarI yA cauthI sadI IsavI meM huA lagatA hai, isase aisA anumAna hotA hai ki jainoM ke Agama grantha usa kAla se pUrva ke hI racita haiM / ' -yAkobI, vahI, prastAvanA, pR. 40 5. zArpeTiyara, vahI prastAvanA, pR. 25-26; yAkobI, vahI, prastAvanA pu. 41 dhAdi / dekho bahUlara, vahI aura vahI sthAna / tara epI. iNDi., pusta. 1, lekha saM. 3. 382 / dekho vahI lekha saM. 4, 7,
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________________ [ 187 vAkya uddhRta karanA ucita hai kyoMki siddhAnta-racanA kAla ke prazna para vaha acchA prakAza DAlatA hai| DA. zATiyara ke zabdoM meM vaha isa prakAra hai : 'dUsare upAMga rAyapasepaijja meM jisakA dIghanikAya ke pAyAsIsUtta se nikaTa sambandha dekhakara, pro. lAyamana ne dIrgha vicAra kiyA thA, eka sthAna para kahA gayA hai ki kisI brAhmaNa ne amuka aparAdha kiyA ho to use DAma diyA jAtA thA -yAne sunakha (kutte), yA kuNDiya kA AkAra usake bhAla para DAma diyA jAtA thA / yaha varNana kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM die varNana ke hI anurUpa hai jisameM likhA hai ki cAra cinha isake lie prayoga kie jAeM-yAne corI ke lie kutte kA, gurUtalpe (gurU-patni ke sAtha pApAcaraNa) ke lie bhaga kA, manuSya kI hatyA ke lie kabaMdha kA, aura surApAna ke lie madyadhvaja kA cinha DAma diyA jAe / parantu yaha daNDa-vidhAna manu evam paravartI smRtiyoM meM nahIM hai yahI nahIM apitu inameM brAhmaNa ko zArIrika daNDa se bhI Upara mAnA gayA hai / brAhmaNoM ke zArIrika daNDa dene kI prathA kauTilya ke bAda hI banda ho gaI hogI parantu jaina granthoM meM aise daNDa kA ullekha hone se yahI anumAna nikalatA hai ki anya dharmazAstroM kI apekSA ye jaina graMtha pahale ke aura kauTilya ke samIpavartI kAla ke honA cAhie / ina saba bAtoM ko dekhate hue eka bAta bilakula spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki zvetAmbaroM ke abhI ke siddhAnta graMtha ke bAda ke nahIM hai yahI nahIM apitu kitane hI sthAnoM para unameM ghaTa-bar3ha huI hone para bhI mUla graMthoM yA pAThoM para hI ve racita haiM / ina mUla pAThoM kI racanA samayakrama se kaba-kaba huI, yaha prazna rocaka hote hue bhI bar3A ulajhana marA hai / phira bhI isa bAta meM koI bhUla nahIM dIkhatI hai ki inakA nizcita rUpa pATalIputra kI pariSada meM sthira kiyA hupA hI honA cAhie, yahI nahIM apitu kitanI hI viziSTa bAtoM meM to pATha usase bhI prAcIna kAla ke honA cAhie / aba hama saMkSepa meM piddhAnta-graMthoM ke viSayoM para vihaMgama ga pratyeka kI Avazyaka bAtoM kI carcA karate hue unakA sArAMza dene kA yahAM prayatna kreNge| kramAnusAra prathama sthAna caudaha pUrvo kA hai| ye hI siddhAnta ke prAcInatama vibhAga haiM aura zvetAmbara bhI dRSTivAda nAma ke bArahaveM aMga ke sAtha-sAtha hI sampUrNatayA viccheda jAnA inakA mAnate haiM / ye sarvottama prAcIna siddhAnta svatantra rUpa meM sthAyI nahIM raha sake to inakA saMkalana dRSTivAda nAma ke bArahaveM aMga meM kiyA gayA thaa| parantu phira bhI inakA jJAna sthAyI nahIM rakhA jA sakA aura dRSTivAda kA bArahavAM aMga bhI vilupta ho gyaa| pahale kahA hI jA cukA hai ki pUrvo kA upadeza mahAvIra ne svayam diyA thA, parantu aMgoM kI racanA unake gaNadhara ziSyoM dvArA huI thI / DA. zArpaTiyara kahatA hai ki 'yaha dantakathA paurANika tIrthakara RSamadeva dvArA siddhAnta ke race jAne kI bAta kI upekSA kara detI hai aura siddhAnta ke mUla kA mahAvIra dvArA hI racA jAnA kahanA nizcaya hI ucita hai| tathyoM ke sAmAnya varNana kI dRSTi se yaha kathana ki siddhAnta kA pramukha aMza mahAvIra aura unake nikaTatama uttarAdhikAriyoM se udbhUta hai, vizvasta hI lagatA hai / ' pUrvo ke pazcAt aMgoM kA nambara yA sthAna prAtA hai| pratyeka aMga meM kucha praupacArika viziSTatA dekhI jAtI hai ki jimase kisI kisI kA pArasparika nikaTatama sambandha pramAriNata hotA hai / bAraha aMgoM meM se pahalA, pAyArAMga 1. zAmazAstrI, kauTilyAja arthazAstra, pR. 250; udayavIra, koTalIya arthazAstra, adhi. 4, adhyA. 8, pR. 136 / 2. zATiyara, vahI, prastA. pR 31 / 3. 'mujhe yaha nahIM lagatA hai ki pramukha pavitra dharmagrantha Aja ke rUpa meM, pATalIputra kI pariSad meM nirdhArita pAThoM __ ke hI anurUpa haiN|'-vhii / dekho yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pR. 9,43 / 4. zAaiMTiyara, vahI, prastA pR 11-12 /
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________________ 188 ] yA prAcArAMgasUtra kA vicAra karane para hameM patA lagatA hai ki yaha gadya aura padya donoM meM hI racita upalabdha siddhAMta granthoM meM prAcInatama hai / isameM jaina sAdhU ke prAcAra kA varNana hai| isake do vibhAga yAne zrutaskandha haiM jo zailI meM aura viSaya-vivecanA kI rIti meM paraspara bhinna-bhinna haiM / ina do zrutaskandhoM meM kA pahalA zrataskandha vartamAna dharmagranthoM meM atyanta prAcIna nahIM to prAcInoM meM se eka hone kI chApa baiThAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga evam anya siddhAnta graMthoM kI hI bhAMti isa prAcArAMga meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki isake bar3e anuccheda kI samApti 'ti bemi' arthAta 'iti bravImi' meM hotI hai aura TIkAkAroM ke anusAra mahAvIra ke gaNadhara ziSya, sudharmA hI ne isa prakAra kahane kA DhaMga apanAyA thaa| gadya bhAga kA prArambha isa prakAra hotA hai : "sUyam me grAusa, teNaM bhagavayA evaM akkhAyaM" arthAt he AyuSman, maiMne sunA hai| isa prakAra usa mahAsaMta ne kahA hai / isa zailI meM, mahAvIra ke vAkyoM yA kathana kA maukhika anuvAda sudharmA ne apane ziSya jambU ko saMmbodhana karate hue kiyA hai / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, prAcArAMgasUtra meM pramukhatayA cAra anuyogoM meM se eka hI kA vivecana hai ki jinameM pavitra jJAna vibhAjita kara diyA gayA hai yAne dharmakathA, gaNita (kAla), dravya aura caraNavaraNa / ' usake upadezoM meM samabhAvI aura niSpakSa gurU kI vANI aura usakI gambhIra cetAvanI, AdhyAtmika athavA anya, kA saMmizraNa hai| bhalI prakAra samajhane ke lie isa sUtra kA eka aMza hI yahAM uddhRta kara denA samIcIna hai : 'bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke ahaMta aura bhagavaMta saba yahI kahate haiM, bolate haiM, batAte haiM, samajhAte haiM ki zvAsozvAsa lete, astitva rakhate, jIvana bitAte caitanyayukta sabhI prANiyoM ko mAranA nahIM cAhie, unake sAtha hiMsaka rIti se baratanA nahIM cAhie, unheM gAlI nahIM denA cAhie, pIr3A nahIM denA cAhie tathA unako dhutkAra hakAla nahIM denA caahie|' ___ 'yaha zuddha, apratima aura zAzvata niyama saMsAra kA svarUpa jAnane vAle jJAnI puruSoM ne prarUpita kiyA hai| yaha niyama grahaNa karake kisI ko use chupAnA nahIM cAhie aura na use chor3a hI denA cAhie / satya rUpa meM isa niyama kA svarUpa samajhane vAle ko indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva poSaNa karanA cAhie aura sAMsArika hetu se kucha bhI nahIM karanA cAhie...'; jo sAMsArika sukha meM lubdha banate haiM ve bArambAra janma-maraNa karate haiN|' dRr3hatA se apramAdI raha kara rAta dina tU prayatna karatA rahe; nirantara apanI buddhi ko samatola rakhate hue itanA dekhatA rahe ki mokSa pramAdI se dUra rahatA hai; yadi tUpramAda rahita bana jAegA to tUM jIta jAegA / aisA maiM kahatA huuN|' dUsarA aMga sUyagaDAMga yA sUtrakRtAMga kAvya meM dArzanika carcA karatA hai aura anta meM kriyAvAda, prakriyAvAda, vaineyikavAda aura ajJAnavAda ke tarkoM kA pratyuttara detA hai| isa sUtra kA hetu bAla-sAdhunoM ko nAstika siddhAMta 1. dekho viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 296; belvalakara, vahI, pR. 108; vyaMvara, vahI, pR. 342 / 'merI sammati meM prAcA rAMgasUtra aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha donoM hI siddhAnta ke prAcInatama aMza mAne jAnA cAhie |-yaakobii, vahI, prastA. pR. 41 / 2. dekho vyavara, vahI, pR. 340; yAkobI, vahI, pR. 1,3; vaidya, pI. ela., sUyagaDAMga, pR. 65, 80 / 3. anuyoga: catvAri dvArANi-caraNadharmakAladravyArakhyAni...sakkhigrajjehiM / jugamAsajja vibhatto praNayogoM to kayo __ cauhA ||-paavshyksuutr, pR. 296 / 4. yAkobI, vahI, pR. 36-37 / 5. dekho vaidya, pI. ela., vahI, pR. 3-11 /
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________________ [ 189 meM rahe maya evaM lAlaca se sAvadhAna karate hue usase bacakara apane siddhAnta meM char3a kara use mokSa kI ghora khIMca le jAne kA hI hai / pahale aMga kI hI bhAMti yaha bhI do zrutaskandhoM meM hai / yAkobI tathA anya vidvAnoM ke anusAra siddhAnta ke prAcInatama aMzoM meM isakA prathama sthAna hai / jaisA ki hama bauddha sAhitya meM dekhate haiM, yahAM bhI gadya aura padya donoM hI mile hue haiM aura yaMtra taMtra rocaka upamA ke aneka dRSTAMta die haiN| udAharaNa svarUpa eka upamA dRSTAMta delie jaise (hiMdu jantu) bAjapakSI (DaMka) una phar3aphar3Ate pakSI zAvakoM ko ki jinake paMkha abhI pUrNa vikasita nahIM hue haiM, uThA kara le jAte haiM... vaise hI siddhAnta vihIna manuSya una bAlajIvoM ko ki jinane dharma kA gahana vicAra nahIM kiyA hai, lalacA kara khIMca le jAte haiN|"" sUtrakRtAMga kA prArambha buddha aura anya arjana dharmAcAryoM ke jo the, siddhAntoM ke nirasana se huA hai / phira bhI, jaisA ki viTarniTja viSaya meM jo kucha hameM prApta hotA hai, vaha gharjana matoM ke siddhAntoM se jisakA eka udAharaNa nIce diyA hai, bauddha zAstroM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai : mahAvIra ke pramukha siddhAnta kA vizeSa karate kahatA hai, isa sUtra se karma aura saMsAra ke adhika bhinna nahIM hai| aisA dArzanika lakSya ' mAtra meM duHkha pAtA hUM, aisA hI nahIM hai / saMsAra ke sabhI prANI duHkha anubhava karate haiM / catura puruSa ko aisA vicAra karanA cAhie aura jo kucha bhI duHkha yA par3e use pavikArI zAMti se bhoganA cAhie / " 1:0 sApU- jIvana ke mArga meM Ane vAle aneka kaSToM aura pralobhanoM kA isameM sUkSma vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura pratyeka sthAna para bAla sAdhU ko r3hatA se una para viSaya pAne kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| use striyoM ke pralobhana se saceta rahane kI viziSTatA se preraNA kI gaI hai| hama bahudhA dekhate haiM ki isa prakAra kI citaunI aisI yathArtha rasikatA meM pagI hotI hai ki sArA vAtAvaraNa gharelU aura yathArthavAdI ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha dekhie 'jaba unane (striyoM ne) use vazIbhUta kara liyA hai to usako phira ve aneka prakAra ke kAryoM ke lie bhejatI rahatI haiN| jaise ki, tU bI ko utkIrNa ( para khudAI karane ke lie sUcI khoja kara lAo, kucha acche phala lAo / zAkAdi pAcana ke lie IMdhana lAo mere padoM meM mahAvara lagAo, merI pITha khujatAo... mujhe merI suramAdAnI, kAjala koTiviyA, gahanoM kA piTArA, bAMsurI lA kara do.... ciUMTI, kaMdhA, aura poTI bAMdhane ke lacche Adi lA kara do darpaNa lA kara do yA sAmane lie khar3e raho, dantUna pAsa lA kara dharo 14 / dhAge ke do baMga yAne sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kA hama eka sAtha hI vicAra kareMge bIddhoM ke aMguttaranikAya kI bhAMti hI, jainAgamika sAhitya ke ina donoM granthoM meM saMkhyA krama se dhArmika mahatva kI aneka bAtoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| sthAnAMga meM saMkhyA 1 se 10 aura samavAyAMga meM 1 se 100 taka hI nahIM apitu 10,00,000 taka kI saMkhyA ke viSayoM kA vivecana huA hai / ina donoM ke viSayoM kI para hama dekhate haiM ki sthAnAMga meM hameM naSTa bArahaveM aMga diTTivAya kI viSaya-sUcI, sAta ninhava yAne saMgha meM matabheda utpanna karane vAloM ke nAma, sthAna aura viSaya kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / samavAyAMga meM, pakSAntara meM, bAraha aMgoM ke viSayoM sUcI kA vicAra karane 1. dekho yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pR. 41; viTarniTja, vahI, pR. 297 2. dekho yAkobI, sebuI, pusta. 45, pR. 3241 3. ait aratat, age, gen. 45 g. 251 1 5. viniTja, vahI, pR. 300; belvalakara, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 6. dekho vinija vahI aura vahI sthAna: 4. vahI, pR. 226, 277 bvevara, iNDi eNTI, pusta. 18, pR. 370 I
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________________ 190] kA ThIka-ThIka varNana jahAM kiyA gayA hai, vahAM siddhAnta sambandhI aneka jJAtavya bAteM, paurANika bhaktoM aura jaina itihAsa kA bhI vivecana hai / ' siddhAnta ko aura anya agaNita kalpanAoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM samajhane kA saMpUrNa bhaNDAra yA vizvakoza ina donoM aMgoM meM haiM / jainoM kA pAMcavAM aMga bhagavatIsUtra haiN| yaha jaina siddhAnta kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa ghora maulika grantha hai| jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI isakA sthAna advitIya hai| pArzva aura mahAvIra kAla ke evaM unake samakAlikoM sambandhI apane pUrva pradhyAthoM meM hamane isa aMga kA eka se adhika bAra ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta isameM jaina mAnyatAoM kI aneka ulajhanoM kA spaSTIkaraNa bhI hai jo kahIM upadeza rUpa se to kahIM dantakathA ke saMvAda (aitihAsika saMvAda rUpa se diyA gayA hai| isakI dantakathAoM meM sabase pramukha ve haiM jo ki mahAvIra ke samakAlikoM para pUrvagAmiyoM ke pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ke, jAmAnI aura gozAla ke sampradAyoM ke viSaya meM haiN| gozAla para to bhagavatI kA pandrahavAM zataka samUcA hI hai / 2 'ina saba dantakathAoM se,' byavara kahatA hai ki 'hamAre para aisI chApa par3atI hai ki ye saba dantakathAeM paramparA se sarala bhAva meM calatI yA rahI haiN| isIlie, bahuta sambhava hai ki, ve mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla kI aneka pramukha ghaTanAoM kI (vizeSataH unakI ki jo bauddha dantakathAoM ke anurUpa haiM) ati mahatva kI sAkSI prastuta karatI hai / " , siddhAnta ke chaThe aMgagraMtha nAyAdhammakahAo meM hameM jainoM ke varNanAtmaka sAhityaka kA digdarzana hotA hai| yaha kahAniyoM yA upameya dRSTAntoM kA saMgraha grantha hai jo naitika udAharaNa prastuta karane kI dRSTi se racita haiM, paura jaisA ki samasta bhAratI varNanAtmaka sAhitya meM dekhA jAtA hai. jainoM kA yaha kaNa sAhitya upadezAtmaka hI hai / apane dharmopadeza ke prArambha meM pratyeka jaina dharmopadezaka sAdhU sAmAnyatayA kucha gadya meM athavA padyoM meM, apanI dharmadezanA kA viSaya kahatA hai aura phira usake nirUpaNa meM eka lambI rocaka kathA kaha sunAtA hai tAki usake anuyAyI varga meM mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke prati zraddhA utpanna ho kyoMki yahI upadeza kI prabhAvakatA kA pramo sAdhana hai / harTala ke anusAra jainoM kI aisI dharmadezanA kA sAhityika rUpa bauddha jAtakoM se milatA huA hI nahIM hai, apitu usase kahIM bar3hA-car3hA bhI hai 14 paurvAtya vidyAvid kA kahanA hai ki 'bhAratIya isa kalA ko lAkSaNika 1. dekho biniTja, vahI aura vahI sthAna byevara vahI, pR. 377 bAraha aMgoM ke byaure sahita vivecana ke sAtha yahAM bhI, jaisA ki nandI meM haiM, duvAlasaMgama garipiDagaM samasta para eka pATha diyA huA hai| isa pATha meM una saba AkSepoM kA ki jo bhUtakAla meM usa para kie gae the, jo vartamAna meM kie jA rahe haiM aura jo bhaviSya meM kie jAeMge, vicAra saMkSepa meM kiyA gayA hai aura isI bhAMti saMkSepa meM inhIM tInoM kAloM meM jo ise zraddhA sahita mauna' mati prApta hone vAlI hai usakA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura anta meM isakI zAzvattA kI nizcita ghoSaNA kI gaI hai na kabAi na prAsi na kapAi nA 'siya, na kavAi bhavissati / vahI isa para vyaMvara nIce likhI TippaNI karatA hai : 'abhayadevasUri ke anusAra jAmAlI, goSTAmAhila Adi Adi kA virodha - yAne sAta niravoM kA vahI, TippaNa 65 / 1 1 . 2. dekho viniTja vahI pU. 300-301 jina dantakathAyoM kA yahAM saMketa kiyA gayA hai, ve hI hamArA khAsa dhyAna AkarSita karatI haiM ki jinameM mahAvIra ke samakAlika athavA purogAmiyoM kA, unake bhinna matI virodhiyoM ke vicAroM kA... aura unake dharma parivartana kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| syevara iNDi. eNTI, pusta 19, pR.64 3. vahI, pR.65 1 4. harTala, vahI, pR. 71
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________________ [ 191 jainoM kA varNanAtmaka kathAeM haiM / kathA kahane kI jainoM kI rIti bauddhoM kI kathA kahane kI rIti se kucha ati pAvazyaka bAtoM meM vibhinna hai / unakI mUla kathA bhUtakAla kI nahIM apitu vartamAna kAla kI hotI hai; ve apane siddhAMta kI bAtoM kI zikSA pratyakSa rUpa meM nahIM dete; aura unakI kahAniyoM meM bhAvI jina yA tIrthakara ko pAtra rUpa meM prastuta karane kI bhI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai / / janoM ke ye vRttAMta adhikAMza meM upameya vArtA ke rUpa meM haiN| sAmAnyataH mukhya vArtA kI apekSA usake upameya para hI khUba bhAra diyA jAtA hai / vivecya Agama ke prathama skandha meM eka vArtA aisI hI hai jo isa prakAra hai : eka seTha kI cAra putra-vadhueM haiM / inakI parIkSA lene ke lie seTha pratyeka ko pAMca dAne zAli yAne dhAna ke detA hai aura unheM usa samaya taka surakSita rakhane ko kahatA hai jaba taka ki vaha unheM lauTAne kA Adeza nahIM de / isake antara ina putra vadhuoM meM se eka yaha vicAratI huI una pAMca dAnoM ko pheMka detI hai ki bhaNDAra meM dhAna hI ghAna bharA hayA hai / jaba seTha mAMgeMge maiM unheM dUsare dAne bhaNDAra meM se lekara lauTA duuNgii| 'dUsarI bhI isI prakAra socatI huI ve pAMca dAne khA jAtI hai| tIsarI unheM apane AbhUSaNoM ke Dibbe meM sAvadhAnI se rakha detI hai| paraMtu cauthI unheM bo detI hai aura unase acchI phasala bAra-bAra uThAtI hai yahA~ taka ki pAMca varSa meM isa phasala se dhAna ke bhaNDAra bhara jAte haiN| jaba seTha anta meM apane die dAne lauTAne kI AjJA detA hai to vaha pahalI do putra-vadhutroM kI niMdA karate hue unheM gRhasthI ke nikRSTatama kArya karane kA bhAra sauMpatA hai, tIsarI ko gRhasthI kI samasta sampatti kI rakSA kA Adeza detA hai aura cauthI ko sArI gRhasthI kA prabaMdha saupa detA hai aura use gRha svAminI banA detA hai / isa sAmAnya kathA kA upanaya yaha hai ki sAdhuoM kI bhI putra-vadhunoM ko sI cAra jAtiyAM hotI hai| kucha to aMgIkAra kie paMca mahAvratoM kI paripAlanA kI jarA bhI ciMtA nahIM karate, kucha unakI upekSA karate haiM, parantu acche sAdhU ve hai jo satarkatA se paMca mahAvratoM ko pAlate hai aura utkRSTatama ve haiM jo na kevala svayam pAlate hI haiM apitu unheM pAlane vAle anuyAyiyoM ko bhI khojate haiM / ' sAtavAM, AThavAM aura navAM aMga bhI bahutAMza meM varNanAtmaka viSayoM ke hI haiN| inameM se sAtaveM yAne uvAsagadasAyo meM dasa dhanADhya aura suzIla zrAvakoM kI kathAeM haiM ki jo gRhastha hone para bhI tapasyA dvArA anta meM usa ucca dazA ko pahuMca jAte haiM ki jahAM zrAvaka rahate hue bhI unameM camatkArika zaktiyAM pragaTa ho jAtI hai| anta meM ve yathArtha jaina sAdhU kI hI bhAMti saMlekhanA vrata meM divaMgata hote haiM aura mara kara tapasviyoM ke upayukta devaloka yA svarga meM jAte haiN| inameM se atyanta rocaka kathA dhanI kumhAra saddAlaputta kI hai ki jo kabhI AjIvikoM kA sevaka yAne anuyAyI thA aura jise mahAvIra ne apane siddhAMta kA zraddhAna vizvAsa pUrvaka karAyA thaa| isI prakAra pAThaveM aura naveM aMga meM una dharmAtmAnoM kI dantakathAe haiM ki jinane apane sAMsArika jIvana ko samApta kara yA to mokSa yA uccatama svarga prApta kiyA thaa| aba hama dasaveM aura gyArahaveM aMga kA vicAra kareMge jo kramazaH praznavyAkaraNa aura vipAkasUtra hai / dasavAM aMga danta kathAoM kA nahIM apitu saiddhAMtika bAtoM kA hai| parantu gyArahavAM to dantakathAoM hI kA hai| dasaveM meM i. vahI, pR. 8 / 2. dekho jJAtA, sUtra, 63 / pR. 115-120 / 3. dekho haranolI, uvAsagadasAyo, bhAga 1, pR. 1-44, Adi / 4. dekho haranolI, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 105-140 / 5. dekho vAnyeTa, dI antagaDadasAmro eNDa anuttarovavAiyadasAmroSa pR. 15-16, 110 Adi /
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________________ 192 ] dasa prakAra ke dharma kI carcA hai| isake do vibhAga kie gae haiN| eka meM adharmoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai aura dUsare 1 meM dharmoM kI vadharma yAne jinase paraheja karanA cAhie jo ki pAMca haiM yAne hiMsA, satya, corI, abrahmacarya dhaura parigraha prAsakti ina pAMcoM ke ulaTa yAne hiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye pAMca dharma hai jinakA grAcaraNa karanA cAhie / " pakSAntara meM vipAkasUtra nAmaka gyArahaveM mAMga meM puNya dhIra pApa kAryoM ke phaloM kI dantakathAeM haiM ki jo DA. vinija ke anusAra yavadAnazataka aura karmazataka nAmaka bauddha dharmakathAtroM jaMbhI ho hai / bArahavAM aMga grAja hasthi meM nahIM hai| caudaha pUrvo kA ki jo raMga sAhitya se pRthaka svatantra rUpa meM astitva meM nahIM rahe the, samAveza isa bArahaveM zraMga meM kiyA gayA thA, parantu durbhAgya se vaha bhI viccheda ho gayA / bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke viccheda ho jAne ke viSaya meM eka prazna vicAraNIya hai aura vaha mahatva kA bhI hai| prakhyAta yoropIya jainavidyAvid kahate haiM ki jaina svayam hI koI vizvAsanIya kAraNa isa bAta kA nahIM dete haiM ki unakA yaha prAcInatama aura atyanta pUjya dharmajJAna kaise naSTa ho gayA / grataH isa sambandha meM unane aneka mata prakaTa kie haiM kyoMki unheM yaha eka prati gradbhuta bAta dIkhatI hai / hama yahAM kucha hI vidvAnoM ke matoM kA digdarzana karAte haiM / kahatA hai ki siddhAnta ke mUla tatvoM ke anurUpa nahIM hone se hI dRSTivAda kI jainoM ne irAdApUrvaka upekSA kI aisA lagatA hai* DA. yAkobI kahatA hai ki dRSTivAda isalie avyavahRta aura lupta ho gayA ki usameM mahAvIra aura unake virodhiyoM ke pravAdoM kA hI varzana thA aura inameM rasa ghaTate ghaTate aisI sthiti upasthita ho gaI ki svayam jainoM ko hI ve ekadama abUjha ho gae / antima mata hama DA. lAyamana kA dete haiM jo isake viccheda jAne eka dama banolA hI kAraNa kalpanA karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki isameM mantra tantra, indrajAla phalita jyotiSa prAdi vidyAoM ke aneka pATha honA cAhie aura usake viccheda jAne kA bhI yathArtha kAraNa yahI honA cAhie / " jainoM ke bArahaveM raMga ke naSTa ho jAne ke uparokta aneka kAraNoM meM jo eka sAmAnya kamI mAlUma par3atI hai| vaha yaha hai ki raSTibAda svayam jainoM kI upekSA hI se naSTa huA dRSTivAda yAne (pUrva jo ki bahutAMza meM nahI hai / 7 ) yaha bAta sunane meM kucha adbhuta sI lagatI hai aura vizeSakara isalie ki vaha jainoM kI dantakathA se jarA mI mela nahIM khAtI hai, kyoMki jainoM kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki pUrvo kA viccheda zanaiH zanaiH hI huA thA aura unakA 1. dekho vyaMbara, iNDi eNTI.. pusta 20, 1.23 1 2. dekho viniTja, vahI, pR. 306 1 3. bArahaveM raMga ke tIsare vibhAga meM caudaha pUrva kA samAveza kiyA gayA thaa| dekho dhyaMvara, vahI, pR. 174 4. dekho vyaMvara, vahI, pusta 17 pU. 286 / 5, dekho yAkobI, sebuI, pusta 22, pRstA. pR. 45, yAdi / 6. '... des Ditthivay eineganzanaloge tantra-artige Texpartie gatanden hat sendern lasst damit zugleich aucher rathem, warrumder. Ditthivay veloran geganzen isto' Leumann 'Beziehungen der Jaina-literatur Zu Andern literatur-kreisen Indians.' Actesdu Congress a Leide, 1883, P. 559. 7. peMTiyara vahI prastA. pR. 22-23 dantakathA niHsaMdeha pUrvo kA diTThIvAya ke anurUpa hI mAnatI hai, vyaMvara iNDa. eNTI, pusta 20, pR. 1701
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________________ [ 193 sampUrNatayA nAza to mahAvIra nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt hI humA yAna siddhAnta granthoM ke antima pratisaMskaraNa ke hI samaya / cAhe jisa aMza meM hama jainoM kI isa dantakathA ko svIkAra kareM, phira bhI DA. zATiyara ke anusAra hama bhI yahI kaheMge ki 'jainoM kA yaha kathana mArA kA sArA hI eka dama upekSita aura avamAnita kie jAne yogya to nahIM hI hai| ___ aba siddhAnta ke dUsare vibhAga upAMgoM kA hama vicAra kreN| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki agoM kI saMkhyA ke anurUpa hI upAMgoM kI saMkhyA hai| vyabara aura anya vidvAnoM ke anusAra, 'aMgoM aura upAMgoM meM sacce ataraMga sambandha kA aisA kAI bhI udAharaNa nahIM ki jo zreNI meM aisA hI sthAna rakhatA ho| udAharaNArtha pahalA upAMga aupapAtika ko hI liijie| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai isakI aitihAsika mahatva isa bAta meM haiM ki isameM mahAvIra ke campA meM sAgamana aura vahAM dezanA denA evam campA ke rAjA kUriNaya yAne ajAtazatru ke mahAvIra ke darzana aura vandanA ko pAnA hai|| dUsare upAMga rAjapraznIya kA adhikAMza bhAga sUryAma deva ke apane bRhatparivAra aura parikara sahita rAjA zveta kI amalakappA nagarI meM mahAvIra ko vandana karane pAne aura vizeSataH unake samakSa nAca, gAna aura vAdyAdi dvArA apanI bhakti ko pradarzita karane ke varNana meM rukA huA hai| phira bhI isakA sArAtisAra rAjA paesI (pradezI) aura zramaNa kaisI ke bIca hue saMvAda-vivAda meM yA jAtA hai jo ki jIva aura deha ke pArasparika sambandha ko le kara prArambha hotA haiM aura muktamana rAjA ke jainadharmI ho jAne meM samApta hotA hai| zeSa upAMgoM meM se tIsare aura cauthe kA hama sAtha hI vicAra kara sakate haiM kyoMki vastu aura carcA meM donoM hI samAna haiN| tIsare meM saMvAda rUpa se cetanamaya prakRti ke bhinna bhinna vargoM aura rUpoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| pakSAntara meM cauthe upAMga pannavaraNA yA prajJApanA meM jIvoM ke bhinna bhinna bhedoM kI jIvanacaryA kI vivecanA hai| yaha prajJApanA upAMga zeSa siddhAMta granthoM se bhinna dIkha par3atA hai| kharatara aura tapagaccha kI paTTAvaliyoM meM mahAvIrAt cauthI sadI meM hone vAle Arya zyAma (ajja sAma) yA zyAmArya isake kartA kahe gae haiN| pAMcavA~, chaThA aura sAtavA upAMga sUryaprajJApta, jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti haiN| ye jainoM ke vaijJAnika grantha haiN| bhAratavarSakI dantakathAnusAra inameM khagola, bhUgola, praurasvargAdi kA evaM kAla-gaNanA paddhati kA anukramase varNana kiyA gayA hai| pAMcaveM upAMga sUryaprajJapti para vizeSarUpa se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / DA. vyabara kahatA hai ki isameM jainoM kI khagola kA vyavasthita varNana hai / grIka prabhAva ne isameM parivartana kucha bhI kiyA yA nahIM, yaha eka 1. dekho zATiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 23 / 2. vyabara, vahI, pR. 366 / dekho viTaniTaja, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 3. dekho rAjapraznIyasUtra (Agamodaya samiti) sUtta / Adi / 4. dekho vahI, sUtta 65-79 1 5. dekho vyabara, vahI, pR. 371, 373 / 6. dekho klATa, iNDi. eNTI., pUsta / 1, pR. 247, 251 / zATiyara ke anusAra, cauthA upAMga spaSTatayA yugapradhAna Arya zyAma kI racanA kahI gaI hai jo kAlakAcArya se niHsaMdeha hI abhinna hai aura jinako dantakathA vikramAditya ke pitA gardabhilla ke samaya meM honA kahatI hai| zATiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 27%; dekho yAkobI, jeDIemajI, saM. 34, pR. 251 Adi /
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________________ 194 ] vicAraNIya prazna hai| kucha bhI ho, isameM hameM bhAratIya jyotiSa kI vaha mUla paddhati milatI hai ki jo grIkoM ke prAmANika aura mArI prabhAva ke pahale kI hai| bhAratIya khagola vidyA kI maulika paddhati kA sUryaprajJapti eka advitIya udAharaNa hai| pUrva meM grIka prabhAva par3A usake pUrva kI vaha hai| yaha bAta anya vidvAna bhI svIkAra karate haiN| jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se isakA mahatva spaSTa hai| antima pAMca upAMga nirayAvalI sUtra nAma ke eka hI mUla grantha ke pAMca vibhAga hai| vyabara ke zabdoM meM ina pAMca vibhAgoM ko pAMca upAMga rUpa se ginanA agoM kI saMkhyA se upAMgoM kI saMkhyA milAne ke vicAra se ho udbhava huI mAlUma hotI hai| AThaveM upAMga kA aitihAsika mahatva isa bAta meM hai ki kuNika ke dasa sautele bhAI mahAn licchavI rAjA ceDaga ke viruddha kie yuddha meM mAre gae the aura usake phala svarUpa una saba ne bhinna bhinna narakoM meM janma liyA / siddhAMta ke dUsare samUha upAMga ke viSaya meM itanA hI kahanA paryApta haiM / aba tIsare samUha dasa payannA athavA prakINoM kA saMkSepa meM vicAra kareM / ye grantha jaisA ki isa nAma zabda kA bhAvArtha hai, 'asaMlagna', 'zIghratA meM likhI huI racanAoM kA saMgraha haiM / jaise vedoM ke pariziSTa haiM, vaise hI hama ina prakINoM ko aMgoM ke pariziSTa kaha sakate haiM / kucha apavAdoM ko chor3a kara hama inako vaidika pariziSToM kI bhAMti hI padya meM likhe hue pAte haiM / inameM sarvatra sAmAnyatayA AryA chanda hI prayukta huA dekhate haiM, vahI chanda jo aMgoM meM kArikAmoM ke lie prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ina pahannoM meM aneka viSaya cacita hue haiN| inhIM meM se eka viSaya hai ve prArthanAeM jinake dvArA arihaMta, siddha, sAdhu aura dharma rUpI cAra zaraNoM ko svIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, anazana dvArA samAdhi-maraNa kahA jAtA hai| inhI meM mUraNa meM cetanA, gurU aura ziSya ke guNa, devoM kI gaNanA Adi Adi viSayoM kI bhI carcA hai| siddhAnta kA cauthA samUha chedasUboM kA hai| inameM sAdhAraNataH sAdhU-sAdhvI kI jIvanacaryA sambandhI niSedhoM kA, unakI skhalanA ke daNDa yA prAyazcitta kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai, hAlAMki gauNa rUpa se aneka dantakathAeM bhI inameM A gaI haiN| isIlie bauddhoM ke vinaya granthoM se ye milate hue haiN| kitanI hI bAtoM meM bhinna hote hue bhI viSaya aura vivecana paddhati meM donoM meM bahuta samAnatA hai| viTaniTja aura vyabara donoM ke anusAra vartamAna chedasatroM kA bahata sA mAga atyanta hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki isa vibhAga ke paramasArAMza chedasatra tIsarA, cau pAMcavAM siddhAMta kA prAcInatama bhAga haiM:8 ye tInoM arthAt tIsarA cauthA aura pAMcavAM chedasUtra jinakA nAma kramazaH dasA-kappa-vavahAra hai, eka samUha 1. vyabara, iNDi. eNTI., pusta 21, pa. 14-15 / 2. dekho yAkobI, sebuI, pusta 22, prastAvanA pR. 40; lAyamana, vahI, pR. 552-5531 thIbo, baMeso patrikA saM. 49, 1880, pR. 108 / sUryaprajJapti sambandhI vizeSa mahatva ke kucha tathyoM ke lie dekho vahI, pR. 107 121, 181-2061 3. vyabara, vahI, pR. 23 / 4. dekho nirayAvAlikAstra, pR. 3-19 / 5. vyabara, vahI, pR. 106 / dekho viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 3081 6. dekho byabara, vahI, pR. 109-112; viTaniTja, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 7. dekho vyabara, vahI, pR. 179; viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 309 / 8. dekho viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 309; vyaMbara, vahI, pR. 179-180 /
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________________ [ 195 rUpa meM hI haiN| inameM se kalpa aura vyavahAra kI racanA bahudhA bhadrabAhu kI hI kahI jAtI hai jinane inheM nauveM pUrva se uddhAra kiyA thA, aisA bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa samUha meM ke dasA yAne AcAradazA jise dazAzrutaskaMdha bhI kahA jAtA hai, ke kartA rUpa se to bhadrabAhu ke viSaya meM dantakathA bhI samarthana karatI hai| isI kA AThavAM bhadravAha kA kalpasatra nAma se suprasiddha hai hii| yaha sArA kA sArA hI kalpasUtra hai yAne isa nAma ke sAre grantha ke tInoM vibhAga yAne khaNDa / parantu yAkobI aura anya vidvAna ThIka hI kahate haiM ki yathArtha meM antima yAne tIsarA khaNDa hI jisakA zIrSaka 'sAmAcArI'yAne yatiyoM ke niyama jise 'pa!SaNA kalpa bhI kahA jAtA hai' hI vaha hai aura vahI, AyAradasAyo ke zeSAMza sahita, bhadrabAhu racita kahA jAne yogya hai| bhadravAha ke kalpasUtra kI vistAra se carcA karane ko phira se yahA~ aAvazyakatA nahIM hai| hama isakA paryApta nirdeza mahAvIra aura unake purogAmI teIsa tIrthakaroM ke caritra, mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI jaina yugapradhAnAcArya, aura yatiyoM ke pAlane ke vidhi-vidhAnoM ke varNana samaya kara cuke haiM / chedasUtroM kI itanI sI carcA hI paryApta hai| Age hama antima do vibhAgoM kA yAne mulasUtra vibhAga aura do cUlikA sUtra vibhAga kA saMkSepa meM vicAra kreNge| pahale mUlasUtra vibhAga ko hI leN| jaina siddhAMta ke isa vimAga samUha kA nAma mUlasUtra kyoM diyA gayA yaha kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya bolabAla meM to isa zabda kA artha yahI hotA hai ki maulika grantha / parantu zAaiMTiyara ke anusAra aisA ho sambhava dIkhatA hai ki bauddhoM kI hI bhAMti janoM ne bhI isa mUla zabda kA prayoga mUla-pAThaka ke artha meM hI kiyA ho, aura vaha bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mUla zabdoM ko anulakSa karake hI kiyA gayA ho| ina sUtroM ke vivakSita viSayoM kA jaba vicAra karate haiM to inameM se pahale tIna, sAhityaka dRSTi se, atyanta mahatva ke pratIta hote haiN| inameM bhI utsarAdhyayana jo isa vibhAga kA sarva prathama sUtra hai, aura jisameM prAcIna zrAmaNika kAvya ke udAharaNa haiM. siddhAnta kA ati mUlyavAna vibhAga hai / sAdhU kI Adarza jIvanacaryA ke niyamoM aura unheM spaSTa karane vAlI upamA kathAoM se yaha sUtra bharA huA hai / prAcIna vidvAnoM ke mantavyoM kA jo sAra yAkobI ne diyA hai usase mUla grantha kA uddeza naesAdhU ko usake mukhya prAcAroM kI sUcanA karane, udAharaNoM aura upadezoM se sAdhU jIvana kI mahattA batAne, AdhyAtmika jIvana ke bhaya sthAnoM se use sAvadhAna karane, aura kucha saiddhAntika sUcanAeM dene kA haiM / jaina sAhitya ke Adhunika vidvAnoM ke anusAra, isake adhikAMza viSaya hamAre para usake prAcInatama hone kI chApa DAlate haiM aura hameM aise hI bauddhazAstroM kA smaraNa dilAte haiM, vizeSataH dUsarA aMga arthAt vaha ki jo siddhAMta kA atyanta prAcIna graMza hai| usakA uddeza aura usameM carcita viSaya isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga se milate julate haiN| phira bhI uttarAdhyayana meM prajanavAdoM kI carcA pUrI taura se nahIM kI gaI hai, kahIM kahIM saMketa mAtra unakA kara diyA gayA hai| dRSTataH samaya bItane ke sAtha ajanavAdoM kA bhaya kama hotA gayA aura jainadharma kI saMsthAeM dRr3hatA se jamatI gaI / nae sAdhU ke lie jIva aura ajIva kA ThIka ThIka jJAna honA mahatva kA mAnA gayA hai kyoMki isa grantha ke anta meM isI viSaya para eka lambA adhyAya jor3a diyA gayA hai|' 1. dekho viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 309; vyabara, vahI, 179, 210 / 2. dasakappamvavahArA, nijhaDhA jeNa navapapavvApro / vAdAmi bhdrbaahu,...| RSimaNDalastotra, zlo. 166 / 3. yAkobI, kalpasUtra, pR. 22-233; viTarniTja, vahI, vahI sthAna ; vyabara, vahI, pR. 211 / 4. zArpaTiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 32 / 5. yAkobI, sebuI, pusta 45, prastA. pR, 39 / .6. dekho zATiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 34; viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 312; vyabara, vahI, pR. 310 / 7. yAkobI, vahI aura vahI sthAna /
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________________ 1961 ina mUlasUtroM meM dUsarA prAvazyakasUtra hai aura isameM jaina sAdhU aura gRhastha ke prAvazyaka chaha kartavyoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / " ina kriyAnoM ke sAtha aitihAsika aura ardha aitihAsika mahatva ke vRttAMta bhI die gae haiM jo ki TIkAtroM meM hameM vArase ke rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| vyaMbara ke anusAra 'isa zAstra meM isa viSaya ke mahAvIra ke siddhAMta kI vivecanA mAtra hI nahIM hai apitu isa siddhAnta kA itihAsa bhI diyA gayA hai, yAne mahAvIra ke purogAmiyoM kA, svayam mahAvIra kA aura unake gyAraha gaNadharoM, evam virodhiyoM ninhavo kA bhI varNana hai ki jinane unake upadezoM meM zanaiH zanai sthAna prApta kiyA thaa| ina ninhavoM kA kAlakramAnusAra vicAra kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra ne prAkRta gadya meM aura kabhI kabhI patha meM sambandhita kathAe bahuta vistAra se dI hai aura viTThati evaM udAharaNoM kI bhI kathAeM dI haiM ki jo sUtra meM bahudhA die gae haiN| aba hama antima do mUlasUtroM kA vicAra kreN| inameM kA dasaveyAliya vinaya yAne jainasAdhU ke niyamoM kA vivecana karatA hai / DA. viTarniTja ke anusAra yaha sUtra hameM boddhasUtra dhammapada kA smaraNa karAtA hai / " pramukha jaina siddhAMtoM ke sampUrNa paridarzaka isa grantha ke raciyatA mahAvIra ke caturtha paTTadhara zayavambhava yA sajjaMbhava haiM / zrImatI sTIvansana isa sUtra ko 'sAdhU jIvana meM bhI pAe jAnevAle putra ke prati pitA ke prema kA smAraka' rUpa mAnatI hai kyoMki isakI racanA mAka nAmaka putra ke lAbhArtha hI kI gaI thii|" cauthA mUlasUtra piNDanijjutI Agama kA pariziSTa rUpa mAtra hai / cothA aba jaina siddhAMta ke una do cUlikA sUtroM kA vicAra karanA hI hamAre lie zeSa raha jAtA hai ki jinake nAma haiM nandI sUtra dhIra dhanuyogadvArasUtra / ina donoM ke viSaya yadyapi samAna haiM parantu carcA kI paddhati bhinna bhinna hai / donoM hI eka prakAra ke jJAnakoza ke samAna haiN| ye pavitra siddhAMta zAstroM ke yathArtha jJAna aura samajha ke zrAdhAroM aura rUpoM kI Avazyaka sUcanAoM sambandhI pratyeka bAta kI paddhatisara samIkSA inameM kI gaI hai / " isa prakAra, vyaMbara kahatA hai ki inake kartAoM ne pAThakoM ke lie eka madhyarUpa prastAvanA prastuta kara dI hai| usI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to una logoM ke lie inadonoM granthoM kI yojanA pratyanta hI sudhar3a hai ki jo unakA pratisaMskaraNa yA saMgraha samApta kara pavitra jJAna ke hI viSaya meM jJAna prApta karane ke abhilAzI hai / " isa prakAra jainoM kI sAhityaka dantakathA ke anusAra devagiriNa hI yadyapi ina donoM ke raciyatA haiM, parantu vyaivara aura zArpeTiyara ke anusAra, isa dantakathA yA mAnyatA para prAne kA koI bhI aisA bAhya kAraNa samajha meM nahIM AtA hai ki jo inakI viSayasUcI se milane vAlI sUcanA se bhI samarthita hotA ho| zApeMTiyara kahatA hai ki 'antatogatvA meM samajhatA : 1. samaraNa sAvarA ya avaskAyavyayaM vai jamhA aMtograhosissa va tamhA grAvastayaM nAmaM yAvazyakasUtra, pR. 53 yaha Avazyaka anukrama se isa prakAra hai samAzvaM yAne bure karmoM se nivartanaH baDavisatvo yAne 24 tIrthakaroM kI stuti vedaraNaM vAne guruyoM kI vaMdanaH pakkimaraNaM yAne pAlocanA kAusamA yAne pApoM kI dhyAna dvArA nirjarA aura paccakkhANa yAne grasanAdi kA tyaag| dekho vahI / 2. vyaMvara, vahI, pR. 330 3. dekho viniTja, vahI, pR. 315 1 4. zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 701 5. dekho yAkobI, kalpasUtra, pR. 118; palATa, vahI, pR. 246, 251; dazanaikAlika kI racanA sambandhI dantakathA ke lie dekho hemacandra, pariziSTaparvata, sagaM 5 / 6. dekho vyaMvara, bahI, pu. 293-294 viTarniTja, vahI dhaura vahI sthAna / 7. vyaMbara, vahI, pR. 294 1 8. dekho yahI zArpeTiyara, vahI prastA. 18 7
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________________ [ 197 hUM ki inake devagiri kI racanA hone kA koI bhI Dar3ha pramANa nahIM hai, hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki vaha ina zAstroM ke pratisaMskaraNa kA sampAdaka hI yA pratisaMskaraNakartA hI thA raciyatA nahIM / ' zvetAmbara jainoM ke siddhAMta granthoM ke viSaya meM itanA vivecana hI yahAM paryApta hai|" unakI bhASA ke sambandha meM, devagiri ke samaya taka kI jaina sAhitya kI avyavasthita dazA para se isa anumAna para A sakate haiM ki uttarAvikAra meM milane vAlI bhASA meM bhI zanaiH zanaiH parivartana hotA gayA thA phira bhI itanA to bahuta hI sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki I. pUrva uThI nadI ke dharma-sudhArakoM ne ki jinane loka samUha ke adhikAMza bhAga ko brAhmaNa paNDitoM ke purohitI jJAna ke virodha meM mokSa mArga kA upadeza diyA thA, apanI dekhanA ke lie jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA hI kA upayoga kiyA na ki saMskRta kI vidvad bhogya bhASA kA lokasamUha kI yaha bhASA mahAvIra ke gRha magadha deza kI bolavAla kI bhASA hI hogI aisA lagatA hai| phira bhI jainoM dvArA prayukta magadhI 'azoka ke zilAlekhoM evaM prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI mAgaghI se bahuta hI kama mela khAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM dvArA prayukta bhAjA mizrita bhASA yAne 'artha - mAgaghI' kahI jAtI hai ki jo bahutrAMza meM mAgadhI se hI banI hai parantu jisane paradezI boliyoM ke tatvoM ko bhI grahaNa kara liyA hai| mahAvIra ne apane saMsarga meM pAne vAle logoM ko apanI bAta samajhAne ke lie isI mizra bhASA kA upayoga kiyA thA aura isIlie unakI bhASA mAtRbhUmi kI sImA para ke nivAsI bhI use acchI prakAra samajha sakate the| 4 15 jaina daMtakathA ke anusAra prAcIna sUtra ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM hI race hue the, parantu prAcIna sUtroM kI jaina prAkRta TIkA granthoM aura kaviyoM kI prAkRta se bahuta vibhinna hai| isa prAkRtika bhASA ko jaina A yAne RSiyoM kI bhASA kahate haiM, jabaki jisa bhASA meM siddhAMta likhe hue haiM, vaha mahArASTrI kI nikaTatama hai aura vaha jaina mahArASTrI kahalAtI hai / jaina granthoM ko antima rUpa dene ke pUrva jainoM dvArA prayukta aura vikasita bhASA kI viziSTatA ke vivaraNa meM jAne kI hameM ghAvazyakatA nahIM hai| itanA bhara kahanA hI paryArNata hai ki 'jaba eka bAra jaina mahArASTrI pavitra bhASA svIkAra kara lI gaI to vaha jainoM kI sAhityika bhASA bhI usa samaya taka banI rahI thI jaba taka ki use saMskRta ne sthAnApanna nahIM kara diyA / jainoM ke siddhAMtArikta sAhitya meM eka ora agaNita TIkA sAhitya hai jisakA pratinidhitva nijjutti yA niyuktiyAM karatI haiM aura dUsarI ora vaha svataMtra sAhitya hai jinameM kucha to sAdhU - anuzAsana, nIti aura siddhAMta ko bhogya racanAeM haiM aura kucha kAvya haiM jinameM jinoM ke prabhAva kI stutiyAM yA strota bhI haiN| paraMtu adhikAMza bhAga varNanAtmaka sAhitya kA hI hai| yaha nizcita pratIta hotA hai ki devagiriNa dvArA siddhAMtoM kI aMtima vAcanA yA saMkalana kie jAne ke bahuta pUrva hI jaina sAdhU zrAgameM para TIkAeM bhASya Adi likhane laga gae the kyoMki prAcIna 1. vahI / 2, digambaroM ke siddhAMta ke lie dekho viTarniTja, vahI, pR. 316: yAkobI vahI, prastA. pR. 30 3. yAkobI, vahI prastA. pU. 17 4. glAMsanyapa, Dera jenismasa, pR. 84 1 5. porANamadyamAgamAsAniyayaM havai suttaM / hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa gAthA, 287 / 1 6. yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pR. 20 jainoM ke pavitra granthoM kI bhASA ke adhika vivaraNa ke lie dekho vahI, prastA. pU. 17 Adi vlAsamyapa, vahI, pR. 81 Adi /
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________________ 198 ] tama TIkAeM jinheM niyukti kahate haiM, kaI bAtoM meM sUtroM se bahuta hI nikaTa saMbaMdhita haiM athavA unheM sthAnApanna bhI unane kara diyA hai| piNDora ghoSa niyuktiyoM ne to siddhAMta granthoM meM hI sthAna prApta kara liyA hai| ghoSaniyukti. pUrvI meM se hI kucha ke dhAdhAra para rakhI gaI kahI jAtI hai|" zApeMTiyara ke anusAra niyuktiyAM yadyapi prAcIna haiM, parantu ve janoM ke TIkA sAhitya ke prAthamika grantha rUpa kama nahIM kahI jA sakatI haiN| ve hI prAcInatama nahIM haiM apitu jainoM ke siddhAMta para upalabdha yA vartamAna prAcInatama TIkAeM avazya hI haiM / aisA kahane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki niyuktiyAM mukhyatayA anukramaNikA rUpa meM haiM, una vistRta TIkA kI ki jinameM saba vArtAeM aura daMtakathAeM vistAra se dI gaI haiM, ye sAra rUpa haiM / prAcInatama TIkAkAra bhadrabAhu hI the ki jinane pahale kahe anusAra vardhamAna ke nirvANa pazcAt 170 veM varSa meM kAla dharma prApta kiyA thA / siddhAMta ke bhinna-bhinna granthoM para unane dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI aisA kahA jAtA hai jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM:prAcArAMganiyukti, sUtrakRtAMka niyukti, sUryaprajJapti niyukti, dazAzutaskaMdha niyukti, kampaniyukti, vyavahAraniryukti, zrAvazyaka niyukti, dazavaikAlika niyukti, uttarAdhyayana niryukti aura RSibhASita niyukti | 2 banArasIdAsa jaina ke anusAra bhadrabAhu kI Avazyaka niryukti hI RSabhadeva ke pUrvabhavoM kA prAcInatama pramANa hai kyoMki 'pragoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrva bhavoM kA vizeSa rUpa meM varNana nahIM milatA hai hAlAMki unameM mahAvIra ke samasAmayikoM meM se aneka ke mata evam bhaviSya bhavoM ko aneka nirdeza prApta hote haiN| ye saba TIkA grantha isalie mahatvapUrNa haiM ki unane hamAre lie aitihAsika aura ardhaaitihAsika daMta kathAoM bhikSu bhI bhAratIyoM kI unheM TikAe rakhane ke vArtAoM ke isa prakAra aura lokavArtAoM kA mahAna samUha saMgrahita kara diyA hai| bauddha bhikSuoMoM kI bhAMti hI jaina dhArmika kathAeM sunane kI lubdhatA kA lAbha uThAte apane anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hAne aura lie maharSiyoM kI kathAoM aura loka vArtAoM kA upayoga karate rahe haiM / 'daMtakathAoM aura saMgRhita samUha meM se aneka to prAcIna kAla kI loka kathAoMoM ke samUha meM se haiM aura kitanI hI janoM kI apanI daMtakathAoM meM se lI gaI hai| zeSa meM se kitanI hI kadAcita paravartI kAla meM racI gaI ho aisA lagatA hai aura ve bAda meM mUla granthoM kI sthAI TIkAoM meM sthAna pAkara amara ho gaI haiN|" isI prasthAta bhadrabAhu ko madrabAhavI-saMhitA ki jo sagola vidyA kA eka grantha hai. ghora pArzvanAtha kI stuti 'uvasagahara' srota kA racayitA kahA jAtA hai| unta bhadrabAhavI saMhitA kA kartA aura niyukiyoM kA kartA bhadravAha eka hI vyakti hai ki nahIM yaha zaMkAspada hai / yaha saMhitA bhI anya saMhitAoM jaisI hI hai, phira bhI varAhamihira ne isakA koI havAlA apane grantha meM nahIM diyA hai, hAlAMki apane prAmANikoM kI sUcI meM usane siddhasena" eka anya jaina jyotirvida kA nAma avazya hI ginAyA hai| isameM aisA niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki yaha bhadrAbAhavI saMhitA varAhamihira ke paravartI kAla kI hai / yAkobI ke zabdoM meM kaheM to sthiti jo bhI ho, isa saMhitA kA racayitA vahI madrabAhu kabhI nahIM ho sakatA hai ki jisane kalpasUtra kI racanA kI thI, kyoMki usakA antima prati saMskaraNa, nAmaka 6. dekho viTija, vahI, pu. 317 I 2. zArpeTiyara, vahI, prastA. pR. 50-511 prastA. 12 1 pR6. karna, bRhatsaMhitASa bhUmikA, pR. 29 / 3. dekho Avazyaka sUtra, gA. 84-86, pU. 61; yAkobI, vahI, 4. jaina, jaina jAtakAja; prastA. pR. 31 5. zArpeTiyara nahIM, prastA. pu. 51 1
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________________ [ 199 jisakI tithi (vIrAt 980 = I. sana 454 yA 514) usI meM dI huI hai, varAhamihira ke pahale kI nahIM to bhI kama se kama samayamayI to hai hii|| uvasaggahara srotra kA raciyatA bhadrabAha ko mAnane kI dantakathA isa iloka para baMdhI huI haiM : uvasaggaharaM thutta kAUraNaM jeNa saMdhakallANaM / karuNApareNa vihinaM sa bhaddabAhaM gurU jayau / / arthAt 'saMgha ke kalyANa ke lie dayAda gurU bhadrabAhu ne uvasaggahara srotra kI racanA kI, unakI jaya ho|' stotra kA viSaya hai bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA prabhAvAnuvAda / isa srotra kI antima gAthA se yaha bAta bilakula spaSTa ho jAtI hai jo isa prAzaya kI hai:- 'he mahAyaza ! bhakti ke samUha se pUrNa bhare hue antaHkaraNa se yaha stavanA maiM ne kI hai, isalie he deva ! pArzva jinacandra ! mujhe janmojanma meM bodhabIja dete raho / ' bhadrabAhu ko isa stuti kA racayitA svIkAra karate hue yAkobI kahatA hai ki yadi aisA ho to jaina stutiyoM ke nae vistRta sAhitya meM yaha eka prAcInatama udAharaNa bhI hai| 4 bhadrabAha ke atirikta bhI aneka anya svatantra grantha yadyapi upalabdha haiM, parantu hama unameM se kucha hI atyanta mahatva ke granthoM kA yahAM varNana kreNge| ina granthoM meM saba se pahalA jo hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatA hai vaha dharmadAsagariNa kI upadezamAlA hai ki jisako mahAvIra kA hI samakAlika hone kA jainoM kA dAvA hai| isa grantha meM gRhastha evam sAdhuoM ke lie naitika niyamoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai, isakI khyAti isakI aneka TIkAnoM para se haiM jinameM se do TIkAeM to isavI san kI nauvIM sadI kI haiN| dharmadAsa ke bAda umAsvAti kA sthAna hai ki jo zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM mAnya hai / viTarniTja ke anusAra, cUki vaha aisI mAnyatAoM kA pratIka hai ki jo digambaroM kI mAnyatA se mela nahIM khAtI haiM, isalie ve use apane meM kA eka nahIM kaha sakate haiM / umAsvAti ke kina tathyoM para yaha bAta kahI jA sakatI hai yA samajhA jAnA cAhie, hama kucha bhI nahIM kaha sakate haiM / phira bhI vidvAna paNDita kA isa pariNAma para anya vidvAnoM kI bhAMti hI pahuMcanA ucita lagatA hai ki sambhavataH vaha mahAn prAcArya kAsa pUrva samaya meM honA cAhie ki jaba janasaMgha ina do sampradAyoM se spaSTa rUpa se vibhakta nahIM ho gayA thaa| isakA tapAgaccha paTTAvalI se bhI samarthana hotA hai| usake anusAra vIrAta cauthI 1. yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pR. 14 / bhadrabAha 2 ya sambandhI digambaroM kI dantakathA ke lie aura zvetAmbaroM kI bhadrabAhu evam varAhamihira sambandhI dantakathA ke lie dekho vahI, pR. 13, 30 / vidyAbhUSaNa maiDIvala skUla Apha iNDiyana lojika, pR. 5-6 / / 2. klapasUtra, subodhikA TIkA pR. 162 / 3. dekho yAkobI, vahI, prastA. pR. 13 / 4. dekho vahI, pR. 12 / 5. dekho dharmadAsagariNa, upadezamAlA (jainadharma prasAraka samA, bhAvanagara), pR, 2 / / 6. dekho viTaniTja, vahI, pR. 343; maikDonyala, iNDiyAja pAsTa, pR. 74; zrImatI sTIvansana, vahI, pR. 82 / 7. dekho viniTja, vahI, pR. 351; hIrAlAla, rAyabahAdura, kaiTeloga Apha mainyuskripTsa ina sI. pI. eNDa barAra, prastA. pR. 7-9; vidyAbhUSaNa, vahI, pR.91
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________________ 200 ] zatI meM hue zyAmA prajJApanAsUtra ke kartA umAsvAti ke the| ! ziSya 1 pakSAntara meM zrI hIrAlAla ke anusAra isa prazna kA spaSTIkaraNa yaha hai ki umAsvAti ne donoM sampradAyoM ke vivAdAspada viSayoM ko sparza hI nahIM kiyA hai / " ye umAspAtivAcaka dhamarA rUpa se vizeSa prakhyAta haiN| tasvArthAvigamasUtra kI zvetAmbarakArikA ke anusAra aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve nagaravAcaka bhI kahe jAte the / ve svayam prazasti meM kahate haiM ki unakA janma nyagrodhikA meM huA thA, parantu ye kusamapura yA pATalIputra meM hI rahate the| hindU dArzanika mAdhavAcArya unakA paricaya umAsvAtivAcakAcArya kaha kara karAtA hai| isa mahAn prAcArya kI kRtiyoM ke viSaya meM yaha kiMvadantI hai ki inane koI pAMcasau prakaraNoM kI racanA kI thI parantu unameM se kevala pAMca hI dhAna upalabdha haiN| ina saba kI yAne 1. tatvArthAdhigamasUtra ; 2. isI kA bhASya; 3. pUjAprakaraNa 4. jambUdvIpasamAsa; aura 5. prazamarati kI prazasti meM jaisI ki vaha baMgAla kI eziyATika sosAiTI ke inake saMskaraNoM meM prakAzita huI hai, isa prakAra tilA huA hai:'kRtiH sitAmvarAcAryasya mahAkave samAsthAtivAcakasya iti / 15 uparokta granthoM meM se tasyArthAdhigagana para hI unakI kIrti prAdhArita hai kitane hI mUlya grantharatna ki jo kAla karAla grAsa banane se baca gae unameM kA yaha ati mUlyavAna hai| jainoM ke Agama sAhitya kA dohana kara jaina tatvajJAna ko saMskRta sUtroM meM racane kI paddhati meM praveza karanevAle ye hI sabase pahale jainAcArya haiM / unakA yaha grantha isIlie jaina iMjIla (bAIbala) rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| jainoM ke sabhI sampradAya isako mAnate haiN| yaha kitanI prAmANika aura uttama kRti hai, isakI pratIti usake prati jaina TIkAkAroM ke die lakSya se spaSTa samajha meM grAtI hai| isa para kamatI se kamatI ikatIsa TIkAeM prAja upalabdha haiN| isake sUtro meM koI bhI jaina siddhAnta yA mAnyatA pratyakSa yA parokSa rIti se vyakta hue binA nahIM rahI hai| tasvArthasUtra niHsaMdeha jaina tatvajJAna kI amUlya aura pavitra nidhi hai / " umAsyAtivAcaka ke sambandha meM isa prastAvika vivecana ke bAda hama vikramAditya yuga ke suprasiddha jaina sAhityAkAza ke prakAzamAna nakSatra zrI siddhasena divAkara auaura zrI pAdaliptAcArya kA saMkSepa meM vicAra kreNge|" 1. dekho klATa vahI, pR. 251 zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyoM ke isa varNana meM usakA I. pUrva aneka sadiyoM meM huA batAtI hai| mahAvIra ke dasaveM paTTadhara pAyeM mahAgiri kA nidhana nirvANa pazcAt 249 meM varSa meM huA thaa| unake do ziSya the :- bahula aura balissaha / balissaha ke ziSya the umAsvAti / dekho vahI pR. 246, 251 | digambara vRttAntoM meM umAsvAti bhadrabAhu se chaThe paTTadhara kahe gae haiM aura kundakadAcArya ke uttarAdhikArI unakA nidhana kAla vi. samyat 142 yAne I. 85 batAyA hai| dekho haranolI iNDi eNTI, pusta. 20. pR. 341 umAsvAti ke vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekho hIrAlAla rAyabahAdura, vahI, prastA. pR. 7-9; peTarasana, riporTa prAna saMskRta mainyuskripaTsa, pusta. 4 prastA. pR. 16: jainI se buje, pumta 2 prastA. pR. 7-9 1 ! 2. hIrAlAla rAyabahAdura, vahI prastA. pR. 9 1 , 3. tatvArthAdhigamasUtra ( saMpA : motIlAla ladhAjI), (adhyAya 10, pR. 2031 4. dekho kovsa eNDa naupha, sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR. 55 5. hIrAlAla, rAyabahAdura, vahI, prastA. pR. 8 / 6. jainI, vahI. prastA. pU. 8 / 7. rAisa I. pI., kanairIja liTarecara, pR. 41 /
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________________ [ 201 siddhasena aura vikrama ke dharma-parivartana sambandhI prAcIna bora vaha jaina dantakathA kI yathArthatA ke viSaya meM pahale hI vivecanA kI jA cukI hai| isalie divAkara kAla ke isa vivAdAspada prazna para phira se likhanA yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai| phira bhI do tathya dantakathAnusAra siddhasena kI tithi ke samarthana meM yahAM prastuta kie jA sakate haiN| eka to yaha ki vAcaka-zramaraNa kI hI bhAMti, siddhasena divAkara zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM ko mAnya hai dUsarA yaha ki donoM sampradAyoM ke sAhitya meM isa prAcArya sambandhI ullekha prAcIna hai|' ! mahAn siddhayenaracita sAhitya meM jaina-nyAya paura battIsa battIsiyAM kahI jAtI hai unane kula kitane grantha race isa apradhAna bAta ko dUra rakhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yahI prakaraNa likhanevAle sarva prathama zvetAmbarAcArya hai| prakaraNa usa praddhatyAnusAra racanA ko kahA jAtA hai jisameM pratyeka viSaya vaijJAnika rIti se carce jAte haiM / isameM saiddhAMtika prayoM kI bhAMti cAhe jaise bhinna bhinna prathavA dantakathA rUpa meM viSaya kI carcA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai yaha prAkRta meM bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai. parantu sAmAnyataH yaha saMskRta racanA hI hotI hai| siddhasena dhaura dhanya mahAn prAcAryo ne I. pUrva aura pazcAt kI kucha sadiyoM meM isa prakAra ke prayatna bhAratIya mAnasika saMskRti ke uccatama stara taka zvetAmbaroM ko UMcA uThAne ke lie kie jinakI samApti hemacandrAcArya dvArA huI thI ki jinane pramukha bhAratIya vijJAnoM kI prazasanIya pAThya pustakeM bhI jainadharma sambandhI mAnya granthoM ke atirikta likhI thIM / yAyAvatAra aura sammatitarka do suprasiddha granthoM ke raciyata rUpa se siddhasena kI vizeSa prasiddhI hai| pahalA nyAya kA padyamaya grantha hai jisameM nyAya aura pramANa kA spaSTa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dUsarA sAmAnya darzana kA eka mAtra prAkRta bhASA kA padyamaya grantha hai jisameM tarkazAstra ke siddhAMtoM kA sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ina donoM vidvatA pUrNaM granthoM kI racanA ke pUrva jaina nyAya viSayaka kisI bhI pramANabhUta grantha kA astitva jAnane meM nahIM AyA hAlAMki isa nyAyazAstra ke siddhAMta to dharma aura nIti ke sAhitya meM yatra tatra milate hI rahe the / DA. vidyAbhUSaraNa kahate haiM ki bhAratavarSa ke anya dharmoM kI bhAMti hI jainoM ke prAcIna granthoM meM dharma aura nIti kI carcA meM nyAya kA mizraNa huA to thA hI / parantu nyAya ke hI viSaya kI vizuddha carcA karane kA prathama mAna siddhasena divAkara ko hI hai kyoMki vidyA kI aneka zAkhAoM meM se dohana kara battIsa zlokoM meM nyAya viSaya para nyAyAvatAra nAmaka grantha likha kara isa viSaya ko pRthaka rUpa de dene vAlA jainoM meM siddhasena hI saba se pahalA haiM / " bhadrabAhu kI hI bhAMti siddhasena ke sAtha bhI jainoM kI eka stuti ko pArzvanAtha kI hI hai, jur3I huI hai| isa stuti kA nAma 'kalyANamandira stotra' hai isake viSaya meM nimna dantakathA hai: eka samaya siddhasena ne apane gurU ke samakSa abhimAna pUrvaka yaha prakaTa kiyA ki samagra prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko vaha saMskRta meM kara dene kI icchA rakhatA hai| aise devadveSI yA pAkhaNDI kathana ke pApa ke prAyazcitta svarUpa gurU ne unheM pArAMcika prAyazcitta kA daNDa diyA jisake anusAra bAraha varSa taka kA mauna dhAraNa karate hue unheM tIrtha bhramaNa karate rahanA thA / isa prAyazcitta ko karate hue ekadA ve ujjaina meM pahu~ce aura vahA~ ke mahAkAla mandira meM unane nivAsa kiyaa| vahA~ unane ziva 1. hIrAlAla, rAyabahAdura, vahI, prastA. pR. 13 / 2. yAkobI, samarAicca kahA, prastA. pR. 12 3. vidyayAbhUparaNa, nyAyAvatAra, prastA. 11
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________________ 202] ko namaskAra aura usakI stuti nahIM kara pujAriyoM ko prati ruSTa kara diyaa| unane turanta jA kara rAjA vikramAditya se yaha zikAyata kI jisane unheM ziva ko vandana karane kI AjJA de kara bAdhita kiyaa| taba siddhasena ne kalyANamandira stotra ke pATha dvArA ziva kI stuti kI, phala svarUpa ziva pratimA ke do Tukar3e ho gae aura usa khaNDa meM se jaina tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI pratimA pragaTa ho gii| isa prakAra kI divya zakti se prabhAvita ho kara vikramAditya aura anekoM ne unase jaina dharma svIkAra kara liyA / " rAjA muraNDa ko jainadharmI banAyA thaa| yaha taraMgavatI nAma kI ati prAcIna paura pAdalipta ke viSaya meM hama pahale hI batA Ae haiM ki unane muraNDa rAjA 'kAnyakubja kI chattIsa lAkha kI prajA kA samrATa thA / " suprasiddha romAMca jainakathA ke raciyatA ke rUpa meM bhI inakI sukhyAti hai / mUla kathA yadyapi naSTa ho gaI dIkhatI hai| kyoMki vaha aba taka to upalabdha nahIM huI hai, parantu usakA bAda kA kiyA saMkSepa 'taraMgalolA' nAma se surakSita hai| saMkSepakAra nemIcandra ne ulajhanabhare zlokoM aura lokapadoM ko isa saMkSepa meM se lopa kara diyA hai| saMkSepa karane kA kAraNa batAte hue isa nemicandra ne svayam hI kahA hai ki mUla bahuta hI vistRta uljhanamarA, zloka - yUgalakoM, ghaTakoM, kulakoM Adi pUrNa hone se mAtra vidvayabhogya ho gayA thA aura sAmAnya jana usakA lAbha nahIM le sakate the / phira bhI taraMgavatI kA hI saMkSipta hone para bhI taraMgalIlA mahAn sAhityika rasavAlI kRti hai evam usa samaya ke pracalita lokavArtA sAhitya kA eka acchA prativimba hai ki jo saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM hI bhASAdhoM meM taba vizAla honA cAhie hAlAMki usake bahuta thor3e hI grantha hameM prAja vArasA rUpa upalabdha haiN| aise sAhitya ke anya namUnoM kI hI mAMti isa romAMcaka kathA meM bhI anta meM nAyaka aura nAyikA donoM hI saMsAra kA tyAga kara dIkSA le lete haiN| pUrvabhava kA jAti smaraNa jJAna aura usake pariNAma hI isa kathA ke hetu haiN| isa kathAnaka meM yatra tatra dhArmika upadeza aura sUcanAeM bhI milatI hI haiM, parantu taba bhI kathA upadezAtmaka nahIM bana jAtI hai / taraMgavatI ke sivA, pAdalipta ke granthoM meM phalita jyotiSa kA grantha 'prazna - prakAza' aura pratimA pratiSThA paddhati kA grantha 'nirvAraNa- kalikA' yA 'pratiSThA paddhati' prasiddha hai / yaha nirvAraNa- kalikA pratimAoM kI pratiSThA sambandhI kriyA-kANDoM kA prAcInatama upalabdha grantha hai / yaha purAtatvavidoM ke lie bhI bar3e upayoga kA hai| kyoMki vaha jainAgamoM ke racanA kAla zrora vAcanA-kAla yAne jaba ki ve likhe gae the, ke bIca kI kar3I prastuta karatA hai / yaha saMskRta meM likhA huA grantha hai / usa kAla meM jainAcArya ardhamAgadhI meM hI racanAeM kiyA karate the / ataH usa kAla kI prathA ke pratikUla saMskRta meM isakI racanA eka Azcaryajanaka bAta hai / ... isI meM AcAryapadavI pradAna kI bhI vidhi dI huI hai jo bar3I ThATha bATha kI hai| rAjyacinha jaise ki hAthI, ghor3e, pAlakhI, caurI, chatra, yogapaTTaka ( pUjA karane kA citra ), kharTIka (kalama), pustakeM, sphaTika kI japamAlA, aura khar3AU prAcArya ko padavIdAna ke samaya die jAte the / ... nityakarmavidhi meM aSTamUrti kA nirdeza bhI eka mahatva kA hai| vaha yaha 1. hIrAlAla, rAyabahAdura, vahI, prastA. pR. 13 / dekho isI kathA kA vikramacarita meM diyA jaina rUpAntara bhI dekho eDgarTana, vahI, pR. 253 1 2. vahI, pR. 251 I 3. dekho berI, nirvaNa-kalikA prastAvanA, pR. 12-13 1 4. jhaverI, nirvANa - kAlikA, prastA. pR. 1 /
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________________ [ 203 batAtA hai ki jaino kI pUjAvidhi para tAMtrika-prAgamoM kA jinameM pUjanIya deva ziva hai, acchA prabhAva par3a gayA thaa| isa prakAra jaisA ki hama Upara dekha Ae haiM, yaha nirvivAda hai ki jaina itihAsa kA anabhilikhita yuga bhI sAhitya zUnya nahIM hai / usa yuga kA bhI prAcIna sAhitya likhA huA milatA hai| isa yuga ke jaina dantakathA sAhitya kA hamArA yaha sarvekSaNa cUDA~nta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI aisA kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogA ki isa yuga kA jaina sAhitya anya bhAratIya sAhitya kI tulanA meM kyA guNa aura kyA vividhatA kisI bhI dizA meM jarA bhI kama nahIM thA / isa jaina sAhitya meM sabhI viSaya ke grantha upalabdha haiN| aise grantha hI nahIM ki jinakA siddhAta se nikaTatama sambandha hai, yAne saiddhAMtika, naitika, vAdAnuvAdAtmika aura pakSa-samarthaka apitu itihAsa, dantakathA, mahAkAvya, romAMcaka, evam vaijJAnika jaise ki khagola, aura bhaviSya-kathana viSayaka bhI jainAcAryoM ne usa kAla meM likhe the / 1. jhaverI, vahI, prastA. pR. 5 /
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________________ AThavAM adhyAya uttara-bhArata meM jaina kalA hama isa adhyAya meM uttara bhArata kI kalA ke itihAsa meM zilAlekha, sthApatya aura citrakalA meM jainoM ke yogadAna kA sAmAnya rUpa se vicAra kreNge| DaoN. gairInoTa kahatA hai ki "bhAratIya lalitakalA ko jainoM ne ati advitIya aneka smAraka pradAna kie haiN| sthApatya meM vizeSa rUpa se jaina usa pravINatA ke pahu~ca gae haiM ki jahA~ unakI pratispardhI koI bhI nahIM hai / "] yaha niHsaMzaya satya hai ki jainoM kA pratyuttama pradarzana sthApita meM huA hai / isakA kAraNa jainoM kA vaha vizvAsa hai aura jo bhAratIya anya dharmoM kI apekSA adhika bhI hai, ki mokSa kI sAdhanA meM mandira-nirmANa upakAraka hai / isalie unakI sthApitya racanAeM unakI jana saMkhyA kI tulanA meM anya dharmoM kI apekSA kahIM adhika saMkhyA meM haiN| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki inake sthApatya meM vicitratA bahuta pAI jAtI hai| ve apane mandira jaMgala bharI yA anurvara pahAr3iyoM ke r3halAva meM, aura sajAvaTa kI jahAM asIma kSetra ho vaise viyAvAna sthAnoM meM banAnA hI pasanda karate haiM / samudra sataha se 3000 se 4000 phuTa U~ce zatujaya evaM giranAra parvatoM ke zikhara para mandiroM ke bhavya nagara suzobhita ho rahe haiN| isa prakAra mandira nagara banavAne kI viziSTatA kA anya dharmoM kI apekSA jainoM ne hI vizeSa rUpa se amala kiyA hai / "zatu jaya ke zikhara para, vizeSatayA, pratyeka dizA meM suvarNamaya aura raMga-biraMgI nakzIdAra mandira khule aura mUka khar3e haiN| unameM camakate pradIpoM ke bIca meM bhavya aura zAMta tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / ina prazAMta mudrAoM ke samUha vAlI mandiroM kI zreNiyAM aura gaganacumbI gar3hoM meM ke devadevI yaha sUcanA karate mAlUma par3ate haiM ki ye saba smAraka mAnavI prayatna se nahIM, apitu kisI devI preraNA se hI nirmita hue haiM / "3 AkAra aura saMracanA kI isa vividhatA ke hote hue bhI, zatu jaya aura giranAra ke samUha donoM hI, jUnAgar3ha ke pUrva meM sthita bAvA pyArA nAma se kahalAte aAdhunika maTha aura aneka jaina guphAoM ke atirikta, koI bhI aitihAsika ullekha yA smAraka nahIM haiM ki jinakI sugamatA se khoja kI jA ske| aise koI bhI ullekha yA smAraka yadi vahA~ rahe hote to bhI "musalamAna rAjyakAla kI cAra zatAbdiyoM meM prAcInatA ke adhikAMza cinhoM ko miTA diyA hogaa|" kalpanA kI sundaratA aura kalA kA dhIra saMskAra donoM hI dRSTi se jaina lalitakalA ko pradarzita karane vAle advitIya smArakoM meM cittaur3a ko kIrti aura vijaya stambha, evam prAbU-parvata ke jaina mandira ginAe jA sakate haiM / 1. gairInoTa, lA rilIjiyAM jainA, pR. 279 1 2. pharagyUsana, hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna ArkiTekcara, bhAga 2, pR. 24 / dekho smitha, e hisTrI oNpha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona, pR. 11 / / 3. IliyaTa, hindUijma eNDa buddhIjma bhAga 1, pR. 121 / 4. dekho banyasa, pAsaveI, 1874-1875, pa. 140-141, pleTa 19 aAdi / "yahAM bauddha lakSaNikatA kA koI spaSTa cinha taka bhI nahIM hai / auroM kI bhAMti ye bhI saMbhavataH janamUla ke hI haiN|" -pharagyUsana, vahI, pR. 31 / 5. vhii|
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________________ [ 205 mandira tIrthayAtrA kA ghAma bAbU zilpa kI sUkSma komalatA evaM kalAvidhAna kI viziSTatA kI dRSTi se dhairya aura atyanta zrama vyaya karane vAle isa deza meM bhI apratima haiN| isI prakAra vivAda meM pAyA sammetazikhara yA pArzvanAtha tIrtha, rAjapUtAne meM sAdar3I mAravAr3a ke nikaTastha rANakapura kA bhavya mandira, paTanA jile kA pAvApurI kA jala mandira va Adi kA nAma batAyA jA sakatA hai / parantu jainoM ke kalA ke prati prema pradarzana karAnevAle sthApatya ke ye udAharaNa jaina zilpakalA ke yA to prathama athavA mahAn yuga ke haiM jo ki I. 1300 prathavA usake kucha kAla bAda taka calatA rahA thA, " anyathA jaina sthApatya kI madhya zailI ke haiM, ki jisakA punarujIvana pandrahavIM sadI meM mevAr3a vaMza ke prati zaktizAlI rAjAoM meM se eka rANA kumbhA ke rAjyakAla meM huA thA ki jisakI rAjadhAnI cittaur3a thii| janoM ke ina saba sundara smArakoM se sambandha rakhanevAlI sthApatyakalA, prAcInatA aura paurANikatA kA khoja karavA rasaprada aura jJAna vardhaka ho sakatA hai, parantu aisA karane ke lie hameM apane lakSya se bAhara jAnA hogA jo kisI bhI taraha se ucita nahIM hai / 2 sthApitoM kI taraha hI jainoM kI citrakalA ke avazeSa meM bhI aise koI nahIM hai ki jo hamArI kAla maryAdA meM A sakate haiN| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki bhAratIya lalitakalA ke namUne jo ki jainoM ke gambhIra prabhAva meM vikasita hue haiM, sacitra hastalikhita granthoM meM jaina dantakathA aura paramArthavidyA kI racanAoM meM kSamApanA yA vijJaptipatroM meM ki jo jaina dhAvaka aura dhamarA par3osa ke prAcAyoM ko sambarasarikA para bhejane ke lie mahAn parizrama aura sajAvaTa se taiyAra karate the, dekhe jA sakate haiM / parantu ye saba jaina rasa-saMveda kalA ke viziSTa namUne IsavI 12vIM sadI se prArambha honevAle madhyakAlIna gujarAta yA jaina kAla ke haiN| hamAre hI nirdiSTa kAla ke jaina sthApatya ghora mUrtizilpa ke avazeSoM kA vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki hamAre mukhya sAdhana udayagiri aura khaNDagiri kI ur3IsA kI guphAeM jUnAgar3ha kA giranAra parvata, mathurA kA kaMkAlI TIlA aura anya TekariyoM prAdi ko sthApatya haiM / parantu inakA vicAra karane ke pUrva bhAratIya lalitakalA kI kucha lAkSaNikatA para sAmAnya rUpa meM kucha prAthamika bAteM kaha denA grAvazyaka hai / pahalI bAta jo isa sambandha meM smaraNa rakhane kI hai vaha yaha hai ki bhAratIya lalitakalA kA sAmpradAyika vargIkaraNa, jaisA ki pharamyusana ne mAnA hai, kucha doSayukta hI hai| saca bAta to yaha hai ki svApatya yA mUrtizilpa meM bauddha jaina, yA hindU zailiyAM hai hI nahIM / jo kucha hai ye haiM zrapane yuga kI bhAratIya zailI ke bauddha, jaina aura hindU avshess|" ye avazeSa kalA ke ghaupacArika vikAsa meM prAntIya vibheda hI dikhAte haiM jo ki vizuddha zailI meM - 1. bala mandira... paNDoM ke anusAra, mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA usI sthala para banA huA hai aura jala mandira unake dAhasaMskAra ke sthAna para, " - viuDigapa, pR. 224 / dekho vahI, pR. 72 2. pharamyusana, vahI, pu. 59 3. vahI, pR. 60 4. deva mehatA sTaDIja ina iNDiyana peMTiMga, pU 1-2 5. parasI brAuna, iNDiyana peMTiMga, pR. 38, 511 vhUlara ne madhurI kI khojoM ke sikhAe pATha para bala dete hue kahA hai ki bhAratIya jalatakalA sAmpradAyavAdI nahIM dI thii| bauddha, jaina aura hindU saba dharmoM ne apane kAla aura deza kI kalA kA upayoga kiyA hai aura saba ne samAna rUpa se lAkSaNika aura ravAjI hathakaNDoM ke sAmAnya koza se preraNA prApta kI hai| stUpa caityavRkSa kaTa hare, cakra, yAdi Adi janoM, bauddhoM aura sanAtana hinduoM ko dhArmika yA sajAvaTa ke rUpa meM samAna rUpa se prApta 1 1 ye smitha dI jaina stUpa eNDa sadara eNTIkviTIja grApha mathurA prastAvanA. pU. 61 dekho hUnara, epI. iSTi.. pusta 2, pR. 322
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________________ 206 ] sAmpradAyika vibhinnatAoM hameM bhAratIya kalA ke sAmpradAyika vibhAjana yA vargIkaraNa kI ora lalacAtI hai, parantu yaha ThIka nahIM hai| isameM saMdeha nahI, jaisA ki hama Age cala kara dekhane hI vAle haiM, ki pratyeka dharma kI vividha anivArya AvazyakatAoM kA prabhAva, viziSTa abhiprAya ke prAvazyaka saMracanA ke svabhAva para par3atA hai, parantu phira mI lalitakalA kRtiyAM jinameM sthApatya bhI samAviSTa hai, unakI bhaugolika sthiti aura Ayu kI dRSTi se hI vargIkaraNa kI jAnA cAhie na ki jisa dharma kI sevA ke lie unakI kalpanA kI gaI ho usakI dRSTi se / / isalie sthApatya yA zilpa kI jaina zailI jaiso koI bhI bAta nahIM hai| yaha bAta isase aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki bauddha evam jaina donoM hI ke pramukha mUti-zilpa itane tAdRza haiM ki unheM Upari dRSTi se dekhane vAlA isa prakAra vargIkaraNa kara hI nahIM sakatA hai ki amuka-amuka sampradAya kA hai aura amuka-amuka sampradAya kA / isa prakAra kA zIghra viveka karane ke lie paryApta aura lambe anubhava kI AvazyakatA hai|' bhAratIya kalA ke abhyAsI ke lie dUsarI mahatva kI bAta yaha hai ki yadyapi saba bhAratIya kalA dhArmika hI hai| phira bhI bhAratIyoM ko dhArmika, saundarya, aura vaijJAnika dRSTi avazya hI virodhAtmaka nahIM hai, aura unakI sabhI kalA kRtiyoM meM, cAhe vaha zAna-vAdya kI, sAhityika yA bhAskarya kisI kI bhI kyoM na ho, ye dRSTikoNa ki jinheM Ajakala itanI spaSTatA se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai, prapArthakyarUpa meM mile hae hote haiN| yaha niHsandeha dekhanA hI zeSa raha jAtA hai ki yaha maryAdA yA anuzAsana zakti ke zrota kA kAma detA hai athavA use upadezI abhiprAya kA dAsa banA detI hai| phira bhI yadyapi dhArmika kathA, pratIka yA itihAsa kalAkAra ko kArya karane kI preraNA dete haiM, parantu ve hI usako hAtha calAne kI preraNA nahIM dete haiN| jyoM hI vaha kAma karane lagatA hai, kalA unmukha ho jAtI hai aura vaha ina tInoM hI se bhAvavahI preraNA prApta karatA rahatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki "navajAgRta iTalI kA pracaNDa dharmotsAha apane samasta citra pratIkoM sahita apane kalAkAroM ko upadezaka kI apekSA kuzala citrakAra banane se roka nahIM sakA thA aura ve dharma-pracAraka kI apekSA maNDanakAroM ke prati hI niSThAvAna rahe the / signorelI, isI kAraNa apane pavitra prasaMgoM ko vAstavika jIvana se prerita kalA kI apanI khojoM ke pramukha sAdhana rUpa meM 1. dekho kumArAsvAmI, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana eNDa iNDonesiyana pArTa, pR. 106 / parantu, yadyapi prAya: saba bhAra tIya kalA dhArmika hai, yaha socanA bhramapUrNa hai ki zailI dharma para nirbhara karatI thI pharagyUsana kA prArSa grantha hisTrI Apha iNDiyana prArkiTekcara isa bhrAmaka mAnyatA se ki bauddha jaina aura hindU kI spaSTa zailiyA~ vidyamAna thI, burI taraha bhraSTa ho gayA hai / smitha, e hisTrI prApha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona, pR. 9 / 2. vahI / 3.jana stupayAkRti meM bauddha stUpa se kucha bhI bhinna nahIM hote haiM aura jaina vakrIya zikhara hindU mandiroM ke zikharoM ke samAna hI prAyaH hote haiM / "-vhii|"...atynt suzikSita vyakti bhI eka prakAra kI mUrti kA dUsarI mUrti se viveka nahIM kara sakate haiN|" -rAva, elImeMTsa Apha hindU grAhakonogrAphI, bhAga 1, khaNDa 1, pR. 220 / 4. dekho kumArAsvAmI, dI pArTasa eNDa krAphTsa Apha iNDiyA eNDa sIlona, pR. 16 / niyAma yAne zAstrAnusAra (nirmita mUrti) sundara hotI hai, anya koI bhI nizcaya hI sundara nahIM hotI; koI use sundara (kahate haiM) jo (unakI hI) apanI kalpanAnusAra hotI hai| parantu vaha jo zAstrAnukUla nahIM hotI, jAnakAra marmajJoM ko vaha asundara (lagatI hai)| vahI / hindU sadA hI dhArmika udAharaNa ke byAja se saundarya-vijJAna ke tatva hI prastuta karate haiM / smitha, vahI, pR. 8 /
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________________ [ 207 vyavahAra kie binA nahIM raha sakA thA aura phA baraTolombhigro ke prazaMsakoM ne usakI sarvotkRSTa aura atIva AkarSaka santa sebAsTiyana kI pratikRti ko girajAghara kI bhIMta para se sakheda utAra diyA thaa|" bhAratIya kalA viSayaka isa sAmAnya carcA ke pazcAt aba hama jainoM ke viziSTa kalAvazeSoM kA vicAra kreN| isameM ur3IsA kI guphAeM hamArA dhyAna sarva prathama AkarSita karatI haiM ki jo bhAratIya guphAoM meM ati rasapraddha aura sAtha hI vilakSaNa haiM / ve guphAeM adhikAMza jaina hI haiM, isameM zaMkA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| "kaliMgadeza meM jainadharma' zIrSaka adhyAya meM ina guphAoM meM pAI jAne vAlI tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAnoM aura usameM bhI pArzva kI aneka mUrtiyoM evaM usake sarpa-pharaNa lAMchana kI aneka prAkRtiyoM ko lekara unako die pramukha sthAna prAdi kA nirdeza kara cuke haiM / guphAoM ke nirIkSaNa meM koI aise avazeSa upalabdha nahIM hote haiM ki jo spaSTatayA bauddha kahe jA sakate haiM / dAgobA, buddha yA bodhIsatva, bauddha dantakathAnoM meM spaSTatayA khoja nikAle jA sakane vAle dRzya, koI bhI vahA~ nahIM haiM / unamukta yA nokadAra trizUla, stUpa, svastika, bandha kaTahare bAr3a lage vRkSa, cakra, zrI devI vahA~ avazya hI pAe jAte haiM, parantu ye pratIka to jainoM meM bhI itane hI pracalita haiM jitane ki anya dharmoM meN| phira isa tathya ko sabhI mAnya vidvAnoM ke sAmAnya rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA hai| purAtatvajJoM aura zilpavizAradoM jaise ki pro 'bhAle, mana mohana cakravartI, blAka, pharagyUsana, smitha,' kumArAsvAmI, Adi Adi ne| isa prakAra prAja vartamAna prAcInatama mUrtizilpa ke namUne batAte haiM ki anya dharmoM kI mAMti hI, janoM ne bhI apane sAdhuoM ke nivAsa ke lie guphAe yA bhikSu-gRha khudavAe the / parantu unake dharma kI vyavahArika AvazyakatAe~ pUrI karane jitanI hI unake nirmANa kI zailI para prabhAva avazya hI par3A thaa| yaha eka sAmAnya niyama thA ki jaina muni bar3I saMkhyA meM eka sAtha nahIM rahate the aura sAtha hI unake dharma kI prakRti ke kAraNa bhI unheM bauddha caityoM ke se bar3e bar3e vihAroM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thii| jaisA ki pahale hI hama dekha Ae haiM, jaina sampradAya ke prAcInatama aura adhikatama isa prakAra kI prAcIna guphAeM udayagiri nAma kI pUrva kI ora kI pahAr3I meM haiM / Adhunika guphAeM pazcimI aMza meM haiM jo ki khaNDagiri nAma se prakhyAta hai / 'unake dikhAva kI bhavyatA, unake zilpa aura sthApita kI bArIkiyoM kI lAkSaNikatA unakI prAcInatA se mila kara unheM sUkSma sarvekSaNa ke parama yogyatama banA detI haiM / 1. molomana, dI cArma Apha iNDiya ArTa, pR. 86-87 / 2. dekho cakravartI, manamohana, vahI, pR. 5%; pharagyUsana, vahI, pR. 1 / / 3. yo 'bhAle', baMgAla DisTrikTa gajeTiyara, purI. pR. 2661 4. apanI yAtrAoM meM ina guphAmoM kA sUkSma nirIkSaNa karane ke pazcAt maiM isa pariNAma para pahu~cA hU~ ki sabhI guphAe, jahA~ taka ki vartamAna sAmagrI kahatI hai, jainoM kI kahI jAnI cAhie na ki bauddhoM kii| cakravartI, manamohana, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 5. guphAoM bauddhadharma kA kucha bhI nahIM hai, parantu dRzyataH saba hI jainoM kI haiM, yaha tathya prAyaH sabhI adhikArI vidvAnoM dvArA, maiM samajhatA hUM ki sAmAnyarUpa meM...svIkRta hai / dekho vahI, pR. 20 / 6. bahuta thor3e hI dinoM pahale taka, phira bhI, bhrama se bauddha mAnI jAtI rahI haiM, hAlAMki ve aisI spaSTataH kabhI bhI nahIM thii| pharagyUsana, vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 1771 7. dekho smitha, vahI, pR. 84 / 8. dekho kumArAsvAmI, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana eNDa iNDonesiyana ArTa pR. 37 / 9. pharagyUsana. vahI. bhAga 2, pR. 9 /
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________________ 208 ] sthapita kI dRSTi se nahIM to purAtatva kI dRSTi se to avazya hI hamArA dhyAna AkarSaNa karanevAlI udayagiri kI guphAoM meM hAthIguphA kI guphA hai jo ki eka bar3I prAkRtika guphA hai aura usakA zailaprAntalekha likhane ke upayukta cikanA kara diyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| isa lekha kA vicAra to vistAra se hama pahale kara hI cuke haiM / aAja jisa rUpa meM yaha guphA khar3I hai, usameM zilpa kI viziSTatA bahuta hI nyUna raha gaI hai / parantu itanA nizcaya to hai hI ki usake prAkRtika hone ke bAvajuda, parantu usake abhilekha kI mahattA ko dekhate hue hAthIguphA kucha kama mahatva kI guphA nahIM honA cAhie / isakA yaha kAraNa ki pahAr3oM ke ToloM meM guphA yA mandira khodane kI bhAvanA zAzvata puNya kI AkAMkSA meM se udbhava hotI hai aura vaise sthAna yA mandira yA smAraka kaThora pASANa parvata-khaNDoM meM hI banAe yA khode jA sakate haiM kyoMki jaba taka ye smAraka khar3e rahate haiM, vahA~ taka unake nirmAtA ko puNya prApta hotA rahatA hai| phira isa hAthIguphA ko kalA kI dRSTi se vyApaka ki yAne aura sudhArane gayA thA, yaha isa bAta se samathita hotA hai ki sAmAnyatA guphA-khodanevAle aisI caTTAna hI isake lie pasanda karate haiM ki jo Thosa hone ke sAtha hI darAra aura salavAlo bhI nahIM ho na ki prAkRtika khoha / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki prAkRtika khoha kA Tola polA hotA hai aura usake kabhI Tukar3e Tukar3e bhI ho sakate haiM aura isalie usameM rahanevAloM ko jIvana kA bhaya sadA hI banA rahatA hai / jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai, kalA kI dRSTi se udayagirI TekarI kI rAnI aura gaNeza guphAe rocaka haiM / ye donoM veSTanIvAlI dumaMjilI guphAe haiM aura inake Upara evaM nIce kI promArI meM aneka bhavana-dvAra haiN| rAnI guphA saba guphAoM meM bar3I aura sundara sajI huI hai| usakI bhavya nakkAzIdAra veSTaniyA~ mAnavI pravRttiyoM ke sundara dRzya prastuta karatI haiN| ina utkIriNata dRzyoM meM aura gaNezaguphA meM bahuta-kucha unake hI punarAvRtti ke viSaya meM jilA vivaraNikA evam cakravartI Adi sUprasiddha vidvAnoM ke anusAra pArzva ke jIvana prasaMga prastuta kie gae haiN| isa bAta kA vicAra hama pahale hI kara cuke haiM, apitu hama ina veSTaniyoM ke dRzyoM ke viSaya kA bhI vistAra me kucha kucha vicAra kara cuke haiN| ina prAcIna jaina avazeSoM ke zilpa ke viSaya meM hama dekhate haiM ki, mathurA zilpa ke namUnoM kI hI bhAMti jinakA ki vicAra hama Age karane vAle haiM, inameM bhI striyoM aura puruSoM ke vastra evam veza-bhUSA meM grIka aura bhAratIya tatvoM kA samizraNa hai / I. pUrva yuga kI sadiyoM meM yavana bhAratavarSa meM bahuta bhItara taka praveza kara gae the, yaha bAta jahA~ svataH pramANita hai vahA~ khAravela ke hAthI guphA lekha se bhI yaha pramANita hotA hai jisame yavanarAja DimeTriyasa ko bhAratavarSa se pIchA haTA dene meM khAravela ke prabhAva kA varNana hai| phira ina dRzyoM ke citra, mathurA zilpa kI bhAMti hI, kucha UMce ubhare khude haiM aura inameM kI striyAM bahuta moTe sAMkale bhI pairoM meM pahanI huI haiN| ur3IsA aura anya jaina avazeSoM kI yaha viziSTatA isa vaktavya kI satyatA kA ucita hI samarthana karatI hai ki "pRthvI bhara ke nivAsiyoM meM zRgArika bhUSaNoM kA AdAna-pradAna usI samaya se calatA rahA hogA jaba se ki manuSya ne pahale pahale sajjA rUpoM kA cetana rUpa meM paidA karane lagA thaa| aura yaha eka manovaijJAnika satya hai ki isa prakAra ke nakala kie bhUSaNoM meM nakalakartAoM dvArA prayoga karate samaya avazya hI kucha saMskAra hue binA nahIM rahA thA / isa prakAra kI nakala aura saMskAra kI vyApakatA asIma hai aura ye bhUSaNa apane mUla sthAna meM adbhuta rUpa se parivartita hue vApisa bhI pahuMca jAte haiM parantu bahudhA unakA pahacAnanA hI saMbhava nahIM hotA hai|" 1. dekho kumArAsvAmI, vahI, pR. 381 2. eNDraja, iMphlyUenseja Apha iNDiyana ArTa, prastAvanA, pR. 11 /
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________________ [ 209 prAk-gaMdhAra yuga kI bhAratIya yA jana kalA meM videzI tatvoM ke praveza kI isa bAta ke sivA bhI, hamArI yaha sammati hai ki isa prAcIna jaina zilpa meM viziSTa cArutA rahI huI hai| bhUSaNoM kI pracuratA aura kalA kI pravINatA ke atirikta usameM bhavoM kI adbhuta tAjagI aura puSTi kAraka Ananda ajJAtabhAva vartamAna hai| ye ubhare bhAskarya, mAnava pravRttiyoM ke anya dRzyoM meM, yAne AkheTa, lar3AI, nAca, madyapAna aura prema-pradarzana ke dRzya dikhAte haiM, aura pharagyUsana ke anusAra, inameM "dharma athavA prArthanA ke kisI bhI rUpa ke dRzyoM ke sivaa"| aura sabhI kucha dikhAe gae haiM / svasthya prajA kI yaha USmA sabhI uttama bauddha evaM jaina kalA kI viziSTatA hai aura gAMdhAra sampradAya kI ArSa sImA se vaha avazya hI kisI aMza meM daba gaI ki jo bAda meM sAmane AI / ur3IsA ke jaina avazeSoM kI vizeSa carcA yahA~ nahIM kI jA sakatI hai, phira bhI mathurA ke jaina avazeSoM kA vicAra karane ke pUrva kalA viSayaka jaina yogadAna kI do viziSTatAoM kA ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai| pahalI viziSTatA hai stUpa ke rUpa meM avazeSa-pUjane kI prathA aura dUsarI jainoM meM mUrti-pUjA / jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai, hAthIguphA zilAlekha kI caudahavIM paMkti se hameM patA lagatA hai ki mathurA zilpa-yuga ke bahuta pahale se hI bauddhoM kI bhAMti jainoM meM bhI apane gurutroM ke avazeSoM para stupa yA smAraka khar3e karane kI prathA pracAra meM thI / "prAcInatama stUpa niHsandeha kisI dhArmika sampradAya ke pratIka nahIM the| ve agnidAha ke sthAna meM bhUmi meM dabA dene kI prathA ke sAtha-sAtha mRtoM ke smAraka mAtra the / "3 ho sakatA hai isa prakAra kI pUjA bauddhoM kI bhAMti jainoM meM itanI pracAra nahIM pAI ho / parantu yaha to nizcita hai ki thor3I hI lokapriyatA ke pazcAt vaha apracalita ho gaI thii| parantu mathurA ke bauddha stUpa se ki jo, jaisA ki hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM, deva nirmita thA, hama yaha dRr3hatA se kaha sakate haiM ki jaina meM stUpa-pUjA bhI kabhI eka nizcita sthiti ko pahuMca gaI thii| aisA kahane kA mukhya AdhAra yaha hai ki stupa, mUlata:, kisI netA yA dharmAcArya kI masmi para miTTI ke UMce UMce r3hera mAtra hI the aura unakI rakSA ke lie kASTha kI bAr3a unake cAroM ora lagA dI jAtI thii| bAda meM ye hI miTTI ke prataratama aMza sahita ITa yA pASANa ke banAe jAne lage aura kASTha-bAr3a bhI pASANa bAr3a meM badala gii| mathurA ke bauddha evaM anya stUpoM ke dikhAva para se unakA prArambhika rUpa pragaTa nahIM hotA hai. yaha hama unako dekhate hI kaha sakate haiM unameM hama kASTha-bAr3a ke sthAna meM pASANa kI bAr3a pAte haiM aura unake bAhya bhAga ko atyanta sajAyA huA bhI dekhate haiN| dUsarI bAta jisakA ki hameM vicAra karanA hai, vaha hai jainoM kA mUrtizilpa / hAthIguphA zilAlekha se hama jAnate haiM ki jainoM meM apane tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyA~ nandoM ke kAla meM bhI banatI thii| isakA kisI aMza meM samarthana mathurA ke avazeSoM se bhI hotA hai / jinase hama jAnate haiM ki iNDo-sithika kAla ke jainoM ne kisI prAcIna mandira ke sAmAna kA upayoga mUrtizilpa meM kiyA thaa| smitha ke anusAra yaha itanA to avazya hI pramANita karatA hai ki mathurA meM I. pUrva 150 ke pahale jaina mandira koI avazya hI thaa| phira jainoM ke dantakathA sAhitya se bhI hameM jAnanA par3atA hai ki, mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM bhI, unake mAtA-pitA evam usa samaya kA janasaMgha pArzvanAtha tIrthakara ko pUjate the| jainoM meM mUrtipUjA nizcita rUpa se kaba praveza haI thI, isa praznoM kI mImAMsA karane kI hameM 1. pharagyUsana, vahI, pR. 15 / 2. heNyala, eMzeMTa eNDa maiDIvala pAkiTekcara Apha iNDiyA, pR. 46 / 3. kajansa, pAkiTekcarala eNTIkviTIja grApha vyasTarna iNDiyA, pR. 8 / 4. smitha, dI jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkviTIja prApha mathurA, prastAvanA p.3|
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________________ 210] AvazyakatA nahIM hai, hAlAMki yaha to nizcita pratIta hotA haiM, kisI na kisI rUpa meM yaha mahAvIra kAla se to jainoM meM pracalita hI hai mUrtipUjA kA prazna hamArA vicAraNIya nahIM hai, parantu mUrti-zilpa kA avazya hI viSaya hamAre lie vicAragIya hai| pUjA ke mukhya padArtha to caubIsa tIrtha kara hI haiM, parantu mahAyAna bauddhoM kI bhAMti hI, jainoM ne bhI hindU devI-devatAoM kA paritatva svIkAra kara liyA hai, yahI nahIM apitu unheM sacanA unameM se aisoM ko apane mUrti-zilpa meM svIkAra kara liyA hai ki jinakA sambandha unake tIrthaMkaroM kI kathAoM ke sAtha hai| aise ve deva-devI haiM. indra, garur3a, sarasvatI, lakSmI, gandhavaM papsarA yAdi yAdi inakA eka apanA hI devasamAja hai jisake unane pAra vibhAga mAne hue haiM, yathA bhavanAdhipati, vyaMtara, jyautiSka aura vaimAnika / jaisA ki pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai tIrthakaroM kI pahacAna unake cinha yA lAMchana dvArA hotI hai ki jo unakI mUrti ke nIce cinhita yA akita hotA hai| hamane yaha bhI dekhA ki ur3IsA kI eka se adhika guphAeM nAMdanavAlI tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM aura kucha ubharI qhudI baiThI mUrtiyoM ke lie prasiddha haiN| isI prakAra kI jaina tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyAM mathurA ke avazeSoM meM bhI prApta haiN| ve mUrtiyAM eka varga rUpa se digambara zaMsI kI hI haiN|" isa prakAra aitihAsika rUpa se bhI caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI caubIsI kI dRr3ha mAnyatA pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke apane hI lAMchana yA cinha sahita, na kevala IsavI yuge ke prArambha se apitu usase pUrva se hI pracalita thI / tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ sAmAnyataH buddha kI mUrti ke samAna hI pAlagathI (paira para paira rakha kara baiThanA ) lagA kara baiThe AkAra meM aura zAMta, dhyAnamagna avasthA meM dekhI jAtI haiN| yadi ur3IsA evam mathurA donoM hI mUrti-zilpoM meM nartakiyoM kI AkRtiyA~ vikAsa kI dyotaka haiM to yogI mudrA meM baiThI jina mUrtiyA~ utanI hI vikAsa ke pratyAhAra aura pUrNa svAtaMtrya kI hRdayagrAhI mUrtiyA~ haiN| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha dehadamana kA pratIka nahIM hai| yaha to bhAratIya vicArakoM dvArA dhyAna ke lie svIkRta saba se sugama anAdi kAlIna mudrA hai| ise abhivyaMjanAzUnya nahIM mAna lenA cAhie kyoMki vaha vaiyaktika viziSTatA jise sAmAnyatayA zrabhivyaMjanA pradarzaka mAnA jAtA hai, nahIM batAtI hai| pakSAntara meM rothenasTIna ke anusAra, samAdhi yAne dhArmika anyamanaskatA ke namanIya vyAkhyA kalA ke itihAsa meM eka sarvocca kalpanA hai aura isake lie samasta saMsAra bhArata ko manoSi mastiSka kA RNa hai| dhyAnastha dazA kA yaha mUrta sphaTikIkaraNa, 'vaha vidvAna kahatA hai ki,' zrAkAra meM itanA pUrNa evam anivArya vikasita huA ki 2000 varSa se adhika hone para bhI vaha manuSya nirmita pratIkoM meM kA pratyanta preraka dhaura santoSakAraka eka hai|" aba hama mathurA ke jaina gravazeSoM kA vicAra kreN| yaha nagara smaraNAtIta prAcIna hai / parantu jainAvazeSa kaTarA ke prAdhA mIla dakSiNa sthita kaMkAlI nAmaka TIle se aura usake AsapAsa kI khudAI meM prApta hue haiM / isI ko jainI TIlA bhI kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya kalA ke itihAsa meM ina avazeSoM kA mahatva do kAraNoM se hai| pahalA to yaha ki ye prAcIna aura madhyayugIna bhAratIya kalA kI 'khalA rUpa hai aura dUsarA yaha ki inakI usa gaMdhAra sampradAya se atyanta ho ghaniSTatA hai ki jisakA uttara-pazcimI sImA kA saMcAra kSetra kendra thA aura vahIM 1. dekho kUlara, iNDiyana sekTa grApha dI jainAja, pU. 66 Adi / 2. dekho bombala kaiTeloga grApha dI pAkiyAlojikala myUjiyama eTa mathurA, pu. 41 vizeSa vivaraNa mathurA saMgrahAlaya kI tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke lie dekho vahI pu. 41-43, 66-821 3. rothenasTIna, ekjAmpulsa grApha iNDiyana skalpacara prastAvanA, pR. 8 / 1
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________________ [ 211 isa sampradAya kI aneka utkRSTa kRtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| "bhaugolika dRSTi se,' smitha kahatA hai ki, "mathurA uttara pazcima ke gaMdhAra, dakSiNa-pazcima kI amarAvatI aura pUrva ke sAranAtha se kendra sthAnIya hai / isalie yaha pAzcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ki vahA~ kI kalA meM aise mizra lakSaNa dIkha par3eM ki jo eka ora to usako gaMdhAra kI yAvanI kalA se jor3a dete haiM to dUmarI ora vizuddha antara bhAratIya kalA sampradAya se / "1 yaha gaMdhAra-mathurA sampradAya sambhavataH I. pUrva pahalI sadI meM udbhuta huI hogI aura I. 50 se 200 taka ke kAla meM pUrNa vikasita rUpa meM camakI hogI / bhArata kI prAcIna kalA meM yAvanI namUnoM ke svIkaraNa se isakA udbhava humA ki jo zanaiH zanaiH usakI hI prAtmA rUpa ho ge| "gaMdhAra sampradAya," DaoN. bAnyaiTa kahatA hai ki, "eka upacita vAkya hai jo yaha prakaTa karatA hai ki aneka kalAkAroM ke vividha sAmagriyoM meM kAma karatI aneka pIr3hiyoM meM vividha kalA kauzala vAle parizrama kA yaha phala hai| kabhI kabhI yAvanI namUnoM kA andhAnukaraNa bhI kiyA gayA thA aura isa caturAI pUrNa nakala meM unheM saphalatA zAyada hI prApta huI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se dekheM to unane isase bhI adhika kiyA thaa| mleccha kalA kI vastroM, bhAvanAoM Adi kA svIkAra karate hue unane grIka prabhA aura suSumA, sauMdarya aura susaMgati, kA bhI prAyAta kiyA jisase purAnI kalA kI AkRtiyA~, kalA kI mAnavIyatA aura satyatA ko nirbala kie binA, ucca stara ko uTha gii| bhAratIya kalA meM ina videzI tatvoM kA samAveza aura bhAratIya kalA kA videziyoM dvArA svIkaraNa donoM hI bAharI duniyA ke sAtha bhAratIya rAjanaitika evam vyApArika sambandha ke AbhArI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kA bhaugolika bhArata bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM kA nivAsa sthAna hai ki jinakA kalA kA prAdarza, dharma kA prAdarza ekasA bilakula hI nahIM haiM aura jinane, adhikAMza meM paravartI aitihAsika kAla taka meM paradeza se Ae hue hone se, suzobhana kalA ke videzI tatvoM kA praveza kiyA, parantu jo una paradeziyoM kI hI mAMti, yahA~ ke hI ho gae haiM yahA~ nahIM apitu sthAnIya haridvarNa bhI unane prApta kara liyA hai| phira bhI enDyUja ke anusAra, jalavAyu aura anya kAraNoM se una dezoM se ki jo bhAratIya samparka se vizeSa prabhAvita hae the, kalA-viSayaka koI bhI rocaka tathya prApta nahIM kie jA sakate haiM aura isIlie 'kalApoM kA hamArA adhikAMza jJAna una padArthoM ke prAMmyaMtarika sAkSiyoM se hI saMgrahita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jo jalavAyu evaM dharmAndhatA kI vinAzaka zaktiyoM se Aja taka bace raha gae haiM / mathurA sampradAya ke viSaya meM sAmAnya prastAvika vicAra karane ke bAda, aba hama vahA~ ke jaina zilpa ke kucha udAharaNoM kA vicAra kareMge jo ki kaMkAlI TIlA se prApta hue haiN| kalA-devI apane bhaktoM se jo nirvivAda tanmayatA mAMgatI hai, vaha jaina kalAvidoM ne kitane pramANa meM sAdhI hai aura yavana tatvoM vizuddhaprAtmIkaraNa karane meM ve kahA~ taka saphala hue haiM, isakA bhI hama vicAra kreNge| jina katipaya mathurA zilpa ke namUnoM kA hama yahAM vicAra karane vAle haiM unameM pahale hama pAyAgapaToM kA vicAra kareM ki jo bahuta rocaka aura sundara kalAkRtiyA~ haiM / 'prAyAgapaTa', DA. vhUlara kahatA hai ki. 'eka zobhA 1. smitha, hisTrI Apha phAina ArTa ina iMDiyA eNDa sIlona pR. 233 / dekho, yogbala, vahI, pR. 19 / 2. "isa sampradAya kI kalA kI yaha parAkASTA kA kAla I. 50 se I. 150 yA 200 taka kA kahA jA sakatA hai|" -smitha, vahI, pR. 99 / 3. bAnveMTa, eNTIkviTIja grApha iNDiyA, pa. 253 / 4. eNDraja, vahI, prastAvanA pU. 12 /
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________________ 212 ] zilA hai ki jisameM jina kI pratikRti yA koI anya pUjya prAkRti hotI hai| isa zabda kI yathAvihitarUpa meM vyAkhyA' pUjA yA samarpaNa kI zilA kI jA sakatI hai kyoMki aisI zilAe~ maMdiroM meM sthApita kIjAtI thIM aura jaisA ki una para ke aneka zilAlekhoM se kahA huA hai, 'arhatoM kI pUjA ke lie:'...isakA prayoga jainoM meM bahuta kAla pahale hI sthagita ho gayA thA jaisA ina para ke lekhoM ke prAcIna akSara anivAryataH pragaTa karate hai, aura jinameM kahIM bhI koI tithi nahIM dI gaI hai|1| prAcIna jaina kalA ke prAyAgapaTa ekAnta nahIM apitu pramukha lakSaNa haiM / jaisA sAmAnyataH dekhA gayA hai, ina ati saMvAre paToM ke viSaya meM bhI jaina zilpa kA lakSya 'saundarya kI svatantra kRti prastuta karanA nahIM thaa| unakI kalA sthApita smArakoM ke sajAvaTa kI paratantra kalA hI thI / ' phira bhI yaha kucha bhI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ki madhya sthAna meM zobhatI baiThI jina kI yogI-mudrA, vividha prakAra ke pavitra pratIkoM sahita atyanta suzobhita trizUla, utkRSTa vakrIyavimiNDana, aura IrAnI-akImInI zailI meM moTe moTe stambha kalA-premI darzaka ko AsAnI se yaha vizvAsa nahIM karane kA pUrvagrahI kara deM ki mathurA zilpa kA pramukha dhyeya pratIka pradarzana hI thA aura isI dhyeya se 'ina pUjA kI zilAnoM' para zilpIne apanI chenI calAI thii| pakSAntara meM, ina pAyAgapaToM ke sambandha meM to avazya hI, eka kadama aura Age bar3ha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI kRtiyoM kI svatantratA aura sajIvatA meM hI unakI kalA kI utkRSTatA pragaTa huI hai, aura isa prakAra svayam utsAhI kalAkAra hone ke kAraNa zilpIne dhArmika viSayoM ko hI eka bahAnA mAtra, na ki apanI kRtiyoM kA sAdhana aura sAdhya, rUpa meM bahudhA prayoga kiyA aisA hI lagatA hai / do hI pAyAgapaToM kA varNa karanA yahA~ paryApta haiM- eka to nAtikka phaguyaza kI patni zivayazA sthApita, aura dUsarA mahAkSatrapa zoDAsa ke rAjyakAla ke 42veM varSa meM utsargita grAmohinI kA jisakA ullekha pahale bhI kiyA jA cukA hai| pahale meM, smitha ke anusAra, jaina stUpa kA eka sundara dRzya diyA huA hai jisake cAroM ora kaTahare dvArA surakSita eka bhamatI (parikramA) hai| usa bhamatI taka ati susajjita toraNa dvAra meM ho kara pahu~cA jA sakatA hai aura dvAra cAra sopAna kI cADhI se / dvAra ke nIce hI nIce ke zahatIra se eka bhArI mAlA laTaka rahI hai| kamara meM kaTibandha svarUpa paricchada aura sAmAnya alaMkAra yAne kaTimekhalA ke atirikta sampUrNatayA nagna natikA dvAra ke donoM ora kaTahare ke Upara asamya rIti se khar3I yA TikI haiN| vicitra pAye vAle do bhArI stambha bhI dikhAe gae haiM, aura kaTahare kA kucha bhAga Upara kI bhamatI ko gherA huA bhI dIkhatA hai / "4 isa sundaratA se takSita toraNa para eka saMkSipta arpaNa-patrikA utkIriNata hai / smitha ke anusAra isa lekha ke akSara "I. pUrva 150 lagabhaga ke yA sugoM ke rAjyakAla kI tithi kI bhArata stUpa ke dvAra para ke dhanabhUti ke lekha ke akSaroM se kucha adhika prAcIna haiN|" DA. vhalara bhI isako 'pArSa prAcIna' ke samUha meM hI ginatA hai| parantu vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki "yaha kaniSka se pUrva samaya kA hai| isa pAyAgapaTa kI kalA ke guNoM ke viSaya meM bhAvanA se hI vicAra karanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vaiyaktika pasaMdagI yA apasaMdagI athavA viziSTa siddhAntoM ke sivA bhI sarva mAnya parIkSAeM haiN| viseMTa smitha ko do nartakI prAkRtiyoM kI bhAva-bhaMgimA asamya pratIta huI haiM / 1. bhalara, epI., iNDi., pusta. 2 4. 314 / 2. candA, pAsaI, 1922-1923, pR. 106 3. dekho vhUlara, vahI, saM. 5 pR. 200 / 4. smitha, dI jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkviTIja Apha mathurA, pR. 19, pleTa 12 / 5. smitha, vahI, prAstAvanA pR. 31 6. vhUlara, vahI, pR, 196 /
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________________ [ 213 unane isI prakAra anyatra ke kucha kaTaharoM para kI strI-putaliyoM kI nagnAkRtiyA~ asamya rUpa meM nagna nahI haiM / / isa prakAra ke dRzyoM meM aisA lagatA hai ki nikaTa kA athavA dRzya viSaya-tatva hI mukhya hotA hai ki jo vaiyaktika pasaMdagI yA apasaMdagI ko vyakta karatA hai aura kalA kA artha bhI hamAre lie uma nikaTa yA dRzya viSaya se adhika gahana nahIM rahatA hai| jaisA bhI hai, zivayazA ke prAyAgapaTa aura kucha kaTahare ke stambhoM para kI strI prAkRtiyA~, cAhe ve vikRta vAmanoM para khar3I hoM, yA kisI anya bhaMgimA meM hoM, acchI yA burI pravRttiyoM ko ukasAnA nahIM cAhie kyoMki sabhI kalA jisakA kucha bhI sacetana abhiprAya hai, bhAva pravaNa hI hotA hai / kalA kA yathArtha naitika mUlya usakI anAsakti aura darzanazani ke guNa meM hai| prAcIna bhAratIya kalAkAra jisa prakAza meM nArI kA paridarzana karate the, vaha gambhIra, amAyika aura udAra hotA thaa| pairoM meM bhArI sAMkale. yAne laMgara, sUkSma patalA vastra, bhArI karNaphUla, bAjUbanda, kaNThahAra, aura mekhalA sarva-vijayI evam AkarSaka magnatA gopana nahIM apitu isakI zobhA meM abhivRddhi karate haiN| isa kAnanacArI saundarya meM azlIlatA athavA .ThI lajjA kI jhijhaka kA lavaleza bhI nahIM hotA hai| nIca athavA saMkucita kSetra meM hI nahIM, apitu unakI prAtmA ke mahaloM meM bhI mathurA ke kalAkAroM ne jaisA ki sAMcI evam anyatra ke kalAkAroM se kiyA hai, nAri ko smRti-mandira meM pratiSThita kiyA hai / isIlie unane usakI mUrti ko sarva saundarya ke amara pratIka AkAza meM U~cI uThA kara, cirasthAyI pASANa meM, jaisA ki uparyukta thA; chApa diyA hai aura AkAza kI prAsmAnI pRSThabhUmi meM khar3A kara diyA hai| AmohinI dvArA sthApita samarpaNa zilA ke viSaya meM smitha kahatA hai ki 'isa sundara utsarga zilAmeM, jo nizcaya ho pAyAgapaTa hai, hAlAMki use aisA kahA nahIM gayA hai| eka rAjamahinI tIna paricArikA aura eka bAlaka sahita dikhAI gaI hai| hindU purAtana prathAnusAra paricArikAeM jo ki Aja taka dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita hai, sira se kamara taka nagna haiN| eka apanI svAminI para chatra kie hue hai aura dUsarI paMkhe se use havA kara rahI hai : tIsarI use arpaNa karane ko hAtha meM hAra lie khar3I hai| yaha kalAkRti suspaSTa hai aura kalA-guNa se ekadama hI rahita nahIM hai| AyAgapaToM ke atirikta hama yahA~ deva nirmita boddha stUpa ke zilpa kA bhI vicAra kara leN| isa kalAkRti ke kendra kA pavitra pratIka trizUla para TikA hA dharmacakra hai| trizUla kamala para TikA huA hai| dharmacakra jaina, hindu aura bauddha tInoM hI dharmoM meM dharma-cinha yA pratIka rUpa meM prayoga hotA hai| jo cakra-viziSTa isa kalAkRti meM dikhAyA gayA hai bauddha hI nahIM apitu anya jaina ziSyoM se eka bAta meM vibhinna hai kyoMki isake zIrSa para kAna ke 1. kumArAsvAmI ke anusAra ye strI prAkRtiyA~ nartikAnoM kI nahIM haiM, jo ki smitha ne anumAna kiyA hai| usakI rAya meM ve yakSoM, devatA yA vRkSa kA, apsarAe~ aura vana deviyA~ haiM aura loka-mAnyatA yA vizvAsa ke anusAra sasya urvaratA ke zubha pratIka hI mAnI jAnI caahie| kumArAsvAmI, vahI, pR. 64 / dekho bogyela, prAsai, 1909-1910, pR. 771 2. smitha, vahI, pR. 21, pleTa 14 / 3. ...yaha Azcarya kI hI bAta hogI ki stUpoM, pavitra vRkSoM, dharmacakroM Adi kI pUjA ki jisake prAyaH spaSTa cinha sabhI dharmoM meM aura zilpa kI pratIkoM meM pAe jAte haiM, eka hI dharma kA kAraNa ho na ki sudUra prAcIna kAla se bhAratIya aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha ke| uttarAdhikAra meM prApta saba dharmoM kI prathA hai| vhUlara, vahI, pR. 323 1
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________________ 214 sara donoM ora prAkRtiyA~ haiM evam nIce ke kamala-pAda ke sahAre do zaMkha bhI khar3e kie hue haiN|" kRti ke dAI ora ke pUjakoM ke samUha meM cAra striyoM hAthoM meM puSpahAra liye dikhAI gaI haiM jisase ve lela nirdiSTa kI pUjA karane kI pratyakSataH icchuka pratIta hotI haiN| pahalI tIna prAkRtiyoM meM se pratyeka dAeM hAtha meM lambI DaMDIvAlA kamala hai, aura caudhI jo ki saba se choTI evam spaSTa ho nyUnAvasthA kI lagatI hai, bhaktibhAva se hAtha jor3e hue khar3I hai| vaha zilA ke eka sire para baiThe kaThora ghasIriyAI siMha se kucha mAcchAdita hai DAlara ke anusAra ina striyoM kI mukhAkRtiyA~ citra sI lagatI haiM, aura unakA veza, jo kucha adbhuta sA hai, samasta zarIra ko pairoM taka DhakanevAlA eka hI vastra kA banA huA hai aura vaha kamara meM lapeTA hugrA hai / zilA ke khaNDita aMza ke viSaya meM kucha kaThinAI upasthita ho jAtI hai| dharma cakra ke dAI ora kI puruSAkRti, DA. vhUlara ke anusAra, nagna sAdhU kI hai jisake dAeM hAtha para, sadA kI bhAMti hI, eka vastu laTaka rahA hai| sambhavatayA lekha nirdiSTa mahaMtu yahI hai " yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki yaha AkRti kisI namna sAdhU kI hI hai| , smitha ke anusAra zilA ke dUsare chora para khar3e cAra puruSoM meM kI hI yaha eka prAkRti hai| " isa lekhaka kA mata yaha hai ki smitha kA kathana svIkAra karanA adhika upayukta hai kyoMki taba yaha samUcA hI zilpa usa para utkIrNa lekha ke bahaMda kI pUjA kI taiyArI karate hue strI aura puruSa dhAvaka-dhAvikAoM ko pradarzita karanevAlA samajhA jA sakatA hai / mathurA zilpa ke isa namUne kA mahatva isa bAta meM hai ki yaha deva-nirmita boddha stUpa se sambandhita hai| 'devanirmita' zabda ke mahatva kA vicAra to hama pahale hI kara cuke haiN| vaha I. pUrva aneka sadiyoM pahale nirmita huA hogA kyoMki yadi vaha usI kAla meM banAyA gayA hotA jabaki mathurA ke jainI apane dAnoM kA lekha sAvadhAnI me rakhate the, to isake nirmAtA kA nAma bhI unheM avazya hI jJAta hotA / isakI jaina dantakathA, jisako smitha ne udadhRta kiyA hai, isa prakAra hai:- yaha stUpa mUlataH suvarAM nirmita thA aura usa para runa bhI jar3e the| vaha sAtaveM jinavAne tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha ke mAna meM dharmarucI aura dharmaghoSa nAma ke do sAdhuoM kI prArthanA para devI kuberA ne banAyA thaa| teIsaveM jina zrI pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM suvarNamaya stUpa ko IMToM ke stUpa se likhA gayA aura bAhara meM eka pASANa mandira banA diyA gyaa| mathurA zilpa ke ina katipaya namUnoM ke atirikta hama eka toraNa kA bhI varNana karanA cAheMge ki jisameM mAnavoM aura devoM dvArA pavitra padArtho evam sthAnoM ke prati pUjya bhAva pradarzana kiyA gayA hai / ina toraNoM kA kalAkAra kisI viziSTa dantakathA athavA zAstra kA citraNa karanA nahIM cAhatA hai / vaha to itanA bhara dikhAnA cAhatA hai ki deva aura mAnava tIrthakaroM unake stUpoM aura mandiroM kA abhivAdana karane ko kitane adhika utsuka haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa toraNa ke dRzya meM eka yA aneka jina mandiroM kI pUjA kA aura isI lakSya se kI yAtrAoM ke saMghoM kA pradarzana kiyA gayA hai / zilpa ke ina udAharaNoM meM eka aisA bhI hai jo dazyataH purAtatvika prati mahatva kA hai| yaha zilpa eka toraNa kA hai ki jisameM do suparaga (ardha-manuSya- ardha- pakSI) aura pA~ca kinnaroM dvArA stUpa pUjA kA dRSya aMkita hai / pA~coM kinnarAkRtiyoM ke sira para pagar3I hai jaisI ki bauddha zilpe meM grabhijAtyavarga ke batAI gaI hai / 'kucha isI jaisA dazya DA. skUlara kahatA hai ki jahA~ supara stUpa kI " 1. vahI, pR. 321 bauddha zilpa ke udAharaNa ke lie dekho pharamyusana TrI eNDa sapeMTa vazipa, pleTa 29 citra 2 / 2. vhUlara, vahI aura vahI sthAna / 3. vahI 4. smitha. vahI, pR. 12 5. vahI, pR. 151 manuSyoM ke sira para ba~dhI pUjA kara rahe haiM. sA~cI ke
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________________ [ 215 ubhare zilpa meM hameM milatA hai / " parantu yaha bhI STa hai ki sAthI kI prAkRtiyAM grIka rAkSasiyoM se adhika milatI huI haiM jabaki ina zilpa meM prAkRtiyA~ prasirI aura IrAnI zilpa kI paMkhAkRtiyoM jaisI adhika aupacArika rIti kI hai hindUdharma kRtiyoM meM se garur3a, supaloM kA rAjA kI prAkRti gupta sikkoM para kI tulanIya hai / " gayA aura anya bauddha smArakoM para jo kinnaroM kI prAkRtiyA~ dekhI jAtI haiM ve bahuta sambhava hai ki grIka namUnoM ke anurUpa haiM / hamAre isa toraNa kI zilA para kI prAkRtiyoM ne jo vizeSa dRSTavya bAta hai ki vaha hai vRkSa kI eka zAkhA dvArA prAkRti ke usa bhAga kA prAvRta honA ki jahA~ azva kI jaMghA manuSya deha se jur3atI hai / " prArSa purAvidyA ke niSNAta mere sAthiyoM se jahA~ taka maiM jAna pAyA hUM, maiM kahUMgA ki isa viziSTatA ko batAne vAlA grIka zilpa koI nahIM hai / " isa zilpa ke dUsarI ora kI AkRtiyoM ko vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki toraNa ke laTTha meM varaghor3e yA julUsa kA aMza hI ki jo dRzyataH kisI pavitra sthAna ko pahu~ca rahA hai, dikhAyA gayA hai| isa julUsa kI gAr3I prAjakala kI zigarAma jaisI hI hai aura sArathI bhI jo DaNDA hAtha meM U~cA kie hue haiM, usI prakAra vama para baiThA hai jaise ki vaha Aja bhI baiThatA hai / kitane hI pazutroM kA ki sAMcI ke zilpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / parantu vahA~ isa prakAra kI zigarAma gAr3I jabaki usake sthAna meM grIka namUne ke se ghor3oM ke ratha vahAM dIkhate haiM / sAja ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA bilakula nahIM dIkha par3atI hai bAra anubhava ho jAtA hai jaba diyA jAtA thA to ye anta meM hama vaha zobhA jilA lete haiM ki jisake sAmane kI ghora mahAvIra ke nemesa dvArA garmApahAra kA dRzya visAyA huA hai aura pIche kI ora isa mahA camatkAra se harSita aura utsava manAte nartikAeM aura gAyikAe~ dikhAI gaI haiM / isa zilpa ko dekhane se hameM phira eka ki dhArmika kathA aura naitika zikSA jinake vijJApana kA kArya bhAratIya kalAkAroM ko usakI kalA kI pUrNa prabhi vyakti meM jarA bhI bAdhaka nahIM hote the| mathurA kA zilpI usa samaya atyanta santoSakAraka sundara prAkRtiyA~ uskI karane meM pUrNa saphala huA pratIta hotA hai jabaki usakI sevAoM kI usake sAthU aura rAjA saMrakSakoM dvArA pracAra ke lie pratyanta hI mA~ga thI / vizeSataH jaba use kisI suprasiddha kathA yA dantakathA ke citraNa kA kAma diyA jAtA thA to vaha granupAta aura hAva-bhAva ke paramparAgata siddhAntoM kA prayoga bahuta asAdhAraNa rIti se kara sakatA thA aura unameM sAmya paidA karane ke lie vaha sarvazakti lagA detA thA / mahAvIra ke garmApahAra kI lokapriya dantakathA pradarzita karane vAlI isa zilA ke pratirikta cAra naSTa bhraSTa putale bhI haiM jinheM kanidhama ne prastara lekha dvArA mudrita karAyA thA / inameM se do pUtale baiThI huI striyoM ke haiM / pratyeka kI goda meM dhAna meM rakhA huA eka zizu hai| bAe~ hAtha se pAla samhAla rakhA hai, parantu dAyA~ hAtha Upara kaMdhe taka uThA huA hai / donoM hI striyA~ nagna dIkhatI haiN| dUsare do pUtale negamezI yA negamezI ke haiM aura ve DA. nhUlara ke 1. dekhI pharagyUsana, vahI, pleTa 27, citra 1 / 2. dekho phlITa, koII, pusta. 3, pleTa 37; smitha, baMeso patrikA, saM. 58, pR. 85 prAdi, pleTa 6 | 3. 'aisA anya koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA hai ki jahA~ prazvAsura ke zrazva aura manuSya ke saMyogasthala ko prAvRta karane ke lie vRkSa-patra ko upayoga kiyA gayA ho|' smitha, hisTrI Apha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona, pR. 82 sara vahI, pR. 319 / 4. 5. pharambUsana, vahI, pleTa 33: yahI pleTa 34 citra 1 6. sulara vahI aura vahI sthAna
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________________ 216] dhanusAra, 'ajamukhI' ucita hI banAe gae haiM jaise ki dUsare zilpa kI AkRti meM haiN| isa zilA' kI prAkRti kI kaniMghama ke cAra putaloM kI AkRtiyoM se tulanA karane para DA. vhUlara, prakhyAt paurvAtyavid, kahatA hai ki 'zizu kI sthiti aura use liye strI ko bhAvabhaMgimA kA ekadama sAmya bilakula hI spaSTa hai dhIra isa bAta kA negameza nemeso kI nicAnta prAkRti ke sAtha vicAra karate hue, hama isa niSkarSa para anivAryataH pahu~ce binA rahI nahIM sakate haiM ki nirdiSTa dantakathA donoM zilpoM meM eka hI honA caahie|" " vAstava meM ur3IsA ke aura gujarAta ke jUnAgar3ha yA giranAra ke kArya ko veSTaniyoM sahita aura choTI se choTI bAta aura sajAvaTa meM se saje toraNa va prayAgapaTa hamAre samakSa kalA ke avazeSa rUpa meM unameM saundarya, Adarza aura AdhyAtma kA uttama saMmizraNa bhAratIya kI apekSA isakA anubhava acchI taraha kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki eka dUsare meM bheda, vistRta kalA-vijJAna ke kSetra nahIM pitu rUci ke ajJAta pradeza meM prakaTa ho hI jAtA hai / guhAmandira aura nivAsa apanI sUkSma takSaNaparipUrNa, zraura mathurA ke avazeSoM ke sundaratA hI nahIM apitu usake jIvita prAptavacana haiM kalA kA triguNAdarza pradarzita hotA hai / dekhane 1. bahUlara. vahI, pleTa 2, e / 3. kUlara, vahI, pR. 318 / 2. kaniyama yasa pusta, 20 pleTa 4
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________________ [ 217 upasaMhAra jo saphala hai vahI catura hai, yadi saMsAra kA yahI niyama hai to uttara meM apane aneka pratispadhiyoM ke hote hue bhI apanA astitva banAe rakhane meM jainadharma kI mahAn vijaya isa mAnyatA ko bhrAnta pramANita kara detI hai ki jainadharma ne uttara bhArata meM, bauddhadharma kI bhAMti, apanI jar3e gaharI nahIM jamAI thI, aura yaha ki bhAratIya itihAsa meM jainayuga jaise nAma kA koI yuga kabhI nahIM rahA thA / aisI mAnyatA rakhane vAle vidvAnoM kA pUrNa sammAna rakhate hue bhI hama yaha vizvAsa rakhane yA karane kA sAhasa karate haiM ki ina pRSThoM meM uttara-bhArata meM jainadharma ke kie adhyayana se, hAlAMki vaha aneka bAtoM meM aparyApta hI hai, viparIta bAta kI paryApta sAkSI milatI hai / uttara bhArata meM jainadharma kI prAcInatA cAhe jitanI bhI ho, isa bAta se inkAra kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai ki I. pUrva 800 yAne pArzva ke samaya se lekara IsavI yuga ke prArambha meM siddhasena divAkara dvArA mahAn vikrama ke jainadharmI banAe jAne taka aura kisI aMza meM kuSANa aura gupta kAla taka bhI jainadharma uttara meM pratyanta prabhAvazAlI dharma rahA thA aura isake paryApta nirNAyaka pramANa barAbara prApta haiM / eka hajAra se adhika varSa ke isa gauravazIla kAla meM uttara meM eka bhI rAjyavaMza aisA nahIM huA thA, cAhe vaha mahAn ho yA laghu hI, ki jo kisI na kisI samaya jainadharma ke prabhAva meM nahIM AyA ho / yahA~ vahA~ kI aitihAsika mahatva kI kucha bAtoM ko yadi hama chor3a deM to isa grantha ke prAya: pratyeka adhyAya meM aisI sAmagrI milatI hai ki jisakI khuba lambI khoja-parakha ho cukI hai, aura aneka mata uddhRta kara die hai / isa prakAra alpAdhika, hamArA prayatna mAnya paNDitoM ke parizramoM ke pariNAmoM ko rItisara saMkalana karane kA hI rahA hai ki jaina itihAsa ke anabhilikhita yuga para paThanIya grantha prastuta kiyA jA sake, na ki jaina purAtatva viSayaka sUkSma carcA kA koI grantha / isa hetu kI sAdhanA meM jo bhI anumAna yA tarka kie gae hoM unheM vaisA hI mAnA jAe na ki aisihAsika khoja / jahA~ taka sambhava huaA hai, sUkSma vivaraNa se dUra hI raha gayA hai / phira bhI punarAvartana jahA~ vaha uttara bhAratIya jainadharma ke isa yuga kI Avazyaka vAtoM aura pramukha tathyoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie aAvazyaka thA, karane meM saMkoca nahIM kiyA gayA hai| parantu jaba taka aneka jaina zilAlekha aura jaina grantha jo uttara meM sthAna-sthAna para haiM, saMgraha kie jAkara anUdita nahIM hote, aura jaba taka purAtatvAzeSoM kI yojanA nahIM bane evam aMkagaNanA nahIM kI jAe, vahA~ taka uttara-bhArata meM jainadharma kI sattA aura vistAra hI nahIM, apitu usake astitva-samaya ke utAra-car3hAvoM kI kucha bhI kalpanA karanA nirarthaka hai / yaha kArya hAtha meM liye jAne kA sarvathA upayukta hai aura yadi aisA saphalatA se kiyA jAe to bhAratIya prajA ke dhArmika aura kalA viSayaka itihAsa ke prAja upalabdha aparyApta sAdhanoM meM amUlya vRddhi hogI, yaha lekhaka kA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai| 1. smitha, AksaphorDa hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR. 55 /
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________________ 218 | sAmAnya grantha sUcI AdhArabhUta 1. purAtAtvika aura zilAlekhika elana, jahAna, kaiTeloga Apha dI kAinsa Apha dI guptA DAinesTIja eNDa Apha zazAMka, kiMga Apha gaur3a / landana, 1914 / enyuala riporTa Apha dI mAisora pAkiyAlojikala DipArTameMTa phAra dI iyara 1923, pR. 10 Adi baMgalora, 1924 / kaniMghama, prAtyekjaiNDara, iMskripzansa Apha azoka, kAiMI, pustaka 1, 18791 vahI, pAkiyAlojikala sarve Apha iNDiyA, 1871-1872, saM. 3, 1873 / vahI, vahI 1878-1879, 14, 1882 / vahI, kAinsa Apha meDIbala iNDiyA, landana, 1884 / vahI, prAkiyAlojikala sarve Apha iNDiyA, 1881-1882, saM. 17, 1884 / vahI, vahI 1882-1883, saM. 20, 18851 konova, sTya na, epIgrAphI, pAkiyAlojikala sarve grApha iNDiyA, 1903-1906, 1909, pR. 165 Adi / vahI, TaiksilA iMskripzansa Apha dI hAyara 136 / epI. iNDikA, saM. 14, 1917-1918, pR. 284 Adi / vahI, dI ara iMskripzana Apha kaniSka 2yaH dI iyara 41 / epI.iNDi. saM. 14, 1917-1918, pR. 130 Adi / kolabuka, eca. TI., prAna iMskripzansa eTa Tyampulsa Apha dI jaina syaikTa ina sAutha bihAra, misaleniyasa emeja, bhAga 2, madrAsa, 1872, pR. 315 Adi / gArDanara, parasI, kaiTeloga Apha iNDiyana kAinsa, grIka eNDa sithika landana, 1886 / groje, epha. esa., mathurA iMskripzanma iNDi. eNTI., saM. 6, 1877, pR. 216 Adi / candA, rAmaprasAda, DeTsa prApha dI voTiva iMskripzansa pAna dI stUpAja Apha saaNcii| maimAyarsa grApha dI pAkiyA ___ lojikala sarve grApha iNDiyA, saM. 1, 1919, pR. 1 Adi / vahI, khAravela, rAeso patrikA, 1919, pR. 395 Adi / vahI, dI mathurA skUla Apha skalpacara / prAsaI, 1922-1923, pR. 164 Adi / cakravartI, mana mohana, noTsa pAna dI rimensa ina dhaulI eNDa ina dI kebja Apha udayagiri eNDa gvaNDagiri / kalakattA, 1902 / jAyasavAla, kAzIprasAda, hAthIguphA iMskripzana Apha dI emparara khAravela (173-160 I. pUrva) / khiuprA patrikA, saM. 3, 1917, pR. 425 Adi / vahI, e pharadara noTa pAna dI hAthIguphA iMskripzana / biuprA patrikA saM. 3, 1917, pR. 473 Adi / vahI, hAthIguphA iMskripzana rivAijDa phrAma dI rAksa / biuprA patrikA saM. 4, 1918, pR. 364 Adi / vahI, hAthIguphA iMskripzana Apha dI emparara khAravela / viuprA patrikA saM. 13, 1927, pR. 221 grAdi /
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________________ [ 219 vahI, hAthIguphA noTsa / biuprA patrikA, saM. 14, 1928, pR. 150 Adi / vahI, ena iMskripzana Apha dI suga DAinesTI / biuprA patrikA saM. 10, 1924, pR. 202 Adi / vahI, dI sTevyU grApha vema kaDaiphiseja eNDa kuSANa kronolojI / biuprA patrikA, saM. 6, 1920 pR. 12 praadi| jinavijaya, muni, prAcIna jaina lekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, bhAvanagara, 1917 / / Dosana, je, ezeTa iMskripzansa phAma mathurA / rAeso patrikA, saM. 5 (naI mAlA), pR. 182 Adi / narasiMhAcAra, pAra, iMskripzansa eTa zravaNa velgola / epI. karnATikA, 2, 1923 / prisepa jemsa, noTa prAna Iskripzansa eTa udayagiri eNDa khaNDagiri ina kaTaka, dI lATa kairekTara / baeso patrikA, saM. 6, 1838, pR. 1072 Adi / vahI, TrAMsalezana Apha iMskripzana ina dI sosAiTIja myUjiyama-brahma zvara iskripzana, phrAma kaTaka / baeso patrikA, saM. 7, 1838, pR. 557 prAdi / vahI, phaiksimilIja grApha ezeMTa iskripzansa / baraso patrikA, saM. 7, 1838, pR. 33 prAdi / phalITa, je. epha., rekArDasa Apha sovaMzI kiMgja grApha kaTaka / epI. iNDi., pusta 3, 1894-1895, pR.323 Adi / vahI, dI hAthIguphA iskripzana / rAeso patrikA, 1910, pR. 824 prAdi / vahI, dI rUmindeha iskripzana eNDa dI kanavarzana grApha azoka TU buddhIjma / rAeso patrikA, 1908, pR. 471 aadi| vahI, saMskRta eNDa prolDa kainerIja iMskripzansa / epI. iNDi., saM. 7, 1878, pR. 15 Adi, 33 prAdi, 101 Adi / . vahI, Iskripzansa grApha dI arlI guptA kiMgja eNDa deara saksaisarsa / koi'i.saM. 3, 1888 / bainarajI, Ara. DI. iskripzansa ina dI udayagirI eNDa khaNDagiri kenja / epI. iNDi., saM. 13, 1915-1916 pR. 159 Adi / vahI, noTsa pAna dI hAthIguphA iMskripzana grApha khAravela / biuprA patrikA, saM. 3, 1917, .486 aadi| begalara, je. DI., TUrsa ina dI sAutha-IsTarna prAvinseja / grAsai, saM. 13, 1882 / blAka TI., kansaravezana ina baiMgAla / AsaI, 1902-1903, 1904, pR. 37 prAdi / vhalara, jI., nyU jaina iskripzansa phrAma mathurA / epI iNDi., pusta. 1, 1892, pR. 371 grAdi / vahI, pharadara jaina iMskripzansa phrAma mathurA / epI. iNDi., pusta. 1 1892, pR. 39 grAdi / vahI pharadara jaina iMskripzansa phrAma mathurA / epI. iNDi., pusta. 2. 1894, pR. 195 Adi / vahI, dInAnAghATa iskripzansa / pAsavya I,saM.5, 1883, pR. 59 Adi / vahI, azAkAja rAka eDikTsa akArDiga Tu dI giranAra zahabAjagaMbI, kAlasI eNDa manzeharA varzansa / epI. iNDi., pusta 2. 1894, pR. 447 Adi / vahI, dI pilara eDikTsa Apha azoka / epI. iNDi., saM. 2, 1894, pR. 245 Adi / vahI, dI zrI nyU eDikTsa prApha azoka / eNDi. eNTI., saM. 7, 1878, pR. 141 grAdi / vahI, iNDize pAliyogrApho / esAimlopoDiyA grApha iNDo-pAryana risarca, pR. 1 grAdi / vahI, spesImyensa Apha jaina skalpacarsa phrAma mathurA / epI. iNDi. saM. 2, 1894, pR.311 Adi / vahI, dI barAbara eNDa nAgArjunI hila keva iskripzansa grApha azoka eNDa dazaratha / iNDi. eNTI., saM. 20, 1891, pR. 361 Adi /
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________________ 120 ] vahI, dI madhubana kApara-pleTa Apha harSa, DeTeDa saMvat 25, epI. iNDi., saM. 1, 1892, pR. 67 Adi / vahI, dI jaina iskripzansa phrAma zatujaya / epI. iNDi., saM. 2, 1894, pR. 34 prAdi / vanyesa, jemsa, kevja ina jUnAgar3ha, eNDa eksaveara ina kAThiyAvADa / pAsavyai, kAThiyAvAr3a eNDa kaccha, 1874 1875, 1876, pR. 139 Adi / bhaNDArakara, rA. go., Ana DA. haranolIja varzana Apha e nAsika iMskripzana eNDa dI gAthA DAyalekTa / iNDi. eNTI., saM. 12, 1883, pR. 139 Adi / bhagavAnalAlA indrajI, paNDita, dI hAthIguphA eNDa thrI adara iMskripzansa ina dI udayagiri kebja nIyara kaTaka / ekTesa Du siksIme kAMgre iNTaranesanala De poriyaMTalisTesa, TrAisIme pArTI, vibhAga 2, Ayinne, lIDe, 1885, pR. 133 Adi / vahI dI kahAu iskripzana Apha ravIMdagupta / iNDi. eNTI., saM. 10, 1881, pR. 125 Adi / majumadAra, Ara. sI., hAthIguphA iskripzana / iNDi. eNTI., saM. 47, 1918, pR. 223 aadi| vahI saMkiNDa noTa prAna dI hAthIguphA iMskripzana Apha khAravela / iNDiI. eNTI., saM. 48, 1919, pR. 187 aadi| lyUDarsa, eca., e lisTa Apha brAhmI iskripzansa phrAma dI aliyesTa TAimsa TU abAuTa e.DI. 400 epI. iNDi., saM 10. 1912, pariziSTa / / vilsana, eca. eca.. pAna dI rAka iMskripzansa prApha kapUra dI giri dhaulI eNDa giranAra / rAeso patrikA, saM. 12, pR. 153 Adi / vogyala, je. pI.eca., mathurA skUla Apha skalpacara / prAsaI, 1909-1910, 1914, pR. 63 Adi / vahI, kaiTaloga Apha dI pAkiyAlojikala myUjiyama mathurA / ilAhAbAda 1910 / zAstrI, bainarajI. e. dI lomasa RSi ke va phekeDa / bhaNDArakara prApya mandira patrikA saM. 12, 1926, pR. 309 Adi / senA, I., dI iskripzansa Apha piyadasI / iNDi. eNTI., saM 20, 1891, pR. 229 Adi / smitha, viseMTa., dI jaina stupa eNDa adara eNTIkviTIja Apha mathurA / ilAhAbAda, 1901 / vahI, iskrAibDa sIla grApha kumAra gupta / baMeso patrikA, saM. 58, 1889, pR. 84 prAdi / vahI, maliyApuNDI grAMTa Apha ammarAja 2ya / epI. iNDi., saM. 9, 1907-1908, pR. 47 Adi / vahI, iskripzansa prApha azoka / ko i. i. saM. 1 (naI mAlA), 1925 / vahI, iMskripzansa prAna dI zrI jaina kolosAha Apha sadarna innddiyaa| epI, iNDi. saM. 7, 190:-1903, pR. 108 Adi / vahI, TU iskripzansa phrAma janarala kaniMghamsa pAkiyAlojIkala riportts| iNDi. eNTI. saM. 11, 1882. pR. 309 Adi / 2. sAhityika mahAbhArata, vana parva / (ganapata kRSNAjI) bambaI, zAke 1798 / kAlikAcArya-kathA / (devacanda lAlAbhAI) bambaI, 1914 / brahmapurANa (prAnandAzrama granthamAlA), 1895 / abhayadevasuri, aupapAtikasUtra, TIkA sahita (nAgamodaya samiti) / bambaI, 1916 /
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________________ . [ 221 vahI, jJAtAdharma kathAMga (sudharmA kA), TIkA sahita (grAgamodaya samiti), bambaI, 1919 / vahI, bhagavatI-sUtra (sudharmA kA) bhAga 1 se 3, prAgamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1918-1921 / vahI, sthAnAMga, sudharmA kA. bhAga 2, prAgamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1920 / eDagarTana, phaikalIna, vikramsa eDaveMcarsa, bhAga 1, hAravarDa oriyanTala sIrIja saM. 26, kembrija, 19261 karna, eca., bRhatsaMhitA pApha vArAhamihira, kalakattA, 1865 / ___vahI, dI bRhatsaMhitA, pAra kaMplITa sisTama grApha naicyurala esTrAlojI grApha varAhamihira / rAeso patrikA, saM. 6 (naI sirIja), pR. 36 Adi, 279 Adi / kovyala, I.bI., aura gaupha, e.I., sarvadarzanasaMgraha prApha mAdhavA cArya (loka saMskaraNa), landana, 1914 / kauvyala, I bI., aura nIla, prAra.e., dI divyAvadAna ! kaimbrija, 1886 / gIgara, vilhelma, dI mahAvaMza, landana, 1908 / gairInoTa, e., ese DI bibliogrAphI janA / perisa, 1906 / griphitha, rAlpha TI. eca., himsa Apha dI Rgveda, bhAga 2 2ya saMskaraNa, banArasa, 1897 / ghoSAla, zarata candra, dravyasaMgraha grApha nemicandra / sebuja, pustaka | 1917 / cakravartI, e, paMcAstikAyasAra Apha kundakundAcArya / sebuje, pustaka 3, 1920 / candrapramasUri, prabhAcakacarita, bhAga 1, bambaI, 1909 / candrasUri, niriyAvalikA-sUtra, saTIka, (pAgamodaya samiti), bambaI, 1922 / vahI, saMgrahaNIsUtra, bambaI, 1881 / caturavijaya, muni, ratnapramasUrI kI kavalayamAlA kathA , jaina prAtmAnanda samA, bhAvanagara, 1916 / jareTa, eca. esa., dI pAina-e-akabarI Apha abula phajla / kalakattA, 1891 / jayasiMhasUri, kumArapAla-bhUpAla-carita-mahAkAvya, bambaI, 1926 / jaina banArasIdAsa, jaina jAtakAja, lAhaura, 1925 / jainI, jagamaMdaralAla, tatvArthAdhigamasUtra grApha umAsvAmI, sebuje, pustaka 2, 1920 / jhaverI, mohanalAla bhagavAnadAsa, nirvANa-kalikA grApha pAdaliptAcArya, bambaI, 1926 / jinabhadragaNi, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, banArasa, 1918 / jolI, je., arthazAstra Apha kauTilya / lAhora, 1923 / vanI, sI. eca., dI kathAkoza, landana, 1895 / vahI, merutugasa prabaMdhacitAmaNi, kalakattA, 1901 / telAMga, kAzInAtha trimbaka, dI bhagvadgItA vitha zrI sanatsugatIya eNDa dI anugItA / sebuI, pustaka 8, 1882 | dvivedI, mahAmahopAdhyAya sudhAkara, dI bRhatsaMhitA Apha varAhamihira, 1, 2, banArasa, 1895 / dhanezvarasUri, zatujaya-mahAtmya, jAmanagara, 1908 / / dharmadAsagaNi, upadezamAlA (jainadharma prasAraka sabhA), bhAvanagara / dhra va, kA. ha., sAMcusvapna, 1ma saMskaraNa, ahamadAbAda, 1916 / panasIkara, zAstrI, brahmasUtra-bhASya, 2ya saMskaraNa, bambaI, 1927 / peTarasana, pI., riporTa Apha Aparezansa ina sarca saMskRta mainyuskripTsa ina dI bAmbe marakala, bhAga 4, (1886 1892) / landana, 1894 /
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________________ 222 1 peMjara, ena. ema., TAnIja sovevevsa kathAsaritsAgara, bhAga 1, landana, 1924 1 premI, nAthUrAma, devasena kA darzanasAra, bambaI, 1918 vahI, vidvatnamAlA bhAga 1, bambaI, 1912 1 phAsabola, vI., dI jAtaka, bhAga 3 aura 4 landana, 1883, 1887 phora, ema., lIgrAM, saMyuttanikAya, bhAga 2, landana 1888 / vATa, ela. DI., tagaDadasAzro eNDa praNuttarovavAiyadasAgro, landana, 1907 | varadAsa, paNDita sudharmA kA bhagavatIsUna, mAga 1 aura 2, jinAgama prakAzana sabhA, bambaI, 1918 | belavalakara, esa. ke., dI brahmasUtrAja grApha bAdarAyaNa, pUnA, 1923 / vlara, jI., dI lAja Apha manu, sebuI, pustaka 25 landana 1886 1 7 vhalara, jI. vAziSTha eNTa baudhAyana, seyuI, pustaka 14, 1882 / bhaNDArakara, rA. je. riporTa dhAna dIsavaM Apha saMskRta mainyuskripTsa ina dI bombe presIDeMsI DyUriMga da iyara 1883 - 1884 / bambaI, 1887 | malayagiri, prAcArya rAjapraznIya upAMga, grAmodaya samiti, bambaI, 1925 I munibhadrasUri zAMtinAtha mahAkAvyam, banArasa, 19111 meyora, jhAna jekaba, hindU Telsa, landana, 1909 1 meraMtu raMga, vicAra zreNI, hastaprati saM. 378 (1871 - 1872 kI ) bhaNDArakara prAvya mandira, pUnA / vahIM, vicAraNI / jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, bhAga 2 1903-1925, pariziSTa motIlAla labhAjI. tatvArthAdhigamasUtra sabhAyya, umAsvAtivAcaka kA, pUnA, 1927 vahI, hemacandra kI sthAdvAdamaMjarI, pUnA, 1926 1 yAkobI, haramana, svavIrAvalI carita aura pariziSTaparvan grApha hemacandra, kalakattA, 1891 1 samarAiccakahA grApha haribhadra / kalakattA, 1926 I kalpasUtra grApha bhadrabAhU, biga, 18791 dI zrAcArAMgasUtra eNDa dI kalpasUtra, sebuI, pustaka 22, 1884 dI uttarAdhyayanasUtra eNDa dI sUtrakRtAgasUtra, sevaI pustaka 45, 1895 1 DAsa kAlakAcArya - kathAnakam (jaiDDIemajI) saM. 34, 1880, pR. 247 grAdi / " vahI, vahI. vahI, vahI, vahI, hisa DeviTsa, TI. vahI, vahI. vahI. yU. buddhIsTa sUttAja sebuI, pustaka 11, 1881 1 / DAyalogsa Apha dI buddhabhAga 1 sebuI pustaka 2, 1899, aura bhAga 2. sebuI 3, 1910 1 aura hisa DeviDsa, sI. e. epha., DAyAlogsa grApha dI buddha, bhAga 3, sebuI pu. 4, 1921 " aura bolDanabarga, haramana, viniya TveksTsa bhAga 1 sebuI pustaka 13, 1881 aura bhAga 3. sebuI pustaka 20, 1885 1 vahI, zrImatI dI buka grApha kiDDa seiMgsa, bhAga 1, landana, 1917 I lakSmIvallabha, uttarAdhyayana-dIpikA, (rAyadhanapatasiMha saMskaraNa), kalakattA, 1880 1 vArana, henarI klArka, buDhImma ina TrAMsalezana hAravarDa poriyanTala sirIja 3 kaimbrija, 1909 vidyAbhUSaNa, satIzacandra, nyAyAvatAra grApha siddhasena divAkara, dvArA, 1915 9
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________________ vinayacandrasUri mallinAthacaritram banArasa 1912 / vinayavijayagaraNa, kalpasUtra subodhikA - TIkA vilsana, eca. eca. viSNu purANa, landana vaidya, pI. ela. sugaDAMga, pUnA 1928 rae phAgameMTa Dera bhagavatI, baralina, 1866 1 , zAkaTAyanAcArya, strI mukti kevalI mukti / jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, bhAga 2, 1923 1924, pariziSTa 21 mAtyAcArya uttarAdhyayana zivyahitA, bambaI, 1916 1 zArpeTiyara, jAla, dI uttarAdhyayana, bhAga 1 aura 2 upasala, 1922 (devacanda lAlabhAI), bambaI, 1923 1840 1 zIlaMkAcArya, sudharmA kA AcArAMgasUtra, grAgamodaya samiti, bambaI 1916 1 vahI. sudharmA kA sUtrakRtAMga, prAgamodaya samiti bambaI. 1917 sukhalAla saMghavI aura bevaradAsa dozI, sammatitarpha siddhasena kA bhAga 3 ahamadAbAda, 1928 1 sonI, pannAlAla bhAvasaMgrahAdiH, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI / sTIvansana, dI revaraiNDa, je., dI kalpasUtra eNDa nava tatva, landana, 1848 haranolI, ruDAlpha e.epha., uvAsagadasAmro bhAga 1 aura 2, kalakattA, 1888, 1890 1 vahI, vahI. vahI, 7 TU paTTAvalIja grApha dI sarasvatIgancha grApha dI digambara jainAja, iNDi eNTI, pu. 20, 1891, pR. 341 aadi| vahI, zrI pharadara paTTAvalIja grApha dI digambarAja, iNDi eNTI, pu. 21, 1892, pR. 57 Adi / haribhadrasUri sudharmA kA prAvazyaka sUtra (dhAgamodaya samiti), bambaI 1916 1917 1 vahI, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, banArasa, 1905 / hIrAlAla rAmabahAdura, kaiTeloga Apha saMskRta eNDa prAkRta maimyUskripTsa ina dI senTrala provinsena eNDa barAra nAgapura, 1926 / hemacandra amidhAna vitAmaNi / vahI, yahI, hemavijayagaraNa pArzvanAthacaritam banArasa, 1916 / triSTi lAkA-puruSa carita, parva 9 10 jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara 1908 1909 yogazAstra hastaprati saM. 1315, 1886-1892 kI bhaNDArakara prAcya mandira, pUnA / 7 yogazAstra, saTIka, bhAvanagara, 1926 1 prAkRta vyAkaraNa, sampA: kRpAcandrajI, sUrata, 1919 / [ 223 3. yAtra vivaraNa Adi bIla, semyula sI yU kI, bhAga 1 aura 2 landana, 1906 1 vahI, dI lAipha grApha hA enatsAMga loka saMskaraNa, landana, 1914 maiDala je.DablyU. eMseMTa iNDiyA ija biskrAibDa bAi megasthanIja eNDa azvina, lagdana, 1877 vahI, inavejana grApha iNDiyA bAi elekjeNDara dI greTa / vyaisTamiMsTara, 1893 1 sAU, eDavarDa jI., elabarUnIja iNDiyA, bhAga 1 aura 2 landana, 1910 1 vATarsa, TAmasa dhAna dhAna vyAMsa Traivalsa ina iNDiyA, bhAga 2, lagdana, 1905
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________________ 224 ] sAhitya 1. grantha prAcArya, prasena kumAra, iNDiyana prAkiTekcara akArDiga TU mAnasAra-zilpazAstra / AksaphorDa, 1927 / AyaMgara, kRSNAsvAmI, samakAMTrIvyUzansa Apha sAutha iNDiyA TU iNDiyana kalcara / kalakattA, 1923 1 prAyaMgara, rAmasvAmI, aura rAva, zeSagiri, sTaDIja ina sAutha iNDiyana jenIjma, madrAsa, 1922 / IliyaTa, cArlsa, hindUjma eNDa buddhIjma, bhAga 1, landana, 1921 / ojhA, paNDita mau. hI., rAjapUtAnA kA itihAsa, 1lI jilda, ajamera, 1916 / vahI, bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, ajamera 1918 / pro mAle, ela.esa.esa. beMgAla DisTrikTa gajeTiyara, purI / kalakattA, 1908 / vahI, bihAra eNDa urIsA gajeTiyararsa, pttnaa| paTanA, 1924 / kajansa, hainarI, dI ArkiTekcarala eNTIkviTIva grApha vyasTarna iNDiyA / landana, 1926 / kaniMghama, ezeTa jyogrAphI grApha iNDiyA / (sampA: majumadAra) kalakattA, 1924 1 kannomala, lAlA, dI saptabhaMgI nyAya / aAgarA, 1927 / karna, eca., mainyuala Apha iNDiyana buddhIjma / enAilopIDiyA grApha iNDo-Aryana risarca, pR. 1 grAdi / kuTe, ena. ema., dI visisITyUDsa Apha Aryana sivilAijezana ina iNDiyA / bambaI, 1880 / kumArAsvAmI, Ananda ke., dI pArTsa eNDa krAphTsa Apha iNDiyA eNDa sIlona / landana, 1913 / vahI, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana eNDa iNDonesiyana ArTa / landana, 19271 gagUlI, cano mohana, urIsA eNDa jara rimensa ezeTa eNDa maiDIvala / kalakattA, 1912 / / gairInoTa, e., lA rilIjIyAM ijainA, pairisa, 1926 / glaisanyapa, helamutha vI., Dera jainismasa, baralina, 1925 / jainI jagamaMdaralAla, prAuTalAinsa Apha jainIjma / kaimbrija, 1916 / TADa, karnala jemsa, Trevalsa ina vyasTarna iNDiyA / landana, 1839 / Tole, sI, po., prAuTalAinsa Apha dI hisTrI Apha rilIjana, 3ya saMskaraNa, landana 1824 / thAmasa, eDavarDa, jainIjma, pAra dI alI phetha grApha azoka / landana 1877 1 Dubuila, jI. jovipro, ezeTa hisTrI grApha dI Dekana / pANDIcerI, 1920 / datta, ramezacandra, e'zeTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1890 / dAsaguptA, surendranAtha, e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philosophI / bhAga 1 / kaimbrija, 1922 / de, nandalAla, dI jyogrAphikala DikSanerI Apha ezeTa eNDa maiDIvala iNDiyA / landana 1927 / narImAna, jI. ke., liTrairI hisTrI grApha saMskRta buddhIjma, 2ya saMskaraNa / bambaI 1923 / pArjITara, epha. I., ezeMTa iNDiyana hisTorikala TreDIzana landana, 1922 / / __vahI, dI purANa TyoTsa Apha dI DAinesTIja Apha dI kalI eja / AksaphorDa, 1913 / possina, ela. DI lA vAllI, dI ve Tra nirvANa / kaimbrija, 1917 / pradhAna, sItAnAtha, kronolojI Apha ezeMTa iNDiyA / kalakattA, 1927 / pharagyUsana, jemsa, TrI eNDa sapeMTa vazipa / landana, 1868 /
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________________ vahI. vahI, vahI, vahI, vahI, phArakUhara je. ena. ena grAuTalAina grApha dI rilIjasa liTarecara grApha iNDiyA AksaphorDa 1920 phejara dhAra. DablyU e liTTerI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA landana 1920 I barDa, jemsa, hisTorIkala risaceMja bambaI. 1847 baroDiyA, u. DA., hisTrI eNDa liTarecara grApha jainIjma / bambaI, 1909 vAranyaiTa, lAyonala DI., eNTIkviTIja Apha iNDiyA / landana, 1913 1 bArya e., do rilIjansa Apha iNDiyA / laMdana, 1882 velvalakara, esa. ke., aura rAnADe, Ara. DI., hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philosophI, bhAga 2, pUnA, 1927 / benI prasAda dI sTeTa ina eMseMTa iNDiyA ilAhAbAda, 1928 brAuna, parasI, iNDiyana peMTiMga (herITeja Apha iNDiyA sirIja), kalakattA / vhUlara, jI., dI iNDiyana syaikTa grApha dI jainAja / laMdana, 1903 | hisTrI grApha iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna prAkiTekcara, bhAga 1 aura 2 / landana, 1910 1 aura vaya jemsa, dI keva vaimyulsa grApha iNDiyA 1880 bhaNDArakara, rA. go., e pIpa ina TU dI arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA / bambaI, 1920 1 majumadAra, akSaya kumAra dI hindU hisTrI kalakattA, 1920 mahatA, ni. vi., sTaDIja ina iNDiyana peMTiMga / bambaI, 1926 mitrA, rAjendralAla, dI eNTIkviTIja grApha urIsA, bhAga 1 aura 2 kalakattA, 1880 vahI, dI saMskRta buddhIsTa liTarecara grApha nepAla kalakattA, 1882 mukarjI, rAdhAkumuda, azoka ( gAyakavADa vyAkhyAnamAlA), landana, 1928 | vahI. harSa, prAksaphorDa, 1926 7 maikAlika, maiksa prArathara, dI sikkha rilIjana, bhAga 5, AksaphorDa, 1909 maikaDonyala, e. e., iNDiyAja pAsTa prAksaphorDa, 1927 maikaphela, jemsa ema., azoka ( dI hairITeja Apha iNDiyA sirIja) kalakattA / monAhana, epha. je., dI calIM hisTrI grApha baMgAla / prAksaphorDa 1925 rAmro, gopInAtha TI. e., elImeMTsa zrApha hindU zrAikolo grAphI, bhAga 1 khaNDa 1, madrAsa, 1914 rAdhAkRSNana sarva iNDiyana philosophI bhAga 1, laMdana, 1923 v' dhAna dI porijina grApha dI iNDiyana brAhmI elphaineTa sTrAsabarga 1898 1 iNDiyana sTaDIja / saM. 3 | vIyana 1895 1 ubera DAsa levena Desa jaina- mAMksesa hemacandra, vIena, 1889 , rAisa, I. pI., kainerIja liTarecara dI hairITeja grApha iNDiyA sirIja, 2ya saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1921 I rAisa, vyUisa bI mAisora eNDa kurga phrAma dI iskripzansa / landana, 1909 1 , rAhila, DablyU. vuDaville, dI lAipha grApha dI buddhA / landana, 1884 rAyacaudharI, hemacandra polITikala hisTrI grApha eseMTa iNDiyA 24 saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1927 1 rAjinsana jyA pAthiyA (dI sTorI grApha dI nezansa), laMdana, 1898 1 rAjsana, DablyU. Ara. esa. " hisa Devisa, TI. DablyU. " zIphanarsa TiveTana Telsa landana, 1882 1 buddhIsTa iNDiyA 5 vAM saMskaraNa landana, 1917 1 1 [225
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________________ 226 1 . lAThe, e. bI. iMTroDakSana TU jainIjma / bambaI 1905 / lAhA, vimala caraNa, dI lAipha eNDa varka Apha buddhaghoSa / kalakattA aura zimalA, 1923 / - vahI, sama kSatriyA TrAivsa grApha ezeMTa iNDiyA / kalakattA, 1924 / lAhA, narendranAtha, aspaikTsa Apha ezeMTa iNDiyana polittii| grAksaphorDa, 1921 / lilI; DablyU. esa., iNDiyA eNDa iTsa prAblamsa / landana, 1902 / vArana harbarTa, jainIjma, 1ya saMskaraNa. pArA, 1916 / vidyAbhUSaNa, satIzacandra, hisTrI grApha iNDiyana lojika / kalakattA 1921 / vahI; hisTrI zrApha maiDIvala skUla Apha iNDiyana lojika / kalakattA, 1909 / vijayarAjendrasUri, abhidhAnarAjendra, bhAga 2, ratalAma, 1910 / vilbaraphorsa--vyala, kaipTina eca., dI hisTrI Apha kAThiyAvAr3a / landana, 1926 / vilsana, eca. eca., hija varksa, bhAga 1, landana 1862 / viTaniTja, ema.. gaiziziSTa Dera iNDIzana liTaretUra, bhAga 2, laipliga, 1920 vaidya, ci. vi., hisTrI Apha maiDIvala hindU iNDiyA, bhAga 3 / pUnA, 1926 / zIphanara, eNTana, tArAnAthas gezISTa-buddhIjmasa / seMTa pITarsavarga, 1869 / zrInivAsAdhArI, sI. esa., aura AyaMgara, ena. esa., rAmAsvAmI, e., hisTrI grApha iNDiyA bhAga 1 / madrAsa, 1927 / samaddAra, jA. nAtha, dI glorIja Apha magadha / paTanA 1927 / solomana, galaiDasTana DablyU. I., dI cArma grApha iNDiyana pArTa / laMdana, 1926 / sTIvansana zrImatI, siMkleara, dI hArTa grApha jainIjma / AksaphorDa, 1915 / smitha, viseMTa e., dI arlI hisTrI Apha innddiyaa| AksaphorDa (1ma saMskaraNa), 1904; 3ya saMskaraNa 1914; (4tha saMskaraNa) 1924 1 vahI, dIpAksaphorDa hisTrI grApha iNDiyA, pAksaphorDa, 1925 / vahI, azoka / aksiphorDa (Ima saMskaraNa) 1901; (3ya saMskaraNa) 1919 / smitha, viseMTa e., e hisTrI Apha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona / AksaphorDa, 1911 / harTala, je.. pAna dI liTarecara grApha dIzvetAmbara jainsa grApha gujarAta / laipjiga, 1922 / hApkisa, I. DablyU., dI rilIjansa Apha iNDiyA / landana, 1910 / hIrAlAlA haMsarAja, eMzeMTa hisTrI grApha dI jaina rilIjana / bhAga 1 / jAmanagara, 1902 / hevyala, I. bI., dI eMzeMTa eNDa maiDIvala ArkiTekcara Apha innddiyaa| landana, 1915 / 2. lekha, nibaMdha Adi eNDraja, epha. ena., iMTroDakSana, dI iMphlUeMseja Apha iNDiyana ArTa / dI iNDiyana sosAiTI, landana, 1925 kAmatA prasAda jaina, dI jaina rephareMseja ina dI buddhIsTa liTarecara / iMhikvA, saM. 2, 1926, pR. 698 Adi / ketakara, esa. vI., jainIjma / marAThI vizvakoza, bhAga 14, pUnA, 1925, pR. 319 Adi /
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________________ [227 kolabuka, eca.TI., jabaeNnsa dhAna dI spekTa grApha jainAja misaleniyasa eseja, bhAga 1 madrAsa, 1872 pR. 191 aadi| vahI, prAna dI philosophI grApha dI hindUja / misaleniyasa eseja, bhAga 1, madrAsa, 1872, pR. 227 aadi| kuka, DablyU., baMgAla / eMsAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, bhAga 2, 1909, pR. 479 Adi / lATa johanesa, eksaTraikTsa phrAma dI hisTorikala rekAsa Apha dI jainAja iNDi eNTI, pugta. 11, 1882, 1 pR. 245 Adi / , jAyasavAla kA. pra., dI mainAka eNDa maurya kronolojI eNDa dI DeTa grApha buddha nirvANa biuprA patrikA saM. 1, 1915, pR. 67 Adi / vahI dI empAyara Apha biMdUsAra biumA patrikA saM. 2, 1916, pR. 79 prAdi / vahI, DimeTriyasa khAravela eNDa dI garga saMhitA biuprA patrikA saM. 14, 1928, pR. 127 Adi / jinavijaya, muni, kuvalayamAlA jaisAsa, saM. 3, pR. 169 yAdi / TaranUra, jyArja, ena ekjAminezana grApha dIpAlI pR. 991 Adi / TAmasa, eDavarDa, jainIjma / iMNDi eNTI, saM. 8, 1869, pR. 30 zrAdi / TAmasa epha. DablyU. polITikasa eNDa sozyala Agenijezana grApha dI maurya empAyara sadhyA 19 kaihi bhAga 1, , 1922 pR. 467 Adi / buddhIsTika enAsa, saM. 5 eso patrikA 7 1838, vahI, candragupta dI phAuNDara grApha dI maurya empAyara / gradhyA. 18, kaihiraM, bhAga 1, 1922, pR. 467 Adi / de, nando sAla noTsa prAna eMjeMTa aMga dhAra dI DisTrikTa grApha bhAgalapura baMemo patrikA, naI, sirIja, saM. 10, 1914 1918, pR. 317 Adi / pAThaka, ke. bI. dI DeTa grApha mahAvIrsa nirvANa eja DiTaramiDa ina zAke 1175 inDi eNTI, saM. 12, 1883, pR. 21 Adi / pATara epha. I. eMseMTa iNDiyana jIniyAlejIja eNDa konolojI rAeso patrikA 1910 1 Adi " phlITa, je. epha., nisIdhi eNDa guDsa / iNDi eNTI, saM. 12, 1883, pR. 99 Adi / vahI, vahI. vahI, bAhu, candragupta eNDa zravaNabelagola iNDi eNTI, saM. 21, 1892, pR. 156 bAdi / DimeMzansa grApha iNDiyana siTIja eNDa kaMTrIja rAso patrikA 1907. pu. 64 grAdi / noTiseja grApha buksa mAkiyAlojikala sarve Apha iNDiyA vArSika riporTa, 1905-1906 ko, raoNeso patrikA, 1910, pR. 240 Adi / baru, beNImAdhava, dI zrAjIvakAja jaranala grApha dI DipArTameMTa grApha yaiTarsa, kalakattA, saM. 2, 1920, pR. | zrAdi / bAkhale, bI. esa., zAtavAhanAja eNDa dI kaNTemaporerI kSatrapAja / baMzArAeso, patrikA, naI sirIja saM. 3, 1928, pu. 44 praadi|
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________________ 228 ] bAyeMTa, ela. DI., dI arlI hisTrI prApha sadarna innddiyaa| adhyA. 24, kaihiiM, bhAga 1, pR. 593 Adi / bagyasa, je., peparsa prAna zatrujaya eNDa dI janAja / iNDi. eNTI., saM. 2, 1874, pR. 14 Adi; saM. 13, 1884, . pR. 191 prAdi, 276 Adi / bhUlara, jI., puNpamitra aura puSyamitra ? iNDi. eNTI., saM. 2, 1874, pR. 363 Adi / __vahI, dI digambara jainAja / iNDi. eNTI. saM. 7, 1887, pR. 28 Adi / bhagavAnalAla indrajI, paNDita, sama kaMsIDarezansa Apha dI hisTrI Apha baMgAlA iNDi. eNTI., saM. 13, 188 pR. 411 aadi| mArazala, je. eca., dI mAnya meMTsa Apha ezeMTa innddiyaa| adhyA. 26, kaihiI, bhAga 1, pR 612 grAdi, 19 / meyera, eDuarDa DimeTriyasa / esAiklopIDiyA briTenikA, 11vAM saMska. pusta. 7, 1910, pR. 982 Adi / ___ vahI, yukreTAIDesa / vahI, 11vAM saMskaraNa, pusta. 9, 1910 pR. 980 Adi / mUkarajI, Asutoza, hisTorikala risarceja ina bihAra eNDa ur3IsA / biuphra patrikA, saM. 10, 1924 pR. 1 aadi| maikDonalDa, jyAja, dI hailenika liMgaDama Apha siriyA, baikTriyA eNDa pAthiyA, adhyA. 17, kaihiI bhAga 11, ___ 1922, pR. 612 Adi / yAkobI, haramana, pAna mahAvIra eNDa hija preDIsesarsa / iNDi. iNTI., saM. 9, 1880, pR. 158 aAdi / vahI, dI DeTsa Apha dI philosophikala sUtrAja Apha dI brAhmansa / amoso patrikA, saM. 31, 1909-1910, pR. 3 Adi / vahI, iTAmika thIgrorI (innddiyn)| esAiklopIDiyA prApha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, pustaka saM. 2, 1909, pR. 199 prAdi / vahI, ubera DIeeMTa zaTeDaMga Dera zvetAmbara uMDa digambara sekTena / jeDaDIemajI saM. 38, 1884, pR. 1 Adi / rAisa, lyUisa, bhadrabAhu eNDa zravaNa belgola / iNDi. eNTI., saM. 3, 1874, pR. 153 Adi / repsana, I. je., dI sithiyana eNDa pArthiyana inaveDarsa, adhyA. 23, kaihiiM, bhAga 1 1922, pR. 563 Adi / vahI, iNDiyana neTiva sTeTsa aAphTara dI pIriyaDa Apha dI mauryana empAyara, adhyA. 21, kaihiiM bhAga 1, ___1922, pR. 514 aAdi / vahI, dI purANaja, adhyA. 13, kaihiiM, bhAga 1, 1922, pR. 296 Adi / repsana, I. je., e. pIpulsa eNDa laiMgvejeja; vI. sorseja grApha hisTrI, adhyA. 2 kaihiiM, bhAga 1 1922, pR. 37 aadi| hisaDeviDsa, TI. DablyU., dI arlI hisTrI grApha dI buddhIsTsa, adhyA. 7 kaihiI, bhAga 1, 1922, pR. 171 aadi| rothenasTIna, viliyama, iMTroukSana / ekjAmpulsa Apha iNDiyana skalpacarsa ina dI briTiza myujIyama, pR. 7 Adi; dI iNDiyA sosAiTI, landana, 1923 /
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________________ [ 229 lAsena, peparsa prAna zatru jaya eNDa dI jainAja / iNDi eNTI, saM. 2, 1874, pR. 193 Adi, 258 Adi / lAyana, I., belIgena ra jainA-liTarera ja prAMdena liTaretUrasena iNDiyensa grAsTesa siksI ema kAngresa, TriyasI meM pArTI sekzana, 2 pAyeMge lIDe 1885, pR. 467 " lAMga, revaDa je. noTsa eNDa kverIja sajyesTeDa bAi e vijiTa TU ur3IsA ina jainyudharI 1859 eso patrikA, #. 28, 1859, q. 185 wife 1 vijayadharmasUri jainatatvaina, bhaNDArakara kamomarezana vAlyUma, pUnA 1917, pR. 139 prAdi / kliphorDa, kaipTena, grApha dI kiMgja grApha magama: devara kronolojI, eziyATika risaceMja, pusta 9 1819, pR. 82 Adi / vilsana, ema. eca. ena ese dhAna dI hindU hisTrI grApha kAzmIra eziyATika risaceMja, pustaka 15, 1825, pR. 1 yaadi| peyara dI pheDa liTarecara grApha dI jainAja iNDi eNTI. maM. 17, 1888 1 , 18, 1889, pR. 181 Adi, 269 Adi; saM. 19, 1890, pR. 18 urfa, 170 rf, 365 fa; 21, 1892. q. 14 210 Adi, 293 Adi, 327 Adi 369 Adi / samApta * 279 yAdi 339 Adi maM. 62 Adi; saM. 20, 1891, pR. rfa, 106 rfa, 177 arfe,
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________________ pRSTha paMkti azuddha 4 jaisiMha 2 1 5 12 7 7 10 prakAratha 10 beloM 13 10 10 12 17 ita 13 13 13 maborya 0 15 :: zuddhi patraka :-: [TIpa0 mudraNa azuddhiyoM ko pradarzanI rUpa isa pustaka kI una sAdhAraNa azuddhiyoM kA zuddhikaraNayahA~ nahIM kiyA gayA hai jinheM ki sAmAnya pAThaka gaNa svayaM ke viveka se hI sahI paDha leMge / ] 23 31 16 13 17 15 24 " dhama jana dharma ko 14 vastuoM 15 gajapara karmaveza 232 avasthita mAnI jAnA 17 haiM ki 2012 kI prajA bhora 23 12 aisI rAjau 3 karane meM 12 yA 12 zAMti 2613 kSatriyoM ke 2 18 kA velaka 30 6 motA zuddha jaicaMda bana rilojana mAga jaina rilIjana bhAga 2 sudharmI sudharmA amaprAya abhiprAya "" dharma jaina dharma kI akArya khojoM avyavasthita mAne jAne jJAta macaurya vastuoM kA gaNadhara kamaveza Yan para pahile aise rAjAoM karane meM ki thA jAti kSatriyoM ke pradhAnatva jJAtA ! pRSTha paMkti prazuddha vidvAnoM vidvAnoM ne vardhamAga pratibhA 32 7 34 1 6 35 36 37 39 40 1 2 ki 7 koI nahIM 2 pro 6. ko 442 15 svam vAsta vAcanA jaba anatadarzana pranata 30... meM 9 8 43 16 dhIrA 45 3 praganma 46 23 pratikUla bhukAnA 50 9 sAmayika 14 karebhiyaMte 23 savabhAva 51 27 padArtha 52 20 sovika 53 16 pratikeka 54 4 tatvezA SS 9 pratibandI 12 pratidvandravatA 19 ne saddAlaputra meM zuddha vidvAnoM ne vidvAna va mAna pratimA ki jisakI koI naI nahIM ho ke svayaM vArena vAcanA bhava anantadarzana ananta ve darzana kahate haiM jaise maiM dhImA pragalbha prati dukAnA sAmAyika karemimaMte samabhAva padArtha meM se mAyika pratireka tattvazoM pratidvandvI pratidantA meM sadAsaputra ne
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________________ 2 ] pRSTha paMkti zuddha 56 -16 saba ye 59 13 60 5 61 20 29 63 7 65 21 67 68 69 9 10 72 11 15 12 25 mA 15 kI 16 mUrti maMjakoM 18 isako 15 prArUpa 486 pAsa nAnA janasAna kA ki gAraSagiri pUNya kara 250 a o bheda ke kAraNa baDha dhanuSAyoM 18 26 bhImala 33 zrAvakoM 35 isako 70 22 bhApta 23 jaina 29 9 eka rUpa apa bAhara $30 bhArata 71 4 prapavattita 14 masya ne... parisImadha jainoM kA vibhAga kA 10 15 IdvAku 73 22 kaThisa 24 phira zuda ye saba - popa 496 pAsa se nAnA ke pAsa janasAna thA ki goragiri pUjya kaha 520 pArzva kA mUrti maMjako isake bheda baDha anuyAyiyoM eka nigama rUpa apane se bAhara bhInamAla zrAvakoM kA isakA prApta hai jana prapekSAkRta taMga parisImAmroM bhArata meM aparivasita " vaimanasya jainoM ke vibhAga kI IkSvAku kaThina maura 73 26 fter 29 ullekhoM 74 8 rohilakhaNa khaNDa 75 26 76 79. 32 77 8 26 80 paMkti paMkti azuddha 81 upalabdha 31 aitihAsika 89 91 28 31 82 18 86 3 jJAta kA aura andhakAroM 13 17 18 931 8 94 4-5 8 24 4 95 96 24 104 2 4 30 4 26 naMdanI 1 yaha spaSTa pazcAt 1 grIrA 5 fr 8 pAlanA 9 ko vItamaya the rAjajyotiSi nAma mbhavatayA so vIra ko pazcika ke dhanahija mRgAvatI dhora sAnIka 2 ya dIeka rAjoM kesA phI yahI kA bar3A ghanapada sambandha dhanyAsiyo sandeha abhilikhita zreNika kA avadha aitihAsika ullekha kiye haiM parantu inako saMsAra ke itihAsa jJAta phira adhikAroM the| rAjanami zuddha ullekhoM se rohilakhaNDa laMdanI pazcAt grIsa trizalA licchavI pAlatA ke vItabhaya saMbhavatayA so vIra pazcima ko nahila aura mRgAvatI sasAnIka dvitIya dIpaka rAjAoM ke sAtha kA kA yahI bAr3A janapada sambaddha anuyAyiyoM sandeza acchI samitisita zreNika ko
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________________ 105 106 107 pazuDa 2 bala 3 sampati 3 kArAvAg2a meM 14 jAte 19 muNe 123 20 usa parva 28 durbhAgyapUrNa 30 31 2 buddha... zatru 16 ka 4 mUla 6 mAsa 109 26 mIrpha 110 26 112 6 16 bharakasa 32 zrarmAcArya 2 113 35 114 16 115 116 17 zAstra: matabheda 1172 sanaya 24 puNyamitra 19 23 4 sthApana prAcArya 13 hotA 1 ma prathana vandarAja naMdarAja isakA samartha isakA samarthana isakA samarthana maMdA 150 1 biMdusAra apane dariNaraNa jokhama ke muni kI zramaraNoM ke 13 azoka 125 7 jAsane 126 8 vikraya zuddha kAla sampati kArAvAsa meM usane cAhate zAstrajJomatabheda merI 130 bharasaka dharmAcAryo (buddha... zatru ) uparyukta bhUla bhAsa sirpha do 22 khudI usake pUrva 25 praNoM durbhAgyapUrNa 131 12 striyoM 15 dvitIya maDhA 155 pRSTha paMkti azuddha bindusAra samaya puSyamitra sthApita 127 prAcArya the hotA hai dakSiNa 129 9 jaina dharma kA 23. prArtha 14 27 1138 139 19 132 20 133 18 135 27 kaSTha 137 15 17 34 10 15 18 140 7,8 11 1 bhI nimna zrAja sthApita 8 bhAgya 13 20 30 141 17 kuratI rAnInUra se khudI huyI svargI paMDitajI kI te thA / hI paMkti dveza kA jAtiyoM yA 1 ma rAja yA panarAvartana itihAsajJoM rAjya kA prArambha prathapa paMca parameSThita viruddha prArariyAgaM vidharva jokhama ke kahA muni ke 27 zramaNoM ko 142 10 azoka ne 14 khAraDela jAnane 143 26 uddhaza vijaya 144 6 isa ghora zuddha jaina dharma ke ASaM prAja bhI sthApatya khudA pharaNa zAsana deviyAM advitIya kursI rAnInUra qhudA huA kASTha svargIya paNDitajI kA to thA hI / paMkti kA bhASya sikkoM thA yA prathama rAjA yaha punarAvartana itihAsajJa rAjya ke AThaveM varSa se yAne lagabhaga prathama paMca parameSTi viruda rAmo pAyariyA vidarbha khAravela - uddezya isa pora
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________________ 4 ] pRSTha paMkti prazuddha 144 7 147 4 8 8 11 149 150 152 153 154 155 20 vihAroM kA bhikSuproM ko 20 156 256 2 2 2 2 0 151 2,6 2 suMgavaMza kA varSako se magadha ko jima vijayajI ko ko 26 32,33 5 tI 9 pradeza ko 12 2 ma ko yA 1 ma 7 ko 11 sudU 14 ko 17 ise 3 13 25 ko khone jaya hinda prakAra vaDa praza 16 23 26 khar3e 29 mamatI 24 hI digambara 5 ko 29 ko 14 hI 16 pariNAma 157 3 udAratA 6 pUrvagrahoM zuddha varSA ko ne magadha kA jina vijayajI kI ke vihAroM ko bhikSuoM kA sugavaMza kI to kA ke praveza prathama thA, prathama ke sudUra kA isake ke hone cinha prakAra kI cakra grandhA dvitIya digambara hI khar3e bhamatI kA kI yahI parimANa udAratA se pUrvAgrahI pRSTha paMkti azuddha 158 2 ? 159 3,9 20,36 160 4 8 9 161 16 20 162 5 19 163 28 164 165 6 14 15 20, 23 8 18 166 6 167 10 sthApanayAvasAha | 12 mahAna ko 2 padAlipta 6 gardI malla gardImalla gardImalsa gardImalla 25 marUca jaina sAdhU... dvArA honA samyAtva saptati parokSa sevArA ko zrajamAnAdi. pAdalpita kabIloM saha pratiSThArthaka lie jhaNDo satrapoM 1 ma... ..mAha satrapa 1ma kAla ko samUha ki bhI ki jo zuddha gardabhilla gardabhilla gardabhinna garda bhilla bharUca vAdI dhArya sapuTa nAmaka jaina sAdhu dvArA sthApanA yA basAhaTa mahAna ke pAdalipta honI samyaktva saptati parIkSA dvArA ke prathamAnAdi pAdalipta kabIla saba pratiSThArtha iNDo kSatrapoM prathama aura sTreTo dvitIya kI nakala kara kSatrapa aura mahAkSatrapa prathama kAla ke samUha bhI ki jo 2 vibhinnaDatA vibhinnatA 4 ko jaina pAda pITha ko ke jaina pAda pITha kA 30 karanA karanA sambhava
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________________ pRSTha paMki pazu 169 3 zrAvika 26 92 27 28 lekhe 2 pratinikhita 22 iNDosikhika 24 ko 26 gardImallo 12 14 170 171 172 173 177 8,12 17,27 25 15 kA isake 178 3 179 175 176 3 yahA~ dAmollela 18 tya rAjoM ko ko ke 1 ma 1 ma prAloka 14 6 caMchAbhAya 2 mUla 20 yuvAnavvAMga 10 honA 21 24 ko koI ke 1 yA 3 pAyA ko hI 17 ne 182 10 strota 19 vidvAnoM 1 pahaNNa 9 yAdesAsyaskaMdha 12 uttaraubhayaraNa 14 do sUtra zuddha | pRSTha paMkti azuddha 1 84 bhavikA 62 dAnollelaoNsa 29 ko lesa |186 78 sAlI prAcIna lipika pramilalita iNDosipika ke gardabhillo dvitIya rAjAoM kI 187 kA 6 ko prathama prathama matryaloka 20 meM prayukta se 12 graMtha ke 17 raSTi 4 yaMtra taMtra 12 meM 15 viSaya 16 citaunI kA 21 ciUMTI pahA 192 16 jAne caMdAbhAya 193 11 sUryAmadeva hone kA koI ko thA pAhA (dAla) kA se stotra vijJAnoM paiNNA yA dasAsUya skaMdha 19 mAdhuyoM 25 praza 189 uttarajbhayaraNa do cUlikA sUtra 122233 bhUla prAnacvAMga 194 15 pahano 195 196 3 17 H4ST S ko ko... haiM 17 14 kaisI 15 mUla mUla pAThaka 7 diTThati 11 17 24 27 zayayambhava ye pavitra meM pakkima magadhI artha mAgadhI 197 9 11 11 bahutrAMza 13 23 sImA para ko [ 5 zuddha sAdhutroM kI maGga se prAcIna lipika sAkSI ke ke niSNAMta ko bhI ve siddhAMta graMtha se hI lagate hai| se graMtha dRSTi dvArA yatra tatra Bei vijaya cetAvanI cimaTI jAne kA sUryAmadeva dezI payannoM bhrUNa mUla pATha dRSTAnta zayaMbhava pavitra maiM paDhikkama mAgadhI varSa mAgadhI bahutAMza sImA pAra kI
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________________ 6 ] pRSTha paMkti azuddha 197 198 2 5 10 14 26 2 3, 6, 7 strotra kAsa 19) 24 vibhogya strota piNDa prora kama 220 21 206 21 202 12 18 24 205 1 204 46 sthApita (sya) samUha dono hI ko " sUtrakRtAMka ko isameM samayamayI sampradAyoM se vidvadyabhogya ghAma 2 vivAda 4 5 9 karavA 11 19 ko 26 mathurI 30 nahIM dI thI 1 sthApitoM vibhinnatAthoM hameM 4 unakI 5 kI 07 29 guphAoM ::08 1 sthapita 5 bAvajUda parantu 9 28 manuSya ne pahale 29 pahale sajjA zuddha ki yAne aura sudhArane vidvadbhAgya stotra piNDa zrIra kabhI sutrakRtAGga ke isase samasamayI stotra sampradAyoM meM vidvabhogya sthApatya donoM hI samUha ke pRSTha paMkti mazuddha 208 29 rUpoM kA 209 1,5 209 15 sivA 210 usa 213 mathurA nahIM thI vibhinnatAoM ke sAtha sAtha vidyamAna thaa| yahI vinitA hameM 211 ghAma bihAra 215 karanA sthApatyoM 219 214 DOM 2004-0 6 svasthya 224 224 225 1226 30 praznoM 3 22 ko 19 212 4 sthagita 26 10 1 nahIM 31 5 kA 223 6 31 23 18 27 31 avazya hI viSaya 11 25 27 yakSoM 9 8 yahA nahIM tatvoM unakA 227 1 FENT 229 6 guphAoM meM 12 sthApatya bAvajUda kiyA aura sudhArA manuSya pahile pahile sajjA magnatA ...ThI ziSyoM vastu zilpe hai ki vaha hai ko 1838 1924 ija 1824 mahatA. ni. vi. hIrAlAlA / ... bhAga 1 spekTa / ... bhAga 1 jainatasvadana 269 zuddha rUpoM ko sivAya svastha prazna viSaya avasya ho ke yahI nahIM tattvoM kA sthApita kahI nagnatA jhUThI zilpoM yakSaNiyAM vastra zilpoM hai. vaha hai kA 1837 1925 eja 1884 mehatA nA. ci. hIrAlAla / ... bhAga 2 spekTa / ... bhAga 2 jaina tattvajJAna 369
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