Sanskrit Prakrit Jain Vyakaran aur Kosh ki Parampara

Author(s): Chandanmalmuni, Nathmalmuni, Others
Publisher: Kalugani Janma Shatabdi Samaroha Samiti Chapar
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010482/1

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mRtiyanja je dizA-nirve vArya zrI tunasI - 8 | * * - - - - che.. - . * - - - - * * * -

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saMskRta-prAkRta jaina vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI smRti grantha

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mahImanasvI sAvArya zrI kAnUpALI jI nanma-zatAblI ke upalakSa me

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saMra1-prAkRta jI vyAkaraNa aura kozakI parAparA dizA-nirdeza yugapradhAna AcArya zrI tulasI sapAdaka-maDala muni zrI candanamala muni zrI nathamala muni zrI chattamalla muni zrI buddhamalla DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA zrIcanda rAmapuriyA paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA sapAdaka muni zrI dulaharAja DaoN0 chanilAla zAstrI DaoN0 premasumana jaina ema0 e0 (jaya), pI-eca0 DI0 sahAyaka prophesara - bhUtapUrva prAdhyApaka prAkRta-saskRta vibhAga, prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI udayapura vizvavidyAlaya prakAzaka __ zrI kAlU gaNI janma-zatAbdI samAroha samiti chApara (rAjasthAna)

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prabandha sapAdaka motIlAla nAhaTA pradhAna manI . zrI kAlUgaNI janma-zatAbdI samAroha samiti, chApara (rAjasthAna) prathama saMskaraNa bhAvArya zrI kAnUpALI nanmazatAblI divasa phAlguna zuklA 2, sa0 2033 [20 pharavarI, 1977] mUlya paitAlIsa rupaye mudraka maoNDarna priMTarsa, navIna zAhadarA, dillI-110032

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prakAzakIya tesapatha kA udbhava eka krAntipUrNa itihAsa kI kaDiyo se juDA hai| isake AvirbhAvaka mahAn lauhapuruSa AcArya bhikSu eka krAnti-draSTA sAdhaka the, jinhone adhyAtma-jagat me adbhuta krAnti kii| una dvArA upta kAnti-vIja se akurita, saddhita, pallavita eva puSpita terApatha kA mahAn vaTavRkSa satata vikAsa pAtA gayA, jisakI phalAnviti Aja aneka rUpo me dRSTigocara hai| nUtana aura purAtana kI bhUla-bhulaiyA me na par3a satya aura yathArtha kA avalambana karate hue agrasara hote rahanA terApatha kA mUla mana hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki terApaMtha me samaya-samaya para java jaise apekSita hue, vikAsa ke naye-naye unmeSa Ate gae, savarddhana, unnayana aura vikAsa hotA gyaa| sayama aura zruta dono dRSTiyo se tarApatha eka utkarSazIla dharma-sagha hai| AcArya bhikSu ke uttaravartI AcAryoM ne aneka dRSTiyo se isakI satata abhivRddhi kii| jaina dharma mAcAra-pradhAna dharma hai| zuddha AcAra-savAhakatA jaina zramaNa kA jIvanasattva hai / AcAra ke sAtha zruta zAstrajJAna vidhA kA bhI apanA mahatva hai kyoki usase AcAra ko savala vaicArika pR0bhUmi prApta hotI hai|| terApatha ke aNTamAcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ne apane AcAra-samunnata antevAsiyo ko adhikAdhika zruta-samunnata karane kA apane zAsanakAla me atyadhika prayatna kiyaa| usI ke antargata sagha me hue saskRta vidyA, prAkRta bhASA Adi ke gabhIra adhyayana kA pakSa AtA hai| AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI cAhate the, unake sAdhu-saMgha me saskRta vidyA kA bharapUra prasAra ho, kyoki isase zAstra-parizIlana me vizeSa AnukUlya hogaa| AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI parama dRDha nizcayI the, usI kA yaha pariNAma huA ki terApaya me saskRta ke aneka pAragAmI vidvAn sAdhu-sAdhvI tayAra hue| itanA hI nahI, saskRta aura prAkRta me abhinava vyAkaraNa taka likhe ge| prAta smaraNIya AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI dvArA saMcAlita yaha mahAn prayAsa unake uttarAdhikArI mahAmahima AcArya zrI tulasI dvArA uttarottara vRddhiMgata hotA rhaa|

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yaha bahuta sundara huA ki paramArAdhya AcArya zrI kI preraNA aura muni zrI nathamalajI ke mArgadarzana se eka isa koTi ke smRti-granya ke prakAzana kA 'samiti' dvArA nizcaya kiyA gayA, jo bAcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ke vidyA-jIvana se ananyarUpeNa sambaddha vyAkaraNa Adi viSayo para AdhRta ho| usakA sAkAra rUpa prastuta grantha hai| hama ise AcArya pravara tathA muni zrI nathamala jI ke AzIrvAda kA hI phala mAnate hai ki isa koTi ke smRti-gratha kA dusAdhya kArya itane alpa samaya me sapanna ho sakA hai| isake lie hama unake atyanta AbhArI hai| ___isa grantha ke sampAdana me prAcya vidyA ke adhyetA muni zrI dulaha rAja jI, prAkRta jana zodha sasthAna, vaizAlI (vihAra) ke bhUtapUrva prAdhyApaka DaoN0 chAnalAla jI zAstrI tathA udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke prAkRta ke sahAyaka prophesara DaoN. prema sumana jI jaina ne baDI lagana ke sAtha zrama kiyA hai| isake lie samiti unakA hRdaya se AbhAra mAnatI hai| ye tIno hI vidvAn saskRta-prAkRta kSetra ke suprasiddha sevI hai| inake maparka va prayAsa kA hI yaha pariNAma hai ki bahuta kama samaya me itanI upAdeya sAmagrI yA vidvAno ke samakSa upasthita kI jA sakA hai| ___ sampAdaka maMDala ke AdarAspada munijano e1 sammAnanIya sadasyo ke bhI hama AbhArI haiM, jinakA savala va mArgadarzana hame sahaja prApta rahA hai / smRti anya ke lie jina vidvAno ne apane zodhapUrNa nivandha prepita kara ise samRddha banAyA hai, unake prati hama hRdaya me kRtajJa hai| sAhitya prakAzana sambandhI kArya ke samyaka nirvAha hetu samAroha samiti ke antargata eka sAhitya samiti parigaThita kI gaI thii| sAhitya samiti ke sabhI sadasyo kA mujhe hAdika sahayoga prApta rahA, jisake lie mai unakA hRdaya se AbhArI hai| samiti kI sAhityika yojanA tathA kAryoM meM hamAre sammAnanIya sadasya, jana vizva bhAratI, lADanU ke kulapati zrI zrIcada jI rAmapuriyA kA prArambha se lekara prakAzana kI antima velA taka jo sahayoga aura zrama prApta huA, vahI Aja phalIbhUta hokara hamArI isa yojanA ko saphala banA pAyA hai| AdaraNIya zrI rAmapuriyA jI kI sevAo ke lie sadA-sadA hamArI samiti kRtajJa rhegii| pramukha samAja sevI zrI mAnikacanda jI seThiyA, zrI satoSacanda jI baraDiyA eva zrI gopIcanda jI copaDA kA samaya-samaya para jo satparAmarza eva mArgadarzana prApta hotA rahA, usake lie hama unake bhI hRdaya se AbhArI haiN| ___ samAroha samiti ke sammAnanIya adhyakSa zrImAn motIlAlajI koThArI, upAdhyakSa zrImAn bhIkhamacadajI vaMda, jinake mahatvapUrNa, upayogI sujhAva mujhe parAvara milate rahe, kA meM atyanta kRtajJa huuN| nirantara yantavat kAryarata zrImAn

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Vii mAnikacadajI coraDiyA kA AbhAra maann| mai apanA parama kartavya samajhatA hU~, jinakA prastuta kArya me mujhe hara samaya sAtha milatA rhaa| samAroha samiti ke sabhI sadasyo ko maiM anekAneka dhanyavAda detA hU~, jinakI sadbhAvanA, sahayoga tathA sAhacarya se maiM apane kArya me gatizIla raha skaa| prastuta grantha ke prakAzana-kArya me pa0 zrI zakaralAlajI pArIka bI0 e0 sAhityaratna, vijJAnaratna ne apane anavarata zrama se jo stutya yoga pradAna kiyA, usake lie maiM apanA hArdika dhanyavAda denA nahIM bhUla sktaa| AzA hai, prAcya vidyA jagat ke adhyetA, anveSTA tathA jijJAsu prastuta grantha se lAbhAnvita ho| chApara cUrU (rAjasthAna) vasaMta paMcamI, sa0 2033 motIlAla nAhaTA pradhAna mannI zrI kAlUgaNI janma-zatAbdI samAroha samiti ch|pr (rAjasthAna)

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sampAdakIya bhApA aura bhAva kA avicchinna sambandha hai| bhAvo kI savAhakatA me bhASA kA apanA eka aisA dAyitva hai, jise ananya sAdhAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| vibhinna mAthAbo kI vana-apanI kSamatA hotI hai kyoti zatAbdiyo saura sahastrAdrivyo ke prayogo ke anantara koI eka bhASApariniSThita rUpa prApta karatI hai / ise usa bhASA kA zakti-arjanakAla athavA kSamatA-sampAdana kA samaya kahA jA sakatA hai| pariniSThita, pariSkRta tathA paripakva rUpa prApta bhASAo me saskRta kA apanA advitIya sthAna hai| saskRta ke zabdo kI kucha aisI anupama kSamatA hai ki gahanatama vipayo ke nirUpaNa meM bhI usakA apanA vizeSa mahatva hai| saskRta kI isa koTi kI pariniSThitatA me usake apane vaijJAnika eva paripUrNa vyAkaraNa kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| yadyapi atyanta kase hue vyAkaraNa ke niyama bhApA ko sasIma avazya banAte hai para sAtha hI sAtha usame eka viziSTa zakti kA ApAdana bhI karate hai| saMskRta kA vyakiraNa vizva kI bhASAo ke vyAkaraNo me apanI isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa anupama hai| ___ saMskRta bhASA ke itihAsa kA yaha gauravamaya pRSTha hai ki jaina paramparA ke vidvAno, AcAryo aura santo ne saskRta ke pallavana aura vikAsa me bahuta bar3A yogadAna kiyaa| jana Agama-sAhitya kI bhASA prAkRta hote hue bhI unhone saskRta me sAhitya ke vividha ago para pracura racanAe kii| apane Agama-vADmaya kI vyAkhyA, vizleSaNa tathA vivecana me bhI unhone sotsAha saskRta bhASA kA upayoga kiyA / isase jahA~ eka ora unakI vicAra-sampadA vibhogya vanI, dUsarI ora saskRtasAhitya kI bhI asAdhAraNa zrI-vRddhi huii| saskRta vidyA kI nidhi ko ApUrNa karane me jana-manISiyo kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna rahA hai| terApatha me saskRta-prAkRta kI pragati yaha vaDe harSa kA viSaya hai ki saskRtavidyA, jisakI Aja deza me carcA to

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bahuta calatI hai para kriyAtmaka rUpa se jisakA paThana-pAThana dinAnudina kSI aura kSINatara hotA jA rahA hai, kA terApaya sagha meM Aja bhI uttarottara vikAsamAna pracalana hai| zatAdhika sAdhu, sAdhviyA saskRta me pAraMgata haiN| ve kevala adhyayana aura anuzIlana hI nahI, vividha prakAra ke abhinava sAhitya ke nirmANa me bhI tatpara aura kuzala hai / terApaya ke vartamAna adhinAyaka yugapradhAna AcArya zrI tulasI ke nirdezana aura mArga-darzana me saratavidyA ke abhivardhana-unnayana kA yaha krama satata pragatizIla hai| terApatha me hue maskRtividyA ke vikAsa ke itihAsa kA paryavekSaNa kare to yaha spaSTa pratIta hogA ki paramArAdhya AcArya zrI tulasI ke guruvarya, tarApatha ke apTamAcArya prAta smaraNIya zrI kAlUgaNI ne isame vahuta vaDA kArya kiyaa| unhoMne jIvana bhara isa bAta ke lie nirantara prayala kiyA ki unake dharma-saca me saskRta vidyA ke viziSTa adhyetA aura vettA sAdhu tayAra ho| AcArya zrI kAlUNI pallavagrAhI pADitya ke pakSapAtI nahI the, ve Thosa tathA mUlagrAhI jJAna ko mahattva dete the| isI lie maskRta ke adhyayana me unakA vyAkaraNa ke 50na para bahuta jora thaa| ni sandeha yaha eka anukaraNIya tathya hai ki unhoMne prauDhAvasyA me svaya vyAkaraNa kA gabhIra adhyayana kiyA evaM apane antavAsI sAdhu-sAdhviyo ko isa ora prerita kiyaa| vyAkaraNa zabdo ke zuddha prayoga kI zikSA detA hai| prayoga ke lie prayoktA ke pAsa zabdo kA bahuta acchA saMgraha honA cAhie / AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ne isakA anubhava kiyA aura koza ke adhyayana tathA kaThasyIkaraNa kA vizeSa krama unhone cAlU kiyaa| phalata aneka mAdhu-sAdhviyo ne AcArya hemacandra dvArA racita abhidhAna-cintAmaNi Adi kopo ko kalAna kara liyaa| saskRta vyAkaraNa ke sAtha-sAya prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana para bhI AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ne vala diyA / AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI kA zAsanakAla terAya me vAstava meM vidyA-vikAsa kA kAla kahA jA sakatA hai| maskRta, prAkRta, koza Adi ke Thosa adhyayana ke pazcAt terApatha me eka aisA kA 1 zurU hotA hai, jaba maulika sAhitya, vizeSata lakSaNa-grantho kA sarjana cAlU huaa| usake antargata pRSTa grantho me muni zrI pAyamallajI dvArA racita bhikSuzanAnuzAsana kA apanA ananya sthAna hai / muni thI pAyamallajI ne deza me pracalita, apracalita aneka vyAkaraNo kA gabhIra parizIlana kiyA tathA saralatama, phomalatama zailI me isakI racanA kii| isa prasaga para Azukaviratna, AyuvadAcArya pa0 raghunandana zarmA (alIgaDa, uttarapradeza) kA nAma baDe Adara ke sAtha smaraNIya hai, jo muni zrI ke mA vyAkaraNa-praNayana ke aitihAsika kArya me ananya sahayogI rahe nayA dAnuzAsana para vRhad vRtti kI racanA bhI unhone kii| nikSudAnujAmana liMgAnuzAsana, NAdi, nyAyadarpaNa Adi ke sAtha eka sampanna vyAkaraNa hai| rApaya me isakA paThana-pAThana cAlU huaa| eka prakAra

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me yaha vyAkaraNa kA eka abhinava pITha (New school of grammar) pratiSThita huaa| isa mahatvapUrNa granya ko susampAdita rUpa meM zIghra prakAzita karane kI yojanA hai| ___saskRta kA vyAkaraNa anyAnya bhASAo kI taraha sAdhAraNatayA bhASA ke zikSaNa yA vAkya-racanA-prakAra-bodhana kA mAtra mAdhyama nahIM hai| vaha to svaya apane Apa meM eka sarvathA paripUrNa zAstra kA rUpa lie hue hai| tabhI to kabhI usake lie yaha janazruti pracalita huI 'dvAdazabhivaSayAkaraNamadhIyate' arthAt bAraha varSa me vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana pUrNa hotA hai / kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki saskRta vyAkaraNa me nirantara vikAsa hotA gyaa| TIkA, vyAkhyA, vRtti, vAtika, pajikA, phakkikA, prakriyA Adi ke rUpa me vividha prakAra kA sAhitya nirmita hotA rhaa| muni zrI cauthamallajI ne bhI apane zabdAnuzAsana kI eka sakSipta prakriyA tayAra kI, jisakA unhone apane zraddheya guruvarya ke nAma para 'kAlukaumudI' nAma rakhA / yaha kahanA atirajana nahI hai ki AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ke zAsanakAla me unake antevAsI muni zrI cauyamallajI dvArA praNIta bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana saMskRta ke vyAkaraNa-vADmaya ko eka apratima dena hai| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana para eka laghuvRtti kI bhI racanA huI, jisake lekhaka bhrAtRdaya zrI dhanamuni eva zrI candana muni hai| AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ke samaya me aura bhI aneka viSayo para saMskRta me nUtana racanAe huii| AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ke divagamana ke pazcAt unake uttarAdhikArI tarApatha ke vartamAna saghAdhipati, yugapradhAna AcArya zrI tulasI ne saskRta vidyA ke isa vikAsa ko na kevala vanAe rakhA varan use aura adhika gatizIla kiyA hai| yAcArya zrI tulasI ko bacapana se hI saskRta se ananya anurAga hai| kizorAvasyA se hI unako saskRta ke sahasro zloka kasya haiM / ve vyAkaraNa, nyAya, kAvya, koza Adi aneka viSayo ke mArmika adhyetA haiN| yaha unake dvArA racita janasiddhAntadIpikA, bhikSunyAyakaNikA, manonuzAsana jaise prauDha grantho se prakaTa hai / AcArya-pada kA uttaradAyitva apane para Ane se pUrva to ve apanA adhikAza samaya zAstra-parizIlana me lagAte hI the, aba bhI AcArya-pada ke atyanta mahattvapUrNa uttaradAyitvo kA vahana karate hue bhI zAstra-paryavekSaNa me ve samaya dete hai| unhone svayaM to saskRta vidyA ke agopAgo kA atyanta mArmika adhyayana kara aneka viSayo me pAragAmitA prApta kI hI, aneka sAdhuo eva sAdhviyo ko bhI taiyAra kiyaa| Aja terApatha me saskRta ke itane -4koTi ke jo vidvAn dikhAI dete hai, isakA vIja-uptA ke rUpa me AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ko tathA siMcaka aura savardhaka ke rUpa me AcArya zrI tulasI ko bahuta baDA zreya hai /

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xii AcArya zrI tulasI ke zAsanakAla me saMskRta kI taraha prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana jora diyA gayA / para bhI bahuta e eka prabhAga haiM vi0 sa0 2011 kA caturmAsa bambaI me thA / penisleviyA ( amerikA ) yUnivarsaTI ke saMskRta-vibhAgAdhyakSa DaoN0 naoNramana brAuna AcArya zrI ke pAsa aae| ve saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA ke prakAMDa paMDita the / sAdhusAdhviyoM ke saMskRta adhyayana se ve bahuta prabhAvita hue| unhone AcArya zrI se "mahArAja prArthanA ke svara me kahA / saMskRta me bahuta kucha sunA hai / aba eka icchA hai ki maiM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI bhASA prAkRta me kucha sunU / ' AcArya zrI ne unakI tIvra utkaThA ko dekhA aura muni nathamala jI ko prAkRta me pravacana dene kA nirdeza diyaa| muni zrI ne lagabhaga bIsa minaTa taka prAkRta bhASA me dhArApravAha rUpa se bolate hue paripad ko Azcaryacakita kara diyA / prAkRta bhASA me pravacana sunatesunate prAcya vidvAn brAuna paMvibhora ho uThe aura unakI Akho se harpa ke AsU Tapaka paDe / unhone kahA "Aja merI cira abhilApA pUrNa huI / maiM kRtakRtya ho gayA / ' zrutavara AcArya zrI tulasI ne jaina Agamo ke sapAdana tathA vivecana kA kArya apane hAtha meM liyA / yojanA vanI / yAcArya zrI vAcanA pramukha rahe aura muni nathamala jI sapAdaka aura vivecaka | unake nirdezana me aneka sAdhu-sAdhvI isa kArya me juTe | kArya gatizIla huA aura do dazako ke isa kAryakAla me aneka Agama susapAdita aura vivecita hokara janatA ke sAmane Ae / vivarga ne unakI bhUribhUri prazaMsA kI aura ve grantha Agama sapAdana ke merudaMDa bana ge| isa yojanA ke atargata bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paccIsavI nirmANa-zatAbdI para gyAraha ago kA susapAdita saMskaraNa 'agusuttANi' tIna bhAga ke rUpa me prastuta huA vaha bhI apane-Apa me eka amUlya ardhya thA / Agama sapAdana ke kArya ne aneka sAdhusAdhviyoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana kI ora agrasara kiyA / aneka sAdhu-sAdhvI isame niSNAta hue, lekhaka aura vaktA vane / zrI candana muni ne prAkRta bhASA me 'NNIidhammasuttIo', 'rayaNavAlakahA' tathA 'jayacaria' ye tIna grantha likhe / anyAnya sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ne bhI prAkRta me sphuTa racanAe kI / itanA hI nahI, prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa kA bhI nava sarjana huA / prauDha vidvAn eva cintaka muni zrI nayamala jI ne tulasImajarI ke nAma se siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana ke aSTama adhyAya ke AdhAra para eka prakriyA -grantha kI racanA kI, jo mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI, apabhraMza aura mArSa prAkRta kA eka sundara aura sugama vyAkaraNa hai / saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke vikAsa kI zRMkhalA me muni zrI sohanalAla jI (cUrU) dvArA racita tulasIprabhA nAmaka prakriyA-grantha se eka kaDI aura juDa jAtI hai / muni

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xiii zrI sohanalAlajI siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana ke acche pAThI the| unhoMne vartamAna saMghanAyaka AcArya zrI tulasI ke nAma para siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana para isa navIna prakriyA-gratha kI racanA kii| muni zrI sohanalAlajI eka kavihRdaya manISI the| unhone vyAkaraNa jaise nIrasa tathA durUha viSaya me jo sarasatA aura mRdutA kA apAdAna kiyA hai, vaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa prakAra svanAmadhanya AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI se prArabha huA saskRta vidyA kA abhiyAna nirvAdha gati se Age baDhatA gayA, prasAra pAtA gyaa| isakI phala-niSpatti kA yathArtha akana vidvAno ko tava pratIta huA, java AcArya zrI tulasI apane aneka zramaNa-zramaNI-samudAya sahita bhArata me saskRta ke viziSTa kendra pUnA tathA vaaraa||sii jaise sthAno me ge| pUnA me bhaDArakara orieTala risarca iMsTITyUTa, Dekkana kaoNleja tilaka vidyApITha, saMskRta vAvadhinI sabhA tathA vArANasI me vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, hindU vizvavidyAlaya Adi sasyAno me aneka kAryakrama Ayojita hue, jinameM AcArya zrI ke medhAvI antevAsI muni nathamalajI ke saMskRtabhASaNa tathA Azukavitva se vahA ke vidvAna AzcaryAnvita ho uTha / aneka taTastha vidvAno kA to yahA taka kahanA rahA ki AcArya tulasI kA dharmasapa vAstava me saMskRta vidyA kA eka jagama vizvavidyAlaya hai / prastuta grantha kI yojanA AcArya zrI kAlagaNI kI janma-zatAbdI kA prasaga aayaa| usa sandarbha me karaNIya kAryo para cintana calA / sAhitya sarjana tayA prakAzana kA jaba prazna sAmane AyA to AcAryapravara kI ora se eka vizeSa dizA-saketa isa prakAra prApta huA "Ajakala abhinandana grantha tathA smRti grantha to bahuta adhika nikala rahe haiM para ve adhikAzata vyaktiparaka yA prazastimUlaka hI dRSTigocara hote haiM, kisI mahAna puruSa kI smRti kA artha maiM yaha letA hUM ki unake dvArA jIvana me jo mahAn kArya kiye gae, uname se kisI eka mahatvapUrNa pakSa ko lekara usa para Thosa aura zodhapUrNa sAmagrI dI jAe, jo usa kSetra meM kArya karane vAle tathA agrasara hone vAle anusandhitsu sudhI jano ke lie eka prakAza-stabha kA kAma de / AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ke jIvana ke aneka aise garimAzIla pakSa hai, jinase Aja bhI hama preraNA prApta karate hue apane me eka abhinava zakti eva sphUrti kA saMcAra kara sakate haiN| AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ne apane jIvana me aneka mahAna kArya kie| apane zramaNa saMgha me saskRta, prAkRta Adi prAcya vidyAo ke vikAsa me jo satata tatparatA aura adhyavasAya unhoMne dikhAyA, nizcaya hI vaha svarNAkSaro me likhe jAne yogya hai| unake satata karmaTha aura udyamazIla jIvana kI smRti Aja bhI hama logo me eka naI cetanA kA jAgaraNa karatI hai / saskRta, prAkRta, vyAkaraNa, koza Adi ke gahana

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XIV adhyayana kI jI preraNA unase samasta sAdhu-sAdhviyo ko prApta hotI rahI, vaha ni - sandeha vidyA-patha para agrasara hote adhyetAo ke lie eka sabala savala aura pAvana pAyeya hai| kitanA acchA ho, AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI ke jIvana ke isI pakSa ko lekara saskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa, mApA-vijJAna tathA koza vADmaya para eka anumadhAnapUrNa smRti-granya taiyAra kiyA jaae|" vAstava me AcArya zrI ke isa dizA-darzana meM gabhIra cintana anumyUta thaa| isa viSaya ko lekara muni zrI nayamala jI ke mAnnidhya meM paricarcAe clii| muni zrI ne etatipayaka smRti-grantha kI mahattA eva upayogitA batAte hue vyakta kiyA ki yadi aisA ho sakA to bhAratIya vidyA (Indology) ke kSetra meM eka mahanIya kArya hogaa| yaha eka aisA sandarbha-granya bana jAegA, jisakA anusandhitsu vidvAn sotsAha upayoga kreNge| muni zrI ke mArga-darzana me hamane smRti-granya kI eka parikalpanA kii| maskRta, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, bhApA-vijJAna tathA koza sabadhI viSayo kA cayana kiyA / isa saMbaMdha me vizeSa rUpa se yaha cintana rahA ki vibhinna viziSTa viSayo para una-una viziSTa vidvAno se nivandha prApta kie jAe, jo una viSayo ke gabhIra adhyetA aura gavepayitA hai / saskRta, prAkRta Adi ke kSetra meM kAryarata rahane ke kAraNa va vidvAno se hamArA nikaTa kA paricaya evaM samparka rahA hai| hamane isa grantha ke savadha me likhane hetu unheM nivedana kiyA / yadyapi jo viSaya nirdhArita kie gae, ve itane gambhIra aura gaveSya the ki una para likhane ke lie paryApta samayApekSI adhyayana kI AvazyakatA zrI para phira bhI vidvAno ne thoDe samaya me mI pracura zrama karake apane zodhapUrNa nivandha taiyAra kara prepita kie / hamArA prArambha se hI yaha cintana rahA hai ki kalevara me sAmagrI kI bahulatA cAhe na rahe kintu guNAtmakadRSTyA umame 7.yatA, gahanatA tathA mUkSmatA ho / hame matopa hai ki hamArA abhIpsita sadha rahA hai tathA vizvAsa hai ki ina viSayo me gahana adhyayana karane vAlo ke lie yaha gratha uptho pramANita homa | viSaya-vastu bhAratIya vADamaya me vyAkaraNazAstra kA mahattva sarvopari rahA hai / AcArya pANini eva patajali Adi manIpiyo ne saskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kI jisa paramparA ko sthApita eva puSTa kiyA thA, usakA vikAsa jana paramparA ke vaiyAkaraNo-- janendra, zAkaTAyana, hemacandra, malaya giri Adi ke dvArA huA hai / unhone apane-apane mamaya kI zabda-sampatti kA saMskAra karane me vizeSa prayatna kiyA hai| jaina jIcAryo ne saMskRta ke vyAkaraNa-ganyo para aneka TIkA likhakara unheM sugama ora muvodha banAyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, apitu prAcIna vyAkaraNa pranyo kA parimArjana kara

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XV uname zabda, dhAtu, eka gaNapATho kI vRddhi bhI kI hai| saskRta ke jaina mahAkAvyo me aise aneka navIna zabdo kA prayoga bhI jana kaviyo ne kiyA hai, jo vyAkaraNazAstra kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / prastuta grantha ke prArambhika nivandha isa dizA me mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta kara Adhunika yuga taka saskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA ko spaSTa karate haiN| saskRta kI bhAti prAkRta bhASA bhI bhAratIya cintana kI savAhaka rahI hai| prAkRta bhASAo ke vyAkaraNa ko prastuta karanA adhika kaSTasAdhya thA kyoki usake prayoga me vividhatA banI rahI hai / kintu janAcAryoM ne isa kSetra me bhI pratiSThA prApta kI hai| loka me pracalita prAkRta ke aneka zabdo ko vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se vaikalpika rUpo ke antargata anuzAsita kiyA gayA hai| caNDa, vararuci, hemacandra, mArkaNDeya Adi vaiyAkaraNo ne IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se lagAtAra 18 vI zatAbdI taka prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa likhe haiN| idhara 16-20vI zatAbdI me bhI kaI vidvAno ne prAkRta bhASAo kA vivecana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se kiyA hai| hoyephara, vebara, kAvela, yAkobI, pizela, DolpI Adi pAzcAtya vidvAno ne prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ko prakAza me lAne kA athaka parizrama kiyA hai| bhAratIya vidvAno me vaidya, ghATage, kana, upAdhye, DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina, sukumAra sena, pa0 vecaradAsa, muni nathamala Adi ne prAkRta bhASA ke anusandhAna ko gatizIla banAyA hai / isa taraha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda Adhunika yuga taka prAkRta zanazAstra para jo kArya huA hai, usakA sakSipta digdarzana karAnA isa grantha ke nivandho kA viSaya hai| prAkRta-apabhraza bhASAo kA prabhAva jana-jIvana para nirantara paDatA rahA hai| ata bhArata kI prAya sabhI Adhunika bhApAo kA adhyayana binA prAkRta-apabhraza ko jAne nahI ho sktaa| hamArA yaha prayala thA ki isa viSaya para vistRta aura sodAharaNa sAmagrI prastuta kI jaae| kintu kucha lekhakoM kI svIkRti ke uparAnta bhI hame unake lekha nahIM mila sake / ata grantha kA yaha aza kucha adhika savala nahI ho skaa| kintu prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para kitanA prabhAva hai, yaha prastuta grantha ke eka lekha se acchI taraha pratipAdita ho sakA hai| isase hame isa dizA meM aura adhika cintana karane kI preraNA milatI hai / janAcAryo ne saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura bhApA-vijJAna ke kSetra me hI nahI, apitu koza-sAhitya ke nirmANa me bhI apUrva zrama kiyA hai / Agamo me kaI ekArthaka zabdo kI sUciyA prApta hotI haiN| vyAkhyA sAhitya me kaI zabdo kI vyutpattiyA dI gaI haiN| isa taraha bhAratIya vAGmaya me koza-nirmANa kI paramparA jana-AcAryoM ke grantho se prArambha hotI hai / dhanapAla eva hemacandra ne apane prAkRta-kozo me aise zabdo kA sagraha kiyA hai, jo bhArata ke sAskRtika itihAsa ke nirmANa me AdhArazilA kA kAma kara sakate hai| ina zabdasagraho ke dvArA janabhASAo ke kaI svarUpa

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201 surakSita raha sake haiM / isa paramparA ko Adhunika yuga me jaina AcAryoM ne pallavita aura puSTa kiyA hai / ata janakozasAhitya kI upalabdhiyA bhAratIya pAimaya ke anusavAna ke liye aparihArya hai| saskRta, prAkRta kI bhAti apabhraza-koNa ke nirmANa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA bhI spaSTa hai| prastuta granya ke etad viSayaka nivandha asa digdhatayA apanI upayogitA rakhate hai| kevala ko grantho me hI nahIM, apitu ardhamAgadhI va zaurasenI sAhitya meM bhI aneka aise viziSTa zabdo kA prayoga huA hai, jo kozo me bhagRhIta hone kI apekSA rakhate hai / saskRta ke jaina mahAkAvyo kI zabdAvalI saskRta bhASA ke zabdabhaNDAra kI vRddhi karatI hai / jainAcAryoM ne volacAla kI bhASA ke jina zabdo kA mAhitya me prayoga kiyA hai, ve dezI' 106 me abhihita hote hai| jaina sAhitya meM prayukta dezI zabda bhAratIya sAhitya kI bahuta baDI thAtI haiN| prastuta granya ke nivanco ne isa viSaya ko cintana ke kSetra me lAkara vitmamAja ko upakRta kiyA hai. anusandhAna kI dizAe ujAgara kI hai| grantha ke agrejI nivandha bhI maskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kI paramparA ko spaSTa karane meM sahAyaka hue hai| isa prakAra anya ke vidvAn lekhako kA adhyayana va parizrama avazya hI bhAratIya sAhitya ke manopiyo ko prabhAvita va lAbhAnvita karegA, aisI AzA kI jAtI hai| AbhAra isa anya ke rUpa meM jo kucha hama upasthApita kara rahe hai, vaha prAcya vidyA ke mahAn unnAyaka, yugapuruSa AcArya zrI tulasI kI preraNA va kRpA kA phala hai| muni zrI nathamala jI ke mArgadarzana ke sahAre hI hama isa kArya me gatizIla raha sake / ina mahAsattvasampanna sAdhako ke prati zAbdika kRtajJatA-jJApana to nitAnta upacAra hogaa| hama zraddhAbhinata ho unheM praNamana karate hai| grantha ke sampAdaka-maNDala ke vidvAno kA bhI hama sAdara AbhAra mAnate hai / jina sammAnya vidvAno ne prastuta grantha ke lie apane bahumUlya nivandha likhe haiM unake hama hRdaya se AbhArI hai| zrI kAlagaNI janma zatAbdI samAroha samiti, chApara ne anyAnya sAhityika kRtiyo ke sAtha sAtha isa mahAn grantha ke prakAzana kA jo nirNaya liyA, vaha vAstava me stutya hai| AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI jaise mahAn vidhonAyaka, zraddheya prajJApuru5 kI isase adhika kyA smRti ho sakatI hai ? jisa parama zrutArAdhaka alokika puruSa ne apane jIvana me zruta kA samyak saprasAra karate hue usake vividha agopAgo ko savalatA aura sapanatA dI, una mahApuru5 ke prati aisI hI zraddhAjali sarvAdhika samIcIna hai| anya kA prakAzana bhI alpa samaya me sampanna huA hai / AzA hai, grantha kI viSayavastu evaM prastutIkaraNa se mudhojana lAbhAnvita ho| 1 janavarI 1977 rAjaladesara (rAjasthAna) muni dulaharAja chaganalAla zAstrI premasumana jaina

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prastuti AcAryavara zrI kAlUgaNI kI smRti usa prakAzapuja kI smRti hai, jisakI razmiyo se asatya logo kA jIvana-patha prakAzita huA hai| unhoMne samagra jIvana me vidyA kI ArAdhanA kI / unakI ArAdhanA kevala svamukhI nahI thI, kintu ubhayamukhI thii| dUsaro ke lie bhI unakA anudAna bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| manuSya-svabhAva unake RNa ko svIkAratA hai, jinase kucha anudAna milatA hai / hama saba AcAryavara ke RNI hai| vaNI AdamI utraNa hone kA bhI prayatna karatA hai| Agama-vANI hai ki guru, mAtA-pitA aura svAmI ke RNa se uRNa honA sarala kAma nahIM hai| hama RNa se uRNa ho sake yA nahIM, yaha ciMtA karaNIya nahI hai| karaNIya yaha hai ki hama uRNa hone kA prayatna kare / yaha prayatna hI sahI dizA kA sUcana hai| AcAryavara kI janmazatI para caturvidha dharma-sagha ne kRtajJatApUrNa bhAva se unake caraNo me vinamra zraddhAjali samarpita karane kA sakalpa kiyA hai| usa sakalpa ke vibhinna rUpo me eka rUpa hai yaha smRti-grantha / isa smRti-grantha kI parikalpanA aura prakalpanA cAlU paripATI se bhinna hai / isame unake jIvana ke viSaya me vizada varNana nahIM hai aura vividha viSayo para lekha Amanita nahIM kie gae haiN| yaha gratha pustakAlaya kA zobhA-grantha na bane, kintu upayogI gratha bane, isa dRSTi se yaha eka nizcita sImA me badhA huA grantha hai / isame vipayo kA vizeSIkaraNa hai aura isa vizeSIkaraNa ke AdhAra para hI isame lekha Amanita kie gae hai| isa yojanA se yaha graya jaina paramparA me nirmita vyAkaraNa aura zabdakoza ko sadarbha grantha bana gayA hai| AcAryavara ke jIvana-vRtta kA eka svatanta grantha hai / zraddhAjali aura sasmaraNa eka pustaka me sakalita hai / unake ziSyo tathA prazasako dvArA unakI prazasti me likhita saskRta kAvya-kAvyakusumAjali' ke rUpa me eka pustaka me sakalita hai| ye tIno anya smRti-grantha se juDe hue nahI hai, kiMtu svatana hai / sAdhAraNapAThako ke lie

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xvill inakI upayogitA adhika hai aura vidyA ke kSetra me anumadhAna karane vAlo ke lie prastuta granya kI upayogitA adhika hai| dono bhinnakSetrIya upayogitAo ko eka kSetrIya na banAkara unhe pRthak-pRthak niyojita kiyA hai| isase smRtigrantha kA AkAra avazya choTA huA hai para prakAra choTA nahIM huA hai| jana AcAryoM ne prAkRta aura maskRta-dono bhASAo me grantho kA praNayana kiyA hai| jaina Agama prAkRta bhASA me hai| prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa aura zabdakoza kI racanA me bhI jana AcAryoM kA yogadAna hai| AcArya hemacandra kA dezI nAmamAlA jasA virala grantha usa yogadAna kI eka vizeSa upalabdhi hai| prAkRta kA adhyayana hindI tayA prAdezika bhASAo aura voliyo ke adhyayana ke lie Aja bhI bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| usakI upayogitA bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana ne aura adhika bar3hA dI hai| bhAratIya samyatA, saskRti, itihAsa, tatvajJAna aura vijJAna kI bahumUlya sAmagrI prAkRta grantho me upalabdha hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA ke vividha pahaluo para upalabda mImAsA isa grantha kI gauravavRddhi karane vAlI hI nahIM hai kintu atIta ke prayatno kA mUlyAkana aura vartamAna kI upayogitA kA bhI dizA-nirdeza hai| ___saskRta kA mahattva sarvavidita hai hii| usame vaidika, jana aura vauddha tIno paraparAo kA deya hai / jana-AcAryo ne saskRta ke vyAkaraNa aura zabda-kozo ke nirmANa me bhI apane prajJA-kauzala kA paricaya diyA hai| usakA sahI mUlyAkana abhI zeSa hai| mujhe prasannatA hai ki isa granya kI mayojanA ne eka naI dizA kA udghATana kiyA hai / AcAryavara kAlUgaNI kI smRti isakA nimitta banI hai| unakI smRti unakI manIpA ke anurUpa huI hai, isase hama saba bahuta prasanna hai| alpa samaya meM isakI sAmagrI kA cayana aura upalaji huI hai, isame sapAdako ko tatparatA parilakSita hotI hai| chApara AcAryavara kI janmabhUmi hai| vahAM ke nivAsI zrAvaka-gaNa ne prastuta anya ke prakAzana kA dAyitva liyA hai| isa grantha se zodha-vidyArthiyo ko pathadarzana prApta ho skegaa| bAvArtha tuno nAhara bhavana, rAjaladesara 20-1-77

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nukrama lekhaka evaM viSaya bAvA zrI lAlUmaLI vyaktitva [va tiva yugapradhAna AcArya zrI tulasI terApatha ke navama zAstA, aNuvrata-anuzAstA 2. saMskRta ke jana vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina ema0 e0 (saskRta, prAkRta), sAhityAcArya, zAstrAcArya, pI-eca0 DI0 prAcya vidyA sakAya, hindu vizva vidyAya, vArANasI 3 AcArya hemacandra aura pANini sva0 DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI jyotiSAcArya, pI-eca0 DI0, DI-liT saMskRta-vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana DaoN0 jAnakIprasAda dvivedI vidyAvAridhi (pI-eca0 DI0), vAcaspati, (DI-liT) anusaMdhAna sahAyaka, sampUrNAnanda saskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 5 bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana - muni zrIcandra 'kamala' 6 do prakriyA-grantha muni 'dinakara' 66 143 165

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166 163 fmakSazabdAnuzAsana vo tulanAtmaka adhyayana T0 vizvanAtha mizra vyArA-sAhityavArya, gogo prAvArya zArvata saMskRta lona, vIjAnera 6 prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra . samaya iva vikAsa DaoN. premasumana nenA imago (pati, prAkRta ava ninma, bAvana bhAratIya tihAsa iva paziyAthI adhyayana) vI-00, sAhityAnArya 4, ravIndranAra, 3yapura (rAnasthAna) ha sArve prAkRta svaray gva vizleSaNa muni zrI nayamana suprasiddha vAni, vivAra, gAma-pAvA tathA viveva ! 227 236 263 10 Adhunika yuga me prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA adhyayana-anusandhAna mAnadra jaina mAstara ma0 g0 (sara, pAna, prAcIna kRtihAsa), sAhityAnArya, pa-70 DI. (sI ). adhyakSa pati-prAkRta vimA, niApura vizrvavidyAlaya, nAgapura ?? ardhamAgadhI bArAma sAhitya nI viziSTa driAvatI nAvarAva naina ma0 (varzanazAstra), sAhityazAstrI, u-20 da. bhUtapUrva prophesara prAkRta-naina-zoi sAni, vaizAlI va vatana vizvavidyAnaya, narmanI nivAsa 26, zivanI pArva, vava-20 22 zaurasenI bAgama sAhitya nI bhASA + mUlyAna T0 hIrAnA zAstrI, siddhAntAvArya zrI uttapannAnA udde naina sarasvatI mavana, vyAvara ( nasthAna) 27e

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XXI 287 303 343 387 prAkRta eva apabhraza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo para prabhAva ' DaoN0.mahAvIra sarana jaina ema0 e0, DI0 phila0, DI-liT snAtakottara hindI eva bhASA-vijJAna vibhAga, jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya, jabalapura 14. prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva DaoN0 kRSNakumAra zarmA ema0 e0 (hindI, saskRta), pI-eca 0 DI0, DI-liT - ' hindI vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura 15 saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza-sAhitya DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI ema0 e0 (hindI), sAhityAcArya, pI-eca0 DI0 hindI vibhAga, zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, nImaca (ma0pra0) 16 Adhunika jaina koza grantho kA mUlyAMkana ', DaoN. zrImatI puSpalatA jaina ema0 e0 (hindI, bhASA vijJAna), pI-eca0 DI0 nyU eksaTenzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura 17 16vI-20vI zatAbdI ke jana kozakAra aura unake kozo kA mUlyAkana DaoN0 nemIcanda jana ema0 e0 (hindI), pI-eca0 DI0 sampAdaka tIrthaGkara 65, patrakAra kaoNlonI, kanADiyA roDa, indaura 18 zabdakoza kI prAcIna paddhati muni dulaharAja 16 saMskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti (padmapurANa, harivazapurANa, vipurA rattarapurA ke saMdarbha me) DaoN0 ramAkAnta zukla ema0 e0 (hindI, maskRta), sAhityAcArya, pI-eca0 DI0 prAdhyApaka snAtakottara anusandhAna hindI vibhAga, rAjadhAnI kaoNleja, riMga roDa, rAjA gArDena, naI dillI 401 417 425

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xxj1 20. Aspects of Jaina Sanskrit Dr. W. H. Maurer Assistant Professor of Asian Studies and Curator of the South Asia Collection, University of Hawaji 21. 33 22. 69 Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit Dr. Satya Ranjan Banerjee M A. Ph. D. (Calcutta), Ph. D. (Fdinburgh) F.A RS (London) Department of Comparative Philology and Linguistics, University of Calcutta. Semantic Changes in Kita, Treta, Dwapara and Kali Dr. Ramprakash Poddar M. A (English, Prakrit), Ph. D. Research Institute of Prakrit, Jajnology & Ahimsa, Vaishali (Bihar) Importance of Jain Literature for the study of Desya Prakrit Dr. H. C Bhayani M. A (Linguistics), Ph. D. Ex Professor Linguistics, Gujerat University 9, High Land Park, Gulbai Tekara, Ahmedabad 23. 83

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4. - - -- RTH - "an LATE . A .MMER . TM AMVA Com HRIRAM erest REYAS NAAR T r-umrTEE - -TA YHIRAL - -A " . ARTHA AcArya zrI kAlUgaraNI (16 varSa kI avasyA me / prAcArya zrI mANakagaNI ke grupa phoTo se) .

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AcArya zrI pAlugaNI : vyaktitva parva tatva yugapradhAna AcArya zrI tulasI janmabhUmi gopAlapurA kI pahADiyA lADaNU, sujAnagar3ha, chApara, cADavAsa aura bIdAsara ke madhya me sthita hai| unake pAsa eka tAla hai, jo mIlo me phailA huA hai aura vaha kAle hirano ke lie prasiddha hai| usame vizAla mAtrA me namaka kA utpAdana ho rahA hai| pahADiyo kI zRkhalA me ATha pahADiyA haiN| unake nAma isa prakAra hai 1 kAlI DUgarI, 2 vinAyaka DUgarI, 3 sulera kI DUgarI, 4 bhesAsa kI DUgarI, 5. devI DUgarI, 6 koDhaNI DUgarI, 7 caralA kI DUgarI, 8 vimara kI dduugrii| mahAbhArata kAla me yaha sthAna chApara ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| AcArya bhAradvAja (droNAcArya ke pitA) AcAryavAsa meM rahate the| usa yuga kA AcAryavAsa hI vartamAna kA cADavAsa hai| droNAcArya AjIvikA kI khoja me pUrva kI ora jA rahe the| pADavo aura kauravo se sahamA milana ho gayA / ve unake guru bana gae / unhone rAjakumAroM ko dhanuvidyA me prazikSita kara diyaa| dhRtarASTra bahuta prasanna hue| unhone droNAcArya ko guru dakSiNA ke rUpa me 'chApara' pradeza diyaa| droNAcArya ne kAlI DUgarI ke pAsa droNapura vsaayaa| chApara pradeza me 1440 gAva the| tIna mukhyAlaya the 1 droNapura-chApara, 2 lADaNa, 3 kiraataavaattii| droNAcArya ke bAda isa pradeza para zizupAla ke pautra pavAra DAhaliyA kA adhikAra ho gayA / nAgaura para vAgaDiyo kA adhikAra thA / DAhaliyo (candelo) aura bAgaDiyo me virodha ubhara aayaa| bAgaDiyo ne DAhaliyo ko parAsta kara chApara pradeza para apanA prabhutva sthApita kara liyaa| vi0 saM0 631 taka yaha pradeza bAgaDiyo ke prabhutva me rhaa|

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2 : saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura ko| kI paramparA zrImora pradeza ke rANA kA nAma thA mohila / unake pitA kA nAma thA rANA surajana / pitA aura putra me anabana ho gii| mohila ne naye rAjya kI khoja me do guptacaro ko bhejaa| droNapura kI samatala bhUmi para adhikAra karanA sarala hai, guptacaro se yaha sUcanA pA mohila ne 17 hajAra sainiko ke sAtha droNapura para acAnaka AkramaNa kara diyA / bAgaDiyo ke pAsa 5 hajAra sainika the, ve laDAI me parAjita ho gae / droNapura para mohila kA adhikAra ho gyaa| mohila kA zAsana hone para usa pradeza kA nAma mohilavATI ho gyaa| vi0 sa0 1531 taka mohilo ne droNapura para zAsana kiyaa| vi0 saM0 1523 me rAThauDa nareza jodhA ne mohilo ke rAjya ko hathiyA liyaa| 4-5 mahIno ke vAda mohilo ne phira unase chIna liyaa| chuTa-puTa laDAiyA hotI rahI / Akhira vi0 sa0 1531 me rAThauDa bIdA ne uma para apanA sthAyI adhikAra kara liyaa| pUjya kAlUgaNI kA janma huA, taba chApara bIkAnera rAjya kI sImA meM thaa| janma vi0 sa0 1633 phAlguna zuklA dvitIyA kA puNya dina / zubha muhUrta aura zubha velA / eka zizu kA janma huaa| pitA kA nAma bhUlacandajI aura mAtA kA nAma chogAjI / osavAla vaza aura koThArI jaati| mUlacandajI pahale DhaDherU gAva me rahate the| vahA ke ThAkura se anabana ho gii| isalie ve saM0 1918 me chApara me vasa ge| ho sakatA hai ki eka mahAn AtmA ko janma dene ke lie usake upayukta bhUmi kA cunAva kiyA ho| ajJAta me kucha aisA ghaTita hotA hai ki jJAta ghaTanA usakI vyAkhyA nahIM de sktii| nAma-rUpa janma-rAzi ke anusAra zizu kA nAma zobhAcanda rakhA gyaa| unake parivAra me 'kAlA-bhairU' kI mAnyatA thii| isalie mAtA-pitA aura parivAra ke loga unhe 'kAla' nAma se manovita karane lge| unakA prasiddha nAma yahI hai| vaha kAlU nAma zaizava me mAtA ko tRpti detA thaa| muni-jIvana me vaha maghavAgaNI ko tRpti dene lgaa| AcArya-jIvana me yaha nAma lAkho yaddhAluo ke lie AsthA kA kendra bana gyaa| yaha nAma terApa ya ke gaurava kA pratIka hai| zizu kA varNa zyAma, charaharA vadana puDola AkRti aura zarIra sAMga-sundara thaa| zava nizu kAlU kA janma huA, taba chogAjI kI avasthA battIsa varSa kI thii|

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva : 3 svastha zarIra, svaccha mana aura zrama kI Aca me pakA huA jIvana kAlU ke lie varadAna ho rahA thaa| para kevala varadAna yA kevala abhizApa vizva-vyavasthA ke anukula nahI hai| usame varadAna aura abhizApa dono eka sAtha calate hai| kAlU tIna mAha kA huA, usake pitA mUlacandajI kA acAnaka vi0 sa0 1934 me dehAvasAna ho gyaa| chogAjI ko isase gaharA AghAta lgaa| para kAlU ke mukha ko dekha-dekha usa pracaNDa vajrapAta ko jhelane meM samartha ho gii| chogAMjI ke pitA kA nAma thA narasiMhadAsa luunniyaa| unake cha puna aura tIna putriyA thii| chogAjI una sabase choTI thii| narasiMhadAsajI koTAsara me rahate the| vi0 sa0 1940 me ve DUgaragaDha me vasa ge| chogA jI bahudhA apane pIhara me rahane lgii| vahA sAdhu-sAdhviyo kA suyoga sahaja sulabha thaa| ve sAdhu-sAdhviyo ke pAsa jAtI thii| kAlU bhI unake sAtha-sAtha jAtA thaa| usa zizu ke mana me dharma ke prati anurAga jAgRta ho gyaa| bhAvI jIvana kA vIja kucha-kucha akurita hone lagA / kAlU mA kA ikalautA beTA thA / mA kI sArI mamatA use prApta thii| pati ke dehAvasAna ke bAda vaha aura sadhana ho gii| chogAjI ke lie isa nazvara sasAra me vahI saba kucha thA / isalie usake lAlana-pAlana meM unakI sArI gakti laga rahI thii| kAlU pAca varSa kA thaa| tava AkheM dukhane lgii| pandraha dina taka bahuta kaSTa rahA / AkheM khulI hI nahI / chogAjI bahuta cintita ho gii| acAnaka eka yogI ghara para aayaa| usane khaa-maataajii| pharAza kI lakaDI ghisakara bacce kI Akha me Aja do| AkheM ThIka ho jaaegii| chogAjI ne vaha upacAra kiyaa| AkheM ThIka ho gii| ____ una dino adhyApaka bacco kI piTAI karane me svatantra the| mA nahI cAhatI thI ki mere zizu ke zarIra para kisI kA krodha se uThA hAtha lge| isalie chogA jI ne kAlU ko paDhane ke lie skUla nahIM bhejaa| kAlU ne apane mAmA ke pAsa hI thoDI-bahuta paDhAI kii| mA kI mamatA kabhI-kabhI sImA pAra kara jAtI hai| bacce kA mana khelakUda me lagatA hai / aura, jo bacapana me khelane-kUdane nahIM jAtA, vaha kamajora raha jAtA hai| para chogAjI kAlU ko khela-kUda me bhI nahIM jAne detii| yaha baccA hai, kahI hAtha-paira me coTa na lagA le, yaha AzakSA banI hI rhtii| jaba mA ghara para nahI hotI, tava sAthI bacce khelane ke lie kAlU ko bulAte, 12 mA ko pUche binA kAlU ghara se bAhara nahI jAtA / kAlU ke zaizava kA pUrvArddha mA kI mamatA bharI ugaliyo ke sarakSaNa me bItA / saskAro kA vaibhava dina-pratidina samRddha hotA gyaa|

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4 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA savodhi sAdhvIzrI mRgAjI ke matmaga me chogAjI me vairAgya kA akura phUTa gayA / unakA mana sAmArika viSayoM se udAmIna ho gayA - ve sAdhvI dIkSA ke lie taiyAra ho gaI / kAlU abhI avasthA me choTA thA, kevala ATha varSa kA thA / ve cAhatI thI ki hama dono sAtha hI dIkSita ho| unhone eka dina kahA putra merA tumhAre prati aura tumhArA mere prati ati sneha hai / maiM tumhe eka kSaNa ke lie bhI chor3anA nahI cAhatI aura tuma mujhe choDanA nahIM cAhate / para kucha vaDe hone para tumhe kamAI ke lie paradeza jAnA hogaa| phira hama sAtha nahI raha sakeMge / 'mA' aisA koI upAya hai, jisase hama nirantara sAtha raha sakeM ?" 'isakA upAya hai, para bahuta kaThina hai beTe ! ' 'vaha kyA hai mA~ | maiM use jAnanA cAhatA hU~ / ' 'yadi hama dIkSita ho jAe to maghavAgaNI kI sevA me eka gAva me bhI raha sakate hai aura yadi kisI dUsare gAva me bhI rahanA par3e hogA / ' to bhI koI kaSTa nahIM yaha upAya kAlU ke hRdaya ma paiTha gyaa| ATha varSa ke zizu ne mA kI bhAvanA kA samarthana kara diyA / dIkSA kI pUrva taiyArI zurU ho gaI / kAlU sAdhvI mRgAjI ke pAsa tattra-jJAna mIkhane lagA / paccIsa vola, pratikramaNa Adi jo dIkSA meM pUrva kaNThastha karane hote haiM, usa zizu ne kaNThastha kara lie / eka dina kAlU ne kahA 'mA! hama sAdhu kava baneMge ?" mA ne kahA 'hamAre AcArya madhavAgaNI hai / ve hame sAdhu banane kI svIkRti deMge, taba hama sAdhu baneMge / ' 'maghavAgaNI kahA hai' " 'maradAra zahara me hai / ' 'to hama unake pAsa cale / ' sa0 1941 kA caturmAma maghavAgaNI saradAra zahara me bitA rahe the / chogAjI, kAlU aura kAnakavara jI - tIno unake darzana karane vahA pahuce | kAnakavarajI chogAjI kI bhAnajI thii| vaha bhI dIkSita honA cAhatI thii| una dino thalI pradeza me yAtAyAta kA mukhya sAdhana vailagADI yA UTa thA / ye UTa kI savArI kara A rahe the / bhacavAgaNI saradAra zahara ke bAhara pavAre hue the | vahA tIno ne unake darzana kie aura dIkSA lene kI bhAvanA unake sAmane rkhii| prArthanA kA pahalA caraNa sampanna ho gayA / kucha dina maghavANI kI upAsanA vara hogAjI zrIDUMgaragaDha calI gaI / kSetra unakI satrodhi ke nava-kura ko mIcanA mavanAgaNI kA kartavya ho gayA / ve apane kartavya ke prati jAgarUka the| samaya pAkara sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko bhI DU gara

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AcArya zrI kAlU gaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva 5 gaDha yA chApara bhejakara ve kAlU ke usa vairAgyAkura ko sIcate rhe| muni-dIkSA madhavANI mAravADa aura mevADa kI yAtrA kara phira thalI pradeza me aae| lADaNU me chogAjI ne unake darzana kie aura dIkSita karane kI prArthanA kI / usa samaya AcAryavara ne unhe sAdhu-pratikramaNa sIkhane kI svIkRti dii| yaha sAdhu-dIkSA kI pUrva svIkRti hotI hai| ma. 1644 kA caturmAsa vIdAsara me thaa| chogAjI ne vahA madhavAgaNI ke darzana kie| isa bAra unakI prArthanA svIkRta ho gii| una tIno (chogAjI, kAlU aura kAnakavarajI) ko dIkSA kI AjJA prApta ho gii| ___ zobhAcandajI vaigAnI vIdAsara ke variSTha zrAvaka the| dharmiSTha, zraddhAlu aura saubhaagyshaalii| unhone kAlU se pUchA "tuma dIkSA le rahe ho, para jAnate ho ki apane yahA pArivArika jano kI svIkRti prApta kie binA dIkSA nahI ho sktii| kyA tumane vaha svIkRti prApta kara lI?" kAlU ne kahA "merI mA mujhe dIkSA kI anumati degI aura unako maiM dUgA, phira aura kisakI anumati lenI hai ? kAlU ke uttara ne zobhAcadajI kA mana jIta liyaa|' chogAjI chApara gaIM, apanI jeThAnI kI anumati prApta karane ke lie| jeThAnI ne unheM anumati nahIM dI aura kahA kAlU ko maiM dIkSita nahI hone dUgI / kyA mere devara kA ghara ujADanA hai ? chogAjI ne socA, jeThAnI me abhI moha kA Aveza hai| yaha merI bAta nahI maanegii| unhone govindarAmajI nAhaTA Adi pramukha zrAvako ke sAmane apanI samasyA rakhI aura apanI jeThAnI ko samajhAne kA anurodha kiyaa| una logo ke kahane para usane anamane bhAva se dIkSA kI anUmati dii| dIkSA ke samaya zobhA yAtrA nikAlI gii| usa samaya zobhAcadajI baigAnI ne kAlU ko bahumUlya hAra pahanAnA cAhA / para kAlU ne yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| vAra-bAra Agraha karane para bhI unhone yaha svIkAra nahI kiyA / kAlU ne kahA "mA, kyA maiM hAra ke binA acchA nahI lagatA ? jo ghara me hai, vahI jaba hama chor3a rahe haiM, phira dUsaro ko hAra kyo pahananA cAhie ?" kAlU kI isa bAta ne sabake mana me Azcarya paidA kara diyaa| sa. 1944 Azvina zuklA tRtIyA ko vIdAsara me hajAro manuSyo kI upasthiti me dIkSA kI vidhi sapanna huii| dIkSA denevAle the terApatha ke pAcaveM AcArya zrI mdhvaagnnii| dIkSita honevAlA thA terApatha kA bhAvI AcArya muni kAlU, chogAjI aura kaankvrjii| dIkSA kA sthAna thA jItamalajI dUgaDa kA nohraa|

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA zikSA aura jIvana-nirmANa I muni kAlU me vinaya aura viveka kA maNi- kAcana yoga thA / unakI buddhi bhI prakhara thI / ve caritra kI anupAlanA me bahuta jAgarUka the| ina vizeSatAoM ne madhavAgaNI ko zIghra hI AkarSita kara liyA / unakI zikSA madhavAgaNI ke pAsa hI hotI rahI / madhavAgaNI saMskRta ke bahuzruta vidvAn the / unhone muni kAlU ko Agama gratho kA adhyayana karAyA, apanA lipi-kauzala sikhaayaa| unakI hastalipi bahuta sundara thI / vaha sundaratA muni kAlU ne bhI hastagata kara lI / sArasvata kA pacasandhi prakaraNa kaThastha karAyA, para saskRta vidyA kA paryApta jJAna nahIM kiyA jA skaa| muni kAlU ko dIkSita hue pAca varSa ho rahe the ki maghavAgaNI kA svargavAsa ho gayA / muni kAlU ko madhavAgaNI kI pratikRti kahA jA sakatA hai / vahI gati, vahI citana, vahI ruci aura vahI jIvana-krama | jIvana se jo sIkhA jA sakatA hai, vaha pustako se nahI sIkhA jA sakatA isa siddhAta kA jIvanta bhASya thA muni kAlU | unake lie maghavA eka vyakti nahI, Adarza the / jo madhavA me nahI thA, vaha unake lie mUlyavAn nahI thA / isa paudgalika jagat meM madhavA kA jIvatazarIra nahI rahA, para kAlU ke mAnasa paTala para vaha sadA amiTa rahA / ve use kabhI nahI bhulA sake / AcArya banane ke bAda bhI ve jaba kabhI maghavAgaNI kI carcA karate, unakI AkheM premAzrupUrita ho jAtI / dekhane vAlo ke sAmane mAno madhavA kI pratimA sAkAra ho uThatI / muni kAlU madhavA ke prati samarpita the / samarpaNa vinimaya ke lie nahI hotaa| para jahA samaparNa hotA hai, vahA vinimaya apane Apa ho jAtA hai| muni kAlU ko mdhv| kA hRdaya prApta thA, aura pUrNa vizvAsa / eka sthavira muni ne madhavAgaNI se nivedana kiyA kAlU pratilekhana ThIka nahI karatA / maghavAgaNI ne kAlU se vinA pUche hI kahA tuma se jyAdA ThIka karatA hai / vizvAsa usakA nAma hai, jisame koI cheda nahI hotA | muni kAlU pratilekhana, pratikramaNa Adi maghavAgaNI ke pAsa baiThakara hI kiyA karate the / isalie ve kAlU kI muni-caryA se bhalI-bhAMti paricita the / kAlU ke prati unakA AtmIya bhAva dina-pratidina baDha rahA thA / eka dina muni kAlU maghavAgaNI ke upapAta me pratilekhana kara rahe the / sardI kA mausama thA / ThiThurA dene vAlI sardI paDa rahI thii| muni kAlU ne pratilekhana ke lie oDhane ke sAre vastra eka sAtha utAra lie / unakA zarIra kApane lagA / maghavAgaNI ne tatkAla apanI pachevar3I unhe oDhA dI / isa ghaTanA ko hamArI paramparA me virala ghaTanAo me ginA jAtA hai /

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva . 7 muni kAlU ke jIvana-nirmANa me chogAjI kA bhI bahuta bar3A yoga rahA hai / ve dIkSita hone ke bAda bhI muni kAlU ke jIvana-nirmANa kA pUrA dhyAna rakhatI thii| muni kAlU bhI unake prati bahuta kRtajJatA kA bhAva rakhate the| eka bAra muni kAlU kisI muni ke pAsa pATha-vAcana kara rahe the| usa samaya sAdhvI chogAjI vahA A gii| unheM dekhate hI muni kAlU unake pAsa jAkara bole maiM bAta nahIM kara rahA thaa| maiM unase pATha-vAcana kara rahA thaa| suni kAlU ke jIvana ko prabhAvita karane vAlA tIsarA vyaktitva thA muni magana / muni kAlU dIkSita hote hI muni magana se abhinna ho ge| unakI abhinnatA nirantara pragADha hotI gaI aura jIvana bhara uname koI antara nahI AyA / do zarIra aura eka AtmA yaha anubhUti sabako hotI rahI / muni magana bahuta prabuddha aura vivekati the| unakA parAmarza muni kAlU kA patha-darzana karatA rhaa| nimitta sahAyaka hI hote haiM, mUla hotA hai upAdAna / jisame yogyatA kA upAdAna hotA hai aura anukUla nimitta mila jAte hai, taba jyoti prajvalita ho jAtI hai| muni kAlU kI yogyatA para maghavA ne muhara chApa lagA dI thii| maghavAgaNI prAta kAla pravacana karate the| dopahara aura madhyAhna me dUsare sAdhu vyAkhyAna dete the| eka dina una sabane vyAkhyAna dene me apanI asamarthatA prakaTa kii| madhavAgaNI bahuta komala prakRti ke the| unhone una sAdhuo kI svacchatA ko saha liyaa| unhone kAlU se kahA 'tuma vyAkhyAna doge ?' kAlU bole-'gurudeva ! maiM de sakatA hU, para merI kaThinAI hai ki mujhe gItikA kI laya nahI AtI / na mujhe pado kA artha hI AtA hai, phira maiM kaise vyAkhyAna karUgA ? kase gAUgA? madhavA ne kahA'laya maiM sikhA duugaa| artha maiM batA duugaa|' 'gurudeva / taba mai vyAkhyAna de duugaa|' aura muni kAlU vyAkhyAna dene lge| apanI choTI avasthA me hI muni kAlU madhavAgaNI ke lie sahArA bana gae the| vikAsa kA nayA AyAma sa0 1960 me DAlagaNI vIdAsara me virAja rahe the / yaha kasvA ThAkura hukama siMhajI ke AdhIna thA / unako saskRta ke adhyayana me ruci thii| unhone hAlagaNI ke pAsa eka saskRta zloka bhejA aura usakA artha jAnanA caahaa| DAlagaNI ne vaha zloka muni kAlU ko diyaa| vaha yaha hai "doSAsvAmaruNodaye ratimitastanvIrayAta ziva, yAmamamitathAH phalAnyadazubha tvayyAdRte'Gga ca kA /

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8 : manta-prAkRta vyApAra aura koga kI paramparA nArAma namajApayodharahita mArasya ragAhR , mobhAdhI gRhamedhinA-pi kuvidhAmIyo'mi nandAdibhU // " muni kAlU meM saMskRta vidyA kA bIja-vapana maghavAgaNI ne kiyA thA kinnu unaka svargavAsa ke pazcAt use aMkurita hone kA avasara nahIM milaa| ina loka ne muni kAla ke gupta saskAra 50 eka coTa kii| vaha coTa itanI gaharI yI ki phira vaha sakAra mo nahIM skaa| isa loka kA artha na samajha pAnA unake lie preraNA kA lota bana gyaa| unhoMne bhArata kA pUrvAddha kAya kanA zuru kara diyA, kucha hI dinoM meM vaha kaMThastha kara liyaa| unhI dino DAlagaNI cUrU padhAre / rAyacanda jI surANA maM-kRta vidyA meM ati kaci rakhate the| ve cUrU ke guNa parivAra ke pramugna vyakti aura pramukha zrAvaka the / ve paMDita vanazyAmadAmajI ke pAsa maMkRta paDhA karate the| muni kAlU kA unase paricaya huaa| unhoMne paDitajI ke sAmane maskRta paDhane ko bhAvanA rkhii| paDitajI ne usakA samarthana kiyA aura unake lie apanI sevA samarpita kii| muni kAlU kI bhAvanA, rAyacandajI kI gAmana-bhakti aura paDita vanazyAmajI kI zraddhA kA adbhuta samanvya huA aura saMskRta ke adhyayana kA kama cAlU ho gyaa| ___'jainoM ko sakRta vyAkaraNa paDhAnA sApa ko dUdha pilAnI hai' isa bAra ke paDitA ne pa0 janayAmajI kA virodha zuru kara diyA / pa0 ghanazyAmajI bagaDa ke rahane vAle the| bhAjIvikA ke lie cUrU me raha rahe the| bahuta kaTTara kriyAkaNDiI brAhmaNa the| muni kAlU ke sAtha unakA aisA saMskAra juDA ki unhone kisI bhI virodha kI paravAha nahIM kii| ve muni kAlU ko par3hAne lge| hamAre saMgha me bhI maMskRta vidyA ke lie anukUla vAtAvaraNa nahIM thaa| Agama sUtroM ke abhyAsa ko jitanA mahatva diyA jAtA thA, utanA mahatva saMskRta ke adhyayana ko nahIM diyA jAtA thA / avaitanika rUpa meM par3hAne vAle vidvAn bhI nahI milate the| una samagra vAtAvaraNa ko nippatti hAlagaNI ke ina pado ke dvArA duI 'paDitajI khule muMha kama paDhAeMge?' rAyacandajI murANA ne kahA 'mukhavastika vAcakara par3hA dege|' ime niyati hI karanA hogA ki paDita jI ne mukhavastikA vApara paDhAnA svIkAra kara liyA / yadi muni kAla ke sAtha unakA koI pUrva maskAra nahI hotA to ve ise svIkAra nahIM karate / unake mana meM koI svArtha kI preraNA nahIM thii| unakI anta preraNA hI isame kAma kara rahI thii| cUrU-pravAma me muni kAla maskRta kA adhyayana karate rhe| kucha dino bAda vahAM se prasthAna ho gayA / muni kAlU kA adhyavasAya aparivartanIya thA / sthAna-parivartana hone para bhI vaha nahIM badalA | unake adhyayana kA kama cAlU rahA / vIca-bIca me pahitajI kA yoga milatA rhaa|

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AcArya zrI kAlU gaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva : 6 bhAvI AcArya kI niyukti sa0 1966 me DAlANI kA zarIra asvastha ho gyaa| ve apane dAyitva ke prati sajaga the| muni maganalAlajI ne apanI prArthanA bhI AcAryavara ke caraNoM me prastuta kara dii| zrAvaNa kRSNA ekama ko apane uttarAdhikAra kA patra likha diyaa| usa samaya rUpacandajI seThiyA aura sAdhvI pramukhA jeThAjI bAhara the| tIsarA koI vyakti AsapAsa bhI nahI thaa| DAlagaNI ne usa patra ko puThe me surakSita rakha diyA aura sAdhu-sagha ko usakI sUcanA de dii| samUcA sagha harSavibhora ho gyaa| aba sabakA mana bhAvI AcArya kA nAma jAnane ko chaTapaTAne lgaa| kucha sAdhuo aura zrAvako ne DAlagaNI se prArthanA kI Apane bhAvI vyavasthA kara dI, usake lie hama Apake kRtajJa hai| hama sabakI icchA hai ki Apa yuvAcArya kA nAma prakaTa kareM aura ve Apake caraNo me baiThakara Apake anubhavo kA lAbha leN| DAlagaNI ne isa prArthanA ko eka muskAna me hI TAla diyaa| sAdhuo aura zrAvako kI bhAvanA pUrI nahIM huii| ____ lADaNU ke ThAkura ANadasiMhajI the| ve DAlagaNI ke prati bahuta hI zraddhA rakhate the| unheM patA calA ki DAlagaNI ne apanA uttarAdhikArI niyukti kara diyaa| unake mana me jijJAsA paidA huii| ve DAlagaNI ke pAsa aae| unhone kahA maiMne sunA hai ki Apane uttarAdhikArI kA nAma likha diyA hai / mere mana me unheM dekhane kI utsukatA hai / isalie maiM acAnaka akelA AyA hU / DAlagaNI unake prati bahuta hI kRpAlu the| unhone eka sAdhu se kahA muni kAlUjI ko bulaao| sAdhu ne muni kAlU se kahA- AcAryavara Apako yAda kara rahe hai / ve tatkAla usa muni ke sAtha aae| muni kAlU jaise hI dRSTigocara hue, vaise hI DAlagaNI ne unhe vApasa bheja diyA / ThAkura sAhaba ne bhAvI AcArya ke darzana kara lie / kAlagaNI ne kahA- abhI yaha nAma Apa taka hI sImita rhe| isakA kahI bhI pracAra na ho| maiMne jAnabUjhakara ise gupta rakhA hai aura maiM abhI ise gopanIya hI rakhanA cAhatA huu| [kura sAhaba ne pratijJApUrvaka kahA Apa nizcinta rahe, yaha rahasya kahI bhI udghATita nahI hogA / ThAkura sAhaba jaise hI nIce Ae, logo ne unhe ghera liyA aura bhAvI AcArya kA nAma jAnane kA prayatna kiyaa| ThAkura sAhaba vole Apa mujha se yaha bAta na puuche| yadi bhAvI AcArya kA nAma prakaTa hotA to Apa mujhe nahIM pUchate / yaha prakaTa nahI hai / AcAryavara ne yadi mere sAmane use prakaTa kiyA hai to yaha soca samajhakara hI kiyA hai ki maiM use prakaTa nahI karUAcAryavara kA mujha 52 jo vizvAsa hai, use maiM kabhI AghAta nahI pahucAUgA / Apa dhairya rakheM, jo hai vaha apane Apa sAmane A jaaegaa| DAlagaNI ke jIvana kAla me patra rahasya hI vanA rahA / bhAvI AcArya kA nAma jAnane kI utsukatA pUrI nahI huI / anumAna calate rahe, loga aTakaleM lagAte rahe / muni kAlU kI

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10 : saMskRta - prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA jIvanacaryA vaisI hI cala rahI thI, jaisI yuvAcArya pada para niyukta karane se pahale thI / DAlagaNI vaDe adbhuta vyakti the / unhone muni kAlU ko aba bhI koI viziSTatA pradAna nahI kii| muni kAlU kI apanI yahI viziSTatA thI ki ve pradatta viziSTatA se kabhI viziSTa nahI bane, jo vane vaha apanI hI Antarika viziSTatA se bane | AcArya pada kA dAyitva saMvat 1966 bhAdrapada ke zukla pakSa me DAlagaNI kA svAsthya adhika gira gayA / aba unake ThIka hone kI saMbhAvanA kSINa ho gii| unakA saketa pAkara muni kAlU ne mArAvanA sunaaii| vaha samAdhipUrNa mRtyu kA eka anUThA savala hai / jainasAdhanA me samAcipUrNa jIvana kA jitanA mahattva hai, usase kahI adhika mahattva samAdhipUrNa mRtyu kA hai / ArAdhanA zrImajjayAcArya kA anupama anudAna hai| usase samAdhipUrNa mRtyu kA varaNa karane vAlA hara vyakti lAbhAnvita ho sakatA hai, aura hotA hai | ArAvanA sunate-sunate DAlagaNI ne sabake sAtha 'samata- khAmaNA' kie / bhAdrapada zuklA vArasa ke dina DAlagaNI svargavAsI ho gae / muni maganalAlajI ne kahA Apa pada para AsIna hokara hame sanAya kareM / muni kAlU ne sahaja hI yaha svIkAra nahI kiyA / unhoMne kahA- pahale patra paDho, phira bAta karo / munizreSTha maganalAlajI ne kahA patra paDha liyA / ava konasA patra paDhanA vAkI hai / saba santo ne AgrahapUrvaka muni kAlU ko pada para AsIna kara diyA / ve udAsIna bhAva se pada para baiThe rahe / ve cAhate the, yaha sArA kArya patra-vAcana ke bAda me ho, para sAdhuo ke Agraha ne unheM pada para baiThane ke lie vAghya kara diyA / bhAdrazuklA trayodazI ko madhyAhna ke samaya tIrtha-catuSTaya ko vizAla pariSad juDI | usame muni maganalAlajI ne DAlagaNI dvArA likhita AcArya-pada kA niyukti patra paDhA / vaha isa prakAra hai 'bhikSu pATa bhArImAla | bhArImAla pATa rAyacaMda | rAyacaMda pATa jItamala / jItamala pATa magharAja | madharAja pATa mANakalAla | mANakalAla pATa DAlacaMda / DAlacaMda pATa kAlU | vizeSa AjJA pramANe cAlyA phAyado hosI / vi0 sa01666 prathama zrAvaNa pratipadA ' isa patna-vacana dvArA sAdhuo kI bhAvanA, kArya aura vyavahAra kI puSTi ho gii| yaha ajJAta nahIM thA, kintu jo jJAta thA, vaha savAdI pramANa se pramANita ho sujJAta ho gayA / ava muni kAlU terApatha ke bhAgya vidhAtA ho gae / aSTama AcArya ke jayaghoSa se vAyumaMDala gUja uThA | samUcA sagha harSa-pulakita ho gayA /

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 11 DAlagaNI ke cayana-kauzala kI sarvatra prazasA hone lagI / kAlU jaise anAsakta aura karmakSama AcArya ko pAkara terApatha dharmasaMgha dhanya ho gayA / bhAdrazuklA pUrNimA ko sakala kalA se samanvita usa pUrNacandra kA AcAryapadAbhiSeka huA / terApatha kA bhAgyacandra apanI amala-dhavala cAdanI se jana-jana kI manobhUmi ko udyotita karane lagA | saba loga nae dAyitva ke abhinava sRjana kI pratIkSA karane lage / * adhyayana kA parAkrama hamAre dharmasaMgha me saMskRta vidyA ke adhyayana kA zrIgaNeza jayAcArya ne kiyA thA / unhone apane uttarAdhikArI maghavA ko saMskRta kA adhyayana karavAyA / ve kahA karate the hamAre yahA madhajI paMDita haiM / maghavAgaNI muni kAlU ko saMskRta paDhAnA cAhate the / ve muni kAlU ko kahate saMskRta hamAre Agamo kI kujI hai / mAgama prAkRta bhASA meM hai / unakI TIkAe saMskRta me likhI gaI haiN| saMskRta jAnane vAlA TIkAo ke mAdhyama se Agamo ke rahasya ko samajha sakatA hai / isalie hame saMskRta avazya par3hanI cAhie / maghavAgaNI ne muni kAlU ke hRdaya meM saMskRta paDhane kI bhAvanA kA bIja bo diyA thA, para ve use paryApta samaya taka siJcana nahI de pAe / phalataH vaha bIja akurita nahI huA / DAlagaNI ke zAsanakAla me phira muni kAlU saMskRta paDhane lage / isa adhyayana kAla me unhe aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA paDA / usa samaya hamAre sagha me saMskRta paDhAne vAlA koI muni nahI thA / brAhmaNa paMDita jaina muni ko saMskRta paDhAne me sakucAte the / sabase baDI samasyA thI artha dekara vidyA na paDhanA / ina sava kaThinAiyo ke hote hue bhI muni kAlU ne apanA adhyayana cAlU rakhA / unakA saMskRta adhyayana paripakva hone lagA / 1 muni kAlU AcArya bane, taba unakI avasthA 33 varSa kI thI / usa avasthA me bhI ve vidyArthI bane hue the / 36 varSa kI avasthA (saM0 1970 ) me chApara pravAsa huaa| usa samaya unhone phira saMskRta kA adhyayana zurU kiyaa| unhone apane avyavasAya se yaha pramANita kara diyA ki 40 varSa ke AsapAsa kA AdamI bhI vidyArthI ho sakatA hai aura 70 varSa kA bhI ho sakatA hai / AcArya pada kA dAyitva unake kandho para A gayA / phira bhI unake adhyayana ko krama nahI TUTA | ve pahale kevala vyakti the apane Apame simaTe hue / aba unakI sImAe vistRta ho gaI, unakA kArya kSetra vizAla ho gayA / samUce sagha ke hito kA yaha dhyAna rakhanA unakA kartavya ho gayA / unhone apane AcaraNa se yaha pramANita kara diyA ki vyakti dAyitvapUrNa pada para rahate hue bhI adhyayana ke lie samaya nikAla sakatA hai /

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12 mamkRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ____ muni maganalAlajI svAmI janatA ke bIca rahate aura AcAryavara ekAnta meM vaiTha adhyayana karate / usa samaya kaNThastha karane kI paddhati cAla thii| vaDe-baDe grantha kaNThastha karAe jAte the| AcAryavara ne bhI siddhAntacandrikA kA pATha kaNThastha kara liyA / prauDha avasthA aura sagha kA dAyitva dono unake dRDha avyavasAya me sahAyaka bane aura unakA svapna sAkAra hotA gyaa| vikAsa ke svapna kAlUgaNI ke mana meM vikAsa ke svapna uThate rahate the| unakA svabhAva nistaraMga samudra kI bhAti zAnta thA / halacala aura kolAhala se ve dU* rahate the| para vikAsa kI taraMge unhe tara gita karatI rahatI thii| svapna usI vyakta bhAvanA ke pratIka ho sakate haiM / ho sakatA hai ki vikAsa kI sUcanA dene ke lie ve Ata ho / phAlgaNI ne eka svapna dekhA unakI Akho ke sAmane eka sUkhA vRkSa hai / vaha dekhate-dekhate lahalahA uThA hai / dUsare darzana me vaha phalo se ladA huA hai| isa svapna kI vyAkhyA unhone kI ava mere sagha me saskRta vidyA kA sUkhA vRkSa patro, puSpo aura phUlo ke bhAra se jhukA huA hogA / ava hamArA bhaviSya vidyA ke ta9 ko tazAkhI bnaayegaa| pUjya gurudeva ne eka svapna dekhA gAya ke makeda bachaDe aura vachiyA cAro tarapha phaila rahe hai / isa svapna kA artha unhone lagAyA zveta vastradhArI aneka taruNa sAdhu-sAdhviyA hogI / sacamuca aisA hI huaa| kAlUgaNI ke samaya me taruNa sAdhu-sAdhviyo kI vaDI sakhyA me dIkSA huii| sagha vahuta zaktizAlI ho gyaa| kAlUgaNI jAgRta avasyA me bhI bahuta svapna liyA karate the| unhone apane vikAsa ko hI sImA nahIM mAnA / apane ziSyo ko bhI vikAsa ke patha para agrasara karanA zurU kiyaa| aneka sAdhu saskRta paDhane lge| AcAryavara svayaM unhe paDhAte the / sArasvata aura siddhAnta candrikA kA pravala ghoSa sunAI dene lgaa| ___AcAryavara ne anubhava kiyA siddhAnta candrikA kA pUrvAddha aparyApta hai, sArasvata kA uttarArddha aparyApta hai| ve apane ziSyoM ko sArasvata kA pUrvArddha aura siddhAnta candrikA kA uttarAddha paDhAte the| kucha varSoM bAda unake mana me isakA vikalpa khojane kI preraNA jAgI / prayatna zurU huaa| muni maganalAlajI bahuta dUradarzI, sUkSma-buddhi ke dhanI the| ve yatiyo ke upAzrayo me jAte, unake pustakabhaMDAra dekhate aura jo hastalikhita gratha prApta hote, unhe le aate| unhone hastalikhita gratho kA mahattvapUrNa sagraha kiyaa| uname aneka durlabha gratha haiM / lipisaundarya kI dRSTi se bhI bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| zrIcandajI gaNezadAsajI gayA, viradhIcandajI madanacandajI goThI, vAlacandajI mAlacandajI seThiyA saradArabAhara, ImaracandajI copaDA gagA zaha', tolArAmajI surAnA cUrU, mAlacandajI

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva . 13 vaida ratanagaDha tathA dAnacandajI copaDA sujAnagaDha Adi kucha parivAro ne bhI yatiyo ke pustaka-bhaDAro se aneka gratha kharIde / isa prakAra terApatha sagha ke sAdhuo tathA zrAvako ke pAsa hastalikhita gratho kA eka acchA sagraha ho gyaa| ___kAlUgaNI ko sArakaumudI kI eka prati prApta huii| use prApta kara AcAryavara ko satopa huaa| unhone kahA isakI aSTAdhyAyI mila jAe to acchA rhe| jisakI UrjA AjJAcakra kI ora pravAhita hotI hai, usakI hara kalpanA vAstavikatA bana jAtI hai aura hara sapanA sAkAra ho jAtA hai| AcAryavara kA svapna sAkAra lene lgaa| muni campAlAlajI (mIThiyA) bhaad| (jilA gagAnagara, rAjasthAna) me ge| vahA rAvatamalajI pArakha rahate the| unake pAsa yatiyo ke pustaka-bhaDAro se kharIdI huI kucha pustake thii| muni campAlAlajI ne pustake dekhii| uname unhe vizAlakIrtigaNI dvArA nirmita vizAla zabdAnuzA sana (aSTAdhyAyI) kI eka prati milii| ve use prApta kara bahuta prasanna hue| unhoMne socA AcAryavara ko jisakI khoja hai, vaha zAyada yahI gratha hai / ve usa gratha ko le aae| AcAryavara ko bheTa kiyaa| AcAryavara ne use dekha Azcaryamizrita harSa prakaTa kiyaa| usa upalabdhi ke lie unhe sAdhuvAda diyaa| sagha jaba vikAsonmukha hotA hai, taba AcArya aura unake anuyAyI sabhI eka dizA me gatizIla ho jAte haiM / AcArya kalpanA karate hai aura ziSya-samudAya usa kAlpanika citra me prANa bharane kA prayatna karatA hai| kAlU gaNI aise hI saubhAgyazAlI AcArya the| unhe ziSyo kA aisA vinamra samudAya milA, jo unake igita para prANa nichAvara karane ko taiyAra rahatA thaa| terApatha kI paramparA me yaha sAmAnya vAta rahI hai| para, kAlU gaNI me kucha viziSTa cumbakIya prabhAva thA / vaha ziSyo ke hRdaya ko sahaja AkarSita kiye rahatA thaa| paDita raghunandanajI vikAsa kA caraNa jaise-jaise Age baDhatA hai, vaise-vaise sAmagrI kI apekSAe bhI vaDhatI jAtI hai / gratho kI apekSA pUrI huI to unhe paDhAnevAlo kI apekSA kA anubhava humaa| java vikAsa hotA hai to apekSA apane Apa pUrI hotI hai / AcAryavara sa. 1674 me saradArazahara kA caturmAsa sapanna kara cUrU padhAre / vahI rAvatamalajI yati the| ve dharmasaMgha ke prati bahuta anurAga rakhate the| AcAryavara ke prati unake mana me gaharA anurAga thaa| unhone kahA--mahArAja | yahA eka vidvAn AyA huA hai / abhI yuvaka hI hai| para usame adbhuta vizeSatAe haiN| vaha saskRta kA pAragAmI vidvAn hai| AyurvedAcArya hai / eka dina me maikaDo zloka banA letA hai / Azukavi hai / kisI bhI viSaya 52 dhArApravAha zloka bola sakatA hai| aisA vidvAn maine pahale kabhI nahIM dekhA / vaha sunAmaI gAva (jilA--- alIgaDha,

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14 : -kRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA uttara pradeza) kA nivAsI hai| yahA AjIvikA-arjana ke lie AyA hai| yadi vaha anurana ho jAe to apane saba me saskRta vidyA kA acchA vikAsa ho sakatA hai| kA svabhAva bhI nirAlA hai| vaha ekAntapriya hai| vijJApana se dUra rahatA hai| gaMbhIra aura dhIra hai / bahuta kama volatA hai / logo se milane-julane me bhI sakoca karatA hai / apane Apa me masta hai / raghunandana zarmA usakA nAma hai| yatijI ne eka saskRtajJa vidvAn kA paricaya pAkara kAlUgaNI ko harpa huaa| isa hapaM ke pIche unakA guNAnurAga to thA hI, kintu apanI apekSA kI pUrti kI parikalpanA bhI thii| AcAryavara ne kahA kabhI yoga milA to usa vidvAn se bAtacIta kreNge| yatijI ne paDita raghunandanajI ke sAmane pUjya kAlUgaNI kA paricaya diyaa| unhone kahA ve jaina AcArya haiM, terApatha ke netA hai| unakA bahuta bar3A sagha hai| ve bahuta -ktizAlI hai / svaya vidvAn hai aura vidyA ke anurAgI haiN| vidvAn ko bahuta mahatva dete haiN| maiM cAhatA hU~ ki tuma unake pAma calo, maiM tumhe unase paricina kA duugaa| yatijI kI bAta paDitajI suna rahe the / 59, samajha nahIM pA rahe the| ve yatijI 5 mAmAna karate the| isalie unakI vAta ko asvIkAra karanA bhI nahIM cAhate the / aura janta raNa me jainAcArya aura usameM bhI terApaMtha ke AcArya ke pAsa ve jAnA nahIM cAhate the| unhone prakArAntara me isa bAta ko TAlanA cAhA / yatijI apanI bAta 5. adita rhe| unhone paDitajI se kahA mujhe lagatA hai ki tumhAre mana meM jaina dharma aura terApaya ke prati kucha bhrAntiyA hai| una bhrAntiyo ko dUra karane kA yaha acchA avasara hai| isa avasara kA lAbha uThAnA dUradarzitA hI hogii| pati jI ne yatijI kA anurodha svIkAra kara liyaa| ve dono AcAryavara govA meM upasthita hue| prArabhitA paricaya ke bAda jaina dharma aura terApatha ke bAre meM carcA na kii| paDitajI ke prazno kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA / aba paDitajI dina hI varala gae / mAtiAla meM manuSya jo hotA hai, vaha unake nirasta ho jAne para nItA, dUsarA hI ho jAtA hai| unake mana meM prathama mapa meM hI minAhIcA / unheM anubhava huA ki ve pUjya kAlU gaNI aura unake ga yA ke lie hI uttara pradeza ne rAjasthAna me Ae haiN| giri AnAyaMprabara sImA meM sthita hue| unhone vinamra nA ko eA pAlipi dii| bAcAyapravara ne pUchA 'padita jI / {"T ENT ronI ne TELI 'yanijI mure, yahA

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva . 15 nahI lAte to merA mana Apake prati ghRNA se bharA hI rhtaa| maiM Apake saparka me aayaa| merI zakAe nirasta ho gii| maiMne akAraNa hI Apake prati ghRNA ko pAlA mujhe apanI bhUla kA anubhava huaa| usake prAyazcitta svarUpa yaha sAdhu-zataka banA kara lAyA hU~ / isameM sAdhu kI caryA hai| vaha bahuta pavitra hai| usase pApo kA vinAza hotA hai| maiMne apane mana me pAlI huI ghRNA kA prAyazcitta ina zabdo me kiyA hai "anAgata ko na jahAti satye rato jano'satyasamUhajAlam / na nIlimA kasya nivartate hi, mamIrikAyogagatasya sdyH|"2 AcAryavara | Apake caraNo me AyA huA kauna satyapremI manuSya hai, jo asatya ke jAla ko nahI choDa detaa| mamIrA ke sparza se kisa nIlI vastu kI nIlimA dUra nahIM hotii| AcAryavara ne tIna ghaTA me banAI huI usa kRti ko dekhA aura dekhA ki paMDitajI kI grahaNazIlatA kitanI pravala hai| unhone eka bAra ke saparka me sAdhUcaryA ko samajhA aura use kAvya me gumphita kara diyaa| paDitajI ke prati mAcAryavara ke mana me AkarSaNa paidA ho gayA / unhone paDitajI me vaha saba pAyA, jo yatijI ne batAyA thaa| paDitajI ke mana me agAdha zraddhA paidA huii| unhone AcAryavara ke caraNo me apane Apako samarpita kara diyaa| sAdhuzataka ke eka zloka me usakI spaSTa dhvani "nedAnI tvA tyaktumAmi sAdho ! bhakti me tva zIghrata sagRhANa / hastAbhyAmAbaddhavandha prakAra , ki nAha syA dhAritAnantasevaH // 4 AcAryavara | aba maiM Apako nahIM chor3a sktaa| Apa merI bhakti ko svIkAra kreN| maiM hAtha joDe hue jIvana-paryanta kyA ApakI sevA me nahI rahUgA? avazya rhgaa| AcAryavara ne paDitajI ke anurodha ko mUka svIkRti de dii| ve apanA Ayurveda kA kAma karate aura jaba kabhI avakAza hotA AcAryavara kI sevA me A jAte / sAdhuo ko saskRta-adhyayana kA vizeSa avasara hAtha laga gyaa| pahale pa0dhanazyAmadAsa jI paDhAte the| aba paDita raghunandanajI aura paDhAne lge| unakA jJAna bahuta vizada thaa| ve sAdhuo ko sArakomudI aura vizAla zabdAnuzAsana kI aSTAdhyAyI paDhAne lge| sa0 1978 me AcAryavara lADaNU virAja rahe the| usa

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16 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura ko| kI paramparA samaya hemAdAnuzAsana kA eka prakAzita saskaraNa jaicandalAlajI va ramecA ke / yahA upalabdha huaa| sAdhuo ne AcAryapravara ko vaha dikhAyA / vaha sarvAMgasapUrNa vyAkaraNa thA / kucha sAdhuo ne use paDhanA zurU kiyaa| fmadhuzavAnuzAsana nirmANa vizAlazabdAnuzAsana ke paribhASA-sUtra sarala the, hemazabdAnuzAsana ke kaThina / paDitajI dono ko paDhAte the / AcAryavara bhI dono ko dekhate rahate the| unakI yaha dhAraNA bana gaI ki hemazabdAnuzAsana ke sUtra kaThora hai| usakA prakriyA-atha bhI prApta nahIM hai| isalie vizAlazabdAnuzAsana me hI Avazyaka sazodhana kara ume adhyayana meM prayukta karanA caahie| muni cIyamalajI' AcAryavara kI usa icchA kI sapUrti me lge| ve vizAla bhAnuzAsana ke adhyetA the| unakA adhyavasAya sthira thaa| ve zramapaTu the| jisa kArya me laga jAte, use bIca me choDanA unhe pasanda nahIM thaa| paDita raghunandanajI ko unhe sahayoga milA / vizAlagandAnuzAsana ke pariSkAra kA kArya prArabha ho gyaa| muni cauthamalajI ne vizAla zabdAnuzAsana ke pariSkAra kA kucha kArya mapanna kara liyA / paDina (dhunandanajI ne usakI vRhad vRtti taiyAra kii| usame siddhAntakaumudI aura siddhahamagavdAnuzAsana AdhAra rhaa| isa kArya kI sapUrti para savako bahuta prasannatA huI / AcAryavara kA svapna pUrA huaa| unhe isa bAta kA satoSa huA ki ava samkRta vidyA ke adhyayana kA krama vyavasthita Dhaga se cala paaegaa| vizAlagandAnuzAsana ko pariSkRta karane kA upakrama calA thA / para usame itanA parivartana ho gayA ki eka nayA hI vyAkaraNa-atha bana gyaa| taba matrI muni maganalAlajI ke sujhAva ke anusAra usakA nAma 'zrIbhikSuzabdAnuzAsana' rakhA gyaa| vaha navInatama zabdAnuzAsana hai| usake sUtra komala hai| paribhASA kI jaTilatA se vaha mukta hai| paDita raghunandanajI ne hemAdAnugAsana kI tulanA me usakA citra prastuta kiyA hai . hemamida mama dakSiNahaste, vAmakare bhaikSavamati ramyam / brUhi kimicchasi komala buddha karkaza bhUtramakaga sUtram // bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke prathama avyetAo me maiM aura mere sahapAThI muni vanarAja jI aura candAma jI ye / usa samaya taka isake prakriyA-pratha kA nirmANa nahIM huA thaa| isalie hama logo ne pahale siddhAnta candrikA kaNTharatha kI, phira

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva 17 bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA pArAyaNa kiyaa| muni cauthamalajI ne bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke prakriyA-gratha ke rUpa me kAlUkImudI kI racanA kii| isake prathama adhyetAo me mere vidyArthI muni nathamala, buddhamalla Adi rhe| paDitajI ne bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA padyavaddha liGgAnuzAsana taiyAra kiyaa| nyAyadarpaNa, uNAdipA0, dhAtupATha aura gaNapATha bhI taiyAra ho gyaa| isa prakAra dekhate-dekhate mahAvyAkaraNa sarvAMgapUrNa ho gyaa| carcA ke avasara aura samatA kA avagAhana ___ kAlUgaNI kA vihAra kSetra saskRtajJa vidvAno kA kSetra thaa| usa samaya rAmagaDha, phatehapura, cUrU, ratanagaDha aura bIkAnera me saskRta vidyA ke kendra the| inameM saikaDo saskRtajJa vidvAna the| jaise-jaise hamAre sagha me saskRta vidyA kA vikAsa huA, vaisevaise una vidvAno kA saparka baDhane lgaa| eka bAra candrazekharajI zAstrI AcAryavara ke pAsa Aye / vAtacIta ho rahI thii| muni sohanalAlajI ne paDitajI ke sAmane eka jijJAsA prastuta kii| unhone kahA 'katha dvayeSAmapi medinI bhRtAm' isa zloka me 'dvayepA' kA prayoga kaise huA hai ? yaha vyAkaraNa se siddha nahI hotA hai| zAstrIjI ne isa jijJAsA ko dUsare artha me liyA / unhone socA, jaina muni mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke prayogo me truTi nikAlanA cAhate haiN| ve usa zabda kI siddhi ke lie dhArApravAha saskRta me bolane lge| ve vinA ruke bolate hI gye| unhone dUsaro ko apanI bAta kahane kA maukA hI nahIM diyaa| unakI vAzakti para sava Azcaryacakita the / AcAryavara ko lagA ki yaha samaya kA sadupayoga nahI ho rahA hai| unhone kahA shaastriijii| sAdhuo ne jAnakArI kI dRSTi se prazna pUchA thaa| unake mana me koI virodhI bhAvanA nahIM thii| Apa ise sahaja rUpa me hI leN| ApakI vAk-paTutA se maiM mugdha hU / para jo kama bolatA hai, use maiM kama samajhadAra nahI samajhatA / AcAryavara ke isa vacana se zAstrIjI kA viveka jAga uThA / ve tatkAla sabhala gye| vinamratA pUrvaka bAtacIta kara apane sthAna cale gye| tiraskAra tiraskAra kI bhAvanA ko jagAtA hai aura sammAna sammAna kI bhAvanA ko / AcAryavara ne zAstrIjI ke sammAna kI surakSA kii| unake mana me bhI AcAryavara ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA jaagii| ve dUsare dina Aye aura vinamra svara me vole - sAyatane gatadine bhavadIyaziSya , sAka vivAdaviSaye'tra yate / pravRtte / yat kiJcidalpamapi jalpitamastu koNa, kSantavyameva bhavatA'tra kRpApareNa / / vizadabodhavizuddhamatiprabhA, dhavalitA lalitA vacanAvali / bhagavato mukhapadmavini mRtA, sumudamAtanute'tanutejasa / AcAryavara ne unakI vinamra bhAvanAo ko svIkAra kiyaa| ve jIvanabhara

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18 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA AcAryavara ke prati kRtaja bane rhe| sa0 1970 me AcAryavara ratanagaDha pdhaare| pa0 harinandanajI saskRta ke acche vidvAna the| ve AcAryavara ke pAsa Aye / prasaMgavaza AcAryavara ne pUchA Apane kauna-sA vyAkaraNa paDhA hai ? paDitajI ne garvoktipUrNa vANI me kahA bhaTTojI dIkSita racita siddhAnta kaumudI maiMne paDhI hai / vahI eka mAtra saskRta vyAkaraNa hai / usake sivAya dUsarA koI sIMgapUrNa vyAkaraNa hai hI nhii| maharSi agastya jaise tIna ajuliyo me samudra ko pI gaye, vaise hI tIna muniyo ne samagra 205-sindhu kA nipAna kiyA hai| aisA koI 06 zeSa nahI bacA hai, jo isa trimuni racita vyAkaraNa se siddha na ho| garvokti kisI ke lie bhI acchI nahI hotii| eka vidvAna ke lie to vaha acchI hotI hI nhii| vidyA ananta hai| usakA anta pAnA kisI bhI vyakti ke lie sabhava hI nahI hai / phira bhI manuSya apanI alpajJatA ke kAraNa samaya-samaya para garvokti kara baiThatA hai| yaha kaisA Azcarya hai ki sarvana ko garvokti karane kA adhikAra hai para vaha karatA nahI / alpajJa ko vaha adhikAra prApta nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha karatA hai / paDitajI kI garvokti para AcAryavara ko Azcarya huaa| unhone kahA paDitajI, maiM siddhAnta-kaumudI kA prazasaka hU / usakA mahatva bhI samajhatA hU / para, ApakI garvokti ne mujhe vAdhya kara diyA hai yaha kahane ke lie ki Apa siddhAnta-naumudI ke dvArA 'tuccha' zabda kI siddhi kre| siddhAnta-kaumudI kI pustaka paDitajI ke pAsa thii| ve usame tuccha' zabda ko siddha karane vAlA sUtra dekhane lge| pustaka ko kAphI TaTolA para vaha sUtra milA nhii| unhone kahA mahArAja | Aja vaha sUtra nahIM milA hai| kala use dekhakara maiM ApakI sevA me upasthita houuNgaa| dUsare dina madhyAhna me ve aaye| bAtacIta ke prasaga me kahA -'tuccha' zabda ko siddha karane vAlA sUtra mujhe nahI milaa| maine garvokti kI, usake lie Apa mujhe kSamA kreN| AcAryavara ne muskAna bharate hue kahA - isa jagat me sava-kucha apUrNa hai, phira hama pUrNatA aura apUrNatA ko mApekSa dRSTi se hI dekheM / yahI kSamA hai| yahI hamArA maitrI-sUtra hai, jo sabako joDatA hai, kisI ko kisI se dUra nahI krtaa| macamuca vaha pramaga madhuratA me badala gyaa| AcAryavara ne paDitajI ko parAjaya kA anubhava nahIM hone diyaa| AcAryavara ke jIvana me tatvacarcA ke bhI aneka avasara aae| vaha vAdavivAda kA yuga thaa| zAstrArtha karanA bahuta rasapUrNa kArya thaa| jaya-parAjaya kI bhAvanA prabala thii| isalie tattvacarcA kI apekSA ise adhika mahattva diyA jAtA yA ki kauna jItA aura kauna haaraa| AcAryavara ko bhI isa yuga ke anubhavo se gujaranA pdd'aa| para, unakA gahaja raga imameM nahI thaa| isakA zreya unake jala kamalabat nilapa svabhAva ko hI diyA jA sakatA hai /

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI . vyaktitva eva kRtitva 16 savat 1976 kI bAta hai / bhInAsara me kucha vyakti tatvacarcA karane aae| carcA prArambha ho gii| usake bIca AcAryavara ne sUtrakRtAga ke prathama zruta-skandha ke 11ve adhyayana (16-21) kI TIkA kA eka pATha unhe vnlaayaa| ve saskRta nahIM jAnate the| ata unhone kahA hama kala kisI satkRta vidvAn ko sAtha lekara aaege| Apane jo artha batAyA vaha hame jacA nhiiN| vaha jacatA bhI kase, usa pATha se unake pakSa ko samarthana nahIM mila rahA thaa| eka hI dina bAda ve paDita gaNezadattajI ko sAtha lekara Ae / tatvacarcA ko sunane ke lie bIkAnera ke loga bhI kAphI saMkhyA meM upasthita the| AcAryavara ne phira prasaga ko cAlU karate hue TIkA kA artha unheM btaayaa| una logo ne paDita jI se kahA Apa batAie, TIkA ke isa pATha kA artha kyA hai ? paDitajI ne TIkA kA pannA apane hAtha me liyA, use dhyAna se pddhaa| usakA artha samajhane kA prayatna kiyaa| phira ve bole maiM Apake sAtha AyA hai| ApakA pakSadhara hokara AyA hai| phira bhI mujhe yaha kahanA hogA ki TIkA ke isa pATha kA vahI artha hai, jo pUjya kAlUgaNI jI ne liyA hai| una logo ne kahA paDitajI Apa phira ise dhyAna se pddhiye| yaha artha hamArI samajha me nahI AyA hai| paDitajI ne dubArA use par3hA aura kahA ApakI samajha me Ae yA na Ae, para isakA artha vahI hai, jo abhI-abhI Apako batAyA gayA thaa| saba loga mauna ho gae ! kanIrAmajI bAThiyA ne kahA-paDitajI | Apa bhale hI pUjyazrI kA samarthana kareM, maiM isa artha ko nahIM maantaa| taba AcAryavara ne kahA- 'maiM nahI mAnatA'--isakA upAya mere pAsa bhI nahI hai / zAyada duniyA kI kisI bhI zakti ke pAsa nahIM hai| tatvacarcA ke aneka prasaga Ate the / AcAryavara kI antar-AtmA bahuta nirmala thii| ata hara prasaga nirmalatA ke sAtha hI sampanna ho jAtA thaa| koI-koI pramaga khedajanaka bhI bana jAtA thaa| sa0 1661 kI ghaTanA hai| AcAryavara jodhapura caturmAsa ke lie yAtrA kara rahe the| kAlU pdhaare| vahA ke kucha digambara bhAI tatvacarcA ke lie aae| strI kI mukti hotI hai yA nahI hotI, isa viSaya para carcA ho rahI thii| AcAryavara ne gommaTasAra kI nimnAkita gAthAe uddhRta kI, jinase strI kI mukti kA samarthana hotA hai "hoti khavAigi samaye bohiyavRddhA ya purisavedA ya / upakuseNa ttara-sayappamA saggado ya cudA // patte yavuddha titthaya ratthi NausayamaNohiNANa judA / dasa chaka bIsa dasa bIsaTThAvIsa jahAkamaso // jeTThA para vahu majjhima ogAhaNagAdu cAri ava / jugava havati khavagA upasamagA saddhamedesi // "10

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20 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA ve loga gommaTasAra kI hastalikhita prati laae| isa gAthA kA pannA nikaalaa| vaha pannA idhara-udhara lete-dete phaTa gyaa| patA nahIM, kisake hAtha se phaTA, para phaTa gyaa| isa para hagAmA zurU ho gyaa| tatvacarcA bIca meM hI raha gii| mAkoza ubhara aayaa| mavyAla se lekara dUsare dina sUryodaya taka vAtAvaraNa tanAvapUrNa rhaa| bIca-bIca meM AcAryavara ke pravAsa-sthala para patharAva bhI hotA rahA / isa prakAra kI ghaTanA se yaha vova-pATha milA ki ye tatvacarcA ke pramaMga kabhI-kabhI sArthakatA kI apekSA vyarthatA ko hI mida kara dete hai / tatvacarcA ke anukUla yA pratikUla kimI bhI prasaga me bAcAryavara kI samatA ko khaMDita hote nahI dekhaa| unakI AkRti para bhRkuTi ko tanate nahI dekhaa| yaha unakI mahaja siddha kSamA kA hI anudAna hai| maka vyakti pUrvadhAraNA ko tuSTi ke lie hI natvacarcA nahIM karate / kintu jAnadhArA me abhinava unmepa lAne ke lie bhI karate hai| unakA vAda nizcita hI jAnavardhaka hotA hai / tattvavettA ke jIvana me isa prakAra kI tattvacarcA ke bhI aneka pramaga Ate haiN| naye prayoga : naI dizAeM ( 1 ) pAcArya kA pada bahuta uttaradAyitvapUrNa hotA hai| AcArya ke sAmane aneka samasyAe hotI haiN| ve kabhI-kabhI nIda ko bhI prabhAvita kara detI haiM / AcAryavara ko jaba nITa nahI AtI, tava ve svAdhyAya kA prayoga krte| kucha loga nIda kI goliyA khAkara nIda lete hai / yaha svAsthya ke lie hitakara nahIM hai| svAdhyAya kA prayoga bahuta lAbhaprada hai| mastiSka me tanAva nahI rahatA, jJAna-tantu kase hue nahI rahate / snAyavika tanAva nahI hotA, taba nIda apane Apa A jAtI hai / kucha loga ginatI karate-karate nIda me cale jAte haiN| kucha loga vAsa ginate-ginate nIda le lete haiN| AcAryavara ko nIda nahI AtI, taba ve mujhe bulAkara kahate ravAdhyAya zurU kro| maiM kisI graya ke pATha kA punarAvartana zurU kara detaa| AcAryavara use sunane laga jAte / kucha hI minaTo me nIda Ane lgtii| AcAryavara Agama-mUto kA vAcana saMskRta TIkAo ke mAdhyama se kiyA karate the| usa samaya hamAre magha me ve hI ekamAtra isake avikArI the| dUsarA koI saskRta kA vidvAn nahI thaa| koI viSaya unake dhyAna me nahI AtA, use cintana

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva : 21 ke lie choDakara Age baDha jaate| vaha cintana me par3A rhtaa| kucha dino bAda arddhanidrA me usako artha dhyAna me A jaataa| aisA anubhava hotA, mAno madhavAgaNI unhe vaha ajJAt viSaya samajhA rahe hai| aisI ghaTanA unake jIvana me aneka bAra ghaTita hotI thii| manovijJAna isakI vyAkhyA apane Dhaga se karatA hai ki avacetana mana me gayA huA viSaya svaya samAdhAna prastuta kara detA hai| AcAryavara ne isakI vyAkhyA apane Dhaga se kii| para ve isa manovaijJAnika paddhati kA prayoga __ karate the aura usame saphala bhI hote the / ( 3 ) __ AcAryavara ke hAtha ke likhe hue kucha panne prApta haiN| uname sarasvatI-mana likhe hue haiN| sarasvatI kI upAsanA bahuta prAcIna kAla se pracalita hai| aneka AcAryoM ne isa viSaya me aneka maMtro kI racanA kii| AcAryavara ne uname pramukhapramukha mana apane patnoM me likhe the| isase patA calatA hai ki unake mana me vidyA ke vikAsa kI bhAvanA bahuta prabala thii| sabhava hai, unhone sarasvatI-matra kI sAdhanA bhI kI ho| hamAre dharmasaMgha me Aja vidyA kI jitanI zAkhAe vikasita haiM, unakA bIjavapana AcAryavara ne hI kiyA thaa| terApatha dharmasagha vartamAna yuga me eka prabuddha dharmasagha ke rUpa me pratiSThita hai| usake prabuddha sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke kartatva se vijJasamAja prabhAvita hai| usakA mUla zreya AcAryavara kI dUradarzitA ko hI hai / saskRta vidyA kA vikAsa unake yuga me hI ho cukA thaa| hemazabdAnuzAsana kA AThavA adhyAya prAkRta parivAra kI cha bhASAo kA vyAkaraNa hai / AcAryavara ne mujhe aura mere vidyArthI muni nathamalajI ko usakA pA0 kaThasya karA diyA thaa| nyAyazAstra ke viSaya me unhoMne 'pramANanayatatvAloka' kA cunAva kiyaa| usakI eka hastalikhita prati ve apane pAsa rakhate the aura samaya-samaya para usakA pArAyaNa kiyA karate the / sAhitya ke kSetra me aneka AyAma khula cuke the| usa samaya kA munigaNa kAvyapAThI hI nahIM thA, kAvya-nirmAtA bhI ho cukA thaa| AcAryavara kavitA ko bahuta protsAhana dete the| ve svaya bahuta acche kavi the, para svaya kavitA nahIM likhane the| dagdhAkSara kI AzakA se hI aisA huA thaa| ve kabhI-kabhI kavitA likhate, vaha bahuta sundara hotI thii| sa0 1661 kI bAta hai| mAravArDa pradeza kI yAnA ho rahI thii| AcAryavara baDe guDe me virAja rahe the| phAlguna vadI saptamI ko" sAyakAlIna pratikramaNa ke bAda maiM AcAryavara kI vandanA karane gyaa| taba AcAryavara ne mujhe lakSya kara tatkAla eka soraThA banAkara mujhe kahA sIkho vidyAsAra, paraho kara paramAda nai / badhasI bahu vistAra, dhAra sIkha dhIraja bhane /

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22 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA phAlguna vadI 6 ko madhyAhna me AcAryavara ne puna. eka sortth| kahA zizu munivara suvisekha, kriyA nitya nirmala kro| raca na cUko rekha, dekha-dekha pagalA dharo / / yaha padya unakI lalita, prasanna aura mudu zailI kI kAvya-kSamatA kI sUcanA karate haiN| para ukta AzakA ne unakI kSamatA kA upayoga nahIM hone diyaa| AcAryavara ke jIvana kI sadhyA kA samaya cala rahA thaa| ve mAlavA-yAtrA se lauTakara cittoDa pcaar| vahA vaha prANaghAtI vraNa u0| / AcAryavara ko kucha Antarika AbhAsa ho gyaa| unhone bhaktAmara kA pATha zurU kiyaa| ve bhaktAmara kI eka hastalikhita prati apane pAsa rakhate the| usa samaya vaha prati muni nathamala ko dI huI thii| unhone vaha prati magavAI aura pATha zurU kiyaa| vaha pATha pratidina calatA thA / zArIrika va mAnasika samasyA Ane para stuti-mano ke pA0 kA bahuta mahattva hai / ve usakA mahatva jAnate the| unakA jJAna saMgha me sakrAta huaa| Aja vaha aneka dizAo me prasAra pA rahA hai| jayAcArya ke samaya mahAsatI gulAvAjI ne bhagavatI-sUtra kI joDa kI hastalipi kI thii| kucha samaya bAda usakI eka hastalipi bar3e kAlUjI svAmI ne kI / usake vAda usakI koI hastalipi nahI huii| vaha vizAla atha hai| sA0 hajAra se adhika usake padya haiN| AcAryavara ke samaya me usakI do hastalipiyA huiiN| eka muni kundanamalajI ne kI aura eka sAdhvI khUmAjI ne| anya aneka sAviyo ne bhI lipi-kauzala kA adbhuta vikAsa kiyaa| ___ muni kundanamalajI kA lipi-kauzala bahuta camatkArI siddha huaa| sa01977 (bhivAnI-caturmAsa) me unhoMne eka patra likhA / usame samUcA uttarA0yayana sUtra aura vyavahAra cUlikA likhI huI hai| usa ..8'X4' 3-4 ke panne me lagabhaga assI hajAra akSara hai / jitanA sUkSma, utanA hI sundara / lipi-kauzala ke itihAsa me usakA advitIya sthAna hai| muni sohanalAlajI cUrU, muni amIcandajI sujAnagaDha, muni sohanalAlajI cADavAsa Adi aneka sAdhuo ne aisI sundara hastalipiyA kI, jinheM dekhakara koI bhI vyakti Azcaryacakita hue vinA nahI raha sktaa| silAI, pAtra kI ragAI, rajoharaNa Adi ke nirmANa me bhI kalA kA itanA vikAsa huA ki unakI kalAtmakatA sahaja hI AkarSaNa kA hetu vana gii|

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 23 prAcInatA aura navInatA kI dehalIja para AcArya kolUgaNI usa samaya astitva me the, jaba hajAra varSa kI lambI paratatratA ke bAda hindustAna svatantratA kI laDAI laDa rahA thaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI usa laDAI kA netRtva kara rahe the| purAnI dhAraNAe TUTa rahI thI, naI dhAraNAe sthApita kI jA rahI thii| purAnI paramparAo aura sImAo kA sthAna naI paramparAe aura sImAe le rahI thii| usa sandhikAla me koI sarvathA purAnA nahI rahA thA, aura koI bhI sarvathA nayA nahI ho pA rahA thaa| AcAryavara nae vicAro ke samarthaka the, yaha kahakara maiM atizayokti karanA nahIM caahtaa| kintu yaha atyukti bhI nahI hogI ki ve sandhikAla ke anurUpa prAcInatA kI miTTI me navInatA ke vIja bo rahe the| ve yayAvat sthiti ke poSaka nahI the| yathArtha kI svIkRti ke lie unakA mAnasa taiyAra thA / sa0 1984 kA prasaga hai / AcAryavara bIdAsara me virAja rahe the / mAnasiMha jI (murzidAvAda, pazcima bagAla) darzana karane aae| unhone kahA mahArAja zrI ! Apa mAdhu-sAdhviyo ko bagAla prAnta me kyo nahI bhejate ? AcAryavara ne paramparAnusArI uttara diyA vaha anArya deza hai / vahA hama loga jA nahI sakate / apane kayana kI puSTi ke lie AcAryavara ne vRhatkalpa kA eka sUtra unhe batAyA, jisame muniyo ke vihAra kI sImA batalAI gaI hai| AcAryavara ne kahA-isa sUtra ke anusAra hama pUrva me aga-magadha, dakSiNa me kauzAmbI, pazcima me thUNA aura uttara me kuNAla taka jA sakate hai / yahI Arya kSetra hai| isase Age anArya kSetra hai| ata isa sImA se Age nahI jA skte| isase Age jAne para jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI hAni hotI hai| mAnasiMhajI bole| mahArAja zrI sImA ke bAre me Apane jo kahA vaha ThIka hai kintu maiMne sunA hai ki isa sImA se Age jahA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI vRddhi ho, vahA muni jA sakate haiN| AcAryavara ne vRhatkalpa kA TavA (bhAvAnuvAda) dekhA / usame ussapAti kA artha 'hAni hotI hai' kiyA thaa| usake bhASya aura TIkA me isakA artha 'vRddhi hotI hai', kiyA thaa| AcAryavara ne kahA vRddhi kA artha ThIka hai / unhone pRSTho me 'hAni hotI hai' yaha artha kaTavA diyA aura usake sthAna para 'vRddhi hotI hai' yaha artha likhavA diyaa| kucha samaya bAda AcAryavara ne muni cauthamala jI se kahA TavA me vaha artha kiyA huA thA, jo artha aba hame puna mAnya nahI hogA, phira bhI vahI kara do / yadyapi yaha artha sahI nahI hai para TavAkAra dvArA kiyA huA artha hama kaise badala sakate haiM ? yaha artha aba hame mAnya nahIM hogA, phira bhI hame use badalane kA adhi

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24 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA kAra nhii| sAdhu-sAdhviyo ko vagAla me bhejane kA avasara AcAryavara ke sAmane nahI aayaa| para sudUra kSetro me unheM bhejane kA mArga khula gyaa| babaI, pUnA Adi kSetro me sAdhu gae usake pIche isa dhAraNA kA yoga avazya honA cAhie ki jahA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI vRddhi ho vahA kisI bhI kSetra me muni vihAra kara sakate haiN| (2) vArmika pustako kA prakAzana pahale se hI hotA rahA hai| para vyavasthita rUpa me sapAdita hokara pustaka prakAzana AcAryavara ke samaya se hI prArabha huaa| gulAbacanda jI lUNiyA (jayapura) AcArya ke yuga me eka viziSTa zrAvaka the / unhone zrI jayAcArya racita praznottara-tatva-bodha kA sampAdana kiyaa| usakA prakAzana hIrAlAla jI AcaliyA (gaMgAzahara nivAsI) ne kiyaa| zrI jayAcArya kA eka dUsarA mahatvapUrNa anya hai bhrama vidhvasana / usame terApatha ke saiddhAntika pakSa 1. bahuta sUkSma pratibhA se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| usakA prakAzana velA (kaccha) ke zrAvaka mUlacanda jI kolavI ne karAyA thaa| ve tapasvI aura AsthAvAn zrAvaka the| unhone 'bhrama vidhvaMsana' dekhaa| unheM bahuta mahatvapUrNa grantha lgaa| unhone sAdhuo ke puThe se usakI prati nikAla lI aura use prakAzita kara diyaa| para, vaha bahuta hI azuddha rUpa me prakAzita huaa| saM0 1976 me AcAryavara kA caturmAsa vIkAnera me thaa| usa samaya saiddhAntika carcAo kA daura calatA thaa| bhrama vivasana kI bahuta upayogitA thii| taba anAyAsa hI usake sapAdana kI ora dhyAna AkarSita huaa| AcAryavara ne apane ziSya muni cauyamalajI Adi ko usake mapAdana kA Adeza diyaa| una sAdhuo ne pa0 'ghunandanajI ke sahayoga se usakA sapAdana kiyaa| IsaracandajI copaDA ne use prakAzita krvaayaa| vaha usa samaya kI susapAdita pustaka hai / usakA carcA vArtA me bahuta upayoga huaa| ina zatAbdiyo me Agama-sUtro ko 8ve ke mAdhyama se par3hane kI pravRtti cala rahI thii| AcAryavara ne saskRta TIkAo ke mAdhyama se Agama paDhane zurU kie| ve bahuta bAra kahane the kevala zabdArtha se kAma nahI cltaa| usakA tAtparya samajhanA cAhie / vaha samajhane ke liiTIkAe paDhanA bahuta Avazyaka haiN|

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AcArya zrI kAlagaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva 25 parIkSA ke kSaNa aura protsAhana (1) zikSA kA agalA caraNa hai parIkSA / AcArya ziSyo ko zikSA detA hai aura samaya-samaya para usakI parIkSA bhI letA hai| AcAryazrI kAlUgaNI bhI aneka bAra apane ziSyo kI parIkSA lete the| eka vAra prAya sabhI santo ko sAmatrita kara kahA - 'asavArI' (pUrI pakti hai rANAjI thArI dekhaNa dho asavArI) yaha rAginI gaao| ___muni kundanamalajI, cauthamalajI, sohanalAla jI, (cUrU) Adi santo ne vaha rAginI gAI / para AcAryavara kI dRSTi me vaha ThIka nahI gAI gaI / AcAryavara ke nirdezAnusAra maiMne vaha rAginI gaaii| maiMne kucha dina pahale hI AcAryavara ke pAsa baiThakara usa rAginI ko gAne kA abhyAsa kiyA thaa| AcAryavara ne kahA yaha ThIka gAtA hai| parIkSA me maiM uttIrNa ho gyaa| (2) pichalI rAta ke samaya hama aneka sAdhu AcAryavara kI sannidhi me baiThe the| vyAkaraNa kA prasaMga cala pddaa| AcAryavara ne kahA 5Thana ke sAtha-sAtha manana honA caahie| tuma loga paDhate ho, para manana kauna-kauna karate ho, yaha btaao| manana ke binA vyAkaraNa vyAdhikaraNa bana jAtA hai| parIkSA kI mudrA me Apane pUchA "kumArImicchati, kumArI iva Acarati iti kumArI nA" isame kauna-sI vibhakti hai ? vidyArthI muni ulajhana me phama gae / kumArI zabda kA tRtIyA vibhakti kA rUpa kumAryA banatA hai aura yaha 'kumArInA' bhI tRtIyA vibhakti jaisA pratIta hotA hai| kyA uttara diyA jaae| mujhe sabodhita kara pUchA -maiMne uttara diyA yaha prathamA vibhakti hai / nA puruSavAcI pada hai / kumArI usakA vizeSaNa hai / jo puruSa kumArI ko cAhatA hai yA usake anurUpa AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha kumArInA kahalAtA hai| (3) AcAryavara kA saskRtajJa vidvAno se kAphI saparka thaa| ve vidvAn Ate aura vidyArthI sAdhuo kI parIkSA le lete / kabhI-kabhI dUsare sapradAya ke muni bhI parIkSA le liyA karate the| sa0 1987 ke bhInAsara pravAsa kI ghaTanA hai| pAyacadiyA gaccha ke zrI pUjya

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26 : saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA jI devacadajI ne AcAryavara ko apane upAzraya me Ane ke lie nivedana kiyaa| AcAryavara vahA pdhaare| kucha samaya taka vArtAlApa hotA rhaa| AcAryavara vApasa jAne lage, tava vahA upasthita savegI muni lAvaNya vijayajI ne kahA 'kadAgurokaso bhavanta ?' isakA sadhi-viccheda krie| muni sohanalAlajI (cUrU) ne tatkAla batAyA kadA AguH okaso bhavantaH arthAt Apa ghara se kaba Ae? yaha uttara sunakara muni jI bahuta prasanna hue| unhone AcAryavara kI aura nuDakara kahA Apa santo ko khUba acche Dhaga se taiyAra kara rahe haiN| (4) usI varSa (sa0 1987) AcAryavara bIkAnera me pravAsa kara rahe the| vahA yatiyo aura savegI muniyo kA pravAsa bhI hotA rahatA thaa| kabhI-kabhI paraspara milane ke avasara bhI Ate the| milana ke eka avasara para eka savegI muni ne puuch| 'kumarI nava bhUpasya' isa pada me sandhi kyA hai ? muni sohanalAlajI (cUrU) ne usakA uttara diyA ku arIn ava bhUpasya arthAt he rAjana! pRthvI kI rakSA aura zatruo kA anta kara / yaha suna muni bahuta prasanna hue aura unhone AcArya vara ke netRtva me cala rahe vidyA-vikAsa ke prati bahuta Adara vyakta kiyaa| AcAryavara vikAsa kI prakriyA ke kuzala jJAtA the| ve usakI sAdhanA aura sAdhano ko bhI jAnate the| unakA anubhava thA ki parIkSA eka protsAhana hai| protsAhana ke aura bhI aneka upAya haiN| unhone anya upAyo ko bhI kAma me liyaa| ve vidyArthI aura adhyApana karAne vAle muniyo ko samarthana dete, unheM puraskRta bhI krte| ____ muni bhImarAjajI usa yuga ke prabuddha cetA vidvAn the| unakA vidyAnurAga aura guNAnurAga anukaraNIya thaa| ve samaya aura dhuna ke baDe pakke the / ve sAdhuo ko AgamasUna tathA saskRta grantha paDhAte the| unakA sArA kArya va samaya dUsaro ke lie hI hotA thaa| eka bAra unhone kucha vidyArthI sAdhuo ko anvaya sahita 'sindUra prakara' sikhaayaa| AcAryavara ko isakA patA claa| unhone vidyArthI muniyo ko bulAkara unase sindUra prakara ke zloka sune / spaSTa uccAraNa aura manvaya sahita zloko ko sunakara AcAryavara bahata prasanna hue| unhone vidyArthI muniyo aura muni bhImarAjajI--sabhI ko puraskRta kiyaa| pariSThApana eka saghIya vyavasthA hai| AcArya anugraha karate haiM, taba ve jamA hote haiM aura prAyazcitta prApta hone para unakA upayoga hotA hai| AcAryavara ne vidyArthI muniyo ko pAca-pAca aura muni bhImarAjajI ko ikAvana pariSThApano se puraskRta kiyaa|

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AcArya zrI kAlugaNI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ( 6 ) vidyArthI muni adhyayana me jaba kama ruci lete, taba AcAryavara unheM bAra-bAra puraskRta kara protsAhita karate / kabhI saMskRta kA zloka kaThastha karAte aura kabhI mAravADI kA dohA / usakA artha batAte aura usakA manana karane kI preraNA dete / ve itane vaDe preraNA-srota the ki usase preraNA kI aneka razmiyA nikalatI thI aura mAnasa ko Aloka se bhara detI thI / sa0 1680 kI ghaTanA hai / AcAryavara jayapura me caturmAsavitA rahe the| muni dhanarAjajI aura muni candanamalajI dono sasAra pakSIya bhAI, jinhe dIkSita kie kucha hI samaya huA thA, eka dina dono me vivAda ho gyaa| muni candanamalajI ne kahA -- maiM nahI raTU gA / Apa raTate jAie, maiM suna-suna kara kaThastha kara lU gA / muni dhanarAjajI ne kahA- maiM kyo ra ? sIkhane kI apekSA tujhe hai yA mujhe hai ? muni candanamalajI ne kahA sikhAne kI apekSA Apako hai yA mujhe hai ? isa vivAda ko lekara dono bhAI AcAryavara ke pAsa phuce| unhone apanI-apanI bAta AcAryavara ke sAmane rakhI / dono kI bAta sunakara AcAryavara ne unake sira para hAtha rakhakara kahA na to ise apekSA hai aura na tujhe apekSA hai / apekSA mujhe hai, isalie jAo dhyAnapUrvaka adhyayana karo / vivAda samApta ho gyaa| sIkhane aura sikhAne kA kAma nae utsAha se zurU ho gayA / 27 gaMgApura kA caturmAsa AcAryavara udayapura caturmAsa ke bAda prasthAna kara gaMgApura pahuce / taba taka ve ATha sau mIla kI yAtrA kara cuke the / unake ghuTano me darda rahatA thA / matrI muni bhaganalAlajI ko bhI calane me kaSTa hotA thA / phira bhI unhone mAlavA kI yAtrA vaDe utsAha se kii| kauna jAnatA thA ki yaha unakI antima yAtrA hai | kona jAnatA thA ki gaMgApura kA caturmAsa unakA antima caturmAsa hai / unakI Ayu SaSTipUrti nahI kara pAI thI / unakA zarIra bahuta zaktizAlI thA / ghuTane ke darda ko chor3akara buDhApA una para AkramaNa nahI kara pAyA thA / kucha aisI hI niyati bana gaI ki mRtyu ne asamaya me hI una para apane Dore DAlane zurU kara diye / ghaTanAo se niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki unhone usakA sahayoga kiyaa| ve zarIra kI upekSA kara kevala manobala se jIvana-yAtrA calAne lage / gaMgApura me cAturmAsika praveza vaDe utsAha ke sAtha huA / AcAryavara ne 50 minaTa taka pahalA pracavana kiyaa| pravacana ke samaya pratIta nahI hotA thA ki unakA zarIra asvastha hai / yadi hAtha para vadhI huI paTTI ko na dekhe to koI kaha nahI sakatA ki AcAryavara asvastha hai / ragalAlajI hiraNa ke bhavana ( raga- bhavana ) me AcAryavara kA nivAsa huA / usa

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28 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA samaya AcAryavara ke sAtha cauvIsa sAdha aura sattAIsa sAdhviyA thii| sAdhuo ke chattIsa aura sAdhviyo ke pacAsa siMghADe (kula 86) anya kSetro me caturmAsa kara rahe the / eka sau ikatAlIsa sAdhu aura tIna sau cautIsa sAdhviyA unake netRtva me Atma-sAdhanA aura usake sAtha-sAtha jana-kalyANa kara rahI thii| unake zaktigAlI netRtva me dharmasagha abhyudaya ke zikhira kA sparza kara rahA thaa| pragati ke naye unmepa naI sabhAvanAo ko khoja rahe the| AcAryavara gagApura pahucakara bahuta prasanna hue| prasannatA kA pahalA kAraNa thA vacana kA nirvAha aura dUsarA kAraNa thA zArIrika bAdhAo ke hone para bhI lakSya kI pUrti / AcAryavara pratidina pravacana karate the| aura bhI dainika kAryakrama pUrvavat calatA thaa| para svAsthya dina-dina cintanIya vanatA jA rahA thaa| ghAva bharA nahI thaa| madhumeha kI mAtrA me kabhI nahIM huii| anna kI aruci ho gii| jvara satat rahane lgaa| lIvara vikRta ho gyaa| khAsI bhI satAne lgii| zarIra me zotha ho gyaa| eka zarIra aneka rog| roga ne eka aise mahApuruSa 52 AkramaNa kiyA, jisakI vedanA kevala usI ko nahI, anagina zraddhAluo ko abhibhUta kara rahI thii| rogI vIra yoddhA kI bhAti rogo se jUjha rahA thA aura usake zraddhAlu usa yuddha me usakA sAtha nahIM de pA rahe the, kintu prANa kA moha unheM trAsa de rahA thaa| pa0 raghunandanajI kI cikitsA caturmAsa kA prArabha huA, taba pa0 raghunandanajI ke Amagana kI pratIkSA kI jAne lgii| paMDitajI caturmAsa me prAya AcAryavara kI sannidhi me rahate the| ve zrAvaNa me Ate aura dIvAlI ke AsapAsa apane ghara cale jAte / zrAvaNa ke zukla pakSa me paDitajI aae| AcAryavara ke zarIra ko dekhakara ve stabdha raha ge| yaha kyA huA jaise zatadala kamala ke vana para tupArApAta ho gayA ho| unhe apanI Akho para bharosA nahI huaa| matrI muni maganalAlajI se pUchA yaha kyA ho gayA? unhone kahA paDitajI | kucha samajha me nahI A rahA hai / eka choTI-sI phunsI nikalI thii| yaha saba usI kA vistAra hai| purAnI kahAvata caritArtha ho gaI choTa vraNa, cinagArI, choTe kSaNa aura alpaprAya kaSAya kI upekSA nahI karanI caahie| upekSA karane para unakA choTA rUpa bhI bar3A bana jAtA hai| hamane bhI phunsI ko choTA samajhakara usakI upekSA kii| Aja usakA rUpa bhayakara bana gayA hai / ava Apa AcAryavara ke roga kA nidAna kara cikitsA zurU kreN| paDitajI ke Ane para sabhI baDe-baDe sata ekatra ho ge| unakI bhAvanA kA jvAra pravala ho gyaa| ve bole paDitajI ! isa bAra Apake Agamana se hame utanA hI harpa huA hai, jitanA meha ke Ane se mora ko hotA hai / yaha choTA kSetra hai| yahA

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva 26 koI acchA DAkTara nahIM hai / acche vaidya bhI nahI haiN| bAhara se Ane vAle DAkTaro aura vaidyo kI davA AcAryavara le nahIM rahe haiN| eka acche vaidya se nidAna aura upacAra kI apekSA thii| aba Apa A ge| bahuta acchA huaa| Apa zIghrAtizIghra roga kA nidAna kara upacAra zurU kreN| paDitajI samUce sagha ke mana ko par3hakara harSa se gadagad ho rahe the| sabake mana me Aja eka hI bhAvanA hai AcAryavara zIghra svastha ho| maiM AcAryavara ke svAsthya-lAbha me kAraNa banU, yaha merA saubhAgya hogaa| unhone nADI kI parIkSA kii| Akho, nAkhUno, jIbha, yakRta aura plIhA ko dekhA / roga kA nidAna kara Atma-vizvAsa ke sAtha roga kA upacAra zurU kara diyaa| paDitajI ne roga kA nidAna isa prakAra kiyA- udara-vyAdhi, madAgni, viSama jvara, sUkhI khAsI, zotha, udara vRddhi aura madhumeha / paDitajI ne isa nidAna ke AdhAra para cikitsA zurU kii| sava rogo ko nirmala karane ke lie aneka auSadhiyA dii| unakI auSadhi kI eka vizeSatA thI kama maatraa| udara para gomUtra kA siMcana bhI zurU kiyA gayA / prAta aura sAya dono samaya nADI kI parIkSA karate aura AvazyakatAnusAra aupadhi me parivartana bhii| eka saptAha bIta gyaa| bImArI meM koI kamI nahIM huii| dUsarA saptAha bIta rahA thA, phira bhI vizeSa lAbha pratIta nahI humA |pdditjii ne socAyaha kyA huA? TIpa jala rahA hai / para andhakAra jyo kA tyo hai| ThIka vaise hI ho rahA hai ki davA cala rahI hai para roga jyo kA tyo hai| yadi lAbha nahIM, tava davA kaba taka calegI? aura yaha samAja kA prazna hai, AcAryavara kA zarIra eka vyakti kA zarIra nahIM hai, yaha samAja kA zarIra hai / yadi koI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai to usakA samUce samAja para asara hotA hai| maiM davA denA bada kara cikitsA se hAtha khIca lU, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai aura lAbha na hone kI sthiti me davA calatI rahe, yaha bhI ucita nhiiN| ve eka bhArI mAnasika ulajhana me phasa gaye / unhone apane mana kI ulajhana manI muni maganalAlajI ke sAmane rkhii| unase parAmarza cAhA ki mujhe kyA karanA cAhie / isa parAmarza ke madhya eka bAta dhyAna me jacI ki yadi svAmI lacchIrAmajI A sake to mana ko kucha samAdhAna mile / ve bahuta baDe anubhavI kuzala cikitsaka haiN| unakI tulanA kA vaidya AsapAsa me nahI hai| ve AcAryavara ke zarIra kI parIkSA kara auSadhi kA nirNaya kreN| paDitajI ne svAmI lacchIrAmajI ko saskRta me 21 padho kA eka patra likhaa| usame roga-nidAna aura roga-cikitsA dono prastuta kara unase parAmarza maagaa| vRddhicandajI goThI aura pUrNacandajI copaDA usa patra ko lekara svAmI lacchIrAmajI ke pAsa jayapura ge| unake cikitsAlaya meM unase mile / apane Ane kA prayojana batA paDita raghunandanajI kA patra unheM diyaa| svAmIjI patra ko par3ha

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30 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA cintana me nimagna ho gae / goThIjI ne kahA-Apa gagApura caleM / unhoMne kahAabhI maiM vahA jAne kI sthiti meM nahI hU / paDitajI ko apanA parAmarga lina dUgA / unhone yakRta me cha 5loko kA eka parAmarza paDitajI ko likhA / goThIjI aura copaDAjI usa patra ko lekara gagApura Ae aura vaha patra unhAna paDitajI ko de diyaa| svAmI lacchIrAmajI ne paTinajI kI cikitsA kA pUrA samarthana kiyaa| unhone kucha auSadhiyA~ aura jor3ane kA sujhAva diyaa| patra ke anta meM unhone eka mArmika makena bhI de diyaa| unhoMne liyA roga kaSTa sAdhya hai, avasthA vRddha hai, rogI mazakta nahIM hai, varSA Rtu upadrava kara rahI hai| ina sthiti ko dhyAna me rakhakara hI Apa cikitsA calAe / svAmI lacchIrAmajI ke patra se paDitajI ko sphani minnii| mAdhuo tayA samAja ke logo kA bhI vizvAsa jmaa| phira naI umaMga ke sAtha paDitajI ne cikitmA zurU kii| aDUsA ke sUkhe patte ke sAtha eka davA dii| usameM mUlI khAmI kA vega vanna ho gyaa| usame vaDI bhAti milii| kucha nIda bhI aaii| sabako vaDA ullAsa huaa| ___ saradArazahara se DaoN0 zyAmanArAyaNajI aae| unhone AcArya ra ke garIra kI jAca kii| paDitajI dvArA saMcAlita cikitsA kA adhyayana kiyA / ve paDitajI kI cikitsA se prabhAvita hokara bole -cikitsA vahuta sundara calI hai| isake lie paDitajI ko jitanA sAdhuvAda diyA jAya, utanA kama hai| 52 roga bahuta jaTila sthiti meM calA gayA hai / kalakattA, babaI Adi nagaro se bhI DAkTara aura vaidya Ae / unakA bhI abhimana yahI rahA / bImArI kI samasyA sulajhane ke bajAya ulajhatI hI gii| mahAprayANa bhAdra zuklA cautha kA dina jAti me biitaa| rAta ko vAsa kA prakopa vaDha gayA / sAdhuo ne prArthanA kI gurudeva / Aja sthiti nAjuka hai| zarIra kA raMga badalane laga gayA hai| aba kyA kiyA jaae| AcAryavara svayaM jAgRta the aura apane ziSya-samudAya kA saketa milane para unakI jAgarUkatA dviguNita ho gii| ve pole abhI rAta hai / rAta ko kucha khAnA-pInA nahIM hai / kalamavatsarI hai isalie sahaja hI upavAsa hai / isa avavi me yadi prANa-tyAga ho jAe to mujhe yAvajjIvana caturvidha AhAra kA tyAga hai| AtrAyavara ne sazarta anasana svIkAra kara liyA ! unakI sAdhanA kasoTI para paMDha gii| jise garIra tyAge, vaha mAdhaka kasauTI meM anuttIrNa ho jAtA hai| jo pahale hI zarIra ko tyAga de, vahI sAdhaka kamoTI meM nIrNa hotA hai| AcArya vara isa parIkSA meM pUrNa uttIrNa hue|

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 31 savatsarI parva jaina dharma kA sabase baDA parva hai / isa parva ko samUcA jaina samAja tyAga, tapasyA ke dvArA manAtA hai / isa dina mahattvapUrNa pravacana hote hai / varSa bhara nahI Ane vAle loga bhI usa dina pravacana sunane Ate haiM / AcAryavara savatsarI ke dina prAya vAraha baje taka pravacana kiyA karate the| Aja ve pravacana nahI kara sake / unakA yaha kArya maiMne kiyA / AcAryavara usa dina zAta, mauna leTe rahe / nADI manda thI / vAtAvaraNa pUrNa nIrava thaa| rAta bhI usI prakAra bItI / pichalI rAta me thoDI ThaDa huI / AcAryavara ne mauna kholate hue kahA- kala to pUrNa vizrAma kiyA / use ( mujhe ) pUchA bhI nahI ki lambe samaya taka pravacana kiyA, usase thakAna AI yA nahI ? pyAsa lagI yA nahI ? mujhe Amantrita kiyA / maiM tatkAla vahA pahucA aura maiMne kahA ApakI kRpA se saba ThIka rahA / chaTha kA sUrya udita huA / AcAryavara kA sakalpa pUrA ho gayA / sAdhusAdhviyoM ke anurodha para AcAryavara ne upavAsa kA pAraNA kiyaa| sabako kucha AzvAsana milaa| aisA lagA mAno dustara samudra taira liyA gayA ho / zarIra kI isa kSINAvasthA me savatsarI kA upavAsa kaise hogA, pAnI vinA yaha zarIra kaise TikegA ? jaba yaha ho gayA, taba samajhA, aba khatarA Tala gayA / para hamArI sadbhAvanA aura mana kA svapna niyati ko mAnya nahI thA / hamAre mana kA AzvAsana cirakAla taka Tika nahI sakA / dina kA cauthA pahara AyA / sAjha Dhala rahI thI / AcAryavara ne pUchA dina kitanA zeSa hai ? maiMne patA lagAkara batAyA paune chaH vaje hai / nIma minaTa dina zeSa hai| AcAryavara vole mujhe baiThA karo, pAnI pInA hai / maiMne prArthanA kI Aja baiThane kI zakti nahI hai isalie Apa leTe-leTe hI jala leM, AcAryavara ne kahA bheTe-leTe tarala vastu nahI pInI cAhie / sAdhuo ne hAtha kA sahArA diyA / AcAryavara baiTha gaye / thoDA-sA jala liyA / phira leTa gye| jaise hI leTe, vaise hI zvAsa kA prakopa ho gayA / dhImI-sI AvAja me AcAryavara ne pUchA maganalAlajI svAmI jagala se lauTe yA nahI ? maiMne kahA abhI Aye nahI haiM, yAne hI vAle haiM / tatkAla sata unake sAmane gae aura isa ghaTanA kI unheM sUcanA dii| maganalAlajI svAmI teja nahI cala sakate the para jitanI zIghratA ho sakI, utanI zIghratA se vahA pahuce / maiMne kahA --- maganalAlajI svAmI A gae haiM / AcAryavara ne unakI ora dekhakara kahA - 'aba ' isase adhika kucha nahI kahA jA sakA / 1 , maganalAlajI svAmI ne pUchA anazana karA pratyAkhyAna karAe ? 'hA', kahakara AcAryavara ne svIkRti dI / maganalAlajI svAmI ne Uce svara me kahA Aja se arhanta, siddha ke sAkSya se AjIvana caturvidha AhAra kA tyAga hai / isake vAda ve jora-jora se bolate gae 'arhanto kI zaraNa hai, siddho kI zaraNa hai, hama saba bhI Apa kI zaraNa hai / ' zaraNa-sUtra kI dhvani ne samUce vAtAvaraNa ko jAgaraNa se

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32 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA bhara diyA aura saba vAta vismRta ho gii| kevala arhanta aura siddha saba kI Akho ke sAmane mUrta ho ge| jAgaraNa ke usa pavitra vAtAvaraNa me sAta minaTa kA anazana pUrNa kara AcAryavara samAdhistha ho ge| unake prANa Akho ke mArga se bAhara cale gae kevala syUla zarIra zeSa raha gayA / AcAryavara antima kSaNa taka jAgRta rahe / aisI jAgRta mRtyu kisI mahAn sAdhaka ko hI upalabdha hotI hai| vihagAvalokana janma dIkSA AcAryapada svargavAsa janmasthAna dIkSA-sthAna AcAryapada-sthAna svargavAsa-sthAna gRhastha sAdhAraNa sAdhu AcArya sarva Ayu 1933 phAlguna zuklA dvitIyA 1644 Azvina zuklA tRtIyA 1966 bhAdrapada pUrNimA 1663 bhAdrapada zuklA SaSThI chApara (rAjasthAna) vIdAsara , lADaNU , gagApura , 10 / varSa 22 varSa 27 varSa 56 / / vA TippaNI 1 2 3 chApara pradeza kA vivaraNa rAThoDa rAmadeva ke vibhakkharI chando para AvRta hai| sAghuzataka, 16 / mamIrA nena kI davA hai| usakI yahI parIkSA hai ki use nIle vastra para lagAne se usa kI nIlimA miTa jAtI hai / nArAnaka, 62 ! vidyAvAcaspati, rASTrapati samadAta, rASTrIya saskRta-vidvAn prophesara vidyAdharajI mAtrI kA eka panna phucha vistRta jAnakArI prastuta karatA hai| usakA a|| isa prakAra hai "pUjya zrI pAgaNIjI mahArAja ke cUra padhArane para mujhe pUjya pitAjI vidhAyAnapati zrI devIpragAdI zAstrI mahArAja ke darzanArya zrI rAyacandajI surAnA

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AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI vyaktitva eva kRtitva 33 ke atithi nivAsa me le gae the| vahA~ zrI cauyamalajI muni bhI upasthita the aura mere se laghu siddhAnta kaumudI ke prazna pUche gaye the| usa samaya mujhe smaraNa hai ki kisI prasaga me zrI raghunandana jI ne apane zloko me se "zrAvRta kiM na jAnIte miSTa vastu pipIlikA" yaha pada sunAkara mujhe mugdha kara diyA thA / zrI raghunandanajI apanI Azukavitva-zakti pradarzita karane ke lie zrI pUjyajI mahArAja kI sevA me padhAre the aura vahI unhoMne nirvAdha rUpa se zrI kAlagaNIjI kI prazasti me 100 zloka sunAye the|" bIkAnera, 20-6-76 [DaoN0 chaganalAlajI zAstrI ko likhe gae pana se] usake prathama adhyetA the muni bhImarAjajI, muni sohanalAlajI (cUrU), muni kAnamalajI aura muni nathamalajI (vaagor)| 7 kAlUgaNI ke eka viziSTa ziSya / 8 paDitajI kA yaha zloka mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke nimnAkita zloka kI chAyA hai pamida mama dakSiNahaste, vAmakare lasadutpalametat / bhUhi kimicchasi paGkajanene / kazanAlamakAnAlam // 6 phanIrAmajI pAThiyA Adi / 10 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, vicAra 6 / 626.631 / 11 yaha ghaTanA 'catarAjI kA guDA' kI hai| 12 vRhatkalpa sUna 147 kappai nigayANa vA nigayINa vA puratyimeNa jAva agamagahAmro ettae, pacatyimeNa jAva thUNAvisayAno ettae, dakSiNeNa jAva kosamvIno ettae, uttareNa jAva kuNAla vimayAno ettae, eyAvayA kappa3, eyAvayAva pArie khette, no se kappa6 etto vAhi, teNa para jatya nANa dasaNacarittAi ussappati / zrImatA vadya -vaidyAnA, vArIndrANA yazasvinAm / lakSmI rAmAhva sAdhUnA, sevAyAmiti tanyate // 1 // sAmprata zrI jinAcArya, kAlUrAmAbhidho mahAn / pIDyate kRN sAdhyena, rogaNakena bhUriza // 2 // cikitsA jAyate'smAka, yathAvaNyAstasamatA / tathApi kamazo lAbho, vizepo na vilokyate / / 3 // likhyate roga nAmApi, nirNA- yanmayA svata / lakSaNAnyapi pazyante, kAryA nirdhAraNA budha // 1 // kukSerAdhmAnamATopa, zotha pAdakarasya c| ityAdi lakSaNaM spaSTazayite hya darAmaya / / 5 / / mando'gni tate'nalpo 'nalpakAlasamudbhava / sapAmiti kaSTAnA, prArambho dRzyate yata // 6 // vRSyate jvaravaiSamyamekAdhikazatAkagam / zuSkakAso vizeSeNa, pUrvarAne ca bAdhate / / 7 / / 13

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34 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vyApta. savaMta reDa, tathApi tramayo | zovo vipitA yAto, vismAyiti mAnavAnuM || 5 | roti minAvathe ' tailIyA ja kyA thatuM ! tRzyate pACtA tena, ji mU, mopi = I ha che zvAdhivaye nittandrA, hatnAInAzanAntiA sarasyonnatirthInana ! yajAyeMDapi vadhete | 10 mA piDakA nAtA, madhumehasamudmavA | vAge pALa maThThAmA, satya viparitA 11 che. sAzvata nikhvAri, yonAthanatA ! zAttApa ropaNa dhUpa, manane 7 vipAyitA ke 12 | vatu satya pratizate, mag-mUtra parIkSa ! nizvita tasya mAno, vRdhyate ja bhayAvahyuM 12 .. vinA praSyitA, nAthate duSTaesa ! satyasminuM sukamALef, madhumehonmIyate 5 14 . sAsvata maya fif, trijyatenna villitam ! sapheba 4 tat varksa, vivArya vaidyava7ai 19 caTTaravaMzArira, fsaMhanAkarasastayA ! madhvana kAna-vatto mekezarI | 16 | harItakI 2 rohIto, mUtra 2 vRvo mathuM ! sarva viyAva vidhvanI mUripavitA | 17 | #ATe maLe--pAne 4, prayutte yayA tathA jAnUvasya = seDapi, trijyatevopari 5 16 ! zrAhAre su vizena, payo (vya pravIyate ! thavA vAtAva, lIyatevi vAvana che 19 . vanasya tu dudhasya, prayogo jaiva vartare ! vadya, atimUvo, vijJavaluM ! prapadyate | 20 | kRpA vighAya ropAoMrAya fmavA ! carota mavAn dhImAnuM, tAryAmiti pUryatAm | 21 | zrImadma vata prApta, sAmprata padyavekAnam | tavijJAna, vyavasthA 2 prAya / 1 / vyAdhe svarUpamAna, vanachAtAnusAra| anumodAmahe sAi, vyavasthA mavatA tAm W 2 | ntui yaduvara nAta, umAbe to tavA navarArinAmAtra, mAnnayA hoyatA 2 | 3 | punarnavAha vAgha, prAta sAya pi vI ! hRvAvanAmAna, madhunA 2 nidevuM ram 4 || fja vAva vana duva, nava vApi rimem ! vidAyana prati mArothAlayA che .

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AkhAye zrI bhUimaLI . vyavitatva va titva ro| tamo vayo nahi nava nAvyakti dhAntovI, geMga nopadravapIDitoDatha samayo ghArAdhara jodhana / vivikhyAtmanA, dhari prAryaye // 6 // dvaitat manasAlayya yattatA sa tasyAro yamad prapannazaraNa 35

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa: eka mUlyAMkana DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina bhAratIya vADmaya ko samRddha karane me jainAcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / unhone jJAna-vijJAna kI vibhinna zAkhA prazAkhAo para sahasrAdhika grantho kI racanA kI hai / bhApA aura dezakAla ke bandhana me ve kabhI nahI bandhe / isalie prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAo se lekara Aja taka kI bhASAo me grantha racanA kI srotasvinI kA ajasra pravAha pravartamAna hai / I samaya ke dIrgha antarAla me bhAratIya vADmaya ke aneka grantha ratna kAla ke karAla gAla me samA gaye | jainAcAryoM kI bhI aneka mahanIya nidhiyA lupta ho gayI, phira bhI jitanA zeSa hai, usase bhI bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko jainAcAryoM ke mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kA mUlyAkana kiyA jA sakatA hai / prastuta nibandha me hama saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra ko jainAcAryo ke yogadAna kA mUlyAkana kareMge / vyAkaraNazAstra para jainAcAryoM ne jitane grantha likhe, uname se aneka ava upalabdha nahI hai / anya grantho me unake yatra-tatra bikhare hue jo sandarbha milate haiM, unase una grantho kI mahanIyatA kA patA calatA hai / vartamAna me jo grantha upalabdha hai, vahI isa mUlyAkana ke AdhAra srota hai / merI rAya me yaha mUlyAkana mukhya rUpa se nimnalikhita dRSTiyo se kiyA jAnA cAhie / 1 jainAcAryo ne saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kI dIrghakAlika paramparA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke lie pUrvAcAryoM kI upalabdhiyoM ko apane grantho me udAratApUrvaka sarakSita kiyA tathA prAcIna grantho para nyAsa, TIkA Adi likha kara saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA vistAra, spaSTIkaraNa aura saralIkaraNa karake saMskRta vyaakrnnzAstra nI paramparA joyo vaDhAne me no yoAvAna viyA, sA mUlyAna sa prakAra ke adhyayana kA eka pahalU hai / 2 bhArata ke sAskRtika itihAsa kI jisa mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI ko pUrvAcAryo ne apane grantho me sarakSita kiyA thA, use surakSita rakhate hue usame samasAmayika

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38 . sakRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vizi8 mAmagrI ko joDakara udAharaNo Adi ke mAdhyama se apane vyAkaraNa grantho me surakSita kiyaa| isakA mUlyAkana adhyayana kA dUsarA pahalU hai| 3 jaina AcArya isa bAta ke lie vizeSa jAgarUka the ki jaina tIrthakarI ne dArzanika cintana meM jisa eka vizeSa dRSTi ko udbhata kiyA thA, usakA prayoga jJAna-vinAna kI vibhinna zAkhAo me kisa prakAra kiyA jAe / vyAkaraNa grantho kI racanA ke samaya bhI janAcArya isa viSaya me pUrNa rUpa se sajaga rahe / unake dvArA likhe gaye anyo kA mUlyAkana karane kA yaha sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pahalU hai| jana vADmaya me vyAkaraNazAstra kI paramparA jana Agamo meM bArahavA aga dRSTivAda hai / vartamAna me yaha pUrNa rUpa me upalaya nahIM hai / dRSTivAda me caudaha pUrva zAmila the / pratyeka pUrva kA vastu aura vastu kA avAntara vibhAga 'prAbhRta' nAma se kahA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-pUNi, anuyogadvAraNi, misenagaNikRta tatvArthabhASyaTIkA aura maladhArI hemacandra sUrikRta anuyogadAra mUtraTIkA me 'daprAmRta' kA ullekha milatA hai| ___ bhimenagaNi ne kahA hai ki pUrvo me jo zabdaprAmRta hai, usame se vyAkaraNa kA udbhava huA hai| zabdaprAmRta lupta ho gayA hai / vaha kisa bhASA me thA, yaha nizcita 65 me nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki caudaha pUrva saskRta bhASA me the / isalie zabda prAbhRta' bhI saMskRta me rahA hogaa| ___ DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne likhA hai ki satyapravAda pUrva me vyAkaraNazAstra ke gabhI pramukha niyama mAye hai| isame vacana saMskAra ke kAraNa, zabdoccAraNa ke sthAna, prayatna, vacana-prayoga, vacana-bheda Adi kA nispaNa hai / vacana saMskAra kA vivecana karata hu| isake do kAraNa batAye gaye haiM rayAna aura prayatna / zabdopAraNa ke ATha nyAna batAye gaye hai - hRdaya, kaTha, mastaka, jihvAmUla, danta, tAlu, nAsikA aura au- / zabdoccAraNa ke prayatnoM kA vivecana karate hue spRSTatA, Ipat spRSTatA, vivRnatA, padvivRtatA aura mavRtatA ina pAca kI parimApAe dI gayI hai / vacana ci aura dupaTa prayogo ke vizleSaNa meM zabdo ke sAdhutva aura asAdhutva kA mI prayala kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra 'matyapravAdapUrva' me vyAkaraNazAstra kI eka spaSTa * 12 // dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaina anubhUti ke anusAra pUrva anya bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezo kA jayanagraha kiyA gayA to pUrva granyo ko bArahaveM vivAda nA.55 jaga meM zAmina ke liyA gyaa| jainathAnamogabhASA prAyana hai / 1se pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRta me racA gayA roprAcIna prAna yA nhA hogaa| sImA nyo meM vyAkaraNa kI aneka vAte AI hai| 'ThANAga' ke

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 36 aSTama sthAna me ATha kArako kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / anuyogadArasUtra me tIna vacana, liMga, kAla aura puruSo kA vivecana milatA hai| isI grantha me cAra, pAca aura dasa prakAra kI sazAno kA ullekha AyA hai| sUtra 130 me sAta samAso aura pAca prakAra ke pado kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki saMskRta me vyAkaraNa mantho ke praNayana ke pUrva jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta me vyAkaraNa granyo kI racanA kI hogI, jo Aja upalabdha nahI haiN| saskRta vyAkaraNa granyo me pANini kA aSTAdhyAyI sarvaprAcIna upalabdha vyAkaraNa hai / yadyapi pANini ne apane granya me pUrvaja vaiyAkaraNo kA ullekha kiyA hai para Aja unake grantha upalabdha nahIM haiM / pANini kA samaya IsA pUrva 500 se 400 taka mAnA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA me saskRta vyAkaraNa grantho kI racanA kaba se Arambha huI, isakA ThIka-ThIka nirNaya karanA kaThina hai / isa kathana me Azika satyatA pratIta hotI hai ki jaba brAhmaNo ne zAstro para apanA sarvasva adhikAra kara liyA tava jana vidvAno ko vyAkaraNa Adi viSaya ke apane grantha banAne kI preraNA milii|3 yaha kahanA adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA me java saMskRta me grantha racanA hone lagI to AcAryoM ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki upalabdha saskRta vyAkaraNo se unakA pUrA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| ve isa bAta ke lie bhI atyadhika jAgarUka the ki tIrthakaro ne jisa dArzanika cintAdhArA kA prarUpaNa kiyA thA, usakA upayoga vyAkaraNa zAstra me kaise kiyA jAye / isalie unhone svatantra vyAkaraNa antho kI racanA kii| para zabdaprAmRta yA sahapAhuDa ke viSaya me kahA gayA hai ki paramparAnusAra aisA jJAta hotA hai ki isakI racanA saskRta meM kI gayI thI / zabdaprAmRta pUrva grantho kA aga hai / 'pUrva' bhagavAn pAva kI paramparA ke mAne jAte haiN| pArzvanAtha kA samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra se do sau pacAsa varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai / mahAvIra kA samaya IsA pUrva chaThI zatAvdI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki pUrvo kI racanA IsA pUrva mA0vI zatI me huI hogii| mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI vyAkaraNa race jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / aisI paramparA eva mAnyatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne indra ke lie eka zabdAnuzAsana khaa| use upAdhyAya ne suna kara loka me aindra nAma se prakaTa kiyaa| Avazyakaniyukti tayA hAribhadrIya Avazyaka vRtti me kahI hai| sakko mA tatsamakkha bhagavata AsaNe nivesittaa| sahassa lakkhaNa pucche vAgaraNa avayavA ida / / DaoN0 e0 sI0 varnala ne aindra vyAkaraNa sambandhI cInI, tibbatIya aura bhAratIya

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40 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sAhitya ke ullekho kA saMgraha karake 'Ana da aindra skUla Apha grAmeriyansa' nAmaka grantha likhA hai| pUjyapAda devanandi ke jainendra vyAkaraNa ko hI aindra vyAkaraNa mAnane kA bhrama bhI vahuta samaya se calatA rhaa| yaha bhrama kama se kama satrahavI zatI jitanA purAnA to hai hii| upAdhyAya vinaya vijaya (sa0 1666) aura lakSmIvallabha muni (18vI zatI) ne jainendra ko bhagavatpraNIta batAyA hai| isa prakAra ke bhrama phailAne ke lie ratnapi kA 'bhagavadvAgvAdinI' nAmaka granya jimmedAra hai| ralapi nAmaka kisI muni ne lagabhaga vi0 sa0 1767 me devanandikRta janendra vyAkaraNa ke uttaravartI pA0 ke sUtro ko toDamaroDa kara unakI dukhyiA karake 800 zloka pramANa 'bhagavadvAvAdinI' nAmaka grantha racA aura usame unhoMne janendra vyAkaraNa kA kartA sAkSAt bhagavAn mahAvIra ko btaayaa| yahI nahI ise mahAvIra kI jIvanI me isa prakAra piroyA ki sAmAnya vyakti ko usa para sandeha bhI nahI ho sktaa| aindra vyAkaraNa ke atirikta 'kSapaNaka vyAkaraNa' ke bhI ullekha prApta hote hai| kSapaNaka nAmaka kisI AcArya ne isakI racanA kI thii| mavaya rakSita ne apane 'tannapradIpa' nAmaka grantha me kSapaNaka vyAkaraNa kA ekAdhika bAra ullekha kiyA hai| eka sthAna para likhA hai "ataeva nAvamAtmAna manyate, itivigrahaparatvAdanena haspatya bAdhitvA amAgame sati 'nAva manye' iti kSapaNakavyAkaraNe dazitam / " (bhAratakaumudI bhAga 2, pR0 863 kI TippaNI) tannapradIpa sUna 4 1 155 me 'kSapaNakamahAnyAsa' kA ullekha hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki kSapaNaka racita vyAkaraNa para nyAsa kI bhI racanA kI gayI hogii| ___jyotividAbharaNa' me vikramAditya rAjA kI sabhA ke jina karalo ke nAma ullikhita hai, uname kSapaNaka kA nAma sarvazreSTha hai "ksspnnko'mrsiNhaaikuvetaalmadravadaranAMsA kyAMto varAhamihiro phUpate samAyA ratnAni vai varaharniva vikramasyA" kSapaNaka racita vyAkaraNa, usakA nyAsa yA unakA koI aza abhI taka upalabdha nahI huA hai| paryApta pramANo ke abhAva me yaha kahanA yuktisagata nahI hogA ki siddhasena divAkara kA hI dUsarA nAma kSapaNaka thaa| saMskRta vyAkaraNa sAhitya ke itihAsa meM maharSi pANini, kAtyAyana aura patajali ko munilaya ke rUpa me pratiSThA prApta hai| uttaravartI vyAkaraNa zAstrakAro ne isa munitrayI ko atyanta Adara ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA hai|

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 41 jaina vyAkaraNa sAhitya ke itihAsa me jinendra zAkaTAyana aura hema aise hI nilaya hai| jinendra arthAt AcArya pUjyapAda devanadI, zAkaTAyana arthAt AcArya pAlyIrti zAtAyana tayA phrema arthAt anArya hemantattta na tIno te jaina vyAraba ke pravartana, pravardhana aura prasAra me saMskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra ke munitraya ke samAna hI anupama kArya kiyA / yadyapi zAkaTAyana ne jainendra para tathA hema ne jainendra yA zAkaTAyana para koI vRtti yA mahAbhASya nahIM likhA, phira bhI jainendra kI upalabdhiyo ko zAkaTAyana ne surakSita rakhA aura Age baDhAyA tathA jainendra aura zAkaTAyana kI napattandhiyo jo phrema ne bapane zAstra meM surakSita yiA gaura se Ane vaDhAyA / isa munitrayI ke vyAkaraNo kA adhyayana saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra me jainAcAryo ke yogadAna ko spaSTa rUpa se prativimbita karatA hai / Upara hamane jina tIna dRSTiyoM se jaina vyAkaraNazAstra ke anuzIlana kI bAta kahI hai, uname se prathama do dRSTiyoM se pANini kA adhyayana DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne apane 'pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa' me kiyA hai / isa prakAra ke adhyayana kA yaha kIrtimAna hai| jaina vyAkaraNa ke isa prakAra ke adhyayana kI bhUmikA DA0 agravAla ne jainendramahAvRtti kI bhUmikA me prastuta kI hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ko samarpita unakA vaha naivedya unhI ke lie arghyadAna ke rUpa me yahA prastuta hai / DA0 agravAla ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra ke itihAsa kI carcA se Arambha karate hue likhA hai ' "bhAratavarSa me vyAkaraNazAstra kA adhyayana lagabhaga tIna sahasra varSa se calA A rahA hai | bhASA ke zuddhajJAna ke lie vyAkaraNa kA mahattva sarvasammati se svIkRta huA, ataeva vyAkaraNa ko 'uttarA vidyA' arthAt anya vidyAoM kI apekSA zreSTha koTi meM mAnA gayA / kisI bhI bhASA ke itihAsa me dhAtu aura pratyayo kI pahacAna usa gauravapUrNa sthiti kI sUcaka hai jisame sUkSma dRSTi se bhApA ke Antarika sagaThana kA viveka kara liyA jAtA hai, aura zabdo kI utpatti aura nirmANa kI jo prANavanta prakriyA hai usake rahasya ko AtmasAt kara liyA jAtA hai / yo to sabhI manuSya apanI-apanI mAtRbhASA me bolakara apanA abhiprAya prakaTa kara lete hai, kintu vyAkaraNa kI prakriyA kA janma usa rAjapatha kA nirmANa hai jisa para calakara nirbhaya se hama bhASA ke vistRta sAmrAjya me jahA cAhe vahA pahuca sakate haiM aura zabdo me bhAvaprakAzana kI jo aparimita kSamatA hai usako bhI prApta kara sakate hai | saMskRta vaiyAkaraNo ne sasAra me sarvaprathama isa prakAra kA mahanIya kArya kiyA / zabdo ke vibhinna rUpo ke bhItara jo eka mUla sajJA yA dhAtu nihita rahatI hai usake svarUpa kA nizcaya aura pratyakSa joDakara usase banane vAle kriyA aura sajJA rUpI aneka zabdoM kI racanA evaM pratyayo ke arthoM kA nizcaya bhAva isa prakAra ke vividha vicAra

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42 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kI paddhati kA jisa zAstra meM Arambha aura vikAsa huA use zabdavidyA yA vyAkaraNazAstra kahA gayA hai / maskRta sAhitya me pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNazAstra kA sarvAgapUrNa vivecana hai| usake lagabhaga cAra sahasra sUtro me laukika aura vaidika saMskRta kA jaisA adbhuta vicAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha vilakSaNa hai / pANini ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA jo svarUpa sthira kiyA usI kA vikAsa aneka vRtti, vArtika, bhASya, nyAsa, TIkA, prakriyA Adi ke rUpa me lagabhaga isa zatI taka hotA AyA hai / kintu pANini ke atirikta, para mukhyata unhI kI nirdhArita paddhati se aura bhI vyAkaraNa-grantho kA nirmANa huA / isa viSaya me eka prAcIna zloka dhyAna dene yogya hai indrazcandra kAzakRtsnApizalI zAkaTAyana pANinyamarajainendrA jayantyaSTI ca zAbdikA // yaha zloka mugdhabodha ke kartA pa0 vopadeva kA kahA jAtA hai / isa sUcI me vaiyAkaraNo kI do koTiyA spaSTa dikhAI paDatI haiN| pahalI koTi me indra, zAkaTAyana, Apizali, kAzakRtsna aura pANini, ye pAca prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa the / dUsarI koTi me amara, jainendra aura candra ina navIna zAbdiko kI gaNanA hai / paanninIya sUtra 'tU kyA disUnAntATThak' (4/2/60) ke eka vArtika para kAzikA me 'pacavyAkaraNa' yaha udAharaNa pAyA jAtA hai, isakA artha yA pAca vyAkaraNo kA adhyayana rane vAlA cA khAnane vAlA vijJAn / (tavathIte tadeva) / same nina pAtra vyAkaraNo kA eka sAtha ullekha hai, ve yahI pAca prAcIna vyAkaraNa hone cAhie, jinakI sUcI mugdhabodha ke isa zloka me hai / isa para sUkSma vicAra karane se yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki pANini se pUrvakAla me vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana-adhyApana vyApaka rUpa se ho rahA thA, jaisAki pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai / prAtizAkhya, nirukta aura aSTAdhyAyI me lagabhaga 64 AcAryoM ke nAma Aye haiM jinhoMne zabdazAstra ke sambandha me usa prAcInakAla me UhApoha kiyA thaa| iname se zAkaTAyana, apizali aura kAzakRtsna ke vyAkaraNa isa samaya upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu pANiti se pahale ve avazya vidyamAna the| jJAta hotA hai ki una prAcIna vyAkaraNo kI adhikAza sAmagrI ke AvAra para eva svata apanI sUkSmekSikA dvArA loka se zabda sAmagrI kA saMgraha karake pANini ne apanI aSTAdhyAyI kA nirmApa viyA / vaheMgArlR no meM itanA mahAn aura suviti samalA gaya) (parNAganiiy maht muvihitam, bhApya za3266 ) ki pANini ke uttarakAla me naye vyAkaraNo kA racanA-trama eka prakAra se vanda mA ho gayA / usake bAda vyAkaraNa kA pariSkAra kevala vArtika, bhAgya aura vRttiyo dvArA calatA rahA / kAtyAyana jaise prakhara buddhigolI AcArya ne pANini vyAkaraNa para lagabhaga savA cAra sahasra vArtiko kI racanA ra usa mahAn zAntra ke prati apanI niSThA abhivyakta kI, para koI svatantra indra,

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 43 vyAkaraNa racane kA upakrama nahI kiyaa| isI prakAra bhagavAn patajali kA mahAbhASya bhI pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI sImA ke bhItara eka adbhuta prayatna thaa| pANini lagabhaga pAcavI zatI vikrama pUrva me nanda rAjAo ke samaya me hue the| yaha anuzruti aitihAsika tathya para Azrita jAna paDatI hai jaisAki hamane apane pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa' nAmaka grantha me pradazita kiyA hai| ataeva yaha spaSTa hai ki pANini ke vAda lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa taka nUtana vyAkaraNa kI racanA kA prayana nahIM kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya sAhityika itihAsa kA yaha suvidita tathya hai ki kuSANa kAla ke lagabhaga saskRta bhASA ko puna sArvajanika rUpa me sAhityika bhASA aura rAjabhASA kA pada prApta huaa| kaniSka ke samaya me azvaghoSa ke kAvyo kI racanA aura rudradAmA ke jUnAgaDha lekha se yaha spaSTa vidita hotA hai / vastuta: isa samaya bhASA ke kSetra me jo krAnti ghaTita huI usakA ThIka svarUpa kucha isa prakAra thA brAhmaNa sAhitya me to saMskRta bhASA kI paramparA sadA se akSuNNa thI hI, para usake atirikta vauddha aura jaina AcAryoM ne bhI saskRta bhASA ko unmukta bhAva se apanA liyA aura usake adhyayana se dono ne apane kSetra me vipula sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA jisame kisI samaya sahasro grantha the / kupANa kAla se jo bhASA sambandhI nayA parivartana Arambha huA thA vaha uttarottara sabala hotA gayA, yahAM taka ki lagabhaga cauthI-pAcavI zatI IsvI me saMskRta bhASa) ko na kevala bhArata varSa me akhaNDa rASTrIya pratiSThA prApta huI, varaca madhya eziyA se lekara hinda eziyA yA dvIpAntara taka ke dezo me pArasparika vyavahAra ke lie vaha antarrASTrIya bhASA bhI bana gii| isa pRSThabhUmi me zabdavidyA kA puna vaha chUTA huA sUtra Arambha huA aura nae vyAvaLazAstra nile nAne nA svaya pANinIya vyavaro para vAmana bahitya kRta kAzikA vRtti aura jinendra buddhi kRta nyAsa kI racanA huii| yaha TIkA ke mArga se prAcIna vyAkaraNa kA hI vizadIkaraNa thA, kintu bauddha aura jaina do baDe samudAya saskRta bhASA kI nayI zakti se paricita ho rahe the, unhone apane apane kSetra me do naye vyakiraNo kA nirmANa kiyA / vauddho me AcArya candra gomI kRta cAndra vyAkaraNa aura jano me AcArya devanandI pUjyapAda kRta janendra vyAkaraNa gupta yuga me astitva me aae| jJAta hotA hai ki dono kI hI racanA lagabhaga 5vI zatI IsvI ke uttarArddha me huii| cAndra vyAkaraNa kI svIpajJa vRtti me 'ajayad jatA hUNAn' (1 / 2 / 81) udAharaNa se siddha hai ki pAcavI zatI ke madhya me skandagupta ne hUNo para jo baDI vijaya prApta kI thI usakI samakAlIna smRti isa udAharaNa me avaziSTa hai / isase cAndra vyAkaraNa ke racanAkAla para prakAza paDatA hai| pUjya pAda devanandI ne do sUtro me prasiddha AcArya, siddhasena (vette siddhasenasya, 5 / 17) aura

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA samantabhadra 'catuSTaya samantamadrasya ' ( |4| 140 ) kA ullekha kiyA hai / ye dono devanandI se kucha samaya pUrva ho cuke the / yadyapi siddhasena divAkara kA samaya bhI sarvathA nizcita nahI hai, kintu anuzruti ke anusAra unhe vikramAditya kA samakAlIna mAnA jAtA hai / vikrama ke navaratno kI sUcI me jisa kSapaNaka kA ullekha hai unhe vidvAn candrasena divAkara hI mAnate hai / zrI rAisa ne siddhasena kA samaya pAcavI zatI ke madhyabhAga me mAnA hai, kintu candragupta vikramAditya ( 375413 ) aura siddhasena kI samasAmayikatA kA AdhAra yadi satya ho to siddhasena ko cauthI zatI ke anta me mAnanA ThIka hogA / lagabhaga yahI samaya samantabhadra kA honA cAhie / zrI premI jI ne apane pADityapUrNa lekha me devanandI ke samaya ke viSaya jo pramANa sagRhIta kiye hai unakI sammilita sAkSI se bhI yahI sUcita hotA hai ki AcArya devanandI lagabhaga pAcavI zatI ke anta me hue hai / isa sambandha me eka vizeSa pramANa kI ora dhyAna dilAnA Avazyaka hai / isake anusAra savat 660 me bane hue darzanasAra nAmaka prAkRta grantha me kahA hai ki pUjyapAda ke ziSya vajranandI ne dakSiNa madhurA se 526 vikramI me (469 I0) drAviDa sagha kI sthApanA kI / isase bhI pUjyapAda kA samaya pUvI zatI ke uttarArdha me siddha hotA hai / isI kA samarthana karane vAlA eka anya pramANa hai - karnATaka-kavicarita ke anusAra gagavazIya rAjA avinIta ( vi0 sa0 523 ) ke putra durvinIta ( vi0 sa0 538, IsvI 482 ) AcArya pUjyapAda ke ziSya the, ataeva pUjyapAda zvI zatI ke uttarArdha ke siddha hote hai / mahArAja pRthivIkokaNa ke dAnapatra me likhA hai zrImatkoMkaNa mahArAjAdhirAjasyAvinItanAmna putreNa zabdAvatArakAreNa devabhAratI nivaddhabRhatkathena kirAtArjunIyapacadazasargaTIkAkAreNa durvinItanAmamadheyena arthAt avinIta ke putra durvinIta ne zabdAvatAra nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thii| jaise premI jI ne likhA hai zimogA jile kI nagara tahasIla ke zilAlekha me devanandI ko pANinIya vyAkaraNa para zabdAvatAra tyAsa kA kartA likhA hai / anumAna hotA hai ki durvinIta ke guru pUjyapAda ne vaha grantha raca kara apane ziSya ke nAma se pracArita kiyA thA / jainendra vyAkaraNa usa zrRMkhalA kI pahalI kaDI hai jisame guptakAla se lekara madhyakAla taka uttarottara naye-naye vyAkaraNo kI racanA hotI calI gaI / jainendra ( pAcavI zatI), candra ( pAcavI zatI), zAkaTAyana ( navamI zatI kA pUrvArddha), sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa (gyArahavI zatI kA pUrvArddha) aura prasiddha hemazabdAnuzAsana ( vArahavI zatI kA pUrvArddha) ina sabane unmukta mana se aura atyanta sauhArda bhAva se pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI mUla sAmagrI kA avalambana liyaa| iname bhI jainendra vyAkaraNa ne bhoja ke sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa ko chor3akara apane Apako pANinIya sUtro ke sabase nikaTa rakhA hai| kisI bhI prakaraNa ke adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jainendra ne pANini sAmagrI kI prAya avikala rakSA kI hai / kevala svara 44 1

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 45 aura vaidika prakaraNo ko apane yuga ke lie Avazyaka na jAnakara unhone choDa diyA thaa| jainendra vyAkaraNa ke kartA ne pANinIya gaNapATha kI bahuta sAvadhAnI se rakSA kI thI / mUla vyAkaraNa me pANini ke gaNasUtro ko prAya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi vaidika zAkhAo vAle aura gotra sambandhI gaNo se siddha hone vAle nAmo kA jaina sAhitya ke lie utanA upayoga na thA, kintu jisa samaya isa vyAkaraNa kI racanA huI usa samaya bhASA ke viSaya me loka kI cetanA atyanta svaccha aura udAra bhAva se yukta thI, ataeva jainendra vyAkaraNa kI pravRtti pANini sAmagrI ke nirAkaraNa me nahI varan usake adhika se adhika marakSaNa me dekhI jAtI hai| jainendra vyAkaraNa ke sAtha usakA alaga gaNapATha kisI samaya avazya hI rahA hogA, yadyapi ava vaha pRthak rUpa se upalabdha na hokara abhayanandI kRta mahAvRtti ke antargata hI surakSita hai / kAtyAyana ke vArtika aura patajali ke bhASya kI dRSTiyoM me jo naye naye rUpa siddha kiye gaye the unheM devanandI ne sutro me apanA liyA hai, isalie bhI yaha vyAkaraNa apane samaya me vizeSa lokapriya huA hogA / yaha pravRtti kAzikA me bhI kisI aza me A gaI thI aura candra Adi vyAkaraNo me bhI barAbara pAI jAtI hai / AcArya amayanandI kI mahAvRtti lagabhaga kAzikA ke samAna hI vRhat granya hai / isake kartA ne kAtyAyana ke vArtika aura patajali ke bhASya se bahuta adhika upAdeya sAmagrI kA apane grantha me makalana kara liyA hai / mahAvRtti kA kAla AThavI zatAbdI kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai aura sambhAvanA aisI hai ki abhayanandI ne kAzikAvRtti kA upayoga kiyA thA / vastuta kisI bhI pAThaka se yaha tathya chipA nahI raha sakatA ki aSTAdhyAyI aura kAzikA kA hI rUpAntara jainendra pacAdhyAyI aura usakI mahAvRtti me prApta hotA hai / phira bhI kAzikA aura mahAvRtti kI sUkSma tulanA karane para yaha prakaTa ho jAtA hai ki abhayanandI ne kucha aise udAharaNa diye haiM jo kAzikA me upalabdha nahI hote aura phalasvarUpa aisI sAmagrI kI zikSA kI hai jo kAzikA se prApta nahI ho sktii| unhone jahA~ sambhava ho sakA vahA~ jaina tIrthaMkaro ke mahApuruSo ke, yA grantho ke nAma udAharaNo me DAla diye hai / jaise, sUtra 114/15 ke udAharaNa me 'anuzAlibhadram ADhyA, anusamantabhadra tArkikA sUtra 1|4|16 ke udAharaNa me 'upasihanandina kavaya upasiddhasena vaiyAkaraNA sUtra 114/20 kI vRtti me 'AkumArebhyo yaza samantabhadrasya, sUtra 114122 kI TIkA me 'abhayakumAra zreNikata prati, sUtra zahada kI TIkA me 'bharatagRhya, bhujavaligRhya sUtra 113 10 kI vRtti me 'AkumAra yaza samantabhadrasya aise udAharaNa hai jo vRttikAra ne mUlagrantha ke anukUla jaina vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karane ke lie apanI pratibhA se banAye hai| sUtra 113 5 kI vRtti me prAbhRtaparyantamadhIte' udAharaNa mahatvapUrNa hai, usI ke sAtha 'sambandham, saTIkam adhIte' bhI dhyAna dene 1

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46 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa mo. koNa ko para yogya hai / yahA~ aisA vidita hotA hai ki prAmRta se tAtparya mahAkamaprati prAbhUtana thA jisake racayitA A0 puppadanta tathA mRtavali mAne jAna hai (prathama-dvitIya shtii)| isI kA dUsarA nAma padanAma prasiddha hai| mI yA bhAgavinaya bandha' yA mahAvandha (mahAvana mihAnamAtra) thA jima ke adhyayana meM yaha ayanandI kA tAtparya jAta hotA hai, arthAt samaya bhI vidvAnoM meM prAmana yA padanAma me pRthak mahAvanya kA astitva yA aura dono kA adhyayana jIvana kA AdhA mAnA jAtA thaa| 'saTIkamadhIne meM jina TIkA kA hai vaha yvlaattii| nahIM ho sakatI kyoki usakI racanA dIrasena ne 81660 meM kI thii| zrutAvatAra ke anusAra mahAkarmaprAmRta 59 AcArya kundapura ne bhI 10 baDI prAta TIkA nijI cI jo isa samaya anupalabdha hai / sambhavata vahI TIkA prAmRta aura bandhaka mAya paTI jAtI thii| unake sthAna para pANini sUcaka udAharaNo me kilI samaya pTi, pazubancha, agni, raha-4 nAma Atapaya bAla ke tattad kANDo 5. / adhyayana vidyA / mAza mAnA jAtA thaa| devanandI ne sUtra 114134 me jina zrIka cAyakA sex kiyA hai unheM kucha vidvAn kAlpanika samajhate hai, parannu bhayanandI kI mahAvRtti se bhUcita hotA hai ki zrIdatta ko atyanta prasiddha yA the jinakA loka me pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| 'itithIdanam,' yaha pryo| tipANini' ke nA lokApraniha thA / isI prakAra tacchIdatam' 'ahozrIdattam prayoga bhI bIdatta kI lokapriyatA aura prAmANikatA abhivyakta karate hai (zrIdattAdo loka prakAzata, mahAvRtti 11315) / mUtra 3 / 3176 52 tena proktam' ke udAharaNa me abhayanandI ne zrIdatta ke viracita anya ko zrIdattIyam kahA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki zrIdatta kA banAyA koI anya avazya thaa| 11414 ko vRtti me 198 mayurA ramaNIyA, mAma kalyANa kAcI' ye dono udAharaNa abhayanandI kI maulikatA bhUcita karate hai / pANini mUtra 'kAlAvanAtyantasayoga' (2 / 3 / 5) vI kAzikA vRtti meM mAsa kalyANI' udAharaNa to hai kintu 'mAma kalyANI kAtrI' yaha aitihAmika sUcanA abhayanandI ne kisI vizeSa trota se prApta kI thii| jisa kAtrIpurI ke mAsavyApI utsavo koviNe zobhA kI ora isa udAharaNa me saketa hai vaha mahendravarman, narasiMha varman Adi pallava narezo kI rAjadhAnI ke sambandha me honA cAhie / ataeva saptama tI se pUrva yaha udAharaNa bhASA me utpanna na huA hogaa| sUtra 4 / 3 / 114 ko vRtti me abhayanandI ne mAdha ke paTAchaTAmina dhanena vinatA ' loka kA varaNa diyA hai / mAgha ke dAna suprabhadeva varmalAta ke matrI the jisakA eka zilAlekha 621 I0 kA pAyA jAtA hai| ataeva mAva kA samaya saptama zatI kA uttarArdha honA caahie| usake bAda hI samayanandI ne mahAvRtti kA nirmANa niyA hogaa| mutra 114 / 66 para 'candra guptasabhA' udAharaNa to pANinIya paramparA meM prApta hotA hai kintu usake sAtha kAzikA me jo 'puSpaminasabhA' dUsarA udAharaNa

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 47 hai usakI jagaha mahAvRttikArane 'sAtavAhanasabhA' udAharaNa rakhA hai / usI prakAra kAzikA (224123) me kevala 'kASThasabhA' udAharaNa hai, kintu abhayanandI ne 'pASANasabhA aura pakveSTakAsabhA' ye do atirikta udAharaNa diye hai / kahIM-kahI amayanandI ne kAzikA kI apekSA bhASya ke udAharaNo ko svIkAra kiyA hai / jaise sUtra 1|4|137 me odAlaki pitA, oddAlakAyana putra' yaha bhASya kA udAharaNa thA. jise badalakara kAzikA ne apane samaya ke anukUla Arjuna pitA, arjunAyana putra ' ( kAzikA 224466 ) yaha udAharaNa kara diyA thA / 'ArjunAyana' kA zikAkAra ke samaya ke adhika sannikaTa thA jaisA ki samudragupta kI prayAgastambha prazasti me ArjunAyanagaNa ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai | kahI kahI mahAvRtti meM kAzikA kI sAmagrI ko svIkAra karate hue usase atirikta bhI udAharaNa diye gaye hai jo sUcita karate hai ki abhayanandI kI pahuMca anya prAcIna vRttiyo taka thI, jaise sUtra 11483 kI vRtti me 'yerAvati' to kAzikA me bhI hai kintu 'vipATcakramidam ( vipAzA aura cakrabhid nadI kA sagama) udAharaNa nayA hai / aise hI sUna 2426 me mayUrikAvandha, kocabandha, cakravandha, kUTavandha udAharaNa mahAvRtti aura kAzikA me samAna hai, para caNDAlikAvandha aura mahipikavandha udAharaNa mahAvRtti me naye haiM | kAzikA kA muSTibandha mahAvRtti me dRSTibandha aura corakavandha cArakabandha ho gayA hai / sutra 1 / 3 / 36 me bhI cArakabandha pATha hai | sUtra 546 pAna deze' kI vRtti me kAzikA ke 'kSIrapANA uzInarA' ko 'kSIrapANA AndhrA' aura 'sovIrapANA vAlIkA' ko 'sovIrapANA draviNA ' kara diyA hai / 'draviNA ' dramila yA dramiDa kA rUpa hai / ye parivartana abhayanandI ne kisI prAcIna vRtti ke AdhAra para yA svaya apanI sUcanA ke AdhAra para kiye hoge / Andhra deza me dUdha pIne kA aura tamila deza me kAjI pIne kA vyavahAra loka me prasiddha rahA hogA / kahIM-kahI mahAvRtti me kaThina zabdo ke naye artha sagraha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai isakA acchA udAharaNa sUtra 224 / 16 kA 'apaDakSINa' zabda hai / pANini sUtra 247 kI kAzikAvRtti me 'aSaDakSINo mantra' udAharaNa hai arthAt aisA mantra yA parAmarza jo kevala rAjA aura mantrI ke bIca me huA ho (yo dvAbhyAmeva kriyate na bahubhi ) / 'paTukarNo bhidyate mantra' ke anusAra rAjA aura mukhya mantrI kI 'cAra Akho' yA 'cAra kAno' se vAhara jo mantra calA jAtA thA usake phUTa jAne kI AzakA rahatI thI / abhayanandI ne kAzikA ke isa artha ko svIkAra to kiyA hai, kintu goNa rIti se / unhone 'apaDakSINo devadatta ' udAharaNa ko pradhAnatA dI hai / arthAt koI devadatta nAma kA vyakti jisane apane pitA pitAmaha aura putra me se kisI ko na dekhA ho / arthAt jo svayaM apane pitA pitAmaha kI mRtyu ke bAda utpanna huA ho aura svayaM apane putra janma ke kucha mAsa pahale gata ho gayA ho| isake atirikta geMda ko bhI apakSINA kahA hai (yena vA kandukena dvau krIData so'pyevamukta ) /

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46 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA yonya hai| yahA~ aisA vidita hotA hai ki prAmRta se tAtparya mahAkarmaprakRti prAbhRtase thA jisake racayitA A0 puSpadanta tathA bhUtavAla mAne jAte hai (prathama-dvitIya zatI) / isI kA dUsarA nAma paTkhaNDAgama prasiddha hai| isI kA bhAgavizepa 'vandha' yA mahAvandha (mahAyavala siddhAntazAstra) thA jisake adhyayana se yahA~ abhayanandI kA tAtparya jJAta hotA hai, arthAt usa samaya bhI vidvAno me prAmRta yA paTkhaNDAgama se pRthaka mahAvandha kA astitva thA aura dono kA adhyayana jIvana kA Adarza mAnA jAtA thA / 'saTIkamadhIte' me jisa TIkA kA ullekha hai vaha dhavalA TIkA nahI ho sakatI kyoki usakI racanA vIrasena ne 816 I0 me kI thii| zrutAvatAra ke anusAra mahAkarmaprAbhRta para AcArya kundakunda ne bhI eka baDI prAkRta TIkA likhI thI jo isa samaya anupalabdha hai / sambhavata vahI TIkA prAmRta aura bandhake sAtha paDhI jAtI thii| inake sthAna para pANini sUtrake udAharaNo me kisI samaya iSTi, pazuvandha, agni, rahasya nAma zatapatha brAhmaNa ke tattad kANDo kA adhyayana vidyA kA Adarza mAnA jAtA thaa| devanandI ne sUtra 114 / 34 me jina zrIdatta AcAryakA ullekha kiyA hai unhe kucha vidvAn kAlpanika samajhate hai, parantu abhayanandI kI mahAvRtti se sUcita hotA hai ki zrIdatta koI atyanta prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa the jinakA loka me pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| 'itizrIdattam,' yaha prayoga 'itipANini' ke sadRza lokaprasiddha thaa| isI prakAra tacchIdattam' 'ahozrIdattam prayoga bhI zrIdatta kI lokapriyatA aura prAmANikatA abhivyakta karate hai (zrIdattazabdo loke prakAzate, mahAvRtti 1 / 3 / 5) / sUna 3 / 3 / 76 para tena proktam' ke udAharaNa me abhayanandI ne zrIdatta ke viracita grantha ko zrIdattIyam kahA hai| isase zAta hotA hai ki zrIdatta kA banAyA koI grantha avazya thaa| 1144 kI vRtti me 'zarada mathurA ramaNIyA, mAma kalyANo kApI' ye dono udAharaNa abhayanandI kI maulikatA sUcita karate haiN| pANini mUtra 'kAlAvanoratyantasayoge' (2 / 3 / 5) kI kAzikA vRtti me mAsa kalyANI' udAharaNa to hai kintu 'mAsa kalyANI kAcI' yaha aitihAsika sUcanA abhavanandI ne kisI vizeSa srota se prApta kI thii| jisa kAcIpurI ke mAsavyApI utsavo kA vizeSa zobhA kI ora isa udAharaNa me saketa haiM vaha mahendravarman, narasiMha varman Adi pallava narezo kI rAjadhAnI ke sambandha me honA cAhie / ataeva saptama tI se pUrva yaha udAharaNa bhASA me utpanna na huA hogaa| sUtra 413 / 114 kI vRtti me abhayanandI ne mAdha ke 'saTAchaTAbhinna dhanena vibhratA ' elona kA haraNa diyA hai / mAgha ke daad| suprabhadeva varmalAta ke matrI the jisakA ekajinAlakha 621 I0 kA pAyA jAtA hai / ataeva bhAva kA samaya saptama zatI 5.aa ina honA caahie| isake bAda hI abhayanandI ne mahAvRtti kA nirmANa kiyA hogaa| mutra 11466 52 'candra gunasabhA' udAharaNa to pANinIya paramparA meM mAla hotA hai kintu usake mAya kAzikA me jo 'puSpamitrasabhA' dUsarA udAharaNa

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saskRta ke jana vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 47 hai usakI jagaha mahAvRttikArane 'sAtavAhanasabhA' udAharaNa rakhA hai| usI prakAra kozikA (214 / 23) me kevala 'kAThasabhA' udAharaNa hai, kintu abhayanandI ne 'pASANasabhA aura pakveTakAsabhA' ye do atirikta udAharaNa diye hai| kahI-kahI abhayanandI ne kAzikA kI apekSA bhASya ke udAharaNo ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaise sUtra 1 / 4 / 137 me audAlaki pitA, audAlakAyana puna ' yaha bhASya kA udAharaNa thA. jise badalakara kAzikA ne apane samaya ke anukUla Arjuna pitA, arjunAyana puna '(kAzikA 214166)yaha udAharaNa kara diyA thaa| 'ArjunAyana' kAzikAkAra ke samaya ke adhika sannikaTa thA jaisA ki samudragupta kI prayAgastambha prazasti me ArjunAyanagaNa ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai / kahI-kahI mahAvRtti me kAzikA kI sAmagrI ko svIkAra karate hue usase atirikta bhI udAharaNa diye gaye hai jo sUcita karate hai ki abhayanandI kI pahuca anya prAcIna vRttiyo taka thI, jaise sUtra 1 / 4 / 83 kI vRtti me 'uddhayerAvati' to kAzikA me bhI hai kintu vipATcakramidam (vipAzA aura cakrabhid nadI kA saMgama) udAharaNa nayA hai / aise hI sUtra 2 / 4 / 26 me mayUrikAbandha, kraucabandha, cakravandha, kUTabandha udAharaNa mahAvRtti aura kAzikA me samAna hai, para caNDAlikAbadha aura mahipikavandha udAharaNa mahAvRtti me naye haiM / kAzikA kA muSTibandha mahAvRtti me dRSTibandha aura coravandha cArakabandha ho gayA hai / sUna 1 / 3 / 36 me bhI parikabandha pA0 hai / sUna 5 / 4 / 66 pAna deze' kI vRtti me kozikA ke kSIrapANA uzInarA' ko kSIrapANA AndhrA' aura 'sauvIrapANA vAlIkA' ko sauvIrapANA draviNA ' kara diyA hai| 'draviNA' dramila yA dramiDa kA rUpa hai / ye parivartana abhayanandI ne kisI prAcIna vRtti ke AdhAra para yA svayaM apanI sUcanA ke AdhAra para kiye hoge / Andhra deza me dUdha pIne kA aura tamila deza me kAjI pIne kA vyavahAra loka me prasiddha rahA hogaa| kahI-kahI mahAvRtti me kaThina zabdo ke naye artha saha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai isakA acchA udAharaNa sUtra 2 / 4 / 16 kA 'apaDakSINa' zabda hai / pANini sUtra 5 / 4 / 7 kI kAzikA vRtti me 'aSaDakSINo mantra' udAharaNa hai arthAt aisA mantra yA parAmarza jo kevala rAjA aura mantrI ke bIca me huA ho (yo dvAbhyAmeva kriyate na bahubhi ) / 'paTkarNo bhidyate manta' ke anusAra rAjA aura mukhya mantrI kI 'cAra Akho' yA 'cAra kAno' se bAhara jA mantra calA jAtA thA usake phUTa jAne kI AzakA rahatI thii| amayanandI ne kozikA ke isa artha ko svIkAra to kiyA hai, kintu gauNa rAti se| unhone 'apaDakSINo devadatta' udAharaNa ko pradhAnatA dI hai / arthAt koI devadatta nAma kA vyakti jisane apane pitA, pitAmaha aura putra me se kisI ko na dekhA ho / arthAt jo svayaM apane pitA pitAmaha kI mRtyu ke bAda utpanna huA ho aura svayaM apane putra janma ke kucha mAsa pahale gata ho gayA ho| isake atirikta geda ko bhI apaDakSINA kahA hai (yena vA kandukena dvau krIData so'pyevamukta ) /

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48 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA yA to ye artha abhayanandI ke samaya me lokapracalita the yA unakI kalpanA hai| mahAvRtti me 'apaDakSINa' kA eka artha machalI bhI kiyA hai 59 usame khIcatAna hI jAna par3atI hai| sUtra 3 / 4 / 134 me 'ayAnayIna' zabda ke artha kA bhI mahAvRtti me vistAra hai| ___mahAvRtti sUna 2 / 2 / 92 me itihAsa kI vize5 mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI surakSita raha gayI hai| usame ye do udAharaNa Ae hai| 'aruNamahendro mayurAm / aruNad yavana sAketam / vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se yaha Avazyaka thA ki koI aisA udAharaNa liyA jAtA jo lokaprasiddha paTanA kA sUcaka ho, jo kahane vAle ke pakSa me ghaTita huA ho kintu jisako dekha sakanA usake lie sambhava ho arthAt usake jIvana kAla kI hI koI prasiddha ghaTanA ho, para jise sambhava hone para bhI usane svayaM dekhA na ho| bhASyakAra patajali ne isakA udAharaNa dete hue apanI samasAmayika do ghaTanAo kA ullekha kiyA thA 'aruNad yavana sAketam, aruNad yavano madhyamikAm / ' iname zAkala ke yavana rAjAo dvArA kiye hue una do hamalo kA ullekha hai jinameM se eka pUrva kI ora sAketa para aura dUsarA pacchima me madhyamikA para | madhyamikA cittoDa ke pAsa kA vaha sthAna thA jise isa samaya nagarI kahate hai aura jahA~ khudAI me prApta purAne sikko para madhyamikA nAma likhA huA milA hai| ye hamale kisa rAjA ne kiye the usakA nAma patajali ne nahIM diyA, kintu yUnAnI itihAsalekhako ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa rAjA kA nAma minaDara thA jise pAlI bhASA me milinda kahA gayA hai| usake sikko para tatkAlIna volacAla kI prAkRta bhASA me usakA nAma manandra milatA hai| mahAvRtti ke 'aru-mahendro mayurAm' isa udAharaNa me do mahatvapUrNa sUcanAe hai / isame rAjA kA nAma mahendra diyA huA hai, para hamArI samiti meM isakA mUlapATha 'manandra' thaa| pIche ke lekhako ne bhenandra nAma ko ThIka pahacAna na samajha kara usakA saskRta rU5 mahendra kara ddaalaa| isa udAharaNa se saskRta sAhitya kI bhAratIya sAkSI prApta ho jAtI hai ki pUrva kI ora abhiyAna karane vAle yavanarAja kA nAma bhenandra yA mina-Dara thaa| yavanarAja menandra ne pATaliputra para dAta gaDA kara pahale dhakke me mayurA para adhikAra jamAyA aura phira Age 46 kara sAketa ko cheka liyA / sAketa pahuMcane ke lie mayurA kA jItanA Avazyaka thaa| aba yaha sUcanA ke rUpa me abhayanandI ke udAharaNa se prApta ho jAtI hai| isameM yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki kAzikA ke atirikta bhI abhayanandI ke sAmane pANini vyAkaraNa kI aisI sAmagrI thI jisase use yaha nayA aitihAsika tathya prApta huaa| mUva 113136 kI vRtti me AraNyaka parva 12618-10 kA yaha zloka pani hai ulUkhalarAbharaNa pizAcI yadabhApat / etattu te divA nRtta rAto nRtta tu drkssymi||

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saMskRta ke jana vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 46 kAzikA 2 / 1145 me yaha zloka kinhI pratiyo me prakSipta aura kinhI me bhUla ke antargata mAnA gayA hai, kintu mahAvRtti se siddha ho jAtA hai ki vaha kAzikA ke mUla pATha kA bhAga thaa| zloka ke uttarArddha me jo 'divAnRtta rAnI nRtta' pA0 hai usakA samarthana mahAbhArata kI kucha pratiyo se hotA hai para kucha anya pratiyo me 'vRtta' pATha hai jaisA ki kAzikA me aura mahAbhArata ke pUnA saskaraNa me bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / AcArya abhayanandI ne apanI mahAvRtti ko jisa prakAra pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI puSkala sAmagrI se bhara diyA hai, vaha sarvathA abhinandana ke yogya hai| AzA hai jisa samaya kA zikAvRtti, abhayanandIkRta mahAvRtti aura zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kI amodhavRtti ina tIno kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanA sambhava hogA to yaha bAta aura bhI spaSTa rUpa se jAnI jA sakegI ki pratyeka vRttikAra ne paramparA se prApta sAmagrI kI kitanI adhika rakSA apane-apane granya me kI thii| yaha santoSa kA viSaya hai ki ina kRtiyo ne sAvadhAnI ke sAtha prAcIna sAmagrI ko bacA liyaa| AcArya devanandI ne pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI ko AdhAra mAnakara use pacAdhyAyI me parivartana karate samaya do bAto kI ora vizeSa dhyAna rakhA thA- eka to dhAtu pratyaya, prAtipAdika, vibhakti, samAsa Adi anvartha mahAsajJAo ko bhI jinake kAraNa pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa me itanI spaSTatA aura svArasya A sakA thA, inhone bIjagaNita ke jaise atisakSipta saketo me badala diyA hai| dUsare jitane svara sambandhI aura vaidika prayoga sambandhI sUtra the unako A0 devanandI ne choDa diyA hai| kintu aisA karate hue unhone udAratA se kAma liyA hai, jaise AnAyya, dhAyyA, sAnAcya, kuNDapAyya, paricAya, upacAyya, (2 / 1 / 104-105), grAvastut (2 / 2 / 156) Adi vaidika sAhitya me prayukta hone vAle zabdo ko rakha liyA hai| isI prakAra sAsya devatA prakaraNa (3 / 2 / 21-28) me zukra aponapta, mahendra, soma, dyAvApRthivI, zunAsIra, marutvat, agnIpoma, vAstospati, gRhamedha Adi gRhyasUtra kAlIna devatAo ke nAto ko pANinIya prakaraNa ke anusAra hI rahane diyA hai| pratyeka me Ane vAle pha, Dha, kha, cha, gha, aura yu, vu, evaM unake sthAna me hone vAle Adezo ko bhI jyo kA tyo rahane diyA hai| (5 / 11, 5 / 1 / 2) / tena proktam' prakaraNa (3 / 3 / 76-80) me vaidika zAkhAbo aura brAhmaNa anyo ke nAma bhI jyo ke tyo jainendra vyAkaraNa me svIkRta kara liye gae hai / kahI-kahI jainendra ne una paribhASAo ko svIkAra kiyA jo prAkpANinIya vyAkaraNo me mAnya thI aura jinakA ullekha bhASya yA vAtiko me AyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie janendra sUna 1 / 3 / 105 me uttarapada kI dhusanA mAnI gayI hai / patajali ke mahAbhASya me sUtra 7 / 3 / 3 para zlokavAtika me dyu pA0 hai aura vahA~ kimida ghoriti uttarapadasthati' likhA hai| sUtra 7 / 121 ke bhASya me aghu ko anuttarapada ktA paryAya mAnA hai para kolahAna

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50 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kA sujhAva thA ki ghu kA zuddha pATha dyu honA caahie| vaha vAta jainendra ke sUtra 1 / 3 / 105 'uttarapada dhu' se nizcayena pramANita ho jAtI hai / aura aba bhASya me bhI dyu hI zuddha pA0 mAna lenA caahie| sabase Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki pANini ke 'pUrvanAsiddham' (8|2|1)suun aura usase samvandhita asiddha prakaraNa ko bhI jo pANini ke zAstra nirmANa kozala kA adbhuta namUnA hai, janendra vyAkaraNa me 'pUrvanAsiddham' sUtra (5 / 3 / 27) me svIkAra kiyA hai / tadanusAra janendra ke sADhe cAra adhyAyo ke prati anta ke lagabhaga do pAda asiddha zAstra ke antargata Ate hai| devanandI ne apanI pacAdhyAyI me pANinIya aNTAdhyAyI ke sUtrakrama me kama se kama pheraphAra karake use jaise kA tasA rahane diyA hai| kevala sUtro ke zabdo me jahA~-tahA~ parivartana karake santoSa kara liyA hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne AcArya gRddhapiccha umAsvAti ke tatvArya sUna para savArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA kA nirmANa kiyA thA jo jAnapI0 se prakAzita ho cukI hai / usa grantha me unhone kaI sthalo para vyAkaraNa ke sUtro kA uddharaNa diyA hai| uname vinA pakSapAta ke janendra sUno ko bhI aura pANinIya sUtro ko bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie adhyAya 4 sUna 16 kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA me do sUtroM kA ullekha hai tadasminnastIti' aura 'tasya nivaas'| inameM pahale ke viSaya me yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki vaha kisa vyAkaraNa se liyA gayA hai, kintu duus| pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA hI hai (4 / 2 / 66) kyoki usakA janendragata pA0 'tasya nivAsAdU rabhavo' rUpa me milatA hai (sarvArthasiddhi prastAvanA pR00 50) / pUjyapAda ne na kevala navIna vyAkaraNa sUtro kI racanA kI, varan una para janendranyAsa bhI banAyA thaa| unhoMne pANinIya sUtro para zabdAvatAra nyAsa bhI likhA thA kintu abhI taka ye dono grantha upalabdha nahI hue hai| isame sandeha nahI ki AcArya pUjyapAda pANinIya vyAkaraNa, kAtyAyana ke vAtika aura patajali ke bhASya ke pUrNa marmajJa the, eva jainadharma aura darzana para bhI unakA asAmAnya adhikAra thaa| ve guptayuga ke pratibhAzAlI mahAn sAhitkAra the jinakI tatkAlIna prabhAva kokaNa ke narezo para thA, kintu kAlAntara me jo sAre deza kI vibhUti bana gye| DaoN0 agravAla ne janendra ke uparyukta vizlepaNa me jo bAta kahI haiM unhe vidvAn zata pratizata rUpa me jyo ko tyo svIkAra kara le, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| ve apanI vyAkhyA alaga de sakate hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana ke lie yaha AkAzadIpa hai, isame do rAya nahI ho sktii| jana vyAkaraNa zAstra ke adhyayana kI jisa tIsarI dRSTi kA hamane Upara jikra kiyA hai, use kinhI aryoM meM pArasparika tarIke se dekhane-socane kI vAta

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eke mUlyAkana 51 bhI kahA jA sakatA hai para hai vaha eka vizeSa dRSTi / usa dRSTi se bhI jaba hama dekhate haiM to sarva prathama hamArA dhyAna jainendra para hI jAtA hai / upalabdha jaina vyAkaraNa grantho me pUjyapAda devanandI kA jainendra vyAkaraNa prathama hai / devanandI digambara paramparA ke vizruta jainAcArya the| unake pUjyapAda tathA jainendrabuddhi nAma bhI pracalita the / nandIsagha paTTAvalI meM isakA ullekha nimnaprakAra kiyA gayA hai "yaza kIrtiryazonandi devanandI mahAmati / zrI pUjyapAdAparAkhyo guNanandI guNAkara || " zravaNabelagola ke 40 ve zilAlekha me devanandI kA jinendrabuddhi nAma batAyA gayA hai "yo devanandi prathamAbhidhAno buddhyA mahatyA sa jinendrabuddhi / zrI pUjyapAdo'jani devatAbhiryatpUjita pAdayuga yadIyam // isa isase jJAta hotA hai ki AcArya kA prathama nAma devanandI thA, buddhi kI mahattA ke kAraNa vaha jinendrabuddhi kahalAye tathA devo ne unake caraNo kI pUjA kI, vyArA unA nAma pUnyapAva dubA| ninendravruddhi nAma ke eka bauddha sAdhu vikrama kI AThavI zatI meM hue / unhone pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI kAzikAvRtti para eka nyAsa kI racanA kI thI, jo 'jinendrabuddhinyAsa' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / ye jinendra buddhi pUjyavAda jinendrabuddhi se bhinna hai | zravaNabelagola ke eka anya lekha 108 (285) meM unakA ullekha isa prakAra hai "jinavad vabhUva yadanaGgacApahRt sa jinendrabuddhiriti sAdhuvarNita / " pUjyapAda adbhuta pratibhA ke dhanI the / darzana aura lakSaNazAstra ke ve advitIya paNDita the / pa0 yudhiSThira mImAsaka ke anusAra pUjyapAda ke 'aruNanmahendro mayurAm' udAharaNa me guptavazIya kumAragupta (413-455) kI mayurA vijaya kI aitihAsika ghaTanA surakSita hai|' isase jJAta hotA hai ki pUjyapAda kumAra gupta ke samakAlIna the / pUjyapAda ne jainendra vyAkaraNa me apane pUrvavartI chaha AcAryoM kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai 1 guNe zrIdattasyAstriyAm / / 1 / 4 / 34 / / 2 kuvRSibhRjA yazobhadrasya ||21|| 3. rAT bhUtavale ( 13|4|83 || 4. rAte kRti prabhAcandrasya || 4 | 3 | 180 / / 5. vette siddhasenasya // 51 // 7 // 6 catuSTaya samantabhadrasya || 5|4|140 //

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52 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ina chaha AcAryoM meM se kisI eka kA bhI koI vyAkaraNa anya abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huaa| na hI kahI inake vaiyAkaraNa hone kA ullekha milatA hai| isa lie mAtra ina ullekho ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA ucita nahIM hogA ki ina AcAryoM ne vyAkaraNa granyo kI racanA kI hogii| utanA avazya hai ki ye AcArya pUjyapAda se pUrvavartI tathA vizruta AcArya hue hai| unake anyo me vyAkaraNa ke prayogo kA jo vaiziSTya milatA hai usase unake vaiyAkaraNa hone kA pramANa milatA hai / pUjyapAda ke ina ullekho me ukta AcAryoM ke samaya nirNaya ke lie eka nizcata AdhAra upalabdha ho jAtA hai / jainendra vyAkaraNa ke do pATha Upara batAyA gayA hai ki upalabdha jaina vyAkaraNa-grantho meM pUjyapAda devanandI kA janendra vyAkaraNa sarvaprathama hai| vartamAna me isake do pATha milate haiN| dono pATho para alaga-alaga TIkA yA vRtti grantha bhI upalabdha hai| eka sUtra pATha ke anusAra janendravyAkaraNa me kula 3000 sUtra haiN| ina para AcArya abhayanandIkRta mahAvRtti AcArya prabhAcandra kRta bhandA mojamAskara, zrutakAtikRta 1cavastu nAma kI prakriyA tathA paDita mahA candrakRta ladhu jainendra TIkA upalabdha hai| dUsare sUtra pA6 ke anusAra grantha me kula 3700 sUtra haiM / isa para somadeva sUri kRta zabdArNavacandrikA tathA guNanandI kRta prakriyA upalabdha hai| isa pA0 me 700 sUna adhika hone ke atirikta ze5 3000 sUna mI pUrNatayA eka jaise nahI hai| isa sUtra pA0 ke aneka sUtra parivartita aura parivartita kiye gaye haiN| sajJAo me bhI bhinnatA hai| itanA hone para bhI dono me paryApta samAnatA hai| janendra vyAkaraNa ke sUtra pAca adhyAyo me vibhakta hai| isa kAraNa ise pacAdhyAyI bhI kahA jAtA hai| janendra vyAkaraNa kI aneka vizeSatAe haiM, jo use pANinI vyAkaraNa se alaga karatI hai| udAharaNa ke lie 1 janendra kA sarvaprathama sUtra hai siddhiranekAntAt // 11111 / / arthAt zabda kI siddhi banekAnta dvArA hotI hai| __ anekAnta jaina darzana kA anyatama siddhAnta hai| isake dvArA vastu kI aneka dharmAtmakatA kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| zabda pudgala kI paryAya hai| isalie vaha bhI ananta dharmAtmaka hai| zabda me nityatva, anityatva, ubhayatva, anumayatva Adi aneka dharma pAye jAte haiN| aise zabdo kI siddhi anekAnta me hI sambhava hai| ekAnta siddhAnta se aneka dharmaviziSTa zabdo kA sAdhutva nahIM batAyA jA sktaa|

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 53 2 "svAbhAvikatvAdabhidhAnasyaikazepAnArambha ||1|1||| isa sUtra dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki zabda svabhAva se hI eka zeSa kI apekSA na kara ekatva, dvitva, aura bahutva me pravRtta hote hai / ata ekazeSa mAnanA nirarthaka hai / isI kAraNa jainendra vyAkaraNa aneka zeSa hai / pUjyapAda kI mAnyatA hai ki loka vyavahAra me jo cIja sarvatra pracalita hai use sUtrabaddha nirdeza karane se zAstra kA nirarthaka kalevara vaDhatA hai / pANini ne 'rAmA' jaise bahuvacana ke prayogo kI siddhi ke prasaga me aneka ke sthAna para ekazepa karane ke lie "sarUpANAmekazeSa " sUtra kI racanA kI hai / jainendra ne ise nirarthaka mAnA hai | 3. jainendra kA sajJA prakaraNa bahuta hI maulika aura sAketika hai| isame dhAtu, pratyaya, prAtipAdika, vibhakti, samAsa Adi anvarya mahA-sajJAo ke lie bIjagaNita jaisI ati sakSipta aura pUrNa sajJAe dI gaI hai / pANini kI tulanA meM ye sajJAe ati sakSipta haiM / dono kI tulanA karake dekhane para isakA spaSTa jJAna hotA hai pANini ko sajJAeM 1 arddhadhAtukam 3 dvitIyA vibhakti 5 upadhA 7 vRddhi 2 savruddhi 11 sajJA 13 agam 15 laghu 17 bhAvakarma 16. avyayam 21 paSThI vibhakti 23. pratyaya 25. Atmanepadam 27 dIrgham 26 uttarapadam 31 akarmakam 33 nipAta jainendra kI pANini kI sajJAe saMjJAeM aga ip uD pe ki jhi tA tya 10. lopa khu 12 upasarga da dI dyu 2 caturthI vibhakti 4 saptamI vibhakti dhi ni 6 5lu pacamI vibhakti 14 agam 16 anunAsikam 18 abhyAsa 20 karmavyatihAra 22 gati 24 abhyastam 26 pragRhyam 28 vRddhas 30. sarvanAma sthAnam 32. dhAtu 34 napuMsaka liMgam jainendra kI saMjJAeM ap pa uc kA F to de by the Ip to be too gi ti di du dham dhu nak

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54 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sat 35 upasarjanam nya 36 pluta 37 hasva pra 38 bahuvrIhi 36 savodhanam vodhyam 40 tRtIyA vibhakti 41 parasmaipadam 42 nadI 43 prAtipavim 44 karmadhAraya 45 dvigu 46 guru 47 prathamA vibhakti 48 upapadma 46 kRtya 50 tatpuruSa 51. samAsa 52 vartamAnam parU sayo 54 savarNam svam 55. sarvanAma 56 saMkhyA 57 avyayIbhAva 58. taddhita 56 juhotyAdi havAdi / 4 janendra kA vidhAnakrama pANini kI taraha hai, kintu jainendra me svara aura vaidika prayoga sambandhI sUtroM kA parityAga kara diyA gayA hai| chAndasa prayogo ko bhI laukika mAna kara siddha kiyA gayA hai| 5 sUtra zailI kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA zabda lAdhava hai| pANini kI apekSA janendra ke sUtro me paryApta lAghava hai| udAharaNa ke lie nimnalikhita sUna dRSTavya 125 pANini vyAkaraNa 1 la karmaNi ca bhAvecAkarmabhya / 2 halotarA sayoga / 3 IdUdedvivacana pragRhayam / 4 bhUvAdayo dhAtava / 5 parivyavebhyaH kriy| 6 viparAbhyA je / 7 nvish| 8 vyAparibhyo rama / ha vizALa vizaLekham vahunam 10 pati samAsa ekA 11 duuraantikaarystRtiiy|| 12. divAdibhya zyam / 13. sadAti srvnaamaani| 14 prAdaya / jainendra vyAkaraNa la karmaNi ca bhAve cadhe / halo'ntarA spha / ve di ! bhUvAdayo dhu| parivyavakriya / viparAje / niviza / vyA5ca rama / vizeSaNa vishessyti| pati se| dUrAnnikAryastA c| divAde 55 / sarvAdhi sarvanAma che prAdi /

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 55 6 jainendra me "saindhau " || 4 | 3 |60 || ko adhikAra sUtra kaha kara caturtha adhyAya ke tRtIya aura caturtha pAda tathA paMcama adhyAya ke kucha sUtro me sandhi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / adhikAra sUtra ke bAda chakAra ke rahane para sandhi me tugAgama kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / tugAgama karane vAle cAra sUtra diye gaye haiM / ina sUtro dvArA hrasva, AD, mAD tathA sajJako se pare prayogoM kA sAdhutva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / yaha prakriyA pANini ke samAna hai, kintu isame adhika sUtro kI AvazyakatA upasthita nahI hotI / sajJAo kI maulikatA ke kAraNa hI yaha sambhava huA hai / 7 jainendra paMcAga vyAkaraNa hai / isame dhAtupATha, gaNapATha, uNAdisUtra tathA liMgAnuzAsana ke prayoga pUrNatayA upalabdha hote hai / jainendravyAkaraNa ke sambandha meM isa prakAra ke mantavya sarvathA nirAdhAra haiM tathA jainendra vyAkaraNa viSayaka itihAsa aura adhyayana kI ajJatA ke dyotaka hai ki pichale ndI viAvara khaina vidvAno ne pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI sUtro jo astavyasta kara yaha kRtrima vyAkaraNa banA kara devanandi ke nAma para caDhA diyA hai / "" itihAsa grantho me isa prakAra ke mantavyo ko uddhRta karanA gairajimmedArAnA hI kahA jaaegaa| svopajJa jainendranyAsa pUjyapAda devanandI ne jainendra para svopajJa nyAsa kI racanA kii| isake ullekha prApta hote hai / zimogA jile me prApta eka zilAlekha me pUjyapAda dvArA racita svopajJanyAsa tathA pANinIya vyAkaraNa para likhe zabdAvatAranyAsa kA nimnalikhita rUpa me ullekha prApta hotA hai nyAsa jainendrasajJa sakalabudhanata pANinIyasya bhUyo, nyAsa zabdAvatAra manujatatihita vaidyazAstra ca kRtvA / ina dono nyAso me se vartamAna me koI bhI nyAsa upalabdha nahI hai | abhayanandIkRta jainendramahAvRtti nainendra ja vapattabdha samI TIAbo me mayananvIdyuta mahAvRtti sarvAdhiLa prAcIna hai / amayanandI digamvara paramparA ke mAnya AcArya the / inakA samaya vikrama kI 8-havI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / DA0 belvalakara ne inakA samaya san 750 batAyA hai / " jainendra ke eka anya TIkAkAra zrutakIrti ne abhayanandI kI isa mahAvRtti ko jainendrAyavkaraNa rUpa mahala ke kivArDa kI upamA dI hai / paca-vastu ke antima do padyo me kahA gayA ki jainendravyAkaraNarUpI mahala sUtra rUpI stambho para khar3A kiyA gayA hai| nyAsa rUpI usakI bhArI ratnamaya bhUmi hai / vRtti rUpa usake kapATa hai,

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56 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA bhANyarUpa zayyAtala hai, TIkA rUpa usake bhAla yA majila hai aura yaha paMcavastu TIkA usakI sopAna zreNI hai / ' abhayanandI kI yaha mahAvRtti 12,000 zloka parimANa hai / kAzikA kI taraha vRhat hai | isakI nimnalikhita vizeSatAe haiM 1. abhayanandI ne apanI isa vRtti meM kAtyAyana ke vArtika aura patajali ke mahAbhASya se sAra le kara vArtika, paribhASA aura upAkhyAna likha kara una vyAkaraNa niyamoM kI pUrti kI hai jinakI kamI unheM jainendra ke sUtro me mahasUsa huI / 2 isa vRtti me zikSAsUtra bhI upalabdha hote hai / bhUta 11112 kI vyAkhyA me lagabhaga 40 zikSA-sUtra diye gaye hai / 3 paribhASAoM kI vyAkhyAe bhI vRtti me dI gayI hai / 4 abhayanandI ne apanI vRtti me aneka uNAdisUta uddhRta kiye hai| isame katipaya prAcIna pacapAdI se milate haiM aura kucha pAThAntara hai / isalie jainendra ke uNAdi sUtro ko jAnane ke lie isa mahAvRtti kA adhyayana atyanta Avazyaka hai / 5 aneka navIna zabdo kA sAdhutva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / jaise sUtra 1|1|EE kI vyAkhyA me 'pravinayya' prayoga kI siddhi me asAdhAraNa pANDitya dikhAyA gayA hai / 6 mahAvRtti me diye gaye udAharaNo se aneka aitihAsika tathya prakAza me Ate hai | sutra 11414 kI vRtti me diye gaye zarada mathurA ramaNIyA' mAsa kalyANI kAcI' udAharaNo se jJAta hotA hai ki kAcIpurI me mAsavyApI utsava hotA thA tathA mayurA me zAradotsava me vizeSa zobhA kI jAtI thI / 7 mahAvRtti ke udAharaNo me tIrthaMkaro, mahApurupo, grantho aura granyakArI ke nAma bhI Aye hai / jaise sUtra 14/15 me 'anuzAlibhadram' mADhyA, 'anusamantabhadra tArkikA ' / sUtra 1|4|16 me 'upasiMhanandina kavaya', 'upasiddhasena vaiyaakrnnaa'| sUtra 1|3|10 me 'AkumAra yaza samantabhadrasya' / prabhAcandra kA zabdAmbhojabhAskara nyAsa AcArya prabhAcandra ne jainendra vyAkaraNa para 'zabdAmbhojabhAskara' nAma se nyAsa kI racanA 16,000 zloka parimANa me kI thI / isa nyAsa ke adhyAya 4, pAda 3, sUtra 211 taka kI hastalikhita pratiyA milatI hai / zeSa grantha abhI taka upalabdha nahI huA / AcArya prabhAcandra vikrama kI 11vI zatI ke prasiddha vidvAn the / unake granyo kI prazastiyoM aura zilAlekho " se jJAta hotA hai ki prabhAcandra dhArAdhIza bhojadeva

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 57 aura jayasiMha deva ke rAjyakAla meM vidyamAna the| eka sthAna para to yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki bhojadeva unakI pUjA karatA thaa| pa0 mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya ne nyAsa racanA kA samaya san 680 se 1065 batAyA hai / 12 / / prabhAcandra ne sarvaprathama pUjyapAda aura akalaka ko namaskAra karake nyAsa racanA kA Arambha kiyA hai| apane nyAsa ke viSaya me unhone kahA zabdAnuzAsanAni nivinA dhyAyarniza, yo ya sArataro vicAra caturastallakSaNAzo gata / ta svIkRtya tilottameva vidupA cetascamatkAraka suvyaktarasamai prasannavacanaMnyAsa samArambhate / / isa Arambha vacana se prabhAcandra ke vyAkaraNa viSayaka pANDitya kA patA calatA hai| prabhAcandra apane samaya ke eka mahAn TIkAkAra aura dArzanika vidvAna the| nyAsa me unhone dArzanika zailI apanAI hai aura vivecana sphuTa rIti se kiyA hai| zrutakIrtita vavastu ___ pacavastu TIkA (vi0 sa0 1146) jainendravyAkaraNa kA prakriyA grantha hai| yaha 3300 zloka parimANa hai| zailI suvodha aura sundara hai| vyAkaraNa ke prArambhika abhyAsiyo ke lie yaha grantha baDA upayogI hai| janendra vyAkaraNa rUpI mahala me praveza ke lie isa pacavastu ko sopAnapakti kI taraha batAyA gayA hai| isakI do pANDulipiyA bhANDArakara risarca iMsTITyUTa, pUnA me hai| grantha ke Adi anta me andhakAra kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| eka sthAna para sadhi prakaraNa me "sandhi nidhA kathayati zrutakItirArya" aisA ullekha hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki isake kattA zrutakIti AcArya the| nandIsagha kI paTTIvalI me zrutakIti ko vaiyAkaraNa bhAskara kahA gayA hai "vidha zrutakIyAkhyo vaiyAkaraNabhAskara / " kannaDa candraprabhacarita ke racayitA agalakavi ne zrutakIrti ko apanA guru batAyA hai| yaha grantha zaka sa0 1011 (vi0 sa0 1146) me racA gayA thaa| yadi Arya zrutakIti aura zrutakIrti vaividha cakravartI eka hI ho to pacavastu' vi0 kI 12vI zatI me racI gayI mAnanA caahie| mahAcandrakRta laghujainendra pa0 mahAcandra ne vikrama kI 12vI zatAbdI me janendravyAkaraNa para abhayanandI kI mahAvRtti ke AdhAra para 'laghu janendra' nAmaka TIkA likhii| isakI eka prati akalezvara digambara jaina mandira me tathA dUsarI apUrNa prati pratApagar3ha (mAlavA) ke digambara jaina mandira me hai|

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58 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA guNanandIkRta zabdArNava ___ AcArya guNanandi ne jainendra vyAkaraNa ke sUtro ko parivartita aura parivadhita karake isa vyAkaraNa ko sAgapUrNa banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isakI racanA vi0 sa0 1036 ke pUrva huii| zabdArNavaprakriyA ke antima zloka me kahA gayA hai sepA zrIguNananditA nitavapu zabdArNave nirNaya, nAvatyA zrayatA vivikSumanasA sAkSAt svaya prkriyaa|" isase jJAta hotA hai ki guNanandI ne jainendra ke sUtro kA vistAra kiyA aura una para prakriyA bhI likhii| guNanandi ne jainendra ke Adhe se adhika sUtra vahI rakhe hai / sajJAo aura sUtro me antara kiyA hai| guNanandI nAma ke aneka AcArya hue hai| eka guNanandI kA ullekha zravaNavelagola ke 42, 43 aura 47veM zilAlekho me hai| usake anusAra ve valAkapiccha ke ziSya, gRdhrapiccha ke praziSya the| ve tarka, vyAkaraNa tathA sAhityazAstra ke nipuNa vidvAna the| unake pAsa 300 zAstrapAraMgata ziSya the| 'karNATakaka vicarita' ke lekhaka ne guNanandI kA samaya vi0 sa0 957 nizcita kiyA hai| somadevakRta zabdArNavacandrikA uparyukta zabdArNava para AcArya somadeva ne zabdArNavacandrikA nAmaka eka vistRta TIkA kI racanA kI thii| granthakAra ne svayaM likhA hai zrI somadevayatinimitamAdadhAti yA nau pratItayuganandritazadvAri, arthAta zabdArNava me praveza karane ke lie naukA ke samAna yaha TIkA somadeva muni ne banAI hai| yaha anya janendraprakriyA nAma se prakAzita huA hai|" grantha ke anta me guNanandi kA ullekha nimnalikhita rUpa me huA hai janmRgAdhirAjo guNanandI bhuvi cira jIyAt / " __isa ullekha ke AdhAra para isa prakriyA kA lekhaka guNanandI mAnane me katipaya vidvAnI ko sakoca hai| unakA kahanA hai ki lekhaka svayaM isa prakAra AtmaprazasA nahI kara sktaa| isI anya ke tIsare pakSa me zrutakIti nAma kA isa prakAra ullekha hai

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 56 "so'ya ya zrutakIrti devayatipI bhaTTArakottasaka 1 raramyAnmama mAnase kavipati sadrAjahasazciram // yaha zrutakIrti 'pacavastu' ke racayitA se bhinna hoge kyoki isame zrutakIrti ko kavi pati kahA gayA hai | zravaNabelagola ke zilAlekha sakhyA 108 me jina zrutakIrti kA ullekha hai, sambhavatayA vahI yaha ho / inhI ke ziSya ne yaha prakriyA grantha banAyA / yaha TIkA grantha somadeva kI zabdArNavacandrikA ke AdhAra para prakriyAvaddha rUpa me likhA gayA hai / jainendravyAkaraNa para kucha anya TIkAo kI bhI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / Upara jisa bhagavadvAgvAdini kI carcA kI hai, use vi0 sa0 1767 me ratnaSinAmaka kisI muni ne likhA thaa| isame jainendra vyAkaraNa kA zabdArNavacandrikAkAra dvArA mAnya sUtra pATha mAtra hai jo 800 zloka parimANa hai / meghavijayakRta jainendravyAkaraNavRtti rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstrabhaDAro kI granthasUcI bhAga 2 pR0 250 me meghavijaya dvArA likhita vRtti kA ullekha hai / yadi ve hamakomudI ( candraprabhA ) vyAkaraNa ke kartA hI ho to isa vRtti kI racanA 18vI zatAbdI me huI mAna sakate haiM / vijayavimalakRta aniTakArikAvacUri jainendravyAkaraNa kI aniTakArikA para zvetAmbara jaina muni vijayavimala ne 17 vI zatI meM avacUrI kI racanA kI hai / jainendra para itane TIkA grantho se usake prasAra kA patA calatA hai / pAtyakIrti kA zabdAnuzAsana yA zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa Upara hamane jaina vyAkaraNazAstra kI jisa munitrayI kA ullekha kiyA hai, usame jainendra ke bAda Ate hai AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana / pANini ne aSTAdhyAyI me AcArya zAkaTAyana kA ullekha kiyA hai / san 1864 me buhalara ko jaba pAtyakIrti ke zabdAnuzAsana kI pANDulipi kA kucha aza prApta huA to unhone saMskRta jagat ko sUcita kiyA ki unhe pANini dvArA ullikhita zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa upalabdha ho gayA hai / vAstava me yaha bhrama thA / bAda me jJAta huA ki upalabdha vyAkaraNa pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana kA hai / taba se lekara aba taka zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana-anusandhAna ke prayatna barAvara hote rahe aura isakA jo navInatama saMskaraNa amoghavRtti sahita bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI

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60 . gamkRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA se prakAzita huA hai, usakI agarejI prastAvanA meM jarmana vidvAn DA0 Ara0 virakhe ne zA8yana vyAkaraNa kA eka vistRta adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| prastuta bhAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kA mUla nAma zabdAnuzAsana hai| isake racayitA kA nAma pAlyakAti prApta hotA hai| kintu grantha me sarvanna granthakAra kA nAma sAkiTAyana hI upalabdha hotA hai| pAlyakIti zAkaTAyana jaina paramparA ke yApanIya saMgha ke agraNI aura prasiddha AcArya the| ve amodhavarSa ke rAjyakAla meM hue / amoghavarSa zaka saMvat 736 (vi0 sa0 871) me rAjagaddI para baitthaa| isI ke AsapAsa pAlyakIti ne apane vyAkaraNa anya kI racanA kI hogii| pAlyakIti ne apane pUrvavartI vyAkaraNo me pANini, candra, aura janendra ke vyAkaraNo kA gahana adhyayana kiyA thA / DA. virave ne pANini, candra, janendra tathA dhAkaTAyana kI tulanA karake yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki zAkaTAyana ke 40 se 50 pratizata taka niyama uth vyAkaraNa grantho ke samAna haiN| zAkaTAyana kI nimnalikhita pramukha vizeSatAe hai 1 zAkaTAyana kA adhyAya vibhAjana pUrvAcAryo se bhinna hai / pANini me mI0, candra me chaha tathA janendra me pAca adhyAya hai, kintu zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa cAra adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka adhyAya me cAra-cAra pAda hai| prathama adhyAya me 721 sUtra, dvitIya me 753, tRtIya me 755 tathA caturtha me 1007 sUtra hai| isa prakAra kula sUtra saMkhyA 3236 hai / isame 13 ziva sUta zAmila nahIM hai, jo granya ke prArambha meM upalabdha hai| adhyAya vibhAjana meM zAkaTAyana kAtantra ke nikaTa hai| 2 bhakiTAyana ne apane vyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu ko bhI pUrvAcAryoM kI taraha prastuta na karake use svatantra rUpa se prastuta kiyA hai| yaha vipayakrama bhI kAtanta ke adhika nikaTa hai| 3 zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa meM kotanna tayA jainendra kI taraha svara niyama nahI diye hai| isI prakAra chAndasa prayogo kA bhI sarvathA abhAva hai| 4 gAkaTAyana aura pANini ke pArimApika zabdo kI tulanA karane para nimnalikhita tathya jJAta hote hai (ka) bhAkaTAyana tathA pANini meM prayukta aneka pAribhASika zabda samAna hai| jama anunAmika (1|1|68),anusvaar (111110), avyaya (111139), avyayIbhAva (2016) ityaadi| (kha) kA8yana ne pANini ke zabdoM ke sthAna para naye zabda diye hai jaise pANini ke aga ke lie prakRti (111156), avikaraNa ke lie AdhAra (1 / 3 / 176) yAdi / (ga) zakiTAyana ne pANini kI aneka paribhASAo ko chor3a diyA hai|

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 61 jaise anudAtta, udAtta, karmapravacanIya, prAtipadika, SaSa sahitA, sat, sambandhI aura svarit / 5 zAkaTAyana me no prakAra ke bhUto kA kayana kiyA gayA hai 1 sajJA, 2 niyama, 3 niSedha, 4 adhikAra, 5 nityApavAda, 6 vidhi, 7 paribhASA, 8 atideza aura vikalpa | sajJA niyama niSedhAdhikAranityApavAdavidhiparibhASAH / atidezavikalpAviti gatayazabdAnuzAsane sUtrANAm // 6 zAkaTAyana paMcAga hai / sUtrapATha, gaNapITha, dhAtupATha, liMgAnuzAsana aura uNAdi ye pacAga haiM | isame pANinIya yA jainendra ke samAna vArtika, upAkhyAna athavA anya niyama-vAkyo kI AvazyakatA nahI hai / kula 7 zAkaTAyana me sAmAnya sajJAe bahuta kama hai / svarNa sajJA ke mAtra do sUtra haiM / (1) itsA vidhAyaka (2) svara sajJA vidhAyaka | pUre sajJA prakaraNa me chaha sUtra haiM / anya kisI bhI vyAkaraNa me itane kama sUtro se sajJAo kA kAma nahI calAyA gayA / saralatA aura AzuvodhatA kI dRSTi se isa sajJA prakaraNa kA adhika mahatva hai| pratyAhAra sUtra zAkaTAyana meM teraha pratyAhAra sUtro kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA / ye pratyAhAra sunna na to pANini jaise hai aura na inakA krama jainendra se milatA hai / zAkaTAyana ne ina dono me hI sagodhana aura parivartana kiyA hai / zAkaTAyana ke pratyAhAra sUna isa prakAra haiM-- (1) aiuN, (2) Rk, (3) eoD, (4) ai oc, (5) hayavarala, (6) maGgaNanam, (7) jabagaDadaz ( 8 ) jhabhaghaDhavaS, (6) khaphachaThathaT, ( (10) caTatav, (11) kapay, (12) zaSasa a a ka para, (13) hal / spaSTa hai ki zAkaTAyana ne ina sUtro me na to pANini kA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura na hI jainendra kA / zAkaTAyana ne lRkAra ko svara nahI mAnA / isI prakAra anusvAra, visarga, jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya kI gaNanA vyajano ke antargata kara lI hai| pANini ne anusvAra, visarga, jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya ko vikRta vyajana mAnA hai | vAstava me anusvAra makAra yA nakAra janya hai / visarga kahI se aura kahI repha se svata utpanna hotA hai / jihvAmUlIya tathA upadhmAnIya dono kramaza ka, kha tathA pa pha ke pUrva visarga ke hI vikRta rUpa hai / pANini ne ina sabhI ko apane pratyAhAra sUtro me koI svatantra sthAna nahI diyA / bAda ke pANinIya vyAkaraNo me se kAtyAyana ne ukta cAro ko svara, vyajana dono me hI parigaNita karane kA nirdeza diyA hai / zAkaTAyana ne anusvAra, visarga Adi ke mUla rUpo ko dhyAna me rakha kara hI unhe pratyAhAra sutro me sthAna diyA tathA unheM vyajana sakAra mAnA /

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA zAkaTAyana ke pratyAhAra sUtro kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki uname 'laN' sUtra ko sthAna nahI diyA aura lavarNa ko pUrva sUtra me hI zAmila kara liyA gayA hai / isame sabhI varNo ke prathama akSaro ke krama se alaga-alaga pratyAhAra sUtra diye gaye hai / mAtra varNo ke prathama varNoM ke grahaNa ke lie do sUtra diye gaye haiM / pANinIya, varNa samAmnAya kI taraha zAkaTAyana me bhI hakAra do bAra AyA hai| pANinIya vyAkaraNa me 41, 43 yA 44 pratyAhAra rUpa milate hai kintu zAkaTAyana me mAtra 38 pratyAhAra hI upalabdha hai / 62 10 zAkaTAyana ne 'na 1|1|70 ' sUtra dvArA virAma me sandhi kArya kA niSedha kiyA hai tathA avirAma sandhi kA vidhAna mAnakara 'na' sUtra ko adhikAra sUtra batAyA hai / ac sandhi ke Arambha me sarvaprathama ayAdi sandhi kA vidhAna kiyA hai | isake bAda "astre 1|1|73 || " dvArA yaN sandhi kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / isI prasaga me "hrasvo vA pade 1|1|74" sUtra diyA gayA hai / isake dvArA "dadhI +atra = dadhiyata, davyata, nadI + eSA nadiepA, nadyepA rUpa siddha hote haiM / pANini tasva vidhAna kA niyama nahI hai / yaha zAkaTAyana kI apanI udbhAvanA hai / ==da me zAkaTAyana ne prakRti bhAva sandhi ko niSedha sanvi kahA hai / isa prakaraNa me 1 / 1 / 66 se 1 / 1 / 102 taka mAtra cAra sUtra hai / pANini kI apekSA isame navInatA nahI hai phira bhI yaha isa dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai ki itane kama mUtro se zAkaTAyana ne apanA prayojana sAdha liyA hai / 11. zAkaTAyana ne 'samrAT' zabda kI siddhi "samrAT 1|1|113" sUtra dvArA kI hai| isa sUtra kI vRtti me likhA hai "samityasya rAjato kvivante, uttarapade parenusvArAbhAro nipAtyate / " isase spaSTa hai ki zAkaTAyana ne makAra ko nipAtana se hI grahaNa kara liyA hai / yadyapi isa sUtra ke pahale zAkaTAyana me vaikalpika anusvAra kA anuzAsana vidyamAna hai to bhI unhone anusvAra ke abhAva kI bAta nahI kahI / nipAtana kA artha hai anya vikArya sthitiyo kA abhAva / saMbhavatayA isI kAraNa zAkaTAyana ne hema kI taraha anusvArAbhAva kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI samajhI / 12 zabdasAdhutva me zAkaTAyana kA dRSTikoNa pANini ke samAna hI hai / unhoMne eka zabda ko lekara sAto vibhaktiyoM meM unake rUpo ko siddha karane kI vidhi batAyI hai / 13 strI pratyaya zAkaTAyana ne strI-pratyaya prakaraNa me strI-pratyAnta zabdo ko siddha nahIM kiyaa| jaise dIrghapucchI, dIrghapucchA, kavarapucchI, maNipucchI, azvakIti, manasAkIti madRza prayogo kA abhAva hai | hemacandra ne isake lie svatantra sUtro kA vidhAna kiyA hai| 14 zAkaTAyana me kAraka sAmAnya tathA kartA, karma, karaNa Adi kI pari

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 63 bhASA nahI dI gayI hai | isame vibhakti vidhAyaka sUtro kA sIdhe Dhaga se hI kathana kiyA gayA hai / 15 samAsa prAraNa zAkaTAyana me samAsa prakaraNa ke Arambha meM hI bahubrIhi samAsa vidhAyaka sUtra kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / isake bAda kucha taddhita pratyaya A gaye haiM, jinakA upayoga prAya bahuvrIhi samAsa me hotA hai / bahuvrIhi samAsa kA prakaraNa samApta hote hI avyayIbhAva samAsa kA prakaraNa Arambha ho jAtA hai / yahA yuddha vAcya me grahaNa aura praharaNa artha me kezAkezi aura daNDAdaNDi ko zAkaTAyana ne avyayIbhAva samAsa mAnA hai / zAkaTAyana ke anusAra avyayIbhAva ke pradhAna do bheda haiM (1) anyapadArthapradhAna, (2) uttarapadArthapradhAna / isalie "kekAzca kezAzca parasparasya grahaNa yasmin yuddhe", isa prakAra ke sAdhya prayoga vigraha vAkya me anya padArtha pradhAna avyayIbhAva samAsa hai / pANini ne jina prayogo ko bahuvrIhi samAsa me ginAyA hai zAkaTAyana ne uname se katipaya avyayIbhAva samAsa me parigaNita kiye hai | samAsa 16 taddhita, kRdanta aura liDanta - zAkaTAyana me taddhita, kRdanta aura tiDanta prakaraNa prAya pANini ke samAna hai / vizeSatA yaha hai ki zAkaTAyana kA pratyaya vidhAna aura pratyayo ke artha apanI maulikatA liye hue hai / zAjyAyana amoSavRtti zAkaTAyana para amovRtti nAma kI eka bRhad vRtti hai / yaha aThAraha hajAra zloka parimANa hai / amodhavRtti zAkaTAyana kI svopajJavRtti hai / 'amodhavRtti' isa zliSTa 55 ke dvArA zAkaTAyana ne eka ora anya vRttiyoM kI apekSA apanI vRtti kI mahanIyatA pratipAdita kI hai, dUsarI ora apane samakAlIna rASTrakUTa rAjA amoghavarSa prathama kA AdarapUrNa smaraNa kiyA hai / zabdAnuzAsana ke sakSiptasUtro me jo bAte kahane se raha gayI thI, unakI bhI pUrti isa vRtti dvArA kara dI gayI hai / munitrazAbhyudaya kAvya ke racayitA ne likhA hai ki "usa muni ( zAkaTAyana ) ne apane buddhirUpa maMdarAcala se zrutarUpa samudra kA mayana kara yaza ke sAtha vyAkaraNa rUpa uttama amRta nikAlA / zAkayATana ne utkRSTa zabdAnuzAsana ko banA lene ke bAda amodhavRtti nAma kI TIkA, jise baDI zAkaTAyana kahate hai, banAyI, jisakA parimANa 1800 zloka hai / jagatprasiddha zAkaTAyana muni ne vyAkaraNa ke sUtra aura sAtha hI pUrI vRtti bhI banA kara eka prakAra kA puNya saMpAdana kiyA / eka bAra aviddhakarNa siddhAnta cakravartI padmanandI ne muniyoM ke madhya-pUjita zAkaTAyana ko mandara 'parvata ke samAna dhIra vizeSaNa se vibhUpita kiyA / yakSa varmA ne apanI cintAmaNi

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64 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vRtti me amodhavRttiko vizAlakAya (atimahatI) tathA zAkaTAyana kI spopatravRtti batAyA hai| amodhavRtti ke prAra+bha me anyAvatAra ke viSaya me kiTAyana ne likhA hai "paripUrNamalpagrantha laghUpAya zabdAnuzAsana zAstramida mahAzramaNasaghAdhipatibhaMgavAnAcArya zAkaTAyana prArabhate / " amoghavRtti ke samasta puSpikA pAkyo me zAkaTAyana kA ullekha isa prakAra AyA hai ti dhRtavanilezIyArArthanATAthanatI zavvAnuzAsane amodhavRttI" yahA kRtI kA anvaya zabdAnuzAsana tathA amodhavRtti dono se hai / DA0 virakhe kA sujhAva hai ki yadi ina puSpikA vAkyo me "zabdAnuzAsane amodhavRttI" ke sthAna para "zadAnuzAsanAmodhavRttI" pA0 ho to puSpikAvAkya me jo aspa88tA hai, vaha dUra ho jAtI hai| usa sthiti me tanika bhI sandeha kI gujAiza nahI rahatI ki yaha vRtti svaya sUtravAra kI hai| cintAmaNikAra ne apanI TIkA me zAkaTAyana ke viSaya me likhA hai innttinsstt| na vaktavya vaktavya sUtrata pRthak / / sakhyAna nopasakhyAna yasya zabdAnuzAsane / / indracandrAdibhi zAdayaMdukta zalakSaNam / tadihAsti samasta ca yantrahAsti na tatkvacit / / arthAt zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa me iSTiyA paDhane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| sUtro se / alaga vaktavya kucha nahI hai| upasakhyAno kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| indra candra Adi vaiyAkaraNo ne jo zabda lakSaNa kahA vaha saba isa vyAkaraNa me mA jAtA hai / isame aura jo vizepa hai vaha anyana nahI hai| DA0 birave kI rAya me yakSa varmA kA yaha kathana isa bAta ko dhotita karatA hai ki zAkaTAyana kI amoghavRtti patajali ke mahAbhASya se viziSTa hai, kyoki mahAbhASya me iSTiyA aneka vAra AyI hai| ___ vardhamAna sUri ne gaNaratnamahodadhi me zAkaTAyana ke nAma se jo aneka ullekha diye hai ve amodhavRtti me upalabdha hai| DA. virave ne aise 124 sanrdabho kI gaNanA kI hai| AcArya malayagiri ne nandisUtra kI TIkA me amodhavRtti ke magala paca "vIrasabhUta jyoti' ityAdi ko zAkTAyana ko svopajavRtti batAyA hai| isa prakAra sandeha kI gujAiza nahI dIkhatI ki amoghavRtti zAkaTAyana kI svopanavRtti hai| amodhavRtti kI vizeSatA batAte hue cintAmaNikAra ne likhA hai

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 65 gaNa-dhAtupAThayogena dhAtUna liMgAnuzAsane liMgatam / auNAdikAnuNAdI ze5 ni zepamana vRttau vidyAt / arthAt gaNapATha, dhAtupATha, liMgAnuzAsana aura uNAdi ke atirikta isa vRtti me sabhI viSaya varNita hai| ___amodhavRtti kI eka anya vizeSatA isakA liMgAnuzAsana hai / prathama adhyAya ke dvitIya pAda ke prathama sUtra "napo co hrasva" ke uparAnta liMgAnuzAsana diyA gayA hai| hemacandra ne zAkaTAyana kI isa paddhati ko apanI bRhadvRtti me apanAyA hai| sUna 1 / 1 / 26 ke bAda unhone liMgAnuzAsana diyA hai| zAkaTAyana me uNAdi prakaraNa nahI hai| hemacandra ne apanI vRtti me uNAdi prakAra sUtra 5 / 2 / 62 ke bAda diyA hai| zAkaTAyana ne amodhavRtti me dhAtu pA6 ke antargata sabhI nava dhAtu gaNo ko ginAyA hai / yathA 1 adAdi (4 / 3 / 21) 2 vAdi (4 / 3 / 21) 3 divAdi (413122) 4 svAdi (4 / 3 / 28) 5 tudAdi (4 / 3 / 32) 6 rudhAdi (4 / 3 / 34) 7 tanAdi (4 / 3 / 33) 8 RyAdi (4 / 3 / 30) 6 curAdi (4117) amoghavRtti me mAna edhAdi dhAtugaNa nahIM hai jo zAkaTAyana kA prathama dhAtupA0 hai| zAkaTAyana ne kAzikA kI paddhati para amodhavRtti kA nirmANa kiyA hai| kahIkahI zakiTAyana ne bhI vahI udAharaNa diye hai jo kAzikAkAra ne bRhadvRtti me diye haiN| yathA 1 zAkaTAyana sUna 114 / 37 kI vRtti me kirAtArjunIya kA 'sazaya kaNAdiSu tiSThate ya / ' udAharaNa diyA hai| yahI udAharaNa pANini sUna 1 / 3 / 23 kI kAzikA me diyA gayA hai| 2 zAkaTAyana mUtra 3 / 1 / 166 kI vRtti me nimnalikhita udAharaNa diye gaye , "bhadrabAhunA proktAni bhadravAhANyuttarAdhyayanAni, yAjJavalkena proktAni yAjJavalkAni brAhmaNAni, pANinA zrokta pANinIyam, ApizalinA proktamApizalam, kAzakRstinA prokta kaashkRtsnm|"

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___66 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA pANini sUtra 4 / 3 / 101 kI kozikA me "pANinIyam," "Apizalam" aura "kAzakRtsnam" udAharaNa Aye haiM / kiTAyana tathA vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa zAkaTAyana ne apane pUrvavartI vayAkaraNo kA aneka bAra ullekha kiyA hai| ye ullekha kahI nAma se tathA kahI eka , eke, ekepAm, kazcit, kenacit, keSAcit, anya , anye, anyepAm, apara Adi zabdo ke sAtha diye gaye hai / DA0 virave ne isa prakAra ke lagabhaga 210 sandarbho kA jikra kiyA hai| kucha sandarbha aise bhI hai jahA na to vaiyAkaraNa kA nAma diyA hai aura na hI 'kazcit' Adi kahA hai| Apizali kA mahatvapUrNa ullekha zAkaTAyana mUtra 2 / 4 / 182 ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki pANini kI taraha Apizali kA vyAkaraNa bhI A0 adhyAyo me nivaddha thA "aTakA aapishlpaanniniiyaa"| vyAkaraNazAstra ke itihAsa meM isa prakAra kA dUsarA koI ullekha prApta nahIM hai jisase Apizali ke vyAkaraNa ke sambandha me itanI nizcita sUcanA prApta ho / isase jJAta hotA hai ki vyAkaraNazAstra ke itihAsa me aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa racane vAle akele pANini nahI hai| unake pahale Apizali ne bhI aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI thii| pANini ne apane vyAkaraNa ko aNTAdhyAyI vanAne kA sUva mI se grahaNa kiyA hogaa| DA0 pelavalakara ne likhA hai ki zAkaTAyana ne zabdAnuzAsana aura amoghavRtti ke atirikta nimnalikhita prakaraNo kI bhI racanA kI thI 1 parimApAsUna 2 gaNapA0 (16 pAda) 2 dhAtupAI 4 uNAdisUna (45Ada) 5 liMgAnuzAsana (17 AryA chanda) vAstava meM inameM se liMgAnuzAsana tayA gaNapATha amoghavRtti me zAmila hai / liMgAnuzAsana alaga se bhI prApta hai / isalie ime svatantra mAnanA bhI ucita lagatA hai| ___gaNapA0 ku0 pANDulipiyo me svatantra rUpa se prApta hotA hai / isa bAta me nandeha nahI ki yaha amocavRtti se hI makalita kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi amoghavRtti me gaNapAla liMgAnuzAsana kI taraha svatantra upalabdha nahIM hai phira bhI una una sUtro kI vRni meM nibaddha hai| gAkaTAyana ne gaNo kAmpATa vibhAjana isa prakAra batAyA hai -

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 67 1 paripUrNagaNa me kisI niyama vizeSa ke anrtagata Ane vAle sabhI zabdo kI gaNanA dI jAtI hai| 2 AkRtigaNa ke antargata kucha namUne mAtra diye jAte haiN| ziSTaprayoga ke AdhAra para anya zabdo ko isake antargata zAmila kiyA jA sakatA hai| pANini sUtro se zabdo ke gaNa-vibhAjana kA spaSTa patA nahIM cltaa| isake lie vRttiyo para nirbhara karanA paDatA hai / zAkaTAyana ne inako spaSTa bhedaka ekavacana aura bahuvacana ke rUpa me diyA hai| ekavacana ke prayoga paripUrNagaNa aura bahuvacanAnta AkRtigaNa ke antargata parigaNita hai / udAharaNa ke lie sUtra "kacchAdenTanTasthe / 3 / 1146" ke antargata parigaNita zabda paripUrNagaNa tathA rUDhAdibhya 1 / 3 / 4" ke antargata die gae zabda AkRtigaNa hai / vRtti me spaSTa likhA hai ki "vhuvcnaadaakRtignno'ym|" ____ zAkaTAyana ke pUrva isa prakAra kA gaNa-vibhAjana jainendra me upalabdha hai (dRSTaya sUtra 3 / 2 / 146, 3 / 1 / 86, 3 / 1146 tathA 3 / 14) / hemacandra ne zAkaTAyana ko isa paramparA ko Age baDhAyA hai| pANini ke sAtha tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki zAkaTAyana me gaNasUte nahI hai / pANinIya gaNasUtro ko jainendra kI taraha zAkaTAyana ne bhI tyAga diyA hai / hemacandra ne bhI isI paramparA ko apanAyA hai| zAkaTAyana ke paribhASA sUtra ___ vyAkaraNa niyamo kI sahI vyAkhyA ke lie katipaya vizeSa siddhAnto kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| inheM paribhASA kahate hai / zAkaTAyana sUto tathA amodhavRtti me yatra-tatra paribhApA-sUna upalabdha hai kintu eka sAtha nahIM hai / svatantra rUpa se jo sau paribhApA sUtra prApta hote hai, unakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai ki ye paribhASA sUtra svaya pAlyakIti zAkaTAyana ke hai yA anya kisI zAkaTAyana ke / kyoki ina sau sUtro me sampUrNa rUpa se ve paribhASAe bhI nahI A pAI, jo zAkaTAyana aura amoghavRtti me upalabdha hai / DAkTara virave ne jJAnapI0 sasmaraNa me ukta paribhASA sUtra apanI prastAvanA ke pariziSTa eka ke rUpa me prakAzita kie hai tathA prastAvanA me inakA vistRta tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI prastuta kiyA hai| yakSavarmA kRta cintAmaNi vRtti zAkaTAyana para yakSavarmA kRta cintAmaNi nAma kI vRtti hai| apanI vRtti ke viSaya me unhone svayaM likhA hai ki amodhavRtti nAmaka vRhad vRtti ko sakSipta

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68 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA karake yaha vRtti vanAI hai| apanI vRtti kA mahattva unhone nimnalikhita zabdo me vyakta kiyA hai - tasyAtimahatI vRtti sahRya nIyamI sampUrNalakSaNA vRttirvakSyate yakSavarmaNA / / vAtAvaraNanogacADavRtteirakhyAvRttinA ! mamasta vADmaya vetti varSaNakana nizcayAt / / amodhavRtti nAmaka atyanta vistRta vRtti ko sakSipta karake yaha alpakAya kintu sampUrNa lakSaNa yukta vRtti ko yakSavarmA kahatA hai / vAlaka aura strI jana bhI isa vRtti ke abhyAsa se eka varSa me nizcaya hI sampUrNa vADmaya ko jAna letA hai| yakSavarmA ke viSaya meM anya jAnakArI nahIM miltii| prabhAcandrakRta zAkaTAyana nyAsa mAdhavIyadhAtuvRtti (14vI zatI) me prabhAcandra kRta zAkaTAyananyAsa kA ullekha hai / isake mAtra do adhyAya upalabdha hote hai / ye prabhAcandra prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura nyAyakumudacandra ke racayitA pramAcandra se bhinna vyakti hai, aisA DAkTara mahendra kumAra jI kA mata hai| ___mAdhavIyavRtti me amogha vistara nAmaka eka anya TIkA kA bhI ullekha hai kintu isake viSaya me anya vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| bhAvasena naivedya ne bhI zAkaTAyana para eka TIkA grantha likhA thaa| kisI manAta nevane zAdAyanata raLiI nAma TInA nivI! DA0 buhalara ne eka anya apUrNa TIkA kA ullekha kiyA hai jisakA nAma tathA lekhaka ajJAta hai| (iDiyA Aphisa keTalAga na0 5043) ___ ajitasena (12vI zatI) ne cintAmaNi ke artha ko spaSTa karane ke lie cintAmaNiprakAzikA, magArasa ne cintAmaNi pratipada tathA samantabhadra ne cintAmaNiviSamapadaTIkA likhii| eka anya apUrNacintAmaNivRtti kI prati iDiyA Aphisa lAyanerI (5047) me upalabdha hai| rUpasiddhi draviDasagha ke AcArya muni dayApAla ne zAkaTAyana para eka sakSipta TIkA rU5siddhi nAma se likhii| zravaNavelagola ke 54ve zilAlekha me inake viSaya me kahA gayA hai ki ve vAdirAja ke sadharmA the| unake guru kA nAma matisAgara thaa| gaNaratna mahodadhi govindamUri ke ziSya vardhamAnasUri nAmaka zvetAmbara AcArya ne zAkaTAyana ke

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saMskRti ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAMkana 66 gaNo kA sagraha karake gaNaratnamahodadhi nAmaka grantha likhaa| yaha 4200 zloka pramANa hai| isakI racanA vi0 sa0 1197 me huii| isa prakAra zAkaTAyana kI TokAo se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA me usakA prasAra atyadhika mAtrA me huaa| bhAvArya hemavadra jo sidamazadvAnuzAsana jana vyAkaraNazAstra kI munitrayI me pUjyapAda aura zAkaTAyana ke bAda tiis2|| nAma AcArya hemacandra kA hai| saubhAgya se AcArya hemacandra kA vipula sAhitya upalabdha hai / usase unake jAna vaibhava kA patA calatA hai| gurjara nareza siddharAja jayasiMha ke anurodha para AcArya hemacandra ne siddharAja ke sAtha apanA nAma joDa kara sima zabdAnuzAsana kI racanA kI / isakI racanA kA samaya vi0 sa0 1145 ke lagabha mAnA jAtA hai| hemazabdAnuzAsana kA parimANa savA lAkha zloka mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNa para choTI-baDI vRttiyA tathA uNAdisUna, dhAtupATha, gaNapA0, liMgAnuzAsana svaya hI banAe hai / hema meM pATha adhyAya hai| pahale sAta me saMskRta zabdAnuzAsana hai tathA AThaveM me prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana / sva. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne hema zabdAnuzAsana kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAo kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai 1 hema ke pUrva pANini, pAndra, pUjyapAda, zAkaTAyana aura bhojadeva Adi kitane hI vaiyAkaraNa ho cuke hai| inhone apane samaya me upalabdha samasta zabdArtha ko adhyayana kara eka sAgapUrNa, upayogI epa sarala vyAkaraNa kI racanA kara saskRta aura prAkRta dono bhASAo ko pUrNatayA anuzAsita kiyA hai| tatkAlIna pracalita apabhra za bhASA kA anuzAsana likha kara hema ne isa bhASA ko amara banA hI diyA hai, kintu apabhra za ke prAcIna doho ko udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upasthita kara lupta hote hue mahattvapUrNa sAhitya ke namUno kI rakSA bhI kI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki zabdAnuzAsaka hema kA vyaktitva adbhuta hai| unhone dhAtu aura prAtipadika aura pratyaya, samAsa aura vAkya, kRta aura taddhita, avyaya aura upasarga prabhRti kA nirUpaNa vivecana eka vizleSaNa kiyA hai| 2 zabdAnuzAsana ke kSetra me hemacandra ne pANini, bhaTTojidIkSita aura bhati kA kArya akele hI sampanna kiyA hai| inhone vRtti ke sAtha prakriyA aura udAharaNa bhI likhe hai / saskRta zabdAnuzAsana sAta adhyAyo me aura prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana eka adhyAya me, isa prakAra kula ATha adhyAyo me apane aSTAdhyAyI zabdAnuzAsana ko

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70 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paga samApta kiyA hai / gaskRta zabdAnuzAsana ke udAharaNa dyAyaya kAvya me aura prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana ke udAharaNa prAkRta yAzraya kAvya me lipa hai| 3 saskRta zabdAnuzAsana ke prathama adhyAya me 241 mUtra, dvitIya meM 460, tRtIya me 521, caturtha me 481, pacama me 468, papTha me 662 aura saptama meM 673 sUtra he / kula sUtra sakhyA 3566 hai / prathama adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM manAo kA vivecana kiyA hai| isame svara, tasva, dIrgha, pluta, nAmI, samAna, sandhyakSara, anusvAra, visarga, vyajana, ghuTa, varga, adhopa, dhopavat, antatha ziTa, 4 prathamAdi, vibhakti, pada, vAkya, nAma, avyaya, aura madhyAvat ina caubIma kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ziSTAyasya dvitIyo vA 143156 dvArA khaNIrama, kSIrama tathA aphsarA, apsarA jaise zabdo kI siddhi pradarzita kI hai| hindI sAra zabda hemacandra ke pIrama se bahuta najadIka hai / hema ne isa prakaraNa me vyajana aura visarga ina dono mandhiyo kA sammilita rUpa me vivecana kiyA hai / isake kucha sUtra vyajana madhi ke hai tayA kucha visarga ke aura Age bar3hane para visarga sandhi ke sUtro ke pazcAt puna vyajana gadhi ke sUtro para loTa Ate hai aura anta me puna visarga sandhi kI vAta batalAne lagate hai| sAmAnya rUpa se dekhane para eka gaDavaDa jhAlA dikhalAI paDegA, para vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hemacandra ne vyajana madhi ke samAna hI visarga sandhi ko bhI vyajana sandhi hI mAnA hai, ata dono eka jAtIya svarUpa hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAya dekhA jAtA hai ki vyajana sandhi ke prasaga me AvazyakatAnusAra hI vimarga mandhi ke kArya kA samAveza ho jAyA karatA hai| hema visarga ko 'ra" aura "sa" kA pratinidhi hI mAnate hai / prathama adhyAya ke caturya pAda me katipaya svarAnta aura nyajanAta zabdo kA bhI niyamana kiyA gayA hai| 4 dvitIya adhyAya ke prathama pAda me avazepa zabda rUpo kI carcA dvitIya pAda me kAraka prakaraNa, tRtIya pAda me patva-Natva vidhAna aura caturtha pAda me strI pratyaya prakaraNa hai| tRtIya adhyAya ke prathama aura dvitIya pAda me samAsa prakaraNa tathA tRtIya aura caturtha pAda me AkhyAna prakaraNa kA hI niyamana kiyA gayA hai / pacama adhyAya ke cAro pAdo me kRdanta aura 500 tathA saptama adhyAya me taddhita prakaraNa sanniviSTa haiN| 5 yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki hema ne apane pUrvavartI samasta vyAkaraNa zAstra kA adhyayana kara apane zabdAnuzAsana ko sAgapUrNa aura advitIya banAne kA 5lAcanIya prayAsa kiyA hai| aba yaha vicAra kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki hema me anya vyAkaraNo kI apekSA kyA vaiziSTya hai| 6 sarvaprathama pANini aura hema kI tulanA karane se jJAta hotA hai ki hama nA pANini se bahuta kucha liyA hai, para isa avadAna ko maulika aura navIna rU5 me hI unhone prastuta kiyA hai| vicAra karane se avagata hotA hai ki saskRta ke zabda

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saMskRta ke jana vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 71 nuzAsakI ne vibhinna prakAra se apanI-apanI sajJAo ke sAketika rUpa diye hai| yatra-tatra ekatA hone para bhI vibhinnatA pracura mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai| yahI to kAraNa hai ki jitane viziSTa vayAkaraNa hue, unakI racanAe alaga-alaga vyAkaraNa ke rUpa me abhihita huii| vivecana zailI kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa eka hI saMskRta bhASA me vyAkaraNa ke kaI tantra prasiddha hue| 7 hemacandra kI sarvatra vyAvahArika pravRtti hai| inhoMne svara tathA vyajana vidhAna sazAo kA vivecana karane ke anantara vibhakti, pada, nAma aura sajJAo kA bahuta hI vaijJAnika nirUpaNa kiyA hai / pANinIya vyAkaraNa me isa prakAra ke vivecana kA aikAntika abhAva hai / pANini to vAkya kI paribhASA denA hI bhUla gaye hai| paravartI vayAkaraNa kAtyAyana ne sabhAlane kI koziza avazya kI hai, para inhone jo paribhASA ekatiDvAkyam' dI hai, vaha bhI adhUrI hI raha gaI hai| bAda ke pANinIya tantakAro ne ise vyavasthita karanA cAhA hai, kintu ve bhI ekativAkyam ke dAyare se dUra nahIM ho sake hai| phalata inakI vAkya paribhASA sIdhA svarUpa le kara upasthita nahIM ho sakI hai| aura usakI apUrNatA jyo-kI-tyo banI rhii| kintu hema ne vAkya kI bahuta spaSTa paribhASA dI hai "savizeSamAkhyAta vAkyam 1 / 1 / 26" tyAyanta padamAkhyAta sAkSApAramparyeNa vA yAnyAkhyAtavizeSaNAni ta prayujyamAnaraprayujyamAna sahita prayujyamAnamaprayujyamAna vA AkhyAta vAkyasajJa bhvti|" arthAt mUla sUtra me savizeSaNa AkhyAna ko vAkya sajJA vatalAI gaI hai| yahA AkhyAna ke vizeSaNa kA artha hai avyaya, kAraka, saMjJA, vizeSaNa aura kriyAvizeSaNa kA sAkSAt yA paramparayA rhnaa| isa sUtra ke vRtyaza se spaSTa hai ki prayujyamAna athavA aprayujyamAna vizeSaNo ke sAtha prayujyamAna athavA aprayujyamAna AkhyAna hI kI vAkya me pradhAnatA rahatI hai| yahA vizeSaNa zabda se kevala sajJA vizeSaNa ko hI grahaNa nahI kiyA gayA hai, apitu sAdhAraNata pradhAna marya me ise grahaNa kiyA hai| 'vaiyAkaraNo kA yaha siddhAnta bhI hai ki vAkya me akhyAta artha hI pradhAna hotA hai| hema ne apanI vAkya paribhApA kA sambandha padAyuvibhaktyeka vAkye rasna sI bahatva' 2 / 1 / 21 sUtra se bhI mAnA hai| ata pANinIya tantakArI kI apekSA hema kI vAkya-parimApA adhika taka sagata hai| 8 hema ne sAta sUtro me avyaya sajA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa nirUpaNa me sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki nipAta sajJA ko avyaya sajJA me hI vilIna kara liyA hai| inhone cAdi ko nipAta na mAna kara sIdhA avyaya mAna liyA hai| yaha sakSiptIkaraNa kA eka laghutama prayAsa hai| it pratyaya aura saMkhyAvat samAo kA vivecana bhI pUrNa hai| hema ne anunAsika' kA artha vyutpattigata mAna liyA hai, ata isake lie pRthak sUtra banAne kI AvazyakatA nahI samajhI hai / sajJA prakaraNa kI hama kI sajJAe zabdAnusArI hai, kintu Aye vAlI kArakIya sasAe arthAnusArI haiN|

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72 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA pANini ke samAna hama ko salAo kA tAtparya bhI adhika zabdAvalI ko apane anuzAsana dvArA mameTanA mAlUma par3atA hai| ata hema ne pANini aura janendra kI apekSA kama sanAo kA prayoga karake bhI kArya calA liyA hai| isa satya se koI inakAra nahIM kara sakatA ki hema ne pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA avalokana kara unakI manAo ko grahaNa nahI kiyA hai| hasva, dIrgha aura pluta sajJAe pANini ne bhI likhI hai, kintu hama ne ina sanAo me spaSTatA aura sahaja vodhagamyatA lAne ke lie eka, dvi aura timAnika ko kramaza hasva, dIrtha, dIrtha aura pluta kaha diyA hai / yadyapi pANini ke 'ukAlo bhrasvadIrthapluta' 1 / 2 / 26 sUna me hema kA ukta bhAva akita hai, kintu hema ne eka mAlika, dvimAlika aura nimAlika kaha kara sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA hai| ___ hema aura pANini kI sajAo me eka maulika antara hai ki hema pratyAhAro ke jhamele me nahI par3e haiN| inakI sajJAmo me pratyAhAro kA vilakula abhAva hai / varNamAlA ke varNo ko le kara hI hema ne sajJA vidhAna kiyA hai| pANini ne pratyAhAro dvArA sajJAo kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, jisase pratyAhAra krama ko smaraNa kiye vinA saMjJAo kA artha vova nahI ho sakatA hai / ata hema kA samAvidhAna pANini aura janandra kI apekSA sarala eva spa88 hai|| 10 sandhi-prakaraNa me bhI hema ne lAdhava ko kAyama rakhane kI pUrI ceSTA kI hai| guNa mandhi me R ke sthAna para ar aura lU ke sthAna para al kiyA hai / pANini ko imI kArya kI siddhi ke lie pRthaka raNarapara' 11115 sUtra likhanA paDA hai| hema ne isa eka sUtra kI vacata kara lI hai| pANini ne 'eDipararUpam' 111 / 64 sUtra dvArA pahale na ho aura bAda meM e ho to para rUpa karane kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| hama ne 'vopThAtA mamAsa' 1 / 2 / 17 dvArA luka kA niyamana kiyA hai / ata pANini ko apamA hema me lAyaka hai / hema ne yaha prakriyA zAkaTAyana se apanAyI hai| pANini ne 7 / 1157 ke dvArA jisa ke sthAna me 'zI' hone kA vidhAna kiyA hai, hema ne 11416 dvArA mIdhe jam ke sthAna para 'I' kara diyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pANini ke yahA yadi 'I' kA vidhAyana hotA, to jasa ke antima varNa s ko bhI hone lagatA, ataeva unhone zakAra anuvandha ko lagAnA Avazyaka samajhA aura samasta jan ke myAna para bhI kA vidhAna kiyaa| hema ke yahA isa taraha kucha bhI jamenA nahI hai| inake yahA jam ke sthAna para kiyA gayA 'I' kA niyamana samasta bhara ke sthAna para honA hai| ata yahA hema kI lAdhava dRSTi prazasanIya hai| hema ne pANini pI taraha sarvAdi kI marvanAma manA nahIM kI hai, kintu sarvAdi kaha kara hI gAma calAyA hai| jahA pANini ne sarvanAma ko roka kara sarvanAma prayukta kArya gaM hai, bahAmane nadi hI nahIM mAna kara kAma calAyA hai| yaha bhI hema kI lApaya dRSTi / nRpA hai / pANini ne sAm ko mAm banAne ke lie muda Agama

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyAkana 73 kiyA hai, para hema ne 1 / 4 / 15 sUtra dvArA Ama ko sIdhe sAma banAne kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| 11 ajanta strIliMga me latAye, latAyA aura latAyA kI siddhi ke lie pANini ne bahuta draviDa prANAyAma kiyaa| unhone 7 / 3 / 113 sUna se yAda kiyA hai, puna vRddhi kI, taba latAya banAyA tathA dIrgha karane para latAyA aura latAyAm kA sAdhutva siddha kiyaa| para hema ne 1 / 4 / 7 sUtra dvArA sIdhe ye, yAda aura yAm pratyaya joDa kara ukta rUpo kA sahaja sAdhutva dikhAyA hai / hema kI yaha prakriyA sarala aura lAdhava sUcaka hai| muni zabda kI au vibhakti ko pANini ne pUrva savarNa dIrgha kiyA hai| hema ne 114 / 21 sUtra dvArA ikAra ke bAda au ho to dIrgha IkAra aura ukAra ke vAda au ho to dIrgha OMkAra kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| hema kI yaha prakriyA bhI zabda zAstra ke vidvAno ke lie adhika rucikara aura AnandadAyaka hai| munI prayoga me pANini ne 7 / 3 / 116 ke dvArA i ko U aura DI ko au kiyA hai tathA vRddhi kara dene para munI kI siddhi kI hai, kintu hema ne 1 / 4 / 25 sUtra ke dvArA DI ko Dau kiyA hai jisase yahA D kA anubandha hone se muni zabda kA ikAra svayaM hI haTa gayA hai, ataeva muni zabda ke nakAra meM rahane vAle ikAra ke sthAna para hema ko akAra karane kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahI huii| 12 hema ne kAraka prakaraNa Arambha karate hI kAraka kI paribhASA dI hai, jo inakI apanI vizeSatA hai| pANini tanta me kiyA vizeSaNa ko karma banAne kA koI bhI niyama nahIM hai, bAda ke vaiyAkaraNo aura naiyAyiko ne kriyAvizeSaNAnA kAryatva' kA siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai| hema ne 2 / 2 / 41 sUtra me ukta siddhAnta ko apane tanna me saMgrahIta kara liyA hai / pANini ne 2 / 3 / 16 sUtra dvArA ala zabda ke yoga me caturthI kA vidhAna kiyA hai, kintu hema ne zaktyirthaka sabhI zabdo ke yoga me caturthI kA niyamana kiyA hai, isase adhika spaSTatA A gaI hai| pANini ke ukta niyama ko vyAvahArika banAne ke lie ala zabda ko paryAptAryaka mAnanA paDatA hai, anyathA 'ala mahIpAla taba zrameNa' ityAdi vAkya vyavahita ho jaaege| hema ne zaktyarthaka aura paryAptArthaka zabdo ke sAdhutva ko pRthaka kara diyA hai, jisase kisI bhI prakAra kA virodha nahI AtA hai|5 13 uparyukta sakSipta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki hema me pANini janendra aura zAkaTAyana kI apekSA adhika lAdhava aura spaSTatA hai, para yaha bhI hame nahI bhUlanA cAhie ki hema ne ukta tIno vyAkaraNo se pracura sAmagrI grahaNa kI hai| pUjyapAda aura pANini kI apekSA hema ne zAkaTAyana se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| janendra ke siddharanekAntAt' kA prabhAva siddhi syAhAdAt 1 / 1 / 2' para spaSTa hai| hema ne taddhita aura kRdanta prakaraNa meM janendra ke sUna jyo ke tyo apanAye hai| 14. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kI zailI kA prabhAva to hema para sarvAdhika hai| yahA

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74 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura kAyA kI paramparA eka udAharaNa dekara ukta kathana kA spapTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| pANini ne 'pAramadhyepapThyAvA' 2 / 1 / 18, pUjyapAda ne 'pAre madhye tathA vA' 1 / 3 / 15, aura zAkaTAyana ne pAra madhye'nta paThyA vA' 2 / 1 / 6 sUtra likhA hai| hema ne ukta sUtra ke sthAna para pAremadhye'gre'nta paThyA vA' sUtra likhA hai| uparyukta prasiddha vaiyAkaraNo ke sUtra kI hema sUtra ke sAtha tulanA karane para avagata hotA hai ki hema ne zAkaTAyana kA sarvAdhika anukaraNa kiyA hai| 15 zAkaTAyana ke 'nanRpUjAryadhvajacitre' 3 / 3 / 34 kA amoghavRtti sahita hema ne 'na na pUjAryadhvajacitre' 7 / 1 / 106 meM zabdaza anukaraNa kiyA hai| yadyapi hema ne apane pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM se bahuta kucha liyA hai, to bhI apanI maulikatA pratibhA dvArA zabdAnuzAsana meM aneka navInatAe lAne kA unakA prayAsa prazasya 16 hemazabdAnuzAsana kA aSTama adhyAya prAkRta bhASA kA anuzAsana karatA hai| isameM cAra pAda aura kula 1116 sUtra hai| prathama pAda me svara aura vyajana vikAra, dvitIya me sayukta, vyajana vikAra, tRtIya me sarvanAma, kAraka, kRdanta eva caturya pAda meM dhAtvAdeza, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paMzAcI, cUlikA paizAcI tayA apabhra za kA anuzAsana vaNita hai| prAkRta bhASA kI jAnakArI ke lie isase vaDA aura mAMgapUrNa vyAkaraNa anya koI nahIM hai| pANini ne jisa prakAra saMskRta aura laukika saMskRta bhASA kA anuzAsana kiyA, usI prakAra hama ne laukika saMskRta tathA usakI nikaTavartI prAkRta kA niyamana upasthita kiyA / bhASA ke tatvo kI jAnakArI hema kI adbhuta hai| hema zabdAnuzAsana itanA pUrNa hai ki isa vyAkaraNa ke akale adhyayana me hI loka pracalita sabhI purAtana bhAratIya bhASAo kI yayeSTa jAnakArI ho sakatI hai / yaha gujarAta kA vyAkaraNa kahalAtA hai| hemazabdAnuzAsana para aneka TIkA anya upalabdha hai| unakA paricaya jana sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa bhAga 5 me diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina vyAkaraNa zAstra kI isa munitrayo ne saskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra ke saMrakSaNa, saMvarddhana evaM prasAra me jo yogadAna diyA, vaha vyAkaraNazAstra ke itihAsa me advitIya hai| vyAkaraNazAstra para hone vAle bhaviSya ke anusaMdhAna kAryo me ina upalabdhiyoM kA upayoga kiyA jAnA caahie| aura adhika vistAra ke bhaya se anya grantho, TIkAo Adi 52 isa nibandha me vicAra nahIM kiyA jA skaa| jisa prakAra devanandI, zAkaTAyana aura hemacandra ne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke kRtitva ko apanI kRtiyo me samAhita karake use sarakSita kiyA aura unakI upalabdhiyoM ko sambAdata karake prasArita kiyA usI prakAra prastuta nibandha me hamane

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saMskRta ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa eka mUlyakina 75 sva. DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kI 'jainendra mahAvRtti kI bhUmikA, DA0 Ara0 vive kI zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kI agarejI prastAvanA, 10DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ke nibandha tathA jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa bhAga (pAca) kI sAmagrI ko bhI samAhita kiyA hai| ___AcArya zrI kAlUgaNI kI zatAbdI ke puNya-prasaga para una sabhI vidvAno ke lie hamArA yaha navedya nivedita hai| sadarbha 1. jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5, pR0 6 / 2 jana vidyA kA sAskRtika avadAna, pR0 42-43 / 3 jana sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5, pR0 4 / 4 TA0 A0 ne0 upAdhye, janarala eDiToriyala, zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, pR0 12 / / 5 jana sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5 / 6 DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla-janendra mahAvRtti kI bhUmikA pR0 6-12 / 7 yudhiSThira bhImAsaka-janendra zabdAnuzAsana tathA usake khila pATha, jainendra mahAvRtti, pR036| 8 vahI, pR0 43.44 / 6 prabandha pArijAta, pR0 214, uddhRta jai0 sA0 vR0 i0, bhAga 5 / 10 sisTamsa Apha saMskRta grAmara, parA 50 / 11 zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, pR0 118 / 12 prameyakamalamArtaNDa, prastAvanA, pR0 67 / 13 sanAtana jana granthamAlA 5, vArANasI / 14 sisTamsa Apha saskRta grAmara, pR0 71 / 15 jaina vidyA kA sAskRtika avadAna, pR0 53-60 / 16 draSTa05 --AcArya hemacandra aura unakA zabdAnuzAsana /

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini sva0 DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI saskRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA bahuta prAcInakAla se hotI AI hai| saskRta ke prakANDa vaiyAkaraNa maharSi pANini ke pUrva bhI kaI prabhAvazAlI vaiyAkaraNa ho cuke the, kintu pANini ke vyAkaraNa kI pUrNatA eva prabhAvazAlitA ke kAraNa sUrya ke sAmane nakSatro kI bhAti unakI prabhA vilIna ho gaI aura vyAkaraNa jagat me pANinIya prakAza vyApta ho gyaa| itanA hI nahIM apitu isa bhAsvara prakAza ke sAmane bAda me bhI koI pratibhA udbhAsita nahIM ho skii| vikrama kI bArahavI zatAbdI me eka haimI pratibhA hI isake apavAda rUpa me jAgarita huI / yaha pratibhA kevala prakAza hI lekara nahI AI apitu usa prakAza me rasamayI zItalatA kA sahayoga bhI thA / hema ne zabdAnuzAsana ke sAtha zabdaprayogAtmaka dvayAzraya kAvya kI bhI racanA kii| AcArya hemacandra ne apane zabdAnuzAsana ko pANinIya zabdAnuzAsana kI apekSA sarala banAne kI saphala ceSTA kI hai, sAtha hI pANinIya anuzAsana se avaziSTa zabdo kI siddha bhI batalAI hai| sakSepa me yaha kaha sakate haiM ki zabdAnuzAsana-prakriyA me pANinIya vaiyAkaraNo ke samasta mastiSko se jo kAma pUrA huA hai, use akele hema ne kara dikhAyA hai| saca kahA jAe to isa dRSTi se saskRta bhASA kA koI bhI vaiyAkaraNa cAhe vaha pANini hI kyo na ho, hema kI barAbarI nahI kara sktaa| hame aisA lagatA hai ki hema ne apane samaya me upalabdha kAtantra, pANinIya, sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa, jainendra, zAkaTAyana Adi samasta vyAkaraNa gratho kA AloDana kara sAragrahaNa kiyA hai aura use apanI adbhuta pratibhA ke dvArA vistRta aura camatkRta kiyA hai| prastuta nivandha me zabdAnuzAsana kI samasta prakriyAo ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hema kI pANini ke sAtha tulanA kI jAegI aura yaha batalAne kA AyAsa rahegA ki hema me pANini kI apekSA kauna sI vizeSatA aura maulikatA hai tathA zabdAnuzAsana kI dRSTi se hema kA vidhAna kaimA aura kitanA maulika evaM upayogI hai| sarvaprathama pANini aura hema ke majJAprakaraNa para vicAra kiyA jAegA aura

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA dono kI tulanA dvArA yaha batalAne kI ceSTA kI jAegI ki hema kI sajAe pANini kI apekSA kitanI saTIka aura upayogI hai / 78 saMskRta bhASA ke prAya sabhI graMtho me sarvaprathama pAribhASika majJAo kA eka prakaraNa de diyA jAtA hai| isase lAbha yaha hotA hai ki Age sajJA zabdo dvArA sakSepa me jo kAma calAye jAte hai vahA unakA vizeSa artha samajhane me bahuta kucha sahUliyata ho jAyA karatI hai / saMskRta ke vyAkaraNagratha bhI isake apavAda nahI / vAstava me vyAkaraNazAstra me isa bAta kI aura adhika upayogitA hai, yata vizAla zabdarAzi kI vyutpatti kI vivecanA isake binA saMbhava nahI hai / usame vizeSa kara saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM jahAM eka-eka zabda ke lie savidhAna kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai / saMskRta ke zabdAnuzAsako ne vibhinna prakAra se apanI-apanI sajJAo ke sAketika rUpa die haiM / kahI kahI ekatA hone para bhI vibhinnatA pracura mAtrA me vidyamAna hai | yahI to kAraNa hai ki jitane viziSTa vaiyAkaraNa hue unakI racanAe alaga-alaga vyAkaraNa ke rUpa me abhihita huI / vivecana zailI kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa hI eka saMskRta bhASA me vyAkaraNa ke kaI tantra prasiddha hue / hemacandra kI sarvatra vyAvahArika pravRtti hai, inhone sajAo kI parayA bahuta kama rakhakara kAma calAyA hai / inhone svaro kA sajAo me vargIkaraNa karate hue, hrasva, dIrgha, pluta, nAti, samAna aura sandhyakSara ye cha sajJAesakalita kI haiM / ye hai ghuT, varga, ghoSavAn, aghopa, antastha, aura ziT / svara sajJAo tathA vyajana sajJAo kA vivecana kara lene ke bAda eka svasajJA kA vidhAna hai| jisakA upayoga svara eva vyajana dono ke lie samAna hai / svara tathA vyajana vidhAna sajJAo ke vivecana ke anantara vibhakti, pada, nAma, aura vAkya manAo kA bahuta hI vaijJAnika vivecana prastuta kiyA hai / pANinIya vyAkaraNa me isa prakAra ke vivecana kA aikAntika abhAva hai / pANini to vAkya kI paribhASA denA hI bhUla gae haiM / parivartI vaiyAkaraNa kAtyAyana ne sabhAlane kA prayatna avazya kiyA hai, para unhone vana kI jo paribhASA ekatiDavAkyam' dI hai, vaha bhI adhUrI hI raha gaI hai / vAda ke pANinIya tantrakAro ne ise vyavasthita karanA cAhA hai, kintu ve 'ekatiGa vAkyam' ke dAyare se nahI jA sake hai / phalata unakI vAkya paribhASA sIdhA svarUpa lekara upasthita nahI ho sakI hai aura usakI apUrNatA jyo kI tyo banI rahI hai / kintu hema ne vAkya kI bahuta spaSTa paribhASA dI hai 'savizepaNamAkhyAta vAkyam' 1 / 1 / 26 'tyAdyanta padamAkhyatAtam, sAkSAt pArasparyeNa vA yAtyAkhyAtavizeSaNAni ta prayujyamAnairaprayujyamAnairvA sahita prayujyamAnamaprayujyamAna vA AkhyAta vAkyamajJa bhavati / ' arthAt mUla sUtra me savizeSaNa AyAta vAkya kI vAkyasanA dUra

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 76 vatalAI gaI hai| yahA AkhyAta ke vizeSaNa kA artha hai avyaya, kAraka, kAraka vizeSaNa aura kriyA vizeSaNo kA sAkSAt yA para+parayA rhnaa| Age vAle vRtyaza se spaSTa hai ki prayujyamAna ayavA aprayujyamAna vizepaNo ke sAtha prayujyamAna athavA aprayujyamAna AkhyAta ko vAkya kahA gayA hai| yahA vizeSaNa zabda dvArA kevala sajJA vizeSaNa kA hI grahaNa nahI hai, apitu sAdhAraNata apradhAna artha liyA gayA hai aura AkhyAta ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| vaiyAkaraNo kA yaha sidvAnna bhI hai ki vAkya me AkhyAta kA artha hI pradhAna hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki hema kI vAkya paribhASA sarvAGgapUrNa hai| inhone isa paribhASA kA sannadhvAkya pradeza padAdhugvibhaktyekavAkye vasnasau bahutve' 211121 sUtra se bhI mAnA hai| pANini yA anya pANinIya tantrakAra vAkyaparibhASA ko hema ke samAna sarvAgINa nahI banA sake haiM / yo to 'ekatiDa vAkyam' se kAmacalAU artha nikala AtA hai aura kisI prakAra vAkya kI paribhApA bana jAtI hai, para samIcIna aura spaSTa rUpa me vAkya kI paribhASA sAmane nahI A pAtI hai| ata: AcArya ne vAkya paribhASA ko bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa se upasthita kiyA hai| hema ne sAta sUtro me avyayasajJA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / isa nirUpaNa me sabase vaDI vizeSatA yaha hai ki nipAtamajJA ko avyayasajA me hI vilIna kara liyA hai| unhone cAdi ko nipAta na mAnakara sIdhA avyaya mAna liyA hai| yaha eka sakSiptIkaraNa kA laghutama prayAsa hai| it pratyaya aura sakhyAvat sajJAo kA vivecana bhI pUrNa hai| hema ne anunAsika kA artha vyutpattigata mAna liyA hai, ata isake lie pRyaka sUtra banAne kI AvazyakatA nahI samajhI hai| sajJAprakaraNa kI hema kI sajJAe za0dAnusArI haiM, kintu Age vAlI kArakIya sajJAe arthAnusArI hai| pANini ke samAna hema kI sajJAo kA tAtparya bhI adhika se adhika zabdAvalI ko apane anuzAsana dvArA sameTanA mAlUma paDatA hai / ata hema ne pANini kI apekSA kama sajJAo kA prayoga karake bhI kArya calA liyA hai / yaha satya hai ki hema ne paNinIya vyAkaraNa kA avalokana kara bhI unakI sazAo ko grahaNa nahI kiyA hai| hrasva, dIrgha, pluta sajJa.e pANini ne bhI likhI haiM kintu hema ne ina sajJAo me spaSTatA aura sahaja bodhagamyatA lAne ke lie eka, dvi aura trimAtrika ko kramaza hrasva, dIrgha aura pluta kaha diyA hai| vastuta pANini ke 'kAlo'jjhasvadIrghapluta' 1 / 2 / 27 sUtra kA bhAva hI akita karake hema ne ekamAtrika, dvimAnika aura vimAtrika kahakara sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| hema ke 'audantA svasa: 1 / 1 / 4 ko anuvRtti bhI ukta sajJAo me vidyamAna pANini kA savarNasajJA vidhAyaka 'tulyAyasyaprayatna savarNam 1|shaa sUtra hai| hema ne imI sajA ke lie 'tulyasthAnAsyaprayatna sva.' 111 / 17 sUtra likhA hai| isa

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80 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sajJA ke kathana me hema kI koI vizeSatA nahIM hai, balki pANini kA anukaraNa hI pratIta hotA hai / hA, savarNasajJA ke sthAna para hema ne svasajA nAmakaraNa kara diyA hai / dono hI gabdAnugAsako kA eka sA hI bhAva hai| hama aura pANini kI sajAo me eka maulika antara yaha hai ki hema pratyAhAra ke jhamele me nahI paDe hai, unakI sajJAo ne pratyAhAro kA bilkula abhAva hai| varNamAlA ke varNo ko lekara hI hema ne sajJAvidhAna kiyA hai| pANini ne pratyAhAro dvArA sajJAo kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai jisase pratyAhArakrama kA smaraNa kie vinA majJAo kA arthabodha nahI ho sakatA hai / ata hema ke sanAvidhAna me saralatA para pUrNa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| pANini ne anuravAra, visarga, jihvAmUlIya tathA upadhmAnIya ko vyajanavikAra kahA hai| vAstava me anusvAra makAra yA nakArajanya hai| visarga sakAra yA kahI rephajanya hotA hai| jivAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya dono krama. ka, kha tathA pa, pha ke pUrva sthita visarga ke hI vikRta rUpa haiN| pANini ne ukta anusvAra Adi ko apane pratyAhAra sUtro me - varNamAlA meM, svatantra rUpa se koI sthAna nahI diyA hai| uttarakAlIna pANinIya vaiyAkaraNo ne isakI baDI joradAra carcA kI hai ki ina vargoM ko svaro ke antargata mAnA jAe athavA vyajano ke / pANinIya zAstra ke udbhaTa vidvAn kAtyAyana ne isakA nirNaya kiyA ki inakI gaNanA dono me karanA upayukta hogA / pANinIya tatvavettA patajali ne bhI isakA pUrNa samarthana kiyA hai| hema ke anusvAra, visarga, jinAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya ko 'a a kapa pA. ziT' 1 / 1 / 16 mUtra dvArA ziT sajJaka mAnA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki hema ne apane gandAnuzAsana me visarga, anusvAra, jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya ko vyajano me sthAna diyA hai| hema kI ziT sajJA vyajanavarNo kI hai tathA vyajana varNoM kI sajJAo me hema ne ukta visargAdi ko sthAna diyA hai| kAyana vyAkaraNa me bhI anumvAra, visarga, jivAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya ko vyaMjano ke antargata mAnA hai / aisA lagatA hai ki hama isa sthala para pANini kI pekSA jAkaTAyana se jyAdA prabhAvita haiN| hema kA anusvAra, vimarga Adi kA vyajano me sthAna denA adhika tarkasaMgata jacatA hai| upayukta vivecana ke AdhAra para hama sakSepa me itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki hama ne apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra sajJAo kA vidhAna kiyA hai| jahA pANini ke nirUpaNa me kliSTatA hai vahA hema me saralatA aura vyAvahArikatA pANini ne jise aca sanvi kahA hai hema ne use svara sandhi / hema ne guNa sandhi me Ro myAna 52 ar aura la ke myAna para al kiyA hai| pANini ko isI kArya kI middhi ke lie pRthak 'uraNa rapara' 111151 mUtra ligvanA par3A hai|

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 81 hema ne isa eka sUtra kI vacata kara 1 / 2 / 3 sUtra me hI ukta kArya ko siddha kara diyA hai| hema ne ai aura aura ko sandhi-svara kahA hai, pANini aura kAtyAyana ne nahI / uttarakAlIna vyAkhyAkAro ne inakI sandhyakSaro me gaNanA kI hai| pANini ne 'eDi pararUpam 6 / 1 / 64 sUtra dvArA pahale aho aura bAda me e, o ho to pararUpa karane kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| hema ne 'vauSThautI samAse' 112 / 17 dvArA luka kA vidhAna kiyA hai| pANini ne ayAdi sandhi ke lie 'eco'yavAyAva' 6 / 1178 sUtra kA kathana kara samasta kAryoM kI siddhi kara lI hai, kintu hema ko isa ayAdi sandhi kArya ke lie 'edaito'yAya' 1 / 2 / 23 tathA 'odoto vAva' 1 / 2 / 26 ina do sUtro kI racanA karanI par3I hai| svara sandhi me hema kA 'hasvo'pade vA' 112 / 22 bilkula navIna hai / pANini vyAkaraNa me isakA jikra nahIM hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki hema ke samaya me 'nadi epA' aura 'nopA' ye dono prayoga pracalita the| isI kAraNa inhe ukta rUpo ke lie anuzAsana karanA pddaa| gavyati, gavyate, nAvyati, nAvyate, lavyam eva lAvyam rUpo ke sAdhutva ke lie hama ne 'yyakye' 112 / 25 sUtra likhA hai| ina rUpo kI siddhi ke lie pANini ke 'vAnto yi pratyaye' 6 / 1176 tayA 'dhAtostannimittasyaiva' 61180 ye do sUtra Ate haiN| abhiprAya yaha hai ki hema ne lavyam aura lAvyam kI siddhi bhI 111 / 25 se kara lI hai, jaba ki pANini ko ina rUpo ke sAdhutva ke lie 6 / 1180 sUtra pRthaka likhanA paDA hai| pANini ke pUrvarUpa aura pararUpa kA kArya hema ne luka dvArA calA liyA hai| pANini ne jise prakRtibhAva kahA hai, hema ne use asandhi kahA hai| u, iti, viti tathA U iti ina rUpo kI sAdhanikA ke lie pANinI ne 'una' 111 / 17 tathA 'a' 111118 ye do sUtra likhe haiM hema ne ukta rUpo kI siddhi 'U poma' 2 / 2 / 36 sUtra dvArA hI kara dI hai| ___pANini ne jise hala sandhi kahA hai, hema ne use vyajana sandhi / hema ne vyaMjana sandhi me kavargAdi krama se varNoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai, jaba ki pANini ne pratyAhArakrama grahaNa kiyA hai| pANini ne visarga ko jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya batAyA hai, para hema ne ra khapaphayo ka-pau 16315 sUtra me repha ko hI visarga tathA jihvAmUlIya aura upa-mAnIya kahA hai| jo kAma pANini ne visarga se calAyA hai, vaha kAma hema ne repha se calAyA hai| hema ne 'no'prazAno'nusvArAnunAsikau ca pUrvasyAdhuT pare' 1 / 3 / 8 sUtra dvArA na ko sIdhe sa banA diyA hai, jabaki pANini ne na va sa= ra sa krama rakhA hai, yahI nahI balki anunAsika aura anusvAra karane ke lie pANini ne 'atrAnanAsika pUrvasya tu vA' 8 / 3 / 2 aura 'anunAsikAtparA'nusvAra' 8 / 3 / 4 ina do sUtro ko likhA hai / hema ne uparyukta sUtra me hI ina dono sUtro ko sameTa liyA hai| hema ne 113 / 13 me patajali ke 'samo vA lopa meke' siddhAnta ko arthAt sam ke m

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82 sa'kRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kA vaikalpika lopa hotA hai, ko nihita kiyA hai| isase avagata hotA hai ki hema ne pANinIya tantra kA avagAhanakara unakI samasta vizeSatAo ko apane zabdAnuzAsana me sthAna diyA hai tathA apanI sUkSma pratibhA dvArA saralIkaraNa aura laghvIkaraNa kI ora bhI dhyAna diyaa| hema ne 'samrATa' 1 / 3 / 16 sUtra me samrATa ra likhakara samrATa kI middhi mAna lI hai javaki pANini ne 8 / 3125 sUtra meM isakI prakriyA bhI pradarzita kI hai| hema ne 113122 sUtra me sa kA luka kara diyA hai| pANini 8 / 3 / 17 ke dvArA sa ko ya banAkara 8 / 3.22 sUtra me lo5 kiyA hai / hema kA lAdhava yahA nitAnta vaijJAnika hai| hema ne 1 / 3 / 35 me aspaSTa aura IparaspaSTatara me va aura ya kA vidhAna kiyA hai| pANini ne 8 / 3 / 18 me inhe laghuprayatna kahA hai| hema ne 113128 me cha ko dvitva kiyA hai, jabaki pANini ne 6 / 1175 dvArA tuka kA Agama kiyA hai, 50cAt t ko ca kiyA hai| tulanA karane se jJAta hotA hai ki pANini kI apekSA hema kA yaha anugAsana sarala hone ke sAtha vaijJAnika bhI hai, kyoki hema cha ko dvitva kara pUrva cha ko ca kara dete haiM / pANini tuk Agama kara t ko c banAte haiM, isame prakriyA gaurava avazya hai| pANini kA mUtra hai 'AimADoraca' 6 / 1 / 74 / isake dvArA tuka kiyA jAtA hai, kintu hema ne 1 / 3 / 28 ke anusAra A, mA ko choDakara 25 dIrgha padAnta zabdo se vikalpa se cha kA vidhAna kiyA hai| kintu vRddhi ke anusAra A bhA ke pAsa cha kA honA nitya siddha hotA hai, para yaha satya hai ki ukta sUtra ke anusAra kathana me spaSTatA nahI Ane pAI hai| hema ne taczete, tazete me 'ta ziTa' 13136 dvArA za ko dvitva kiyA hai, jo hema kI maulikatA kA dyotaka hai| hama ne visarga sandhi kA nirUpaNa pRyaka nahI kiyA hai, balki use repha kahakara vyajana sandhi me hI sthAna diyA hai| hema ne 'ro re lum dIrghazcAdiduta' 8 / 3 / 41 isa eka hI sUtra me 'ro ri' 8 / 3 / 14 tathA 'lope pUrvasya dIrgho'' 6 / 3 / 111 pANini ke ina dono sUtro ke kAryavidhAna ko eka sAtha rakha diyA hai| hema ne TyAdhasya dvitIyo vA' 1 / 3 / 56 sUtra meM eka nayA nidhAna kiyA hai| batAyA gayA hai ki za, pa, sa ke 52 varga ke prayama akSara kA dvitIya akSara hotA haiM, jese kSIram, spIram, apsarA , aphsarA Adi / bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se hema kA yaha anuzAsana atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| aisA lagatA hai ki pANini kI apekSA hema ke samaya me skUla bhASA kI pravRttiyA lokabhASA ke adhika nikaTa A rahI thii| isI kAraNa hema kA ukta anuzAsana sabhI saskRta vaiyAkaraNo kI apekSA nayA hai| yaha satya hai ki hema ko apane samaya kI bhASA kA yathArtha jJAna thaa| usakI samasta pravRttiyo kI unhe jAnakArI thii| isI kAraNa unhone apane anu

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 83 zAsana me bhASA kI samasta navIna pravRttiyo ko sameTane kI ceSTA kI hai| 206rUpo kI siddhi ko hema ne prathama adhyAya ke caturthapAda me Arambha kiyA hai| pANini ne ajanta kI sAghanikA Ara+bha karane se pUrva arthavadavAturapratyayaH prAtipadikam' 1 / 2 / 45 sUtra dvArA prAtipadika sajJA para prakAza DAlA hai| hema ne 'adhAtuvibhaktivAkyamarthayanAma' 161127 sUtra me nAma kI paribhASA batalAI hai| pANini ne jise prAtipadika kahA hai hema ne usako mAtra nAma kA antara mAnA hai, artha kA nahIM / hema ne isI nAma sajJA kA adhikAra mAnakara vibhaktiyo kA vidhAna kiyA hai| hema zabdAnuzAsana me pANini ke dvArA prayukta vibhaktiyA hI prAya. gRhIta haiN| kevala prathamA ekavacana meM pANini ke su ke sthAna para kAtantra ke samAna 'si' vibhakti kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| hama ne 11412 sUtra se 'ata' kI anuvRtti kara 'mas ais' 11412 sUtra racA hai jo pANini ke 'ato misa ais' 7 / 1 / 6 ke samAna prayAsa hai| pANini ne 'jaso zi' 71 / 20 ke dvArA jas ke sthAna meM 'zi' hone kA vidhAna hai, hema ne 'jasa i' 1146 dvArA sIdhe jas ke sthAna para 'i' kara diyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pANini ke yahA yadi kevala i kA vidhAna hAtA to vaha jas ke antima varNa s ko bhI hone lagatA, ataeva unhone zakAra anuvandha ko lagAnA Avazyaka samajhA aura samasta jas ke sthAna para zi kA vidhAna kiyaa| hema ke yahA isa taraha kA kucha bhI jhamelA nahI hai| inake yahA jas ke sthAna para kiyA gayA 'i' kA vidhAna samasta jas ke sthAna para hotA hai| ata yahA hema kI lAdhava dRSTi prazasanIya hai / hema ne pANini kI taraha sarvAdi kI sarvanAmasajJA nahI kI, kintu sarvAdi kahakara hI kAma calAyA gayA hai| jahA pANini ne sarvanAma ko rokakara sarvanAma prayukta kArya rokA hai, vahA hema ne sarvAdi ko sarvAdihI nahI mAnakara kAma calAyA hai| yaha bhI hema kI lAdhava dRSTi kA sUcaka hai| pANini ne Ama ko sAm banAne ke lie suTu kA Agama kiyA hai, para hama ne 'avarNasyAma sAm' 114:15 sUtra dvArA Am ko sIdhe sAm banAne kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| ____ ajanta strIliMga me latAya latAyA aura latAyA kI siddhi ke lie pANini ne bahuta draviDa prANAyAma kiyA hai| unhone 'yADApa' 7 / 3 / 113 sUtra se yAda kiyA, puna vRddhi kI, taba latAya banAyA tathA dIrgha karane para latAyA aura latAyA kA sAdhutva siddha kiyaa| para hama ne 114117 sUtra dvArA sIdhe ye yAs aura yAm pratyaya joDakara ukta rUpo kA sahaja sAdhutva dikhalAyA hai| hema kI yaha prakriyA sarala aura lAghavasUcaka hai| muni zabda kI au vibhakti ko pANini ne pUrvasavarNa dIrgha kiyA hai| hema ne iduto'starIdUt' 1 / 4 / 21 ke dvArA ikAra ke bAda au ho to dIrgha IkAra aura

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84 saskRna-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ukAra ke vAda au ho to dIrgha OMkAra kA vidhAna kiyA hai| hema kI yaha prakriyA bhI zabdazAstra ke vidvAno ko adhirpha rucikara aura AnandadAyaka hai| ___'muno' prayoga me pANini ne 'acca ghe' 7 / 3 / 116 ke dvArA i ko a aura Di ko au kiyA hai, tathA vRddhi kara dene para munI kI siddhi kI hai kintu hema ne 114115 ke dvArA Di ko Dau kiyA hai jisase yahA Da kA anubandha hone ke kAraNa muni zabda kA ikAra svaya hI haTa gayA hai, ataeva muni zabda ke ikAra ke sthAna para hema ko akAra karane kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM huii| ____devAnAm' me pANini ne nuT kA Agama kiyA hai, kintu hema ne 'hrasvAparaca' 114132 ke dvArA sIdhe Am ko nAma kara diyA hai / hema ne pANini ke 'straya' 6 / 1153 sUtra ko jyo kA tyo 'strayaH 114134 meM le liyA hai| isI taraha 'hrasvasya guNa' 7 / 3 / 108 ko bhI 114 / 41 me jyo kA tyo le liyA hai| pANini ne napumaka liMga me mata rad prayoga kI siddhi ke lie 'aDDatArAdimya pacamya.' 7 / 1 / 25 sUtra dvArA su aura am vibhakti ko ad kA vidhAna kiyA hai aura a kA lopa kiyA hai, para hema ne si aura am ko sirpha 'da' banAkara katara kI siddhi kI hai| isase inhone akAra lo5 ko bacAkara lAdhava pradarzita kiyA hai| ____ pANini ne kurvat zabda ko pulliga me kurvan banAne ke lie 'ugidacA sarvanAmasthAne'dhAto.' '7 / 1 / 70 dvArA 'tum' aura 'mayogAntasya lopa' 812 / 23 dvArA 't ke lopa hone kA niyamana kiyA hai| hema ne sIdhe 'Rdudita' 114170 dvArA 't' ke sthAna para 'n' kara diyA hai| ___uzanas zabda ke sambodhana me rUpa siddha karane ke lie kAtyAyana ne 'astha samvudo vAna nalopa2ca vA vAcya ' vAttika likhA hai| isa vAttika ke siddhAnta ko hema ne 'voganasonazcAmanyasau' 114180 me rakha diyA hai| pANini ne apane pUrvavartI aneka vaiyAkaraNo kA nAma liyA hai, kahI-kahI ye nAma mAtra prazasA ke lie hI Ate haiM, kintu adhikatara vahA unase siddhAnta kA pratipAdana hI kiyA jAtA hai| jahA siddhAnta kA pratipAdana rahatA hai, vahA svayameva vikalpArtha ho jAtA hai / hema na apanI aSTAdhyAyI me pUrvavartI AcAryoM kA nAma nahI liyA hai| vikalpa vidhAna karane ke lie prAya 'vA' zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| ___ yuSmad aura asmad zabdo ke vividha rUpo kI siddhi ke lie hema ne apane sUtro me tatdra po ko hI sakalita kara diyA hai, java ki pANini ne ina rUpo ko prakriyA dvArA siddha kiyA hai| 36 zabda ke pulliMga aura strIliMga ke ekavacana me rUpa banAne ke lie pANini ke alaga niyama haiN| unhone 'idamo ma. 712 / 108 ke dvArA ma vidhAna aura 'ido'yapusi' 7 / 2111 ke dvArA ida ko aya vidhAna kiyA hai| strIliMga me 'iyam'

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 85 banAne ke lie pANini ne 'ya sau' 7 / 2 / 110 se ida ke 'da' ko 'ya' banAyA hai, kintu hema ne sIdhe 'ayamiyama pustriyo mau 211138 ke dvArA aya aura iya rUpa siddha kie hai / yahA pANini kI apekSA hema kI prakriyA sIdhI, sarala aura hRdayagrAhya hai| hema kI prayogasiddhi kI prakriyA se yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki ye zabdAnuzAsana me saralatA aura vaijJAnikatA ko samAna rUpa se mahatva dete haiN| pANini kI prakriyA vaijJAnika avazya hai, para kahI-kahI jaTila aura vojhila bhI hai| hema apanI sUkSma pratibhA dvArA prAya sarvatra hI jaTilatA ke bojha se mukta hai| pANini ke tyad yad Adi zabdo ke puliMga me rUpa banAne ke lie 'tyadAdInAma.' 7 / 2 / 102 mUtra dvArA akAra kA vidhAna kiyA hai. isa prakriyA me tyad Adi se lekara dvitaka kA hI grahaNa honA cAhie, isake lie bhASyakAra ne dviparyantAnAmeveSTi' dvArA niyamana kiyA hai| hema ne bhASyakAra ke ukta siddhAnta ko bhilAte hue 'advera 2 / 1141 ke dvArA usI vAta ko spaSTa kiyA hai / pANini ne 'aci znudhAtubhuvAyavoriyukavaDo' 6 / 4177 ke dvArA i ko iyaDa kA vidhAna kiyA hai / hema 'dhAtorivarNovarNasyeyut svare pratyaye' 211150 ke dvArA iy, uv mAna kA vidhAna kara eka nayA dRSTikoNa upasthita kiyA hai| pANini ne vidupa zabda kI siddhi ke lie, 'vaso samprasAraNam' 6 / 4 / 131 sUtra dvArA ma-prasAraNa kiyA hai tathA dhAtva vidhAna karane para vidupaH kA sAdhutva pradarzita kiyA hai / hema ne 'kvasUpamatI ca' 2 / 1 / 105 sUtra se vidva s ke va-s ko upa kara diyA hai / vRtrana banAne ke lie pANini ne han me hakAra ke AkAra kA lopa kara ha. ke sthAna para dh banAne ke lie 'ho hanteginneSu' 7 / 3 / 54 sUtra likhA hai| hema ne han ko 'hano ho ghna' 2 / 1 / 112 ke dvArA sIdhe ghna banA diyA hai| hema kA prakriyAlAghava zabdAnuzAsana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| hema ne kAraka prakaraNa Arambha karate hI kAraka kI paribhApA dI hai, jo inakI apanI vizeSatA hai| pANinIya anuzAsana me unake bAda ke AcAryoM ne 'kriyAnvayitvam kArakatvam' athavA 'kriyAjanakatva kArakatvam' kahakara kAraka kI paribhASA batAI hai, kintu pANini ne svaya koI carcA nahIM kI hai| hema aura pANini dono ne hI kartA kI paribhASA eka samAna kI hai| pANini ne dvitIyAnta kAraka jise karmakAraka kahate haiM, batAne ke lie kabhI to karmasajJA kI hai aura kabhI karmapravacanIya tathA ina dono sajJAo dvArA dvitIyAnta pado kI siddhi kI hai| 'karmaNi dvitIyA' tathA 'karmapravacanIya yukte dvitIyA' sUtro dvArA dvitIyA ke vidhAna ke sAtha sIdhe dvitIyAnta kA bhI vidhAna kiyA hai / hema ne karmakAraka banAte samaya sarvaprathama karma kI sAmAnya paribhASA 'katu vyApya karma' 2 / 2 / 3 sUtra meM batAI hai, isake pazcAt vizeSapada, mannidhAna me jahA dvitIyAnta banAnA hai, vahA karmakAra

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86 yakRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA katva kA hI vidhAna hai arthAta karma kaha dene meM dvitIyAnna mamama liyA jAtA hai| hema ke anusAra karma svata: midra dvitIyAna hai, umame dvitIyA vibhakti lAne ke lie sAmAnyata kisI niyamana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kintu eka bAta yahA vizeSa ullekhanIya hai, vaha yaha hai ki jahA pANini ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki dvitIyAnna bana jAne se hI karmakAraka nahI kahalAyA jA sakatA, balki umame karma kI paribhASA bhI ghaTita honI cAhie, phira bhI dvitIyAntamAtra hone ke kAraNa una rUpo kA bhI kAraka prakaraNa ke karmabhAga meM sagraha kara diyA gayA hai| bata pANini kI dRSTi me vibhakti aura kAraka payakA vantu hai| vibhakti ayaM kI apekSA rakhatI hai, para kAraka zabda mApekSa hai, hema ne bhI kiyA vizeSaNAt' 212141 tathA kAlAvanovyAptI' 212142 me isI siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / hema kA yaha prakaraNa pANini ke samAna hI hai| hema kA 'mAnvaghyADvama ' 212121 sUtra pANini ke 114148 ke tulya tathA 'sAdhakatama kara gam' 2 / 2 / 24 sUtra pANini ke 114142 ke tulya haiM / pANini ne 'dhuvama pAyeAdAnam' 114125 sUtra me 'dhuva' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA paravartI AcAryoM ne avadhi arya dvArA kI hai| hema isa prakAra ke jhamele me nahI par3e haiN| inhone mIdhe 'apAye'vadhirapAdAnam' 2 / 2 / 26 sUtra likhA hai| pANini ke racita mUya meM mandeha ke lie avakAza thA, jisakA nirAkaraNa TIkAkAro dvArA huaa| parantu hema ne sUtra me hI avadhi zabda kA pATha rakhakara artha sandeha kI gujAya nahI rakhI hai| ___ 'sambodhane ce' 2 / 3 / 47 pANini kA sUtra hai para hama ne 'Abhanne ca' 2 / 2 / 32 sUtrasambovana kA vidhAna karane ke lie likhA hai| ___ pANinIya tatra me kiyA vizeSaNa ko karma banAne kA koI bhI niyama nahIM hai, vAda ke vaiyAkaraNo aura naiyAyiko ne kiyA vizeSaNAnA karmatvam' kA siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai / hema ne 'kriyA vizeSaNAt' 2 / 4141 sUtra me ukta siddhAnta ko apane tantra me saMgRhIta kara liyA hai| pANini ne 'nama svastimvAhAsvavA'lavaSa DyogAca' 2 / 3 / 16 sUtra dvArA ala zabda ke yoga me caturthI kA vidhAna kiyA hai, kintu hema ne zaktyartha sabhI zabda ke yoga me caturthI kA niyamana kiyA hai isase adhika spaSTatA A gaI hai| pANini ke ukta niyama ko vyAvahArika banAne ke lie upayukta sUtra me alaM zabda ko 5ptiArthaka mAnanA par3atA hai| anyatra 'ala mahIpAla tava zrameNa' ityAdi vAkya vyavaha ta ho jAyeMge / hema vyAkaraNa dvArA sabhI vAte spaSTa ho jAtI haiM, mata kisI bhI zaktyarthaka yA paryAptyarthaka zabda ke sAvutva me kahI bhI virodha nahI AtA hai| pANini ne apAdAna kAraka kI vyavasthA ke lie 'ghuvamapAye'pAdAnam' 11425 mUtra likhA hai, kintu isa mUtra se ukta kAraka kI vyavasthA adhUrI rahatI

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 87 hai| ataeva vAttikakAra ne vAttika aura pANini ne anya sUtra likhakara isa vyavasthA ko pUrNa banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa prakaraNa me 'jugupsA virAma-pramAdArthAnAmupasakhyAnam' (kA0 vA0), 'bhItrArthAnA bhayahetu' 114125, 'parAje rasoDha' 114126, 'vAraNArthAnAmIpsita' 114127, 'antarthoM yenAdarzanamicchati' 11448, 'janika prakRti ' 114130, "bhuva prabhava 1 / 4 / 31, pacamI vibhakte' 2 / 3 / 42 'yatacA vakAlanirmANa tanapacamI' (kA0 vA0) stra aura vAttika likhe gaye hai| para AcArya hema ne 'apAye'vadhi ra pAdAnam' 2 / 2 / 16 isa eka sUtra me hI ukta samasta niyamo ko antabhukta kara liyA hai| ___isa prakAra hemacandra ne pANini ke ukta kAryoM kA eka hI sUtra me antarbhAva kara liyA hai / yadyapi mahAbhASya me 'dhuvamapAye'pAdAnam' 1 / 4 / 25 me hema kI ukta samasta bAte pAI jAtI haiM, to bhI yaha mAnanA paDegA ki hema ne mahAbhASya Adi grantho kA samyaka adhyayana kara maulika aura sakSipta zailI me viSaya ko upasthita kiyA hai| pANinIya tanna me jAtivAcaka zabdo ke bahuvacana kA vidhAna kAraka ke antargata nahI hai| pANini ne 'jAtyAkhyAyAmekasminvahuvacanamanyatarasyAm' 112158 sUtra dvArA vikalpa se jAtivAcaka zabdo me eka me bahutva kA vidhAna kiyA hai aura anuzAmaka sUtra ko tatpuruSa samAsa me sthAna diyA hai| para hema ne isI tAtparyavAle 'jAtyAkhyAyA'navako'malyo vahuvat '2 / 2 / 121 sUtra ko kAraka ke antargata rakhA hai| aimA mAlUma hotA hai ki hema ne yaha socA hogA ki eka vacanAnta yA bahuvacanAnta prayogo kA niyamana bhI kAraka prakaraNa ke antargata AnA caahie| isI AdhAra para dUsare adhyAya ke dUsare pAda ke antima cAra sUtra likhe gaye haiN| hema ke kAraka prakaraNa kA yaha antima bhAga pANini kI apekSA viziSTa hai| ukta cAro sUtra ekArtha hone para bhI bahuvacana vibhaktiyo ke vidhAna kA samarthana karate haiM / vibhakti-vidhAyaka kisI bhI taraha ke sUtra ko kAraka se sambaddha mAnanA hI paDegA / ata ina cAro sUtro kA yadyapi vibhakti niyamana ke sAtha sAkSAt sabadha nahI hai, phira bhI paramparAgata sambandha to hai hI kintu vibhaktyartha ke sAtha eka. vacana yA bahuvacana ke niyamana kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai, isI kAraNa hema ne inhe kAraka prakaraNa ke madhya me sthAna nahIM diyA / kAraka ke sAtha ukta vidhAna kA pArasparika sambandha hai, yaha bAta batalAne ke lie hI inhone kAraka prakaraNa se dUra kara ke usI ke anta me grathita kiyA hai| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI kA strIpratyaya prakaraNa cauthe adhyAya ke prathama pAda se Arambha hokara 77veM sUtra taka calatA hai| Arambha me sup pratyayo kA vidhAna hai| isake pazcAt tRtIya sUna striyAm' 411 / 3 ke adhikAra me ukta sabhI sUtro ko mAnakara strI pratyaya-vidhAyaka sUtra nizcita kie gae haiN| pratyayo me sarvaprathama

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88 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA TAp aura DIpa Ae hai, anantara DApa, DIn, DIpa aura tI pratyaya Aye hai / hebhavyAkaraNa meM dUsare adhyAya ke sampUrNa cauthe pAda meM strI pratyaya samApta huA hai| sup pratyayo kA samAveza na karake striyA nato svasthAdeDI' 21411 sUtra me hI 'striyAm' 5da AyA hai jisakI AvazyakatA strItva ke jJAna ke lie hai, hema ne yahI se strItva kA adhikAra mAna liyA hai| pANini ne RkArAnta aura nakArAnta zabdo se DIp karane ke lie 'Rnnebhyo DIp' 41115 alaga sUtra likhA hai tathA 'na SaT svaladibhya' 4 / 2 / 10 dvArA yahA DIpa, TAp kA pratipedha kiyA hai| pANini ne 'ugitaraca' 4 / 16 ke dvArA bhavatI, prAcI jaise do taraha ke gabdo kA sAdhana kara liyA hai, parantu hema ne isake lie 'AvAtUdRdita' 114,2 aura 'aca' 3 / 413 ye do sUtra banAe hai / atyanta lAghavecchu hema kA yahA gaurava spaSTa hai| pANini ne bahuprIhi samAsa siddha zabdo ko strIliMga banAne ke lie prAya bahuvrIhi viSaya ke sAmAnya sUto kI racanA kI, lekina hema yahA vizeSa rUpa se hI anuzAsana karate dikhAI par3ate haiM / azizu se azipI banAne ke lie 'azizo' 21418 sUtra kI alaga racanA hai| pANini ne sarvaprathama strI pratyaya me 'ajAdyataSTApa' 45114 sUtra likhA hai, hema ne isa prakaraNikA me hI parivartana kiyA hai| hema vyAkaraNa me pahale DIpa pratyaya kA prakaraNa hai, usake anta me umakA niSeva karane vAle 'nopAntyavata' 2 / 4 / 13 aura 'mana' 2 / 4 / 14 ye do sUtra haiN| ukta dono sUtro ke kAraNa jina zabdo me an aura man pratyaya lage hote haiM, unake bAda strIliMga banAne ke lie DI pratyaya nahIM AtA hai / isa prakAra DI pratyaya ko strIliMga banAne ke lie tAbhyA vApa Dit' 2 / 4 / 15 sUtra dvArA Am pratyaya kA vidhAna kiyA hai / tatpazcAt 'ajAye' 2 / 4 / 16 sUna ko rakhA hai| pANini ne kumArI Adi zabdo ko siddha karane ke lie kyasi prathame' 4 / 1 / 20 sUtra kI racanA kI, jisakA tAtparya hai ki prayama avasthA ko batalAne vAle zabda se strIliMga banAne ke lie DIp pratyaya hotA hai| hema ke yahA ukta sUtra ke sthAna para 'kyasyantye' 2 / 4 / 21 sUtra hai| isame antima avasthA buDhApA se bhinna artha ko batalAne vAle sabhI zabdo ke Age DI pratyaya lagatA hai| jaise kumArI, kizorI aura vadhUTI Adi / pANini ke ukta sUtrAnusAra vadhUTI aura kizorI zabda nahIM banane cAhie, kyoki ye zabda prathama avasthAvAcI nahI hai, ata inakI siddhi ukta sUtra se nahI ho sakatI hai| mataeva kizorI aura vadhUTI ke sthAna para pANini ke anusAra kizorA aura 4bUTA ye rUpa hone caahie| para hema ke sUtra se ukta sabhI udAharaNa siddha ho jAte haiM / hema ne 'vayasyanantye' 2 / 4 / 21 mUtra vahuta soca samajha kara likhA hai| pANini ke dopaparimArjana ke lie kAtyAyana ne 'vayasyacarame iti vAcyam' pAtika likhA hai / sacamuca me hema kA ukta anuzAsana adhyayana pUrNa hai|

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 86 pANini ne samAhAra me dvigu samAsa mAnA hai aura usako 'dvigo' 41121 ke dvArA trilokI ko nitya strIliMga mAnA hai| hema ne usake lie 'dvigossamAhArAt' 214121 sUtra likhA hai| yahA samAhArAt 206 joDane kA koI vizeSa nAtparya nahI mAlUma hotaa| pANini ne vahAdigaNa paThita zabdo ko strIliMga banAne ke lie vaikalpika DIpa kA vidhAna kiyA hai| ukta gaNa ke antargata paddhati za06 ko bhI mAna lene para paddhati , paddhatI ina do rUpo kI siddhi hotI hai jisako 'paddhate '2 / 4 / 33 ke dvArA hema ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| strI pratyaya prakaraNa me AyA huA 'yUnasti' 411187 sUtra dono me eka hai| ___avyayIbhAva samAsa ke prakaraNa me pANini kI apekSA hemavyAkaraNa me nimna maulika vizeSatAe hai - (1) pANini ne 'avyaya vibhaktisamIpasamRddhivRdhyarthAbhAvAtyayAsampratizabdaprAdurbhAvapazcAdyathAnupUrvaryayogapadyasAdRzyasampattisAkalyAntavacaneSu' 21116 sUtra likhA hai| prayoga kI prakriyA ke anusAra eka sUtra rakhane me sagati nahI vaiThatI, kyoki kevala avyaya kA vibhakti Adi arthoM ke atirikta bhI samAsa honA cAhie, isake lie uttarakAlIna pANinIya vyAkhyA kAro ne avyaya kA yogavibhAga karake kAma calAyA hai, para hema ne apane vyAkaraNa ko isa jhamele se bacA liyA hai| inhone 3 / 2 / 21 vA sUtra 'avyam' pRthak likhA hai| isake atirikta inhone eka vizeSatA aura bhI batalAI hai, vaha yaha hai ki isase dvArA niSpanna samasta zabdo kA bahuvrIhi saMjJA dI hai| (2) pANini ne kezA-kezi, musalA-masali, daNDA-daNDi ityAdi zabdo me bahuvrIhi samAsa mAnA hai| ukta prayogo me 'anekamanyapadArthe' 2 / 2 / 24 sUtra dvArA bahuvrIhi samAsa ho jAne ke bAda 'ic karmavyatihAre' 4 / 4 / 127 tathA vidaNDyA dibhyshc'5|4|128 sUtro dvArA ic pratyaya kA vidhAna kiyA hai| kintu hema ne isake viparIta uparyukta prayogo me avyayIbhAva samAsa mAnA hai / isa prakriyA ke lie hema ne 'yuddha vyayIbhAva ' 3 / 1 / 26 sUtra kI racanA kI hai| hema kI yaha maulika vizeSatA hai ki inhone ukta sthalo para avyayIbhAva kA anuzAsana kiyA (3) pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM 'avyaya vibhakti' ityAdi sUtra me yathA zabda AyA hai / vaiyAkaraNo ne usake cAra artha kiye haiN| (1) yogyatA, (2) vIpsA, (3) padArthAna tivRtti aura (4) sAdRzya / uparyukta vyAkhyA ke anusAra hI pANini kA bAda me AyA huA sUtra 'yathA sAdRzye' 2 / 117 sagata hotA hai| usakA artha hai yathA 206 kA samAsa sAdRzya artha se bhinna artha me ho / isakA udAharaNa 'yathA haristathA hara' me samAsa ko rokanA

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60 * saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA hai / arthAt yathA ke artha me kaI avyaya hai, jisame svayaM yathA kA samAsa sAdRzyabhinna artha me hotA hai| hema ne 'vibhaktisamIpasamRddhivyaddha yarthAbhAva-avyayam 3 / 1136 sUtra se yathA ko haTA diyA aura 'yogyatA vIpsArthAna tivRttisAdRzye' 3 / 1140 alaga sUtra likhA, isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ina cAro arthoM me kisI avyaya kA samAsa ho jAtA hai / yathA anurUpaM, pratyartha, yathAzakti, sazIlam ityaadi| isake bAda 'vathA thA' 3 / 1141 sUtra dvArA yathA hari yathA hara prayogo kI siddhi bhI hema ne kara lI hai / upayukta prakaraNa me hema ne apanI atyanta kuzalatA kA paricaya diyA hai / hema ke anusAra yathA zabda do prakAra ke hote haiM (a) prathama prakAra kA yathA zabda yat 2008 se 'thA' pratyaya lagAne para lagatA hai| (ba) dvitIya prakAra kA yathA 2008 svaya siddha hai| yathA zabda ke ina do rUpo ke anusAra samAsasthalIya aura asamAsasthalIya ye do bheda haiN| jisa yathA zabda me 'yA' pratyaya nahI hai, aise yathA zabda kA to samAsa hotA hai jaise yathArUpa ceSTate, yathAsUtram adhIte, kintu yahA yathA zabda 'yA' pratyayavAlA hai, vahI samAsa nahI hotA hai| jaise - yathA haristathA hara yahA samAsa nahIM hai| isI prakAra yathA caitrastathA maitra meM bhI samAsa kA abhAva hai| _____ isa prakAra hema ne avyayIbhAva samAsa me pANini kI apekSA maulikatA aura navInatA dilAI hai / hema ne yathA zabda kA vyAkhyAna kara zabdAnuzAsaka kI dRSTi se apanI sUkSma pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| samAsa prakaraNa mehema kI prakriyA praddhati me lAghava aura saralatA ye dono guNa vidyamAna haiN| hema kA tatpurupa prakaraNa 'gativakanyastatpuruSa' 3 / 1 / 42 se Arambha hotA hai / isa sUnna ke sthAna para pANini ne 'kugatiprAdayaH' 2 / 2 / 18 sUtra likhaa| unake yahA gati aura prAdi alaga-alaga haiM, kintu hema ne dono kA samAveza gati me kiyA hai / hema kI eka sUkSma sUjha yahA yaha hai ki 'kumita puruSo yastha sa kupuruSa 'isa sthala para pahuvrIhi samAsa na ho isake lie unhone anya pada likhA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA unhone svaya kara dI hai| 'gatikavandhastatpuruSa' 3 / 1 / 42 sUtra kI ladhuvRtti me hema ne likhA hai 'anyo vahuvrIhyAdilakSaNahIna' pANinI ne bhI ukta sthala me anya padArtha kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa bahubrIhi samAsa hone me sandeha nahI kiyA hai| pANini tantra ke prAdayA' gatArthe prathamayA' 'atyAdaya krAntAdyatha dvitIyayA avAdaya kuSTAdyarye tRtIyA' Adi pAca vAtiko ko hema ne prAtyavaparinirAdayo gatakAntakuNTaglAnakrAntArthA prathamAntai 3 / 1 / 47 sUtra me hI sameTa liyA hai| 'kumbhakAra' pANini kA upapada samAsa hai jisakA vigraha 'kumbhakaroti' aura

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini : 61 samAsa kumbha | Um / kAra me hotA hai| ukta samAsa sthala me pANinIya tantra me kucha draviDa prANAyAma karanA par3atA hai, kintu hema ne 'Dasyukta kRtA' 31146 sUtra dvArA spaSTa anuzAsana kara diyA hai / na samAsa vidhAyaka na 3 / 1151 sUtra dono ke yahA samAna hai| pANini ne dvigu samAsa ke lie 'sakhyApurvo dvigu.' sUtra likhA hai, jisakI truTipUrti kAtyAyana ne samAhAre cAyamiSyate' kAtika dvArA kI hai| isI prakaraNa me pANini ne taddhitArtha, uttarapada aura samAhAra me tatpuruSa samAsa karane ke lie 'taddhitArthonarapada samAhAre ca' 2 / 1151 sUtra likhA hai| hema ne isa bRhat prakriyA ke lie eka hI 'sakhyA samAhAre ca dvi[zcAnAnyayama' 3 / 1166 sUtra rakhA hai| prAya: yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki jahA pANini ne sakSipta zailI ko apanAyA hai vahA hema kI zailI prasAra prApta hai kintu upayukta sthala se hema kA sakSiptIkaraNa 2lAdhya hai| yahA eka sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki yahA pANinIya tantra meM vistRta prakriyA hone para bhI vizleSaNa nahIM ho pAyA hai / vahA hema kI sakSipta zailI se bhI pAThaka ko viSaya samajhate me adhika saralatA hotI hai| pANini ne citrA gAvo yasya sa cittagu' me bahuprIhi samAsa kiyA hai kintu sAtha hI citrAo me karmadhAraya samAsa mAnakara citrA kA pUrva nipAta kiyA hai| hema aise sthalo se ekamAtra bahuvrIhi samAsa mAnate haiM, ata citrA pada kI vyavasthA ke lie 'tRtIyokta vA' 3 / 1150 sUtra kA pRthaka nirmANa kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki bahuvrIhi me vizeSaNa kA pUrva nipAta karane ke lie pRthaka niyama banAnA Avazyaka hai kyoki bahuvrIhi samAsa sthala me vizeSya-vizeSaNa pado me alaga-alaga mamAsa hema ke mata me nahI hotA hai| yadi hotA taba to pitA zabda kA pUrva nipAta ho hI jAtA, kintu hema ne siddhAntAnusAra bahuvrIhi samAsa ho jAne ke uparAnta vizeSya-vizeSaNa samAsa kA niSedha ho jAtA hai para isame yaha sadeha nahIM rahatA ki vizeSaNa kA pUrva nipAta ho yA vizeSya kaa| isa sandeha kA nirasana karane ke lie hema ne vizeSaNa kA spaSTa rUpa se pUrva nipAta karane kA pRthak vidhAna kara diyA hai| pANini ke udIcI uttaravAsiyo ke mata me 'mAtarapitarau' ko zuddha mAnA hai arthAt usake anusAra 'mAtarapitarau ? aura mAtApitarau' ye dono prayoga hone caahie| hema ne bhI mAtarapitara vA 3 / 2 / 47 me vaisA hI vidhAna svIkAra kiyA hai, parantu inake udAharaNo me matabhinnatA bhI prakaTa hotI hai / pANini ne dvandva samAsa kI vibhakti me hI 'mAtarapitara' rUpa grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu hema ne sabhI vibhaktiyo ke yoga me 'mAtarapitara' rUpa grahaNa kiyA hai, jaise-mAtapitarayo aadi| isase aisA jJAta hotA hai ki hema ke samaya me mAtara pitara, yaha vaikalpika rUpa sabhI vibhaktiyo ke yoga me vyakta hone lagA thaa|

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___62 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA saskRta me yaha sAdhAraNa niyama hai ki na mamAga me dUsarA pada jahA vyajanAdi hotA hai vahA na ke sthAna para a hotA hai / aura uttarapada svarAdi ho to na ke sthAna para an hotA hai / pANini ne ina prayogo kI siddhi ke lie kliSTa prakriyA dikhalAyI hai| unhoMne vyajanAdi zabda ke samparka me rahane vAle 'na' ke n kA lopa kiyA hai aura uttarAdi uttarapada ke pUrva sti na me n kA lopa kara avaziSTa a ke vAda nu kA AgAma kara anu banAyA hai| hema ne isa prasaga me atyanta sIdhA eva spaSTa tarIkA apanAyA hai| inhone na t 3 / 2 / 25 sUtra ke dvArA sAmAnya rUpa se na ke sthAna me a kA vidhAna kiyA aura an svare 3 / 2 / 126 sUtra ke dvArA apavAda svarUpa svarAdi uttarapada hone para anu kA vidhAna kiyA hai| ti'nta prakaraNa para vicAra karane se jJAta hotA hai ki hema ke pUrvakAlasavadhI prakriyA ke lie do vidhiyA pracalita thii| prathama kAtantra prakriyA kI vidhi, jisameM vartamAnA, saptamI, pacamI hastanI, adyatanI,parokSA, AzIzvastanI, bhaviSyanti eva kriyAtipatti ye daza kAla kI avasthAe thii| dUsarI pANini kI prakriyA jisame laT, liT, luTa, leTa, loTa, laD, li, luDa eka luDa ye daza lakAra kAladyotaka mAne gaye the| hema ne kAtantra paddhati ko apanAyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pANinIya tantra me eka to prakriyA me artha-jJAna ke pUrva eka mUla koTi kA jJAna Avazyaka thA arthAt lakAro ke sthAna me Adezo ko samajhanA paDatA thA aura sAtha hI artho ko bhI, kintu kAtantra tantra me kevala arthoM ke anusAra pratyayo ko samajhanA Avazyaka thaa| ataeva hema ne saralatA kI dRSTi se kAtantra paddhati ko grahaNa kiyA / hema kA yaha siddhAnta samasta zabdAnuzAsana me pAyA jAtA hai ki ye prakriyA ko jaTila nahI banAte / jahA taka sabhava hotA hai vahA taka prakriyA ko sarala aura vodhagamya banAne kA AyAsa karate haiN| pANini ke lar3a (hyastanI hema) kA vidhAna adyatana sUtra ke lie kiyA hai aura parIkSA ke lie liT kaa| isame yaha kaThinAI ho sakatI hai ki anadyatana parIkSA me liT lakAra kA hI sarvathA prayoga kiyA jAya / hema ne ukta kaThinAI kA nirAkaraNa 'anadyatane hyastanI' ke vyAkhyAna me tathA 'avikSite' 5 / 2 / 14 sUtra dvArA kara diyA hai arthAt inake mata me parokSa hote hue bhI jo viSaya darzana avivakSita zakya ho vahA tathA parokSa jahA parokSa kI vivakSA na ho, vahA hyastanI kA hI prayoga honA caahie| hema ke tiData prakaraNa me pANini kI apekSA nimnAkita dhAtu navIna milatI hai| dhAturUpo kI prakriyA paddhati me dono zabdAnuzAsako kA samAna hI gAsana upalabdha hotA hai|

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 63 ituM artha rUpa adhuDa gatyAkSepa arna pratiyana aTuDa gati AzA sUki icchA gati ijuDa gati ugu uSa pati dAha mAna aura krIDA zoSaNa udi ovai karja vyathana kiki hiMsA kutsiNa avakSepa kUNiNa sakocana kukh, khuj steya aDdhane, adhiSTa, aanddye| Aja yati, Ajiyat, arjayA cakAra / aNThate, ANThiSTa, aannntthe| AzAste, AzAmiSTa, AzazAse / ayati, ayet, ayatu Ayat aiSIt, iyAya, yAt, etA, eSyati, aiSyat / aijiSTa, i jA cakra, i jAmasi, i jAmbabhUva / uDagA cakAra, uDgAmAsa, uDagA babhUva / oSati, oSet, opatu, auSat / Urdata, audiSTa, UrdA cakre / okyAt, ovayAstAm, ovayAsu / karjati, kakarja, kat,i kaNitA, kajiSyati, akajiSyat kiSyate, acikiSkata, kiSkayA caka / kutsayate, acukutsata, kutsayA pk| kUNayate, acU kuNata, kRNayA cke| khojati, kojati, khojet, kojet, khojatu, kojatu, akhojat, akojat, akhojIt, akojIt khukhoja, phukoja, khujyAt / kRNAti, kRNIyAt, kRNAtu, akRNAt, akArIt, cakAra, karyAt / kevate, ake viSTa, cikeve| vanathati, avanAthIt, avanathIt, cavanAtha / gaDati, agADIt, agaDIt / gagdhati, gagghet, gagdhatu, agadhyat, agaravIt, gggy| guvati, guvet, guvatu, aguvat, agupIt, jugAva, gUyAt / jepate, ajepiSTa, jijiye| TuDati, aTuDIt, TaToDa, hiMsA kevaD vanatha sevana hiMsA sevana hasana gaI gaggha purISotsa jeNDa gati 85 TuDa nimajjana

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tuvRNa nitru niSpa 64 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Dapi, Dipi saghAta Dampayate, Dimpayate, aDaDApata, aDI Dispata, DampayA cakra, DimpayA ckr| bu, DivuNa kSepa ubayati, Dibiyati, aDaDAtravat, aDi Dimvat, DAvayA cakAra / mardana tumbayati, atutumvata, tumbayA cakAra / tsara chadmagati sarati, atsArIt, tatsAra / nakha nasati, nakhetu, nakhatu, anakhat, anakhIt, nanAkha, nakhyAt / narva gati narvati, anIt, nnrv| socana ninvati, aninvIt, ninin / sevana nepati, anepIt, ninep| picca kuTTana piccayati, apipiccata, piccayA cakAra / nIza varaNa linAti, anlepIt, vilAya / blekaNa darzana naSkayati, aviplekaNa vleSkayAmAsa / muDatu saghAta bhuDati, abhuDIta, bubhuDima / mithag medhA aura himA methati, amethIt, mimeya, meyate, amethiSTa, mithe| sagama meyAta, amethIt, mimeya, methate, amethiSTa, mithe| varpha gati varphati, avIta, vvrph| roTana vAghate, avAdhiSTa, bvaadhe| heDa vaiSTana heDati, aheDIta, jihedd| pANini aura hema ke kRdanta prakaraNa para vicAra karane se jJAta hotA hai ki ina dono vaiyAkaraNo ne isa prakaraNa ko paryApta vistAra diyA hai| dono manuzAsako ke prayogo me samatA rahane para yatra tatra vizeSatAe bhI dikhalAI paDatI haiN| pANini ne 'vAstavya ' prayoga kI siddhi ke lie koI anuzAsana hI nahI kiyA hai| kAtyAyana ne isakI pUrti avazya kI hai, kintu unakA anuzAsana prakAra pUrNa vaijJAnika nahI rahA hai / unhone ukta prayoga kI siddhi ke lie 'vasestavyat kartari Nicca' vAnika likhA hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai ki vas dhAtu ke kartA artha me tavyat pratyaya hotA hai aura vaha svaya Nit bhI hotA hai| Nit karane kA lAbha yaha hai ki Nit karane se Adima svara kI vRddhi bhI ho jAtI hai| hema ne ukta prayoga kI siddhi nipAtana ke dvArA kI hai, yadyapi nipAtana kI vidhi agatika gati hI hai, kintu hema ke yahA yaha sthiti maulika bana gaI hai| pANini ne rucya aura avyaya ko nipAtana ke dvAga hI mida kiyA hai / hema ne ukta prayoga haya me vAsta methaga vAghaDa

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini vya ko bhI milAkara 'rucyA vyathyavAstavyam' 4|1|6 dvArA nepAtanika anuzAsana kiyA | hema ke aisA karane se yaha lAbha huA hai ki vAstavya kI siddhi se aSTAdhyAyI ke abhAva kI pUrti to huI hI hai, sAtha hI kAtyAyana kI gauravagrasta prakriyA se bacAva bhI ho gayA hai / , " pANini ne tavya, tavyat, anIyar, yat kyap aura gha ina pratyayo kI kRtya sajJA dene ke lie eka adhikAra sUtra "kRtyA 3 1 95 kI racanA kI hai, jisase Nvul ke pahale Ane vAle uparyukta pratyaya kRtya bodhaka ho jAte hai | hema ne isase bhinna zailI apanAyI hai / pahale una sabhI pratyayo kA ullekha kara dene ke bAda 'te kRtyA ' 5 / 1 / 47 sUtra ke dvArA yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki Upara ke sabhI pratyaya kRtya kahe jAte haiM / aisA karane se isa sandeha kA avasara hI nahI AtA ki Age Ane vAle kitane pratyaya kRtya kahe jA sakate haiM / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI kA "kRtyA " sUtra isa bAta ko spaSTa karane me akSama hai ki usakA adhikAra kahA taka rahe ? isakA spaSTIkaraNa uttarakAlIna pANinIya vaiyAkaraNo ke dvArA hI ho sakA hai / nandigrahipacAdibhyo yuNinyaca 3 / 1 / 134 sUtra se pANini ne nandyAdi se an grahAdi se Nini aura pacAdi se aca pratyava kA vidhAna kiyA hai, kintu hema ne ina tIno pratyayo ke vidhAna ke lie pRthak-pRthak tIna mUtra rakhe haiM / ac-vidhAya ac 5 / 1 / 46 sUtra, an - vidhAyaka nandyAdibhyo'na: 5 / 1 / 52 aura Nin -vidhAyaka grahAdibhyo Nin 5|1|1|53 sUtra hai / hema ne saralatA kI dRSTi rakhakara to vibhAjana kiyA hI hai, sAtha hI anuzAsana zailI meM maulikatA bhI sthApita kI hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki ac pratyaya - vidhAyaka sUtra kA hema ne sAmAnyata ullekha kiyA hai, isame eka bahuta baDA rahasya hai / nandAdi eva grahAdi dono gaNo me paThita zabda parigaNita haiM, isI kAraNa pANini ne bhI pacAdi ko AkRtigaNa mAnA hai / AkRtigaNa kA matalaba yaha hotA hai ki parigaNito ke sadRza zabda bhI usI taraha siddha samajhe jAyeM | yahA pacAdi ko AkRtigaNa mAnane se pANini kA tAtparya yaha hai ki pacAdisabandhI aca kArya pacAdi gaNa me anirdiSTa dhAtuo se bhI sampanna ho / 65 hema vyAkaraNa me jaisA ki - -Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI dhAtuo se ac pratyaya kA vidhAna mAnA gayA hai| isase phala yaha nikalatA hai ki pacAdi kA nAma lekara use AkRtigaNa mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahI hotI / isa zailI me eka yaha aDacana avazya hotI hai ki kyA sabhI dhAtuo ke Age ac pratyaya lage ? mAlUma hotA hai ki vizeSa rUpa se abhihita aNa aura Nan pratyayo me prakRti sthalo ko choDakara sarvatra ac pratyaya kA abhidhAna karanA hema ko svIkAra hai / sabhava hai inake samaya me isa taraha ke prayoga kiye jAne lage hoge / pANini ne nR dhAtu se atan pratyaya vidhAna kara jara zabda siddha kiyA hai,

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66 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA jisakA strIliMga rUpa jaratI hogaa| hema ne jRpa dhAtu se at pratyaya karake ukta rUpo kI middhi kI hai| _____ saskRta bhASA kI yaha mAmAnya vidhi hai ki isame parasmaipadI dhAtuo ke sAtha at aura AtmanepadI dhAtuo ke sAtha Ana pratyaya (hotA huA artha me) lagate hai| isake viparIta parasmaipadI dhAnuo se Ana tathA AtmanepadI dhAtuo se at pratyaya nahI A sakate / pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM isa bAta kA pUrNa nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| para hema vyAkaraNa me pANini kI apekSA prakriyA kI vizeSatA hai| hema ne avasthA, zakti eva gIla artha me gacchamAna Adi prayoga bhI siddha kiye hai / yaha bhApA zAstra kI eka ghaTanA hI kahI jaaygii| aimA mAlUma hotA hai ki pANini ke bahuta dino ke bAda ukta arthoM meM gacchamAna Adi prayogo kA bhI aucitya mAna liyA gayA hogaa| isalie hema ne kucha vizeSa arthoM me parasmaipadI dhAtuo se bhI Ana pratyaya kA anuzAsana kiyA ! kRdanta prakaraNa me aura pANini ke avazeSa pratyayo ke anuzAsana me prAya samatA hai / hema ne apane isa prakaraNa ko paryApta puSTa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kRdanta ke anatara hema ne taddhita pratyayo kA anuzAsana kiyA hai / yadyapi pANinIya anuzAsana me taddhita prakaraNa kRdanta ke pahile A gayA hai| bhaTToji dIkSita kA pANinIya tantra kI prakriyA ko vyavasthita rUpa dene ke lie siddhAnta kaumudI kA pANinIya maskaraNa taiyAra kiyA hai / isame inhone pratipAdita zabdo ke sAdhutva ke ananta ra unake vikArI taddhita rUpo kI sAdhanA prastuta kI hai| yaha eka sAdhAraNa mI bAta hai ki subanta zabdo kA vikAsa taddhita-nippanna zabda hai, aura tiDanta gadI kA vikAra kRdanta zabda hai / ata. vyAkaraNa ke kramAnusAra varNamAlA, sandhi muvanta Anda, unake strIliMga aura pulliga vidhAyaka pratyaya, arthAnusAra vibhakti vidhAna, subanto ke sAmAjika prayoga, suvanto ke vikArI taddhita pratyayo se nippanna taddhitAnta vAda, tiDanta, tijanto ke vibhinna artho me prayukta prakriyA rUpa evaM tiinta ke vikArI kRta pratyayo se mayoga se niSpanna kRdanta zabda pAte haiN| hema vyAkaraNa me niDato ke anannara kRdanta zavda aura usake pazcAt vibhinna arthoM me, vibhinna taddhita pratyayo se nippanna suvanta vikArI taddhitAnta zabda Ae haiN| hema kA krama isa prakAra hai. pahale ve suvanta, tiDanta kI samasta parvA kara lata haiM, isake 5.cAna unake vikAro kA nirUpaNa karate haiN| ina vikAro me prayama tiDantavikArI kRta pratyayAnta kRdanto kA prarUpaNa haiM, anantara suvanto ke vikArI tadvitAnta zabdo kA kathana hai / ata hema ne apane kramAnusAra tadvita pratyayo kA mabase anta meM anuzAsana kiyA hai| pANini ne Nya pratyaya ke dvArA diti me daitya, aditi aura Aditya dono se

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AcArya hemacandra aura pANini 67 Aditya tathA patyanta vahaspati Adi zabdo se vArhaspatya Adi zabdo kI vyutpatti kI hai| hema ne anidamyavAde ca dityadityAdityayamapatyuttara padA-jya 6 / 1115 dvArA navaprayukta yAmya zabda kI bhI vyutpatti ukta zabdo ke sAtha pradarzita kara pANini kI avaziSTa-pUrti kI hai| pANini ne godhA zabda se godhera , gaudhAra aura gaugheya ina tIna taddhitAnta rUpo kI siddhi kI hai hema ne bhI gaudhAra aura gaughera kI siddhi godhaay| duSTaNAra ca 6 / 3 / 84 ke dvArA kI hai| pANinIya tantra me gauvAra aura gaudhera kI sAmAnyata: vyutpatti bhara kara dI hai arthAt godhA ke apatya artha me ukta zabdo kA sAdhutva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| para hema ne Arthika dRSTi se eka vizeSa prakAra kI navInatA dilAyI hai| inake tantra me 6 / 1 / 81 ke dvArA niSpanna gaudhAra aura godhera zabda mAtra godhA ke apatyavAcI hI nahIM hai, kintu duSTa apatyavAcI haiN| pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke anusAra manorapatyam artha me aN pratyaya kara mAnava zabda kI siddhi kI gayI hai| hema ne bhI mAnava zabda kI siddhi ke lie vahI prayatna kiyA hai, kintu hema ne isa prasaga me eka navIna zabda kI udbhAvanA bhI kI hai| mANava kutyAsAm 6 / 1 / 65 sUtra dvArA kutsita artha me mAnava me Natva vidhAna kara manorapatya mUDha mANava' kI siddhi bhI kI hai| pANinIya tantra me samrAja zabda se taddhitAnta bhAvavAcI sAmrAjya zabda to bana sakatA hai, para kartRvAcaka nhii| hema ne sAmrAjya zabda ko katRvAcaka bhI mAnA hai, jisakA artha hai kSatriya / isakI sAdhanikA samrAja kSatriya 6 / 1 / 101 sUtra dvArA batalAyI gaI hai| arthAt pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke anusAra 'samrAja bhAva yA samrAja, karma' ina vigraho me sAmrAjya zabda niSpanna ho sakatA hai, jisakA artha samrAT kA svabhAva yA samrAT sambandhI hogaa| para hema ke anusAra samrAja apatya pupAn' isa vigraha me bhI sAmrAjya zabda banatA hai, jisakA artha hogA samrATa kI puruSa santAna, isa prakAra yahA yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki sAmrAjya zabda ke kartRvAcaka svarUpa kI ora yA to pANini kA dhyAna hI nahI gayA thA athavA unake samaya me isakA prayoga hI nahI hotA thaa| jo bhI ho, pANini kI usa kamI kI pUrti hema ne apane isa taddhita prakaraNa me kI hai| pANinIya zabdAnuzAsana me vasa dhAtu se ti pratyaya karane para vasati rUpa banatA hai, hema ke yahA bhI vasati rUpa siddha hotA hai / isa vasati zavda se rASTra artha me aka aura aNa karane para vAsAtaka tathA vAsAta ye do rUpa banate haiN| ina dono rUpo kI siddhi ke lie hema ne vasAtervA 6 / 2 / 67 sUtra kI racanA kI hai, jisake lie pANinIyatantra me koI anuzAsana nahI hai| pANini ne 'yuti yA yasya' isa artha me bahuvrIhi samAsa kA vidhAna karane ke bAda jAyA ke antima AkAra ko niDa Adeza karane kA niyamana kiyA hai|

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18 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA pazcAt usake pUrvavartIya ya kA lopakara yuvajAni prayoga banAne kA vidhAna hai, yaha eka bahuta kliSTa prakriyA mAlUma paDanI hai, isIlie hema ne saralatApUrvaka ukta prayoga kI siddhi ke lie jAyA yA jAni 73 / 164 ke dvArA jAyA zabda ko jAni ke rUpa me AdiSTa kiyA hai / takSita kA yaha prayoga hema ke sarala anuzAsana kA acchA paricAyaka hai| hema aura pANini dono hI mahAn hai| dono ne saMskRta bhASA kA zreSTha vyAkaraNa likhA hai| hema me pANini bahuta pahale hue haiN| ata inheM pANini ke zabdAnuzAsana ke adhyayana karane kA avasara prApta huaa| para hema ne pANini kA pUrNa anukaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| jahA anukaraNa kiyA bhI hai, vahA usame maulikatA kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai| hema ne eka nahIM aneka sthalo para pANini kI apekSA vaiziSTya dikhalAyA hai / saralatA ke lie to hema prasiddha hai hii| inhone Arambha me vikAra dikhalAyA hai| pazcAt utsarga aura apavAda ke sUtra likhe| vAstava me hema ne gandAnuzAsana ke kSetra me baDI samajhadArI aura vArIkI se kAma liyA hai| jahA pANini ne vaidika bhApA kA anuzAsana diyA hai, vahA hema ne prAkRta bhApA kA / dono ke vyAkaraNa aSTAdhyAya pramANa hai / hema ke prayogoM ke AdhAra para se maskRta bhASA kI pravRttiyo kA suphara itihAsa taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| zabda sampatti kI dRSTi se hema kA bhANDAra adhika samRddhazAlI hai / apane samaya taka kI saskRta bhASA me hone vAle navIna prayogo ko bhI inhone sameTa liyA hai| ata yaha niSpakSa kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa kAma ko samasta pANini tantra ke AcAryoM ne milakara kiyA, usako akele hema ne kara dikhlaayaa| bhASA kI vikasanazIla prakRti kA bahuta hI sundara aura maulika vizleSaNa inake AdAnuzAsana me upalabdha hotA hai| hema aura pANini ke isa tulanAtmaka vivecana se aisA niSkarSa nikAlanA nitAnta bhrama hogA ki pANini hema kI apekSA hIna hai yA uname koI vahuta baDI truTi pAyI jAtI hai / satya yaha hai ki pANini ne apane samaya me zabdAnuzAsana kA bahuta vaDA kArya kiyA hai| saskRta bhASA ko vyavasthita banAne me inake die gae amUlya sahayoga ko kabhI bhI bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| hema ne jahA apanI maulika nippattiyA upasthita kI hai, vahA unhoMne pANini se bahuta kucha grahaNa bhI kiyA hai| aneka niyamAna sthalo meM unake Upara pANini kA RNa hai|' 1 vizeSa ke nidravya--prAcArya hemacandra pora unakA zabdAnuzAmana-eka adhyayana, adhyAya cAra /

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saMskRta vyAkaraNoM para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe~ : eka adhyayana DaoN0 jAnakI prasAda dvivedI saMskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra para AcAryo ne apanI jJAnasAdhanA se jo aneka vyAkaraNa grantha likhe uname ATha yA nava ko apanI svatantra vizeSatAo ke kAraNa saMskRta vAGmaya me pramukha sthAna prApta hai / iname bhI kucha vyAkaraNa laukika-vaidika umayavidha haiM tathA kucha kevala laukika zabdo kA hI anvAkhyAna karate hai / 8 yA pramukha vyAkaraNo ke bhI do mUla srota mAne jAte hai - mAhezvara aura aindra / mAhezvara vyAkaraNa ko samudravat tathA aindravyAkaraNa ko usakI tulanA me bahuta hI sakSipta batAyA gayA hai phira bhI pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI apekSA vaha vistRta hI thA / pANini se pUrva lagabhaga 85 vaiyAkaraNa AcAryoM ke nAma prApta hote hai / daza AcAryo ke nAma pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI me bhI smRta hai / pANini se pUrvabhAvI vyAkaraNo me kevala kucha prAtizAkhya hI samprati prApta hote hai, jo vaidika zAkhAo ke vyAkaraNa hai / laukika-vaidika ubhayavidha pANinIya vyAkaraNa zabdalAghava kA prAtinidhya karatA hai aura use sarvavedapAripada kahA gayA hai | pA pANini-paravartI kAtantra vyAkaraNa me artha lAghava ko mAnyatA dI gaI hai aura vaha anekata pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI apekSA sarala, subodha tathA bhAvaprakAzaka hai| ise maiMne apane grantha "kAtantrasUtrANA pANinIyasUtra saha tulanAtmakamadhyayanam" me pratyeka sUtra kI samIkSA karate hue likhA hai ( grantha aprakAzita hai ) / apanI kucha vizeSatAo ke kAraNa hI vaGgAla, uDIsA, kazmIra, rAjasthAna eva dakSiNI pradezo tathA tibbata, zrIlaGkA, kamboDiyA Adi anya dezo me bhI kAtantra kA paryApta adhyayana-adhyApana hotA rahA / TIkAsampatti ke atirikta kAtantra ko AdhAra mAnakara kucha anya vyAkaraNoM kI bhI racanA kI gaI / kAtantra ke atirikta pANinIya paravartI lagabhaga 40 vyAkaraNo ke nAma

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100 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA __upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM kucha to adyAvadhi aprakAzita hI haiM, kucha prakAzita vyAkaraNo kA bhI pracAra nahIM ho sakA / sambhavata sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa se likhe jAne vAle harinAmAmRta Adi vyAkaraNa isa zreNI me Ate haiN| zAkaTAyana, janendra, hemacandra Adi pramukha jana vyAkaraNo kA bhI samprati virala hI prayoga hotA hai| guspada hAladAra ne apane "vyAkaraNadarzanera itihAsa" (pR0 455-58) me vyAkaraNo ke pracAra-prasAra Adi ko vizada rUpa me samajhAyA hai| sakRta vADmaya ke darzana, sAhitya, Ayurveda Adi kSetro me to jainAcAryoM kA kAryayoga prazasanIya rahA hI hai, vyAkaraNa kSetra me bhI unhone svatantra vyAkaraNagrantha tayA aneka TIkAgrantho kI racanA kara jo mahatvapUrNa kArya kie hai ve saskRtasAhitya kI nidhi ke rUpa me sadaiva mAnya hote rhege| prakRta nivandha me pANinIya, kAtanta, mArasvata tathA siddhAnta candrikA nAmaka 4 janetara vyAkaraNo 52 65 janAcAryo dvArA praNIta TIkApanyo kA paricaya diyA gayA hai jiname 16 TIkAo para vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vizeSa adhyayana me kinhI anya TIkAo ke sAtha sAmAnyatayA tulanA nahIM kI gaI hai, kevala granya kI bhApAzailI, viSayaparicaya, racanAprayojana tathA granyagata kucha mukhya vizeSatAo ko batAyA gayA hai, jinase pranyanAma, racanAprayojana, granthakAra ke jJAna tathA zrama Adi kI sArthakatA siddha hotI hai| ukta cAra vyAkaraNo ke atirikta vardhamAnakRta gaNaratnamahodadhi tayA usakI svopajavRtti para bhI eka saMkSipta adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha grantha kisI eka nizcita vyAkaraNa para AdhArita nahIM hai, phira bhI itanA avazya hai ki vaha kisIjana vyAkaraNa ke gaNapATha kI bhI vyAkhyA nahI hai tathA saMskRta vyAkaraNa me gaNapA0 kA prauDha granya hai / aise TIkA grantho kA paricaya yahA~ nahI diyA gayA hai jinake anyakAra asandigdha rUpa me jainAcArya nahI the| sambhavata inameM kucha aise bhI anyakAra hoge jo grantha likhate samaya taka jainadharmAnuyAyI nahI ho sake ho aura isIlie unake nAmo ke sAtha kisI janIya upAdhi kA ullekha bhI na kiyA gayA ho / prastuta laghunibandha me jina TIkAo kA vizeSa adhyayana yA sAmAnya paricaya diyA gayA hai una TIkApranyo tathA TIkAkAro kI sUcI anta me malagna hai| pANinIya prabhRti sampradAyo me rAghavamUri, perusUri, rAmakRSNa dIkSitasUri Adi kucha anya janAcArya vAnikabhApya Adi granyo ke praNetA mAne jAte hai| una grantho ke anupalaca hone se yA vistAramaya se unakA paricaya yahA~ nahI diyA gayA hai| phAtantra sampradAya me durgasiMha ko eka pradhAna vyAkhyAkAra ke rUpa me mAnyatA prApta hai, una vRttiTIkA-parimApAvRtti Adi granya bhI prApta hai, parantu jainAcAryatva me prasana pramANa na hone se unakI kRtiyoM kA paricaya nahIM diyA gayA hai| kotava ke AdhAra pa.. naraMpa yA vistAra meM banAe gae vAlazikSAvyAkaraNa tathA kAtannottara

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 101 (aparanAma vidyAnanda) ko svatantra vyAkaraNa bhI mAnA jAtA hai--phira bhI iname kAtantra ke hI adhikAza sUtroko vyAkhyA dekhI jAtI hai, ata una grantho kA paricaya kAtantravyAkaraNa kI TIkAo ke krama me diyA gayA hai / jinaratnapraNIta 'siddhAnta ratna' ko sArasvatavyAkaraNa kA rUpAntara kahA gayA hai, parantu anya ke anupalabdha hone se yahA~ usakI carcA sArasvata vyAkaraNa kI TIkAo ke antargata kI gaI hai| pANinIya vyAkaraNa TIkAe~ . pANinIya vyAkaraNa para cAra jainAcAryoM ne TIkAe~ likhI haiM, jinameM se kisI kA to nAmamAtra hI zeSa hai, parantu grantha prApta nahIM hotaa| (1) pUjyapAda devanandI ne zabdAvatAranyAsa' nAmaka TIkAgrantha kA praNayana kiyA thaa| (2)vidyAsAgara muni ne kozikAvRtti kI prakriyAmaJjarI' nAmaka vyAkhyA likhI thI, jo madrAsa, trivendrama ke hastalekha bhaNDArI me hI surakSita hai| (3) AcArya jinadevasUri ne pANinIya dhAtupA0 para kriyAkalApa' nAmaka eka TIkA likhI thii| (4) AcArya vizvezvara sUri ne 'vyAkaraNasiddhAnta-sudhAnidhi' nAmaka aSTAdhyAyI krama se eka vyAkhyA kI racanA kI hai, jo tIna adhyAyo para hI upalabdha hotI hai| sampUrNa sUtro para yaha vyAkhyA likhI gaI yA nahI asandigdharUpa se nahI kahA jA sktaa| yahA~ sarvaprathama isI grantha kA vizeSa adhyayana prastuta hai| 1 vyAkaraNasiddhAntasudhAnidhi AcArya vizvezvarasUri ne aSTAdhyAyIsUna krama se yaha vyAkhyA likhI hai| 'sudhAnidhi' nAma ke anusAra yaha vistRta vyAkhyA hai, jisame kvacit eka hI viSaya ke nirUpaNa me aneka matasambandhI vacana prastuta kie gae haiM / grantha ke anta me granthakAra ne lakSmIdhara kA paricaya apane pitA ke rUpa me diyA hai / apane pitA se hI inhone vidyAdhyayana bhI kiyA thA aisA pratIta hotA hai / yaha grantha prArambhika 3 adhyAyo para hI prApta hai, jo 1624 me vidyAvilAsa presa se do bhAgo me prakAzita huA thaa| isake dvitIya bhAga me bhaNDArI zrImAdhavazAstrI ne granthakAra kA paricaya dete hue eka kiMvadantI ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| jisake anusAra zrIlakSmIdhara pANDeya apanI vRddhAvasthA me apatyahInatA ke kAraNa atyanta santapta the| dampati kI tapasyA se bhagavAn zaGkara prasanna hue aura unhoMne lakSmIdhara ko kara diyA ki Apa mere samAna putra prApta kareMge / sAtave mahIne me hI utpanna hone vAle pAlaka kA nAma vizvezvara rakhA gayA, kyoki vizvezvara ke prasAda se hI inakA janma huA thaa|

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102 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ___pAMcave varSa me hI pitA lakSmIdhara ne vidhivat upanayana saskAra kiyA aura unhe veda-zAstrAdi kI zikSA dii| vizvezvara ne zIghra hI vividha vidyAo me pAramitA prApta kara lI tathA 32 varSa kI Ayu se pahale hI inhone takautUhala, alakArakaustubha, siddhAntasudhAnidhi, rukmiNIpariNaya, AryAsaptazatI eva alakArakulapradIpa jaise mahAn grantho kI racanA kI thii| 32 varSa kI Ayu me inakA dehAvasAna ho gayA thA "ayaM ca vArdhakya evAnapatyatvaklezapratapramAnasAmyA dampatimyA prataptatIprata5 - prasannena yata kilAya saptama eva mAsi garbhavAsAnnirgatya 32 dvAtizato'ndezya prAgeva paramamahanIyAn tarkakAnuhala alakArakulaprabhRtIn naikagranyAn mahanIyAn viracya kItimAtra zarIratA lebhe iti ca kiMvadantI vadanti" (bhUmikA, pR0 3) / grantha ke Arambha me vADmaya brahma ko namaskAra kara munilaya tathA pitA lakSmIdhara ko lokottara batAte hue unakI stuti kI hai / yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki yadyapi phaNinAyaka (patajali) dvArA kie gae bhASya ke sambandha me alpabuddhivAlA koI bhI vyakti siddhAnta nirdhArita karane meM samartha nahI ho sakatA, phira bhI bhagavAn zaGkara ke prasAda se yaha kArya sambhava ho jAtA hai viSaye phaNinAyakasya mArga kSamate naina vidhAtumalpamedhA / vivudhAdhipatiprasAdadhArA punarArAdupakAramArabhante magalAcaraNa, zloka 5 isa kathana ke AdhAra para aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhone mahAbhASya ko AdhAra mAnakara apanI vyAkhyA likhI hai / isa viSaya ko spaSTIkaraNa bhUmikA me zrImAdhavazAstrI ne bhI kiyA hai| phira bhI kahI-kahI bhASyakAra-vAtikAra ke mato me lAdhava yA gaurava dikhAyA gayA hai| bhUmikA me uth AdhAra para ise prakaraNagrantha kahA gayA hai, jisase 5 adhyAyo para vyAkhyA ke na hone para bhI koI nyUnatA nahI kahI jA sakatI (dra0- bhUmikA, pR0 2) / tRtIya adhyAya ke anta me vidvAno ko lakSya kara jo kahA gayA hai ki isame paNita vastu para manana karate hue vidvAn usame parikAra kreN| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unhone 3 adhyAyo para hI yaha vyAkhyA likhI thii| granthakAra ne apane anya ko sazaya naSTa karane vAlA tayA vidvAno ke kautUhala ko baDhAne vAlA kahA hai| yadyapi pratijJAnusAra mahAbhASya ke aneka mata uddhRta kie gae hai phira bhI anekana viSaya se sabaddha kAzikA, padamaJjarI, zabdakaNTakoddhAra Adi 40 se bhI adhika pranyo tathA 20 se bhI adhika granthakAro ke matavacana uddhRta kie gae hai| bhUmikA-lekhaka ne vizvezvara sUri kA jIvanakAla bhaTTojidIkSita ke anantara tathA unake pautra haridIkSita se pUrva mAnA hai, kyoki siddhAntasudhAnidhi me zabda

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 103 kaustubha ke mata anekala uddhRta hai parantu zabdaratna kA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| anya pramANo ke abhAva me yaha vicAra hI mAnya pratIta hotA hai / saMskRta-vidvAno ko zabdakaustubha tathA vyAkaraNa siddhAntasudhAnidhi kI apUrNatA para avazya hI dhyAna denA cAhie tathA prApta azo kA vidhivat anveSaNa kara navIna tayya prakAza me lAne caahie| 2 220dAvatAranyAsa janendra vyAkaraNa ke praNetA pUjyapAda devanandI ne apane vyAkaraNa tathA pANinIya vyAkaraNa para 'nyAsa' grantha banAyA thaa| pANinIya vyAkaraNa para racita 'nyAsa' kA nAma 'zabdAvatAranyAsa' thA, parantu yaha samprati aprApya hai| isakI racanA me pramANa prApta haiN| nAthUrAma premI, yudhiSThira mImAsaka tathA ambAlAla pre0 zAha ne zimogA jile kI 'nagara' tahasIla ke eka zilAlekha ko uddhRta kara ise spaSTa kiyA hai| zilAlekha ko sabaddha meza yaha hai-- vyAsa baMnendrasarA sAvudhanuta pANinIyastha mUyo nyAsa zabdAvatAra bhanujatatihita vadhazAstra ca kRtvA / yastatvArthasya TIkA vyaracayadiha bhAtyasau pUjyapAda svAmI bhUpAlavandha sparahitavaca pUrNadRrabodhavRtta / / isame pUjyapAdaracita vaidyazAstra tathA tatvArthaTIkA kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vRtta vilAsa grantha me kanADI bhASA ke kAvyagrantha 'dharmaparIkSA kI prazasti ko gaI hai| prazastivacana me pUjyapAda dvArA pANinIya vyAkaraNa para kisI TIkAgrantha ke likhe jAne kA ullekha hai (dra 0 --saskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 413) / sambhavata zidAvatAranyAsa' ko lakSya kara aisA kahA gayA ho| AcArya vardhamAna ne svaracita 'gaNaratnamahodadhi' kI svopajJavRtti me anekata digvastra yA digambara nAma se inhe abhihita kiyA hai aura gaNaratnamahodadhi ke prArambha me inakI stuti bhI kI hai divastabhata harivAmanabhojamukhyA / 3 prakriyAmajarI vidyAsAgara muni ne kAzikAvRtti para yaha TIkA likhI thI, isake hastalekha madrAsa tathA trivendra ma me sagRhIta hai / prArambhika lekha ke anusAra granthakAra ke guru kA nAma zvetagiri thA / lekha isa prakAra hai "vande munIndrAn munivRndavandhAna, zrImadgurun zvetagirIn variSThAn / nyAsakAravaca palanikarodgImambare / gRlAmi madhuprIto vidyAsAgaraSaTpada / /

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104 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vRttAviti / sUtrArthapradhAno grantho bhaTTanalpUraprabhRtibhiviracito vRtti' ( dra0-saskRtavyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0461-62, yudhiSThira mImAsaka ) / isa lekha meM nyAsakAra kA smaraNa baDe Adara ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / isase pratIta hotA hai ki inhone apane grantha me nyAsakAra ke mato kA vizeSa anusaraNa kiyA hogA / yahA~ nyAsakAra zabda kA prayoga pUjyapAda devanandI ke lie kiyA gayA hai jo jainAcArya haiM aura jinhone pANinIya vyAkaraNa para 'zabdAvatAra' nAmaka tyAsa banAyA thA athavA bodhisattvadezIya AcArya jinendrabuddhi ke lie, jinhoMne apara nAma kAzikAvivaraNapaJjikA nyAsa kI racanA kI hai aura samagra rUpa me jo prApta bhI hai yaha spaSTa nahI ho pAtA / grantha ke anta kA lekha isa prakAra hai 11 "kRti zrImatparamasaridrAkhASAvidyAsAgaramunIndraviravitAyA / " 4 kriyAkalApa jainasAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5 ke lekhaka pa0 ambAlAla prema zAha ke anusAra isakI racanA jinadevasUri ne kI hai| ye bhAvaDAragacchIya AcArya the tathA vi0 0 sa0 1412 me pArzvanAthacaritra kI racanA karane vAle AcArya bhAvadevasUri ke guru the / isase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya jinadeva ne vi0 sa0 1412 ke pUrva yA usake AsapAsa kriyAkalApa likhA hogA | grantha samprati aprApya hai / I kAtantravyAkaraNa para TIkAe~ kAtantravyAkaraNa ke jaina tathA jainetara hone me alaga-alaga ullekha prApta hote haiM / " yahA~ jainetara mAnakara usa para jainAcAryoM dvArA likhI gaI TIkAo kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai / kAtantra vyAkaraNa kI aneka vizeSatAoM me se kucha isa prakAra haiM arthalAghava tathA lokavyavahAra kA paryApta samAdara karanA / isa vyAkaraNa me yadyapi vaidika zabdo kA anvAkhyAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai tathApi aise aneka zabdo kI sAdhanaprakriyA batAI gaI hai jo matAntara se vedaprayukta bhI mAne jAte hai / 'modaka dehi' ko saMketa mAnakara AcArya zarvavarmA dvArA likhe gae isa vyAkaraNa me sandhi (mA | udakam ), nAma ( modakam ) tathA AkhyAta (dehi) nAmaka tIna adhyAya eva 11 pAda hai (kramaza 5+6+8= 19) / AcArya zarvavarmA dvArA ina tIna adhyAyo me 855 sUtra banAe gae haiM / caturtha adhyAya ( kRdanta ) vararuci dvArA praNIta hai jisame 546 mUtra haiM / zabdAnuzAsana bhAga ke atirikta khilapATha, zikSA, chanda - prakriyA, kAtantra pariziSTa Adi mahattvapUrNa grantha upalabdha hai / anekatra pANini kI

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe . eka adhyayana 105 apekSA AcArya zarvavarmA ne saralaprakriyA kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jise maiMne pratyeka sUtra ke sAtha tulanA karate hue apane eka grantha me spaSTa kiyA hai| ____ kAtantravADmaya, sUtra racanA, dhAtupA0 Adi para vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie merA ganya "kAtanvavyAkaraNavimarza" (prakAzita 1975 I0) dekhanA caahie| pANinIya uttaravartI lagabhaga cAlIsa vyAkaraNo me pramukha tathA sarvaprathama isa kAtantravyAkaraNa kA adhyayana-adhyApana bhArata ke aneka pradezo tathA dezAntaro me bhI hotA rhaa| devanAgarI, zAradA, paDga, utkala, telugu lipiyo me likhe gae aneka anya Ajataka prakAzita nahI ho sake hai, jo atyanta mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karate haiN| prakriyAkrama ke AviSkAraka isa vyAkaraNa para aneka sampradAo ke AcAryoM ne vyAsyAeM prastuta kI haiM, jiname 28 AcArya jainasampradAya ke haiN| ina AcAryo ke adhikAMza TIkAnanya aprakAzita hai| yahA~ 13 TIkAo para vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kara 15 TIkAo kA sakSipta paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| 1 kalApadIpikA durgasiMhakRta kAtantravRtti para gItama paNDita ne yaha laghu TIkA likhI hai, isakA hastalekha vikramavizvavidyAlaya, ujjana ke siviyA prAcyavidyA zovapratiSThAna me surakSita hai| nAmAdhyAya ke prathama pAda kI samApti para upanyasta vacana se aisA lagatA hai ki anyakAra ke pitA kA nAma vIra siMhadeva thA "iti vIrasiMhadevIpAdhyAyagItamapaNDitaviracitAyA durgasiMhoktakAtantavRttiTIkAyA kalApadIpikAyA nAmni prayama pAda samApta / " TIkAkAra ne yadyapi apane lekha kI prAmANikatA ke lie vyAghrabhUti, vidyAnanda, vardhamAna Adi aneka AcAryoM ke abhimata vacano ko uddhRta kiyA hai tamyApi kucha sthalo ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki vidyAnanda ke prati granthakAra kI vizeSa zraddhA thii| jaise 'atijara' zabda ke savava me kucha vidvAno kA mata hai ki napuMsakaliGga me am kA pAkSika lopa hogA tathA lopapakSa me visanti rUpa hogA atijara kula tiSThati, atijara kula 55ya / vidyAnanda ne yaha mata upekSaNIya mAnA hai ata granthakAra ne vidyAnanda kA abhimata ucita siddha kiyA hai tadihApramANam ityupekSite iti vidyAnanda / tasmAd ubhayana 'atijaram' ityeva bhavati (patra 42 a)| 2 kAtantradIpaka: munIzvara sUri ke ziSya muni harSa ne isakI racanA kI hai| isakA AkhyAtAnta , bhAga hastalekho me surakSita hai| grantha kI racanA kA prayojana buddhivardhana batAyA

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106 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA gayA hai / prArambha me jinezvara tathA bhAratI kA smaraNa kara grantharacanA kI pratijJA kI gaI hai - sUrbhuva svasvayIzAna varivasya smRtvA ca bhAratI samyag vakSye anta me guru kA nAma tathA racanAprayojana zrI munIzvarasUrIka ziSyeNa jinezvaram / kAtantadIpakam // nAmnA isa prakAra diyA gayA hai likhito mudA / kAtantradIpaka // muniharSa munIndreNa vyane vimunirbhrAjyeAnavuMhivRddhaye // ti / 3 katisamantaprakAza kAtantravyAkaraNa ke rahasyo ko spaSTa karane ke uddezya se zrIkarmadhara ne isa grantha kI racanA kI hai / cAra khaNDo me vibhakta 465 patro kA isakA hastalekha alavara (rA0 prA0 vi0 pra0 ) me prApta hai / grantha ke prArambha me 40 zloko me husenazAha ke mantrI bhavanAtha kA vazaparicaya citrita kiyA gayA hai jinake Adeza se yaha grantha likhA gayA hai / granthakAra karmadhara ke sAtha bhavanAtha kA kyA sabaMdha hai ? spaSTa nahI kahA jA sakatA / apane grantha kI upayogitA ke sandarbha me granthakAra ne yaha batAyA hai ki yadyapi AcArya trilocana kI TIkA se durgasiMha kI vRtti sugama ho jAtI hai, tathApi unhone jo kucha Avazyaka tathya choDa die hai unakI yojanA maiMne yathAsyAna kara dI hai ata lavana karma ke anantara kSetra me zeSa paDe hue 'zila' tathA 'uJcha' kA bhI jaise mahattva hotA hai usa prakAra mere bhI prakRta grantha kA kucha mahattva to avazya hI hai / grantharacanA ke AdeSTA bhavanAya kA paricaya isa prakAra diyA gayA hai--kAyasthavazIya zrImegha ke Atmaja trilocana, unake Atmaja gadAdhara, unake putra bhUdhara tathA unake putra bhavanAtha hue | inhe mAha husena kA mantrIpada prApta hone para apane prazasanIya kAryakalApo ke kAraNa devanAtha kI padavI prApta huI thI / granthakAra ne AzIrvAdAtmaka maDgalAcaraNa karate hue lakSmI kA smaraNa kiyA hai / isase aisA lagatA hai ki granthakAra ne granthavaNita viSayo me to zeSapUrti kI hI hai, maDugalAcaraNa me bhI zepapUrti kI hai| maGgalAcaraNa me ziva, sarasvatI, gaNeza kI tulanA me lakSmI kA smaraNa atyanta hI virala dekhA jAtA hai | durgasiMha tathA trilocanadAsa ne to lakSmI kA smaraNa nahI kiyA hai| ukta vivaraNa kA granthAza isa prakAra hai zeyAropaLAma LatiAre jAntAnRtti vinvitAm, pazyantI raddasi svitApi paribhrAntyA ciyAnurmu

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 107 yA prauDhA'pi nava samAgamarasa bhAva samAtanvatI, zliSTA gADhamura sthalena hariNA lakSmI zriye sA'stu va // 1 // trilocanakhyAtamabhinnadurga sArdha namaskRtya viviktavidyam / kAtantramantAryavinizcayArthamaya prayatna kriyate zizUnAm / / 2 / / durgavamunnIya sapanikAyA vRtteviveke vijaya pravRtta / vivecayastavacanAni vAmI svaya punardurgatamo babhUva / / 3 / / tatastatA yuktibhiruktimuktA viviktapaGkti kvacidapyamukhyAm / sayojayiSye nijagIrguNena satA hRdi zrImati sazrayAya / / 4 / / lilocanAcAryavaca prasAdAd durgasya vRtti sugamA yadIyam / kvacit kvacinme vacaso'vakAza zilo-vRtyA ghaTate tathApi / / 5 / / iti karaNakulAlaDkaraNazrIdevanAthasamAdiSTapaNDitakarmadharaviracite kAtantramantaprakAze prathamaH pAda parisamApta / " aadi| grantha ke Azika adhyayana se hI granyanAma kI sArthakatA ke lie aneka pramANa prApta ho jAte hai| 4. kAtantra rUpamAlA vAdiparvatavatrI munIzvara bhAvasena ne prakriyAkrama se kAtantasUtro kI do sadarbho me vyAkhyA kI he / prathama sandarbha ke sajAsandhi, svarasandhi, vyajanasandhi, visarjanIyasandhi, svarAnta pulliGga, svarAnta strIliDga, svarAnta napusakaliga, vyajanAnta puliGga, vyajanAnta strIliGga, vyajanAnta napusakaliGga, vyajanAnta aliDga, kAraka, samAsa eva taddhitaprakaraNo me 574 sUtra vyAkhyAta hai| iname paDgIya tayA kazmIrI saskaraNo ke kAtantravyAkaraNa kI apekSA kucha sUtra bilakula bhinna hai tathA kucha kI yojanA bhinna sthAno me kI gaI hai| jaise "vA virAme" (2 / 3 / 62) sUna aneka hastalekho tathA mudrita kAtantra grantho me "aghoSe prathama" (2 / 3 / 61) ke pazcAt paThita hai| tadanusAra isakA artha hai dhuTsazaka prathama varNa ke sthAna me tRtIya varNAdeza vikalpa se hotA hai / ata 'pAka, vAg' do rUpa niSpanna hote haiM / parantu kAtantra rUpamAlA me vyajanasandhi ke antargata mo'nusvAra vyaJjane" (sU0 61) sUtra ke pazcAt paDhakara padAnta makAra ke sthAna me vaikalpika anusvArAdeza kiyA jAtA hai, jisase padAnta me vidyamAna hone para bhI 'devAnAm, devAnA' ye do rUpa sAdhu mAne jaaeNge| aisI prakriyA anyatra nahI dekhI jaatii| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki kAtantra vyAkaraNa kA samyag bodha isa grantha dvArA payapti sarala Dhaga se kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya sandarbha ke tiinta tathA kRdanta prakaraNo me 806 sUtra vyAkhyAta haiN| isa prakAra 574 --806=1383 sUtro kI vyAkhyA isame kI gaI hai| vararuci

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108 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kAtyAyana dvArA racita kRtprakaraNa ke 546 mUtro me yahA kevala 806-460 = 319 hI sUna vyAkhyAta hue haiN| zepa ko kaThinatA yA vistAra ke bhaya se anAvazyaka jaisA samajhakara choDa diyA gayA hai| ___ grantha ke prArambha me granthakAra ne isakI racanA kA prayojana mandadhI bAlako ko kAtantravyAkaraNa kA saralatayA avavodhana kahA hai, jisakI carcA unhone grantha ke anta me bhI kI hai vIra praNamya sarvajJa vinAzepadoSakam / kAtantra rUpamAleya vAlavodhAya kathyate // 11 (grnthaarmbh)| bhAvasenAnividyena vaadiprvttrinnaa| kRtAyA rUpamAlAyA kRdanta paryapUryata / mandabuddhiprabodhArtha bhAvasenamunIzvara / kAtantra rUpamAlAkhyA vRtti 052 racat sudhI / / (granthAnta) taddhita prakaraNa kI samApti para bhAvasena ne isa vyAkaraNa ke 'kAlApaka' tathA 'komA' nAmo kI vilakSaNa vyAkhyA kI hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo striyo me 64 tathA puruSo me 74 kalAeM hotI hai una sabhI ke prAptikattA tIrthakara RSabhadeva hai, unase prokta hone ke kAraNa ise 'kAlApaka' eva kumArI ke prati kahe jAne se ise 'kaumAra' nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| unhone isa mAnyatA ko ayukta batAyA hai ki jo yaha kahA jAtA hai ki svAmikAttikeya ke vAhana mayUra ke puccha se sUto kA nirgamana hone ke kAraNa isa vyAkaraNa kA nAma kAlApaka hai| bhAvasena ne isa mAnyatA ko isalie ayukta batAyA hai ki mayUra ke nimAlika pluta kA hI uccAraNa prasiddha hai aura kAtantavyAkaraNa ke varNasamAmnAya me plutavarNoM kA pATha nahIM kiyA gayA hai catu paSTi kalA strINA tAzcatu saptatinRNAm / sApaka prA5kastAsA zrImAnRSabhatIrthakRt / / tena brAhma ya kumArya ca kathita pAhetave / kAlApaka tat kaumAra nAmnA zabdAnuzAsanam // yad vadantyadhiya kecit zikhina skandavAhina // pucchAntirgatasUna syAt kAlApakamata param / / tanna yukta yata kekI vakti plutasvarAnugam / nimAtra ca zikhI brUyAditi prAmANikoktita // na pAtra mAtRkAmnAye svareSu plutasagraha / tasmAt zrIpamAviSTafmayeva pratipadyatAm | (taddhitaprakaraNa ke anta me)

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 106 grantha ke anta me unhone apane vacano ko una vidvAno ke garvakuhara ke lie vanavat kahA hai jo apane buddhivaMbhava ke garva se uddhRta hokara spardhA karane kA sAhasa karate hai / yaha vacana abhI anusandhAna dvArA parIkSaNIya hai| abhI taka isake do saskaraNa prApta haiM 1 nirNayasAgara yantra, vambaI / sa0 1952 / 2 vIra pustaka bhaNDAra, vIra presa, jayapura / vIranivaNi savat 2481 / dono saskaraNo me prAya sAmya hI dekhA jAtA hai| 5 kAtantravibhramAvaNi ____vyAkaraNa ke lokavyavahArAdhIna hone se kAvyazAstra Adi me prayukta kucha sUtro kI siddhi batAne ke uddezya se kisI AcArya ne kucha sUtra banAe the| jisa grantha ko 'kAtantra vibhrama' nAma diyA gayA thA, parantu ve sUtra Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| una sUtro kA gaurava aura aprasiddhi TIkAkAra gopAlAcArya ke eka vacana se jJAta hotI hai kAtantra sUtravisara kila sAmprata yad / nItiprasiddha iha cAtikharI garIyAn / / prakRta grantha ke racayitA cAritrasiMha ke pacanAnusAra aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAtantavibhrama-sUtro para sarvaprathama kSemendra ne vyAkhyA thii| kSemendrakRta vyAkhyA kI TIkA maNDana nAmaka kisI vidvAn ne kI thii| samprati ye dono TIkAe~ prApta nahI hotI haiN| kAtantra sampradAya ke kisI vidvAn ne vibhramasUtra tathA kAtantazabdAnuzAsana ke sUtI se siddha kie jA sakane vAle 152 zabdo ko 21 zloko me nibaddha kiyA hai| ina zabdo ke sAdhana kI prakriyA praznottara ke rUpa me dazita huI hai| inake atirikta 54 zabdo kI yojanA 10 zloko dvArA vAda meM kI gaI hai| zlokanidiSTa zabdo kI avari nAmaka vyAkhyA ke kartA kA paricaya prApta nahIM hotaa| mudrita kAtantravibhrama ke prArambhika lekha 'kAtantra vibhrama sUtra savRttika likhyate' ke anusAra zloko ko bhI sUtra mAnA jA sakatA hai / avacUrikAra ne prasaGgata do anya loko kI yojanA isame kI thI isakA ullekha cAritasiMhakRta TIkA me prApta hotA hai| prApta TIkAo ke paricaya se pUrva zlokabaddha kAtantra vibhrama kA sakSipta viSayaparicaya diyA jA rahA hai prArambha me hI prazna kiyA gayA hai ki paraspara viruddha kisa dhAtu ke 13 rUpa ekahI pratyaya hone para niSpanna hote haiM / vyAkhyAkAro ne 'ava' pUrvaka 'ga' dhAtu se adyatanI (lui) ke madhyamapuru5 bahuvacana me 'dhvam' pratyaya karane para (1) avAgaridhvam,

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110 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA (2) avAgarIdhvam, (3) avAgalidhvam, (4) avAgalIdhvam, (5) avAgaritvam, (6) avAgarIDhvam, (7) avAgalivam, (8) avAgalIdavam, (6) avAgAridhvam, (10) avAgArIdhvam, (11) avAgAlidhvam, (12) avAgAlIdhvam tayA (13) avAgIdavam ye 13 (5 dikhAe gae hai / granthAntaro me isake 104 65 bhI vatAe jAte haiN| ___isa prakAra syAdyantapratirUpaka tyAdi, bahuvacanapratirUpaka eka vacana, tyAdi ke viparIta rUpa, vibhaktivyatyaya ke rUpa, syAcanta kI taraha pratIta hone vAle tyAcanta rUpa, aprasiddha tyAcanta tayA durlakSya yanta zabdo kA pANDityapUrNa nirdeza kiyA gyaa| hai| udAharaNArya vahuvacanapratispaka ekavacana ke zabdo kA nirdeza isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai etepA kayamekatva vanAni brAhmaNa rmii| vRkSA pacanti yeSA yAn vAyubhya pArthivA surA ||8|| purANi vaNimaThAnyamInA dhanAni sarvANi vilAnyapAca // 10 // kAtantravibhrama kI prApta TIkAo me do hastalikhita haiM tathA eka mudrita hai| mudrita TIkA cAritasiMhakRta 'avacUNi' nAmaka hai| jisakA paricaya isa prakAra vi0 sa0 1625 me sAdhu cAritasiMha ne yaha TIkA likhI hai| inhone apane ko matibhadragaNi kA ziSya batAyA hai / TIkA ke nAma tathA usake racanAkAla Adi kA paricaya isa prakAra diyA hai vANAzviSaDindu (1625) miti savvati dhavalakapuravara samahe / zrIkharatagaNapuSkarasudivApuSTaprakArANAm / / 1 / / zrIninamANijyAdhisUrIlA sanasArvabhaumAnAm paTTe vare vijayiSu zrImajjinacandrasUrirAjyeSu // 2 // gIti / vAcakamatibhadragaNe ziSyastadupAstyavAptaparamArtha / cAritasiMhasAdhurvyadadhAdavacUNimiha sugamAm / / 3 / / unhone apanI udAratA kA paricaya dete hue yaha bhI kahA hai ki maiMne ina praznottarI kI vyAkhyA me yadi kucha anRta likhA ho to use apane tathA dUsaro ke upakArArtha vidvAn svayaM sazodhita kara le / yaha vyAkhyA 1927 I0 me indaura se prakAzita bhI ho cukI hai| isameM sArasvata vyAkaraNa ke sUtro kA upayoga kiyA / gayA hai likhAmi saarsvtsuukyuktyaa| ____ granyaracanA kA prayojana batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki kAtantra vibhrama me dazita prayoga atyanta duya hai, unake viSaya meM zreSTha vaiyAkaraNa bhI jaDavat ho jAte haiM, ata apane tathA dUsaro ke jAnavardhana-hetu isa TIkA ko likhane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 111 svasthetarasya ca subodhavivardhanArtha ritvattha mamAtra saphalo likhanaprayAsa // 3 // TIkA me prAsaGgika mUlAtirikta kucha zabdo kI siddhi granthakAra ne svayaM bhI vtaaii| grantha ke anta me cAra kArikAo dvArA aprasiddha tyAdyanta rUpI ko bhI apanI ora se batAyA gayA hai.---'iti rUpamanuktamapi prasagAdiha likhitm'| 'anye'pikecid vibhramaprayogAlikhyante / / pramANa ke lie kSemendra, hemacandra, abhidhAnakoza, ekAkSaranighaNTu Adi ke vacano ko anekana uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / isake anuzIlana se aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratijJAnusAra granthakAra ne apane buddhikozala kA paryApta paricaya diyA hai| 6 kAtantra vibhramAvacUNi nAgara nIlakaNTha ke putra gopAlAcArya ne sa0 1763 ke dakSiNAyana-poSamAsa me isakI racanA kI thii| bAlako kI hitakAmanA, apane eva dUsaro ke jJAnasaMvardhana ke lie yaha grantha likhA gayA thaa| isake hastalekha jodhapura, bIkAnera, ahamadAbAda Adi sthAno me saMgRhIta haiN| hastalekho ke avalokana se aisA vidita hotA hai ki inhone kevala mUla kI 21 kArikAo para hI apanI vyAkhyA racI hai| prakSipta 10 kArikAo para inakI TIkA nahI dekhI jaatii| granthakAra ne svaracita TIkA ko vizuddha, ramya tathA sugama batAyA hai| grantharacanA ke kAla Adi kA paricaya isa prakAra hai-- saMvadrAmarasAdribhU (1763) parimite varSAyane dakSiNe, pauSa mAsi zucau tithipratipadi prAi bhaumavAra'karot / zrImannAgaranIlakaNThatanayo nAmnA tu gopAlaka TIkAmasya vizuddha ramyasugamA kAvyasya durgasya vai // isa kAtantravibhrama ko yahA kAvya kahA gayA hai, sambhavata vizeSa arthoM me prayukta kAvyazAstrIya kucha zabdo kI carcA hone se ise kAvya kI sajJA TIkAkAra ne dI ho| TIkA kI sugamatA ke bodhaka kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM 1 agnibhya' 58 ko prathamA vibhaktyanta siddha karane ke sandarbha me batAyA hai, ki bhayAryaka 'bhyas' dhAtu kA vivanta rU5 'bhya' hotA hai, ata 'agni se hone vAlA bhaya' isa arya kA vAcaka prathamAvibhaktyanta pada 'agnibhya' 5JcamI tatpuruSa samAsa se niSpanna hogaa| vikalpa me bhayAryaka 'bhI' zabda kA prathamA bahuvacana 'bhya ' batAkara 'agnibhya' pada ko sAvanA dikhAI gaI hai| (kArikA 2) / 2 'bhavetAm' zabda ko SaSThI vahuvacanAnta isa prakAra siddha kiyA gayA hai 'iN dhAtu kA vivanta rUpa 'it' hotA hai / bhava saMsAra ko prApta karane vAle "bhavata' kahe jAeMge, usase paSThI bahuvacanAnta rUpa 'bhavetAm' niSpanna hogA (kArikA 3) /

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112 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 3 yAni, zubhAni, raNAni' Adi sthAdhanta pada to prasiddha hai parantu tyAdyanta prasiddha nahI / ina tyAdyanta pado kI siddhi 'yA zubha, raNa' dhAtuo se 'Ani' pratyaya hone para batAI gaI hai| isI prakAra aneka zabdo kI sAdhanikA me prAya sarala bhASA tathA sarala zailI kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai, jise savaddha sthalo me hI dekhA jA sakatA hai| saralatA ke lie isame aneka granyo va anyakAro ke mato ko nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai| vAnnita vUha-siddhAntamudra tathA vanelara joza vava vavakhya prApta hotA hai| 7. kAtantravistara vardhamAna-viracita isa vistRta TIkA kA kAraka bhAgIya kucha aza majUSA patikA (varSa 12 aGka 6) me prakAzita hai| isake aneka hastalekha utkalAkSarI me bhuvanezvara ke abhilekhAgAra me saMgRhIta hai ) / rAjasthAna me saMskRta sAhitya kI khoja (pR0 32) ke lekhaka zrIdhara rAmakRSNa bhaNDArakara ke anusAra jaisalamera me bhI isakI hastalikhita prati hai / janasAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5, pR0 52 para mArA tathA cUrU me bhI isake hastalekha batAe gae hai| granthakAra kI pratijJA ke anusAra isake sandhi tathA nAma adhyAyo me una sabhI zabdo kI siddhi batAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, jinakA prayoga ziSTo ne lakSyagrantho me kiyA hai mahezvara namaskRtya kumAra tadanantaram / sugama kriyate'smAbhiraya kAtansavistara / abhiyogaparA pUrva bhApAyA yad vbhaapire| prAyeNa tadihAsbhAbhi parityakta na kicana / / kRbhAgIya vyAkhyAna me granthakAra ne kahA hai ki sUtrakAra zarvavarmA dvArA jinakI sarvathA upekSA kI gaI tathA kAtyAyana ne bhI jina para vicAra nahIM kiyA, una sabhI zabdo ko yahA udAharaNa ke rUpa meM diyA gayA hai| anta me granthakAra ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki yadyapi apane prazasanIya guNo ke kAraNa yaha zAstra anekana pracalita hai pracura pracAra hai, tathApi pitAjI ke mukha se sune jAne ke kAraNa yA unake yA unake Adeza se maiMne isa anya kI racanA kI hai upekSita sUtrakRtA sudUra kAtyAyanenApi na cintita yat / sakSiptabhApAgatamana lakSyasamastamasmAmirudAhRta tat / / supracAra zAstra yadyapi sugunnrih| pitRvavattAnuM vAvetaranjivita vidupA mayI | majUpA patrikA me kArakaprakaraNIya apAdana tathA sampradAna-majaka jo sUtra

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 113 vyAkhyAta hai uname pANinIya sUtro kI bhI vizada vyAkhyA dekhI jAtI hai / pANinIya apAdAnasazaka jina sUtroM kI AvazyakatA mahAbhASyakAra Adi ne nahI mAnI hai una sUtro para bhI vyAkhyA karane kA kAraNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki 1 yahA pratyAkhyAna karane ke uddezya se hI ina sUtro kA upAdAna kiyA hai| athvaa| 2 unheM svIkAra bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoki anya vyAkaraNa me unakI mAnyatA hone se yahA unako khaNDana karanA merA uddezya nahIM hai| arthAt kAtantrokta hI grAhya hai, anya vyAkaraNokta grAhya nahI hai isa prakAra kA merA koI pakSapAta nahIM hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyAkaraNAntara me pravala Agrahavaza unhe samAdRta kiyA gayA hai ata unakA pratyAkhyAna karane ke lie dviguNita yatna kI bAvazyakatA hogI, ata unhe svIkAra kara lenA hI samIcIna hai pratyAkhyAtumihAkhyAta miti tantrAntaroditam / svIkatumathavA'smAka pakSapAtI na vidyate / / kiJca tannAntarapraNItAnA sUtrANA paramAgrahAt / pratyAkhyAnena yatnasya dvaiguNyamupajAyate / / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yadi isa vipulakAya grantha kA prakAzana ho jAe to kAtantra vyAkaraNa kA eka vistRta rUpa sAmane A jaae| kAtantavistara kI kucha TokAe~ bhI prApta hotI hai (1) vAmadeva vidvAn-viracita manoramA, (2) zrIkRSNaracita vardhamAnasagraha, (3) ajJAtanAmA AcArya racita kAtantraprakriyA, (4) govindadAsaracita vardhamAnAnusAriNI prakriyA, tathA (5) raghunAthadAsa-racita vardhamAnaprakAza / 8 kAtantravRttipanjikA AcArya trilocanadAsa dvArA praNIta yaha vyAkhyA vaDgAkSaro me mudrita hai aura prAya sabhI sUtroM para prApta hotI hai| isakI racanA ko uddezya anyakAra ne svayaM granthArambha me batAyA hai, tadanusAra kAtantravyAkaraNa para durgasiMha dvArA racita eka prAmANika vRtti me prayukta kaThina yA aspaSTAryaka pado ko sarala yA spaSTa karane ke uddezya se isakI racanA kI gaI thii| kaThina yA aspaSTAyaka pado ke vyAkhyAna kI AvazyakatA mandabuddhi vAlo ko bhI viSaya ke samyak avabodhArtha hotI hai prakhya sarvAtaMra sarvaH sarvavinam | savAya sarvaga sarva sarvadevanamaskRtam / / dusiMhoktakAtantravRttidurgapadAnyaham / vivRNomi yyaaprshmshaanhetunaa|

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114 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vyAkhyA ke adhyayana se aisA lagatA hai ki granthakAra ne na kevala dusiMhokta vRtti me hI kaThina yA aspaSTArthaka zabdo kI hI vyAkhyA kI hai, kintu unhoMne sUtranidiSTa viSaya ko pUrNata samajhAne ke lie anukta viSayo kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai aura anekana apane mata ke samarthana me anya anyakAro ke bhI patrano ko uddhRta kiyA hai| inake kucha vizepa vicAra isa prakAra hai--- 1 namaskAraviSayaka / isameM kahA gayA hai ki abhipreta viSaya kI siddhi kevala namaskAramAnasAdhya nahI hotI kintu kabhI yAgAdisAdhya tathA namaskAra sAdhya hotI hai| (maGgalAcaraNa) 2 maGgalArthaka siddha zabda kA vivecana / "siTTo varNasamAmnAya" isa prathama sUtra kI vyAkhyA me siddha' zabda ke nitya, nippanna tathA prasiddha artho ke atirikta bhI kucha mahattvapUrNa vicAra kiyA gayA hai| kAtantavyAkaraNa me Adi, madhya tathA anta me kie gae maGgalAryaka pado kI yojanA s588 kI hai (11111) / 3 'Adi' zabda ke cAra aryo kI vyAkhyA ApizalIya matAnusAra kI gaI Stic tathA cApilIyA paThanti, sAmIpye'ya vyavasthAyA prakAre'vayave tthaa| catuvayapu medhAvI Adi zabdaM tu lakSayet // (1 / 18) / 4 anunAsika me 'anu' zabda kI yojanA kA tAtparya / isakI vyAkhyA me 'anunAsika' sanA ko pUrvAcAryapraNIta tathA anvarya kahA gayA hai (1 / 1 / 13) / 5 'anusvAra, visarjanIya' sajAo ke krama kA aucitya / isameM batAyA gayA hai ki svarasambaddha hone ke kAraNa yadyapi ina sajAo kA nirdeSa sandhyakSara sajJA ke hI anantara karanA cAhie thA, tathApi apravAna eva svara-yajanobhaya se saba hone ke kAraNa inakA pA0 anta me kiyA gayA hai| sUtra nidiSTa hone ke kAraNa anusvAra-visarjanIya ko bhI kAtantra vyAkaraNa me yogavAha mAnA jAtA hai, pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI taraha ayogavAhanahI (111116) / 6 ApizanIya matAnusAra Agama Adi kI paribhASA / tathA cApizalIyA paThanti , Agamo'nupAtena vikAracopamardanAt / ___Adezastu prasaGgena lopa sarvApakapaNAt / / (21116) / 7 naupacArika AdhAra kI ayuktatA vatAnA 'aD gulyagre karizatam' Adi syalo me kucha AcArya aupacArika AdhAra mAnate hai, parantu vastuta aGguli ke agramAga kA viSaya hI karizata hai ata yahA aupazle pika AdhAra mAnanA hI sagata hai (214111),

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 115 8 nimitta ke paryAyavAcI kAraka' zabda ko avyutpanna tayA svabhAvata napusakaliG mAnanA / kriyA ke nimittamAna pradhAna yA apradhAna ko kAraka kahate haiM / vyutpanna tathA pratyayAnta kArakazabda kA artha 'kartA' hotA hai tathA vaha vAyaliD mAnA jAtA hai / (2 / 4 / 23) / 6 vRttikAra durgasiMha dvArA samAdRta candragomI ke sUtra kI sUcanA denA / "tAdayaM caturthI" sUtra ko zarvavarmakRta na mAnakara candra gobhikRta mAnA hai| isakI sUcanA dete hue kahA gayA hai ki vRttikAra ne matAntarapradarzana ke uddezya se yahA candragomikRta isa sUtra ko paDhA hai (2 / 4 / 27) / isa prakAra aneka vizeSatAe dekhI jAtI haiN| durgasiMha kRta vRtti tathA TIkA ke vipayo ko prauDha spaSTIkaraNa isa vyAkhyA me dekhA gayA hai| isa vyAkhyA kA stara kAtantra sapradAya me vahI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo ki pANinIya sampradAya me kA zikA vRtti para jinendrabudvi dvArA praNIta kozikA vivaraNapalikA (nyAsa) kA hai| isame jayAditya, jinendrabuddhi prabhRti lagabhaga 40 anyakAro tathA kucha granyo ke matavacano ko dikhAyA gayA hai| bahuta se mata 'kecit, anye, itare' zabdo se bhI prastuta kie gae hai| ina sabhI mato me kucha mato ko yuktisagata nahI mAnA gayA hai| isa paMjikA me dazita mato ke prati kucha AcAryoM ne doSa bhI dikhAe hai, jina dopo kA samAdhAna supeNa vidyAbhUSaNa ne apane kalApacandra nAmaka vyAkhyAna me kiyA hai| zrInivikrama ne udyota, maNikAbhaTTAcArya ne trilocanacandrikA sItAnAtha siddhAntavAgIza ne kucha azo para sajIvanI tayA dhAtusUtrIya paJjikA para pItAvara vidyAbhUSaNa ne panikA nAmaka vyAkhyA kI racanA kI hai| 6 kAtantravRttipajikA pradIpa paNDita zrInandI ke Atmaja paNDita zrI desala ne isakI racanA kI thii| 283 pato kA isakA hastalekha jodhapura rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna me vidyamAna hai| palikA me jo kucha vizeSa rUpa me kahA gayA hai usI kA vivaraNa prastuta karane kI pratijJA granthArama me lekhaka ne kI hai| kRdabhAgIya vyAkhyA kA prArambha karane se pUrva hI granthakAra ke pitA divagata ho gae the, mata pitRviyogarUpI anala se dagdhamAnasa hone para bhI dukho kI kamI kI samApti na samajhakara zrIdesala ne agrima granthabhAga kI pUrti kI hai| "atra cAntare divagate pitari tadviyogAnaladamAnasAnA kIdRza hi grantha dUpaNa samAdhAna budvikozalamupajAyata iti jAna dbhirapyasmAbhi prArabdhAparisamAptidukhamavagamya yathAmati kiJciducyate" (kRta prakaraNa kA praarmbh)| grantha ke anta me granthakAra ne apane pitA dvArA ghAtuparAyaNa ke racita hone kI bhI sUcanA dI hai| zADkara nAmaka ziSya kI prArthanA para zrIdesala ne jaisA apane

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116 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA pitA se paDhA thA usI ke smaraNArtha isa grantha kA nivandhana kiyA hai, ata apanA koI doSa na batAkara yuktAyukta ke vicAra kA bhAra vidvAno para chor3a diyA hai kAttikeya samArAdhya kRta zAstramanAkulam / tamai namoDastu gurave zrImate zarvavarmaLe che dhAtupArAyaNaka vyAkaraNanitayavedine / zabdasaronasavile vidyAvAtre nama vive che ukta mayA yathAvodha zaGkarAya suvodhine / yuktAyuktavicArastu kartavya khalu sUribhi / / yAcito'ha curA tena pratipanna mayA'pi tat / smRtyayaM kriyate yasmAt tasmAnno nAna dUSaNam // pitRbhiryadupanyasta smaraNAya kRta mayA / / sa0 1465 me zrAvaNavadI 5 budhavAra ko rANA zrIudayasiMha vijaya ke rAjya me ise likhA gayA thaa| 10 kAtantrapajikoyota. vardhamAna ke ziSya trivikrama ne kAtantapalikA para udyota nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / isakA hastalekha saGghabhaNDAra-pATana me sagRhIta hai| AkhyAta ke samprasAraNapAdaparyanta yaha upalabdha hai| isakA lekhanakAla sa0 1221, jyeSThapadI tRtIyA, zukravAra hai| granthakAra ne kahA hai ki kucha pUrvabhAvI AcAryoM ne apane asAravacano se palikA ko prAya nirarthaka batAyA thA aura isI kAraNa vaha 5jarastha zArikA kI taraha parAdhIna hokara apane guNo ko prakAzita karane me asamartha ho gaI thii| maiMne pUrvAcAryoM ke una AkSepavacano kA khaNDana kara ise pUrNa ujjvala kara diyA hai| ukta yadAlUnavizIrNavAkyaniragala kijana phalgu pUrva / upekSita sarvamida mayA tat prAyo vicAra sahate na yena // AsIdiya 5 racinasArikava hi pjikaa| udyotavyaparona mayA pUgvatI9tA isa prakAra TIkAkAra kA prayAsa tathA TIkA kA nAma sArthaka hI kahA jA sakatA hai| 11 kAtantrottaram isakI racanA vijayAnanda ne kI hai, isakA dUsarA nAma vidyAnanda bhI hai| 360 patro kA 5 hastalekha ahamadAbAda ke lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira me surakSita hai, vIca kA kucha aza isame truTita hai| granyakAra

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAeM eka adhyayana 117 ke vacanAnusAra isakI racanA mahAn prayAsa se kI gaI hai tathA samasta pratipakSipradazita AkSepo kA sahetuka samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| nATaka ke bharatavAkya kI taraha vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara lekhaka ne anta me yaha bhI kahA hai ki isa sadgrantha kI racanA se mujhe prApta hone vAlA puNya tIno dukho kA zamana karatA huA manuSyoM kI pravRttiko maGgalamayI bhAvanA yA ziva kI ora unmukha kara sahetukamiTTArola livita sodhu sAtam | kAtantrottaranAmA'ya vidyAnandAparA''daya / mAna cAsya sahasrANi svarvadyaguNitA rasA // nirmAya sadgranthamima prayAsAna, AsAdita puNyalavo mayA ya / tena vidu khApaharo narANAm , ryAd viveka zivamavanAyAm | sUtra-TIkA-palikA-pUrvAcAryAnumodita vacano kI carcA ke atirikta mahAkavi Anandavardhana dvArA sAmAnya vivakSA meM bhI kie gae pulliGga prayoga kA ullekha kiyA hai| Anandavardhana ne yaha prayoga apane anya devIstavayama me kiyA hai| isa vyAkaraNa ke cAra nAmo me hetu dikhAe gae hai zAvamika, kAtantra, kAlApaka, kaamaar| 12 kAlApaprakriyA nRpatiziromaNi rAmasiMha kI AjJA se kSatriya bAlako ke buddhivardhanArya AcArya valadeva ne ise bUMdI me sa0 1605 me likhA thaa| 124 patro kA eka hastalekha jodhapura me prApta hai| granthakAra ne apane guru kA nAma AzAnanda batAyA fic bANakhA kendumite (1905) vikramAdityato gate / varSe'tra rAmasiMhAzApreritana dvijena vai|| baladevena racitA kAlApaprakriyA zubhA / upadezAt luDo rAzAnandothAt mAthiyoti | sabhI dhAtuo para pUrNatayA vyAkhyAna karanA sambhava nahI hotA, kyoki dhAtue ananta tathA anekArthaka hotI hai, ata granthakAra ne sabhI dhAtuo para vyAkhyAna nahI kiyA hai dhAtUnAmapyanantatvAnnAnAryatvA-5 srvthaa| abhidhAtumazakyatvAdAkhyAta vyApanaratnam / / 1 // AkhyAta prakaraNa ke anantara kRraprakaraNa ke lagabhaga 20 hI sUtro kI vyAkhyA

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118 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kI gaI hai, zepa ko AvazyakatA se adhika samajhakara choTa diyA gayA hai| 13 vAlakSiAvyAkaraNam gujarAtI bhASA ke mAdhyama se maskRta zikSaNa dene kA prayAsa jisame kiyA gayA ho usa racanA ko auktika' kahate hai| vAna zikSAvyAkaraNa eka aisI hI racanA hai| isa oktika granya ke lekhaka zrImAlavazIya karasiMha ke putra Thakura saMgrAmasiMha hai| isakA racanAkAla sa0 1336 hai / sampUrNa granya kA parimANa 1850 praloka haiN| isame majA, sandhi, syAdi, kAraka, samAsa, uttivinAna, saskAra tathA tyAdi nAmaka mA0 prakrama hai / pranyakAra ne prArambha me hI yaha pratijJA kI hai ki zarvavarmapraNIta kAtantravyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para makSepa me vAlazikSA kI racanA kI jA rahI hai| apanI nirabhimAnitA tathA saralatA kA paricaya dete hue anyakAra ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki jaise sUrya ke abhAva me dIpaka ke bhI prakAza kA mahatva hotA hai, vaise kAtantavyAkaraNa ke abhAva me sabhI sajjana ima bAlazikSA ko apanAeM zrImannatvA para brahma vAlazikSA yathAkramam / sakSepAd racayiSyAmi kAtantrAt zAvamikAt / / 1 / / AdI saMjJA tata sandhi syAdaya kArakANi ca / / samAsA coktivimAna saskArasthAdayatayA // 2 // ityaSTaprakramopetAmetA kurvantu hRdgRhe / kAtantabhAskarAbhAve yathA dIpazriya janA // 3 // saptama maskAra prakrama me aneka avyaya tathA tatkAlIna kriyApadI ko uddhRta kara unake saMskRta zabda die hai / rakhaDa, polai, Avai, dhUmai' Adi uddhRta kriyApado ko avadhI, vaja, rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI bhApA kI sapatti mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra yaha grantha bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva kA ho gayA hai / rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura se 1668 I0 me prakAzita isa gantha ke pradhAna sampAdaka DaoN0 phatahasiMha ne isa saskAraprakrama me uddhRta aneka kriyApado ko lakSyakara vizvAsapUrvaka yaha kahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki granyalekhana ke samaya taka saMskRtabhASA kevala vidvAno kI hI samparka bhASA raha gaI thI aura janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA saskRta se bahuta dUra calI gaI thI ata isa dUrI ko dUra karane ke lie hI granthakAra ne saskAra prakrama me bhApAzabdo kA saMskRta ke sAtha mela biThAne kA prayatna kiyaa| ___ astu, yaha to nizcita hai ki granyakAra bhAratabhUmi kA eka aisA punaratna thA jo jana-arjana Adi ke bhedabhAva se Upara uThakara rASTrIya dRSTi se soca sakatA thA aura vartamAna bhedabuddhividhAyinI pravRtti ke viparIta eka mAtra rASTrIya dRSTi se

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 116 bhASAprazna para vicAra karake tatkAlIna janasAdhAraNa kI bhASAo ko susaMskRta rUpa pradAna karane ke lie apane vyAkaraNa me 'saskRtaprakrama' ko likha sakatA thaa| grantha me darzita prakaraNa, viSayayojanA, udAharaNo Adi se na kevala bAlakoM ke lie hI upayogI hai kintu prauDhadhI vidvAno ke lie bhI mananIya hai| ____ grantha ke anta me lekhaka ne kahA hai ki yadyapi aneka zAstro kA adhyayana kara baDe parizrama se saMzodhita kara isa bAlazikSA ko banAyA hai tathApi sajjanI dvArA yaha zodhanIya hI hai| isa prakAra grantha ke dIrghakAlIna pracAra kI zubhakAmanA bhI granyakAra dvArA kI gaI hai| sajjano ke prasAda se hI isa grantha kI racanA batAkara lekhaka ne mahatI udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai| prazasti, racanAkAla, zubhakAmanAdiviSayaka vacana isa prakAra hai sadopakAryAt sAdhyo'ya lakSaNadravyasagraha / sASTiAdazazatyaDko'pyakSaya san tadathinAm / / 1 / / bhupanti muktA jalajantavo'pi svAyambhasA tallalita na pAm / yayopalA apyamRta zravante tad valigata candramasa karANAm / / 2 / / satA prasAda sa hi yanmayApi zrImAlavazyena kRti kRtayam sADhAkabhU-ThakurakrUrasiMhaputreNa panintiyutakava (1336) // 3 / / bahUni zAstrANi vilokya tAvad vinirmiteya mahatoyamena / mazodhitA sadbhirathApi zodhyA sallakSaNa kSodasaha sahaiva / / 4 / / yavid dhatte gaganasarasI rAjasapracAram, bhe95cAgnivaradinavadhU zarvarI maDgalAni / tAvad bodha bhRti vidadhatI vAla zikSA sadeSA, jIyA yogAdatimatimatA vardhamAnAdhikazrI // 5 // 14 kAtantabhUSaNam AcArya dharmadhopasUri ne kAtantra vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para isakI racanA kI hai| isakA pariNAma 24000 zloka hai| (dra0---janasAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5) / 15 kAtantravAkyaviratara kauzika vazIya nAgarazAtIya sarvadeva ke putra paNDita rAma ne isakI racanA kI hai| racanA kA prayojana mandamati vAlo ko bhI sukhapUrvaka vAkyo kI prayogavidhi kA

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120 : maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA parijAna batAyA gayA hai| isakA hastalekha ahamadAvAda meM prApta hai / grantha ke anta me isa prakAra paricaya diyA gayA hai kozikAnvayasa bhUta sarvadevAtmajo bhuvi / rAmAkhyayA prasidvo hi nagaro viprasevaka. / / jaDAnA mukhavodhArya kRtavAn vAkyavistaram / / iti zrInagaramahAsthAnavAstavyanAgarazAtIya-kozikAnvayavyAsasarvadevasutapaNDitarAma viracita zabda-kAraka-samAsa-taddhitakriyA-kRtprayogANA laukikamApayA vihita vAkyavistara samAptamiti bhadra bhUyAt / 16 kAtantravibhramaTIkA ___ sa0 1352 me jinaprabhasUri ne isa TIkA kI racanA kI thii| yadyapi isa TIkA ke aneka hastalekha jayapura, bIkAnera, ahamadAvAda Adi me dekhane ko mile, parantu unakA adhyayana na kie jA sakane se TIkA kA svarUpa nahI batAyA jA sakatA / granthakAra dvArA racanAkAla, racanAsthAna kA nirdeza isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai pakSeSa zakitazazigRnmitavimAve ghAlyakite hRtithI puriyoyinInA kAtantra vibhrama iha vyataniSTa TIkAm sIdavIrapi ninakamamUritAm II 17 kAtantravRttipanjikA __AcArya jinezvara sUri ke ziSya somakIti ne kAtanavRtti para isa TIkA kI racanA kI hai, isakA hastalekha jaisalamera me hai| isa vyAkaraNasampradAya me AcArya trilocanadAsa dvArA praNIta pAjakA' vyAkhyA suprasiddha hai| dono AcAryoM kA samaya nizcita na hone se yahA vize5 kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / (dra0 janasAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5) / 18 kriyAkalApa dhAtupA0 para yaha vyAkhyA kAyasyavazIya vidyAnanda ne likhI thii| granthakAra ne isa vyAkhyA ke sabandha me kahA hai ki jo vyutpanna nahI hai unhe isakA vyavahAra nahI karanA cAhie, kyoki grantha me dazita dhAtu, unake arthoM kA nirUpaNa karane se hI unakI buddhi mohita ho sakatI hai / isake hastalekha bIkAnera tathA ahamadAvAda me dekhe gae hai / granyakAra ne vaNita viSaya mAdi ke sambandha me kahA hai

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAeM eka adhyayana 121 pUrva pUrvaka vipraNItavividhagrantheSu dRSTAstata , nirNItA hRdaye nirUpya nipuNa ye dhAtupArayiNam / dhAtUnA tanudhIrapi vyaracayatteSAmima saMgraham, vidyAnandakavivizuddhahRdaya kAyasthavazodbhava / / vyutpattivarmacAveza zAstra nareMdramuvI raLIyA dhAtvarthatanmAtanirUpaNena yato matimohamupaiti teSAm / / 16 kriyAkalApa jinadevasUri ne bhI yaha grantha likhA thaa| sa0 1520 kA eka hastalekha zrIjayaprabhasUri ke ziSya muni pUrNakalaza dvArA likhA gayA ahamadAbAda me prApta hai| 20 catuSkavyavahAradaNDikA ___zrIdhanaprabhasUri ne ise likhA thaa| isakA taddhitaprakaraNAta bhAga hI hastalekho me prApta hotA hai / prArambha me devI sarasvatI ko namaskAra kara unase yaha maDagalakAmanA kI gaI hai ki merI isa vyAkhyA kA samAdara vidvajjana kre| anya hastalekho me guruprasAda se catukavyavahArAkhya grantha ke vistAra karane kI bAta kahI nama zrIsarasvatyai bhagavatyai / praNamya tA jagatpUjyA gurU5ca devI sarasvatIm / yasyA prasAdamAtraNa syAd rudro'pi kavIzvara // suprasAda catuSkasya likhitA duNDikAmimAm / karotu me mahAyogidhyAyA gI paramezvarI / / iti / / OMnamo vighnarAjAya / natvA jina guro satprasAdAd anya pratanyate / catuko vyavahArAkhya zrIdhanaprabhasUriNA / / iti / / 21 durgapadaprabodha jinezvarasUri ke ziSya prabodhamUtigaNi ne 14 vI zatAbdI me sampUrNa kAtantasaMto para isakI racanA kI thii| unake prArambhika lekha ke anusAra isa grantha me sabhI mato kA sAra sannihita honA cAhie grantha samyagama vibhAvya nikhilA vRtti prasagAt tathA, kvApi vApi ca 5jikAmati sabhAvArtha viditvA janAt / vijJAtha mastatogavinamatacaLyorthasAra samA locyasevya ca muktimArgamacirAj jJAna labhantA param // iti / /

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122 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 22 durgapadapravodha _____ isa nAma kI eka TIkA jinapravodhasUri ne bhI vi0 sa0 1328 me banAI thii| isakA ullekha 'janasAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3 me DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI ne kiyA hai| TIkA kA anya vivaraNa prApta nahI hotA hai| 23 durgavRttiTippaNI paNDita golhaNa ne 16vI zatAbdI meM ise likhA thaa| 154 panno ko eka hastalekha rAjasthAnaprAcyavidyApratiSThAna, jodhapura me tathA 348 panno kA ahamadAbAda me sahIta hai / isame trilocanadAsakRta kAtantra vRttipalikA ko bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| 24 daurgasihI vRtti ___ durgasiMha racita vRtti para AcArya pradhumna sUri ne vi0 sa0 1366 me isa vRtti ko likhA hai, jisakA pariNAma 3000 zloka mAnA jAtA hai| bIkAnera ke bhaNDAra me isakA hastalekha hai (dra0-janamAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa, bhAga 5) / 25 dhAtupArAyaNam __kAtantravRttipatrikApradIpa ke lekhaka paNDita desala ke pitA paNDita nandI ne kAtantravyAkaraNa ke dhAtupATha para ise likhA thA, isakI sUcanA kAtantravRttipalikApradIpa ke anta me desala ne dI hai| rAjasthAna me saMskRta sAhitya kI khoja' nAmaka sUcanApana me zrIdhara rAmakRSNa bhANDArakara ne nandikRta TIkA ke kaThina pado para dhanezvara ke zipya candrasUrikRta eka vyAkhyA kA ullekha kiyA hai (100 31) / jaisalamera ke kisI hastalekha-bhaNDAra me yaha vyAkhyA zrIbhANDArakara ko upalabdha huI thii| parvatIya vizvezvarasUricita vyAkaraNasiddhAntasudhAnidhi me isa grantha ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / dhAtupArAyaNa kA anya vivaraNa aprApta hai| 26 vAlAvavodha. ___ acalAchezvara mestuDgasUri ne isakA praNayana kiyA thaa| isake aneka khnndd| hastalekha ahamadAbAda, jovapura tathA bIkAnera meM upalabdha hote hai / kisI kimI hastalekha me acUNi'TIkA kA bhI ullekha huA hai sambhavata mestuDgasUri ne ise bhI banAyA ho| grantha ke prArambha me zAradA devI ko praNAma kara zarvavarmapraNIta sUtro para vyAkhyA karane kI pratijJA kI hai

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 123 praNamya zAradA devI jJAnanenaprabodhinIm / zAvamikasUtrANA prakriyA ca kramAd a've / / 27 bAlAvabodha rAjaganchIya harikalaza upAdhyAya ne bAlako ke jJAnArtha ise likhA thaa| isake hastalekha bIkAnera meM prApta hai / paNDita golhaNakRta sugama TIkA kA adhyayana karane ke ananta ra granthakAra ne TippaNI ke rUpa meM isakI racanA kI hai dRSTvA golhaNaTIkA sugamA likhati sma rAjaganchIya / harikalazopAdhyAyaSTipanaka vAlabodhArtham / / 28. vRttitrayanibandha AcArya rAjazekhara sUri ne kAtantravyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para isakA praNayana kiyA hai| grantha ke nAma se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAtantra kI tIna vRttiyo kA isame vicAra kiyA gayA hogA, parantu grantha ke aprApta hone se adhika kahA nahI jA sktaa| (dra0-janasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5) / varNita grantho ke atirikta vardhamAnaprakAza, vardhamAnasAravyAkaraNa, vardhamAnaprakriyA, vardhamAnasaMgraha Adi upalabdha aneka grantho ke racayitA bhI jainAcArya jaise pratIta hote haiM, parantu sandehavaza unakA paricaya yahA nahI diyA jA rahA hai| sArasvata vyAkaraNa para TIkAe~ anubhUti svarUpAcArya dvArA prokta sArasvata vyAkaraNa me mUla sUtra 700 mAne jAte haiN| isa vyAkaraNa kI racanA vidyAdhiSThAtrI devI sarasvatI kI vizeSa anukampA se kI gaI thii| isake aneka rUpAntara bhI kie gae hai, jiname rAmAzramapraNIta siddhAntacandrikA pramukha hai / sArasvata vyAkaraNa para aneka sampradAya ke AcAryoM ne TIkAe likhI hai / iname jainAcAryoM kI bhI 25 TIkAo kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / yahA AcArya candrakIti-praNIta 'suvodhikA' TIkA kA vistRta paricaya pahale diyA jAyegA, zeSa 24 TIkAo kA sAmAnya hI paricaya prastuta hogaa| ina sabhI TIkAo me se 23 kA ullekha ambAlAla prema zAha ne tathA zeSa do kA yudhiSThira mImAsaka Adi ne kiyA hai| 1 subodhikA AcArya candrakItisUri ne sArasvata vyAkaraNa kI yaha TIkA likhI hai, jise granyakAra ke nAma candrakIti se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / sarala, suvodha

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124 gaga-II [ vyANa aura na hone ge gubokA, tathA apati -- mAgitA meM nAgapaMgA prakAzana karane meM dIpikA nAma bhI ridayaM meM apane ko nAgapurIya tapAgacchAdhirAja gadAga kama AmyAga para * Timi rAja ratnamUri ko namAra giaa| pranItA zigajAnagarina ra the / yudhiSThira mImAmA saMyoti ko soniyA vimAna harSakIni nAma gamagAra ziSya kA , ji -praninitina kArya kiyA thA / jaMgAki nigamAga pramAgina (3610) mA.na vyAkaraNa kI pramAnikI namAni para lagAnI - mubAMdhikAyA jAyA garibIca nItibhiH / myAdInA prakriyA pUrNa vabhUbara mano, ||1|| nepAmaya dinaliyo gItyA pATapa / nikhanI cAyA para prInimama ||2|| ma maraNa ke mana meM vyAkhyAna-ani dI hai... anumAna rAjaratnanari ke anantara canmagIti ko upadrakA gacchAdhipa naaraayaa| yaha bhI pAhA gayA hai ki canmIti ne yaha TI zrIpagandra upAdhyAya kI abhyarthanA para kI thI aura mahAvIti ne liyA yA.. tatpaTodayaNa hanimala bIjegavAyA .... nakAra kaniyAdapaMdamana zrIrAnaprA / tatpI jinavizvavAdiniyA gajagAdhipA samprati mUrizrIprabha candra kItira po gambhIyaM dhazriyA // 6 // tairiya pAcandrAvyopAdhyAvAbhyarthanAt t|| zubhA muMbodhivAnAmnI zrIgArasvatadIpikA // 7 // zrIcandrakItimUrIndrapAdA mojamadhuvrata / harpakotirimA TIkA prayamAdarzaka'lisat / / 8 / / anyaracanA ke prAmANika samaya kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA, phira bhI yudhiSThira bhImAsaka dvArA darzita samaya 16vI zatI paa| anta yA 17vI zatI kA Ara+bha mAnya pratIta hotA hai| ____ yadyapi sArasvata vyAkaraNa ke tIna vigepaNa die gae hai svalpa, siddha tathA subodhaka / ata 'subodhaka' vyAkaraNa para 'suvodhikA' jaimI TIkAo ke banAne kI koI AvazyakatA mAmAnyatayA pratIta nahI hotI, phira bhI sUno tathA TIkAo kI subodhakatA me paryApta bhinnatA hotI hai, isalie zrIcandrakIti ne bhI apanI TIkA dvArA suvodhaka sUbo ke bhI viSaya ko saralatA se samajhAne kA prayAsa kara apane grantha kI sArthakatA siddha kI hai

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 125 svalpasya siddhasya suvodhakasya sArasvatavyAkaraNasya TIkAm / subodhikAkhyA racayAcakAra sUrIzvara zrIprabhucandrakIti / / (vyAkhyAtR prazasti , zloka 10) / grantha ke adhyayana se subodhikA' nAma anvartha hI pratIta hotA hai, kyoki isase khaNDana-maNDana ke pakSa prAya nahI hI dikhAe gae hai| kucha hI sthalo me pUrvAcAryoM kA bhrama pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / jaise "bhajA viNa" (kRt 0 48) sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki kucha AcArya tattva pRcchatA ti tatvaprATa' zabda ko bhI viNpratyayAnta mAnakara yahA uddhRta karate hai parantu vaha isalie ThIka nahIM hai ki use 'kvip pratyaya ke adhikAra meM bhI siddha kiyA hI jAtA hai ata yahAM use bhrama vaza par3hA jAtA hai ___"anna kecit tattva pRcchatIti tattvaprAT ityudAharaNa 50nti, tadata na yujyate / agrekvipapratyayAdhikAre sAdhitatvAt / iha tu bhramAt pa0nti" (kRta 048) / sAmAnyatayA AcArya ne mandamativAlI ke avavodhArtha aneka upAyo kA avalambana kiyA hai| kahIM-kahI para kucha zabdo kI vyutpatti yA samAsAdi ko bhI bAlabAvArtha hI dazita kiyA hai| jaise "vu se" sUtrastha 'vu' pada kI vyutpatti-- "75ca Rca vR tasmAt vu se / aya samAso bAlabodhanArya dazita" (uttarardhi 28 / 1-3) / yadyapi khaNDana-maNDana kI carcA isame prAya nahI hI kI gaI hai tathApi kinhI pAThAntara, zabdo ke prayoga Adi kI prAmANikatA ke lie kumArasambhava, candrikA, prakriyAkaumudI, sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, bhaTTi, zrImadbhAgavata Adi granyo tayA pANinIya, vRttikAra, granthakAra, mAgha Adi AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| aneka sarala upAyo ke sAtha grantha me prAya sUtrastha pado kI saMkhyA kA bhI spaSTa nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / AkhyAta prakaraNa me dhAtuo ke rUpa dikhAe gae hai / anubhUtisvarUpa dvArA darzita kucha viziSTa rUpo kI hI siddhi batAI gaI hai, mUlaprokta sabhI rUpo ko nahI batAyA gayA hai / ve rUpa jo pUrvokta anya sUtro se siddha hote haiM unhe bhI sugama kahakara prAya nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai| anya vyAkaraNa ke mato yA sUno ko vyAkaraNAntara kahakara hI dikhAyA gayA hai / jaise kvacit do yA tIna kArako ke yugapat prApta hone para kisakI pravRtti hogI isake nirNaya ke lie kAtantasUna ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai yAkaraNAntare tu yugapaddhacane para puruSANAm" (uttaradhi 1 / 16) / 'p, a' Adi anubandho kA prayojana spaSTa kiyA hai| kinhI dhAtuo ke ukArAdi anubandho kA prayojana upAraNasokarya bhI batAyA gayA hai| ubhayapadI dhAtuo ke prakaraNa meM kucha aisI bhI dhAtue paDhI gaI hai jinhe anya AcArya kevala AtmanepadI yA kevala parasmaipadI hI mAnate hai TIkAkAra ne aise sthalo me 'eke AcAryA'

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126 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Adi vacano se matAntaro kA saketa kiyA hai| kucha aise bhI sUtro para yaha TIkA dekhI jAtI hai, jinhe kucha AcArya paDhate hI nahI / vahA~ bhI TIkAkAra ne matAntara kA saketa avazya kiyA hai| 2 kriyAcandrikA kharataragacchIya guNaratna ne vi0sa0 1641 me isakI racanA kI thii| isakI hastalikhita prati vIkAnera me hai / 3 candrikA pajAva bhaNDArasUcI, bhAga 1 ke anusAra meghavijaya jI ne yaha TIkA likhI thii| isakA samaya nizcita nahIM hai| 4 dIpikA vinayasundara ke ziSya megharatna ne vi0 ma0 1536 me ise banAyA thaa| isa TIkA kA nAmAntara medhIvRtti bhI hai| 17vI zatAbdI me likhita 68 patro kI tathA vi0 sa0 1886 me likhita 162 patro kA hastalekha lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI saskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda meM surakSita hai / prArambhika zloka isa prakAra natvA pAzva gurumapi tathA megha ratnAbhidho'ham / TIkA kurva vimalamanasa bhAratIprakriyA tAm / / yudhiSThira bhImAsaka ne isakA nAmAnta ra DhuNDhikA batAyA hai aura sa0 1614 ke hastalekha ko prApta hone kI sUcanA dI hai / 5 dhAtutagiNI ___ isakI racanA nAgorI tapAgacchIya AcArya harSakIti sUri ne kI hai| isame 1861 dhAtuo ke rUpa batAe gae haiN| vi0 sa0 1666 me likhita 76 patnI kI prati tathA vi0 sa0 1765 me likhita 57 patnI kI prati lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda meM vidyamAna hai| TIkAkAra kA nirdeza-vacana isa prakAra hai vAtupAThasya TIkeya nAnA dhAtuta rngginnii| prakSAlayatu vijJAnAmajJAnamalamAntaram / / DaoN0 velvAlkara ke anusAra isa grantha kI racanA sa0 1717 me kI gaI thii|

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para janAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 127 6 nyAyaratnAvalI kharataragacchIya AcArya jinacandrasUri ke ziSya vyAratnamuni ne sa0 1626 me sArasvata vyAkaraNa ke nyAyavacano kA eka vivaraNa isameM prastuta kiyA hai| vi0 sa0 1737 me likhita eka prati lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda me hai| 7 pa-sandhiTIkA muni somazIla dvArA yaha praNIta hai| racanAkAla ajJAta hai| hastalikhita prati pATana ke bhaNDAra me prApta hai / 8 paJcasandhibAlAvavodha (sAmAnya) 18vI zatI me upAdhyAya rAjasI ne isakI racanA kI thii| viSaya kA saketa nAmakaraNa se hI prApta ho jAtA hai| bIkAnera ke kharatara AcAryazAkhA ke bhaNDAra me isakA hastalekha hai| ___6 prakriyAvRtti ___kharataragacchIya muni vizAlakIti ne 17vI zatI me ise banAyA thaa| bIkAnera me zrI agara canda nAhaTA ke saMgraha me isakI hastalikhita prati hai| 10 bhASATIkA muni AnandanidhAna ne 18vI zatAbdI me isakI racanA kI thii| nAmakaraNa se aisA lagatA hai ki sarala saskRta bhASA kA isame prayoga kiyA gayA hogaa| isakA hastalekha bhInAsara ke vahAduramala vAThiyA-sagraha me hai| 11 yazonandinI digambara muni dharma bhUSaNa ke ziSya yazonandI ne ise banAyA thA / granthakAra kA svaviSayaka nirdeza nimnAvita hai rAjavAjavirAjamAna caraNazrIdharmasadbhUSaNa stapaTTodayabhUdharadhumaNinA zrImadyazonandinA / 12 rUparatnamAlA ___ tapAgacchIya bhAnumerU ke ziSya muni nayasundara ne vi0 sa0 1776 me ise banAyA thaa| anya me prayogo kI sAdhAnakA hai| grantha kA parimANa 14000 zloka

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130 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA prati caturbhuja jI ke bhaNDAra me surakSita hai / yudhiSThira mImAsaka ne saskRtavyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1 me sahajakIti dvArA praNIta vyAkhyA kA nAma 'prakriyAvAttika' likhA hai| unake lekhAnusAra hemanandanamaNi ke ziSya sahajakIti the / granthakAra ne racanAkAla kA nirdeza svaya kiyA hai vatsare bhUmisiddhayaDgakAzyapIpramitizrite / mAvasyazuklapaJcamyA divase pUrNatAmagAt / / 24 sArasvatavRtti __ zrIcaturavijaya jI ke 'janetara sAhitya aura jaina" lekha ke sandarbhAnusAra harSakAtisUri ne eka vRtti ko likhA thaa| sambhavata isa vRtti kA nAma dIpikA thaa| 25 siddhAnta ratnam ____ yudhiSThira mImAsaka ne sArasvata ke rUpAntarakAro me jinendra vA jinarala kA bhI nAma ginAyA hai| isake anusAra jinaratna ne yaha TIkA likhI thI, jo bahuta arvAcIna mAnI jAtI hai| siddhAnta candrikAvyAkaraNa para TIkAe~ sArasvata vyAkaraNa ke rUpAntarakA rAmAzrama yA rAmacandrazrima ne "siddhAntacandrikA" nAmaka eka vizada vRtti likhI hai| isame lagabhaga 2300 sUtra hai| maGgalAcaraNa me die gae paricaya se isa vRtti ko mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali ke mata kA pUrNa anusaraNa karane vAlI kahA jA sakatA hai mata vuvA patalale isa siddhAntacandrikA para kharataragacchIya jinamaktisUrizAkhA ke sadAnandANi ne 'subodhinI' nAmaka eka mahatI vRtti kI racanA kI hai| isake atirikta 7 anya TIkAo kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| iname sadAnandamaNipraNIta 'subodhinI' TIkA kA vizeSa paricaya prastuta kara 7 anya TIkAo kA sAmAnya paricaya yh| diyA jaaegaa| 1 suvodhinI kRdantavRtti ke anta me racanAkAla 1766 varpa likhA hai, isase grantha kA racanAkAla nizcita hI hai / grantharacanA kA prayojana yadyapi spaSTatayA ullikhita nahI hai tathApi 'kRraprakAzikA, sudhIbhude' ina do zabdo ke AdhAra para artha kA spaSTa prakAzana eva budhajanAnurajana ko prayojana mAnA jA sakatA hai

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 131 sadAnanda pratISTrayya jagannAtha sadAnandena smud|| siddhAnta candrikAvRtti kriyate kRtprkaashikaa|| (uttarArdha 23 / 1) / nidhinandArva mUvarSe sAnanda sudhImudde siddhAntacandrikAvRtti kRdante kRtavAnRjum / / (uttarArdha 31 / 116) / vRtti ke prArambha me purANapuru5 arhantanAyaka ko namaskAra kara granthakAra ne vRtti racanA kI pratijJA kI hai aura apanI guru-ziSyaparamparA prastuta kI hai| usake anusAra jagatpUjya kharatara AmnAya me bhaTTAraka zrIjina bhaktisUri hue, jo apane nirmala yaza se candravat tathA teja se sUryavat the| unase yatIndra zrIkAtiratnasUri hue, unake ziSya pAThakapravara zrIsumatiraDga, unake ziSya pAThaka zrIsukhalAbha, unake ziSyavarya pAThakavAraNendra zrIbhAgacandrANi, unake ziSya zrIbhaktivinaya hue| inhI ke vinayapradhAna ziSya the sadAnandagANi / dviruktaprakriyA eva kRdanta kI samAptipara bhI apane sAkSAd guru bhaktivinaya kI vizeSatAo kA ullekha kiyA hai| ___ granthakAra ne viSayavivecana me kisI pUrvAcArya ke mata kA sAmAnyatayA khaNDana nahI kiyA hai / virodha upasthita hone para use lokamAnyatA yA ziSTasammata pakSa prastuta karate hue heya yA upAdeya kahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kahI-kahI samanvayArya tRtIya mata ko bhI dikhAyA hai| jaise 'adas' zabdottaravartI 'si' pratyaya ko aukArAdeza hone para 'aso' rUpa tathA isI me 'aka' pratyaya hone para 'asakA asuka 'ye do rUpa niSpanna hote hai / dakAra ko makArAdeza karane para amuka' rUpa bhI sAdhu mAnA jAtA hai / parantu vRttikAra ne pUrvAcAryoM kA anusaraNa kara ise sAdhu nahI mAnA hai| tathApi avyutpanna nAma mAnakara vRtti viSaya (samAsa Adi) me hI isakA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai ise bhI dikhAyA hai (dra0-pUrdhi 10 / 66, 17 / 106) / prAtipadika ke 1 se 5 taka artha anyAnya AcAryoM dvArA mAnya hai svArtha, dravya, liDga, sakhyA tathA kAraka / aise sthalo me vRttikAra ne pRthak-pRthak AcAryoM ke matavizeSa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| isase yaha sunizcita hai ki vRttikAra ko pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke bhI mato kA parijJAna thA (dra0-pUrvArdha 1611) / prasagata aneka Avazyaka avaziSTa azo kI pUti-hetu vizeSa vacana prastuta kie gae hai, jiname siddhAntacandrikA kA artha subodha ho jAtA hai aura isa prakAra 'subodhinI' TIkA kI anvarthatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai / yathA paribhASAprakaraNa me sUtrajJApita pandraha paribhASAo kI tathA karmasaMjJA ke prakaraNa me akathita Adi karmasajJAvidhAyaka pANinIya sUtro kI vyAkhyA karanA / isI prakAra vibhaktisajJA ke prasaGga me "idama i5 vibhaktI" Adi tIsa sUtro kI bhI vyAkhyA kI hai|

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128 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kahA jAtA hai| isakI eka hastalikhita prati bIkAnera ke kRpAcandrasUri-jJAna bhaNDAra me, dUsarI prati ahamadAbAda me hai| siddha hemacandra tathA pANini ke bhI mato kA isame samAdara kiyA gayA hai / adhozita paricaya ke AdhAra para nayasundara ne sArasvata vyAkaraNa para vAttiko kI bhI racanA kI thii| grathitA nayasundara iti nAmnA vAcakavareNa ca tasyAm / sArasvatasthitAnA sUtrANA pAttika likhat / / 37 / / zrIsiddhahamapANinisammatimAdhAya sArthakA likhitA / ye sAdhava prayogAste zizuhitahetave santu / / 38 // 13 vicintAmaNi apalagacchIya kalyANasAgara ke ziSya muni vinayasAgara sUri ne isakI racanA padyo me kI thii| granthakAra ne isakA paricaya svayaM isa prakAra diyA hai zrIvidhipakSagacchezA sUrikalyANasAgarA / tepA ziSyavarAcArya sUrivinayasAgarai // 24 // sArasvatasya bhUvALA padyavardhIvinimita ! vicintAmaNigrantha kapA0sya hetave // 25 // vi0 sa0 1837 me likhI gaI 55to kI prati lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda me surakSita hai| 14 za06prakriyAsAdhanI ___ AcArya vijayarAjendrasUri ne 20vI zatAbdI me isakI racanA kI thI, isakA ullekha unake jIvanacaritasambandhI lekho me kiyA gayA hai (janasAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5) / 15 zabdArthacandrikA vijayAnanda ke ziSya hasavijayagaNi ne atyanta sAdhAraNa isa TIkA ko banAyA thaa| isakA anya paricaya prApta nahIM hai, kevala sa0 1708 me granyakAra ke vidyamAna hone kA ullekha yudhiSThira mImAsaka ne kiyA hai saskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 575 / 16 sArasvataTIkA muni satyapravodha ne sArasvatavyAkaraNa para eka TIkA likhI thI, isakA racanAkAla ajJAta hai| pATana aura lIvaDI ke bhaNDArI me isake hastalekha prApta hota hai|

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saskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana * 126 17 sArasvataTIkA zrIcaturavijaya jI ke "janeta ra sAhitya aura jaina" lekha ke anusAra yatIza vidvAn ne eka TIkA likhI thii| sambhavata granthakAra kA nAma sahajakIti ho sakatA 18 sArasvataTIkA tapAgacchIya upAdhyAya bhAnucandra ke ziSya devacandra ne eka zlokavaddha TIkA kI racanA kI thii| isakI hastalikhita prati bIkAnera me zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke bhagraha meM prApta hai| 19 sArasvataTIkA ise muni dhanasAgara kI kRti kahA jAtA hai / dhanasAgarapraNIta hone se yaha TIkA 'dhanasAgarI' nAma se bhI abhihita kI jAtI hai| isakA ullekha janasAhitya ke sakSipta itihAsa meM kiyA gayA hai| 20 sArasvata (kriyA) rUpamAlA pabhasundaramaNi ne isame dhAturUpa dikhAe haiM / granthArambha me kahA gayA hai sArasvatakriyArUpamAlA zrIpamasundarai / sadRdhA'lakarotveSA sudhiyA karudalI / / vi0 sa0 1740 me likhI gaI 5 pano kI prati lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda me prApta hai| 21 sArasvatamaNDanam zrImAlajJAtIya mantrI maNDana ne 15vI zatAbdI me isakI racanA kI thii| 22 sArasvatavRtti kSemendra racita sArasvata-TippaNa para tapAgacchIya upAdhyAya bhAnucandra ne 17vI zatAbdI me eka vRtti racI thii| hastalekha kI pratiyA pATana tathA chANI ke zAnabhaNDArI me prApta hai| 23 sArasvatavRtti kharataragacchIya muni sahajakIti ne vi0 sa0 1681 me isakI racanA kI thii| isakI hastalikhita eka prati bIkAnera ke zrIpUjA jI ke bhaNDAra me tathA dUsarI

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132 . saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ____kimI eka hI artha kI prAmANikatA ke lie aneka kozavacano ko uddhRta kiyA hai / jaise 1 bharatIti vabhra . / 'vabhra vaizvAnare zUlapANI ca ||nndhvje / vizAlenakule pusi piGgale tvabhidheyavat' iti medinI / babhrumanvantare viSNau vabhra nakulapiDa galI' iti dharaNi (uttarArdha 27.17) / 2 mRga yAtIti mRgayu / 'mRgayu pusi gomAyau vyAdhe ca parameSThini' iti medinI / 'mRgayurbrahmANi khyAto gomAyuyAdhayorapi' iti vizva (uttarArdha 27132) / 3 nabha / 'nabho vyomni medhe zrAvaNe ca ptdgRhe| dhrANe mRNAlamUne ca vAsu ca namA smRta' iti vizva / 'nabha kha zrAvaNo nabha' ityamara / nabha tu nabhasA sArdham iti dvirUpakoza (uttarArdha 27 / 314) / yadyapi vRttikAra ne vyAkhyAta viSaya ke pramANa me rAmAyaNa, zrImadbhAgavata, bhArata, bhASya, hariTIkA, bhaTTi, siddhAntakaumudI Adi aneka grantho, bhASyakAra, kayaTa, haradatta, yAska, mAdhava, kAlidAsa, zrIharSa, vopadeva prabhRti aneka AcAryo kA ullekha kiyA hai| iname bhI ajayakoza, masArAvarta, vikramAdityakoza tayA vopAlita prabhRti kucha nAma atyanta prasiddha hai tathApi kinhI zabdo ke akArAntatva Adi me pramANa ke lie purANavacana bhI uddhRta kie gae haiM / yathA 1 thina zira ki / zrina sevAyAmasmAdasu syAt sa ca kit dhAto girAdezazca / zira / 'uttamAigaM zira zIpam' ityamara / pratyaye tu 'zira' ityadanto'pi / girovAcI ziro'dantI rajovAcI rajastathA' iti kozAntaram / 'piNDa dadyAd gayAzira' iti vaayupuraanne| kuNDaloddhRSTagaNDAnA kumArANA tara svinAm / nicakata zirAn drauNinalibhya iva pakajAn / / iti mahAbhArate (uttarArdha 27 / 305) / isa prakAra yaha vRtti sarala, pramANayukta tathA pUrNa hai siddhAntacandrikAvRtti kRdante kRtavAnRjum / patalimatAnusAriNI siddhAntacandrikA' ke vipayo kA spaSTIkaraNa bhI patajali ke hI matAnusAra karanA sagata pratIta hotA hai, vRttikAra ne isakA pUrNa vyAna rakhA hai, jisameM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki subodhinI' TIkA kA mukhya AdhAraanya patajali kA mahAmAnya hai| yadyapi granyakAra ne kahI isa prakAra kI koI pratinA to nahIM kI hai parantu grantha ke parizIlana se aisA pratIta hotA hai / nimnAkita kucha vecana draSTavya haiM 1 prazna / pracchetu sampramAraNa na bhAyejnu ktatvAt (pUrvi 57) 2 damya ma / (imam, imo, imAn) tyadAyatve matle autva ca imo / tyadAde.

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 133 savobana nAstItyutsarga / pracuraprayogAdarzanamevAna mUlam / bhASye tu 'he sa' ityuktam (pUrvArdha 10 / 20) / 3 pidbhidAma (uttarArdha 30152) / mRjUpa zuddho mRnnaa| kaya tarhi 'madhumurabhimukhAjagandhalave' (7141) iti mA5 / 'prekSopalabdhizcit savit' ityamarazca / pitvAdihAD pratyaya ucita , satyam / anarthakAstu prativarNamaryAnulabdhe' iti bhAyaprayogAd bAhulakAt ktipratyayo'pi bodhya / 2 aniTkArikAvacUri ___ muni kSamAmANikya ne ise likhA thaa| isakI hastalikhita prati bIkAnera ke zrIpUjya jI ke bhaNDAra me hai| 3 aniTkArikA-copajJavRtti __nAgapurIya tapAgaccha ke hapakItisUri ne isakI racanA kI hai / aniTkArikA kA racanA kAla ma0 1662 tathA svopajavRtti kA sa0 1666 hai| hastalikhita prati vIkAnera ke dAnasAgara-bhaNDAra me hai / 4 bhUdhAtuvRtti kharataragacchIya kSamAkalyANamuni ne isa vRtti kI racanA vi0 sa01828 me kI hai| isakA hastalekha rAjanagara ke mahimAbhakti-bhaNDAra me hai| 5 mugdhAvavodha-auktikam tapAgacchIya AcArya devasundarasUri ke ziSya kulamaNDanasUri ne 15 vI zatAbdI me ise banAyA hai| 6 siddhAntacandrikA-TIkA AcArya jinaratnasUri ko isakA praNetA mAnA gayA hai / janasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5 me pa0 ambAlAla prema zAha ke anusAra yaha TIkA prakAzita honI cAhie, parantu maiMne ise nahIM dekhA hai| 7 siddhAntacandrikAvRtti kharataragacchIya muni vijayavardhana ke ziSya jJAnatilaka ne 18 vI zatAbdI me ise likhA hai| isakI hastalikhita pratiyAM bIkAnera ke mahimAbhaktibhaNDAra aura abIra jI ke bhaNDAra me hai|

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134 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 8 subodhinI ___kharataragacchIya rUpacandra ne bhI 18 vI zatAbdI me isakA prAyana kiyA thaa| 3464 zloka isakA parimANa batAyA gayA hai| bIkAnera ke kisI bhaNDAra me isakI pratiyAM hai| gaNapATha para AdhArita yadyapi pratyeka vyAkaraNa kA eka nizcita gaNapA0 hotA hai, jisa para anyAnya ___ AcArya vidvAnokoTIkAeM bhI prApta hotI haiM / tathApi kucha aise bhI anya haiM jinakA kisI vyAkaraNavipa se hI sambandha nahIM hotaa| kintu aneka vyAkaraNo ke AvAra para unakI racanA hotI hai| saMskRta vyAkaraNa me eka hI AcArya dvArA likhe gae gaNapAla sambandhI do anya ukta zreNI me mAne jA sakate hai, ata unakA vizeSa paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jaaegaa| 1 gaNaratnamahodadhi zrIgovindasUri ke ziSya zrIvardhamAna ne gaNaratnamahodadhi nAmaka anya kI racanA vi0 ma0 1197 me kI thii| yaha grantha mA0 adhyAyo me vibhakta hai aura isame 460 zloka dekhe jAte haiM / grantha ke anta me svaya granyakAra ne racanAkAla Adi kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai phinnit rvAnvit bUi rati padyAnusAratomAmi ! sundaramasundara vA tallakSya sahRdayareva // 1 // saptanavatyadhivekAdazasu zatevatItaSu / varSAbA vimato maLaratnamavihita rA kima vyAkaraNa ke anusAra isame gaNapA0 prastuta kiyA gayA hai isa viSaya 5. vidvAnoM dvArA paraspara kucha bhinna vicAra kie gae hai| yudhiSThira mImAsaka ne apane 'matavyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa' (bhAga 1, pR0 563) anya me vardhamAna ke svaracita vyAkaraNa kI sambhAvanA kI hai, ana tadanusAra hI gaNaratnamahodadhi meM do kA pA0 honA cAhie / pa0 ambAlAla prema zAha ne 'janasAhitya kA vRhad inihAma' (bhAga 5, pR0 20-21) me zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa ke anusAra isame gaNa bdo kA pA0 mAnA hai / parantu gaNaratnamahodadhi kA anuzIlana karane para ye dono vicAra prAmANika pratIta nahIM hote| niyoM kI prArthanA pUrNa karane ke lie vardhamAna ne isa anya kI racanA kI hai| unhoMne granthArambha meM isa hetu kA ullekha karate hue

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAeM eka adhyayana 135 yaha spa88 svIkAra kiyA hai ki aneka zabdazAstrI tathA mahAkAvyo kA parizIlana karake hI prakRta grantha kI racanA me pravRtta ho rahA hU~ viditvA zabdazAstrANi prayogAnupalakSya c| svaziSyaprArthitA kurmo gaNaratnamahodadhim / / 3 / / isase yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne kisI eka svaracita yA zAkaTAyanAdipraNIta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra prakRta grantha kI racanA nahI kI thii| isa viSaya kI sampuSTi maGgalAcaraNa ke zloka 2 se bhI kI jA sakatI hai, jisame unhone pANini, zAkaTAyana, candragAmiprabhRti aneka zAbdika AcAryo kI jo sup-tiDa lakSaNa do prakAra ke pada mAnate hai, stuti kI hai / yadi svaracita vyAkaraNa ke anusAra gaNapATha karanA abhISTa hotA to svaziSyaprArthanA ko grantha racanA me hetu batAnA saDgata nahI hotaa| kyoki granyakAra ko svayaM hI apane vyAkaraNa kI sArthakatA ke lie gaNapATha karanA Avazyaka ho jaataa| isI prakAra yadi zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa hI isakA AdhAra hotA to pANini, candragomi, bhartRhari, vAmana Adi AcAryoM kI stuti kA koI mahatva nahIM hotaa| isa viSaya para sapAdaka juliyasa ekaliDga ne bhI koI prakAza nahIM DAlA hai, kevala hemacandra ke kucha gaNo se sAmya kI carcA avazya kI hai / isake lie kucha aura bhI pramANa ho sakate hai jinakI carcA gaNaratnamahodadhi kI svopajJavRtti ke paricaya me kI jaaegii| yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA pAhie ki pANinIya aura zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa me jo gaNa yA gaNapaThita zabda hai unase gaNaratnamahodadhi ke gaNanAma, unakI sakhyA tathA gaNapaThita zabdo me anekatra antara dRSTa hai / gaNaratnamahodadhi ke gaNo kI kula saMkhyA 221 hai, jabaki pANinIya gaNapA0 me 261 gaNa dekhe jAte hai / isake viSayo kI sakSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai adhyAya 1 'cAdi' prabhRti nAma gnn| adhyAya 2 'ardhAdi' prabhRti samAsaprakriyA sambandhI / adhyAya 3 taddhitaprakriyAntargata svAyika-apatyapratyayasambandhI gnn| adhyAya 4. taddhitAntargata samUha-vikAra-avayava-vetti-adhIte artha sambandhI gnn| adhyAya 5 taddhitAntargata zeSa-sAdhvartha-bhava-AkhyAna-Agata-artha-kRta-abhijana pAka-38marthavihita pratyayasambandhI gnn|| ___ adhyAya 6 karoti-Aheta-gacchati-prApta-prabhAvita kAryam-dIyate-prayojanacarati--utpAta--sayoga--harati-vahati-Avahati--pRcchati-gacchati-Aha-tena caratijIvati-harati-nivRtta-vasati-dharnA-praharaNa-zIla-paNyalakSaNArtha-vihitapratyayasambandhI gnn|

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136 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA adhyAya 7 asya sajAtam, asya bhAva pharma vA, anenAsyAna vA'styaryavihitapratyayasavandhI gnn| adhyAya 8 AkhyAta-kRdAzritapratyayasambandhI gnn|| kucha gaNazabdo kA pATha granthakAra ne kisI pUrvavartI AcArya vigepa ke matAnusAra kiyA hai, jaise kedArAdi gaNa me paThita zabda vAmanAcArya ke matAnusAra lie gae hai kedArAdI rAjarAjanyavatsA uSTrorabhrau vRddhayukto manuSya / ukSA jJeyo rAjapunastayeha kedArAdau vAmanAcAryadRSTe / / (4 / 258) kinhI gaNo ke sandarbha me AcArya vizeSa kA nAma na lekara unhe vudha yA vibudha matAnusAra mAnA gayA hai| jaise kuNDAdi-pAnAdi, jyotsnAdi gaNa draSTavya hai 5lepadravye khalo lakSyo vidArazamopadhau / dUta saMdezahAriNyA kuTTinyA zambhalo vudhai / / (1957) / jyotsnAzabdastamitrA ca kutu5 syAd vipaadikaa| viso nakharazcApi kuNDalo'pi mato budha // (7 / 416) / daNDArdha medhAmusalAni meyo vadhodakemA madhuparkayuktA / yuga kazAsau pitRdevatA ca daNDAdireva vivudhai praNIta / / (6 / 371) / loma vastu muni ko girivadhU hari kapi / lomAdI vivudhayA rU roma tathA bhuru // (7 / 4 / 21) / grantha me upasargoM ke lie na to svatantra 'prAdi' gaNapaThita hai tathA na una zabdo kA pA0 'cAdi' yA 'svarAdi gaNa me kiyA gayA hai| isakA koI ucita samAdhAna prApta nahI hotA / kAdi, lohitAdi, sukhAdi' kucha gaNa bhinna-bhinna pratyayo ke lie do-do bAra paDhe gae hai, jaisA ki pANinIya gaNapA0 me bhI dekhA jAtA hai| gaNapaThita zabdo kA vivaraNa tathA aucityAdi sthira karane ke lie grantha para svatantra anusandhAnakArya apekSita hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha vizvAsapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki saskRta-vyAkaraNa ke kSetra me gaNaralamahodadhi hI eka aisA prAcIna grantha hai jo gaNavandhI prAmANika sUcanAe~ prastuta karatA hai| 2 gaNaratnamahodadhi svIpajJavRttiH / vi0 sa0 1167 me svaracita gaNaratnamahodadhi ke gaNazabdo kA sukhapUrvaka bodha karAne ke uddezya se AcArya vardhamAna ne svIpajJa vRtti kI racanA kI hai| svaya anyakAra ne ise kaNThata svIkAra kiyA hai sulenaiva bahISyanti mAratnAni jA uchatA ! vRtti sA''rabhyate svIyagaNaratnamahodadhe // 1 / / yadyapi anyakAra ne isakI racanA kA samaya nahI likhA hai tayApi vi0 sa0 1167

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 137 ke anantara hI usa vRtti kI racanA kI hogI-aisA sAmAnyatayA kahA jA sakatA hai| ___zabdo ke prayogasthalo tathA matavizeSo ko dikhAte hue vRttikAra ne 50 se bhI adhika granthakAra tathA 25 se bhI adhika granyo kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| jiname nirvANanArAyaNa, vallabha, zrIvasuka, chittapa, parimala, aruNadatta, bhalUTa tathA ajitadeva jaise aprasiddha granthakAra bhI ullikhita hue hai| isI prakAra amaramAlA, vRhattantra, zAzvatakoza, ajaya tayA mAnavI vRtti jaise kucha aprasiddha grantha bhI uddhRta kie gae hai| vardhamAna ne kucha udAharaNa svaracita kAvyagnantha siharAja varNana se bhI die hai, jinakA nirdeza unhone pA~ca sthAno me isa prakAra kiyA hai 1 prAdu prAkAzya / yathA mamaiva ni sImAzcaryadhAma tribhuvana vidita pattana yat tvadIyam, tanmadhye vRddhimIyuH phalabharanamitA zAkhina5cUtamukhyA / taMtapitta vivijJAn vihitavRtayu tva...mAvAt satIza ! prAdu panti prabhUtA yadi surataravazcitametad budhAnAm / / (2 / 67) / 2 yathA vA mamaiva dUrAvapi ripuno manISita thannati sAmA ! avimivetarabhUbhRnniruddhagatayo'pi kUlinya / / (2 / 146) / 3 yathA mamaiva siddharAjavarNane pratyuptamuktAphalapamaga jagatkAkilohitIkam / / (3 / 162) / 4 yathA mamaiva siddharAjavarNane jati yasya prayANe jAtasadhyA bhizakA // (1334) / 5 yathA mamaiva nave yonikodbhede manISiNa // (7 / 406) / eka udAharaNa svaracita kriyAguptaka se bhI diyA gayA hai 1 yathA mamaiva kriyAguptake udyattIvAnaganArAcaviddhA svaprANebhyo vallabha vAmadRSTvA / vegAdeSA cakravAkI varAkI tIsattIre prAtareva prayAti / / (2 / 155) / parantu isa eka udAharaNa se yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA ki 'kriyAguptaka' nAmaka koI

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA prakaraNamAtra hai yA svatantra grantha / astu kisI zabda ke artha ko batAne ke lie apane hI kisI anya grantha se yadi udAharaNa die jAte hai to sambhavata una grantho kI bhI prAmANikatA nApita karanA hotA hai / 138 gaNaratnamahodadhi' kisa vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para banAyA gayA isakI carcA 'gaNaratnamahodadhi' ke paricaya sandarbha me kI gaI hai / vRtti me kucha aise vacana prApta hote haiM, jinase yaha nizcita hai ki vardhamAna ne kisI vyAkaraNavizeSa ke anusAra ukta grantha nahI banAyA hai / granthakAra ne anekana yaha spaSTa kahA hai ki yaha gaNavizeSa maiMne AcArya ke amuka dikhAyA hai / yathA matAnusAra 1 aruNadatta ke abhiprAya se 'ardhacadi' gaNa kA pATha "aruNadattAbhiprAyeNate darzitA " ( 278 ) 1 2 bhojadeva ke matAnusAra kizukAdi, vRndArakAdi, matallikAdi, khasUcyAdi' gaNo kA pATha "aya ca gaNa zrIbhojadevAbhiprAyeNa" (22107 ) / "eta gaNatraya zrIbhojadevAbhiprAyeNa draSTavyam" (2 / 114) / 'zaradAdi' gaNa kA pATha vRddhavaiyAkaraNo ke matAnurodha se kiyA gayA hai "RkpUrabdhUpayAdityanenaiva samAsAntasya siddhatvAdasya pATho na saMgata pratibhAti para vRddhavaiyAkaraNamatAnurodhena paThita" (2 / 135) 1 candra tathA durga ko abhISTa hone se 'nAmrADAdi' gaNa paThita hai "maya ca gaNazcandradurgAbhiprAyeNa" (2 / 155) / ratnamati ke anusAra 'haritAdi' gaNa ke zabdo kA sakalana kiyA gayA hai zvandrAcAryeLa cababovaMduvrutttiyAmityanna sUttepratyamAtra tyeva vAghA dattA ityudAhRtam / ratnamatinA tu haritAdayo gaNasamApti yAvaditi vyAkhyAtam / tanmatAnusAriNA mayA'pyete kila nivaddhA " ( 3 / 238 ) | isa prakAra vividha AcAryoM ke matAnusAra kucha gaNo yA gaNazabdo kA pATha kie jAne se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki vardhamAna ne kisI vyAkaraNa grantha kI racanA nahI kI thI tathA na usake anusAra gaNapATha kA vivecana hI prastuta kiyA thA / yadi unhoMne svaracita vyAkaraNa ke khilapATha ke rUpa me gaNo kA pravacana kiyA hotA to utane hI gaNo para vicAra honA cAhie thA / jitane gaNo kA nirdeza zabdAnuzAsana me kiyA gayA hotA / usa sthiti me yaha kahanA sambhava na hotA ki RkpUrabdhUpayAt" bhUtra se hI samAsAnta pratyaya kI siddhi ho jAne para bhI 'zaradAdi' gaNa kA pATha vRddhavaiyAkaraNo ke matAnurodha se kiyA gayA hai (2 / 135) / uparidarzita prakaraNa ke anusAra granthakAra ne aneka prAmANika AcAryoM ke mato kA saMgraha kiyA hai / isake atirikta kvacita kinhI mato ko anucita batAkara svAbhimata bhI dikhAyA hai, jisase granthakAra kI samIkSAparaka vuddhi kA paricaya 4

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAeM eka adhyayana 136 prApta hotA hai / isake kucha udAharaNa draSTavya hai 1 5JcakRtva' Adi vibhaktyarthapradhAna avyayo se kauna vibhakti hotI hai isake sambandha me sudhAkaraprabhRti AcAryoM kA mata svIkAra nahI kiyA hai jisake anusAra avyayo se paJcamI Adi vibhaktiyo kI utpatti tathA unakA luka mAnA jAtA hai| yahA~ granyakAra ne utsargata prApta prathamA-ekavacana ko nyAyya kahA hai "5-cakRtva prabhRtayastu vibhaktyarthapradhAnA / sa ca vibhaktyartha prAtipadikArtha sapanna iti prAtipadikArya prathameva bhavati / sA'pi sakhyA vizeSAbhAvAnna sarvA ki tahi ekavacanameva, tasyotsargatvAt / tathA coktam ekavacanamutsargata kariSyata iti / etanna samatam / sudhAkarasvAha / prathamaina ni sakhyebhyo'pi nyAyyA" (1117) / 2 bhASya, vRtti ke anusAra paramasapi kuNDikA' pratyudAharaNa ko hI ThIka batAyA hai "paramasapi phalamityevamAdipratyudAharaNa pArAyaNikA Ahu / bhASye, vRttI "nitya samAse'nuttarapadasthasya" (pA0 8 / 3 / 45) ityatra paramasapi kuNDikA ityetadeva pratyudAharaNam / asmAka cAyameva pakSa samata" (1316) / 3 'svasrANi gaNa me pANini dvArA yuSmad, asmad zabdo kA pA0 na karanA sagata nahI mAnA hai (dr0-1142)| 4 gaurAdigaNa me paThita 'anahI' zabdaviSayaka vAmana Adi ke mato ko ayukta siddha kiyA hai| 5 kuNDAdipAnAdigaNapaThita 'zambhalI' zabda ko vAmanAcArya dvArA nirdiSTa 'dUtI' artha ko lakSyahIna batAyA hai (1957) / 6 sundara zabdaviSayaka kisI AcArya ke mata ko samIcIna nahI batAyA hai (1157) / 7 'utkarthika 'sAra' zabda kA prayoga kevala pulliDga me hI hotA hai| isa jayAditya ke mata kI ayuktatA aneka udAharaNo dvArA siddha kI hai (2072) / 8 annavikAra tathA apUpAdi ke viSaya me apanA svatanna mata prastuta kiyA "zAkaTAyanamatamAzrityAnna vikArAzceti na paThitam / anye tu pradIpazabdamapi 50nti| zakaTADgaja / asmAka tvayamAzaya zakulImodakaprabhUtayo'navikArA pRthu kApUpAdayasvanameva viziSTAvasya nAnavikAra iti pRthagupAdAnam" (5 / 356) / isa prakAra aneka pUrvAcAryoM ke mato kI samIkSApUrvaka likhe gae vRttianya kA saskRtavyAkaraNa ke kSetra me advitIya sthAna hai| yadi isa grantha kI sabhI sUcanAo kA anveSaNa kara unakI samIkSA kI jAe to usase kisI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi kI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / saMkSepa me itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya

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140 mata-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vardhamAna ne gaNaratnamahodadhi tathA usakI svopanavRtti banAnAra masta vayAkaraNoM kA mahAn upakAra kiyA hai| unhone jina mato ko ayukta mAnA hai unameM pravala pramANa bhI prastuta kie haiM aura apane nijI abhimata ko bhI tarphasammata hone ke kAraNa hI darzAyA hai| jina aneka AcAryoM ke matAnusAra gaNo tayA gaNazabdo kA samAdara kiyA hai unakA nAmollekha karane meM sakoca nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jisameM kisI matavizeSa kA samAdara karane yA upekSA karane ke uddezya se granya kI racanA nahI kahI jA sakatI hai| gaNaratnamahodadhi ke prArambha me jina AcAryoM ke prati apanI vizepa zraddhA vyakta kI gaI hai ve AcArya vividha sampradAyo ke hai, jisase yaha grantha kisI saMpradAya vizeSa kA bhI anukaraNa karane vAlA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| kiraNa r m " (3) pANinIya Adi vyAkaraNoM para jainAcAryo kI TIkAe~ krama sa TIkAe~ 1 aniTkArikAvacUri muni kSamAmANikya siddhAnta candrikA (2) 2 aniTkArikAsvIpajJavRtti hapaMkItisUri siddhAntacandrikA (3) 3 kalApadIpikA gautama paNDita kAtantra (1) 4 kAtantadIpaka muniharSa kAtana (2) 5 kAntripalikodyota trivikrama " (10) 6 kAtantabhUpaNam dharmadhopasUri (14) 7 kAtantramantaprakAza karmadhara 8 kAtantra rUpamAlA munIzvara bhAvasena , (4) 6 kAntivAkyavistara paDita rAma // (15) 10 kAtantra vibhramaTIkA jinaprabhasUra 11 kAntivibhramAvaNi sAdhucAritasiMha 12. kAtantra vibhramAvaNi moponAvArya , (6) 13 kAtantravistara vardhamAna , (7) 14 kAtantravRttipalikA tino vanavAsa " (8) 15 kAtantravRttipalikA somakIti , (17) 26 tinnavRttipanna pravIpa puSmite vetana " (8) 17 kAtannottaram vijayAnanda " (11) 18 kAlApaprakriyA bhAvArya vanavA , (12) 16 kriyAkalApa nivevasUri pANinIya (4) 20 kriyAkalApa ninavevasUri kAtantra (16) 21 kriyAkalApa vidyAnanda (vijayAnanda) , (18) Sm

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saMskRta vyAkaraNo para jainAcAryoM kI TIkAe eka adhyayana 141 22 kiyAcandrikA guNaratna sArasvata (2) 23 gaNaratnamahodadhi zrIvardhamAna aneka vyAkaraNa (1) 24 gaNaratnamahodadhisvopazavRtti zrIvardhamAna " , (2) 25 catuSkavyavahAraduNDikA dhanaprabhasUri kAtantra (20) 26 candrikA medhavinaya sArasvata (3) 27 dIpikA megharatna " (4) 28 durgapadapravodha ninapravadhasUri kAtantra (22) 2ha dupavavogha prabodhamUtigaNi " (21) 30 durgavRtti TippaNI paNDita golhaNa " (23) 31 dogasiMhIvRtti pradyumnasUri " (24) 32 dhAtutagiNI harSakItisUri sArasvata (5) 33 dhAtupArAyaNam paNDita nandI kAtantra (25) 34 nyAyaratnAvalI dayAratnamuni sArasvata (6) 35 5-casanviTIkA muni somazIna " (7) 36 paJcasandhivAlAvabodha upAdhyAya rAnI " (8) 37 prakriyAmarI vidyAsAgara muni pANinIya (3) 38 prakriyAvRtti vizAlakIrti sArasvata (8) 39 vAlazikSAvyAkaraNam kura saMgrAmasiMha kAtantra (13) 40 vAlIvavodha harijana zopAdhyAya " (27) 41. vAlAvavodha mestuDgasUri " (26) 42 bhASATIkA mAnandanidhAna sArasvata (10) 43 bhUdhAtuvRtti kSamAkalyANa muni siddhAnta candrikA (4) 44 mugdhAvavodha-auktikam kulamaNDanasUri siddhAntacandrikA (5) 45 yazonandinI yazonI sArasvata (11) 46 rUparatnamAlA nayasundara " (12) 47 vintiAmaNi vinayasAgarasUri 48 vRttitrayanibandha rAnaro varasUri kAtantra (28) 46 vyAkaraNasiddhAnta sudhAnidhi vizvezvarasUri pANinIya (1) 50 zabdaprakriyA sAdhanI vijayarAjendrasUri sArasvata (14) 51 zabdAryacandrikA hasavijayagaNi sArasvata (15) 52 zabdAvatAranyAsa devanandI pANinIya (2) 53 sAraspatakriyArUpamAlA 5sundaramaNi sArasvata (20) 54 sArasvataTIkA muni satyaprabodha 55 sArasvataTIkA yatIza vidvAn (sahajakIrti) / (17)

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142 matkRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA (18) maNDana 96 sArasvatI devacandra 57 mArasvataTIkA (dhanasAgarI) dhanasAgara 58 sArasvatamaNDanam 56. sArasvatavRti bhAnucandra 60 mArasvatavRtti mahajakIti 61 mArasvatavRtti harSakItira 62 siddhAntacandrikA TIkA jinanamUri dUra siddhAnta driAvRtti jAna tilaka 64 nidAntaratnam jinaratna 65 subovikA candrakIti dada suvodhinI sadAnandagaNi 67 suvodhinI , (19) " (21) " (22) " (23) , (24) siddhAnta candrikA (6) mArasvata (25) michAtacandrikA (2) spacandra vyAkaraNa vizeSa para TIkAo kI saMkhyA vyAkaraNa phula TIkAeM pANinIya kAnti sArasvata siddhAnta candrikA gaNapATha vyAkaraNa yo TippaNI isa pAtanta-vyAkaraNa ko jana vyAkaraNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 (sva0) namicandra zAstrI ne 'pyAkaraNazAstra ko jaina AcAryoM ke yogadAna' nAmaka lekha me isa bAta ko satramANa puTa kiyA hai draDha manana vidyA chesAskRtika avavAna" Adarza sAhitya sadha prakAzana, 1975

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana : eka parizIlana muni zrIcaMdra 'kamala' terApaya dharmamagha ke aSTamAtrArya kAlagaNI kA saskRta vidyA ke prati vizeSa lagAva thaa| ve apane sagha me isa vidyA kA vikAsa dekhanA cAhate the / isa vidyA ke vikAsa ke lie vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana Avazyaka thaa| usa samaya sArasvata aura siddhAnta cadrikA ye vyAkaraNa upalabdha the| sArasvata kA pUrvArddha aura siddhAnta cadrikA kA uttarArddha paDhA jAtA thaa| sAra kaumudI milane para usakA adhyayana calane lgaa| siddhAnta cadrikA ke samAsa Adi apUrNa sthalo kI pUrti sAra kaumudI se kI jAtI thii| dono vyAkaraNo ko milAkara paDhanA apane Apa me ulajhana bharA thaa| usa sthiti me AcAryazrI kAlUgaNI kI prabala bhAvanA banI ki terApatha sagha me eka aisA saskRta vyAkaraNa ho jo sarala, suvodha aura samayopayogI ho / unakI ima bhAvanA ko AkAra dene vAle vidvadvarya munizrI pothamala jI hue| unakA adhyayana AcArya kAlagaNI kI dekha-rekha me sapanna huA thaa| vyAkaraNa unakA sabase priya viSaya rhaa| isI sadarbha me unhone pANinIya, zAkaTAyana, sArasvata, siddhAnta cadrikA, mugvavodha, sArakaumudI, jainendra aura siddhahamazabdAnuzAsana Adi vyAkaraNo kA gaharA adhyayana va anuzIlana kiyaa| varSoM ke adhyayana ke bAda Apane eka saGgipUrNa saskRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI jisakA nAma vizAlazabdAnuzAsana rakhA / vizAlazabdAnuzAsana ke sUtro me parivartana aura parivardhana kara isa vyAkaraNa kA nirmANa huA thaa| imalie prArabha me isakA nAma vizAlazabdAnuzAsana rakhA / munizrI gaNezamala jI kI preraNA rahI ki isakA nAma bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana rakhA jaae| munizrI cozramalajI AcArya kAlUgaNI ke pAsa gae aura nAma ke lie nivedana kiyaa| pAsa me virAjita matrI muni maganalAlajI svAmI ne kahA maiM to prArabha se kahatA A rahA hai ki isakA nAma bhikSurAdAnuzAsana rakhA jaae| matrI muni kI balavatI preraNA para dhyAna dekara kAlagaNI ne svIkRti de dii| udayapura me vikramI saMvat 1962 me usakA nAma bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kara diyA gyaa| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke sUtro kI racanA munizrI cothamalajI ne kI aura

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144 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA usakI vRhad vRtti kI racanA sonA maI (alIgaDha, uttarapradeza) nivAsI AyurvedAcArya Azukaviratna paDitazrI raghunadana zarmA ne kI / paDitajI vyAkaraNa ke pAragAmI vidvAna the| pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke aSTAdhyAyI sUnna unakI smRti me itane jame hue the ki kabhI anuloma se, kabhI viloma se, unakA dhArApravAha pATha karate the| ina sUtro ke pATha karane kA unakA samaya hotA thA, jaba prAta ve ghUmane jAte the| pratidina pUrNa aNTAdhyAyI ke sUtro kA pATha karanA unakA krama bana gayA thaa| unakA yaha krama lave samaya taka claa| munizrI coyamalajI aura Azu kaviratna pa0 raghunandanajI- dono ke sayoga se vizAlakAya zrI bhikSugadAnuzAsana vyAkaraNa taiyAra huaa| yaha vyAkaraNa apane Apa me pUrNa hai| isame zabdo ko anuzAsana karane vAle kevala sUtra hI nahI haiM, unakI vyAkhyAe bhI hai, laghu aura vRhad vRtti bhI hai / yaha vyAkaraNa dhAtupA0, gaNapATha, uNAdi, liGgAnuzAsana, nyAya darpaNa kArikA saMgraha vRtti Adi avayavo se pUrNa hai| yaha abhI aprakAzita hai isalie sarvajana bhogya na hokara kevala terApatha ke sAdhu, sAdhviyo ke avyayana taka hI sImita hai / isakI prakriyA kAlUkImudI ke nAma se prakAzita hai| kAlUkaumudI ke mAdhyama se zrI bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA paricaya sahaja hI mila jAtA hai| zrI bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me sUtro kI racanA sarala va spaSTa hai, uccAraNa kI kliSTatA nahI hai| jaise pratyAhAra sUtra a i u R la e ai o au ha ya va ra la na Na na Da ma jha Dha gha gha bha ja Da da ga va kha pha cha Tha tha ca Ta ta ka pa za pa sa / isa sUtra me sadhi ke abhAva me uccAraNa kI spaSTatA hai| racanAkAla zrI bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI racanA thalI pradeza me chApara (AcArya kAlagaNI kI janmabhUmi) me sapanna huii| isa vyAkaraNa kA racanAkAla vikrama saMvat 1980 se 1988 hai / vi0 sa0 1988 ke mAgha zuklA trayodazI zanivAra ko puSya nakSatra me yaha vyAkaraNa pUrNa huaa| yaha usakI prazasti se spaSTa hai vRhad vRttikAra dvArA kRta prazasti isa prakAra hai mAmIt kazcid vipazcid ghRtapadakamalo bhikSunAmA muniindro| ya zrI janAditAnA manubhava vibhavai bhUri bhAvAn vibhAvya / mugvAnutu kAma sapadi nipatitAn pApi pApaNDi jaale| terApanthA marya vyaracayata satA sapada sampradAyam / / 1 / / mArImAna stavanumuni rAyavandra stanabhUta jAta. pazcAda'gaNitaguNo jItamallo gaNoza / / syAnte'mUd gaNapamadhavA tatpade cottamo'syAt / zrI mANikya stadanu ca mato DAlacandro munIndra / / 2 / /

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana . eka parizIlana 145 samupagamya tatoTamapaTTaka, niyaminA yaminA dhurikIrtita , kSititale gaNikAluraya guNa-rati vibhAti vibhAkaravat karai // 3 / / zubhaguNagaNArAma megha kumArganagAzani., duritatimiravase bhAnurbhavAbdhi-ghaTodbhava. / sugatikamalA pAtu bhakto jinendrasamo bhuvi, sa jayatu mahArAja kAluzcira guNamadiram // 4 // tacchiNyavarya punicauthamalAbhidhena, samyaktayA mathitanamahArNavena / eka kalAsu sakalAsvapi dikSu bhikSuzabdAnuzAsanamida niramAyyameyam / / 5 / / sarva gurorbhavati yanmama kiJcana syAdeva vicArya matimAniti za0dazAstra / anthe svato viracite'pi gaNipradhAnazrIbhikSunAma nijakartRpade nyayuDakta / / 6 / / noNAdidhAtugaNavaddha vidhiH pareSA, puSTe kRzAmvaramiveha sujAghaTIti / tatrokta pA0mapi tat parivarya samyagakSuNNadhI paricaya. samadAyi kA // 7 // etad vivRNvantamalIgaDhasthitasunAmayIgrAmanivAsi bhUsuram / sthalIsthale vaidyakavRttivatina, jAnIta ta mA raghunandanaviyam // 8 // zrI pUjyasevakapalAbhilASiNa , sat sAdhusaGge sutarA vilAsinam / prApyArakA nija vaidyavRttita , pravartamAna vRtavRttivarNane // 6 // sarasasaralasUtra nirvivAda vareNya, sadayahRdayasevya svalpakAlAbhilabhyam / nijaviSayavizeSa bhaikSava zazAstra, jayatu jagati nitya sAdhusAvya tadetat / / 10 // nagAGganidhyajatapastrayodazIdine sacandra zanipuSyayojite / nivezane chAparanAmake vare, vRtte samApti sukhapUrvikA'bhavat // 11 //

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146 : saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vRhadvRttikAra kA magalAcAra isa prakAra hai thApipaltavatano pitavassavopi, prApnoti lokavirala kavivallamatvam / tasyA guNIndragaNavandhapadotpalAyA, vANyA vareNyazaraNa praNipadhamAnaH / / 1 / / zrIcoyamallamuninimitaramya bhikSugadAnuzAsanamida vivRNomi vRttyaa| hRpyantu yallalitamUtrama nipIya, bhRGgA marandamiva vijajanAnagaNyA / / 2 / / yaMpA nitAntanihitaM karuNAkaTAkSa - navyodhamo bhavati saMskRtazAstra / tapA gaNAdhipatikAlumunIzvarANA, jIyApira cirasa-paraNAjaropi // 3 / / zrImajjanazvetAmbarata rApayAbhivasaMpradAyAdyaputpabhikSugaNirAja sabandhisamAnuzAsana bhikSuzabdAnuzAsanam / grathakA mahAmahimnAmAdigurUNA zrI bhikSUNAmeva tatkRpayeva jAyamAnatvAdabhivAnena prakAzyate / / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke 8 adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya me cAra caraNa haiM / ATha avyAo me 3751 sUtra haiM / unakA saMkhyAkrama isa prakAra hai adhyAya karaNa benjAya caraNa sUtra or m or r 85 l 105 m r mx s 80 or h 124 or or or sr or or ur ur ur ur 9 m in orr 900 amrakura oo.m. m n h or so w 153 146 64 132 161 mr an h mr in 9 m h s mr 9 108 y m 9 m 114

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adhyAya adhyAya caraNa adhyAya caraNa 1 bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana . 147 sUtra adhyAya paraNa sUtra 142 8 1 143 1348 2 12283 117 1148 136 is is < Www 101 is 3751 3751 sUtro kI TippaNa sahita vRhad vRtti kI pahalI pratilipi munizrI coyamalajI aura sagatamalajI ne likhI thii| phira usame itane kATa-chATa hue ki vaha prati paDhane me durUha ho gii| phira spaSTa rUpa me prathama hasta pratilipi munizrI cauthamalajI ne svayaM likhii| vikrama savat 1986 kArtika zuklA caturdazI zanivAra ko saradArazahara me vaha prati pUrNa huii| vaha prati 261 patro me hai / pratyeka patra dono ora likhA gayA hai| pratyeka patra me 38 paktiyA haiM va pratyeka pakti me 56 se 60 taka akSara haiN| isa nAtha kA parimANa lagabhaga 18 hajAra zloka haiN| isakI dUsarI prati munizrI kevalacandajI ne likhii| tIsarI pratilipi muni sagatamalajI ne likhii| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ladhuvRtti bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI laghuvRtti likhane kA kArya muni tulasIrAmajI ne prArambha kiyA thaa| kucha hI samaya bAda AcArya pada kA bhAra sabhAlane se anya kAryoM meM samaya adhika lagane lagA aura vaha vRtti likhane kA kArya sthagita ho gyaa| phira isa kArya ko muni yugala zrI dhanarAjajI aura zrI pandanamalajI dono ne prArambha kara vikrama saMvat 1965 me pUrNa kiyaa| prazasti zloka sacchandavArAnidhipAradRzvabhi , shriicothmllpibhiraatkaushlii| sahodarI kevalacandranandanI, nAmnA prasiddhau dhanarAja-candanI // 8 // tAbhyA nidezAd gaNanAyakAnA, vinirmitA vRttiriya sukhena / akSAGka nidhyAtmamite suvarSe, bodhAya bhUyAllaghu pAThakAnAm // 6 // yaha laghuvRtti 76 hastalikhita patro me pUrNa huI hai| pratyeka pana ke dono ora

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148 . saMskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 40 5ktiyA haiM / pratyeka pakti me 57-56 taka akSara hai / yaha gantha 5700 zlokaparimANa hai / isakI hasta-likhita pratilipi munizrI pUnamacadajI gagAhara vAlo ne vi0 sa0 1988 kArtika kRSNA navamI magalavAra, siddhiyoga me hAsI nagara me likhii| mikSa dhAtupITha yaha pAtupA0 8 patro me pUrNa huA hai / isame bhvAdigaNa kI 1080 dhAtu, adAdigaNa kI 87, divAdigaNa kI 141, svAdigaNa kI 26, tudAdigaNa kI 162, ruvAdigaNa kI 26, tanAdigaNa ko 6, kyAdigaNa kI 61, curAdigaNa 407, kula 2002 pAtue haiN| isakI pratilipi munizrI cadanamalajI (siramA) ne vi0 sa0 1986 phAlguna kRSNA 3 ko likhakara pUrNa kii| mATha patro me akArAdi anukama se dhAtuo kI anukramaNikA hai| isake pratilipi karjA munizrI hIrAlAlajI (bIdAsara) vAle hai| bhikSu gaNapATha gaNa pATha kI hastalikhita prati taiyAra nahI kI gaI hai| bRhad vRtti ke antargata gaNapATha pUrNarUpa se diyA gayA hai / kevala makalana avazepa hai / java AvazyakatA hogI taba usakA saMkalana kara liyA jaaegaa| isI kAraNa abhI usakI pratilipi nahI hai| kabadri vRtti uNAdi ke cAra caraNa hai| pahale caraNa ke 250 mUtra, dUsare caraNa ke 250 sUtra, tIsare caraNa ke 250 sUtra aura cauthe caraNa ke 255 sUtra haiN| kula 1005 sUtra hai / isa grantha me 1005 sUtro 59 vRtti hai| isa grantha ke vRttikAra munizrI pauyamalajI haiM / vikrama saMvat 1983 vaizAkha kRSNapakSa me candravAra ko vRtti pUrNa huI / isa grantha kI hastalikhita prati 355trAtmaka hai| pratyeka pana me 38 paktiyA haiM aura eka pakti me 70-73 taka akSara haiN| isake pratilipi-kartA munizrI mAgIlAlajI (pahunA) haiN| vi0 sa0 1983 pauSa kRSNA 8 candravAra ko pratilipi pUrNa kii| bhikSunyAyadarpaNa ladhuvRtti ____ isake 15patra hai| eka patra me 38 paktiyA haiM / eka pakti me 64 akSara haiN| isame bhikSuzandAnuzAsana ke 135 sUtro kI laghuvRtti hai| isakI hastalikhita pratilipi sarvaprathama muni tulamIrAma (vartamAna nAma AcArya tulasI) ne vikrama savat 1986 mArgazIrSa zuklA dvitIyA ko ratanagar3ha me pUrNa kii|

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana 146 bhikSunyAyadarpaNa vRhadvRtti isame 135 nyAyo para vistRta vRtti hai / vRttikAra munizrI cauthamalajI svaya hai / unhone vi0 na0 1994 ke bhAdra zuklA 3 ko isakI vRhadvRtti kI racanA pUrNa kii| vargakhaNDa rasAtmAbde, bhAdramAse site dale / karmavATyA tRtIyAyA zrIbhikSunyAyadarpaNe // 1 // cothamallAbhiva sAdhuvRhadvRtti vyadhAn mudA / zrImatA tulasIrAma-gaNIndrANA prasAdata // 2 // yaha nyAyadarpaNa 34 patro me pUrNa huA hai / pratyeka patra me dono ora 38 paktiyA hai| pratyeka paMkti me 65 67 akSara hai / isakI hastalikhita pratilipi munizrI nayamalajI (Tamakora) ne vi0 sa0 1665 me ASADha kRSNA 12 budhavAra ko chApara me kii| bhikSuligAnuzAsana savRttika 157 zlokAtmaka yaha graMtha vibhinna chado me Avaddha hai / isame 22 vRtto kA upayoga huA hai| ve ye hai anuSTupvRtta, vasaMtatilakAvRtta, upajAtivRtta, dodhakavRtta, pajjhaTikAvRtta, vidyunmAlAvRtta, zArdUlavikrIDitavRtta, bhujaGgaprayAtavRtta, mRdaGkakavRtta, idravajrAvRtta, madAkrAntAvRtta, zikhariNIvRtta, drutavilambivRtta, mAlinIvRtta, pramANikAvRtta, troTakavRtta, AryAvRtta, sagvarAvRtta, sragviNIvRtta, idravazAvRtta, hariNIvRtta, pathyopagItivRtta / usake 158 zloko ke racanAkAra hai Azukavi - ratna pa0 raghunadanajI zarmA | isame pulliMga adhikAra ke 21 zloka, strIliMga adhikAra ke 36 zloka, napuMsaka liMga adhikAra ke 30 zloka, strIliMga / pulliMga adhikAra ke 12 zloka, punapusaka adhikAra ke 37 zloka, strI napusaka adhikAra ke7 zloka, svayatriliMgAdhikAra ke 6 zloka, paravaliMgAdhikAra ke 6 zloka haiM / ina zloko ke vRttikAra haiM munizrI caMdanamalajI (sirasA) / savRttika liMgAnuzAsana hastalikhita 23 patro me pUrNa huA hai / pratyeka patra me 40 paktiyA haiM aura pratyeka pakti me 63-65 akSara hai / vi0 sa0 1667 jyeSTha zuklA ko zloko kI vRtti pUrNa huI | vRttikAra kI prazasti ke atima tIna zloka isa prakAra haiM tatpAdasevA samupAzrayadbhi, sudhIvareNyai raghunadanAhvayai / AyuvidAcAryavarastadAzu, kavitva kRd - ratnanupAdadhadbhi ||5|| vinirmita tairnanubhikSuliMgAnuzAsana padyaparamparAsu / tadIyavRttirmunicandanena, vyadhAyi bodhAya guro kRpAta // 6 //

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150 , saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA savatyAtmanidhi dvAra dvIpe bharadi zobhane / zukramAse site pakSe, navamyA pUtimAsadat // 7 // kArikA-saMgraha vRtti ___ bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke sUtro me jo kArikAe~ AI haiM, una zloko kI vRtti isame kI gaI hai| seTa aniTa nirUpaNa, dhAtu pratyaya anubaMdha nirUpaNa, vRdgaNaphala nirUpaNa, vizeSadhAtuphala nirUpaNa, pAtvartha vizeSa nirUpaNa, dhAtvartha upasarjanya bheda prakA nirUpaNa, dvikarmaka gaNanA nirUpaNa, sakarmaka akarmaka nispaNa, anusvArAdi nirUpaNa, Nopadeza nirUpaNa, sadhi nirUpaNa, mAna nirUpaNa, svAGga nirUpaNa, jAti nirUpaNa, guNa nirUpaNa, idamAdyartha nirUpaNa, inakI vyAkhyA isa ladhukAya grantha me hai / yaha 8 patAtmaka hai| pratyeka patra me 38 paktiyA aura pratyeka pakti me 56. 60 akSara haiM / isa grantha kI pratilipi munizrI nathamalajI (8makora) ne vi0 ma0 1967 zrAvaNa zuklA 6 zukravAra ko lADanU me pUrNa kii| kAlukaumudI yaha bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI laghuprakriyA hai| isa kAlukaumudI ke racayitA munizrI cauthamalajI haiN| vi0 sa0 1661 Azvina kRSNA dazamI budhavAra ko jorapura me unhone yaha prakriyA parisamApta kii| pragasti zloka tatpAdAjaprasAdena, bhaikSubdAnuzAsanI muninA cothamallena, kRtaya kaalukaumudii||6|| bhUnidhinidhicandre'nde pujya, novapure varAmIvRdivase ! AzvinamAse kRSNa pakSe pUrNA kAlugaNendra-samakSe // 7 // yaha kAlukaumudI do bhAgo me vibhakta hai pUrvAddha aura uttraarddh| pUrvArddha me viSayAnukrama isa prakAra hai sajJA prakaraNa, madhi prakaraNa me svara sadhi, prakRtibhAva, hasa sadhi, visarga madhi / syAdiprakaraNa me svarAnta pulliGga, svarAnta strIliGga, svarAnta napusakaliGga, hasAnta pulliGga, hasAnta strIliGga, hasAnta npuskli|| aliGgI yuSmad asmad, avyaya prakaraNa, strI-pratyaya prakaraNa, kAraka prakaraNa, samAsa prakaraNa, aura taddhita prkrnn| uttarArddha me viSayAnukrama isa prakAra hai AkhyAta prakaraNa me svAdigaNa, adAdigaNa, divAdigaNa, svAdigaNa, tudAdigaNa, ruvAdigaNa, tanAdigaNa, kyAdigaNa, curAdigaNa, kaNDvAdigaNa hai / ninnanta

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana : 151 * prakriyA, sannantaprakriyA, yantaprakriyA, yaGlugantaprakriyA, nAma dhAtuprakriyA, pratyayamAlAprakriyA, padavyavasthAprakriyA, bhAvakarmaprakriyA, karmakartR prakriyA, vibhaktyarthaprakriyA | kRdanta prakaraNa me pUrvakRdanta, uNAdi uttarakRdanta / pUrvArddha me 751 sUtra haiM aura uttarArddha me 721 sUtra | 833 dhAtue haiM / vizeSatANuM 1 bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI apanI vizeSatAe hai / kyoki Aja taka upalabdha vyAkaraNo me yaha antima vyAkaraNa hai, ata anya vyAkaraNo kI apekSA ise sarala banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / jaise pANinIya me pratyAhAra ke lie 14 sUtra die gae haiM / isa vyAkaraNa me kevala eka sUtra me sAre varNo kA pratyAhAra kiyA gayA hai, varNa anubandha rahita haiM, kevala uccAraNa kI suvidhA ke lie sadhi nahI kI gaI hai / 2. isa vyAkaraNa me dhAtuo kA jJAna prathama kSaNa me uccAraNa se hI ho jAtA hai ki yaha AtmanepadI hai, parasmaipadI hai yA ubhayapadI / AtmanepadI ke lie D anubaMdha hai aura ubhayapadI ke lie 'n' anubaMdha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / parasmaipadI ke lie koI anuvandha nahI haiM / jaise gAD gAne=AtmanepadI DukRt karaNe = ubhayapadI ham haMsane = parasmaipadI hemazabdAnuzAsana ko choDakara anya vyAkaraNo me aisI saralatA nahI hai ki unpAraNa ke sAtha hI AtmanepadI, parasmaipadI Adi kA bodha ho jAe / hemazabdAnuzAsana me AtmanepadI aura ubhayapadI ke lie dodo anuvadha svIkAra kie haiN| AtmanepadI ke lie i aura D, ubhayapadI ke lie I aura g / jaise DupacIs pAke= ubhayapadI DukR g karaNe =ubhayapadI IkSi darzane = AtmanepadI vaduD stutyabhivAdanayo. = AtmanepadI bhU sattAyAm=parasmaipadI bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me kevala eka-eka anubaMdha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 3. dhAtuo ke anubandha se gaNo kA vogha sugamatA se ho jAtA hai / bhvAdigaNa kI dhAtue anubandha rahita haiM, zeSa gaNo ke lie eka-eka anubandha hai / jaise

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152 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA adAdi gaNa ke lie ka anubandha / jaise ika smaraNa / divAdigaNa ke lie ca anubandha / jaise zoc tanukaraNe / 4. dhAtuo ke seTa, veTa aura aniT kI pahacAna dhAtu ke uccAraNa mAtra se ho jAtI hai / aniT dhAtu ke lie anusvAra kA anubandha hai aura veTa ke lie dIrgha akAra / seT dhAtu ke lie koI anubaMdha nahIM hai| ud | sthAnam = utyAnam / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana meM isakI siddhi kevala eka sUtra 'uda syA stambho. sa' 1 / 3 / 64 se ho jAtI hai, jabaki pANinIya me isakI siddhi ke aneka sUtra lagate hai / vahA ut ke t ko d, sa ko th, phira th kA lopa, d ko t karake utthAnam rUpa banAyA jAtA hai| 6. zilpI, khanaka , rajaka. Adi zabdo ke lie bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me eka sUtra hai 'nRtikhanirajibhya zilpiyakaT' 5 / 1176, jabaki pANinIya me zilpinika 3 / 1145, sUtra hai aura usakI kAtyAyana vArtika hai 'nRti khanirajibhya eva' aura patajali kA bhASya hai 'nRti khanibhyAmeva pvan' uNAdI kvani / 7. laghu siddhAnta kaumudI ke hala sadhi prakaraNa me 41 sUtro aura kaI vAtiko se jo kArya kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kArya isa vyAkaraNa ke kevala 23 sUtro se ho jAtA hai| isa vyAkaraNa me saralatA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| yadi 'yuSmadasma(prakaraNa' ke 22 sUtro ko eka sUtra me unake rUpo ko nipAta kara dete to aura sugamatA ho jaatii| vaise hI iMgaliza aura hindI vyAkaraNa kI taraha dvivacana ko svatatra sthAna nahIM dete to aura sugamatA ho sakatI thii| 'gurovekaraca' guru ke lie eka vacana ke sthAna para bahuvacana kA prayoga hotA hI hai| pANinIya aura bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me mukhya antara isa prakAra hai 1. tRdantA samAnA 11119 ase lekara la taka ke varNa hasva, dIrgha aura pluta ho to unakI samAna saMjJA hotI hai| __pANinIya me hrasva aura pluta lakAra hotA hai parantu dIrgha lukAra nahIM hotaa| 2. ka samAse'dhyardha 111156 avyardha 2008 se ka pratyaya yA samAsa hone para sakhyAvad hotA hai / adhyardha 'ka', adhyardha sUrpam yaha sUna pANinIya me nahI hai| 3. ardhapUrvapada pUraNa 111160 yaha sUtra bhI pANinIya me nahI hai|

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana . 153 4. RNapravasanakamvaladArNavatsaravatsatarasyAr 1 / 2 / 23 / pANinIya me vatsara zabda nahIM hai| isalie usase 'vatsarANa' isa rUpa kI siddhi nahI hotii| 5. plutAcca 1 / 3 / 24 padAnta me dIrthasthAnIya pluta se pare kAra ko dvitva karatA hai| Agaccha bho indra bhUte 3cchannamAnaya / pANinIya me plutavidhi nahI hai / 6. pAnA zase khayA vA 1 / 3 / 36 capa ko zasa pare ho to khatha vikalpa sa hotA hai| spIra, kSIraM, aphsarA apsarA 7 nemAlpaprathamaca ramatayaDaya''dhakatipathAnAm 114120 ___isa sUtra me pANinIya se ayaT kA grahaNa adhika huA hai| isalie pANinIya vyAkaraNa me trayA. yaha eka rUpa hI banatA hai, jabaki isame naye aura trayA ye do rUpa banate haiN| 8. numi vA 114166 yaha sUtra a5 zabda kI upadhA ko vikalpa se dIrgha karatA hai| svAmpi, svampi / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| hai jaraso vA 2 / 12 jaras antavAle zabda se napusaka me si aura am kA lo5 vikalpa se hotA hai| ajara , ajarasa kula-ye rUpa banate haiM / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai, isalie ye rUpa nahI bnte| 10 mAsa nizAsanasya zasAdI vA lopa. 211123 isa sUtra se Asana zabda ke ata kA lopa kara Asan rUpa banAyA jAtA hai| pANinIya me yaha vidhAna nahIM hai| vahI Asya zabda ko Asan Adeza kiyA jAtA hai| 11. za rAja bhrAj yaj sRj mRj bhrasna vRzca paritrANA ss-2|1|117 zakArAnta aura rAj Adi ke caja ko pa Adeza hotA hai| leSTA, liD / Adeza hone vAle zakAra ko bhI Sa Adeza karatA hai praSTA, praSTu / pANinIya me to tazca bhraja 8 / 2 / 36 se cha kAra ko Sa kAra kA vidhAna hai| isa vyAkAraNa me chvo zUTI me ca 413 / 38 se cha kAra ko pa kAra siddha hotA hai| 12 mAtulAcAryopAdhyAyAd vA 2 / 3 / 56 upAdhyAya kA strIliMga me prayoga karane para I5 ke sAtha Anuka kA Agama vikalpa se hotA hai, isalie do rUpa banate hai upAdhyAyAnI, aura upAdhyAyI / pANinIya me, jo svayaM hI adhyApikA hai usake lie do rUpa

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154 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vanate hai upAnyAyI aura upaadhyaayaa| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me svaya adhyApikA ke lie vizeSa vidhAna nahIM hai, isalie kevala eka hI rUpa upAdhyAyA hI banatA hai| 13 aropamAnasahitasahita saha zapha lakSmaNa dAmAde 2 / 8 / 85 lakSmaNoru / pANinIya me isa sUtra meM lakSmaNa zabda nahIM hai isalie vahA lakSmaNoru 08 siddha nahIM hotaa| 14 kAlAvabhAvadezamakarma cAkarmaNAm 2 / 4 / 18 __ akarma dhAtu ke yoga me kAla, adhva, bhAvavAcI zabdoM ke AdhAra kI karmasajJA vikalpa se hotI hai, aura yakama hotA hai| mAme Asta, mAsa mastei ye do rUpa banate haiN| pANinIya me eka hI rUpa banatA hai mAsamAste / 15 avivakSitakarmaNAmanin kartA nau vA 2 / 4 / 20 jinnanta banAne se pahale avivakSita karma kA jo katA ho usakA java jinnanta me prayoga kiyA jAe to usa kartA kI karma sajJA vikalpa se hotI hai| jaise pacati caitra / yahA karma kI vivakSA nahIM kI gaI hai| jinnanta me isakA rUpa banegA pAcayati caitra caitreNa maMtra / yahI caitra kartA kI karma sajJA vikalpa se huI hai| pANinIya ninnanta kartA kI karma saMjJA vikalpa se nahIM karatA, isalie vahA eka hI rUpa banegA pAcayati caitreNa maMtra / 16. nikaSAsamayAhAvigatarAntareNAtiyenatene 214146 nikaSA Adi yukta nAma me dvitIyA vibhakti hotI hai| pANinIya me yena tena' zabda nahIM hai, isalie unake vahA 'yena tena' yukta nAma me dvitIyA vibhakti nahI hotii| yena tena vA pazcimA gata' aisA vAkya nahI bntaa| 17 dvidroNAdibhyo vIpsAyA vA 2 / 4 / 62 __vIpsA ke artha me dvidroNa Adi gauNa zabdo se tRtIyA vibhakti vikalpa se hotI hai / 'dvidroNena dhAnya krINAti dvidroNa dvi droNa kriinnaati'| pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 18 hitasukhAbhyA 214172 hita aura sukha ke yoga me caturthI aura paThI vibhakti hotI hai| maitrAya maitrasya suravam / pANinIya me sukha ke yoga me kevala caturthI hI hotI hai, 40ThI nahI / maitrAya sukham, eka rUpa hI bnegaa| 16. bhAve vA 2 / 4 / 101 bhAva me kta pratyaya ho to kartA me 57ThI aura tRtIyA vibhakti hotI hai / chAtrasya hasita, chAtraNa hasitam / pANinIya me isa artha me SaSThI

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bhikSugandAnusina eka parizIlana : 155 vibhakti vidhAyaka koI sUtra nahI hai lekina 'adhikaraNavAcinazca' 213 / 68 isa sUtra se nitya SaSThI hotI hai, tRtIyA vibhakti nahIM hotii| isalie chAtraNa hasitam yaha rUpa pANinIya me nahI bnegaa| 20 pAremadhyenta paScyA vA 3 / 1 / 30 pAra Adi nAma SaSThI anta vAle nAma ke sAtha vikalpa se samAsa hotA hai| usake yoga me pAre, madhye, agre ina tIna nAmo me jo ekArAnta hai, vaha nipAta rahatA hai, usakA lopa nahI hotaa| pAra gaGgAyA. = pAregaGga, madhyegaGga, agra vanasya =agrevaNa, antarvaNa / pANinIya me isa sUtra me agre aura antar ina do zabdo kA grahaNa nahI kiyA gayA hai| isa sUtra se unake agrevaNa aura antarvaNa ye rUpa nahI bana skte| 21 dvitricatuSpUraNApAdaya. 33136 yaha sUtra dvi, ni aura catura zabda pUraNa pratyayAnta tathA ana Adi zabdo se aza-azi-samAsa mAnatA hai| pANinIya agra Adi zabdo se aga-azi-samAsa nahI mAnatA hai| ardhacatasrA 3 / 1146 ardhacattastra bhAtrA. pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 23 parazata para sahasra parolakSA 331162 isa satra se para zata, para sahasra , paro lakSA. ye tIna rUpa banate haiM / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai ata. ye rUpa nahI bnte| 24 sarvapazcAdadaya: 3 / 1 / 68 sarvapazcAd sarva cira ye zabda nipAta hai / pANinIya me yaha sUna nahI hai| 25. siMhAdibhi pUjAyAm 3 / 1176 pUjA ke artha me siMha Adi zabda upamA ke artha me nipAta haiM / samare siMha iva smrsiNhH| pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 26. avyaya pravRddhAdibhi 3 / 1167 avyaya nAma pravRddha Adi ke nAma ke sAtha nitya samAsa hotA hai| puna pravRddha, punarutsyUta vaas:| pANinIya me yaha sUna nahI hai| ina zabdo kA avyaya ke sAtha samAsa nahI hotaa| 27 kRtApakRtAdaya 3311106 kRtApakRta Adi zabda nipAta hai / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai / 22

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156 : sarakRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA 28. AsannagadhikAdhyardhArdhAdipUraNa dvitIyAdhanyAya 3 / 1 / 126 adhyayaM vizA, ardha pacama vizA / pANinIya me isa mUtra meM hone vAle zabdo me adhyardha aura aba ye do zabda nahIM haiM, isalie vahAM inake sAtha samAsa nahIM hotaa| 26 mAsartu bhrAtRnakSatrANyAnupUvryeNa 3 / 1 / 182 mAsa, Rtu Adi zabdo kA dvadva mamAmame anupUrva me nipAta hotA hai| phAlgunacaitrI, vaizAkhajyeSThau / pANinIya iname bhAsa vAci zabdo me yaha krama svIkAra nahIM krtaa| 30 sakhyA samAse 3 / 1 / 186 samAsa mAtra me sakhyAmao ko anu pUrva se prAka nipAta karatA hai| dvitrA , vicaturA / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 31 ojojombha mahastapastamastRtIyAyA 331112 ina zabdo se Age uttarapada ho to unakI tRtIyA vibhakti kA lopa nahI hotA / mojasA kRtam, tapasA kRtam / pANinIya tapasA kRtam rUpa ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| 32 apAyayonimaticarepu 3 / 2 / 28 ap zabda se pare ya, yoni, mati aura cara zabda ho to saptamI vibhakti kA luka nahI hotA / pANinIya me bhati aura para zabda isa artha me grahaNa nahIM kie gae hai| isalie apsumatiH, apyucara ye do rUpa pANinIya me nahI banate / 33 varSakSarAvarApsarauro manaso je 3 / 2 / 26 ja uttara pada me ho to ina zabdo kI saptamI vibhakti kA lopa vikalpa se hotA hai| varSeja varpaja / pANinIya a5, saras, urasa, manas itane zabdo se saptamI kA lopa vikalpa se nahI maant|| 34. prAvRDvaziratkAladiva 3 / 2 / 27 prAvRS, varpA, 2 // rat, kAla aura dina zabdo se pare ja zabda uttara pada me ho to ina zabdo kI saptamI vibhakti kA lopa nahI hotA / pANinIya me varSA 2108 grahaNa nahI kiyA gayA hai| unake anusAra varSAsuja rUpa nahI banatA / 35 zuna papucchalAGga leSu sajJAyAm 2 / 3 / 35 van zabda kI paThI vibhakti kA luka nahIM hotA, yadi uttara pada me zepa Adi zabda ho aura yadi usase sajJA kA artha nikalatA ho|

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana 157 pANinIya sajJA artha ke vinA hI isa sUtra ko svIkAra karatA hai| 36. nas nAsikAyAstas kSudraryo 3 / 2 / 116 nAsikA zabda ko nas Adeza hotA hai, ya pratyaya pare ho to, varNa artha ko choDakara / nAsikAya hitaM tatrabhava vA nasyam / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| ye ' varNa 3 / 2 / 120 nAsikA zabda ko nas Adeza hotA hai, ya pratyaya pare ho to, varNa artha ko choDakara / nAsikArya hitaM tatra bhava vA nasyam / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahI hai| 38 kriyA vyatihAre'gatihiMsAzadArthahasohavahavA'nanyonyArthe 3 / 3 / 20 kriyA vyatihAra me vartamAna gati, hiMsA zabdArtha aura hasa dhAtu ko choDakara ha tathA vaha dhAtu se kartA meM Atmanepada hotA hai| vyatiharante bhAra sa savivahante varga / pANinIya isa vidhAna me vaha dhAtu ko svIkAra nahI krtaa| 36 ke jijJAsAyAm 3 / 3 / 62 zaka dhAtu ko jinAsA ke artha me prayukta kare to kartA me Atmanepada hotA hai| vidyA zikSate, jJAtu zaknuyAmitIcchatItyartha / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai / vaha ise svIkAra nahIM krtaa| __ calyAhArArthabudhayudhanajaneDpadrusa bhya. 3 / 3 / 103 cala aura AhAra artha vAlI cAtue tathA budha Adi dhAtumao se atrin kartA kI jinnanta me karma sajJA karatA hai| pANinIya isa sUtra me AhAra artha vAlI ad dhAtu ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| 41 nagRNAzubharuca 4116 gRNa, zubha aura rUc dhAtu ke yoga se bhRzAbhIkSNyAdi artha me yaha pratyaya nahI hotA hai / garhita gRNAti, bhRga zobhate / pANinIya gRNa dhAtu ko yahA svIkAra nahIM krtaa| 42 nota: 4 / 1 / 12 / ukArAta se vihita yaD pratyaya kA luka nahIM hotaa| yoyUya rorUya / pANinIya me ye dono rUpa nahI baneMge, kyoki vahA yaD kA lopa hotA 43 vASpomadhUmaphenAdudvamane 411 / 28 / vASpa, ama, dhUma aura phena zabdo se udvamana artha me kyaD pratyaya vikalpa se hotA hai| vASpAyate, USmAyate, dhUmAyate, phenAyate / pANinIya me dhUmAyate nahIM hotA /

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158 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 44. punarakeSAm 41181 ___yaha sUtra pANinIya me nahI hai| 45. iko vA 4 / 2 / 16 ika smaraNe, isa dhAtu ko yakAra Adeza vikalpa se hotA hai, pidpajita svara Adi zit pratyaya pare ho, adhiyanti, adhIyanti / pANinIya nitya svIkAra karatA hai| 46. jR bhrama vama trasa phaNa syama svana rAja bhrAja bhrAza lAzA vA 4111130 ina dhAtuo ke akAra ko ekAra Adeza vikalpa se hotA hai| lekina dvitva nahIM hotA, pid varjita vAdi aura seT yap pratyaya pare ho to| auraMtu jajaratu. / pANinIya vama dhAtu se vikalpa se svIkAra nahIM krtaa| 47 vizrame 4 / 2 / 27 vipUrvaka zrama dhAtu ko vikalpa se vRddhi karatA hai, jiti, kRtpratyaya aura Ni pratyaya para ho to vizrAma., vizrama: / pANinIya vRddhi kA niSedha karatA hai| 48 naze neza vADe 4 / 2170 naz dhAtu ko De pare hone para ne2 vikalpa se Adeza hotA hai| anezat, anazata, ye do rU5 banate haiN| pANinIya to kevala 'anazat' yaha eka rUpa hI svIkAra karatA hai| 46 kRpaRtaludakRpaNAdInAm 4 / 2.72 kR5 dhAtu ke RkAra ko lakAra Adeza hotA hai parantu kRpaNAdi zabdo ko nhii| klRptH| kRpnn.| pANinIya kRpaNa Adi zabdo kA niSedha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| 50 ThipiporanaTi vA 4 / 3 / 35 sin aura pin dhAtu ko dI vikalpa se hotA hai, aniT pratyaya pare ho to| niSThIvanam, sIvana / pANinIya isa vidhAna ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| 51. veTo 'pata: 4 / 3 / 61 pat dhAtu ko vikalpa se iT na hone se nitya 38 hotA hai, patita rUpa banatA hai| pANinIya me 'tani pati daridrAtibhya. sano vA ir3a vAcya' iti sadbhAvAt yasya vibhASA 7 / 2 / 15 iti iniSedhavAraNAya patate nissedhonvessnniiy.| 22 vama japa tvara 05 madhupA svana' zvamA ma 413 / 103 vama Adi zabdo se pare kta pratyaya ho to isa vikalpa se hotA hai /

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana 156 vAnta., vamita / japta japita / pANinIya vam, jap, 21s ina tIna dhAtuo se vikalpa se iT svIkAra nahIM karatA, unake anusAra vamita , japita. vasita. rUpa hI bneNge| 53 sasme divAdizca 4 / 4 / 111 sma zabda sahita mAD upapada me ho to dhAtu se divAdi aura dyAdi vibhakti hotI hai| mAsma karot, mAsmakApIt / pANinIya isa vidhAna ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| 54 lipa gIG syAsa vasa jana ruha bhaja jRbhya 5 / 1 / 10 ina dhAtuo se hone vAlA kta pratyaya kartA me vikalpa se hotA hai, vibhaktA bhrAtaro riktham, vibhakta bhrAtRbhi riktham / pANinIya me bhaj vAtu se kartA me vikalpa se nahIM hotaa| 55 yajibhajibhyA vA 5 / 1 / 28 yaj aura bhaj dhAtu se ya pratyaya vikalpa se hotA hai / pakSa me dhyaNa bhI hotA hai / yajya, bhajya, yAjya bhAjyam / pANinIya me vikalpa se do rUpa nahI bnte| 56 RdupadhAda'kRpivRdRca 5 / 1 / 36 yaha sUtra kRpa, cad aura R ko choDakara R kAra upadhA vAlI dhAtuo se kya5 pratyaya hotA hai / isa sUtra se R kA acrya rUpa nahI banatA parantu pANinIya arya rUpa svIkAra karatA hai / vaha Rc kA niSedha nahI krtaa| 57. kR vRSi mRji zasi duhi guhi japervA 5 // 144 ina dhAtuo se kyap pratyaya vikalpa se hotA hai / duhya , dohya, guhya gohya , japya jApya, aise do rUpa banate haiN| pANinIya me duhya, guhya, japya ye rUpa hI banate haiN| 58. tiSyapuSyasiddhayA nakSatra 5 / 1147 nakSatra artha me ye tIna nipAta haiN| pANinIya me tiSya zabda nipAta nahI hai| 56. nAmyupadhajJAprIkRgira ka. 5 / 1165 ina dhAtuo se ka pratyaya hotA hai| utkira., gila / pANinIya me gira. zabda svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 60 dhanurdaNDasalAGgalAI kuzaSTizaktiyaSTitomaraghaTeSu grahe va 4 / 2 / 24 ina zabdo se ac pratyaya vikalpa se hotA hai| pakSa me aN / dhanugraha , dhanuhi , daNDaaha , daNDAha , tsarugraha , tsAha , RSTigraha RSTinAha / pANinIya me daNDa, tsaru RSTi zabda nahI hai|

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160 maskRna prAkRta vyAkaraNa ora koNa kI paramparA 61. AdyantAnanta kAra bAhva vaha divA vibhA nizA prabhA bhA kartR nAndI lipi lici vali bhakti kSetra gavAkSA kSaNadA rajanI doSA dina divasa dhanu raka. sakhyAsu 5 / 2-28 ina zabdo se karoti dhAtu meM Ta pratyaya hotA hai / Adikara, vanakara. / pANinIya meM kSapA, kSaNadA, rajanI, dIpA, dina, divama ye zabda nahI haiN| usake anusAra kSapAkara kSaNAkara, rajanIkara, dIpAkaraH, dinakara, divasakara ye 95 nahIM banate / heArArU2 62 ne ro maLevuM isa sUtra me phalegrahivRkSa, rajogahi cuka, mannagraha kambala. / pANinIya me rajograhiH aura malagrahi. ye do zabda nahIM banate / 63 devavAtayorApe 52233 devApi vAtApi / pANinIya meM ye dono zabda nahIM hai / } 64 kSema priya bhadra bhadredhvaN ca 522140 kSemakAra kSemakara, priyakAra: priyaMkara, bhadrakAra, bhadraM kAra pANinIya me bhadra zabda nahIM haiM, usase bhadrakAra bhadra kara nahIM banate | 65 bahu vidhvaru stileSu tuda 52251 tuda / pANinIya me vahutuda aisA spa nahIM banatA / bahutuda, 66 zaM sa svayaM viprebhyo bhuvo Du. 5|3|63 zabhuH sabhu svayabhuH vibhu, prabhu / pANinIya me nabhu. saura svayam gadda nahIM vanate 1 67 nIpA dAy zasu yu yujastu tuda si sicamiha patana he straT sAdhane za264 netra, pAtaM, pAnI, dAtra, zastram / pANinIya me pAtrI nahI banatA / 68 antarghanAntarpaNI deze 5 / 4 / 73 antardhana antarghuNa | pANinIya me antardhaNa nahI banatA / 6. sAtiitibhUtibhUtijJaptiIrNaya pUI0 hai / 70 yuva sAti, jJapti Adi zabda nipAta haiM / pANinIya me jJapti zabda nahI pautrAdI kutsA'rcayo 6 226 mArcasva apatye yuvA chutsita nArye mAryAcaLo vA nAbhaeN. / taMtra bhavAn gAgryo, gAgrgyAyaNo vA iti dvapamapi bhavati / pANinIye yUna kutsAyA gotrasajJA, vRddhasya pUjAyAM yuvasajJA / tena gAryo jAlma, tatrabhavAn gArgyayaNa ityeva rUpa bhavati / 71 edoddeza eveyAdo 62112

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bhikSuAdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana : 161 72. prAg deze 6 / 2 / 13 pANinIya me ina do sUtro ke sthAna para eka hI sUtra hai eDa, prAcA deze 111175 73 anidamyaNapavAde ca dityadityAdityayamapatyuttarapadAya. 6 / 2 / 16 idam artha ko varja kara apatyAdi artha me pratyaya karatA hai| pANinIya me anida zabda nahIM hai| 74. 2ca vizravaso viza lopazca vA 6 / 2650 vizravaso'patyaM vaizravaNa., viz lope tu rAvaNaH / pANinIya me ye rUpa nahI bnte| 75 agnizamagovRpANe 6 / 2170 AgnizarmAyaNo vRpa gaNa / pANinIya me yaha sUna nahI hai| 76. kRSNaraNAd brAhmaNavAziSThe 612171 kASNayino brAhmaNaH rANAyano vAziSTha / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahI hai| 77 dazu kozala karmAracchAga vRpebhyo yuT ca 6 / 282 dAgavyAyani / pANinIya me dagu zabda nahIM hai, isalie dAgavyAyani rUpa nahIM bntaa| 78 duSTe godhAyA eraNa ca 6 / 2 / 103 govA zabda se duSTa apatya artha me eraN pratyaya hotA hai| godhare / pANinIya me duSTa zabda nahI hai| 79 uditagurorande 6 // 3 // 6 puSpeNa udita guruNA yukta varSe poSa varSam / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 80 dhenoranana. 6 / 3.16 venu zabda se samUha artha me ikaN pratyaya hotA hai, yadi vaha nana samAsa na ho to| dhnukm| pANinIya me anaba 2008 nahI hai| 81 puruSAt kRta hitavadhavikAramsamUhe veyana 6 / 3 / 64 puruSeNa kRta pauruSeyo grantha , pauruSeyamArhata zAsanam / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 82 ra ko prANini vA 6 / 4 / 12 raDku zabda se prANi artha me pAyanaN pratyaya vikalpa se hotA hai| rADa kavAyaNa / manuSya artha me rADa kavako manuSya / pANinIya me koramanuSye Nac yaha sUtra hai|

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162 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA paataa| 83 kuzale 7 / 1 / 18 pANinIya me 'tatra kuzala patha' aisA pATha hai / 84 syadAdermayaT 71171 tanmaya, tanmayI, bhavanmayam / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahI hai / 85 jyotiSam 7 / 1 / 77 pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahI hai| 86 vAmAdhAderIna 7 / 3 / 4 vAmAdhUrvA madhurA, vAmadhurINa / sarvadhurINa / pANinIya me sarvadhura zabda nahIM hai| isalie vahA sarvadhurINa rUpa nahI bntaa| 81 vidhyatya'nanyena 7 / 3 / 8 vidhyati ke artha me dvitIyAnta nAma se ya pratyaya hotA hai, yadi vaha anya sAdhana se na ho| pAdau vidhyanti padyA, ananyena iti kim caura vidhyati caitra / atra hi caitrazvora vidhyat dhanuSA pASANe vA vidhyati / pANinIya kevala dhanuSA zabda ko choDatA hai| vidhyatyadhanuSA iti / 88 sarvajanANye nabhau 7 / 3 / 16 sArvajanyaH, sArvajanIna / pANinIya me 'prati janAdibhya kham' isase kevala khan pratyaya hone se 'sArvajanIna , kevala yaha eka rUpa hI vanegA, 'sArvajanya' rUpa nahI banegA, bnegaa| ___ 86 nam sudurya saktihalisakya 8 / 347 ___ nama sudura se pare sakti, hali, sakyi ye zabda ho to bahuvrIhi samAsa me apratyaya vikalpa se hotA hai| asakta , asakti susakta', musakti du sakna du sakti / pANinIya me sakti 2008 kA grahaNa nahI kiyA gayA hai isalie uparokta rUpa vahA nahI bneNge| 60 sarvAza sakhyAta puNya varSA dIrghAcca rAtra 8 / 3 / 55 / / isa sUtra me jo zabda haiM, uname varSA aura dIrgha ye do zabda pANinIya me nahIM hai| isalie varSArAtra. aura dIrgha rAna ye rUpa pANinIya me nahI bneNge| 61 suprAta suzvasu divazAri kukSa catura zreNI padAja pada proSThapada bhadrapadA 8371 isa sUtra me uparyukta zabda bahuvrIhi samAsa me u pratyayAnta nipAta haiM / pANinIya me bhadrapada za06 nahI hai| isalie bhadrapada zabda nipAta nahIM hai|

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka parizIlana : 163 62 mandAlpAcca medhAyA 8 / 3 / 73 mandamedhas alpamedham / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai, isalie vahA ye do rUpa nahIM bnte| 63 bhRzAbhIkSaNa sAtatyatrIpsAsu dvi prAk tamAde 8 / 3 / 85 pANinIya me prAk tamAde yaha pATha nahI hai / 64 nAnAvadhAraNe 8 / 4 / 67 ___ avadhAraNa ke artha me vartamAna zabda dvitva hotA hai / mASa mASa dehi / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahI hai| 65 pUrvaprathamAvanyatotizaya 8 / 4168 prathama prayama pacyante / pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahIM hai| 66 Data raDatamI samAnA strIbhAvaprazne 8 / 4 / 66 katarA katarA eSA maaddhytaa| katamA katamA eSA maaddhytaa| pANinIya me yaha sUtra nahI hai| zrI bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana mahAvyAkaraNa kI koTi me aba taka atima hai| isalie isameM pUrvavartI sabhI vyAkaraNo kA sAra-mohana upalabdha hai| atima ko pUrvavartI racanAo kA jo lAbha milatA hai, vaha lAbha bhikSu zabdAnuzAsana ko bhI prApta hai| saskRta vyAkaraNa ke aSTAdhyAyI paddhati se hone vAle adhyayana ke saralIkaraNa ke uddezya me yaha saphala huA hai / yaha saphalatA hI isakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vizAlagandAnuzAsana, hemazabdAnuzAsana aura pANinIya Adi pUrvavartI mahAvyAkaraNo ke anudAna kI upekSA kara isakA mUlyAkana nahI kiyA jA sakatA / sabhava hai, agale varSa yaha vyAkaraNa prakAzita hokara vidvAno ke hAtho me A jaae|

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do prakriyA-grantha muni 'dinakara' bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana mahAvyAkaraNa kI prakriyA hai kAlukaumudI / isake praNetA hai vidvadvarya muni zrI cauthamalajI / isakI racanA vi0 sa0 1981 me huI aura taba se yaha hamAre sagha ke sAdhu-sAdhviyo tathA pAramAyika zikSaNa-sasyA me saMskRta kA adhyayana karanevAle mumukSuo ke lie prayukta hotI rahI hai| isakA adhyayana kara aneka vyakti saMskRta me niSNAta hue hai| maiM usakI vizeSatA ke viSaya me kucha tathya prastuta kara rahA huu|| prAcIna vyAkaraNa laghusiddhAnta kaumudI tathA muni zrI cauthamala jI dvArA racita kAlukaumudI ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se kucha udAharaNa yahA prastuta hai / kitane kaThina vyAkaraNa ke viSaya ko kisa prakAra saralatA aura sugamatA se rakhA hai, yaha nimnAkita sUtro ke dvArA samajhA jA sakatA hai / laghusiddhAnta kaumudI ke pratyAhAra sUtra haiM a i u N 1, Rla k 2, e o D 3, ai au ca 4, ha ya va ra T 5, laN 6, na ma Da Na na m 7, jha bha J 8, gha Dha dha s 6, ja ba ga Da da z 10, kha pha chaTha tha ca Ta ta v 11, ka pa ya 12, za Sa sa ra 13, ha la 14 / isa prakAra pratyAhAra batAne ke lie caudaha sUtroM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / ina sUno ke antima akSarI kI it sajJA batAI gaI hai| yahA pratyAhAra grahaNa karane kI vidhi kucha kaThina paDatI sI najara aaii| kyoki akSaro kI zRkhalA TUTa sI jAtI hai| jaise-aN a i u, ak-a i u R la, ik-i u R la / uk-u R la / isa prakAra pratyAhAra sUno kA sambandha alaga thalaga sA hI pratIta hotA hai| ata usame koI saralatA dikhAI nahIM detI / isa sthala me kAlukaumudI kA sUtra bahuta sarala eva uccAraNa karane me pUrNa spaSTa hai| jaise a i u R la e ai o au ha ya va ra la baNa na Da ma jha Dha dha gha bha-ja Da da ga ba kha pha cha Tha tha ca Ta ta ka pa za Sa sa 111 / 4 / spaSTatA ke lie sadhi nahI kI gaI hai| yahA pratyAhAra grahaNa karane kI vidhi atyanta sugama hai| jaise kisI ne 'alapratyAhAra' kA ullekha kiyA, vahA "a i u R la e

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166 sarakAra yA jIvagamyama TM aka na du? Tal. t yaha vidhi sarana tI hI nAma gari no meM kucha Thapa hai| isalie kaumudI ke sUtra uccAraNa kucha sUtra prastuta hai / jaise syAmbhyastani zyAgyam nAm dazasu 0153 moDayani gA0 260 pa To 120 A cum << a bra mita hitz, the parabhyo dIrghAAMtgutigya pRkta chan tinam vimiva gunA pratIke unmAnita ka sAtha gi 34 anubhava hotA hai / uparyukta sUtroM ke sthAna me sUtro kA nirmANa kisa prakAra kI meM kiyA gayA hai. yaha bhI kahA batAnA atyAvazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sUtra naM0 1 ke -pAna mega kI jaya am TAyA mim, ubhyA pagyA mahe og- jAm jima nupAn / sUtra na02 ke sthAna me raMga se loga tathA sUtra 03 me sthAna meM vartamAne tip tam anti, sip ban dha ma basne isa prakAra kAlukImudI ko vyAkaraNa sambandhI sabhI prakAra se jaTitAoM se mukta rakhA gayA hai| usake atirikta zavda gitri bhI unakA apanA eka namna prakAra hai, jo anyAnya vyAkaraNoM meM kama mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai / utaraNa Jin tora para "rAmAn" dvitIyA vibhakti ke bahuvacana kA phai| yaha gItA dIrghazasazcana pusi" kevala usa eka sUtra se hI siddha ho jAtA hai| arthAt rAm akAra sahita pUrva ke svara ko dIrgha evaM zan ke sakAra ko 'n' ho jAtA hai| prathama prakAreM isI sUtra kI vizeSatA ke lie kahA gayA hai / kintu na zabda ko pine ke lie laghumiddhAntakaumudI me kitane sUtro ko kAma meM liyA hai, yaha nimnokta prakAra se vidita hotA hai, jaise "rAma-zam" sarvaprathama sUtra na0 171 taddhite 11318 se isa zakAra kI 3t sajJA kI gii| sUtra na0 6 adarzana lopa 1|1|60 se lopa kI parimApA / phira sUtra na0 7 tasya lopa 113ha se it sanika varNa kA lopa aura sUtra na0 162 prathama yo pUrvasavarNa 6 / 1 / 102 se "rAma" ke akAra ko dIrgha kiyA gayA / phira sUtra na0 171 tasmAcchamona pusi 6 / 1 / 103 se "sakAra" ko nakAra huA ata rUpa banA "rAmAn" kintu phira bhI yahA sUtra 173 aT kupyADa, tumvyapAye'pi 8 / 4 / 2 se nakAra ko NakAra hone kI prApti huI / tava use niSiddha karane ke lie sUtra na0 174 padAntasya 8 | 4 | 37| sUtra kA nirmANa karanA paDA / na0 isI prakAra kA eka udAharaNa aura prastuta hai / sakhi zabda se prathamA vibhakti kA "si" pratyaya lAyA gyaa| isa avasthA me kAlukaumudI kA sUtra Rduzana {

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do prakriyA-grantha 167 spusadazo'ne hasazca se raDA' se 'si' ko DA huA aura DitvAt Ti kA lopa hone se rAkhA' aisA rUpa siddha hotA hai| kintu laghusiddhAntakaumudI me etadartha aneka sUtra aura yuktiyA kAma me lAI gaI haiN| ve nimnokta prakAra se haiM-sakhi su yahA sUtra na. 21 a na Da sau 7 / 1 / 103 se sakhi zabda ko anaDa Adeza hotA hai / yaha Adeza sUtra na0 72 Di 05 111153 ke anusAra anta ke varNa ko prApta huaa| sUtra na0 5 halantyam 1 / 3 / 3 se Da kA lopa tathA gUtra na041 'upadeze'janunAsika it' 11312 se akAra kA lopa sUtra na0 42 pratijJAanunAsikyApANinIyA se anunAsika mAnakara kiyA jAtA hai / sakhAn su aisA sthita hai| sUtra na 212 "alo'ntyAt pUrva upadhA" 1 / 1 / 65 se akAra kI upadhA kI sajJA kI, tathA sUtra na0 213 sarvanAmasthAne cA'sabuddhau 6 / 4 / 1 se nakArAnta zabda kI upadhA ko dIrgha kiyA gyaa| aba hamAre sAmane sakhAn-su aisA rUpa prastuta hai| sUtra na0 214 apRkta ekAlapratyaya 1 / 2 / 41 se sakAra kI apRkta saMjJA, tathA sUtra na0 215 'halyA bhayo dIrghAt sutiSya pRkta hala se' 6 / 1 / 68 vibhakti ke sakAra kA lopa kiyA gayA / "sakhAn" aisA avaziSTa rhaa| sUtra na0 216 "na lo5 prAtipadikAntasya" 8 / 17 se nakAra kA lo5 karane para sakhA rUpa siddha huaa| dekhane kI vAta yaha ki eka rUpa kI siddhi ke lie kitane sUtro kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| prArambhika saskRta vidyArthI ko kAphI kaThinAiyo kA sAmanA karanA paDatA hai| kAlukaumudI me isa bAta para pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / isake nirmANakartA ne kisa prakAra saralatA se zabda-siddhi kA yaha lekhA jokhA kiyA, yaha samajhane jaisI bAta hai| yahA yaha batAnA ucita hogA ki isake racanAkAla me pANini haima, siddhAnta kaumudI, candrikA, sArasvata Adi aneka vyAkaraNo kA pArAyaNa kiyA gayA thaa| unake jisa kisI bhI sthala kI sarala paddhati dhyAna me AI, use yahA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| hamane laghusiddhAntakaumudI, siddhAnta candrikA tathA sArasvata Adi kaI prakriyAe dekhI parantu kAlukaumudI jaisI spaSTa va sarala koI bhI hamArI dRSTi me nahI aaii| yhe| itanA avakAza nahI ki sabakA nicoDa yahI prastuta kiyA jA ske| kintu laghusiddhAntakaumudI ke aneka sthala hamane paDhe hai| hame ve sthala baDe durUha se najara aae| syAnAbhAva ke kAraNa isa laghukIya nibandha me una sabhI sthalo ko uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI vidvAn ina do-eka udAharaNo se hI vastusthiti ko Aka sakaga, aisA hmaar| anumAna hai| tulasIprabhA AcArya kAlagaNI ke samaya kucha satoM ne hemazabdAnuzAsana kA adhyayana kiyA

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168 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA thaa| kintu usa mahAvyAkaraNa para koI upayukta prakriyA nahIM thii| jo thI ve yA to adhika vistRta thI yA adhika sakSipta thii| muni sohanalAlajI (cUrU) ne isa kamI ko pUrA karanA caahaa| unhoMne kucha zrama kiyA aura tIna hajAra zloka parimALa vAnI prakyiA nA nirmANa karavAnA hasava nAma vartamAna bhAvArya zrI tulasI ke nAma para 'tulasIprabhA' rkhaa| vi0 sa0 1666 phAlguna zuklA 5 somavAra ko usakI racanA prArabha huI aura sa0 1666 kI vijayadazamI ko cUrU me usakI pUrti kI gii| usakI apanI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki usameM prayukta sabhI udAharaNa aitihAsika, Agamika, tAtvika yA sadhIya paraparA se anusyUta haiN| isakA prayojana yaha thA ki vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke sAtha sAtha vidyArthI ko jana itihAsa, Agama, jaina tattva aura terApatha kI paraparA ko bhI bodha ho jaae| udAharaNa ke rUpa me ADAvadhI AD pratyaya ke yoga me pacamI vibhakti hotI hai / Ai avyaya ke do artha haiM maryAdA aura abhividhi| dono ke do udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM 1 maryAdA AtrayodazaguNasthAnAt karmavandha / 2 abhividhi Asiddha saMsAra /

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bhikSazabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana paM0 vizvanAtha mizra vyAkaraNa ravarUpa aura paramparA bhASA bhAvAbhivyakti kA sAdhana hai aura vidyA bhAvAbhivyakti ke sAtha amRtopalabdhi kA bhI / saskRta mAtra bhASA hI nahIM apitu vaha vidyA bhI hai| vyApakatA, prAcInatA, sarvAGgINatA tathA jJAnagarimA ke kAraNa saskRta vizva kI sarvAtizAthinI bhASA hai| vizva me vahI bhASA sakSama tathA sazakta samajhI jAtI hai, jisake pAsa svayaM kA vyAkaraNa ho / vyAkaraNa vaha nikaSopala hai, jisake dvArA bhApA kA vizuddha eva parimArjita rUpa sAmane AtA hai / zabda kI vyAkriyA karanA hI vyAkaraNa kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai| dhAtu aura pratyayo kI AdhArazilA para zabdo kA nirmANa kara unake antarAla me nihita svArasika arya kI abhivyakti karanA kisI bhI bhASA ke liye gauravapUrNa sthiti kA sUcaka hotA hai| vyAkaraNa vaha nirApada rAjamArga hai, jisapara avadhirUpa se calate hue bhASA kI samasta vidhAo kA Alouna bhalI bhA~ti kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhArata me vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana aura adhyApana kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai| lagabhaga sahasrAbdiyo se bhI adhika samaya se yaha prmpr| akSuNNa rUpa se yahI calatI A rahI hai / saskRta vyAkaraNa ne zabda ke jisa vyApaka, nitya svarUpa aura isake artha-prakAzana ke apUrva sAmarthya kA jo citraNa kiyA hai, vaha apane me anupama hai| vyAMga nI vividhatA saMskRta vADmaya me maharSi pANini kA zabdAnuzAsana Aja sarvAdhika prasiddhi prApta vyAkaraNa ke rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai| isame vaidika aura laukika ubhayavidha zabdo kA nirvacana kiyA gayA hai| isakI apUrva viziSTatA ke phalasvarUpa isa para kAtyAyana ne vAtika tathA pataali ne mahAbhASya likha kara isake gaurava ko Age bddhaayaa| isake Upara vAmana jayAditya dIkSita, nAgeza prabhRti vidvAno ne vRtti,

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170 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kaumudI tathA kharAdi TIkAgrantho kA praNayana kara isakA kAphI vikAsa kiyA hai| phalasvarUpa isakA adhyayana jaTila ho gayA hai aura yaha sAdhana na raha kara svayaM sAvya vana gayA / phira bhI isakA paThana pAThana Aja vyApaka stara para ho rahA hai / pANini kA zabdAnuzAsana paravartI aneka vyAkaraNo kA preraNAsrota rahA hai| ina paravartI vyAkaraNo me pANini spaSTa rUpa se prativimbita hai | vyAkaraNo kI saMkhyA ATha munI jAtI hai / isa sambandha me nimnalikhita zloka prasiddha haiM indrazcandra kAzakRtsnApilI zAkaTAyana 1 pANinyamarajainendrA jayantyaSTI ca zAbdikA // kahI kahI yaha zloka isa rUpAntara me bhI upalabdha hotA hai zAkaTAyanam 1 aindra cAndra kAzakRtsna komAra sArasvata cApizala zAkala pANinIyakam // ina zloko se vidita hotA hai ki ATha vaiyAkaraNo ne ATha vyAkaraNo kI racanA lI / name pAiina LA zavvAnuzAsana sarvatrAvIna hai gesa cha lono aa abhimata hai / pANini ke pahale aimA sarvAGgapUrNa vyAkaraNa nahI thA, aisI bhI kucha logo kI mAnyatA hai / pahale zloka me "zAbdikA zabda AyA hai | 'zAvdika' kA artha hotA hai zabda-zAstra me prauDha prApta karane vAle athavA zabda zAstra pAragata vidvAn, athavA zabdazAstra ke pracAraka | 'zAbdika' zabda kA aisA artha karane para una sabhI ne svatantrarUpa se vyAkaraNa kA nirmANa kiyA thA, yaha kathana sarvathA asadigdha nahI kahA jA sakatA / 33 pAtaJjala mahAbhAjya ke paspazAhnika me ullekha AtA hai ki indra vRhaspati ke pAsa vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke liye gaye / vRhaspati ne divyavarSasahasraparyanta zabdo kA pArAyaNa kiyA, para unakA anta nahI pA sake / isase siddha hotA hai ki indra jo ki prathama vaiyAkaraNa ke rUpa me anuzruta hai, kevala zabdakopa rUpa vyAkaraNa ke praNetA ho sakate haiM / dhAtu prakRti pratyayAdi kA nirvAcana pura mara kisI vyAkaraNa kA nirmANa indra ke dvArA huA thA, aisA nirbhrAnta rUpa se nahI kahA jA sakatA / indra nAmaka kisI manuSya ne aindra vyAkaraNa banAyA thA, aisA kahanA bhI yukti magata pratIta nahI hotA | kyoMki pANini ne apanI aSTAdhyAyI me zAkalya, sphoTAyana, zAkaTAyana prabhRti jina AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, uname indra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / isase middha hotA hai ki pANini se pUrva aindra nAmaka koI sarvAGga sampanna vyAkaraNa nahIM thA / jainendra mahAvRtti kI bhUmikA (pRSTha 7) me DA0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki cAndravyAkaraNa vauddha vidvAn AcArya candragomI kI racanA hai,

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 171 jo gupta kAla me astitva me AyI / isa sambandha me rAjataragiNI 1 / 171 me eka zloka AtA hai candrAcAryAdibhirlabdhvA deza tasmAttadAgamam / pravartita mahAbhASya sva ca vyAkaraNa kRtam / / isa zloka se vidita hotA hai ki candra prabhRti jo prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa the, unhone mahAbhASya kA pracAra kiyA tathA svayaM kA vyAkaraNa bhI bnaayaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki ye candrAcArya na kevala pANini ke paravartI hai kintu mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali se bhI paravartI heM | isase yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki pANini se pUrva cIndra nAma kA koI vyAkaraNa nahI thA / ye candrAcArya tathA bauddha vidvAn candragomI dono eka hI hai yA alaga alaga yaha bhI aitihAsika anusandhAna kA viSaya hai / sthUla dRSTi se kahA jA sakatA hai ki vauddha vidvAn ke dvArA pAtaJjala mahAbhASya kA pracAra sandehAspada hone ke kAraNa ye dono candra pRthak pRthak haiM tathA pANini se paravartI bhI hai / yudhiSThira mImAsaka ne 'saMskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa' nAmaka apanI pustaka meM pANini pUrvavartI Apizali, kAzakRtsna aura bhAguri Adi aneka zAbdika AcAryoM ke sUtra, dhAtu aura gaNa ke vacana uddhRta karake yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki pANini se prAcIna AcAryo ke bhI pANini ke samAna hI sarvAGgapUrNa vyAkaraNa grantha the / astu jo bhI ho indra, zAkaTAyana, ApizalI aura kAzakRtsna vyAkaraNa isa samaya upalabdha nahI haiM / Aja pracalita jo zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa dRSTi gocara ho rahA hai, vaha navamI zatI kI racanA hai jaba ki pANini lagabhaga pAcavI zatI vikramapUrva nanda rAjAo ke samaya me hue the / isa zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa me na kevala sUtrakAra pANini kA hI anukaraNa hai apitu vArtikakAra kAtyAyana aura bhASyakAra pataJjali kI bhI anukRti isame spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai / katipaya udAharaNo dvArA ise spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai / pANini ke varNasamAmnAya me 14 sUtra hai, kintu zAkaTAyana ke akSara samAmnAya me 13 sUtra hai / mahAbhASya ke dvitIya Ahnika me vArtikakAra ne "RlRk" sUtra me lRkAra kA pratyAkhyAna kiyA hai / tadanusAra zAkaTAyana ne 'RlRk kI jagaha " isa para R" sUtra likhA hai / pANini ne "aiuN" tathA laN" ina do sUtro me do vAra NakAra anubandha lagAyA hai / ina do NakAro kA upAdAna kyoM kiyA gayA "vyAkhyAnato vizeSapratipatti nahi sadehAdalakSaNam" yaha paribhASA jJApita kI gaI hai / zAkaTAyana isa vivAda me nahI paDanA cAhate / inhone "hayavaralana " aisA sUtra banAkara kAra ke do bAra Ane kI samasyA kA sadA ke lie nirAkaraNa kara diyA / isase zAkaTAyana kI pataJjali se paravartitA spaSTa ho jAtI hai /

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172 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA pANini sUtra "cho'Ti' 52 kAtyAyana vArtika hai "chatvamamIti vaacym"| zAkaTAyana ne isa AdhAra para "55cho'mi" sUna hI banA ddaalaa| zAkaTAyana ne katipaya sUtra apane vyAkaraNa me jaise ke taise gRhIta kiye haiN| pANini zAkaTAyana 1 tesraya straya 2 pUrvakAlakasarvajaratpurANanava pUrvakAlakasarvajaratpurANa kevala samAnAdhikara navakevalam 3 vRndArakanAgakujare pUjyamAnam vRndArakanAgakura 4 katarakatamau jAtipariprazne katarakatama jAti pariprazne 5 yAvadavadhAraNe yAvadavadhAraNe pANini pUrvavartI zAkaTAyana nizcita hI eka prauDha vaiyAkaraNa haiM, kintu unakI __ koI bhI kRti pANini ke samaya thI, yaha amadigdha rUpa se nahI kahA jA sktaa| pANini ne apanI sUkSmekSikA dvArA jisa aNTAdhyAyI kA nirmANa kiyA, vaha vizvavADmaya me anupama hai / aitihAsika tathyoM ke sAkSya para pANini pAcavI zatI vikrama pUrva me hue the| isake anantara eka hajAra varSa taka kI avadhi me kAtyAyana ke vAtika tathA pataJjali ke mahAbhASya ke alAvA koI bhI svatantra vyAkaraNa anya nahI likhA gayA / bauddha aura jaina vidvAn, kramaza pAli aura prAkRta jinake dhAmika vADmaya kI, dharma kI bhApAe thI unakA dhyAna jaba saskRta kI ora gayA aura usakI vyApakatA tayA aryAbhivyakti-kSamatA kA unheM patA lagA to unhoMne ise apane vyavahAra ke lie apnaayaa| kanika ke samaya azvaghoSa ne apane kAvya kI racanA saMskRta me kI, yaha vAta aitihAsiko se tirohita nahIM hai| isI pRSThabhUmi me vo vidvAn candragomI ne tathA jaina vidvAn AcArya devanandi ne apane apane vyAkaraNo kI racanA kii| cAndra vyAkaraNa to Ajakala upalabdha nahI hai para janendra vyAkaraNa sarvatra upalabdha hai| pANini ke bAda vyAkaraNa nirmANa-paramparA me janendra vyAkaraNa sarvaprathama hai / isakA samaya IsA kI pAcavI zatI hai| cAndra vyAkaraNa kA bhI samaya yahI hai| pracalita zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa navamI zatI tathA hemazabdAnuzAsana bArahavI zatI pUrti kI racanA hai| ina sava ne svecchayA tathA pUrNa sauhArda se pANini vyAkaraNa kI mUlasAmagrI kA Akalana apane grantho me kiyA hai| janendra vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki kevala svara aura vaidika prakriyA ko apane liye anAvazyaka samajha kara janendra vyAkaraNakAra ne inhe to choDa avazya diyA 52 zepa pANini sAmagrI kI avikala rakSA kii| hemazadAnuzAsana ke bAda jaina sampradAya ke AcArya vizAla kAtigaNi "vizALavAnuzAsana' tayA mAyarivRta "mAyazavAnuzAsana" jI nAma mAtA hai para ye dono vyAkaraNa isa samaya upalabdha nahIM haiM /

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 173 AcArya pUjyapAda devanandi ne apane zabdAnuzAsana meM nimnalikhita 6 AcAryo ke nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai 1 guNe zrIdattasyAstriyAm 1|4|34 2 kRvRSimRjA yazobhadrasya za1zaha 3 zad bhUtavale 3 / 4183 4 rAteH kRti prabhAcandrasya 4 / 3 / 187 5 vette siddhasenasya 5 / 1 / 7 6 catuSTaya samantabhadrasya |4| 140 ina nAmollekho se vidita hotA hai ki jainendra se pUrvavartI ye 6 vaiyAkaraNa the / parantu inhone kisI vyAkaraNagrantha kI racanA kI thI, usakA koI puSTa pramANa isa samaya upalabdha nahI hotA / phira bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye viziSTa vaiyAkaraNa the, jinakA vyAkaraNa ke prasAra me mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA hogA / pANini vyAkaraNa me bhI Aye hue zAkalya, gArgya, gAlava, sphoTAyana prabhRti ke sambandha me bhI bahuto kI aisI hI dhAraNAyeM haiM / jaina vyAkaraNa paramparA me agrima tathA antima kaDI ke rUpa me "bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana" kA nAma AtA hai / isake racayitA terApantha sampradAya ke muni zrI cauyamalla hai / isakI racanA bIkAnera rAjyAntargata chApara grAma me kI gaI / vikrama samvat 1988 mAgha zukta trayodazI zanivAra ko puSya nakSatra me yaha grantha pUrNa kiyA gayA, jaisA ki isame ullekha kiyA gayA hai | bhikSu zabdAnuzAsana kA parimANa isame ATha adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya me cAra caraNa hai | sUtra sakhyA kula 3751 hai / ina sUtro ke Upara AyurvedAcArya Azukavi pa0 zrI raghunandana zarmAdvArA racita vRhadvRtti hai / isame sUlo kI proDha tathA vistRta vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI yaha sUtra saMkhyA jainendra tathA zAkaTAyana ke sUtro se adhika hai / nimnalikhita tAlikA se yaha bAta spaSTa hai pANini adhyAya ATha, pAda vattIsa, kula sUtra 3682 / isame laukika aura vaidika dono prakAra ke sUtra hai / jainendra adhyAya pAca, pAda vIsa, tathA sampUrNa sUtra 2663 hai / adhyAya cAra, pAda solaha, sampUrNa mUtra 3236 haiM / zAkaTAyana zabdoM kI siddhi me pANini ke sUtro kI apekSA bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke sUtro kI adhikatA kA kAraNa isakI lAghava tathA saralIkaraNa kI prakriyA hai / mUlata vyAkaraNa ko saralatayA chAtI ko vodhagamya karAnA hI isakA uddezya hai / isaliye pANini ke adhikAza lambe sUtro ko kaI khaNDo meM vibhAjita karake choTe choTe sUtra isameM banAye gaye hai / udAharaNa ke liye pANini sUtra "ToDa miDasA minAtsyA " isa sUtra ko liyA jAya / yaha sUtra TA, Dasi Das pratyayo ke sthAna para kramaza ina,

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174 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA At aura sya Adeza karatA hai| bhikSuzabdAnugAsana me isa sUtra kI jagaha tIna sUtra hai 1 Tena 1 / 4 / 15 isase TA ke rathAna para ina Adeza hotA hai| 2 DasirAd 1 / 4 / 13 Dasi ko At kA vidhAna karatA hai| 3 Das sya 1 / 4 / 14 Das ke sthAna sya kA vidhAyaka mUtra hai| isake atirikta pANini vyAkaraNa me Aye hue katipaya vacano eva vAtiko ko bhI isame sUtra kA rUpa de diyA gayA hai / jaise -. 1 a anusvAra 111 / 11 2. a visarga 1 / 1 / 12 3 ku cu Tu tu vargA 1111 / 15 bhaTTojidIkSita kRta siddhAnta kaumudI me ina sUtro ke liye nimnalikhita vacana milate hai "a a ityaca parAvanusvAravisagA" "ku cu Tu tu pu" ityete udita" pANini paramparA me RkAra aura lakAra kI paraspara savarNa sajJA karane ke lie "RlavarNayo mitha sAvaNyaM vAcyam" aisA vAtika AtA hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me ise sUtra kA rUpa de diyA gayA hai RlavA~ vA 111116 isI prakAra "zakandhvAdiSu pararUpa vAcyam / / " "zakipAyivAdInA siddhaye uttarapadalopasyopasakhyAnam / / " ina do vAtiko ke sthAna para bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me nimnalikhita sUtra milate haiM 1 zakAdInA TeradhvAdipu 1 / 2 / 11 2 zAkapAyivAdInA madhyamapadalopazca / 3 / 1 / 110 jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki pANini ke anantara jitane vyAkaraNo ko racanA huI hai, una saba para pANini kA avikala prabhAva hai| yaha vyAkaraNa bhI usa paramparA se achUtA nahI hai, phira bhI isakI nijI vizeSatAye haiM, jinakA vivecana bA viyA nAmA ! bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me pratyAhAra sUtra ___sakSepIkaraNa vyAkaraNazAstra kI apanI vizeSatA hai| sAmabhita choTe choTe sUtro ke dvArA mahattvapUrNa tathA vistRta vyAkhyA sApekSa tathyoM kA prastutIkaraNa vyAkaraNazAstra ke atirikta anyanna kama jagaho para dekhane ko milatA hai / pratyAhAra bhI kucha isI prakAra ke kArya karate haiM / a, i, u, R, lu, e, ai, o, au ina nau akSaro ko pANini vyAkaraNa me "ac" jase choTe zabda ke dvArA kahA gayA hai|

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 175 pANini vyAkaraNa ke mUlAdhAra caudaha mAhezvara sUtra hai| inhe akSara samAmnAya, varNa samAmnAya tathA pratyAhAra sUtra ityAdi vibhinna nAmo se jAnA jAtA hai| ye caudaha sUtra isa prakAra hai aiuN / 1 / Rluk / 2 / emodd|3| aiaun / 4 / hayavaraT / / laN / 6 / abhaDAnam / 7 / jhabhana / 8 / paDhadhaS / 6 / jabagaDadaz / 10 / khaphachaThayacaTata / 11 / kapam / 12 / zapasar / 13 / hal / 14 / janendra vyAkaraNa meM pratyAhAra sUtra nahIM hai, kintu sUtrapATha me jahA~ aneka varNo kA nirdeza karanA abhISTa hai, vahIM sakSepArtha pANini anuzAsana ke pratyAhAro kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / jaise ac 111156 ik 111 / 17 yaNa 1 / 1145 hal 5 / 4 / 138 aica 1 / 1 / 15 eDa 111170 aT 5 / 4 / 137 jhara 5 / 4 / 136 ina pratyAhAro ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki ye sAre pratyAhAra pANini pratyAhAra sUtra para AdhArita hai / pratyAhAra sUtroM ke abhAva meM bhI pratyAhAra banAne ke lie "antyanetAdi" 1 / 1 / 73 yaha sUtra janendra me upalabdha hotA hai / isa sUtra ke dvArA ajAdi pratyAhAro kA nirmANa tabhI sabhava hai, jaba isa grantha me pANini sammata pratyAhAra sUna svIkRta ho| anyathA antyanetA di sUtra kA artha samajha me hI nahI aayegaa| __zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa me pratyAhAra sUna upalabdha hai| inakA mUlAdhAra bhI pANini sUna hI hai / kintu pANini sUtro me kucha varNa-viparyaya karake zAkaTAyana ne isa prakAra se pratyAhAra sUtro ko banAyA ___ a37 / / Rk / 2 / eoD / 3 / aiaun / 4 / hayavarala / / jamAnam / 6 / jabagaDadaz / 7 / jhabhacaDhadhaH / 8 / khapha70thaT / / caTatan / 10 / kapam / 11 / zapasaaa 8 ka 8 pa r / 12 / hal / 13 / bhikSazabdAnuzAsana kA apanA pratyAhAra sUtra hai| yahA~ pratyAhAra sUtra kI sakhyA teraha yA caudaha na hokara eka hI hai| anubandha rahita yaha eka pratyAhAra sUtra nimnalikhita prakAra se hai aiula-eeoau - hayavarala - aNanaDama-jhadadhaSabha - jaDadAba - khapha4thacaTatakapa-zapasa 11114 pUrvavartI vyAkaraNo me pratyAhAra sUtro ke anta me eka-eka varNa aise lage hue haiM, jinakI itsajJA kA lo5 karanA par3atA hai| bhikSuzadAnuzAsana gauravagrasta isa paddhati ko choDakara anubandha vinimukta pratyAhAra sUna svIkAra karatA hai| zAkaTAyana jahA~ lu ko anAvazyaka samajhate hai aura pratyAhArasUtro me usakA ullekha nahI karate, vahI para bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana lavarNa ko Avazyaka samajhatA hai aura pratyAhArasUtro me usakA pATha svIkAra karatA hai| zAkaTAyana ne pratyAhAra sUtro me

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176 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA unhI anuvandho ko lagAyA hai, jinakA prayoga pANini vyAkaraNa me kiyA gayA hai| itanA Avazyaka hai ki zAkaTAyana vivAda se bacanA cAhate hai| pANini ke pratyAhAra sUtro me kAra anuvandha do vAra aura AyA hai| jijJAsA svAbhAvika he ki NakAra kA anuvanvarU5 me dvirupAraNa kyo kiyA gyaa| samAvAna meM kahA gayA hai ki NakAra ke dvirupAraNa se 'vyAkhyAnato vizeSapratipati nahi mdehaadlkssnnm|" isa paribhASA kA jJApana kiyA jAtA hai| zAkaTAyana isa cakkara meM par3anA nahIM cAhate / ve eka kAra ko haTA dete hai| inhone anusvAravisargajivAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya kA pA0 ra pratyAhAra ke antargata kara diyA hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA pratyAhAra sUtra apane Dhaga kA alaga hai| isame havarNa kA dvipAdAna pANini aura zAkaTAyana kI bhaoNti nahIM kiyA gayA hai / zAkaTAyana likhate haiM "hakArasya dvirupadezo'pAdI palAdI ca mahaNArya / pANini paramparA me hakAra kA do vAra pA0 aT aura gala pratyAhAra me hakAra ke grahaNa ke liye kahA jAtA hai, jisakA phala ahNa aura adhukSat prayoga kI siddhi mAnI gaI hai| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke anusAra "avakupvanusvAra visargajihvAmUlIyopadhmAnIya rantare'pi" 2 / 2 / 70 isa sUtra se ava ke vyavadhAna me nakAra ko NakAra karake uparyukta dono / prayogo kI siddhi kara dI gaI hai| isaliye hakAra kA dvipAdAna yahA anAvazyaka samajhA gyaa| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI sarvAGgapUrNatA vyAkaraNasampradAya me zabdAnuzAsana zabda kevala sUtrapA0 ke liye AtA hai| dhAtupATha, gaNapATha, uNAdi aura liMgAnuzAsana kisI bhI vyAkaraNa kI pUrNatA ke liye Avazyaka hotA hai| sUtro ke sahita ina cAro ko milAkara paJcapAThI vyAkaraNa kahA jAtA hai| pracalita zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa me prathama adhyAya ke dvitIyapAda ke Arambha me hI zlokabaddha liMgAnuzAsana kA pATha hai| strIliMga, pulliA tathA napusakaliga ke sAre zabda 60 zloko me ullikhita hai / isa vyAkaraNa me dhAtuja rUpo kI siddhi ke liye prakriyA kI vistRta carcA hone para bhI dhAtupATha nahI dekhA jaataa| sabhavata pANini kI dhAtuo se hI tattad rUpo ko banAnA inhe abhISTa rahA ho| isaliye rUpasiddhi ke liye sUtra to banAye gaye para dhAtuo kA nirmANa alaga se nahI kiyA gyaa| isame gaNapA0 kI vistRta carcA hai| vyAkaraNa me Aye sAre gaNa ke zabdo kA pA0 grantha ke pariziSTa me diyA gayA hai| uNAdi prakaraNa ke sandarbha me zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa me kevala eka sUtra upalabdha hotA he "uNAdaya" 4 / 3 / 280 / yahA~ bahula kI anuvRtti karake "uNAdayo vahulam" aisA nirdeza mAna liyA gayA hai| isase yaha bAta nizcita ho jAtI hai ki

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayanA. 1779 pANini paramparA me pracalita uNAdi sUtro ke racayitA ye zAkaTAyana nahIM hai|' / janendravyAkaraNa me dhAtupA0 mUla anya ke pariziSTa me chapA huA hai| isame dhAtuo kI dhusajJA kI gaI hai| inakI kula saMkhyA 1458 hai| sAmAnya parivartana ke sAtha yahA~ para dhAtu ve hI hai, jo pANini vyAkaraNa me pracalita hai| abhayanandI kI mahAvRtti me jainendra gaNapA0 yathAsthAna ullikhita hai| janendra me, uNAdi ke liye eka mAtra mUtra upalabdha hai, uNAdayo bahulam 2 / 4 / 62 / isake atirikta aura koI uNAdisUna jainendravyAkaraNa kA upalabdha nahI hotaa| liMgAnuzAsana bhI janendra kA anupalabdha hI hai| inake atirikta janendra meM pANini kI anukRti ke, AdhAra para 483 pAtika tathA 67 paribhASAo kA ullekha milatA hai| jinendraH ke Upara abhayanandI kI mahAvRtti kA avalokana karane se vidita hotA hai ki abhayaH nandI kevala janendra vyAkaraNa ke jAnakAra hI nahI the apitu pANini vyAkaraNa me. unakI apratihata gati thii| pAtika tathA paribhASAo kI samAnAnukRti se yahAM bAta sampuSTa hotI hai| - 17 . isa paJcapAThI vyAkaraNa ke pariveza me "bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana" kA pAlocanA karane para vidita hotA hai ki jainendra tathA zAkaTAyana kI apekSA yaha zabdAnuzAsana katipaya apanI nijI vizeSatAeM rakhatA hai| udAharaNArtha jainendra jahA~ pratyAhArIke liye pANini ke akSarasamAnAya para avalambita hai, vahA~ bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA svaya kA pratyAhAra sUtra hai| uNAdi sUtra na to janendra me hai aura na zAkaTAyana me haiM / kintu bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me uNAdi sUtro ko cAra pAdo me vibhakta kara inakA vidhivat vivecana, kiyA gayA hai| --- ! }y fir . bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana pravezikA kAlukomadI" me 111 uNAdi sUtro kA: ullekha hai| isase saketa milatA hai ki isa zabdAnuzAsana ke aura bhI uNAdi) sUnA hai| ; - 2 . . . . , 3 2 7--173717 gaNapATha - isa zabdAnuzAsana kI mUla pANDulipi me gaNapATha, upalabdha, nahI, hai| sabhavata isakA ullekha alaga kiyA gayA ho / " - : dhAtupA0 isakA dhAtupA0 svayaM kA hai| kAlukaumudI me 833 dhAtuo kA ullekha hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki isake dhAtuo kI saMkhyA isase adhika hai| isa sambandha me bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI nimnalikhita paktiyAM dhyAtavya hai , ___ "bhikSu dhAtupATha santo'pi ye dhAtava pararapi svasvadhAtupATheSu anyayA paThitA santi, ye ca pararadhikA eka paThitAste'pi 5ra5Thitatvena vivakSitA ihocyante"-17 tAtparya yaha hai ki isa dhAtupATha me kucha dhAtu svanirmita aura kucha anya vyAkaraNa se gRhIta hai / anya vyAkaraNa se tAtparya pANini vyAkaraNa se hai| kyoki pANini ke dhAtu artha sahita yahA~ gRhIta kiye gaye hai| / kucha dhAtu jo bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke svayaM ke he

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178 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA tandrAti 1 tandrA Alasye 2. nidrA zayane nidrAti 3 kakva karkahAse kakvati markati 4 markas pRcchane prAt bAvAne nartAta isa prakAra aneka dhAtu hai, jo bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke apUrva dhAtu haiM / vidhAnuzAsana sa drAnuLAsana mULa hastaledya meM lAAnugAsana nahI haiM / kintu zlokabaddha isakA liMgAnuzAsana banA huA hai| aisA vidita huA hai / ina sabhI vAto ke atirikta yahAM kA nyAyadarpaNa eka mahattvapUrNa vastu hai / ina nyAyo ke dvArA madigdha artha ko eka nizcita rUpa diyA jAtA hai / pANini paramparA me isa prakAra ke kArya paribhASAo ke dvArA sampanna kiye gaye hai / "aniyame niyama kAriNI paribhASA" isa vyutpatti ke AdhAra para paribhASAoM se bhI ve hI kArya kiye jAte hai, jo nyAyo se kiye jAte haiM / pANini vyAkaraNa me do prakAra kI paribhASAye upalabdha hotI hai / eka to sUtra rUpa me par3hI gaI paribhApAyeM, jaise "Dako guNavRddhI" "syAne'ntaratama " ityAdi / dUsare prakAra kI paribhASAye ve haiM, jo sUtrakAra ke dvArA paDhI to nahI gaI hai, para unase abhimata hai / aisI parimApAyeM sUtro se athavA sUtroM ke azo se jJApita kI jAtI haiN| aisI paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para nirmita pANini sampradAya me parimASendrazekhara nAmaka eka viziSTa grantha hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me bhI do prakAra kI paribhApAye upalabdha hotI haiM / eka to sUtrakAra ke dvArA sUtra rUpa me paThI gaI hai, jaise "zidanekavarNa sarvasya" 84124 jo kArya zit rUpa ho yA aneka varNoM vAlA ho, vaha sampUrNa ke sthAna para hotA hai / paNThyAntyasya 8|4|123 paSThI nirdiSTa kArya antima varNa ke sthAna para hotA hai / yadyapi inhe sUtrakAra ne paribhASA nAma nahI diyA hai tathApi inake dvArA ve hI kArya hote haiM, jo paribhASAoM se kiye jAte haiM | bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me dUsare prakAra kI paribhASAo ke lie nyAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / "tha ye tu zAstre sUcitA loka prasiddhAzca nyAyAstadayaM yatna kriyate"" yadyapi nyAya zabda se "sUcIkaTAhanyAya", "kAkAkSigolakanyAya" "jala tumvikAnyAya" ityAdi lokaprasiddha nyAya gRhIta kiye jAte haiM kintu isa zabdAnuzAsana me "nIyate sadigdhAryo nirNayamebhiritinyAya " isa vyutpatti ke AdhAra para sadigdhArya kA nirNaya jisake dvArA kiyA jAya vaha nyAya kahA gayA hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me tIna prakAra ke nyAya upalabdha hote hai pANinIya sUtra yahA~ nyAya rUpa meM svIkAra hai 1 kucha

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 176 (1) svarUpa zabdasyAzabdasajJA ( 11 ) Adyantavadekasmin ( 111 ) yathAsakhyamanudeza samAnAm / 2 pANinisampradAya kI aneka upayogI paribhASAye mUlarUpa me yA rUpAntarita hokara yahA~ nyAya rUpa me svIkRta haiM (1) sannipAtalakSaNo vidhiranimitta tadvidhAtasya / ( 11 ) ekadezavikRtamananyavat / ( 111 ) upapadavibhakte kArakavibhakti valIyasI / (IV) ardhavadgrahaNe nAnarthakasya grahaNam / (v) lakSaNapratipadoktayo pratipadoktasyaiva grahaNam / 3 kucha aise nyAya bhI yahA~ svIkRta hai, jo loka siddha hai (1) dviddha subaddha bhavati / ( 11 ) yasya yenAbhisambandho dUrasyasyApi tena sa / ( 111 ) apekSAto'dhikAra / bhikSunyAyadarpaNa me kula 135 nyAya hai / ina nyAyo para zabdAnuzAsana ke zlokakAra muni cothamala kI vRhadvRtti hai, jo bahuta hI upayogI hai / isa zabdAnuzAsana ko sarvAGgasampanna banAne meM ina nyAyo kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / 4 lAghava aura saralatA bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA pradhAna lakSya hai | vyAkaraNa sambandhI sAre to lA sApovA vivezvana rane vAle phsa zabdAnuzAsana LI nikhI vizeSatAye isa prakAra hai 1 pANini zabdAnuzAsana laukika aura vaidika dono prakAra ke zabdo kA anuzAsana karatA hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke anusAra vaidika zabdoM kI siddhi tathA tatsambandhI svaravidhAna kI prakriyA mAnya nahI thI, ata yaha vaidika zabdo kA anuzAsana nahI karatA / 2pAgini sUtro para bAdhArita taiyAraLasiddhAnta laumuvI me pattiyo lI paramparA, jisake kAraNa vyAkaraNa ko kaThina mAnane kI eka dhArA cala paDI, usa paramparA ko yahA~ sthAna nahI diyA gayA hai / isakA uddezya sarala prakriyA dvArA vyAkaraNa kA jJAna karAnA hai / paktiyo kI zAstrArthI praNAlI zabda vyAkriyA se jijJAsu ko dUra kara detI hai / 3 pANini vyAkaraNa eka zeSa kA vidhivat vivecana karatA hai / janendra ne eka zepa ko Avazyaka nahI samajhA / ve likhate hai "svAbhAvikatvAdabhidhAnasyaika zepAnArabha / ' arthAt loka vyavahAra ke AdhAra para prayogo kI avadhAraNA ke kAraNa eka zepavidhAyaka sUtra Avazyaka nahI hai / yaha bAta kahA~ taka ucita hai, isa para gabhIra vicAra kI AvazyakatA hai / jainendra ke paravartI zAkaTAyana ne eka zepa

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180 . saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ko Avazyaka samajhA aura isa kArya ke liye inhone bAraha bhUtroM kA praNayana kiyaa| pANini vyAkaraNa me eka zepa ke liye nau sUtra hai| zAkaTAyana ne pANini ke vAtiko ko mUtra kA rUpa dekara yaha saMkhyA vAraha kara dI hai| bhizabdAnuzAsana eka zepa kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava karatA hai / isakA pahalA eka zepa vidhAyaka sUtra "syAnAvasaMkhyaya" 311135 hai| jamA ki pahale saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki kisI bhI vyAkaraNa kI sarvAGgapUrNatA ke liye usakA dhAtupATha, gaNapATha, liMgAnuzAsana, zikSA tathA uNAdi sUtra Avazyaka samajhe jAte hai| pANini vyAkaraNa me ye sArI vAta upalabdha haiN| iname liMgAnuzAsana, dhAtupA0 tathA gaNapA0 ke pANini kata karava me kisI kI vipratipatti nahI hai kintu pANini zikSA aura uNAdi mUtro ke sambandha me vidvAno me matabheda hai| zikSA kA pANini dvArA racita na hone kA kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki isakA pahalA zloka atha zikSA pravakSyAmi pANinIya mataM ythaa| zAstrAnupUrva tad vidhAt yathokta lokavedayo / hai / isameM pANinIya matAnusAra zikSA kA nirUpaNa karane kA kahA gayA hai / pANini svaya ke lie aisA prayoga nahIM karate / sAtha hI zikSA ke anta me do vAra pANini ko namaskAra bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo pANini ke dvArA sabhava nahI hai| isalie bahuta sabhava hai ki pANini paramparA ke kisI vidvAn ne zikSA ko pIche se isame joDa diyA hai| ___uNAdisUna jo paJcapAdo me vibhakta hai tathA jinakI saMkhyA 755 hai, ke viSaya me vidvAno me 46 / matabheda hai| pANini ne "uNAdayovalam" sUtra kA ullekha kiyA hai| janendra ne use usI prakAra uddhata kiyA hai| zAkaTAyana ne "uNAya" mUtra banAyA tathA isame vahulam kI anuvRtti svIkAra kii| ina dono vyAkaraNo me siddhAntakaumudI ke uNAdi prakaraNa ke prathama sUtra "kRvAyojima svadisAdhyazUnya uNa" sUtra ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye hai| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana uNAdi ke sambandha me janendra aura zAkaTAyana se Age hai| bhaTTIjidIkSita kI mihAnta kaumudI me jisa prakAra pUrva aura uttara kRdanta ke madhya meM NAdi prakaraNa hai, usI prakAra bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kI pravezikA "kAlu kaumudI" me pUrva aura uttara kRdanta ke madhya me zAdiprakaraNa ko rakhA gayA hai / kaumudI vAle iNAdi sUtroM meM pAMca pAda hai kintu bhizabdAnuzAsana me uNAdi ke pAra pAda hai| use dekhane se vidita hotA hai ki jisa saralIkaraNa kI paddhati kA avalamvana 1. bhikSAdAnuzAsana ke anya sUtro kI racanA huI hai, vahI paddhata mAdi munnI ke niA bhI apanAI gaI hai| do udAharaNo meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 181 yenAgavikAra ' yaha pANini sUtra hai| dIkSita ne isakI vRtti me likhA hai| "yena vikRtenAganAgino vikAro lakSyate tana tRtIyA syAt" arthAt jisa vikRta aga se agI kA vikAra parilakSita ho, usa agavAcaka zabda me tRtIyA vibhakti hotI hai| yahA aga zabda se ac pratyaya karake aga zabda banAyA gayA hai| jisakA artha hotA hai 'agI' / agam asti yasya sa..aga arthAt agI" isa prakAra kI vyutpatti ke dvArA vAJchita artha kI pratIti kI jAtI hai||, bhikssushbdaanushaas| isa prakAra ke kliSTa vyAkhyAna me na ulajhakara sIdhA sUtra banAtA hai yenAgivikAra 1 / 4 / 60 artha aura udAharaNa to vahI hai, jo dIkSita ne diye hai parAsUtrArya me vaha kAThinya nahI hai jo dIkSita ke Age hai| - / / " : . isI prakAra "candramas" zabda banAne ke lie "candra mo jit"| yaha sUna vaiyAkaraNa siddhAntakaumudI me upalabdha hotA hai| isake dvArA candrapUrvaka mA dhAtu se asi pratyaya tathA use jit kI pratijJA kI gaI hai / jit ke kAraNa dhAtu-ke AkAra kA lopa hokara "candrasas" zabda banatA hai| isa pandramasa zabda kI siddhi bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me 'candra ramas / / isa sUna se candra dhAtuHse ramas pratyaya karake kiyA gayA hai| spaSTa hai ki bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me prakriyA ko sarala karane kA prayatna jisa prakAra anya prakaraNo me kiyA gayA hai usI prakAra uNAdi sUtro ke sambandha me bhI yahA kA prayatna prazasanIya hai||, T-7. THE - bhikSuzadAnuzAsana me pANini kI gagA, kAtyAyana kI kAlindI aura patAla kI sarasvatI kA ekata darzana hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie pANinike sUtra "zilpiniSThan" 3 / 1 / 145 ko le, jo zilpavAcaka zabdo se vun pratyaya karatA hai / isa para kAtyAyana kA vAtika hai "nRtikhanijibhyAeka"1115tajali kA kahanA hai yaha vun pratyaya "nRtikhanibhyAmeva" / vun pratyaya se anubandha ko haTA kara vu ko aka karake nartaka ityAdirUpo kI siddhi-kI jAtI hai| isa prakriyA ko lAghavapUrNa banAte hue bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kahatA hai ' 'T 11 "nRtikhaniranibhya zilpinyakaTa" ' / spaSTa hai ki isa prakriyA me vu ko aka karane kI AvazyakatA nahI hai| / pANini paramparA kI vaiyAkaraNa siddhAntakaumudI ke hala sandhi prakaraNa me 38 sUtroM tathA kucha vAtiko ke dvArA jitane kArya kiye gaye hai, ve sa kArya bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana para AdhArita kAlukaumudI' ke halsandhi prakaraNa me kevala 2.3, sUtro se kara liyA gayA hai| sUtro ko kama karane kI yaha prakriyA prayogasiddhi kI sarala praNAlI para AdhArita hai| udAharaNa ke lie : utyAnam" prayoga ko liyA jA sakatA hai| -- : '.." :: ud+ sthAnam' isa sthiti me pANini ne "uda sthAstambho pUrvasya" isa sUtra dvArA sthAnam ke sakAra ke sthAna para pUrvasavarNa karake thakAra, kA vidhAna

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182 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kiyA hai| usake vAda "jharojhari savarNe" sUtra se thakAra kA lopa tathA zvari ca " sUtra se dakAra ko takAra karake "utthAnam " prayoga kI siddhi kI gaI hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana isa prayoga kI siddhi ke liye itanI lambI prakriyA kI jagaha sarala prakriyA ko apanAtA hai / usakA sUtra hai 'uda sthAstambho sa / " usake dvArA ud zabda ke Age rahane vAle sthA aura stambha ke sakAra kA lopa kara diyA jAtA hai / phalasvarUpa sakAra kA pUrvasavarNa tathA thakAra kA lopa jaisI prakriyA nahI karanI paDatI / yaha eka lAghava hai / bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke pUrvavartI jainendra ne to utthAnam kI siddhi ke liye pANini kI saraNi ko hI apanAyA / inakA sUtra "syAstambho pUrvasyoda " 5 / 4 / 135 ud se para me rahane vAle sthA aura stambha ko pUrva kA rUpa karatA hai | isase spaSTa hai ki ye pANini kI paramparA kA anusaraNa kara rahe hai / zAkaTAyana yahA~ pANini se bhinna saraNi ko apanAte hai / inhoMne "uda svAstambha 1|1|134 sUtra banAyA aura isake dvArA sthA ke sakAra kA lopa kara diyA gayA / itanA avazya hai ki sakAra ke lopa ke liye "jar" pratyAhAra kA avalamvana kiyA gayA / arthAt ud se para me rahane vAle jar aa joSa ho jAtA hai yadi usake Age bhI jara rahe to / isa prakAra sakAra kA lopa karake zACAyana ne prayiA tAdhava LA pravardhana yiA / mikSudhAvvAnuzAsane yakSA~ zAdAyana se prabhAvita hai / kintu zAkaTAyana jahA~ jar pratyAhAra ke dvArA sakAra lopa vidhAna karate hai, vahA~ bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana "uda sthAstambho sa sUtra ke dvArA sIdhe sakAra kA lopa vidhAna kara saralIkaraNa kI prakriyA ko aura Age baDhAtA hai / 1 31 pANini paramparA me jo rUpa pUrvarUpa yA pararUpa karake banAye jAte hai, bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana vahA~ lopa karake usako banAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie 33 1 rAm +am "amipUrva " sUtrase pUrvarUpa karake rAmam banA (pANini) / rAm [ am = "samAnAdama sUta am ke akAra kA lopa karake rAmam vanA, (bhikSuzabdAnu0 ) / 2 pra + ejate = "eDi pararUpam " sUtra se pararUpa karake prejate rUpa banatA hai (41 FUIFFT) 1 pra + ejate=edetorupasargasthalIpa " sUtra se upasarga ke akAra kA lopa karake prejate rUpa kI siddhi hotI hai ( bhikSu0 ) / 3. zaka | andhu =zakandhvAdipu pararUpa vAcyam isa vArtika se kakArottaravartI akAra kA pararUpa karake "zakandhu" rUpa banatA hai (pANini) / zaka + andhu = "zakAdInA TerandhAdiSu" isa sUtra se Tilopa (akAralopa) karake zakandhu vanA / ( bhikSu0 ) / guNa aura 12 vRddhi sajJAe bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me nahI hai| sAtha hI akAra ke Age jahAM R aura lR rahatA hai vahA~ kramaza guNa rUpa me ar aura al tathA vRddhirUpa me lAr aur bAt hotA hai khaile

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 183 u5+3dra = upendra (guNa) deva+aizvaryam =devazvaryam (vRddhi) kRSNa | Rddhi =kRSNA (guNa) tava | lakAra =tavalakAra (guNa) pra | Rcchati -prArchati (vRddhi) pra+lakArIyati =prAkArIyati (vRddhi) (pANini) bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me "avarNasyavadAvedodarala" 117 / 23 isa sUtra ke dvArA avarNa ke Age i, u, R aura la ke rahane para pUrva aura para ke sthAna para kramaza e, o, ar aura al Adeza hotA hai| isa paddhati se bhI uparyukta rUpo kI siddhi kI jAtI hai| itanA avazya hai ki pANini me jahA~ guNa saketa se kArya kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana vidheyo kA sAkSAt ullekha karake kArya kara rahA hai| yahAM kucha gaurava to avazya hai, para prakriyA jJAna me lAdhava bhI hai| isI prakAra vRddhi vidhAna ke dvArA pANini ne jina rUpI kI siddhi kI hai, unake lie bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me edatArat 112 / 16 odItorIt 1 / 2 / 22 avarNa ke Age e rahane para ai tathA o rahane para au hotA hai| rUpa siddhi to vahI hogI, jo pANini me huI hai kintu jaisI jaisI vRddhi karanI hogI, vaise se nAnA sUtra yahA~ vanAne pdd'eNge| yaha yahA~ kA eka gaurava hai / vRddhi kahI to pUrva para ke sthAna para hotI hai yathA "tvaissaa"| kahI Adi ac ke sthAna para hotI hai jaise sImiti / isame sandeha nahI ki aise vibhinna sthalo ke liye bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me vibhinna sUtra apekSita ho| phira bhI alaga alaga vidhiyo kA vidhAna prakriyA sAralya me upayogI to hogA hii| guNa vRddhi saMjJA na karake lakSya me sIdhe Adeza kA vidhAna janendra aura zAkaTAyana kI dena hai / janendra ne guNa karane ke liye "Adep" 4 / 3 / 75 sUtra banAyA hai| isakA artha hai 'avarNa ke Age ac rahe to eka Adeza hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa me yahA~ 'devendra ' tathA gandhodakam' ye prayoga prastuta kiye gaye hai| janendra ne ecya5 4 / 3 / 76 sUtra banAyA hai| avarNAnta se ec para me rahane para dono ke sthAna para eka aipa hotA hai| mahA +-aupacam = mahauSadham / / yaha udAharaNa rUpa me diyA gayA hai| zAkaTAyana ne bhI jainendra kI praNAlI kA anusaraNa kara guNa vidhAna ke liye ikyeDara 111182 tathA vRddhi karane ke lie 'ejUcyac // 111183 sUna

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184 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paraparA bnaayaa| isa prakAra sajJA ke binA sIdhe Adeza vidhAna kI paramparA ko bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ne apanAyA aura use aisA pariSkRta rUpa diyA, jo avyApti Adi dopo se vinirmukta hai| uparyukta vAto ke atirikta bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me lagabhaga eka sau ke karIba aise sthala haiM, jinakI tulanA pANinizabdAnuzAsana se karane para dono kI apanI 2 vizeSatA spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai| uname se kucha udAharaNa nIce prastuta hai / / / 1 / ekaditimAtrA hasvadIrtha lutA / 1 / 116 ke udAharaNa me dIrgha la kA pA0 hai / isase dIrtha la kI sattA bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me svIkRta hai| ___ bhaTTojidIkSita kI siddhAntakaumudI me "luvarNastha dvAdaza tasya dIrdhAbhAvAt" yaha pA0 dekhakara samajhA jAtA hai ki pANini paramparA me dIrgha lakAra nahIM hai| kintu vAta kucha aura hI hai / "lutila vA" isa pAtika se vidheya jo la hotA hai vahAdvimAlika arthAt dIrgha hotA hai aura isakA prayatna vivRta na hokara IparaspRSTa hotA hai| isIliye aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhiye ki pANini paramparA me dIrtha lakAra nahIM hotaa| 2RNe pravasana ka baladazAvatsaravatsatarasyAr / 1 / 2 / 14 (bhikSu0) pravatsatara kamvalavasanANadazAnAmRNe (vai0 si0 kaumudI) bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA uparyukta sUtra tathA siddhAntakaumudI kA vArtika dono ke dvArA kArya eka hI kiyA jAtA hai para bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana Ar kA vidhAna karatA hai jaba ki vAtika ke dvArA vRddhi karake Ar kiyA jAtA hai / yahA~ pANini kI apekSA vatsara zabda bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me adhika hai| isase "vatsarANam" kI siddhi hogii| 3 nemolpa prathama caramatayaDayaDarghakatipayAnA vA / / 1 / 4 / 20 (bhikSu0) prathama caramatayAlpAkatipayane bhAzca // 111133 (pANini) Fi bhikSu zabdAnuzAsana 'sUna paThita zabdo ke Age jaz vibhakti ko iz Adeza vikalpa se karatA hai aura pANini zabdAnuzAsana jaz vibhakti ke 52 me rahane para sarvanAma sajJA vikalpa se karatA hai, jisase jaz ko zI vikalpa se hotA hai / vAta eka hI hai bheda kevala prakriyA kA hai| 11 pANini sUna kI apekSA bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me ."aya" pA0 adhika hai| isaliyaniya zabda kA rUpa prathamA ke bahuvacana me naye, nayA ' bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke dvArA banegA aura pANini ke anusAra kevala 'nayA' vnegaa| kintu pANini paramparA ke vivecakokA kahanA hai ki yahA~ para "jaya" zabda me mUla pratyaya taya hai jise nibhyA tayasyAyaj vA" sUtra se ayac Adeza, kara diyA gayA hai| ata sthAnivadbhAva ke dvArA yahA~ taya5 buddhi karake vaikalpika sarvanAma sajJA ke dvArA "jaya jayA prayoga vanAne me koI vAdhA nahI hai| ::.., - :

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bhikSuzavdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 185 / ' 14. nikaSA samayAhAdhigantarAntareNa tiyena tene 2 / 4 / 46 / ', (bhikSu zabdAnuzAsana) 'abhita parita samayAnikapA hA pratiyoge'pi (pANinIya vAtika) / antarAantaraNayukta 2 / 3 / 4 (pANini )... - / - [.. - | atitikramaNeca 14 // 65 / / {} T. . . - / / uparyukta sUtra aura vAtika dvitIyA vibhakti kA vidhAna karate haiN| vivecana karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki pANini paramparA ke do sUtra aura ekAvAtika me jitane zabdo kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve sAre zabda bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke eka hI sUna me samAhita haiN| isake atirikta "yena aura tana" 'ye do58 pANiniAse yahA adhika haiN| yena tena vA pshcimaaaat|" isa prayoga me dvitIyA vidhAyaka sUtra pANini me abhita aura parita ke yoga me dvitIyA karane ke liye / / / / / sarvobhayAbhiparibhistasanta 2 / 4 / 50 yaha bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA sUtra hai|| 5 kAlabhAvAdhvadezamakarmacAkarmaNAma 2 / 4 / 17 (bhikSu zabdAnu) / akarmaka dhAtuo ke yogA rahane para kAlAdi AdhAra kI karma sajJA vikalpa se hotI hai| vikalpa se karane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki karma sajJA ke abhAva pakSa me vaha adhikaraNa sazaka ho jAtA hai| eka bAta yaha vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene kA hai ki jisa pakSa me AdhAra kI karma sAhotI hai, usI pakSa me use akarma 'sazAbhI vikalpa se kI gaI hai / , / / pANini paramparA me isa kArya ke liye nimnalikhita vAtika pAyA jAtA hai 1 akarmadhAtubhiyoga deza kAlo . bhAvo gantavyo'vA' ca karmasasaka itivAcyam / / 1. isa vAtika ke dvArA kAlAdiko kI karmasaMjJA nitya hI kI gaI hai| isaliye pANini matAnusAra mAsamArate prayoga banegA aura bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke dvArA "mAsamAste" ke sAtha mAse Aste" yaha prayoga bhI bnegaa| kintu bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me kAlAdiko kI karmasaMjJA ke sAtha "akarma" sajJA karane kA kyA phalA hai, yaha bAta anveSaNIya hai| - / / - / / . 6. avivakSita karmaNAma nin kartA jo vA 2 / 4 / 20 (bhikSu0) / / ' jina dhAtuo ke karma kI avivakSA kara dI jAtI hai, una dhAtuo kI ajit avasthA kA jo kA hotA hai, vaha jit pratyaya karane para karmasazaka vikalpa se hotA hai| udAharaNArya / 1,"peya pacati, mala prerayati "isa artha me jic pratyaya karane para pApayati" yaha kriyArUpa banatA hai| paina jo nica pratyaya se pUrva preraNAza vihInadhAtparya kA kA hai, use isa avasthA me vaikalpika karmasajJA hokara "cana catreNa vA pApayati

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186 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA maitra" yaha prayoga bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke anusAra bnegaa| pANini ne aise sthala para karmasajJA karane ke liye "gatibuddhipratyavamAnArtha zabdakarmAkarmakANAmaNikartA sa go" 114152 sUna banAyA hai| isameM akarmakapada AyA huA hai| vyAkhyAkAroM kA kahanA hai ki akarmakapada se yahA ve hI dhAtu liye jAyege, jinakA karma pahale se hI nahI hai / yadi karma ke rahate hue bhI dhAtu ko akarmaka kahanA vAJchita hai to ve karma deza, kAla, bhAvAdi se atirikta nahI hone cAhiye / karma kI avivakSA karake vAtu kI akarmakatA pANini ko vAJchita nahIM hai| isaliye pac dhAtu ke karma kI avivakSA karake nin (pANini me Nic ) pratyaya hone para zuddha dhAtu ke kartA ko kama sajJA nahIM kI jA sakatI / phalasvarUpa pANini matAnusAra uparyukta udAharaNa kA pApayati maitra patraNa" yahI rUpa hogaa| 7 bhAve vA 2 / 4 / 101 (bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana) bhAva artha me jokta pratyaya hotA hai usake kattA me 57ThI vibhakti vikalpa se hotI hai / "chAtrasya hasitam" "chAtreNa hsitm"| ___pANini me isa prakAra ke prayogo me pI karane ke liye koI sUna nahIM hai, kintu mahAbhASya me "napusake mAvaktasya yoge 570yA upasakhyAnam" yaha pAtika upalabdha hotA hai| isase nitya hI paSThI hokara "chAtasyahasitam yahI prayoga pANini me vanegA "chAtreNa hasitam" nahI bnegaa| 8 pAre madhye'gre'nta paNThayA vA 3 / 1130 (bhikSu0) __pAra madhye 500yA vA 2 / 1 / 18 (pANini ) pANini kI apekSA bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me agre aura anta zabda adhika hai| isaliye "agrevanam", "antargaGgam" ye dono prayoga bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke dvArA vneNge| pANini ke yahA~ ukta sUtra me yadyapi aMgre aura anta zabda nahIM hai tathApi vanasyAgre isa vigraha me 5SThI samAsa aura rAjadantAdi gaNapA0 ke prabhAva se agre zabda kA pUrva prayoga saptamI kA aluka aura nakAra ko pAra karake "agreSaNam" / prayoga banAyA jAtA hai| 6 mAtulAcAryopAdhyAyAd vA 2 / 3 / 56 (bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana) ina zabdo se strIliMga banAne para I5 pratyaya, Anuka kA Agama ye dono kArya hote hai| iname Anuka kA Agama vikalpa se hotA hai| isa prakAra upAdhyAyasyastrI "upAdhyAyAnI" aura "upAdhyAyI" ye do rUpa banate hai| pANini me isa sandarbha me "mAtulopAdhyAyayorAnuga vA" yaha pAtika milatA hai| isake anusAra upAdhyAya kI strI isa artha me "upAdhyAyAnI aura upAdhyAyI" ye hI rUpa yahA~ bhI banege kintu "yA tu svaya adhyApikA" isa artha kI vivakSA kara

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bhikSu zabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 187 dI jAyegI to vahAM pANini ke anusAra vaikalpika DIS hokara "upAdhyAyI aura upAdhyAyA" ye rUpa baneMge | bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me svayaM adhyApikA artha me DIpa kA vidhAna nahI hai / isaliye ukta artha me yahA~ kevala "upAdhyAyA" yaha prayoga banegA / 10. nota 4 / 1 / 12 ( bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ) ukArAnta dhAtu se vihita jo yaDa, pratyaya hotA hai, usakA lopa nahI hotA yadi ac pratyaya para me rahe / udAharaNa ke liye rorUpa, lolUpa' ityAdi prayogo ko liyA jA sakatA hai | pANini me ac pratyaya para me rahane para yaD kA lopa hotA hI hai / "nota" jaisA sUtra pANini meM nahIM hai| isaliye isa mata ke anusAra "loluva aura popuva " rUpa baneMge / 11 hitasukhAbhyAm 2 / 4 / 72 ( bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ) hita aura sukha ke yoga me caturthI vibhakti vikalpa se hotI hai | grAmasya grAmAya vA hitam / pANini me "hitayoge ca" isa vArtika se kevala hita ke yoga me caturthI vihita hai aura vaha bhI nitya hI vihita hai / sukha kA isame ullekha nahI hai | ina katipaya udAharaNo ke dvArA pANini aura bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA pArasparika mahatvapUrNa pArthakya dikhalAyA gyaa| isa prakAra ke pArthakyoM kI sakhyA bahuta hai, jinakA vivecana svayaM me eka pustaka ho sakatA hai / ata vistAra ke bhaya se isa prakaraNa ko yahI sthagita kiyA jAtA hai / bApAye tevanastrI te pAiina aSTAdhyAyI jo bAdhAra mAnA aura se paJcAdhyAyI me parivartita kara diyA / dhAtu, prAtipadika, pratyaya, samAsa aura vibhinna sajJAyeM yatkiJcit parivartana ke sAtha svIkAra kara lI gaI / jaise pANini jainendra dhotu adhikaraNa karaNa apAdAna vibhakti dhu adhikaraNa karaNa pAvAna vibhaktI isa prakAra sArI samAnatAo ke sAtha jainendra vyAkaraNa me bAdhyabAdhaka bhAva kI praNAlI bhI vahI apanAI gayI jo pANini vyAkaraNa me pracalita hai / pANini kA pUrvasAsiddham" 821 sUtra tathA tatsambaddha asiddha prakaraNa "jainendra me yayAvat svIkRta hai / vinA kisI parivartana ke pUrvatAsiddham " 5 / 3 / 27 sUtra yahA svIkAra

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188 sankRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura kAMga kI paramparA kiyA gayA hai| usake anusAra gAI cAra adhyAya ke prati DhAIpAda ke sUtro ko amida kiyA gayA hai| ___ bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana ke racayitA ke sAmane pANinIya, zAkaTAyana janendra, hama, sArasvata, kAtantra mAdi vibhinna vyAkaraNa the| ina sabo ke gabhIra manyana aura AloDana ke bAda baDI sUkSmekSikA se ina zabdAnuzAsana kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| isake pUrvavartI vyAkaraNo kI jaTilatA tayA kAThinya sAnubhUta hai| ise dUra karane paa| isameM saphala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| bAdhya vAdhaka bhAva jo vyAkaraNazAstra kA mahattvapUrNa jaga hai usakA samAveza baDI kuzalatA se nyAya ke bhItara kiyA 141 hai| yahA kA nyAya darpaNa viSayavAhulya kI dRSTi se bahuta hI vyApaka hai| isaka bItara sAre vAdhya dhamAva niyama niyamaritva' tyAddhi sAre viSayo ! ekala samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| prayogo kI siddhi me bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana zAkaTAyana ke nikaTa par3atA hai| eka udAharaNa dvArA isa bAta ko spa88 kiyA jAtA hai "yupmAkam" prayoga kI siddhi ke liye 'pANini' kA "sAma Akam" sUtra hai| yudhmada | Am" isa sthiti meM avarNa se para me na hone ke kAraNa Am pratyaya ko muTu nahI ho sktaa| yadi kahA jAya ki dekAra kI lo5 karake nAma ko avarNa se para me kiyA jA sakatA hai to yaha kahanA bhI ThIka nahIM hai kyoki Akam Adeza ke pahale anAdeza ajAdi pratyaya hone ke kAraNa dakAra kA lopa nahI ho sktaa| isaliye pANini paramparA me 'Am' ko hI 'sAm' mAna kara mAkam kara diyA jAtA haiN| isa prakAra mAkam karane kA prabhAva yaha hotA hai ki sthAnivadbhAva se mAkam ko Ama nahI mAnA gyaa| anyathA Akam me thAm buddhi karake pIche se suTa hone nA nAtA ! bata bhAvina luTo nivRtya sasunila"sA hA mayA pAni ko isa bAta kA janendra para pUrNa prabhAva hai| yahA~ mI "sAma Akam" bhUna yayAvat gRhIta hai| isa sUtra kI vRtti me abhayanandI likhate hai "bhAvina suTa bhUtavadupAdAya sAma iti nidaza kRta / Akami kRte suT nivRtyry"| isase spaSTa hai ki janendra apekSA kRta sarala avazya hai para pANini dvArA pradarzita paya hI inakA gantavya hai| zAkaTAyana ne yahA kucha navInatA avazya kI hai| yuSmAkam vanAne ke liye inakA sUtra hai "yuSmadasmadbhyAmAkam" 112 / 177 / isa sUtra se yuSmad ke Age rahane vAle 'sAm' ko sIdhe 'sAkam' mAdeza kara diyA gayA hai / Akam adiza karane ke bAda "do luka" 1 / 2 / 181 sUtra se dakAra kA lopa ho jAne para "sAmAma" 1 / 2 / 176 mUna se mAkam ko Ama samajhakara sAm Adeza kyo nahI hotA / isakA uttara zAkaTAyana ke yahA anvepaNIya hai| - kAm no lAva ne ja preraNA fmajUzabdAnuzAsana bAdAyana se minI hai| isakA mUtra "Ama mAkam" 211153 hai| isase Akama karane ke uparAnta yA

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana-kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 186 pahale 'yuSmadasyadorlopa syAdI" 2 / 1141 sUtra se dakAra kA lopa ho jAne para "avarNasyAma suT" 1 / 3 / 23 sUna se suT kyo nahI hotA yaha prazna yahA bhI samAdhAna kI apekSA rakhatA hai| kintu itanA avazya hai ki pANini ke bAda saralIkaraNa kI prakriyA jo vyAkaraNa ke navanirmAtAoM ke dvArA apanAyI gaI thI, usakI carama aura vikasita pariNati 'bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana' me dekhane ko milatI hai| "pANini jahA~ "TADa siDa sAminAsthA' sUtra se 'TA, si, usa ko kramaza ina, At aura sya Adeza karate hai, aura zAkaTAyana "Da sAsyessyenAdyam" 1 / 2 / 165 se vahI kArya karate hai vahA~ bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana me ) 1 Tena 1 / 4 / 15 TA ko inAdeza+rAmeNa jinena ityAdi udAharaNa / 2 Derya 114116 De0 ko yAdeza -jinAya devAya ityAdi udaahrnn| / ". 3 Dasizad 1 / 4 / 13 Dasi ko At-devAt ityAdi udAharaNa / / 4 usasya 1 / 4 / 14 usa ko stha- devasya, jinasya ityAdi udAharaNa / isa prakAra ke sUtra nirmANa dvArA prakriyA ko atyanta sarala eva subodha banAyA gayA hai| vyAkaraNazAstra ke jijJAsu ke liye nizcaya hI yaha praNAlI sarvAdhika upAdeyaM siddha ho sakatI hai| ____ isa nivandha me uNAdi sUna bhI bahucarcita hai, isaliye inake Upara thoDA vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta ho rahA hai| / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI me "uNAdayo bahulam' sUtra AtA hai| isI prakAra kA sUna janendra aura zAkaTAyana ne bhI svIkRta kiyA hai| bhaTTojidIkSita kI vaiyAkaraNa siddhAnta kaumudI me uNAdi pAca pAdo me vibhakta hai| jainendra aura zAkaTAyana meM kevala eka eka sUtra haiM / bhikSu zabdAnuzAsana me uNAdi cArapAdo me vibhakta hai tathA isame saikaDoM sUtra hai| prazna hotA hai ki ye uNAdi sUna sarvaprathama kisake dvArA banAye gye| isa para kucha vidvAno kI rAyA hai ki uNAdi sUtra zAkaTAyana ke banAye hue hai| kintu isa sambandha me vizeSa dhyAtavya hai ki jana sampradAya ke AcArya zAkaTAyana kA sambandha ina uNAdi sUtro se nahIM haiN| isake nimnalikhita kAraNa haiM 1 ye prasiddha janAcArya zAkaTAyana kevala laukika zabdo kA apAkhyAna karate hai / vaidika zabdo kA anvAkhyAna inhe abhipreta nahI thaa| isIliye vaidika zabdo me abhISTasvarI kI siddhi ke liye pANini ne jo 'anuvandha pratyayo tathA Agamo me lagAyA hai isa zAkaTAyana ne una sabhI anubandho kA parityAga kara diyA hai| udAharaNa ke liye strI pratyaya me DIpa aura DI kA bheda pANini ne kevala svara siddhi ke liye hI kiyA hai| zAkaTAyana ne dono pratyayo ke liye kevala DI pratyaya kA hI ullekha kiyA hai|

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 2 pANini divAdibhyazyan karate he aura zAkaTAyana yahA~ para kevala zya kA vidhAna anuvandha vinirmukta kA kara rahe hai / 3 pANini jahA~ ciN pratyaya karate haiM, vahA~ zAkaTAyana ji pratyaya karate haiM / 4 aNu zabda kI siddhi ke liye "dhAnye nit" yaha sUtra hai / yahA~ nit karaNa kevala svara ke vidhAna ke liye hai / 160 5 zAkaTAyana ne samprasAraNa sajJA nahI kI hai kintu uNAdi sUtra me samprasAraNa sajJA kI gaI hai jaise "ruhe vRddhieca, "spande samprasAraNa dhazca" sindhu / 6 zAkaTAyana ne TisajJA nahI kI hai kintu uNAdi me TisanA kA ullekha AtA hai / yathA "mRjeSTilopazca" malam / 7 pit pratyaya kA pitva prayukta DIp karanA zAkaTAyana meM nahI dekhA jAtA kintu uNAdi me "kRzavRJcatibhya varac" pratyaya karake DIp kI sabhAvanA spaSTa kI gaI hai / isake atirikta yaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene kI hai ki yadi jainAcArya zAkaTAyana uNAdisUtro ke racayitA hote to apane vyAkaraNa me kevala mAtra eka sUtra 'uNAdaya kA ullekha kyoM karate ? isake atirikta eka mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha bhI hai ki pANiti sUtra "apnRn tRcsvasRnaptR" ityAdi me paThita naptR Adi ke grahaNa se yaha jJApana kiyA jAtA hai uNAdi niSpanna tRn tRc pratyayAnta zabdoM kI upadhA ko dIrgha ho to kevala naptR Adi zabdoM kI upadhA ko ho, anya kI upadhA ko na ho / uNAdi sUtra "naptRneSTRtvaSTR ityAdi" (252) se naptR Adi zabdoM kI siddhi kI jAtI hai / vi aa jI navamI yA vazamI zatAbvI me hone vAle zALaTAyana hAvi sUtro ke racayitA hote to pANini ke sUtra ghaTaka zabda apanI uNAdi niSpannatA ke AdhAra para jJApana kisa prakAra karate ? kyA paravartI sUtro ko dhyAnastha karake pANini ne sUtro kA nirmANa kiyA thA ? saniye prajita zACAyana vyAraNa pANini pUrvavartI zACAyana vI ratnanA hai aura ve hI uNAdi sUtro ke racayitA haiM 'yaha bAta buddhigamya nahIM hotI / pUrvapradarzita anuvandha sambandhI sAta binduo ke AdhAra para yaha nizcaya kiyA jA cukA hai ki pracalita zAkaTayana vyAkaraNa kA uNAdi sUtro se koI sambandha nahI hai / siddhAntakaumudI bAlamanoramA TIkAkAra vAsudeva dIkSita kA kahanA hai ki uNAdisUtra zAkaTAyana praNIta hai na ki pANini praNIta / "uNAdayo bahulam" isa sunna ke bhAsya ma kahA gayA hai "nAma ca dhAtujamAha nirukte vyAkaraNe zakaTasya ca tokam" arthAt niruktakAra aura zAkaTAyana ne kahA hai ki sAre zabda dhAtu se hI vanate haiM / yahA~ zAkaTAyana kA nAmollekha tathA unake dvArA sAre zabdo ko dhAtuja kahane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki uNAdi sUtra zAkaTAyana praNIta hai / uNAdi sUtro kA ,

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bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 161 praNayana pANini ke dvArA na hokara zAkaTAyana ke dvArA hone kA eka pramukha kAraNa "vAyu" zabda kI niSpatti bhI hai| "ajeyaM dhatrayo" isa sUtra ke bhASya me "aj" dhAtu se yu pratyaya karake prakRti ko vI bhAva nipAtana ke dvArA vAyu zabda ko siddha kiyA gayA hai| yadi uNAdi sUtra pANinikRta hote to uNAdi ke pahale sUtra "kRvAyA jimisvAdisAdhyazUbhya uN" ke dvArA vAtIti vAyu isa vigraha me vA dhAtu se uNa pratyaya aura yugAgama ke dvArA vAyu zabda banAyA gayA hotaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki pANini pUrvavartI koI zAkaTAyana nAmaka Rpi ho cuke hai, jinhone na kevala uNAdi sUtra hI banAye kintu unakA koI svatantra vyAkaraNa anya bhI rahA hogA, jo Aja anupalabdha hai| pANini ne apane aNTAdhyAyI me zAkaTAyana kA smaraNa baDe sammAna ke sAtha kiyA hai "laDa shaakttaaynsy"| bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana jisa saralIkaraNa kI prakriyA ko lakSya karake pravRtta huA hai, usame ise pUrNa saphalatA milI hai| isakI isa pravRtti se uNAdi sUtra achUte nahI hai palerAza 3134 = palAza kalermaSa 3 / 63 kalamapam samekhi 31124 = sakhA sArerathi 3 / 166 = sArathi aterithi 3 / 172 = atithi taDerAga 1197 = taDAga kamarelaka 1166 = kramelaka ina katipaya udAharaNo se spaSTa hai ki bhi kSuzabdAnuzAsana ANAdika vicAra me janendra aura zAkaTAyana se bahuta Age hai| sUtro ke paDhate hI artha kI abhivyakti aura prayogo para unakA tAtkAlika prabhAva yaha isa zabdAnuzAsana kI anupama dena ina sAre vivecano se siddha hotA hai ki bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana eka sarvAGgasampanna dhyAkaraNa hai| isame nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga, nipAta tathA sandhiyo kA proDa kintu sarala praNAlI se vivecana kiyA gayA hai / navIna sUtro kI racanA, dhAtuo kI nayI parikalpanA tayA unake arthoM kI vyavahAropayogitA ye sArI cIje isake racayitA kI apUrva pratibhA ko abhivyajana karatI hai| yaha zabdAnuzAsana prakAzita hokara saMskRta pADmaya ko gauravAnvita karegA aura isakI upayogitA nivicikitsa hogii| sadarbha 1 dekhiye bhikSuzabdAnuzAsana kA nyAyadarpaNa

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa DaoN0 prema sumana jaina prAcIna samaya se hI bhArata meM ziSTa aura jana-sAmAnya kI bhASA kA samAnAntara prayoga hotA rahA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya bhI yahI sthiti thii| ina dono mahApuruSo ne bhApA kI isI mahattA ko samajhate hue janabhApA ko hI apane upadezo kA mAdhyama banAyA thaa| tatkAlIna vaha janabhASA itihAsa me mAgadhI (pAli) va ardhamAgadhI (prAkRta) ke nAma se jAnI gayI hai| prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha bhAratIya Arya zAkhA parivAra se hai| ata prAkRta kA vikAsa bhI bhAratIya Arya bhApA ke sAtha sAtha huA hai| prAkRta bhASA vaidika yuga me bhI loka bhASAo kA astitva thaa| bhASAvido ne unheM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai (1) udIcya yA uttarIya vibhASA (2) madhyadezIya vibhApA tathA (3) prAcyA yA pUrvIya vibhaassaa| iname se prAcyA dezya bhASA una logo ke dvArA prayukta hotI thI jo vaidika saMskRti se bhinna vicAra vAle the| vaidika sAhitya me chAndasa bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| ata chAndasa bhASA se jo bhASA vikasita huI use saskRta yA laukika saskRta ke nAma se jAnA gayA tathA prAcyA vibhApA se jI bhASA vikasita huI use bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya me mAgadhI ke nAma se jAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vikAsa kI dRSTi se prAkRta aura saMskRta dono sahodarA hai / janabhASA se dono udbhUta hai| kramaza ina bhASAo kA sAhitya dhArmika eva vidyA kI dRSTi se bhinna hotA gayA ata inake svarUpa me bhI spaSTa bheda ho gye| saskRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamo se zAsita ho jAne se nizcita svarUpa ko prApta ho gayI tathA usakA saskRta' nAma rUDha ho gyaa| yaha devabhASA ho gyii| jabaki prAkRta me nirantara lokabhApA ke zabdo kA samAveza hotA rahatA thaa| ata yaha rahI to prAkRta, kintu nAma naye-naye dhAraNa karatI rhii| mAgadhI,

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194 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, apabhraza Adi nAma prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa ke paricAyaka hai| prAkRta bhASA ke aneka tatva vaidika maskRta meM upalabdha hote hai| laukika saskRta bhI yatra-tanna usase prabhAvita hai| usI prakAra prAkRta me bhI saskRta bhASA ke do ko tatsama aura tadbhava 5 me grahaNa kiyA hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne 34 prakAra ke zabdo kA zAmana kiyA hai| prAkRta me kucha aise zabdo kA bhI prayoga huA hai, jinakA artha 98 ho gayA hai tathA jinakI koI vyutpatti nahIM ho sktii| aise 505 dezya yA dezI kahe gaye hai, jo janasAdhAraNa kI volacAla kI bhASA me sammilita hote rahate hai| isa taraha prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa prastuta karanA utanA sarala nahI thA, jitanA maskRta kaa| ata saMskRta ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA prArambha kiyA gayA hai| ___prAkRta bhApA ke vaiyAkaraNo ne isa bhApA kI prakRti saskRta ko mAnA tathA usase utpanna hone vAlI bhASA ko unhone prAkRta kahA hai 'prakRti maskRtam tatrabhava prAkRta ucyate' ityAdi / saMskRta ke kucha alakAriko ne bhI yahI mata pragaTa kiyA hai| kintu ina sabane 'prakRti' kA artha maskRta bhASA karake bhrAnti kI hai| prAkRta ko 'prakRti' zabda se utpanna mAnanA aura use saMskRta se joDanA ThIka nahIM hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sahI nahIM hai| isa viSaya para paryApta likhA jA cukA hai| mata avavidvAn isa mata se sahamata hone lage haiM ki prAkRta svatantra rUpa se vikasita bhASA hai, saskRta kA vigaDA huA rUpa nhii| prAcIna granyo me prAkRta (pAiya, pAgaya) zabda kA kaI vAra prayoga huA hai| kintu rudrakRta kAvyAlakAra ke TIkAkAra nami sAdhu ne prAkRta zabda ko sundara aura saTIka vyAkhyA kI hai| unake anusAra 'prAkRta' zabda kA artha hai vyAkaraNa Adi saskAroM se rahita logo kA svAbhAvika vacana-vyApAra / usase utpanna athavA vahI vacana-vyApAra prAkRta hai| 'prAk + kRta' pada se prAkRta zabda vanA hai, jisakA artha hai pahale kiyA gyaa| jana dharma ke dvAdazAga grantho me gyAraha aga anya pahale kiye gaye haiM ata unakI bhASA prAkRta hai| yaha bhApA vAlaka, mahilA Adi sabhI ko suvoca hai| isI prAkRta ke deza bheda eva kramaza maskArita hone se avAntara vibheda hue hai| prAkRta vayAkaraNo ne vibhinna prakAra kI prAkRto kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| kintu sAmAnya rUpa se prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti karate samaya 'prakRtyA svabhAvena siddha prAkRtam' athavA 'prakRtInA sAdhAraNa janAnAmida prAkRtam' arya ko svIkAra karanI caahie| isa taraha jana-sAmAnya kI svAbhAvika bhApA prAkRta hai| prAkRta bhASA me kevala janAgama hI nahIM likhe gaye, apitu IsA kI prathama tAbdI me svatantra kAvya granyo kI racanA bhI prAkRta me hone lagI thii| Agamo kI bhApA jahA ardhamAgadhI hai, vahA digambara Agama zaurasenI prAkRta me likhe gaye

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 165 haiN| gAhAsattasaI, taragavatI, 57macariya, pasudeva hiNDI Adi prAcIna kAvyo kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai / guNADhya kI bRhatkathA paizAcI me nivaddha thii| isa taraha IsA kI tRtIya zatAbdI taka prAkRta bhASA ke kaI rUpa pracalita the| uname kucha sAmAnya niyama bhI vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se nizcita ho cuke the, jaisA ki ina granyo kI bhASA ko dekhane se patA calatA hai| bhale hI likhita rUpa me prAkRta kA koI vyAkaraNa grantha usa samaya pracalita na rahA ho, kintu sAmAnya vyAkaraNazAstra ke anusAra vibhinna prAkRta anuzAsita hokara sAhitya meM prayukta hotI rahI hogii| yadyapi kucha apavAda bhI upalabdha hote hai, jo prAkRta ke loka bhASA hone ke kAraNa haiN| sabhavata lokabhApA kI vizruti ke kAraNa hI bahuta samaya taka prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa likhane kI AvazyakatA anubhava na kI gayI hogii| kintu IsA kI dvitIya yA tRtIya zatAbdI taka prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa avazya astitva meM A gayA hogA / anyathA isa samaya ke prAkRta sAhitya kI bhApA itanI vyavasthita na hotii| prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke siddhAnta prAkRta ke jitane vyAkaraNa Aja upalabdha hai ve saba saskRta me likhe gaye haiN| ho sakatA hai ki prArambha me koI vyAkaraNa prAkRta bhASA me bhI likhA gayA ho, kintu Aja upalabdha nahI hai / Agama grantho me avazya prAkRta bhASA me vyAkaraNa ke kucha niyamo kA ullekha hai| kula sandarbha isa prakAra hai AcArAgasUtra me ekavacana, dvivacana eva bahuvacana, strIliMga, pulliga eka napusakaliMga tathA vartamAnakAla, bhUtakAla eva bhaviSyatkAla ke vacano kA ullekha hai| yathA ___ samiyAe sajae bhAsa mAsejjA, ta jahA egavayaNa, duvayaNa, bahukyaNa, itthIvayaNa, purisavayaNa, NapusAvayaNa aNAgayayaNa, paccakkhavayaNa, parokkhavayaNa // AdhAracUlA, 4 1 sUtra 3 syAnAgasUtra me ATha kArako kA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa hai / yathA aTuvidhA vayaNavibhattI paNNatA, ta jahA Niddese paDhamA hotI, vitiyA uyaesaNe / tatiyA karaNami kattA, caunthI sapadAvaNe // 1 // patramI vAvALe, chaThThI sastAmavALe ! sattamI saNNihoNatthe, aTThamI AmataNI bhave / / 2 / / tattha paDhamA vibhattI, Nise-so imo aha vatti / vittiyA uNa uvaese bhaNa kuNa va ima va ta vatti / / 3 / /

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saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA tatiyA karaNammi kyANIta va kata teNa va bhae vA / hadi Namo sAhAe, havati catthI padANami ||4|| lavaze vimu tatto, ttotti vadhattamI mantrAvALuM | chuTTI tasma imamsa va gatassa vA sAmi mavadhe ||5|| havaDa puNa mattamI tamimammi AhArakAla bhAve ya / AmataNI bhave aTTamI u jaha hai juvANa / ti // 6 // sthAnAgamUrva, aSTama sthAna, sUtra 24 isa prakAra isame batAyA gayA hai ki nirdeza me prathamA vibhakti hotI hai / yathA - so, imo, aha Adi / upadeza me dvitIyA vibhakti hotI hai / yayA ta Adi / karaNa me tRtIyA hotI hai / yathA - teNa NIta, mae kata Adi / sampradAna me caturthI vibhakti aura apAdAna me pacamI hotI hai | svAmitva bhAva athavA sambandha me paNThI hotI hai / jaise tassa, imassa Adi / adhikaraNa me saptamI aura AmantraNa sambodhana me AThavA kAraka hotA hai / yathA he juvANa | Adi / isake atirikta anuyogadvArasUtra me zabdAnuzAsana sambandhI paryApta vivecana huA hai / samasta zabdarAzi ko nAmika, nepAtika, AkhyAtika, opasargika aura mizra ke antargata vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / " nAma zabdoM kI cAra prakAra kI nippatti hotI hai Agama, lopa, prakRtibhAva eva vikAra / ina cAroM ke udAharaNa svarUpa prAkRta zabda diye gaye haiM / 166 ima, pado ko tIna liMgo me vibhakta kiyA gayA hai tathA akArAnta, ikArAnta, ukArAnta aura okArAnta zabdo ko pulliMga kahA gayA hai / strIliMga zabda jokArAnta se rahita hote hai / tathA napusakaliMga me akArAnta aura ukArAnta zabdo ke udAharaNa diye gaye hai / yayA ta puNaNAma tivihi itthI purisa Napusaga ceva / eesi tinha pi atambhi a paruvaNa voccha // 1 // tatva risasta mrutAbA 3 bo hetti pattAri / te ceva ityiAo havati oMkAra parihINA // 2 // atima iti uti atAu Napusagassa voddhavvA / etesi tiSha pi a vocchAmi nidasaNe etto // 3 // AgArato rAyA ImArato giri a siharI a / ugArato viNhU dumo a atAu purisANa ||4|| AgAratA mAlA ImAratA sirI a lacchI a / UgAratA janU bahU a atAra ityINa // 5 //

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prAkRta vyApAraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 167 akarata dhanna ikarata napusaga 'asthi ' / ukArata pIlu mahu ca atA pusANa / / 6 / / ___ aNuogadArasutta (vyAvarasaskaraNa), sUtra 123 samAsa, taddhita, dhAtu aura nirukta kA vivecana bhI isa grantha me hai| samAsa ke sAta bheda batalAye gaye hai| yathA - dade a bahubbIhi kAmadhAraya digu a / tatpurisa avvaibhAve ekaka sese a sattame // 1 // dvanda, bahuvrIhi, karmadhAraya, dvigu, tatpuruSa, karmadhAraya aura ekazeSa ye sAta samAsa haiN| inameM pratyeka ke udAharaNa bhI isa grantha me diye gaye hai| taddhita ke ATha bheda batalAe gaye hai', yathA karmanAma, zilpa, siloka, sayoga, samIpa, samUha, IzvarIya evaM apatya nAma kamme sippasilAe sajoga samIavo a sjuuho| issaria avacceNa ya taddhitaNAma tu aTTaviha // isI grantha me ATho vibhaktiyo kA ullekha hai tathA kisa-kisa arya me ye vibhaktiyA hotI hai isakA bhI sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isa taraha anya Agama grantho va unakI TIkAo me zabdAnuzAsana sambandhI kucha sAmagrI upalabdha ho sakatI hai| yaha isa vAta kI dyotaka hai ki prAkRta bhASA ke sAhityakAra bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamo se paricita the tathA unakA prayoga apane grantho kI bhASA meM karate the| isase eka yaha bhI sabhAvanA hotI hai ki prAcIna samaya me prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa avazya likhA gayA hogA, jisakI paramparA me prasiddhi thI, kintu Aja vaha upalabdha nahI hai|| anupalabdha prAkRta vyAkaraNa prAkRta vyAkaraNa zAstra ke itihAsa meM aise kaI vaiyAkaraNo aura unake grantho kA ullekha milatA hai, jo Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| unakA yahA vivaraNa de denA Avazyaka hai, kyoki patA nahI kava zAstra bhaNDAro se unake vyAkaraNa grantha prApta ho jaay| aindra-vyAkaraNa jaina grantho me paramparAgata se yaha ullekha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne indra ke lie eka zabdAnuzAsana kahA thA, use upAdhyAya (lekhAcArya) ne sunakara loka me aindra nAma se pragaTa kiyA

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168 manta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI / mparA sa+ko atasmamapakha bhagavata AgaNe nimittaa| mahassa lkh|| pucche vAgaraNa avayavA ida / / hAribhadrIya yAvazyakavRtti, bhAga 1, pR0 182 ima 79kha se itanA to jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM koI vyAkaraNaanya avaya thA, jisame masta ke atirikta ho sakatA hai ki prAkRta kA bhI anuzAsana sammilita rahA ho| usa aindra vyAkaraNa' kA anyaparavartI lekhako ne bhI ullekha kiyA hai| kintu mUla rU5 me yaha vyAkaraNa abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai| DA0 e0 sI0 barnala ne isa granya viSayaka paryApta zodha kI hai| sahapAhuNa Avazyaka cUNi, anuyogahAracUNi eka si senagaNikRta tatvArthabhUna-mApyaTIkA (pR 50) me sahapAhuNa' grantha kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha anya kisa bhASA me thA tathA usame saMskRta athavA prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA kyA svarUpa varNita thA, isakA kucha saketa nahIM miltaa| kintu yaha vyAkaraNa kA hI grantha rahA hogaa| kyoki siddhasenagaNi ne kahA hai ki pUrvo me jo zabdaprAmRta' hai, usame se vyAkaraNa kA udbhava huA hai / samantabhadra-vyAkaraNa devanadi pUjyapAdakRta jainendra vyAkaraNa me samantabhadra ke kimI vyAkaraNa anya kA ullekha hai / DA0 hIrAlAla jaina kA mata hai ki mabhavata isa grantha me saskRta va prAkRta dono bhApAo kA vyAkaraNa rahA hogaa| kintu yaha granya abhI upalabdha nahI hai| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne isa granya ke sambandha me aneka tathyoM ko sakalita kara una para vicAra kiyA hai tathA isa anya ke astitva kI sabhAvanA vyakta kI hai| padyAtmaka prAkRta vyAkaraNa dhavalA TIkAkAra vIrasena ne kisI ajAnakAtaka padyAtmaka vyAkaraNa ke sUtro kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu yaha vyAkaraNa abhI taka anupalavya hai / isa vyAkaraNa ke sambandha me anya sUcanAeM dete hue DA0 jaina ne isakA racanAkAla 8vI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| pANini kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa . kedArabhaTTa ne 'kavikapA me aura malayagiri ne bhI batAyA hai ki pANini ne 'prAkRta lakSaNa' nAmaka grantha likhA thaa| DA0 pizala kA kathana hai ki pANini

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 166 prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa para bhI bahuta kucha likha sakatA thaa| sambhavata usane apane saskRta vyAkaraNa ke pariziSTa ke rUpa me prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhA ho| kintu pANini kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa na to milatA hai, na usake uddharaNa hI kahI pAye jAte haiM / 14 kintu pANini ke saskRta vyAkaraNa me hI kaI prAkRta dhAtuo kA ullekha hai 15 aura pANini ke samaya me prAkRta kA prayoga bhI hone lagA thA ata pANini ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke upalabdha hone kI abhI bhI sabhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai| svayambhU-vyAkaraNa apabhraza ke prasiddha eka prAcIna kavi svayambhU kI anupalabdha racanAo me eka svayambhU vyAkaraNa bhI hai| isa grantha ke sambandha me kahA gayA hai ki apabhra za kA masta gaja tabhI taka svacchanda ghUmatA hai jaba taka svayambhU kA vyAkaraNa rUpI akuza use nahI lgaa| yadyapi isa ullekha me svayambhU vyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu spaSTa nahI hotI, kintu vaha mahatvapUrNa vyAkaraNa rahA hogaa| prAkRta aura apabhra za ke sadhikAla kA yaha vyAkaraNa hone se usase prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa para bhI prakAza paDa sakatA hai| kintu abhI taka yaha svayambhU-vyAkaraNa upalabdha nahI huA hai| anya prAkRta vyAkaraNa janapranthAvali (pR0 307) 52 ullekha hai ki devasundarasUri ne 'prAkRtayukti' nAma kA vyAkaraNa likhA thaa| abhI yaha upalabdha nahI huA / haimazabdAnuzAsana ke AThave adhyAya para 1500 zloka-pramANa 'hemadIpikA' athavA 'prAkRtavRttidIpikA' kI racanA dvitIya haribhadra ne kI hai| kintu yaha anupalabdha hai|" pizala dvArA sampAdita zAkuntalam kI candrazekharavRtta TIkA me 'prAkRta sAhitya ratnAkara' nAmaka grantha kA ullekha hai, yaha bhI Aja taka anupalabdha hai / 'prAkRta kaumudI' nAmaka grantha kI bhI upalabdhi abhI nahIM huI hai, jisakA ullekha pizala ne kiyA hai| abhI jaise-jaise jaina sAhitya prakAza me AyegA yaha sUcI aura ghaTa-baDha sakatI hai / prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa eva unake grantha upalabdha prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha sabhI saskRta me likhe gaye hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo eva unake grantho kA paricaya DA0 pizala ne apane grantha me diyA hai| DolpI nitti ne apanI jarmana pustaka 'le grAmariyA prAkRta' (prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNa) me AlocanAtmaka zailI meM prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNo para vicAra kiyA hai| idhara prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke bahuta se grantha chapakara prakAza me bhI Aye hai| unake sampAdako ne bhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo para kucha prakAza DAlA hai| isa saba sAmagrI ke AdhAra para

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200 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa ora koNa kI paramparA prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo eva unake upalabdha prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kA paricayAtmaka mUlyAkana yahA prastuta hai, jisame granthakAra kA paricaya, granya kI viSayavastu, vaiziSTaya eva prakAzana sambandhI jAnakArI ko pramukhatA dI gayI hai| AcArya bharata ___prAkRta bhASA ke sambandha me jina maskRta AcAryoM ne apane mata prakaTa kiye hai, iname bharata sarva prathama hai / prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa mArkaNDeya ne apane prAkRta-sarvasva' ke prArambha me anya prAcIna prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ke mAya marata ko smaraNa kiyA hai|" bharata kA koI alaga prAkRta vyAkaraNa nahI milatA hai / bharatanATyazAstra ke 17ve adhyAya me 6 se 23 5loko me prAkRta vyAkaraNa para kucha kahA gayA hai| isake atirikta 32ve adhyAya me prAkRta ke bahuta se udAharaNa upalabdha hai, kintu sroto kA patA nahIM calatA hai| DaoN0 pI0 ela0 vaidya ne trivikrama ke prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana samkaraNa ke 17veM pariziSTa meM bhArata ke loko ko sazodhita 65 me prakAzita kiyA hai, jinameM prAkRta ke kucha niyama vaNita hai / DA0 vaidya ne una niyamo ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai / bharata ne kahA hai ki prAkRta me kauna se svara eka kitane vyAjana nahI pAye jAte / kucha vyajano kA lopa hokara unake kavala svara vacate hai| kha, gha, tha, dha eva bha kA parivartana ha me ho jAtA hai / yathA paccati kagatadayavA lopa, atya ca se vahati sraa| khayadhabhA uNa hatta uti attha amucatA / / 8 / / prAkRta kI sAmAnya pravRtti kA bharata ne saketa kiyA hai ki zakAra kA sakAra eka nakAra kA sarvatra NakAra hotA hai / yathA -vipa-visa, zaGkA sakA Adi / isI taraha Ta = Da, = Dha, pa=va, Da =la, ca =ya, ya= dha, pa=pha Adi parivartano ke sambandha me saketa karate hue bharata ne unake udAharaNa bhI diye haiM tathA zloka 18 se 24 taka meM unhoMne sayukta varNo ke parivartano ko sodAharaNa sUcita kiyA hai aura anta me kaha diyA hai ki prAkRta ke ye kucha sAmAnya lakSaNa maiMne kahe haiN| vAkI prasiddha hI hai, jinhe vidvAno ko prayoga dvArA jAnanA cAhie evametanmayA prokta kiMcitprAkRtalakSaNam / zeSa dezIprasiddha ca jJeya viprA prayogatA / / prAkRta vyAkaraNa sambandhI bharata kA yaha zabdAnuzAsana yadyapi sakSipta hai, kintu, mahatvapUrNa isa dRSTi se hai ki bhArata ke samaya me bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gayI thii| ho sakatA hai, usa samaya prAkRta kA koI prasiddha vyAkaraNa rahA ho ata bharata ne kevala sAmAnya niyamo kA hI saketa karanA Avazyaka samajhA hai / isI 17ve adhyAya ke 56-63 zloko me bharata ne kucha dezI

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prakRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 201 bhASAo kI vizeSatAe kahI hai, jo apabhra za vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| paizAcI aura zaurasenI kI vizepatAe bhI usame igita hotI hai / caNDa prAkRtalakSaNa prAkRta ke upalabdha vyAkaraNo me caDakRta prAkRtalakSaNa sarvaprAcIna siddha hotA hai| bhUmikA Adi ke sAtha DA0 rUDolpha hoenale ne san 1880 me biblioyikA iDikA me kalakattA se ise prakAzita kiyA thaa|23 san 1926 me satyavijaya jaina granthamAlA kI ora se yaha ahamadAbAda se bhI prakAzita huA hai / isake pahale 1623 me bhI devakIkAnta ne isako kalakattA se prakAzita kiyA thaa| grantha ke prArambha me vIra (mahAvIra) ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai tathA vRtti ke udAharaNo me arhanta (sU0 46 va 24) eva jinavara (sUtra 48) kA ullekha hai| isase yaha jainakRti siddha hotI hai| granthakAra ne vRddhamata ke AdhAra para isa grantha ke nirmANa kI sUcanA dI hai, jisakA artha yaha pratIta hotA hai ki caNDa ke sammukha koI prAkRta vyAkaraNa athavA vyAkaraNAtmaka matamatAntara the / yadyapi isa granya me racanA kAla sambandhI koI rAketa nahI hai, tathApi anta sAkSya ke AdhAra para DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne use ImA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA svIkAra kiyA hai / 24 prAkRta lakSaNa me cAra pAda pAye jAte haiN| grantha ke prArambha me caDa ne prAkRta zabdo ke tIna rUpo tadbhava, tatsama eva dezya-ko sUcita kiyA hai tathA saskRtavat tIno liMgo aura vibhaktiyo kA vidhAna kiyA hai / tadanantara cauthe sUtra me vyatyaya kA nirdeza karake prathamapAda ke 5ve mUtra se 35 sUtro taka sajJAo aura sarvanAmo ke vibhakti rUpo ko batAyA gayA hai| dvitIya pAda ke 26 sUtro me svara parivartana, zabdAdeza aura avyayo kA vidhAna hai| tIsare pAda ke 35 sUtro me vyajanI ke parivartano kA vidhAna hai| prathama varNa ke sthAna para tRtIya kA Adeza kiyA gayA hai| yathA-eka = ega, pizAcI = visAjI, kRta kada Adi / ___ina tIna pAdo me kula 66 sUtra haiM, jiname prAkRta vyAkaraNa samApta kiyA gayA hai| hAenale ne itane bhAga ko hI prAmANika mAnA hai| kintu isa grantha kI anya cAra pratiyo me caturthapAda bhI milatA hai, jisame kevala 4 sUtra hai / iname kramaza kahA gayA hai 1 apabhraza me adhorepha kA lopa nahI hotA, 2 paizAcI me r aura s ke sthAna para la aura n kA Adeza hotA hai, 3 mAgadhI me r aura s ke sthAna para la aura z kA Adeza hotA he tathA 4 zaurasenI me t ke sthAna para vikalpa se d Adeza hotA hai| isa taraha grantha ke vistAra, racanA aura bhApA svarUpa kI dRSTi se caDa kA yaha vyAkaraNa prAcInatama siddha hotA hai| paravartI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo para isake prabhAva spaSTa rUpa se dekhe jAte hai| hemacandra ne bhI, caDa se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai / 25

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202 gaskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 'prAkRta lakSaNa' para sUtrakAra caDa ne svaya vRtti kI racanA kI hai| isa vRtti me unhoMne sUtro ko sakSepa me spapTa kiyA hai / isa vRtti kA prakAzana san 1880 me kalakattA se vilioyekA iNDikA meM huaa| usake bAda 1623 me vahI se zrI devakIkAnta bhaTTAcArya ne ise prakAzita kiyA aura bAda meM muni darzanavijaya nipuTI dvArA saMpAdita hokara yaha vRtti cAritagranthamAlA ahamadAbAda se prakAzita huI vararuci-prAkRta prakAza . prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo me caNDa ke vAda vararuci pramukha vayAkaraNa hai / prAkRtaprakAza me vaNita anuzAsana paryApta prAcIna hai / ata vidvAno ne vararuci ko IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga kA vidvAn mAnA hai / vikramAditya ke navaratno me bhI eka vararuci the / ve sambhavata prAkRtaprakAza ke hI lekhaka the| chaThI zatAbdI se to prAkRtaprakAza para anya vidvAno ne TIkAe likhanA prArambha kara dI thii| ata vararuci ne 4-5vI zatAbdI meM apanA yaha vyAkaraNa grantha likhA hogaa| prAkRtaprakAza viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se prAkRta kA mahatvapUrNa vyAkaraNa hai| prAcIna prAkRto ke anuzAsana kI dRSTi se isame aneka tathya upalabdha hote haiN| ata na kevala prAcIna AcAryoM ne isa para kaI TIkAe likhI haiM, apitu Adhunika yuga me bhI isake kaI saskaraNa prakAzita hue hai| yathA hArTa phorDa vanArasa 2 jIvana 1854 da prAkRta prakAza, pra0 sa0 2 , 1868, bhAmaha kI TIkA sahita, dvi0 sa0 landana 3 rAmazAstrI talaga, 1866 mUla pATha, vanArasa 4 vasantakumAra zarmA 1614 kAtyAyana aura bhAmaha kI vRttiyo kalakattA vaTTopAdhyAya tathA vagAlI anuvAda sahita 5 , 1627 vasantarAja aura sadAnanda nI dIvAlo sahita 6 pI0 ela0 vadya 1631 / bhUmikA, pAThabheda sahita mUlapA0, pUna yazenI manuvAva 7 udyotana zAstrI 1940 manoramA TIkA sahita vArANasI kavayarAma Dava rAta 1977 manoramAM vyasthA sahita vArANasI vi0 sa0 6 DI0sI0 sarakAra 1943 mUlapA0 eva agrejI anuvAda kalakattA yunivarsiTI

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prakRita vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 203 madrAsa 10. DI0 sI0 sarakAra 1970 sazodhita eva parivadhita saskaraNa, banArasa motIlAla banArasIdAsa 11 kunahana rAjA 1646 bhUmikA eva rAmapANipAda vRtti sahita 12 ke0 vI0 trivedI 1657 gujarAtI anuvAda sahita navasArI (gujarAta) 13 jagannAtha zAstrI 1656 hindI anuvAda sahita vArANasI prAkRtaprakAza me kula vAraha pariccheda hai / prathama pariccheda ke 44 sUtro me svaravikAra eva svaraparivartano kA nirUpaNa hai| dUsare pariccheda ke 47 sUtro me madhyavartI vyajano ke lopa kA vidhAna hai tathA isame yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki zabdo ke asayukta vyajano ke sthAna para kina vizeSa vyajano kA Adeza hotA hai| yathA (1) pa ke sthAna para va zA5= sAvI, (2) na ke sthAna para Na vacana= vaaNa, (3) za, pa ke sthAna para sa zabda = saddo, vRSabha-vasaho Adi / tIsare pariccheda ke 66 sUtro me sayukta vyajano ke lopa, vikAra eva parivartano kA anuzAsana hai / anukArI, vikArI aura dezaja ina tIna prakAra ke zabdo kA niyamana cauthe pariccheda ke 33 sUto me huA hai| yathA 12ve sUna movindu me kahA gayA hai ki atima halanta m ko anusvAra hotA hai vRkSam = vaccha, bhadram = bhadda aadi| pAcave pariccheda ke 47 sUtro me liga aura vibhakti kA anuzAsana diyA gayA hai / sarvanAma zabdo ke rUpa aura unake vibhakti pratyaya 70 pariccheda ke 64 sUtro me varNita hai / Age saptama pariccheda me tiintavidhi tathA aSTama me dhAtvAdeza kA varNana hai / prAkRta ko dhAtvAdeza sambandhI prakaraNa tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva kA hai| nave pariccheda me avyayo ke artha eva prayoga diye gaye hai| yathA NavaraH kevale // 7 // kevala athavA ekamAtra ke artha me Navara zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / udAharaNArtha eso Navara kandappo, esA Navara sA rii| ityAdi yahA taka vararuci ne sAmAnya prAkRta mahArASTrI kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| isake anantara dasave pariccheda ke 14 sUtro me paizAcI bhASA kA vidhAna hai| 17 sUna vAle gyArahave pariccheda me mAgadhI prAkRta kA tathA vArahaveM pariccheda ke 32 sUtro me zaurasenI prAkRta kA anuzAsana hai / prAkRtaprakAza para eka TIkA nArAyaNa vidyAvinoda kI bhI mAnI jAtI hai, jisakA nAma 'prAkRtapAda' hai| rAjendra lAla mitra ne sarva prathama isakA paricaya diyA thaa| prArambha me vidvAn isa TIkA ko kramadIzvara ke 'makSiptasAra' kI TIkA mAnate the| kintu aba 'prAkRtapAda' vararuci ke anya kI hI TIkA svIkAra kI

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204 yA kRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA jAtI hai| kyoki usake chaha pariccheda prAkRtaprakAza ke prathama sAta paricchedo me ThIka-ThAka milate haiN| varaci ke grantha para cIyI TIkA vasantarAjakRta 'prAkRtasajIvinI' hai| 14-15vI zatAbdI meM yaha TIkA likhI gayI thii| karpUramajarI me isa grantha kA nAma AtA hai-'taduktam prAkRtasajIvinyAm / ' DA0 pizela isa TIkA ko vasantarAja kA svatantra prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha mAnate hai| kintu prAkRta prakAza se isa grantha kI itanI samAnatA hai ki ise usakI TIkAhI mAnanA ucita hai| kyoki vasantarAja ne koI svatantra mUtra nahI kahe hai / prAkRtaprakAza para sadAnandakRti 'prAkRta subodhinI' nAma kI bhI TIkA hai, jisakA prakAzana vanArasa se huA hai| 17vI zatAbdI me rAmapANipAda ne prAkRta prakAza para eka saskRta vRtti likhI hai| isame setubanca, gAhAsattasaI Adi se udAharaNa diye gaye hai| yaha vRtti 1946 me madrAsa se kunahana rAjA dvArA prakAzita huI hai| isa taraha prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke gahana adhyayana ke lie vararucikRta prAkRtaprakAza evaM usakI TIkAo kA adhyayana nitAnta apekSita hai| mahArASTrI ke sAtha mAgadhI, paizAcI eka zaurasenI kA isame vizeSa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta prakAza kI isa viSayavastu se spaSTa hai ki vararuci ne vistAra se prAkRta bhASA ke rUpo ko anuzAsita kiyA hai / caI ke prAkRta lakSaNa kA prabhAva vararuci para hote hue bhI kaI bAto me uname navInatA aura maulikatA hai| prAkRtaprakAza para TIkAe __vararuci kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa prAcIna hote hue pUrNa bhI hai / ata usa para kaI vidvAno ne TIkAra likhI hai / DA0 pizela ne isakA sabase prAcIna TIkAkara bhAmaha ko mAnA hai, jisakI TIkA kA nAma 'manoramA' hai| kintu pizela jisa ajJAtanAmA TIkA 'prAkRtamajarI' kA ullekha karate hai aura jise vizeSa mahatva kI nahI mAnate 31 usake TIkAkAra kA nAma vidvAn kAtyAyana nizcita karate haiM / ata kAtyAyana bhAmaha se pUrvavartI hai| lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavI zatAbdI me kAtyAyana ne prAkRtamajarI nAmaka TIkA padya me likhI thI / isakA prakAzana 1913 me nirNaya sAgara presa se huaa| 1614 me kalakattA se bI0 ke0 caTarjI ne mUla grantha ke sAtha ise prakAzita kiyaa| yaha TIkA pUre prAkRtaprakAza para nahI hai| bhAmahakRta manoramA TIkA kA kaI sthAno se prakAzana huA hai| yaha TIkA prAkRtaprakAza ke 12ve pariccheda para nahIM hai| isa TIkA me vararuci ke kaI sUtro ko yathAvat nahI samajhA gayA hai| svayaM bhAmaha ne kaI sthAno se uddharaNa grahaNa kara diye haiN| DA0 pizela ne uname se kucha kI khoja-bIna kI hai|

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 205 siddhahamazadAnuzAsana prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ko pUrNatA AcArya hemacandra ke siddhahamazabdAnuzAsana se prApta huI hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo kI pUrvI aura pazcimI do zAkhAe vikasita huI hai / pazcimI zAkhA ke pratinidhi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra haiM (san 1088 se 1172) / 33 inhone vibhinna viSayo para baneka grantha likhe hai| inakI vidvattA kI chA5 inake isa vyAkaraNa grantha para bhI hai| isa vyAkaraNa kA aneka sthAno se prakAzana huA hai / DA0 pizela dvArA sampAdita hokara yaha anya san 1877-80 ke bIca do bAra prakAzita huA hai / DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya dvArA sampAdita hokara 1636 me yaha prAkRta vyAkaraNa chapA tathA sazodhita hokara 1658 me isakA puna prakAzana huaa| isake gujarAtI, agrejI aura hindI anuvAda bhI nikala cuke haiM / vyAvara se prakAzita hindI saskaraNa me aneka pariziSTa salagna hai ata usakI vizeSa upayogitA siddha hotI hai| hemacandra ke apane isa vyAkaraNa grantha me ATha adhyAya haiM / prathama sAta adhyAyo me unhone saskRta vyAkaraNa kA anuzAsana kiyA hai, jisakI saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke kSetra me alaga mahatA hai|34 AThave adhyAya me prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA nirUpaNa hai| usakI sakSipta viSayavastu draSTavya hai| AThaveM adhyAya ke prathama pAda me 271 sUna hai / iname sadhi, vyajanAntazabda, anusvAra, liMga, visarga, svara-vyatyaya aura vyajana-vyatyaya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa pAda kA prathama sUna prAkRta zabda ko spaSTa karate hue yaha nizcita karatA hai ki prAkRta vyAkaraNa saskRta ke AdhAra para sIkhanI cAhiye / dvitIya sUtra dvArA hemacandra ne prAkRta ke samasta anuzAsano ko vaikalpika svIkAra kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki hemacandra ne na kevala sAhityika prAkRto ko, apitu vyavahAra kI prAkRta ke rUpo ko dhyAna meM rakhakara bhI apanA vyAkaraNa likhA hai / isa pAda ke tIsare sUna ArSam 8 / 1 / 3 dvArA granthakAra ne ArSaprAkRta aura sAmAnya prAkRta me bheda spaSTa kiyA hai| isake Age ke sUtra svara Adi kA anuzAsana karate hai| jisa bAta ko prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa cadra, vararuci Adi ne sakSepa me kaha diyA thA, hemacandra ne use na kevala vistAra se kahA hai, apitu aneka naye udAharaNa bhI diye hai| isa taraha prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna svarUpo kA sAgopAga anuzAsana haimavyAkaraNa me ho sakA hai|35 dvitIyapAda ke 218 sUtro me mayukta vyajano ke parivartana, samIkaraNa, svara bhakti, varNaviparyaya, zabdAdeza, taddhita, nipAta aura avyayo kA nirUpaNa hai| yaha prakaraNa Adhunika bhApAvijJAna kI dRSTi me bahuta upayogI hai / hemacandra ne nakRta ke kaI dvayartha vAle zabdo ko prAkRta me alaga-alaga kiyA hai, tAki bhrAntiyA na

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206 sampUta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI para ho / sarakata jaNa zabda kA agamaya bhI hai aura dAva bhImacandra ne umara artha me chaNo (kSaNa ) aura samaya ayaM meM rANo (jaNa ) + 5 niSTi haiN| usI taraha hema ne abdhayo ko bhI vistRta mUnI pAda mevI hai| tRtIyapAda meM 182 kAra. viniyo, jiyAnA bAdhi sambandhI niyamo kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| zAmpa, niyA-5 aura pratyako kA varNana vi5 ' ne dhyAtavya hai / vairI prAvataprakAza mamAna ho sakA vivecana hama ne kiyA hai 4.1 kA vyaya thA para a-pramANAnA hai| maprati vyAkaraNa kA cayaM pAda vizeSa mahatva hai| isake 448 mUvI me gAramenI, mAgadhI, paizAtrI, vanikA paMzAcI ora apane prAno kA zabdAnuzAsana granyA ne kiyA hai| jaga pAda ma mAtvAde ko pramukhatA hai |mt cAtuo para dezI apabhraza dhAnuo aade|| kiyA hai / yathA - ma0-T. prA0-ha ko volla, cava, japa Adi aadegaa| mAgavI, bhoramenI ena paizAcI kA anumAna to pAnIna yA.jo ne bhI sakSepa me kiyA thaa| haima ne inako vistAra meM gamalAyA hai| kintu inake mAya hI cUlikA paizAcI kI vizeSatAe bhI spaSTa kI hai| ga pAda ke 326 sUtra me 448 bhUna taka unhoMne apabhra za vyAkaraNa para pahalI bAra prakAza DAlA hai |"daahrnnoN ke lie jo apabhraza ke dohe diye hai, ve apa na za nAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai / AcArya hema ke samaya taka prAkRta bhASA kA bahuta adhika vikAsa ho gayA bA / isa bhASA kA vizAla sAhitya bhI thA / apana za ke bhI vibhinna 15 pracalita the| ata hemacandra ne prAcIna vayAkaraNo ke granyo kA upayoga karate hue bhI apane vyAkaraNa me bahuta sI vAta nayI aura viziSTa zailI meM prastuta kI hai| hema eva anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa . ___ AcArya hemacandra ke pUrva kaI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa ho cuke the| hemacandra ne yaha svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai ki unhoMne prAcIna grantho kA paryApta upayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi kisI kA nAma nahIM liyA hai| kazcita, kecit, anya Adi zabdo dvArA isakI sUcanA dI hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke anuzIlana se yaha spa88 ho jAtA hai ki caDa eva vararuci kA una para paryApta prabhAva hai| phira bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki hemacandra me koI maulikatA nahI hai / DA0 DolpI nitti ke isa kathana ko samarthana nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai ki hemacandra ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI pUrNatA aura prauDhatA prApta nahI kI hai yA usame koI vize5 pratibhA nahI hai / 38 vastuta hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa me usa samaya taka pracalita sabhI anuzAsano ko sammilita kiyA hai tathA jahA~ naye niyamo va udAharaNo kI AvazyakatA thI unako apane DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai / cai ke prAkRta lakSaNa sUtra

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 207 17, 18, 16, 23, 24 haimavyAkaraNa me 8 3 24, 8 3 7, 8 3 6, 8 18, 8116 me upalabdha hai / hema ne ArSa prAkRta ke udAharaNa ve hI diye haiM, jo caDa ne| kintu svara aura vyajana parivartana ke siddhAnta prAkRta lakSaNa me bahuta sakSipta hai, jinakA hemacandra ne bahuta vistAra kiyA hai| taddhita, vRtapratyaya, dhAtvAdeza __ aura apabhra za vyAkaraNa kA anuzAsana ca kI apekSA haimavyAkaraNa me navInatA aura vistAra liye hue hai| viSayakrama aura varNanazailI dono me hemacandra ne vararuci kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| kucha siddhAnta jyo ke tyo prAkRtaprakAza ke unhone svIkAra kiye hai / kintu aneka bAto me hemacandra vararuci se apanI vizeSatA rakhate haiN| vararuci ne dhAtuo ke arthAntarI kA koI saketa nahI diyA hai, jabaki hema ne dhAtavorthAntare'pi 8 4 256 dvArA dhAtuo ke badalate hue arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / jaise bali dhAtu prANana artha me paThita hai, kintu khAdana artha me bhI isakA prayoga hotA hai| kali dhAtu gaNanA ke artha me paThita hai para pahicAnane ke artha me bhI vaha prayukta hotA hai kalai jAnAti sakhyAna karoti vA / ityAdi / hemacandra ne yazruti kA vidhAna kiyA hai, jisakA pararuci me abhAva hai| setubandha, gauDavaho Adi kAvyo me yazruti kA prayoga hai, jisakA hema ne niyamana kiyA hai / vararuci ne jahA tIna-cAra taddhita pratyayo kA ullekha kiyA hai, vahA hema ne saikaDo pratyayo kA niyamana kiyA hai / DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne hema aura vararuci ke sUtro kI tulanAkara bhI yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa apane pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNo kI apekSA adhika pUrNa aura vaijJAnika hai / 39 yahI kAraNa hai ki haimavyAkaraNa se paravartI vaiyAkaraNa bhI prabhAvita hote rahe hai / yadyapi unakI apanI maulika udbhAvanAe bhI haiM, jo unake vyAkaraNa grantho ke mUlyAkana se spaSTa ho skegii| hemaprAkRta vyAkaraNa para TIkAe AcArya hemacandra ne apane prAkRtavyAkaraNa para 'tatvaprakAzikA' nAmaka suvodhavRtti (bRhatvRtti) bhI likhI hai| mUlamantha ko samajhane ke lie yaha vRtti bahuta upayogI hai| isame aneka grantho se udAharaNa diye gaye hai| eka laghuvRtti bhI hemacandra ne likhI hai, jisako 'prakAzikA' bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha sa. 1626 me bambaI se prakAzita huI hai| hemaprAkRtavyAkaraNa para anya vidvAno dvArA likhita TIkAko me nimna pramukha stic 1 dvitIya haribhadrasUri ne 1500 5loka pramANa haimadIpikA' nAma kI TIkA

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208 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA likhI hai, jise 'prAkRtavRttidIpikA' bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha TIkA abhI taka anupalabdha hai| 2 jinasAgarasUri ne 6750 zlokAtmaka 'dIpikA' nAmaka vRtti kI racanA kI hai| 3 AcArya haripramamUri ne haimaprAkRta vyAkaraNa ke aSTama adhyAya me Agata udaharaNo kI vyutpatti sUtro ke nirdeza-pUrvaka kI he| 27 pano kI yaha prati ela0 DI0 insTITyUTa ahamadAbAda me upalabdha hai / hariprabhasUri kA samaya ajJAta hai| 4 vi0 sa0 1591 me udayasaubhAgyANi ne 'haimaprAkRtaduDhikA' nAmaka vRtti kI racanA kI hai / ise 'vyutpattidIpikA' bhI kahate hai / yaha vRtti bhImasiMha mANeka, 4baI se prakAzita huI hai| 5 malavArI upAdhyAya naracandrasUri ne haimaprAkRta vyAkaraNa para eka avacUri rUpa grantha kI racanA kI hai| isakA nAma 'prAkRtaprabodha' hai| 'nyAyakandalI' kI TIkA me rAjazekharasUri ne isa granya kA ullekha kiyA hai| prAkRtapravodha ko pANDulipiyA lA da0 bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmadira ahamadAbAda me upalabdha haiN| 6 AcArya vijayarAjendrasUri ne hemacandra nirmita vRtti ko padya me nirmita kiyA hai| isakA nAma 'prAkRtavyAkRti' hai, jo 'abhivAnarAjendra' koza ke prathama bhAga ke prArambha me ratalAma se vi0 sa0 1670 me chapI hai| ___7 hemacandra dvArA jo apabhra za vyAkaraNa ke prasaga me dohe diye gaye hai una para 'dodhakavRtti' likhI gayI hai, jo hemacandrAcArya jaina sabhA, pATana se prakAzita 8 'hemadokkArtha' nAmaka eka TIkA kI sUcanA janapranthAvalI' se prApta hotI hai / usame (pR0 301) yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki 13 pano kI isa TIkA kI eka pANDulipi bhI upalabdha hai| hemandAnuzAsana 52 duDhikA likhI gaI hai| usake do paraNa hI aba taka upalabdha aura prakAzita the| kintu pAro caraNavAlI eka prati zvetAmbara terApatha zramaNa granya bhaDAra, lAunU me upalabdha hai| muni zrI nathamala ne svaracita 'tulasImajarI' nAmaka prAkRta-vyAkaraNa me isa (duDhikA vRtti) kA vizeSa rUpa se upayoga kiyA hai / tulasImajarI apanI suvodha zailI eva vizada vivecana kI dRSTi se atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha prAkRta vyAkaraNa zItra prakAzanAdhIna hai| taraha prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ke itihAsa me hemaprAkRtavyAkaraNa kA kaI dRSTiyo se mahatva hai| ApaprAkRta kA sarvaprathama umame ullekha huA hai| prAkRta va apabhraza bhASA ke prAya mabhIpI kA usame anuzAsana haA hai| na kevala gAhitya meM prayukta gara apitu vyavahAra meM prayukta prAkRta, apabhraNa eva dezI zabdo

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 206 kA niyamana hemacandra ne kiyA hai| isa taraha kI Adarza prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA kara hemacandra ne paravartI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ko bhI isa kSetra me kArya karane ke lie prerita kiyA hai / paravartI prAkRta vyAkaraNagranyo ke mUlyAkana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ne unhe kitanA AdhAra pradAna kiyA hai| puruSottama-prAkRtAnuzAsana hemacandra ke samakAlIna eka aura prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hue hai puruSottama / ye bagAla ke nivAsI the| ata inhone prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kI pUrvIya zAkhA kA pratinidhitva kiyA hai| puruSottama 12 vI zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa haiN| unhone prAkRtAnuzAsana nAma kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhA hai| yaha grantha 1638 me perisa se prakAzita huA hai / ela0 nittI DolpI ne mahatvapUrNa phainca bhUmikA ke sAtha isakA sampAdana kiyA hai / " 1654 me DA0 manamohana copa ne aMgrejI anuvAda ke sAya mUla prAkRtAnuzAsana ko 'prAkRtakalpatara' ke sAtha (pR0 156-166) pariziSTa 1 me prakAzita kiyA hai| prAkRtAnuzAsana me tIna se lekara bIsa adhyAya hai| tIsarA adhyAya apUrNa hai| prArambhika adhyAyo me sAmAnya prAkRta kA nirUpaNa hai| nauve adhyAya me zaurasenI tathA dasa me prAcyA bhASA ke niyama diye gaye hai| prAcyA ko lokokti-bahula banAyA gayA hai| gyArahave adhyAya me avantI aura vArahave me mAgadhI prAkRta kA vivecana hai| isake bAda vibhApAo me zAkArI, cADAlI, zAbarI aura TakkadezI kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai / usase patA calatA hai ki zAkArI me 'ka' aura TakkI me ud kI bahulatA pAI jAtI hai / isake bAda apabhraza me nAgara, brAcaDa, upanAgara Adi kA niyamana hai / anta me kaikaya, paizAcika aura zaurasenI paizAcika bhASA ke lakSaNa kahe gaye haiN| trivikrama-prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana trivikrama 13 vI zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa the| unhone jainazAstrI kA adhyayana kiyA thA tathA ve kavi bhI the| yadyapi unakA koI kAvyagranya abhI upalabdha nahI hai| trivikrama ne 'prAkRtazadAnuzAsana' me prAkRta sUtro kA nirmANa kiyA hai tathA svayaM unakI vRtti bhI likhI hai prAkRtapadAryasAryaprAptya nijasUtramArgamanujigamiSatAm / vRttiyathArthasiddhaya vivikramameNAmakramAkriyate / / 6 / / ina dono kA vidvattApUrNa sampAdana va prakAzana DA0 pI0 ela0 vadya ne solApura se 1954 me kiyA hai / yadyapi isase pUrva bhI mUla grantha kA kucha aza 1866 eva 1612 me prakAzita huA thaa| kintu vaha granya ko pUrI taraha prakAza me nahI lAtA

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210 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA thaa| ata DA0 vaidya ne kaI pANDulipiyo ke AdhAra para granya kA vaijJAnika saskaraNa prakAzita kiyA hai| isake pUrva vi0 sa0 2007 me jagannAthazAstrI hoziMga ne bhI mUlapranya aura svopajJavRtti ko prakAzita kiyA thaa| isame bhUmikA sakSipta hai, kintu pariziSTa me acchI sAmagrI dI gaI hai| prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana me kula tIna adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya me 4-4 pAda hai / pUre grantha me kula 1036 sUtra hai| yadyapi trivikrama ne isa grantha ke nirmANa me hemacandra kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai, kintu kaI bAto me nayI udbhAvanAe bhI haiN| prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya adhyAya ke prathama pAda me prAkRta kA vivecana hai| tIsare adhyAya ke dUsare pAda me zaurasenI (1-26), mAgadhI (27-42), paizAcI (43-63) tathA cUlikA paizAcI (64-67) kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai / granya ke isa tIsare adhyAya ke tRtIya aura caturtha pAdo me apabhra za kA vivecana hai| trivikrama ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa me ha, di, sa aura ga Adi nayI sajJAo kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| tayA hemacandra kI apekSA dezI zabdo kA sakalana adhika kiyA hai / hemacandra ne eka hI sUtra me dezI zabdo kI bAta kahI thI, kyoki unhone 'dezInAmamAlA' alaga se likhI hai| jabaki trivikrama ne 4 sUtro me dezI zabdo kA niyamana kiyA hai| prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana me anekArya zabda bhI diye gaye haiN| yaha prakaraNa hema kI apekSA viziSTa hai| isase tatkAlIna bhApA kI anya pravRttiyo kA bhI patA calatA hai / kucha anekArthaka zabda isa prakAra nivikrama ne diye haiM amAra = TApU, kachuA ohamanIvI, avaguNThana karoDa = koA, nAriyala, vala gopI=sampatti, vAlA aadi| isI prakAra trivikrama kA apabhra za kA anuzAsana bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| kyoki unhone hema dvArA udAhRta apabhraMza udAharaNo kI saMskRta chAyA bhI de dI hai| 440 sUtra 3 3 38 kA udAharaNa sAbasaloNI goraDI navakhI kavi visgtthi| bhar3a paccaliu so marai jAsUna lADa ktthi|| 57 / / (hema0 4203) [sarvasalAvaNyA gaurI navInA kApi vipananthi / bhaTa pratyuta sa mriyate yasya na lagati kaNTha] ityaadi| isa taraha ma kRta chAyA dvArA apabhra za padyo ko samajhane me unhone saukarya upasthita kiyA hai / trivikrama ne hemacandra ke sUtro kI sakhyA ghaTAkara lAdhavapravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai / ata kaI dRSTiyo me trivikrama kA prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ke vikAsa meM yogadAna hai| isase yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne apane samaya kI bhASAgata pravRttiyo ko anuzAsita karane kA pUrA prayatna kiyA hai|

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa : 211 prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana para TIkAe trivikrama ke isa grantha para svaya lekhaka kI vRtti ke atirikta anya do TIkAe bhI likhI gayI haiM / lakSmIdhara kI 'SaDbhApAcandrikA' eva siMharAja kA 'prAkRtarUpAvasAra' trivikrama ke anya ko suvodha banAte hai / (1) paDbhApAcandrikA lakSmIdhara ne apanI vyAkhyA likhate hue kahA hai ki trivikrama ke grantha ko sarala karane ke liye yaha vyAkhyA likha rahA huu| jo vidvAn mUlagranya kI gUDha vRtti ko samajhanA cAhate hai ve usakI vyAkhyArUpa paDbhASAcandrikA' ko dekheM vRtti vikramIgUDhA vyAcikhyA santi ye budhA / paDbhApAcandrikA taistad vyAkhyArUpA vilokyatAm // vastuta lakSmIcara ne trivikrama ke grantha ko siddhAnta kaumudI ke Dhaga se taiyAra kiyA hai tathA udAharaNa prAkRta ke anya kAvyo se diye hai / prastuta grantha me prAkRta (mahArASTrI), zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikApaizAcI aura apabhra za ina chaha bhASAo kA vistAra pUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| Age calakara ina chaha bhASAo ke vivecana ke lie anya kaI granya bhI likhe gaye hai| unameM bhAmakavi paDabhASAcandrikA', durgaNAcArya paDbhASArUpamAlikA', tathA 'paDbhASAmajarI', 'paGbhApAsuvantAdarza,' 'pabhASAvicAra' Adi pramukha haiN|" (2) prAkRtarUpAvatAra siMharAja (15 vI zatAbdI) ne trivikrama prAkRtavyAkaraNa ko kaumudI ke Dhaga se 'prAkRtarUpAvatAra' me taiyAra kiyA hai| isameM sakSepa me sajJA, sandhi, samAsa, dhAturUpa, taddhita Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sajJA aura kriyApado kI rUpAvalI ke jJAna ke lie prAkRtarUpAvatAra' kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| kahI-kahI siMharAja ne hema aura trivikrama se bhI adhika rUpa diye hai|50 rUpa gaDhane me unakI maulikatA aura sarasatA hai| kramadIzvara-sakSiptasAra hemacandra ke bAda ke vayAkaraNo me kramadIzvara kA pramukha sthAna hai| unhone 'sakSiptasAra' nAmaka apane vyAkaraNa grantha ko ATha bhAgo me vibhakta kiyA hai| prathama sAta adhyAyo me saskRta eva AThave adhyAya 'prAkRtavAda' me prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| grantha ke isa svarU5 me hI kramadIzvara hemacandra kA anukaraNa karatA hai| anyayA prastutIkaraNa aura sAmagrI kI dRSTi se uname paryApta

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212 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA bhinnatA hai| vastuta para9ci ke prAkRtaprakAza' aura 'sakSiptasAra' me vaDA ghani00 sambandha dikhAyI detA hai| kintu kaI sthalo para kramadIzvara ne anya lekhako kI sAmagrI kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| lAssana ne kramadIzvara ke isa grantha para acchA prakAza DAlA hai / 'prAkRtapAda' kA sampUrNa saMskaraNa rAjendralAla mitra ne prakAzita karAyA thaa| tathA 1886 me kalakattA se isakA eka nayA saskaraNa bhI prakANita huA thaa| mArkaNDeya-prAkRta sarvasva . prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA prAkRtasarvasva' eka mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| isake granyakAra mArkaNDeya prAcya zAkhA ke prasiddha prAkRtiyAkaraNa the| mArkaNDeya kA yaha prAkRta vyAkaraNa prArambha me bhaTTanAtha svAmI dvArA sampAdita hokara 1927 me granyapradarzinI, vijApaTTama se prakAzita huA thaa| kintu bAda me anya pANDulipiyo ke AdhAra para vidvattApUrNa vajAnika maskaraNa DA0 ke0 sI0 AcArya ne 1968 me prAkRta TekTa sosAyaTI ahamadAbAda se prakAzita kiyA hai / isa saskaraNa me mArkaNDeya kI tithi 1460-1565 I0 svIkAra kI gayI hai tathA granthakAra aura unakI kRtiyoM ke sambandha me vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 53 mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta bhASA ke cAra bheda kiye haiM - bhApA, vimApA, apabhra za aura pNshaacii| bhASA ke pAca bheda hai mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI aura maagdhii| vimApA ke kArI, cANDAlI, zabarI, AbhIrI aura DhakkI ye pAca bheda hai| apabhra za ke tIna bheda hai nAgara, prAcarDa aura upanAgara tayA paMzAcI ke kaikaI, pAcAlI Adi bheda hai| inhI bhedopabhedo ke kAraNa DA0 pizala ne kahA hai ki mahArASTrI, janamahArASTrI, ardhamAgadhI aura janazaurasenI ke atirikta anya prAkRta voliyo ke niyamo kA jAna prApta karane ke lie mArkaNDeya kavIndra kA 'prAkRtasarvasva' vahuta mUlyavAna hai / 55 / prAkRta sarvasva ke prArambha ke ATha pAdo me mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama batalAye gaye haiN| iname prAya vararuci kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| nauveM pAda me zaurasenI aura dasave pAda me prAcyA kA niyamana hai| vidUpaka Adi hAsya pAtro kI bhASA ko prAcyA kahA gayA hai / gyArahaveM pAda me avantI vAlhIkI kA varNana hai| bArahaveM me mAgavI ke niyama batAye gaye hai| ardhamAgadhI kA ullekha isI pAda me AyA hai| isa prakAra se 12 pAdo ko bhApAvivacana kA khaNDa kahA jA sakatA hai| 13ve se 16ve pAda taka vibhASA kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai| zAkArI, cANDAlI, gAvarI Adi vibhApAo ke niyama eka udAharaNa yahAM diye gaye hai| eka sUtra ma oDI (uDiyA) vimApA 10 / kathana hai tathA eka me AbhIrI kaa| granya ke 177 // 18ve pAda me apabhraza bhASA kA tathA 16va aura 20ve pAda me paizAcI bhASA

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prAkRta vyApAraNaNAratna kA udbhava eva vikAsa 213 kA niyamana huA hai / apabhraza ke udAharaNa svarUpa kucha dohe bhI diye gaye hai| isa taraha mArkaNDeya ne apane samaya taka vikasita prAya sabhI loka bhApAo ko, jinakA prAkRta se ghaniSTha sambandha thA, apane vyAkaraNa meM sammilita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| ___mArkaNDeya kevala vaiyAkaraNa hI nahIM thA, apitu prAkRta kA kavi bhI thaa| usane apane prAkRta sarvasva me aneka aise udAharaNa diye haiM, jinake sroto kA patA nahIM cltaa| aura ve sabhavata svaya granthakAra ke hI kisI kAvyagrantha ke hone cAhie / DA0 AcArya ne 'vilAsavatIsaTTaka' ko mArkaNDeya kI racanA hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| isa grantha kI eka sambhAvita gAthA isa prakAra hai paduma jiiviasricch| tatto suhavI tado puNo dhrinnii| caDi ti bhaNasi eNhi Na muNami kAhe huveja caamuddaa|| [prayama mujhe jIvana-sadRza (prANapriya) kahA, phira sukhadAtR tathA bAda me gRhaNi / aura jaba tuma mujhe caDI (krodha karane vAlI) kaha rahe ho / maiM nahI jAnatI ki maiM kava cAmuDA kahI jAne lagI ] isI prakAra mArkaNDeya ne prAcIna vaiyAkaraNo ke sambandha me bhI kaI tathya prastuta kiye hai / 5deg uname se zAkalya eva kohala nizcita rUpa se prAkRta ke prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa rahe hoge, jinake prAkRta sambandhI niyamana se prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra samaya-samaya para prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| yadyapi abhI taka inake mUla grantho kA patA nahIM calA hai| isa taraha mArkaNDeya kA 'prAkRtasarvasva' kaI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa anya hai| pazcimIya prAkRta bhASAo kI pravRttiyo ke anuzAsana ke lie jahA hemacandra kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa pratinidhi grantha ke rUpa me prasiddha hai, vahA pUrvIya prAkRta kI pravRttiyo kA niyamana mArkaNDeya ke isa vyAkaraNa se pUrNatayA jAnA jA sakatA hai / pUrvIya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ke sambandha me DA0 satyarajana banarjI ne apanI thIsisa me paryApta prakAza DAlA hai|58 anya prAkRta vyAkaraNa prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ke itihAsa me lagabhaga 2-3vI zatAbdI se 15-16vI zatAbdI taka me hue ina pramukha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ke grantho se spaSTa hai ki prAkRta bhApA ke vibhinna pakSo para vidhivat prakAza DAlA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke pracAra-prasAra kI dRSTi se 16vI se 20vI zatAbdI taka aneka prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa granya likhe gaye haiN| inhe do bhAgo me vibhakta kara sakate haiM / (1) 16vI se 18vI zatAvdI taka ke paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa tathA (2) 16vI-20vI zatAbdI ke

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214 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Adhunika sampAdana se yukta prAkRta-vyAkaraNa / yahA~ prayama koTi ke kucha pramukha prAkRta vyAkaraNa-grantho kA paricaya prastuta hai| 1 appayadIkSita-prAkRtamaNidIpa : IsavI san 1553-1636 ke zaiva vidvAn appayadIkSita ne aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| unhone 'prAkRtamaNidIpa' nAmakA prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhA hai| yaha 1954 me maisUra se chapA hai / 59 appayadIkSita ne kahA hai ki puSpavananAtha, pararUci aura appayajvana ne jo vyAkaraNa grantha likhe hai ve vahuta vistRta hai| ata. sakSepa sacivAle pAThako ke lie maNidIpikA likhI gayI hai| inhone trivikrama, hemacandra aura lakSmIcara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ata inakA yaha vyAkaraNa inhI prAcIna vayAkaraNo ke grantho para AdhArita hai| isa prAkRtamaNidIpa ke sampAdaka zrInivAsa gopAlAcArya ne isa vyAkaraNa para saskRta me TippaNI likhI hai| 2 zrutasAgara-audAryacintAmaNi digambara jaina muni zrutasAgara ne vi0 sa0 1575 me audAcintAmaNi vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI thii| isame prAkRta bhASA ke sambandha me chaha adhyAya haiN| yaha anya hemacandra aura trivikrama ke vyAkaraNo se bar3A hai| kintu isa vyAkaraNa kI apUrNa prati hI prApta huI hai| bhaTTanAyasvAmin ne isa grantha ke tIna adhyAya vijAgApaTTama se prakAzita kiye hai| zrutasAgara ne prAya hemacandra kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| 3. zubhacandra-cintAmaNi vyAkaraNa . paDbhApAcakravartI zubhacandrasUri ne vi0 sa0 1605 me cintAmaNivyAkaraNa' kI racanA kI hai| pANDavapurANa ko prazasti me isa vyAkaraNa kA ullekha isa prakAra huA hai yo'kRta sadvyAkaraNa cintAmaNinAmadheyam / isa prAkRta vyAkaraNa me tIna adhyAya hai| pratyeka me pAra pAda haiN| kula milAkara 1224 sUtra haiN| isame hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ke anusAra hI prAkRta kA niyamana kiyA gayA hai|62 cintAmaNinyAkaraNa' para AcArya zubhacandra ne svIpajJavRtti bhI likhI hai| 4 samasamA tavAgIza-prAkRtakalpataru rAmazarmA takavAgIza bhaTTAcArya vagAla ke nivAsI the| inakA samaya 17vI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| unhone 'prAkRtakalpatarU' nAma kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhA

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 215 hai| isa grantha kA sarvaprathama prakAzana 1636 me zrImatI luigA nitti DolpI ne perisa se kiyaa| usake bAda yaha grantha prAkRta ke vidvAno kA dhyAna apanI ora AkarSita karatA rahA hai| 1954 me DA0 manamohana ghopa ne ise kalakattA se prakAzita kiyA hai| 'prAkRtakalpatara' me tIna zAkhAe hai| prathama zAkhA me dasa stavaka hai, jiname mahArASTrI ke niyamo kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| dUsarI zAkhA me tIna stavaka hai / iname zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI, vAlhIkI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI aura dAkSiNAtyA bhASA kA vivecana hai| dAkSiNAtyA ke sambandha me kahA gayA hai ki pado se mizrita, saMskRta Adi bhASAo se yukta isa bhASA kA kAvya amRta se bhI adhika sarasa hotA hai| isa dUsarI zAkhA me anya sabhI vibhASAo ke svarUpa kI vivecana hai| tIsarI zAkhA me nAgara aura nAcaDa apabhra za tathA paizAcika kA vivecana hai| 5 lakezvara-prAkRtakAmadhenu lakezvara athavA prAkRta lakezvara rAvaNa ne 'prAkRtakAmadhenu' kI racanA kI hai| grantha ke magalAcaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki lakezvara ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa para prArambha me koI vaDA grantha likhA thA, jise sakSipta kara 'prAkRtakAmadhenu' likhA gayA hai| DA0 manamohana ghopa eca DA0 jI0 sI0 vasu Adi ne isa grantha para prArambha me kucha lekha likhe the|66 vAda me DA0 ghoSa ne isa grantha ko 'prAkRtakalpatara' ke sAtha pariziSTa 2 me pR00 170-173 para prakAzita kiyA hai| isa grantha me 34 sUto me prAkRta ke niyamo ko vivecana hai| kucha sUtra aspaSTa hai| apabhraza kI ukAra pravRti kA bhI isame saketa hai| __ abhI hAla me hI vRndAvana ke eka grantha bhaNDAra se 'prAkRtakAmadhenu' kI eka pANDulipi prApta huI hai, jisakA paricaya DA0 esa0 Ara0 vanarjI ne a0 bhA0 prAcyavidyA sammelana ke 28ve adhivezana dhAravADa me prAkRta ke vidvAno ke samakSa prastuta kiyA thaa| sabhava hai, isake vidhivat sampAdana se isa grantha va granthakAra para kucha vizeSa prakAza pdde| 6 zeSakRSNa-prAkRta candrikA zepakRSNa kI 'prAkRtacandrikA' zlokabaddha prAkRta vyAkaraNa hai| isake kucha uddharaNa pITarsana ne apanI tRtIya riporTa (pR0 342-48) me diye the| usake bAda kucha anya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa para dhyAna diyA / idhara 1966 I0 me zrI subhadra upAdhyAya ne pAca kozo kI sahAyatA se 'prAkRtacandrikA' kA prakAzana

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216 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 60 kiyA hai| isa grantha me nau prakAza hai| zrI nRsiMha guru ko praNAma kara zepakRSNa ne prArambhika pAThako ke lie yaha prAkRtacandrikA' likhI hai zrInRsiMhagurornatvA padapaMkarjatallajam / vizadArthya zizuhitA kurve prAkRtacandrikAm ||3|| isa grantha ke prathama prakAza me sAmAnya niyama, dvitIya me amayukta Adeza, tRtIya me mayukta Adeza tathA caturtha me avyayo kA varNana hai| paMcama prakAza me suvanta aura 40 me makhyA Adi para vicAra hai / tiganta kA vivecana nAtave prakAza me eva kRdanta kA AThave prakAza me hai | navA prakAza vividha bhASAo kA anuzAsana karatA hai | isa 'prAkRtacandrikA' me hemacandra evaM trivikrama ke granthoM ko dAdhAra banAyA gayA hai | 1 7. raghunAthakatri prAkRtAnanda pa0 raghunAtha kavi 18vI zatAbdI ke vidvAn the / inake 'prAkRtAnanda' me 419 sUtra hai / grantha ke prathama pariccheda me zabda aura dUsare pariccheda meM dhAtu-vicAra kiyA gayA hai / pa0 raghunAtha ne vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza' ke sUtro kA yaha sakSipta saskaraNa nikAlA hai / " yaha grantha siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI me prakAzita huA hai | 8. ajJAtakartA ke prAkRtapadyavyAkaraNa tAlamArUM lapatAI bhAratIya saMskRtti vidyA vira bamavAvAva meM 6 patro kI eka apUrNa prati upalabdha hai, jo lagabhaga 17vI zatAbdI me likhI gayI hai | yaha eka prAkRta padya vyAkaraNa hai| usakA kartA ajJAta hai / grantha ke nAma kA bhI patA nahI calatA / isa prati me kula 427 zloka hai / grantha kA prArambha isa prakAra huA hai maskRtasya viparyasta saskAraguNavajatam / vijJeya prAkRta tat tu (yad ) nAnAvasyAntaram ||1|| samAnazabda vibhrapTa dezIgatamiti tidhA / saurasenya ca mAgadhya paizAcya cApabhra zikam // 2 // dezIgata caturdheti tadagre kathayiSyate / " 1 isa grantha ke sampAdana va prakAzana se isakI pUrI viSaya vastu kA patA cala sakegA / jAta hotA hai ki ina zatAbdiyoM me padyavaddha prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhane kI pravRtti cala paDI thI / ina ullikhita prAkRta vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta kucha anya prAkRta vyAkaraNo ke bhI grantho me ullekha milate hai / kucha upalabdha bhI hue haiM /

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 217 viSNudharmottara kI 'prAkRtalakSaNa' DA0 ghopa ne 'prAkRtakalpatara' ke pariziSTa me prakAzita kiyA hai / DA0 pizala ne apane grantha me 'prAkRtadIpikA' (baDIdevazarman)", 'SaDbhASAsubantarUpAdarza' (nAgovA), 'prAkRtakaumudI,' 'prAkRtasAhityaratnAkara', bhASArNava (candrazekhara) Adi prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantho kA mAtra ullekha kiyA hai| narasiMhakRta 'prAkRtazabdapradIpikA' tathA Rpikeza zAstrI ke 'prAkRtakalpalatikA' nAmaka prAkRta vyAkaraNo kA bhI patA calA hai| ina sabake prakAza me Ane para Adhunika yuga ke prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kI pravRttiyo kA ThIka-ThIka patA cala skegaa| vaise Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAo ke vikAsa ke uparAnta prAkRta-apabhra za vyAkaraNo ke mUla grantho ke praNayana me kamI AnA svAbhAvika hai| isa yuga me tulanAtmaka grantha avazya isa viSaya ke likhe gaye haiN| pramukha prAkRta bhASAo kA svarUpa prAkRta bhASA ke yAkaraNa) eva unake gratho ke uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAya sI vaiyAkaraNo ne mahArASTrI ko sAmAnya prAkRta ke nAma se kahakara usakA svarUpa vivecita kiyA hai evaM usase bhinna lakSaNa vAlI anya zIra senI, mAgavI, paizAcI, apabhraza Adi kA bAda me anuzAsana kiyA hai| yadyapi caDa, pararuci eva hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNo me 'mahArASTrI' prAkRta kA koI ullekha nahI hai| kintu kAvya kI bhASA prAkRta mahArASTrI hI mAnI jAtI thii| ata usI ko sAmAnya prAkRta svIkAra kiyA hai / 72 vararuci ke 10ve eva 11ve paricchedo me zaurasenI kI pradhAnatA hai| kintu 12ve pariccheda me 'mahArASTrI' zabda kA prayoga kara use sAmAnya prAkRta kahA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki vararuci ke isa 12ve pariccheda kI racanA ke samaya mahArASTrI zaurasenI se bhinna prAkRta bhASA ke rUpa me pratiSThita ho cukI thii| bAda ke vaiyAkaraNo ne use hI AdhAra mAnakara apane grantha likhe haiM / ata yahA mahArASTrI yA sAmAnya prAkRta ke kucha pramukha niyamoM kA ullekha kara bAda me anya prAkRto ke svarUpa ko spaTa kiyA jaavegaa| sAmAnya prAkRta (mahArASTrI) prAcIna prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa caDa ne apane vyAkaraNa me jina niyamo kI mAtra sUcanA dI thI pararUci ne una niyamo ko sthira aura samRddha kiyA hai| hemacandra ne sUkSmatA se sAhitya aura loka me pracalita rUpo ke AdhAra para apane niyama prastuta kiye haiN| vAda ke vaiyAkaraNo ne prAkRta ke ina sAmAnya niyamo ko apane granyo dvArA pracArita kiyA hai| 1 bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke R, R, lu eva la kA sarvathA abhAva /

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218 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 2 varNa ke sthAna para a, i, u au ri kA pryog| yathA nRtya >Nacco, tRNa >tiNo, mRSA> musA, Rpi > risi Adi / 3 ai aura ii ke sthAna para e, o kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| yathA zaila >selI, kaumudI>komuI aadi| kahI-kahI ai aura au rUpa bhI milate hai-deva >daive, paura >pauro aadi| 4 prAya hasva svara surakSita hai| yathA akSi > akkhi, agni > agi aadi| 5 sayukta vyajano ke pUrvavartI dIrthasvara hrasva ho gaye hai| yathA zAnta > satI, zAkya > sakko Adi / 6 sAnunAsika svara badalakara dIrthasvara ho jAte haiM / yathA siMha > sIho aadi| 7 prAkRta me visarga kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| usake sthAna para e yA o ho jAtA hai / yayA- rAma > rAmo, deva > deve / 8 padAnta vyajano kA lopa ho jAtA hai| yathA pazcAt >5cchA, yAvat > jAva aadi| 6 za, pa aura sa ke sthAna para kevala sa kA pryog| yathA--azva > assI, manuSya > mANuso Adi / 10 do svaro ke bIca me Ane vAle ka ga ca ja ta da va kA prAya lopa ho jAtA hai / yathA mukula > muulo, nagaram > Nayara, zacI>saI, prajApati >payAvaI, yati >jaI, madana >mayaNo, ripu >riu, jIva >jIo aadi| 11 sayukta vyajanAnta dhvaniyo kA samIkaraNa ho gayA hai| yayA paka > cakko, lakSmI > lacchI, vRkSa >vaccho Adi / 12 dvivacana kA lopa ho gayA hai| 13 halanta pratipAdika samApta ho gaye hai| 14 papThI kA prayoga caturthI ke sthAna para aura caturthI kA prayoga paThI ke sthAna para hone lagA hai| 15 na ke sthAna para prAya Na kA prayoga hotA hai| ityAdi / ardhamAgadhI (ArSa prAkRta) jana Agamo kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| yAkaraNo ne ardhamAgadhI ko Apa bhApA mAnakara usake niyamo kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA hai| kyoki ardhamAgadhI kA rUpagaThana mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kI vizeSatAo se milakara huA hai| bharata ne apane nATyazAstra me ardhamAgadhI kA ullekha kiyA hai (1835-36) / kintu vararuci ne apane grantha me isakA nAma nahIM liyA hai| kyoki unakA uddezya

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 216 jana sUtro kI bhASA kA niyamana karanA nahI thaa| hemacandra ne Apa prAkRta ke antargata ise grahaNa kiyA hai aura kucha udAharaNa bhI diye hai / TIkAkAro me abhayadeva ne bhI ardhamAgadhI ko mAgadhI ke pUrNa lakSaNo se yukta nahI maanaa| ata ardhamAgadhI mAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke kucha lakSaNo se milakara banI hai| kucha usakI apanI vizeSatAe bhI hai / yathA 1 do svaro ke madhyavartI asayukta ka ke sthAna me sarvatra ga aura aneka sthalo para t yA y pAye jAte hai| yathA-zrAvaka > sAvagI, ArAdhaka >ArAhata, loka >loya aadi| 2 g kA prAya lopa nahI hotaa| yathA Agama> Agama, bhagavAn > bhagava / 3 ca aura j ke sthAna para t aura ya kA pryog| yathA dAcit > kayAtI, pUjA>pUtA aadi| 4 zabda ke Adi, madhya aura sayoga me sarvatra N kI taraha na bhI sthita rahatA hai / yathA nadI>naI, zAtaputra >nAmaputta / 5 gRha zabda ke sthAna para gaha, ghara, hara, giha Adi Adeza / 6. akArAnta puliga zabdo ke prathamA ekavacana me prAya sarvatra e aura kvacit o kA pryog| 7 dhAtuo ke bhUtakAla ke bahuvacana me isu pratyaya kA pryog| yathA gachisu, pucchisu ityAdi / 5 zaurasenI hemacandra ne 6 sUno me zaurasenI bhASA kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| anya vizeSatAo ko mahArASTrI ke samAna mAna liyA hai| azoka ke abhilekho aura SaDkhaDAgama Adi prAcIna grantho kI bhASA me zaurasenI ke rUpa pAye jAte haiN| kRtrimarUpI kI adhikatA nATako kI zaurasenI me pAyI jAtI hai| isa bhASA kI pramukha vizeSatAe nimna hai 1 t ke sthAna para da aura tha ke sthAna para dh yA ha hotA hai| yathA mahanta >mahando, yathA> jadhA, nAtha >nAdha, NAha aadi| 2 rya ke sthAna para yya athavA jja hotA hai / yathA sUrya>sUyya, sujj| ___3 ktvA ke sthAna para iya, dUNa, tA, ahua Adi Adeza hote haiN| yayA bhaviya, bhodUNa, bhottA, kRtvA> kaDua aadi| 4 yazruti eva vazruti kA prayoga milatA hai| yathA padArtha >payattho, vAlukA>vAluvA aadi| 5 anya puruSa ekavacana me ti ko di / yathA bhavati > bhodi, hodi Adi / 6 idAnIyam > dANi, tasmAt >tA Adi prayoga hote haiN|

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220 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA mAgadhI 1 puli| me si pratyaya ke pare akAra ke sthAna para ekaar| yathA-- epa > ete, puruSa >pulize, kara>kale aadi| 2 pa eva sa ke myati para Na kA pryog| yathA sArasa > zAlaze, meSa > bhege aadi| 3 ra kAla me parivartana / yathA nara >nale Adi / 4 ja ko ya / yathA jAnAsi >yANAsi, jaanpde>ynnpde| 5 cha ke sthAna 52 5ca / yathA-- -> 15ca aadi| 6 dR tathA STha ke sthAna para sTa Adeza / yathA bhaTTArikA>bhasTAlikA, suSTha> zusTu aadi| 7 kyA ko dANi Adeza / yathA kRtvA > karadANi / paizAcI vararuci eva hemacandra ne paizAcI bhASA kI vizeSatAo kA ullekha kiyA hai| Age ke vaiyAkaraNo ne paizAvI ke bheda-prabheda batalAe hai| kucha vizepa udAharaNa bhI diye hai| mArkaNDeya ne ise zUrasena aura pAcAla kI bhASA kahA hai| vastuta yaha bhramaNazIla kisI jAti vizeSa kI bhASA thii| isalie isame kaI pradezo kI voliyo ke tatva sammilita hai / yathA 1jJa ke sthAna para hotA hai| pranA>5A aadi| 2 varga ke tRtIya va caturya varNa kA prathama va dvitIya varNa me parivartana / yayA bheSa > mekho, rAjA>rAcA, madana >matana aadi| 3 STa ke sthAna para saTa aura snAna ke sthAna para sana Adeza / yathA kaSTa > kasaTa, snAna > sanAna aadi|| 4 madhyavartI ka, ga, ca Adi varNo kA lopa nahI hotaa| yathA zAkhA> sAkhA, pratibhAsa >patibhAsa aadi| hemacandra, trivikrama, lakSmIvara Adi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne cUlikA pezAcI kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / paizAcI se isame yoDA-sA antara hai| yathA 1 ra ke sthAna para vikalpa se l| yathA gorI >golI, caraNa>calana, rAjA>lAcA aadi| 2 bh ko ph Adeza / yathA-- bhavati >photi aadi|6|| isa prakAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne sAhitya meM prayukta hone vAlI vibhinna prAkRto ko niyamana apane grantho me kiyA hai| tathA una zabdo kA bhI anuzAsana kiyA hai jo loka me pracalita the| maskRta nATako va prakaraNo me vAda me kaI prakAra kI

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 221 bhASAo kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| ata madhyayuga ke prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne zAkArI, DhakI, cANDAlI, AbhIrI Adi voliyo kA bhI niyamana kiyA hai| kintu ye sabhI bhApAe thoDe-sI bhinnatA ke uparAnta uparyukta pramukha prAkRto ke antargata A jAtI hai| apabhraza prAkRta bhASAo ke antargata vaiyAkaraNo ne apabhraza bhASA kA bhI niyamana kiyA hai| uname hemacandra pramukha hai / apabhra za bhApA me chaThI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga se sAhitya racanA hone lagI thI aura 12vI zatAbdI taka yaha sAhityika bhASA bana cukI thii| hemacandra ne apabhra za ko vyAkaraNa ke niyamo se bAdhane kA prayatna bhI isI yuga me kiyA thaa| apabhraza me prAkRta vyAkaraNa se bhinna kaI vizeSatAe pAyI jAtI hai / yathA -- 1 yaha apabhra za ukAra vahulA hotI hai| 2 svara Apasa me badala jAte hai| yathA -- sItA>sIya, mAnA>metta, mUlya > molla aadi| 3 Adi vyajana me bhI apavAdasvarUpa parivartana ho jAte hai| yathAduhitA>dhIya, yamunA> jamunA aadi| 4 kucha vyajana hI badala jAte haiN| yathA krIDa> khela, kapara>khappara, dahati > ddhi| 5 zabdarUpa tathA kriyArUpa adhika sarala hai / 6 sarvanAmo me paryApta parivartana humA hai / yathA aham >hau, >ahe, (vam >tuhu 56 aadi| 7. anukaraNamUlaka dhAtuo kA sarvAdhika pryog| 8 hrasva svara ko anusvAra / yathA darzana > dasaNa, sparza> phasa, azru> asu aadi| 6 makAra ko vikalpa se anunAsika / yathA - kamala > kalu, bhramara > bhavara aadi| isI taraha kI aneka vizeSatAe haiM jo samaya-samaya para apabhra za bhASA sAhitya me sammilita hotI rahI haiM, jinakA anuzAsana vaiyAkaraNo ne kiyA hai / isa prakAra prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra ke itihAsa me aneka prAkRta bhASAo ke svarUpa kA niyamana prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo dvArA huA hai| kintu uname anukaraNa kI pravRtti adhika hai| kucha hI granthakArI me maulikatA hai| kabhI-kabhI to ina prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ke niSkarSa eka-dUsare ke viruddha bhI paDate hai / yathA bharatamuni ne madhya aura sayukta vyajana me 'na' ko 'Na meM parivartita mAnA hai / java ki hemacandra dezyabhASA

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222 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA me nakArAdi zabda ko asambhava mAnate haiN| isake viparIta trivikrama dezI bhASA me 'na' ko banAye rakhane ke pakSa me the| yathA---'niruppai', 'anala' aadi| ata yaha Avazyaka hai ki ina saba prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ke anuzAsana ko upalabdha prAkRta bhopAo ke sAhitya ke pariprekSya me puna jAcA-parakhA jAya / DA0 pizala ne jo parizramapUrvaka 'prAkRtabhASAo kA vyAkaraNa' likhA hai usa pati para ava puna eka aisA prAkRta vyAkaraNa bhASya tayAra honA cAhie, jisame pizala ke atirikta eva anya prAkRta kozo ke bAhara ke prAkRta zabdo para vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se anusaMdhAna sammilita ho| pichale dazaka me paryApta prAkRta-apabhra za sAhitya prakAza meM AyA hai| usa sabakA upayoga karate hue eka vRhat prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke nirmANa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| sadarbha 1 draSTavya, ratnAyeyAn, 'e krITIvala sTaDI Apha mahApurANa apha puSpadanta', mahAdAvAda 1966, pR0 9.48 / 2 sthAnAgasUtra, sthAna 7, sUtra 553, vizepAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 1466 kI ttiikaa| 3 prAk pUrva kRta prAkRta, vAlamahilAdisuvodha sakalabhApAnivandhamUta vacanamucyate / - __kAvyAlakAra 2/12 kI TIkA / 4 drapTavya, pAiyamadamahaNAvo, upodghAta, pR0 23 Adi / 5 muni nagarAja, 'prAkRtabhASA udgama vikAsa aura bheda prabheda', AnandApi abhinandana grantha, pR0 3-31 / 6 aNumogadArasutta, sUtra 130 / 7 vahI, sUna 128 / / 8 durgAcArya kI niraktavRtti, pR0 10, pAkaTAyana-vyAkaraNa (sUtra 1 2 37), yazastilaka__ campU (ma0 1, pR0 60) Adi / 980ya, DA0 varnela 'oNna dI aindra skUla Apha grAbheriyansa' / 10 zAha, pa0 ambAlAla, jana sAhitya kA vRhat itihAsa, bhAga 5, pR0 6 / 11 jaina, hIrAlAla , bhAratIya saMskRti me jana dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 183 / 12 Upadhye, A N , A Prakrit Grammar attributed to Samantabhadra Indian Historical Quarterly Vol XVII 1942, PP 511-516 13 jana, hIrAlAla, 'Treseja opha ena olDa mITrikala grAmara' -mAratakaumudI (pR0 315-22) / 14. pizela, 'prAkRtabhApAo kA vyAkaraNa' (hindI anuvAda-jozI), pR0 65-66 / 15 vahI, anuvAdaka DA0 hemacandra jozI kA phuTanoTa draSTavya / 16 mAyANI, eca mI , 5umacariu, bhUmikA, pR0 121 / tathA tAvacciya sacdo mamai avghbhm-mc-maaygo| jAvaNa sayabhu-vAyagNa-akuso pdd6|| 5macariu, gAthA, 3-4 /

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 223 17 zAha, vahI, pR0 70 / 18 vahI, pR0 86 / 16 draSTavya, I0bI0 kAvela kA mUla lekha tayA usakA anuvAda 'prAkRta vyAkaraNa sakSipta paricaya', bhAratIya sAhitya, 10, aka-3-4, julAI-aktUbara 1965 / 20 zAkalyamaratakohalaparacibhAmahavasantarAjAya / proktAna granthAnnAnAlakSyANi ca nipuNamAlokya / / AvyAkINa vizadasAra svalpAkSara athitapadyam / mArkaNDeyakavIndra prAkRta sarvasvamAramate // 21 himavasindhusovIrAna ye janA samupAzritA / ukArabahulA tasastepu bhASA prayojayet / / 62 // 22 dra080ya, vaidya, pI0ela0, 'prAkRta prAmara Apha trivikrama, pariziSTa / 23 draSTavya 'da prAkRtalakSaNam eNDa cahA gremara Apha da ezieTa prAkRta'-DA0 hoenale / 24 jaina, bhA0 sa0 meM jaina dharma, pR0 182 / 25 pizala, vahI, pR0 73 draSTavya / 26 zAha, vahI, pR0 67 / 27 kale, 'prAkRtabhASAe aura bhAratIya saMskRti me unakA apadAna' pa0 25-26 / 28 kovela-pararUci kI bhUmikA pR0 10 Adi, aupharaSTa-kA0 kA0 1, pR0 360 / 26 pizala, vahI, pR087 / 30 kApaDiyA, pAiya bhASAmo bhane sAhitya, pR0 55 / 31 pizala, vahA, pR071 / 32 draSTavya, varAla dvArA sampAdita prAkRta prakAza (manoramAsahita), caukhambA prakAzana, vi0 sa0 1666 (di. sa.) 33 banarjI, esa0 Ara0, 'prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo kI pAzcAtya zAkhA kA vihAmAvalokana', bhanekAnta 16, 1-2, 1966 (apraila-jUna) 34 draSTavya, namicandra zAstrI, AcAya hemacandra aura unakA zabdAnuzAsana eka adhyayana / 35 bhAyANI, eca0 sI0, 'prAkRtavyAkaraNakAro' (gujarAtI), bhAratIyavidyA, 2,4, julAI 1943, pR.0 401-16 / 36 draSTavya, sAstI, vahI, pR0 157-58 / 37 60805, upAdhyAya, zAligrAma, 'apabhraza vyAkaraNa' tathA zrIvAstava, vIrendra, apabhrazabhASA kA adhyayana / 38 DolpI nitti le grAmariyA prAkRta (prAkRta ke vyAkaraNakAra), pR0 147-50 / 36 draSTavya, zAstrI, vahI, pR0 180-84 40 paDita, prabodha, 'hemacandra eNDa da liMgvisTika TreDizana, mahAvIra jana vidyAlaya suvarNa mahotsavamantha, bambaI, bhAga-1 41 vyUlara, 'iyUvara DAsa levina Desa jaina moezesa hemacandrA' (viyanA 1886), pR0 72, phuTanoTa 34 / 42 zAha, vahI, pR0 73-71 / 43 varmA, jagannAtha, 'ArSa prAkRta vyAkaraNa', kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, 1606 /

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224 saskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 44 DolpI, 'le prAkRtAnuzAmana De puruSottama kehibasa', perisa / 45 jana, jagadIzacandra, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 640 / 46 dravya, vaidya, pI0 ela0, 'prAkRta grAmara Apha trivikrama', jIvarAjagranthamAlA, solApura, 1654 / 47 zAstrI, jagannAtha, 'prAkRtavyAkaraNavRtti', caukhambA sIrija, vaaraannsii| 48 trivedI, ke0pI0, 'pabhASAcandrikA (lakSmIdhara)' kI bhUmikA pR0 4, pavaI, 1916 / 46 hulza dvArA sampAdita, rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI kI ora se san 1606 me prakAzita / 50 pizala, vahI, pR0 87 / 51 vahI, pR0 82 / 52 lAsmana, 'insTITyUnsIonesa' parizipTa, pR0 40 aadi| 53 draSTaya, AcArya, ke sI 'prAkRtasarvasva' bhuumikaa| 54 prAkRta sarvasva, 2-5 zloka / 55 pizala, vahI, pR086 / 56 prAkRtamarvasva, bhUmikA, pR0 131 / 57 vahI, pR0 124 / / 58 banarjI, ema0 Ara0, 'da IsTana skUla Apha prAkRta grebhiriyansa', kalakattA, 1964 / 56 gopAlAcArya, zrInivAma, 'prAkRtamaNidIpa Apha appayadIkSita', oriyanTalarisarca insTITyUTa pablikezana, maisUra yUnivarsiTI, 1954 / 60 draSTavya ---elansa Apha bhaDArakara moriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa pUnA, jilda 13, pR0 52-53 / 61 upAdhye, e0 ena0, 'zubhacandra eNDa hija prAkRta grAmara', vahI, bhAga-1 pR0 37-58, pUnA, 1932 / 62 upAdhye, e0 ena0, 'zumacandra kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa', anekAnta, 22,1, apraila 1966, pR0 32 / 63 DolpI nitti, hu prAkRta kalpatara Desa rAmazarman viliyothika 'Di le Ala heTsa iTyUnsa, perisa, 1636 / 64 copa, manamohana, rAmazarmansa prAkRta kalpataru', eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, vi0 I0 278 / 65 jana, jagadIzacandra, prA0 sA0 i0, 10 641 / 66 nyU iDiyana erikverI, jilda 8, pR0 37-36, 1646 / 67 prabhAkara jhA, sampAdaka-'zepakRSNakRta prAkRtacandrikA', prakAzaka-mamara pablikezana, vArANasI, 1966 / 68 drapTavya, 'prAkRtAnanda para hoenale kA lekha'--prosIDiMga Apha da eziyATika sosAyaTI, ___ vagAla 1880, pR0 110 pizala, (pR0 86) para uddhRt| 66 gAha, jaina mA0 vR0 i0, mAga 5, pR0 73 para uddhRta /

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prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava eva vikAsa 225 70 draSTavya, vanarjI, ema0 Ara0, 'caNDIdevAj prAkRtadIpikA, kamenTarI Apha kramadIzvarAja prAkRta grAmara AiDenTIkala vida da vRtti Apha jumaranandi, a0 bhA0 prAcyavidyA sammelana, 1668 / 71 pizala, vahI, pR0 86-92 / 72 draSTavya - zAstrI, prA0 bhA0 sA0 kA i0, pR0 79-80 / 73 draSTavya, mArkaNDeya - 'prAkRtasarvasva' 12 38 eva kramadIzvara - 'sakSiptasAra' Adi / 74 draSTavya, upAsagadamAo kI TIkA / 75 zAstrI, nemicandra, prA0 bhA0 sA0 i0, pR0 60-65 / 76 vistAra ke lie draSTavya, pizala, 'prAkRtabhASAo kA vyAkaraNa' 77 draSTavya, zAstrI, devendrakumAra, 'apabhraza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha pravRttiyA' 78 zrIvAstava, vIrendra, 'apabhra za bhASA kA adhyayana' 76 jaina, devendra kumAra, 'apana bhASA aura sAhitya'

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gAuM prAkRta svarUpa prava varSa * zrI nakala - - - - - mAvA manadra ne apane prAkRta vyArA re vArSa-viMdhayo chevailpita vatAyA hai phasa 'niyama che anusAra kanhone mAma-sUtro che na svano niza niyA hai, no nI vRddhi me vyAjaLa-siddha nahI the vALaw 1 kucha kayo prastuta hai pablemsa', "bahena" devonosAI-prayoga phaname no IzAra hai, vahu vyAvaLa-siddha nahI hai '' bAvaLa" phala prayo e no najAro TAra' vareza hai, vaha cAvaLasiddha nahI hai - mahuvAya', bahAnAya" bAta vyAkaraNa je anusAra bhAvi thanAra' jo nAra' vargAza hotA hai ullu bArSa-prayome topa mI che nAtA vono prayo 33 kadAharaLa haiM' '' ' huvAnasaro" prAkRta vyaviraLa che anusAra phasa gayo "nAra' varSAveza prApta nahI haiM, vikhta vArtha ke pelA prayojI mitratA hai" " ''phalU, vIra, sAriva' je bArSa-prayohaiM' bAta yAvaraNa anusAra kyA iLa + yukta " jo chAra' bAveza drotA hai kaMse , choDa, sArijha ' mAru bhASA sAmAnyata gha' ko ja kAra mATenA phota che " yaMgayogI ke prAyavI mitratA hai ' sArva-prayo ke ' jo najAra mAveza hotA hai navavi je vase chAra' vAveza viya mayA hai - vAchata jALa ne pamAna' jA matA' vanatA hai AnaM-kayo che.kAne pu mite hai sIbAga, sumi | kRta vyAkaraNa

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228 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA prAkRta me 'srota' zabda kA sotta' rUpa banatA hai kintu ArSa me 'paDisoo' 'vissoasiA' rUpa bhI milate hai / Apa-prayoga me sayukta varNa ke antya vyajana se pUrva 'akAra' hotA hai tathA 'ukAra' bhI hotA hai / ArSa-prayoga me kiriyA' pada kA kiyA' rUpa bhI milatA hai| 13 Apa-prayoga me draha zabda kA harae' rUpa milatA hai|" 'kaTTu' yaha ArSa-prayoga hai / 15 nipAta prakaraNa me AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai ki Apa prakaraNa me jo prayoga upalabdha hai, ve saba aviruddha hai / 16 Apa-prayogAnusAra saptamI ke sthAna me tRtIyA tathA prathamA ke sthAna me dvitIyA vibhakti bhI hotI hai| ArSa-prayoga me saskRta-siddha rUpo ke pratirUpa bhI milate hai / 10 gaurasenI me 'Na' nanu ke artha me nipAta hai, kintu Apa-prayogo me vaha vAkyAlakAra me bhI prayukta hotA hai / 18 Agama sUtro ke vyAkhyAkAra vyAkaraNa se siddha na hone vAle ArSa-prayogo ko malAkSaNika aura sAmayika kahate hai| 'vatyagadha-malakAra' (dasavaiAliya 22) isa pada me 'malakAra' kA 'ma' alAkSaNika hai / haribhadrasUrI ne likhA hai anusvAra alAkSaNika hai / mukha-sukhopAraNa ke lie isakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa me sukhoccAraNa aura zrutisukha dono ko mahatva diyA gayA hai / prAkRta vyAkaraNa me pakAra ke luka kA vidhAna hai aura pakAra ko vakAra vadiza bhI hotA hai| ina dono kI prApti hone para kyA karanA cAhie, isa jijJAsA ke uttara me AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai jisase zrutisukha utpanna ho, vahI karanA cAhie / ___datasohaNamAissa' (uttara 16|27)--is pada me bhI sakAra alAkSaNika mAnA jAtA hai| kintu ina sabake pIche sukhoccAraNa tathA chadovaddhatA kA dRSTikoNa hai| 'vatyagadhAlakAra' tathA 'datasohaNAssa' ina prayogo me uccAraNa kI mRdutA bhI naSTa hotA hai aura chapIbhaga bhI ho jAtA hai| haribhadra sUrI ne gocara' zabda ko sAmayika (samaya yA Agamasiddha) batalAyA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra gocAra' honA cAhie thaa| 23 Agamika prayogo me vibhaktirahita pada bhI milate hai| gihAhi sAhUguNa muca'sAhU (daza0 6 / 3 / 11) yahA 'guNa' zabda dvitIyA vibhakti kA bahuvacana hai| para yahA~ isakI vibhakti kA nirdeza nahI hai| 'igAladhUmakAra' ima pada me vibhakti nahIM hai| AcArya malayagiri ne isa prakAra ke vibhakti-lopa kA hetu Apa-prayoga batalAyA hai|"

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Apa prAkRta svarUpa eva vizlepaNa 226 Apa yA sAmayika prayoga ke pratipAdana kA hetu kAla kA antarAla hai | Agama sUtroM ke kucha prayoga vyAkaraNasiddha nahI hai, isa dhAraNA ke pIche do hetu the 1 prAkRta vyAkaraNakAro ke samaya jo vyAkaraNa upalabdha the yA unhe jo niyama jJAta the, unase ve prayoga siddha nahI hote the / me 2 prAkRta vyAkaraNakAra prAkRta kI prakRti saMskRta mAnakara cale / AgamasUtro bahuta sAre dezI bhASA ke prayoga hai, jinakA saMskRta se koI saMbadha nahI hai | ina dhAraNAo se unhone una prayogo ko alAkSaNika, Arpa yA sAmayika kahA / yadi hama kAla ke antarAla para dhyAna de to kucha nae tathya udghATita hoge / nizItha bhASya me AgamasUlo ko 'purANa' kahA gayA hai / unakA viSaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA pratipAdita hai aura unakA sakalana gaNadharo dvArA kRta hai, isalie ve purANa -- prAcIna hai / unakI bhASA 'prAkRta arddhamAgadhI' hai aura usame aThAraha dezI bhASAo kA samizraNa hai / 25 aneka vaiyAkaraNa ArSa aura dezya bhASAo ko vyAkaraNa ke niyamo se niyatrita nahI mAnate | DaoN0 pizala ne isa viSaya para eka samIkSAtmaka TippaNI kI haiM "bhAratIya vaiyAkaraNa purAne jaina-sUtroM kI bhASA ko ArSam arthAt 'RSiyo kI bhASA' kA nAma dete hai / hemacandra ne 1, 3 me batAyA hai ki usake vyAkaraNa ke sava niyama Arpa bhASA me lAgU nahI hote, kyoMki ArSa-bhASA me isake bahuta se apavAda haiM aura vaha 2, 174 me batAtA hai ki Upara likhe gaye niyama aura apavAda ArSa-bhASA meM lAgU nahI hote, usame manamAne niyama kAma me lAye jAte hai trivikrama apane vyAkaraNa me ArSa aura dezya bhASAo ko vyAkaraNa ke bAhara hI rakhatA hai, kyoMki inakI utpatti svataMtra hai jo janatA me rUDhi vana gaI thI (rUDhatvAt) / isakA artha yaha hai ki ArSa-bhASA kI prakRti yA mUla saMskRta nahI hai aura yaha bahudhA apane svataMtra niyamo kA pAlana karatI hai (svatantratvA bhUyasA ) / premacandra tarkavAgIza ne daNDin ke kAvyAdarza 1, 33 kI TIkA karate hue eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jisame prAkRta kA do prakAro me bheda kiyA gayA hai / eka prakAra kI prAkRta vaha batAI gaI hai, jo ArSa bhASA se nikalI hai aura dUsarI prAkRta vaha hai jo ArSa ke samAna hai ArSottham ArSatulyam ca dvividham prAkRtam vidu / 'rudraTa' ke kAvyAlakAra 2, 12 para TIkA karate hue 'namisAdhu' ne prAkRta nAma kI vyutpatti yo batAI hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI prakRti arthAt AdhArabhUta bhASA vaha hai jo prAkRtika hai, aura jo saba prANiyo kI bolacAla kI bhASA hai tathA jise vyAkaraNa Adi ke niyama niyantrita nahI karate, cUki vaha prAkRta se paidA huI hai athavA prAkRtajana kI bolI hai, isalie ise prAkRta bhASA kahate haiM / athavA isakA yaha bhI artha ho sakatA hai ki prAkRta prAkkRta zabdo se vanI ho / isakA tAtparya huA ki vaha bhASA jo bahuta purAne samaya se calI AI

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230 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA ho| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vaha prAkRta jo Apa zAstro me pAI jAtI hai arthAt arddhamAgadha vaha bhASA hai, jise devatA bolate haiM 'ArisakyaNe siddha devANa adamAgahI vANI' / isa lekhaka ke anusAra prAkRta vaha bhASA hai jise striyA~, bacce Adi vinA kaSTa ke samajha lete haiM, isalie madhyabhASA saba bhApAo ko jaDa hai| barasAtI pAnI kI taraha prArambha me isakA eka hI rUpa yA, kintu nAnA dezo me aura nAnA jAtiyo me vAlI jAne ke kAraNa (unake vyAkaraNa ke niyamo meM bhinnatA A jAne ke kAraNa) tathA niyamo me samaya-samaya para sudhAra calate rahane se bhASA ke rUpa me bhinnatA A gii| isakA phala yaha huA ki saskRta aura anya bhApAjo ke apabhra za rUpa bana gaye, jo 'rudraTa' ne 2 12 me ginAye haiN| yahA~ yaha vAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki 'namisAdhu' ke matAnusAra saMskRta kI AdhArabhUta bhaa5| athavA kahie ki saMskRta kI vyutpatti prAkRta se hai / yaha bAta isa taraha spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki voDo ne jisa prakAra mAgadhI ko sava bhApAo ke mUla me mAnA hai, vasI prakAra naino ne rdhimAgadhI ko sacavA taiyAra cho dArA vakhata mArSamAvA jo yaha mUla bhASA mAnA hai jisase anya voliyA aura bhASAe nikalI haiM / "26 ardhamAgadhI me mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kA sammizraNa mAnA hai / DA0 pizala ke anusAra mArpa aura mAgadhI bhASA eka hI hai| kintu nizItha cUNikAra ke anusAra ardhamAgadhI me kevala zaurasenI ko hI nahI kintu atAraha dezI bhASAgata vizeSatAe upalabdha haiM / isalie jise uttaravatI vaiyAkaraNo ne Apa kahA hai, vaha vyAkaraNa ke niyamo se sarvathA aniyatita bhI nahIM hai aura laukika saskRta kI bhAMti bahuta niyanita bhI nahIM hai / Apa-prayoga prAcIna vyAkaraNa se niyanita hai / una niyamo kI jAnakArI vaidika vyAkaraNa ke niyamo ke saMdarbha me kI jA sakatI hai| ____ anuyogahAra ke cUNikAra ne za05-prAmRta yA pUrva zAstroM ke antargata vyAkaraNo kA nirdeza kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki AgamasUno kI racanA ke samaya jo vyAkaraNa the, unake AdhAra para AgamasUto ke prayoga kie ge| bhASA kA pravAha aura usake prayoga kAla-parivartana ke sAtha-sAya parivatita hote rahate hai| pandraha sau varSa vAda banane vAle vyAkaraNo me una pUrvavartI vyAkaraNoM ke niyamo kA anuvartana sabhava nahIM hotaa| isIlie prAcIna prayogo ko 'ArSa' kahane kI manovRtti nirmita huii| AgamasUto me prAcIna vyAkaraNo ke kucheka saketa saubhAgya se Aja bhI upalabdha hai| unake AdhAra para hama alakSiNika prayogo ko kasoTI para kasa sakate haiN| sthAnAga sUtra me zuddhavacana anuyoga ke isa prakAra batalAe haiN| . 1 pakAra anuyoga cakAra zabda ke aneka artha haiM / (ka) samAhAra sahati, eka hI taraha ho jaanaa|'

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Apa prAkRta svarUpa eva vizleSaNa 231 (kha) itaretarayoga milita vyaktiyo yA vastuo kA saMbaMdha / (ga) samuccaya zabdo yA vAkyo kA pryog| (gha) anvAcaya 'mukhya kAma yA viSaya sAtha me gauNa kAma kA viSaya joDakara / (Da) avdhaarnn--nishcy| (ca) pAdapUraNa / 2 makAra anuyoga isa anuyoga ke dvArA makAra kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha samasta aura asamasta pado me hotA hai| jeNA- eva = jeNAmeva, teNA+eva =NAmeva / prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra inake jeNeva' 'teNeva' rUpa banate hai / 'chadaniroheNa uvei mokkha' (utta0 4 / 8) yahAM samasta pada me anusvAra kiyA gayA hai / 'annamannaNa' (utta0 13 / 7) yahA~ bhI makAra vihita hai| 3 piMkAra anuyoga - 'api' zabda ke aneka artha hai, jaise sabhAvanA, nivRtti, apekSA, samupaya, nahIM, ziSyAmarSaNa, vicAra, alakAra tathA prazna / 'evapi ege AsAse' yahAM api kA prayoga aise bhI' aura 'anyathA bhI' ina do prakArAnto kA samu-44 karatA hai| 4 seyakAra anuyoga 'se' zabda ke aneka artha haiM--- atha, vaha, usakA aadi| se bhikkhU'- yahA~ 'se' kA artha 'atha' hai / 'na se cAitti .I' / yahA~ se kA artha yaha (ve) hai / athavA 'seya' zabda ke aneka artha hai| zreyas, bhaviSyatkAla aadi| seya me ahijjiu ajjhayaNa yahA~ seya' zabda zreyas ke artha me prayukta hai / 'seyakAle akamma yAvi bhavaI' yahA~ seya' bhaviSyata kAla kA dyotaka hai / DaoN0 pizala ne 'sakAra' kI vizada mImAMsA kI hai / dekheMprAkRta bhASAo kA vyAkaraNa pR0 622-25 / 5 sAyakAra anuyoga sAya zabda ke aneka artha hai satya, sadbhAva, prazna aadi| 6 ekatva anuyoga bahuvacana ke sthAna para eka vacana kA prayoga / 'esa magutti pannatto' (utta0 28 / 2) yahA~ 'maga' zabda ekavacana kA prayoga hai, jabaki yahAM bahuvacana honA cAhie thaa| / 7 pRthaktva anuyoga jaise dhammatyikAye, dhammasthikAyadese, dhammatthikAyapadesA / yahA~ 'dhammatyikIyapadesA' - inameM do ke lie bahuvacana nahI hai kintu dharmAstikAya ke pradezo kA asakhyatva batalAne ke lie hai| / / 8 sayUtha anuyoga 'sammattadasaNasuddha' isa samasta pada kA vigraha aneka prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise / / / / / / / (ka) samyagdarzana ke dvArA zuddha (tRtIyA)

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232 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA (kha) samyagdarzana ke lie zuddha (caturthI) (ga) , se zuddha (pacamI) 6 sakrAmita anuyoga isake anusAra vibhakti aura vacana kA sakrama hotA hai| vibhakti saMkramaNa * isiM chaha jIvanikAyANa (dasa0 4 2) yahA~ saptamI ke artha me paSThI vibhakti hai| * vIesu hariesu (dasa0 5 / 1 / 57) yahAM tRtIyA ke artha me saptamI vibhakti hai| * bhogesu (dasa 0 8 / 34) yahA~ pacamI ke artha me saptamI vibhakti hai| * adINa maNaso (u0 2 / 3) yahA~ prayamA ke artha me SaSThI vibhakti hai| * kaDANa kamANa (vtt013|10) yahAM paMcamI ke artha me paSThI vibhakti hai| vacana saMkramaNa * manne (dasa 6 / 18) yahA~ bahuvacana ke sthAna para eka vacana hai / * se dasage'bhijAyaI (utta0 3 / 16) yahA~ bahuvacana ke sthAna para ekavacana hai| * uccAra samiIsu (utta0 12 / 2) __yahA~ ekavacana ke sthAna para bahuvacana hai| 10 bhinna anuyo| jaise 'tiviha tiviheNa' yaha sagraha-vAkya hai| isame (1) maNeNa vAyAe kAyeNa tathA (2) na karemi, na kArave mi, karatapi manna na bhamaNujAgAmi ina do khaDoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya kha7 nakami Adi tIna vAkyo meM 'tiviha' kA spaSTIkaraNa hai aura prathama khaDa maNa' Adi tIna pAcAgo me 'tivihaNa' kA spaSTIkaraNa hai| yahA~ 'na karemi' Adi vAda meM hai aura naNaNa' Adi pahane / yaha kama bheda hai / kAlabheda - 'sakke devide devarAyA vadati namamati'- yahA atIta ke artha me vartamAna kI jinyA kA prayoga hai|| ___ anuyogadvAra me A0 vittiyA pattalAI gaI hai| uname AThavI kA nAma AmantraNI hai / vRttikAra ne na para TippaNI karate hue likhA hai isa AThavI vipani kA AdhAra prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa hai / Adhunika vaiyAkaraNa me prathamA vibhakti

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Apa prAkRta svarUpa eva vizleSaNa 233 hI mAnate he |" anuyogadvAra ke cUrNikAra ne isI ke lie zabdaprAbhRta aura pUrva ke antargata vyAkaraNa kA nirdeza kiyA hai / Apa prAkRta kA vaidika vyAkaraNa se sAmya pAyA jAtA hai / " isase bhI yaha pramANita hotA hai ki usake niyama prAcIna vyAkaraNo se sabaddha hai / anuyogadvAra me liMgAnuzAsana ke niyama bhI milate hai pulliMga rAyA, giri, siharI, viNhU, dumo / strIliMga - mAlA, sirI, lacchI, javU, bahU | napusaliMga dhanna, asthi, pIlu, mahu / prajJApanA me liMga-vipayaka nirdeza anuyogadvAra se adhika vizada milate hai - 12 pulliMga maNusse, mahise, Ase, hatthI, sIhe, vagdhe, vage, dIvie, acche, tarache, paramsa re, siyAle virAle, suNae, kolasuNae, kokkatie, sasae, citta, cillalae / " strIliMga maNussI, mahisI, balavA, hatthiNiyA, sIhI, vagdhI, vagI, dIviyA, acchI, taracchI, parassarA, siyAlI, virAlI, suNiyA, kolasuNiyA, kokkatiyA, sasiyA, citiyA, cillaliyA 35 napuMsakaliMga -- kama, kamoya, parimaMDala, sela, thUma, jAla, thAla, tAra, rUva, acchi, pavrva, kuDa, parama, du, dahi, NavaNIya, AsaNa, sayaNa, bhavaNa, vimANa, chatta, cAmara, bhiMgAra, agaNa, niraMgaNa AbharaNa, rayaNa / 16 'puDhavI' yaha strIliMga hai / 'Au' yaha pulliMga hai / 'dhaNNa' yaha napusakaliMga hai|" prAkRta meM liMga kA vidhAna itanA niyaMtrita nahI hai jitanA saMskRta me hai / 'AI' kA saMskRta rUpa 'ap' hotA hai / saMskRta me yaha strIliMgavAcI zabda hai aura prAkRta me pulliMgavAcI / prAkRta kA prasiddha sUtra hai liMgamatantram / ' prajJApanA me solaha prakAra ke vacano me ekavacana dvivacana aura bahuvacana - ina tIno kA nirdeza hai / " yaha nirdeza maskRta-vyAkaraNAnusArI pratIta hotA hai / prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke sadarbha me eka vacana aura bahuvacana ye do hI nirdeza milate hai maNusse, mahise yaha ekavacana hai / " maNussA mahisA yaha vahuvacana hai / isa prasaga me dvivacana kA ullekha nahI hai / dvivacana ko bahuvacana kA Adeza" isalie karanA par3A ki unhone saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti mAna liyA / kintu jo AcArya janabhASA ko prAkRta kI prakRti mAnate haiM, unake sAmane dvivacana ko bahuvacana kA Adeza karane kA prazna hI upasthita nahI hotA / varNamAlA prAkRta bhASA ke sAtha brAhmI lipi kA ghaniSTha savadha rahA hai / samavAya sUtra me usakI varNamAlA ke 46 akSara batalAe gae hai / " unakA spaSTIkaraNa vahA

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234 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA prApta nahIM hai| vRttikAra amayadevasUri ne sabhAvita rUpa se chiyAlIsa mAtRkAkSaro kI jAnakArI isa prakAra dI hai" * R la la inakA varjana kara zeSa 12 svr| ka se ma taka vyaMjana (545) = 25 antasya ya ra la va USma za pa sa ha - K kSa AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra prAkRta varNamAlA ke akSara 38 hote haiN| unake anusAra prAkRta me *, R, lu, la, ai, au, a ye svara tathA Da, ba, za, pa vyajana nahIM hote| svavarya sayukta Da aura na ko mAnya kiyA hai| ai aura au ko bhI matAntara ke rUpa me mAnya kiyA hai| mAgadhI me dantya makAra ke sthAna para tAlavya zakAra hotA hai| isa prakAra pAca vaNoM ke baDha jAne para varNamAlA ke akSara 43 ho jAte hai / tIna vargoM ke prayoga Adhunika prAkRto meM nahIM milte| pAli vyAkaraNa me 41 akSara nirdiSTa hai a A i I u U e o| ka kha ga ghdd| ca cha ja jha na / Ta Tha Da Dha Na ta tha da dha na / pa pha ba bha ma / ya ra la va / sa pa ha La a / AcArya hemacandra ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa me Da aura na ina dono voM ko vajita mAnA hai, kintu pAli vyAkaraNa me ye dono mAnya haiN| satyavacana ke sAtha vyAkaraNa kA sabaMdha mAnA gayA hai| satyabhApI ko nAma, AkhyAta, nipAta, upasarga, taddhita, samAsa, sandhi, pada, hetu, yaugika, uNAdi, kriyAvivAna, dhAtu, svara, vibhakti aura varNa ko vodha honA cAhie / satyavacana inake vodha se yukta hotA hai / 50 isa pratipAdana se jJAta hotA hai ki vyAkaraNa-vodha kI anivAryatA prAcInakAla se mAnI gaI hai| dazavakAlika ke AcAra, prajJapti aura dRSTivAda ina tIno zabdo kA artha cUNi aura TIkAkAla taka vyAkaraNa se saMbaMdhita thaa| agastyamiha sthavira ne AcAradhara aura pratighara kA artha bhASA ke vinayoniyamoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA kiyA hai| jinadAsa mahata ra ke anusAra 'AcAradhara' zabdo keni. ko jAnatA hai 52 TIhi 1* ne bhI yahI artha kiyA hai| praptidhara kA artha liMga kA vizeSa jAnakAra aura dRSTivAda ke adhyetA kA artha prakRti, pratyaya, lopa, Agama, varNAdhiyA, kAna, 12 Adi vyAkaraNa ke ago ko jAnane vAlA kiyA hai|51

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' Apa prAkRta svarUpa eka vizlepaNa 23 ukta uddharaNa ApaprAkRta ke prAcIna vyAkaraNa kI ora iMgita karate hai ArSaprAkRta ke vadiza aura 'za08 bhI Adhunika prAkRta vyAkaraNa se bhinna hai AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra dakAra ko takAra Adeza hotA hai dina = matana sadana ==satana, pradeza = prateza / 54 kintu ArSaprAkRta me aneka svaro tathA vyajana ke sthAna me takAra Adeza milatA hai erAvaNa terAvaNa (sUna kRtaa| 1 / 6 / 21 ) / musAvAya musAvAta , 11 / 10) / sAhuka sAhutaM' ' (. , 1211 / 33) visaesaNa visatesaNa (... , 11 / 28) orabhie tArabhie / - ....... " 2 / 2 / 16 ) kAya kAta (f , 2 / 2 / 4 ) samae samate / / / (, / " 2 / 2 / 16 ) ruINa tINa ! / / ' (,, , 2 / 2 / 18 ) uddhatvAkeza ArSa-prayogo me kucha dvitvAdeza aise hai, jo prAkRta vyAkaraNo se siddha nahIM hote sati = sacitta, / avitta acitta, sagaDabhi = svakRta bhid tahakAra tayAkAra, kAya girA ' kAyagirA, purisa+kAra=puruSakA aNuvvasa =anuvaza, allINa =AlIna' . . hasvAdeza prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra sayukta varNa.se.pUrva dIrgha varNa hasva ho jAtA hai : kintu ArSa prAkRta me yaha niyama lAgU nahIM hotaa| prAcIna AdarzoM meM kucha rUpa Aja bhI surakSita hai, jiname sayukta varNa se pUrva dIrgha varNa upalabdha hai . ogaha gaha-avagraha - - . . / pAgala+pugala-pudgala - . / / ekka+ikaeka etto+itto+ita / - / / . .. , Agama sUtro kI mUlabhASA ardhamAgadhI rahI hai| devaddhigaNI ne Agamo kA nayA saskaraNa pallabhI me kiyA thaa| mahArASTra me jaina zramaNo kA vihAra hone lgaa| usa sthiti me AgamasUtro kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gii| AcArya hemacandra kA vihAra-sthala bhI mukhyAta gujarAta -thaa| vaha mahArASTra kA samIpavartI pradeza hai| unhone mahArASTrI ke pracalita prayogo ko apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa me pramukha sthAna diyA / 'ardhamAgadhI ke una prAcIna rUpo, jo usa samaya taka Agamo me surakSita the, ko ArSa prayoga ke rUpa me ullikhita kiyaa| mUlata prAcIna Agama-sUtro (AyAro, 'sUyagaDa, uttarajjhayaNANi 'Adi) kI bhApA

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236 sara kRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA mahArASTrIya nahI thI, kintu uttarakAlIna Agamo tathA unake vyAkhyAanyoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI ho gii| sabhI jaina Agamo kI bhApA na ardhamAgadhI hai aura na mahArASTrI aura ArSa prAkRta kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha tathya vismRta nahIM honA caahie| sadarbha 1 hemAdAnuzAsana, 8 / 1 / 3 A hi sarve vidhayo vikalpyante / 2 , , 8176 A anyatrApi / pacche ma / asahajja devaasurii| 3 / / 8.1177 A anyadapi dRzyate / Apu-cana AuNTaNa / bana pa4 Tatvam / 8 / 1245 mA lopopi / yayAkhyAtam-mahakhAya / yathAjAtam mahAjAya // 8 / 1 / 254 ArSe duvAlasarga ityApi / 8 / 2 / 17 ArSa 35khU, khIra, sArikvamityAdyapi dRzyate / sArA3 kSa kha pacittujasI / 8-2 / 21 A tathye copi tacca / 812196 mArSe zmazAnazabdasya somANa susANamityapi bhavati / 8 / 2 / 68 mA pahisoo vissomasimA / 8 / 2 / 101 mA sUkSme'pi, suhama / 8 / 2 / 113 ArSe sUkSmam, suhuma / 8 / 2 / 104 kiriA, ArSe tu haya nANa kiyAhINa / saa2|120 ArSe harae mhpunnddrie| 8 / 2 / 146 kaTu iti tu aayeN| 8 / 2 / 174 mA tu yathAdarzana samavirudam / 17 (ka),,, 8 / 3 / 137 A tRtIyApi dRzyate / prathamAyA api dvitIyA dRzyate / (kha), 83162 A davindo iNama0vavI ityAdI siddhAvasyAzrayaNAt hastanyA prayoga / 18 hemazabdAnuzAsana, 8141283 mA vAkyAlakArapi dRzyate / 16 dazakAlika, hAribhadrIyA vRtti, pana 86 anusvAro'lAkSaNika / mukhasukhopAraNArtha / 20 hemazabdAnuzAsana, 8 / 1 / 177 ka-ga ca-ja-ta-da-pa-ya vA prAyo luk / 21. // // 8 / 1 / 231 pova / 22 , , 811231 vRtti-etena pakArasya prAptayolApavikArayosmin kRte zrutisukhamutpadyate sa tana kArya / 23 dazakAlika, hAribhadrIyA vRtti pana 16 sAmayikatvAt goriva paraNa gocara anyathA gocAra / 24 piniyukti, gAthA 1, vRtti-sUne ca vibhaktilopa ApatvAt /

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25 nizIthabhASya, gAthA 3618 porANamaddhamA gahamAsANiyaya havati suta || cUrNi - tityayarabhAsito jassatthogadho ya gaNadharaNibaddho ta porANa | mahavA-pAyaryabaddha porANa, magaha'ddhavisayabhAsaNibaddha addhamAha / adhavA-aTThArasadesI bhAkhANiyata addhamAgadha bhavati sutta 26 DA0 pizala- prAkRta bhASAo kA vyAkaraNa pR0 25, 26 / 27 anuyogadvAra cUrNi pR0 47 vAgaraNAdisu / 28 ThANa 106 26 vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekheM (1) dazavaMkAlika eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, vyAkaraNa-vimarza | (2) uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, vyAkaraNa-vimarza / "" 30 anuyogadvAra, malayadhArIyA vRtti patra 123 vRddharvayAkaraNa dazanena ceyamaSTamI gaNyate eyugInAnA tvasau prathamaiveti mantavyamiti / 31 dekheM - DA0 pizala, prAkRta bhASAo kA vyAkaraNa, pR0 8, 6 TippaNa | 32 maNuyogaddArAi, sUtra 264 // 33 paNNavaNA pada 11 / 34 paNNavaNA pada 11, sUtra 21 / 35 sUtra 23 / 36 sUtra 24 / sUtra 26 / " " ,, " 33 33 ArSa prAkRta svarUpa eva vizleSaNa 23 "1 "1 vittharo si sahapAhuDAto NAyavvo puvvaNiggatesu va 37 38 paNNavaNA 1186 | 36. 11 / 21 / 11 / 22 / 40 " 41 hema0 za0 8 / 3 / 130 dvivacanasya bahuvacanam / 42 11 51919 prakRti saMskRtam / tatra bhava tata Agata vA prAkRtam / 37 43 vRhatkalpa bhASya 12, malayagiri vRtti 44 samavAya, 46 / 2 prakRto bhava prAkRta svabhAvasiddhamityarthaM / 45 samavAyAgavRtti, patra 65 46 hema0 za0 81119 46 hema0 za0 8 1919 mo svavagyaM sayukto bhavata eva / edotI ca keSAcit kaMtavam kaiava sondaryam, somara, koravA / 48 ,,,, 8|4|288 mAgadhyA rephasya dantyasakArasya ca sthAne yathAsasya lakArastAlavya zakArazca bhavati // 46 kaccAyana vyAkaraNa 1 / 1 / 2 akkharApAdayo ekacattAlIsa | 50 paNhAvAgaraNAI 7|14 nAmavakhAya-nivAsovasagga-taddhiya-samAsa-sadhi-pada- heu-joNiya uNAdi-kiriyAvihANa-dhAtu-sara- vibhattivaNNajutta /

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238 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 51 dazavakAlika 8 / 46, magamtyasiMha sthavira cUNi vynnniymnnmaayaage| " mAyAradharo bhAsenA tesu viNItabhAmAviNao, viseseNa pannattidharo eta payalagavaNNavivajjAse Na avadhase / 52 dazavakAlika 8 / 46, jinadAmamahattara cUNi, pR0 286-AyAradharI 3tyopurigaNa saga ligANi jANa / 53 dazavakAlika, hAribhadrIya TIkA pana 236 AcAraghara strIliMgAdIni jAnAti, prAptikara stAnyeva mavizepANItyeva bhUtam / tathA pTivAdamadhIyAna prakRtipratyaya nopAgamavAvakAra kAlakArakAdivedinam / 54 hema0 za0 8141387 tadosta / 55 , , 81 / 84 hasva sayoge /

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Adhunika yuga meM prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA adhyayana-anusandhAna DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' prAkRta bhAropIya bhApA parivAra kI bhAratIya AryazAkhA kI prAcInatama aura anyatama bhApA mAnI jAtI hai| vaidikakAla me vaha eka janabolI thI, jo kramaza vikasita hotI gaI aura pAli-prAkRta tathA apabhra za ke sopAno ko pAra karatI huI Adhunika Arya bhASAo ke vividha rUpo me pratiSThita huii| ata bhApAvijJAna ke AdhAra para yaha tayya prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vartamAna janaboliyo kA sIdhA sambandha pAli-prAkRta bhApAo se adhika hai| unakA pariniSThita rUpa bhale hI saskRta ke parisara me upalabdha ho sakatA hai| ___sadiyo se prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha me vivAda ke svara,gU jate rahe haiM / prAkRta aura saskRta ina dono bhASAo me prAcInatara, tathA mUla bhASA kaunasI hai ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna me do pakSa prastuta kie gae hai| prathama pakSa kA kathana hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti saskRta se huI hai tathA dUsarA pakSa usakA sambandha kisI prAcIna janabhASA se sthApita karatA hai / prAkRta vyAkaraNa-zAstra me dono pakSo kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra milatA hai - 1 prathama pakSa (1) prakRti saMskRtam / tatra bhava tata Agata vA prAkRtam -hemacandra / ' (11) prakRti saskRtam, tatra bhava prAkRtam ucyate mArkaNDeya / / (iii) prakRte saskRtAyA tu vikRti prAkRtI matA nrsiNh| (iv) prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saskRta yoni vAsudeva / (v) prAkRte Agatam prAkRtam / prakRti saMskRtam dhanika / / (vi) maskRtAta prAkRta zreSTha tato'pabhra zabhApaNam zakara / (vii) prakRte saskRtAd Agata prAkRtam - siMhadevagaNin / '

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240 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ( VI11 ) prakRti saMskRtam, tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtam smRtam piTasana ( prAkRtacandrA ) 2 dvitIya pakSa ( 1 ) 'prAkRteti' sakalajagajjantUnA vyAkaraNAdibhiranA hita sarakAra sahajo vacanavyApAra prakRti, tatra bhava saiva vA prAkRtam / 'Arinavayavo siddha devANa addhamAgahA vANI' ityAdi vacanAt vA prA pUrva kRta prAkkRta vAlamahilAdimubodha malamApAnivanyabhUta vacanamucyate / meghanirmuktajalamivaika svarUpa nadeva ca dezavizepAt maskArakaraNAcca namAsAditavizeSa sat saMskRtAdyuttara vibhedAnApnoti / ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdI nirdiSTa tadanu saMskRtAdIni / pANinyAdivyAkaraNoditazabdalakSaNena saskaraNAt saMskRtamucyate - namisAdhu / ( 11 ) sayalAo ima vAyA visati eto ya NeMti vAyAo / eti samudda ciya Neti sAyarAo cciya jalAi || vAkpatirAja | ( 111 ) yA yoni kila saMskRtasya sudRzA jihvAmu yanmodate / rAjazekhara uparyukta dono pakSo kA vizleSaNa hama isa prakAra kara sakate haiM ki prAkRta vastuta janabolI thI, jise uttarakAla me saMskRta ke mAdhyama se samajhane-samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA / prAkRta bhASA ke samAnAntara vaidika saMskRta athavA chAndama bhASA thI, jisakA sAhityika rUpa Rgveda aura atharvaveda me vizeSa rUpa se dRSTavya hai / yAska ne isI para nirukta likhA aura pANini ne isI ko pariSkRta kiyA / viDamvanA yaha hai ki prAkRta ke prAthamika rUpa ko digdarzita karAne vAlA koI sAhitya upalabdha nahI, jisake AdhAra para usakI vAstavika sthiti samajhI jA sake / hA, yaha avazya hai ki prAkRta ke kucha mUla zabdo ko vaidika maskRta me prayukta zabdoM ke mAdhyama se samajhA jA makatA hai / vaidika rUpa vikRta, kiMkRta, nikRta, dandra, andra, prath, grath, kSudra kramaza prAkRta ke vikaTa, kIkaTa, nikaTa, daNDa, aNDa, paTha, ghaTa, kSulla, rUpa the jo dhIre-vIre janabhASA se vaidika sAhitya me pahuca ge| ina zabdo aura dhvaniyoM se yaha kathana atArkika nahIM hogA ki prAkRta janabolI thI, jise pariSkRtakara chAndasa bhASA kA nirmANa kiyA / janabolI kA hI vikAsa uttarakAla me pAli, prAkRta, apatra Na aura Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAo ke rUpa me huA / tathA chAndasa bhASA ko pANini ne pariSkRta kara laukika saMskRta kA rUpa diyA sAdhAraNata laukika saMskRta me to parivartana nahI ho pAyA para prAkRta janabolI sadaiva parivartita athavA vikasita hotI rahI / saMskRta bhASA ko zikSita aura

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna : 241 upavarga ne apanAyA tathA prAkRta sAmAnya samAja kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banA rahI / yahI kAraNa hai ki saskRta nATako me sAmAnya jano se prAkRta me hI vArtAlApa karAyA gyaa| ____ DA0 pizala ne hoiphara, lAssana, yAkobI, bhaDArakara Adi vidvAno ke isa mata kA sayuktika khaNDana kiyA hai ki prAkRta kA mUla kevala saskRta hai / unhone senAra se sahamati vyakta karate hue kahA ki prAkRta bhApAo kI jar3eM janatA kI boliyo ke bhItara jamI huI haiM aura unake mukhya tattva Adi kAla me jItI-jAgatI aura bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se lie gae haiM, kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASAyeM, jo bAda ko sAhityika bhASAo ke pada para caDha gaIM, saskRta kI bhAti hI bahuta ThokIpITI gaI, tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana jAya / apane mata ko siddha karane ke lie unhone sarvaprathama vaidika zabdo kA prAkRta zabdo se sAmya batAyA aura bAda me madhyakAlIna aura Adhunika bhAratIya boliyo me sanihita prAkRta bhASAgata vizeSatAo ko spaSTa kiyaa| isame koI sandeha nahIM ki jisa prakAra vaidika bhASA usa samaya kI janabhASA kA pariSkRta rUpa hai, usI prakAra sAhityika prAkRta bhI prAkRta boliyo kA pariskRta rUpa hai| uttarakAla me to vaha saskRta vyAkaraNa, bhASA aura zailI se bhI prabhAvita hotI rhii| phalata lambe-lambe samAsa aura saskRta se parivartita prAkRta rUpo kA prayoga hone lgaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNo kI racanA kI AdhArazilA me bhI isa pravRti ne kAma kiyaa| prAkRta bhASA para dezI-videzI vidvAno ne kAphI adhyayana anusandhAna kiyA hai, phira bhI use hama sapUrNa nahIM kaha sakate / adhyayana kabhI sampUrNa hotA bhI nahIM / yahA hama prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNazAstra para jo bhI pAzcAtya vidvAno ne kArya kiyA hai, usakA sakSipta sarvekSaNa prastuta kara rahe hai| hama apane isa sarvekSaNa ko sthUlata pAca bhAgo me vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| 1. bhASAvijJAna ke AdhAra para prAkRta bhASAo kA adhyayana / 2 prAkRta vyAkaraNo kA adhyayana / 3 prAkRta bhASAo para Adhunika bhASAo me likhe gae vyAkaraNa / 4 prAkRta bhASAo kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana / 5 saskRta nATako me prayukta boliyo kA adhyayana / 1 prAkRta bhASAo kA bhASAvaijJAnika adhyayana prAkRta bhASAo ne pAzcAtya vidvAno ko apanI vizeSatAo kI ora 19vI zatAbdI ke madhyakAla me AkarSita kiyaa| A Hoefer sambhavata prathama vidvAn rahe hoge jinhone 1836 me Berotini se De Prakuta Dialecto Libri duo

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242 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA prakAzita kiyaa| isame unhone prAkRta bhASAo kA bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se vizeSa adhyayana kiyA aura saskRta ko usakA mUla udgama siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA / J Beames ne bhI Outlines of Indian Philology (dvitIya maskaraNa, 1868) me gorasenI se kucha udAharaNa dekara yahI niSkarSa nikAlA / isake bAda G Goldschamidt ne Bildungen aus Passive Stammen in Prakrit (Seitscrhift, der deutschen morgenlanelischen Gesellschrift Vol. XXIX, PP. 491-495, Vol XXX, P. 779 Leipzig, 1875-1876) 791 Der infininitive des passive in Prakrit, ZDMG, Vol XXVIII, P,491-493, Leipzig, 1874) me prAkRta ke karmavAcya para vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiyaa| E Muller ne Arya bhApAo ke vikAsa meM prAkRta bhASAo kA mahatva pradazita karate hue prAkRta kI rUpima vizeSatAo ko upasthita kiyaa| (Beitrage, Zer Grammatik des Jaina Prakrit, Berlin, 1876) A. F Rudolf, Hoernle 41 A Sketch of the History of Prakrit Philology (CR. LXXI, Art. 7, 1880) nAmaka anya bhI isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya hai / isI bIca Wilson ne babaI vizvavidyAlaya me bhASAvijJAna para kucha bhASaNa die, jiname unhone saskRta bhASA ke vikAsa ko spaSTa karate hue prAkRta aura Adhunika bhApAo kI saracanA para prakAza ddaalaa| John Beams ne 1872 se 1879 ke vIca kucha bhAga prakAzita kie, jiname unhone Arya bhASAo kI vikAsAtmaka sthiti ko spaSTa karate hue una para prAkRta bhASAo ke prabhAva ko parilakSita kiyaa| H Jacobi Uber Unregelmassige Passive in Prakrit, (Kuhne's Zeitschift fur deutcshen morgenlandischen cesellschaft, Vol XXXIII, P 249-259, Gutersloh, 1887) tathA Uber das Prakrit in der Erzahlungs - Literatur der Jainas (Rivista degli studi Orientali, Vol II PP 231-236, Roma, 1908-1909) bhI yahA ullekhanIya haiM, jiname unhone prAkRta kI vibhinna vizeSatAo ko bhASAvijJAna ke kSetra me adhyayana kA viSaya bnaayaa| haribhadramUri kI sama rAi kahA tathA vimalasUri ke paumacariya ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA ki jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta ke gadya aura padya sAhitya kI vizeSatAe pRthaka-pRthaka haiN| ____R Pischel ne 1900 me Strassburg se Grammatik der Prakrit sprachen (Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie un Altertums Kunde, Band I, Heft 8) prakAzita kara bhApAvaijJAniko ko prAkRta

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna * 243 kA adhyayana karane ke lie aura bhI prerita kara diyaa| yahA lekhaka ne yaha bhI siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA ki zvetAmbara sampradAya ke prAkRta jaina Agamo kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI nAma diyA jAnA cAhie, jaina prAkRta nhii| isI prakAra mahArASTrI jaina prAkRta ke sthAna para saurASTrI jaina prAkRta tathA digambara sampradAya ke prAkata Agama grantho kI bhASA ko zaurasenI jaina prAkRta kahA jAnA caahie| Sten Konow (I R A S 1901) ne bhI prAkRta bhASAo kA bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA / T Burrow kA Sanskrit Language (London) tathA J Bloch kA phreJca me likhita 'la' oNrdA eriyA (bhAratIya AryabhASA) Adi jaise grantho kA bhI yahA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jiname vidvAno ne prAkRta ke vibhinna vikAsAtmaka sopAno ko spaSTa karate hue bhAratIya bhASAo ke vikAsa me unake yogadAna kI carcA kii| Alsdorf kA Origins of New Indo-Aryan languages lekha bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| isI sandarbha me hama halza ke Inscriptions of Ashok (Oxford, 1925), dUlara ke Ashoka's text and Glossary (kalakattA, 1924), Bloch ke Ashoka a la Magadhi (BSOS, VI, 2, 1932) jaise kAryoM kA bhI ullekha karanA cAhege, jiname zilAlekho kI prAkRta kA vicAra kiyA hai| ina vidvAno ne yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki prastara-lekho para prAkRta kA bahuta prabhAva 5DA hai aura ye vizeSatAye kevala sAhityika prAkRta me hI milatI haiN| ina prastaralekho kI bhASA me kucha kRtrimatA dikhAI detI hai| phira bhI ve atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM prAkRta ke vikAsa ko samajhane kI dRSTi se|| 2 prAkRta-vyAkaraNo kA adhyayana-anusandhAna prAkRta-vyAkaraNo ko sAdhAraNata: do sampradAyo me vibhakta kiyA gayA hai pUrvI aura pazcimI / pUrvI sampradAya kA netRtva vararuci karate haiM aura pazcimI sampradAya kA hemacandra / pAzcAtya vidvAno ne ina dono sampradAyo para kAma kiyA hai| pUrvI vyAkaraNa-sampradAya para zodha prArambha karane kA zreya Cl Lassen ko diyA jA sakatA hai jinhone 1837 me Bonnae se Institutions linguae Pracritieae nAmaka granya prakAzita kiyaa| isake prathama khaNDa meM hemacandra Adi prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNo tathA mAgadhI Adi prAkRta boliyo para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dUsare khaNDa me vararuci ke prAkRta prakAza ke prathama cAra adhyAya prAkRta-saskRta anukramaNikA ke sAtha prastuta kie gae haiM / grantha kA tRtIya khaNDa mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraza Adi prAkRta boliyo ke vivecana para AdhArita hai| 1836 me N Delius ne Radices Pracratcae kA vahI se prakAzana kiyaa| isame lekhaka ne pararuci ke AThave anyAya para apanA adhyayana vizeSata kendrita kiyaa|

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244 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI 55-parA ina dono grantho se preraNA pAkara E B Cowcll ne baramaci ke prAkRtaprakAza kI chaha pratiyo ke AdhAra para sarvaprathama gapAditakAra bhAmaha kI prAcInatama manoramA TIkA ke sAtha 1854 me Hertvhrd me prakAzita kiyaa| vahI me mI kA dvitIya saskaraNa 1868 me aura kalakattA ne tRtIya ma-kaNa 1962 meM huaa| Cowell ne apanI bhUmikA meM prAkRta vyAna.2.pI-vizeSata. vAci aura hemacandra kI --kA sarvekSaNa kiyaa| mUla ke mAya hI agrejI anuvAda aura pAca pariziSTa bhI joDe gaye / ina pariziSTo meM eka pariziSTa aimA bhI hai jinameM hemacandra dvArA ligvita goramenI prAkRta ke niyama-nUna savAlina yi ye hai aura anya me hemacandra ke hI svara navigata mUtro ko rakha diyA gayA hai| anta meM eka vistRta zabdasUcI dI gaI hai jisame prAkRta gando kI maskRta chAyA bhI gamAhita katipaya vidvAn cADa ke prAkRta lakSaNa ko varaci se bhI pUrvavattI mAnane hai / prAkRta lakSaNa kA sarvaprathama ma-pAdana I Hocrnle ne kiyA jo 1880 me kalakattA se The Prakrit Lakshanam or Chanda's Grammer of the ancient (714) Prakrit, Pt I text with a critical introduction and indexes nAma se prakAgita huaa| isakA sampAdana cAra praniyo ke AdhAra para huA | Hoernle kI dRSTi me caDa ne Apa (artha mAgavI mahArASTrI) 0. karaNa likhA hai aura yaha caNDa vararuci se pUrvavartI hai| parantu Block ne apane Vararuci Unt Hemachandra zIrSaka nivandha me isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA aura kahA ki caNDa ne apanA vyAkaraNa hemacandra Adi aneka vaiyAkaraNo se udhAra liyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, usame azuddhiyA bhI bahuta hai| pizela ne ina dono mato kA khaNDana kiyA aura kahA ki caNDa utanA prAcIna nahIM jitanA Hoernle mAnate haiM / caNDa ne prathama zloka me hI 'vRhamatAt' zabda kA prayoga kara yaha spaSTa kara diyA ki unhoMne pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNo kA AdhAra liyA hai| yaha zloka kSepaka yA prakSipta nahI balki lagabhaga sabhI pratiyo me upalabdha hai| unhone apane granya me mahArASTrI, ardhamAgadhI, jaina mahArASTrI aura jaina zaurasenI ke sAmAnya niyamo ko prastuta kiyA hai / vyUlara ne isa granya kI samIkSA "sAiTazriphTa Dera mauna leNDizana gejelazAphTa' me prAkRta bhASAntara vidhAna kahakara kI hai| kamadIzvara kA sakSiptasAra hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai| isake adhyAyo ko prAkRtapAda kahA gayA hai| prathama sAta prAkRta pAda me saskRta vyAkaraNa aura aNTamapAda me hemacandra ke samAna prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko nibaddha kiyA hai| isa vyAkaraNa kA sarvaprathama sampAdana Lassen ne 1836 me 'insTITyUtsIonesa' me kiyA jisakA kucha bhAga rADiyata prAkRtikA e (vInnAe

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna . 245 ArDaranuma) nAma se prakAzita huA / kramadIzvara ne isa para svopajJa TIkA likhI aura caNDIdeva zarman ne prAkRta dIpikA likhI hai / kramadIzvara kA samaya 12-13 vI zatI mAnI jAtI hai| puruSottama ke prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana kA sarvaprathama sampAdana Nitti Dolce ne nepAla se prApta eka hI prati ke AdhAra para kiyA jisakA prakAzana 1938 me parisa se huaa| isakA samaya 13vI satI se pUrva mAnA gayA hai| Dolci ne pizala ke isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA ki vyAkaraNakAro kI prAcInatA tathA navInatA kI pahacAna yA vargIkaraNa isa siddhAnta para kareM ki purAne vyAkaraNo me prAkRta ke kama bheda ginAe gae haiM tathA nayo me unakI saMkhyA vaDhatI gaI hai| vAstava me pAyA to yaha jAtA hai ki jitanA nayA vyAkaraNakAra hai, vaha utanI kama prAkRta bhASAo kA ullekha karatA hai| pizala ke isa mata ko bhI unhone svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| vararuci, mahArASTrI choDa, anya prAkRta bhASAo ke bAre me kama sUtra dete hai / kauvela aura oNphareSTa ke bhI prAkRta-adhyayana kA mUlyAkana Dolcr ne kiyaa| unhone yaha spaSTa kiyA ki prAkRta sajIvinI svatanna grantha nahI balki TIkA kA nAma hai / TIkAkAra vasantarAja kA samaya 14-15 vI zatI mAnA jA sakatA hai| pizala ke kAla se hI hemacandrAcArya dvArA ullikhita 'hugga' kI pahicAna abhI taka nahI ho skii| Dolci ne huga ke sthAna para 'siddha' pATha sahI mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ke mUla sroto kI khoja abhI taka pUrNa saphala nahIM huii| yaha sahI bhI hai| prAkRtakalpataru ke racayitA rAmatarkavAgIza kA samaya lagabhaga 17vI zatI mAnA jAtA hai / lAssana ne isakA ullekha apane insTITayUtsI osa me kiyaa| usake samUce bhAga ko eka sAtha prakAzita nahI kiyA jA sakA / niyarasana ne usake kucha bhAgo ko nibandho ke rUpa me avazya prastuta kiyA hai| bAda me sampUrNa grantha kA sampAdana E Hultzsch ne kiyA jisakA prakAzana raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI, Hertford se 1906 me huaa| lakezvara kI prAkRta kAmadhenu, mArkaNDeya kA prAkRta sarvasva, narasiMha kI prAkRta 2006pradIpikA Adi aura bhI anya prAkRta vyAkaraNa haiM para videzI vidvAno ne unapara prAya apanI lekhanI nahI claaii| __ prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke pazcimI sampradAya ke pramukha vaiyAkaraNa AcArya hemacandra ko kahA jA sakatA hai| unakA prAkRta vyAkaraNa siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana kA aSTama adhyAya hai jisakI sarvaprathama sa-pAda R Pischel ne do bhAgo me kiyA jinakA prakAzana Halle se 1877 aura 1880 me huA / prathama bhAga me mUla grantha aura zabda-sUcI dI gaI hai aura dvitIya bhAga me usakA jarmana anuvAda, vizada vyAkhyA aura tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isame pizala ne hemacandra ke

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246 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA middhAnto kI bhImAsA kI hai| kahI ve unase sahamata bhI nahIM ho sake / kahI unhoMne akathya kI bhApA ko kathya bhI banA diyA / ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI Adi ke atirikta DhakkI, dAkSiNAtyA, AvantI aura jaina zaurasenI jaisI prAkRta boliyo para pizala ne vilakula naI sAmagrI prastuta kI hai| trivikrama ke zabdAnuzAsana ke AdhAra para siMharAja ne prAkRta rUpAvatAra likhA jisakA prathama sampAdana E Hultzsch ne kiyA aura prakAzana rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, Hertford se 1606 me huaa| sampAdaka ne isakI bhUmikA me lekhaka ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| 3. prAkRta bhASAo para Adhunika bhASAo meM likhe gaye vyAkaraNa ____ upayukta vyAkaraNo ke AdhAra para videzI vidvAno ne aneka vyAkaraNa grantha likhe| uname se katipaya kAryoM kA ullekha hama prAkRta bhASAvijJAna ke sandarbha me kara cuke haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAno me svatantra rUpa se sarvaprathama vyAkaraNa likhane vAlo me Hoeffar ko nAma ullekhanIya hai jinhone apanA grantha De Prakrita Dialects Librio Duo 1836 me pAlana se prakAzita kiyA thaa| lagabhaga usI samaya 1537 me Cl Lassen kA Institutions Linguae Pracritieae nAmaka prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA grantha Bonnae se prakAzita huaa| ye anya sarvasAdhAraNa pAThako ko acchI sAmagrI prastuta karate hai| isI prakAra R Pischel ? De Grammaticis Pracriticis (Vratislaciae, 1874', E Muller dit Beitrage Zur Grammatik des Jaina Prakrit (Berlin, 1876), S Goldschmidt 61 Prakritiea (Strassburg, 1879, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgendischen Gesellschaft, Vol XXXII, pp. 99112, Vol XXXVII, pp 457-458, Leipzig, 1878-1883), H Jacobi 41 Das guantitatsgestz in den Prakritsprachen (Kuhn's Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung, Vol. XXXV, pp 292298, Berlin, 1881), R F Pavolini 47 Le Novello Prakrit de Mandia edi Aglaladatta (Rome, 1872), Alfred C Woolner ! Introduction to Prakrit (Lahore, 1917), Sir George Abraham Grierson kA Prakrit Dhatvadesase(AS B, Calcutta, 1924) Adi aura bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa haiM, jo prAkRta bhApAo ke adhyetA ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| yahA Woolner kA grantha Introduction to Prakrit vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| ise do bhAgo me vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama bhAga me gyAraha adhyAya hai jiname vibhinna prAkRto ke sAmAnya rUpa se tulanAtmaka niyama diye gaye haiM aura

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna 247 dUsare bhAga meM prAkRta grantho ke uddharaNo ke sAtha unakA anuvAda aura vistRta zabdasUcI prastuta kI gaI hai / lekhaka kA isa grantha kI racanA ke pIche eka uddezya "saskRta nATako 'ke zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI pATho kA adhika dhyAna aura vyutpatti pUrvaka anuzIlana karane ke lie vidyAthiyo ke hAtha me eka pathapradarzaka rakhanA hai| kintu isakA mukhya uddezya vaidika kAla se Adhunika bhASAo taka ke vidyArthiyo ko sahAyatA pahuMcAnA hai / prastuta vyAkaraNa apane uddezya me saphala bhI rhaa| isake bAda vidvAno ne prAkRta kI kisI eka bolI para adhyayana karanA prArambha kiyaa| isa sandarbha me Weber kI Maharashtri and Ardhamagadhi, Adverd Mullar at Ardhamagadhi, H Jacobi ait Maharashtri, Cowell 4t A Short Indroductions to the ordinary Prakrit of the Sanskrit Dramas with a list of Common irregular Prakrit words (London, 1875), R. Schmidt mit Elementarbuch der Sauraseni (Hannover, 1924), Pischel ke Materialen Zur Kenntris des Apabhramsa (Gottingen, 1902), tathA Ein Nachtrag Zur Grammatik der Prakrit sprachen (Berlin, 1902) grantha athavA nibandha vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| 4 prAkRta bhApAo kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAmAnya adhyayana ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya vidvAno ne isa kSetra me bhI kArya kiyaa| H Jacobi ke Ueber Vocaleinschub und Vocalisirung des Y in Pali and Prakrit (Kuhn's Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Sprachforschung, Vol XXIII, pp 594-599, Berlin, 1877), Uber den clocka in Pali and Prakrit (vahI, Vol XXIV, pp 610-614, Berlin, 1879), Zur genesis der Prakritsprabhen (vahI, Vol, XXV, pp, 603 609, Berlin 1881), Noch einmal das Prakritische guantitatsgesetz (akt, Vol XXV pp 314-360, Berlin 1883) Ueber unregelmassige passiva in Prakit (96! Yol XXX) VIII, pp 249-256, Gutersloh, 1887), Uber die Betonung in Klassischen Sanskrit und in den Prakrit-Sprachen (Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Vol XLVII, pp 574-582, Leipzig, 1893) Adi kArya ullekhanIya hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne ina nivandho me AyAraNa, sUyagaDaga, uttarajjhAyaNa Adi jaina grantho kA vizeSa AdhAra liyA hai|

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248 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 54 afafest S Goldschmidt a Prakulische miscellen (Kuhn's Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung, Vol XXV, pp, 436-438, 610-617, Vol XXVI, pp 103-12, 327-328, Vol XXVII, P. 336, Berlin, 1881-1885 farat A 957 alcatue 341401177feu forar fugacito FT 378464 Herayuret R Morris hl Notes on some Pali and Jain Prakrit words (The Academy, 1892, PP 217-218, 242-243, 318, London, 1892) 27 set 2011 kA nivandha hai jisame pampa, samiti, vivitta Adi zabdo kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana four 4401 Th Bloch 91 Vararuci Und Hemacanda (Gutersloh, 1893) VT R Pischel 401 Der Akzent des Prakrit (Kuhn's Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Sprachforschung, Vol XXXIV, PP. 568-576; Vol XXXV, PP 140-150, Glutersloh, 1896-1897) HT 5441.it nivandha haiM / piAla ne prAkRta aura vaidika dhvaniyo kI yahA tulanA kI hai| Z Wickrema Singhe # 447 Index of all the Prakrit words occurring in Puschel's "Grammatic der Prakrit-Sprachen" (Bombay, 1905-1909) A fuaica 197 34141 eup 216 $7078 1067 kI eka sUcI taiyAra kI jo Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXXIV me prakAzita 6. George A Grierson a Paisachi and Chulikapaisachi (J A L11 1923, pp. 161-7) 791 The Eastern School of Prakrit Grammarians and Paisachi Prakrit (Sir Ashutosh Mukherji Silver Jublee Volumes (Vol III, Part II, orientals, Calcutta, 1925, PP 119-141) f 344tuit Frigre IWE Clerk 01 Magadhi and Ardhamagadhi (JAOS, 44 1925) J Block 41 Ashoka's et la Magadhi (BSOS, W), Alsdorf 41 "Vasudevahindi, a specimen of Arctric Jaina Maharashtri (BSOS, 1936), Grierson 4 Rajasekhar on the Home of Paisachi (JRAS, 1921), Paisachi and Chulikapaisachi (IA. 1923), Konow Home of Paisachi (ZDMG, 1910), Grierson fit Parkrit Bibhasa (IRAS, 1918), FB J Kuiper 41 Paisachi fragment of the Kuvalayamala (IIJII 1957) ife fatarer HT 41457 77141 ke tulanAtmaka kSetra ke lie dRSTavya haiN|

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna 246 / / 5. saskRta nATako meM prayukta prAkRta boliyo kA adhyayana saskRta nATako me kucha prAkRta bhAga niyamata AtA hai jise lekhaka, mahilA varga, vAla varga athavA anya nimna varga se bulavAtA hai| ata svabhAvata ina boliyo me vaividhya milatA hai| E B Cowell ne sabhavata' isa ora sarvaprathama dhyAna AkarSita kiyA aura A short introduction of the ordinary Prakrit of the Sanskrit dramas (London, 1875) nibandha prastuta kiyA / Pischel ne kAlidAsa ke 'zAkuntalam' kA sapAdana karate hue usame prayukta prAkRta kA vizlepaNa kiyA / Printz kA Bhasa's Prakrits (Frankfurt, A M. 1921) tathA Luder kA The fragments of Asvaghosa's Dramas (Berlin, 1911) bhI ullekhanIya hai| Keith kA Sanskrit Drama saskRta nATako me prayukta prAkRta boliyo kA eka acchA adhyayana prastuta karatA hai| lekhaka ne likhA hai ki bhAsa aura azvaghoSa ne zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI aura mAgadhI kA prayoga kiyA hai| mRcchakaTika me to yaha vaividhya aura adhika pAyA jAtA hai| kadAcit sarvAdhika / kAlidAsa ke nATako me mAdhAraNata: gadya me zaurasenI kA aura padya me mahArASTrI kA prayoga huA hai| bhavabhUti ne zaurasenI, vizAkhadatta ne mudrArAkSasa me zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI, bhaTTanArAyaNa ne veNIsahAra me zaurasenI aura mAgadhI tathA rAjazekhara ne zaurasenI kA prayoga apane prAkata nATako me kiyA hai| levI aura grila kA bhI isa kSatra meM yogadAna rahA hai| isa prakAra pAzcAtya vidvAno ne prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNazAstra ke vibhinna pakSo para apanA adhyayana anusandhAna kiyA hai| unakA zodhakArya Aja bhI eka mAnadaNDa banA huA hai| prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa-zAstra para zodhakArya kA sUtrapAta yadyapi pAzcAtya vidvAno ne kiyA para vAda me use bhAratIya vidvAno ne savArA aura parivadhita-pariSkRta kiyaa| yahA hama aise hI vidvAno ke kAryoM kA mUlyAkana tIna prakAra se kareMge 1 prAkRta vyAkaraNa-zAstro kA sapAdana aura anuvAdana / 2 svatantra vyAkaraNAtmaka grantho kA praNayana / 3 bhASAtmaka cintana / 1 prAkRta vyAkaraNa-zAstro kA sapAdana aura anuvAdanA prAkRta vyAkaraNa-zAstra kI paramparA kA prArambha 'bharata' se mAnA jAtA hai| mArkaNDeya ne bhArata ke sAtha hI zAkalya aura kohala ko bhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNake rUpa me ullekhita kiyA hai / kahA jAtA hai, pANini ne bhI eka 'prAkRta lakSaNa' nAmaka anya likhA thaa| parantu iname se koI bhI grantha upalabdha nhii| ata sAdhAraNata

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250 sarakata-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA prAkRtaprakAza ke kartA vararuci ko hI prAcInatama prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa mAnA jAnA cAhie / rAmazAstrI telaga ne isakA sampAdana kara bhAtra mUla pATha ke sAtha 1866 me vArANasI se prakAzita kiyA thaa| prAkRtaprakAza para aneka TIkAyeM bhI lipI gaI hai / baTukanAya zarmA aura baladeva upAdhyAya ke sapAdakatva me 'prAkRta-majarI' nAmaka kAtyAyana kI TIkA nirNayasAgara presa se 1613 me prakAzita huii| isake bAda vasantarAja kI majIvinI aura sadAnanda bhI subodhinI TIkA ke mAya prAkRta prakAza yU0pI0 gavarnameTa presa se 1927 me sAmane AyA / eka anya saskaraNa DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya ne pUnA se aMgrejI anuvAda sahita 16.1 me nikAlA / udyotana zAstrI bhAmaha kI manoramA vyAkhyA ke sAtha (vArANasI, 1940), aura kunahana rAjA ne rAmapANivAda kI vyAkhyA ke sAtha (aDayAra lAyabrerI, madrAsa, 1946) bhI ise prastuta kiyaa| bhAmaha aura kAtyAyana kI vRttiyo ke sAtha aura bagAlI anuvAda ke sAtha vasantakumAra caTTopAdhyAya ne isakA sampAdana 1614 me kalakattA se prakAzita kiyA / dinezacandra sarakAra ne apanI pustaka Grammer of the Prakrit Language (kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya,1943) me prAkRta prakAza kA agrejI anuvAda tathA ke0 pI0 trivedI ne gujarAtI anuvAda, (navamArI, 1657) bhI prakAzita kiyA hai| isI kA eka anya saskaraNa bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana vArANasI se bhI huA hai| ina sabhI saskaraNo me prAya prathama ATha adhyAya prakAzita hue haiM jo dakSiNI paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM parantu E B. Cowell ne usake bAraha paricchedo ko sammilita kiyA hai| jagannAtha zAstrI hoziMga kA hindI anuvAda sahita prAkRtaprakAza kA navIna saskaraNa bhI ullekhanIya hai (vArANasI, 1656) isake bAda caNDa ke prAkRta lakSaNa ko Hoerrle ke saskaraNa ke AdhAra para devakIkAnta ne puna sampAdita kara kalakattA se 1923 me nikaalaa| usI kA eka anya saskaraNa satyavijaya jaina granthamAlA kI ora se ahamadAbAda se bhI 1926 me prakAzita huaa| lIviza ne apane 'pANini' ne caNDa ke sthAna para 'candra' mAnA para maNDArakara ke uddharaNo se hI yaha nAma caNDa hI siddha hotA hai|" lakezvara kI prAkRta kAmadhenu yA prAkRta lakezvara rAvaNa kA prathama sampAdana manamohana ghoSa ne kiyA, jise unhone prAkRta kalpatara ke sAtha (pariziSTa kramAka 2, pR0 170-173) prakAzita kiyaa| kramadIzvara kA 'sakSiptasAra' yadyapi prathamata Lassen ne kiyA para usakA sampUrNa saskaraNa rAjendralAla mitra ne Bibliothika Indica me kalakattA se 1877 me prakAzita kiyA aura isI kA eka anya saskaraNa kalakattA se hI 1816 me huaa| puruSottama kI prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana ko Nitti Dolci ke bAda manamohana ghoSa ne prAkRta kalpatA ke pariziSTa kra0 1, pR0 156-166 para sapAdita kara agrejI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita kiyaa| rAmatarphavAgIza bhaTTAcArya kA prAkRta

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna 251 kalpataru abhI taka pratilipi ke doSa ke kAraNa sapUrNa rUpa me prakAzita nahI ho sakA thA / isakA zreya DaoN0 manamohana ghopa ko diyA jA sakatA hai, jinhone usake sapUrNa rUpa kA saMpAdana kara eziyATika sosAiTI, kalakattA se 1954 me prakAzita kiyA / isI ke pariziSTa me prAkRta kAmadhenu Adi jaise alpakAyika prAkRta vyAkaraNo ko bhI sammilita kara diyA gayA / prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke pUrvI sampradAya me mArkaNDeya kA prAkRta sarvasva ( 16 - 17vI zatAbdI) sambhavata sarvottama mAnA jA sakatA hai | isakA prathama sampAdana esa0 pI0 vhI0 bhaTTanAtha svAmin ne kiyA jisakA prakAzana vijagApaTTama se 1927 meM huA / abhI eka nayA saMskaraNa prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda se 1665 me huA jisake sapAdaka haiM kRSNacandra AcArya / kucha aura naI pratiyo kA AdhAra lekara use Adhunika dRSTi se sapAdita kiyA gayA hai| sapAdaka ne 164 pRSTha kI agrejI me bhUmikA likhI hai jisame unhone mArkaNDeya kA kAla, prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti, prAkRta voliyo kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana Adi viSayo para saprAmANika sAmagrI prastuta kI hai / AcArya hemacandra ( 1088 - 1172 I0 ) pazcimI sampradAya ke sarvamAnya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hue haiN| middhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke aSTama adhyAya me unhone prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko paribaddha kiyA / isakA sarvaprathama sampAdana Pischel ne (Halle, 1877, 1880 ) kiyA / isake pUrva kRSNa mahAvala ne Introductien to the Hemachandra Vyakarana (bambaI, 1872) likhA / SP paNDita ne apane kumArapAlacarita ke pariziSTa me isakA puna sampAdana kiyA (BSS. 1900) (pUnA, 1928) aura usI kA bAda me DaoN0 pI0 ela0 vaidya ne use 1928 me sampAdita kiyA / saMzodhita saMskaraNa 1958 me pUnA se hI prakAzita huA / isakI priyodaya nAmaka hindI vyAkhyA sahita upAdhyAya ratna muni ne anuvA dita kara vyAvara se do bhAgo me prakAzita kiyaa| prathama bhAga vikramAbda 2020 me nikalA aura dvitIya bhAga 2024 me / isa saMskaraNa ke pariziSTa bhAga me pratyaya bodha, saketa bodha, tRtIya pAda zabdakoSa rUpa sUcI aura caturthapAda zabdadhAtukoSa rUpa sUcI dI gaI hai / isase isa saskaraNa kI vizeSa upayogitA siddha ho sakI / zA0 bhImasiMha mANeka ne nirNaya sAgara presa, mubaI se duDhikA TIkA bhApAntara sahita bhI 1903 me isakA prakAzana kiyA thA / trivikrama ( 13vI zatI) ke prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana ke tIna adhyAyo me se prathama adhyAya vijagApaTTam se 1896 me prakAzita huA aura sapUrNa saskaraNa TI0 laDDU ne 1912 me prakAzita kiyA / eka anya saMskaraNa baTukanAtha zarmA aura baladeva upAdhyAya ke sapAdakatva me banArasa se bhI nikalA / pI0 ela0 vaidya ne bhI acchI bhUmikA sahita use sapAdita kara jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, solApura se 1954 me prakAzita kiyA vRtti ke saath| sapAdaka ne isake sapAdana me vijagA

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252 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koga kI paramparA paTTama tathA caugvambhA se prakAgina maskaraNoM kA no upayoga kiyA hI, sAtha hI tajora aura madrAma se prApta hastalikhita pratiyo kA bhI AdhAra liyA gayA hai| apanI vistRta bhUmikA me DaoN0 vaidya ne hemacandra aura trivikrama se pUrvavartI tathA pazcAtvartI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo para vicAra kiyaa| yahI trivikrama aura hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa-grantho ke sUtrapATha kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana tathA trivikrama aura lakSmIdhara kI tulanA kii| DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne grivikrama ke zabdAnuzAsana kA racanAkAla 1236 I0 maanaa| isake pariziSTa me sUtrapATha, mUtrAnukramaNikA, chanda chAyApanna sUtrapATha, apabhra za padyasUcI tathA degazabdasUcI dI gaI hai| isake atirikta jagannAya zAstrI hoziMga ne sa0 2007 me vRtti mAhita prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana ko vidyAvilAsa, vArANamI se mudrita karAyA thaa| isI kA eka saskaraNa 1612 I0 me laDDU ne bhI prakAzita kiyA thA, jisa para unako pI0 eca. DI0 upAdhi se vibhUpita kiyA gyaa| prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana ke AdhAra para siMharAja (15 vI zatI) ne prAkRta rUpAvatAra aura lakSmIdhara ne paDbhApAcandrikA likhii| paDbhApAcandrikA kA mapAdana kamalAza kara prANazakara trivedI ne kiyA (vAmve saMskRta aura prAkRta sIrija, 1616) / isakI bhUmikA me sapAdaka ne mahArASTrI prAkRta, gaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraza ina chaha prAkRta boliyo kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA hai| hemacandra ke atirikta bhAmakavi kI paDabhASAcandrikA, durgaNAcArya kI paDbhASArUpamAlikA tathA paDbhApAmajarI, paDbhASAsubatAdarza aura paDbhApAvicAra me bhI inhI chaha voliyo kA vivecana hai| inake atirikta appaya dIkSita (1553-1636 I0) kI prAkRta maNidIpikA kA saTippaNa mapAdana zrInivAsa gopAlAcArya ne (oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa pablikezansa, yunivarsiTI Apha maimUra, 1954)tathA raghunAtha (18 vI zatI) ke prAkRtAnanda kA sapAdana aura prakAzana muni jina vijaya ne (siMghI jaina granyamAlA, vambaI) kiyaa| ina anyo ke sapAdana aura prakAzana ne prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana-adhyApana ko surucipUrNa aura suvidhApUrNa banA diyaa| chAtro aura adhyApako ko ye grantha sulabha ho gye| 2 svatantra prAkRta vyAkaraNAtmaka grantho kA praNayana upayukta prAkRta-vyAkaraNa zAstrI ke AdhAra para bIsavI zatI me Adhunika bhASAo me bhAratIya vidvAno dvArA prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantho kA praNayana prArambha huaa| sarvaprathama RSikeza zAstrI kI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA prakAzana kalakattA se 1883 me huaa| yadyapi mUlata: vaha saskRta me thA para sAtha hI usakA agrejI

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna : 253 anuvAda bhI prakAzita huaa| ___Woolner kA Introduction to Prakrit kalakatte se 1628 me prakAzita huA thaa| usakI upayogitA aura lokapriyatA ko dekhakara DaoN. banArasIdAsa jaina ne usakA hindI anuvAda 'prAkRta pravezikA" ke nAma se pajAba vizvavidyAlaya, lAhaura se 1633 me prakAzita kiyA / "bhAratIya nATako tathA bhAratIya bhASA-vijJAna ko sugama banAnA isakA mUla uddezya thA / prAkRta kI vibhinna sthitiyoM kA paricaya bhI isa grantha se ho jAtA hai| pa0 vecaradAsa dosI prAkRta ke mUrdhanya vidvAn hai / unhone 1625 me gujarAta purAtatva mandira, ahamadAbAda se gujarAtI bhASA me prAkRta vyAkaraNa prakAzita kI, jisakA hindI rUpAntara mAdhvI subatAjI ne aura usakA prakAzana 1968 me motIlAla banArasIdAsa ne kiyaa| prastuta grantha me "saskRta, pAli, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI tathA apabhra za ke pUre niyama batAkara saskRta ke sAtha tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vizeSa parAmarza kiyA hai aura vedo kI bhASA, prAkRta bhASA tathA saskRta bhASA, ina tIno bhASAo kA zabda samUha kitanA adhika samAna hai, isa bAta ko yathAsthAna spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| sunItikumAra cATuA ke zabdo me "ise pizela ke vRhat prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA guTakA saskaraNa kahA jAe to atyukti nahI hogii|" isake bAda DaoN0 pI0 ela0 vaidya ne A Mannual of Ardhamagadhi Grammar (pUnA, 1634) prakAzita kii| pustaka choTI 52 upayogI hai| isake pUrva DA0 banArasIdAsa jaina ne pajAba vizvavidyAlaya, lAhaura se 1623 me Ardhamagadhi Reader prakAzita kI thI, jisame ardhamAgadhI kI sAmAnya vizeSatAo ko spaSTa karate hae janAgamo me se prAkRta-uddharaNa prastuta kie gaye the| isI zRkhalA me DA0 A M Ghatage kI Introduction to Ardhamagadhi kRti 1651 me kolhApura (School and College Book-stall) se prakAzita huii| isame lekhaka ne prAkRta ko saskRta se utpanna mAnakara ardhamAgadhI athavA jaina mahArASTrI kI vizepatAo ko tIna bhAgo meM vibhAjita kiyA dhvani, rUpima aura vAkyavijJAna tathA samAsa / yahA bhASAvijJAna kA vizeSa rUpa se AdhAra liyA gayA hai / ardhamAgadhI kA vizleSaNa karate hue unhone bhUmikA me kahA hai ki yaha bhASA eka jaisI nahI rahI / prAcIna aura navIna vikAsa kA saketa Agamo me spaSTata dekhA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNata prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana me a tathA e pratyaya milate haiN| iname o pratyaya prAcIna rUpa hai jo gAthAo me milatA hai tathA e pratyaya apekSAkRta navIna rUpa hai jise hama gadyabhAga me pAte hai| prAkRta, vizeSata ardhamAgadhI, bhASAo ke vikAsAtmaka rUpo

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254 sarabata-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ko tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sAtha prastuta karane vAlI yaha kRti niHsandeha anupama isake bAda DA. dinezacandra sarakAra kI "Grammar of the Prakrit Languages" ullekhanIya hai jisame unhone ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha hI anya prAkRtI para bhI vicAra kiyA hai / zilAlekhI prAkRto para DA0 ema e mahendale kA bahuta acchA kArya huA hai| unhone Historical Grammar of Incriptional Prakuts (pUnA, 1948)me prAkRta kI vibhinna vikAsAtmaka sthitiyo ko spaSTa kiyA hai| pUnA se hI prakAzita tagAre kA Historical Grammar of Apabhramsa (1943) tathA dAvAne kA Nominal Composition in Middle Indo-Aryan (pUnA, 1956) granya bhI yahA ullekhanIya hai / Comparative Syntax of Middle Indo-Aryan nAma se eka anya grantha kalakattA se 1953 me prakAzita huA / ina granyo me bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se prAkRta para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| __DaoN0 sarayUprasAda agravAla kA 'prAkRta vimarza' lakhana vizvavidyAlaya se 1953 me prakAzita huaa| isame lekhaka ne mukhya prAkRto ke atirikta prArambhika prAkRta-pAli, zilAlekhI prAkRta aura uttarakAlIna prAkRta-apabhra ga kA sakSipta paricaya diyA hai| niyamo ko spaSTa karate samaya sUtro kA ullekha tathA sAtha hI saskRta se tulanA kara dI gaI hai| isase saskRta aura prAkRta ko eka sAtha samajhA jA sakatA hai / pizela ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA bhI yahA bharapUra upayoga huA hai| pustaka pAca adhyAyo me vibhakta hai 1 prAkRta aura usakI vibhinna boliyo kA paricaya, 2 prAkRta boliyo kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe, 3 prAkRta kI dhvani mamvandhI vizeSatAyeM, 4. prAkRta ke pada, rUpo kA vikAsa, 5 prAkRta ke kriyApado kA vikAsa / anta me prAkRta sAhitya se 21 uddharaNo ko cayanikA bhAga me dekara prAkRta ke vikAsa ko aura bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA parantu ye uddharaNa kAlakrama se nahIM die gae / kAlakrama se die jAte to aura adhika acchA rhtaa| prAkRta bhASAo kA vargIkaraNa yahA tIna prakAra se kiyA gayA hai dhArmika sAhityika aura nATakIya / ___DA0 prabodha paDita bhASAvijJAna ke vizruta prAdhyApaka the| unhone pAvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI dvArA Ayojita 'prAkRta bhASA' para 1953 me, tIna bhASaNa die the, jo 1954 me prakAzita ho ge| ina tIna bhASaNo ke zIrSaka the prAkRta kI aitihAsika bhUmikA, 2 prAkRta ke prAcIna bolI vibhAga, aura 3 prAkRta kA uttarakAlIna vikAsa / DA0 paDita ne prAkRta ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki 'eka ora se vartamAna kAla kI bolacAla kI navya bhAratIya AryabhApAye aura dUsarI ora se prAcInatama bhAratIya AryabhASA jaise ki veda kI bhApA,

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna : 255 yaha dono svarUpo ke bIca kI jo bhAratIya bhASA itihAsa kI avasthA hai, usako hama prAkRta kaha sakate haiM / prAkRta me 'prakRti' kA artha unhone Adarza liyA hai arthAt prAkRta kA Adarza hai saskRta 9 1960 me pokhamA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se prAkRta vyAkaraNa nAmaka grantha nikalA jisake lekhaka haiM madhusUdanaprasAda mizra / ise hemacandra kA AdhAra lekara likhA gayA hai| pustaka gyAraha adhyAyo me vibhakta hai / sarvaprathama mahArASTrI ke lakSaNo ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai aura usake bAda zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI aura apabhra za ko| bIca-bIca me yayA sthAna prAkRtaprakAza, kalpalatikA Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / saptama adhyAya me kucha viziSTa pado ko ekatrita kiyA gayA hai aura pAdaTippaNI me vizeSa sUtro kA bhI ullekha kara diyA gayA hai / DA0 sukumAra sena kA eka grantha Comperative Grammar of Indo Aryan bhArata kI Linguistic Society ke vizeSa prakAzana ke rUpa me 1960 me sagodhita karake prakAzita huA hai / usI kA hindI rUpAntara 'tulanAtmaka pAliprAkRta-apabhra za vyAkaraNa' ke nAma se prakAzita kiyA gayA 1966 me (lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilAhAbAda) / DA0 sena prakRti kA artha saskRta mAnakara calate hue lagate hai / unhone prAgbhAratIya Arya bhASA (1200 I0 pU0) se kramaza. prArambhika vaidika 1200-800 I0 pU0 (sAhityika tathA bolacAla kA rUpa), paravI vaidika 800-500 I0 pU0 (sAhityika tathA kathya rU5), saskRta-- 500 I0 pU0 (sAhityika aura jana sAmAnya) / prathama madhya bhAratIya AryabhASAyeM vauddha saskRna--200-300 I0pU0 (uttara pazcimI, pazcima madhyavartI, pUrva madhyavartI aura pUrvI), dvitIya madhyavartI AryabhASAe (niya prAkRta 200 300 I , pAli 200 I0pU0 prAkRta apabhraMza -(1-600 I0 ) tRtIya madhya bhAratIya AryabhASAe avahaTTa-600-1200 ii0)| yahA apabhra za ko bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke vikAsa kI sIdhI paramparA me baiThAyA hai aura kahA hai ki madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA kA dvitIya parva vastuta apabhra za kA prArambhika parva hai| vaiyAkaraNo dvArA prastuta apabhra za isake dUsare parva kA kucha gaDhA huA rUpa hai| apabhraza kA tIsarA parva Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA prArUpa hai aura avahaTTa yA laukika kahA jAtA hai|8 DA0 esa0 ema0 ko ne 1945 me bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI me jo bhASaNa die the, unakA prakAzana Prakrit Languages and their contribution to Indian culture ke nAma se huaa| usI kA hindI anuvAda 'prAkRta bhASAe aura bhAratIya saMskRti me unakA avadAna' rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI jayapura se (1972 me prakAzita huA)DA0 ko ne bhI prAkRta ko saskRta se udbhUta mAnA hai| unhone kahA hai ki prAkRta bhApA me saskRta kI hI sIdhI upaja hai, jo sthAna aura kAla kI dRSTi se parivartita aura parivadhita hotI rahI

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256 saskRna-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA haiM / yA antata. yo kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye bhASAe jima samAna sota ne utpanna huI hai, vaha maskRta hai| yahA hame yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki sarakRta bahu sakhyaka prAcIna bhAratIya voliyo se mAnava 5 me pariniTina aura pariSkRta huI hai| ye voliyAM Rgveda kAla meM bhI pracalita thI aura gaMkRta ke sAtha-sAtha pANini aura patajali ke yuga me aura usake bAda bhI tAdiyoM taka banI rhii| ye hI pAli-prAkRta bhApAe thii| unhe ko ne sAta zreNiyo meM vibhakta kiyA hai| 1. dhArmika prAkRta, 2 sAhityika prAkRta, 3. nATakIya prAkRta, 4 vaiyAkaraNo dvArA vaNita prAkRta bhASAe, 5 bhArata bahi mtha prAkRta, 6 mabhilendrIya prAkRta, aura 7 loka pracalita saskRta / " Age ke pRSTho me ina prAkRto 5. puMcha vistAra se hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ___ upalabdha vyAkaraNo kA AdhAra leka. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne 'abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa' likhA jisakA prakAzana tArA priMTiMga presa se 1663 me huaa| isame DA0 zAstrI ne hemacandra Adi ke prAkRta vyAkaraNo ko Adhunika dRSTi se prastuta kiyA hai / sAtha hI unhone Adhunika bhApAo me likhe prAkRta vyAkaraNo kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| ataH vaha chAtro ko vizeSa upayogI siddha huA hai| DA0 zAstrI kA prAkRta bhASA aura mAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa' anya bhI yahA ullekhanIya hai, jisame unhoMne prAkRta bhASA kA vikAsa prAcIna AryabhApA chAndasa se mAnA hai| upala0 prAkRta sAhitya ko unhone dvitIya starIya prAkRta ke antargata rakhA, jisake pAca bheda kie 1 Apa prAkRta jisame pAli bhI sammilita hai, 2 zilAlekhI prAkRta, 3 niyaprAkRta, 4 camapada kI prAkRta, aura 5 azvadho5 nATako kI prAkRta / dvitIya starIya madhyayugIna prAkRta me mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, paMgAcI, cUlikA paizAcI, zaurasenI, 2AkArI, DhakkI, Adi bhApAlI para vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA dvitIya starIya tRtIya yuga me apabhraMza bhApA ko sayojita kiyA hai| ina sabhI kI vizeSatAe sakSepa me isa grantha me upasthita kI gaI hai| ina pranyo me apabhra za ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| parantu kucha vidvAno ne pRthak rUpa se apabhra za vyAkaraNo kI racanA kI hai| patajali se lekara hemacandra taka prAya. sabhI vaiyAkaraNo ne apabhra za kA ullekha kiyA hai| apabhraza vyAkaraNo kI kucha pRthak racanAe bhI huI hai, jiname DA0 devendra kumAra jaina kA apamra za vyAkaraNa (vArANasI), tayA apabhra za bhApA aura sAhitya (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAgI, 1966) DA0 paramamitra zAstrI kA sUtrazailI aura apabhra za vyAkaraNa Adi jaise grantha ullekhanIya hai / DA0 nAmavara siMha aura DA0 zivaprasAda siMha ke ganyo ne bhI apabhraza aura avahaTTa bhApAmao tathA unake vyAkaraNo ko samajhane me apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai / prastuta nivandha ke lekhaka kA bhI pAli-prAkRta

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna 257 bhASA aura sAhitya' nAmaka grantha pAli- prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke adhyayana ke lie upayogI hai| isakA prakAzana isI varSa nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya se huA hai / DA0 komala jaina ne bhI vUlara ke AdhAra para eka prAkRta pravezikA kA (vArANasI, 1964) prakAzana kiyA thA / ye sabhI grantha Adhunika bhASAo me prAkRta vyAkaraNo para upalabdha haiN| choTemoTe kucha aura bhI gratha likhe gae hai, jinhone prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ko protsAhita kiyA / 3 prAkRta bhASAtmaka cintana pichale kucha varSo me prAkRta grantho kA Adhunika dRSTi se sapAdana- prakAzana huA hai / uname sapAdako ne grantho kI bhASA para vicAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra kucha phuTakara nivandha bhI prakAzita hue haiM / ye sabhI yadyapi svatantra grantha nahI hai, phira bhI bhASAntara cintana kI dRSTi se unakA mUlyAkana avazya kiyA jA sakatA hai / ema0 zAhIdullA kA 'Magadhi Prakrit and Bengali ( IHQ 1925) DA0 ghATage ke Instrumental and Locative in Ardhamagadhi (IHQ. 1937), Locative form in Paumacariya (BBRAS 1957) aura Maharashtri language and literature (JBU 1936 ) tathA DA0 PV vApaTa The Relation between Pali and Ardhamagadhi (IHQ Vol. VI 1928) nibandha mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se sabaddha hai / esa0 pI0 vhI. raMganAtha svAmI kA Paisaci Prakrit ( 1A, XLVIII, 1919, pp 211-213) PV rAmAnuja svAmI kA Hemachandra and Paisaci Prakrit (1A L1, 1922 pp 51-54), e0 ena0 upAdhye Paisacr Language and literature ( Annals of the B ORI XX11-2, pp 1-37, Poona, 1940), Adi nivandha paizAcI prAkRta kI vibhinna samasyAo ko udghATita karate hai / isI prakAra ke kucha anya nibandha bhI ullekhanIya haiM / DA0 ke0 bI0 pAThaka kA The text of the Jainendra Vyakarana and the Priority of Candra to Pujyapada (ABORI, Vol XIII, 1931-32, pp 25-36 ), DA0 e0 ena upAdhye ke Jounder and his Apabhramsa works (ABORI, Vol XII, 2PP 132-168, Poona, 1931), Subhachandra and his Prakrit grammar, (ABORI, Vol XIII, 1931-32, pp 37-58) The Prakrit Dialect of Pravacanasara of jaina Sauraseni (JUB II, 6, Bombay, May, 1934), Prakrit studies their latest progress and future (AIOC, haidarAbAda, 1941 me diye gae bhASaNa kA

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258 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura ko kI paramparA bhAga), A Prakrit Grammar attributed to Samantabhadra (IH Q.XVII, pp 511-16, kalakattA, 1952), Language and dialects used in the Kuvalayamala (Summary of Papers, AID.C. XXII Session, Gauhati, 1965) Adi / DA0 bhayANI, DA hIrAlAla jaina, muni nayamala, ke RSabhacandra Adi vidvAno ke bhI kucha nivandha prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke vibhinna pakSo para prakAzita hue hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI bhAratIya vidvAno ne prAkRta bhASA kI upayogitA para vicAra-manthana kiyA hai / isa dRSTi se DA esa ema. katre ke Introduction to Modern Indian Linguistics with special reference to Indo-Aryan and Assamese (University of Gauhati, 1941) DA0 esa0 ema0 ghATage ke Historical Linguistics and Indo Aryan Languages (University of Bombay, 1962) tathA DA0 prabodha paNDita ke 'prAkRta bhApA' (vArANasI, 1654) para die gaye bhASaNa bhAratIya Arya bhASAo ke vikAma me prAkRta ke yogadAna ko spaSTa karate hai| isI prakAra DA0 esa0 ke0 caTarjI aura DA0 sukumAra sena kA Middle IndoAryan Reader, (University of Calcutta, 1957), DA0 P D. guNe kA 'Introduction to Comparative Philology, Apabhramsa Literature and its importance to Philology (Poona, 1919 AIOC), S.N ghoSAla kA 'On the Etymology of the Prakrit Vocable Pore (VIG , hoziyArapura, mArgava, mArca, 1967, pR0 38-40), gurusevI zarmA kA "mAgadhIbhAsAsu kriyApadAnA vizlepaNam' (AIOC , alIgaDha), munIzvara jhA 01 Modal Relation in Prakrits (967) 29 Desi words in Kalidasa's Prakrit (vahI) Adi lekha bhI upayogI haiN| prAkRta aura apabhra za ke mUla grantho ke sampAdana me sapAdako ne grantho kI bhASAo para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se DA0 hIrAlAla jaina dvArA sampAdita grantha ullekhanIya hai 1 NAyakumAracarita (prathama saskaraNa kArajA sIrija se 1631 me aura dvitIya saskaraNa bhAratIya jJAnapITha se 1972 me), 2. pAhuDa dohA (kArajA sIrija se 1633 me), 3 sAvayadhamma dohA (kArajA sIrija, 1032), 4 karakaDagharija (kArajA se 1634 me prathama saskaraNa aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha se 1664 me dvitIya saskaraNa), 5-20 paTkhaNDama dhavalATIkA va hindI anuvAda ke sAtha 16 bhAgo me (zi0 lA0 jaina sAhityohAra phaNDa, 1636-58), 21 sugavadasamI kahA (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1962), 22 mudamaNacariu (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1970), 23 mayaNa parAjaya (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1962), 24 kahakkosu (prAkRta sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda,

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna 256 1969), 25. jasahara cariu (bhAratIya jJAnapI0, 1973), tathA vIrajiNidacariu (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1975) / DA0 hIrAlAlajI ke anyatama vidvAn mitra DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne bhI aneka prAkRta grantho kA sapAdana kiyA hai, jiname unhone una grantho kI bhASA para bhI vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| unake katipaya sampAdita grantha isa prakAra hai| paMcasUtra (1934), 2 pravacanasAra (rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, 1635), 3. paramAtma prakAza (1937), 4 kasavaho (hindI granya ratnAkara vavaI, 1940), 5 dhUrtAkhyAna (bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, vambaI, 1944), 3 lIlAvaI (siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, 1646), 7 ANada sundarI (motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1955), 8 usANiruddha (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya jarnala, 1941), 6 kuvalayamAlA (siMdhI jaina granyamAlA, 1956), 10 cadalehA (bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, 1945), 11 siMgAramajarI, (pUnA vizvavidyAlaya jarnala, 1960), 12. kaTTiyANupekkhA (rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, 1660), Adi / inake atirikta DA0 upAdhye ne DA0 hIrAlAlajI ke sahayoga se kucha aura grantho kA sampAdana kiyA, jinakA prakAzana jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, solApura se zrI pa0 bAlacandra siddhAntazAstrI ke hindI anuvAda sahita huaa| ina grantho me tiloyapaNNattI (prathama saMskaraNa, 1643, dvi0 sa0 1656) bhAga, tiloya paNNattI bhAga 2 (1951) tathA javUdIvapaNNattI (1957) pramukha grantha haiN| muni nathamalajI prAkRta aura jaina darzana ke vizruta vidvAn haiM / unhone uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika Adi grantho kA sampAdana tathA anuvAdana kiyA hai| granthabhAga kI vyAkhyA aura usake vizleSaNa me prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| munijI ne prAkRta bhASA ke sandarbha me pRthak rUpa se bhI yatra-tatra apane gabhIra vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| isake atirikta DA0 vimala prakAza jaina dvArA sapAdita jambU svAmi cari (bhAratIya jJAnapITha) / DA0 bhayANI dvArA saMpAdita Ahila kA pAumasiricariu, DA0 rAjArAma jaina dvArA sapAdita vivadha zrIdhara kA vaDaDhamANapariu Adi grantha bhI dRSTavya haiM, jinakI bhUmikAo me sapAdako ne sambaddha grantho kI bhASA para vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| saskRta nATako me prayukta prAkRta kI bhI bhAratIya vidvAno ne mIbhAsA kI hai| esa0 bI0 paNDita ne vikramorvazIya (BSS 1886) aura mAlavikAgnimitra (BSSS , 1889) kI bhUmikA me, goDavole ne mRcchakaTika (BSS 1866) kI bhUmikA me, telaga ne mudrArAkSasa (1600) kI bhUmikA me tathA Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara ne mAlatImAdhava kI bhUmikA me (1905), prAkRta voliyo kI vizeSatAo ko spaSTa kiyA hai / bhAsa ke nATako para gaNapati zAstrI (1910.

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260 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 1915) tathA mukhatakara ne (JAOS 40-42), bhavabhUti ke mahAvIracarita para ToDaramalla ne (AksaphorDa, 1628), mahArAjavijaya para dalAla ne (baDodA, (1918), balavijaya 52 ela0 vI0 gAdhI (baDodA, 1926) ne tathA vikramorvazIya 52 eca0 DI0 velakara ne (sAhitya akAdamI, 1961) vize5 likhA hai| unhoMne ina nATako me prayukta mAgadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI Adi prAkRta voliyo kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| ___isa prakAra bhAratIya vidvAno ne prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa kI vividha vidhAyo para govakArya kiyA hai| prArambha me unakA zodha kArya pAzcAtya vidvAno ke Adarza ko sAmane rakhakara kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| bAda me unhone kucha maulika cintana prastuta kiyA / Aja ve svaya jAdavanane kI sthiti me hai vazate ki ve apekSita zrama aura niSThA ke sAtha kArya kreN| yAkobI aura malsaDorpha ke Adarga Aja bhI purAne nahI hue / DA0 hIrAlAla jaina aura e0 ena0 upAdhye jaise prAkRta ke sarvamAnya vidvAno ke kArya nayI pIDhI ke lie preraka sUtra bana sakate hai / sarvazrI muni nathamalajI, pa0 sukhalAla sadhavI, pa0 vecaradAsa dosI, pa0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, DA0 bhayANI, pa0 phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, pa0 vAlacanda saddhAntazAstrI Adi jaise prAkRta bhApA ke niSNAta vidvAn apanI lekhanI aura vidvattA se prAkRta bhASA aura mAhitya ke anusandhAna ke kSetra ko prazata kara rahe hai| tulanAtmaka tathA aitihAsika dRSTi se abhI bhI prAkRta bhApA aura sAhitya ke vividha pakSo kA udghATita honA gepa hai| AzA hai nayI aura purAnI pIDhI kA sAmanasya tathA pariparika sahayoga isa dizA kI aura apane kadama bddhaayegaa| 1 bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, dvi0 sa0, 175 / 2 mArata bhApAyo kA vyAkaraNa, hindI anuvAda, pR0 14 / 3 vahI, pR0 8-14 / 4. 15805-(1) prema sumana jana-videzI vidvAno kA janavidyA ko yogadAna' vaizAlI buleTina na0 1, pR0 232-44 / (11) F Wiesinger German Indology-Past & Pre sent (111) AM Ghatge A brief sketch of Prakrit studies in progress of Indic studies (11)o mAra hAnI-apanI bhASA aura sAhitya vI godha praniyA -- !)

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA anusandhAna 261 5 malayagiri dvArA kathita-prAkRta mApAnI kA vyAkaraNa, pR0 65 / 6 pizela ne ise svatanta anya mAnA hai, TIkA nahI-prAkRta bhASAmo kA vyAkaraNa, pR0 87 / 7 prAkRta bhASAmo kA vyAkaraNa-pizela, pR-74 (hindI anuvAda) / 8 paDbhApacindrikA, bhUmikA, pR0 4 / 6 prAkRta pravezikA, bhUmikA, pR0 4 / 10 prAkRta mApadezikA, bhUmikA, pR0 10 / 11 vahI, prastAvanA, pR0 7 / 12 kalakattA, 1943 / 13 prAkRta vimarza, prakkiyana, pR0 2 / 14 prAkRta mApA, pR0 1 / 15 vahI, pR0 42 / 16 tulanAtmaka pAli-prAkRta-apabhraMza vyAkaraNa, pR0 14-15 / 17 prAkRta bhApAyeM aura bhAratIya saMskRti me unakA avadAna, pR0 1 / 18 vahI, pR0 7-8 / 16. mabhitana prAkRta vyAkaraNa, prastAvanA, pR0 22 /

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31rdhamAgadhI 30mama-sAhitya vaDI viziSTa zaravAvata DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina vo ke pAli tripiTaka kI tulanA me ardhamAgadhI me likhe hue jaina AgamasAhitya kA adhyayana apekSAkRta kama mAtrA meM huA hai / jaina Agamo ke adhyayana ko prakAza me lAne kA zreya khAsakara vebara, yAkobI, pizala, laoNyamAna, zUbiMga, mAnsaporTa bhAvi narmana manISiyo hI diyA nAmA, ninhone makAzita Agama-sAhitya kI hastalikhita pratiyo ko paDhakara unakA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyaa| Agama-sAhitya kA mahattva jaina Agama-sAhitya aneka dRSTiyo se mahatvapUrNa hai / sarvaprathama, bhagavAna mahAvIra eva unake ziSya-praziSyo ke amUlya upadezo kA isame saMgraha hai, bhale hI yaha sAhitya apane mUla rUpa me surakSita na ho / isa sAhitya me tatkAlIna sAmAjika sAskRtika, Arthika evaM bhaugolika viSayo ke atirikta kitanI hI aitihAsika eva ardha-aitihAsika paraparAo kA ullekha hai, jo anyanna upalabdha nahIM / bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa ke saagopaa| jJAna ke lie isa sAmagrI kA vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai| jana zramaNa cAturmAsa ko choDakara, eka varSa me ATha mahIne eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para gamanAgamana karate the| vRhatkalpa bhASya ke adhvaprakaraNa ke antargata janapada parIkSA meM ullekha hai ki zramaNa nigraMtho ko vividha dezI bhASAo me kuzala honA cAhiye, jisase ki ve apane upadezo ko adhika-se-adhika logo taka pahucA ske| bhApA ke atirikta unhe una-una pradezo ke rahana-sahana aura rIti-rivAjo kA jJAna honA bhI Avazyaka hai| udAharaNArya loka jJAna ke lie yaha jAnanA jarUrI hai ki kisa pradeza me kisa prakAra se anna upajAyA jAtA hai jaise lATa deza mevA se,

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264 . saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA siMdhude me nadiyo se, draviDa deza meM tAlAbo se, uttarApatha me kuo se, aura Dibharelaka (?) me mahirAvaNa (?) kI vATa se kheto kI siMcAI hotI hai (vRhatkalpabhASya 1-1226-36) / bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI jaina Agama sAhitya kA adhyayana atyanta upayogI hai| prAkRta bhApAo ne kAlAntara me kisa prakAra apabhra za kA rUpa liyA mIra visa prakAra nhone hindI, narAtI, marAThI vADhi nivamorya bApAno ko prabhAvita kiyA, isakI kalpanA jaina Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana ke vinA nahI ho sakatI hai / isa saMbaMdha me hemacandra kI 'dezI nAmamAlA' kA ullekha aprAsagika na hogaa| svaya hemacandra ke zabdo me "jo zabda siddhahama zabdAnuzAsana' vyAkaraNa me siddha nahIM kie jA sake, jo saMskRta ke abhidhAna kopo meM maujUda nahIM hai, tathA goNa lakSaNA zakti se jo sabhava hai, una zabdo kA saMgraha ina dezI zabdo me nahI kiyA gyaa| unhI zabdo kA yahA saMgraha hai jo mahArASTra, vidarbha aura AbhIra Adi dezo me prasiddha hai| kintu isa prakAra ke zabdoM kI saMkhyA kA anta nahI, ataeva jIvana bhara me bhI ina zabdo kA sagraha kara sakanA sabhava nahI / aisI dazA me anAdikAla se pracalita prAkRta bhASA ke vizeSa zabdo kA hI yahI sakalana kiyA gayA hai / " isameM sadeha nahI ki hemacandra dvArA kiyA huA yaha saMgraha dezI zabdo kA anupama saMgraha hai jo prAkRta, apabhra za evaM uttara bhArata me volI jAne vAlI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAo ke vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana ke lie parama upayogI hai| bhASA kI anekarUpatA bhASA ke savadha me eka mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa mAgadhI bhASA me apanA pravacana diyA thA, usakA sahI rUpa jAnane ke hamAre pAsa sAdhana nahIM haiN| phira, Age calakara pATilapuna, masurA aura valabhi me jo smysamaya para ami kI vAvanArthe prastuta phI , Daname Dana-ina praveza phI votiyo kA prabhAva A jAnA svAbhAvika hai / hama dekhate hai ki vyAkaraNa ke prayogo me bhI jaina Agamo me ekarUpatA dikhAI nahI detI / kahI yazruti milatI hai, kahI nahI milatI, kahI usake sthAna me 'i' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vararuci Adi vayAkaraNa yatruti ko svIkAra nahIM karate, hemacandra karate hai, lekina unhone bhI apavAdo kI aura lakSya kiyA hai| 'Na' aura 'na' ke prayoga ke saMbaMdha meM bhI ekapatA nahI / vararuci ne sarvatra 'Na' ke prayoga ko svIkAra kiyA hai / hemacandra ke anusAra svara ke pazcAt asayukta aura Adi me na Ane vAlA 'na' 'Na' me parivartita ho jAtA hai, jabaki Apa prAkRta me yaha niyama lAgU nahI hotaa| Adi me Ane vAle

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viziSTa zabdAvali 265 asayukta 'na' ke sabaMdha me vaikalpika niyama hai kabhI vaha 'Na' me parivatita hotA hai, kabhI nahI (prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 1122816) / yahI bAta 'hu-khu' tathA 'api pi-vi-mi-avi, Adi ke prayogo ke sabadha me hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne vyAkaraNa ke niyama banAte samaya jagaha-jagaha 'prAya ' 'bahula' 'kvacit', 'vA' Adi zabdo kA prayoga kiyA hai| Agama-sAhitya me kahI mahAvIra ke sthAna para mavAvIra, aura devehiM ke sthAna para devebhi Adi kA prayoga huA hai| prakAzita Agama-sAhitya me hI nahIM, unakI mUla pratiyo me bhI bhASA kI vividha rUpatA dekhane meM AtI hai / muni puNyavijaya jI ne bhagavatI sUtra kI prAcIna hastalikhita pratiyo (ka) vi0 sa0 1110 kI prati, (kha-ga) 13vI sadI kI jaisalamera kI do tADapatrIya pratiyA, (gha) 13vI sadI kI khaMbhAta kI prati (Da) 13vI sadI kI baDaudA kI prati-- kA ullekha kiyA hai jiname bhASA kI dRSTi se vividha prayoga pAye jAte hai| ___ kahanA na hogA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA samaya-samaya para honevAlI aneka vAcanAo me dIrghakAlIna vyavadhAna paDa jAne ke kAraNa, mUla paramparAo ke vismRta ho jAne se Agamo me bahuta se parivartana eva saMzodhana karane paDe / aneka sthalo para sUtro me visavAda upasthita hone ke kAraNa svaya navAgavRttikAra abhayadevasUri ne apanI alpajJatA kI ora lakSya kiyA hai (dekhiye, sthAnAgaTIkA, pR0 466-500 prazna vyAkaraNa TIkA, prastAvanA) / isI prakAra AcArya malayagiri ne vAcanAbheda tathA sUtro ke galita ho jAne kI ora lakSya karate hue sUtro ke artha ko samyaka sapradAya' ke dvArA jAnane aura samajhane kI siphAriza kI hai| hastalikhita pratiyo kI nakala karane vAle lekhaka aura sapAdaka bhI kama doSI nahIM / jahA~ koI pA0 unakI samajha me na AyA athavA unhe anukUla dikhAI na paDA to unhone usame mana-mAnA parivartana kara diyaa| isa saMbaMdha me prophesara AlsaDorpha likhate hai svargIya prophesara laoNyamAna ke kAgajo me mujhe eka purajA milA, jisa para unhone vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke pATha ekatra kiye the| pA0 me vAra-vAra adyatana bhUta (Aorist) kA prayoga kiyA gayA thA, kintu lekhaka ne usakI jagaha nizcayArtha sUcaka vartamAna kAla likhanA pasaMda kiyaa| yaha kevala eka udAharaNa hai jabaki hastalikhita pratiyo kI nakala karane vAlo ne vyAkaraNa ke asAmAnya prayogo ko nikAla diyA / hame usI se sato5 karanA hogA ki jo thoDA bahuta unhone choDa diyA hai| Agama granthoM kI zailI pAli tripiTaka kI bhA~ti jaina Agama grantho kI zailI bhI mandagati se agrasara

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266 sasthAta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA hotI hai| kisI ghaTanA kA varNana paDhakara aisA lagatA hai ki sAmane khaDA huA koI vyakti svAbhAvikatA, saralatA eva bodhagamyatA ke sAtha apanI bAta sunA rahA hai / hA~, bIca-bIca me kayA ko gabhIra rUpa dene aura use rocaka banAne ke lie varNako kA samAveza kara liyA jAtA hai / ye varNaka prAya vadhe-vadhAye rUpa me eka jaise hote hai, jinakA prayoga sarvamAnya rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jo bAta capA nagarI ke varNana-prasaga me aupapAtika sUtra me paNita hai, ve hI sAketa ke sabaMdha me anyatra samajha lenI caahie| bITa sUtro me 'vepAla' (pAtu ala) kI bhAti yaha varNana prAya 'jahA vaNNao 'zado se mUcita kiyA jAtA hai / AgamasAhitya me isa prakAra ke varNana rAjA, nagara, caitya, sAdhu-sato kA Agamana, puna-janma-utsava, prItidAna, nikramaNa-satkAra Adi ke prasaga upasthita hone para jahAM-tahA~ pAye jAte hai| isa prakAra ke varNana kevala jaina Agama-sAhitya me hI nahI, prAkRta, saMskRta eva apabhra za ke anya grantho me bhI upalabdha hote hai| 14vI zatAbdI ke mithilA nivAsI jyotirIzvara ke varNa ratnAkara me rAjAo ke bhATa, AkheTa, raNabhUmi ke liye prasthAna, dUtiyo, deza-dezAntara kI tarUNiyo tathA nAriyo ke ApaNa Adi ke manorajaka varNana milate hai| DaoN0 vI0 je0 saDesarA dvArA sampAdita varNakasamunvaya isa prakAra kI dUsarI mahattvakI racanA hai, jisame nagara, hAthI, sarpa, samudra Adi ke varNana upalabdha hote hai| AgamI ke viziSTa zabda yahAM kAma vIra navI vyAyAlo me sannihita prAota tapaya viziSTa zabdo kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / AzA hai, yaha adhyayana jaina AgamasAhitya ke anuzIlana me preraNAdAyaka siddha hogaa| 1 zailIgata zabdAvali * ___ jana Agamo kI zailI ke saMbaMdha meM kahA jA cukA hai / bhagavatIsUna, nAyAdha+makahA Adi bAgamo me sarvamAnya rUpa meM prayukta nimna zabdAvali Agama-sAhitya kI viziSTa zailI kI ora saketa karatI hai 1 kAlamAse kAla kipA (mRtyu Ane para kAla krke)| 2 tameya vitaya jasavaMdvaya niyameya paDichiyameya phachiyapddicchiymey saNa esamaThTha 'ja tumbhe yaha (yaha vAta tayArUpa hai, avitatha hai, asadigdha hai, 388 hai, viziSTa hai, iSTa-viziSTa hai aura satya hai, jo Apane kahI

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viziSTa zabdAvali 267 3 paDibuddhA samANI hatuTThA cittamANa diyA pIimaNA paramasomaNassiyA harisavasavisappamANahiyayA dhArAhayakalava pupphaga piva samUsasiya romakUvA (ud kara vaha harpita huI, satuSTa huI, mana me Anadita huI, prasanna huI, parama saumanasyabhAva prApta kiyA, harSa ke kAraNa phUlI na samAI aura varSA kI dhArA se jaise kadama kA puSpa khila jAtA hai, vaise hI vaha romAcita ho utthii)| - 4 ya sokhA nasamsa hatuhe paiNAmeva samo bhAva mahAvIre tenAmeva uvAgacchai 2 samaNa bhagavatikkhutto AyAhiNa payAhiNa karei vadeha namasa32 samassa bhagavao napAsanne nAidre sussUsamANe namasamANe pajaliuDe abhimuhe viNae pajjuvAsai (yaha zravaNa kara, sunakara, vaha harSita huA, satuSTa huA aura jahA~ zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra virAjate the, vahA phuNcaa| vahAM pahuca kara zramaNa bhagavAna kI tIna vAra AdakSiNA-pradakSiNA kI, unhe vadana kiyA, namana kiyaa| namana karane ke pazcAt zramaNa bhagavAna ke na bahuta nikaTa aura na bahuta dUra unakI suzrUSA karatA huA, unheM namana karatA huA, sAmane kI ora dono hAtha joDakara vinayapUrvaka unakI paryupAsanA me lIna ho gyaa)| ___5 a he eka putta i kate pie maNunne maNAme yejje vesAsie sammae bahumae aNumae bhaDaka raDakasamANe rayaNe rayaNabhUe jIviyaussAsae hiyayANadajaNaNe uparapuppha piva dullahe savaNayAe kimaga puNa pAsaNayAe ? (tuma mere ikalaute beTa ho iSTa ho, kamanIya ho, priya ho, manojJa ho, mana ko acche lagate ho, sthira ho, vizvasanIya ho, sammata ho, bahumata ho, anumata ho, ralo kI piTArI ke samAna ho, ratna ho, ratna svarUpa ho, jIvana ke ucchvAsa rUpa ho, hRdaya me Ananda paidA karane vAle ho aura uduvara puSpa kI bhA~ti ho jisakA sunanA bhI durlabha hai, dekhane kI bAta to dUra rahI)? 6 Asurutta tivaliya bhiuDi niDAle kaTu (krodha se lAla-pIlA hokara apanI tIna valavAlI bhRkuTi ko mastaka para cddhaakr)| 7 misimisAyamANA (krodha se dAta piiskr)| 8 nippapasiNavAgaraNa (niSpRSTaprazna vyAkaraNa = niruttr)| 6 jANukoparamAyA (kevala ghoTU aura kohanI kI maataa=vdhyaa)| 10 girikadaramallIva capA pAyave suhasuheNa vaDDhai (parvata kI kandarA me surakSita capaka latA kI bhAti vaha sukhapUrvaka bar3A hone lgaa)| 11 mArAmukke viva kAe (vacasyAna se mukta kaue kI bhAti / 2 samAnadharmI viziSTa zabda sUcI 1 grAma Adi vAcaka zabdAvali, grAma nagara, nigama, rAjadhAnI, kheTa, karbaTa,

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268 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA maDava, dhroLamula, pattana (athavA paTTana) puTamaeNvana, gAra, yAtrama, niveza (avA sanirdeza), vihAra, savAdha (athavA nahi) / rvana Adi vAva zavAli vana, vanavaDa, vanarApi, bAnana, bArAma, suggALa (dyAna) niSnAna (nir) / rUvALI AvivAna dhanvAti vApI, durbArakhI, sara, marati, sarasarapatti, mavara (athavA cavaDa), tApa, vraTM (thavA hra), vIdhiA, gunAliyA / 4 parvata Avi vAttava baeNndrAvali Ta, lUMTa, zaila, zivarI, prAmArI, nayana, punnara, niSnara, (nirdhAra) pannara (kSara) vakhiLa / "bhavana Avi vAtta zandrAvali kSAnio, varii, gopura, prAmAve, gRha (zItagRha bhI), zaraLa, dAra, tora, paridhi, indravIna 6 mArce bAvi vAna zavvAvatti jhupA, tti, vastu, patthara, turkula, patha, mahAvaiM, zabda, ratha, pAyA, yugma (khuza), citnI, citto, ziviA spandvamAnI / 7 ApaLa-zAno kavi vAna zabdAvali kutinApaNa dumAra kAlA khitazAla, bhAnuzAtA, rmazAlA, panazAtA, dhanazAnA, vyAdharAzAtA, mmatasAnA, jonDAnAroSThAyAra),bhaDAvAra (maDAnAra), pALAcArI (pAnAgAra) hIradhara (kSIgRha) padhasAnA, nisAnA (naLAnA), mahALatAnA (mahAnasazani), rayiAsAnA (paziAnA), voyi sAnA (vodhita zALA), vosiya sALA (auci zAlA), sottiya sAlA (sauni zAnA), dhiya sAnA (dhi zAnA), sama~kriya sAlA(zoMhi zALA) | 6. naTa Avi vAva zabdAvali naTa, nartta, khatta, mA, mauStiLa, viDava, ca, pnavA, bhAsa, vaidhyopa, lala, mavuM, tUbatta (tUkhAvat) avI,i tAtAvara rAnA Avi vAva zabdAvatti rAkhA, pAtta pradhAna puruSa rAnA, yuvAna amAtya, zreSThI, purophti Izvara, LanAya, vaDanAya, talavara, mAviya (mAvi), tuvija, mannI, mahAmattI, rALa, amAtya, peTa, ramya, zraSThI, purohita, senApati, sAyaeNvAha, pIkhavuM, dUta, sadhiyAna, dhruvI, varSaghara, mahattara, Daghara, vArakSita, vauvArija / rUprAta sAhitya je manoranA gundra o vica vi saMskRta rUpAtara yiA nA to snApita jJonA vAjJi, eNni saDta jozo me nApita (arthAt vAlAne vAlA nADuM) yiA gayA huM (marAThI me nAvo sI barca me)| paddAniya TM zanvArya hotA hai snAna rAnevAlA

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viziSTa zabdAvali 266 vipAka sUtra (6) me use alakArika bhI kahA hai, arthAt jo snAna Adi karAkara vastrAbhUpaNa se alakRta kre| mathurA ke rAjA ke citta nAmaka alakArika ko sarvana anta pura taka me Ane-jAne kI chUTa thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM (13) alakArika sabhA (bAla kATane ke salUna') kA ullekha hai jahA~ vetanabhogI aneka naukara-cAkara zramaNa, anAtha, ruNa aura kagAla puruSo kA alakAra-karma karate the| 2 gaNikA kA artha hai jo gaNo ke dvArA mAnya ho / vasudeva hiDi (103, 1224) me ullekha hai . sAmanta rAjAo ne kucha kanyAye cakravartI rAjA bharata ko upahAra me dii| ve chana aura camaravArI sakhiyo ke sAtha rAjA bharata kI sevAsuzrUpA meM rahane lgii| apanI rAnI ke kahane se bhArata ne unhe gaNo ko pradAna kara dii| bhagavAna buddha ko bhojana ke liye nimatrita karane vAlI suprasiddha avApAlI vaizAlI ke gaNarAjAo dvArA bhogya thii| kintu jAna paDatA hai ki Age calakara gaNikA kA mUla artha vadala gyaa| vAtsyAyana ne kAmasUtra me gaNikAo ko vezyAo kA eka upabheda mAnA hai / AcArya hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana (viveka, pR0 418) me apanI kalA kI pragalbhatA aura dhUrtatA me kuzala strI ko gaNikA kahA hai (kalAprAgalbhyacauAbhyA gaNayati kalayati gnnikaa")| 3 vessA (vRhatkalpa bhASya 6256) = dveSyA, lekina kAlAntara me yaha zabda vezyA ke artha me rUDha ho gyaa| pAiasahamahANNavo me vizeSAvazyaka kA uddharaNa prastuta karate hue vessA kA artha paNyAganA yA gaNikA kiyA gayA hai| 4 chinnAlA (hindI me chinAla, kulttaa)| vRhatkalpa bhASya (2315) ke TIkAkAra ne chinnAlA kA artha kiyA hai chinnA nAma ye 5 AgamanAcaparAdha kAritvena chinna hastapAda / nAsAdaya kRtA , arthAt agamya gamana kA aparAdha karane ke kAraNa jisake hAtha, paira aura nAsikA Adi ko chinna kara diyA gayA hai| pAiasahamahaNNavo me foAliA athavA chiNAlI zabda ko dezI batAyA gayA hai| 5 mehuNima (vR0 bhA0 2822), mehuNiA (nizItha bhA0 5775) / mehuNi arthAt bhAnajA (marAThI me mehuNA bahanoI yA sAle ke artha meM prayukta) aura mehuNimA arthAt mAmA yA buA kI laDakI yA sAlI (marAThI me bhI yhii)| mehuNa kA saskRta rUpa maithuna hotA hai, isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki mehuNia aura mehuNiA kA paraspara vivAha sabadha ho sakatA thA ve maithunagamya the| mAmA kI laDakI se vivAha karane ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| svaya mahAvIra kA vivAha unakI bhAnajI se huA thaa| isa prakAra kA vivAha lATa deza aura dakSiNApaya me vihita tathA uttarApatha me niSiddha samajhA jAtA thA (Avazyaka cUrNI 2, pR0 81) / bodhAyana me isa prakAra ke vivAha kA ullekha hai| kumArila bhaTTa ne dAkSiNAtyo ke mAmA-bhAnajI ke vivAha kA upahAsa kiyA hai (eca0 sI0 cakaladAra, mozala

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270 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA lAipha ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyana 'ma kAmasUtra, pR0 133 ) / nizItha cUrNI ( pIThikA, pR0 51 ) me apanI buA athavA mosI kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / pAiasahamahaNNavo me ukta dono zabdo ko dezI batAyA gayA hai / 6 bhoyaDA - (nizItha bhA0 126 ) | jise lATa deza me kuccha kahA jAtA thA, se mahArASTra . me bhoDA kahate the | mahArASTra kI kanyAye isa vastra ko vacapana se pahanatI thI aura vivAha hone taka pahane rahatI thI / usake bAda garbhavatI hone para sage-mavadhiyo ko bhoja diyA jAtA aura utsava samApta hone ke pazcAt ima vastra ko nikAla diyA jAtA / isa taraha kA yA isase milatA-julatA rivAja Aja bhI mahArASTra meM pracalita hai yA nahIM, isakI khoja kI jAnI cAhiye / 34214-22, 7 kuttiyAvaNa ( vR0 bhA0 bhagavatIsUtra aura nAyAdhammakA me bhI ) kA saMskRta rUpa kutrikApaNa mAnakara AcArya malayagiri ne isa zabda kI vaDI vicitta vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai ku iti pRthivyA sanA, tasyA trika kutrika svargamartyapAtAlalakSaNa tasyApaNa haTTu / pRthivItaye yat kimapi cetanamacetana vA dravya sarvasyApi lokasya grahaNopabhogadAma vidyate tat ApaNe na nAsti (dekhiye Avazyaka TIkA bhI, pR0 413 a ) arthAt jahA svarga, martya aura pAtAla loka meM manuSya ke upabhogya cetana va acetana koI bhI vastu mila sakatI ho ( Ajakala kA 'janarala sTora', pAli me antarApaNa ) | ujjainI, rAjagRha aura tosalinagara me kuttiyAvaNa hone kA ullekha milatA hai / kahate haiM ki bhUta-preta bhI ina dukAno para sulabha the / bhRguccha kA koI vaizya ujjainI kI dukAna se eka bhUta kharIda kara le gayA, jisake dvArA bhUtataDAga nAmaka tAlAva banAye jAne kA ullekha hai / tosali deza ke kisI vaNik ne RSipAla nAmaka vyatara laDIvA, nine 'sitaDA (RSi taDAyA) tAnAva nA nirmANa niyA / 'sitaDA kA ullekha khAravela ke hAthI guphA zilAlekha me pAyA jAtA hai / yadi kuttiyAvaNa ke sthAna para koliyAvaNa pATha rakkhA jAya to usakA artha kotukikazAlA, yAnI jahA kutUhala paidA karane vAlI cIje milatI ho, kiyA jA sakatA hai / mAhaNa (brAhmaNa) / mAhaNa zabda kI vyutpatti bhI kucha vicitra hI lagatI hai / kahate haiM ki bharata ke rAjya kAla me zrAvaka dharma utpanna hone para brAhmaNo kI utpatti huI / rAjA bharata ne unheM jIvo ko hanana na karane kI pratijJA vilavAI (mA haLada nIve) tatra se the toA mALa he khAne to (veliye vasudeva hiDi, 184, 23, AcArAMga cUrNI, pR0 5, Avazyaka cUrNI, pR0 213 Adi) / isI prakAra dvijAti zabda se vijjAi ( = dhik jAti) vanA liyA gayA mAlUma detA hai / jinezvara mUri kRta kathA kopa prakaraNa me brAhmaNa ke liye DoDDu zabda kA prayoga huA hai / kannaDa me doDDa AcArya kA artha zekhI baghAranevAlA hotA hai /

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viziSTa zabdAvali 271 __ dhijjAi' kI bhAti bahuta karake isa zabda kA prayoga bhI brAhmaNo ke upahAsa ke liye kiyA gayA jAna paDatA hai| 6. agohali (AkaTha snAna) aga +hola ke sayoga se banA hai| kannaDa me hola kA artha dhonA hotA hai| marAThI me Adhola 10 snAna ke artha me pracalita hai| Avazyaka cUrNI, vyavahAra bhASya TIkA Adi me isakA ullekha hai| 10 taka (bR0 bhA0 1706) / saskRta me tk| prAkRta me udasI (bR0 bhA0 5604) bhii| chAsa rUpa meM bhI ullekha hai, jo khAnadeza me bolI jAne vAlI ahirANI (ahIro kI bhASA) me Aja bhI pracalita hai| 11 jalla aura mala (nizItha bhASya 534) / jala kA artha zarIra kA mala hotA hai| dono me antara yahI hai ki jalla me gIlApana rahatA hai jaba ki mala hAtha Adi se ragaDa kara nikAlA jAtA hai aura phUka mArane se uDa jAtA hai| 12 ujjalla (bR0 bhA0 2457) arthAt vizepa malina (ut=prAbalyena malina), lekina hindI me ujvala zabda kA artha ujvala ho gayA hai, jaise saskRta ke bhadraka zabda se bhaddA ulTe artha me prayukta hotA hai| 13 tupa (ni0 bhA0 201) arthAt mRta zarIra kI crvii| marAThI me tUpa kA artha ghI aura kannaDa me tela hotA hai| kisa prakAra paristhitiyoM ke anusAra zabdo ke artha me pheraphAra ho jAtA hai ? yaha adhyayana kA viSaya hai| 14 uttarodaroma (nizItha sUtra 356), saskRta me uttarI0roma = apara ke mo0 ke vAla = muuch| 15 veNUsuiya (ni0 sUna) arthAt vAsa kI banI suuii| isase jAna paDatA hai ki usa samaya lohe kI sUI pracalita nahIM thii| 15 mADaggAma (bR0 bhA0 2066, nizItha sUtra me bhI) arthAt strIsamUha / marAThI me strI ke artha me, prayukta, bhojapurI me mugii| 16 Tika (TiTA athavA ttaa)| TiMTara kA artha dhUtagRha hotA hai| bhavisatta kahA, supAsanAhacArisa Adi me isakA ullekha hai (dekhiye pAiasahamahaNNavo) karpUramajarI me TeTA kA artha dyUtagRha kiyA gayA hai| jJAnezvarI ke 18ve adhyAya me TiTeghara kA prayoga huA hai kintu TIkAkAra ne usakA sahI artha nahI kiyaa| TiTa yA TeMTA kI hindI ke 88 (jhagaDA) zabda ke sAtha tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| 17 ghoDayakaDuiya (vyavahAra bhA0 4 105) kA artha hai do sAdhuo kA paraspara praznotta, sabhavata jaise do ghoDe milakara Apasa me khujalAte haiN| 18 khaTTAmalla (bR0 bhA0 2623-25) arthAt sau varSa kA bUDhA jo bImArI ke kAraNa khATa para se uThane meM asamartha ho| khAsane aura thUkane me bhI use kaSTa hotA hai| vaha pUA khAte samaya kevala cacava zabda karatA hai, khA nahI sakatA, isaliye use pUvaliyA khAo (pUyalikA khAdaka) bhI kahA gayA hai| TIE

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272 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 16 agaThima (vR0 bhA0 3063) arthAt jisameM gATha na ho = kolA / 20 ullugacchI (ni0 bhA0 3686), jo ullU kI Aya ke samAna ho = sUI kI nok| 21 khalahANa (ni0 bhA0 3180) = khalihAna / 22 jhajhar3iyA (ni0 bhA0 3704) = RNa na cukA sakane para vaNiko me paraspara hone vAlA gAlI galoja / __ 23 Dagalaka (vR0 bhA0 4 4096) =zIca jAte samaya hI pochane ke liye jaina sAdhuo dvArA upayoga me lAye jAne vAle miTTI bAdi ke Dhele / 24 669 (piMDa ni0 364) = jInA, marAThI aura gujarAtI me dAdara / 25 dohasutta pharei (ni0 sUtra 524) = kAtatA hai (bhUta ko bar3hAtA hai)| 26 dustiya (vR0 bhA0 3281) = dauSpika-vastra becane vAlA / gujarAta va mahArASTra me dozI, hindI me dhussaa| sudasaNAcariya me dosiyaha (vastra kI dukAna) kA ullekha hai| 27 paTTakhura (vR0 bhA0 3747) = gola khura vAlA =dhoddaa| 28 sumehI (vR0 bhA0 3252) ---acche ghara vAlI, kyA ke artha me rUDha / 26 iDara (odha niyukti 476) =ddii|| 30 upapura (vR0 bhA0 1925)-kacare kA Dhera, hindI me kUDI, gujarAtI me ukrddii| 31 kaTTara (piMDa ni0 625) = kaTI me DAlA huA ghI kA pddaa| 32 kaDuhaDa polika (050 bhA068) =gale me dAruNa kurUpa poTalI vAlA kAlA bkraa| 33 doddhia (vya0 bhA0 10 464) = laukI, marAThI me duudhii| 34 bappa (ni0 cUrNI 3187) = vA5 / katipaya sAta ke paDato ne ise __va5 (vInA) dhAtu se siddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai| 35 vaTha (odhaniyukti 218) = avivAhita, gujarAtI me vaaddhii| 36 sItAjanna (vR0 bhA0 1 3647) =sItAya , haladevatA ke sammAna me kiyA jAne vAlA utsava / 4 prAkRta ke kucha zabda jinakI paramparA vinaSTa ho gaI hai aura artha me khIcA tAnI karanI par3I hai| (1) bhibhisAra / jaina gratho me zreNika (bauddha gratho me seniya athavA vivimAra) ko bhimisAra (tulanIya vivisAra se), bhibhisAra ayavA bhaMbhasAra bhI kahA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki kuzAprapura (rAjagRha) ke mahala me Aga laga jAne 52 jaldI-jaldI meM koI rAjakumAra hAyI, koI ghoDA aura koI maNi-muktA

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viziSTa zabdAvali 273 lekara bhAgA, zreNika eka bhabhA (eka vAdya) lekara cle| tabhI se unakA nAma bhabhasAra paDa gayA (Avazyaka cUrNI, 2, pR0 15.8) / AcArya hemacandra ne yahI vyutpatti svIkAra kI hai| bauddha gratho me biMbisAra kA artha sunahare (bibi) varNa vAlA kiyA gayA hai)| 2 kUNika jaina gratho me kUNika (ajAtazatru bauddha grayo me) ko azokacandra, vajividehapuna athavA videhaputta bhI kahA hai / jAna paDatA hai ki isa zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhI jaina AcAryoM ko khIcAtAnI karanI pddii| vajjividehayukta (bhagavatI 76) athavA videhaputta kahe jAne kA kAraNa spaSTa hai ki unakI mAtA pelaNA videhavaza kI thii| bauddha sUtro me bhI ajAtazatru ko vedehiputta kahA gayA hai / yadyapi dIghanikAya ke TIkAkAra azvaghopa ne 'vedena ihati iti vedehi', arthAt buddhipUrvaka prayatna karane vAle ko vedehiputta mAnA hai (aTTakathA 1, pR0 136) / jaina TIkAkAro kI kUNika aura azoka candra kI vyutpatti bhI isI taraha hAsyAspada kahI jaayegii| kathana hai ki kUNika ke paidA hone para use nagara ke vAhara eka kUDI para chuDavA diyA gayA, jahA kisI muga kI pUcha se usakI kUna ugalI me coTa laga gii| tabhI se vaha kUNika kahA jAne lgaa| eka dUsarI paraparA ke anusAra kUNika ke janma ke pazcAt jisa azoka vana me use choDa diyA gayA thA, vaha prakAzita ho utthaa| ataeva kUNika azokacandra nAma se prasidva ho gayA (Avazyaka cUrNI 2, pR0 166) nirayAvali 1, 11 ba , hemacandra, mahAvIracarita ullekhanIya hai ki ukta dono paraparAyeM eka hI graya Avazyaka cUrNI me uddhata hai, jisase jAna paDatA hai ki cUrgIkAra isa mavadha me svaya amadigdha nahI the| bauddha gratho me kaNika ko ajAtazatru kahA jAnA usake prati vizepa Adara kA sUcaka pratIta hotA hai| 3 vajjI vajjI eka jAti athavA vaza kA nAma hai / bauddhasUtro me vajjiyo ke A0 kulo kA ullekha hai, jiname vaizAlI ke licchavI aura mithilA ke videha mukhya mAne gaye hai| bhagavatI sUna me vajjI kI gaNanA 16 janapado meM kI gaI hai| vajividehaputra kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| phira bhI lagatA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dono hI TIkAkAroM ke kAla me yaha mUla 525rA vismRta ho cukI thii| uparyukta prasaga para vajjI videhayutta ke antargata bajjI zabda kA artha TIkAkAra ne indra kiyA hai vajam asya asti (bhagavatI 7 6 ttiikaa)| AcArya hemacandra ne yahI artha svIkAra kiyA hai / majjhimanikAya kI aTThakathA me bhI vajjI vaza kI vicita vyutpatti dI huI hai jisase uparyukta vaktavya kA samarthana hotA hai| 4 licchavi (athavA lecchai) zabda ke saMbaMdha me bhI yahI huaa| paraparA ke abhAva me TIkAkAro ne artha kA anartha kara ddaalaa| kAlidAsa ke TIkAkAra

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274 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA malliSeNa dvArA uSTra ko eka prakAra kA pakSI (uSTra pakSI vize) vatAnA, gamta sAhitya me suprasiddha hai / TIkAkAra zIlA ne 'lecchai' kA artha kiyA hai lipsuka sa ca vaNigAdi (mUnAtAga TIkA 2, ? pR0 277 ba), arthAt lipsAyukta vaNik Adi ko licchavi kahate hai| cUrNIkAra ne isa artha kA samarthana kiyA hai (sUnacUrNI, pR0 315) / pAiasahamahaNako me licchavikA yahI artha diyA gayA hai| bhajjhimanikAya ke akayAkAra azvaghopa ne licchavi kA mabadha nicchavi (pAradarzaka) zabda se joDa diyA hai, arthAt jo kucha licchavI loga khAte the, vaha ArapAra dikhAI detA thaa| AcArAga (2, 3, 366-400) sUtra meM mahAvIra bhagavAna ke vaza aura kula Adi kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki licchavI vaza me paMdA hone ke kAraNa ve priyadarzI aura sundara the| Azcarya hai ki phira bhI uttarakAlIna TIkAkAra licchavI vaza kA artha hI bhUla baitthe| aisI hAlata me unake janma aura nirvANa sthAna ke savava me aneka visaMgatiyo eka visavAda kA utpanna ho jAnA asvAbhAvika nahI mAnA jaayegaa| __5 saalii-(vaishaalii)| vaizAlI (vasATa, jilA mujaphpharapura) bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi thii| bhagavatIsUtra (zAtaka 2) me mahAvIra kI jIvana saMbaMdhI carcAo ke prasaga me mahAvIra ke zrAvako ko 'bamAliyamAvaka' arthAt vaizAlInivAsI mahAvIra ke zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| kintu TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne 'vaizAlIya' kA artha vizAla guNa sapanna (vesAlIe' guNA asya vizAlA iti vaizAlIyA ) kara DAlA hai / sUtrakRtAga me bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ko vesAliya nAma se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| lagatA hai ki isa prakAra bhrAtiyo ke kAraNa hI vizAlA nAma se prasiddha ujjanI mahAvIra kA janma sthAna mAna lI gii| 6 kAsava -(kAzya5) bhagavAna mahAvIra kA gotra hai| smvaayaa| (7) me ullikhita sAta gotro me kAsava gotra sarvaprathama hai| kalpasUtra me kAsavajjiyA nAma kI jaina zramaNo kI zAkhA kA ullekha hai| phira bhI Azcarya hai ki TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri ne isakA savadha ikSurasa ke sAtha kaise jor3a diyA- kAza ucchu tasya vikAra kAsya rasa sa yasya pAna ma kAzyapa / 7 AjIvika AjIvika saMpradAya kI paraparA bhI vismRta ho gaI thii| sUtrakRtAga ke TIkAkAra zIlAka amadigdha nahI the ki gozAla ke matAnuyAyI hI AjIvika haiM, isalie unhe likhanA paDA - gozAla-matAnusAriyA AjIvikA digambarA vA (3 3-8,pR0 60 ba), arthAt vaikalpika rUpa me unhone digabaroM ko bhI AjIvika btaayaa| nizIyacUrNI 13-4420 me gozAla ke ziSya athavA paDa ra bhikSuo ko AjIvaka kahA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki pAiasaddamahaNNavo me zvetAvara sapradAya ke bhikSuo ko par3ara bhikSu batAyA hai, jo ThIka nhiiN|

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viziSTa zabdAvali 275 vastuta makhali gozAla aura unake siddhAto kI paraMparA vicchinna ho jAne (yA vicchinna kara diye jAne) ke kAraNa yaha saba ghoTAlA huA jAna paDatA hai| citrapatra dikhAkara AjIvikA calAne vAle ko makha kahA hai (bRhatkalpa mAjya pIThikA 200 AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 62, 282), phira bhI azvaghopa jase vidvAn ne 'mata gira' (mA khali) ityAdi vyutpatti prastuta kara apane ko upahAsa kA hI bhAjana banAyA hai| 8 adhagavahi yAdavavazI eka suprasiddha raajaa| lekina abhayadevasUri ne bhagavatI sUtra kI TIkA (18 3, pR0 745 a) me isa zabda kA nimnalikhita artha kiyA hai ahipA-vRkSAstepA vayastadAzrayatvenetyahipavahayo bAdaratejaskAyikA ityarya / yahA bAdaratejaskAyika jIvo ko avagavahi batAyA gayA hai lekina isa ___ artha ke bAre me pUrNatayA asa digdha na hone se TIkAkAra dUsaro kI mAnyatA bhI prastuta karate haiM anye tvAhu -adhakA aprakAzakA sUkSmanAmakarmodayAye vahnayaste adhakavahnayo jIvA , yahA sUkSma agnikAyika jIvo ko adhakavahi kahA hai| guNabhadra ne uttarapurANa me (70 64) me adhagavahi ko adhakati rUpa me prastuta kara adhakavRSTi ke rUpa me ullikhita kiyA hai, isase bhI isa viSaya me ekamata na hone kA hI samarthana hotA hai| 9 vItibhaya--sindhu-sauvIra kI rAjadhAnI mAnI gayI hai| campA se vItibhaya pahucakara vItibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa ko bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA zramaNa dIkSA dene kA prasaga bhagavatIsUtra meM ullikhita hai| TIkAkAra abhayadeva sUri ne vItimaya kI nimnalikhita vyAkhyA kI hai vigatA Itayo bhayAni ca yatastadvItibhaya, vidarbha iti kecit (bhagavatI 136), arthAt jisa sthAna para bhaya kI AzakA na ho, vaha vIti bhaya hai| apanI isa vyAkhyA se satuSTa na hone ke kAraNa Age calakara TIkAkAra ko anya kisI AcArya kA mata uddhRta karanA paDA, jisane vidarbha ko vItibhaya svIkAra kiyA hai| vastuta vItibhaya sindhu-sauvIra kA mukhya nagara thA ataeva vidarbha se usakI pahacAna nahIM kI jA sktii| 10 kuttiyAvaNa- kI TIkAkAro dvArA dI huI vyAkhyA Upara A cukI hai / aura bhI kitane hI zabda aise hai jinhe udAharaNa rUpa me prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu vistArabhaya se aisA na kara kucha gine-cune zabdo se hI satoSa kiyA jA rahA hai| karpUramajarI ke vidvAn sapAdaka DaoN. manamohana ghoSa ne apanI bhUmikA me ThIka hI likhA hai ki prAkRta bolacAla kI bhASA na raha jAne se Age calakara isake rUpa niyata karane me kAphI kaThinAI kA sAmanA karanA pddaa| natIjA yaha huA ki itastata vikhare hue prAkRta sAhitya ko par3ha-par3hakara hI vaiyAkaraNa apane sUtro ko Dhane lge| aisI hAlata me prAkRta vyAkaraNa sabadhI jo vivecana unhone prastuta

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276 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kiyA, usakA aspaSTa aura apUrNa raha jAnA svAbhAvika thaa| vastuta jisa sAhitya kA vizleSaNa kara ve loga vyAkaraNa ke sUtro kI racanA kara rahe the, vaha sarvathA bhinna kAla kA sAhitya thaa| aisI dazA me jaina Agama sAhitya ke mUla rUpa kA nirdhArita karanA kaThina hI nahI, asabhava jAna paDatA hai| phira bhI itanA to kiyA hI jA sakatA hai ki prAmANika mUla pratiyo kI sahAyatA se jaina Agamo aura unakI prAcIna TIkAo ke samAlocanAtmaka (kriTikala) saskaraNa prakAzita kiye jAye / isa dizA me bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pacIsavI nirvANa zatAbdI ke upalakSa me jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU dvArA Agama-grantho kA prakAzana eka stutya prayatna hai| Agama granyo kA pAli tripiTaka ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karane kI AvazyakatA hai, isase Agamo kA viSaya adhika spaSTa ho sakegA aura viSaya kI pUrvApara aitihAsika dRSTi hamAre samakSa A sakegI / Agamo ke pratyeka Agama kA pRthak rUpa se samayanirdhAraNa kI bhI bahuta AvazyakatA hai / yaha kArya Agamo me ullikhita viSayavastu ke vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana se sabhava ho sakatA hai| jarUrata isa bAta kI hai ki Agama-sAhitya ko deza-videza me upAdeya banAne ke liye tulanAtmaka vyApaka dRSTi se unakA adhyayana aura citana kiyA jaaye| haragovindadAsa seTha ke hama atyanta AbhArI hai jinhone prAkRta kI aneka hastalikhita pratiyo kA adhyayana kara I0 1928 me pAiasahamahaNNavo jaisA mahatvapUrNa koSa prakAzita kiyaa| kintu kyA pichale 48 varSoM meM isa dizA me hamane kucha pragati kI hai ? 1663 me prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI kI ora se isakA kAyAkalpa kiyA gayA, kintu munirAja zrI puNya vijayajI dvArA sUcita katipaya zabdo ko choDakara use jyo kA tyo chApa diyA gyaa| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI ki prAkRta ke kitane hI mahattvapUrNa zabdo kA isa kopa me samAveza nahI hai| Agamo ke antargata chedasUtro ke bhASya eva cUrgI-sAhitya me kitanI sAmAjika eva sAskRtika sAmagrI bharI paDI hai, yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nhii| jainakayA sAhitya to isa prakAra kI sAmagro kA anupama bhaDAra hai| bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yaha samasta sAhitya atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| bhApAvijJAna ke paDito kA lakSya isa aura abhI taka nahI pahucA hai| digambaro ke prAcIna granya bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra Adi ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI bhI kucha kama AvazyakatA nhii| isa adhyayana se digavara-zvetAvara paraparA ke matabheda kI gutthiyo para prakAza paDa skegaa| bhArata ke svataMtra hone ke pazcAt bhAratIya vidyA ke kSetra me jo mahattvapUrNa khojabIna huI hai, usakA paryApta lAbha uThAyA jA sakatA hai|

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zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kI bhASA kA mUlyAMkana paM0 hIrAlAla siddhAntAcArya AcArya hemacandra ne mahArASTrI prAkRta se vibhinnatA batalAte hue zaurasenI prAkRta kI vizeSatAo kA kucha varNana apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM kiyA hai / parantu yaha nAma kase 5DA, 2sakA kucha ullakha unhone nahIM kiyA hai| paDbhApAcandrikAkAra ne usakA sva95 isa prakAra batalAyA hai zUrasenodbhavA bhASA zoramenoti gIyate' arthAt zUrasena deza me utpanna huI bhASA zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai / yaha zUramena deza kauna mA hai ? yaha vicAraNIya hai / pannavaNAsUna ke "sAttiyamayA cedI vItabhaya mindhusoviiraa| mhu| ya sUrameNA pAvA bhagIya mAsa pusvittttaa||" 5makI TIkA karate hue AcArya malaya giri sUrasena deza kI rAjadhAnI pAvA batalAte haiM / yathA-- "vediSu zuktikAtI, vItamaya sindhupu, sauvIreSu mathurA, sUrasenepu pAvA, bhagipu mAsa pusvittttaa"| isa ullekha ke anusAra sUrasena kI rAjadhAnI pAvA vatalAkara ve vihAra prAnta ke antargata sUrasena deza kA honA mAnate hai| kintu nemicandra sUri ne apane pravacanamAroddhAra ganya me pannavaNAsUtra ke ukta pATha ko avikala rUpa se uddhata kiyA hai aura usakI TIkA meM zrI siddhasena sUri ne malaya giri kI ukta vyAkhyA ko 'ativyavahRta' kahakara ukta pATha kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai ___"zuktimatI nagarI cedayo deza , vItabhaya nagara sindhusovIrA janapada , mathurA nagarI sUrasenAkhyo deza , pApA nagarI bhaDkayo deza , mAsapurI nagarI vrtaadesh"| isame spaSTa rUpa se mathurA nagarI ko sUrasena deza kI rAjadhAnI batAyA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hai ki mathurA ke samIpavartI deza ko zUrasena yA sUrasena deza kahA jAtA thaa|

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280 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA bha0 ariSTanemike pUrvajo me zUrasena rAjA hue haiM, ve zIrthapura nagara ke svAmI the| yayA avArya nija zAyaNa nijitAzepa vihipa / / khyAtazauryapurAdhIzamUramenamahIpate / / 63 / / sutasya zUravIrasya dhAriNyAca tanUbhayo / vikhyAto'ndhakavRSTizca patipTina rAdivAk // 14 // dharmA pAndhakavRSTa5ca mubhadrAyAzca tuvarA / samudravijayo'kSobhyastata stimitasAgara / / 65 / / himavAn vijayo vidvAnacalo dhAraNAya / pUraNa pUritArthIccho navamo'pyabhinandana / / 66 / / vasudevo'ntimazcaiva dazAbhUvana zaziprabhA / kuntI mAdrI ca somevA sute prAdurvabhUvatu / / 67 // (uttara purANa, parva 70) arthAt rAjA sUrasena ke zUravIra putra ke do putra hue--andhakavRSTi aura naravRSTi / andhakavRSTi ke 1 samudravijaya, 2 akSobhya, 3 stimitasAgara, 4 himavAn, 5 vijaya, 6 acala, 7 dhAraNa, 8 pUraNa, 6 abhinandana aura 10 vasudeva, ye daza putra hue| Aja bhI zIrthapura nagara sIrIpura vaTezvara ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura jo mayurA ke samIpa hI hai / isa ullekha se yaha vAta siddha hai ki mayurA ke Asa-pAsa kA pradeza zUrasena nAma se prasiddha thA aura usa deza kI bhApA zaurasenI kahalAtI thii| ukta ullekha se isa bhApA kI prAcInatA ariSTanemi se bhI pUrvavartI kAla taka pahuMcatI hai| zaurasenI bhASA kI kucha vizeSatAe A0 hemacandra ne isa prakAra batalAI hai--- 1 (to do 4,260) ta ke sthAna para da, yathA tata tado, pUrita pUriyo, mAruti bhAvi bhAvi . 2 (adha kvacit 4,266) mahAnta mahando, nizcinta Nicando, anta puram andesara aadi| 3 (vAdestAvati 4,262) tAvat tAva, dAva / 4 (mo vA 4, 264) bho rAjan bho rAya, vijayavarman vijayavajha aadi| 5 (bhavad bhagavato 4,265) bhavAn bhava, bhagava, bhayava aadi| 6 (na vA ryo yya 4,266) mAryapuna ayyautta, pakSe ajjaputta aadi| 7 (tho gha 4,267) yayati dhedi, kahedi, nAtha NAdho, NAhI, kaya kadha kaha, rAjapathaH- rAjapayo, rAjapaho aadi| 8 (iha horyasya 4,268) iha ica, bhavatha-hodha, hoha, pariyAyadhve parittAyadha, parittAvaha aadi|

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zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASA kA mUlyAkana 281 6 bhuvo bha 4,266) bhavati -bhodi, hodi, bhuvadi, huvadi, bhavadi, hadi __ aadi| 10 (ktva iya dUNau 4,271) bhUtvA-- bhaviya, bhodUNa, haviya, hodUNa, paThitvA paDhiya, paDhidaNa, tvA ramiyA randUNa aadi| 11 (kR gamo uDua 4,272) kRtvA, kaDua, gaDua, pakSekariya, kAraNa, gatvA gacchiya gacchidUNa aadi| 12 (di ri ce co 4,273) nayati -ne di, dadAti dedi, bhavati bhodi, hodi| 13 (ato dezca 4,274) Aste acchadi, acchade, gacchati gacchadi, gacchede, karoti - kijjadi, kijjade aadi| 14 (bhaviSyati risa 4,275) bhaviSyati- bhavissidi, kariSyati karissidi aadi| 15 (tasmAtA 4,278) tasmAt taa| saMskRta nATako me prAkRta gadyAza prAya zaurasenI bhASA me likhe gae hai / azvaghoSa bhAsa aura kAlidAsa ke nATako me tathA inake paravartI nATako me prAya zaurasanI ke udAharaNa dikhAI dete haiN| ___ Upara jA hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke sUtra aura niyama die gae hai, prAya ve hI niyama, unase milate-julate sUtra aura prayoga vararuci, lakSmIdhara aura trivikrama Adi ke prAkRta vyAkaraNo me bhI pAe jAte hai| daNDI, rudraTa aura vAgbhaTa Adi ne bhI apane grantho me isa bhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai| bharata ke nATyazAstra me bhI saurasenI bhASA kA ullekha isa prakAra upalabdha hai 'nAyikAnA sakhInA ca sUrasenAvirodhinI' arthAt nAyikA strI aura unakI sakhiyo ke lie saurasenI kA prayoga avirodhI hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI yA saurasenI bhASA kI prAcInatA aura udgama sthAna zAta ho jAne para svabhAvata ye prazna upasthita hote haiM (1) kyA ve saba digambara AcArya zUrasena deza ke hI nivAsI the, jinhone ki apane grantho kI racanA zaurasenI me kI hai ? / (2) yadi nahI the, to phira di0 kundakundAcArya aura nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI jaise dakSiNa prAnta me janme aneka di0 AcAryoM ne apane-apane grantho kI racanA zaurasenI prAkRta me hI kyo kI? (3) athavA isame racanA karane kA aura koI anya kAraNa vizeSa rahA hai, jisase prerita hokara prAya sabhI digambara AcAryoM ne ise apanAyA hai ? ukta prazno kA samAdhAna karane ke pUrva yaha jJAtavya hai ki bhAratavarSa me uttara se

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282 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA dakSiNa taka jAne-Ane kA jo madhya mArga thA aura jisame hinduo ke parama upAsya zrIkRSNa kA janma huA, vaha mayurA nagarI isa uttarApatha aura dakSiNApatha ke madhya me paDatI hai| Aja bhI sudUra dakSiNa ke tIrthayAtrI java uttara prAnto ke tIrthoM kI yAtrArya nikalate hai to ve uttara ke badarInArAyaNa, gagotI, aura kailAza kI yAtrArtha jAte-Ate hue madhyavartI mathurA me avazya utarate hai| isa AvAgamana se Aja bhI dakSiNayAtrI jame isa zUrasena deza kI rAjadhAnI mayurA kI vartamAna bhASA hindI se paricita ho jAte hai, umI prakAra zrI kRSNa ke samaya isa deza meM bolI jAne vAlI zaurasenI se paricita ho jAte the| __ aba hama Upara die gae prathama prazna kA samAdhAna kareMge di. jaina grantho, anuzrutiyo eva dakSiNa me prApta aneka zilAlekho se yaha siddha hai ki A0 bhadravAI zruta-kevalI ke samaya uttara bhArata me 12 varSa kA bhayakara dukAla paDA thaa| apane nimittajJAna se jaba A0 bhadravA ne yaha jAnA ki nikaTa bhaviSya me hI bhayakara duSkAla paunevAlA hai to apane madhastha 24 hajAra sAdhuo ko sambodhita karate hue isa deza ko choDakara sudUra dakSiNa deza me calane ko khaa| usame se 12 hajAra sAdhu to unake sAya dakSiNa deza ko cale ge| kintu zepa 12 hajAra idhara ke zrAvako ke Agraha aura durbhikSakAla me bhI bhikSA-sulabhatA ke AzvAsana para syUlabhadra ke netRtva me yahI uttarabhArata me raha gye| ___ ukta pariprekSya me yaha spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai ki jo sAdhu bhadravAhuzrutakevalI ke sAtha dakSiNa prAnta me gaye, ve prAya adhItazruta eva gItArya the, kyoki usa samaya ago aura pUrvo kA 50na-pAThana pracalita thaa| dakSiNa prAnta kI tAtkAlika bhASAe Aja ke samAna hI uttara bhArata kI bolacAla kI bhASA se sarvathA bhinna thI, phira bhI ubara ke nivAsI udhara ke sUrasena deza kI volI se AvAgamana ke kAraNa paricita the, isa kAraNa ukta sagha ke bahuzrutajJa sAdhuo ne apanI hI bolI saurasenI me upadeza denA prArambha kiyA aura samayAnusAra grantha racanA karanA prArambha kiyaa| ata. prAraMbha me jina AcAryoM ne zaurasenI bhASA me granyo kI racanA kI, uname adhikatara uttara bhArata ke the| ina hajAro sAdhuo ke dakSiNa prAnta me vicaraNa se, upadeza dene se eva satsA se dakSiNa dezavAsI bhalI bhAti paricita ho gaye the, ata dakSiNa deza meM janme hue pIche ke digambara AcAryoM ne bhI usI sarvAdhika samajhI jAne vAlI zaurasenI bhASA me hI apane grantho kI racanA kii| (2) ma prakAra uth kathana se dUsare prazna kA samAdhAna bhI svayaM hI ho jAtA hai / yata 55cAdvartI granyakAro kI mUla-paramparA A0 bhadrabAhu taka pahucatI hai, mata unake saMghastha sAdhuo ko jo volacAla kI bhASA thI, aura jise ki Aja zaurasenI nAma se kahA jAtA hai, usI me una pIche ke dakSiNI AcAryoM ne uttara

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zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASA kA mUlyAMkana 283 aura dakSiNa ke prAnto me samajhI jAne vAlI zaurasenI bhASA me hI apane siddhAnto kA pratipAdana karanA ucita samajhA / (3) tIsare prazna kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki jaise prAkRta kI zAkhA mAgadhI. ardhamAgadhI, yA mahArASTrI Adi prAcIna bolacAla kI prAkRtika (svAbhAvika ) boliyo kA saMskAra karake saMskRta bhASA ke rUpa meM tAtkAlika maharpiyo ne eka antarrASTrIya bhASA kA nirmANa kiyA, aura jo samAna rUpa se binA kisI parivartana ke sAre bhAratavarSa me samajhI jAne lagI thI, usa saskRta bhASA ke ati samIpa yA atyadhika sAmya hone ke kAraNa paravartI digambara jainAcAryoM ne zaurasenI me apane grantho kI racanA karanA adhika upayogI aura zreyaskara samajhA / yaha bAta isa nIce dI jAne vAlI tAlikA se sahaja me jJAta ho sakegI prAkRta aisaya maMdi aubha ahara ahigaraNa adhigaraNa Amapia Akapiya Aesa vesa Autta ii IsA udaa uDa ea oiNNa kaI kaDua kavalia zaurasenI adisaya atihi goAUrI paloya cakka calia yuva acira kaDuga kavalida koaDa kodaDa sena gai [mAnutta mAgutta vi irisA udaga puDa ega odiNNa kadi skena vi godAvarI ghova cadukka calida saMskRta prAkRta atizaya airea atithi aIa ayuta akuria acira sain amaa Aava AmAsa adhikaraNa Akampita Aveza [ Ayukta Agupta iti phairSyA udaka puTa eka avatIrNa Avassaa zabda [hiM Iisa uppAyaputra kati eata catuSka calita kaTuka varjita kauha kodaNDa karaA okSaNa veda kAyaca ti khAira godAvarI khoha dhRtova ALama goa ghAyA zaurasenI adirega adIda akurida Ariya Agada Ataba AgAsa AyAsa Ayassaya | avassaga iyANi phenisa udu uppAdapuvva egata boLa kakudha karagA phAdaba khAdira khobha gaNaga gova ghAyaga saMskRta atireka natIta aiti mArya Agata AtAmra AkAza Avazyaka idAnIm IdRk, IdRza Rtu utpAdapUrva ekAnta sovana phakuda karakA (olA) kAdamba khAdira kSobha gaNaka gopa ghAtaka

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284 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA cAga chevaLa nadI tRtIyA hatidra nartaka tRtIya pagaDa prakRti dhruva dhruva vaura ch| umariyama chAdumatyiya chAnasthika | caora cagora cakora jaDa jadi yadri cAya tyAga cheaNa chevana taiya tadiya jI jAva nIva dalia vanitA paTTA Traga a dhava dhava (pati) taDaa takriya 53 diAbara divAgara divAkara phala phalaga phalaka dhuA vadara vadara [prakRta paya pAya saja sajada sayata pragata phulla phullaga phullaka bhiura (vinazvara) | hama hada hata apara se diye gaye zabda-rUpo ke bheda se prAkRta (mahArASTrI) aura zaurasenI kA antara spaSTa dRSTigocara ho jAtA hai / aba hama A0 kundakunda racita granyo se kucha prayoga uddhata karate hai, jisase ki pAThaka di0 zaurasenI kI vizeSatA se svaya paricita ho jaayeNge| madura bhidura samayasAra se prayoga 5 pasakriya jANago bhUdatya AdA vaMvidro thudA (stutA) vijJa bAhUba aviradi 30 51 72 gAyAMka prayoga gAyAMka prayoga gAthAMka vivAddhinI suparavivAbubhUvA 4 jANidUNa 17 aNucaridavyA 22 mohidamadI 23 idara 26 nati vadido 28 thuNadi 26 kadA (kRtA) NAdUNa 34 ede hodyAvihu 66 kuNadi 74 pariNamadi 78 kupadi (karoti) 85 88 AdA (AtmA),67, appA, attA 64,67, 102 vidhAda 102 NAdava 156 160 vijANAdi niSphaLAvo 171 bALamukhAvo 166 bAvami fmaLadu mucadi 150, 281 vyavo nidri viklandri 165 [chijja .

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zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASA kA mUlyAkana 285 216 211 adhammassa pajAhidUNa vedadi AdhAkamma 216 viNassaMde 287 jijjadi pravacanasAra se carittAdo cadida 1,1 sapajja di 1,6 (jANadi pahANAdo tigha, tadhA tadhA 1,67 1,55 1,16 rajANAda jANAdi adidio jihadi kidha (katha) 172 lahadi 1,81 samadhidana 1,86 pacAstikAya se 1, pijjAdi 145 pediya 166 idasavadiyANa SaT khaNDAgamasUtra (chakkhaDAgamasutta) NANANi 1,1 imANi 1,1 aNiyogaddArANi 1,5 sajadAsajadA 1,13 pamattasajadA 1,14 appamattasajadA 1,15 odesaNa 1,24 NirayagadI Adi 1,24 asajadasAmAdiTTI 1,27 chadumatthA 1,27 sAdhAraNasarIrA 1,41 sodhammIsANa 1,66 purisadA 1,101 padusu 1,105 bhadiaNNANI 1,116 isa prakAra ke prayogo se sArA grantha bharA huA hai| kasAyapAhuDasutta kI sArI gAthAe zuddha zaurasenI me hI racI huI hai| yahA para hama kevala eka gAthA hI udAharaNArtha dete hai gAhAsade asIde atthe 50NarasadhA vihattammi / vocchAmi sulagAhA jayi gAhA jammi athimi // 2 // rekhAkita tIno pada s508ta zaurasenI bhASA ke paricAyaka haiN| ukta grantho ke pazcAt jitane bhI mUlAcAra, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, aSTapAhuDa, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, darzanasAra, tiloyapaNNattI, bhAvasagraha, labdhisAra, gomaTasAra jIvADa, karmakADa Adi prAkRta di0 jana grantha hai, ve sabhI zaurasenI me hI race gaye hai| maiMne vasunandi zrAvakAcAra ke pariziSTa na0 5 me prAkRta dhAtu rUpa aura pariziSTa na0 6 me prAkRta zabda rUpa sagraha diyA hai, usase bhI di0 grantho kI zaurasenI bhASA ko apanAne kI bAta bhalI bhAti siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI prAkRta kA mUla udgama bhale hI uttarI mathurA kA samIpavartI pradeza rahA ho, parantu dakSiNI yAniyo ke uttara bhArata meM Ane se tathA

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286 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA uttara prAntIya bhadrabAhu ke muni sagha ke dakSiNa me jAne se yaha bhASA vahA para (dakSiNI madurA taka) acchI taraha samajhI aura bolI jAne lagI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki zeSagiri rAva jaise ajaina dakSiNI vidvAn ne apane lekha 'dI eja Apha kundakunda' me likhA hai ki mere pAsa tamila sAhitya meM aura loka bolI meM isa bAta ke aneka pramANa haiM ki jisa prakAra kI prAkRta me AcArya kundakunda ne apane anya nivaddha kiye haiM, vaha kevala samajhI hI nahI jAtI thI, balki Andhra aura kaliga pradezo me jana-sAmAnya ke dvArA bolI jAtI thii| (jana gajaTa, 18 apraila san 1922 pR0 61) bhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha kayana pUrNarUpeNa satya pratIta hotA hai| ___ A0 hemacandra ne sajJA zabdo ke jo sAto hI vibhaktiyoM meM aneka rUpa diye hai, uname se zaurasenI bhASA me kucha sImita hI rUpa apanAye hai, jo ki saMskRta ke sAtha vahuta adhika sAmya rakhate hai / yathA prAkRta zaurasenI / saMskRta prAkRta | zaurasenI saskRta ThANAi ThANANi syAnAni | ee / ede / ete| vacchAo | vacchAdo vRkSAt | acchIi | acchINi | akSINi isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta kI apekSA zaurasenI ke dhAturUpa bhI saskRta ke bahuta adhika samIpa hai / yathA prAkRta zaurasenI / saskRta / prAkRta zaurasenI saskRta bhavadi bhavati / gacchaI gacchadi gacchati bhavabhavadu bhavatu gacchau | gacchadu / gacchatu isa prakAra jana-sAdhAraNa ko sugama hone se bahujana hitAya di0 janAcAryoM ne apanI racanAe zaurasenI prAkRta me kI haiN| bhava

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prAkRta evaM apabhraza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM para prabhAva DaoN0 mahAvIra sarana jaina prAkRta eva apabhraza ke vividha bhASika rUpo se hI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAo ke vividha rUpo kA vikAsa 10vI se 12vI zatAbdI ke bIca me huaa| yaha bAta alaga hai ki isa vikAsa paramparA kA vaijJAnika adhyayana prastuta karanA eka sImA taka asambhava sA hai| isa savadha me abhI taka jitane kArya sampanna hue hai uname adhikAzata ajJAta se jJAta kI ora AyA gayA hai| isa sambandha me yaha dhyAna rakhanA jarUrI hai ki sAta se ajJAta kI ora vaijJAnika Dhaga se unmukha hone para hI ajJAta anupalabdha rUpo ko punarnirmita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura punanirmANa ke siddhAnto para avilambita hokara hI prAkRta se Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo taka kI vikAsa yAtrA kA vaijJAnika adhyayana azata sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai / Aja hamAre pAsa prAkRta eva apabhra za kI jo sAmagrI upala0dha hai usake AdhAra para Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAo ke vikAsa kI sArI kaDiyA alagaalA suspaSTa rUpa se joDa pAnA duSkara kArya hai / isake nimnalikhita kAraNa hai 1 hamAre pAsa prAkRta yuga eva apabhraza yuga ke sAhityika bhASika rUpa hI upalabdha hai| madhya bhAratIya Arya bhApAkAla me usake sampUrNa kSetra me vibhinna bhopAo ke jo vividha kSetrIya evaM vargIya bhASika rUpa bole jAte ho, ve upalabdha nahIM hai| 2 prAkRta eva apabhra za ke jo sAhityika bhApika rUpa prApta hai unake kSetrIya prabhedo kA vivaraNa milatA hai / isa sambandha me vicAraNIya yaha hai ki upalabdha kSetrIya bheda Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo yathA pajAvI, hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, bagalA, asamiyA, uDiyA Adi kI bhAti bhinna sAhityika bhAvArya hai athavA usa kAla kI kisI eka hI sAhityika prAkRta athavA

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288 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA mAhityika apabhra za ke vibhinna kSetrIya rUpa hai| dUsare zabdo me prAkRto ke upalabdha kSetrIya 25 bhinna-bhinna bhApArya haiM athavA kisI eka hI bhASA ke kSetrIya rUpa haiN| 5- dRSTi se jaba hama vividha prAkRta rUpo 52 vicAra karate hai to pAte haiM ki inakA nAmakaraNa vibhinna dUravartI kSetroM ke AdhAra para huA hai tathApi iname kevala uccAraNa ke dharAtala para thoDe se dhvanyAtmaka antara hI pramukha hai| mahArASTrI me svara bAhulyatA hai, hisvarAntargata vyajana kA lopa ho jAtA hai tathA z , s sacI vaniyA kAkalya saghI 'ha' me badala jAtI hai / zaurasenI me dvisvarAntargata sthiti meM aghopa vyajano kA ghopIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| mAgadhI prAkRta me >l me tathA mUrvanya p' tathA dantya 'm' >tAlavya 'z' me parivartita ho jAte hai / ardhamAgadhI prAkRta me dantya > mUrdhanya tathA mUrdhanya 'p' eva tAlavya 'z' > dantya 's' me parivartita ho jAte hai tathA hivarAntargata zruti kA Agama ho jAtA hai| paMzAcI prAkRta me saghoSa >adho5, ra >la tathA mUrdhanya p'> z s me pariNata ho jAte hai| prAkRto ke ye antara athavA inakI viziSTa vizeSatAye itanI bhedaka nahIM haiM ki inheM alaga-alaga bhASAo kA darjA pradAna kiyA jA ske| marAThI, hindI, gujarAtI, vagalA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me kevala thoDe se 70pAraNagata bheda hI nahI hai apitu iname bhApAgata bhinnatA hai, pArasparika saracanAtmaka eka vyavasthAgata antara hai tayA pArasparika avodhana kA abhAva hai| Aja koI marAThI bhApI marAThI bhASA ke dvArA marAThI se aparicita hindI, vAlA, gujarAtI Adi kimI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke vyakti ko bhApAtmaka stara para apane vicAroM, savedanAo kA bodha nahIM kara paataa| bhinna bhApI vyakti abhiprA ko maketo, mukha mudrAo, bhAvabhagimAo ke mAdhyama se bhale hI samajAve, bhASA ke mAdhyama se nahIM samajha pAte / kintu ardhamAgadhI kA vidvAn mAgadhI athavA zo senI athavA mahArASTrI prAkRta ko paDhakara uname abhivyakta vicAra ko samajha letA hai| isa rU5 me jo sAhityika prAkRta rUpa upalabdha haiM unakA nAmakaraNa bhale hI sudUravartI kSetro ke AdhAra para huA ho kintu tatvata ye ma yu| ke jana-jIvana me una vividha kSetro me vAlI jAne vAlI bhinna-bhinna bhASAya nahIM hai aura na hI Aja kI bhAti ina kSetro me likhI jAne vAlI bhinna mAhityika mApAya haiM, pratyuta eka hI mAnaka athavA sAhityika prAkRta ke kSetrIya spa haiN| aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki dasavI-bArahavI zatAbdI ke bAda to bhinna-bhinna bhASAya vikamita ho gaI ho kintu usake pUrva prAkRta yuga me pUre kSetra me bhApAtmaka anta' na rahe ho / Adhunika yuga me bhAratIya Arya bhApA kSetra' me jitane bhApAtmaka

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prAkRta eva apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo para prabhAva 289 antarAla hai usakI apekSA prAkRta yuga meM bhAratIya Arya bhASA kSetra' me bhASAtmaka antarAla kama hone kA to prazna hI nahI uThatA, ye nizcaya hI bahuta adhika rahe hoge / prAkRta yuga 1 IsvI se 500 IsvI taka hai / Adhunika yuga kI apekSA DeDhado hajAra sAla pahale to sAmAjika-samparka nizcita hI bahuta kama hogA phira bhApAtmaka antarAla ke kama hone kA savAla kahA uThatA hai ? sAmAjika samparka jitanA sadhana hogA, bhASA vibheda utanA hI kama hogaa| Adhunika yuga me to vibhinna kAraNo se sAmAjika sampreSaNIyatA ke sAvano kA prAkRta yuga kI apekSA kaI kaI gunA adhika vikAsa huA hai / inake atirikta nAgarika jIvana, mahAnagarI kA sarvabhASAyI svarUpa, yAyAvarI vRni, zikSA, bhinna bhASAyI kSetro me vaivAhika, vyApArika eva sAskRtika sabadha tathA sampUrNa bhAratavarSa me eka kendrIya zAsana Adi vividha tattvo ke drata vikAsa evaM prasAra ke kAraNa Aja bhinna bhASAo ke bIca paraspara jitanA AdAna-pradAna ho rahA hai usakI DeDha do hajAra sAla pahale kalpanA bhI nahI kI jA sakatI thii| inake atirikta Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla me to arabI, phArasI, aMgrejI Adi videzI bhASAo kI zabdAvalI, dhvaniyo eva vyAkaraNika rUpo ne sabhI bhASAo ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| itanA hone para bhI Aja bhI bhinna-bhinna kSetro kI bhASAo me pArasparika vodhagamyatA nahI hai / Aja bhAratIya Arya bhASA kSetra me jitanI bhinna bhASAya eva kisI bhASA ke jitane bhinna-bhinna uparUpo kA prayoga hotA hai prAkRta yuga me to usa kSetra me nizcita rUpa se apekSAkRta adhika saMkhyA me bhinna bhASAo tathA unake vibhinna kSetrIya uparUpo kA prayoga hotA hogA kintu hame Aja jo prAkRta rUpa upalabdha haiM ve eka hI prAkRta ke kSetrIya rUpa hai jiname bahuta kama antara hai eka bhASA kI kSetrIya boliyo me jitane antara prAya hote hai usase bhI bahuta kama / bhASA kI boliyo ke antara to sabhI staro para ho sakate haiM jabaki ina tathAkathita bhinna prAkRto me to kevala uncAraNagata bheda hI upalabdha haiN| vibhinna prAkRto ko deza bhASAo ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai kintu tAttvika dRSTi se ye deza kI alaga-alaga bhApAyeM na hokara eka hI prAkRta bhASA ke deza bhASAo se rajita rUpa haiN| eka hI mAnaka sAhityika prAkRta ke vividha kSetrIya rUpa hai jiname svabhAvata vividha kSetro kI uccAraNagata bhinnatAo kA prabhAva samAhita hai / Adhunika dRSTi se samajhanA cAhe to ye hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI kI bhAti bhinna bhASAyeM nahI hai apitu Adhunika sAhityika hindI bhASA ke hI 'kalakatiyA hindI,' 'vanaiyA hindI,' 'nAgapurI hindI' jaise rUpa hai| merI isa pratipattikA kA AdhAra kevala bhASA vaijJAnika hI nahI hai, isakI puSTi anya srotoM se bhI sambhava hai / bharata muni ne apane nATyazAstra me yaha vidhAna kiyA hai ki nATaka me cAhe zaurasenI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jAye cAhe apanI

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260 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA icchAnusAra kisI bhI dezabhApA kA, kyoki nATaka me nAnA dezo me utpanna hue kAvya kA prasaga AtA hai| unhoMne deza bhApAo kA varNana karate hue unakI saMkhyA sAta batalAyI hai (1) mAgavI, (2) AvatI, (3) prAcyA, (4) zaurasenI, (5) ardhamAgadhI, (6) vAlIkA, (7) daakssinnaaty||| isa vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki bharata muni sAta bhApAo kI vAta kara rahe hai kintu yadi hama sadarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vivecanA kare to pAte haiM ki bharata muni yaha vidhAna kara rahe hai ki nATakakAra kisI bhI nATaka meM icchAnusAra deza prasaga ke anurUpa kisI bhI deza bhASA kA prayoga kara sakatA hai| koI bhI nATakakAra apane nATaka me pAnAnukUla bhApA nIti kA samarthaka hote hue bhI vividha bhApAo kA prayoga nahIM karatA, nahI kara sktaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki use aisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA par3atA hai jisakA abhinetA ThIka prakAra uccAraNa kara sake aura usa nATaka kA darzaka samAja bhinna-bhinna pAtro ke bhinna-bhinna samvAdo ko samajha ske| yadi sampreSaNIyatA hI nahI hogI to rasa' kaise utpanna hogA ? yahI kAraNa hai ki samAja ke vividha starA eva vibhinna kSetro ke pAtro ke svAbhAvika caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga karate samaya eka hI bhASA ke vividha rUpo tayA usa bhASA ke anya bhApiyo ke 7.pAraNa-lahaz2o ke dvArA prabhAva utpanna kiyA jAtA hai| koI hindI nATakakAra apane hindI nATaka me vagalA bhApI pAna se galA bhApA me nahI bulavAtA apitu usakI hindI ko vagalA uccAraNa se rajita kara detA hai| isa dRSTi se sAta deza bhASAyeM alaga-alaga bhASAya nahIM haiM, kisI eka hI sAhityika prAkRta ke bhinna dezo kI bhASAo se rajita rUpa hai| yadi ye deza bhASAye alaga-alaga bhApAye hI hotI to marata muni yaha vidhAna na karate ki anta - puranivAsiyo ke lie mAgadhI, ceTa, rAjaputra eva seThI ke lie ardha mAgadhI, vidUpakAdiko ke liye prAcyA, nAyikA aura sakhiyo ke lie zaurasenI mizrita AvatI, yo hA, nAgariko aura juADiyo ke lie dAkSiNAtyA aura udIcya, khamo, zabara, zako tathA unhI ke samAna svabhAva vAlo ke lie unakI dezI bhASA pAlIkA upayukta hai| jahA taka ina tayAkathita bhinna prAkRto ke prayoga kA prazna hai zaurasenI prAkRta kA upayoga ma kRta nATako me gadha kI bhASA ke rUpa meM huA hai| bhAgavI prAkRta me koI svatantra racanA nahI miltii| saMskRta nATakakAra nimna zreNI ke pAnI me mAgadhI kA prayoga karAte hai / artha mAgadhI meM mAgadhI eva zaurasenI dono kI pravRttiyA paryApta mAtrA me milatI haiN| mahArASTrI prAkRta ko Adarza prAkRta kahA gayA hai| daNDI ne yadyapi mahArASTrI ko mahArASTra Azrita bhASA kahA hai tathApi matya yaha hai ki yaha kSetra vizeSa kI prAkRta na hokara zaurasenI prAkRta kA paravartI vikamita 55 hai| yaha jarUra vivAdAspada hai ki zaurasenI eva mahArASTrI

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo para prabhAva 261 kA antara kAlagata hai athavA zailIgata | kAlagata antara mAnane vAlo kA tarka hai ki prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNo ne mahArASTrI kA anuzAsana AThavI zatAbdI ke pazcAt nibaddha kiyA hai / DA0 manamohana ghopa ne sthApita kiyA ki prAcIna zaurasenI mahArASTrI kI jananI hai| DA0 sunItikumAra cATurjyA ne bhI zaurasenI prAkRta tathA zaurasenI apabhraMza ke bIca kI eka avasthA ko mahArASTrI prAkRta mAnA hai / " inakA zailIgata antara mAnane vAlo me sTena kono pramukha hai, jinhone yaha niyama pratipAdita kiyA ki padya kI mahArASTrI eva gadya kI zaurasenI hotI hai / zaurasenI me dvisvarAntargata vyajano kA ghoSIkaraNa arthAt vyajana varga ke prathama vyajana ke sthAna para usI varga ke tRtIya vyajana kI sthiti pAyI jAtI hai jabaki mahArASTrI me dvisvarAntargata vyajano kA lopa hokara svara bAhulya sthiti ho jAtI hai / DA. manamohana ghoSa ne vikAsa eva zailI me tAratamya sthApita kara pratipAdita kiyA ki pahale zaurasenI prAkRta thI jisame gadya racanA huii| saMskRta ke nATakakAra jaba gadya me pAnI se vArtAlApa karAte the to zaurasenI prAkRta kA upayoga karate the kyoki vaha tatkAlIna janatA ke bhASika rUpo ke nikaTa thii| bAda me usakA vikAsa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa meM huA / jaba kaviyo ne padyaracanA me mahArASTrI prAkRta kA upayoga kiyA to unhone mRdutA ke lie vyajano kA lopa kara bhASA ko svara bAhulyatA pradAna kara dI / prAkRto kI bhAti apabhrazo kI bhI sthiti hai / apabhraMza zabda ke bhApAgata prayoga kA jo prAcInatama ullekha prApta hai usame to apabhraMza kisI bhASA ke lie prayukta na hokara saMskRta ke vikRta rUpo ke lie prayukta milatA hai / nATyazAstrakAra ke samaya prAkRto ke yuga me apabhraMza eka bolI thI / kAlAntara me isa bolI rUpa apabhraMza para AdhArita mAnaka apabhraza kA uttarottara vikAsa huA jisakA svarUpa sthira ho gayA / apanI isI sthiti ke kAraNa himAlaya se sindhu taka isakA rUpa ukAra bahula / thA / prAkRto ke sAhityika yuga ke pazcAt ukAra bahulA apabhraMza sAhityika racanA kA mAdhyama banI / AThavI nauvI zatAbdI taka rAjazekhara ke samaya taka yahI apabhraMza samparka bhASA ke rUpa me pajAva se gujarAta taka vyavahRta hotI thI / "samasta marueva Takka, aura bhAdAnaka se apabhraMza kA prayoga hotA hai "" tayA saurASTra eva trivaNAdi dezo ke loga saskRta ko bhI apabhraMza ke mizraNa sahita paDhate hai' jaisI uktiyA isakI paricAyaka haiM / Age calakara isI mAnaka sAhityika apabhraMza rUpa ke vividha kSetro me uccAraNa bheda ho ge| nauvI zatAbdI meM hI rudraTa ne svIkAra kiyA ki apabhraMza ke dezabheda se bahuta se bheda hai / " apabhraMza bhASA ke upanAgara, AbhIra eva sAmya bhedo ko 'bhUribheda' kahakara

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262 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA aryAt bhUmi kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa eka hI bhApA ke svAbhAvika bheda batalAkara rudraTa ne eka mahatvapUrNa tathya kI ora saketa kiyA hai| IsA kI 12vI zatAbdI taka apabhra za lokabhASA na rahakara sAhitya me prayukta hone vAlI rUDha bhASA bana cukI thii| vastuta 11vI zatAbdI se to Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAo ke prAcIna bhApA rUpo me likhita sAhityika grantha milane Arambha ho jAte hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki bolacAla kI bhASA ke rUpa me to apabhra za ke vividha rU5 600 I0 yA adhika se adhika 1000 I0 taka hI vyavahRta hote hoge / apabhra za ke ina vividha rUpo kI sAmagrI, jinase vividha Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo kA vikAsa huA, upalabdha nahIM hai| apabhra za ke dezagata bheda usI prakAra athavA usase bhI adhika vidyamAna rahe hoge jisa prakAra Aja Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo ke bheda vidyamAna hai| viSNudharmottarakAra ke anusAra to sthAna bheda ke AdhAra para apabhra za ke bhedo kA anta hI nahI hai / 19 prAkRta sarvasva se bhI patA calatA hai ki apabhra za ke 27 bheda svIkRta the|12 ____ 'prAkRtAnuzAsana' me bhI nAgara, vAcaDa, upanAgara, pacAla, vaidarbhI, lATI, or3I, kaikeyI, goDI, Takka, varvara, kuntala, pADya tathA siMhala Adi apabhra zo kA ullekha hai| apabhra za ke vividha rUpa bole jAte the isame koI sandeha nahI hai kintu ina bhinna-bhinna rUpo me sAhitya upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa inakA paricaya prApta nahI hai / apabhra za sAhitya kA vikAsa mAlavA, rAjasthAna tathA gujarAta me hI huaa| inhI pradezo kI apabhra zo ke AdhAra para vikasita sAhityika apabhra za me sAhityika racanA huii| isI sAhityika apabhra za kA rUpa Aja surakSita hai jisame kAlAntara me pratyeka pradeza ke sAhityakAro ne sAhitya racanA kii| isa prakAra sAhitya ke rUpa me jisa mAnaka apabhra za kA prayoga huA hai usame prAkRto kI bhAti yatkicita sthAnIya bhedo kI jhalaka to hai kintu vastuta ve eka hI sAhityika apabhra za bhASA ke rUpa haiN| 3 apabhra za ke vividha rUpo se ni mRta hote samaya Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAo kA jo rUpa volA jAtA hogA usakI bhI hame jAnakArI nahI hai| isa prakAra ke vivaraNa to upalabdha hai ki kisa apabhra za rUpa se kisa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai| isa sambandha me pAia-sahamahaNNavo' kA vivaraNa ullekhanIya hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki "mahArASTrI apabhra za se marAThI aura kokaNI bhASA, mAgadhI apabhra za kI pUrvI zAkhA se bagalA, uDiyA aura asamiyA bhApA, mAgadhI apabhraza kI vihArI zAkhA se maithilI, magahI aura bhojapuriyA, arddhamAgadhI apabhra za se pUrvIya hindI

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prAkRta eva apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo para prabhAva 263 bhApArya arthAt avadhI, baghelI, aura chattIsagaDhI, zaurasenI apabhra za se bundelI, kanaujI, brajabhASA, vAgarU, hindI yA urdU ye pAzcAtya hindI bhApAyeM, nAgara apabhra za se rAjasthAnI, mAlavI, mevADI, jayapurI, mAravADI tathA gujarAtI bhApA, pAli se siMhalI aura mAladIvana, TAkI athavA DhAkI se lahaDI yA pazcimIya pajAbI, TAkI apabhra za (saurasenI se prabhAvayukta) se pUrvIya pajAvI, prAcaDa apabhra za se sindhI bhASA, aura pazAcI apabhra za se kazmIrI bhASA kA vikAsa huaa|93 yadyapi yaha vivaraNa bhI kevala aitihAsika sambandho kA dyotana karAne ke uddezya se hI prastuta hai phira bhI isameM yaha dRSTi to milatI hI hai ki apabhra za me hI vividha bhApika dhArAyeM thI tathA alaga-alaga dhArA se kisa prakAra Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo kI kina pramukha zAkhA prazAkhAo kA vikAsa huA hai| jisa prakAra hame apabhra za kI alaga-alaga bhASA dhArA ke vaiziSTya kI jAnakArI eva sAmagrI prApta nahI hai usI prakAra ina dhArAo se ni sRta hote samaya Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI kisa zAkhA kA kyA jana pracalita svarUpa thA isakA jJAna nahIM hai| 4 Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me se kucha bhASAo me prAcIna sAhitya avazya upalabdha hai / isa sambandha me bhI do sImAyeM haiM (ka) upalabdha sAhitya sakrAntika kAla ke prathama caraNa kA na hokara paravartI yuga kA hai| hindI me gyArahavI sadI me rAulavela, uDiyA me 1051I0 me ananta varmA ke urajama zilAlekha, bagalA me 1050 I0 se 1200 I. taka ke pariyAgIti, marAThI eva gujarAtI me 12vI zatAbdI me kramaza mukunda rAya ke gIta tathA zAlibhadra kRta bhAratezvara bAhubalirAsa milatA hai| pajAbI me to 12vI zatAbdI ke bhI antima caraNa me vAvA pharIda zakaragaja kI racanAyeM tathA asamiyA me 13vI zatAbdI me jAkara hema sarasvatI, hari vipra, mAdhavakadAle tathA zakaradeva kI racanAyeM prApta ho pAtI haiN| (kha) isase likhita sAhityika bhASA ke hI svarUpa ko patA cala sakatA hai, ___ janajIvana me vyavahRta tatkAlIna bhASika rUpo kA patA nahIM cltaa| isa prakAra yaha yadyapi nirvivAda hai ki Adhunika bhAratIya mArya bhASAo ke vividha rUpo kA vikAsa unake prAkRta eva apabhra za rUpo se huA kintu uparyukta kAraNo se hama isa vikAsa yAtrA kA pUrA lekhA jokhA prastuta nahI kara sakate / ataeva prAkRta eva apabhra za ke sAhityika bhASA rUpo kI sAmAnya uccAraNagata abhiracanAo, vyAkaraNika vyavasthAo eva saracanAo ne Adhunika bhAratIya

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264 gaMgAna-prAvati vyAkaraNa aura boNa nI paramparA Arya bhASAo ko jisa prakAra sAmAnya mpa ge prabhAvita kiyA hai yahA gAyana ugI prabhAva kI carcA prastuta kI jA rahI hai| (ga) dhvanyAtmaka 1 prAkRta apabhra za kI dhvanyAtma abhicanAo eva pramukha svara vajana dhvaniyA Adhanika bhAratIya Arya bhApAmao kI kendravartI bhASAoM meM surakSita hai| isake viparIta sImAvartI bhArya bhAgAmao meM prAta apaNa yanyAtmaka abhiracanA se bhinna dhvanyAtmaka vipatAmao kA bhI vikAsa huA hai| isa sambandha meM nimnalikhita udAharaNa dRSTavya hai (ka) asamiyA me dantya eva mUrdhanya vyajano kI bhedakatA eva vaipabhya samApta ho gayA hai / tAlavya vyajana dantya garthI meM tathA dantya bhI 'm' kA komala tAlavya saghI ke rUpa me vikAsa huA hai| (kha) marAThI me cavargIya dhvaniyo kA vikAsa do spo meM huA hai tathA baro kI anunAsikatA kA lopa ho gayA hai| kendravartI bhASAo me pUrva bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI paramparAnu-pa mahAprANa dhvaniyo kA upayoga hotA hai kintu yanya bhASAo me sapo5 mahAprANa vyajano eva hakAra kA bhinna-bhinna rUpo me uccAraNa hotA hai| isa dRSTi se DA0 sunItikumAra pATujyA pUrvI bagalA me ka.58nAlIya sparza ke sAtha-sAtha Azika rUpa meM viziSTa svara vinyAsa kA vyavahAra tathA pajAvI me svara vinyAma parivartana mAnate hai tathA rAjasthAnI me ha-kAra kI jagaha kaNThanAlIya sparza dhvani tathA sadhopa mahAprANo ke Azvasita uccAraNa kI upasthiti se yaha anumAna vyakta karate hai ki rAjasthAnI tathA gujarAtI meM isa prakAra kA uccAraNa kama se kama apabhra za kAla kI ri+ya to avazya hI hai|" (gha) sindhI evaM lahadA me anta sphoTAtmaka dhvaniyo kA vikAsa huA hai| (Da) pajAvI me tAna kA vikAsa humA tathA saghopa mahAprANa vyajana tAnayukta alpaprANa vyajano ke rUpa meM parivartita ho ge| isa sambandha me DA0 sunIti kumAra cATuA ne DA0 siddhezvara varmA ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai ki zruti kI dRSTi se pajAvI meM 'bha, gha, Dha' Adi ke parivartana me mahAprANatA sunAyI nahI paDatI, vAda ke svara ke sAtha zvAsa kA kucha parimANa salagna rahatA hai, jo usake svara-vinyAsa kI eka viziSTatA mAnA jA sakatA hai / 5 2 'R' ko kAraNa pAli yuga me hI samApta ho gayA thaa| isakA uccAraNa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAo me 'ra' 'ri' evaM 'ru' rUpa me huaa| Aja bhI 'ri'

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM para prabhAva 265 me 'ra' ke bAda kA 'i' kA uccAraNa agra kI apekSA madhyonmukhI hotA hai| 3 'pa' varNa kA mUrdhanya uccAraNa kisI bhI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASA me nahI hotaa| 4 apabhra za ke 'aiM' evaM 'o' ke hrasva upAraNa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me surakSita hai| isI kAraNa 'e' 'ai' 'o' 'au' kA uccAraNa mUla svaro ke rUpa me hone lagA hai| 5 hindI, urdU, sindhI, pajAbI, uDiyA Adi me mUrdhanya utkSipta 'Da' eva 'Dha' vikasita ho gae hai| 6 madhya bhAratIya Arya bhApA kAla me jina zabdo me samIkaraNa ke kAraNa eka vyajana ko dvitva rUpa ho gayA thA, apabhra za ke paravartI yuga eka vyajana zeSa raha gayA tathA usake pUrvavartI akSara ke svara me kSatipUraka dIrdhIkaraNa ho gyaa| sindhI, pajAbI eva hindI kI bAgaru eva khaDI bolI ke atirikta sabhI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me yaha pravRtti surakSita hai / yathA kama >+ma>kAmu>kAmu>kAm 7. apabhra za me antya svara ke hasvIkaraNa eva lopa kI pravRtti milatI hai| pAsaNAha pAra se kucha udAharaNa draSTavya hai mahilA> mahila 1 / 10 / 12 / jaghA>jagha 3 / 2 / 8 / gRhiNI>ghariNi 1 / 10 / 4 / gambhIra > gahira 3 / 14 / 2 / pApANa>pAhaNa 2 / 12 / 6 / puDarIka > puDariya 17 / 21 / 2 / bihArI, kAzmIrI, sindhI aura kokaNI ke atirikta anya Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me bhI yaha pravRtti hai| hindI me akArAnta zabdo ko prAya vyajanAnta rUpa me uccArita kiyA jAtA vyAkaraNika 1 vibhakti rUpo kI saMkhyA me kamI prAkRta kAla me hI vibhakti rUpo kI sakhyA me kamI ho gayI thii| vibhinna kArako ke lie eka vibhakti tathA eka kAraka ke lie vibhinna vibhaktiyo kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| eka ora karma, karaNa, apAdAna tayA adhikaraNa ke lie SaSThI vibhakti kA tayA karma eva karaNa ke lie saptamI vibhakti kA to dUsarI ora apAdAna ke lie tRtIyA tathA saptamI vibhaktiyo kA prayoga milatA hai|8 apabhra za me vibhakti rUpo kI saMkhyA me aura kamI ho gyii| kartA-karmasambodhana ke liye samAna vibhaktiyo kA prayoga Arambha ho gyaa| isI prakAra eka aura karaNa-adhikaraNa ke lie to dUsarI ora sampradAna-sambadha ke lie samAna

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266 mA kRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA vibhaktiyo kA prayoga hone lgaa| udAharaNArtha, apabhraza ke vimapita ramoM ko na prakAra pradarzita kiyA jA mavAnA hai vahuvacana eka vacana | pusliga mvani phartA-karma-sambodhana -a, -A, -3,-o -a, A, -a, A,-3 eka vacana vahuvacana ttitA | strInA | ninama | satranI karaNa-adhikaraNa | -e, -e ___-hiM / -hi -eNa. -iNa The - sampradAna-samvandha -Asu Ahe apAdAna apAdAna -ho, he-hu / -he, -hi| -aatu| -hiM Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me vibhakti spo kI saMkhyA meM kramaza hAsa huA hai| jina bhASAo kI sazliSTa prakRti abhI bhI vidyamAna hai uname vibhakti rUpo kI saMkhyA abhI bhI adhika hai kintu jina bhASAo ne viyogAtmakatA kI ora tejI me kadama baDhAyA hai uname vibhakti pratyayo kI saMkhyA bahuta kama raha gayI hai| isa dRSTi se yadi hama marAThI eva hindI kA adhyayana kare to sthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| marAThI me sajJA zabda ke jahA aneka vaibhaktika rUpa vidyamAna haiM mulAsa (dvitIyA) mulAne (tRtIyA), mulAlA (caturthI), mUlAhUna (pacamI), mulAcA (57ThI), mulAta (saptamI), mulA (sambodhana) vahA dUsarI ora hindI me pulliga saMjJA zabdo me yA to kevala vikArI kAraka bahuvacana ke lie athavA avikArI kAraka bahuvacana, vikArI kAraka ekavacana eva vikArI kAraka bahuvacana ke lie vibhaktiyA lagatI hai| strIliMga sajJA zabdo me kevala avikArI bahuvacana eva vikArI bahuvacana ke lie vibhaktiyA juDatI hai, ekavacana me prAtipadika hI prayukta hotA hai| 2 parasargoM kA vikAsa apabhra za me vibhakti rUpo kI kamI ke kAraNa arthoM

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM para prabhAva 297 me aspaSTatA Ane lagI hogii| kArako ke arthoM ko vyakta karane ke lie isI kAraNa apabhra za me zabda ke vaibhaktika rUpa ke pazcAt alaga se zabdo athavA zabdAzo kA prayoga Arambha ho gyaa| yadyapi saskRta me bhI rAmasya kRte' tathA prAkRta me rAmasya ke raka dharam' jaise prayoga mila jAte hai tayApi itanA nizcita hai ki apabhra za me parasargoM kI sunizcita rUpa se sthiti milatI hai| karaNa ke lie sahu, sau, samANu, sampradAna ke lie tehiM, kehiM, apAdAna ke lie laI, hontau, Thina, -pAsiu, sambandha ke lie taNa, taNi-ke rau tathA adhikaraNa ke lie majjhe,--- majjhi jaise parasargoM kA bahula prayoga apabhra za sAhitya me huA hai| Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me parasargoM kA vikAsa huA hai| inake prayoga me sabhI bhASAo kI sthiti samAna nahI hai| Aja bhI kucha bhASAya kArakIya arthoM ko parasargoM se nahIM apitu zabda ke vibhaktiyukta rUpa se dyotita kara rahI hai kintu phira bhI parasoM kA prayoga kama yA adhika sabhI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me hotA hai| jina bhASAo me vibhaktiyukta zabda dvArA kAraka kA artha vyakta kiyA jAtA hai uname bhI alaga-alaga kAraka ke lie alaga-alaga vibhakti rUpo kA sambandha sunizcita nahIM hai| yathA marAThI meM eka hI kAraka ko vyakta karane ke lie aneka vibhaktiyo kA prayoga hotA hai tathA eka hI vibhakti aneka kArako kA artha vyakta karatI hai| usame bhI tRtIyA ke ne, nI, pacamI ke -Una, -hUna tathA SaSThI meM prayukta -pA, cI, ce, cyA Adi rUpo ko parasarga koTi me rakhA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra bagalA kI prakRti bhI apekSAkRta sazliSTa hai kintu vahA bhI diyA, dvArA, ke diyA, sage, haite, theke jaise zabdAzI kI sthiti parasoM kI hI hai / yathA mana diyA paDha (mana se paDhI), tomA dvArA hAive nA (tumase nahI hogA) bahU ke diyA gadhAu (bahU se rasoI vanavAo) AmI badhu sage dekhA karita gela (maiM mitra se milane gayA) pADI haite caliyA gela (ghara se calA gayA) bADI ke caliyA gela ( , , ) / 1 gujarAtI me bhI sampradAna me 'mATe' tayA sambandha ke lie 'nA', 'nI' kA prayoga hotA hai / pajAvI me bhI sambandha me 'dA', 'dI' kA prayoga hotA hai| parasoM ke prayoga ke sambandha me hindI kI sthiti adhika spaSTa hai| hindI me sajJA zabdo me kArakIya arthoM ko vizliSTa prakRti ke parasoM dvArA hI vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| hindI me parasoM kA vikAsa Arambha se hI adhika huaa| hindI ke AdikAlIna sAhitya me hI vibhinna kArakIya rUpo ko sampanna karane ke lie parasoM

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298 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI 5.5 kA prayoga milatA hai| kartA ke artha meM DA0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI ne cadaravaradAI kI bhASA me 'ne' kA prayoga svIkAra kiyA hai| kAtilatA kI bhASA me katA ke __ artha meM -A, -e, -o kA prayoga huA hai| karma ke artha me 'ko' kA prayoga 11vI sadI se rAulavela meM milane lagatA hai| vIsaladeva rAno" meM 'nU' 14 kAtilatA me 'hi', 'hiM' kA prayoga karmakAraka ke artha meM huA hai| karaNa ke artha me phItilatA meM 'e' ena' 'hi' kA, pRthvIrAja rAso me 'te', 'vAcA', 'sa', sahu', 'mU', 'so', tayA khusaro ke kAvya me 'se' kA prayoga milatA hai| isI prakAra kI sthiti anya kArakIya arthoM ko vyakta karane ke sambandha meM hai| 3 bhASA prakRti arddha ayogAtmaka Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo kI vivecanA karate samaya prAya vidvAno ne unheM ayogAtmaka bhApAyeM kahA hai / yaha ThIka hai ki hindI' ne apabhra za kI arddha-ayogAtmaka sthiti kI apekSA ayogAtmakatA ko aura adhika vikAsa kiyA hai tathApi bhApA-prakRti kI dRSTi se Aja bhI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAyeM arddha-ayogAtmaka haiN| zabda ke vaibhaktika rUpa bhI milate hai tayA paramoM kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| kArakIya rUparacanA me vibhinna bhApAlo me vibhaktiyA maMzli5885 me bhI vyavahRta hotI hai| udAharaNArtha sindhI evaM pajAbI me apAdAna eva adhikaraNa kArako me, gujarAtI me karaNa eva adhikaraNa me, marAThI me karaNa, sampradAna tathA adhikaraNa me tayA isI prakAra DiyA me adhikaraNa me vibhaktiyo kA sayogAtmaka rUpa draSTavya hai / vAlA me bhI sambandhitatva maliTa rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| hindI me bhI sarvanAma rUpoM meM karma sampradAna meM ise, use, inhe, unheM, tujhe jase rU5 milata hai jinakI prakRti salipTa hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki hindI me inake viyogAtmaka rUpa bhI upalabdha haiM yA isako, usako, unako, inako, tubajo sI prajAra vartamAna sanmAvanArya paddha , pahe, paDhe, paDho tayA nAjJArya panA, pahiyegA, paTo, 58 me sayogAtmakatA kI sthiti dekhI jA sakatI hai| 4 napusakaligA kI sthiti apabhraza kAla me napusakaliga kA lopa ho gayA thaa| Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me marAThI epa gujarAtI ko choDakara 5 mamI me napusakaliga nahIM haiN| siMhalI me prANI tayA aprANIvAcI AdhAra para prANavAna tathA prANahIna do liga hai, jo draviDa parivAra kI bhApAo ke prabhAva ke mUcaka. pratIta hote haiM / 25 me pulliga evaM strIliMga do liMga haiN| iname bhI vagalA eva DiyA me dezaja zadI me liga vivAna zithila hai| jAna bImsa ke anusAra iname tatsama zabdo ko choDakara 25 zabdo me liga vyavasthA nahI hai / 5. bahuvacana dyotaka sadAvalI sindhI, marAThI tayA pazcimI hindI ke

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prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM para prabhAva 266 atirikta zeSa anya Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me kartA kAraka ke zabdo me bahuvacana kA dyotana vibhaktiyoM se na hokara bahuvacana dyotaka zabdo athavA zabdAzo se vyakta hone lagA hai / udAharaNArtha bagalA me 'sakala' yathA kukkura sakala ( kutte ) / isI prakAra uDiyA me 'mani' asamiyA me 'bora' maithilI 'sama' eva bhojapurI 'logani' ityAdi zabda rUpa bahuvacana dyotaka hai / pazcimI hindI, sindhI, marAThI me kartA kAraka bahuvacana ke vaibhaktika rUpa upalabdha hai / yathA piu sindhI ekavacana marAThI ekavacana---rAta bahuvacana piura bahuvacana - - rAtI hindI ---ekavacana laDakA bahuvacana laDake yahA yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ina bhASAo me bhI bahuvacana ko svataMtra zabdo dvArA vyakta karane kI pravRtti baDha rahI hai / yathA isa prakAra kI pravRtti sajJA zabdoM kI yathA - pazcimI hindI hama loga | bhojapurI maithilI hamarA sama | bagalA - Ami saba / puruSa hindI ekavacana marAThI - - ekavacana uttama puruSa Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI yaha pravRtti madhyayugIna bhASAo kI vyavasthA se avazya bhinna hai tathA ayogAtmakatA kI ora unmukha hone kI sUcaka hai / 6 prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke kriyA rUpa madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI kriyA saMracanA kA prabhAva Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me vartamAna athavA vartamAna sambhAvanArtha kAla eva AjJArthaka rUpo para paDA hai / madhyama apabhraMza me vartamAna kAla dyotaka uttama puruSa u, -hu, madhyama puruSa - hi, -hu evaM anya puruSa -a, hi, anti vibhaktiyA thI / Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me ye pravRttiyA isa prakAra hai hindI yunavANI marAThI -U puruSa vacana ekavacana bahuvacana -e rAjA doghe ekavacana bahuvacana -o -U bahuvacana bahuvacana apekSA sarvanAma rUpI me adhika hai / hamanIkA / mAgadhI hamanI / - iye - e - o rAjA loga doghe jaNa - e -mo -U -asa -A bagalA - i -isa -a | raviyA banAvI -aDa -a -u -a -aya - e -o

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300 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAka' aura koza kI paramparA -e - | -aDa | -e -en-anti| -aNa purupa anya ekavacana | -e -e bahuvacana - | -e -ata ___ Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAo ke vartamAna AnAyaka spo kA vikAsa bhI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya kriyA rUpo se huA hai| ___ apabhra Na me bhaviSyakAlika po kI racanA me dhAtu me vibhakti lagane ke pUrva 'issa' athavA 'iha' pratyaya juTatA thaa| gujarAtI -karI, -karizu, ko-Adi rUpo se 'isasa' kA tathA hindI kI braja Adi boliyo ke -karihoM -kariha Adi me 'iha' kA prabhAva vidyamAna hai| 7 kriyA ke kRdantIya rUpo kA prayoga prAcIna bhAratIya artha bhApAkAla me bhUtakAlika racanA ke kaI prakAra the| lar3a se asampanna bhUta, luDa0 se mAmAnya bhUta tathA liT se sampanna bhUtakAla kI racanA hotI thii| udA0 gam dhAtu ke rUpa agacchat, agamat eva jagAma banate the / iname kriyA 5 vidyamAna thaa| prAkRta apaghra za yuga me inake badale bhUtakAla bhAve yA karmaNi-kRdanta 'gata' lagAkara banAyA jAne lgaa| Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me karmaNi kRdanta rUpa to vidyamAna hai hI, kRdantIya rUpo se kAla racanA hone lagI hai| adhikAza Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me vartamAna kAlika kRdantIya rUpa me purupa eva liga vAcaka pratyaya lagAkara kAla racanA hotI hai| yathA--hindI -krtaa| gujarAtI -karata / bagalA -krit| marAThI- karita / uDiyA krnt| isI prakAra bhUtakAlika kRdantIya rUpo se bhI kAlaracanA sampanna hotI hai| apabhra za me bhUtakAlika kRdanta rU5 vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa me pUrNa kriyA ke sthAna me bhI vyavahRta hone lage the| Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhApAo me hindI gayA gujarAtI lIdhu jaise rU5 vartamAna hai| ___ Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me se vagalA, uDiyA, asamiyA, bhojapurI maithilI, marAThI Adi me bhUtakAlika kRdanta pratyaya 'la' juDatA hai| yathA bagalA gela, hoila, marAThI gelo, gelAsa, bhojapurI mAralI, mAralAsa / isa sambandha me yaha ullekhanIya hai ki isa bhUtakAlika kRdanta pratyaya kA prayoga paravartI apabhra za me huA hai| rAulavela kI bhASA me isakA prayoga dekhA jA sakatA hai| 8 kriyAoM me liMgabheda - apabhra za me kRdantIya rUpI me ligabheda kiyA jAtA thaa| hindI jaisI bhASAo me kriyAo me liMgabheda kA kAraNa apabhraza ke kRdantIya rUpo kA kriyA rUpo me prayoga hai / kRdanta rUpo ko kriyA rUpo me apanAne ke kAraNa

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prAkRta eva apabhraza kA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo para prabhAva 301 hindI me paDhatA, paDhatI, paDhA, paDhI Adi kriyAo me liMgabheda milatA hai / marAThI me bhI mI jAto (maiM jAtA hU) eva mI jAte (maiM jAtI hU) tathA tU jAtosa (tU jAtA hai) eva tU jAtasa (tU jAtI hai) kriyAo me liMgabheda draSTavya hai| 6 sayukta kAlaracanA evaM saMyukta kriyA nirmANa --hindI jaisI bhASAo me mUla dhAtuo me pratyaya lagAkara kAla racanA kI apekSA vartamAnakAlika kRdanta eva bhUtakAlika kRdanta rUpo ke sAtha sahAyaka kriyAo ko joDakara vividha kAlo kI racanA kI jAtI hai| isI prakAra kriyA ke vibhinna arthoM ko vyakta karane ke liye mukhya kriyA rUpa ke sAtha sahakArI kriyAo ko saMyukta kiyA jAtA hai| madhyabhAratIya Arya bhASAkAla taka isa prakAra kI bhApAyI pravRtti parilakSita nahI hotii| isa kAraNa vidvAno ne Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me sayukta kAla racanA e1 sayukta kiyA nirmANa ko draviDa bhASAo ke prabhAva kA sUcaka mAnA hai| isa sambandha me merA yaha abhimata hai ki hindI ne isa paramparA ko paravartI apabhra za paramparA se svIkAra kiyA hai| sa yukta kAla eva sayukta kriyA nirmANa kI pravRtti 'ukti vyakti prakaraNa' eva 'rAulavela' kI bhASA me dikhAyI detI hai aura isI kA vikAsa hindI me huA hai| paravartI apabhraMza me isa prakAra kI vyavasthA bhale hI draviDa parivAra kI bhASAo ke prabhAva ke kAraNa AyI ho| sadarbha 1 nATyazAstra 18 / 34-35 / 2 nATyazAstra 18136-40 / 3 mahArASTrAzrayA bhASA prakRSTa prAkRta vidu |-kaavyaadrsh 1 / 34 / 8 Introduction to Karpurmanjari, p 75 University of Calcutta (1948) 5 bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI, pR0 103 (1963) tRtIya parivaddhita saskaraNa, dillI 6 Mana Mohan Ghosh, Maharastri, a late phase of Sauraseni Journal of the Department of Letters of the Calcutta University, Vol XXXII, 1933 7 garIyAna5 zabdopade / ekakasya hi zabdasya bahavo'pabhra zA / tadyathA gaurityasya sadasya gAvI goNI gotA gopAtalikA ityevamAdayo bahavo'pabhra zA (pAtajala, mahAbhASya 1 / 1 / 1) / 8 sApaghra zaprayogA sakalamarubhuva08vaku bhAdAnakAca (kAvyamImAsA, adhyAya 10) / 6 surASTranavaNAdyA ye paThantyarpitasauSThavam / / ___ apaghra zavadazAni te saMskRta pacAsyapi (kAvyamImAsA, adhyAya 7) 10 / bhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhra za (kAvyAlakAra 2 / 12) / 11 sa cAnyarUpanAgarAbhIra grAmyatva bhedena nidhoktastannirAsArthamukta bhUri bheda iti / / 12 brAcI lATa vaidarbhAnupanAgara nAgarau vAvarAvantyapAcAlAkamAlavakakayA / goDIda vanapAzcAtyapADyakauntala shlaa| kaliMgyaprAcya kArNATikA pdraaviddgaajraa| AbhAro

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302 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA madhyadezIya sUkSma bhadavyavasthitA saptaviMzatyapamra NA vetAlAdi pramedatA (prAkRta sarvasva 2) / 13 paDita haragovindadAma trikamapada goTha, pAia-saha-mahAyo (prAkRta 5i05 mahArNava ) lAtA, prathama AvRtti mavat 1985 (sana 1628 ii0)| 14 de0 bhAratIya Arya mApA aura hindI, pRSTha 122-132 / 15 bhAratIya Arya mApA aura hindI, 10 127-128 / 16 pAmaNAhacariu sampAdaka praphullakumAra modI (san 1965) / 17 DA0 mahAvIrasarana jaina, pariniSThita hindI kA dhvanigrAmika adhyayana / pa0 20-22 18 de0 (1) komala cada jaina, prAkRta-pravezikA, pR0 58 / (2) pa0 mapikeza bhaTTAcArya, prAkRta grAmara, pR0 128 / 16 DA0 mahAvIra sarana jaina, hindI majA, bhASA, hindI mApA vizaMpAka / 20 mahAdeva mA0 vAsutakara, marAThI ko kAraka vyavasyA, gaveSaNA, pR0 82-84 varSa 10, praka 20 / 21 marojinI zarmA --hindI aura bagalA ke parasoM kA vyatirekAtmaka adhyayana, gavepaNA, pR0 63-110, varSa 10, aka 20 / 22 ma0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI-vIrakAvya, pR0 165 sa0 2012 / 23 sa0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kItilatA 2 / 228, 20218, 424 / 24 sa0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI vIrakAvya, pR0 220 / 25 sa0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla -kItilatA 2 / 27, 3178 / 26 vahI-maza 1150, 146, 4140 / 27 sa0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI, nAmavarasiMha pakSipta pRthvIrAja rAso, pR0 25, 31, 32, 108 / 28 sa0 bAlakRSNa rAva hindI kAvyasaMgraha (khusaro), pR0 27 / Pe John Bzim, A C)mparative grammar of the Modern Indian Aryan Languages, p 177 30 de0 DA0 kailAza candra bhATiyA, rAulavela me prayukta kriyAeM, nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, mAlavIya zatI vizeSAka pR0 457, varSa 66, a ka 2-3-4 (samvat 2018) /

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prAkRti-apabhaza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva DaoN0 kRSNakumAra zarmA rAjasthAnI-bhASA' 56vadha ke 'rAjasthAnI' pada ko vizeSa sAvadhAnIpUrvaka prayukta karane kI apekSA hai| isa padava ke rAjasthAnI' pada kA artha Adhunika vRhat-rAjasthAna nahI hai| paran 'rAjasthAnI bhASA' se tAtparya usa bhApA se hai, jisakA mUla bhArata ke isa pazcimI pradeza me 500 I0 se 1000 IsA taka pracalita janabhApA apabhra za me hai| isI rAjasthAnI bhASA kA sAhityika rUpa DiMgala' hai| rAjasthAna kI isa sAhityika bhASA DiMgala kI do avasthAo kA ullekha vidvAno ne kiyA hai / IsavI san kI 13vI zatAbdI se lekara 16vI zatAbdI ke ata taka ke yuga koTasITorI ne prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI kA yuga kahA hai|' 17vI zatAbdI ke prArabha se lekara Aja taka ke samaya ko Adhunika mAravADI kA yuga kahA jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para ina do kAlo kI DiMgala ko 'prAcIna DiMgala' evaM 'arvAcIna DiMgala' kahA gyaa| kintu dhyAna dene para jJAta hogA ki apane mUla se pRthaka hone ke samaya se aba taka kI rAjasthAnI kI tIna avasyAe~ spaSTa hai / eka vaha jise 'prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI' nAma diyA gayA hai| yahI rUpa apabhra za kA uttarAdhikArI hai| dvitIya avasthA vaha hai jo pRthvIrAja racita 'veli kisana rukamaNI rI' me milatI hai / 'veli' kI bhASA me DhAcA to prAcIna rAjasthAnI kA hai, parantu mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me vikasita katipaya vizeSatAe bhI 'veli' kI bhASA me hai| 'veli' sAhityika rAjasthAnI me racI gaI hai / tRtIya avasthA vIrasatasaI eva Adhunikatama kAvyo, jase--vAdalI, sAjha Adi me dekhI jA sakatI hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI ke udAharaNa 'mugdhAvavodhamauktika' kI bhASA me hai| isa prakAra kAnhaDade pravadha', veli, vIrasatasaI, vAdalI, sAjha Adi racanAe~ rAjasthAnI ke aitihAsika vikAsa kI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai| prAkRta-apabhra za se Adhunika rAjasthAnI taka kI vikAsa yAtrA kA itihAsa ina racanAo ke mAdhyama se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| isI dRSTi se rAjasthAnI ke likhita sAhitya

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304 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ko AvArabhUta sAmagrI ke 25 me grahaNa karanA samucita hai| vikAsa ke aitihAsika svara5 ko dhvani (uccAraNa), 15, vAkya aura zabdasamUha kI dRSTi se parakhA jA sakatA hai| prastuta nibadha me 'dhvani' aura 'ra5' ko hI AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| 'dhvani' me bhI una parivartano ko dikhalAnA abhipreta hai, jo prAkRta-apabhra za se rAjasthAnI me kicit atara ke mAtha Ae haiM, athavA vaise hI prayukta ho rahe haiN| upAraNa para vicAra nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| spajJAnika vikAsa meM sabhI samava AyAmo kA AdhyAna karanA ucita hogaa| bhArata ke pazcimI pradeza kI jana-mApA zaurasenI apabhra za se vikasita rAjasthAnI rUpAtmaka dRSTi se kitane vikAsa staro se gujarI yaha svaya meM mahattvapUrNa zodha kA viSaya hai| piMgala apabhra za prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI kA srota nahIM hai / usameM aneka tatva aise hai jo pUrvI rAjasthAnI voliyo kI vizeSatA hai| prastuta nivadha kA uddezya prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI se vikasita mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI aura phira Adhunika rAjasthAnI me dikhalAI paDane vAle prAkRta-apabhraza ke prabhAva kI rUparekhA prastuta karanA hai / (ka) dhvani vivecana rAjasthAnI kI dhvani-vyavasthA vahI hai jo prA pa rAjasthAnI me thI aura prA pa rA meM vaha apabhra za se AI thii| TesITorI ne prA pa rAjasthAnI me 'La' dhvani kI samAvanA vyakta kI hai / sabhAvanA isaliye ki pADulipiyo me unheM isake lie pRthaka se cihna nahIM milaa| parantu jo bhI ho mAdhyamika rAja kI kRti 'veli krimana rukamaNI rI', Adhunika rAjasthAnI kI satasaI, vAdalI Adi me yaha dhvani hai aura ise 'la' citta dvArA prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| la aura/la/ do svanima hai| inake alpatama yuga dala aura dala hai| prayama kA artha samUha aura dvitIya kA dalanA, kucalanA Adi hai| apabhraNa kA 'a' prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me surakSita rahA parantu jahA Adya athavA madhya 'a' ke pUrva yA pazcAta dIrgha svara vAlA akSara ho to a> i ho jAtA hai, pizela ke anusAra prAkRta me aisA nahIM hotaa| prA pa rA ke katipaya udAharaNa ye haiM aNDakam > apa0 aNDau~ > iMDau~ (AdinAtha caritra) __ kapATa>, kavADa>kimADa( , , ) mAravADI me aihotA hai / 'kimADa' ko prayoga bhI lokabhASA hai aura apabhra za kI pravRtti ke anusAra 'hais' bhI pracalita hai 'kAMDa de dyo' aura kimADa lagAyo' dono prayoga calate haiM / 'kavADa' apabhra za ke prabhAva svarUpa hI hai| isI prakAra 'gimAra' (gavAra) zabda bhI hai|

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 305 isI prakAra 'a' 'u' meM bhI parivartita hotA hai / prAkRta me yaha pravRtti pAI jAtI hai, apabhra za me nahI hai| prahara >a50 pahara>puhara yA puhura 'beli kisana rukamaNI' me apabhra za rUpa 'pahara' hI prayukta huA hai vadhai mAsa tAi pahara vadhanti (chanda 13) 5masAna > apa0 masANa > musANa (upadezamAlA bAlAvabodha) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me apabhra za 'masANa' aura prA pa rA kA 'musANa' dono pracalita hai| 'musANA' bahuvacana prayoga prAya milatA hai| paravartI aura pUrvavartI 'u' ke kAraNa bhI 'a' 'u' meM parivartita ho jAtA hai garuDa> guruDa ? (pacAkhyAna) darda >durdura kabhI-kabhI 'a' kA rUpAta ra 'a' ho jAtA hai| mAravADI me aise sthalo para 'ai' hotA hai| apabhra za ke Adya 'a' kA lopa bhI prAya rAjasthAnI me hotA hai| yaha pravRtti prA pa rA se hI prArabha ho gaI thI apabhra za accha>achai> ch| mAravADI dUDhADI me 'ai', ai me parivartita huA hai, 'chai' kA prayoga liga aura vacana kA anusaraNa karatA hai kuNachI (strI0), kuNa chai yA 'kuNa ch|' (puli0) / mAtmanaka > apa0 appnnu>pnnu| taNa kA prayoga 'veli' me hai kamalApati taNI kahevA kIrati (chanda-3) zruti ke rUpa me 'a' kA Agama rAjasthAnI kI vizeSa pravRtti kahI jA sakatI hai| yaha pravRtti bhI prA pa rA me hI prArabha ho gaI thI garbha > garama janma >janama 'veli' me isa prakAra kI zruti ke zataza udAharaNa haiM antaryAmI> atarajAmI adarzana > adarasaNi Adi / apabhra za 'i' ke rAjasthAnI me nimnalikhita parivartana hue hai (ka) 'i' durvala hokara 'a' ho jAtA hai| (kha) I hrasva ho jAtA hai| nINi> a50 ti>imaNi parantu pRthvIrAja ne 'triNi' = tIna kA prayoga kiyA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha a50 ke tiNi se hI anumata hai / dvitta kA saralIkaraNa aura 'i' kA puna dIrdhIkaraNa

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306 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA triNi dIha lagana velI ADAta (chanda-66) 'i' kA dIrgharUpa I bhI hotA hai nAsti>prAkRta me Natyi> nathI 'gujarAtI' me 'nathI' kA prayoga surakSita hai, rAjasthAnI meM bhI isakA prayoga huA hai| sUryamala mizraNa kI vIrasatasaI kA nimnalikhita dohA draSTavya hai nayI rajoguNa jyA narA vA pUrI na uphANa (dohA-8) veli' me antya 'i'kA lopa aura 'ya' ke mahAprANa aza vAlA 5 'naha' pAyA jAtA hai-- nisA paDI cAliyo naha (chanda-46) prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me apabhraza kA madhyama 'i' 'ya' meM parivartita huA hai vara> apa0 vara>vayara parantu rAjasthAnI me 'i' kA yaha rUpa nahI milatA varan 'vara' hI prayukta huA hai| hA~ vIrasatasaDa me 'va' kA 'va' avazya ho gayA hai / para para vaira basAviyA dina dina lUvaM dhADa' (dohA-66) apabhra za kA 'aa' prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me do rUpo me milatA hai (ka) yA to 'aa' sayukta hokara 'A' ho jAte the, athavA (kha) dono 'a' ke vIca 'ya' zruti A jAtI thI ratna>a50 raaNa>rayaNa vacana > , vaaNa>vayaNa madana > ,, maaNa> bhayaNa 'ya' zruti vAlA rUpa bhI apabhra za me milatA hai-- ta suviNu bhayaNa rAeNa (mayaNa parAjaya cariu-15) veli me bhI 'ya' zruti yukta prayoga milate haiM Ayu ramaNI tuTanti ima (chada-181) apabhra za ke 'aa' aura 'aA' me sAmAnyata sadhi ho jAtI hai| rAjasthAnI me ye sadhIkRta rUpa hI milate hai uSNakAlaka > apabhra za uNhamAlau>uhAlau (AdinAya ca0) yaha prA pa rA kI sthiti hai| mAravADI tathA anya poliyo me 'au' o me parivartita hokara 'uhAlo' rUpa milatA hai| apabhra za 'au' kA nakocana rAjasthAnI me 'U' ke rUpa me milatA hai apabhra za mahu >

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 307 apana za ke ina prayogo kA AkhyAna hemacaMdra ne mAvasmado hau' (376) tayA mahu majhuDasi DasbhyAm (375) sUtro me kiyA hai / inake udAharaNa atic tasu hau kalajugi dulhaho tathA mahu honta Agado 'a' kA yaha sakocana rAjasmAnI ke sabhI vikAsa caraNo me pAyA jAtA huA Aja bhI surakSita hai veli me, mahaNa mathe mU lIdha mahamahaNa (78 62) tathA kahiyA mUM maiM tema kahe gAvaNa guNanidhi hU~ niguNa vIra satasai me hU~' kA prayoga adhika hai hU~ balihArI rANiyA~ (dohA 64,65) rAjasthAnI varga kI mevADI me 'mu' adhika pracalita hai| apabhra za 'ia' kA sakocana 'I' me milatA hai| divasa >a50 diaha>dIha (prA pa. rA ) 'veli' meM bhI yaha prayoga milatA hai-- triNi dIha lagana velA ADA te (76-66) apabhra Na 'e' prA pa rA me nimnalikhita rUpo meM parivartita huA hai (ka) e>i amhe>ahi yaha 'veli' me bhI hai, 'DholAmArU rA dUhA' me bhI hai / evaM> ima ke > kima >jima prA pa rA. ke ye prayoga veli me bhI upalabdha hote haiM paddhi vima pUrva pApunI'prmnnnti putra ima mAta pitA prati (chada-4) jA sukha de sthAmA nai jima (chada-31) isa prakAra mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me to ye prayoga milate haiM, para Adhunika rAjasthAnI me virala hai| madhyavartI anusvAra kA pUrvavartI svara jaba dIrtha ho jAtA hai to anusvAra anunAsika me parivartita ho jAtA hai

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308 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sasmarati >prAkRta sabharaDa>a50 sabhalai> mA~bhalai / apabhra za me prAkRta __ 'ra'>la ho gayA hai| isI sAMbhala'' kA pUrvakAlika rUpa 'veli' me prayukta milatA hai ratha baiThA sA~bhali aratha (66) smaraNa karane ke artha me 'sabharai' 'DholA mArU rA dUhA' me bhI prayukta huA hai / apabhra za kA padAnta anusvAra prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me to surakSita rahA para vAda me nahI milatA - a50 pallaha]>vAhalA madhyavartI 'A' me prAya anunAsika zruti ke rUpa me A jAtA hai-- grAma > gA~ma nAma Adi prayoga milate hai| sAmAnyata 'ja', 'ya' me parivartita huA hai--- apa0 kahIjjaDa >kahIjaDa>kahiyA prA. pa rA me to yaha hai hI, 'veli' me 'kahiyA' kA prayoga hai kahiyA mUM maiM tema kahe (302) 'ka' kA dhopIkaraNa bhI huA hai kAtika > kAtiga cAtaka > cAtiga 'ta' kA 'pa' ho jAtA hai nItava> nIpavaDa beli me jANe vAda mA~Diyo jIpaNa (3) 'ha' yadi antya akSara ke do svarI ke bIca Ae aura padAnta kA eka bhAga ho to prAya usakA lopa ho jAtA hai / dono svara prAya sayukta ho jAte hai, para kabhI-kabhI vaise hI raha jAte haiM ___apa0 karahaha >karahA~ 'DholAmArU rA dUhA' me ye prayoga upalabdha hai| Adya sayukta vyajana aura usake bAda vAle svara ke bIca me kabhI-kabhI 'ra'kA bAgama ho jAtA hai / bahudhA ga, ta, pa, bha aura sa ke sAtha 'ra' kA Agama hotA hai| yaha pravRtti apabhra za me bhI thI aura prA pa rA me bhii| godha > gohalI>ohalI> girohalI> grIdhaNI Adhunika rAjasthAnI me bhI yaha pravRtti milatI hai| apabhraza ke dvitta vyajana prA pa, rA me niyamata saralIkRta ho gae hai| yahI pravRtti Age bhI rahI hai--

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prAkRta-apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 306 apa0 nAchI> nAchI mahumAsa lajchi Na taruvarahi (sadeza rAsaka-305) parantu veli me lakSmI se likhamI' banA hai| likhamI samI rukamaNI lADI (chada-33) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me likhamI' hI milatA hai| pAli aura prAkRta me lakSmI kA lakhamI hotA hai| rAjasthAnI me Adi 'a' kA i me parivartana hokara likhamI' banA hai| isI prakAra a50 puttalI>pUtalI ho gayA hai kiri kaThacIna pUtalI nija kari (chada-2) uparyukta parivartano ke atirikta anya dhvani parivartano ke katipaya udAharaNa nimnalikhita haiM 1. kAlidI > kAlidrI (ve ki ru rI) 2 kardama > kAdo ( , , ) 3 kiMjalka > kiMjalaka ( , , ) 4 kIrtana > koratana za>sa 5 kizuka > kisuka ( , , ) 6 palAza > palAsa 7 kezava > kesava kSa>kha 8 kSaNAntara> khiNatara 6 kSINa > khINa 10. kSIra > khIra 11 kSudhA > khudhA R>i yaha parivartana pAli me hI ho gayA thaa| R ke a, i aura u me parivartana pAli me isa prakAra milate haiM nRtya >na tRNa>tina vRddha > buDDho prAkRta apabhra za me yahI paraparA rhii| bali me-kR0||> kisana milatA hai|

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310 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI parampa >gya veli me jAna aura jJAti ko kramaza gyAna' aura gyAti likhA gayA hai / bha, gha>ha gabhIra >muhira (velI) mihanI>sIhaNI (vIra matasaI) megha> meha do mahAprANa eka sAya Ane para prathama ke alpaprANa hone ke udAharaNa bhI milate hai bhAbhI>vAbhI na>Na apabhra za ko vizeSa pravRtti thI jo rAjasthAnI meM bhI milatI hai dhanI>dhaNI khAnA >khANo pInA>pILo ataeva dhvani parivartana kI dRSTi se rAjasthAnI ne prAkRta apabhraza kI paraparA ko surakSita rakhA hai| (kha) rUpavaijJAnika vivecana rUpavajAnika vivecana me dIrgha uktiyoM ko unake laghutama saracako me vibhakta kara ina saracako kA kAryakalana kI dRSTi se adhyayana apekSita hotA hai / rUparacanA me saralIkaraNa kI prakriyA AryabhApAo ke madhyakAla meM hI prAraMbha ho gaI thii| prAkRto me do liga aura do vacana raha gae the| apabhra za me bhI do vacana hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me bhI do vacana hai eka vacana aura vahuvacana / prAkRto me saskRta ke mandhi niyama zithila ho gae the| hanana manAeM na rahane ke kAraNa unakI kArakAvalI bhI sarala ho gii| karaNa, apAdAna aura mapradAna-savadha ke rUpo me samAnatA pAli me hI A gaI thI, katA aura karma bhI samarUpa hone lge| vaibhaktika pratyayo ke sthAna para svatantra zabda kA prayoga prAkRta me hI hone lagA thA, apabhra za me bhI yaha pravRtti calatI rahI / sarvanAmo me jaTilatA rahI para ekarUpatA kA AdhAra iname bhI khojA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me TesITorI ke anusAra niyamata sabhI sajAo ke rUpAntara kevala karaNa, apAdAna, adhikaraNa aura sampovana me hI hote hai / anya kArako me kevala svarAnta prAtipadika hI hote hai, vyajanAnta prAtipadika aparivatita rahate hai', yadyapi isame kucha apavAda milate haiN|

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prAkRta-apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 311 kattA-karma ekavacana pulliga svarAnta prAtipadiko me-u pratyaya lagatA hai| apabhra za vyAkaraNa me hemacandra ne isa sthiti kA AkhyAna kiyA hai| sUtra hai 'syamorasyAt' arthAt apabhra za me prathamA aura dvitIyA ke ekavacana sajJA zabdo ke antya 'a' kA 'u' hotA hai| 'si' aura 'am' kramaza prathamA (kA) eka0 va0 aura dvitIyA (karma) ekavacana ke baddha rUpima haiM / hemacaMdra ne dahamuhu bhuvaNa bhayakara tosia sa~karU udAharaNa diyA hai / dahamuhu (dazamukha) pulliga ekavacana kA katAkArakIya rUpa hai aura sakara' dvitIyA ekavacana pulliA rUpa / prAcIna rAjasthAnI me bhI yaha pravRtti prANa (AdinAtha caritra) kuzIlau (AdinAtha caritra) vivekarUpIu hAthIu (zIlopadezamAlA) parantu mAdhyamika aura Adhunika rAjasthAnI me yaha pravRtti nahIM hai| isake sAtha hI apabhra za me eka aura pravRtti vibhakti lopa athavA zUnya vibhakti kI bhI pAI jAtI hai| hemacaMdra ne kahA hai - syam-jas-zasA luka // 344 / / arthAt si, am, jas aura zas me vibhakti kA prAya lopa hotA hai| si, am, jas aura zas kramaza prathamA eka 0va0, dvitIyA eka0va0, prathamA ba0va0 aura dvitIyA bahu0va0 ke rUpima he / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me vyajanAnta aura AkArAnta prAtipadika nivibhaktika pAe jAte hai| vikalpa se ikArAnta prAtipadiko kI bhI yahI sthiti rahI hai| kabhI kabhI vyajanAnta prAtipadika bhI u-vibhakti grahaNa kara lete haiM / rAjasthAnI me lopa kI yaha pravRtti hai| kartA ekavacana aura bahuvacana me prAtipAdika hI pada ke rUpa me prayukta hote hai / bahuvacana me bhI va0 va0 sUcaka rUpima jodd| jAtA hai, kartA kI koI vizeSa vibhakti nahIM hotI / Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke ghoDo ghAsa khAryA hai ? ghoDA ghAsa khAr2yA hai---2 prathama vAkya me ghoDo' eka vacana me kA vibhakti zUnya hai, dvitIya me 'A' bahuvacana sUcaka hai, katAkAra kI vibhakti nahIM hai / prAtipadika hI pada ke rUpa me kArya kara rahA hai| veli' ke vyAkaraNa ke prasaMga me kartA aura karma kI zUnya vibhakti bhI pradarzita kI gaI hai-- 1 jANe vAda mA~Diyo jIpaNa vAgahIna vAgesarI (76-3)

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312 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa bora koza kI paramparA ___ uparyukta udAharaNa me vAgahIna kartA eka vacana hai, isake sAtha kartAkAraka kI vibhakti nahI hai| 2 rAjati eka bhIkhamaka rAjA sirahara ahi nara asura sura (chada-10) isame bhI kartA 'bhIkhamaka rAjA' katakAraka vibhakti rahita hai / karmakAraka me bhI yahI sthiti hai 1 pekhi rukhamaNI jala prasana (8-132) 2 velakhi aNI mUThi dritivandhi (chada-131) 3 kesa utAri virUpa kiyo (78-134) 4 karai bhagati rAjAna kisana cI (chada-146) DholAmArU rA dUhA me bhI vibhaktirahita kartA aura karma ke prayoga milate haiM ___ kUr3iyA~ kalakha kiyau (dohA-54) uparyukta udAharaNa me 'kUjhaDiyA' aura 'kalakha' kramaza kartA aura karma me prayukta haiM parantu iname ina kArako kI vibhaktiyA~ nahI hai / parantu 'DholA mArU rA dUhA' me hI kartAkAraka me apabhraMza kA 'u' bhI milatA hai jovaNa A~va phali rahyau (doh| 117) karmakAraka me bhI yaha 'u' prayukta huA hai DhADhI eka sadezaDau Dholai lagi lai jAI (dohA-121) bhaviSyakAla ke prayogo me kA vibhakti rahita bhI hai jovaNa vadhana toDasAi isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki 'DholAmArU rA dUhA' me 'u' vibhakti aura zUnya vibhakti vAle dono rUpa prayukta hue haiM / 'veli' me kevala zUnya vibhakti vAle rUpa / apabhraza me jahA prAtipadika ke antya 'a' ke sthAna para 'u' hotA thA, 'DholA mArU rA dUhA' kI bhASA me prAtipAdika ke sAtha 'u' pRthak se joDA gayA hai A~vau, sasaDaka mAdri parantu unnIsavI zatAbdI kI 'vIra satasaI' me katA aura karma vibhakti rahita hI haiM 1 dhaNiyA paga lUvI dharA, avakhI hI ghara Aya (dohA-32) / 'dharA' strIliMga hai aura vibhaktirahita bhii| 2. tiyAM dharIja cAva (dohA-33) / 'tiyA~' bahuvacana strIliMga hai, vibhakti yahA~ bhI nahIM hai| 3 eya gharANa sohaNI kavara jaNa so kAla uparyukta udAharaNa me kartA aura karma dono me zUnya vibhakti hai|

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prAkRta-apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 313 4. nAgaNa jaay| cITalA, sIhaNa jAyA sAva rANI jAyA naha~ eka, so kula vATa subhAva (dohA-40) isa prakAra mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI aura Adhunika rAjasthAnI me kartA aura karma ekavacana tathA bahuvacana me zUnya vibhakti ke sAtha hI milate hai / zUnya vibhakti kA kAryaphalana gaNita ke zUnya sadRza hai| jase zUnya ke yoga se aka me koI atara nahIM AtA vaise hI zUnya vibhakti ke yoga se prAtipadika aprabhAvita rahatA hai| vastuta zUnya vibhakti kI parikalpanA niyama pAlanArya hai| pANini ne isa parikalpanA kA sUtra-vinyAsa kiyA thA / Adhunika rAjasthAnI kA nimnalikhita udAharaNa isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai o bhUDo bagata dina rAta hAra 5savAI me rasolI jyU kula (jAgatI jota, pR0 47) kartA 'bagata' pulliA eka va0 vibhakti rahita hai| rAta dhanakha Dora jyU taraNAva rIsa me bhariyoDI (vahI-pR0 48) rAta' strIliMga eka0 va0 bhI vibhaktirahita hai| ataeva yaha nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki rAjasthAnI ke vikAsa staro me apabhra za kI syam-jas-zasA luka pravRtti hI clii| syamorasyAt' sUtra kA vidhAna bahuta kama pAyA jAtA hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM bhI strIliMga zabda vibhakti rahita prayukta hue hai| napusaka liMga zabda ligA sakocana ke kAraNa pulligavat rUpa racanA vAle hote hai| iname prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me apabhra za kA OM milatA hai, para kAlAntara me yaha bhI lupta ho gayA / 05janAnta prAtipadika aura 'i', 'I', 'u' aura 'U' anta vAle prAtipadika tathA strIliMga prAtipadika nivibhaktika hI prayukta hue milate haiN| apabhra za aura prAcIna pazvimI rAkhasthAnI kI yahI pravRtti mAdhunika vAnasthAnI ne pAuM nAtI. hai| vastuta yaha bhI saralIkaraNa kI prakriyA kA hI pratidarza hai| isa prakAra apabhraza me kartAkAraka ke rUpima 'si' ke yoga se sajJA zabdo ke antya svara me parivartana hotA hai| yaha parivartana 'si' rUpima aura zabda ke antya svara me sadhi ke kAraNa nahIM hotA / hemacaMdra ne kartA kA cihna 'si' mAnA hai, jaise pANinI ne 'su' mAnA hai / Adhunika bhASAvijJAna kI zabdAvalI me 'si' baddha rUpima hai| zUnya isI 'si' kA saharUpima hai| Adhunika rAjasthAnI me isI saharUpima kA pracalana raha gayA hai, anya saharUpima kAla ke pravAha me lupta ho gae hai| apabhraMza me karaNa kAraka ke liye 6 sUtra hemacaMdra ne die hai--- 1 eTTi apabhra za me tRtIya ekavacana ke rUpa me sajJAna ke antya 'a' ke

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314 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sthAna para 'e' hotA hai, yathA daie~ / daI me e~ karaNa ekavacana kA sUcaka hai| sUtra me 'e~' ke ' kA nirdeza nahIM hai| 2 ATToNAnusvArI apabhra za me tRtIyA ekavacana me 'Na' aura anusvAra Adeza hote hai| 3 e~ ceduta ikArAnta aura ukArAnta zabdo ke pare tRtIyA eka0 va0 kI vibhakti TA' ko 'e~ Adeza hotA hai| 'ca' se sUna sakhyA do kA bhI grahaNa kiyA jaaegaa| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki 'aggi' jaise prAtipadika ke tIna rUpa ho sakate hai aggie~, aggiNa aura agi| dhyAtavya hai ki e~, Na auratIno mukta vitaraNa (Free distribution) me hai / mUla zabda me rUpa svanimika (Morphophonemic) parivartana nahI hotaa| kintu ukArAnta me yaha parivartana hotA hai, vAyu se vAe~ banatA hai| 4 Ta e strIlie zabdo me 'TA' ko e~ Adeza hotA hai-- candrimA+TA+candrima+e~- candrimae~ 5 bhissupohi tRtIyA bahuvacana kI vibhakti bhis para hone para hiM' Adeza hotA hai, zabda ke ata me koI bhI svara ho sakatA hai| guNa | bhis-guhi 6 bhisyedvA- sajJA zabda ke antya 'a' ko tRtIyA va0 va0 kI vibhakti pare rahate vikalpa se 'e' hotA hai guNa + bhis - gunne| isa prakAra tRtIyA ke vardhA rUpima TA ke nimnalikhita saharUpima hoga antya 'a' pu0 e0 va0 ke pariveza me e~Na - i aura u pu0 e0 va0 ke pariveza me strIliA eka0 va0 ke pariveza me va0 va0 me kisI bhI svara ke pariveza me prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me karaNa kAraka ekavacana ke do vibhakti cina milate hai i~ (i) aura 3 ( ---ihiM) / prathama kA vikAsa apabhra za ke e~ se mAnA gayA hai, dvitIya kA prAkRta 'ehiM' se, apabhra za me prAkRta ehi' kA 'hiM' hI raha gayA hai| TesITorI ke anusAra prathama kA prayoga niyamata svarAnta prAtipadiko ke sAtha hI hotA hai, dUsare kA prayoga virala hai| vyajanAnta prAtipadiko ke sAtha 'hi' kA prayoga adhika pracalita hai| kabhI-kabhI ye prAtipadika vibhakti se mukta bhI hote hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI ke udAharaNa nimnalikhita hai pasAI (zAlibhadra ca756) pAI (dazavakAlikA sUtra) rAI (upadezamAlAbAlAvavodha) pAyIhu~ (pacAkhyAna)

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prAkRna-apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhApA para prabhAva 315 pANI. (dazavakAlika sUtra) strIliMga me bhI mAlAI milatA hai, apabhra za me 'e' prayukta hotA thaa| rUpihi, daivihiM jaise prayogo me TasITArI ne 'ihi' pratyaya mAnA hai| merA mata hai ki pratyaya to 'hi~ hI hai, isake pUrva 'i' kA Agama rUpasvanimika parivartana ke kAraNa hai / sITorI ke hI anusAra prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI kA 'a' mAravADI me 'aI' ho jAtA hai| beli kI bhASA me karaNakAraka ke saharUpima nimnalikhita haiM zUnya (0), i, e, sU, kari, aura A 'i' kA udAharaNa jeNi upAyau, jeNa-jeNi (6, 2) e , , vicitra sakhie samAvRta ( 161) kari , mukha kari kisU kahIja mAhava (, 64) zUnya , , (1) ekaNi ahiyo agulI (, 84) (2) bhUpa kaNaya tulatA bhU bhAti ( , 212) (3) kisA aga mApita karala (, 16) isake atirikta saskRta ke rUpa bhI prayukta hue hai karaNa, janena / anya udAharaNa nimnalikhita hai 1 pAlaNa khala khagi khena caDhi (278) (i) 2 chatre akAsa ema auchAyo (144) (e) 3 jaliyA~ dhArA UvaDiyo (120) (A~/yA~ ba va) 4 nihase vUThau dhaNa viNu nIlANI (197) (e) 5 pakavAne pAne phala supuhape (230) (e) (ba va ) 6 paranAla jala rUhira pa. (120) (e) (ba va ) 7 vali riturAI pasAi vesannara (254) (i) jaNa bhuraDItau rahe jagi 'apabhra za kI hI taraha 'a' pulliga ekavacana ke pariveza me to 'e' AyA hI hai, bahu va me bhI prayukta huA hai apabhraza me guNa+bhis-guNe veli me pAna + , -pAne phala+, -phale supuhupa + , -supahuye paranAla | " -paranAla chana+ ,, chatra lekina 'i' jahA hai vaha antya 'a' ke sthAna para hI hai khaga+TA-kham ~ a +i-khagi

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316 ga-kRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA pasAa-+TA-pasA- a | i+pasAi karaNa bahuvacana me prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me e tRtIyA va0 va0 me milatA hai, i~ bhI prayukta huA hai, ihi~ bhI hai| apabhra za me tRtIyA va0va0 me 'e' strIliMga me aura 'hi' anyatra prayukta hotA thA / parantu rAjasthAnI me tRtIyA va0 va0 me-e strIliMga me hI sImita nahI rahA, pulliA me bhI claa| hiM' kA 'I' hI raha gayA / beli kI bhASA me bahuvacana me 'A~' bhI prayukta huA hai / vIra satasaI me bhI bahu0 va0 me 'A~' mAnA jA sakatA hai 1 tuMDA gaja pheTA turI DADhA bhaDa vojhADa (dohA-57) 2 bhAlA thabha vaNAya (dohA-60) tuDa (eka0 va0) tuDA (ba0 va0) pheTa (, ") pheTA~ (, , ) bhAlo (eka0 va0) bhAlA (va0 va0) bhAlA (va0 va0) 3 bhara khappara vAhai ruhira (rudhira se) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me karaNa kAraka kI abhivyakti pRthak zabda se karAI jAtI hai| 'sU' aisA hI parasarga hai, acara tatpa hai, liMga-vacana aura puruSa se prabhAvita nahI hotA miyA-miyA savadA sU nI vA savadA ra lAra lukyoDo eka utAvalI haoNpha sU aratha diyA krtii| (jAgatI jota, pR0 53) vIra satasaI ke 'bhAlA', 'tuDA' me va0 va0 aura tRtIyA ba0va0 kA ekIkaraNa hai / Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke uparyukta udAharaNa me 'savadA kevala va0 va0 hai / karaNakArakIya parasarga 'sU' pRthak se prayukta huA hai| gadya me bhI yaha 'sU' hI calatA hai (ka) eka nijara sU dekhaa| (kha) I dI0 sU vicAra karA / isake sAtha hI pagA-pagA cAla jaise prayoga bhI milate haiN| isa dRSTi se Adhunika rAjasthAnI prAkRta-apabhra za se pRthaka ho gaI hai / karaNa kAraka me yogAtmaka rUpa nahI milate, parasargIya 'sU' vAlI saracanAe~ hI prayukta hotI haiN| mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI taka hI apabhra za kA prabhAva rahA hai / apAdAna ke madarbha me apabhra za me nimnalikhita vidhAna kA kathana hai Dasi~he akAra/kAra/ukAra se pare aura strI eka vacana me (Dasi-bhyasDInA he hu haya , isehe?) ___ Das Dasyo hai)

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 317 Phco hce hu akAra se pare ba0 va0 me (bhyaso hu) hu~ ikAra/ukAra se pare ba0 va0 me hu akAra se pare eka0 va0 me (Dasehahu) apAdAna kAraka ke lie prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me----oN aura o do baddha rUpima hai| prathama kA pratibaMdhita prayoga sarvanAmo ke sthAnavAcaka kriyAvizeSaNa rUpo ke sAtha hotA hai, jaise tihA~, tA, jihA~, jau Adi / parantu, ye rUpa prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me kama milate haiM / vicitatA yaha hai ki isI prA pa rA se vikasita mAravADI me 'A~' vAle apAdAna rUpa adhika prayukta hote hai aura gujarAtI me inakA abhAva hai| TaisITorI ne isa A~ ko apabhra za me prayukta apAdAna bahuvacana rUpima ahu~ se nikalA huA kahA hai tathA mAravADI ke 'oN' me a (ha) u~ kA sakocana vizeSatA ke rUpa me svIkAra kiyA hai| parantu, hemacadra ke anusAra apabhra za me prayukta apAdAna kArakIya rUpimo me - 'ahu~' kA parigaNana nahI hai, vahA~ para rUpima --'hu~' hai| A~ vAle apAdAna rUpo ke udAharaNa TasITorI ne nimnalikhita die hai-- 1 kopA jali thayau 2 sukha keDA~ dukha Avai dvitIya apAdAna kArakIya rUpima prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me o hai| isakI vyutpatti apabhra za ahu se mAnI gaI hai, para jaisA ki uparilikhita sUtrI se spaSTa hai, apabhra za me sIdhe-'hu' kA Adeza hai / vibhakti ahu mAnakara puna hukA vidhAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prA pa rA me ye prayoga nahI hue hai jahA~ apAdAna sajJA rU5 ke bAda adhikaraNa sajJA rUpo se yugma bane hai| hAtho-hAthaI, khaNDo-khaNDi, diso-disi madhyakAlIna rAjasthAnI me (veli me) apAdAna ke lie nimnalikhita saharUpima milate haiM 0, hU, hu~tA~, hu~tI, hu~vA, hUta, hUtA, hUtI, hUto, prati hU kA udAharaNa hU~ UdharI patAla hU~ hu~tA ,, , kundaNapura hu~tA vasA kundapuri hUMta , , dakhiNa hU~ta Avato uttara disi kusamathalI hU~tA kundagapuri hUMtI, " -- hU~ UdharI nikuTagaDha hu~tI ina rUpo me apabhra za kA kevala prathama addhazi hI hai| puna apabhra za me yaha advAza hU~tA //

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318 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA bhI vibhakti kI taraha arthAt prAtipadika ke sAtha sayukta hokara prayukta hotA thA, jaise 'vacchahu' Adi me / mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me yaha eka parasarga kI bhAMti prayukta ho rahA hai| vIra satasaI me 'yI' apAdAna kArakIya parasarga ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai 'dekhIja nija gokha thI' (dohA-88) pIra satasaI me 'hUta' adhikaraNa me bhI AyA hai dhAvA kata padhAriyA, pAvA~ hUta praNAma (dohA-117) Adhunika rAjasthAnI kI voliyo me 'sU' parasarga apAdAna kAraka meM prayukta hotA hai 'o hI kAraNa hai ke zaurasenI prAkana sU vigamyoTI gurjarI apabhra sa sU nikalI jUnI gujarAtI yA rAjasthAnI rI paraparAgata kavitA Upara kathaNI ara maDaNI donyU hI drisTiyA mU apabhra sa ro pUrI ara garo asara dIkha hai|' (jAgatI jota, pR0 31) apAdAna ke uparyukta vivecana meM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAkRta apabhra za kA prabhAva Azika rUpa se mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI taka hI rhaa| Adhunika rAjasthAnI me prayogAtmaka sthiti hai, pRthak se parasarga prayukta hotA hai| karaNakArakIya aura apAdAna kArakIya rUpa eka ho gae hai| jahA taka sU' kI vyutpatti kA prazna hai, yaha hU~' kA parivartita rUpa ho sakatA hai / 'sa' kA rAjasthAnI me 'ha' hotA hai, sabhavata hU~' se 'saM' viparyathita parivartana huA ho / eka aura prayoga bhI apAdAna me milatA hai| jodhapuru Ayo hai' arthAt prAtipadika ke sAtha 'u~' juDatA hai, yaha nizcaya hI apabhra za 'hu~' kA avazeSa hai| isa dRSTi se 'sU' aura 'u~' dono hI mUla rUpa apabhra za kI paraparA se Ae pratIta hote hai / kAla pravAha me dhvani-parivartana ho gayA hai| sambandha kAraka apabhraza me savadha kAraka ekavacana me akArAnta zabdo ke Age 'su', ho, ssu Adeza hote hai -Dasa su ho sava / para, tasa aura dullaha ke isake anusAra parassu, tamu aura dullaho rUma banate hai / isa prakriyA meM bhI rUpasvanimika parivartana nahI hote| pahuvacana me akAra ke pare 'ha' Adeza hotA hai 'aamoh'| ikArAnta aura ukArAnta zabdo me pare 'hu~' Adeza hotA hai hu~' cedudbhyaam'| sUtra me Ae 'ca' se pUrvamUtra kA 'ha' bhI grahaga karanA pddegaa| arthAt ikArAnta aura ukArAnta ke Age 'ha' aura 'ha~' dono ho sakate hai|

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prAkRta- apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva hu~ taru+Am-taru+hu sauNi +, sauNi + ha sahi - sUtra me 'hu~' aura 'ha' hai, para udAharaNo me " diyA gayA hai / strIliMga sajJA zabdo me paSThI bahuvacana me 'hu' Adeza hotA hai- 'yasAmo hu~' prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM 'ha' pratyaya kA prayoga rahA aura saMbhavata sabhI prAtipadiko ke sAtha samAna rUpa se prayukta hotA thA / para bAda me yaha lupta ho aura prAtipAdika hI pada ke sadRza prayukta hone lagA / phira bhI 'a a' vAle rUpo ke sAtha isakA prayoga milatA hai / gadya me yaha 'ha' vAlA rUpa nahI milatA, parapadya meM milatA hai jaise gayA vana > vanaha supana > supanaha kaTaka > kaTakaha uparyukta vana, supana, kaTaka Adi vyaJjanAnta prAtipadika kahe gae hai / svarAnta ke sAtha yaha saMdhi meM ghula gayA / 'I' aura 'U' vAle prAtipadiko me 'ha' ke avazeSa pAe jAte hai aura isake nimnalikhita rUpa milate haiM 'bA~dhiyA hAyIyA' 'sosai tAluA' prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me strIliMga ikArAnta aura ukArAnta prAtipadiko me yaha pratyaya ekadama chUTa gayA pratIta hotA hai / sabadhakAraka bahuvacana me rUpa to ekavacana kI hI bhA~ti hotA hai para sAnunAsika hotA hai / apabhraMza meM 'hU~' hotA thA jisake pUrva kA 'a' vikalpa se 'A' ho jAtA thA / isa prakAra do rUpa banate the 'ahaM' aura 'A' / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me 'ahaM' aura 'Aha' sakucita hokara A~ ho jAtA hai, jaise karahA~, vAhalA pAmata dhoDAM cAritriyA~ 316 vaise 'gayA~ha' aura 'nayA~ha' jaise udAharaNa bhI kahI kahI milate hai mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me sabadhakAraka ke lie pRthak se parasargoM kA prayoga milatA hai ro, ko, co, taNa, taNo, tani inake atirikta 'AM' aura 'kA~' bhI vaiktika pratyaya hai /

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320 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 1 vayaNa DeDaraoN kisI vasa | A~ (48-5) vayaNa DeDa gaM= meTako ke vacana 2 kAmaNi kara muvANa kAma rA (.,- 23) vANa kAmaga-kAma ke vANa rA 3 vAkakati kari hama cI vAnaka (, 12) ('cau' kA hasa co vAlakahama ko vA va va 5 cA~ hai / eka strIliMga rUpa bhI) 4 kahaNa to tiNi taNo ko ratana tiNi taNI kIratana = unakA kIrtana taNI (, 60) 5 halavara kA bAhatA halAha | kA (,, -124) haladhara ke (kA~) calAe hue halo se 6 gyAti kisI rAjaviyA~ vAlA rAjaviyA~ = rAjavaNiyo kA veli gali tasvagavilAgI galatarA vRkSo ke gale A~ (, 251) 8 kramiyI tAsu praNAma kara use praNAma karake calA ha tihi sumita vele usako kusumita dekhA 10. dalA dUMha vono vano jI 11 puhapA, pAtA 12 varahAsA nAsA vanti voDo ke nathune vaja rahe hai veli ke uparyukta udAharaNo me apabhraza kA 'su' hai, 'Aha' kA makucita rU5 'A~' hai| yA~ me bhI A~ mAnA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta taNA, taNI, cau/cAM/cI, tathA rA, rI Adi parasarga haiN| madhyakAlIna rAjasthAnI me, isa prakAra apabhra za kA prabhAva bhI hai aura vikAsa ke daura me gRhIta parasargIya pravRtti bhii| parantu ina rUpo kA itihAsa spaSTa hai, vikAsa yAnA kI pUrI rUparekhA rAjasthAnI ke tIno caraNo me surakSita hai| vIra satamaI me mavadhakAraka eka va me zUnya bhI milatA hai-- ? vAMkhI naLI vAta meM gItAnI mUTha (vANI jagarAnI kA cintana kiyA) zUnya (dohA---2) . sumiNa lagA vIra sa4, vIga rau kulabATa vIrA ro kulavATa = vIro kA kulamAga rau (, 6)

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 321 FF " 3 vIra dhaNI rI dhAna vIra svAmI kA anna 4 DAkI ThAkara rau rijaka, tAkhA rau viSa eka jabaradasta svAmI kA rijaka aura takSaka kA vi5 / rau (, 12) eka hai 5. nija bhagA to nAha rau, sAtha na sUno TAla / rau 6 paNa vaNa rau kima pekhahI, nayaNa viNalA nAha 7 bhaDa ghoDA rA bhAmaNA jetha juDIja kata / rA (., 20) 8 mijamAnI rI vAra 6 vIra jmii| je jaNa 10 satiyA~ Ayo sAtha ___ satiyAM sAtha =satiyo kA samUha 11 dhaNiyA~ paga lUvI dharA dhaNiyo ke paro se laTakatI dharatI 12 vAjA re sira cetanA, bhrUNA kavaNa sikhAya |rai (, 51) 13 ghoDA ghara DhAlA paTala, bhAlA thabha vaNAya / oN 14 kosA cA saNa DholaDA OM nIda vichoDa |caa 15 ghaNI re ruNDa (dhaNI kA zarIra) 16 vava suNIja pAra ko, lIja hAta lagAma 18 ApA rA mijamAna 18 pahara dhaNI cA pugaraNa dhanI ke vastra pahanakara |cA (, 106 16 pIta khaTakka mAsa cau 20 joDI hadA ghora jama, roDI hadA rAva hadA (pajAvI) = kA (, 177) uparyukta udAharaNo ke parIkSaNa se jJAta hogA ki apabhra za se prabhAvita 'A~' vAle sabaMdhakArakIya rUpa unnIsavI zatAbdI kI satasaI me atyalpa hai / 'hadA' parasarga to eka dohe me AyA hai| adhikAza prayogo me 'rau' parasarga kA hI prayoga huA hai| 'rau' vacana aura liMga se prabhAvita hotA hai, pariNAmata ro, rI, rA, tIno rUpa calate haiN| isa samaya taka apabhraza kA prabhAva isa sadarbha me bahuta kama raha gayA hai| savadhakArakIya parasarga 'ko' bhI prayukta huA hai| Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'kA', ko', kI jaise, 'kuNa ko veTo', 'kuNa kA beTA', 'kuNa kI beTI' prayoga hote hai| rA, rau to bahu prayukta hai hii| Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke katipaya udAharaNa yahA die jA rahe hai| / cau

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322 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 1 "samAja sudhAra rI lahara Rs sAya pravAsI rAjasthAnI lekhakA vRddhavivAha, daheja, jImaNa rai vAra meM jikI racanAvA karI" (jAgatI jota pR0 55) 2 ara Tema rI nasa pichINavo vIyA bhI deza bhagatI hai mirakAra rI sorAI sAla nasavavI paisA no vAnagI 3 jiko, kiNa reI bhAI ki rai I bhatIjo kiNarai I kAko (vahI pR0 52) niSkarSa 85 me kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta-apabhra za ke vibhakti pratyaya mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI aura pratyalpa rUpa me unnIsavI zatI kI rAjasthAnI meM bhI rhe| parantu Aja kI rAjasthAnI me sabadha arya vyakta karane ke lie parasarga hI prayukta hote hai, kahI-kahI zUnya bhI / sarvanAmo ke sAtha bhI yahI rI, rI, rI juDate hai- thAro, yAro, mhAro, mhArA, hArI, vaNI rI, vaNI rA Adi Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke siddha prayoga hai / eka udAharaNa dekhe - "yAro, mhAro vyAva konI ho sake mhai virajarI eka gUjarI thArI jAna rI kiNa vidha khAtarI karasyU~" apabhra za me saptamI eka va0 me prAtipadika ke antya 'a' ko 'i' aura 'e' hote hai / 'i' aura 'e' me mukta vitaraNa hai, yaha nizcita nahIM hai ki a' kA 'i' kahA~ ho aura 'e' kahA~ )Di ne 14) Dasi-bhyasDInA he-hU-haya sUtra ke anusAra antya 'i' aura ukAra ko saptamI ekavacana me 'hi' Adeza bhI hotA hai / saptamI bahuvacana me bhissupAhi sUtra se hiM Adeza hotA hai| strIliMga zabdo me saptamI ekavacana me Di ko 'hi' Adeza hone kA vidhAna bhI nihita hai| hemacadra ne saskRta kI Di vibhakti ko AdhAra rUpa me grahaNa kiyA haiN| rUpavaijJAnika dhAraNA ke anusAra 'Di' varUpima hai tathA isake paripUraka vitaraNIya saharUpima nimnalikhita hai| Di~ i/e (mukta vitaraNa me) antya 'a' ke pariveza me hi antya i aura 'u' ke pariveza me hiM pahuvacana ke hetu hi strIvAcaka prAtipadika ke pariveza me apabhra za ke upayukta saharUpiyo me do hI rUpa pramukha hai hi~ (hi) aura

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 323 i/ye dono hI rUpa prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me bhI prayukta hote rahe, parantu yAtavya yaha hai ki 'hi' bhI -5 (I) ke rUpa me raha gayA thaa| apabhraMza kI bhAti hai' 'a' ko choDakara zeSa svarAnta prAtipadiko ke sAtha AtA thA, i,e akArAnta saay| TaisITorI ne hi~ athavA hi pratyaya se niSpanna rUpo ke udAharaNa namnalikhita diye haiM -- vidyAi, zivikA, rAtrai, Adi parantu dhari, sUri, goali, peTimajhAri Adi rUpo kI vyutpatti apabhra za ke e, e~, i se mAnI mAtI hai| pulliga aura A, I tathA U ata vAle prAtipadika ai aura--a' pratyaya haNa karate hai nagarIai~, nagarIya' Adi / adhikaraNa ba0 va0 me prAcIna 'zcimI rAjasthAnI meM prayukta hone vAlA pratyaya e hai zravaNe, kaoNne, ghaNI dese Adi sa prakAra avikaraNa meM prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me prayukta pratyaya hai - -~-i athavA hU (apabhra za hi~ athavA hi se vyutpanna) (e/Da se vyutpanna) ai aura a. i vahuvacana me e mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI kRti veli me 'i' aura 'e' dono prayukta hue hai, sAtha hI 'maiM', 'mahi', 'pari', lagi, lagI, laga parasarga bhI milate hai| udAharaNa nimnalakhita hai 1 jiNi sesa sahasa phaNa phaNi phaNi bi vi jIha -'i' (78-5) 2 lakhaNa vatIsa vAla lIlAma 3 suNi sravaNi vayaNa mana mAhi thiyo sukha -mAhi 4 5khI kavaNa gayaNa lagi pahu~ca 5 rAja laga melihayo rUkhamaNI 6 Ayo asa kheDi ari sena atara 7 pUchata pUchata gyau atahapuri 8 UpaDI dhuDI ravi lAgI ambari 6 ambi ambi kokila AlApa 10 utamaga kiri avara Adho adhi 11 ANi jala tiraya upa ali piati , 12 e akhiyAta ju Audhi Audha 13 AvAsi utAri joDi kara UbhA 14 jhAMkhANA uri uThi jhala ts to be too ho he too to to

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324 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA shcb EE EPE OF1 0 0 ataeva mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI taka apabhra za 'i' hI adhikaraNa me adhika prayukta huA hai| parasargoM kA prayoga--i vAle rUpo kI tulanA meM kama milatA hai| vIrasatasaI me prathama dohe me hI parasarga 'pai' kA prayoga huA hai-- 1 lAU~ pe sira lAja hU sadA kahAOM dAsa 2 vIra hutAsaNa bola me, dIsa heka na dosa 3. sUrA Alasa aisa me akaja gumAI Ava 4 khoyo mai ghara me avaTa, kAyara javuka kAma 5 urasAM khetI vIja dhara, rajavaTa ulaTI rAha 6 Aja ghare sAsU kahe, harakha acANaka kAya 7 dekha sakhI holI rama, phaujoM me dhava eka 8 jagatA yAvAM caikasI, je susI bavAla & viNa mAthai dala vADhiyo, A~kha hiye ke sIsa 10 monU ocha kacuvai hAya dikhAtA lAja 11 tohi macAI chokara, vairI re ghara bUva 12 go0 gayA saba geharA, vaNI acANaka Aya 13 bhAbhI hU DoDhI khaDI lIdhA~ kheTaka rUka 14 ghor3A caDhaNI sIkhiyA bhAbhI kisa kAma 15 sUne ghara sIdhU thiyA ApA rA mijamAna 16 hU~ balihArI rANiyoM, bhrUNa sikhAvaNa bhAva 17. ghara me dekhU doya kara raNa me doya hajAra 18 sIhA re gala sAkala be bhaDa ghAla hAtha 16. pailA kAkaDa, pIva ghara vIca buhAre kheta 20. bhAbhI kula khetI bicA, bhaya na huve dhava bhaga 21. raNa hAlI cAraNA cAhai aba laga cana uparyukta uddharaNo se spaSTa hotA hai ki 'oN' aura 'e' vAle rUpa apabhraza paraparA ke hai / 'me' prAkRta paraparA se madhye >majjhe > mA~jha >maoNhi > me se AyA hai, jo pahale isa rUpa me nahI miltaa| eka naI vizeSatA jo Adhunika rAjasthAnI me vikasita huI hai, avikaraNa me zUnya pratyaya kA yoga hai| uparyukta udAharaNo me 'ghara', 'goTha', DoDhI, gala aura raNa pada adhikaraNa me hai, para inake Age adhikaraNa sUcaka vibhakti nahIM hai| Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'A~' calatA hai-'gharoM cAlo' jaise vAkya nitya volacAla kI rAjasthAnI me milate hI haiN| parantu parasarga kA pracalana hI ava adhika hai ola yU --- thArI ola yU 0 " 0 0 0

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prAkRta-apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 325 dhImai dhImai hAlata pANI me (jAgatI jota, pR0 50) me ke atirikta 'mAya' kA bhI prayoga hotA hai 'uNarai mAya' / taba bhI yaha kahanA paDegA ki 'me' kA hI prayoga adhika hotA hai yA phira zUnya kaa|maaN vAle prayoga bhI milate hai, para 'me' kI tulanA me km| upayukta vibhakti pratyaya aura parasargo me se parasoM kI parigaNanA isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai inakA prayoga prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me hotA rahA hai karma naI, prati, rahaI karaNa - kAra, naI, pAhi, sAthi siu~ sapradAna kanhaI (kana) naI, mA83 (mATa) apAdAna kanhaI, lau, thau, thaka, thAkI, thI, pAsai,lagai, lagI, hutau, hutI / sabadha karau, taNau, nau adhikaraNa tAI, pAsa3, majhAri, mAjhi, mA~, mAhi inhI se vikasita rUpa Adhunika rAjasthAnI me prayukta hote haiN| ataeva isa dRSTi se prAkRta--apabhra za kA prabhAva nirvivAda hai| kriyApada ___ apabhra za vyAkaraNa me hemacaMdra ne tiD rUpo se sabaddha kevala sAta sUtra die hai| iname se 5 vartamAna kAla kA vidhAna karate haiM tathA do bhaviSya aura AzA kA nirdeza karate hai| bhUtakAlika prayoga ke lie apabhra za me kRdanta rUpa) kA prayoga hotA rhaa| pUrvakAlika aura tumunanta arya me aneka pratyaya prayukta hote the| vartamAnakAlika kRt pratyayo se niSpanna rUpa vizeSaNavat bhI prayukta hue hai aura kriyA ke sthAna para bhii| astivAcaka sahAyaka kriyA isakI vyutpatti 'bhU' aura Rccha dhAtu se huI hai| 'bhU' dhAtu se hovaOM aura Rcha se avau~ (prAcIna pazcimI raajsthaanii)| 'bhU' dhAtu se banane vAle rUpa nimnalikhita hai sAmAnya vartamAna kAla anya puruSa ekavacana hui, hoi (sabhavati >a5 hoi) prAkRta me huvai milatA hai| Adhunika mAravADI me huI vhai prayukta hotA hai| anya puruSa bahuvacana huI, hui, hoI, hoi sayukta vartamAna kAla kI racanA me 'hui' ke sAtha sahAyaka kriyA chavau~ kA vartamAna kAlika rUpa joDA jAtA hai huI 73 =hotA hai|

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__ 326 saskRti-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA AjAvodhaka me anya puruSa ekavacana, 'huu' ya = bhavatu > apa0 hou>huu hai / vidhi me uttama puru5 me huji, madhyama puruSa me hoDaNe, anya puruSa me hue, madhyamapuruSa bahuvacana hoyo| bhaviSyakAla me hoisi', huesi, huisiDa, hosi, Adi rUpa banate haiM / vartamAnakAlika kRdata kA sarvAdhika pracalita rUpa hai-hu~ta / apabhraza me bhUtakAlika kRt pratyaya 'u' hai jisase hUara, hUyau vne| ava dvitIya kriyA hai, parantu yaha mukhya aura sahAyaka dono prakAra se prayukta hotI thii| yaha sa Rcchati se apabhra za me acchai huI hai| pizela ke anusAra mAdi 'a' prAya lupta hokara 74' rUpa banate hai jo vacana aura puruSa ke anusAra badalate haiN| yaha chaI hI chai, cho, chI ke rUpa me Adhanika rAjasthAnI me sahAyaka kriyA ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| rAjasthAnI me dhAtu se niSpanna kriyA rUpo me apabhra Na kA prabhAva vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / apabhra za vyAkaraNa ke anusAra anya purupa kI eka ba0 dviva0 aura va0 va0 kI vibhakti ko vikalpa se hi' Adeza hotA hai| (tyAderAdyanayasya savadhinI hiM na vA) isI prakAra madhyama purupa eka va0 ko vibhakti ko hi' Adeza hotA hai / vahuvacana me 'hu' Adeza hotA hai (bahutve hu ) uttamapuru5 eka va0 me 'u' aura bahuvacana me hu hotA hai| inhI rUpo se Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke rUpo kI siddhi hotI hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAno ke rUpa to apabhra za jaise hI hai apabhraza prA0pa0 rA0 rAjasthAnI (anya puruSa ekavacana kaai karaa kara3> kareM / " , ba0 va0 kaahiM kaI karaDa> kareM (madhya , ekavacana kaahi karsai , , va0 va0 kabahu kabau (uttama ,, ekavacana kar-a-u~ / " , va0 va0 kahu~ kaAu~ a> peli kisa rUkamaNI rI' me vartamAna kAla ke anya puruSa eka va0 (sakarmaka) (1) mUkai (2) mUkaI (3) mUkati, Adi rUpa milate hai, iname se prathama aura dvitIya to apabhraza se prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI kI paraparA se Ae hai| dvatIya saskRta ke '50ti' ke sAdRzya para nirmita lagatA hai| strIliMga me bhI mUka rUpa hI calatA hai| madhyama puruSa eka va0 me 'mUka', mUkaI, bhUka tayA strIliMga me bhI yahI pracalana hai| uttama puspa ekavacana me 'mUka' aura bahuvacana me A~ vAlA 65 'mUkA~' calatA hai, jisakI paraparA apabhra za dikhalAI hai| veli me isa kAla racanA ke udAharaNa nimnalikhita haiM ka A.ABAR karA

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prAkRta-apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 327 anya puruSa ekavacana pulliMga strIliMga 1 Aloca Apo Apa sU ( 53 ) 2 sIkhAvi sakhI rAkhI Akhe suji (79) 3 dhU Dhaliye UkasaM dhaDa ( 121 ) 4 ratadhaNa " 31 sAmAnya bhaviSya kAla ke rUpa bhI bhaviSyakAla se sabaddha eka sUtra diyA hai bhaviSyat artha me 'sya' ke sthAna para 'sa' " 33 " OMca chiMcha Uchale ati (125) 5 kahai velivara lahe kumArI (281 ) 6 kAI re mana kalapasi kRpaNA ( 286 ) 7 kisana padhAryA loka kahanti ( 72 ) madhya pu0 anya pu0va0va0," ata veli kI bhASA me vartamAna kAla me vahI rUpa calate hai, jo apabhraza kI paraparA se Aye hai / 'kalapasi' jaise laT lakAra ke madhyama puruSa eka vacana ke anuvartI hai / 'kahati' Adi saMskRta ke 'paThati' ke sAdRzya para banAe gae haiM / vIrasatasaI me bhI vartamAna me inhI rUpo kA prayoga huA hai a0 pu0 e0 va0 strI0 ) 11 1 jhare ima raMgarejaNI kUDA ThAkura kAma (85) 2 cUna salUNI sera le, mola samappai sIsa ( 100 3 ruNDa huvA jIve jike, sadA na here sAtha ( 101) 4 paga paga pAchA deNa rau, hulase acchara heta ( 107 ) 5 bholA kI caharo bhaDA IkhI dhAraNa aiNa (122) ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 pu0 a0 33 ,, e0 va0 6 dhAvA kata padhAriyA, pAvA hUta praNAma ( 117) 7 patha nihArai pAhuNA, gIdha vihArai gaiMNa (121) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 11 " " " ,, ba0va0pulliMga 11 33 17 " strIliMga purvattA ba0 va0 pu0 pu0,,,, a0 pu0 e0 va0 pu0 a0 pu0 ba0 va0 pu0 a0 pu0 e0 pu0 a0 pu0 e0 strI jyU mora khujAla paakh| halavo hevaNa ne nArakhe A biNI tarAja olU (jugajugAnI rUpa hI hilorA leveM) ataeva dhAtu se niSpanna vartamAnakAlika rUpo kI dhArA Adhunika rAjasthAnI me bhI apanA mUla srota apabhraza se hI grahaNa kiye hai, yaha nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai / a0 pu0 e0 pulliMga apabhraMza se hI prerita haiM / hemacaMdra ne 'vartsyati syasya sa ' arthAt apabhraMza me Adeza hotA hai ja acchai ta mANiai hosai karatu ma acchi isa pakti me 'hosai' bhaviSyat artha me hai | apabhraMza me bhaviSyakAlika kriyA kI rUpa sAriNI nimnalikhita hai

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328 gasta-prAzana vyAkaraNa aura koNa ko pAMga eva0 va0va0 anya pu0 karima. karihara kArigahiyAmhihi madhyama pu0 karihirAi kagisahi parimAgarama uttama pu0 parIsukIsu karisaha/gari prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me bhI apabhra za ke yahI ma-mUlabha pa bhaviSyamAna ke lie prayukta hote hai / kucha udAharaNa ye hai - jAImu, bolisu, dharisiu~ / uttama pu. e1.5cana me volisiu, karisya, upajisyA , va. va0 meM jAisi, huisii / madhyama pu0 ka0 50 me thAisiu, jImisyau va0va0 me kahisii, demii, karisai / anya pu0 e0va0 meM kahisi, gharasya , va0 va0 me prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me laDa -> lo vAle rUpo ke udAharaNa atyalpa haiN| Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke pUrvI spa me yahI calate haiM tathA liMga, vacana aura pupa se prabhAvita hote hai / vartamAna nizcayArya se bhI bhaviSya kI pratIti hotI- - 'mU avAra nI marU' (maiM abhI nahI marUgA) yaha sthiti prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM bhI thI aura Aja bhI hai / veli me 'sa' vAle spa prayukta hue hai| pUjA misi Avisi pu-khotama (66) uttama pu0 e0 va0 strI0 kiM kahisu tAsu jasu ahi thAko kahi (272) , , , pulliA veli me bhaviSyakAlika spo kI sAraNI nimnalikhita hai-- e0va0 va0va0 anya pu0 mUkisI, mukisya madhyama pu0 uttama pu0 mukisyo uttama pu0 madhma pu0 mukisi, mukisyo mUkisyA, mUsyA, mUkasyA vIrasatasaI me bhaviSyakAla artha me yahI 'ma' vAle rUpa prayukta hue haiM 1 cagatA dhAvAM caikasI, je suNasI bavAla (62) a0 pu0 e0 va. pu. 2 bhara khappara vAlhe rUhira, desI kata dhapAya (67),, , , , 3 valaNa kaDhAyo atara dhaNa, muhaMgI lesI koNa (86) , , , 4 muDiyA milasI gIdavI valana dhaNarI vaoNha (67) , " // Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke prAya sabhI vividha rUpo me yahI rUpa calate hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me 'lo' vAle rUpa kama prayukta hue hai, Adhunika rAjasthAnI me yaha bhI 'sa' vAle rUpo ke sadRza hI calatA hai / Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke katipaya udAharaNa nimnalikhita hai-- thArI jAna rI kiNa vidhi khAtarI karasyU dAyajo kaThA sU lAsyu

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sAsarA nai kaiyA kevaTasyu X X madhya pu0 koI rAjakavArI thArA citarAma kora-kora dUtiyA ne dikhAtI hosI kAmaNa' karatI hosI (jAgatI jota, pR0 37) niSkarSata ina rUpo ke viSaya meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki iname pUrNata apabhraza kI hI paraparA pravahamAna hai / apabhraza me AjJArtha madhyama pu0 ekavacana aura bahuvacana me i, u aura ekA vaikalpika prayoga 'hi svayoridudet' sUtra dvArA nirdiSTa hai / prAcIna pacizmI rAjasthAnI me yaha 'i' antavAlA hotA hai / kavitA me 'e' vAle rUpa bhI milate haiM / au yA u vAle rUpa madhyama puruSa bahuvacana mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me me prayukta hote hai / me milate hai / prayukta hote hai / vidhyartha prAkRta apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 326 Adhunika rAjasthAnI me akArAnta rUpa thU bhaNa 11 eka va0 31 mUka, mUki, mUkahi 73 X prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me vidhyartha tIno puruSo me milatA hai / anya puruSa eka va 0 ce, khoLe madhya karije, jANije, joje va0 va0 mUkI 11 12 ba0 va0 eka va0 ajye, ajo vAle rUpa milate hai | lAsena uttama," mAravADI me 'ajai, Ijai, ne inakI vyutpatti saMskRta vidhyarthaM se saketita kI hai / TesITorI ke anusAra yaha prAcIna prAkRta me bhI rahI hai / prAkRta vaiyAkaraNo ne hojjai, hojjasi jaise rUpo kA AkhyAna kiyA hai / TesITorI prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI ke 'hujiOM' kI vyutpatti apabhraMza ke hojjau~ se mAnate hai, tathA ime hojjAmi ke samakakSa pratipAdita karate haiM / arddhamAgadhI aura jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta me 'hojjAmi' kA prayoga hotA rahA hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI ke anya rUpo kA vikAsasUtra nimnalikhita hai- thA bhaNau suNajo, karajyo, jAjyo hujiu~

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330 gamtRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura TIM ko pagapaga apa0 prA0pa00 hoehi ho kArajjaha karijyoM 'hoTaje' aura 'karijyo' 5mavAcya ke rUpa nahIM hai| kyoki va mavAcya meM 'i' hava nahIM hotaa| -jahi me kAmavAcyIya 5 jada' banatA hai| parantu, veli' ke sapAdako ne 'maNDija' jaise po ko kamavA-ya meM hI mAnA hai| gAlA 'magalApa gAja mAhaba' kA artha 'magalA pa mAdhava kA guNAnuvAda gAyA jAtA hai diyA hai| -sakA vidhiparA artha hogA - 'magala' mAdhava kA guNagAna 5.nA paahie|' vIrasatamaI dohA madhyA 111 me. riNa hAloja cAraNA padabaMdha prayukta huyA hai| hAlIja, gAja ke hI samAna rUpa hai| satasaI ke mapAdako ne 'hAloja' kA karmavAcya vAcyIya artha nahI kiyA, parana se vidhyayaMka mAnakara 'avayuddha meM calo' artha kiyA hai| isI prakAra ke anya prayoga bhI hai 1 matavAlA dala AviyA choDIja galabAha (230) 2 lahaMge mUjha lukIjiya varI ro na visAna (75) 3 darajaNa labI agiyA ANIje ava bhU.. (83) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me ina mpo kA prayoga prAya, nahIM milatA paran kara, kara karajo, krjyo| 'cAija/cAIja' nithAryamA sanA rUpo ke sAtha prayoga Adhunika rAjasthAnI me adhika hotA hai| bhUtakAla apabhra za me bhUtakAla kI abhivyakti ke lie kRdata spo kA prayoga huA hai| prAkRto me bhI akhyAta ke sthAna para kRdanta rUpo kA pracalana hone lagA thaa| apabhra za me aise kRt pratyaya nimnalikhita the 1 u thiu, gau, ghAiDa, kiu, parigalara, jIsari7 Adi 2 ya-- bhiliya, bhiDiya, luTTiya, tuTTiya, gaya Adi 3 o hiMDio, seviyo, bhaNio, ramio 4 ya paDiya, bhaNiya, ramiya Adi prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me bhUta kRt pratyayo kI sAraNI isa prakAra prastuta kI jA sakatI hai 1 iu, ima, 43 kara joyau, thAyau, kahiu, huya Adi 2 ANau ulhANau (bujhA), capANau (cApA huA) ___ sadhANau (pUrNa) Adi 3 ghau----kIdhau, sAghau, dIghau, Adi

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 331 4 vyajanAnta dhAtuo me bane ta yA--- na vAle saskRta kRdato se bane ruup| iname eka dhAtu kA atima vyajana hotA hai, dUsarA saMskRta pratyaya hai| apabhra za me inakA samIkaraNa ho gayA / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me saralIkaraNa hokara rUpa prayukta hue bhAgau, lAgau, chUTau, dI65, Adi mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me u, e, aura 'yo' vAle rUpa calate rahe ArabhiyA, ahiyA, auchAyo, utAre, kADhe, kareu, Adi Adhunika rAjasthAnI me yo pracalita hai gayo, paDhyo, bhaNyo kaha yo, Adi '' pAlA rUpa 'dho' meM parivartita ho gayA hai kIdho, khAdho, pIdho, dIdho Adi 1 goTha gayA saba geharA (vIra satasaI 10) 2 vA5 gayo le mAhirI (, , 86) 3 pUta mahA dukha pAliyo (.. , 115) 4 nArAjaNa vAdhAviyo (, , 26) ina udAharaNo se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki apabhra za ke 'u', 'ya' aura o bhUta kRta pratyaya hI Adhunika rAjasthAnI me bhI bhUtakAlika rUpo kA nirmANa karate haiN| bhUtakRdanta java vizeSaNa kI bhAti prayukta hotA hai to isake sAtha sahAyaka kriyA kA vartamAna artha me nirmita kRdanta hUtau' kA prayoga pazcimI rAjasthAnI me hotA hai| jaise giu hU~tau = gayA huA, isa hU~ta ke sthAna para thakau (thika) bhI milatA hai, jaise 4ThI yakI= baiThI huI, hapiu thikaI = hapita huA aadi| apabhra za bhUtakRdanta ke aise prayogo ke sAtha rahe:' kA prayoga hotA thaa| parantu yaha rahai' sAtatya kA bodha karAtA thaa| bhUtakRdanta se sayuktakAla kA nirmANa bhI hotA rahA hai, jaise 1 Aviu chU ihA 2 nidrAvasi huI chaha vAla 3 akhyA chU anhe 4 loka bhelA yA cha prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI kA yaha prayoga jisame-bhUtakRdanta +avau~, se saracanA huI hai, Adhunika rAjasthAnI me pUrNata calatA hai| Ayo chu, gayo chai, vA AyI chI Adi bolacAla kI bhASA ke prayoga hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI se lekara Adhunika rAjasthAnI taka bhUta kRdata rUpa kartari saracanA me to AtA hI hai

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332 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 1 prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI hara boliu~~-maiM bolA 2 . , karahau bhaNiu = karahA bolA 3 DholA mArU rA dUhA dADhI gAyA nisahabhari 4 veli krisana rukamaNI rI hU~ udharI pAtAla hU~ 5 Adhunika rAjasthAnI mU volyo, maiM volyo prAcIna prayogo aura yadA kadA Adhunika rAjasthAnI me karmavAcya saMracanA meM bhUta-kRdanta ke rUpo kA prayoga hotA hai / 1 rAjakanyA maI dIThI = maiMne rAjakanyA dekhI 2 devatAe dundubhI bajAvI = devatAo ne dudubhI bajAI apabhra me bhI aise prayoga hote rahe hai / uparyukta prayogoM ke atirikta kriyAryaka sanA ke rUpa me bhUtakRdanta ke prayoga hote haiM--- 'yo kAma kayI vinA na cAlasI' prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me bhI aise prayoga hue hai 1 puNya kaya vinA 2 nAsaryA pachI pUrvakAlika rUpa prAkRta-apabhra za me pUrvakAlika arya me 'Da', iu, ivi aura avi ye cAra pratyaya hote hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me 'evi' aura 'I' pratyaya se pUrvakAlika ke rUpa nippanna hote ye __ bhaNevi, dharevi, paNamevi Adi leI, jAI ina 'I' vAle rUpo ke sAtha 'naI' parasarga bhI joDA jAtA rahA hai pharI , vavI narka, chaDI narka bAdri 'naI' ke sthAna para 'karI' parasarga bhI prayukta kiyA jAtA thA teDAvI-rI, tevI ja rIte mAhi vili' me 'avi' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai __paramesara praNavi praNava puNi sarasati (1) 'i' vAle rUpa kA udAharaNa yaha hai-- dasamAsa udara dhari le barasa dasa (8) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'Da' aura 'Da' vAle rUpo ke sAya 'naI' parasarga yukta saracanAo kA prayoga hotA hai| naI kA parivartita rUpa 'na' athavA kevala 'na' hai| 'vaTha jAIna parcha AOM' athavA 'vaTha jAira Au' Adhunika prayoga haiN| apabhraza kA aza 'Da' me hI raha gayA hai, parasarga vAda kA yoga hai / sITorI ke anusAra

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 333 'bhUtakRdanta kA bhAve saptamI prayoga apabhra za me dhaDalle se hotA thaa| yahI ddh| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI tathA anya sajAtIya bhApAo me bhI surakSita rhaa| aise hI bhAva saptamI kRdanto se prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI ke IvAle pUrvakAlika kRdanta utpanna hue hai|' 'naI' aura 'karI' saptamI parasarga haiN| yahI 'naI' Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'na' athavA 'na' raha gayA hai| sabhavata 'karI' kA hI sakSipta rUpa kriyArthaka sajJA prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me aNa aura ivau~-----avau~ pratyayo se banI hai| yaha apabhra za ke aNa se milatI julatI hai| rAjasthAnI me----aNa aura-bA rUpa pracalita hai| 1 jImavA gayo cha 2 Teva pAyo. inhI 'a' vAle rUpo ke sAtha-hAra joDakara kartRvAcaka sajJA banAI jAtI hai / karaNahAra, bhogaNahAra Adi rUpa isI prakAra bane hai / kevala aNa vAle rUpa bhI milate hai-- 1 damaMgala viNa apacau diyaNa, vIra dhaNI rau dhANa (vIrasatasaI 10) 2 naha DAkI ari khobaNo bAyA~ kevala baar| vadhAvadhI nija khAbaNo, so DaoNkI saradAra // ( , 11) 3 sahaNI sabarI hU~ sakhI, do ura ulaTI dAha ( , 14) 4 asidhAbaNa to pIva para, vArI vAra aneka sidhAbaNa tA pAva para, vArA vAra anaka , 41) 5 iNarA bhogaNahAra je Aja bhiDANA Aya ( , 40) gadya me bhI 'mAyalA badalAvA me phUTa rApau lakhANa ro badalatI najariyo' jaise prayoga milate hai / Adhunika rAjasthAnI me Alo lagAkara bhI kriyAka saMjJA vanAI jAtI hai| parantu Alo ke pUrva vA vAlA rUpa hotA hai| 'jAvA'lo' 'dekhabAlo' Adi bolacAla kI bhASA ke prayoga hai| aNahAra kI vyAkhyA me TesITorI ne likhA hai "yaha praNavAlI kriyArthaka sajJA ke SaSThI rUpa tathA 'kAra' (karanevAlA) ke sayoga se banA hai| apabhra za ke pAlaNaha+kAra se 'ka' kA lopa hokara pAlaNahAra' vnaa|" ataeva yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki Adhunika rAjasthAnI kI kriyAyaka saMjJA kA srota bhI prAcIna hai aura kisI na kisI aza me apabhra za se juDA hai / apabhra za se prAcIna rAjasthAnI me prayukta hotA huA dhvaniparivartana ke sAtha Adhunika rAjasthAnI me pracalita hai|

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334 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA karmavAcya vAtu me Ija aura 'i' joDane se karmavAcya rUpa niSpanna hotA hai / apabhra za meM isakA dvitva rU5 'ujja' hI milatA hai / prAkRta paMgala meM 'ijja' hI 'Ija' huA hai| apabhra za me Iai vAne po kA vidhAna nahI hai, isase TesITorI ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki IaDa vAle rUpa bhI 'ijja' ke IjaDa rUpa se bane hai Ijas > Iya 'ya' ke nirvala hone para IyaDa' hI 'Iya' raha gayA hogaa| Adhunika rAjasthAnI me Ija' rUpa hI pracalita hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM vartamAna karmavAcya ke nimnalikhita udAharaNa kie jA sakate hai a50 kIjas>kIjai , dijjas >dIja ,, dIjjas>dIya , kahIjai>kahIya karmavAcya sayukta vartamAna me ina rUpo ke sAtha 'chaDa' joDA jAtA hai __ 'kahIai 76' (AdinAtha carita) bhaviSyat karmavAcya me 'Ija' aura I hI calate the kojasI = kiyA jAegA lIjisya3=liyA jAegA kahosya3= kahA jAegA vakhANIsya-vakhAnA jAegA Adi ___mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me 'ija' ho gayA hai| veli me nimnalikhita udAharaNa milate hai 1 kuMara kama kahi vimalakatha (11) aura rakama kahe jAte the| 2 vIvarabaLa pahinI laDIne tibi (5) strI kA varNana pahale karanA cAhie / 3 jagani jagani koja japa tA5 (50) 4 Agami sisupAla maNDija OMcha1 (38) 5 58maNDa5 chAija kudaNapuri (38) 6 dUrA nayara ki kora, dIma (41) uparyukta udAharaNo me siddha hotA hai ki sAmAnyata 'Ija' vAle rUpa prayukta hue hai,

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 335 kahI 'I' ke parivartita rUpa 'ai' vAle bhii| ataeva karmavAcyIya rUpo ko apabhra za __ srota se hI mAnanA ThIka hai| preraNArthaka rUpa prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me preraNAtmaka kriyA-rUpa nimnalikhita vidhi __ aura pratyayo se niSpanna hote haiM 1 svaravRddhi se 2sITorI ne isame mUla svara kI vRddhi mAnI hai| parantu mUla svara se unakA tAtparya kyA hai, yaha spaSTa nahI kiyA gyaa| (ka) atarai> UtAra (kha) paDai> pADa prayama udAharaNa me dvitIya akSara kA svara dIrgha huA hai, dvitIya me prathama akSara kA svara / parantu sAmAnyata prathama akSara kA svara hI vRddhigata hotA hai| kyoki mara>mAra3, milai>mela i me yahI sthiti hai| 'tara' me pahale hI prathama svara dIrgha hai ata dvitIya akSara ke svara kI vRddhi huI lagatI hai| 2 Ava pratyaya se niSpanna preraNArthaka rUpa Ava pratyaya kI vyutpatti apabhra za ke Ava pratyaya se hai, balki vahI hai| prAkRta me yaha pratyaya hai| isa pratyaya ke yoga me rUpasvanimika parivartana hotA hai| kriyA ke prathama akSara kA svara hrasva ho jAtA hai, parantu yaha sadeva nahI hotA Ayaina Ava>apAva bola+ Ava>bolAva mAnai+ Ava>manAi lii + Ava>lyAvai eka bAta aura dhyAtavya hai, yaha pratyaya kriyA rUpa ke bIca me AtA hai| A kA eka saharUpima (allomorph) aura hai -aba jo prathama akSara me dIrgha svara vAlI kriyAo ke sAtha AtA hai jaise mena > metava vInai>vAnava sIkhai> sIkhava yaha sthiti prAkRta-apabhra za se hI prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me AI hai| uparyukta udAharaNo ke mUla prAkRta rUpa 'paTuvai', viNNavaI' 'mela' Adi hai, jo 'siddhahama' vyAkaraNa me milate hai| 3 ADa-pratyaya se nirmita rUpa uDA = uDAtA hai| jagADai = jagAtA hai|

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336 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA dekhA'i = dikhAtA hai | 4 Ara ghaTai > ghaTAraDa divaDa > divAraha 5 Ala pratyaya se nirmita rUpa ghaTAtA hai / pracalita rahA = dilAtA hai / pratyaya se nirmita rUpa jaise, dikhAlaDa = dikhAtA hai / mAravADI me 'ra' ke viparyaya se 'dirAvai' aura 'lirAvaI' rUpa milate haiM, inake mUla rUpa divAraI' aura 'livAra' hai / veli me padharAvitiyA vA prabhAva (157) (priyA ko bAMI ora viThAkara ) milatA hai - yaha rUpa 'prabhuNaI' me 'ava' pratyaya se banA hai / parantu pratyayayoga ke pUrva atya svara 'i' kA lopa huA hai / ava > prabhaNa + ava > prabhAva prabhaNai+ isa prAtipadika puruSa aura liMga ke pratyaya se rUpa banate hai / yahA~ katipaya una racanAtmaka pratyayo para bhI vicAra karanA prAsaMgika hogA jo prAkRta apabhraMza se prA0 pazcimI rAjasthAnI me Ae haiM aura jo Adhunika rAjasthAnI me bhI prayukta hue hai / 1 ilau apabhraMza ke illau se saralIkaraNa hokara prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me Agilara = Age pUrvila7 = pahale kA u Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'laDa' kA 'lo' ho gayA hai, tathA 'Agalo', 'pAchlo' yadi rUpa banate haiM / isI prakAra prA0 pa0 rA0 ke mAhila Adi se Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke mAyalo (bhItarI) bIcalo / vicalo (bIca kA ) rUpa bane hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI aura Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke rUpo me aMtara antya 'u' aura 'o' kA hai| apabhraMza avarilla se prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me 'orilau' aura phira oliu vanA / isI prakAra parillaDa se parilau aura pailau / inhI parilau se paralo' aura paila me 'pailo' Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke rUpa niSpanna hue hai / ko alaDa isI prakAra eka aura pratyaya hai--- alau, jo prA0 pa0 rA me AMdhana aura ela jainempo meM dikhAI par3atA hai| apatra Na me bhI yaha - ala 5 me hI / Adhunika rAjasthAnI ke 'kaoNvalo' aura 'ekalo' jaise zabdoM ke sAtha mi

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pratyaya prAkRta apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 337 u> lo parivartana ke sAtha prayukta huA hai / AS apabhra za se Agata yaha pratyaya prayoga me bhI apabhraMza ke sadRza hai arthAt svArthe prayukta hotA hai kAgaDI, gAMThaDI, cAmaDau~, Adi me yahI pratyaya hai / kabhI-kabhI isake sAtha jaise alau pratyaya aura juDa jAtA hai, kUkhaDalI, mADalI Adhunika rAjasthAnI meM bhI yaha pratyaya ( svArtha prayogo me AtA hai goraDI (gorI) kurajaDalI ( kuraja pakSI) Adi prayogo me yahI pratyaya hai / ye ve pratyaya hai, jinakA rAjasthAnI me dhaDalle se prayoga hotA hai aura jo sIdhe apabhra za srota se rAjasthAnI me Ae hai / prAkRta sarvanAma jaise rAjasthAnI ke racanAtmaka pratyaya, pUrvakAlika kriyA rUpa, bhaviSyakAlika kriyA rUpo me prAkRta apabhraMza kA asadigdha prabhAva dikhalAI paDatA hai, vaise hI sarvanAmo kI sthiti bhI hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM uttama puruSa ekavacana sarvanAma kA rUpa 'hU~' pracalita thA / nizcaya hI yaha apabhraMza 'hA~' kA sakucita rUpa hai | hemacaMdra ne ha kA vidhAna 'sAvasmado hau' sUtra meM kiyA hai / mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI me isa uttama puruSa ekavacana sarvanAma kA yahI rUpa surakSita hai beli me isake nimnalikhita rUpa milate hai kartA hU~ karma mUM, hU~, mujha, ahma sabadha adhikaraNa ahma prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me savadha kAraka me 'majha', 'mujha' aura mUM milate hI hai / Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'hU~', mUM, mhArA, mhaiM, Adi rUpo ke prayoga hetu pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahI hai | mUjha, mAharo, mo, mU, amhINo uttama puruSa bahuvacana kA rUpa apabhraMza me - 'jasazasoramhe, amhai' sUtra ke anusAra kartAkAraka me 'amhe' aura karmakAraka meM 'amhaI' hotA hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me ekadama yahI rUpa 'amhe' thA | mAravADI me yaha Adisvara lopa ke pazcAt 'mhe' raha gayA hai / isI 'mhe' se sabaMdha kArakIya rUpa 'mhArA' banatA hai / madhyama puruSa eka vacana me apabhraMza me 'tu hu' Adarza hotA thA / prathamA aura

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338 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA dvitIyA ba0 va0 me isake kramaza 'tumheM aura tumheI rUpa hota the| tRtIyA ekavacana, saptamI eka vacana aura dvitIyA eka vacana me 56' aura 'tai' prayoga pracalita the| tRtIyA bahuvacana me 'tumhehi', pacamI eka vacana aura paThI eka vacana me tau aura tujjha Adezo kA kathana hemacaMdra ne kiyA hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me apabhraMza tuhu~>tUM ho gayA hai| mAravADI me tuha~ kA 'ha', 'ta' me milakara use mahAprANa banA detA hai, isa prakAra 'yU' rUpa banatA hai| vahuvacana me 'tama', yama, tumhe, rU5 prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM pAe jAte hai / Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'thA' aura 'the' rUpa cala rahe hai / apabhraza ke praznavAcaka tayA anizcayavAcaka sarvanAmI ke lie hemacaMdra ne 'kima kAi kavaNI vA' sUna diyA hai / arthAt apabhra za me kim ke sthAna para kA aura kavaNa Adeza vikalpa se hote haiM / apabhra za me inake nimnalikhita prayoga milate hartA-rma savadha --kavaNaha vivadhu koI, ko-vi adhikaraNa kavaNa) adhikaraNa (kAI kahiM / karaNa kavaNaeM, prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me kavaNa, kau~Na, kUNa, kuNa, kAi, kAI rUpo ke / udAharaNa milate haiN| mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI kI sAhityika kRti veli me kA ko, kavaNa, keDa, kiNi, kiNa, kuNa, karma kiNi, kiNa milate hai 1 strIpati kuNa sumati pUjha guNa ju tavati ___ tArukavaNa ju samudra tr| pakhI kavaNa gayaNa lagi phuce| kavaNa raka karimeha kr| (6) 2 kAi ivaDA ha0 nigraha kiyA (288) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'kavaNa' kA 'kuNa' aura 'kUNa' vAle rUpa hI pracalita hai| yaha parivartana prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me hI ghaTita ho gayA thA / veli' me bhI 'kuNa' milatA hai| mevADI me 'kUNa' calatA hai, TUDhADI me 'kunn'| 'kAI' kA prayoga rAjasthAnI ke sabhI rUpo me kicit atara ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai / mevADI me kaI/kaI calatA hai|

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prAkRta apabhraMza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 336 'kaDa hai' - kyA hai koi chai = kyA hai isI prakAra ema, kema rUpa apabhraMza se prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me Ae hai / mAdhyamika rAjasthAnI taka ye rUpa 'ima', 'phema' Adi calate rahe / 1 srama kIdhA viNu kema sareM 2 kAgala dIdho ema kahi me (mevADI) ( DhUMDhADI ) Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'kema', 'ema' lupta ho gae hai / isake sthAna para kaI se bane rUpa kyA athavA 'kayyA' aura 'ayyA~' kA prayoga hotA hai / Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'kema sarai' kA rUpAMtara 'kayyA cAle' hogA / veli me uparyukta katipaya udAharaNo me rAjasthAnI me prAkRta- apabhraMza se kiJcit dhvaniparivartana ke sAtha Agata sarvanAmo kA svarUpa saketita hotA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha kahanA anucita na hogA ki sarvanAmo ke aitihAsika vikAsa kI kahAnI rAjasthAnI ke tIno vikAsa caraNo me bhalIbhA~ti surakSita hai / vizeSaNa vizeSaNo ke prayoga ke viSaya meM ullekhanIya hai ki prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me jo sthiti thI, vahI Adhunika mAravAr3I me bhI hai / inakI rUparacanA sajJA zabdo ke 'sadRza hI hotI hai tathA ye vizeSya ke liMga, vacana Adi se prabhAvita hote hai / strIliMga vizeSaNo ke sadarbha me dhyAtavya hai ki vacana aura kAraka sabadhI vizeSatA inameM nahI hotI, tathA 'I' kA rUparacanA - rahita rUpa hI inake lie prayukta hotA hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me yaha pravRtti apabhraMza se AI hai / paumacariu (vAisavI sadhi ) ( ) 1 divvai~ ganvodayAi~ 2 surasamara sahAse hi dummaheNa dasaraheNa 3 vittantu kaheppiNu Niravasesu 1 pIlA bhamara 2 phala motiyA~ prayoga milate hai / kiyA (na) yaha pravRtti siddha hai / prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me 1 viveka-rUpIDa hAthI u 2 kaSTa rUpiNI sApiNI 3 ghaNai ADavari (56) paharAita 71 11 "" 11 ( zIlabhadracaritra ) ( kalyANamaMdira stotra) ( AdinAtha caritra ) (veli 17) (,, e1)

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340 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kitu jaba vizeSaNa kriyA0 vi0 kI bhA~ti prayukta hote haiM to 1 napusaka ekavacana me rahate hue sabhI kArako me aparivartita rahate hai| athavA 2 samAnAdhikaraNa vizeSaNa kI taraha liMga, vacana aura kAraka ke anusAra rUpa-racanA karate haiN| yaha pravRtti prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me to hai hI, mAravADI me bhI jIvita hai| TesITorI ne mAravADI me hame, paro, varo, do vizepaNo kA upayoga karake eka prakAra ke Veibal intensives banAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai| saskRta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra tulanAsUcaka saracanA me jisa vastu se tulanA kI jAtI hai usakA vAcaka apAdAna kAraka me hotA hai| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI me prAkRta ke tulanAtmaka rUpo ko tara, yara pratyayo ke sAtha prayukta kiyA hai| tulanA ke artha me prayukta apAdAna parasarga nimnalikhita he--- pAhi,, pAhanti, tathA yakI aura yI udAharaNa 1 tujha naI jIvyA pAhi~ maraNa rUIM tujhe jIvana se adhika acchA maraNa hai| 2 samudra nA pANI thaka gADhau ghaNau - samudra ke pAnI se bhI dhanA gADhA / 3 guru-thakI U~cAi Asani vaisai = guru se bhI UMce Asana para baiThatA hai| parantu Adhunika rAjasthAnI me 'sU' aura 'u~' prayukta hote hai jo apAdAna kArakIya parasarga haiN| 1 uNa sU cokho unase acch|| 2 uNuM bIca acchI hai = unase acchA hai| ina 'sU' aura u kA savadha apabhra za se pahale batalAyA jA cukA hai| dhvani ke katipaya aura rUparacanA ke vividha tatvo ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA ki rAjasthAnI kitane aza me Aja bhI prAkRta-apabhra za kI paraparA ko grahaNa kie hai| bhASAvaijJAniko ke matAnusAra 'bhASA cira parivartanazIla hai| yaha parivartana sabhI staro me ghaTita hote haiN| yadi paraparA-syApana me hama mUla rUpa ko hI Adhunika bhASA me pAne kA prayatna kareM to bhUla hogI, hA~ parivartita rUpa ke parivartana--caraNo kA kramabaddha sUtra sthApana Avazyaka hai| bhASA ke vikAsa ke daura me prativezinI bhASAo ke prabhAvavaza aise tatva bhI A jAte haiM jinakA mUla bhApA se sabaMdha-sthApana nabhava hI nahI hotaa| prAkRta-apabhra za se rAjasthAnI ke vikAsa me ina Agata tattvo kA dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai|

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prAkRta-apabhraza kA rAjasthAnI bhASA para prabhAva 341 pUrva pRSTho me rUpa-tattva ke AdhAra para yaha sidva kiyA gayA hai ki Adhunika rAjasthAnI kA sA~cA unA vizeSatAo ko surakSita rakhate hue hI vikasita huA hai| cAhe kriyA rUpa ho yA sanApada, sabhI me saralIkaraNa kI jo pravRtti prAkRta-apabhra za me utpanna huI thI, Aja bhI hai| vibhakti lopa saralIkaraNa kA hI pratidarza hai, isI ko sUtrabaddha rUpa me hemacadra ne 'syam jas zasAluk' kahA thaa| yaha pravRtti rAjasthAnI meM hI nahI, anya Adhunika Arya bhASAo me bhI hai, vastuta isame aura parivartana kA avasara bhI nahI hai ata yathAvat cala rahI hai| isI pravRtti ne prAtipadika aura pada kA bheda bhI lupta kara diyA hai| prastuta nibaMdha me rAjasthAnI pariniSThita rAjasthAnI kI viziSTa kRtiyo ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| eka taraha se yaha vivecana prayogAzrita hai, yaha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki prAmANika bana sake / aura ina pramANo se yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAkRta-apabhra za se hI rAjasthAnI bhASA ke mUla tatva vikasita hue hai| ataeva rAjasthAnI ke sahI svarUpa ko samajhane meM prAkRta-apabhra za kI paraMparA kA adhyayana bahuta Avazyaka hai| rAjasthAnI ke lokapracalita vividha rUpo ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI bhI nitAnta apekSA hai| sadarbha-gratha 1 DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI, rAjasthAnI bhASA / 2 pa0 candradhara zarmA gulerI, purAnI hindI 3 DA0 TesITorI (hindI, anuvAda DA0 nAmavara siMha), purAnI rAjasthAnI / 4 zrI bhUpatirAma sAkariyA, Adhunika rAjasthAnI sAhitya / 5 tA0 zivasvarUpa zarmA, rAjasthAnI gadya sAhitya / 6 DA0 manohara zarmA (sapAdaka) 'jAgatI jota' kA samIkSA a ka / 7 zrI sItArAma lAlasa rAjasthAnI sabada kosa 8 goDa, AziyA eva sahala, vIrasatasaI (dvitIya AvRtti) ha" " vali krisana kamiNI rii| 10 DA. vIrendra zrIvAstava, apabhraza bhASA kA adhyayana 11 A0 hemacadra, siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana 12 " apabhraza vyAkaraNa (zAligrAma upAdhyAya) 13 DA0 pizela prAkRta bhASAo kA vyAkaraNa / 14 DA. premasumana jana, AcAryapravara Anada Rpi abhinadana graya me prakAzita 'rAjasthAnI bhASA meM prAkRta apabhra za ke prayoga' lekh| 15 " " kuvalayamAlA kahA kA sAskRtika adhyayana, vaizAlI, 1975 16 DA0 prema sumana jaina aura DA0 kRSNa kumAra zarmA-apabhraza kAvya-dhArA / 17 zrI padrasiMha 'bAdalI' 18. DA0 nArAyaNasiMha bhATI, 'sA~jha'

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342 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 1 Gleason, Descriptive Linguistics 20 33 Linguistics and English grammar 21 Hockett, Modern Linguistics RR Robert A Hall, Introductory Linguistics 3 kRSNakumAra zarmA zodha patrikA me prakAzita 'apabhraMza kA varNanAtmaka vyAkaraNa' lekha | 4 DA0 tagAre 'hisTArikala grAmara Ava apabhraza'

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saMspati, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI AnupUrvI meM porA sAhitya DaoN0 devendrakumAra zAstrI bhAratIya vADmaya me zabdakozo kI eka sudIrtha paramparA upalabdha hotI hai / lagabhaga eka sahasra se bhI adhika zabdakozo kI racanA ho cukI hai| ye zabdakoza bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAo me likhe hue milate haiM / pratyeka bhASA kI apanI bhinna zabda-sampadA tathA prakRti hai, jinake AdhAra para anya bhASAo se usakA lakSaNya sUcita hotA hai| pratyeka koza eka sandarbha grantha ke samAna hotA hai, jisame zabdarUpo kI pariciti, u.pAraNa, kArya, vyutpatti, artha, vAkyAtmaka vinyAsa tathA muhAvare ke prayoga ke mAya zabdo kA varNAdi krama se sayojana kiyA jAtA hai| yathArtha me zabdakoza kI apanI viziSTa paddhati hai / siDanI ema0 lamba ne zabdakoza ke antargata upalabdha sabhI prakAra ke zabdo aura arthoM ke chaha prakAra ke sambandho kA vivecana kiyA hai| (1) anekArya zabda, (2) vibhinna ekAryaka zabda, (3) sahayogI vinizcayArthaka za06, (4) sayogI zabdo kA artha-nirNaya , jase ki amA-tApa, vidhvasa-visphoTa, lUTa-khasUTa ityAdi, (5) viparyaya zabda, (6) sAmAnya gabhita artha kA ghotana karane vAle zabda, jaise paMDa zabda me paudhe kA bhAva bhI nihita hai| koza ke mukhya aga mAne gaye haiM zabda-rUpa, u.pAraNa, vyAkaraNa-nirdeza, vyutpatti, vyAkhyA, paryAya, liMga Adi / yadi koI bhASA apane pIche itihAsa kI dIrgha paramparA rakhatI hai, to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki vaha sAhitya se sAmagrI kA cayana kara pracalita sAhityika stara kA bhI sandhAna kre| zabdakozakAra aitihAsika paddhati ke AdhAra para koza kA sakalana karatA hai, kintu yaha sabhava nahI hotA ki boliyo ke prakAroM ko bhI vaha citrita kara ske| yadyapi zabdakoza yA koza kA nirmANa zabdo se hotA hai, kintu kozagata zabdo me tathA sAmAnya zabdo me antara kiyA jAtA hai / sAmAnya zabda pUrNata eka

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344 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA vyAkaraNika 55 hai, kintU koNagata zabda eka nizcita artha kA vAcaka hai / udAharaNa ke lie, "mujhe phala khAne kI cAha hai" isa vAkya me 'cAha' eka kozIya zabda hai, kintu "vaha phala khAnA cAhatA hai" me 'cAhatA' kozIya zabda nahIM hai / yadyapi vAkyaracanA me dono samAna sthiti me haiM, parantu prayama 'cAha' zabda mukta padima hai aura dUsare vAkya me "cAhatA" zabda Avaddha rUpa hai, isaliye dono me "cAha" samAna hone para bhI antara hai| bhASAzAstrI yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki pratyeka sakriya arthavAna ikoI pada ke artha kI dRSTi se sthira tathA nizcita hai| vaha apane arya se bhinna kisI anya artha se anvita ho sakatA hai, kintu anya artha ke samAna nahI hotA / padima kA artha hI sakriya artha ikAI hai| bhASA kA pratyeka mizra rUpa padimo se nirmita hotA hai| padimI kI racanA dhvanyAtmaka rUpo se hotI hai| bhApA kA sampUrNa padima-bhaNDAra koza kahalAtA hai|' koza aura vyAkaraNa zabda-racanA kI dRSTi se koza eva vyAkaraNika zabda-rUpo me samAnatA lakSita hotI hai, kintu zabda-vyavasthA me dono bhinna haiM / spaSTata bhASika saketo ke arthavAna lakSaNa do prakAra ke haiM kozIya rUpa, jiname dhvani-grAma aura vyAkaraNika rUpa eva vyAkaraNika lakSaNa bhI vyApta haiN| kozIya rUpa vyAkaraNika rUpo se dono ora se sambaddha hote hai / eka ora se, sArAza rUpa me vaha arthavAna vyAkaraNika saracanA hai aura dUsarI ora se bhApika rUpa me vaha vAstavika uccAra hai jo madA vyAkaraNika rUpa se samanvita rahatA hai|' bhASA ke sambandha me prAcIna vaiyAkaraNo kI dRSTi sAdhu tayA asAdhutA kA nirNaya karane meM vyApta rahI hai| vyAkaraNa me zabdo ke zuddhAzuddha rUpa sambandhI siddhAnto kA nirUpaNa milatA hai| pramukha rUpa se usame satya-asatya tathA sAdhu-asAdhu kA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| vyAkaraNa sAvu zabda kA vivecana isalie karatA hai ki hama asAdhu zabda ke prayogo se bceN| koza kI AvazyakatA isaliye mAnI gaI hai ki usame arya kA anuzAsana kiyA jAtA hai, isaliye nizcita artha ke vodha ke lie koza kA 50na-pAThana Avazyaka hotA hai| kucha TIkAkAra vyAkaraNa ko prAmANika mAnate hue bhI koza ko vizeSa balavAna mAnate hai / unake anusAra jisa zabda kI siddhi kisI bhI zabdazAstra ke vacana me na hotI ho, usake sAvutva kA vodha kevala koza se kiyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke liye, akArAnta "marata" zabda kI siddhi vyAkaraNa ke uNAdi mUvI se nahIM hone para bhI ise sAdhu mAnA jAtA rahA hai, kyoki "vikramAditya koza" me isa4] uddharaNa isa prakAra hai "maruta sparzana prANa mamI mAtI marut / " jaba taka yaha jAnakArI nahI thI, taba taka "maruta" zabda ko amAdha mAnA jAtA thA jo ki eka bhrAnta dhAraNA thii|" yathArtha me zabda ke

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI AnupUrvI me koNa sAhitya 345 sambandha meM pratyeka prakAra kI jAnakArI dene vAlA koza hI prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| koza kevala zabdo kI sakalanA mAtra nahIM hai / umame zabda ke prakRta rUpa se lekara uccAraNa, vyutpatti, liMga, dhAtugata artha, paryAyavAdI zabda tathA vyAkaraNika nirdeza yathAsthAna kiyA jAtA hai| zabdakoza kI utpatti ___ koza ko saskRta-sAhitya me vyAvahArika sAhitya kA eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa aga mAnA gayA hai| isa deza me kozo kA astitva chabbIsa sau varSa se bhI adhika kAla kA milatA hai| bhAratIya paramparA atyanta prAcIna kAla me maukhika thii| isaliye yaha kahanA bahuta hI kaThina hai ki yaha kaba se prArambha huii| kintu ise vaidika tathA zAstrIya saMskRta sAhitya kA samakAlIna rUpa kahA jAtA hai jo ki sAmAnyata nighaNTuo ke rUpa meM pracalita thaa| paravartI kAla me isame parivartana hote rahe / vastuta koza bhASika zabdo kA avichinna aga hai / isaliye yaha utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanI ki bhaassaa|| prAya yaha samajhA jAtA rahA hai ki prAkRta jano kI, pAli bauddho kI aura saskRta brAhmaNo kI bhApA rahI hai / isa kathana me sacAI bhI hai| kintu jana granthakAro ne bhArata kI lagabhaga sabhI pramukha bhASAo me sAhitya-sarjanA kI aura vibhinna bhApAo me unake likhe hue zabdakoza bhI samprati upalabdha hai / ata yuga vizeSa kI Ama pracalita bhASA se varga vizeSa kA sambandha joDanA ucita nahIM hai| yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaino me yuga vizeSa ke anurUpa sAhitya-racanA kI pravRtti viziSTa rUpa se lakSita hotI hai| jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrva koI bhI jaina racanA saskRta me likhI huI nahI miltii| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sampUrNa jaina vADmaya dvAdazAgavANI ke antargata nivaddha hai / mata koza-sAhitya kI racanAe bhI satyapravAdapUrva aura vidyAnuvAda kI pAMca sau mahAvidyAo me se akSara vidyA me sanniviSTa haiM / prArambha me ekAdaza ago, caturdaza pUrvo ke bhASya, cUrNiyA, vRttiyA~ tathA vibhinna prakAra kI TIkAe~ koza-sAhitya kA kAma karatI rahI, kintu jaba kAlAntara me unakA parijJAna na rahA, taba zabdakozo kI AvazyakatA anivArya ho utthii|" yaha kathana satya hI hai ki nighaNTu tathA zabdakozo kI prArambhika paramparA maukhika rahI hai / jano meM yaha paramparA paravartI kAla me "nAma mAlA" ke rUpa meM pracalita rahI hai| vAstava me yaha para-55) vyAvahArika AvazyakatA ke anurUpa svatantra rUpa se vikasita huii| Adi tIrthakara vRSabha ke kayAnaka se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sRSTi ke Adi kalpa me unhone jaga ke prANiyo ke hita ke lie asi, masi, kRpi, vANijya tathA

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346 saskRta-pAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vividha prakAra kI vidyAo kI zikSA dI thii| sabhI kalAo ko unhone sikhAyA thA / ___ saskRta me zabdakoza kI prAcInatama paramparA vaidika yuga se hI prArambha ho jAtI hai / nirukto kI gaNanA vaidika grantha-samudAya me kI jAtI hai / yadyapi maharSi yAska kRta "nita" atyanta prasiddha hai, kintu unake pUrva bhI kaI niethkA ho cuke the / zrI durgAcArya ne caturdaza nirukto kA ullekha kiyA hai / 12 unake racayitAo ke nAma hai--AgrAyaNa, audumbarAyaNa, aupamanyava, ArNavAma, kAtthakya, koSTu ki, gArya, gAlava, taTIki, yAska, vAAyaNi, zatavalAkSamaudgalya, zAkapUNi, sthaulASThIvi, kautsa, carmazirA, parucchepa, pAraskara, bhAradvAja, bhUtAza kAzyapa, mudgala bhAgyazva, zAkaTAyana, zAkapUNiputra, zAkalya / ina cauvIsa niruktArI kA ullekha yAska ne apane nirukta me kiyA hai| parantu iname prArambha ke caturdaza niruktakAra the, yaha nizcita hai, kintu samprati unakI koI kRti upalabdha nahIM hai| nirukta tathA nighaNTu vaidika koza rahe hai / inase spapTa ho jAtA hai ki vedo kI bhApA ziSTo kI sAhityika bhApA hai / use mAnakarUpa avazya prApta nahI huA thA, kintu prakriyA satata cAlU thI / ataeva unakI bhASA me parivartana lakSita hote hai / yahA~ taka ki Rgveda ke prathama maNDala tathA dazama maNDala kI bhASA me atyanta bheda parilakSita hotA hai / parantu prAkRta me nivaddha Agama sAhitya ke sambandha me yaha vAta lAgU nahIM hotii| isakA mukhya kAraNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sIdhe jana-bhApA ke pravAha rUpa me nivaddha hue hai, kintu ve vaidika saMskRta se sarvathA achUte nahI hai / pAli para prAkRta kI apekSA saskRta kA adhika prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / aitihAsika tathA bhASAvaijJAnika pramANo se yaha nizcita hai ki vaidika yuga me prAkRta bola-vAla kI bhASA thI / java saskRta eka pUrNa tathA sAhitya kI bhASA thI, taba bhI prAkRta boliyAM thii| kAlAntara me jaba prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA banI, taba saskRta vaiyAkaraNo ke Adarza (maoNDala) para bhASA kA nirvacana karane ke lie vizeSa niyama banAne paDe / vaiyAkaraNo ne hI saskRta ko prAkRta bhASA me DhAlane ke lie vacana-vyavasthA kA Adeza kiyA aura unhoMne hI prAkRta boliyo ko prAkRta-apabhraza nAma die / yahI kAraNa hai ki prathama, dvitIya zatAbdI taka prAkRta boliyo ke pracalita rahate za0koza kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahI huii| janatA kI bhASA janatA samajhatI thii| janatA ke loka jIvana me prAkRta pratiSThita thii| kintu sAhitya me ArUDha hone ke anantara dhIre-dhIre unako samajhane me bhI kahI-kahI kaThinAI hone lgii| saskRta-sAhitya kI spardhA me prAkRta zabdo me bahuta toDa-maroDa hone lgii| isalie TIkAo kA yuga Arambha huaa| kintu prAkRta Agama-grantho kI TIkAeM vikrama kI chaThI zatI se pUrva kI likhI huI nahI miltii| ata anumAna yahI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki pAMcavI-chaThI zadAdI se pUrva

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me ko sAhitya 347 prAkRta me vyAkaraNa tathA zabdakoza kI racanA nahI huI hogii| yahI samaya niyuktiyo tathA cUNiyo kA bhI rahA hai / lagabhaga pAMcavI zatAbdI se dasavI zatAbdI ke madhya adhikatara Agama-sAhitya ke anya sUtra grantho, niyuktiyo evaM cUNiyo kI racanA huI / prAkRto ke rUDha hote hI lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI se apabhraza astitva me A jAtI hai / adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki Agama grantho ke lipivaddha hone taka kisI prakAra kI racanA kI AvazyakatA nahI thii| jana paramparA ke anusAra jaina Agama grantha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 663ve varSa me sarvaprathama vallabhI me devadhigaNikSamAzramaNa ne lipivaddha kie / itane lambe samaya taka unheM kaNThastha hI rakhA jAtA rahA aura usakA pariNAma bhI jo batalAyA gayA hai, vaha vartamAna me prApta grantho kI apekSA bahuta hI adhika thaa| isakA artha yaha hai ki lagabhaga IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI me jainAgama lipibaddha hue aura taba taka nizcita rUpa se koI zabdakoza nahI racA gayA thaa| kintu saMskRta me nirukta likhe jA rahe the| nighaNTu grantho kI paramparA pracalita thii| ataeva sAhitya-racanA kI dRSTi se saskRta-paramparA prAcIna hai| saskRta-zavdakoza kI paramparA yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki yAska ke niruta me jina cauvIsa nAmo kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, uname se eka nAma zAkaTAyana kA bhI hai / saskRta vaiyAkaraNo me ATha kI prasiddhi hai5 indra, candra, kAzakRtsna, Apizala' zAkaTAyana, pANini, amara, jainendra / bhaTTojI dIkSita ne amarakoza kI TIkA me AcArya Apizala kA eka vacana uddhRta kiyA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki unakA likhA huA koI kozagrantha bhI thA jo upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra kezava svAmI ne "nAnANiva sakSepa" me zAkaTAyana ke koza se vacana uddhRta kie hai| kintu Aja unakA likhA huA koza upalabdha nahI hai| bhale hI niruta me aneka niruktakAro kA ullekha huA ho aura unake uddharaNa bhI milate ho, kintu yAska ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM me zAkaTAyana, gArya aura audumbarAyaNa aise AcArya hue haiM jinhone bhASAzAstra kI dizA me maulika prayoga kie| inhI zAkaTAyana kA vyAkaraNa bhAratIya jJAnapI0 prakAzana se prakAzita ho cukA hai / sambhavata koza bhI kisI bhANDAgAra me davA 5DA hogaa| prAcyavidyA-vizArada vUlara ne sarvaprathama saskRta-zabdakozo kI vivaraNikA prastuta kI thii| saskRta me aneka aise zabdakozo kA ullekha kozo me tathA TIkA granyo me milatA hai, jo luptaprAya haiM / ina kozo me bhAguri, vyADi, kAtyAyana aura vikramAditya ke zabdakoza prAcIna mAne jAte hai / bhAguri kRta zabdakoza, utpalinI (vyADi), nAmamAlA (kAtyAyana), zabdArNava (vAcaspati), sasArAvarta

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348 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA (vikramAditya) Adi koza lupta ho cuke hai| zrI zivadatta miya ke zivakoNa kI vyAkhyA me 51 kozo kA ullekha hai / unake nAma isa prakAra hai zabdArNava, medinI vizva, dhanvantari, bhAvamitha kRta, siMha viracita, rAjanighaNTu, amaramAlA, keyadeva racita, abhidhAnacUDAmaNi, amara, ajeya ullaNa, hRdayadIpaka, vAcaspati, vApyacandra, azokamalla, vAbhiTa, madana vinoda, trikANDapa, haima, bopadeva, rabhasa, locana, miSTha, devala, halAyudha, svAmI, dvirUpakoza, nAmamAlA, hArAvalI, madana vinoda, anekArthadhvanimajarI, kezava, kesaramAlA, gAlava, guNaratnamAlA, dharaNi, nAmaguNamAlA, puruSottama, madanapAla, nidhaNTa, ratnakoza, rantideva, vidvadvadyavallabha, jayantI, vyADi, zAzvatakoza, zivaprakAza, zivadatta, haTTacandra, hemAdri / prakAzita kotho me "amarakoza" prAcIna hai| isakA racanA-kAla lagabhaga 500 I0 kahA jAtA hai|" zAzvata kRta "anekAryasamu-ya" isase bhI prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai, kintu samaya ajJAta hai| halAyudha kRta * abhidhAnaratnamAlA" kA samaya lagabhaga 650 I0 hai / isake lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAt yAdava kRta "vaijayantI koza" likhA gyaa| isakA sampAdana jI0 AparTa ne kiyA thA jo madrAsa se san 1863 I0 me prakAzita huA thaa| mahezvara kavi kRta "vizva prakAza" 1111 I0 kI racanA hai| inakI eka anya racanA zabdamedaprakAza hai / inake hI anukaraNa para "medinI", "anekAryasagraha" Adi kozo kA nirmANa huaa| makha kavi kRta "anekAryakoza" lagabhaga 1150 I0 me kazmIra meM nirmita huA thaa| yaha ko sampAdita hokara san 1897 I0 me prakAzita ho cukA hai| "amarakoza" kApUraka puruSottamadeva kRta "nikANDazepa koza" hai jo terahavI zatAbdI kA racA huA kahA jAtA hai / unake rape hue do anya grantha hai hArAvalI aura ekAkSara koza / mahAmahopAdhyAya pANDeya zrI rAmAvatAra zarmA ne pAra anyakArI kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai22 ratnAkara, malla, somadeva aura bhaavi| zrI kezava kRta "kalpadrumakoza" tathA rAghava viracita "nAnArthamajarA" prakAzita ho cuke haiM / isI prakAra se mahIpa racita "anekArthatilaka" bhI prakAzita ho cukA hai| yaha koza caudahavI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga racA gayA mAnA jAtA hai / kozakAra ne jina pUrva racanAo ke AdhAra para koza kI racanA kI hai unake nAma haiN| pANini, ahIndra, bhAguri, bhoja, bheDa, hemacandra, aura amara ityAdi / vAstava me saskRta me itane adhika kozo kI racanA huI, itane adhika unake ullekha milate hai aura abhI isa dizA me itanA adhika kArya aspRSTa paDA hai ki zodha-anusandhAna me sakaDo varSa laga sakate hai| vaNava, jaina aura bauddha Adi koI bhI aisA zAbdika sambhavata na hogA, jisane zabdakoza kI racanA na kI ho / dakSiNa bhArata ke bhANDAgAro me bhI aneka anAta eva aprApta durlabha koza-grantho kI sUcanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM / anekAryakoza ke nAma se hI saskRta me lagabhaga eka dazaka racanAe~

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 346 milatI hai| isI prakAra se "zabdabhedaprakAza" ke nAma se cAra-pAMca ko upalabdha hote haiN| uname se kucha prakAzita bhI ho cuke hai| una saba kA yahA~ ullekha karanA isa choTe-se lekha me sambhava nahIM hai| saMskRta ke jaina kozakAra saskRta me jina jana AcAryoM ne zabdakoza-nirmANa kA mahAn kArya kiyA, uname zAkaTAyana kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| zAkaTAyana kA kAla pANini se bhI pUrva kA hai| pANini kA samaya vikrama ke pAMca sau varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai| unhone aSTAdhyAyI me zAkaTAyana kA uddharaNa dete hue unake nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| yadyapi koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai, tathApi anumAna yaha hai ki AcArya pUjyapAda ne koI koza granya avazya likhA hogaa| upalabdha jaina kozo me AcArya dhanajaya kRta nAmamAlA' sarvaprathama hai| mahAkavi dhanajaya kA samaya AThavI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa zabdakoza kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki mahAkavi ne 200 zloko me saMskRta bhASA ke pramukha zabdo kA sakalana kara gAgara me sAgara bharane kI ukti caritArtha kI hai / zabda se anya zabdAntara racane kI inakI apanI vilakSaNa paddhati hai| isa paddhati se saskRta kA sAmAnya jAnakAra bhI zabdAnta ra racanA kara saskRta zabda-koza kA bhaNDAra baDhA sakatA hai / jaise ki yaha eka sAmAnya niyama hai pRthivI vAcaka zabdo ke Age 'dhara' zabda joDa dene se ve parvatavAcI ho jAte hai bhUdhara, mahIvara Adi / isI prakAra dUsarA niyama hai manuSya vAcaka zabdo ke sAtha 'pati' zabda joDa dene se ve rAjA aba ke vAcaka ho jAte hai narapati, mAnavapati, janapati Adi / isI prakAra vRkSa vAcaka zabdo ke Age para' zabda joDa dene se ve banda ra artha ke vAcaka ho jAte hai tarucara, pAdapacara Adi / isa taraha ke aneka niyama isa koza me die gae hai, jiname se kucha isa prakAra haiM 1 AkAza zabda ke sAtha 'cara' zabda joDa dene se vaha vidyAdhara kA vAcaka ho jAtA hai nabhazcara, naganacara, medhapayacara, abhramArgacara, antarikSacara aadi| 2 hala vAcaka zabda ke sAtha 'kara' zabda joDa dene se balabhadra ke vAcaka ho jAte hai jityAkara, halikara, halakara, sIrakara, lAgalakara ityAdi / 3.. jala vAcaka zabda ke sAtha 'cara' zabda ke joDa dene se matsya vAcI nAma vana jAte hai, jaise ki jalacara, nIracara, payazcara, ambhazcara, vi5cara, jIvanacara, tIyacara, kuzacara ityaadi| 4 jala pAcaka zabda ke sAtha 'prada' zabda joDa dene se meghavAcI nAma bana

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350 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA jAte haiM, jaise ki- toyaprada, jIvanaprana, kaprada, vAriprada, apprada, zaraprada, salilaprada, kuzaprada ityaadi| 5 jala vAcaka zabda ke sAtha 'udbhava' zabda joDa dene se kamalavAcaka vana jAte haiM aura 'dhi' zabda jalavAcaka zabdo ke sAtha joDa dene se vahI samudra kA vAcaka bana jAtA hai / 5 isa prakAra isa koza ke adhyayana se atyanta saralatA ke sAtha saskRta kA zabdabhANDAra vRddhigata ho jAtA hai| isa koza kA maulikatA yaha hai ki usa yuga meM zabdanirmANa kI pracalita prakriyA ko jo rUDha ho cukI thI, yaha prastuta karatA hai| vAstava meM zikSArthiyo ke lie yaha koza atyanta upayogI hai / isa koza me kula 203 zloka hai / isa laghukAya grantha me 1700 zabdo kA sakalana kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se vidyArthiyo ke lie itanA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| mahAkavi dhanajaya kI 'nAmamAlA' ke atirikta 'anekArya nAmamAlA' 44 5loko kI laghutama racanA tathA 'anekArtha-nighaNTu' racanAeM bhI milatI hai jo 'nAmamAlA sabhASya' ke antargata bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita ho cukI hai| 'anekArtha-nighaNTu' me 153 zloka haiM aura 16 zloka 'ekAkSarI nAmamAlA' ke hai / vAstava me ye saba nAmamAlA ke hI upavibhAga hai| vastu-koza kevala uttara bhArata meM hI nahI, dakSiNa bhArata me bhI jainAcAryoM ne saskRta aura prAkRta me vizAla sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| kaviziromaNi nAgavarma dvitIya ne jahA~ saskRta me 'bhASA-bhUSaNa' nAmaka utkRSTa vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI, vahI 'vastu-ko' kI racanA kara kannar3a bhASA me prayukta hone vAle saMskRta zabdo kA arya paricAyaka padyamaya nighaNTu yA koza kI prasiddhi kI / yaha ko5 vararuci, halAyudha, zAzvata, amarasiMha Adi ke kozamantho ko dekhakara nirmita hum|| isakA racanAkAla 1136-1146 I0 hai / yaha saskRta-kannaDa kA sabase bar3A koza mAnA jAtA hai / isI prakAra devottama kA nAnAratnAkara' bhI ullekhanIya hai|" kintu samprati isa koza ke sambandha me vizeSa vivaraNa upalabdha nahI hai| isa prakAra ke anya koza bhI ho sakate haiM jo hamArI jAnakArI me nahI haiN| abhidhAnacintAmaNi jana kozo me 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' kA eka viziSTa sthAna hai| isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki AcArya hemacandra sUri ne isame jana pAribhASika zabdo kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai| unake aneka paryAyavAcI zabda bhI die hai| yaha koza

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 351 chaha kANDo me nibaddha hai| prathama devAdhidevakANDa hai, jisame nikAla caubIsa tIrthaMkaro kI nAmAvalI, unake anya upanAma, mAtAo ke nAma, zAsanadevatA, dhvajAo Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sampUrNa koza me jana sAhitya me Agata pramukha pAribhASika zabdo kA arthollekha kiyA gayA hai| koza me kula 1886 zloka hai| kevala 'abhivAnacintAmaNi' me 1542 zloka hai, zeSa zloka 'zepanAmamAlA' ke haiN| prastuta koza me kaI maulika vizeSatAe~ lakSita hotI hai| prathama koza kA vibhAjana hI apanI maulika sUjha-bUjha ko pradarzita karatA hai| vAstava me pAra gatiyo ke AdhAra para kavi ne cAra kANDo kA nAmakaraNa kiyA hai| prathama kANDa magalAcaraNa rUpa me hai aura aviziSTa zabdo kA sakalana sAmAnyakANDa me kiyA gayA hai| vAstava me pAra gatiyo me sabhI vastue~ aura unake nAma sagRhIta ho jAte hai / apanI isa paddhati kA ullekha svaya kozakAra ne kiyA hai / 28 ___ kozakAra kI mukhya pratijJA hai "rUDhayaugika mizrANA, nAmnA mAlA tanomyaham" arthAt rUDha, yaugika aura mizra tIno prakAra ke zabdoM kA sakalana kara unakA vistAra kruuNgaa| saikaDo varSoM se jina zabdo kA prayoga rUDha ho cukA thA, unakA yathAsthAna usI artha me sakalana karanA svAbhAvika bhI thaa| kozakAra ne isa bAta kA barAbara dhyAna rakhA hai ki rUDha zabdo me se koI chUTane na paave| udAharaNa ke lie, amarakoza, vizvaprakAza tathA madinI anekArthaka kozo me "kSullaka" zabda ke do arthoM kA ullekha hai "kSullaka svalpanIyo" thoDA, choTA yA nIca / 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' me yaha ullekha isa prakAra hai "kSudrakavava zakhanakA kSullakAzca / " zloka 1205 yadyapi saskRta ke sabhI kozo me thoDe-bahuta dezI tayA lokabhASA ke zabdo kA saMgraha bhI milatA hai, jaisAki horA, holaka, khaTakkikA, kaTTAra, khuDa, khuDa, chAga, ullaka aura ghuTaka Adi / sAmAnyata saskRta me 'ka' svArthika pratyaya joDa kara anya bhASAo se zabdo ke grahaNa karane kI pravRtti pracalita rahI hai / ata TiTaharI ke lie 'TiTTibhaka', mUlI ke lie 'mUlaka', kaTorA ke lie 'kaToraka', jhAza ke lie 'allaka', DaliyA ke lie 'Dallaka' aura karelA ke lie 'karillaka' nAdi dezI zabda kahe jAte haiM / saskRta me anekArthaka zabdo ke vikAsa kA bhI rahasya yahI pratIta hotA hai / kyoki java cUlhe ke lie 'mUSaka' yA 'mUSika' zabda pracalita thA, taba unduru yA undUra' kahane kA kyA kAraNa thA ? kevala itanA hI ki jisa samaya jo saMskRtakoza nirmita ho rahA thA, taba ye zabda vizeSa calana me the| ata aise zabdo ko sAdhAraNa rUpa se koI bhI kozakAra nahI choDa sakatA thaa| phira bhI, isa dRSTi se nikANDazepa' koza vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| isameM mUSaka ke paryAyavAcI zabda tIna (unduru, tuTuma aura randhravabhra) aura chuchundarI ke pAra paryAyavAcI zabda die gae hai29 cika, vezmanakula puvRpa aura gandhamUSika / kintu

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___352 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' me 'chundarI' zabda kA spaSTa abhidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jo nizcita hI dezya bhApAo se Agata hai| 'abhivAnacintAmaNi' koza me aneka navIna zabdo kA samAveza lakSita hotA hai jo usake pUrva ke saskRta kozo me upalabdha nahI hote / udAharaNArtha caula, coTI, goNI, herika, kRmilA, samitA, piNDoli, phelI, projjAsana, pharaka, churI, Ipiya, savara, itmI, tarapAlikA, pATI, jhamphAna, khola, pRpAtaka, 581kA, Takapati, hairika, ganduka, makuTa, siMghANa, siMghANaka, gonAma, gorATI, goruta, gohira, ghuTaka, ghuTika, dhUkAri, ghRtelI, ghoNama, dhola, caDila, calaca cu, cikila, cihura, cInaka, cInapiSTa, pIrilli, chagaNa, jaDala, jalAlIkA, jalasapiNI, jAguDa, jonAlA, DiMgara, Dhokana, tantula, tIrthakara, tIrthavAk, dana, bharUTaka bholi, manastAla, mithyAtva, musaTI, mUnapuTa, meraka, rATi, pA, vaD, khaNa, vaNDa, varcaska, vAhika, vollAha, vohitya, zUkala, zvetakolaka, sarvabhUpaka, sApI, sArva, mRpATikA, sthalazRgAra, hArahUrA ityaadi| sambhava hai ki inameM se koI eka-do zabda kisI prAcIna zabdAkoza me ho, jo hamAre dekhane me na Ae ho| kintu jAnakArI ke anusAra ye adhikatara navIna zabda haiM / ina do ke adhyayana se yaha bhI nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki AcArya hemacandra ne amarakoza aura usakI paramparA kA anugamana kiyA hai| anekAryaka kozo me prAcInatama upalabdha vizvaprakAza' ko AdhAra mAnakara 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' kI racanA nahIM huI / 'amarakoza' ke avazya adhikatara zabdo kA sakalana isa koza me kiyA gayA hai, kintu ve mamkRta sAhitya me yA loka-jIvana me bhI pracalita pratIta hote hai / jainAgama-paramparA ke kaI da amarakoza me milate haiM,yathA mithyAdRSTi, mithyAmati, muni, munIndra, jina, arhat, Azrava aadi| vizvaprakAza' koza me kaI aise zabda hai jo aneka saskRta kozo me lakSita nahIM hote| uname se kucha zabda isa prakAra hai jaimuri, markarA, elAvalI, dumbarikA, cauDga, lampA, cAvaTIra, kambikA, zirAlA, kadaivata, varadhU, jarATaka, vazakambikA Adi / isa koza me kucha kozakAra ke gaDhe hue zabda bhI milate haiM, jaise ki -dadhyA (dahI ke Upara kI malAI), dugdhAna (dUdha ke Upara kI malAI), veNumAra (vazalocana), nIravikAra (samudraphena) Adi / ye sava zabda 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' me bhI sakalita nahI hue hai| parantu kavi mahezvara kI bhAMti AcArya hemacandra ne bhI kucha za06 gate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie kucha zabda ye hai---jalamAri (jalavilAva), jalavAlikA (vidyut), jhalakkA (cinagArI), vAyuvAha (dhUma, dhuA~), agnivAha (dhUma), talATI (vara), varpakarI (jhIgura) gRhamRga (kuttA), rAnijAgara (kuttA), cAmaNDali (ajagara), bhevasuhRt / mayUra), ambupa (cAtaka) ityAdi / kahI-kahI madinI koNa' kA bhI prabhAva lakSita hotA hai|" kintu kahI-kahI dono ke artha me bhinnatA bhI lakSita hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' me 'jagala'

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 353 kA artha nirjala hai, kintu 'medinI' meM nirjana sthAna hai / 32 isake atirikta 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' me sakalita aneka zabda medinI' me parilakSita nahI hote, jaise ki--caSAla, telapAyikA, nizATanI, pika, vikka, pArindra, pArIndra, cikkasa, gRholikA, zUliko, zalala, zayu, visAra, zalkI, vAdAla, zakhamukha ityAdi / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki 'medinI' anekAryaka koza hai| 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki isame paryAyavAcI zabdo kI sakhyA bahuta hai| eka 'mIna' zabda ke solaha paryAyavAcI zabda die hue hai|3 matsya, pRthuromA, jhaSa, vaisAriNa, aNDaja, saghAcArI, sthirajita, AtmAzI, svakulakSaya, visAra, zakalI, zakI, zambara, animipa aura timi / isI prakAra 17 prakAra ke dhAnyo kA varNana 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' me kiyA gayA hai / phira, unakI pahacAna bhI batAI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, pIlA choTe dAne kA cAvala 'ka' kahA gayA hai "ka gustu phagunI kaigu priyaDgu pItataNDulA / ' (1176) uDada ke sambandha me kahA gayA hai __"mApastu madano nandI vRSyo bIjavarI va" (1171) isa koza me sabase adhika nAma 118 pArvatI ke sakalita haiN| isI prakAra sundaratA ke paryAyavAcI 27 zabda hai / 5 nikaTa ke vAcaka 20 paryAyavAcI zabda haiN|66 anya zabdo ke bhI isI prakAra adhika-se-adhika paryAyavAcI zabdo kA sakalana lakSita hotA hai| kaI mahattvapUrNa zabdo ke bhI paryAyavAcI zabda die gae hai| jaina kA paryAyavAcI zabda anekAntavAdI diyA gayA hai| cAvaki ko lokAyatika aura vaizeSika ko 'kaNAda' kahA gayA hai| agni ke 24 paryAyavAcI nAmo kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| murge ke 18 paryAyavAcI nAma aura koyala ke 11 nAmo kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| nArakANDa' me isa dharatI ke nIce sAta bhUmiyo kA naraka ke paryAyavAcI zabda kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| naraka sAta haiM aura paryAyavAcI nAma bhI sAta hai| anya saskRta ke zabdakozo me ina sAta narako kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| ____ AcArya hemacandra ke isa koza me saskRta ke atirikta prAkRta bhASA ke zabdo kA bhI samAveza parilakSita hotA hai / jaise ki paTTana, bohitya,vappIha, khaDakkikA, kaNDolaka, poTI, siD ghANa, siDyANaka, jhampA aura govinda Adi / kucha dezI zabda bhI isa koza me lakSita hote haiM / ve isa prakAra hai 1 laha ramaNIya / hindI me 'lADa' (laadd-pyaar)| 2 cilla---eka pakSI / hindI me 'ciil'| 3 laDuka --- modaka (abhi0 1640) / hindI me laDDU, budelI me laDuA, rAjasthAnI me lADU gujarAtI me lADu /

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354 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 4 khalla parmamayI (abhi0 1025) / hindI meM khaal'| khallA (dezI0 2,66) / 5 geduka geda (abhi0 686) / hindI me geda', baja-bundelI me gd| 6 tAri talavAra (abhi0 782) / braja, bundelI, gujarAtI me 'trvaar'| 7 cAlanI calanI (abhi0 1018) / Adhunika bhAratIya Arya mApAo meM clnii| 8 khaTI khajI miTTI (abhi0 1037) / rAjasthAnI 'khaDI', galA, uDiyA me 'khaDI', marAThI meM 'khaDI' aura gujarAtI 'khaDI' / 6 purula bhramarAlaka (abhi0 566) / prAkRta kurula (laTa), jUnI gujarAtI me 'kurula', marAThI meM 'kurul'|" draviDa bhASAo me 'kurul'| 10 tambA gAya (abhi0 1266) / tavA-go (dezInAmamAlA 5,1) / 11 phulla phUlA huA (abhi0 1127) / pAli-prAkRta "phulla' / Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhApAo me 'phUla' artha hai|" 12 vappIha papIhA (abhi0 1326) / vappIha (dezInAmamAlA, 6,60) / 13 puttikA patagikA (zveta coTI, abhi0 1214) / kAnaDa 'puttu' telugU ____ paTTa', parajI (drAviDI) 'puttkl'| inake atirikta kaI anya aise zabda bhI parilakSita hote hai jinakA nizcita patA nahI hai, 52 ve dezI hI pratIta hote hai| ina zabdo me kucha ye hai (1) poTA, (2) voTA, (3) cundI, (4) paTTI, (5) poTI ityAdi / pATha isa prakAra hai sA vAramukhyAtha cundI kuTTanI zambhalI samA / poTA voTA ca ceTI ca, dAsI ca kuTahArikA / abhi0, 533-34 isI prakAra se saskRta ke anya zabdakozo kI bhA~ti isame bhI anya bhASAo ke paramparAgata zabdo kI bhI ucita rUpa se sanniveza parilakSita hotA hai / ataeva kaI dRSTiyo se isa koza kA adhyayana svatantra rUpa se zodha khoja kA mahAna kArya hai| abhI taka isa dizA me koI kArya nahI kiyA gayA hai| anekArthakasagraha ___AcArya zrI hemacandrasUri kA yaha koza 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' kA pUraka hai| kyoki 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' me paryAyavAcI zabdo kA sakalana hai aura isame eka zabda ke aneka arthoM kA pAlana kiyA gayA hai| yaha koza sAta kANDo me nibaddha hai, jinameM kula 1631 5oka hai| isa koza meM kaI navIna zabda milate hai, jo madinI' meM nahI pAe jAta / uname se kucha ye hai

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' ha saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 355 ghRNi, ghoSA, candrila, camarI, coravAla, cUDAla, caula, chagalI, chata, chattA, cAsa, cina, cityA, cukI, culaka, culuka, culla, chitvara, jalATanI, javanI, jihvA, jhasarI, jhallarI, jhaSA, jhillI, jhUNi, taNDake, taNDulA, tamonu, talpa, tAnita, trapu, nigA, nipuTA, viS, dakSA, dakSiNA, daNDayAma, danti, dasma, dAdA, dAya, dAva, diSTi, drU, dhanya, dhanika, dhavala, dhAtu, dhAta, dhArAdhara, dhruvA, nalina, nalI, navakalikA, navAha, nirnara, pakSI, phali, phalI phalgu, pherava, paddhazikha, mahAdhopA, raktAgA, rallaka, latAmarkaTaka, 128, varanA, parada, zAvara, zilIndhrI, zItaziva ityaadi| yadyapi vizvaprakAza' aura 'medinIkoza' ke AdhAra para isa koza kA nirmANa huA pratIta hotA hai, kintu aneka auSadhiyo ke nAma tathA anya nAma isa koza me nahI milate / medinIkoza ke nimnalikhita zabda isa koza me nahI hai Rddhi, kunaTI, ciraTI, ceSTita, jalatApika jvalita, jahna., jAD gUlI, jAtu, jAnapada, jAlaka, jAlika, jAhaka, jIrNa, gara, TuNTaka, DilArI, DimbikA, tarSa, talunI, tAtagu, tAtala, nAyamANA, tyakSara, svapana, datta, dantadhAvana, dAnu, dAnta, dAra, dAraNa, dInA, dIrNa, dudhI, ducchaka, dUSikA, dvIpavAn, ghaTa, dhUsarI, dhvajI, narmada, narmarA, nigranthaka, pAla, masUrI, mahAkaccha, yakSarAT, yUthikA, rajju, vAraka, vArakI vArakIra ityAdi / saskRta ke ina prakAzita mUla grantho kA sampAdana ThIka se nahI huA hai| prathama bAra yaha sambhava bhI nahI thaa| ata kaI sthAno para aneka azuddha pA0 raha gaye haiN| yaha kArya tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki vizvaprakAza, medinI, anekArthasagraha Adi anekArthaka kozo kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara prAmANika pA0 nirdhArita kie jAe / udAharaNa ke lie ___"pAnapAna daityabhede kArU zattayAyudhe ruji|" anekArtha0 2,561 'anekArthasagraha' kI yaha pakti jyo kI tyo hame vizvaprakAza' aura 'medinIkoza' me milatI hai| kintu uname 'kAra' ke sthAna para kA' pATha hai / ata kyA 'kAsU honA ucita hai ? isI prakAra eka anya pATha hai ___syAd gorilastu siddhArtha lohacUrNe'tha candrila / anekArtha0 3,681 'candrila' ke sthAna para vizvaprakAza' me 'caNDila' pATha hai| anekArthasaMgraha kI mudrita pustaka me TippaNI me 'caNDila' pA0 bhI hai / ata yahI ucita pratIta hotA hai ki 'caNDila' pA0 ThIka hai, candrila nahI / ataeva anekArthasagraha kA 'candrila' zabda caNDila honA cAhie / aise aneka pATha hai jo svatantra adhyayana ke viSaya haiN| 'vizvaprakAza' koza ke kaI zabda 'anekAryamagraha' me lakSita nahIM hote / kucha zabda isa prakAra hai kadalA, khaNDAlI, viDAlI, vizAla, vizAlA, vimalA, zIvala, vikezI, vItasI, bhUyas , 3radaka, ekasahA, kuTAra, nAha, azva ityAdi / saskRta ke anekArthaka kozo ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha nizcita pratIta

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356 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa vI paparA hotA hai ki sabhI kozakAra 'vizvaprakAza' me kisI-na-kigIpa ga prabhAvita avazya rahe hai| medinI aura anekArya para isakA vizeSa prabhAva pani disata hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie kucha uddharaNa lie jA sakate hai annaH zirasije koNe gyAdama goNite aNi / anekArya0 2,405 tarirdazAyA naukAyA vastrAdInA caTake / yahI, 2.438 pUra yAdambhamA vRTo bAzuddhipAyayo / potra vasne mukhAgre, ca bhUpasya halanya ca / vhI, 2,452-53 horA tu lagne sadhyardhe zAstrareNAprabhedayo / vahIM, 2,885 zAlu kapAyadravye tyA porakA yopadhe'pi ca / vahIM, 2,524 ladhvI hasvavivakSAyA prabhede spandanasya ca / vahIM, 2,546 avadhyamavavAha syAdanarthavAva cayapi / vahIM, 3,506 malayo deza ArAma zailAge prvtaantre| vahIM, 3,530 vizalyA lAgalIdantIguDUcInipuTAnu ca / vahI, 3,538 RkSara vAridhArAyAmRkSara puna Rtviji / vahI, 3,560 kapara kutsite taka -~- .... vahI, 6,564 kanAra kumbhinarake gira kapAlasandhiSu / vahI, 3,580 kohAro nAgare kUpe puSkariNyAca pATake / vahI, 3,581 khiDkhirastu zivAbhede khaTvAGge vaarivaalk| vahI, 3,584 jambIra prasthapuppAsyazAke dantazadrume / vahI, 3,562 narendro vAtika rAzi viparvo'ya nAgaram / vahI, 3,601 vallUra tu vanakSetre vAhanoparayorapi / vahIM, 3,633 vazira kiNahI sindhulavaNe kumbhakeSu ca / vahIM, 3,634 vAgaro vArake zANe nirNaya vADave vRke| vahI, 3,635 zaNAra zoNamadhyasyapuline dadarItaTe / vahI, 3,643 zilIndhra kadalIpuSpe kvkniputtaasthyo.| vahI, 3,648 saDgara tu phale zamyA sanmAra mabhRtA gaNe / vahI, 3,652 sarandhrI paravemasyazilpakRtsvazAstriyAm / varNasaGkarasa bhUtastrImahalliyorapi / vahI, 3,656-57 aD guli kArazAkhAyA kaNikAyA gajasya ca / vahI, 3,660 natAzayamuLI tyAjJAzayo nanAve che taNDulIya zAkabhede viDaGgatarutApyayo / vahI, 4,226-30 marakara vaNakare bhallAtakaphale'pi ca / vahI, 4,241 utpalapana mutpaladale strINA nakhakSate / anekArya0 5,44 tamAlapatra tilake tApicche patrake'pi ca / vahI, 5,45

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 357 bhaveduddaNDapAlastu matsyasarpaprabhedayau / vahI, 5,51 bhavetsuratatAlI tu dUtikAyA gira sji| vahI, 5,55 ukta sabhI paktiyA zabdaza vizvaprakAza' koza me upalabdha hotI haiN| ata yahI jAna paDatA hai ki ye vahA se uddhRta kI gaI hai / kevala vizvaprakAza' se hI nahI, 'medinI' se bhI kucha uddhata hai / parantu 'medinI' kI apekSA vizvaprakAza' kI uddhata paktiyA bahuta adhika hai| 'medinIkoza' se uddhRta kucha hI paktiyA haiM jo isa prakAra hai pratyudgamanIyamupasyeye dhautAzukadvaya / anekArya0 6,6 ekakuNDala ityeSa balabhadre dhanAdhipe / vahI, 5,52 rocanA raktakalhAre gopitta parayopiti / vahI, 3,434 isa prakAra yaha 'anekArthasagraha' koza pUrva paramparAgata zabdo kI sakalanA kA eka sundara kopa hai| itanA hI nahI, isame kaI dezI bhASA ke aise pracalita zabdo kA bhI samAveza hai jo anya kozo me nahI milate / jaise ki (1) laca ghUsa (anekArtha0 3,771) / bundelakhaDI 'lAca' (rishvt)| (2) genduka takiyA (anekArya0 4,166) / vizvaprakAza' me 'geNDuka' zabda hai / bundelakhaDa me ise 'geDuA' kahate hai| (5) gAndhika gAdhI (anekArya0 3,36) / braja, bundelI me 'gadhI', 'uDiyA, bihArI aura hindI me bhI 'gadhI' / prAkRta gadhiya' / (4) ba0. mUrkha, mandabuddhi (anekArtha0 3,615) / vara, mA0ra bundelI, mAlavI aura hindI me| (5) cilla cIla (anekArtha0 2,467) / kumAyU, nepAlI, bagAlI, uDiyA aura avadhI me cIla' / / (6) 10 avivAhita (anekArtha0 2,110, dezInAmamAlA 7,83) / prAkRta 'vaTha' aura uDiyA 'vAThiyA' / 5 anekAryasagraha' me kucha aise zabda bhI milate haiM, jo saskRta me tathA prAkRta me bhI samAna rUpa se pracalita rahe hai, kintu artha kI dRSTi se una zabdo ko tathA racanA kI dRSTi se bhI gaDhe hue hone ke kAraNa dezI kahA jAtA hai / artha kI dRSTi se yaha hai ki jaba eka zabda kA eka artha niyata hai aura adhika-se-adhika do-tIna zabda eka hI artha ko batalAne vAle haiM, to usame do yA do se adhika zabdo kI vRddhi kase huI ? nizcita hI ve zabda kisI-na-kisI dhArA se hokara bhASA vizeSa me samA gae hoga, jo kAlAntara me usa bhASA ke apane bana gye| yaha krama saikaDo-hajAroM varSoM se calA A rahA hai| 'anekAryasagraha' me bhI isI paramparA kA pAlana dikhalAI paDatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie yahA saskRta kA 'kuTa' zabda liyA jA sakatA hai| saskRta me 'kuTa' zabda ke nimnalikhita artha hai "koTa, pattharaphoDI, ghar3A aura

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358 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA makAna / mUla me yaha zabda drAviDa 'kuTTa' se nikalA hai| pAli me yaha 'kUTa' he aura prAkRta me 'kUDa' hai / isakA artha lohe kI hathoDI he / sindhI me isI artha me 'kulu' zabda pracalita hai| isake atirikta anya arthoM meM yaha zabda parilakSita nahI hotaa| 'kuTa' kA artha 'koTa' isalie zabdakozo me A gayA, kyoki prAkRtaboliyo me 'kuTa' aura 'koDa' dono zabda pracalita rahe hai| ghaTa aura geha artha ke sambandha me yaha jJAtavya hai ki ye dono hI sAdRzya se sambanvita hai / saskRta me aneka zabdo kA nirmANa isI prakriyA se huA / AcArya hemacandra me yaha prakRti vizeSa rUpa se lakSita hotI hai / 'anekArthasagraha' me bhI yahI pravRtti bhalI-bhAti dekhI jA sakatI hai| yahI Age calakara Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAo tathA voliyo me kuTa, kUTanI, kuhA, kUTA Adi zabdo me dhotita hotI hai / yaha viSaya atyanta rocaka tathA zova-anusandhAna kA hai| isase bhAratIya AryabhASAo kI punanirmANa kI prakriyA meM kucha navIna saketa bhI upalabdha ho sakate hai| nidhazeSA AcArya hemacandra kRta 'nighaNTuzepa' zabdakoza-grantho me eka vilakSaNa racanA hai| kyoki isame ekArthaka aura anekAryaka dono prakAra ke dezI zabdo kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| svayaM unhone isa bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai ki jo zabda zeSa raha gae hai, unakA yahA samuccaya kiyA gayA hai / " DaoN0 dulhara ke anusAra yaha eka zreSTha vanaspatikoza hai| unakA yaha kathana tathyapUrNa hai / kyoki yaha koza chaha kANDo me vibhakta hai| prathama vRkSakANDa hai, dvitIya gulmakANDa, tRtIya latAkANDa, caturtha zAkakANDa, pacama tRNakANDa aura 500 dhAnyakANDa hai| isa prakAra yaha sampUrNa koza svatantra rUpa se eka vanaspatikoza hai jo 'abhivAnacintAmaNi' kApUraka pratIta hotA hai| 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' aura 'anekArthasaha' me A0 hemacandra ne apane pUrvavartI jina anekArthaka koza me ullikhita auSadhiyo tathA vRkSo Adi ke nAma choDa die the, unakA pRthaka rUpa se isa koza me sakalana kiyA hai / yaha vAstava me unakI hI sUjha-bUjha hai / Ayurveda ke nighaNTuo ke atirikta anya isa prakAra ke ko upalabdha nahI hote / ata Ayurveda ke nighaNTu grantho kI 52-5 // me yaha vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha koza kula 396 5loko me nibaddha hone para bhI vanaspati-jagat kI lagabhaga sabhI vastuo kA unake paryAyavAcI nAmo ke sAtha abhidhAna prastuta karatA hai / yadyapi vizvaprakAzakoza' tathA 'zivakoza' eva rAjaniva' Adi kozo me ullikhita sabhI abhidhAno kA sakalana isa choTe-se koza me nahIM hai, kintu kaI aprasiddha zabdo kI jAnakArI ke lie yaha atyanta sahAyaka hai / jaise ki 'gopakanyA' kA artha sArivA kiyA gayA hai| yaha artha zivakoSa'

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 356 (507) me bhI upalabdha hai / ata isakI prAmANikatA kA patA calatA hai| isI prakAra bahusutA' kA artha 'zatAvarI' kiyA gayA hai| yaha zabda 'zivakoSa' me nahI miltaa| ataeva aise aprasiddha zabdo kA artha samajhane ke lie bhI isakI upayogitA nissandeha hai / 'nighaNTuzepa' me kaI aise aprasiddha zabda milate haiM jo Ayurveda ke sAmAnya nighaNTuo me dRSTigocara nahIM hote| udAharaNa ke lie- gopavallI, pratAnikA, mRdaGgaphalinI, kuTA, ghaNTAlI, ajANTA, pharaNa, pustikA, karvarI, varvarI, arjuna pAsa, ulapU, muzaTI ityAdi / iname se aneka zabda dezI pratIta hote hai, jo tatkAlIna loka boliyo me pracalita the| ataeva Ayurveda ke zabdakozo me unakA praveza sahaja tathA svAbhAvika thA / ataeva kozakAra ke vacana satya pramANita hote haiN| liGgAnuzAsana AcArya hemacandra praNIta liMgAnuzAsana' bhI eka svatantra laghu racanA hai| yaha bhI eka abhidhAnakoza hai jo 138 zloko me nibaddha hai / isame sAta vibhAga hai prayama puligAdhikAra me 17 zloka, dvitIya strIliMgAdhikAra me 33 zloka, tRtIya napusakaligAdhikAra me 24 zloka, caturtha pustrIliMgAdhikAra me 12 zloka, pacama punapusakaliMgAdhikAra me 36 aura 500 strInapusakaliMgAdhikAra meM kevala 5 tathA svatastiliMgAdhikAra me kevala 6 zloka hai / anta me pAca zloka aura hai / anta me 38 zloko me nibaddha ekAkSarakoza' bhI hai, jisame kevala eka akSara vAle zabdo ke vibhinna arthoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vizvalocanakoza zrIdharasena kRta vizvalocanakoza' saMskRta ke subandha kozo me eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| isakA eka anya nAma muktAvalikoza bhI hai| kavi zrIdharasena digambara AmnAya ke sena sagha kI paramparA ke the| ve svaya zAstro ke pAragAmI kavi aura naiyAyika the / ve svaya zAstrI ke pAragAmI kavi aura naiyAyika the| zrIdharasena bhI apane guruvara ke samAna vidvAn tathA mahAn rAjAo ke dvArA sammAnya the| saskRta ke 'vizvaprakAzakoza' kI bhAti vizvalocanakoza' ke bhI TIkA grantho me uddharaNa milate hai, jisase isake 50na-pAThana tathA lokapriyatA kA sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / sundaragaNi ne apane grantha 'dhAtu ratnAkara' me isa koza ke kaI uddharaNa die hai| yaha zabdakoza na adhika vizAla aura na adhika sakSipta hone ke kAraNa vidvAno aura vidyArthiyo dono ke lie samAna rUpa se upayogI hai| vikramorvazIya kI ganAtha kRta TIkA me bhI vizvalocanakoza' kA ullekha milatA

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360 saskRti-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA hai| zailI kI dRSTi se vizvalocanakoga' para haima vizvaprakAza aura medinI ina tIno kogo kA prabhAva spaSTa rUpa se lakSita hotA hai| vizvaprakAza' kA racanAkAla I0 1111 he, medinI aura anekArthasaMgraha Adi kA bArahavI zatAbdI hai / ata isa 'vizvalocanako' kA samaya terahavI zatAbdI kahA jAtA hai|" ____ima vizvalocanakoza' me kula 2453 zloka hai| anya saskRta kozo kI bhA~ti isame bhI varNAdikrama se zabdo kA saMkalana hai| yaha koNa san 1912 me nirNayasAgara presa me prakAzita huA thA / isakA sampAdana pa0 nandalAla zarmA ne kiyA thaa| unake hI zabdo me "skRta me kaI nAnArtha-koNa hai, parantu jahA~ taka hama jAnate haiM, koI bhI itanA 45 / aura itane hI adhika arthoM ko batalAne vAlA nahI hai / isame eka-eka zabda ko jitane aryo kA vAcakavatalAyA hai, dUsaro me prAya isase kama hI batalAyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, eka rucaka zabda ko hI lIjie jahA~ taka amara me isake cAra va meTinI me daza artha patalAye gaye hai, vahA~ isame 12 artha batalAye gaye hai, yahI isa koNa kI vizeSatA hai / isake atirikta isame kaI zabdo ke aise bhI artha milate haiM jo sAmAnya rUpa meM saMskRta ke anya kisI koza me nahIM milate / ata sambhava hai ki kisI anya prAcInatama saskRtako ke AdhAra para isa ko kI racanA huI ho jo Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / nAmamAlAzilocha zrI jinadevasUri ne 'abhidhAnacintAmaNikoza' ke pUraka ke rUpa me vi0 sa0 1433 me 'nAmamAlAzilo' kI racanA kI thii| yaha 146 5loko kA laghutama koza hai| yaha koza 'abhidhAna cintAmaNikoza' ke pariziSTa rUpa me zreSThi devacanda lAlabhAIjanapustakoddhAra sasthA, sUrata se 1946 I0 me prakAzita ho cukA hai| isI anya me AcArya hemacandra, kRta "opanAmamAlA" aura zrI sudhAkalaza viracita "ekAkSaranAmamAlA" bhI sakalita hai| zepanamatti AcArya hemacandra mUri kA yaha koza pAMca kANDo me nivaddha hai| isameM kula 208 zloka haiM / prathama devAdhidevakANDa me 2, dvitIyakANDa me 60, tRtIya narakANDa me 65, caturthakANDa me 40 aura pacama nArakakANDa me 2 tathA anya 6 zloka haiN| ina sabhI kozo me lokapracalita zabdAvalI kA sundara graha parilakSita hotA hai| kaI navIna zabda bhI milate hai| jaise ki DakArI (kinarI), 8TTarI (pAya vize5), maDDa (vAdya), timilA (vAca), kirikicikA (pAca), phullaka (Azcarya) ityAdi / isI prakAra me kaI navIna artho kA sUcana bhI isa koza se

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraNa kI AnupUrvI me koza mAhitya 361 milatA hai, jo isakI apanI vizeSatA hai| aise kaI naye zabda hai jo paryAyavAcI rUpa me milate haiM / 53 anekArthadhvanimajarI mahAkSapaNaka kRta 'anekArthadhvanimajarI' ke sambandha me abhI taka vizeSa UhApoha nahIM ho sakA hai| yaha zabdakoza prakAzita ho cukA hai| isakA sampAdana kSullaka siddhasAgara mahArAja ne kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki yaha mahAkSapaNaka jaina muni kI racanA hai jamAki vAsave zloka me jina zabda ke artha karane se pratIta hotA hai 54 isI prakAra samiti kA artha 'samaya' aura 'sva' kA artha 'Atma' se bhI patA calatA hai ki granthakAra jana hogaa| ___'anekArthadhvanimajarI' eka ladhukAya racanA hai| isame kula 224 zloka haiN| yaha koza tIna paricchedo me nivaddha hai / prathama zlokovikAra me 104, dvitIya arddhalokAdhikAra pariccheda me 87, aura tRtIya pAdAdhikAra pariccheda me 33 zloka hai| yaha eka anekAryaka koza hai / isake prathama pariccheda me eka zloka me eka zabda ke aneka artho kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| dUsare pariccheda me kevala arddha zloka me hI zabda kA artha varNita kiyA gayA hai aura tRtIya pariccheda me cauthAI zloka me eka zabda ke jAka artha niva hai / kucha navIna zabdo kA sakalana bhI isa koza me milatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, cuvara (lomavastra, UnI kapaDA), turAyaNa (kriyAhIna), toka (putra), bhUkuDI (zUkara, kisAna), pAsurA (calanI, chajjA), prahi (kUpa, sarovara)ityAdi / sAmava hai ki isa taraha ke kucha zabda dezaja ho jo paramparA se zabdakoza me sakalita hokara una-una artha ke vAcaka ho| dvirUpakozanivaNTu isa zabdakoza ke racayitA harSa kavi haiM / koza saMskRta zloko me nibaddha hai aura Aja dina taka aprakAzita hai / isa koza me kula 230 zloka hai| isa grantha kI tADapatrIya prati zrI digambara jaina ma0 ke zAstra-bhANDAra me sAutha ArakADa ke jijI jilA ke antargata cittAmUra me surakSita hai / isake 17 tADapatra hai / anumAna yahI kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha jaina kavi kI racanA hai| vahA~ para 140 tADapatrIya grantha haiM jo sabhI jaina vidvAno kI racanAe~ hai| uname se adhikatara prakAzita ho cukI haiM / kintu kaI ajJAta racanAeM bhI vahA~ para upalabdha hai| ekAkSaranAmamAlA isake racayitA jaina muni vizvazambhu haiM / yaha 115 zloko me nibaddha laghukAya

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362 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura boza kI paramparA racanA hai| digambara jaina zAstra-bhANDAro me isa kI kaI hastalikhita pratiyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| varNAdikrama se isameM eka-eka varNa kA alaga-alaga artha varNita kiyA gayA hai| zrI jinadattasUri ke ziSya amaracandra kRta 'ekAkSaranAmamAlA' bhI kahI jAtI hai| 56 zrI rAjazekhara ke ziSya sudhAkalaza viracita 'ekAkSaranAmamAlA' ke sambandha me kahA jA cukA hai / ukta kozakAra caudahavI-pandrahavI zatAbdI ke jAna paDate anya saMskRtakoza ____ saMskRta ke suprasiddha kavi tathA kozakAra mahezvara sUri kRta 'vizvaprakAza' kI vRtti vi0sa0 1654 me kharataragaccha ke AcArya bhAnukeza ke ziSya jinavimala ne racI thI, jo mahatvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai / isakA prakAzana honA atyanta Avazyaka sAdhukIti yatikara ke ziSya sAdhusundaramaNi ne 'dhAtu ratnAkara' nAmaka bRhat grantha vi0 sa0 1680 me racA thaa| isa me saMskRta kI prAya sabhI vAtuo kA sagraha kiyA gayA hai aura unake rUpAkhyAno kA vizada Alekhana kiyA gayA hai|50 DaoN0 nemicandra jaina zAstrI ke anusAra unhoMne 'zabdaratnAkara' kI racanA kI thii| isa koza me kula 1011 zloka hai| koza chaha kANDo me vibhakta hai / 58 sakSepa me, DaoN0 zAstrI ke zabdo me "rAjacandra kA dezyanideza-nighaNTu aura vimalasUri kA dezyazabdasamuccaya bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN|" vi0sa0 1640 me vimalasUri ne 'dezInAmamAlA' ke zabdo kA sAra le kara akArAdi krama se 'dezyanideza-nighaNTu' kI racanA kI thii| puNya ratnasUri kA 'dvayakSarakoza', amagakavi kA 'nAnAyakoza', rAmacandra kA 'nAnAryasagraha', eka hapaMkIti kI nAmamAlA kI gaNanA bhI upayogI kozo me kI jA sakatI hai| tapAgaccha ke AcArya sUracandra ke ziSya bhAnucandra ne 'nAmasagrahakoza' kI racanA kii| hapaMkItisUra kI 'laghunAmamAlA' bhI bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyetAo ke lie upayogI hai| inake atirikta bhI saskRta ke kucha anya koza jaina zAstra-bhANDArI me milate hai, jinakA vivaraNa na milane se ullekha nahIM ho sakA hai| zrI jJAna vimalagaNi ne I0 1598 me 'zabdabhedaprakAza' kI racanA kI thii| sambhavata uparyukta ullikhita jinavimala kRta vRtti vAlI yaha racanA hai| kyoki mahezvarasUri kRta vizvaprakAza' aura 'zabdabhedaprakAza dono racanAe eka hI granya me hai / ata dono ko eka samajhanA cAhie / jJAnavimalagaNi ke nAma se koI zabdabhedaprakAza' abhI taka hamAre dekhane me nahI AyA hai|

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sahAna pAkRta ta kA apabhaza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 363 prAkRta ke gadakoza yaha nizcita hai ki sAta kI apekSA prAkRta ke zabdakozo kI racanA bahuta bAda meM huii| aimA honA svAbhAvika bhI thaa| kyoki loka mApA ke lie vyAkaraNa, pho| kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3anI / prAkRta ke jina prAcInatama zabdasaMgrahakAro ke ullekha milate haiM, unameM abhimAnacila, gopAna, devarAja, droNa, dhanapAla aura hemacandra ke nAma smaraNIya hai / inake atirikta kucha dakSiNa bhApAo ke, vize5 kara kanna: ke kozakAroM ne prAkRta-apabhraza zabdo kA ullekha kiyA hai| pAialachInAmamAlA upalabdha prAhAtakozo me mahAkavi dhanapAla kRta 'pAialacchInAmamAlA' prathama koza kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha dasavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| vi0 sa01026 meM dhArAnagarI ke antargata bhAnakheDa grAma me apanI choTI bahana sundarI ke lie kavi ne isa zabdakoza kI racanA kI thii| yaha koza 276 gAthAo me nibaddha hai| vidyAthiyo ke lie yaha atyanta upayogI koza hai| isame 668 zabdo ke paryAyavAcI zabdo kA sakalana lakSita hotA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne "abhidhAnacintAmaNi" kI svopajJa vivRti me "nyutpattirdhanapAlata" kA saketa kara inakI prazanA kI hai| isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki dezI zabdo kA abhidhAna karane vAlA eka mAtra yahI anya unake sammukha thA / svaya mahAkavi dhanapAla ne dezI zabdo ke sakalana kA ulalekha kiyA hai / vAstava me paramparA se prApta jo bhI zabda pracalita the (cAhe ve saskRta-pravAha ke ho athavA loka-boliyo ke) unakA saMgraha mAna maralatA se prastuta kiyA gayA hai / ataeva Aja bhI hamAre bolacAla ke bahutame zabda isa koza me jyo-ke-tyo milate haiM / udAharaNa ke lie . kupala (kopala), olI (avali, pakti), mukkhA (mUrkha), kacchA, tuda (toda), dahija (dahI), bhaDukkA (meDhaka), virAlolo (vilADI, dillI), khAIyA (khAI), lapA (lAca, ghUsa), challI (chAla), gucchA (gucchA), mAmI (mAmI), asamajasa, guda (goda), ulla, Ala (vAlA artha me pratyaya) ityAdi / isI prakAra se saskRta tathA anya bhApAo se mizrita zabda bhI draSTavya haiM / 65 yaha vAstavika tathya hai ki hajAro varSoM taka bhAratIya janatA ko isa bAta kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM jAna par3I ki prAkRta kA bhI zabdakoza honA caahie| yadyapi saskRta ke zabdakozo me kaI sroto se dezaja zabdo kA samAveza lakSita hotA hai, kintu unase prAkRta kAvya ko samajhane meM vizeSa sahAyatA nahIM miltii| hama yaha bhI nahI kaha sakate ki saMskRta ke kavi apane sAhitya taka sImita rahe yA unhoMne prAkRta kI upekSA kii| kintu vAstavika yaha hai ki cAhe saskRta ke nATaka

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364 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA ho, dhra vA yA gItiyA~ ho apavA dohe vA gAyAeM', unakI prAkRta itanI sarala yA saskRta mizrita rahI hai, jisakA artha jAnane ke lie kisI prAkRta-zabdakoza ko le kara baiThane kI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta me ine-gine cArapA~ca zabdakozo kI racanA kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna zabdakozo se mahAdhanapAla kRta kavi "pAyalacchInAmamAlA" aura AcArya hemacandra viracita "dezInAmamAlA" ye do koza upalabdha hai| dezInAmamAlA ___ 'dezInAmamAlA' bhAratIya AryabhASAo ke aitihAsika adhyayana ke lie eka viziSTa koza hai / ATha vargo me vibhakta dezI zabdo kA yaha eka apUrva sakalanAtmaka grantha hai / mUla zabdakoza prAkRta me hai, jisakI saskRta vyAkhyA svaya granthakAra kI hai| dezI zabda ke sambandha me kozakAra yaha pratijJA kara calA hai ki jo zabda na to vyAkaraNa se vyutpAdita hai aura na saskRta kozo me nibaddha hai tathA lakSaNA zakti se bhI jinakA artha prasiddha nahIM hai, una zabdo kA sakalana isa koNa me kiyA jA rahA hai| kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki jo zabda vyAkaraNa ke anusAra prakRti, pratyaya Adi vibhAga se siddha nahIM hote aura saMskRta ke kozo me jinakI prasiddhi nahI hai tathA lakSaNA zakti se bhI jinakA artha vAcya nahIM hai, ve dezI zabda kahe jAte hai / ye dezI zabda prAdezika bhASAo me prasiddha rahe hai, jo sakhyA meM ananta hai, isaliye una sarva kA sakalana honA sambhava nahI hai / ye anAdikAla se pravRtta tathA prAkRta bhASA me vizeSa rUpa se pracalita dezI zabda hai| vAstava me dezI zabda pracalita mudrA ke samAna dezI sikke hai jo samaya-samaya para calana se bAhara hote rahe hai / kintu kucha-na-kucha za08 varAvara pratyeka bhASA me pracalana me rahe haiM, jinhe Aja hama dezI zabda ke rUpa me jAnate haiN| isa koza me kula zabdo kI saMkhyA 3978 hai| sabase adhika zabdo kI sakhyA aisI hai jo prakRti-pratyaya se niSpanna nahIM hote athavA avyutpAdita prAkRta zabda hai / tatsama zabdo kI saMkhyA 100 hai, garbhita tadbhava 1850 hai, sazaya yukta tadbhavo kI saMkhyA 528 hai aura avyutpAdita prAkRta zabda 1500 hai / vAstava meM pro0 banarjI ne avyutpanna zabdoM kI saMkhyA kama batAI hai, kintu hai adhika / Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo aura unakI boliyo me pAye jAne vAle aneka zabdo kA sIdhA samvandha ina dezI zabdo me dekhA jA sakatA hai / aise kucha zabta nimnalikhita hai| (1) akkA bhaginI (dezI0 1, 6) / prAkRta apabhraza me akka aura apakA da milate haiN| inakA artha mAtA aura jye70 bhaginI dono hai / moniyara viliya ne 'pacatantra' me Agata 'sakA' zabda ko kokaNI batAte hue jyeSTha bhaginI artha kiyA hai| TI0 baro ne ise draviDa varga ko zabda mAnA hai| anya

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 365 vidvAno ne bhI ise draviDa bhASAo se Agata mAnA hai / vAstava me yaha kannaDa Adi bhApAo se udhAra liyA huA zabda hai / kannaDa, tamila, telugu, aura telu me yaha zabda jyeSTha bhaginI kA vAcaka hai / yaha kannaDa se 'akka', tamila meM 'akkA', telugu se 'koDagu' aura tulu me 'akke' hai / " 2 kaDappa- -Dhera (dezI 0 2, 13) / prAkRta apabhraMza meM yaha 'kaDappa kalApa artha me milatA hai / yaha zabda bhI mUla rUpa me dravi0 bhASAo kA mAnA jAtA hai / dakSiNa kI bhASAo me yaha samUha artha vAcaka hai / yaha kannaDa meM 'kala', telugu me 'kalape', tamila me 'kalappaDa' aura tulu me 'kala' hai / kannaDa me samUha artha kA vAcaka eka 'kampa' zabda bhI hai / " prAkRta me yaha 'kaDappa' hai, jo marAThI me 'kaDapa' pracalita hai / " 3 kurala kuTila keza (dezI0 2,63) / prAkRta apabhraMza me yaha dezI zabda atyanya prasiddha hai | bhArata kI lagabhaga sabhI bhASAo me yaha pracalita rahA hogA / isakA mUla srota draviDa varga kI bhASAe~ mAnA jAtA hai / kannaDa me yaha 'kurula' hai, tamila me kurula-kurula hai, malayAlama me 'kurula' hai aura telugu me 'kurulu' hai| jUnI gujarAtI me yaha 'kurula' hai aura marAThI me 'kurula' hai / " 4 goDa, goDI majarI, vora (dezI 0 2,65) / ye dono hI zabda bhinna-bhinna artha me prAkRta-apabhraMza meM pracalita rahe / yaha kanaDa me 'goNDe', 'guDa', telugu, malayAlama me 'koNDe' hai / yaha draSTavya hai ki prAkRta me bhI 'goDa' ke sthAna para 'koDa' zabda prasiddha rahA / mahAkavi puSpadanta ke apabhraMza mahAkAvya 'mahApurANa' me (66,4,3) bhI 'goDa' zabda milatA hai / abhimAnameru puSpadanta mAnyakheDa (haidarAbAda) ke the, isaliye unakI bhASA me isa zabda kA honA svAbhAvika hai / 74 5 cikka, cikkA alpa, stoka ( dezI0 3,21) / TI0 varo ne ise draviDa zabda batAyA hai|' kannaDa meM yaha 'cikka' hai aura artha bhI alpa hai / marAThI me 'cike isI artha kA vAcaka hai / khovAra ( dardika ) bhASA me bhI 'cik' kA artha alpa kahA jAtA hai| 6 cippi agni (dezI0 3,10 ) / cicci yA ciccI draviDa zabda mAnA gayA hai / telugu me yaha 'ciccu' hai aura kannaDa me 'kiccu ' hai / apabhraMza ke 'mahApurANa' me bhI 'cicci' zabda agni artha me lakSita hotA hai / 5 7 chANa govara (dezI 0 3,34) / yaha bhI draviDa zabda mAnA gayA hai / tamila me yaha 'chANi' hai aura gujarAtI me 'chAna' hai / chattIsagar3hI bolI me govara se bane hue 'kaDe' ko 'cheNA' kahA jAtA hai jo 'chA' se vikasita hai | apabhraMza ke 'mahApurANa' (57,10,11 ) me bhI 'chANa' zabda kA prayoga ukta artha me hI parilakSita hotA hai / 5 taNNAya gIlA (dezI 0 5,2 ) / yaha prAkRta apabhraNa me bhI milatA hai /

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366 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vaise yaha bhI draviDa zabda mAnA jAtA hai| kannaDa me 'taNNa' zabda kA arya ThaDA hai| tamila me 'taNNi' kA artha Ardra hai / ___ talAra kotavAla (dezI0 5,3) / prAkRta-apabhraza aura draviDa bhApAo me 'talAra' aura 'talavara' dono zabda upalabdha hote hai| kannaDa me yaha 'talavAra' zabda hai jisakA artha hai nagararakSaka / draviDa 108 'taleyAri' kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|6 apabhraza ke mahApurANa (30,17,10) me 'talavara' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| 10 poTTa 58 (dezI0 6,60) / yaha draviDa zabda hai| prAkRta-apabhraza me yaha zabda bahuta pracalita rahA hai / isI zabda se 'poTTala' banA / telugu meM 'poTTa' hI hai| prAkRta me isake atirikta 'piTTa' zabda bhI peTa artha kA vAcaka hai| isI zabda se saskRta kA peTaka, peTA zabda Adi nirmita hue pratIta hote hai| pazcimI pahADI aura usakI boliyo bhadravAhI aura bhalesI me 'paiTa', kumAyU, nepAlI aura asamI me 'peTa' hai / bagalA me bhI yaha peTa' hai / uDiyA me isake lie 'peTA' hai aura prAcIna mAravADI me bhI yahI hai / avadhI aura usakI bolI lakhImapurI me, hindI, bhojapurI tathA gujarAtI me yaha 'peTa' hI hai| maithilI me ise 'peTa' volate hai| sindhI aura usakI boliyo me bhI yaha pracalita hai / isa prakAra navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAo me yaha sarvAdhika pracalita zabda hai| isa prakAra ke aneka zabda jo kevala draviDa bhASAo me hI nahI, sino-tibbatI kola-muNDA yA AsTrika varga kI bhApAo ke zabda bhI 'dezI' zabda ke rUpa me upalabdha hote haiM / bhAropIya bhASAo se ukta anya vargoM kI bhASAo kA nikaTa savadha hone se unake zabda praveza pA gaye / ina sabhI vargoM me draviDa varga mahattva kA hai| vizeSa kara usake hI zabda 'dezInAmamAlA' me milate hai / ata dezI zabdo kA sambandha drAviDa bhASAo kI zabda-sampadA se mAnanA cAhie / kucha anya zabda haiM Nesara (dezI0 4,44,) sUrya / kannaDa 'namR' (ravi), tamila 'nahara' (ravi-kiraNa), malayAlama 'nara' (divasaprakAza), pullI (dezI0 6,76) vyAghra / prAkRtaapabhraza 'pulina', kannaDa puli', tamila, telugu, malayAlama, tulu, 'pili' (vyAghra), pAvo (dezI0 6, 38) sarpa / kannaDa pAvu' telugu 'pAmu', tamila pAmavu' sarpa ityAdi / ___Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAo aura unakI boliyo me Aja bhI ghara me, khalihAna me, varga vizeSa me aise dezya zabdo kA calana hai, jisakA sIdhA sambandha hame dezInAmamAlA me sakalita zabdo me dikhalAI paDatA hai tathA jinake adhyayana se hama saralatA se isa niSkarSa para pahucate hai ki ina dezya zabdo kA vikAsa prAkRta tathA ina dezI zabdo se huA hai| DaoN0 gupta ne aise saikaDo zabdo kA vivaraNa diyA hai, jo kRpi jIvana meM pracalita he aura jinako dezI kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra se DaoN0 vaidya

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me kosAhitya : 367 ne apane nivandha me aneka marAThI zabdo ko dezya batAte hue kahA hai ki ina zabdo kA mUla prAcIna mahArASTrI prAkRta hai|" DaoN0 caTarjI ne nizcita rUpa se ina dezI zabdo kA mUla srota draviDa bhASAe~ mAnI haiM aura yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki avaziSTa zabda Ayata ra bhASAo ke he, sambhavata ve drAviDa tathA AsTrikapUrva kI bhASAo me bhI vidyamAna rahe ho|" yathArtha me aise hI zabda prAkRta ke mUla hai jo vaidika kAla se voliyo meM pracalita cale A rahe hai| inakA mUla srota saskRta na hokara prAthamika prAkRta hai / amRta ro ne aise hI kucha zabdo kA sAmya draviDa mASAo kI zabdAvalI se sthApita kara dezI ko draviDa, pArasI Adi kaI bhASAo se Agata zabda mAne hai / DaoN0 upAdhye ne prAkRta nATaka me tathA 'dezInAmamAlA' me Agata dezI zabdo kA sambandha kannaDa, marAThI Adi dakSiNa kI bhApAo se mAnA hai / yadyapi AcArya hemacandra kI 'dezInAmamAlA' ke dezI zabdo ke sambandha me kaI zodha-nivandha prakAzita ho cuke hai, jiname kaI mahattvapUrNa tathya vyakta kie jA cuke he / svatanta zodha-prabandha ke rUpa me DaoN0 zrImatI ratnAzriyan kA zodhaprabandha 'e sTaDI oNva dezyavarDa sa phraoNma da mahApurANa oNva puSpadanta' isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane ke lie atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / parantu merI dRSTi me abhI bhI navIna zodha anusandhAno ke prakaraNa me dezInAmamAlA' kA adhyayana Arya tathA Aryata ra bhASAo ke sambandha me tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara prasthApita kiyA jAnA cAhie / kevala isa eka adhyayana se hI ina bhASAo ke vikAsa para eka prAmANika tathA mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA prakAza me A skegii| isI prakAra tatsama, tadbhava aura dezaja para bhI naye prakAza kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha kArya atyanta zramasAdhya hone para bhI viziSTa mahattva kA hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana se hI 'dezInAmamAlA' kI vAstavika upayogitA prakaTa ho skegii| uktivyaktiprakaraNa yadyapi prAkRta ke prAcIna zabdakozo me pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA' tathA 'dezInAmamAlA' ina do kA hI ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, kintu pa0 dAmodara kRta 'uktivyaktiprakaraNa' ko bhI dezyaza0sagraha ke antargata parigaNita kiyA jAnA caahie| kevala ise hI nahI, 'ukti ratnAkara' ko bhI dezyabhASA ke zabda-sagraha grantho me mahatvapUrNa mAnanA cAhie / 'uktivyaktiprakaraNa' bArahavI zatAbdI kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| isakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki tatkAlIna lokabolI kA samyaka paricaya detA hai / pa0 dAmodara banArasa ke nivAsI the| unhone vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA dene ke lie isa racanA kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| DaoN0 caTarjI isa racanA kI bhASA prAcIna kauzala deza kI bolI kauzalI mAnate hai| janapadIya bhASA kA vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se kaisA savadha hai aura kisa prakAra dezya zabdo kA saskAra karane se saskRta kA zuddha

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368 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA rUpa banatA hai, yaha bahuta acchI taraha se isa racanA me samajhAyA gayA hai| isa grantha me kevala prAcIna kauzalI bhASA kA namUnA hI hame nahI milatA hai, apitu vyAkaraNazAstra viSayaka kaI anya mahatva kI bAto ko bhI isame ullekha hai|5 uktiratnAkara 'uktiratnAkara' ke racayitA sAdhu sundaragANi 17vI zatAbdI ke jaina vidvAn the| isame dezyabhApA ke sabhI prakAra ke ukti mUlaka prayogo kA sagraha milatA hai| jaise 'uktivyaktiprakaraNa' kA dUsarA nAma 'prayoga prakAza' hai, vaise hI isakA dUsarA nAma 'auktikapada' bhI hai / dezya zabdo ke saskRta-rUpa jAnane ke lie yaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa granya hai / kucha dezya zabda aura unake saskRta-rUpa isa prakAra hai ___asoI (upazruti ), poja (caudyam), chAvaDau (zAvaka), rIsAlU (IrSyAlu), mAkhaNa (mrakSaNa), hiDakI (hikakA),pAnhI (pANi), herU (hairika) pAhU (pratibhU), kArU (kAra), khalahANa (khaladhAna), pAsI (pAzikA), bhATha (bhrASTra), tUrI (tuvarI), nImI (nIvI) Adi / iname se kucha zabda aise haiM jinake saskRta rUpa hone se arya-nirdhAraNa me sugamatA ho jAtI hai| jaise dhrova (dUrvA), khUNau (kogaka), sIkha (zItarakSikA), IDau (aNDaka), dhAhaDI (dhAtakI) Adi / kintu kucha zabda aise hai ki una se ThIka artha samajha me nahI aat|| jaisA ki tagoTI (tagapaTI), khIcaDI (kSipracaTikA), rAkha (rakSA), bUba (bumbA), gophATI (gophaNI) ityAdi / isame saskRta ke aneka gaDe hue zabda bhI milate haiN| udAharaNArtha gAdI (gavdikA), miThAI (mRSTAdikA), sUkhaDI (sukhAdikA), paDI (vaTikA), kaDuchau (kaTucchaka), vAnI, vAnagI (vaNikA), TAra (TAra), Dara (dara), Tasara (tasara ) tathA lAca (lacA) aadi| ___Adhunika yuga me prAcya vidyAo ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhAratIya bhASAo tathA sAhitya ke samAnAntara prAkRta kA bhI adhyayana hone lgaa| kintu saskRta kI apekSA prAkRta kI ora bahuta vAda me vidvAno kI dRSTi pahuca paayii| saskRta-nATako ke prAkRta azo ko dekha kara vahuta samaya taka kevala yahI anumAna kiyA jAtA rahA ki yaha saskRta kI koI upabhApA rahI hogii| sarvaprathama prAkRta bhApA aura sAhitya kI ora jarmana vidvAno kA vyAna AkarSita huaa| unnIsavI zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa me hI jarmanI me prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana prArambha ho gayA thaa| sarvaprathama prAkRta bhASA para hoephara ne 'De prAkRta DialekTo libriduo' (1836 I0)nivandha me apane vicAra prakaTa kie the| lagabhaga isI samaya laoNssana aura oNlsaDorpha ne prAkRta bhASA va voliyo ke sambandha me mahattvapUrNa nivandha likha kara zodha va anusandhAna kiyA thaa| prAkRta bhASA kA paricaya milate hI unakA mahattva jAna kara bhASAvido kA turanta dhyAna prAkRta ke gandakopo kI ora gyaa|

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 366 DaoN0 vyuhara ne isa dizA me agrasara ho do nibandha likhe, jiname AcArya hemacandra kRta 'dezI nAmamAlA' aura dhanapAla kRta 'pAiyalacchInAmamAlA' para prakAza ddaalaa| itanA hI nahI, san 1876 me unhone svaya 'pAiyalacchInAmamAlA' kA sampAdana kara use gaoNTiMgana se prakAzita kraayaa| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA, vyAkaraNa aura koSa Adi ke prati pAzcAtya jagat vimugdha bhAva se AkRSTa huaa| kintu prAkRta sAhitya me upalabdha zabdo kA artha saskRtajJo ke lie durUha eva durbodha thaa| ata yaha Avazyaka pratIta huA ki koI acchA prAkRta-zakoza taiyAra kiyA jAe jo sAhitya-jagat ke lie upayogI ho| isI AvazyakatA se prerita hokara iTalI ke vidvAna DaoN0 lyuijI svAlI ne san 1912 me prAkRtakoSa nirmANa karane kI apanI abhilASA prakaTa kii| kintu usI samaya vizva yuddha kI vibhIpikA cala paDI, jisase vaha kArya nahIM ho skaa| bhArata me yaha kArya muni zrI vijayarAjendra sUrIzvara ne vi0 sa0 1646 me prArambha kiyA thaa| 63 varSa kI vRddhAvasyA me isa mahAna kArya kA Arambha kara lagabhaga caudaha varSoM taka ve anavarata juTe rahe / sUripravara kI mahAn sAdhanA se ATha hajAra zabdo kA vizAla saMgraha 'abhidhAna rAjendra koza' ke rUpa me huaa| prAkRta kA yaha vRhatkoza sAta bhAgo me nibaddha hai| isakA prathama bhAga 1613 I0 me, dvitIya bhAga 1610 me, tRtIya bhAga 1614 me, caturtha 1613 me, pacama 1921 me, paSTha 1634 me aura saptama bhAga 1634 me madhyapradeza ke ratalAma nagara se prakAzita hue| isI bIca indaura ke zrI saradArImala bhaNDArI ke pitA zrI kesarIcandra ne san 1910 I0 me prAkRta-koza-nirmANa kA kArya Arambha kiyA / unhone nirantara zrama kara lagabhaga caudaha hajAra zabda bhI zIghra sakalita kara liye the| kintu durdaiva se yaha kArya Age nahIM cala skaa| anta me munizrI ratnacandra jI ma0 ke athaka prayatna se yaha pavitna kArya "sacina ardhamAgadhIkoza" ke rUpa meM sAmane aayaa| isakA prathama bhAga san 1923 I0 me zvetAvara sthAnakavAsI jaina kAnphensa kI ora se indaura se prakAzita huaa| isake cAra varSoM ke pazcAt vi0 sa0 1983 me isa koza kA dvitIya bhAga, vi0 sa0 1986 me tRtIya bhAga, 1988 me paturtha bhAga aura vi0 sa0 1965 me pacama bhAga prakAzita huaa| ___isI avadhi me kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya me prAkRta ke prAdhyApaka paNDita haragovindadAsa nikamacada seTha ne "pAisa-sa6-mahaNNavo" nAmaka bRhatkoza taiyAra kiyA, jisakA prakAzana san 1928 me huaa| isa koza ke nirmANa kI preraNA san 1913 ke lagabhaga lekhaka ko zrI vijayadharmasUrIzvara ma0 se prApta huI thii| yaha eka sayoga kI bAta thI ki bIsavI zatAbdI ke prArambha hote hI deza-videzo me prAkRta-zabdakoza kI khalane vAlI abhAva kI pUrti hetu nirmANa kI dizA me kArya prArambha huA thaa|

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370 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA abhidhAna rAjendrakoga Aja taka prAkRta ke jo bhI zabdakoza likhe gaye, una saba kA bhinna-bhinna uddezya rahA hai / 'pAiyalacchInAmamAlA' prAkRta ke prAthamika vidyArthiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakha kara likhI gayI pratIta hotI hai / ataeva isame lagabhaga eka hajAra zabdoM aura unake paryAyavAcI nAmo kA sakalana milatA hai / 'dezI nAmamAlA' adhikatara dezI zabdoM kA saMgraha upalabdha hotA hai / ina dono hI kozo me na to jainAgamo me Agata zabdo ke darzana hote hai aura na jaina darzana ke pAribhASika zabdo ko samajhane ke lie usa samaya taka hamAre pAsa koI koNa jaisA mAdhyama thA / 'abhidhAna rAjendrakoNa' ne nissandeha isa abhAva kI pUrti bahuta kucha azo me kI / ata isa vizAla kopa ke prakAzana para prAcyavidyA jagat ke suprasiddha vidvAn silvA levI ne ucchvasita bhAva se ye udgAra prakaTa kie the "abhidhAna-rAjendra" ke pA~ca varSoM taka satata svAdhyAya ke anantara meM yaha kaha sakatA hU~ ki prAcyavidyA kA koI jijJAsu isa Azcaryajanaka grantha kI anadekhI nahI kara sakatA / apane vizeSa kSetra me isane kozavidyA ke ratna pITarsavarga koza ko bhI atikrAMta kara diyA hai / isa koNa me pramANa aura uddharaNo se puSTa na kevala sAre zabda hI Akalita haiM, apitu zabdo se pare jo vicAra, vizvAsa anuzrutiyA~ hai, unakA sarvekSaNa bhI isa me hai / " 'abhidhAna-rAjendra koza' kA kaI dRSTiyo se vistRta adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa koza meM aneka aise pracalita zabdoM kI vistAra se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai, jo kevala jaino ke sAMskRtika jIvana se sambanva rakhate hai / Aja bhI ye zabda paramparAgata rUpa se pracalita hai / jaiseki thui (stuti), samajha, sAmAiya ( sAmAyika), paDikkamaNa ( pratikramaNa ), samAyArI ( samAcArI ), paDilehaNA (pratilekhanA ), thANaga, thAnaka ( sthAnaka ), sadhADa ( sighADA ), kiriyA (kriyA, bhAva) sathAra ( sathArA ), ityAdi / " eka-eka zabda kI vyAkhyA itane vistAra se isa koza me kI gaI hai ki Azcaryacakita ho jAnA paDatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie, 'zramaNa' zabda sAtave bhAga meM nibaddha hai / isI khaNDa me "sammata" (samyaktva, pRSTha 482-503), sarIra (zarIra, pRSTha 534-558), siddha ( pR0 821-845) suya (zruta, pRSTha 666 - 668) vyAkhyAyita hai / itanA hI nahI, kaI zabdo kI vyAkhyA me sandarbha pura sara kathAo kA bhI varNana hai / sAtha hI zabdoM kI sundara niruktiyoM se koza bharapUra hai / " jainAgamo kI bhASA kA adhyayana karane kI dRSTi se yaha koza nitAnta mahattvapUrNa hai / pratyeka zabda ke sAtha granthakAra ne vyAkaraNAdi vyutpattiyoM tathA tadvipayaka sUtro kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / aisA prAkRta kA zabdakoza Aja taka nirmita nahI ho sakA / vAstava me bIsavI zatAbdI kI yaha mahopalabdhi hai, jisase jaina vADmaya kRtArtha huA hai / gata

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 371 do dazako me isa ora jaina vidvAno kA barAbara lakSya rahA hai / ataeva zrI jinendra varNIkRta ----'janendrasiddhAntakoza' cAra bhAgo me bhAratIya jJAnapI0 se prakAzita huA aura "janalakSaNAvalI" koza tIna bhAgo me vIra-sevA-mandira, dillI se prakAzita ho cukA hai| apanI-apanI dRSTi se ina sabhI kozo kA mahattva hai| kintu sabhI prakAra ke prAkRta ke vizAla vADmaya ko pratyeka prakAra ke zabdoM ke rUpa me sakalita va Akalita karane vAle vizAlazabda-sAgara' kI Aja bhI AvazyakatA banI huI hai / samprati hamArI dRSTi me prAkRta-zavdakoza kI dizA me do prakAra ke prakAzano kA honA atyanta anivArya hai| prathama 'abhidhAna-rAjendrakoza' puna susampAdita hokara prakAzita ho| dvitIya eka aise svatantra koza kA nirmANa ho jo 'bRhathindIkoza' kI bhA~ti eka lAkha se adhika zabdo kA na atyanta sakSipta aura na vistRta koza ho / kyoki bhArI-bharakama koza vidyAthiyo, adhyetAo tathA sAmAnya zikSito taka nahI pahu~ca pAte hai| yaha eka aisA buniyAdI kArya hai jisase Agamo kI sapI sevA hogii| pAiyasabuhi 'pAiyasabuhi' yA 'prAkRtazadAmbudhi' ke raciyatA bhI zrImad vijayarAjendra sUri the| isa grantha kA racanAkAla 1896 I0 hai| 1860 I0 me 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' kA sampAdana sakalana kA sUtrapAta huA thaa| usake lagabhaga nau varSoM ke uparAnta pAiya sahabuhi' kA nirmANa huaa| vAstava me yaha zabdakoza bRhat 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' kA hI ladhu saskaraNa hai / hamArI jAnakArI me yaha adyAvadhi aprakAzita hai| janazAsana ke dharoharo ko cAhie ki ve avilamba isakA sampAdana karA kara prakAzana karAyeM, jisase eka tapasvI kI prANavatI AkAkSA mUtimAn ho sake / grantha sammukha na hone se usake sambandha me kucha nahI kahA jA sktaa| saddhamAgadhI-koza T0muni ratnananda nI zatAvadhAnI mahArAga naMnAmo che ane svAdhyAyI prakhara vidvAna the| unhone prAkRta bhASA ke hajAro zabdo kA sakalana kara 'arddhamAgadhI-koza' kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| yaha koza vidyArthiyoM ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha huaa| kintu cAra bhAgo me vibhakta hone ke kAraNa sAmAnya adhyetAo ke lie yaha sulabha nahI thaa| ataeva isa dRSTi se munizrI ne eka sakSipta koza bhI taiyAra kiyA thA jo san 1926 me "janAgama zabdakoza ke nAma se prakAzita huaa| jahA~ 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' me vyAkaraNa, rUpa-racanA Adi sabhI viSayo kA samAveza huA hai, vahI 'arddhamAgadhI-koza' kevala prAkRta-maskRta

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372 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA abhidhAno kA hI paricaya mAna diyA gayA hai| yathAsthAna zabdo ke liMga, vacana Adi kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / kozagata sabhI sAmagrI prAmANikatA kI dRSTi se yathocita sacita kI gayI hai / yahI isa koza kI vizeSatA hai| pAia-saha-mahaNNavo ___ "pAia-sadda-mahaNNavo" yA "prAkRta-zabda-mahArNava" ke kartA kalakattAvizvavidyAlaya ke saskRta, prAkRta aura gujarAtI bhApA ke adhyApaka paNDita haragovindadAsa nikamacadra seTha the / akele hI paNDita jI ne binA kisI kI sahAyatA ke lagabhaga caudaha varSo taka kaThora zrama karake isa prAmANika koza kA sampAdana kiyaa| isame koI sandeha nahIM hai ki jaina evaM janetara prAkRta granyo se lekara apabhraMza taka ke prAkRta bhASAo ke vistIrNa zabdo ke vizAla saMgraha kA sakalana kara saMskRta pratizabda, hindI arya tathA sabhI Avazyaka uddharaNo tathA prAmANika sAmagrI se bharapUra kara isa zabdakoza ko sampAdita kiyA / eka akele vyakti kA yaha mahAna kArya AzcaryakArI hai / 'abhidhAna rAjendra' ke sambandha me unakA kathana hai "abhidhAna rAjendra koza kA nirmANa kevala pacahattara se bhI kama prAkRta jana pustako ke hI, jiname ardhamAgadhI ke darzana viSayaka grantho kI bahulatA hai, AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai aura prAkRta kI hI itara mukhya zAkhAo ke tathA vibhinna viSayo ke aneka jana tathA janeta ra granyo me se eka kA upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai / isase yaha koza vyApakana hokara prAkRta bhASA kA bhI ekadezIya koza huA hai| isake sivAya prAkRta tathA saMskRta grantho ke vistRta azo ko aura kahI-kahI choTe-baDe sampUrNa grantha ko hI avataraNa ke rUpa me uddhRta karane ke kAraNa pRSTha saMkhyA me bahuta baDA hone para bhI zabda-saMkhyA me Una hI nahIM, balki AdhArabhUta grantho me Ae hue kaI uparyukta zabdo ko choDa dene se aura vizepArthahIna atidIrgha sAmAjika zabdo kI bharatI se vAstavika zabda-saMkhyA meM yaha koza atinyUna bhI hai|' yayArya me kisI bhI zabdakoza kA mahatva va mUlya zabdo kI sakalanA mAtra se nahI AkA jA sakatA / usakA sabase mahatvapUrNa aga hai pramANapUrvaka artha kA vinizcaya karAnA tathA sabhI jJAtavya tathyo kA yathAsthAna nirdeza krnaa| isa dRSTi se "pAisa-saha-mahaNava" prAkRta kA zreSTha koSa hai| isakI zreSThatA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hI san 1963 me isakA dvitIya saskaraNa 'prAkRta grantha pariSad, vArANasI se prakAzita huaa| yaha sabhI dRSTiyo se prAkRta bhASA kA eka acchA koza kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu jisa samaya san 1928 me isakA prathama saskaraNa prakAzita huA thA, usa samaya taka bahuta kama prAkRta-mAhitya prakAza meM A sakA thaa| kaI grantho kA vidhivat sampAdana taka nahI huA thaa| ataeva prAkRta kI vizAla zavda-sampadA abhI taka zabdakozo meM nibaddha hone se vacita hai / yadyapi

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 373 "pAia-saha-mahaNava" ke dvitIya saskaraNa me apabhraza bhASA ke aneka zabdo ko sammilita kara diyA gayA hai, phira bhI "apabhraza-koza" kI AvazyakatA vizeSa rUpa se kacoTa rahI hai / lekhaka svayaM isa prakAra ke koza-nirmANa kI dizA me kArya rata hai, kintu kaI prakAra kI kaThinAiyA~ sammukha hai| apabhra za-koza yaha atyanta vicitra bAta hai ki jisa bhASA me pAMca sau se adhika kAvya grantha milate ho aura jisase Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAo kA vikAsa huA ho tathA jo rASTrabhASA hindI kI jananI ho usa bhASA kA Aja taka choTA-baDA kisI bhI prakAra kA zabdakoza upalabdha nahI hotA / na to madhyakAla me aura na Adhunika kAla me 'apabhraza-koza' likhane kA koI prayatna kiyA gyaa| apabhraza-sAhitya kA adhyayana karate samaya bAra-bAra yaha vicAra mere sAmane AyA ki isa bhApA kA eka zabdakoza avazya honA caahie| kintu mere agraja tathA gurujana yahI samajhAte rahe ki alaga se apabhrazakoza kI AvazyakatA nahI hai, prAkRta me hI apabhraza gabhita ho jAtI hai| unakA yaha tarka sadA khaTakatA rahA hai| kintu utsAha bhale hI manda humA ho, para maiM hatotsAha nahI huaa| kyoki merI isa dhAraNA ko sadA vala milA hai ki apabhraza prAkRta se eka bhinna bhASA hai, isaliye usakA zabdakoza bhI bhinna honA cAhie / apabhraMza bhASA me adhikatara prAkRta-zabda-sampadA lakSita hotI hai| kintu unakA kaI sthalo para artha-nirdhAraNa karate samaya patA calA hai ki eka hI zabda kA jo artha prAkRta me hai, vaha apabhraza me nahI hai / aise pAMca sau se bhI adhika zabda milate hai, jinakA artha prAkRta me kucha hai aura apabhraza me kucha aura dUsarA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, prAkRta me pAhala' zabda kA artha mleccha kI eka jAti hai, kintu apabhraza me vyAghra yA nAhara hai / prAkRta me 'Damara' kA artha viplava tathA kalaha hai kintu apabhraza me bhaya hai| isI prakAra prAkRta me "jatta" kA artha jaya yA udyoga hai aura apabhraza me yAtrA hai / 22 isa taraha ke aneka zabda hai, jinake AdhAra para eka pUrI pustaka likhI jA sakatI hai / inake atirikta kucha mAtA-bheda se samAnArthI hone para bhI koza me ullekhanIya haiM, jaise ki pasulipasulI, NAsa-NAsA, vihala-vihAla, NAli-NAlI, maDDamaDDA ityAdi / mAtAbheda ke kAraNa kahI-kahI bahuta antara parilakSita hotA hai / 'pAia-sadda-mahaNNava' me maDDa zabda mardana artha me eka sakarmaka kriyA hai, kintu dezI nAmamAlA' me usakA artha balAtkAra hai / balAtkAra artha me "pAia-saha-mahaNava" me "maDDA" zabda AyA hai| isa zabda se sAmya rakhane vAlA 'maDa" zabda kA prayoga'paumacariu' tathA 'bhavisayatakahA' me milatA hai / kintu puSpadanta ke 'mahApurANa' me (13, 2, 3) me "maDDa" kA artha nArikelavana (mADa' marAThI)

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374 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA hai "bharUra che artha mI mahApurANa" (30, 24, 22) e nAriyana re sI prakAra vyajana-bheda hone para bhI kahI-kahI arthasAmya lakSita hotA hai / jaise ki Dima-thi, vaLavuLa, vora-vIja, phuDA-naDaLa, voya-voDa, rAma-vAyavAva, Diya-ThiDa, Dha , vona-vola, pora-pAta, vaMdurasura, bhUvantra, mUravi-bhUvijha ityAdi ! apabhraza bApA , pAtra prAhitya kaparA nahI ataUva prAkRta-broza re ja che nA sakate huM? sabati vanane nizvita sayA vatAnA samava nahI hai. manumAnata nA pratizata zabda ne huM no kakRta je zablogo me nahI huM nIra tamAma dasa katigata adra pese TUMko raskRta zabdo je dhisara vilita mAtra be nA maLe . je zabda adhikAra prAkRta-zo nahIM minate vadhavA mana arcane mitate vavAharaNa ve nig che baddha nimna-tivita chuM visula--vidyuta vImoyara sAmora sAvayA lApatA rArAjJA keI kekI se zreya chama chama, chata taLa tatvanI biraya niSpApa hiya hata paratta prApta viroDa viDInA. indra banAva nAnApa paritAhiya pratihitA vadUta mUva(dubA ) pahRtta pramuva veyana vettanatA papIrahi yaya (ho) bALa bAnepaLa pAnaya nAniya | ( niya) hoya che (vavA) banIDha atiptA mAruM ti, vinA nAgni tattanIya vaDutra vadu (vAna) vachAyaba vAtsyAyana vohara vRttaghara vArba-vA viDa diguNa vikkAra vikAra visama vizrAma visAvADa thAvATa dra saddA savitA savarDa sAnta maviya rasthApita sathaka sArthavAha sabhau sambhava sAddha rAnavuM saniha nima sAlattaya sAlaktaka vA vA (tamAma) duti praharaLa viropa surata suvarzana sirADa zirapuTa savATu tADUta maMivi nivaM abheya abheda parvata-rivara vanaya vana, vAmana vaka lona sAva vyi kuhara parvata DuM joDuM tamaya tAta to vi to bhI kavi mI bhaiya bhaya maharAya mahArAja mittaya paivI mahADa mahAvI vaiyAgaraNa vayAkaraNa - vijJapha viyA nAtA

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saMskRta, prAkRta tth| apabhraMza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya ghiyaUri 375 dadura pAhoha jehI jaisI TIlA ghRtapUra paihiu prahRSTa pAyoda ( samudra ) pahulla praphulla, phUla isa prakAra ke zabdoM kA adhyayana buddhi kA pUrNa vyAyAma karA detA hai / yaha nizcaya karanA bahuta kaThina hai ki ye zabda saMskRta ke bhraSTa rUpa hai athavA prAkRta ke zabdo kA saMskRta ke sAhitya me saMskRtIkaraNa kiyA gayA / pITarsana ke vicAra me prAkRta aura vaidika saMskRta samAnAntara rUpa meM pravAhita rahI hai / DA0 pusAlakara kA yaha kathana bhI vicAraNIya hai ki bhAratIya purANo kI bhASA viSayaka aniyamitatAo ko dekhate hue yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki jana-boliyo se prabhAvita saMskRta ke purANa Adhe ke lagabhaga prAkRtatva ko saheje hue haiM / inake adhyayana se yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai ki maulika rUpa me purANa prAkRta me likhe gaye the, jinhe haThAt saMskRta me anUdita kiyA gayA / prAkRta bhASA ko apanAne kI pravRtti kA prabhAva vaidika grantho me lakSita hotA hai / paravartI kAla me prAkRto kA yaha prabhAva dhArmika grantho, mahAkAvyoM aura purANo para bhI parilakSita hotA hai / " yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki vedo ke samaya me prAkRta volI rUpa meM thI / boliyo ke pravAha . se Agata aneka zabda vedo me dRSTigocara hote haiM / Rgveda me Agata kucha prAkRta zabda isa prakAra hai sanyAsajya vacasI (satyAsatya vacana, ma0 7, sU0 104, ma0 12 ), dUlabha (durlabha, 4, 6, 8 ), caru 15 (kASThapAla, 6, 52, 3) - patto (10,27,13 ), ajagara (RkprAtizAkhya, 5, 4, 22), meha ( niyukta, 2, 6, 4), ityAdi / zrI cokasI kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki prAkRta kA vikAsa zAstrIya saMskRta se na ho kara vaidika saMskRta se huA / bhAratIya vaiyAkaraNa isI tathya ko svIkAra karate hai / " kintu bhASAvid isa mAnyatA se sahamata nahI haiM / unakA kathana hai ki dvitIya stara kI prAkRta bhASAoM kI utpatti vaidika yA laukika saMskRta se na hokara prathama stara kI prAkRto se huI hai|" isa kathana kI sacAI aba navIna zodha va anusandhAno se pramANita ho cukI hai / prAkRto me "R" ke sthAna para jo "ri" milatI hai, usakA mUla nizcita rUpa se vaidikayugIna loka boliyo me rahA hai / dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka zilAlekho me "R" ke sthAna para "ru" milatA hai / " Aja bhI dakSiNa tathA mahArASTra ke vidvAn "saMskRta" kA uccAraNa 'saskaruta' rUpa me karate haiM / yaha loka bolI ke pravAha me Aja bhI jyo kA tyo banA huA hai / kintu prAtizAkhyAkAra ne isa uccAraNa ko sadoSa mAnA hai / " yahI sthiti 'ri' kI hai / kintu prAcIna pANDulipiyo tathA videzI bhASAo me likhe gae saMskRta-zabdoM ke uccAraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcInakAla me bhI 'R' kA uccAraNa azata 'ri' ke samAna hotA thA / " uttarakAlIna bhAratIya bhASAo me saMskRta 'R' ke sthAna para ikAra tathA ukAra vAlI dhvaniyoM ke vikAsa se pratIta hotA hai ki

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376 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ati prAcIna kAla se 'R' ke upAraNa me dono prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ vidyamAna rahI hogI, yathA-dhRta-dhI, zRgAla-siyAra, RkSa-rIcha, parantu vRkSa-rUkha, pRcchA-pUcha vRddha-bUDhA / katipaya vaidika zAkhAo me 'R' kA uccAraNa gata 're' ke sadRza bhI kiyA jAtA thaa|01 vastuta utpAraNa bhinnatA kA koI kAraNa avazya hotA hai| yaha bhinnatA voliyo me viziSTa 25 se lakSita hotI hai| isI prakAra veda meM Agata 'lAgala' zabda ko jA~ prajiluskI muNDA bhASA kA zabda mAnate hai / 01 saMskRta kA 'pippala' tathA 'pippali' grIka zabda hai / Aja bhI bhAratIya grAmo me 'pIpara' zabda pracalita hai jo ki grIka peparI' se sAmya rakhatA hai| 103 ____ isa prakAra ke zabdo kA samAveza vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke AdAna-pradAna tathA bhAratIya zreSThiyo ke videza-vyApAra ke kAraNa huaa| Rgveda kA zAlmali (semala kA vRkSa, 10,85, 20) aura zimbala (semala kA phUla, 3, 53, 22)muNDA bhASA ke zabda mAne jAte hai| pakSiyo me 'kapota' (Rgveda 10, 165, 1) jo durbhAgyadAtA artha me prayukta hai, muNDA bhASA kA zabda hai| yahI hAla 'mayUra' (Rk0 1, 161, 14) kA hai / sambhavata isI ora lakSya kara zavara muni ne kahA thA ki jina zabdo kA Arya loga kisI artha me prayoga nahIM karate, kintu jinakA mleccha loga prayoga karate haiM, jaise ki----pika, nema, sata, tAmaraka Adi, una zabdo me sandeha haiN| 5 bhaugolika dRSTi se zikSA grantho me svarabhakti kA pAraNa jisa kSetra me nidiSTa kiyA gayA hai, yaha ardhamAgadhI aura apabhraza kA kSetra hai / 106 isa prakAra ke anya tathyoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA jA sakatA hai, jina saba ke adhyayana se yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki prAkRta voliyo kA pravAha nizcita hI bhinna rahA hai / ve kisI zAstrIya bhApA se kadApi vikasita nahIM huii| DaoN0 AlsaDorpha ke anusAra bhAratIya AryabhApA kI sabase prAcInatama avasthA vaidika RcAo me parilakSita hotI hai| kaI prakAra kI pravRttiyo tathA bhApAgata staro ke anuzIlana se yaha spaSTa hai ki volI hI vikasita hokara saMskRta kAvyo kI bhASA ke rUpa meM prayukta huI / ataeva usame dhvani-prakriyA tathA anya aneka zabda voliyo ke lakSita hote hai / zAstrIya saMskRta kA vikAsa-kAla cauthI zatAbdI se lekara AThavI zatAbdI taka rahA hai, kintu una para prAkRto kA prabhAva ni sandeha rUpa se hai / 107 A0 AryabhApAo ko prAkRta kI dena Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAo ke vikAsa meM prAkRto kI bhUmikA atyanta gauravapUrNa rahI hai| prAkRto ke bhASA sambandhI sarvekSaNa kI suvidhA ke lie hama unake tIna vibhAga kara sakate haiM prathama Agamo kI prAkRta, dvitIya sAhityika prAkRta aura tRtIya uttarakAlika prAkRta yA apabhraza bhApA / sarvaprathama hama janAgamo

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 377 kI prAkRta ke kucha zabdo ke AdhAra para Adhunika bhASAo tathA boliyo ke zabdo ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karate hai / ye zabda hai khuDDa yaha eka dezI zabda hai / oche, nIca ke artha me isakA prayoga uttarAdhyayana sUtra (1, 6) me milatA hai / dezInAmamAlA (2,74 ) me yaha laghu artha me varNita hai | tamila bhASA me "kuTTaI" zabda isI artha kA vAcaka hai / "khuDDa" kA vikAsa tamila zabda se mAnA jAtA hai / koDa saMskRta ke "kITa" se vikasita kIDA artha me prayukta hai / yaha zabda prAya sabhI Agama grantho me milatA hai / dazavekAlikasUtra me (4, 1 ) bhI yaha zabda hai / isa zabda kA sIdhA sambandha hindI, gujarAtI Adi bhASAo me prayukta kIDa, kIDA zabda se hai / bappa yaha zabda dazavekAlika (7,18) me milatA hai, jisakA artha bApa hai / Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAo se isakA sIdhA sambandha hai / chatta yaha zabda bhI dazavaikAlika ( 3, 4 ) me milatA hai / isakA artha chattI hai | yaha koI dezI zabda pratIta hotA hai / isI se hindI me "chAtA " tathA "chattA" zabda pracalita haiM / thiggala yaha zabda bhI dazavaikAlika (5, 1, 15 ) me milatA hai / isakA artha yeggalI hai / 'thiMgala' se hI thegalI kA vikAsa huA khalukA yaha zabda uttarAdhyayana sUtra ( 27, 8) me prayukta hai / isakA artha jutA huA ayogya vaila kiyA jAtA hai / isa zabda ke sambandha me vizeSa kucha nahI milatA / sambhavata koI dezI zabda rahA hogA / peDaya yaha zada uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA TIkA (patra 84 ) me milatA hai / isakA artha samUha hai / prAkRtakoza me bhI yahI artha hai| bihArI, hindI Adi bhASAo me bhI yaha zabda apane vikasita rUpa pera, perA Aja bhI isI artha me pracalita haiM / 108 kucha anya zabda isa prakAra hai chipAya ( jabUdvIpa03) chipI, chIpA, darjI | bundelI me 'chipI' / moraga (nizItha cUrNi 11,3700 ) karNAbhUSaNa, hindI 'bhurakI' / suiMga (muyiMga, nizIthabhASya 261 ) cITI, marAThI 'mugI' / dezI 'muagI' (dezInAmamAlA 6, 164 ) koTikA, kIDI ( cITI) / vistIrNa | marAThI 'rudra' | dezI 'rudo' ruMda bRhatakalpabhASya 2375 ) - ( dezI nAmamAlA 7, 14 ) - vipula | varaMga ( bRhatakalpabhASya 4824 ) DhikuNa (bRhata kalpabhASya 5376 ) DhekuNa' (dezInAmamAlA 4, 14) khaTamala / barAmadA | bundelI, hindI 'varaDA' / khaTamala | marAThI 'DhekUNa' / dezI 'DhakuNa'

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376 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyArA mIra ena vI paramparA. Hvaya (vRtapamASya 412) mAneya | marAThI bhavA' ! sAya (vRtatpamALuM rUdra) paDatI marAThI nADI' ! dara (fpanavita 264)--LInA ! guna rAtI pAvara'. vasunnA (grAva thavUba pRSTha 940) juDiyA : hindI putata, tuvenI putariyA', marAThI putanA' ! citnI (vUdIpaprApti TI. 2) dho nI yAro dhoDo kI thI huM jouM rezI zabda hai pAsamava bane" "cinta" zabda hai seDiyA (sAvA rAmasUtra 2, 3, 6, 3) sapheda miTTI, vaDiyA saMskRta seTi' | peDaLa (vRtajyamASya 4636) jorapIMjo dezI zabda pratIta zrotA hai vasAra (vyavarimALa 2, 72) saus marAThI pota' yaha pravezI zabda saiA vezInAmamAtA ke pogAna" (6, 62) vaita artha vAva hai pokhaMDa (nizIthamASya rU704) jaina . marAThI povaDa' pAtrasadamaLava' je zI zabda hai, nasa kartha manina kriyA yA hai pata (vhallapamADyuM ha) sUtI vastra | thai che vezI zabda hai ! hatta (nizIthamASya rU726) varidrA yaha zabda vezInAmamAtA (6, 6pa). me isI artha me AyA hai| kabUtra (saupapAtika sUtra 30) jUna ya jorDa vezI zabda hai. vinti (Anabarna rU) lagvArI pArUmasamahaSNava meM yaha zI hA mAyA hai phasAM kartha hAtha mAM havA hai viva7 (vRhatpamAge 2272) vIvata, jIvaDA marAThI vina' koLI nivavana" ! vokhAna (bRhaspaSya 4770) nIpAnA hindI japAna, laMDayA (nizItha0 2704) lakSaTa karane vAlA | nadI vyaktiA DhavANa (bRhatpamALe raha42)--tara mAdhunika bhAratIya kAryamApAko hanu, nA, havana yAdi (rigemi- 23, 20, ha) chorA mukha rAtI vIro ! panara (Drima , 20, 7) paTA noTTiyara (riTTane mi24, zarU, 9) navayuvAmAravADI, mukha rAtI modyAra' - vADhiyA (vADI), paradhara, maTu (churA), moraDa (tina bhAvi che ta), roTTa (vAvata che bATA), vouDaya (vupaDa 2), viyAya (prasUtA, vyAnA) tyAdi " vunTeravakkI mAvA me sahunno che zabda hai no vyutpatti kI dRSTi che

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 376 prAkRta se sambaddha hai aura jinakA vikAsa nizcita rUpa se prAkRta-apabhraza se huA hai| udAharaNa ke lie kucha zabda isa prakAra hai vunvenI sIso' (tariyA) prAchata che 'saya" (puna rAta morIsA) zabda se vikasita dulA hai phUlI kAra prAchata che sarikA' zabda se gunvenI paNa sArI' vikasita dula, nisane tiNa vezInAmamAtA' (40) me 'sAro' zabda mitratA hai phalI bAra vunvenI dulA, vaTI,vRdaiyA, churka, surayA, na , , TA, nirATa, ha, vArI, vasA, valDa, varI, vadara, vatana, vittI, aDavaDa, dhAma, zAmara, duriyA, tiddA, tharDa, pAna bara vicAra prati be tramaza duryo, vaSTi, voTTiya, jhuriyA, zUra, naDa, lava, daol, nirAya, tha vAriyA, rIsa, vadda, vAva, vaDA, vatta, tni, -vaDa, dhamma, zAmara, DorI, teDa, thayA, FAna ma ra vidhAnika zabdo se visita hai"phana gatirita vunhetI ke chuTTAra je vAratA' hate haiM no prAchata che vAri' zabda se visita hai pazu che ti Dhora' zabda vAdhanika bhAratIya kArya mAvAno pratita hai no mUna bAta hai hindI je jUnA, ghugha, vAva, samosA, lUMTa, lUMTerA, vAra, cha, nI, vonA, dorA, mADI, vora vola, vottI, vAra, varA, katavAra, choTI, rudAra, evaDa, tavana, vAva, pAvara, sasarAra mAtra zabdo che nikAsa prAkRta che tulta, dhumadhura, Dhava, sosiya, nuka, buTTA, mAri, vi, Liya, khyona, 1ddorama, ddhi, jaliya, ravo, volta, ravoljiya, yAra, kherA, lattara, choTI, chaTTAra, vaDayaDa, vAya, pavavara, jasarAne bAvi vikAsa spaSTa rUpa se nalita hotA hai phana atirikta ane pele za4 minate haiMno Teka prAkRta tathA apabhraza ke hI fmanate hai, Dana savavI vI nA samava nahI hai. udAharaNa che niNa cha zavo nA hasteva phala prAra vaDA vaDAM kSamAna samenAM cheDI jhaMDI, chiDiyA, nAnI norva jova movara movara kophatA hoyanA havana yovanI voTTiyADa voTara vaDiya vaDI moDI phUDa mUvaDa, juvaDa vannAM ravAnA Topa TopI (miSThAnna) Topara Topa TivinA tavanAM manniya---mAnI (karavI) vaphALavAna dulDa hoDa unnaDa 3nADa ha7 DIla kura ThAkura vonga- vona (bhAva) maDa mArI nADuya nADU, naC paTTona padonA (jaina) viThThI vedI veDa veDA voDa varA

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380 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI parampaga mubhala monI chillara ---cholara Tola TolA (muhallA) (pokhara) savvala-sabala, vimUraya visUranA Tiapa --ThI kuzI cupayA- --cUka, mUla gilana -gIlA ciTiA ciTThI kahi----kahA sellaga-~-selA, ca5 cApanA, bhIcanA bhAlA jhapa jhApanA, nabhAliu samhAlA DhAkanA khisiya-khisaka khaTTalaTanA ca7i- paMgA macchara macchara tomaNa tamana (sAga), teuna khara hAvara mugadAli mUga pakkala bakalA, chinako pakkala bakalA, TE pITa pITanA kI dAla paTavArI 5davArI nAnI nAnI navonma pronanA dada dada mera-~maryAdA U chinA, umeDa umaDanA uDa oDA, gaharA rAli rADa, kalaha isa prakAra apabhraza me bhI aneka dezI zabda milate hai jo vartamAna jana-voliyo me paramparA se adhigRhIta hue hai / 112 iname dakSiNa kI bhASAo tayA voliyo me hI nahIM, kintu uttara bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAo tathA boliyo me prayukta zabda upalabdha hote hai / isa prakAra kI dezI-zabdAvalI kA eka svatanna zabdakopa' nimita honA cAhie / anta me hama prAkRta ke kucha aise zabdo kI vAnagI de rahe hai jo bhArabhIya bhASAo me atyanta pracalita hai| prAkRta hindI pajAvI urdU sindhI marAThI gujarAtI bagalA oDiyA anya atna nA nA manA nannA manA pita nA pAna voTTa peTa 4 pedu po peTa peTa peTa haDDiya haDDI haDDI haDI haDDo hADa hADaku hA hA dahi dahI dahI dahI drahI dahI dahI 65 dahi nAsapea nAsa0 nA5pA0 nAza0 nAsa0 nAsa0 nAspA0 nyAspAnAspA0 baheDaya baheDA baheDA veheDA bahero behar3A baheDA kyaDA paahaadd| cAula cAvala cAvala cAvala pAvara bhAta bhAta bhAta x cora (malayAlama) 85kAri tarakArI ta20 tara0 x x x tara0 x tarakAri (kannaDa)

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saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 381 cakkalaya cakalA x cakalI cakalI bhakkhaNa makkhana makkhapA makkhana makkhaNu loNI mAkhaNa mAkhana x mAkhana (asamiyA) cAlaya cakalA x cakalA cakalA cakulo cakalo cAkI x cakalu (kazmIrI) kuMdIra kudarU kudarU kudarU x x x x kudura vAigaNa baigana vagaNa baigana vANu vAge rIguNu veguna vAgaNa vAgun (kazmIrI), beDanA (asamiyA) coru cora cora cora coru cora cora cora cora cUra (kazmIrI), pora (asamiyA) pANia pAnI pANI pAnI pANI pANI pANI jala pANi pAnI (asamiyA) paddala bAdala baddala bAdala kakara Dhaga vAdalu megha medha ghor3a ghoDA ghoDA ghoDA ghoDo ghoDA ghoDo ghoDA ghoDA coroM (asamiyA), guraMbhu (telugu) __isI prakAra valaha' (balada), 'vadhAra' (dhAra), 'khaTTA' (khaTTA), 'gilla' (gIlA), 'pAhuNa' (pAhunA) aura vihala' (viTAla, aspRzya) Adi zabdo ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAratIya bhASAo ke samyaka adhyayana va anusandhAna ke lie prAkRta-apabhraza bhASAo kA adhyayana Avazyaka hI nahI, anivArya bhI hai| sadarbha 1 e0e0 hila (sa0) lipisTiksa, 1966 pa0 45 / 2 kane, sumina bhageza laiksikogrAphI, 1965, pR0 12 3 mariyo peI inviTezana Tu ligvisTiksa, landana, 1965, pR0 66 4 lionArDa blUmaphIlDa lagveja, landana, 1958, pR0 162 5 vahI, pR0 264-65 6 "sAdhutva jJAnaviSayA sapA vyAkaraNabhUti |"-paakypdiiy (bhatRhari) 7 bhaTTAcArya, rAmazakara saskRta bhASA me kopa prAmANya, hindI anuzIlana, pauSa-phAlguna, vi0sa0 2010, pR0 21-26 8 DA0 hemacandra jozI 'sarasvatI' patrikA meM prakAzita lekha, aktUbara, 1960, pR0 231 6 kale, sumita mageza leksikogrAphI, 1965, pR0 5 10 DA0 nemicandra jana jana ko-sAhitya, AcArya bhikSu smRti-grantha, kalakattA 1961, dvitIya khaNDa, pR0 186 11 ta Nisuvi vayaNu jA-sArau sayala-kala dakkhava3 bhaDAra / aNN asi masi kisi vANijja aNNAhu viviha payArau vijau / / -pasabhapariu, 2, 8-6

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rUra saMta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa ra voza ja paraspara 12 mahIpa yAd chata niravata TIvI, 1 ca0 13 vaMs! 12. vina, hama (10) g foNviTi rIDara, nyUyA, 1967, go 59 14 vahI, pR0 87 14 vasavelIyA, vAvanA-muva bhAvArtha tulanA pAva vIra viveva muni nathati ! bhUmi pU0 227 16 phandrajava 1zatnAzinI zAnadAyana ! pAbinyamananendrA nandabda ra zAbdiA | 17 bamaza-dIva, 1 1 66 16 nauvakhyA je prakAzita badhAnanatAmaNi' vI prastAvanA, 60 ha 19 ronA, vAvaspati sakSara bamara rahe vArANasI, 1eye, g. 93 po Zachariae in Die Indischen worterbucher in Buhler's Ency clopaedia, 1897 21 sArtha go medAnane hisTrI saMva sata nidaravara, vitnI, pAvavA saraLa, 1ess, 60 433 22 vADamayA' phI bhUmi, pR22, vArANasI, 1966 23 pAnanyahIndrakumAra monameha, hemAmAlimuratazAstra sADAt ! nAnAryaratnatinA siddhazatra, ratnAra samatanotsumatiddIpa che ane jAti, 212 24 mahendrakumAra nana nAmamAtA samAga vI prastAvanA, pR. 11 raka tatparyAyavaro malyastatparyAyavo dhana | tatparyAyomava pama tatparyAyaghirA nAmamAtA, 16 26 10 paramAnanda pAstrI nainadharma A bAvana tihAsa, dritIya mA , g0 214 ra7. drabdavya IM-muni zrInArI mata smRtignanya, vaturtha diyAya,60 660 raka vAdivevA prathame chekhe tevA ditI | nAstRtIye utaryavaturya indriyAya che ndriyA ucivutenovAyumahIha | kRmitinUtAdyA, smRtrivaturindriyA che ndriya parva vevA, nA ya bapa | nArA pavane sAmA varSe sAdhArA dam | prastombableDa1yAyAma, -ntAcArI ne pUrvI amidAnavantAmaNi, 1,20-23 raha kandustumo dhruva burkInA 3 pakSa ! racAnno vezamanA kupo ghamUpiyA 1 triAkhopa, 2,10-11 30 mUpi. mUpano vaSyavAna vanono handu vAva, sUcAyo nRpovana che chandarI rAmULyA-jamavAnavantAmaNi, 1200, 1301 21. "valAsa' (naha) zabda vize nidradavya zuM "parIvAdo novAke maddIvothavastuni " vinI, 34,33 ca pati "vivakAza' meM bhI hai "ravI nAnakvAsI, jUdhAtu vivAra " samadhAna 0, 1066

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saMskRta, prAkRta tayA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me kaza sAhitya 383 32 "jaGgalo nijalo nUpo'bumAna" - abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 653 ___jaGgala nirjanasthAne."-medinIkoza, 28,63 33 matsyo mIna pRthuromA, jhapA vaisAriNo'NDaja / macArI sthirajihva, AtmAzI svakulakSaya / visAra zakalI zalkI, zambaro nimipastibhi / abhi0, 1343-44 34 abhidhAnacintAmaNi, tirthakkANDa 1561 1603, 35 vahI, tiyakANDa, 1444-45 36 vahI, tirthakkANDa, 1450 37 "laDaha ramaNIya ca" abhi0 1879 ___ "layalAhA kusummarammasu |"-deshonaammaalaa, 7,17 38 khallo vastraprabhede syAd gata camaNi cAtaka / medinI, 28,12 36 Tarnara, Ara0ela0 ekampereTiva kizanarI oNpa da iNDo Aryana lavona, landana, 1966, pR0 198 40 vahI, pR0 171 41 vahI, pR0 511 42 vahI, pR0 468 tathA-TI0varo TrAnsalezansa oNpa da philAlaoNjikala sosAyaTI, landana, 1645,111 43 Tarnara, Ara0ela0 e kampereTiva DikzanarI oNpa da iNDo-Aryana laiMgvejeja, landana 1966, pR0 221 44 vahI, pR0 262 45 vahI, pR0 655 46 "kuTa koTe zilAkuTTa ghaTe gehe" anekArthasagraha, 2,85 47 Tanara, Ara0ela0 e kampareTiva DikzanarI mApa da iNDo-Aryana lagvejeja, 1966, landana, pR0 175 48 paNDita, prabodha ve0 'hemacandra e74 da lipisTika TreDizana', zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya suvarNamahotsava grantha, bhAga 1,1668, pR0 212 46 vihitakAryanAnAyaMdezyazabdasamuccaya / nighaNdoSa vakSye'ha, natvA'hatpAdapakajam // 1860 tathA zAstrANi vIkSya bhAtazo, dhanvantarinimita nighaNTu ca / liMgAnuzAsanAni ca kriyate'ne kATIyam // TIkA meM 50 drapTavya hai-pITarsana kRta grantha-sUcI, bhAga 5, pR0 162 51. 'jana-siddhAnta bhAskara', bhAga 4, kiraNa 1, pR0 6 tathA DA0 nemicandra zAstrI jana koza-sAhitya', AcArya bhikSu smRti-prantha, dvitIya khaNDa, pR0 166 52 zarmA, pa0 nandalAla (sa0) vizvalocanakoza kI prastAvanA, pR0 5 53 pArAganADIparaNI, mayUra cinapiMgala / nRtyapriya sthiramada, khilakhillo garajata / / mArikaNTho marUko, meghanAdAnulAsaka / mayUko bahulagnIvo, nagAvAsazma candrakI // 1730-31

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384 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 54 vItarAgo jina prokto jino nArAyaNa smRta / kandarpahA jinaracaya jina sAmAnyakevalI // 62 // 55 kAsanIvAla, DA0 kastUracanda (sa.) rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra-bhATAro kI granya sUcI, bhAga 2, pR0 267 56 zAstI, DA0 nemicandra jaina 'jana koza-sAhitya', AcArya bhikSu smRti-granya, pR0 166 57 muni jinavijaya 'uktiratnAkara' kI prastAvanA, pR06 58 AcArya bhikSu smRti-grantha, pR0 166 56 vahI, pR0 166 60 aphejata, thyoDara (sa.) keTAlogama keTelogorama, bhA0 1,1962, jarmanI, pa0 633 61 vikkamakAlassa gae auNattIsuttara sahasmammi / mAlavanaridadhADIe laDie mnnkheddmmi|| dhArAnayarIe pariTTieNa magge ThiAe aNajje / kajje kaNipahiNIe 'sundarI' nAmadhijjAe / antima prazasti 62 kaimo adha jakiyA kusala tti payANamatimA paNNA / nAmammi jassa kama so teNesA viraiyA desI // vahI 63. 'poyo vahaNa savarA ya kirAyA'-pAiyalacchI0 274 64 je lakkhaNe Na siddhA Na pasiddhA sakkayAhihANesu / / Naya gaNalakSaNAsattisamakA te iha NivaddhA // dezI0 1,3 65 desavisesapasiddhI bhaNNamANA aNantayA huti / tamhA aNAipAipayaTTamAsAvisasao desI / / vahI, 1,4 66 vanarjI, muralIdhara dezInAmamAlA kI bhUmikA, 10 33 67 paro, TI0 buleTina oNva da skUla oNva oriyanTala eNDa aphrIkana sTaDIja, landana, jilda 12 pR0 365 68 niyan ratnA ena0 sima phorina lona vasa ina puppadantAja apabhraza', 'bhAratIya vidyA', jilda 25, sa0 1-2, pR0 27 66 vahI, pR0 28 70 Tarnara, Ara0ela0 e kampereTiva DikzanarI oNpa da iNDo-Aryana laiMgvejeja, landana, 1966, pR0 132 71 vahI pR0 171 72 draSTa05 hai bhAratIya vidhA', jilda 25, sa0 1-2, pR0 26 73 varo, TI0 buleTina oNpa da skUla oNpa oriyanTala eNDa aphrIkana sTaDIja, landana, jilda 12, pR0 376 74 Tanara, Ara0ela0 e kampereTiva DikzanarI oNpa da iNDo-Aryana lavajeja, landana, 1666, pR0 256 75 mahAkavi puSpadanta kRta mahApurANa, 3,14,11 / 76 'dezInAmamAlA' ke pariziSTa me salagna zavdakopa, pR0 47 77 Tanara, Ara0ela0 empareTiva DikzanarI oNna da iNDo-Aryana laiMgvejeja, landana 1966, pR0 475 78 zriyana, DA0 ratnA 'e sTaDI nAva dezya varDsa phraoNma da mahApurANa oNpa puSpadanta', da janala oNva da yUnivamiTI oNva vAmbe, jilda 31, bhAga 2, sita0, 1962, pR0 103

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saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza kI AnupUrvI me koza sAhitya 385 76 gupta, DA0 harihara prasAda 'dezInAmamAlA me kRSi-zabdAvalI', hindustAnI, bhAga 16, ka 3, julAI-sitambara 1958, pR 81-105 80 vadha, DA0 pI0ela0 'Ajazansa oNna hemacandrAja dezonAmamAlA', enalsa oNpa da bhANDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, jilda 8, pR0 63-71 81 caTarjI, DA0 sunItikumAra - prakAzita lekha 'tamila karapara', jilda 8, sa0 4, aktUbara disambara, 1956, pR0 306 82 ro, amRta 'da drAviDiyana elImenTa ina prAkRta' iNDiyana enTiverI, jilda 46, 1917, pR0 33-36 83 upAdhye, DA0 A0 ne0 'kanArIja varDsa ina dezI leksikansa', enalsa mA~va da bhANDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, jilda 12, bhAga 2 1631, pR0 132-163 tathA 'marAThI elImenTsa ina e prAkRta DrAmA', iNDiyana liMgvisTiksa, bhAga 16, 1655, pa0 147-152 84 paTI, DA0 sunItikumAra 'uktivyaktiprakaraNa' kI prastAvanA, pR06 tathA "tato deze deze prativiSaya loka pAmarajano yayA yayA girApabhraSTayA yat kicit abhidheya vastu pakti vyavaharati sApabhraza bhaapaa|"-uktivyktiprkrnn, zlo0 7 kI vivRti / 85 bhani jinavijaya 'upitaratnAkara' kI prastAvanA, pR07 86 zAstrI, DA. devendrakumAra apana bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA, 1672, pR0 55-56 87 vyaha lara, DA0 je0eca0 da dezI zabdasAgraha mA hemacandra, iNDiyana enTivarI jilda 2, 1873, pR0 17.21 tathA'maoNna e prAkRta glAsarI inaTAiTila6 pAiyalacchI, iNDiyana enTiverI, jilda 2, bhAga 18, jUna 1873 55 Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, 1912, pR0 544 86 draSTavya hai-tIyaMkara' kA zrImavijayarAjendrasUrIzvara vizeSApha, 1975, pR0 56 60 zAstrI, DA0 devendra kumAra jaina darzana pAribhASika zabdo ke mAdhyama se', vahI, zrImadvijayarAjendrasUrIzvara vizeSAka, pR0 126-131 11 vahI, pR0 147-151 62 zAstrI, devendrakumAra 'apabhraza koza eka paricaya', hindustAnI, bhAga 31, aka 1-2, pR0 21-22 63 pIsana 'vaidika saMskRta eNDa prAkRta', jarnala oNna da amerikana koriyanTala sosAyaTI, jilda 32, 1612, pR0 423 64 pusAlakara, e0DI0 'veyara da purANAja orijanalI ina prAkRta', AcArya dhruva smAraka ___grantha, bhAga 3, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, mahamadAbAda, pR0 103 65 puSpadanta kRta mahApurANa, 26,24,11 66 caukasI, vIje0 kampaTeTiva prAkRta amara, ahamadAbAda, 1633, pR0 8 67 pAia-sadda mahaNa kA upodghAta, pR0 22, dvitIya saskaraNa, 1663

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386 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 68 ipigrAphikA iNDiA , 8,356, 5,32 66 vedaprAtizAjya, 14,38 100 jekaba, pokaranAga AlTaiNDiyA grAnAtikA, mA0 1,1866, pR0 31 101 DA0 rAmagopAla vaidika vyAkaraNa, prathama bhAga, dillI, 1965, 05 se udRta / 102 draSTavya hai priAryana eNDa pri-dravaTiyana, 106 103 DA0 motIcandra mArthavAha, pR0 44 104 mizra, TA0 harimohna vidIya bhArata kI bhASA-myiti', pariSad-patikA, varSa 8, ka 34, mApA-savakSaNAka, pR052 se jdata 105 'atha yAdAna yAryA na micidaya yAca rati mlecchAstu kasmiAzcat prayujyante, yathA--pika-nema sata-tAmarasa Adi dAte5 mandaha / ' bhavaramApya, ma01 pA0 3, sU0 10, ma05 106 varmA, siddhavara da phoneTikA Ajanma mApha iNDiyana grAmeriyansa, dillI, 1961, pR0 50 107 bAlmaDorpha, luDaviga 'da orijana bhAva da nyU-30To-Aryana spIna', anu0 ema0ena0 ghopAla, janala oNna da oriyanTala isTITyUTa, baDodA, jilda 10, ma0 2, di.0 1960, pR0 132.33 108 Tanara, Ara0ela0 e kampereTiva DikzanarI oNva daNDo Aryana lagvejeja, 1966, pR0475 109 jaina, DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina Agama mAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pariziSTa 3 110 paTavya hai-promIDisa oNna da seminAra oNva skAlarsa ina prAkRta eNDa pAlisTaDIja, maga yUnivarsiTI, vodhagayA, 1971, pR061 111 zAstrI, DA. devendrakumAra 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mUla vANI kA mApA-vajJAnika mahattva', da vikrama jarnala oNva da vikrama-yunivarsiTI, ujjaina, jilda 18, sa0 2.4, maI-nava0 1974, pR0 155-56 112 zAstrI, DA0 devendrakumAra kanTrIvyuzana oNva apa 35 TU iNDiyana lagvejeja', kanTrIvyuzana oNva jainijma Tu iNDiyana kalpara, 1975, pR0 76

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Adhunika jaina koza-granthoM kA mUlyAMkana DaoN0 zrImatI puSpalatA jaina kisI bhASA aura usameM racita sAhitya kA samyak-adhyayana karane ke lie tatsambaddha kozo kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hotI hai / vedo aura sahitAo ko samajhane ke lie nighaNTu aura nirukta jaise kozo kI racanA isIlie kI gaI ki janasAdhAraNa uname sannihita viziSTa zabdo kA artha samajha sake / uttarakAla me isI AdhAra para saskRta pAli aura prAkRta ke za0kozo kA nirmANa AcAryoM ne kiyaa| amarakoza vizvalocanakoza, nAmamAlA, abhidhAnappadIpikA, pAiyalachInAmamAlA Adi jaise aneka prAcInako upalavya hai / iname kucha ekAkSara koza hai aura kucha anekArthaka zabdo ko prastuta karate haiM / kucha dezI nAmamAlA jaise bhI zabdakoza hai jo dezI zabdo ke artha ko prastuta karate hai| prAcIna koza-sAhitya ke adhyayana se hama kozo ko kucha vizeSa vargo me vibhAjita kara sakate haiM / udAharaNata vyutpatti koza, pAribhASika kauza, paryAyakoza, vyaktikoza, syAna-koza, ekabhASA koza, bahubhASA koza Adi / ina kozo ke mAdhyama se sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAo eva unameM prayukta viziSTazabdo ke AdhAra para bhASAvaijJAnika tathA sAskRtika itihAsa kI saracanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| ___Adhunika kozo kA prArabha unnIsavI zatAbdI se mAnA jA sakatA hai| ina kozo kI racanA-zailI kA AdhAra pAzcAtya vidvAno dvArA likhita zabda koza rahA hai / unnIsavI-vIsavI zatAbdI me prAkRta aura jaina sAhitya tathA darzana ke vidvAno ne bhI kucha kozamantho kA nirmANa kiyA hai / adhyetAo ke lie unakI upayogitA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha huI hai / aise koza grantho me hama vizeSa 15 me abhidhAna rAjendra koza, pAiyasahamahaNNava, ardhamAgadhI DiksanarI, janendra siddhAnta koza

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388 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA tathA jaina lakSaNAvalI kA ullekha kara sakate hai| yahI hama sakSepa meM ina kozamanyo kA mUlyAMkana karane kA prayatna kreN| 1 abhidhAna rAjendrakoNa isa koza ke nirmAtA zrI vijaya rAjendra mUri kA janma sa0 1883, popa zukla saptamI, guruvAra (san 1826) ko bharatapura me huaa| ApakA vAlyAvasthA kA nAma ratnarAja yA, para sa0 1903 me sthAnakavAsI mapradAya me dIkSita hone para ratna vijaya ho gyaa| bAda meM unhoMne vyAkaraNa darzana Adi kA avyayana kiyaa| san 1923 me ve mUrti pUjaka sampradAya me dIkSita hue aura vijaya rAjendra sUri ke nAma se AcArya padavI prApta kii| unhone aneka madira banavAye aura unakI pratikArya karAyI / ve acche pravaktA aura zAstrAryakartA the / upAdhyAya vAlacadajI se unakA mAstrArya huA aura ve vijayI hue / Apako vidvattA ke pramANa svarUpa Apake aneka graya hai jiname abhiyAna rAjendra koza, upadeza ratna sAra, sarvasagraha prakaraNa, prAkRta vyAkaraNa vivRtti, zabda kaumudI, upadeza ratna sAra, rAjendra sUryodaya Adi pramukha hai| unake grayo se unakI vidvattA spaSTa rUpa se jhalakatI hai| zrI sUrya kA ata kAla 31 disambara san 1606 me rAjagaDha me huaa| abhivAna rAjendra koga ke lekhaka vijaya rAjendra sUri ne jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke daurAna yaha anubhava kiyA ki eka aisA jaina-Agama koza honA cAhie jo samUce jaina darzana ko akArAdi krama se mayojita kara ske| lekhaka ne apane kozamaya kI bhUmikA me likhA hai ki "isa koza me akArAdi krama se prAkRta zabda bAda me unakA maskRta me anuvAda, phira vyutpatti, liMga nirdeza tathA jaina mAgamo ke anusAra unakA artha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka kA dAvA hai ki jaina Agama kA aisA koI bhI viSaya nahIM rahA jo isa mahAkoza me na AyA ho| kevala isa koza ke dekhane se hI sampUrNa jana Agamo kA bodha ho sakatA hai| isakI zloka sakhyA sADhe cAra lAkha hai aura akArAdi varNAnukrama se sA0 hajAra prAkRta zabdo kA saMgraha hai|" lekhaka ke ye zabda spaSTa saketa karate haiM ki unakA uddezya ise sahI artha me mahAkoza banAne kA yA / isa mahAkoza ke mukhya pRSTha para likhA hai zrI sarvajJApita gaNadhara nivatitA'dya zrInopalamyamAnA'zeSa-sUnnavRtti bhASya nimukti cUAdi nihita sakala dArzanika siddhantatihAsa zilpa vedAnta nyAya vaizeSika bhImAsAdi praNitapadArthayuktAyuktatva nirNAyaka / vR bhUmi paghAta prativyAti prAkRta zabda spAvatyAdri pariziSTa hita / isase patA calatA hai ki kozakAra ne prAkRta-jaina Agama, vRtti, bhASya, niyukti

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Adhunika jaina koza-grantho kA mUlyAMkana 386 84 prakAzana kAla cUNi, Adi me ullikhita siddhAnta, itihAsa, zilpa, vedAnta, nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAsA Adi kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| isakA prakAzana jaina prabhAkara prinTiga presa ratalAma se sAta bhAgo me huaa| isakI bhUmikA me likhA hai ki "isa koza me bhUlasUtra prAcIna TIkA, vyAkhyA tathA grathAntaro me usakA ullekha batAyA gayA hai / yadi kisI bhI viSaya para kathA bhI upalabdha hai to usakA bhI ullekha hai| tIrtha aura tIrthaMkaro ke bAre me bhI likhA gayA hai|"2 yaha mahAkoza yadyapi sAta bhAgo me samApta huA hai parantu bhUmikA me cAra bhAgo kI hI vipaya sAmagrI kA ullekha hai| ise hama sakSepa me isa prakAra dekha sakate hai 1 prathama bhAga avarNa san 1910 2 dvitIya bhAga A se U varNa taka , 1178 san 1913 3 tRtIya bhAga 'e' se 'kSa' varNa taka , 1364 san 1914 4 catartha bhAga 'ja' se 'na' varNa taka , 2778 san 1917 5 pacama bhAga-- 'pa' se 'bha' varNa taka , 1636 san 1621 6 SaSTha bhAga ma se 'va' varNa taka , 1466 san 1623 7 saptama bhAga sa se ha varNa taka , 1244 san 1925 ina sAto bhAgo ke prakAzana me lagabhaga pandraha varSa lage aura kula 10560 pRSTho me yaha mahAkoza samApta huaa| isame acchera, ahiMsA, Agama, Adhakimma, Ayariya, AloyagA, ogAhaNA, kAla, kriyA, kevalipaNNati, gaccha, cAritta, ceiya, joga titthayAra, pavajjA, rajoharaNa, vatya, vasahi, vihAra, sAvaya, heu, vinaya, sa6 paTTAvali, paccakkhANa, paDilehaNA, parisaha, vadhaNa, bhAvaNaya, maraNa mUlaguNa, mokkha, loga, vatya, vasahi, viNaya, vIra, veyAvacca, sakhaDi sacca, samAiya ityAdi jaise mukhya zabdo para vizeSa vicAra kiyA gayA hai / isI taraha acala, ajjacandaNA, aNubeladhara, abhayadeva ariSTanemi, ArAhaNA, ilAdatta, isimaputta, udayaNa kAkadiya, kosIrAja cakkadeva, dayadeta, dhaNasiri, dhaNavai, mUladattA, mUlasirI, mehadhosa rayanemi, rohiNI, samuhapAla, vijayasena, sIha, sAvatthI, haribha6 Adi jamI mahatvapUrNa kathAo kA vistAra se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| yaha mahAkoza avazya hai parantu mahAkoza ke prayojana ko siddha nahI kara paayaa| prathama to ise hama moTe rUpa me ardhamAgadhI mahAkoza kaha sakate hai jisame ardhamAgadhI prAkRta jaina Agamo ko chor3akara zeSa prAkRta sAhitya kA upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA aura dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yaha mAna uddharaNakoza bana gyaa| ye uddharaNa itane lamba rakha diye ki pAka dekhakara hI dhavaDA jAtA hai| kahI-kahI to gratho ke samUce bhAga prastuta kara diye hai| phira isake bAda unakA saskRta rUpAtara aura bhI bojhila

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360 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koca kI paramparA bana gyaa| pAiyamahamahaNNava ke lekhaka pa0 haragovinda dAma meTa ne makI jo saTIka AlocanA kI hai vaha isa mandarbha meM dRSTavya hai| parantu kheda ke sAtha kahanA paDatA hai ki isame kartA ko saphalatA kI apekSA niSphalatA hI adhika milI hai aura prakAzaka ke dhana kA apavyaya hI vizepa huA hai| saphalatA na milane kA kAraNa bhI spaSTa hai isa gratha ko thoDe gaura se dekhane para yaha sahaja hI mAlUma hotA hai ki isake kartA ko na to prAkRta bhASAo kA paryApta jAna thA aura na prAkRta zabdakoza ke nirmANa kI utanI prabala icchA, jitanI jana darzana zAstra aura tarkazAstra ke viSaya me apane pAhitya pratyApana kI dhuna / isI dhuna ne apane parizrama ko yogya dizA meM le jAne vAlI viveka buddhi kA bhI hAsa kara diyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa koza kA nirmANa kevala 75 me bhI kama prAkRta jana pustako ke hI, jinameM ardhamAgadhI ke darzana viSayaka gratho kI bahulatA hai, AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai aura prAkRta ko hI itara mukhya zAkhAo ke tathA vibhinna viSayo ke aneka jaina tathA janetara gratho me eka kA bhI upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha ko vyApaka na hokara prAkRta bhASA kA ekadezIya koza huA hai| isake sivA prAkRta tathA saskRta gratho ke vistRta azo ko aura kahI-kahI to choTe vaDe sampUrNa gratha ko hI avataraNa ke rUpa uddhRta karane ke kAraNa pR58 sakhyA meM bahuta vaDA hone para bhI, zabda sadhyA me Una hI nahIM, balki AdhArabhUta gratho me Aye hue kaI upayukta zabdo ko choDa dene se aura vizepAryahIna atidIrtha sAmAsika zabdo kI bhartI se vAstavika zabda makhyA me yaha koza ati nyUna bhI hai| itanA hI nahI, isa koza me Adarza pustako kI, asAvadhAnI kI, aura presa kI to asakhya azuddhiyA haiM hI, prAkRta bhASA ke ajJAna se sambandha rakhane vAlI bhUlo kI bhI kamI nahI hai aura sabase baDhakara do5 isa koza me yaha hai ki vAcaspatya, anekanti jaya patAkA, aTaka, ratnAkarAvatArikA Adi kevala saMskRta ke aura jana itihAsa jaise kevala Adhunika gujarAtI gratho ke saMskRta aura gujarAtI zabdo para se korI nijI kalpanA se hI banAye hue prAkRta zabdo kI isame khUba milAvaTa kI gayI hai, jisase isa koza kI prAmANikatA hI ekadama naSTa ho gayI hai / ye aura anya akSamya doSo ke kAraNa sAdhAraNa abhyAsI ke lie isa koza kA upayoga jitanA bhrAmaka aura bhayakara hai, vidvAno ke lie bhI utanA hI klezakara hai|" ___abhidhAna rAjendra koza ke kozakAra vijaya rAjendra sUri tathA sazodhaka dIpavijaya aura yatIndra vijaya hai| unake abhivAna rAjendra koza ke sandarbha me seTha kI yaha AlocanA ni sandeha arthapUrNa pratIta hotA hai| koza ke nirmANa kI sArthakatA yahA pUrI nahIM ho sakI isake bAvajUda isa vizAlakAya koza ko vilkula niraryaka bhI nahI kaha sakate / jisa samaya isa koza kA nirmANa huA hai usa samaya ardhamAgadhI Agamo kA prakAzana adhika nahI huA thA aura jo huA bhI thA vaha sabhI susapAdita

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Adhunika jaina koza-grantho kA mUlyAMkana 361 nahI thaa| anusadhAtA ko eka hI sthAna para sambaddha viSaya kI jAnakArI mila jAtI hai / isa dRSTi se usakA vizeSa upayoga kahA jA sakatA hai| ____ vijayarAjendrasUri ne eka aura koza likhA thA jisakA nAma unhone zabdAbudhi koza rakhA thA parantu isakA prakAzana nahIM ho skaa| isame lekhaka ne akArAdi krama se prAkRta zabdo kA saMgraha kiyA thA aura sAtha hI saskRta aura hindI anuvAda diyA thA kintu abhidhAna rAjendra koza kI taraha zabdo para vyAkhyA nahIM kI gii| yaha koza kadAcita adhika upayogI ho sakatA thA parantu na jAne Aja vaha pADulipi ke rUpa me kahA paDA hogaa| 2 ardhamAgadhIkoza isa koza ke racayitA muni ratnacandra lImbaDA-sampradAya ke sthAnakavAsI sAdhu the| unhone jana-janeta ra gratho kA adhyayana kara bahuzruta vyaktitva prApta kiyA thaa| unake dvArA kucha aura bhI gratho kI racanA huI hai jiname ajarAmarastAna (sa0 1966), zrAvakannatapatrikA (sa0 1970), kartavyakAmudI (sa0 1970), bhAvanAzataka (sa0 1972), ratnadharmAlakAra (sa0 1673), prAkRta pAThamAlA (sa0 1680), prastara ratnAvalI (sa0 1981), janadarzana mImAsA (sa0 1983), revatIdAna samAlocanA (sa0 1661), janasiddhAnta kaumudI (sa0 1664) - ardhamAgadhI kA saTIka vyAkaraNa pramukha hai| / yaha ardhamAgadhI koza mUlata gujarAtI me likhA gayA aura usakA hindI tathA agrejI rUpAtara prItamalAla kacchI Adi anya vidvAno se karAyA gyaa| isa koza ke racane me lekhaka ko muni uttamacada jI, upAdhyAya AtmArAma jI, muni mAdhavajI tathA muni devacandrajI kA bhI sahayoga milA hai| DaoN0 vanArasIdAsa jI eva DaoN0 velavelakara ne bhI isame sahayoga diyaa| ina sabhI vidvAno ke sahayoga se prastuta kii| isa rUpa me prakAzita ho sakA hai| DaoN0 bUlara kI vistRta prastAvanA aura saradAramala maDArI kI vistRta aMgrejI bhUmikA ke sAtha yaha koza pAra bhAgo me isa prakAra prakAzita huA bhAga 1 'a' varNa pR0 512 prakAzana kAla san 1623 bhAga 2 'a' se 'Na' varNa taka pR0 1002 // san 1927 bhAga 3 'ta' se 'ba' varNa taka lagabhaga pR0 1000,, , san 1926 bhAga 4 'bha' se ha varNa taka pR0 1015 , san 1932 (pariziSTa sahita) isa prakAra lagabhaga 3600 pRSTho me yaha koza samApta ho jAtA hai| ise hama 5ca bhASA koza kaha sakate haiM kyoki yaha prAkRta ke sAtha hI saskRta gujarAtI hindI aura aMgrejI bhASAo me rUpAtarita huA hai / lagabhaga sabhI zabdo ke sAtha yathAvazyaka

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362 sAkRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA mUla uddharaNo ko bhI isame sammilita kiyA gayA hai| ye uddharaNa sakSipta aura upayogI hai| uname abhidhAna rAjendra koza jaisI bojhilatA nahI dikhatI / abhidhAna rAjendra koza kI anya karmiyo ko bhI parimArjita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa koNa me Ama sAhitya tathA Agama se nikaTata saMbaMdha rakhane vAle vizeSAvazyaka bhAjya, piMDa, niyukti, odhaniyukti Adi gratho kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai sAtha hI zabda ke sAtha usakA vyAkaraNa bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI se atirikta prAkRta voliyo ke zabdoM ko bhI isame kucha sthAna diyA gayA hai| isake cAro bhAgo me kucha paramparAgata cina bhI sayojita kara diye gaye hai jiname AvalikAvadha vimAna, Asan, Uvaloka, upazamazreNI, kanakAvalI, kRSNarAjI, kAlacakra, kSapakazreNI, dhana rajju, ghanodadhi, 14 ratna, candramaDala, jambUdvIpa nakSatramaDala, bharata, merU, lavaNasamudra, lobha, vimANa Adi pramukha hai| isa koza kA sapUrNa nAma An Illustrated Ardha-Magadhi Dictionary hai aura isakA prakAzana S S Jaina Conference indaura dvArA huA hai| isa koza ke pariziSTa ke rUpa me san 1938 me pacama bhAga bhI prakAzita huaa| isameM ardhamAgadhI, dezI tathA mahArASTrI zabdo kA saMskRta, gujarAtI, hindI aura agrejI bhASAo ke anuvAda ke sAtha sagraha huA hai| parantu unakA yahA vyAkaraNa nahIM diyA jA skaa| yaha bhAga bhI lagabhaga 600 pRSTho kA hai| muni ratnacaMdra jI kA yaha sapUrNa koza chAtro aura zodhako ke lie uddharaNa gratha-sA bana gayA hai / munijI kA janma sa0 1636 vaizAkha zukla 12 guruvAra ko kaccha ke bhArI nAmaka grAma me huaa| ApakA vivAha 13 varSa kI avasthA me huA aura sa0 1953 me patnI kI mRtyu ke bAda muni dIkSA le lii| isake bAda unhone saskRta aura prAkRta gratho kA gahana adhyayana kiyA aura jIvana ke uttarakAla meM gratha-nirmANa kA kArya hAya me liyaa| ve zatAvadhAnI bhI the aura tapasvI bhii| 3 pAiya-saha-mahaNNava isa koza ke lekhaka pa0 haragovindadAsa nikamacada seTha kA janma vi0 sa0 1945 me rAdhanapura (gujarAta) meM huaa| unakI zikSA-dIkSA bahuta kucha yazovijaya jana pA0zAlA, vArANasI meM huii| yahI rahakara unhone saskRta aura prAkRta bhaap| kA adhyayana kiyaa| pa0 vecaradAsa DosI unake sahAdhyAyI rahe hai / dono vidvAn pAlikA adhyayana karake zrIlakA bhI gaye aura bAda me ve saMskRta, prAkRta aura gujarAtI ke prAdhyApaka ke rUpa me kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya meM niyukta hue| nyAyavyAkaraNatIrtha hone ke kAraNa jaina-janetara dArzanika prayo kA gahana adhyayana ho cukA yaa| yazovijaya jana ayamAlA se unhone aneka saskRta-prAkRta gratho kA saMpAdana bhI kiyaa| lagabhaga 52 varSa kI avasthA me hI sa0 1667 me ve kAlakavalita ho

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Adhunika jana koza grantho kA mUlyAkana 363 gaye / apane isa alpakAla me hI unhone aneka gratho kA kuzala sapAdana aura lekhana kiyaa| se0jI ke gratho me pAiyasahamahaNava kA eka viziSTa sthAna hai / isakI racanA unhone sabhavata abhidhAna rAjendrakoza kI kamiyo ko dUra karane ke lie kii| jaisA hama pIche likha cuke hai, seThajI ne uparyukta gratha kI mArmika samIkSA kI aura usakI kamiyoM ko dUra kara naye prAkRta koza kI racanA kA sakalpa kiyaa| unhone svayaM likhA hai "isa taraha prAkRta ke vividhabhedo aura viSayo ke jaina tathA janetara sAhitya ke yayeSTa zabdo se sakalita, Avazyaka avataraNo se yukta, zuddha eva prAmANika koza kA nitAnta abhAva banA hI rahA hai| isa abhAva kI pUrti ke lie maiMne apane ukta vicAra ko kAryarUpa meM pariNata karane kA dRDha sakalpa kiyA aura tadanusAra zIghra hI prayatna bhI zurU kara diyA gyaa| jisakA phala prastuta koza ke rUpa me caudaha varSoM ke kaThora parizrama ke pazcAt Aja pAThako ke sAmane upasthita lekhaka ke isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hai ki koza ke taiyAra karane me unhone paryApta samaya aura zakti lgaayii| prakAzita saskaraNo ko zuddha rUpa me akita karane kA eka duSkara kArya thA, jise unhone pUrA kiyaa| itanA hI nahI balki unhone isa vRhatkAya koza kA sArA prakAzana-vyaya bhI svaya utthaayaa| kozakAra ne Adhunika Dhaga se lagabhaga 50 pRSTha kI vistRta prastAvanA bhI likhI, jisame prAkRta bhASAo kA itihAsa tathA bhAratIya bhASAo ke vikAsa me unake yogadAna kI vizeSa carcA kii| isa graya ke nirmANa me unhone lagabhaga 300 grayo kA upayoga kiyA jo prAya zvetAmbara sampradAya se sambaddha hai| lagabhaga pratyeka zabda ke sAya kisI pratha kA pramANa bhI diyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha koza adhika upayogI ho sakA hai| eka zabda ke jitane sabhAvita artha ho sakate hai unakA bhI kozakAra ne ullekha kiyA hai| sadigdha pATha ko koSThaka me praznacihna ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha vyavasthA unakI vidvattA aura sAvadhAnatA ko sUcita karatI hai| 4 purAtana-jana-vAkya-sUci prastuta pratha ke sampAdaka zrI jugalakizora jI mukhtAra prAcIna jaina vidyA ke prasiddha anusandhAtA rahe hai / unhone vIra sevA madira jaise zodha-sasthAna aura usake anekAnta jaise zodha-patra kI sthApanA aura usakA samyaka saMcAlana kara jana vidyA ke anusaMdhAna kSetra me mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA hai| zrI mukhtAra svayaM bhI eka variSTha anusaMdhAtA rahe hai| unhone apanI avasthA ke lagabhaga 50 varSa isI kArya me vyatIta kiye hai| unake gratho me svayabhUstotra, stuti-vidyA, yuktayanuzAsana, samIcIna dharmazAstra , adhyAtma, rahasya, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, devAgama

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394 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa ko parAparA "totra Adi sapAdita aura anuvAdita atha tathA zatAdhika zodha-nivadha godhako ke lie mArgadarzaka bane hue hai| ___purAtana-jaina, vAkya-sUci vastuta eka Dhaga kA kozana tha hai, jisame 64 mUlanako ke paza-vAkyo kI akArAdikrama se sUci hai| isI me 48 TIkAdi gratho me uddhRta prAkRta-paca bhI sagRhIta kara diye gaye hai| kula milAkara 50vIsa hajAra tIna sau pAvana prAkRta-padyo kI anukramaNikA ke rUpa me isa gratha ko taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isake AdhArabhUta graya vizeSata digambara sampradAya ke haiN| jahA tahA AcArya 'uktaca' likhakara apane pUrvAcAryoM ke padyo kA ullekha karate rahe haiM jinakA khojanA kabhI-kabhI kaThina ho jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha gratha zoSako ke lie atyadhika upayogI bana jAtA hai| isake sapAdana me DaoN0 daravArIlAla koThiyA aura pa0 paramAnada zAstrI ne vizeSa sahayoga diyA hai| isakA prakAzana vIrasevA madira se san 1950 me huaa| isa gratha kI prastAvanA 168 pRSTha kI hai, jisame mukhtAra sA0 ne sambaddha gratho aura AcAryoM ke samaya aura unake yogadAna para gabhIra citana prastuta kiyA hai| 5 janapratha-prazasti-sagraha ___isakA do bhAgo me vIra sevA madira se prakAzana huA hai| prathama bhAga kA sapAdana pa0 paramAnadajI ke sahayoga se zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra ne san 1954 me kiyaa| isame saMskRta prAkRta bhASAo ke 171 gratho kI prazastiyo kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jo aitihAsika dRSTi se baDI mahatvapUrNa hai / ina prazastiyo me sagha, gaNa, gaccha, vaza, guruparamparA, sthAna, samaya Adi kA saketa milatA hai| isa bhAga me kucha pariziSTa bhI diye gaye hai jiname prazastigata maugolika nAmo, moM, gaNo, gaccho, sthAno, rAjAo, rAjamaniyo, vidvAno, AcAryo, bhaTTArako tayA zrAvakazrAvikAo ke nAma kI sUcI ko akArAdikrama se diyA gayA hai| pa0 paramAnadajI dvArA likhita 113 pRSTho kI prastAvanA vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| janapratha-prazasti-saMgraha ke dUsare bhAga ke sampAdaka hai pa0 paramAnada zAstrI jo janazodha kSetra meM itihAsa aura sAhitya ke sarvamAnya vidvAt hai| Apane vIrasevA madira ke anekAnta patra kA lagabhaga prArabha se hI sampAdana kA bhAra uThAyA aura zatAdhizova nivavo svaya niravara prakAzita phiyA vidad nAnuM paramAnadra jI kI sUkSmekSikA se bhalIbhAti paricita hai| unhoMne maskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza tathA hindI ke aneka AcAryoM kA kAla-nirdhAraNa kiyA evaM unake kRtitva va vyaktitva para asAdhAraNa rUpa se zodha-khojakara prathamata prakAza DAlA / unakA eka navInatama gratha janadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa apane vRhadAkAra me dehalI se prakAzita huA hai, jo unakI vidvattA kA paricAyaka hai|

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Adhunika jaina koza grantho kA mUlyAMkana 365 isa dvitIya bhAga me vizeSa rUpa se apabhraMza graMtho kI 122 prazastiyA dI gayI hai, jo sAhitya aura itihAsa ke sAtha hI sAmAjika aura dhArmika rIti rivAja para acchA prakAza DAlatI hai / ina prazastiyoM ko hastalikhita gratho para se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai aura adhikAza aprakAzita graMtho ko hI sammilita kiyA gayA hai / isame kucha upayogI pariziSTa bhI joDa die gaye hai jiname bhaugolika grAma, nagara, nAma, sagha, gaNa, gaccha, rAjA Adi ko akArAdikrama se rakhA gayA hai / lagabhaga 150 pRSTha kI sapAdaka kI prastAvanA zodha kI dRSTi se aura bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / isakA prakAzana vIrasevA maMdira, dehalI se san 1963 me huA / eka anya prazasti saMgraha zrI ke0 bhujabalI zAstrI ke sapAdana me jaina siddhAnta bhavana ArA se vi0sa0 1906 me prakAzita huA thA / isame zAstrI jI ne 36 grathakAroM kI prazastiyA dI hai aura sAtha hI hindI me unakA sakSipta sArAza bhI diyA hai / 6 lezyA-koza isake saMpAdaka zrI mohanalAla bAThiyA aura zrIcanda coraDiyA hai aura isake prakAzana-kArya kA gurutara bhAra zrI bAThiyA ne uThAyA hai, jo kalakattA se san 1966 me prakAzita huaa| ye dono vidvAn jainadarzana aura sAhitya ke saMzodhaka rahe hai / sampAdako ne sapUrNa jaina vADmaya ko sArabhaumika dazamalava vargIkaraNa paddhati ke anusAra 100 vargo me vibhakta kiyA aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra use yatra-tatra parivartita bhI kiyA / mUla viSayo me se aneka viSayoM ke upaviSayo kI bhI sUci isame sannihita hai| isake sampAdana me tIna bAto ko AdhAra mAnA gayA hai- ( 1 ) pATho kA milAna (2) vipaya ke upaviSayoM kA vargIkaraNa tathA ( 3 ) hindI anuvAda | mUla pATha ko spaSTa karane ke lie sampAdako ne TIkAkAro kA bhI AdhAra liyA hai / isa sakalana kA kAma Agama graMtho taka hI sImita rakhA gayA hai / phira bhI sapAdana, vargIkaraNa tathA anuvAda ke kArya me niyukti, cUrNi, vRtti, bhASya Adi TIkAo kA tathA siddhAnta graMtho kA bhI yayAsthAna upayoga huA hai / digambara gratho kA isame ullekha nahI kiyA jA sakA / sampAdaka ne digambara lezyA koza ko pRthak rUpa se prakAzita karane kA sujhAva diyA hai| koza-nirmANa me 43 prayokA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / 7 kriyA-koza isake bhI sapAdaka zrI mohanalAla bAThiyA aura zrI zrIcanda coraDiyA hai aura prakAzana kiyA hai jainadarzana sImiti kalakattA ne san 1969 me / zrI bAThiyA jainadarzana ke sUkSma vidvAn hai / unhone jaina viSaya-koza kI eka lambI parikalpanA banAI thI aura usI ke antargata yaha dvitIya koza kriyA-koza ke nAma se prasiddha

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366 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA huaa| isa koza kA bhI makalana dazamalava vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai aura unake upaviSayo kI eka lambI sUcI hai| priyA ke mAtha hI kama viSayaka sUcanAo ko bhI isameM akita kiyA gayA hai| lezyA-koza ke samAna hI isa koza ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrvokta tIna bAto kA AvAra liyA gayA hai| isame lagabhaga 45 gratho kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai, jo prAya zvetAmbara Agama gratha hai| kucha digamvara Agamo kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| ___ sapadika ne ukta dono kozo ke atirikta pudgala-koza, digambaralezyA koza aura paribhASA koza kA bhI sakalana kiyA thA parantu abhI taka unakA prakAzana nahI ho sakA hai| isa prakAra ke koza jainadarzana ko samucita rUpa se samajhane ke lie ni sadeha upayogI hote haiM / 8 jana jema DikzanarI __Jaina Gem Dictionary kA sapAdana jainadarzana ke mAnya vihAn je0 ela0 janI ne san 1916 me kiyA thA, jo ArA se prakAzita huA hai| zrI jainI ne Heart of Jainism jaise aneka gratho ko svatantra rUpa se taiyAra kiyA aura tatvArya sUtra jase mAnya gratho kA aMgrejI anuvAda prastuta kiyaa| jainadharma ko agrejI ke madhyama se prastuta karane me sI0 Ara0 jaina aura je0 ela0 janI kA nAma avismaraNIya rhe||| ___zrI jainI kA yaha koza jaina-pAribhASika zabdo ko samajhane ke lie eka prasthAna gratha kahA jA sakatA hai| bhUmikA me unhone svaya likhA hai--"yaha mujhe anubhava huA ki eka hI jaina zabda ke vibhinna anuvAdo me vibhinna agrejI paryAya prayukta ho sakate hai / isase ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura grayo ke jainetara-pAThako ke mana me duvidhA kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| isalie sabase acchA upAya socA gayA ki atyata mahattvapUrNa jaina pAribhApika zabdo ko sAtha rakhA jAya aura jainadarzana ke Aloka me sahI artha prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA jAya / nizcaya hI isa taraha ke kArya ko atima kahanA upayukta na hogaa| yaha uttama prayAsa hai ki jana pAribhASika zabdo ko varNa-kramAnusAra niyojita kiyA jAya aura unakA anuvAda agrejI me diyA jaay|" __isa koza kA mAcAra pa0 gopAladAsa varayA dvArA racita jaina siddhAnta pravezikA pratIta hotA hai| eka anya koza zrI vI0 ela0 jana aura zrI zItalaprasAda jaina ne 'vRhajjana-zabdArNava' nAma se san 1924 aura 1934 me do bhAgo me vArAvakI se prakAzita kiyA thaa| isI prakAra kA Anada sAgarasUri dvArA likhita "alpaparicita-saddhAntika zabdakoza' bhAga 1, sUrata se san 1954 me prakAzita huA thA jisame jana saMAtika zabdo ko sakSepa me samajhAyA gayA hai|

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Adhunika jana koza grantho kA mUlyAkana 367 __jainendra-siddhAnta-koza isake racayitA kSullaka jinendra varNI hai, jinhone lagabhaga 20 varSa ke satata adhyayana ke phalasvarUpa ise taiyAra kiyA hai / isame unhone jaina tatvajJAna, AcArazAstra, kamasiddhAnta, bhUgola, aitihAsika tathA paurANika vyakti, rAje tathA rAjavaza, Agama, zAstra va zAstrakAra, dhArmika tathA dArzanika sampradAya Adi se sambaddha lagabhaga 6000 zabdo tathA 2100 viSayo kA sAgopAga vivecana kiyA hai / sampUrNa sAmagrI saskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza me likhita prAcIna jana sAhitya ke 100 se adhika mahatvapUrNa evaM prAmANika gratho se mUla sadarbho, uddharaNo tathA hindI anuvAda ke sAtha sakalita kI gayI hai| isame aneka mahatvapUrNa sAraNiyA aura rekhAcitra bhI joDa diye gaye haiM, jisase viSaya adhika spaSTa hotA gyaa| hara viSaya ko mUla zabda ke antargata aitihAsika dRSTi se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yaha dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki zabda aura viSaya kI prakRti ke anusAra usake artha, lakSaNa, bheda-prabheda, viSaya-vistAra, zakA samAdhAna va samanvaya Adi me jo-jo aura jitanA-jitanA apekSita ho vaha sava diyA jAya / prastuta zabda koza bhAratIya jJAnapITha se cAra bhAgo me 8 aura 10 pvAiTa me prakAzita huA hai| mudraNa kI dRSTi se bhI isame anya koSoM kI apekSA vaiziSTya hai / TAipa kI minnatA se viSaya kI bhinnatA ko pahicAnA jA sakatA hai| mUla uddharaNo ko de dene se isa gratha kI upayogitA aura adhika baDha gayI hai| vastuta yaha sahI artha me sadarbha graMtha bana gayA hai| isame adhikAza digambara gratho kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isake cAra bhaa| isa prakAra haiM bhAga 1 'a' se 'au' varNa taka pRSTha 504 prakAzana kAla san 1970 bhAga 2 'ka' se 'na' varNa taka , 634 // 1671 bhAga 3 'pa' se 'va' varNa taka , 638 , 1972 bhAga 4 'sa' se 'ha' varNa taka , 544 , 1973 itane choTe TAipa me mudrita 2320 pRSTha kA yaha mahAkoza nissadeha varNI jI kI satata sAdhanA kA pratIka hai / unakA janma 1921 me pAnIpata me huaa| Apake pitA jayabhagavAna eDavokeTa jAne-mAne vicAraka aura vidvAna the| ApakI jijIviSA ne hI san 1938 me Apako kSayaroga se bacAyA tayA isI kAraNa eka hI pheMphaDe se Aja bhI apanI sAdhanA me lage hue haiN| ema0 i0 esa0 jaisI u4 upAdhi prApta karane ke bAvajUda pravRtti patha me unakA mana nahI rama sakA aura phalata 1657 me ghara se sanyAsa le liyA aura 1663 me kSullaka dIkSA grahaNa kii| prakRti se adhyavasAyI, mRdu aura nispRhI varNIjI ke kucha anya gratha bhI prakAzita hue haiM aura ho rahe hai, jiname zAtipatha-pradarzaka, naye darpaNa, jana-siddhAnta

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398 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA zikSaNa, karma-siddhAnta, zraddhA-vindu, dravya-vijJAna, kundakunda-darzana Adi gratha ullekhanIya hai| 10 janalakSaNAvalI prastuta gratha ke saMpAdaka pa0 palicandra jI sidvAnta zAstrI hai, jinhone aneka kaThinAiyo ke bAvajUda isa gratha kA sapAdana kiyaa| unakA janma saM0 1962 me sora (zAsI) me huA aura zikSA kA bahuta ra mAga syAhAda vidyAlaya vArANasI me pUrA huaa| san 1940 se lagAtAra sAhityika kArya meM juTe hue hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jI ke sAtha unhoMne paTkhaNDAgama (dhavalA)ke chaha se solaha bhAga taka kA sapAdana aura anuvAda kiyaa| isake atirikta jIvarAja janaprayamAlA se AtmAnuzAsana, puNyAzrava, kayAkoNa, tiloyapaNatti aura pavanandipacavizatikA hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita hue| lakSaNAvalI ke atirikta vIra sevA madira se dhyAnazataka bhI vistRta prastAvanA ke sAtha prakAzita huA hai| Apa mauna sAvaka aura karmaTha adhyetA hai| lakSaNAvalI eka jaina pAribhASika zabdakoza hai| isame lagabhaga 400 digambara aura zvetAmbara grayo se aise zabdo kA sakalana kiyA gayA hai, jinakI kucha na kucha paribhASA upalabdha hotI hai| sabhI sampradAyo me prAya aise pAribhASika zabda upalabdha hote haiN| unakA ThIka-ThIka abhiprAya samajhane ke lie una-una gratho kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai / jainadarzana ke madarbha me isa prakAra ke pAribhASika zabdakoza kI AvazyakatA thI jo eka hI sthAna para vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se dArzanika paribhASAo ko prastuta kara ske| isa kamI kI pUrti lakSaNAvalI ne bhalIbhAti kara dii| isame paribhASAo ke sAya hI sakSipta hindI anuvAda bhI kucha bhinna kATe TAipa me diyA gayA hai| anuvAdita gratha bhAga kA krama bhI sAtha me akita kiyA gayA hai| aneka varSoM ke parizrama ke bAda isa gratha kA mudraNa ho pAyA hai| lagabhaga 100 pRSTho kI zAstrI jI dvArA likhita prastAvanA ne ise aura bhI adhika sArthaka banA diyaa| zrI jugalakizora mukhtAra aura vAbU choTelAla kI smRtipUrvaka isa gratha ko prakAzana huA hai / abhI isake do bhAga kramaza 1972 aura 1975I0 me prakAzita hue hai jinameM lagabhaga 750 pRSTha mudrita hai| tRtIya bhAga mudraNAdhIna hai| 11 e DikzanarI oNpha prAkRta prApara nemsa __A Dictionary of Prakrit Proper names kA sakalana aura sampAdana DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA aura DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candra ne sayukta rUpa me kiyA hai aura ela0 DI0 inTrITyUTa, ahamadAbAda ne use san 1972 me do bhAgo me prakAzita

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Adhunika jaina koza grantho kA mUlyAkana 366 kiyA hai| DaoN0 mehatA aura DaoN0 candra prAkRta aura jaina kSetra ke lie ajJAta nhii| dono vidvAno ke aneka zodhagratha aura nivandha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| DaoN0 mehatA ke dvArA likhita gratho me pramukha hai Jaina Psycholgy, Jaina Culture, Jaina Philosophy jaina AcAra, jaina sAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa, jana-dharma-darzana Adi / DaoN0 candra ne vimalasUri ke 5umacariya kA aMgrejI me adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai jo prakAzita ho cukA hai| ina dono vidvAno ne uparyukta koza ko racanA DaoN0 malAla zekhara ke "A Dictionary of Pali-Proper names ke anukaraNa para kI hai| jaina sAhitya, vizeSata Agamo me ullikhita vyaktigata nAmo ke sadarbha me yaha koza acchI jAnakArI prastuta karatA hai| 12 Jaina Bibliography . (Universal Encyclopaedia of JainReferences) lagabhaga 25 varSa pahale bAbU choTelAlajI ne eka Jaina Bibliography prakAzita kI thI jo Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| vIra sevA madira dillI kI ora se eka aura Jaina Bibliography prakAzita ho rahI hai| DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ke sapAdana me isake lagabhaga do hajAra pRSTha mudrita ho cuke hai| zeSa bhAga kA kArya DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara, nAgapura kara rahe hai| isa varSa ke ata taka usake sampUrNa prakAzita ho jAne kI AzA hai / prastuta Bibliography me deza-videza me prakAzita grayo aura patrikAo se aise sadarbho ko viSayAnusAra ekatrita kiyA gayA hai jiname jainadharma aura saskRti se sambaddha kisI bhI prakAra kI sAmagrI prakAzita huI hai / isame nimnalikhita zIrSako ke antargata viSaya sAmagrI sakalita kI gaI hai| Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries Bibliographtes, gazetteers, Census Reports and guides, Historical and Archaeological accounts, Archaeology (including Museum), Archaeological Survey, History, Geography, Biography, Religion, Philosophy and Logic, Sociology, Ethnology, Educational statistics, Languages, Literature, general works ina samasta zIrSako ko A0 vibhAgo me vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| lagabhaga 200 pRSTho ke word Index kA prakAzana honA bAkI hai / isa vRhadAkAra gratha me dezI-videzI vidvAno dvArA likhita lagabhaga 3000 pustako aura nivandho Adi kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai phira bhI kucha Avazyaka sAmagrI sakalita hone se raha gayI hai| isake bAvajUda yaha pratha nivivAda rUpa se prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti, vizeSata jaina saskRti ke saMzodhana ke lie atyaMta upayogI sandarbha gratha kahA jA sakatA hai /

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400 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 13. anya koga uparyukta kozo ke atirikta kucha aura bhI choTe moTe koza jana vidvAnoM ne tayAra kiye hai| uname nimnalikhita ullekhanIya hai| zrI valagI chaganalAla kA 'jana kakko' ahamadAbAda me san 1812 me prakAzita huA thA, jisameM prAkRta zabdo kA gujarAtI meM anuvAda diyA gayA thaa| isI taraha eca0 Ara0 kApaTiyA kA English-Prakrit Dictionary ke nAma se eka koza sUrata meM san 1941 me prakAzita huA thaa| yahA hama DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara dvArA saMkalita aura sampAdita vidva dinodinI' kA bhI ullekha kara sakate hai, jisame unhone maskRta, pAli, prAkRta hindI aura gujarAtI sAhitya meM upalabdha prahelikAo kA saMgraha kiyA hai / isakA prakAzana amola jaina jJAnAlaya, dhUliyA kI ora se san 1968 me huA thaa| isame saskRta, prAkRta sAhitya me upalabdha kucha aura bhI prahelikAo kA sagraha kara AkAra ko kucha aura bhI baDhAkara diyA jAtA to kadAcit vaha adhika upayogI ho jaataa| ___isa prakAra Adhunika yuga meM aneka jaina vidvAno ne vividha prakAra ke kozagratho ko taiyAra kiyA, jo adhyetAo ke lie aneka prakAra se upayogI siddha ho sakate haiM / yh| hamane katipaya kotho kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| inake atirikta kucha aura bhI choTe-moTe aneka koza nayo kI racanA jaina vidvAno ne kI hogI para unakI jAnakArI hameM nahIM ho skii| yahA vizeSa rUpa se aise koza-grayo kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jinakA sabadha prAkRta aura jaina sAhitya me rahA hai| saMskRta, hindI, gujarAtI, agrejI Adi bhApAo ke jaina vidvAno dvArA likhita koza isa sImA se bAhara rahe hai| jainapraya sUciyo ko bhI hamane jAnabUjhakara chor3a diyA hai kyoki Adhunika dRSTi se ve kozo kI paridhi me nahI AtI / hA~, yadi hama ko kA sakIrNa artha na kara usakA prayoga vistRta artha me kareM to nissaMdeha kozakAra eva kozapatho kI eka lambI sUcI taiyAra ho sakatI hai| sadarbha 1 abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, bhUmikA, pR0 13 2 vhii| 3 jaise 'peiya' da kI vyAkhyA meM pratimA-zataka nAmaka saTIka saMskRta pratha ko nAdi se __ ata taka uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / isa gratha kI zloka saMkhyA karIva pAca hajAra hai| 4 pAiyasahamahaNNava, dvitIya saMskaraNa, bhUmikA, pR0 13-14 5. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, bhUmikA pR0 13-14 6 pAiyasahamahaNNava, bhUmikA, dvitIya saskaraNa, pR0 14 7 jainendra-siddhAnta-koza, bhAga 1, prAstAvika /

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11vI 20vIM zatAbdI ke jaina kozakAra aura unake kozoM kA mUlyAMkana DA0 nemIcanda jaina 1 zabdajJAna kI paramparA vaidika yuga se avicchinna calI A rahI hai| nighaNTu' aura nirukta' isake spaSTa sAkSya hai / zabda aura artha rUDha sambandhI hai| artha-bodha, artha-nirNaya aura artha-saprepaNa kI samasyAe lekhaka-pAlaka tathA vaktAzrotA ke madhya sadaiva jIvanta rahI hai| koza-racanA kI pRSThabhUmi para samyaka arthasaprepaNa kA lakSya hI sarvatra sakriya rahA hai| sahI artha aura sahI sadarbha khojane ke yatna me hI koza bane hai aura una para bhAratIya manIpA ne aTUTa vastuniSThA se kArya kiyA hai / jaina koza Aja jisa rUpa me upalabdha haiM, vaha rUpa, paddhati aura paramparA bahuta prAcIna nahI hai, usane unnIsavI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura bIsavI zatAbdI ke Arabha me hI AkAra grahaNa kiyA hai| bhArata me agarejo ke Agamana (1600 I0) se isa taraha ke viziSTa adhyayana ko preraNA milA / yadyapi agarejo kA bhAratIya bhASAo ke adhyayana kA lakSya Arabha se pavitra nahI thA, kyoki vastuta ve yahA ke nivAsiyo kI bhASAe sIkhakara unapara apanA sAmrAjyavAdI pajA aura adhika dRDha karanA cAhate the, tathApi unakI isa pravRtti ke bhI antatogatvA bar3e sukhada pariNAma nikale / hindustAnI ko lekara agarejo ne kaI zabdakoza aura za0sagraha (DikzanariyA aura vhokebyulariyA) sapAdita kie, kintu ye saba agarejI me hI the| jaoNna abrAhama griyarsana ne apane bhASA sarve me isa taraha ke kozo aura zabdAvaliyo kI eka vyApaka tAlikA dI hai| isa sUcI me agarejI me taiyAra koza hI adhika haiM, kahanA cAhie ki unnIsavI zatAbdI ke Arabha hote hI agarejo kA dhyAna isa mahatvapUrNa kArya kI ora gayA aura unhone apane prazAsanika subhItA ke lie ukta prakAra kI zabdAvaliyA bnaaii| isa taraha taiyAra kucha vyaktigata TIpe upayogI dastAvejo ke rUpa meM bhI prakAzita huI hai| kaipTena josepha Telara aura

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402 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA viliyama haTara ke nAma isa dRSTi meM ullekhya hai| hindI me hindIbhApA-koza 1862 I0 me chpaa| sabhavata sabase pahalA hindIbhApA-koNa --jisame romana lipi me hindI-agarejI, agarejI-hindI zabdArya die hai (phargusanakRta) aThArahavI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha me ladana se prakAzita huA aura tadanantara yaha 4-parA lagabhaga aTUTa calatI rahI hai / man 1864 I0 me 'zrIdharamApAkoza' prakAzita huaa| isake cAra varSa pUrva 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' kA siyANA nagara meM sUtrapAta ho cukA thaa| vaise yUropa me koza-racanA ensAyaklopIDiyA briTenikA ke sAtha Arabha huii| isake bAda yaha paramparA avicchinna banI rahI, jisane Age calakara bhAratIya koza-paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyaa| isa paramparA me hindI me kaI viziSTa koza bane / yisA rasa (paryAya-koNa) kI paramparA bhArata me naI nahIM hai, kintu idhara Adhunika paddhati para paryAya-kozo ke kSetra meM prazasta prayatna hue hai| vikhyAta hindI-kozakAra sva0 rAmacandra varmA ne varSoM paryAyako vijJAna para kAma kiyA hai / agarejo ne to zabdakozo ke kSetra me advitIya kAma kiyA hai, unhoMne bhAratIya paura aura dalAla-bhASAo (AgeTsa) taka ke koza banAe haiN| priyarsana ne apane bhASA sarve me inakI carcA kI hai| 2 jaina koza-paramparA kA AvirbhAva 19vI zatAbdI ke naveM dazakAnta se mAnanA caahie| isa dRSTi se 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' prathama mAnaka pUrvaja haratA hai| isake bAda kaI koza Ae, kintu itanA bRhat koza nahI banAyA jA skaa| prAkRta-arddhamAgadhI ke isa prathama pAribhApika zabdakoza ke Arabhika pR00 hindI me hai kintu zabda-vivRttiyA saskRta me haiM |prshn uTha sakatA hai ki Akhira itane zabdakozo kI AvazyakatA hI kyo huI ? bAta yaha hai ki kisI bhI zabda ke kaI prayogArtha ho sakate hai / eka hI zabda vibhinna prakaraNo aura madarbho me bhinna-bhinna artha rakha sakatA hai, vastuta 08 kI isa taraha se vikasita ArthI chaviyo aura bhagimAo ko bhalI-bhAti samajhanA atIva duSkara kArya hai| zabda-vyaktitva kaI-kaI kAla-poM me davA rahatA hai / usakI ina ArthI vivakSAo ko koza kI anupasthiti ai jAnanA kaThina hI hotA hai| koza jaba bhI prakAza me AtA hai apanI pUrvavartI sAhitya-sapadA ko svIkAra karatA hai / usakI sAmagrI kA pradhAna strota yahI hotA hai| isake vinA vaha eka kadama bhI Age nahIM baDha sakatA / isa taraha vaha apane pUrva kAlIna aura samakAlIna prayogArthoM para hI avalambita rahatA hai| kisI koza ko zabdo kA eka vyApaka sUcIkaraNa mAtra mAna lenA bahuta bar3I bhUla hai, kyoki zabdo kI tAlikA denA koza nahIM hai, vastuta eka kozakAra ko zabda kI antarAtmA me gahare paiThanA hotA hai aura usake antarmukha vyaktitva ke jAne-ajAne sAre azo, mudrAo aura bhagimAo ko denA hotA hai| 3 zabdakozo kI anupasthiti me arthasapreSaNa lagabhaga asabhava hI hotA hai,

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16vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jaina kozakAra aura unake kozo kA mUlyAkana 403 isIlie viziSTa jJAna-kSetro me viziSTa adhyayana ke nimitta viziSTa zabdakoza) kI jo viSaya-kopa hI hote hai AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| jo arthavijJAna ke adhyetA hai, ve artha kI jaTilatAo ko bhalI-bhAti jAnate hai, aura isa tathya se paricita hote hai ki kisI bhI zabda kA artha susthira nahI rahatA, usame kamoveza arthaparivartana kI prakriyA sakriya rahatI hI hai| jo zabda kala zAma taka eka vistRta artha meM prayukta thA, sabhava hai kisI pAribhApikatA ke kAraNa vahI dUsarI zAma apane artha me sImita ho uTha / artha-sakoca, artha-vistAra aura artha-parivartana kI kucha pramukha dizAe haiM / arthavijJAna kA kSetra vibhinna parivartanoM para vicAra karanA hai, kintu jahA taka dharma yA darzana kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA savAla hai, vaha rUDha hotI hai aura usa para artha kI parivartanazIlatA kA madagAmI prabhAva par3atA hai| kaI aise zabda hai, jo lokavyavahAra me kucha aura, viziSTa jJAnakSetra me kucha anya artha rakhate haiM, udAharaNata 'sadhi', 'guNa', 'rasa', 'vRddhi', 'vAsanA', 'prayoga', 'yoga', 'grAma', Agama', aise zabda hai jo vyAkaraNa, rAjanIti, mAyuda, kAvya, pAkazAstra, gaNita, vijJAna ityAdi me eka aura loka me usase judA artha rakhate hai / vAstava me zabda ke samyajJAna ke binA kaI galataphahamiyA honA sabhava hai| kaI bAra dharma aura darzana ke kSetra me yahI huA hai| isa dRSTi se jaina darzana ke zabdo kA adhyayana huA hai| usake kaI zabda anya bhAratIya darzano me prayukta zabdArtha se bhinna hai, yathA---'dharma', 'AkAza', 'upayoga', 'aNu', 'Arabha', 'ullekhanA', 'samyaka', 'anuprekSA', 'zikSA' / ata Avazyaka hai ki aise zabdo kI kAlAnukramika ArthI mudrAo ko spaSTa rUpa me vyAkhyApita kiyA jAe / eka kozakAra hI yaha kArya kara sakatA hai, vaha vastuniSThA se zabdArtha-adhyayana karatA hai / vaha zabdArthoM kA sakalayitA yA sapAdaka hotA hai, apanI ora se na to vaha koI atirajana karatA hai, aura na hI atirikta praveza / vaha to tathyo ko jyo-kA-tyo prastuta karane vAlA vyakti, vizvasanIya aura. prAmANika hotA hai, isalie zabdakozo aura kozakAro kA samAja ko jo bahumUlya pradeya hai, usake prati apAra kRtajJatA vyakta kiye bagaira koI vikalpa hamAre pAsa nahI hai| 4 Adhunika paddhati para jaina kozo kI racanA kA kArya unnIsavI zatAbdI ke antima dazako me zurU huA, kiMtu prakAzana bIsavI zatAbdI ke pahale dazaka me hI sabhava ho skaa| 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' sakalita 1860 I0 se 1603 I0 ke madhya huA, kintu usakA prakAzana-kArya 1610 I0 se pahale zurU nahIM ho skaa| isa koza ke sapAdana-sakalana se pUrva hI agareja bhArata me pUrI taraha sthApita ho cuke the, svabhAvata isa para agrejI koza-paddhati kA prabhAva hai| yaha kahanA to kaThina hI hogA ki rAjendrasUrI 5vara aura unake sahayogI kozakAra agarejI jAnate the, kintu yaha saca hai ki jo loga koza ke prakAzana-mahayoga me tatpara the, ve agarejI bhASA

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404 skRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA aura sAhitya ke kisI-na-kisI rUpa me jur3e hue the| vaise 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' vaya me paripUrNa koza nahIM hai, usakI bhI apanI sImAe aura vivazatAe hai, kintu vaha usa taka hue prayatno me sarvopari aura sarvazreSTha hai| eka to vaha ma kRta me hai, "vabhAvata isa kAraNa usakI vyApti sImita ho gaI hai, dUsare vaha uddharaNo aura sAkSyoM se bharA paDA hai / zrI zAha ne jana sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa bhAga 5 me likhA hai ki kahI-kahI to avataraNo me pUre granya taka de diye hai' / jo ho yaha mahAkoza advitIya hai aura jana tathA prAcya vidyA kA eka bahumUlya sadarbha hai / isameM prathama bhAga ke ribha me diye gaye 3 pariziSTo" me prAkRta me mavadhita vyAkaraNika sAmagrI mayojita hai / isI taraha upodghAta meM bhI kaI tathyo ko yojita kiyA gayA hai| "Avazyaka katipaya maketa" zIrSaka se sahayogI kozakAra upAdhyAya zrImohanavijayajI ne prastAvanA meM kaI Avazyaka aura upayogI viSayo para prakAza DAlA hai / isa para romana lipi me 'jaina ensAyaklopIDiyA' chApA gayA hai / vastuta 'DikzanarI' aura 'enmAyaklopIDiyA' meM antara hai| eka vizvakoza aura zabdakoza me sabase baDA bantara yaha hai ki vizvakoza me vividha zIrSako ke antargata vyApaka jAnakAriyo kA Akalana hotA hai, jabaki eka zabdakoza me zabda-vivRtiyA hI hotI hai / isa dRSTi se hama 'abhidhAna rAjendra' yA usase milate-julate kozo ke lie eka nayA abhivAna vizvakozIya zabdakoza (ensAklopIDika DikzanarI) cuna sakate haiN| isame zIrSaka aura zabda dono vivRta hai| 5 vastuta Adhunika paddhati se jana kozo kI sakalanA kA kArya 1860 I0 se Arabha huaa| 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' ko isa kSetra me hue prayatno me mAnaka aura sarvaprathama mAnA jA sakatA hai / isake bAda je0 ela0 jainI kI jana jema DikzanarI 1618 I0 me prakAza meM aayii| isakI bhI apanI sImAe hai, svaya zrIjana ne ise antima nahI mAnA hai ! usame zrI janI ne pAribhASika zabdo ke agarejI-paryAyazabdo me ekarUpatA rakhane kI bAta kahI hai kyoki unakA anubhava hai ki ina pAribhApika yA lAkSaNika do ke aneka aMgrejI paryAya rakhane se pAThaka yA adhyetA dvividhA me phasa jAtA hai, ata yaha atyanta Avazyaka hai ki eka to aise paryAya-zabdo kA upayoga kiyA jAe jo bahuarthI na ho aura dUsare sarvasammata ho| zrI janI ke koza ke vAda 1923I0-1932 I0 ko kAlAvadhi me zrIratnacandrajI zatAvadhAnI dvArA pAca bhAgo me mapAdita 'ena ilasTreTeDa ardhamAgadhI DikzanarI' nAmaka koza prakAzita huaa| isakI bhI apanI sImAe hai, samIkSaka mAnate hai ki isameM kaI paryAya zabda aura kaI ArthI vivAe spaSTa nahI hai| vahI agarejI-paryAya-zabdo kI ekarUpatA kI samasyA yahA bhI banI huI hai| amala me agarejI-paryAya denevAlI Dizanariyo kI yaha mImA taba taka rahegI jabataka hama eka sarvasammata maskRta-prAkRta arddhamAgadhI-hindI-agarejI paryAya dakoNa kA prakAzana nahI kara lete / isake lie

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19vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jana kozakAra aura unake kozo kA mUlyAkana 405 kisI viziSTa vidvanmaDala ko yojanAbaddha kArya karanA caahiye| isake bAda 1924 I0-1934 I0 kI samayAvadhi me zrI vI0 ela0 jana dvArA Abaddha aura zrI zItalaprasAdajI dvArA samApta 'vRhajjana zabdArNava' (2 bhAga) prakAzita huaa|" yaha kAphI upayogI koza hai| aura yadi eka hI vyakti kI niSThA aura lagana kA pariNAma hai to sacamuca vismayajanaka hai| isake bAda 1954 I0 me AnandasUri kA alpaparicita saiddhAntika zabdakoza, bhAga 1' prakAzita huA, jisame jana saiddhAntika zabdo ko hindI me diyA gayA hai / isa koza kI apanI judA kisma kI upayogitA hai| 6 ina kozo ke bAda - jo apane lakSya me vyApaka aura udAra the-- 1966 I0 me kalakattA se eka mahatvapUrNa aura ullekhanIya prayatna huaa| bAThiyA aura cauraDiyA bandhuo ne viSaya-kozo kI vyApaka parikalpanA kii| unhone jaina viSayo kI eka bRhad tAlikA taiyAra kI aura use dazamika paddhati para vyavasthita kiyA jana kozo ke kSetra me yaha eka vaijJAnika Arabha thA, kintu isa prayatna ke antargata prakAzita kriyAkoza, 1966' ke uparAnta isake sabandha me koI samAcAra nahI milA / ukta yojanA ko mAna jaina-koza-vijJAna hI nahI varana saMpUrNa koza-vijJAna ke kSetra kI eka apUrva ghaTanA kahA jAnA cAhiye / yadyapi 'lezyA-koza' ke sAmagrI srota vizuddha zvetAmbara grantha hai tayApi paddhati kI dRSTi se isa koza kA prakAzana eka aitihAsika prasaga hai / isase dizA grahaNa kara adhika vaijJAnika kArya kiyA jA sakatA hai / vastuta viSaya-kozo kI racanA kA kArya eka mahattvapUrNa kArya hai, jise eka bar3e paimAne para uThAyA jAnA caahie| isake bAda 1970 I0 me jinendrasiddhAnta-koza' kA prathama bhAga prakAzita huaa| isa koza kA merudaNDa pa0 gopAla dAsa baraiyA praNIta 'jana-siddhAnta-pravezikA (1600 I0) hai|" baraiyAjI kI yaha guTakAnumA pustaka eka kisma kI 'jevI ensAyaklopIDika DikzanarI' hI hai, jisame jaina siddhAnto ko sakSepa me prastuta kiyA gayA hai| asala meM isa taraha kI jebI Dikzanariyo kA sakalana-sapAdana bhI yugApekSita hai| 'janendra siddhAnta koza' apane nAma se hI eka pAribhASika zabdakoza hai, jisame sabhita vipayo ko baDe vistAra ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' ke uparAnta yaha usI zRkhalA kA eka mahatvapUrNa lAkSaNika zabdakoza hai| isake sakalayitA hai kSullaka jinendra varNI / isake tIna aura bhAga kramaza 1971, 1672 aura 1973 me prakAzita hue hai| isake bAda jaina siddhAnto ko koza ke rUpa me prastuta karane vAlA eka koza vIra sevA madira, dillI ne prakAzita kiyA hai| isakA prathama bhAga 1672 aura dvitIya 1673 me prakAzita huA hai| jina lakSaNAvalI' apane pUrvavartI pAribhASika zabdakozo se adhika sArthaka, saphala aura vaijJAnika hai| yaha itanI samasta hai ki isane 'janendra siddhAnta ko' kI pagaDaDiyo para calakara makSepa yA sAraNiyo ke rUpa me

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406 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA vipayo kI punarAvRttiyA nahIM kI hai| hindI anuvAda saTIka aura cune hue hisso ke hI diye gaye haiN| lakSaNAvalI me digambara-zvetAmbara dono mapradAyo ke sAmagrIsroto kA yathAsaMbhava upayoga aura dohana kiyA gayA hai| isake pariziSTa paryApta upayogI hai, jinake antargata grantha, granyakAra, aura kAlAnukrama se anukramaNikAe dI gayI hai / vidvAn kozakAra haiM vAlacandra siddhaantshaastrii| ela0 DI0 isTITyUTa oNpha iDolojI dvArA 'lakSaNAvalI' ke samAnAntara varSoM me prakAzita 'prAkRta vyakti vAcaka sajJA koza'23 bhI eka mahatvapUrNa sadarbha hai / yaha agrejI me hai, aura zvetAmbara sAmagrI-sroto para AdhRta hai| isakI sakalanA me prakAzita-aprakAzita sabhI prAkRta grantho kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / sakalanakartA haiM DA0 mohanalAla mehatA aura RSabha ke0 cndraa| 'zramaNa' mAsika vArANasI ne janavarI 1976 ke aka me 'janAgama-padAnukrama' koza kA prakAzana Arabha kiyA hai| isake sapadika hai DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA, jamanAlAla jaina / 24 Agama-zodha-kArya ke vAcanA-pramukha AcArya zrI tulasI tathA saMpAdaka aura vivecaka, Agamati muni zrI nathamalajI ke nirdezana me jaina Agama koza nirmANAdhIna hai| isame zabdo ke sAtha-sAtha Agama-grantho ke sandarbha bhI rhe| chaha Agamo kA kArya saMpanna ho cukA hai| yaha jaina vizva bhAratI, lADaNU dvArA prakAzya hai| 7 nIce prakAzana-varpa-krama se kozo tathA kozakAro kI sAraNI prastuta hai varSa koza-nAma bhAga kozakAra prakAzaka +1913 abhivAnarAjendra 1 7 rAjendrasUri zrI abhidhAna rAjendra kAryAnaya, satanAma 1618 jana jaima DikzanarI je0 ela0 jainI ArA 1623 ena ilasTreTeDa 1 5 ratanacandrajI arddhamAgadhI Dikza zatAvadhAnI narI (1923-32) ajamera-babaI 1924 vRhajjana zArNava 1,2 bI0 ela0 jaina (1624-34) zItalaprasAda bArAvakI-sUrata 1954 alpa paricita 1 AnandasAgarasUri vaiddhAtti zabdakoza sUrata + isa koza kA saMpAdana 1860 I0 meM Arabha huA aura samApana 1903 I0 me| isakA prathama bhAga 1613 aura dvitIya 1610 me prakAzita huA, sapUrNa koza 1910 se 1934 I0 kI samayAvadhi meM prakAzita huaa| rAjendrasUrijI ne 1866 I0 me pAiyasahi ' kA saMpAdana bhI kiyA thA, jo aprakAzita hai|

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19vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jana kozakAra aura unake kozo kA mUlyAMkana 407 1966 lezyAkoza __ mohanalAla bAThiyA 16 sI Dovara lena zrIcanda cauraDiyA kalakattA-6 1966 kriyAko , , , 1970 janendra siddhAnta- 1-4 kSu0 jinendra varNI bhAratIya jJAnapITha koza dillI-1 (1970-73) 1670 eDikzanarI oNpha 1 2 mohanalAla mehatA ela0 DI0 isTI prAkRta praoNpara nesa ke0 ripabha candra TyUTa oNpha (1970-72) iDolojI, ahamadAbAda-6 *1972 jana lakSaNAvalI 1 2 vAlacandra si00 vAra sevA mandira, (1972-73) dillI-6 +1975 janAgama-padAnukrama mohanalAla mehatA pAlanAtha jamanAlAla jana vidyAzrama, zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5 8 Age adholikhita kozo kA sakSipta paricaya eva mUlyAkana diyA jA rahA hai (ka) abhidhAnarAjendra, 7 bhAga rAjendrasUri abhidhAna-rAjendra kAryA laya, ratalAma 1610-1934 / (kha) lezyAkoza mohanalAla bAThiyA, zrIcanda cauraDiyA 16 sI Dovara lena, kalakattA-6 1966 / (ga) jainendrasiddhAnta koza, 4 bhAga kSullaka jinendra varNI bhAratIya zanipI0, bI-45/47, kanATa plesa, nayI dillI-1 1970 1973 / (gha) eDikzanarI oNpha praoNpara nemsa, 2 bhAga mohanalAla mehatA, ke riSabha candrA ela0DI0 isTITyUTa Apha iMDolaoNjI, ahamadAbAda-6 1970-1672 / * isake 2 bhAga prakAzita ho cuke haiM, eka prakA55 hai / + yaha pAvanAya vidhAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke tatvAvadhAna meM prakAzita zodha mAsika 'zramaNa' ke janavarI 1975 se prakAzita hai| aktUbara 1976 ke aka taka (abAhiriya' za08 taka) isakA prakAzana huA hai| 'dhArAvAhika koza-prakAzana' kI dizA meM yaha eka svastha prayoga hai / navambara, disambara 1976 ke a ko meM isakA prakAzana nahI huA hai|

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408 saMskRta - prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA (gha) jainalakSaNAvalI, 2 bhAga bAlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI vIra sevA mandira, 21 dariyAgaja, dillI-6 1672-1973 / abhidhAna rAjendra yaha 19vI zatAbdI ke anta me sapAdita prAkRta-mAgadhI zabdI kA eka bRhad mAnaka koza hai, jisakI zabda-vivRttiyA saMskRta me hai aura prAthamika jAnakAriyA hindI me dI gaI hai / jaba yaha koza apane sakalana-saMpAdana ke daura se gujara rahA thA taba hindI zabdakozo kI paramparA kA Arambha huA huA hI thA / hindI me bhI unnIsavI zatAbdI me koza ke lie 'abhidhAna' paryAya prayukta thaa| zrIdharabhASAkopa (1894 I0 ) kI bhUmikA me eka vAkya AyA hai 'eka jhApA kA abhidhAna likhanA samayAnusAra ucita hai 25 / prasannatA kI bAta hai ki 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' kI prastAvanA hindI bhASA me likhI gayI hai / " AbhArapradarzana, granthakartA kA paricaya, Avazyaka katipaya saketa ityAdi bhI hindI me hI diye gaye hai / isame isa tathya kI sUcanA nahI hai ki prastAvanA kaba likhI gayI kintu lagabhaga taya hI hai ki yaha bIsavI zatAbdI ke prathama dazakA me kabhI likhI gayI hai / isase aisA lagatA hai ki taba taka hindI me koza-racanA kI paramparA itanI prazasta nahI ho pAyI thI ki 'abhidhAna-rAjendra' jaise mahAkoza ko vaha brena pAtI, sani sabhavata isakI racanA hindI kI apekSA saMskRta me huI hai, sabhava hai aura bhI kAraNa rahe ho kintu pramukha kAraNa yahI pratIta hotA hai / lagatA hai mudraNa-sabadhI yA sapAdana sabadhI kisI kAraNa se bhI aisA huA ho| koI dhArmika kAraNa bhI ho sakatA hai / prakAzana sabadhI eka Azcaryajanaka tathya yaha hai ki isakA dvitIya bhAga prathama kI apekSA jyeSTha hai prathama 1923 I0 aura dvitIya 1910 me prakAzita huA hai / mabhava hai isa ghaTanA kI pRSThabhUmi para koI sapAdana yA mudraNa-mabadhI kaThinAI rahI ho| isa mahAkoza kA sampAdana zrImadvijaya rAjendramUri dvArA siyANA ( rAjasthAna ) Azvina zukla 2, vi0 sa0 1946 me huA aura 14 varSoM ke avizrAnta parizrama ke bAda caitrazukla 13, vi0 sa0 1960 ko sUrata, gujarAta me sampanna huA / yaha 7 vRhad jildo me prakAzita eka vizAla koza hai / mahAkozakAla kI hindI kaisI thI, isakA eka namUnA granyakarttA kI jIvanI se prastuta hai "zrIvija jayaratnasUrijI mahArAja taka to koI AcArya pAlakhI me na baiThe, parantu 'laghukSamAsUrijI' vRdvAvasyA hone se apane zithilAcArI sAdhuo kI preraNA hone para baiThane lage | unI rIti kAyama rakhI ki gAma meM Ate samaya pAlakhI se utara jAte the, tadantara 'dayAmUrijI ' to gAva nagara me bhI baiThane lage / 37 isa hindI - zailI kI tulanA 'zrIvarabhApAkopa' kI bhUmikA ke antima aza se kare "prakaTa ho ki nivAya mere ukta kopa govarddhana upanAma mAna tripAThi kAnyakubja nivAsI kI pani najIrAbAda zahara lakhanaU me bhI grAhaka jano ko mUlya prepita karane para prApta ho skegaa|" samApana

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19vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jaina kozakAra aura unake kozoM kA mUlyAMkana 406 'abhidhAnarAjendra' ke sabadha me anya upayogI tathya isa prakAra hai kozakartA zrImadvijayarAjendrasUri (1827 I0 1606 I0) hai, jo zvetAmbara samAja ke tristutika varga ke eka krAntiniSTha sAdhu the| ye saudharmabRhattapAgacchIya AcAryaparamparA me 67ve AcArya the jinhone ukta koza ke alAvA san 1866 me 'pAiyasabuddhi' kI racanA bhI kI thI aura tatkAlIna yatiyo me vyApta zithilAcAra ke viruddha eka vyApaka sudhAravAdI krAnti kii| prastuta koza supara rAyala 1 / 4 25 seMTImITara cauDe aura 35 meTImITara lambe AkAra me chapA huA hai| isake mudraNa me 26 5AiTa greTa na0 1 aura 12 paoN0 pakA na0 1 kA upayoga huA hai| isame tIna prAcIna bhApAe prayukta haiM prAkRta, arddhamAgadhI, saskRta / zabda prAkRtaarddhamAgadhI ke hai aura zabdavivRttiyA saskRta me| isakI racanA meM prayukta sadarbha grantho kI saMkhyA 67 hai aura vivRta zabda 60 hajAra hai| isa mahAkoza ke saMbaMdha me tatkAlIna bhAratIya vidvAno ne hI nahI apitu videzI vidvAno ne bhUri-bhUri prazasA kI hai| jArja griyarsana ne likhA hai "yaha vizvakoza eka sadarbha-grantha kI bhAti tathA jaina prAkRta ke adhyayana ke nimitta atIva mUlyavAna hai|" pro0 silvA levI, Ara0 ela0 Tanara jaise bhApAzAstriyoM ne bhI isa koza kI unmukta prazasA kI hai| isa koza kA aisA koI paravartI koza nahI hai, jisane isakA upayoga na kiyA ho| yadyapi isakI nakalanA me zvetAmbara sAmagrI-sroto kA hI upayoga huA hai tathApi kozakAra kI dRSTi vyApaka aura udAra hai| koza ka rUpAkAra para eka vihagama dRSTi isa prakAra sabhava hai prakAzana-varSa pRSThasakhyA vivata zabda krama prathama 1613 144+863 a ahohiya dvatIya 1610 1187 A---UhApannita tRtIya 1614 1633+1 e- choha 1613 1404 ja nomAliyA pacama 1621 1627 pa bhola 1934 1468 ma vAsu 1934 1252 za hava 24 / 6336 a--ha va 60,000 rmA caturtha 570ma saptama grantha kI katipaya vizeSatAe isa prakAra haiM 1 yaha 19vI zatAbdI kA sarvaprathama mAnaka pAribhASika koza hai, jo jaina vidyA kA eka samagra citra prastuta karatA hai| jaina prAkRta-arddhamAgadhI pAribhASika zabdo ke lie to yaha ekameva sadarbha hai|

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410 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 2 isakA mapAdana 19vI zatAbdI ke anta taka vikasita kozapaddhati ke anusAra to huA hI hai, bhAratIya koza-paramparA kA bhI isame samAveza aura nirvAha huA hai| 3 sAdhano ke kama hote hue aura jaina grantho ke mudrita rUpa me upalabdha na hote hue bhI isakI sakalanA jaina granthAgAro me upalabdha pADulipiyo ke mAdhyama se huI hai| nizcaya hI isakI sakalanA me apAra zrama huA hai, durlabha sAmagrI-sroto ke dohana kI dRSTi se isa mahAkoza ne eka apratima kIti mAna sthApita kiyA hai| 4 jana sAdhu kitane adhyayanazIla hote hai, zrImadvijaya rAjendrasUri ne yatiyo me se zithilAcAra samApta karane ke lie mahAkoza kI sakalanA kA kisa taraha kA upayoga kiyA ki unakA samakAlIna yati varga unake sAtha isa kAma me prANapaNa se juTa gayA, kisa taraha yAtAyAta aura sacAra-sAdhano kI kamI ke bAvajUda dharmasAdhanA karate hue jaina sAdhuo ne isa mahAna kArya ko saphalatApUrvaka saMpanna kiyA, prastuta koza isa sabakA eka sarvottama prAmANika dastAveja hai| 10 leshyaako| yaha jaina vADmaya kA zvetAvara sAmagrI-sroto para AdhUta sarvaprathama viSaya-koza hai / yadyapi kozakAro kI yojanA hai ki ve digambara sAmagrIsroto para AdhArita eka anya lezyA-koza sapAdita kareM, tathApi unakI isa parikalpanA ne abhI koI AkAra grahaNa nahI kiyA hai| prastuta koza jaina kozavijJAna ke kSetra me eka aitihAsika Arabha hai| samaya koza jJAnika vidhi se sapAdita hai, isIlie ise hama kevala lezyA-sabadhI zabdo kI vivaraNikA nahI kahege, paran eka Thosa koza-racanA kA abhidhAna dege| vidvAn kozakAro ne prastAvanA me koza-racanA paddhati methADolojI para bhI vizada prakAza DAlA hai / sapUrNa yojanA, jisake antargata kaI mahatvAkAkSI sakalpa ghopita hai, bhAratIya koza-racanA ke kSetra me eka mahattvapUrNa dena hai| kozakAro ke zabdo me 'lezyA-koza hamArI koNa-parikalpanA kA parIkSaNa TrAyala hai, ata isame prayamAnubhava kI aneka truTiyA ho to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai|" prastuta koza eka viziSTa koza hai| ina dino tIna prakAra ke koza sAmane Aye hai (1) viSaya-koza, (2) grantha-koza, (3) grnthkaar-kosh| kozasapAdako ne anusadhitsuo aura adhyetAo kI una kaThinAiyo kA bhI dhyAna rakhA hai, jo kisI viSaya ke gahana adhyayana anusaMdhAna me vyavadhAna utpanna karatI hai| unhone isa taraha ke do-tIna masmaraNa bhI prastAvanA me diye hai / 30 vaise kozakAro ne viziSTa pAribhApika, dArzanika, AdhyAtmika vipayo kI eka vyApaka sUcI banAyI thI aura tadanusAra 1000 viSaya bhI cune the, kintu bAda me isa tAlikA

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16vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jaina kozakAra aura unake kozo kA mUlyAkana 411 ko sImita kara liyA gayA aura kula 100 viSaya hI nizcita kara liye gaye / inhe vivRti ke lie dArzanika paddhati se yojita kiyA gayA hai / sakalanA me tIna bAto kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai--pAThI kA milAna, viSaya ke upaviSayoM kA vargIkaraNa hindI anuvAda | ina sAvadhAniyo se koza adhika upayogI bana gayA hai / prastAvanA kevala 'lezyA-koNa' ke anubhavo aura kozakAro kI prayogadharmitA kA hI vivaraNa nahIM hai, apitu isake dvArA kozakAro ne apanI sapUrNa yojanA ( projekTa) ko bhI prastuta kara diyA hai / vastuta ukta koza ke sapAdana me kozakArI kA dRSTikoNa suspaSTa, nirbhrAnti aura vaijJAnika hai / jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM yaha pahalA koza hai, jisane dAzamika paddhati se viSayoM kA vargIkaraNa pratipAdana kiyA hai / kozaracanA kI prakriyA vaijJAnika, prayogadharmI aura samIcIna to hai hI, rocaka aura suvidhAjanaka bhI hai / koza 1666 I0 me prakAzita huA hai| sapAdaka paramparAvAdI nahI haiM, prayogadharmI hai / koza rAyala AkAra me mudrita hai, isame kula 40 + 216= 336 pRSTha hai / Arabha meM eka sArthaka prastAvanA hai, jisame kozakAro ne koza kI upAdeyatA, paddhati, prakriyA aura upayogitA para prakAza DAlA hai, sAtha hI usa parikalpanA ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai jo koza kI jananazIlatA jenareTinesa kA dyotaka hai| isa taraha yaha koza eka paDAva hai, antima gantavya nahI hai / mUlata kozakAro kI eka bRhat yojanA hai, prastuta koza jisakI eka nagaNya kista hai / prastAvanA se lagA huA zrI nathamala TATiyA kA prAkkathana hai, jisame unhoMne koza kI upayogitA aura usakI viziSTatAo kA ullekha kiyA hai| hIrAkumArI vorA ne Amukha likhA hai, jisame aneka sabhAvanAo, yojanAo aura parikalpanAo ko diyA gayA hai / Amukha kA vyaktitva samIkSAtmaka hai / kula milAkara 'lezyA-koza' eka aisA saMdarbhagrantha hai, jisane na kevala jaina vidyA apitu prAcyavidyA ko bhI alakRta samRddha kiyA hai| isI zrRMkhalA me 1666 I0 me 'kriyAkoza' prakAzita huA hai, kintu isake bAda kyA huA, vaha avidita hai / zAstra, 11 jainendra siddhAntakoza ise bhAratIya jJAnapITha jaisI vikhyAta prakAzana saMsthA ne 4 bhAgo me prakAzita kiyA hai / 1970 I0 - 1973 I0 kI madhyAvadhi prativarSa isakA eka bhAga prakAza me AtA rahA hai / koza meM jaina tattvajJAna, AcArakarmasiddhAnta, bhUgola, itihAsa, purANa, tatsavadhI vyakti, rAje-rAjavaMza, Agama, zAstra, zAstrakAra, dharma aura darzana ke vividha saMpradAya ityAdi se sabandhita 6000 zabdo aura 21,000 viSayo kA sAMgopAMga vivecana kiyA gayA hai / vidvAn sapAdaka kSullaka jinendra varNI aura unakI sahayogI bra0 ku0 kauzala ne isakI sakalanA meM aparapAra parizrama kiyA hai| isame sakalita sAmagrI 100 se adhika grantho se sadohita hai / Arabha me sapAdakIya hai, phira prAstAvika aura saketa-sUcI / prAstAvika me zabdasakalana aura viSaya-vivecana me anusRta paddhati para prakAza DAlA

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412 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA gayA hai, isI me sAraNiyo, citro aura mudraNAkSaro ke gavandha me bhI vivaraNa diye gaye hai / koza me sAraNiyo dvArA viSaya sakSepa me rUparekhAtmaka zailI me prastuta kiye hai tathA hindI anuvAda bhI diye gaye hai| pradhAna saMpAdakIya meM koza kI parikalpanA kI eka itihAsika jhalaka dI gayI hai, kahA gayA hai ki isa grantha kA mUla AdhAra 1906 I0 me prakAzita sva0 pa0 gopAladAma varaiyA kRta 'jaina sidvAnta pravezikA ' hai / yaha koza dravya, karaNa, caraNa aura prathamAnuyogo ke antargata parigaNita viSayovyaktiyoM kI varNakramAnusAra vivecanA karane vAlA eka bahumUlya vRhat koza hai / isake rUpAkAra para eka vihaMgama dRSTi isa prakAra sabhava he bhAga prakAzana varSa zabdakrama prathama 1670 a o dvitIya 1671 ka na 1972 pa--va 1683 za ha 4 varSa a ha 2318 1 12 eDikzanarI oNpha prAkRta praoNpara nemsa agarejI yaha bhI eka viziSTa koza hai, jise ela0 DI0 isTITyUTa oNpha iDolojI, ahamadAbAda jaisI yazasvinI sasthA ne do bhAgo me prakAzita kiyA hai / pahalA bhAga 1970 I0 aura dUsarA 1972 I0 me prakAza me AyA hai / yaha bhI prAcyavidyA ke kSetra kA eka apratima sadarbhagrantha hai / dono bhAgo me 1014 pRSTha hai aura 8,000 vyaktivAcaka pado ko vivRta kiyA gayA hai / sasyA ke nidezaka pa0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne apane prAkkathana me kahA hai ki isakI mUla preraNA 'vaidika iMDeksa' aura "DikzanarI Apha pAli prApara nemsa" se milI hai / yadyapi "vaidika iMDeksa" aura "pAli prApara nemsa" ko taiyAra karanA isalie sarala sahaja thA ki inake sAre sAmagrI-srota lagabhaga prakAza me A cuke the kintu prAkRta ke lagabhaga adhikAza grantha aprakAzita hI hai, ata sapAdako ko aneka pADulipiyo se apanA nyAsa juTAnA paDA hai / isameM kevala zvetAmbara Agama grantho se hI pado kA cayana kiyA gayA hai tathA AgamamUlo ke alAvA prakAzita TIkAo niyuktiyo, bhASyo, cUrNiyo se bhI sAmagrI Akalita kI gayI hai / koza- sapAdana me kevala eka do vyaktiyo ne nahI varan eka pUre vidvanmaNDala ne kAma kiyA hai / kArDa - vivaraNa taiyAra ho jAne ke bAda DA0 mehatA aura DA0 candrA ne koza ko antima rUpa diyA hai / prAkkathana yadyapi vaDA nahI hai, kintu usame prAya sabhI mahatvapUrNa muddo para prakAza DAla diyA gayA hai / koza ke prathama bhAga meM aDaDa se pheNAmAliNI tathA dvitIya me vausa se holiyA taka pada makalita hai, dono me kula 1014 pRSTha hai aura anta me eka zabdAnukramaNikA tRtIya caturtha 4 pRSTha 503 634 637 544 +3

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19vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jana kozakAra aura unake kozo kA mUlyAkana 413 hai / isa taraha isTITyUTa kA yaha pradeya "lezyA-koza" kI bhA~ti hI eka bahumUlya pradeya hai| 13. jainalakSaNAvalI : aba taka isake do bhAga prakAza me Aye haiM, tIsarA prastAvita athavA mudrAdhIna hai| 'jaina lakSaNAvalI" eka pAribhASika zabdakoza hai / isake prathama bhAga me a au aura dvitIya me ka+vazIla pauSNakAla taka sakalita aura vyAkhyAyita haiN| prathama bhAga ke Arama me prAkkathana agarejI , do zabda, prastAvanA, prAkRta zabdo kI vikRti vA unakA rUpAntara ityAdi haiM, lakSaNAvalI me kula 730 pRSTha hai, jiname se prathama bhAga me 1---- 312 aura dvitIya me 316---370 hai / prastAvanA me vidvAn kozakAra ne "jaina lakSaNAvalI" kI upAdeyatA, upayogitA, usame svIkRta paddhati, upayukta granyo ke paricaya, lakSaNa vaiziSTya ke antargata vibhinna pAribhASika zabdo kI bahuvidha bhagimAo para vicAra ityAdi hai / anthAnta me upayukta grantho kI eka sAgopAga vivaraNayukta anukramaNikA hai, jisame 351 grantha vivRta hai / isake turanta bAda granyakArAnukramaNikA hai, jisame 137 granyakAro ke vivaraNa hai, tadanantara kAlAnukrama se granthakArAnukramaNikA dI gayI hai| isa taraha ina tIno anukramaNikAo me mahatva kI sAmagrI sayojita hai / sapAdakIya me "jainalakSaNAvalI" kI parikalpanA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ukta koza me digambara eva zvetAmbara saMpradAyo ke lagabhaga 400 prAkRta evaM saMskRta granyo se pAribhApika zabdo kI prAmANika sakalanA kI gayI hai| "lakSaNAvalI", isa taraha, na kevala jaina vidyA paran sapUrNa prAcya jagat kA eka mahattvapUrNa sadarbha grantha bana paDA hai / isakI parikalpanA 1936 I0 me kI gaI thI, kintu AkAra 1972 I0 me diyA jA skaa| kozakAra ne jisa anta preraNA se kArya kiyA hai, vaha hai, ki "aba taka zvetAmbara grantho ke AdhAra arddhamAgadhI aura prAkRta zabdakoza the, kintu aisA koI koza nahI thA, jisame dono sapradAyo ke pramukha sAmagrI-sroto kA upayoga karate hue kisI koza kI racanA kI gaI ho, prastuta koza me dono sApradAyika sroto kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / prastuta koza kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki na to yaha vizAlakAya hai aura na hI isame adhika jaTilatAe hai, hindI-anuvAda bhI kisI eka cune hue aza kA, jo adhika asadigdha aura sArthaka dikhAyI diyA hai, kiyA gayA hai| kozakAra ne apane pUrvavartI kozakAro ke anubhavo kA acchA upayoga kiyA hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha koza anya kozo kI apekSA adhika mahatvapUrNa, subodha aura upayogI hai| 14 ukta adhyayana ke vAda, jisame pramukha jaina koza aura kozakAra mUlyAkita haiM, hama nIce una sabhAvanAo para vicAra kara he hai, jinhe mUrta rUpa diyA jA sakatA hai| kozo ko hama mukhyata 4 koTiyo me vibhAjita kara sakate hai 1- zabdakoza , 2 viSaya-koza, 3 grantha-koza, 4 granthakAra-koza / abhI

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414 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI 5252 // jaina vidyA ke kSetra me zabda aura vi5ya-koza hI adhika prakAza me Aya hai, granthako aura granyakAra-koza nahI hI ha / viSaya-kozo ke antargata leNyA-koza aura kriyaapho| ullekhanIya hai / inake dvArA eka vaijJAnika paramparA kA sUtrapAta huA hai, jise kisI bhI sthiti meM akSuNNa- avicchinna rakhanA cAhie / adyatana jo bhI ko| nirmita hue hai, ve lAkSaNika yAnI pAribhApika hI hai, kintu isa lIka se haTakara kisI anya paramparA kA vikAsa hama nahI kara pAye haiM / agarejI, aura aba hindI me bhI, grantha eva granthakAra-kozo kI nirmiti kI ora kozakAro kA dhyAna gayA hai| agarejI me zeksapIara ityAdi para pRthak koza hai, kaI mahatvapUrNa granyo para bhI alaga se ko prakAzita hue hai / hindI me tulamI, sUradAsa ityAdi para alaga se svatantra koNa sapAdita hue hai / prasAda-koza, sUrajaja-koza isI taraha ke koza hai| janavAimaya ke kSetra meM bhI aba isa taraha ke granyakoza aura granyakArakoza banAye jAne cAhiye / ----kundakundAcArya para svatantra ko banAyA jA sakatA hai, isI prakAra vibhinna agasUtro para alaga-alaga koza-bhakalanAe sabhava hai| isase adhyetAo aura anusaMdhAnakartAo ko adhyayana kI suvidhAe upalabdha ho skegii| 15 isa dRSTi se aise grantho kI eka vRhattAlikA banAyI jAe, jo baDe hai, mahatva ke hai, aura jinakA svatantra adhyayana Avazyaka hai| iname dhavalA, mahAbavalA, samayasAra, molazAstra, mahApurANa ityAdi ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| inake AvirbhAva se granyo ke antarmukha adhyayana ke dvAra khula jAege aura kozaracanA ke kSetra me kucha naye kSitija udghATita ho skege| 16 granyakAra-kogo kI dRSTi me kucha aise granthakAro, jiname vibhinna AcArya to hoge hI, ko cunA jAe jinakA jaina vidyA ke kSetra me vipula pradeya hai / prAcIna madhya aura Adhunika yugo se cune gaye ina granyakAro kI zavdamapadAo ke svatantra sakalana, adhyayana aura sapAdana hone cAhiye, jiname zabda-vivRttiyAM to ho hI sabandhita pAtro, syAno, pravRttiyo, pAribhASika zabdo ityAdi kI bhI jAnakAriyAM ho / jahA~-jahA~ jaina ceyara sthApita huI haiM, vahA~-vahA~ isa-isa taraha kI yojanAo ko hAtha meM liyA jAnA cAhie, granyakozo aura granyakArakozo ke mAdhyama se tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke naye kSitija ujAgara hoMge aura anusaMdhAna ko protsAhana milegaa| 17 inake alAvA kucha tulanAtmaka koza bhI banAye jAne cAhiye / udAharaNata zvetAmbara aura digambara mapradAyo ke sAmya aura a-sAmya para AdhArita kucha vanUbhurva ra vaijJAni joza vanane vAhiye. Dasane naDyAM mora vono sapradAyo ke madhya eka setu sthApita ho sakegA, vahI dUsarI ora viziSTa adhyayano ke lie nayI mabhAvanA bhI janma le sakegI / aise ko vizuddha vastuniSThA ke sAtha taiyAra hone cAhiye, jiname ati rajana, anurajana, yA tathyo ko dAvane kI hIna

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19vI 20vI zatAbdI ke jaina kozakAra aura unake kogo kA mUlyAkana 415 pravRtti ko koI mahatva na diyA gayA ho / vizuddha tathyAnveSaNA kI dRSTi se hI aisI yojanAo kA sUtrapAta kiyA jAnA cAhiye / 18 jisa taraha 1606 I0 me pa0 gopAladAsa varaiyA kI 'jaina siddhAnta pravezikA" prakAzita huI umase kahI adhika vaijJAnika vidhi se kucha "jevI vizvakozIya koza" prakAzita hone cAhiye / ye koza AkAra me laghu ho, kintu inakI prAmANikatA aura pUrNatA amadigdha ho / agrejI me ' evijDa" kozo kI paramparA hai, hama bhI isa taraha kI paramparA kA zrIgaNeza kara sakate haiM / ye jevI koza sabhI koTi ke ho sakate haiM zavdakoza, vipaya-koza, anya-koza, granyakArakoza, / isa taraha ke lokapriya kozo ke prakAzana kI yojanAo ko mUrtarUpa dete samaya vaDe uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA se kAma karanA cAhiye, vastuta eka vAraha mAsI koza-vibhAga hI kisI jaina zodha sasthAna me sthApita karanA cAhiye, jisame koza-sakalana, sapAdana, saMzodhana, parivardhana ke alAvA koI kAma ho hI nhii| 16 bhArata se bAhara kaI dezo meM koza-nirmANa ko baDI gabhIratA se liyA jAtA hai / kaI aise koza haiM jinake saMpAdana ke lie yogya sapAdaka niyukta hai, jo AgAmI maskaraNo kI taiyArI meM lage rahate hai / ye sapAdaka adhunAtana prakAzano kA adhyayana karate hai aura jo bhI zabdasapadA unhe sakalanIya dikhAI detI hai, usa para uttaradAyI bhAvanA se vicAra karate haiM aura phira use bhAvI saMskaraNo me sthAna dete haiN| aise zabdo ko jo aprayukta hote hai, naye saskaraNo me se nikAla liyA jAtA hai| lekhaka ko vizvAsa hai ki kisI sasyA athavA vizvavidyAlaya ke jaina vidyA vibhAga me eka aisI zAkhA sthApita hogI, jo satata koza-racanA kA adhyayana karegI aura eka aisA sarvasammata mAnaka koza prakAzita karegI, jisake abhinava saskaraNo kI jaina vidyA jagat ko barAbara pratIkSA banI rhe| yadi hama kara sake to yaha eka apratima aura avismaraNIya kArya hogaa| sadarbha I Linguistic Survey of India, vol 1x, part i G A Grierson ___Summary of important dates, p 11 2 lbid Section 11, pp 16-27 3 Ibid p 18 4 Ibid p 25 Baiju Das, Baba, Bibek Kosh (A Hindi Dictionary in Hindi) Bankipore, 1892 5 Ibid p 17, London 1773 6 zrIdharabhASAko5 pa0 zrIdhara tripAThI najIrAbAda, lakhanaU 1864 / 7 koNakalA rAmacandra varmA sAhityarala-mAlA kAryAlaya, 20 dharmakUpa, vArANasI 1648 /

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416 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 8 pAlikAsasagaho DA0 bhAgacandra jana bhAskara Aloka prakAzana, gAdhIcauka, sadara, nAgapura 1974 6 jana sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 5 pa avAlAla pre0zAha pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha sasthAna vArANasI " 1966 / 10 abhidhAna rAjendra rAjendrasUri zrI abhidhAna-rAjendra kAryAlaya, ratalAma 1910 bhAga 1-7-1934 / 11 lezyAkoza mohanalAla vAThiyA, zrIcandra cauraDiyA, 16-sI, Dovara lena, phalakattA-6 1966 / 12 janendrasiddhAntakoza, bhAga 1-4 jinendra varNI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, nayI dillI 1970 1973 / 13 janalakSaNAvalI, bhAga 1-2 vA nacandra siddhAnta zAstrI vIra sevA mandira, dillI 1972 1973 / 14 vRhat paryAyavAcI koza molAnAtha tivArI kitAva mahala prA. limi0, 56 e jIro roDa, ilAhAvAda pra0 1954, dvi0 1962 / 15 'tIrthakara' mAsika, indaura rAjendrasUrIzvara vizeSAka ho| mayA prakAzana, 65, patrakAra ____ kAlonI, kanADiyA roDa, indaura-1 jUna-julAI 1975 / 16 zabdArtha-darzana rAmacandra varmA racanA prakAzana, ilAhAbAda 1968 / 960 Dictionaries Kenneth whittaker Asia Publishing House, Bombay 1966 95 Linguistic Survey of India, vol ix part i GA Grierson Motilal Benarasidas, Delhi 1916, reprint 1963 9EUR Prakrit Proper, Parti & 11, compiled by Molian lal Mehta, K Rishbha chandra L D Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad9 1970, 1972.

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zabdakoza kI prAcIna paddhati suni dulaharAja jaina Agama sAhitya me dvAdazAgI kA prathama sthAna hai / AyAro, sUyagaDo Adi aga haiM / bArahavA aga hai dRSTivAda | caudaha pUrva isI ke antargata haiM / satyapravAda aura vidyApravAda ye do pUrva zabdo ke anuzAsana se saMbadhita haiM / jaba taka pUrvadhara rahe, taba taka anya zabdAnuzAsana kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahI huI / kAla ke pravAha me dRSTivAda kI paraparA lupta ho gaI / kevala gyAraha aga zeSa rahe / ve lipibaddha nahI the / vaha pravacana kAla thA / sArA jJAna pravacana ke mAdhyama se surakSita rakhA jAtA thA / guru-ziSya kI paraparA sudRDha thI / kAla vItatA gayA / Agama-yuga kA anta huA / AgamoM ko samajhanA samajhAnA durUha-sA hone lagA / mata vyAkhyAsAhitya likhA jAne lagA / prAkRta bhASA cala hI rahI thI / loga isako samajhate the / AcAryo ne prAkRta bhASA me niyuktiyA aura bhASya likhe / prAkRta ke yuga kA dIpa TimaTimA rahA thA / Agama kI prAkRta vyAkhyAe samajhanA bhI kaSTasAdhya ho gayA / saMskRta kA yuga prArambha ho rahA thA / katipaya AcAryoM ne prAkRta aura saMskRta ina do bhASAoM kA mizraNa kara cUrNi sAhitya rcaa| usa samaya taka koza kI paraparA nahI thI / Agamo ke sAtha hI sAtha zabdajJAna bhI karA diyA jAtA thA / kintu jaba aise AcAryo kI paraparA vilupta ho gaI taba koza yA vyAkaraNa ko alaga se sikhAne kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huI | jaina paraMparA me cUrNikAla taka koza-jJAna ke lie alaga granyo kA nirmANa nahI huA thaa| cUrNikAra vyAkhyA ke sAtha-sAtha ziSya ko paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA bhI jJAna kara dete the / ziSya ko paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke lie anyatra bhaTakanA nahI paDatA thA / yaha eka bAta hai /

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426 : saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkha ra oga ki paramparA dUsa vAta hai nA nRna kAyama InAmathI prAkRta me ni 1NA phana savarDa nikhijAna hai mamavAnuM bhAvI nirvALa va vasavI zatAvI jA antA arthamAdhI prAta me bahAraha veLI mApAno vA sammigra -- vi-mammata ta hai na zvamaLo kA vihAra bhAratavarSa vibhinna javano meM hotA rahI vimanna dezo je mumula ni zramaNa vane ! kanI apanI volI thI bhagavAna mahAvIra jhavatvano kI mUla bhASA me una boliyo ke zabda mizrita hote ge| hajAro-hajAro zabda bAma sAhitya me bA ! vana sva za thAya che te samaya vahata bAvArya zabdo che paryAyavAvI zabda vete nag : DasA tAtparya hai vi je vizva paryAyavAvI zavo mAdhyama che vibhinna votiyo je zabda prastuta kara tattazIya ghamaLo vI nijJAsAno ja samAhita zarate nANa. sna nAnALIya zinho jo pArtha para sattana para viyA nAnA thI Daro galloga nikha prAraMbhika tapa mAMnAM nA satA hai! mAnA nAtA hai ki nAma ja hAra nimita huIM prakA me bAnevAnA savare pannA saMskRta zabdakoza hai amara jozI phase pUrva voDuM zavajo prakAzita nahI hubA thA vibhinna pranyo ne vibhinna jozo je raddharaLa prApta hote haiM Dui nA samaja pa vAna prApta hai re ma kavanita rahe ho, kintu mAnave tuptaprAya phrA nana paraMparA che zabdomAM ja mUna bAma-sAhitya, niti, mALa - jULa je pattavya hotA hai mamavatI sUtra ke joza vI tatpatti vitha ke sundara varSA prastuta tama ne khAvAnuM mahAvIra se pUchA mate 1 kayA nI paddha pArtha, nAnA dhoSa vIra nAnA baMnana vAne huM vavA ane ce, nAnApoSa aura nAnA vyanana vAte haiM? mamavAnuM mahAvIra ke laThThA bhautama ! phaname prathama vAra paddha kAryA, nAnA ra nAnAvyanana vAne huM nIra roSa pAtra pada anerArthanA, nAnAdhopa baura nAnAcanana vAte ' vRttikAra AcArya abhayadevasUri ne isa viSaya me cAra vikalpa prastuta kie chc 2. chArya, i vyAna vAte veLA pIra kSIra, bhAvi 2 hajAryA, ane gana vAre thayA kSIra, paya bAdriA rU ane kArya, ane vyAna vAtevacA "kSIra, kSIra, mahiSakSIra 4 nAnArya, nAnA thanana vAne yathA dhaTa, 5Ta, naTa bAdri ! Daname dUsarA kaura voyA vikalpa che. vaLI tatpatti ! mUla hai vanamAna vanita, vIryamALa kavIrita, vedyamAna drita aTTIyamALa

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zabdakoza kI prAcIna paddhati 416 prahINa ye cAra pada utpAda-paryAya kI apekSA se ekArthaka, nAnAghopa aura nAnAvyajana vAle haiN| chidyamAna china, bhidyamAna bhinna, dahyamAna dagdha, mriyamANa mRta aura niryabhANa nirjIrNa ye pAca 56 vinAza kI apekSA se nAnArtha, nAnAghoSa aura nAnA vyajana vAle haiN| inakA nAnArya isa prakAra hai * chicamAna chinna yaha karmoM ke sthiti-badha kI apekSA se hai| isame sthiti kA vinAza hai| * bhidyamAna bhinna---yaha karmoM ke anubhAga-badha kI apekSA se hai| isame anubhAga kA vinAza hai|| * dahyamAna dagdha yaha karmoM ke pradeza-vadha kI apekSA se hai| isameM pradeza kA vinAza hai| * mriyamANa mRta yaha karmoM ke AyuSya-badha kI apekSA se hai| isame AyuSya kA vinAza hai| * nirjIyamANa nirjIrNa yaha karmoM ke samaya abhAva kI apekSA se hai| jIva ke abhivacana bhagavatI sUtra me 'jIva' zabda ke aneka abhivacana ekArtha zabda batalAe hai, jaise ___jIva (jIva), pANe (prANa), bhUe (bhUta), satte (satva), viSNU (vijJa), jeyA (jetA), AyA (AtmA), ragaNa (ragaNa), hiMdue (hiMDuka), pogale (pudgala), mANave (mAnava), kattA (kA), vikattA (vikartA), jatU (jantu), joNI (yoni), sayabhU (svayabhU), sasarIrI (sazarIrI), nAyae (nAyaka), atarappA (antarAtmA) Adi / ' AkAza ke abhivacana AgAse (AkAza), gagaNe (gagana), nabhe (nabha), same (sama), visame (vi5ma), khahe (kha), vihe (viha), vIthI (vIthi), vivara (vivara), avara (ambara), chiDDe (chidra), magge (mArga), vimuhe (vimukha), AdhAre (AdhAra), vAma (vyoma), bhAyaNe (bhAjana), atalikkhe (atarikSa), agame (agama), phalihe (sphaTika, parigha), aNate (ananta) Adi / __ krodha ke ekArthaka zabda kohe (krodha), kove (kopa), rose (25), dIse (doSa), akhamA (akSamA), sajalaNe (sajvalana), kalahe (kalaha), caDikke (cADiya), bhaDaNe (bhaDana), vivAda (vivaad)| __ bhAna ke ekArthaka zabda mANe (mAna), made (mada), dappe (dapa), thabhe (stambha), gave (ga), attukose (atyutkarSa), paraparivAe (paraparivAda), ukkose (utkarpa), avakkose (apakarSa), uNNate (unnata), uNNAme (unnamana), dugNAme (durbhaam)| mAyA ke ekArthaka zabda---mAyA (mAyA), uvahI (upadhi), nithaDI (nikRti),

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420 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA palae (valaya), gahaNe (gahana), NUme (NUma), kakke (kalaka), ku05 (kuruka), jinhe (jinha), kivise (kilvi5), sAyaraNayA (AdaraNa), gRhaNayA (gUna), caNayA (vacana), paliucaNayA (parikucana) sAtijoge (maaciyog)| ____ lobha ke ekAryaka zabda- lobhe (lobha), icchA (icchA), mucchA (mUcchaf), kakhA (kAkSA), gehI (gRha), taNhA (tRSNA), bhijjA (bhidhyA), abhijjhA (abhidhyA), AsAsaNayA (AzvAsana), patyayA (prArthanA), lAlapaNayA, (lAlapana) kAmAsA (kAmAzA), bhogAsA (bhogAzA), jIviyAsA (jIvitAzA), maraNAmA (maraNAzA), nadirAge (ndiraag)| praznapAkaraNa dasavA aga hai / isameM bhI ekArthaka zabdo kI aneka sthalo para nirdeza huA hai / vahA prANavadha (hiMsA) ke tIsa paryAya nAma batAe haiN| uname se kucheka ye hai avIsabho (avizrabha), aki. (akRtya), ghAyaNA (ghAtana), mAraNA (mAraNa), vahaNA (vadha), u6vaNA (udravaNa), madhU (mRtyu), asajamo (asayama), dugatippavAo (durgatiprapAta), pAvakovo (pApako5), pAvalobho (pApalobha), vajjo (vaya), aadi| isI sUtra me asatya ke tIsa nAma ginAe hai| unameM se kucheka ye haiM aliya (alIka), sa0 (50), aNajja (anArya), kaMkaNA (kalkana), pacaNA (vacanA), sAtI (sAci), aTTa (Atta), a0bhakkhANa (abhyAkhyAna), kivisa (kilvi5), a5.o (apratyaya), asamao (asamaya), nUma (nUma), aadi-aadi| abrahmacarya ke tIsa nAmo me se kucheka ye hai avabha (abrahma), mehuNa (maithuna), sakappo (sakalpa), dappo (darpa), moho (moha), maNasakhomo (mana sakSobha), aNimaho (anigraha), vibhamo (vibhrama), adhammo (adharma), vera (vara), rahassa (rahasya), kAmaguNo (kaamgunn)| parigraha ke tIsa nAmo me se kucheka ye hai parigaho (parigraha), saMcayo (sacaya), cayo (caya), uvacayo (upacaya), nihANa (nidhAna), 60vasArI (dravyasAra), mhinch| (mahecchA), kalika raDI (kalikaraDa), aNatyo (anarya), sathavA (sastava), amuttI (amukti), tahA (tRSNA), AsattI (nAsakti), asatoso (asto5)|10 ahiMsA ke sA0 paryAyavAcI nAmo me se kucheka ye haiM ahiMsA (mahimA), dIvo (hI5), tANa (nANa), saraNa (zaraNa), nivANa (nirvANa), ratI (rati), viratI virati), visuddhI (vishuddhi)|1 Agamo ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyuktiyoM kA prathama sthAna hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu dvitIya ne aneka Agamo para niyuktiyA likhii| ve padyamaya hai| unakI

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zabdakoza kI prAcIna paddhati 421 bhASA hai prAkRta niyuktiyo me aneka sthalo para ekArthaka zabdo kI carcA hai / * pravacana ke ekArthaka zabda suyadhamma ( zrutadharma), tittha (tIrtha), magga (mArga), pAvayaNa (prAvacana), pavayaNa (pravacana) / * sUtra ke ekArthaka zabda sutta (sUna), tata (tana), gatha (grantha), pADho (pATha), satya (zAstra) | 12 anuyoga (artha) ke ekArthaka zabda aNuyoga (anuyoga), niyogo (Phulu), HIH (H141), fanini (faxiur), afay (alfa) 1?? * sAmAyika zabda ke paryAya sAmAiya (sAmAyika), samaiya (samayika), sammAvAo (samyagvAda), samAsa (samAsa ), sakhevo (saMkSepa), aNavajja (anavadya), pariNNA (parijJA ), papakkhANe (pratyAkhyAna) / " sAma (sAma), sama (sama), samma (samyak ), iga (ika) 15 / samayA (samatA), AHITI (Hfuqca), QHET (vaen), Afa (afra), ylalga (gfalen), suha (zubha), aniMda (anindya), aduguchia ( ajugupsita), agarihia (agrahita), aNavajja (anavadya) 16 jaina AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya me cUrNiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / aneka AgAmo para cUrNiyA likhI gaI / ye saba saMskRta + prAkRta me likhI gaI / inakA racanAkAla vikrama kI pAcavI-sAtavI zatAbdI hai / jinadAsa mahattara cUrNikAro me agraNI haiM / unakI aneka cUrNiyA Aja upalabdha hai / dazavekAlika sUtra para eka prAcIna cUrNi jaisalamera bhaDAra me muni puNyavijaya jI ko prApta huI thI / unhone usake phoTo prinTa krvaae| vaha agastyasiMha sthavirakRta hai aura usakA kaoNla vikrama kI tIsarI se pAcavI zatAbdI kA antarAla mAnA jAtA hai / vaha abhI-abhI prakAzita huI hai / usakA sarvaprathama upayoga hamane 'dasave Aliya' ke sapAdana tathA vivecana ke samaya kiyA hai / ina cUrNiyo me aneka zabdo ke paryAya-nAma ullikhita hai / kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra hai * maggatotti vA piutti vA / 17 * appiyavavahAriyati vA visesAdiTThati vA egaTThA 1 * bhANati vA paricchedoti vA grahaNapagArotti vA egaTThA / " * abhippAyotti vA buddhinivA egaTTha 22 * ujjota karetIti prakaTana karotIti prakAzayatItyarthaM * khamatti vA titikkhatti vA kohanirohati vA / AcAra zabda ke paryAyavAcI nAma- R ' * 31412 (311), Mala (Alala), * AgAlo (AgAla), AgAro (AgAra), * AsAso (aashvaas)|"

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422 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA * sAtati vA suhati vA abhayanti vA pariNivvANati vA egtttthaa| * asAtati vA apariNivAyati vA mahamayati vA egaTThA / 25 * tasatitti vA uviyati vA sakuyati vA vIbhiti vA egaTThA / 26 * vadho vakkhoDo badhaNati vA egddh'| / 27 * vijayo vicAraNA magaNA egddh'| / 28 * mUla pratiSThA AdhAro vA egddh'| / 21 * suretti vA vIratti vA sattietti vA egaTTA 30 * samayatti vA mAhaNetti vA muNitti vA egaTTA / " * sagoti vA vigthotti vA vakhAmiti vA egh||2 * yajJathita hita mukhita viMtitati dri * phusita dujhosaetti vA egtttthaa|" * ANatti vA nANatti vA pahilehitti vA egaTThA 35 * kakhati patthati gacchati egh||26 * vasittu vA pAlittu vA egadA 37 * pajAti vA bhedotti vA guNoti vA egddh'||38 / NANati vA savedaNati vA adhigamotti vA cetaNati vA bhAvatti vA ete sh| egtttthaa|" parigijjhati vA patthaNati vA giddhitti vA abhilAsotti vA leppatti vA karavati vA egtttt||0 ,, viussaggotti vA vivegotti vA adhikiraNati vA chahaNati vA vAsiraNati vA egtttthaa|" * cikkaNati vA dAruNati vA egaTThA / 2 * guNoti vA pajjatAtti vA egdaa|3 * NAmativA ThANati vA bhedotti vA egh||4 * malati vA pAti vA egaTThA / 45 * muNitti vA nANitti vA egddh'|| 6 * lagalati vA hala ti vA egtttthaa| * kitti-va-saha-silogaTTayA eghaa| ye udAharaNa zabdakoza ke nirmANa kA prArabhika rUpa prastuta karate hai| mUla Agama aura unake vyAkhyA-grantha ina udAharaNo se bhare paDe hai| isa ekArthaka zabdasakalanA se yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki ye aneka bhASAo me vyavahRta dezIya zabda ziSyo ke lie zabdakoza kA kArya karate aura vibhinna prAntI ke ziSyo ke lie bhagavad vANI ko samajhane meM sahayogI banate /

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424 sammRti-pAhata vyANa aura koNa kI paramparA 28 CE 34 36 , pR0 43 / 26 1044 / 30 pR0 63 / pR063 / 10 170 / pR0 171 // pR0 173 / 35 pR0 168 / pR0 205 / 37 pR0 206 / 38 dazavakAlika cUNi (jinadAsata) pR0 4 / pR0 10 // pR030 / pR0 37 / pR0 232 / 10 266 / pR0 353 / pR0 264 / pR0 324 // pR0 254 / pR0 328 / 36

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyoM kI zabda-sampatti (padmapurANa, harivazapurANa AdipurANa tathA uttara purANake sandarbha meM) DA0 ramAkAnta zukla saskRta ke jaina paurANika-kAvyo kI za08-sampatti para vicAra karate samaya mahAkavi mAdha kA yaha vAkya sahasA dhyAna me A jAtA hai "zabdArthoM sarakaviriva dvayaM vidvaanpeksste|" paurANika kAlyo kI sarjanA karate samaya jaina-kavi zabdo ke prayoga me vaDA jAgarUka rahA hai| apane yuga ke sampUrNa jIvana tathA cintana ko, zabdo ke mAdhyama se, vaha eka hI kAvya me antarmukta karake prastula karanA cAhatA hai aura apane pAThaka ko 'kAntAsammitatayopadeza' dene ke sAtha-sAtha usake sAmAnya aura viziSTa jJAna meM parivarddhana bhI karanA cAhatA hai| vaha apane pAThaka ko kevala kalpanA-loka-vicaraNa kA hI avasara dene me apane kartavya kI itizrI nahI samajha letA apitu usase apekSA rakhatA hai ki vaha apane deza-kAla se paricita rahe eva loka se apane ko kaTA huA na anumava kre| vaha apane samaya taka vidhamAna loka tathA zAstra ko apane zabdo ke mAdhyama se prastuta karatA hai| saskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo me prayukta mahAn arthavaibhava ke vyajaka zabdo kA anuzIlana karane ke lie pAThaka ko bhI loka aura zAstra kI vyApaka aura gambhIra paiTha apekSita hai| jainAcArya raviNakRta 'padmapurANa' punnATasadhI jinasenAcAryakRta harivazapurANa' bhagavajinasenAcArya viracita 'AdipurANa' tathA guNabhadrakRta 'uttarapurANa' aise hI saskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvya haiM jinakI zabda-sampatti para hama, prastuta lekha me sthAna-sApekSa vicAra karanA cAhate hai| ina cAro grantho ko hamane 'purANa' na mAnakara paurANika kAvya' mAnA hai| hamArI isa dhAraNA ko ina cAro grantho kI racanA-paddhati puSTa karatI hai / 'purANa' nAma rakhane para bhI inake kavi inhe kAvyocita guNo se sampanna rakhanA cAhate hai| raviSeNa bANabhaTTa tathA kAlidAsa kI zailI me 'padmapurANa' kI racanA karate hai|

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426 gaskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 'harivazapurANa' ke kA parvo' ke sthAna para soM- se apanI kRti kA vibhAjana karate hai tathA apanI racanA ko 'kAvya' svIkAra karate haiN| kahI viparIta lakSaNA se isakI kAvyAtmakatA vyajita hotI hai| 'AdipurANa' ke kattA to spaSTa kavi, kavitA, kAvya tathA alakAra Adi kI carcA karate hue apane granya ko 'mahAkAvya' svIkAra karate haiN| guNabhadra bhI 'apahastitAnyakAvya aura 'micyAkavidarpadalana' Adi pado se apanI racanA ko kAvya svIkAra karate hai / guNabhadra ke ziya lokasena bhI jinasena, guNabhadra tathA svaya ko 'kavi' kahate hai| ina sabhI kaviyo ne paurANika kathya ko kAvya-zilpa me mavalita karake apane sAmpradAyika aura dhArmika dAyitva ke sAtha-sAtha sAhityika aura sAskRtika dAyitva kA nirvAha kiyA hai| 'purANa' nAmadhArI hone se ina grantho ke prati zraddhA honA svAbhAvika hai aura zraddhApUrvaka inakA pArAyaNa karane para pAThaka iname eka hI sthAna para itanA kucha pA letA hai jitanA aura kaI sthAno para milanA samabhava hai| na tajjJAnaM na tacchilya na sA vidyA na sA kalA / jAyate pana kAvyAgamaho bhAro mahAn ko. // ' jaisI uktiyAM ina kAvyo ke viSaya me anvarya siddha hotI haiM / lagabhaga 200 varSoM ke antarAla (680 I0 se 867 I0) me AnupUrvI se racita ina paurANika kAvyo kA sAmAjika, sAskRtika, bhASAvaijJAnika, zailI ___ zAstrIya, dhArmika, sAhityika, aitihAsika tathA dArzanika dRSTikoNo se abhI taka utanA adhyayana nahIM ho pAyA jitanA ki honA cAhie / adhyayana kI aneka taragose inake viSaya me mahattvapUrNa pariNAma nikala sakate hai| prastuta ninbadha me hama ina kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti kA eka sarvekSaNAtmaka paricaya dene kA prayatna kareMge / ina cAro grantho kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki uttaravartI grantha pUrvavartI kA pUraka hai / sAhitya, samAja, jIvana, kalA, darzana, dharma, deza-kAla Adi se sambaddha jisa zabda-sampatti kA upayoga pUrvavartI kavi ne kiyA hai usame uttaravartI kavi ne apane kAla taka vRddhi gata zabda-sampatti ko aura joDa diyA hai| udAharaNArtha, ravipeNa 'samavasaraNa' kA varNana karate samaya jina pAribhASika zabdo ko choDa gaye the unakA harivazapurANa' kAra' tathA 'AdipurANa' kAra ne upayoga kiyaa| raviSeNa kekayA kI kalAmo kI carcA karate hue saMgIta-zAstraparaka zabdAvalI me jina zabdo ko niviSTa nahIM kara pAye unakA prayoga jinamena ne apane 'harivazapurANa" me kiyA hai| sAmudrika-zAstra paraka zabdAvalI kA prayoga ravipeNa nahI kara pAye the, jinasena ne 'harivaMzapurANa' me isakA prayoga kiyaa| kriyAmanca tathA karmakANDa paraka jisa zabdAvalI kA prayoga 'papurANa' tathA 'harivaMza purANa' me nahI ho sakA usakA prayoga 'AdipurANa' me dRSTigata hotA hai / kSetra-kAla-paraka zabdAvalI kA jitanA prayoga 'papurANa' me huA usase kahI adhika 'harivazapurANa' aura 'AdipurANa' me huA hai / nAmaparaka

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saskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampati 427 zabdAvalI ke prayoga meM bhI yahI sthiti dekhane ko milatI hai| caurAsI gaNadharo ke nAmo kA nirdeza ravipeNa nahI kara pAye the to isa kArya ko jinasena ne 'harivapurANa' me pUrA kara dikhAyA / " jinendra ke eka sahastra ATha nAmo ko papurANakAra aura harivazapurANakAra nahIM ginA sake to unhe AdipurANakAra ne ginA diyA 115 varNAzrama-sthiti, paTyAma tathA grAmanagarasanivezaparaka zabdAvalI kA raviSaNa pUrNa prayoga nahI kara pAye to ise jinasena ne AdipurANa me kara dikhaayaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki zabda-sampadA ke prayoga me cAro kaviyo me eka tAlamela hai / pratyeka kavi ne pUrva-paramparA prApta zabda-nidhi ko apanA yogadAna dekara samRddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai| ina cAro kaviyo me vibhinna kSetro se sambaddha zabdo kA cayana karake prasagAnusAra eka sAtha hI unakA prayoga karane kI pravRtti dikhAI detI hai| za06-prayoga ke prati ye jAgarUka hai| avasarAnusAra apane zabda-vaibhava kA ye apane kAvya me niyoga karate hai athavA apane zabda-vaibhava kA upayoga karane ke lie ye avasara nikAla lete hai bhale hI kAvya kI sarasatA kahI-kahI ghabarA uThe ? udAharaNArya sthAnavAcI zabdo kA parigaNanAtmaka zailI me sabhI kaviyo ne eka sthAna para ullekha kiyA hai 1 raviNa sandhyAkAra suvela5ca manolAdo manohara / hasadvIpo hariodha samudra kAcanastayA / / ardhasvargotkaTa5cApi nivizA svargasannibhA / zIrvAba rakSasa purmahAvRddhiparA che Avata vighaTA bhodA kaTasphuTadugrahA / taratIyAvanI ratnadIpAvAmAnti rAkSasai " purakheTamaTamendra viSayAdIzvarAca ye| vazatva sthApitAstAmyA kAMzcittAn kIrtayAmi te / / aite janapadA kecidAryA mlecchAstathA pare / vidyamAnadvayA kecid vividhAcArasammatA / / bhIravo yavanA kakSAzcAra vastrijaTA nttaa| zakakeralanepAlA mAlavArulazavarA / / vRSaparvadyAzmIrA phiDivAvaSTavarvA ! trizirA pArazailAzca gauzAlosIna rAmakA //

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428 saMkRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA sUyarikA sanAzca khazA vindhyA NivApadA / mekhalA zUrasenAzca pAtIkolUkakorAlA / / darIgAndhArasIvIrA purIkovarakoharA / ' andhrakAlAligAdhA nAnAbhApA pRthaguNA / / 2 harivazapurANakAra jinasena (a) dazottarazata tepA nagarANi khagAminAm / paSTittaramAge syu pacAzadakSiNe puna / / Adityanagara ramya pura gaganavallamam / purIcamaracampA ca pura gaganamaNDalam / / vijaya jayanta ca zakajayamasjiyam / pamAla ketumAla ca rudrAzva ca dhanajayam / / vasvoka sAnivaha jayantamaparAjitam / varAha hastina siMha sokara hastinAyakam / / pANDuka kauzika vIra godika mAnava manu / campA kAJcanamazAna maNiva jayAvaham / / naimipa hAstivijaya khaNDikA maNikApanam / azoka veNumAnanda nandana zrIniketanam / / agnijvAla mahAjvali mAlya tatpuranandinI / vidyatprabha mahendra ca vimala gandhamAdanam / / mahApura puSpamAla meghamAla zaziprabham / cUDAmaNi puSpacUDa hasagarbha balAhakam / / vazAlaya saumanasa tayava parikIrtitam / vijayAottarazreNyA paSTiriSTA imA pura / / rathanUpuramAnanda cakravAlamarijjayam / maNDita bahuketvAkhya nagara zakaTAmukham / / pura gandhasamRddha ca nagara zivamandiram / vaijayanta rathapura zrIpura ratnasacayam / / ASADha mAnava sUrya svarNanAbha zatahadam / agAvata jalAvata tathAvattaM vRhadgRham / / zakhavajz2a ca nAbhAnta meghakUTa maNiprabham / kujarAvartanagara tathaivAsitaparvatam / /

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saskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 426 (A) sindhukakSa mahAkakSa sukakSa candraparvatam / zrIkUTa gaurikUTa ca lakSmIkUTa dharAdharam / / kAlakezapura ramya pArvateya himAhvayam / kinnarodgItanagara nabhastilakanAmakam / / magadhAmAranalakA pAzumUla para tathA / dvivyavagha vAyUna tathaivIyaparvatam vikhyAtAmRtadhAra ca mAtaMgapurameva c| bhUmikuNDalaphUTa ca jambUzakupura param / / zreNyA tu dakSiNasyA hi purANyetAni parvate / zobhayA svargatulyAni paJcAzacava sakhyayA // sukumAra kumArastavyAsaha sadaiva hi| jJeyAni vyaktadezAnA nAmAnImAni paNDita / kurjaaglpaacaalsuursenpaacc| tuligakA zikauzalyamadrakAravRthAryakA solvAvRSTanigAzca kuzAgro matsyanAmaka / kuNIyAm kozalo moko dezAste madhyadezakA // vAlIkAzreyakAmbojA yavanAbhIrabhadrakA / vathitoyazca zUra55 vATavAnazca kaikaya // gAdhAra sindhusIvIrabhAradvAdaze rukaa| prAsthAlAstIrNakarNAzca dezA uttarata sthitA / / khaDgADgArakapauNDrAzca mllprvkmstkaa| prAdhautitazca vagazca magadho mAnavatika / / malado bhArgavacAmI prAcyA janapada sthitA / vANamuktazca vaidarbhA mANava sakakApirA // mUlakAzmakANDIkakaliDgAsikakuntalA / navarASTro mAhipaka puruSo bhogavardhana / / dAkSiNAtyA janapadA nirucyante svAnAmabhi / mAlyakallIvanopAntadurgasUparikarbukA kAkSinAsArikAgA sasArasvatatApasA / mAhebho bhatkacchaca surASTrI narmadastathA / ete janapadA sarva pratIcyA nAmabhi smRtA / dazArNaketi kiSkindhastipurAvaniyA // nepAlottamavarNazca vaidizAntapakauzalA / pattano vinihAtattva vidhyAvRSTanivAsina che

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430 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA bhadravatmavidehAzca vajrakhaNDika ityete 3 AdipurANakAra jinasena (a) tepA 6 nAmanirdezo saMtavA | kuzabhagAzca madhyadeNAzritA matA // bhaveyamanukramAt / pazcimA dizamAramya yAvat paSTitam puram // arjunI vAruNI caiva sakailAsA ca vAruNI / vidyutprabha kilikila cUDAmaNizaziprabhe / vazAla puSpacUla ca hasagarbhabalAhako / zivakara ca zrIharmya camara zivamandiram / vasumatka vasumatI nAmnA siddhArthaka puram | ketumAlAkhya ca bhavetpuram // surendrakAntamanyat syAttato gagananandanam / azokAnyA vizokA ca vItazokA ca satpurI // alakA tilakAkhyA ca tilakAnta tathAmvaram / mandira kumuda kundamato zatrujaya tata vijayasAhvayam / gaganavallabham // dyubhUmitilake puryo pura gandharvasAhvayam / muktAhAra sanimiSa cAgnijvAlamata param // mahAjvAla ca vijJeya zrIniketo jayAhvayam / zrIvAso maNivajrAkhya bhadrAzva sadhanajayam I gokSIraphenamakSobhya giryAdizikharAhvayam / dharaNI dhAraNI durgaM durdharAkhya sudarzanam // mahendrAkhayapura caiva pura sugandhinI ca vajrArdhatara ratnAkarAhvayam // bhavedraratnapura cAntyamuttarasyA purANi vai / zreLyA svartIpurathI'i mAnyetAni mahAttvanam // (A) kosalAdIn mahAdezAn sAketAdipurANi ca / sArAmasInAnuM leTAvIzva nyavezayat // dezA sukosalAvantI puNDrogrAzmakaramyakA | kurukAzIkaliMgAgavagasuhyA samudrakA // kAzmIrozInarAnarttavatsapAcAlamAlavA / dazArNA kacchmagadhA vidarbhA kurujAgalam // karahATamahArASTrasurASTrAmI rakokaNA / vanavAsAndhrakarNATakosalAzvolakeralA //

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saskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 431 dAbhisArasIvI razUrasenAparAntakA / videhasindhugAndhArayavanAzcedipallavA / / kAmbojAravAhIkaturuzakakayA / nivezitAstathAnye'pi vibhaktA viSayAstadA / / 22 4 uttarapurANakAra guNabhadra amI ca viSayA suparibhASitA / mahAkacchA tathA kacchakAvatyAvartalAgalA / / puSkalA puSkalAvatyo vatsA nAmnA ca kiititaa| suvAsA ca mahAvatsA vikhyAtA vtskaavtii|| ramyA ca ramyakAkhyA ramaNIyA magalAvatI / pA supar3A mahApamA pAvatyabhikhyayA / / zakhA ca nalinAnyA ca kumudA saritA praa| vA suvaprA ca mahAvaprayA vaprakAvatI / / gandhA sugandhA gandhAvat sugandhA gndhmaalinii| etAzca rAjadhAnyo'tra kumArAlokayasphuTam / / kSemA kSemapurI cAnyA'riSTA'riSTapurI praa| khaDgAkhyayA ca majUSA cauSadhI puNDarI kinnii|| susImA kuNDalA sArddhamaparAjitasazayA / prabhakarAkavatyAkhyA paavtybhidhoditaa| zubhA zabdAbhidhAnA ca nagarI rtnscyaa| azvasiMhamahApuyA~ vijayAdipurI 5 / / arajA virajAzcaivamazokA vAtazokavAka / vijayA jayantI ca jayantI cAparAjitA / / atha cakrapurI khaDApuryayodhyA ca vaNitA / avadhyetyatha sItottarAbhAbhAgAme rusa nidhe / / 23 isI prakAra vidyA-sambandhI zabdAvalI ke ekanna sanniveza kA udAharaNa liyA jA sakatA hai| raviSaNa aura jinasena ne apane 'papurANa' aura 'harivazapurANa' me vidyAparaka pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA avasara nikAlakara parigaNanAtmaka zailI me ullekha kiyA hai raviSaNa sksse5|| kariSyAmi vidyAnA nAmakItanam / arthasAmarthyato labdha bhavAvahitamAnasa //

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432 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA jAya yanI nabha sacAriNI nivArA jagatkampA miminI prajJaptimAMMnumAninI aNimA laghimA kSobhyA mana stammanakAriNI / savAhinI suradhvasI bImArI vaghAriNI 11 suvidhAnA topo vanI vipunovarI / / zubhapradA rakhopA vinAvividhAyinI samARRTiravarkzansanarAmaTI vajrodarI baeNnanastambhanI toyasta banI nirivArikhI / / mavaloncarivasI khorA dhIrA munAnI / vALI muvanAvadhyA vATM mavanAzinI ! mArI yasamUti zAnI vapnayA nayA | vanyanI monanI vAnyA varAhI TilAkRti || vittokUvArI zAnti verI vazArikhI / yogezrvarI vaNotsAvI nakhyA mIti prarvASaLI !! | vamAdyA mahAvidyA purAsuRtamaMkhA | prApa vazagrIva munizvana svalpareva vina (rivazapurA(ra) binasena poDaSAno niSThAyAnAmimAM vidyA prItitA / sarvavidyApraghAnatva yA prapadya vyavasthitaoN / / tranaptI rohiNI vidyA vidyA nAjJariNIritA / mahAgaurI ( gaurI 6 sarvavidyAprapiLI ! mahAzvetA'vi mAyUrI hArI nirdezAnA satirariLI vidyA chAyAAmiLI parA / / mAANamAtA ca sarvavidyAvirAnitA / lAyabmASDavevI ca vevavevI namazI II azrutAryavatI vASi mAnyArI nivRtti parA daNDAdhyakSagaNazcApi daNDa bhUtasahastrakam // madrA mahAAtI chAtI AnamuvI tathA / vamAH samAvyAtA vidyA vidyAdharezinAm // paryAM diparvA va triparvA duzarpAvA ! zataparva sahasrAkhyA lakSaparvAvanakSitA ! utpAtinyanna tA marvAskripAtinyastAvitrI ghArindhavinArivyo khalAgniAtikSiA //

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saskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 433 ni zekhesu nikAyesu nAnAzaktisamanvitA / nAnAnAnivAsinyo nAnIkhadhididastathA / / sarvArthasiddha siddhArthA jayantI magalA jyaa| saGkrAmiNya prahArANAmazayyArAdhanI tathA / / vizalyakAriNI caiva vaNasarohiNI tthaa| savarNakAriNI va mRtasajIvanI parA // 5 isI prakAra anya aneka viSayo se sambaddha zabdAvalI ke ekala prayoga sabhI kaviyo kI racanAo me hue hai| nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura niyata zabdo ke jhuNDa eka sAtha dekhane ho to saskRta ke ina jaina paurANika kAvyo kA pArAyaNa parama lAbhakArI hai| ina kaviyo ke dvArA prayukta zabdo me bahuta se pUrvaparamparA prApta hai aura bahuto kA nirmANa ina kaviyo ne svaya bhI kiyA hai| _____nAbhika zabdo kI kalpanA me ina kaviyoM kA medhA-vilAsa dekhane ke yogya hai / kahI kahI chanda ke anurodha se eka sajJApada kaI khaNDo me vibhakta ho jAtA hai yathA 'samavazaraNa', 'zaraNa samavAdikam'26 tathA kahI rUDha' pada bhI 'yoga'-pada ho jAte hai / kahI-kahI vyaktivAcaka nAma bhI paryAya rUpa me athavA parivartita rUpa me prayukta hue haiN| inakI sagati ke lie AdhAramantho kA avalokana Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie raviSeNa ke dvArA prayukta 'akIti' zabda liyA jA sakatA hai jo 'AdityayazA' kA paryAya hai / 20 jo vyakti vimalasUri ke 'paumacariya' meM prayukta vyaktivAcI nAma 'Aiccajasa' se paricita hai yaha to akAtti' kA artha 'Aditya (a) yazA (kIti)' lagA legA kintu jise isakA jJAna nahI hai vaha yahI nirdhAraNa karatA raha jAegA ki usa vyakti kA mUla nAma kyA hai 'arkakAti' yA 'AdityayazA' ? aise hI zabdo kI zreNI ko bar3hAte hue raviSaNa 'bhAnukarNa' ke lie 'bhAska (karNa'28 'bhAskara zravaNa'29 tathA 'AdityazravaNa'30, dazAnana' ke lie vizatyardhamukha'21, 'azanirvaga' ke lie 'azani rahA'22, 'vijayaparvata' ke lie 'jayaparvata'23, 'tilokamaNDala' ke lie nijagadbha SaNa' kA prayoga karate haiN| vimalasUrI ke dvArA "paumacAriya' me prayukta vyaktivAcaka nAmAvalI aura raviSaNa ke dvArA 'padmapurANa' meM prayukta nAmAvalI kI tulanA karane para kaI sthalo para dono me bar3A antara milatA hai| yadi mUla AdhAra grantha ko na paDhA jAye to vyaktivAcaka nAmo kA kisI aura rU5 me hI prayoga hone lge| ____nAmika zabdo ke nirmANa me, ina kaviyo ke dvArA aneka prakriyAyo kA agIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kahI eka hI zabda se Arambha hone vAle nAmo kI racanA kI gayI hai to kahI eka hI zabda se anta hone vAle nAmo kii| kahI eka hI upasarga se prArabha hone vAle aneka nAmo kI udbhAvanA kI gayI hai to kahI eka

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434 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura kAza kA paramparA hI parasarga se anta hone vAle nAmo kI / udAharaNArthaM ( 1 ) eka hI zabda se prArambha hone vAle nAma vizvabhU, vizvAtmA, vizvalokeza, vizvatazcasu vizvavid, vizvavidyeza, vizvayoni, vizvadRz, vizveza, vizvalocana, vizvavyApI, vizvatomukha, vizvakarmA, vizvamUrti, vizvadRka, vizvabhUteza, vizvajyoti, vizvarIza, vizvazIrSa, vizvabhRd, vizvasRD, vizvet, vizvabhuk, vizvanAyaka, vizvAzI, vizvarUpAtmA, vizvajit / 35 mahAtapA mahAtejA mahodake, mahAyazA, mahAdhAmI, mahAsattva, mahAvRti, mahAdhairya, mahAvIrya mahAsampat, mahAvala, mahAzakti, mahAjyoti, mahAbhUti, mahAdyuti, mahAmati, mahAnIti, mahAkSAnti, mahAdaya, mahAprAjJa, mahAbhAga, mahAnanda, mahAkavi, mahAmahA, mahAkIti, mahAkAnti, mahAvapu, mahAdAna, mahAjJAna mahAyoga, mahAguNa, mahAmahapati, mahAprabhu, mahAprAtihArya, mahezvara, mahAmuni, mahAmonI, mahAdhyAna, mahAdama, mahAkSama, mahAzIla, mahAyajJa, mahAmakha, mahAvratapati, mahAkAntidhara, mahAmaMtrImaya, mahopAya, mahomaya, mahAkAruNika, mahAmatra, mahAyati, mahAnAda, mahAghopa, mahejya, mahasA pati, mahAdhvaradhara, mahodArya, mahAtmA, mahAklezAkuza, mahAbhUtapati, mahAparAkrama, mahAkrodha ripu, mahAbhavAbdhisattArI, mahAmohAdrisUdana, mahAguNAkara, mahAyogIzvara, mahAdhyAnapati, mahAdharmA, mahAvrata, mahAkarmA, mahAdeva, mahezitA Adi / vajrajadha, vajrasena, vajradaMSTra, vajradhvaja, vajrAyudha, vajra, vajrabhRt, vajrAma, vajrabAhu, vajrasajJa, vajrAsya, vajrapANi, vajrajAtu, vajravAn Adi / 37 candramaecUDa, ekacUDa, dvicUDa, 1 2 eka hI zabda se anta hone vAle nAma ticUDa, vajracUDa, bhUricUDa, arkacUDa 18 RkSarajA sUryarajA | 3 eka hI upasarga se prArambha hone vAle nAma vijara, virAga, virata, vivikta, vItamatsara viyoga / 40 vibhaya vibhava, vizoka, sugati, suztuta, suvAk Adi / " 4 eka hI 5 sarga se anta hone vAle nAma sahiSNu prabhaviSNu prabhUviSNu bhrAjiSNu, amabhUSNu, svayambhUSNu Adi / kahI Adi kA zabda to samAna hai kintu anta kA zabda samAnArthaka hai yathA mahAmakha, mahAyajJa, mahejya, mahAdhvaradhara Adi nAmika zabda vidhAna me AdipurANakAra jinasena ne kamAla kara dikhAyA hai / unhone 'viSNusahasranAma' kI kaDI ko Age baDhAte hue 'jinasahastranAma' kI

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saskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 435 racanA kI hai aura eka sthAna para hI eka hajAra ATha nAmo kI udbhAvanA kI hai| vyaktivAcI nAmo ke rUpa me vizeSaNa kaise parivartita ho jAte hai isa sahastranAma me yaha dekhate hI banatA hai| ina nAmo kI vyAkhyA ke lie paryApta sthAna aura samaya apekSita hai| vyaktivAcI nAmo ke atirikta bhaugolika zabdAvalI me bhI ina kaviyo kA kalpanA-vilAsa tathA zabda-nirmANa-kauzala dekhane ko milatA hai| zodhako dvArA bhUgolaparaka sthAna-parvata-vana-nadiyoM kA astitva siddha honA na honA alaga vAta hai jisase hamArA yahA~ koI prayojana nahI hai| hamArA uddezya to kaviyo ke zabdanirmANa-kauzala kA pratyAyana karanA hai jo apane me eka rocaka viSaya hai| sajJApado ke atirikta vizeSaNaparaka zabdAvalI bhI atyanta samRddha hai| vizeSaNo ke nirmANa me jina prakriyAo kA avalambana ina kaviyo ne kiyA hai / unakA adhyayana bhI rocaka ho sakatA hai| ina paurANika kAvyo kI padyamayatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue parimita mAtrAo tathA akSaro me vizeSya kI vizeSatAo ko prakaTa karane vAle vizeSaNa-pado kI racanA me ye jana kavi atyanta siddhahasta haiN| vizeSaNamAlAo kA prayoga karate hue raviSaNa ne 'raNa' aura 'vipina' ke sAkSAt cina upasthita kara diye hai raNapAka vizeSaNa "kaNadavasamudhUDhasyandanonmuktacItkRtam / turagajavavikSiptabhaTasImantitA vilam / / ni kAmadrudhirodgArasahitorubhaTasvanam / vegavastrasampAtajAtavAhakakaram // karizarakRtasambhUtasIkarAsAstrAlakam / karidAritavakSaskabhaTasakaTa bhUtalam // paryastakarisaruddha raNamArgAkulAyatam / nAgamedhaparizcyotanmuktAphalamahopalam / / muktAsArasamAghAtavikaTa karma ragakam / nAgojchAlitapunnAgakRtakheca rasagamam / / zira krItayazoratna mUcchajinita vizramam / maraNaprAptanirvANa vabhUva raNamAkulam // (vanaparaka vizeSaNa) tataste bhUmahIdhrAnagAvAtamukarkazam / mahAtasamArUDhavallItAlasamAkulam / /

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436 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kSuvati ddhazArdUlana vijJatapAvam / siMhAnnatadviSovvIkheratauvittapitttanam / , unmattavAraNaskanvataSTaskandha mahAta rum / saridhvanivitastasamuLIbaMrAm / suptAnaranivAsavAyupUritAnnuram / vairAyUthapotAtravidhamAtapattvam // mahAmaiiAAzramanavamIsAnum / II IbhRtamahAmo nanaDrovibhISaNam / tarakSatasArAhadhirabhrAntamasim / hraSTAsantapughdhAzvatratAmyambamanISANam varvasampUritazrvavinmutasUtrovinnititam / viSavumhotrALagitAne khannum II vidmahAsamutttIdata insyutaHvam / hastrAntAvayavratamanapatnavAlam // nAnApakSivjhanaranita pratinAvitam| zAstrombulantivanavyA mArApam // tIvrave ginisrota zatanirvAMtikSamam / vRkSA*virItavivAraroram / / nAnApuSpanALILa vittijJAmovavAsitam I vividhauSadhisampUryAM vanasacasamAnam // nitnInuM nRttipIta nivra harivacit / pittaraAyamanyajJa vivizvapina mahtva kha aneka mUla zabdo se nimita nhana vizeSApavo me sayojhanananya sAmUhi arthavyannatA nihita hai / nA artho zailIzAstrI nora sAhityazAstrI vidvAno je li rona viSaya ddo sarjAtA hai / choTe-vaDe maune vizeSaLo ja nahatI nidhi phana paurANija Avyo me niti hai, khisache nveSaNa vaLI Ana bhI AvazyatA vanI turda hai / jaina se vizva no mArane nid vizva svara aura vyagnana se sannita si zabda aa vAsa samAsapaddhati aa vizeSaLa-fnarmA5 me bavanazrvana yiA gayA maiM yahAparavA mI mI vALo hai / sarvanAmo ve prayo meM ma pravRttita ntui sadI 'hdayaLA' 'ta' bAvi prayoga yathAvasAra ina kaviyo ne kiye haiM / padmapurANa me raviSeNa, varuNa ke nagara jI striyo jo vattvI vanAne vAtte mAnurkho dArate mukha se, tvacA' (chubhitena tvayA) ja prayoga rAte hai--- hue rAvaNa ke

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saMskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyoM kI zabda-sampatti 437 'khalIkAramimA yena tvayakA prApitA mudhA / / 46 isI prakAra AdipurANa me jinasena ne 'kutsitA te' ke artha me 'take' kA prayoga kiyA hai "akarA bhoktumicchanti gurudattAmimA tke|" AkhyAta-pado ke samasta sabhAvita rUpo kI chtt| ina kAvyo me dekhane ko milatI hai| kucha anurAgAtmaka kriyAo kA nirmANa bhI ina kaviyo ne kiyA hai jisa para prAkRta kA prabhAva hai| jisa prakAra vimalasUri ne apane umacAriya' me 'kaDakaDakanti, kaDhakaDhakanti', 'kaNakaNakaNanti',50 kilikilikilata',51 'khaNakhaNakhaNati',52 gumasumAyara',53 'mugumugumata',54 'mugumugumenta',55 'gulagulagulAnta',56 gulagulAyanta', 'gulagulagulenta',58 dhuSudhudhudhupenta',59 'dhulahulavahanta,'60 'caDacaDapaDanta', 'chimichimichimanta,,62 'taDataDataDatti,63 bhugubhugenta Adi anuraNanAtmaka zabdo kA prayoga kiyA hai| usI prakAra raviSaNa ne apane padmapurANa me kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha (a) "napanapAyate'nyata tayA damadamAyate / chamAchamAyate'nyatra tathA paTapaTAyate / / chalachalAyate'nyatra 8686Ayate tyaa| taTataTIyate'nyatra tayA caTacaTAyate // gharadhanagyAyate'nyatra raNa zastrotyitai svara // "65 (A) bhavanmRganisvAnAt kvacid gulugulAyate / bhubhudbhummAyate'nyatra kRcit5858Ayate // ina kaviyo kI yaha balavatI icchA rahI hai ki inake pAThako ko eka hI sthAna para eka zreNI ke zabdo kA saghAta mila jaaye| raviSaNa ne eka hI sthAna para laTlakAra ke prathama puruSa bahuvacana kI kriyAo kA bhavya sayojana kiyA hai| AkhyAtapado kA yaha prayoga yaha dekhane yogya hai| "cakravatparivartante vyasanAni mahotsava / zanaiyAyo hopa prayAnti parivardhanam . krizyante dravyanirmuktA niyante bAlatAsu ca / pUrtApAttAyupi kSINe hetunA copasahRte / / nAnA bhavanti tinti nighnate zocayanti ca / rudantyadanti bAdhante vivanti 50nti ca // dhyAyanti yAnti palAnti prabhavanti vahanti ca / gAyantyupAsate'nanti daridrati nadanti ca / / jayanti rAnti muJcanti rAjante vilasanti ca / tuSyanti zAsati zAnti spRhyanti haranti ca / /

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438 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI 4.mparA nayante drAnti majjanti dUyante kUTayanti ca / mArgayante'bhidhAvante kuhayante mRjanti ca / / krIDanti syanti yacchanti zIlayanti vamanti ca / luyanti mAnti sIdanti krudhyanti vilayanti ca / / tuSyantyanti paJcanti sAntvayanti vidanti ca / muhyantyanti nRtyanti snihyanti vinayanti ca / / nudantyucchanti karSanti bhRjjanti vinayanti ca / dIvyanti dAnti zRNvanti juhvatyaganti jAgrati / / svapanti vibhyatIGganti zyanti dantitudavi ca / prAnti sunvanti sinvanti rundhanti viruvanti ca // sIvyantyanti jIryanti pivanti racayanti ca / vRNate parimRdnanti vistRNanti pRNanti ca // mImAsante jugupsante kAmayante taranti c| cikitsyantyanumanyante vArayanti gRNanti ca // evamAdikriyAjAlamatatavyAptamAnasa / zubhAzubhasamAsaktA vyatikrAmanti mAnavA // "57 isI prakAra kriyAvizeSaNo, upasargo, niyAtI, avyayo ke ekala sannidhi ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| 'sahAryaka' avyayo kI eka-sAtha prastuti kA eka udAharaNa prastuta hai "rathino rathibhi sAI turgaasturNgrmaa|68 / sAka gargajA sanA pAnAtatta padAtibhi // " kahI-kahI zabdo kA layAtmaka aura saMgItAtmaka dRSTi se bhI yojana aura nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| eka hI laya kI padazayyA ke lie 'vRttagandhi gadya' kI zailI kA Azraya liyA gayA hai| sakSepata , savedanA, yugavodha tathA zilpa kI dRSTi se ina jaina paurANika kAlyo me mahatvapUrNa zabdayojanA kI gayI hai| inake zabdo me apane samaya kA dezakAla aura zabdaprayoga kA itihAsa samAyA huA hai jisake sAkSAtkAra ke lie antardRSTi aura adhyavasAya apekSita hai| vastuta saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda sampatti' yojanA para sarvAgINa kArya kara lenA eka vyakti ke bUte kI bAta nahI hai / eka-eka zabda se paramparA, prayoga, itihAsa, samAja, saskRti, dharma, darzana, vyAkaraNa, vyAkaraNa bhASAvijJAna, vimbayojanA, aprastuta-vidhAna, zilpa tathA savedanA ke vividha AyAma jur3e hae hai jinakA udghATana aneka viSayo ke vidvAn eka sAtha baiThakara kara sakate haiM / isa kArya ke lie zAnta mana sthiti, lagana, samaya tathA sAdhana apekSita hai|

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maMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 436 prakAnta cAro paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti para abhI taka thoDA hI kArya ho pAyA hai / harivaMzapurANa'deg Adi purANa' eva uttarapurANa'72 ke pariziSTa rUpa me sudhI sampAdaka pa. pannAlAla jaina sAhityAcArya ne pAribhASika, bhaugolika, viziSTa tathA vyaktivAcaka samApado kI sUciyA~ dI hai tathA unake sthAnAnurodhI artha bhI diye hai kintu raviNakRta 'padmapurANa' ke pariziSTa ke rUpa me ye sUciyA nahIM dI gayI hai| raviSNaka 'padmapurANa' kI zabdAvalI para svatantra rUpa se koI kArya hamAre dekhane me nahIM AyA hai| isa dizA me isa lekha kA lekhaka 'raviSeNakRta padmapurANa kI zabdAvalI kA parizIlana' zIrSaka se kucha vicAra kara rahA hai| _____10 pannAlAla jaina sAhityAcArya ke kArya ne, ni sadeha, AgAmI zodhAthiyo ke lie eka masRNa mArga tayAra kara diyA hai| akArAdikrama se sUcI banAkara sajJA zabdo kA artha de denA apane me eka zramasAdhya kArya hai| kintu isa kArya kI apanI kucha sImAeM haiN| ___udAharaNa ke lie 'AdipurA ke do sthalo ko hama lete haiN| pahalA sthala vAIsave parva se aura dUsarA solahave parva se uddhata hai| vAIsave parva me 'samavasaraNa' racanA se sambaddha ye sajJA tathA vizeSaNa zabda, pramukhata , prayukta hue hai --AsthAnamaNDala (22175), zili (2276), Ara0dhaparAyaracanAzata (22186) (22176), dvipaDyojana vistAra (22 / 77), harinolamahAratnaghaTita vilasattala (22177), samavRtta (22 / 78), magalAdarza (22 / 78), paryantabhUbhAga (22 / 81), dhUlIsAla (22181), valayAkRti (22 / 82), kaTisUna (22183), jinAsthAna bhUmi (22|83),ajnpujaabh(22|84), cAmIkaracchavi (22 / 84), vidrumasacchAya (22 / 84), ratnapAmu (22 / 84), candrakAntazilAcUrNa (22 / 86), marakata (22 / 87), a bhojarAga (padmarAga) (22 / 87), kalamvita (22187), hemasta mAnalambitatoraNa (22661), makArAsyoTa ratnamAlA (22 / 61), hATaka nirmitamAnastambha (22 / 62), caturgApurasabaddhasAlatitayaveSTita jagatInAthasnapanApavitrita jagatI (22 / 63), hemapoDazasopAnasvamadhyApitapIlikA (22 / 94), yastapuSpopahArA (22164), nRsuradAnava (22 / 64), ghaNTA (22266), cAmara (22 / 66), dhvaja (22 / 66), dikcatuSTaya (22 / 67), stambhacatuSTaya (22167), jinAnanta catuSTaya (22 / 97), hiraNmayI jinendra aaaa (22 / 68), kSIrodA bhobhiSecana (22 / 68), nityAtIyamahAvAdya (22 / 66) nityamagItamagala (22 / 66), nityapravRttanRtya (22 66), pIThikA (22 / 100), nimekhala (22 / 100), pI0 (221100), chattatraya (22 / 101), indradhvaja (221101), prasannasalilA vApI (221103), stanmaparyantabhUbhAga (22 / 103), maNisopAna (22 / 107), sphaTikopataTI (22 / 107), jainezajaya (22 / 108), jinastotra (22 / 106), nandottarAdinAma

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440 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA (22 / 110), pAdaprakSAlanAkuNDa (22 / 110), vIthI (22 / 111), jalakhAtikA (22 / 111), jinajayotsava (22 / 115), prathama prAkAra (221128), hiraNmaya nipadha (22 / 128), sAla (22 / 126), cakavAlAdri (22 / 126), uparitala (22 / 131), mauktikAvalI (221131), vidrumamadhAta (221132), parAgAzu (22 / 132), dvipaharivyAghrarUpamithuna (22 / 135), vicitraratnanirmANa-manuSya-mithuna (22 / 136), upasarpatpratidhvani (22 / 137), gopura (22 / 136), bhRgArakalazAdi aSTottarazatamagaladravyasampat (22 / 143), ratnAbharaNabhAbhAraparipiMjaritAvara toraNa (221144), anutoraNa uddhaddhAbharaNa (221145), khAdinavanidhi (22 / 146), mahAvIthI (22 // 148), ubhayabhAga (22 / 148), nATyazAlAdvaya (22 / 148), nATyamaNDaparaga (221151), surayojita (22 / 154), kinnara (221155), dhUpaghaTa (22 / 162), vIpyantara (22 / 162), catastro vanavIthaya (223162), trikoNa caturastrikA vApI (22 / 174), stanakukuma (22 / 174), puSkariNI (221175), kRtakAdi (22 / 175), harmya (22 / 175), AkrIDamaNDapa (22 / 175), prekSAgRha (22 / 175), citrazAlA (22 / 176), ekazAlA (22 / 176), dvizAlA (221176), mahAprAsAdapakti (22 / 176), vanacatuSTaya (22 / 178), jambUdvIpa (22 / 186), raNadAlambidhaNTA (22 / 192), bhUrbhuvasvarjaya (223162), dhvajAzuka (221163), muktAlamvanabhUSita chatranaya (22 / 164), nabhAga (22 / 165) jinezvarapratimA (22 / 165), gadhasnagdhUparIpArdhA (22 / 166) nityArcana (22 / 166), kSIrododakavItAnI hiraNmayI arhatAma; (22 / 197), panavevikA (22 / 205), ghaNTAjAla (22 / 206), aSTamagala (22 / 210), dhvajapakti (22 / 211), saMgItAtIcanRtya (22 / 210), ratnAbharaNa toraNa (221210), dhvajastambha (221212), maNipI0 (22 / 212), aSTAzItyagala-rudritva (221213), paJcaviMzatikodaNDaantara (221213), siddhArtha caityavRkSa (22 / 214), prAkAravanavedikA (221214), stUpa (22 / 214), katava (22 / 214) tIryakRdutsedha (221215), dazabhedaka dhvaja (22 / 216), aSTottarazata ketana (22 / 220), snadhvaja (22 / 222), 5lapaNAzukadhvaja (22 / 223), pahidhvaja (22 / 224), panavaja (22 / 225), hasadhvaja (221228), garutmadhvaja (221226), vinAyaka (22 / 226), mRgendraketana (22 / 231), vaSama (ukSA) dhvaja (22 / 233), ibha (gAjAdhi5) dhvaja (22 / 234), pakravaja (22 / 235), azAtiyuk mahastadhvajA (221238), zUnya dvitrikasAgara dhvaja (22 / 238), arjuna nirmANa dvitIya sAla (221236), kalpabharuhavana (221246), dazaprabheda kalpataru (22 / 246), udakku0 (22 / 246), jyotika (22 / 246), jyotiraGga

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 441 (22 / 246), diipaa| (22 / 246), kalpana (22 / 246), snagaga (22 / 246), bhAvanendra (22 / 246), siddhArthapAdapa (221251), kalpadruma (22 / 252), sabhAgRha (22 / 253), pratolI (22 / 256), parivIthI (22 / 256), surazilpinirmita prAsAdatakti (22 / 256) adhiSThAnavandhana (22 / 257), kAnta bhitti (22 / 257), ratnacitrita (22 / 257), sahayaM (22 / 258), dvitala (22 / 258), tricatustala (22 / 258), candrazAlA (22 / 258), vabhinchandazobhI (22 / 258), kUTAgAra (22 / 256), gandharva (22 / 261), siddha (22 / 261), vidyAdhara (22 / 261), pannaga (22 / 261), kinnara (22 / 261), gAna (22 / 262), vAdinavAdana (22 / 262), sagItanTetyagoSThI (22 262), navastUpa (22 / 263), siddhAhatprativimbodhacinamUti (22 / 264), navakevalalabdhi (22 / 266), bhavya 222266), nabha sphaTikasAla (22 / 270), sadvRtta (22 / 270), khagendra (22 / 271), dvAropAnta (22 / 274), satAla (22 / 275), supratika (22 / 275) gadAdipANibhaumabhAvanakalpaja (22 / 276), mhaaviipynt| SoDa5 bhitti (22 / 277) zrImaNDa5 (22 / 280), guhyaka (22 / 283), yojanapramita (zrImaNDa5) (22 / 286), deva (22 / 286), deva (22 / 286), dAnava (22 / 286), vaidUrya ratnanirmANa prapamA pIThikA (22 / 260), SoDazasopAna mArga (22 / 261), So'zAntara (22 / 261), sabhAkoSThapraveza (22 / 261), dharmacakra (22 / 262), yakSamUrdhA (22 / 262), sahasrAra (22 / 263), hiraNmaya dvitIya pI0 (22 / 264), siddhATaguNanirmaladhvaja (22 / 266), sarvaratnamaya tRtIya pI0 (22 / 268), gimedavala pI0 (22 / 266), siddhaparameSThI (22 / 304), vibhAga (22 / 312), jinAsthAyikA (22 / 312), kaMvalyapUjA (22 / 315), amaranikAya (22 / 315), samavasaraNa bhUmi (221315), AsthAnabhUmi (22 / 316) / pa0 pannAlAla jaina sAhityAcArya ke dvArA dI gayI sUciyo me ina sabhI zabdo kA samAveza nahI ho pAyA hai| AsthAnamaNDala, magalAdarza, kaTisUtra, jinAsyAnabhUmi, bharakata, hemastambhAvalambina toraNa, stambhacatuSTaya, pIThikA, nimaravala pI0, chatratraya, jalakhAtikA, prathama prAkAra, dvipaharivyAghrarUpa mithuna, gopura, anutoraNa udbaddhAbharaNa, navanidhi, mahAvIthI, kaitavA , catastrovanavIya, AkoDamaNDapa, panacatuSTayA stragdhvaja, arjunanirmANa, dvitIya sAla, adhiSThAnabandhana, navastUpa, trimekhala pITha tathA samavasaraNabhUmi Adi aneka zabda ina sUciyo me sthAna nahI pA sake hai jabaki ye viziSTa, pAribhASika evaM mahatvapUrNa hai aura apane sAskRtika aura prAsagika Azaya kA spaSTIkaraNa cAhate hai| ina zabdo ke ina sUciyo me samAveza na hone ke kAraNo me sampAdaka mahodaya ke lie ina zabdo kA sAdhAraNatva athavA anuvAda ke samaya inakA artha-vidhAna kara dene para yahA punarukti

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442 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI 525 kI vyarthatA athavA sUcIdezikA Adi ho sakate ha jo sarvayA manovaijJAnika hai| vastUta mAhityazAstriyoM ke lie rasa, bhAva, chanda, alakAra, rIti, gaNa Adi zabda jaise rojamarrA ke 50da ho jAte hai aura unake pade-pade artha-sphoTa kI, unake lie koI samasyA nahI hotI vaise hI jaina vAGmaya aura jaina dharma-darzana se paricita vyakti ke lie upayukta zabda naye nahIM lagate / kintu usa paramparA se anabhina vyakti ke lie ye sAdhAraNa se zabda bhI viziSTa, pAribhASika eva mahatvapUrNa pratIta hote hai| ina do kA isa prasaMga me apanA itihAsa hai jisame lokarIti, vizvAsa, zipa, dharma, darzana tathA saskRti chipI huI hai| kavi ne baDe kauzala se isa vaibhava ko zatro me chipAkara pAThako ko samarpita kara diyA hai jisakI pahacAna use karanI hai aura apane atIta aura anAgata se vartamAna ko joDakara usakA tulanAtmaka AsvAda lene kA avasara prApta karanA hai| dUsarA udAharaNa AdipurANa ke solahave parva se liyA jA sakatA hai|144ve zloka se 263ve zloka tathA paTkama, varNAzramasthiti tathA grAmagRhAdisastyAya se sambaddha zabdAvalI prayukta huI hai jisake aneka zabdo kA ina sUciyo me samAveza nahIM ho pAyA hai / varNAzramasthiti (16 / 144),76 svoccasya graha (161146), vapra (16162), prAkAra (16 / 162), parikhA (16 / 162), gopura (16162), aTTAlaka (161162), sArAma (16 / 164), tatkartR bhoktRniyama (16 / 168), yogakSemAnu cintana (16 / 168), asi (1 / 176), masi (16 / 176), kRSi (16 / 176), vidyA (16 / 176), vANijya (16 / 176), zilpa (16 / 176), kSatriya (16 / 183), vaNija ((16 / 183), zUdra (16 / 183), prajAnAhya (16 / 186), varNasaMkoNi (16 / 248) tathA mAtsyanyAya (184252) Adi aneka pAribhAjika da aise hai jo sAdhAraNa pAThaka ke lie atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura vyAkhyAsApekSa hai / jaina mAnyatA ke sandarbha me 'vaNAzrama' kI kucha aura makalpanA hai| 'va', 'prAkAra', 'parikhA', 'gopura' tathA 'aTTAlaka' Adi zabda pAtuzAstra se sambaddha hai| 'kSatriya', 'vaNika' tathA 'zUdra' zabda kI AdipurANakAra ne vizeSa vyutpatti dI hai / 'asi' kA artha, isa prs| me, kevala talavAra na hokara zastrakarma hai / 'masi' kA artha kevala syAhI na hokara lekhana-karma hai| kima vyakti ko kaunasA zastra diyA jAtA thA aura kisase konasA lekha apekSita yA isakA bhI kucha vicAra avazya hotA hogaa| "zilpa' kA kyA artha hai aura usake kitane prakAra haiM Adi prazno kA uttara bhI zilpa' zabda kI prayA vizepa me yutpattiparaka aura pravRttiparaka vyAkhyA karane se hI mila sakatA hai| 'varNasaMkoNi' kI sakalpanA ke pIche kavi kI kyA manAsthiti aura vAraNA rahI hai tathA 'mAsyanyAya' zabda kA pracalana ima artha me kaba se ho rahA hai Adi prazno ke inara pAThana ko cAhie / vastuta ye zabda apanI yAtrA ke daurAna pAribhASika

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda- sampatti 443 tathA viziSTa bana gaye hai jinakA ullekha ina sUciyo meM rahatA to aura acchA rahatA / aise aneka zabda hai jo ina sUciyo me sthAna prApta karane se vaJcita raha gaye hai, jinakA samAveza karake eka vRhat sajJA zabda sUcI taiyAra karane kI Avazyakata banI huI hai| sajJA zabdo ke atirikta, bhASAzAstrIya aura zailIzAstrIya dRSTi se, AkhyAtapado, nipAto, upasargoM tathA padabandhAdiko kI sUcI kI bhI AvazyakatA hai jisake AdhAra para zabdAvalI kA vyutpattiparaka aura pravRttiparaka adhyayana kiyA jA sake / kintu itane para bhI ina paurANika kAvyo kI zabdAvalI ke samvandha me pa0 pannAlAla jaina ke kArya kA apanA mahattva hai / jijJAsuo ke lie ye pariziSTa avalokanIya aura sahAyaka hai / punarukti se bacane ke lie hama, harivazapurANa, AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa kI zabdAvalI ko na dekara, kevala 'padmapurANa' kI vividha viSaya-paraka zabdAvalI ko hI prastuta kara rahe hai / isa zabda-sampatti ko dekhakara zabda-marmajJo ko ravipeNa ke vizAla 'loka-zastrikAvyAdyavekSaNa' kA AbhAsa mila sakegA / harivazapurANa tathA uttarapurANa ke pariziSTo me sakalita zabda padmapurANa ke uttaravartI hai / hama akArAdikrama kI upekSA karate hue viSayAnusAra zabdoM kI sUcI usI AnapUrvI se de rahe he jisase ravipeNa ne unakA prayoga kiyA hai | cUki samasta zabdo kA samAveza prastuta lekha me nahI ho sakatA thA ata akArAdikrama se zabda sUcI adhika upayogI nahI pratIta huI / nAhI parimita sthAna me sabhI vipayo se sambaddha zabdo kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai, ata mukhya viSayAnusArI zabdasUcI hI yahA dI jA rahI hai / usame bhI pradhAnata saMjJApado eva kucha vizeSaNapado ko hI liyA gayA hai / isa lekha meM ina zabdoM kI nirmANaprakriyA tathA arthavaibhava kA bhI saketa nahI kiyA jA sakatA, usake lie sthAnAdhikya apekSita hai / vastuta yaha lekha, uttaravartI paurANikakAvyattayo kI zabda ke vidyamAna rahate, pUrvavartI paurANika kAvya-padmapurANa kI zabda-sUcI nirmANa kI pUrvapIThikA hai / cAro grantho kI zabdasUcI bana jAne para inakI zabdAvalI kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane me kucha suvidhA sabhava hogI / 'padmapurANa' kI zabda-sampatti kI carcA karate samaya hame jJAta hotA hai ki raviSeNa ne samAja aura jIvana ke vizAla kSetra se sambaddha zabdo kA cayana kiyA hai / raviSeNa ne 'padmapurANa' me rAma (padma) kI kathA kahane ke bahAne samayAnusAra samavasaraNa jinendramandira, jinapUjA, zAstrArtha, jainamuni, dharmakathana, parve, kSetra kAla, aneka nagara-nagariyo prakRti, nArI saundarya vyApAra-AlApo, puruSa-saundarya vaibhavavyApAro, sambhoga-krIDA, utsava Amoda, yuddha, senA, yAtrA, upadrava, zastra, vAdya, veSabhUSA, viraha-vilApa, pazu-pakSI, zakunApazakuna, yantra, vAhana, nagarasamRddhi,

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444 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sAhitya, vividha zAstra tathA vividha kalAo kA varNana karate hue tatsambaddha zabdAvalI kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai / yahA kucha zabda prastuta hai| 1 samavasaraNa sambandhI zabda samavasthAna (1 / 46), prAkAra (2 / 135), gopura (2 / 136), aSTamagala (2 / 137), sphaTikabhitti (2 / 138), dvAdaza vibhAga (2 / 138), prAdakSiNya patha (2 / 138), nimrantha (2 / 136), gaNanAtha (2 / 136), indrapatnI (2 / 136), kalpavAsisurAGganA (2 / 136), AryikAsagha (2 / 140), gaNapAlI (2 / 140), dyotipA yoNita (2 / 140), kyantarI (2 / 140), bhAvanastrI (2 / 141), dhotiSA gaNa (2 / 141), vyantara (2 / 141), bhAvanasaMgha (21141), kalpavAsI (2 / 142), mAnuSa (2 / 142), tiryaJca (21142), azokapAdapa (21151), yakSarAja (2 / 152), cAmara (2 / 152), gatitraya (2 / 153) tathA samavasaraNa (122172) mAdi / 2 jinendramandira-sambandhI zabda ratnavAtAyana (28 / 86), muktAjAlaka (28186), zAtakobhamahAsta+masahasra (28 / 86), nAnArUpasamAkIrNa (28 / 60), bhe gasamaprabha (28 / 60), vajavanamahApI0 (28 / 60), jinAdhipa (2894), nityAlakRtapUjita (31 / 224), candranAmmo'nuliptakSma (311224), nidvAra (31 / 224), tugatAraNa (31 / 224), darpaNAdivibhUSa (31 / 225), maNipITha (31 / 228), jinavimba (31 / 230), caitya (40 / 27), mahAvaSTa bhasustambha (40 / 28), yuktavistAraturatA (40 / 28), gavAkSa (40 / 28), harya (40 / 28), valabhI (40 / 28), toraNa (40 / 26, 112 / 46), mahAdvAra (40 / 29); zAlA (40 / 26), parikhA (40 / 26), sitacApatAkA (40 / 26), bRhadghaNTA (40 / 26), sagIta (40 / 30), mahotsava (40 / 31), jinaprAsAdapakti (40 / 31), jinendrANA pacavarNA pratimA (40 / 32), zAsanadevata (67 / 12), kRtAbhipavapUjana (67 / 13), nisandhyavadanA (67 / 17), vividhAzcarya (67 / 17), citapuSpopazobhita (67 / 17), mahAdhvaja virAjita (67 / 18), hemapyAditi (67 / 16) jAvUnadamaya (112 / 44), bhAnukUTapratima (112-44), azeSottamaratnIdhabhUpita (112 / 45), muktAdAmasahasrADhya (112 / 45), budbudaadrshshiimit(112|45), kiMkiNIpaTTalavUSaprakIrNakavirAjita (112 / 46), uttugagopura (112 / 46), prAkAra (112146), nAnAvarNapalaketu (112 / 47), kAcanastambha (112 / 47) tayA prAsAdAlIsamAvRta (66 / 2) aadi| 3 jinapUjA-sambandhI zabda abhiSeka (66 / 4), vAdita (66 / 4), mAlya (66 / 4), dhUpa (69 / 4, 10 / 86), vali (66 / 4), upahAra (66 / 4), sadvarNa __anulepana (66 / 4), pUjA (66 / 5), vividha praNAma (69 / 7), prykaardhniyuktaa|

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saskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 445 (69 / 8), akSamAlA (69 / 6), Alepana (1086), puSpa (10 / 86), bhakti (1086) tathA stuti (1060) Adi / 4 jaina muni sambandhI zabda : 5-codAralatottugamAtagaskandhavartI (6 / 260), niguptidRDhanIra dhrakakAcchannavigraha (6 / 260), pacabheda samiti (6 / 261, 1411166), nAnAtapomahAtIkSNazasnayuktamanaska ra (6 / 261), kaSAya 6 / 262), moha (6 / 262), bhavArAti (6 / 262), nimbaramahAnRpa (6 / 262), sAra+bhaparityAga (6 / 263), samyadarzanasAta (6 / 263), anagAra (6 / 263), nAsikAna niviSTAtisaumyanizcala cakSu (21 / 64), mumukSA (21165), vimukti (21166), kalyANAbhiniviSTadhI (21166), sama (21167), mAnamatsaranirmukta (21167), vazIkRtahaSIkAtmA (21168), niSprakampa (21 / 68), nIrAga (21168), zreya (21 / 68), malakacukasavIta (22 / 1), dhoratapovArI 22 / 1), vItamAna (22 / 1), mahAmanA (22 / 1), ta5 zopitasarvAMga (2212), dhIra (22 / 2), lucavibhUSaNa (22 / 2). pralamvitamahAvAhu (22 / 2), yugAvanyastalocana (22 / 2), nivikAra (22 / 3), samAdhAnI (2213), vinIta (22 // 3), lobhavajita (2213), anusUna samAcAra (22 / 4) dayAvimalamAnasa (22 / 4), snehapaka vinirmukta (22 / 4), zramaNazrIsamanvita (22 / 4), nagna (2216), zramaNa (22 / 7), liGgI (22 / 13), yogI (22 / 12), muni (22 / 14), gaganAmbara (26 / 33), ropatopavinirmukta (38 / 16), prazAntakaraNa (38 / 16), zubhadhyAnagatAtmA (38617), zramaNazrI (38 / 17), sadhyAnArUDha (36 / 33), pratimA (39 / 33), zarIracetanAnyatvavedI (36134), mohajita (36134), sayata (36 / 35), mahAyogezvara (36 / 46), suceSTita (36146), arhadakSara (39 / 50) dharmAnuSThAna (39 / 51), mahAbhAga (36 / 106), vanareNusamukSita (36 / 106), muktiyogyakriyAyukta (36 / 106) prazAntahRdaya (36 / 106), pralamvitabhujadvaya (36 / 107), pANTamAdibhistIna rupavAsavizoSitAn (361107), svAdhyAyanirata (36 / 108), pANipAdasamAhita (36 / 108), jJAnalitapasampanna (41 / 14), mahAvrataparigraha (41 / 14), duspRhAmuktamAnasa (41 / 14), mAsopavAsI (41 / 15), yathoktAcArasampanna (41 / 16), gAmbhIryadharyasampanna (105 / 60), parAsanakRtasthiti (105 / 60), paramAdaka (105|61),kevljnyaan (105 / 62), visRSTasarvasaga (14 / 165), mahAtmA (141165), suvratanAyasya mate lInA (141166), nikhilavedina (14 / 166), mRtyu-janma-samudbhUtamahAlAsasamanvita (141166), sagena rahitA (14 / 167), paJcamahAvrata (141168), tatvAvagamanatatpara (14 / 168), gupti (141166), mahimA (14 / 170), satya (14 / 170), asteya (141170), brahmacarya (141170), parigraha (14 / 170), rAga (14 / 171), grantha (14 / 172), samastaprativandhena

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446 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA samIraNavadujjhitA (141173), malasamvandharahita (14 / 174), zlAdhyaceSTita (14 / 174) saumya (141174), dIpta (14 / 174), gambhIra (14 / 175), bhItakUrmavadatyantagutendriyakadambaka (14 / 175), kapAyodrekavajita (14 / 176), azItyA guNalakSANA catu sahitayAnvitA (14 / 176), aSTAdazajinoddizIlalakSasamanvitA (14 / 177), siddhyAkAkSatatpara (1 / 177), jinoditAryasasakta (141178), viditAparazAsana (141178), zrutasAgarapArastha (141178), yamadhArI (14 / 177), niyamAnA vidhAtAra (141176), samunnatayojjhitA (141176), nAnAlabdhikRtAsaga (14 / 176), mahAmanagalamUtti (146176), tanukarmA (14 / 180), prAsukasthAna (22 / 64), cAturmAmIvrata (22 / 64), digvirAmavata (22 / 65) tathA zukladhyAna (36 / 68) aadi| 5 jaina-gRhastha-sambandhI zabda . gRhAzramanivAsI (14 / 182), dvAdazadhA sthita dharma (14 / 182), 5-5 aNuvrata (141183), catuvidhA zikSA (14 / 183), nayo guNA (14 / 183), yayAzakti sahanaza niyama (14 / 183), syUla-prANAtipAta-virati (14 / 184), paravittagrahaNa (14 / 184), paradArasamAgama (14 / 184), anantagardA (14 / 185), bhAvanA (14 / 185), dayA (14 / 186) anarthadaNDa-vigama (14 / 198), digvidika parivarjana (14 / 198), bhogopabhogasakhyAna (14 / 168), guNavata (14 / 198), sAmAyika (141166), propadhAnazana (14 / 166), atithi-sa vibhAga (14 / 166), sallekha (14 / 166), bhikSopakaraNa (14 / 201) madhu (virati) (141202), mAsa (virati) (14 / 202), madya (virati) (14 / 202), rAtribhojana (virati) (14 / 202) vezyAsagama (virati) (14 / 202) gRhadharma (141203), ralaya (14 / 204), Asanna zivAlaya (14 / 205), samyagdarzanalAbha (14 / 206), jinendranamaskAra (14 / 207), jinavimba (141213), jinAkAra (14 / 213), jinapUjA (141213), jinastuti (14 / 213), kRtyA kRtyavicalakSaNa (14 / 215), zIla (14 / 226), tyAga (14 / 226), samyaktva (14 / 226), dinabhojana (14 / 260), manilAvata (14 / 328), ekabhakta (14 / 334), caturdazI-aSTamI-upavAsa (14 / 339), jinazAsana (14 / 343), virati (14 / 347) tayA catu zaraNa (141372) aadi| 6 parva tathA utsava-sambandhI zabda : ApAdhavalASTamI (26 / 1) paJcavarNacUrNa (26 / 3), mAlya (26 / 3), udaka (26 / 4), bahuvidhacchavi (26 / 4), dvArazobhA (265), nAnAdhAturasa (26 / 5), bhittimaNDana (26 / 5), jinasnapana (267), aSTohopopita (268), zAntigandhodaka (26 / 10), zAntyudaka (26 / 11), jinavarodaka (26 / 12), nandIzvarabhaTTa (6811), dhavalApTamI (68-1), paurNamAsI (68 / 1), palAzAdipuTa (687), sabhA (68 / 11), prapA (68 / 11, maca

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saskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampati 447 (68 / 11), paTTazAlA (68 / 11), nATyazAlA (68 / 11), vApI (68 / 11), sara (68 / 12), sopAmaka (68 / 12), caityakUTa (68 / 12), rambhAdi vibhUpitasavAra (68 / 13), kanakAdirajazcitramaNDalAdi (68 / 13), ghRta-kSIrAdipUrNa kalaza (68 / 14), muktAdAmAdisaka0 (67 / 14), jAtarUpamaya rajatAdimaya maNiratnazarIra 5 (68 / 18) 58ha (68 / 19), tUrya (68 / 19) kAhala (68 / 16) tathA zakha (68 / 16) aadi| __ 7 janadarzana-sambandhI zabda sattA (21155), tatva (21155), jIva (1 / 155), ajIva (2 / 155), siddha (2|155,105,146),ssaarvaam (2 / 155), bhavya (2 / 156), abhavya (2 / 156), jinadezita tattva (2 / 158), ekendriyAdi (2 / 158), gati (2 / 159), kAya (2 / 159), jJAna (2 / 159), yoga (2 / 159), veda (2 / 159), lezyA (2 / 156), kaSAya (2 / 159), zAna (2 / 156), darzana (2 / 159), cAritya (2 / 159), guNazreNyadhirohaNa (2 / 156), nisargazAstrasamyaktva (2 / 160), nAmAdinyAsabheda (2 / 160), sadAdhaSTAnuyoga (2 / 160), cetana (2 / 160), sasArijIva (2 / 161), nAraka (2 / 162), tira5cA (2 / 163), mAnupa (2 / 164), deva (2 / 165) caturgati (2 / 166), karmabhUmi (2 / 166), dharmopArjana (21166) mithyAdRSTi (2 / 186), mithyAdarzana (2 / 187), samAdhi (2 / 186), nidAnakRta doSa (2 / 186), vAsudeva (2 / 186), valadeva (2 / 161), SoDaza jinakarma (2 / 162), tIryakRta (2 / 162), kaSTikalaka (2 / 163), ghAtikamavinAzana (122 / 71), pRthivI (105 / 141), Apa (105 / 141), teja (105 / 141), mAtarizvA (105 / 141), vanaspati (105 / 141), trama (105 / 141), jIva (105 / 141), nikAya (105 / 141), dharma (105 / 142, 2 / 157), adharma (105 / 142, 21157), viyat (105 / 142), kAla (105 / 142), jIva (105 / 142), pudgala (105 / 142), dravya (105 / 142), saptamagIvacAmArga (105 / 143), pramANa (105 / 143), naya (105 / 143), ekadvinicatu paJcahRSIkeSu sattvam (105 / 144), sUkSyamatvAdarabheda (105 / 145), bhavyAbhavyAdibheda (105 / 146), jIvadravya (105 / 146) upayoga (105 / 147), aSTavidha jJAna (106 / 148), caturdhA darzana (105 / 148), sasArI (105 / 148), vimukta (105 / 148), sacitta (105 / 148) vitas (105 / 148), sthAvara (105 / 146), zeSaka (105 / 146), paJcendriya (105 / 146), garbhasambhava (105 / 150), upapAda (105 / 150) nAraka (105 / 151), sammUrchana (105 / 151), audArika (105 / 152), vaikriya (105 / 152), AhAraka (105 / 152), tejas (105 / 152), kArmaNa (105 / 152) sUkSma (105 / 152), cAraNapi (122171), kevala (122 / 73) kevalajJAna (3675) Adi / 8 brahmANDakalpanA-sambandhI zabda anantAloka (105:106) loka

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448 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA (105 / 106), saptabhUmi (105 / 110), ratnAbhA (105 / 111), zarkarA-vAlukApakavAntamonibhA (105 / 112), naraka (105 / 117), devAraNya (105 / 140), arNava (105 / 140), dvIpa (105 / 140), yogya bhUmi (105|140),jmbuudviip pramukhadvIpa (105|154,155),lvnnaadisaagr (105 / 154), meru (105 / 156) kulaparvata (105 / 157), himavAn (105 / 157), nipadha (105 / 157), nIla (105:157), rukmI (105 / 158), zikharI (105 / 158), bharatakSetra (105 / 156) 6 vidyA-sambandhI zabda 24 sakhyaka TippaNI se dazita sthala me vidyAsambandhI zabdo kI sUcI dI gaI hai| una zabdo ke atirikta kucha ye hai sAhA (7 / 333), ratisaMvRddhi (7 / 333), RmbhiNI (7 / 333), vyomagAminI (7 / 333), nidrANI (7 / 333), siddhArthA (7 / 334), zatrudamanI (7 / 334), niyAdhAtA (7 / 334), khagAminI (7 / 334), bhrAmarI (8 / 308), yodhinI (1961), pratiyodhinI (60 / 62), siMhayAna (60 / 135), gAruDa (60 / 135), amovavijayA (65 / 42) tathA prajJapti (65 / 42) aadi| 10 zAstrArtha sambandhI zabda gyArahave parva me zAstrArya kA varNana hai jisame vaidika matAnuyAyI tayA jaina matAnuyAyI vicAra paddhatiyo para vAda prativAda huA hai| isa pramaga me paryApta pAribhApika tathA viziSTa za06 prayukta hue hai, yathA yajadIkSAjyapAtaka (11 / 6), ajeyaSTavyam (11 // 41), Alamana (11 / 43), pazu (11 / 43, 84, 244), prAznika (11 / 45) / yaunasambandha (11155), zAstrIya mabadha (11155), dakSiNA (11157), Rpi (11 / 58), caturvidhi janapada (11165), nAnA prakRti (11165), sAmanta (11665), mantrI (11165), jalpamaNDala (11 / 65), vivAda (11166), tatva (1167), vitayasAmarthya (11170), paramArthanivedana (1170), hiMsAdharmapravartana (11172), vAmaskanvasthasUtraka (11176),kamaNDalalvakSamAlAdinAnopakaraNAvRta (11176), hiMsAkarmapara zAstra (11180), tApasa (11 / 81), sUtrakaNTha (11181, 108, 238), hiMsAdharma (11 / 81), pakSa (11182), yana (11383), brahmA (11183), vadha (11184), sautAmaNi (11185), surApAna (11185), agamyAgamana (11185), gosava (11185), mAtRmedha (11186), pitRmedha (1186), antarvadi vadha (11186), AzuzukSaNi (11187), juvaka (11187), svAhA (11187), zuddha dvijanmA (11 / 88) khalati (11188), Asthadana (11186), jvalana (11186), Ahuti (11 / 86) puruSa (11 / 60), IzAna (11 / 60), amRtva (11 / 60), anna (11 / 60), prANinipAtana (11 / 91), mAsa-bhakSaNa (11 / 62), yAyajUka (11 / 62), devoddezya (11 / 92) himAyanasyanI (11194), dIkSita (11 / 64, 128), muanya (11 / 103), yasavATa (11 / 106), Rtvika (111107, 162),

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 446 yathAvidhi upadeza (11 / 107), nimantita (11 / 108), yajJamahI (11 / 106), vedamagalanisvana (111106), abrahma (11 / 106), AtvijIna (11 / 163), mANavaka (11 / 163), hetujita asambaddha bhASaNa (11 / 164), upapatti (11 / 165, 166), akata ka veda (111167), pramANa (11 / 167), atIndriya (11 / 167), varNataya (111167), karma (11 / 167), apUrva dharma (11 / 168), yAga (11 / 168), phala (11 / 168), svrg(11|168), pratyavAya (111166), zAstracodita (11 / 169), vitAna (11 / 170), durgranthabhAvanAdUSitAmA (11 / 171), sarvajJa (11 / 172, 177), zabdArthabuddhibheda (11 / 172), asat artha (11 / 174), vAvyatikrama (11 / 104) anumAna (111176), pratijJA (11 / 176), abhAva (11 / 176), Agama (11 / 178), virodha (11 / 178), anekAnta (11 / 178), sAdhya artha (11 / 178), siddhaprasAdhaka (111178), sarvathA ayuktavaktRtva (11 / 176), asiddha (11 / 176), syAdvAd (11 / 176), siddha (11 / 180), viruddha (11 / 180), sAdhana (11 / 180, 186), doSavAn Agama (11 / 181), sAdhyavihIna dRSTAnta (11 / 182), ekAntayuktokti dRSTAnta (11 / 183), sAdhyasAdhanavakalya (11 / 183), saMgharmA (11 / 183), adRSTavastu (111184), veda (11 / 184) dUSaNa (111184), hetu-samAzrayaNa (11 / 184), sarvazatAyoga (11 / 185), vyatireka (11 / 186), avinAmAva (11 / 186), svapakSa (11 / 187), apekSitaviparyaya (11 / 188), vedasya kartabhAva (11 / 186), yuktyamAtra (111186) sasAdhya (11 / 189), dRzya (11 / 189), hetusabhava (11 / 186), padavAkyAdirUpa (111160), vidheyapratiSedhyArtha (11 / 160) / prajApati (11 / 161), zruti (11 / 162), rAgadveSa (11 / 162) granyadezana (111193), jAtyA cAturvidhyam (11 / 164), 5lokAgni (111194), mAtibheda (11 / 195), varNavyavasthiti (11 / 198), brahmA mukhAdisamava (11 / 166), nihatu (11 / 166), bhASamANaka (111166), gunnyog(11|200), brAhmaNa (11 / 201), kSatriya (11 / 202), vaizya (11 / 202), zUdra (11 / 202), jAti (11 / 203), guNa (11 / 203), cAturvarNya (11 / 205), apUkhyi dharma (11 / 206), nitya (11 / 206), anitya (11 / 206) prAyazcitta (11 / 210), soma (111211), pratarpaNa (11 / 212), dvAdazIdakSiNA (11 / 213), mAyu (11 / 214), vyabhicAra (11 / 215), svayambhU (11217), loka (11 / 217), sarga (11 / 217), purANataNadurbala (111217), kRtArya (111218), samyaktva (111223), ekAntavAdI (11 / 223), nizcaya (11 / 226), anavasthA (11 / 227), prazna (11 / 231), bIja pAdapa (11 / 231), brahmaloka (11 / 237) vasu (11 / 238), svapakSAnumatiprIti (11 / 236), pati (111136, 244),

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450 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA piSTa ( / 240), yajJaunA (?? / 24), yajJamAna ( / 242), virtAvA (1242), purohAga ( / 242), vi ( / 242), varbha ( / 243), dakSiLA (5243), prANAyAma (5243), sitadhyAna (zar42), siddhapa6(25243), jba (zar43), cUpa(1244), mit ( / 244), gharmayajJa (1 / 244), daivatRpti (oAra4%), sparza (1246), rasa ( / 246), rUpa ( / 246), AE ( / 246), saiMyo naya ( / 246), rakSikhAti(1|246), aneAntavivAra (zar52), zAstrArya(252), vevArthAmyasana (23253) bAvi jAnazAstrIya zabda : tAmbrenarA (6 / 4%), mAlya (3646), banutrepana (da|46) yo (6 / 49), sahI (269%), stama (6 / 69), veSayu (6 / 6,69), sazrama (6 / 270), treva (dA92), puna (266272), sparze (266272), arjuna (26272), tapamALa (16 / 174), vilakSa, (dA?%), bAyasamAvaLa (6 / 276), navuddha niniyAnam (6 / 2), muonnamana (26 / 2), dharAi (dA60), praNAma (6 / 60), prasAda (16 / 260), samAjJeSa (6 / 63), sulAmIlitoSana(ddAAErU), viyo (6aa 64,), mAlAna (6 / 65), pAva (nnumnana) (26 / 66), r (sumnana) (6 / 66), nAmi (numnana) (26466), stana (numnana) (ddA66), ati(sumnana) (6aa66), s(nyumnana) (16 / 66), mavanAnu(16|66), vavajJa nyumnana (26 / 2-7), avaravAna(6|266), nIvIvimonana(dA{6e), nitamnA (6 / 290), ve (dAE), brA (oIE(), vaijba (26|AEra), mmara (da|92)| banurAga (6 / 2), rati (16 / 293), vampatI (6 / 293), stana (6 / 24), naSana (dAzAE4-%026), rata(6Ao&%), rattibhrama (6 / 2%), gharaLa (6 / 26), sauAra (6 / 26), navA (6 / 297), sevanarava (16 / 26), vanayarAra (6ArCT), tAnAva (CICE), snevavivuM (26 / 202), tAnta (6Aph0), rava"hALIbhUta avara (dAr02), sutotsava (6 / 204), nidrA(6|204, 202), vinnavet (dAr04), baeNnyonyamunAne (6Ar06), saurabha, ni vAsa (16 / 207), ridhvA tistanama''ta (dA207), yevjhaveza, vinyastanAnAADoSavAna (6Ar06), spardhAnuva dAr09), zayanIya (6 / 220), varamana (6Ara), pramava (Ara), vaSA (6Ara), navrUmanorathA dAro), nRtadhvani (dAra), viSNummaLa (6 / 227), nidrAgavAdaLanirIkSA (o6 249), vAnatarganyA thavA jhUyana (6AraAE), rakSiLavAjhumona (6Ara6), smita (6Ara20), sudharAjJi (6Ara20),

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saMskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 451 nivedana (16 / 220), lajjana (16 / 223), kANDadarzana (36 / 186), mAra (30 / 186), lAvaNyarasa (66 / 186), vakSa sijadvaya (36 / 160), sanasta, nIviratagraham (39 / 161)- uttejanAbhimaNDala (39 / 161), kakSoddezya (39 / 161), smaravaNa (39 / 163), sra samAnAzuka (122 / 57), vAhumUladarzana (122157)- nitamvaphalaka (122 / 56) Adi / 12 yuddha, senAyAtrA upadravAdi se sambaddha zabda caturaga sainya (4168), dRSTiyuddha (4 / 71), vAhuraNa (4 / 73), cakraratna (4 / 72), camU (6 / 436, 51 / 4)), vAhinI (6 / 446), gaja (6 / 447), ratha (6 / 447), padAti (6 / 447), tumula (6 / 451), nagara-rodha (6 / 458), dhvaja (6 / 458), raNasajJA-vidhAna (7 / 67), sannAhamaNDanopeta (7 / 68), kakaTachannavigraha (771), sapti (773), vAji (773), zastravarSa (781), svakanAmAztizara (785), palAyana (7 / 60), anumArga (7 / 61), mahAratha (8 / 197), vimAna (8 / 198), syandana (8 / 166), senA-sampAta (8 / 201), zastasampAta (8 / 201, 10 / 112), raNamastaka (8 / 208), vIra-zayyA (8 / 241), kalakala (8 / 240), pratikriyA (8 / 243), cikitsaka (8 / 243), luTana (8 / 442), prayANaka (10 // 43), dhanavyUha (10 / 107) bhartRvAkya (101114), dhAnuka (10 / 121, 127) rayasya (10 / 121), mattavAraNa (10 / 122, 12 / 160), kakaTa (10 / 125), dhanurveda (10 / 128), vraNabhagavidhAna (10 / 136), gaveSaNa (10 / 136), prabhAtahatatrya (10 / 137), sannAhamaNDapa (12 / 181), sannAhamajJArtha tUryavAdana (12 / 181), AdhoraNa (12 / 160), camUmukha (12 / 163), mukhabhaga (12 194), sevAmukhAvasAda (12 / 165), pRtanAvakta (12 / 165), sumanara (12 / 167), suzastra (12 / 197), suyAna (12 / 197), sainyavaktra (12 / 166), samaravidhi (75 // 1), nyAyya sagrAma (12 / 260), yuddha-grahaNa (1986), jIvanAha (1961), luTita (1970) upadrava (1961), patti (56 / 4), senAmukha (56 / 4), gulma (51 / 4), pRtanA (56 / 4), anIka (56 / 5), akSauhiNI (56 / 4, 10 / 16) aadi| 13 sainika veSabhUSA-zastrAstra sambandhI zabda heti (7 / 68), sannAha (12 / 181), maNDalA (12 / 182), kakaTa (10 / 125, 12 / 182), dhanu (12 / 183), zirastrANa (12 / 183), arddhavATikA (12 / 183), sAyakatrikA (12 / 183), asi (10 / 112, 12 / 188, 211, 257, 62 / 7), tomara (12 / 188), pAza (12 / 188, 258), dhvaja (12 / 188), chatra (12 / 188), zarAsana (12 / 188), karavAla (12 / 215, 73 / 176), kanaka (12 / 211, 234, 257, 27 / 61, 74 / 46), gadA (10 / 112, 12 / 211, 257,

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452 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza ko paramparA 50 / 32), zakti (7 / 86, 12 / 211, 258, 52 / 36, 27 / 61), cApa (12 / 211, 257, 52 / 37), mudgara (12 / 211, 258, 50 / 32, 62 / 7), kodaNDa (12 / 232), bhiNDimAla (12 / 236, 8 / 236), prAsa (101112, 24 / 421), bANa (10 / 112, 125, 50 / 32, 52 / 38), sAyaka (10 / 130, 8 / 235), kunta (12 / 257, 52 / 40), musala (12 / 257, 52 / 40, 60 / 140), zara (12 / 257, 52 / 36, parica (8 / 206, 62 / 7, 12 / 257), caka (12 / 257, 52 / 40, 52 / 7, 34156, 27 / 61), karavAlI (12 / 257), ahipa (12 / 257), zUla (12 / 258, 26 / 61, 62 / 74), pAza (12 / 258), bhuzuNDi (12 / 258, 50 / 32), kuThAra (12 / 258), dhana (12 / 258, 62 / 7), grAvA (12 / 258), lAgala (12 / 258), daNDa (12 / 258), koNa (12 / 258), sAyakaveNu (12 / 258), parazu (50132, 52 / 40), zataghnI (50 / 32, 52 / 40), zailazikhara (50 / 32) ulkA (50 / 37, 75 / 57, 1955), lAgUla (56 / 37, 75 / 57), zilA (52 / 40), vanadaNDa (8 / 238, 52140), Rkaca (6217, 27 / 6), yaSTi (62 / 7), aSTi (62 / 7 74 / 42), kRpANa (6 / 452, 8 / 226), vizikha (7 / 82), zazAkArdheSu (0236) vajrasUcI (8 / 311), candrArdhasAyaka (22 / 216), lAgUlapAza (19154) asidhenu (27 / 67), hala (60 / 140), prAkRtAsta (12 / 312), Agneya (12 / 322), varuNa (lakSita) astra (12 / 325), tAmasAstra (12 / 328 60 / 100), prabhAstra (12 / 330), nAgAstra (12 / 332), garuDAstra (12 / 336), nAgasAyaka (60 / 102) aadi| 14 pAca-sambandhI-zabda zakha (12 / 355, 58 / 26 78 / 62-63, 88 / 26) tUrya (76365, 58 / 26, 68 / 16, 88 / 27), bhabhA (58 / 27), bherI (58 / 27, 78162-63, 88 / 26) mRdaga (58 / 27, 68 / 16, 78 / 62-63, 110 / 67), lampAka (58 / 27), dhundhu (58 / 27) maNDuka (58 / 27), jhallA (58 / 27), amlAtaka (58 / 27), hakkA (58 / 22) hukAra (58 / 22), dundrakoNaka (58 / 27), jharjhara (58 / 28), hekagujA (58 / 28), kAhala (58 / 28, 68 / 16), dardura (58 / 28), 58ha (68 / 16, 78 / 62-63), sumunda (68 / 62-63), arbarIka (78 / 62-63), dundubhi (78162-63, 88 / 27), jhallarI (8827), pravara (88 / 27), vaza (88 / 27, 122 / 51), ghaNTA (12 / 186) paTala (12 / 355), vINA (3 / 105 114, 401130 , 78162-63, 110 / 67, 122 / 51), tantrI (3 / 105) veNu (110 / 67) aadi| 15 vAstukalA (bhavana-nirmANa kalA) sambandhI zabda . kucha zabda saMkhyA (2)

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyoM kI zabda-sampatti 453 mejinendra mandiro se sambaddha sUcI me diye gaye hai, prAsAdo se sambaddha kucha zabda yahA diye jA rahe haiM prAsAda ( 110 / 63), kanakastambhasahasraparizobhita (190163) kuTTima (141126, 11064), sarvopakaraNAnvita ( 110164), snAnAdividhisampattiyogya nirmala bhUmi (110/65), valabhIzobhi ( 49/2), ratna nirmitazekhara (46 2 ), hemadravanyasta lepyateja samujjvala (462), muktAdAmasamAkIrNa ( 46 3 ), vAtAyanavirAjita ( 463), udyAnAkIrNaparyanta (4413 ) hemasphaTika vaiDUryastambha nirmANa-nirmita ( 14 128 ), bahubhUmika prAsAda (14 128), bhitti ( 14 / 128), vicitramaNikuTTima ( 14 129 ), ruru camara-siMha-gajAdi-rUpa-nicita-pArzva vedikAlakRta ( 14 | 130 ), candrazIlAdiyukta ( 14|131), dhvajamAlAvibhUpita ( 14/131), sopAzrayamanohArizayanAsanasagata ( 14 131), AtodyavarasampUrNa ( 14 131), zRgakoTi ( 8 20) tathA zakhazubhra mahAgRha (825) Adi / 16 striyo ke lie jJAtavya kalAo se sambaddha zabda : kekayA kI kalAo ke varNana me tathA kucha anya prasago me ina kalAo se sambaddha zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai, yayA (a) nATyakalA paraka zabdAvalI nRtta (24/6 ), gIta ( 24/16), vAdya ( 24/21), nATya ( 24/22), agahArAzraya ( 24 6 ), abhinayAzraya ( 2416), vyAyAmika (2446), tevAlevAdhvani ( 37 / 100), recaka ( 37 / 103), lalitAgavivartana (37 / 103), sasmitAlokita ( 37 / 104), vigalad bhrusamudgama (37 / 104), gamakAnugatastanakampa ( 37|104), jaghanasacAra ( 37|105 ), bAhulatAhAra ( 37/105), sulIlakarapallava ( 37|105), pAdanyAsa (37 / 106), laghuspRSTa vimuktadharaNItala ( 37 / 106), AzusampAditasyAna ( 37/106), kezapAzavivartana ( 37|106), trikavalagna ( 37|107), gAtasandarzana ( 37|107), mUcrchanA ( 37|108), parilInasakhIsvara ( 37|108), AtodyAnugatanRtya ( 37|112), (37 / 112), kaNTha (24/7 ), ziras (24/7 ), uras (24/7 ), paDja (248), RSabha ( 248) gAnvAra (24 / 8) madhyama (2418), paJcama (248), vaivata ( 24/8), niSAda, ( 248), druta (2416 ), madhya ( 24/6 ), vilambita ( 2416 ), laya (2419 ) atra (249), caturastra ( 24/6 ), tAlayoni ( 2456 ), varNa ( 24|10 ), 55 (24|10 ) sthAyI (24|10), macArI ( 24/10), ArohI ( 24|10 ), avarohI (24|10), nAma (24|11), AkhyAta (24|11 ), upasarga ( 24|11 ), nipAta (24|11), saMskRtA, ( 24|11 ), prAkRtI ( 24|11 ), zaurasenI (24|11 ), jhApA (24|11 ), dhaivatI ( 24/12), ApabhI ( 24/12), paDjapaDajA (24112), udIcyA (2412), nipAdinI (24|12), gAndhArI (24/12),

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454 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA paDjakakazI ((24 / 12), paDjamadhyamA (24 / 12), gAndhArIdIcyA (24 / 13) madhyamapaJcamI (24 / 13), gAndhArapaJcamI (24 / 13), raktagAndhArI (24 / 13), madhyamA (24 / 13), AndhrI (24 / 14), madhyamAdIcyA (24 / 14), kAravI (24 / 14), nandanI (24 / 14), kauzakI (24 / 14), aSTajAti (24115), dazajAti (24 / 15), prayodaza alakAra (24 / 15), prasannAdi (24 / 16, 18), prasannAnta (24 / 16, 18), madhyaprasAdavAn (24 / 16) prasannAdyavasAna (24 / 16), caturdhA syAyibhUpaNa (24 / 16), nivRtta (24117), prasthita (24 / 17), vindu (24 / 17), prekholita (24 / 17), tAra (24 / 17), mandra (24 / 17), prasanna (24 / 17), SoDhAsacAribhUSaNa (24117), ArohaNa ekameva vibhUpaNam (24 / 18), kuhara (24 / 18), alakAra yojana sAdhugIta (24 / 16) / tata (24 / 20), tantrIsamutthAna (24 / 20), avanaddha (24 / 20), mRdagaja (24 / 20), zupira (24 / 20), vazasa bhUta (24 / 20), dhana (24 / 20), tAlasamutthita (24 / 20), caturvidyAvAdha (24 / 21), nAnAbheda (24121), zRgAra (24 / 22), hAsya (24 / 22), karuNa (24 / 22), vIra (24 / 22), adbhuta (24122), bhayAnaka (24122), rodra (24 / 23), vIbhatsa (24 / 23), zAnta (24 / 23), nava rasa (24 / 13) / (A) lipi-vijJAna-sambandhI zabda anuvRtta (24 / 24), vikRta (24 / 24) kalpita (24124), sAmAyika (24125), naimittika (24125), prAcya (24 / 26), madhyama (24 / 26), yaudheya (24 / 26), samandra (24 / 26), lipijJAna (24 / 24, 26) (i) uktikauzala-sambandhI zabda uktikozala (24 / 27), sthAna (24 / 27), svara (24 / 27), saskAra (24 / 27), vinyAsa (24 / 27), kAku (24127), samudAya (24128), virAma (27128), sAmAnyAbhihita (24128), samAnarthatva (24 / 28), bhApA (24 / 28), jAti (24 / 28), lakSaNA (24 / 30), uddezya (24 / 30), padavinyAsa (24-30), vAkyavinyAsa (24 / 30), sApekSA kAku (24 / 31), nirapekSA kAku (24 / 31), gadya (24131), padya (24131), mizra (24 / 31), sakSiptatA (24 / 32), tulyArthatA (24133) ekazabdena vahvarthapratipAdanam (24133), AryabhASA (24133), lakSaNabhApA (24133), lecchabhApA (24133), padhanyavahRti (24134), lekha (24 / 34), vyaktavAk (24134), lokavAk (24134), mArgavyavahAra (24134), mAtRkA (24134) / (I) citrakalA-sambandhI zabda : zupkacina (24136), nAnAzuSka (24 / 36), vajita (24136), Acina (24136), candanAdidravodbhava (2436), kRtrima raMga (24137), akRtrimaraNa (24137), bhUjalAvaragocara (24137), varNa kalepa (24137) /

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 455 (u) pustakarma-sambandhI zabda : pustakarma (24 / 38), kSaya (24 / 58), upacaya (24 / 38), sakrama (24138), takSaNa (24 / 38), kASThAdi (24138), upaciti (24 / 39), mRdAdi (24 / 39), upapeya (24139), sakrAnta (24 / 39), pratibivAdhAna (24156) yantra (24 / 40), niyantra (24 / 40), sacchidra (24 / 40) nizchiH (24140) / (a) patracchedya-sambandhI 208 : panapchedya (24 / 41), buSkima (24 / 41), chinna (24141), acchinna (24 / 41), sUcI (24 / 41), danta (24141), kartarI (24 / 42), sambandhasayuta (24 / 42), sambandhaparivajita (24 / 42), panavastrasuvarNAdisambhava (24143), sthira (24 / 43), cacala (24 / 43), savRtAsavRtAdina (24 / 43) / (R) mAlyanirmANa sambandhI sanda AI (24 / 44), zuka (24 / 44), tanmukta (24 / 44), sikyakAdi samudbhUta (24 / 45), raNaprabodhana (24146), vyUha sayoga (24146) / ___ (R) sugandhita padArtha-nirmANa sambandhI zabda : yoni (24 / 47), dravya (24 / 47), adhiSThAna (24 / 47), rasa (24147), vIrya (24147), kalpanA (24 / 47), parikarma (24 / 47), guNa (24 / 47), doSa (24 / 48), tagara (24 / 48), varNa (24 / 48), patikA (24148), kaSAya (24146), madhura (24146), tikta (24 / 46), kaTuka (24146), amla (24146), zItavIrya (24150), uSNavIrya (24150), vivAdAnuvAdasavAdayojana (24-50), sneha (24151), zodhana (24151), kSAlana (24 / 51), svatantra (24152), anugata (24 / 52), gandhayukti (24152), / (la) AsvAdhavijJAna-sambandhI : bhakSya (24 / 53), bhojya (24153), peya (24153), lehya (24153,55), cUSya (24 / 53), kRtrima (24153,55) akRtrima (24153,55), yavAgU (24154), odana (24154), zItayoga (24154), jala (24154), madya (24 / 54), rAga (24 / 55), khANDava (24155), pAcanA (24 / 56), chedana (24156), uSNatvakaraNa (24156), zItatvakaraNa (24156), AsvAdyavijJAna (24156) / (la) ratna-parIkSA sambandhI zabda vaja (24157), mauktika (24157), vaiDUrya (24 / 57), suvarNa (24 / 57), rajatAyudha (24 / 57), vastra (24157), sakha (24 / 57), ratna (24157), lakSaNa (24 / 57) / (e) silAI-kaDhAI-sambandhI zabda tantusantAnayoga (24158) bahuvarNaka rAgAdhAna (24158) / (ai) upakaraNa-nirmANa sambandhI zabda loha (24156), danta (22 / 56),

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456 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA natu (rASaha), kSAra (24ha), zitA (24ha), sUtra (rAphae, upara (24ise) (bo) nAnajJAna vadhI zava meya (2460), keza (2460), tunA (2460), lAla (2460), prastha (2460), vitasti (2466), palA (2466), samaya (ra462), mAroha (2462), parIkhAha (2462), tirya (2462), maurava (rAdara), yiAmamutpanna (24ra), mAna (2462) : (sI) kIDA-sajvaraghI satra ddhA (2467), kaparA (2467), vALI (ra467), vattAvyatyasana (2467), zarIranA (2467), cAvi (24 daka), vADana (ra6), sumapita (2466), duronyAnA (rajAdaha), vasumera (2469), nIDA (2469) | (aM) to jJAna-sanDathI jJAna prAzrito (2470), thAzrayanovA (2470), nIva (2470), nirjIva (2470), gvya (2470), nAnA mavotpatti (ra472), sthiti (ra477), navaratA (2476), paurya (2472), ghara (ra7ra), (2472), dIpa (2472), keza (2472), svabhAvAvasthita to (2472), norvajJatva (2472) . (4) vAhananA-sajvaraghI jJAna sakrayA (ra473), zopavArikA (2473), vAlAsvimana -sIkya (2474), pRSTa (2474), pRhIta (2474), muti (2474), jatita (2474), bhAta (2474), mati (247), vikTa (rajA), pIDita (247), fmanapAdita (2476), mRdu (2476), madhya (2477), prakRSTa (2475), suvumAra (2876), madhyama (2476), vatkRSTa (2476 ), mRdunIti (2476), vopa (2477), pratIpa (2477), noma (2477), vartana (2477), nirmAsapIDita (2477), pArSa (2477), adbhuta (2477), aSTaprApta (2476), amAprayAta (2476), atimuni (2476), baLAta (2470), satyarya (2476), avamuptapratIpa (2476), cothA yujI (ra477), kumAra (ra47e, jJAtAbhUta (2479), zobhana (2479), keraLa (2460), zopanaraNAtmio (2460), vAhanavalA (24 ) . (f) zarIrave-saurAna sanvI za zarIravepasandrArAta (2462) me nA (2462), mUrdhanavAsa (2462) jJAna-pApITha (hArUda 2), va (7362). nata buma (hArUdra), pannavamannA (26), hAravinita (24362), bAmora-vAminAzapatinArita (Ara 62, 76), [+Ane muva (734), manda (kArUkSa) parvartana (rA6i, kAra6), vantividhAna (rada), amiparA (76), divyava-nnavibhUpaLa (vAda da), mana (766), rAgata kalA (72aa22),

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457 prAlamba saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti hATa-nA (723), padmaLinirmANa-TM (72424), nAnAmaLisvAtaprabhAmA varAsata (24), padmannamano meM (362), sArdha (366), banulekhana (1) / snAnavIya (60073) zrRvAraprasAghana vimULa (367) chukhtana (rU|67,76Ar), vastrapUjaivibhinnAkhe (566), padmAvaLi (329), sUDhA (rU|172), arhandrAkRtti janAniA (rU|20), nAtyannemayUra (90), beyUrI (66Ara), naeNlannaTyUnamuo (IE), hAr ( / 9), pInaleyara (6/6), zrIvatsa (29), riTMi ( / 92) sarozrIratna (|292,66Ara), (5era), 86 (zaoST), paTTaHzu (rU|294), (lk&F) Tina (35294), vAma (5294) mudriAbhUSaLa (/&%), vandrana ( / 297), roSanA (27), svAsa (rU|227), khattarIya (rU|6), abu dhRtapuSpa (ies), zevara (zaxa), 'tti (rU|200), lamnara (5 / 223), ravattAzu (24 / 237), zuLA (66), dhItavAsasI ({0265), zurpeTa (006%), annAra (212), Amona (rU|23), valepana (==ArU), saumantaLi (6/70), muttAparItapadmAbhiLisImantamULa (24943), avanuna ( / 70), vAniIM (dAu), zAstrI (vA72, 24 / 236), tunAoTi (437), ratnAvaTM (4 / 240), mahAmaLiyASAnavalaya (4 / 4), zattApa (4944), sitoppanavAma (rU|200), tamAlavata ( / 02), ratnana'ta (rU|o02), ratnaprabhAprIpa (3 / 203), paDavAsa (25204), pUravAzu (5r04), amarAyA (06), auma (s06), mRkhAnazana ( / 207), hAramAra (206), penkrInanUpura (rU|20), vapu SaLa (60174), vAnIyavisargana (60574), ndro (6075) bhAvi (gha) vividhatAviSaya zattva : bhUtimaM (24563), nidhijJAna (2463), rUpajJAna (24 / 63), vakhividhi (24963), nIvijJAna (24 / 63), mAnuSadivAovAnivRtInA viiitsattam (24962)- nivAna (24 / 64), mAyAta (24 / 65), pIDA (246), zanAna (2465), vimohana (24965), mantra (24566), gauSadhi (24965) Avi / 27 zeza-sambandhI rAva H mahAroA (64ArU4), rodhAta (64ArU5), mannAvALvara (64935), nAnAparisrAva (6493%), sarvezUla (64ArU5), atti (643%), jIva (6413'), vayayu (6465), oTa (6425) sAvi 26 rAnAvAna-mana sambandho zabda mUni myunvita (26aa60), rakSiNettAqhiLA pUrva tonmAna (26Avara), vaikSiLavAduLa (6aa62),

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458 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA sapallavamukhapUrNa punma (16183), zakuna (54 / 66), dakSiNAvartanidhU majvAlA (54 / 50)- yasvanaNikhI (54 / 30)- paramAlakRta nArI (54150), surabhipreraka anala (52 / 50), nigranyasayata (54151), channa (54151), gambhIravAjihepita (54151),ghanisvanita (54 / 51), dadhipUrina kalaza (54151), nirmuktamadhura svara visphuratyakSa vAmato gomayorikaraNakArI vAyasa (54152), bhe rozakhara (54153), maMgalazabda (54153) / __ animitta (7142), zuSkadruma (7 / 43), zuSkakASTha (744), vAkSa (7 / 44)- jvAlAmukhI zivA (7 / 45), patavimvapariveza (7 / 46), kavandha (7 / 46), vRSTakIlAlalavAlaka (7 / 46), nirdhAta (7 / 46), parvata, kampanna (7 / 47), muktakezI vanitA (7 / 47), kharasvara (7148), dakSiNato bhayAnakamahAsvana prayANavAraNodhukta baddhamaNDala bhallUka (57166), vikRtanisvana-mRddha-bhramaNa (5770), pRSThata kSuta (73 / 17), agre mahAhichinna mArga (73 / 18), hA-hI-viktvAvayAsIti vacAsi (73 / 18), chatabhAga (73 / 16), uttarIyapAta (73 / 16) dakSiNavAlabhupraTana (73 / 16), nAnAzakuna vijJAnapravINadhiSaNa (73 / 21), mahotpAta (73 / 21), zuSkadrumasamAravAyasakularaTana (67175)- paridevanArodana (67 / 76), dunimitta (67177)- (strI) dakSiNacakSu saspanda (466) aadi| uparyukta vipayo ke atirikta anya aneka vipayo se sambaddha pAribhASika tathA viziSTa zabdo kA raviNa ke padmapurANa me ullekha huA hai| bhaugolika zabdAvalI me, nadI, samudra, parvata, vana, grAma, nagara, janapada- rASTra, deza, rAjya tayA 5 paraka zabdo kA ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra vyaktivAcaka vRhat nAmAvalI kA prayoga raviNa ne kiyA hai| ye dono sUciyA~ paryApta sthAna kI apekSA rakhatI hai| yahA~ unakA ullekha sambhava nahI hai / hamane ina dono sUciyo ko apane grantha jinAcArya raviSaNakRta 'papurANa aura tulasIkRta rAmacarita mAnasa' me diyA hai / kRpAlu vidvAn inhe vahI dekhane kI kRpA kre| sadarbha 1 dravya (5) jainAcArya raviSaNakRta 5mapurANa aura tulasIkRta rAmacaritamAnasa (DA0 ramAkAnta shukl)| prakA0 vANI-pariSad, dillI / sasta 1974 / pR0 18-31 / (2) 'Influence of Bana's 'Harsh-charita on Ravisna's Padmapurana' (Dr Rama Kant Shukla) The Journal of the Ganganath Jha Research Institute,

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyoM kI zabda- sampatti 452 Allahabad, Vol XXIII, Pt 1 4, Jan 1967 Dec 1967, Issued in March 1969 pp 91 105 (3) vivekhAvAya nivAsasya pramAva ' (ST0 mAnta varlDa )'A I O C XXVIII Session 1976 Summaries of Papers Editors Dr K Krishnamoorthy & Dr Shrinivas Ritti Karnatak university, Dharwar pp III 29 2. sAdhusmRti vAndhanya hoSavattAmAnita / vAva zodhaiyatyeva notasya tiAm // vAsyAntaryAta teva butannitti satmamAM / (vipurANa 1943-44) harivaMzapurANa sammA--10 pannAlAda naina sAhriyAnArya, bhAratIya jJAnavIya zI, 19624 36 vAcyavanpasamAnuvandhato maiM auttisantAnamannAmanIvayA / na phASyavargeNa na cAnyavIkSayA ninasya bhavantya zruta nRtiryaMcA (viza 66536) d 4 vInA nRtinirvAphe sasto mattvAvavanam / vitAmmodhimuddena nitayiSuramyam II vermAvoDavavA meM bAnya jJajJaniyaMtte / tapratItAyamagrAmya sAlevAmanAbham // kecidayaMsya saurthamapaDe. sauSThavam / vAttAmaladhyiA prAjhustAya no mata matam / / sAjAramuDharasamudbhUtasauSThavam / naSti satA Avya sarasvatyA muddAyate 1 aspRvandhalAlityamapeta rasavattayA / maiM tAmiti prAmya vatta narNayo 11 suiipavinyAsa pravandha ratnanti ce 1 zrAvyavanya prasannAthaM te mahALavayo matA // mahApurANasaddi mahAnAya5ottam / nnivALAnvama mahALAvya ta ivakhate / / nistananuM titticho(n sarvopa te vi pUrvAparAyaMdharanuM pravandho . Turo mata 11 dhAnvarAzi paryanta svAdhInoDthA rasA 1 muLamAtta praticchandAviveAridratA | prayAnmati vAnA vinnoDaryaMcanArane 1 mahAvita chAyA vizvanAyAzrayet vi prajJAmUlo muLoprantho vA5tttavongvana ! mahAvitaEtta yaza sumanangarIm II

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460 sarakRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA prajJAna pramANaratnaparigraha ! mahAdvAna pRyunnatA virajonidhI te . yoktamupayajhIddha sughA vyarasAyanam | yena tyA tarasyAya vapurva sthAvazomaya thazodhana vivIbA puSapApaLAdhinAm ! para mUlyamihAjJAta kAvya ghamaMthAmayam II (bAvapurANa (yama mATe mammAta-50 panAnA na sAhityavAya, mAratIya jJAnapITha, vaLI, 196rAvArU-106) 6 vyAvanAnusAra mIkAtkRtamavaMzAstrasajAvam | apatitAnyAvya dravya vyutpannamatimirAyam II ninona vokta mithyAvivAMvananamatinitam siddhAntoSanivArtA anna vineyAnAm | (ttarapurALa mAva 40 panottAna jaina, hiMnyAvAryA mAratIya jJAnapITha prakiAna ! dvatIya sa. 1966 5 prazasti 16-17 ! 9 999) 6 (4) vavavavatazAstro to teno munIlA - kavi ravinavRttastasya ziSya mulya che. (vahI, baLati, raMs) (sA) maThThApurasya purANapusa purA purALe tavAra nit | vIdhinAnena yathA na vyavarvAsu tovinA navIndrA che. majayati jinasenAcAryavayaM kavIDya vimalamunirALo mavyamAnAsamaya ! sanaLasamAhyo phuTavA maho vitisaranazAstra sarvarAnendravanya | ke sattAvIndrotasUvatapravAra vaLamarasatAntattvameva sarve ! cA ! vivaninonAnAryavavattA ravindra jhavatapurAkhAnAmAM che ja nathati mULa mudra marvayogendravanya sattavivarAchAma sUrivanya | nitamadanavinAno vitatatu ratatavAra sarvabhUpAnavanta || ghama zvavidyAsta tati vastu purANa mahatva avyA tu yAnniSTapuTapAthAnA varitrAva ! zobhivatAyugogasta vayoDakhetadvanojJAnaya sAvadrava ravIndradhumadrAvAyaMvarya svayam | (vahI, prazasti 40-43) 7 (4) nanAnta svarAnta vA nimnAmeTuM uttitam ! barthasya vAva zabda zabdo vAkyamita sthitamU lakSamAnatI vAnya pramANa indra jAma ! sarva vAmanarena royamanna muvAtam |

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saskRta ke jana paurANika kAvyo kI zabda-sampatti 461 (pApurANa (raviNa) 1231185-186 / sampAdaka pa0 pannAlAla jaina, sAhityAcArya / bhAratIya jJAnapI0, kAzI / 1958-56) (A) prakAmamAkAkSitakAmasiddhaya prasiddhadhamarthivimokSalabdhaya / bhavanti tathA sphuTamalapayatnata __ paThanti bhaktayA harivazamana ye / / (hariva0 66 / 46) (i) dharmo'nna muktipadamana kavitvamAna tIrtheginA caritamAna mahApurANe / yA vIndrabinasenamuvA vinDaniyNpaasi na manAsi haranti ke pAm ? (uttarapurANa, prazasti / 38) 8 dra0 hariva purANa 57 / 1-183 6 dra0 mAdipurANa 22 76-316 10. dra0 pamapurANa 2417-21 11 dra0 harivazapurANa 16 / 141-261 12 dra0 harivaMzapurANa 23156-107 13 F0 AdipurANa 38, 36 tathA 40 vA parva / 14 dra0 harivaMzapurANa 12155-70 15 dra0 AdipurANa 251100-217 16 dra0 AdipurANa 16 / 143-75 17 padmapurANa 1371-373 18 vahI 101176-84 16 harivazapurANa 22184-22184-101 20 vahI 11163-75 21 AdipurANa 1977-87 22 vahI 163151-156 23 uttarapurANa 63 / 208 / 217 24 pApurANa 71324-332 25 harivazapurANa 22 / 61-73 26 vahI 5713 27 5mapurANa 14 tathA 675 28 vahI 1977 26 vahI 8 / 143, 1948 30 vahI 60155 31 vahI 1645, 62177 32 vahI 6 / 462 33 vahI 36 / 106, 184 (vimalasUri vijaya50paa' 5umacAraya 36 / 38) 34 vahI 101122

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462 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 35 AdipurANa 251100-103, 120, 124 36 vahI 25 / 151-162 37 pamapurANa 5 / 17-16 38 vahI 5152-53 46 vahI 777 40 AdipurANa 25124 41 vahI 25 / 120 42 vahI 2106-110 43 vahI 25 / 156, 158, 156 44 padmapurANa 102 / 165-200 45 vahI 33 / 22-33 46 vahI 1985 47 AdipurANa 34 / 63 48 5umacariya (vimalasUri) prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI vArANasI 5, ahamadAvAda-6, 1962, 1968 (do bhAga) 26666 46 vahI 26 / 50 50 vahI 26 / 53, 53 / 86 51 vahI 3318 52 vahI 12 / 112 53 vahI 668 54 vahI 2140 55 vahI 6 / 206 56 vahI 22 / 32 57 vahI 8 / 262 58 vahI 102 / 20 56 vahI 105 / 56 60 vahI 3181 61 vahI 2651 62 vahI 26148 63 vahI 12112 64 vahI 105256 65 padmapurANa 12 / 261-263 66 vahI 105 // 33 67 vahI 21 / 56-71 68 vahI 101113 66 vahI 78 / 62 zloka ke anantara gadya 70 harizapurANa, pariziSTAni, pR0 80-156 71 AdipurANa (prathama bhAga) pR0 688-746, (dvitIya bhAga) 558-588 72 uttarapurANa pR0 645-707 73 dra0 pamapurANa (tIno bhAga)

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saMskRta ke jaina paurANika kAvyo kI zabda- sampatti 74. vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke dvArA svIkRta yojanA kara lene kI mAzA hai / 14 adhyAyoM me yaha yojanA vizeSaNaparaka zabdAvalI kA adhyayana hogA | 463 jise do varSa ke antarAla me pUrA vibhAjita hai jisame sajJA tathA 75. koSThako me AdipurANa ke parvo tathA zlokoM kI saMkhyA dI huI hai / 76 koSThako me AdipurANa ke parvo tathA zloko kI sakhyA dI huI hai / 77 koSThako me padmapurANa ke parvo tathA zloko kI sakhyA dI huI hai / 78 dra0 "jainAcArya raviSeNakRta 'padmapurANa' ora tulasIkRta 'rAmacaritamAnasa' (DA0 ramAkAnta zukla ), bhaugolika zabdAvalI ke lie pR0 268 302 tathA vyaktivAcaka sabhA zabdAvalI ke lie pR0 134- 145 ) 11

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ASPECTS OF JAIN SANSKRIT AS EXEMPLIFIED BY MUNI SUMATIVIJAYA'S VRTTI ON THE MEGHADUTA by Dr W H MAURER A LARGE portion of Jaina literature is written in a peculiar kind of Sanskrit (Sht) to which scholars have devoted relatively little attention 1 In fact, the greater part of the extra-canonical literature of the Jaina-s is composed in it Much of this literature consists of independent works, but much is exegetical in character and hence of considerable importance to text-critics and literary historians The characteristic features of this Skt are numerous and rather far-reaching and concern every department of the language its phonological laws, morphology, syntax and vocabulary The differences from standard or classical Sanskrit (cl Skt ) within each of these spheres are often only slight and of sporadic occurrence, they may even pass unnoticed, except with a careful reading, or be imputed to these imperfect transcription Undoubtedly, certain of these phenomena might easily be explained away by scribal blundering, but their continual recurrence inevitably suggests that, if indeed they are 'errors', they must have been committed with method and plan A somewhat analogous situation prevails with Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) in which most northern Buddhist texts are written a casual reading of a few pages gives the impression that either one is confronted with a badly transcribed MS or the author did not know how to write the language correctly But a careful reading reveals the same forms and usages again and again, the deviations from the standard language fall into well-defined patterns so that scribal carelessness or imperfect acquaintance with Skt on the part of the author are quite insufficient to explain the fact, and it has long since been clearly demonstrated that the language of these texts is really not Skt at all, but a

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? Fleshy-ylgist 04142 311c 75)91 47447447 Middle Indic Prakrit (Pkt ) which was subjected to partial, haphazard Sanskritization There is, then, no question about its being 'bad' Skt in any sense because it is another language which obeys different laws. But it must not be supposed that in a similar fashion this peculiar Skt of the Jaina-s is basically not Skt at all, but only some Pht dialect imperfectly disguised as Skt, or, to put it more directly, simply the Jaina version of BHS In point of fact, Jaina Sanskrit (IS) is quite the reverse of this it is essentially nothing clse than Skt which has been Prakritized and vernacularized, but this process has been carried out to a lesser degree than that of Sanskritization in the case of BHS In its basis JS is always Sht, whereas BHS is an unidentified Pkt , JS is Prakritized Skt , BHS is Sanskritized Pkt. The origin of JS certainly lies in the intense desire of the Jaina-s to popularize and disseminate their faith, this could only be achieved by adopting a means of communication meaningful to the majority of people Skt was the language of the few, Pkt of the many, yet the Jaina muni-s were versed in Skt as the medium of the susta-s Their contact with the lasty, however, caused them to introduce into their discourses, doubtless unconsciously, many localisms and popular words which were more readily understood by their listeners In the course of time these words became part and parcel of the language they used also in their writings There was probably not a great deal of difference between the two levels, at least between the language of certain types of exegetical and narrative writing on the one hand and that of the discourses on Jaipa dharma on the other Not only was there a tendency towards popular words, but there was a general liberalization of the vocabulary which readily permitted many Skt words to enlarge their periphery of meaning under the influence of local vernacular usage There was also a fairly general relaxation of the rigid laws of Skt grammar and free rein was given to analogy All these tendencies and impulses gradually produced a freer, less fettered language than ordinary Skt but different enough from it, not always to be readily intelligible to one unacquainted with its peculiarities and more especially its strange and diverse vocabulary In the light of present research, however, no accurate description of these peculiarities for JS as a whole is possible, to do this would require the

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Aspects of Jain Sanskrit : 3 critical examination of a considerable number of texts. Even then it is doubtful whether any systematic account could be presented, for by nature it is a language of infinite variety and fluctuation differing with time, place, and author So indeterminate a thing cannot be described if taken in its whole extent, except in the most general terms The most that can be done is to describe this language as exhibited in a single work Here too, there is an element of uncertainty in the absence of an accurate tradition thus, peculiarities are liable to be attributed to JS which are due only to imperfect transcription What is said, tben, even of a particular text must be regarded as tentative and to some extent hypothetical Of course, when certain features recur independently in otber Jaina works, it may be accepted that they belong to JS as a whole Clearly, therefore, it is only by means of a comparison of the characteristics of many texts that the minimal features of JS can be stated In this article it is proposed to set forth the peculiar properties of JS as exemplified in a vitti on Kalidasa, Meghaduta by Muni Sumativijaya (Su) of the Kbarataragaccha who flourished in Bikaner in the first half of the 17th century. These matters are arranged under the following broad topical headings 1 Phonology , 2 Morphology, 3 Derivation, 4 Composition, Syntax and Idiom, 5 Vocabulary, 6 Orthography These categories are by no means mutually exclusive, and often an item discussed under one subject might well have been included elsewhere in the arrangement, ex purayamanah is treated under 'Derivation', but could, with equal justification, have been put under 'Vocabulary', since the word does not occur in cl Skt I. Plionology The rules governing sandh between words in a sentence (sentence-sandhi) are in general haphazardly and sporadically applied, exx valmikah mtttikasamcayah tasyagran (15), mayurasya meghena saha samtosah atah megharupabandhavam drstva mayurah nstyantiti bhavah (36), kathambhutaih garitaih (48), kinnaribluh tripuravijayah mahadevo giyate (60), yatra alakayam bhavanasiklinan gi hamayurah mtyabhasvatkalapah vartante (77), Jatia puri trad/sah jalamuco meghal yantrajalaih gavaksaih kiira

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8. Acha yight of trout al 741 til 4<+421 jarjarah jarjaribhutal suntah mhpatanti nihsaranti (79), etc It does not seem possible to discover any principle or pattern in this usage in the very same paragraph a recurrent phrase may appear both with sandhi and without sandhi as, for example, in the comment on stanza 1 where we read kathambliutah yaksah and a few lines farther on punah kathambhuto yaksah At wordjunctures within compounds also sandhi is oftentimes omitted, exx varsa-rtau (9, 25, 83), vegavat-visgya (18), but cf vegavadvarsanaih (47), vanastha amravi ksaih (18), piasiddhadik-laksanani (26), vidyut-maladediypamana (29), pascat-bhage (40), balutarairsyaluh (43), kusumav! stikit-megharupatam (47), bhavat-syamakantya (55), prapitaadharostliau (91), I amagii l-asrame (107); atiucchi asasahitena (108) II. Morphology The present participle feminine of vkrin c) Skt is supposed to be formed without the nasal infix, thus, kurvati not kurvanti 5 But In late MSS the nasalized form is frequent, and in Su this is the predominant form by far , in only one of many occurrences does the testimony of the MSS favour kurvati (31). The Dasalized version occurs also in the Bihat Kathakosa of Acarya Harisena Conversely, from abhi-/las (bhu-class) is found abluilasatim (97) for olasantim.? Infinitives from causatives (cur-class) in cl Skt are required to retain the causative affix prapayitum, karayitum, dharayitum, etc There are, however, sporadic examples where this affix is dropped and the -tum is added to the strengthened root with or without the 'Bindevokal -1-.8 Su has bhedituni (41), the causative sense is wanting in this case, and perhaps this influenced the omission, but this is extremely doubtful, as so very many c] Skt roots of the cur-class are non-causative and, nevertheless, retain the affix -aya- in the infinitive, furthermore, bhedayati is also used in cl Skt without causative meaning The full form occurs in vidhyapayitum (57), atikramayitum (58), etc According to rule, the gerund in cl Skt ends in-tva when the root is uncompounded, otherwise in -ya, but this distinction is not always observed, and usage us reversed, In Su too, there

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Aspects of Jain Sanskrit 5 is frequent reversal of this prescription, exx sthapya (11), ai adhayitva (49), prasarayitva (50, but also the 'correct' form prasarya nearby'), uttaritva (51), ullanghayitva (61), utpadayitva (79) 40 The addition of the secondary derivative suffix -vant to participles of intransitive verbs, though found in cl Skt, is generally a later phenomenon 11 Su has sthitavantam (81) and sthitavati (123) From grath Su has two past participles, namely grahita in agi athitavenidanda (31) and granthita in agranthita (also 31) The former is the usual classical form, but the latter occurs sporadically and is frequent in late MSS 12 The nasalized variety is probably due to association with grantha Anomalous from the point of view of the standard language is uddharita ('taken out' hence 'remaining' in 32 and 42, 'remainder' in 33) It may be a past participle of either ud-/dhr or udVhi, since the combination of ud- and h-or dh yield uddh-, thus rendering many of the formations from these two roots indistinguishable The anomaly here lies in the short penultimate vowel, the causative of both verbs in cl Skt is uddharayati of which the participle is uddharta Perhaps therefore, Su knew a causative with the guna-vowel instead of the vrddhi Another anomaly involving vowel-quantity is seen in lambayamanam (91), cl Skt has only lambayate. A transfer of a root from the bhu-class to the div-class is exemplified by avagahyamanah (52) which according to the context must be taken as a middle participle, though the form is not separable from the passive In explanation of nayanasalilam tears santim neyam (43) 'the should be soothed' Su gives vastrena karena va natrambu prami stavyam 'the tears are to be wiped away' Now, pramy stavyam might be derived from pra- in combination with mrj, or ms, cerebral -s- results from -7- or - when in contact with dental -t- which is then, of course, assimilated, and therefore, many forms form these roots coalesce The sense of the passage suggests that it is form pra-mr 'wipe away', but

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6 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI parAga V mis means primarily stroke, rub' (cf Lalin mulcco) and with pra- might be nearly synonymous with pra-vir), though the attested occurrenccs mcan rather 'lay hold of, handle' and figuratively 'lay hold of mentally, rcflcct upon, consider'. The meanings under vms as well as pravers seem to exclude this rool from consideration here But whether pram;sjargam is based on pra-v mr) or prav mrs, it is certainly not classical the gerundive should have the same stem as the infinitivc.13 Thus, if from Vinsj thc gerundive is marstarja or marjilaija, since the infini. tive is either mursum or marpitum," Monier-Williams (MW) also lists marsjum (with the guna-increment) which thcorctically would allow *marsjavya,16 If, on the other hand, it is from V mos, the infinitive of which is only marssimi, the gerundive ought to be *marstavya, in practice, however, only marsaniya is used 16 In any case then, Su's pramrsavyam is not a standard form 17 It is of some interest to note that in two MSS pramarsanijam is subjoned to piamrsfayyam, a clear indication that the author of that gloss derived omrstaryam from pra.vms instead of the more plausible pra-v/mirj The geaitive singular of stri is striyain the classical language, but Su uses striyah with short final syllable in at least five instances (45, 72, 85, 102, 104), there is also a doubtful example in 106 This usage seems to be based on the analogy of the monosyllabic stems like dhi which allow either the brief or fuller form in the genitive i e dhiyal or dluyah Polysyllabic feminines in long -i form their locative in -am in cl Skt , thus, from valabhi is made valabhyam But in the vigraha of the compound bhavanavalablau (42) Su uses valabhau which would be allowable only from a feminine in short -1 bhavanas ya valabli grhopari kuttih varandisi va tasyam bhavanavalabhau Only, therefore, if valabhi here were a transcriptional error for valabhih would valabhau be the 'correct locative, in this case, of course, valabhyam would be equally 'correct', since faminines in short -1 have either option In the analysis of varsagi abundun (39) agre is employed as the nominative masculine plural of agra 'first varsayah ye agre bindayah prathamajalakanah vai sagrabinuaval tan varsagra

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Aspects of Jain Sanskrit 7 bindun CI Skt prescribes pronominal terminations in certain cases of numerals and words of numerical character, 18 ex prathama the nominative masculine plural of which is prathame, agre, which is here synonymous with prathame, may, therefore, be an analogical creation A considerable number of words in Su have a gender different from that of cl Skt,, exx mandatvagunam and saityagunam for deggunah (46), tam puram tyaktva for tat puram (29), vpksam foi vi ksah (28), rasam for rusah (53), suc is masculine in 83 instead of feminine as indicated by the agreement of the adjectives vjapagatah gamitah suk soko yais te vyapagatasucah A few words are used in a gender that is very rare in cl. Skt randhra (46) is masculine, but in the standard language almost always neuter, so also asru (100) and vana (80) Contrarily, avasesa is neuter in 33, but usually masculine in cl Skt , also apanga in 29, but in the 48 it is masculine and maccha, ie matsya (44) In 120 is found asvasana for cl Skt asvasana. III Derivation -apamarsana which is given in explanation of -apanayanain gandasvedapanayanaruja (28) 'from the abrasion of wiping away the perspiration from their cheeks', is not recorded in the lexicons, from its form it appears to be derived from apa-viss, but the sense required here, namely 'removal, wiping away', precluded this, and furthermore v mrs is not found in composition with apa. On the other hand, apamai asana may stand for degmarsana (Page #500
5. 4799-9180 - toru t il ud til syoristal leaving one marsana, whose diverse lines of meaning can only be explained by resorting to both v mrs and vors The cercbral -s- got the upper hand probably because on the whole it is commoner than -"- in the infectional forms of V 115s -tyajati- 'abandonment' occurs in nadivirahan as-thalyajan. yam (31), but the passage may be corrupt, and the genuineness of this word is, therefore, subject to some doubt. It is a nomen actionis formed from the present stem of Viyaj in the same way as jasati, ramati, iratani in ci Skt. Ordinarily, of course, nouns in -ti are formed on a weakened or abbreviated base wbich is usually indentical with that of the past passive participle. Thus, ukti (Page #501
spects of Jam Sanskrit 9 Pirajamanch (60) is apparently formed on analogy with sabdaj a- or the like, pura 'filling' (adjective or noun) could yield puray'a- with lengthening of the final syllable according to Whitney ($1059 b) But pura is active in sense, and in the context a passive is wanted. 'caused to be filled' (not 'filling'). IV Composition, Syntay and Idiom (a) COMPOSITION In cl Skt. iu the forepart of a harmadhaiaya compound the masculine stem-form is used even when the final element is a feminine noun; so Wackernagel, Altidische Grammatic, Band II, Teil 1, p 50 (21 b), and cf. Paniai VI 3 42* pumvat karmadharayajatiyadesiyesu 'In a karmadharaya compound and beforc thc suffixes -jatiga. and desiya the scminine takes the masculine form' But in about a dozen instances Su uses the seminiac instead of the masculine stem-form narmadanamininadyali (21) '(water) of the river named Narmada', nirvindhyananininadyal (30) '(in the path) of the river named Nirvindhya, sindhunamninadirupa (31) '(a sweetheart) in the form of the river named Sindhu', sipranumininadisambandhi (35) (wind) connected with the river Damed Sipra', mdrasambhadhmisenanam (47) '(for the protection) of the armies connected with Indra In the first two examples it is possible to argue that onamni is scribal for onamino (1 e. sandlu for onanal) which would then be an uncompoundcd bahurilu with genitive ending agreeing with nadyal as a separate word, the similarity of postconsonantal kara and okaia could have facilitated this kind of nistake But the other examples cannot be explained away on palacographic grounds, and this fact, combined with the complete unanimity of the MSS. in these two cases, indicates that it is a regular construction in JS Exceptions to the general rule are occasionally met with in ordinary Skt 2 An extremely anomalous type of compound is seen in the explanation of darsitavartanabheh (30) where the two components are separated from cach other by the emphatic eva, thus avalokitajalabhramanarupa eva-irablupradesayah Unfortunately, however, this solitary example is insufficient to establish whe

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10 saskRta prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA ther the phenomenon really belongs to the grammer of JS or is due to defective transmission of the text The so-called cvi-compounds of cl Skt, which consist of a substantive (with modified final vowel) and Vks or Vbhu and denote a conversion to the state indicated by the substantive, are extended in JS to Vjan and sam-V jan when used as synonyms of Vbhu, eix syamijatani (25) 'become black', namrijate (50) 'become bent', pustijalam (36) become well-nourished and ekatrijatah (62) 'become in one place' The classical construction is also found, sometimes alongside this extension, as in 36 where sthulibhutam is used with pustijatam to explain the textual upacita-, also in explanation of rasibhutah (62) are given both punibhutah and ekatiijatah The transition to this construction with Vjan is provided by equivalences like jatam for abhut (34), the synonymity of Vjan and vbhu in cl Skt and their mutual substitution are common enough, but no example of the use of Vjan in cya- compounds is available An isolated instance with Vgam occurs in sammukhigatani (18) [ie sanmukhio]23 'gone opposite for the textual pratunukhagatain. When there is a distinction between strong and weak stems, cl Skt requires the latter in the forepart of a compound, but in one example all the MSS attest a final lengthened vowel kamijanah (80) for kamideg Again want of additional instances renders it a questionable JS formation In two undoubted instances the adverbial suffix -vat is added to inflected forms * yastraniyat for amsukaniva (66) 'like clothes' and mamarat for evam (122) just as [there is a separation) of me' In a single instance the the laudatory prefix su- is replaced by sad, 1e sat 'good', neuter participle of vas, used adverbiaily sadabliyastablirulatavilasanam (51) '(eyes) whose conquettish movements of the brow are well practised' Cl Skt. has apparently no example of sat used adverbially either as a separate word or in composition

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Aspecis of Jam Sanskut 11 (b) SYNTAX When an instrumental cxpresses pure instrumentality or means in contrast to accompaniment or association, the gerund of v ky is often subjoined, thus, vidyuta kliva (41) 'by means of lightning', garjaravail kstra (48) 'by means of thunderous roars', prasadaih kitya (67) 'by means of the palaces', asrubluh kyrva (112), by means of tears' In cl Skt a number of gerunds are used postpositionally in a similar way, exx nuktva 'except, save', adaja 'with', etc But this use of krtva seems to be confined to JS In one instance parsvatah replaces krtva in this sense meghena parsvatah (4) 'by mcans of the could' By another curious construction prati is appended to an accusative to mark a direct object, obviously this has grown out of the primary sense of 'with reference to', and its use thus binds the object more closely to the action of the verb, kim adreh parvatasya srngam sihharam parti pavanah vato harati (14) 'Is the wind carrying off the peak of a mountain?' kantim sobhiam pral (syamam vapur apatsyate] (15) [your swarthy body will obtain] beauty , atmabimbam svakiyabimbam prati patrikurvan sthanikurvan (51) 'making your reflection an object (of the eyes )' Placed after a noun in the ablative case parsvat emphasizes the concept of separation tabhyah sui astribhyah parsvat (64) 'from the wives of the gods' It is probably a kind of afterthought or parenthesis, at least in origin, otherwise the genitive would be expected in ostribhyah. In cl Skt pascat is construed with the genitive or ablative, but Su bas an instance with the accusative tirtham pascat in explanation of anukanakhalan (54) But the meaning here is 'near' beside', not 'behind, after' and thus, it seems to be used as though it were the Skt original of Hindi pas 'near', of course, this is etymologically wrong, since pas comes from parsve via Middle Indic pasa Words denoting provimity in cl Skt. require the genitive, but Su has an instance of the ablative bhumnisayanat samipaga

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12 saMskRta-prAkRta vyakiraNa aura koza kI paramparA vaksah san 'situated at the window near the ground which serves as her bed' for avanisyanasannavatayanasthah (95) This is perhaps, an example of analogy just as word of opposite meaning like similarity and dissimilarity are construed with the same case (whether instrumental, genitive or locative), so words of nearness and distance may be both associated with the ablative, though logically only with the notion of separation. In a single instance the ablative without a post-position means 'after' mukhavalokanat (53) 'after seeing her face' This usage is very rare in cl Skt, 21 except in the technical literature of the grammarians, thus, cf Panini III 1.73 svadibhyah snuh 'After Vsu, etc [let there be] snu (1 e. the infix -nu-)' Adhikyam is employed adverbially with sabdayan to explain di ghikui van (35), but in cl Skt the adverbial accusative is fairly restricted to certain substantives such as those listed by Whitney in SS1111 b and Monier-Williams SS713 b The adverbial locution anekavaran (113) 'many times' is apparently modelled on formation like bhurivaran or varams trin 'thrice' where an accusative plural replaces the commoner singular In Rajvaidya JK Shastri's commentary on the same stanza of the Meghaduta (114 in his sequence) anekavaram occurs 25 Obviously the plural is a logical usage based on the meaning According to Whitney 'genitives of apposition or equivalence (city of Rome) and of characteristic (man of honour)' do not Occur 26 Su has an instance where there are the two elements of apposition and characteristic in an expression in ablative humavato namnah paravatat (54) 'from the mountain of the name Himavat' A curious usage which is repeated with considerable frequency juxtaposes two locatives of which the first is in apposition to the second visalayam nagaryam (33) in the city of Visala,' Ujjayinyam puri (twice in 34) 'in the city of Ujjayini', alakayam puri (76) 'in the city of Alaka', etc, but cf alakanagaryam (68) There are more than a dozen instances in Su of the locative

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Aspects of Jain Sanskit 13 of the relative (or the relative adverb yatra, which is equivalent to it) where the genitive only is appropriate mtyablasvatkalapa [11] (77) '(peacocks) whose tail-feathers are always shiny' is thus analyzed mityam bhasvanti dedipyamanam kalapani bai hapiccham yesu te mtya' In cl Sht the disjunctive particle id is always placed after the second of two alternative terms, unless, of course, two va-s are used, in which case the particle is adjoined to each member Su, however, very frequently subjoins it to the first term instead of the second, exx galvarani va latacchaditasthanani (20) 'thickets or places coverd over with creepers', utkanthuyuktam va utsahayuktam (23) 'provided with longing or provided with intense fceling (?)' Deravisesanam va kimnaranam (49) 'of godlike beings or Kinnara-s' In one of the MSS a second vo is appended The classical placement also occurs vastrena karena va (43) 'with the garment or with the band' In a single instance a prohibition is expressed by ma with the optative, this construction is rare in cl Skt27 ma gaccheh (29) do not go', but note the imperative in 116 ma gaccha A remarkable and frequency recurrent phenomenon is the omission of the relative pronoun in the analysis of bahuvi ili compounds That the omission is deliberate on the part of the vrttikara and not the work of scribes is proved by the unanimity of the MSS and the frequency with which the omission occurs That Su did not misconstrue these particular bahuvrihi s as tatpursa-s or karmadharaya s is clear from his use of the interrogative adjective kathambhuta? 'What sort of?' to elicit the bahuvrilu in reply,28 ex the bahuvrili sphafikaphalika (86), given in answer to kathambhuta kancani vasayastih?, omits the relative in the vigrala sphatikasya phalika patika sphatikaphalika '(a golden perching-stick) having a pedestal of crystal There is an instance in the comment on 25 where, in answer to the question kathambhutah desah? What sort of regions?', the answer, which consists of the epithet panducchayopavanav; tayah is followed by synonyms of the two principal part of the compound separated syntactically (dhavalaprabhah upavanavatikal) but unaccompained by the relative pronoun yesam (or its equi

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88 Hegoat-410 O4101ui apie 0,141 07 42+421 valent yatra) essential to show that the factors involved belong to the noun desah in the question Farther on, however, where the same compound is analyzed, yatia is included panducchay. ah dhavalaprabhah upavanavi tinam yatra te 'the Dasarna country) where the enclosures around the groves are pale colour ed '29 Of course, this strange process of abbreviation may be a peculiarity of analysis belonging only to Su, and perhaps it ought to be so regarded until examples are forthcoming from other JS texts A characteristic features is the use of causative stems with the value of the primitive 30 This phenomenon is well enough known from cl Skt where many verbs belonging to the cur-class do not have, or only occasionally have, causal meaning 31 But the verbs in Su which are causative in form but not in sense are nearly always causative in cl Skt, furttermore, in most instances these 'causatives' are given as synonyms of the simplex of the same root, that is to say, they are used interchangeably and with no prceptible difference in meaning Thus, bhramitah for udbhiantah 'having wandered off, (34), uttaritva for uttriya 'having crosssed' (51), uttaritam for -avatirnam "having descended' (54), 32 atikramayitum 'to surpass, overcome' (58), but the cl. Skt causative of ati-v kram means 'allow to pass' (of time, prapita- (91) 'arrived at', sparsitam for spsstani 'touched'(114), harsita- for pramudita- (123) and hssta- (124) 'Joyful', sincitam for -sikta- 'sprinkled' (111) Uttaritva is remarkable not only because it is without causative value, but because the causative affix -aya- is omitted 33 (cf blieditum above) and the vowel of the root has the guna instead of the reddhi vowel-change, uttaritam too, has the same vowelgradation Furthermore, cl Skt requires that -ya be added to the compounded root, not-tva (vide supia) There is a single example of a stem which is causative in form as well as in meaning but never has causative value in cl Skt when inflected in the cur class avalokaya for darsaya 'make to see, show' (41). (C) IDIOM Past passive participles are used as nouns with much greater frequency than in Skt This phenomenon is especially remarkable in composition with -anantaram 'aster .'; thus, skanda

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Aspects of Jain Sanskrit 15 pustanantaram (48) after worshipping Skanda', langhitanantaram (54) "after traversing', sambhogakstanantaram (103) 'after taking pleasure' in pusparasasvaditakvanitasabdah (77) '(trees) having the sound of humming of bees which have lasted of the nectar of the flowers' -kvanita-, literally 'sounded, humming, hence, the humming one, ie a bee', has acquired a specialized meaning Other examples of participles used normally are uddharitam for arasesam (33) 'remainder', nisiddham for misiddih (38) 'prohibition, paricita for paricaya (51) 'practice'. In 51 -anuga-, a verbal adjective in kundaksepaniugamadliukarasrimusan '(eyes) which steal the beauty of bees going after the movement of the kunda-flower', is analyzed by Su as a noun which is a turn explained in the vigiala by the past participle of a-vgam used as a noun kundaksepanugena mucukundapuspavasanapreranagatena kundakusumopai istritanam idrsanam madhukaranam sriyam sobham va sadi syatam musnanititi . . Though not all of this is crystal-clear, nevertheless, the noun-value to be attached to -anuga- and -agata is sufficiently certain. A curious instance of specialization in this use of past participles is seen in svakiyangagupta., a synonym for nida- 'nest in nidaramblair (25) Clearly, -gupta-does not here function as a past participle 'protected by , a noun to which svakiyanga- is in the genitival relation is wanted Now, there is some precedent in Skt for gupta in the role of a noun, thus, the locative singular (gupte) may mean'in a hidden or secret place' (so MW, p. 359, col 1) 34 Once the use of gupta as a noun became established, the meanings of the abstract gupti would naturally have been transferred to it a place of concealment, a hole in the ground, a place where refuse is thrown, a leak in a boat, a prison' (MW, P 359 under gupti) The compound, then, is presumably a genitival tatpurusa and means 'a secluded place for their limbs or bodies, viz. a nest Nouns are very frequently combined with V kr to form clusters quite identical with those which belong to the idiomatic structure of the modern Indo-Aryan languages The germs of it are found in cl Skt , but at no period is this usage so pervasive and so intimate a part of the language as in this vernacularized

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8EUR AT 37-41 0414340 212 512 417427431 Skt of the Jaina-s; cxx. vrs'un kalia (20) having raincd', nrtyam karayel (48) 'you should cause to dance', kridam kurianti (78) 'they play', etc V Vocabulary (a) WORDS WHICH ARE UNKNOWN OR RARELY USED IN CL. SKT. Adhirjatvam for kataraiyam (116) 'faint-hearted-ncss', a rare word, or more accurately, based on a rarc word, since only the positive dhirya is recorded, the usual word is dhira MW (p 517, col. I, under dhirya) refere to 2. dhira 'stcady, constant, resolute', eic, and records an occurrence in the Sankhayana. bralimiana XIX. 3, Bohtlingk, Sanskrit-Morterbuch in Kurzerer Fassung, (1879-83) (BR) gives 2 dhira' as the cquivalent of dhirya but defincs it thus 'verstandig, Klug, weise, geschicht, kunstfertig, sich verstehend auf', but these meanings are inappropriate to the context in which Su's adhiryao is used, furthermore, since this equivalence is not adopted by MW, probably '2 dhira' is a typographical error for 'Idliira'. Kalacike for -prahospha- (2) 'forearm' in hanakaralayariktapiakosphah is rare in cl Skt, and it is doubtless in this circumstance that the explanation of the interpolation balu in two MSS is to be sought Khetanam for -utkasana- (16) 'ploughing' in sadyalisirotkasanasu, ablui is not listed in MW or BR, under v klug'be terrified, terrify' MW gives a participial from kletita 'ploughed' but only on the authority of the lexicons, i e the indigenous kosa-s of the Indian lexicographers The meaning required in the context (`ploughing') is the noun-counterpart of this khetita Unquestionably there is some relationship between khetita, kletana and kheta 'village, residence of farmers' as well as khetaka, apparently the diminutive of kheta V cay which is used participially (catitam) in explanation of arudham (8) 'having arisen' and in the primary derivative catana in catanaya to explain -arohanaya (65) 'for climbing' is a vague word in cl Skt (like v kal) with many very diverse meanings

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Aspects of Jain Sanskrit 17 (`reach, fall to the share of, liang down from, rain; cover, break, kill in MW) It is frequent in the Parsvanathacaritia and occurs once in the Pancadandacchatiraprabandha, but in both works always in connection with kare or haste in the sense of 'getting into one's hand' 35 Cuca in cicapradese (19) 'in the region of the nipple' is quite obviously related to clicuka, cucuka and cucuka 'nipple (of the breast)' which appear to be diminutive formations of it A variant cuncan occurs in two MSS. Jyotirangana- for khadyota- (88) 'fire-lly is organa in cl Skt, literally moving light' Page #510
18 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 37 The pappiha (or vapiha) 'cataka-bird' with -kah subjoined suffix -kah must be supposed to account for the long terminal vowel in Hindi Vappiha seemes to be the older and original Skt. word, and vapiha a new formation based on a fanciful etymology deriving it from vapi 'lake' and the verbal extracted from ha 'abandon', thus, literally 'abandoning lakes' 38 The initial p- in the Hindi papiha (etc) and JS papiha is probably due to regressive assimilation rather than any isolated phonological law involving a change of v- to p -phalika occurs in sphatikaphalika 'a perching-stick having a base of crystal' in pada a of 78, but only phalaka ( phalaka in the feminine at the end of a compound) is found in cl Skt That Su did not regard the penultimate -- as a particular form of phalaka in composition is clear from his vigraha of phalika where he gives this form independently Perhaps it is an analogical form based on JS patika (vide infra) Pratyanca for jya (81) bowstring' is also found in Hindi, but not in cl Skt, it is probably to be derived from pratyanc literally 'turned towards, coming from behind' and, when applied to the bowstring, may refer to the fact that the string (Jy'a) is drawn towards the archer or to its position behind the bow, thus, cf Platts, 'that which comes behind' (the bow) 39 But it need not originally have been connected with pratyanc, but could have been derived from Middle Indic *patijja (<*prati-jya 'near the bowstring') wrongly assumed to be the Pkt equivalent of pratyanca 40 MW records a curious patancika as a word given by the kosa-s for bowstring,41 but it looks suspiciously like an error for *pratyancika, if so, this would be an extension of Su's pratyanca Ratrimukhah (masc or fem ?) for piadosah (77) 'evenings', literally 'faces of the night' or perhaps rather 'openings of the night' or 'foreparts is not given in the lexicons as a compound of ratri-, cf Abhidhanacintamani (cited by Su here) where the precise equivalent yaminimukham occurs pradoso yaminimukham iti -vipathaga in sribhagirathapathaprasthutavipathagapayahpu

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Aspects of Jain Sanskrit: 19 raplartal (54) '(the sons of Sagara) washed by a flood of water from the licavenly strcam (10 tic Gangi) gone forth as a result of the course for penance) of Bhagiratha' Thus word is not attested, though the clements of which it is compounded arc perfectly clear. their application to a 'stream' and more parlicularly the Ganges is somcu liat obscurc If ypathaga is only a general word for 'river', thic ctymological incaning would be 'going by diverse (14.) paths, if it is an ad hoc compound and hence, applicabic only to the Ganges, it probably means literally 'going by different paths, ie by a celestial as well as a terresinal course'. Vluch of these semantic explanations is correct can only be determined by further uscs of the word in other conicits a V splu is listed in the Dhatupajha X. 91 with the meaning humslavim 'huri', but asterisked by BR, it is given by MW but Without cxampic Su uses this root three times, always in thic sense of doing away with, removing! It first occurs in the past participlc sphicpila (17) as a synonym for -prasamita- in asalaprasamlaronopaplavam where the specific sense 'cxtinguished' is required in 35 splejayati ca plains harani 'removes', and in 73 the same icnsc in the plural explains wyalumpanti 'destroy', in both these instances it is used in an identical setting, namely with reference to dispelling the languor induced by amorous pleasures (surataglanim and angaglanim respectively). In the latter two occurrences there are variant readings from v splut, which may occasionally be used in the causative in the meaning 'destroy, kill', etc. These variae lectiones, however, are probably just transcriptions of an carlier copyist's crror where the superscript vowel 'e' was converted to 'o' by the addition of a vertical staff or danda (b) WORDS WHICH DITTER IN MEANING FROM CL SKT. -akara is a synonym for -visesa 'kind of' in ayojalakarah (73) 'a kind of iron network". *udbheda 'source, origin' in puspodbhedam (72) which Su makes an adjective to madliu 'honey which has its origin in flowers', is taken by the other wittikura-s in the sense of 'sprout,

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20 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA shoot' There are no recorded examples with the meaning assigned by Su Kavya is frequently used by Su as a synonym for sloka, exx asinin kayye (39) 'in this stanza,' purvakavyad grahyah (40) ([The word] tatra is) to be understood from the foregoing stanza, ced h kayya (46) 'for if in the stanza ,' kavyayugmasya vyakhya (89-90) 'commentary on the two stanzas', kavyatrayasya vyakhya (92-4) 'commentary on the three stanzas'. Without parallel in cl Skt is Su's use of the interrogative kva in the sense of 'when? Since his commentary is of the kathambhutini tika type, it occurs with considerable frequency in asking questions on temporal locutions, exx kra? nirtyarambhe (40) 'When? At the time of beginning the (tandava) dance', kva? savituh udaye (75) 'When? At the rising of the sun' This usage is perhaps only an extension of meaning from the spatial to the temporal sphere, as seen, for example, in the case of the pronominal adverb tatra, which may mean 'there as well as 'then', but kva is not employed in this dual capacity in cl Skt Kva is also commonly combined with sati (present participle locative singular of Vas) to phrase questions concerning locative absolute or other locative phrases of attendant circumstances, exx: kva sati? nabhasi sravane mase pratyasanne samipasthe sati (4) 'Under what conditions? While the month of Sravana was near', kva sati? viprayoge sati bharruh virale sati (10) 'Under what circumstances? When there is a separation, 1e when one's husband is away'. The plural of this curious phrase is kesu satsu, exx * kesu satsu ? sanakain nirantaram puskaresu inldangesu ahatesu vadyamanesu satsu 'Under what conditions? While drums are beaten gently * This suggests that kva in the singular phrase is just a substitute for kasmin in a rather vague and general way without reference to any particular noun. -gamanika. (or degka-?) occurs in a compound divasagamanikopayah (94) 'means of passing the days' in explanation of vinodah 'amusements, pastimes' Obviously it is a synonym of yapana 'passing (of time) and like this is formed on a causative base, phrases with V gam referring to time are in fact common

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Aspects of Jam Sanskrit 21 with the passage of time', kalam Gamanika is listed in MW only in cl Skt., cf. kale gacchat gamayati 'he passes the time' in the meaning 'explanatory paraphrase'. -parimala- (75) which occurs in pada c in the long compound muktalagnastanaparimalacchinnasutraih (by necklaces) whose threads are broken due to rubbing against the breast. is defined by -sammarda 'rubbing together, friction,' a meaning wholly unknown to cl Skt parimala Perhaps -parimala- was taken as another form of parimarda, substantially a synonym of sammarda, indeed, parimala may be originally a Pkt word from pari-v/mrd applied to perfume produced by the trituration (parmarda) of fragrant substances. Yet in explaining the textual sphulutakamalamodamaitrikasayah (35) '(the wind from the Sipra River) which is fragrant through contact with the perfume of full blown lotuses' Su uses parimala for -amoda-, the ordinary meaning in cl Skt Bhujamadhya used as a synonym for -prakostha- 'forearm' in kanakavalayabhramsariktaprakosthah (2) means in cl. Skt. 'breast', literally 'interval between the arms' But here it means 'the middle of the arm', probably with reference to the forearm (prakostha), though the elbow or upper arm may equally well be meant by so vague a word (at least when viewed only from its etymological constituents) -roga in gallasthalotpannaprasvedadurikaranenotpannai ogena 'on account of the affliction which has arisen from removing the perspiration appearing on the cheeks' is a synonym for -ruja in gandasvedapanayanaruja (28) In cl Skt, however, roga refers only to 'bodily affliction, disease', whereas ruj (instrumental ruja) has the same senses as the parent Vruj afflict, hurt, harm', if, then, the sense of roga in this passage is typical of JS, it may be that it has preserved an older range of meaning no longer attested for roga in cl Skt where only a specialization of the original concept has been retained VI-lok which in the gerundive vilokaniyaih explains anvestavyaih (78) 'to be sought after' preserves its literal sense 'look for in different places (v-)', whereas cl Skt vi-lok means

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22 : sarakRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 'look upon, examine, study, uspect and appears, therefore, to be only an intensification of Vlok. V'sabdaya- incl Skt. only means 'give forth sounds, cry, call' but in 35 Su employs the present active participle sabdayan in a transitive sense as an explanation of di ghiku van Ordinarily denominatives with causative value are derived from adjectives, exx kalusayati 'makes turbid', sitlulayati 'makes loose 13 Sala- (with variant sarala- in two MSS ) for nida- (`nest') in nidai ambhaih (25) is unrecorded in the lexicons in this or any related sense As used here it can be plausibly referred to vsal in the Dhatupatha (1 519) which is defined calanasamyai anayoh 'to move and to cover' With V sal are to be connected sarman, sarana, and sarira,44 in all of which the concept of 'cover' is involved in one way or another The simple vsal is not found in cl Skt, only forms compounded with ut, sann-ut, etc , though none of these compounds of V'sal has the meaning 'cover', there cannot be any doubt that Indo-Aryan possessed V*yr, V*sl in this sense This is proved not only by the inclusion of Vsal in the Dhatupajha and the obvious derivates of its variant Visar, but also by its well-attested status in other Indo-European languages where the meaning 'cover' is preserved, thus, cf Latin cel-are 'hide' (with lengthened grade of ablaut), cl-am (with total loss of vowel), and Page #515
Aspects of Jain Sanskrit 23 on top of the house in cxplanation of bharangvalabhau is a Prakritism for kutyam 15 MW records kudi, but regards it as a wrong reading for kuti Actually both kuti and kudi are found in Skt MSS (apart from JS texts), nor is this phenomenon surprisiug, as the vocabulary of standard Skt has many Pkt words Kumpalani wnich occurs in a discussion of the compound visakisalayacchedapathey'avantal (12) as a synonym for -kisalaya'sprout' is a Pkt word with Skt termination. It derives from kumala, 46 but Pischel states that since there is also a form kuncala, which cannot be derived from hurmala or hudmala, a dialectical form in addition to the latter is to be postulated in order to explain kumpala (or kuicala) 47 Jasi in jasukusumam, as a synonym of -japa- 'China rose' in vikasitajapapusparaktam (40) '(glow) red as the China rose in full bloom', is undoubtedly identical with Pkt jasumana jasumina and jasuyana which according to Sheth48 derive from japasumanas probably through the stages *javasumana > *jaasumana > jusumana > jasuyana > *jasuna This last form is in fact one of the variants afforded by two MSS and may well have appeared in Su's autograph, especially since jasun (with dental-11) occurs in Urdu (see Platts, p 371) Patika in explanation of -phalka 'plank, board', 'pedestal in sphatikaphalika (86) 'having a pedestal of crystal' is Pht pata (< earlier patta < pattra "leaf') with the sufix -rka, cf also Panjabi paft 'sandy place and Hindi pat 'board' 49 -macchany (-1), for -saplara- in catulasapharodyartanapreksitani (44) is an obvious Prakritism for matsya 50 Note also the neuter gender, whereas Skt matsya is always masculine Melapo (-ah) occurs in the analysis of asthanopagatayamunasamgama (55), cl Skt has only melapaka, an extension of a supposed *melapa, but probably *melapa here is simply vernacular milapa (cf Hindi milap 'meeting', with change of -2- to redue to the gunated derivatives of Vinil, especially the causative melapayari

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24 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Lastika, a synonym for - yasdi 'stick' in kancani rasayastih (86), is a Sanskritization of the common Pkt word lafthu or latthi (in Ardhamagadhi, Maharastri, etc. and also in the modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars generally in the form latli, but Panjabs has latth axle of a water-wheel) 51 Since Pkt. -thcorresponds to Skt -St-, latglu (or latthi) could theoretically represent Skt *lasti (or lasti), to this, as in the case of patika above, was added the secondary derivative suffix -ka, which here seems to have diminutive value as seen in Skt putraka, rajaka, asvaka, padaka, etc The use of -ka or -ka in the formation of such diminutives is determined by the gender of the primitive, and hence, since lajthi (or lajthi) is feminine, the Sanskritized form is provided with .ka Ultimately, of course, Pkt lathi and lathi are probably derived from yasti with change of y- to l Vadati, locative singular masculine, present participle, in explanation of valati (57) 'while (the wind) blows' seems to be based on a Pkt *vaddai, though the form of the participle is patterned after Skt , this is, of course, an artificial creation from vata 'wind' with verbal termination and softening of medial -- to-d- Or is vadati an error in transcription for vati ? Vadyanti (39) is a passive with parasmaipada ending formed from the causative of Vvad 'speak', thus, "are caused to speak, 1 e. sound' (said of the tinkling of the katimekhala) According to the general rule Pkt uses active endings for passives 52 Vinasisyati (49) is a curious, partial Sanskritization, apparently modelled on cl Skt vinasisyati 'will be ruined, go to ruin' ( vi-vnas), but the cerebral -n- and dental -s- seem explainable only on the assumption of influence from a Pkt *vinasissadi The use of this word is peculiar too it occurs in a sentence which explains why the siddha-s fear the drops of water released by the cloud (jalakanabhayad) due in Su's view to the vina being ruined when it gets wet ( jale lagne rina vinasisyati); vi-vnas in its classical cannotations seems a very strong word to describe a vina whose strings have been wet Vidhyapayitum, synonym of prasamayitum (57) 'to extin

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Aspects of Jain Sansknt 25 guish' (a forest-fire), is a false Sanskritization of the Pkt stem vijjhave-, forms of vidhyapaya- are common in Jaina works 53 Vijhave is presumably from *viksapaya-, causative of vi v ksai In cl Skt , however, Vksai is not found in composition with VI-, so that both the combination and the reversive meaning attaching to vi-1 ksai are in the hypothetical sphere, and Turner too, expresses doubt about the semantics involved 54 Pkt -]jh- - can represent an original -ks- or -dhy- (ex inajiha > madhya), and since the -jih- in vijjhave- was wrongly supposed to have stemmed from -dhy-, the spurious stem vidhyapaya- was created With vyjhave- cf Hindi buzlana, Gujarati bujhayvum, Marathi vijhavinem, and Nepali bujhaunu 'extinguish' Pali has vijjhapeti 'extinguish' and vijjhayati 'be extinguished' (d) FOREIGN WORDS Tila- 'arrow given as a synonym for -sara. in sitasarasatair (52) is a late Persian loan-word The feminine tiri is one of the four varieties of arrows listed by Hemacandra in the Abhidhanacintamani 66 Both tira and tirika (a diminutive?) occur in the Pancadandacchattrapi abandha in a long aggregative compound containing the names of weapons 56 Persian tir is to be compared with Avestan tigri- 'arrow', in which is seen the cognate of Skt. V tu 'be sharp', and Pahlavi tir 'arrow' 67 Varandi (or deg7) for valabhi (42) 'a turret or separate building on the roof of a house' Hindi has vai anda 'portico' which Platts derives from Skt varanda with suffix -ka (to explain the long final vowel),68 but Skt varanda is an umbrella-word with many diverse meanings ('string of a fishhook, multitude, eruption on the face, heap of grass, package, rampart separating two combatant elephants', etc) MW lists varandaka inimediately after varanda, the meanings of these two words are very nearly the same, though vai andaka has also some standing as an adjective 'round, large, miserable, fearful') Thus, Skt varanda +ka (according to Platts) and MW's varandaka would practically coalesce the meanings of one being communicated to the other Varanda appears in a variety of forms in almost all the vernaculars, 69 and Skeat, 60 following a suggestion by Yule and Burnell, was of the opinion that the Skt word was

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26 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA borrowed from Portuguese vai anda 'balcony', and from Skt into the vernaculais But if the vernacular words were borrowed from Skt vai anda in turn < Portuguese vai anda), it is difficult to explain the widely different forms this word has assumed Skt loan-words would normally be less subject to change in the vernaculars Furthermore, it is a priori implausible for a Portuguese word of this import to enter Skt directly: some intermediary language seems necessary Since the Portuguese had early contact with Konkani- and Marathi- speaking Indians, either of these two languages might have served as the bridge There are variant readings in two MSS of Su's vrtti, viz varamki (or oi) and paramdi (or degi), but they seem valueless in tracing out the affiliations of this difficult word.01 (c) VERNACULARIZATION Uttarayantin for sarayantim (98) fremoving, pushing aside' (a braid of hair) has probably fallen under the semantic influence of New Indo-Aryan the causative of ut-vts in Skt sometimes means 'remove' with reference to clothing or ornaments, but in the vernaculars this is perhaps its commonest meaning, though the etymological value of the root still persists in its modern forms, thus, cf Hindi utarna, 62 Panjabi utarna, Gujarati utai vum, Marathi utai nem and Nepali utarnu,68 all with more or less the sense of 'set down' -utsaha 'joy' in nirutsaham, a synonym for nirvinodam (95) 'without pleasures or amusements' has almost certainly been infected by Hindi utsah 'joy', since Skt utsaha regularly means 'effort (mental or physical) MW records the meaning 'joy, happiness' from the Vetalapancavimsatika, but it is doubtful whether miro which he defines 'without energy or courage, indolent, indifferent', would ever mean 'joyless' in Skt But since the concept of 'joy' is, on the contrary, uppermost in the Hindi word, it can be reasonably assumed that this predominant value was imparted to the word as used in JS Chojaniyam in explanation of udvestaniyam (98) 'to be loosed or undone' (said of the veni"braid of hair') is Page #519
Aspects of Jain Sanskut 27 but this root is apparently never used in Skt. In other JS texts it generally has the sense of 'escape' from some sort of dangerous situation, so, in the Parsvanathacaritra I 175 tava banapraharatah katham chut ye 'How shall I escape from the blow of your arrow764 As used by Su, the range of meaning appears to have been extended by influence from the semantic development of this root in the vernaculars, thus, cf Hindi chutna ( < Pkt passive stem chust < chuttai, present passive with parasmaipada ending Page #520
28 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA interchange of kh and s, - Iplz. instead of -sph- after -l- and -u-, the confusion of s and s, and of b and v, the use of anusvara before all occlusives instead of the pai asavai na nasal (but this is hardly peculiar to JS') the frequent spelling svarna for suvarna 'gold'70 There is a marked tendency to double a constant after r in most of the MSS Occasional vulgarisms like parsurama for parasurama (61) and ujaini for ujjayini (34) are also found References 1 See Albrecht Weber's introd to his ed of the late Jaina text (c 17th century) entitled Pascadandacchattraprabandha, in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Philosophische und Historische Klasse (1877), pp 1-103 Also Maurice Bloomfield's digest of Bhavadevasuri's Parsvanathacaritra entitled The Life and Stories of the Jaina Saviour Parcvanatha, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1919 (Appendix II 'The Language of the Parci anatha', pp 220-39), and 'Some Aspects of Jaina Sanskrit', Festschrift Jacob Wackernagel zur Vollendung des 70 Lebensjahres am 11 Dezember 1923, gen idmet von Schulern, Freunden und Kollegen (Gottingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1923) pp 220-30 Unfortunately, a copy of this Festschrift was not available to me during the preparation of this article See Also AN Upadhye in the Brhat Katlakosa of Acarya Harisena (Singhi Jain Series, No 17, Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhayan, 1943), pp 94-110 of the Introd (He includes a list of the peculiar words on pp 102 ff), B J Sandesara and J P Thaker, Lexicographical Studies in "Jaina Sanskrit', 1 Prabandhacintamani of Merutsugasuri (AD 1305),' Journal of the Oriental Institute vol 8, No 2 (Dec 1958), pp 1-40 (Supplement MS University Series, No 5) cf Mohanlala Dalicamda Desai in Jaina Gurjara Kavio, Bombay Sri Jaina Svetambara Conference Office, (1926-44) part I, pp 228-30, (In Gajarati) 2 For particulars regarding BHS, vide Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybird Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary (New Haven Yale University Press, 1953), vol I Grammar, Introduction, pp i ff 3 Su's commentary, called Sugananvaya Vfiti, has not so far been publish ed in toto, but excerpts in extenso were made by Gopal Raghunath Nandargikar in The Meghaduta of Kalidasa with the Commentary of Mallinatha (Bombay Gopal Narayen and Co, 1894) Variant readings for the text of the Meg haduta were extracted from Su's yrtti (probably from Nandargikar's edition above) by Kashinath Bapu Pathak in Kalidas's Meghadura, or The Cloud-Messenger (as Embodied in the ParsvabliPudaya) with the Commentary of Mallinatha (2nd ed, Poona, Oriental Books-Supplying Agency, 1916) Similar variae lectiones, though far

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Aspect of Jama Sanskrit. 29 fewer in number, are given by Sushil Kumar De in The Megha-dita of Kalidasa, New Delhi, Sahitya Akademi, 1957 In the preparation of the present investigation five MSS cf Su's vill have been used Nos 510 and 511 in Volume 13, pt 2 of the Descriptive Catalogue of the Bhandarhar Oriental Reasearch Institute, pp 155.7 No 510 was copied in the year 1851 Vikrama Samvat, and No 511 in 1803 VS The author is indebted to the BORI for its kindness in allowing these two MSS to be cxanlincd A third MS emanates from the personal library of Muni Sri Punyavijavaji and bears the number 369 It is undated The other two are in London in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library collcction, listed for the first time by Dr V Raghavan They were provided with the tentativc identification numbers P 87 and R 122, of those the formers bcars the date 1916 VS, but the latter, being an incomplete MS, is without date The writer is obliged to Mr FNL Poynter, Librarian of the Wellcome Historical Medical Library, for his courtesy in putting these MSS at his disposal Another MS is listed in the Catalogue of the Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institutc, Hoshiarpur, 1959, pt Ip 318, MS Nol 231, pt. II, pp 267-8, gives cxtract from thc MS This MS IS complete and bears the date dasustasaram of the YS (1e [1] 810 VS? but the Cata logue entry gives 800) 4 cf Weber's comments on sandhi in the Pascadanda , p 7, also Upadhye Brhat Kathukosa, p 97 5 William Dwight Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar (2nd ed Harvard Univer sity Press 1955), 449 and h, 1, ) 6 Upadhye, Brhar Kathakosa, p 99 7 Whitney, Grammar, 8449 C 8 ibid ,$1051 and a, c 9 ibid,, $989 and a 10 This usage is seen also in the Brhat Kathakosa, exx vyapayitva (XII 128), snaoya (LVI 260 and 263) and sthapya (XCII 286)and it is frequent in the Pancadanda vide Weber's notes 14 and 15, pp 13 and 223, p 25, also his remark, p 3, sthupya occurs on p 37, 1 13 11 Whitney, Gramniar $$ 959 and 960 end 12 Whitney, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language (Leipzig, 1885, lithoprinted in 1945 as vol 30 in the American Oriental Series), does not list grantura 13 Whitncy, Grammar, $ 964 b 14 Whitney, Roots, has marstavya, Monier-William A practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language (4th ed, Oxford, 1877 $ 651 lists marstavya and marntavya 15 Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p 829 under Vmri 16 So according to Whitney, Roots, under mys where the form in -tavya is not recorded 17 In the Parsyanathacaritra III 653 occurs vimrstar (noun of agency) 'reflecting conservative, vide Blomfield, Parcvanatha, p 232 18 Whitney, Grammar, SS 522 ff, esp $ 526

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30 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA 19 According to MW, p 50, apamarsa is a varia lectio for ablumarsana in the Sakuntala 20 Whitney, Grammar, SS1157 3 g 21 ibid, SSSS 1208 and 1211 22 Monier-William, Grammor, SS 755 b 23 For -- before -m- instead of -m- or anusvara, vide Weber, Pancadnda, p 6 24 Whitney, Grammar, SS 219 b affords one example agacchan ahoratrat tirtham (Mbh) 'They went to the shrine after a whole day' 25 Meghadutan of Mahakavi Kalidas with the Katyayani Sanskrit Commentary, Gujarati Samashloki and Gujarati Translation by Kt C Rajvaidya JK Shastri (Gondal, Kathiawad, 1953), p 109 26 Whitney, Grammar, SS295 27 ibid, $579 b 28 Su's vrtil is of the so-called kathambhutini tika variety in which a scries of questions is asked by the commentator in order to set forth the epithets of the mula in reply and show what nouns they modify 29 In this vigraha, panducchaya- appears to be taken as a karmadhurya instead of a bahuvrilu and upavanavrti as a possessive genitive 'where there are pale colours belonging to the enclosures 'This is, of course, at variance with the relationship of the parts of the compound implied in dhavalaprabhah upavanavatikah where dhavaladeg is a bahuvrihi adjective limiting upa 30 vide Upadhye, Introduction, p 110, eg in the Bihat Kathakosa Weher also notes occasional non-causative uses of causative stems, exx p 35, I 21 akarsitam (' erwartet man hier statt des Causatives das einfache akrstam') and p 36, 1 9 mocayisyami ('das Causativ hat heir keine rechte Stelle, moksyami ware passender') 31 Whitney, Grammar, SS1041 b, c 32 For ut-/t in the sense of the aya-vtr, vide Bloomfield, Parcvanatha, p 221 33 Whitney, Grammar, SS1051, a 34 cf Kathasaritsagara LXXV 92 dattambuyavasau vahau gupte' vasthapya catra sah | rajaputre sthute vrddam mantriputro jagada tam || 35 In connection with cat cf Bloomfield' Parcvanatha, pp 221-2 and Weber, Pancadanda, p 37,1 16 yady esasmatkare catati Whitney, Roots, under cat gives the meaning 'go' 36 John T Platts, A Dictonary of Classical Urdu, Hindi and English (London, Oxford University Press, 1930) wrongly gives paksa for paksma under potota, p 223 37 ibid, under papika, p 223 38 cf MW under vapiha, p 941, col 1 , 39 Platts, Dictionary, p 244 40 de Ralph Lilly Turner, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931), p 365 under parijo 41 MW, p 582, col, 1

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Aspects of Jaina Sanskrt. 31 42 cf friparhaga for the Ganges (ed) 43 Whitney, Grammar, $ 1058 C 44 The change from -- to -r- is common in Skt which is predominantly an fri-language, cf Skt sruta Page #524
32 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Saranda 'a stair-railing' given by Pedro de Alcala This is likely to bc correct, since Persian baramadal appears to be a modern artificial crcation -a Volhsetymologie probably based on one of the vernacular Indic words! 61 Turner, Dictionary, concludes his entry under Nepali baranda (p 422) on a note of uncertainty, but feels all the vernacular words may have a common origin 62 Platts, Dictionary, p 14 under utarna 63 Turner, Dictionary, p 47 under Nepali attarnu 64 cf Bloomfield's notc on v chut in the Parcvanatha, pp 232-3 65 cf Platts, Dictionary, p 460 under c luna 66 cf Turner, Dictionary, p 199, under Nepali chutnu, also in Addenda p 647 where the assumption is made that chui is a t- extension of vichu 67 cf angusthamotana in the Pancadanda , pp 15 and 20, where it is used in the sense of walking somcone with a snapping of the fingers 68 Platts, Dictionary, p 1090 69 Weber, Pancadanda,, p 6 70 ibid , p 18, note 60 svarna [sic] 1st lucr die regulare Form des Wortes, nur einmal (s Notc 148a) findet sich die vollere Form' In Su 2 and 78 the fuller form is found

Page #525
DIALECT AND SUB-DIALECTS OF PRAKRIT Dr. SATYA RANJAN BANERJEE Prakrta, europeanised as Prakrit, or linguistically Middle Indo-Aryan (=MIA), belongs to the middle period of the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian sub-branch of the IndoEuropean family of languages It is, therefore, intimately connected with the Old Indo-Aryan (=OIA), ie, with the Vedic and classical Sanskrit on the one hand, and remotely with the Iranian, and still more remotely with the IndoEuropean on the other. The world Prakrta is used to include a number of languages or dialets, traces of which are found in the religious, literary and dramatic literature of the Jains and non-Jains, beginning from about the 6th or 5th century BC down to the 10th or 11th century A.D, covering a period of over fifteen centuries It is very difficult to say whether the term Praksta as employed by the Indian grammarians and rhetoricians in their respective treatises included Pali and Inscriptional languages It is normally considered that the Indian authorities, perhaps, excluded them from their considerations As a result, the linguists have employed the term Middle Indo-Aryan as opposed to Indian term Prakrit, by maintaining a parity with the Old and New stages of Indo-Aryan languages Hence the Middle Indo-Aryan does not only include Prakrit as described by the grammarians and rhetoricians, but also Pali and other Inscriptional languages, such as, the edicts of Asoka, the pillar edicts of Kaluvaki and Heliodora, the copper plate Inscription of Kalawan and the Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela, the Kharosthi documents from Niya region and the Khotan Dhammapada from Chinese Turkestan, etc The Middle Indo-Aryan also

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34 : saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA includes the Buddhist literature in the gatha dialects and in the hybrid Sanskrit, the Apabhramsa and the Avahattha In a nutshell, it covers all the languages and dialects which lie between the Vedic and classical Sanskrit (OIA) and the New Indo-Aryan (=NIA) languages So linguistically the term Middle Indo-Aryan is wider and appropriate The etymological meaning of the word Prakrta is 'natural', 'common' ('Prakrta svabhavena siddham) as opposed so 'artificial' which stands for Samskrta The Prakrit dialects in India have a parallel with the Vulgar Latin in Italy This parallelism is described by Max Muller in the following lines "Dante ascribed the first attempts at using the vulgar tongue in Italy for literary compositions to the silent influence of ladies who did not understand the Latin language Now this vulgar Italian, before it became the literary language of Italy, held very much the same position there as the so-called Prakrit dialects in India, and these Prakrit dialects first assumed a literary position in the Sanskrit plays where female characters, both high and low, are introduced as speaking Prakrit, instead of the Sanskrit employed by kings, noble men, and priests Here, then, we have the language of women, or, if not of women exclusively, at all, events of women and domestic servants, gradually entering into the literary idiom, and in later times even supplanting it altogether, for it is from the Prakrit, and not from the literary Sanskrit, that the modern vernaculars of India, branched off in course of time Nor is the simultaneous existence of two such representatives of one and the same language as Sanskrit and Prakrit confined to India On the contrary, it has been remarked that several languages divide themselves from the first into two great branches one showing a more manly, the other a more feminine character; one richer in consonants, the other richer in vowels, one more tenacious of the original grammatical terminations, the other more inclined to slur over these terminations, and to simplify grammar by the use of cricumlocutions. Thus we have Greek in its two dialects the Aeolic and the Ionic, with their sub-divisions, the Doric and Attic, In German we find the

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit : 35 High and the Low German, in Celtic, the Gadhelic and Cymric, as in India the Sanskrit and Prakrit, and it is by no means an unlikely explanation, that, as Grimm suggested in the case of High and Low Guman, so likewise in the other Aryan Languages, the stern and strict dialects, the Sanskrit, the Aeolic, the Gadhelic, represent the idiom of the fathers and brothers, used at public assemblies, while the soft and simpler dialects, the Prakrit, the Ionic, and the Cymric, sprang originally from the domestic idiom of mothers, sisters and servants at home" Although compared with some dialects of Europe the position of Prakrit dialects in India is different from Europe. A comprehensive history of Prakrit dialects can easily be reconstucted on the basis of documents written in different Prakrit dialects Thus the early or first MIA (600 BC 200 BC) and the first two stages of the second MIA (200 BC 200 AD and 200 AD 400 A-D) are replenished with Inscriptions, Pali, Jaina-Writings, Asvagbosa's Prakrits, etc Some of the very important and noteworthy Inscriptional Prakrit are given below BC 3rd Century i The Asokan Inscriptions (with Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts) 2 Jogimara Cave Inscriptions of Deva didna, Ramgar hill 3 Mahasthan Stone Plaque Inscriptions, Bogra, North Central Bengal 4. Sobgaura Copper-plate Inscriptions, Gorakhpur, UP 5 Piprahwa Vase Inscriptions, Piprahwa Basti Distt UP 6 Heliodora's Besnagar Pillar Inscrip tions, MP 7 Hathi gumpha Inscriptions of Khara vela 8 Tisya Abhaya's Ritigala Cave Ins cription, Ritigala, Ceylon. 9. Kharosthi or Khotan Dhammapada. B C 2nd Century BC 1st >> AD Ist ,

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38. High-4180 04101<47 311 0744 037 42+421 10. Patika's Taxila Copper Plate Inscrip tion. 11. Mathura Stone Inscription 12 Kalawan Copper-Plate Inscription, near Taxila. A D. 2nd Century 13. Vakanapati's Mathura Stone Inscrip tion 14. Gautamiputra Satakarni's Mother's Nasik Cave Inscription A D. 3rd , 15. Nagarjuni Konda Stupa Inscription, Guntur, Andhra, 16. Niya Documents from Chinese Turkestan. AD 4th , 17 Sivaskapdavarman's Hirahadagalli Copper-plate Inscription. Then come the literary documents in Pali and Ardhamagadhi and the Digambara canonical texts in Sauraseni The dramas of Asvaghosa fall within this stage The thrid stage of the second MIA (400 A D-600/700 A D) is represented by the literary Prakrits whose characteristic features have been described by the Prakrit grammarians, like Vararuci, Hemacandra, Purusottama, Kramadisvara Ramatarka vagisa, Markandeya and others These Literary Prakrits have got numerous dialects and sub-dialects of which the Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadhi, Paisaci and Apabhramsa are important for their literary documents Apabhramsa in fait, belongs to the third stage of MIA (600 A.D-1000A D) which is ended with Avahattha (1000 A-D 1500 A D) Leaving aside the Inscriptional Prakrits, I am concerned in this dissertation only with the dialects and sub-dialects of Prakrit which have been described by the Prakrit grammarians and rhetoricians, The Prakrit grammarians are again divided into two Schools-an Eastern and a Western The names of the Prakrit grammarians belonging to these two schools are given below in a tabulated form.

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit . 37 The Eastern School Authors Works Sakalya . ? Ref in Pu RT. MK. Mandavya ? Ref. in RT MK Kohala : ? Ref in MK. Kapila i ? Ref in RT MK 2. Bharata ? Ref in MK. cf NS Ch XVII. 3 Vararuci Praksta-prakasa 4 Commentators on Vararuci (1) Katyayana : Praksta-manjari (11) Bhamaha Manorama-Vrtti (11) Vasantareja Prakrta-Sanjivam (iv) Sadananda Subodhini (v) Narayana Prakrta pada-Tika Vidyavinoda (vi) Ramapam vada Praksta-Tika (vii) Raghunatha Prakrtananda 5 Kramadisvara Prakrtadhyaya 6. Purusottama : Prakranusasana 7 Rama Sarma Prakrta-Kalpataru 8. Markandeya Prakrta-Sarvasva 9. Jiva Gosvami Prakrtapada 10 Ravana Lankesvara Prakrta kama-dhenu. The Western School Authors 1. (Valmiki ?] 2 Namisadhu Works [Some Sutras] Ref Commentary on Rudrata's Kavyalankara II 2. Prakrtavyakarana 3 Hemacandra : Commentators : (1) Udaya Saubhagya gani (11) Nara (Narendra) Candra Suri Vyutpattidipika i Prakrta-prabodha

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38 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA Followers (111) Simhadevagani 4 Trivikrama (1) Narasimha 5 Simbaraja 6 Laksmidhara 7 Appayyadiksita 8 Balasarasvati 9. Subhacandra 10 Sruta Sagara Ref Commentary on Vag bhatalankara II. Prakrta-vyakarana Selection from him by Prakrta-(Sabda) Pradipika Prakrta-rupavatara Sadbhasa-candrika Prakrta-manidipa Sadbhasa-Vivarana Sabda-Cintamani Audarya-Cintamani These two schools differ quite a lot in their accounts of Prakrit dialects The Easterners describe a number of dialects and sub-dialects which, are altogether omitted from the consideration of the westerns As for example, Vararuci (following the edition of cowell) mentions only the Maharastri, Paisaci, Magadhi, and Sauraseni dialects and to these Hemacandra adds Culikapaisaci and Apabhramsa Hemacandra also incidentally mentions Arsa and Ardhamagadhi Trivikrama, Simharaja, Laksmidhara, and Appayyadiksita follow the classification of Hemacandra, but they have excluded Arsa or Ardhamagadhi from their considerations of the eastern Prakrit grammarians Bharata is the first one, so far as it is known so us, who mentions several Prakrit dialects in his Natyasastra He divides the Prakrit dialects mainly into bhasa, and vibhasa, and bhasa includes not only Magadhi, Sauraseni and Ardha magadhi, but also Avanti, Pracya, Bahliki and Daksinatya, and vibhasa includes Sakari, Abbiri, Candali, sabari, Dravidi, Audrs, and the languages of foresters But he has not given the characteristic features of these dialects Bharata describes various forms of Prakrit and its dialects and sub-dialects as employed in dramatic performance together with the fundamental classification of languages in the following manner

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+ Atibhasa Four types of Language | Jatibhasa Aryabhasa Samskrta | Samanasabda Prakrta Vibhrasta Bhasa Magadhi Avanti | Yonyantaribhasa Pracya Sauraseni Ardha Mg Balhiki Daksinatya + Desi | Vibhasa Sakari Abhiri Candali Sabari Dravida Odra Vanecara bhasa Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit 39

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Yo : Hegid-High 041004 AT 474 fit 42+421 Kramadisvara also mentions several other sub-dialects, such as, Vracata, Nagara, Upanagara, Sravanti, etc, besides the four principal Prakrits mentioned by Vararuci He too has not dealt with the Characteristics of those dialects It is only when we come down to Purusottama that we find sundry Prakrit languages or dialects as opposed to the above six of Hemacandra He divides Prakrit into four categories Bbasa, Vibhasa, Apabhramsa, and Pisaca Among the bhasas he includes Maharastri, Sauraseni, Pracya, Avanti and Magadli. To these Rama Sarma and Markandeya, add three more dialects, such as, Babliki, Daksinatya, and Ardhamagadhi, but they have not given any characteristic features of them, because they are the same with the other dialects Babliki with Avanti, Ardha-magadhi with Magdhi, and Daksinatya is called when it is used in a poem 'sweeter in its essence than even nectar intermingled with words from the south, influenced by sanskrit and other languages' Ramasarma says Daksinatya-pada-sambalitam yat Samskrta dibhirabhicchuritam ca / Svadusaram amstat api Kavyam Daksinatyam iti tat Kathayanti || (II 2,32) Markandeya (XII. 38 Vstu) also defines the Daksinatya as follows: Daksinatya-padavalambi Samskrtangam Vijrmbhitam / Kayyam piJusanihsyandi Daksinatyam itiritam || Under the vibhasas he mentions Sakari, Candali, sabari and Takki He treats of the three principal Apabhramsas besides several others, such as, Pancala, Vaidarbhi, Lati, etc., of the many Paisaci dialects he enumerates the three * Kaikeya, Saurasena and Pancala It is to be noted that Ramasarma and Markandeya truly follow the classification of Purusottama with the exception that the former two enumerate many more sub-dialects than the latter A few characteristic features of some of them are mentioned below with their authorities

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit 41 1 Magadhi The characteristics of Magadhi as collected from the texts of the eastern grammarians along with Hemacandra are given below I is substituted for s and s Pu XII 2-3, RT II 2 13, 288), eg, esoh ese, II The change of 1 to 11 (Simha Vagbha 2 2) III is substituted for the first letter in the combinations it, tth, tt, tth and cch (RT II 2 16, Mk 12 7) IV t becomes dha in the word vasati (Mk 12 6) V kkh (>ks) becomes ska except in the (Pu. XII 6-7, RT. II, 2. 15, Mk XII 4-5) VI r becomes 1 (Kr V 86, Pu XII 4, RT II. 2 14, Mk XII 3, Hc IV 288 and Simha-Vagbha) VII y is substituted for J (Vr XI 4, Kr V 89, RT II 2 14, Hc IV 293) But Purusottama says that 7 and jh are respectively substituted by y and yh (Pu XII 5) VIII cchu, except when initial, becomes sca (Pu XIII 11, RT II 2 18, Hc IV 295) (Vr XI 3, Kr. V. 85, Mk XII. 2; Hc. IV word kkhu IX The palatal letters are pronounced with but a very slight contact of the tongue with the roof of the mouth (Vr XI. 5, Kr V. 87, Pu. XII 13-14, RT II 2 18 and Mk. XII 21 (y is prefixed to c and j) X h is substituted for dh The commentary adds "when not initial" and says that tha is sometimes changed to h (Pu XII 12, Mk XII 9) XI Before the suffix ka the vowel is optionally lengthened (Pu XII 17, RT II 22, Mk XII 22) XII sk is substituted for ks (Vr XI 8, Pu XII 8, Hc IV. 29) XIII. s and s in consonant groups become s, except in the word grisma (Hc. IV 289) XIV. ksa, when not initial, becomes Jihvamuliaya plus k (Hc IV 296).

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42 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA XV stha and tha become sta (Hc IV. 291) XVI fa and stha become sta (Hc IV. 290) XVII nya, nya, jna and nja become nina (Hc IV 293) XVIII yy is substituted for ny and rj (Vr XI 7) XIX Sauraseni it and tI are changed to st and strespe ctively (Pu XII. 10) XX The sauraseni conjuncts tth and 11h are changed to St(li) and st respectively (Pu XII 9) XXI The nominative singular of nouns in a stems ends in 1, c, or a (Vr XI 10, Pu XII. 25-26, RT II 2 27, Mk XII 26, Hc. IV. 287, Simha-Vagbhata. II 2) XXII The nominative singular of nouns in ta ends in u, 1, e, or a (Vr XI 11) XXII The nominative plural ends in ahu or a (Lassen, p 393) XXIV ha may optionally be substituted for the ending of the genitive singular, and before it the vowel is lengthened (Vr. XI. 12, Kr V 93, Pu XII 27-28, Mk XII 29, Hc IV 299-300) XXV The vocative singular of nouns in a ends in a (Vr XI 13, Kr V 92, Pu XII 29-30, Mk XII 27-28) XXVI Case-endings are often dropped or interchanged (Pu XII 26, Mk XII 35) XXVII. hake, hage and ahake are substituted for aham (Vr XI 9, Kr V 96, Pu XII 31, RT II 2 12, 28, Mk XII 30, Hc IV 301, Simgha-Vagbha. II 2) XXVIII The nominatve plural of the second personal pronoun is tupphe or tumhe (RT II 2. 28) XXIX tumhamn or tumhe are used for Yusman (Pu XII 32, Mk XII 31) XXX bhaviadi or bhuviadi are used for bhavisyati (Pu XII 35, Mk XII 33) XXXI Scinta is used for cigtha (Mk XII 32), and ycinta by RT (II 2 28). XXXII cistha is substituted for cittha (Vr XI 14, Kr. V 94, Pu XII 33, Hc IV 298, Simha-Vagbha. II 2)

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakit : 43 XXXIII. The root krt is changed into kappa (Pu XII 36, RT II 2 30) XXXIV da is substituted for ta in the past passive particip les of hr, mr and gam (Vr XI 15, KI V 92, Pu XII 37-38, Mk XII 34-35) XXXV dani is substituted for the gerund ending in tva (Vr. XI 16, Kr V 91, Pu XII 15-16, RT II 2 20, Mk. XII 23) XXXVI. The personal endings of verbs sometimes have the final vowel lengthened The commentary gives osaladha as an example (Mk XII 37) XXXVII vannadi is substituted for vrajati (Hc IV 294) XXXVIII u takes the place of ava and apa (Pu XII 18, RT. II 2 22, Mk XII 25) XXXXI kva cid it The commentary says ktvasthane syat and quotes from the sixth act of the Sakuntala pasumali kaled. These seems to be some confusion here (Mk XIT 24), XL ladana is used for ratna (RT II 223, Mk XII 20) XLI hadakka is substituted for hrdaya (Vr XI 6, Kr V 89 Mk XII 14), and also hidakka (RT II 2 22) XLII. stala, siale or stalake are substitutes for srgala (Vr XI 17, Mk XII 12) XLIII vasca is used for yrksa (Pu XII 34, Mk XII 19) XLIV pivvava is used for pisacaka (Mk XII 18), also pisallaa (RT II 2 23) XLV ganna is used for ganana (Mk XII 17), and also likkha (RT II 2 23) XLVI vatau va (du)vyaah (RT II 2 23, Mk XII 16) XLVII macchika is used for matr (Mk XII 15) XLVIII kosna etc are use for kosna and other compounds of usna (RT II 2 24, Mk XII 13) XLIX. vaamsa is used for vayasya (RT I 2,23, Mk XII. 11) gomika is used for gauravita (RT II 2 24, Mk XII 10) LI bu of bubluksa is dropped (RT II 2 23, Mk XII 8). LII lele and ale are used to indicate aksepa (reproach) and sambhasana (address) (Pu XI, 24, RT II 2 28)

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44 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA LIIT fu is used to indicate vismaya (surprise), upahasa (ridicule) and kusala (happiness) (Pu. XII 23) LIV The words kosana etc become kosina etc. (Pu. XII. 22) LV purusa becomes pulisa (Pu XII. 21, RT II 2 22). LVI The word vasati becomes vasadhi (Pu. XII 20). LVII aluni is used in the sense of adhuna (Pu. XII 19; RT II 2 13). LVIII. The word tattha (Page #537
Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit : 45 II. Sometimes there are elision, augmentation and subs titution of letters (Pu XIII 9, RT II 3.2, 5-6, Mk XIII 6) III. In the Sakari dialect y is to be prefixed to the letters of ca-varga (Pu. XIIT 14) IV The pleonastic suffix k is often added to a word (Pu XIII 7, RT. II. 35, Mk III 5) e.g. esake dasikae puttake V. The conjunct ith is not changed, it may remain as it is (Pu XIII 4; RT II 34, Mk XII 4) e g. ycin tbami atthanagade kkhu hakke. VI. The conjunct kkha is not changed (Mk. XIII. 4). But in Magadbi sth>sk (Mk XII 7.4) VII ks is optionally substituted by kkh in the words like duspreksa and sadrksa (Pu XII 2) But RamaSarma says that sc is optionally substituted for ks in the words duspeksa and sadrksa (RT II 32) eg duppesca ycandala-salisca ycinta. On the other hand the regular form will be saliccha, duppeccha (Mk XIII 2) VIII sla is used in place of sta in the word vistara. (Pu. XIII 3) IX sala is used for syala (Pu XIII 5, RT. III. 3 5) X hitaka is optionally used for lisdaay (Pu XIII. 6). But hadakka is optionally used for the same accord ing to Ramasarma (RT II. 35) XI. Sometimes yatra becomes yantha and tatra becomes tantha (RT. II 3 4) eg vaam silam missasi tantha dava. XII. iva is optionally substituted by yva (Pu. XIII 7) and also by va (RT. II 35) VIII Sometimes the declensional terminations (like su etc ) are elided (Pu XIII II, RT II 37, MK. XIII 8, cf Mg XII, 36) XIV Often there is also confusion of the vowels of declensional and conjugational terminations (Pu XIII. 10, RT II 3.7, MK XIII 7) (a) Confusion of declensional terminations - Mk XIII 7 for eg tumam etc (Acc for locative) hakke etc (Inst for Acc, or Loc)

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YE 27-419.86 6413844 2112 4.we 4x4447 (6) Confusion of conjugational terminations - Mk XIII 7 for eg se etc. (3/pl for 3/sg ) tum etc (1/sg for 2/sg ). hakka etc (2/sg for 1/sg.) (c) Confusion of gender. saire etc Masc pl for fem. pl. ku Neut sg for fem pl (d) Pulling apart of vowels (i e diphthongs are separated into their component) - sailini Mg selini, Skt svairini miaindo Skt mrgeodrah aschaubini Skt aksauhini XV The nominative plural termination of a feminc pro noun is optionally e (RT II 3.7) XVI The Magadhi scmtadi (Skt tisthani) should be j cisadi in Sakari (Mk XIII 3). 3. Candali Candali is a corrupt form of the Magadhi dialect (Pu XIVI) Truly speaking Candali, a variety of Vibhasa, is based on an admixture of Sauraseni and Magadhi (RT II. 3 10, Mk XIV.1) In Candali sub-dialect many rustic or vulgar expressions are used (Pu XIV 9, RT II 3.13, Mk XIV.9). The following are the characteristics of Candali I The intervocalic 1 is elided like Maharastri, bearing its vowels behind (RT. II 3 15) II. ya is sometimes elided (Pu XIV 6) III The conjunct tla is not changed, it remains in its original furm (Pu XIV 5) IV. The conjunct (tha is not changed, eg rama hattha tutttha (RT. II 312; Mk XIV 7) V. Nominative singular (su) of a-bases is substituted by o and e (Pu XIV. 2, Mk XIV. 3) According to Ramasarma it should be in u (RT II 3.12) e g. peska utthie ycandu maharigananimi VI The termination of the nominative and accusative plural of feminine nouns is e, (RT II 311, Mk XIV 2) eg ye uttluke tattha yeilam rasanti majjham

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit : 47 pi tanam harina lamantim te lahike peska kudan gaanmar VII Genitive singular (nas) is substituted by sca (Pu. XIV 3, RT IL 3.12, Mk XIV 5) e g. pulisassa atthe. Locative singular (11) is substituted by mm (Pu XIV 4, RT. II 313) eg peska gharammi kanham. Sometimes it ends in e, (Mk XIV 6} eg peska vane vi edam IX The termination of Vocative is o and a, but they are used in two different senses (a) When used respectfully it always ends in o (Mk XIV 2) e g bhastako tum malaalavesi (b) But when it is not used respectfully, it ends in a, (RT II 3 14) eg kaha ettha yceda anesi me ayija vi na kkhu vedhani X The nominative plural of pronouns, irrespective of Masculine and feminine, ends in e (Mk. XIV 4) XI Some pronominals substitutions (RT II 315) e g. tvadiya> tuhakelia, madiya> mahakelia, atmiya> appanaakelia XII. The gerundial suffix ktva is substituted by ia, (Pu, XIV 8, Mk, XIV 8) XIII va is optionally used in place of iva (Pu. XIV 7, RT II 313) XIV. The interjection aru is used in place of are (RT. II 3 15) 4. Sabari The Sabari vibhasa is another variety of Magadhi(Pu, XV 1, RT II. 3 16) But Markandeya (Mk XV 1-2) derives it from Gandali as well as from Sauraseni and Magadhi (cf NS XVII 53-64) It is said that this dialect is spoken by the charcoalburners, by hunters and by those who make their livlihood by boats and by woodcutting (RT II 316) In this dialect the want of agreement between the former and the later sentences is noticed The peculiarities of this dialect are to be gathered from the usages of the poets (RT II 321 cf Mk XV 8) Desi vocables

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85 god-18d our deur alle ler t742+4*1 are often used in Sabari (Pu XV 8, RT. II 3 20) The characteristics of Sabari are noted below I In Sabari c (or 1) remains unchanged (Pu. XV.2). II kkk (Page #541
Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit 49 infected by Dravida has no special characteristics (RT II.3 27). It is said Takkadesiya-bhasayam drsyate Dravidi tatha / tatra cayam viseso'sti Dravidair adi taparam || ie Dravidi is found in the language of the Takka country Its peculiarity as a language is this it is honoured by Dravidas The grammarian Hariscandra intends to say that this Takka-dialect is an Apabhramsa, because Apabhramsa is used by the poets (lit. skilled) in dramatic compositions (Mk XVI 2) It is, therefore, not an ordinary Prakrit says Purusottam (Pu XVI 10) These are the characteristics of Takki I The suffix u is profusedly used in Takki (Pu XVI 2), but not always (Mk HVI.3) II The instrumental singular termination of a-base is em optionally (Pu XVI.3) but Markandeya (XVI 4) admits only e III The (dative)-ablative and genitive plural termination is ham and hum (Pu XVI 4-5, MK XVI 5-6) IV. Even the pronominal terminations of ablative and geni tive plural are also ham and hum optionally In this case the penultimate is lengthened (Pu.XVI 6, Mk XVI 7) e g. kaham (kesam), jaham (yesam), taham (tesam), edaham (etesam), imaham (esam) V The following pronominal substitutes are found tvam> tuhum (Pu XVI 7 and MK XVI 8 reads tunga) aham> hamam and hamum (Pu XVI 7, hammi, hym (Mk XVI 9) mama>mahum (Mk XVI.10) VI. The substitute of yatba > jidha (Pu XVI 8) and jaba (Mk XVI 11-12) tatha - tidha (Pu XVI 8) and taha (Mk XVI. 11-12) VII. The rest depends on usage (Pu XVI 9, Mk XVI 13) 6 Audhii Audhri is the same as Sabari It becomes Audhri only when

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yo Traba-Migori 04144 ale $141 042 4<+421 some local words of the Odhra country are added to it. (Mk. XV 9), 7 Abhiri Abhiri is the same as Sabari The only distinction is that the gerundive ends in ia or ua (Mk.XV 10) e g Skt gatva> gascia, or gadua, Skt, pathitva murakkha (RT II 22), muru kkha (Mk X 3), duhita> dhida (Pu X 4, RT II 2 2) VI The Future participial form of the root bhu is hattamano (Pu X 9, RT II 2 2) and otthamano (Pu X 9, RT II 22) and okkhamano (M6 X 2).

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Dialect ard Sub-dialects of Prakrit 51 VII The following is used in the sense noted below (a) Iulibho (in the sense of satisfaction) Mk X 9 (b) himanahe (in the sense of surprise) Mk X 11. (c) avida avida (as an expression of sorrow) Pu X 12, Mk X.12 (d) (v) bankuda (Pu X7) in the sense of crooked, vaknu (Mk X 5), vankubha (Mk X 6) also valana ? (Mk X 7) (e) avalada (in the sense of upakrta, favoured) Pu X.8 VIII eva is substituted by ppeva, cia and cea (Pu X 10) and jjea, jsia (Mk X 10) IX are is used in the vocative and upeksa (deplore) (Pu X 11) X The peculiarities of this dialect should generally be gathered from the usuage of the people (Pu.X 13, RT II 2.3, 9. Avanti Purusottama derives Avanti from an admixture of Maharas. tri and Sauraseni (Pu XI 1) But according to Ramasarma (II 2.5) the Avanti and the Bahliki dialects are practically the same The only difference is that they are used by different characters in a drama Basically the forms of Babliki are derived from an admixture of Sauraseni and Pracya (II 2 5) But Markandeya (XI 1) follows the view of Purusottama when he says"Avanti syan Maharasfri-Saurasenyostu sankarat" In this commentary he adds that the countries Malava, Ujjayini etc, constitute the Avantidesa, and says--"rad bhava Avanti-Dandikadibhasa" He quotes a verse from Bharata which is not found in the Natysastra Dandika-panika-pantika-nagaradhipa-dandapanika sadrksesu / madhyama-patresu sada yojyavanti tu nafyavidhau // As for example "esa kirado maam anusaranto vedasalaagahanam paittho atro hirado vedasa iti Saurasens anyani padani Maharastri" According to the Canons of dramaturgy the Avanti is spoken by characters of medium rank, a town mayor,

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52 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA a door-keeper and a knove, and also by constables and merchants (RT.II 2 10) The characteristics of Avanti are noted below I The intervocal t and d are optionally elided leaving be hind their accompanying vowel (Pu XI 3, RT.II 2 6) II The word sadrksa is replaced by sariccha (RT II 26, Mk XI 2) III. The pronominal substitute for tava is tuha (text tuddhu, Pu XI 10) and mama is mulia (Pu. XI 10) IV In Avanti the active voice (parasmaipada) and middle voice (atmanepada) are used side by side. bean> bhannai, bhannae (Mk XI. 11) vrdh> vaddhai, vaddhae (Mk XI 11) V Purusottama says that in the present and future tenses and in the imperative mood ja and jja are used for conjugational suffixes (Pu XI. 4, RT II 26, Mk XI 4) eg bhojja, bhojja VI. The suffixes jja and ija are also used between the verb and the conjugational suffix (Pu. XI 5, RT. II. 26, Mk XI 5) eg dejjau, dejjau VII The following verbal substitutes are found - (a) Active bhu>l1o, (Pu XI. 8, RT II. 27, Mk XI 6) and hoi (Pu XI 8) dis> pekkha (RT II 27) peccha (Mk XI.7). drs (causal)>darisa (RT II 2 7; Mk XI 8) also darasa (according to some, Mk XI 8 comm ) (b) Passive Sru>suyra (Pu XI 6, RT. II 28, Mk XI 9 ji>jippa RT. II. 28) bhan> bhanna (RT II. 28). gam>gamma (RT II 28, Mk XI 9) kr>kijja (RT II 28) jna>munijja (RT II 28). lih > lijja (Mk. XI 9) dru>duvva (Mk XI 9) darbh>dubbha (Mk XI 9) VIII. The following verbal substitutes are found in the Future

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakit 53 sru>soccham (Pu XI 7, RT II 29, Mk XI 10) bru>voccham (Mk. XI 10) ruc>roccham (Mk XI 10) IX. In Avanti the suffix tva is tuna (RT. II, 27; Mk XI 3) e g lankam gantuna sia dittha X. The word ccea and ccia are used in the sense of iva. (RT II. 26, M7 XI 12) 10 Balliki Markandeya says Babliki is the same with that of Avanti, the only difference is--ra becomes la in it (Mk XI 13) e.g. salasi-luhaso-laha-nibbhalo maludo vahai. It is the language of dhurta and others 11 Nagaraka Apabhramsa Purusottam recognises three clear dialects of Apabhramsa, eg Nagaraka, Vracadaka and Upanagaraka, besides less remarkable local variants Ramasarma and Markandeya also follow him, but mention some other varieties without giving their characteristics These are-Vracada, Lata, Vaidarbha, Upanagara, Nagara, Varvara, Avantya, Pancala, Takka, Malava, Kaikeya, Gauda. Audra, Daiva, Pascatya, Pandya, Kauntala, Simhala, Kalinga, Pracya, Karnata, Kanca, Dravida, Gaurjara, Abhira, Madhyadesiya and Vaidala (=27 in all) Kramadisvara's Sravanti (or Sravasti) is not mentioned by any of them He has given also twelve varieties of Apabhramsa which will be found in the classification of Ramasarma and Markandeya Of these Nagara is regarded as the maio dialect The chief charcteristics of Nagara are given below I The following consonantal changes are noticed k>g, naka>pagu, kh>gh, sukha> sughu, t>d, patita> padida, th>dh; sotha> sodha. (Pu XVII. 3,13; RT. III 12, Mk XVII 2)

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saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Il sk and sk>kk, puskara >pukkara, maskara>makkara (RT III 13). III The suffixes da, di, ulla, ulli and a are added to the noun and adjective stem As, hiada, goladi etc (Pu XVII 16-19, RT. III 1-6-7, Mk XVII. 5-8) VI In all genders the declensional termination is elided, and the termination of the base is optionally lengthened As, aggi, aggi, vanadam, vanadam (Pu XVII 41, RT III 1 8-9, Mk XVII. 10) V The nominative singular may be in o, as, narao, narao (Pu XVII 41) VI u is added to a and a bases. as kanhu, kilantu, malau. (Pu XVII. 42, RT. III. 1.11, Mk XVII 15-16) VII. In all genders Instrumental singular termination is e, as, vanae vahue, panalie, but in i and u base it is ena. VIII The ablative singular termination is he and ho, as, gharahe, gharaho (Pu XVII 43, III 1.12, Mk XVII 18-19). TX The following substitutes are noticed: stokam>thodam, bhadram>bhallam, tvadiyam>teram, toharam, madiyam>meram, moharam, kidrsi> kebi (Pu XVII. 30, RT III 1 5) X Some pronominal substitute yat>jadru (m), tat>tadru (m) idam>imu, etad>eha, e, (Pu XVII 56-57, RT III I 20-21; Mk XVII 34-38) XI yusmad is declined as follows: Nom Acc. Inst. Singular tuham paim paim Plural. tumbhajm tumbhaim tumbahim

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit 55 Abi tumha, tumhe tuba, tumbha. Gen tumba, tumbe tuha, tumbha Loc paim (Pu XVII 63 64, RT III 123, Mk. XVII 41-46) XII, asmad is declined like the following. Singular. Plural Nom humu amhaim Acc. maim amhaim Inst. maim ambahim, amhehim, amhe Abi maha, majjha majjhu amha Gen maba, majjha, majjhu, amha no Loc. maim ahmasu, abmasu (should be ambasu, amhasu) (Pu. XVII. 65-67, RT. III 1 23,Mk. XVII 48-55). XV XIII The terminations of the third person singular and of the first person plural are di and hum respectively As, so hasedi, hasahum amhaim (Pu XVII 70-71, RT III. 1 26, Mk XVII 57-58) XIV The suffix of the future is thi and isu, as, balau edu hasihui, ehu hasisar kanha (Pu XVIII 73-75, RT III 128, Mk XVII 59-61) The following dhatvadesas are found 10 Nagaraka Apabhrania - stha>thakka, tha, sthapaya>thava, thavva, pra-vis> paisara, a-slis>arunda (=arunna?), tim>timma, dis> dekkha, passa, yad > volla; darsaya>dakkha, darasa, vraj>vanca, muc>mukkha, mua, mulla, grab>gunha, kr V kada, anaya >anava; a-caks>akkha XVI The following Apabbramsa words occur in the meanings described thereon --

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4 +358-441964 0414 cui fe 7191 tot 44+420 tvam=tomme, adhuna=muebi, tesam=taana, amibhih=ehim, dvi=dui, tri=tinni>mod Beng tin catur=cari>mod. Beng. car. 12 Vracadaka Apabhramsa The basis of Vracada Apabbramba, which is current in the Sindhu country, is recorded as being nothing but Nagara. The following are its chief characteristics I s, s> S II The C-varga is pronounced as clear palatals, (spasta talavsah), t and dh are pronounced as slurred (aspasta) (Pu XVIII. 2-4, RT III. 2 2-3, Mk XVIII. 2-4) III. t and d> t and d respectively. IV. Some substitutes. eva>je, ili, saiva>sojji, bhu>bho; obadgah> khandu, bru>bro; vrs> varha, vraj>vanja 3. Upanagaraka-Apabhramsa Purusottama says that Upanagara is an admixture of Nagaraka and Vracada, and it has several other local speeches, such as, Vaidarbhi, Lati, Audri, Kaikeyi, Gaudi and the speeches of the countries such as Takka, Varvara, Kuntala, Pandya, Simhala etc The characteristics of these dialects as found in Purusottama (XVIII 16-23) and Ramasarma (III 2.5-13) have been summed up by Markandeya in his commentary on XVIII.12 There are the following 1. tu-bahula Malavi II vadi-bahula Pancali III ulla-praya Vaidabrhi IV. sambodhanaddya Lati v ikaro'kara-babula Audhri VI savipsa Kaikeyi VII. samasadhya Gaudi

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Dialect and Sub-dialccts of Prakrit 57 VIII da-karababula Kauntali IX. ekarini ca Pandya. X yuktadhya Saimhali. XI. himyukta Kalmgi. XII. Pracya tad-desiya-bhasadhya XIII. bhattyadi-babula Abhiri. XIV varna-viparyayat Karnati Xy Madhyadesiya tad-desiyadhya. XVI samskrtadhya ca Gaurjari XVII. ca-karat purvo'kta-Takka-bhasagrahanam XVIII ra-la-ha-bhyam vyatyayena Pascalya XIX repha-vyatyayena Dravidi XX dha-kara-babula Vaitaliki. XXI e-o babula Kanci. 14. Kaikeya Paisaci The easterners describe the Paisaci dialect much more fully than the westerners Grierson (The Prakrit Dhatvadesas, p 84) says that "when we come to Paisaci we find two very different dialects described. Vararuci, Ramsarma and Markandeya all agree in their accounts of a language which they call 'Paisaci' or "Paisacika', and which is not the same as the langage described under that name by Trivikrama, Hemacandra, Laksmidhara and Simharaja" They have mentioned numerous Paisaci dialects, such as, Kaikeya, Saurasena, Pancala, Kanca, Gauda, Daksinatya, Dravida, Pandya, Magadha, Vracada and Sabara, but they did not mention Culika-paisaci Of these the Kaikeya-paisaci is the basis of all other varieties, excluding Culika-paisaci The chief characteristics of Kaikeya-paisaci, corrupt form of Sauraseni mixed with Sanskrit, are given below. I S and s>s II cerebral n> dental 8, (Vr X 5-8, Pu, XIX 8,12, RT.III 3.3, Mk.XIX 3-7) III Generally intervocative g>k, and similarly, gh>kh, j>c, ,, ,, jb>ch, d>t, ,, ,, dh>th,

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15 +54-4194 0414207 011e 011 97 67 yenye e>t, ,, dh>th, b>p, , , bh>ph IV Conjuncts are treated like the following: ny, jn, ny>n n, ry>ria (Vr X 11-12, Pu XIX 21-22, Mk XIX 6-12) I>I (RT III 37) VI Some words are substituted like the following grham>kiham, iva> piva, prthivi> pethumi, brdayam>hitapakam, parthamam>prthumam, vismayah>pisumao; kvacit> kupaci, suksma> sukhama, karyam>kaccam, paksma>pakhamam; rajan>raci, krta>kada: mrta>mada, gada gada (analogically). (RT.III 3 4-8) 15 Saurasona Paisaci The Suarasena-paisaci is based on Kaikeyapaisaci sts chief characteristics, as given by Purusottama, are given below I >1 (Pu XX 2), II s and s>s (Pu XX 3) III The pronunciation of ca-varga is clear palatal (cu-vya kta-talavya, Pu XX.4) IV ks>sk (Pu XX 5) V cch>sc (Pu XX 6) VI tth>st (Pu XX 7) VI. st, st, remain unchanged (Pu XX 8-9). VIII piba>pia (Pv XX 10) kada, mada and gada are also used in this dialect (Pu XX 11) IX adhuna>ohuna (Pu XX 12) X Declensional engine :-(Pu.XX.14-16) ah>o, a, am>am, o. a 16 Pancala Paisaci The Pancala-paisaci is strictly based on the Kaikeya and Saura

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakit 59 sena-paisaci It does not vary very much from these to standard of speeches of Paisaci He mentions only one characteristics of Pancala 1>r(P.XX 19, RT III 311, Mk XX 14) Ramasarma (III 3 11) says that in Gauda Paisacika either r or I may be used for r or for 1 According to Ramasarma (III 3 13-17) Paisaci can mainly be divided into two groups suddha and asuddha Lastly it may be added that in the works of Kramadisvara, Purusottoma, Ramasarma and Markandeya, we find some interesting modern Bengali forms These forms though can be derived directly from Prakrit, are still important, because the eastern grammarians recorded them a few centuries ago Some forms are directly mentioned by them, and some can be obtained with easy phonetic equations As these forms will be interesting, I have noted them below. [As all the forms are mentioned by them, I have avoided references, except in some particular cases which are not mentioned by all} athikahavanochadani) Page #552
60 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA palam pallankapirthumi) Skt. Viadya be (y)ada viaddha(maj) and ghrs>(ghas) michaPage #553
APPENDIX Alphabetical list of Prakrit Languages [This index is prepared to facilitate the study of Prakrit dialects The references are in two column which stand for the two schools of Prakrit grammarians ] Apabhramsa Ardhamagadhi (cf Arsam) Atibhasa Avahatta bhasa Abhira'pabhramsa Andhra Arsam (Ardhamg.) Abhira Abhirika Abhiri Avanti Ki V 1-113 Pu 17-18 chapters RK III 1-2 Stavakas HC IV. 329-448. MK 17-18 chapters Tr III 3 1-58. III 4 1-71. Bb XVII KT V 98 RT II 2-12 MK. XII. 38 Bh XVII 26-28 KT V 99 (vrthi) RT III 2 11 MK (Introduction) Bh XVII Bh XVII RT II 3 23-26 MK. XV 1-10 Bh XVII KT V 99 (Vrtti) Pu XI 1-10 RT II 2 5-10 MK XI 1-13. Avantya' pabhramsa KT V 99 (vrtti) MK (Introduction) C III 41 NS KV II 11-12 HC IV 287. Pischel SS 28 HC. 1 3

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62 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Inscriptional Mehendale-HisPrakrits torical Grammar of Insci ptional Prakrits Udici MK (Introduction) Upanagara' pabhramsa KT V 99 (Vrtti) Pu XVII 14-15 RT III 2-5 MK XVIII 1-12 Audhra' pabhramsa MK (Introduction) Odhra KT V 99 (Vrtti) RT II 2 9 Audhri (cf Audbra) Audbriya Kancya' pabhramsa RT III 2 12. MK (Introduction) Kancya-paisaci MK (Introduction) Kalinga pabbramsa RT III 2 10 MK (Introduction) Karnata' pabhramsa RT III 2 11 MK (Introduction) Kirata Nitti-Dolci p 77 Kaikaya, pabhramsa Pu XVII 21 Kaikeyi RT III 2 9 MK (Introduction) Kaikaya-paisaci (cika) Pu XIX 1-24 Kaikeya-paisaci (cika) RT III 3 1-6 MK XIX 1-21 Kauntala pabbramsa Pu XVIII 23 RT III 39 MK (Introduction) Kharosthi-Prakriti Burrow-Language Khotanese Prakrit of the Kharosthi documents Gatha Dialect Leumann, 2 DMG XXIX. 212-34

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Dialect and Sub-hualebts of Prakrit * 63 Gandhari Dialect Macdonell, HSL, 25-26 Brough, The Gandhari Dhammapada Nitti-Dolci p 164 Pischel SS 27 Gramya pabhramsa Gramya-bhasa Gauda pabhramsa Pu XVIII 22 (cf Gaudi) RT III 29 MK (Introduction) Gauda-pai sacika RT. III.3 11 MK (Introduction) Gaurja' pabhramsa RT III 2-11 MK (Introduction) Cinlala Bh XVII. Candali ) Pu XIV 1-9 RT II 3 10-15. MK XIV. 1-9. Culika-paisaci HC. IV 325-28 Tr III 2. 63-67. NS. XVII 26, 28. Jatibhasa Jaina Prakrit Jaina Maharastri Pischel SS 16 Nitti-Dolci p 172 Pischel SS 16, 20 Nitti Dolci pp-172, 174 Pischel SS 21 Pischel SS 20 Jaina-Sauraseni Jaina-Saurastri Takka' pabhramba Pu XVIII 23 RT III. 26 MK (Introduction) Pu XVI. 1-10 RT. II 3 27-31 MK XVI 1-13 Takki Dhakki Pischel & 25 Grierson, JRAS, 1913, pp 875-83 Daksinatya Bb XVII Ki V 99 (Vitt)

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& Hega-4 194 culteur alle 08.121 67 4Page #557
Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakrit: 65 Paisacika Paisacis Vr. X 1-14 KI V 96, 102 Pu XIX-XX RT. III 3 1-21 MK, XIX-XX. C. II] 42. HC IV. 303-24 Tr III, 2. 43-62. Prakrta-Dhammapada bbasa (See Kharosthi Prakrit) Pracya Pracya'pabhramsa Bh XVII KI V. 99 (Vrtti) Pu X 1-14 RT II. 2 1-4. MK X 1-12 KI. V. 99 (Vstti) RT III. 2-10 MK (Introduction) Pu XVIII 23 MK (Introduction) KI. V. 99 (Vrtti) Bh XVII RT. II 2 5-10 MK, XI 13 Basbara' pabhramsa Babliki Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Bbasa Bhutabhasa Dandin, KV. I. 38. Pischel SS 27 Madhyadesiya' pabhramsa AT III 2 11 MK (Introduction) Magadha-Paisaci (Cika) Magadhi RT JIL 2 12 MK (Introduction) Bh XVII VI XI 1-17 KI V. 86-97 Pu XII 1-38 RT. II 2. 11-32 MK, XII 1-13, C IV 43 HC IV 287-330 Tr III. 2 27-42.

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66 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA Malra' pabbramsa MK (Introduction) Maharastri Bh XVII 6-25 C I-III 1-40. Vr I-IX chaptas HC I-IV. 259 Ki I-IV , Tr. I-III. Pu III-VIII. , RT I 1-9 Stabakas MK I-VIII chapters. Ji 38 sutras La 38 sutras Misrardbamagadhi Ki Raptika Lata' pabhramsa Pu XVIII 19 (Lati) RT JII 28 MK. (Introduction) Lena Dialect Pischel SS 27 Varendra Bhasa Pischel SS 28 Vibhasa Grierson, JRAS, 1918, pp. 489-517. Vibhrasta Pischel SS 8 Vracata-Apabhramsa 1 MK (Introduction) Vracada Apabhramsaj Ki V 99 Pu XVIII 1-13 RT III 2 1-13 MK XIII 1-12 Vracada Paisacika RT III 3 12 MK (Introduction) Vaidala Vaitala Apabhramsa RT III.2 12 MK (Introduction) Vaidarbhi Apabhramsa Pu XVIII 18 MK. (Introduction) Sakki Sakki S Pischel $ 3, 28 Sakari Bh. XVIII Sakarika Ki V 99 (Vrtti) Pu XIV 1-15 RT. II 3 1-9. MK XIII 19.

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Dialect and Sub-dialects of Prakit 67 Sabara Bb XVII Sabari Ki V 99 (Vrtti) Sabari Pu XV 1-7 RT II 2 16-22 MK XV 1-10 Saurasena Paisaci Pu XX 1-20 RT III 3. 7-10. MK XX 1-16 Sauraseni Bh. XVII Vr XII 1-32 KI V Pu IX 1-93 RT II I 1-38 MK IX 1 158 Sravanti Ki V 99 (Vrtti) Sravasti s Sari Kirna Paisci RT III 3 Saippala'pabhramsa RT III 2 10 Saimhala'pabhramsa Pu XVIII 23 MK (Introduction) Haiva cf Daiva Ap Haimarat S MK. (Introduction) C III. 44 HC IV 260-86. Tr III 2 1-26

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68 : saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Bh Ki Ku Abbreviations used in the Appendix =Bharata's Natya-Sastra =Canda's Prakrta-laksanam HC =Hemacandra's Prakrit grammar HSL =History of Sanskrit literature. JI =Jiva Gosvami's Prakrit grammar JRAS =Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland =Kramadisrvara's Prakrit grammar =Dandin's Kavyadarsa La =Ravana Lankesvava. MK =Markandeya's Prahrtasarvasva MK (Introduction)=Introductory verses of Markandeya's Pra keta Sarvasra NS =Natya-Sastra of Bharata Nitti-Dolci =Nitti-Dolci's Les Grammairiens Prakrit Pu =Purusottama's Prakrtanu sasana Pischel =Pischel's Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen RK =Ramatarkavagisa's Prakrta Kalpatarum Tr =Trivikrama's Praksta-Prakasa =Yararuci's Prakrta-Prakasa ZDMG =Zeitschift der Deuschen Morgenlandischen Geseuschaft Vr

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SEMANTIC CHANGES IN KRTA, TRETA, DVAPAR AND KALI DR RAM PRAKASH PODDAR The words Kita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali denote the four consecutive ages Viz Ketayuga, Tretayuga, Dvaparayuga and Kali yuga According to the Pauranic reckonings Kitayuga consists of 1728000 years, Treta of 1296000 years, Dvapara of 864000 years and Kali of 432000 years The present age is Kali which began on 18th February 3102 BC In early references to these ages the periods assigned to them are respectively 4000, 3000, 2000 and 1000 years To these main periods are added mornings and evenings each comprising of 400 years in case of Kita, 300 years in case of Treta, 200 years in case of Dvapara and 100 years in case of Kali Thus together with their mornings and evenings the four ages extended respectively to 4800 years, 3600 years 2400 years and 1200 years, the whole cycle was complete in a period of 12000 years Dr. Fleetassumes that the mornings and evenings are latter additions to convert the decimal system of the earlier reckoning into the duodecimal one for astronomical purposes He further suggests that the extension of the periods from 4800 years etc. to 1728000 years etc pertains to the astronomical period viz 4th century A D. when the astronomers reckoned a coincidence of the planets about 3500 years back and took it as the beginning point of the current yuga viz kali Dr Fleets contention is further corroborated by the retrograde nature of dating as evinced by the some what vague etymology of these words Kali may be associated with the v kal=to count, and may be interpreted as the initial point of counting viz one Dvapara

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70 . saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA and Treta can be easily associated with two and three respectively on the basis of their phonetic similarity with Dvi and Tri Though etymological association of Kita with four is not evident yet it may be concluded that Krta, Treta, Dyapara and Kali dating is going backward into the past, the present is marked as the first, the immediate past as the second and farther and farthest pasts as the third and the fourth respectively Apart from the etymological associations as suggested above the words Klia, Treta, Dvapara and Kali were connected with the numbers 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively from very early times. These four words were primarily associated with the game of dice The ancient practice of playing with dice was to pick up tiny Vibhitaka nuts, which were thrown on the board for this purpose, and to count them If the number picked up by a player happened to be the multiple of four he had obtained Kita which was the highest score If it was not so the score was determined according to the remainder three fetched Treta, two Dvapai a and one Kal The first three scores viz Keta, Treta and Dyapara were winning once in descending order The last viz Kal entailed lose ? In the Vedas these words have been used to denote scores in the game of dice as mentioned above where as they have not been used to denote the four ages The ancient practice of playing with dice underwent a change, centuries before the beginning of the Christian era and the place of the Vibhitaka nuts was taken by the four-faced metallic or earthern die marked with the digits 4, 3, 2, and 1 or bearing as many points on the respective faces After the throw by the player the figure or points on the upward face decided the score, ie it was Krta when the face bearing the digit 4 or as many points was upward and so on down to Kali These words are met with in ancient Jaina Agamas viz. Acaramga and Bhagavati 4 Here they have been used to denote different organizations of the atoms in matter When the number of atoms is a multiple of four the organization is called Katajunima (Sanskrit Kitayugma) When it is not so the nomen clature follows the remainder after a division by four, being

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Semantic Changes in the Kita, treta, Drapai and Kali 71 Treta when the remainder is three, Drapai a when it is two and Kali when it is one In the Pali canonical literature also these words have been used in the context of the game of dice In the Vidhura Pandita Jatak Kata (Sanskrit Kyta) denotes the highest score in the game of dice and kali occurs as its antonym 5 These words have also been used figuratively Thus Kaliggaha means unlucky and Kataggaha lucky Here they are in compound with gaha (Sanskrit graha)=Score So the literal meanings will be 'one who scores Kali' and 'one who scores Kata' respectively lu the Theragatha (1 462) we come across the phrase 'ubliayattha kataggaha' meanig lucky in both the worlds i e here and beyond Vinaya (6 93 360) uses 'Kalin aropeti in the sense of putting allegation on somebody The lexicons have not recorded any use of these words in the sense of the ages (yugas) either in the Ardhamagadhi Jaina canons or in the Pali canonical literature But by this absence we should not be led to conclude that the four ages came to be denoted by these words at a date later than the compilation of the Pali and Ardha magadhi canons Utmost this can prove, is the comparative immunity of these conons from the Brahmanical tradition in which we find the above denotations occurring much earlier In the late Brahmanas the words Krta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali have been used to denote the four consecutive ages The Sadyinise Brahniana mentions the four ages krta kharva, Dvapara and Pusya 6 Dvapara as denoting the third age in mentioned in the Gopatha Brahmana As regards the mention of these pames in the famous 'Kali sayano bhavati ?, verse of the Artareya Brahmana it may be noted that some scholars interpret them in the context of the game of dice while thus regard this verse itself as a later interpolation But the verse has been adapted in the manusmiti (1 x 302)8 and explicitly interpreted as the consecutive ages Commenting on ch 231 verses 19 onwards of the Mahabharata Nilakantha refers to the Kali sayano bhavati' verse of the Aitareya Brahmana and explains the words kyta etc.

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og 37-41gitt 0414144 77 42141 titueruel of the verse as standing for the four ages but used figuratively in that context Stray references to Ksta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali as denoting the ages are met with in the upanisads In the Ramayana these words seem to have settled down as the names of the four consecutive ages But here we do not come across any deliberations regarding their nature and extent In the study of the semantics of these words the Mahabharata is of immense importance Here we find the words used to denote different throws in the game of dice At the same time they have also been used to denote the consecutive ages with elaborations upon their nature and extent. In between these two denotations there are also abundant evidences of their figurative uses which form a sort of bridge between the two denotations and indicate the process of transition In Udyoga Parva Krishana intending to cow down karna and avert the war describes to him the seats and fury, the Pandavas would exhibit, in the ensuing war This description runs through ten verses and each pair is concluded with the refrain 'Na tada bhavita Tretana kstam Drapai am na ca "Obviously the words kria, Treta and Drapara, here are figuratively used in the sense of winning scores in the game of dice Krishna makes an oblique reference to the game in which Duryodhana and his friends including Karnu, had got an easy victory securing frequently Ksia, Treta and Drapara In the battle field it was not going to be like that where they would not secure Kyta etc as they had donc in the game of dice On the contrary here they would face the wrath of the brave Pandaras which would utterly rout and ruin them The allusion here to the game of dice is quite apt and pointed of such oblique hints to the game, there is no dearth in thc cpic in the Virala Parva (50-24) Asvatihama warns Juryodhana Moksankypari gandiam na kstam Draparam na cal Jsalaro n11f1lunbanamstiksnanksipati gundivam//

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Semantic Changes in Kita, Treta, Dvapar and Kali* 73 But the commentator Nilakantha interprets the words Krta etc of the line Na tada bhavita Treta etc as the names of the ages and misses the mark It is through an exalted strain of ingenuity that he fits the 'ages' into the context He says that krta implies Moksa for in this age it is Moksa alone which is coveted, the other three 'Purusarthas' being always at hand. In the same way he interprets Treta as Dharma and Dvapara as Artha and Kama Thus the whole line according to him means that the war will not deliver any Purusartha to Duryodhana and his friends It will only bring about their annihilation A very ingenious interpretation indeed110 But it is obstructed by the last verse of Krishna's speech in the same chapter When Karna would not be dissuaded Krishna concludes that in the inevitable war 'Duryodhana's followers would die and attain the highest course Now the highest course for the dead is obviously Moksa The above interpretation of Nilakantha denies all the Purusai thas to Duryodhana and his side but the original vouchsafes the highest one!"'11 This meandering on the part of the commentator is on account of the original denotations of the words viz those associated with the same of dice becoming comparatively obsolete in course of time In the Mahabharata there are numerous examples of these words being used as the names of the four consecutive ages with elaborations upon their respective nature and extent In chapter 188 of the Vana Paiva Markandeya relates to the Pandavas the duration of the ages viz Krta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali He says, "There are four thousand years in Kitayuga, its morning and evening each comprises four hundred years In Treta there are three thousand years, its morning and evening each comprises three hundred years, Dvapara has two thousand years, its morning and evening each has two hundred years Kali proper lasts for one thousand years, its morning and evening each consists of one hundred years Kali having been spent up Krta sets in again and thus the cycle consisting of twelve thousand years

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74 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA goes on The reckoning of time is again taken up and claborated in the Shanti Par va at chapter 231 Verses 19 onwards. It compares with the reckoning of time given in the Manusinsti at chapter I Verses 69 onwards Neither the Mahabharata nor the Manusiiti contains any suggestion to warrant that the texts mean the celestial years and not the human years But the commentators invariably impose the celestial years each of which, according to them, consists of 360 human years This sort of reckoning of the four ages is a recurrent theme in the Puranas, Linga, Kurma, Vayu, Brahmanda, Matsya, Visnu and Bhagavata-all these Puranas contain the yuga-reckoning which falls in with that of the Mahabharata cited above, except that Visnu, Matsya and Bhagavat explicitly mention the celestial years It seems that the imposition of the celestial years is a postMahabharata manipulation Dr. Fleet assums that the astronomers of the 4th century India found a coincidence of planets some 3500 years thence which they took as the beginning point of the Kali era Now the 1000 years duration for Kali not reconciling with the astronomical reckonings the celestial years were imposed to make it sufficiently accomodating Since one human year contained 360 days, one celestical year come to 360 human years At this rate the whole periods of Krta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali came to 1728000, 129600, 864000 and 432000 years respectively 12 At this stage these words are so metamorphosed that they caunot be easily traced back to the primary denotations in the game of dice, nay, it is difficult to believe that they had ever anything to do with the game of dice But a close examination would reveal that the genu of the primary meanings are not extinct for the ratio of the total periods of duration of the ages is 4 3 2 1 which reminds one of the primary denotations of the terms Krta, Treta, Dvapar and Kali In the game of dice these words were associated with the numbers 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively Moreover they also denoted the best, second best,

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Semantic Changes in Kita, Treta, Dvapai and Kali 75 third best and the worst in the game If a player obtained Krta he won all the five points at stake If he obtained Tieta or Dvapara only 3 or 2 points respectively were won over all the participants Kali was not only a barren score but also entailed loss of one's own stake Now in the Kita age there is unsullied good which goes on diminishing till the worst is reached in kali Thus it may be assumed that through a process of figurative denotations the words Kita etc, which primarily denoted die fferent throws at the game of dice, also implied the best, second best, third best and the worst of the ages In course of time, the ancient practice of playing with dice dwindling and ultimately disappearing the primary denotations became obsolete and the secondary ones survived and gained popularity This conclusion is corroborated by the fact that the consecutive order of the ages Klta etc, which was later strictly established, seems to be in a state of fluse in their earlier occurrences According to the reckoning of time in terms of Ksta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali the Mahabharata war was fought in the twilight period of Dvapara and Kali 13 So Dhrtrashtra Pandu and Vidura were born towards the end of Drapaia But in the Adiparva of the Malabharata chapter 109, werses 5 onwards, it has been said that when these children - Dhstarastra etc - were born, Keta prevailed, not only in the vicinity but also among the nations 14 This shows that in denominating the period as Krta what is taken into account here is the nature of the period rather than its consecutive order in the Udyogaparva chapter 132 verse 16, it is said that the king (by virtue of his deeds) causes Kria etc among his people.15 The same idea is found in the Manusmrti at IX 301 10 In the Mahabharata this theme is taken up again and celebrated in the Shantiparva, chapter 69 The account begins with the statement that it is the king who brings about the periods designated as Ktta ctc When he administers justice in its entirety he causes the krta age But when he administers only three out of the four parts of justice, lic brings in Preta and wlien he employs only two parts he causes Drapara and Kali comcs in when the king is altogether bercft of justice Here the terms Kria etc have been used to denote periods of time But these do not seem to be fixed and consecutive ones So the secondary denotations of the words still remain in a state of flux The pri

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76 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA mary ones somehow linger in the fact that all the four parts of justice are employed by the king to causes the Kita age, three to cause the Treta and two to cause the Dyapara To Kali not even the one part of justice, wbich would have been its due on the basis of analogy, is vouchsafed This theme is repeated at many places in the Shanti Parva 17 The Dharmayisa, as described in the Mahabharata at several places in course of delineating the nature of the ages (Yugadhai ma), stands on all four legs in Kyta age He loses one leg as he proceeds to subsequent ages, having three in Tretu two in Dvapara and only one in Kali 18 This bull allegory is found in the Manusmati also Besides, the Manusmiti further adds that in the Kita age human life span was 400 years It diminished by one fourth in subsequent ages and thus came to 300 years in Treta 200 years in Dvapara and 100 years in Kali All these facts evince the primary association of these words with the numbers 4. 3. 2 and 1 as in the game of dice and also suggest the process of semantic transition from the context of the game of dice to that of the reckoning of time In the Nala episode the two meanings of the word Kali, the one related with the game of dice and the other with the age of this name, move side by side The personified Kali brings defeat to Nala in the game of dice So he can be taken as the Kali of the game Nevertheless he has all the evil intentions of the Kali age Kali and Dvapara, going to participate in Damayanti's Svayamvara were informed by the deities of the quarters that Nala had already won her hand Infuriated at this they conspired to ruin Nala Kali entreated Drapara to assist him by entering into the dice and he himself possessed Nala. Further he encouraged Puskara to play at the game of dice with Nala and assisted him in completely routing the latter Later when Nala learnt the mystery of the dice from Rtuparna he could get rid of Kali The episode is concluded with the remark that the tab of Nala annihilated all the evils of the Kali (age) In the encounter of king Pariksita with Kali as described in the Bhagavata the two meanings of Kali are combined The king saw Kali in the form of a Sudra's kingship tormenting a cow

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Semantic Changes, in Kita, Treta, Dvapai and Kali 77 bull. Here the Sudra's kingship indicates that the order of the castes had suffered reversion The cow and the bull being tormented are the symbol of righteousness So what is suggested here is the disorder of Kali age The king washing to restore order aimed an arrow at Kali and subjugated him But Kali entreating for a shelter, he bade him live in gambling drinking, women, murder and gold The places of shelter indicate that here two meanings of kali viz the losing throw in the game of dice and strife are at the focus Kali lives in gambling in the form of the losing throw and also in the form of strife strife has always been an usual feature of the game of dice Since drunken people, women, murderers and those covetous of gold are all prove to lighting, Kali lives in them in the form of strife Strife a denotation of Kali may be a figurative one and derived from its primary meaning in the game of dice-association of strife with this game is very natural, the more so with the throw Kali which is the worst in the game Besides the main semantic transition from the context of the game of dice to that of the reckoning of time, the words Kita etc have had some derivatives associated with their primary meanings Thus the word kitava clever, shrewd, may be a Prakritization of KrtavidPage #570
78 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA holder of all four is the holder of Krta throw, everybody should fear him for he will Vanquish them all In this context the use may be a figurative one as many commentators have opined But it is plain that the holder of the four is the holder of the Kita throw, so it is not far-fetched to assume that the word 'Catui a' is a syncopation of 'Catui run'=holder of the four viz Kita Generally the lexicons connect this word with the V cat or vcad in the sense of asking or begging. But one fails to establish any direct semantic link between the root and the derivative The form Kata as noted above is a Prakritization of Krta obtained through the cerebralization of the dental proceded by r Later this form seems to have been absorbed in Sanskrit for Darduraka of the Micchakatika, a Sanskrit speaker says, 'Katena Vinipatito yanu'. In the same way it can also be concluded from the speech of the same person that 'Pavara' a derivative from Dyapara (Dvapai a tassimilation >*Vaparat-metathesis > pavara) has also been absorbed in Sanskrit, for the same speaker says, 'pavara patanacca Sositasarirah' The game of dice in course of time, beoming more popular among the Prakrit speaking people, the Prakrit names of the terms associated with the game ousted their Sanskrit counterparts It should be investigated if the phrase 'pau baj alia' is not a popular etymology of the above mentioned 'Pavara'-doubtless it is connected with the game of dice, they say, 'pade pasa pau varaha' etc Now one may ask : 'Was the game of dice so extensive and popular that the terms primarily connected with it yielded such rich harvest of semantic expansions? If one looks into the Vedic literature and the ancient Sanskrit literature in general and the Mahabharat in particular one cannot but conclude that the game of dice was fairly wide-spread in ancient India The Apabiranisa literature testifies that the tradition continued in the medieval period too Anyway, for undergoing a semantic expansion it is not necessary that the term should be wide-spread On the

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Semantic Changes in Krta, Tieta, Drapar and Kali 79 contrary its being wide-period may hinder the process of semantic change The word 'kusala' initially meant 'one who was an expert in uprooting the Kusa grass'. The present popularity is hardly commensurate with its limited scope at the initial stage Another example is 'Pravina' and there may be numerous others. Notes 1 Dr J F Fleet THE KALIYUGA ERA OF BC 3102 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1911 (pp 479-496 and 675-698) 2 H. Luders THE GAME OF DICE IN ANCIENT INDIA ("'Das Wurfelspiel in alter Indian" an article collected in "Philologica Indica" Gottingen 1940 pp 106-175) 3. Rgveda 1 112 24 10 429 10 43 5 Athai vaveda 7 50. 8 4 Acaramga 111 Bhagavati 34 1 25 3 5 A qilat hahan HH1 <1v1 yoort you til arfa vgrati <1041 ffan faran queri come you eit 4414 veel in Hare via JHUT numa cool Hold naan Hotel ville veut reaftung #40447 447 449 11 Vidhura Pandita Jataka (91-92) Here one fact may be noted that the game of dice referred to in the gathas is the one played with the Vibhitaka nuts But the prosc explanation imposes the type played with the four

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60 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa ra za ii paramparA faced earthen or metallic dice, which fact evinces that by the time of the prose explanation the earlier type had grown abso lute so the commentator imposed upon it the later type. 6. Sadvimsa Brahmana . V. 6 6 ti zayAno mavati nihAnatu dvApara ! tiSThattetA mavati zata sAte van | 8 kSati prasunto mata ja nAn dvApara yu ! menyudyatattetA vivastu chata yuga // 9 udyoga, 142 (-15) thavA drazcaMta sadgAme tAva swlA cim | hendramAstra vinuname vAnimAte dA bhAThIvarya 5 niva vikhUnatamivALAne ! 7 tavA vitA tA ra ta dApara ra ra aa DratyAdi.. 10 7 tati ! te hiM sarve tajItyA haveti ja viva pinnavalate tAyA tu dharma prAdhAnAmAvAnupAna kApekSatte dAresu barthaDAmo prAdhAnyana dharma 2 tavana ! ta ta na maviteti mokSAt braza karata che teti | gharmAt braza phakta TuryodhanAvinAmatyevA dvApara rmAvati tevAmarthanAmAvapi vigato yuddhana marAhyAvazvakhyAvAhityarca | 11. pAnAno rAnapuvA dudhanavAnuM ! bAdha zatsaMga nighana kAryAnti atimuttamAm | 12. All those Puranas which do not specifically mention the celestical years need not be taken to be interior to the so called astronomical period These may not be aware of the new reckonings of time cooked up by the astrono mers On the contrary those which impose the celestical years can be safely placed in the post-astronomical period. The Visnu Purana contains clear evidence of its awareness of the approach of the astronomers It talks of a co-relation between the coincidnce of planets and the extent of the ages (4-24-102)

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Semantic Changes in Krta, "Treta, Dvapar and Kali: 81 13 antare va saprApta kalidvAparayorabhUt / samanta5pake yuddha kurupANDavasenayo / / mahAbhArata 1-2-13 14 teSu ni kumAreSu jAteSu phurujAGgalam / problapi rAThThANA kRta yugamavartata 1 mahAbhArata 1-109-5 15 kAlo vA kAraNa zo rAjA vA kAlakAraNam / iti te sAyo mA bhUd rAjA kAlasya kAraNam // 16 kRta tretAyuga cava dvApara kalirava c| rAzo vRttAni sarvANi rAjA hi yugamucyate // 17 kAlo vA kAraNa rAso rAjA vA kAlakAraNam / iti te sazayo mA bhUd rAjA kAlasya kAraNam / / daNDanItyA yadA rAjA sambakkAsyana vartate / tadA kRtayuga nAma kAlasRSTa pravartate // daNDanItyA yadA rAjA tInazAnanuvartate / tumahAmRtyutha tavI vetA pravartate mA~ tyavatuvA vavA rAnI nItyardhamanuvataMte . tatastu dvApara nAma sa kAla sapravartate // daNDanIti parityajya yadA kAsnyana bhUmipa / prajA klinAtyayogena pravartata tadA kali // __ xxx kRta netA dvApara ca kalizca bharatarSabha / rAjavRttAni sarvANi rAjava yugamucyate // mahAbhArata 12-61-6 xxx kRta netA dvApara ca kalizca bharatarSabha ! rAjamUlA iti matibhama nAstya sazaya // mahAbhArata 12-141-10

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82 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA 18 te vatuSmAt sano nircAnopAdhinata | vRSa pratiSThito gharmo maLe maratapuMja ! adharmapAvaDhatu brimiro pratiSThita ! tAyA dApareDane vyAmitro ghamaM sabhyate | timiraraghamaMDu nAnAmya utaSThati | tAmasa yugamAmAdya tavA bharatattama vatuzena mistu manuSyAnuvatiSThati ! maThThA bhArata vanaparva adhyAya 190-(12) X vasubAtmano dharma satya vaMva te yu ! nAghabArAma kivanmanuSyAta vataMte | phitavALamAddharma pAvAvaropita che. parivAnRtamAyAdhizvAEti pAvA | mA sarvasiddhAvaturvavaMzAtAyuga ! te vadhu vAyuddhata pAvA manusmRti 1 (1-2)

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IMPORTANCE OF JAIN LITERATURE FOR THE STUDY OF DESYA PRAKRIT Dr H C BHAYANI [1] The term desi (alternatively, desya, desaja etc ) has been used in several distinct but interconnected meanings Ancient Indian works on poetics defined Sanskrit and Prakrit as languages of literature The latter comprised a cluster of literary idioms (Sanskrit-dependent, considerably 'artificial and highly stylized) like Mabarastri, Apabhramsa, Paisaci, Sauraseni, Magdhi etc Sanskrit and Prakrit had to be learnt through formal instruction, and manuals of grammar and dictionaries were periodically composed by way of text books Prakrit grammars provided a set of rules for Sanskrit poets for turping Sanskrit into Prakrit of different varieties On the basis of phonological difference and derivability from Sanskrit, Prakrit words were traditionally into three categories Tatsama, Tadbhava and Desya Those words which had the same sounds and meaning as their corresponding words in Sanskrit were Tatsamas, those which had modified sounds but the same meaning as their Sanskrit correspondents were Tadbhavas, those which were not derivable from Sanskrit ie not accountable either as tatsamas or as Tadbhavas and hence considered to be substitutes for Sanskrit words of correspondingly same meanings were Desya words The Desya class of words, traditionally used in literary works, were listed with meanings in special lexicons, like Hemacandras Rayanarali (also popularly known as Desinamamala), which itselt refers to numerous earlier similar compilations The

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58 H al-Highed out thout 3272 019 41 42+421 term desya or desi was usually and most frequently employed in this sense It designated that stock of Prakrit words which was found in the works of standard Prakrit authors, but which, unlike the rest of Prakrit words, was not derivable (according to the then accepted grammatical canons) from Sanskrit Manuals of Prakrit grammars had started to be composed from about the second century AD as shown by Vararuci's Prakrta prakasa. Desya lexicography too seems to have its begipnings there-about Among the earlier authorities on Desya words cited by Hemacandra we find the name of Salahana, the famous royal poet and campiler of an anthology Prakrit lyrics, the Saptasataka, who is generally assigned to the period of the second century AD From Hemacandra we also know that a dozen or more Desya lexicographers preceded him, but their works are lost to us we are completely in dark about them, excepting a few citations and allusions in later works The importance of the Jain writings for studying Desya words is twofold Some Jain writers have made direct contribution to Desya lexicography But the indirect contribution of the Jain literature in this regard is even much greater In sanskrit and Prakrit there is vast amount of literature, religious, exegetical and narrative, composed by the Jainas It camprises canonical texts and their commentaries (Curnis, Bbasyas, etc), religious monographs (prakaranas) and the enormous amount of narrative works legendary biographies, tales, parables, anecdotes etc The language of these works is marked by causal or liberal use of Desya words Hence they are an invaluable source for studying the character, function and history of the Desis But so far very little work has been done in this regard. Hence, in the present short sketeh, no precise or reliable account the materials available from those sources can be given We offer just a few observations and rather haphazard illustrations with a view to impress on the readers the importance of studying the Jain writings from this view-point. [2] We came across a considerable number of Desya words in

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Importance of Jam literature for Desya Prakut 85 thic language of the Jain canonical texts The following few words casually gleaned from only two or three texts may serve to illustrate? enjiya bai mana Isatya DAha chapaya dehiyA komaciya to resort to bear archery censure thiefs accomplice termite headlong harsh, fat curtain with mained hands kakkhaDa Deya 33 re gum pit va 28 vahinA visa maDI guTho montA golhA lo smear squrrel to censure spittle log of wood cart bad horse olibanum the Bimba plant mendicants home angry multitude, pomp slap whip mud curtain wet and sticky skin, bark ghasAnA natithi caDagara vaDavenA vakhe vivavattA vinimitI (bI) voya

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56 . saMkRti-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA chattI chaLa fchA chukkaraNa chivADiyA churadhara bark cow-dung touched shooing soit of book razor-case to release to burn to cause to shed search to rattle slice child, small branch lAm loDa losA TiTTiyAt Dagala Dahara DAla crane tapaNa tuva8 citta davahvasta pahakara pApAni pAmi zva pArA piripiriyA pirinI punapula pehuba poDa vo groats to turn on sides occassion Patch quickly multitude slap borrow Pickase kind of musical instrument ss son continuous Peacock's feather frint swollun and depressed flesh pomana belly poDa ponna to cross over hollow

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Importance of Jain literature for Desya Prakrit 89 potI loin cloth, piece of cloth suriye lung bappa father dos matmaker vinonI deceptive change of voice bodi body shaven-headed voDa maDI cart fmati magusa moDayA mADhi misimis merA rUa lacA laDaha ne chAriya vadhAvI vadhAriya vallara vahilaga saejjhiga sayarAha to ammount mongoose large ant armour to flare up boundary cotton rice flour bribe beautiful smeared hooting hanging down field beast of burden neighbour quickly deformed Similarly a much bigger list can be easily prepared from the huge commeterial literature Not only words but new formative suffixes and postpositions are found which after-wards gained wider currency in New Indo-Aryan Several past passive participles extended with -ella-(like gaellaya-, jaellaya-., laddhellaya-. siddhellaya, kahiellaya are found in Haribhadra's commentaries tanaina used with genetive to signify 'due to, an account of mula meaning 'near' and ccaya as a possessive suffix are also attested from the same source,

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s6 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa ra la va paraspara The proportion of Desya words in the Katha-literature is still greater We may note some Desya words from the Vasudevahimdi and the Kuvalayamala From the Vasudevahimdi avArI Ala kammara kullariya voTTI biyAro shop useless infaluation Jungle sweetmeat seller servant girl cow elephant to throw vagaband nailcutter lonely lullaby bundle headman chief maternal uncle's daughter FDiyA naharaNa parivA thavAya vaMdaniyA yahulya mehuNayA Past passive participles in-ella kAbiltiya, kadAniyatni, viSNattaya, paDilyantiya, inziyA From the Kuvalayamala banIDha mAThiyatitha Ayallaya AlappAla untouched agent yearning meaningless, Prattle niche to touch to strike, to beat Alaya bAlu kADho

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Importance of jam literature for Desya Prakrit 89 ukkaThulleya ukkuruDa ukkhuDa uttAvala uppitya sappInA upaphAgala urupulla moDuM moranti mopa olagna bonehaDa longing garbage heap to pluck hurrying frightened multitude to tell cake earth digger roar scraping to serve fond of to decrease Asoka tree lotus multitude, Stock gambling board dough dumb bow ohaTTa kakallI vo kaDappa Dira kaNikA kalla kolavaTTha kiTTa dirt kubhIraya kuDaga kuDincha kuhaya kuhADa joTI jotutha jonsiya aquatic creature bower hole, opening magic trick axe sort of veapon jackal Present oil cake contracted to fall short shield khala khallaiya khuTTa veDayA

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saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA gahAbha poha mosA gosamma cappa cakka caTTa caDaphaDa sport harsh noise cluster of blossoms morning morning to seize adorned pupil to be restless to destroy sticky dirt cricket round window camar3ha nitIzaya cIri cupAlaya copAlaya chappaNNaya fchavuM chUDha chachaIyA japANa jImalla loniyA Thakura Dibha, DibharUya kovinaya DhaDhA taviya taDDaviya taravAri tallincha niii6 duvaDayA vitnivitiya duppariyalla konsa man of taste and culture to touch thrown unchaste woman palanquin watchman bag village chief child domb drum spread sword eager Pollen sulky child unfathomable offense, treachery

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Importance of Jam literature for Desva Piakrit 91 nikamaNa nidhola nisuva nivUDa neDAli 5ccala 5.phiuiya paDiyA village sewage to scowl to hide to result head ornament able bounced back to serve expert youthful tiger bundle pattaTTa puarDa putra poTTAya OX vailla vanAmoDiyA volla maju bhelliya mauda magula maDaha muTa forced to speak vixen attacked musical instrument bad, ugly small having bodily defect chaff fire to found dumb supporting beam to leave, to place to crawl guard beautiful mummura bhUyala meDhI malla raga rakkhavAla rammAula richoli row to hum to appear beautiful

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62 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA lalla lallAya va vakiya speaking indistinctly child eaten vaccaM vajjara vaTTa vaNe valatthA vazvIya vAramA vAphiyAnI viraya visaTTa vihaDaphaDa vaNNa vegasara vellahala vokkila vodraha ordure to say to be sure possibly to mount horse's stable musical instrument quickly riding ground rivulet bloomed agitated dejected mule tender boasting youth kind of horse astrologer small stick, chip child exhausted kind of horse bed room din agitation to stir agitated haste vottA savara kSitija fsativa suDhiyA se rAha sovaNaya halavola halahala hallU hallaphala hirimatha gram

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64 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Next we pass on to the most extensive and outstanding extent work of Desya lexicography, viz , Hemacandra's Rayanavari or Desinamamala Hemacandra aimed at preparing an up-to-date authentic lexicon of Desya words for Prakrit writers and readers on the basis of various previous works It was a very difficult and taxing task in view of the fact that something like utter confusion prevailed at that time in the field of Desya lexicography owing to disagreement among authorities, immature writers, ignorent scribes and poor condition of preservation of old texts It highly rebounds to Hemacandra's credit that, owing to his scientific attitude and practical approach, he succecded in introducing considerable measure of order where disorder reigned As a consequence the Desinamamala bad such a suceess that it eclipsed almost all the earlier Desi lexicons, which in course of time went out of use and eventually disappeared altogether The success achieved by Hemacandra 10 this regard owes much to his adoption of some definite principles and methods in compiling his work He set up five criteria for defining the character and scope of the Desya words (1) Those words which were confined to the ordinary speech of the peoples in various regions like Maharastra, etc (1 e words of regional dialects) were to be ignored. (11) Those prakrit words only which were handed down through the tradition reaching back to a boary past were to be noted (11) Of these words only those were Desya which were not analysable as complexes of root and suffix, and which could not be derived from Sanskrit through the grammatical processes of Loss, Intrusion, Modification etc (iv) Certain Prakrit words inspite of being analysable and derivable from Sanskrit, were to considered Desya, if, in their Sanskrit form they were not found recorded in standard Sanskrit lexicons

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Importance of Jain literature for Desya Prakrit 95 (v) If the meaning of a Prakrit word could be explained through metaphorical transfer as compared with the meaning of the corresponding Sanskrit form of that word, that word was not be considered Desya Hemacandra introduced certain methodological innovations in the arrangement and presentation of his lexical material This made for greater orderliness and clarity and enhanced the reference value of his work He adopted an alphabetical order for the items selected, and under each latter-head he arranged the words according to the number of syllables Items with multiple meanings were separately grouped He composed verses to illustrate the use of the recorded items these also provided the necessary context to remove ambiguities where the glossing word (in Prakrit or Sanskrit) had several meanings Against the former practice, he excluded the verbal substituted (dhatvadesas) from the lexion and assigned them to the Prakrit grammar, because of their special characteristic of combinability with derivative affixes of Sanskrit origin But for the sake of convenience and to avert any sudden break with the tradition, he noted them in his commentary on the Desi namamala This commentary also served the purpose of a clearing house Hemacandra critically evaluated earlier work in Desya lexicography, distinguishing between inaccurate and authentic ones on the other In his work he incorporated the materials from the latter sources In numerous cases of doubt or disagreement, he selected and rejected after properly weighing the available evidence, noted the alternatives where he found them equally authoritative and left the choise open where no decisive evidence was available. We can well imagine the enormous effort involved in this sort of task, and appreciate the high scholarly spirit which saved the Desya lexicography from utter confusion and threatened oblision Hemacandra's Desinamamala gives the meanings of about four thousand words. If we count a word with multiple meanings as so many separate words, then the number may go up by a thousand on the other hand the total would go down by a

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66 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA few hundreds if we leave out those items which are mere orthographic or phonological variants of some other items, or are such as can be shown to be the result of some confusion or errori Even a superficial examination of the Desis recorded by Hemacandra makes obvious some of its striking characteristics. A majority of these words are such that they are not known so far from any other source The Paiasaddamahannavo (and other modern Prakrit dictionaries) do not cite for them any other authority It is however a fact that a considerable amount of Prakrit and Apabhramsa literature has remained as yet unpublished Our experience so far shows that newly published Prakrit works are found to contain Desya words which had remained so far unattested from the published literature A considerable number of words of the Desinanamala are such that though technically considered Desya by Hemacandra's criteria, are quite good Tadbhavas and Hemchandra himself is fully aware of this alternative opinion The following are a few instances out of hundreds navavadhU rahasyabhedI aisArA arajuvaI amulphaharo agakkhagho mAyo mitro akusa isa banAvo banno jijJo acirayuvati a-guhyadhara agraskanva agravega Agnika. akuzita barAnaparNa raLamuvam nadIpUra indragopakoTa. akuzAkAram amlikAvRkSa gina caJcala atyadhi aghadhU aneka+dhya astAcam anyAndhu Atma+dhya arhati badhanno arih| avago agAdham kUpa Atmavaza nUnam kaTAkSa apAGga

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Importance of Jain literature for Desya Prakrit 97 amiNNapuDo avarajjo aviNayavaro ahihara uraM AlayaNa AlAso mAlIvaNa idaggI idamahakAmuo uNhodayabhaDo UA ekkadhArillo ekkasAhillo orato bonu osIsa kamaNI abhinnapuTa apara+ chu / avinayavara ahigRham Aturam Akulam Alayanam AlAsya bAvIpanam indrAgni indramahAkAmuka uSNodakabhANDa yUkA eka + gRha+'illa' eka+zAkhya+'illa' avahapta avarUNa bapazIrSa ritapuTa yatitaM vinam jAra palabhIka sagrAma araNyam vAsagRham vRzcika pradIptam tuhinam zvA bhramara yUkA devara samagI kuTTaka TTIyo ekasthAnavAsI viSya ni sthAmA apavRttam ni zreNi carmakAra vRttiviram supA kulakalaGka grIvA prAbhRtam nakSatram judI ram kyanepanI kulapAsana koDa kuDIra jovaNI kulaphasaNo kolo voniya vAbo khuDDa kheAlU pattiI DIva kozalikama vadyota kSudram laghu khedAlu ni saha akSamAlA dhanu gaya gANDIvam gatam gagana rati gatasvAda+ula' maLI gayaNaraI gayasAulo gAmeNI medha ni sneha chAgI

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E gosaNNo dhAvAhI gharaghaMTo dharacavo cauravidho saMskRte-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA oNsanna dhanAhI navurakSI vidhAna chaDavaro chappaLo chAno chipponmavA chudahIro churamaThThI ho ttasovAya na Mdrabo navenTimAro jahaNaroho nahAnAbo nAnaDiyA nemAya noALo bhio vikhI khanavattakhamI pA hemuho battI mAhivAma LAiivajyeno khisakha AirbeDI khimmaTM NivvittA gRhaghaNTa gRhacandra jaMtuvijJa svasUlI nijJa yAna' SaDakSara padmana chAyA | phattuM' finnodmavA kSadrahIra kSuramavI kSurahasta kSettavapanam yajIndraH yad + prekS + i | ma +mArce phara' nadhanarod yathAnAtaH nAlayaTitA nemanam jyotirillRA. vAlmi ndrinI nakSatranemi nakhomuva namovaLI nAbhivAma nAbhivindreva nivasanam nizrRti ni zmazru nivRtta mUrhu indra caTaka Avaze sAtavAhana vA mukhyat skanda vidagdha pravIpa dUrvA zizu zazI nApita. nApita kSetre jAgaraNam svacchand taveva muAyate yo yad dRSTa na vandrazAlA dakSiNahasta ndrayopa dyUtakAra gau viSNu dhUka vidyut haNonamAdhyavAma nayanam vastram 6+ taruNa suptolpita

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Importance of Jam literature for Desya Prakrit 99 mitra bIsImitro tavamI tavasumo tiva tovaTTI tULIm nirvAsita rUdramo kuravaka satyaryam fthaLo. dRpta nirmA sUkara rilIsA nadhoLa theLittima therAsaNa dahiupha vidhutto vihunA visAmo vizvAsa tuvevasvaro nimratam ni simita tAbrakRmi tAmrakusuma tInam trapupaTTo styAna sthira zIrSa zUnadhoLA stana +nti" virAsanam vadhapuSpam nidhUta vivAdamuvatam dvijAdhama vizvAsa kacara kuma hRtam paum navanItam kAka pUrvAmAnanam bhAsapakSI nAmuNDA SaDa uddano tevara kuvA maTa ttimaram dumuddo kurAnono ghavAsaNo ghArAvAyo dhArAvAso dhuagAo bhramara TurAno dhavalazakuna dhArAvAza ghArA. yuvAya dhUmAGga dhUmadAram dhUmaEvana dhUmadhvanahiSya dhUma mahilI dhUmazikhA bhramara dhUmo gavAkSa dhUmari ghUmaddabo dhUmadha mahilIbo dhUma mahilI dhUmasihA pAho pakkasAvao po pannagunI tatA tti nITTAra nIhAra makara zarabha samartha pakvamAha pakvazvApada pakva paSnAkRti

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100 maskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koNa kI paramparA rudra mayUra rahasyabhedI zira hasa kukkuTa kokilA guda paDarago payalAyabhatto pattanIho pavaraga pADanasa Dakho pAyakhahaLo. piamAhavI piTTata piMgago puDai vapphAula vahumuho vabhahara bahurAvA bhayavagAmo bhAujjA misinA bhukkhA bhUaNNo bhUmipisAo mADamoLI mau magalasajjha magna majjhimagaDa maDavoksA makaTa piDItam mayULa durbana kamalam zivA moDhera kam pANDurAga pracalAka-bhakta paryastajita pravarAGgam pATalazakuna pAdaprahaNa priyamAdhavI pRSThAnta piGgAGga puTAkatam vASpAkulam bahumukha brahmagRham vahurAvA bhayavagAmo jhAturnAyA vRsikA vubhukSA bhU+yajJa bhUmipizAca. matimohinI mRdukam maGgalasAdhyam maryAdA madhyamakANDam bhRta+vAhyA mRta maNinAgagRham maNiracitA mAnavatA manavAsa mahAGga mamRkham mahAnaTa khe vase yajJa tAla vInam vanavAparoSa kSetram udaram zivikA maDo maNiNAyahara maNirA madhAo maNivAso mahago masiNa mahAnaDo samudra kaTisUtram pADhya kandapa uSTra ramyam rudra

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mahAvijJa mahAlavavo mahAvallI mahAsauNo mahAsahA mahumuddo mAuA mArilaggA mAha muharomarAI muhala mUalo merA mehacchI ra rahevuM rachAmao rataccho rataya rayaNiddhaya rasALo rasAla ricchI bhallo riTTho ravartano romalayAsaya nAsavidyo vairoaNo vako vagacchA vaccha vaNasavAryuM vartyako vAyaNa vAyADo Importance of Jam literature for Desya Prakrit 101 mahAvilam vyoma mahAlaya pakSa bhAdrapade zraddhapakSa mahAvI nalinI mahAzakuna mahAzabdA madhumula mAtRkA mArIlagnA mAgham mukharomarAji mukha + 'la' mUka + 'la' maryAvA meghakSIram ratilakSyam rathyAmRga raktAkSa raktaka rajanIdhvaja rasAda rasAla takSa+bhadra ariSTa revata romalatAzayam lAsakavihaga vairocana paGka vakAkSA pakSa vanazvapAkI vastrakuTa upAyanam vAcATa u zivA pizuna durgA kutsitA kundakusumam bhrU mukham mUka jalam jaghanam zvA hasa bandhUkam kumudam bhramara mArjitA RkSa kAka mAtara udaram mayUra buddha kalaGkam pramathA pArzvam kalahakaNDI vastrAzraya bhojyopAyanam zuka

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102 saMskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA kunda zvA mantrI rAhu vAlavAso vAsadI vAsavAno vAhagaNao vinuttatrio vimamaya visArao vihuDuo vebAno. veNuNAso sarapasaho sAlAso sa3 silipo sattAvImajoaNo sahAla samuNavaNI migiNI misira miDapho mihariNI mitarillA mihiNa mihI nIrohonimA mItagatI mujaTTo vAlapAza ziraAbharaNam pAsantI vAsapAla vivAhagaNaka viluptahRdaya ya kAle kArya kartuM na jAnAti vipamayam bhallAtakam vivAra dhRSTa vidhuntuda venAnA andhakAra veLunAza bhramara kheravRSabha dharmArthamanovRSabha sadAlakSaka sanIzizu skanda saptavAtidyotanA indu zabda + 'Ala' nUpuram samudranavanItam amRtam, candra zRGgiNI ziziram dadhi zikhaNDa | 'illa' vAla , mayUra zivaraNI mAnatA zikhara DallA' mAnatA zikhin stana ziva kukkuTa ziraupahAsikA lajjA siMhanasI karamandikA surajyeSTha varuNa sukhasvAvA mUryadhvaja vina poDaNAvartaka za haricandanam pupu.mam harita kalyam muhANI mayUrI naio golhAvato harina zuka hijo tya

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Importance of Jain literature for Desya Prakrit 103 Allied to the above, and more or less distinguishable from it is another growth of words, whose Sanskritic origin is not so obvious, but which can be made out with some effort Note for example the following words agarach words tatama kastutimAM aa mAvo aigaya pharo akAkSa Vedic 3f44147 atirAnA Vedic affaritat RSyaka ni+bukka ] ana tRpti hita vistAritam ni sneha praviTam Ayukta mAnItam mRvizeSA pheMsalo nihALo vAyasa = So also vALo= 3qvavA-prApitam, vuvAsA =mI vonnio 3467 toege contain 444 'to boast 'to babble' grISmamuvam hastI havahune dudhu vehaLI lAsino ohaso ohariso pa. jhatya nomaya vandanaparva zinA nadam pAdapatanam nakha samArnanI =vamimuvam . / = pim from rae 'smear' =mAnasikotramAsika bevadharSa dhvastam =AvaDA parvaja = vaidumAra = vahuArI from may sel from 1776 from | jaivI maf+ vana-6+phara a from 5 to roar ronika Vedic ay mameM vire valayAgI pADavAnI pavaSpo valaddArI masubA avaLo. mamIsinA maggaNiro vo. romaNiyA vajha vamIsa ko valayagI zivA vA abhaya pradAnam anugamanazIla manyAna DAvinI tavaSyam kAma vRtimatI

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104 saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA siMdhuo (from The +59) sitA (from tga) fmam Past passive participles like au (014), qe (eran), fee (27) etc are to be explained as analogical formations A very large number of words from those recorded by Hemacandra have been inherited by the New Indo-Aryan languages. They are very valuable for thc History of non-Aryan element of the NIA vocabulary and convessely, some uncertainties about the proper form and meaning of the Desya words can be cleared with the help of the corresponding NIA words fear and not Tuol is the correct form (DN 8 29.7461 = Hifolia) as shown by Gujarati Htet etc, 45EUR is the correct form and not 455 (DN 6, 66 4551 =la ) in view of Gujarati qart 465011 (6, 8=7241919 ) Should be TE 311 as shown by Gujarati 4ic Besides this lexical importance, the Desya materials of the Desinamamala Prove to be a valuable source for data on Middle Indo Aryan word-formation in view of several suffixes like deg7, 044 'S, deg527, deg37154, deg$07, o$x, Sony, Oct etc From quite a different angle the Desinamamala proves further its great importance for us Numerous items are useful for sheding light on the cultural condition prevalent in the later part of the first millenium Names of several popular festivals, customs and games are recorded by Hemacandra We may draw attention to the explanations of words like 37$crunt, fuul 51, 34154441,31144951, 5 so116441, Atl, Tetunt, pogoda HU1, 419941, care 4145431), HEIS19401, 4ovej, alessil, 45GHET, IR+Eo? etc We have here very rich materials for studying religious, sociological and economic aspects of the society of those times Trivikrama's Prakrit grammar almost wholly depends upon Hemacandra for its section on the Desya words, and it is quite obvious that Henicandra standing at the dawn of New Indo

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Importance of Jam literature for Desya Prakrit 105 Aryan also symbolized the end of fresh lexicographical activity in Prakrit Before we close this brief account it is necessary to point out a third source of information about the Desya expressions, for which all the credit goes to the Jain writers Since the period of the Curnis Jain writers practised a style of writing in which Prakrit was liberally interspersed with Sanskrit From about the eighth century another style becomes current in which the Sanskrit is characterized by an under current of Prakrit that becomes in course of time more and more pronounced and vigorous The narratives found in the Bhasya, Carita, Dharmakatha, Kavya and Prabandha literature of the Jainas are composed in a peculiar kind of Sanskrit, called Jain Sanskrit, which contains numerous Prakrit (and later on, New Indo-Aryan) words, expressions and idioms in a Sanskritic garb Upamitibhayaprapancakatha of Siddharsi, the canonical commentaries of Abhayadeva and others, Hemcandra's Trisastisalakapurusacarita, Harisena's Bihatkathakosa and the Prabandha's Merutunga, Rajasekhara and others are the typical examples Some of these texts have been already studied from this point of view, but the literature being vast much remains still to be done It is hoped that even this sketching account would not fail to impress upon the readers the great value of Jain writings for the study of the Desya words and hence for the history of middle and New Indo-Aryan This field of study has unfortunately attracted very few scholars So long as this area is not fully explored, we cannot hope to full large gaps in the history of Indo-Aryan,

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106 / saskRta-prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA Notes 1. For two small efforts by way of making a beginning in this direction, see the following two articles of mine 2 cita ihmet 412 412 537 (for sit ame]464 c4fa7-7727), qui a44 AM 6H46 21667 (TEN 1764017 4126-1977) a con il lett 4 HIYOT 5418 I 247-4415 Hit #f471427 Shule YHT || (pret-c105-tel, 5) 3 See the word index to the three volumes of Svayambhu, deva's Paumacariya edited by H C Bhayani, 1953, 1960 4 See R. N Shriyan, A critical study of the Desya and rare words from Puspadanta's Mahapurana, and other Apabhramsa works, 1969 The Paumasiri Caniya of Dhahila (ed by M C Modi and H C Bhayani,) has Desya words The number for the Vilasavaikaha of Sadharana (ed Shah to be shortly published) is about one hundred and fifty. The word index given in other Apabhramsa works take the Karakanda Cariya, the Jambusami Cariya of Vira etc. also Desya words 5 See the word index (prepared by R N Shriyan) to santi suri's Puhaicamdacariya edited by Muni Ramnikvijaya, 1972 In the Index of Desya word given in the third Appendix to Silanka's Caupannamahapusisacariya (ed by A M. Bhojaka, 1961), composed in 869 A D same five hundred items are listed Similarly from the Akhyanakamanikosayrtti of Amradeva (ed by Muni Punyavijaya, 1962), composed in 1134 AD about four hundred Desya words are noted in the third Appendix to that work Actually both those works contain many more Desya words 6 See H C Bhayani, Studies in Hemcandra's Desinamamala, 1966 7. See H C Bhayani, 'Origins of multiple meanings of Desya words', Vidya, 9 1967, pp 30-37

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