Hemchandra Ke Apbhramsa Sutro Ki Prushthabhumi

Author(s): Ramanath Pandey
Publisher: Parammitra Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/023030/1

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DaoN0 paramamitrazAstrikRta hemacandra ke apabhraMzasUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bhASAvaijJAnika apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana saMpAdaka ramAnAtha pANDeya

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aba taka sambhavatayA hindI meM vizuddha rUpa se apabhraMza bhASA aura vyAkaraNa para koI ullekhya pustaka prApta nahIM thii| yahA~ pahalI bAra hindI meM aisA adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| purAnI bhASA ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza ke yogadAna para vicAra karate huye apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana karake usase Adhunika bhASAoM kA vizeSatayA hindI kA vikAsa dikhAyA gayA hai| isa kAraNa hindI bhASA aura vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI apabhraMza kA adhyayana adhika upayogI evaM mahattvapUrNa mAnA jaayegaa| prastuta pustaka kA mukhya uddezya ina upekSita pakSoM kI pUrti hai| apabhraMza-bhASA kA samucita jJAna hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM se hI hotA hai| hemacandra ne apabhraMza ke lie 120 sUtra diye haiN| apabhraMza sUtroM ke alAvA prAkRta prakaraNa ke dvitIya pAda ke dhAtvAdeza bhI vastutaH apabhraMza ke hI sahakArI rUpa meM hai jabaki unhoMne zaurasenI ke lie 260-286, mAgadhI ke liye 287-302, paicAzI ke lie 303-324 aura cUlikA paizAcI ke lie 325328 hI sUtra diye haiN| anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza para itanA vistAra se nahIM likhA hai| yadyapi mArkaNDeya ne avazya apabhraMza para vistAra se likhA hai, kintu vyAkaraNa kA jJAna hemacandra kA hI sabase adhika paripUrNa dIkha par3atA hai| inhoMne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AThaveM adhyAya ke 120 sUtroM meM apabhraMza kA jJAna diyA hai| isameM bhI antima do sUtra sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA para likhA hai| avaziSTa 118 sUtroM ko vyAkaraNa ke vibhinna rUpoM meM vikasita kiyA gayA hai| ISBN 81-85970-19-X

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DaoN0 paramamitrazAstrikRta hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (apabhraMza bhASA kA bhASAvaijJAnika adhyayana) saMpAdaka DA0 ramAnAtha pANDeya risarca esosiyeTa bauddha-vidyA vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya dillI -7 paramamitra prakAzana DI paoNkeTa-214, dilazAda gArDena dillI - 110095, (bhArata) 1999

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prakAzaka : paramamitra prakAzana DI-paoNkeTa, 214 dilazAda gArDena, dillI-110095 zAkhA: 5818/6, nyU candrAvala, javAhara nagara dillI- 110007 Teliphona : 2917538, 2295900 paMDarA, rA~cI (bihAra) Teliphona : 510298 prathama saMskaraNa -1999 (c) lekhakAdhIna mUlya : 500.00 mudraka : triveNI oNphaseTa navIna zAhadarA, dillI-110032 ISBN 81-85970-05-X Laser Typsetting : P.M COMPUTERS 5818/6, New Chandrawal, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-110007, Phone : 2917538,2295900

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samarpaNa pUjyanIyA prAtaHsmaraNIyA tyAgamayImUrti svargIyA zrImatI sonaphUla devI ke pavitra caraNoM meM sazraddha samarpita paramamitra

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saMpAdakIya . bhAratIya AryabhASA ko vikAsa kI dRSTi se prAcIna, madhyakAlIna evaM Adhunika tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| AryabhASA ke ina tInoM rUpoM meM se prAkRta kA sambandha madhyakAlIna AryabhASA se hai| vastutaH bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se eka bhASA kA yuga tabhI taka mAnA jAtA hai jaba taka ki vaha sAmAnya lokabhASA ke rUpa meM athavA jIvita bhASA ke rUpa meM logoM dvArA prayukta hotI hai, usameM sAhityika racanA ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatI hai| jyoM hI sAmAnya lokabhASA ke rUpa meM janatA dvArA kisI bhASA kA prayoga banda ho jAtA hai, tyoM hI usa bhASA kA yuga samApta ho jAtA hai, cAhe usa bhASA meM sAhityika racanA zatAbdiyoM taka hotI rhe| madhyakAlIna AryabhASA ko bhI tIna yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai pAlI yuga (500 I0 pU0 se 1 I0 taka), prAkRta yuga (1 I0 se 500 I0 taka) tathA apabhraMza yuga (500 se 1000 I0 tk)| ina tInoM rUpoM meM se antima rUpa apabhraMza bhASA kA hai jo Adhunika sabhI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA mUla srota mAnA jAtA hai| hindI kA to apabhraMza se bahuta gaharA sambandha hai| vastutaH hindI bhASA kA samyak evaM yathArtha svarUpa samajhanA apabhraMza ke adhyayana ke binA atyanta hI kaThina hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke viSaya meM vizada rUpa se samucita jJAna hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM se hI hotA hai| unhoMne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AThaveM adhyAya ke caturtha pAda ke 329veM sUtra se 448veM sUtra taka apabhraMza bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura prayogoM ke udAharaNArtha apabhraMza dohoM ko uddhRta bhI kiyA hai| kumArapAla carita ke aSTama sarga meM unake dvArA racita zloka bhI apabhraMza bhASA kA vaijJAnika svarUpa prastuta karate haiN| hemacandra (1088-1172 I0) jainoM ke AcArya the tathA siddharAja evaM kumAra pAla jaise rAjAoM ke guru / / ve saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza

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(vi) ke mahAn vidvAn the| unhoMne apane kAla taka prApta vividha srota sAmagrI pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI aura vararUci ke prAkRta prakAza Adi ke AdhAra para apane vizada grantha kI racanA kii| apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM unhoMne prAkRta ke anya bhedoM mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI kI carcA karane ke pazcAt anta meM apabhraMza kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isake . atirikta apabhraMza meM prayukta dezI zabdoM ke paricayArtha dezInAmamAlA kI bhI racanA kI hai jo ki atyanta upAdeya hai| .. apabhraMza ko apazabda bhI kahate haiM-apazabda kA artha hai-jo zabda saMskRta vyAkaraNa se asiddha hai, jina zabdoM ke Upara saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke vidhi vidhAna kA koI prabhAva parilakSita na ho unheM apabhraMza athavA apazabda kahate haiM; jaise-gauH zabda hai / isa zabda ke gAvI, gopI, gopotalikA Adi jitane bhI rUpAntara haiM, ve saba apabhraMza mAne jAte haiN| yahI paramparA anya apabhraMza zabdoM ke sambandha meM bhI jAnanI caahie| pataJjali Adi saMskRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra saMskRta se bhinna sabhI prAkRta bhASAyeM apabhraMza ke antargata hI svIkAra kI gayI haiM kintu prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke matAnusAra apabhraMza-bhASA prAkRta-bhASA kA hI eka avAntara bheda hai| prAkRta candrikA ke anusAra apabhraMza-bhASA ke 27 prakAra mAne gaye haiN| prastuta pustaka meM vidvAn lekhaka DA0 paramamitra zAstrI ne hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kA nirdhAraNa karate huye apabhraMza bhASA kA bhASAvaijJAnika dRSTi se sUkSma evaM samucita vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne apanI isa kRti meM yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki apabhraMza bhASA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA udgama srota hai| yaha lagabhaga 5, 6 sau varSoM taka janatA kI bhASA rahI sambhavatayA 500 I0 se lekara 1000 I0 taka avikala rUpa se yaha janabhASA rhii| yaha kAla bhArata kA saMkrAnti kAla hai| apabhraMza ke vikAsa meM aneka utAra car3hAva Aye, isako sAMskRtika mahattva milaa| yadyapi yaha mukhyatayA nimna vargoM evaM madhyama vargoM kI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama rahI hai| bauddha sampradAya ke siddhoM ne, jainiyoM ne tathA zaivoM ne bhI ise apanI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama banAyA / Ana aura zAna para marane vAle rAjapUtoM ko to yaha lalakAratI hI thI, itanA hI nahIM premAbhivyakti bhI isa bhASA meM pracura mAtrA meM huii| 1000I0 ke pazcAt yaha pariniSThita rUpa meM pariNita hokara pariSkRta evaM

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(vii) grAmya apabhraMza ina rUpoM meM vibhakta ho gayI hai| hemacandra ne ina donoM apabhraMzoM kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu unhoMne jisa apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai vaha pariSkRta apabhraMza hai jisakA samaya 1100 I0 se 1200 I0 taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| hemacandra kI apabhraMza, zaurasenI apabhraMza hai| Adhunika hindI kI taraha yaha apane samaya meM sarvatra mAnya thii| apabhraMza hI eka aisI vibhAjaka rekhA hai jo bhASA kI dRSTi se purAnI evaM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI kar3I jor3atI hai isI se na0 bhA0 A0 ke zabdoM ke vikAsa kA patA calatA hai| vastutaH hindI bhASA ke racanA vidhAna kA to sampUrNa DhA~cA apabhraMza se samAnatA rakhatA huA pratIta hotA hai| yadyapi apabhraMza ke zabdoM kI dhvani prAkRta se bahuta kucha samAnatA rakhatI hai kintu usakA jhukAva Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI ora adhika hai| apabhraMza kA paravartI rUpa avahaTTa aura purAnI hindI ke samAna hai ataH apabhraMza evaM hindI dhvaniyoM meM kAphI samAnatA hai| prakAzita apabhraMza-sAhitya ke pustakoM meM DaoN0 haramana yAkobI ne 1918 I0 meM bhavisayatta kahA tatpazcAt sanatkumAra cariu ko vidvatApUrNa bhUmikA ke sAtha saMpAdita kiyA jisameM apabhraMza kA sAmAnya paricaya prApta hotA hai| tadanantara sva0 DA0 pI0 DI0 guNe dvArA saMpAdita bhavisayatta kahA vicAra garbhita prastAvanA ke sAtha bar3audA se prakAzita huaa| muni jina vijaya jI tathA paM0 nAthUrAma premI ne jaina sAhitya ke bhaNDAroM se apabhraMza sAhitya kA anveSaNa kara vibhinna lekha likhe| inhIM kI preraNA se zrI AdinAtha upAdhyAya, DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina, DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, DA0 harivallabha bhayANI Adi vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza para vibhinna prakAra ke zodhAtmaka kArya kiye jisake pariNAma svarUpa paramappayAsu, yogasAra, NAmakumAra cariu, karakaMDu cariu, pAhur3a dohA, jasahara cariu, mahApurANa, paumacariu, paumasiricariu, sandezarAsaka jaisI aneka pustakoM kA mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ke sAtha sampAdana kiyA gyaa| isI krama meM svargIya DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI kA gaveSaNAtmaka lekha 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA' meM chapA jo bAda meM sandezarAsaka kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM bhI prakAzita huaa| kAlAntara meM prAcya kSetra ke bauddhagAna va dohA evaM kIrtilatA para DA0 haraprasAda zAstrI ne atyanta upayogI kArya kiye, isI sandarbha meM paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana

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(viii) kI sampAdita saraha dohAkoza kI bhUmikA tathA DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA kA kIrtilatA kA hindI anuvAda sahita sampAdana evaM isake dvitIya saMskaraNa meM bhASA vaijJAnika vivecana bhI isa kSetra ke prazaMsanIya kArya kahe jA sakate haiM __prAkRta vyAkaraNoM ke saMpAdita saMskaraNa evaM unakI bhUmikAoM meM DaoN0 pizela kA grAmeTika Dara prAkRta spArkana meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa para vizada vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai jisakA hindI anuvAda prAkRtabhASAoM 'kA vyAkaraNa, rASTrabhASA pariSada, paTanA se prakAzita kiyA gayA jo apabhraMza bhASA para bhI mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlatI hai| DaoN0 pizela ke atirikta griyarsana, ela0 nIti dolaci, DaoN0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, bhaTTanAtha svAmI Adi kA una vyAkaraNoM ke saMpAdita saMskaraNa vistRta bhUmikAoM ke sAtha prakAzita huye haiM, isa saMdarbha meM DA0 cATuA kI uktivyakti prakaraNa kI bhUmikA bhI atyanta upAdeya kahI jA sakatI hai| vividha bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne bhASAoM ke adhyayana ke prasaMga meM apabhraMza para bhI dRSTipAta kiyA hai jinameM mukhya rUpa se DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATuA kA da orijina eNDa DevalapamainTa Ava da baMgAlI laiMgveja DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA kA ivolyUzana Ava avadhI, DA0 jArja griyarsana kA liMgvisTika sarve Ava iNDiyA tathA DA0 dhIrendra varmA kA hindI bhASA kA itihAsa Adi kArya bhI upayogI kahe jA sakate haiN| isI krama meM Tarnara, vlAkha, yAkobI, evaM mahandAle ityAdi ke nAma bhI ullekhanIya haiN| __ apabhraMza sambandhI uparyukta kAryoM ke atirikta apabhraMza para mukhyatayA hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM ko AdhAra mAnakara svatantra evaM sAkSAta rUpa se prakAza DAlane vAle pustakoM kA abhAva hai tathA hindI meM to vizuddha rUpa se apabhraMza bhASA aura vyAkaraNa para koI vizeSa ullekhya grantha dekhane ko nahIM milaa| DaoN0 nAmavara siMha kA hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yogadAna, DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa kA prAkRta paiMgalam kA bhASA zAstrIya aura chandaH zAstrIya adhyayana apabhraMza para vicAra abhivyakta karate haiM kintu DaoN0 nAmavara siMha ne apanI pustaka meM bhASA tathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se apabhraMza kA mAtra paricayAtmaka jJAna karavAyA hai| DaoN0 bholAzaMkara

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(ix) vyAsa ne avahaTTa para hI vizeSa rUpa se bala diyA hai tathA chandaH zAstrIya adhyayana kI ora unakA jhukAva adhika hai| DaoN0 zrI tagAre kA aMgrejI meM likhita apabhraMza vyAkaraNa yadyapi mahatvapUrNa hai kintu unakA dhyAna apabhraMza zabdoM ke vikAsAtmaka adhyayana para hI TikA huA hai| DaoN0 vIrendra zrI vAstava kA apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana isa sambandha meM avazya eka prazaMsanIya kArya hai kintu unhoMne bhI mAtra dhvayAtmaka, rUpAtmaka evaM arthAtmaka dRSTi se hI mukhyatayA apabhraMza bhASA para vicAra prastuta kiyA hai| isa saMdarbha meM sarvaprathama stutya prayAsa DaoN0 paramamitra zAstrI kA rahA hai jinhoMne sUtrazailI aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa nAmaka pustaka meM sarvaprathama apabhraMza viSayaka gambhIra evaM vizleSaNAtmaka kArya prastuta kiyA hai| yaha pustaka nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI se san 1967 I0 meM sarvaprathama prakAzita huyI thii| unhoMne apanI pustaka meM sUtrazailI aura hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ko do bhAgoM meM samAviSTa kiyA hai jisake prathama bhAga meM kramazaH vyAkaraNa zAstra, saMskRta ke sUtrabaddha vyAkaraNa, pAli kA sUtrabaddha vyAkaraNa, prAkRta kA sUtrabaddha vyAkaraNa, prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa, AcArya hemacandra aura unakI kRtiyA~, apabhraMza aura dezI kI samucita carcA kI gayI hai| pustaka ke dUsare bhAga meM dhvani prakaraNa, kAraka prakaraNa, kriyA prakaraNa, kRdanta prakaraNa aura racanAtmaka pratyaya Adi para samyak evaM vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pustaka ke pariziSTa meM dhAtvAdeza diye gaye haiN| DA0 zAstrI ne apanI pustaka ke pratyeka adhyAyoM meM isa bAta kA yatna kiyA hai ki viSaya-vastu kA aitihAsika krama se vizleSaNAtmaka tattva prastuta karate huye sahaja evaM subodha rUpa meM upalabdhiyA~ spaSTa kI jaayeN| DaoN0 zAstrI kI yaha kRti hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi unakI uparyukta pustaka kA hI kucha hada taka parivartita, parimArjita evaM parivardhita rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| tathApi isakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isa pustaka meM AcArya hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM para svatantra, navIna evaM vaijJAnika dRSTi se gaveSaNAtmaka cintana kiyA gayA hai aura sAtha hI apabhraMza bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa para vibhinna dRSTiyoM se samucita prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yaha pustaka samagra rUpa se caudaha adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita

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hai jinameM bhAratIya AryabhASA, prAkRta, apabhraMza bhASA, apabhraMza aura dezI, prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa, vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi, dhvani vicAra, rUpa vicAra, avyaya, racanAtmaka pratyaya, kriyApada, dhAtusAdhita saMjJA evaM vAkya racanA para gambhIra vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pustaka ke anta meM upasaMhAra hai jisameM vivecya viSaya ko upasaMhRta kiyA gayA hai| pariziSTa meM hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM meM uddhRta dohoM meM Aye huye zabdoM kA zabda koza bhI diyA gayA hai| pustaka ke prakAzana meM aneka utAra car3hAva aaye| yadyapi isakI hastalikhita pratilipi mujhe parama pUjya zAstrI jI ne 1991 I0 meM hI de dI thI tathA isakA prakAzana bhI usI samaya Arambha ho gayA thA yahA~ taka ki lagabhaga 250 pRSTha chapa cuke the kintu acAnaka laiTarapresa ke banda ho jAne se isa kArya meM vyavadhAna utpanna ho gyaa| punaH isakI kampojiMga kampyUTara se karavAnI pdd'ii| isake sAtha hI prUpha rIDiMga Adi kArya bhI dubArA karanA pdd'aa| isa prakAra ise pustakAkAra rUpa pradAna karane meM lagabhaga ATha varSa laga gye| jo bhI ho Aja ise isa rUpa meM dekhakara mujhe apAra harSa kI anubhUti ho rahI hai jinheM zabdoM se abhivyakta kara pAne meM asamartha huuN| ___ AbhAra pradarzita karanA yadyapi mAtra aupacArikatA hI hai tathApi pUjya evaM sahRdaya janoM ke prati kRtajJatA jJApana karanA parama kartavya mAnanA cAhiye / sarvaprathama maiM apane svargIya pitAzrI parama pUjya DaoN0 raghunAtha pANDeya ke prati natamastaka honA apanA parama pAvana kartavya samajhatA hU~ jinake AzIrvAda se hI merI rUci sAhitya, kalA evaM adhyAtma ke prati bacapana se rhii| prastuta pustaka ke mUla lekhaka evaM mere zvasura ataH pitAzrI DaoN0 paramamitra zAstrI ke prati to maiM apanI kRtajJatA ko bhI abhivyakta karane meM asamartha huuN| inhoMne apanI mUlyavAna kRti kA saMpAdana kArya mujha jaise vyakti ko diyA yahI unakA mere prati AzIrvAda hai jise maiM janma janmAntara taka vismRta nahIM kara sktaa| saMskRta sAhitya ke lokavizruta vidvAn guruvara svargIya pro0 vrajamohana caturvedI (saMskRta vibhAga, dillI vizvavidyAlaya) ke prati vizeSa rUpa se vinata hU~, jinakA sAhityika cintana Arambha se

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(xi) hI isa patha para pAtheya rahA hai| isake atirikta rAjanIti zAstra ke prakhyAta vidvAn pro0 mahendra prasAda siMha (pro0 rAjanIti zAstra, dillI vizvavidyAlaya), bhUgola vibhAga ke vizruta vidvAn pro0 rameza candra dhussA (ayovA, yU0 esa0 e0) evaM pro0 zivanArAyaNa zAstrI (pro0 saMskRta vibhAga, karor3I mala kaoNleja, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI) kA isa pustaka ke saMpAdana ke liye jo samaya-samaya para preraNA aura utsAha milatA rahA hai, use abhivyakta kara unake mahatva ko ghaTAnA nahIM caahtaa| pustaka ke kampojiMga tathA TAipa saiTiMga ke liye zrI rAhula guptA evaM zrImatI vidyA mizra bhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| inake atirikta dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke pustakAlaya ke karmacAriyoM kA bhI nizeSa rUpa se AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne samaya-samaya para etatsambandhI pustakeM upalabdha karavAne meM sahAyatA kii| ramAnAtha pANDeya dillI 20 akTUbara 1998 saMdarbha 1. kumArapAla carita DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya kA saMskaraNa bhUmikA, pR0 23 tathA pizela, pR0 76

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(xii) Amukha Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke adhyayana ke liye madhya bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA adhyayana paramAvazyaka hai, vizeSataH apabhraMza kA adhyayana to atyAvazyaka hai| zanaiH zanaiH apabhraMza kA sAhitya bhI pracura mAtrA meM prApta hone lagA hai| apabhraMza Adhunika sabhI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA AdhAra svarUpa hai| hindI meM jo ayogAtmakatA hai usakA bahuta kucha srota apabhraMza hI hai| saMskRta saMzliSTa bhASA hai, pAli aura prAkRta bhI bahuta kucha mAtrA meM usase apanA piMDa nahIM chur3A pAtIM, kintu apabhraMza ne usase apane ko mukta kara liyA hai| isa dRSTi se hindI kA apabhraMza se bahuta adhika sAmIpya hai| hindI bhASA kA samucita rUpa samajhane ke liye apabhraMza kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| aba taka mujhe hindI meM vizuddha rUpa se apabhraMza bhASA aura vyAkaraNa para koI ullekhya grantha dekhane ko nahIM milaa| DaoN0 nAmavara siMha kA hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yogadAna aura DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa kA prAkRta paiMgalam kA bhASA zAstrIya aura chandaH zAstrIya adhyayana avazya apabhraMza para prakAza DAlate haiN| DaoN0 nAmavara siMha ne bhASA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se apabhraMza kA mAtra paricayAtmaka jJAna karavAyA hai| DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa ne avahaTTa para hI vizeSa dRSTi DAlI hai aura chandaH zAstrIya adhyayana para hI vizeSa bala diyA hai| DaoN0 zrI tagAre kA aMgrejI meM likhita apabhraMza vyAkaraNa mUlyavAn avazya hai kintu unakA dhyAna apabhraMza zabdoM ke vikAsAtmaka adhyayana para vizeSa hai| . vizuddha bhASA aura vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se apabhraMza kA aura vizeSatayA hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM ko AdhAra mAnakara adhyayana abhI taka hindI meM nahIM haA hai| yahA~ pahalI bAra hindI meM aisA adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| purAnI bhASA ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza ke yogadAna para vicAra karate huye apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana karake, usase Adhunika bhASAoM kA vizeSatayA hindI kA, vikAsa dikhAyA gayA hai| isa kAraNa hindI bhASA aura vyAkaraNa kI

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(xiii) dRSTi se bhI apabhraMza kA adhyayana adhika upayogI evaM mahatvapUrNa mAnA jaayegaa| prastuta pustaka kA mukhya uddezya ina upekSita pakSoM kI pUrti hai / apabhraMza bhASA kA samucita jJAna hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM se hI hotA hai| hemacandra ne apabhraMza ke liye 120 sUtra diye haiM / apabhraMza sUtroM ke alAvA prAkRta prakaraNa ke dvitIya pAda ke dhAtvAdeza bhI vastutaH apabhraMza ke hI sahakArI rUpa meM haiM jabaki unhoMne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AThaveM adhyAya ke caturtha pAda meM zaurasenI ke liye 260-286, mAgadhI ke liye 287302, paizAcI ke liye 303-324 aura cUlikA - paizAcI ke liye 325-328 hI sUtra diye haiM / anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza para itane vistAra se nahIM likhA hai / mArkaNDeya ne avazya apabhraMza para vistAra se likhA hai, isase * apabhraMza bhASA ke vistAra aura vikAsa kA patA calatA hai| apabhraMza bhASA kA mukhya tIna bheda - nAgara, upanAgara aura brAcar3a karake kucha logoM ne 27 kSetrIya boliyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mArkaNDeya ne apabhraMza bhASA kI sImA kA jJAna adhika karAyA hai, kintu vyAkaraNa kA jJAna hemacandra kA hI sabase adhika paripUrNa dIkha par3atA hai / inhoMne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AThaveM adhyAya ke caturtha pAda ke 120 sUtroM meM apabhraMza kA jJAna diyA hai| isameM bhI antima do sUtra sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA para likhA hai| avaziSTa 118 sUtroM ko vyAkaraNa ke nimna rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| sUtra 329, 396 se 400 taka svara vyaMjana vikAra kI dhvani prakriyA, sUtra 331 se 354 (410-442) zabda rUpAvalI vidhAna, sUtra 330, 344 se 346 sAmAnya niyama, sUtra 332 se 339, 342, 347 akArAnta pulliMga, sUtra 340, 341, 343 ikArAnta, ukArAnta pulliMga, sUtra 348 se 352 strIliMga, sUtra 353, 354 napuMsaka liMga, sUtra 355 se 381 sArvanAmika rUpAvalI, sUtra 382 se 389 tiGanta rUpAvalI, sUtra 390 se 395 dhAtvAdeza, sUtra 401,404 se 409, 414 se 420, 424 se 428,439, 444- avyaya; sUtra 402, 403, 407, 409 se 413, 421 se 423, 434, 435 itara Adeza, sUtra 429 se 433, 437 taddhita pratyaya: sUtra 438 se 443 kRt pratyaya, sUtra 445 liMga; sUtra 446 sAmAnya svarUpa / hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM meM uddhRta dohoM ko dekhane se pratIta hotA hai ki hemacandra ne kaI boliyoM ko samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| pizela (prAkRta vyAkaraNa 28) ne bhI isa bAta kI ora saMketa kiyA thA / spaSTataH hemacandra ne kahIM bhI kisI apabhraMza kI bolI kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai jaisA

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(xiv) ki paravartI lekhaka mArkaNDeya tathA anya granthakAroM ne kiyA hai| sAvadhAnI se hemacandra ke niyamoM kA adhyayana karane se patA calatA hai ki inakI apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM kaI upaboliyoM kA samanvaya hai| isa bAta kI puSTi apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke prathama sUtra 329 se hotI hai-- prAyo grahaNAt yasyApabhraMze vizeSo vakSyate tasyApi kvacitprAkRtavat zaurasenIvacca kAryaM bhvti| . udAharaNasvarUpa prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM R kI jagaha, a, A, i, e aura o parivartana hotA thA, kabhI kabhI R kI bhI rakSA kI jAtI thI--tRNu, sukRdu, 341, 394, aura 448-- gRhanti, gRhaNeppiNu / hemacandra ne apabhraMza meM hara niyama ko pUrNa vyavasthita nahIM mAnA hai| kabhI-kabhI apabhraMza meM anAvazyaka ra kA Agama bhI ho jAtA hai--8/4/399; brAsu prayoga bhI dekhA jAtA hai jo ki vyAsa zabda kI jagaha prayukta huA hai| yaha kisI bolI kA saMketa karatA hai| saMbhavataH yaha paizAcI bolI kA rUpa thaa| 8/4/360-g, traM, 8/4/327--. tudha, 8/4/393--prassadi, 8/4/391--broppiNu, broppi aura kabhI kabhI brAsu kI jagaha R bhI likhA jAtA thaa| hemacandra ne jo isa prakAra ke vidhAna kie haiM unase pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne dUsarI boliyoM ke zabdoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| unake sUtra-anAdau svarAdasaMyuktAnAM ka-kha-ta-tha-pa-phAM-ga-gha-da-dha-ba-bhAH (8/4/396) ke anusAra apabhraMza bhASA meM ka, kha, ta, tha, pa, pha, kramazaH ga, gha, da, dha, ba aura bha meM bahudhA badala jAtA hai| niyama 8/4/446 bhI jisameM kahA gayA hai ki apabhraMza ke adhikAMza niyama zaurasenI ke samAna hI haiM, ve apabhraMza ke anya niyamoM ke viruddha haiN| pUrvokta niyama apabhraMza ke jina tatvoM ko batAteM haiM ve unake anya sUtroM se mela nahIM khaate| ___ hemacandra kI prAkRta bhASAoM ke sAtha unakI kucha vizeSatAoM kA avalokana karate haiM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki ve paraspara kabhI itanI viruddha pratIta hotI haiM ki eka bhASA meM unakI upasthiti saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotii| pizela mahodaya pUrvokta vizeSatAoM ko paizAcI ke aMtargata mAnate haiN| hemacandra ne kucha sAmAnya viziSTatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha kucha kSetrIya guNoM ko bhI apanA liyA hai| unhoMne vikalpa karake apabhraMza meM prAkRta ke bahuta se rUpoM ko grahIta kiyA hai| apabhraMza ke uddhRta kucha dohoM meM vastutaH prAkRta kI kucha vizeSatAoM ko bhI apavAda rUpa se sammilita kara liyA hai; udAharaNa svarUpa sUtra 8/4/

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(xv) 447 meM likhA hai ki prAkRtAdi bhASA lakSaNoM kA vyatyaya apabhraMza meM bhI hotA hai jaise mAgadhI meM tiSTha kA ciSTha hotA hai, vaise hI prAkRta, paizAcI aura zaurasenI meM bhI hotA hai| jaise apabhraMza meM vikalpa karake repha kA nimna bhAga lupta hotA hai vaise hI mAgadhI meM bhI hotA hai-zada-mANuza maMza-bhAlake kumbha zahazra vazAhe zaMcide ityAdyanyadapi draSTavyam / mArkaNDeya ne bhI thor3e thor3e bheda ke sAtha apabhraMza bhASA ke tIna bheda kie haiM--(1) nAgara, (2) vAcar3a aura (3) upnaagr| isa bheda ko kramadIzvara ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| mukhya apabhraMza nAgara hai| mArkaNDeya ke anusAra piMgala kI bhASA nAgara hai| vAcar3a nAgara apabhraMza se nikalI huI batAI gaI hai jo ki mArkaNDeya ke anusAra siMdha deza kI bolI hai-sindhudezodbhavo vAcar3o'pabhraMzaH / isake vizeSa lakSaNoM meM se mArkaNDeya me do batAe haiM-ca aura ja ke Age isameM ya lagAyA jAnA aura Sa tathA sa kA za meM badala jAnA / dhvani ke ve niyama jo mAgadhI ke vyavahAra meM lAe jAte the aura jinheM pRthvIdhara ne sakAra kI bhASA dhvani ke niyama batAe haiM, apabhraMza meM bhI lAgU batAe jAte haiN| isake alAvA Arambha ke na aura da kI jagaha Ta aura Da kA ho jAnA evaM bhRtya zabdoM ko chor3akara jhakAra varNa ko jaise taise rahane denA-isake vizeSa lakSaNa haiN| nAgara aura vAcar3a bhASAoM ke mizraNa se upanAgara nikalatI hai| 'zAkkI' yA 'zakkI' ko bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai jise mArkaNDeya saMskRta aura zaurasenI kA mizraNa samajhate haiN| yaha eka prakAra kI vibhASA mAnI gaI hai| puruSottama ne upanAgara kI kSetrIya boliyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai; jaise vaidarbhI, lATI, auDrI, kaikeyI, gaur3I aura kucha pradeza kI boliyA~ jaise Takka, barAra, kuMtala, lATI; auDrI, pAMDya, siMhala aadi| isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA kI boliyA~ sindha se lekara baMgAla taka bolI jAtI rahI hoNgii| hemacandra ne mukhya upaboliyoM kA ullekha na karake eka hI prakAra kI apabhraMza ke aMtargata sabakA samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| uparyukta vivecana ke pariprekSya meM hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kA sUkSma anveSaNa karane para hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra kI apabhraMza zaurasenI kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| yaha eka samaya Adhunika hindI kI taraha bhArata meM sarvatra sAhityika bhASA thii| pUrvI apabhraMza ke bahuta se rUpa yadyapi inake niyamoM ke antargata nahIM Ate tathApi yahI ekamAtra Adarza vyAkaraNa hai jo sabakA pratinidhitva karatA hai| usa samaya chapAI ke abhAva meM itanA hI

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(xvi) saMbhava thaa| kucha gujarAtI vidvAn hemacandra kI apabhraMza ko zaurasenI apabhraMza na kahakara gaurjara apabhraMza kahanA adhika ucita samajhate haiN| isa para samyak vicAra prastuta pustaka ke apabhraMza prakaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai| pustaka ke zIrSaka dekhane se vidita hotA hai ki yaha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta sA hai| eka haiM - hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kA rUpa - - isameM bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA kramika vikAsa dikhAyA gayA hai jisameM vaidika, laukika saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA bhASA viSayaka nirdeza hai| usake bAda apabhraMza aura dezI para vicAra vimarza kiyA gayA hai| isameM merI yaha dhAraNA rahI hai ki dezI zabda kI samyak vyAkhyA karake, usakA nirIkSaNa aura parIkSaNa karake dezI nAmamAlA ke zabdoM se hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM prayukta dezI zabdoM kI tulanA kI jaaye| isake bAda jina-jina prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai, unakA mUlyAMkana kiyA hai| pustaka kA dUsarA bhAga hai-: -bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana - isameM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kA sAMgopAMga adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa taraha ye donoM vibhakta hote huye bhI avibhakta haiN| eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| . hemacandra ke apabhraMza para vicAra karate samaya maiMne anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke apabhraMza sUtroM kA bhI sahArA liyA hai| SaDabhASA candrikA meM maulikatA kA abhAva hote huye bhI lekhaka ne saMskRta siddhAnta kaumudI kI taraha viSaya vibhAjana kiyA hai| isase viSaya vastu nirdeza karane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| lekhaka ne hemacandra kI taraha apabhraMza dohoM kA udAharaNa nahIM diyA hai / ataH hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kI taraha maulikatA evaM paripUrNatA anyatra dRSTigocara nahIM hotI / zabdoM para vicAra karate samaya maiMne aitihAsika vikAsa bhI dikhAyA hai| apabhraMza zabdoM kA tulanAtmaka vivecana jahA~ saMskRta evaM prAkRta se kiyA gayA hai vahA~ apabhraMza se hindI zabdoM kA kramika vikAsa bhI dikhalAyA gayA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya se bhI udAharaNa liye gaye haiN| isase apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kI paripUrNatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| hemacandra ne jina apabhraMza dohoM kA udAharaNa diyA hai ve adhikAMzataH pazcima apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanAyeM haiN| maiMne yatra tatra pUrvI apabhraMza meM racita dohAkoza ke zabdoM kA uddharaNa bhI liyA hai|

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(xvii) apabhraMza kA paravartI rUpa avahaTTa mAnA jAtA hai| vyAkaraNa para vicAra karate samaya avahaTTa ke udAharaNoM kA bhI avalambana liyA hai, vizeSakara usa samaya jaba apabhraMza se hindI kA vikAsa dikhAyA gayA hai| mujhe pizela ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa evaM tagAre ke hisTaoNrikala grAmara oNpha apabhraMza ne isa dizA meM kArya karane meM pracura sahAyatA dI hai| maiM una logoM ke prati apanA vinamra AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ / nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI aura sarasvatI pustakAlaya vArANasI ke adhikAriyoM kA maiM AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne mujhe aprApya pustakeM upalabdha karavAyIM / jaba maiMne isa viSaya para kArya karane kI icchA, AdaraNIya AcArya pro0 devendranAtha zarmA se kI, to unhoMne saharSa svIkRti pradAna karate huye mujhe utsAhita kiyA thaa| unhoMne jo nirdezana aura pradarzana kiyA usake liye maiM zraddhAvanata huuN| vastutaH unhIM kI preraNA se yaha prabandha prastuta ho sakA hai| kAryoM meM vyasta rahate huye bhI prabandha kI jo rUpa rekhA unhoMne dI hai usake liye aupacArika kRtajJatA jJApita karanA dhRSTatA hogii| kintu satya bAta to yaha hai ki yaha prabandha pUrNa hI nahIM hotA yadi parama AdaraNIyA tyAgamayImUrti zraddheyA prAtaH smaraNIyA svargIyA mA~ zrImatI sonaphUla devI kA AzIrvAda na hotA ataH maiM use sazraddha samarpita kara rahA hU~ / rA~cI 1991 paramamitra zAstrI

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saMketa cihna * > < prA0 bhA0 A0 A0 bhA0 A0 u0 pu0 apa0. a0 pu0 a0 mA0 azo0 A0 pA0 prA0 pa0 apa0 ukti0 ma0 bhA0 A0 ma0 pu0 - mahA0 mA0 vai0 zAha0 zau0 zau0 apa0 saM0 Ho hi0 grA0 apa0 || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || = = (xviii) dhAtu cihna kalpita rUpa utpanna karatA hai| utpanna huA hai yA banA hai prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA uttama puruSa apabhraMza anya puruSa arddhamAgadhI azoka kA zilAlekha ArSa pAli prAkRta pazcimI apabhraMza ukti vyakti prakaraNa madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA madhyama puruSa mahArASTrI prAkRta mAgadhI vaidika zAhabAja gar3hI zaurasenI zaurasenI apabhraMza saMskRta hemacandra vyAkaraNa hisTorikala grAmara oNpha apabhraMza,

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(xix) viSaya-sUcI krama pRSTa v-xi saMpAdakIya Amukha saMketAkSara xii-xvii xvui prathama adhyAya 1-20 1-3 3-8 bhAratIya Arya bhASA bhArata meM AryoM kA Agamana 1-8 bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke bheda (i) bahirvartI (ii) antarvartI AryoM kI prAcInatama racanAyeM Rgveda anya veda tathA usakI bhASA buddha aura mahAvIra kAla kI saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa para vicAra vaidika evaM laukika saMskRta meM antara 14-16 saMskRta janatA kI bhASA thI yA nahIM 16-19 saMdarbha 19-20 8-13 21-82 dvitIya adhyAya prAkRta madhyakAlIna bhAratIya bhASAoM kA pratinidhitva pAli, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza (1) purAnI prAkRta yA pAli 21-52

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(xx) 24-26 26 27-30 30-31 31-36 37-42 42 (2) madhya prAkRta (3) paravartI prAkRta yA apabhraMza vaiyAkaraNoM kI vibhinna prAkRta prAkRta zabda ke artha tathA vibhinna prayoga prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI prAkRta saMbaMdhI vyutpatti Adhunika vidvAnoM ke prAkRta sambandhI vicAra zilAlekhI prAkRta prAkRta ke prAcIna bolI vibhAga pAli zabda kA artha pAli kisa kAla tathA kisa pradeza kI bhASA thI saMskRta se pAli kA bheda azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA prAkRta kA uttara kAlIna vikAsa paizAcI kA cUlikA paizAcI se bheda prAkRta yA mahArASTrI mahArASTrI kI kucha mukhya vizeSatAe~ jaina mahArASTrI kI vizeSatAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta kI mukhya vizeSatAyeM mAgadhI kI mukhya vizeSatAe~ ardha mAgadhI kI vizeSatAe~ ardha mAgadhI kI vyAkaraNika kucha mukhya vizeSatAe~ paizAcI kI vizeSatA cUlikA paizAcI kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM saMdarbha 43-45 45-47 48-52 52-78 59-63 63-64 64-65 65-68 68-70 71-73 73-76 76-78 78 79-82

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(xxi) 83-170 tRtIya adhyAya apabhraMza bhASA apabhraMza viSayaka nirdeza . pataMjali bhartRhari tathA anya vaiyAkaraNoM kI dRSTi meM apabhraMza kAvyoM meM apabhraMza zabda ke prayoga 83-111 83-85 85-87 87-88 88-89 bharata bhAmaha 89 90-98 98 daNDI AbhIra Adi zabda para vicAra rUdraTa ke anusAra apabhraMza kuvalaya mAlA kahA-dezI bhASA kA apabhraMza ke antargata samAhAra bhASAtraya ke antargata apabhraMza kA sthAna SaTbhASA ke antargata apabhraMza kA sthAna rAjazekhara dvArA varNita apabhraMza namisAdhu ke prAkRtamevApabhraMzaH para vicAra lakSmIdhara aura mArkaNDeya dvArA varNita boliyA~ apabhraMza kA kAla candradhara zarmA aura rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke anusAra hemacandra ke paravartI AcAryoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ apabhraMza kA svarUpa janatA kI bhASA ke rUpa meM harSa ke bAda apabhraMza kA svarUpa Adhunika bhASAvaijJAnikoM ke anusAra apabhraMza 98-99 99-100 100-102 102-106 106-109 109-111 111-120 116-119 119-120 120-158 123-126 126-127 127-132

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apabhraMza kA vibhAjana (i) dakSiNI apabhraMza (ii) pUrvI apabhraMza (iii) pazcimI apabhraMza (xxii) rAjapUta yuga- gurjara zabda kI utpatti zaurasenI apabhraMza kA phailAva 138-144 144-145 hemacandra kA apabhraMza gurjara yA zaurasenI 145-153 aindra kI apabhraMza kA pUrvI banArasI bolI se tulanA 153-155 hemacandra dvArA varNita apabhraMza kA svarUpa 155-158 saMdarbha 159-170 caturtha adhyA 132-138 apabhraMza aura dezI 171-200 dezI zabda kI vyAkhyA .171-186 saMskRta tadbhava se tulanA 183-186 kyA dezI hI apabhraMza bhASA thI 186-188 kyA bhASA ko dezI kahane kA pracalana hai 189-191 apabhraMza ke dezI Adeza tathA dezI nAmamAlA se tulanA 191-195 saMdarbha 196-200 paMcama adhyAya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa vararuci caMDa hemacandra trivikrama lakSmIdhara aura siMharAja trivikrama aura hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI tulanA 201-214 201-202 202-205 205-208 208-209 209-210

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(xxiii) lakSmIdhara siMharAja mArkaNDeya Adhunika prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa saMdarbha 210-211 211 211-213 213-214 214 215-228 SaSTha adhyAya vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi apabhraMza dhvani kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM ya dhvani tathA ya zruti kA prayoga va zruti kA prayoga zabda rUpa sarvanAma zabda rUpa kriyA rUpa-racanA prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA kathita bhASA aura usakI pramukha boliyA~ saMdarbha 216-218 217-218 218 219-222, 221-222 222-225 225-228 228 saptama adhyAya 229-268 dhvani vicAra apabhraMza kI dhvaniyA~ 229-231 svara 229-230 231 vyaMjana svara vikAra antya svara upadhA svara 231-244 233-236 237-238

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(xxiv) 238-242 242-243 243-244 244 244-267 saMyukta svara svara lopa (ka) Adi svara lopa (kha) madhya svara lopa (ga) antya svara lopa svarAgama (ka) Adi svarAgama (kha) madhya svarAgama, svarabhakti (ga) antya svarAgama svara parivartana vyaMjana vikAra svarIbhavana mahAprANa karaNa zabdoM ko komala karane kI pravRtti dvitva vyaMjana varNa viparyaya. varNa vikSepa (madhya varNAgama) samprasAraNa saMyukta vyaMjana vikAra zabdAntargata saMyukta vyaMjana (i) sAvarNya bhAva (ii) asAvarNya bhAva saMyukta vyaMjana kI vikAra yukta prakriyA vyaMjana dvitva kA saralIkaraNa saMdarbha 247-253 253-254 254 255 256-257 257-259 260 260 261 264-266 "266-267 267-268

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(xxv) aSTama adhyAya rUpa vicAra 269-329 liMga parivartana 271-272 vacana 272-273 273-287 278-279 279-281 281 282-284 285 285-287 287-298 zabda rUpa akArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa ikArAnta tathA ukArAnta rUpa strIliMga strIliMga ke vibhikta cihna IkArAnta strIliMga ke nAma rUpa napuMsaka liMga parasarga (1) karaNa parasarga-'sahu~' (2) sampradAna parasarga-kehiM, resiM, tehiM, taNa Adi (3) apAdAna parasarga-hontara (4) TThiu' parasarga (5) saMbandha parasarga-keraa, kera Adi (6) adhikaraNa parasarga (7) 'kehi parasarga sarvanAma sArvanAmika vizeSaNa saMdarbha 299-324 324-326 326-329

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avyaya (1) rIti vAcaka avyaya (2) sthAna vAcaka (3) kAlavAcaka (4) parimANavAcaka (5) sambandha vAcaka (6) vividha avyaya saMkhyA vAcaka zabda (xxvi) navama adhyAya (1) gaNanAtmaka saMkhyA vAcaka vizeSaNa (2) kramAtmaka saMkhyA vAcaka vizeSaNa (3) samAnupAtI saMkhyA vAcaka vizeSaNa gaNanAtmaka saMkhyA zabda saMdarbha dazama adhyAya racanAtmaka pratyaya ( taddhita pratyaya) (1) prArambhika pratyaya (2) paravartI pratyaya hemacandra kI apabhraMza ke kucha pramukha upasarga saMdarbha ekAdaza adhyAya kriyApada dhAtu-pratyaya- preraNArthaka - vikArayukta prakriyA 330-347 331 331-332 332 332 333 333-338 338-347 338-344 344-345 345-346 346-347 347 348-358 348-350 350-356 356-358 358 359-406 359-367

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samApikA kriyAoM ke rUpa asamApikA kriyAoM ke rUpa kucha mUla aura vikaraNa yukta rUpa vikAra yukta prakriyA saMyojaka svara dhAtu rUpa-rUpAvalI vartamAna kAla AjJA prakAra evaM vidhyarthaka bhaviSyatkAla bhUtakAla vidhi prakAra karmavAcya rUpa preraNArthaka kriyA (xxvii) nAmadhAtu saMdarbha dvAdaza adhyAya dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA (kRdanta prakaraNa) apUrNa yA vartamAna kAlika kRdanta karmavAcya - bhUtakAlika kRdanta vidhyartha kRdanta asamApikA yA pUrvakAlika kriyA hetvartha kRdanta zabda siddhi kRt pratyaya 362 362 365 367 368-371 371-396 373-381 382-388 389-393: 393 394-396 397-399 400-402 402-403 404-406 407-429 409-410 410-413 413 413-415 415-416 416-427 416-417

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(xxviii) 417-419 dhAtvAdeza dhAtu pATha saMdarbha 420-427 428-429 430-437 431 432 433 trayodaza adhyAya vAkya racanA (ka) saMbandha kAraka ke viziSTa prayoga (kha) karaNa kAraka ke viziSTa prayoga (ga) adhikaraNa kAraka ke viziSTa prayoga (gha) nirvibhaktika prayoga kriyArthaka prayoga karmavAcya kA bhUta kAlika kRdantaja prayoga niSedhAtmaka prayoga vAkya gaThana sambandhI anya vicAra saMdarbha 433 433 434-435 435 435-437 437 caturdaza adhyAya upasaMhAra 438-442 pariziSTa 445-478 zabdakoza pramukha sandarbha grantha 479-491

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prathama adhyAya bhAratIya Arya-bhASA bhArata meM AryoM kA Agamana bhArata meM AryoM kA Agamana kaba huA, ye Arya kahA~ se Ae the, yaha aba bhI vivAdAspada hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAna sA liyA gayA hai ki 2000 I0 pU0 yA usase kucha pahale se lekara 1500 I0 pU0 taka bhArata ke uttara pazcima sImAnta pradezoM ke bhAgoM meM AryagaNa Ane lage the| yaha siddhAnta bhI sthApita kiyA gayA hai ki AryoM kA jhuMDa kaI daloM meM AyA thaa| mukhyatayA do bAra do daloM meM bhArata-Agamana kA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA gayA hai| isa mata kI sthApanA prathama zrI haoNrnale ne kii| anantara griyarsana' ne kucha saMzodhanoM ke sAtha Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para isa siddhAnta kA samarthana kiyaa| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI ne bhI griyarsana ke kucha siddhAntoM kA parimArjana kara isa mata kI puSTi kI hai| ina vidvAnoM ne Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ko do vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-1. bahirvartI zAkhA aura 2. antarvartI shaakhaa| bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke bheda bahirvartI zAkhA ke antargata pUrvI hindI, baMgalA, marAThI Adi haiM tathA antarvartI zAkhA ke antargata pazcimI hindI, gujarAtI, aadi| griyarsana ne dardI bhASA ko bahirvartI bhASA ke antargata rakhA hai| isa taraha griyarsana ke mata ke anusAra Arya bhASA ke do bheda

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hue| madhya dezIya bhASA - zaurasenI prAkRta evaM saMskRta Adi eka prakAra kI bhASA huI, aura asaMskRta bhASAe~ - mAgadhI Adi dUsare prakAra kI bhASAe~ thiiN| ina bhedoM kA yaha kabhI bhI matalaba nahIM thA ki ye donoM vibhAjana do bhinna varga kI judA-judA bhASAe~ thIM / vastutaH ye donoM eka hI parivAra kI bhASAe~ thiiN| phira bhI donoM meM uccAraNa sambandhI bhinnatAeM pAI jAtI haiN| 2 (1) bahirvartI upazAkhA kI uttara-pazcimI tathA pUraba kI boliyoM meM antima svara i, e tathA u vidyamAna hai parantu antarvartI zAkhA kI pazcimI hindI meM ye svara lupta ho gaye haiN| yathA- kazmIrI-achi, siMdhI - akhi, bihArI (maithilI-bhojapurI ) A~khi, kintu hindI - A~kha | (2) bahirvartI upazAkhAoM meM vizeSatayA pUrvI bhASAoM meM apinihiti (Eapenthesis) vartamAna hai / (3) bahirvartI upazAkhA meM ai ai, au > au kA e aura o rUpa dikhAI detA hai / (4) saMskRta ke c, j pUrvI bhASAoM meM tsa-s ta yA dja-ja meM badala jAtA hai| (5) r, ts tathA r3a, r3a ke uccAraNa kI bhinnatA antaH aura barhiH upazAkhAoM meM spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai / (6) bahirvartI upazAkhAoM kI bhASAoM meM mva > ma tathA antarvartI upazAkhAoM meM mvava~ meM badala jAtA hai| (7) bahirvartI upazAkhAoM meM za, sa, Sa kA parivartita rUpa mAgadhI meM za dIkha par3atA hai / ( 8 ) mahAprANa varNoM ke alpa prANa meM parivartana ke AdhAra para bhI yaha bhinnatA spaSTa dIkha par3atI hai / isa prakAra bahuta se udAharaNoM ke AdhAra para DaoN0 griyarsana ne bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ko do upazAkhAoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| hama dekhate haiM ki bhArata kI vartamAna tathA inakI pUrvaja bhASAoM ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para isa mata kI puSTi kI gaI hai

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ki bhArata para AryoM ke lagAtAra do AkramaNa hue| do vargoM meM AkramaNakArI AryoM kI do vibhinna bhASAe~ thIM, phira bhI una donoM bhASAoM meM ghaniSTha sambandha thA / ye donoM AkramaNa eka sAtha na hone ke kAraNa lambI avadhi meM donoM vargoM ke AryoM ke judA-judA rahane ke kAraNa donoM kI bhASAoM meM antara kA ho jAnA svAbhAvika thaa| prathama AkramaNakAriyoM ne bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiyA aura yahA~ anAryo ko parAsta kara paMjAba evaM madhya deza meM jA base / ina AryoM ke sAtha inakI bhASA bhI A gayI thii| dUsare varga ke AryoM ne jaba bhArata para AkramaNa usI pazcimI dizA se kiyA taba inakI muThabher3a pUrvAgata AryoM se huii| ina pUrvAgata AryoM ko apanA sthAna chor3akara tIna dizAoM kI ora jAne ke lie bAdhya honA par3A - pUrva, dakSiNa tathA pIche pazcima / bAda ke Ae hue AryagaNa madhyadeza meM basa ge| paMjAba kI sapta siMdhu Adi nadiyA~ tathA gaMgA aura yamunA kA kAMThe bhAga inakA nivAsa sthAna huA / yahIM para vedoM kI racanA huii| inameM Rgveda sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai / zaurasenI prAkRta tathA saMskRta yahIM kI bhASAe~ thiiN| isa taraha ye AryagaNa uttarI pazcimI sImAnta pradeza se Age bar3hakara sapta siMdhu (Adhunika paMjAba) meM apanA Adhipatya sthApita kara zanaiH zanaiH pUrva kI ora bar3hate ge| madhyadeza, kAzI, kozala, magadha, videha, aGga-baGga tathA kAmarUpa Adi sthAnoM meM anAryoM ko parAsta kara apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA / zanaiH zanaiH AryoM ne samasta uttarA patha meM apanA Adhipatya sthApita kara liyaa| isake bAda Aryo ne apanA praveza dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI karanA prArambha kiyA / AryoM kI prAcInatama racanAyeM AryoM kI prAcInatama racanA Rgveda hai| veda ko saMhitA bhI kahate haiN| isake viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki yaha vibhinna RSi parivAroM ke sUktoM kA saMgraha hai| isa saMkalana kA nAma Rk saMhitA yA Rgveda saMhitA par3A / vedAdhyayana parAyaNa RSiyoM ne zruti paramparA se Rk saMhitA ko avirala rUpa se surakSita rkhaa| isase hama 3

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bhArata ke prAcInatama AryoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta karane meM samartha ho pAte haiN| isa racanA ke AdhAra para isa kAla ko itihAsa lekhakoM ne 'pUrva vaidika kAla' kahakara pukArA hai| isake bAda tIna aura saMhitAeM likhIM gayIM - yajuH saMhitA, sAma saMhitA aura atharva saMhitA / isa kAla ko kucha itihAsa lekhakoM ne 'uttara vaidika kAla' kahakara pukArA hai| isa prakAra veda hameM saMhitAoM arthAt saMkalanoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| Aja veda kI 4 saMhitAeM ginane kI cAla hai / 4 chAndogya upaniSad 7, 1, 2, meM nArada sanatkumAra ko yaha batAte hue ki- maiMne saba vidyAeM par3hI haiM, ginAtA hai - RgvedaM bhagavo'dhyemi yajurveda sAmavedamAtharvaNaM caturthamitihAsapurANaM paJcamaM vedAnAM vedaMbhagavan, maiM Rgveda ko par3hAtA hUM, yajurveda ko, sAmaveda ko, cauthe AtharvaNa ko aura pA~cave itihAsa purANa ko jo ki vedoM kA veda hai | AcArya kauTilya ne likhA hai (arthazAstra 1, 3, ) - sAmargyajurve - daastryii| atharvavedetihAsavedo ceti vedAH - sAma, Rk aura yajur veda ye trayI haiM, ye tathA atharvaveda aura itihAsa veda, ye veda haiM / 'Rc' yA RcA kA artha hai padya, 'sAma' kA artha hai gIta / gIta kA bhI par3hanA Avazyaka hai / 'yajuS' kA artha hai pUjA vAkya / ve vAkya gadya meM haiM, unheM gadya kAvya kA saMdarbha kahA jA sakatA hai / kucha RcAeM milakara eka sUkta banatI haiN| 'sUkti' kA artha acchI ukti, subhASita, kavitA Adi hai| Rgveda meM hajAra se kucha adhika sUkta haiM jinheM dasa maNDaloM meM bA~TA gayA hai| saba milAkara unameM sAr3he dasa hajAra RcAeM haiN| sAma veda meM Rk saMhitA kI lagabhaga tihAI hai, aura usameM bahuta se sAma aise haiM jo Rk saMhitA meM A cuke haiN| yajuH saMhitA aura bhI choTI hai / vaha 40 adhyAyoM meM ba~TI hai, jinameM saba milAkara lagabhaga do hajAra yajuS haiM / RcAoM, sAmoM aura yajuSoM ke lie sAdhAraNa zabda 'mantra' haiN| pratyeka sUkta yA adhyAya ke Arambha meM prAyaH yaha ullekha rahatA hai ki usakI amuka RcA yA yajuS kA amuka RSi aura

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA amuka devatA hai| pratyeka RcA kA chandas arthAt vRtta bhI likhA rahatA hai| devatA kA artha hai viSaya-jisake viSaya meM yA jise sambodhita kara RcA kahI gaI ho| bahuta sI RcAoM meM aneka RSiyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha bhI usI taraha rahatA hai, jisa taraha hindI ke purAne kavi kavitA meM apane nAma kA ullekha kara dete the| Rk saMhitA ke pahale maMDala ke pahale pacAsa sUkta tathA samUcA AThavA~ maMDala kaNva vaMza ke RSiyoM kA hai| duusr| gRtsamada, tIsarA vizvAmitra, cauthA vAmadeva, pA~cavA~ Atreya, chaThA bArhaspatya aura sAtavA~ vasiSTha vaMza kA / nauveM maNDala meM eka hI devatA-somapavamAna ke viSaya meM vividha RSiyoM ke sUkta haiM, aura dasavA~ tathA pahale kA zeSAMza (51.191 sUkta) vividha RSiyoM ke aura vividha viSayaka isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sambandha meM prAcInatama sAkSya Rgveda hai| Rgveda ke sUktoM kI bRhat saMhitA kI bhASA vastutaH .purohitoM se sambandha rakhane vAlI paramparA mUlaka bhASA hai| vastutaH Rgveda kI racanA eka samaya meM nahIM huI thii| isakI racanA vibhinna samayoM meM tathA vibhinna sthAnoM meM huI thii| kucha sUktoM kI racanA nissandeha paMjAba meM huI thii| isake atirikta kucha sUktoM kI racanA usa pradeza meM huI thI jisako ki brAhmaNa granthoM meM kuruoM aura pAMcAloM kA nivAsa sthAna mAnA gayA hai| Rgveda meM bahuta se janasamUhoM kA samanvaya mAnA jAtA hai| inhIM logoM ke yoga se kuruoM aura pAMcAloM kI utpatti mAnI gaI hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki Rgveda ke chaThe maMDala kI racanA AryoM ke bhArata meM praveza karane se pahale huI thii| kintu abhI taka yaha vicAra prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sakA hai| phira bhI vibhinna rUpoM aura vibhinna sthAnoM meM racanA hone ke kAraNa Rgveda kI bhASA meM bhinna-bhinna sthAnIya boliyoM kA mela dikhAI detA hai| paMDitoM ne vizada vicAra maMthana ke bAda meM sthAnIya boliyoM kI vizeSatAoM ko nirdhAraNa karane kA niSkarSa nikAlA hai| prathama sthApanA hai ki-'do svaroM ke madhya meM rahane vAle dhU, bha, D aura da kA h, kta aura vva ke rUpa meM vivRta uccAraNa, l kA r meM parivartana, sArvanAmika

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi tRtIyA bahuvacana ke ebhiH kA nAma rUpoM meM praveza evaM kucha sthAnIya boliyoM ke yatra tatra zabda rUpoM kA liyA jAnA nizcita rUpa se parilakSita kiyA jA sakatA hai| DaoN0 kItha kA kahanA hai ki kahIM-kahIM isa prakAra ke uddhRta zabda RgvedIya zabda rUpoM ke samAna hI prAcIna ho sakate haiM, jaise la se yukta zabda aura 'jajjhatI' jisakA jjha Arya bhASA ke (Gzh) sthAnIya 'kSa' kA rUpa hai / isake viparIta aise zabda rUpa bhI dekhane ko milate haiM jo varNa-vijJAna kI dRSTi se Rgveda meM sAdhAraNatayA prApta rUpoM se adhika samunnata haiN| ina rUpoM ke viSaya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki. saMbhavataH ye parivartana anAryoM ke sammizraNa se hue hoN| yaha bhI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki kucha zabda samAja ke nimna varga se lie gae hoM jaise 'kRta' ke sAtha-sAtha prayukta 'kara' meM aura 'karta' ke sAtha-sAtha prayukta kAra meM hama aniyamita mUrdhanya varNoM ko pAte haiN| isI prakAra ke aniyamita uccAraNa sambandhI parivartanoM ke udAharaNa aura bhI haiM jaise- kRccha meM ps ke sthAna meM ch, jyotiS meM d y ke sthAna meM jya, zithira meM jha ke sthAna meM i, bRza ke sthAna meM bus ityAdi / yadyapi ina sthAnIya boliyoM ke viziSTa sthAnoM kA nirdeza karanA asambhava hai tathApi Rgveda meM rephoccAraNa kI pravRtti kA sambandha svabhAvataH IrAna se hai| Age calakara l kA prayoga pUrvIya bhArata kA sambandha batAtA hai| isI taraha 'sUreduhitA' zabda ke prayoga meM e saMbhavataH az kA sthAnIya prabhAva hai, jaisA ki pUrvI prAkRta meM parilakSita bhI hotA hai| 6 AryoM kI bhinna-bhinna zAkhAyeM samaya-samaya para bhArata meM AI thIM, aura pratyeka zAkhA kI bolI eka-dUsare se kucha bhinna thI / yaha bhinnatA prArambha meM nAmamAtra kI thii| unake sUktoM, stavoM evaM geya gItoM meM eka prakAra kI sAdhu bhASA vikasita ho cukI thI, yahI unakI samasta sAhitya nidhi thI jo hameM Rgveda tathA atharvaveda meM milatI hai| jaba Arya loga prathama bAra paMjAba meM Akara basa gae to yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unakI bhASA kA sambandha phArasa taka kI bhASA se rahA ho| una donoM kI bhASA meM sAmya avazya hogaa| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki sImAMta pradezoM kI boliyA~ (arthAtM

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA pazcima bhAratIya Arya kI boliyA~) kucha viSayoM meM IrAna kI boliyoM se sAmya rakhatI hoN| pro0 AtvAn meyye ne Rgveda kI sAhityika bhASA ke mUla ko, pazcima pradeza kI Arya bhASA kI bolI batAyA hai / isa mUla vaidika bhASA meM kevala 'ra' dhvani hI thI jaisA ki IrAnI ( pArasIka tathA AvestA) meM pAI jAtI hai aura bhAropIya 'ra' aura 'la' donoM ke lie kevala 'ra' dhvani kA upayoga hotA thA / zabdoM ke bhItara ghoSavat mahAprANa dha, bha aura gha rahane se unake 'ha' meM nirbalIkaraNa kA isa bhASA meM Adhikya hai / jaise - bhArata-IrAnI rUpa yajAmadhaI " yazamadhi" vaidika bhASA meM yajAmahe ho jAtA hai jabaki avestA meM yajAmaide " yazamaide " rUpa hotA hai| ra aura la dhvani kA prazna prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI boliyoM kI vibhinnatA kA dyotaka hai| pazcima kI eka bolI meM 'la' na rahakara kevala ra thA, dUsarI ora saMskRta aura pAli meM 'ra' aura 'la' donoM dhvaniyA~ thIM, tIsarI ora pUrvI bolI meM 'ra' kI jagaha kevala 'la' dhvani hI pAI jAtI thI / yaha rUpa mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI meM pAyA jAtA thA / yahI bolI azoka kAla kI pUrvI prAkRta (jo jainoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA prAcIna rUpa mAnA jAtA hai) uttara kAla meM mAgadhI prAkRta ke nAma se prasiddha huI jisameM 'ra' na raha kara kevala 'la' thA / isa prakAra bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke eka zabda 'zrIla' ke tIna bhinna-bhinna rUpa hue- 'zrIra' (avestA kA strIra) 'zrIla' tathA 'zlI-la' bane / pUrvokta rUpoM para vicAra karane se patA calatA hai ki bhArata meM AryoM ke Agamana ke samaya hI kaI vibhASAyeM bana cukI thiiN| bhArata meM AryoM ke Agamana ke samaya hI Arya loga kaI sUkta - stava tathA anya kAvya racanAyeM apane sAtha lAe bhI the / yaha paramparA Age bhI calatI rhii| anAryoM ke sAtha samparka bar3ha jAne para jaba anArya AryoM se ghula-mila gae to anAryo ne bhI isa sAhityika sAdhu bhASA meM stuti- racanA karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA / alikhita kaNThastha sAhityika racanAyeM Age bar3hI hoMgI aura usakA eka vistRta rUpa ho gayA hogA / zanaiH zanaiH ina sabhI kI rakSA ke lie purohitoM kA eka varga ho gayA jisane vanoM evaM upavanoM meM Azrama banAkara choTI-choTI pAThazAlAyeM nirmita kiiN| isameM I 7

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi baiThakara paurohityAbhilASI Arya yuvakagaNa vyavasthita rUpa se sUkta-stava Adi kaNThastha karate the aura karmakANDa Adi sIkhate the| yaha bhI saMbhava ho sakatA hai ki isa pAThazAlA ke nirmANa meM susabhya drAvir3oM kA bhI hAtha rahA hogaa| apanI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve isa kArya meM yogadAna dete| kintu jaba taka yaha bhASA alikhita rahI hogI taba taka yaha svAbhAvika thA ki bhASA meM alakSita rUpa se parivartana hotA rahA ho aura sAmAnya logoM ko patA bhI nahIM cala pAyA ho| bAda meM calakara kucha RSi-muniyoM ne isa cIja ko parilakSita kiyA hogA aura svaroM kA vidhAna kiyA hogA jisase ki RcAoM ke uccAraNa meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana na ho| udAtta, anudAtta aura svarita kA vidhAna kiyaa| isI kAraNa Age calakara RSiyoM ne RcAoM ko aparivartita banAe rakhane ke lie ina niyamoM para vizeSa bala diyaa| aura isa samaya taka vaidika bhASA pariniSThita ho cukI thii| susaMskRta eka Adarza bhASA ho cukI thii| kintu prArambhika kAla meM vaidika bhASA kI vibhASAyeM jarUra hoMgI jaisA ki pahale isa ora lakSita kiyA jA cukA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kAla kI saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa para vicAra aba vaidika bhASA sAdhu bhASA ho calI thii| lekhana paddhati bhI aba taka pracalita ho gayI thii| DaoN0 baTe kRSNa ghoSa ne isa para vizada vivecana kiyA hai| bhArata meM Agamana ke pazcAta Aryo kI upabhASAoM ne bhI apanA vikAsa karanA Arambha kara diyA thaa| isa kAla ko hama 'uttara vaidika kAla kaha sakate haiN| aba Arya bhASA pUrva prAnta kI ora Age bddh'ii| nepAla kI tarAI meM isI samaya buddha kA janma huA thaa| Age unhoMne apanA dharma pracAra Adhunika bihAra tathA pUrvI uttara pradeza meM kiyA thaa| aba taka Arya bhASA videha (uttara bihAra) tathA magadha (dakSiNa bihAra) taka phaila cukI thii| isa samaya ke bIca isa bhASA meM bar3e bhArI-bhArI

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA parivartana hue the| aba taka vaidika karmakANDa kI pUrNa pratiSThA ho cukI thii| usameM rUr3hivAditA A gaI thii| buddha bhagavAna ne usI ke khilApha apanI AvAja uThAI thii| vaidika karmakANDa kA virodha kiyA thaa| niSkarSa yaha ki buddha ke 600 I0 pU0 taka vaidika sabhyatA kI pUrNa pratiSThA ho cukI thii| usameM vividha sAhitya race jA cuke the| arthAt 1000 I0 pU0 se 600 I0 pU0 taka brAhmaNa grantha nirmita ho cuke the| usase bhArata kI bhASAgata sthiti kA jJAna hotA hai| patA calatA hai ki usa samaya Arya bhASA mukhyatayA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta thI-(1) udIcya yA uttarIya arthAt pazcimottarIya, (2) madhya dezIya yAnI madhya deza kI bhASA aura (3) tIsarA prAcya yAnI pUraba kI bhaassaa| kauSItaki brAhmaNa meM eka jagaha ullekha hai ki udIcya pradeza meM bhASA bar3I jAnakArI se bolI jAtI hai| bhASA sIkhane ke lie, loga udIcya janoM ke pAsa hI jAte haiN| jo bhI vahA~ se lauTatA hai, use sunane kI loga icchA rakhate haiN| tasmAd udIcyAM prAjJatarA vAg udyate, udaJca u eva yanti vAcam zikSitam, yovA tata Agacchati, tasya vA zuzrusanta iti|| sAMkhyAyana yA kauSItaki brAhmaNa (7-8) / kahane kA matalaba yaha ki isa samaya taka samasta uttara bhArata meM Arya bhASA phaila cukI thI yAnI aphagAnistAna se lekara baMgAla tk| jaisA ki abhI likhA jA cukA hai ki pazcimottara sImAnta pradeza tathA uttarI paMjAba "udIcya' pradeza kI bolI atyanta vizuddha ginI jAtI thii| usako loga Adarza bhASA mAnate the| prAcya upabhASA meM saMbhavataH Adhunika avadha, pUrvI uttara pradeza tathA bihAra ginA jAtA thaa| ise 'vrAtya' loga bolate the jo ki aTanazIla Aryo kI eka upajAti thii| ye loga vaidika brAhmaNa dharma kI vyavasthA ko nahIM mAnate the| prAcya yA pUraba ke logoM ko Arya loga asura, rAkSasa yA jhagar3AlU vRtti vAlA kahA karate the| pazcima ke Arya inheM prema kI dRSTi se nahIM dekhate the| brAhmaNa granthoM meM kahA hai ki vrAtya loga uccAraNa meM sarala vAkya ko bhI kaThina batAte haiM aura ve yadyapi vaidika dharma meM dIkSita . nahIM haiM tathApi ve dIkSA pAye huoM kI bhA~ti bhASA bolate haiM :

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10 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi adurukta vAkyam duruktamAhaH; adIkSitA dIkSita vAcam vadanti(tANDya yA paJcaviMza brAhmaNa 17-41) / isa para DaoN0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI ne anumAna lagAyA hai ki vaidika dharma aura saMskRti ke saMsthApaka madhyadezIya tathA udIcya AryoM kI bhA~ti Arya bhASA ke saMyukta vyaMjanoM aura anya dhvanayAtmaka vizeSatAoM kA uccAraNa vrAtya evaM prAcya loga saralatA se nahIM kara sakate the| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki prAcya bhASA meM saMyukta vyaMjana samIkRta ho gae hoN| madhya deza kI bhASA ke viSaya meM koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| saMbhavataH yaha bhASA madhyama mArga apanAtI thii| isameM na to udIcyoM kI taraha rUr3hivAditA thI aura na to prAcyoM kI taraha zithila sA skhalita hii| prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pataJjali ne apane mahAbhASya meM brAhmaNa sAhitya kI kathA kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai ki asura loga saMskRta zabda araya, kI jagaha 'alayoM' yA 'alavo' kA uccAraNa karate the| isase patA calatA hai ki usa samaya pazcima vAloM ko pUraba vAloM ke 'ra' kI jagaha 'la' uccAraNa kA patA cala gayA thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke vikAsa kAla kI dvitIya avasthA prAkRta ke samaya pUrvI bhASA meM 'ra' ko 'la' ho jAne kA pazcima vAloM se bhinnatA kA jJAna spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta eka aura bAta kA jJAna hotA hai| vaha hai 'ra' aura 'R' ke bAda Ane vAle dantya varNa kA mUrdhanyIkaraNa ho jaanaa| jaise kRta, artha, ardha prAcya bhASA meM 'kaTa' 'aTTa' 'aDDa' ho gae; jabaki madhyadezIya meM ve binA mUrdhanyIkaraNa ke 'kata' (yA kita), 'atyaM' aura 'addha' ho ge| udIcya meM ye zabda bahuta samaya taka kRta, artha aura ardha bane rahe aura jaba anta meM 'ra' kA samIkaraNa ho bhI gayA to bhI dantyoM kA mUrdhanyIkaraNa nahIM ho skaa| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki buddha ke samaya taka brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kI racanA ho cukI thii| Rgveda kI bhASA ke lagAtAra vikAsa kA anusaraNa hama uttarakAlIna anya vaidika saMhitAoM aura brAhmaNa granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha laukika saMskRta

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA taka prApta kara sakate haiN| DaoN0 kItha kA kahanA hai ki vaidika saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM meM vaidika bhASA kA barAbara kramika vikAsa pAyA jAtA hai / yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki 'bhASA' brAhmaNoM aura upaniSadoM kI bhASA se abhinna na hote hue bhI, usase ghaniSThatayA sambaddha hai / itanA hone para bhI uttara bhArata meM kucha Aryetara bhASAe~ bhI pracalita thIM jo ki dhIme-dhIme samApta ho rahI thIM jaise pAli jAtakoM meM varNita 'cANDAloM' kI bhASA pracalita thI kintu sAtha-sAtha ve abhijAta brAhmaNoM kI bhASA bhI sIkhate the / 11 DA0 caTarjI ne buddha ke samaya meM AryabhASA kI bhASAgata sthiti kA citraNa yoM kiyA hai (1) tIna prAdezika boliyA~ - (a) udIcya (ba) madhyadeza tathA (sa) prAcya vibhAgoM kI bolI / udIcya aba bhI vaidika ke nikaTatama thI, jabaki prAcya usase sarvAdhika dUra calI gaI thii| ina sabhI para anArya prabhAva par3atA A rahA thA / (2) 'chAndasa' yA ArSa yA prAcIna kavitA kI bhASA, jo prAcInatama Arya bhASA kA sAhityaka rUpa thI aura jisakA brAhmaNa loga pAThazAlAoM meM adhyayana karate the / (3) chAndasa ko apekSAkRta eka navIna rUpa, athavA madhyadeza tathA prAcya kI prAdezika bhASAoM ke upAdAnoM se yukta udIcya kA eka purAnA rUpa kahA jAtA thA / yaha brAhmaNoM meM pracalita paraspara vyavahAra tathA zikSaNa kI ziSTa bhASA thI, unake dvArA vedoM kI bhASya TIkA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa evaM dArzanika vivecanoM ke lie prayukta hotI thI / brAhmaNa granthoM meM hameM yahI bhASA milatI hai| isa prakAra vaidika bhASA kA pariniSThita rUpa brAhmaNa granthoM ' meM pAte haiN| yaha eka prakAra se vaidika bhASA kA sAhityika rUpa thaa| isa bhASA para dhIme-dhIme dravir3a, kirAta aura muNDA bhASA ke zabdoM kA bhI prabhAva apratyakSa rUpa se par3A thA / vaidika bhASA kI rakSA tathA adhyayana ke lie vedAGgoM kI racanA kI gaI thI / vedAGga 6 the - zikSA, kalpa, nirukta, vyAkaraNa, chanda aura jyotiSa /

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vastutaH Arya bhASA do prakAra se phaila rahI thii| prathama bola-cAla kI boliyoM kI sImAeM phaila rahI thIM aura saMskRta dhArmika aura bauddhika jIvana kI bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho rahI thii| yadyapi bauddhoM aura jainiyoM ne prAdezika bhASAoM ko adhika mahatva diyA thA, usI meM apanI racanAeM aura dhArmika pracAra kara rahe the| phalataH prAdezika bhASAeM saMskRta se dUra hotI jA rahI thiiN| itanA hone para bhI saMskRta kI mahattA kama nahIM huii| isakA vikAsa dinAnudina bar3hatA hI gyaa| vaidika bhASA ke sAhitya susamRddha ho jAne para usane pariniSThita rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| dhIme-dhIme usake rUpoM meM jaba bAhulya Ane lagA taba svabhAvataH vaha bhASA janatA se dUra ho clii| aisI paristhiti meM punaH udIcya aura dhIme-dhIme madhya deza kI bhASA ne vikAsa kara saMskRta kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| isa saMskRta zabda kA nAmakaraNa pracalita bhASA yA sAmAnya bhASA ke artha meM pavitra veda kI bhASA se bhinnatA batAne ke lie kiyA gyaa| yaha vaidika bhASA se abhinna hote hue bhI vastutaH bhinna thii| isa bhinnatA kA patA yAska ke nirukta se tathA pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI se calatA hai| pahale sAhityika veda kI bhASA tathA janatA kI bhASA meM bheda thaa| pahale ke lie chanda yA nigama zabda aura dUsare ke lie bhASA yA laukika zabda prayukta hotA (nirukta-1/4 aura 2/2; aSTAdhyAyI-3/1/108) thA / pataJjali ne apane 'zabdAnuzAsana' ke Arambha meM hI isakA bheda spaSTa kara diyA hai| donoM prakAra kI bhASAoM ke viSaya meM usane vyAkhyA dI hai| usane kevala saMskRta ke lie laukika zabda kA hI prayoga nahIM kiyA hai apitu usane vaidika bhASA ke viSaya meM bhI vyAkhyA kI hai| pataJjali kA kahanA hai ki vaidika bhASA kA jJAna veda ke adhyayana se hI ho sakatA hai| pracalita zabdoM kA jJAna to bhASA ke prayoga se hotA hai| kintu prazna uThatA hai ki yaha janatA kI bhASA kisa prakAra saMskRta viziSTa nAma meM pariNata ho gyii| isakA jJAna hameM saMskRta bhASA ke itihAsa se na hokara saMskRta vyAkaraNa se prApta hotA hai| 'saMskRta' arthAt vaha bhASA jisakA saMskAra kiyA gayA ho|

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA 13 bhASyakAra ne saMskRta zabda kA prayoga kahIM nahIM kiyA hai| yAska ne ekAdha jagaha saMskRta zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai (nirukta 1/12) / isase patA calatA hai ki saMskRta kA kAma pavitratA yA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa thA jisane purAnI bhASA ko AdaraNIya saMskRta-pavitra ke artha meM parivartita kara diyaa| vastutaH bhASA kA saMskAra (saMskRta) yAska se bahuta pahale ho cukA thaa| yAska kA samaya pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsA pUrva mAnA jAtA hai| pANini ne sarvatra bhASA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhASA ke lie saMskRta zabda kA prayoga rAmAyaNa meM pAyA jAtA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya taka AryoM kI prAdezika bhASAe~ adhika susamRddha hotI jA rahI thIM, usase bhinnatA dikhAne ke lie saMskRta nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA ho| isa purAnI bhASA ke pavitrIkaraNa kA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki nimna varga ke logoM kI bhASAoM kA svacchandatApUrvaka ghola-mela na ho ske| bhASA kI pavitratA surakSita rhe| yaha bahuta saMbhava thA ki anAryoM ke bahuta se zabda tathA prAdezika bhASAoM ke bahuta se zabdarUpa isameM ghula-mila rahe the| ataH rUr3hivAdI vaiyAkaraNoM ne purAhitoM kI pavitratA ko surakSita banAe rakhane ke lie aura doSoM se mukta rakhane ke lie bhASA kA saMskAra yAnI saMskRta kiyA / ' pANini ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA rUpa hamezA ke lie nizcita kara diyA / isakA vyAkaraNa ba~dha jarUra gyaa| phira bhI isameM vikAsazIlatA thii| isakA pramANa samaya ke anusAra badalatA huA isakA vAkya vinyAsa hai| pANini ke samaya meM laukika yA pracalita saMskRta kA bhAratIya-Arya prAdezika boliyoM meM saMbhavataH vahI sthAna rahA hogA, jo Adhunika kAla meM hindI kA hai| sarvatra sAdhAraNa janatA saMskRta samajha letI thI, bhale hI vaha pUraba bhArata kyoM na rahA ho-jahA~ se prAkRta udbhUta huI thii| purAne saMskRta nATakoM se bhI isI bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| ucca varga ke pAtra saMskRta meM aura nimna varga tathA strI pAtra prAkRta meM bolatA thaa| isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta ke vikAsa kAla ke samaya meM bhI sAmAnyatayA saMskRta vyavahAra kI bhASA thii|

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14 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vaidika evaM laukika saMskRta meM antara isa prakAra purAnI bhASA ke do bheda hue-(1) 'vaidika' jise chAndasa bhI kahate haiM aura (2) dUsarA 'laukika' jise saMskRta kahate haiN| pahalA dUsare se artha meM bhinnatA rakhatA hai| purAnI bhASA kI rakSA veda meM kI gaI hai-mukhyatayA Rgveda meN| hama pahale batA cuke haiM ki yaha bhArata kI sabase purAnI bhASA kA rUpa hai| hamAre bhASA sambandhI adhyayana meM eka bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki padya aura gadya ke bIca meM bhASA sambandhI saMkrAMti kAla hai jisameM bahuta se zabda kaI dRSTiyoM se parivartita ho gae the| bahuta se nae zabda abhivyakti aura astitva kI dRSTi se sAmane A gae the| vaidika bhASA ke antima caraNa kA pratinidhitva upaniSad aura purAne sUtra karate haiN| bhaNDArakara0 Adi vidvAnoM ne isa kAla kI saMskRta bhASA ke vikAsa ke samaya ko tIna kAloM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| yaha kAla brAhmaNa se lekara pANini taka kA kAla mAnA gayA hai| ise kucha logoM ne madhya saMskRta kAla kahakara bhI pukArA hai| vaidika aura klAsikala saMskRta kI vibhAjaka rekhA yAska mAne jAte haiN| yAska kA samaya klAsikala saMskRta ke lie pRSThAdhAra mAnA jAtA hai| lagAtAra saMskRta ke vikAsa ke samaya se hI yaha pratIta hone lagatA hai ki saMskRta ke vyAkaraNa ke niyama jaTila hote jA rahe the| jaba brAhmaNa kA gadya kAla AtA hai taba bahuta hI kRtrima sUtra zailI kI vRtti bar3hatI huI najara Ane lagatI hai| isI zailI meM darzana tathA vyAkaraNa zAstra likhe gae the| isa kAla meM paribhASA kA mahatva adhika bar3hatA jA rahA thA / 12 thor3e meM adhika kahane kI vRtti bar3ha rahI thii| purAnI bhASA purAnI saMskRta ke rUpa meM AI aura yaha do bhASAoM ke rUpa meM dIkha par3ane lgii| yadyapi isase hama sahamata nahIM haiM ki pariniSThita saMskRta kRtrima bhASA thI aura na to hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA niyama saMskRta ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka rahA aura ise agatizIla bhASA banA diyaa| chAndasa bhASA laukika yA pracalita saMskRta se uccAraNa, dhvani aura kucha

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA khAsa niyamoM meM bhinnatA rakhatI hai| vaidika bhASA meM uccAraNa dhvani para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA / vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa meM isakA vizeSa khyAla rakhA jAtA thA / pANini zikSA meM kahA gayA hai: 15 mantro hInaH svarato varNato vA mithyA prayukto na tamarthamAha / sa vAgvajo yajamAnaM hinasti yathendra zatruH starato'parAdhAt / / vaidika bhASA meM kabhI zabda dhvani bhI parivartita ho jAtI hai-la-Da meM bhI badalI hai- agnimILe > agnimIle / gonAm tathA gavAm donoM rUpa milatA hai| (aSTAdhyAyI 7-1-57); kartA ba0 va0 meM- asas kA janAsaH, brAhmaNAsaH aura as kA visarga devAH, brAhmaNAH / karma ke eka vacana meM 'u' kA do rUpa hotA hai - tanvam > tanuvam, prabhvam > prabhuvam (aSTA0 6/4 / 86 ) : isake viparIta paravartI saMskRta meM in yA tA pratyaya pAyA jAtA hai| tRtIyA eka vacana meM prAyaH A athavA yA jor3a diyA jAtA hai - uruyA, madhvA ( uruNA aura madhunA rUpa ke rahate hue bhI) vAhavA aura nAvayA (vAhunA aura nAvA kI jagaha para), svapnayA (svapnena ke rahate hue bhI) isI taraha bahuta se udAharaNa haiM (aSTA0 7/1/39); tRtIyA bahuvacana ke anta meM at kA bhis yA ebhis meM pariNata ho jAtA hai - rudrebhiH pUrvebhiH aura kabhI-kabhI esa bhI pAyA jAtA hai - rudreH (aSTA0 7/1/10) / yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki bhis yA ebhis tR0 ba0 va0 kA rUpa hai| kabhI-kabhI SaSThI eka vacana kA pratyaya chor3a diyA jAtA hai jaisA ki parame vyomana ( vyomni ke rahate hue bhI) aura yaha kabhI A meM bhI badala jAtA hai nAbhau ke lie nAbhA - prayoga kartA kAraka ba0 va0 zabda napuMsaka liMga meM a kA A meM parivartana-jaise ki - 'vizvAni dhanAni ke lie 'vizvA dhanAni pAte haiM / veda mantroM meM janayitA ke lie janitA, zamayitA ke lie zamitA pAte haiM (aSTA0 6/4/53, 54 ); vidbhaH ke lie vidbha, eva ke lie evA (aSTA0 6/3/136); AtmanA ke lie tmanA, aSTapadI ke lie aSTApadI Adi bahuta se udAharaNa haiN| isa taraha ke bahuta se udAharaNa vaidika bhASA kI vizeSatA yA guNa vaidika prakaraNa meM pANini ne T

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi acchI taraha se spaSTa kiyA hai| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ne vaidika aura laukika saMskRta kA spaSTa bheda dikhAyA hai| vaidika zabdoM kA artha laukika saMskRta meM spaSTatayA parivartita ho gayA hai| jaisA ki 'kavi' zabda ke artha kI vyAkhyA sAyaNa aura yAska ne kI hai| yaha sAmAnyatayA veda meM-vaha jo ki vastuoM kI prakRti ko jAnatA ho kA artha vyakta karatA thA (agnirhotA kavi krata:-Rgveda 1/1/1) bAda meM yaha zabda kavitA racane vAle ko kahA gyaa| yahI 'kavi' zabda pUrvakAlIna upaniSadoM meM kRSaka ke bhAva meM hI vyakta huA hai-durgam pathastat kavayo vadanti-(kaTho0 2/4/14) / 'mRga' zabda veda meM sAmAnya jAnavaroM ke lie prayukta hotA thA bAda meM yaha khAsa hiraNa jAnavara ke lie prayukta hone lagA-mRgo na bhImaH kucaro giriSThA:-Rgveda-x 180 / saMskRta janabhASA thI yA nahIM kintu eka vivAdAspada viSaya raha hI jAtA hai ki kyA saMskRta janatA kI bhASA thI athavA yaha sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA hI thI jisameM ki hinduoM kI pavitra racanAyeM racI gyiiN| adhikAMza pAzcAtya Alocaka isa bAta se kabhI bhI sahamata nahIM hote ki saMskRta kabhI bhI vistRta paimAne para janatA kI bhASA rahI ho| una logoM kA kahanA hai ki aisI bhASA jo ki sakhta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM aura dhvaniyoM se jakar3a dI gaI ho vaha sarvasAdhAraNa janatA ke dvArA bolane ke vyavahAra meM kaise lAyI jA sakatI hai| una logoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha bahuta adhika saMbhAvanA hai ki saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta hI sarvasAdhAraNa janatA ke vyavahAra kI bhASA rahI ho| samAja kI azikSita janatA jinakI ki samAja meM adhikatA hotI hai, saMskRta unakI mAtRbhASA nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki saMskRta zabdoM kA zuddha uccAraNa binA vyAkaraNa ke jJAna athavA acchI zikSA ke binA sAmAnya janatA ise ThIka taraha se nahIM bola sktii| agara saMskRta janabhASA thI bhI to vaha suzikSita logoM kI bhASA thii| nissandeha saMskRta ke samRddhi kAla meM yaha janabhASA thii| yadyapi

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA 17 yaha samAja ke ucca varga ke suzikSita samAja taka hI sImita thii| mukhyatayA yaha brAhmaNoM kI bhASA thii| samAja ke tIna varga jo samAnyatayA dvi-jAtIya kahalAte the aura jinheM yajJopavIta tathA veda par3hane kA adhikAra thA, saMbhavataH saMskRtabhASI the| upaniSad kI ghaTanAoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki kSatriya loga dArzanika vAda-vivAdoM meM mukhyatayA bhAga lete the| janaka ke rAjadarabAra meM prAyaH aisA hotA thaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki yaha zAstrArtha vAlI saMskRta praNAlI bhArata kI bahuta purAnI cIja hai| brAhmaNoM ke atirikta loga bhI jo kisI sammAnita pada para the, ve saMskRta acchI taraha se bola sakate the| rAmAyaNa meM hanumAna ne sItA se saMskRta meM bAtacIta kI thii| mahAbhASya meM varNana AyA hai ki sUta bhI saMskRta bolane meM samartha hote the| evaM hi kazcid vaiyAkaraNa Aha ko'sya rathasya praveteti ? sUta Aha-AyuSmannAhaM praajiteti| antaH aura bAhya sAkSya ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki IsA zatAbdI ke Arambha kAla meM saMskRta janabhASA thii| isakA rUpa Adhunika hindI kI taraha rahA hogaa| bhASA zabda jo ki 'bhASa' dhAtu se banA hai jisakA artha bolanA hotA hai-yaha batAtA hai ki eka samaya meM saMskRta bhI grIka aura leTina kI taraha janabhASA thii| DA0 kItha kA kahanA hai ki pANini ne saMskRta ke lie bhASA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| usakA svAbhAvika artha 'bolacAla kI bhASA' hI hai| isake atirikta pANini ne aise niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai jo ki bolacAla kI bhASA se sambandha na rakhate hoM to, nirarthaka ho jAte haiM |14 nirukta meM bhASA ke viSaya meM jo udAharaNa die gaai haiM usase bhI patA calatA hai ki eka samaya meM yaha avazya jIvita janabhASA thii| yAska ne saMskRta ko janabhASA ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki kucha vaidika zabdoM (kRdanta) kA prayoga bhASA yA tatkAlIna pracalita janabhASA kI dhAtu kriyA rUpoM ke samAna prayukta hote haiM-bhASikebhyo dhAtubhyo naigamAH kRto bhASyante-nirukta 2-2 | kriyAtmaka rUpoM ke bAre meM yAska apanA mantavya dete haiM ki kamboja vAle 'zavati' kriyA ko

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 'gacchati' ke artha meM prayoga karate haiN| jabaki Arya loga ise zava murdA ke artha meM prayoga karate haiM to uttara vAle saMjJA rUpa 'dAtra' ko churI ke artha meM prayoga karate haiM / 15 pataJjali ne bhI yAska kI taraha mahAbhASya meM saMskRta ke prAntIya zabdoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai|6 __isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pANini aura yAska ke samaya hI saMskRta kevala jana-bhASA nahIM thI, apitu yaha bhI nizcita pramANa milatA hai ki una logoM ke bAda bhI vArtikakAra kAtyAyana ke samaya meM bhI yaha janabhASA thI, kintu isa samaya yaha ziSToM kI bhASA bhI ho calI thii| pANini kI truTi dikhAte hue kAtyAyana kA kahanA hai ki sambodhana meM nAma aura nAman donoM rUpa hote haiN| dvitIyA aura tRtIyA zabdoM ke pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga meM upAdhyAya, Arya, kSatriya aura mAtula zabdoM ke upAdhyAyI, AryA, kSatriyA aura mAtulAnI rUpa nitya na hokara vikalpa se hote haiN| ina sabhI cIjoM se patA calatA hai ki yaha bhASA kabhI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI hogii|" prabhAta candra cakravartI ne bhI apane prabandha meM yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki saMskRta mRtabhASA nahIM thii| yaha kabhI janatA meM pracalita rahI hogI bhale hI yaha sImita rUpa meM rahI ho aura IsA pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI meM yaha janabhASA rahI hogii| pANini, yAska aura kAtyAyana ne udIcya aura prAcyoM ke viziSTa prayogoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye sabhI sAkSya nizcita rUpa se uparyukta pratipAdana kI puSTi karate haiN| vastutaH bhASA kA Adarza vaha bhASA hai jise ziSTa loga bolate haiM aura ziSTa ve loga haiM jo vizeSa zikSaNa ke binA hI zuddha bhASA (saMskRta) bolate haiN| vyAkaraNa kA prayojana hameM ziSToM kA parijJAna karAnA hai, jisase unakI sahAyatA se pRSodara jaise zabdoM ke, jo vyAkaraNa ke sAdhAraNa niyamoM ke andara nahIM Ate, vizuddha rUpoM ko jAna skeN| DA0 kItha ke zabdoM meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki nizcita rUpa meM kabhI ucca aura kabhI nimna vargoM kI bhASA se niSpanna ye zabdAntara hameM isa mukhya sthiti kA smaraNa dilAte haiM ki bhArata ke kisI bhI

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bhAratIya Arya-bhASA samaya meM bhASA ke kaI rUpa vastutaH vyavahAra meM pracalita the| ve bhASA ke rUpa samAja ke vargoM ke anusAra paraspara bhinna hote the| vaidika bhASA evaM laukika saMskRta kA jahA~ eka ora pracAra thA, vahIM dUsarI ora prAdezika bhASAe~ bhI pracalita thiiN| anArya bhASAeM bhI bolI jAtI thiiN| ina sabhI kA paraspara meM AdAna-pradAna bhI hotA rahatA thaa| muNDA aura dravir3a parivAra kI bhASAoM kA bhI prabhAva par3anA svAbhAvika thaa| ina prabhAvoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa vaidika evaM saMskRta ke uccAraNa meM parivartana hotA thaa| isa prakAra Arya bhASA apane vibhinna svarUpoM evaM boliyoM ke rUpa meM, pazcima meM gAndhAra se lekara pUrva meM videha evaM magadha taka tathA uttara meM himAlaya ke pradeza se lekara madhya bhArata ke vana pradeza taka tathA pazcima ke sAgara ke taTa kI ora gujarAta se hokara dakSiNa meM lagabhaga 600 varSa I0 pU0 taka pratiSThita ho gii| isake pazcAt vaha baMgAla meM, dAkSiNAtya meM tathA sudUra dakSiNa bhArata meM phailii| prAkRta aura saMskRta ke rUpa meM Arya bhASA samasta bhArata meM aura bhArata se bAhara bhI phailane lgii| Age calakara mahAkAvyoM aura kAvyoM kI racanA meM saMskRta ne kRtrimatA kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA; kucha logoM ke buddhi vilAsa kA sAdhana mAtra raha gii| samAja ke viziSTa vargoM kI bhASA ho gaI aura prAdezika bhASAoM kA vikAsa bar3ha claa| prAdezika bhASAoM meM upadeza dene vAle kaI dhArmika netA hue| isase prAdezika bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA; prAkRta sarva sAdhAraNa kI bhASA bnii| saMdarbha bhArata kA bhASA sarvekSaNa-pR0 221-anu0 DaoN0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI, prakAzana sUcanA vibhAga, uttara prdesh| 2. di orijina eNDa DevalapmeMTa oNpha baMgAlI laiMgveja-pR0 24,-hindI bhASA kA udgama aura vikAsa-pR0 167 para DA0 tivArI ne donoM ke matoM kA saMkSepa meM spaSTa vibheda dikhAyA hai|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-pR0 4-DA0 kItha, anu0 DA0 maMgaladeva zAstrI-prakAzana, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vaaraannsii| liMgvisTika inTroDakzana TU saMskRta-pR0 48-69-DaoN0 baTekRSNa ghoSa-kalakattA, 19361 bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI-pR0 73-DA0 sunIti kumAra cATuA / vahI, (pR. 75) / vedAnno vaidikAH siddhAlokAcca laukikAH-mahAbhASya-1/1/1 paspazAhika / ___... mAnuSImiha saMskRtAm 'dvijAtiriva saMskRtAma' vAlmIki rAmAyaNa sundara kANDa-XXX, 17-18 / philosophi oNpha saMskRta grAmara-pR0 171 10. vilsana phiilolojikala lekcarsa-pR0 30 / saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-pR0 4-DA0 kItha / 'ardha mAtrA lAghavena putrotsavaM manyante vaiyAkaraNAH / 13. mahAbhASya-a0 1/4 pspshaahik| 14. saMskRta bhASA kA itihAsa-pR0 11-anu0 DA0 maMgaladeva shaastrii| 15. 'zavatirgatikarmA kambojeSveva bhASyate, vikAramasyAyeMSu bhASante zava iti| dAtirlavanArye prAcyeSu dAtramudIcyeSu / ' 16. 'hammatiH surASTreSu raMhatiH prAcyamadhyeSu gamimevatvAryAH prayuJjate', mahAbhASya 1/1/1 bhaNDArakara, JBRAS. XVI-273 aura maikaDonela vaidika grAmara pR0 307 naM0 2 / 18. da liMgvisTika spekulesansa oNpha hindUja--pR0 272-kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, 19331

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dvitIya adhyAya prAkRta prAcIna bhArata kI bhASAe~ mukhyatayA tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kI jAtI haiM - 1. saMskRta, 2. prAkRta aura 3. apbhrNsh| ina bhASAoM para hama do taraha se vicAra kara sakate haiN| yA to hama paramparA kI vicAradhArA se sahamata hoM aura prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kA sambandha saMskRta se jor3eM yA hama Adhunika dRSTikoNa se sahamata hoM aura saMskRta se bhinna isakI sattA svIkRta kreN| saMskRta ko hama prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA ke antargata rakha sakate haiN| prAcIna bhArata kI boliyoM kA pratinidhitva purAne sAhitya meM surakSita hai| isakA jJAna hameM (ka ) Rgveda kI bhASA evaM (kha) paravartI vaidika graMthoM se hotA hai| paravartI saMskRta kA jJAna hameM (ga) mahAkAvyoM kI bhASA tathA (gha) pariSkRta saMskRta sAhitya kI bhASA se hotA hai, jisake AdhAra stambha - pANini, pataJjali, kAlidAsa tathA anya haiM / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya bhASAoM kA pratinidhitva pAli, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza madhyakAlIna bhASA kA pratinidhitva pAli aura prAkRta karatI haiN| isase sabhI kAla kI boliyoM kI tulanA hotI hai aura unake dhvanyAtmaka parivartana kA bodha hotA hai / yaha parivartana vyAkaraNa ke kucha guNoM para bhI huA hai jo ki purAnI bhASA se apanI bhinnatA rakhatI thii| yaha kAla 1100 I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai / usake bAda phira bhASA kI dhvaniyoM meM parivartana hone lgaa| usa dhvanyAtmaka parivartana ne Adhunika bhASA ko janma diyA / madhyakAla kA jJAna

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hameM vibhinna srotoM se hotA hai| isake AdhAra haiM zilAlekha evaM sAhityika rcnaayeN| zilAlekhoM meM prasiddha azoka ke zilAlekha haiM, dakSiNa pAli sAhitya yA hInayAna bauddha sAhitya, jaina sAdhuoM kI prAkRta, kavitA, gIta, kAvya aura nATaka tathA prAkRta vyAkaraNa se bhI hameM isakA jJAna hotA hai| madhyakAla ke antargata paravartI prAkRta yAnI apabhraMza kA kAla bhI AtA hai| isakA varNana 12vIM zatAbdI meM hemacandra ne kiyA thaa| yaha vastutaH navya bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA udgama srota batAne vAlI bhASA hai| purAnI hindI kA sabase purAnA sAhitya 12vIM zatAbdI kA pRthvIrAja rAso hai| ___ madhyakAla ko bhI hama tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM-(1) purAnI prAkRta yA pAli (2) madhya prAkRta (3) paravartI prAkRta yA apbhrNsh| (1) purAnI prAkRta yA pAli-purAnI prAkRta ke antargata (ka) tRtIya zatAbdI IsA pUrva madhyakAla ke zilAlekha se lekara dvitIya zatAbdI IsA ke bAda taka kA kAla AtA hai| samaya aura kAla ke anusAra bahuta sI boliyA~ isake antargata pracalita huii| isI meM hInayAna sAdhuoM kI pAli aura dUsarI bauddha racanAeM huyIM jaise ki mahAvaMza aura jAtaka haiN| (kha) jAtakoM yA buddha kI janma kathAoM aura padyoM (gAthAoM) kI bhASA jinameM gadhoM kI apekSA kRtrimatA adhika hai| (ga) purAne jaina sUtroM kI bhASA / (gha) pUrvakAlIna nATakoM kI prAkRta jaise ki azvaghoSa kI rcnaa| (2) madhya prAkRta-madhya prAkRta ke antargata / (ka) mahArASTrI (dakSiNa) gItoM kI bhaassaa| (kha) dUsarI prAkRta yAnI zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi jaisA ki kAlidAsa aura anya logoM ke nATakoM tathA vyAkaraNoM meM pAI jAtI hai|

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prAkRta 23 (ga) paravartI jaina pustakoM kI bhASAe~ / (gha) paizAcI - jisameM ki bRhatkathA likhI gii| isa bhASA kA jJAna hameM vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA hotA hai / (3) paravartI prAkRta yA apabhraMza - loka pracalita boliyoM ke AdhAra para bhI prAkRta kI racanA huI thii| ve boliyA~ niyamoM meM nahIM bAMdhI jA sakI thiiN| isakA vikAsa nirantara hotA rahA aura ye apabhraMza ke nAma se pukArI gayIM / bhASA zAstra kI zabdAvalI meM apabhraMza kA artha hogA vikAsa ko prApta kI huI bhASA / jaise prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke sAhityika bhASA ho jAne se madhya yugIna bhAratIya AryabhASAe~ prAkRta ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna milA thA, usI prakAra jaba madhyayugIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe~ prAkRta sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa kara jana sAmAnya kI bhASAoM se dUra ho gayIM to apabhraMza ko mahatva diyA gyaa| isa taraha jana sAdhAraNa kI bolI kI paramparA nirantara jArI rhii| Age cala kara jaba apabhraMza kI bhASA bhI loka bhASA nahIM raha gaI, sAhityika rUr3hatA dhAraNa kara janatA se dUra ho calI, to dezI bhASAoM - hindI, gujarAtI Adi kA udaya huaa| vAstava meM prAkRta, apabhraMza aura dezI bhASA- ina tInoM ke Arambha kAla meM eka hI artha the-jaise-jaise inakA sAhityika rUpa banA, vaise-vaise unakA rUpa bhI badalatA gayA / paramparA ke anusAra prAcIna bhArata kI bhASAe~ tIna vargo meM mukhyatayA vibhakta kI gaI haiN| ve haiM apabhraMza / 1. saMskRta, 2. prAkRta aura 3. daNDI', bhAmaha aura bhojarAja sabhI ne tIna bheda kiye haiN| rudraTa ne isakI saMkhyA bar3hAkara 6 kara dI hai| usane mAgadhI, zaurasenI aura paizAcI ko bhI jor3a diyA hai / yaha bheda tarkasaMgata pratIta nahIM hotA / prAkRta ke vibhinna prakAra mAgadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi hote hue bhI ina sabhI meM bahuta kama bheda thA /

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi goDI aura lAlATI se kyA anusAra prAkRtazAcI / vaiyAkaraNoM kI vibhinna prAkRta prAkRta ke nAma se vaiyAkaraNoM ne bahuta sI prAkRta bhASAoM ko samajhA hai| unameM sabase purAne prAkRta prakAza ke lekhaka vararuci haiN| usane 4 prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-(1) mahArASTrI, (2) zaurasenI, (3) mAgadhI aura (4) paishaacii| 12 vIM zatAbdI ke jaina vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ne tIna aura prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vararuci ne apabhraMza kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| saMbhavataH usane ise prAkRta se bhinna mAnA ho| kucha kaviyoM ne apabhraMza ko deza bhASitayA janatA kI bhASA kahA hai| daNDI ne apane kAvyAdarza meM kahA hai-'apabhraMza kAvyoM meM AbhIra Adi kI bhASA hai' usane prAkRta se mahArASTrI kA ullekha kiyA hai jo ki utkRSTa prAkRta thii| zaurasenI, gauDI aura lATI prAkRta-mAgadhI kA dUsarA nAma gauDI bhI thaa| kintu usane lATI se kyA artha liyA hai? yaha spaSTa nahIM hotaa| vararuci aura daNDI ke anusAra prAkRta ke 4 bheda hote haiM-1. mahArASTrI, 2. zaurasenI, 3. mAgadhI aura 4. paishaacii| hemacandra ne isake 6 bheda kie haiM 1. mahArASTrI, 2. zaurasenI, 3. mAgadhI 4. ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa, 5. paizAcI aura cUlikA paizAcI, 6. apbhrNsh| lakSmIdhara ne yahI bheda kiyA hai| lakSmIdhara kA kahanA hai ki paizAcI bhASA vibhinna kSetroM meM bolI jAtI hai-pANDya, kekaya, bAhalIka, sahya, nepAla, kauntala, sudeza, bhoTa, gAndhAra, heva (himavat) aura knnauj| bharata ne 7 bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| usane prAcyA, avantI aura vAhlIkA ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| isake atirikta usane nATakoM meM prayukta hone vAlI vibhASAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai-zabara, AbhIra, cANDAla, sacara, dravir3a, auDraja, vnecr| sAhitya-darpaNakAra ne (14vIM zatAbdI) zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, prAcyA, avantikA, dAkSiNAtyA, zAkArI, bAhalIkI, drAviDI, AbhIrI aura cANDAlI prAkRta bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| prAkRta laMkezvara, ne udIcI, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, mizra, ardhamAgadhI, zAkAbhIrI,

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prAkRta 25 zrAvastI, drAviDI, audriya, pAzcAtyA, prAcyA, vAhalIkA, ranatikA, dAkSiNAtyA, paizAcI, AvantI aura zaurasenI kA nAma ginAyA hai| prAkRta candrikA ne mahArASTrI, AvantI, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAhalIkI, mAgadhI, dAkSiNAtyA aura apabhraMza kA hI varNana kevala nahIM kiyA hai apitu 27 prakAra ke apabhraMzoM kA bhI citraNa kiyA hai, jaise-vAcaDa, lATa, vaidarbha, upanAgara, nAgara, vAravara, Avantya, pAJcAla, Takka, mAlava, kaikaya, gauDa, auDra, dve, pAzcAtya, pANDya, kuntala, siMhala, kaliMga, prAcya, karaNATaka, kAJca, drAviDa, gurjara, AbhIra, madhyadezIya aura vaiddaal| yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki kSetrIya yA TrAiva logoM kA vibhAjana santoSaprada nahIM hai| vararuci ke paravartI vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkata para bar3hatI haI kSetrIya boliyoM kA prabhAva dekhA thaa| una logoM ne yaha bhI dekhA thA ki prAkRta zabdoM ke uccAraNa para bhI kSetrIya boliyoM kA prabhAva par3a rahA hai| jaisA ki hama jAnate haiM ina vaiyAkaraNoM ke samaya prAkRta bhASA mRta ho cukI thI aura isameM kisI bhI prakAra ke Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ki lekhaka-gaNa eka-dUsare kI racanAoM para hI nirbhara karate the| isI kAraNa ve loga vAstavika rUpa se bhASAoM kA sUkSma rUpa batAne meM asamartha ho jAte haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kucha paravartI lekhakoM ne vastutaH na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM ke pUrvavartI rUpa ke kramika vikAsoM ko hI dikhAyA zilAla zilAlekhoM aura Adhunika boliyoM ke adhyayana karane se patA calatA hai ki vaiyAkaraNoM ne jo vibhAjana kiyA hai vaha vastutaH vaijJAnika AdhAra para nahIM hai| yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki zilAlekhoM aura boliyoM se mahArASTrI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kI vizeSatA kA patA calatA hai| vyAkaraNika paddhati kI do pravRttiyA~ dikhAI detI haiN| ya zruti kA prayoga hama sarvatra pAte haiN| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vyaMjana ya kA vistAra kiyA jAtA hai taba mahArASTrI meM a-dhvani surakSita rahatI hai kintu ardhamAgadhI meM ya pAyA jAtA hai| yaha niyama Adhunika marAThI meM hai hI nhiiN| parantu mahArASTra ke zilAlekhoM meM

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi yaha pAyA jAtA hai- nAga = nAya (nAnA ghaTa), rAjA = rAyA (nAnA ghaTa vAsima) aadi| jaisA ki mAgadhI meM ra, la meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| kintu yaha niyama bihAra aura baMgAla kI boliyoM meM sarvatra nahIM pAyA jAtA / saMbhavataH isa parivartana ke niyama kI pravRtti pUrvI boliyoM ke nATakIya mAgadhI meM prApta hotI hai| kucha bhASA vaijJAnika vizeSatAyeM paravartI prAkRta meM yA apabhraMza meM prApta hotI haiN| bahuta paravartI kAla ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI yaha pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| paJcadaza ke lie pamadaraza kA prayoga hAthI gumphA ke zilAlekha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai (lagabhaga prathama zatAbdI ke anta meM), pAli - pannarasa, prAkRta - paNNarasa, paNNaraha, hindI - panaraha - pandraha ( pndrh)| yaha zilAlekhI rUpa tera, coda, aThAra, (nAgArjuna koNDa dUsarI senacurI) / prAkRta zabda ke artha tathA vibhinna prayoga vidvAnoM ne prAkRta zabda ke artha do tarIke se kiye haiN| prAkRta kA eka artha hai janatA kI mUla bhASA aura dUsarA artha liyA jAtA hai ve bhASAyeM jo prakRti se lI gaI hoM / prakRti kA artha hai- saMskRta / jo loga yaha vizvAsa karate haiM ki prAkRta kA artha hotA hai janatA kI bhASA, unakA kahanA hai ki yaha kabhI bhI saMskRta se utpanna nahIM mAnI jA sakatI kyoMki saMskRta kA artha hotA hai saMskAra kiyA gayA, pariSkAra kiyA gayA arthAt susaMskRtoM kI bhaassaa| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki saMskRta hI, janatA kI bhASA prAkRta se pariSkRta karake lI gaI hai| jaisA ki saMskRta paMDitoM kI, vidvAn lekhakoM dvArA grahIta susaMskRtoM kI bhASA thI / svabhAvataH prAkRta una logoM kI bhASA huI jo par3he-likhe nahIM the yAnI striyoM aura baccoM kI bhASA huii| yaha una sAmAnya janatA kI bhASA huI jo saMskRta nahIM jAnate the / sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra- prAkRta kA artha hai jo prakRti se liyA gayA ho - yAnI mUla tattva | isa taraha prAkRta kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai - svAbhAvika, sAmAnya yA prAMtIya bhASA / 26

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prAkRta prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI prAkRta saMbaMdhI vyutpatti ___ yaha bahuta sAmAnya tarIke kI prAkRta kA artha huA (jaise-zaurasenI-pAuDa, mhaaraassttrii-paaua)| kucha loga prAkRta kA artha pariSkRta saMskRta se pariSkAra kiyA huA mAnate haiN| alaMkAra zAstrI aura paravartI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa prAkRta ko saMskRta prakRti se liyA gayA-pariSkAra kI gaI bhASA mAnate haiN| paravartI kAla ke vaiyAkaraNa evaM alaMkArazAstriyoM ne prAkRta ko saMskRta se liyA gayA mAnA hai| katipaya prAkRta-vyAkaraNoM meM prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti isa taraha kI gaI haiprakRtiH saMskRtaM, tatrabhavaM tata AgataM vA praakRtm| (hema0 prA0 vyA0) prakRtiH saMskRtaM tatrabhavaM prAkRtaM ucyte| (prAkRta sarvasva) prakRtiH saMskRtaM tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtaM smRtam (prAkRta candrikA) prakRteH saMskRtAyAstu vikRtiH prAkRtI mtaa| (SaDbhASA candrikA) prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saMskRtaM yoniH| (prAkRta saMjIvanI) ina vyutpattiyoM kA tAtparya yaha hai ki prAkRta zabda prakRti se banA hai, 'prakRti' kA artha hai saMskRta bhASA, saMskRta bhASA se jo utpanna huI hai-vaha prAkRta bhaassaa| yaha vyAkhyA bauddhika jarUra hai phira bhI isa vyAkhyA meM aitihAsika tathya kA abhAva hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se hama saMskRta ko hI mUla AdhAra mAnakara usI se prAkRta zabdoM kI vyutpatti tathA siddhi karate haiN| prAkRta ke 95 pratizata zabdoM kI vyutpatti kA patA saMskRta se calatA hai| dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki prAkRta ke kucha vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra aura kramadIzvara ise saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA pUraka banAte haiM aura tIsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki sabhI prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM likhe gae haiN| ye sabhI tathya pramANita karate. haiM ki prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti saMskRta se

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi pUrvokta vicAra ke viparIta yaha tarka upasthita kiyA jAtA hai, yaha ThIka hai ki prAkRta ke 95 pratizata zabda saMskRta se utpanna haiM kintu una 5 pratizata zabdoM kA kyA hogA jinakI vyutpatti saMskRta se nahIM hotii| saMskRta zabda rUpa vastutaH AdhAra zilA hai kyoMki vahI purAne bhAratIya rUpoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai kintu kabhI-kabhI kucha purAne bhAratIya mukhya zabda rUpoM ke lie prAkRta zabda rUpoM kI vyAkhyA Avazyaka ho jAtI hai jo ki saMskRta meM bilkula nahIM milte| isase yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRta janatA kI mUla bhASA thI aura usake bahusaMkhyaka zabda pariSkRta prAkRta meM le lie ge| kyA isa kAraNa yaha paribhASA banA dI jAe ki ye zabda-prakRtiH saMskRtaM tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI prAkRta kI vyutpatti sambandhI paribhASAoM ko sahaja hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jaisA ki kucha vidvAn mAnate haiN| DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya kA vicAra hai ki yaha ucita nahIM jAna par3atA ki prAkRta kI utpatti ke viSaya meM prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNa loga apanA mantavya deN| una vaiyAkaraNoM kA mukhya kAma bhASA ko subodha banAnA thA, jisa bhASA meM vistRta sAhitya prApta the| bhASA meM eka-rUpatA banAe rakhane ke lie, bhASA kA jJAna karAne ke lie-udAharaNasvarUpa striyoM, baccoM Adi ke lie bhASA ko sugamya evaM sarala banAne ke lie vyAkaraNa likhA jAtA thaa| yaha sahI hai ki prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kA DhAMcA saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para banAyA gayA jinameM mukhyataH pANini, kAtantra, kalApa aura hema Adi haiN| inhIM vaiyAkaraNoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvaliyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gyaa| aisA karate samaya ve prAyaH prakRti zabda kA prayoga karate the jo ki utpatti ke artha meM prayukta na hokara AdhAra (Base) ke artha meM prayukta huA thaa| acchA hogA hama hemacandra kI usa vyAkhyA ko dhyAna meM rakheM jo ki-prakRtiH saMskRtaM, tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam kahA gayA hai| yadi yahA~ hama prakRti zabda kI tulanA kareM to yaha spaSTatayA AdhAra (Base) ke artha meM prayukta huA hai

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prAkRta 29 (1) prakRtiH zaurasenI-vararuci, x-2 asyAH paizAcyAH prakRtiH shaursenii| sthitAyAM zaurasenyAM paizAcI lakSaNaM prvrtyitvym| bhAmahavRtti x-2 (2) prakRtiH zaurasenI, vararuci, xi-2 (3) prakRtiH saMskRtaM, vararuci, xii-2 isa sambandha meM hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa kA bhI kucha hissA dekhane lAyaka hai (ka) saMskRtAnantaraM ca prAkRtasyAnuzAsanaM siddhasAdhyamAna bheda- saMskRtayonereva tasya lakSaNaM na tu dezasyeti jnyaapnaarthm| hemacandra-8/1/1 (kha) goNAdayaH zabdA anuktaprakRtipratyayalopAgamavarNavikArA bahulaM nipaatynte| hemacandra-8/2/174 (ga) ete cAnyairdezISu paThinA api asyAbhirdhAtvAdezI kRtAH, vividheSu pratyayeSu prtisstthntaamiti| vajjaranto kthyn| vajjariavvaM kthyitvym| iti rUpasahasrANi siddhynti| saMskRta dhAtuvacca prtyylopaagmaadividhiH| hemacandra-8/4/2 pUrvokta uddharaNoM se aba yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahI ki prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke viSaya meM prakRtiH saMskRtam vAlI ukti ko bahuta mahatva diyA jaae| phira bhI prAkRta ke una 95 pratizata zabdoM kI upekSA hama nahIM kara sakate jinakI ki vyutpatti saMskRta se kI jAtI hai| merA kahane kA matalaba yaha hai ki yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki prAkRta bhASAoM ko saMskRta se utpanna mAnA hI jaay| vastutaH yaha janatA kI mUla bhASA thii| vaiyAkaraNoM ne ise saMskRta bhASA se suvyavasthita kiyA aura vidvAnoM ne ise sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyaa| yaha susaMskRta varga kI bhASA ho gii| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne isI kAraNa pariniSThita saMskRta bhASA ke AdhAra para, prAkRta bhASA ke lie vyAkaraNika pAribhASika zabdAvaliyoM kA prayoga kiyaa|

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30 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi mUla prAkRta bhASAyeM kAlAntara meM samaya pAkara vibhinna boliyoM meM pariNata hokara dUsare prakAra kI dhvaniyoM meM pariNata ho gii| ina boliyoM meM sAdhAraNataH mahArASTrI prAkRta pariniSThita bhASA ho gaI jo ki vararuci aura hemacandra kI prAkRta meM pradhAna hai aura yahI sAhityika prAkRta huii| anya prAkRta boliyA~ samaya pAkara pariSkRta huii| ina boliyoM ke adhika vistAra ho jAne ke kAraNa dhIme-dhIme inakI upa boliyA~ bhI ho cliiN| samaya pAkara unameM se kucha boliyA~ pradhAna ho cliiN| unhoMne pariSkRta rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA / ye prAkRta vibhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM jAnI jAne lagIM-zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, ardha mAgadhI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza Adi / yaha bhI sarvavidita hI hai ki apabhraMza kI bhI vibhinna boliyA~ huii| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke mana meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke viSaya meM bahuta pahale se hI paraspara virodhI vicAra dIkha par3ate haiN| ve do vargoM meM vibhakta dIkha par3ate haiN| pUrvIya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa ke purAne lekhaka zAkalya, bharata aura kohala bahuta uttama vaiyAkaraNa haiN| unakA sarvottama pratinidhi vararuci hai| isakA anusaraNa kramadIzvara, laGkezvara, rAmazarmA tarkavAgIza aura mArkaNDeya kavIndra karate haiN| pazcimI vaiyAkaraNoM ke acche pratinidhi vAlmIki haiM jinake sUtroM kI upalabdhi lakSmIdhara kI SaDbhASA candrikA meM vistRta rUpa meM hai| vAlmIki ke anuyAyiyoM meM trivikrama, lakSmIdhara, siMharAja aura dUsare loga bhI haiN| hemacandra isI kI zikSA kA anusaraNa karatA hai| kintu ve apane saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI mukhya pAribhASika zabdAvaliyoM kA hI prayoga karate haiN| bhAmaha kazmIrI hote hue bhI kisI kA anusaraNa nahIM krte| Adhunika vidvAnoM ke prAkRta sambandhI vicAra ___ hama dekhate haiM ki prAkRta kI utpatti ke viSaya meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAeM haiN| pAramparika vicAradhArA ke loga vistRta rUpa meM prAkRta bhASA kI prakRti saMskRta ko mAnate haiN| purAne AcArya

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prAkRta gaNa prAyaH isI vicAra ke haiN| kintu Adhunika vicAradhArA ke loga prAkRta bhASA ko svAbhAvika bhASA mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki prAkRta vaha bhASA hai jo prakRti se nikalI ho| isa dRSTi se prAkRta kI apekSA saMskRta kahIM adhika kRtrima thii| saMskRta kA saMskAra kiyA gayA thA aura binA kisI rUpa parivartana ke prAkRta meM prAkRta kI prakRti kI svAbhAvikatA kI rakSA kI gaI thii| prAkRta ke bAre meM kahA jAtA hai ki yaha sAmAnya janatA kI bhASA thii| (prAkRta janAnAM bhaassaa)| sara jArja griyarsana ne prAkRta ko vaidika bhASA se pUrvavartI bhASA mAnA hai| purAnI vicAradhArA kA khaNDana karate hue unhoMne prAkRta ko janapriya batAte hue mUla bhASA mAnA hai| saMskRta se utpanna nhiiN| anumAna kiyA gayA hai ki yaha prAkRta bhASA vaidika bhASA se paravartI na hokara, purAnI prArambhika kAla kI bhASA thI aura sAtha hI sAtha janatA kI bhASA meM pracalita bhI thii| purAnI prAkRta ke rUpoM ko grahaNa karatI huI saMskRta vikasita huii| prAkRta Age calakara bhI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI jabaki saMskRta mRta bhASA kA rUpa grahaNa kara cukI thii| zilAlekhI prAkRta __kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti zilAlekhI prAkRta se huI hai| zilAlekhI prAkRta vaidika prAntIya boliyoM se utpanna huI haiM, jise ki una logoM ne purAnI yA prAimarI prAkRta kahA hai (2000 I0 pU0 se 5000 I0 pU0 taka kA kAla) yaha vaidika kAla se bhI pUrva kA kAla hai| yaha prAkRta veda aura purohitoM kI bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha bddh'ii| una logoM kA kahanA hai ki vaidika bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha yaha prAkRta bhI pracalita rhii| unakA kahanA hai ki mantroM kI racanA ke samaya bhI yaha bhASA loka meM pracalita thii| vaidika bhASA ke samAna hI usa samaya sAmAnya janatA kI bhASA prArambhika prAkRta yA vibhinna prAntIya boliyAM pracalita thiiN| yahI prArambhika prAkRta kA pariSkRta rUpa vaidika saMskRta hai (1500 I0 pU0), yaha vaidika saMskRta bhI sAhityika bhASA hI thI, janabhASA

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (kathya bhASA) nhiiN| zilAlekha kI prAkRta (500 I0 pU0 se 100 I0 pU0 taka kA kAla) pAli se nirantara vikasita hotI rahI aura taba vaidika saMskRta se pariniSThita saMskRta kI racanA huii| zilAlekhI prAkRta se sAhityika prAkRta banI aura isa sAhityika prAkRta kA kAla 100 I0 se 500 I0 taka kA kAla mAna sakate haiN| isake bAda janabhASA kSINa hotI gii| yadyapi isake bAda bhI pustakeM likhI jAtI rhiiN| apabhraMza kA kAla 500 I0 se 1000 I0 taka kA samaya mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra pahale prArambhika (prAimarI) prAkRta thI yA vibhinna prAMtIya vaidika boliyAM thIM jisase ki zilAlekhI prAkRta nikalI aura zilAlekhI prAkRta se sAhityika prAkRta bhASA vikasita huii| yaha prAkRta 5vIM aura chaThI zatAbdI kI hai| hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki mRcchakaTikam ke racayitA zUdraka ke samaya meM yaha prAkRta janatA meM acchI taraha se pracalita thI kyoMki isa nATaka meM prAkRta kI sabhI boliyoM kA acchI taraha se digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki jaba Arya prajAeM vijetA kI haisiyata se bhArata meM AyIM taba unakI bhASA ko aneka Aryetara prajAoM kI bhASA se mukAbalA karanA par3A aura usake bAda hI AryabhASA ne bhArata meM apanI sAMskRtika jar3a jamA lii| vaidika kAla se lekara brAhmaNa kAla taka AryabhASA isa prakAra kI sAMskRtika spardhA meM pUrNatayA vijetA rhii| isa kAla kI AryabhASA bhAratIya AryabhASA kI prathama bhUmikA hai| isa kAla ke bAda AryabhASA kA sthala aura kAla kI dRSTi se gatizIla vikAsa hotA rahA aura isa vikAsa ke sAtha hI Arya bhASA kI dUsarI bhUmikA Arambha hotI hai, yaha bhUmikA hai-prAkRta / jaba Arya pUrva prajAeM apanI bhASA chor3akara ina Atrantuka AryoM kI bhASA ko apanAne lagI hogI aura vaha bhI bhinna-bhinna sthaloM para bhinna-bhinna kAla meM, taba aneka taraha kI prAkRtoM kA prAdurbhAva huA hogA aura isa dhAraNA se hama aneka taraha kI prAkRta pAne kI AzA rakha sakate haiN| kintu jaba hama prAkRta sAhitya kI ora dRSTi DAlate haiM taba bhinna paristhiti upasthita hotI hai| prApta prAkRtoM meM prAcInatama

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prAkRta prAkRta jaise ki azoka ke zilAlekha aura aise kucha namUnoM ko chor3akara uttarakAlIna prAkRta sAhitya meM vizeSataH eka hI taraha kI prAkRta hamako milatI hai| ziSTa saMskRta sAhitya ke namUne para hI adhikatara ziSTa prAkRta sAhitya upalabdha hote haiN| prAkRta sAhitya kI zailI sarvatra eka hI taraha kI hai, cAhe vaha pUrva kI ho yA pazcima kI athavA dakkhina kI hI kyoM na ho| sarvatra eka hI ziSTa sAmAnya zailI kI prakriyA hameM prApta hotI hai| prAkRta kA antima chora hai-apabhraMza kaal| yaha navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke udgama kA sUcaka hai| kintu isa apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI Adhunika na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM kI taraha pUraba aura pazcima zailI kA bheda nahIM pAyA jaataa| __ isa prakAra hama niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki prAkRta vastutaH janatA kI mUla bhASA thii| isI ko seTha haragovinda dAsa ne pAiya sadda mahaNNavo kI bhUmikA meM prAkRta kI vyAkhyA isI taraha kI hai prakRtyA svabhAvena siddhaM prAkRtam yA prakRtInAM sAdhAraNaM janAnAmidaM praakRtm| unhoMne lakSaNA kI apekSA mukhyArtha para hI vizeSa bala diyA hai| akRtrima svAdupadAM jainI vAcamupAsmahe (hema0 kaavyaanushaasn)| zrI seTha ne apane mata kI puSTi meM namisAdhu, siddhasena vAkpatirAja' aura rAjazekhara' ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| vicAra karane se prAkRta ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita niSkarSa nikAla pAte haiM--- (1) prApta zilAlekha giranAra, jaugaDa aura mAnasera se kama se kama do boliyoM kA patA calatA hai jisameM eka to magadha kI mukhya madhya bolI hai| yahIM se usakA udbhava huaa| yaha vaidika kAla kI prArambhika prAkRta yA prAntIya boliyoM meM se eka thii| (2) prAkRta meM bahuta se aise dezI zabda haiM jo na to pariniSThita saMskRta meM haiM aura na vaidika saMskRta meM hI prApta hote haiN| ve vaidika

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kAla kI bahuta sI prAntIya boliyoM se lI gaI haiM, ise hama prArambhika prAkRta kahate haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ne ina dezI zabdoM ko pariniSThita yA vaidika saMskRta se utpanna mAnakara, inheM tadbhava kahA hai jo ki vastutaH bar3I kaThinAI se, ina donoM meM isakI samatA pAI jA sakatI hai| (3) tIsarA una logoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se nahIM mAnI jA sakatI kyoMki bahuta se zabda aura abhivyaktiyA~ prAkRta kI aisI haiM jo ki saMskRta meM nahIM pAI jAtIM kintu ve kevala vaidika saMskRta meM hI milatI haiN| (4) cauthA kucha logoM kA yaha mata hai ki hama prAkRta ko vaidika saMskRta se bhI utpanna nahIM mAna sakate kyoMki vaidika saMskRta ke bahuta se aise zabda aura uccAraNa haiM jo ki prAkRta meM pAe jAte haiM aura usI taraha prAkRta ke bhI bahuta se rUpa aura zabda aise haiM jo ki vaidika saMskRta meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| tAlu dantya ke lie kRta=kaDa, vRta buDa, mRta mdd| dantya na mUrdhanya Na meM parivartita ho jAtA hai jabaki e aura ra pUrva meM ho- uSNa, RNa Adi yA dantya dhvani s mUrdhanya dhvani S meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| dantya ke sthAna para mUrdhanya meM parivartita ho jAne kI pravRtti vaidika aura laukika saMskRta meM dekhI jAtI hai| yaha batAtA hai ki usa samaya prArambhika prAkRta bhI thI jisakA ki yaha prabhAva hai| prAkRta ke bahuta se aise zabda haiM jo ki vaidika saMskRta meM nahIM pAe jAte udAharaNasvarUpa dezI zabda aura saMskRta ke bahuta se rUpa aura zabda aise haiM jo ki prAkRta meM nahIM pAye jaate| (5) pA~cavA yaha kahanA hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM bhinnatAe~ hote hue bhI donoM meM bahuta kucha samatA hai| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta (zilAlekhI prAkRta) kA sambandha bhagini--bahana (Sister language) kA sA hai jo ki vibhinna prAntIya vaidika boliyoM se yA prArambhika prAkRta

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35 prAkRta se nikalI hai / prArambhika (prAimarI) prAkRta ina donoM bhASAoM se avazya pUrva kI hogI yA unhIM ke sAtha pracalita rahI hogI / vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM nimnalikhita samatAeM haiM- 1. sandhi ke niyamoM meM zithilatA aura svara bhakti (svareNa bhakti::- svara bhaktiH) vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM samAna pAI jAtI hai / saMskRta meM yaha cIja nahIM pAI jAtI hai| udAharaNasvarUpabhAryA-bhAriyA, kliSTa - kiliTTha Adi rUpa prAkRta meM pAe jAte haiN| usI taraha vaidika saMskRta meM bhI svargaH- suvargaH, -tanvaH-tanuvaH, - svaH - suvaH Adi milate haiM / 2. jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai ki vibhinna prAkRta aura vaidika saMskRta meM samatA hai / unake khAsa rUpa saMskRta meM nahIM ho skte| udAharaNa - Aho kA vaidika As (putrAhodevAsa), Ae kA vaidika Ae, ehi kA vaidika ebhiH (devebhiH, bahuhi ) / 3. prAkRta dhvaniyoM meM kucha aise khAsa zabda haiM jinakA ki vaidika saMskRta se patA calatA hai kintu ve pariniSThita saMskRta meM nahIM pAe jAte haiN| pAzo vaidika paz, tA, jA, se vaidika tAt, yAt Adi aura ettha se kA vaidika itthA se / 4. prAkRta aura vaidika saMskRta meM R, u meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa- Rtu - uu, Rgveda-kRta- kuu / 5. donoM prAkRta aura vaidika saMskRta meM saMyukta vyaMjana meM se eka lupta ho jAtA hai aura avaziSTa svara agara hrasva hai to dIrgha kara diyA jAtA hai / durlabha - dUlaha Adi / 6. donoM bhASAoM meM zabda ke antima vyaMjana ko haTA diyA jAtA hai / udAharaNa- tAvat - tAva, yazas - jaza, vaidika - pazcAt - pazcA, uccAt--uccA, nIcAt - nIcA / 7. donoM jagaha saMyukta vyaMjana ke r yA y samApta ho jAtA hai / pragalbha - pagabbha, zyAmA-zAmA / vaidika - apragalbha - apagalbha /

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36 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 8. donoM jagaha saMyukta vyaMjana kA avaziSTa svara agara dIrgha hai to hrasva ho jAtA hai| pAtra-patta, rAtri-ratti, cUrNa-cuNNa, vaidik-amaatr-amtt| 9. donoM bhASAoM meM da kI jagaha Da ho jAtA hai| daNDa-DaNDa, daMsa-DaMsa, vaidika-purodAsa-puroDAsa / __10. donoM jagaha 'dha' ha meM badala jAtA hai| badhira-bahira, vaidika-pratisaMdhAya-pratisaMhAya / ___11. donoM bhASAoM ke kartA kAraka eka vacana saMjJA ke anta meM 'a' o meM badala jAtA hai| devo, jiNo, vaidika-saMvatsaro, so aadi| 12. donoM jagaha tRtIyA ke bahuvacana meM hi aura bhi hotA hai| devehi, vaidik-devebhiH| ____13. donoM bhASAoM meM paMcamI eka vacana kA antima t samApta ho jAtA hai| devA-devAt, jiNA-jiNAt, vaidika-uccA-uccAt, nIcA, pazcA aadi| 14. donoM bhASAoM meM dvivacana rUpa nahIM pAye jaate| prA0rAma lakkhaNA, vai0-indrAvaruNA, indrA varuNau ke lie| vaidika saMskRta meM isake lie kabhI bahuvacana kA rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta meM do, dube, be Adi surakSita haiN| vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta kI isa samatA se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti pariniSThita saMskRta se nahIM huI hai| vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta kI samatA se vidvAnoM ne yaha vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai ki vaidika saMskRta se prAkRta kI utpatti huI hai| kintu hama dekha cuke haiM ki ina samatAoM ke bAvajUda ina donoM meM khAsa antara hai| vastutaH vaidika saMskRta se bhI prAkRta kI utpatti nahIM huI hai| jaisA ki DA0 griyarsana Adi vidvAnoM ne apanA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai|

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prAkRta 37 prAkRta ke prAcIna bolI vibhAga vastutaH buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya se prAkRta kA kAla Arambha hotA hai aura yaha kAla sAhityika dRSTi se vidyApati aura jJAnezvara Adi ke navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke udbhava kAla ke 4, 5 sau varSa pahale hI samApta ho cukA thA / isI ko bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne 'madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla' kaha kara pukArA hai| isake bAda 'navya bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla' kA udbhava hotA hai / isa taraha prAkRta kAla lagabhaga 1500 (pandraha sau ) sAla taka bhArata ke isa vizAla bhU-bhAga meM pracalita rhaa| isI prAkRta ke parivartita rUpa apabhraMza ke bAda navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM vibhinna rUpoM meM, vibhinna zAkhAoM meM dRSTigata hone lgiiN| bhASA kA yaha saMkramaNa kAla apanI lambI avadhi ke bAda isa rUpa meM Ajakala dRSTigata hotI hai| pUrvI bhArata meM bauddha aura jaina dharma ne loka pracalita janatA kI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyA thA jisakA nAma prAkRta pdd'aa| yaha bhASA saMskRta kA prabhAva pUrvI bhArata se haTAne lagI / buddha aura mahAvIra ke pahale AryoM kI ziSTa bhASA saMskRta thI / yaha samAja ke pariSkRta logoM kI buddhi-vilAsa ke kAryoM meM hI vyavahRta hotI thii| dainaMdina kRtyoM se aba isakA nAtA TUTa calA thaa| ina dharmoM ke utthAna ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta bhASA bhI zanaiH-zanaiH mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta karane lgii| isameM bhI Age calakara sAmAnya aura vizeSa bhASA kA antara ho claa| prAcInatama prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA ke svarUpa kA jJAna I0 pU0 500 zatAbdI se hone lagatA hai / paramparA ke anusAra buddha ke upadeza bhinna-bhinna vihAroM meM, maThoM meM, bhikSuoM kI smRti meM saMcita the / ye bhikSugaNa bhI bhinna-bhinna prAntoM ke nivAsI the / avanti, kozAmbI, kannauja, sAMkAzya, mathurA aura vahAM se Ane vAle bhikSuoM kI bhASA bhI bhinna-bhinna hogI / uttara aura pazcima kI boliyAM pUrva se avazya bhinna rahI hoNgii| vinaya piTaka kA jo saMkalana kiyA gayA hogA usameM vibhinna bhASA-bhASI

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38 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bhikSuoM kA apanA hissA avazya hogaa| usake phalasvarUpa isakI bhASA meM parivartana bhI huA hogaa| usake mUla upadeza magadha ke bhikSuoM kI bhASA evaM kozala ke rAjakumAra kI bhASA meM yAni ziSTa mAgadhI meM the| svabhAvataH usa upadeza meM ziSTa bhASA kA hI prayoga huA hogA-bolI kA nhiiN| dUsare prAMta kA vyakti dUsare prAMta kI ziSTa bolI hI bola sakatA hai vahAM kI grAmINa bolI nhiiN| dUsare vAcana ke 'saMhanana' ke samaya meM bhI pazcima se bauddha bhikSu gaNa Ae the| unake upadeza kA prabhAva ziSTa mAgadhI para avazya par3A hogaa| azoka ke samaya meM hI yaha sAhitya kucha aMza meM lipibaddha ho cukA thaa| pAli ke viSaya meM prAyaH yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yaha kisa pradeza kI bhASA thI ? vidvAnoM ne ise (Kuuest speache) 'saMskRta kI bhASA' yA 'mizra bhASA' bhI kahA hai| paM0 becaradAsa' kA bhI kahanA hai ki-saMskRti kI bhASA ke mUla meM bhI hamezA kisI na kisI pradeza kI bolI hotI hai, isalie pAli ke tala meM kisa bolI kA prabhAva hai, isakA vivAda kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH prAcInatama bauddha sAhitya bhI, buddha nirvANa ke bAda karIba cAra sau sAla ke bAda hI lipibaddha hotA hai, aura vaha bhI aneka taraha ke bhikSuoM kI boliyoM ke prabhAva ke bAda / nidAna yaha ki pAli meM pUrva aura pazcima kI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa hai| isa para dhArmika zailI kA prabhAva adhika hai| pAli zabda ke artha ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM bar3A matabheda hai| kintu isakA zAbdika artha hotA hai 'paMkti, gherA, sImA' aura usake bAda artha hotA hai 'pavitra paatth'| yaha usa bhASA ke lie prasiddha hai jisameM ki tipiTaka yA bhikkhuoM kI pavitra bhASA jo ki silona, varmA aura zyAma meM likhI gaI hai| bauddhoM kI yaha zAkhA 'hInayAna' ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura yaha uttara bauddhoM kI zAkhA se bhinna hai| ise hama 'mahAyAna' nAma se abhihita karate haiN| ina bhikSuoM kI bhASA meM hama vistRta sAhitya pAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA use hama 'attha kathA' kaha kara pukArate haiM aura usameM bahuta sI kavitAeM bhI prApta hotI haiN|

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prAkRta sabhI pariniSThita bhASAoM kI taraha jo ki susamRddha tathA ucca starIya sAhitya kI hotI haiM-pAli ekarUpatA kI bhASA nahIM hai| na to isakI spaSTa rUpa rekhA hI hai| dUsarI ora madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI bahusaMkhyaka bhASAoM para isakA prabhAva dIkha par3atA hai| yadyapi bhASA vaijJAnika rUpatA meM ma0 bhA0 A0 ke pUrva kAla kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| pAli ke kampojiTa svabhAva kI tulanA prA0 bhA0 A0 ke pariniSThita saMskRta aura vaidika saMskRta se kI jA sakatI hai| pAli sAhitya kI vizeSatA ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiN| pAli kI paramparA para dhyAna dete hue yaha vidita hotA hai ki buddha ke kAla ke pahale bhI pAli kI paramparA thii| kintu usake kisI nizcita kAla ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| tIna 'bauddha vAcanA' (kauMsila) kI paramparA dekhate hue, bhikSuoM ke pahale kI pAli kI sattA ke viSaya meM, pramANAbhAva ke kAraNa koI nizcita kAla batAne meM asamartha haiN| tRtIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 azoka ke samaya, kucha viziSTa bhU-bhAgoM meM usakI nizcita sattA svIkAra kara sakate haiN| azoka ke kAla meM hI tIsarI sabhA kI baiThaka 'tissa' kI adhyakSatA meM huI thii| kintu purAkAlIna bhikkhuoM kI bhASA vahI pAli nahIM thI jo ki Aja hamAre sAmane hai| samasta maurya sAmrAjya ke Upara bauddha dharma ke phaila jAne ke kucha hI dinoM bAda azoka ne vibhinna prAntIya bhASAoM meM buddha kA upadeza phailaayaa| isa samaya taka bhikkhu loga ekarUpatA kI paramparA se pRthaka ho rahe the| ina vibhinna prAntIya bhASAoM kA prabhAva pAli para avazya par3A hogaa| isa taraha yaha bhASA samasta sAhitya kA mAdhyama banI hogii| vibhinna bhAga ke bhikSuoM kI vibhinna bhASAoM ke prayoga se pramANita hotA hai ki bhikkhuoM kI bhASA meM milAvaTa hai| 247 I0 pU0 azoka ke zilAlekhoM (vairAta, bhAnu ke zilAlekha) se yaha sAmAnyatayA mAna liyA gayA hai ki pAli ke tipiTaka ke satta aura vinaya kA vibhAjana ho cukA thA aura inakI sattA svIkRta

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ho cukI thii| azoka dvArA varNita sAta pAThoM ke alAvA bharahuta tathA sA~cI ke stUpa ne bhI bhagavAna buddha kA upadeza diyA hai| ina stUpoM se buddha ke jIvana kI jhA~kI milatI hai| bharahata aura sA~cI ke zilAlekhoM se bhikSu mANaka, sutaMtika, paMcanekAyika (5 nikAya), piTaka jAnane vAle aura dhammakathika kA patA calatA hai| ina sabhI pramANoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki 200 I0 pU0 buddha piTaka kI sattA vartamAna thI; sutta ke 5 nikAyoM ke sAtha milinda prazna jisakI racanA prathama zatI ke ardha zatI IsvI taka ho cukI thii| isase tipiTaka kI sattA kA pramANa milatA hai| pAli paramparA ko bauddha saMskRta sAhitya bhI surakSita banAe rakhe hue haiN| hInayAna aura mahAyAna kI sAhityika racanA buddha ke pUrvakAlIna jJAna kA srota hai| isa taraha hama nirNaya kara sakate haiM ki pAli sAhitya ke mAdhyama se dhArmika abhivyakti kA jJAna 300 I0 pa0 kI eka vizAla paramparA kA jJAna hotA hai jo ki 11vIM zatI IsvI taka surakSita rahatA hai| isake bAda yaha bhASA saMskRta se prabhAvita ho clii| phira bhI isameM kAphI saralatA hI milii| agara hama dhArmika sAhitya ko chor3akara zilAlekhoM kI zaraNa leM to hameM bhASAyika sAmagrI kA jJAna kucha adhika hotA hai| pAli sAhitya meM yadyapi prAcIna tattvoM kI rakSA hotI hai kintu isa para pUrva deza kI apekSA madhya deza kA prabhAva adhika hai| azoka ke zilAlekha I0 pU0 270 se 250 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga likhe gae haiN| sthala ke anusAra bhinnatA hote hue bhI ye saba ke saba eka hI zailI meM likhe gae haiN| uttara pUrva ke zAhabAja gar3hI aura mAnasera ke lekha dakSiNa pazcima ke girinAra zilAlekha meM bhASA kI dRSTi se bhinnatA hai| ye zilAlekha azoka kI rAjabhASA ke dyotaka haiM / yaha usake prazAsana aura nyAyAlaya kI bhASA hai| rAja bhASA bolacAla kI bhASA se kucha bhinna huA karatI hai| usameM kucha purAtanatA ke prati AkarSaNa hotA hai| isase usakI kucha ziSTatA nibhatI hai| isa AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne yaha

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prAkRta 41 anumAna kiyA hai ki I0 pU0 300 (tIsarI zatI) kI rAjabhASA aura I0 pU0 5vIM zatI kI pUrvI boliyoM meM koI khAsa antara nahIM hogaa| isa dRSTi se azoka kAlIna rAjabhASA ke adhyayana se buddha aura mahAvIra kI bhASA ke adhyayana meM kAphI sahAyatA milatI hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se azoka ke zilAlekha 4 bhAgoM meM bAMTe jA sakate haiN| (1) uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekha, (2) girinAra ke lekha, (3) gaMgA-jamunA se lekara mahAnadI taka ke lekha aura (4) dakSiNa ke lekh| dakSiNa ke lekha Arya bhASA se bilkula bhinna haiN| vahA~ kI bhASA kA prabhAva azoka ke zilAlekha para apanA prabhAva jamA nahIM paate| dUsarI bAta yaha ki isa pradeza kI bhASA se azoka kI rAjabhASA meM koI khAsa antara nahIM hai| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki vahA~ ke bhASA-bhASI azoka ke una lekhoM kI bhASA ko AsAnI se samajha lete haiN| isa dRSTi se svAbhAvika hai ki azoka ke kucha lekha pUrvI bolI ke rUpoM kI rakSA karate hue likhe gae hoN| ataH gaMgA-jamunA se lekara mahAnadI taka ke lekha kucha kSetrIya bheda rakhate hue bhI azoka kI rAjabhASA meM hI likhe gae hoNge| kintu jo pradeza dUra-dUra ke the vahA~ kI janatA ko samajhAne ke lie, use subodha banAne ke lie vahA~ kI bhASA meM hI ve lekha likhe gae hoNge| isase rAja vyavasthA suvyavasti rUpa se calAne meM suvidhA hotI hogii| namUne ke lie hama uttara-pazcima ke lekhoM ko le sakate haiN| giranAra kA lekha saurASTra bolI kA purogAmI hai| yadyapi yaha bolI madhya deza se kAphI prabhAvita hai| uttara-pazcima kI boliyoM kI kucha vizeSatAeM dhammapada meM pAI jAtI haiN| isa pradeza kI boliyoM kA sambandha IrAnI prAkRta se bhI jor3A jAtA hai| kucha logoM ne ise niya prAkRta kahakara bhI pukArA hai| ye kharoSThI lipi meM likhI gaI haiN| darada bhASAoM kA sambandha bhI idhara kI hI bhASA se hai| giranAra ke lekha kI bhASA kA sambandha sAhityika pAli se hai| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki sAhityika pAli kA sambandha madhya deza kI bhASA se hai| giranAra ke lekha kI bhASA para jo

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi madhya deza kI bhASA kA prabhAva hai, vaha unako pAli kI ora khIMcatA pAli zabda kA artha jaisA ki pahale likha cuke haiM ki pAli bhASA evaM pAli ke zabdArtha meM bahuta matabheda hai| vastutaH pAli zabda kisI bhASA kA dyotana nahIM krtaa| isakA artha hotA hai-'mUlapATha' yA 'buddhvcn'| 'aTThakathA' se mUlapATha kI bhinnatA prakaTa karane ke lie isa zabda kA vyavahAra hotA thaa| jaise-imAni tAva pAliyaM aTThakathAyaM pana (ye to 'pAli' meM haiM, parantu aTThakathA meM) athavA neva pAliyaM na aTThakathAyaM AgataM (na yaha 'pAli' meM hai na aTThakathA meN)| pAli bhASA na kahakara kevala 'pAli' zabda se hI 'theravAda' ke 'dhArmika sAhitya' kI bhASA ko abhihita karane kI prathA Adhunika kAla meM cala par3I hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pAli zabda kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ne vibhinna prakAra ke vicAra prakaTa kie haiN| paM0 bidhuzekharAcArya ne pAli zabda kI utpatti saMskRta paGkti ' zabda se kI hai| isake parivartana kA krama pakti > panti > patti > paTThi > palli > pAli kiyA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI pAli kA artha 'paGkti ' kiyA gayA hai| maikara bAlesara mahodaya ne 'pAli' zabda kI vyutpatti 'pATaliputra' se kI hai| kintu yaha vyutpatti bhASA-vaijJAnika AdhAra para nahIM hai| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne pAli mahAvyAkaraNa meM pAli zabda kI vyutpatti 'pariyAya' (saM0 paryAya) zabda se kI hai| isa mata ke anusAra pariyAya > paliyAya > pAliyAya aura tatpazcAt kevala pAli zabda banA aura vyavahAra meM aayaa| pAli zabda kI utpatti 'pA' dhAtu meM 'Nic pratyaya 'li' ke yoga se niSpanna hotI hai| prAcIna lekhakoM ne 'pAli' zabda kI vyutpatti atthAna pAti rakkhatIti tasmA pAli (arthoM kI rakSA karatI hai, isalie pAli) pA dhAtu se kI hai| isase 'pAli sAhitya' ke saMkalana evaM lipibaddha kiye jAne ke itihAsa para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| pAli zabda kI yaha vyutpatti samucita pratIta hotI hai|

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prAkRta pAli kisa kAla tathA kisa pradeza kI bhASA thI yaha kisa pradeza kI bhASA thI yaha pAli zabda se patA nahIM cltaa| laMkA ke bauddha bhikkhuoM kA vizvAsa rahA hai ki pAli magadha kI bhASA thii| isameM buddha bhagavAna kA upadeza usI rUpa meM hai| kintu pAli evaM mAgadhI bhASA meM kucha aisI bhinnatAe~ haiM jisake ki kAraNa pAli mAgadhI bhASA se bhinna hai| vararuci aura hemacandra Adi prAkRta bhASA ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne jisa mAgadhI kA varNana kiyA hai tathA jo saMskRta ke nATaka Adi meM pAI jAtI hai vaha pAli se bahuta paravartI mAgadhI bhASA ke rUpa kA citraNa karatA hai| mAgadhI meM saMskRta kI s, S USma dhvaniyA~ 'z' meM parivartita ho jAtI haiM kintu pAli meM kevala dantya 's' hI milatA hai| mAgadhI meM kevala 'la' dhvani hai jabaki pAli meM 'ra' evaM 'la' donoM dhvaniyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| akArAnta pulliga evaM napuMsaka ke kartA kAraka eka vacana meM mAgadhI meM 'e' kintu pAli meM 'au' pratyaya lagatA hai jaise mAgadhI-'dhamme', pAli-'dhammo'| jaba hama ise mAgadhI nahIM mAnate to prazna uThatA hai ki Akhira yaha kisa pradeza kI bhASA thI ? isa para bhI vidvAnoM ne apanA vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai| DaoN0 olDana varga ne khAravela ke abhilekha kI bhASA ke AdhAra para pAli ko kaliMga kI janabhASA mAnA hai| unakA vizvAsa thA ki kaliMga se hokara laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra huA thaa| kintu yaha mata mAnya nahIM hai| vesTara gArDa tathA I0 kuhana ne pAli ko ujjaina pradeza kI bhASA mAnA hai| do bAtoM ke AdhAra para unhoMne isa mata kI puSTi kI hai| eka to azoka ke girInAra (gujarAta) abhilekha kI bhASA kI pAli se bahuta samAnatA hai, dUsare rAjakumAra mahinda (mahendra) kA janma ujjaina meM huA thA aura yahIM unakA bAlyakAla biitaa| yahIM se usane laMkA meM bauddha kA pracAra kiyA hogaa| vahA~ tripiTaka le gayA hogaa| yaha mata yuktisaMgata hote hue bhI isameM puSTa pramANoM kA abhAva hai| Ara0 o0 phraiMka

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4A hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ne bindhya pradeza kI bhASA ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnA hai| unhoMne uttara bhArata kI samasta jana bhASAoM ke sAtha pAli kI tulanA kara apane isa mata kI sthApanA kI hai| sTena kenoM ne bhI yahI mata prakaTa kiyA hai| kintu unake niSkarSa kA tarIkA kucha bhinna hai| pAli meM paizAcI ke kucha lakSaNa dikhAI dete haiN| jaise--ga, da kA ka, ta hotA hai| sTena keno mahAzaya ne vindhya pradeza ko 'paizAcI' bhASA kA sthAna mAna kara 'pAli' kA AdhAra vindhya pradeza kI bolI ko maanaa| kintu paizAcI ko griyarsana ne vindhya pradeza kI bhASA mAnA hai| griyarsana mahodaya ne pAli meM mAgadhI evaM paizAcI kI vizeSatAeM dekhakara ise magadha kI bhASA mAnA hai| yaha pAli takSazilA meM pahuMcakara paizAcI se prabhAvita huii| prophesara rIjaDeviDsa ne kozala kI bolI ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnA hai| unake anusAra I0 pU0 chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM kozala meM pracalita bhASA hI pAli kI jananI hai kyoMki buddha ne svayaM apane lie 'kozala khattiya' (kozalakSatriya) kahA hai| sambhavataH isI meM ve apanA upadeza karate hoNge| viDiza aura gAyagara ne pAli ko sAhityika bhASA mAnA hai, jo saba janapadoM meM samajhI jAtI thI aura vibhinna janapadoM meM sthAnIya uccAraNa Adi kI vizeSatAoM ko bhI grahaNa karatI thii| kintu koI bhI sAhityika bhASA kisI janapadIya bolI ke AdhAra para hI nirmita hotI hai| ataH yaha vicAra tarka saMgata pratIta nahIM hotaa| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki pUrvI uttara pradeza tathA bihAra (avadha, banArasa, gorakhapura, uttarI tathA dakSiNI bihAra) ke bhU-bhAga meM tatkAlIna pracalita madhyayugIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke eka pUrvI rUpa meM bhagavAna buddha evaM mahAvIra ne apanA upadeza diyaa| bhagavAna buddha ke upadezoM kA praNayana sarvaprathama isI pUrvI bolI meM huA thaa| bAda meM pAli bhASA meM isakA anuvAda huaa| isa mata kI puSTi perisa ke vidvAna sva0 silvAM levI (Sylvain Levi) tathA barlina ke prAdhyApaka hAibrikh lyUDarsa (Henirich Luders) sadRza khyAti prApta vidvajjanoM ne atyadhika udAharaNa dekara kI

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prAkRta DaoN0 sunIta kumAra caTarjI ne kahA hai ki bauddha dharma granthoM kA anuvAda buddha kI mUla pUrvI bolI se jina-jina anya prAcIna bhAratIya prAdezika boliyoM meM huI thI, unameM se eka pAli bhI thii| isa pAli bhASA ko galatI se magadha yA dakSiNa bihAra kI prAcIna bhASA mAna liyA jAtA hai; vaise yaha ujjaina se mathurA taka ke madhya deza ke bhUbhAga kI bhASA para AdhArita sAhityika bhASA thii| madhya deza kI bhASA ke rUpa meM, pAli bhASA Adhunika hindI yA hindustAnI kI bhA~ti kendra kI AryAvarta ke hRdaye pradeza kI bhASA thii| ataeva Asa-pAsa meM pUrva, pazcima, pazcimottara, dakSiNa-pazcima Adi ke jana ise saralatA se samajha lete the| bauddha zAstra granthoM kA pAli bhASA meM anuvAda (evaM kAlAntara meM unakA saMskRta anuvAda) hI viSeza rUpa se pracalita huA aura mUla pUrvI bhASA vAlA pATha lupta ho gyaa| pAli Age calakara bauddhoM ke hInayAna ke 'theravAda' sampradAya kI pradhAna sAhityika bhASA bnii| yahI pAli siMhala pahuMcI aura yahIM se brahma deza evaM syAma taka phuNcii| yaha indocIna ke bauddha mata kI dhArmika bhASA bhI bnii| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki pAli kA prAcIna zaurasenI se jitanA adhika sAdRzya hai, utanA anya kisI bolI se nhiiN| madhya eziyA meM azvaghoSa ke nATakoM ke jo aMza mile haiM unameM prayukta prAcIna zaurasenI (madhyadeza kI bhASA) pAli se bahuta adhika samAnatA rakhatI hai| khAravela ke abhilekha kI bhASA pAli se bahuta samAnatA rakhatI hai| pAli ke sAhityika bhASA ho jAne para usameM paizAcI evaM pUrvI bhASA ke rUpa bhI prayukta hone lge| saMskRta ke tatsama, ardha tatsama Adi rUpa bhI prayukta : hone lage; jaise ratna-ratana Adi / saMskRta se pAli kA bheda saMskRta se pAli kA jo mukhya antara huA vaha Age cala kara madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM pUrNarUpeNa parilakSita hone lgaa| saMskRta ke ai, auM svara pAli meM lupta ho ge| inakA sthAna e

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aura o ne liyA-'airAvaNa' kA erAvaNa, 'gautama' kA gotama aura 'auSadha' kA 'oSadha' ho gyaa| pAli meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM se pUrva hrasva svara kA hI prayoga hone lagA, jaise-mArga-magga, kArya-kayya, puurnn-punn| saMyukta vyaMjanoM se pUrva e, o hasva bhI uccAraNa ho gayA, jaise-maitrI-meM ttI, osstth-otttth| saMskRta kI R, lu, dhvaniyA~ bhI pAli meM lupta ho gyiiN| visarga kA bhI lopa ho gyaa| USma dhvaniyoM meM sa mAtra avaziSTa raha gyaa| jaise-zmazAna kA pAli meM susAna ho gyaa| saMskRta ke jisa zabda meM saMyukta vyaMjana ke pUrva dIrgha svara thA, usake pAli pratirUpa meM dIrgha svara hasva ho gyaa| jaise-mArga-magga, jIrNa-jiNNa, cUrNa-cuNNa aadi| R svara kA vikAsa ara, ira, ura aura kabhI-kabhI 'er' ke rUpa meM huaa| madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM 'ra' kA lopa hokara kevala A, i, u athavA e raha ge| pAli meM bhI yaha parivartana dikhAI detA hai| yathA-RkSa-accha, hRdaya-hadaya, mRga-miga, RNa-iNa, vRzcika-vicchika, Rju-uju, pRcchti-pucchti| kRta-kata, kita aadi| svarAghAta (accent) ke kAraNa bhI pAli meM svara parivartana huA hai| jina zabdoM kA prArambhika akSara (Syllable) para svarAghAta thA unake dvitIyAkSara ke 'a' kA 'i' ho gyaa| yathA-candramas-candimA, carama-carima, parama-parima, madhyama-majjhima, ahaMkAra-ahiMkAra Adi / samprasAraNa evaM akSara saMkoca-pAli meM ya, yA ke sthAna para i evaM I tathA va evaM vA ke sthAna para u, U hotA hai| jaise-dvayaH, trayaH ke sthAna para dvIha evaM trIha hotA hai| svAna-sUna, svasti-sutthi, sotthi, zvabha-suSma, soma ityaadi| kahIM-kahIM samprasAraNa nahIM bhI hotA hai, jaise-vyasana, vyAdha ityaadi| svara bhakti yA viprakarSa (Analtyxis) ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiM-tIkSNa-tikhiNa, tikkha, tRSNA-tasiNa evaM taNhA, rAjJA-rAjijJo evaM raJo, varyate-variyate aadi| pAli bhASA meM ra aura la donoM hI dhvaniyA~ vartamAna haiM, kintu ra aura la ke paraspara parivartana ke udAharaNa bhI virala nahIM haiM-eraMDa-elaMdu, parikhanati-palikhanadi, trayodasa-terasa-telasa, dardura-daddala, taruNa-taluNa aadi| USma vyaMjanoM kA prANa dhvani

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prAkRta ha meM parivartana bhI draSTavya hai-prazna-paNha (Metathesis), azmanA-amhanA, kRSNa-kaNha, susnAta-suNhAta aadi| vyaMjana parivartana ke bahata se udAharaNa pAe jAte haiM-zAkala-sAgala, mAkandika-mAgandiya, sruca-sujA, pratikRtya-paTikicca evaM paTigicca, utAho-udAho, pRSTa-piTTha, ruta-ruda, pravyathate-pavedhate, kapi-kavi (kapi bhI), kapittha-kavittha evaM kapittha (saMskRta kA kapittha zabda madhya Arya bhASA kA rUpa hai), pUpa-pUba-pUba, sphaTika-phaDika-phaThika, lATa-lADa-lATha aadi| purogAmI samIkaraNa (ProgressiveAssimilation) (1) sparza+sparza meM yathA-SaTka (chai kA samudAya)-chakka, mudga-mugga, sapta-satta, zabda-sadda Adi / (2) USNa+sparza-yathA-Azcarya-acchera, niSka-nikkha, nekkha aadi| (3) antastha+sparza-karka-kakka, kilviss-kibbis| (4) nAsikya+nAsikya meM-nimna-ninna, ulmuulyti-ummuuleti| pazcagAmI samIkaraNa (RegressiveAssimilation) ke bhI bahuta se udAharaNa pAe jAte haiM-lagna-lagga, uMdvigna-ubigga, svapna-soppa aadi| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki pAli meM saMskRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNika niyamoM kI kar3AI meM DhilAI ho jAtI hai| saMskRta ke saMjJA evaM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI kAphI DhilAI ho calI / / 4 saMskRta ke napuMsaka liMga ke rUpoM ke sAtha i yA u anta vAle saMjJA rUpoM kI n vibhakti kI nakala para pulliga rUpoM meM bhI maccuno (mRtyoH ke lie) jaise prayoga kie ge| sampradAna aura sambandha kAraka ke rUpa bhI akArAnta prAtipadikoM kI taraha banAe gae jaise-aggissa, vAussa aadi| usI prakAra aggino, bhikkhuno rUpa napuMsaka liMga prAtipadikoM ke mithyA sAdRzya ke AdhAra para bne| hama dekhate haiM ki pAli kA sambandha pariniSThita saMskRta kI apekSA vaidika saMskRta se kahIM adhika hai| udAharaNa ke lie idam kA eka vacana palliga rUpa imassaM, phala kA prathamA bahuvacana phalA; asthi aura madhu ke kartA aura karma ke bahuvacana ke 'aTThI' aura 'madhU' ruup|

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48 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA vastutaH pAli kAla meM hI prAkRtoM kA prayoga spaSTa ho calA thaa| bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke madhya starIya vikAsa meM (200 I0 pU0 se 600 I0) prAkRta kA vizeSa mahatva hai| prAkRta kA prAcInatama svarUpa jAnane ke lie hameM sAhityika prAkRta, zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta, nATakoM kI prAkRta aura bhArata se bAhara kI prAkRtoM kI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane kI AvazyakatA hai| isase prAkRta sambandhI jJAna spaSTa ho sakatA hai| zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta tatkAlIna bhASA ke svarUpa jAnane meM parama sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| ina lekhoM ke jJAna se buddha aura mahAvIra ke kAla kI bhASA kI paristhiti kA citra upasthita hotA hai| mAnaserA zilAlekha kI apekSA zAhabAjagar3hI zilAlekha meM uttara pazcima aJcala kI bhASA kA rUpa adhika zuddha hai| bhArata se bAhara kI prAkRta aura uttara kAlIna kharoSThI lekhoM kA sambandha bhI uttara ke lekhoM ke sAtha hI hai / prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke svara uttara-pazcima kI bhASA meM sAdhAraNatayA surakSita haiN| mukhyatayA nimnalikhita svara vikRtiyA~ dikhAI detI haiM R kA vikAsa do taraha se hotA hai - ri, ru aura kahIM 'ra' bhI hotA hai| isa 'ra' ke prabhAva se anugAmI dantya kA mUrdhanya zAhabAja gar3hI meM hotA hai, mAnaserA meM aisA nahIM hotA zAha0 - muga, kiTa, grahatha, buDheSu, 0 - mriga (mRga), vudhesu (vRddheSu) / mAna0 prAyaH svarAntargata asaMyukta vyaMjana mUla rUpa meM hI surakSita rahatA hai| niya prAkRta meM kucha vizeSa parivartana hotA hai / svarAntargata ka, ca, Ta, ta, pa, za, Sa kA ghoSa bhAva hotA hai, aura ina ghoSa varNoM kA ghoSa bhAva hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA tva aura dva ke azoka zilAlekhoM meM ta ( giranAra meM tpa) aura duva (giranAra meM dva, zAhabAjagar3hI

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prAkRta meM ba) hotA hai| vaidika uccAraNa meM jahA~ tva aura dva ke uccAraNa dvimAtrika tua aura dua hote the vahA~ svAbhAvikatayA ta aura da milate haiN| dvi kA uccAraNa eka mAtrika (Monosyllabic) hone se bi hone kI sambhAvanA hai| niya prAkRta meM aura uttara kAlIna kharoSThI ke lekhoM meM bhI tvatpa=pa hotA hai| kSa aura tsa ke cha aura sa hote haiM, inameM cha pazcimottara kI vizeSatA hai, sa to saba AlekhoM kI sAmAnya prakriyA hai| sa yukta saMyukta vyaMjana kahIM anugAmI dantya kA anukaraNa karatA hai, kahIM dantya baca bhI jAtA hai| zAhabAjagar3hI, mAna0-grahatha, asti, uThana (usthAna) "- asta, bitriTena (vistRtena) zAhabAjagar3hI ke Alekha meM dantya aura mUrdhanya kA honA nizcita nahIM hai| jaise-srestamati, sreTham, astavaSa (mAna-aThavaSa), isase anumAna ho sakatA hai ki vahA~ mUrdhanyoM kA uccAraNa vartya ho sakatA hai| niya prAkRta meM sma-mma aura saptamI e0 va0 kA mmi hotA hai| tadanusAra kharoSThI AlekhoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta dhammapada meM tInoM rUpa-sma, sva aura sa milate haiM-anusmaro, asmi, svadi, pratisvado-sa (saptamI e0 va0 meM) sambhavataH pazcimottara meM saptamI vibhakti ke prayoga meM atyadhika vikalpa pAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta meM bhUta kRdanta pratyaya tvI hai| veda meM isa pratyaya kA bahuta prayoga milatA hai| niya prAkRta meM bhI vi milatA hai-zruniti (zrutvA), aprucchiti (apRSTvA ) prAkRta dhammapada meM bhI upajiti, parivajeti, yahA~ tva kA tpa hote hue bhI bhUta kRdanta meM tva cAlU rahatA hai| hetvartha kA azoka meM aura niya prAkRta meM 'naye' hai, kSamanaye, anyatra tave pAyA jAtA hai, niya prAkRta meM tum ke kucha rUpa pAe jAte haiM-kartu, aagntu| pazcimottara bhAga ke akArAnta zabdoM ke pra0, e0, va0 ke donoM pratyaya-e aura o pracalita mAlUma hote haiN| pradhAnataH zAha0

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. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi meM o aura mAna0 meM e pratyaya hotA hai; niya prAkRta meM bhI e pratyaya adhika pracalita hai| prAkRta dhammapada meM o aura u donoM milate haiM, u adhika arvAcInatA ke prabhAva kA sUcaka hai| giranAra ke lekha kI bhASA pazcimottara aura pUrva se kucha bhinna hai| isa lekha kI bhASAyika vizeSatAe~ ise pAli ke sannikaTa le jAtI haiN| yadyapi pazcimottara kA kucha prabhAva isa para parilakSita hotA hai; yaha vastutaH gujarAta aura saurASTra kI bhASA sthiti ke bahuta kucha anukUla hai| jaisA ki pahale likha cuke haiM ki pAli madhyadeza kI sAhityika bhASA thI aura usakA prAcIna zaurasenI se sambandha hai| kintu madhyadeza ke jo zilAlekha haiM ve vastutaH pUrvI bolI ke adhika sannikaTa haiN| R kA sAmAnyataH a hotA hai aura oSThya varNa ke sAnnidhya meM u-maga (mRgaH), mata (mRtaH), daDha (dRr3haH), kataJatA (kRtajJatA), vutta (vRtt)| madhyadeza meM sAmAnyataH R kA i hotA hai, za, Sa, sa kA bheda miTa gyaa| ekamAtra sa hI pracalita rhaa| pazcimottara lekha ke anusAra kSa kA cha hotA hai aura madhyadeza meM usakA kha milatA __ azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM madhyadeza kI bhASA ke vyavasthita rUpa nahIM pAe jAte; kintu uttara kAlIna sAhitya ko dekhane se yaha vidita hotA hai ki azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI nAyikA evaM vidUSaka kI bhASA prAcIna zaurasenI hI hai| isakI tulanA azoka ke giranAra ke lekha se ho sakatI hai| madhyadeza ke kucha lakSaNa sarvamAnya haiM jaise as kA o aura za, Sa, sa kA sa hotA hai| azvaghoSa kI zaurasenI meM jJa kA Ja hotA hai, uttara kAlIna vaiyAkaraNoM ne NNa vidhAna kiyA hai; giranAra meM bhI Ja milatA hai-kRtnytaa| madhyadeza kI sAmAnya prakriyA R-i azvaghoSa meM milatI hai, giranAra meM nhiiN| saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM vya-vva hotA hai giranAra meM nhiiN| STa, STha kA TTa hotA hai| giranAra meM sTa hI raha jAtA hai| isa

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prAkRta 51 prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki azvaghoSa kI bhASA prAcIna hai jise ki prAcIna zaurasenI kahanA adhika ucita hai| ekaAdha apavAda ko chor3akara prAcIna zaurasenI meM svarAntargata saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA ghoSabhAva-ta kA da honA nahIM milatA jabaki paravartI zaurasenI kA yaha pradhAna lakSaNa hai| prAyaH svarAntargata saMyukta vyaMjana avikRta hI rahate haiN| isa prakAra bhASA vikAsa kI dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA ko tIna yA cAra khaMDoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiN| sabase purAnI prAkRta ke udAharaNa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM aura pAli sAhitya ke kucha prAcIna aMzoM meM milate haiN| isI samaya mukhyataH R aura la kA prayoga samApta ho jAtA hai| ai, au evaM aya, ava kI jagaha e evaM o ho jAtA hai| isI samaya antya vyaMjana evaM visarga lupta ho ge| sabhI zabda prAyaH svarAnta ho ge| svarAntargata vyaMjanoM kA ghoSa bhAva-jaise ka kA ga-apavAdAtmaka rUpa se milatA hai| yaha prAkRta kI prathama bhUmikA kahI jaaegii| prAkRta kI dUsarI bhUmikA ke antargata niya prAkRta, azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta, prAkRta dhammapada aura kharoSThI lekhoM kI prAkRteM AtI haiN| isa bhUmikA meM svarAntargata asaMyukta vyaMjanoM kA ghoSa-bhAva aura tadanantara gharSa-bhAva ho jAtA hai| yaha avasthA zabdAntargata asaMyukta vyaMjanoM ke sampUrNa hAsa kI pUrvAvasthA hai| prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA hai| AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke kucha aMza isa bhUmikA kI antima avasthA meM A sakate haiN| isameM ghoSa bhAva kI prakriyA sarva sAmAnya hai| tIsarI bhUmikA ke antargata sAhityika prAkRta, nATakoM kI prAkRta aura vaiyAkaraNoM kI prAkRta AtI hai| ina prAkRtoM meM anyAnya boliyoM ke kucha avazeSa pAe jAte haiN| isa bhUmikA meM svarAntargata saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA sarvathA hAsa hotA hai aura mahAprANoM kA sarvathA ha hotA hai; mUrdhanya vargoM kA vyavahAra bar3ha jAtA hai| cauthI bhUmikA yAnI antima prAkRta ko hama apabhraMza kahate haiN| yaha bhASA navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA purogAmI rUpa hai|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi isa bhASA kA bolI bheda bahuta kama milatA hai| isakA sAhityika rUpa hI adhika pAyA jAtA hai| adhikAMza pUrva se pazcima taka kA sAhitya eka hI zailI meM likhA huA prApta hotA hai / prAkRta kA uttarakAlIna vikAsa 52 yaha hama abhI dekha cuke haiM ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM hI prAkRta kI sattA sthApita ho cukI thii| isakA vikAsa isa samaya taka samagra bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke lie ho cukA thA / azvaghoSa ke samaya taka ye prAkRteM sAhityika rUpa prApta kara cukI thiiN| anyAnya nATakoM meM taraha-taraha ke pAtroM ke lie vibhinna prAkRtoM kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| isase vidita hotA hai ki sAhitya meM prayukta hone ke kAraNa prAkRta kA svarUpa sthira hone lagA thaa| phira bhI prAkRta bhASAoM kA vikAsa jArI thaa| deza aura kAla ke bheda kI dRSTi se prAkRta ke itihAsa kA patA lagAnA muzkila ho jAtA hai| kintu zanaiH zanaiH prAkRta ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha ziSTa prAkRta bhI paidA ho clii| ziSTa prAkRta ne anya prAkRta kI boliyoM kI vizeSatAoM ko bhI apanAnA Arambha kiyaa| yaha bhASA kA sarvamAnya niyama hai ki jaba koI bolI ziSTa bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai to vaha anya boliyoM kI viziSTatAoM ko apanAkara Age bar3hatI hai / isa dRSTi se eka hI prAkRta vividha rUpoM meM pragaTa hotI hai| prathama zaurasenI prAkRta rUpa meM aura dUsarI mahArASTrI prAkRta rUpa meM prAkRta vizeSajJoM kA kahanA hai ki vastutaH ye donoM prAkRteM nAma ke anusAra kisI viziSTa pradeza kI bhASAyeM na hokara prAkRta kI do vibhinna zailiyA~ haiM / zaurasenI meM svarAntargata asaMyukta vyaMjanoM kA ghoSa bhAva hotA hai, aura vaha ghoSa vyaMjana hokara mahArASTrI meM sampUrNatayA naSTa hotA hai - ta kA da hokara a / zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI meM svarAntargata asaMyukta vyaMjana kA sarvathA lopa hotA hai| aisI paristhiti meM prAcIna bhASA ke aneka zabda

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prAkRta samAna dhvani vAle ho jAte haiM-maa mada-mata-mRga, mRta / anya bhASAoM meM isa rUpatA kI pravRtti nahIM pAI jaatii| zaurasenI yA usakA pariniSThita pariSkRta rUpa mahArASTrI kisI pradeza yA vyAvahArika bhASA kI dRSTi se hamAre sAmane upasthita nahIM hotii| kevala usakA sAhityika svarUpa hI dRSTigata hotA hai| isa mAne meM yaha saMskRta kA anusaraNa karatI hai| uttara kAla kI prAkRta mukhyatayA sAhityika rUpa meM hI upasthita hotI hai| agara vyAvahArika prAkRta upalabdha hotI to isa vizAla bhArata meM aneka prakAra kI prAkRteM pAI jaatiiN| paM beceradAsa jI kA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra Aja prAntoM kA vibhAjana hai usa prakAra usa samaya bhale hI aise prAMta nahIM hoM kintu usa samaya bhI bhASA ke anusAra prAnta kI rUparekhA jarUra rahI hogii| prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM evaM sAhitya zAstra ke granthoM meM varNita prAkRta bhASA kI boliyoM ke AdhAra para yaha nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ mathurA ke Asa-pAsa ke pradeza kA nAma zUrasena thaa| zUrasena pradeza meM pracalita bhASA ko zaurasenI kahA gyaa| rAjagRha ke ar3osa-par3osa ke pradeza ko magadha kahA jAtA thA aura vahA~ kI pracalita bhASA ko mAgadhI kahA gayA tathA jisa mAgadhI prAkRta meM buddha bhagavAna ne upadeza diyA hai usakA nAma pAli hai| pAli zabda buddha bhagavAna ke upadeza kA sUcaka hai| vastutaH pAli kisI bhASA kA sUcaka nahIM hai| prasiddha azoka kI dharmalipi aura mahArAja khAravela ke zilAlekha meM prApta bhASA mAgadhI hI hai| pezAvara ke AsapAsa ke pradeza kA nAma pizAca deza thA aura vahA~ kI pracalita janatA kI bhASA kA nAma paizAcI prAkRta thaa| gujarAta pradeza ke vAgbhaTa ne vAgbhaTAlaMkAra meM eka aura bhUtabhASA ke nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaha nepAla ke samIpa ke pradeza kA nAma bhoTiyA yA bhotiyA thaa| usa pradeza kI bhASA kA nAma bhUtabhASA thaa| bhUtabhASA kA uccAraNa paizAcI se milatA julatA hai| jina logoM ne bhUta zabda kA artha bhUta, pizAca Adi liyA hai-vaha anucita hai| yaha

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi sambhava bhI nahIM hai| Upara varNita pizAca pradeza kI sImA ke uttara tarapha coTI pradeza thaa| usa deza meM vasane vAlI janatA kI bhASA kA nAma cUlikA paizAcI prAkRta thaa| pizAca pradeza kI bhASA kI samatA cUlikA paizAcI se bahuta adhika hai kintu uccAraNa meM khAsa antara hai| __ pracIna samaya kI jina prAntIya prAkRtoM kA bheda dikhAyA gayA hai sambhavataH usa samaya ve bhASAyeM vistRta bhUkhaNDa meM pracalita hoM aura bIca-bIca meM prAntIya prAkRtoM ke rUpa bhI pracalita rahe hoN| Aja unakA paricaya na hone ke kAraNa hama unheM bhUla rahe hoM yA usa samaya jo 4 zaktizAlI pradeza the unhIM meM se kucha pradhAna kA ullekha karate hue 4 prAntIya prAkRta kA ullekha kiyA gayA ho| Ajakala prAkRta meM mukhyatayA unhIM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| alaMkAra zAstriyoM ne apanI-apanI racanAoM meM 4 pramukha prAntIya prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kevala bharatamuni ne nATya zAstra meM ukta 4 pramukha prAntIya prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura bIja rUpa meM una prAntIya prAkRtoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| nATakoM meM jina prAkRtoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai unameM mukhya rUpa se zaurasenI kA hI varNana hai| jaina digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM bhI zaurasenI prAkRta kA varNana hai| bauddha dharma ke mUla piTaka granthoM meM, usakI aTThakathA nAma kI TIkA meM, aneka jAtaka kathAoM meM varNita bhASA mAgadhI hI hai| paizAcI bhASA meM koI vizeSa sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hotaa| kahA jAtA hai ki isa bhASA meM guNADhya nAmaka paNDita ne bRhatkathA nAmaka kAvya likhA thA jo ki Ajakala aprApya hai| hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa (8/4/326) meM paizAcI bhASA kA svarUpa batalAyA hai| jainAcArya racita keTalAMka strota meM saMskRta, prAkRta, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI aura cUlikA paizAcI cha bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra vyApaka prAkRta kA zaurasenI se jo bheda batalAyA gayA hai usI ko nIce tAlikA dekara bheda spaSTa karate haiM

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prAkRta 55 paizAcI saMskRta hindI uvahita upasthita upasthita sobhA zobhA zobhA ayya ajja adya Aja paha paha patha patha patha patha patha / rAstA prAkRta zaurasenI mAgadhI uvahita, uvaTThida uvasthida uvaTThia sobhA sobhA zobhA sohA sohA zohA ajja ajja paha paha patha padha padha - nara nara nala hatthI hatthI hastI viNhu viNhu bisnu dujjaNa dujjaNa duyyaNa jAti jAdi yAdi jAi - - nara nara nara manuSya hAthI viSNu hatthI hastI viNhu viSNu dujjana durjana yAti yAti durjana jAtA hai kannA, kannA kaJA kA kanyA kanyA kakSA puJa puJa puNya puNya zavvaJa savvaJa sarvajJa sarvajJa savvannu puNya, puNNa puNNa savvaNNu, savvaNNu, savvannu, savvajja guNa guNa bhagavatI, bhagavadI bhagavaI guNa bhagavadI guna guNa bhagavatI bhagavatI guNa bhagavatI

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56 paizAcI kA cUlikA paizAcI se uccAraNa bheda prAkRta paizAcI cUlikA paizAcI maggana, maggana makkana maggaNa nagara, nayara giri megha, meha vaggha ghamma nagara giri mekha vaggha ghamma rAjA nijjhara, Nijjhara taDAga taDAga gATha gATha madana madana dAmodara dAmodara rAjA nijjhara madhura madhura dhUlI dhUlI bAlaka bAlaka nakara kiri mekha hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vakkha khamma rAcA nicchara taTAka kATha matana tAmotara saMskRta hindI mArgaNa maMgana bhikhArI nagara nagara giri megha vyAghra gharma rAjA nirjhara giri pahAr3a megha barasAta bAgha ghAma garmI rAjA jharanA taDAga tAlAba gAr3ha gAr3hA madana madana dAmodara dAmodara mathura thUlI pAlaka cUlikA paizAcI meM varga ke tIsare akSara kA pahalA akSara ho jAtA hai aura caturtha akSara kA dUsarA akSara ho jAtA hai arthAt madhura madhura dhUlI dhUla bAlaka bAlaka

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prAkRta 57 cUlikA paizAcI meM ga, ja, Da, da, ba kA krama se ka, ca, Ta, ta, pa ho jAtA hai aura cauthA gha, jha, Dha, dha aura bha ko kha, cha, Tha, tha aura pha bolA jAtA hai| uparokta prAkRta kI tulanA karane se yaha vidita hotA hai ki IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI meM uccAraNa kI isa pravRtti meM abhinava parivartana prakaTa hue, jinhoMne madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA rUpa bahuta badala diyaa| svara madhyama saghoSa sparza vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa meM zithilatA A gaI jisase ve USma dhvani ke samAna bole jAne lge| yaha sthiti bahuta kAla taka nahIM rahI aura kucha dinoM ke bAda ye saghoSa vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ zithila pUrvaka uccarita hokara lupta hone lgiiN| isa parivartana se bhASA kA svarUpa kAphI badala calA aura isI kAraNa yaha paravartI bhASA se bhinna bhI dIkhane lgaa| uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAyaH yahI samajha liyA hai ki aghoSa sparza vyaMjanoM ke ghoSavata uccAraNa tathA saghoSa vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI prakriyA samakAlIna hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhASA ke ghoSavata uccAraNa ko mukta rUpa tathA saghoSa vyaMjanoM ke lopa se parivartita svarUpa ko eka hI kAlakrama meM rakhakara vibhinna nAmoM se abhihita kiyA hai| unhoMne parivartita bhASA kI prathama sthiti ko zaurasenI aura antima sthiti ko mahArASTrI kahA hai| vastutaH zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI eka bhASA ke do rUpa haiN| isa para Age calakara vicAra kreNge| pUrvokta tAlikA ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha patA calatA hai ki vaiyAkaraNoM ne mukhyataH eka hI prAkRta kA citraNa kiyA hai| bolI bheda ke bahuta kama nirdeza inameM pAye jAte haiN| prAyaH vaiyAkaraNoM ne dhvani aura vyAkaraNa bheda kI apekSA dUsarI prAkRtoM kA ullekha karake bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke kucha zabda prayogoM kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai| sAhityakAroM ne bhI jo bhinna-bhinna nAma die haiM; jaise-prAcyA, avantijA ityAdi, vahA~ bhI bolI bheda ke bajAya, kevala zabda bheda (Change of vocabulary) ke ullekha kie haiN| vastutaH pUre bhArata meM sAhityika rUpa meM eka hI prAkRta kA vyavahAra hotA

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi rahA hai jaise pahale saMskRta kI dazA thI vaisI hI bAda meM prAkRta kI huI, Age calakara apabhraMza kI bhI vahI sthiti huI / bhAratIya bhASAoM ke itihAsa kI eka viziSTatA sI rahI hai / prAcIna bhArata kI koI bhI bhASA - saMskRta, prAkRta yA apabhraMza apane kAla kI vyAvahArika bhASA se sambandha na rakha kara ziSTa rUpa meM vikasita hotI rahI hai| pariSkRta praNAlI ke anusAra isa bhASA kA vikAsa hotA rahA / bolacAla kI vyAvahArika bhASA kA pratibimba bhI isa para par3atA rhaa| sarvasAdhAraNa janatA ke jIvana evaM ziSToM ke sAhitya kI dhArA ke bIca meM kAphI vyavadhAna hotA rahA hai| bhASA ke rUpa ko samajhane vAloM ke sAmane ziSToM kA maryAdita rUpa hI Adarza rahA hai| vartamAnakAlIna vyAvahArika bhASA ke AdhAra para prAcIna kAla kI boliyoM kA anumAna bhara kara sakate haiM aura isa anumAna ko sthira karane ke lie prApta prAcIna ziSTa bhASAoM se jo sahAyatA milatI hai vaha kevala pUraka ho sakatI hai / 58 prAkRtoM kA vikAsa saMskRta kI taraha hotA hai / vAstava meM isakA sAhitya saMskRta se bhI adhika kRtrimatA se Age bar3hA hai / saMskRta kI taraha viSayoM kI vipulatA evaM vividhatA isameM nahIM hai| prAkRta prAyaH kucha dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI hI bhASA banI rhii| isa kAraNa isakI zailI evaM rUr3hiyA~ eka hI taraha kI rahIM / phalataH isakA zabdakoza bhI vipula nahIM ho skaa| phira bhI prAkRta kI mahattA isalie hai ki yaha vaidika kAla kI Arya bhASA aura vartamAna ke bola-cAla kI Arya bhASA kI eka avAntara avasthA hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM prayukta evaM kucha kAvya granthoM tathA jainoM ke dhArmika granthoM meM vyavahRta prAkRta ke AdhAra para hI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne vicAra kiyA hai| isa kAraNa 'prAkRta' zabda jaina AgamoM kI 'ArSI' athavA 'ardhamAgadhI' tathA anya sAhityika racanAoM kI 'mAgadhI', 'zaurasenI', 'mahArASTrI' tathA paizAcI boliyoM ke lie rUr3ha ho gayA / vararuci ne prAkRta ke 4 bheda kie haiM- mahArASTrI, paizAcI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI / hemacandra ne 'ArSI' (ardhamAgadhI) evaM 'cUlikA paizAcI'

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prAkRta para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| ataH krama se inhIM prAkRtoM kI viziSTatAoM kA ullekha krege| prAkRta yA mahArASTrI mahArASTrI ko hI sabhI vaiyAkaraNoM ne pramukha prAkRta mAnA hai| hemacandra aura daNDI ne prAkRta kA artha mahArASTrI hI liyA mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH| sAgaraH sUkti ratnAnAM setubandhAdi ynmym|| isI ke AdhAra para DA0 bhaMDArakara mahArASTrI ko mahArASTra deza se sambandhita mAnate haiN| unhoMne setubandha, gAthAsaptazatI, gauDavadha kAvya Adi para AdhArita mahArASTrI ko zaurasenI se bhinna mAnA hai| zrI pizela ne goreja ke vicAra se sahamata hote hue, tathA jUla blaoNka ne bhI mahArASTrI ko marAThI bhASA kA pUrvaja mAnA hai| kintu DA0 manamohana ghoSa ne apane mahArASTrI zaurasenI kA paravartI rUpa0 nAmaka zIrSaka nibandha meM kaI prakAra ke pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki mahArASTrI prAkRta vastuta: janapadIya bhASA nahIM thii| isakA sambandha mahArASTra prAnta se nahIM jor3A jA sktaa| yaha madhya deza kI zaurasenI prAkRta kA paravartI rUpa hai| yaha eka samaya sampUrNa uttara bhArata meM pracalita hone ke kAraNa mahArASTrI (mahAna rASTra kI bhASA yA Ajakala ke zabdoM meM rASTrabhASA) kahalAI aura isI kAraNa daNDI ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko 'mahArASTrAzrita' yAnI zreSTha prAkRta kahakara pukArA hai| bharata ke nATyazAstra meM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA ullekha nahIM hai| azvaghoSa aura bharata ke nATakoM meM bhI mahArASTrI ke prayoga dekhane meM nahIM aate| vararuci ne prAkRta prakAza meM zaurasenI ke lakSaNa batAne ke pazcAt zeSaM mahArASTrIvat (12/32) likhakara mahArASTrI ko mukhya prAkRta mAnA hai| kintu isa para bhAmaha kI TIkA na hone ke kAraNa yaha prAmANika

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| mahArASTrI meM likhita setubandha Adi racanAeM haiN| vararuci ke bAda anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne mahArASTrI ko pradhAna prAkRta batalAyA hai| kintu dazarUpakakAra dhanaJjaya tathA rudraTa ke vargIkaraNa meM mahArASTrI kA ullekha nahIM hai ora zaurasenI hI mukhya prAkRta samajhI gaI hai| ve loga zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI aura apabhraMza kA ullekha karate haiN| prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ne bhI prAkRta, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura paizAcI tathA apabhraMza kA ullekha kiyA hai| yadyapi unhoMne mahArASTrI nAma se kisI khAsa bhASA kA varNana nahIM kiyA hai tathApi sthala-sthala para mahArASTrI kA mahatva svIkRta kiyA hai| pUrvokta pramANoM ke AdhAra para zrI manamohana ghoSa ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki 'prAkRta ko cAhe daNDI ke uddharaNa ke AdhAra para mahArASTrI nAma diyA jAe kintu mahArASTrI kA usa bolI se koI sambandha nahIM thaa| jo mahArASTra prAnta meM udita huii| yadi bhaugolika kSetra se usakA sambandha DhUMr3hanA ho to use hama madhya deza se sambaddha kara sakate haiN| vastutaH yaha zUrasena pradeza kI hI bhASA thii| unhoMne vararuci ke prAkRta zabda kI vyAkhyA prakarSeNa AkRta-atyuttama bolI kI hai, jo ki vastutaH zaurasenI hI rahI hogii| vararuci ke samaya meM hI yaha bhASA Abhyantara vyaMjanoM ke lopa ke sAtha apanI dvitIya ma0 bhA0 A0 avasthA taka pahuMca cukI thii| zrI ghoSa kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki kisI paravartI lekhaka ne vararuci ke prAkRta prakAza meM zaurasenI para eka prakSipta pariccheda aura jor3a diyA hai, jisameM usane mAgadhI ke samakakSa eka prAkRta kAlIna bhASA ke rUpa meM zaurasenI ke lakSaNoM kA varNana diyA hai| isa pUrvokta vicAra kI prAmANikatA ko vicAraNIya batAte hae DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI22 ne apanA mantavya diyA hai ki yadi yaha sahI hai to mahArASTrI prAkRta zaurasenI prAkRta, tathA zairasenI apabhraMza ke bIca kI kevala eka avasthA mAtra siddha hotI hai| isake atirikta yaha bhI pramANita ho jAtA hai ki madhyadezIya bhASA kA prabhutva avicchanna rUpa se IsA kI prathama sahasrAbdI ke sAre kAla meM aura usase pahale se

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prAkRta 61 bhI, kAyama rahA; arthAt pAli ke rUpa meM (IsA pUrva kI zatiyoM meM) zaurasenI prAkRta rUpa meM (IsA kI Arambhika zatiyoM meM) 'prAkRta' yA saMkucita artha meM tathAkathita 'mahArASTrI prAkRta' ke rUpa meM (lagabhaga 400 I0 ke Asa-pAsa) tathA zaurasenI apabhraMza ke rUpa meM (400 I0 saM0 se 1000 I0 saM0 taka ke bAkI kAla meM) pravAhita hotI rhii| madhya Arya bhASA ke prathama stara madhyama aghoSa vyaMjanoM kA saghoSa rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai| bAda meM saghoSa dhvaniyA~ USmIbhUta dhvani kI taraha uccarita hone lagI aura bAda meM uccAraNa kI kaThinAI ke kAraNa lupta ho gyiiN| ataH zuka-sua, zoka-soa, nadI-naI kI vikAsa kI sthiti meM eka antavartI avasthA bhI rahI hogI; yAnI zuka se sua hone ke pahale zuga aura suga ye do avasthAeM jarUra rahI hoNgii| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM sabhI ekaka sthiti svarAntarhita sparza (Inter Vocal Single Stok) pahale se hI lupta yA abhinihita pAe jAte haiN| yaha mahArASTrI ke vikAsa kI pazcakAlIna avasthA kA dyotaka hai| vastutaH mahArASTrI mahAkAvyoM kI bhASA hai| unake do kAvya pramukha rUpa se hamAre sAmane haiM-1. 'rAvaNa vaho' aura 2. 'gauDa vaho' / saMskRta nATakoM meM sarva-prathama kAlidAsa ne abhijJAnazAkuntalam nATaka meM mahArASTrI kA prayoga kiyA hai,23 anantara rAjazekhara kI karpUramaMjarI24, zUdraka ke mRcchakaTikam Adi meM isakA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| daNDI ko chor3akara pUrva kAla (I0 sana 1000 ke pUrva) ke alaMkAra zAstra ke paNDita mahArASTrI se aparicita the| dhvani parivartana kI dRSTi se mahArASTrI prAkRta atyanta samRddha hai| pizela ke zabdoM meM 'na koI dUsarI prAkRta sAhitya meM aura nATakoM ke prayoga meM kavitA itanI adhika prayoga meM lAI gaI hai aura na dUsarI prAkRta ke zabdoM meM vyaMjana itane adhika aura isa prakAra se nikAla die gae haiM ki anyatra kahIM yaha bAta dekhane meM nahIM AtI.... --- | ye vyaMjana isalie haTA die gae ki isa prAkRta kA prayoga sabase adhika gItoM meM kiyA jAtA thA; adhikAdhika lAlitya lAne

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hida pAuda maragada.. ke lie yaha bhASA zrutimadhura banAI gyii| hAla ke sattasaI aura jayaballabha kA bajjAlaggar3ha mahArASTrI prAkRta ke sarvazreSTha muktaka kAvya haiN| ina kAvyoM ko DA0 haramana yAkobI ne jaina mahArASTrI nAma se pukArA hai| mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI nATakoM ke bIca meM kucha takAra uccAraNa sambandhI bheda dekhe jA sakate haiM saMskRta zaurasenI mahArASTrI jAnAti jANAdi jANai eti edi hita hiya prAkRta pAua marakaTa maragaa latA ladA laA sthita thida thiya prabhRti pahudi pahui zata etad edam eama hemacandra ke samaya zaurasenI ke bahuta se niyama mahArASTrI prAkRta ke lie lAgU hone lage the| vararuci aura hemacandra ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ke nimna lakSaNa die haiM (ka) ka, ga, ca, ja, ta, da, pa, ya aura va kA prAyaH lopa ho jAtA hai (vararuci 2, 2; hemacandra 1, 177) / (kha) kha, gha, cha, jha, tha, dha, pha aura bha ke sthAna meM 'ha' ho jAtA hai (vararuci 2,25; 1, 187/3) jaise-muha-mukha, sahi-sakhi, meha-megha, lahua-laghuka, ruhira-rudhira, bahu-badhu, sahara-zaphara, ahiNava-abhinava, Naha-nabhasa yA nkh| jahA~ zaurasenI meM tha ko sada saa

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63 prAkRta dha hotA hai vahIM mahArASTrI meM dha ko ha hotA hai / udAharaNa- saM0 atha - zau0 adha-mahA0 aha, saM0 manoratha - zaura0 maNoradha - mahA0 maNoraha, saM0 katham - zau0 kadhama - mahA0 kahama, saM0 nAtha - zau0 NAdha - mahA0 NAha / mahArASTrI kI kucha mukhya vizeSatAe~ (1) mahArASTrI meM kahIM-kahIM USma vyaMjana dhvani ke sthAna para 'ha' jo jAtA hai, yathA- pASANa - pAhANa, anudivasaM - aNudiahaM ( yahA~ da ke lopa na hone kA kAraNa hai ki-anu aura divasa zabda pRthaka-pRthaka samajhe gae) / isa kAraNa ise svara madhyaga nahIM samajhA gayA / (2) apAdAna eka vacana meM sAdhAraNatayA 'ahi' pratyaya lagatA hai; yathA - dUrAhi ( dUrAt) / (3) adhikaraNa eka vacana ke rUpa 'mmi' athavA 'e' ke yoga se banate haiM yathA - loe athavA loammi - lokasmin / (4) kR dhAtu ke rUpa vaidika bhASA ke samAna niSpanna hote haiM; yathA - kuNai - kRNoti (vaidika) / (5) 'Atman' kA pratirUpa mahArASTrI prAkRta meM 'appa' hotA hai / (6) kriyA ke karma vAkya kA ya pratyaya - ijja hotA hai / yathA- pRcchyate - pucchijjai; gamyate -gamijjai / (7) pUrvakAlika kriyA kA rUpa 'UNa' pratyaya ke yoga se banatA hai / yathA - pucchiUNa (saM0 pRSTvA) / (8) binA kisI kAraNa ke Adi svara lupta ho jAtA hai-- araNyam - raNNa, api-pi, vi| (9) kabhI-kabhI aya aura ava kI jagaha e aura o hotA hai- sthavira - thera, avagraha - oggaha /

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ( 10 ) prAyaH madhya ya anta ke vyaMjana k, g, ca, j, t, d, p, y aura v kA lopa ho jAtA hai| yathA-loka-loa Adi / (11) saMyukta vyaMjana ko sAmAnyatayA sarala kara diyA jAtA hai / (usameM se eka lupta ho jAtA hai) dvitva vyaMjana ghula-mila jAte haiM / samavartI vyaMjana eka hI taraha ke vyaMjana meM parivartita ho jAte haiN| arthAt eka ko lupta kara dUsare vyaMjana ko dvitva kara diyA jAtA hai| aisI paristhiti meM pahale vAlA hasva svara dIrgha ho jAtA hai - kammaNa - kAmaNa yA svara bhakti (svareNa bhaktiH svara bhaktiH ) hotI hai / varSa-varisa; kabhI dIrgha svara ko hasva kara diyA jAtA hai - cUrNa- cuNNa, siripAlovva - siripAluvva / 64 ( 12 ) paMcamI eka vacana - hito kA parivartana tto, jo, u, hi meM hotA hai; tto ko chor3akara sabhI jagaha a ko dIrgha ho jAtA hai; hi ke Age ba0 va0 a kA e ho jAtA hai- jiNAhi - jiNehi, jinAt - jiNAhiMto, jiNehinto Adi / ( 13 ) pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga ke saMjJA zabdoM ke anta tR kA sAmAnyatayA ara yA yara hotA hai - pitR -piyara, bhrAtR-bhAyara / (14) prAkRta meM Atmanepada kA prayoga nahIM hotA; kevala parasmaipada hI hotA hai, hemacandra ne Atmane pada ke kucha rUpoM ke cihna diye haiM- se, nte, ire Adi / jaina mahArASTrI kI vizeSatAeM jaina zvetAmbaroM kI pavitra pustakoM kI bhASA - mukhyatayA Agama kI bhASA- jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kahalAtI hai| mahArASTrI ke sAtha-sAtha loga jainoM dvArA kAma meM lAI gaI donoM boliyoM kA nikaTatama sambandha mAnate haiM / haremana yAkobI 2 ne ina donoM boliyoM ko jaina - mahArASTrI aura jaina prAkRta ke nAma se alaga-alaga kiyA hai| unhoMne TIkAkAroM aura kaviyoM kI bhASA ko jaina mahArASTrI nAma se abhihita kiyA hai aura jaina prAkRta ko usa bhASA ke nAma

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prAkRta se nirdiSTa kiyA hai jisameM jainoM ke zAstra aura jaina sUtra likhe gae haiN| niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAoM kI bhASA jaina mahArASTrI hai| isI ke antargata sabhI tIrthakaroM kI evaM jaina sAdhuoM kI pustakeM bhI AtI haiN| isake atirikta aura bhI pustakeM haiM jaise darzana, tarkazAstra, nakSatra vidyA, bhUgola Adi kI bhI isI meM likhI gyiiN| purAne vaiyAkaraNoM ne isa jaina mahArASTrI kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kintu pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne nATakoM meM mahArASTrI se kucha bhinnatA dekhakara zvetAmbara jaina pustakoM kI bhASA ko jaina mahArASTrI kahA hai| yaha jaina mahArASTrI nATakoM kI mahArASTrI kI sabhI viziSTatAoM se paripUrNa hai| jaina mahArASTrI kA rUpa nATakoM kI mahArASTrI ke samAna hI hai| isakI nimnalikhita viziSTatAe~ haiM ___ (1) isakI sAmAnya viziSTatAe~ ardhamAgadhI kI (pa ko va honA chor3akara) taraha haiN| (2) tRtIyA e0 va0 sA, tvA kA ccA aura tu ho jAtA hai, R se yukta dhAtu ke anta meM ta kA Da hotA hai| ye arddhamAgadhI kI vizeSatAyeM jaina mahArASTrI meM bhI pAI jAtI haiN| atirikta viziSTatAyeM mahArASTrI kI taraha haiN| zaurasenI prAkRta kI mukhya vizeSatAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta gadya kI bhASA hai aura mahArASTrI padya kI bhASA hai| mukhyatayA yaha nAyikAoM aura strI pAtroM kI sakhiyoM dvArA prayukta hotI thI (nAyikAnAM sakhInAJca zUrasenAvaropinI-nATya zAstra) isake atirikta aura bhI saMskRta nATakoM ke choTe-choTe pAtra zaurasenI meM hI bolate haiN| rAjazekhara kI karpUra maMjarI meM sarvatra isI bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM bhI zaurasenI pAyI jAtI hai jo ki pAli ke samAna hai| azoka ke zilAlekha kI bhASA (200yA 300 I0 pU0) prAcIna zaurasenI hai|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi Adhunika sAhityika zaurasenI ( 100 se 200 I0) bhAsa, kAlidAsa, zUdraka aura dUsare saMskRta kaviyoM ke nATakoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / bharata ( IsavI sana tIsarI zatAbdI) ne apane nATya zAstra meM zaurasenI kA ullekha kiyA hai jabaki mahArASTrI kA nAma yahA~ nahIM hai / nATya zAstra (17,46 ) ke anusAra nATakoM kI bola-cAla kI bhASA zaurasenI honI cAhie, hemacandra ne ArSa prAkRta ke bAda zaurasenI kA hI ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda mAgadhI aura paizAcI kA; sAhitya darpaNa (6, 159 165 ) meM suzikSita striyoM ke alAvA bAlaka, napuMsaka, nIca grahoM kA vicAra karane vAle jyotiSI, vikSipta aura rogiyoM ko nATakoM meM zairasenI bolane kA vidhAna hai; mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta sarvasva meM (10, 1) zaurasenI se prAcyA kA udbhava batAyA hai; (prAcyA siddhiH zaurasenyAH) lakSmIdhara ne SaDbhASA candrikA (zloka 34) meM kahA hai ki yaha bhASA chadmabheSadhArI sAdhuoM, kucha logoM ke anusAra jainoM tathA adhama aura madhyama logoM ke dvArA bolI jAtI thI; vararuci ne zaurasenI kA AdhAra saMskRta ko mAnA hai (prAkRta prakAza 12/2) usane zaurasenI ke kucha niyamoM kA vivecana kara zeSa niyamoM ko mahArASTrI ke samAna samajhane ko kahA hai ( 12/32) / 66 vastutaH zaurasenI zUrasena - brajamaMDala mathurA ke Asa-pAsa ke pradeza kI bhASA thI / rAjanItika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa yaha sAhityika ho gyii| isakA pracAra madhyadeza (gaMgA yamunA kI upatyakA) meM huA thaa| yaha bhUbhAga purAtana kAla meM sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA kendra rahA hai| DA0 sunIti kumAra cATurjyA 27 kA kathana hai ki bhAratIya prAdezika boliyoM tathA unase vikasita sAhityika bhASA ke itihAsa kA avalokana karane para hameM patA calatA hai ki vizeSataH madhyadeza, udIcya tathA pazcima kI boliyoM ko hI pramukha mahatva kA sthAna milatA rahA / mathurA meM mukhya kendra vAlI zaurasenI prAkRta sabase adhika sauSThava evaM lAlityapUrNa prAkRta yA pazca madhyayugIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA siddha huI, yaha bhAga pahale se hI pramukha rahA hai / rAjanItika paristhitiyoM ne ise mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA / kabhI

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prAkRta 67 saMskRta bhI isI bhUbhAga meM camakI thii| yahIM se isakA vikAsa cAroM ora huA thaa| yahI sAhitya ke lie svIkRta thii| yaha bar3I vicitra bAta hai ki jisa jaina dharma kA udbhava tathA pracAra magadha ke uttarI hissoM meM huA thA, mahAvIra ne jaina dharma kA upadeza pUrvI bhASA meM kiyA thA, kintu bAda meM jainiyoM ne apanI racanAe~ zaurasenI meM kiiN| jaina dharma kA pracAra evaM prasAra zaurasenI bhASA ke mAdhyama se huaa| digambara sampradAya ke prAcIna zAstroM kI bhI bhASA yahI hai jo ki prAyaH padya meM hai| pizela ne ise jaina zaurasenI nAma diyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki jainiyoM ne isakI vizeSatAoM ko nATakoM kI zaurasenI ke bhItara dikhAyA hai| isa kAraNa zuddha zaurasenI kA rUpa aspaSTa ho gayA aura isase uttara kAlIna lekhakoM para bhrAmaka prabhAva pdd'aa| zaurasenI para saMskRta kA prabhAva par3ane ke kAraNa isameM prAcIna rUpoM kI kRtrimatA adhika pAI jAtI hai| vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra dhvani tatva kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki yahA~ ta ko da aura tha ko dha hotA hai (vararuci 12, 3; hemacandra 4, 267) 'kintu jaikobI Adi vidvAn isa parivartana ko zaurasenI kI vizeSatA svIkRta nahIM krte| prAkRta bhASAoM kI prathama avasthAoM meM isa parivartana ke cinha dRSTigocara nahIM hote / azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM ukta vizeSatAyeM nahIM pAI jAtIM / 28 1. saMjJA aura dhAtu rUpoM kI dRSTi se jahA~ taka sambandha hai isameM rUpoM kI vaha paripUrNatA nahIM pAyI jAtI jo ki mahArASTrI aura arddhamAgadhI Adi meM pAyI jAtI hai| 2. saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se eka kA tirobhAva kara pUrvavartI svara ko dIrgha karane kI pravRtti zaurasenI meM adhika nahIM miltii| 3. vidhi (optative) ke rUpa saMskRta ke samAna banate haiM, mahArASTrI evaM arddhamAgadhI ke samAna inameM 'ejja' pratyaya nahIM lagatA, jaise zau0 vahe (mahA0 evaM a0 mA0 vhejj)-vrtte|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 4. bhU dhAtu ke rUpa meM bha kI surakSA (hema0 4/266-269) bhodi, bhavati, bhuvadi aadi| 5. pUrvakAlika kriyA meM saMskRta 'ktvA' pratyaya ke sthAna para iya, dUNa, uDua Adi lagate haiM (hema0 4/271-272); yathA par3hiyA, par3hi dUNa (paTh), kaDua-kR aura-gam / 6. bhaviSyatkAla meM 'risa' vibhakti, hi ssa, yA ha (hema0 275) / 7. karmavAcya ke anta meM Ia jor3A jAtA hai| ___ isa taraha zaurasenI bhASA dhAtu aura aura zabda rUpAvalI tathA zabda sampatti meM saMskRta ke bahuta nikaTa hai aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se bahuta dUra jA par3I hai| ina sArI bAtoM kA patA vararuci ke vaiyAkaraNa se spaSTatayA vidita hotA hai| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki zaurasenI ke vikAsa ruka jAne para vaiyAkaraNoM ne ina niyamoM ko zaurasenI kA pradhAna lakSaNa svIkAra kara liyaa| zaurasenI hI nahIM mahArASTrI bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se Abaddha ho utthii| zrI e0 ema0 ghaTage ne zaurasenI prAkRta29 nAmaka zIrSaka tathA DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne paizAcI laiMgveja eNDa liTarecara20 nAmaka zIrSaka meM ina bAtoM para vizada rUpa se citraNa kiyA hai| mAgadhI kI mukhya vizeSatAe~ mAgadhI magadha janapada (bihAra) kI bhASA thii| zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI kI bhA~ti isa prAkRta meM koI adhika sAhitya nahIM pAyA jaataa| isakA sabase purAnA rUpa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isake bAda azvaghoSa, bhAsa, kAlidAsa aura zUdraka ke mRcchakaTikam nATaka meM kucha pAtragaNa isI bolI meM bolate haiM; jaise-kaMcukI, bhikSu, kSapaNaka, ceTa aadi| (yaha kAla 100 yA 200 I0 se 500 I0 taka kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai) zAkArI, cANDAlI aura zAvarI Adi isakI upaboliyA~ haiM / bharata ke anusAra,

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prAkRta 69 zAkArI bhASA kA artha hai zabara, zaka aura usI taraha ke dUsare pAtra jisa bhASA meM bolate haiN| mArkaNDeya ke anusAra rAjA kA sAlA aura dAmAda isI bhASA meM bolatA hai| cANDAlI nimna jAti kI bhASA hai| zAbarI bhASA ko aMgArakAra, vyAdhA, lakar3ahArA aura kasAI Adi bolate the| eka aura choTI sI bolI ThakkI yA TAkkI hai| pizela ne ise Adhunika r3hAkA se sambandha jor3A thA kintu DA0 sunIti kumAra cATuA isakA khaNDana karate haiN| unhoMne isa Takka ko rAjasthAnI bolI se sambandha jor3A hai| isa taraha bharata ke nATyazAstra (17-50, 55-56) ke kathanAnusAra antaHpura meM rahane vAloM, seMdha lagAne vAloM, azva-rakSakoM aura Apatti grasta nAyakoM dvArA mAgadhI bolI jAtI thii| dazarUpakakAra (2, 65) ke anusAra pizAca aura nIca jAtiyA~ isa bhASA kA prayoga karatI thiiN| zUdraka ke mRcchakaTika meM saMvAhaka, zakAra kA dAsa sthAvaraka, vasantasenA kA naukara kuMbhIlaka, cArudatta kA naukara vardhamAnaka, bhikSu tathA cArudatta kA putra rohasena ye chaha pAtra (pRthvIdhara TIkAkAra ke anusAra) mAgadhI meM bolate haiN| zakuntalA nATaka meM donoM praharI aura dhIvara, zakuntalA kA beTA sarvadamana mAgadhI meM vArtAlApa karate haiN| veNIsaMhAra kA rAkSasa aura usakI strI isI prAkRta kA prayoga karate haiN| pizela kA (prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 45) kahanA hai ki somadeva ke lalita vigraha rAja nATaka meM jo mAgadhI prayukta huI hai vaha vaiyAkaraNoM ke niyamoM ke sAtha adhika milatI hai| bhATa aura cara mAgadhI meM bAta karate haiN| zaurasenI se mAgadhI kI nimnalikhita bhinnatAyeM haiM. (1) kartA, sambodhana eka vacana saMjJA zabdoM ke anta meM a ko e ho jAtA hai-aise pulise, eze meze, karemi bhante / hemacandra ne nimnalikhita vyAkaraNa ke niyama die haiM yadyapi porANamaddha-mAgaha bhAsA-niyaya~ havai sutta' ityAdinArSasya arddhamAgadhabhASA niyatatvamAmnAyi vRddhastadapi prAyo'syaiva

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70 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vidhAnAnna vakSyamANa lkssnnsyaaN| hemacandra ne sAmAnyatayA jaina bhikSuoM kI bolI ko ArSa prAkRta kahA hai| (2) (a) r kA parivartana l meM aura s, Sa, kA z meM-puliza, iliza, hNsh| (ba) s aura S kA dvitva vyaMjana kA parivartana s meM hotA hai z meM nhiiN| kevala Sa-grISma ko chor3akara-hastI, paskhaladi, vismaya aadi| (sa) STa kA TTa aura sTa hotA hai-paSTa-paTTa, pasTa, bhaTTAlikA, bhasyalikA aadi| (da) stha aura rtha sta meM parivartita ho jAte haiM-upasthita-uvastida, susthita-zustida, arthavatI-astavadI Adi / (3) jya, dya kA parivartana ya meM hotA hai-jAnAsi-yANasi, janapade-yaNavade, arjune-ayyune, adya-ayya / (4) (a) nya, Nya, aura Jja kA Ja meM parivartana ho jAtA hai-abhimanyu-ahima , anya-aJa, shraamnny-shaamny| (ba) prArambhika aura dUsare zabda ke Adi meM cha kI jagaha zca hotA hai-gaccha-gazca, pucchti-pushcdi| isa prakAra pizela mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki mAgadhI eka bhASA nahIM thii| balki bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM meM isakI boliyA~ pracalita thiiN| isalie kSa ke sthAna meM kahIM haka, kahIM zka, rtha ke sthAna para kahIM sta aura zta, Ska ke sthAna para kahIM ska aura kahIM zka likhA jAtA hai| isalie mAgadhI meM ve sabhI boliyA~ sammilita karanI cAhie jinameM ja ke sthAna para ya, ra ke sthAna para la, sa ke sthAna para za likhA jAtA hai aura jinake a meM samApta hone vAle saMjJA zabdoM ke anta meM a ke sthAna meM e jor3A jAtA

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prAkRta 11 ardhamAgadhI kI vizeSatAyeM jisa prakAra bauddha loga tripiTaka kI bhASA ko pAli kahate haiM usI prakAra jaina loga AgamoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahate haiN| bharata ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI sattA svIkRta kI hai| prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa vararuci, caMDa aura hemacandra Adi ne isakA varNana kiyA hai| hemacandra ne sAmAnya prAkRta kA varNana karate hue pRthak rUpa se ArSa prAkRta kA (RSeH idaM Arya 1- - =RSiyoM kI bhASA) ullekha kiyA hai| isa kAraNa ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM ArSa bhASA kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| hemacandra ne apane prAkRta-vyAkaraNa meM (1-3) batAyA hai ki unake vyAkaraNa ke sabhI niyama ArSa bhASA ke lie lAgU nahIM hote kyoMki usameM bahuta se apavAda haiM (ArSe hi sarve vidhAyo viklpynte)| paM0 becaradAsa ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM ArSa prAkRta kA samAveza kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki hemacandra ne jahA~ mAgadhI bhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai vahIM usakI TIkA meM purANam addhamAgahA zabda kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| jaikobI ne (esa0 bI0 i0 bolyU0 2 kI bhUmikA meM) isa ArSa bhASA ko jaina mahArASTrI kahakara pukArA hai aura mahArASTrI se ise purAnA siddha kiyA hai| ise hama jaina ardhamAgadhI kaha sakate haiN| aisA kahakara hama ardhamAgadhI se isakI bhinnatA siddha karate haiN| nATakoM kI ardhamAgadhI isase bilkula bhinna hai aura yaha mAgadhI se milatA-julatA hai| vastutaH jaina ardhamAgadhI mahArASTrI se bhI pUrvavartI hai| ardhamAgadhI isakA nAma isalie par3A ki isa bhASA ko magadha ke Adhe hisse ke loga bolate the| kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM karanA cAhie ki mAgadhI se milane-julane ke kAraNa yA mAgadhI bolI se AdhI bhASA lene ke kAraNa isakA nAma ardhamAgadhI pdd'aa| vastutaH isakI vyutpatti 'ardhamAgadhasyeyam bhASA' karanI hogI na ki ardha mAgadhyAH bhaassaa| nizItha cUrNoM meM jinadAsa guNI ne isI ko spaSTa kiyA hai-magahaddha visayabhASA nibaddhaM addhmaaghN||

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kucha bhinna rUpa se bhI isa para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa mArkaNDeya ne ardhamAgadhI ko alaga bhASA batAkara usakA zaurasenI meM samAveza kara diyA hai| jaisA ki pahale likha cuke haiM ki prAcIna jaina granthoM ke mutAbika mAgadhI kA AdhA rUpa jisa bhASA meM liyA gayA ho usa bhASA meM nibaddha ko ardhamAgadhI bhASA kahate haiM athavA deza bhASA meM jo likhA jAe use ardhamAgadhI bhASA kahate haiN| aisI vyAkhyA karane se ardhamAgadhI kA svarUpa spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| yaha kahanA ki jo mAgadhI se AdhA liyA gayA ho yaha bhASA kA spaSTa rUpa nahIM btaataa| isase isa bhASA kI apanI svatantra sattA siddha nahIM ho paatii| dUsarI vyAkhyA jo AdhA dezI bhASA se liyA gayA ho, isase bhI ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa kI kalpanA nahIM ho paatii| aisI vyAkhyA karane para kuvalayamAlA kahA meM varNita 18 dezI bhASAoM ke mizraNa ko ardha mAgadhI kheNge| una 18 dezI bhASAoM ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya jo 18 deza ke gaNa-rAjA upasthita hue the unameM se nau rAjA kAzI ke vaMzaja the aura 9 rAjA kauzala deza ke licchavI vaMza ke the| kAzI aura kauzala deza kI sImA para bhI 18 dezI bhASAoM kA kaI prakAra se sambandha thaa| paM0 becaradAsa jI kA kahanA hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA para eka aura . tarIke se vicAra kara sakate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM jaina zAstrakAroM kA bhramaNa karane kA kSetra nizcita nahIM thaa| usase patA calatA hai ki jaina zramaNa loga pUrva dizA meM aMga deza-magadha taka, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI nagarI, pazcima meM sthUNa (sthAnezvara-kurukSetra) tathA uttara meM kuNAla deza kI sImA taka bhramaNa karate the| usa samaya meM vastutaH yahI Arya deza thA aura inhIM kI sImA meM loga bhramaNa karate the| isa bhramaNa kAla meM jo deza batAe gae haiM unhIM dezoM kI sImA ke sAtha ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA sambandha. ho sakatA hai| agara yaha sambhAvanA ThIka ho sake to Arya kSetra meM jo bhASA pracalita thI vahI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kahI jA sakatI hai|

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prAkRta 73 pUrvokta pramANoM ke AdhAra para bhI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI bhaugolika sthiti kA spaSTa jJAna nahIM ho pAtA ki ardhamAgadhI kA mAgadhI se jarUra sambandha thaa| mAgadhI bhASA kI jo uccAraNa paddhati hai usI se milatA-julatA uccAraNa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA bhI hai jo ki svAbhAvika bhI hai| isa samaya prAcIna hasta-likhita jaina Agama kA bIja jo jaina sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai usI se ardhamAgadhI kI uccAraNa paddhati kA jJAna ho sakatA hai| vyApaka prAkRta kI uccAraNa paddhati ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM bhI milatI hai| vizeSa rUpa se mAgadhI bhASA kA uccAraNa ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM pAyA jAtA hai| mAgadhI meM ra ke badale la kA uccAraNa pracalita hai aura ardhamAgadhI meM bhI ra ke badale la kA uccAraNa pracalita hai| jaina Agama kI pracIna pothiyoM meM takAra vAlA zabda vizeSa rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai; jaise-prAkRta-vai yA vaya, ardhamAgadhI-vati, saMskRta vacasa, prA0-vajira, vaira, a0 mA0-vatira, saM0 vaja Adi / vastutaH ina takAra vAle uccAraNa kI khAsa vizeSatA mAgadhI hI hai| ardhamAgadhI kI prathamA vibhakti ke eka vacana kA prayoga bhI usI taraha hai| jaise-prA0-vIro, mA0-vIre, a0 mA0-vIre, vIro, saM0-vIraH aadi| prAyaH ye hI ardhamAgadhI ke uccAraNa kI khAsa vizeSatAyeM haiN| isake khAsa uccAraNoM ko hemacandra ne 'ArSa vyAkaraNa' meM kaI uddharaNoM se spaSTa kiyA hai-prA0-siviNa, ArSa yA a0 mA0-suviNa, saM0-svapna, prA0 purAkamma-A0 yA a0 mA0-purekamma, saM0-purAkarma Adi / isa taraha prAkRta meM bhI jaina sAhitya ke ardhamAgadhI vizeSatA vAle prayoga bahuta hai| ardhamAgadhI kI vyAkaraNika kucha mukhya vizeSatAyeM prAkRta meM loka bhASAoM ke bolacAla kI bhASA kA uccAraNa bheda samaya-samaya para hotA rahA hai| isa kAraNa kisI bhI loka bhASA meM eka sarIkhA uccAraNa nahIM rhaa| isa dRSTi se kisI bhI lokabhASA meM uccAraNa kI dRSTi se kabhI bhI eka nizcita dhamAgadhI kI prathA

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi rUpa nahIM rhaa| isa taraha ardha mAgadhI bhASA meM samaya ke anukUla vividha prakAra kI uccAraNa zailI banatI rhii| prAcIna samaya meM mahAvIra ke samaya kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM vyaMjana pradhAna uccAraNa bolI thii| Age calakara kaI prakAra ke takAra pradhAna jo uccAraNa the bAda meM vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ ghisa gii| isa prakAra ardha mAgadhI ke kalpita rUpa ho ge| ardhamAgadhI kI vyAkaraNika kucha mukhya vizeSatAe~ (1) k, g meM parivartita ho jAtA hai aura kabhI t yA ya meM bhI parivartita ho jAtA hai-AkAza-AgAsa, zrAvaka-sAvaga, loka-loga, ArAdhaka-ArAhata, antikAt-antitAt yA antiyAt / do svaroM ke bIca meM rahane vAle 'ga' kI sAmAnyatayA surakSA kI jAtI hai| kintu yaha kabhI t yA ya meM badala jAtA hai-Agam-Agama, atigaM-atita, saagr-saayr| do svaroM ke bIca meM rahane vAlA c aura ja kA t yA ya ho jAtA hai| nArAc-nArAt, vAcaNA-vAyaNA, puujaa-puuyaa| do svaroM ke bIca meM t surakSita rahatA hai aura y meM bhI badala jAtA hai-vandate, vandati, karatala-karayala / do svaroM ke bIca meM d surakSita rahatA hai aura kabhI t yA y meM bhI badala jAtA hai-bheda-bheda, yadA-jatA, catuSpada-cauppaya / do svaroM ke bIca meM p ko v ho jAtA hai-pApa-pAva / kabhI ya kI bhI surakSA hotI hai| kabhI t meM badala jAtA hai-piya-piya, saamaayik-saamaatik| v kI bhI surakSA kI jAtI hai| kabhI ta yA ya meM badala jAtA hai-gaurava-gaurava, parivAra-paritAla, privrtn-priynn| niSkarSa yaha ki do svaroM ke bIca meM k, g, c, j, t, d, pa, ya, va, kA sAmAnyatayA t, yA ya, ho jAtA hai| kevala p kA v hotA hai| prAyaH g, t, d, ya aura v, surakSita rahatA hai; k kA g aura t tathA y bhI hotA hai; mahArASTrI prAkRta meM

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prAkRta 175 sAdhAraNataH k, g, c, j, t, d, p, y aura v, lupta ho jAte haiM aura unake lie koI vyaMjaka nahIM hotA / ardhamAgadhI meM kabhI vyaMjana lupta bhI ho jAte haiN| jaise- bhojina - bhoi, Atura - Aura, Adekhi- Aesi / (ka) kabhI-kabhI na surakSita bhI rahatA hai-anala, nAya putta, - pannA Adi / prajJA (kha) bar3e-baDe svara ke bAda iti vA kA tivA yA ivA hotA hai - indra maha iti vA - indda maheti vA yA incha mahe ivA / (2) jaisA ki pizela ne likhA hai gadya aura padya meM vyaMjana m kI sandhi hotI hai| yaha niyama do vyaMjana ke saMyukta hote samaya pAyA jAtA hai - anyonyam - annamannam yA aNamaNNam / ako i hokara ka kI jagaha ya ho jAne kI pravRtti mahArASTrI kavitA meM pAda pUrtyartha - nirayagAmI - nirayaMgAmI meM pAyA jAtA hai kintu gadya meM nahIM / (3) ardhamAgadhI ke kartA kAraka eka vacana saMjJA ke anta a kA sAmAnyatayA e aura kabhI o bhI ho jAtA hai| mahArASTrI meM sadA o hI rahatA hai| saptamI eka vacana kA mahArASTrI meM mmi hotA hai, ardhamAgadhI meM ssi hotA hai| ardhamAgadhI caturthI eka vacana ke anta meM Ae yA Ate hotA hai| mahArASTrI meM yaha SaSThI eka vacana ke samAna hotA hai / caturthI nahIM hotI / devAe, gamaNAe, ahi te / ma0 rA0 meM tR0 e0 va0 meM saMskRta kI taraha 'eNa' hotA hai kintu ardhamAgadhI meM sA hotA hai - maNasA, vayasA, kAlasA, balasA Adi / tR0 e0 va0 kamma aura dhamma kA kammeNa, dhammeNa hotA hai / bhUtakAla bahuvacana iMsu hotA hai - pucchiMsu / ardhamAgadhI meM hoitthA, Aikkhai Adi kisI bhI kAla yA vacana meM ho sakatA hai / kintu mahArASTrI meM bhinna kAla aura vacana kA rUpa bhinna hotA hai| ardhamAgadhI meM tvA ke bahuta se rUpa hote haiM- (1) TTu -kaTTu (2) ittA, ettA, ittANa, ettANa = caittA, karettA,

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi pAsittANa karettANa, ( 3 ) itti - jANittu, (4) ccA- kiccA, (5) iyA - parijANiyA ityAdi bahuta se rUpa hote haiM / 76 tuma kA kabhI ittae yA ittatte karittae, uvasAmittate / R se yukta dhAtu ke anta ke ta kA Da hotA hai - kRta-kaDa, mRta-maDa, vRtta - vaDa Adi / paizAcI kI vizeSatA paizAcI bahuta prAcIna hai / isakI gaNanA pAli, ardhamAgadhI aura zilAlekhI prAkRta ke sAtha kI jAtI hai| griyarsana ke anusAra paizAcI pAli kA hI eka rUpa hai| yaha bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vibhinna rUpoM ke sAtha ghula-mila gii| DA0 hIrAlAla jaina 2 ke anusAra paizAcI kI vizeSatAyeM cInI, turkistAna ke kharoSThI zilAlekhoM meM dekhI jA sakatI haiN| pizela kA kahanA hai ki Arambha meM isa bhASA kA nAma paizAcI isalie par3A hogA ki yaha mahArASTrI, zaurasenI aura mAgadhI kI bhA~ti hI pizAca janatA dvArA yA pizAca deza meM bolI jAtI hogI / arthAt pizAca eka jAti kA nAma hogA aura bAda ko bhUta bhI pizAca kahe jAne lage to janatA aura vaiyAkaraNoM ne ise bhUta bhASA kahanA Arambha kiyA / pizAca yA paizAca logoM kA ullekha mahAbhArata 7, 121, 14 meM milatA hai / bhAratIya loga pizAca kA artha bhUta karate haiM (sarita sAgara 7, 26 aura 27) / vararuci ne prAkRta prakAza ke dasaveM pariccheda meM paizAcI kA vivecana karate hue zaurasenI ko usakI AdhArabhUta bhASA svIkAra kiyA hai| hemacandra ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke 8/4/303324 taka paizAcI kA varNana kiyA hai| mArkaNDeya ne tIna paizAcI boliyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- kaikeya, zaurasena aura pAMcAla / saMbhavataH mArkaNDeya ke samaya meM tIna sAhityika paizAcI boliyAM rahI hoNgii| usane likhA hai kaikayaM zaurasenaJca pAJcAlam iti ca tridhA / paizAcyo nAgarA yasyAt tenApyanyAn lakSitAH / /

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prAkRta mArkaNDeya ke anusAra kekaya paizAcI saMskRta bhASA para AdhArita hai aura zUrasena paizAcI zaurasenI pr| paMcAla aura zaurasenI paizAcI meM kevala eka niyama meM bheda hai aura vaha hai ra ke sthAna meM la honaa| prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra paizAcI ke nimnalikhita bheda kie jAte haiM-pANDya, kekaya, vAhalIka, sahya, nepAla, kuntala aura gaandhaar| pUrvokta bAtoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki paizAcI kI prAkRta boliyA~ bhArata ke uttara aura pazcima bhAgoM meM bolI jAtI rahI hoNgii| vAgbhaTAlaMkAra meM (2, 1 aura 13) paizAcI ko bhUta vacana yA bhUta bhASita kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra bhUtoM kI bolI bhItara ke nAka se bAlI jAtI hai| kintu prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| paizAcI dhvani tattva kI dRSTi se saMskRta, pAli aura pallava vaMza ke dAna patroM kI bhASA se milatI julatI hai| guNADhya kI bahatkathA paizAcI kI sabase prAcIna kRti hai| aba kevala prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM isakI vizeSatA mAtra pAI jAtI hai (1) (ka) paizAcI meM varga ke tRtIya aura caturtha akSaroM ke sthAna meM kramazaH prathama aura dvitIya akSara ho jAte haiM-gagana-gakana, megh-mekh| (kha) Na ke sthAna meM na hotA hai-trunnii-tlunii| (ga) sTa ke sthAna meM saTa hotA hai--kaSTa-kasaTa / (gha) sna ke sthAna meM sana hotA hai-snAna-sanAna / (Ga) nya ke sthAna meM Ja hotA hai-kanyA-kaJJa / (2) (ka) paizAcI meM Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, aura Na sAmAnyatayA yA vikalpa kara ke ta, tha, da, dha, na meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| kutuMbakaM yA kuTumbakaM, mUrdhanya dantya meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| (3) (ka) karmavAcya ya kA iyya hotA hai-gamyate-gamiyyate, giyate-giyyate, diyate-diyyate, ptthyte-ptthiyyte| (kha) bhaviSyatkAla tR0 puM0, e0 va0 meM eyya hotA haibhvissyti-huveyy|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (4) (ka) akArAnta saMjJA zabdoM ke SaSThI e0 va0 meM asa, Ato aura Atu meM badala jAtA hai-dUrAta-turAto, tu, mAmato, mamAtuH tumAto, tumaatuH| (kha) tR0 e0 va0 kA tat aura idam kA nen aura nAe hotA hai| tena kRt-nena kRt, pUjito ca tayA-pUjito ca naae| cUlikA paizAcI kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ hemacandra ke kumArapAlacarita meM cUlikA paizAcI pAyI jAtI hai| kAvyAnuzAsana, hammIra darzana nAmaka nATaka aura SaDbhASA strota meM bhI yaha pAyI jAtI hai| ise sabhI vaiyAkaraNoM ne paizAcI mAnI hai| kevala hemacandra aura lakSmIdhara ne cUlikA paizAcI kA varNana kiyA hai| varga ke tRtIya aura caturtha kA prathamA aura dvitIyA meM parivartana ho jAtA hai-nagara-nakara, megha-mekha, jImUta-cImUta, gADhaM-kAThaM / ra vikalpa karake la meM badala jAtA hai| isa prakAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne jina prAkRta bhASAoM kA varNana kiyA hai vaha loka bhASA ke AdhAra para AdhArita hai| Age calakara vaha saMskRta kA Adarza apanA-kara kevala sAhityika bhASA ho gii| prAkRta meM saMskRta kI apekSA adhika parivartana huaa| vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ samApta ho gyiiN| dhAtu rUpoM meM saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti bddh'ii| aba kArakoM ke rUpoM meM bhI kAphI DhilAI ho calI thii| sampradAna kAraka ke rUpa samApta ho cale the| kartA aura karma kAraka ke bahuvacana kA rUpa eka sA hI calane lgaa| dvi vacana to bahuta pahale hI samApta ho gayA thaa| laGa, liTa aura vividha prakAra ke luG lakAra ke rUpa samApta ho cle| kriyA kI jagaha kRdanta kA prayoga bar3ha claa| AtmanepadI dhAtuoM ke prayoga bahuta kama baca rhe| isa prakAra yaha bhASA zleSa se vizleSaNAtmakatA (Analytic) kI ora bar3hane lgii| isI se apabhraMza ne janma lekara na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM kA sUtrapAta kiyaa|

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prAkRta 79 saMdarbha 1. bhASA ke AdhAra para kAvyoM kA bheda daNDI ne kiyA hai tadetada vAGmayaM bhUyaH saMskRtaM prAkRtaM tathA / apabhraMzazca mizraJcetyAhurAryAzcaturvidham / / kAvyAdarza 1-32 2. zabdArthoM sahitau kAvyaM gadyaM padyaJca tadvidham / saMskRtaM prAkRtaM cAnyadapabhraMza iti tridhaa|| kAvyAlaMkAra 1-16 3. saMskRtenaiva ko'pyarthaH prAkRtenaiva cAparaH / zakyo vAcayituM kazcidapabhraMzena vA punaH / / kaNThAbharaNa 4. prAkRta saMskRta-mAgadha-pizAca bhASAzca sUrasenI c| paSTho'trabhUribhe do deza vizeSAdapabhraMzaH / / kAvyAlaMkAra 2-12 5. 'prakRteH saMskRtAdAgataM prAkRtam (vAgbhaTAlaMkAra 2/2) saMskRta rUpAyAH prakRterutpannatvAt prAkRtam' (kAvyAdarza kI premacandra tarkavAgIza kRta TIkA 1, 33) prakRtiryoni zilpinIH / paurAmAtyAdi liGgeSu guNA sAmya svabhAvayoH pratyayAt pUrvikAyAM c| (anekArtha saMgraha 876-7) / vararuci prAkRta prakAza bhUmikA, pR0 2, saMkalayitA-DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidy| rUdraTIya kAvyAlaMkAra kI TippaNI (2-12) 'sakala jagajjantunAMvyAkaraNAdibhiranAhata saMskAraH sahajo vacana vyApAraH prakRtiH tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| 'arasi vayaNe siddhaM devANaM addhabhAgahA vANI' ityAdi vacanAd vA prAk pUrva kRtaM prAkkRtaM

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 9 bAla mahilAdi subodhaM sakala nibandhana bhUtaM vacanamucyate / meghanirmukta jalamivaika svarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskAra karaNAcca samAsAdita vizeSaM sat saMskRtAdyuttara vibhedAnApnoti / ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTam, tadanu sNskRtaadiini| pANinyAdi vyAkaraNodita zabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt sNskRtmucyte| vAkpatirAja :sayalA o imaM visanti ettoya aiti vaayaao| enti samudaM ciyaNeti sAtha rAocciya jlaaii|| 10. yadyoniH kila saMskRtasya sudRzAM jihAsu yanmodate, yatra zrotra pathAvatAriNi kaTurbhASAkSarANAM rasaH / gadyaM cUrNa padaM pada ratipatestat prAkRtaM yadavacastallATAMllalitAGgiM! pazya nudatI dRSTernimeSa vratam / rAjazekhara bAlarAmAyaNa (48-49) 11. prAkRta bhASA, pR0 18-prakAzana-zrI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI, vaaraannsii| 12. hindI bhASA kA udbhava aura vikAsa pR0 60 para DA0 tivArI ne savistAra vibhinna vidvAnoM ke matoM kA varNana kiyA hai| 13. bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI pR0 188, prakAzana-rAjakamala prakAzana, dillii| 14. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa kaa| 15. vilsana phAilolojikala lekcarsa pR0 48 / 16. prAkRta mArgopadezikA, pR0 13, gurjara grantha ratna kAryAlaya gAMdhI rAstA, ahamadAbAda san 1947 / 17. bharata muni ne jisa kathita bhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM-mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, bAhalIkA aura dAkSiNAtyA-ye 7 prAntIya bhASAeM thiiN|

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prAkRta 81 20. magadha kI bhASA mAgadhI, avantI kI (ujjayinI ke Asa-pAsa kI sImA) pracalita bhASA kA nAma avantijA bhASA, prAcyA kA tAtparya pUrva pradeza se thA usameM pracalita bhASA kA nAma prAcyA, zUrasena kI zaurasenI, mAgadhI kA AdhA lekara jo bhASA banI vaha ardhamAgadhI, bAhalIkA Ajakala pracalita valkha pradeza kA nAma bAhalIkA bhASA isI ke bagala meM paizacI bhASA thI aura dakSiNa pradeza kI bhASA kA nAma dAkSiNAtyA bhASA thii| 18. vilsana phAilolojikala lekcarsa pR0 72-73 | 19. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 13, prakAzana-rASTra-bhASA prissd-pttnaa| 'Journal of the Department of Letters Culcutta University Vol. xxiii, p. 1-24, 1933 A. D. 'Thus we may conclude that Prakrit, though it may be called Maharastra for the sake Dandi, was not the dialect which has its origin in Maharastra and the geographical area with which it has any possible Vital Courexion is the Indian Midland and it is the language of Soursena region. Maharastri a later phase of Sauraseni. J.O.L.C. xxiii-1-24. setubandha-dA, dAva UdU Adi rUpa mahArASTrI ke na hokara zaurasenI ke hI haiN| 1-24, DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhyAya-enalsa oNpha bhaNDArakara insTIcyUTa, 1939-40 meM paizAcI laiMgveja liTarecara nAmaka lekha DA0 manamohana ghoSa-karpUramaMjarI kI bhUmikA, pR0 721 22. bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI, pR0 191, prakAzana-rAjakamala, dillii| 23. pro0 jekobI ne mahArASTrI kA samaya kAlidAsa ke samakAlIna (I0 sana kA tIsarI zatAbdI) aura DA0 kItha ne cauthI zatAbdI ke bAda kA svIkAra kiyA hai|

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82 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi DA0 manamohana ghoSa ke anusAra madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke rUpa meM mahArASTrI kAphI samaya bAda ( I0 sana 600 ) svIkRta huI, karpUra maMjarI kI bhUmikA, pR0 761 DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhyAya ne bhI mahArASTrI ko zaurasenI ke bAda kA rUpa svIkAra kiyA hai ( candalehA kI bhUmikA) / DA0 e0ema0 ghaTage ukta mata se sahamata nahIM haiM / ukta mata ke anusAra hemacandra Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne jo prAkRta kA vivecana kiyA hai, usase unakA tAtparya mahArASTrI prAkRta se hI hai, dekhiye - janarala Ava yUnivarsiTI Ava bAmbe, maI 1936 meM mahArASTrI laiMgveja eNDa liTarecara nAmaka lekha | udAharaNa ke lie nIce likhe zabda dhyAna dene yogya haiMkaa (kaca, kRt), kai (kati, kapi, kavi, kRti), kAa (kAka, kAca, kAya), maa ( mata, mada, maya, mRga, mRta), sua ( zuka, suta, zruta) / prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 18 / prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa se uddhRta pRSTha 251 bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI pR0 190 / prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pR0 13 DA0 jagadIza candra jaina / jarnala oNva da yUnivarsiTI oNva bAmbe, maI 1935 / enalsa Ava bhaNDArakara oriyanTala insTIcyUTa bo0 21, 1939-40 | lIlAbAI kahAnI kI bhUmikA pR0 83 / 31. prAkRta mArgopadezikA pR0 18 / 32. DA0 hIrAlAla jaina kA nAgapura yUnivarsiTI jarnala, disambara 1941 meM prakAzita paizAcI TreTsa ina da laiMgveja oNva kharoSThI iMskripzansa phrAma cAinIja turkistAna' lekha /

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pataJjali tRtIya- adhyAya apabhraMza bhASA apabhraMzaviSayaka nirdeza apabhraMza kA zAbdika artha cyuta yA saMskRta zabda kA bigar3A huA rUpa mAnA jAtA thA / pataJjali ( I0 pU0 2 zatI) ne isake liye do prakAra ke zabda prayukta kiye haiM- ( 1 ) eka apazabda (2) aura dUsarA apabhraMza, jo ki saMskRta kA vibhraSTa yA apabhraSTa rUpa hai / saMskRta zabda ke vikRta yA apazabda rUpa gAvI, goNI, gotA Adi zabda sAmAnyatayA apazabda yA apabhraMza kahakara pukAre jAte the|' vaiyAkaraNoM ne saMskRta se itara sabhI zabdoM ko apabhraMza kahakara pukArA hai kyoMki saMskRta ke vikRta rUpoM yA itara zabdoM ke liye yahI nAma pratinidhitva karatA thA / bhartRhari 'vAkyapadIyam' ke racayitA bhartRhari ne mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali ke pUrvavartI vyADi nAmaka AcArya ke mata kA ullekha karate hue apabhraMza kA nirdeza kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki zuddha uccAraNa meM asamarthatA yA uccAraNa ke prati asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa zabdoM ke vikRta ho jAne se apabhraMza kI utpatti huI / vaiyAkaraNoM ne saMskRta se apabhraMza kI utpatti ke viSaya meM yahI vizleSaNa kiyA hai / vyADi kA kahanA hai ki apabhraMza kA udbhava saMskRta se hai / isa kAraNa yaha svatantra bhASA ke vikAsa kA dyotaka nahIM hai| ye saMskRta ke apabhraSTa aura mizrita zabda haiN| usakA kAraNa

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi thA sAmAnya janatA ke dvArA azuddha uccAraNa aura prAkRtika uccAraNa kI ayogyatA / bhartRhari ke anusAra apabhraMza apane Apa mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai kintu unakA abhivyaktikaraNa aura spaSTatA zuddha zabda kI apekSA adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| unakA kahanA hai ki saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra apabhraMza koI svatantra bhASA nahIM hai| apabhraMza kI zuddhatA aura azuddhatA ke viSaya meM bhI hama kucha nahIM kaha skte|' vahI zabda dUsare artha meM zuddha ho sakatA hai aura vahI apabhraMza yA apazabda ke viSaya meM azuddha ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra zabda kI zuddhatA aura azuddhatA kI vicitra sthiti hotI hai / ' bhartRhari ne yaha dekhA thA ki brAhmaNetara logoM meM kevala apabhraMza kI hI pravRtti hai, isa ukti para samIkSA karate hue gaMgeza ne kahA hai ki - apabhraMza ke zabdoM meM usI prakAra kI arthavattA zakti hai jisa prakAra ki saMskRta ke zabdoM meM zakti aura niyama hai| unakA kahanA hai ki saMskRta ko isaliye mahatva denA cAhiye ki usakI ekarUpatA samasta deza meM pAI jAtI hai aura vahIM para apabhraMza vibhinna prAntoM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM grahaNa kI gaI hai| 84 isa prakAra pataJjali ke pahale se hI do zabda pracalita the ( 1 ) - apabhraMza aura (2) apazabda / pataJjali ke pUrvavartI vyADi ne bhI apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai - zabda prakRtirapabhraMzaH iti saMgrahakAra, ( vA0 pa0 svopajJa TIkA kANDa ) / mahAbhASya meM pataJjali ne kisI prAcIna lupta brAhmaNa kA vacana uddhRta kiyA hai- maleccha vacana apazabda hai- maleccho ha vA eSa yadapazabdAH / bharata ke nATyazAstra (17/146) meM bhI apazabda kA prayoga huA hai-nApazabdaM paThet tajjJaH | kintu bharata se pUrvavartI tADya brAhmaNa grantha (14/4/3) meM bhI apabhraMza kA hI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai - apabhraMza iva vA eSa yajjyAyasaH stomAt kanIyAMsastomamupayanti / mahAbhASya ke prasiddha TIkAkAra kaiyaTa aura nAgeza ne bhI saMskRta se itara zabdoM ke liye apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai|

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apabhraMza bhASA kumArila bhaTTa ne apane tantravArtika'0 (pUnA prakAzana pR0 237) meM likhA hai ki apabhraMza zabda asAdhu zabda hai| niSkarSa yaha ki saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga saMskRta se itara zabdoM ke liye kiyA hai| saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke yahA~ saMskRta bhASA kI surakSA tathA usake zuddha uccAraNa karane kI samasyA thii| ataH una logoM ne pratyeka dRSTi se saMskRtetara zabdoM ko tyAjya samajhA aura usake liye apabhraMza, apazabda aura asAdhu zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ke atirikta naiyAyikoM tathA mImAMsakoM ne bhI zabda zakti para vicAra karate samaya saMskRta zabdoM ke zuddha uccAraNa karane para bala diyA hai aura saMskRta se itara zabdoM ko asAdhu kahA hai| 7vIM zatAbdI ke daNDI ne inhIM sArI cIjoM para vicAra karake apane kAvyAdarza meM kahA thA ki zAstroM (zAstra kA artha vyAkaraNa se hai) meM saMskRta se itara zabdoM ko apabhraMza kahate haiM-zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyadapabhraMzatayoditam / isa prakAra apabhraMza ke liye kaI prakAra ke zabda pracalita the-apabhraMza, apabhraSTa, vibhraSTa, apazabda, avamaMsa, avahaMsa, avahattha avahaTTa, avahaTha aura avahaTa aadi| inameM se kucha nAma to saMskRta ke haiM jinakA ki pahale varNana kiyA jA cukA hai aura kucha nAma prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| kAvyoM meM apabhraMza zabda ke prayoga saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke atirikta, kAvyoM meM bhI apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga huA hai| kAlidAsa ne zAkuntalam meM apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga cyuta yA skhalana ke artha meM kiyA hai| bhASyakAra ke atirikta bhartRhari 2 ne bhI apazabda kA prayoga bhraSTa, vikRta, aziSTa yA apabhASA ke artha meM kiyA hai| apabhraSTa' zabda kA prayoga apabhraMza bhASA ke artha meM viSNudharmottara (khaNDa 3/a0-3) ne kiyA hai| apabhraMza kA tadbhava rUpa avabmaMsa tathA avahaMsa udyotana kI kuvalayamAlA'4 kahA (8vIM zatAbdI IsvI) evaM puSpadanta ke mahApurANa (10vIM zatAbdI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi IsavI) meM pAyA jAtA hai| isI taraha apabhraSTa kA tadbhava rUpa avahattha, avahaTTa aura avahaTa Adi rUpa paravartI apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiN| svayaMbhU ne apanI rAmAyaNa meM avahattha zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| addahamANa ne sandeza rAsaka'7 meM avahaTTa vidyApati ne kIrtilatA' meM avahaTTha jyotirIzvara ne varNaratnAkara meM avahaTha evaM prAkRta paiMgalam20 kI vaMzIdhara-kRta TIkA (16vIM zatAbdI) meM avahaTa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| hama dekhate haiM, ki samaya-samaya para apabhraMza ke vikRta rUpa yA tadbhava rUpa hone ke anantara bhI artha meM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM hotaa| samagra rUpa se apabhraMza zabda kA hI prayoga adhika pracalita huA, avazya paravartI apabhraMza ke liye avahaTTha zabda kA bhI pracalana pAyA jAtA hai, atirikta nAma nAmamAtra hI raha gye| kAla pravAha ke sAtha-sAtha ve nAma nahIM cala ske| apabhraMza zabda kA sAmAnya artha bhraSTa, cyuta, skhalita, vikRta yA apazabda hotA hai| saMskRta se bhinna zabdoM ke liye bhI apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga hotA thaa| pataJjali ne jisa go zabda kA apabhraMza rUpa-gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA Adi udAharaNa diyA hai vaha paravartI vaiyAkaraNoM kA Adarza udAharaNa ho gyaa| prasaMga Ane para prAyaH saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne tathA prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhI inhIM pUrvokta uddharaNoM kI punarAvRtti kI hai| bhartRhariNa, caNDa22, hemacandra tathA zvetAmbara24 jainiyoM ke granthoM Adi meM bhI uddharaNa svarUpa ye hI zabda pAye jAte haiN| ela0 vI0 gAMdhI25 ne apabhraMza kAvyatrayI meM batAyA hai ki vastutaH ye prAkRta ke zabda the jo ki vibhinna prAntIya prAkRtoM meM prayukta hote the| DA0 guNe26 evaM dalAla kA bhI yahI kahanA hai ki pataJjali ne apabhraMza ke jina doSoM kA citraNa kiyA hai vastutaH ve sabhI prAkRta meM pAye jAte haiN| pahale jitane bhI udAharaNa diye jA cuke haiM jo ki tatkAlIna aura paravartI samaya meM bhI prAntIya prAkRta bhASAoM meM pracalita the,

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apabhraMza bhASA 87 unase yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki pataJjali ke samaya meM apabhraMza kA artha hotA thA saMskRta se bhinna samasta prAkRta bhaassaayeN| bhale hI pataJjali ne apabhraMza kA artha apazabda liyA ho| saMskRta bhASA ke prati pUjya buddhi rakhane ke kAraNa evaM usakI pavitratA kI surakSA kI samasyA se abhibhUta hokara goH zabda se atirikta zabdoM ko apazabda kahanA ucita hI thaa| bAda meM ye zabda vaiyAkaraNoM ke yahAM rUr3ha ho gaye kintu prAkRta ke lie apabhraMza zabda kA pracalana nahIM huaa| bharata __ bharata ne apane nATya zAstra meM (300 I0 ke lagabhaga) prAkRta bhASA kA bheda kaI rUpoM meM kiyA hai isase tatkAlIna bhASA kA bahuta kucha jJAna hotA hai| usane prAkRta ko bhASA tathA vibhASA ke antargata vibhakta kiyA hai evaM 'deza bhASA' kI bhI kalpanA kI hai| kintu sabase bar3I vicitra bAta yaha hai ki usane apabhraMza kA varNana to dUra rahA usakA ullekha taka nahIM kiyA hai| 17veM adhyAya meM prAkRta ke zabdoM para vicAra karate hue usane tIna prakAra ke zabdoM kA citraNa kiyA hai-samAna zabda, vibhraSTa, aura dezI27 | vibhraSTa zabda se kucha logoM ne apabhraMza kA anumAna kiyA hai kyoMki AbhIroM kI bolI ukArabahulA kahI jAtI hai| zabdoM ke anta meM ukArAtmaka rUpa kA AnA apabhraMza kI vizeSatA kahI jAtI hai| ataH bharata varNita ukArAtmaka bolI apabhraMza kI ora saMketa karatI hai| apabhraMza kA yaha ukAra rUpa bauddhoM kI prAkRta meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| apabhraMza ke kucha ukAra vimala sUri ke 'pauma cariu' (300 I0) meM bhI pratibhAsita hote haiN| ecaM0 smitha28 ke anusAra pAli meM apabhraMza ke kucha aMza upalabdha ho sakate haiN| inhIM sabhI pramANoM ke AdhAra para DA0 gajAnana tagAre (81)29 ne anumAna kiyA hai-'aisA pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza bhASA kA astitva kama se kama 300 zatAbdI I0 ke pahale se hI hai|'

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88 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bharata ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASA aura vibhASA kA citra khIMcA hai usa para TIkA karate hue abhinava gupta pAdAcArya ne kahA hai ki saMskRta ke vikRta yA apabhraSTa prAkRta kA nAma bhASA hai aura bhASA yAnI prAkRta kI vikRta bolI vibhASA / vastutaH yaha rur3higrasta samIkSA hai| isase kisI bhI prakAra kA bhASA viSayaka samAdhAna nahIM nikAlA jA sktaa| kintu yaha niSkarSa avazyameva nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki IsA ke tIsarI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga vibhASA kA sAhityika rUpa hamAre sAmane nahIM thA, yaha A~calika, kSetrIya bolI ke rUpa meM pracalita thA jise azikSita vanavAsI loga bolA karate the| bhAmaha chaThI zatAbdI kA bhAmaha sarvaprathama vyakti huA hai jisane apabhraMza ko kAvyopayogI bhASA aura kAvya kA eka rUpa mAnA hai: zabdArthoM sahitau kAvyaM gadyaM padyaM ca tad dvidhaa| saMskRtaM prAkRtaM cAnyadapabhraMza iti tridhaa|| kAvyAlaMkAra, 1, 16, 28 bhAmaha ne saMskRta aura prAkRta kI tulanA meM apabhraMza ko bhI usI ke barAbara gadya aura padya kA samAna adhikArI batAyA hai| isa kAvya ke lakSaNa se yaha nizcita prAya sA ho jAtA hai ki isa samaya taka apabhraMza sAhitya na kevala padya meM hI samRddha ho cukA thA apitu gadya kSetra meM bhI apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna banA cukA thaa| aba taka susaMskRta samAja meM isakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna ho cukA thaa| isI kAraNa balabhI (surASTra-kAThiyAvAr3a) ke rAjA dhArasena dvitIya ne apane pitA ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki ve saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza tInoM bhASAoM meM prabandha racane meM nipuNa the| yadyapi isa dAna patra meM zilAlekha kA samaya 400 zaka samvata

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apabhraMza bhASA 89 likhA huA hai jise ki byUlara 2 mahodaya ucita nahIM mAnate aura isakA samaya IsvI sana 678 ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| isase siddha ho jAtA hai ki apabhraMza kA sAhitya meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna ho cukA thaa| daNDI pI0 vI0 kANe" ne daNDI ko bhAmaha se pUrvavartI mAnA hai daNDI ne apane kAvyAdarza meM sAhitya ke 4 cAra bheda kiye haiM- 1. saMskRta 2. prAkRta 3. apabhraMza aura 4 mizra / saMskRta ko usane devavANI kahA hai / bharata ke vicAra se samatA rakhate huye prAkRta ke tIna krama mAne haiM - 1. tatsama, 2. tadbhava aura 3. dezI / kintu apabhraMza kI vyAkhyA usane do taraha se kI hai 1. kAvyoM meM AbhIra Adi kI vANI apabhraMza kahAtI hai-AbhIrAdi giraH kAvyeSu apabhraMza iti smRtaH 2. zAstroM meM (vyAkaraNa se tAtparya hai ) saMskRta se bhinna zabdoM ko apabhraMza kahate haiM- zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyadapabhraMza tayoditam / ina uktiyoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki daNDI ne saMskRta bhASA tathA prAkRta bhASA ke samAna apabhraMza bhASA ko to mahatva diyA hI hai sAtha hI sAtha ina donoM bhASAoM ke kAvyoM kI mahattA ke samAna hI apabhraMza ke kAvya ko bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| usane batAyA hai ki saMskRta meM jahA~ sarga bandhAdi ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai, prAkRta meM jahA~ sandhikAdi kI mahattA hai vahIM para apabhraMza ke kAvyoM meM bhI osarAdi kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake atirikta usane 'nATakAdi' ko mizraka mAnA hai| nATaka ke sAtha juTe hue Adi pada se ( nATakAdi tu mizrakam - 1- 37 ) pratIta hotA hai ki vaha kucha aura dUsarI cIja kI ora saMketa kara rahA hai- zAyada vaha campU ke liye hai - yA saMbhavataH gadya ke liye hai; yaha spaSTa nahIM hai /

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi AbhIra Adi zabda para vicAra ___daNDI ke nirdeza se do mukhya bAta hamAre sAmane AtI hai| apabhraMza kA do svarUpa hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai| eka hai paramparA kI vicAradhArA ko prastuta karanA aura dUsarA hai tatkAlIna kAvya zailiyoM ko spaSTa krnaa| usane spaSTa batAyA hai ki vyAkaraNa meM saMskRta se bhinna zabdoM ko apabhraMza kahate haiM arthAt usake samaya meM bhI (jabaki apabhraMza sAhitya kAphI samRddha ho cukA thA) yaha purAnI rur3hivAdI vicAradhArA pracalita thii| dUsarI bAta kahakara usane kAvyazAstrIya aitihAsika satyatA kI yAda dilAI hai-(kAvyoM meM AbhIra Adi kI vANI apabhraMza nAma se yAda kI gaI hai) isameM 'Adi' tathA 'smRtaH' zabda vicAra karane yogya hai| smRtaH smaraNa kiyA gayA se vidita hotA hai ki daNDI kisI pUrvavartI AcArya kI bAta kI ora nirdeza kara rahA hai| isase bhI adhika AbhIra zabda ke sAtha juTA huA 'Adi' pada bharata ke nATyazAstra kI yAda dilAtA hai| bharata ne nA0 zA0 ke aThArahaveM adhyAya meM saMskRta ke atirikta bhASA, vibhASA aura dezI bhASA para vicAra kiyA hai| usane deza bhASA ko saMskRta evaM prAkRta se bhinna mAnA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki isake bAda maiM deza bhASA kA bheda batAU~gA : etameva tu vijJeyaM prAkRtaM saMskRtaM tthaa| ata UrdhvaM pravakSyAmi dezabhASAvikalpanam / / nA0 zA0-18/22-23 isase spaSTa hai ki deza bhASA saMskRta aura prAkRta se bhinna hai| isakA tAtparya kathya bhASA (Spoken language) se hai jo ki vibhinna prAntoM yA a~caloM (kSetrIya) meM bolI jAtI thii| isake mukhyataH aura bhI rUpa pAye jAte the| yaha nATakoM meM prayukta hone ke kAraNa kAvya kA bhI rUpa dhAraNa kara letA thA :

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apabhraMza bhASA athavA chandataH kAryaH dezabhASA prayoktRbhiH / nA0 zA0 18/34 nAnA dezasamutthaM hi kAvyaM bhavati nATake / / nA0zA0 18/35 91 deza bhASAoM para vicAra karane ke bAda usane sAta bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-- mAgadhI, avantI, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAhalIkA aura sAtavA~ dAkSiNAtyA : mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA zUrasenyardhamAgadhI / vAhlIkA dAkSiNAtyA ca sapta bhASAH prakIrtitAH / / nA0 zA0 18/35-36 isake bAda usane bahuta sI vibhASAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jinameM zabara, AbhIra, cANDAla aura dravir3oM ke sAtha auDraja loga evaM nimna stara ke jaMgalI loga bhI haiM zabarAbhIracaNDAlasacaradraviDoDrajAH / hInA vanecarANA ca vibhASA nATake smRtA / / 35 nA0 zA0 18/36-37 ina vibhASAoM ke ullekha meM bharata ne kahIM bhI apabhraMza kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| apabhraMza nAma kA ullekha na karane kA kAraNa spaSTa hai ki usa samaya kI sAhityika bhASA kA nAma 'bhASA' thaa| vibhASA zabda kA pracalana usa samaya nahIM thaa| phira bhI isa zabda kA prayoga vibhinna bolI jAne vAlI boliyoM ke lie prayukta hotA thA / daNDI ne apane kAvyAdarza meM sAhityika apabhraMza ke liye jisa AbhIrAdi zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha vastutaH bharata kI vibhASA meM prayukta zabara, AbhIra Adi hI haiN| bharata ke samaya vibhASA ne sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa nahIM kiyA thA / daNDI ne apabhraMza sAhitya ke lie prArambha meM jo AbhIra (Adi) zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai usase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki daNDI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ke samaya yA usake kucha pUrva rAjanItika aura sAmAjika paristhiti ke kAraNa AbhIroM ne samAja meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna banA liyA thaa| nahIM to daNDI ke sAhityika apabhraMza ke AbhIra Adi loga tathA bharata kI vibhASA ke zabara, AbhIra Adi logoM kA varNana vastutaH eka hI prakAra se nahIM hotA / antara hai to kevala sAmAjika, rAjanItika aura Arthika paristhitayoM ke parivartana kI jhaMjhAvAta kA / 92 bharata ne vibhASA ke antargata jina logoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve samAja ke pichar3e hue varga, nimna varga aura Adima jAti ke vargoM kI boliyoM kA pratinidhitva karate the| bharata ke samaya ve loga kevala pazcimottara bhArata meM hI na rahakara samasta bhArata meM phaile hue the / bharata ne svataH una logoM ke vargoM ke vibhAjana kI vyAkhyA kI hai sAtha hI sAtha unameM se kucha boliyoM kI bhI vyAkhyA kI hai aGgarakAravyAdhAnAM kASThapantropajIvinAm / yojyA zabarabhASA tu kiJcidvAnaukasI tathA / / nA0 zA0 18/41-42 gAjAzvAjAvikoSTrAdighoSasthAnanivAsinAm / AbhIroktiH zAbarI syAt drAviDI draviDAdiSu / / nA0 zA0 18/42-44 zabara zabda kA artha koyalA banAne vAlA, zikArI aura jo kASTha kalA (UDa krAphTa) para jindagI basara karate the, isake atirikta jaMgalI loga jinake lie bharata ne 'vanaukasI' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / 'AbhIra' aura 'zAbarI' zabda kA prayoga caravAhA (gAya carAne vAlA), gar3eriyA, aura kocavAna Adi ke liye huA thaa| isa para jArja griyarsana ne (janarala eziyATika sosAiTI1918 pR0 491) likhA hai ki zabara aura AbhIra donoM TrAiva jAtiyA~

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apabhraMza bhASA I thIM aura boliyoM ke liye bhI inhIM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| sacara ke viSaya meM jAnakArI nahIM ho pAtI / mRcchakaTika kI TIkA meM pRthvIdhara ne zakAra aura zabara kA nAma zayara aura sacara ke liye kiyA hai / phira bhI sacara zabda kA artha spaSTa nahIM hotA / zakAra bolI kA samAhAra mAgadhI ke antargata kara liyA jAtA hai| yaha bolI zabara aura AbhIra Adima jAtiyoM ke sAtha hI juTI huI thiiN| prasiddha AbhIra zabda jo ki gAya carAne vAloM ke liye prayukta hotA thA sAhityika prAkRta meM isako sthAna prApta huaa| inake sAtha anya loga jaise gar3eriye, kocavAna, pIlevAna aura kASTha kalA Adi ke loga bhI sammilita kara liye gae the / isa para hama anumAna kara sakate haiM ki bharata ne AbhIra Adi zabda kA ullekha saMbhavataH apabhraMza bolI ke lie kiyA ho / bharata ke samaya meM yaha bhASA saMbhavataH nirmANa yA vikAsa kI sthiti meM rahI ho aura daNDI ke samaya taka Ate-Ate yA kucha pahale hI yaha praur3hatA ko prApta kara cukI ho tathA apanI sAhityika mahattA sthApita kara lI ho| bharata kA samaya I0 pU0 300 yA 400 ke lagabhaga sapramANa DA0 dAsa gupta ne pramANita kiyA hai| bharata se lekara daNDI ke samaya taka rAjanItika utthAna patana ke kAraNa, bolI bhASA ke rUpa meM pariNata hokara, rAjakIya sammAna prApta kara, saMbhrAnta logoM kI bhASA banakara sAhityika mahatva evaM garimA ko prApta kara le isameM kisI bhI prakAra ke Azcarya kI koI bAta nahIM mAnI jA sktii| isa bAta kA spaSTIkaraNa bharata ke nATyazAstra meM prayukta prAnta kI viziSTa bhASA ke prayoga se hotA hai gaGgAsAgaramadhye tu ye dezAH saMprakIrtitAH / ekArabahulAM teSu bhASAM tajjJaH prayojayet / / 58 / / 93 vindhyasAgaramadhye tu ye dezAH zrutimAgatAH / nakArabahulAM teSu bhASAM tajjJaH prayojayet / 159 1 1 *

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94 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi surASTrAvanti dezeSu vetravatyantareSu c| ye dezAsteSu kurvIta cakAra bahulAmiha / 160 / / himavatsindhusauvIrAn ye'nyadezAn samAzritAH / ukAra bahulAM teSu nityaM bhASAM pryojyet||61|| carmaNvatI nadI pAre ye cArbuda samAzritAH / takAra bahulAM nityaM teSu bhASAM pryojyet||62|| pUrvokta udAharaNoM meM jisa ukAra bahulA rUpa kI carcA kI gayI hai vaha vastutaH apabhraMza kI vizeSatA hai| bharata ne kisI khAsa bolI kA ullekha na karake himAlaya aura sindhu ke pArzvavartI sthAna mAtra kA nAma liyA hai| paravartI apabhraMza ke lekhaka evaM vaiyAkaraNoM ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai| bharata ne bolI ke liye jisa ukAra dhvani kA nirdeza kiyA hai vaha usake samaya bolI jAtI thii| isakA sthAna sindha, sauvIra aura uttarI paMjAba thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sarvaprathama vahIM para AbhIra (ahIra), jAnavara carAne vAle gar3eriye Adi ne apanA nivAsa sthAna banAyA thaa| cArAgAha ke khyAla se yAnI bhaugolika dRSTi se yaha sthAna una logoM ke liye bahuta ucita thaa| 32veM adhyAya meM bharata ne jo varNana evaM citraNa kiyA hai usase apabhraMza kA saMketa milatA hai| arthAt ye rUpa prArambhika avasthA ke dyotaka haiN|37 (1) morullau ncntu| mahAgame sNbhttu| (2) mehau hertutu NeI jonnhu| Nicca Nippahe ehu cNdhu| (3) esA bahUhi kaannnnu| gaMtu ju ussuiyA kaMtaM sNgiyaa||

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apabhraMza bhASA 95 (4) piya vAi vAyartuM usuvasaMta kaalu| piya kAmuko piya madaNaM jnnNtu|| (5) vAyadi vAdo eha pavAha rUsida iv|| ina chandoM meM 'ukAra' pravRtti to spaSTa hai hI 'mehau, joNhau Adi' zabda saMjJAvAcI haiN| ehu, eha jaise zabda rUpa sarvanAma ke haiN| morullau meM 'ulla' apabhraMza ke svArthika pratyaya haiN| haMsavahUhi, pavAhi kA 'hi' pratyaya bhI saMjJA kA hai| DA0 guNe kA kahanA hai ki yadyapi bharata ke pATha vizuddha pariSkRta kiye hue prAmANika nahIM haiM phira bhI pUrvokta udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki apabhraMza ke prArambhika bIja inameM upalabdha hote haiM ye apabhraMza kI nirmANAvasthA ke paricAyaka haiN| isI pradeza kI bolI ko AbhIrokti kahate haiN| itane vistAra se bharata ke viSaya meM carcA karane kA merA matalaba yahI thA ki daNDI ne apabhraMza ke viSaya meM jisa AbhIra Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha vastutaH bharata kI vibhASA se milatA julatA hai| kevala AbhIroM kI hI yaha bhASA nahIM thii| pUrvokta bAtoM se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki daNDI ne sAhityika dRSTi se hI kucha pramukha bhASAoM kA varNana kiyA hai bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se nhiiN| usakI sAhityika carcA aura sAhityika vibhAjana se kaI bAteM hamAre samakSa upasthita hotI haiN| prathama to yaha ki apabhraMza bhASA kA sAhityika rUpa hamAre sAmane AtA hai| yaha aba kevala saMskRta nATakoM meM nimna pAtroM ke liye hI prayukta nahIM hotI jaisA ki bharata ne kiyA hai| isakA pUrNa spaSTIkaraNa daNDI ne nahIM kiyA hai| kevala usane apabhraMza meM prayukta kucha nizcita chandoM kA varNana mAtra kara diyA hai| AbhIra Adi vAkya apabhraMza kI sAmAnya prakRti kA hI citraNa karate haiN| isase apabhraMza bhASA para pUrNa prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| isase hama bhASA vaijJAnika nicor3a nahIM nikAla pAte jaisA pahale vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai ki AbhIra

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi zabda ke Age 'Adi' pada ke juTane se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki apabhraMza para kevala AbhIroM kA hI Adhipatya nahIM thaa| yaha bhI nizcita hai ki una AbhIroM ke isa bhAratavarSa meM Ane para unake sAtha yaha apabhraMza bhASA nahIM AI thii| yaha satya hai ki jahA~ kahIM bhI ve aura dUsare loga unake sAtha gaye, una logoM ne vahA~ kI tatkAlIna pracalita kSetraja prAkRta bolI ko apnaayaa| isa kAraNa apabhraMza kI prakRti meM bahuta hI adhika parivartana ho gyaa| saMbhavataH isIliye bharata ne ise vibhraSTa kahA jo ki apabhraMza yA apabhraSTa kA pAryAyavAcI zabda pratIta hotA hai| daNDI ke samaya Ate-Ate yaha sAhityika apabhraMza pUrNa samRddhi para pahuMca cukI thii| isameM likhane vAle vidvatsamudAya kA eka samUha hI ho gayA thaa| isa bhASA meM sabhI prakAra ke viSayoM para grantha likhe jAne lge| usa samaya yaha janasAdhAraNa se lekara susaMskRta logoM taka kI bhASA ho gyii| sAmAnya janatA meM AbhIra, zabara aura cANDAla Adi loga bhI Ate the| isa taraha DA0 guNe ke zabdoM meM hama binA kisI kAraNa ke kaha sakate haiM ki AbhIra Adi logoM ke bhArata meM phailane para isa bhASA meM samaya-samaya para yA eka sAtha hI parivartana ho gayA jisase ki apabhraMza bhASA ke rUpoM meM bhI bhinnatA A gyii| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza ke vibhinna rUpoM kA varNana kiyA hai |38 pahale hama batA cuke haiM ki Adhunika anusaMdhAna ne daMDI kA samaya samvata 700 I0 ke pahale rakhA hai; isa samaya taka AbhIra Adi jAtiyoM ne apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna banA liyA thaa| 300 se 600 I0 taka ke bIca meM AbhIroM kA bhArata meM rAjanItika mahatva sthApita ho cukA thaa| ina AbhIroM ne apanI rAja sattA sthApita kara lI thii| zanaiHzanaiH yaha jAti prabhutA sampanna hotI jA rahI thii| IsvI san 181 meM kSatrapa rUdra siMha ke samaya meM AbhIra ko senApati kA pada samhAlane kA ullekha milatA hai |39 san 300 I0 meM zivadatta kA putra Izvara sena jo nAsika kA zAsaka thA, vaha AbhIra hI thaa|

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apabhraMza bhASA ilAhAbAda ke stambha para khude hue samudragupta ke lekha (IsvI 360) se patA calatA hai ki rAjasthAna, mAlavA aura gupta sAmrAjya ke dakSiNa pazcima tathA pazcima bhAga meM AbhIra aura mAlava loga zAsana karate the| kramazaH yaha jAti prabala hotI gayI aura inakA sAmrAjya dakSiNa tathA pUrva kI ora bhI bar3hatA gyaa| 8vIM zatAbdI meM jaba 'kAThI' logoM ne saurASTra para AkramaNa kiyA to usa samaya vaha deza AbhIroM ke adhikAra meM thaa| mirjApura meM 'ahirorA' aura jhAMsI meM 'ahirabAra' prasiddha sthAna haiN| isa para vidvAnoM kA vizvAsa hai ki ye donoM jagaha jarUra hI AbhIroM ke adhIna rahe hoNge| yoM to AbhIroM kA varNana mahAbhArata meM bhI AyA hai| kRSNa kI vidhavA striyoM ko lekara lauTate hue arjuna ke sAtha ina logoM kI lar3AI kA bhI varNana pAyA jAtA hai| inheM hamAre yahA~ anAtha kahakara pukArA gayA hai| manusmRti ke anusAra inakI utpatti brAhmaNa pitA aura ambaSTha mAtA se huI thI brAhmaNAt AbhIre'mbaSTha kanyAyAm (adha yAya 10-15) ityaadi| isa prakAra hama yaha bhI anumAna kara sakate haiM ki AbhIroM kA jaba sAmrAjya sthApita ho gayA to una logoM ne apabhraMza bolI ko jo ki una logoM ke rAjanItika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rahA thA-rAjakIya sammAna pradAna kiyaa| yaha pada pAkara yaha bhASA jana sAmAnya se lekara samAja ke uccatama vargoM taka meM Adara pAtI rhii| yaha pariSkRta rUci vAloM kI bhI bhASA ho gyii| sAhitya kA nirmANa hone lgaa| kAvya ke vividha rUpa race jAne lge| sAtha hI anya viSayoM kA bhI nirmANa isa bhASA meM hone lgaa| yaha socane vicArane tathA likhane kI bhASA ho gyii| isane prAkRta kI kSetraja bolI se (bharata ne jise vibhASA yA vibhraSTa kahakara pukArA hai) vikasita hokara AbhIroM ke sAtha rAjanItika utthAna patana ke kAraNa bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara sAhityika maryAdA kA pada prApta kiyaa| isakI bhI pratiSThA aura sammAna susaMskRta logoM ke bIca meM saMskRta tathA prAkRta kI bhAMti hone lgii| ho sakatA hai inhIM sabhI kAraNoM ko apane vicAra meM rakhakara daNDI ne ise AbhIra Adi kI bhASA kahI ho| kintu yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki daNDI ke vaktavya se aisA pratIta

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hotA hai ki isa bhASA kA zanaiHzanaiH do rUpa hotA jAtA rahA thA? eka susaMskRta pariSkRta ruci vAloM kA rUpa aura dUsarA jana-sAdhAraNa bhASA kA rUpa jisameM ki grAmya gIta Adi gAye jAte hoNge| rudraTa ke anusAra apabhraMza rudraTa ne apanI kAvya mAlA meM apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA hai| DA0 esa0 ena0 dAsagupta ke anusAra isakA samaya I0 sana nauvIM zatAbdI hai| yaha rAjazekhara se pUrva hue the aura vAmana ke putra mAne jAte haiN| alaMkArazAstrIya kAvya mAlA meM gadya aura padya kA bheda karane ke anantara unhoMne chaha bhASAoM kA bheda kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki vibhinna bhASAoM ke AdhAra para bhASA kA bheda karanA saMbhava huA hai, ve haiM-saMskRta, prAkRta, mAgadha, paizAcI, zaurasenI aura chaThA apbhrNsh| usa apabhraMza ke bahuta se bheda hote haiM aura deza vizeSa ke rUpoM se vaha jAnA jAtA hai|40 daNDI ke bAda rudraTa kI bAta se hameM jJAta hotA hai ki apabhraMza ke bahuta se bheda hote haiM jo ki vibhinna kSetrIya boliyoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| prAkRta bhASA kA to patA calatA A rahA hai kintu prAkRta kI boliyoM kA patA hameM nahIM hai jisase vibhinna apabhraMzoM kA pUrNa spaSTIkaraNa nahIM ho pAtA aura anumAnAzrita kalpanA hI karanI par3atI hai| rudraTa para namisAdhu ne TIkA likhI hai jisa para bAda meM vicAra kreNge| kuvalaya mAlA kahA-dezI bhASA kA apabhraMza ke antargata samAhAra kuvalaya mAlA kahA ke lekhaka udyotana sUri (vi0 saM0 835) ne apabhraMza ko Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA hai aura apabhraMza kAvya kI prazaMsA bhI kI hai|41 kuvalaya mAlA ke kartA kA yahI abhipreta thA ki 4 bhASAoM meM apabhraMza kA bhI sthAna thaa| jaba apabhraMza kA bahuta sA bheda mAnA jAne lagA to usa samaya logoM ne deza bhASA aura apabhraMza bhASA ko eka hI samajhakara varNana karanA Arambha kiyaa| prAyaH hama dekhate haiM ki rudraTa ke bAda kucha AcAryoM . kA yaha vicAra hI ho jAtA hai ki apabhraMza vastutaH deza vizeSa

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apabhraMza bhASA 99 kI bhASA hai arthAta isake bahuta se bheda haiM, isake bahuta se kSetrIya rUpa haiN| viSNudharmottara 12 ke khaNDa 3 adhyAya 7 meM kahA hai ki 'dezoM meM itanI pRthakatA evaM vibhinnatA hai ki use lakSaNoM dvArA nahIM batAyA jA sakatA / ataH loka meM jise hama apabhraSTa ( apabhraMza) kahate haiM vahI - vastutaH usa viziSTa deza kA adhikArI rUpa hai| eka aura dUsarI jagaha viSNudharmottarakAra (khaNDa 3, a0 3) ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki 'deza bhASA vizeSa se apabhraMza ke itane bheda haiM ki usakA anta nahIM batAyA jA sakatA' 143 vAgbhaTa ne apane vAgbhaTAlaMkAra meM eka jagaha to bhASA catuSTaya 44 meM apabhraMza ko sthAna diyA hai- 'saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura bhUtabhASA ye 4 kAvyazAstra ke zarIra haiN|' to dUsarI jagaha usakA kahanA hai ki 'jina jina dezoM meM yaha zuddha rUpa se bolI jAtI hai vahI apabhraMza hai' arthAt jahA~ kahIM bhI isa bhASA meM milAvaTa hai vahIM dUsarI bhASA ke rUpoM kA bhI samavAya ho gayA hai use hama apabhraMza nahIM kahate / pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya deza videzI AkrAmakoM se AkrAnta ho rahA thA, rAjanItika ulaTa palaTa ho rahA thA / isase bhASA meM bhI saMkrAntikAlIna avyavasthA phaila sI rahI thI / apabhraMza bhASA jo ki jana sAmAnya kI bhASA thI usake prati pariSkRta ruci vAloM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karane ke liye hI saMbhavataH alaMkAra zAstriyoM ne aisI bAteM kahIM ho / rAmacandra aura guNacandra ne nATyadarpaNa " meM kahA hai ki kuru se lekara magadha Adi dezoM kI bhASA meM bhASA kA mUla rUpa surakSita hai| usI meM apane deza sambandhI bhASA kA gaThana karanA caahiye| isa kAraNa ise aura dezI bhASA ko apabhraMza ke antargata hI rakhanA cAhiye / bhASAtraya ke antargata apabhraMza kA sthAna kucha AcAryoM aura kaviyoM ne apabhraMza ko bhASAtraya (saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza) ke antargata sthAna diyA hai| apabhraMza ke gadya aura padya donoM meM kAvya likhe jAte the / bhAmaha, svayaMbhU, hemacandra Adi ne apabhraMza ko bhASAtraya ke antargata sthAna diyA hai / bhAmaha,

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi dhArasena aura viSNudharmottara ke bAre meM pahale likhA jA cukA hai| hemacandra ne apane kAvyAnuzAsana +7 (a0 8, 330-7) meM kAvya viSayaka sarga, zvAsa, sandhi, avaskandha Adi mahAkAvya ke rUpoM para vicAra karate hue saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMza kA ullekha karake grAmya bhASA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke kAvya ko nibaddha karane vAle sandhi Adi ko batAkara grAmya apabhraMza bhASA ke kAvya kA bhI rUpa batAyA hai| isase pUrNa spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hemacandra ke samaya meM apabhraMza bhASA kA do rUpa spaSTa sA ho gayA thA - 1. eka pariSkRta bhASA kA 2. aura dUsarA grAmya apabhraMza bhASA kA / hemacandra ke kAvyAnuzAsana ke anusAra donoM meM kAvya likhe jAte the| kyoMki usane donoM prakAra kI bhASA ke kAvya rUpoM kA varNana kiyA hai / 100 skanda svAmI " kA samaya vikrama samvat 650 mAnA jA jAtA hai| usane bhAmaha tathA kumArila donoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / kumArila ne tantravArtika 1/3/12 meM likhA hai - jhavarNakArAMpatti mAtrameva prAkRtApabhraMzeSudRSTam / bauddha vidvAna dharmakIrti ne bhI apabhraMza bhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai - prAkRtApabhraMza dramiDAndhra bhASAvat (vAda nyAya, pR0 107 ) / kumArila ne usI tantravArtika meM eka jagaha vistAra se zabdazAstra para vicAra karate hue apabhraMza aura apabhraSTa kA ullekha kiyA hai" / SaT bhASA ke antargata apabhraMza kA sthAna 1 vararuci ko chor3akara anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne SaTbhASA ke antargata apabhraMza ko sthAna diyA hai| aura dUsare rudraTa, bhojarAja, jinadatta aura amara candra Adi ne bhI SaTbhASA kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura usI meM apabhraMza kA bhI varNana kiyA hai / caNDa ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, paizAcI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kA nirdeza apane vyAkaraNa meM kiyA hai| hemacandra ne bhI bhASA ke chaha bheda karake usI ke antargata apabhraMza ko rakhA hai / caNDa kI taraha hemacandra kA bhI bheda hai / trivikrama kA bhI vibhAjana isI taraha kA hai 1

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apabhraMza bhASA 101 lakSmIdhara" ne chaha tathA zeSakRSNa " ne prAkRta candrikA meM - 5 bhASAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki eka chaThA apabhraMza bhI hai kintu isakI upalabdhi nahIM hotI / deza, kAla ke anusAra isake bahuta se bheda kiye gaye haiN| usake anusAra nATakoM meM isake bheda nahIM pAye jaate| sAtha hI sAtha vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki isakA bahuta upayoga nahIM hai / usakA aisA likhane kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki vaha prAkRta ke varNana meM prasaGga ke bhaya se apabhraMza meM nahIM par3anA cAhatA / vaha usakI pRthak sattA hI svIkAra karatA hai / isake atirikta bhojarAja 54 ne spaSTa rUpa se apabhraMza kI sattA mAnI hai| usakA kahanA hai ki saMskRta kahane se kucha dUsarA artha hotA hai - prAkRta se kucha bhinna, isI prakAra koI apabhraMza se eka bhinna bhASAyika sattA mAnatA hai| kucha dUsare loga inhIM bhASAoM ke sAtha paizAcI, zaurasenI aura mAgadhI ko bhI upanibaddha karate haiN| usakA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki isameM se koI do, tIna bhASAoM se athavA koI sabhI bhASAoM se apanA sambandha rakhane meM samartha ho sakate haiN| jinadatta sUri" aura amara candra" ne bhI SaTbhASA ke antargata apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki aba taka jitane bhI varNana kiye gaye haiM usase yahI vidita hotA hai ki apabhraMza bhI eka bhASA hai, usakA bhI sAhitya hai tathA sattA hai| kahIM apabhraMza ko bhASAtraya meM sthAna diyA gayA to kahIM use SaMTbhASA ke antargata rakhA gayA, to kucha logoM ne deza bhASA meM hI use samAhita kara denA cAhA, kucha logoM ne saMkSepa rUpa meM kaha diyA ki apabhraMza ke bahuta se bheda hote haiN| daNDI ne to bahuta pahale bharata kI vibhASA bolI ko tathA sAhitya meM prayukta hone vAlI AbhIra Adi bhASA ko apabhraMza khaa| pUrvokta kathanoM se yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki apabhraMza bhASA kI bhI sattA anya bhASAoM kI taraha hai| usake bhI vividha rUpa haiM tathA eka susamRddha sAhitya hai / kintu isa bhASA kA vikAsa .

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102 hemacandraM ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kahA~-kahA~ huA, yaha bhASA kina pradezoM meM bolI jAtI thI isa para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA jaba sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai, taba usake do rUpa ho jAte haiM 1. bhASA pariSkRta ruci vAloM kI ho jAtI hai jinheM ki susaMskRta aura susabhya loga bolane kA garva anubhava karate haiN| 2. jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA yAnI bolI hI rahatI hai jinameM grAma gItAdi hote haiM ityAdi bAtoM kA nidarzana paravartI lekhakoM se hotA hai| rAjazekhara, namisAdhu aura mArkaNDeya bahuta kucha mAne meM ina bAtoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiN| rAjazekhara dvArA varNita apabhraMza / rAjazekhara ne jo ki 10vIM zatAbdI meM huA thA apanI 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM apabhraMza ke liye vividha uddharaNa diyA hai| usane bhI vastutaH sAhityika bhASA kI dRSTi se hI isa para vicAra kiyA hai| usane kAvya rUpI purUSa ke zarIra kA citraNa kiyA hai| usakA kahanA hai-'saMskRta mukha hai, prAkRta bAhu hai aura apabhraMza jaMghA hai, paizAcI ko paira aura ina sabhI ke mizraNa yA mizra ko UrU kahA hai| jaba vaha rAjadarabAra meM baiThane vAle rAjakaviyoM kA varNana karatA hai taba vaha kahatA hai ki kisa kavi ko kisa dizA meM (bhAga meM) baiThanA cAhiye-"saMskRta ke kavi uttara kI (kazmIra pAMcAla) ora baiTheM, prAkRta kavi. pUrva (mAgadhI kI bhUmi magadha) dizA meM baiThe aura apabhraMza kavi pazcima (dakSiNI paMjAba aura maru deza) kI ora baiThe aura bhUta bhASA (ujjaina, mAlavA Adi) kavi dakSiNa dizA meM baiTheM8 |" rAjazekhara ne sAhityika kaviyoM kA cautaraphA vibhAjana kiyA hai jisase ki bhaugolika jJAna bhI hotA hai| paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI kA kahanA hai ki usane apane AzrayadAtA kI rAjadhAnI mahodaya (kannauja se use bar3A prema thA) kannauja aura pAMcAla kI usane jagaha-jagaha bar3AI kI hai| kannauja ko hI usane bhUgola kA kendra mAnA hai, kahA hai ki dUrI kI nApa kannauja nareza ke siMhAsana '

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apabhraMza bhASA 103 se hI kI jAnI cAhiye, purAne AcAryoM ke anusAra antarvedI00 se nhiiN| usakA kahanA hai ki rAjA aura kavi samAja ke madhya meM baittheN| Age punaH gulerI jI kahate haiM ki aisA pratIta hotA hai mAno rAjA kA kavi-samAja bhaugolika bhASA niveza kA mAnacitra huaa| yoM kurukSetra se prayAga taka antarveda, pAMcAla aura zUrasena, idhara maru, avantI, pAriyAtra aura dazapura zaurasenI aura bhUta bhASA ke sthAna the| usane kahA hai ki pramukha bhASAyeM pramukha dezoM meM acchI taraha uccarita hotI haiN| gaur3Adi loga (baMgAla aura bihAra) saMskRta meM acchI abhiruci rakhate haiM (saMskRta meM sthita haiM) lATadeziyoM kI ruci prAkRta meM paricita haiN| kintu sabhI rAjasthAna ke loga (marubhUmi), Takka (TAMka dakSiNa pazcamI paMjAba) aura bhAdAnaka2 ke nivAsI gaNa apabhraMza bhASA meM hI apanA vyavahAra karate haiN| AvantI (ujjaina), pAriyAtra (betavA aura caMbala kA bhAga) aura dazapura (maMdasora) ke nivAsI bhUta bhASA (paizAcI) kA Adara karate haiM kintu jo kavi madhyadeza (kannauja, antarveda, paMcAla Adi) meM rahate haiM ve sabhI bhASAoM meM pravINa haiN| ataH rAjazekhara ke dinoM meM saMskRta sAhitya kA pracAra baMgAla aura bihAra ke bhAgoM meM thaa| prAkRta sAhitya lATa deza meM yAnI kaThiyAvAr3a ko chor3akara gujarAta meM aura apabhraMza sAhitya kA prayoga samasta marudeza arthAt mAravAr3a, Takka (paMjAba kA dakSiNI aura pazcimI hissA) tathA bhAdAnaka deza (jisakA ki pUrNa patA nahIM calatA) meM hotA thaa| paizAcI sAhitya kA prayoga AvantI (madhya mAlavA meM), pAriyAtrA pazcimI bindhya pradeza meM aura dazapura arthAt pichale mAlavA meM hotA thaa| kintu yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki rAjazekhara ne yaha nahIM batAyA ki ye bhASAyeM ina kSetroM meM bolI bhI jAtI thI ki nhiiN| usane kevala yahI kahA hai ki isa bhAga ke sAhityika loga apane vicAroM ko ina vibhinna bhASAoM meM prakaTa karanA adhika pasanda karate haiN| eka aura dUsarA udAharaNa dekara rAjazekhara ne apabhraMza ke par3hane ke viSaya meM batAyA hai ki "surASTra (kAThiyAvAr3a), travaNa (usa bhAga kA nAma patA nahIM calatA)

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104 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aura dUsare loga suSThu (acchI) vANI meM arthAt saMskRta muhAvaroM kA prayoga karate haiN| kintu ve loga hamezA saMskRta ke vacanoM meM bhI apabhraMza kI milAvaTa kara diyA karate haiN|" agara hama maru, Takka aura bhAdAnaka ke sAhityika logoM ke sAtha surASTra aura travaNa Adi ke bhAgoM ko jor3a dete haiM to ye saba bhAga eka sAtha milakara apabhraMza sAhitya kA eka vistRta kSetra ho jAtA hai| yaha eka vizAla bhUbhAga kA samRddha sAhitya pratIta hotA hai| isa taraha prAkRta ke jJAna ke viSaya meM aura apabhraMza sAhitya ke viSaya meM jo Adhunika prAntoM kA nirmANa ho rahA hai usase isa para aura prakAza par3atA jA rahA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki rAjazekhara ke samaya meM apabhraMza kI lokapriyatA carama koTi para pahu~ca gayI thii| surASTra aura mAravAr3a meM mukhyatayA isa sAhityika apabhraMza bhASA kA pracAra aura prasAra adhika bar3ha rahA thaa| yaha aba taka jIvita bhASA thI aura isakI racanA vinaSTa nahIM huI thii| yaha aba taka jana sAmAnya kI bolI yA bahuta sI boliyoM meM pariNata cukI thii| (1) rAjazekhara ne eka anya jagaha sujhAva diyA hai ki sabhI bhRtya kArya karane vAle purUSoM ko apabhraMza kavitA se acchI taraha paricita rahanA caahiye| usane likhA hai ki striyoM ko mAgadha bhASA kI jAnakArI honI caahiye| rAjA ke antaHpura meM rahane vAle ko saMskRta aura prAkRta kI jAnakArI rakhanI cAhiye aura unake dostoM ko sabhI bhASAoM meM nipuNa honA caahiye| (2) isake atirikta usane aura sujhAva diyA hai ki saMskRta kaviyoM ko vaidika mantroM ke sAtha baiThanA caahiye| tarkazAstra, purANa aura smRti ko jAnane vAle, prANi zAstra ke jJAtA, khagola zAstravid isI prakAra aura loga bhI tathA prAkRta kavi pUrva meM baitthe| unake bAda nRtya vAle saMgItajJa, gAyaka, vAdaka Adi baiTheM,05 pazcima meM apabhraMza ke kavi baittheN| usake bagala meM dIvAla raMgane vAlA, AbhUSaNa banAne vAlA, svarNakAra Adi baiTheM, dakSiNa meM pizAca kavi tathA usake bagala meM aura logoM ke baiThane kA varNana hai|

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apabhraMza bhASA 105 isa taraha ke vidhAna karane se patA calatA hai ki rAjazekhara ne apabhraMza bolane vAle strI aura puruSa donoM ko eka sAtha upasthita rahane ke liye vicAra prastuta kiyA hai| usane kahA hai ki pahalI paMkti meM ve loga baiThe jo janatA kI bhASA bolane vAle haiM, dUsarI paMkti meM ve loga baiThe jo ki sAmAnya janatA aura rAjA ke bIca meM hoN| ve kisAnoM aura kalAkAroM kI takalIphoM aura icchAoM ke vizleSaNa karane vAle hoM tathA una logoM kI bAteM evaM rAjAoM kI bAtoM ko unake taka pahuMcAne vAle hoN| isaliye aise logoM ko sAmAnya janatA kI bhASA jAnanI caahiye| ina paMktiyoM se patA calatA hai ki rAjazekhara ke bahuta pUrva apabhraMza bhASA kI sAhityika mahattA thI, janasAdhAraNa evaM pariniSThita logoM kA apabhraMza bhASA meM sAmya thaa| sAhityika bhASA sAdhAraNa kI bhASA se dUra nahIM huI thii| donoM jIvitAvasthA meM, ghaniSThatA meM Abaddha thii| apabhraMza bhASA gaMgA nadI kI bhA~ti svaccha nirmala hokara pravAhita ho rahI thii| isameM tAlAba kI taraha rukAvaTa nahIM AI thI arthAt purAne prAkRta sAhitya kI taraha yaha apabhraMza bhASA murdA na hokara jIvitAvasthA meM thii| saMskRta vastutaH kucha paNDitoM kI bhASA thii| nissandeha prAkRta bahuta vistRta paimAne meM samajhI jAtI thI aura saMbhavataH raMgamaMca se sambandhita kuzala abhinetA aura susaMskRta loga ise samajhate aura bolate the| kintu apabhraMza kaviyoM ke anuyAyI ve loga the jo isa bhASA ko bolane vAle evaM samajhane vAle the| inakA varga bahuta vizAla thaa| usameM samAja ke pichar3e evaM nimna stara ke loga Ate the| apar3ha meM sAdhAraNa janatA AtI thii| unhIM logoM ke pratinidhi svarUpa kalakAra, lakar3I para piccIkArI karane vAle, dastakAra, bar3haI lohAra, sonAra, mistrI-ghara banAne vAle Adi Ate the| rAjazekhara ke isa prakAra ke sujhAva evaM citraNa karane kA yahI matalaba hai ki usa varga ke loga abhI bhI kisI na kisI prakAra kI apabhraMza bhASA bolate the| uttara bhArata kI kathya bhASA ke purAne sAhitya se hameM bhASA viSayaka tatkAlIna tathya kA jJAna hotA hai| 9vIM

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106 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi zatAbdI ke anta meM-jo ki rAjazekhara ke kAla ke kAryoM kA paricAyaka hai-apabhraMza kI vibhinna boliyoM kI vizeSatAoM kA digdarzana milatA hai| isake bAda tIna pramukha vyakti hamAre sAmane Ate haiM jinhoMne apabhraMza kA spaSTa citraNa kiyA hai aura usake kaI upabheda bhI kiye haiN| unameM haiM prasiddha TIkAkAra namisAdhu aura prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa lakSmIdhara evaM maarknnddey| rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza ne mArkaNDeya kI bAtoM kA hI piSTapeSaNa kiyA hai aura lakSmIdhara ne bhI koI vizeSa bAta nahIM kI hai| namisAdhu ne kAvyAlaMkAra ke 11-12 adhyAya karate hue apabhraMza para apanI sammati vyakta kI hai-"prAkRta hI apabhraMza hai| isakA citraNa dUsare logoM ne tIna nAmoM kA ullekha karake kiyA hai-1. upanAgara 2. AbhIra 3. aura graamyaa| namisAdhu kA kahanA hai ki inhIM upabhedoM ko dUra karane ke liye rudraTa ne apane kAvyAlaMkAra meM kahA hai ki apabhraMza ke bahuta se bheda haiN| usane yaha bhI kahA hai ki yaha bheda deza vizeSa se hotA hai| usakA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki usake lakSaNoM ko loka se hI acchI taraha samajhanA cAhiye / " namisAdhu ke prAkRtamevApabhraMzaH para vicAra sarvaprathama hameM namisAdhu ke prAkRtamevApabhraMzaH ukti para vicAra karanA caahiye| namisAdhu ne rudraTa kI jisa kArikA para apanA vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai vaha hai : prAkRta-saMskRta-mAgadha-pizAca bhASAzca zaurasenI c| SaSTho'tra bhUribhedo deza vishessaadpbhrNshH|| isa para TIkA karate hue namisAdhu ne sarvaprathama prAkRta ko sthAna diyaa| prAkRta kI vyAkhyA? usane samasta prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI vyAkhyA se bhinna kI hai| usane prANi mAtra ke. sahaz2a svAbhAvika vacana vyApAra ko prakRti mAnA hai| yaha prakRti vyAkaraNa Adi vyApAra ke sahaja saMskAra se pare hotI hai| usa prakRti se banane vAlA

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apabhraMza bhASA 107 yA nirmita hone vAlA jo rUpa hai vahI prAkRta hai| pANini Adi vyAkaraNa se nirmita zabda lakSaNoM se saMskAra kiye hue ko saMskRta kahate haiN| pUrvokta kathana se niSkarSa nikalA ki usane samasta bhASAoM kI mUla jananI prakRti yAnI prAkRta mAnA hai aura isI se saMskRta Adi bhASAoM kI utpatti mAnI hai| prAkRta ko hI mUla mAnakara usane kucha viziSTa lakSaNoM ke kAraNa mAgadhI68 Adi kI utpatti mAnI hai| isI prakAra rudraTa dvArA kahI gayI pAMcoM bhASAoM kA nirdeza karake, apabhraMza ko bhI usI pariveza meM rakhakara usane prAkata ko hI apabhraMza kaha ddaalaa| vastutaH prAkRta hI apabhraMza nahIM hai kyoMki usI ne Age calakara apabhraMza ke tIna upabheda kiye haiN| una upabhedoM ke lakSaNa ke liye vizeSa rUpa se loka ko hI mukhya srota mAnA hai| prAkRtamevApabhraMzaH ke kathana se yaha to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaise anya prAkRta kA mUla srota prakRti vAlA prAkRta hai jise ki hama pariSkRta rUpa meM mahArASTrI prAkRta kaha sakate haiM usI prakAra apabhraMza kI bhI prakRti prAkRta hI hai| namisAdhu kI isa ukti meM kisI bhI prakAra kA anyathA doSa Ane kA bhaya nahIM pratIta hotaa| eka samaya meM yaha prAkRta kI bolI (vibhASA) thii| zanaiH-zanaiH deza aura kAla kI paristhiti ke kAraNa isane sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| isa bhASA kA janma kaba huA isakA koI nizcita dina nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| vastutaH kisI bhI bhASA ke viSaya meM nizcita lakIra nahIM khIMcI jA sktii| isI bAta ko thor3A sA pariSkRta karake paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki 'apabhraMza ke janma dina kA patA lagAnA saMbhava nahIM hai|' saMbhavataH yaha parivartana kucha samaya taka bahuta dhIre-dhIre hotA rahA, phira ekAeka guNAtmaka parivartana hokara, zliSTa kI jagaha azliSTa bhASA Ana upasthita huii| vaha vahI. (prAkRta) na hone para bhI kitanI hI bAtoM meM vahI (prAkRta) thii| apabhraMza kA sArA zabdakoza aura uccAraNa-krama prAkRta kA hI thaa|

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- 108 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi niSkarSa yaha ki namisAdhu ke kathana kI kaI mukhya vizeSatAe~ haiM:___1. vaha apabhraMza ko prAkRta se hI vikasita mAnatA thaa| 2. usake sAmane jo vividha prakAra ke nAma the unameM se usane tIna kA hI ullekha kiyA hai-(i) upanAgara, (ii) AbhIra aura (iii) graamyaa| 3. apabhraMza bhASA ke viSaya meM batAte hue usane kahA hai ki ina tIna se bhI adhika bheda ho. sakatA haiM jo ki sabase bar3I bhArI vizeSatA hai| 4 logoM ko vaha saMketa detA hai ki apabhraMza sIkhane kA loka hI sabase bar3A sAdhana hai| ina sabhI se bar3hakara antima vizeSatA yaha hai ki namisAdhu ke samaya meM apabhraMza kI bahuta sI boliyA~ sAmAnya janatA meM pracalita thiiN| inakA kAla vikrama samvat 1125-1069 I0 hai| ___dUsarI bAta yaha ki namisAdhu ne apabhraMza ko utanA hI vyApaka batAyA hai jitanA ki mAgadhI ko| pahale hama dekha cuke haiM ki bharata ke samaya meM hI vibhASA ke antargata AbhIroM kI jar3a jamI huI thii| AbhIrI bolI usa samaya bhI sindhu, multAna aura uttara paMjAba meM bolI jAtI thii| bAda meM usane bhAratIya itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna pAkara sAhitya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA aura apabhraMza bhASA AbhIra Adi ke nAma se prasiddha ho gyii| daNDI para vicAra karate samaya isa para vicAra ho cukA hai| yahI bAta usake vAkya ke kahane kA matalaba hai-'AbhIrI bhASA kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha apabhraMza ke antargata AtI hai| yaha kabhI-kabhI mAgadhI meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| isakA kevala yahI matalaba hai ki pracalita kathya (Spoken) mAgadhI meM apabhraMza bolI pracalita thii| grAmyA se tAtparya hotA hai sAhityika apabhraMza se bhinna grAmINa bolii|

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apabhraMza bhASA 109 uparokta bAtoM se yahI pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza kI sattA 11vIM zatAbdI taka vidyamAna thI / lakSmIdhara aura mArkaNDeya dvArA varNita boliyA~ lakSmIdhara ke mArga nirdezaka trivikrama, hemacandra aura bhAmaha haiN| unhIM logoM ke AdhAra para yA unhIM logoM kA anukaraNa kara unhoMne prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai, aura unhIM logoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta bhASA kI paribhASA bhI dI hai, apabhraMza kI vyAkhyA daNDI Adi kI taraha kI hai| inhoMne koI nayI bAta nahIM kahI hai| itanA inhoMne avazya kahA hai ki apabhraMza kA prayoga caNDAla aura yavana Adi ke liye bhI prayukta hotA hai| nATaka Adi meM apabhraMza kA vinyAsa-krama anucitasA pratIta hotA hai 72 | Age calakara unhoMne inhIM caNDAla Adi ke viSaya meM batAyA hai ki ye mAgadhI Adi meM bhI prayukta hote haiM / isase pratIta hotA hai ki lakSmIdhara ne pUrvI apabhraMza ke viSaya meM bhI likhA hai / kintu usane yavanAdi kA jo prayoga kiyA hai usase pratIta hotA hai ki usane bhArata meM AyI huI paravartI videzI jAtiyoM ke liye prayukta kiyA hai| una jAtiyoM meM se kucha ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM apane ko ghulA- milA diyA / una logoM ne yahA~ kI bhASA aura rahana-sahana apanAne kI koziza kI / yahA~ kI apabhraMza bhASA bolate samaya jarUra kucha-na-kucha unakI bhI boliyA~ mila jAtI hoMgI / cANDAla Adi kA varNana to bharata ne bhI vibhASA ke liye prayukta kiyA hai / lakSmIdhara ne cANDAla Adi kI bolI ko khAsakara mAgadhI Adi kI hI batAyA hai| aisI bAta inake pUrvavartI lekhakoM ne bhI kahI hai| kintu prAcyA apabhraMza ke viSaya meM hemacandra mauna haiN| mArkaNDeya ne apane 'prAkRta prakAza' meM lakSmIdhara dvArA varNita bahuta-sI boliyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| isake anusAra prAkRta ke 5 bhAga haiM - mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, AvantI aura mAgadhI / mAgadhI ke antargata ardhamAgadhI ko gina liyA hai aura AvantI ke antargata vAlIkI ko / mArkaNDeya hI aisA lekhaka hai jisane apabhraMza kI 1

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110 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vividha zAkhAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| 'prAkRta candrikA' ke AdhAra para apabhraMza ke 27 bheda kiye haiN| kintu mukhya rUpa se apabhraMza ko unhoMne tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-1. nAgara, 2. upanAgara, 3. brAcar3a74 | namisAdhu ke grAmyA vibhAjana kI jagaha isane brAcar3a nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| brAcar3a ke sambandha meM unhoMne kahA hai ki yaha sindhu deza kI apabhraMza hai| upanAgara kA abhiprAya nAgara aura brAcar3a. ke saMyoga se banI huI apabhraMza hai aura nAgara apabhraMza mUla apabhraMza hai| namisAdhu ne brAcar3a kA nirAkaraNa kara grAmyA kA ullekha kiyA thaa| usakA kahanA thA ki TakkI usI apabhraMza kI zAkhA thI78 | isI kAraNa mArkaNDeya ke abhiprAya ko harizcandra vaiyAkaraNa ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| pahale hama batA cuke haiM ki rAjazekhara ne TakkI pradeza meM apabhraMza bole jAne kA. varNana kiyA hai| mArkaNDeya ne jina 27 apabhraMzoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM-brAcar3a, lATa, vidarbha, upanAgara, nAgara, bArbara, AvantI, paJcAla, Takka, mAlavA, kekaya, gaur3a, uDra, vaitra, pAzcAtyadeza, pANDaya, kuntala, siMhala, kaliga, prAcya, karNATaka, kAJcI, drAviDa, gurjara, AbhIra, madhyadeza, aura vaitAla aura Adi ke bheda haiM | isa para zrI cimana lAla modI80 kA kahanA hai ki apabhraMza ke bahuta se bheda karane se acchA hai apabhraMza kI anekatA kA digdarzana mAtra kara denaa| isase hama use sImA ke antargata bA~dha dete haiN| vastutaH apabhraMza kI bahuta-sI boliyA~ rahI hoNgii| unhIM meM se kucha pramukha boliyoM kA ullekha mArkaNDeya ne kiyA hai isase anekatA yA vividha nAmoM ke ullekha karane meM bahuta antara nahIM pdd'taa| vividha nAmoM ke ullekha karane se kisI bhI bhASA kI sImA kA jJAna hotA hai| yaha to bhASA ke jJAna kA bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa hai kintu mArkaNDeya ko ina vibhAgoM se santoSa svataH nahIM thaa| usane svataH kahA hai ki apabhraMza ke itane sUkSma bheda haiM ki unheM ina pradhAna vibhAgoM se bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| anyatra eka jagaha aura usI ne kahA hai ki sabhI apabhraMzoM kA atabhAva isI meM ho jAtA hai |81 mArkaNDeya kA anusaraNa kara rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza ne bhI unhIM

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apabhraMza bhASA 111 zAstrIya vibhAgoM kI carcA kI hai aura AbhIrAdikoM ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| mArkaNDeya ne apabhraMza ke antargata jina boliyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unake antargata kucha pizAca boliyA~ bhI A jAtI haiN| lakSmIdhara Adi82 ne pANDaya, kekaya aura bAhalIka Adi ko paizAcI ke antargata ginA hai| sambhavataH bAda meM calakara paizAcI boliyA~ bhI apabhraMza ke antargata samAhita ho gayIM thiiN| apabhraMza kA kAla madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA ke vikAsa ke tIna sopAna mAne gaye haiM- . (1) pUrva madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA kA rUpa jo ki azoka aura dUsare zilAlekhoM meM tathA pAli meM pAye jAte haiN| (2) dvitIya ma0 bhA0 A0 yA prAkRta jisakA pratinidhitva mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, arddhamAgadhI, aura mAgadhI karatI hai| (3) ma0 bhA0 A0 kA pratinidhitva apabhraMza karatI hai aura isakA paravartI rUpa laukika yA avahaTTa (apabhraSTa) hai| na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM kA vikAsa isI apabhraMza yA avahaTTa se huA hai| na0 bhA0 A0 kI kathya bhASAe~ baMgalA, asamiyA, ur3iyA, maithilI, aura hindI ke antargata AnevAlI bhojapurI, magahI, avadhI, brajabhASA tathA khaDI bolI Adi, tathA nepAlI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI aura marAThI Adi haiN| saMskRta aura prAkRta ke samAna hI apabhraMza bhI janabhASA tathA sAhityika bhASA thii| isake bhI vibhinna kSetrIya bheda avazyameva rahe hoNge| phira bhI apabhraMza eka aisI pariniSThita sAhityika bhASA thI jisakA vikAsa pazcimottara aura pazcima dakSiNa rAjasthAna, gujarAta, sindha aura paMjAba se lekara baMgAla taka huI thii| agara pazcima meM jainiyoM ne dhArmika rUpa dekara sAhitya sRSTi kI to pUraba meM bauddhoM ne isa bhASA ke mAdhyama se sahaja siddha kA mArga dikhaayaa|

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112 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi donoM choroM ke madhya bhAga ke prAntoM ne kahIM prema kI gaMgA bahAI to kahIM sulalita zailI meM rAjA kA carita gAna kara usake zaurya parAkrama kI mahimA gaaii| apabhraMza ne jana sAmAnya ke mukhAra vinda se lekara kuzala zilpI kAvya kalAdharoM ke hAtha se tarAzI jAkara vahI vaibhava prApta kiyA jo kisI samaya saMskRta evaM prAkRta ne prApta kiyA thaa| apabhraMza ke kAla nirdhAraNa meM vibhinna mata haiN| IsA ke tRtIya zatAbdI se hI apabhraMza ke bIja milane laga jAte haiN| yaha avazya hai ki apabhraMza usa samaya zaizavA avasthA meM thii| bharata ne jina ukAra Adi rUpoM kI ora izArA kiyA hai, vaha vastutaH apabhraMza kA hI saMketa karatA hai| kintu isa samaya apabhraMza apane nirmANa kA mArga DhU~r3ha rahI thii| isa kAla meM prAkRta kA pratApa uddIpta rUpa meM thaa| prAkRta paTTarAnI ke rUpa meM caturdika chAyI huI thii| kabhI-kabhI usakI bhir3anta saMskRta se ho jAyA karatI thii| rAjyoM ke utthAna patana ke sAtha saMskRta ke bhAgya kA nipaTArA huA karatA thaa| azoka ke rAjyakAla meM dabakara vaha kucha viziSTa vargoM kI hI bhASA banI rhii| pAli aura prAkRta rAjamahaloM meM paTTarAnI to banI hI janatA kI bhI zrI-vRddhi huii| vahIM mauryakAla kI samApti ke anantara puSyamitra ke rAjyatva kAla meM saMskRta kI zrI vRddhi hii| punaH kAla ke paTAkSepa ke sAtha-sAtha samadra gupta aura-candra gupta vikramAditya ne isakI AbhA ko nabho maNDala meM atyadhika bikheraa| isakI atyadhika kAnti bddh'aaii| phira bhI janatA se prAkRta kA nAtA nahIM ttuuttaa| vaha bar3hatI calI aura kAphI bar3hakara phalita puSpita hokara saMskRta kI bhA~ti pariSkRta logoM kI bhASA bana baitthii| prAkRta sAhitya kI chatrachAyA meM apabhraMza apanA vikAsa karatI rhii| samAja ke pichar3e evaM nimna vargoM kI bhASA ne zanaiH-zanaiH vikAsa pAnA Arambha kiyaa| rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika jhaMjhAvAtoM ne ise prakAza rUpa meM lAkara khar3a kara diyaa| isakA bhI mahatva bar3ha calA aura isameM bhI bhAvukoM ne apanI bhAvAbhivyakti karanI Arambha kii|

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apabhraMza bhASA 113 phalataH isakA bhI sAhitya nirmita ho claa| isameM bahatere sAhitya race jAne lge| lagabhaga IsA ke 500 zatI taka isameM sAhitya raMcA jA cukA thaa| isa samaya taka ise sAhityika mAnyatA mila cukI thI aura 1000 I0 taka nirantara sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA yadyapi apabhraMza meM bAda taka sAhitya likhA jAtA rhaa| yaha apabhraMza kA paravartI kAla hai jise avahaTTa kahate haiN| aura avahaTTa ke kaviyoM ne apanI bhASA ko janatA kI bhASA kahA hai| kintu itanA to nizcita hai ki I0 1000 ke bAda na0 bhA0 A0 bhASA ne apanA vikAsa karanA Arambha kara diyA thaa| prAntIya apabhraMzoM se na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM kA prAdurbhAva huA hai| isa prakAra isa apabhraMza ke kaI kSetrIya bheda hue| inheM hama mahArASTrI apabhraMza, mAgadhI apabhraMza, ardhamAgadhI apabhraMza, zaurasenI apabhraMza aura paizAcI apabhraMza Adi kahate haiN| jaise prAkRta ke kSetrIya bheda-zaurasenI, mAgadhI prAkata Adi hote hue bhI pariniSThita prAkRta eka hI thI vaise hI apabhraMza ke kSetrIya bheda hote hue bhI pariniSThita apabhraMza eka hI thI jisameM ki sArA sAhitya likhA gyaa| isI kAraNa jaba apabhraMza jana bhASA thI aura usakA eka susamRddha sAhitya thA to purAne prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne isake kaI kSetrIya bhedopabheda kiye| una bhedoM meM pramukha bheda nAgara, upanAgara aura brAcaDa Adi kiyaa| kucha logoM ne grAmyA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki eka samaya yaha janatA kI bhASA thii| tabhI usameM sAhitya Adi likhe jAte rhe| DA0 kItha83 kA yaha kahanA ki yaha kevala sAhityika bhASA thI kabhI janabhASA nahIM rahI ataH prAmANika bhASA nahIM rahI, tarkasaMgata evaM pramANavihIna pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra pro0 ulanara84 kA yaha kahanA ki apabhraMza kA prayoga sAhitya ke liye koI bahata adhika nahIM hotA thA, asaMgata evaM tathyahIna kA paricAyaka pratIta hotA hai| unakA yaha bhI kahanA yuktihIna hai ki apabhraMza kevala sAmAnya AMcalika (kolikiMyala) bolI kA pratinidhitva karatI hai

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aura sAhityika Adarza mAtra hai| Adhunika anusaMdhAna ne yaha pramANita kara diyA ki apabhraMza meM vizAla vAGmaya likhA gayA thaa| usameM jana sAmAnya kI bhAvanAoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti huI hai / yaha avazya hai ki purAne samIkSaka daNDI Adi ne isakI pUrNa vyAkhyA nahIM kI hai| anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhI sAhityika prAkRta ke prakAra bheda (Varities) meM hI apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA, avazya kucha ne isake sAtha nyAya kiyA hai| vastutaH jaba sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM kA sAhitya susamRddha ho gayA aura pariSkRta hokara yaha jaba janatA kI bhASA nahIM rahI taba nadI ke pravAha kI taraha bhASA ke avarUddha ho jAne ke bAda eka nayI bhASA vyavahAra meM AyI jo ki janatA kI bhASA bana baiThI aura usI kA nAma apabhraMza pdd'aa| isameM bhI sAhitya race jAne lge| bhramavaza kucha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne ise bhI prAkRta hI mAna liyA / 114 abhI hamane dekhA ki tRtIya zatAbdI meM jisa apabhraMza ne * vibhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA thA arthAt jo bolI ke rUpa meM pracalita thI, usake bolane vAle AbhIra, zabara aura cANDAla Adi the| usa samaya ve loga sindha, multAna aura mukhyatayA uttara paMjAba * meM nivAsa karate the aura yAyAvaroM kI taraha jIvana yApana karate the / anantara bhArata ke anya bhUbhAgoM meM sthAyI rUpa se basa gye| 5vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza sAhitya ke rUpa meM avazyameva avatarita ho cukI hogI kyoMki I0 chaThI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga bhAmaha aura dhArasena ne apabhraMza ko sAhityika mahatva diyA hai| koI bhI bhASA tatkAla sAhityika mahattva nahIM prApta krtii| kisI bhI bhASA meM jaba pracura sAhitya raca diyA jAtA hai taba sAhityAcArya loga use mahatva dete haiM aura use apane kAvyazAstra meM sthAna dete haiN| bhArata meM prAyaH yahI paramparA rahI hai / sAhitya kI paramparA banane meM kAphI samaya lagatA hai taba usameM ekarUpatA AtI hai / susamRddha ho jAne para vaha Alocya viSaya hotA hai| isa taraha isa samaya taka apabhraMza kI sAhityika maryAdA sthApita ho cukI thI / prAkRta abaM saMskRta

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apabhraMza bhASA 115 kI bhA~ti kevala kAvya kA viSaya mAtra raha gayI thii| chaThI aura 7vIM zatAbdI taka bhArata meM eka aisA rAjanItika uthala-puthala huA jisameM purAne sAmrAjya lar3akhar3Ane lge| gupta sAmrAjya kaI khaNDoM meM vibhakta ho calA thA, kaI rAjanItika parivartana hote rhe| unhIM rAjanItika parivartanoM meM AbhIra jAti kA bhI sAmrAjya sthApita huaa| ye pazcimottara bhArata se pazcima dakSiNa, madhya bhArata evaM pUraba kI ora bhI bar3he aura apanI sattA sthApita kii| yaha yuga harSavardhana kI mRtyu (I0 648) ke bAda kA hai| isI samaya ko hama 'rAjapUta yuga' bhI kahakara pukArate haiN| una logoM ne rAjakIya bhASA. apabhraMza ko bnaayaa| isI se 7vIM zatAbdI meM jisa apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai use AbhIra Adi kI bhASA kahI gyii| prArambha meM yaha AbhIra Adi kI bolI bhI raha cukI thii| kAvyoM meM (nATaka Adi) AbhIrAdi kI (nIca pAtroM) bhASA ko apabhraMza kahate the| AbhIrAdi yA AbhIrokti kA yaha matalaba nahIM ki yaha bhASA unakI nijI bhASA thI yA ve kahIM se isa bhASA ko lAye the| vAstava meM AbhIra yA unake sAthI jahA~-jahA~ gaye, unhoMne tattatsthAnIya prAkRta ko apanAyA aura usameM nija svabhAvAnukUla svara yA uccAraNa-sambandhI parivartana kara diye| AbhIra svabhAva ke kAraNa isI parivartita evaM vikRta yA vikasita bhASA ko hI apabhraMza kA nAma diyA gayA / 85 yaha eka vicAraNIya bAta hai ki mArkaNDeya ne apanI pustaka ke (pR0 2) eka uddharaNa meM AbhIroM kI bhASA ko vibhASAoM ke antargata ginA hai sAtha hI sAtha apabhraMza bhASA kI paMkti meM bhI rakhA hai| phira bhI usake anusAra apabhraMza bhASAoM kA tAtparya janatA kI bhASAoM se hai| mArkaNDeya kA virodha karate hue rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza kA kahanA hai ki vibhASAoM ko apabhraMza nAma se nahIM pukAranA cAhiye, vizeSa kara vaisI paristhiti meM jabaki vaha nATakAdi meM prayukta hotI ho| vAstava meM apabhraMza to vaha bhASA hai jo janatA dvArA bolI jAtI thii|

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116 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi candradhara zarmA aura rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke anusAra paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI" ke anusAra vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdI se gyArahavIM taka apabhraMza kI pradhAnatA rahI aura phira vaha purAnI hindI meM pariNata ho gayI, isameM dezI kI bhI pradhAnatA hai / yaha kAla apabhraMza kA uttapta kAla hai| isa kAla meM yaha bhASA kalAkAroM kA kaNThahAra bana cukI thI / isane isa samaya pariniSThita bhASA kA rUpa le liyA thaa| isa kAla meM isa bhASA meM bahutere sAhitya likhe jA cuke the / yadyapi isa kAla meM bhI saMskRta aura prAkRta raMgamaMca ke liye svIkRta thI phira bhI apabhraMza isa samaya janatA kI bhASA ho cukI thii| isakA vikAsa bhI vistRta bhUbhAga taka ho cukA thA / dakSiNa meM saurASTra aura saMbhavataH pUrva meM magadha taka phaila cukI thI / 11vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM isakI sAhityika bhASA unnati kI parAkASThA para pahu~ca cukI thI / isa samaya yaha kevala sAhityika bhASA ke liye hI prasiddha nahIM huI apitu isakI bahuta sI boliyA~ ho gayIM / vibhinna prAntoM meM isakI vibhinna boliyA~ prasUta huiiN| apabhraMza. isa samaya taka bahuta Adara kI dRSTi se dekhI jAtI thii| 10vIM zatAbdI ke rAjazekhara ne ise subhavya bhASA vAlA kahakara pukArA hai| 11vIM zatAbdI taka Ate-Ate yaha bhASA 'ziSToM kI bhASA' mAtra raha gayI purUSottama ne evaM pUrvI bauddha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne yahI kahA hai| una logoM ne apabhraMza ko susaMskRta logoM ke vyavahAra meM lAne ke liye kahA hai / paravartI lekhaka jaise mammaTa, vAgbhaTAlaMkAra (1123-56 I0) ke racayitA vAgbhaTa, viSNudharmottara ke lekhaka rAmacandra, nATyaya darpaNa ke guNacandra, jinadatta (1200 zatI) ne viveka vilAsita 8, 131 tathA amara candra ne kAvya kalpalatAvRtti meM aura anta meM mahAna vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ne nirvirodha rUpa se apabhraMza ko saMskRta aura prAkRta kI bhA~ti sAhityika bhASA hI svIkRta kI hai| ina logoM ke kathana se pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza jana sAmAnya kI bhASA athavA prAntIya bolI ke sAtha ziSToM

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apabhraMza bhASA kI bhASA hai / rAmacandra aura guNacandra ke anusAra apabhraMza prAntIya bhASA thii| kintu hemacandra ke samaya meM apabhraMza, saMskRta aura prAkRta kI bhA~ti pariniSThita bhASA mAtra raha gyii| dUsare zabdoM meM kahanA cAheM to kaha sakate haiM ki aba taka yaha bhASA mRtaprAya ho cukI thI arthAt tatkAlIna bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se bhinna hotI jA rahI thI / hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa se bahuta adhika boliyoM ke sandeha kA bhI jJAna hotA hai| yaha pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya bahuta sI boliyA~ zanaiHzanaiH vikAsa krama kI ora unmukha ho rahI thiiN| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa 'kAvyAnuzAsana' ke paravartI lekhaka vAgbhaTa ne apabhraMza aura grAmya bhASA meM bheda utpanna kiyA hai / svataH hemacandra ne apane kAvyAnuzAsana meM apabhraMza se grAmya bhASA ko bhinna likhA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki 11vIM zatI taka apabhraMza pUrNa rUpeNa pariniSThita bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI thI / yaha aba kevala ziSToM kI pariSkRta ruci vAloM kI bhASA mAtra ho gayI / prAkRta aura saMskRta kI bhA~ti yaha bhI sAhitya aura vyAkaraNa meM pracalita huii| 12vIM zatAbdI taka yA usake pUrva hI apabhraMza ne purAnI saMskRta tathA prAkRta kI taraha apanA sthAna grahaNa kara liyA thA / 117 vastutaH apabhraMza ke do rUpa rahe hoMge - eka pUrvavartI rUpa aura dUsarA paravartI ruup| isa bAta kI puSTi apabhraMza ke sAhitya kI bhASA dekhane se hotI hai| apabhraMza ke likhe gaye vyAkaraNa bhI bahuta kucha isakI puSTi karate haiM / apabhraMza kA pUrvavartI rUpa bahuta kucha prAkRta ke samIpa hai / zabda koza to prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke eka hI haiN| rUpoM meM bhI bahuta kucha sAmya hai / kriyA rUpoM meM pArthakya jarUra hai arthAt saMskRta, pAli aura prAkRta kI taraha bahuta kucha zliSTa rUpa dhAraNa kiye thI / yaha sahI hai ki isakI zliSTatA (Synthetic) bahuta kama hai| yaha bhI sahI hai - jaisA paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana " ne likhA hai ki vaidika saMskRta ( chAndasa), pAli aura prAkRta bhASAoM meM Apasa meM bhI kAphI bheda the, para aba bhI unakI

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118 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi eka vizeSatA kAyama thI arthAt ye tInoM bhASA kula usa svarUpa ko apanAye hue thI jise bhASAvid zliSTarUpa kahate haiN| dvivacana ko haTA dene tathA kucha vibhaktiyoM ko kama kara dene para bhI abhI subanta aura tiGanta ke saiMkar3oM aura hajAroM rUpa pracalita the| dasoM (vidhi aura AzIH milAkara11) lakAroM, Atmanepada aura parasmaipada rUpoM, Nijanta, sannanta, yaGanta, yaG luGanta Adi svarUpoM ko unhoMne mAnya rkhaa| apabhraMza ne ina mAnyatAoM ko bahuta kucha mAtrA meM ThukarA diyA thaa| usane zliSTatA se azliSTatA kI ora bar3hane kI koziza kii| usane purAnI paramparA ke zabda rUpoM tathA dhAtu rUpoM kI pAripATI ko bahuta kucha mAtrA meM chor3a dene kA prayatna kiyaa| lakAroM kI vividhatA ko bahuta kucha samApta bhI kara diyaa| pramukha rUpa se 4 lakAroM arthAta laT, loT, lRT aura kucha kSINa rUpa meM vidhi lakAra ke rUpoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| bhUtakAla ke liye usane niSThA kRdanta ko hI mAnyatA dii| yaha zliSTatA se azliSTatA kI ora bar3hane kA bar3A bhArI prayAsa thaa| yaha bhASA ke parivartana meM bar3I bhArI krAnti thii| yaha saba hote hue bhI apabhraMza ke purAne rUpoM meM, purAnI zliSTa paddhati ke bahuta kucha rUpa aba bhI virAjamAna the| apabhraMza kI dhvani prakriyA meM vizeSa parivartana jarUra ho rahA thA, Atmanepada prAyaH samApta-sA ho rahA thaa| phira bhI yatra-tatra Atmanepada ke rUpa mila hI jAyA karate the| yaGanta, yaGa luGanta aura sannanta ke rUpa kahIM na kahIM dikha jAyA karate the| aisI. bahuta sI bhASAyika ikAiyA~ hai jo ki pUrvavartI apabhraMza ko prAkRta ke samIpa lA khar3A karatI haiN| isI kAraNa saMskRta se bhI usakI bahuta kucha samatA ho jAyA karatI hai| uttaravartI apabhraMza bahuta kucha saralatA kI ora jhuka rahI thii| isa samaya taka bhASA meM bahuta kucha azliSTatA A gayI thii| vibhakti rahita zabda rUpoM aura dhAtu rUpoM kA prayoga hone lagA, isase bhASA meM bahuta adhika saralatA A gyii| yaha navya bhAratIya AryabhASA kI ora jhukA huA hai| paravartI apabhraMza ke rUpa hindI ke bahuta samIpa hai| hemacandra ke

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apabhraMza bhASA 119 apabhraMza dohoM meM nirvibhaktika prayoga to bhare par3e haiN| sandeza rAsaka aura kIrtilatA to vastutaH purAnI hindI kA prArUpa hI hai| saMbhavataH inhIM sabhI kAraNoM se paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI ne hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM ko bhI purAnI hindI kahakara pukArA thaa| dhvani vikAsa bhI Adhunika hindI ke bahuta samIpa hai| ataH apabhraMza saMskRta, pAli aura prAkRta ke zliSTa bhASA kula se utpanna hokara bhI, vaha azliSTa hone ke kAraNa eka naye prakAra kI bhASA hai| isa mAne meM vaha pUrvokta tInoM bhASAoM se dUra hai tathA Adhunika bhASAoM ke bahuta samIpa hai| yaha eka nIvana bhASA kI sUcanA detA hai jisase ki na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| hemacandra ke paravartI AcAryoM kI apabhraMza racanAyeM hemacandra ne pariniSThita apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA thaa| sUtroM ke uddharaNoM meM jo dohe diye haiM ve vividha sAhitya se saMkalita kiye gaye haiN| hemacandra ke samaya meM apabhraMza janatA kI bhASA se dUra ho gayI thii| vaha sAhitya meM hI pracalita thii| deza bhASAoM meM racanAe~ hone lagI thiiN| isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki apabhraMza meM racanA hotI hI nahIM thii| isa bhASA meM racanAe~ aba bhI hotI thiiN| susabhya aura susaMskRta logoM meM aba bhI isI kA bolabAlA thaa| isane kabhI vaha mantra pha~kA thA jo sarva sAdhAraNa janatA kA pratinidhitva karatA thaa| isI se loka bhASAe~ bhI panapa rahI thiiN| loka bhASAoM meM bhI sAhitya race jA rahe the aura apabhraMza meM bhI sAhitya likhe jA rahe the| hemacandra ke bAda jitanI bhI racanAe~ apabhraMza meM likhI jA rahI thIM ve saralatA kI ora, nirvibhaktika rUpoM kI ora adhika jhukI huI thiiN| cAhe saMdeza rAsaka ko leM, cAheM kIrtilatA ko yA varNaratnAkara ko yA kisI anya racanA ko, ve sabhI saralatA kI ora jhukI huI haiM, navya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke bahuta samIpa haiN| kabhI-kabhI to navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI prArambhika racanAoM meM tathA apabhraMza kI paravartI racanAoM meM bheda

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120 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi karanA kaThina sA ho jAtA hai| pRthvIrAja rAso kI prAmANikatA aura aprAmANikatA se dUra hokara agara usakI bhASA para dRSTipAta kareM to vidita hogA ki vaha apabhraMza ke samIpa adhika hai hindI kI ora km| saMbhavataH inhIM sabhI kAraNoM se paM0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne pRthvIrAja rAso ke racayitA ko apabhraMza kA antima kavi kahanA adhika pasanda kiyA hai hindI kA Adi kavi km| vastutaH apabhraMza bhASA meM 14vIM aura 15vIM zatAbdI taka racanAe~ hotI rhiiN| vidyApati ne eka ora kIrtilatA aura kIrtipatAkA kI racanA kI hai jise hama avahaTTa yA apabhraMza kahate haiN| avahaTTa nAma to svataH vidyApati ne diyA hai, dUsarI ora vidyApati ne tatkAlIna bhASA meM pracalita loka bhASA meM gIta bhI likhe haiN| ina gItoM meM tathA kIrtilatA meM kAphI antara hai| kIrtilatA ke gadya evaM padya meM bhI antara pAyA jAtA hai| gadya kI bhASA kucha tatsama kI ora jhukI hai to padya kI bhASA tadbhava pradhAna hai aura dezI zabdoM se yukta haiN| gIta kI bhASA ko Aja kA AdamI adhika saralatA se samajha letA hai kintu avahaTTa kI bhASA samajhane meM adhika AyAma kI AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai, zabdoM kI jAnakArI karanI par3atI hai| kahanA yahI hai ki do bhinna racanAe~ do taraha kI haiM yA do prakAra kI bhASA kI haiN| apabhraMza kA svarUpa pahale hama likha cuke haiM ki saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra apabhraMza saMskRtetara bhASA hai| mImAMsakoM evaM naiyAyikoM ne bhI zabda zAstra para vicAra karate hue vaiyAkaraNoM kI taraha hI vicAra kiyA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ne pabhraMza zabda kA prayoga apabhraSTa ke artha meM hI kiyA hai| una logoM kA prAyaH yahI vizvAsa hai ki sabhI saMskRtetara zabda saMskRta ke apazabda haiM yAnI apabhraMza haiN| purAne jamAne meM zabdazAstra para vicAra karate samaya saMskRta ke vikRta rUpoM yA itara zabdoM ke liye yahI nAma pratinidhitva karatA thaa| isI kAraNa daNDI

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apabhraMza bhASA 121 ne kahA thA ki vyAkaraNa meM saMskRta se bhinna zabdoM ko apabhraMza kahate haiN| apane vicAra ke anusAra saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne spaSTa rUpa se batAyA hai ki kina paristhitiyoM meM saMskRta kA vibhraSTa yA apazabda ne apanA sthAna liyA tathA azikSita loga yA sAmAnya janatA kisa prakAra saMskRta ke zabdoM kA zuddha uccAraNa karane meM asamartha rahI yA asAvadhAna rhii| vAkyapadIyakAra" ne kahA ki zuddha uccAraNa karane meM asamarthatA yA uccAraNa ke prati asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa zabdoM ke vikRta ho jAne se apabhraMza kI utpatti huI / prAyaH samasta vaiyAkaraNoM ne saMskRta se apabhraMza kI utpatti ke viSaya meM hI vicAra diyA hai / vArtikakAra ne isakA kAraNa azaktijAnukaraNaM kahA hai| bhASyakAra pataJjali" ne bhI isI prakAra kA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai| unhoMne prAkRta kriyAoM para bhI isI prakAra kA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki ANapayati, vaTTati, vaddhati Adi saMskRta AjJApaya, vartate, varddhate Adi kA apabhraSTa rUpa hai / bhU Adi dhAtuoM ko kAtyAyana" niSprayojana nahIM khtaa| inakA saMskRta se prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke rUpa meM parivartana nahIM ho sktaa| isa taraha saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM zuddha aura azuddha uccAraNa kA kAraNa eka hI taraha kA batAyA hai| azuddha uccAraNa ke kAraNa kaI ho sakate haiM- zArIrika doSa, asAvadhAnI, Arthika aura sAmAjika paristhiti yA zikSA kA abhAva Adi bahuta se kAraNa haiM jisase ki saMskRta ke uccAraNa meM hAsa huaa| hama dekhate haiM ki vaiyAkaraNoM ke vicAra kucha bhinna hI prakAra ke haiN| ve apabhraMza kA prayoga apabhraSTa ke artha meM karate haiM / svatantra bhASA ke rUpa meM nahIM / bhojarAja ne sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa meM spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki saMskRta aura prAkRta se bhinna apabhraMza kI sattA hai / ne alaMkArazAstriyoM ne spaSTa rUpa se apabhraMza bhASA kI sattA svIkRta kI hai / kucha ne ise prAnta vizeSa kI bhASA mAnA hai,. kucha ne bhASAtraya meM apabhraMza ko bahuta mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai, kucha ne kAvya, . nATaka Adi meM prayukta hone vAlI apabhraMza bhASA ko mahatva diyA

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122 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hai| rudraTa ne spaSTa rUpa se apabhraMza kI mahattA to svIkRta kI hI hai sAtha-hI-sAtha usane deza bheda se isake bahuta se bheda mAne haiN| prasaMgavaza apabhraMza kI vyAkhyA karate hue usakI sattA meM eka padya bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| ina sabhI bAtoM kI carcA pahale kI jA cukI hai| apabhraMza ke prArUpa jahA~ bharata ke nATya zAstra meM prApta hotA hai vahIM sarvaprathama kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya nAmaka mATaka meM apabhraMza ke kucha pada pAye jAte haiN| yadyapi ina padoM ke viSaya meM logoM ne saMdeha paidA kiyA hai ki kyA vastutaH ye pada kAlidAsa ke hI haiM ? kyoMki kAlidAsa ke anya nATakoM meM apabhraMza ke pada nahIM haiN| svabhAvataH yaha sandeha kA viSaya bana jAtA hai| jaikobI jaise prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke paNDita ne bhI isI prakAra kA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai| kintu antaH sAkSya ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne yaha nirNaya kiyA hai ki vikramorvazIya ke cauthe aMka kA jo apabhraMza hai vaha vastutaH dhanapAla ke apabhraMza se bhinna hai| sAtha hI sAtha hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki nATakoM ke apabhraMza ko lekhakoM ne prAyaH sAhityika prAkRta ke bahuta samIpa DhAla diyA hai| isI kAraNa kabhI-kabhI apabhraMza aura prAkRta ke bheda meM bhI saMdeha ho jAtA hai| yahI sthiti vikramorvazIya ke viSaya meM bhI hai| phira bhI adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne ise apabhraMza hI kahA hai| agara anveSaNa kiyA jAe to zAkuntalam meM bhI kucha na kucha apabhraMza ke bIja mila hI jaayeNge| sAhityika kRtrima prAkRta kI ora adhika AkarSaNa hone ke kAraNa sabhI cIjoM ko aisA DhAla diyA gayA hai ki bhrama banA hI rahatA hai| prArambha se hI kucha isa prakAra. kA ghulA milA vicAra vyakta kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jisase saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke viSaya meM spaSTa nirNaya nahIM ho . paataa| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bahuta kucha ina gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| samasta saMskRta, vAGmaya kI chAnabIna kI jAya to pratIta hogA ki prAkRta aura apabhraMza ko saMskRta ke pariveza meM hI dekhA gayA hai| zabdoM para vicAra karate samaya saMskRta kI

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apabhraMza bhASA pavitratA ko surakSita banAye rakhane ke lie itanI Asakti banI rahI hai ki sabhI cIjoM ko saMskRta ke cazme se hI dekhA gayA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki anArya zabdoM ko bhI saMskRta ke DhaMga para DhAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, udAharaNa svarUpa tantravArtika meM kahA gayA hai ki agara Arya loga drAvir3a zabdoM ko saMskRta ke mutAbika r3hAlane lageMge to aura bhI phArasI, yavana aura romana Adi ke zabdoM ko bhI DhAlanA par3egA", isI taraha ke vicAra zrIdhara aura jayanta bhaTTa ne nyAyamaMjarI meM kiyA hai; zAbara aura kumArila prAyaH isI taraha ke vicAra rakhate haiN| tAtparya yaha ki saMskRta ko sarvopari utkRSTa banAye rakhane kI bhAvanA bahuta dinoM se pAyI jAtI hai| saMskRta nATakoM kI prAkRta kI bhASA kRtrima hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jahA~ kahIM bhI nATakoM meM apabhraMza kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai vaha bhI kRtrima hai, saMskRta se prabhAvita hai / svatantra rUpa se jo apabhraMza kAvya race gaye haiM unameM svAbhAvikatA hai| dezI bhASA kA prayoga viziSTa rUpa se milatA hai| vaha vastutaH loka bhASA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / jisa taraha vaha vicAroM meM svatantratA rakhatA hai, apanA nijI astitva nahIM khotA usI taraha bhASA ke prayoga meM apanA nijI astitva rakhatA hai / janatA kI bhASA ke rUpa meM hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohe vividha kAvyoM se saMkalita kiye hue haiM ataH usameM bhASA kI vividhatA pAnA svAbhAvika hai ye udAharaNa svarUpa likhe gaye dohe saMvAre sudhAre hue haiN| inameM kahIM-kahIM kRtrimatA kI jhalaka bhI milatI hai, saMskRta ke tadbhava evaM tatsama rUpoM kI bahulatA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| dhanapAla kRta bhavisatta kahA aura svayaMbhU kRta paumacariu kI bhASA meM svAbhAvikatA adhika hai / pratIta hotA hai ki ye racanAyeM apane samaya kI jIvanta bhASA kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| usa bhASA meM dezI prayoga adhika hai / isIliye kabhI-kabhI vaha Ajakala artha samajhane meM durUha bhI ho jAtI hai, ulajhaneM upasthita 123

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124 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ho jAtI haiN| kAraNa ki ve zabda-prayoga usa kAla kI jIvita bhASA ke pratinidhi haiN| nATakoM kI prAkRta kI taraha kRtrima nahIM haiM jo ki tadbhava pradhAna haiM tathA vyAkaraNa ke anusAra sabhI artha lagAyA jaaye| jo jIvita bhASA kA pratinidhitva karegI vaha svabhAvataH kabhI na kabhI vyAkaraNa virUddha avazya ho jaayegii| isakA prayoga sthala-sthala para dekhane ko milatA hai| tAtparya yaha ki apabhraMza sAhitya dezI bhASA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai; janatA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, saMskRta kI taraha vaha kucha viziSTa vargoM kA hI pratinidhitva nahIM krtii| bhArata meM Ane vAlI jitanI bhI jAtiyA~ yahA~ kI jAtiyoM meM khapa sakatI thIM yA khapI una sabhI ko bhArata ne AtmasAta kara liyaa| una logoM ne bhI isa bhASA ko apanA liyaa| yaha una logoM kI bhI bhASA ho gyii| svabhAvataH una logoM ke sAtha AyI huI bhASA ke kucha zabda rUpa bhI isameM ghulamila gye| isa prakAra na jAne kitane aise zabda rUpa isameM ghulamila gaye, ghisapiTa gaye ki aba unakA patA lagAnA bhI muzkila hai| saMskRta meM bhI aise bahuta se zabda ghule mile haiN| kintu vahA~ uccastarIyatA kI bhAvanA thI; apane ko sabase bhinna samajhane kI bhAvanA thii| ataH dUsare ke zabdoM ko pariSkRta karake apanI saMskRta meM susaMskRta karake apanAyA hai| yahI donoM kA maulika antara hai| eka viziSTa varga kA pratinidhitva karatA hai to dUsarA jana sAmAnya kaa| isa paimAne para vicAra karane kA eka mAtra lakSya yahI hai ki apabhraMza jisa kAla meM janatA kI bhASA thI vaha kAla bhArata kA saMkrAnti kAla thaa| samasta bhArata khaNDazaH vibhakta ho calA thaa| bhArata meM uthala puthala huA thaa| yadyapi kucha rAjAoM ne ise eka saMtra meM pirone kI koziza kI, kintu vaha koziza mAtra hI rhii| usa yuga kI kucha aisI vizeSatA hai yA vicitratA hai ki hara zakti sampanna AdamI apane Apako rAjA ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhatA hai| zakti sampanna rAjA samrATa kA svapna dekhatA hai| pUraba se pazcima taka aura pazcima se pUraba taka sarvatra yahI bAta chAyI

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apabhraMza bhASA 125 huI hai| kabhI koI rAjA kucha dinoM ke liye apanA sara uThAtA hai| abhI vaha pUrA zakti sampanna bhI nahIM ho pAtA ki use dUsarA dhara dabAtA hai| vicAroM meM tathA mata matAntaroM meM bhI yahI saMkrAnti kI sthiti chAyI huI hai| purAnI brAhmaNa saMskRti kI khilAphata to pahale bhI ho cukI thii| kintu samaya-samaya para isakI sthApanA hotI rahatI thii| aba bhI isakI punarsthApanA hotI thii| kintu kAla ke prabhaJjana ko kauna roka sakatA hai ? isakI lar3akhar3AtI huI sthiti meM saMskRta bhI lar3akhar3AtI rhtii| isakA yaha matalaba nahIM ki saMskRta meM racanA hI nahIM hotI thii| tAtparya yaha ki. saMskRta AcAryoM ne dUsarI ora bhI dRSTipAta kiyA aura apabhraMza kI bhI sattA svIkRta kii| bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI bhI yahI sthiti thii| rAjanItika dRSTi se pUrvI bhArata ke lar3akhar3A jAne se ina sampradAyoM ke maTha tathA zikSA saMsthAoM ke gar3ha bhI ukhar3a gye| inake matoM meM bhI nAnA prakAra ke vicAra utpanna hone lge| bauddha dharma ke hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne vividha prakAra ke mata matAntaroM kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| inhIM saboM ne vajrayAna, nAtha sampradAya, sahajiyA sampradAya Adi ko janma diyaa| inhIM sabake pariNAma svarUpa vAma mArga Adi kA janma huaa| jainiyoM ke 'zvetAmbara' aura 'digambaroM' ne bhI kama karAmAta nahIM dikhaaye| phira bhI isane kucha sthiratA dikhaayii| ina sabhI bAtoM kA pariNAma yaha huA ki ina nAnA matamatAntaroM ne, nAnA prakAra kI vicAra dhArAoM ne, dezI bhASA ko adhika mahatva diyaa| pradhAna rUpa se usI bhASA meM apanI racanAe~ kiiN| usI ke pariNAma svarUpa apabhraMza bhASA kA mahatva bddh'aa| isa prakAra kI saMkrAnti bhArata meM to chAyI huI thI hI jise ki itihAsakAroM ne 'rAjapUta kAla' kahakara pukArA hai| usI samaya se, samaya besamaya videziyoM kA AkramaNa ho jAyA karatA thaa| aisI paristhiti meM, isa saMkrAnti kAla meM, bhArata inhIM vicAradhArAoM ko lekara apanA rUpa aura nakzA taiyAra karane ko tatpara hI hotA thA ki videzI AkrAmaka use tahasa nahasa kara dete the| ve lUTane kI vRtti se

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126 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi yahA~ Ate the, noca khasoTa ke bAda bhAratIya bhANDAgAroM ko jalA phUMka kara cale jAte the| harSa ke bAda apabhraMza kA svarUpa isa prakAra rAjA harSa ke bAda bhArata ne mugala kAla ke pahale taka nAnA prakAra ke utthAna patana ke rUpa dekhe| nAnA prakAra kI hajAroM vicAradhArAe~ giratI uThatI rahIM; unhIM vicAradhArAoM ko vyakta karane kA avalambana apabhraMza bhASA thI jise ki dezI yA deza bhASA bhI kahakara kuvalaya mAlA meM pukArA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se isa yuga ke sAMskRtika adhyayana kI atIva AvazyakatA hai| vinA navIna dRSTi se adhyayana kiye, bAda kI bhASAoM evaM sAhitya kA niSpakSa adhyayana nahIM ho sktaa| lagabhaga 1025 I0 ke ala-berUnI ne apane varNana meM bhArata ke viSaya meM ullekha kiyA hai ki (uttara bhArata meM) bhAratIya Arya bhASA do rUpoM meM vibhakta thii| eka upekSita 'kathya bhASA' jisakA kevala jana sAdhAraNa meM pracalana thA, aura dUsarI ziSTa, suzikSita ucca varga meM pracalita 'sAhityika bhASA' thii| ise bahuta se loga vizeSa adhyayana kara prApta karate the| isameM vyAkaraNAtmaka vAkya racanA aura chanda alaMkAra kI bArIkiyA~ bharI huI thiiN| ina do rUpoM ke varNana karane ke bAvajUda bhI usane eka hI bhASA kI gaNanA kI hai| susaMskRta brAhmaNa loga saMskRta ko pracalita rakhate the| ise prazraya dene vAle kSatriya tathA rAjA loga hote the| kintu ve tathA nimnavarga kI janatA apanA sambandha apabhraMza, mizrita apabhraMza evaM dezI bhASA se rakhatI thI kyoMki isImeM cAraNoM kI vIragAthA kAvya, prema-zrRMgAra, gIta evaM bhakti kAvya Adi likhe jAte the| hama dekhate haiM ki 1000 I0 ke bAda jaba bhArata meM eka naye yuga kA sUtrapAta hotA hai, taba bhAratIya bhASAoM ko bhI bhAratIya vicAradhArAoM evaM bhAratIya saMskRti ko eka nayI dRSTi se vicAra karane evaM vyakta karane ke liye apane ko kaTibaddha karanA pdd'aa|

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apabhraMza bhASA 127 isa samaya taka prAkRtoM kA yuga bIta cukA thaa| prAdezika apabhraMzoM kI rAha se hotI huI prAkRteM, parivartita hokara, Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAe~ bana gaI thiiN| kintu isakA yaha kabhI bhI matalaba nahIM thA ki saMskRta meM racanAyeM nahIM hotI thiiN| aba bhI saMskRta meM praur3ha racanAe~ hotI thiiN| usameM manana ciMtana bhI hotA rahatA thaa| phira bhI sAdhAraNatayA uttara bhArata ke adhikAMza bhAgoM meM, IsA kI prathama sahasrAbdI ke madhya meM Arambha huI apabhraMza bhASA kI paramparA turkI-IrAnI ke vijaya taka barAbara calatI rhii| apabhraMza bhASA kI yaha paramparA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke pUrNatayA prasphuTita pallavita ho jAne ke bAda bhI calatI rhii| DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI kA kahanA hai ki isakA svarUpa yA to vizuddha apabhraMza rahA athavA dezI bhASAoM kI lekhana paddhati, zabdAvalI tathA muhAvaroM ke rUpa meM apabhraMza vAtAvaraNa kI chApa banI rhii| eka prakAra kI arddha-apabhraMza, arddha na0 bhA0 A0 sAhityika bhASA banI rahI, jo hameM rAjasthAna kI DiMgala upabhASA tathA pRthvIrAja rAso Adi kaI granthoM meM milatI hai| hama dekhate haiM ki 1400 I0 ke lagabhaga bhI apabhraMza kI racanAyeM hotI rahI haiM jise pUrvI bhArata meM vidyApati ne 'avahaTTa' (apabhraSTa) kahA hai tathA pazcima bhArata meM abdurrahamAna ne janatA kI bhASA kahA hai| yahA~ taka ki I0 15vIM zatAbdI ke anta taka apabhraMza kI saMkalita 'prAkRta paiMgalam' kI racanA hotI rhii| Adhunika bhASA vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra apabhraMza ___ Adhunika bhASA vijJAna ke paNDitoM ne apabhraMza bhASA para naye tarIke se vicAra kiyA hai| ina paNDitoM ne apabhraMza ke do . rUpa mAne haiN| eka sAhityika apabhraMza jisakI ki utpatti sAhityika prAkRta se mAnI hai aura dUsare prakAra kI apabhraMza kSetrIya yA prAntIya apabhraMza hai jisase ki Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAe~ prAdurbhUta huI haiN| isa mata ke paripoSakoM meM pramukha haiM pizela, griyarsana, bhANDArakara aura DA0 esa0 ke0 caTarjI aadi| isa mata kI sthApanA kI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi AdhAra bhUmi prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM evaM AcAryoM kI vicAradhArA hI hai / mArkaNDeya ne apabhraMza ke tIna bheda kiye haiM 1. nAgara 2. upanAgara aura 3. brAcaDa / sAtha hI sAtha usane apabhraMza ke 27 vibhASAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| rAmaratna tarkavAgIza ne isa mata kA virodha karate hue likhA hai ki vibhASAoM ko apabhraMza ke nAma se pukAranA nahIM caahiye| vizeSakara taba jabaki ve nATaka ke kAma meM lAye jaaeN| vastutaH apabhraMza to ve bhASAe~ haiM jo ki janatA dvArA bolI jAtI thIM / vAgbhaTAlaMkAra ( 2-1 ) meM bhI isI prakAra kI vicAradhArA dI gayI hai| eka ora jahA~ apabhraMza ko saMskRta, prAkRta aura bhUtabhASA yAnI paizAcI ke samakakSa rakhA hai vahIM dUsarI ora (2-3) likhA hai ki bhinna-bhinna dezoM kI vizuddha bhASA vahA~ kI apabhraMza bhASA hai - apabhraMzastu yacchuddhaM tattaddezeSu bhASitam / inhIM sabhI kAraNoM se pizela ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ( pR0 2) meM baullena sena ke mata kA uddharaNa diyA hai, usane vikramorvazIya kI bhUmikA meM ravikara ke mata ko uddhRta karate hue apabhraMza ke do bheda kiye haiN| eka prakAra kI apabhraMza bhASA prAkRta se nikalI hai / vaha prAkRta bhASA ke zabdoM aura dhAtuoM se bahuta milatI julatI hai| dUsarI bhA~ti kI bhASA deza bhASA hai jise janatA bolatI thii| eka ora saMskRta aura prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA pUrA pUrA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai to dUsare prakAra kI apabhraMza bhASA meM janatA kI bolI aura muhAvaroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa mata kI puSTi vAgbhaTa aura rudraTa kI uktiyoM se hotI hai| pizela ke vicAroM se milatA julatA vicAra griyarsana ne bhI vyakta kiyA hai| sAhityika prAkRtoM ke pracInatama namUne saMskRta nATakoM tathA uttama gIti kAvyoM meM pAye jAte haiM / prAkRta meM kucha aise prabandha kAvya likhe gaye the jo ki bahuta bAda kI racanA thI / aise kAvya pro0 jaikobI" ke anusAra Ajakala upalabdha nahIM hai / kintu yaha nizcita hai ki aisI racanAe~ ardha zikSita yA janasAdhAraNa ke liye likhI gayI thiiN| ina kRtiyoM meM sAdhAraNa janatA ke zabdoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA 128

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apabhraMza bhASA 129 gayA thaa| kucha dinoM ke bAda aisI racanA apracalita ho gayI aura isakA punaH janatA kI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA gayA tathA dezI zabda bhare gye| DA0 griyarsana kA kahanA hai ki isa prakAra ke granthoM ko, sthAnIya prAkRta ko apabhraMza athavA apabhraSTa kahA gayA aura jaisA ki Upara spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai, sthAna ke anusAra rUpa meM bhI antara thaa| inhoMne bhI apabhraMza ke do rUpa svIkAra kiye haiM-eka sAhityika apabhraMza, dUsarA sthAnIya apabhraMza yA prAntIya apbhrNsh| sAhityika apabhraMza mukhya rUpa se 'nAgara zailI' meM likhI gayI hai| nAgara apabhraMza kA sAhityika mahatva prAkRta sAhitya kI hI taraha adhika bar3ha gyaa| isImeM pazcima bhArata kI apabhraMza kI racanA huI thii| rAjazekhara ne apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA kA mukhya kendra sthala pazcima bhArata ko mAnA hai| isake antargata paMjAba, rAjasthAna tathA kucha logoM ne gujarAta ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| jana sAdhAraNa ne jaba ise svIkRti de dI to bAda meM bhArata varSa ke vistRta bhUbhAga meM sAhityika racanAoM kI vAhikA ke rUpa meM svIkRta huii| vistRta bhUbhAga meM isa nAgara apabhraMza meM racanA hone ke kAraNa yaha svAbhAvika thA ki kucha na kucha antara aave| kucha na kucha sthAnIya prayogoM kA rUpa A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thaa| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM thA ki isakI kaI upaboliyA~ ho gayI thiiN| griyarsana kA kahanA hai yahA~ eka bAta bhalIbhA~ti samajha lenI cAhiye ki kisI bhI prakAra ye vibhinna rUpa una aneka svatantra tathA sthAnIya apabhraMzoM athavA bhASAoM kI bhA~ti nahIM the jo unake bolane vAloM dvArA sAhitya meM prayukta kI jAtI thii| inameM se pratyeka meM jo sthAnIya bheda thA vaha sthAnIya boliyoM ke nahIM apitu ve sAhityika apabhraMza ke bheda the| isa prakAra nAgara apabhraMza kA sAhityika mahatva sarvatra sthApita ho gayA thaa| zabda samUha kI dRSTi se yaha sAhityika prAkRta ke atinikaTa thii| isakA vyAkaraNAtmaka rUpa dezya yA dezI rUpa ke samAna sthApita ho gayA thA jabaki yaha sAhityika maryAdA prApta kara dezI rUpoM se pRthaka ho gayA

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130 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi thaa| nAgara apabhraMza to. sAhityika racanA ke liye svIkRta thii| nAgara kA artha nagaravAsI catura, zikSita, gavaI se viparIta, logoM kI bhASA hai| eka prakAra ke nAgara, brAhmaNa gujarAtI bhI hote the| gujarAta kI apabhraMza para vizeSa rUpa se carcA Age kI jaayegii| kintu pahale likha cuke haiM ki rAjazekhara ne gujarAtI aura pazcimI rAjasthAnIya apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA hai| kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki hemacandra ne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM inhIM bhUbhAgoM kA sAhityika udAharaNa diyA hai jo ki samucita vicAra nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| DA0 griyarsana ne bhI apabhraMza ke do rUpa mAne haiN| Adhunika kucha vidvatsamudAya bhI isase sahamata haiN| sAhitya meM prayukta apabhraMza eka hI thii| isake vikAsa meM yogadAna sthAnIya apabhraMza ne bhI diyA thaa| isakA vikAsa bahuta dinoM se ho rahA thaa| vaidika yuga meM bhI boliyA~ thIM isakA pramANa apabhraMza bhASA meM milatA hai| dvitIya, prAkRta meM vyAkaraNa sambandhI bahuta se aise prayoga milate haiM jo ki pANinIya vyAkaraNa se siddha nahIM hote kintu vaidika prayogoM meM pAye jAte haiN| isake kaI udAharaNa haiM (1) veda meM devAH aura devAsaH donoM haiM, saMskRta meM kevala 'devaH' raha gayA, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM Asas' (duhare jas) kA vaMza 'Ao' Adi meM claa| (2) devaiH kI jagaha devebhiH (adharehi) kahane kI svatantratA prAkRta ko rikthakrama (virAsata) meM milI, saMskRta ko nhiiN| (3) saMskRta meM to adhikaraNa kA 'smin' sarvanAma meM hI baMdha gayA, kintu prAkRta meM 'mmi, mhi' hotA huA hindI meM' taka phuNcaa| (4) vaidika bhASA kA vyatyaya aura bAhulaka prAkRta meM jIvita rahA aura pariNAma yaha huA ki apabhraMza meM eka vibhakti ha' 'ha~'

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apabhraMza bhASA 131 'hI'; bahuta se kArakoM kA kAma dene lagI, saMskRta kI taraha lakIra hI nahIM pITatI gyii| . . (5) saMskRta meM pUrva kAlika kA eka 'tvA' hI raha gayA. aura 'ya' miTa gayA, idhara 'tvAna' aura 'tvAya' aura 'ya' svatantratA se bar3ha aaye| paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI ne vaidika bhASA se apabhraMza kA sIdhA sambandha dikhAyA hai| apabhraMza kA eka dUsarA bhI rUpa hai jise 'vibhASA' kahate haiN| Adhunika kathya bhASAoM kA vikAsa inhIM apabhraMzoM se huA hai| ye apabhraMza sthAnIya boliyoM kA pratinidhitva karatI thiiN| brAcar3a apabhraMza se sindhI tathA laha~dA bolI kA sambandha jor3A jAtA hai| laha~dA kekaya pradeza kI bolI thii| isa pradeza kA eka hissA 'dardIya bhASA' se bhI prabhAvita rhaa| vaidarbha tathA dAkSiNAtya apabhraMza se bhI bahuta sI vibhASAyeM sambandhita rahI hoNgii| isI vidarbha pradeza aura barAra ko saMskRta meM mahArASTra kahate the| yahA~ kI apabhraMza se Adhunika marAThI kA sambandha jor3A jAtA hai| dAkSiNAtya pradeza ke pUrva meM baMgAla kI khAr3I taka auDra tathA autkala apabhraMza kA kSetra thaa| isIse ur3iyA bhASA kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| banArasa se pUrva vAle pradeza meM mAgadha apabhraMza phailA thaa| Adhunika bihArI bhASAoM kA prAdurbhAva isI se mAnA jAtA hai| mAgadhI apabhraMza pUrvI prAkRta se utpanna mAnI jAtI hai| isake pUrva meM gaur3a yA prAcya apabhraMza kA kSetra thaa| isI se baMgalA evaM asamiyA kI utpatti huI hai| DA0 griyarsana kA kahanA hai ki 'vastutaH mAgadha apabhraMza kA prasAra pUrva tathA dakSiNa meM tIna ora mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha uttara pUrva meM uttarI baMgalA aura asamI, dakSiNa meM ur3iyA evaM ina donoM ke bIca meM baMgalA ke rUpa meM vikasita haI hai|' DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATuA 00 ne bhI isI taraha kA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki ma0 bhA0 A0 meM hama sAhityika apabhraMza ko sthAna dete haiN| ina sAhityika apabhraMzoM kA AdhAra mukhyatayA anumAna ke AdhAra para kAlpanika kathya apabhraMza bhASA kA sthAna hai jahA~ pUrvavartI prAkRta samApta ho jAtI hai aura bhASA

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132 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi yA na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAe~ janma letI haiN| yahI bAta DA0 hAnale0 pizela, griyarsana Adi ne dezya bhASA kI apabhraMza ke viSaya meM likhA hai| isa para zrI madhusUdana cimana lAla modI102 kA kahanA hai ki aisA rUpa mAnane para hI apabhraMza ke aneka rUpa hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para pratIta hotA hai ki hemacandra ne apabhraMza meM zaurasenI apabhraMza kA hI varNana kiyA hai| pUrvI tathA pazcimI prAkRtoM ke bIca meM eka madhyavartI prAkRta bhI thI, isakA nAma ardhamAgadhI thaa| isa prAkRta se vikasita apabhraMza kA pratinidhitva avadha, vaghela khaNDa tathA chattIsagar3ha pradezoM meM bolI jAne vAlI pUrvI hindI hai| pazcimI prAkRta arthAt nAgara apabhraMza kI bolI samasta pazcimI bhArata meM phailI huI thii| inhIM meM se madhya doAba kI zaurasenI apabhraMza bhI thI jo pazcimI hindI kI jananI bnii| uttarI madhya paMjAba kI Takka evaM saMbhavataH dakSiNa paMjAba kI upanAgara apabhraMza bhASAe~ thiiN| griyarsana kA kahanA hai ki paMjAba kI vibhinna boliyoM kI utpatti inhIM apabhraMzoM se huI hai| isa (nAgara) apabhraMza kI anya vibhASAoM meM se eka to rAjasthAnI kI jananI Avantya thI jisakA pradhAna kendra vartamAna ujjaina kI cAroM ora kA samIpavartI pradeza thA aura dUsarI ora Adhunika gujarAtI kI jananI gaurjara apabhraMza thii| antima donoM bhASAe~ pariniSThita nAgara apabhraMza ke atinikaTa thiiN| pro0 pizela kA kahanA hai ki zUrasena pradeza meM pracalita zaurasenI apabhraMza ke atinikaTa Adhunika gujarAtI aura mAravAr3I bhASAe~ haiN| eka zaurasenI prAkRta thI jo ki kRtrima bhASA thI aura nATakoM meM gadya ke kAma meM lAyI jAtI thii| isakI sArI rUparekhA saMskRta se milatI julatI hai| apabhraMza kA vibhAjana DA0 yAkobI ne sanatkumAra carita kI bhUmikA meM apabhraMza kA vibhAjana kiyA hai| unhoMne apabhraMza kA vibhAjana uttarI, pazcimI, pUrvI aura dakSiNI meM kiyA thaa| isa mata kA khaNDana karate hue

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apabhraMza bhASA 133 DA0 tagAre103 ne isako tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| dakSiNI apabhraMza, pUrvI apabhraMza aura pazcimI apabhraMza / 1. dakSiNI apabhraMza dakSiNI apabhraMza kA pratinidhitva karane vAle sthAna kA nAma unhoMne barAra diyA hai| isakI pramukha racanAoM meM puSpadanta kRta mahApurANa, nayakumAra cariu, jasahara cariu aura kanakAmara kRta karakaNDa cariu ko rakhA hai| kintu adhikAMza vicAraka isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiN| isa mata ko mata vAda grasta ThIka usI taraha se mAnate haiM jisa taraha ki gujarAtI paNDitoM ne apabhraMza kA mukhya udgama srota gujarAta ko mAnA hai| vastutaH jise DA0 tagAre ne dakSiNI apabhraMza kahakara pukArA hai-vaha zaurasenI apabhraMza hI hai| saccI bAta to yaha hai ki sAhityika apabhraMza ke rUpa meM zaurasenI kA vikAsa hotA rahA hai| samasta uttara bhArata meM sAhityika racanA ke rUpa meM zaurasenI kA hI prasAra rahA hai| DA0 tagAre ne apabhraMza ke aitihAsika vyAkaraNa kI racanA ke samaya jina dakSiNI tattvoM ko dikhAyA hai unameM AMzika satyatA avazya hai| kintu jaba kisI bhI sAhityika racanA kA nirmANa vistRta bhUbhAga meM hone lagegA to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki usa racanA meM kucha na kucha kSetrIya prayoga kA prabhAva par3a jaaye| isa kAraNa isakA dakSiNI bheda karanA ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| 2. pUrvI apabhraMza pUrvI apabhraMza kI adhikAMza racanAe~ siddhoM Adi kI haiN| idhara kI racanAoM para buddha dharma kA prabhAva adhika par3A hai| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa DA0 zahIdullA ne lezA~ mistI kI bhUmikA meM ise bauddha apabhraMza ghoSita kiyA hai| isake pratinidhitva karane vAle kaNha (kRSNAcArya) tathA saraha (zarastapAda) ke dohAkozoM evaM caryApadoM ko mAnA jAtA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise pUrvI apabhraMza kahA hai|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi unakA kahanA hai ki isane pazcimI apabhraMza ke vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ke niyamoM kA anusaraNa na kara pUrvI vaiyAkaraNa mArkaNDeya, rAma tarkavAgIza tathA kramadIzvara ke vyAkaraNa cihnoM kA adhika anukaraNa kiyA hai| isa kAraNa dohA koza kI bhASA ko pUrvI apabhraMza kahA jAtA hai tathA tibbatI paramparA para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa ise bauddha apabhraMza kahanA adhika ucita samajhA jAtA hai| saraha aura kaNha ko baMgalA kA pUrvaja bhI mAnate haiM aura ur3iyA, maithalI kA bhI pUrvaja ise hI mAnA jAtA hai| unake upadezaka jAlandharI yA jAlandhara nAtha, matsyendra nAtha ke samakAlIna the jo ki nepAla ke rAjA narendra deva ke rAjya 657 I0 meM the; dUsare gopI candra rAjA bhartRhari ke sambandhI the| bhartRhari mAlavA ke rAjA the| unakI mRtyu 651 I0 meM huI / ina pramANoM ke AdhAra para zahIdullA ne kaNha ko 700 I0 kA batAyA hai| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana 04 ne siddha sarahapA kI mRtyu kA samaya 780 I0 ke karIba mAnA hai / irA taraha ina siddhoM kI paramparA meM bahuta se kavi the jo bauddha dharma ke antargata the aura apabhraMza bhASA meM racanA karate the| tibbata Adi meM saMrakSita bauddha sAhitya yadi prakAza meM A jAye to siddhoM kI kavitA ke rUpa meM apabhraMza bhASA kA sAhitya pracura mAtrA meM prApta hone lage / 134 vastutaH puSpadanta, svayaMbhU aura siddhoM kI bhASA meM koI khAsa antara nahIM hai / yaha avazya hai ki jaba kisI bhI bhASA aura sAhitya kA vikAsa vistRta bhUbhAga taka ho jAtA hai taba yaha svAbhAvika hai ki una racanAoM meM kSetrIya prayoga bhI samAviSTa ho jaaye| paM0 rAhula jI ne dohA koza ke bhUtakAlika prayoga ko avadhI ke sabase adhika najadIka pAyA hai| isake ila-ala pratyaya kA prayoga bhojapurI Adi meM bahuta bAda meM hone lagA / para vinayazrI jo vikramazilA (bhAgalapura) ke the ne 12vIM. zadI ke anta meM ila, ala kA bahuta prayoga kiyA hai; jaise phullilla (gIti 1), golliahaM, jhaMpAvilla, bhailla ( gI0 2 ) Adi / vastutaH sAhityika

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apabhraMza bhASA 135 apabhraMza eka hI hai| 'bheda itanA hI hai ki jahA~ bhojapurI, baMgalA, maithilI, Adi ne iu kA ila, ala kara diyA, vahA~ avadhI ne pahile kI taraha au, iu, eu ko kAyama rakhA; braja ne o aura yo kiyA, jisako kauravI yA hindI tathA usakI sahodarA pUrvI paMjAbI ne A, e (bahuvacana) banA ke rkhaa| isa taraha apabhraMza jANiu, avadhI meM jAneu, braja jAno, hindI-paMjAbI meM jANA (jAna liyA) yA jAnA bana gayA / 105 niSkarSa yaha ki samasta uttara bhArata meM sAhitya ke lie eka hI zaurasenI apabhraMza kA pracalana thaa| jisa taraha pazcima bhArata meM zaurasenI sAhitya kA pracalana thA usI taraha pUrvI bhArata ke kaviyoM ne bhI sAhitya ke liye apanI apabhraMza kA prayoga na karake zaurasenI apabhraMza kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| DA0 sunIti kumAra cATuA ne kahA hai ki zaurasenI apabhraMza kA pracalana samasta uttara bhArata meM bahuta paravartI kAla taka rhaa| rAjapUtoM kI zakti aura pratiSThA ne madhya bhArata aura gaMgA ke dvAvaM meM apanI sattA sthApita kI aura usane isa apabhraMza kA pratinidhitva kiyaa| gujarAta ke jainiyoM ne bhI isa apabhraMza ko bar3A mahattvapUrNa bnaayaa| isase isane mizrita bolI kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA |106 punaH Age unhoMne apanA vicAra vyakta karate hue likhA hai ki pazcimI yA zaurasenI apabhraMza samasta uttara bhArata kI sAhityika bhASA thii| gujarAta aura pazcimI paMjAba se lekara baMgAla taka yaha bhASA phailI huI thii| saMbhavataH yaha liGvA phrAMkA kI taraha aura komala bhASA kI taraha thii| isI kAraNa yaha kAvya ke liye sarvottama bhASA samajhI gayI / 107 pUrvI bhArata ke kaviyoM ne bhI saMbhavataH isI kAraNa ise sAhityika bhASA kA AdhAra bnaayaa| 3. pazcimI apabhraMza pazcimI apabhraMza pahale likha cuke haiM ki pUre uttara bhArata kI tatkAlIna sAhityika bhASA apabhraMza thii| pazcamI apabhraMza mUlataH

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi zaurasenI kA vaha paravartI rUpa hai jo gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM bolI jAne vAlI boliyoM se mizrita ho gayI thii| rAjazekhara ne isI bhUbhAga ke apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA hai| isI ko vaiyAkaraNoM ne nAgara apabhraMza kahakara pukArA hai| isakA Adima sAhityika rUpa kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIya ke kucha padyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| zaurasenI apabhraMza kA pariniSThita rUpa hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke udAhRta dohoM meM zaurasenI yA nAgara apabhraMza kI kaI boliyoM kA rUpa pAyA jAtA hai / yaha mukhyatayA gurjara, Avantya tathA zaurasenI tIna mukhya bhAgoM kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| gurjara bolI kA paravartI rUpa 'jUnI gujarAtI' yA prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM pAte haiN| Avantya bolI kA vikasita rUpa mAlavI bolI hai| zaurasenI, jo ki zUrasena pradeza kI bhASA thI - kI vibhASA meM pUrvI rAjasthAnI, vraja tathA dillI, meraTha aura sahAranapura Adi kI boliyA~ haiM / isI zaurasenI apabhraMza meM pAhur3a dohA, sAvayava dhamma dohA aura NayakumAracariu Adi race gaye the| DaoN0 caTarjI ne zUrasena pradeza ko zaurasenI apabhraMza kahA hai; jo isase bhinna hai usase apabhraMza kA pRthakkaraNa karate hue unhoMne kahA ki nAgara apabhraMza ko bhI jainiyoM ne saMkalita kiyA thA aura yaha saMbhavataH paravartI ma0 bhA0 A0 kI boliyoM para AdhArita thI / isa zaurasenI se rAjasthAnI gujarAtI kI boliyA~ bahuta adhika sampRkta thIM 108 / isI bAta kI puSTi pro0 pizela aura griyarsana Adi ne bhI kI hai; isI zaurasenI apabhraMza kA prayoga pUrvI bhArata meM bhI kiyA jAtA thA / apabhraMza kAla meM, pUraba ke kavi loga apanI sthAnIya bhASA meM kavitAoM kA bahiSkAra kara zaurasenI apabhraMza kA prayoga karate the| pazcimI sAhityika zaurasenI kI bhASA meM likhane kI paramparA pUraba meM bhI nirantara cAlU rahI jabaki svataH pUrabI bhASAoM meM bhI kavitA likhI jAtI thii| donoM prakAra kI racanAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI thiiN| isa zaurasenI apabhraMza kI paramparA vidyApati ke samaya taka calI | vidyApati ne jo ki 14vIM zatAbdI meM hue the - jahA~ eka ora maithilI meM 136

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apabhraMza bhASA 137 gIta likhe haiM vahIM dUsarI ora zaurasenI apabhraMza ke paravartI rUpa 'avahaTTa' yA apabhraSTa meM kAvya likhA-kIrtilatA | . vastutaH apabhraMza kahane se eka hI apabhraMza kA bodha hotA hai| dezabheda hone para bhI eka hI apabhraMza mukhya thii| jaise zaurasenI, paizAcI, mAgadhI Adi ke bheda hote hue bhI prAkRta eka hI thI, vaise hI zaurasenI apabhraMza, paizAcI apabhraMza, mahArASTrI apabhraMza Adi hokara bhI eka hI apabhraMza prabala huii| hemacandra Adi ne jisa apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA hai vaha zaurasenI ke AdhAra para hai| mArkaNDeya ne apabhraMza kA varNana karate hue 'nAgara apabhraMza' kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaha bhI vastutaH zaurasenI apabhraMza hI hai jise hama pazcimI apabhraMza bhI kaha sakate haiN| isI pazcimI apabhraMza kA varNana rAjazekhara ne kAvya mImAMsA meM kiyA hai| kavitA ke liye yaha zaurasenI apabhraMza eka taraha se svIkRta kara lI gayI thii| paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI ne purAnI hindI (pR0 12) meM likhA hai| zaurasenI aura bhUtabhASA kI bhUmi hI apabhraMza kI bhUmi huI aura vahI purAnI hindI kI bhUmi huii| antarveda, vraja, dakSiNI paMjAba, Takka, bhAdAnAka, maru, travaNa, rAjapUtAnA, avaMtI, pAriyAtra, dazapura aura surASTra-yahIM kI bhASA eka hI mukhya apabhraMza thA jaise pahale dezabheda hone para bhI eka hI prAkRta thii| isa taraha eka hI prakAra kI sAhityika apabhraMza bhASA kA vyavahAra sarvatra thaa| isane pUrvokta samasta bhAgoM meM eka hI prakAra kI sAhityika bhASA kA mApadaNDa rakhA thA, isa sAhityika apabhraMza kI pRSThabhUmi saMskRta aura prAkRta rahI hai| isI sAhityika apabhraMza bhASA ko sAdhAraNatayA vidvAnoM ne pazcimI apabhraMza yA zaurasenI apabhraMza kahakara pukArA hai| yaha sAhityika bhASA zUrasena yA madhya pradeza kI pracalita bolI ke AdhAra para banI thii| kabhI isI zUrasena yA madhyadeza kI bhASA saMskRta thI jisane samasta bhArata meM apanA vistAra kiyaa| zaurasenI prAkRta kI tUtI bhI eka jamAne meM sAre prAkRta sAhitya meM bolatI thii| punaH isane eka bAra sAhityika apabhraMza kA gaurava prApta kiyaa| sarvatra isakI sattA sthApita huii|

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138 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi isakA yaha matalaba nahIM ki isa apabhraMza para rAjasthAna, gujarAta, paMjAba yA pUrvI kozala Adi apabhraMzoM kA prabhAva nahIM par3A thaa| yahI nahIM isa apabhraMza para antima yuga kI prAkRta kA asara bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| zaurasenI apabhraMza bahuta kucha mAne meM purAnI hindI ke samIpa hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM uddhRta bahuta se dohoM se isa bAta kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| saMbhavataH inhIM sabhI kAraNoM se paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI ne paravartI apabhraMza ko purAnI hindI kahakara pukArA hai| isI bAta kI puSTi DA0 sunIti kumAra cATuA ne bhI kI hai| unhoMne rAjasthAnI bhASA (pR0 60) meM likhA hai 'yaha zaurasenI apabhraMza mAnoM ki usa jamAne kI (arthAt sana I0 800 se 1300 taka kI) hindI hI thI. jisameM kabIra kI bhASA meM jaisA hai vaisA hI zUrasena kI bhASA meM bhI dillI kI bhASA kA (aura kabhI-kabhI kosala aura kAzI kI bhASA kA tathA isake atirikta rAjapUtAnA aura gujarAta kI bhASA kA bhI) paryApta mizraNa huA karatA thaa|' samagra madhya pradeza, kAzI aura kosala ke pUrvI prAnta, uttara pazcima bhArata arthAt paMjAba tathA gujarAta aura rAjapUtAnA ke vizAla bhUkhaNDa meM jaba eka bAra prAntIya bolI zaurasenI sAhitya kI maryAdA sthApita ho gayI taba se zaurasenI sAhityika apabhraMza kA gauravamaya itihAsa Arambha huaa| yaha kAma 8vIM yA 9vIM zatAbdI I0 ke lagabhaga huA thaa| isakA yaha gauravapUrNa kArya 4 yA 5 sau zatAbdI IsvI taka rhaa| isa gauravapUrNa kArya ko vikasita karane meM bhAratIya itihAsa ne bar3A bhArI yogadAna diyaa| rAjapUta yuga-gurjara zabda kI utpatti rAjA harSavardhana kI mRtyu ke bAda (saM0 648) bhArata kA rAjanItika rUpa bikhara gyaa| sUryavaMzI candravaMzI kSatriya rAjagharAnoM ke sAtha kucha aura videza se AyI huI jAtiyoM ke eka sAtha milane se eka naI jAti banI jise rAjapUta kAla kahakara pukArA

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apabhraMza bhASA 139 gayA hai| bhArata ke bAhara se Ane vAlI yuddha prakRti kI kucha jAtiyoM meM zaka, gurjara Adi kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| isakA khaNDana karate hue jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra 10 ne likhA hai ki- kannauja ke samrAT gurjara pratihAra the / canda ke kisse ke sAtha eka aMgreja vivecaka ne yaha bAta jor3I ki gurjara nAma chaThI zatAbdI se calI hai| gUjara loga paMjAba, kazmIra aura svAta meM bhI haiM, ataH ve hUNoM ke sAtha bAhara se Aye / para kazmIra aura svAta meM jo gUjara haiM ve Aja bhI sthAnIya zabdoM se mizrita rAjasthAnI bolate haiM, isase unakA rAjasthAna se bAhara gayA honA siddha hotA hai / pacchimI paMjAba kI bhASA meM gAya-bhaiMsa pAlane vAle gujjara aura bakarI pAlane vAle ajir3a yA Ajar3I kahalAte haiN| ajir3a jaise 'ajA' se banA hai, vaise gujjara go se, usakA artha gopAla hai aura kucha nahIM / mahAmaho - pAdhyAya gaurI zaMkara hIrA candra ojhA ne likhA hai ki gurjara pratihAroM kI taraha brAhmaNa pratihAra bhI the / 'gurjara pratihAra' kA artha- gurjara deza ke pratihAra thA / 'pratihAra' kA artha dvArapAla hotA hai / pratihAra vaMza kA saMsthApaka koI rAjA kA pratihAra hogA / 'rASTrakUTa' (rAThaura) kA artha pradeza zAsaka thaa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki rAjapUta zabda jAti ke artha meM 16vIM zatAbdI taka bhAratIya itihAsa yA vAGgamaya meM kahIM nahIM miltaa| albarUnI yA kalhaNa usakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM karate, cauthI rAjataraMgiNI meM jo akabara ke prazAsana meM likhI gayI, usakA usa artha meM prayoga hai| yaha zabda jAti sUcaka hokara mugaloM ke samaya athavA usake kucha pUrva sAmAnya rUpa se pracAra meM Ane lgaa|'' itanA vistAra se likhane kA eka mAtra uddezya yaha hai ki isa rAjapUtI itihAsa meM prAcIna tathA navIna jAtiyoM ke samparka se eka aisI jAti kA nirmANa huA jise itihAsakAroM ne rAjapUtakAla kahakara pukArA thA / yaha saMkrAnti kAla kA yuga thA / bahAduroM ko apanI zakti ajamAne kA pUrA avasara milatA thaa| thor3A sA bhI zakti sampanna vyakti rAjA hone kA svapna dekhA karatA thaa| rAjA loga

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140 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi zakti arjita kara apanA sAmrAjya bar3hAne ke prayatna meM lage rahate the| rAjAoM meM mahattvAkAMkSA kI vRttiyA~ adbhuta huA karatI thiiN| rAjadarabAroM meM rAjAoM ke guNagAna gAne vAle, unakI zakti aura zaurya kI prazaMsA karane vAloM meM cAraNoM aura bhAToM kI kamI nahIM huA karatI thii| avazya hI ye loga dezI bhASAoM kA hI prayoga karate hoNge| cAraNa aura vandI logoM kA varNana saMskRta ke mahAkAvyoM meM bhI huA hai| usa kAla meM yA usase kucha pUrva likhe gaye saMskRta mahAkAvya kirAtArjunIyam, zizupAlavadham tathA naiSadhIya mahAkAvyoM meM ina bandI janoM ke varNanoM se bhI isI bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| ye rAjA loga jahA~ eka ora apanI pratiSThA aura mAna maryAdA kI rakSA ke liye saMskRta ko saMrakSaNa dete the, brAhmaNoM kI pratiSThA karate the; jagaha-jagaha apane nAma para zilAlekha khudavAte the, vahA~ nizcaya hI sarvasAdhAraNa janatA kI bhalAI ke liye, apane manovinoda ke liye tathA sabase bar3hakara apane yazaH gaurava ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke liye dezI bhASA ko prazraya dete the| usakA Adara satkAra karate the| ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki isase dezI bhASA ke sAhitya ko bar3hAvA miltaa| isake pUrva prAkRta sAhitya meM vizAla vAGmaya racA jA cukA thaa| bAda meM calakara prAkRta sAhitya ne kRtrimatA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| phalataH usameM gatyavarodha kA ho jAnA svAbhAvika thaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki pAli aura prAkRta ko bar3hAvA dene vAle bauddha evaM jaina dharma ne Age calakara saMskRta ko apanA liyA yA una dharmoM se utpanna vibhinna mata matAntaroM ne dezI bhASAoM kI zaraNa lii| isakA yaha matalaba nahIM ki prAkRta meM racanAe~ hotI hI nahIM thii| hotI avazya thIM kintu unameM svAbhAvikatA kI apekSA kRtrimatA kA Adhikya thaa| saMskRta kI kucha viziSTa sthiti rhii| bhArata meM prArambha se hI nAnA prakAra ke dharmoM ke utthAna patana ke sAtha-sAtha saMskRta kA vikAsa tathA prasAra nirantara hotA rhaa| dharmoM ke khaNDana maMDana evaM pANDitya pradarzana kA mAdhyama yahI rhii| bar3e-bar3e dharmAcAryoM ke zAstrArtha isImeM hote rhe| phalataH nirvivAdarUpa

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apabhraMza bhASA 141 se isakI mahimA kI sattA ko sabhI loga svIkAra karate rahe aura yahI kAraNa hai ki dezI bhASA ko sugamya rUpa se samajhate hue, dainandina kRtyoM meM usakA upayoga aura prayoga karate hue bhI, usako rAjAzraya banAte hue bhI rAjapUta nRpati gaNa, sAmanta gaNa saMskRta ko rAjadarabAra meM prazraya dekara apane ko adhika gauravAnvita samajhate the, apanA pavitra kartavya samajhate the| kabhI-kabhI isa kArya meM dharma bhI sahayoga de diyA karatA thaa| itanA saba kucha hote hue bhI saMskRta bahuta purAnI bhASA ho cukI thii| vaha kevala Adara aura satkAra ke lie hI thii| vaha aba jIvana ko spandita nahIM karatI thii| sAdhAraNa janatA kA usase lagAva nahIM raha gayA thaa| phalataH janatA kI bhAvanAoM ko vyakta karane ke lie apabhraMza hamAre samakSa upasthita hotI hai| yahI usa samaya kI deza bhASA thii| kuvalayamAlA kahA meM varNita 18 dezI bhASAoM se isI bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| rAjA harSavardhana kI mRtyu ke bAda rAjyoM ke utthAna patana kI jo bAr3ha AyI thI usase bhI isa bhASA ke vikAsa meM bar3A yogadAna milaa| rAjyoM ke utthAna, patana evaM videza se AI huI kucha jAtiyoM ke saMgama se isa bhASA meM bhI kucha videzI zabda ghula mila gye| bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM Aryetara zabdoM ke mela kI pravRtti vaidika kAla se hI calatI A rahI thii| apabhraMza bhASA meM bhI yahI pravRtti rhii| isI kAraNa kucha logoM ko yaha bhrama ho gayA thA ki apabhraMza bhASA videziyoM ke samparka se banI thii| zUrasena pradeza kA kucha aisA saubhAgya rahA hai ki prArambha se hI yaha saMskRti kA kendra rhaa| saMskRta aura prAkRta kI bhI karmabhUmi yahI rhii| yahIM se caturdika ina sabhI kA vikAsa tathA vistAra huaa| isa apabhraMza ke vikAsa meM agara niSpakSa dRSTi se dekhA jAye to rAjapUtoM ke rAjakorTa kI apekSA sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika matamatAntaroM ne adhika yogadAna diyaa| inake yogadAna kA kAraNa bhI thaa| saMskRta meM aba vaha jIvantatA nahIM raha gayI thii| prAkRta se sAmAnya janatA kA nAtA TUTa cukA thaa| isa yuga ke sAdhu santa loga apanI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bANI ko janatA taka pahu~cAnA cAhate the / svabhAvataH unheM janatA kI bANI kA avalambana lenA par3atA thA / isa samaya taka purAne dharmoM ke AdhAra para nAnA prakAra ke mata matAntara cala par3e the| nAnA taraha kI sAmAjika rUr3hiyAM cala par3I thiiN| yaha vicAradhArA vicitra prakAra kI Antarika zuddhiyoM, guhya vicAroM, siddhiyoM, yaugika prakriyAoM, saMsAra ko jItane ke liye striyoM ko jItane kI siddhi evaM pravRttiyoM ko lekara calI thii| isa pravRtti ne adbhuta camatkArika kArya kara dikhAne ke vicitra prakAra kI hor3a sAdhu santoM meM macA dI thii| isake zikAra kabhI-kabhI nRpati gaNa bhI ho jAyA karate the| isase ina sAdhuoM kA rAjakIya sammAna bar3ha jAtA thA / ina siddhoM kI vANiyA~ janatA kI bhASA meM hI vyakta huA karatI thIM / janatA inase prabhAvita hue binA nahIM rahatI thii| bauddha dharma kI do zAkhA hInayAna evaM mahAyAna ke bAda vibhinna prakAra kI vicAra dhArAe~ cala pdd'iiN| isI se Age calakara sahaja aura siddha sampradAya cala pdd'aa| yoginI aura yakSiNI kI siddhi prApta karanA hI saMsAra kI siddhi samajhI gyii| ina sampradAoM meM aura bhI vicitra prakAra kI udbhAvanAe~ kI gyiiN| ina siddhoM kI vANiyoM meM adbhuta zakti thii| eka samaya ina vANiyoM ne jana jIvana ko burI taraha prabhAvita kiyA thA / inhIM kI dekhAdekhI zAkta aura zaivoM kI vicAra dhArAoM meM bhI vicitra prakAra kI pravRtti AyI / vAmamArgiyoM kI siddhi ne to samAja meM adbhuta prakAra kA rUpa hI khar3A kara diyaa| ina siddhoM kI bANiyoM meM itanI jIvantatA thI ki tatkAlIna samAja ne isI ko saba kucha mAna liyaa| isa jIvanI zakti ko saMcAlita karane kA mAdhyama thI janatA kI apabhraMza bhASA / jaina sampradAya bhI isa hor3A hor3I meM pIche nahIM rhaa| usane bhI apane dharma sampradAya ke pracAra ke liye purAnI bhAratIya kathAoM ko apane dharma ke mutAbika nayA pariveza dekara janatA kI vANI meM vyakta kiyA / sAdhAraNa janatA apanI bhASA meM ina jIvanI zaktiyoM ko bar3e AsAnI se grahaNa kara letI thii| aba taka ke anusaMdhAna se yahI patA calatA 142

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apabhraMza bhASA 143 hai ki adhikAMza apabhraMza sAhitya jaina siddhAMta se prabhAvita haiN| jainiyoM kI yaha mahatI kRpA rahI hai ki una logoM ne apane sampradAya ke granthoM kI surakSA jaina bhANDAgAroM meM videziyoM ke AkramaNa evaM vinAza ke bhaya se kii| una prakAzanoM ne apabhraMza sAhitya para mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlA hai| yaha eka vicitra bAta hai ki pUrvI bhArata meM paidA huA yaha sampradAya pazcimottara evaM pazcima dakSiNa bhArata meM surakSita evaM pallavita huA / anusandhAna kartAoM ke satprayAsa se siddhoM kI bAniyA~ jo prakAza meM AyIM usase bhI apabhraMza sAhitya para bar3A prakAza pdd'aa| yaha bar3A bhArI durbhAgya rahA hai ki bauddhoM ke maThoM kI pustakAlayoM kA videzI AkrAmakoM ne kaI bAra saMhAra kiyA hai| agara ve pustakeM bhI surakSita rahatIM to apabhraMza sAhitya kA bar3A vistRta sAhitya upalabdha hotaa| itanA likhane kA ekamAtra uddezya yahI hai ki apabhraMza ke vikAsa meM kevala rAjapUta rAjAoM kA hI yogadAna nahIM hai apitu isase bhI bar3hakara isake vikAsa meM dhArmika sampradAyoM kA bar3A bhArI yogadAna hai| yadi usa samaya kI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to yahI vidita hogA ki ina sAMskRtika kAraNoM ne apabhraMza ko pracura sAhitya diyaa| ye dhArmika kRtiyAM hote hue bhI sAhityika apabhraMza kI hI racanAyeM ThIka usI prakAra mAnI jAyeMgI jisa prakAra bhakti kAla ke tulasI aura sUra Adi kI sAhityika racanAe~ haiN| ina dhArmika pravRttiyoM ne janatA kI vANI ko itanA mukhara banAyA jisase yaha bhASA kabhI Adhunika hindI khar3I bolI kI bhA~ti sAmAnya janatA se lekara rAjadarabAroM taka supratiSThita hotI rhii| 12vIM yA 13vIM zatAbdI meM likhita uktivyaktiprakaraNam ke dekhane se yaha vidita hotA hai ki kannauja ke AsapAsa kI bhASA bhI isa zaurasenI apabhraMza ke bahuta samIpa thii| yadyapi isake prayoga pUrvI prayoga se adhika tAlamela khAte haiN| yaha gAhar3avAra ke rAjakumAroM ko sikhAne ke liye likhI gayI thii| paravartI apabhraMza kAla meM likhita kIrtilatA, saMdeza rAsaka evaM prAkRta paiMgalam Adi kI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi racanAyeM vizuddha sAhityika dRSTi se likhI gayI thiiN| eka samaya aisA bhI thA jabaki gujarAta Adi prAntoM meM apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanAoM ke prati bar3A prabala AkarSaNa thA / zaurasenI apabhraMza kA phailAva isa taraha 7vIM yA 8vIM zatAbdI meM pazcima bhArata meM aisA prabala jhaMjhAvAta AyA jisane bhArata ke samasta uttarAkhaNDa ko jhakajhora diyA / rAjanItika kAraNoM se samasta uttara bhArata meM zaurasenI apabhraMza kA phailAva ho gyaa| sAMskRtika kAraNoM ne ise pallavita aura puSpita kiyA / isa apabhraMza meM apanI racanAe~ likhakara pUrva ke loga apane ko usI prakAra gauravAnvita samajhate the jisa prakAra zUrasena pradeza ke loga isameM racanA likhakara apane ko gauravAnvita karate the| rAjasthAna, gujarAta tathA mahArASTra ne bhI isI apabhraMza ko sAhityika racanA ke liye apanAyA / pazcima bhArata meM vizeSatayA rAjasthAna aura gujarAta meM zaurasenI apabhraMza ko bar3hAvA dene vAle jainI loga the / ina AcAryoM tathA paNDitoM ke prabhAva se jahA~ eka ora zaurasenI apabhraMza meM racanAe~ likhI gayIM vahIM dUsarI ora 1000 I0 ke lagabhaga saurASTra apabhraMza se udbhuta purAnI pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM bhI racanAe~ kI jAne lagIM / kintu pariniSThita sAhityika dRSTi se zaurasenI apabhraMza kI racanA nirantara hotI rhii| ye racanAe~ bahuta kucha mAne meM pUrabI apabhraMza kI sAhityika racanAoM se bhinna hotI jA rahI thiiN| isa sAhitya kA paravartI rUpa prAkRte paiMgalam meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| piMgala nAma karake to eka sAhityika dhArA hI bana gyii| isameM racanAe~ rAjasthAnI Adi sthAnoM meM hone lagIM / prAkRta paiMgalam kI bhASA pazcimI apabhraMza se prabhAvita hai| vastutaH yaha zaurasenI apabhraMza kA hI pratinidhitva karatI hai| 'piMgala' zabda 'chanda' ko bhI kahate haiN| hama dekhate haiM ki piMgala aura DiMgala do zabda pracalita ho gaye the| DiMgala rAjasthAna kI kAvyAtmaka bhASA ho gayI thii| zaurasenI apabhraMza se hI purAnI vrajabhASA, aura usase 144

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apabhraMza bhASA 145 sampRkta kannaujI aura buMdela khaMDI hI nikalI thii| isa prakAra I0 1000 kI zaurasenI I0 1500 ke lagabhaga vrajabhASA, kannaujI aura buMdelI meM pariNata ho gyii| mAlavI aura pUrabI rAjasthAnI bhI zaurasenI apabhraMza se sambaddha thii| pazcimI rAjasthAnI (mAravAr3I-gujarAtI) bhI isase prabhAvita thii| paMjAba kI boliyoM para bhI isakA prabhAva pdd'aa| hemacandra kA apabhraMza gurjara yA zaurasenI jaisA pahale likha cuke haiM apabhraMza kI adhikAMza racanAe~ jainiyoM dvArA likhI gayIM, adhikatara jainI gujarAta ke the| isa kAraNa Adhunika kucha gujarAtI paMDitoM ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki apabhraMza bhASA kA udgama sthala gujarAta hai zUrasena pradeza nhiiN| isa bAta kI puSTi meM una logoM ne AcArya hemacandra ko uddhRta kiyA hai| unhoMne jisa apabhraMza bhASA kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai vaha gurjara apabhraMza kA hI pratinidhitva karatA hai| dUsarI bAta sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa meM bhoja ne jo yaha likhA hai-apabhraMzena tuSyanti svena nAnyena gurjraaH| isa AdhAra para gujarAtI lekhaka madhusUdana modI ne yaha dAvA kiyA hai ki gujarAtI apabhraMza se hI apabhraMza sAhitya kA vikAsa sarvatra huaa| zrI modI jI kA kahanA hai ki gujarAtI se apabhraMza kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| unakA kahanA hai ki gujarAtI kA apabhraMza se gaMgotrI kI jharanA kI taraha sambandha hai| zrI kezavarAma zAstrI ne bhI hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ko 'gaurjara apabhraMza' kahakara pukArA hai| kintu yadi vicAra kara dekhA jAya to yaha mata pakSapAta grasta dIkhatA hai| sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa kI ukti se yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki gujarAtI loga apanI hI apabhraMza se adhika santuSTa hote haiM dUsaroM kI apabhraMza se nhiiN| isase yaha tAtparya nahIM nikalatA ki gujarAta hI apabhraMza kI udgama sthalI hai| yaha saca hai ki gujarAta meM apabhraMza ke sAhitya adhika likhe gye| hemacandra aisA prasiddha apabhraMza vaiyAkaraNa gujarAta kA hI thaa| isakA yaha matalaba kabhI bhI nahIM hotA ki apabhraMza kA udgama sthala gujarAta hI thaa| hemacandra ne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke

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146 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi uddharaNoM meM jo dohe peza kiye haiM ve vividha prakAra ke haiN| vibhinna sthAnoM ke racayitAoM kI racanAoM ke haiN| isase yaha kahanA ki hemacandra kA apabhraMza vyAkaraNa gurjara apabhraMza kA pratinidhitva karatA hai use sImA ke antargata bAMdhanA hai| gujarAta ke hote hue bhI hemacandra ne pariniSThita apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai| hemacandra kA kAla 12vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| isa samaya taka apabhraMza bhASA kA sAhitya samRddha ho cukA thaa| yaha pariSkRta ruci vAloM kI bhASA ho cukI thii| kyoMki anyatra hemacandra ne svataH kAvyAnuzAsana meM grAmya apabhraMza kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai yAni loka bhASA kA ullekha kiyA jo ki usa samaya zanaiH-zanaiH prakAza meM arthAt sAhitya rUpa meM bhI kahIM-kahIM parilakSita hone lagA thaa| agara isa samaya taka apabhraMza janabhASA hotI hI to isa taraha kA bheda utpanna karane kI AvazyakatA na hotii| dUsarI bAta vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene kI yaha hai ki hemamandra ne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kI racanA meM uddharaNa svarUpa dohoM ko peza kiyA hai jo ki vividha samaya meM race gaye the| vastutaH kisI bhI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa tabhI likhA jAtA hai jabaki usameM pracura sAhitya likhA jA cukA ho / bhASA meM ekarUpatA banAye rakhane ke liye hI vyAkaraNa racA jAtA hai| yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki hemacandra ne jina dohoM kA upayoga apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM kiyA hai ve vividha logoM kI racanAe~ haiN| aisA isaliye kiyA ki jisase apabhraMza kI vyApakatA para dhyAna banA rhe| vaha sImita logoM ke liye hI nahIM likhA gayA thaa| agara vaha kevala jaina bhikkhuoM ke liye hI likhA gayA hotA to nIti sambandhI, vIratA sambandhI evaM zrRMgAra sambandhI dohoM kA saMkalana ve kabhI nahIM krte| una dohoM meM bhakti sambandhI jo dohe haiM ve kevala jainiyoM se hI sambandhita na hokara brAhmaNa dharma sambandhI bhI haiN| gaMgA kI mahimA kA varNana, mahAbhArata kI kathA kA nidarzana evaM purANa prasiddha rAjA bali kA citraNa Adi se vidita hotA hai ki hemacandra kA AdhAra vistRta thA, sImita nhiiN| Ajakala kI taraha usa kAla meM yAtAyAta suvidhA nahIM thii| ataH upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para unhoMne jisa

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apabhraMza bhASA 147 apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai vaha sImita apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa nahIM hai, vaha vyAkaraNa prAcIna praNAlI aura pUrvAcAryoM ke anusaraNa para bahumAnya sAhitya ke AdhAra para likhA gayA thaa| unhoMne apanI apabhraMza kA kahIM bhI nAmakaraNa bhI nahIM kiyA hai| kyoMki apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa tathA usameM racanAe~ bahuta dinoM se hotI calI A rahI thiiN| usa samaya taka bar3e-bar3e AkhyAnaka kAvya, carita kAvya evaM purANa kAvya Adi likhe jA cuke the| aisI paristhiti meM unhoMne prApta sAmagrI ke AdhAra para apane vyAkaraNa ko vistRta rUpa dene kA prayatna kiyA hai| isIliye unhoMne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko sArthaka banAne ke liye vibhinna racanAoM se, udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| isa kArya meM caNDa ne yadyapi kucha sahAyatA dI thI tathApi hemacandra ko svataH vyAkaraNa ke samagra niyama banAne par3e the| niyamoM ko puSTa karane ke liye unheM vividha sAhitya kI chAnabIna karanI par3I thii| itanA bar3A parizrama unheM isIliye karanA par3A thA kyoMki usa samaya taka yaha bhASA pariniSThita ho cukI thI, susaMskRtoM kI ho calI thii| yadi yaha bhASA usa samaya janabhASA hI hotI to usa samaya una dohoM ko uddhRta karane kI koI AvazyakatA na hotii| kathya bhASA ke rahane para janabhASA se hI udAharaNoM ko prastuta kiyA jaataa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa apabhraMza kA sAhitya samasta AryAvarta meM phailA huA thA usa bhASA kI racanAoM meM ekarUpatA banAye rakhane ke liye vividha prakAra ke sAhitya se dohe liye gye| apabhraMza kI bahuta-sI boliyA~ thiiN| jaisA ki hemacandra ke pUrvavartI kucha alaMkAra zAstriyoM ne bhI batAyA thA ki deza bheda tathA prAnta bheda se apabhraMza kI bahuta sI vibhASAyeM yAnI boliyA~ thI, una sabhI se pRthak rahakara sAhityika, bahujana mAnya prAmANika apabhraMza kA hI vyAkaraNa likhA arthAt unameM eka rUpatA dRSTigocara kiyaa| boliyoM kA yathAzakti parihAra kiyaa| yadyapi isa vidhAna meM hemacandra ko sarvatra samAna saphalatA nahIM milI hai| niyama ke apavAda bahuta sthala para dekhe jAte haiN| una niyamoM

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kA bahuta sthala para paripAlana nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha ki jo loga yaha AkSepa karate haiM ki apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM likhakara apabhraMza meM kyoM nahIM likhaa| isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai, hemacandra ne jitanA bhI vyAkaraNa likhA hai saba saMskRta meM hI likhA hai svabhAvataH apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa bhI saMskRta meM likhA / saMskRta meM vyAkaraNa likhane kI paddhati hI cala par3I thii| kAraNa ki saMskRta kA vyAkaraNa bar3A vizAla evaM nirduSTa hotA thaa| usakI pAribhASika zabdAvaliyA~ adhika pariSkRta evaM sugamya ho cukI thiiN| nidAnataH saMskRta meM vyAkaraNa likhane meM suvidhA adhika hotI thI / hemacandra ke paravartI kAla taka yahI bAta rahI / prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha apabhraMzaM ke jitane bhI vyAkaraNa likhe gae sabhI saMskRta meM hI the / yahA~ taka ki jIvita bhASA 'kosalI bolI' kA vyAkaraNa bhI kAzI ke paMDita dAmodara ne rAjakumAroM ko likhAne ke liye ukti vyakti prakaraNa saMskRta meM hI likhA / apabhraMza evaM prAkRta meM vyAkaraNa na likhe jAne kA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki kabhI-kabhI bhASA kI aspaSTatA ke kAraNa viSaya vastu spaSTa na hokara ulajha jA sakatI thI / bhASA kI aspaSTatA vyAkaraNa ko bahuta kucha ulajhana meM DAla detI / ataH saMskRta meM vyAkaraNa likhane kI prathA sI hI cala par3I thii| isake atirikta apabhraMza bhASA meM vyAkaraNa na likhe jAne kA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki hemacandra ke samaya taka apabhraMza una bhASA se apanA nAtA tor3a cukI thI, yaha susaMskRtoM kI bhASA ho cukI thI / yadyapi isIke vikasita rUpa ne janabhASA kA sthAna grahaNa kiyA thA phira bhI jinakA jJAna kitAbI mAtra raha gayA thA unake liye Avazyaka thA ki vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko to saMskRta meM spaSTa rUpa se batA diyA jAe kintu usakA udAharaNa apabhraMza se diyA jAya / bhASA kA spaSTa svarUpa batAne ke liye hI apabhraMza ke pUre dohe peza kiye gye| isI bAta kA spaSTIkaraNa paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI ne (purAnI hindI pR0 29-30) apane DhaMga se kiyA hai - 'jina zvetAmbara jaina sAdhuoM ke liye yA sarva sAdhAraNa ke liye usane vyAkaraNa likhA ve saMskRta prAkRta 1 148

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apabhraMza bhASA 149 ke niyamoM ko, unake sUtroM kI saMgati ko padoM yA vAkya khaMr3oM meM samajha lete haiN| usake diye udAharaNoM ko na samajhate to saMskRta aura kitAbI prAkRta kA vAGmaya unake sAmane thA, naye udAharaNa DhUMDha lete| kintu apabhraMza ke niyama yoM samajha meM nahIM aate| yadi hemacandra pUre udAharaNa na detA to par3hane vAle jinakI saMskRta aura prAkRta Akara granthoM taka pahu~ca to thI kintu jo bhASA sAhitya se svabhAvataH nAka bhauM car3hAte the unake niyamoM ko nahIM smjhte| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki gulerI jI ke anusAra bhI hemacandra ke samaya taka apabhraMza jIvita bhASA nahIM thii| kyoMki hemacandra ne udAharaNoM ke liye na kevala kucha Akara granthoM yA loka prasiddha sAhitya se udAharaNa liye balki svayaM bhI kucha gddh'e| hemacandra ne apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ko kahIM bhI zaurasenI apabhraMza nahIM batAyA hai| sarvatra usane apabhraMza zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| isI kAraNa kucha lekhakoM ne yaha Apatti uThAI hai ki ise kisa prakAra zaurasenI apabhraMza mAnA jaay| yaha to vastutaH eka pariniSThita apabhraMza bhASA thii| hemacandra ne apabhraMza kA vidhAna karate hue prathama sUtra ke svara prakriyA (8/4/329) kI vRtti meM likhA hai ki prAyograhaNAdyasyA'pabhraMze vizeSo vakSyate, tasyA'pi kvacit prAkRta vat zaurasenIvacca kAryaM bhvti| anyatra eka dUsare sUtra meM (8/4/446) bhI likhA hai-apabhraMze prAyaH zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhvti| prathama sUtra ke mutAbika apabhraMza kI svara prakriyA kA AdhAra do hai :-1. prAkRta aura 2. dUsarA hai shaursenii| prAkRta se tAtparya mahArASTrI se hai| mahArASTrI se Adhunika mahArASTra meM pracalita marAThI kA pratinidhi na mAnakara zrI manamohana ghoSa ne zaurasenI prAkRta se utpanna eka viSeSa prakAra kI choTI madhya dezIya bolI siddha kiyA hai| vararuci ne prAkRta zabda kA artha prakarSeNa AkRtaM atyuttama bolI kA hI ullekha kiyA hai, jo ki zaurasenI hI rahI hogii| pUrvokta mata sthApanA kI satyatA kA prazna vAcaka ciha ke sAtha

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150 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi svIkAra karate hue DA0 sunIti kumAra cATuA ne (bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI pR0 190) likhA hai ki yadi yaha sahI hai to mahArASTrI prAkRta, zaurasenI prAkRta tathA zaurasenI apabhraMza ke bIca kI kevala eka avasthA mAtra siddha ho jAtI hai| vararuci ke samaya meM hI yaha bhASA (mahArASTrI zaurasenI prAkRta) Abhyantara vyaMjanoM ke lopa ke sAtha apanI dvitIya bhA0 A0 taka pahuMca cukI thii| isI kAraNa hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM prAkRta yAni sAmAnya vyAkaraNa para vizeSa likhA gayA hai jo ki zaurasenI prAkRta kI hI vizeSatA batAtA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta kA apabhraMza vyAkaraNa se ghaniSTha sambandha jur3A dikhAI detA hai| hemacandra ne 446 veM sUtra meM apabhraMze prAyaH zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhavati jo kahA hai usase isI bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| yahA~ para eka bAta vicAraNIya hai ki jisa zaurasenI prAkRta kA hemacandra ne varNana kiyA hai usakA viziSTa vyAkaraNa to unhoMne bahuta kama likhA hai| yoM to 260 se 289 sUtroM meM hI zaurasenI kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai| vicAra pUrvaka dekhane se patA calatA hai ki jisa sAmAnya prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa unhoMne likhA hai vaha vastutaH zaurasenI prAkRta kI hI vizeSatA hai| inake prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke dvitIya pAda kA jo dhAtvAdeza hai vaha vastutaH apabhraMza kA bhI dhAtvAdeza hai kyoMki usa dhAtvAdeza ke adhikAMza niyama apabhraMza ke dohoM para bhI lAgU hote haiN| ataH hemacandra kA apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke anta meM zeSaM zaurasenIvat 8/4/446 kahanA bahuta adhika ucita hai! isa prakAra jaba hama hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa para dRSTipAta karate haiM to hameM nirvivAda rUpa se yaha mAna lenA par3atA hai ki hemacandra ne zaurasenI apabhraMza kA hI vyAkaraNa likhA hai jo ki apabhraMza kA pariniSThita rUpa thaa| saMbhavataH inhIM sabhI kAraNoM se ela0 pI0 tessitori evaM pizela ne hema apabhraMza ko zaurasenI apabhraMza kahA hai| tessi tori (purAnI rAjasthAnI bhUmikA pR0 5) mahodaya kA kahanA hai 'zaurasena

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apabhraMza bhASA 151 apabhraMza ke bAre meM aba taka hamArI jAnakArI mukhyataH hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa 4/329-446 sUtroM ke udAharaNoM aura niyamoM para AdhArita hai| hemacandra 12vIM zatAbdI I0 (saM0 1144-1228) meM hue the aura spaSTa hai ki unhoMne jisa apabhraMza kA paricaya diyA hai, vaha unase pahale kI hai; isaliye isa pramANa ke AdhAra para hama hemacandra varNita zaurasenI apabhaMza kI pUrvavartI sImA kama se kama 10vIM zatAbdI IsvI rakha sakate haiN| hama dekhate haiM ki jisa zaurasenI apabhraMza kA citraNa hemacandra ne kiyA hai usI kA pratinidhitva paravartI apabhraMza ne bhI kiyA hai| yaha apabhraMza se adhika vikasita bhASA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| prAkRtapaiMgalam aura saMdeza rAsaka Adi isake pramANa haiN| isa taraha hama pAte haiM ki 'madhyadezIya bhASA kA prabhutva avicchinna rUpa se IsA kI prathama sahasrAbdI ke sAre kAla meM, aura usase pahale se bhI, kAyama rhaa| vastutaH madhyadeza bhArata kA hRdaya aura jIvana saMcAra kA kendra sthala rahA hai| yahIM se vaidika saMskRta-isIse madhyadezIya bhASA, zaurasenI prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kA vikAsa huaa| isIse vraja bhASA, khar3I bolI hindI Adi kI paramparA clii| isI taraha bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI dUsarI paramparAe~ bhI haiM jaise vaidika, prAcyA bhASA > mAgadhI prAkRta aura apabhraMza > bhojapurI, magahI, maithilI, asamiyA, baMgalA aura ur3iyA / tIsarI paramparA bhI mAnI gayI hai vaidika > dAkSiNAtyA bhASA > vidarbha meM pracalita prAkRta aura apabhraMza > mraatthii| madhyadeza vAloM ke viSaya meM 9vIM zatAbdI ke rAjazekhara ne kahA hai :- yo madhye madhya dezaM nivasati, sakaviH sarvabhASA niSaNNaH jo madhyadeza ke madhya bhAga meM rahatA hai vaha kavi sabhI bhASAoM meM pravINa hotA hai| zaurasenI ke pazcAta pazcimI apabhraMza kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna AyA hai| pazcimI apabhraMza kA vyavahAra uttara bhArata ke rAjapUta nRpati gaNoM kI rAjasabhAoM meM huaa| yaha hama pahale likha cuke haiM ki isa mahAna sAhityika bhASA kI paramparA

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152 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi samasta uttara bhArata meM phaila gayI thii| mahArASTra se lekara baMgAla taka isakI mahattA sthApita thii| pUrvI bhArata ke baMgAlI kavi bhI isameM kavitA karane meM apanA garva anubhava karate the| 10 vIM zatAbdI se 12vIM zatAbdI taka sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM tathA dainika vyavahAra kI bhASA ke rUpa meM isa bhASA kA vikAsa evaM vistAra bar3e prabala gati se huaa| vrajabhASA kI sAhityika sattA svIkRta ho jAne ke pUrva taka isakI sattA virAjamAna thii| saMbhavataH inhIM sabhI vicAradhArAoM ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhakara jaina AcArya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ne isI apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhaa| isa apabhraMza kI adhikAMza zabda prakriyA ke bIja vraja aura hindustAnI meM acchI taraha pAye jA sakate haiN| isakA yaha tAtparya kabhI bhI nahIM ki dUsarI na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM isake bIja nahIM mila skte| apabhraMza se na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM taka pahuMcane kA eka aura sopAna jarUra rahA hogA jise hama avahaTTa kaha kara pukArate haiN| isakI vizeSatAe~ prAkRtapaiMgalam evaM saMdeza rAsaka Adi meM dekha sakate haiN| isI bAta kI puSTi karate hue zrI tessitori ne kahA thAvyAvahArika niSkarSa yaha hai ki hamAre liye prAkRta-paiMgalam kI bhASA hemacandra kI apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhASAoM kI AraMbhika avasthA ke bIca vAle sopAna kA pratinidhitva karatI hai aura yaha dasavIM se gyArahavIM athavA saMbhavataH bArahavIM zatAbdI ke IsvI ke AsapAsa kI bhASA kahI jA sakatI hai| isI avasthA ke bAda Adhunika bhASAyeM AtI haiN| isakA pratinidhitva vAstavikatayA candavaradAyI kI kavitAoM meM milatA hai jise ki hama prAcIna pazcimI hindI kaha sakate haiN| isakA yaha bhI tAtparya nahIM hai ki isameM prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI ke tatva nahIM pAye jAte haiN| prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI se matalaba hai gujarAtI tathA maarvaadd'ii| yaha nAma sarvaprathama griyarsana ne diyA hai anantara tessi tori ne isI se puSTi kI hai| griyarsana 12 ne eka jagaha mArkaNDeya ke anusAra apabhraMza aura DhakkI prAkRta zIrSaka nibandha meM likhA hai ki hemacandra kA apabhraMza

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apabhraMza bhASA 153 vyAkaraNa sarvaviditaM hai| yaha vastutaH purAnI gujarAtI hai aura yaha batAtA hai ki yaha zaurasenI yA pariniSThita apabhraMza kI (jo ki vastutaH bahuta sI boliyoM kA sammizraNa hai) bolI thI yA kama se kama yaha gujarAta ke kucha hissoM meM bolI jAtI thii| hemacandra kI apabhraMza kA pUrvI banArasI bolI se tulanA hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM paM0 kezava prasAda mizra ne pUrvI hindI pradeza kI eka bolI (banArasI bolI) meM bahuta se zabda rUpoM evaM muhAvaroM meM ekarUpatA dikhAI hai| isase kucha-kucha yaha bhI pratIta hotA hai ki yaha apabhraMza pazcimI pradeza kA hI nahIM apitu pUrvI pradeza kI bhASA kA bhI pratinidhitva karatI hai| udAharaNaapabhraMza banArasI (i) diahA jaMti jhaDappaDahiM dinavA~ jaoNya jhaTapaTya (ii) paDahiM manoraha paccha paDaya manoratha pAcha (iii) vaTTai vATya (iv) putteM jAe kavaNa guNu avaguNu pUta bhaile kavaNa guna avana kavana kavaNu mueNa (v) jAvappI kI bhuMhaDI jekara vApeka bhuiyA~ (vi) campijjai avareNa cAMpala jAya avare (vii) o gorI muha nijjiau o gorI mu~ha jItala (viii) vaddali lukku miyaMku vadare lukala mayaMka (ka) isa prakAra bhojapurI ke javana, tavana, kavana Adi rUpa zuddha apabhraMza ke haiN| (kha) vaTTai rahai kA uccAraNa vATya rahya hotA hai| (ga) kara, jekara, tekara, kantAka Adi zabda apabhraMza ke saMbaMdha vAcaka se vikasita hue haiN| muile

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154 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (Ga) khallaDau khallar3a, campijjai-cAMpala jAya, vaddali=vadare, lukka=lukala meM jo samAnatA hai, vaha donoM bhASAoM ke tAttvika sambandha ko sUcita karatI hai| pizela ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI bhUmikA meM (83) deza bheda se apabhraMza kA bahuta sA bheda mAnate hue zUrasena pradeza kI zaurasenI apabhraMza ko pramukha bhASA mAnA hai| yaha kabhI zUrasena pradeza kI janatA kI bolI rhii| Ajakala isakI paramparA meM gujarAtI aura mAravAr3I bhASAyeM haiN| pizela ke anusAra eka zaurasenI prAkRta bhI thI jo ki kRtrima bhASA thI aura nATakoM ke kAma meM lAyI jAtI thii| isakI sArI rUparekhA saMskRta se milatI hai; kintu zaurasenI apabhraMza meM bhI Atma saMvedanAmaya kavitA likhI jAtI thI aura Atma saMvedanAmaya kavitA kI mukhya prAkRta bhASA meM mahArASTrI ke DhaMga para gIta, vIra rasa kI kavitAyeM racI jAtI thIM; isameM bolI ke muhAvare Adi mukhya aMga vaise hI rahate the jaise kavitA meM pracalita the| hemacandra ne (8/4/446) sUtra meM isakA udAharaNa diyA hai : ____kaNThi pAlaMbu kidu radie, zaurasenI prAkRta meM isakA rUpa kaNThe pAlaMbaM kidaM radIye aura mahArASTrI meM kaNThe pAlaMbaM kaama riie| jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai ki isI apabhraMza kA vistAra sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM samasta bhArata meM huaa| hemacandra ne jisa apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA vaha vastutaH yahI apabhraMza thii| nirarthaka hI zrI modI jI ne isa apabhraMza kA udgama sthala rAjasthAna aura gujarAta ko mAnA hai| unake anusAra yahIM se yaha bhASA sAhityika kSamatA prApta kara uttara AryAvarta meM phailii| isa sAhitya para utkRSTa

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apabhraMza bhASA 155 sAhityika bhASA vAlI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke Adarza kI chApa par3I / yaha apabhraMza saMskRta ke asara se bhI achUtI nahIM raha sakI hai| hemacandra ne svataH apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke anta meM zeSaM saMskRtavat siddham kahakara isa bAta kI puSTi kI hai| isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki isane sarvatra saMskRta kI hI nakala kI hai| hemacandra ke saMskRtavat siddham kahane kA ekamAtra tAtparya yahI hai ki saMskRta vyAkaraNabaddhatA ke anukUla hI zAstrIya sAhityika apabhraMza bhASA kI bhI racanA huI / vastutaH hemacandra kI apabhraMza, puSpadanta kI apabhraMza aura dohA koza kI apabhraMza saba eka hI apabhraMza thI / hemacandra dvArA varNita apabhraMza kA svarUpa hemacandra ne caturtha pAda ke 329 sUtra se 446 taka ke sUtroM meM svatantra rUpa se apabhraMza bhASA kA varNana kiyA hai| isameM pariniSThita zaurasenI apabhraMza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM evaM uddhRta dohoM ke dekhane se pratIta hotA hai ki hemacandra ne kaI boliyoM ko samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA I hai / pizela (prAkRta vyAkaraNa (28) ne bhI isa bAta kI ora saMketa karate hue likhA hai ki 'usake niyamoM ko dhyAna se dekhate hI yaha nidAna nikalatA hai ki apabhraMza nAma ke bhItara usane kaI boliyoM ke niyama diye haiN|' isa bAta kI puSTi DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye 13 ne bhI kI hai| spaSTataH hemacandra ne kahIM bhI kisI apabhraMza kI bolI kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai jaisA ki paravartI lekhaka mArkaNDeya tathA anya granthakAroM ne kiyA hai| sAvadhAnI se hemacandra ke niyamoM kA adhyayana karane se patA calatA hai ki unakI apabhraMza eka hI prakAra kI nahIM hai| isake apabhraMza meM kaI upa boliyoM kA samanvaya hai| isa bAta kI puSTi apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke prathama sUtra 8/4/329 se hotI hai- prAyo grahaNAdyasyApabhraMze vizeSo vakSyate, tasyApi kvacitprAkRtavat zaurasenIvacca kAryaM bhavati / isake viSaya meM pahale vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| udAharaNa svarUpa prAkRta aura

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi da, dha, ba aura bha, meM apabhraMza meM 'R' kI jagaha a, A, i, e, aura o parivartana hotA thA, kabhI kabhI RR kI rakSA bhI kI jAtI thI - tRNu 329 sukRdu 329 aura gRhanti 341 gRNheppiNu 394, 438 | hemacandra ne apabhraMza meM svara niyama ko pUrNa vyavasthita nahIM mAnA hai| kabhI-kabhI apabhraMza meM anAvazyaka ra kA Agama bhI ho jAtA hai - 8 /4/399 'vAsu' prayoga bhI dekhA jAtA hai jo ki 'vyAsa' zabda kI jagaha prayukta huA hai / yaha kisI bolI kA saMketa karatA hai / saMbhavataH yaha paizAcI bolI kA rUpa thaa| 8/4/360-dhuM, traM, 4/327 - tudhra, 4 / 393 - prassadi, 4/391 - broppiNu, broppi aura kabhI kabhI brAsu kI jagaha R bhI likhA jAtA thA / hemacandra ne jo isa prakAra ke niyama vidhAna kiye haiM usase pratIta hotA hai ki usane dUsarI boliyoM ke zabdoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| usake 4/396 ke anusAra apabhraMza bhASA meM ka, kha, ta, tha, pa, pha kramazaH ga, gha, bahudhA badala jAtA hai| niyama 4/ 446 bhI jisameM kahA gayA hai ki apabhraMza ke adhikAMza niyama zaurasenI ke samAna hI haiM ve apabhraMza ke anya niyamoM ke viruddha haiN| pUrvokta niyama apabhraMza ke jina tatvoM ko batAte haiM, ve niyama usake anya sUtroM se mela nahIM khaate| isa taraha jaba hama hemacandra kI prAkRta bhASAoM ke sAtha unakI kucha vizeSatAoM para dhyAna dete haiM to hameM patA calatA hai ki ve Apasa meM kabhI itanI viruddha jAna par3atI haiM ki eka bhASA meM unakI upasthiti saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotI / pizela mahodaya pUrvokta vizeSatAoM ko paizAcI ke antargata avalokana karate haiM / hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra ne kucha sAmAnya viziSTatAoM ke sAtha sAtha kucha kSetrIya guNoM ko bhI apanA liyA hai| unhoMne vikalpa karake apabhraMza meM prAkRta ke bahuta se rUpoM ko grahIta kiyA hai| apabhraMza meM uddhRta kucha dohoM meM vastutaH prAkRta kI kucha vizeSatAoM ko bhI apavAda rUpa se sammilita kara liyA hai udAharaNa svarUpa sUtra 4/447114 meM likhA hai ki prAkRtAdi bhASA lakSaNoM kA vyatyaya apabhraMza meM bhI hotA hai| jaise mAgadhI meM tiSTha kA ciSTha hotA hai vaise hI prAkRta, paizAcI aura zaurasenI meM bhI hotA hai| jaise apabhraMza meM 156

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apabhraMza bhASA 157 vikalpa karake repha kA nimna bhAga lupta hotA hai vaise hI mAgadhI meM bhI hotA hai-zada-mANuza-maMza-bhAlake kumbha zahasra-vazAhe zaMcide ityAdyanyadapi drssttvym| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki mArkaNDeya ne thor3e thor3e bheda ke sAtha apabhraMza bhASA ke 3 bheda kiye haiM1. nAgara 2. brAcaDa aura 3. upnaagr| isa bheda ko kramadIzvara ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| mukhya apabhraMza nAgara hai| mArkaNDeya ke anusAra piMgala kI bhASA nAgara hai| brAcaDa nAgara apabhraMza se nikalI haI batAI gayI hai jo ki mArkaNDeya ke anusAra sindha deza kI bolI hai-sindhu dezodbhavo braacddo'pbhrNshH| isake vizeSa lakSaNoM meM se mArkaNDeya ne do batAye haiM-ca aura ja ke Age isameM ya lagAyA jAnA aura Sa tathA sa kA za meM badala jaanaa| dhvani ke ve niyama jo mAgadhI ke vyavahAra meM lAye jAte the aura jinheM pRthvIdhara ne sakAra kI bhASA ke dhvani niyama batAye haiM, apabhraMza meM bhI lAgU batAye jAte haiN| isake alAvA Arambha ke ta aura da kI jagaha Ta aura Da kA ho jAnA evaM bhRtya Adi zabdoM ko chor3akara RkAra varNa ko jaise taise rahane denA-isake vizeSa lakSaNa haiN| nAgara aura brAcaDa bhASAoM ke mizraNa se upanAgara nikalI hai| 'zAkkI' yA 'zakkI' ko bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai jise mArkaNDeya saMskRta aura zaurasenI kA mizraNa samajhate haiN| yaha eka prakAra kI vibhASA mAnI gayI hai| apabhraMza ke bheda upnaagr|15 ke antargata purUSottama ne kSetrIya boliyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jaise vaidarbhI, lATI, auDrI, kaikeyI, gauDI aura kucha pradezoM kI boliyA~ jaise-Takka, varvara, kuntala, pADya, siMhala aadi| isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA kI boliyA~ siMdha se lekara baMgAla taka bolI jAtI rahI hogii| hemacandra ne mukhya upaboliyoM kA ullekha karake eka hI prakAra kI apabhraMza ke antargata sabakA samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| apabhraMza bhASA janatA kI bhASA rahI hai| isakA sambandha vaidika bhASA se bhI jor3A jAtA hai| vibhaktiyoM ke kucha rUpa sIdhe saMskRta

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158 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi se sambandha na rakhakara vaidika se rakhate haiN| mArkaNDeya tathA anya lekhakoM dvArA prayukta 'devaho' vaidika 'devAsaH' se adhika milatA julatA hai| isa taraha 'devaha~' prAkRta ke 'devassa' se, 'tAha~' tassa se, tahiM tasi se aura ehu aiso se liyA gayA hai| pradhAna apabhraMza nAgara apabhraMza hai| isI kA varNana hemacandra ne kiyA hai| 12vIM zadI meM likhA gayA hemacandra kA apabhraMza vyAkaraNa na0 bhA0 A0 kI utpatti kA kAraNa bnaa| pahale likhA jA cukA hai ki isa apabhraMza meM sthAnIya boliyoM ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| svabhAvataH gujarAta kI bolI bhI isase mukta nahIM thii| pro0 hari vallabha bhayANI ne jaina sampradAya ke AdhAra para apabhraMza kA bheda kiyA hai| isI prakAra kA vibhAjana kucha logoM ne prAkRta kA bhI kiyA thaa| digambaroM kI racI huI apabhraMza aura zvetAmbaroM dvArA racI gayI rcnaa| unhoMne digambara apabhraMza kA prabhAva vrajabhASA evaM pazcimI hindI kI boliyoM para mAnA hai| zvetAmbara yA gaurjara apabhraMza ke kacha lakSaNa gujarAtI aura mAravAr3I meM pAye jAte haiN| unhoMne dhanapAla kI bhavisatta kahA aura puSpadanta kI racanAoM ko digambara jaina apabhraMza se prabhAvita mAnA hai| haribhadra kA NemiNAha cariu aura somaprabha ke kumArapAla pratibodha kI apabhraMza Adi racanAoM meM gaurjara apabhraMza kA avalokana kiyA hai| hemacandra ke uddhRta apabhraMza dohe ziSTa nAgara apabhraMza haiN| dUsare pakSa meM sambandha bhUta kRdanta meM 'i pratyaya ke ha vikaraNa vAle bhaviSyat rUpa kA abhAva hai| kahIM AjJA dvi0 puruSa eka vacana kA ukArAnta rUpa, sambandha bhUta kRdanta kA ikArAnta rUpa hotA hai, isI ke anurUpa SaSThI kA pratyaya hotA hai| isa lakSaNa ke anusAra zvetAmbara jaina meM gaurjara apabhraMza vizeSa rUpa se milate haiN| isake viparIta i vAle tRtIyA rUpa ke lakSaNa digambara jaina apabhraMza meM sAmAnyataH pAye jAte haiN| paumasirI cariu kI apabhraMza meM vibhinna lakSaNa vAle kucha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| hemacandra kI apabhraMza meM na0 bhA0 A0 ke Adhunika lakSaNa pAye jAte haiM jisase ki 12vIM zatAbdI IsvI ke pUrva kI apabhraMza kA spaSTa rUpa parilakSita hotA hai|

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apabhraMza bhASA 159 saMdarbha 1. bhUyAMso'pazabdAH, alpIyAMsaH zabdA iti| ekaikasya hi zabdasya bhvopbhrNshaaH| tadyathA gaurityasya zabdasya gAvI goNI gotA gopotaliketyAdayo bahavo'pabhraMzAH (mahAbhASya 1/1/1) / zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyadapabhraMzatayoditam' (daNDI-kAvyAdarza 1/36) zabda saMskAra hIno yo gauritiprayuyukSite / tamapabhraMzamicchanti viziSTArtha nivezinam / / zabda prakRtirapabhraMzaH iti saMgrahakAro nAprakRtirapabhraMzaH svataMtraH kshcidvidyte| sarvasyaiva hi sAdhurevApabhraMzasya prakRtiH / prasiddhestu rUr3hitAmApAdyamAnAH svAtaMtryameva kecidpbhrNshaalbhnte| tatra gauriti prayoktavyettazabdatayA pramANAdibhirvAgavyAdaya tayAvatayI'pabhraMzArUpayardAne /vAkya0 1/148 vaartik| te sAdhuSvanumAnena pratyayotpatti hetavaH tAdAtmyupagamyeva zabdArthasya prakAzakaH / vAkyapadIya 1/151 sarvasyahyapabhraMzasya sAdhureva prakRtiH / puNyarAja, vAkyapadIyam meM 1/149 6. na tveSAM sAdhu tvamasAdhutvaM va vyvsthitm| vAkya0 keSAMcittvasAdhureva sAkSAdvAcakaityAha / pAramparyAdapabhraMzA nirguNeSvabhidhAtRSu / prasiddhimAgatA ye tu teSAM saadhurvaackH| vAkyapadIya 1/115 nanvevaM paGkaja padasyevApabhraMzAnAmapi zaktistato niyamenArthapratIteH vyavahArAdhIna vyutpattireva vishessaat| vAkyapadIya para TIkA sA ca zaktiH saMskRta eva sarvadeze tasyaikatvAt nApabhraMzeSu teSAM pratidezamekatrArthe bhinna-bhinna rUpANAM tAvacchakti kalpane goravAt / (vAkyapadIya 1/155 para TIkA) 10. mAgadha dAkSiNAtya tadapabhraMzaprAyAsAdhu zabda nibandhanA hi te-tantravArtika 1/3/12/pUnA prakAzana pR0 237 / 7.

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 17 11. atyArUr3hirbhavati mhtaampypbhrNshnisstthaa| (zAkuntalam 4/5 baMgalA sNskrnn)| 12. ta eva zaktivaikalya pramAdAlasatAdibhiH / anyathoccAritAH zabdA-apazabdA itIritAH (bhrtRhri)| 13. apabhraSTaM tRtIyaM ca tadanantaM nraadhip| dezabhASA vizeSeNa / (viSNudharmottara 3/3) / 14. kiM ci avabbhaMsa-kaA-dA (alphreDa mAsTara dvArA BSOAS. XIII, 2 meM uddhRta), tA kiM avahaMsa hohii ? (apabhraMza kAvyatrayI kI bhUmikA, pR0 17 para uddhRt)| 15. sakkaya pAyau puNu avahaMsau (sandhi 5, kar3avaka 18) 16. avahatthe' vi khala-yaNu Niravasesu (rAmAyaNa-1/4. hindI kAvyadhArA meM uddhRta) avahaTTaya sakkaya-pAiyaMmi pesAiyaMmi bhaasaae| lakkhaNa chaMdAharaNesukaittaM bhUsiyaM jehi|| (prathama prakama, chaMda 6) 18. desila vayanA sabajana mitttthaa| teM taisana jampaJo avahaTThA (pR0 6) 19. punu kaisana bhATa-saMskRta parAkRta avahaTha paizAcI saurasenI mAgadhI-chahu bhASA ka tatvajJa-varNaratnAkara (SaSTha kallola, pR0 44) 20. prathama bhASA taraMDa: prathama AdyaH bhASA avahaT bhASA (prathama gAthA kI TIkA) 21. 'tatra gauriti prayoktavye azaktyA pramAdAdibhirvAgAvyAdayastat prakRtayo'pabhraMzAH prayujyante (vAkyapadIya-1/148 vaartik)| 22. gora gAvI-(prAkRta lakSaNam 2/16) 23. 'goNAdayaH (siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana-4/2/174) sUtra kI TIkA meM kahA hai-goNAdayaH zabdA anukta prakRti pratyaya lopAgama varNavikArA bahulaM nipAtyante gauH, goNo, gAvI, gAvaH, gAvIo aadi| ina zabdoM ko mahArASTra aura vidarbha Adi ke zabda kahA hai-ityAdayo mahArASTra vidarbhAdideza prasiddhA lokato'vagantavyAH /

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apabhraMza bhASA 161 27. 24. 'khIrINiyAo gAvIo', goNaM viyAlaM (AcAra-2/4/5), Nagara gAvIo vipA0 1,2-patra 26-aadi| 25. 'apabhraMza kAvyatrayI' bhUmikA pR0 73 / 26. bhavisayattakahA' kI bhUmikA pR0 47 / trividhaM tacca vijJeyaM nATyayoge samAsataH / samAna zabdaivibhraSTaM dezI matamathApi vaa| gacchanti padanyastA te vibhramA (STA) iti jJeyAH-nA0 zA0 17/2-4 28. eca0 smitha-DesineMsesa Dyu TAipa apabhraMza ina pAli bI esa ela 33, 169-72 (1932) / 29. hi0 grA0 apa0 dvArA uddhRta, hisTorikala grAmara Apha apabhraMza $1-DA0 jI bI0 tagAre, pUnA 1948 / 30. "bhASA saMskRtApabhraMzaH, bhASApabhraMzastu vibhASA sA tattaddeza eva gaharavAsinAM prAkRtavAsinAM ca, etA eva nATye tu|" (bharata nATya zAstra-17-48 para abhinava bhAratI) 31. "saMskRta prAkRtApabhraMza bhASAtraya pratibaddha prabandharacanA nipuNatarAntaH karaNaH ityAdi' (valabhI ke dhArasena dvitIya kA dAna patra) inDiyana eMTikverI, bhAga 10 akTUbara 1881, pR0 277 / 33. "e hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara' vo0 1, pR0 529, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya 1962, le0-esa0 ena0 dAsa guptaa| tadetat vAGamayaM bhUyaH saMskRtaM prAkRtaM tthaa| apabhraMzazca mizraM cetyAhurAryAzcaturvidham / / kAvyAdarza-1/32 saMskRtaM nAma daivI vAganvAkhyAtA maharSibhiH / tadbhavastatsamo dezItyanekaH prAkRta krmH| vahI 1/33 AbhIrAdi giraH kAvyeSu apabhraMza iti smRtaH / zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyadapabhraMza tayoditam / / vahI 1/36

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162 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi saMskRtaM sargabandhAdi prAkRtaM sandhikAdikam / AsArAdInyapabhraMzo nATakAdi mizrakam / / vahI 1/37 pRthvIdhara on mRcchakaTika reads zakAra and zabara for zayara and sacara Possibly he wants to escape the difficult word sacara. The zakArI besides being included under mAgadhI, would be in strange company with the dialects that are partly connected with tribes like zabara, AbhIra etc. and partly with regiones or countries like draviDa, auDra, zAkArI is a name given to a dialect on account of its phonetics peculiarties and is possibly later than the mRcchakaTika Sir George Grierson apparently sides with pRthvIdhara / J.R.A.S. 1918. p. 491. e hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTarecara - pR0 522, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, 1962 - bhavisayatta kahA kI bhUmikA - pR0 51, DA0 guMNe dvArA uddhRta / It goes without saying that as the region occupied by these people changed either from time to time at the same time, their Apabhrans also differed, thus making up the different Varities of Apabhrans mentioned by some later Prakrit Grammarions. bhaviSyata kahA kI bhUmikA pR0 64 / nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, bhAga 6, saMkhyA 1 se uddhRta / bhASAbhedanimittaH SoDhA bhedo'sya saMbhavati / / 2/11 prAkRta saMskRta mAgadha pizAca, bhASAzca zaurasenI ca / SaSTho'tra bhUribhedo deza vizeSAdapabhraMzaH / / kAvyamAlA - 1/12 tA kiM avahaMsa hoihi ? hU~ ta~ pi No jeNa taM sakkaya pAyaya-ubhaya suddhAsuddha payasama taraMga raMgata vaggiraM Nava pAusa jalaya pavAha pUra pavvAliya giriNai sarisaM sama visamaM paNaya kuviya piya paNaiNI

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apabhraMza bhASA 163 ra-2-11 samullAva sarisaM maNoharaM / (ela0 vI0 gAndhI-apabhraMza kAvyatrayI bhUmi0-pR0 97-98) / 42. dezeSu dezeSu pRthagvibhinnaM na zakyate lakSaNatastu vaktum / lokeSu yatsyAdapabhraSTa saMjJaM jJeyaM hi taddeza vido'dhikAram / / viSNudharmottara-7/3 43. apabhraSTaM tRtIyaJca tadanantaM narAdhipa? dezabhASA vizeSeNa tasyAnto neha vidyate / / viSNudharmottara-a0 3 khaNDa 3 / 44. saMskRtaM prAkRtaM tasyApabhraMzo bhUtabhASitam / iti bhASA catasro'pi yAnti kAvyasya kAyatAm / / ___ vAgbhaTAlaMkAra-2-11 apabhraMzastu yacchuddhaM tattaddezeSu bhaassitm| vAgbhaTAlaMkAra 2-3 / 46. dezasya kuru magadhAderuddezaH prakRtatvaM tasmin sati sva svadeza sambandhinI bhASA nibndhniiyeti| iyaJca dezagIzca prAyo'pabhraMze niptiiti'| nATyadarpaNa-124 padyaM prAyaH saMskRta-prAkRtApabhraMza-grAmya bhASA nibaddha bhinnAtyantya vRttasargAzvAsa sandhyavaskandha kabandha satsandhi zabdArtha vaicitryopetaM mahAkAvyam / apabhraMza bhASA nibaddha sandhi bandhamabdhi mathanAdi, grAmyApabhraMza bhASA nibaddhAvaskandhakabandhaM bhiimkaavyaadi| kAvyAnuzAsana hemcndr-8/330-7| 48. bhASA kA itihAsa-zrI bhagavaddatta bI0 e0-prakAzana lAhaura | 49. mAgadha-dAkSiNAtya tadapabhraMzaprAyA sAdhu zabda nibandhanA hi te... | pR0 239-kimuta yAni prasiddhApabhraSTa-bhASAbhyo'pyapabhraSTatarANi 'bhikkhave' ityevamAdIni dvitIyA bahuvacana sthAne hyekArAntaM prAkRtaM padaM dRSTam, na prathamA bahuvacane sNbodhne'pi| "saMskRta' zabda sthAne kakAradvayaM saMyogo'nusvAralopaH...prAkRtApabhraMzeSu dRSTaH, na DakArApattirapi |tntrvaartik kumArila-pR0 237 pUnA 47

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164 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 50. saMskRtaM prAkRtaM caivApabhraMzo'tha pishaackii| mAgadhI zaurasenI ca SaDbhASAzca prakIrtitAH / / prAkRta lakSaNa / 51 bhASA SaT sNskRtaadikaaH| bhASyante bhASAH saMskRta, prAkRta, mAgadhI, zaurasenI paizAcyapabhraMza lakSaNAH / abhidhAna cintAmaNi (kA0 2, zlo0 199) 52. SaDbhASA sA prAkRtI ca zaurasenI ca mAgadhI / paizAcI cUlikA paizAcyapabhraMza iti kramAt / / SaDbhASAcandrikA-26 53. apabhraMzastu yo bhedaH SaSThaH so'tra na lakSyate / deza bhASAdi tulytvaannaattkaadaavdrshnaat| anatyantopayogAccAti prasaGga bhyaadpi| prAkRtacandrikA / 54. saMskRtenaiva kopyarthaH prAkRte naiva cAparaH / zakyovAcayituMkazcidapabhraMzena vA punaH / / paizAcyA zaurasenyA ca mAgadhyA'nyo nibadhyate / dvitrAbhiH ko'pi bhASAbhiH sarvAbhirapi kazcana / / abhidhAnacintAmaNi (kA0 2, zloka0 199) 55. saMskRte prAkRte caiva zaurasene ca mAgadhe / paizAcake'pabhraMze ca lakSyaM lakSaNamAdarAt / / vivekavilAsa 38, zlo0 13 56. saMskRtaM prAkRtaM caiva zaurasenI ca mAgadhI / paizAcikI cApabhraMzaM SaDbhASAH parikIrtitAH / / kAvyakalpalatAvRtti 4.8 57. zabdArthoM te zarIraM, saMskRtaM mukhaM, prAkRtaM bAhuH, jaghanamapabhraMzaH, paizAcaM __pAdau, uro mishrm| kAvyamImA~sA-pR0 6 58. 'tasya cottarataH saMskRtAH kavayo nivizeran / pUrveNa prAkRtAH kavayo / pazcime-nApabhraMzinaH kvyH| dakSiNato bhuutbhaassaakvyH| kAvyamImAMsA-pR0 54 59. purAnI hindI pR0 8-prakAzana nAgarI pracAriNI sbhaa-vaaraannsii|

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apabhraMza bhASA 60. 61. 62. 64. 65. 63. 'surASTra travaNAdyA ye paThantyarpita sauSThavam / apabhraMzAvadaMzAni te saMskRta vacAMsyapi / / 66 vinazanaprayAgayogaGgAyamunayozcAntaramantarvedI / tadapekSayA dizo vibhajeta ityaacaaryaaH| tatrApi mahodayaM mUlamavadhIkRtya iti yAyAvarIyaH / 165 gauDAdyAH saMskRtasthAH paricitarucayaH prAkRte lATadezyAH / sApabhraMzaprayogAH sakalamarubhuvaSTakkabhAdAnakAzca / / AvantyAH pAriyAtrAH sahadazapurajairbhUtabhASAM bhajante / yo madhye madhye madhyadezaM nivasati sa kaviH sarvabhASAniSaNNaH / / kAvyamImAMsA a0 10 bhAdAnaka rAjasthAna aura dakSiNa pazcima paMjAba ke AsapAsa kA hI koI na koI hissA hogA / kAvyamImAMsA, pR0 94 kAvyamImAMsA - pR0 34, a0 7 'apabhraMzabhASApravaNaH paricArakavarga : samAgadhabhASAbhinivezinyaH pricaarikaaH| prAkRtasaMskRtabhASAvid antaHpurikAH, mitrANi cAsya sarvabhASAvindi bhveyuH| kAvyamImAMsA - pR0 50, a0 10 kavayaH, 'tataH paraM veda vidyAvidaH prAmANikAH paurANikAH smArtAbhiSajo mauhUrtiko anye'pi tathAvidhAH / pUrveNa prAkRtAH kavayaH / tataH paraM naTanartakagAyanavAdakavAgjIvanakuzIlavatAlacarA anye'pi tthaavidhaaH| pazcimenApabhraMza kavayaH tataH paraM citralepyakRtomANikya bandhakAvaikaTikAH svarNakAravarddhakilohakArA anye'pi tathA vidhAH / dakSiNatobhUtabhASA tataH paraM bhujaGgaNikAH plavakazau- bhikajambhakamallAH zAstropajIvino'nye'pi tathA vidhAH / ha kAvyamImAMsA - pR0 54-55, a0 10 'tathA prAkRtamevApabhraMzaH / sa cAnyairUpanAgarAbhIra grAmyAvabhedena tridhoktastannirAsArthamuktaM bhUribheda iti / kuto dezavizeSAt / tasya ca lakSaNaM lokAdeva samyagavaseyam / rudraTa kAvyAlaMkAra - kAvya mAlA, 2,1,15

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166 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 67. 11. 'sakala jagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitaH saMskAraH sahajo vacana vyApAraH prakRtiH / tatra bhavaM saiva vA prAkRtam / pANinyAdi vyAkaraNodita zabda lakSaNena sNskrnnaatsNskRtmucyte| rudraTa kRta kAvyAlaMkAra para 2-12 TIkA 68. prAkRta bhASaiva kiJcidvizeSalakSaNAnmAgadhikAbhaNyate / rudraTa kRta kAvyAlaMkAra para 2-12 TIkA 69. hindI kAvyadhArA pR0 48 / 70. paMcaviMzati saMyuktairekAdaza samAzataiH / vikramAt samatikrAntaiH prAvRSIdaM samarthitam / rudraTa kRta kAvyAlaGkAra TIkA pR0 174 AbhIrI bhASA'pabhraMzasthA kathitA kvacinmAgadhyAmapi dRzyate-rudraTakRta kAvyAlaGkAraTIkA pR0 15 apabhraMzastu caNDAla yavanAdiSu yujyate / nATakAdAvapabhraMza vinyAsasyAsahiSNavaH / / 36 73. anye caNDAlakAdInAM mAgadhyAdi prayujyate / sarveSAM kAraNavazAt kAryobhASAvyatikramaH / / 37 74. nAgaro brAcaDazcopanAgarazceti te trayaH / apabhraMzAH pare sUkSmabhedatvAnnapRthaGmatAH / / pAda 1, sUtra 7. pAna 3 'sindhudezodbhavovAcaDo'pabhraMzaH / mArkaNDeya, prA0 sa0 pA0 18 sUtra 1 ke Upara TIkA 'anayoryatrasAMkarya tdissttmupnaagrm| mA0 pA0 18 sUtra 18 TIkA-anayonAgara vAcaDayoH / 77. athApabhraMza bhASAsu mUlatvena prathamaM naagrmaah| sadara pA0 17 sU0 | TIkA namisAdhu-rudraTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra para TIkA 2-12 79. bAcaDo lATavaidarbhAvupanAgara nAgarau / / bArbarAvantya pAJcAlaTAkka mAlava kaikayAH / /

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! apabhraMza bhASA 167 82. gauDaudra vaiva pAzcAtyapANDyakauntala saiMhalAH / kAliGgyacaprAcya kArNATa kAJcyadrAviDa gaurjarAH / / AbhIro madhyadezIyaH sUkSmabheda vyavasthitAH / sapta viMzatyapabhraMzAH vaitAlAdi prabhedataH / / prAkRtasarvasva-pAna-2 TIkA 80. apabhraMza pAThAvalI-pR0 13-prakAzana-gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda 1933 81. nAgaro brAcaDazcopanAgarazceli te trayaH / apabhraMzAH pare sUkSmabhedatvAnna pRthngmtaaH| prA0 sarvasva pR0 3 anyeSAmapabhraMzAnAmeSvevAntarbhAvaH / prA0 sarvasva pR0 122 pANDya kekaya bAhalIka siMha nepAla kuntalAH / sudheSNa bhojagAndhAra haiva kannaujanastathA / / 291 ete pizAcadezAH syustaddezyastadguNo bhavet / / SaDbhASAcandrikA prakAzanamumbapurIstharAjakIyagranthamAlAdhikArikA I0 san 1916 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa anu0 DA0 maMgaladeva zAstrI, pR0. 24| 84. inTroDakzana Tu prAkRta pR0-2 prakAzana-paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya, laahaur| 85. DA0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA pR0 24-25-1948 ii0| . 86. purAnI hindI-pR0 9 / prakAzana-nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kaashii| 87. dohAkoza kI bhUmikA-pR0 6-prakAzana-bihAra rASTra bhASA pariSada 88. hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA-pR0 26-27-prakAzana-hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya-bambaI-sana 1950 / 89. apabhraMzo nAma na svatantraH kazcana vidyte| sarvasyahyapabhraMzasya __. sAdhurevaprakRtiH-vAkyapadIya-puNyarAja-1/1471

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168 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 90. lakAropadezo yadRcchA zaktijAnukaraNaplutAdyarthaH / zivasUtra-vArtika 2.21 91. azaktayA kayAcid brAhmaNyA Rtaka iti prayoktavye tRtaka iti prayuktam / mahA0 ke antargata vaartik| __bhUvAdi pAThaH prAtipadikANapayatyAdi nivRtyarthaH-vArtika 12-andara pANi0 1.3.1 saMskRtenaiva ko'pyarthaH prAkRtenaiva cAparaH / zakyo vAcayituM kazcidapabhraMzena vA punaH / / sarasvatI knntthaabhrnn| 94. dhIrA gacchadume hatamududdhara vArisadaH su| abhramada prasarA haraNaravikiraNA tejaH su|| kAvyAlaMkAra 4-15 95. tada yadA drAviDAdi bhASAyAmIdazo svacchanda kalpanA, tadA pArasI, barbara yavana raumakAdi bhASAsu kiM vikalapya kiM pratipatsyanta iti vidmaH-tantra vArtika / 96. bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI-DAM0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI-pR0 116, prakAzana raajkml| ... pro0 jaikobI kRta sanatkumAra caritam ke saMsmaraNa ke pR0 xviii meM pAdalipta kRta taraMgavatI kAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai| 98. bhArata kA bhASA sarvekSaNa-DaoN0 griyarsana anu0 DA0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI-pR0 229. prakAzana-sUcanA vibhAga-uttara pradeza 99. bhArata kA bhASA sarvekSaNa DA0 griyarsana-anu0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI pR0 23. prakAzana-uttara pradeza sUcanA vibhAga 100 "At the coonfrence of the second period (i.e. Middle Indo Aryan Period), we have the literary Apabhramsa's, and these Apabhramsa's of literature are mainly based on hypothetical spoken Apabhramsa's in which the earlier Prakrits die and the Bhasa or modern Indo Aryan languages have their birth." (The Origin and develop ment of Bengali language) Introduction p.17. 101 grAmara oNpha gauDiyana laiMgvejeja bhUmikA--11-12

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apabhraMza bhASA 102. apabhraMza pAThAvalI pR0 4 prakAzana - gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda | 169 103. hi0 grA0 apabhraMza pR0 19 pUnA 1948 104. dohA koza pR0 13 prakAzana - bihArarASTra bhASA pariSada - paTanA / 105. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dohAkoza pR0 57, prakAzana - bihArarASTra bhASA pariSad / 106. . A Kind of Mainland or 3 was a sort of literary speech of Northern India in the closing centuries of the 1st millennium A. C. and some centuries later. The Power and prestige of the Rajput courts which had their centeres in the midland and the Ganges Valley, was responsible for it. The Jainas of Gujarat cultivated it a great deal; and after it became a mixed dialect. The origin and development of Bengali language' p.90. C 107. The western or shourseni Apabhramsa's became current all over Aryan India from Gujarat and western Punjab to Bengal, Probably as a lingua franca, and certainly as a polite language as a birdic speech which alone was regarded as suitable for poetry of all sorts-Chatterji O.D.B.L. Intro p.9. 108. 'Nagar Apabhramsa also cultivated by the Jainas, is probably based on the late M. I. A. source dialects of Rajasthani, Gujarati strongly linged with shourseni, cuff 'O. D. B. L Intro p. 90. 110. 109. 'An Apabharamsa period, eastern poets employed the Shourseni Apabhramsa to the exclusion of their local poetics. This tradition of Writing in a western shourseni literary speech was continued in the east even after the eastern languages had come to their own- O.D.B.L. p. 91 'bhAratIya kRSTi kA 'ka kha' pR0 229, prakAzana - hindI bhavana- ilAhAbAda /

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170 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 111. rAjapUtAne kA itihAsa-gau0 hI0 ojhA (1925) 1, 1, pR0 36-371 112. apabhraMza according to mArkaNDeya and DhakkI prAkRta 'A great deal of 475 UT 'Apabhramasa is, as is well known old Gujarati, and this shows that his pet or standard Apabhramsa (realy a mixture of several dialects) was spoken or at least some of it was spoken in Gujarat. J.R.A.S. 1913 p. 882-griyrsn| 113. 'paramAtma prakAza' bhUmikA pR0 2, prakAzana mumbA purIstha zrI parama zruta prabhAva maNDala svatvAdhikArI samvata 1993 / 114. prAkRtAdi-bhASA-lakSaNAnAM vyatyayazca bhavati / yathA mAgadhyAM tiSThazciSThaH (4,298) ityuktaM tathA prAkRta-paizAcI-zaurasenISvapi bhvti| cisstthdi| apabhraMze rephasyAdho vA lugukto mAgadhyAmapi bhavati / zadamANuza-maMza-bhAlake kumbha-zahazra-vazAhe zaMcide ityAdyanyadapi drssttvym| na kevalaM bhASA lakSaNAnAM tyAdyAdezAnAmapi vyatyayo bhvti| ye vartamAne kAle prasiddhAste bhUte'pi bhavanti-8/4/4471 115. esa0 ke0 sena-'kampareTiva grAmara Apha miDila inDo Aryana' pR0 301 116. 'pauma sirI cariu' bhUmikA pR0 12-prakAzana-bambaI siMdhI jaina zikSApITha-bhAratIya vidyA bhavana / - - -

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caturtha adhyAya apabhraMza aura dezI dezI zabda kI vyAkhyA apabhraMza ke sAtha bahudhA 'dezI' zabdoM kI carcA kI jAtI hai| sarvaprathama hameM 'dezI' zabda para hI vicAra karanA caahie| saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne kahIM bhI dezI zabda kI carcA nahIM kI hai| yaha avazya hai ki pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI meM spaSTataH kaI jagaha deza' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| pANini ke sUtroM meM prayukta deza zabda ke udAharaNa se pratIta hotA hai ki yaha 'prAMta ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 'deza' zabda ke pUrva yadi 'eka' jor3a diyA jAya to vaha grAma, janapada zabda se aJa, ThaJa pratyaya karake 'eka bhAga' ke artha meM bhI prayukta hotA thaa| pANini ke pUrva yAska' ne nirukta meM pratyakSa rUpa se deza zabda kA prayoga na karake 'dAtiH' zabda para vicAra karate hue likhA hai ki isakA artha kaMboja meM kucha hotA hai to udIcya meM kucha dUsarA hii| isa para durgAcArya ne TIkA karate hue udIcya Adi ke Age 'dezeSu' kA prayoga kiyA hai| ataH isase bhI siddha hotA hai ki yaha 'deza' zabda 'prAnta' ke artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| maharSi vyAsa ne mahAbhArata ke zalyaparva meM vibhinna bhASAbhASiyoM ke bAre meM varNana karate hue 'deza' zabda ke sAtha 'bhASA' zabda kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jisase prAMta yA janapada kA hI bodha hotA hai| dezabhASA kA prayoga vibhinna boliyoM ke artha meM bharatamuni ke nATyazAstra meM bhI milatA hai: ata UrdhvaM pravakSyAmi dezabhASA viklpnm| athavA chaMdataH kAryA dezabhASA prayoktRbhiH / /

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172 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi nAnA deza samutthaM hi kAvyaM bhavati naattke|| nATyazAstra-a0 17, zlo0 24, 46, 471 jinadAsa mahattara ne ardhamAgadhI kI 18 dezI bhASAoM kI sUcanA dI hai| jaina siddhAMta meM bhI rAjakumAra ne gaNikA Adi kI 18 dezI bhASAoM meM vijJatA kA varNana kiyA hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki pahale bhAratavarSa meM 18 dezI bhASAoM kI pratiSThA thii| jJAta sUtra meM bhI isI bAta kI carcA kI gaI hai| vipAka zruta, aupapAtikasutta', rAjapraznIyasUtra Adi meM bhI 18 dezI bhASAoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| vikramaM kI navIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM kuvalayamAlAkathA kI racanA huI thii| isameM bhI 18 dezI bhASAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kuvalayamAlAkathA meM varNana AyA hai: 'kSatriya rAjakulotpanna AcArya udyotana ne dakSiNa pradeza meM bahAdura jAvAlipura nAmaka sthAna ke RSabha jinendrAyatana meM baiThakara zaka saMvat 835, caitra kRSNa pakSa caturdazI ke aparAha meM isa dharmakathA kI racanA kii| usa samaya zrIvatsarAja nAmavAle raNahastI pArthiva vidyamAna the| isa prAcIna kathA kA hastalikhita tAr3apatra vi0 saM0 1139 varSa ke jesalameru durga ke jaina bhAMDAgAra meM milA hai| vi0 saM0 1160 meM devacaMdra sUri ne tathA 13vIM zatAbdI meM mANikyacaMda sUri ne isa kathA kA zAMtinAthacarita meM smaraNa kiyA hai| ratnAbha sUri ne bhI 14vIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM saMskRta bhASA meM saMkSepa rUpa se avatarita kiyA hai| isa kuvalayamAlA' kI kathA ko mukhyatayA choTI-choTI kathAoM meM racakara, prAkRta bhASA meM, kahIM kahIM kutUhalavaza dUsare ke vacanoM ko saMskRta, apabhraMza aura paizAcI bhASA meM bhI anubaMdhita kiyA hai| isI kAraNa dezI bhASA ke lakSaNa jAnane vAle kaviyoM ne bhI kuvalayamAlA par3hane kI prArthanA kI hai| zrI devIprasAda viracita kathA meM jina 18 dezI bhASAoM kA varNana hai unameM 16 dezI baniyoM ke zarIravarNa, vezabhUSA tathA bhASA kA svarUpa bhI batAyA gayA hai| una 16 deshoN|0 (prAMta yA kSetrIya bhAga) ke nAma haiM gola, madhya deza, magadhAMtarvedI, kIra, Takka, siMdha, maru, gurjara, lATa, mAlava, karNATaka, tAyika, kosala, mahArASTra aura AMdhra /

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apabhraMza aura dezI 173 uparyukta varNana se pratIta hotA hai ki dezI bhASA bahuta pracIna bhASA hai aura yaha saMskRta tathA prAkRta se bhinna bhASA thii| isakA zabdakoza Adi bhI bhinna thaa| pAdaliptAcArya Adi viracita dezI zAstra ke parizIlana se dezI zabda saMgrahoM kI sUcanA milatI hai| hemacandraM dvArA saMkalita dezI zabdoM kI sArthakatA bhI parilakSita hotI hai| vAtsyAyana ne apane kAmasUtra (1,4, 50) tathA viSNudharmottara meM evaM zUdraka ne mRcchakaTikam ke a0 6 pR0 22.5 meM tathA vizAkhadatta ne mudrArAkSasa meM, bANabhaTTa ne kAdaMbarI12 meM evaM dhanaMjaya ne dazarUpaka meM vibhinna boliyoM yA vibhinna bhASAbhASiyoM ke liye dezabhASA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai : dezabhASAkriyAvezalakSaNAH syuH pravRttayaH / lokAdevAvagamyaitA yathaucityaM pryojyet|| yaddezaM nIcapAtraM yat taddezaM tasya bhaassitm|| dazarUpaka, 2, 58, 611 dhanaMjaya ke pUrvokta kathana para dhyAna denA cAhie ki usane 'dezabhASA' kA prayoga nIca pAtroM kI bhASA ke liye kiyA hai kiMtu jaina siddhAMta ke bRhatkalpa graMtha meM vibhinna bhASAbhASiyoM kI kuzalatA prakaTa karane ke liye dezI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai : . nANA desI kusalo nANA desI kalpassa suttss| abhilAve atthakusalo hoI tao'NeNa saMtavvaM / / bRhatkalpa u0 6, bR0 pa0 831 | daMDI ne apane kAvyAdarza meM prAkRta kA bheda karate hue batAyA hai ki prAkRta ke aneka bheda hote haiM : tatsamaH tadbhavo dezI ityanekaH prAkRta kramaH / vidvAnoM ne13 tatsama se tAtparya nikAlA hai-saMskRtasama, tattulya, tathA samAna zabda / tadbhava se tAtparya hai saMskRtabhava, saMskRtayoni, evaM tajjavibhraSTa aura dezI se matalaba hai dezaprasiddha yA dezI mata / uparyukta

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi prAkRta zabda kI vyAkhyA se niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki prathama prAkRta zabda vinA kisI parivartana ke hI saMskRta se lie gae haiM; dUsare prAkRta zabda parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha saMskRta se lie gae haiM aura tIsare prakAra ke zabda ve haiM jo saMskRta se nahIM lie gae haiM kiMtu prAMtoM kI vibhinna boliyoM se yA grAmINa se Ae hue zabda haiM aura jinakI jAnakArI zabdakoza se hotI hai| abhI taka do zabdakozoM kA patA cala sakA hai-eka dhanapAla kA aura dUsarA hemacaMdra kA / 174 AcArya hemacandra ne dezI nAmamAlA meM dezI zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue batAyA hai ki dezI zabda ve haiM jo vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se yAnI prakRti-pratyayAdi se siddha nahIM hote aura jo saMskRta zabdakozoM meM bhI nahIM pAe jAte tathA jisakI siddhi gauNIlakSaNA dvArA bhI nahIM ho pAtI : je lakkhaNa siddhANa pasiddhA sakkayAhihANesu / Na yA gauNalakkhaNA sattisaMbhavA te iha NivaddhA / / dezI nAmamAlA, zloka 3 isa pUrvokta lakSaNa se dezI kA artha videzI zabdoM se hone lagatA hai jo prAkRta-apabhraMza ke zabdakozoM meM hai| kiMtu hemacandra kA yaha matalaba nahIM hai| usakA kahanA hai ki maiMne aise zabdoM ko isa koza meM saMgRhIta kiyA hai jo siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana meM prakRti pratyayAdi ke vibhAga ke dvArA siddha nahIM ho paate| maiMne una zabdoM ko bhI chor3a diyA hai jinheM dUsare zabdakozakAroM ne apane zabdakoza meM rakhA hai kiMtu unheM hamane (siddhahemacaMdra 8.4.2) Adeza Adi ke dvArA (bajjara, pajjara Adi ) siddha kiyA hai| use bhI dezI nAmamAlA meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai| maiMne una zabdoM ko bhI saMkalita kiyA hai jo saMskRta zabdakozoM meM nahIM pAe jAte kiMtu prakRti pratyaya se siddha kie jA sakate haiN| maiMne una zabdoM ko saMkalita nahIM kiyA hai jo saMskRta zabdakozoM meM nahIM pAe jAte kiMtu vyAkhyA Adi ke dvArA niSpanna kie jA sakate haiN|

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apabhraMza aura dezI 175 uparyukta kathana para AzaMkA uTha khar3I hotI hai ki Akhira aise zabda to saMskRta meM bhI haiM jinakI vyutpatti prakRti pratyayAdi se nahIM ho sktii| unheM bhI 'dezI' kyoM na kahA jAya? saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM zabda do prakAra ke mAne gae haiM; pahalA vyutpanna aura dUsarA avyutpanna / vyutpanna ve zabda haiM jinakI siddhi prakRti pratyayAdi se kI jAtI hai tathA avyutpanna ve zabda haiM jo svataH siddha haiN| jisa prakAra hemacandra ne dezI nAmamAlA' ke zloka 4 meM kahA hai ki vibhinna prAMtoM kI boliyoM meM asaMkhya dezI zabda haiM jinakA pUrNatayA saMgraha karanA saMbhava nahIM pratIta hotA, usI prakAra pataMjali muni ne bhI kahA hai ki loka meM zabdoM kA bhaMDAra bahuta bar3A hai| una zabdoM meM na jAne kitane aise zabda haiM jinameM dhAtu pratyaya kI dAla nahIM gala paatii| haThAt una zabdoM meM dhAtu pratyaya kI thakelI lagAkara unheM siddha karanA kevala kliSTa kalpanA mAtra hai| aise zabda loka meM svataH utpanna hote haiM aura arthoM ke sAtha unakA saMbaMdha svataH juTa jAtA hai evaM ve logoM ke kaMTha meM,rahakara vyavahAra meM Ate haiN| unake liye loka hI pramANa hai| aise hI zabdoM ko pANinI ne saMjJApramANa kahA hai| saMskRta meM kucha aise bhI zabda the jo binA vyAkaraNa ke niyama ke hI prayukta hote the| pANini ne aise zabdoM ko yathopadiSTa mAnakara prAmANika mAna liyA thA-pRSodarAdIni yathopadiSTam / saMbhavataH inhIM sArI bAtoM ko apane dRSTipatha meM rakhate hue pizela17 mahodaya ne kahA thA ki prAkRta aura saMskRta ke ve sabhI zabda jinakI siddhi vyAkaraNa ke anusAra prakRti pratyaya se nahIM kI jAtI, dezI haiN| 19vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAnoM ne vibhinna prakAra se dezI ke bAre meM apanI mAnyatA prakaTa kI hai| bImsa mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki dezaja zabda ve haiM jo kisI saMskRta zabda se vyutpanna nahIM ho paate| ve zabda deza ke mUla vAsiyoM ke zabdoM se lie hue zabda ho sakate haiM yA AryoM ne paravartI saMskRta ke samaya una zabdoM ko gar3hA thaa| e0 epha0 Ara0 hArnale' kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne dezI ko tatsama evaM tadbhava ke bAda tIsarI zreNI meM rakhA hai| dezI kA artha haiM-grAmINa, prAMtIya, kSetraja yA AdivAsiyoM ke zabda / isa prakAra kI vyutpatti mAna

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176 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi lene para sabhI zabda isa kaThaghare meM nahIM A paate| kucha aise zabda haiM jinakI vyutpatti saMskRta zabdoM se nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH una zabdoM kI utpatti grAmINa zabdoM se hI saMbhava ho sakatI hai| hArnale mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki jisa tarIke se logoM ne dezI kI vyutpatti kA anumAna kiyA hai vaha vastutaH adhika spaSTa nahIM hai| vAstava meM ve zabda yA to AdivAsiyoM se lie gae haiM yA saMbhavataH paravartI saMskRta ke samaya meM grAmINa AryoM kI dena hai (bImsa, pR0 12) / yaha bhI saMbhava ho sakatA hai ki janasAdhAraNa ke dvArA ajJAnavaza saMskRta ke zabda itane adhika bigAr3a die gae hoM ki unakI vyutpatti kA patA lagAnA kaThina hI nahIM apitu asaMbhava hai| hArnale sAhaba ne aMtima kAraNa ko bahuta saMbhava mAnA hai| yathArthataH isa viSaya para vidvAnoM kI bhAvanA se bhI nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika anusaMdhAna ne bahuta se dezI zabdoM kA patA lagA liyA hai| dezI nAmamAlA meM prayukta bahuta se dezI zabdoM kI vyutpatti prakRtipratyaya se kI jA cukI hai| taba isa viSaya para prazna uTha khar3A hotA hai ki ve zabda AryoM ke haiM ki nahIM ? isa samaya isa prazna kA nirmANa karanA bar3A kaThina hai| kAraNa, koI bhI zabda saMskRta yA prAkRta kA hote hue yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki vaha AryoM kA hI ho kyoMki bhAratIya AryoM meM Aryetara zabda virAjamAna rahane para bhI ve zabda isa prakAra sa~vAra sudhAra lie gae ki aba unakA patA lagAnA kaThina sA ho gayA hai| phira bhI saMskRta meM bahuta se aise zabda haiM jo paizAcI yA apabhraMza ke kahe jA sakate haiN| sara A0 jI0 bhADArakara-0 ne dezaja para vicAra karate hue batAyA hai ki jo zabda saMskRta se vyutpanna nahIM ho pAtA tathA jo dUsare upAyoM dvArA udAharaNa meM diyA jA sakatA hai vaha dezaja hai| punaH Age unhoMne apanA dRr3ha vizvAsa prakaTa karate hue kahA ki prAkRta meM tathA apabhraMza meM jo dezI zabdoM kA bAhulya hai vaha una AdivAsiyoM ke yahA~ se AyA huA hai jinheM jItakara AryoM ne parAdhIna banA liyA thaa| isake viparIta DaoN0 pI0 DI0 guNe) kA kahanA hai ki pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA aura dezI nAmamAlA meM jo dezI zabda saMgRhIta hai unameM se

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apabhraMza aura dezI 177 kucha to saMskRta ke vaMzaja haiM aura kucha zabda spaSTataH dravir3a bhASA ke haiN| pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA kI bhUmikA (pR. 14)22 meM DA0 byUlara ne dezI zabdoM ke bAre meM kahA hai sabhI yA lagabhaga sabhI dezI zabda saskRta zabdoM se vyutpanna haiN| kucha zabda saMskRta zabdoM se bahuta adhika saMbaMdhita haiN| una para hemacandra dhyAna dene meM kyoM asamartha rahe, isa para Azcarya hotA hai| agara prAkRta 'haluaM' zabda saMskRta 'laghuka' (2-122) se vyutpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai to kyoM nahIM prAkRta 'airAbhA' ko saMskRta acirAbhA se vyutpanna mAnA jAya / kiMtu hemacandra ne haluaM ko tadbhava aura airAbhA ko dezI mAnA hai| yaha to kahA.nahIM jA sakatA ki hemacaMdra paravartI zabdoM ke (1-34) prati satarka nahIM the| yadyapi yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina donoM zabdoM kA koI nAtA nahIM hai| kucha aura dUsare zabda, jo spaSTatayA saMskRta se vyutpanna ho sakate haiM, prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke dhvani viSayaka niyama se siddha nahIM hote| DaoN0 byUlara ne usI jagaha phira kahA hai: 'vaiyAkaraNoM ke vyAkaraNoM meM dhvanyAtmaka vyAkaraNika niyamoM kI bhinnatAe~ rahate hue bhI ve zabda atyadhika mAtrA meM pAe jAte haiN| isa prakAra kallA, cUo, dullaM, heriMvo Adi zabdoM kA saMskRta ke kalyaM, cUcuka dukUla aura hairaMba se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| dUsarI ora usI prakAra kI dezI nAmamAlA hai jisameM 'gaMDIvaM' aura 'NaMdiNI' jaise zabdarUpa haiM jinake artha thor3e badala jAte haiM-dhanuH, dhenuH Adi / adaMsaNo, thUlaghoNo, dhUmaddAraM, mehacchIraM, parihAra, itthiA, muharo, marAI Adi kA artha die binA hI dezI zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai jaisA dhanapAla kI pAiyalacchI meM haiN| hemacandra ko apanI racanA meM zabdoM ke ucita artha dene meM kaThinAI kA sAmanA karanA par3A hai| phira bhI usane dUsaroM kI galatiyA~ dikhAI haiN| 8-13,17 meM 'sArAhayaM' aura 'samucchaNI' zabdoM ke nirNaya meM vistRta vAdavivAda karane ke anantara eka nirNaya kiyA hai| isa taraha hemacandra ne prAkRta sAhitya ke vistRta jJAna ke AdhAra para bahuta se zabdoM kA artha nizcita kiyA hai yadyapi unhIM zabdoM kA pUrvavartI lekhakoM ne galata artha diyA hai| 1-47 meM unakA kahanA hai ki 'ayataciaM' zabdarUpa hI ucita hai, 'avaacciaM' zabda galata hai| ve

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bahutara pustaka prAmANyAt ke AdhAra para isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce haiN| pratyeka samaya matabheda upasthita hone para hemacandra dUsaroM dvArA pradatta arthoM yA zabdarUpoM kA nirdeza karane meM nahIM cuukte| 178 isI prakAra ke aura bhI zabda haiM jo saMskRta se lie gae haiN| ve unakI vizeSatA batAte haiM / ve haiM coraH, sUkaraH, gavAkSaH, udakam, RtumatI aura bhrU zabda Adi / dezI nAmamAlA ke bahuta se zabda isI prakAra ke haiM kintu kucha zabda aise bhI haiM jo Aryetara haiN| unakA saMskRta ke alAvA aura sabhI zabdoM ke sAtha ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| unameM se bahuta se zabda dravir3a zabdoM se saMbaMdhita haiM, udAharaNArtha-uro-TAuna ke artha meM, cikkA=chere ke artha meM, tamila zabda chANI (kAu DaMga) = gobara, pullI - de0 TAigara ke liye, bhAvo = telagu bahanoI ke artha meM, mammI = tamila cAcI ke liye, Adi bahuta se zabda batAe jA sakate haiN| zrI ke0 amRtarAva ne sapramANa siddha kiyA hai ki dezI nAmamAlA meM bahuta se phArasI aura arabI ke zabda haiN| 23 sara jArja griyarsana ne bhI arabI zabdoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| 24 isa prakAra hemacandra ne dezI zabdoM ke aMtargata na kevala saMskRta zabdoM ko hI rakhA hai apitu saMskRta se bhinna bhAratIya aura videzI zabdoM kA bhI saMniveza kiyA hai / agara hemacandra prA0 laTTI aura heTTaM zabdoM ko saMskRta yaSTiH aura aghaH se liyA huA mAnate haiM to hama yaha nahIM samajha pAte ki ve sabhI dezya zabdoM ko saMskRta zabdoM se utpanna kyoM nahIM mAnate, kintu sarvatra aisI bAta nahIM haiM / ataH agara hama aise zabdoM ko chor3a bhI deM to bhI unameM se bahuta se zabda saMskRta srotoM se vyutpanna nahIM dikhAI par3ate / dezI zabdoM para vicAra karate hue DaoN0 griyarsana ne kahA hai ki prAkRta ke liye svIkRta tadbhava zabda hI dezI zabda kahalAegA yA bhAratIya vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA prayukta sthAnIya zabda bhI dezI kahA jAyegA / isa taraha ve sabhI zabda dezI ke aMtargata lie jAya~ge jinakA vaiyAkaraNa loga saMskRta se saMbaMdha jor3ane meM prAyaH asamartha se rahe haiN| yadyapi kucha Adhunika vidvAnoM ne tadbhava zabdoM ke samAna dezI zabdoM ko bhI saMskRta se vyutpanna mAnA hai tathApi yaha bAta pUrNatayA satya nahIM pratIta hotI /

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apabhraMza aura dezI 179 dezI ke kucha zabda avazya muMDA yA draviDa bhASA se lie gae haiN| phira bhI adhikAMza zabda mUla prAkRta se hI lie hue haiN| yaha mUla prAkRta bhASA bAda meM samApta ho gii| sAhityika pAlI yA prAkRta se inakA koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai| ataH ina zabdoM kA sambandha saMskRta se jor3anA nitAMta bhrama hai| vastutaH jo zabda tadbhava haiM, jinheM vaiyAkaraNoM ne usa bhAva meM nahIM liyA hai, unheM prAcIna boliyoM kA pratinidhi nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| satya to yaha hai ki dezI zabda sthAnIya boliyoM ke rUpa the, aura jaisI saMbhAvanA kI jAtI hai, ve adhikAMza zabda gujarAta pradeza ke sAdhAraNa sAhitya meM prayukta bhI hote the| aise zabda madhyadeza kI pariniSThita saMskRta kI prakRti se kAphI bhinna the| phira bhI una zabdoM kA saMbaMdha tadbhava se jor3A jA sakatA haiN| . isa prakAra griyarsana mahodaya kA vizvAsa hai ki mUla prAkRta kI surakSA kucha na kucha prAkRta sAhitya meM avazya hai| ve zabda na to pariniSThita saMskRta se lie gae haiM aura na vaidika saMskRta se| apitu ve usa mUla prAkRta se lie gae haiM jo vaidika yuga ke AryoM kI bolI thii| usI se vaidika (chAMdasa) evaM pariniSThita saMskRta kA vikAsa huA hai| ataH dezI zabda 'madhya deza' ke AsapAsa ke prAMtoM kI boliyoM se Ae hue zabda the| una zabdoM meM vaidika evaM saMskRta ke prAMtIya zabda nahIM milte| agara tat pada se mUla prAkRta kA yA saMskRta kA bhAva liyA jAya to una dezI zabdoM meM se adhikAMza zabda tadbhava bhI kahe jA sakate haiN| phira bhI dezI nAmamAlA meM kucha zabda to dravir3a bhASA ke bhI haiM hii| yahA~ vicAra karane ke liye hameM dravir3a bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNoM ko bhI dekhanA cAhie ki kaise ina zabdoM kI vyAkhyA una bhASAoM meM kI gaI hai| unase patA calatA hai ki jaise prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM zabdoM ko tIna vibhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai-tatsama, tadbhava aura dezI-vaise hI dravir3a bhASAoM meM bhI tatsama ve zabda haiM jo binA kisI parivartana ke saMskRta bhASA se lie gae haiN| udAharaNArtha telagu-rAmadu, vidya, pita ko vana, dhana aura vastra; tamila-kamalam kAraNam aadi| aMtima varNa ko chor3a

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180 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kara yahA~ zabdoM meM koI dhvanyAtmaka parivartana nahIM dIkhatA / tadbhava kA artha hai saMskRta ke ve zabda jo dhvanyAtmaka parivartana ke sAtha dravir3a bhASAoM meM ghula mila gae haiN| aise bahuta se parivartana ThIka usI prakAra hue haiM jaise prAkRta vyAkaraNaM meM pAe jAte haiN| tadbhava zabdoM ke udAharaNa-telagu-AkAsamu, saM0 AkAza, megamu saM0 mRga, vaMkara saM0 vakra, payANa saM0 prayANa aadi| kintu ve zabda jo ina donoM meM nahIM Ate, yAnI jinakI vyutpatti kA patA nahIM calatA kintu ve janabhASA meM pracalita haiM, dezI ke aMtargata aaeNge| udAharaNa-telagu uru=zahara, bheda-dutallA makAna, ilu ghara, hola=maidAna aadi| isa taraha dezI kA artha huA, ve zabda jinakA saMskRta se kisI prakAra kA saMbaMdha nahIM hai aura jo kahIM se bhI lie gae haiM kiMtu saMskRta ke nahIM haiN| ve zabda dezya varga ke antargata rakhe jAte haiN| yahA~ dravir3a vaiyAkaraNoM kA kathana ThIka usI taraha hai jisa taraha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa apanA vicAra rakhate haiN| kiMtu jahA~ para isa taraha kI samatA hai vahIM matabheda bhI hai| jahA~ prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa saMskRtabhava pradhAna zabdoM ko bhI dezI meM ginate haiM aura usake liye koI kaThora niyama nahIM banAte, vahIM dravir3a bhASAoM ke vaiyAkaraNa sabhI zabdoM kA saMskRta se nahIM ke barAbaraM saMbaMdha jor3ate haiN| vastutaH dravir3a vaiyAkaraNa dezI zabda ke viSaya meM mauna haiM / ve bhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI taraha kahate haiM ki dezI kI vyutpatti nahIM hotI aura ve bhASA ke vyavahAra meM pracalita haiM, unheM kavi loga bhI vyavahAra karate haiN| yaha sAmAnyatayA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki pariniSThita saMskRta se jo' zabda sAhityika prAkRta ke liye lie gae haiM ve thor3A kSetrIya (kolokiyala) bhASA se bhinna haiN| yahI vAstavika prAkRta thii| kucha dezI zabda saMbhavataH prAkRta ke astitva meM Ane ke pUrva se hI bolacAla kI bhASA meM upalabdha the| ve zabda kSetrIya bhASAoM se lie gae aura kSetrIya (kolokiyala) bhASAe~ kabhI bhI sAhitya meM mAnya nahIM rhiiN| ataH unase hamArA lAbha nahIM ho sktaa| hama yaha bhI saMbhAvanA kara sakate haiM ki bhArata meM Arya loga sahasA eka hI sAtha nahIM aae| do

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apabhraMza aura dezI _181 samUhoM meM Ane ke samaya ke bIca jo madhyAMtara huA, usa samaya meM kucha zabdoM kA vyavahAra una AryoM ke gharoM meM prAyaH samApta prAya ho gayA thaa| purAkAla meM jisa dvitIya samUha ke logoM ne isa deza meM praveza kiyA, una logoM ne una zabdoM kI rakSA kI jinheM pUrvavartI prathama samUha ke logoM ne chor3a diyA thaa| ina donoM vargoM ke zabdoM ke viSaya meM je0 bImsa26 ne kahA hai ki yadyapi ve zabda bhAratIya sAhitya meM prayukta nahIM hote the phira bhI janatA una zabdoM kA prayoga karatI thI; yahA~ taka ki sAmAnya kRSakoM dvArA bhI kabhI-kabhI unakA prayoga hotA thaa| ina sabhI kAraNoM para vicAra karate hue hama dezI zabda kI prakRti ke saMbaMdha meM saMbhAvita anumAna karate haiM ki ve sabhI Arya zabda haiM athavA mUla meM ve bhAropIya the| pariniSThita saMskRta kI zabdAvalI ke liye ve upayogI siddha nahIM ho ske| kucha zabdoM ke viSaya meM donoM-saMskRta aura prAkRta-jAnakArI nahIM rkhte| ve zabda samaya ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartita hote gae aura hamAre samakSa unake viSaya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI jAnakArI nahIM A paatii| kucha dezI zabdoM kA jJAna hameM prAkRta aura saMskRta ke vyAkaraNoM se hotA hai| hemacandra ne bahuta se prAkRta zabdoM ko saMskRta se vyutpanna mAnA hai jinheM dUsare vaiyAkaraNoM ne vizuddha dezI kahA hai| abhI vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai ki kucha dezI zabda prAkRta se, kucha bhAropIya barnAkyulara se aura kucha dravir3a bhASAoM kI boliyoM se lie gae haiN| dravir3a bhASAoM meM dezI zabda uccAraNadhvani ke vizeSa aMga samajhe jAte haiN| kiMtu dezI zabda ke mUla ke viSaya meM pUrvavAlI dRSTi bhASAviSayaka vaMcanA hI kahI jA sakatI hai jo unakA maulika uttarAdhikAra samajhA jAtA hai| vastutaH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAropIya varnAkyUlara kI bolI se 'dezI' zabda lie gae haiM aura tatsama tathA tadbhava ke bagala meM rakha die gae haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa sabhI dravir3a bhASAoM kI dhvaniyA~ bhAropIya bhASAoM se lI gaI haiN| isa taraha, dakSiNa bhArata ke bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra, dravir3a aura bhAropIya bhASAoM kA AMtarika sambandha ghaniSTha ho gyaa| ina sabhI dRSTiyoM se dravir3a loga hamAre deza meM AryoM se pUrva Ae hue mAne jAte haiN| kiMtu dravir3a bhASAoM

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182 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ke vyAkaraNoM kA DhA~cA bilkula bhinna tarIke kA hai| vAkyanirmANa kI dravir3a paddhati meM pUraka kriyA sadA aMta meM AtI hai| yaha paddhati purAnI bhAropIya racanA se bhinna hai| usameM zabdoM kA anuzAsana bahuta kama hotA hai| kiMtu Adhunika AryabhASA aura dravir3a parivAra kI bhASAoM meM samatA sI dIkhatI hai| niSkarSa yaha ki bahuta kucha saMbhAvanA isa bAta kI hai ki bahuta se dezI zabda Arya haiM bhale hI mUla meM ve saMskRta ke zabda na hoN| kiMtu unakA koI sthAna jarUra rahA hogaa| vaha choTA ho sakatA hai| dravir3oM ke liye yahI mUla sAdhana hai| isa deza meM praveza karane para AryoM ne yahA~ vibhinna jAtiyoM dvArA adhikRta sthAnoM ko dekhA aura bahuta zatAbdiyoM taka niraMtara saMgharSa karane ke bAda, bhArata ke vistRta bhUbhAga para apanA adhikAra jmaayaa| pahale se adhikAra kie hue logoM meM se kucha loga AryoM meM ghula mila gae aura una logoM ne apanI bhASAoM se unakI bhASAoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| vijita jAtiyoM para adhikAra karanevAle Arya loga adhika buddhimAna the| una logoM ne apanI bhASAoM ke zabdoM ko marane nahIM diyA, yadyapi una logoM ne vijita jAtiyoM ke zabdoM ko bhI grahaNa kara liyA thaa| isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra aura isameM saccAI hone ke kAraNa dezI prAkRta meM donoM prakAra ke Arya aura anArya, zabda pAe jAte haiN| isa prakAra hama isa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki dezI meM bahuta se zabda mUla saMskRta ke haiN| ina doSoM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI itanA to kahanA hI par3atA hai ki zatAbdiyoM ke prayoga se ve sabake saba zabda kho gae haiN| vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA svIkRta dhvani-zAstra ke niyamoM ke anukUla ve zabda nahIM pdd'te| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki una zabdoM kA pariniSThita saMskRta se sambandha nahIM baiTha paataa| dUsare prakAra ke zabda bhAropIya ho sakate haiM, bhale hI ve zabda mUla saMskRta ke na hoN| ve zabda thor3e se parivartana ke sAtha bhAropIya kI dUsarI jAtiyoM kI boliyoM meM pAe jAte haiN| usakA thor3A sA bhAga bhAropIya se itara jAtiyoM kI bhASA meM pAyA jAtA hai| ve jAtiyA~ AryoM ke praveza ke pUrva

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apabhraMza aura dezI yahA~ thIM / hemacandra ke dezI nAmamAlA meM arabI aura phArasI ke bhI zabda pAye jAte haiM jo hemacandra se kucha pUrva deza kI pracalita bhASAoM meM ghula mila gae the / 183 uparyukta bAtoM se hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki sAhityika bhASAe~ sadA aura sarvatra janabhASA se hI vikasita huI haiM / janabhASA kI tulanA bahatI huI nadI se kI jA sakatI hai jo sthAna-sthAna para badalatI huI bhI sadA eka dhArA ke samAna pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| sAhityika bhASAoM kI tulanA zAkhAoM se bhI kI jA sakatI hai yA kisI nahara se bhI usakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| nahara kI dhArA kA bahAva sadA sImita hotA hai / usakI dhArA apane hI sthAna I para ghUma phirakara calatI rahatI hai| isa taraha sAhityika bhASAe~ janabhASArUpI mA~ bApavAlI nadI se pRthak hokara dhIre-dhIre unase apanI sattA pRthak kara letI hai aura aMta meM usakA janabhASA se bilagAva ho jAtA hai / bilagAva ho jAne para janabhASA itanI nirmala ho uThatI hai ki vaha janasAdhAraNa ke liye bahuta hI ucita tathA buddhimattApUrNa pratIta hone lagatI hai / yathArthataH bhASA kA kArya hai janatA ke vicAroM ko samAja ke samakSa spaSTatayA prakaTa karanA / jaba kabhI sAhityika bhASA janasAdha raNa se dUra ho jAtI hai aura kucha zikSitoM kI bhASA ho jAtI hai to vaha kucha kAla ke bAda samApta ho jAtI hai| isa bAta kI puSTi saMskRta, prAkRta evaM Adhunika AryabhASAoM se kI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya AryoM kI mUla bhASA kI saphalatA kA patA bahatI huI nadI kI bhA~ti prAkRta se kiyA jA sakatA hai / usa samaya kI sAhityika bhASA vaidika, pariniSThita saMskRta, pAlI, prAkRta Adi thiiN| nATakoM kI prAkRta boliyA~, sAhityika apabhraMza, na0 bhA0 A0 bhASA kI sAhitya meM saphalatA tatkAlIna vibhinna prAMtIya prAkRta boliyoM se huI hai aura purAnI sAhityika bhASAe~ kSINa hokara maratI gaI haiN| | saMskRta tadbhava se tulanA tadbhava zabdoM kI bhedakatA tIna rUpoM meM kI jAtI hai : 1. saMskRta ke kucha zabdarUpa aise haiM jinameM mukhya akSaroM kA lopa ho jAtA hai|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 2. kucha zabdarUpa aise haiM jinake sthAna para dUsare zabda prayukta hokara usI pUrvavartI zabda kA artha dete haiN| 184 3. anya rUpa vaikalpika 'akSaroM kA hai jo saMskRta rUpoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| isI bAta ko prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne kramazaH varNalopa, varNAdeza tathA varNAgama kahA hai| isa taraha vaiyAkaraNoM ke varNana karane kI apanI praNAlI thI / yadyapi zabdarUpoM ke parivartana kI yaha sthiti prAkRta ke pUrva saMskRta meM bhI thI, tathApi usakI prakriyA vahA~ dUsare DhaMga kI mAnI gaI hai / ataH tadbhava meM vibhinna prakAra kI boliyoM ke zabda pAai jAte haiN| DA0 hArnale " ne tadbhava kI prathama paddhati ko siddha tadbhava mAnA hai tathA dUsare prakAra ke tadbhava ko sAdhyamAna tadbhava / prathama siddha kI siddhi vinaSTa tadbhava kI bhA~ti hai aura bAda ke tadbhava purAne tadbhavoM kI bhA~ti haiM / yaha tadbhava sambandhI niSkarSa yA to vibhinna prakAra kI boliyoM kI vyAkhyA se nikAlA jA sakatA hai athavA paravartI saMskRta zabdoM ke paricaya se / ataH tadbhava ke vibhinna prakAra ke rUpoM kA anumAna paravartI kAla kI sAhityika prAkRta kI mUla bolI ke zabdoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye adhikA~za tadbhava zabda prAkRta ke mUla rUpoM se kSINa hokara bane hue rUpa haiN| vizuddha tadbhava zabdoM kI apekSA ve zabda bahuta adhika kSINAvasthA ke the aura pratyakSarUpeNa saMskRta se una zabdoM kA paricaya nahIM thA, jaba ki tatsama zabda pratyakSarUpeNa saMskRta se sAhityika prAkRta meM Ae the| tatsama zabdoM meM bhI tadbhava kI bhA~ti vibhinna prakAra ke zabdoM kI kSINAvasthA kA patA lagatA hai / usakA patA hama tatsama zabdoM ke sAtha saMskRta zabdoM kI tulanA karake lagA sakate haiN| astu muralIdhara banarjI 29 kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne saMskRta ke AdhAra para Agama aura Adeza ke dvArA prAkRta boliyoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke parivartanoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai jo kRtrima hai aura kAlpanika bhii| ye niyama kevala vyAkaraNasaMbaMdhI niyamapAlana ke liye kie gae the| bharata muni ne apane nATyazAstra ke 17-24 adhyAya meM 18 dezI bhASAoM kA varNana kiyA hai jo vibhinna prAMtoM kI boliyoM ke tadbhava rUpa mAlUma par3ate haiM / nizcaya hI ve zabda saMskRta se Ae hue pratIta nahIM hote /

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apabhraMza aura dezI 185 jaisA pahale likhA jA cukA hai, kucha dezI zabda Aryetara bhASAoM ke haiN| kiMtu isase yaha aMtima niSkarSa nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA ki dezI zabda Aryetara hI haiN| bahuta saMbhava hai ki dezI zabda, jinakI vyutpatti kA anumAna prAyaH saMskRta zabdoM se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, vibhinna dezI bhASAoM se Ae hoN| yaha saMbhava ho sakatA hai ki ve zabda mUla prAraMbhika AryoM ke prAMtIya zabda rahe hoM, jo Adhunika AryabhASAoM meM isa prakAra se ghula mila gae haiM ki unakA patA lagAnA asaMbhava sA pratIta hotA hai| saMskRta meM koI bhI dezI zabda kI carcA nahIM karatA kyoMki saMskRta to 'madhyadeza' kI bhASA se abhivRddha huI thii| vahI bAda meM zaurasenI ke sAhityika rUpa meM surakSita rhii| isI bAta ko thor3A sA pariSkRta rUpa dekara zrI seTha haragoviMdadAsa ne kahA hai ki vaidika aura laukika saMskRta bhASA paMjAba aura madhyapradeza meM pracalita vaidika kAla kI prAkRta bhASA se utpanna huii| paMjAba aura madhyapradeza ke bAhara / ke anya pradezoM meM usa samaya Arya logoM kI jo prAdezika prAkata bhASAe~ pracalita thIM unhIM se dezI zabda gRhIta hue haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika aura saMskRta sAhitya meM dezI zabdoM ke anurUpa koI zabda (pratizabda) nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| pizela mahodaya kA bhI yahI kathana hai ki dezI zabdoM meM aise zabda bhI A gae haiM jo spaSTatayA saMskRta mUla taka pahu~cate haiM kiMtu unakA saMskRta meM koI ThIka-ThIka anurUpa zabda nahIM milatA, ve bhI dezI zabdoM meM saMkalita kara lie gae haiN| __isa prakAra agara kisI dezI zabda kI vyutpatti kA patA Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke prAraMbhika zabdoM se nahIM calatA aura agara unhIM zabdoM kA patA Aryetara bhASAoM ke paravartI sAhitya meM laMga jAtA hai taba bhI koI antima niSkarSa nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA aura dezI zabdoM ke viSaya meM aMtima saiddhAMtika2 mata kI sthApanA nahIM kI jA sktii| dezI nAmamAlA meM kucha 3978 dezI zabda haiM jinakI nimnalikhita zreNiyA~ haiM :

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186 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi tatsama 100 upekSita tadbhava 1850 saMdehAspada tadbhava 528 dezI 1500 kula yoga 3978 1500 dezI tadbhava nahIM mAlUma par3ate / pro0 muralIdhara banarjI kA kahanA hai ki inameM 800 zabda Adhunika bhAratIya vArnAkyulara bhASA kucha parivartana ke sAtha pAe bhI jAte haiM / ye Adima AryoM ke mUla zabda haiM, avaziSTa 700 dezI Aryetara mUla zabdoM se saMbaMdhita ho sakate meM haiM / kyA dezI hI apabhraMza bhASA thI ? kuvalayamAlAkahA meM jina 18 dezI bhASAoM kA varNana AyA he use ela0 bI0 gAMdhI mahodaya ne apabhraMza ke aMtargata hI saMniviSTa kiyA hai / rudraTa 34 ne kAvyAlaMkAra meM dezavizeSa ke bheda se apabhraMza ke bahuta se bheda kie haiN| viSNudharmottara meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki dezoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke jo bheda pAe jAte haiM, unheM lakSaNa ke dvArA nahIM batAyA jA sakatA / ataH loka meM jise hama apabhraSTa kahate haiM usI ko dezI kahanA caahie| vAgbhaTa 36 ne apabhraMza ko vibhinna deza kI bhASA mAnA hai / yahI bAta rAmacaMdra aura guNacaMdra " ne bhI kahI hai| Adhunika kAla meM DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki vastutaH dezI bhASA aura apabhraMza bhASA eka hI hai| apanI bAta kI puSTi meM unhoMne kIrtilatA kA yaha pada uddhRta kiyA hai : desila baanA saba jana miTThA / taiM taisana jampatro avahaTThA / / isameM varNita 'desila vaanA' aura 'avahaTTa' ko unhoMne eka hI bhASA se saMbaMdhita mAnA hai / yadyapi isa mata para DaoN0 jyUlsa vlaoNkha ne

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apabhraMza aura dezI 187 zaMkA prakaTa kI thI, phira bhI DaoN0 jaina ne una caraNoM kA saMskRta anuvAda kara - dezI vacanAni srvjnmissttaani| tad tAdRzaM jalpe apabhraSTam / / yaha Agraha prakaTa kiyA ki dezI hI apabhraSTa hai| unhoMne tAdRzaM kA artha tadeva ke bhAva meM kiyA hai tadvad ke artha meM nhiiN| ataH unake anusAra apabhraMza aura dezI eka hI vastu hai| yaha saca hai ki pataMjali ne apabhraMza kA prayoga saMskRta se itara sabhI bhASAoM ke liye kiyA hai-usameM ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI Adi sabhI A jAtI haiN| kiMtu yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne 'apabhraMza' kA prayoga sadA bhraSTa ke artha meM kiyA hai, kisI viziSTa bhASA ke artha meM nhiiN| isa bAta kI puSTi daMDI ke kAvyAdarza se bhI hotI hai - AbhIrAdi giraH kAvyeSu. apabhraMza iti smRtaa| zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyat apabhraMza tyoditm|| uparyukta dUsare caraNa se pUrvokta kathana kI puSTi hotI hai| yahA~ para zAstra pada se 'vyAkaraNa' hI samajhanA caahie| paraMtu prathama caraNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza eka bhASA hai jo kAvya meM prayukta hotI thii| mukhyatayA yaha AbhIrAdi logoM kI bhASA thii| arthAt apabhraMza eka sunizcita rUpavAlI bhASA thI jisakA apanA sAhitya tathA vyAkaraNa thaa| dezI kI vyAkhyA meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki 'dezI' kA prayoga eka vizeSa pAribhASika rUpa meM hotA thaa| bharata muni ne nATayazAstra ke 17 veM adhyAya meM jo deza bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha vastutaH tattad viziSTa dezoM kI boliyoM ke lie kiyA hai| dUsare rUpa meM kahanA cAheM to yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ve bhASAyeM usa usa pradeza kI janabhASA thiiN| apabhraMza bhASA ke bhI jaisA ki sabhI sAhityika bhASAoM meM hotA hai do rUpa the (1) sAhityika bhASA jo ki ziSToM kI bhASA hotI hai, (2) grAmya

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188 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bhASA yA bolI jo ki sarvasAdhAraNa janatA kI hotI hai| isa bAta kI puSTi AcArya hemacandra ke kAvyAnuzAsana (a0 8, 330-7) se hotI hai-apabhraMzabhASAnibaddhasandhibandhamabdhimathanAdi, grAmyApabhraMza bhASAnibandhAvaskandha kbndhbhiimkaavyaadi| ataH 'desilavaana' kA prayoga jo avahaTTa ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai usase yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki yaha bhASA eka samaya janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA thii| aura usa prakAra kI bhASA meM kavi ne kAvya karane meM garva kA anubhava kiyA kyoMki vidyApati maithila kavi the| unake gItoM kI bhASA tathA kIrtilatA kI bhASA meM aMtara pAyA jAtA hai| yadyapi kIrtilatA meM pUrvI prayoga haiM kiMtu vaha gItoM kI bhASA kA pratinidhitva nahIM krtii| ataH pUrvokta udAharaNoM se deza bhASA janasAdhAraNa kI (grAmya) bhASA hI pratIta hotI hai| yaha sAdhAraNa samAja meM tathA-kathita nimnavargavAloM kI bhI eka bhASA kahI gaI hai| bharata muni ne (adhyAya 17) bhASA tathA vibhASA do prakAra kI bhASAoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhASA ke aMtargata sAta bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-mAgadhI, AvaMtI, prAcyA, sUrasenI, ardhamAgadhI, bAhlIkA aura dAkSiNAtyA aura vibhASA ke antargata zabara, AbhIra, cAMDAla, sacara, dravir3a, udraja, hIna banecaroM kI bhaassaaeN| jisa vibhASA kA prayoga bharata muni ne kiyA hai vaha susabhyoM kI bhASA nahIM thii| vaha vastutaH apar3ha asabhyoM kI bhASA thii| usa bhASA ko bolanevAloM meM AbhIra Adi Ate haiN| bharata muni se paravartI daMDI ne AbhIra Adi kI bhASA ko 'apabhraMza' kahA hai jo ki sAhitya meM prayukta hotI thii| ina samasta vicAroM ke hote hue bhI dezI bhASA ke aMtargata samasta bhASAe~ evaM vibhASAe~ A jAtI thiiN| jo kucha bhI ho, dezI aura apabhraMza eka hI vastu nahIM thii| yadi hotI to phira apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM hemacandra ke dezI Adeza karane kA koI prayojana hI nahIM raha jaataa| dUsarI ora hama hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM meM uddhRta dohoM se patA lagA sakate haiM ki dezI zabdoM kI apekSA tatsama aura tadbhava zabda kahIM adhika prayukta hue haiN|

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apabhraMza aura dezI 189 kyA bhASA ko dezI kahane kA pracalana hai ? __vastutaH bhASA kaviyoM ne prAraMbha se hI apane kAvya ko dezI bhASA kA kAvya kahA hai| kucha prAkRta kaviyoM ne bhI apane kAvya ko dezI bhASA kA kAvya kahA hai| taraMgavAI kahA' ke lekhaka pAdalipta ne 500 I0 ke Asa-pAsa apanI prAkRta bhASA ko 'desI vayaNa' kahA hai| 769 I0 meM udyotana ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ko hI 'dezI' kahA hai| koUhalA ne bhI lIlAvAI kAvya meM usI mahArASTrI prAkRta ko dezI kahA hai| yadyapi lIlAvAI meM dezI zabda milate haiM phira bhI eka sthAna para kavi ne dezI bhASA ko hI prAkRta bhASA kaha DAlA hai - emeya yuddhajuyaI manoharaM pAyayAeM bhaasaae| pavirala desI sulakkhaM kahasu kahaM divya mANusiyaM / / hai lIlAvAI gAhA, 411 apabhraMza kaviyoM ne bhI apanI bhASA ko 'dezI' kahA hai| svayaMbhU ne apane paumacariu meM apanI kathA kI bhASA ko 'dezI bhASA' kahA hai: dIha samAsa pavAhAlaMkiya, skky-paayy-pulinnaalNkiy| desI bhASA ubhaya taDujjala, kavi dukkara ghaNa sadda silaayl|| __ pAhur3a dohA kI bhUmikA, pR0 43 se uddhRta isa para DA0 hIrAlAla2 jaina kA kahanA hai ki yadyapi yahA~ para spaSTa nahIM kahA gayA hai ki prastuta grantha ko kavi ne kisa bhASA meM racA hai kintu zrI jaina ke mata meM 'desI bhASA' se kavi kA abhiprAya apane kAvya kI bhASA se hai| kavi puSpadaMta43 (965 I0) ne apane mahApurANa kI bhASA ke liye dezI kA prayoga kiyA hai| 10vIM zatAbdI ke padmadeva ne pAsaNAi cariu44 (pArzvanAtha carita) ko 'dezI saddatthagAr3ha' (dezI zabda va artha se gAr3ha) kahA hai| usane spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki yadyapi

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- 190 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vyAkaraNa aura dezI zabda tathA artha se gAr3ha Adi lakSaNoM se yukta kAvya dUsare kaviyoM ne bhI likhe haiM, to bhI kyA unakI zaMkA se dUsarA koI apanA bhAva prakaTa na kare / tAtparya yaha hai ki dezI zabdoM meM aneka kAvya uccakoTi ke bana cuke haiM tathApi maiM bhI dezI zabdoM meM kAvya banAne kA sAhasa kara rahA huuN| saMdeza rAsakakAra ke kavi abdula rahamAna ne kAvya ke Arambha meM namratA prakaTa karate hue kahA hai ki jo loga paMDita haiM ve to mere isa kukAvya para kAna deMge hI nahIM aura jo murkha haiM-arasika haiM-unakA praveza mUrkhatA ke kAraNa isa grantha meM ho hI nahIM skegaa| isaliye jo na paMDita haiM, na murkha haiM, apita madhyama zreNI ke haiM, unhIM ke sAmane hamArI kavitA sadA par3hI jAnI cAhie Nahu rahai buhA kukavittaresi, . abuhattaNi abuiha Nahu pvesi| jiNa mukkhaNa paMDiya majjhayAra, tiha purau paThibbau sabbavAra / / isa para paM0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI kA kahanA hai ki yaha kAvya bahuta par3he likhe logoM ke liye na hokara aise rasikoM ke liye hai jo murkha to nahIM haiM para bahuta adhika adhyayana bhI nahIM kara sake haiN| __ isa prakAra pUrvokta kaviyoM kI bAtoM para dhyAna dene se yahI pratIta hotA hai ki 'dezI' zabda kA prayoga janabhASA ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke kaviyoM ne apane kAvya ko dezabhASA yAnI janabhASA ke rUpa meM prayukta kiyA hai| zrI ela0 vI0 gA~dhI tathA DA0 jaina kA yaha mata samIcIna nahIM pratIta hotA ki deza bhASA aura apabhraMza bhASA eka hI haiN|46 yaha avazya hai ki apabhraMza bhASA janabhASA ke bahuta samIpa hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM dezI zabdoM kI pradhAnatA hai| kintu yaha zabda kisI viziSTa bhASA ke liye rUr3ha nahIM huA thA / 47 hindI ke kaviyoM ne bhI apane kAvya ko deza bhASA yAnI janabhASA kahA hai| go0 tulasIdAsa ne bhI mAnasa kI bhASA ko 'bhASA' kahakara pukArA hai| ataH dezI yA dezabhASA kA prayoga samasAmayika bhASA kAvya ke lie

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apabhraMza aura dezI prayukta huA hai| dezI yAnI dezI bhASA kA prayoga prAkRta" ke liye bhI huA hai| dezI yA dezI bhASAe~ (prAdezika bhASAe~ ) bhinna-bhinna pradezoM ke nivAsI Arya logoM kI kathya bhASAe~ thiiN| paM0 haragovinda dAsa ke zabdoM meM dezI bhASAoM kA paMjAba aura madhyadeza kI kathya bhASA ke sAtha aneka aMzoM meM jaise sAdRzya thA vaise kisI kisI aMza meM bheda bhI thA / jisa-jisa aMza meM ina bhASAoM kA paMjAba aura madhyadeza kI prAkRta bhASA ke sAtha bheda thA unameM se jina bhinna-bhinna nAmoM ne aura dhAtuoM ne prAkRta sAhitya meM sthAna pAyA hai ve hI haiM prAkRta ke dezI yA dezya zabda | apabhraMza ke dezI Adeza tathA dezI nAmamAlA se tulanA 191 hemacandra ke dezI Adeza aura dezI kA kyA saMbandha hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya prazna hai / vyAkaraNa meM 'Adeza' aura 'Agama' kA prayoga vizeSa pAribhASika artha meM hotA hai / sAdhAraNataH saMskRta ke paMDita loga ina pAribhASika zabdAvaliyoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM AgamaH mitravad bhavati aura AdezaH zatruvad bhavati / Agama se varNoM meM vikAra bhara hotA hai kintu Adeza kisI zabda ke sthAna para hotA hai arthAt kisI 'zabdaprayoga' ke sthAna para koI dUsarA zabdaprayoga hotA hai parantu artha meM koI parivartana nahIM hotaa| saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke yahA~ kahA jAtA hai ki jaise guru ke sthAna para yadi gurUputra ko biThAyA jAya to usake sAtha bhI gurUvat vyavahAra hotA hai, usI prakAra jisa zabda ke sthAna para jo Adeza hotA hai usameM bhI ve hI bhAva hote haiM jo ki pahale meM the| hemacandra ne apane apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM kucha dezI Adeza kie haiM jo ki tat tat saMskRta zabdoM ke arthoM ke dyotaka haiN| isake sAtha hI apabhraMza dohoM meM kucha aise bhI dezI Adeza pAe jAte haiM jinakA ki sUtroM dvArA Adeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai para ve haiM dezI hI / hemacandra ne dezI nAmamAlA" meM likhA hai ki dezI siddhArtha zabdAnuvAdaparaka hotA hai kintu dhAtvAdeza sAdhyArtha paraka hai / prAkRta

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192 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vyAkaraNa ke 8veM adhyAya meM dhAtvAdeza kie gae haiM jinheM hemacandra ne dezI dhAtvAdeza mAnA hai| phira bhI una dhAtvAdezoM kA dezI nAmamAlA meM ullekha karanA ucita nahIM samajhA gayA hai| isake atirikta unhoMne kucha aise zabdoM ko bhI jo ki kriyAvAcI haiM tathA jinakA prayoga tiGata kI bhA~ti hotA hai kintu unheM vyAkaraNa ke 'dhAtvAdeza' meM nahIM par3hA gayA hai dezI nAmamAlA meM saMgraha kara liyA hai| hemacandra kA kahanA hai ki vaha dezI zabdoM kI dhAtuoM para dhyAna nahIM detA parantu vaha unameM se kucha zabdoM ko le letA hai| isa kArya meM vaha pUrvavartI lekhakoM kA anusaraNa karatA hai| 1-13 meM 'ajjhasa' prAkRta zabda ko saMskRta dhAtu 'Akruza' se vyutpanna mAnatA hai| pUrvAcAryoM kI saMmati ke kAraNa ajjhassaM AkraSTaM ko saMkalita kara liyA hai| de0 nA0 mA0 4-11 meM 'DolA' ko dezI zabda kahA hai| kintu usane prAkRta vyA0 4, 1, 217 meM ise saMskRta 'dolA' se vyutpanna mAnA hai| de0 nA0 mA0 5-29 meM usane 'thero' zabda ko brAhmaNa artha meM dezI mAnA hai kintu unake prAkRta vyAkaraNa 1-166 meM yaha saMskRta 'sthavira' se vyutpanna hai| ina doSoM se apane ko mukta karate hue hemacandra ne kahA hai ki hamane aise zabdoM ko ekatra kiyA hai jo ki saMskRteSvaprasiddheH yA saMskRtAnabhijJa prAkRtajJamanya durvidagdha janAvarjanArtham haiM / hemacandra ne bahuta se dezI zabdoM ko dezI nAmamAlA meM saMkalita kiyA hai jo ki saMskRta se vyutpanna haiN| isake atirikta hemacaMdra ne Ahittha, lallakka, viDDira Adi aise zabdoM ko bhI saMkalita kiyA hai jinheM usane svataH apane vyAkaraNa 4-17-4 meM prAMtIya zabda ginAyA hai-mahArASTra vidarbhAdi deza prasiddhA / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki na to usane aura na usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne hI svataH sthApita dezI zabda kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra kArya kiyA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne tathA aura logoM ne dezI zabda ko bahuta vistRta paimAne meM liyA hai| aisA mAlUma par3atA hai ki una logoM ne prAkRta bolI ke sabhI zabdoM ko jo unake samaya meM pracalita the, dezI ke antargata mAna liyA hai| yahA~ punaH dhAtvAdeza yA kriyArUpa kI prakRti para prazna uTha khar3A hotA hai| kucha lekhakoM ne spaSTatayA dhAtvAdeza ko 'dezI' kahA hai|

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apabhraMza aura dezI kintu hemacandra ne spaSTarUpa se apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa 2 (4-2) aura dezI nAmamAlA" (1-37) meM use dezI ke antargata mAnane se inkAra kara diyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki dezI zabdoM meM ( 1-47 ) prakRti pratyaya kA bheda nahIM ho sakatA aura na to dezI zabdoM ke liye (nahi dezI zabdAnAmupasarge saMbaMdho bhavati 1 - 95 ) upasarga kA hI vidhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra kI bAtoM ko prastuta karate hue hemacandra ne dUsarI dRSTi se saMbhavata: anya logoM kI AlocanA kI hai / 'dhAtvAdeza' kI dRSTi se prakRti (mUlarUpa) ke vibhinna kriyArUpa aura artha ho sakate haiN| isa dRSTi se dezI zabda kI prakRti bhUla sI jAtI hai| matalaba yaha ki jaba dhAtvAdeza kA eka hI rUpa ho sakatA hai dUsarA nahIM, taba to use dezI hareka dRSTi se kaha sakate haiN| isIlie hemacandra ne una zabdoM ko bhI dezI nAmamAlA meM saMkalita kiyA hai| kappariaM kaDaMtariaM, aviaM, aTTaTTo, ajjhattho ( 1 - 10 ) ityAdi uddharaNoM ko hemacandra ne de0 nA0 mA0 meM uddhRta kara apanI samIkSA dI hai ki yadyapi ye kriyAvAcI haiM phira bhI saMjJA meM dikhAI dene se dhAtvAdezoM meM saMkalita nahIM kiye gaye haiM aura isI kAraNa dezI meM saMkalita kara liyA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki hemacandra pUrvavartI logoM se apanA bhinna mata rakhatA hai I 193 isa prakAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne dezI zabdoM ke nAma aura dhAtuoM ko saMskRta ke nAma (saMjJA) aura dhAtuoM ke sthAna meM AdezoM dvArA siddha karake tadbhava vibhAga ke antargata rakha diyA hai| hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke dvitIya pAda tathA caturtha pAda ke kucha sUtroM se pUrvokta bAta kI pratIti hotI hai| hemacandra ne dezI nAmamAlA meM dezI nAmoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai tathA dezI dhAtuoM kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM, saMskRta dhAtuoM kI jagaha Adeza rUpa meM ullekha karate hue pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM ke mata kA prativAda kiyA hai- etecAnyairdezISu paThitA api asmAbhidhAtvAdezIkRtAH (hema0 prA0 vyA0 4 / 2 ) / ataH dhAtvAdeza bhI dezI hI kahe jAyeMge, tadbhava nahIM / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki hemacandra ne dezI nAma mAlA (1/10) meM likhA hai ki jinakA vyAkaraNa meM dhAtvAdeza kiyA

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194 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi gayA hai unakA saMkalana nahIM huA hai jaise prA0 vyA0 4/389 'kriye' kA 'kIsa' Adeza hotA hai; (4/390 meM) bhU kA huvva Adeza Adi dezI nAmamAlA meM nahIM pAe jAte / parantu ina dhAtvAdezoM ke Age dezI zabda kA prayoga kiyA bhI nahIM gayA hai| 'kIsu' kA dvitIya rUpa 'kriye' saMskRta mAnA gayA hai| kintu 8/4/395--takSyAdInAM chollAdayaH sUtra kI vRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki Adi grahaNAda dezISa ye kriyAvacanA upalabhyaMte te udaahaaryaaH| pI0 ela0 vaidya ne 'takSa' ke sthAna para 'cholla' Adeza ko dezI mAnA hai| dezI nAma mAlA meM 'cholla' nAma kA koI Adeza nahIM hai| parantu usI sUtra kA dUsarA udAharaNa 'cUDallau' dezI apabhraMza (de0 nA0 mA0 varga 3, zloka 18) cUDovalayAvalI kaMkaNa artha hai| yahA~ ulla pratyaya hokara, svArthika ka = a ko u hokara 'cUDullau' banA hai| 'jhalakkiau' = jhalla, jhAlaNe jhalakka dhAtu 'tApaya' ke bhAva meM prayukta huA hai| dezI nAmamAlA-3/53 meM jhalA-mRgatRSNA; 3/56 meM jhalaki-dagdham ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 'abhaDavaMciu' meM gama ke artha meM 'abbhaDa' hai| de0 nA0 mA0 meM abbhaDa koI zabda nahIM hai para 'abaDao' (1,20,53 meM) tRNa puruSa ke lie, kUpa yA ArAma artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai jisakA 'abhaDavaMciu' se koI saMbaMdha nahIM diikhtaa| 'khuDukkai' kA (dezI nAmamAlA 2/74) khuDaM-laghu artha meM; 2/75 'khuDDiyaM' suratam ke artha meM, 2/76-khuDukkaDI praNayakopa ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 'khuDa' zabda se ukka pratyaya karake bhI 'khuDDukkai' rUpa bana sakatA hai| ghuDukkai de0 nA0 mA0 meM aisA koI zabda nahIM hai| 'campijjai' bhI dezI zabda hai jo ki de0 nA0 mA0 meM nahIM hai| 'vappI' 6/88 'subhaTa' aura 'pitA' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 'dhuThuai' yA 'dhu ai' dhvani ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 8/4/401 "vaddali' megha ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| pI0 ela0 vaidya vaddala yA bAdala ko marAThI kA zabda mAnate haiN| hindI meM bhI yahI pracalita hai| lukku-lukanA chipane ke artha meM de0 nA0 mA0 7/23 meM luko-supta yA uta oti lokoiti ca ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| yaha zabda bhojapurI aura magahI bolI meM pracalita hai| 8/4/422zIghrAdInAM bahillAdayaH vAle Adeza ko pI0 ela0 vaidya ne dezI mAnA

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apabhraMza aura dezI hai / zIghra kA bahilla Adeza hotA hai / de0 nA0 mA0 meM koI 'bahilla' zabda nahIM hai| 7/39 meM 'baholo' zabda hai jo ki laghu jala pravAha ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai : 'jhaTaka' kA 'ghaMghala' Adeza kalaha ke artha meM hotA hai / de0 nA0 mA0 meM ghaMghala zabda nahIM hai| ghaMgho - gRham ke artha meM 2/105 meM milatA hai tathA 2 / 107 ghaggharaM - jaghanasthala vastra bheda hai jisakA ki ghaMghala se koI sambandha nahIM pratIta hotA / vastutaH jhakaTa zabda bhI vizuddha saMskRta nahIM hai| vidvAla- aspRzyasaMsarga ke artha meM, bhaya kA dravakka, dRSTi kA dreTTi, gAr3ha kA niccai Adeza hotA hai jo de0 nA0 mA0 meM nahIM miltaa| sAdhAraNa kA saDDhala Adeza hotA hai| de0 nA0 mA0 8 / 46 - saDhaM - viSamaM, saDhA - kezAH, saDho - stabakaH ke artha meM milatA hai| Dha ko dvitva ke bAda la pratyaya karake 'saDDhala' kI siddhi karane para bhI artha sAmya nahIM hotA / kautuka kA koDa yA kuDDa Adeza hotA hai / de0 nA0 mA0 2/33 kuDDa Azcarya ke artha meM - kecit koDDuM ityaahuH| tacca ukAra okAra vinimaye siddham (kutuk - kautuka iti); krIDA kA kheDDa Adeza hotA hai / de0 nA0 mA0-2/77kheyAlU-niHsahaH / asahana ityanye / vahIM para kahA hai ki 'ramate' ke artha meM kheDDai kA prayoga dhAtvAdeza meM kiyA jA cukA hai| isIlie de0 nA0 mA0 meM nahIM kahA 55 2 / 76 - meM khelliyaM hasitaM ke artha meM avazya milatA hai / ramya kA ravaNNa, adbhuta kA Dhakkari Adeza hotA hai / yaha de0 nA0 mA0 meM nahIM milatA / pRthak-pRthak kA juaMjuaH Adeza hotA hai-de0 nA0 mA0 meM nahIM miltaa| 3/47 - jua liaM, dviguNita ke artha meM, jualo tarUNa ke artha meM AyA hai / mUr3ha kA nAlima, avaskanda kA daDavaDa Adeza hotA hai / de0 nA0 mA0 - 5/35 daDavaDa zabda ghATI ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / yadi kA chuDDa, sambandhina kA kera Adeza hotA hai| prA0 vyA0 (8/4/423)- huhuru evaM ghuggha zabdAnukaraNa tathA ceSTAnukaraNa meM prayukta hote haiM / de0 nA0 mA0 meM ye zabda nahIM milte| 2/109 meM ghugghurI maMDUka artha meM, 'ghughurUDo' utkara ke artha meM AyA hai / kasarakka kacara- kacara kara khAne kI dhvani meM prayukta hotA hai / de0 nA0 mA0 2/4-'kasaro' adhama baila (balIvarda) ke artha meM prayukta huA I I I 1 195

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196 saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. .4. 5. 6. 7. 8. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aSTAdhyAyI - eG prAcAM deze 1/1/75; tadasminnastIti deze tannAmni 4/2/671 mahAbhASya 1/1/75 sUtra para nAgeza bhaTTa kI TIkA- 'vidheyasaMbaMdhalAbhAtprAggrahaNamAcAryanirdezArtham / anyathA prAgdeza ityeva vadediti bhAvaH / -vAhIkazca dezavidezaH tatra sa grAmaH prAgdeza ityeva bahirbhUtaH / vAhIka dezazcobhayasaMbaMdhaH prAgdeza bahirbhUto vA zarAvatyAstu yovadheH / dezaH prAgdakSiNaH prAcya udIcyaH pazcimottara, ityamareNa darzitaH / grAmajanapadaikadezAdaJThaJau - 'grAmaikadezavAcino janapadaikadezavAcinazca prAtipadikAddikpUrvapadAdardhAntAdaJaThaJau pratyayau bhavataH / ime khalu asmAkaM grAmasya janapadasya vA paurvadhAH ityAdi / 4-3-7. nirukta a0 2, pA0 1 para durgAcArya evaM moharacaMda puSkaraNI kI TIkA / nAnAcarmamRgacchinnA nAnA bhASAzca bhArataH / kuzalA dezabhASAstu jalpaMnto'nyonyamIzvarAH / / mahA0, zalya0 a0 46 'tate NaM se mehe kumAre bAkttari kalApaMDiyeNava gaMdhasuyatta (NavaMgasutta) paDibohie aTThArasa vihi (TTa) pyAra desi bhAsA visArae gIyaraI gandhabvaNaTTa kusale / ( tataH khalu samedhaH kumAro dvAsaptati kalApaMDitosupta pratibodhita nAvaGge'STAdazavidha dezI bhASA vizArado gItaratirgandharva nATyakuzalaH / ) (o0 i0 tA0 pa0 25. 7 / - samita pra0 38-92) ela0 pI0 gAMdhI: 'apabhraMza kAvya' pR0 89 A0 samita pra0 pa0 98 / A0 saMmita pra0 pa0 148 |

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apabhraMza aura dezI 197 9 10. 14. pAyaya bhAsA raiyA marahaTThaya desI vayaNNaya NibaddhA / suddhA sayala kahacciya taavs-stth-vaahillaa| koUha loNa katthai para vayaNa vaseNa sakkaya NibaddhA, kiMci avabsakaAdA viya pesAya bhaasillaa| kuvalayamAlA kathA (je mAM tA paM0 3) / vahI (je mAM0 tA0 131-2) / prayuktAzca svapakSaparapakSayoranuraktAparakta janajijJAsayA bahuvidha dezaveSa bhASA'cArasaMcAra vedino nAnA vyaMjanAH praNidhayaH / zikSitAzeSadeza bhASeNa sarva lipijJena-pR0 102 | vizeSa ke liye dekhie-prAkRta spIcanasTresavarga, pR0 190 / lakSaNe zabdazAstra siddha hemacaMdra nAmni ye na siddhAH prakRtipratyayAdivibhAgena na niSpannAste'ja nibddhaaH| ye tu vajjara, pajjara, uphphAla, pisuNa, saMgha, bolla, cava, jaMpa, sIsa sAhAdayaH kathyAdInAmAdezatvena sAdhitA sa (siddha hemacandra 8/4/2) te'nyairdezISu parigRhItA apyasmAbhirnanibaddhAH / ye ca satyAmapi prakRtipratyayAdivibhAgena siddhau saMskRtAbhidhAnakozeSu prasiddhAste'pyatra nibaddhAH / yathA amRta nirgamachinnodbhavA mahAnaTAdayazcaMdradUrvAharAdiSvartheSu / ye ca saMskRtAbhidhAnakozeSvaprasiddhA api gauNyAdi lakSaNayA cAlaMkAra cUNAmaNipratipAditayAzaktyA saMbhavanti / yathA mUrkhe villo| gaMgAtaTe gaMgA zabdasta iha dezI zabdasaMgrahahetu nibaddhAH | dezI nAmamAlAH 'desa visesa pasiddhIi bhANamANA annntyaahunti| tamhA bANAi pAiThA paNaTTa bhAyA visesao desii| deza vizeSa mahArASTra vidarbhAbhIrAdayasteSu prasiddhA ityeva mAdayaH zabdA yaducyeraMstadA dezavizeSANAmanantatvAt purUSAyuSeNApi na sarvasaMgrahaH syaat| aSTAdhyAyI-'tadaziSyaM saMjJApramANatvAt' 1/2/53 | 15. 16.

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198 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 17. 18. 19. 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa' 89 | e kaMpaireTiva grAmara Av da maoNDarna Aryana laiMgvejeja Av iDiyA-khaMDa 1, pR0 12-bImsa-'dezajaja Ara doja varlDa hica kaina naoNTa bI DirAivDa phraoNma enI saMskRta varDa aiMDa Ara deyaraphora kaMsiDarDa TU haiva bIna baoNroDa phrAMma da abaurijinIja oNvada kaMTrI oNra inveMTeDa bAi da AryaMsa ina posTa-saMskRtika TAimsa / ' e kaMpaireTiva grAmara Av da goDiyana laiMgveja (1880), bhUmikA pR0 39-41| bhaMDArakara:-'vilsana phAilolAjikala lekcara, 1914 pR0 106 / iMTroDakzana Tu kaMpareTiva philolojI, pR0 22 guNeH / 'de Ara phAuMDa ekAgi Tu mora oNkalTa phoneTika- grAmaiTikala laoNja DiphariMga phrAma da A~bbiyasa vaMsa, hica graimeriyaMsa eMbauDIDa ina deyara vyAkaraNAja'-pAiyalacchI nAmamAlA, bhUmikA / iMDiyana aiMTIkverI, bhAga 17, pR0 33 tathA aage| je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 1919, pR0 2351 DaoN0 griyrsn| 9 (69-1) / 'do nATa yUjDa ina iMDiyana liTarecara, de me haiva vIna ina yUsa ina di mosTa Ava di pIpula aiMDa me bI kareMTa aMDara sama slAiTa DisgAija ina di mAutha Av lithuAniana pejeMTsa ivena yeTa |'-kNpairettiv grAmara Av Aryana laiMgvejeja ina iMDiyA, pR0 24| pizela : dezI nAmamAlA, san 1938, bhUmikA, anu0 veMkeTa rAmAnujam pR0 101 kaMpaireTiva grAmara Av di mADarna iMDiyana laiMgvejeja, bhUmikA pR0 381 dezI nAmamAlA-bhUmikA-pR0 30 / pAiya saddamahaNNavo, kalakattA, saMvat 1985, bhUmikA, pR0 6 / prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, bhUmikA 9. pR0 13 / 30.

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apabhraMza aura dezI 199 32. 36. 37. TrAMsekzanala prosIDiMgja oNva di iTaranezanala kAMgresa oNva oriyaMTailisTa' jilda-1, 1883 meM ricarDa moroja ema0 e0, ela. DI0 kA pAlI, saMskRta aura prAkRta ke tatva nAmaka zIrSaka / apabhraMza kAvyatrayI, gAyakabAr3a oriyaMTala sIrIja pR0 96 / SaSTho'trabhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhraMzaH, 2.12 | dezeSu dezeSu pRthagvibhinnaM na zakyate lakSaNatastu vaktum / lokeSu yat syAdapabhraSTasaMjJaM jJeyaMhi taddeza vido'dhikAram / / - viSNudharmottara, saM0 3, a0 71 apabhraMzastu yacchuddhaM tattaddezeSu bhaassitm|-kaavyaalNkaar 2, 3 / "svopajJa vivaropetanATyadarpaNa' pR0 124-dezasya kurumAgadhAderuddezaH prAkRtatvaM tasmin sati sva svadezasaMbaMdhinI bhASA nibaMdhanIyeti / iyaM ca dezagIzca prayo'pabhraMze niptiiti| pAhur3a dohA kI bhUmikA-pR0 33-46 pAlittaeNa raiyA vittharao tahaya desIvayaNehiM / nAmeNa taraMgavaIkahA vicittAya vicittAya viulAya / / pAyaya bhAsAraiyA marahaTTaya desI vayaNa Nivaddhau / (DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA, lIlAvAI kI bhUmikA se uddhRt)| bhaNiyaM ca pinaya bhAe rahayaM marahaTTa desI bhaasaae| aMgAI imIya kahAe sajjaNAsaMga joDa gAI / / __ (lIlAvAI gAhA, 1330) / pAhur3a dohA, bhUmikA, pR0 43 / NaM vinnaabhidesii-mhaapuraann| 1,8.10 / vAyuraNu desi saddatthagAr3ha, chaMdAlaMkAra bisAla poDha / sasamaya-parasamaya-viyArasahiya, avasaddavAya dUreNa rahiya / / jai eva mAe-bahulakkhaNehiM, iha viraiya viyknnnnehiN| tA iyara kaIyaNa saMkiehiM, payaDibvau kiM uppau Na tehiM / / pAhur3a dohA, bhUmikA, pR0 44 |

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200 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR0 42, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad saMskaraNa, san 1952 I0 / apabhraMza kAvyatrayI, pR0 13 1 pAhur3adohA kI bhUmikA, pR0 461 'prAkRtalakSaNam caMDa pR0 1 - 2 - siddhaM prasiddhaM prAkRtaM tredhAtriprakAra bhavati saMskRtayoni, saMskRta samaM, dezI prasiddhaM taccedaM harSitaM =lhasia | pAiya saddamaharaNao bhUmikA pR0 6 / dekhie 'sthAnivadAdezo'nalvidhau sUtra para pataMjali mahAbhASya kI TIkA / 'dezI nAmamAlA varga / zlo0 37 kI vRtti - ete dhAtavaH dhAtvAdezeSu zabdAnuzAsane'smAbhirUktA iti nehopAttaH / na ca dhAtvAdezAnAM dezI saMgrahopayuktaH / siddhArtha zabdAnuvAda parAhi dezI, sAdhyArtha parAzca dhAtvAdezAH / de0 nA0 mA0, varga 5 zloka 24: 'yadyapyete kriyA vAcinastathApityAdiSu prayoga darzanAdvAtvAdezeSvasmAbhirnapaThitA-ityatra nibaddhAH / de0 nA0 mA0 1 10 - yadyapye te trayo'pi kriyAvAcinastathApityAdiSu prayoga darzanAddhAtvAdezeSvasmAbhirna paThitA ityatranibaddhAH / ete cAnyairdezISu paThitA api asmAbhirdhAtvAdezIkRtA vividheSupratyayeSu pratiSThantAmiti / hemacandra 8/4/2 etedhAtvAdeSu zabdAnuzAsane'smAbhiruktA iti nehopAttaH / na ca dhAtvAdezAnAM dezISu saMgrahoyuktaH / siddhArthazabdAnuvAda parA hi dezI, sAdhyArthaparAzcadhAtvAdezAH / te cetyAdi - tuma - tavyAdi pratyayairbahurUpAH saMgrahItumazakyA iti / desI nAmamAlA - varga, 1-37 kI vRtti 1 yadyapyete trayopi kriyAvAcinastathApityAdiSu prayoga darzanAddhAtvAdezeSu asmAbhirna paThitA ityatra nibaddhAH / evamanyatrApi - dezI nAmamAlA varga 1 - zlo0 10 atra kheDDai ramate dhAtvAdezeSUkta iti nokta /

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paMcama adhyAya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa vararuci prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke sabase purAne vaiyAkaraNa vararuci mAne jAte haiN| apane prAkRta prakAza nAmaka grantha meM ve kevala cAra prAkRta kA hI varNana karate haiN| mahArASTrI kA 1-9 pariccheda meM, paizAcI kA 10veM pariccheda meM; mAgadhI kA 11veM pariccheda meM aura zaurasenI kA 12veM pariccheda meM varNana kiyA hai| kintu yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki unhoMne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM ardhamAgadhI aura apabhraMza kA varNana nahIM kiyA hai| varNana nahIM karane kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI ko AdhA mAgadhI aura AdhA mahArASTrI ke antargata samajhA ho| apabhraMza ko prAkRta se bhinna bhASA samajhane ke kAraNa saMbhavataH usakA varNana apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM nahIM kiyaa| isa vicAra meM tathya kA abhAva milatA hai| yaha sarvavidita satya hai ki jainI loga apanI lipi kI paramparA kI ijjata karate haiN| unakI paramparA kabhI TUTI nhiiN| unake AgamoM kI surakSA vibhinna sthAnoM meM huI thI aura jinakA eka jagaha saMgraha kiyA gayA thaa| yaha 5 pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM devardhigaNina ne kiyaa| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa jaba vararuci ne prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa likhA to usa samaya ardhamAgadhI kA sAhitya nizcita nahIM ho pAyA thaa| ataH hama vararuci ko 5 pA~cavIM zatAbdI pUrva kA mAna sakate haiM / yaha sadA se hotA AyA hai ki jaba sAhitya kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai taba bhASA kA vyAkaraNa likhA jAtA hai| yahI niSkarSa hama apabhraMza ke ullekha na karane ke kAraNa meM bhI nikAla sakate haiN| kintu pizela mahodaya isa vicAra se

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202 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi sahamata nahIM haiN| lAssana aura blaoNkha ke vicAroM kA khaNDana karate hue pizela mahodaya (84)' ne likhA hai ki vararuci ke aisA likhane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha anya vaiyAkaraNoM ke sAtha sAtha yaha mata rakhatA hai ki apabhraMza bhASA prAkRta nahIM hai, jaisA ki rudraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra (2-11) para TIkA karate hue namisAdhu ne spaSTa likhA hai ki kucha loga tIna bhASAyeM mAnate the-prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMzayaduktaM kaizcid ythaa| prAkRtam saMskRtam caitad apabhraMza iti tridhaa|| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa vararUci ke vyAkaraNa para vicAra na karate hue itanA hI hama kaha sakate haiM ki sAmAnyatayA apabhraMza sAhitya kI prApti hameM chaThI zatAbdI se hotI hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa vararuci vArtikakAra vararuci se bhinna haiN| vidvAnoM ne vararuci kA samaya tIsarI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga rakhA hai| ataH yadi usane apabhraMza kA varNana nahIM kiyA to koI anucita nahIM thaa| caNDa ___ saMbhavataH jaina caNDa hI aisA pahalA prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hai jisane apane vyAkaraNa prAkRta lakSaNam meM apabhraMza kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| yadyapi usane 1-5 sUtroM meM vaikalpika rUpoM ko ginAyA hai jo ki apabhraMza kI khAsa vizeSatA hai| eka jagaha aura dUsare tathA 19veM sUtra meM dhAtu se jur3e hue pratyaya kA saMketa kiyA hai-na lopo'pabhraMze'dhorephasya, sAgamasyApyAmoNoM ho vA tathA tu ttA ccA ? taM tUNa oppipUrvakAlArthe ye tInoM sUtra hAnale ke sampAdana meM haiM / yadyapi hArnale ne bahuta se sUtroM ko pariziSTAMka meM rakhA hai, phira bhI usameM tIsarA evaM dUsarA sUtra mAnya ho sakatA hai kintu pizela mahodaya ko ina sabhI para sandeha hai| zrI dalAla' evaM guNe, caNDa ke una sUtroM ko prAmANika mAnate haiN| mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki - (1) caNDa ne vibhakti vidhAna meM sAdhAraNa niyamoM ko saMskRta kI bhA~ti lAgU kiyA hai, udAharaNoM ke sAtha hI sAtha unhoMne vibhakti

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prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa 203 vidhAna kArakoM kA bhI kiyA hai- udAharaNa:- sidevo, aggi, jas / devA, kulAni, tumheM Adi, am-devaM, aggiM Adi / yaha vicArane kI bAta hai ki caNDa ne dvitIyA ba0 va0 zas ko chor3a diyA hai| isake atirikta usane paMca0 e0 va0 si aura ba0 va0 bhyas, samba0 e0 va0-Gasa aura adhi0-e0 va0 aura Gi ko bhI chor3a diyA hai| yaha avazya hai ki yadi hama hArnale dvArA svIkRta prAkRta lakSaNam ke pariziSTA~ka ko dekheM to 3 kI Avazyaka pUrti ho jAtI hai| punaH caNDa ne| (2) dUsare bhAga meM sarvanAma kI vyAkhyA dI hai:- 18-31 taka ke sUtroM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| 18-25 taka ke sUtroM meM yuSmad adhyAya tathA 26-31 taka ke sUtroM meM asmad adhyAya kA varNana kiyA hai| yahA~ bhI kArakoM ke varNana meM sambandha ba0 va0 evaM saptamI ko chor3a diyA hai| asmad adhyAya ke varNana meM bhI pratha0 e0 va0, ba0 va0 tathA karma e0 va0 kA varNana bhI chor3a diyA gayA hai| hArnale ne isakI pUrti pariziSTAMka ke dvArA kI hai| pariziSTAMka meM paravartI bhAga ke 26veM sUtra meM hameM apabhraMza kA 'hauM' rUpa milatA hai| (3) apabhraMza kI dRSTi se mukhya prAmANika rUpa pariziSTAMka 11, 27 sUtroM meM hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki sabhI svIkRta pustakeM avyavasthita haiN| sUtroM kA pUrNa paripAka nahIM ho sakA hai| isa prakAra samasta racanAe~ AdhI vyavasthita haiN| yaha bhAga svara vidhAna kahalAtA hai| prathama 14 sUtra kevala nAma ke haiM / avaziSTa 15 sUtroM meM saba kucha milA huA hai-udAharaNa svarUpa-tA tAva tAvataH 21, khalo khuH 24, me sarvAsu yuSmadaH 26, bhAvettaNaH 29 Adi apabhraMza kA vaiziSTya batAte haiN| kucha aura atirikta sUtra pAye jAte haiN| ve haiM 1. ijerAH pAda pUraNe, 2. ji avyayaM evArthe, 3. Navari AnantaryArthe, 4. Navaru kevalArthe, 5. yadezchaDu, 6. thU thU chi chi kutsAyAM, 7. daDavaDa zIghrArthe-daDavaDahoivihANu, 8. atirabhasAdUrdhvamukhasyetastatogamane-DavaDava-DavaDava cariyAe, 9. NaM Na NAI NAvai

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204 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi jaNi jANu maNu ivArthe-, miva, piva, viva, vvava viaivArthe vA bhavanti, 10. dANiM eNhiM ettahe evahiM idAnImaH, 11. yathA tathA anayoH sthAne jimatimau AdidohA- kAlulaheviNu joiyA jima jima moha glei| tima tima desaNu lahai jo Niya meM appu munnei|| parvokta uddharaNoM meM 1 se lekara 6 taka kA kathana vinA udAharaNa kA hai aura isa para Apatti kI jA sakatI hai| kyoMki caNDa ne sadA apanI bAtoM ke liye udAharaNa diyA hai| yahI bAta 9 aura 10veM ke liye bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| nambara 7,8, aura 11 vA~ bilkula caNDa kI prakRti ke anukUla hai| ina saboM meM apabhraMza kI kriyA kI vicitratA vAlA rUpa 'daDavaDa' zabda artha ke sAtha hai| hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa (4/422 sUtra) meM daDavaDa 'zabda' kA asvAbhAvika artha avaskanda liyA hai| naM0 8 meM daDavaDa zabda ko dezI mAnA gayA hai jo ki apabhraMza meM asAmAnya nahIM hai| kintu sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa apabhraMza naM0 11 hai| usameM apabhraMza jima aura tima zabda hai jo ki yathA aura tathA ke artha meM prayukta hue haiM, dohA meM isakA vistAra hai| uparyukta jitane bhI udAharaNa diye gaye haiM ve sabhI kucha heraphera ke sAtha hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM meM pAye jAte haiN| isa rUpa meM dekhane para hemacandra sadA saMgraha kartA hI mAne jaayeNge| hemacandra bahuta bar3e saMgraha kartA the isa bAta kI puSTi unake dUsare sAhitya se bhI hotI hai| ataH yaha nissandeha siddha ho jAtA hai ki caNDa, hemacandra ke pUrvavartI the| kintu hArnale kA yaha kathana ki caNDa kA vyAkaraNa purAnI prAkRta bhASA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| unakA dUsarA dAvA ki caNDa, vararuci se bhI pahale huA thA aura usane apanA vyAkaraNa tIsarI zatAbdI IsA pUrva se kucha bAda likhA thA-yaha kathana bhI prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vastutaH caNDa usa samaya huA thA jaba apabhraMza AbhIroM kI eka pramukha bolI ho cukI thI aura sAhityika bhASA bana cukI thii| ataH usakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI ke bAda hI honA cAhiye pahile nhiiN|

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prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa niSkarSa yaha ki caNDa ne mukhyatayA jisa bhASA kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai, vaha mahArASTrI hai, kintu isake sAtha-sAtha vaha svayaM 3, 37 meM apabhraMza, 3, 38 meM paizAcikI, tathA 3, 39 meM mAgadhikA kA ullekha karatA hai| 'ArSa bhASA' kA bhI varNana usane kiyA hai| pUrvokta samasta bAtoM para vicAra karate hue pizela (834) ne apanA nirNaya diyA hai ki caNDa, hemacandra se purAnA prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa hai aura hemacandra ne jina-jina prAcIna vyAkaraNoM se apanI samagrI ekatrita kI hai, unameM se eka yaha bhI hai / pizela kA punaH yaha kathana hai ki isakI ati prAcInatA kA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki isake nAnA prakAra ke pATha milate haiM / caNDa saMjJA aura sarvanAma ke rUpoM se (vibhakti vidhAna) apanA vyAkaraNa Arambha karatA hai| isake dUsare pariccheda meM usane svaroM ke bAre meM likhA hai (svara vidhAna) aura tIsare pariccheda meM vyaMjanoM ke viSaya meM niyama batAye haiM (vyaMjana vidhAna ) / antima cauthA pariccheda hai - (bhASAntara vidhAna) jisameM anya bhASAoM ke niyama diye haiN| isa nAma kA anusaraNa karake isa pariccheda meM mahArASTrI, jaina mahArASTrI aura jaina zaurasenI ko chor3akara anya prAkRta bhASAoM ke niyamoM aura vizeSatAoM ke bAre meM likhA gayA hai| hemacandra 205 apabhraMza kI dRSTi se sabhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM hemacandra sarva pramukha haiN| apane siddhahemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM usane bar3I sAvadhAnI se apabhraMza kA citraNa kiyA hai| isameM sabase bar3I bhArI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usane sUtroM kI vyAkhyA meM apabhraMza dohoM ko prastuta kiyA hai / mahArASTrI ko chor3a kara dUsarI prAkRta kI apekSA apabhraMza ke viSaya meM usane adhika ImAnadArI dikhAI hai| 8 /4/329 se 448 taka ke sUtroM meM usane isakA varNana kiyA hai / prAkRta dhAtvAdeza sUtra 8/4/2 se lekara 4/259 taka haiM jinameM ki bahuta se sUtra vastutaH apabhraMza ke liye bhI

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206 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi haiN| vastutaH ve sabhI dhAtu sUtra apabhraMza meM bhI lAgU ho jAte haiN| isaliye kahA jA sakatA hai ki hemacandra ne apabhraMza ke liye lagabhaga 378 sUtroM ko likhA hai jabaki zaurasenI ke liye 27, mAgadhI ke liye 16, aura paizAcI ke liye 26 hI sUtra likhe haiN| agara hama dhAtvAdeza ko chor3a bhI deM to bhI apabhraMza ke 120 sUtra bace rahate haiN| __yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki hemacandra jaise vaiyAkaraNa ne bhI apabhraMza kI boliyoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA hai| usa para inase saiMkar3oM varSa pUrva namisAdhu ne dhyAna diyA thA aura usa para vicAra kiyA thaa| hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM tathA udAharaNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne apabhraMza kI do boliyoM ko eka meM milA diyA hai isake udAharaNa hai : (1) R, e tathA ga kI rakSA hai| 4/329-tRNu, taNu, sukRdu aura sukiu; 4/341-gRhanti, 4/370-kRdanta ho; 4/394-graha kA gRh-gRhnnppinnu| ___ (2) 4/396-svara ke bAda cavarga ko chor3a kara kisI bhI varga ke asaMyukta prathama varNa kA tRtIya aura dvitIya varNa kA caturtha varNa meM parivartana ho jAtA hai arthAt sparza prathama alpa prANa kA tRtIya sparza alpa prANa aura sparza dvitIya mahAprANa kA caturtha sparza mahAprANa ho jAtA hai-4/396- vicchoha garu < vikSobhakaraH, sudha < sukha, kadhidu < kathita, sabadhu < zapatha, aura sabhalu < saphala kI tulanA kIjiye-4/269-zaurasenI NAdho, kadhaM, NAho, kahaM, Adi / (3) asaMyukta ma kA anunAsika va hotA hai-kavalu, bhava~rU / (4) saMyukta ra vyaMjana kI surakSA-4/398- priyeNa, prAu / 4/393-prassadi; 4/360-g, tra; 4/422-drammu, dravakku; 4/404-pryaavdii| ___(5) vartamAna kAla e0 va0 aura ba0 va0 meM u~ aura hu~ kA vaikalpika rUpa-4/385, 396-kaDDhau~, lhhuN|

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prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa 207 (6) vartamAnakAla tRtIya pu0, e0 va0 aura ba0 va0 meM di aura hi hotA hai-4/382-dharahiM, karahiM, (paravartI rUpa); 4/393-prassadi (zaurasenI kA dyotaka); (7) AjJA vAcaka ma0 pu0 e0 va0 ke liye i, u, aura e rUpa hotA hai-4/387-sumari, kare; 4/330-karu; Adi / (8) bhaviSyatkAla meM ha ke rahate hue bhI sa ko rakhanA-4/388-hosai (zaurasenI kI vizeSatA hai)| (9) karma vAcya ke liye vaikalpika rUpa-4/389-kIsu / (10) 4/406-jAmahiM, tAmahiM jaise rUpoM kA nirdesh| isa prakAra usane zaurasenI apabhraMza aura saMbhavataH mahArASTrI apabhraMza ke rUpoM ko eka sUtra meM pirone kA prayatna kiyA hai| hemacandra ne apabhraMza viSayaka vyAkaraNa kI racanA meM kisI khAsa bolI kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| unakI apabhraMza viSayaka racanA paripUrNa hai| unake apabhraMza vyAkaraNa kI mahattA taba aura bar3ha jAtI hai jaba ve pratyeka sUtra ke liye uddharaNa svarUpa dohA upasthita karate haiN| kabhI-kabhI to eka sUtra ke liye unhoMne bahuta se dohe upasthita kiye haiN| unameM se bahuta se dohoM kA patA lagAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| pizela ne unameM se bahuta se dohoM ko hAla kI satasaI kA batAyA hai| (1) bahuta se dohe (kucha chanda) prema sambandhI caritra se yukta haiM, lagabhaga 18 dohe vIratA ke caritra se paripUrNa haiN| (2) 60 dohe ke lagabhaga upadeza se yukta haiM (3) daza dohe jaina dharma se prabhAvita haiN| (4) 5 dohe RSiyoM kI kahAniyoM ke saMgraha aura paurANika katha: se paripUrNa haiM-eka dohA kRSNa aura rAdhA kA, dUsarA bali aura vAmana kA, eka dohA rAma aura rAvaNa kA aura do dohe mahAbhArata sambandhI haiN| prema saMbaMdhI do dohe aise haiM jo ki muMja se saMbaMdhita haiN| ye saMbhavataH unhIM dinoM banAye gaye the yA tatkAla 10vIM zatAbdI ke durbhAgyazAlI rAjA

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi muMja kI mRtyu ke bAda banAye gaye the| 4/357 kA 2, 3 dohA aura 4/420 kA 5 vAM dohA hemacandra ke saiMkar3oM varSa purAne sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa meM pAyA jAtA hai| DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne kucha dohoM ko pAhur3a dohA ( pR0 22) se liyA huA siddha kiyA hai| ina sabhI kAraNoM se patA calatA hai ki hemacandra ne apabhraMza sAhitya se udAharaNoM ko saMkalita kiyA thA jo ki 9vIM yA 10vIM zatAbdI meM bane the / 208 hemacandra kI apabhraMza racanA ko dekhate hue aisA pratIta hotA hai| ki unakI racanA caNDa ke prAkRta lakSaNam ke anukUla nahIM hai| kAraNa ki hemacandra ne apabhraMza ke prathama sUtra meM svara kA vidhAna kiyA hai taba vyaMjana kA, tadanantara vibhakti Adi kA vidhAna kiyA hai| apabhraMza racanA kI yaha zailI paravartI lekhakoM ke liye Adarza kA pratimAna bana gayI / trivikrama, lakSmIdhara aura siMharAja trivikrama, lakSmIdhara aura siMharAja ina tInoM lekhakoM ne vAlmIki ke maulika sUtroM para TIkA kI hai| lakSmIdhara ne svataH isa bAta kA saMketa SaDbhASA candrikA meM kiyA bhI hai| kintu trivikrama ne sUtroM ko nijI racanA batAyI hai : prAkRta padArtha sArtha prAptyai nija sUtra mArgamanujigamiSatAm / vRttiryathArtha siddhayai trivikrameNAgama kramAt kriyate / / yahA~ para pro0 pizela ne 'nija' pada kI vyAkhyA do rUpoM meM kI hai| mUlataH usane ise 'apane' artha meM liyA hai aura ise 'anujigamiSatAm' se milAyA hai / phira ise trivikrama ke sAtha jor3A hai / IhAlva kA kahanA hai ki 'nija' zabda kA sambandha 'sva' pada se hai / aisA mAna lene para trivikrama sUtra ke racayitA bhI mAne jAyeMge / kintu pro0 raMgAcArya kA madrAsa keTalAga ( pR0 1083 naM0 1548 ) se patA lagatA hai ki sUtra kI vyAkhyA trivikrama ne kI thI aura siMharAja ne

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prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa 209 use sajAyA thaa| paramparA ke anusAra rAmAyaNa ke racayitA bAlmIki hI sUtrakAra bhI haiN| lakSmIdhara ne bhI sUtra ke racayitA vAlmIki ko hI mAnA hai tathA una mUla sUtroM kI unhoMne TIkA kI hai| pizela (da grAmeTika prAkRtika, pR0 8, $38) kA vizvAsa hai ki trivikrama ne hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para sUtroM ko vyavasthita kiyA trivikrama tathA hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI tulanA trivikrama ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM meM tathA hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM meM bahuta kucha sAmya hai| trivikrama ne apabhraMza ke 117 sUtra likhe haiN| hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM se ina sUtroM kA apratyakSa rUpa se sambandha banA huA hai| yadyapi donoM lekhakoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI bhinna-bhinna hai phira bhI aisA pratIta hotA hai ki trivikrama ne hemacandra kI TIkA se bahuta adhika saMgraha kiyA hai| yahA~ taka ki kucha udAharaNa bhI usake apabhraMza saMgraha se liye gaye haiN| phira bhI trivikrama kI racanA kI vizeSatA hai ki usane bahuta se udAharaNoM ko nATakoM tathA prAkRta sAhitya se diyA hai| hemacandra ke sampUrNa apabhraMza udAharaNoM ko saMskRta meM anuvAda karanA eka bar3I bhArI vizeSatA hai| isa taraha hemacandra ke sUtroM ke sAtha trivikrama ke sUtroM ko milAne para patA calatA hai ki donoM ke apabhraMza sUtroM meM bahuta kucha sAmya hai :hemacandra trivikrama 1. (ka) syAdau dIrghahasvau i. (ka) dihI supi (kha) syamorasyota (kha) svamyeta uta (ga) sau puMsyaudvA (ga) ona sau tu puMsi (gha) eT Ti (gha) Ti (Ga) Dinecca (Ga) Di nacca

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210 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 2. (ka) striyAM Dahe 2. (ka) striyAM Dahe (kha) yattadaH syamo'traM (kha) yatta DhuM svamoH (ga) idama imuH klIbe (ga) idamaH imu napuMsake (gha) etadaH strI pu~klIbe (gha) etadeha (Ga) eha eho ehu (Ga) eho ehu strI nRnapi (ca) eIrjazzasoH (ca) jazzasorei 3. (ka) tvataloppaNaH 3. (ka) tvata lauppaNaM (kha) tavyasya iM evvauM (kha) tavyasya evvai (ga) evbauM evAH (ga) evvai evvAH (gha) ktva i iuiviavayaH (gha) ktva i i u e avi (Ga) epyoppiNve vye viNvaH (Ga) eNyeppiNvepyeppiNu (ca) tuma evamaNANahamaNahiM ca (ca) tumaevamaNANahamaNahiM ca pUrvokta tulanA se siddha hotA hai ki hemacandra kA prabhAva trivikrama para bahuta adhika thaa| trivikrama kI sArI racanA zailI evaM udAharaNa hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM se liye gaye haiN| lakSmIdhara lakSmIdhara ne SaDbhASA candrikA meM 1085 sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai jo ki eka taraha se trivikrama kI TIkA kI TIkA hai| lakSmIdhara kI sabase bar3I mAro vizeSatA hai ki usane sUtroM ko viSaya ke anukUla vyavasthita kara sajAyA hai yAnI bhaTTojI dIkSita kI siddhAnta kaumudI ke AdhAra para prakriyA ke anusAra-kAraka, tiGanta, kRdanta, avyayAdi sUtroM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| isa prakriyA ke vibhAjana se logoM ko saralatA se vyAkaraNa kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| lakSmIdhara ne zabda rUpa

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prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa 211 (prayoga) siddhi ke atirikta koI udAharaNa nahIM diyA hai| ataH apabhraMza ke liye yaha racanA koI vizeSa upayogI nahIM kahI jA sktii| matalaba yaha ki lakSmIdhara kI racanA trivikrama kI vyAkhyA mAtra kahI jA sakatI hai| lakSmIdhara ne svataH trivikrama kA Adara ke sAtha pramANa diyA hai aura kahA hai ki ve loga jo trivikrama kI kaThina vRtti kI vyAkhyA cAhate haiM, SaDbhASA candrikA kA adhyayana kareM vRttiM traivikramI gUDhAM vyAcikhyA santi ye budhAH / SaDbhASA candrikA taistad vyAkhyA rUpA vilokytaam|| siMharAja siMharAja kA prAkRta rUpAvatAra vAlmIki sUtra kI TIkA kahI jAtI hai jaisA ki lakSmIdhara ne bhI yahI kahA hai| 1085 sUtroM meM se usane 575 sUtroM para TIkA kI hai| inhoMne hemacandra, trivikrama evaM lakSmIdhara ke udAharaNoM kA hI piSTapeSaNa kiyA hai| inameM koI vizeSa vaiziSTya nahIM hai| ataH inakI racanA apabhraMza ke liye koI vizeSa upayogI nahIM kahI jA sktii| inhoMne svataH bhUmikA bhAga meM kahA hai-tatrAdau zAstrIya saMvyAhAra parijJAnArthaM saMjJe paribhASe vyete| ataH inakI racanA meM sUtroM ke nAma tathA pAribhASika zabdAvalI kI vyAkhyA hI vizeSatayA kahI gayI hai| mArkaNDeya ___ mArkaNDeya kA prAkRta sarvasva apabhraMza kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa racanA hai| mArkaNDeya svatantra vicAra kA vaiyAkaraNa hai| ye na to pazcima bhArata ke vaiyAkaraNoM kA hI anukaraNa karate haiM aura na to jainiyoM kA hii| inhoMne prAkRta ke sAtha dezI bhASA kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| tIna prakAra kI apabhraMzoM kA vyavahAra batAkara usakI svatantra vyAkhyA dI hai| prAkRta kA bhASA, vibhASA, apabhraMza evaM paizAcI meM bheda karate hue mArkaNDeya ne kahA hai :

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212 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi caturvidhaM tacca bhASA vibhASA paMcadhA pRthak / apabhraMzAstrayastrisraH paizAcyazceti ssoddshH|| apabhraMza kI vyAkhyA karate hue mArkaNDeya ne kisI ajJAta lekhaka ke anusAra 27 apabhraMzoM kI sUcanA dI hai| svataH usane tIna apabhraMza bhASAyeM svIkAra kI haiM:- nAgara, upanAgara aura braacdd| isase atirikta anya apabhraMza bhASAoM kA koI pRthak astitva nahIM mAnA hai| ve sabhI inhIM ke antargata A jAtI haiM : apabhraMzAH pare sUkSmabhedatvAt na pRthngmtaaH| unhoMne apabhraMza ke 27 bheda kiye haiM, inameM pANDya, kAliMgya, kAraNATa, kAMca, drAvir3a Adi ko bhI sammilita kara liyA hai| isa para pizela mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki mArkaNDeya ne apabhraMza ke antargata Arya aura anArya donoM prakAra kI bhASAoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| DA0 rAmakumAra varmA kA kahanA hai ki yadyapi yaha kaThinatA se mAnA jA sakatA hai ki Arya aura anArya bhASAoM meM sUkSma bheda hai hI aura ve svatantra bhASAoM kI saMjJA se vibhUSita nahIM kI jA sktiiN| jisa prakAra prAkRta meM mahArASTrI prAkRta mAnya hai usI prakAra apabhraMzoM meM nAgara apabhraMza kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha mukhyataH gujarAta meM bolI jAtI thii| nAgara kA artha yaha bhI hai jo ki nAgara deza meM bolI jAtI ho| gujarAta ke paMDita nAgara kahe jAte the, ataeva nAgara apabhraMza kA sthAna gujarAta meM thA kintu nAgara apabhraMza kA AdhAra zaurasenI prAkRta thA jo ki madhya pradeza ke hone ke kAraNa saMskRta ke prabhAva se vaMcita nahIM ho sakatI thii| vAcaDa siMdha meM bolI jAtI thI aura upanAgara siMdha ke bIca ke pradeza meM arthAt pazcima rAjasthAna aura dakSiNa paMjAba meM bolI jAtI thii| ina apabhraMzoM para vicAra karate samaya prAkRta sAhitya tathA nATakoM se udAharaNa liye jAte haiM (1) kAvyoM meM bRhatkathA, saptazatI, setubandha aura gauDavAho se uddharaNa diyA gayA hai|

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prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa 213 (2) nATakoM meM zAkuntala, ratnAvalI, mAlatI mAdhava, mRcchakaTika, veNI saMhAra, karpUramaMjarI aura vilAsavatI sattaka Adi se uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| (3) bharata, kohala, bhaTTi, bhojadeva aura piMgala kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| __ isa prakAra apabhraMza kI dRSTi se hemacandra ke bAda mArkaNDeya kA prAkRta sarvasva hI adhika surakSita, samucita evaM pUrNa jJAtA hotA hai| yadyapi usane pUrvavartI lekhakoM meM zAkalya, bharata, kohala, bhAmaha aura vasaMtarAja kA ullekha kiyA hai, para yaha patA nahIM cala pAtA ki usane kevala una logoM kA nAma ginAne ke liye ullekha kiyA hai yA unase prabhAvita bhI hai| hameM to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usane una logoM kA nAmollekha ThIka usI prakAra kiyA hai jisa prakAra siMharAja ne vAlmIki kA ullekha kiyA hai| astu; jo kucha bhI ho prAkRta sarvasva meM apabhraMza sUtroM ko dekhate hue yaha mAnanA hI par3atA hai ki usane apane se pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa yAnI hemacandra se lekara siMharAja taka ke vyAkaraNoM kA samucita upayoga kara pariSkRta rUpa meM apanI racanA prastuta kI hai| pUrvokta prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke atirikta aura bhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa ho cuke haiN| kintu una logoM ke vyAkaraNa meM apabhraMza viSayaka koI nUtanatA nahIM pAyI jaatii| Adhunika prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa Adhunika prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM e0 sI0 vulanara kA inTroDakzana TU prAkRta (1939 san), dineza candra sarakAra kA e grAmara oNva di prAkRta laiMgveja (943 san), e0 ela0 ghATage kA ena inTroDakzana TU ardhamAgadhI (1940), hoephara kA De prAkRta DiAlekTo libriduo (barlina sana 1836), lAssana kA insTITyUtsI onesa liMguAe prAkRtikAe (baunaI 1839), kauve kA e zorTa inTroDakzana Tu da oNrDanarI prAkRta oNva da saMskRta DrAmAja vitha lisTa oNva kaoNmana

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi iregulara prAkRta varDasa ( landana san 1875), ricarDa pizela kA prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa (san 1958), paM0 vecara dAsa dozI kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa (ahamadAvAda I0 1925), DaoN0 sarayU prasAda agravAla kA prAkRta vimarza (san 1953 ) Adi / apabhraMza ke liye pizela kI pustaka paripUrNa tathA bahuta hI upayogI hai| apabhraMza ke sAmAnya jJAna ke liye vulanara bhI Avazyaka hai| paM0 becara dAsa jI ne sarala bhASA meM abhivyakti kI hai| prAkRta bhASAoM para ina logoM kI vicArapUrNa bhUmikA bahuta hI upAdeya hai| jyU blaoNkha tathA DaoN0 griyarsana ne ma0 bhA0 A0 tathA na0 bhA0 A0 kA uddhAra to kiyA hI hai| DA0 tagAre kA apabhraMza vyAkaraNa saMtulita hai| DA0 e0 ke0 sena kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa bhI apabhraMza para pUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai| 214 saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. prAkRtabhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 4, prakAzanapariSad, paTanA / - bihAra rASTra bhASA prAtkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, 34 bhUmikA pR0 74 | bhavisatta kahA bhUmikA pR0 61 / prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa ha 34-3 - bhUmikA pR0 74 / apabhraMza ekArDigaM Tu mArkaNDeya - jI0 e0 griyarsana (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0) pR0 815 / hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa pR0 47-48 / DA0 rAma kumAra varmA, prakAzaka- rAma nArAyaNa lAla, ilAhAbAda, sa0 1954 /

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SaSTha adhyAya vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi apabhraMza kA kSetrIya bheda apabhraMza bhASA ke nirNaya karane meM vighna paidA karatA hai| madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI boliyoM kI dhvaniyoM se isakI bhinnatA dikhAnA kaThina hai| vastutaH pUre madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI dhvaniyA~ pUrNarUpeNa spaSTa nahIM haiN| prAkRta kI boliyA~ mahArASTrI tathA zaurasenI kI dhvaniyoM se koI khAsa antara nahIM rakhatI haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA parivartita rUpa hI inameM pAyA jAtA hai jaise - prA0 bhA0 A0 ta aura tha aura rya yya meM (hema0 8/4/286-98), paizAcI ta ko da, Na ko na, la ko Ja (hema0 8/4/303-24), mAgadhI meM ra ko la, sa, Sa ko za, ja ko ya aura prAyaH ya kI surakSA rahatI hai isI taraha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne R aura ra donoM kI surakSA kI hai| vyaMjana ka, kha, ta, tha, pa aura pha kI jagaha ga, gha, da, dha, ba aura bha ho jAtA hai, apabhraMza meM svara vinimaya tathA unake dIrgha yA hasva karane kI svatantratA hai; jaise eka hI kAraka meM 'ha~' yA 'hu~' aura 'he' yA 'hu' pratyaya pAye jAte haiM, aura o kI jagaha 'u' ho jAtA hai| ma kA bahuta kama uccAraNa hotA hai kyoMki isake sthAna meM prAyaH 'va' ho jAtA hai| vibhakti ke anta meM 'sa' ke sthAna meM 'ha' hotA hai aura isase aneka rUpa samajha meM A jAte haiM, jaise mArkaNDeya tathA anya lekhakoM dvArA prayukta 'devaho' vaidika 'devAsaH' se milatA julatA hai| isI prakAra 'devaha~ prAkRta ke 'devassa' se, 'tAha~' 'tassa' se, 'tahi~ tasiM se milatA hai| vastutaH zabda rUpoM ke kAraNa hI apabhraMza prAkRta se apanI bhinnatA prakaTa karatI hai| ye hI zabda rUpa apabhraMza ko ma0 bhA0 A0 bhASA kI anya boliyoM se pRthak karatA hai| isake atirikta

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216 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi uccAraNa ko sarala banAne ke lie prAkRta kI saMdhiyA~ prAyaH zithila kara dI jAtI haiN| zabda rUpoM para 'svara parivartana' kA prabhAva par3atA hai| kabhI-kabhI kartA, karma aura sambandha kAraka meM pratyaya nahIM lagAyA jAtA; ina sabhI dRSTiyoM se apabhraMza ke zabda rUpa zeSa ma0 bhA0 A0 se pRthaka ho jAte haiN| hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke kucha niyama apabhraMza sAhitya meM lAgU nahIM hote| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne paramAtma prakAza meM aise bahuta se udAharaNa dikhAye haiN| apabhraMza dhvani kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM pUrvavartI apabhraMza aura paravartI apabhraMza meM bhASA kI vikAsAtmaka pravRttiyA~ dIkha par3atI haiN| paravartI apabhraMza meM aura bhI zabda rUpoM kI DhilAI dIkha paDatI haiN| vibhaktiyA~ pracura mAtrA meM kSINa ho calI thiiN| dhvanyAtmaka parivartana bhI kAphI dIkha par3ane lagA thaa| hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke uddharaNoM meM bhI ye cIjeM parilakSita hotI haiN| apabhraMza dhvani kI kucha mukhya bhinnatAyeM dekhI jA sakatI haiM : (1) svara parivartana kI avyavasthA / (2) kahIM-kahIM R svara kI surakSA krnaa| (3) ma kA va~ meM privrtn| (4) vyaMjana ra kI surakSA (anAvazyaka rUpa se ra kA Agamana) yaha pravRtti prA0 bhA0 A0 meM nahIM dIkha pdd'tii| ___(5) apabhraMza meM ra kI surakSA hote hue bhI prAyaH ra kA lopa ho jAtA hai| jaise - canda < candra, piDa, piya < priya / (6) mha kA mbha vikalpa karake hotA hai| prAkRta meM bhI mha ko mbha hotA thaa| gimbha, gimha < grISma / (7) hrasva svaroM kA sAnunAsika tathA sAnusvAra rUpa paravartI apabhraMza meM bhI milatA hai, tathA Nha, mha dhvaniyA~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| na evaM nha kA prayoga bhI hotA thaa| hemacandra ne Adi na kI surakSA kA

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vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi vidhAna kiyA hai kintu apabhraMza racanAoM meM Na evaM Nha kA hI rUpa milatA hai / pizela ne apabhraMza ke saMskaraNoM meM Na kA hI prayoga kiyA hai / paramAtma prakAza meM bhI Na kA hI prayoga milatA hai| anya racanAoM meM na evaM nha kA prayoga bhI milatA hai 217 (8) hemacandra ke apabhraMza meM yadyapi Na evaM Da kA hI vidhAna milatA hai tathApi paravartI apabhraMza meM evaM na0 bhA0 A0 meM r3a kI dhvani bhI pAyI jAtI hai| r3a vastutaH Da hI dhvani hai / vastutaH yaha koI bhinna dhvani nahIM hai / kabhI-kabhI la kI jagaha Da kA uccAraNa bhI pAyA jAtA hai / na0 bhA0 A0 kI vraja bhASA Adi meM na, mha evaM Da Adi dhvaniyA~ hI pAyI jAtI haiM / (9) apabhraMza meM anusvAra evaM anunAsika donoM taraha ke rUpa pAye jAte haiN| vibhaktyanta rUpa prAyaH sAnunAsika milate haiM / kintu anusvAra yukta zabda rUpa bhI dekhe jAte haiN| yaha pravRtti navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vraja bhASA Adi meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai / pizela mahodaya (178) ne vartanI sambandhI khAsa samasyA kA kAraNa yaha batAyA hai ki 'ma0 bhA0 A0 meM anusvAra ke atirikta hameM do prakAra ke nAsikya svara upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM eka anusvAra ke cihna se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai, dUsarA anunAsika ke cihna se' / prAkRta ke karaNa bahuvacana meM eka sAtha - hiM, hiM, tathA - hi tInoM rUpa - milate haiN| 'zuddha anusvAra tathA nAsikya svara kA vibheda yaha hai ki jahA~ kA saMbaMdha pUrvavartI n, m se jor3A jA sake vahA~ anusvAra hogA, anyatra nAsikya svr| yaha nAsikya svara kahIM to deg ke dvArA aura kahIM ke dvArA cihnita kiyA jAtA hai / ' ya dhvani tathA ya zruti kA prayoga jaina apabhraMza pustakoM meM kabhI-kabhI 'ya' ke sthAna para 'i' tathA 'i' ke sthAna para 'ya' kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai jaise raya = rai=rati, gaya (=gai=gati) saMdeza rAsaka Adi meM isake bahuta se udAharaNa pAye

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218 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi jAte haiN| hemacandra ne (8/1/180) batAyA hai ki 'a' yA 'A' ke sAtha prAkRta yA apabhraMza meM 'ya' zruti pAI jAtI hai| kucha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra prAkRta meM vikalpa se 'ya' zruti tathA 'va' zruti vAle prayoga pAye jAte haiM-gaaNaM, gayaNaM, suhao, suhavo Adi / apabhraMza meM padAnta uddhRtta svaroM ke sthAna para 'ya' zruti prAyaH dekhI jAtI hai| kabhI-kabhI uddhRtta svara a kI jagaha i tathA 'u' bhI dekhA jAtA hai, uddhRta svara kI rakSA bhI kI jAtI hai| pizela mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki 'jahA~ pada ke bIca meM svara madhyagata vyaJjana lupta hotA hai, una do svaroM ke bIca 'ya' zruti kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, yaha 'ya' zruti-jaina hasta lekhoM meM tathA sabhI vibhASAoM meM lipi kRta hotI hai, aura ardha-mAgadhI, jaina mahArASTrI tathA jaina zaurasenI kA khAsa lakSaNa hai| unakA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki jainetara hastalekhoM meM yaha 'ya' zruti nahIM miltii| isa zruti kA pracura prayoga a-A ke sAtha hI hotA hai, kintu isakA astitva i tathA u ke sAtha a, A, Ane para bhI dekhA jAtA hai jaise-'piyai'-=pibati) indiya (=indriya), hiyaya (hRdaya), gIya (gIta), ruya (ruva), dUya (dUta) (prA0 vyA0 $187) / ' va zruti kA prayoga yadyapi hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM va zruti nahIM dIkha par3atI kintu yaha zruti apabhraMza meM dRSTigata hotI hai| prAyaH u, U yA o ke pazcAta 'a'-dhvani ke rahane para 'va' zruti pAyI jAtI hai| aMsuva (=aMzukaH), kaMcuva (=kaMcuka), bhuva (=bhuja), huvAsa (-hutAza) aadi| ukti vyakti prakaraNa meM bhI aise rUpa dIkha par3ate haiM-ruvai =rudati), uvara (=udara), kevai (=ketakI) Adi / (1) upAntya svara kI prAyaH surakSA kI jAtI hai| (2) yadyapi bolacAla kI apabhraMza meM udvRtta svaroM ko ekIkaraNa dvArA saMyukta svara kara dene kA AbhAsa milatA hai, tathApi sAhityika apabhraMza meM yaha pravRtti bahuta kama dekhI jAtI hai|

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vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi 219 zabda rUpa zabda rUpoM ke kAraNa hI apabhraMza kI anya prAkRta bhASAoM se bhinnatA hai| zabda rUpoM meM nirantara vikAsa hone ke kAraNa aura bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke zabdarUpoM meM sAmAnyatayA hAsa kI pravRtti Ane ke kAraNa apabhraMza meM ekarUpatA parilakSita hone lgii| zabda rUpa prAyaH akArAnta, ikArAnta aura ukArAnta hone lage (yadyapi saiddhAntika dRSTi se strIliMga vAcI AkArAnta, IkArAnta aura UkArAnta rUpa bhI haiM) inameM bhI AkArAnta rUpa adhika ho cle| prAkata vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra apabhraMza kI 'liMga prakriyA' avyavasthita hai| saccI bAta to yaha hai ki prA0 bhA0 A0 kI liMga paddhati zanaiH-zanaiH pAli aura prAkRta meM kSINa hotI gyii| yadyapi pazcima apabhraMza ke zabda rUpoM kI paddhati ne bahuta kucha prAkRta ke rUpoM ko surakSita rakhI hai, kyoMki hemacandra dvArA uddhRta apabhraMza dohoM meM prAkRta ke bhI kucha zabda rUpa parilakSita hote haiM; phira bhI pUrvI apabhraMza ke zabda rUpoM meM bahuta kucha viziSTatAyeM dIkha par3atI haiN| ___isa sandeha kA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki apabhraMza meM rUpoM ko sAmAnya banAne kI pravRtti hai| isake sabhI zabda svarAnta hote haiM jabaki prA0 bhA0 A0 meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| napuMsaka liMga ke zabda rUpa apabhraMza meM dhIre-dhIre adRzya ho cle| pulliMga aura strIliMga kI vibhaktiyA~ a, i aura ukArAnta zabda rUpoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa, apabhraMza ke pulliMga akArAnta zabda rUpoM kI adhikatA huii| isa kAraNa liMga nirNaya karane meM avyavasthA sI ho gayI aura hemacandra jaise prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa ko liMgamatantram kahanA pdd'aa| prAkata kI taraha apabhraMza meM zabdoM ke do rUpa nahIM hote| isa samaya taka bahuta se kArakoM kI saMkhyA ghaTa calI thI aura hameM pratyakSataH tRtIyA, saptamI, aura caturthI, SaSThI tathA paMcamI meM ekarUpatA sI dIkhatI hai| vastutaH tIna hI kAraka vibhaktiyA~ apabhraMza meM dRSTigata hotI haiN| sAmAnyataH kucha vibhaktiyoM meM ekarUpatA sI hai jaise tRtIyA, saptamI aura caturthI evaM SaSThI ke bIca /

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220 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 0 0 0 0 0 0 pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga ke rUpo meM akArAnta zabda rUpa pramukha haiM aura ye sAmAnyatayA pracalita the| dUsare saMjJA aura sarvanAmoM ke rUpa sAmAnya kara diye gye| saMjJA zabdoM ke anta meM hasva kA dIrgha aura dIrgha svara kA hasva hotA hai-sAmakta-sAmaktA, khaDgAH khagga, dRSTi diTTi, putrii-putti| isa taraha apabhraMza ke nimmalikhita kAraka rUpa haiM : eka0 kartA0-u, ho karma0-u, ho tR0-eM catu0-su, ho, ssu paMca0-he, hu Sa0-su, ho, ssu sapta0-i, hi sambo0-kartA kI trh| (1) ina rUpoM ke pahale antima svara (a, i yA u) vikalpa karake hasva ho jAte haiM-yA dIrgha hote haiN| (2) tR0, e0, va0 ke pahale yaha e meM badala jAtA hai| (3) jahA~ para koI vidhAna nahIM hotA vahA~ para pahalA (1 kA) niyama lAgU hotA hai| (4) bahuta se taddhita pratyaya jaise dA, dI, ulla, ullI, a (=ka) Adi saMjJA aura vizeSaNa zabda rUpoM ke pahale lagate haiN| (5) kartA kAraka e0 va0 pulliMga ke anta kA a:-a yA-u kA sAmAnyataH o (-i) hotA hai| napuM0 liMga ke anta meM-u yA a-sAdhAraNataH-am hotA hai| tR0 e0 va0, pu0 napuM0 ke padAnta meM-eNa (m), iNa (m)-em yA m hotA hai| isa prakAra teNa (m), tiNa. (m), teM mahuyeM, mahuM / paMcamI ke anta meM-he aura huM / yaha do kArakoM meM 0

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vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi 221 prayukta hotA hai, e0 va0 ke lie Adu bhI prayukta hotA hai| isa prakAra rucchahe, rucchahuM, rucchAdu < vRkSa- | SaSThI e0 va0-ha, he, ho,-su isake atirikta ssa-bhI hotA hai| isa prakAra rucchaha, rucchahe, rucchaho, rucchasu, rucchassa < vRkSa sapta0 e0 va0-hiM-rucchahiM / aitihAsika rUpa bhI isI taraha haiN| strIliMga ke rUpoM meM tR0, catu0, 10, sapta0 ke anta meM he aura he prAyaH pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra khattAhe, rayiheM (< rti-)| sambodhana ke bahuvacana ke anta meM ho hotA hai-aggiho, mhilaaho| strIliMga ke ikArAnta aura ukArAnta rUpoM meM 'ka' bhI hotA hai| strIliMga ke IkArAnta aura UkArAnta rUpa pulliMga ke rUpoM se ghaniSThatayA sambandhita haiN| yadyapi strI0 aura puM0 ke akArAnta rUpoM ne kucha viziSTatAyeM rakhI haiM | catu0, paM0, Sa0 aura sapta0 ke sAmAnya rUpa (ye rUpa yadyapi prAkRta se bhinnatA dikhAte haiM) na0 bhA0 A0 ke rUpoM kA nirmANa kara rahe the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki ba0 va0 aura catu0, paM0, aura Sa0, e0 va0 ke rUpa kSetrIya bhinnatAyeM rakhate haiN| pUrvI aura pazcimI apabhraMza ke rUpoM meM kucha bhinnatA hai, pUrvI-ha, pazcimI-he, hu| __ isa prakAra kAraka vibhaktiyoM meM prAyaH bhrama paidA ho jAne kI AzaMkA se-bhASA meM parasarga kA pracalana ho claa| honta, hontau, aura honti kA prayoga paMcamI ke artha meM, keraa aura kera kA prayoga SaSThI ke lie aura taNa kA prayoga tRtIyA ke bhAva meM prayukta hone lgaa| vidita hotA hai ki ina parasargo kA prayoga vibhinna vibhaktiyoM ke artha meM hotA thaa| ina parasargoM kA prayoga Age calakara na0 bhA0 A0 meM bar3A hI mahatvapUrNa ho calA, taNa aura kera kA prayoga atyadhika pAyA jAne lgaa| sarvanAma zabda rUpa sarvanAma ke rUpa vibhinna prakAra ke aura vicitra taraha ke haiM jaise-tumhAra (tuMbhAra), AmhAra (AMbhAra), (sarvanAma vizeSaNa); tai (m), mai (ma), (karma0, tR0, sapta0, e0 va0); tuha, tuhu, tujjha, mahu, majjhu (Sa0 e0 va0), tumhe, amhe (kartA0 ba0 va0); tumhahaM, tumhAiM, amhahaM (karma0 ba0 v0)| uttama aura madhyama puruSa sarvanAma ke bahuta se rUpa hote haiN| uttama0

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222 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aura madhyama0 ke rUpa batA cuke haiN| u0 pu0 e0 va0 ahama, ba0 va0 amha, ma0 pu0 e0 va0-tu, ta, pa; aura tumha ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 ke rUpa haiN| donoM puruSoM ke rUpa prAyaH pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga meM eka hI haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya meM pUrvokta bahuta se rUpa nahIM dIkha par3ate haiM tathApi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne una rUpoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| phira bhI ina rUpoM meM sarvatra sthiratA pAI jAtI hai| ina rUpoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki ye rUpa na0 bhA0 A0 bhASA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| ina rUpoM ke atirikta anya purUSa ke rUpa haiM jo ki sarvanAma vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bhI pracalita haiM; jaise-ta (< tad), ea, eya (etad) aura Aya, Aa, (= idam jo ki * atR0 para AdhArita hai); sambandha vAcI ja-(yad), praznavAcaka-ka, kavaNa-(kim), nijavAcI-appa (Atman); adas zabda hI isakA apavAda hai| ye sarvanAma sAmAnyatayA saMjJA ke vizeSaNa rUpoM ke anurUpa hote haiM, rUpoM kI saralatA ke nirdezaka haiN| isase liMgoM aura vacanoM kA bhrama saMjJA ke rUpoM kI taraha hotA hai| pUrvokta rUpoM ke atirikta yada, tad aura kim ke rUpa samAna rUpa se calate haiN| idam aura etad zabda ke rUpa svacchanda rUpa se paraspara milate rahate haiN| Atman zabda kA rUpa pulliMga ekavacana meM calatA hai, avaziSTa sarvanAma ke rUpa aprasiddha haiM aura unake zabda rUpoM kI apanI koI khAsa vizoSatA nahIM hai jisase ki unakI bhinnatA saMjJA rUpoM se dikhAyI jA ske| pUrvokta rUpoM ke sarvanAma vizeSaNa rUpa hogA-eha (yaha), teha (vaha), jeha (vaha), keha (kyA), kisa (kyoM), kiNa (kyoM), evaDDu (itanA), kevaDDu (kitanA), jema (jisa taraha), kema (kisa taraha) aadi| kriyA rUpa-racanA ____ apabhraMzoM ke kriyA rUpa prAkRta aura purAnI na0 bhA0 A0 ke bIca ke haiN| ye kriyA rUpa bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI saralatA aura AdhunikatA kI ora nirantara jhukAva kA nirdeza karate haiN| prAkRta aura na0 bhA0 A0 ke samAna apabhraMza ke sAmAnya niyamoM kI kriyA paddhati meM nAmamAtra ke muhAvaredAra prayoga haiN| kriyA paddhati kI praNAlI prA0 bhA0

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vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi A0 ke vartamAna kAlika kriyA rUpoM para AdhArita haiM / dhvanyAtmaka parivartana ke kAraNa rUpoM meM parivartana avazya huA hai kintu apabhraMza ke kriyA rUpa pUrvokta paddhati para hI AdhArita haiN| isa taraha apabhraMza na0 bhA0 A0 kA pratinidhi hai / 223 apabhraMza dhAtue~ prA0 bhA0 A0 kI taraha 'sakarmaka' aura 'akarmaka' rUpoM meM vibhakta haiM / apabhraMza ke kriyA rUpoM kI paddhati prA0 bhA0 A0 para AdhArita hote hue bhI sAmAnyatayA dhvanyAtmaka rUpa meM pariSkRta hai yA bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se navIna rUpa meM racI huI hai / prA0 bhA0 A0 kI kriyA paddhati kA AdhAra hai - ( 1 ) vartamAna kAlika kartRvAcya (2) vartamAna karmavAcya (3) vartamAna, bhUta kRdanta aura (4) zabda dhvani para aadhaarit| inhIM AdhAroM ko kriyA prakaraNa meM vistRta kiyA gayA hai| preraNArthaka kriyA kA pratyaya 'Aya' aura 'Ava' hai / kabhI-kabhI Adi kAlIna rUpoM ke a kI vRddhi bhI hotI hai (aura i u ko guNa bhI hotA hai)| kabhI kucha Adi kAlIna aura sAmayika rUpa bhI dIkha par3ate haiM / Ava kA A hindI meM dIkhatA hai - par3hanA, par3hAnA, par3havAnA aura na0 bhA0 A0 meM Ara, Ala aura Ada pAyA jAtA hai / vartamAna kAla kA rUpa saMskRta kAla se nirantara dikhAI detA hai / saMskRta aura prAkRta kI chApa apabhraMza para dIkha par3atI hai| yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki apabhraMza kA vizuddha rUpa uttama puruSa eka vacana auM rUpa pra0 pu0 kartA e0 va0 ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai / sarvanAma ke antima-auM < prA0 bhA0 A0 - akam kA hai / madhyama pu0 e0 va0 meM ahi < prA0 bhA0 A0 AjJA / pazcimI apabhraMza ke ma0 pu0 e0 va0 meM dhi rUpa bhI pracalita thA, asi kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| yaha mahArASTrI apabhraMza aura Adhunika mAgadhI bhASAoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / anya pu0 e0 va0 ai < prA0 bhA0 A0 ati kA rUpa hai aura yaha na0 bhA0 A0 ke a0 pu0 e0 va0 meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / pUrvI apabhraMza meM a < ai kA rUpa bahuta kama pAyA jAtA hai| vartamAna kAla AjJA ke rUpoM se prabhAvita hai, tIna rUpoM meM madhya0 pu0 ba0 va0 ahu aura aha AjJA ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 meM prayukta hotA hai / yaha prA0 bhA0 A0 ke ma0 pu0 * thas

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224 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi se vyutpanna mAnA jA sakatA hai| aura uttama pu0 e0 va0 ke masa ke AdhAra para hai| saMbhavataH apabhraMza ke ha isase prabhAvita hai| uttama pu0 aura anya pu0 ba0 va0-ahaM, tathA ahi bhI isase prabhAvita hai| apabhraMza sAhitya kI AjJA (loT lakAra) meM vibhinna prakAra ke rUpa pAye jAte haiM, hemacandra ne kucha hI rUpoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| bahuta se rUpoM kA kramika-vikAsa bhI pAyA jAtA hai-ahi < prA0 bhA0 Ao-dhi kA rUpa sarvatra pAyA jAtA hai| anya pu0 e0 va0 u < prA0 bhA0 A0 tu kA rUpa bahuta sthaloM para pAyA jAtA hai, madhya0 pu0-hu < prA0 bhA0 A0 * thu,-asu,-esu < prA0 bhA0 A0-sva aura-u kA rUpa hai| apabhraMza meM u kA rUpa bahuta pAyA jAtA hai| yaha sAmAnyatayA vartamAna kAla aura AjJA meM pAyA jAtA hai| AjJA vastutaH vartamAna kAla hI hai| AjJA ma0 pu0 ba0 vao-ha (aha, eha rUpa pazcimI apa0 meM pAyA jAtA hai) rUpa prAkRta se prabhAvita hai| ma0 pu0 e0 va0 meM - ahi, i aura u bhI pracalita hai; aha, ahu, u ke rUpa pUrvI apabhraMza meM dekhe jAte haiN| pazcimI apabhraMza meM sAmAnyatayA ahu, ahi - i vAlA rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai; asu aura-esu rUpa bhI dekhane meM AtA hai| ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 meM ahU, aha, aha tathA kabhI-kabhI pUrvI apa0 meM ijjaha-ha rUpa bhI dIkha par3atA hai| hemacandra ne isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| ahu kI vyutpatti prA0 bhA0 A0 -* thu se mAnI jA sakatI hai| ahu anya0 pu0 ba0 va0 ke AdhAra para-aha < prA0 bhA0 A0 tha kA ahA bhI ho sakatA hai| isa taraha vartamAna kA prabhAva loT lakAra (AjJA) para dekhA jA sakatA hai| anya pu0 e0 va0 u < prA0 bhA0 A0 tu kA vikAsa spaSTa hai; anya pu0 ba0 va0-aha, varta0 kA0 i, ahi, uM-aha ke AdhAra para hai| isake vibhinna rUpa na0 bhA0 Ao meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| prAkRta bhaviSyatkAla ke rUpa kI taraha apabhraMza meM bhI hote haiN| sa aura ha < prA0 bhA0 A0 sya se vyutpanna hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM donoM prakAra ke rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ina donoM ke rUpa na0 bhA0 A0 meM pAye jAte haiN|

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vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi apabhraMza meM bhUtakAlIna rUpa kRdantaja hote the / bhUtakAla kI kriyA as yA bhU lagAkara vyakta kiyA jAtA thA; paravartI apabhraMza meM la lagAkara vyakta kiyA jAtA thA / 225 apabhraMza meM vidhi kA prayoga prA0 bhA0 A0 kA prakAra (Mood, meM prayoga hotA thA aura kabhI vidhi meM prayukta hotA thA / isakA rUpa-ijja < prArambhika prAkRta eyya hai aura karma0 ijja ke rUpa meM sandeha ho jAtA hai / yaha kabhI - iavva (< tavya) ke rUpa se bhI milatA hai| paravartI pazcimI apabhraMza meM ijja kA prayoga nahIM pAyA jAtA, sabhI puruSoM meM prayukta hotA thA / vartamAna, bhUta karmavAcya aura bhaviSyatkAla, pUrvakAlika kriyA Adi apabhraMza meM pradhAna haiM / apabhraMza meM anta aura mANa pratyaya prA0 bhA0 A0 kI taraha dhAtuoM meM juTate haiM / prAkRta kI taraha apabhraMza meM prA0 bhA0 A0 kA i-ta kA prayoga binA ka ke bhI hotA thA / yaha purAnI dhAtuoM yA dezI dhAtuoM meM bhI lagatA thA / prA0 bhA0 A0 kI aniTa dhAtuoM kI taraha yA dezI dhAtuoM ke sAtha milA diyA jAtA thA / dezI dhAtuoM meM (i) a < ita-uya, iya yA ia lagatA thA / vartamAna kRdanta meM tIna kAla hote haiN| isameM kaI pratyaya lagate haiM-ppaNa, - ippi (Nu), - ivi (Nu), bhaviSyatkRdanta ke pratyaya haiM - evvau, evA / kucha mukhya kriyA rUpa bhI haiM - bolla - vada ke liye, muka ke lie mella, mukka, mua; sthApaya ke lie thava; vestaya ke lie vella, veddha; masja ke lie buDDa, khuppa Adi hotA -- hai prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA kathita bhASA aura usakI pramukha boliyA~ purUSottama ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM prAcyA ko prAkRta meM tIsarA sthAna diyA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki prAcyA kA zaurasenI se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| AvantI kA mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI se samAna rUpa meM sambandha hai ( mahArASTrI zaurasenayorekayam) / zAkArI mAgadhI kI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vibhASA mAnI gayI hai (vizeSo mAgadhyAm ) aura cANDAlI mAgadhI kI vikRta bolI hai (mAgadhI vikRtiH) / purUSottama ne zAvarI ko bhI mAgadhI kI bolI mAnA hai tathA Takka dezI yA TakkI ko saMskRta aura zaurasenI kI mizrita vibhASA kahA hai (atha Takka dezIyA vibhASA; saMskRta zaurasenayoH ) kintu purUSottama ke hI anusAra harizcandra ne TakkI ko apabhraMza kI bolI kahA hai| 226 purUSottama Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza kI pradhAna bolI nAgaraka mAnA hai| nAgaraka kI kucha pramukha vizeSatAe~ batAyI jAtI haiM :a u do svara meM bhI vibhakta ho jAtA hai / za, Sa kA sa, ya kA ja, na kA Na hotA hai; alpa prANa ka aura ga prAyaH lupta ho jAte haiN| pa ko ba, pha ko bha aura kha, gha tha tathA dha ko ha ho jAtA hai, evaM ka, kha, ta, tha kA krama se ga, gha, da aura dha hotA hai| vyAsa > brAsa, bhUta> bhuha, svacchanda > cacchanda / kriyA kR, gama, bhU > kara, gama, ho krama se hotA hai / tvadIya, madIya > tumhAra, amhAra hotA hai / yAvata, tAvata > jima, tima, Na, Nai, NAvai, Nahama, jima, jaNi, Adi iva ke bhAva meM prayukta hotA hai| kai, kiMpradu, kiMpru, kira (kIra ) kiM ke bhAva meM prayukta hotA hai| puruSottama ne apabhraMza kA dUsarA bheda 'brAcaDa' bolI kI kucha pramukha vizeSatAe~ dI haiM : Sa, sa> za ca kA uccAraNa spaSTa tAlavya meM hotA hai, ta, dha kA uccAraNa aspaSTa hotA hai / ta, da kA ta, da hotA hai / eva > je, jji, bhU > bho Adi /

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vyAkaraNa prastuta karane kI vidhi 227 purUSottama ne apabhraMza kA bheda upanAgara ke antargata kSetrIya bolioM kA kiyA hai jaise-vaidarbhI, lATI, auDrI, kaikeyI, gauDI isake atirikta kucha AMcalika yA sthAnIya boliyoM kA bhI kiyA hai-Takka, varvara, kauntala, pANDya, siMhala Adi / purUSottama ke anusAra vaidarbhI ke ulla pratyaya pramukha haiM, lATI meM sambodhana ke cihna adhika haiM; auDrI meM i aura o sAmAnya dhvaniyA~ adhika haiM aura kaikeyI punarAvRtti karane meM abhyasta hai| kaikeyI paizAcika saMskRta mizrita zaurasenI kA vikRta rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| zaurasenI paizAcika, pAMcAli paizAcika ke alAvA eka cUlikA paizAcika bhI hai, isakA ullekha hemacandra ne kiyA hai| ___ apabhraMza ke paravartI rUpa kA nAma avahaTTa hai| isakA ullekha paravartI vaiyAkaraNoM ne nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke samaya meM yaha janatA kI bhASA thii| usa samaya yaha dezI yA deza bhASA nAma se bhI prasiddha thii| isakA sAhityika nAma 'avahaTTa' hai jo ki apabhraMza kA hI paravartI rUpa hai| saMkSipta sAra ke lekhaka ne 'avahaTTa' kA ullekha avazya kiyA hai aura usane ise apabhraMza hI kahA hai| vidyApati ne kIrtilatA meM isa zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai| apabhraMza zabda se avahaTTa kI vyutpatti mAnI jAtI hai kucha ne abhabhraSTa se ise vyutpanna mAnA hai| avahaTTa kA sambandha sAhityika na0 bhA0 A0 se adhika hai| isameM bhI bahuta se sAhitya upalabdha hote haiN| isakI pramukha vizeSatAe~: svaroM meM sandhi hokara dIrdhIkaraNa kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai-aMdhAra < aMdhaAra < aMdhakAra, jANI < jANiya < * jAnita (=jnyaat)| ___ antima ma jaba kisI saMyukta sandhi se bhinna ho tathA svara ke bAda ho to vaha samApta ho jAtA hai jaise tahi < tahiM, < je < jema < jeNama < jenn| antima e, o sAmAnyatayA i, u ho jAtA hai udAharaNa-paru < paro < paraH, deu < deo < devo < devaH, khaNi < khaNe < kssnne| Adi e kA kabhI-kabhI i bhI ho jAtA hai-ikka < ekka < aikya > eka, picchivi < pecchivi < prekSa / svara yukta ma sAmAnyatayA va ho jAtA hai aura svara anusvArAtmaka ho jAtA hai-sa~va < sama /

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228 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi antima-am yA to samApta ho jAtA hai yA u ho jAtA hai-nara, narU < naraM < naram, vara, varu < vrm| isI taraha antima aH kA visarga yA to samApta ho jAtA hai yA u (<-0) ho jAtA hai-nara, naru < naraH, pia, piu, < priyaH / pulliMga aura strIliMga kA bheda batAne kA rUpa spaSTa hai-juvaiha (SaSThI e0 va0 kA yuvati), mAaha (SaSThI e0 va0 maatR)| navIna sarvanAma ke rUpa isa taraha haiM-eha (yaha), jeha (vaha kyA), keha (kyA) tInoM liMgoM meM hotA hai| imu < idam; kemu, kiva = katham; jima, tima = yAdRka, tAdRka; mai (m), tai (m), amha, tumha = hama, tuma (eka vacana meM bhI prayukta hotA hai) amhAra, tumhAra=asmadIya-(madIya-), yuSmadIya (tvadIya-) aadi| kriyA rUpoM meM nimnalikhita pratyaya hote haiN| (loT aura vidhi meM bhI) (i) uttama purUSa-e0 va0-huM, mi, ba0 vao-ma (ii) madhyama pu0-e0 va0-i, u,-hi0, ba0 va0-ha; (iii) anya pu0 e0 va0 - (a) i-a, ba0 va0 nti,-hi| saMjJA aura kriyA ke lie muhAvare bhI prayukta hote haiN| kriyA aura saMjJA ke naye rUpoM ke zabda samUha spaSTa ho jAte haiM-vaTa (vada) mUrkha, kalla (kallI) = kala, khojja-khoja, kAla (bahira), vuDa-DUbanA, vaDDa-bar3A, aadi| saMdarbha . 1. prAkRta vyAkaraNa-845

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saptama adhyAya dhvani-vicAra apabhraMza meM prAkRta kI prAyaH sabhI dhvaniyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| prAkRta kA pAli se bahuta kucha sAmya rhaa| pAli ke samaya meM R, R, lu, lu ai evaM au svara samApta ho cuke the| pAli meM R kA parivartana prAyaH a, i, evaM u Adi dhvaniyoM meM ho gayA thaa| laukika saMskRta meM bhI lR evaM R kA prayoga prAyaH samApta sA ho calA thaa| pANini ne aSTAdhyAyI meM lU kA prayoga kevala 'klupu dhAtu luTi ca klRpoH ke liye hI kiyA thaa| pAli meM saMskRta ai aura au kI jagaha e evaM o kA prayoga hone lgaa| svara parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha vyaMjanoM meM bhI kucha parivartana huaa| pAli ke samaya meM hI za evaM Sa kA sthAna dantya sthAnIya sa ne le liyA thaa| visarga to sadA ke liye samApta ho gyaa| zeSa samasta dhvaniyA~ prAyaH saMskRta kI taraha hI rhiiN| isa taraha apabhraMza meM prAkRta kI prAyaH sabhI dhvaniyA~ milatI haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya kI nimnalikhita dhvaniyA~ haiM apabhraMza kI dhvaniyA~ svara hUsva-a, i, u, eN, oM dIrgha-A, I, U, e, o R kA apabhraMza meM kahIM a ho jAtA hai aura kahIM i bhI-hemacandra 8/4/329 taNu, tiNu evaM tRnnu|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi apabhraMza kI lekhana zailI saMskRta evaM prAkRta kI bhA~ti rahI / ataH hrasva eN evaM hrasva o ke lie koI pRthak cihna nahIM rahA / uccAraNa meM hrasva eN tathA hrasva oM kA vidhAna hemecandra ne 8 /4/41 meM kiyA hai| saMvRta a tathA vivRta a ke liye bhI koI pRthak cihna nahIM thA / pANini ne 8/4 / 62 aSTAdhyAyI meM evaM pataJjali ne mahAbhASya meM isakA uccAraNagata bheda kiyA hai / ataH DA0 tagAre kA kathana hai ki Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA - avadhI evaM baMgalA Adi kI bhA~ti usa samaya bhI 'a' ke uccAraNa meM bheda avazya rahA hogaa| isI taraha usa samaya apabhraMza ke kucha lekhakoM ne lupta madhyaga vyaMjana ke sthAna para a rahane diyA, kucha ne 'ya' zruti kA samAveza kara diyA aura kucha ne pUrva svara athavA vyaMjana svara ke sAtha isakI sandhi kara dI hai| inhIM sabhI kAraNoM se apabhraMza dhvaniyoM kA vibhAjana kara pAnA kaThina sA pratIta hotA hai / vyaJjana dhvaniyoM ke bAre meM likhate hue hemacandra ne kahA hai ki prAkRta meM Ga, Ja, Na tathA na kA vyavahAra nahIM hotA (Ga Ja Na no vyaJjane 8/1/25) unake sthAna para anusvAra hotA hai / SaDbhASA candrikAkAra kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta meM 40 akSara hote haiN| 10 svara hote haiN| R, lR, ai tathA au kA vyavahAra nahIM hotA / vyaMjanoM meM asaMyukta Ga tathA Ja kA prayoga nahIM hotA / za, Sa ke sthAna para sa prayukta hotA hai / prAkRtAnAntu siddhiH syAttaizcatvAriMzadakSaraiH / R lR varNauvinaikAraukArAbhyAM daza svarAH / zaSAvasaMyukta Ga Jau vinaivAnye halo matAH / / caNDa ne bhI prAkRta lakSaNam meM yahI bAta kahI hai :ai au svarau R, R, lR, lR, catuH svarAH / aH Ga Ja na za SAH santi prAkRte naiva karhicit / prAyaH ye sAre niyama apabhraMza meM bhI pAye jAte haiM / 230

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dhvani-vicAra 231 vyaMjana 1. ka, kha, ga, gha, (kaNThya ) / apabhraMza meM Ga tathA 2. ca, cha; ja, jha (tAlavya) " Ja kA abhAva hai| 3. Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Na (mUrdhanya) 4. ta, tha, da, dha, na (dantya) 5. pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, (oSThya ) 6. ya, ra, la, va (antastha) ya evaM va ardhasvara haiN| 7. sa, ha (uussm)| svara vikAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza meM svara parivartana ko aniyamita batAyA hai| vastutaH isa sambandha meM apabhraMza ne sAhityika prAkRtoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| apabhraMza meM R svara kI vicitra sthiti rhii| saMskRta meM hI R kA kabhI 'ara'' hotA thA to kabhI 'ira'' evaM 'ura'3 bhI ho jAyA karatA thaa| phira bhI usa samaya R svara avaziSTa thaa| jaise-mRga, vRnda, yA RtIyate' ityaadi| pAli evaM prAkRta meM R ke sthAna para a, i, evaM u svara pAye jAte haiN| phira bhI R kI kSINa avasthA ina kAloM meM bhI avazya rhii| nahIM to apabhraMza meM kvAcitka R kA prayoga nahIM pAyA jaataa| niSkarSa yaha ki apabhraMza meM bhI R ke sthAna para a, A, i, I, evaM u, U, e tathA ri hotA hai| kahIM kahIM R bhI milatA hai-taNu, tiNu tathA tRNu bhI milatA hai| 1. R kA a meM parivartana-hemacandra 8/4/420-naccaviya = nacca < * nRtya / kasaNa < kRSNa / taNu < tRNu, dharai < dharati = dhR hema0 8/4/344-taNu dhri| hema0 8/4/338-karai < * karati = kR, ghaya < ghRta, kaya < kRta, macchi < mRgAkSI, taNhA < tRssnnaa| visarai < vismarati-vi + smR|

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232 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi . 2. R kA A meM parivartana :- yaha parivartana prAyaH preraNArthaka kriyAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai jise hama prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA hI vikasita rUpa kaha sakate haiN| jaise-vAriyA < vAritaH = vR, mArai, kArai ityAdi-hema0 8/4/330 / ___3. R kA parivartana i meM-8/4/330 hiai < hRdaye, diTThI < dRSTI, miyAMka < mRgAMka < mialoaNI < mRgalocanI, diTTha < dRSTa, kiya < kRta, kiviNu < kRpaNa, ghiya < ghRta, dikkha < * dRkSa-dRza = kabhI kabhI hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM dekha yA dekkhanta rUpa bhI milatA hai| amia < amRta, nigghiNa < nighRNa, sukiya < sukRt| 4. R kA kabhI-kabhI I meM bhI parivartana pAyA jAtA hai-dIsai < dRzyati, hemacandra ke apabhraMza ke do dohe meM yaha kaI bAra prayukta huA hai| 5. R kA u meM parivartana-sumari < smara=smR, sumirijjai, pucchai <, pRcchati, pucchAviya < pRcchApita, puhavI < pRthvI 8/4/330 kuru < kuru-kR, parahua < parabhRta, puTThI < pRSTha, suNai < *sunati = zrRNoti, muai < mRta ityAdi / 6. R kA U meM parivartana-isakA udAharaNa hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM nahIM ke barAbara milatA hai| phira bhI hasva u kA dIrgha honA sarala hai| 7. R kA e - geha < gRha; geNhai < gRhnnaati| '8. R kA ri, rI - riNa < RNa, risaho < RSabha, rIcha < Rcch| 9. isa taraha kahIM-kahIM R kA svarUpa hI surakSita rahatA hai| tRNu, gRhaNai ityaadi| lU ke sthAna para apabhraMza meM i aura ili rUpa hotA hai-kinno, kilinno < klunn| kilitta < klupta hema0 8/1/115 /

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dhvani-vicAra 233 hemacandra kA kahanA hai ki apabhraMza meM svara ke niyama vyasthita nahIM haiM / yatheccha prayoga ke anusAra svara kI pravRtti pahacAnI jAtI hai| I ke sthAna para ye bhI ho sakatA hai tathA i bhI jaise veNa, vINa Adi / antya svara prAyaH dekhane ko milatA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA ke samaya meM vaidika kAlIna zabda ke antima svara kA uccAraNa laukika saMskRta meM kSINa ho calA thaa| jaise vaidika 'yatrA' aura 'tatrA' kA laukika saMskRta meM 'yatra' evaM 'tatra' prayoga hone lagA thaa| pizela kA kathana hai ki madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA vyaMjanAnta svara samApta ho calA thaa| azokakAlIna tAmrapatroM se patA calatA hai ki pUrva pradeza meM prAyaH AkArAnta zabda kA prayoga hasva akAra meM hotA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki antya svara ke isvIkaraNa evaM lopa kI pravRtti pUrvakAlIna madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA se lekara apabhraMza taka meM yaha pravRtti pAI jAtI hai aura Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM isa pravRtti ne kAphI yogadAna diyA hai| bihArI, kazmIrI, sindhI evaM koMkaNI ke atirikta anya sabhI Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM yaha pravRtti pAI jAtI hai| (1) nAma ke vyaMjanAnta a-a + am ghisa kara samApta ho jAtA hai yA hrasva hokara pUrvavartI svara se milakara apanA astitva samApta kara detA hai| khettI < kSetrita, ujjhA, (hi0 ojhA) < upAdhyAya Adi antya svara kA lopa ho gayA hai| ___ (2) antya svara ke hasvIkaraNa kI pravRtti / prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kA A, Ama, Aha evaM AnI kA a ho jAtA hai yA lopa ho jAtA hai :-piya < priyA, parAiya < parakIyA, saMjhA < saMdhyA; pUrvI apabhraMza avejja < avidyA / (3) antima varNa ke sAtha antya 'A' kA bhI lopa ho jAtA hai = ANI < ANIA < AnItA; pUrvI apabhraMza = maTTI < maTTIA < mRttikaa|

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234 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (4) prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA I, ina, iNI, apabhraMza meM 'i' yA 'a' ho jAtA hai| parantu yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki sAdhAraNa prAkRta kI bhA~ti, sarvatra apabhraMza meM bhI i aura I kA i ho hI jAya / vastutaH apabhraMza kI zabda rUpAvalI ke dvitIyA eka vacana meM ima kA apabhraMza i hotA hI nahIM hai| phira bhI yaha koI sArvatrika niyama nahIM hai| kahIM-kahIM apavAda bhI milatA hai| ekkai < ekAkinI, pahua < prabhRti, ityaadi| (5) prAcIna U, Uma kA apabhraMza meM 'u' evaM 'a' ho jAtA hai = dhaNa < dhanuSa, vijja (ppaha) < vidyuta (prabhA) aadi| isa prakAra ke udAharaNa bahuta kama milate haiN| (6) prAcIna saMskRta e kA apabhraMza meM i ho jAtA hai = amhi < * asme, tumhi < * tuSme ityAdi / ___(7) ai ke sthAna para apabhraMza meM eN, e aura ai tathA au ke sthAna para o, o aura au bhI ho jAtA hai : ai = eN avareka < aparaika ai = e deva < daiva ai = ai daia < daiva (daivu ghaDAvai-8/4/340) au = o gorI < gaurI (o gorI muha nijjiau) au = oM jo vvaNa < yauvana (jo vvaNa kassu maraTu) au = au paura < paura, gaurI < gorI (8) apabhraMza meM pada ke anta meM sthita uM, huM, hiM aura haM kA uccAraNa laghu-hasva (atizIghra) uccAraNa hotA hai : (ka) annu ju tucchauM te dhnhe| (kha) daivu ghaDAvai vaNi tarahuM / (ga) taNahu~ taijji bhaMgi nvi| (gha) dintehi suhaya jnnssu|

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dhvani-vicAra 235 (9) apabhraMza meM eka svara ke sthAna para prAyaH dUsarA svara ho jAtA hai|' ___ a=i,-kiviNa < kRpaNa, carima < carama, pikva < pakva, kiha < kathA, jiha < yathA, tiha < tthaa| a = u-muNai < manute, jhuNi < dhvani, aadi| (ka) akArAnta nAma vAle tathA sarvanAma SaSThI ke eka vacana ke anta meM bhI prAyaH a ko u ho jAtA hai| siddha hema0-8/4/338,354 suaNassu, piassu / tAsu, majjhu, tujjhu mahu, tahu Adi / ___ (kha) AjJArtha pulliMga eka vacana aura bahuvacana meM bhI a ko u hotA hai-bhaNu, laggu, chaMDu Adi / (ga) vartamAna kAla ke pulliMga bahuvacana meM karahu < kurutha / (gha) kriyA vizeSaNa ke nipAtana ke anta meM-chuDu, puNu, jetthu, tetthu, ketthu, ajju, jimu, timu aadi| A = e-deI <' dA, leI <' lA, metta < mAtra i = a-paDivatta < pratipatti, icchiu < icchika si0 he0 8/9/88, 91 i = u-ucchu < ikSu i = e-bella < bilva, etthA < itthu si0 he0 8/1/84 I = a-haraDai < harItikI he0 8/4/99 I = A-kamhAra < kAzmIra he0 8/4/100 I = U-vihUNa < vihiin| I = e-erisa, erisia < IdRza he0 8/4/238 / veNa < vINA I = eN-khe Dua < kriiddaa| u = a-mauDa < mukuTa, bAha < bAhu, saumAra < sukumAra | for to ro ro m

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236 kunt| u = i- purisa < puruSa u = U e- neura < nUpura -- oM-moggara < mudgara, patthaya < pustaka, kata hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi U = o-molla < mUlya o-thora < sthUla, tAMbola < tAmbUla / i, I, e-liha, lIha, leha, < lekhA / U = e (10) apabhraMza meM svAdi vibhaktiyoM ke Ane para kabhI to prAtipadika ke antya svara kA dIrgha aura kabhI hrasva ho jAtA hai : DholA sAmalA < viTa zyAmalaH la ko dIrgha huA hai| dhaNa < dhanyA dIrgha ko hrasva / suvaNNareha - suvarNa rekhA - dIrgha ko hrasva / < viTTIe < putri - strIliMga meM hrasva kA dIrgha huA hai / paiTTi < praviSTA strIliGga meM dIrgha kA hrasva / nisiyA khagga < nizitA khaDgA dIrgha kA hrasva / dyotaka haiM / a kA (11) isI prakAra pari < parama, saI - svayam, avasi< avazyam, ityAdi kA udAharaNa bhI isI pravRtti ke u bhI hotA hai he0 8 / 4/419 sahu < saha, * etthu < ittha-atra, ketthu < kutra, ajju < adya ityAdi / pizela kA (prAkRta vyAkaraNa pR0 80 ) kahanA hai apabhraMza ke samaya meM hI e kA parivartana i meM ho gayA thA - amhi, < amhe - asmai, hema0 8 / 4/395 jiva~ < jeva -< tiva~ < teva~ aadi| ela0 pI0 tessitorI kA kahanA hai yahI pravRtti purAnI rAjasthAnI meM bhI rhii| unakA yaha bhI vicAra hai ki purAnI rAjasthAnI meM jo e badala kara i huA hai vaha apabhraMza kI hI pravRtti hai| he0 8/4/329 vINa < veNa liha * lIha < leha < lekhA, jIha < jeha, tIha < teh| - -

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dhvani-vicAra 237 upadhA svara (Penultimate Vowels) kI surakSA apabhraMza meM upadhA svara ko surakSita rakhane kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| goroaNa < gorocana, khavaNau < kSapaNakaH, andhaAra < andhakAra, bhuaMgama < bhujaMgama, payadaNa < prAktana ityaadi| kahIM kahIM upadhA svara meM mAtrA parivartana bhI ho jAtA hai| jaise-miyaMka < mRgAMka, rahaMga < rathAMga, pAhaNa < pASANa, vahmacAra < brahmacarya, guhira < gabhIra, saruva < svruup| saMskRta upadhA svara i apabhraMza meM bhI surakSita rahA hai-laliya < lalita, vivajjiu < vivarjitaH, pundariya < pundarika, ammattiya < unmattikA, kavvADiya < * kpaatikaa| i kI bhA~ti saMskRta u kI bhI surakSA huI hai-samudda < samudra, lhasuNa < lasuNI, saruva < svarUpa, bhiudI < bhRkuTi, samuha < sammukha, usuya < utsuka, kapUra < krpuur| kahIM-kahIM antyakSara meM vyaMjana dhvani ke lopa ho jAne para upadhA aura antya svara kA saMkoca bhI ho jAtA hai| yaha pravRtti adhikatara pUrvI apabhraMza meM pAyI jAtI hai, para isake kucha udAharaNa pazcimI apabhraMza meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| pUrvI apabhraMza-maTTI < * maTTiA < mRttikA, indi < indiya < indriya, pazcimI apabhraMza-khettI < khettiA < kSetritA (hindI khetI), parAI < parakIyA, poTTali < poTTalikA, caurAsI < caturazIti, puttha evaM potthA < pustaka ityAdi kucha udAharaNa milate haiN| DA0 tagAre kA kahanA hai ki svara parivartana ke kucha aise udAharaNa bhI milate haiM jinameM ki saMbhavataH svarAghAta ke abhAva athavA samIkaraNa yA viSamIkaraNa ke kAraNa bhI upadhA svara meM guNAtmaka parivartana ho jAtA hai : khayara < khadira, majjhima < madhyama / prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra a kA i meM parivartana ho jAtA hai-he0-iH svapnAdau 8/1/46 siviNo < simiNo, kahIM kahIM u bhI ho jAtA hai-sumiNo, uttima < uttama /

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238 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA se hI yaha pravRtti calI A rahI hai ki Adi akSara ke svara kI surakSA kI jAya / isa surakSA kA kAraNa saMbhavataH svarAghAta rahA ho jo ki prAyaH Adi akSara para hI par3A karatA thaa| phira bhI svarAghAta vihIna upadhA svara ke pUrvavartI svaroM meM mAtrika parivartana yA lopa ke udAharaNa bhI mila jAte haiN| ina rUpa parivartanoM ke kaI prakAra ho sakate haiM : (1) purAne a kA a meM hI surakSA-gahIra < gabhIra, jahaNa < jaghana, Thakka < ThakkA, thaNa < stana, daza < dazana, pavANa < pramANa, phaNivai < phaNipati, rayahama < rajasAm, lahu < laghu, vayaNu < vacanam, hattha < hasta ityaadi| (2) A kA A svara meM parivartana :-AhAsanta < AbhASamANa, kANaNa < kAnana, khAya < * khAta = khAdita, jAya < jAta, jhANa < dhyAna, mAriza < mAdRza ityAdi zabdoM meM Adi svara surakSita hai| parantu kAsu < kassu < kasya, tAsu < tassa < tasya, appANa < Atman, jIha < jihA, tiNNaM < trINi, Usava < utsava, ina sabhoM ke Adi svara meM mAtrika parivartana ho gayA hai| Adi svara lopa kA udAharaNa bhI pAyA jAtA hai :- bhiMtara < abhyantara; raNNa < araNya, rahaTTa < araghaTTa, vi < api Adi / saMyukta svara (Diphthong) prAkRta meM uvRtta svaroM kI prAyaH sandhi nahIM hotI thii| udvRtta svara ve kahalAte the jo ki vyaMjana se saMpRkta rahate the tathA vyaMjana ke lupta ho jAne para jo svara baca jAte the| zabda ke madhya meM yA anta meM ka, ga, ca, ja, ta, da, pa, ya, va vargoM kA prAyaH lopa ho jAtA thaa| ina vargoM ke lupta hone para avaziSTa udavRtta svaroM meM bhI prAyaH sandhi nahIM hotI thI jaise nisiaro < nizicaraH, rayaNI aro < rajanIcaraH, loo < lokaH ityAdi / hemacandra ke samaya meM ina uvRtta svaroM kA vikAsa apabhraMza meM kaI prakAra se huaa| hemacandra ke apabhraMza

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dhvani-vicAra 239 dohe meM kucha uvRtta svara to jyoM ke tyoM bane rhe| unameM kisI prakAra kA vikAra nahIM huA; jaise hema0 8/4/342-vippia Arau < vipriya kArakaH, 8/4/343 loaNahaM < locanAnAM, niaya sara < nijaka zarAn, 8/4/345 saMgara saehiM < saMgarazateSu, aimattahaM < atimattAnAM, uDDAvaMtiae < uGaDApayantyA; 8/4/353 aliulaI < alikulAni, mauliahiM < mukulnti| kucha uvRtta svara saMkucita hokara AsapAsa vAle svaroM ke sAtha milakara vikArI svaroM ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gaye yAnI jaise-saMskRta meM a+i milakara (guNa hokara) e, a+u milakara o ho jAtA thA, a + a milakara (dIrgha hokara) A ho jAtA thaa| i + i milakara I hotA thaa| saMskRta meM jisa prakAra 'a' ke bAda 'e' ke rahane para pararUpA4 ho jAtA thA usI prakAra kI vikasita pravRtti apabhraMza meM bhI parilakSita hotI hai| ___ (1) guNa kA udAharaNa :-eha < aIsa < * AdRza, jeha < jaisa < yAdRza, teha < taisa < tAdRza, suhellI < suha ellI < sukha kelI, cotthI < cauthI < caturthI, coddaha < cauddaha < caturdaza hindI caudaha, poma < pauma <* paduma < padma, uAra < upakAra, soNNAra < soNNaAra < svarNakAra ityAdi / (2) dIrgha kA udAharaNa-dUNa (hi0 dUnA) < dviguNa, Ukhala < udUkhala, rAula < rA + a-ula < rAjakula, bhANa < bhAjana, khAi < khAdati, khANa < khAdana / prAcIna saMskRta kA Aya A meM pariNata ho jAtA hai-palANa < palAyana, pAdihera < prAtihAraya, piyArI < piya + ArI < priyakArI, aMdhAra < aMdha + Ara < aMdhakAra, sAhAraya < sahakAraka, vIya < dvitIya, tIya < tRtIya / (3) pararUpa kI pravRtti-suhellI < suha + ellI < sukhakelI ityAdi / apabhraMza meM saMskRta pAribhASika pararUpa kA vikAsa kaI prakAra se huaa| phira bhI isa kArya kA koI nizcita niyama na rhaa| u+u milakara bhI 'u' ho jAtA thA jaise umbara < udumbara / kabhI-kabhI u ke

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi pare A rahane para bhI pUrvarUpa ho jAtA thA, jaise ujjhA < upAdhyAya ityAdi / 240 4. prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM e ai o, au ke bAda 'a' svara ke rahane para aya, Aya, ava, Ava'' Adeza hotA thA / apabhraMza meM usakA yA to Adi svara 'A' grahaNa kiyA gayA yA paravartI ya, va kA vikasita varNa liyA gayA / palANa < palAyanam plai + ana ityAdi / = 5. apabhraMza ke zabdoM meM madhyavartI a yA anta ke a ke rahane * para 'ya' zruti hotI thI / 'u' aura 'o' svara ke rahane para 'va' zruti hotI thI / udAharaNa - sahayAra < sahakAra, mayagalahaM madagalAnAM saMpaDiya < saMpatita, acintiya < acintita, gaya < gata Adi / si0 he0 8/1/180- avarNo ya zrutiH ke Upara TIkA karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vyaMjana lopa hone ke bAda 'a' aura 'A' meM 'ya' zruti hotI thI / avarNa ke bAda meM hI ya zruti hotI thI / kintu kvacid bhavati kahakara hemacandra ne yaha bhI nirdeza kara diyA hai ki avarNa se anyatra bhI 'ya' zruti pAyI jAtI hai| jaise- piyai < pivati / mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta sarvasva meM anAdau aditau varNo paThitavyau yakAravaditi pAThazikSA kahakara hemacandra ke 'ya' zruti ke niyama ko aura bhI adhika udAra banA diyA / apabhraMza meM 'va' zruti bhI dekhI jAtI hai| sAmAnyatayA u, o ke bAda a aura A ke Ane para va zruti dekhI jAtI hai / svara bhAga (Umlaut) ke siddhAnta va zruti ke Agamana kA kAraNa ho to isameM koI zaMkA nahIM hotii| khAsa bAta yaha hai ki ya kI va zruti kA mela nahIM khAtA / yaha prAyaH lekhaka ke chanda para hI nirbhara karatA hai-lAyai, lAvai <* lAti, ruvaMti < rudanti, suhava - subhaga, loyaNu, lovaNu < locana, sabhUva < sabhUta, sabhuvaMgamiya Page #271
dhvani-vicAra 241 6. prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA (saMskRta) ke 'aya' kA apabhraMza meM e ho jAtA hai-ujjeNi < ujjayanI, 'aNa' kA 'o' ho jAtA hai-loNa < lavaNa, thora < sthavira, ovagga < apa-valga, olagga < avalagna, ityaadi| pizelA6 mahodaya kA kathana hai ki prAkRta kAla se hI 'a' 'i' meM milakara 'e' meM pariNata hone lagA thaa| isI AdhAra para tessI torI ne prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM saMjJA ke tRtIyA bahuvacana ke padAnta meM tathA vidheyatAtmaka ekavacana meM yaha pravRtti khojI thI-core < corahi < * corabhisa / 7. sAnunAsikatA (Nasalisation) tathA niranunAsikatA (Denasalisation) kI pravRtti prAyaH prAkRta kAla se hI calI A rahI hai| apabhraMza ke yuga meM bhI ye pravRttiyA~ virAjamAna rhiiN| ina pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa kabhI-kabhI to akAraNa hI dIkha par3atA hai jaise-vaMka < vakra, paMkhi < pakSina, vayaMsiahu < vayasyAbhyaH ityaadi| parantu kucha udAharaNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza meM sAnunAsikatA kI pravRtti kSatipUrti ke kAraNa bhI hotI hai jaise-hau~ < ahakam, sai~ < svayam, avasa avazyam, tuMha < tvam ityaadi| isake sAtha hI sAtha apabhraMza meM niranunAsikatA kI pravRtti bhI pAI jAtI hai-sIha < siMha, jo ki vyatyaya hokara saMskRta meM hiMsra se banA thaa| vIsa < viMzati, tIsa < triMzati, ityAdi / yahA~ para anusvAra kI kSatipUrti dIrdhIkaraNa ke dvArA kI gayI hai| 8. prAkRta meM to nahIM kintu apabhraMza kI eka vizeSatA rahI ki yadi pada ke anta meM anusvAra sahita uM, haM, hiM tathA haM ho to inakA uccAraNa laghutA ke sAtha kiyA jAya-arthAt ina sAnunAsika svaroM kA uccAraNa utanI zIghratA ke sAtha kiyA jAya ki jisase ye ardhasvarita ho sakeM; udAharaNa-8/4/411-tucchau~, 8/4/340-taruhu~, lahahu~, 8/4/390 taNaha~ kintu prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa pizela kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta aura apabhraMza kavitA meM iM, hiM uM padAnta hasva aura dIrgha donoM samajhe jA sakate haiM, arthAt padAnta anusvAra vikalpa se anunAsika aura anusvAra donoM mAne jA sakate haiN| kintu pI0 ela0 vaidya ne (he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/411) sUtra ke artha ke anukUla hI sarvathA hasva uccAraNa karane ke liye TIkA kI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne sUtra kI

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242 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vyAkhyA meM svataH prAyaH zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| saMbhavataH isI AdhAra para pizela mahodaya ne vikalpa karake sAnunAsika hasva uccAraNa mAnA ho| 8/4/411 meM varNita sAnunAsika hrasva uccAraNa ke AdhAra para ela0 pI0 tossi torI mahodaya hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM anyatra uddhRta 'aM 'I' aura 'e' padAntoM kI bhI yahI sthiti mAnate haiN| isIliye unhoMne Age kahA hai ki aisA lagatA hai ki padAnta anusvAra apabhraMza se hI anunAsika meM badala gayA thA aura yadi hemacandra dvArA uddhRta chandoM se nirNaya kareM, jinameM prAyaH sabhI padAnta anusvAra anunAsika tathA kevala thor3e se anusvAra anunAsika meM badala gayA thA to hameM patA calatA hai ki inameM se prathama pravRtti niyama kI sUcanA detI hai aura dvitIya pravRtti apavAda arthAt bolacAla kI apabhraMza meM, padAnta anusvAra anunAsika ho gayA thA aura usakA avazeSa kevala kavitA meM hI raha gayA thA jahA~ dIrgha akSara ke liye usakA upayoga hotA A rahA thA vahA~ apabhraMza meM padAnta anusvAra yA anunAsika kI prAyaH surakSA kI gayI hai 8/4/355-tahA~ < tamhA < tasmAt, jahA~ < jamhA~ < yasmAt, kahA~ < kamhA~ < kasmAt / 9. jisa prakAra Ajakala hindI meM isva eN tathA hasva ke hotA hai usI prakAra apabhraMza ke samaya bhI vibhaktyanta padoM meM 'e' tathA 'o' ke hone para unakA uccAraNa laghutA ke sAtha yAnI zIghratA (Short) se kiyA jAtA thA 8/4/410 sughe, 8/4/380 dullahaho aadi| isake atirikta apabhraMza ke svara vikAra meM dhvani niyama kI prAyaH sabhI pravRttiyA~ parilakSita hotI hai| svara lopa (ka) Adi svara lopa (Aphesis) (1) svara bhAra ke vinA Adi svara sAmAnyataH lupta ho jAtA hai-hauM < * ahakama, hiTThA < adhastAta, valagga < avalagna, raNa < araNNa < araNya, raviMda < aravinda, vaisai < upavizati, vAri < upri|

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dhvani- vicAra 243 (2) bahuta se Adi svara kA lopa yoM hI hotA hai| to < ataH, vi < api, va < iMva, bhItara < abhyantara, ambaraI - ADambarANi / (3) saMdhi ke kAraNa bhI Adi svara kA lopa hotA hai / chanda ke kAraNoM se bhI lopa hotA hai| (kha) madhya svara lopa (Syncope ) - madhya svara lopa kI pravRtti apabhraMza meM nahIM pAI jAtI hai| kabhI-kabhI prAkRta ke avaziSTa rUpoM meM yaha pravRtti parilakSita bhI hotI hai - popphala < saM0 pUgaphala, samuNNoNa < samuNNa oNNaa, bhavisatta < bhavisa atta / (ga) antya svara lopa- apabhraMza ke zabda prAyaH tadbhava hote haiM / ataH unameM antya svara lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jA sakatI hai - nIMda < nidrA, piya < priyA, pema < prema, kema Adi / tRtIyA eka vacana meM bhI yaha pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai / ina apabhraMza meM e~ rahane para anta a kA lopa ho jAtA hai - rAmeM < rAmeNa / = svarAgama (ka) Adi svarAgama (Prothesis of Vowels) - Adi svarAgama ke udAharaNa kama pAye jAte hai / aMvaropparu < paraspara, itthi < strI - he0 8/4/401 | kintu apabhraMza meM aisI pravRtti kama pAyI jAtI hai / hindI kI uccAraNa dhvaniyoM meM Adi svarAgama kI pravRtti bahuta pAyI jAtI hai| (kha) madhya svarAgama, svarabhakti (Anaptyxis) - madhya svarAgama, svarabhakti ke udAharaNa pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hote haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA meM bhI yaha pravRtti pAI jAtI hai / madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA meM isakI pravRtti aura bhI bar3ha calI / prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa svara bhakti ko viprakarSa kahakara pukArA karate the / ya, ra, la, va, tathA anunAsika yukta vyaMjana meM isakA prayoga adhika pAyA jAtA hai-raaNa joi < ratna joI < ratnajyoti, murUkkha, mukkha - mUrkha, kArima, kamma < karmana, varisa < varSa, kasaNa - kRSNa, sumirijjai < smaryate, sumaraNu < 1 smaraNa /

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244 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (ga) antya svarAgama-apabhraMza zabda ke anta meM koI na koI svara avazya pAyA jAtA hai| kucha dvitva vyaMjanAnta zabda pAye jAte haiN| unake uccAraNa meM svara prAyaH virAjamAna rahatA hai| svara bhakti kA bheda hI apinihiti (Epenthesis) hai| jisa zabda ke anta meM i, e, u yA o ho to bIca meM i yA u kA Agama hotA hai, aura vaha tIsare svara ko badala detA hai| belli < balli = valla + i, isa sthiti meM lla ke pahale i kA Agama hone para va+i+lla+i rUpa huaa| apinihiti kA kArya prAyaH samavartI svaroM meM hI hotA hai| jaise-kera < kArya, accheraya < Azcarya, vahmacera < brahmacarya, poma < padama, pomAvai < pdmaavtii| svara parivartana (Umlaut) svara parivartana yA svara vikAra zabdoM ke Adi vAle svara meM hotA hai| yaha svara vikAra Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM sarvatra pAyA jAtA hai| karimi < karami, karii < karai, ucchu < ikSu, siviNa < svapna sAhAra < shkaar| vyaMjana vikAra __ apabhraMza meM prAkRta kI prAyaH sabhI vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| saMskRta na, ya, za, ke atirikta prAyaH sabhI dhvaniyA~ prAkRta kAla meM zabdoM ke Adi meM aparivartita rahIM haiN| na, ya, za kramazaH Na, ja, sa bana jAte haiN| jadhA < yathA, jai < yadi, zaurasenI meM jadi hotA hai| za aura Sa kA sa hotA hai| saMskRta ke padAdi ka, pa, kabhI-kabhI, kha, pha, ho jAte hai-khujja < kubja / asaMyukta vyaMjana dhvaniyoM kI sthiti meM vicitra parivartana dikhAI par3atA hai| madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA meM padAdi sparza vyaMjana dhvaniyoM kI yathAsthita surakSA pAI jAtI hai, kintu svara madhyaga alpa prANa sparza dhvaniyoM evaM ya tathA va dhvani kA lopa ho jAtA hai| svara madhyaga mahAprANa sparza dhvaniyoM kA vikAsa 'ha' ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai|18 alpaprANa dhvaniyoM kA lopa tathA mahAprANa dhvaniyoM ke

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dhvani-vicAra 245 sparzIza kA lopa kaise huA, isa viSaya para vidvAnoM ne kucha kalpanAyeM kI haiN| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATuA ne apanI pustaka bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI ke pR0 113-19 meM likhA hai ki madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA meM vyaMjanoM ke parivartana ke kAraNa uccAraNa dhIre-dhIre USma hokara zithila ho gyaa| phalata: (1) padAnta ke vyaMjanoM kA lopa ho gyaa| (2) sparza vyaMjanoM ke samUha meM prathama kA dUsare ke sAtha samIkaraNa ho gayA, (3) prAyaH svara madhyaga sparza-vyaMjanoM kA lopa ho gyaa| mahAprANa vargoM meM kevala 'ha' dhvani zeSa raha gyii| (4) madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke Arambhika kAla se hI padAnta vyaMjanoM kA lopa tathA saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke lopa meM kucha apavAda milate rhe| DaoN0 cATuA kA kahanA hai ki mUrdhanya vargoM kA upayoga vahIM milatA hai, jahA~ 'Sa' 'na' athavA 'ra' ke saMyoga se dantya varNa mUrdhanya ho jAte haiN| zanaiH zanaiH saMyukta vyaMjanoM kI vRddhi ke kAraNa ko unhoMne dravir3a bhASA kA prabhAva mAnA hai| (5) hemacandra ke samaya taka svara madhyaga sparza vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI prakriyA calatI rhii| phalataH uccAraNagata asuvidhA ke kAraNa 'ya' 'va' zruti ko sanniveza kara use dUra kiyA gyaa| madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI prathama sthiti meM sparza dhvaniyoM tathA ya, va, kA vikAsa 'soSma vyaMjanoM' (Spirauts) ke rUpa meM ho gayA thaa| agalI sthiti meM Akara ye soSma vyaMjana lupta ho gaye tathA inake sthAna para 'udvRtta svara' pAye jAne lage udAharaNArtha-prA0 bhA0 A0 dyUta, dviguNa, zuka, tApa, hRdaya, dIpa kA vikAsa navya bhAratIya AryabhASA meM 'jUA, dUnA, suA, tA, (tAa) hiA, diyA' hone ke pahale ye ma0 bhA0 A0 meM 'jUda, diguNa, suga, tAba, hidaa, dibA,' kI sthiti se jarUra gujarI hogii| isI taraha inake 'mahAprANa sparzoM' meM bhI yaha vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai-mukha > mugha > muha; laghu, > laghu; kathayati > kadhedi > kadhedi > kahei > kahe, vadhU > vadhU > vahU;

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi sAmAnyataH zabda ke Adi vyaMjana meM vikAra nahIM hotA / kintu kucha aise apavAda bhI milate haiM jahA~ ki zabda ke Adi ke vyaMjana meM vikAra hotA hai jaise : diddi < dhRti - yahA~ Adi vyaMjana dha ke sthAna para da huA hai| dhua yA dhUya < duhitA - Adi vyaMjana dha ke sthAna para dA yAdi < jAti-jahA~ Adi ja kI jagaha ya huA hai / svarIbhavana (Vocalization) 246 svarIbhavana (Vocalization) madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI prAyaH yaha pravRtti rahI hai ki sparza alpaprANa asaMyukta svara madhyaga vyaMjana ka ga, ca, ja, ta, da, pa, ya, va kA prAyaH lopa" ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha:- parakIyA parAiya, yogina> joi, gorocana > goroaNa, agalita > agaliya, yojana > joaNa, > pAda > pAa, sujana > suaNu, vipriya-kArakaH > vippiya Arau, rUpa > rUa, vivudha > viuha, divasa > diyaha / vyaMjanoM ke lupta hone ke bAda avaziSTa 'a' kA uccAraNa ya kI taraha hone lgaa| yaha 'ya' (laghu prayatna tara yakAra ) saMskRta yA mAgadhI ya kI apekSA adhika kamajora thA aura lekhana meM isakA spaSTIkaraNa nahIM hotA thA / kevala jaina mahArASTrI meM isakA prayoga hotA thA / hiyaya - hRdaya | prAkRta kAla meM ya, ra, va, za, Sa, evaM sa vyaMjana ke lupta hone para usake pUrvavartI svara kA dIrgha 20 ho jAtA thA / yaha pravRtti apabhraMza meM bhI pAI jAtI hai - nIsAsu < niHzvAsam, vIsamai < vizrAmyati, rUsesu / mahAprANa karaNa (Aspiration) mahAprANa karaNa (Aspiration) prAkRta evaM apabhraMza meM svara madhyaga sparza mahAprANa kha, gha, tha, dha, pha, aura bha kA ha" ho jAtA hai| DaoN0 cATurjyA ke zabdoM meM kevala ha avaziSTa raha jAtA hai-sahi < sakhi, dIha < dIrgha, kahA < kathA, ahara < adhara, muttAhala < muktAphala, gahIra < gabhIra, soha< zobhA, Naha < nbhsyaanaav| isameM mahAprANa

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dhvani- vicAra 247 (Disaspiration) kA tyAga bhI kabhI-kabhI ho jAtA hai, vicchoa < vicchoha - vikSobha, ucciTTha < ucchiSTha / zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura kucha dUsarI boliyoM meM tha ko dha ho jAtA hai| zaura0- adidhi < atithi, kadheda < kathitaM, tadhA < tathA, adha < atha, jadhA < yathA / mA0--yadhA < yathA, tadhA < tathA / pAli meM atha, yathA, tathA surakSita hai| nimnalikhita rUpa zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI ke bIca kI khAsa vizeSatAoM ko batAte haiM : zaura0 mahArASTrI adha aha maNoradha maNoraha kadhama kahama NAdha NAha zabdoM ko komala karane kI pravRtti (Softening) yadyapi apabhraMza meM madhya vyaMjanoM ke lopa karane kI pravRtti adhika pAyI jAtI hai, phira bhI apabhraMza kI apanI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki yadi svara madhyaga asaMyukta ka, kha, ta, tha, pa evaM pha ho to krama se unheM ga, gha, da, dha, va evaM bha ho jAtA hai| he0 8 /4/396, vicchohagaru < vikSobhakaraH, sudhi - sukhena, sabadhu < zapathaM, kadhi du < kathitaM, sabhalauM < saphalaM / parantu yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki apabhraMza meM yaha niyama sarvatra pAyA hI jAya ! apavAda bhI milatA hai| 1 akiyA--akRta meM svara madhyaga asaMyukta ka kA ga nahIM huA, paphulliau < praphullitakaH meM pha ko bha nahIM huA / < saMskRta atha manoratha kathama nAtha svaroM ke bIca meM Ta ko Da aura Tha ko r3ha bhI hotA hai / kuDila < kuTila, kuDumba < kuTumba, baDa < vaTa / kucha boliyoM meM Da ko la bhI ho jAtA hai-ma0 kakhola < karakoTa, mAga 0 saala < sakaTa Adi /

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248 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi apabhraMza meM sa ko ha hotA hai-he0 8/4/333-diyahaDA < divsaaH| ya ko ja=kahIjai < kahijjai < kathyate, sumirijjai < smayarte, bhamijjai < bhramyate, vANijjai < vANijyakaH / na ko Na-Navi < nApi, NaTThau < naSTakaH, NiattaeM < nimittken| ta ko pa-he0 8/4/437-vaDDuppaNu < vaDatvaM, appaNa < aatmn| ta ko Da bhI hotA hai he0 8/4/439 paDivimviu < pratibimbitaH / paDihAu < pratibhAti __ he0 8/4/441 nivaDaNa bhayeNa < nipatana bhayena he0 8/4/444 pADiu < pAtitaH he0 8/4/420 kabhI kabhI ta ko Na bhI hotA thA-he0 8/4/333 diNNA < dattA / ta ko d| zaurasenI ke prabhAva rahane para ta ko ja bhI ho jAtA hai| sAhityika apabhraMza ne sAmAnyataH mahArASTrI prAkRta kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| kadhidu < kathitaH he0 8/4/396 Agado < AgataH he0 8/4/455-372 karadi, ciTThadi he0 8/4/360 hemacandra ke apabhrazaM meM jo udAharaNa diye gaye haiM ve prAyaH zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiM jo ki usa samaya kI apabhrazaM bolI meM prayukta hotA thaa| usake prayoga hone kA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve dohe loka meM bahuta pracalita the| isIliye usakA udAharaNa hemacandra ne diyA hai| zrI cimana lAla modI kA kahanA hai ki kha = gha, tha = dha, pa = ba, pha = bha vAlA uddharaNa hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM ke uddharaNa ke alAvA anyatra milanA kaThina hai|

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dhvani- vicAra 249 zaurasenI apabhraMza ne loka bolI meM mahArASTrI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kaThora zabdoM kI jagaha komalatA kI pravRtti Adhunika Arya bhASAoM meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai / madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA meM TavargIya aghoSa dhvaniyoM kA niyata rUpa se saghoSIbhAva" (Voicing) milatA hai| vaise apabhraMza meM 'ka, ca, ta, pa,' tathA 'kha, cha, tha, pha' ke bhI saghoSI bhAva ke saMketa milate haiN| Tavarga se itara dhvaniyoM meM saMghoSI bhAva ke sirpha chiTapuTa udAharaNa milate haiM, tathA maagala < madakala, ANIdA < AnItA, abbhuda < adbhuta / pa ke va vAle rUpa aneka milate haiM, jo saMbhavataH pa>>va ke krama se vikasita hue jAna par3ate haiN| saghoSI bhAva ke udAharaNa :- Ta > Da koDI < koTi (koTikA), guDiA < guTikA, taDa < taTa, kavaDa < kapaTa, suhaDa - subhaTa, kaDakkha < kaTAkSa, paDijaMpai < pratijalpati / Tha > (< tha) Tha-paThama < * paThama < prathama, maDha < maTha, vITha < < pITha / pa > ba > va-suravai - surapati, avara < apara, kivANa < kRpANa, kuviya, < kupita, dIva < dvIpa, pAva < pApa, ruva < rUpa, uvari < upari, uvaraNa < upakaraNa, uvajjhA < (ojhA) upAdhyAya, avi < api, tAva < tApa | ba> va- kavala < kabala, savara < sabara / isI taraha kaI sthAnoM para 'ta' kA prativeSTitIkaraNa (Retroflection) kara taba saghoSI bhAva milatA hai: - pADio < pATio < pAtitaH, paDu < paDia < * paTia < patitaH I * isI prakriyA se saMbaddha vaha prakriyA hai, jahA~ ta (Ta) > Da > la tathA Dala vAle rUpa bhI milate haiM / ma0 bhA0 A0 meM svara madhyaga 'Da' kA utkSipta prativeSTita 'Da' ho gayA thA / vaibhASika rUpa meM isake 'ra' tathA 'la' vikAsa pAye jAte haiM / prAkRta paiMgalam 3 meM kucha sthAnoM para yaha la rUpa milatA hai: - paala < prakaTa, palia paDia < patitaH, NialaM < nikaTaM /

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250 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kucha zabdoM meM alpaprANa vargoM ke sthAna para mahAprANa varNa ho jAte haiN| (a) ka > kha-nokkhi < navamkhI = nava + ka (svArthe) nakkhI (si0 he0)-khelai < krIDati, khappara < karpara / ta > tha > ha-bhAraha < bhAratha * < bhArata, vasahi < vasathi * < vsti| pa > pha > bha-ardhamAgadhI kacchabha < kccp| pa > pha-phAsuya < sparzaka, phaMsai < spRzati, pharasu < prshu| (A) varNamAlA ke tRtIya vyaMjana kI jagaha caturtha vyaMjana prAyaH nahIM hotaa| kintu isake apavAda bhI milate haiM-dhUya < duhiya < duhita, ghariNi < gRhiNI, gheppai < |gRh / caturtha vyaMjana ko tRtIya vyaMjana bhI hotA hai :-bahiNI < bhgini| 'dantya vyaMjana' kI jagaha kaI bAra 'mUrdhanya vyaMjana' bhI pAyA jAtA hai| ta > Ta > Da-paDia < patita, paDAya < ptaakaa| tha > Tha-gaMThipAla < granthipAla / da > Da-Dahai < dahati, khuDiya < kSudhita, Dolai < dolAyate, Dukkara < dusskr| dha > Tha-viyaDaDha < vidagdha, vIsaTha < visaThTha * < visiTTha < visnigdh| nimnalikhita uddharaNoM meM apabhraMza vyaMjana ke khAsa khAsa parivartana dIkha par3ate haiM cha > ccha-do svaroM ke bIca meM cha ko ccha ho jAtA hai, kintu zabda ke Adi meM cha rahane para vikAra nahIM hotA-chaNNa, chttiy|| ja > ya-yANimo < jAnImaH / yaha mAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| zaurasenI meM aisA bahuta kama hotA hai|

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dhvani-vicAra 251 ja >. Ja-(si0 he 8/4/392) vui < vrjti| hemacandra ne isakA uddharaNa jarUra diyA hai kintu sAmAnyatayA yaha apabhraMza sAhitya meM pracalita nahIM hai| Ta > Da > la-kaDiyaThi < kttittte| Da > la-kIla < krIDA, solaha < soLasa < SoDaza, talAu < taDAga, niyala < nigaDa, pIliya < pIDita / ta > Da > la-alasI < atasI, vijjuliA < vidyutikA (vijulI), phullai < phuDai < phuTTai < sphuTati, sAlavAhana < sAtavAhana, dohala < dohd| ta > Da > ra-sattarI < saptati (he0 8/1/210) tha > Tha > Dha-paDhama < prathama (he0 8/1/125) da > Da > ra-eyAraha < ekAdaza (egAraha), bAraha < dvAdaza, karalI < kadalI, gaggara < gadgada, gaggira prayoga bhI milatA hai| da > Da > la-maliu < mRditaM, malai < mRdgati, palitta < pradIpta, palippaMta < pradIpyamANa, kAlaMbiNi < kaadmbinii| pa > va > ma-sumiNa < suviNa < svapna, pAmai < prApnoti, mi < vi < api, dumaya < drupd| ba > ma-kamaMdha < kabaMdha, tamAlu < taMbolu < tAmbUla / ma > va, va-do svara ke bIca meM ma ko hotA hai (si0 he0 8/4/ 397) / ma kA '' vikAsa apabhraMza kI khAsa vizeSatA hai| yaha rAjasthAnI, braja Adi Adhunika bhASAoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| jiMva < jiva~ < jima, savAriu < samAracita, kemva < kema < kim| ma > va-ravaNNa < ramaNya, davaNA < damanakA, savaNa < zramaNa < vammaha < manmatha, vamma < mrmn| . ma ko va hokara u hone kI bhI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| avara uhau < apara mukhinyaH, bhauhau < bhrmukaa|

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252 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ya < ja-zabda ke Adi meM ya ko ja hotA hai| jai < yadi, jasu < yasya, jUha < yuuth| ya > jja-karmaNi prayoga ya > jja (pUrva ke dIrgha svara kA hasva hotA hai) kijjaI < krIyate, dijjai < dIyate / ya > va-svara a kI jagaha ya zruta hotA hai aura kabhI-kabhI va bhI zruta hotA hai| AyaiM < AgataM, hiyau < hRdaya, aavijji| ya > i-saMprasAraNa ya ko i hotA hai| paiMpiu < prajalpitaM / kabhI i ko e bhI hotA hai-devae, ANae / ra > la-calaNa < caraNa, cAlaNa < smaraNa, cAlIsa < catvAriMzat, sAmisAla < svAmisAra, hariddI > haliddI, bhadra > bhalla | la > Na-NiDAla < lalATa / la > ra-kira < kil| va > ma-pihimi < pRthivI, ema < eva < evam, pariviya < parivRta, jAma < jAva < yAvat, tAma < tAva < tAvat / va > a, ya, i-saMbhau < saMbhava, dIu < dIva < dvIpa, jiu < jIva, payaTTha < pravRtta paiTTa rUpa bhI hotA hai| paiTTha < praviSTa, diaha < divasa / apabhraMza kI uccAraNa prakriyA meM ya kI jagaha va kI bhI zruti pAyI jAtI hai| za > ha-eha < IdRza, teha < tAdRza, jahe < yAdRza, sAha < zAzvatA za > sa-nIsAsa < niHzvAsama, desa < desh| mahArASTrI meM IdRza aura tAdRza kA erisa, jArisa, tArisa rUpa bhI hotA hai| prAkRta meM Aye hue sa kA apabhraMza meM ha hotA hai| Sa > ha-eha, eho, ehu < eSo < eSaH, visaMThala < viSaDThala, pAhANa < paassaann| Sa > cha-cha < chaha < SaSa, chAhattari < SaT saptati (hindI chihttr)|

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dhvani-vicAra 253 sa > ha-diaha < divasa, jahiM < jassiM < yasmina, tahiM < tassiM < tasmin, jaNahaM, jaNAhaM (< sAma * SaSThI bahuvacana kA pratyaya) = janAnAm, jANahi < jAnAsi / nsa < ha kA alpa prANa sparza (vyaMjana) soSma vyaMjana hotA hai| alpa prANa sparza USma vyaMjana sa kA mahAprANa ha hotA hai| spaMdate < * hapaMdae vyatyaya hokara pahaMdae < phNdi| vaidika kAlIna sparza USma vyaMjana kA rUpa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM dIkha par3atA hai| vaidika spazati < saMskata pAza < hindI phAMsa / yadyapi apabhraMza meM 'ha' prAyaH ha hI rahatA hai phira bhI kabhI-kabhI mahAprANa gha bhI ho jAtA hai| dAgha < dAha < dagdha (nidAgha)24 ha, ha kA yaugika rUpa ghna saMskRta meM jaghAna, dhnanti rUpa hote the| anusvAra yukta svara ke bAda 'ha' ho to usako gha ho jAtA hai| anunAsika ke bAda, anunAsika varNa ke varga kA ha-kAra yukta varNa A jAtA hai| yahA~ bhI bahuta se avasaroM para ha-kAra yukta varNa usa samaya kA honA cAhiye jabaki zabda meM bAda ko isake sthAna para ha kA Agamana huA ho 'ha' ke bAda anunAsika vyaMjana Ave to ha kA vyatyaya hotA hai| varga kA anunAsika vyaMjana ho to varga kA caturtha varNa (USma vyaMjana) kA pheraphAra hotA hai| saMghAraNa < saMhAraNa, saMghAra < saMhA < siMgha < siNh| mahA0 ardha mAga0, jai0 ma0 aura apa0 meM sIha25 rUpa milatA hai| apa0 =kantu ju siihho| zaura0 siMha, mAga0 meM ziMha rUpa hai| mahA0 siMghalI < siMhalI, cindha < * cinha < ciha, mahA0 zaura0 mAgadhI aura apa0 meM ciNha hai, baMbha < brAhmaNa, vaMbhaNa < brAhmaNa, mahA0 vambhaNDa < brahmANDa, AsaMghai < AsaMhai * < AzaMsate, saMbharai < samharai < sNsmrti| dvitva vyaMjana (Doubling of Consonants) pro0 pizela kA kathana hai ki prAkRta bhASA meM jo vyaMjana ko dvitva karane kI pravRtti pAI jAtI hai usa para vaidika svara kA prabhAva hai| hemacandra ke 8/2/98,99 prAkRta sUtroM meM dvitva vyaMjana ke udAharaNa pAye jAte haiN| jitta < jitaM, ketthu < kathaM, phuTTai < sphuTati, ujju <

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi Rju ityAdi niyamoM ke AdhAra para svArtha meM taddhita pratyaya illa, ulla banA hai| kabhI-kabhI AvazyakatA par3ane para kAvya ke chandoM meM bhI dvitva kara diyA jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI zabda meM mAtrA ko pUrNa karane ke lie vyaMjana ko dvitva kara diyA jAtA hai jaise- aDDuvi / 254 (a) kabhI-kabhI dvitva ho jAne ke bAda pUrva dIrgha svara ko hrasva kara diyA jAtA hai| pujja < pUjA, jo vvaNa < yauvana, allINa < AlIna, pahutta < prabhUta / (i) bahuta se vidvAna pro0 pizela ke isa mata se asahamata haiN| una logoM ke anusAra dvitva karane kI pravRtti bhrAnta paddhati (False analogy) ke AdhAra para hai / uppari < upari, ke anukaraNa para paruppara < paraspara, dvitva ppa huA hai / sukkiu < sukRta ke bhrAnta anukaraNa para dukkiu < dusskRt| isI taraha bhrAnta anukaraNa para nirmita dvitva ke rUpa ke udAharaNa haiM viNi < dvau tiNi < trINi Adi / varNa viparyaya (Metathesis) bhASA meM sarvatra varNa viparyaya kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| hamAre yahA~ prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke samaya se hI yaha pravRtti pAyI jAtI rahI hai| saMskRta meM vyatyaya hokara hiMsra se siMha banA thaa| madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM yaha pravRtti bar3ha calI thI / prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM yaha pravRtti barAbara calatI rhii| udAharaNa : vANarasI < vArANasI - Na ra kA vyatyaya | kaNerU < kareNa - Na ra kA vyatyaya / marahaTTha < mahArASTra - ha ra kA vyatyaya / haluka < laghu (ha) a -gha ko ha hokara hala kA vyatyaya / marahaTTha < mahArASTra-hara kA vyatyaya | dIhara< (dIrgha) dIragha (gha> ha ) ha ra kA vyatyaya | maNohara ThANu < manoratha sthAna - hara kA vyatyaya / draha - hRda Adi !

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dhvani-vicAra 255 varNa prakSepa (madhya varNAgama) zabda ke madhya meM svara kI bhA~ti vyaMjana Agama kI bhI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai : (a) daH nnala > nnara > ndala > ndara-bihandala < bRhannalA, hindI bandara < vAnara, pandaraha < pannaraha aadi| kintu apabhraMza meM aisI pravRti bahuta hI kama hai| baH mra > mba > mbira (si0 he0 8/2/56) tambira < tAmra, taMba < tAmra, aMba < aamr| ___ (A) apabhraMza meM yadyapi zabda ke Adi meM saMyukta vyaMjana kI pravRtti samApta ho gayI thI phira bhI kucha sthaloM para Adi vyaMjana se saMpRkta ra kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| hemacandra ne apane apabhraMza sUtra (8/4/398) meM vikalpa se repha lopa kA varNana kiyA hai tathA 8/4/399 meM ra ke rahane kA varNana kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza para kisI dezI bhASA kA vizeSa prabhAva thaa| yaha repha kI pravRtti hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM hI vizeSa rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai| ___ brAsu < vyAsa, dehi < dRSTi, prassadi < pazyati, he0 8/4/391 brUgaH, brodhi| kabhI-kabhI saMyukta ra R meM pariNata ho jAtA thA 8/4/394 gRhaNeppiNu < grahItvA / saMbhavata: yaha pravRtti bhASA meM saMskRta kI udAttatA lAne ke prayatna svarUpa cala par3I hogii| isa taraha hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM vyaMjana se ra ko saMyukta karane kI pravRtti bahuta sthaloM para pAyI jAtI hai| aMtra, dramma, dravakka, draha, dehi, dhruva, praMgaNa, pramANie, prayAvadI, prassa, prAiva, prAimva, prAu, priya, bruva, bro, bhraMti, bhaMtri vrata, tudhra, traM, dhaM, bhraMtri, ityAdi uparyukta udAharaNoM se pratIta hotA hai ki apabhraMza para prAdezika boliyoM kA tathA prAcIna Arya bhASA kA prabhAva pracura mAtrA meM thaa| (i) haH dhUhaDu < dhUa + Da svArthe ka < dhUka, ThAharai < sthA ai * _haDI < bhUmi (si0 he0 8/4/395) cihura < cikura /

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256 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi samprasAraNa samprasAraNa jise Adhunika bhASA vaijJAnika ardhasvara kahate haiM usI ko prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa samprasAraNa kaha kara pukArA karate the yAnI ya tathA va kA samprasAraNa kara kabhI-kabhI tadbhava tathA tatsama zabdoM meM krama se i tathA u ho jAyA karatA thaa| tatsama-abhiantara < abhyantara / apabhraMza ke tadbhava zabdoM meM yaha pravRtti adhika dekhI jAtI hai| he0 8/4/395 sarisima < sAdRzyam 8/4/402 saI < svayam, 8/4/418 loNu < lavaNaM, suviNa < svapna, suahi < soahi < svapihi. tiriccha < tiryakSa *, NAu < NAva < nAmana, aura < avara < . apara, (hindI aura) viusa < vidusa * < vidvaSa, deula < devala | saMskRta yaj dhAtu se iSTi banA, zaurasenI meM isakA rUpa iTThi vap se upta banA, mahArASTrI meM isakA rUpa utta hai| svapa > supta > sutta, AcArya > Ayariya > Airiya, rAjanya > rAyaNNa > rAiNNa, gavaya > gaua > gauA, yAvata > jAu~, tAvata > tAu~, tvarita > mahA0 apa0 turia, jai0 mahA0 turiya, zau0 turida, mA0 tulida, suyai, suai > suvayai > * svapati > svapiti, NAu~ > * NAvama > nAma, sonAra > soNNAra > suNNa Ara > svarNakAra pizela kA kahanA hai ki samprasAraNa ke niyama ke adhIna aya kA e aura ava kA o meM badalanA bhI hai| isa prakAra dasaveM gaNa kI preraNArthaka kriyAoM aura isI prakAra se banI saMjJAoM meM aya kA e ho jAtA hai| kathayati ke liye mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI meM kahei aura mAgadhI meM kadhedi ho jAtA hai| kathayat kA zaurasenI meM kadhedu aura apabhraMza meM kadhid hogaa| trayodaza >* trayadaza > ardhamA0 terasa > apa0 teraha trayoviMzati >* trayaviMzati > ardhamA0 jai0 mahA0 tevIsama > apa0 teisa, trayatriMzata > a0 mA0, jai0 mahA0 tettIsaM, tittIsaM > tetisa; mahArASTrI, zaurasenI aura apabhraMza eNttiya, ittiya kI vyutpatti pizela' ne * ayat yA * ayattiya kI svarabhakti ke sAtha * ayatta se nikalA mAnA hai| isase

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dhvani-vicAra 257 milate julate saMskRta rUpa ihatya, kvatya aura tatratya haiN| isI prakAra kA zabda mahArASTrI, zaurasenI aura apabhraMza ke ttiya hai jo ki kaya jAti kA hai aura jo ki * kayatya yA * kayattiya se banA hai| inhIM zabdoM ke anukaraNa para je tia, tettiya, je ttika, tettika, je ttila, tettila, ke ttila, eNttula, ke tula, je tula, aura tettula banA hai| ava kA au hokara o bana gayA hai| avazyAya > osAya, navamAlikA > NomAliA, lavaNa > loNu, bhavati > bhodi > hodi > hoi, ujjhAo, ojjhAo < uvajjhAo < upAdhyAya / __ saMyukta vyaMjana vikAra saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA uccAraNa prAkRta bhASA kI dhvani vikAsa kA eka mahatvapUrNa lakSaNa hai| saMskRta bhASA ke padAdi meM aneka saMyukta vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ pAI jAtI thiiN| kintu madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM zabda ke Arambha meM paha, mha, lha aura bolI kI dRSTi se vyaMjana ra ko chor3akara kevala sarala vyaMjana hI rahate haiM; zabda ke bhItara usameM milA liye jAne vAle saMyukta vyaMjana meM se AraMmbha meM kevala dUsarA vyaMjana rahatA hai| madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se kevala cAra taraha kI saMyukta vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM : ___ (1) vyaMjana dvitva vAle rUpa (kka, gga, tta, 6, ppa, vva Adi rUpa) tathA svargIya mahAprANa se yukta alpaprANa vAlI saMyukta vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ (kkha, ggha, ccha, jjha aadi)| (2) Nha, mha, lha dhvniyaaN| (3) vibhASAoM meM vyaJjana + repha (r)| (4) svargIya anunAsika vyaMjana + sparza vyaMjana dhvni| repha vAle saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA astitva apabhraMza meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI anAvazyaka bhI repha28 vRtti kA saMyoga pAyA jAtA hai jaise, brAsu < vyAsa, dehi < dRSTi Adi / yadyapi apabhraMza meM zabda ke

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi Adi meM saMyukta vyaMjana nahIM hotA phira bhI isa niyama ke apavAda bhI kucha milate haiM / ha, mha, lha, Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM - hAhu < snAta, NhANa - snAna, lhasai < hasati, lhasiu, mho < smaH, mhi < asmi aadi| Age calakara yaha pravRtti samApta ho gayI / navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM zabda ke Adi meM tadbhava zabdoM meM saMyukta vyaMjana kI pravRtti samApta ho gayI / 258 prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM vijAtIya saMyukta vyaMjana vAle rUpoM kA sarvathA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai / saMskRta ke pada madhya meM tIna, cAra, pAMca saMyukta vyaMjana dhvani vAle rUpa pAye jAte haiM- ujjvala, ardhya, tArkSya kArtsya aadi| apabhraMza meM kevala do saMyukta vyaMjana dhvaniyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM bhI yahI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| isa prakAra madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA uccAraNa dhvani vikAsa kA eka mahatvapUrNa lakSaNa hai| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATurjyA ne batAyA hai ki chAMdasa saMskRta kI saMyukta sparza vyaMjana dhvaniyoM meM prathama sparza dhvani kA pUrNa sphoTa (Explosion) pAyA jAtA hai / bhakta, rakta jaise saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa meM unake aMgabhUta donoM vyaMjanoM kA sphoTa hotA thA - kta meM k aura t kA sphoTa hotA thaa| usa samaya uccAraNa karate samaya logoM ke mana meM zabdoM ke prakRti pratyaya vibhAga kA spaSTa jJAna thaa| usa kAla meM uccAraNa prakriyA kI yaha viziSTatA thI / rakta, bhakta meM j+ta aura bhaj + ta aisA khyAla spaSTa thA / kintu bAda meM calakara dhAtu viSayaka bodha yA dhAtvAzrayI dhAraNA kA lopa ho gyaa| 29 phalataH donoM vyaMjanoM kA sphoTa na hokara kevala antima vyaMjana kA sphoTa hone lagA, prathama sparza vyaMjana kA kevala 'abhinidhAna' yA 'saMdhAraNa' (Implosion) kiyA jAne lagA / isa prakriyA ke svaroM ke hrasva dIrghatva, svarAghAta (Stressaccent) saba meM parivartana ho gyaa| prAcIna Arya bhASA kI nAda pradhAna uccAraNa paddhati badala kara madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke kAla meM bala pradhAna ho gyii|

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dhvani-vicAra 259 zabda ke Arambha kA saMyukta vyaMjana tIna taraha kA hotA hai| (1) prathama vyaMjana kI rakSA aura dUsare kA lopa karanA (2) saMyojana (Assimilation) (3) aura tIsarA hai viprakarSa svara kA prakSepa (Anaptyxis) (1) Adi saMyukta vyaMjana kA dvitIya vyaMjana ya, ra, la, va hotA hai| usameM prathama vyaMjana kI rakSA hotI hai aura dUsare kA lopa kara diyA jAtA hai| ___ yaH joisiu < jyotiSin, cukkI < cyutA, vAvArau < vyApAra, cAyai < tyajati, vAmoha < vyAmoha / raH kIla < krIDA, paDiktta < pratipatti, suvvai < zru + ati, pemma < premana vaH jAlai < jvAlayati, sara < svara, dIva < dviip| (2) r ke pUrva s vyaMjana, v ke pUrva s ke udAharaNoM meM viprakarSa svara kA AkSepa kara liyA jAtA hai| lU ke pUrva kA vyaMjana usI taraha rahatA hai| (3) saMyojana (Assimilation)-sAmAnyatayA saMyukta vyajanoM ke pUrva ke s se yukta saMyukta vyaMjana kA saMyojana hotA hai| (ka) s + ka varga ke prathama akSara (tAlavya ke mUrdhanya varga kA prathama akSara ke binA) kA dvitIya akSara ho jAtA hai (isa prakriyA meM s = ha kA vyatyaya hotA hai agara sparza USma ke sAtha rahe) khaMdha < skaMdha khaliya < skhalita, thaMbha < staMbha, thui < stuti, thaNa < stana, phaMsai < spRzati, phaMsai < spaMdate, thova < stoka / (kha) s + tAlavya ke mUrdhanya ke sivAya dvitIya akSara hI rahatA hai-khalai < skhalita, thia < sthita, phAra < sphAra / (ga) eha < snaH NhA ivi < snAtvA, kintu Neha < sneha bhI hotA hai| sa < rama sarai < smarati kA sumarai rUpa bhI hotA hai|

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260 zabdAntargata saMyukta vyaMjana hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi - zabdAntargata saMyukta vyaMjana ke apabhraMza meM nimnalikhita udAharaNa milate haiM : = vRtta, (1) eka prakAra ke saMyukta vyaMjana kA udAharaNa hai mutta, mukka< mukta, khagga < khaDga mo ttiya < mauktika, nakkaMcara < naktaMcara, sittha < siktha, ka + pa = ppa vappairAa vAkpatirAja, duddha < dugdha, muddha < mugdha, Ta + ta = tta - chattIsA < SaTtriMzat, t + pha = ppha-upphulla < utphulla, d + ga = gga-poggala < pudgala, d tta - sutta < supta Adi / varga ke prathama vyaMjana kA dvitIya vyaMjana soSma vyaMjana saMyukta vyaMjana hotA akkhara, vaggha, accha, vajjha, aTTha, aDTha, attha, adgha, puppha, sabhAva Adi + bha = bbha sabbhAva < sadbhAva, p + ta = | hai (2) lha, mha, Nha kA udAharaNa = kaNha, pamha palhattha (si0 he0 8/4/200) apabhraMza meM lha kA udAharaNa nahIM ke barAbara hai / (3) vyaMjana ra ( he0 8 /4/398 - 399 ) kA udAharaNa kevala boliyoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hogaa| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM jo saMyukta rakAra kA udAharaNa milatA hai, vaha vastutaH prAdezika bolI kA hI prabhAva hai / (4) anunAsika vyaMjana - anunAsika vyaMjana ke pUrva svara para prAyaH anusvAra pAyA jAtA hai| siMcai, chaMmuha ke rUpa chammuha Adi / saMskRta paddhati kI prakRti ke anusAra apabhraMza meM bhI nimnalikhita prakriyAyeM hotI haiM : (1) sAvaNya bhAva (Assimilation) (ka) pUrva sAvarNya bhAva (Progressive Assimilation) (kha) para sAvarNya bhAva ( Regressive Assimilation)

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dhvani-vicAra 261 (ga) viziSTa sAvarNya bhAva (Special Assimilation) sAvarNya bhAva meM saMyukta vyajaMna ke pUrva dIrgha svara ho to isva svara ho jAtA hai| (2) asAvarNya bhAva (Disassimilation) (ka) saMyukta vyaMjana ko agara asaMyukta karanA ho to pUrva ke hasva svara ko dIrgha kara diyA jAtA hai :-sahAsa < sahassa < shsr| yaha udAharaNa prAyaH apabhraMza meM hI milatA hai, prAkRta meM bahuta km| (kha) saMyukta vyaMjana ke saMyoga ko dUra karane ke lie anusvAra svara ko hrasva hI rahane diyA jAtA hai :-maMta < matta he0 8/2/921 (ka) para sAvarNya bhAva (Regressive Assimilation) nAnA vargoM ke saMyukta vyaMjana kI zeSa dhvani meM, saMyukta vyaMjana meM se pahalA vyaMjana dUsare vyaMjana kA rUpa dhAraNa kara usase mila jAtA F F ' k + ta = tta-jutta < yukta, ratta < rakta, Asatta < Asakta, bhatti < bhakti, mottiya < mauktika / k + pa = ppa-vappairAa < vAkpatirAja g + dha = ddha-duddha < dugdha, muddha < mugdha, siNiddha < snigdha / g + bha = bha-pabbhAra < pragbhAra / T + ka = kka-chakka < SaTka / T + ta = tta-chattIsa < SaTtriMzat / T + pa-chappaya < SaTpada, chappaNa < * SaTpaMcat / T + pha = ppha-kapphala < kaTphala, D + ga = gga-khagga < khaDga, chagguNa < SaDguNa / r3a + ja = jja-sajjo < SaDja, chajjIva < SaDjIva / D + da = 6-chaddisiM < SaDdizam / D + bha = bha-chabbhua < SaDbhuja / 0

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262 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi r3a + va = vva-chavvIsa < SaDaviMzati / t + ka = ka-ukkaNThA < utkaNThA, balakkAra < balAtkAra / ta + kha = kkha-ukkhaa, ukkhaya < utkhaat| t + pa = ppa-uppala, < utpala, sappurisa < stpuruuss| t + pha = ppha-upphulla < utphulla, upphAla < utphAla | d + ga = gga-uggama < udgama, uggIraya < udgIraya, moggara < mudgr| d + gha = ggha-ugghAa < udghAt / d + ba = bba-babbua < bubud, ubboha < udbodha / d + bha = ma-sabbhAva < sadbhAva, p + ta = tta-sutta < supta, pajjaMta < paryApta / b + ja = jja-khujja < kubja, b + da = 6-sadda < zabda / b + dha = ddha-Araddha < Arabdha, laddha < lbdh| (kha) pUrva sAvarNya bhAva (Progressive Assimilation) (a) yadi anunAsika saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA dUsarA varNa ho to yaha antima varNa pahale Aye hue varNa meM jur3a jAtA hai arthAta pUrva varNa kI taraha hokara dvitva ho jAtA hai| ga + na = gga-aggi < agni, uvigga < udvigna, pizela ke anusAra uviNNa < * udavRNNa bhI hotA hai jo ki vaidika dhAtu vrada yA * vRd dhAtu kA rUpa hai jisameM ud upasarga lagAyA gayA hai| maulika R vuNNa aura uvvuNNa rUpa ThIka hai| rugga < rugNa / t + na = tta-pattI < patnI, savatta < sapatna, NIsavatta < niH sapatna, savattI < sapatnI, paatta < prayatna, pappodi < praapnoti| g + ma = gga-jugga < yugma, tigga < tigma, vaggi < vAgmin, jagga aura tigga kA jumma aura timma rUpa bhI banatA hai| ka + ma = ppa-rUppiNI < rUkmiNI,

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dhvani-vicAra 263 t + ma = ppa-appaNa < Atman, appara atta, ajjhappa < adhyAtman kintu j + Ja = NNa-ANa < aNNA < AjJA, sANa < saMjJA, jANa < jJAna, jaNNa < yajJa (A) sAmAnya vyaMjana + antastha-sAmAnya vyaMjana kA dvitva ho jAtA hai : ka + ya = kka-cANakka < cANakya, vakka < vAkya, pArakka < pArakya, zakka < zakya, kha + ya = kkha-amkhANaa < AkhyAnaka < so kkha < saukhy| g + ya = gga-jogga < yogya, veragga < vairAgya, sohagga < saubhAgya, c + ya = cca-muccai < mucyate, vuccai, vuccati < ucyate / j + ya = jja-jujjyate < yujyate, bhujjanta < bhujymaan| T + ya = dR-TuTTayati < truTyati, loTTai < luTyati / D + ya = Du-kuDDu < kuDya / p + ya = kuppai < kupyati, suppau < supyatAm / p + la = ppa-vippava < viplava p + ra = ppa-vippiya arau < vipriya kAraka: ka + ra = kka-cakka < cakra, v + ya = vva-kavva < kAvya k + va = kka-pikka < pikva ka + ta =- kka-sakko < zaktaH satto rUpa bhI hotA hai| mokkalaDeNa < mukta hastena / apavAda-d + va = vva-uvigga < udvigna, uvvariya < uddhRt| 15051

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264 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (i) anunAsika vyaMjana + antastha = anunAsika vyaMjana kA dvitv| n + ya = NNa-kaNNa < kanyA / Na + ya = NNa-puNNa < puNya, hiraNNa < hiraNya / (3) saMyukta vyaMjana kI vikAra prakriyA saMyukta vyaMjana kI vikAra prakriyA khAsa hotI hai| unameM se kucha mukhya ye haiM : kSa-Adi ke kSa kA kha, cha, jha, gha Adi vikAra hote haiM : khavaNa < kSapaNaka, he0 8/4/377 khayagAli < kSayakAle, lakkhehiM < laH, joaNa lakkhu < yojana lakSamapi, chaNa < kSaNa, chAra < kSAra, chINaM, chijjai < kSINaM he0 8/4/336 vacchahe < vRkSAt, asulahamecchaNa < asulabhamekSaNa, jhijjai < kSIyate, citta < kssipt| zabdAntavartI ho to kSa kA kkha, ccha, jjha hotA hai :-kaDakkha < kaTAkSa, vikkheva < vikSepa, riccha < RkSa, taccha < takSa, vicchoiya < vikSobhita, ujjhara < utkSara *, kabhI-kabhI ha bhI hotA hai (kkha > kha > ha) nihitta < nikSipta (he0 8/2/17) / (4) zca, tsa, ps thya kA apabhraMza meM ccha hotA hai-pacchaM < pathyaM, micchA < mithyA, micchatta, < mithyAtva, pacchimaM < pazcima, accheraya < Azcaryaka, macchara < matsara, ucchava < utsava, ucchaMgi < utsaMge, accharA < apsrs| (5) USmAkSara + prathama aghoSa vyaMjana saMyukta vyaMjana ke Adi meM Ave to dvitIya vyaMjana ko soSma aghoSa vyaMjana ho jAtA hai| do svara ke bIca meM saMyukta vyaMjana Ave to prathama aghoSa ko dvitIya soSma vyaMjana banAkara saMyukta vyaMjana banA diyA jAtA hai| dantya vyaMjana ke sthAna para tAlavya vyaMjana hotA hai :-tya, thya, dya, rya, yya, dhya ko cca, ccha, jja, jjha hotA hai| accaMta < atyanta, paccakkha < pratyakSa, micchatta < mithyAtva, ajju < adya, ujjANa <

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dhvani- vicAra 265 udyAna, majja < madya, sejjA - zayyA, kajja < kArya, majjha < madhya, < jujjhaho < yudhyataH / prAkRta ke samAna apabhraMza meM bhI anAvazyaka vyaMjana dvitva kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai - kAca > kacca, yUtha > juttha Adi / dIrgha svara ke hrasva ho jAne ke kAraNa vyaMjana para bala par3atA hai aura usakA dvitva ho jAtA hai| kSati pUraka sAnunAsikatA kI bhI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai-vayasyAbhyaH > vayaMsiahu, vakra > vaMka / (6) sAvarNya bhAva athavA bolI kI viziSTatA (Dialectal peculiarity) meM tta, ppa, kka kA ke rUpa meM ulaTa pulaTa pAyA jAtA hai / cukka < cutta < cyuta, juppai < juttai, lukka - lutta, < lupta, vukka < vutta < vakta < bokka < bukkai (he0 8 /4/98), savakkI < savattI < sapatnI, kappai < kattai < saM0kRta (he 0 8 /4/357) < * (7) visaMsthula meM stha ko Dha hotA hai ( he0 8 /4/ 436 ) visaMThula < visaMsthula, saMjJA zabda ke saMyukta sTa ko Tha hotA hai-muTThi < muSTi, diTTI < dRSTi, siTThI < sRSTi, samarda, vitarda, viccharda, cchardi, kaparda, mardita ke da ko Da prAkRta evaM apabhraMza donoM meM hotA hai - sammaDDo < saMmardaH, viyaDDI < vitardi, vicchaDDo < viccharda (he0 8 /4/387) chaDDahi, kavaDDa < kapaDa, sammaDDio < saMmarditaH / (8) saMyukta vyaMjana ke ghoSa mahAprANa dha ko ghoSa mahAprANa Dha ho jAtA hai / he0 8/4 /343 - daDDhA < dagdha, viaDaDha < vidagdha, vuDDho < vRddhA, Adi vyaMjana ko chor3akara saMjJA zabda ke sta ko tha-hatthahiM < hastaiH, atthahiM < astraiH, satthahiM < zastraiH nma, evaM gma kA ma ho jAtA hai yAnI samIkaraNa ke niyama ke anusAra paravartI zabda kI bhA~ti pUrvavartI zabda bhI ho jAtA hai - jamma< janma, kamma < karma, vammaho < brAhmaNaH, jummaM < jugmaM, timmaM < tigmaM, pUrvavartI samIrakaNa ke niyama ke AdhAra juggaM tiggaM rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| sma ko mha hotA hai - vimhaya < vismaye / (9) saMskRta ke saMkhyA vAcaka zabdoM kA prAkRta ke bAda apabhraMza meM prAyaH vyaMjana dvitva kI surakSA kI gayI hai - tiNi < trINi, sattAvIsa

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi < saptaviMza, paNNAsA< paMcAzata, paNNaraha < paMcadaza, aTTAvIza < aSTAviMza, aTThatIsa > ar3atIsa (hindI), chappaNa < SaTpaMcata, caDasaTThi < catuH SaSThi / 266 (10) apabhraMza meM SNa ko nha tathA mha bhI hotA hai - kRSNa < kAnha, asmai < amha, sAtha hI sAtha mma bhI hotA hai he0 8 /4/412 brahma < vamma, SNa ko TTha tathA hava ko mbha hotA hai - vidu < viNhu < viSNu, jimbhA < jihvA kA jIhA bhI hotA hai, viMbhiu < vimhiu < vismit| (11) prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM saMyukta vyaMjana ke repha kA prAyaH lopa ho jAtA hai - puvvaM < pUrva, nijjhara < nirjhara, diggho < dIrghaH, dIha rUpa bhI hotA hai, kaNNiAra < karNikAra / Adi varNa ko chor3akara yadi asaMyukta vyaMjana ho to prAyaH usakA dvitva ho jAtA hai-taila < tella, vaTa < vaDa > vaDDa / la varNa ke bAda vAle varNa para balAghAta huA karatA hai - kilannaM > kilinnaM kliSTa > kiliTTaM / (12) STa aura STha ko TTha aura skha ko kha hotA hai - aTThAraha < aTThArasa < aSTAdaza, iTTha < iSTa, diTTha < dRSTa, kATha < kaTTa < kASTha, diTThi < dRSTi, muTThi < muSThi, miTTha < miSTaM, duTTha < duSTa, paNaTTha < pranaSTa, khandha< skandha, khambha < skambha | vyaMjana dvitva kA saralIkaraNa apabhraMza meM jahA~ prAkRta kI prAyaH sabhI dhvaniyA~ pAI jAtI haiM vahA~ unakI apanI kucha khAsa vizeSatAyeM bhI haiN| uccAraNa saukarya ko khyAla meM rakhate hu vyaMjana dvitva ko saralIkRta kara dene kI pravRtti bhI apabhraMza meM pAI jAtI hai / yahI saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti navya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke vikAsa sahAyaka rahI hai| vyaMjana dvitva ke saralI 1 karaNa kA rUpa do taraha se pAyA jAtA hai : (1) pUrvavartI svara kA dIrghIkaraNa karanA (2) pUrvavartI svara ke dIrghIkaraNa ke binA hI vyaMjana kA saralI karaNa banAnA /

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dhvani-vicAra 267 pahalI prakriyA meM akSara bhAra kI (Syllabic-weight) rakSA ke liye pUrvavartI svara ko dIrgha banA dete haiN| isakA udAharaNa hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM yatra tatra upalabdha hotA hai : jAsu < jassu < yasya, tAsu < tassu < tasya, kahIje < kahijjai < kathyate, karIje < karijjai < kRyate, rUsai, dIsai < dissai, NIsaMka < nissaMka, vIsa aadi| dvitIya prakriyA meM vyaMjana dvitva ko saralIkRta to kara diyA jAtA hai kintu usake pUrvavartI svara ko dIrgha nahIM kiyA jaataa| isake bhI udAharaNa hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM upalabdha hote haiM : (a) jasu keraa huMkAra Dae~-jasu < yasya (A) asaihiM hasiu~ nisaMku-nisaMku < nissaMkaM (i) tasu hau~ kali jugi-tasu < tasya lakhai -lakhAi < lkssyte| ye pravRttiyA~ navya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke Agamana kI paricAyikA haiN| Adhunika hindI meM bahuta se tadbhava zabdoM kA dIrdhIkaraNa nahIM hotaa| . saca < satya, sava < sarva aadi| saMdarbha 1. pANini aSTAdhyAyI-RtoraNa 5/1/104, RtyakaH 6/1/124 2. pA0 aSTA0-Rta iddhAtoH 7/1/100 3. pA0 aSTA0-Rta ut 6/1/107 4. pA0 aSTA0-RtorIyaG 3/1/29 5. svarANAM svarAH prAyo'pabhraMze 8/4/329 6. pizela - prAkRta vyAkaraNa 337, uddhRta hisTArikala grAmara oNpha apabhraMza pR0 49 svarANAM svarAH praayo'pbhrNshe| 8/4/329 he0 / 8. syAdau dIrgha hUsvau 8/3/329 hema0

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268 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 9. ela0 pI0 tessitorI, nAmavara siMha dvArA anUdita purAnI rAjasthAnI pR0 24 10. svarasyovRtte 8/1/8 11. ka ga ca ja ta da pa ya vA nAM prAyo luka 8/1/177 12. pA0-AdguNaH 6/1/84 13. pA0-akaH savarNe dIrghaH 6/1/97 14. pA0-eDi. pararUpam 6/1/91 15. pAo--eco'vAyAvaH 6/1/75 16. ela0 pI0 tessi torIH nAmavara siMha dvArA anUdita purAnI rAjasthAnI pR0 271 17. ka ga ca ja ta da pa ya vAM prAyo lopaH-prAkRta prakAza 2/2 18. kha gha tha dha pha bhAM haH-prA0 pra0 2/27 19. ka ga ca ja ta da pa ya vA~ prAyoluk-hema0 8/1/177 20. lupta ya ra va za Sa sa dIrghaH-he0 8/1/43 21. kha gha tha dha pha bhAM haH-he0 8/1/187 22. prAkRta paiMgalam bhAga 2, pR0 161-DA0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 23. DA0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa-prA0 paiM0-bhAga 2 blaoNka ela-laNDo Aryana pR0 61-64 (apabhraMza pAThAvAlI se uddhRta) 25. pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 382 bihAra rASTrabhASA prissd| 26. pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 241 27. pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 384 bihAra rASTrabhASA prissd| 28. abhUto'pi kvacit / he0 8/4/399 apabhraMze kvacidavidyamAno'pi repho bhvti| 29. paM0 becara dAsa prAkRta bhASA pR0 48-49

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aSTama adhyAya rUpa vicAra apabhraMza jisa kAraNa apanA pRthak astitva rakhatI hai, prAkRta tathA Adhunika bhASA se usakI bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai-vaha hai usakI rUpa racanA kA vidhaan| rUpa racanAtmaka vikAsa kA mahatva dhvanyAtmaka vikAsa se kahIM adhika mahatvapUrNa hotA hai, kintu isa rUpa parivartana kA mUla kAraNa dhvani parivartana hI hotA hai| jaisA ki DaoN0 becaradAsa paNDita' ne kahA hai-"jaba dhvani vyavasthA palaTatI hai, taba apane Apa vyAkaraNa vyavasthA bhI palaTatI hai| jaba koI eka varNa palaTatA hai, taba jahA~ jahA~ vaha varNa AyegA vahA~ saba jagaha palaTA hogA, aura yaha parivartana sAre vyAkaraNa tantra ko bhI palaTA degaa| isa dRSTi se yadi hama prAkRtoM ke vyAkaraNI tantra para dRSTipAta kareMge to mAlUma hogA ki usake parivartita vyAkaraNI tantra kA sArA AdhAra usake parivartita dhvani taMtra para hI hai| prAkRta meM antya vyaMjana ke lopa se, vyaMjanAnta zabda nahIM hote, apabhraMza meM bhI vyaMjanAnta nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| isa parivartana se zabda rUpoM meM bhI parivartana A gyaa| saMskRta ke zabda rUpoM kI vibhinnatA kI jagaha prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM mukhyatayA akArAnta, ikArAnta aura ukArAnta vAle zabda rUpoM kA pracalana huaa| antya svara ke hasva dIrghatva ke parivartana hone se (Length of the final Vowels) apabhraMza ke zabda rUpoM meM hasva dIrgha kA bheda naSTa ho gyaa| ___dhvani parivartana ke kAraNa ai kA e aura au kA o vargoM para AdhArita jitanI bhI vyAkaraNI prakriyAyeM thIM una saba para prabhAva par3A, aura mahatvapUrNa parivartana huaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM dvivacana kA abhAva ho gyaa| kyoMki au kA o ho jAne

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ke kAraNa prathamA eka vacana aura dvivacana meM koI bheda nahIM rahA / phalataH dvivacana ko anAvazyaka samajha kara use samApta kara diyA gyaa| Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM napuMsaka liMga ke abhAva kA kAraNa yahI dhvani parivartana hI hai / apabhraMza ke sabhI zabda isIliye svarAnta hote haiM tathA unake anta meM a, A, i, I, u, U svara dhvaniyoM meM se koI eka dhvani pAI jAtI hai / apabhraMza meM tIna liMga hote haiM a, i, u svara dhvaniyoM antavAle zabda tInoM liMgoM meM hote haiM / AkArAnta, I IkArAnta, aura UkArAnta vAle zabda strIliMga meM hote haiN| 270 madhya bhAratIya AryabhASA meM vyaMjanAnta zabdoM kA abhAva ho gayA thA / kintu pizela mahodaya kA kathana hai ki kahIM-kahIM vyaMjanAnta zabda bhI dIkha par3atA hai| apabhraMza meM t, n, s vyaMjanAnta zabdoM kA avaziSTa rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai- baMbhANa < brahmANa < rAyANo < rAjAnaH, vaiNo < vratinaH, ardhamAgadhI kA avaziSTa prAkRta meM aura usase apabhraMza meM aayaa| vyaMjanAnta zabda do prakAra se upalabdha hote haiM - ( 1 ) kabhI antya vyaMjana ko lopa kara diyA jAtA hai, maNa < mAnasa, jaga < jagat, appa < Atman, maNahAri < manohArin (2) kabhI kabhI vyaMjanAnta zabda ko akArAnta bhI kara diyA jAtA hai- juvANa < yuvan, Ausa < AyuS appaNa < Atman / strIliMga meM AkArAnta ko ikAra bhI ho jAtA hai| (3) RkArAnta zabdoM ke R kA ar vAlA rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai piyara < pitR, bhAyara < bhrAtR, bhattAra < bhartR, sasa < svasR, mAya, mAi < mAtR, bhAi < bhrAtR (4) at-antI - vartamAna kRdanta kA vat antI nAma vAle zabda ke anta ko vanta bhI ho jAtA hai mata kA manta aura vanta donoM hotA hai| kitanI bAra prAkRta ke anusaraNa para t kA rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai - hasaMto, paDhato, pavasanta Adi / strIliMga meM isake antI rUpa bhI pAye jAte hai :- saMtI (jaina mahA0), apAvantI < aprApnuvatI huvaMtI, pekkhaMtI, gacchaMtI Adi / vaMta < saM0 vata (vizeSaNa bodhaka) puNavaMta < puNyavat, guNavaMta < guNavat / vaMti < saM0 vat + I (strIliMga), guNavaMti < guNavatI / ( 5 ) kabhI-kabhI strIliMga vAle AkArAnta tathA IkArAnta zabda ke antya svara hrasva bhI ho jAtA 1

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rUpa vicAra 271 hai-kIla < krIDA, siyaya < sikatA, paDima < pratimA, pujja < pUjA, mAlai < mAlatI, sayaliMghi < sauraMdhrI, kiMkari < kiMkarI, jiMbha < jihvA / bahuta bAra AkArAnta hrasva ikAra bhI hotA hai, Nisi < nizA, kahi < kathA / liMga parivartana uparokta zabda rUpoM meM dhvani parivartana ke kAraNa apabhraMza meM liMga parivartana pAyA jAtA hai| liMga kI vyavasthA nahIM pAyI jaatii| yadyapi prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM kabhI kabhI liMga kI avyavasthA pAyI jAtI thii| purUSa ke liye strIliMga aura strIliMga ke liye pulliMga kA prayoga hotA thA, strI 'dArA' zabda kA prayoga pulliMga meM vyavahRta hotA thaa| cetana, kalatra zabdoM kA prayoga napuMsaka liMga meM hotA thaa| DaoN0 tagAre ke anusAra apabhraMza meM liMga kI avyavasthA kA kAraNa pAli, prAkRta aura azoka ke zilAlekha Adi haiM jinameM liMga viSayaka bhrama pAye jAte haiN| apabhraMza ke samaya meM liMga viSayaka saMdeha adhika ho gyaa| isa liMga avyavasthA kA kAraNa prAtipadika zabda rUpoM meM ekIkaraNa kA sAmya thA, a, i, ukArAnta prAtipadika rUpoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hone ke kAraNa sabhI liMgoM meM eka hI prakAra kI vibhaktiyA~ juTane lgiiN| isa kAraNa prAtipadika zabda rUpoM se sahasA liMga bheda kA jJAna nahIM ho pAtA, pulliMga-'kari gaNDAi~ < karigaMDAn, gaya-kumbhaI < gaja-kuMbhAn, strIliMga-rehaI < rekhA, napuM0--kamalaI < kmlaani| __ A, I, UkArAnta zabda apabhraMza meM prAyaH strIliMga meM prayukta hote haiN| pI0 ela0 vaidya ke anusAra i, I, u tathA UkArAnta mati, tarUNI, dhenu aura vadhU Adi zabda strIliMga ke haiM jisakA rUpa muddhA ke samAna calatA hai| parantu isa niyama ke apavAda bhI milate haiN| dekhA jAtA hai ki ikArAnta, ukArAnta zabda rUpa pulliMga evaM napuMsaka liMga meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| liMga sandeha kA mUla kAraNa hai ki hama apabhraMza meM niyamAnusAra sArI paddhati dekhanA cAhate haiN| vastutaH aprabhaza meM bhI liMga

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272 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vyavasthA hai kintu liMga vidhAna kI kar3AI usa prakAra nahIM hai jaisI ki prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM thii| niyama kI kar3AI ke DhIlA ho jAne ke kAraNa hemacandra ne apabhraMza meM liMga ko atantra batAyA (8/4/445) pulliMga kA napuMsaka liMga-gaMya kubhaI < gajakuMbhAna ho gyaa| ___abmA laggA DuMgarihiM, pahiu raDantau jAiM meM napuMsaka abmA kA prayoga pulliMga meM huA hai| NAi vilaggI antraDI sirulhasiuM khandhassu dohe meM napuMsaka antra zabda kA strI0 meM DI pratyaya huA hai| isI prakAra siri caDiAkhantiphphalaiMpuNuDAlai moDanti meM strIliMga vAcaka DAla zabda kA napuM0 meM iM vibhikti huI hai| ___ pizela' kA kahanA hai ki apabhraMza meM anya prAkRta boliyoM kI apekSA liMga nirNaya atyadhika DAMvADola hai jaisA ki hemacandra ne svataH kahA bhI hai| kintu yaha sarvatra pUrNa aniyamita nahIM hai| padya meM chanda kI mAtrAe~ aura tuka kA mela khAnA liMga kA nirNaya karatA hai-"jo pAhasi so lehi" < yat prArthayase tat labhasva, mattAiM < mAtrA, Niccinta haraNAi~ < nizcintAH hariNAH, amhAiM, amhe < asme hai| vacana prAyaH sabhI bhASAoM meM eka vacana tathA bahuvacana kA hI prayoga hai, para prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM tIna vacana the| eka vacana, dvivacana aura bhuvcn| dvivacana kA AvirbhAva kinhIM vastuoM ko samAna aura sAtha-sAtha dekhane se huA hogA jaise do hAtha, do paira, do A~kha aadi| dhIre-dhIre nirantara sAtha rahane vAloM para bhinna vastuoM athavA jIvoM ke liye bhI isa vacana kA prayoga hone lagA hogaa| pANini kAlIna saMskRta meM dvivacana rUr3ha hokara eka vacana tathA bahuvacana kI bhA~ti mahatvadAyaka ho gyaa| vaidika saMskRta meM dvivacana kA utanA mahatva nahIM thaa| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke Arambha hote hI dvivacana kA mahatva samApta ho gyaa| lopa hone kA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki usakI svatantra sattA asvIkRta ho gyii| paM0 candradhara zarmA gulerI ne

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rUpa vicAra 273 purAnI hindI meM likhA hai ki pAli se lekara apabhraMza taka tathA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA hindI Adi meM dvivacana kA jo abhAva pAyA jAtA hai usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki vaidika jana bhASA meM hI dvivacana kA abhAva thaa| pariniSThita saMskRta ke rUr3habaddha ho jAne ke kAraNa usakA svAbhAvika vikAsa ruka gayA aura usake sthAna para vaidika janabhASA se vikasita janabhASAe~ cala pdd'iiN| svabhAvataH una janabhASAoM meM bhI dvivacana kA abhAva ho gayA / kinhIM do vastuoM kA bodha karAne vAle saMkhyA vAcaka do kA prayoga karake aneka vAcaka bahuvacana se kAma calAyA gayA / pizela kA kahanA hai ki dvivacana ke rUpa prAkRta meM kevala saMkhyA zabdoM meM raha gaye haiM, do < dvau, au duve tathA ve < dve aura kahIM-kahIM ye rUpa nahIM bhI milte| pUre ke pUre lopa ho gaye haiN| saMjJA aura kriyA meM inake sthAna para bahuvacana A gayA hai jo svayaM saMkhyA- zabda do ke liye bhI kAma meM lAyA jAtA hai- jaise hatthA tharatharanti < hastau tharatharayete / kaNNe I < karNayoH Adi / su zabda rUpa prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM zabdoM ke do vibhAga hote the: - (1) ajanta (2) halanta / 'ajanta' zabdoM meM hrasva tathA dIrgha-a, i, u tathA RkArAnta zabda haiN| 'halanta' zabda antima prakRta athavA pratyayAnta vyaMjana ke anusAra aneka prakAra ke haiM :- jaise c, k, th, d, dh, s, m, z Adi anta meM hone vAle tathA vat, tAt, ut, vat, t, ant, mant vant, an, en, min, vin, ar, tar Adi pratyayAnta zabda the / ina zabdoM ke sAtha saMskRta kI AThoM vibhaktiyA~ juTatI thIM aura zabda racanA hotI thI / prAkRta meM halanta zabda samAptaprAya ho gaye / ajanta zabdoM kA bAhulya ho gyaa| pariniSThita saMskRta kI bhA~ti prAkRta meM zabda rUpoM kI vaha jaTilatA nahIM raha gayI thI / zabda rUpoM meM eka vacana aura bahuvacana kA hI prayoga hotA thA / caturthI vibhakti kA rUpa samApta ho gayA thA / saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta ke zabda rUpoM meM ekarUpatA tathA saralatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| saMskRta meM jahA~ para eka vibhakti ke liye eka hI

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274 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi rUpa nirdhArita thA vahIM para aba eka vibhakti ke eka vacana yA bahuvacana ke liye kaI rUpa bana cle| __ apabhraMza meM Ate-Ate vibhakti rUpoM meM kAphI saralatA ho gyii| vibhaktiyoM kA sthAna zanaiH-zanaiH parasargoM ne lenA Arambha kara diyaa| DaoN0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI ke zabdoM meM 'apabhraMza' kI nijI vizeSatAe~ zabda rUpoM meM adhika spaSTa hotI haiN| dhvanivikAra meM apabhraMza ne prAkRta kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAyA, parantu zabda rUpoM ke nirmANa meM madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke saralIkaraNa evaM ekIkaraNa kI pravRttiyoM ko vikasita karane ke sAtha-sAtha isane kucha apanI navIna pravRttiyA~ pradarzita kI jo ki arvAcIna Arya bhASAoM meM pUrNatayA vikasita huiiN| ___ (1) apabhraMza ne antima vyaMjana kA lopa kara sabhI halanta prAtipadikoM ko svarAnta banA liyA, yathA-vidyut > vijju, Atman > appa, hindI Apa, jagat > jaga, manas > maNa > mana, yuvan > jubbANa, maNahAri < manohArin Adi / vyaJjanAnta zabdoM kA svarAnta meM parivartana kaI prakAra se huA hogaa| (2) kabhI kabhI antya vyaMjana meM a. akArAnta nAma bhI AtA hai| strIliMga A ko i bhI hotA hai| juvANa < yuvAn, Ausa < AyuSa, appaNa < Atman / (3) RkArAnta nAmoM kA R < ara svarAnta vAle rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiM-piyara < pitR, bhAyara < bhrAtR, bhattAra < bhartR, sasa < svasR, mAya, mAi < mAtR, bhAi < bhraatR|| (4) at-antI vartamAna kRdanta kA vat / antI nAma ke anta ko vanta bhI ho jAtA hai| mat kA manta aura vanta donoM hotA hai| kitanI bAra prAkRta ke anusaraNa para t kA rUpa bhI AtA hai| isa prakAra ke kRdantaja halanta zabda apabhraMza meM svarAnta hote haiN| bhayava < bhagavat / (5) strIliMga AkArAnta, IkArAnta nAma ke antya svara kA hasva ho jAtA hai| kILa, kIDa < krIr3A, siyaya < sikatA, paDima < pratimA, pujja < pUjA, mAlai < mAlatI, sayaliMghi < saurandhrI. kiMkari < kiMkarI, jiMbha < jihA / kabhI-kabhI A kA i bhI ho jAtA hai, Nisi

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rUpa vicAra < nizA, < kahi < kathA / hrasvIkaraNa pravRtti ke apavAda bhI milate haiM yathA - eha kumArI, eho naru0 (hema0 8 /4/362) DhollA mai~ tuhuM vAriyA0, viTTIe0 ( hema0 8 / 4/329) / a, i, ukArAnta prAtipadikoM meM bhI akArAnta prAtipadikoM kI hI pradhAnatA rahI aura i, ukArAnta prAtipadikoM ke kAraka rUpa banAne ke liye inake sAtha akArAnta prAtipadikoM kI vibhaktiyoM kA vyavahAra kiyA jAne lagA / yathA - tRtIyA eka vacana meM deveM < devena, aggie~ < agninA, mahue < madhunA ityAdi / saMskRta kI vibhaktiyoM kA pAli ke bAda prAkRta meM hrAsa hone lagA / pAli meM hI caturthI aura SaSThI kA bheda miTa gayA thA, apabhraMza meM to vibhaktiyoM kA bahuta hI adhika hrAsa ho gayA thaa| prAkRta meM to caturthI aura SaSThI kA bheda bhAva dikhAI detA hai (vararuci- prAkRta prakAza 6/64/, caMDa 2/13) yaha bheda apabhraMza meM bhI kabhI-kabhI dikhAI detA hai / " kintu dvitIyA aura caturthI eka sA dikhAI detA hai| saptamI aura tRtIyA kA eka vacana aura bahuvacana meM kaI bAra samatA sI dikhAI detI hai / prathamA aura dvitIyA kA bheda bhAva miTa gyaa| paMcamI aura SaSThI ke eka vacana meM ekarUpatA ho calI / isa prakAra apabhraMza ajanta pulliMga meM nimnalikhita vibhaktiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM / kAraka kartA karma karaNa sampradAna apAdAna sambandha adhikaraNa sambodhana ekavacana (si)0, A, u, o (am)0, A, u, (TA) e. eM, eNa 275 O (Gasi ) he, hU (Gas) su, ho, ssu (Gi) e, i (a)0, A, u, o bahuvacana (jas)0, A (zas) 0, A (mis) hi, ehiM O (bhyasa) huM (Am) haM,0 (sup) hiM 0, A, ho

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276 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi uparyukta sArI vibhaktiyA~ saMskRta evaM prAkRta kI bhA~ti prakRti se milakara kAraka ke arthoM ko vyakta karane ke liye zabda rUpoM meM vyakta hotI haiM : (ka) kartA prathamA eka vacana meM putta+si vibhakti ke sthAna para u| Adeza puttu rUpa banatA hai| o2 kA rUpa putto, tathA putta evaM puttA rUpa bhI hogaa| bahuvacana meM prAkRta kI bhA~ti putta, puttA, rUpa hogaa| (kha) karma0 dvitIyA eka vacana putta+am ke sthAna para u Adeza hokara puttu rUpa banatA hai| bhASA ke saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa prathamA eka vacana kI taraha putta tathA puttA rUpa bhI milatA hai| bahuvacana meM bhI saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa zas kA lopa hokara putta aura puttA rUpa banatA hai| (ga) karaNa0 tRtIyA eka vacana putta+TA ke sthAna para ekAra hokara putte|4 rUpa banatA hai| isake eM tathA eNa kA rUpa putteM tathA putteNa5 bhI milatA hai| yahA~ para saMskRta ke anantara prAkRta meM eNa ke Na uccAraNa ke sthAna para anusvArAtmaka pravRtti ke A jAne ke kAraNa eNa kA eM ho sakatA hai| DaoN0 tagAre ke anusAra yaha rUpa uttara pUrvI bhAratIya hai| uttara pazcima bhArata meM Na kA uccAraNa abhI bhI surakSita hai| putte meM saMskRta eNa kA Na akSara na yA anusvAra hokara bAda meM vinaSTa ho gyaa| yaha pravRtti mukhoccAraNa saralatA kI hI hai| isa rUpa kI saralatA kI pravRtti kramazaH isa prakAra rahI hogI-putteNa > putte > putte| ye tInoM rUpa apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiN| bahuvacana meM putta + bhis ko hiM hokara a ko e karake puttehiN| tathA puttahiM rUpa banatA hai| saMskRta meM ajanta zabdoM ke bAda bhis ko ai: ho jAtA hai, kintu ikArAnta, ukArAnta zabdoM ke pare bhis ko bhiH rUpa hotA hai| prAkRta meM usI bhis kA ehi, ehiM tathA ehi~ rUpa banA; apabhraMza meM usI prAkRta ehiM kA vikasita rUpa ehiM tathA hiM evaM hi prayoga milatA hai| vastutaH hi evaM ehiM ke rUpa meM Ane kA mUla bIja

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rUpa vicAra 277 saMskRta bhis kA ai: rUpa hai| prAkRta meM visarga dhvani kA uccAraNa ha kI taraha hone lagA tathA ai svara e svara meM pariNata ho gyaa| vahI rUpa vikasita hokara hi evaM ehiM ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gyaa| apabhraMza meM anusvAra kI pravRtti karaNa ke bahuvacana se lekara adhikaraNa ke bahuvacana taka pAyI jAtI hai| prAkRta meM bhI yaha anusvArAtmaka pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| isakA vikAsa krama isa prakAra ho sakatA hai-saM0 putraiH > prA0 puttehi > puttehiM0, apa0 puttehiM > puttahi > putthi| adhikaraNa ke bahuvacana meM bhI puttahiM rUpa banatA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne saMskRta smin se bhI hiM kI vyutpatti mAnI hai| (gha) sampradAna0 caturthI vibhakti kA apabhraMza meM sarvathA abhAva hai| prAkata meM bhI caturthI vibhakti nahIM hotii| caturthI kA bodha sambandha kAraka se hone lgaa| saMskRta meM bhI kArakoM ke prayoga meM apavAda hotA thaa| sampradAna kAraka preraNArthaka bhAvoM meM prayukta hotA hai| usakA prayoga dAnAdi kriyA meM adhika hotA thaa| prAkRta meM Akara saMskRta kI vaha pravRtti vinaSTa sI ho gyii| phalataH apabhraMza ne bhI caturthI kA koI rUpa grahaNa nahIM kiyA aura usakA sthAna SaSThI ne le liyaa| (Ga) apAdAna0 paJcamI eka vacana putta+Gasi!" ke sthAna para krama se he tathA hU Adeza hotA hai-puttahe, puttahU / saM0 puttAt hotA hai| prAkRta sunto tathA hinto se he, hU kA vikAsa hogaa| bahuvacana putta + bhyasa! =huM se puttahuM rUpa banatA hai| saM0 putrebhyaH, prAkRta meM hemacandra ke anusAra 8 rUpa hotA hai-puttatto, puttAo, puttAu, puttehi, puttAhiMto, puttAsunto, puttesuNto| isI antima sunto se huM kA vikAsa adhika tarkasaMgata pratIta hotA hai| (ca) sambandha SaSThI eka vacana meM putta+Gas vibhakti ke sthAna para su, ho ssu Adeza hokara-puttasu, puttaho, puttassu rUpa banatA hai| saM0 pulliMga-putrasya > prA0 puttassa > kA vikasita rUpa apabhraMza meM ukArAtmaka pravRtti hone ke kAraNa ssu, su tathA isIse ho rUpa bhI banatA hai|

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278 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bahuvacana meM putta + Am vibhakti ko haM20 hokara rUpa puttahaM hogaa| saMskRta meM putrANAm, prAkRta meM puttANa tathA puttANaM hotA hai| apabhraMza haM kI racanA saMbhavataH paMcamI haM ke tuka para kI gayI ho| yA prAkRta NaM kA apabhraMza meM kevala anusvAra avaziSTa bacA aura mahAprANa ha kI zruti huii| (cha) adhikaraNa saptamI eka vacana meM putta + Di ke sthAna para e21 tathA i Adeza hokara putte, putti rUpa hotA hai| saM0 putre, prAkRta meM putte, puttammi rUpa banatA hai| apabhraMza meM isI mmi kA uccAraNa saukarya ke kAraNa i rUpa bnaa| isakA vikasita rUpa isa prakAra ho sakatA hai-saM0 putre > prA0 putte, puttammi > apa0 putte > putti / bahuvacana meM putta + sup vibhakti ke sthAna para hiM Adeza hokara puttahiM rUpa banatA hai| saM0 putreSu > prA0 puttesu aura puttesuM hotA hai| apabhraMza meM suM kA hu honA cAhiye thA, para tRtIyA kA saptamI ke sAtha saMbandha hone ke kAraNa yahA~ su kA hiM rUpa banA / saMskRta saptamI eka vacana smin se rima > mi se hiM kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| (ja) sambodhana ke eka vacana meM sArA rUpa kartA kAraka eka vacana kI bhA~ti hotA hai, putta, puttA puttu / bahuvacana meM bhI prathamA kI taraha rUpa hotA hai| eka adhika rUpa 'ho' bhI hotA hai-puttA, puttA, puttaho / akArAnta pulliMga zabdoM kA rUpa eka vacana bahuvacana pratha0-puttu, putto, putta, puttA putta, puttA dvi0-puttu, putto, putta, puttA putta, puttA tR0-putteNa, putte, putte puttehiM, puttahi catu0-0 paJca0-puttahe, puttahu puttahu~

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rUpa vicAra 279 SaSThI0-puttassu, puttasu, puttaho, putta puttahaM, putta saptamI-putte, putti puttaho, puttA, putta sambo0-putta, puttA puttaho, puttahu (i) Upara ke rUpa putto, puttaM, puttANaM, puttammi rUpa mahArASTrI prAkRta meM bhI hai| (ii) paMcamI, SaSThI vibhakti ke bhrama bhI ho sakatA hai| kintu sAmAnyatayA ye rUpa apabhraMza ke kAvyoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| (iii) SaSThI ke prayoga meM kabhI antara bhI pAyA jAtA hai| pekkhaMtahaM rAyahaM muccha gaya, saptamI ke artha meM-vimale vihANa e kiyae payANa e uyaya iri sihare ravi diisi| paiM jIvaMta eNa mahu ehI bhaiya avsthaa| yahA~ saptamI ke sthAna para tRtIyA kA yoga hai| isase patA calatA hai ki tRtIyA aura saptamI meM bhrama hone kA sandeha banA rahatA hai| (iv) Upara ke rUpoM meM nAsikyatA (Nasality) kaThinAI se dIkhatI hai| eN kA i, oM kA u rUpa bhI sAmane Ane lgaa| (v) kaNha aura saraha ke dohA kozoM meM kucha viziSTa rUpa dikhAI dete haiN| unameM (Dialectal Peculiarities) Adhunika bolI ke kucha vizeSa ciha bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| (vi) kabhI kabhI chanda ke mutAbika vibhakti ke pratyayoM ko chor3a bhI diyA jAtA hai-jiNa jammaNa amara praaiy| sari pavAha mihuNaI NAsaMtai ityAdi / isa pravRtti ne Adhunika Arya bhASA ko saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti kI ora prerita kiyA hai| ikArAnta tathA ukArAnta rUpa prAtipadika ikArAnta tathA ukArAnta apabhraMza pulliMga ke zabda rUpa ukArAnta kI hI bhA~ti hote haiM, para unameM kucha vizeSa antara bhI ekavacana bahuvacana (1) kartA0-giri, girI, taru, tarU giri, girI, taru, tarU (2) karma dvi0-giri, girI, taru, tarU giri, girI, taru, tarU

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280 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi apabhraMza ukAra bahalA bhASA hai, para kAraka meM ukAra pratyaya akArAnta zabda ke pare hI hotA hai| zeSa niyama pUrvavata yahA~ bhI hotA hai arthAta ikArAnta, ukArAnta zabdoM meM vibhaktiyoM kA hrAsa hone lgaa| (3) karaNa tRtIyA eka vacana meM TA ke sthAna para eM, Na tathA anusvAra hokara-girie~, tarue~, giriNa, taruNa evaM giriM tathA taruM rUpa banatA hai| saMskRta-giriNA, taruNA, prAkRta meM bhI giriNA, taruNA rUpa banatA hai| apabhraMza meM NA kA Na rUpa ho gyaa| e rUpa kA uccAraNa adanta pulliMga ke tuka para yahA~ bhI huaa| kucha samaya bAda uccAraNa lAghava ke kAraNa eM22 kA e rUpa vinaSTa hokara anusvAra mAtra avaziSTa rhaa| bahuvacana meM bhis ke sthAna para hiM Adeza hokara-girihiM, taruhiM rUpa banatA hai| saMskRta meM-giribhiH tarubhiH hotA hai| prAkRta meM-girIhi, girIhi, girIhi, taruhi, taruhi, tarUhi rUpa banatA hai| apabhraMza meM sabhI rUpa ghisa gye| ekamAtra hiM rUpa bacA rhaa| saMskRta bhiH kA prAkRta meM hi bnaa| anusvAra kA Agamana bhI huaa| apabhraMza meM sabhI rUpa vinaSTa hote hote hiM mAtra avaziSTa rhaa| (4) apAdAna paJcamI meM Gasi ke sthAna para he Adeza hokara girihe, taruhe rUpa banatA hai| saMskRta meM gireH, taroH, prAkRta meM rUpa giriNo, taruNo, giritto, tarutto, girio, taruo, giriu, taruu, girihinto Adi rUpa banatA hai| apabhraMza meM kevala eka he vibhakti bacI rhii| saMbhavataH prAkRta hinto kA avaziSTa hi rUpa, apabhraMza meM he ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gyaa| bahuvacana bhyas kA rUpa girihuM, taruhuM hotA hai, saMskRta rUpa giribhyaH tarubhyaH hotA thA, prAkRta meM isakA bheda-to, o, u, hinto tathA sunto hai| yahI sunto suM mAtra avaziSTa rahakara hu4 ke rUpa meM apabhraMza meM aayaa| (5) sambandha SaSThI Gas ke sthAna para vikalpa karake he Adeza hotA hai girihe, taruhe, dUsare pakSa meM rUpa hogA-giri, tru|

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rUpa vicAra bahuvacana Am kA haM, huM Adeza vikalpa karake hogA - girihaM taruhuM, girihaM, truhN| prakRta rUpa giri, taru bhI rahatA hai| ye rUpa pI0 ela0 vaidya ke AdhAra para diye gaye haiM (6) adhikaraNa saptamI meM Gi ke sthAna para hi Adeza karake girihi, taruhi rUpa banatA hai / saMskRta meM Gi kA au hotA hai| prAkRta meM mi hotA hai| apabhraMza meM hi Adeza saMbhavataH mmi kA mhi hokara hi, mAtra avaziSTa rahA / bahuvacana sup ke sthAna para huM Adeza girihuM, taruhuM rUpa banA / yaha rUpa bhI pI0 ela0 vaidya ke AdhAra para hai| hemacandra ke anusAra to sup ko hiM (hema0 8 / 4/347) honA cAhiye / para prAkRta se samatA karane para huM hI adhika ucita hai / prAkRta su, suM, se, huM honA sarala hai / (7) sambodhana kA rUpa prathamA kI bhA~ti hotA hai| bahuvacana meM ho rUpa hogA / eka vacana prathamA dvi0 strIliMga - tR catu0 paJca0 Sa0 sapta0 girihi sambo0 - giri, girI giri, girI girieM, giriNa, giri - O girihe giri, girihe giri, girI 281 bahuvacana giri, girI giri, girI girihiM 0 girihuM giri, girihaM, girihuM girihuM giri, girI, giriho prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura prAkRta ke strIliMga meM AkArAnta zabda prayukta hote the, kintu ve hI zabda apabhraMza meM Akara akArAnta ho gye| 25 isakA yaha matalaba nahIM ki apabhraMza meM AkArAnta .

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282 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi zabda the hI nahIM, lekina usakA sthAna prAyaH akAra ne le liyA thaa| ataH strIliMga ke AkArAnta yA akArAnta zabdoM ke rUpoM meM koI antara nhiiN| apabhraMza meM inakI vizeSatA surakSita hai| para inakA akArAnta strIliMga ke zabdoM kI vizeSatA usa prakAra kI nahIM hai jaisI ki akArAnta pulliMga yA napuMsaka liMga ke zabda rUpoM kI, pratyeka kAraka meM hotI hai| pizela26 kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta bhASAoM meM kahIM kahIM ikke-dukke aura ve bhI padyoM meM-i tathA u varga ke strIliMga ke rUpa pAye jAte haiM jaise bhUmisu aura suttisu (899) / anyathA-'i aura u varga ke strIliMga jinake sAtha-I aura U varga ke zabda bhI mila gaye haiM, eka varNa vAle aura aneka varNa vAloM meM vibhakta haiN| inakI rUpAvalI-A meM samApta hone vAle ina strIliMga zabdoM se prAyaH pUrNa rUpa se milatI hai| pI0 ela0 vaidya ke anusAra apabhraMza ke strIliMga meM jaise AkArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa banate haiM vaise hI IkArAnta aura UkArAnta zabdoM ke bhI rUpa banate haiM, isase hrasva ikArAnta aura isva ukArAnta kA bhI grahaNa hotA hai| inake zabda rUpa bhI unhIM zabdoM kI bhA~ti banate haiN| strIliMga ke vibhakti ciha 0 ekavacana bahuva0 pra0 - 0 ___0, u, o dvi0 - 0 u, o tR0 - e (i) paM0 - samba0 - he (hi) adhi0 - hi (1) DaoN0 tagAre ne vikAsAtmaka dRSTi se dhyAna dete hue kahIM kahIM kucha bhinna vibhaktiyoM kA nAma diyA hai jo ki hemacandra ke anukUla nahIM haiN| muddhA zabda strIliMga kA paravartI apabhraMza meM A kA hasva a hotA hai| Durn

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rUpa vicAra 283 kartA prathamA meM muddhA + si vibhakti kA lopa hokara rUpa hogA muddha yA muddhA / prAkRta meM kevala dIrgha muddhA hotA hai kintu apabhraMza meM A kA a bhI hotA hai| bahuvacana muddhA + jas ko u tathA o-muddhAu tathA muddhAo rUpa hogaa| u tathA o kartA eka vacana pulliMga meM hotA hai| kintu prAkRta meM bhI strIliMga ke bahuvacana meM u tathA o hotA hai| yahI rUpa apabhraMza ke strIliMga meM bhI surakSita hai| (2) dvitIyA meM muddhA + am kA lopa hokara muddha, muddhA rUpa bnaa| prAkRta kA anusvAra ghisate ghisate apabhraMza meM a mAtra avaziSTa rahA jo ki muddhA ke A meM mila gayA yA usa a kA astitva hI samApta ho gayA / bahuvacana kA rUpa prathamA bahuvacana kI bhA~ti hI hogaa| prAkRta meM bhI yahI u, o vibhakti hotI hai| ataH apabhraMza meM usI kA surakSita rUpa hai| (3) tRtIya-muddha+ TA8 ke sthAna para e hokara rUpa muddhe-hogaa| pI0 ela0 vaidya ne muddhai rUpa bhI mAnA hai| prAkRta meM TA ke sthAna para tIna pratyaya hote haiM-Aa, Ai, tathA aae| apabhraMza meM kevala e avaziSTa rhaa| bahuvacana muddha + bhis ke sthAna para hiM hokara muddhahiM rUpa banatA hai| pulliMga akArAnta meM ehiM tathA hiM hotA hai| prAkRta hi, hiM, hiM, kA hiM mAtra avaziSTa rhaa| (4) paJcamI meM muddha+ Gasi ke sthAna para he muddhahe rUpa banatA hai| muddhahi rUpa bhI bana sakatA hai| isakA vikAsa krama prAkRta hito se kiyA jA sakatA hai-muddhAhiMto > muddhAhiM > muddhahi > muddhhe| ___ bahuvacana muddha + bhyasa kI jagaha hu hokara muddhahu rUpa bnaa| prAkRta ke strIliMga tathA pulliMga donoM kI kaI vibhaktiyoM meM sunto bhI hai| usI kA vikasita rUpa apabhraMza pulliMga tathA strIliMga meM huM evaM hu hai|

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284 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (5) sambandha-muddha + Gas ke sthAna para he hokara muddhahe rUpa banatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki strIliMga ke paMcamI evaM SaSThI meM koI bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| donoM jagaha hu=muddhahu rUpa hotA hai| yaha apabhraza kA apanA rUpa hai| yahA~ prAkRta ke rUpoM se apabhraMza ke rUpoM meM koI samatA nahIM hai| prAkRta SaSThI bahuvacana meM Na tathA NaM vibhakti hotI hai jo ki saMskRta NAm se banA hai| (6) adhikaraNa-muddha+ Gi vibhakti ke sthAna para hi Adeza hokara muddhahi rUpa banatA hai| yaha bhI apabhraMza kA apanA hI rUpa hai| paMcamI evaM SaSThI meM bhI he se hi ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra apabhraMza ke kAraka rUpoM meM samatA sI A gyii| pulliMga ikArAnta ukArAnta saptamI eka vacana meM bhI hi vibhakti hotI hai| bahuvacana muddha+sup ke sthAna para hiM Adeza hokara muddhahiM rUpa banatA hai jo ki saMbhavataH saMskRta sArvanAmika smni se banA hai| adanta pulliMga meM bhI hiM vibhakti hotI hai| strIliMga ke i, I, u, UkArAntAdi sabhI zabdoM ke rUpa isI taraha hoMge / eka va0 bahuvacana muddhA, muddha muddhAu, muddhAo, muddha, muddhA muddhA, muddha muddhAe, muddhae. muddhAhiM, muddhahiM muddhai paM0 muddhahe, muddhAhe muddhAhu, muddhahu catuHSaSThI muddhaheM, muddhahiM, . muddhahaM muddhahi, muddhaho muddhahe, muddhahi muddhahiM, muddhAhiM muddhae sambo0 muddha muddhau, muddhAu sapta0

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rUpa vicAra 285 prathamA kumAritraM mahi IkArAnta strIliMga ke nAma rUpa bahuta bAra strIliMga AkArAnta nAma ke anta meM A ko hUsva karake prayoga banatA hai| isake anta meM kaI bAra I kA bhI prayoga hotA hai jaise-bAlI, Nisi, basuMdharI, paramesarI aadi| yaha kabhI strIliMga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bhI AtA hai| ikArAnta aura IkArAnta strIliMga kA rUpa eka sA hI hotA hai-vahu-vahahiM rUpa milatA hai| AkArAnta strIliMga nAma kA rUpa IkArAnta kI hI taraha hotA hai| eka va0 bahu0 taruNi taraMgiNIu riddhI NAriu bhaMDArI jaNadiTThiu avakkhaDI gAhiNIu dhariNIe, vilAsiNiAe virahaMtihi paM0 taruNihe taruNihu ca0-Sa0 mahae vihe pANiya hArihu puttihiM, bhUmihiM paharaMtihi, muTThie kAmiNihi siddhihi, rayaNihe, tuMgihe sambo0 mAi, paMcAli tarUNiho napuMsaka liMga jaisA ki DaoN0 tagAre ne likhA hai ki apabhraMza meM napuMsaka liMga kI kamI ho gyii| napuMsaka liMga kA zabda rUpa bhI pulliMga kI hI bhA~ti sapta0

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286 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hotA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM kartA0 evaM karma0 meM napuMsaka liMga ke vizeSa rUpoM ko chor3akara zeSa rUpa palliMga kI bhA~ti hote haiN| prAkRta meM bhI yahI rIti apanAI gayI hai, apabhraMza meM bhI kevala pra0 bahuvacana jas evaM dvi0 bahuvacana zas ke apane rUpa iM 31 hotA hai| zeSa rUpa pulliMga kI bhA~ti hote haiN| ekavacana bahuvacana pra0 kamalu, kamalA, kamala kamalAI, kamalaI dvi0 kamalu, kamalA, kamala kamalAI, kamalaI zeSa rUpa pulliMga ke samAna hote haiN| kartA kAraka evaM karma kAraka eka vacana meM kamala+ si, am donoM kA lopa hokara kamala evaM kamalA rUpa hotA hai| saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM anusvAra hotA hai| apabhraMza meM vaha anusvAra bhI samApta ho gyaa| bahuvacana meM kamala+jas, zasa ke sthAna para iM32 hokara kamalaI rUpa hotA hai| atirikta sabhI rUpa pulliMga kI taraha hote haiN| apabhraMza ke napuMsaka liMga meM kakArAnta zabdoM ke pare yAnI saMskRta kRdanta svArthika ka pratyaya se bane hue akArAnta zabdoM ke pare si aura am ko uM Adeza hotA hai tuccha + ka = tuccha + si, am ko uM hokara tucchauM rUpa hotA hai| saMskRta prasRtaka kA pasariauM rUpa hotA hai| tucchakaM > tucchauM, saM0 prasaritakaM > pasariaM > pasariauM / apabhraMza napuMsaka liMga ke sabhI zabdoM kA rUpa saMskRta kRdanta ka pratyayAnta ko chor3akara, kamala kI bhA~ti hotA hai| ikArAnta aura ukArAnta nAmoM ke rUpa pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga meM koI bheda nahIM hotA / napuMsaka liMga meM vAriiM, vArIiM, mahuI, mahUI prathamA aura dvitIyA bahuvacana meM rUpa hote haiN| mUla ikArAnta, ukArAnta vAle zabdoM meM kabhI-kabhI ya < ka svArthika pratyaya lagAkara akArAnta nAma banAyA jAtA hai : sammAiTThiu, joiyA, joiya, donoM zabda rUpa kriyA ke artha meM prayukta hue haiN|

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rUpa vicAra 287 apabhraMza meM dvivacana ke liye koI vibhakti nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| dvivacana kA abhAva pAli evaM prAkRta se hI ho gayA thaa| vaidika saMskRta meM dvivacana kI bahulatA nahIM thI, phira bhI usa samaya dvandvAtmaka cIjoM ko dekhakara hI saMbhavataH dvivacana kA avirbhAva huA thaa| vaidika saMskRta meM dvivacana kA prayoga prAyaH aise hI sthAnoM para huA hai jahA~ ki do cIjoM ko eka sAtha prayukta karanA par3A hai, para Age cala kara laukika saMskRta meM dvivacana itanA rUr3ha ho gayA ki jisase usakA prayoga sarvatra subanta aura tiGanta meM hone lgaa| jaba pAli aura prAkRta kA yuga AyA to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya bhASA ke saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti hone ke kAraNa dvivacana ko nirarthaka sA samajhA jAne lgaa| apabhraMza meM bhI yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki yahA~ bhI dvivacana kA abhAva ho| apabhraMza meM dvivacana ke abhAva ke kAraNa Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASA hindI meM bhI dvivacana kA abhAva ho gyaa| dvivacana zabda ke liye saMskRta meM ubhau tathA dvizabda prayukta hotA thaa| isI dvi kA prAkRta dui yA vi banA, apabhraMza meM yahI be hokara dvivacana kA bodhaka huA jaise-maha kantaha be dosaDA hellima jhaMkhahi Alu-hema0 4/8/379 / parasarga parasarga kA bIja rUpa hameM prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA meM hI milatA hai| saMskRta tathA pAli ke zabda rUpoM meM vibhaktiyoM ke sAtha yA usake vinA bhI parasarga prayukta hotA thA jaise saMskRta meM-tasya samIpe yA tatsamIpe (usake pAsa) pAli-gotamasya santike, nivvANa sntike| yahI pravRtti apabhraMza aura na0 bhA0 A0 meM bhI hai| prA0 bhA0 A0 bhASA ke zabda rUpoM meM vibhaktiyoM ke hrAsa ke kAraNa hI yaha pravRtti, apabhraMza meM pracalita hii| paravartI apabhraMza meM vibhaktiyoM ke hAsa ke kAraNa parasarga kI pradhAnatA ho gyii| na0 bhA0 A0 meM to vibhaktiyoM kI jagaha parasarga ne le liyaa| yadyapi paravartI apabhraMza avahaTTa meM-saMkrAti kAlIna bhASA hone ke kAraNa prAkRta tathA apabhraMza (ma0 bhA0 A0) ke savibhaktika

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288 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi rUpa bhI avaziSTa haiM, phira bhI nirvibhaktika prAtipadika zabda rUpoM kA prayoga kartA, karma, karaNa, adhikaraNa, sampradAna-sambandha meM dhar3alle se pAyA jAtA hai| zabda rUpa kI dRSTi se parasarga svatantra zabda thA aura kisI pada ke sAtha kArakIya sambandha prakaTa karAne ke liye inakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| parantu vibhakti pratyaya se parasarga bhinna hai, kyoMki zabda rUpa meM parivartana hone para bhI inameM parivartana nahIM hotaa| nimnalikhita parasarga kA prayoga apabhraMza meM pAyA jAtA hai(1) karaNa parasarga-'sahu~' 'sahu~'-jau pavasanteM sahu~ na gaya, na mua viyoeN-tssu| saMskRta-saha-samaM > sahu~ se banA hai| saMskRta meM saha, sAkaM, samaM, sArdhaM ke yoga meM (sAtha jAne ke artha meM) tRtIyA vibhakti hotI hai | saMskRta kA yahI niyama isa dohe meM bhI lAgU hotA hai| viyoginI nAyikA kahatI hai-"jo maiM priya ke pravAsa karate samaya usake sAtha nahIM gayI aura na to usake viyoga meM mara hI gyii| ataH yaha sahu~ zabda saha ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| pavasante meM tRtIyA vibhakti bhI hai| isa pUrvokta dRSTi se sahu~ zabda parasarga ke antargata nahIM aataa| saMbhavataH isI kAraNa DaoN0 tagAre ne parasargoM meM isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kintu paravartI apabhraMza avahaTTa meM karaNa ciha bodhaka parasarga kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai-dUjane sau~ sabakAhu tUTa (37/23) dhie~ sa~kare seu~ sAtu (21/31) ukti vyakti prkrnn| prAkRta paiMgalam meM 'eka sau' (1,46-ekena sama) saMbhuhi sau (1,112-zaMbhumArabhya) sau kI vyutpatti saM0-samaM se huI hai| 'sau' kA prayoga saMdeza rAsaka meM karaNa kAraka meM pAyA jAtA hai="gurU viNa eNa sau" (74 ba) birahasau (79 a), kaMdappa sau (69 e)| isakA 'siu~' rUpa pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM milatA hai-moTA nai moTA-siu~ dos| mujha-siu~ kisiu~ karai te dosa0=bar3A bar3e se doSa (karatA hai), mujhase vaha kaise doSa kara sakatA hai| purAnI maithilI meM saJo, sa~ Adi prayoga milatA hai-mRtyu-saJo kala-kala karaiteM accha (mRtyu ke sAtha jhagar3A kara rahA hai, varNara0 41 a7) indu mAdhava satre

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rUpa vicAra 289 38 khelae (vidyApati 38 e), mAsu haDahi - saJo khaelaka (vidyApati 15 ba), ukti" vyakti prakaraNa bhI 'sau~' rUpa milatA hai-dUjaNe sau saba kAhu tUTa (37/23) samama kasyApi truTyati - ghie sAkara seu~ sAtu (21/31/22/1 ) = ghRta zarkarayA samaya saktuH / isI kA kIrtilatA meM so milatA hai - mAni jIvana mAna so / vraja bhASA meM isI 'so' se soM rUpa banA kara soM evaM paluTAvati (sUra0 ) / pauma cariu meM samau (< samama) rUpa (2/12/2) ho jAtA hai / samANa (saM0 samAna), sarisau (saM0-sadRzakama, guja0 sarasuma milatA hai / ) (2) sampradAna parasarga - kehiM, resiM, tehi, taNa Adi kehiM, resiM tehi, taNa' Adi pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMzoM meM caturthI vibhakti nahIM hotI hai / caturthI kA sambandha prAyaH SaSThI se huA karatA thaa| kabhI-kabhI isakA sambandha karma se bhI juTa jAtA thA / uparyukta kehiM, resiM, tehi aura taNa kA prayoga hemacandra ne tAdarthya meM nipAta kiyA hai / nipAta zabdoM se milakara vibhakti artha kA bodhaka hotA hai / prA0 bhA0 A0 meM bhI nipAtana 42 kA prayoga pAyA jAtA thA / vahA~ yaha zabda avyayArtha hotA thA / apabhraMza meM yaha vibhakti ke liye prayukta huA hai : hau~ jhijjau~ tau kehi N pia, tuhu~ puNu annahi resi (8/4/425) saMskRta ahaM kSINA tava kRte priyatvaM punaH anyasyA kRte / Age calakara resiM kA rUpa nahIM milatA kintu caturthI vibhakti ke bodha ke liye 'kehiM' kA vikasita rUpa paravartI apabhraMza meM pAyA jAtA hai| hau~ jhijjau~ tau kehi (hemacandra ) parakeha~, ApaNu keha~, par3habe kiha~ (ukti vyakti prakaraNa) karma aura sampradAna ke parasarga prAyaH eka dUsare ke pUraka hote haiN| isa sRSTi se ye donoM eka dUsare ke bahuta nikaTa haiM / avadhI kaha~ kA saMbaMdha hemacandra ke kehi se bhI jor3A jA sakatA hai|

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290 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 'taNa' bhI nipAtana hai| isakI vizeSatA hai ki yaha svataH vibhaktiyoM se jur3akara prayukta hotA hai| isa taNa kA prayoga kabhI SaSThI aura kabhI tRtIyA vibhakti ke sAtha huA hai| sampradAna ke artha meM bhI eka jagaha yaha prayukta huA hai| ___ sampradAna-vaDDattaNaho taNeNa (he0 8/4/355) saM0-'mahatvasya kRte' (bar3appana ke liye) kahIM-kahIM yaha taNa svataH pratyaya kI bhA~ti prayukta huA hai-vaDa + taNa + u = (apabhraMza kI vizeSatA saMjJA=a ko u) = jiva jiva vaDDataNu lahahi~ (he0 8/4/377), saM0-yathA yathA mahatvaM labhante yahA~ taNa kA prayoga karma ke artha meM huA hai| bhAva ke artha meM pratyaya kI bhA~ti prayukta sA pratIta hotA hai| saM0-tva yA tala=(mahattA, mahatva) hi0-'pana' (bar3appana pratyaya ke artha meM huA hai) karma kAraka artha meM aura jagaha bhI yaha taNa parasarga prayukta huA hai: jai icchahu vaDDattaNa uM (he0 8/4/384) tilahaM tilattaNu (he0 8/4/406) tRtIyA vibhakti se yukta taNa kA prayoga hotA hai-kehi taNeNa tehi taNeNa / mahu taNai (paramAtma prakAza 2/186) sambandha-aha bhaggA amhahaM taNA (he0 8/4/380) imu kula tula taNauM (he0 8/4/361) DaoN0 tagAre ne taNa kA prayoga 600 I0 ke pahale se hI mAnA hai| mahu taNai madIyena (pa pra0 2/186) 1000 IsvI ke samaya isakA prayoga sambandha kAraka ke liye hotA thA-'tasu taNa ima' udAharaNa sAvayava dhamma dohA meM pAyA jAtA hai| pAhur3a dohA 88 meM siddhattaNahu taNeNa aura pA0 do0 214 meM tharU Dajjhai iMdiya taNau prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| ina do prayogoM meM eka spaSTa rUpa se SaSThI kA prayoga hai aura dUsarA mizrita prayoga hai|

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rUpa vicAra 291 DaoN0 tagAre kA khaNDana karate hue DaoN0 bhayANI+4 ne kahA hai ki taNaya kA rUpa vizeSaNa kI taraha calatA hai (sambandhI kI taraha jise ki hemacandra ne apane dohoM meM dikhAyA hai) yaha vizeSya kI vizeSatA batAtA hai aura sAmAnyatayA liMga, vacana aura kAraka kA anusaraNa karatA hai | taNaya kA rUpa pratyeka kAraka aura donoM vacanoM meM ho sakatA hai| bhavisayatta kahA 86-7-taho tanayaho NAmaho-meM kisI bhI prakAra kA do sambandha kAraka nahIM hai| DaoN0 tagAre ne taNa kA prayoga pazcimI apabhraMza meM tRtIyA vibhakti meM adhika pracalita mAnA hai| unhoMne isakI puSTi meM ye udAharaNa diye haiN| maha taNai (paramappa payAsu 2,186)=madIyena, sukaihiM taNAI (ma pa0 1-128) vaDDattaNaho taNeNa (he0 8/4/425) siddhattaNaho taNeNa (pAhur3a dohA 88) / DaoN0 bhayANI kA kahanA hai ki ina pUrvokta uddharaNoM ke AdhAra para yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki yahA~ para taNa kA prayoga tRtIyA vibhakti ke parasarga ke liye huA hai| prathama uddharaNa meM yaha tRtIyA ke eka vacana kI vizeSatA batAtA hai| dUsarA uddharaNa na to tRtIyA bahuvacana ke liye prayukta huA hai aura na to tRtIyA ke bhAva meM hI prayukta huA hai| avaziSTa do uddharaNoM ko hama taNeNa ke bAda kAraNeNa ke udAharaNa se spaSTa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM (udAharaNa-vaDDattaNaho taNeNa kAraNeNa aura siddhattaNaho taNeNa kAraNeNa) ki yaha vastutaH sambandha kAraka parasarga ke liye prayukta huA hai| ina pariNAmoM ke AdhAra para spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki taNa kA prayoga tRtIyA parasarga ke liye nahIM huaa| yaha taNa nipAta vibhaktiyoM se yukta hokara prayukta avazya huA hai| kintu svataH kAraka cihnoM ke arthoM meM nhiiN| paravartI apabhraMza avahaTTha meM isakA udAharaNa nahIM milatA hai| vraja aura avadhI meM isI taNa kA vikasita rUpa taNai~, taNai, tana taiM, teM, te Adi parasarga ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| tana- piya tana citai-bhauMha kari bA~kI (mAnasa) mohi tana lAi dInha jasa horI (taIM ke artha meM) (padmAvata) tyoM:- citai tuma tyoM hamaro mana mohai (kavitAvalI)

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292 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi teM, te- rAma te adhika rAma kara dAsA (mAnasa) jala samUha barasata a~khiyana teM / (sUra0) teM kA theM prayoga bhI pAyA jAtA hai :nAda hI theM pAie (gorakha) kahA~ theM AyA (kabIra) (3) apAdAna parasarga-hontau pI0 ela0 vaidya ne isa hontau parasarga kA artha bhavAna kiyA hai| (jahA~ hontau Agado, kahA~ hontau Agado = yasmAt bhavAn AgataH kasmAt bhavAn AgataH-he0 8/4/355) aura yaha vartamAna kRdanta meM prayukta huA hai| isakI vyutpatti kI kalpanA ho < saM0 bhU (he0 8/3/180) zatR kRdanta rUpa honta + svArthika pratyaya ka > a > u se kI jAtI hai| isakA zAbdika artha hote hue honA caahie| hemacandra ne hontau kA prayoga apane kaI sUtroM meM kiyA hai| sarvatra paMcamI vibhakti ke yoga meM prayukta huA hai=8/4/372 tau hontau Agado/tujjha hontau Agado/8/4/373 = tumhahaM hontau Agado/8/4/379 = maha hontau gdo| majjhu hontau gado/8/4/380 = amhahaM hontau aagdo| hemacandra se pahale bhI hontau kA prayoga hotA thA bhavisatta kahA :- tAvasu puvva jammi hau honto| kosiu NAmemi nayari vasantao 88/8 Naya kumAra cariu:- tahiM hontau suMdaru nniisriu| 6/7 tahiM hotau pallaTTiu svru| 6/8 svayaMbhU cariu :- Ayau kundiNa-Nayaraho hontu| 9/2/75 jasahara cariu :- hauM vivaraho hontau nniisriu| 3/3/17 sanata kumAra cariu :- ahA hontu (ki) na skkviu|

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rUpa vicAra 293 pUrvokta udAharaNoM se pratIta hotA hai ki hontau kA prayoga samasta apabhraMza sAhitya meM hotA thaa| DaoN0 tagAre kA yaha kahanA ki yaha kevala pazcima apabhraMza meM hI prayukta hotA thA-ucita nahIM pratIta hotaa| Age calakara kIrtilatA meM isakA rUpAntara hunte rUpa meM prayukta milatA hai :-dUru hunte A A vaDa vaDa rAA (pR0 46) avadhI meM yaha hunte hunta hokara apAdAna ke atirikta karaNa aura sampradAna meM prayukta huA hai| apAdAna-jala hu~ta nikasi muvai nahi kAchU (padmA0) sAsa sasura sana mori hu~ti vinaya karava kara jori (mAnasa) karaNa- uta hu~ta dekhai pAeu~ darasa gosAIM ker| (padmA0) sampradAna-tuma hu~ta maMDapa gayau~ paradesI (mAnasa) rAjasthAnI42 meM bhI hU~tau (hu~taMu), hU~tI aura hU~tai kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| maraNa-hU~tau rAkhiu = maraNa se rakSA huI (SaSThi04) dharma-hUtA na vAlai~ = dharma se na mur3e (SaSThi0 3) je saMsAra-hU~tA bIhatA na thI = jo saMsAra se bhIta nahIM hai (SaSThI0 6) tessi torI mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki hU~tI (huti) hU~tau ke adhikaraNa rUpa hU~tai (< hU~tii) kA simaTA huA rUpa hai| yaha hU~tau se adhika pracalita hai jaisA ki apAdAna parasargoM ke sabhI bhAva lakSaNa saptamI (Absolute) rUpoM ke sAtha hai kyoMki ye sIdhe (Direct) rUpoM se adhika pracalita hote haiN| Adhunika gujarAtI aura mAravAr3I meM isake kevala adhikaraNa rUpa hI avaziSTa rhe| hU~tI ke udArahaNa :karmakSaya Atma-jJAna-hu~tI-karmakSaya AtmajJAna se hotA hai| (yoga 4/113)

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294 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi doSa-hu~tI viramai=doSa se virAma letA hai (indri0 97) amhA~-hI hU~tI bhUkhI-hamase bhI bhUkhI (Adi ca0) (4) dviu parasarga hiu (saM0 sthita) kA prayoga paMcamI ke artha meM huA hai| hiaya viu jai nIsarahi 8/4/438 (hRdaya meM sthita yA hRdaya se)| amhAsu TThiaM (4/8/381), tumhAsu TThiaM (he0 8/4/374) pAhar3a dohA meM bhI dvia kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| yahA~ viu kA prayoga 'sthita' ke artha meM huA hai : NillakkhaNu itthI bAhirau akulINau mahu maNi tthiyu| tasu kAraNi ANI mAhU jeNa gavaM gau sNtthiyu|| __ (pAhur3a dohA 99) kari hiu jA~ha (pAhur3a dohA-102) ahavA timiruNa ThAharai sUrahu gayaNi ThieNa (sAvayavadhammadohA 132) (sUrya ke gagana meM sthita hone para timira nahIM Thahara sakatA) dohA kozoM meM bhI thiya kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| patta-sautthaasau-muNAla thiya mahA~ suhavAse' (kANhadohA koza 5) veNNi rahiya tasa NiccalathAi (kaNhadohA koza 13) ina uddharaNoM meM thiya (sthA kA prayoga paMcamI ke artha meM nahIM huA hai| anya dohA kozoM ke dohoM meM bhI thiya kA prayoga isI taraha se kiyA gayA hai| isa thiya yA TThi sthA kA prayoga paMcamI yA saptamI ke artha meM purAnI hindI meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| (5) saMbaMdha parasarga-keraa, kera Adi saMbaMdha parasarga keraa, kera Adi kA prayoga SaSThI vibhakti ke artha meM pAyA jAtA hai| jasu keraeN huMkAra Dae~ (he0 8/4/422)

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rUpa vicAra 295 jisake huMkAra se| tumhahaM kerauM dhaNu (he0 8/4/373), tumheM hi~ amheM hi~ jaM kiau~ (he0 8/4/378) / pAhar3a dohA meM bhI sambandha kAraka parasarga ke artha meM kerau kA prayoga huA hai-kammahaM kerau bhAvaDau jai appANa bhaNehi (karmoM ke bhAva ko hI yadi tU AtmA kahatA hai-pA0 do0. 36) / svayaMbhU kRta pauma cariu meM bhI kerae kA prayoga vividha sthaloM para pAyA jAtA hai| vahA~ bhI yaha sambandha kAraka ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| 6 135, 983, kerau, 438, 533-keri, 1117-tAha mi kerAima / bhavisatta kahA meM kerau kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai-tau kerau (bha0 ka0 75,7, 125, 10) saravahe kerau (bha0 ka0 189,5) jasahara cariu-rAyaho keri 1-9-2| rAvaNa-rAmaho keri (puSpadanta mahApurANa 69-2-11) / pUrvokta uddharaNoM se patA calatA hai ki keraa, kera kera (prA0 bhA0 A0-kArya) kA prayoga parasarga SaSThI vibhakti ke artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| paravartI apabhraMza avahaTTa meM bhI isa. parasarga kA prayoga milatA hai| ukti vyakti prakaraNa meM isake prayoga pracura mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiN| thAmeM kara stambhasya (47/12) rA-kara sAgara rAjJaH sAgaraH (21/14) mita-kara (28/18-paMcamI ke artha meM), vaDa kari DAla=vaTa kI zAkhA meM (35/21), tehu-kari sabhA = una logoM kI sabhA meM (10/15), kakare ghare, madhi, punavAte-kari bhojA (saptamI, 36-3), vaNei-kara (14-20) sampradAna ke bhAva meN| isake kaI prakAra ke rUpa kIrtilatA, varNaratnAkara aura prAkRta paiMgalam meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| locana kerA ballahA, tAkerA bahupina, paakare AkAre, kareo Dappa cUreo Adi (kIrtilatA), mAnuSa ka muharAva (47a) Aditya ka kiraNa (49 a-varNaratnAkara), tAkA pialA (2, 97) devaka likkhia (2,101) Adi prAkRta paiMgalam meM isI kera kA ghisA huA rUpa hai| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM bhI apabhraMza kerau kA vikasita rUpa (tessitori $73) pAyA jAtA haijANe girivara-kerau zrRMga = girivara ke zrRMga jitanA ___ (epha0 591, 2/3) tUM kaviyaNa-jaNa kerI mAyA = tU kaviyoM kI mAtA hai (epha0 7/15,1/3)

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296 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi nahIM para-kerI re Asa = dUsare kI AzA nahIM hai __ (epha0 722,4) tribhuvana-kerA nAtha = tribhuvana ke nAtha (RSa0 158) avadhI meM keraa kA vividha rUpAntara pAyA jAtA hai :(1) kou kAhU kara nAhiM niaanaa| (padmAvata) rAma te adhika rAma kara daasaa| (mAnasa) (2) kai < kai < kari < kara:parai rakata kai A~su (padmA0) paluhI nAgamatI kai baarii| (padmA0) jahi para rAma ke hoI (mAnasa) (3) ka < kara :dhanapati uhai jehi sNsaaruu| (padmA0) pitu Ayasu saba dharama ka TIkA (mAnasa) khar3I bolI meM inhIM saba ke sthAna para kA, ke, kI rUpa pracalita hai| isI kA rUpAntara brajabhASA meM kau, kA rUpa adhika pracalita hai| ataH isa kerae kA vikAsa kramazaH isa prakAra mAnanA caahiye| kerae > keraa > kera > kara > kari > kai > kai ityaadi| kucha vidvAnoM ne kera se kerae Adeza hone ke kAraNa inakI vyutpatti ekR dhAtu se mAnI hai DaoN0 caTarjI+7 evaM DaoN0 bhayANI48 ne kera kari kA vikAsa saMskRta kArya se mAnA hai| (6) adhikaraNa parasarga-majjhe, majjhi Adi adhikaraNa parasarga majjhe, majjhi aadi| "jAmahi bisamI kajja-gai, jIvaha~ majjhe ei" (he0 8/4/406) saM0 yAvat visamA gatiH jIvAnAM madhye AyAti, campaya kusumaho majjhi (he0 8/4/439) saM0 campaka susumasya madhye ina udAharaNoM se patA calatA hai ki majjhe,

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rUpa vicAra 297 majjhi svataH saptamI vibhakti se yukta hai| yaha majjhe, majjhi < saM0 madhye kA vikasita rUpa hai jo ki prAyaH SaSThI vibhakti ke bAda prayukta hotA hai| yahI majjhi avahaTTha meM tathA purAnI rAjasthAnI evaM vraja, avadhI aura khar3I bolI meM mAjha, majhAri, mAjhi, mA~ mA~ha, mAhi, maha, meM Adi rUpa meM pariNata ho gyaa| 'yuvarAjahi mAjha pavitra' (kIrti0 pR0 12), prAkRta paiMgalam' meM bhI isake vividha rUpa milate hai :- citamajjhe (2,164) vagamajjha (2,169) saMgAma majjhe (2,183) prAkRta paiMgalam meM adhikaraNa parasarga maha kA rUpa pracura mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai| lohaMgiNimaha (1,88) kohANalamaha (1,106) Adi / blAkha ne isakI vyutpatti * madha (avestA mada) se mAnI hai| vastutaH yaha saMskRta madhye kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM bhI isake vividha rUpa milate haiN| aNahalapura majhAri=anahala pura meM (kAnha0 67) peTi majhAri=peTa meM (zAli0 33) yaha apabhraMza * majjhAre < (saM0 * madhya kArye se nikalA hai jo ki madhya ke sAtha sArvanAmika saMbaMdha sUcaka banAne vAle kArya pratyaya ko jor3a kara banAyA huA vizeSaNa hai| dezI nAmamAlA 6/121 meM hemacandra ne majjha Ara ko majjha (< saM0 madhya) kA paryAya mAnA hai| (tessi tori $74/4) / AvI ghari mAjhi = ghara meM gaI (paM0 295) teha mA~ nahIM sandeha-isameM sandeha nahIM (epha0 636,5) andra vaDo sura-mhA~ = suroM meM indra bar3A hai| (epha0 772,31) mA~ (mhA~)-yaha tessi tori ke anusAra saMbhavata: * mAjhA~ < apa0 majjhahu~ se nikalA hai jo majjha kA apAdAna rUpa hai aura bIca kI avasthAyeM mAhA~ > mhA~ hai| ___ purAnI avadhI aura vraja meM majhArI, mA~ha, aura ma~ha rUpa pAyA jAtA hai :

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298 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kUdi par3A taba sindhu maiMjhArI (mAnasa) saraga AI dharatI maha~ chAvA (padmA0) rAma pratApa prakaTa ehi mA~hI (mAnasa) jyoM jala mA~ha tela kI gAgari (sUra0) jhilamila paTa maiM jhilamilI (bihArI) hamako sapanehU meM soca (sUra0) uppari, pari Adi kA prayoga bhI adhikaraNa parasarga ke artha meM hotA hai| sAyaru uppari taNu dharai (he0 8/4/334) saMskRta upari kA hI rUpa uppari hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohe meM eka jagaha rahavari caDiau milatA hai jo ki saMbhavataH upari se pari aura pari se vari rUpa meM aayaa| pauma cariu meM-uvari (upari) 238, 662 aadi| uvarima 178 10, uppari aadi| prAkRta paiMgalam meM uvari aura uppara tathA uppari rUpa pAyA jAtA hai-saala uvari (1,87) vAha uppara pakkharadai .. (1,106) vraja aura khar3I bolI meM pararUpa pAyA jAtA hai| Apuni paur3hi adhara se jyA para (sUra0) hama pai kopa kupAvati (sUra0) (7) kehi~ parasarga kA prayoga sampradAna ke liye hotA hai| hau~ jhijjau~ tau kehi (hemacandra) tau kehiM annahi resi (he0 4/8/425) isakI vyutpatti saMskRta kRte prAkRta kae, kaehi~ se mAnanI caahiye| ukti vyakti prakaraNa meM keha~ aura kiha~ rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| para keha~, ApaNu keha~, par3habe kiha~ Adi / avadhI meM isI kA rUpAntara kahu~ athavA kaha~ rUpa haitinha kaha~ sukhada hAsa rasa ehU (mAnasa) pahu~cina sake saraga kaha~ gaye (padmA0) vraja meM isI kA parivartita rUpa saMbhavataH kA~, kauM, kU aura ko milatA hai|

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rUpa vicAra 299 sarvanAma uttama purUSa vAcaka sarvanAma :- isake nimnalikhita rUpa apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiN| eka0 bahu0 prathamA hau~ amhe, amhai~ dvi0 mai, mai~ tR0 mai~, mai (mae) amheM hi~, amhahi~ ca0, paM0, SaSThI mahu, majjhu amhaha~ (amhANa) saM0 amhAsu chanda ke kAraNoM se amhaha~ kA 'amhAha~' bhI ho jAtA hai| (1) uttama purUSa kartA kAraka asmad zabda ke eka vacana meM hau~ rUpa banatA hai| pizela ne isakI vyutpatti ahakaM (prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa 8417) se mAnI hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM hakaM rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| isI kA vikAsa prA0 bhA0 A0 ahaM > ma0 bhA0 A0 prAkRta ahaka rUpa > paravartI ma0 bhA0 A0 hakaM, haraM, havaM > apa0 hau~ ke krama se mAnA jAtA hai| prAkRta paiMgalam meM hau yA hau (2,147) rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| __isI kA vikAsa krama saMdeza rAsaka, ukti vyakti prakaraNa, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI aura vraja bhASA meM 'hauM' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| hau~ jhijjau~ tau kehiM (hema0) viAli ko hau~ mAgihau~ (ukti 22/5), hauM (ukti0 21) dekhi eka kautuka hauM rahA (padmA0) hauM lai AI hauN| (sUra0) bahuvacana meM amheM amhaI (he0 4/8/376) rUpa hotA hai| saM0 vayam prAkRta meM amha, amhe, amho meM Adi rUpa hotA hai| apabhraMza meM svara lAghava ke kAraNa amhe kA amhaiM bhI honA adhika sarala hai| saMskRta

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300 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi asmi se amhi yA amheM kA honA adhika sugama pratIta hotA hai| DaoN0 sukumAra sena ne isakI vyutpatti asma se mAnI hai| asma > amha varNa viparyaya karake hamha > hamma > hama > prA0, apa0-amhe < asme, apa0 amhai < asma + ena (tR0)| amhe yovA richu bahua (hema0), hama jo kahA yaha kapi nahi hoI (maans)| karma kAraka dvitIyA eka vacana meM maI rUpa hotA hai| tRtIyA tathA saptamI ke eka vacana meM bhI maI rUpa hotA hai| Gi-saM0 mAma, prA0 maM |me > miN| tR0 maI < prA0 bhA0 A0 mayA se banA hai| sapta0 maI rUpa kI kalpanA saM0 mayi, prA0 mai se kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra tInoM kArakoM ke eka vacana meM ekarUpatA A gyii| isI kAraNa adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne mayA se hI maI kI utpatti mAnI hai| dvi0 e0 va0 meM amhe, amhaiM rUpa prathamA bahuvacana kI bhaoNti hotA hai jo ki prAkRta amheM se hI nirmita pratIta hotA hai| tR0 ba0 va0 kA amhehiM rUpa hotA hai| saM0 asmAbhiH kA prA0 meM amhehi rUpa hotA hai| isakA vikAsa krama isa prakAra se mAnA jA sakatA hai-amhehiM < asmAbhiH, * asmebhiH * asmebhim / sapta0 ba0 va0 meM amhAsu rUpa hotA hai| saM0 meM asmAsu, prA0 meM amhasu, amhesu tathA amhAsu hotA hai| apabhraMza meM prAkRta kA antima rUpa surakSita hai| isakA vikAsa krama prA0 amhesu (m) < * asmesu, apa0 amhAsu < saM0 asmaasu| (3) paMcamI evaM SaSThI eka vacana meM mahu, majjhu rUpa hotA hai| prAkRta ke kaI rUpoM meM maha evaM majjha rUpa bhI hotA hai| apabhraMza meM ukAra bahulA pravRtti hone ke kAraNa prAkRta ke pUrvokta donoM rUpoM meM u laga gyaa| yaha mUlataH 'mahyaM' se banA hai| mahyaM > majjha - majjhaM > apa0 majjhu / DaoN0 sukumAra sena ne mahu ko mahuM mAnakara isa prakAra vyutpatti dI hai-apa0 mahuM < * mama (ya) am| paMcamI evaM SaSThI ba0 vacana meM amhahaM rUpa, prAkRta amha se banA hai| sambandha vikArI rUpa amha (> gu0 ama) hai jo prAkRta apabhraMza amha,

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rUpa vicAra 301 amhaha~ < saM0 asmAkam ke sadRza hai| apa0 amhahu < asma + * sasa (sambandha0 eka va0 yA * asmabhaH) prA0 amhANa (m) mAga0 asmANam = asmabhyam; apa0 amhahA < * asma + sAma (sambandha ba0 va0) pai0-amhaM, prA0 amhaha (m), apa0-amha < * asmAm yA asmat / pizela (8419) ne amhahaM kI utpatti * asmAsima se milate julate zabda se mAnI hai| "hammAro-hammArI' kA vikAsa isa krama se huA hai :asma-kara > amha-ara > hamma-arau > hammAro, asma-karI > amha-arI > hamma-arI > hammArI isI kA khar3I bolI meM hamArA-hamArI tathA rAjasthAnI meM mhAro mhArI rUpa pAye jAte haiN| pizela (prAkRta bhASoM kA vyAkaraNa 8434) ne inakA vikAsa * mhAra > * mahAra > * hamAra ke krama se mAnA hai| madhyama purUSa = tuma < yuSmad zabda ke rUpa eka0 bahu0 pra0 tuhu~ tumhe, tumhai~ pai~,tai~ tR0 . pai~, tai~ tumhehi~ ca0, paM0, Sa0 tau, tujjha, tudhra tumhaha~ saM0 pai~, tai~ tumhAsu (1) kartA kAraka eka vacana meM tuhu~ rUpa hotA hai| saMskRta meM tvaM hotA hai| prAkRta meM tuma aura ThakkI meM tuhaM hotA hai| pizela tathA tessitori ne tuhu~ ko saM0 tvakam se vyutpanna mAnA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha 'asmad ke mithyA sAdRzya para banAye gaye kalpita rUpa * tuSma kA vikAsa hai :- asma - aha :- * tuSma - tuha / tuha (m), tuhu <* tuSAm, * tusum / ba0 va0 meM tumhe, tumhai~ rUpa hotA hai| isakI vyutpatti tumhe < * saM0 tuSme se mAnI jAtI hai|

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302 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi apabhraMza tuhu~ se hindI tU rUpa parivartita huA hai| tuhu~ > tuu~, > tU > tU : mai~ bhaNiya tuha~ (hema0) tu karasi (ukti0) kI tUM mIta mana cita baserU (padmA0) tU kyA kara rahA hai| (khar3I bolI) mAravAr3I meM tUM, yU~ tathA gujarAtI meM tu rUpa milatA hai| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM tau~ aura tU, tUMa tUha rUpa milatA hai| khar3I bolI ke ba0 va0 ke tuma kI utpatti isI tumhe, tumha se banI hai| (2) uttama purUSa kI bhA~ti yahA~ dvi0, tR0 evaM saptamI ke eka vacana meM paI, taI rUpa hotA hai| saMskRta tvayA + ena > taI - tai rUpa hotA hai| adhikaraNa meM tvayi se bhI tai honA adhika saMbhava pratIta hotA hai| paiM, taiM < * tvayena se bhI ho sakatA hai| DaoN0 tagAre ne prA0 bhA0 A0 tva se pa kI utpatti mAnI hai jisase ki paiM kA honA adhika sarala hai| dvitIyA ke bahuvacana meM pra0 ba0 va0 kI bhA~ti rUpa hotA hai| ina donoM rUpoM meM ekarUpatA sI apabhraMza se lekara na0 bhA0 A0 taka meM dIkha par3atI hai| tR0 ba0 va0 meM tumhehi~ prA0 tumhehi~ kA hI rUpa surakSita hai| tumhehi < tuSma + bhiH saptamI bahuvacana meM tumhAsu rUpa hotA hai| prAkRta kaI rUpoM meM tumhAsu rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| vahI rUpa apabhraMza meM bhI surakSita hai| tumhAsu < * tuSmAsu = yussmaasu|| (3) paMcamI evaM SaSThI ke ekavacana meM tau, tujjha, evaM tudhra rUpa hotA hai| saMskRta tava ke va kA u samprasAraNa hokara tau rUpa hogA; prAkRta meM yaha rUpa nahIM pAyA jaataa| tujjha kA vikAsa 'mujjha' ke sAdRzya se prabhAvita hai| DaoN0 tagAre1 ne 'madhya' ke mithyA sAdRzya para nirmita pAli rUpa tuhya > tujjha > tujjhu > tujjha ke krama se vikasita mAnA hai| apabhraMza meM isake tujjha, tujjhu, tujjhai, tujjhuM rUpa milate haiN| 'tujjhe' vastutaH 'tujjha' (hi0 tujhe) kA tiryaka rUpa hai| tessi tori ne tujjhu kI utpatti < * saM0 tuhyaM se mAnI hai| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM isI

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rUpa vicAra 303 kA vikArI rUpa tajha aura tUM hai| tUMha (pa0 Adi ca0) < apa0 tuhu, * tuhuha; apa0 tuha < * tusa (..), tujjha tuma < tubhyam / DA0 esa. ke. sena ke anusAra tujjhu yA tujjha kA vikAsa krama isa taraha se mAnA jA sakatA hai :- pAli tumham, prA0 tumha, tumho tumhe, tumma, < * tuSmama, * tuSmaha, * tuSmata, pAli-tuhyam, prA0 tujjha, tuyha; apa0 tujjha, tujjhu < * tuhya-(mahyaM ke sAdRzya para); tujjhaha <* tuhya - + - sa yA sasa (sambandha kaark)| isake atirikta prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM yaha rUpa bhI ho sakatA hai :- tuma (m) < tubhya (m)| eka tudhra rUpa bhI apabhraMza meM pracalita hai| saMbhavataH yaha kisI bolI kA rUpa hai jo ki apabhraMza meM pracalita ho gyaa| prAkRta paigalam 1,123 - tumha rUpa bhI milatA hai| paMcamI aura sambandha kAraka ba0 va0 meM tumhaha~ rUpa hotA hai, saMskRta * tuSmAkaM ke sAdRzya para hai| tumha, tumhA, tumhANaM rUpa bhI milatA hai| isakI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai-apa0 tumhahaM-pAli-tumhAkam < * tuSmAkam = yuSmAkam; prA0 tumhANa (m) < * tuSmANAm =* yuSmANAM = yuSmAkaM kA vikAsa hai| apa0-tumhahA (paMcamI) <* tuSmANam / pAli-tumham prA0 tumha (m), apa0 tumha, tubham (paMcamI meM bhI) < * tuSmat yA tuSmam / isI se marAThI meM tumhi-tumhA, gujarAtI meM tame, vraja meM tumhau aura khar3I bolI meM tumha (tumhArA, tumhAre, tumhArI) se sambaddha hai| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM-tumha, tumhA~, tumho Adi nirgata huA hai| prAkRta paiMgalam 4 meM tohara rUpa bhI milatA hai| jisakA vikAsa krama to + kara >* to-ara > tohara ke krama se huA hai| ukti vyakti prakaraNa meM tora rUpa milatA hai| (tora bhAI-19-30) pizela ke anusAra * tomhAra > tohAra > tohara hotA hai| nirdezavAhaka-vaha = (tat) pulliMgaekavacana bahuvacana so, su,sa, karma teNa, taiM, teM, tiM tehiM, tAhaM tehi kartA te karaNa0

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304 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi sampra0-sambandha taha tahu apAdAna tahe, tau tahi, tahiM adhi0 tAhiM napuMsaka liMga bahu0 eka0 tuM, tu karma kartA taM, traM zeSa rUpa pulliMga ke samAna hoMge strIliMga eka0 bahu0 kartA0 sA, sa tAu, ti karma taM tAu karaNa taiM, tie, tAe, tae tehi apA0 tAhaM, tahe tAhiM samba0 tiha, tAhi, tahe, tAhi adhi0 tahi, tahiM tAhiM sAmAnyatayA ta (sa) zabda kA rUpa prA0 bhA0 A0 kI hI taraha ma0 bhA0 A0 meM bhI pracalita the| napuMsaka liMga kA rUpa pra0 aura dvi0 ko chor3a kara anya rUpa pulliMga kI taraha calate haiN| (1) 'sa, so, sA, su, pulliMga rUpa hai, sA strIliMga rUpa, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM so rUpa pracalita hai| apabhraMza meM su rUpa bhI milatA hai| prAkRta paiMgalam meM so rUpa hI milatA hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM so rUpa bhI upalabdha hotA hai| so varisukkhu paiTThaNavi (8/4/340) / su rUpa bhI milatA hai| bAli u galai su jhumpaDA (hem0)| yaha donoM eka vacana kA rUpa hai| ba0 vacana meM te aura ti rUpa hotA hai-"te NavidUra gaNanti (hem0)|

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rUpa vicAra 305 se soi aura sou rUpa bhI milatA | soI kA vikAsa 'sa+eva' huA hai aura sou kA vikAsa 'so+u' se pratIta hotA hai| sau aura sukA vikAsa krama isa prakAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| pAli, prA0, apa0 so < saH, apa0 su < so < saH / strIliMga meM sA rUpa hotA hai / pA0, prA0 apa0 sA < sA, apa0 sa - sA napuMsaka ta - tat (taM), pA0, prA0, - taM < tat yA taM, apa0 tuM yA tu rUpa hotA hai| taM rUpa bhI milatA hai / kucha AcAryo ke anusAra drama rUpa bhI milatA hai ( kramadIzvara - jadru, tadru) ba0 va0 pu0 - pAli, prA0, apa0 te < te, apa0 se / strI0 - ba0 va0 pAli-tA < tAH, pA0 - tAyo (tAvo) prA0 tAo < * tAyaH < apa0 tAu0 apa0 - ti < puM0 te| ba0 va0 napuM0 - pA0 tAni, prA0 - tAiM < * tA+iM < apa0 tAiM yaha prathamA aura dvitIyA ke bahuvacana meM hotA hai / (2) dvi0 eka va0 puM0 aura strIliMga meM taM rUpa hotA hai| napuMsaka liMga meM bhI yahI rUpa pAyA jAtA hai / pA0 prA0 apa0 -taM, apa0 tu < taM kartA eka vacana su ke sAdRzya para tu rUpa bhI hotA hai / jaise SaSThI rUpa tAsu / (< tAM rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai) / DA0 tagAre ne ise napuMsaka rUpa ke sAdRzya para banA huA rUpa mAnA hai| hemacandra ne kisI vizeSa liMga ke viSaya meM nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| napuMsaka liMga ke bahuvacana meM tAiM rUpa hotA hai| isI ke sAdRzya para pulliMga meM bhI tAiM evaM isakA parivartita rUpa teM < te banA / pulliMga ba0 vacana pA0 prA0 te, prA0 de < te < apa0 te 1 strI0 pA0 tA0 < tAH, pA0 tAyo, prA0 tAo < apa0 tAu, prA0 te < apa0 ti / (3) 'teNa taNhi' karaNa e0 va0 ke rUpa haiM / teM rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| saMskRta tena kA prAkRta meM teNa hotA hai / usI kA apabhraMza meM teNa evaM teM rUpa pAyA jAtA hai- vaDavA narassa kiM teNa / teM kA prayoga-to teM mAriaDeNa (hema0) 'taNhi' kA prayoga avahaTTha bhASA meM pAyA jAtA hai| tahi kA vikAsa DaoN0 cATurjyA ke anusAra 'ta+N + hi=taNhi mAnanA caahiye| yaha SaSThI ba0 va0 ke 'AnA (> Na) tathA tRtIyA ba0 va0 - 'bhi:'- (> hi) ke yoga se banA hai / isakA 'nhi' rUpa varNa ratnAkara meM tathA isakA 'ni' rUpa tulasI meM milatA hai| kucha loga

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306 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vrajabhASA kA ba0 va0 ciha na bhI isase jor3ate haiN| ina rUpoM kA vikAsa krama isa prakAra mAnA jA sakatA hai (i) karaNa e0 va0 pulliMga, napuMsaka liMga-pA0 tena, prA0 teNa (ma) apa0 tiNa < teNa, ti, te, teM < saM0 tena, Rgveda tenaa| tai~ rUpa bhI milatA hai| (i) strIliMga e0 va0-pA0 tAya, prA0 tAe <* tAya = tayA, < apa0 tAe, te| prA0 tAe, tia <* tIyA, * tIyaI < apa0 tie, taiM rUpa pulliMga rUpa ke sAdRzya para banA hai| ba0 va0 pulliMga meM tehiM rUpa hotA hai| pA0, prA0 tehi < tebhiH (vaidika), prA0 tehiM < * tebhima < apa0 tehiM, tehi| (iii) strIliMga pA0, prA0 tahi < tabhiH < apa0 tehi pulliMga ba0 va0 ke sAdRzya para | prA0 tAhiM <* tAbhiM < apa0 tAha~ pulliMga kA eka ruup| (4) apAdAna pulliMga eka vacana meM Dasi vibhakti ko hAM hokara tahA~ rUpa hotA hai-'tahA~ hontau Agado', para Ajakala hindI khar3I bolI meM yaha avyaya ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| tamhA kA vikasita rUpa tahA~ hai| pAli tamhA (tasmA bhI hotA hai) < tasmAt, prA0 tamhA < apa0 tahA~, tamhA / pA0 tato, prA0 ta (da) o > prA0, apa0 tao < tau < ttH| strI0 e0 va0-pA0 tAya, tAo < * tAyaha apa0 the| (5) sambandha puM0 e0 va0 meM tasu, tAsu aura tassu rUpa hotA hai| isakA vikAsa krama isa prakAra hogA 'tasya > tassa > tassa > tasa > tAsu / ukAra kI pravRtti apabhraMza kI vizeSatA hai| tAho aura taho rUpa bhI milatA hai| yaha apa0 tAsu, tAho <* tAsaH kA rUpa hai| isI taho ke AdhAra para paMcamI evaM SaSThI ke bahuvacana meM tahu rUpa hotA hai| strI0 meM tahe, tAhi aura tiha rUpa hotA hai| pA0 tassA < tasyAH, pA0, prA0 tissA < * tisyAH ardhamAgadhI tise < * tisayai, apa0 tAhe, tahe tAhi, tiha <* tAsyai, tAsu < * tAsaH yA * tAsyaH / ___pu0 ba0 va0 meM saMjJA rUpa kI bhA~ti tAha~ aura tahahaM rUpa bhI hotA hai (je para viTThA tAha~) yaha prAkRta tAsa yA tAsAm kA vikasita rUpa hai| pA0

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rUpa vicAra 307 tAsAma yA tesAnAM < teSAM + * tAnAm, apa0 tAhA < taasaam| strI ba0va0 meM pA0 tAsam < tAsAm, prA0 tANa (m) <* tAnAm, pA0 tAsAnAm < tAsAM + * tAnAm, prA0 tAsim < tAsiM < apa0 tAhiM < taahi| (6) adhikaraNa pulliMga e0 va0 meM tahiM aura tahi rUpa hotA hai isakA vikAsa ta+hi (bhiH) se huA hai| 'hi' karaNa ba0 va0 kA ciha hai, adhikaraNa meM bhI prayukta huaa| isakA prayoga sandeza rAsaka meM bhI milatA hai :- 'kiM tahi disi Nahu phurai junhaNisi Nimmala caMdaha / tahiM kA udAharaNa :- 'tahiM tehai bhaGa-ghaDa-nivahi kantu payA sai maggu / tehiM rUpa bhI milatA hai jo ki prAkRta tesiM kA vikasita rUpa hai| (i) puM0, naM0 e0 va0 ke rUpa kA vikAsa-pA0 tamhi (tasmim bhI hotA hai) apa0 tahiM <* tabhim, tadru hemacandra ke anusAra / (ii) strI0 e0 va0 pA0 tassama < tasyAm, tissama < * tisyAma tAyama < * tAyAma, prA0 tAye, tiye <* tAyayi, * tiyayi, tia * tAyA (ma) apa0 tahiM < tAhiM < * taabhim| (i) pu0 naM0 ba0 va0 ke rUpa pA0, prA0 tesu, prA0, tesum < * teSum, apa0 tahi <* tAbhim yA tebhim (ii) strI0 pA0, prA0 tAsu < tAsu apa0 taahiN| eta-(eSa) etad zabda kA ruup| yaha (etad) zabda ke liye, apabhraMza ke tInoM liMgoM meM krama se kartA ora karma ke eka vacana meM 'eha eho ehu aura bahuvacana meM 'eI rUpa hotA hai| eka0 pulliMga kartA eho karma " strIliMga kartA eha eIu, ehAu karma " napuMsaka liMga kartA ehu eiiM, eII, ehAI bahu0 karma "

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi uparyukta rUpa hemacandra ke anusAra diyA gayA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM aura bhI bahuta se rUpa dikhAI dete haiM / ataH madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI pRSThabhUmi meM pUrva apabhraMza ke rUpa dikhAI dete haiN| 308 eka va0 kartA - puM0 - eso, ese, esa, e, eu, eha, ehu, iha (eSA, iyaM = ) strI0 - esa, esA, ea napuM0 - esa, eama karma0 sabhI liMga - eaM, eyaM, idaM karaNa eeNa, eeNaM, eNA, edeNa, hiNi, ima, ehi strI0 - eyAe, eIe, edAe rUpa paJcamI, SaSThI aura saptamI meM calatA hai| eNtto, dAdo, dAdu, 'dAhi ettAhe, eAo eAu, 'hiMto eA, ettha | eassa, edassa, edAha SaSThI - paMcamI saptamI eAhiM, assima, eammi, eNyammi, eyammi, eyamsi, edassima, ehauM, itthi (asyAM ) bahu0 puM0 - ee, e, - napuM0-ede, eAi, eyAima, eyANi strI0 - eAo, eyAo, dAo, yA puM0 - ee eehiM eehiM edehiM, iNNi (AnayA) strI0 - eyAhiM eANa, etesi, eesiM, eesi, eyANam, edANam / strI0 - eANa, eINam, eANa, eyAsiM, eyANaM saptamI - eesu, eesuM, edesuM, edesu, ehauM /

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rUpa vicAra 309 ye rUpa pizela ($424) evaM DaoN0 tagAre (8121) ke AdhAra para diye gaye haiN| isa zabda kA adhikAMza rUpa idaM se, tathA eSaH-eSA etat se sambaddha hai| itthi kA prayoga adhikaraNa meM pAyA jAtA hai| 'tya' vibhakti ciha jo mUlata: 'tra' pratyaya (tatra, yatra, atra) kA vikAsa jAna par3atA hai, DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa ke anusAra saptamyartha prAkRta meM hI prayukta hone lagA hai| hemacandra ne idaM zabda ke sAtha meM ttha zabda kA prayoga varjita mAnA hai|57 pariniSThita prAkRta meM 'ttha' zabda kA pracalana avazyameva rahA hogaa| kyoMki apabhraMza meM tra pratyaya (> ttha) vAle prayoga pAye jAte haiM : 'jai so ghaDaMdi prayAvadI ketthuvileppiNu sikkhu / jetthu vi tetthu vi etthu jagi bhaNa to tahi saarikssu|| (hema0 8/4/404) etthu kA vikAsa ettha (< etat + < tra) ke sAtha adhikaraNa e0 va0 ciha 'i' jor3a kara mAna sakate haiM :- 'ittha + i' (< idaM yA etat + tra + i) isI se milatA julatA rUpa paMjAbI meM 'itthe' calatA hai| 'iNNi' (karaNa e0 va0) ko eNhiM yA iNhiM se jor3a sakate haiN|' (1) etat zabda kA prathamA evaM dvitIyA e0 va0 puM0, strI0 aura naM0 meM krama se eho, eha aura eha rUpa hotA hai| pA0, prA0 eso < apa0 eho < eSaH / prA0 esa, apa0 eha < eSa (:) (2) strI e0 va0 pA0, prA0 eSA, apa0 eha < essaa| kartA0 karma0 e0 va0 na0 pA0 etaM < * etama, azo0 esa, ese, apa0 eha, ehu < eSa (6) apa0 ehau~ (kevala karma meM) < * esskm| prAkRta esa kA AdhAra prA0 bhA0 A0 eSa hai| apa0 eha (< prA0 bhA0 A0 eSa) aura eha-a (< eSaka) kI pravRtti kA pariNAma ha kA uccAraNa prA0 bhA0 A0 ke svara meM hone lgaa| eka vacana meM u aura e ko I apabhraMza meM ho gyaa| pulliMga meM prayukta hone vAlA o napuMsaka liMga meM bhI prayukta huA / isase pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya liMga kA bheda zanaiH zanaiH miTa rahA thaa| e kI vizeSatA pUrvIya apabhraMza meM pAyI

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310 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi jAtI hai| hemacandra ne A kA vidhAna kiyA hai| ehA (8/4/445) aura eyaM rUpa bhI kahIM kahIM milatA hai| * eSa-ka > eha-a > ehaa| eha kI vyutpatti idRza yA kAlpanika rUpa * Aisa > aisa > aisa > esa > eha se hai| eho, eha rUpa ke sAtha sAtha kahIM kahIM eNu aura iu rUpa bhI milatA hai| puSpadanta kI racanAoM meM ehau = etad rUpa bhI milatA hai| isa prakAra puM0 pra0 e0 va0 meM rUpa hogA-iha, iha, eNha, aura esa / naM0 e0 va0 meM rUpa hogA-iu, eNu, ihu, eNhu aura ehu| puM0 ba0 va0 meM prA0 e (da) e, apa0 ei < ete / ehauM rUpa bhI milatA hai jo ki = * eSakam (hema0 8/4/362) karma pulliMga, strIliMga aura napuMsaka liMga meM bhI prayukta hotA hai| strI ba0 va0 meM prA0 e (da) A o < etAH apa0 eIu, ehaau| pratha0, karma, ba0 va0 naM0 meM prA0 e (da) A i (m) < * etA + im, e (da) e, apa0 eiI, eII, ehaaiN| karaNa puM0 e0 va0 - prA0 e eNa (m) < etena, prA0 ediNA < * etinA prA0 eheNa < apa0 eheM < eten| pu0 ba0 va0 prA0 e (da) e hima <* etAbhim apa0 eyAhiM yA ehe hiM sambandha ke bahavacana meM bhI isI taraha ke rUpa hoMge eya-hA, AyahaM / strI0 meM eyAhiM < etAbhim / apAdAna e0 va0 prA0 e (da) A (da) o, e (da) A (da) u <* etat + tAsa, eA < * etAt (At, tAt, yAt Rgveda), e (da) Ahi < * etAhi, prA0 etto, ettahA (kramadIzvara), ettahe, apa0 ettahe, ettAhe kintu ettA = eta varga se nikalA hai aura tAhe kI bhA~ti strIliMga kA adhikaraNa eka vacana kA rUpa mAnA jAnA caahiye| apa0 meM isa ettahe kA artha 'yahA~ se hotA hai aura isakA dUsarA artha 'idhara' hai (he0 8/4/436) isake anukaraNa para apa0 meM tettahe rUpa bhI banA hai jisakA artha 'udhara' hai| sambandha puM0 e0 va0-prA0 eassa < etasya apa0 eho, ehu, eassa Adi / ba0 va0 meM prA0 e (da) A Na (m) < * etANAma, eiNama < * etInAm / eyahi, AyahaM /

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rUpa vicAra 311 adhikaraNa e0 va0 meM azo0 etamhi < etasmin pA0 etasi < etasmin yA * etasi, apa0 ihi, ehiM > ihi-hi prA0 bhA0 A0 smin ba0 va0 meM jai0 mahA0 eesu, eesuM, zaura0 edesuM aura edesu < eteSu bhI hotA hai| pariniSThita apabhraMza kA eha vAlA rUpa Age calakara avahaTTha avadhI, vraja aura khar3I bolI meM pracalita huaa| ukti vyakti prakaraNa meM eha kA bahuvacana rUpa enha milatA hai-'enha mAMjha' (ukti0)| enha kA parivartita rUpa inha, inheM ina Adi Adhunika hindI meM milatA hai| kIrtilatA meM e (ye) ke sthAna para I milatA hai jo ki pUrvI pradezoM kI vizeSatA hai :-'INiccai nAara mana mohai' (pR0 4) isake atirikta usameM ehu, ehI aura ehi rUpa bhI milatA hai : rAya carita rasAla ehu (pR0 8) , ehi diNNa uddhAra ke (pR0 18) jani adya paryanta vizvakarmA ehI kArya chala (pR. 50) avadhI aura vraja meM bhI isake kucha udAharaNa milate haiN| ehi maha~ raghupati nAma udArA (mAnasa) maiM jo kahA yaha kapi nahiM hoI (mAnasa) ye batiyA~ suni rUkhI (sUra0) Adhunika hindI meM bhI yaha, ye ityAdi rUpa pAye jAte haiN| Aya, Aa, a = idam zabda kA rUpa prAkRta meM isa zabda ke nimnalikhita rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ekavacana kartA :- pulliMga - ayaM (a0 mA0, jai0 mahA0), aaM (sA0 dhamma0) imo (ma0) ime (a0mA0)

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312 napuM0 zau0) iNam (mahA0 ) - strI0 imA, imiA, iaM (zau0), ayaM (pai0 a0 mA0 ) karma0 puM0, strI0 napuM0 - imaM, puM0 - iNaM (a0 mA0 ) pu0 - eNaM ( mahA0, zau0, mA0 ) strI0 - karaNa - puM0 - eNa (mahA0 ) aNeNa Nama (a0 mA0 ), imeNa (mahA0, jai0 mahA0 a0 mA0 ) imiNA (jai0 mahA0, zau0 mA0 ), imeNaM (a0 mA0 ) (zau0, mA0 ) apAdAna hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ayaM (a0 mA0 ) imaM0 ( mA0 ) idaM (mahA0 a0 mA0, - imie, imaa (mahA0), imAeM (zau0 ) puM0 - A, imAo (jai0 mahA0 a0 mA0 ), imAdo sambandha puM0 - assa (mahA0, jai0 mahA0 ), imassa, imazzA (mA0 ) imI, imIa (mahA0, jai0 mahA0, zau0), imIse (a0 mA0), imAe (jai0 mahA0 ) strI0 adhikaraNa 1 -- - puM0 - assiM (mahA0 a0 mA0 ), ayaMsi (a0 mA0 ), imammi (mahA0, a0 mA0 ) imasi (a0 mA0 ) imassiM (zau0), imazziM ( mA0 ) strI0 imise (a0 mA0 ), imAi ( jai0 mahA0 ) bahuvacana kartA - puM0 - ime, naM0 imAI (zau0), imANi (a0 mA0, jai0 mahA0) strI0 imAo, imA, imIu (mahA0 ) karaNa - pu0 - ehi, ehiM (a0 mA0, ThakkI). imehi (mahA0 ) imehiM (mahA0 ) imehiM (a0 mA0, zau0) strI0 A - hi, imAhiM (a0 mA0 )

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rUpa vicAra 313 sambandha-puM0-esiM (mahA0), imANa (mahA0), imesiM (a0 maa0)| strI0 - imANaM (mahA0 zau0), imiNaM (mahA0), imAsiM (a0 maa0)| adhikaraNa-phu - esu (jai0 mahA0), imesu (mahA0, zau0) imesu (sho0)| isa prakAra isa zabda kI rUpAvalI tInoM liMgoM meM prAyaH eka sI hI hai| tInoM liMgoM kA anta rUpa akArAnta hI hotA hai| isa sarvanAma zabda kI rUpAvalI meM e aura eya eka sA milA huA hai| isa kAraNa yaha bahuta kucha saMskRta etad zabda ke rUpa se bhI mela khAtA hai| dohA koza meM e kA prayoga e < etad > ea se adhika samatA hai| Aa + e >* A + e > e,-e se utanA sambandha nahIM rakhatA hai| idam se bhI ea aura eya rUpa banatA hai| etad ke eya zabda ke SaSThI eka vacana meM eyaha rUpa hotA hai aura idam zabda ke rUpa meM bhI hu kA prayoga hotA hai tathA Ayo rUpa bhI hotA hai| isI prakAra saptamI e0 va0 meM eyai donoM ke zabda rUpa meM hotA hai| etad aura idam zabda ke rUpoM meM ekatA ho jAne ke kAraNa donoM kA bheda miTa gayA aura Age calakara isI kAraNa idam zabda kA rUpa dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| etad aura idam zabda nikaTavartitA tathA nizcaya vAcakatA kA bodhaka hai| hemacandra ne idam zabda kI jAha Aya Adeza apabhraMza ke liye kiyA hai| idam zabda ke imu rUpa kA bhI usane vidhAna kiyA hai| Aya zabda kI rUpAvalI isa prakAra hogIeka0 bahu0 kartA0 - Ayu, Ayo, Aya, AyA Aye, Aya, AyA karma0 - Ayu, Aya, AyA Aya, AyA napuM0-AyaiM, napuM0-AyaiM AyeNa, AyeNaM, AyeM AyehiM, AyahiM, AyAhiM napuM0-AyaI, Ayai paM0 Sa0- Ayaho, Ayahu, eho, ehu Ayaha adhio- AyahiM, imammi, eyai karaNa AyahiM

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314 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi isa zabda kI rUpAvalI kA vikAsa krama isa taraha se mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___(1) pra0 puM0 e0 va0 meM pA0 ayaM, prA0 aaM < ayaM (pizela ke anusAra <* adaM = adaH), prA0 imo, ime, apa0 imu < imaM (kartA aura karma napuM0 meM) apa0 eho, ehe, eha < eSaH, eSa, eSA / strI0 e0 va0 prA0 (zau0) iaM< iya, azo0 (zau0, mahA0) ayi < ayaM (puM0 napuM0 ke artha meM) * ayaH, prA0 imA (< imAH e0 va0 ke liye ba0 va0 kA prayoga yA * imA), imiA (< * imikA), apa0 eha < eSA, apa0 eho, ehu < essH| (2) kartA, karma, e0 va0 napuM0-pA0, prA0 imaM < idaM, prA0 ime, apa0 imu < imaM, apa0 iNaM (kramadIzvara) < i+enaM, apa0 iNamu (kramadIzvara) < i+ena + imm| ba0 va0 meM imAI < imaani| (3) karaNa-puM0 napuM0. e0 va0-pA0 iminA, prA0 imiNA < * iminA, pA0 aminA < amu + * iminA, azo0 imena, prA0 imeNa, apa0 eM < * imena, eNa < Rgveda enA, pA0 anena < anena, apa0 AeNa < * Aena, prA0 imesiM (SaSThI ba0 va0 kA tRtIyA ekavacana ke artha meM) apa0 imhehiN| tRtIya0 pu0, napuM0, ba0 va0 - pA0 imehi < * imebhiH, pA0, prA0 ehi < ebhiH, apa0 ehi, prA0, apa0 ehiM < * ebhiM / strI0 prA0 aNAhi (m), apa0-AyAhiM, AyahiM, AyehiM < * AyebhiM / tRtIya0 pu0, strI0 pA0 ehi, imehi, prA0 Ahi < AbhiH / (4) sambandha, puM0, napuM0, e0 vao-pA0, prA0, imassa < imAsya (Rgveda 8/13/41), pA0, prA0 assa < asya, apa0 Aaho, Ayaho < * Ayasya sambandha, puM0, napuM0, ba0 va0-pA0 esAM < eSAM, esAnaM < * eSAnAM yA eSAM + nAM, imesaM < * imeSAM, imesAnaM, mahA0 esiM <* esiM, apa0 ehiM yA ehaM, apa0 AahaM, AyahaM < * AyasAM / sambandha-puM0, strI0, napuM0, ba0 va0 - prA0 (kramadIzvara) imANa < * imAnAM, iminA < * iminA (m), imesiM < * imesiM, apa0 imehiM < * imesiM (tRtIyA kI trh)|

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rUpa vicAra 315 (5) adhikaraNa puM0 napuM0, e0 va0-pA0 imamhi, prA0 imassiM < * imasmin, prA0 asmiM, prA0 assiM < asmin, prA0 Aammi < * ayasmin, prA0 iammi < * iyasmin, apa0 AahiM < * AyamiM puM0, napuM0 ba0 va0-pA0, prA0 eSu, pA0 imesu < * imeSu apa0 imehu imehiM <* imeSu / strI0 ba0 va0 imAsu <* imAsu, apa0-imAhiM < * imaasyaaN| zrI pizela ne (prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa-pR0 637) meM diyA gayA hai ki kisI i-varga kA adhikaraNa kAraka kA rUpa iha hai jisakA artha (yahA~) hotA hai aura =* ittha hai| apa0 meM yaha pulliMga aura strIliMga donoM meM pracalita hai = asmin aura asyAm, apa0 kA itthiM rUpa jo saba prAkRta boliyoM meM eNttha hai = vaidika itthA kA parivartita rUpa hai| mahA0, a0 mA0 tathA jaina mahA0 rUpa eNNhiM aura iNNi hai jisakA artha 'abhI' hai| apabhraMza evahi~ yA emvahi~ hai jisakA artha abhI yA isa prakAra hai| "emvahiM rAha-paoharahaM jaM bhAvaI taM hoI" (hemcndr)| paravartI apabhraMza para dRSTipAta karane se patA calatA hai ki idam zabda kA rUpa ghisate ghisate hindI meM Akara bilkula naSTa bhraSTa ho gyaa| kevala (banArasI) bhojapurI Adi boliyoM meM i mAtra aviziSTa raha gayA hai jaise-I saba sunata haiM, inanhiM pacana teM kahata haiN| pariniSThita apabhraMza ke samaya meM hI Aya (idam) zabda lupta sA ho calA thaa| Age calakara avahaTTa, avadhI, vraja aura khar3I bolI meM eha kI paramparA clii| kIrtilatA meM I zabda milatA hai-I Niccai nAhara manamohai / adas (asa, ama) zabda kA rUpa dUravartI nizcaya bodhaka saMskRta adas zabda kA rUpa apabhraMza oi hotA hai-'to baDDA ghara oI (hema0 8/4/364) / isakA rUpa apabhraMza meM bahuta kama milatA hai| jaise apabhraMza eha, ei se hindI meM yaha, ye ityAdi banA hai vaise hI saMbhavataH eha ke tuka para oha evaM oI se vaha, ve ityAdi banA hai| pariniSThita apabhraMza ke samaya meM hI saMketa nirdeza ke liye oI zabda se o mAtra avaziSTa rahA jaise-o gorI

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316 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi muha nijjiau (hem0)| apabhraMza paMcamI eka vacana ohA~ Ajakala hindI meM vahA~ prayukta hotA hai| apabhraMza oho kA hindI meM oho Azcarya ke liye prayukta hotA hai| maithilI meM ohu magahI Adi meM uho Adi hotA hai| isI oha kA ohu tathA Adhunika hindI meM usa, una, unheM ityAdi prayukta hotA hai| pizela ne pAli, prAkRta Adi bhASAoM meM prayukta Amu zabda kI rUpAvali dI hai| usI meM unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai apabhraMza meM karma kAraka pulliMga kA rUpa amuM hai| (pizela 8432) / isase niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki prAkRta amu zabda kA rUpa yatra tatra pUrvavartI apabhraMza meM avazyameva pAyA jAtA hogaa| kartA puM0, strI0 e0 va0-pA0 asu < * aso yA asaH, prAta aho (kramadIzvara) < * asau; pA0 amu (kevala puM0), prA0 amU < * amUH / kartA, karma-napuM-pA0 aduM < adas + m, prA0 amuN| karma0 pu0, napuM0, pA0, prA0 (vyAkaraNa) amuM < amuuN| karaNa, puM0, pA0, amunA, prA0 amuNA < amunA; karaNa strI0, pA0 amuyA < amuyA, apa0 puM0, pA0 amumhA, amusmA < amusmAt prA0 (vyAkaraNa) amUo, amUu < amutaH / apAdAna-strI0, pA0 amuyA sambandha-puM0, pA0, prA0 amussa < amuSya, prA0 (vyAkaraNa) amuNo < * amunaH, sambandha-strI0, pA0 amussA < amusyAH , amuyA < * amuyAH, (karaNa kaa0)| adhikaraNa puM0, pA0 amumhi, amusmi, prA0 amummi < amusmin, apa0 aammi < * adasmin; adhio-strI0, pA0 amussAM < amusyaam| kartA-karma, puM0, strI0, ba0, vao-pA0 amU < amU: (strI0), amuyo < * amuyaH prA0 amuNo (kevala puM0) < * amunaH, amUo (amUu bhI) < * amUyaH, prA0 (vyAkaraNa) ahA < * asAH yA asAni * asa ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai| kartA, karma, napuM0, pA0 amUni, prA0 (vyAkaraNa) amUNi, amUiM < amUni, * amU + iN| pA0, prA0-karaNaamuhi < amUbhiH (strI0), sambandha pA0 amUsaM < amUSAM (strI0) amUsANaM (amUSAm + nAm), amUNa (vyAkaraNa) < * amUnAm / adhikaraNa, pA0, prA0 amUsu < amUSu (strii0)|

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rUpa vicAra 317 1915 155 jahu sambandha vAcI sarvanAma-jo (yat) pulliMga eka0 kartA0 - ju, jo, jaM karma0 - jaM karaNa - jeNa, jiM, jeM apA0 jau, jahe, jahA~, jaha~ sambandha jassa, jasu, jAsu, jAha~, jAha jaho, jahe adhi0 - jahi, jammi, jahiM jahiM, jahu napuMsaka liMga eka0 kartA0 jaM, dhuM jAI karma0 jaM, ju zeSa pulliMga ke samAna rUpa hogaa| strIliMga bahu0 eka0 jA, je, kartA0 karma jAu jAu jehiM karaNa apA0 jAi~, jAe~, jie jAhe, jahe jAhi jAhiM jAhiM sambandhaadhikaraNa jAhi jAhiM

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318 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kartA0 puM0, e0 va0 meM pA0 yo, prA0 jo, < yaH, pA0, yA, prA0, apa0, jA < yA, apa0 jehiM (tRtIyA puM0 se); kartA, karma0 napuM0, pA0 yaM0 prA0, apa0 jaM / azo0 yo, apa0 ju < yaH (pulliMga), apa0 jehu < * yeSaH, jUM (kramadIzvara ke anusAra) dhuM (hemacandra ke anusAra) / karma, puM0, strI0, pA0 yaM, prA0, apa0 jaM < yaaN| karaNa, puM0, napuM0, pA0 yena, prA0, apa0 jenn| jeM (je)| prA0 jiNA < * yinA (Rgveda anaa)| tRtIyA-paMcamI, strI0 pA0 yAya, apa0, jAI, jaahe| paMcamI puM0, napuM0 pA0 yamhA, yasmA < yasmAt, prA0 jamhA, apa0 jamhAM, jahA~ / sambandha, puM0, napuM0, pA0 yassa < yasya, apa0 jAha < * yAsa = yasya, apa0 jAsu (strI0) < * yasyAH yA yAsu, jassu, jasu (saptamI ba0 va0), sambandha, strI0, pA0 yassA < yasyAH, yAya (tRtIyA, paMcamI), apa0 jAsu, jAhe, jAhi <* yAsa (ya) ai| saptamI, puM0 napuM0, pA0 yamhi, apa0 jamhi, jahiM, jahi, jAhi < * yAbhiM; jAe, jIe, jagu (krmdiishvr)| saptamI, strI0 pA0 yassA (SaSThI-saptamI ke artha meM), apa0 jassammi, jamhi, jAhi < yasya + smin, jAma (= yasmin prA0 paiMgalaM, 2,133), jAe, jiie| prAkRta paiMgalam meM jahA rUpa bhI milatA hai| jahI tathA jahi rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| hemacandra 8/2/162 ke anusAra yatra ke artha meM jahi aura jaha rUpa bhI calate haiN| kartA0 puM0, ba0, vao-pA0 ye, prA0, apa0 je, apa0 ji < yaH | kartA0 strI0, ba0 va0, pA0 yA, prA0 jA, apa0 jAu < yAH / kartA, karma0, napuM0, pA0 yAni < yAni, apa0 jAiM < yaani| karaNa puM0, strI-apa0 jehi, jehiM < yebhiH (Rgveda) yA * yebhim / sambandha, puM0 napuM0, pA0 yesaM, yesAnaM < yeSAM + nAM, apa0 jahAM < * yasAm, prA0, apa0 jANa (ma) < * yANAma, apa0 jAhaM, jaah| sambandha strI0, a0 mA0 yasiM apa0 jhiN| saptamI puM0 azo0 yesu, apa0-jesuM prAkRta paiMgalam meM (2,151) meM yaha rUpa * pAyA jAtA hai| yaha jesu (< yeSu) kA vaikalpika rUpa ho sakatA hai| Adhunika hindI meM isI jo (yat) se jo, jinheM, jinakA Adi banA hai| ka < kima-kyA, kauna-prazna vAcaka, aura anizcita sarvanAma:

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rUpa vicAra 319 pulliMga bahu0 kartA-karmakaraNa eka0 ko, ku keNa, kaiM, kau, kihe, (kahe), kahA~, kaho, kahu, kassa, kAsu kahi, kahiM apAdAna kehiM kahu kAhaM, kaha kahiM sambandhaadhikaraNanapuMsaka liMga eka0 kiM bahu0 kAI prathamA- karma strIliMga eka0 bahu0 prathamA, karma kA, ka kAyau, kAu tRtIyAkAI, kAe kehi, kAhi paMcamI kAhe kAhiM SaSThIkAhiM, kAhi kAhi saptamI kAhiM kAhiM prazna vAcaka evaM anizcaya vAcaka kim zabda kA rUpa apabhraMza meM tIna prakAra se milatA hai-ka, kiM evaM antima kavaNa60 kA rUpa adhika pAyA jAtA hai| isI kavaNa (kavaNa < kauNaM < kauna) se Adhunika hindI kA kauna zabda banA hai| kAiM rUpa napuMsaka liMga meM pAyA jAtA hai| kim zabda ke 'ka' meM saM0 api kA vi hokara, kavi, kevi, kuvi yA kiMpi aura keNavi ityAdi rUpa pAye jAte haiN| paravartI apabhraMza meM kAiM kA rUpa vinaSTa ho gyaa| hindI meM kauna, kinakA, kinase,

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320 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kinheM Adi kavaNa kA hI vikasita rUpa adhika pracalita hai| apabhraMza meM prAkRta kiM zabda kA bhI pracalana rahA jaise-'kiM gajjahiM-khalamehaM' (hem0)| apabhraMza meM kavi zabda bhI pracalita hai-'kavi ghara hoi vihANa' (hema0) tathA koi rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| 'dehu ma maggahu koi' (hem0)| Adhunika hindI meM koI avyaya ke rUpa meM pracalita hai| isa taraha ina rUpoM ko hama tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiN| (ka) anizcita sarvanAma pi, vi, mi, i, < saM0, api, ci < saM0, cit aadi| (kha) kiM kA kAI rUpa avyaya ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| (ga) kavaNa (koNa) prazna, vAcaka sarvanAma ke rUpa meM, kavaNu, kavaNa (strI0) aadi| kavaNa zabda kA rUpa bhI anya sarvanAma zabdoM kI bhA~ti hogaa| sarvanAma ka prA0 bhA0 A0 ke vividha ki, kI meM dIkhatA hai| kintu prA0 bhA0 A0 kA ki, kI ma0 bhA0 A0 meM kabhI bhI nizcita rUpa se strIliMga ke liye hI pracalita nahIM thaa| ka zabda ke rUpa kA vikAsa isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai| kartA0, puM0, e0 va0-pA0, prA0, apa0, ko, apa0, ku, pA0, prA0, apa0 ke < kaH, apa0 kehe < * kayasaH (= kayasya) yA * kaSaH / strI0 apa0 kehi / kartA, karma, napuM0, pA0 kiM, prA0 kiM, apa0 kiM, ki < kiN| DA0 tagAre ($127) ne 'ko' rUpa ko mukhya mAnA hai| ku (ka+u) kA prayoga 600 IsvI se hotA A rahA hai| ku kA prayoga pUrvI bhArata meM nahIM hotA thaa| kAiM prayoga (hema0 8/4/367) vastutaH napuMsaka liMga ke bahuvacana-ka + AI hai jisakA e0 va0 meM kAI aura kAi rUpa bhI kahIM-kahIM milatA hai| kiM yA ki rUpa pUrvI apabhraMza meM adhika pracalita thaa| ki rUpa maithilI, magahI aura baMgalA Adi meM adhika pracalita hai| aI aura AI napuMsaka bahavacana meM hotA hai| ataH kAiM aura kAI mUlataH napusaMka liMga ke rUpa haiN| ki (< ki) kA prayoga pAhur3a dohA tathA sAvayava dhamma dohA meM pAyA jAtA hai| kiM tathA kiMpi kA prayoga dohA koza meM pAyA jAtA hai|

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rUpa vicAra 321 (1) ko < kaH, kA < kA (strI0), kiM-ki-kI (< kiM) kAikAi~ (< kAni), ke (< ke, ba0 va0 ruup)| kavaNa zabda kA prayoga DA0 tagAre ke anusAra sarva prathama chaThI zatAbdI joindu ke paramAtma prakAza meM pAyA jAtA hai| taba se lagAtAra isakA prayoga 1200 I0 taka hotA rhaa| isakI vyutpatti kamana (sAmAnyatayA ka+punar se ka~vaNa kI saMbhAvanA kI jAtI hai) < kama + a (yA ka+ma) + n| isa AdhAra para isakA rUpa isa prakAra ho sakatA hai| kartA-karma, napuM0 e0 va0, azo0 ki (m) mama < * kimama; niya prA0 kama (ma) < * kamama, apa0 kema, kima, kiva < * kemama, * kimama, apa0 kimapa (kramadIzvara ke anusAra) < * kimabam < * kima (m) am, kamaNu, puM0-apa0 kavaNu < * kamanaH, strI apa0-kavaNa < * kamanA, karaNa-prA0 kiNA < ki+nA yA * kina + A, apa0 kava NeNa < * kamanena; apAdAna-apa kavaNahe <* kamanasaH, kavaNaha < * kamaNasa / karaNa-pA0 kena < kena, prA0 kinA < * kinA, kena apa0 keNa, keNu, kaI < * kenaH / apAdAna pA0 kasmA, prA0 kamhA < kasmAt, apa0 kahA~, pA0 kismA < * kismAta, prA0 kiNo < kinaH (apa0 ta0 kiNu, kinu), katto ma0 bhA0 A0 kovi > apa0 koi| hindI 'kisI' tathA 'kinhIM' kI vyutpatti isa prakAra dI jAtI hai|61 'kasyApi > kassavi > kassai > hi0 kisI (rA0 kasyA); keSAmapi > * kAnAmapi > ma0 bhA0 A0

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322 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kANaMpi, kANaMvi > kANai > kinhIM (yaha vyutpatti pUrNarUpeNa spaSTa nahIM ho paatii|) sAkalya vAcaka savva = saba (sarva) zabda eka0 bahu0 kartA-savvu, savvo, savva sabve, savva, savvA karma-savvu, savva, savvA savva, savvA karaNa-savveNa, savveM savvehiM (savvesiM) apAdAna-savvahA~, savvAhAM savvahuM, savvAI sambandha-savvasu, savvassu savvahaM, savva, savvA savvaho, savva, savvahA adhikaraNa-savvahiM savvahiM napuMsaka liMga bahu0 __eka0 kartA-savvu, savva, savvA savvaiM, savvAiM karma-savvu, savva, savvA savvaiM, savvAiM zeSa rUpa pulliMga kI taraha hoNge| sarvArtha bodhaka saMskRta sarva zabda kA prAkRta meM savva ke bAda apabhraMza meM sAha evaM savva donoM zabda cala pdd'aa| sAha zabda saMbhavataH sarvopi > savvomi > sahi > sAha / pizela ne sAha zabda kI vyutpatti zAzvat se mAnI hai jo ki ucita hai| prathamA e0 va0 meM sAha evaM savvu > sarvaH rUpa hotA hai| dvi0, e0 va0 meM sAhU, sAha, savvu evaM savvaM hogaa| ba0 va0 meM sAhe evaM savva aadi| tu0 e0 va0 meM sAheM, savveNa, savveM ityAdi rUpa pUrvavartI rUpoM kI taraha hogaa| aura bhI zabda sarvAdi gaNa meM haiM jinakA ullekha hemacandra ne apane apabhraMza sUtroM meM nahIM kiyA hai, para ve zabda prAkRta meM tathA apabhraMza dohoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN|

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rUpa vicAra nija vAcaka appa yA appaNa (Atman) zabda eka0 prathamA -- appA, appo, appANo (mahA0 ) bahu0 appANo, appA (mahA0) appANA (a0 mA0 ) dvi0 - appANaM (mahA0, a0 mA0) appaM appaNaaM (mahA0 ) tRtIyA - appaNa (a0 mA0, jai0 mahA0 appehiM, appa hiM zau0) appeNa, appe, appaNeNa, appaNA, appe, appaNeM paMcamI - appaha, appahu, appaNa, appANa, appaho, sambandha - appaNaho, appaNassa, appaNasu, appaNaho, appaNa saptamI - appe, appi, appI, appesu " appa, appaNa " appaNahaM, appahaM 323 appAhi appaNahiM nija vAcaka Atmana zabda kA prAkRta meM tta tathA ppa hotA thA / apabhraMza meM appa tathA appaNa donoM prakAra kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| hindI Apa zabda kI vyutpatti isI appa se huI hai tathA apanA vizeSaNa vAcaka zabda appaNa se banA hai| apabhraMza meM Atman + ka = a=appaNa zabda kA pracalana adhika hai / prAkRta appa zabda bhI apabhraMza meM pracalita hai | hemacandra apabhraMza dohoM meM donoM zabda pracalita hai / 'appau~ taDi ghallanti' (hema0), phoDenti je hiyaDau~ appaNau~ tAha parAI kavaNa ghRNu (0) / appaNu kA prayoga - 'appaNu jaNu mArei' (hema0 ) / appaNa - 'jo guNa govai appaNA' (hema0 ) / appANu rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai - piye dile hallo halleNa ko ceai appANu (hema0 ) / tRtIyA eka vacana meM appeM aura appeNaM rUpaM milatA hai- 'aha appaNeM na bhanti' (hema0 ) / paMcamI evaM

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi SaSThI eka vacana meM appaho rUpa hotA hai / SaSThI meM appANa bhI ho sakatA hai / 324 saMskRta itara aura anya sarvanAma zabda kA rUpa bhI apabhraMza dohoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / anya zabda kA rUpa prAkRta ke bAda apabhraMza meM prathamA evaM dvitIyA eka vacana meM anna yA annu rUpa milatA hai - ' jai uppattiM annu jaNa' (hema0) 'annu vi jo parihaviya taNu - (hema0) 'annu vahillai jAu' (hem0)| bahuvacana meM anne yA annai rUpa hogA / tR0 e0 va0 meM anneM hotA hai| ba0 va0 meM annehiM hogaa| paMcamI evaM SaSThI e0 va0 meM annaha tathA ba0 va0 meM annahaM hogA / saptamI e0 va0 meM annahiM rUpa I milatA hai- 'annahiM jammahiM vi' (hema0 ) - saMskRta anyasmin kA vikasita rUpa hai| saMskRta itara zabda kA rUpa apabhraMza ke prathamA e0 va0 meM iyaru hotA hai / 'iyarU vi antaru deI' (hema0) strIliMga meM iyarA hogA / SaSThI e0 va0 meM iyarahu, iyarassu hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa zabda kA rUpa apabhraMza ke samaya meM naSTa ho gayA thA / kevala prathamA kA rUpa avaziSTa rhaa| vaha bhI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke kAraNa / sArvanAmika vizeSaNa sArvanAmika vizeSaNa ke tIna mukhya bheda hote haiM (1) parimANa (2) guNa aura (3) sthAna ke anusAra / (1) parimANa vAcaka parimANa vAcaka sArvanAmika vizeSaNa nimnalikhita tIna prakAra ke vargoM ke dvArA vyakta kiye jAte haiM: 1 (ka) ettiu, jettiu, tettiu kettiu (hema0 8 /4/341) < saM0 * ayatyaH, * yayatyaH ityAdi / purAnI rAjasthAnI meM etau, jetau, ketau, tetara hogA /

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rUpa vicAra 325 (kha) ettulo, jettulo, kettulo, tettulo, (hema0 8/4/435), purAnI rAjasthanI meM etalau, jetalau, tetalau, ketalau / gujarAtI meM eTalo, jeTalo aadi| hindI meM itanA, titanA, kitanA, utnaa| (ga) evaDu, jevaDu, < saM0 * ayavaDrakaH, * yayavaDrakaH = (he0 8/4/407)-'jevaDu antaru rAvaNa-rAmaha~ tevaDu antaru pttttnn-gaamhN| (hema0 8/4/408) 'evaDu antaru' kevaDu antaru' hindI itanA, utanA kitanA, jitnaa| (2) guNavAcaka vizeSaNa ___ jaiso, jehu-jaisA; kaiso, kehu-kaisA; taiso, tehu-taisA; aiso, ehu-aisaa| ___ "ukti vyakti prakaraNa' meM isake asa aura aise donoM prakAra ke rUpa milate haiN| ko kasa ihA~ (32/1), kaise kAha karata (32/1) aisa pratyaya ke atirikta hemacandra ne 8/4/402) ehau vAle rUpoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai kehau maggaNa eha aadi| (3) sambandha vAcaka vizeSaNa ___ erisa-hindI aisA-isakI vyutpatti etAdRza >* eArisa > erisa ke krama se ho sakatA hai| erisaM, erisa, erisi, erisia, erisiaM, erisahI (= etAdRzaiH); saM0 etAdRk, etAdRza > ma0 bhA0 A0 edisa-eisa > hi0 aisa, aisaa| hamArisa-hi0 hamAre jaisA, mAdisa, mArisa < mAdRza, amhArisa < hamhArisa < amhAdisa < asmaadRsh| . tumhArisa-tumhAre jaisaa| hamAra, mahAra, mahArau, tumhAra, tumhaaru| isa sambandha vAcaka vizeSaNa meM Ara, Araa, strI0 eri pratyaya lagA hai| yaha SaSThI rUpa ma0 bhA0 A0 ke * kAra, * kAri, < kArya se vyutpanna pratIta hotA hai| yaha vastutaH parasarga kera, keraa < prA0 bhA0 A0 kArya hai|

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326 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi prathama puruSa, eka vacana pulliMga-mahAra, mahArau strI0-mahAri (< * maha-* kArI); hamAra, degri; mera (<* ma-kera), merI (<* ma-kerI) ba0 va0-amhAraya, amhAraA, amhArI ( ta kera, 0 kerI) sarvanAmoM ke jina rUpoM ke anta meM Iya lagatA hai, unameM se maIa < madIya kA ullekha hemacandra ne 2, 147 meM kiyA hai| ina rUpoM ke sthAna meM nahIM to kera, keraa aura keraka kAma meM lAye jAte haiM (tumhakero < yuSmadIyaH, amhakero < asmadIyaH) kArya kA * kAra < Ara rUpa banA aura isase apa0 meM mahAra aura mahArau < * mahakAra bnaa| yaha sambandha kAraka eka vacana maha+kAra se banA hai| isakA artha madIya hai| isI bhA~ti tuhAra < tvadIya, amhAra < asmadIya hai| apa0 meM hamAra chanda kI mAtrA ThIka karane ke liye hammAra rUpa isI amhAra se banA hai| yaha rUpa * mhAra se * mahAra aura isI se hamAra bhI banA hai| apa0 rUpa tohara < yuSmAkaM, * tohAra ke sthAna para prayukta huA hai| tumhAra, * to mhAra, tohAra aura tohAra rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| hemacandra ke anusAra tumha aura amha zabda ke Age hAra pratyaya lagAkara tumhAra, tohAra aura hamAra zabda banA hai| saMdarbha 1. DaoN0 prabodha becaradAsa paNDita-prAkRta bhASA pR0 51 2. hindI sAhitya kA bRhata itihAsa pR0 332 prakAzana-nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kaashii| 3. pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 503 | 4. . hisTaoNrikala grAmara Apha apabhraMza pR0 27---inTroDakzana se|

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rUpa vicAra 327 5. 7 0 prAkRta vyAkaraNa apenDiksa, pR0 680-prakAzana pUnA / 'liGgamatantram' 8/4/445 pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 511, prakAzana-rASTrabhASA pariSada pttnaa| pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 511 rASTrabhASA pariSada pttnaa| hindI bhASA kA udgama aura vikAsa-DaoN0udaya nArAyaNa tivArI pR0 129 apabhraMza pAThAvalI pR0 13 11. "syamorasyedvA' hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa 8/4/331 12. 'sau puMsyodvA' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/332 'syamo jaszasAMluk' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/333 14. "eTTi' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/3/333 15. 'ATToNo'nusvAraH" he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4 16. 'bhissupohiM' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/347 'GasehU' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/336 18. 'bhyaso hu~' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/337 19. 'GasaH su hossavaH' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/338 20. 'AmohaM' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/339 21. 'Gi necca' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/334 22. 'eM cedutaH' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/303 23. 'Gasibhyas GInAM he haM hayaH' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/341 24. huM cedudbhyAm' he0 prA0 vyA0 8/4/340 25. hisTorikala grAmara oNpha apabhraMza pR0 150 26. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 557 27. hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa para apenDiksa pR0 697

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 36. tAstA 28. he0 prA0 vyA0 'TA e' 8/4/350 29. 'Gas Gasyorhe' 8/4/350 __ bhyasAmortuH 8/4/351 Dehi 8/4/352 he0 prA0 vyA0 'klIbe jaszasoriM' 8/4/353 33. he0 prA0 vyA0 'kilAthavA-divA saha naheH kirAhavaI dive sahu~ nAhiM 8/4/419 34. pANini "tena saheti tulyayoge" 2/2/28 35. bhayANI-sandeza rAsaka (Study) $73 tessitorI-anu0 nAmavara siMha-670 (5) 37. varNaratnAkara bhUmikA $36 DA0 subhadra jhA-vidyApati-bhUmikA pR0 153 DA0 su0 ku0 cAo-ukti vyakti prakaraNa-bhUmikA-860 40. bhayANI pauma cariu bhUmikA-891 he0 prA0 vyA0 'tAdarthya kehiM, tehiM, resiM resiM taNeNAH' 8/4/425 pANini 'nipAta ekAjanAG 1/1/14 DaoN0 tagAre $104 44. pauma cariu $95 hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa apenDiksa 8/4/355 'purAnI rAjasthAnI' anuvAdaka-nAmavara siMha pR0 84 nA0 pra0 sa0 47. ukti vyakti prakaraNa bhUmikA $60-4 48. _ 'siddhahemagata apabhraMza vyAkaraNa'-bhUmikA pR0 48-prakAzana bAmbe / prAkRta paiMgalam-DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa-pR0 230 50. DaoN0 esa0 ke0 sena kampareTiva grAmara oNpha miDila inDo Aryana 877 51. Tagare $120; P. 214

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rUpa vicAra 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 329 tessitori:, 886, pR0 108 kampareTiva grAmara oNpha miDila inDo Aryana pR0 117 DA0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa prAkRta paiMgalam bhAga-2 889, pR0 221 DA0 bho0 zaM0 vyAsa prAkRta paiMgalam bhAga -2 pR0 222 se uddhRta 'varNaratnAtkara' (Study 827) prAkRta- paiMgalama bhAga-2 pR0 225 na thaH (he0 8/3/76) idamaH parasya 'De: ssiM-mmi-tthA:' ( 8/3/59) iti prAptaH ttho na bhavati / iha, imassiM, imammiM / he0 prA0 vyAkaraNa 8/3/ 76 sUtra tathA vRtti / 'idamo AyaH' prA0 vyA0 8 /4/365 i kA sAmAnya AdhAra Rgveda kA ida, ima, Ima hai / 'Comparative grammar of Middle Indo Aryan' ke pR0 117 se uddhRta | hemacandra - 'kimaH kAI kavaNau vA' 8 /4/357 DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa prAkRta paiMgalaM bhAga-2894 / . hemacandra 'sarvasya sAho vA' 8/4/366 pizela prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa 864, 262

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navama adhyAya avyaya vaise zabdasvarUpa jo tInoM liMga evaM sAtoM vibhaktiyoM meM eka se bane raheM arthAt jaisA usakA svarUpa ho vaisA hI madhya aura aMta meM bhI banA rahe tathA jinameM koI vikAsa na ho unheM avyaya kahate haiN| avyaya zabda, vAkya aura kriyA ke sAtha saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| kahIM kahIM koI koI avyaya prakRti ke artha ko parivartita bhI kara detA hai| sadRzaM triSu liMgeSu sarvAsu ca vibhaktiSu / vacaneSu ca sarveSu yanna vyeti tdvyym|| saMskRta, pAli evaM prAkRtAdi meM nAma tathA sarvanAma zabdoM ke bAda taddhita evaM kRdanta ke katipaya pratyaya lagAne se avyaya bana jAte the| apabhraMza meM bhI yahI sthiti rhii| yadyapi saMskRta meM tathA anyatra bhI avyaya ke rUpa nahIM hote kintu kabhI kabhI avyaya vizeSaNa kA bhI kAma karatA hai| yaha kriyA vizeSaNa tathA kAraka vizeSaNa donoM ke liye vyavahRta hotA hai| jaise-rAmaH drutaM dhAvati pada meM 'drutaM' pada avyaya hai, para 'dhAvati' kI vizeSatA batAtA hai; ataH 'drutaM' avyaya kriyA-vizeSaNa huaa| isI prakAra avyaya kAraka vizeSaNa bhI ho sakatA hai| para yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki avyaya ke rUpa nahIM hote| apabhraMza ke adhikAMza avyaya prAyaH saMskRta ke tadbhava haiN| prAcIna saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne avyayoM kA vibhAjana vargoM ke anukUla nahIM kiyA thA, paraMtu Ajakala Arya parivAra kI bhASAoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH isI AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karanA ucita hogaa|

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avyaya 331 (1) rIti vAcaka avyaya saMskRta kathaM, yathA, tathA ke sthAna para apabhraMza meM vikalpa karake (he0 8/4/401) kathaM kA kema, kima, kiha tathA kidha rUpa hotA hai| apabhraMza meM 'ma' ko vikalpa se anunAsika va (he0 8/4/397) bhI hotA hai| kiva~ evaM keva~ rUpa bhI hotA hai| isI prakAra yathA kA jema, jeva, jima, jiva, jiha tathA jidha hogaa| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza meM Adi 'ya' ko prAyaH ja ho jAtA hai| tathA se tema, teva~, tima, tiva~ tiha tathA tidha rUpa hogaa| isI kA hindI rUpa kyoM, yoM, tyoM ityAdi rUpa hotA saMskRta ke yAdRza, tAdRza, kIdRza evaM IdRza zabdoM ke Adi akSara ko chor3a kara zeSa ko 'e' Adeza hotA hai (hema0 8/4/402) / yAdRza kA jehu, tAdRza kA tehu evaM IdRza kA ehu rUpa hotA hai aura kIdRza kA kehu hotA hai| vizeSaNa kI taraha 'vaDDha' aura 'vaDu, pratyaya lagAkara bhI prayoga banatA hai-jevaDu, tevaDu, kevaDu, evaDu, jevaDDha, tevaDDa, kevaDDha evaDDha / pizela' ne evaDu aura evaDDa kI vyutpatti * ayavaDDU se mAnI hai isI prakAra * kiyadavRddha >* ke-vRddha > kevaDDa, kevaDu rUpa kI prakriyA hai| yahI prakriyA vizeSaNAtmaka rUpoM kI hai| ___ na0 bhA0 A0 meM isakA rUpa-hi0 itanA, marAThI-itakA (< iyat); hindI kitanA, ma0-kitI (< kiyt)| isI prakAra marAThI meM evar3hA, kevar3hA, tevar3hA Adi rUpa hote haiN| eha rUpa ke sAtha sAtha 'aisa rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| hema0 8/4/403- jaiso, kaiso, aiso ityaadi| isI kA hindI rUpAntara jaisA, kaisA, evaM aisA rUpa banA hai| 'jaiso ghaDandI pryaavdii| (2) sthAna vAcaka (ka) saMskRta yatra evaM tatra ke sthAna para vikalpa karake etthu evaM attu Adeza hotA hai-he0 8/4/404 / itthu, etthu, jitthu, jetthu titthu, tetthu, kitthu, keththu Adi-"jetthu vi tetthu vi etthu jagi bhaNa to

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332 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi tahi saarikkhu"| ina rUpoM ke sAtha sAtha ho pratyaya vAlA rUpa bhI milatA hai-jetthaho (=jatthaho), tetthaho aadi| . (kha) iha (SaSThI kA rUpa) jahi~, tahiM, kahiM, sarvanAma saptamI kA rUpa avyaya kI taraha prayukta hotA hai| - (ga) atta pratyaya lagAne se rUpa jattu, jettu, tattu tathA tettu rUpa hotA hai| isI ke sAtha kabhI kabhI 'he' pratyaya jor3akara bhI rUpa hotA hai-aittahe, jettahe, tettahe, kettahe ityaadi| ina zabdoM kA krama se hindI artha hogA = jahA~, tahA~, kahA~ evaM yahA~ ityAdi jo ki kisI nirdiSTa sthAna kI sUcanA dete haiN| (3) kAla vAcaka (ka) saMskRta yAvat evaM tAvat zabda ke 'va' akSara ke sthAna para ma, uM, evaM mahiM rUpa pAyA jAtA hai-8/4/406| jAma, tAma, jAu~, tAu~, jAva, tAva, jA, tA, jAmahiM, jAvahiM, tAmahi, tAvahiM, javve, tavve / jema, tema rUpa bhI milatA hai| (kha)-to (tataH) jo (yataH) ina rUpoM kA hindI artha jaba taka, taba taka hotA hai| (4) parimANa vAcaka hema0 8/4/407 apabhraMza meM saMskRta yAvat evaM tAvat zabda ko vikalpa se 'evaDu' evaM 'ettula' Adeza hokara rUpa jevaDu, jettula evaM tevaDu, tettula rUpa hotA hai| ina rUpoM kA varNana sArvanAmika vizeSaNa ke samaya kiyA jA cukA hai| ye rUpa vastutaH vizeSaNa meM hI prayukta hote haiN| ina udAharaNoM ke atirikta hemacandra ke dohoM meM kucha aura dUsare rUpa bhI milate haiM 8/4/391-ittauM broppiNu sauNi Thi3; 8/4/341ettiu-saMskRta iyat, 8/4/395-tettiGa saMskRta tAvat, tevaDu, saMskRta taavaan|

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avyaya 333 (5) sambandha vAcaka vidvAnoM ne isedo bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-(ka) samAna vAkya saMyojaka aura (kha) AzritavAkya saMyojakaM / samAnavAkya saMyojaka ke cAra bheda kie gae haiM,-(1) samuccayabodhaka, (2) pratiSedhaka, (3) vibhAjaka aura (4) anukrnnaatmk| saMskRta aparaM kA apabhraMza meM avaraM > hi0 aura hotA hai| samaM kA samva evaM samaNu rUpa hotA hai| 8/4/418-pratiSedhaka saMyojaka paraM kA para hotA hai| api kA vi aura punaH kA puNu hotA hai| nizcayAtmaka 'dhruva' kA 'dhruvu' hotA hai| niSedhAtmaka mA kA maM, na kA Na tathA manAka kA maNAu hotA hai| saMskRta kim sarvanAma kA 'kiM yA 'ki' bhI avyaya ke liye kabhI kabhI prayukta hotA hai jo ki prAyaH praznAtmaka huA karatA hai| hema0 8/4/417 apabhraMza tathA hindI meM bhI anukaraNAtmaka sambandha-vAcaka avyaya kA prayoga 'to' se hotA hai jo ki saMskRta 'tataH' yA 'tadA' se banA hai| jaibhaggA pArakkaDA to sahimajjha pienn| ahabhaggA amhaM taNA to teM maariaddenn|| Azrita vAkya saMyojaka rUpa jima, tima, jiva~, tiva, jema, tema, jeva, teva~ ityaadi| (6) vividha 8/4/413-saMskRta anyAdRza zabda kA apabhraMza meM annAiso aura apara sadRza zabda kI jagaha avarAiso hotA hai| ... 8/4/414 prAyasa zabda ke sthAna para apabhraMza meM prAu, prAiva, prAimva evaM paggimva rUpa hotA hai| _8/4/415 anyathA zabda ke sthAna para annu aura annaha kA prayoga hotA hai|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 8 /4/416 kuta: ( hindI kahA~ se ) zabda kI jagaha kau evaM kahanti prayoga hotA hai jo ki sthAna vAcakatA kA bodhaka hai / 334 8/4/419 nizcayavAcI kila ke sthAna para kira yA ahavai kA prayoga hotA hai| divA ke sthAna paraM dive, saha ke sthAna para sahuM kA prayoga hotA hai| saMskRta meM saha kA prayoga sadA tRtIyA vibhakti ke sAtha hotA thA / yaha saha svataH sAtha artha vyakta karatA thA / apabhraMza 'sahuM' se hI hindI 'se' kI utpatti huI hai| niSedhAtmaka 'nahi' ke sthAna para apabhraMza nahiM kA prayoga hotA hai / 1 8/4/420 vyatIta kAla ko batAne vAlA pazcAt ke sthAna para 'pacchai', sambandha dyotaka evameva ke sthAna para 'emvai', nizcaya bodhaka eva ke sthAna para 'jiM, kAla bodhaka idAnIM ke sthAna para 'emvahiM', saMbandha dyotaka pratyuta ke sthAna para pacca liu, etas ke ettahe prayoga hotA hai / 8/4/421 viSaNNa ke sthAna para 'vunna', ukta ke sthAna para vRtta tathA vartamAna ke sthAna para vucca kA prayoga hotA thA / 1 8/4/422 kucha aise dezI zabda haiM jo ki saMskRta zabdoM ke sthAna para prayukta hote the / unameM se kucha zabda to avyaya ke haiM tathA kucha saMjJA ke haiM / ve zabda bhI dohoM meM avyaya kI taraha prayukta hue haiN| saMskRta kA zIghra ' hindI meM 'jaldI' ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| usake sthAna para apabhraMza meM 'bahilla' dezI kA prayoga hotA thA -- -- annu vahillau jaai| 'kalaha artha ko batAne vAle jhakaTa ke sthAna para 'ghaMghala' zabda kA prayoga hotA thA - jiva~ supurisa tiva~ ghaMghalaiM / na chUne yogya 'saMsarga' ke sthAna para 'viTThAlu' kA prayoga hotA thA - 'taha saMkhahaM viTThAlu paru' / bhaya ke sthAna para 'dravakka' evaM AtmIya zabda ke sthAna para 'appaNa' zabda pracalita thA / yaha sarvanAma appa kI bhA~ti hai / dRSTi ke sthAna para - 'drahi' kA prayoga hotA thA / gADha ke sthAna para 'niccaTTa', 'sAdhAraNa' ke sthAna para 'saDDhala' evaM niSedhavAcI 'a' upasarga lagAne para asaDDala kA prayoga hotA thA / kautuka ke sthAna para 'koDaDha'; krIDA ke

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avyaya 335 sthAna para 'kheDaDha', ramya ke sthAna para 'ravaNNa', adbhuta ke sthAna para 'Thakkari', pRthaka pRthaka ke sthAna para 'juaMjua', he sakhi ke sthAna para 'helli', mUrkha ke sthAna para 'nAliya' tathA mUDha ke sthAna para vaDha kA prayoga hotA thA-'divehiM viDhattau khAi vddh'| 8/4/422 nava ke sthAna para 'navakha' 'navakhI kavi visa gaMThi', avaskanda ke sthAna para 'daDavaDa' zabda prayukta hotA thaa| yaha jhaTapaTa ke artha meM bhI prayukta hotA thaa| 'daDavaDa hoi vihANa', yadi ke sthAna para 'chuDu'-'chuDu agghai vava sAu' | sambandhavAcI kera aura taNa zabda hai| isI kera se hindI meM kA, ke, kI parasarga banA hai| 8/4/423 kucha aise dezI zabda haiM jo ki ceSTAoM ke anukaraNa meM prayukta hote haiN| ve adhikAMza zabda avyaya ke hI haiM kintu kabhI kabhI vibhaktiyoM ke sahita bhI prayukta hote haiN| 'huhura' zabda ceSTAnukaraNa meM prayukta hotA hai-prema drahi hhrutti| 'kasarakkehiM' kA artha hai kacara kacara karake, parantu pI0, ela0 vaidya kA kathana hai ki isakA ThIka ThIka anukaraNAtmaka artha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| vastutaH isa artha ko dekhate hue "khajjai nau kasarakkehiM' meM 'kacara kacara' kara artha karanA hI adhika ucita pratIta hotA hai| 'ghuTehiM kA artha 'ghuTa ghuTa' zabda karanA hogaa| ghuggha zabda ceSTA ke anukaraNa meM prayukta hotA hai-jaise 'makkaDa ghugghiu deiM' bandara ghur3akI detA hai| uTThavaIsa'=uThanA baitthnaa| isa zabda ko pI0 ela0 vaidya ne marAThI kA kahA hai| unake anusAra marAThI meM uTThavesa aura uTThavaza Adi calatA hai| ____8/4/426 AcArya hemacandra ne kucha aise zabdoM kA nipAta kiyA hai jo ki nirarthaka hote haiM-arthAt una zabdoM kA prayoga bhASA prayojana hIna hotA hai| saMskRta meM bhI ve kucha zabda aise haiM jo ki vAkyoM ke prayoga meM niSprayojana prayukta hote the; phira bhI usakA artha kucha na kucha ho hI jAtA thaa| apabhraMza meM bhI yahI bAta rhii| jaise 'ghaiM vivarIrI buddhaDI' meM 'ghaiM' zabda nirarthaka hai phira bhI isakA 'nUnaM' artha kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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336 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi SaDbhASA candrikA meM kRdanta ke kucha pratyayoM ko bhI avyaya prakaraNa ke pATha meM rakhA gayA hai| pUrvakAlika kriyA ke bodhaka 'ktvA' pratyaya ke sthAna para honevAle Adeza degi, iu, evaM e, 'avi' tathA 'eppi' eppiNu, epi, epiNu ityaadi| isI prakAra tumuna pratyaya ke sthAna para evaM, aNa, aNahaM, aNahiM tathA eppi, eppiNu, epi, epiNu Adi / saMskRta meM bhI ktvA pratyaya avyaya hotA thA-ktvAtosunkasuna:-aSTAdhyAyI 1/1/39| kRdanta ke sabhI pratyaya jinakA ki rUpa nahIM calatA thA unakI avyaya saMjJA hotI thii| apabhraMza meM bhI siddharAja ne ktvA evaM tumun ko avyaya meM par3hA / pANini ne to taddhita ke una pratyayoM kI bhI avyaya saMjJA kI hai jinakA ki rUpa nahIM cltaa| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para apabhraMza ke taddhita pratyaya bhI avyaya ke bhAgI hoNge| 8/4/425 tAdarthya meM prayukta nipAta kehi; tehiM, resi, resiM evaM taNeNa Adi avyaya hote haiM arthAt ina nipAtoM meM rUpa vikAra nahIM hotaa| hau~ jhijjauM tau kehiM piya tuhu~ puNu annahiM resi 'baDDuttaNaho taNeNa' / siddharAja ne udAharaNa diyA hai-rAmakehiM, rAmatehiM, rAmatesi, rAmatesiM, tathA rAmataNeNa / ye sabhI pratyaya yukta rUpa 'rAma ke liye' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 8/4/426 svArtha meM vihita punaH tathA vinA zabda ke Age Du pratyaya hotA hai| na ko Na hokara puNu evaM viNu rUpa hogaa| 8/4/444 saMskRta meM iva zabda upamA ke artha meM tathA nizcaya ke artha meM bhI prayukta hotA hai| usI artha meM apabhraMza meM na, nau, nAi, nAvai, jANi evaM jaNu Adeza hotA hai='naM malla jujjhu sasi-rAhu karahiM' 'nau jIvaggalu diNNu'-saMskRta-nanu jIvArgala dntH| gave sainAi-saMskRta meM gvesstiiv| nAvai guru macchara bhariu-saMskRta meM nanu gurumatsarabharitaM / sohai indanIla jaNu', saMskRta meM 'zobhate indra nIlaH nanu' ityAdi / uparyukta avyayoM kA nirdeza hemacandra ne apabhraMza sUtroM meM kiyA hai jo ki dohoM meM pAye jAte haiN| ina avyayoM ke atirikta kucha aura

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avyaya 337 avyaya apabhraMza dohoM meM pAye jAte haiM prAyaH saMskRta avyayoM ke tadbhava rUpa apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiN| sUtra rUpa artha 8/4/330 NAi saMskRta iva ke artha meM niSedha niSedha (api) bhI 8/4/331 NAvai (iva) nizcaya 8/4/335 para (paraM) parantu yA kintu 8/4/336 jiva~ upamA artha meM 8/4/337 jiha yathA-jisa prakAra 8/4/339 aha hai (atha) isa prakAra, yA sAtha svayaM 8/4/340 vari varaM nahIM 8/4/341 ettiu (iyat) itanA jiva (eva) nizcaya hI 8/4/343 (tathA) usa prakAra 8/4/343 jai 8/4/343 ajju (adya) Aja (samprati) . 8/4/344 Niru nitarAM 8/4/349 jahiM (yatra) jahA~ 8/4/350 kavaNa kauna saha saI teva ydi|

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338 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi tiva . 8/4/357 tahiM (tatra) vahA~ kahiM kva (kahA~) 8/4/376 tathA 8/4/383 kittiu kitanA vAraivAra vAravAra 8/4/385 zIghra 8/4/387 jAma jaba taka 8/4/391 ittau~ itanA savvettahe (sarvatra) sabhI jagaha kucha aura avyaya zabda ho sakate haiM jo ki hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM pAye jAte haiN| (1) saMjJA padoM se nirmita avyaya-khaNa, khaNo ahaMNisaM, lh| (2) anya padoM se nirmita avyaya-ajju, Nicca-NittA (nityaM), Niha-Nihua (nibhRtaM), bhittari (abhyaMtara), Niala (nikaTe) parahi (parataH) pari pAse (pArve) agge (agre) pura (purataH) phura bahutta jhatti (jhaTiti) NAi (hi0 naaiN)| - saMkhyAvAcaka zabda saMkhyAvAcaka vizeSaNa ke gaNanAtmaka tathA kramAtmaka donoM taraha ke rUpa apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiM(1) gaNanAtmaka saMkhyAvAcaka vizeSaNa gaNanAtmaka saMkhyAvAcaka vizeSaNa ke rUpa nimna prakAra haiM- (1) ekka, ekko, ekkaM, aikku ekkau, ekke, ekkai, eka, ekkA, savibhaktikaM rUpa ekkeNa, ekke, ekkakke (< saM ekke) ekalla aura ekkalla Adi se pratIta hotA hai ki sarvatra ma0 bhA0 A0 ekka zabda kA pracalana thaa| ina rUpoM ke sAtha sAtha eka, iga aura eya kA bhI prayoga hotA thA / 'ka' pratyaya joDakara pazcimI apabhraMza meM ekkekka, ikkikka

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avyaya 339 (< ekAika) eNkke kkama (<* ekaikama) ekkamekka (ekaika) ekkai (ekAkinI) na0 bhA0 A0 kA eka apa0 ekka se vyutpanna hai / ekka meM dvitva ka kI pravRtti saMbhavataH ma0 bhA0 A0 ke bolane vAloM kI vizeSatA hai jo ki prA0 bhA0 A0 etada aura eka ke bIca kI viziSTatA hai / (2) kartA aura karma kAraka meM do, duve, be bolA jAtA hai / napuMsaka liMga meM doNNi, duNNi, beNNi aura biNNi hotA hai| do < dvau aura duve tathA be < dve (naMpusaka) purAne dvivacana haiN| zrI pizela kA (8436) kahanA hai ki isakI rUpAvalI bahuvacana kI bhA~ti calatI hai aura isI bhA~ti kAma meM AtI thI / dva (dvi) ke mukhya do prakAra ke rUpa hote the (1) duva (jaisA ki Rgveda meM duvA hotA hai) aura (2) dUsarA dva hai / ma0 bhA0 A0 meM donoM prakAra kI prakriyA dIkhatI hai / du (va) eM, du (va) i, du aura eka khaNDa kA rUpa isa prakAra hogA - dvo, dve, dvi, do, ve (< * dve) Adi / kartA aura karma kAraka prA0 (pu0, napuM0) do, du, haiM, ve (napuM0) dopi (Na) veNNi, viNNi, apa0 vi, veNi (Na), vena (na) vinni / tRtI0 prA0 duvehiM, (zau0) dohi (m), vehi, apa0 vehiM, vihiM, samba0 prA0 doNNaM, doNhaM, veNhaM, apa0 vihuM, veNNa, adhi0 - prA0 duvesu apa0 vehiM / saMskRta dvA ke sthAna para apa0 meM bA hotA hai / paravartI apabhraMza meM bhI nimnalikhita rUpa pAye jAte haiM-du, dui, dud dui, (< dvo, dvau ) duau do duhu bi, biNa biNo bihu bIhA be samasta pada meM - dukkala (< du-bi < dvau, dvi) / ( 3 ) tRtIyA kA kartA aura karma kAraka pulliMga aura strIliMga kA rUpa tao < trayaH hai, napuMsaka liMga meM tiNNi < trINi hai, yaha NNa sambandha kAraka ke rUpa tiNNaM kI nakala para hai| isake rUpa binA kisI prakAra ke bheda ke tInoM liMgoM meM kAma meM Ate haiM / apa0 meM do tiNNi vi.< dvau trayo pi aura tiNNi rehAiM < tisraH rekhAH milate haiM / karaNa tIhiM hai / isa taraha apabhraMza meM tia, ti, tijje, tiNi, tiNNi, tiNNiA, tiNNa, tiNNe, tI, tia, tINi, adhikaraNa kAraka e0 ba0 rUpa 'tI' (< tri, trINi (tri) / prA0 bhA0 A0 trINi, pai0 tIni prA0 tiNNi, hi0 - tIna, baMgAlI, nepAlI - tina, paMjAbI tinna / prA0 bhA0 A0

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340 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi tri kA apa0 meM ti, tai, te aadi| tiviha, (trividha), tiga (trika), pUrvI apabhraMza meM teloa, pazcimI apa0 tailoya (tailokya), taiya (trik)| (4) kartA pulliMga-cattAro < catvAraH, cauro < caturaH, cau, (caukalau, caukkala), co (coaggalA), cAri, (< catu-catvAri < ctur)| cau < catura, cayAri (*catAri < cattAri < saM0 ctvaari)| na0 bhA0 A0 meM isakA uccAraNa (mahA0; hi0, guja0, paMjA0, nepA0) cAra hai| apabhraMza meM saMyukta rUpa cau hai| pUrvI apabhraMza cauttha (catuStaya), pazcimI apabhraMza-cauvviha, cauviha (caturvidha), caurAsi (caturasIti), AcAuddisi (caturdikSu), cauddisaM < caturdizam, caummuha < caturmukha, cauddasa < caturdazan padya meM caudasa tathA saMkSipta rUpa caudasa bhI calatA hai| mahA0 meM co daha rUpa hai, codasI bhI milatA hai| cogguNa aura usake sAtha-sAtha caugguNa < caturguNa hai| apabhraMza ke napuMsaka liMga meM cAri hai-(piMgala 1,68,87,102) jo (pizela $439 ke anusAra) catvAri, * cAtvAri, * cAtAri, * cAAri rUpa grahaNa kara cAri banA hai| (5) paMca (< paMca), pA0, prA0-paMca, marA0, hi0, guja0, baMgA0, nepA0, pAca, paMjAbI-paMja, sindho-pNjaa| tRtIyA aura adhi0 meM hi aura catu0, SaSThI, paMcamI meM hA aura ha hotA hai| saMyukta meM paMca aparivartita rahatA hai yA yaha paNNa yA paNa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra pazcimI apabhraMza meM paMca guru (gurUna), paNubIsa, paMcuttara vIsa (paMcottara viMzati) pazcimI apabhraMza meM paNNaraha (paMcadaza), hi0-pandraha, ma0-paMdhrA, sindhI-paMdrahA aadi| - (6) chaa, chaA, chau, chaha, chakkA , khaDA, 'cha' samAsa meM (chakkalu, chakkalo) (< SaS (sstt)| isakA vikRta rUpa samasta na0 bhA0 A0 meM pAyA jAtA hai-guja0, hi0 cha, chaha, marA0-sahA, sindhI-sa, saya, baMgao-chaya / prA0 bhA0 A0 ke mAdhyama se prAkRta ke bAda apabhraMza meM cha kA prayoga huA hai| apa0 meM chaha < * SaS jo chahavIsa meM dikhAI detA hai aura isI kA gauldazmitta ke anusAra chavvIsa haiN| pizela ke anusAra saMskRta SoDaza se pUrA milatA julatA prAkRta rUpa soLasa hai aura apabhraMza meM soLaha hai|

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avyaya 341 (7) satta, sattA (< sapta) aTTha, aTThA, aTThaha, aTThae, aTThAi~, aTThAi, 'aTha' samAsa meM (aThakkharA, aThaggala, aThatAlisa, aThAisa) (< asstt-assttau)| Nava (< nv)| ina sabhoM kA rUpa na0 bhA0 A0 ke samAna sarala hai| isa prakAra apa0 satta > marA0, guja0, hi0, baMgA0-sAta, pNjaabii-stt| apa0 aTTha > marA0, guja0, hi0, oriyA-ATha, baMgAlI-ATa, paMjAbI-aTTha aura apa0 Nava > marA0, guja0, hi0, nepA0 nau| ina rUpoM kA pUraka hai - sattattha (saptAsta) caurattha (cturst)| (8) sAhityika apabhraMza meM do rUpa pAye jAte haiM-dasa aura daha < daza (paizAcI meM kevala dasa milatA hai)| pUrvI apabhraMza meM daha rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| hemacandra ne 8/4/331 ke dohe daha (dahamuhu) kA prayoga kiyA hai| pUrvI prAkRta meM dazan kA prayoga hotA hai| na0 bhA0 A0 meM donoM daha aura dasa kA prayoga hotA hai| guja0, hi0, dasa, marA0, paMjAbI dahA, siMdhI-daha / apabhraMza sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se dasa aura daha kA prayoga hotA hai| (9) 11-eAraha, eArahi, eArahahi, egAraha, eggAraha, eggArAhA, egArahi, eggArahahi, iggAraha, gAraha, gArahAi~, isakA na0 bhA0 A0 kA rUpa hai-marA0 akarA, gu0-agyAra, hi0 egAraha, ne0 eghAra / ___(10) 12-bAraha, bArahA, bArAhA, bArahahi, bArahAi (< dvAdaza) pA0, prA0 bArasa-apa0 bAraha, hi0 baarh)| (11) 13-teraha (trayodaza) a0 mA0 terasa, hi0 teraha, ne0 tera, guj0-ter| (12) 14-caudaha, cAuddaha, cauddahI, cAuddAhA, coddaha, codaha, jai0 mahArASTrI meM coddasa tathA caudasa rUpa bhI milatA hai| cAridahA tathA daha cAri rUpa bhI milatA hai| saM0 cturdsh| (13) 15- jai0 mahA0 paNNarasa, apa0 paNNaraha, paNNArAhA, apa0 meM dahapaJca aura dahapaJcAI rUpa bhI milatA hai / (< paMcadaza) na0

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342 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bhA0 Ao-ma0-paMdhrA, gu0 paMdara, paMjAo-pandrA, hi0 panaraha yA pandraha, ne0 pndr| (14) 16-pA0, prA0 solasa, pA0 sorasa, apa0 solaha, solA, solahAi (< ssoddsh)| (15) 17-pA0, prA0-sattarasa apa0-dahasatta, sattAraha (< sattarasa-sattaraha (prA0), < sptdsh)| (16) 18-pA0-atThAdasa, pA0, prA0-aTThArasa, apa0-aTThAraha, aTThArahehiM, dahAI aTTha (< assttaadsh)| hi0 aTThAraha, ne0 aThAraha / (17) 19-eUNa viMsA, Navadaha (< ekonaviMzat) hi0 unniis| (18) 20-bIsa, bIsaA, bIsae (< viMzat) 21-ekkabIsaMtI, eAIsehi, eabIsattA (< ekaviMzat) 22-pA0-dvAvIsa, bAvIsa, prA0 bAvIsaM, apa0 bAisa, bAisahI, bAIsA, savibhaktika 'bAIsehi, (< dvaaviNsht)| 23-pA0-tevIsa, prAo-tebIsaM, apa0-teisa (< tryoviNsht)| 24-pAo-catuvIsa, prA0 caUvvIsam, apa0 cauvIsa, covIsa / 25-pacIsa (< * pacaIsa <* paMcaIsa <* paMcavIsa < paMcaviMzat) 26-prA0 chavvIsaM, apa0 chavvIsa. chhviis| 27-prA0 sattavIsaM, sattAvisaM, sattAvIsA, apa0 sattAIsa, sattAIsA, sattAIsAi~ (< saptaviMzat) 2S. aTA mosaM. aTThAvIsA, apa0-aTThAisa, aTThAIsA (< assttaaviNsht)| 29-unatIsa kA prAkRta rUpa auNatIsaM hai| (19) 30-pA0 tiMsa, tisA, tiMsati, prA0 apa0-tIsaM, tIsA, ap0-tiis| 32-battIsa, battisa, battIsA, battIsaha, batIsaha (< dvaatriNsht)|

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avyaya 33 - prA0 tettIsaM, apa0 tetIsa / 34 - cottIsaM, cautIsa / 35- paNatIsaM, paiMtIsa / 36- chattIsaM < chattIsa / 37 - satatIsa < saptatriMzat / 38- aTThatIsa < aSTatriMzat / 40--cAlisa, cAlIsA (< caAlIsA < cattAlIsA < catvAriMzaMt) * iAlIsaM <* eaAlIsaM < 41- iAlisa ekacatvAriMzat) / paccAsa / catuzcatvAriMzat ) 42- bAAlIsaM, beAla (< dvAcatvAriMzat) / 44-cauAlaha, cauAlisa, cauAlIsa, coAlIsai (< 343 45- pacatAlIsaha (< paMca catvAriMzat) / 46- chayAyAlIsaM > chayAlIsa / 48-ar3hatAlisa (< aThatAlisA < aTThaattAlisA < assttctvaariNshNt)| 50-paNNAsa < paJcAzat, paJcazat * paJcazat aura paMcat se 52- bAvaNa, bAvaNNa ( dvApaMcAzat ) / 60-saTTi (< saM0 SaSThi ) 62-bAsaTThi (< dvASaSThi) 64-causaTThi (< catuH SaSThi) 68 - aTThAsaTThi (< aSTa SaSThi) 70 - sattari, sattara < saM0 saptati, prA0 sattari / 71 - ehattari, ehaMttarihi (< eka saptati ) / 76 - chehattara (< SaT saptati) /

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344 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 80-asI, asiya (< ashiiti)| 82-bAsIiM, besAo (< dvyshiiti)| 84-caurAsI (< caturazIti) prA0 caurAsIi; guja0 corAsI, hio-caurAsI, nepA0-caurAsi / 88-aTThAsi (< assttaashiiti)| 90-Navadi, Navai, Naudi, nauya < saM0 navati, prA0-naui, na0 bhA0 Ao-ma0-navvad, gu0 nevU, hi0 paMjAo-navve, nepAo-navve / 96-chaNNavai, chaNNaudi (saNNavati), prA0-chaNaui, na0 bhA0 Ao-marAo-zANNava, gu0 chaNNaU, ne0 chayAnavve / 99-NavaNauyi (varisayI) < nava-navati, prA0 NavaNaui-na0 bhA0 Ao-hi0 ninyAnave / 100-saa, sau, saya < zata / 200-do sayAI, 300-tiNNa sayAI, 400-cattAri sayAI, prAkRta paiMgala-causayA milatA hai| 500-paJca sayA, 600-cha sayAI, cha sayA bhI pAyA jAtA hai aura chassayA bhI milatA hai| 1000-sahassa, sahasa < sahasra, 1008-aTThasahassaM / 100000-lakkha, lakha < lakSa, isake liye sata sahassa zabda bhI milatA hai| 10000000-koDI < kotti| (2) kramAtmaka saMkhyAvAcaka vizeSaNa paDhama, paDhamaM, paDhamo, paDhame, paDhamahi < saM0 prathama, pahillia, bIa, bIe, bIammi < saM0 dvitiiy| tIa, tIaM tIao, tialo, tIe < saM0 tRtiiy| cauThA, cautho, cautthae, cautthahi < saM0 caturtha, isake atirikta paravartI apabhraMza meM 'cArima' zabda bhI milatA hai| paMcama, paMcamA, paMcame < saM0 paMcama /

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avyaya 345 chaTTa, chaTuM, chaTTahi, chaTThama (< * SaSTha-ma) < saM0 SaSTha / sattama < saM0 saptama, aTThama < aSTa, Navama < navama / (3) samAnupAtI saMkhyAvAcaka vizeSaNa duNA, duNNa, duNNA, dUNa < saM0 dviguNitAH / tiguNa, tiNNi guNA < saM0 triguNitAH / 11-eNkkArasama, 12-bArasama, dubAlasama, 13-terasama, 14-caudasama, 15-pannarasama, 16-soLasama, 18-aTThArasama, aThArasama rUpa bhI pizela ne diyA hai, 19-egUNavIsama aura egUNa vIsaima bhI hotA hai| 20-vIsamai yA bIsa rUpa hotA hai, 30-tIsaima aura tIsa hai, 40-cattAlIsaima, 55-panna pannaima, 72-bAvattara, 80-asIima, 81-ekkAsItima (ekAsIti-tama), 82-duvAsIma (dvayAsIti-tama), 83-teyAsItima (* try-asiiti-tm)| hai 84-caurAsIma (caturAsIti-tama) 85-paMcAsIma (pNcaasiiti)| ' 86-chAsItima (sada-asIti > cha yA chaha-asI) 87-sattAsItima (sptaasiiti)| 88-aTThAsItima (assttaasiiti)| 89-ekkUNa-Navadima (ekon-nvti)| 90-Navadima (navati) 91-ekka-Navadima (eka-navati) 92-duNau dima (dvA-navati) 93-ti-NavadiM (tri-nvti)| 94-cau-NavadiM (catura-navati) 95-paMca-NavadiM (pNc-nvti)|

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346 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 96-chaNNaudiM (ssnnnnvti)| 97-sattaNaudiM (sapta-navati) 98-aTThaNaudiM (aSTa-navati) 99-NavaNavadiM (nava-navati) 100-sayamo (sht)| 101-ekottara sayama (ekottr-sht)| 102-duttara sayama (dvayuttara-zata) adhikAMza rUpoM kA DhA~cA madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke rUpoM kI taraha hI apabhraMza meM bhI hotA hai| apUrNa saMkhyA ko vyakta karane vAle zabda anya prAkRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza meM bhI hotA hai| (AdhA) ko vyakta karane ke liye addha yA aDDa < ardha zabda milatA hai| pizela (8450) kA kahanA hai ki jaisA saMskRta meM hotA hai vaisA hI prAkRta meM Der3ha, ar3hAI Adi banAne ke liye pahale addha yA aMGka rUpa usake bAda jo saMkhyA batAnI hotI hai usase U~cA gaNanA aMka rakhA jAtA hai| aDDAijja, aDDa+tijja, * tIjja, tijja se vyutpanna hotA hai=ardha tRtIya, adhuTTha, addha + * tUrtha se banA hai=ardha caturtha (=3%2); addhaTThama ardhASTama (-712); addhanavama (=87) addhachaThehiM bhimkhAsayAiM (=550) aDDAijjAiM bhikkhA sayAI (250), addhachaTThAI joyaNA (=5% yojana), 12 aMka ke liye divaDDha zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| divaDDa saMya kA prayoga (=150) Der3ha sau ke liye kiyA jAtA thaa| gaNanAtmaka saMkhyA zabda 1. a0 mA0 meM saI < sakRta hai| isakA artha eka bAra hai| 2. ekadA ke artha meM ekkasi aura ekkasiaM kA prayoga hotA hai| isake liye ekkabAraM < eka vAram bhI calatA hai|

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avyaya 347 (3) zeSa saMkhyAoM ko ginane vAlI saMkhyA ke sAtha ardhamAgadhI meM khutto < kRtvaH rUpa lagAyA jAtA thaa| dukkhutto < dvikRtvaH dobAra tikhutto aura tikkhutto < trikRtvaH tIna bAra; tisattakkhutto < trisapta kRtvaH; aNegasaya sahassakkhutto < anekazatasahasrakRtvaH hajAroM bAra / pizela ke anusAra (8451) mahArASTrI meM isake liye 'hutta' rUpa pracalita thA-saahuttaM saiMkar3oM bAra, sahassahuttaM hajAroM baar| (4) a0 ma0 bhA0 evaM apabhraMza meM hiM kA prayoga hotA thaa| yaha gaNanAtmaka kriyA vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA thA-vihiM dobAra, tihiM tIna bAra; paMcahiM=pA~ca bAra aadi| ___ 'bAra' ke artha meM cca kA bhI prayoga hotA thA doccaM, ducca dobAra'; tacca-tIna baar| (5) 'prakAra' batAne ke liye saMskRta kI bhA~ti prAkRta meM vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa viha < vidha kA prayoga hotA thA aura kriyA vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hA < dhA kA prayoga prAkRta meM hotA thaa| (ka) duviha, tiviha, cauviha, paJcaviha, chaviha, sattaviha, aTThaviha, navaviha aura dasaviha Adi / (kha) duhA, tihA, cauhA, paJcahA, chahA, sattahA, aTThahA, navahA, dasahA aadi| saMdarbha 1. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa 8434-prakAzana-bihAra rASTra bhASA pariSada, paTanA isa vibhAjana kA AdhAra hindI bhASA kA udgama aura vikAsa-pR0 509-DaoN0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI-se liyA gayA hai| 2. -

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dazama adhyAya racanAtmaka pratyaya (taddhita pratyaya) DaoN0 tagAre ne apabhraMza ke racanAtmaka pratyayoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai=(1) prArambhika pratyaya (2) paravartI prtyy| yaha vibhAjana vastutaH samasta ma0 bhA0 A0 ke liye bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| prA0 bhA0 A0 ke atirikta bahulAMza pratyaya apabhraMza ke apane haiM aura kucha dravir3a parivAra se bhI prabhAvita dIkha par3ate haiN| (1) prArambhika pratyaya (1)-a < saM0-ka. khavaNaa (kSapaNaka), bappIhaya (bASpa-iha-ka). viNua (vijuka), uTTha-baisa uThanA baiThanA / a (au) svArthe) < saM0 k| lahua < laghuka, kalaMbaa, < kadaMbaka, NaMdau < naMdaka: morau < mayUrakaH / (ka) nArthaka-agalia, aciMtia, appia, alahatia / (kha) sahArthaka-sakaeNa, sarosa, salajja, ssnnehii| (ga) prazastika vAcaka-suaNa, supurisa, sumicca, suvaMsa / (2)-a-A < Aa < AkA (svArthe strIliMga), kalaa < kalAA < * kala caMDiA < caMDiAa < * cNddikaakaa| (3)-aNa < prA0 bhA0 A0 ana + aka pratyaya kriyAoM meM prayukta hotA hai| kucha rUpa spaSTa rUpa se prA0 bhA0 A6 kI saMjJA kA vikasita rUpa hai| ukkovaNa (utkopana), payadiNa (prAktana),-iNa < ana svara parivartana ho jAtA hai-avikhaNa (avekssnn)|

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racanAtmaka pratyaya 349 aNa < prA0 - aNa < ana (bhAvavAcaka saMjJA) lakkhaNa < lakSaNa, vaMTaNa < vartanaM, jIvaNa < jIvanaM, piMdhaNa < pidhAnaM, gamaNa < gmnN| ma0 bhA0 A0 ke pUrvavartI pratyaya vAlI dhAtuoM ke udAharaNajaMpaNaya ( jampa < /jalpa), ugghAdaNi (ud- ghAtaya) kriyA pada kA nAma-vujjhaNa, jujjhaNa, jaNaNa, ghattaNa (sAmAnyatayA Vghatta kA sambandha ghRSa se kiyA jAtA hai) (4)-ia,-iya < prA0 bhA0 A0 ika, ikA, suhacchI, suhacchia < suhacchi ka,-kA; ullUriya (ulluur-iiy)| i-I (< ia < -ikA) (svArthe strIliMga) lai < laia < latikA, kittI < kittia < kIrtikA, candamuhI < caMdamuhia < caMdamukhikA, NArI < NAria < nArikA, bhUmI < bhUmia < bhUmikA / (5) ira (tAcchilya) ke bhAva meM prayukta hotA hai| (isakA prayoga Rgveda meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai-ajira (zIghra), dhvasira (kSINa) isira, ajira Adi) vizeSaNa; yaha prAyaH pUrNa kAlika kriyA meM prayukta hotA hai| prA0, apa0-gholira (cakkara lagAnA) hasira (strI0-hasirI) muskurAnA, Naccari (strI0) (nAcanA); vajjira (dhvani karanA), tacca-jampira (niSprayojana bAta karanA), bahu-sikhiri (strI0) (bar3A vidvAna); bhIira (bhayabhIta) (vasu0) kIllirI (kRda)-kRdana zIla, hiMsira (/hiMsa) = heSaNazIla, cAvira (carva) = carvaNazIla, gasiru (grasa)=grasana-zIla, kandira ( kranda) hallira (halla) hasira (hs)| (6) ima-a0 mA0-khAima, gaNahiM, apa0-khAima, sAima ( svd)| (7) illa < prA0 bhA0 A0-ra yA la-sohilla, kaDilla, khaDilla, pahilla, kuMbhilla, lohilla, pucchilla, puvvilla, rasilla / (8) evva < prA0 bhA0 A0-tavya-vaMcevva (VvaMca), jANevvi (Vjaanne)| (9) ga < prA0 bhA0 A0-ka-khamaga=kSamaka < = kSma - rAkSapaka < VkSapa-jANaga ( jANa)=jJAyaka;

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350 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (10) tAra prA0 bhA0 Ao-tR: ahittAra (abhivak-ta), kattAra (kara-tR) adhikAMza prA0 bhA0 A0 ke pratyaya kI prakRti se hama paricita haiM, prA0 bhA0 A0 ke mUla pratyaya kA bhAva (dhara-ma) ma0 bhA0 A0 ke pUrvavartI apabhraMza meM pUrNa rUpa se samApta ho gayA thaa| (2) paravartI pratyaya nimnalikhita pratyaya paravartI rUpoM meM pAye jAte haiN| 1. a < prA0 bhA0 A0-ka-bAdhaa (vRddhaka); saMtAviya-a (saMtApitaka), ahANaa (AbhANaka), tuTTiyaa (truTitaka) visaria (vismRtk)| svArthika a-vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta-agala, apUra, ueDa, tuccha, nia, vahilla, appaNa, eha, jeha, tevaDDa, mahAra, kera, sarvanAma-appa, ekkamekka ___ 2. a < prA0 bhA0 A0-strIliMga-gattia (gAtrikA=gAtrI), tarUNa, (tarUNI). 3. Aka-aka-vizeSaNa-parAya < parAka, vArANasIyaka yA vANArasIyaka-banArasa kA rahane vaalaa| ___4. Ara-soNNaAra (svarNa-kAra), sUNAra (sUnA+kAra), amhAra, hi0 hamAra, tumhAra (vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM), ahagAra (agha-kAra) ka kA ga-hemacandra 8/4/3961 5. ArI < Aria <-kArika (kAra+ika) bhikhArI < bhikkhAAria <-bhiAkSAkArika / 6. Ala < prA0 bhA0 Ao-Ala-Ara aura Alu pratyaya mat aura vat ke artha meM kAma meM lAye jAte haiM-saddAla < zabdavat, rasAla < rasavat, NiddAla < * nidrAvata, harisAla < harSavat, sohAla, bhukkhAla, dhamdhevAlu, NiddAlu < nidrAlu, IsAlu < IrSyAlu, daAlu < dayAlu /

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51 7. illa aura ulla pratyaya bhI mat tathA vat pratyaya ke artha meM hotA hai - chailla (= catura, vidagdha ) isakI utpatti pizela ne * chavilla se mAnI hai jo ki chavI se sambandhita hai aura isakA saMskRta rUpa chavi hai| gAmilla (=kisAna), gAmilliA (= kisAna kI strI), sohilla, kaDilla, khaDilla, pahilla, kuMbhilla, nAma vizeSaNa / ulla kA prayoga bahuta kama pAyA jAtA hai yaha bhI usI artha meM prayukta hotA hai - matupa ke artha meN| piullaa - priya, muhulla< mukha, aura hathullA < hastau maDaulla, kaDaulla, aharulla, suNahulla, hiyaulla - svArthika pratyaya / alla, ala pratyaya bhI isI artha meM prayukta hotA hai - ekalla < eka, mahalla < mahat, andhalla < andha aMdhala rUpa bhI pracalita hai / navalla < navala, svArtha pratyaya | racanAtmaka pratyaya 8. la (ra) - lla pratyaya kA prayoga svArtha meM vizeSaNa ke liye prayukta hotA hai| paMgula, pakkala < pakva, ekkala, pattala, mokkala, Naggala, aggala, piyalA (= piala < priya + laH) hialA (< hRdaya+laH) / 9. ara ( a ) - Ara ( a ) - mAlArI < mAlAkArI, cittaara citrakAra, aMdhAra < aMdhakAra, vippiaAraa - vipriya kAraka, diNaara < dinakara, soNAra < svarNakAra / = 10. ira < prA0 bhA0 A0 - ira, vizeSaNa - guhira < guhA + vajjira < vajra + surosira (suroSa), gaggira < gadagada, lambira (lamba) jampira < jalpa, bhamira < bhramara, ud + zvas kA rUpa Usasira; gavvira aura strI0 gavvirI rUpa garva se banA hai / vivarera (svArthika pratyaya) pasAhira, Nabhira / tAcchilya ke artha meM bhI ira pratyaya kA prayoga hotA hai-kIlirI ( / kRda) = kRdana zIla; hiiMsira (/ hiMsa) = heSaNazIla, cAvira (/carva) - carvaNazIla; kandira (kranda) - cillAnA, hallira (halla - ghUmanA ) / 11. ima-bhAvavAcaka saMjJA vizeSaNa banAne meM isakA prayoga hotA hai-gahIrima (gabhIra), vaMkima (vakra), sarisima (sadRza), muNIsima, pA0 - majjhi< madhyama /

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352 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ima < iman kA prayoga sAmAnya artha meM muNIsima, vaMkima < vakra+, kArima (* kAra-ima kRtrima), khAima < khAda, sAima < svaady| 12. iya < prA0 bhA0 A0 parAiya < parakIya, mahaiya (mahat) / 13. itta pratyaya mat aura vat ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai = kavvaitta < kAvya, mANaitta < mAna, pANaitta < prANa / pulliMga meM ittaa aura strIliMga meM ittiA hotA hai = paohara vitthAraittaa < payodhara vistaaryukt| 14. ia < ika-vizeSaNa-pahiu < pathia < pathika, paMthia < * paMthika, jAitthia < * yAdRztika / __15. iA < ikA-saaddiA < sAkaTikA, vasantaseNiA < * vsntsenikaa| 16. ika, * ikya-macciya < * maryika <* martyaka, bhAlika < * bhArika < bhAravat, bappIkI (strI0) < vappa, ika kA ia bhI ho jAtA hai-savvaMgiya < sarvAMgINa / ____17. illa + ka-mA0-gharilla < ghara +, mukkalaa < mukta +, gAmellaa < grAma, paDihatthelliya < pratihasta / 18. ira-vizeSaNa-guhira < guhA +, vajjira < vajra / 19. I (strI0)-diTThI < dRSTa, tanu sarIri, paraputthi, kumArI, vaMkI, sakaNNI, kRdanta kA I pratyaya-diNNI, rUTThI, jaMaMti, gnnNti| ___ 20. itta-< prA0 bhA0 Ao-i-tra yA-i-tri-isakA prayoga bahata kama pAyA jAtA hai-chadAitta (chanda-itra chanda-vat), kavvaita (kAvya), mANaitta (maan)| 21. ttiya < prA0 bhA0 A0 * tika < tA + ika kriyA vizeSaNa ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai-ettiya (*ayat-tika) iyat / 22. tula < prA0 bhA0 A0 * tula < tA+ula, yaha pratyaya kriyA vizeSaNa se vizeSaNa banAyA jAtA hai ettula (etAvat), kettula (kiyat), jettula (yAvat). tittula (taavt)|

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racanAtmaka pratyaya 353 23. tta kA prayoga tva pratyaya kI jagaha hotA hai| bahudhA sampradAna kAraka meM ttAe kA prayoga hotA hai pupphatta < puSpatva, pumatta < puMsatva, mANusatta < manuSyatva, sIyatta < shiittv| 24. ttaNa pratyaya kA prayoga tva aura tA ke bhAva artha meM hotA hai-vaDDattaNa=bar3AI, dhammattaNa <* dharmatvan, kuDilattaNa, tuMgattaNa, thirattaNa, garuyattaNa, gUDhattaNa, bhiccattaNa, mUThattaNa, sayaNattaNa, pattattaNa, tilattaNa, ttaNa pratyaya ke sAtha kabhI ya bhI jur3atA hai-thirattaNaya, vaDDattaNaya, tilattaNa, apabhraMza meM ttaNa meM tta kI jagaha ppa bhI hotA thA-vaDDuppaNa-vaDDattaNa < * vaDratvan / gahilattaNa, gahilappaNa, siddhttnn| 25. ka pratyaya kA prayoga svArthika hotA hai| isakA kabhI a, ya aura u yA iya Adi ho jAtA hai| kabhI kabhI do ka pratyaya bhI jor3A jAtA hai-jaise-bahuaya (he0 2,164); lahua < laghuka, NaMdau (< naMdaka), jantiau, rahiau, thaviau, phulliau, kahiau, tiya (striAka) ka kA ga-geheantaga, kya kA kka ho jAtA hai-pArakka meM kya pratyaya rAikka < rAjakIya-ikya pratyaya goNikka Adi / kha-(sukha, dukha) navakha (-khI) nkkhii| 26. Da saMskRta < t pratyaya kA prayoga bhI svArthe hotA hai kintu isase artha meM koI parivartana nahIM hotaa| isa Da pratyaya ke bAda kabhI kabhI a=ka pratyaya bhI dekhane meM AtA hai-he0 8/4/429 aura 430 kaNNaDaa < karNa, hia DauM, he0 8/4/432-davvaDaa < dravya, 8/4/419, 1-desaDa, 4/418, 6-desaDaa < deza, doSaDA < doSa, 4/379,1-mANusaDa < mAnuSa, mAriaDa < mArita, 4/422, 1 mittaDa < mitra, raNNaDaa < araNya 4/38 he0 8/4/419,1 hatthaDa aura hatthaDaa < hasta, 8/4/422 - hiaDA, hiaDa < * hRda < hRd 4/414, 2-maNiaDa < maNi-ka+Ta haiM < maNikaTa / isameM aDa pratyaya nahIM hai| strIliMga ke anta meM-DI AtA hai-4/431-NiddaDI < nidrA, he0 4/432 suvattaDI < shrutvaatii| saMskRta meM jina zabdoM ke i aura

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354 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi I lagAkara strIliMga banAyA jAtA hai unake anta meM apabhraMza meM aDI bhI hotA hai-goraDI < gaurI, 4/424-buddhaDi < buddhi; bhumhaDi < bhUmi, he0 4/422, 22 mabmIsaDI < mA bhaiSIH; he0 8/4/430-rattaDI < rAtri, hema0 8/4/414, 2-vibhantaDI < vibhrAnti / ka pratyaya ke sAtha bhI yaha pratyaya AtA hai-dhUlaDiA < * dhUlakaTikA < dhuuli| pizela kA kahanA hai ki yahA~ aDa pratyaya nahIM huA hai, madhyastha pratyaya dikhAI detA hai| Da to apabhraMza bolI kI apanI vizeSatA hai, dUsare pratyayoM ke sAtha-ka rUpa meM bhI jor3A jAtA hai| hema0 4/430,3 bAha bahullaDA < bAhAbala tathA bAha bahullaDaa meM ulla kI yahI sthiti hai arthAta antima udAharaNa meM-ulla+Da+ka Aye haiN| 27. taka-tika-parimANa vAcaka vizeSaNa-prA0 etti (ka) ap0-tttk| 28. taya evi-ettavi, jettaMvi, tettvi| 29. tama-uttima uttm| 30. tA-bhatitA, sunnasahAvatA, tAhe-ettAhe (abhii)| 31. tra, trika, trikA (strI0) sthAna kA kriyA vizeSaNa-paratta / 32. Dettula-ettula,-ettula, kettula, tettula, jettula-saMskRta meM pUrvokta pratyaya kI jagaha taDita ataH pratyaya lagAkara itaH, kutaH, yataH, tataH rUpa hotA thA-hindI yahA~, vahA~, kahA~ ityAdi hotA hai| yaha avyaya rUpa kI taraha prayukta hotA hai| 33. du-rAha pratyaya pUrvI apabhraMza meM prayukta hotA hai rUkkhadu (* rukSa) vRkSa, tarUNIdu (tarUNI), bhUmidu (bhUmi), vaNa-du (vana) anyatra isakA prayoga nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| 34. dha pratyaya kriyA vizeSaNa samaya aura sthAna ke liye prayukta hotA hai-idha, dha ko ha hokara mahArASTrI meM iha prA0-aha, jaha, taha (ihai raDantau jaai)| 35. nI-inI (strI0) bhikkhunI, sissinii|

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racanAtmaka pratyaya 355 36. manta-saMjJA vizeSaNa-guNamanta, dhanamanta, kabhI-kabhI manta ma hI avaziSTa rahatA hai| vajjamA / mata aura vat ke rUpa manta aura vanta ho jAte haiN| 37. la, (-ra), lla-saMjJA vizeSaNa-prA0 pakkala < pakva + apa0-ekala, pattala, dIhara, mokkala (Da) a-Naggala, tAhara-(usakA), tuhAra, amhAra (hama logoM kA), mahAra-(merA), veggala, vaMcayara (< vaMcaka) bahilla (< bhir)| 38. va < prA0 bhA0 Ao-vat, mat yaha saMjJA vizeSaNa pratyaya hai| va < prA0 bhA0 A0 vat sAmAnya prAkRta kA vikasita rUpa hai| pariniSThita saMskRta meM mat pratyaya kA prayoga hotA hai| haNuva < * hanu-vat=0 mt| apabhraMza meM yaha va se samApta hotA hai| candakava (candraka-vata) dUsarI prAkRta boliyoM meM bhI yaha pAyA jAtA hai| 39. vAla < prA0 bhA0 A0-vata-dhandha=vAla-lajjAvat (pAhar3adohA 122), dhaya dhandhA aura Nara lajjA ke liye prayukta huA hai| guttivAlaa < guptipaalk| 40. hara (< dhara) dharAhara-(bAdala), mahihar (prvt)| 41. risa < prA0 bhA0 Ao-dRSa kriyA vizeSaNa saMjJA vizeSaNa banAne meM prayukta hotA hai-erisa (IdRSa), kerisa (kIdRSa) aadi| 42. la-li, liya (strI0) < prA0 bhA0 Ao-ta DaoN0 tagAre ke anusAra yaha Ala, Alu, illa, aura ulla se bhinna hai isakI vyutpatti prA0 bhA0 A0 ra yA la se kI jA sakatI hai-pottalI (potta-peTa), andhalaya (andha), pUrvI apabhraMza, Naggala (nagna); alla-na-valla (nava), pazcimI apabhraMza-mahalla (mahata), ekkaliya / 43. (e) ha-u < ma0 bhA0 A0-isa, prA0 bhA0 A0-dRSa, saMjJA vizeSaNa ke liye kriyA vizeSaNa meM prayukta hotA hai jehau (yAdRza) tehau (tAdRza), kehau (kIdRza) aadi| 44. ha (<-kha) +-ka-prAo-zuNahaka-(kuttA) (pA0 sunakha). apa0 mecchhk-(lutteraa)|

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356 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ___45. iyA <-u +-ya A (strI0)-ajjaviyA < Rja, lAvIyA, lahui <-lahuIbhUyA (laghvIbhUtA) maddaciyA < mRdu, socaviyA < * zocavyA < shuci| apabhrazaM meM ina racanAtmaka pratyayoM ke atirikta aura bhI pratyaya ho sakate haiM jo ki prAkRta meM pracalita the| kintu apabhraMza me zanaiH-zanaiH pratyayoM ke prayoga meM bhI saralIkaraNa hotA gyaa| dhvani parivartana ke kAraNa bahuta se pratyaya ghisakara ekarUpatA meM parivartita ho gye| jaisA ki paM0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne kahA hai ki illa, ulla, Da Adi svArthika pratyaya apabhraMza meM bahuta pahale A gaye the| kabhI-kabhI-eka, do aura tIna pratyayoM kA yoga bhI milatA hai : sAbhi sarosu salajju piu, sImA saMdhihi vaasu| pekkhivi bAhubalullaDA, dhaNa mellai niisaasu|| hemacandra yahA~ 'balullaDA' meM bala zabda ke 'ulla' aura 'Da' do svArthika pratyaya juTe hue haiN| parantu artha meM kucha bhI parivartana nahIM huA hai| Da kA udAharaNa doSar3A (hem0)| isI se hindI meM hiyarA, jiyarA, gahelar3I Adi banA hai| hemacandra kI apabhraMza ke kucha pramukha upasarga 1. narthaka-a-< prA0 bhA0 A0-ana, a| agalia, aciMtia, aDohia, appia, alahatia, abuhaacalu, asuddhau, asaraNA, asAru, he0 8/4/396-asaihiM (asatIbhiH), 4/396-akiA (akRta) 4/442,7-asaThThalu (asAdhAraNaH), 4/ 422-apUraya (apUrNa), 4/440-asesu, 4/423-acintiya (acintit)| (2) aNu < prA0 bhA0 Ao-'anu' 8/4/422,9-aNurattAu (aNuraktAH ); 4/428-aNudiyahu (anudivasAH)

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racanAtmaka pratyaya 357 aNuNei (anunayati), aNuttara (3) ava < prA0 bhA0 Ao-'aba' 8/4/395,6 avaguNu (avaguNa) avataria (avtrit)| (4) A < prA0 bhA0 Ao-A 8/4/419-aviTTai (Avartate), 4/422-Avahi (Agacchasi); 4/422-AlavaNu (Alapana), 4/422 AdannahaM (aartaanaaN)| (5) u < prA0 bhA0 Ao-ut uppattiM (utpattiM), uei (udeti), uAsINa (udAsIna) uvvaria (upavAritaH) . 6. ni < prA0 bhA0 A0-ni, nira : he0 8/4/395 nivAraNu (nivAraNa), nijjau (nirjitaH), nigghiNa (nirghiNaM), 4/395-nisaMku (niHzaMkaH), 4/401 nijjiau (nirjitaH), 4/401-niruvama-rasa (nirUpama-rasa), nivaDai. (nipatati), 4/401 nirAmai (nirAmaye), 4/395,3 niattai (nibAhanA), 4/419-nivANu (nirvANa); 4/422- niccintiya (nizcinta); 7. du < prA0 bhA0 Ao-dur he0 8/4/386 dubhikkheM (durbhikSaNa), dubbala (durbl)| 8. pa < prA0 bhA0 A0-pra he0 8/4/396 pampAmhaTThau (pramRSTa; 4/396-)paphulliaMu (praphullitaH); payAsu (prayAsa), pamANa (pramANa), payAvadI (prajApati), paNaTThai (pranaSTaH), 4/395, 4-pavAsuahaM (pravAsitAnAM), 4/419-pamANu (pramANa), 4/419-pavasante (pravasatA), 4/422 pamANiau (pramANitaH), 9. pari, paraM < prA0 bhA0 Ao-pari, parama he0 8/4/389 pariharai (pariharati), paricalai (paricalati). pariharia (parihRtya), 4/422, 8-paramatthu (paramArtha) 4/425 parihAsaDI (parihAsa),

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358 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 10. vi < prA0 bhA0 Ao-vi he0 8/4/ 396-viNijjaau (vinirjitaH), 4/395 vitthAru (vistAra) 4/423-vippia Arau (vipriya kArakaH), 4/424-viAli (vikAle), vicchoha guru (vikSobhakaraH), visamA (viSamA), visiTu (viziSTa), 11. sahArthaka sa, he0 8/4/401-sadosu (sadoSaH), 4/420-saloNI (salAvaNyA); 4/430-salajju (salajjaH ), 4/439,3 sarosu (saroSaH), sasaNehI (sasnehA), sakaNNa (sakarNikA), __12. prAzastya vAcaka su < prA0 bhA0 Ao-su he0 8/4/422-supurisa (supurUSaH), 4/422,90-suaNehi (sujanaiH), 4/423, 2-suhacchaDI (sukhAsikA), suvaMsa, sukai (sukaviH) 13. saM0 < prA0 bhA0 Ao-sam he0 8/4/395, 2 saMsittau (saMsiktaH) 4/395/5-saMmuha (sammukha), 4/422 saMveravi (saMvarItuM), 4/422-saMpaDiya (saMpatitaH), saMhAra (saMhAra), 14. ku < prA0 bhA0 A0-ku kugai (kugatiH) isa prakAra hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM pUrvokta upasarga upalabdha hote haiN| isake alAvA aura bhI upasarga apabhraMza meM ho sakate haiN| jo ki prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA se calate A rahe haiN| saMdarbha 1. hindI sAhitya kA Adi kAla, pRSTha 43 prakAzana rASTrabhASA pariSada paTanA

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ekAdaza adhyAya kriyApada dhAtu-pratyaya-preraNArthaka-vikAra yukta prakriyA zrI ulanara ke anusAra madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM saMjJA kI apekSA kriyAoM meM bahuta parivartana huaa| samAnyatayA sAdhAraNa dhvani niyama kA prabhAva vyaMjanAtmaka kriyAoM para adhika pdd'aa| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA ke vyaMjanAnta rUpa prAyaH svarAnta ho gye| kAraka rUpoM kI bhA~ti kriyA meM bhI saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti rhii| kriyAoM ke vividha rUpa ekarUpatA meM pariNata ho gye| ekarUpatA kI yaha pravRtti purAnI prAkRta meM nahIM pAI jAtI kintu paravartI prAkRta aura apabhraMza kAla taka Ate-Ate kevala eka kriyA rUpa avaziSTa rhaa| ina rUpoM meM yadyapi bahuta sI aniyamitatAyeM bhI pAI jAtI haiM phira bhI ina rUpoM ne isa kAla ko purAnI paddhati ke kAla se pRthaka kara diyaa| isa prakAra saMskRta meM bahuta se kriyApadoM kA pracalana thaa| una sabakA apabhraMza meM abhAva ho calA, jaise apabhraMza meM akArAnta nAmoM kI pradhAnatA ho calI, vyaMjanAnta samApta ho cle| saMskRta vibhaktiyoM kA atyadhika hAsa ho calA thA, kriyApadoM meM bhI bahuta kamI ho calI thii| Atmanepada samAptaprAya sA ho calA thaa| kintu kucha avaziSTa rUpa jarUra bace rahe jaise saMskRta ke anukaraNa para picchae, lubhae, lakkhae Adi prayoga pAye jAte haiN| kRdanta ke prayogoM meM Atmanepada kA rUpa pAyA jAtA hai-vaTTamANa, pavissamANa, Adi rUpa bhI milate haiN| apabhraMza meM bahuta kama lakAra ho gye| saMskRta meM ye lakAra kAloM ke bodhaka hote the, saMskRta meM 10 lakAroM kA prayoga hotA

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi thA, gyArahavAM eka 'leT lakAra' bhI thA jo ki kevala vaidika lakAroM meM hI prayukta hotA thA / vartamAna kAla ke liye laT lakAra' kA prayoga hotA thA / bhaviSyat kAla ke liye lRT lakAra tathA bhUta kAla ke liye liT lakAra prayukta hotA thA / yaha lakAra anadyatana bhUta ke liye prayukta hotA thA / anadyatana bhaviSya meM luT, anadyatana bhUta meM laMG evaM luG lakAra prayukta hotA thA / avaziSTa loT, liMG (vidhi evaM AziSa liMGa) evaM lRG lakAra, AzIrvAda vidhi evaM hetuhetumadbhAvAdi arthoM meM luGa bhI hotA thA / saMskRta meM bhUtakAla ke liye kRdanta niSThA kta - ktavatu pratyaya kA bhI prayoga hotA thaa| saMskRta meM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhUta ke artha ko spaSTa karane ke liye vibhinna lakAra the, jinake prayogoM se artha nirNaya meM saralatA hotI thI, parantu pAli ke samaya meM yaha niyama DhIlA ho calA / prAkRta ke yuga meM bhUtakAla ke sabhI lakAra vinaSTa ho cle| kevala svarAnta dhAtuoM se bhUta ke artha meM vihita pratyayoM ke sthAna para hI, sI, tathA hIa pratyaya hote the jaise - kAsI, kAhI aura kAhIa (saMskRta-akArSIt, akarot cakAra ityAdi) Adi / prAkRta prakAzakAra vararuci ke mata meM 'ia' pratyaya kA bhI prayoga hotA thA / yahI ia pratyaya prAkRta meM vyaMjanAnta dhAtuoM se pare bhUta artha meM hotA thA, jaise- geNhIa (saM0 jagrAha ) / kintu apabhraMza kA yuga Ate-Ate bhASA meM saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa ye bhUtakAlika prAkRta ke rUpa bhI ghisate ghisate samApta ho gaye / phalataH apabhraMza meM bhUtakAla ke dyotana ke liye kRdanta kA prayoga hone lgaa| adyatana aura anadyatana bhUta ke liye kriyAti pattyartha (Conditional) samApta ho calA - Asi< aasiit| hauM Asi ghittu vivAe jiNeppiNu / Nau jakkhahaM rakkhahaM kinnarAhaM lai itthu Asi saMcarU narAha; karmaNi bhUta-kRdanta pryog| saMskRta meM bhUtakAla ke liye niSThA kta, ktavatu kA prayoga hotA thA / ktavatu = tavat +tavAn kA prayoga kartRvAcya meM tathA kta=ta kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA 'bhAva karmaNi' hotA thA / kintu apabhraMza meM bhUtakAla ke artha dyotana ke liye kRdanta kta=ta 360 =

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kriyApada 361 pratyaya kA hI prayoga hotA thA aura ktavatu pratyaya kA prayoga samApta ho gyaa| ktavatu pratyaya ke samApta hone kA kAraNa saMbhavataH bhASA ke saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti hI rhii| saMskRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza meM bhI kta kA prayoga bhAva karmaNi hotA thaa| pariNAmataH vAkya kI sajAvaTa meM eka hI jagaha karmavAcya evaM kartRvAcya kA prayoga hone lgaa| udAharaNa: 1. 'viTTIe maI bhaNiya tuhu~ mA kuru vaMkI ditttthi| 2. DhollA maI tuhu~ vAriyA mA kuru dIhA maannu| (hemacandra) pUrvokta donoM udAharaNoM meM 'bhaNiya' tathA 'vAriyA' meM ktta pratyaya kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa vAkya racanA karmaNi huI hai tathA donoM kA uttarArddha kartRvAcya meM huA hai| yahI sthiti sarvatra pAI jAtI hai| kRdanta pratyaya ke prayoga ke kAraNa pariNAma yaha huA ki apabhraMza kA bhUtakAlika prayoga bhAva karmaNi hone lgaa| isa taraha jaisA ki DaoN0 sunIti kumAra cATA ne likhA haiM ki Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASA ke adhikAMza sUkSma kAla tathA bhAva rUpa dhIre-dhIre naSTa ho gaye, aura anta meM dvitIya ma0 bhA0 Ao avasthA meM kevala eka kartari vartamAna, eka karmaNi vartamAna, eka bhaviSyat (nirdezaka rUpa meM), eka anujJArthaka tathA eka vidhi liGa vartamAna rUpa pracalita rahe; sAtha hI kucha vibhakti sAdhita bhUta rUpa bhI bace rahe, yathA-bhUtakAla kA nirdeza sAdhAraNatayA 'ta,-ita'; (yA-na) sAdhita karmaNi kRdanta yA niSThA dvArA hone lagA, aura yaha kRdanta, kriyA akarmaka hone para karttA ke, evaM sakarmaka hone para karma ke vizeSaNa kA kArya karatA thaa| isa prakAra, uparyukta rUpa kI sakarmaka kriyA kA bhUtakAla vAstava meM karmavAcya meM hI hotA thA, aura isIliye kriyA kA bhUtakAlika rUpa svabhAvataH vizeSaNa kA kArya karane lgaa| niSkarSa yaha ki apabhraMza meM tIna lakAra laT, loT aura lRT lakAra kI kriyAyeM pAI jAtI haiN| vidhiliG ke bhI kucha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| bhUtakAla ke liye kRdanta kA prayoga hotA thaa| isa prakAra apabhraMza meM hameM samApikA evaM asamApikA kriyAoM ke do rUpa milate haiM

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362 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi samApikA kriyAoM ke rUpa 1. vartamAna nirdezaka prakAra (prejeMTa iMDikeTiva) 2. AjJA prakAra (impereTiva) 3. bhaviSyat (phyUcara) 4. vidhi prakAra (opTeTiva) asamApikA kriyAoM ke rUpa 1. vartamAna kAlika kRdanta (prejeMTa pArTisipila) 2. karmavAcya bhUtakAlika kRdanta (pesiva pAsTa pArTisipila) 3. bhaviSyatkAlika karmavAcya kRdaMta (jIraMDa) 4. pUrvakAlika asamApikA kriyA (ebsolyUTiva) 5. tumanta rUpa (inaphiniTiva) sAdhAraNataH tIna prakAra (Moods) pAye jAte haiM :-1. nirdezaka prakAra (iMDikeTiva) 2. AjJA prakAra (impereTiva) tathA 3. vidhi prakAra (opttettiv)| saMyojaka prakAra (sabjaMkTiva mUDa) kA koI alaga se rUpa nahIM hai| yahA~ nirdeza prakAra ke sAtha hI 'jai' (yadi) jor3akara saMyojaka prakAra ke bhAva kI vyaMjanA karAI jAtI hai| jaise' :sera ekka jai pAvau~ ghittA, muMDA bIsa pakAvau~ nnittaa| . (prAkRta paiMgalam 1,130) ekA kittI kijjai juttI jai sujjhe (prA0 paiM0 2,142) prA0 bhA0 Ao. meM do pada milate haiM:-parasmaipada aura Atmane pada / prAkRta meM Atmanepada kA prayoga kama vyavahRta hone lgaa| apabhraMza kA yuga Ate-Ate Atmanepada samAptaprAya sA ho claa| phira bhI kucha rUpa avaziSTa se rhe| saMskRta ke anukaraNa para kucha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| kabhI-kabhI chando nirvAhArtha bhI katipaya AtmanepadIya rUpa paravartI apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiN| yaha prAyaH caraNa ke anta meM pAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta paiMgalam meM Atmanepada ke rUpaH

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kriyApada 363 sohae (1,158), dIsae (1,186), kijjae (1,186) aadi| sandeza rAsaka meM bhI pro0 bhayANI ne 'bhaNe' (95, bhaNAmi) 'daDDae' (130) 'baDDae' (120) Adi rUpoM ko AtmanepadI mAnA hai jo ki chandapUrtyartha prayukta hue haiN| niSkarSa yaha ki apabhraMza ke yuga Ate hI logoM ko sAmAnyataH isase chuTTI milI kintu bhAva karmaNi prayoga meM Atmanepada ne apanA svAmitva nahIM tyaagaa| yaha avazya hai ki bhAvaM karma meM saMskRta Atmane pada kA vikasita rUpa hI pAyA jAtA hai| jaisA ki DaoN0 tagAre' ne bhI likhA hai ki apabhraMza kI dhAtuoM meM sakarmaka evaM akarmaka bheda prAcIna bhASAoM kI hI taraha rhaa| isa kAraNa apabhraMza meM dhAtuoM kA rUpa bhAva karma ko chor3a kara anyatra prAyaH parasmaipadI hI rhaa| prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI dhAtuyeM daza gaNoM meM vibhakta thIM tathA una dhAtuoM kA rUpa gaNa viziSTa vikaraNoM ke anusAra calatI thiiN| kintu una gaNoM meM 'bhvAdi gaNa' sabase bar3A thaa| isa kAraNa sabase adhika rUpa usI' ke pracalita hue| zanaiH zanaiH gaNoM kA hrAsa hone lgaa| apabhraMza ke yuga meM gaNoM kA bheda miTa sA gyaa| bhvAdi gaNa ne saba para apanA Adhipatya jmaayaa| anya gaNa vAcI dhAtuoM kA rUpa isI kI bhA~ti calane lgaa| udAharaNa-ceai < saM0 curAdi0 cetayati, roai < saM0 tudAdi roditi, divvaI < saM0 divAdi divyati, haNai < saM0 hanti / saMskRta ke dasoM gaNoM meM sArvadhAtuka vikaraNa viziSTa rUpa hote the| vikaraNa, dhAtu se bhinna hotA thaa| sArvadhAtuka saMjJA vAle lakAroM meM vikaraNa kA Agama hotA thaa| isI se gaNoM kA bheda jJAta hotA thaa| apabhraMza meM inhIM vikaraNa viziSTa dhAtu rUpoM kA bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA jANai < jA+znA-jAnAti, bujjhai < budha + zyan = budhyati, karai < kara + u=(tanAdi kRbhyaH u:-pA0 3/1/79) karoti, suNai < sunoti, zrR+znu=zrRNoti, paDai < pat+zap=patati, grathai < gratha+znA=grathanAti, ghrii < ghrA+zlu jighrati /

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hai apabhraMza meM kucha aisI dhAtuoM ke rUpoM kA prayoga huA jo ki saMskRta lakAroM se bane hue rUpoM ke prayoga haiN| jaise- pekkhai < saM0 prekSyati, dekkhai < saM0 drakSyati / 364 uparyukta dhAtu rUpa kartRvAcya ke haiN| kartRvAcya ke dhAtu rUpoM kA parivartana bhI pAyA jAtA hai| karmavAcya kA rUpa saMskRta meM vikaraNa 'yak' lagAkara AtmanepadI tiG kA pratyaya hotA thA / apabhraMza meM isakA bhI vikasita rUpa dhAtuoM meM grahIta huA upapajjai < utpada + yak= utpadyate, dhippai < ghipa + ya = ghipyate, chijjai < kSip + ya=kSipyate, bujjhai < budh + ya = budhyate ityAdi / kRdantaja rUpoM se bane hue dhAtuoM kA bhI grahaNa huA - iTThai < pra+viza+kta=praviSTa, laggai < lagna = laga+kta, sa~dai < sam+stra+kta=saMstrata / DaoN0 griyarsana" ke anusAra prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM bhI bahuta sI dhAtuyeM dhvani ke anukaraNa para banIM, jaise- gulagulai (hAthI ke samAna), salasalai (paudhA yA jAnavaroM ke AdhAra para dhImI avAja), kilakilai (pUrNa prasannatA ke anusaraNa meM) / saMskRta meM akArAnta dhAtuoM se preraNArthaka kriyAyeM 'puka' pa kA Agama karake kriyA banAyI jAtI thI jaise- dApayati, dApitaH, sthApayati, sthApitaH, prApayati, prApitaH ityAdi / isI 'paya' yA 'AyaM' se pAli evaM prAkRta ke vikAsa ke bAda apabhraMza meM ava lagA kara dhAtuoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA, jaise- dAvai (dA), thAvai (thA sthA), viNNavai (vi+jJA), cintavaiM (cinta), bollAvai (bollai bolanA ); tosAvai (tuSa); pUrvI apabhraMza meM va kI jagaha ba hotA hai. paribhAbai (pari+bhU); dahAbiya (daha), = = DaoN0 tagAre" kA kahanA hai ki kabhI-kabhI dhAtuoM ke mUla svara meM vRddhi bhI ho jAtI thI (mukhyatayA a aura i, u kA guNa )

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kriyApada 365 aura usake sAtha aya zabda rUpa jor3a diyA jAtA thAH-udAharaNa jhaMkhA aI (/jhaMkha 'kruddha honA-he0 8/4/140) likkhAviya, lihAviya ityaadi| kucha mUla aura vikaraNa yukta rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiM __NAsai (nasayati, nAsayati), pAvai (*prApatiH prApayati), dalai (dalati, dalayati); khavai (kSamati, kSAmayati / kSapa bhI) gamai (*gamati, gamayati), Namai (namati, namayati); apabhraMza meM pratyayAnta dhAtu (Derivative Roots) pAye jAte haiN| preraNArthaka kriyA (Nijanta); bAra-bAra artha batAne vAlA dhAturUpa (yaGanta), nAma dhAtu ke bhI kucha kSINa rUpa kabhI-kabhI dIkha jAte haiM :(ka) preraka dhAtu-paisArai, viujjhAvai, pahAvai, naccAvai / (kha) yaGanta prakriyA-marumArai, dhaMdhai, jAjAhi musumuuri| (ga) nAma dhAtu-suhAvai, jagaDai, hakkArai aadi| (gha) cvi prakaraNa kI nAma dhAtu-samara sihUvAha, baMdhikiu, goarihoi (Da.) dhvani dhAtu-kilikiMcai, giNagiNai, gumagumai, dhavadhavai, ruhuruhai, kulu kulai aadi| upari nirdiSTa rUpoM ke prayogoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki apabhraMza kI dhAtu rUpa paddhati sAmAnyataH prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA ke dhAtu rUpoM para vikAsAtmaka dRSTi DAlane se yaha bAta pUrNatayA spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki apabhraMza rUpoM kA nirmANa saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke vikasita rUpoM para hI Azrita hai| isa bAta kI puSTi jyU blaoNka'3 mahodaya ne kI hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM ko dekhane se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta ke parasmaipada ke AdhAra para kucha rUpa jyoM ke tyoM surakSita haiM:-kuru 8/4/330, bhuMjanti 8/4/ 335, vasanti 8/4/339, gaNanti, entu 8/4/347, vihasanti 8/4/365, majjanti 8/4/339, gaNanti, bhaNanti ityaadi| saMskRta ke ye rUpa

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi yA to prAkRta se hote hue Aye hoM yA sIdhe hI Aye hoM / prAkRta kAnti, si Adi pratyaya to bahuta sthaloM para chAye hue haiN| pAli ke bhI kucha rUpa pAye jAte haiM / pizela sAheba 14 kA anumAna ki apabhraMza meM yatra tatra upalabdha kucha rUpa prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA prAkRta se yA ardha mAgadhI se hotA huA AyA isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki apabhraMza ke adhikAMza lekhaka jainI the / ataH yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva una para adhika ho / 366 isa prakAra apabhraMza ke kriyA rUpoM meM aMgabhUta vibhinna prakAra ke pratyaya juTate haiN| pro0 bhayANI" ne tiGanta prakriyA ke mukhya tIna aMga mAne haiM + 1. tiGanta dhAtu mUlaka 2. yaugika 3. nAma mUlaka / yaugika - (ka) upasarga yukta tiGanta dhAtu - aNahara, pavasa, paDipekkha, parihara, vihasa (tathA nijji, pasara, vichor3a, viNaD, viNimbhav, vinnAs saMpar3a, saMpes, saMval Adi) (kha) nAma dhAtu ke sAtha kara aura ho pratyaya kA rUpa- khalikara ( vasikara), phasapphasiho cuNNIho, lahuIho / nAma mUlaMka - mUla saMjJA jaba vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta hotI hai taba - tikakha, pallav, maulia, dhaNA / kriyAtmaka dhAtumUlaka-kar, Av, mar, lah mil, paD, ja, khA, de, mua Adi / ho, Upara ke mUla dhAtu ke sAtha nimnalikhita pratyaya lagAye jA sakate haiN| preraNArthaka - niSpanna preraka pratyaya 'Ava' pratyaya-uDDAv, karAv, ghaDAv, naccAv, praThAv, harAv / 'ava' pratyaya - ulhav, hav, viNimbhav / ( pUrva pratyaya saMskRta 'Ap' pratyaya kA vikasita rUpa hai )

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kriyApada 367 vikAra yukta prakriyAkevala svara vikAra vAlA :- (a > A) pAD, khAl, mAr, vAl, vAha, vinnAsa; (u > o) tos / svara tathA vyaMjana vikAra :- pheD (mUla phiTTa), vichoD (mUla-vichuTTa), phoD (muul-phutttt)| karmaNi prayoga-pratyaya-niSpanna : 'ia' pratyaya kA :- AN, jaNa, pAv, kholla, mANa, vaNNa, paTThAv, 'i' jja, pratyaya kI dhAtu-kappa, gil, caMpa, cholla, daMs, phukka, mil, rUs, lajja, sumar, ja, je, ki, chi, di, pi, (jja pratyaya kA) khaa| (uparokta pratyaya saMskRta karmaNi 'ya' pratyaya kA vikasita pratyaya hai) siddha rUpa :-(saMskRta qarmaNi prayoga kA dhvani parivartita rUpa):- gheppa, Dajjha, lambha, smpp| mUla karmaNi prayoga yA Upara preraka rUpa siddha hote haiN| bhaviSya kA prayoga-'Is' (es, is) 'sa' (svarAnta bAda meM hotA hai) vAlA rUpa :- karIsa, paisIs, pAvIs, khuDDIs, kIs, rUses, sahes, phuTTis, hois, es, hos| 'i' kA ha (svarAnta bAda meM hotA hai) :- gamih, hoh / (bhaviSya ke prayoga sAdhaka pratyaya saMskRta 'i' Sya se banA huA rUpa hai) ____bhaviSya kA AjJArtha rUpa-ejj (ijj), kA 'jj', (svarAnta bAda meM hotA hai) kA rUpaH- rakkhejj lajjejj caijj, bhamijja, hojj, (pUrvokta rUpa kA pratyaya vidhyartha "eya' se banA huA hai)|

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368 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi saMyojaka svara kucha rUpoM meM rUpa sAdhaka pratyaya lage hue haiN| unameM se kucha bacA huA saMyukta svara bhI hai-1. svarAnta prayoga bAda meM hotA hai| 2. AjJArtha vAcaka, puruSa vacana meM svarAdi pratyaya pahale hotA hai| 3. bhaviSya kAla ke pahale puruSa, ekavacana pratyaya ke pahale saMyukta svara nahIM rahatA hai kintu anyatra rahatA hai| saMyojaka svara ke 'a' kA kahIM 'A' 'i' 'eN' kA 'e' hotA hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM muhAvaroM kA abhAva sA hai| muhAvaroM se bhASA meM prANadAyinI zakti A jAtI hai| apabhraMza meM muhAvaroM ke abhAva ke kAraNoM para prakAza DAlate hue jyUlsa blaoNka ne apane lA phreja nominala ina saMskRta aura liNDo Aryana meM batAyA hai ki saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bahuta kama muhAvaroM kA prayoga huA hai| ataH prAkRta ke bAda apabhraMza meM bhI muhAvaroM kA abhAva ho to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| ina sArI dRSTiyoM se vicAra karane para patA calatA hai ki kriyA racanA kI paddhati meM kramika vikAsa huA hai| dhAtu rUpoM kA sTeja prAkRta aura prAcIna uttara bhAratIya AryabhASA ke dhAtu rUpoM meM se madhyama mArga apanAte hue bhAratIya AryabhASA kI kriyA paddhati meM navInatA yA saralatA lAne kA sadA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jaisA ki prAkRta meM tathA uttarI Arya bhASA kI kriyAoM meM muhAvaroM kA sthAna sAdhAraNa rahA hai ThIka usI prakAra apabhraMza kI bhI gati rhii| ataH apabhraMza ke dhAturUpoM kI kriyA paddhati prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA ke vartamAna kAlika para Azrita hai| kucha dhAtu rUpoM ke AdhAra ko prA0 bhA0 kriyA rUpoM ke AdhAra para nirmANa meM kalpanA kA Azraya ye| tAtparya yaha ki apabhraMza kI kriyAoM kA rUpa prA0 5. vartamAna kAlika rUpa tathA vartamAna ko pUrNa banAne vAle / paka kRdanta kriyA ke AdhAra para avalambita hai| dhAtuoM meM sakama5 aura akarmakatA kA bheda prA0 bhA0 A0 ke samAna

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kriyApada I hI * samajhanA cAhiye yA preraNArthaka rUpoM ke AdhAra para samajhanA cAhiye | apabhraMza ke dhAtu rUpa mUlataH akArAnta hI hai| unameM dhvanyAtmaka vizeSatA hai yA bhASAtmaka punarsajAvaTa hai / ma0 bhA0 A0 kI kriyAoM kI sajAvaTa kA AdhAra hai kartRvAcya, bhAvavAcya aura karmavAcya / isake atirikta bhUtakAlika kRdanta tathA anukaraNAtmaka kriyA kA AdhAra bhI yahI hai / isakI puSTi griyarsana mahodaya ne bar3e joradAra zabdoM meM jarnala Apha dI baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI san 1924 meM kI hai| inake Atirikta preraNArthaka kriyAyeM bhI haiM jisake AdhAra para akarmaka dhAtu bhI sakarmakatA ko prApta kara letI hai| saMskRta meM Nic pratyaya lagAkara preraNArthaka kriyA banatI hai| usI prakAra apabhraMza meM bhI Aya yA Ava lagAkara preraNArthaka kriyA banatI hai| isI se hindI meM AnA yA vAnA lagA kara preraNArthaka kriyA banatI hai - pakanA, pakAnA, pakavAnA, paDhAnA, par3havAnA Adi / 369 apabhraMza ke vartamAna kAlika kriyArUpoM para saMskRta evaM prAkRta kA bar3A jabardasta prabhAva hai| bhaviSyatkAla ke rUpoM kA vikAsa prAkRta se adhika huA / vidhyarthaka loT lakAra para donoM prAkRta evaM saMskRta kA prabhAva hai / bhUtakAlika kRdanta kriyA prAkRta se prabhAvita hotI huI bhI svataH vikasita huii| apabhraMza ke rUpoM meM svarAtmaka vikAsa kaI prakAra se huA / dhvani kI sahAyatA se rUpoM meM parivartana lAnA saralatA kI ora jhukanA thA / kriyA rUpoM ke vikAsa para siMhAvalokana karate hue yaha bhI dhyAna denA cAhiye ki hindI kI kriyA meM jo duharI kriyA arthAt kRdanta ke sAtha kAla bodha karane ke liye jo sahAyaka kriyA kA prayoga ho rahA hai usameM apabhraMza kI kriyA hI kAraNa hai / niSkarSa yaha ki apabhraMza kI dhAtuyeM tadbhava adhika haiM / hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM prApta yatra-tatra saMskRta dhAtu yukta kriyA padoM ko chor3akara kucha aisI bhI kriyAyeM pAI jAtI haiM jo ki pUrNatayA tatsama na hotI huI bhI tatsama ke samIpastha haiN| kucha dhAtuyeM aisI bhI haiM jo ki haiM to tatsama kintu ve apabhraMza ke pratyayoM ke sAtha

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370 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi prayukta huI haiM :- gamihi 8/4/330 (gamala gatau6) milai7 8/4/332 saM0 mila dhAtu tudAdigaNa meM paThita hai, artha mila-zleSaNe-milanA (parasmaipada) tathA mila saMgame (samAgama) ubhayapadI; bhuMjanti 8/4/373 bhujA (pAlanAbhyavahArayoH) rakSA aura bhojana, bhujo (kauTilye) kuttiltaa| upabhoga artha bhI ho sakatA hai| gaNhai 8/4/336 graha20 (upAdAne) lenA; mArei 8/4/393-mR2 (maraNe) maranA Nijanta meM mArayate, uttarai 8/4/339-ut + tR22 (plavana saMtara NayoH) kUdanA, taranA, kara, karahi, karahu 8/4/346 DukRJa3 (karaNe) karanA, entu 8/4/351 iNa24 (gatau), pasariauM 8/4/358 pra+sR (upasaraNe)25. rUsai-rUsa rUsane26 (hiMsArthAyAM); gaNai 8/4/358 gaNa27 (saMkhyAne) gaNanA, jalai 8/4/365 jala28 (ghAtane) mArane (bhvAdi0) jala29 (apavAraNe) jAla, kintu dohA ke artha ko dekhate hue 'jalai' kA vikAsa jvala30 (dIptau) bhvAdi se hai| ataH jalai-jala dhAtu tadbhava hai tatsama nhiiN| khaNDai 8/4/367 khaDi manthe, khaDi32 bhedne| artha kI dRSTi se curAdi kA jAna par3atA hai| sahahi 8/4/382 Saha (marSaNe) sahanA, Saha4 (cakyarthe) tRpta honA yA mAranA, Saha35 (marSaNe) tRpta honA, yaha curAdi tathA bhvAdi donoM kI dhAtu hai| pIDantu 8/4/385 pIDa pIDane curaadi| phullai 8/4/387 phulla vikasanA-phUlanA, pariharai 8/4/389 pari+hR (apaharaNe) bhvaadi| cintijjai 8/4/396 citi (smRtyAm) smaraNa cintA krnaa| isa 'ti' meM ikAra grahaNa se curAdi kA Nic pratyaya vikalpa karake hotA hai| pakSa meM isakA rUpa bhvAdi kI bhA~ti bhI hotA hai| galai 8/4/410 gala (adane) khAnA, gala-sravaNe, gala-AsvAdane, deu 8/4/422 dA-dAne (juhotyAdi) yaha tadbhava hai| icchauM-iSu" issnne-icchaa| tiGanta pratyayoM se yukta saMskRta dhAtuoM ke atirikta kucha aisI bhI dhAtuyeM haiM jo ki haiM to vastutaH saMskRta kI tatsama dhAtu, parantu apabhraMza meM apabhraMza ke pratyayoM ke sAtha prayukta hone ke kAraNa svaroM para yA vyaMjanoM para ekseMTa par3A hai| phalataH tatsama dhAtuoM

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kriyApada meM kucha vikAra sA utpanna ho gayA hai| kucha aisI tatsama dhAtuyeM haiM jo ki pAli meM prayukta hone ke bAda jyoM ke tyoM apabhraMza meM surakSita haiN| jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai ki pAli meM prAyaH sabhI saMskRta dhAtu gaNoM kA rUpa bhvAdi kI bhA~ti hI calane lagA thA / vahI sthiti apabhraMza meM bhI rahI hai jabaki saMskRta tatsama dhAtuoM kA prayoga huA hai / astu apabhraMza ke samasta kriyA rUpoM para dhyAna dene se patA calatA hai ki apabhraMza meM tadbhava rUpoM kA bAhulya hai| kucha dezaja dhAtuyeM bhI prayukta huI haiM kintu unakI saMkhyA yadi tatsama dhAtuoM se kama nahIM to adhika bhI nahIM hai sabase bar3I vicitra bAta to yaha hai ki bhUtakAla ke liye prayukta kRdantaja prayogoM meM tatsama dhAtuoM ke rUpoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai / yadi bhUlate bhaTakate hue kahIM tatsama ke rUpa mila bhI jAya~ to bhI unakI saMkhyA nagaNya hI mAnI jAyegI / kRdanta tadbhava isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki apabhraMza ne svataH dhAtuoM kA nirmANa kiyA / unakI apanI svataH sattA hai| navya bharatIya Arya bhASAoM kI dhAtuyeM isI se udbhava huI haiN| 371 hemacandra ne apane apabhraMza meM bahuta kama dhAtvAdeza ke sUtroM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| dohoM meM dhAtvAdeza ke atirikta bahuta sI aisI dhAtuyeM prayukta dIkhatI haiM jo ki zaurasenI kI haiN| DaoN0 guNe evaM dalAla ne kahA hai ki hemacandra ke apabhraMza dhAtvAdeza unake prAkRta vyAkaraNa, dvitIya pAda ke dUsare sUtra se lekara dvitIya pAda 259 sUtra taka haiM / ve sabhI dhAtuyeM apabhraMza meM lAgU hotI haiM / dhAturUpa 1. apabhrazaM meM saMskRta kI vyaMjanAnta dhAtu meM 'a' jor3a kara rUpa banAye jAte haiN| bhaNa + a + i = bhaNai = kahatA I kah + a + i = kahai = kahatA hai /

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372 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi inameM 'a' ko vikaraNa samajhanA caahie| 2. ukArAnta dhAtuoM ko 'ava' hotA hai| ru = ruvai = rotA hai| su = suvai = sotA hai| 3. RvarNAnta dhAtuoM ke Antima R ko 'ara' dete haiN| kR = kara = karai = karatA hai| mR = mara = marai = maratA hai| hR = hara = harai = haratA hai| upAntya R ko ari hotA hai| kRSa = karisai mRSa = marisai 4. IkArAnta dhAtuoM ko e hotA hai| nI = neI = le jAtA haiN| uDDI = uDDei = uDDIyate = ur3atA hai| 5. upAntya svara ko dIrgha hotA hai| ruSa = rUsai = rUSTa hotA hai| tuSa = tUsai = tuSTa hotA hai| puSa = pUsai = puSTa hotA hai| 6. eka svara ke sthAna meM dUsarA svara A jAtA hai| cina = cinai = cunai = cunatA hai| ru = ruvai = rovai = rotA hai| 7. dhAtu ke antima vyaMjana ko dvitva hotA hai| phuTai = phuTTai = phUTatA hai| tuT = tuTTai = tor3atA hai|

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kriyApada 373 lag = laggai = lagatA hai| sak = sakkai = sakatA hai| kup = kuppai = kupita hotA hai| 8. saMskRta dya kA jja hotA hai| saMpadyate = saMpajjai = saMpAdita hotA hai| khidyate = khijjai = khinna hotA hai| rUpAvalI vartamAna kAla sAmAnyatayA apabhraMza meM nimnalikhita pratyaya hote haiM :puruSa eka va0 bahuva0 uttama0 pootone uttama0 vaTTahu~ madhyama0 - hi aura si anya eka vacana bahuvacana 1. vaTTau~ madhyama0 2. vaTTasi aura vaTTahi vahu anya0 4. vaTTai vaTTahiM sAmAnyatayA prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra aura apabhraMza sAhitya ko dekhate hue nimnalikhita tiG vibhakti ciha pAye jAte haiN| puruSa eka0 mi, Ami, imi, uM, u uttama0- . bahuvacana mu (he0 8/4/386), hu~ (he0 8/4/386 mo, ma

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374 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi madhyama0- si, hi, hiM hu, ha, iddhA anya0- i, di, edi, e hiM, nti, nte, ire ekavacana bahuvacana uttama0-1. karau~, karami, karimi, karemi karahu~, karimu karevi (ma ko va) kru| (he08/4/386) karimo, krim| madhyama0-2. karasi, karahi, karahiM karahu, karaha, kariddhA (kresi)| (elaDI0 4,53 DaoN0 tagAre $136) anya0- 3. karai, karei, karadi karanti (he0 4/382) (he08/4/393) kredi| karahi~ (he04/382) karante, krire| pUrvokta tiGanta pratyaya cihoM kA spaSTIkaraNa hama pAli tathA prAkRta ke pratyaya cihoM se kara sakate haiN| pAli ekavacana uttama0-1. Ami (< prA0 bhA0 Ao-Ami) madhyama0-2. asi (< prA0 bhA0 Ao-asi) anya0- 3. ati (< prA0 bhA0 A0-ati) bahuvacana Ama (< prA0 bhA0 A0 - AmaH, Amo) atha (< prA0 bhA0 Ao - atha) anti (< prA0 bhA0 A0 -- anti)

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kriyApada 375 sAhityika prAkRta puruSa ekavacana bahuvacana uttama- 1. ami, e Amo,mu,ma madhyama- 2. asi, ase aha, adha, atha, itthA anya- 3. ai, ae, adi, anti, ante, ire ade, ati| ina pratyayoM meM 'se' kevala akArAnta dhAtuoM se pare hotA hai| jina akArAnta dhAtuoM ke bAda 'mi' pratyaya AtA hai vahA~ vikalpa karake A hotA hai-bhaNAmi, pakSa meM bhnnmi| jina akArAnta dhAtuoM ke bAda 'mo' 'mu' evaM 'ma' pratyaya lagatA hai vahA~ vikalpa karake 'A' aura 'i' hotA hai-bhaNAmo, bhaNimo, bhaNemo ityaadi| isI prakAra akArAnta dhAtuoM ke bAda 'e' vikalpa karake prAyaH sarvatra hotA hai jaise-hasami, hasAmi, hasemi aura hasaM bhI ho sakatA hai| paizAcI meM ti ke sthAna para "tiM' evaM 'te' hotA hai| zaurasenI meM 'ti' ke sthAna para 'di' hotA hai-hodi, bhodi ityaadi| 1. uttama puruSa e0 va0 (i) prAkRta kA ami, Ami rUpa prA0 bhA0 A0 mi (Ami) se saMbaddha hai (de0 pizela 8454) jaise-karomi, brUmi aadi| Ami, emi (A kA a aura e kA i) paravartI prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM hotA hai| prA0 karemi, jANAmi, jANemi; prA0, apabhraMza-karimi, jANami, jaannimi| (ii) prA0 bhA0 Ao-ma (madhya meM) bahuta kama pAyA jAtA hai-pA0-gacchama, apa0-yANama (=jANama; vsu0)| (iii) aU~ (kevala paravartI apabhraMza meM) pizela (8454) ne ise rUpa ke anta meM lagane vAlA mAnA hai-kaDDhau~ < karSAmi (he0

Page #406
376 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 4/385) kijjau~ < kriye yahA~ isakA artha kariSyAmi hai (he0 4/385/445,3), jANau~ < jANAmi (he0 4/391,439,4); joijjau~ < vilokye, dekkhau~ < drakSyAmi, jhijjau~ < kSIye (4/356,357 4,425); pAvau~ < prApnomi; < pakAvau~ <* pakvApayAmi < pacAmi, jIvau~ <* jIvAmi, cajau~ (tajau~) < tyajAmi (piMgala-1,104, a 2,64); piAvau~ (piAvau) <* pibApayAmi < pAyayAmi hai| apabhraMza ke dhvani niyamoM ke anusAra jANau~ rUpa kevala * jAnakama se utpanna ho sakatA hai (pizela $352), pizela mahodaya kA kahanA hai (8454) ki * jAnakam ke sAtha vyAkaraNoM dvArA diye gaye una rUpoM kI tulanA kI jAnI cAhiye jinake bhItara aka AtA hai jaise, pacataki, jalpataki, svapitaki, paThataki, addhaki aura ehaki haiN| yaha ka paravartI vaidika yAmaki < yAmi se vyutpanna mAnA jAtA hai| ___ au~ (au kA hI vaikalpika anunAsika hai) kA vikAsa DaoN0 cATuA ne isa prakAra mAnA hai prA0 bhA0 A0 Ami < ma0 bhA0 A0 Ami-ami > paravartI ma0 bhA0 A0 yA apabhraMza * avi >* aui > auN| 'karau~' kI vyutpatti kA saMketa DaoN0 cATuA ne yoM kiyA hai : prA0 bhA0 A0 karomi, * karAmi > ma0 bhA0 Ao-karami, paravartI ma0 bhA0 A0 yA apabhraMza * karaviM antima i kI samApti ke sAtha yA kisI samAna svara se ghulamilakara *> karavi >* karaui~ > kruN| mi vAlA rUpa prAkRtIkaraNa hai| u~, u vAle rUpa apabhraMza ke nijI rUpa haiN| saMdezarAsaka meM bhI u~, u vAle rUpoM kA hI bAhulya hai| ukti vyakti prakaraNa tathA prAkRta paiMgalam meM bhI yahI sthiti hai| niSkarSa yaha ki 12vIM zatAbdI taka mi vAle rUpa kA astitva samAptaprAya sA ho claa| yatra tatra mi vAle rUpa jo pAye jAte haiM vaha vastutaH prAkRta kA sAhitya para prabhAva par3ane ke kAraNa thaa|

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kriyApada 377 apabhraMza ke au~, au kA hI vikAsa na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM ke vartamAna uttama puruSa e0 va0 ke tiG ke ciha ke rUpa meM huA hai| prAcInakA pazcimI rAjasthAnI meM antya a-u prAyaH yA to durbala hokara u~ ho jAtA hai (tessitori $11, (1)) jaise bol-u~, dhar-u~ meM athavA simaTa kara U~ (tessi0 11 (4)) ho jAtA hai-kara-U~, lh-uuN| kahIM-kahIM a-u~ ke i-u~ ho jAne kA bhI eka udAharaNa milatA hai-bol i-u~=maiM bolatA huuN| . (iv) mhi > mmi (pUrvavartI ma0 bhA0 Ao meM nahIM pAyA jAtA) yaha saMbhavataH uttama pu0 e0 va0 kriyA asmi se AyA hai| buddhisTa saMskRta meM prAyaH asmi kA prayoga kriyA pUraka ke artha meM hotA hai-prA0-gacchamhi, apa0-abhathiyammi (vikramorvazI) (v) e-mahe apa0-padicchamahe (ba0 va0, e0va0 ke liye) (vsu0)| 2. uttama puruSa ba0 va0 sabhI prAkRta boliyoM ke u0 pu0 ba0 va0 vartamAna kAlika rUpa ke anta meM mo AtA hai, padya meM-mu tathA ma bhI jor3A jAtA hai jo vartamAna kAla kA sahAyaka ciha hai (pizela 8455) hasAmo, hasAmu aura hasAma rUpa hai| apabhraMza meM isakA hu~ rUpa milatA haivaTTahu~ (=*vartAmaH = vartAmahe) hu~ (ahu~) kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM kAphI matabheda hai|42 hArnale ne ise ahu~, au~ < prA0 amu se vyutpanna mAnA hai| yaha saMmaktaH uttama pu0 e0 va0 au se bhinna rakhane ke liye kiyA gayA hai| yaha anya pu0 ba0 va0 ahi se milAne ke liye kiyA gayA hai| kADavela ne amhoM, amha (hasamho, hasamha < Vhasa) ko uttama pu0 ba0 va0 kA vaikalpika rUpa mAnA hai| isa para DaoN0 tagAre kA kahanA hai ki agara yaha satya hai to ahu~ meM ha-isI kA prabhAva jAna par3atA hai|

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378 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi pizela (8455) ne uttama puruSa ba0 va0 hu~ ko samasyA mAnA hai| usane sujhAva diyA hai ki isakA saMbandha apAdAna kAraka ba0 va0 ciha hu~ se jor3anA caahiye| DaoN0 tagAre ne u0 pu0 ba0 va0 ahu~ kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM apanA navIna mata diyA hai| apabhraMza pada racanA meM svara+sma+svara= svara+ha+sAnunAsika svara-udAharaNa tasmAt > tahA~, tasmin > tahiM rUpa dekha sakate haiN| isa prakAra hama ahu~ kA saMbaMdha prA0 bhA0 A0 rUpa uttama puruSa vAcaka sarvanAma kartA ba0 va0 asmAka se jor3a sakate haiN| ahu~ kA anunAsika tatva uttama puruSa e0 va0 au~ kA prabhAva hai| yahI ahu na0 bhA0 A0 ke u0 pu0 ba0 va0 kI utpatti ke jAnane kA sAdhana hai-udAharaNa mahA0-o, u~, sindhI-U~ nepAlI (a) u~, maithilI, baMgAlI o aadi| hindI meM vartamAna icchArthaka uttama pu0 ba0 va0 meM aiM (hi0 caleM) rUpa pAye jAte haiN| isakI vyutpatti saMdigdha hai| DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa43 ne isakA vikAsa isa prakAra mAnA hai prathama pu0 ba0 va0 calahi~ > calai~ > cleN| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI+4 au~ tathA ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 * aha kA sammizraNa mAnate haiM-kurmaH >* karAmaH >* karau~ (uttama pu0 ba0 va0) tathA ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 * karatha > karaha, ke eka dUsare se paraspara prabhAvita hone se * karau~ + karaha se donoM meM karahu rUpa ho gyaa| ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 tathA u0 pu0 ba0 va0 eka sA hai| madhyama pu0 ba0 va0 meM * karaha rUpa honA cAhiye tathA uttama pu0 ba0 va0 meM * karau~ / 3. madhyama puruSa e0 va0 ma0 pu0 e0 va0 vartamAna kAla apabhraMza meM samApti sUcaka-si ke sAtha hi bhI calatA hai (pizela 8264), marahi <* marasi < mriyase, ruahi < vaidika ruvasi < rodiSi, lahahi < labhase, visUrahi < khidyase aura NIsarai < niHsarasi (hema0 8/4/368, 383, 1, 422, 2, 439, 4:) / prA0 bhA0 A0 meM vartamAna ke ma0 pu0 e0 va0

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kriyApada 379 kA pratyaya si (karoSi, calasi, gacchasi) thaa| ma0 bhA0 Ao meM aparivartita rhaa| apabhraMza meM si ke sAtha hi vAle rUpa bhI milate haiN| DaoN0 tagAre ne-asi (-esi, isi) aura ahi (ehi-hi) meM se ahi (hi) ko apabhraMza kA vAstavika vikAsa mAnA hai| pUrvI apabhraMza meM (a) si vAle rUpa hI adhika milate haiN| dakSiNI tathA pazcimI apabhraMza meM hi vAle rUpa adhika milate haiN| DaoN0 tagAre ne si tathA hi rUpoM meM 2:25 kA anupAta mAnA hai| 1100 se 1300 I0 meM brAhmaNijma aura saMskRta ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mahArASTra meM si ciha vAle rUpa pramukha ho utthe| purAnI marAThI meM asi aura isi vAle rUpa pAye jAte haiN| hi vAle rUpoM kA vikAsa pro0 jyU blAkha+5 aura ela0 eca0 grene+6 AjJA ma0 pu0 e0 va0 ke * dhi se jor3A hai| pUrvavartI pazcimI apabhraMza meM hi kA bAhulya thaa| isakA pravAha apabhraMza kAla taka thaa| kintu kathya bhASA meM ye lupta prAya ho cle| ukti vyakti prakaraNa meM si (karasi) ($71) vAle rUpa milate haiN| prAkRta paiMgalam meM me0 pu0 e0 va0 ke vartamAna kAlika rUpa si aura hi donoM rUpa milatA hai : ghallasi (1, 7), kIlasi (1, 7) jANahi (1, 132 < jAnAsi) khAhi (2, 120 < khAdasi) na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM si rUpa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| isakI jagaha ai vAle rUpa pAye jAte haiM-jayapurI-calai, guja0cAle-(/cala), avadhI, vraja-calai, hi0-cle| 4. madhyama puruSa ba0 va0 ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 meM aha~, aha aura ahu pratyaya apabhraMza meM pAye jAte haiN| prAkRta ha tiGga ciha kA vikAsa prA0 bhA0 A0 tha (gacchatha) se huA hai| jyU blaoNkha47 ne aha kA saMbaMdha vartamAna kAlika ma0 pu0 ba0 va0*-thas (uttama pu0 ba0 va0 mas ke sAdRzya para) se jor3A hai kevala tha se nahIM jisase ki prAkRta kA vikAsa

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380 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi huA hai| apabhraMza meM vartamAna tathA AjJA ke ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 ke rUpa Apasa meM ghula mila gaye haiN| donoM jagaha aha tathA ahu vAle rUpa pAye jAte haiM-jANaha, pucchaha, pucchahu, icchaha, icchhu| isI ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 ke aha ahu se na0 bhA0 A0 ke rUpa vikasita hue haiN| AjJA hi0-o-calo, guja0-mAravAr3I-o (par3ho), vraja, avdhii-u-kru| 5. anya puruSa e0 va0 anya pu0 e0 va0 meM ai yA i kA ciha pAyA jAtA hai| ai ma0 bhA0 A0 kA ciha hai jo ki prA0 bhA0 A0 pra0 pu0 e0 va0 ti pratyaya (paThati, gacchati) se vikasita huA hai| ai yA i kI sattA prAkRta aura apabhraMza se hote hue purAnI rAjasthAnI Adi meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| apabhraMza meM i yA ei rUpa ke sAtha sAtha zUnya yA a vAle rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiN| paravartI apabhraMza meM isakA Adhikya hai| uktivyaktiprakaraNa aura kIrtilatA meM isake rUpa bahuta pAye jAte haiN| lakSmIdhara48 ne zaurasenI kI taraha apabhraMza meM bhI di pratyaya kA vidhAna kiyA hai hoi, havai, hodi, havadi ityaadi| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM ai kA udAharaNa niti kATha SAI karai, rAtI vAhi niti utarai (kanhaDa de prabandha 1,114) / purAnI avadhI saba ko hoi nibAha, bahai na hAthu dahai risi chAtI (tulasI)-ai > e rUpa bhI kIrtilatA meM pAyA jAtA hai : kAhU kAhU aisanao saMgata kare (kIrti0 34) e vAle rUpoM kA vikAsa ai vAle rUpoM se hI huA hai:-dege < ai < ti|

Page #411
kriyApada 381 prAkRta paiMgalam meM bhI e rUpa kA udAharaNa milatA hai Ave (2,38), calAve (2,38). Nacce (2, 81) Adi / zUnya rUpa kI utpatti ke viSaya meM do mata haiN| prathama mata ke anusAra yaha zuddha dhAtu rUpa hai| dUsare mata ke anusAra isakA vikAsa degti > degaI > dega ke krama se huA hai| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI dUsare mata ke paripoSaka haiN| uttivyaktiprakaraNa ke vartamAna pra0 pu0 e0 va0 rUpa 'kara' kI utpatti ve yoM mAnate haiM: prA0 bhA0 A0 karoti, * karati > ma0 bhA0 A0 karai > purAnI kosalI karai (jo kama pAyA jAtA hai), kr| prAkRta paiMgalam meM a yA zUnya vAle rUpa bahuta milate haiM : pasara (1,76), ho (1,81,94), bhaNa (1,108) Adi / 6. anya puruSa ba0 va0 prAkRta kI sabhI boliyoM meM anya pu0 ba0 va0 ke anta meM nti lagAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta honti, karenti, cU0 pai0 meM ucchallanti aura nipatanti rUpa Aye haiM (he0 4/326); apabhraMza meM vihasaMti, karanti < kurvanti (he0 4/365;445,4) / kintu apabhraMza meM sAdhAraNa samApti sUcaka ciha hi hai| pizela ke anusAra isakI vyutpatti kA patA nahIM cltaa| arddhamAgadhI meM bhI hi rUpa pAyA jAtA hai-acchahiM < tisstthnti| DA0 sukumAra sena kA kahanA hai ki isakI vyutpatti isa prakAra (uttama0 pu0 um, hu; madhyama pu0 hi, hiM) isa prakAra nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, jaise ki hu~, hiM se pUrvavartI nahIM diikhtaa| isaliye acchA hogA ki ise tRtIya ba0 va0 sarvanAma (* ebhiM, * ibhiM) ke hiM vyutpanna maaneN| yaha kriyA ke sAtha ThIka usI prakAra juTa gayA jaisA ki u0 pu0 meM au~ aura ma0 pu0 tu mila gyaa| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM isake bahuta se udAharaNa milate haiM-acchahi~, karahi~, mauliahi~ < mukulayanti, aNuharahi~ < anuharanti, lahahi~ < labhante, Navahi~ < namanti, gajjahi~ < garjante,

Page #412
382 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi . dharahi~ < dharanti, karahi~ < kurvanti, sahahi~ < zobhante Adi (he0 4/365,1,367,4; aura 5; 382)-karmavAcya meM gheppahi~ < gRhyante / paravartI prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM ire < prA0 bhA0 A0 re (vaidika duhare zere) kA prayoga hotA thA udAharaNa-haseire, hasaire, hasire aadi| hemacandra ke anusAra yaha eka vacana meM prayukta hotA thA (hema0 3/142) sUsaire gAma cikkhalo < zuSyati grAma cikkhalaH / yahI niyama trivikrama ne 2,2,4 meM batAyA hai-sUsaire tANa tAriso kaNTho < zuSyati tAsAM tAdRzaH knntthH|| ina sabhI pUrvokta rUpoM ke rahate hue bhI apabhraMza meM hiM kA hI pracalana adhika hai| isI se na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM hi kA vikAsa pAyA jAtA hai| purAnI rAjasthAnI meM hi aha pratyaya pAye jAte haiM, jo-e0 va0 aura ba0 va0 meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM-jAhi, khAhi, DarapAhi (DholA mAru rA dohA), purAnI avadhI meM isake sAnunAsika rUpa milate haiN| vahA~ e0 va0 tathA ba0 va0 ke rUpoM meM yaha bheda hai ki e0 va0 meM anunAsika rUpa tathA ba0 va0 meM sAnunAsika rUpa milate haiM: kInhesi paMkhi uDahi jaha~ cahahi (jAyasI) basahi nagara sundara nara nArI (tulasI) ba0 va0 meM 'hi' vAle rUpoM kA vikAsa--'i' ke rUpa meM bhI ho gayA hai| jahA~ e0 va0 tathA ba0 va0 rUpoM meM koI bheda nahIM rahA hai| AjJA prakAra (impareTiva) evaM vidhyarthaka apabhraMza meM AjJA, vidhi, evaM hetu hetumadbhAvAdi arthoM meM loT lakAra vAlA rUpa prayukta hotA hai| saMskRta meM bhI prAyaH ina arthoM meM kucha kucha samatA hote hue bhI saba ke liye pRthak pratyaya lagAkara artha nizcita kiye jAte the| kintu prAkRta ke bAda apabhraMza meM yaha bheda miTa sA gayA aura kevala AjJA prakAra (loT lakAra)

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kriyApada . 383 mAtra avaziSTaM rhaa| yaha prAyaH sAmAnya vartamAna kAla meM hI prayukta hotA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne AjJArtha loT lakAra ma0 pu0 e0 va0 hi ke sthAna para i, u, evaM e kA vidhAna kiyA hai| anya pratyaya vidhAnoM ke bAre meM mauna haiN| niSkarSa yaha ki zeSa pratyaya apabhraMza vartamAna kAla kI bhA~ti hote haiM : ekavacana bahuvacana puruSa uttama0 hu~ madhyama0 (hi) i, u, e anya0 ekavacana bahuvacana uttama0 1. karau~, karamu, karimo karahu~, karamu, karimo madhyama0 2. karahi, karihi, kari, , karahu, karaho, karaha kara, karu, karaha, kare anya0 3. karu, karantu, karahuM vyaMjanAnta ke Age saMyojaka a lagAkara pratyaya lagAyA jAtA hai| pratyaya . madhyama pu0 e0 va0 i - rUpa acchi, cari, jaMpi, khei, phuTTi, melli, ruNajhuNi, roi, saMci, sumri| kare karu, gajju, dekkhu, pekkhu, vilaMbu peccha, bhaNa a - la

Page #414
384 madhyama0 pu0 ba0 va0 anya0 pu0 e0 va0 hu nco anya pu0 ba0 va0, ho u T hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ANahi, karahi, chaDDahi, dharahi, sumarahi, khAhi karahu, namahu, piahu, maggahu, dehu / pallavaha, pucchaha, dhruvaha acchau, vinaDau (karmaNi), samappau, jau, hou ntu ( = anusvAra + 'tu') pIDaMtu pro0 bhayANa" kA kahanA hai ki a ( e0 va0), hi (e0 va0), ha ( ba0 va0) pratyaya kA rUpa prAkRta se liye gaye haiN| e pratyaya i kI pUrva bhUmikA hai| cari, jei Upara kA cara, je hai| karahu Upara kA karo, karau (anya pu0 e0 va0) kA karo arvAcIna rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai / AjJA vAcaka apabhraMza uttama puruSa ke rUpa kI racanA vartamAna kAla ke uttama puruSa ke rUpa kI taraha hI hotA hai| donoM rUpa vidhAnoM meM bahuta kucha sAmya hai / artha bheda se hI kAloM ke rUpa kA jJAna hotA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI apekSA apabhraMza sAhitya meM rUpoM kI vividhatA pAyI jAtI hai| DaoN0 tagAre ne ina rUpoM kI saMkhyA taka dI hai| unhoMne (1000 I0) madhyama pu0 e0 va0 ke 11 rUpa dakSiNa apabhraMza meM diyA hai| (1200 I0) 9 rUpa pazcimI apabhraMza meM aura pUrvI apabhraMza meM 7 prakAra ke rUpa jinameM ki vibhinna prakAra ke rUpa haiM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kucha khAsa rUpa jisakA varNana prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne kiyA hai - ve haiM - uttama pu0 ba0 va0 - hu~ aura anya pu0 ba0 va0 - ahiM ( ( pizela 467 ) haiM jinakI vyutpatti kA patA nahIM cltaa| tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki AjJA vAcaka meM cha pratyaya aise haiM jo ki apabhraMza ke sabhI kSetroM ke liye samAna haiN| ve nimnalikhita haiM :

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kriyApada 385 madhyama0 pu0 e0 va0-0yA a (i, e, u), aha, ahu anya0 pu0 e0 va0- (a) u, anya pu0 ba0 va0- (a) ntu madhyama0 pu0 ba0 va0- (a) hu uttama pu0 e0 va0 meM AjJA vAcaka ke liye koI apane rUpa nahIM haiM / kintu pizela ne (8470 ) u0 pu0 ba0 va0 vartamAna kAla hu~=jAhu~ (he0 4 / 385 ) kA vidhAna kiyA hai| yaha vastutaH vartamAna kAla kA hI rUpa hai / madhyama puruSa e0 va0 (i) 'hi' kI utpatti prA0 bhA0 A0 ke vikaraNahIna dhAtu ke AjJA vAcaka madhyama pu0 e0 va0 tiG cihna dhi ( kRdhi, juhudhi) se mAnI jAtI hai| isa prakAra yaha rUpa samasta bhArata meM thA kintu pUrvI apabhraMza meM isakA bahuta adhika pracalana nahIM thA / pizela (8468) kA kahanA hai ki dhAtu kA yadi hrasva svara meM samApti ho to niyama yaha hai ki saMskRta ke samAna hI isakA prayoga madhyama pu0 e0 va0 AjJA vAcaka meM kiyA jAtA hai aura yadi usake anta meM dIrgha svara Aye to usameM samApti sUcaka cihna - hi kA Agamana hotA hai / a0 mA0 meM a meM samApta hone vAle dhAtu adhikAMza meM, mahA0, jai0 mahA0 aura mAga0 meM kabhI-kabhI anta meM-hi lagA lete haiM, jisase pahale kA a dIrgha kara diyA jAtA hai| aisA rUpa bahudhA apa0 meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai kintu isa bolI meM A phira hrasva kara diyA jAtA hai / pekkhahi (piMgala 1,64) pekkhu bhI milatA hai ( he0 4/419,6), palittA Ahi < paritrAyasva (mRccha0 175,22), karAhi aura karahi (piMgala 1,149, hema0 4,385) aura karu bhI milatA hai (he0 4/330, 2) suNehi < zrRNu (piMgala 1,62) | 1 (ii) su kI utpatti prA0 bhA0 A0 ke AtmanepadI AjJA ma0 pu0 e0 ba0 sva - 1 - ( Sva) se hai / pizela ($467) ke anusAra yahI

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi svasu ho gayA hai| isakA vikAsa svassu (pAlirUpa) > su ke krama se huA hai / 386 yaha pratyaya prAyaH zabda ke anta meM - e aura -i lagAkara banane vAle tathA kathita apabhraMza AjJAvAcaka rUpa ke sAtha lagatA hai: - karijjasu ( prAkRta paiM0 1,39:41:95:144 Adi), salahijjasu < zlAghasva, bhaNijjasu < bhaNa aura < Thavijjasu < sthApaya haiM ( prAkRta paiMgalam 1,95,109,144) | apabhraMza meM karmavAcya rUpa kartRvAcya ke artha meM bhI kAma meM lAyA jAtA hai, isaliye ina rUpoM meM se aneka rUpa karma vAcya meM AjJAvAcaka artha meM bhI grahaNa kiye jA sakate haiM (pizela 461 ) jaise, muNijjasu aura isake sAtha sAtha muNiAsu ($pizela 467), dijjasu (8466); isake sAtha hI sAtha dejjahaM rUpa bhI milatA hai| (iii) u kA sambandha bhI 'sva' se jor3A jAtA hai| DaoN0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI ( ukti vyakti prakaraNa - bhUmikA $74 pR0 59 ) ne bhI sva se hI u kI vyutpatti dI hai| prA0 bhA0 A0 kuruSva > karassu >* karahu > karu / DaoN0 tagAre ($139, pR0 298) ma0 pu0 e0 va0 'u' ko anya pu0 e0 va0 'u' (prA0 bhA0 A0 tu) kI abhivRddhi mAnate haiN| aura isake liye udAharaNa aNuhavu < anubhavatu diyA hai| u kA udAharaNa- pekkhu, bhaNu, jANu / (iv) o u kA hI vikasita rUpa hai- karahu u karo / (v) i kA rUpa paravartI apabhraMza meM adhika pAyA jAtA hai / isakI utpatti hi se mAnanA adhika samIcIna hogaa| prA0 bhA0 A0 dhi > hi > i / DaoN0 pizela (8461 ) kA kahanA hai ki hemacandra ne (4/387) e~ aura i meM samApta hone vAle jina rUpoM ko aprabhaMza meM AjJA vAcaka batAyA hai ve hI vidhyarthaka aicchika rUpa meM bhI prayukta hote haiM :- kare N < kare < kareM: < kuryAH, isI se kari rUpa bhI bnaa| viari < vicArayeH, Thavi < sthApayeH

Page #417
kriyApada 387 aura dhari < dhArayeH haiM, vastutaH =* vicAreH, * sthApeH aura * dhAreH haiM (prAkRta paiMgala 1,68,71 aura 72) joi < dyoteH < pazya hai (hema0 4,364 aura 368); roi <* rodeH < rudyAH, cari < careH, melli kA artha tyajeH hai, kari < kare: < karyAH aura kahi <* katheH < kathayeH hai (he0 4/368;387,1 aura 3:422,14) / (vi) zUnya rUpa yA a :- isakA vikAsa prA0 bhA0 A0 a (/paTha, cala, bhU, bhava) se mAnA jAtA hai| ma0 bhA0 A0 kAla meM dhAtuoM ko adanta hone ke kAraNa apabhraMza meM yaha a >o ho gayA (kara + 0 = kara, paTha + 0 = paTha Vho + 0 = ho) apabhraMza tathA na0 bhA0 A0 meM bhI ye rUpa surakSita haiN| udAharaNa-puccha, cinta, pasiya, gRNha,-Asa ( Asa), muya (smuka), na0 bhA0 A0 cala < ma0 bhA0 A0 cala < prA0 bhA0 A0 cala, paTha, hasa aadi| madhyama puruSa ba0 va0 ha, hu kA saMbandha e0 va0 ke rUpa 'sva' se jor3A jAtA hai, jo ba0 va0 ke sAtha bhI prayukta hone lagA hai| DaoN0 tagAre ne (8138, pR0 300) isakI vyutpatti * athu < prA0 bhA0 A0 (a) tha vartamAna ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 tathA u (< prA0 bhA0 A0 tu) se dI hai| prA0 bhA0 A0 tha > ha = hoha; prA0 bhA0 A0 thasa > hu = Namahu, bujjhahu, karehu, karahu (he0 4/346), kuNehu, kuNahu, kuNaha rUpa bhI prAkRta paiMgalam meM milatA hai| piaha < pibata (hama0 4/422,20) Thavahu < sthApayata aura kahehu < kathayata (prA0 paiMgala 1,119 aura 122) icchahu, icchaha, dehu, maggahu (hema0. 4/384) / anya puruSa e0 va0 u kA vikAsa prA0 bhA0 A0 AjJA pra0 pu0 e0 va0 tu se huA hai| yaha prAkRta aura apabhraMza donoM meM hotA hai :-karotu, * karatu > ma0 bhA0 A0 kru| zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura ThakkI meM tu > du ho gayA hai :-pasIdadu < prasIdatu, kathedu < kathayatu *

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388 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (zAkuntala 120, 10) apabhraMza Nandau < nandatu (he0 4/422,14); dijjau < dIyatAm aura kijjau < kriyatAm (piMgala 1,81a), hou, zaura0, mAga0, aura DhakkI meM bhodu < bhavatu hotA hai| saMdeza rAsaka tathA ukti vyakti prakaraNa donoM meM kevala degu ('au) vAle rUpa hI milate haiN| saMdeza rAsaka 863 bhUmikA-pro0 bhayANI-pR0 36-hou, sijjhau, jyu| ukti vyakti prakaraNa 74-karau < kuryAt, karotu vA, dekhau < pazyet pazyatu vA, hou < bhUyAt, bhavatu vA (10/3,4); yaha AjJA vAcaka aura vidhyarthaka donoM ke liye prayukta hotA hai| paravartI apabhrazaM meM u ma0 pu0 se prabhAvita dIkha par3atA hai| karahu, caDDahu Adi / anya puruSa ba0 va0 __ ma0 bhA0 Ao meM isakA vibhakti ciha degantu < prA0 bhA0 A0 antu hai (calantu, ptthntu)| apabhraMza meM ntu hI milatA hai karanta, hontu, pIDantu (hema0 4/385), apa0 meM isakA hi~ rUpa bhI milatA hai-lehi (hema0 4/387) / ahu~, ahi aura ahu ke viSaya meM vicAra pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| yaha ma0 pu0 ba0 va0 kA rUpa apabhraMza meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| vartamAnakAla-. uttama pu0 e0 va0-(a) u~ -ba0 va0-(a) hu~ anya pu0 e0 va0-(a) iM -ba0 va0-(a) hi~ yahI AjJA vAcaka meM bhI hai| hama anya pu0 e0 va0 meM (a) u aura ba0 va0 meM (a) hu~ pAte haiN| aise bahuta se rUpa haiM jo ki vartamAna kAla aura AjJA vAcaka meM eka samAna haiM (yaha prA0 bhA0 A0 kAla se hI vartamAna kAla kA hai) udAharaNa-ma0 pu0 e0 va0-ahi,-hi, as, ma0 pu0 ba0 va0-aha,-aha~,-aha / isa AjJA vAcaka ma0 pu0 ne apanA mahatva isa prakAra atyadhika bar3hA liyaa|

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kriyApada 389 na0 bhA0 A0 se bhI isakA sambandha bar3ha gyaa| rAjasthAnI aura vraja bhASA meM a, i,-e~, i~-apa0 ahi, ehi kA hI vikAsa hai| marA0-o, oriyA-u, baMgAlI uka aadi| isa prakAra blaoNka ne ma0 bhA0 A0 se na0 bhA0 A0 kA AjJA vAcaka sambandha dikhAyA hai| apabhraMza ke rUpa ina donoM ke bIca ko jor3ane vAlI sambandhAtmaka kar3I hai| bhaviSyatkAla puruSa ekavacana bahuvacana uttama pu0 karesami, karisu, kriihimi| karesahu~ madhyama pu0 karesahi, karesasi, karIhisi karesahu, karesaho anya pu0 karesai, karehii karesahiM, karehinti pro0 bhayANI ne apane apabhraza vyAkaraNa meM bhaviSyatkAla ke do bheda kiye haiN| 1. nirdezArtha bhaviSya 2. AjJArtha bhaviSya / 1. nirdezArtha bhaviSya-bhaviSya-aMga +(saMyojaka svara) + pratyaya bhaviSya ruup| uttama purUSa e0 va0 ke rUpa meM saMyojaka svara nahIM hotaa| madhya pu0 e0 va0 meM kahIM 'i' saMyojaka svara hotA hai| pratyaya rUpa i. uttama pu0 e0 va0 u (Is lagatA hai) karIsu, paisIsu, pAvIsu, kuDDIsu (karmaNi) khalikIsu (kahIM-kahIM es bhI lagatA hai)-rUsesu (is)-phuTTisu; iii. anya pu0 e0 va0 I (es pratyaya) :- sahesai, (rUpa sAdhaka Is) cuNNIhoisai (rUpasAdhaka s) hosai; (saMyojaka i)-esI; (rUpasAdhaka-'iha' saMyojaka 'i')-hohii|

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390 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ii. madhyama puruSa ke rUpoM kA udAharaNa hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM nahIM hai| 'esI' < esii; gamihI < gamihii, inameM i+i=I saMdhi huI hai| hemacandra ne 'kIsu' rUpa ko karmaNi vartamAna ke rUpa meM gaNanA kI hai (prA0 vyA0 4/389), kintu karmaNi aMga 'ki' hai (kijjau~.) + bhaviSya kA rUpa sAdhaka 'Isa' + uttama pu0 e0 va0 kA pratyaya 'u' hai| isase donoM kA bheda spaSTa rUpa se ho jAtA hai| hemacandra ke anusAra 'sahesai' (prA0 vyA0 422, 23) anya puruSa kA rUpa hai| kintu jisa udAharaNa meM yaha prayoga AtA hai usakA artha lagAne para yaha madhyama puruSa kA rUpa ThaharatA hai| aisA nahIM karate haiM to 'hosai~' (hemao 4/418,4) meM 'hi' pratyaya kA hakAra lupta svara 'I' hai, usI meM kA ma0 pu0 e0 va0 'hi' pratyaya kA hakAra lupta 'i' svarUpa hai| isakI gaNanA hotI hai| 2. AjJArtha bhaviSyamadhyama pu0 e0 va0 hi (rUpasAdhaka pratyaya 'jja') dijjahi / .. . ba0 va0 hu (rUpasAdhaka pratyaya 'ejja') rakkhejjahu isake bAda 'a' pratyayoM kA prAkRta rUpa puruSa, vacana kA nirapekSa rIti kA udAharaNa (ijja pratyaya) caijja, bhamijja, (ma0 pu0 e0 va0), a kA (jja pratyaya) hojja (anya pu0 e0 va0) ina kA rUpa hai-'lajjejjaM (u0 pu0 e0 va0) isakA saMskRta rUpa-lajjeyaM (vidhyartha u0 pu0 e0 va0) kA ja rUpAntara hai| dijjahi (kA dejjahi), 'rakkhejjahu' (rakkhijjahu) kA arvAcIna rUpa dIje yA hi0-dIjiye, rAkhajo-hi0 rkhiye| vastutaH ma0. bhA0 A0 meM bhaviSyat ke do prakAra ke rUpa milate the :- (1) ssa rUpa, (2) ha ruup| ssa kA vikAsa prA0 bhA0 A0 'sya' se huA hai| 'sya' ke ya kA i samprasAraNa hokara sa kA ha honA svAbhAvika hai| isa taraha hi (ha) kI vyutpatti kI

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kriyApada 391 kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| yA jaisA ki Tarnara ne ha kI vyutpatti dI hai vaha bhI tarkasaMgata pratIta hotA hai| prA0 bhA0 A0 sya > ssa > sa aura isI se ha kA honA svAbhAvika hai| DaoN0 sukumAra sena ne isa para kaI tarIke se vicAra kiyA hai| (i) prA0 bhA0 Ao 'sya' kA prayoga donoM prakAra kI dhAtuoM meM hotA thA-(ka) aniT (kha) seT / aniT dhAtuoM meM sya kA prayoga a ke atirikta koI svara yA vyaMjana ke rahane para hotA thaa| ma0 bhA0 A0 meM aniT dhAtuoM ke rUpoM kA pratyaya, una aniT rUpoM ke liye prayukta hone lagA jo ki prA0 bhA0 A0 meM seT dhAtuyeM thiiN| isa prakAra (mahA0) kaSAmi, pA0 kassAmi <* karasyAmi krissyaami| azo0-hosAmi, pA0 hessAmi, prAo-hossAmi <* bhaiSya, * bhoSya < bhaviSya / (ii) bahuta purAkAla se hI kucha boliyoM ke rUpa the jinameM ki ha pratyaya lagA rahatA thaa| vahI apabhraMza kAla meM prabhAvazAlI ho gyaa| yaha saMbhavataH bhAropIya pratyaya hai-*so-prA0 bhA0 A0 s-| isakI utpatti saMbhavataH azoka kAlIna pUrvIya madhya kI bolI meM huI thii| ye donoM boliyoM se sambandhita haiM aura donoM anya pu0 ba0 va0 ke haiM:-(delahI toparA)-hohaMti, (de0 to0 Adi) dAhati / (iii) isa pratyaya kA AdhAra isa prakAra mAnA jA sakatA hai-(i) sa (sa) i.-ihi, yaha saMbhavataH isase vikasita huA hai->. (i) Sya - >* isiya-(samprasAraNa se) >-isi -> ihi;| vihasiti, bhesiti vi-hara-; bhesiti < VbhU; esiti < i| (iv) jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra AjJArtha bhaviSya kA rUpa bhI paravartI prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM banA-hojjAhI, hojjihii| (v) bhaviSyatkAla ke rUpa kA antima rUpa vartamAna kAla kI taraha hotA hai|

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392 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi uttama puruSa e0 va0 mi-prA0 bhA0 A0 prA0 hossAmi, gacchihAmi, gacchimi; apa0-pekkhihimi, hosami, kahehAmi, karesami, pAlesami, sahIhimi < sahiSye, hosAmi, hohaami| prA0 bhA0 A0 (a) maH-prA0 pucchissama, dacchama (< drakSyAma) a0 mA0, apa0 (vasu0)-pAhama; apa0-pAvisu, karesu > karisu bolissama (vsu0)| uttama pu0 ba0 va0 hosahu~, hohihu~, hossahu~, hossAmo, hohAmo, hossAmu, hohAmu, hossAma, hohAma, ina rUpoM ke atirikta hohimu, hohima bhI rUpa ho sakatA hai| karissahu~, madhyama puruSa e0 va0 si-prA0-acchihisi, dAhisi; apa0 karihisi, karIsi, hohisi| hi-karesahi, hosahi, hohihi, hossahi~ ityaadi| sva-apabhraMza ke AjJArtha bhaviSya meM yaha hotA hai--bhavissasu (vsu0)| madhyama pu0 ba0 va0 hosahu, hohahu, hossahu, kAhiha, issaha anya purUSa e0 va0 prA0-suNissai, karIhii~, apa0-hosai, karesai, karihai, hohii > hoi, hossai, gamihi (he04/330)|

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kriyApada 393 anya pu0 ba0 va0 zaura0 - karaissanti, apa0 - karihinti, hosahi~, jANissahi~, hohihiM tathA hosanti / hindI meM bhaviSyat ke rUpa vartamAna ke sAtha hI 'gA, ge, gI (gataH > gaa > gA, karmavAcya bhUta kAlika kRdanta ) ko jor3a kara banAye jAte haiN| ataH ma0 bhA0 A0 ke rUpa yahA~ vikasita nahIM hue haiN| rAjasthAnI meM sa vAle rUpoM kA vikAsa pAyA jAtA hai / puNyavaMta prIti pAmasyai, valI vaMsi gar3ha tAharai husyAi / ( kAnhar3a de0 4,197) / avadhI ke bhaviSyat meM eka ora 'ha' vAle rUpa, dUsarI ora degba (karmavAcya bhaviSyatkAlIna kRdaMta 'tavya' se vikasita) rUpa milate haiN| 'ba vAle kRdanta rUpoM kA bhaviSyakAlIna prayoga pUrvI 4 hindI kI nijI vizeSatA hai / bhUtakAla apabhraMza meM bhUtakAla ke liye tiGanta kA prayoga samApta ho gayA / prA0 bhA0 A0 meM isakI abhivyakti vAle tIna lakAra (laG, luG aura liT ) the / prAkRta meM hI prAyaH ye sabhI lakAra samApta ho gaye the| pizela " ne kucha avaziSTa bhUtakAlika tiGanta kriyAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai / kintu dekhA jAtA hai ki prAyaH prAkRta kAla se hI niSThA kRdanta ke sAtha sahAyaka kriyA lagAkara bhUta kAla ko spaSTa kiyA jAtA thaa| apabhraMza meM bhI bhUtakAla vyakta karane ke liye niSThA kA prayoga kiyA jAne lagA / kabhI-kabhI sahAyaka kriyA as aura bhU dhAtu ke mAdhyama se bhI bhUtakAla kA artha vyakta kiyA jAtA thaa| apabhraMza meM jahA~ kahIM 'ahesi < abhUt (sanatkumAra carita 447,8), NisuNiuM < nyazruNvam (mahApurANa 2,4,12), sahu < asahe, jaise prayoga haiM, ye saba prAkRta ke hI prabhAva haiN|

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394 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vidhi prakAraeka vacana bahu vacana uttama pu0-karijjau, kijjau~ madhyama pu0-karijjahi, karijjai, karijjahu karejja, krejjsu| anya pu0-karijjau karijjaMtu, karijjahu~ Upara ke rUpoM meM jja (saM0 yAma, yAva vidhyartha pratyaya yA kI taraha jja hai) AjJArthaka pratyaya se vidhyartha pratyaya hotA hai| pariniSThita prAkRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza meM bhI vidhyarthaka-ijja pratyaya hotA hai| apabhraMza ke karmavAcya meM bhI yaha-ijja pratyaya hotA hai| isa kAraNa kabhI-kabhI donoM meM bheda karanA bar3A kaThina ho jAtA hai| vidhyarthaka-ijja prArambhika prAkRta-eyya kA vikasita rUpa hai| jabaki karmavAcya kA ijja pariniSThita prAkRta iya yA iya (ya) se vikasita huA hai| isa prakAra donoM kA vikAsa krama isa prakAra huA : vidhi prakAra=ya > aiyya-aijja > iyya-ijja karmavAcya yA > aiyya-aijja > iyya-ijja vidhi prakAra ke rUpoM meM prAyaH ve hI tiGa ciha pratyaya juTate haiM jo ki AjJA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| ye rUpa prAyaH apabhraMza ke anya tathA madhyama pu0 e0 va0 meM pAye jAte haiM : anya pu0 e0 va0 :- viijjai, saMtosijjai, vNdijji| saMdeza rAsaka meM 'ijja ke sthAna meM ijjau rUpa milatA hai| (bhayANI, $65-pR0 36) : uttama pu0 e0 va0-'ijjau lajjijjau madhyama pu0 e0 va0-'ijjasu=paDhijjasu, kahijjasu

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kriyApada 395 kumArapAla pratibodha meM - 'ijja (kevala jIro) vAle rUpa bhI pra0 pu0, ma0 pu0 e0 va0 meM pAye jAte haiM: - daijja, caijja (< tyaj), bhamijja / hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM jja, jjA pratyaya vartamAna, bhaviSya evaM vidhyAdi arthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai :- hojjai, hojjAi, hojjAhi~, hojjA, hojjahu, hojjau~ ityAdi / hojja, vinaDijjai gilijjai (hema0 4/370); bali kijjau~ suaNassu / yahA~ para hojja kA prayoga kriyAtipatti ke artha meM huA hai| prArthanA artha meM bhI jja kA prayoga hotA hai - gori su dijjahi kaMtu (hema - 4 / 383); desijjantu bhamijja-to desaDA caijja (hema0 4 / 418 ) yahA~ para bhamijja aura caijja vidhi artha meM prayukta huA hai| rUsijjai, bilijjai (hema0 4/418); dejjahiM (hema0 4/ 428 ) - vartamAna artha prayukta huA hai| khajjai nava kasarakkehi~, pijjai nau ghunTerhi - (he0 4/423) yaha bhI vartamAna artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| apabhraMza meM hetuhetumadbhAvAdi arthoM meM bhI loT lakAra ke ntu prayoga ke sAtha sAtha 'jja' pratyaya kA prayoga hotA hai - lajjejjantu vayaMsiahu, jaibhaggA ghara entu (hema0 4/351 ); jai sasi cholijjantu (hema0 4/39), hindI meM Adara sUcaka AjJA ke rUpa isI 'ijja se saMbaddha haiM :- dIjiye, kIjiye Adi / iyya vAle rUpoM se hindI meM Aiye, khAiye, Adi kA vikAsa huA hai| vastutaH na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM Akara vidhi ke rUpa AjJA ke prakAra meM parivartita ho gaye / isakA bIja to hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM hI milatA hai| kintu yaha prAkRta paiMgalam aura ukti vyakti prakaraNa se spaSTa hone lagatA hai / apabhraMza meM pUrvokta rUpoM ke atirikta bhI kucha rUpa milate haiM jo ki saMskRta, pAli tathA prAkRta se Aye hue haiN| saMskRta bhASA meM hI prAyaH dekhA gayA hai ki dhAtu rUpoM kA prayoga svatantra

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396 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi rUpa meM huA hai| ve dhAtu rUpa hI lakAroM yAnI kAloM ke arthoM kA dyotana karate the| kisI pUraka yA sahAyaka kriyA kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thii| kintu jaba se kriyAyeM bhI vizeSaNa kI ora jAne lagI taba se sahAyaka kI AvazyakatA pratIta hone lgii| hindI meM sahAyaka kriyA ke vinA artha prakAzana meM abhAva kA kAraNa hai-kRdantaja rUpoM kA bAhulya / apabhraMza ke yuga meM hI kRdantoM kI pradhAnatA ho calI thI, kintu usa samaya lakAroM ke dhAtu rUpoM se vartamAna, bhaviSya evaM vidhi Adi ke arthoM kA dyotana hotA thaa| ataH usa samaya una sahAyaka kriyAoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM dIkha par3atI thii| Adhunika hindI meM kRdantaja rUpoM kI hI pradhAnatA hone se bhUtakAla ke atirikta anya kAloM ke artha prakAzana meM bhI asuvidhA hone ke kAraNa sahAyaka kriyAyeM cala pdd'iiN| saMskRta meM bhI ekakAlika artha dyotana ke liye 'as' dhAtu kA prayoga hotA thaa| vartamAna aura bhUta yAnI 'hai' aura 'thA' ke liye asti aura AsIt kA prayoga hotA thaa| bhaviSya ke liye isa dhAtu kA vikArI rUpa 'bhaviSyati' rUpa prayukta hotA thaa| pAli ke bAda prAkRta se hI isa dhAtu kA mahatva bar3ha claa| isakA artha eka aMza kA hI prakAza karatA thaa| apabhraMza meM bhI yahI sthiti rhii| kintu jaba se hindI meM doharI kriyA kA prayoga hone lagA taba se isa dhAtu kA vaiziSTya bddh'aa| apabhraMza dohA meM as dhAtu kA rUpa do bAra prayukta huA hai| jaM acchai taM mANiai hosai karatu macch| (hema0 4/388) yadi dUsare acchi kA artha Asva-As (upavezane) baiThanA (adAdigaNa) dhAtu mAnate haiM taba to kevala pUrva kA acchai hI avazeSa raha jAtA hai| ataH vartamAna kAla meM rUpa hogA-anya puruSa e0 va0 acchai pakSa meM asthi, ba0 va0 meM acchahiM, asthi / madhyama pu0 e0 va0 acchahi, acchasi, atthi; ba0 va0 acchaha / uttama pu0 e0 va0-acchau~, acchamhi, amhi / ba0 va0 meM acchahU~, acchamo, acchamho, acchamha Adi /

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kriyApada karmavAcya rUpa prA0 bhA0 A0 meM sakarmaka dhAtuoM se karmavAcya aura akarmaka dhAtuoM se bhAvavAcya hotA thA / kartRvAcya donoM prakAra kI dhAtuoM se hotA thA / ma0 bhA0 A0 meM bhI dhAtuoM kI sakarmakatA aura akarmakatA ke kAraNa bhAva karmaNi prayoga huA / AcArya hemacandra ne bhI svataH bhAva karma kA ullekha kiyA hai 156 apabhraMza meM prAyaH sarvatra bhUtakAla ke liye kRdanta=kta pratyaya kA prayoga hotA thA / saMskRta meM kta pratyaya kA prayoga to prAyaH bhAva karmaNi hI hotA thA / kartRvAcya ke liye kRdanta 'ktavatu' kA prayoga hotA thA jisakA ki abhAva prAkRta kAla se hI ho gayA thA / sAmAnyataH bhUtakAla meM kartari prayoga nahIM hotA / karmavAcya kA prayoga sakarmaka dhAtuoM se hotA thA / kriyA vyApAra kA pariNAma jaba karma para par3e taba dhAtuyeM sakarmaka hotI haiM aura unase karmavAcya hotA hai : (hema0 4 / 330) 1. DholA maI tuhu~ vAriyA~ / 2. viTTIe mai~ bhaNiya tuhu~ / 3. je mahu diNNA diyahaDA daiyeM pavasanteNa / (hema0 4 / 333 ) kriyA vyApAra kA phala jaba karma para na par3akara karttA meM hI sannihita rahe to bhAvavAcya hotA hai / 397 he0 46396 'asaihi~ hasiu~ niHsaMku asatIbhiH hasitaM niHzaMkam / hasa dhAtu kA artha haMsanA hai / haMsanA kriyA vyApAra kA phala karma para na par3akara Ananda Adi pariNAma kartA kulaTAoM para hI pdd'aa| ataH hasa dhAtu ko akarmaka hone ke kAraNa ise bhAvavAcya mAnanA cAhiye / prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa lakSmIdhara" ne prAkRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza meM bhI bhAva karma mAnane kA vidhAna kiyA hai pizela ($ 535) kA kahanA hai ki karmavAcya prAkRta meM tIna prakAra se banAyA jAtA hai / = =

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398 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (1) prAkRta ke dhvani parivartana ke niyamoM ke anusAra-ya vAlA saMskRta rUpa kAma meM AtA hai; isa sthiti meM mahA0, jai0 mahA0, jai0 zaura0, a0 mA0 aura apa0 meM svaroM ke bAda-ya kA-jja ho jAtA hai| vyaMjanoM ke rahane para yaha Iya ho jAtA hai| apabhraMza meM ijja bhI hotA hai| (2) dhAtu meM hI isakA ciha lagA diyA jAtA hai athavA bhudhaa| (3) vartamAna kAla ke varga meM ciha chor3a diyA jAtA hai| isa niyama se dA ke nimnalikhita rUpa hoMge : mahA0, jai0 mahA0, a0 mA0 aura apa0 meM dijjai hai, jai0 zau0 dijjadi, zaura0 aura mAga0 meM dIadi rUpa pAye jAte haiN| vararuci (7. 8); hemacandra (3,160); kramadIzvara (4,12) aura mArkaNDeya ke anusAra vinA kisI prakAra ke bhedabhAva ke prAkRta kI sabhI boliyoM meM karmavAcya meM IA aura-ijja lagAkara bhaviSyatkAla banAyA jAtA hai| vartamAna icchA vAcaka tathA AjJA vAcaka rUpa karmavAcya meM A sakate haiN| isake atirikta karmavAcya varga se pUrNa bhUtakAla, bhaviSyatkAla, sAmAnya kriyA, vartamAna kAlika aura bhUta kAlika aMza kriyAyeM banAyI jAtI haiN| pizela kA kahanA hai ki samApti sUcaka ciha niyamita rUpa se parasmaipada ke haiN| sandeza rAsaka meM degiya, ijja tathA Iya rUpoM kA anupAta 33,13 aura 3 hai| ina sabhI ke atirikta apabhraMza meM kucha aise aniyamita karmavAcya haiM jo ki saMskRta rUpoM kI dhvanyAtmaka vizeSatAoM ko batAte haiM: sijjai, pijjai, gijjai, Najjai, jhijjai, dIsai, kIrai, pesai, summai, pasuppai, ghummaMti, DajhaMti; preraNArthaka rUpa :- caDAiyai, suhaaiyi| tessitori ne apa0 ijja se purAnI rAjasthAnI meM do prakAra ke rUpoM kA vikAsa dikhAyA hai-(1) Ijai purAnI rAjasthAnI kIjai < apa0 kIjjai < saM0 kriyte| pu0 rAja0 dijai < apa0 dijjai < saM0 diiyte| (2) Iyai (Iai) vAle :-pu0 rAja0 karIyai < karIjai < apa0 karijjai < saM0 kriyte| pu0 rAja0

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kriyApada 399 joIai < joIjai < apa0 joijjai < saM0 * dyotyte| prAkRta paiMgalam meM bhI 0iya (ia), ijja (Ija) donoM rUpa milate haiN| DA0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI ne batAyA hai ki Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ko do vargoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai :-(1) ijja-Ija bhASA varga, jaise rAjasthAnI; (2) Iuva-i bhASA varga jaise paMjAbI, purAnI ba~galA, purAnI koslii| isa prakAra apabhraMza meM rUpa hoMge hasIai, hsijji,| apabhraMza meM prAkRta 'Ia' bhI hotA hai (hema0 8/4/330) jaanniai| inake rUpa pUrvavata kAloM kI bhA~ti hoMge:eka vacana bahu vacana uttama pu0-hasiau~, hasijjau~ hasiahu~, hasijjahu~ madhyama pu0-hasiahi, hasijjahi ____ hasiahu, hasijjahu anya pu0-hasiai, hasijjai hasiahi~, hasijjahi~ zeSa lakAroM ke rUpa pUrvavat hoNge| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM meM varNita karmavAcya ke kucha uddharaNaH vaNNiai 4/345; joijjau~ (dRzye) 4/356; kampijjai (kaMtyate)-4/357; chijjai (kSIyante) 4/360-yahA~ chi meM ikAra hone ke nAte aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ijja kA i lupta ho gayA hai| bolliai (dezI) 4/336; pAviai (prApyate) 4/370; viNaDijjai (vinATyate, dezI), gilijjai (gilyate) 4/388; mANiai (mAnyate) 4/412, rusijjai (ruSyate), vilijjai (vilIyate), 4/419; jAijjai (yAyate), ANiai (AnIyate), lajjijjau~ (dohA ke artha kI dRSTi se lajjayate, rUpa kI dRSTi se lajjye)-4/328; sumarijjai (smayarte) 4/434; milijjai (milyate); chijjai (kSIyate) yahA~ bhI chi meM i hone ke nAte ijja ke i kA lopa ho gyaa| uvvArijjai (udvAryate) arthAta tyajate; dejjai yahA~ bhI i kA lopa hai 4/438 kijjau~ (kriye, artha kI dRSTi se kriyate) yahA~ kR dhAtu se kara hokara ra kA lopa ho gayA hai|

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400 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi preraNArthaka kriyA prA0 bhA0 A0 preraNArthaka (Nijanta) rUpoM kA cihna Aya, aura aya (bhAvayati, gamayati) tathA Apaya aura apaya-(sthApayati, snpyti)| ma0 bhA0 A0 meM aya, e, Ava tathA Ave ke rUpa meM vikasita huaa| tessi tori kA kahanA hai (6 141) ki preraNArthaka dhAtu rUpoM ko 'sakarmaka' kahanA adhika acchA hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM Apaya ko sAmAnya pratyaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura isakA prayoga kisI dhAtu ke sAtha preraNArthaka kriyA banAne ke liye kiyA jAtA hai| isI Apaya kA vikasita rUpa hai aav| isa pratyaya ke pUrva prAcIna pazcimI rAjasthAnI kA mUla dIrghasvara sAmAnyataH, parantu sadaiva nahIM, hrasva ho jAtA hai; jaise bolai se bolAvai (pa0 342) bolvaanaa| kabhI kabhI Ava ko ava bhI ho jAtA hai aura mUla svara ko dIrgha rahane diyA jAtA hai, jaise pazcimI rAja0 348-vInavai < apa0 viNNAvai < saM0 vijJApayati / aise rUpa prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM vyApaka rUpa se pracalita haiM-paTThavai-hema0 4/37) < paThavai, prA0 viNNavai (hema0 4/38) < viNNAvai < vijJApayati; melavai (hema0 4/28), sosavai (hema0 3/150) apabhraMza meM paTThAvia (karmavAcya; hema0 4/422), prayoga bhI milatA hai| pizela (8551) kA kahanA hai ki preraNArthaka saMskRta kI bhA~ti hI preraNArthaka vardhita dhAtu (=vRddhi vAlA rUpa) meM-e=saMskRta aya ke Agamana se banatA hai :- kArei < kArayati, pAThei < pAThayati, uvasAmei < upasAmayati aura hAsei < hAsayati hai| A meM samApta hone vAle dhAtuoM meM ve saMskRta (A) paya kA Agamana hotA hai:- ThAvei < sthApayati, AghAvei < AkhyApayati mahA0-NivvAventi < nirvApayanti; zaura0 bhaviSyatkAla meM NivvAvaissaM milatA hai| AkArAnta dhAtuyeM prAkRta meM prareNArthaka (A) va lagAne para hasva bhI ho jAtI haiM :

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kriyApada 401 sthA :- mahA0 Thavijjanti, a0 mA0 uTThaveha, apa0 Thavehu ( prAkRta paiMgalam 1, 87; 125 aura 145 ) 1 a, i aura IkArAnta meM samApta hone vAlI dhAtuoM ke atirikta anya dhAtuoM meM bhI jinakA anta svara, dvisvara aura vyaMjana se samApta hotA hai, preraNArthaka rUpa banAne ke liye prAkRta boliyoM meM- be-3 - akSara (< saMskRta paya lagAyA jAtA hai) - e < aya se banane vAle preraNArthakoM se ye alpatara haiM - hasAvei, hasAviya, mahA0 meM hasAvia rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai | ghaDAvei, ghaDAviya, karAvei, karAvia aura kArAvei rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiN| kArAviya bhI ho sakatA hai| kucha prAkRta boliyoM meM e kI jagaha ve bhI pAye jAte haiN| vizeSataH apabhraMza meM jisameM A - vA Ate haiN| isa prakAra ke rUpa nAma dhAtuoM kI bhA~ti hote haiM athavA ina dhAtuoM kI rUpAvalI una dhAtuoM kI bhA~ti banatI hai jo mUla meM hI saMkSipta kara diye gaye hoM aura jinameM dvisvara se pahale niyamita rUpa se svara hrasva kara diye gaye hoM : udAharaNa:- ha~sAvai (hema0 3 / 149 ), ghaDAvai ( hema0 4 / 340), ugghADai (hema0 4 / 33 ); zaurasenI meM ghaDAvehi pAyA jAtA hai / uddAlai < uddAlayati (hema0 4 / 125 ); pADai < pAtayati ( hema0 3 / 153) ; isa rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha mahA0 meM pADei bhI dekhA jAtA hai / bhrama kA bhamAvai (hema0 4 / 151 ) ; uttArahi (vikramorvazIya, 69, 2) zaura0 meM odAredi / mArai (hema0 4 / 33,3) isake sAtha-sAtha mahA0 meM mAresi aura mArehisi tathA mArei rUpa bhI milate haiM / apabhraMza meM bhI mArei (hema0 4 / 337) ; hArAvai (hema0 4 / 31 ) apaM0 vAhai (piMgala 1/5a); nimmavai < nirmApayati ( he0 4 / 19 ); paTThavai aura paTTAvai (hema0 4 / 37 ) isake atirikta pariThavahu aura saMThavahu bhI milate haiN| ThAvei aura Thavei rUpa bhI calatA hai| dA dhAtu kA dAvai aura dAvei rUpa banatA hai| vajjei, dharei (hema0 4/336); mArei, karei (hema0 4/337); ghaDAvai (hema0 4 / 340) sikkhei < zikSayati (hema0 4/334); tikkhei < tIkSNayati (hema0 4 / 370 ); takkai < tarkayati, thakkei (hema0 4/396), ceai < cetayati / kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza dohoM meM tuka ke AdhAra para bhI e kA prayoga

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402 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi huA hai-ei (hema0 4/406), iNa (gatau) dhAtu kA vartamAna kAla meM ei < eti rUpa hogaa| caraNa ke anta meM dei < dadAti rUpa bhI hotA hai| denti, esI, ei prayoga preraNArthaka nahIM hai| ye rUpa apavAda svarUpa haiN| aNuNei < anunayati preraNArthaka hai| bhama < bhrama dhAtu ke preraNArthaka rUpoM meM bhAmei aura bhamAvai ke sAtha-sAtha hemacandra (3/151) ke anusAra bhAmAvei rUpa bhI calatA hai| hema0 (4/30) ke anusAra bhamADai aura bhamADei rUpa bhI milate haiN| hema0 (4/161)-bhammaDai, bhamaDai aura bhammADai rUpa bhI milate haiM | ADa vAle rUpa purAnI rAjasthAnI meM bhI pAye jAte haiM-UDADai (daza0 10)=ur3AtA hai| jagADai (daza0)=jagAtA hai| pamADai (daza0) dilAtA paravartI apabhraMza saMdeza rAsaka aura prAkRta paiMgalam meM preraNArthaka degAva aura ava ke rUpa adhika milate haiN| apavAda svarUpa sArasi (smArayasi) jaise rUpa bhI mila jAyA karate haiN| nAmadhAtu nAmadhAtu saMskRta kI bhA~ti banAye jAte haiN| inameM yA to kriyAoM ke samApti sUcaka ciha (1) sIdhe nAmoM yAnI saMjJAoM meM jor3a diye jAte haiN| (2) anta meM a=saMskRta-ya vAlI saMjJAoM meM isa antima svara kA dIrdhIkaraNa kara diyA jAtA hai yA (3) kriyAoM ke samAptisUcaka ciha prAkRta ke preraNArthaka ke cihna e-ve-aura-va-meM lagAye jAte haiN| paccappiNAhi aura paccappiNittA rUpa; jammai <* janmati tathA hammai <* hanmati; dhavalai (hema0 4/24); paDibimbi (hema0 4/439,3); pamANahu < pramANayata; pahuppai <* prabhutvati; zuSkase sukkahi~ rUpa (hema0 4/427,1) pAyA jAtA hai| saMskRta meM binA kisI prakAra kA upasarga jor3akara saMjJA zabdoM se kriyAyeM banA dI jAtI haiM jaise aMkura se aMkurati, kRSNa se kRSNati, aura darpaNa se darpaNati (kIla haurna 8476; hiTanI $1054) / pizela (8491) kA kahanA hai mahA0 aura apa0 meM isa prakAra ke nAma dhAtu kI prakriyA vizeSa pAI jAtI hai| kathA < kahA se

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kriyApada 403 mahA-kahAmi, kahasi, kahai, kahAmo, kahai aura kahanti rUpa milate haiN| apa0 kahi <* katheH < kathaye hai| (hema0 4/422,14); mahA0, apa0-gaNai, gaNanti aura gaNantIeN (hema0 4/353 bhI hai); mahA0, apa0-cintai aura cintantAha~ < cintayantAm hai (hema0); ummUlai < unmUlayanti, papphoDai aura papphoDattI < prasphoTayati; maulanti < mukulayanti; pAhasi < prArthayasi hai| ___ saMskRta kI bhA~ti prAkRta meM bhI nAma dhAtu kA nirmANa-a < saMskRta-ya-jor3ane se hotA hai| mahA0-suhAai, zaura0-suhAadi (zAkantula - 49,8) = sukhAyati hai| pizela ($ 558) ne una bahusaMkhyaka nAma dhAtuoM kA ullekha vizeSa rUpa se kiyA hai jo kisI dhvani kA anukaraNa karate haiM athavA zarIra, mana aura AtmA kI kisI sazakta halacala Adi ko vyakta karate haiN| navIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM bhI inakA prAdhAnya hai; saMskRta meM inameM se aneka pAye jAte haiM, kintu isameM kucha mUlarUpa meM hai jinameM inakI vyutpatti pAI jAtI hai| isa jAti kA paricAyaka eka udAharaNa damadamAi athavA damadamAai (hema0 3/138) hai jisakA artha hai 'ThamAThama' krnaa| yaha Dhola yA damAme kI anukaraNa kA hai| preraNArthaka kI bhA~ti bhI inakA rUpa milatA hai| zaura0-kurakurA asi, kurakurAadi (mRccha0 71); kurakurAanta (karpUra0 14,3;70.1); kurukuria (=dekhane kI prabala icchA; sudha, dhuna; dezI0 2,42); jai0 mahA0 meM ghurughuranti (garrAnA) AyA hai| TiriTillai jisakA artha veza badala kara bhramaNa karanA (hema0 4/161) hai| mahA0 meM dhukkA dhukkai (hAla 584) marAThI dhuka dhuknne| preraNArthaka ke DhaMga se bhI nAma dhAtu banate haiM:-a0 mA0-uccArei < uccArayati; uvakkhaDei <* upaskRtayati; baar-baar-uvkkhddaavei| mahA0 duhAvai <* dvidhApayati, mailei, maile nti, mailanta aura mailijjai pAye jAte haiM jo maila (=kAlA) ke rUpa haiN| na0 bhA0 A0 meM nAma dhAtuoM kA prayoga bahuta bar3ha calA hai, kintu prAkRta paiMgalam meM nAma dhAtu ke prayoga kucha kama pAye jAte haiM :- varavANio (2,174,2,196 VvakhANa <* VvyAkhyAnayati *vyaakhyaanyte)| jaNamara (1,149 vjaNama <* janma, jnmyte)|

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404 saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 11. 12. 13. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 6. bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI - pR0 107 - rAjakamala prakAzana-dillI bholA zaMkara vyAsa - prAkRta paiMgalam - bhAga - 2 / 8103 7. 8. saMndeza rAsaka - pR0 31 9. Historical Grammar of Apabhrans-p.34 10. saMskRta meM 'Agama (mitravadbhavati) evaM Adeza (zatruvadbhavati) do bhinna vyAkaraNika ikAiyA~ thIM / jarnala eziyATika sosAiTI baMgAla - sana 1924 1 hisTorikala grAmara oNpha apabhraMza - pR0 284 linDo Aryana - pR0 207-35, uddhRta DaoN0 tagAre hi0 grA0 apa0 yo 2821 16. 17. pANini - vartamAne laT / 1/3/183 pANini parokSe liT / 3/2/115 pANini anadyatane luT / 3/3/15 pANini anadyatane lar3a. / 18. prAkRta vyAkaraNa- - hRSIkeza kRta- prakAzana ahamadAbAda, DAyamanDa jubalI zrI jaina priMTiMga presa, saM0 1961, pR0 185 'bhUtArthe vihitasya pratyayasya sthAne svarAntAt hI, sI, hIa ityete AdezAH bhvnti| vyaMjanAntAt dhAtoH parasya bhUtArthe vihitasya pratyayasya sthAne 'ia' Adezo bhavati / 14 prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa - 8505-8 15 siddha hemagata apabhraMza vyAkaraNa - pR0 34 zrI phArmasa gujarAtI sabhA udaya viTThala bhAI paTela rAsto, bambaI - 4 dhAtu pATha bhvAdigaNa / dhAtu pATha tudAdi gaNa pR0 24, 25 prakAzana vaidika yantrAlaya ajamera, saM0 1991 / dhAtu0 rudhAdigaNa /

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kriyApada 405 19. tudaadignn| 20. kryaadignn| 21. bhvAdi gnn| 22. tnaadignn| 23. adAdi gnn| svAdi gnn| bhvAdi gnn| bhvAdi gnn| 27. curAdi gnn| bhvAdi gnn| curAdi gnn| 30. bhvAdi gnn| 31. adAdi gnn| bhvAdi gnn| curAdi gnn| bhvAdi gnn| 35. curAdi gnn| curAdi gnn| 37. 'iSugamiyamAM cha:' pANini 7/3/77 38. bhavisatta kahA kI bhUmikA-pR0 60 ukti vyakti prakaraNa-$71-bhUmikA pR0 57 40. saMdeza rAsaka-862-bhUmikA pro0 harivallabha bhayANI .. 41. ela0 pI0 tessitori-anuvAdaka nAmavara siMha $117 pR0 145 / prakAzana nAgarI pracAriNI sbhaa| 'kampareTiva grAmara oNpha gauDiyana laiMgvejeja-8497 DA0 tagAre dvArA uddhata- hi0 grA0 apa0 pR0 289 39.

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406 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 43. prAkRta paiMgalam kA bhASA zAstrIya aura chandaH zAstrIya anuzIlana bhAga-2-pR0 2451 44. ukti vyakti prakaraNa-671 bhUmikA pR0 57 / liNDo Aryana-pR0 248-91 46. 'bI esa o esa' viii-ii-iii, pR0 567 DA0 tagAre dvArA uddhRta-hi0 grA0 apa0 pR0 2871 linDo Aryana-pR0 2471 SaDbhASA candrikA-pR0 284 prakAzana-gavarmenTa senTrala presa bAmve, sana 1916. Comparative Grammer of Middle Indo Aryan p.152 50. hisvayoridudet-8/4/387 51. siddhahemagataapabhraMza vyAkaraNa-bhUmikA pR0 38 52. Turner,JRAS 1927, pp.232-5; BSOS V(1930),50, VI(1952), 53 53. Comparative Grammar of Middle Indo Aryan p.155 54. bhojapurI bhASA aura sAhitya-tivArI : $536-37, pR0 273 / 55. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyaakrnn-6515-17| 56. na vA karma bhAvevvaH kyasya ca luka (8/4/242) cijipravRttInAM bhAva karmavidhiM vkssyaamH| 8/3/160 57. SaDbhASA candrikA-3/4/56 ....evamajantAnAM halantAnAM ca dhAtunAM bhAvakarmaNorNici ca rUpasiddhiH prAkRtavadeva klpniiyaa| 58. saMdeza rAsaka-pro0 bhayANI $71-bhUmikA pR0 34 59. purAnI rAjasthAnI-137, anu0 nAmavara siMha 60. uktivyaktiprakaraNa-bhUmikA $72 pR0 57

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dvAdaza adhyAya dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA ( kRdanta prakaraNa) jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki apabhraMza meM bhUtakAla ke liye tiGanta lakAroM kA prayoga samAptaprAya sA ho gayA thA / isakA sthAna niSThA kRdanta ne grahaNa kiyaa| saMskRta meM niSThA 'kta' evaM 'ktavatu' do pratyaya hote the| kta pratyaya kA prayoga bhAva karma meM hotA thA aura ktavatu kA kartR meN| bhASA meM saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa apabhraMza meM 'kta' pratyaya kA vikasita rUpa hI grahaNa kiyA gyaa| phalataH vAkya gaThana bhAva karmaNi hone lagA kRdanta dravya pradhAna hone ke kAraNa vizeSaNa vizeSya kA anusaraNa karatA hai| kintu apabhraMza meM liMgoM kI avyavasthA hone ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI rUpoM meM liMga bheda karanA kaThina sA ho jAyA karatA hai / phalataH kabhI-kabhI pulliMga evaM strIliMga ke rUpoM meM samatA sI A jAyA karatI hai| saca to yaha hai ki saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa niSThA rUpoM se bhI liMga bheda vinaSTa sA ho gyaa| phira bhI usakA kahIM-kahIM liMga ke anusAra rUpa bhI pAyA jAtA hai / 'kta' kA vikasita rUpa 'a' sAmAnyataH apabhraMza meM pAyA jAtA hai / isI 'a' kA kabhI 'A' bhI ho jAtA hai- bhallA huA jumAriAhema0 / ina kRdanta a, A, ke uccAraNa meM ya bhI zruti gocara hone lagA / udAharaNa-gaya, kiya, vAriyA Adi / akAra kA kabhI-kabhI 'u' rUpa bhI milatA hai-dUruDDANeM paDiu khalu (hema0 ), piu diTThau sahasatti ityAdi / 'a' kA 'u' honA apabhraMza meM 'ukAra bahulA' kI pravRtti hai / kabhI-kabhI ukAra ke pUrva ya bhI dRSTigocara hotA

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408 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hai tumhehi amhehi jaM kiyau~ diTThau bahua jaNeNa yahA~ kiyauM, diTThau~ meM napuMsaka liMga kA anusvAra surakSita hai| kahIM-kahIM akarmaka dhAtuoM meM yA anyatra bhI a ke pUrva i svara dIkha par3atA hai=jai sasaNehI to muia, vihaMvi payArehiM gaia dhaNa (hem0)| saMskRta meM jina seT dhAtuoM se ArdhadhAtuka meM iDAgama hotA thA una dhAtuoM se apabhraMza ke tadbhava niSThA meM bhI 'zruti gocara' hotA hai| saMskRta aniT dhAtuoM ke apabhraMza aniT tadbhava dhAtuoM ke rUpoM meM bhI 'i' dIkha par3atA hai| saMskRta seT dhAtu kA apabhraMza tadbhava seT dhAtuoM meM ukAra bhI zrutigata hotA hai-paDiu, uvvariu ityAdi / niSkarSa yaha ki niSThA 'kta' kA vikasita rUpa apabhraMza meM a, ya evaM u rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| inhIM niSThA pratyayoM se bhUtakAlika kriyA rUpa banAyA jAtA hai| yaha niSThA vizeSaNa vizeSya kA anusaraNa karane ke kAraNa apanA rUpa saMjJA prakaraNa kI bhA~ti calatA thaa| yadyapi apabhraMza meM niSThA ke prathamAnta rUpa hI vizeSatayA pAye jAte haiM; para kahIM-kahIM tRtIyA evaM saptamI Adi vibhaktiyoM ke rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiM:-putte jAe~ kavaNa guNu', sAyari bhariai vimala jlideg| yahA~ para jAe~ tRtIyA kA, bhariai saptamI kA rUpa ___ bhAva karma meM 'kta' pratyaya rahane para a ko i' hotA hai hasiaM, hAsiaM, paDhiaM, pAr3hiaM, naviaM ityaadi| bhAvakarma meM vihita Nic pratyaya kA Avira prayoga, bhUta kAlika niSThA 'kta' ke rahane para hotA hai| udAharaNa kAriaM, karAviaM, hAsiaM, hasAviaM ityaadi| apabhraMza meM niSThA kA rUpa 'dA' dhAtu se diNNI evaM diNNA prayoga bhI banatA hai (hema0 4/330) kasavaTTai dinnnnii| je mahu diNNA (hema0 4/333); paravartI apabhraMza ke samaya meM bhAva karma vAcyArthaka niSThA 'kta' pratyaya kA prayoga kartRvAcya meM bhI hone lagA thA, jaise haMsihi caDiu kA prayoga haMsa caDayo' aadi|

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dhAtusAdhita saMjJA 409 apUrNa yA vartamAna kAlika kRdanta prA0 bhA0 A0 meM vartamAna kAlika kRdanta parasmaipadI anta (zatR) tathA AtmanepadI dhAtuoM meM mAna-Ana (zAnac ) hai / ma0 bhA0 A0 meM AtmanepadI dhAtuoM kA prAyaH lopa ho jAne ke kAraNa mANa (mAna) vAle rUpa kama pAye jAte haiN| prAkRta an (anta) kA anto rUpa pAyA jAtA hai / nta ( = anusvAra+ta) vyaMjanAnta dhAtu ke bAda saMyojaka 'a' lagatA hai| bahuta bAra svArthika a kA vistRta ntaya (saMkucita ntA) rUpa hotA hai / strIliMga meM 'ntI' 'nti' kA vikasita rUpa 'ntia bhI pAyA jAtA hai / chanda vaza kahIM anusvAra kA anunAsika bhI hotA hai / na0 bhA0 A0 ke kRdantoM meM anunAsikatva samApta ho gayA hai ( karat, karato, karatA, karatI) - udAharaNaH-jai pavasante na gaya, gaNantie, joanta, joantI ( hema0 4 / 409), joantAhaM, jujjhaMta, dAraMta, nivasaMta, pavasaMta, mellaMta, lahaMta, valaMta, aMta deMta, chollijjaMta, daMsijjaMta, phukkijjaMta / kabhI kabhI ta ke bAda ya bhI laga jAtA hai- nAsaMtaya, raDaMtaya, jaMtaya, taya, kabhI - kabhI tA bhI juTa jAyA karatA hai - ciMtatA, navaMtA Adi / kahIM-kahIM 'nta' kI jagaha 'ta' bhI milatA hai - hosai karatu ma accha / strIliMgaH - gaNanti diMti, mellaMti, jeaMti, uDDAvantia, lahaMntia / apAvantI < aprApnuvantI, huvantI, pekkhantI Adi / prAkRta meM 'mANa (pu0), 'mANA-mANI (strI0) vAle rUpa bhI milate haiN| pizela ($561,62) ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM mANa aura mANI pratyaya kA udAharaNa ardhamAgadhI aura jaina mahArASTrI kA hI diyA hai| isakA adhika udAharaNa na milane kA eka kAraNa to yaha hai ki prAkRta meM Atmanepada kA abhAva hai| dUsarA yaha ki ye kinhIM vibhASAoM meM hI pAye jAte the jo ki jaina prAkRtoM ke ArSa prayogoM kA saMketa karate haiN| pAsamANe, pAsai, suNamANe,

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi suNai, muccha mANe, mucchai rUpa pAye jAte haiM (AyAra0 1,15,2 aura 3) / apabhraMza meM prAyaH anta, antI vAle rUpa hI milate haiM / yatra tatra mANa kA prayoga bhI apabhraMza meM mila jAyA karatA hai - pavissamANa, vaTThamANa, AsINa Adi / 410 1 saMdeza rAsaka ( 864 bhUmikA bhayANI) meM anta ( svArthe 'antaya rUpa ) strI0 antI rUpa tathA ukti vyakti prakaraNa (881 - bhUmikA - DA0 su0 caTarjI) meM aMta tathA 'ata donoM prakAra ke udAharaNa milate haiM / prA0 paiMgalam meM bhI aMta aura aMtI rUpa milate haiN| udAharaNa:- moha vasiNa bolaMta (saM0 rA0 950), suha taiya rAo uggilaMto siNe ho (saM0 rA0 - 100 ba0); karata, par3hata, payaMta < pacanta yA pacatA ( u0 vya0 pra0 20 / 11 ) bolata, jevaMta ( u0 vya0 pra0 - 39 / 13 ); ulhasaMta, balaMta ( prA0 paiM0 1, 7) bhAva karma yA yoM hI preraNArthaka Nic pratyaya vAlI dhAtuoM se anta yA mANa ke pUrva jja kA vidhAna hotA hai - phukkijjanta bhamanta (hema0 4/422,3) / = purAnI rAjasthAnI meM aMta, aMtI vAle rUpa milate haiM, sAtha hI sAtha ata aura atI vAle rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiN| khar3I bolI, braja Adi meM yahI ata vAle rUpa pracalita haiM / karmavAcya - bhUtakAlika kRdanta apabhraMza ke bhUtakAlika karmavAcya kRdanta meM nimnalikhita pratyaya upalabdha hote haiM - ia - iu, - iya, - iyau, iaa - iau / ina sabhI kI vyutpatti prA0 bhA0 A0-i-ta se huI hai| pAli aura prAkRta se vikasita hote hue ye pratyaya apabhraMza meM Aye haiN| na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM bhI ye pAye jAte haiN| yaha - ita 'ka' ke sAtha yA usake vinA bhI prayukta hotA hai /

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dhAtusAdhita saMjJA I apabhraMza kI dhAtuoM kA vikAsa do tarIke se huA hai (1) saMskRta dhAtuoM kA prAkRtika rUpa aura (2) dezI dhAtuyeM / udAharaNa svarUpa (1) viNNaviya, visariau donoM sIdhe prA0 bhA0 A0 vijJA, vismR dhAtu se na A kara prAkRta dhAtu viNNava aura visara-pratyaya-iya, iu < prA0 bhA0 A0 ita se yukta apabhraMza meM AyI haiN| (2) chaDDia < chaDDu, - phullia < phulla, kokkiya < kokka Adi; paravartI apabhraMza ke ye udArahaNa haiN| isa taraha prathama prakAra kI dhAtuoM ko pratyaya sAdhita prakAra tathA dUsare prakAra kI dhAtuoM ko siddha prakAra kheNge| isameM dezI dhAtuoM ke alAvA niSpanna prAkRta dhAtuyeM bhI haiM / 411 (i) pratyaya sAdhita dhAtuoM ke udAharaNa :gAlia, ullAla, ciMta, Doha, tosa, nijji, par3a, pI, bhaNa, mil, muNa, liha, saMpa, saMpesa Adi ke sAtha ia pratyaya lagatA hai / ghaDiaya ke prakAra kA udAharaNa-uTTha, car3a, nivar3a, pasara, bolla, vAha Adi ke sAtha iaya pratyaya lagatA hai / vAriA ke r3haMga para, vinnAsiA, mAriA Adi / ida pratyaya kA udAharaNa - kadhida, viNimmavida, vihida Adi / (ii) siddha prakAraH - gaya, khaya, niggaya, mua, sua, phuTTa, nivaTTa, iTTa, diTTha, paiTTha, pabbhaTTha, daDDha, uvvANa, chiNNa, viiNNa, patta, samatta, tiMta; kiaya, muaya, diTThaya, paiTThaya, paNaTThaya, juttaya, viDhattaya, vRttaya; vunnaya; muA, huA, hUA, bhaggA, tuTThA, paluTTA, daDDhA, diNNA, uvvattA; Agada, gada, kida; strIliMga - paiTTi, diTTi, ruTThi, diNNI, ruddhI; gaia, muia; rattia / (i) bhUtakAlika karmavAcya kRdanta ke ita rUpa meM apabhraMza meM do prakAra kI dhAtuyeM hotI haiM :- (1) seT (2) aniT / kaaa, kaya, kiya, kaiya (kRta), catta ( tyakta) kahia, kahiya ( kathita) / (ii) dhAtuoM kA pratyakSa saMbaMdha (dezI dhAtuoM meM bhI) bhUtakAlika karmavAcya kRdanta ke pratyayoM meM hai / isa prakAra kI racanA na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai /

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412 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (a) saMskRta kI dhAtuoM meM bhI :-diNNa (*didra); ruNNa (*rudna) mukka (*muk-na): natta (*nRtta) Adi ina sabhI kA rUpa-datta, rudita, mukta, nartita-pariniSThita saMskRta meM hogaa| (ba) dezI dhAtuoM ke viSaya meM-ghitta < Vdhiva yA ghippa, abhitta < abhida, abhidiya bhI hotA hai| vicitta < vi-vciva (hema0 4/257-8); chidda < Vchaha kSipa,-dhukka < Vdhauka aadi| dezI dhAtuoM kI racanA meM ye aniT kI taraha haiN| apabhraMza meM pramukha karma vAcya bhUtakAlika kRdanta ciha iya (degia), "iu hI haiM, yadyapi prAkRta ke ukta anya rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiN| DaoN0 tagAre ne (8148) pUrvI apabhraMza ke katipaya 'la' vAle niSThA pratyaya kA udAharaNa diyA hai-rUndhelA, AilA, gelA / udyotana kI kuvalayamAlA kahA meM bhI kucha degla rUpa pAye jAte haiM:-diNNale (dA) gahille (graha) aadi| (iii) * (i) ta-ka-jAyao (=jAtaH); mukkau (muktkH)| (iv) * (i) tala (la) a :- mukkalao ( muktlkH)| (v) * na + illa + ka :- diNNellayam ('thA' diyA); heilliyANam (hata-illa-ka,-sambandhu, puM0); ANielliyam (< Anita-illaka karma, e0 va0) vasu0 / prArambhika prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM bhUtakAlika kRdanta ke rUpa haiM-apa0-paDila < /pat, phulilla-< sphura, pucchillA, hasiraprA0-kala=kRt, musa-muSita, khajja-khAdita; roirI (strI0)-rudita / saMndeza rAsaka' meM 'iya, 'iyau vAle rUpoM ke atirikta "I ("iya kA samAhRta rUpa) vAle strIliMga rUpa bhI milate haiM :caDI, vibuddhI, tuTTI aadi| ina rUpoM kA Adhunika AryabhASA hindI aura gujarAtI kI ora jhukAva hai| katipaya udAharaNa saMskRta niSThA rUpoM ke dhvani niyamoM ke anusAra parivartita rUpoM ke bhI milate haiN|

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dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA 413 vidhyartha kRdanta saMskRta ke vidhi artha meM tavya pratyaya kA prayoga hotA thaa| apabhraMza meM usI ke sthAna para ievvauM, evvauM, evA, evva pratyaya dhAtuoM ke sAtha lagAkara rUpa hote the| hema0 4/438-karievvauM, marievvauM, sahevvauM, soevA, dekhevva ityaadi| hemacandra ne devaM ko hetvartha kRdanta kA rUpa mAnA hai| kintu ise vidhyartha kRdanta ke antargata hI mAnanA caahiye| asamApikA yA pUrvakAlika kriyA prA0 bhA0 A0 meM isake tvA (=ktvA anupasarga kriyAoM ke sAtha) tathA ya (=lyapa sopasarga kriyAoM ke sAtha) pratyaya hote the-paThitvA, prapaThya / ma0 bhA0 A0 degtvA kA vikAsa degtA meM huA-vaMdittA (a0 mA0), caittA <* tyajitvA < tyaktvA, gantA < pA0 gantvA (pizela $582) ke rUpa pAye jAte haiN| a0 mA0 A0 meM kRdanta kA eka pratyaya aura hotA hai-ttANaM, yaha vaidika *tvAnaM se nikalA hai bhavittANaM, vasittANaM Adi (pizela 8583) ttANaM kI vyutpatti, tuANaM *< tuvANaM <* tvAnam se dI gaI hai| anunAsika lupta hone para isakA rUpa tuANa ho jAtA hai (pizela $584) / ghettu ANaM, bhetu aannN| isI tvAnaM kA vikasita rUpa tUNaM,-UNaM aura vizeSakara tUNa aura UNa hai jo zaurasenI meM-dUNa bhI vartamAna hai paizAcI meM tUNa hai| bhodUNa, paThidUNa aadi| sAtha hI sAtha prAkRta meM ia pratyaya bhI pAye jAte haiN| (pizela 594) apabhraMza ke pUrvakAlika kriyA meM vaiyAkaraNoM ne kaI pratyaya mAne haiM : eppi, epi-eppiNu,-epiNu, eviNu,-ivi, avi,-ppi,-pi,-vi,piNu (pizela 8588) Adi kA saMbaMdha vaidika kRdanta ke samApti sUcaka cihna-tvI aura tvInam (iSTvInam aura pitvInam) se jor3A

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi jAtA hai / (pANini 7,148 aura isa para kAzikA kA noTa ) - tvI kA dhvani parivartana-ppi meM anunAsika ke bAda Ane para anunAsika-pi meM ho gayA / dIrgha svara kA hrasva karane ke bAda, pa ko va karakevi bnaa| isa niyama ke anusAra- tvInam se-ppiNu-piNu tathA - viNu hogA (hema0 4/ 439 aura 440, krama0 5,53) : 414 degppi-jiNeppi (hema0 4 / 442, 2); jeppi (hema0 4/440) gampi <* gantvI < vaidika gava hai| gameppi (hema0 4 / 442 ) geheppi laheppi, vujeppi ( hema0 4 / 392 ) : rameppi (krama0 5.53 ) : kareM ppi, kRppi (kramao 5,59); broppi, (hema0 4 / 391 ) laheppi ( krama0 5,55 ); / 'ppiNu-daya- se depiNu <* devInam (hema0 4 / 440 ) gampiNu aura gameppiNu (hema0 4/442 ) ; me lle ppiNu (hema0 4 / 341 ) yaha mellai se banA hai (= chor3anA hema0 4 / 91,433); laeNppiNu (hema0 4/370;3:404);broppi au vuppiNu (hema0 4/391,2) kareM ppiNu (hema0 4/396,3); rameppaNu (krama0 5,53); gRhe piNu (hema0 4 / 394,438,1 ); ge hepNui (krama0 5,62) ; caeNppiNu <* tyajitvInam (hema0 4 / 441, 2): laheppiNu (krama0 5/ 55 ) / *vi - dhyai kA jhAivi (hema0 4 / 331); pekkhevi (hema0 4/440); pekkhavi (hema0 4/ 430,3); de kkhavi (hema0 4 / 354); me llavi (hema0 4 / 354); mil kA melavi (hema0 4 / 429,1); cumbibi, vichoDavi ( hema0 4 / 439, 3 aura 4); bhaNivI (hema0 4 / 383, 1 ); piavi <* pibatvI=vaidika pItvI hai (hema0 4 / 403 ); laggivi (hema0 4 / 339); buDDuvi (hema0 4 / 415) ; lAivi = * lAgayitvI (hema0 4 / 331,376,2); levi (hema0 4/395,1,440); karevi (hema0 4 / 340,2); ram dhAtu kA rUpa ramevi (krama0 5, 53 ); jaina mahArASTrI meM bhI vi kA rUpa pAyA jAtA hai laMghevi, pecchavi, nisuNevi, vajjevi, aura jAlevi' (pizela (588); saMvarevi (hema0 4/422,6); pAlevi (hema0 4/ 441,2); lahevi (krama0 5,55 ); -

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dhAtusAdhita saMjJA "viNu :- pekkheviNu (hema0 4/ 444, 4); charda kA rUpa chaDDeviNu (hema0 4 / 422,3); leviNu (hema0 4 / 4412 ) lA kA rUpa hai| rundheviNu (vikrama0 67,20), kareviNu, mAreviNu, jhAeviNu / sAmAnya kriyA bhajjiu kRdanta ke sthAna meM baiThI hai| i - kari, jei, mAri, chaDDi, kappi 'iya-thiya, Arakkhiya / 415 'I- vaisI / 'UNa - pujjiUNa, giNhiUNa, namiUNa deguM-A pratyaya hetvartha kRdanta ke liye hotA hai| yaha saMbaMdha bhUta kRdanta ke artha batAne meM AtA hai- souM, toDiuM / isa prakAra 'ia ('iya), 'iu, i - inakA saMbaMdha 'ya' ( lyap ) se hai| saMdezarAsaka ( 868 - bhUmikA) meM iMvi, 'avi', 'evi, eviNu, degi, degiya, degiu, 'appi rUpa pUrva kAlika kriyAoM meM pAye jAte haiN| ukti vyaktiprakaraNa ( 880 bhUmikA) meM DaoN0 sunIti kumAra caTarjI ne 'i vAle rUpoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai :- dhari, dei, chAri, nhAi, pUji, par3hi (11 / 13 ) / kucha sthAnoM meM yaha 'i, 'a meM parivartita, ho jAtA hai :- jiNa (34 / 9 ) < jitvA' / "i kA vikAsa krama isa prakAra mAnA jA sakatA hai :-- prA0 bhA0 A0 degyama0 bhA0 A0 degI I i > dega:-*kArya (=kRtvA) ma0 bhA0 A0 karia > karI > kari > hi0 kara, guja0 kari / hetvartha kRdanta apabhraMza ke hetvartha kRdanta meM hemacandra ke anusAra (4/ 441 ) . 'aNa, - aha~, - aNahi N aura - eva~ pratyaya hotA hai| hemacandra tathA kramadIzvara ( 5/ 55 ) ke anusAra - eppi - eppiNu, aNaM, - auM aura evvauM pratyaya bhI hotA hai jo ki pUrvakAlika kriyA ke bhI pratyaya haiM /

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416 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ye pratyaya saMskRta tum (un) hindI (karane jAne ke liye) ke artha meM prayukta hote haiN| anta meM 'ana' vAlI saMjJA ke sAtha aNaha~ lagane se usakA rUpa saMbaMdha ba0 va0 kA bana jAtA hai| aNahi lagane se adhikaraNa e0 va0 ho jAtA hai yA karaNa ba0 va0 banatA hai| isa prakAra eNcchaNa < eSTum hai jo iS se banA hai (=cAhanA, hema0 4/353); karaNa < kartum (hema0 4/441,1); yaha 'ka' pratyaya ke sAtha bhI AyA hai jo akkhANau~ < AkhyAtum meM pAyA jAtA hai yaha vAstava meM AkhyAnam (hema0 4/350,1); bhujjANaha~ aura bhuJjaNahi~ (hema0 4/441,1); tathA luhaNaM bhI pAyA jAtA hai (krama0 5/55); devaM < dAtum meM samAptisUcaka ciha evaM dekhA jAtA hai (hema0 4/441,1); apa0 kA devaM vaidika dAvane kA samarUpI ho sakatA hai| tu vAlI eka sAmAnya kriyA bhajjiu hai (hema0 4/395,5); jo bhaJj ke karmavAcya ke varga se kartRvAcya ke artha meM banAyA jAtA hai| bhaMjiu bhajjiu (hema0 4/439) sAmAnya kriyA kA rUpa kRdanta ke artha meM kAma meM lAyA jAtA hai| krama0 5/55 lahauM < labdhaM saMskRta tuma pratyaya ke artha meM 'aNaa' pratyaya bhI hotA hai| a ko u hokara (hema0 4/443) mAraNau mArane vAlA, bolaNau bolane ke liye, vajjaNau, suNau ityaadi| na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM meM Na pratyaya kA vikAsa hama dekha sakate haiM jaise-hindI-karanA, mAravAr3I-'karaNo' marAThI-'karaNe' Adi meM sAmAnya kRdanta kA rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai| zabda siddhi kRt-pratyaya kriyA meM kRdanta pratyaya lagane se nAma (saMjJA). vizeSaNa ho jAtA hai| kRdanta pratyaya dhAtu ke anta meM lagatA hai| ataH usake kucha udAharaNa diye jAte haiM

Page #447
dhAtusAdhita saMjJA aH - a pratyaya kriyA vAcaka saMjJA meM lagatA hai / strIliMga meM 'a' kI jagaha 'I' hotA hai / udAharaNa :- (pulliMga-napuMsaka0) ghuMTa, cUra, vaMca, sikkha / ( strI0) - uTThadeg dhatta, dhara, 'baIsa, mabbhIsa-DI, (suhacchiya) / hai / iraH- tAcchilya vAcyakaH jaMpira, bhamira / uaH - kartRvAcaka- pavAsua / NaH - isakA saMyojaka svara 'a' hotA hai| 417 ina udAharaNoM meM svArthika 'Da' kI jagaha 'a' pratyaya hotA suhaccha-DI, kriyA vAcaka:- avmatthaNa, atthamaNa, asaNa, aMkhaNa, AlavaNa, ecchaNa, karaNa, gilaNa, nivaDaNa, parihaNa sumaraNa, akSaNa, bhasaNaya, mAraNaya, rUsaNaya | kartRvAcaka:- abbhuddharaNa, maggaNa; tAcchilyavAcakaH-(svArthika 'a' ke sAtha) kuTTaNaya, bollaNaya, dhAtvAdeza hemacandra ne jahA~ apabhraMza vyAkaraNa meM subanta ( zabda rUpa ) ke liye atyadhika sUtroM kA vidhAna kiyA hai vahA~ dhAtvAdeza ke liye bahuta hI kama sUtroM kA prayoga kiyA hai / dohoM meM prayukta dhAtu rUpoM ko dekhate hue dhAtvAdeza nagaNya sA pratIta hotA hai / isI para DaoN0 guNe evaM dalAla kA kahanA hai ki hemacandra kA prAkRta dhAtvAdeza vastutaH apabhraMza ke dhAtvAdeza haiN| kAraNa apabhraMza dohoM meM prApta dhAtu rUpoM kA nirmANa evaM vikAra unhIM prAkRta sUtroM se hotA hai| isa kAraNa una sUtroM ko yadi apabhraMza kA bhI sUtra mAna liyA jAye to koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhiye / na mAnane

Page #448
418 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi para prApta dohoM meM dhAtu rUpoM kI racanA paddhati meM kramabaddhatA vizrRMkhalita ho jaayegii| niSkarSa yaha ki hemacandra ke prAkRta dhAtvAdeza apabhraMza ke bhI dhAtvAdeza haiN| apabhraMza dhAtvAdeza meM ve hI dhAtu kathita haiM jinakA prayoga apabhaMza meM badala gayA thaa| (ka) saMskRta kriye ko kIsu hotA hai-(hema0 4/389) kantaho balikIsu < kAntasya baliM kriye| kR dhAtu u0 pu0 e0 va0 laT lakAra kA rUpa hai| sAdhAraNataH prAkRta aura apa0 meM kijjau~ rUpa hotA hai :- bali kijjau~ suannssu| (kha) pra+bhU dhAtu kA artha yadi paryApta ho to use hucca hotA hai| hema0 4/390 ahari pahuccai nAha < adhare prabhavati nAthaH / sAmAnyataH prA0 evaM apa0 meM bhU dhAtu ko 'ho' yA 'hava' Adeza hokara hoi, hodi Adi rUpa hote haiN| (ga) saMskRta brU dhAtu kI jagaha apa0 meM bruva vikalpa karake hotA hai (hema0 4/391)-bruvaha suhAsiu kiMpi < brUta subhASitaM kiMcit / sAmAnyataH apabhraMza meM brU dhAtu kA hI prayoga hotA hai-jai-mahu aggai broppi| (gha) apabhraMza ke saMskRta vraja (=gatau-jAnA) dhAtu ke sthAna para vuJa kA prayoga hotA hai-vuJai, vuppi, vuppiNu ityaadi| __(Ga) saMskRta dRz dhAtu ko prassa Adeza hotA hai (hema0 4/393) prassai, prassadi, aadi| prekSyati kA pekkhai Adi rUpa bhI milatA hai| (ca) saM0 graha dhAtu ko gRha hotA hai (hema0 4/394)-gRNheppiNu, gRNhai aadi| (cha) takSa (chIlanA) dhAtu ke sthAna para cholla Adeza hotA . hai| hema0 4/395 jai sasi chollijjntu|'

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dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA 419 (1) kucha aisI dhAtuyeM haiM jo ki saMskRta dhAtuoM ke arthoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM aura ve dhAtuyeM bhI apabhrazaM meM prayukta hotI haiM-hema0 4/395 - sAsAnala jAla jhalakkiau < zvAsAnalAjvAlA sNtptN| yahA~ para jhalakka kA prayoga saMskRta tApaya ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| (2) abbhaDa vaMciu ve payajJa < anugamya dve pade / vaMciu saM0 gam dhAtu ke artha kA vAcaka hai aura abbhaDa zabda saMskRta sama yA anu upasarga kA bodhaka hai|" (3) hiai khuDukkai goraDI gayaNi ghuDukkai meha yahA~ dezI khuDukkai kriyA saMskRta zalyAyate ke artha meM prayukta huA hai aura ghuDukkai saMskRta ke garjati ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| (4) niccuneM sammuha thanti < nityaM yau saM mukhe tiSThataH / (5) AvappI kI bhuhaMDI caMpijjai avareNa < yat paitRkI bhUmiH Akramyate'pareNa / (6) para dhuDhuai asAru < paraM zabdAyate asAraH / dhuduai dezI kriyA kA artha dhvani karoti hai|14 nimnalikhita dhAtuyeM hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke AThaveM adhyAya ke caturtha pAda meM uddhRta apabhraMza dohoM kI haiM jo ki apabhraMza kI apanI haiN| kahIM-kahIM eka hI dhAtu kA vikasita rUpa kaI prakAra se pAyA jAtA hai| isa kAraNa unakA ullekha karanA hamane Avazyaka samajhA hai| kintu isa dhAtu pATha meM una dhAt rUpoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai jinakA ki pUrva ke kAla vibhAjana meM ullekha kara diyA gayA hai| itanI dhAtuyeM avazya hI pariniSThita apabhraMza bhASA meM prayukta rahI hoNgii| yadi anyatra bhI anveSaNa kiyA jAye to avazya hI dhAtu pATha kA sundara saMkalana ho sakatA hai| yahA~ dohoM meM AI huI dhAtuoM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA jA rahA

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420 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 4/334 dhara sUtra rUpa nAma dhAtu artha lakAra 8/4/330 kurU tatsama kR karanA loT gamihi tatsama gam jAnA luT vAlai tadbhava vAla lauTAnA laT 4/332 jAu tadrava jA jAnA loT/vidhi milai tatsama mila milanA laTa dharai tadbhava dharanA laT ghallai dezI challa pheMkanA - pariharai tatsama pari+hR haraNa karanA '335 bhuJjanti tatsama bhuji khAnA gheppanti dezI gheppa kharIdanA " lahai tadbhava laha pAnA 4/338 govai gopa-gova chipAnA " karai kR/kara karanA " 4/339 vasanti tatsama vasa vasanA " uttarai tadbhava uta+tR/ ut+tara utaranA majjanti tatsama majja DUbanA " 4/340 visUrai tadrava visUra khinna honA " " juttau " juta jotanA " 4/341 gheppai dezI gheppa pAnA " ruccai tadbhava rucca ___ gRhanti tatsama graha grahaNa karanA" 4/343 tadbhava bhU/ho honA laTa rocanA -

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dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA 421 4/343 4/345 4/347 4/349 ANahi " vaNNiai tadbhava dekkhu " dArantu " payaTTai paDipekkhai " dekkhai jAi . mAi tatsama phoDenti tadbhava rakkhejhu (jai) tadbhava 4/350 ... . . . . . . EEEEE. .. . . . EEE. ANa lAnA loTa vaNNa varNana karanA laT dekha dekhanA loTa dAra phAr3anA " payaTa ghasanA laTa paGi+pekkha dekhanA dekha dekhanA " jA jAnA " mA samA jAnA " phor3a phor3anA " rakSa/rakkha rakSA loTa se karanA iNa-gatau jAnA maha cAhanA laT gaNa ginanA loT ummIla kholanA laT payAsa prakAza karanA " phuTTa phUTanA dekha dekhanA sthApa/ThAva rakhanA " rusa-rUsanArUThanA gaNa ginanA tiSTha/ciTTha baiThanA ni+vaha laT 4/351 4/353 tatsama tatsama 4/354 4/357 entu mahanti gaNanti ummilai payAsai phuTTi dekkhau~ Thavai rUsai tadbhava " " " 4/358 tatsama gaNai tatsama ciTThadi tadbhava 4/360 4/360 nivvahai

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422 4/361 dekkhu 4/362 hoi 4/364 pucchaha joi saraiM 4/365 " " 4/366 " 4/367 " 4/368 uhiM tadbhava 38 dezI tadbhava navahi~ jIvai gajjahi roi " vihasanti tadbhava sosau " jalai uTThabbhai kuhai Dajjhai taDapphaDai dezI dezI pAviai tadbhava Avai khaNDai aNuharahiM 15 - tadbhava 16-tadbhava hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi dekkha dekhanA loT ho honA laT tatsama tadbhava puccha jo sara maula pUchanA dekhanA smaraNa karanA mukulita vaMda honA vi+hasa haMsanA sosa jala sUkhanA loT jalanA laT ut+Tabbha DhAkanA kuha durgandha karanA" Dajjha jalAnA taDaphaDa hilanA yA prayatna karanA pAva pAnA Ava AnA khaNDa tor3anA nava jIva gajja ruda aNu +hara anusaraNa karanA jhukanA jInA garajanA ronA " " laT

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dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA 423 4/368 4/370 hojja 4/372 4/376 4/377 tava 4/382 marahi " ma/mara maranA " phiTTai dezI phiTTa naSTa honA laT tadbhava ho jAnA vidhi takkei 17 tadbhava takka tAkanA vartamAna bhaNa 18-tatsama bhaNa bolanA vartamAna thakkei tadbhava thakka baiThanA, . thakanA sikkhanti " sikkha sIkhanA " 19-nihAlahi" ni+hAla dekhanA . 20-suahiM - sua sonA - tavai tapta honA - jhaMkhahi kahanA dharahi" dhara dharanA sahahi " sahanA khellanti " khela khelanA pi pInA ruahi rua ronA . abhiDai dezI ab+bhiD bhir3anA icchahu tadbhava iccha dekhanA de denA . maggahu magga mAMganA . viNaDau " viNaDa vinaSTa - honA pIDantu pIDa pIr3A denA " kaDDhau~ " kaDDa saha 4/383 piu . 4/384 . dehu 0 kADhanA

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424 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aggha pAnA 4/385 .4/386 __ ___ 4/387 mella cara " lehi 4/388 ___" agghai lahahuM tadbhava laha pAnA varta0 kAla jAhuM " jA jAnA " valAhuM " vala pAnA . sumari - sumara sumaranA / melli chor3anA cari tatsama khAnA-caranA" chaDDuhi tadbhava chaDDa chor3anA " le lenA janti ja, yA-jA jAnA - paDahiM paDa giranA " acchai accha baiThanA pariharai " pari+hara haranA vartamAna thanti sthA-thA ThaharanA " janti yA-jA jAnA gili tatsama gila- nigalanA AjJA nigaraNe ceai tadbhava cita+cea cetanA vartamAna 21-pAvIsu - pAva pAnA luT paisIsu " praviza- praveza " paisa ua " ua dekhanA AjJA tatsama sevA karanA vartamAna Avai tadbhava Ava AnA " 4/389 4/395 4/396 karanA 4/396 " sevai seva 4/400

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dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA 425 4/401 samappau " sama+Apa samApta- " karanA vaha DhonA yA varta0 kAla 4/401 vahai tatsama pAnA jANa jAnanA tadbhava " . vajja -4/401 jANiu 4/404 ghaDadi 4/406 nivaDai vajjai galanti honti ___ ei dei 4/416 ulhavai ghaDa banAnA " nivaDa giranA " vajanA galanA ho jAnA iNa=e jAnA iNa=e tatsama gala tadbhava . denA 4/418 uvamiai " haNai gajju ulhava ulahanA " denA uvamia upamA - denA haNa mAranA - gajja cillAnA " timma bhIMganA - aNu+hara anusaraNa " karanA khA khAnA " pIa pInA vi+ddhava dravita timmai aNuharai 4/419 khAi pIai viddavai honA

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426 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 4/419 veccai vecca becanA " labbhai labbha pAnA Avai Ava AnA ANiai pianti AvaTTai pekkhu A+Ni lAnA pia+pInA A+vaTTa honA (prekSya) dekhanA " " AjJA pekkha ohaTTai 4/420 pallavaha tadbhava bhAva FREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 4/421 4/422 dekkhau~ bhAvai laggai " caDai " visUrahi . ghallanti dezI bhamanti tadbhava khAhi " saMci tatsama samappar3a joedi " sakkai tadbhava pucchaha " ohaTTa bhraSTa honA vartamAna pallava pAlanA " dekkha dekhanA " icchA honA " laga laganA " caDa car3hanA " visUra visaranA AjJA ghalla pheMkanA vartamAna bham ghUmanA " khA khAnA AjJA saMca saMcita karanA samappa samApta honA" joe dekhanA " saka samartha honA vartamAna puccha pUchanA AjJA payampa kahanA " tyaja caya-chor3anA" tadbhava payampaha caya

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dhAtu sAdhita saMjJA 427 4/422 phuTTisu nandau cintai guNai piaha raccasi sahesai vuDDIsu 423 khajjai vandei FFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE " phuTTa phUTanA bhaviSyat " nanda prasanna honA AjJA tatsama cinta cintana vartamAna karanA tadbhava guNa gunanA vartamAna " pia pInA, AjJA rakta-racca anurakta vartamAna honA tatsama saha-marSaNe sahanA bhaviSya dezI vuDDU bUr3anA " tadrava khajja khAnA vartamAna tatsama banda namaskAra " karanA karanA tadbhava vI+sara visaranA " sukka sUkhanA - mella chor3anA " dhA daur3anA ThaharanA caDa car3hAnA mara mAranA rakkha rakhanA sakka samartha honA " mR-mua mAranA " gavesa khojanA " pavIsa praveza karanA " moDa moTA karanA " 4/426 4/427 4/430 4/436 vIsarai sukkaI mellai dhAi 4/439 ThAi caDAhuM marAhuM rakkhai sakkai 4/441 4/442 4/444 muai gavesai pavIsai moDanti 4/445

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428 saMdarbha 1. prA0 vyA0 hema0 - 8/3/156 kte' 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 15. prA0 vyA0 hema0 - lugAvI kta bhAva karmasu - 8/3/1521 saMdeza rAsaka kI bhUmikA, pR0 45, DaoN0 bhayANI / kampareTiva grAmara Apha miDila inDo Aryana - DaoN0 esa0 ke0 sena-$166, pR0 174 sandeza rAsaka - pro0 bhayANI 867 pR0 371 prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa - pR0 833 prakAzana - rASTra bhASA pariSad paTanA / uktivyaktiprakaraNa-880 bhUmikA pR0 63 / bhavisatta kahA kI bhUmikA-pR0 63 Here takSa; For jhalakkiya the root - jhalakka is used in the sense of tApaya / abbhaDavaMciu is an of obsolutive from gam with avbhaDa i.e. sama or anu which is a dezI form. is regarded as having the meaning of the root khuDukkai and ghuDukkai are dezI forms which approximately rendered into Sanskrit by zalyAyate and garjati / Here vappIkI and campijjai are of dezI origin; compare bApa and cApaNeM, copaNeM in marathi. dhuDhDhaai or dhuddhaai is dhvaniM karoti / dhAtu pATha-vaidika yantrAlaya ajamera / kutha-pUtI bhAve/ durgandha-divAdi gaNa kA vikasita rUpa hai /

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dhAtusAdhita saMjJA 16. 17. 222200 429 18. 19. nihAlanA se Ajakala hindI meM nihAranA banA hai jo ki nibhAla dhAtu kA hai| saM0 svap se prA0 sup kA sua banA hai 1 21. dagdha - sevanA hai| takka saM0 kRta dhAtu kA karta se vyatyaya hokara tarka - mahAbhASya paspazAhnika kA vikasita rUpa hai / bhaNa zabdArtha - bhvAdi gaNa / yaha lRT lakAra ke u0 pu0 e0 va0 kA rUpa / tInoM rUpoM meM 'Isu' lagAkara bhaviSyatkAla kA prayoga banAyA gayA hai jo ki saMbhavataH he0 4 / 389 kIsu meM 'Isu' ke anukaraNa para anya prakAra ke dhAtu rUpa bane haiN| yadyapi kIsu evaM karIsu kI mUla dhAtu eka hI hai|

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trayodaza-aghyAya vAkya-racanA pIche hamane vAkya racanA ke eka eka avayava (pada aura padamAtra) para vicAra kiyA hai| vastutaH kisI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai-eka hai rUpa-racanA aura dUsarA hai vaaky-rcnaa| vAkya-racanA meM zabdoM tathA savibhaktika padoM kI vAkyagata saMyojanA hotI hai| prA0 bhA0 A0 kI vAkya-racanA vizeSa jaTila nahIM hotii| isameM padoM kA pArasparika sambandha vibhaktiyoM dvArA vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| hindI Adi Adhunika na0 bhA0 A0 bhASAoM ke vAkyoM meM padoM kA sthAna nizcita hai| saMskRta meM aisA nahIM hai| isameM vAkyagata padoM ko vividha tarIke se prayukta kara sakate haiM saH dhAvantaM ghoTakam azyat, so'pazyat dhAvantaM ghoTakaM, saH ghoTakaM dhAvantam azyat, apazyat dhAvantaM ghoTakaM saH / bhASA meM itanI lacaka hone para bhI saMskRta meM rUpa-racanA kI paddhati bar3I jaTila hai| isakA nizcita kriyA-vidhAna tathA usake liye kArakoM kA nizcita vibhakti-prayoga bhASA ko jaTilatA kI ora le jAtA hai| pAli aura prAkRta meM saMskRta kI vAkya-racanA kI paramparA bahuta kucha surakSita rhii| apabhraMza kAla meM subanta Adi ke lupta ho jAne se nirvibhaktika padoM kA prayoga bar3ha calA, kAraka cihoM kA dyotana parasarga karane lge| bhASA kI pravRtti saMzliSTatA se vizliSTatA kI ora bar3hane lagI aura na0 bhA0 A0 ke kAla Ate Ate saMskRta vAkya-racanA kA pUrA guNAtmaka parivartana ho gyaa| parasargoM kA prayoga, sarvanAmoM ke atyanta vikasita aura parivartita

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vAkya-racanA 431 rUpa, kriyA padoM meM saMyukta kAla aura kRdantaja rUpoM ke bAhulya ne isa bhASA ko ekadama navIna rUpAkAra meM prastuta kiyaa| isase yaha bhASA saMskRta evaM bahuta kucha mAne meM prAkRta se bhinna hokara hindI ke bahuta samIpa A gayI hai| aprabhaMza kAla meM do prakAra kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, eka ora to nirvibhaktika prayogoM kI ora jhukAva hai, to dUsarI ora kAraka vibhaktiyoM ke prayogoM kI svacchandatA bhI dekhI jAtI hai| apabhraMza ke paravartI kAla meM to nirvibhaktika prayogoM kA bAhulya pAyA jAtA hai| pratyeka jIvita bhASA meM kAraka-vibhaktiyoM kA vyatyaya bhI pAyA jAtA hai| saMskRta meM bhI kAraka vibhaktiyoM kA vyatyaya hotA thA aura Adhunika jIvita hindI Adi bhASAoM meM kAraka-vibhakti kA vyatyaya pAyA jAtA hai| hemacandra ne prAkRta-apabhraMza vAkya-racanA meM isa vyatyaya ko lakSita kiyA hai| sambandha kAraka kI SaSThI vibhakti kA prayoga karma, karaNa, sampradAna aura adhikaraNa ke liye bhI hotA hai| isake alAvA adhikaraNa kAraka kI saptamI vibhakti kA prayoga karma aura karaNa ke liye bhI hotA hai| apAdAna kAraka ke artha meM karaNa kAraka (tRtIyA) evaM adhikaraNa (saptamI) kAraka vibhakti kA prayoga hotA thA aura isI taraha saptamI vibhakti ke sthAna para dvitIyA vibhakti kA prayoga bhI pracalita thaa| bhASA sambandhI ye pravRttiyA~ prAkRta meM pracalita thiiN| apabhraMza ke liye yadyapi hemacandra ne koI vidhAna nahIM kiyA hai phira bhI apabhraMza dohoM meM vibhakti-vyatyaya ke pUrvokta udAharaNa paryApta mAtrA meM pAye jAte haiN| isake nimnalikhita udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiM : (ka) saMbandha kAraka ke viziSTa prayoga (i) karma kAraka ke artha meM to vi mahadduma sauNAhaM avarAhiu na karanti (hema0 8/4/ 445)=zakuniyoM ko| vesa visigRha vAriyai (kumAra0 pratibodha)=veSa-viziSTa logoM tuahiyayaTThiyaha chaDDivi (saM0 rAsa0 75)=tuma hRdaya sthita

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432 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi piu ANi majjha saMtosihai (saM0 rAsa0 197)=mujhako (ii) karaNa kAraka ke artha meM kanta ju sIhaho" uvamiai (hema0 8/4/418)=siMha se satthAvatthaha~ AlavaNu sAhu vi lou karei (hema0 8/4/422) svasthAvasthA vAloM se| (iii) sampradAna ke artha meM daivu ghaDAvai vaNi taruhu~ sauNiha~ pakka phalAi (hema0 8/ 4/340)-zakuniyoM ke liye jIviu kAsu na vallahau~ (hema0 8/4/358)-kisake liye (iv) apAdAna ke artha meM tehiM nIhAriya gharassa (kumAra0 pratibodha) ghara se (v) adhikaraNa ke artha meM piu-saMgami kau niddaDI piaho parokkhaho kemva (hema0 8/4/418)=anya taruvaroM pr| siru lhasiuM khandhassu (hema0 8/4/445)=kaMdhe para (vi) saMbaMdha, svatantra kAraka ke artha meM mahu kantaho guTTha-TThiaho kau jhumpaDA valanti (hema0 8/ 4/416)=mere kaMta ke ghara rahate yA rahane pr| tua hiayaTThiyaha, viraha viDambai kAu (saM0 rAsaka, 76)=tumhAre hRdayasthita rahane para (kha) karaNa kAraka ke viziSTa prayoga adhikaraNa ke artha meMniddae gamihI rattaDI (hema0 8/4/330) nidrA meN| barisa-saeNa vi jo milai (hema0 8/4/332)=varSa zata meM

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vAkya-racanA 433 (ga) adhikaraNa kAraka ke viziSTa prayoga karaNa ke artha meM tuha jali mahu puNu ballahai bihu~ vi na pUria Asa (hema0 8/4/383) jala se vallabha se| aGgahi aGga na miliu (hema0 8/4/332)-aMga se aMga (gha) nirvibhaktika prayoga apabhraMza kI sabase bar3I bhArI vizeSatA hai nirvibhaktika pryog| isa dRSTi se prathamA aura dvitIyA ke rUpa eka hI taraha ke dIkha par3ate haiN| vAkyoM ke prayoga se hI artha meM prathamA aura dvitIyA kA bheda kiyA jAtA hai: prathamA- 1. kAyara emva bhaNanti (hema0 8/4/376) 2. dhaNa mellai nIsAsu (hema0 8/4/430) dvitIyA-1. santA bhoga ju pariharai (hema0 8/4/389) 2. jai pucchaha ghara vaDDAiM (hema0 8/4/364) apabhraMza meM karaNa, adhikaraNa aura apAdAna kArakoM ke prayoga nirvibhaktika nahIM hote| avazya saMbaMdha (SaSThI) ke kucha nirvibhaktika prayoga milate haiM, adhikaraNa meM to ikArAnta prayoga milate haiN| sampradAna kA apanA koI pRthak ciha nahIM miltaa| isa taraha apabhraMza kI kAraka vibhaktiyA~ tIna samUhoM meM ekarUpatA rakhatI hai-1. prathamA aura dvitIyA 2. karaNa, adhikaraNa aura apAdAna aura 3. sambandha aura smprdaan| pahale jisa parasarga kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai vaha apabhraMza meM vibhaktiyoM ke bAda bhI yukta hotA thaa| (ka) kriyArthaka prayoga apabhraMza ke kriyA prayogoM meM karmaNi bhAve prayoga vizeSa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| hemacandra ke apabhraMza dohoM ke eka caraNa meM karmaNi tathA kartari donoM prayoga dIkha par3atA hai viTTIe ! mai bhaNiya tuhaM mA kuru vaGkI diTTi (hema0 8/ 4/330) /

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434 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 1. viTTIe maI bhaNiya tuhuM-maiMne tumase kahA-karmaNi pryog| 2. mA kuru vaMkI diTThi-vakra dRSTi mata karo-kartari pryog| pahale hama batA cuke haiM ki apabhraMza meM bhAvavAcya evaM karmavAcya kA prayoga vartamAna kAla meM 'ijja' lagAkara hotA thaa| yaha ijja pratyaya vidhyarthaka bhI hotA thA __ jAijjai tahiM desaDai (hema0 8/4/419)-usa deza ko jAie (jAyA jAya) + AjJArthe bhaviSya / 'jja' pratyaya karmaNi vartamAna meM bhI prayukta hotA thaa| chijjai khaggeNa-khaggu (hema0 8/4/357)-talavAra se talavAra kATA jAtA hai| hemacandra ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke prasaMga meM jja kA prayoga vartamAna kAla, bhaviSyatkAla evaM AjJArthe batalAne ke bAda bhAvavAcya evaM karmavAcya meM bhI isake prayoga kA vidhAna kiyA hai| hindI karmavAcya ke aneka rUpoM meM isakA bhI vikasita rUpa pAyA jAtA hai hau~ bali kijjau~ (hema0 8/4/338)-maiM bali jAu~ / jai Avai to ANiai (hema0 8/4/419)-yadi Ave to AnA jaayaa| jai priu uvvArijjai (hema0 8/4/438)-yadi priya uvArA jaay| karue mukhana ko cahiyata yahI sajAya (rahIma)-cAhI jAtI hai| (kha) karmavAcya kA bhUta kAlika kRdantaja prayoga karaNa kAraka kI vibhakti se yukta dhAtuoM se bhUtakAlika kRdantaja kriyA banAkara karmavAcya kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA : (1) DhollA mai~ tuhu~ vAriyA (hema0 8/4/330)=maiMne vArayA, vArA (manA kiyA) (2) biTTIe mai~ bhaNiya tuhu~ (hema0 8/4/330)=maiMne bhanyA (kahA) ___ (3) jenne jAcaka jana rajia (kiirti0)|

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vAkya-racanA 435 hindI meM bhI isI kA vikasita rUpa karmavAcya kA hai-maiMne kahA, tumane pddh'aa| apabhraMza meM prAyaH kRdantaja rUpoM se hI bhUtakAla kI kriyA banAyI gayI hai; jaise maiM jANive priya (hema0 4/377) maiM jAnA, to hau~ jANau~ eha hari (hema0 4/397) maiM jAnA ki yaha hari hai| na0 bhA0 A0 meM vartamAna kRdantoM tathA niSThA kRdantoM kA samApikA kriyA meM prayoga apanI khAsa vizeSatA hai| apabhraMza meM bhUtakAlika tiGanta kA prayoga dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| (ga) niSedhAtmaka prayoga niSedhAtmaka vAkya prayogoM meM jAi kriyA kA prayoga prAyaH bhAvavAcya meM dekhA jAtA hai jaise 1. para bhuMjaNahaM na jAi (hema0 4/441)=bhogA nahIM jaataa| 2. hiau na dharaNau jAi (saM0 rAsaka 71 ka) 3. taM akkhaNaha na jAi (4/350 hema0) (gha) vAkya gaThana sambandhI anya vicAra ___ apabhraMza kI yaha bar3I bhArI vizeSatA hai ki usake vAkya bahuta choTe-choTe hote haiN| isameM vAkyoM yA upavAkyoM kA saMzliSTAtmaka prayoga kama pAyA jAtA hai| mizrita vAkya kriyAtipatyartha meM prayukta hotA hai jai Avai to ANiai (hema0) jai sasaNehI to muia (hema0 8/4/367) jai pucchaha ghara vaDDAi~ to vaDDA ghara oi (hema0 8/4/ 364) jai keva~i pAvIsu piu akiA kuDDu, karIsu (hema0 8/ 4/396) vartamAna kRdanta ke prathamA eka vacana kA rUpa kriyAtipatyartha meM bhI prayukta hotA hai

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436 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi jai bhaggA gharU entu (hema0 8/4/351)-yadi bhAgakara ghara Ave jai sasi chollijjantu to jai goriheM muha-kamali sarisima kA vi lahantu (hema0 8/4/395,1)-agara candramA ko chIlakara banAyA jAya to kisI taraha gorI ke mukha-kamala kI tulanA kara ske| kriyAti-patyartha meM vartamAna kRdanta kA prayoga prAkRta kAla se hI calatA A rahA hai| (hema0 8/3/180), hetvartha kRdanta kA kriyA sAdhita pratyaya 'Na' hai (hema0 8/4/353)-ecchaNa, (hema0 8/ 4/441,1)-krnn| vidhyartha kRdanta kA pratyaya vaM hetvartha kRdanta kI taraha hotA hai (hema0 8/4/441,1)-devaM / kRdanta kA prayoga vibhakti ke artha meM bhI prayukta hotA hai| jaise tRtIyA kA nirapekSa prayoga putteM jAeM kavaNu guNu (hema0 8/4/395,6)-putra ke utpanna hone se kyA lAbha ? putte mueNa kavaNu avaguNu (hema0 8/4/395,6)-putra ke marane se kyA haanii| pieM diheM suhacchaDI hoi (hema0 8/4/423,2)-priya ke dekhane se sukha hotA hai| 1. caturthI/SaSThI kA nirapekSa racanAtmaka prayoga piaho parokkhaho niddaDI keva~ (hema08/4/417,1)-priya ke parokSa hone para nidrA kaisii| 2. vartamAna kRdanta kA nirapekSa racanAtmaka prayoga pia joaMtihe muha-kamalu (hema0 8/4/332,2)-priya kI pratIkSA karatA huA mukha-kamala / ehau~ cintantAha~ (hema0 8/4/362)-isa prakAra cintA karatA huaa| jAha~ avaropparu joatAha~ (hema0 8/4/409)-jahA~ eka dUsare ko dekhate hue dentaho hauM para uvvaria jujjhantaho karavAlu (hema0 8/4/379,2) detA huA maiM bacA lI gayI aura jUjhatI huI talavAra /

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vAkya-racanA 437 vartamAna kRdanta kA SaSThI vibhakti meM prayoga 'tarapha' ke artha meM hotA hai| (1) kuJjarU annaha~ taru-araha~ koDDe Na ghallai hatthu (hema0 8/4/422,9) / . (2) siru lhasiuM khandhassu (hema0 8/4/445,3) / (3) satthAvatthaha~ AlavaNu sAhu vilo karei (hema0 8/4/ 422,16) hetvartha kRdanta kA Na pratyaya SaSThI vibhakti meM prayukta hotA akkha NahaM (hema0 8/4/350,1) bhuJjaNaha~ (hema0 8/4/441,1) Adi / isa taraha apabhraMza ke vAkya gaThana kI prakriyA purAnI saMskRta se dUra haTakara bahuta kucha mAne meM hindI ke bahuta samIpa hai| 2. saMdarbha 1. caturthyAH SaSThI (prA0 vyA0 3/131); kvacid dvitIyAdeH (prA0 vyA0 3/134)-atra dvitIyAyAH SaSThI ..... atra tRtIyAyAH ...atra paJcamyAH ...... atra saptamyAH / dvitIyA tRtIyayoH saptamI (prA0 vyA0 3/135) / 3. pacamyAstRtIyA ca (prA0 vyA0 3/136) saptamyA dvitIyA (prA0 vyA0 3/137) ___Ia-ijjau kyasya'-ciji prabhRtInAM bhAvakarmavidhiM vakSyAmaH / yeSAM tu na vakSyate-teSAM saMskRtAdi dezAtprAptasya kyasya sthAne Ia ijja ityetAvAdezau bhvtH| hasIai, hasijjai, hasIanto, hasijjanto, hasIamANo, hsijjmaanno| paThIai, par3hijjai, hoIai, hoijjai, bahulAdhikArAta kvacit kyopi vikalpena bhvti| mae navejja, mae navijjejja, teNa lahejja, teNa lahijjejja, teNa acchejja, teNa acchijjejja, teNa acchIaI (prA0 vyA0 3/160) /

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caturdaza adhyAya upasaMhAra bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA vAGmaya bar3A vizAla hai| navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAe~ purAnI bhASAoM ke hI vikasita evaM parivardhita rUpa haiN| pariSkAra aura vikAsa pAne meM kaI sIr3hiyA~ pAra karanI par3I haiN| vaidika aura laukika saMskRta ke bAda pAli aura prAkRta kA kAla AtA hai| prAkRta kI bahuta sI boliyA~ rahIM hoNgii| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra pradhAna 4 yA 6 hI prAkRta bhASAeM haiN| vararUci ke anusAra mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura paizAcI ye cAra prAkRta haiN| hemacandra aura anya prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra ina cAroM ke atirikta ardhamAgadhI aura apabhraMza bhI haiN| azoka ke zilAlekhoM, bauddha jAtakoM evaM piTakoM meM pAlibhASA kA vizAla rUpa jisa taraha dRSTigata hotA hai ThIka usI taraha se prAkRta sAhitya evaM saMskRta nATakoM meM varNita prAkRta se vidita hotA hai ki prAkRta bhASA kaI prAntIya bhASAoM meM vibhakta hotI huI bhI mUlataH pariniSThita prAkRta eka hI thii| kAla kI gati se jaba prAkRta bhI saMskRta kI taraha pariniSThita ho gayI, susaMskRtoM kI bhASA ho gayI taba usakI bolI ne apabhraMza bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| apabhraMza bhASA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA udgama srota hai| apabhraMza bhASA lagabhaga 5, 6 sau varSoM taka janatA kI bhASA rhii| san 500 I0 se lekara 1000 I0 taka avikala rUpa se yaha janabhASA rhii| yaha kAla bhArata kA saMkrAnti kAla hai| apabhraMza saMgharSoM meM hI panapI aura bddhii| isako sAMskRtika mahattva milaa| yaha mukhyatayA nimna vargoM

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upasaMhAra 439 evaM madhyama vargoM kI bhAvanAoM ko vyakta karane kA mAdhyama rahI hai| apabhraMza bhASA meM bauddha sampradAya ke siddhoM ne tathA jainiyoM ne to racanAe~ kI hI haiM, zaivoM ne bhI ise apanI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| Ana aura zAna para marane vAle rAjapUtoM ko to yaha lalakAratI hI thI, premAbhivyakti bhI isa bhASA meM bahuta huii| san 1000 I0 ke bAda yaha bhASA pariniSThita rUpa meM pariNata hone lagatI hai| isa samaya taka yaha bhASA do rUpoM meM vibhakta ho gayI-1-pariSkRta apabhraMza tathA 2-grAmya apabhraMza ke rUpa meN| hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana meM donoM prakAra kI apabhraMzoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| hemacandra ne jisa apabhraMza kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai vaha pariSkRta apabhraMza hai| yaha kAla san 1100 se 1200 I0 taka kA hai| hemacandra kI apabhraMza, zaurasenI aprabhaMza hai| Adhunika hindI kI taraha yaha apane samaya meM sarvatra mAnya thii| apabhraMza hI eka aisI vibhAjaka rekhA hai jo bhASA kI dRSTi se purAnI evaM Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI kar3I jor3atI hai| isI se na0 bhA0 A0 ke zabdoM kA vikAsa krama patA calatA hai| hindI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kA pUrA DhA~cA apabhraMza ke anukUla hai| apabhraMza ke zabdoM kI dhvani prakriyA bahuta kucha prAkRta se milatI hai kintu usakA jhukAva Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI ora adhika hai| apabhraMza kA paravartI rUpa avahaTTa aura purAnI hindI ke samAna hai| isa kAraNa apabhraMza aura hindI dhvaniyoM meM bahuta kucha sAmya hai| hindI kA hasva svara eN aura o apabhraMza kI dena hai| apabhraMza kI ya zruti hindI meM pracalita hai| apabhraMza ke svara vikAra evaM vyaMjana vikAra ke zabda hindI ke tadbhava zabdoM meM parilakSita hote haiM; jaise-saMskRta-karNaapa0 kaNNa-hi0 kaNNa-kAna, saM0-hasta-apa0-hattha-hi0-hattha-hAtha, saM0-gRha-apa0-ghara-hi0 ghara aadi|

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hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aprabhaMza kI maulikatA parasarga ke prayogoM meM dIkha par3atI abhAva se huA / hindI kAraka cihnoM kA sthAna hai| ina parasargo kA udaya vibhaktiyoM ke meM bhI vibhaktiyoM ke abhAva se parasarga ne liyaa| parasarga prakaraNa meM isa para samyaktayA vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai, jaise- adhikaraNa parasarga - majjhe, majjhi, maha~, mAhiM, mi, meMjAmahi N visamI - kajjagai jIvaha~ majjhe ei, apa0 ( hema0 8 /4/406.3). 440 avadhI, yuvarAjahina mAjha pavitra (kIrti0 pR0 12), citamajjhe (prA0 paiM0 2, 164), aNahala puramajhAri (pu0 rAja0 - kAnha0 67), vraja - kUdi par3A taba siMdhu majhArI (mAnasa), saraga Ai dharatI maha~ chAvA ( padmAvata), rAmapratApa pragaTa ehi mA~hI (mAnasa), hamako sapanehU meM soca (sUra) Adi / apabhraMza kI saMjJA aura sarvanAma kA vikAsa apanI svatantra sattA batAtA hai| yaha bhASA bahuta kucha ayogAtmaka ho calI thI / prAkRta ke vividha rUpoM kI praNAlI se yaha apanA piMDa chur3A kara saralatA kI ora jhukii| prathamA aura dvitIyA, tRtIyA aura saptamI, paMcamI aura SaSThI ke rUpoM meM samAnatA dikhatI hai| apabhraMza ke bahuta se racanAtmaka pratyaya hindI meM jyoM ke tyoM pracalita haiM, jaise- svArthe DA yA r3A aura Ara yA rA pratyaya Adi - doSar3A, vachar3A, saMdesar3A, hiyarA, jiyarA Adi / apabhraMza kI kriyA paddhati saMskRta se bhinna ho calI hai / kRdantaja kriyA kA bAhulya ho gyaa| isase bhUtakAlika kriyAyeM karmavAcya evaM bhAvavAcya kI ora jhukI huI haiN| isakA prabhAva hindI ke vAcyoM para pdd'aa| sAmAnyatayA vartamAna aura bhaviSya kI vAkya racanA kartari pradhAna hotI hai /

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upasaMhAra 441 isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA na0 bhA0 A0 aura purAnI bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI kar3I jor3ane vAlI hai / yaha purAnI yogAtmakatA se piMDa chur3Akara ayogAtmakatA kI ora bar3hatI hai| isakI bhASAyika vikAsa prakriyA atyadhika hindI se mela khAtI hai| yaha purAnI hindI sI jAna par3atI hai| apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kA adhyayana jyoM-jyoM dinoM-dina bar3hatA jAyegA tyoM-tyoM madhyakAla kI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi aura bhI spaSTa hotI jaayegii| isase hindI ke Adi kAla kA svarUpa spaSTa hogA aura madhya bhAratIya bhASAoM kI spaSTa rUparekhA sAmane AyegI / prastuta pustaka meM aba taka hamane jo vivecana kiyA usakA niSkarSa yahI hai ki apabhraMza purAnI bhAratIya bhASAoM evaM Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ko jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai| apabhraMza se donoM bhASAoM ke adhyayana meM sahAyatA milatI hai| yaha 5, 6 sau varSo taka jIvita bhASA ke rUpa meM bhAratIya janatA ko anuprANita karatI rahI / apabhraMza aura avahaTTha donoM eka hI haiN| apabhraMza meM bhASA ke purAne bandhana zithila ho jAte haiN| saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti parilakSita hotI hai / vAkya-racanA kA DhA~cA badala jAtA hai, vAkya bar3e na hokara choTe hote haiN| mizrita padAvaliyA~ kama dIkhatI haiN| bhUta kAla meM karmaNi evaM bhAve prayoga adhika hote haiM / vibhaktiyoM kA abhAva bhASA kI ayogAtmakatA batAtA hai| isakA spaSTa prabhAva hindI para dIkhatA hai| apabhraMza meM vibhaktiyoM kA sthAna parasarga le lete haiM / kAraka cihna simaTa kara tIna vargoM meM ba~Ta jAte haiM- prathamA aura dvitIyA, tRtIyA aura saptamI tathA paMcamI aura SaSThI / sampradAna kA apanA koI pRthaka cihna nahIM hai| apabhraMza ke racanAtmaka pratyaya apane haiM / unakA pracalana hindI meM bhI hai jaise svArthika DA yA r3A tathA rA pratyaya Adi - doSar3A, saMdesar3A hiyarA, jiyarA Adi / apabhraMza ke sarvanAma purAnI bhASAoM ke Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke rUpa 1

Page #472
hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi meM vikAsa ke kAraNa pratIta hote haiN| apabhraMza meM kRdantaja kriyAoM ke bAhulya ke kAraNa zabda evaM dhAtue~ tadbhava adhika prayukta hotI haiN| isakA prabhAva hindI Adi bhASAoM para spaSTatayA dekhA jA sakatA hai| hindI meM duharI kriyA ke prayoga kA kAraNa bahuta kucha apabhraMza kA kRdantaja prayoga hI hai| 442 isa taraha apabhraMza ne Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko atyadhika jIvanI zakti dI hai| yaha bharata ke kAla se hI sarva sAdhAraNa janatA dvArA poSaNa pAtI huI san 500 I0 ke samaya bhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI hai aura apanI sAhityika mahattA sthApita karatI hai| purAnI pAli aura prAkRta bhASA kI viziSTatAoM ko dharohara rUpa meM sajokara apanI svataMtra sattA sthApita kara sAMskRtika mahattva prApta karatI hai| purAnI bhASAoM ko AtmasAta kara Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko janma detI hai / isa prakAra apabhraMza kA adhyayana bhAratIya bhASAoM ke atIta aura vartamAna ko samyak samajhane ke liye atyaMta upayogI aura Avazyaka hai| usa dizA meM prastuta pustaka kA yogadAna mahattva kA mAnA jAegA, aisI maiM AzA karatA

Page #473
pariziSTa 1. zabdakoza 2. pramukha sandarbha graMtha

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Page #475
zabda koza zabda koza hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM AThaveM adhyAya ke caturtha pAda ke apabhraMza dohoM meM jitane zabda Aye haiM una zabdoM kA koza akArAdi krama se sUtroM kI saMkhyA ke sAtha diyA jAtA hai| sAtha hI sAtha apabhraMza zabdoM kA hindI artha bhI diyA jAtA hai / hindI apabhraMza a ai-425.1 ai-tuMgattaNa-390 ai-matta - 345 ai-ratta - 438.2 aisa - 403 aGga - 332.2, 357.2 aMguli - 333 aMtaru - 350, 406.3, 407.1,408.1, 434.1 aMDI - 445.3 aMdhAraya - 349.1 aMbaNa - 376.2 aMsu-jala- 414.3 aMsU sAsa -431.1 31-fcb31-396.4 akkh -350.1 ati atyadhika U~cA atimatta atirakta aisA aMga aMgulI antara A~ta aMdhakAra apanA AMsu jala kAvAsa nahIM kiyA huA kahanA apabhraMza akkhi - 357.2 akhai - 414.2 Agalia neha nivaTTa-332.1 agga - 326, 391.2. 422.12 aggala - 341.2, 444.2 agalA aggI -- 343.1, 2 agni aggiTTau - 429.1 aMgIThI aggh-385.1 31-fafa4-423.1 accha - 388,406.3 ajja - vi - 423.3 ajju - 343, 418.2 37-311237-439.3 aNuNe-414.4 aNuttara- 372.2 445 hindI A~kha akSaya agalita sneha se nivRta Age ho (artha) aciMtita honA Aja bhI Aja akaluSita manAnA (anunaya karanA) uttarahIna (anuttara)

Page #476
446 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aNudiaha-428 roja (anudivasa) aNuratta-422.10 anurakta VaNuhar-3674,418.8 anusaraNa karanA aNNa kA anna--372 anya abbhatthaNa-384.1 VabhiD-383.3 abbhuddharaNa-364 a-bhagga-387.3 abhyarthanA A bhir3anA uddhAraka abhagna attha-358.1 astra abhaya-440 abhaya degatthamaNa-444.2 astamana *aJi -395.5. sakhi 396.2,424 amha-371,376,379.3. hama 380. 381, 442.10, 439.1 amhAra-345 hamArA addha-352 AdhA addhinna-427.1 adhIna anau-400.1 anIti anu-415.1 anyathA anna (aNNa)-337. anya (dUsarA) 350.1,357.2,370.2. 372.2,383.3,401.2. 414.1,418.8,422.1, 9,425.1, 427.1 annaha-415.2 anyathA (nahIM to) annAisa-413 dUsare jaisA apUraya-422.18 apUrNa appa-346,422.3 apanA (AtmA) appaNa-337,338, . apanA 350.2,416.1 appaNa-chaMda-422.14 (marajI) apanA ari-418.7 zatru a-lahaMta-350.1 alabhyamAna ali-ula-353 ali kula avaguNa-395.6 avaguNa avaDa yaDa-339 avaTa taTa avara-395.6 apara (dUsarA) avarAisa-413 dUsare ke samAna avarAhiya-445.4 aparAdha avaroppara-409 paraspara avasa-376.2, 427.1 avazya avasara-358.2 avasara asaDDhala-422.8 asAdhAraNa asaI-396.1 kulaTA asaNa-341.2 a-sAra-395.7 asAra a-sulaha--353 asulabha svabhAva appANa-396.2 apanA a-ppia-365.1 apriya bhojana abbha-439.1, 445.2 bAdala abhaDavaMcia-3953 pIche pIche jAkara

Page #477
zabda koza 447 azeSa AvAsiya-457.2 atha / a-sesa-440 aha-339,341.3. 365.3,365.5,379.3, 416.1,422.1 AvAsa kiyA (kriyA) AzA Asa-383.1 ahara-332.2,390 adhara 'i-383.2. 384.1, 390, bhI 396.4,401.1, 4394 iMdaNIla-444.5 indranIla Viccha-384.1 cAhanA iTTa-358.2 iSTa ittaya-391.2 itanA ima-361 yaha iyara-406.3 itara IO yahA~ ahavai-419.2 athavA ahavA-419.3 athavA aho-367.1 aho Aisa-432 AyA (kriyA) Agada-355.372.1, AyA (kriyA) 373.1,380.1 VAN-419.3 degANaMda-401.3 Ananda Adanna-422.22 Arta Aya-365, 383.3 yaha Ayara-341.2 Adara Ala-379.2 anarthaka AlavaNa-422.22 bAtacIta (AlApa) VAva-367.1,400.1, AtA hai 422.1 (kriyA) Avai-400.1 Apada VAvaTTa-419.6 vinAza karatA hai (kriyA) degAvaDia-401.4 Apatita degAvali-444.3 samUha degAvAsa-442.2 AvAsa iha-419.1 u ua-396.5 dekho (kriyA) uahI-365.2 udadhi (samudra) deguccADaNa-438.2 uccATana ucchaMga-336.1 pAsa ujjANa-vaNa-422.11 udyAna-vana ujjua-412.2 Rju (sIdhA) ujjeNi-442.1 ujjayinI uTTa-baIsa-423.4 UTha-baiTha VuTTabh-365.3 sahArA denA (kriyA) uTTia-415 uThA (kriyA) 'uDDANa-337 ur3anA (kriyA) VuDDAv-352 . ur3AnA (kriyA)

Page #478
448 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi uNha-343.1 Vuttara-339 uddha-zua-444.3 uppatti-372.2 uppari-334.1 Vummilla-354.2 Vulhav-416.1 ekkasi-428 ecchaNa-353 etahe-419.6, 436 ettia-341.2 ettula-408.2, 435 ettha-330.4, 389.2, 404.1 eka bAra cAhanA yahA~ se itanA itanA yahA~ uSNa utaranA (kriyA) urdhva bhujA utpatti Upara kholanA (kriyA) ThaMDhA karanA (kriyA) upamA nikalanA (kriyA) avaziSTa sukhAnA (kriyA) uvAranA edaDa-408.1 itanA Vuvama-418.3 ubvatta-414.2 uvvaria-379.2 uvvANa-431.1 VuvvAr-438.1 'UsAsa-431.1 evaM-376.1, 418.1 evaM evai-332.2, 431.1, aise hI 423.2,441.1 evahi~-387.3, 420.4 isa samaya o o-401.2 o (sambodhana) oi-364 VohaTTa-419.6 kSaya honA (kriyA) ucchavAsa ka-3553,3582,3593 kauna 370.3,379.2.377.1, Ve-351,4063,4144 AnA ea-330.4, 362, ye 363,391.2, 395.4, 399.1, 402,414.4, 419.2,422.12.425.1, 438.1, 445.2 ekka-331, 357.2, eka 419.6,422.1,4,9,14 ekka-i-383.2 eka bhI ekka-khaNa-371 eka-kSaNa eka-mekka-422.6 eka eka 384.1, 387.2, 395.1, 396.2,412.2.415.1. 420.5, 422.4, 9, 7. 438.3, 439.4, 431.2 kai-379.1, 420.3 kaiaha~-422.1 kai~-426.1 kitanA kabhI kyA

Page #479
449 zabda koza kaisa-403. kaisA kau-416.1, 418.1 kahA~ se kaMgu-367.4 viziSTa dhAna kaMcaNa-kaMti-payAsa suvarNa-kAnti396.5 prakAza kaMcua-431.1 kaMcuka kaMTha-420.5.444.2, kaMTha 446 kaMta-345, 351, svAmI 357.1,358.1, 364,379.2, 383.3, 389.1, 395.5. 416.1, 418.3, 445.3 'kaMti-349.2, 396.5 kAnti kacca-329 koI kaccu-329 koI kajja-343.2. 367.4 kArya kajja-gai-406.3 kArya-gati kaTari-350.1 Azcarya kaTAra-445.3 kaTAra (chUrI) kaDu-336.1 kaTu kaDa-385.1 kAr3hanA "kaTaNa-438.2 ubAlA jAnA kaNia-419.6 kaNa kaNiAra-396.5 (karNikAra) kanaila kadhida-396.3 kahA kanna (kA kaNNa)- kAna 330.3, 340.1, 432 Vkappa-357.1 kATanA (kriyA) "kabaribaMdha-382 kabarI baMdha 'kamala-332.2,353, kamala 395.1,397, 414.1 kaya-422.10 kiyA kayamba-3872 kadamba Vkar-330.3, 337, karanA (kriyA) 338, 340.2, 346. 357.3, 360.1, 370.2, 376.1, 382, 385.1, 387.3, 388,396.3.4. 400, 414.4, 420.3. 422.22, 431.1, 438.1, 441.1, 445.4 'kara-349.1, 354.2, hAtha 387.3, 395.1,3. 418.6.4393 karagullAlia-422.15 karAgrollAlita karavAla-354.2. karavAla 379.2,3873 (talavAra) karAlia-415.1, pIDita 429.1 karAv-423.4 karAyA (preraNA kriyA)

Page #480
450 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi kari-gaMDa-353 hAthI kA 418.4, 421.1,422.2. 428, 434.1 gaMDasthala kAma-446 kAma 'kalaM kia-428 kalaMkita kalahia-424 kalaha 'kalAva-414.1 kalApa kali-341.3 kali kali-juga-338 kaliyuga 'kalevara-365.3 kalevara kavaNa-350.2, 367.4, kauna 395.6,425.1 kavala-387.1 kaura kavala-397 kamala kavAla-387.3 kapAla kavola-395.2 kapola kasavaTTa-330.1 kasauTI kasara-421.1 kharAba baila kasarakka-423.2 kacara kacara "kAya-350.1 zarIra kAyara-376.1 kAyara kAla-415.1,422.18, kAla 424 kAla-kkheva-357.3 kAla-kSepa kAvAliya-387.3 kApAlika kia-371.1,429.1 kiyA (kriyA) kiM-365.2, 391.1, kyA 418.8,422.10,434.1, 438.1, 439.1, 445.2 kiM-340.2 kitti-335 kitanA kittiya-383.1 kitanA kida-446 kiyA (kriyA) kidha-401.1 kaise kinnaya-329 bhIMgA kira-349.1, 419.1 (kila) nizcaya kilinnaya-329 bhIgA 3 kyA kara kasAya-bala-440 kaSAya-bala kaha-422.14 kaho kaha-440.1 kaho kahatiha-415.1 kahA~ se kahi-357.3.422.6, kahIM 8,436 kAi~-349.1, 357.3, kauna 367.1,370.2,383.2, kivaNa-419.1 kRpaNa kiva-401.2, 422.14 kyA kiha-401.3 kaise kiheM-356 VkIla-448.2 krIr3A 'kuTTaNa-438.2 kUTanA . kahA~ se

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zabda koza kuMjara - 387.1, 422.9 hAthI kuMbha - 345 ghar3A kuMbha-yaDa - 406.1 kuMbha kuTuMba - kuTuMba kuDI - 422.14 kuTI kuDIra-364 kuTI kuDDa-396.4 kautuka kumAra kurala kula kusuma -422.14 kumAra- 362 kurala - 382 kula - 361 kusuma - 444.5 kusuma-dAma (kodaMDa) - 446 kRdanta--370.4 ketu - 408.2, 435 y-404.1 kema-401.1 kera - 359, 373.2, 422.20 kevaDa -408.1 keva~ - 343.1,390, kusuma-dAma kodaMDa kRtAnta (yamarAja) kitanA kahA~ kaise sambandhI kitanA kaise 396.4, 418.1 kesa - 370.3 kesa - kalAva - 414.1 kesari - 335, 422.20 kezarI kehaya- 402 kaisA keza keza-kalApa kehi~ -425.1 kotaM - 422.15 koTTara - 422.2 koDDa-422.9 kodaMu - 446 'kkheva - 357.3 kha khaMD-367.1, 428 khaMDa - 340.2, 423.4, 422.1 ke liye kunta koTara khala - vayaNa - 340.1 khallihaDa - 389.1 kautuka kodaMDa kSepa khaMDa khaMDita 4442 khaMDia - 418.3 fa-372.2 kSamA khaMdha - 445.3 kadhaM (kaMdhA) khaMbha - 399.2 staMbha khagga - 330.4, 357.1 khaDga khagga-visAhiya - 386.1 khaDga-visAdhita khaNa - 371,419.1,446 kSaNa khaya- gAla - 377.1 khara- patthara - 344.2 khala - 334.1, 337, 365.5, 406.2, 418.7, khaMDita kSaya-kAla tIkSNa-patthara khala 451 khala vacana khalvATa

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452 khasappha sihUa - 422.15 vyAkulIbhUta VkhA - 419.1, 422.4, khAnA (kriyA) 423.2,445.4 khuDukka-395.4 pIr3A denA (kriyA) krIr3A khela doSa kheDDa-422.10 khell-382 khoDa - 419.2 rga gai -406.3 gati gaurI-329 gaurI gaMga - 442.2 gaMgA gaMgA-hANa - 399.1 gaMgA snAna gaMjia - 409 parAjita ifa-420.5 granthi gaMDa-353 gaMDasthala gaMDa-tthala - 357.2 gaMDasthala gajj-367.5, 418.6 garjanA (kriyA) gaNa-333, 353, ginanA (kriyA) 358.2,4142 gada - 379.1 gam-3 442.1, 2 gaya - 345,352, 367.5, 370.3, 379.2, 419.5, 422.20, 429.1, 442.2 -330.2, gayA (kriyA) jAnA (kriyA) gayA (kriyA) hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi gaya - 335, 418.3 gaya- ghaDa - 395.5 gayaNa - 395.4 gayaNa-yala - 376.1 gagana-tala gaya-matta - 383.3 gaja-matta gara- 396.1 karanA gal-406.2, 418.7 galanA (kriyA) gala-423.4 'galia - 332.1 gavakkha - 423.3 gaves -444.3 gaha-385.1 garua - 340.2 gahIra - 419.6 gAma - 407.1 gAla - 377.1 gimbha - 412.1 gimha--357.2 giri - 341.1 giri - gilaNa maNa - 445.2 giri - siMga- 337 gil- 370.2, 396.1 guTTa-TTa-416.1 guNa-422.15 guNa - 335,338, 347.1,395.6 gaja gaja-ghaTA gagana galA galita gavAkSa DhUr3hanA (kriyA) graha guru (bhAra) gaMbhIra yeong grAma kAla grISma grISma giri (parvata) giri - gilana-mana giri-zrRMga gilanA (kriyA) goSTa-sthita guNa guNa

Page #483
zabda koza 453 ghaNa-350.2 ghRNA ghaNa-kuTTaNa-438.2 ghana-kuTTana ghaNa-thaNa-hAra-414.1 ghana-stana-bhAra ghaNa-pattala-387.2 ghanA-pattala ghAta ghara ghatta-414.3 ghara-341.1, 343.2, 351, 364, 367.1, 422.14, 15, 423.3. 436 guNa-lAyaNNa-Nihi- guNa-lAvaNya414.1 nidhi guNa-sampai-372.2 guNa-sampatti guru-macchara-masai-4444 guru-matsara-mRta gRha-336.1,2,394, grahaNa karanA 438.1 (kriyA) VgRha-341.2. grahaNa karanA (kriyA) goTTha-423.4 goSTha gora-329,383.2. gorI 395.1,395.4, 4143,418.7.420.5, 431.1, 436 gorI-muha-nijjia- gorI-mukha4012 nirjita gorI-vayaNa gorI-vacanaviNijjia-396.5 vinirjita Vgov-338 chipAnA (kriyA) ggahaNa-396.1 ghariNi-370.3 gRhiNI ghalla-334.1, 2, pheMkanA (kriyA) 4223.9. ghAya-346 ghAta dhuMTa-423.2 ghuTa 'ghugdhi-423.3. ghur3akI VghuDukka-395.4 garajanA (kriyA) ghe ppa-335, 341.1 grahaNa karanA (kriyA) ghoDaya-330.4,344.1 ghoTaka (ghor3A) grahaNa nizcaya kalaha ghaTanA (kriyA) gha-424 ghaMghala-422.2 VghaD-331, 404.1, 414.1, ghaD-357.1, 395.5 VghaDAv-340.1 ghaNa-422.23. 439.1 caumuha-331 caMcala-418.4 caMdima-349.1 VcaMpa-395.6 caturmukha caMcala caMdrikA AkramaNa karanA (kriyA) campaka-kusuma campaka-varNa ghaTA racanA (kriyA) bahuta caMpaya-kumuma-444.5 caMpA-vaNNa-330.1

Page #484
454 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi VchaDDa-3873. 422.3 chor3anA chammuha-331 chemukha chAyA-370.1 chAyA chAyA bahula-387.2 chAya-bahula chAra-365.3 kSAra Vchijj-357.1,434.1 kATanA (kriyA) chiNNa-444.2 chinna chuDu-385.2, 401.1 zIghra chea-390 ja-3304,332.1, cakka-444.2 cakravAka VcaD-331, 421.1, ArUr3ha 439.1, 445.4 degcaDakka-406.1 prahAra cattaM kusa-383.3, 345 tyaktAMkuza Vcaya-418.6, 422.10, tyaja (chor3anA1112 kriyA) Vca - " (kriyA) cala-422.18 cl| (kriyA) calaga-399.1 caraNa 'caveDa-406.1 cAMTA (thappar3a) cAya-396.3 tyAga cArahaDi-396.3 zauryavRtti ciMt-362, 396.2, ciMtA karanA / 422.15, 423.1 (kriyA) ciTTha-360.1 baiThanA (kriyA) vcuMba-439.3 cuMbA lenA (kriyA) cuNNIho-395.2 gU cUDullaya-395.2 kaMgana cUra-337 cUrNa Vcea-396.2 cetanA (kriyA) ccia-365.2 333,338,343.1,345, 350.1,2, 359.1, 360.2, 365.2.3. 367.1, 368. 370.4,371, 379.2, 383.3,388, 389.1, 390, 395.5, 6, 396.1, 3. 401.2, 409. 412.2. 1141,416.3.420.4. 5. 422, 3, 4, 7, 18, 22, 426.1, 427.1, 428, 429.1.438.2,439.3, yadi 442.2, 455.2, 446 jai-3432, 351, 356, 364,365.3, 367.1, 5, 372.2, chailA (vidagdha) 'chailla-412.2 'chaMda-422.14 chandaka

Page #485
zabda koza 455 379.3, 384.1, 390. 391.2, 395.1, 396.4. 399.1, 401.4, 404.1, 418.6, 419.1,3. 422.6. 9. 15, 23, 438.1. 3. 439.1,4 jairu-403 jau-419.5 jaMpa-442.1 .jaMpira-350.1 jaga-343.1, 404.1 jigga-438.3 jajjariya-333 jaisA jo kahanA bolanA (kriyA) jagata jAgartavya jarjarita jaNa-336.1,337, jana jara-khaMDa-423.4 jarA-khaMDita Vjal-365.2 jalanA (kriyA) jala-365.2, 383.1,2, jala 395.7,419.6, 414.3. 415.1, 422.20, 439.3, jalaNa-365,2, 444.4 jalana jahi~-349.2, 357.1, jahA~ 386.1, 422.6,426.1 VjA-332.1, 350.1, jAnA (kriyA) 386.1, 388,419.3, 420.3, 439.4,441.1 4443,445.2 jAiDia-422.23 jo jo dekhA usa se jAI-sara-365.1 jAti-smara VjANa-330.4, 369, jAnanA (kriyA) 377.1, 391.2,401.4, 419.1, 423.1,4394 jAma-387.2, 406.1, jaba taka jAmahi~-406.3 jisameM jAya-350.2,395.6, paidA honA 426.1 (kriyA) jAla-395.3, 415.1, jvAlA 429.1 jAva-395.3 jaba taka ji-341.3, 387.1, jo 414.1, 419.3, 420.3. 422.15, 423.3, 429.1 339,364, 371,372.2. 376.1, 406.3,419.5 jaNa-sAmanna-418.8 jana-sAmAnya jaNi-444.5 sadRza jaNu-401.3 sadRza jattu-404.2 jahA~ jama-419.1 yama jama-ghariNi-370.3 yama-gRhaNI jama-loa-442.2. . yama-loka jampa-383.3, 396.3. janma 4224 jaya-440 jaya jaya-siri-370.3 jaya-zrI

Page #486
456 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi VjoaNa-lakkha-332.1 yojana-lakSa joNha-376.1 jyotsnA jovaNa-422.7 yauvana jji-406.2, 423.3 hI . VjiNa-442.2 jItakara jiNavara-444.4 jinavara jimiMdia-427.1 jihendriya jiva-330.3, 336.1, jaise 344.2, 347.2, 354.2, 367.4,376.2, 385.1, 395.1, 396.4, 397. 4222.23 jiha-337, 377.1. jaisA VjIva-406.3. 439.3 jIva jIvaggala-4442 jIvArgala jIviya-358.2, 418.4 jIvita "juala-414.1 yugala / juaMjua-422.14 pRthaka-pRthaka "juga-338 yuga Vjujjh-379.2 yuddha (jUjhanA) jujjha-382, 386.1 yuddha juta-340.2 yukta rAje-440, 441.2 jo jettula-407.2,435 jitanA jetyu-404.1, 422.14 jahA~ jevaDa-407.1 jaba taka jeva-397, 401.4 jaise jeha-402 jaisA jehaya-422.1 Vjoa-332.2, 356, jo 364, 409, 422.6 VjhaMkh-379.2 bolanA (kriyA) jhaDatti-423.1 zIghra jhaDappaDa-388 - jhaTapaTa jhalakkia-395.2 saMtapta VjhA-331, 340 dhyAna karanA (kriyA) jhijj-425.1 (dubalA honA) chIjanA (kriyA) jhuNi-432 dhvani jhupaDa-416.1, 418.7 jhopar3A TThia-416.1, 439.4 sthita VTha-457.3 sthApita karanA (kriyA) baiThanA (kriyA) sthAna VThA-436 'ThANa-362 ThA-332.1, 358.1 Thia-374, 381, 391.2, 401.3,415.1, sthAna sthita jaisA 422.8

Page #487
zabda koza Thida - 404.2 Da DaMbara-420.3 Dajjh-365.3 DAla - 445.4 DiMbha - 382 DuMgara - 422.2, 445.2 Dohia - 439.3 Dha 'hANa - 399.1 ta r3hakka - 406.1 DhakkA Dhakkari - sAra - 422.12 adbhuta Dholla - 330.1,2,425 1 priyatama Na -330.4, 333, 336.1,338, 339, 340.1,343.1, 2, 350.1.2, 353, 355.2, 356, 357.2, 358.1, 359.2, 360.2, 365.2, 3, 367.1, 368, 370.1, 2, 371,376.2, 379.3, 382, 383.3,384.1, 387.1,388,389.1,390, sthita 395.7,397.3, 401.1, 2, 4, 404.1, 406.2, ADaMbara dagdha zAkhA samUha parvata kaluSita snAna vaha 409, 412.2, 414.1, 2, 3, 418.3, 7,419.3. 5, 420.4, 5, 422,3, 4, 7, 14, 15, 20, 22, 426,1, 428, 429.1, 422, 438.3, 439.3, 442.2. 445.2, 446 taijja - 339 taisa - 403 takka-: 5-370.3 taDa-422.3 tRtti - 352, 357.3 Vasung-366.1 taNa - 329, 334.1, 339, 361.1, 366.1, 379.3 taNu -401.2, 418.6 taNu -401.3 tatta -440 tattu - 404.2 tasa - 340.1, 341.1, 2 370.1 taruara - 422.9 taruNa - 346 tala - 334.1, 2 Vaq-377.1 tava - 441.1,2 tRtIya vaisA tarkaNA karanA (kriyA) taTa tar3a tar3akara tar3aphar3AnA sambandhi 457 tanu tanu tattva tatra usakA taruvara taruNa tala (nIce) tapa tapa

Page #488
458 tarhi - 357.1, 387.1, 422.18 tA-370.1 tAu~ - 406.2, 423.3 tAra-- 356 tAma-406.1 tAmahi -406.3 tAva - 422.23 tAva~ -395.3 fa-347.2 tiMtuvvANa -431.1 tikkh - 344. 2 tikkhA -395.1 tiNa - 329 tiNa sama - 358.2 facer-442.2 titthesara - 441.2 tida sAvAsa-gaya vahA~ 4422 timira - DiMbha - 382 taba taka taba taka tArA taba taka taba taka tApa taba taka tata tri bhiMgAtA huA tIkhA karanA (kriyA) tIkSNa tRNa tRNa- sama tIrtha tIrthezvara tridazAvAsa gayA andhakAra samUha tiriccha - 414.3.420.3 tirachA tila - 357.2, 406.2 tila tila-tAra - 356 tiva~ - 344.2, 367.4, 376.2, 395.1, 397, 422.2 tila-tArA vaise hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vaise usa prakAra to U~cA tumbinI tRNa tuccha tuccha kAya manmatha-nivAsa sUkSma-romAvalI tima - 395.7 tiha - 377.1 3-351 tuMga- 390 tuMbiNi-427.1 tRNa - 422.20 tuccha - 350.1 tuccha - kAya vammaha nivAsa - 350.1 tucchaccha-romAvali 350.1 tuccha-jaMpira-350.1 tuccha - majjha - 350.1 tucchayara-hAsa - 350.1 tuccha - rAya - 350.1 tuTTa-356 tuDa-vase -390 tudhe - 372.1, 2 tumha - 369, 371, 373, 374 'tulia - 382 tuhAra--434.1 tuhu~ - 330.2, 3, 357.3, 361.1, 367.1, 368, 370, 372, 383.1, 387.3, 402, 421.1, 422.12,18, 425.1. 339.4 tuccha bolanA tuccha - madhya tucchatara- hAsa tuccha - rAga TUTanA truTi - vaza tumhArA tuma tulita (tulanA) tohAra tu

Page #489
zabda koza 459 tRNa sthalI ThaharanA thali-330.4 VthA-395.5 thAha-444.3 thirattaNa-422.7 thova-376.1 thA sthiratA thor3A (kama) KU daia-333,342, pati) tRNa-329 tettaheM-436 vahA~ tettia-395.7 taba taka tettula-407.2, 435, utanA tethu-404.1 vahA~ tevaDa-395.7, 407.1 taba taka tevaDa-371 utanA mAtra teva-343.1, 397, vaisA 401.4,418.1,439.4 teha-402 vaisA tehaya-357.1 usa prakAra to-336.1, 341.1, to 343.2, 364, 365.3. 5,379.3, 395.1, 404.1,418.6, 419.3. 422.6, 423.4,439.1 445.3, 4, tosia saMkara-331 toSita-zaMkara tti-423.1 karake 'tthala-357.2 sthala 4144 daiva-331.3, 340.1, daiva 389.1 Vdas-418.6 dazyamAna daMsaNa-401.1 darzana daDavaI-330.2 jhaTapaTa daDavaDaya-422.18 avaskanda, zIghra daGka-343.2 dagdha daDDha-kalevara-365.3 dagdha-kalevara dava-nayaNa-422.6 dagdha-nayana damma-422.15 dAma daha-4443 hRda (tAlAba) dahamuha-331 dazamukha 'dAma'-446 mAlA dAra-345 vidAraNa karanA (kriyA) di-383.3, 419.5, denA (kriyA) 428. 438.1 diaha-333. 387.2. divasa 388,4184 traM-360.1 vaha thakka-370.3 ThaharanA (kriyA) stana thaNa-350.2, 390 thaNaMtara-350.1 thaNahAra-414.1 stanAntara stana bhAra

Page #490
460 diTTha - 352, 365.1, 371, 396.1, 2, 401.4, 422.18, 423.2, 429.1, 431.1, 432 du-340.2 dukkara - 414.4, 441.1 dukkha-saya-357.3 fafe-330.3 diNa-401.1 diNayara - 377.1 diNa - 330.1, 333, 401.3, 444.2 diva - 399.1, 422.4 divva - 418.4 divvaMtara - 442.1 faft-340.2 dizA dIha - 330.2 dIrgha dIhara - 414.1 dIrgha dIhara- nayaNa-saloNa- dIrgha- nayana 444.4 dujjaNa-kara-pallava dRSTa 418.6 duTTha-401.1 dubhikkha - 386.1 duma - 336.1, 445.4 dullaha-338 dRSTi dina dinakara diyA (kriyA) divasa divya divyatara salANya do duSkara saudukha (dukha zata) durjana kara pallava duSTa durbhikSa druma (per3a) durlabha hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi dUa -367.1, 419.1 dUra-449.1, 353 dUra-Thia - 422.8 dUruDDANa - 337 dUsAsaNa - 391.2 de-379.2, 384.1, 406.3, 414.3,420.3, 422.15, 22, 42.33, 440, 441.1 dekkh - 345, 349.1, 354.2, 357.3, 361.2, 379.3, 420.3 desa - 386.1, 418.6, dUta dUra dUra-sthita dUra ur3Ana duHzAsana denA (kriyA) dekhanA deza 419.3, 422.11, 425.1 desaMtari a-368 desuccADaNa - 438.2 do - 340.2, 358.2 do dosa - 379.2, 401.4, doSa 439.4 dramma - 422.4 dravakka - 422.4 draha - 423.1 Trehi - 422.6 dha dhaNa - 330.1, 350.1, 367.5, 430.3, 444.3, 4452 dezAMtarita dezoccATana Li dAma (paisA) ll l I lb bhaya hrada dRSTi dhanyA (priyA)

Page #491
zabda koza 461 dhaNa-358.2, 373.2, dhana 441.1 VdhaNA-445.2 rakSA karanA (kriyA) dhaNi-385.1 priye (saMbodhana) dhaNu-373.2 dhana, (dhanuSa) dhamma-341.3, 396.3. dharma 419.1. Vdhara-334.1, 336.1, dhAraNa karanA 382,421.1, 438.3 (kriyA) dhara-377.1 dhRti dhara-441.2 dhavala-340.2, 421.1 dhavala (baila) VdhA-436 daur3anA (kriyA) dhAra-383.2 dhArA Vdhuddhaa-395.7 zabda karanA (kriyA) dhura-421.1 dhurA dhUma-415.1 dhUA~ dhUli-432 dhu-360.1, 438.1 dhruva-418.4 dhruva (nizcaya) 365,367.1, 370. 379.2, 383.1,2,386.1, 390. 395.7. 396.3. 401.4402,406.1,2. 414.2,416.1, 418.6. 8, 419.1, 2, 5, 420.5, 421.1, 422.1, 4,11, 15.423.4,432.436. 438, 441.1,444.2, 4454 nai-422.2 nadI nau-423.2, 444.2 nahIM meM-382, 396.5 nizcaya naMda-422.14, sukhI honA (kriyA) niccAv-420.4 nacavAnA (kriyA) nim-446 jhukanA (kriyA) nayaNa-422.6,423.2. nayana dharA 4444 dhUli nayaNa-sara-414.3 nayana-zara nara-362,412.2. nara 442.1 Vnav-367.4, 399.1 jhukanA (kriyA) nava-396.4 . tumhArA navaravI-420.5 navara-377.1 parantu navari-423.1 pratyuta nahI navIna na-330.4,332.2, 335, 339. 340.1,2. 341.1, 349.1,350.1, 356, 358.2, 360.1,

Page #492
462 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi nAma nAza navavahu-daMsaNa- navavadhU-darzana nicca-395.5 nitya lAlasa-401.1 kI lAlasA nicchaya-358.1, nizcaya naha-333 nakha 422.10 nAi-330.1, 444.3 jaise nijjia-371,401.2 nirjita nAyaga-427.1 nAyaka niNNeha-367.5 sneha hIna nArAyaNa-402 nArAyaNa nidda-330.2, 418.1 nidrA nAlia-422.15 mUrkha nirakkhaya-418.3 rakSaka vinA 'nAva-423.1 naukA nirAmaya-414.2 nirAmaya nAvai-331, 444.4 sadRza niru-344.2 niraMtara nAva~-426.1 niruvama-rasa-401.3 nirupama-rasa VnAs-432 'nivaTTa-332.1 nivRtta nAha-360.1, 390, nAtha nivaD-358.2. nipatiti 4233 406.1 nAhi~-419.6, 422.1 nahiM / 'nivaDaNa -444.3 girane kA bhaya Vni-431.1 dekhanA (kriyA) nivas-422.11 nivAsa karanA niviNi-414.1 nitmbinii| (kriyA) niatta-395.3 mukta honA "nivaha-357.1 samUha (kriyA) nivANa-419.3 nirvANa nia-muha-kara-349.2 nija-mukha-kara nivAraNa--395.7 nivAraNa niaya-dhaNa-441.1 nija-dhana nivAsa-350.1 nivAsa niaya-bala-354.2 nija-bala nivvaha-360.2 nirvAha niaya-sara-344.2 apanA bANa nisaMka-396.1,401.2 niHzaMka niggaya-331 nikalA (kriyA) nisia-330.4 tIkSNa nigghiNa-383.2 nighRNa nihAla-376.1 dekhanA (kriyA) niccaTTa--422.7 gADha nihi-414.1 nidhi niccala-436 nizcala nihitta-395.2 rakhanA nicciMta-422.20 nizciMta nihua-401.4 nibhRta

Page #493
zabda koza 463 nIsar-439.4 nikalanA (kriyA) paD-337, 388, giranA (pata) nIsAvaNNu-341.1 niHsAmAnya ___422.4, 18, 20, (kriyA) nIsAsa-430.3 nizvAsa paDaha-443 paTaha neha-332.1, 356, sneha paDipekkha-349.1 pratiprekSya 406.2,422.6,8,426.1, paDivibia-muMjAla- pratibimbita4393 muMjavata paiTTha-330.3, 343.1, praviSTa paDihA-441.1 pratibhA 432,4445 VpaTh-394 par3hanA (kriyA) Vpais-396.4 praveza paNaTTha-418.8 pranaSTa paohara-395.5.420.4 payodhara paNaya-446 praNaya "paMkaya-357.2 paMkaja patta-370.1 patra paMgaNa-4204 prAMgaNa pattala-387.2 pattala paMca-422.14 pA~ca patthara-344.2 patthara paMtha-429.1 paMtha panna-427.1 parNa paMthia-429.1 pathika paphullia-396.5 praphullita pakka-phala-340.1 pakva-phala pabhaTTa-436 prabhraSTa pakkhAvaDia-401.4 pakSApatita pamANa-399.1, 438.3 pramANa paggimva-414.4 prAyaH pamhaTTha-396.3 vilupta paccalliu-420.5 pratyuta paya-395.3, 406.1, pada pacchai-362 pazcAta 414.2, 420.3.422.1 pacchAyAva-424 pazcAtApa VpayaMp-422.10 kahanA (kriyA) pacchi -388 pIche (pazcAta) upayaTTa-347.2 pravartita honA pacchitta-428 prAyazcita (kriyA) pajjata-365.2 paryApta payaDa-338 prakaTa paTTaNa-gAma-407.1 paTTaNa-grAma paya-rakkha-samANa- padAti-rakSaka paTTi-329 4183 ke samAna VpaThA-422.7 prasthApita prakAra pRSTha karanA (kriyA) payAra-365.5

Page #494
464 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi VpayAs-357.1 prakAza karanA (kriyA) "payAsa-396.5 prakAza "para-335, 338, parantu 354.2, 366.1, 379.2, 395.7. 396.3. 406.2, 414.3, 420.3. 422.3, 438.1,3,441.1 paramattha-422.9 paramArtha paramapaya-414.1,422.1 parama-pada parAya-350.2, 376.2 parakIyA VparAv-442.1 prApta karanA (kriyA) pariatta-395.3 parivRtta pariviTTha-409 pariviSTa parihaviya-taNu-401.2 paribhUta-tanu parihaNa-341.2 paridhAna Vparihara-3341, 389.1 parihAra karanA (kriyA) parihAsa-425.1 parihAsa parokkha-418.1 parokSa pala-395.7 pala paluTTa-422.6 vyAkula pallava-420.3 rokanA (kriyA) pallava-336.1, 418.6 pallava upavas-333, 342, pravAsa karanA / 419.5,422.12 (kriyA) pavAsua-395.4 pravAsI pavANa-419.3 pramANa VpavIs-444.4 praveza karanA (kriyA) pasaria-354.2 prasRta (phailA huA) 'pasAya-430.3 prasAda "pahAva-341.3 prabhAva pahia-376.2, 415.1, pathika 429.1, 431.1,445.2 vpahucca-390, 4191 prabhUta (honA kriyA) pADia-420.4 pAtita (girAyA) pANia-396.4, 418.7,434.1 pAya-445.3 pAda pArakka-379.3 parakIya, dUsarA pAla-441.2 pAlana karanA (kriyA) pAv-366.1, prApta karanA 387.1,3964 (kriyA) 'pi-391.1 pia-383.1, 401.3. priya 419.1, 6,422.20, 4232 pia-332.2, 343.2, priya 352, 354.2, 365.1. pAnI

Page #495
zabda koza 465 367.1,370.2. 383.1, 396.2, 4, 401.3.4,414.4. 4183.4.8.419.3. 'pUria-383.1 pUrita. bharanA (kriyA) Vpekkha-340.2, 419.6, prekSya (dekhanA) 430.3,4444 Vpeccha-348.2, 363, dekhanA (kriyA) 369 pemma-3953 prema pemma-draha-423.1 prema-hRda pphala-445.4 phala pragaNa-360.1 prAMgaNa pramANia-422.1 pramANita prayAvadI-404.1 prajApati prass-393. dekhanA (kriyA) prAiva-414.2 prAi~mva-4143 prAyaH prAu-414.1 prAyaH pria-379.3, 387.3. priya 418.1, 420.3,438.1 pria-virahia-377.1 priya-virahita 422.12, 423.2, 424, 425.1, 432. 434.1 pia-pabhaTTa-436 priya prabhraSTa pia-mANusa-vicchoha- priyamAnusa . gara-396.1 vikSobha kara pia-vayaNa-350.1 vacana piAsa-434.1 pipAsA piTTi-329 pIa-439.3 pIyA (kriyA) pIr3a-385.1 pIr3A Vpuccha-364, 422.9. pUchanA puTTi-329 puNu-343.1, 349.1, punaH / 358.2.370.1, 383.1, 391.2,422.9, 15. 425.1, 426.1 428. 438.3,439.1,445.4 putta-395.6 putra putti-330.3 putrI puSphavaI-438.3 puSpavatI purisa-400.1, 422.2 puruSa 'pUraya-422.18 pUrNa karanA (kriyA) prAyaH pRSTha pha phala-335, 336.1, phala 340.1, 341.1.2 VphiTTa-370.1, 406.2 naSTa kara Vphukka-422.3 phUMkanA (kriyA) VphuTTa-357.2, 422.12 phUTanA phuTTa-352 phUTanA phuTTaNa-422.23 phaTA huA

Page #496
466 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi bAra-436 bAra Vphulla-387.2 VpheD-358.1 VphoD-350.2 phUlanA barbAda karanA tor3anA dagdha mUrkha bAla-350.2, 422.1 bAlA bAlia-418.7 bAha-329, 4394 bAhu bAhA-329 bAhu bAha-salila-saMsita- bASpa-salila3952 saMsikta bAhu-329 bAhu bAhu-bala-430.3 bAhu-bala bi-365.5, 383.1, bhI 418.1 bimbAdhara mora baiTTha-444.5 baiThanA bailla-412.2 'baIsa-423.4 baiThanA 'baMdha-382 baMdhana baddha-3992 baMdhA bappIka-395.6 bApa kA bappIha-383.1.2 papIhA bappuDa-387.3 barAka, badamAza bambha-412.2 brAhmaNa barihiNa-422.8 Vbala-416.1 jalanA (kriyA) bala-354.2, 430.3. zakti 440 bali-abbhatthaNa-384.1 bali kI abhyarthanA balikA-338, 389.1, nivachAvara 4453 balirAya-402, bali-rAja bahiNi-351 . bahina bahiNu-422.14 bhaginI bahu-376.1 bahua-jaNa-371 bahuta jana 'bahula-387.2 bahula beTI bUr3anA (kriyA) buddhi do| biMbAhara-401.3 biTTIa-330.3 VbuDDa-415,423.1 buddhI-422.14, 424 be-370.3, 379.2, 395.3, 439.1, 3 boDDia-335 Vbolla-360.2, 3832, 422.12 bollaNaya-443 "bhua-444.3 Vbruv-391.1 boM-391.2 kaur3I bolanA vaktA bhujA bolanA (kriyA) bolanA (kriyA) bahuta bha bhaMgi-339 bhaMDa-422.12 bhagna nirlajja

Page #497
zabda koza bhaMti - 365.1,416.1 bhagga - 351, 354.2, 379.3, 386.1 bhajj--395.5 397, bhamara- Dala- tulia - 382 bhamira - 422.15 bhaya - 440, 444.3 bhayaMkara - 331 bhara - 340.2,371, 421.1 bharia - 383.2, 444.4 bhali - 353 bhrAnti bhAganA (kriyA) bhaDa -420.5 bhaDDa-gaDa - nivaha - 357.1 bhaTa-ghaTA samUha bhaN-330.3, 367.4, kahanA (kriyA) 370.3, 367.1, 383.1, 399.1, 404.1.4, 402, 425.1 bhatta - 422.10 bhaddavaya - 357.2 bham - 418.6, 422.3 bhamara - 368,387.2, bhalla - 351 bhalli - 330.3 bhagna bhaTa (sainika) bhakta bhAdrapada ghUmanA (kriyA) bhramara bhramara-kula tulita bhramaNazIla bhaya bhayaMkara bhAra bhArata (bharA huA) nirbaMdha bhalA bacha bhikU~-4 -401.2 bhavara - 397 bhasaNaya - 443 bhasala - - 444.5 bhAI - rahi -347.2 bhAraha-khaMbha - 399.2 bhArahi -347.2 bhAv - -420.4 bhicca - 334.1, 341.2 bhua-juala-414.1 bhuMj-335, 441.1 mu~DahI - 395.6 bhaMvaNa - 441.2 bhuvaNa- bhaMyakara - 331 bhoga - 389.1 aMtI - 414.2 ifa-360.1 384.1, 387.1, 388, 418.7, 420.3, 422.1 maDalia - 365.1 maM- 385.1 maMjiTTa - 438.2 'maMDala' - 349.1,372.1 bhrama, ghUmanA (kriyA) bhramara bolanA bhramara bhAgIrathI 467 bhArata stambha bhAratI acchA laganA (kriyA) bhRtya bhuja-yugala khAnA bhUmi ghUmanA (kriyA) bhuvana-bhaMyakara ma ma - 346,355.2,368.3, nahIM bhoga bhrAnti bhrAnti, bhramaNa mukulita niSedha maMjiSThA (raMga) maMDala

Page #498
468 makkaDa - ghugdhi - 423.3 magga-384.1 magga-347.2, 357.1, 431.1 maggNa - 402 maggasi - 357.2 maccha-370.2 matsya macchara - 444.4 matsara V400-339 DUbanA degmajjh-350.1, 406.3, madhya banara - ghur3akI mAMganA (kriyA) mArga maNi - 414.2, 423.4 moraha - 388, 401.1, 414.4 4445 maNa -- 350.1, 401.4, mana 422.9, 15, 441.1 maNAu-418.8, 426.1 thor3A maNI manoratha maNoraha-ThANa - 362 matta - 345, 383.3 madi- 372.2 mabbhIsa - 422.16 mayagala - 406.1 mayaNa - 397 mayaraddhaya daDavaDa 422.18 - mayarahara - 422.8 mAMgane vAlA mArgazIrSa manoratha- sthAna matta mati mata Dara hAthI madana makaradhvajAva skanda makara gRha (sAgara) hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi mar-368, 420.5, maranA (kriyA) 438.1,439.1 maragaya - kaMti - 349.2 maraTTha - 422.7 maraNa - 418.4 malla - jujjha - 382 maha-353 3572 mahimaMDala - 372.2 mahumahaNa - 384.1 mA - 330.2, 3, 418.3, mahadduma - 336.1, 445.4 mahAdruma mahavvaya-440 mahAvrata mahA - 444.3 mahAra - 351, 358.1 mahA-risi - 399.1 mahi-352 mahiala-satthara 350.1,422.10 mAN-388 marakara - kAnti garva maraNa malla - yuddha cAhanA (kriyA) mAraNaya- 443 mAria - 351, 379.3 mahAna merA mahAna RSi mahI mahItala srastara mahI- maMDala madhu-mathana nahIM mAnanA (kriyA) mANa - 330.2, 387.1, mAna 396.2, 418.3 mANusa - 341.1, 396.1 mAnuSa mAya-399.1 mAtA mAra- 330.3,337,439.1 kAmadeva mArane vAlA mArita (mArA)

Page #499
zabda koza 469 muha-kamala-332.2 mukha kamala 395.1,414.1 muha-paMkaya-357.2 mukha paMkaja mUla-427.1 mUla Vmel-429.1 milAnA (kriyA) Vmella-341.1 353, chor3anA (kriyA) 370.4, 387.1,430.3 meha-365.5, 395.4, megha 418.7,419.6,422.8 mokkala-366.1 mukta Vmor3a-445.4 tor3anA (kriyA) ya-396.3 aura (ca) mAlai-368 mAlatI mAha-357.2 mAgha miaMka-377.1,396.1, mRgAMka 4012 mitta-422.1 mitra Vmila-332.1.2,382, milanA (kriyA) 434.1 mua-395.6.419.5, mRta 442.1.2 muMja-439.4 muMja (nAma) "muMjAla-439.3 muMjavata muMDa-mAla-446 mur3a mAla muMDiya-389.1 muMDita mukka-370.1 mukta mugA-409 mudga (mUMga) muNAliya-444.2 mRNAlI muNi-341.2, 414.2 muni muNia-346 jAnA muNIsima-330.4 manuSyatva mudda-4013 mudrA muddha-349.1, 350.1, mugdhA 357.2, 376.1, 395.2,423.4 muddha-sahAva-422.23 mugdha-svabhAva "muha -349.1, 367.1, mukha 401.2, 422.20, 4444 'muha0-kabaribaMdha-382 mukha-kabarI baMdha raivasa-bhamira-422.15 rativaza-bhramaNa zIla rakkh-350.2, 439.3. rakhanA (kriyA) 'rakkha-418.3 rakSaka ricc-422.23 khuza honA, raMganA, (kriyA) raG-445.2 raTanA (kriyA) raNa-360.1 raNa-gaya-370.3 raNa-gayA raNa-dubhikkha-386.1 raNa-durbhikSa raNNa-341.1, 368 araNya ratta-438.2 rakta rattI-330.2 rAtri raNa

Page #500
470 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi ratna rasa radi-446 rati / Vrus-358.1, 414.4, rUsanA (kriyA) rayaNa-334.1 4184 rayaNanihi-422.3 ratna-nidhi rusaNa-418.4 rUsanA (kriyA) rayaNa-vaNa-401.3 radana-vraNa resi-425.1 ke liye rayaNI-401.1 rajanI resi-425.4 ke lie ravaNNa-422.11 'reha-330.1, 354.2 rekhA ravi-atthamaNa-444.2 ravi-astamana 'romAvali-350.1 romAvalI krodha 'rosa-439.4 'rasa-401.3 rahavara-331 rathavara lakkha-332.1, 335 lakSa rAma-407.1 rAma Vlagga-339. 420.5, laganA (kriyA) 'rAya-350.1, 402 rAja 422.7 rAvaNa-rAma-407.1 rAvaNa-rAma lagga-445.2 lagA rAha-paohara-420.4 rAdhA-payodhara lacchi -436 lakSmI rAhI-422.6 rAdhikA Vlajj-351, 419.5 lajAnA (kriyA) 'rAhu-382, 396.1 rAhu 'lajja-430.3 lajjA riu-376.1, 395.3 ripu lim-419.3 pAnA (kriyA) riu-ruhira-416.1 ripu-rudhira / laya-414.2 laya riddhi-418.8 Rddhi Vlaha-335, 341.2. pAnA (kriyA) 'risi-399.1 RSi 367.4, 383.2,386.1, Vrua-383.1, 4. ronA 395.1, 414.2 rucc-341.1 rocanA (kriyA) lahuI hUa-384.1 ladhvI bhUta ruTTa-414.4 VlAy-331, 376.2 lagAnA (kriyA) ruNa jhuNa-368 ruNa jhuNa (dhvani) 'lAyaNNa-414.1 lAvaNya ruddha-422.14 ruddha (rUkA) 'lAlasa-401.1 lAlasA ruhira-416.1 rudhira lAha-390 lAbha rua-419.1, 422.15 rUpaka limbaDa-387.2 nIma

Page #501
zabda koza 471 vRkSa liha-329 lekhA lihia-335 likhita lIha-329 lekhA lukka-401.2. lukanA, chipanA (kriyA) Vle-3703,3873, grahaNa karanA 395.1,440,4412 (kriyA) lekha-422.7 lekha leha-329 lekhA loa-350.2, 365.1, loka 366.1,420.4, 422.22. 438.2, 442.2, 443 loaDI-423.4 lomapaTI loaNa-344.2, 356, locana 365.1, 414.1 loNa-418.7,4444 lavaNa loha-422.23 lhasia-445.3 giranA vakkala-341.2 valkala vagga-3304 lagAma vaccha-336.12 vajj-336.1, 406.1 varjana (rokanA) vajjaNaya-443 bolanA (kriyA) vajjama-395.5 vajamaya vaDavAnala-365.2, bar3avAnala 419. vaDDa-364,366.1, mahatva 367.3, 384.1 var3ha-362, 402. mUrkha 422.4, 11, VvaNNa-345 varNana karanA (kriyA) vaNa-340.1,357.2, vana 422.11 lobha va-436 aise vaMka-330.3,356,4122 vakra vaMkima-344.2 Ter3hA vaMkuDa-418.8 vakra (vAMkurA) vaMcayara-412.2 vaMcatara VvaMda-423.3 vaMdanA karanA (kriyA) "vaMsa-419.2 vaNa-401.3 vraNa vaNa-vAsa-396.5 vana-vAsa "vaNNa-330.1 varNa vatta-432 vArtA vaddala-4012 bAdala vammaha-344.2, 350.1, manmatha vayaMsia-351 vayasyA vayaNa-340.1,350.1, vacana 367.1,396.5 vara-taru-370.1 vara-taru vari-340.1 vara (zreSTha) vaMza

Page #502
472 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vAl-330.4 khIMcanA, dhAraNa karanA varisa-saya-332.1, varSa-zata (sau) 4184 Vvala-386.1, 422.18 zakti honA (kriyA) vAsa-399.2 vyAsa vAsAratta-395.4 vAhia-365.3 varSA-rAtri prApta kiyA valaNa-422.2 balana vi-330.4,332.1, valaya-352 valaya valayA vali-nivaDaNa- valayAvali bhaya-443.3 nipatana-bhaya vallaha-358.2, 383.1, vallabha 426.1 vallaha-viraha-mahAdaha- ballabha-viraha4443 mahAda vavasAya-385.1 vyavasAya Vvas-339 vAsa karanA (kriyA) 'vasa-390 vaza Vvasikar-427.1 vaza meM karanA Vvaha-401.1 bahanA (kriyA) vahilla-422.1 vahu-401.1 bahuta vANArasi-442.1 banArasa vAya-343.1 vAta (havA) vAyasa-352 kauA ' gvAra-356,383.2 nyauchAvara 422.12 karanA (kriyA) vAra-i-vAra-383.2 bAra-bAra vAria-330.2, 438.3 rokA 334.1, 335, 336.1. 337, 339. 340.1, 341.1, 2, 343.2, 349.1, 353, 356. 358.1, 2, 365.2, 366, 367.5, 370, 379.2, 377.1, 383.1, 3. 387.2. 389.1, 395.1, 7, 401.2. 402, 404.1, 406.3. 412.2, 414.2. 415.1. 418.1, 419.6, 420.5. 422.1, 4, 6, 8, 14. 22, 423.4,432, 436, 438, 441,2. 445.34 viAla-377.1, 424 saMdhyAkAla viiNNa-444.2 vitIrNa vioa-368, 4195 viyoga vigutta-421.1 hatotsAha vicca-350.1 madhya 'vicchoha -396.1 vikSobha vichoD-439.4 chur3AnA (kriyA) zIghra

Page #503
473 zabda koza vihaTTAla-422.3 aspRzya saMsarga vidatta-422.4 arjita viNaTTha-427.1 vinaSTa viNaD-370.2. 385.1 vyAkula karanA (kriyA) viNAsa-424 vinAza viNijjia-396.5 vinirjita viNimmavida-446 viziSTa nirmANa viNu-357.3, 386.1, vinA 421.1, 441.2 vitthAra-395.7 vistAra vidda-419.1 denA (kriyA) vinnAsia-418.1 vinAzita viNNia-nAva-423.1 aparAdharUpI naukA viNNi ayAraya- vipriya-kAraka 3432 vimala-jala-383.2 vimala-jala vimhaya-420.4 vismaya virala-412.2 virala (bahuta kama) virala-pahAva-341.3 virala-prabhAva viraha-423.3. 432, viraha 4443 virahANala-jAla- virahAnalakarAlia-415.1, 429.1 jvAla pIDita 'virahia-377.1 virahita vilaMb-387.2 vilaMba vilagga-445.3 vilagna (lagA) vinnAsiNI-348.2 vinAzinI vili-418.7 vilIna honA (kriyA) vivai-400.2 vipada vivarera-424 viparIta visaMtula-436 vihala visa-gaMThi-420.5 viSa-gAMTha visama-350.2, 395.4, viSama 4063 visa hAriNi-439.3 panIhArI visAya-385.1 viSAda 'visAhia-386.1 siddha kiyA gayA visiTTha-358.2 viziSTa visUr-340.2422.2 visUranA bhUlanA (kriyA) vihalia-jaNa- vihvala-janaabbhuddharaNa-364 uddhAraka vihava-418.8, 422.7 vibhava vihas-365.1 vikasita honA (kriyA) vihANa-330.2, 362 vihAna vihi-357.3,385.1, vidhi 414.1

Page #504
474 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi vihida-446 vihi-vasa-387.1 vINa-329 vIsa-423.4 VvIsar-426.1 vihita vidhi-vaza vINA bIsa vismaraNa karanA (kriyA) jAnA (kriyA) kahA VvuJ-392 kutta-421.1 vea-438.3 veggala-370.4 Vvecc-419.1 veda dUrastha vyaya karanA (kriyA) vINA vairI gaNa vezyA saMga-434.1 saMga "saMgama-418.1 saMgama saMgara-saya-345 saMgrAma-zata saMci-422.4 saMcaya saMta-389.1 saMta saMti-441.2 zAnti saMdesa-419.5, 434.1 saMdeza saMdhi-430.3 saMdhi sampai-372.2, 385.1, sampatti 4002 saMpaDia-423.1 saMpatita (girA) saMpaya-335 sampat saMpesia-414.3 saMpreSita saMbhava-395.3 saMbhava 'saMmuha-395.5, 414.3 saMmukha VsaMvar-422.6 rokanA (kriyA) saMvalia-349.2 saMvalita (yukta) 'saMsitta-395.2 saMsikta, bhIMga, sa-kaNNa-330.3 sakarNa (tirachA) Vsakka-422.6,4412 samartha honA (kriyA) sajjaNa-422.8, 22, sajjana veNa-329 veria-439.1 vesa-385.1 vrata-394 vrata vyAsa vAsa-399.1 Vvvaya-440 vrata sa-332.1 vaha sai~-339, 402 svayaM sauNa-4454 zakuna, pakSI sauNi-340.1, 391.2 zakuni saMkaDa-3954 saMkaTa "saMkara-331 zaMkara saMkha-422.3 sajjha-370.4 sAdhya satya-358.1 svastha zaMkha "satya-399.1 zAstra

Page #505
zabda koza 475 satthara-357.2 sastara satthAvattha-396.2, svasthAvasthA 42222 sa-dosa-401.4 sa-doSa sabadha-396.3 zapatha sabhala-396.3 saphala sama-358.2 samAna samatta-332.2, 406.1 samApta Vsamapp-401.1,422.4 samApta karanA / (kriyA) samaraMgaNa-395.5 samarAMgaNa samara-bhara-371 samara-bhara, saMgrAma bhara samAula-444.2 samAkula samANa-418.3,438.3 samAna VsaMmAN-334.1 sammAna karanA (kriyA) saya-332.1, 357.3, zata sarala-387.1 sarala saravara-422.11 sarovara sarisima-394.1 sadRza sa-rosa-439.4 sa-roSa sa-lajja-430.3 lajjA sahita 'salila'-395.2 salila saloNa-444.4 salAvaNya sallai-387.1,422.9 sallakI savva-366.2, 429.1, saba 4382 'savvaMga-3482,396.4 sarvAGga savaMga-chailla-412.1 sarvAMga-chaila savvAyara-422.6 sarvAdara savvAsaNa-riu- sarvAsana-ripusaMbhava-394.3 saMbhava sasahara-422.8 zazadhara sasi-395.1, 418.8 zazi sasi-maMDala-caMdima- zazi-maMDala349.1 candrikA sasi-rAhu-382 zazi-rAhu sasi-reha-354.2 zazi-rekhA saha-382, 422.23. zobhanA (kriyA) 4382 saha-339 sAtha sahasa-ti-352 sahasA-iti 4184 sayala-441.2 sakala saya-vAra-356,422.12 zata-vAra sara-344.2, 357.1, zara, bANa 4143 sara-422.11 ramaNIya saraya-357.2 zarata

Page #506
476 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi 'sahAva-422.23 sahi-332.1, 358.1, svabhAva sakhi 367.1,379.3, 390. 401.4,414.3 444.5 sahu~-356, 419.5 sAmanna-418.8 sAtha sAmAnya sAmala-330.1 zyAmala ni sAmi-334.1, 340.2, svAmi 341.2, 409,422.10 sAmi-pasAya-430.3 svAmi-prasAda sAyara-334.1, 383.2. sAgara 395.7,419.6 sAra-365.3, 195.7, sAra 422.12 sArasa-370.4 sArasa degsArikkha-404.1 sAdRzya sAvaNa-357.2 zrAvaNa sAva-saloNa-420.5 sarva-salAvaNya sAvaeNli-344.2 zyAmalA sikkh-344.2, zikSA denA 3722 (kriyA) sikkha-404.1 zikSA siddhattha-423.3 siddhArtha simbha-412.1 zleSma sira-367.4, 423.4, zira 445.3, 4. siri-ANaMda-401.3 zrI-Ananda sila-337 zilA silAyala-341.1 zilAtala siva-440 ziva siva-tittha-442.2 ziva-tIrtha sisira-kAla-415.1 zizira-kAla sisira-357.2 zizira siha-kaTaNa-438.2 zikhi-kvathana sIala-343.1 zItala sIala-jala-415.1 zItala-jala sImA-saMdhi-430.3 sImA-saMdhi sIla-kalaMkia-428 zIla-kalaMkita sIsa-389.1, 446 zIsa sIha-418.3 siMha sIha-caveDa-caDakka- siMha-capeTa406.1 prahAra Vsua-376.2 sonA (kriyA) Vsua-432 zruta sAsa-387.1 zvAsa sAsAnala-jAla zvAsAnala jhalakkia-195.2 jvAla jhalakkita sAha-366.1, 422.22 sAdha, sabhI "siMga-337

Page #507
zabda koza suaNa - 336.1, 338, sujana 406.3, 422.11 itara - 434.1 sui- sattha - 399.1 suMdara - savvaMga - 148.2 a- 329 sukada - 329 sukRda - 329 sukka - 427.1 sukkha - 340.1 sugha - 396.2 suTTu - 422.6 sumaraNa - 426.1 suratha - 332.2 su-vaMsa-419.2 suvaNNa-reha - 330.1 suha - 370.3, 441.1 suhacchi (cchI) - 376.2,423.2 suhacchI-tilavaNa suha - 443 supurisa - 367.4.422.2 supurUSa su-bhicca - 334.1 sumar - 387.1, 426.1 3572 svapnAntara zruti - zAstra suMdara-sarvAMga * sukRta sukRta sukRta zuSka sukha sukha suSThu zvA, kuttA subhRtya smaraNa karanA (kriyA) smaraNa surata su-vaMza suvarNa-rekhA sukha sukhAsA sukhAsikA tilavana suhaya-jaNa - 419.5 suhAsa - 391.1 sev -396.5 sesa -401.3, 440 sehara - 446 so - 4 -438.3 sokkha - 332.1 soma-ggahaNa - 396.1 soha-444.5 sos - 365.2 hau~ - 330.2,333, 338, 340.2,346, 356,367.1, 370.2, 3, 4, 377, 379, 383.1,389, 391.2, 395.5, 396.3, 401.4, 402, 414.4, 416.1, 418, 1, 3, 8, 420.3, 421.1, 422.1, 12, 423.1, 3, 425.1, 438, 439.4, haN-418.3 hattha - 358.1, 366.1, 422.9, 439.1,445.3 subhagajana subhASita sevA karanA (kriyA) zeSa zekhara 477 vaha saukhya soma-grahaNa zobhanA (kriyA) sokhanA (kriyA) mAranA (kriyA) hAtha

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478 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hatthi -443 haya-vihi-357.3 hayAsa-383.1 VharA-409 hari-391.2,420.4, hAthI hata-vidhi hatAza harAnA (kriyA) hari 4226 hariNa-422.20 hariNa hali-332.2, 358.1 sakhI hallohala-396.2 vyAkula Vhas-383.3. 396.1 hasanA (kriyA) 'hAriNi-439.3 DhonA hiaya-TThia-439.4 hRdaya-sthita hu-390 honA (kriyA) hua-351 huA huMkAra-422.20 huMkAra huharu-423.1 huhuru zabda dhvani helli -379.2 he sakhI! Vho-330.2, 343.1, honA (kriyA) 362, 367.1,370.1, 377.1,388, 401.1, 402, 406.2,418.4. 420.4,422.8, 11, 423.2, 424, 438.2 hontau-355, 372, Apa 373.1,379.1, 380.1 hAsa-350.1 hAsya hia-330.3, 350.2, hRdaya 357.3.370.2, 395.4, 420.3,422.2. 12, 23, 439.1 - -

Page #509
pramukha sandarbha-grantha graMthoM ke vistRta vivaraNa pAda-TippaNiyoM meM yathAsthAna diye gaye haiN| yahA~ kevala sUcI dI jA rahI hai| saMskRta apabhraMza kAvyatrayI - ela. bI. gA~dhI - bar3audA, 1920 I. aSTAdhyAyI pANini azoka kI dharmalipiyA~ - - nA. pra sa. kAzI, 1980 kAvya mImAMsA - rAjazekhara hai - rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA kAvyAdarza daNDI kAvyAnuzAsana hemacandra kAvyAlaMkAra rUdraTa kAvyAlaMkAra sUtravRtti vAmana vANI vilAsa sirIja, zrI raMgam 1909 kAzikA - jayAditya vAmana - vArANasI, jaina zilAlekha saMgraha - hIrAlAla jaina - - dazarUpaka dhanaJjaya nirNaya sAgara presa baMbaI 1941 dhAtu-pATha _ - - svAmI dayAnanda prakAzana, ajamera nATya-darpaNa - guNa candra - bar3audA

Page #510
480 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi nATya-zAstra nirukta purAtana prabaMdha saMgraha - prabaMdha ciMtAmaNi bharata muni yAska puSkaraNI TIkA, saMpA. jinavijaya - siMdhI, jaina grNthmaalaa| saMpA. muni - zAMti niketana jinavijaya pataJjali bhartRhari - - saMpAdaka muni jinavijaya kavirAja 1981 vi. mahAbhASya vAkyapadIya - sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa - sAhityadarpaNa vizvanAtha vArANasI, 1963 I prAkRta abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa - AgaDa datto - uvAsa gadasAo karpUramaMjarI kuvalaya mAlA (prathama bhAga) - kaMsavaho Naya kumAra cariu - tiloya paNNtI(triloka prazapti-bhAga-2) DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI - saMpA. pI. ela. vaidya - saMpA. e. ena. gore - saMpA. manamohana ghoSa - DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye - rAma paNivAda - saMpA. modI aura bhayANI- vRSabhAcAryasaMpA. hIrAlAla jaina tathA e. ena. upAdhye hemacandra-saMpA. pizela - anu. paravastu veMkaTa rAmAnuja svAmI kalakattA, 1948 I. bambaI, vi. saM. 2015 saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye baMbaI 1948 I. dezI nAmamAlA pUnA 1938

Page #511
pramukha sandarbha graMtha 481 dohAkoza - - saMpA. paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA bambaI 1961 I. pauma cariu - svaMyabhU pauma siri cariu - bambaI 1961 I. saMpA. hari. bhayANI saMpA. modI - aura bhayANI saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye - bambaI 1937 paramAtma prakAza aura - yogasAra pAiya lacchI nAmamAlA - pAlI prAkRta vyAkaraNa - pAhur3a dohA kAraMjA 1933 I. dhanapAla, saMpA. vikramavijaya paM mathurA prasAda dIkSita saMpA. DaoN. hIrAlAla - jaina rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza - vararuci, - saMpA. pI. ela. vaidya saMpA. kuMjana rAjA - prAkRta kalpatarU prAkRta prakAza I. e. jilda 51 pUnA 1931 I. madrAsa 1946 I. prAkRta prakAza (rAmapANivAda kI vRtti sahita) prAkRta maNidIpaH - - appaya dIkSita - saM. paM. TI.TI. zrI nivAsa gopAlAcArya I. hulTaja - prAkRta rUpAvatAra - rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, 1909 I. kalakattA 1880 I. kalakattA 1923 I. prAkRta lakSaNa prAkRta lakSaNam - caNDa-saMpA. hArnale - saMpA. revatI kAnta - bhaTTAcArya

Page #512
482 prAkRta vyAkaraNa prAkRta sarvasya prAkRtAnuzAsana pracIna gurjara kAvya mahApurANa (uttara purANa - tRtIya khaNDa) mahApurANam (Adi purANa-prathama khaNDa) mRcchakaTika vasudeva hiMDi vivAgasuyaM SaDbhASA candrikA sAvayavadhamma dohA apabhraMza avahaTTa aura kIrtilatA ukti vyakti prakaraNa - -- hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi pUnA 1958 I. hemacandra saMpA. pI. ela vaidya mArkaNDeya purUSottama deva puSpadanta saMpA. pI. ela. vaidya puSpadanta-- saMpA. pI. ela vaidya saMpA. jI. ke. bhaTTa pra. saM. va pariziSTa saMghadAsa gaNivAcaka, saMpA. caturavijaya puNya vijaya vI. je. cokazI, ema. sI. modI lakSmIdhara, bambaI saMpA. hIrA lAla jaina DaoN. ziva prasAda siMha saMpA. munijinavijaya paricaya -DaoN. sunIti kumAra caTarjI - - - perisa 1938 I. gAyakavADa oriyanTala sirIja naM. 13 saM. cimmanalAla dalAla 1936 I. sanaI. 1916 san 1932 vArANasI 1957 I. bambaI 1953

Page #513
pramukha sandarbha graMtha 483 bambaI 1949 I. kAraMjA, barAra 1934 I nA. pra. sabhA kAzI vi. 2010 kAraMjA, barAra 1931 I kathA koSa prakaraNa saMpA. munijina vijaya - karakaMDa cariu ___ saMpA. hIrAlAla jaina- kIrtilatA saMpA. bAbUrAma - saksenA jasahara cariu saMpA. __- DA. pI. ela. vaidya pAia sadda mahaNNavo - seTha haragovinda dAsa- prAkRta paiMgalam (bhAga-1) - saMpA. DaoN. bholA - zaMkara vyAsa bauddhagAna o dohA - saMpA. ma. ma. hara - prasAda zAstrI bhavisatta kahA kalakattA saMvat 1985 vArANasI 1960 I. - bhavisatta kahA saMpA. guNe aura - dalAla DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye - yAkobI saMskaraNa 1918 I. bar3audA saMskaraNa 1923 I. bambaI lIlAbAI kahA bhUmikA sahita varNaratnAkara vikramorvazIya vairAgya sAra vArANasI sanata kumAra carita jarmanI 1921 I. saMpA. esa. ke caTarjI kalidAsa - suprabhAcAryakRta, saMpA. pro. velaNakara saMpA. DaoN. haramana - yAkobI saMpA. muni jinavijaya - tathA hari. bhayANI saMpA. hajArI prasAda - dvivedI aura vizvanAtha tripAThI saMdeza rAsaka bambaI 1945 saMdeza rAsaka 1959 I.

Page #514
484 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi hindI apabhraMza darpaNa jagannAtha rAya zarmA - apabhraMza prakAza devendra kumAra - apabhraMza bhASA __bAbU satyajIvana varmA - apabhraMza sAhitya - DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a - jAyasI graMthAvalI saMpA. paM. rAmacandra - zukla jainasAhitya aura itihAsa - nAthU rAma premI - tulasI granthAvalI - paM. rAmacandra zukla - paTanA-1955 I. vArANasI 1954 I. nA. pra. sabhA, kAzI dillI saM. 2013 nA. pra. sabhA, kAzI, saMvat 1981 bambaI 1956 I. nA. pra. sabhA kAzI, saMvat 1981 nAtha-saMpradAya - pAli mahAvyAkaraNa purAtatva nibaMdhAvalI purAnI rAjasthAnI paM. hajArI prasAda dvivedI bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa rAhula sAMkRtyAyana - tessI torI, - anu. nAmavara siMha candradhara zarmA 'gulerI' - paTanA nA. pra. sabhA, kAzI, 1950 nA. pra. sabhA, kAzI, saMvat 2005 purAnI hindI poddAra abhinandana graMtha - saMpA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara - prayAga, 1963 I. prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya - aura usakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAvaprAkRta paiMgalam-bhASA - zAstrIya aura chandaH zAstrIya anuzIlana (bhAga-2) DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa - vArANasI 1962 I0

Page #515
pramukha sandarbha graMtha 485 vArANasI 1954 I. paTanA 1960 I. prAkRta bhASA prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bIsaladeva rAsa - paM becaradAsa - - pizela anu. hemacandra jozI - * DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina - vArANasI 1962 I. - bhArata kA bhASA sarvekSaNa - saMpA. DaoN. mAtA prasAda - hindI pariSada gupta vizvavidyAlaya, prayAga 1953 I. DaoN. griyarsana, lakhanau 1959 I. anu. DA. udaya nArAyaNa tivArI DaoN. sunIti - dillI 1954 I. kumAra caTarjI jayacanda vidyAlaMkAra - ilAhAbAda 1955 I. bhAratIya AryabhASA - aura hindI bhAratIya kRSTi - kA ka kha bhASA kA itihAsa - bhojapurI bhASA aura - sAhitya madhyapradeza aura usakI - saMskRti rAjapUtAne kA itihAsa - bhagavaddatta - DaoN. udaya nArAyaNa - tivArI DaoN. dhIrendra varmA lAhaura, sana 1927 I. rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, 1954 I. sana 1925 I. dUsarA khaNDa- - ma. ma. gaurI zaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA DaoN. sunIti kumAra - caTarjI motIlAla menAriyA - rAjasthAnI bhASA - udayapura 1949 I. prayAga saM. 2006 rAjasthAnI bhASA aura - sAhitya

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486 vidyApati kI padAvaliyA~ sUrapUrva brajabhASA aura usakA sAhitya saMskRta kA bhASA zAstrIya adhyayana saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hindI aura prAdezika bhASAoM kA vaijJAnika itihAsa hindI kAvyadhArA hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yogadAna hindI bhASA- udgama aura vikAsa hindI sAhitya hindI bhASA kA itihAsa hindI sAhitya aura bihAra hindI sAhitya kA atIta hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa - - hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi laheriyAsarAya ( dvitIya saMskaraNa) 1958 I. saMpA0 rAmavRkSa benIpurI DaoN. ziva prasAda siMha DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa e0 bI0 kItha, anu. DaoN. maMgala deva zAstrI zamazera siMha narUlA' rAhula sAMkRtyAyana DaoN0 nAmavara siMha DA0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI - prasAda dvivedI DA0 rAmakumAra varmA - - -- paM0 hajArI pra0 dvivedI DA0 dhIrendra varmA zivapUjana paM0 vizvanAtha prasAda mizra paM0 hajArI - 1957 I. vArANasI 1960 I. prayAga 1954 I0 prayAga 1955 I0 bhAratI bhaMDAra, prayAga saM0 1955 I0 prayAga paTanA 1960 I0 vArANasI 1961 I0 paTanA 1954 I0 1954 I0

Page #517
pramukha sandarbha graMtha 487 pra0 rAmacandra zukla - nA0 pra0 sabhA, kAzI, saM0 2007 DA0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa - nA0 pra0 sabhA, kAzI 1958 I0 bambaI 1940 I0 - hindI sAhitya kA - itihAsa hindI sAhitya kA - bRhat itihAsa pra0 1 hindI sAhitya kI - bhUmikA gujarAtI apabhraMza pAThAvalI - prAkRta mApadezikA - prAcIna gurjarakAvya - paM0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI madhusUdana pra0 modI - paM0 becaradAsa - kezavalAla harSad rAya- dhruva bI0 e0 gujarAta DA0 hariballabha bhayANI,- bhAratIya vidyAbhuvana hariballabha cu bhayANI - ahamadAbAda 1933 I0 ahamadAbAda 1947 I0 ahamadAbAda, saM0 1983 bambaI, 1954 I0 vAgvyApAra bambaI 1960 I0 jI0 e0 griyarsana - - sidvahemagata apabhraMza - vyAkaraNa aMgrejI ona di inDo Aryana varnAkyularsa orijina eNDa. - DebhalapameMTa oNpha baMgAlI laiMgveja inTroDakzana Tu prAkRta - e kampareTiva grAmara -. oNpha dI gaoNDiyana laiMgveja esa0 ke caTarjI - kalakattA 1926 I0 AlphreDa sI0 ulanara Ara0 hArnale - - lAhaura 1927 I0 laMdana 1880 I0

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488 hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi / je0 bImsa dineza candra sarakAra - laMdana, 1975 I0 kalakattA 1943 I0 e kampareTiva grAmara Aphai moDarna AryanaM laiMgveja oNpha iNDiyA - e grAmara AphaeN dI .prAkRta laiMgveja e grAmara oNpha hindI - laiMgveja e hisTrI oNpha iMDiyana - liTarecara e hisTrI oNpha saMskRta - liTarecara esa0 eca0 kelauga - laMdana 1893 I0 eca0 vinTaranitsa - kalakattA 1933 I0 kalakattA 1957 I0 (klAsikala pIriyaDa) - esa0 ena0 dAsaguptA eNDa esa0 ke0 De DA0 e0 bI0 kItha - e hisTrI oNpha saMskRta - liTarecara kampareTiva grAmara oNpha - miDila inDo Aryana kItha ona apabhraMza - oNksaphorDa yunivarsiTI presa pUnA 1960 I0 sukumAra sena - ke0 pI0 mizra -- (inDiyana enTI0). 1930 I0 laMdana, kaimbrija hisTrI oNpha - iMDiyA - je0 ema0 tripAThI - baoNmbe - ke0 ema0 muMzI - baoNmbe 1954 I0 klAsika poiTsa oNpha gujarAta gujarAta eNDa iTsa liTarecara gujarAtI laiMgveja aiNDa liTarecara grAmeTika Dara prAkRta sprAcena - ena0 vI0 divAtiyA -- baoNmbe 1921 I0 - Ara0 pizela - 1900 I0

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pramukha sandarbha graMtha 489 pI0 ela0 vaidya - karaMjA 1931 I0 eca0 ela, jaina - bambaI vI0 je0 cokazI - ahamadAbAda 1941 I0 - bAmbe jasahara cariu oNpha - puSpadanta di eja oNpha impIriyala kannauja di kampareTiva prAkRta - grAmara di prAkRta dhAtu - di lAipha oNpha hemacandrAcArya di liMgagvisTika spekulezaMsa oNpha hindUja di rUliGa cIphsa aiNDa lIDiGa paryonejeja ina rAjapUnAnA (bhAga-6) dezI nAmamAlA oNpha - hemacandra pauma cariu oNpha svayaMmU - griyarsana . .- DA0 byulara-anu0 - maNilAla paTela pI0 sI0 cakravartI - kalakattA muralIdhara banarjI - kalakattA-1931 I0 eca0 sI0 bhayANI - esa0 je0 esa0 bAmbe, _1953 I0 zolApura, 1954 I0 saMpA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya - saMpA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya - - prAkRta grAmara oNpha - trivikrama prAkRta prakAza oNpha - vararUci prAkRta laiMgveja eNDa - deyara kanTrIvyUsana Tu iMDiyana kalcara priphesa Tu mRcchakaTika - . esa0 ema0 kAtre - bAmbe 1945 I0 jI0 ke0 bhaTa - -

Page #520
490 __ hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi DA0 bAgacI _ - - prI Aryana aiNDa prI - draveDiyana (inTroDakzana) bhavisatta kahA bhavisayatta kahA oNpha - dhanapAla - - - 1923 I0 harmana jaikobI _ pI0 DI0 guNe jI0 o0 esa0 bar3audA ke0 ema0 jhaverI - bAmbe, 1914 I0 zrI baTekRSNa ghoSa - kalakattA 1937 I0 ema0 jI0 paMse - pUnA 1951 I0 jI0 e0 griyarsana - mAila sTonsa ina - gujarAtI liTarecara liMgvisTika inTroDakzana - du saMskRta liMgvisTika - pikyuliyAriTIja oNpha jJAnezvarI liMgvisTika sarve - oNpha inDiyA varNaratnAkara oNpha - jyotirIzvara vilsansa phAilolojikala lekcarsa vaidika iMDeksa - vaidika grAmara sandezarAsaka bo0 11, kalakattA 1905 I0 kalakattA 1940 I0 eDiTeDa bAI - esa0 ke0 caTarjI Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara - - 1912 I0 4 prakAzana, 1955 I0 bAmbe 1946 I0 maikaDonela aiNDa kItha - DA0 maikaDonela - eDiTeDa bAI muni - jinavijaya, liMgvisTika sTaDI bAi eca0 bI0 bhayANI esa. esa. narUlA - - 1955 sAiMTiphika hisTrI oNpha hindI laiMgveja

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pramukha sandarbha graMtha 491 saMskRta laiMgveja hisTrI oNpha iMDiyA - - laMDana 1955 kalakattA 1904 I. TI. buro - e. Ara. hArnale - aiNDa eca. e. sTArka je. bI. tagAre - pUnA 1948 I. ema. e. mahenDale - pUnA 1948 I. hisTorikala grAmara - oNpha apabhraMza hisTorikala grAmara - oNpha insakripasanala prAkRtsa hisTorikala liMgvisTiksa - ina inDo Aryana esa. ema. kAtre - bAmbe 1954 I. sarasAvA, sahAranapura / bambaI patra patrikAyeM anekAnta iMDiyana eMTIkvairI iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI enalsa jarnala oNpha di rAyala aiziyATika sosAiTI nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA sammelana patrikA bhaMDArakara risarca iMsTIcyUTa, pUnA kalakattA kAzI prayAga

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Page #523
saMpAdaka paricaya DaoN0 ramAnAtha pANDeya kA janma bihAra prAnta ke nAlandA jilAntargata murArapura gA~va meM eka zrotriya brAhmaNa parivAra meM huaa| inakI skUlI zikSA uttara pradeza ke alIgar3ha zahara meM aura vizvavidyAlayIya zikSA dillI meM huyii| vartamAna samaya meM ye bauddha vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI meM zodha adhyetA ke rUpa meM 'gA~dhIvAda, bauddha, jaina evaM vedAnta darzanoM meM karmasiddhAnta' viSaya para zodha kArya meM saMlagna haiN| ye saMskRta, bauddha saMskRta, pAli evaM prAkRta ke acche vidvAn haiN| inako yaha vidyA apane pitAzrI svargIya DA0 raghunAtha pANDeya se uttarAdhikAra meM bhI milI hai jo saMskRta-vyAkaraNa, bhAratIya darzana evaM bauddha vidyA ke prakANDa paNDita the| saMskRta ke samAna hI bhoTa bhASA para bhI unakA asAdhAraNa adhikAra thA jinakI "asAmayika mRtyu se bhAratIya vidyA tathA saMskRta jagata kI apUrNIya kSati kA anubhava deza videza ke sabhI vidvAnoM ko huA thaa| saMpAdaka kI prakAzita anya kRtiyA~ (i) kAlidAsa ke.rUpakoM kI bhASA saMracanA (ii) vipazyanA vimarza (abhidhammattha saMgaho para AdhArita) (iii) milinda TIkA (saMpAdana evaM lipyAntaraNa) zIghra prakAzya grantha (i) pramANa samuccaya - (mUla evaM vRtti sahita) (ii) vigraha vyAvartanI - (hindI anuvAda vistRta bhUmikA ke sAtha) (iii) pAli-vyAkaraNa

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lekhaka prastuta pustaka ke mUla lekhaka DaoN0 paramamitra zAstrI kI prArambhika zikSA urdU aura phArasI kI ghara para hI dilAyI gayI tathA inhoMne apane pitA se hindI bhI sIkhI thii| bAda meM inheM gurukula ayodhyA, phaijAbAda (uttara pradeza) meM praveza dilAyA gyaa| Arya samAjI paddhatiyoM se saMskRta kI buniyAdI tAlIma milii| gurukulIya praNAlI kI saMskRta zikSA prApta karate huye inhoMne saMskRta vyAkaraNa se saMpUrNa madhyamA (cAra khaNDa) prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kiyaa| saMskRta ke prAcIna vyAkaraNa se zAstrI parIkSA uttIrNa kara banArasa A gye| DI0 e0 vI0 iNTara kaoNleja, banArasa se maiTrika aura iNTara kI parIkSA pAsa karate huye vahA~ ke prAcArya zrI kRSNadeva prasAda gaur3a (beDhava banArasI jo ki hindI sAhitya ke mUrdhanya hAsyarasa ke kavi evaM kathAkAra the) ke samparka meM aaye| vahIM para adhyApana kArya meM rata tathA bAda meM vahIM ke prAcArya paMDita sudhAkara pANDeya (bhUtapUrva sAMsada tathA nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke pradhAnamaMtrI) ke samparka meM Ane para inakA lagAva hindI sAhitya kI ora huaa| tatpazcAt banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya se bI0 e0 aura ema0 e0 karate samaya hindI ke prakhyAta vidvAn AcArya paMDita hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke sAnnidhya meM aaye| saMskRta kI pRSThabhUmi hone ke kAraNa AcArya dvivedI jI ne inheM hemacandra ke apabhraMza satroM para gaveSaNA karane ke liye prerita kiyaa| ema0 e0 kI kakSA meM par3hAte huye AcArya dvivedI ne apabhraMza ke prasiddha kAvya pauumacariu (padamacaritama) ke padyoM ko tathA saMdezarAsaka ke dohoM ko paDhAte hara apabhraMza ke zabdoM kI vyAkaraNAtmaka vyutpatti karane kA nirdeza karate the| isa kAraNa lekhaka kA apabhraMza ke prati atyanta agAdha niSThA evaM AkarSaNa huaa| bAda meM inhIM niSThAoM ke kAraNa zodha karate samaya nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA kAzI ke pradhAna maMtrI paMDita sudhAkara pANDeya (bhUtapUrva sAMsada) evaM inake gurU ne nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA meM rahakara vistRta rUpa se apabhraMza bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa para zodhakArya karane ke lie prerita kiyA aura suvidhAyeM bhI pradAna krvaayii| unhoMne AcArya dvivedI ke nirdezana meM sUtrazailI aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa para kiye gaye zodha kArya ko nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA se pustaka rUpa meM prakAzita bhI krvaayaa| lekhaka kI anya prakAzita kRtiyA~ AMcalika upanyAsa zIghra prakAzya (i) karavaTeM (i) tere dvAre (AMcalika upanyAsa) (ii) nainA nihAre tere oNgana (ii) atIta ke rekhAcitra (saMsmaraNa) (iii) gaMgA kI reta (ii) hindI sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa (iv) pANini (upanyAsa) (i) vyAkaraNa pArijAta (hindI vyAkaraNa) (ii) hindI bhASA kA racanA vidhAna (iii) sUtra zailI evaM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa (iv) hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi (apabhraMza bhASA kA bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana)