Pali Sahitya ka Itihas

Author(s): Bharatsinh Upadhyaya
Publisher: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Prayag
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010624/1

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- GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY SUCRE R umah Acc. no 8684 Call No. 891,3709_upa CALL No. D.G.A. 79.

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pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa Fali Sahitya Ka iti hasa lekhaka bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, ema0 e0 adhyakSa hindI - vibhAga, jaina kAleja, bar3auta Bhavat chusk apaliyane 891.3709 Ira 8834 sAhitya sammelana prayAga 2008 hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga 7-137%

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mUlya 10) CENTRAL ARCHAIC! ICA biokY, NEW iww.il: No....... ........ .... ......... Vase..................5: 5:............. Call Npuramma1:2221. upar mudraka-rAmapratApa tripAThI, sammelana mudraNAlaya, prayAga

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kalyANamitra zrI tulasIrAma varmA ko - Antan

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L. Ac. D 14. diat 6.5.2 1309 120 1 irat

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prakAzakIya zrI bharata siMha upAdhyAya ema0 e0 ke isa grantha 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa - kA prakAzakIya likhanA maiM apane lie vizeSa mahattva kI bAta mAnatA huuN| vidvAna lekhaka bauddha aura jaina sAhitya ke paNDita haiN| "bauddha-darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana" para inheM baMgAla hindI maNDala se 1500 ) kA 'darzana' pAritoSika mila cukA hai| para yaha grantha abhI aprakAzita hai| gaMbhIra sAhitya para likhane vAle hindI meM abhI bahuta kama haiN| jina ine gine vyaktiyoM kA nAma u~galiyoM para ginA jA sakatA hai unameM eka upAdhyAya jI haiM yaha inake isa prakAzita grantha ke AdhAra para pUre vizvAsa ke sAtha kahA jA sakatA hai| lekhaka ne cAra varSoM ke adhyavasAya aura ra tapasyA se isa grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| saMsAra ke prAcInatama upalabdha sAhitya ko hindI janatA ke lie sugama banAne kA zreya lekhaka ko mila kara rhegaa| isa grantha kA lAbha deza kI dUsarI bhASAoM ko bhI milegaa| sAhitya ke vidyArthI imase IsA pUrva ke sAmAjika jIvana, bhAva aura vicAra se paricita hoNge| ___yaha grantha dasa adhyAya aura unameM varNita vaijJAnika vibhAgoM meM pUrA huA hai| > viSaya-sUcI ko eka bAra dekha lene para sAmAnya hindI pAThaka kA bauddhika kSitija anAyAsa vistRta ho uThatA hai aura grantha ke bhItara paiThane kI jijJAsA jAga jAtI hai| hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa aura unnayana ke lie saMskRta kI jAnakArI jitanI Avazyaka hai utanI hI Avazyaka hai pAli kI jAnakArI bhii| saMskRta kA paricaya saMskAra aura abhyAsa se zikSita varga ko thor3A bahuta milatA rahA hai para pAli paricaya ke lie hindI meM aba taka ke prakAzita granthoM meM yaha grantha sarvazreSTha hai, yaha kahane meM hameM saMkoca nahIM hai| vauddha, jaina aura brAhmaNa darzanoM meM lekhaka kI ruci aura jijJAsA pAThaka ke bhItara darzana aura sAhitya donoM kI ruci jagA & detI hai| pAli sAhitya meM zAkyamuni ke AcAra-vicAra, dharma aura saMgha ke vivaraNa ke sAtha isa deza kA vaha itihAsa jo IsA-pUrva aura bAda kI kaI zatAbdiyoM kA

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itihAsa hai, hameM mila jAtA hai| pAli meM upalabdha sAmagrI jo na milatI to phira usa kAla kA hamArA itihAsa bhI lupta ho gayA hotaa| do sahasra varSa pahale kA hamArA samAja, hamAre jIvana kA tala, hamArI AzA AkAMkSAyeM, hamArI dinacaryA, buddhi aura kautuka ke sabhI kSetra kama yA adhika isa grantha se hameM sugama bana jAte haiN| saMskRti kA vaha sUtra jise hama bhUla cuke the, lekhaka ne jisa manoyoga se khoja nikAlA hai, usakA abhinandana hama isalie kareMge ki mahattva ke aise kaThina kArya artha aura yaza kI kAmanA se sambhava nahIM hote| gaharI niSThA, kaThora saMkalpa, aDiga samAdhi aura anAsakta buddhi se, vyakti jaba nirmANa meM lagatA hai tabhI vaha aisI racanAyeM de sakatA hai| zrI upAdhyAya jI kA sarala svarUpa kitanI saralatA se pANDitya kA parvata uThA sakA hai, dekha kara vismaya hotA hai| abhI ve taruNa haiM aura kArya karane ke aneka varSa unake sAmane haiN| saMkalpa aura sAdhanA kI yahI yogavRtti jo unameM banI rahI to ve abhI aura kaI grantha ratna hindI bhASA ko de skeNge| lakSmInArAyaNa mizra sAhitya mantrI

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prAkathana bhAratIya vAGmaya meM bauddha sAhitya aura usameM bhI pAli-sAhitya kA bahuta mahattva hai, itanA kahane se bhI hama pAli sAhitya ke mahattva ko acchI taraha prakaTa nahIM kara skte| vastutaH IsavI san ke pahale aura pIche kI pA~ca zatAbdiyoM ke bhArata ke vicAra, sAhitya, samAja sabhI kSetroM kI hamArI jAnakArI bilakula adhUrI raha jAtI yadi hamAre pAsa pAli sAhitya na hotaa| hamAre itihAsa ke kitane hI andhakArAvRta bhAgoM para pAli sAhitya ne prakAza DAlA hai| hamAre aitihAsika nagaroM aura gA~voM meM se bahutoM ko vismati ke garbha meM se bAhara nikAlane kA zreya pAli sAhitya ko hai| phira bhArata ke sarvazreSTha puruSa gautama buddha ke mAnava rUpa kA sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie pAli sAhitya to anivAryatayA Avazyaka hai| ___ duniyA kI prAyaH sabhI unnata bhASAoM meM pAli sAhitya kI anamola nidhiyoM ke anuvAda hue haiM, pAli sAhitya ke Upara paricayAtmaka grantha likhe gae haiM, yaha kheda kI bAta hai ki hamArI hindI bhASA meM aisI koI pustaka nahIM likhI gaI thii| kucha mahattvapUrNa granthoM ke anuvAda avazya hue haiM, lekina vahA~ bhI vahuta thor3e bhAga meM kAma ho sakA hai| zrI bharata siMha upAdhyAya ne pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa para eka vistRta grantha likha kara hindI sAhitya kI eka bar3I kamI ko pUrA kiyA hai| unake grantha meM pAli sAhitya aura tulanAtmaka bhASA ke sambandha meM bhI paryApta sAmagrI dI gaI hai| isa grantha ke saba guNoM kA paricaya denA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai / kintu maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha pustaka pAli sAhitya ke ucca vidyArthiyoM evaM adhyApakoM ke lie to bahuta sahAyaka sAbita hogI hI, sAtha hI mAhitya meM ruci rakhane vAle pAThakoM ke lie bhI bahuta upayogI siddha hogii| dillI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana

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namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammAsambuddhassa bhUmikA hindI meM pAli sAhitya sambandhI adhyayana kA abhI sUtrapAta hI huA hai| kucha mahattvapUrNa granthoM ke anuvAdoM ke atirikta pAli sAhitya sambandhI kArya hindI meM prAyaH bahuta kama hI huA hai / anuvAda bhI prAyaH vinaya-piTaka aura sutta-piTaka ke kucha granthoM ke hI hue haiN| sutta-piTaka ke bhI saMyutta aura aMguttara jaise nikAya abhI anuvAdita nahIM ho pAe haiN| khuddaka-nikAya ke bhI aneka grantha abhI anuvAdita hone ko bAkI haiN| sampUrNa abhidhamma-piTaka para to abhI hAtha hI nahIM lagAyA gyaa| isI prakAra sampUrNa anapiTaka sAhitya, jisameM buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla kI aTThakathAe~ aura anya vizAla sAhitya sammilita hai, abhI anuvAda kI bATa dekha rahA hai / isa sAhitya meM se kevala 'milinda-prazna' aura 'mahAvaMza' tathA kucha anya alpAkAra grantha hI hindI rUpAntara grahaNa kara sake haiN| 'visuddhimaggo' jaisA grantha abhI hindI janatA ko avidita hai| aisA lagatA hai ki eka mahAn uttarAdhikAra se hama vaMcita ho gae haiM / jisa dina avaziSTa pAli sAhitya hindI rUpAntara grahaNa kara legA, usa dina bhAratIya manISA ko ekA nar3e sphUrti milegI / usakI AdhyAtmika preraNA ke srota, jo Aja sUkhe par3e haiM, punaH AplAvita ho uTheMge, isameM tanika bhI sandeha nhiiN| ___ jo dazA pAli granthoM ke anuvAdoM kI hai, vahI unake mUla pAThoM ke nAgarI maMskaraNoM kI bhI hai| san 37 meM puNyazloka barmI bhikSu uttama ne bhikSutraya, mahAmati rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana aura bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA sampAdita khuddaka-nikAya ke 11 granthoM ko nAgarI lipi meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| taba se bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se nidAna-kathA, mahAvaMsa, dIgha-nikAya (do bhAga), majjhima-nikAya (majjhima-paNNAsaka), therIgAthA,

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( 10 ) theragAthA, milindapa ho tathA pAtimokkha Adi kA prakAzana nAgarI lipi meM ho vukA hai / paMDita vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya ke bhikkhu aura bhikkhunI pAtimokkha ke tathA DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ke 'cariyApiTaka' ke nAgarI saMskaraNa bhI smaraNIya haiN| isI prakAra mani jinavijaya kA 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' kA saMskaraNa, prophesara vApaTa ke 'dhammasaMgaNi' aura 'aTThasAlinI' ke saMskaraNa, AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ke 'visuddhimagga' evaM svakIya navanIta-TIkA sahita 'abhidhammattha saMgaha' ke saMskaraNa tathA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kA moggallAna-vyAkaraNa para AdhArita 'pAli mahAvyAkaraNa' ye saba hindI meM pAli-svAdhyAya ke mahattvapUrNa pragati-cinha haiN| inake alAvA kucha anya granthoM ke bhI nAgarI saMskaraNa nikale haiM aura dhammapada, suttanipAta, telakaTAhagAthA, khuddaka-pATha Adi kucha granthoM ke mUla pAli-sahita hindI anuvAda bhI prakAzita hue haiN| phira bhI jo kucha kAma abhI taka ho cukA hai vaha usake sAmane kucha nahIM hai jo abhI honA bAkI hai / bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke sAmane eka bhArI kAma karane ko par3A huA hai / yaha kAma saphalatApUrvaka ho, isake lie athaka parizrama aura Arthika vyavasthA donoM kI hI bar3I AvazyakatA hai / mahAbodhi sabhA kI kaI yojanAe~ Arthika abhAva ke kAraNa apUrNa par3I huI haiN| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa-kRta saMyutta-nikAya kA hindI-anuvAda varSoM se par3A huA hai aura usake prakAzana kI vyavasthA abhI-abhI huI hai| isI prakAra unake dvArA saMkalita bRhat pAli-hindI zabda koza ke prakAzana kA savAla hai| aneka pAli granthoM ke mUla pATha, jinheM vidvAn bhikSuoM ne nAgarI akSaroM meM likha liyA hai, vidyamAna haiM, kintu unake chapane kI koI vyavas / nhiiN| yahI avasthA aneka anuvAdoM kI hai| yaha atyanta Avazyaka hai ki mahAbodhi sabhA yA koI purAnI yA naI sAhitya-saMsthA sampUrNa pAli sAhitya ke mUla pATha aura hindI-anuvAda ko prakAzita karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya apane hAtha meM le aura vidvAnoM ke sahayoga se use nikaTa bhaviSya meM pUrA kre| sarakAra aura janatA kA bhI kartavya hai ki vaha imameM mahattvapUrNa Arthika sahayoga de| briTiza sAmrAjyavAda ke dinoM meM hama pratyeka svAdhInatA-divama para aMgrejoM para yaha Aropa lagAyA karate the ki anya aneka hrAsoM ke sAtha unhoMne hamArA sAMskRtika hrAsa bhI kiyA hai| Aja svataMtratA prApti ke cauthe varSa meM bhAratIyoM ko yaha yAda dilAne kI AvazyakatA

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pratIta nahIM hogI ki jaba ki hamArI apanI bhASA meM kucha gine-cune pAli granthoM ke mUla pAThoM aura anuvAdoM ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai, aMgrejoM ne bIsoM varSa pahale sampUrNa pAli sAhitya ke mUla pATha aura aMgrejI anuvAda ko romana-lipi meM rakha diyA thaa| kyA pAli sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA kI apekSA aMgrejI saMskRti aura sabhyatA se adhika ghaniSTha sambandhita hai ? kyA hamArI apekSA pAli sAhitya kA mahattva aura mamatva aMgrejoM ke lie adhika thA? kyA 500 I0 pUrva se lekara 500 I0 taka kA bhAratIya itihAsa hamArI apekSA aMgreja logoM ke lie adhika jJAtavya viSaya thA ? san 1902 meM 'buddhisTa iMDiyA' likhate samaya rAyasa DeviDsa ne apane deza kI sarakAra kI udAsInatA kI zikAyata karate hue likhA thA ki iMgalaiNDa meM kevala do jagaha saMskRta aura pAli kI ucca zikSA kA pravandha hai jaba ki jarmanI kI sarakAra ne apane yahA~ bIsa se adhika jagaha isakA pravandha kiyA hai "jaise ki mAno jarmanI ke svArtha bhArata meM hamase dasa gune se bhI adhika hoN|" Aja san 1951 meM bhArata meM pAli ke ucca svAdhyAya kI avasthA aura usake prati sarakAra ke zUnyAtmaka sahayoga ko dekha kara koI bhAratIya vidyArthI yaha duHkhada anubhUti kie binA nahIM raha sakatA ki san 5? meM bhAratIya sarakAra kA jitanA hita isa deza kI saMskRti aura sAhitya ke sAtha dikhAI pAr3atA hai usake kadAcit dugune aura vIsa gune se bhI adhika kramazaH iMgalaiNDa aura jarmanI kA san 1902 meM thA ! jaba pAli granthoM ke hindI anuvAda aura unake mUla pAThoM ke nAgarI-saMskaraNoM kI uparyukta avasthA hai to pAli sAhitya para hindI meM abhI vivecanAtmaka grantha likhane kA koI AdhAra hI nahIM miltaa| kisI bhI sAhitya ke vistRta zAstrIya adhyayana evaM usa para vivecanAtmaka grantha likhane ke lie pahale yaha Avazyaka hai usake mUla saMskaraNa aura anuvAda upalabdha hoM, jinake AdhAra para upAdAnamAmagrI kA saMkalana kiyA jA ske| hindI isa zarta ko pUrA nahIM krtii| isIlie mirpha do-eka nivandhoM ke atirikta pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa ke sambandha meM yahA~ koI vivecanAtmaka grantha hameM nahIM milte| pUjya bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana jI ne siMhala meM apane adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa pAli granthoM kA eka saMkSipna vivaraNa likhA thA jo 'pAli vAGmaya kI anukramaNikA' zIrSaka se kAzI vidyApITha

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kI patrikA 'vidyApITha' ke saMvat 1993 ke Azvina-pauSa aMka meM nikalA thaa| eka dUsarA pAli sAhitya sambandhI nibandha AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke grantha 'hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA' ke caturtha pariziSTa ke rUpa meM hai| sarasarI taura para yahA~ pAli sAhitya ke vikAsa ko dikhAne kI ceSTA kI gaI hai| mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana aura bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ke anuvAdoM kI prastAvanAoM meM una una granthoM sambandhI vivaraNoM ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAnyataH pAli sAhitya sambandhI paricayAtmaka vivaraNa bhI kahIM-kahIM de diyA gayA hai| vizeSataH mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kI 'buddha-caryA', 'dIgha-nikAya', 'vinaya-piTaka' evaM 'abhidharma-koza', Adi kI bhUmikAe~, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kI 'jAtaka' (prathama khaNDa) aura 'mahAvaMza' kI bhUmikAe~ aura bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ko 'udAna' aura 'pAli mahAvyAkaraNa' kI bhUmikAe~ isa dRSTi se dekhane yogya haiN| bhadanta zrI zAnti bhikSa jI ke bhI pAli sAhitya sambandhI nibandha idhara 'vizva bhAratI patrikA' aura 'vizAla bhArata' meM nikalate rahe haiN| 'dharmadUta' meM bhI pAli sAhitya sambandhI nibandha tripiTakAcArya bhikSu dharmarakSita jI, bhikSu zIlabhadra jI, bhikSu dharmaratnajI, tathA anya aneka vauddha vidvAnoM ke pAli sAhitya sambandhI lekha prAyaH nikalate rahate hai / idhara bauddha dharma aura darzana sambandhI kucha vivecanAtmaka grantha bhI hindI meM nikale haiM / unameM bhI yathAsthAna pAli sAhitya kA kucha vivaraNa hai / para unameM koI aisI maulikatA yA vizeSatA dRSTigocara nahIM hotI jisase use viziSTa mahattva diyA jA ske| ataH prakIrNa nibandhoM, prastAvanAoM aura gauNa saMkSipta vivaraNoM ke atirikta pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa para hindI meM abhI kucha nahIM likhA gayA hai| ___ hA~, aMgrejI meM pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa para kaI mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| mebila boDa kA 'di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA' (landana, 1909) aura jI0 pI0 malalasekara kA 'di pAli liTarecara oNva silona' (landana, 1928) kramazaH baramA aura laMkA ke pAli sAhitya para acche vivecanAtmaka grantha haiN| DA0 vinTaranitz2a ne apane mahattvapUrNa grantha 'hisTrI oNva inDiyana liTarecara' (kalakattA, 1923) ko dUsarI jilda (pRSTha 1-423) meM pAli sAhitya kA saMkSipta kintu

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( 13 ) atyanta prAmANika vivaraNa diyA hai / pAli bhASA aura sAhitya kA atyanta sUkSma aura gambhIra vidvattAmaya vivecana jarmana vidvAn DA0 vilhelma gAyagara ne apane grantha 'pAli liTarecara eNDa leMgveja' (aMgrejI anuvAda, kalakattA, 1943) meM kiyA hai / isa mahattvapUrNa grantha meM pAli sAhitya kA nirdeza to apekSAkRta saMkSipta rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai (pRSTha 9 - 58), kintu pAli bhASA kA zAstrIya dRSTi se jitanA sUkSma aura vistRta vivecana (pRSTha 1-7 tathA 61 - 250 ) isa grantha meM upalabdha hotA hai utanA anyatra kahIM nahIM / pAli bhASA aura sAhitya donoM ke paripUrNa aura zrRMkhalAbaddha vivecana kI dRSTi se DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA kA do jildoM meM prakAzita 'hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara' ( landana, 1933) eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, yadyapi isakA bhASA sambandhI vivecana DA0 gAyagara ke grantha ke sAmane nagaNya sA hai / pAli sAhitya sambandhI ina mahattvapUrNa granthoM ke alAvA usake vibhinna pahaluoM para prakAza DAlane vAle aneka prabandha evaM paricayAtmaka nibandha Adi haiM, jo pAli TaiksT sosAyaTI ke 'jarnala' meM anusandheya haiN| raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI ke ' jarnala' tathA ensAiklopeDiyA oNva rilijana eNDa ethiksa meM bhI prAsaMgika taura para pAli sAhitya sambandhI prabhUta sAmagrI milatI hai / pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI landana ke aMgrejI anuvAdoM kI bhUmikAoM aura anukramaNikAoM meM bhI bhArI sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, jisakA upayoga pAli sAhitya ke kisI bhI itihAsakAra ke lie atyanta mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai / sampUrNa pAli sAhitya meM prApta vyaktivAcaka nAmoM kA vivaraNAtmaka koza (pAli DikzanarI oNva praoNpara nemsa ) jise atyanta parizrama aura vidvattA ke sAtha siMhalI vidvAn DA0 malalasekara ne, vizeSataH pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI ke anuvAdoM kI anukramaNiyoM ke AdhAra para, grathita kiyA hai, pAli sAhitya ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie sadA eka preraNA kI vastu rahegI / pAli sAhitya ke vibhinna pahaluoM para vivecana hameM karna ke 'mainuala oNva inDiyana buddhijma (sTraisabarga 1896), rAyasa DeviDsa ke 'buddhijma: iTsa hisTrI eNDa liTarecara' ( landana, 1910) evaM 'buddhisTa iMDiyA' ( landana, 1903) Adi aneka granthoM meM milate haiM / vaMza - sAhitya para DA0 gAyagara kA 'dIpavaMsa eNDa mahAvaMsa' ( aMgrejI anuvAda, kolambo 1908) eka mahattvapUrNa samAlocanAtmaka graMtha hai / abhidhammapiTaka ke viSaya kA vivecana karane vAle prabandhoM aura granthoM meM sa0 ja0

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( 14 ) auMga kA 'abhidhamma liTarecara ina baramA' (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1910-12), DA0 silavA kA 'TrITAiz2a auna buddhisTa philAsaphI' zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa kI 'e buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa' (dhamma saMgaNi kA aMgrejI anuvAda, landana 1900) kI bhUmikA, mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka kI 'gAiDa thU di abhidhamma piTaka (luz2Aka eNDa kaM0, landana, 1938) evaM bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kI 'abhidhamma philaoNsaphI) (do jildeM, sAranAtha 1942) atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM / isI prakAra sutta-piTaka, vinaya-piTaka, pAli kAvya,vyAkaraNa, abhilekha-sAhitya, aTThakathA-sAhitya Adi pAli-sAhitya ke vibhinna pahaluoM para itanI vivecanAtmaka sAmagrI aMgrejI aura yUropa kI anya bhASAoM jaise phreMca aura jarmana meM bharI par3I hai ki usake saMkSipta tama nirdeza ke lie bhI eka mahAgrantha kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| yaha kahanA atizayokti na jAna par3e isalie yahA~ yaha batA denA jarUrI hai ki gata sattara-assI varSoM meM pazcimI dezoM meM bhAratIya vidyAsambandhI jo khoja-kArya huA hai, usakA tIna-cauthAI bauddha dharma, darzana, sAhitya aura saMskRti se hI sambandhita hai|| ___ jaisA Upara nirdiSTa kiyA jA cukA hai, hindI yA anya kisI bhAratIya bhASA meM pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa para likhI jAne vAlI yaha prathama pustaka hai| isa pRSThabhUmi se dekhane para isameM aneka anivArya kamiyA~ mileMgI, jinakI pUrti bhAvI vidvAnoM kI kRtiyA~ kreNgii| 12-1-47 ke apane kRpA-patra meM pUjya bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ne mujhe utsAhita karate hue likhA thA--"hindI meM 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa' likhA jAya to aisA hI likhA jAya ki aMgrejI itihAsa phIke par3a jAyeM aura 1947 taka kI sAhityika khoja kA pUrA pUrA sAra rhe|......apnii rASTra-bhASA meM 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa' likhA jAya to vaha aisA hI honA cAhie ki use hI par3hane ke lie logoM ko hindI par3hanI pdd'e"| maiM nahIM kaha sakatA ki pUjya bhadanta jI ne mujhase jo bar3I AzA bA~dhI thI, use pUrA karane meM maiM kahA~ taka saphala huA huuN| parantu mujhe vizvAsa hai ki varamA, siMhala aura syAma ke nivAsI bhI yadi buddha ke deza ke isa mANavaka ke pAli sAhitya sambandhI vivaraNa ko par3heMge to adhika nirAza nahIM hoNge| mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana aura pUjya bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa jI ke anuvAdoM se mujhe isa pustaka ke likhane meM bar3I

Page #16
( 15 ) sahAyatA milI hai| pUjya bhikSu kAzyapa jI ke abhidhamma-sambandhI adhyayana ke phaloM aura niSkarSoM ko (jaise ki ve abhidhamma philaoNsaphI meM prasphuTita hue hai) pAThaka ina pRSThoM meM hindI-rUpa meM pratibimbita dekheMge aura pUjya rAhula jI kI vidvattA ke phaloM se maiM kitanI prakAra lAbhAnvita huA hU~, isakI to koI iyattA nhiiN| unhoMne kRpA kara isa pustaka kA prAkkathana likhA hai, jisake lie unakA atyanta kRtajJa hU~ / pUjya AcArya zrI viyogI harijI ne isa racanA meM Adi se hI bar3I ruci dikhAI hai, yaha mere lie eka bar3I preraNA aura AzvAsana kI bAta rahI hai| unhoMne hI zrI rAhula jI se merA paricaya karAyA aura isa grantha ke prakAzana meM sahAyatA bhI kI / AcArya zrI narendradeva jI ne isa grantha kI rUparekhA ko dekhakara mujhe atyadhika utsAhita kiyA, jisake lie unakA hRdaya se kRtajJa hU~ / pUjya guruvara AcArya zrI jagannAtha tivArI jI, AcArya zrI dharmendranAtha jI zAstrI, AcArya zrI sItArAma jI caturvedI evaM AcArya zrI kRSNAnanda jI panta kA maiM hRdaya se kRtajJa hU~, jinhoMne kRpA kara pAMDu lipi ke kaI aMzoM ko dhyAnapUrvaka par3hA aura satparAmarza diye| rAjarSi zrI puruSottamadAsajI TaMDana, zrI candrabalIjI pANDeya, zrI kRSNadeva prasAdajI gaur3a, zrI dayAzaMkarajI dube, zrI paM0 lakSmInArAyaNajI mizra, zrI rAmapratApajI tripAThI, evaM sammelana kI sAhitya samiti ke sadasyoM kA hRdaya se kRtajJa hU~, jinhoMne isa pustaka ko sammelana ke dvArA prakAzana ke yogya smjhaa| anta meM maiM zrI sItArAmajI guNThe, vyavasthApaka sammelana mudraNAlaya tathA unake sahayogiyoM ke prati hRdaya se kRtajJatA prakAzita karatA hU~, jinhoMne bar3I dakSatA se isa pustaka ko chApA hai| bhagavAna buddha kA anubhAva una para abhivarSita ho ! kisI khojaparaka vivecanAtmaka grantha ke lekhaka ke lie Ajakala yaha prAyaH Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha yaha batAye ki kahA~ taka usane apane pUrvagAmiyoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai athavA kahA~ taka usane maulika sthApanAeN aura niSkarSa upasthita kie haiN| maiM samajhatA hU~ yaha kAma to pAli sAhitya ke marmajJa samAlocaka hI, jinhoMne pUrvI aura pazcimI vidvAnoM ke granthoM ko par3hA hai, kara skeNge| jahA~ taka samajhatA hU~ maiMne isa pustaka ke pRSTha pRSTha, paMkti paMkti, zabda-zabda, akSara-akSara kA vizleSaNa kara dekhA to mujhe kahIM 'maiM' yA 'merA' nahI milA, 'apanA' kucha dikhAI

Page #17
nahIM diyaa| jo 'maiM' nahIM hai, jo merA 'apanA' nahIM hai, usako jitanA jaldI ho chor3a denA ho mere lie kalyANakArI hogaa| isI vicAra ke sAtha maiM samApta karatA huuN| jaina kAleja, bar3auta, 10-9-51 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya

Page #18
viSaya-sUcI pahalA adhyAya pAli bhASA 'pAli' zabdArtha-nirNaya-pAli bhASA-bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM pAli kA sthAna--pAli kisa pradeza kI mUla bhASA thI? pAli aura vaidika bhASA-pAli aura saMskRta-pAli aura prAkRta bhASAe~: vizeSataH arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura paizAcI-pAli ke dhvani-samUha kA paricayapAli kA zabda-sAdhana aura vAkya-vicAra-pAli bhASA ke vikAsa kI avasthAe~-pAli bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana kA mahattva, upsNhaar| pRSTha 1-73 dUsarA adhyAya pAli sAhitya kA vistAra, vargIkaraNa aura kAla-vibhAga pAli sAhitya kA udbhava aura vikAsa-pAli sAhitya kA vistAra mAmAnyataH do vibhAgoM meM usakA vargIkaraNa--pAli yA piTaka sAhitya ---anupAli yA anupiTaka sAhitya-piTaka sAhitya ke granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya aura kAla-krama -anupiTaka sAhitya kA kAla-vibhAga, upsNhaar| pRSTha 74-110 tIsarA adhyAya sutta-piTaka pAli tripiTaka kahA~ taka mUla, prAmANika buddha-vacana hai ? sutta-piTaka-viSaya, zailI aura mahattva-mutta-piTaka ke antargata granthoM ke vastu-vidhAna kA saMkSipta paricaya aura unakA sAhityika aura aitihAsika mahattva: a. dIgha-nikAya A. majjhima-nikAya

Page #19
( 18 ) i, saMyutta-nikAya I. aMguttara-nikAya u. khuddaka-nikAya pRSTha 111-301 cauthA adhyAya vinaya-piTaka tripiTaka meM vinaya-piTaka kA myAna--vinaya-piTaka kA viSaya aura saMkalana kAla-vinaya-piTaka ke bheda-~-vinaya-piTaka ke niyama-vinaya-piTaka ke vastu-vidhAna kA saMkSipta paricaya--sutta-vibhaMga-khandhaka-parivAra, upsNhaar| pRSTha 302-333 pAMcavA~ adhyAya abhidhamma-piTaka abhidhamma-piTaka-racanA-kAla-viSaya, zailI aura mahattva-abhidhamma-piTaka ke grantha-pAli abhidhamma piTaka aura sarvAstivAda sampradAya ke abhidharma piTaka kI tulanA--abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM ke vastu-vidhAna kA saMkSipta paricayaH a. dhammasaMgaNi A vibhaMga i. dhAnukathA I. puggalapani u. kathAvatyu U. yamaka e. paThAna pRSTha 334--464 chaThA adhyAya pUrva-buddhaghoSa-yuga (100 I0 pU0 se 400 I. taka) nettipakaraNa--peTakopadeza-milindapaJho-anya sAhitya / puSTha 465-495

Page #20
( 11 ) sAtavA~ adhyAya buddhaghoSa - yuga (400I0 se 1100I0 taka) aTThakathA - sAhitya -- aTThakathA sAhitya kA udbhava aura vikAsa -- aTThakathAsAhitya, saMskRta bhASya aura TIkAoM se tulanA -- aTThakathAoM kI kucha sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ - pAli tripiTaka ke tIna bar3e aTThakathAkAra - buddhadatta - buddhoSa -- dhammapAla -- buddhadatta - jIvana-vRna aura racanAe~--- abhidhammAvatAra -- rUpArUpavibhAga -- vinaya vinicchaya -- uttara - vinicchaya-buddhaghoSa -- jIvana-vRtta - racanAe~ -- vimuddhimaggo - - samantapAsAdikA -- kaMkhAvitaraNI - sumaMgalavilAsinI -- papaJcasUdanI -- sAratthapakAsinI -- manorathapUraNI---paramatthajotikA - aTThasAlinI - sammohavinodanIdhAtukathA, puggalapaJJatti, kathAvatthu, yamaka aura paThAna, ina pA~ca abhidhamma-graMthoM para aTThakathAe~ ( paJcuppakaraNaTThakathA ) - dhammapadaTThakathAjAtakatthavaNNanA- - buddhavopa kI anya racanAe~ -- pAli sAhitya meM buddhadhopa kA sthAna --dhammanAla-- - jIvana-vRtta - racanAe~-- vimAnavatthu aTThakathA -- petavatthu-aTThakathA--thera-therI gAthAoM para aTThakathAe~ -- udAna, itivRtta aura cariyApiTaka para aTThakathAe~ -- aniruddha aura unakA abhivammatyasaMgaha-----abhidhammatthasaMgraha ke siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta vizleSaNa -- buddhaghoSa-yuga ke anya aTThakathAkAra, upasaMhAra / pRSTha 496-536 AThavA~ adhyAya buddhaghoSa - yuga kI paramparA athavA TIkAoM kA yuga ( 1100 I0 se vartamAna samaya taka ) sihalI bhikSu sAripuna aura unake ziSyoM kI TIkAe~--barmI pAli sAhityaisa yuga kI anya racanAe~, upasaMhAra / pRSTha 537-546 navA~ adhyAya vaMza - sAhitya 'vaMza' zabda kA artha aura itihAsa se bheda - - vaMga-graMtha - dIpavaMsa - mahAvaMsa -- cUlavaMsa -- buddhavosuppatti -- maddhammasaMgaha mahAbodhivaMsa thapavaMsa--

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( 20 ) attanagaluvihAravaMsa - dAThAvaMsa -- chakesadhAtuvaMsa - gandhavaMsa - sAsanavaMsa, upasaMhAra / pRSTha 547-582 dasavA~ adhyAya kAvya, vyAkaraNa, koza, chandaHzAstra, abhilekha Adi viSaya-praveza - kAvya-graMtha - anAgatavaMsa telakaTAhagAthA -- jinAlaMkAra -- paJcagatidIpana lokapa jinacarita - pajjamadhu -- saddhammopAyana dIpasAra yA lokadIpasAra - rasavAhinI karaNa buddhAlaMkAra -- sahassavatthupparAjAdhirAjavilAsinI - pAli kA vyAkaraNa - sAhitya aura usake tIna sampradAya -- kaccAna- vyAkaraNa aura usakA sahAyaka sAhityamoggallAna-vyAkaraNa aura usakA sahAyaka sAhitya - aggavaMsa-kRta saddanIti aura usakA sahAyaka sAhitya - anya pAli vyAkaraNa -- pAli kozaabhidhAnappadIpikA -- ekakkharakosa - chandaH zAstra --- buttodaya Adi---- kAvya - zAstra -- -subodhAlaMkAra -- pAli kA abhilekha - sAhitya, upasaMhAra / pRSTha 583-643 V -- - upasaMhAra bhAratIya vAGmaya meM pAli sAhitya kA sthAna -- pAli aura vizva - sAhitya | pRSTha 644-647

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pahalA adhyAya pAli bhASA 'pAli' zabdArtha-nirNaya jise hama Aja pAli bhASA kahate haiM, vaha usakA prArambhika nAma nahI hai / bhASA-vizeSa ke artha meM pAli zabda kA prayoga apekSAkRta navIna hai| kama se kama IsA kI terahavIM yA caudahavIM zatAbdIse pUrva usakA isa artha meM prayoga nahIM miltaa| 'pAli' zabda kA saba se pahalA vyApaka prayoga hameM AcArya buddhaghoSa (cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI) kI aTThakathAoM aura unake 'visuddhimagga' meM milatA hai| vahA~ yaha zabda apane uttarakAlIna bhASA-sambandhI artha se mukta hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne do arthoM meM isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai . (1) buddha-vacana yA mUla tripiTaka ke artha meM, (2) 'pATha' yA 'mUla tripiTaka ke pATha' ke artha meM / cUMki 'mUla tripiTaka' aura 'mUla tripiTaka ke pATha' meM bheda kahane bhara ko hai, ataH moTe taura se kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'mUla tripiTaka' yA 'buddha-vacana' ke sAmAnya artha meM hI buddhaghoSa mahAsthavira ne 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| jisa kisI prasaMga meM unheM porANaaTThakathA (prAcIna arthakathA) se vibhinnatA dikhAne ke liye mUla tripiTaka ke kisI aMza ko uddhRta karanA par3A hai, vahA~ unhoMne 'pAli zabda se buddha-vacana yA mUla tripiTaka ko abhivyakta kiyA hai, jaise 'visuddhimagga' meM "imAni tAva pAliyaM, aTThakathAyaM pana ...." (ye to 'pAli' meM haiM, kintu 'aTThakathA' meM to......" tathA vahIM "neva pAliyaM na aTThakathAyaM AgataM" (yaha na 'pAli' meM AyA hai aura na 'aTThakathA' meM) / isI prakAra 'sumaMgalavilAsinI' (dIgha-nikAya kI aTThakathA) kI sAmaJaphalasutta-vaNNanA meM "neva pAliyaM na aTThakathAyaM dissati" (yaha na 'pAli' meM dikhAI detA hai aura na 'aTThakathA' meM) tathA puggalapattiaTThakathA meM "pAlimuttakena pana aTThakathAnayena". ('pAli' ko chor3akara 'aTThakathA' kI praNAlI se) Adi / isake alAvA jahA~ unheM tripiTaka kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahIM kahIM usake pAThAntaroM kA nidaza karanA par3A hai, vahA~ unhone 'iti

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pi pAli' (aisA bhI pATha hai) kaha kara pAli' zabda se mUla tripiTaka ke 'pATha' ko dyotita kiyA hai, jaise 'sumaMgalavilAsinI'kI sAmaJaphalasutta-vaNNanA meM 'mahaccarAjAnubhAvena' pada ko vyAkhyA karate hue pahale unhoMne usakA artha kiyA hai 'mahatA rAjAnubhAvena' aura phira pAThAntara kA nirdeza karate hue likhA hai 'mahaccA iti pi pAli' arthAt 'mahaccA aisA bhI pATha hai| yahA~ 'pAli' kA artha nizcita rUpa se 'pATha' hI hai, yaha isa bAta se prakaTa hotA hai ki samAna prasaMgoM meM 'pAli' ke samAnArtha vAcI zabda ke rUpa meM 'pATha' zabda kA bhI pracura prayoga AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kiyA hai| kucha eka udAharaNa hI paryApta hoNge| "setakAni aTThIni ... setaThThikA ti pi pATho" (samantapAsAdikA--veraJjakaNDavaNNanA) tathA "apagatakALako.....apahatakALako ti pi pATho' (samantapAsAdikA-verajakaNDavaNNanA) AcArya buddhaghoSa ke kucha hI samaya pUrva laMkA meM likhe gaye 'dIpavaMsa' grantha meM bhI jA cauthI zatAbdI IsavI kI racanA hai, 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga buddha-vacana ke artha meM hI kiyA gayA hai / ' AcArya buddhaghoSa ke bAda bhI siMhala deza meM 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga uparyukta donoM arthoM meM hotA rhaa| AcArya dhammapAla (pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI IsavI) ne apanI paramatthadIpanI' (khuddaka-nikAya ke katipaya granthoM kI aTThakayA) meM bhI 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga mUla tripiTaka ke 'pATha' ke artha meM kiyA hai, yathA "ayAcito tatAgacchoti ....Agato ti pi paali"| isI prakAra 'buddhavacana' ke artha meM bho 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga vahA~ upalakSita hotA hai| 'cUlavaMsa (terahavIM zatAbdI) meM bhI , jo 'mahAvaMsa' (chaThI zatAbdI) kA uttarakAlIna parivaddhita aMza hai, 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga buddha-vacana, aTaThakathA se vyatirikta mala pAli tripiTaka, ke artha meM hI kiyA gayA hai| usakA eka ati prasiddha vAkya hai--"pAlimattaM idhAnItaM natthi aTThakathA idha"2 (yahA~ kevala 'pAli' hI lAI gaI hai, 'aTThakathA' yahA~ nahIM hai)| isI prakAra 'pAli mahAbhidhammassa' arthAta mala vipiTaka ke antargata abhidhamma kA' aisA bhI prayoga vahIM milatA hai| usI ke. 1. 20120 ( olDanabarga kA saMskaraNa ) 2. 374227; milAiye vahIM 333100 (gAyagara kA saMskaraNa) 3. 375221 (gAyagara kA saMskaraNa)

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samakAlika 'saddhammasaMgaha' (terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI) meM bhI pAli' zabda kA . prayoga imI artha meM kiyA gayA hai|' uparyukta uddharaNa 'pAli' zabda ke artha-nirdhAraNa meM bar3e mahatva ke haiN| cauthI zatAbdI IsavI se lekara caudahavIM zatAbdI IsavI taka jina arthoM meM pAli' zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai, usakA ve digdarzana karate haiN| ataH unase hameM eka AdhAramilatA hai, jisakA Azraya lekara hama cauthI zatAbdI IsavI se pahale 'pAli' zabda ke itihAsa para vicAra kara sakate haiN| tripiTaka meM to 'pAli' zabda milatA nhiiN| tripiTaka ko AdhAra mAna kara likhe hue sAhitya meM bhI buddhaghoSa kI racanAoM yA 'dIpavaMsa' ke samaya se pUrva kisI grantha meM pAli zabda kA nirdeza nahIM milatA ! phira AcArya baddhaghoSa ne kisa paramparA kA Azraya grahaNa kara pAli' zabda ko uparyukta arthoM meM prayukta kiyA, yaha hamAre gaveSaNa kA mukhya viSaya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, buddhaghoSa ke samaya se pahale 'pAli' zabda kA itihAsa hameM jAnanA hai / bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM, sthAna aura yuga kI vizeSa paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa, zabdo ke rUpoM, arthoM aura dhvaniyoM meM nAnA vikAra hote rahate haiN| dhvani, rUpa aura artha ke una vikAroM ko hameM DhUMDhanA hai, jinakA atikramaNa kara 'pAli' zabda buddhaghoSa ke mamaya taka 'buddha-vacana' yA 'mUla tripiTaka ke pATha' ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA aura phira terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI taka usI artha ko dhAraNa karatA rhaa| usake bAda ke artha-vikAra kI bAta to bAda meM / uparyukta mahatvapUrNa uddharaNoM meM pAli' zabda ke jo artha vyakta kiye gaye haiM, unhIM ko AdhAra mAnakara kucha Adhunika vidvAno ne 'pAli' zabda kI nirukti ke sambandha meM kucha mahattvapUrNa sthApanAe~ kI haiM, jinameM tIna adhika prabhAvazAlI haiN| pahalI sthApanA isa bAta ko pramukhatA dekara calatI hai ki buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM meM cUMki pAli' zabda 'buddha-vacana' yA 'mUla tripiTaka ke artha ko vyakta karatA hai, isaliye usakA mUla rUpa bhI koI aisA zabda rahA hogA jo buddha-kAla meM isI artha ko sUcita karatA ho| dUsarI sthApanA isI prakAra 'pAli' zabda ke 'pATha' artha ko pramukhatA dekara calatI hai / tIsarI sthApanA saMskRta zabda pAli' jisakA artha paMkti hai. ko pradhAnatA dekara use buddhaghoSa Adi AcAryo 1. pRSTha 53 (saddhAnanda dvArA sampAdita evaM jarnala oNva pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI, 1890, meM prakAzita saMskaraNa)

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ke dvArA prayukta 'pAli' zabda ke artho ke sAtha saMgata karane kA prayatna karatI hai| ina tInoM sthApanAoM kI samIkSA hameM karanI hai| pahalI sthApanA ke anusAra 'pAli' zabda kA prAcInatama rUpa hameM 'pariyAya' zabda meM milatA hai| 'pariyAya' zabda tripiTaka meM aneka bAra AyA hai| kahIM kahIM 'dhamma' zabda ke sAtha aura kahIM kahIM akele bhI isa zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai| udAharaNata: 'ko nAmo 'ayaM bhante dhammapariyAyo ti' (bhante ! yaha kisa nAma kA dhamma-pariyAya hai) 'bhagavatA aneka pariyAyena dhammo pakAsito'2 (bhagavAn ne aneka paryAyoM se dharma ko prakAzita kiyA) Adi, Adi / spaSTataH aise sthaloM meM pariyAya' zabda kA artha buddhopadeza hai| bAda meM 'pariyAya' zabda kA hI vikRta rUpa paliyAya' ho gyaa| azoka ke prasiddha bhAva zilAlekha meM 'paliyAya' zabda kA prayoga isI artha meM milatA hai| magadha ke bhikSu-saMgha ko kucha cune hue buddha-vacanoM ke svAdhyAya karane kI preraNA dete hue priyadarzI 'dhammarAjA' kahate haiM "bhante ! ye dhamma-paliyAya haiN| maiM cAhatA hU~ ki sabhI bhikSu-bhikSuNiyA~, upAsaka aura upAsikAe~, inheM sadA suneM aura pAlana kreN|"3 'paliyAya' zabda ke 'pali' upasarga kA dIrgha hokara bAda meM pAliyAya' zabda bana gyaa| 'pAliyAya' zabda kA hI saMkSipta rUpa bAda meM 'pAli' hokara 'buddha-vacana' yA 'mUla tripiTaka' ke artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| isa mata kI sthApanA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne apane 'pAli mahAvyAkaraNa' kI vastukathA meM yogyatApUrvaka kI hai|4 / dusarA mata, jisakI sthApanA bhikSu siddhArtha ne apane aMgrejI nibandha "pAli bhASA kA udgama aura vikAsa, vizeSataH saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para"meM kI hai, isase kucha bhinna hai / unake matAnusAra 'pAli' yA ThIka kaheM to 'pALi' zabda 1. brahmajAla-sutta (dogha. 11) 2. sAmAphala-sutta (vIgha-za2) 3. imAni bhante dhammapaliyAyAni...........etAna bhante dhammapaliyAyAni icchAmi kiti bahuke bhikhupAye bhikhu niye cA abhikhinaM sunayu ca upadhAleyeya c| hevaM hevA upAsakA ca upAsikA caa| 4. pRSTha aatth-baarh| 5. buddhisTika sTaDIz2a (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 641-656

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( 5 ) kA mUla udgama saMskRta 'pATha' zabda hai / isa mata ke anusAra saMskRta 'pATha' zabda kA kAhI vikRta yA parivartita rUpa 'pALi' yA 'pAli' hai / yaha vikAsa krama bhikSu siddhArtha ke matAnusAra kucha-kucha isa prakAra calA / prAcIna kAla meM 'pATha' zabda kA prayoga brAhmaNa loga vizeSataH veda-vAkyoM ke 'pATha' ke liye kiyA karate the / bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM bhI yaha paramparA brAhmaNoM meM calI A rahI thI / jaba aneka brAhmaNa-mahAzAla buddha-mata meM praviSTa hue to unhoMne isI zabda ko, jise ve pahale veda ke pATha ke artha meM prayukta karate the, aba buddha vacanoM ke liye prayukta karanA Arambha kara diyaa| yaha svAbhAvika bhI thA / jaba unhoMne buddha ko 'muni' 'vedajJa' 'vedAntajJa' kaha kara apanI zraddhA arpita kI, to unake vacanoM ke nirdeza ke liye bhI ve pavitra 'pATha' zabda kA abhidhAna kyoM na karate ? bhikSu siddhArtha ne ThIka hI 'pATha' zabda ke atirikta kucha anya zabdoM kI sUcI dI hai, jo pahale vaidika paramparA ke the kintu bauddha saMgha meM Akara jinhoMne naye svarUpa grahaNa kara liye the / 'saMhitA' 'sahita' hogaI, 'tantra' 'tanti' ho gayA, 'pravacana' 'pAvacana' ho gayA / ataH prAcIna 'pATha' zabda kA bhI bauddha saMskaraNa asambhava na thA / kintu bauddhoM ne jo kucha liyA use eka nayA svarUpa bhI pradAna kiyaa| saMskRta 'pATha' zabda bhikSu saMgha meM Akara 'pALa' ho gayA / yaha dhvani parivartana bhASA - vijJAna ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para sarvathA sambhava bhI thaa| saMskRta ke sabhI mUrddhanya vyaJjana ( T Th D Dh N ) pAli aura prAkRta bhASAoM meM 'lU' ho jAte haiN| udAharaNataH saMskRta 'ATavika' pAli meM 'ALavika' hai, saM0 'paTaccara' pAli meM 'paLancara' hai, maM0 'eDaka' pAli meM 'elaka' hai| isI prakAra saM0 veNu-pAli velu, saM0 dRr3ha-pAli dalha, Adi Adi / 'pALa' zabda kA hI bAda meM vikRta rUpa 'pAli' ho gayA / yaha bhI bhASA vijJAna sambandhI niyamoM ke asaMgata na thA / antya svara-parivartana kA vidhAna pAli meM aksara dekhA jAtA hai, jaise saMskRta' aMgula' se pAli 'aMguli -aMgulI; maM0 'sarvajJa' me pAli sabbaJja Adi, Adi / ataH mithyA sAdRzya ke AdhAra para 'pATha' zabda kA vikRta rUpa 'pAli' ho gayA / 'pAli' zabda meM 'l' vyaJjana vaidika mUrddhanya 'v' dhvani kA pratirUpa thaa| isa dhvani kA vikAsa kaI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM 'Da' ke rUpa meM huA hai / yaha vaidika dhvani antaHstha 'la' se bhinna thI / kintu 'la' aura 'la' ke uccAraNoM meM bheda na kara sakane ke kAraNa bAda meM mithyA - sAdRzya ke AdhAra para 'pAli' zabda ko 'pAli' zabda ke sAtha milA diyA gayA, jo vAstava meM vyutpatti aura artha kI dRSTi se eka vilakula bhinna zabda thA / 'pAli' zabda ke sAtha isa

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prakAra mila kara pAli' zabda bhI buddha-vacana ke hI artha meM prayukta hone lagA / bhikSu siddhArtha ke matAnusAra 'pAli' zabda kI yahI nirukti hai| tIsare mata kA nirdeza karane se pUrva ina donoM matoM kI kucha samIkSA kara lenA Avazyaka hogaa| bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se donoM mata nirdoSa haiN| dhvani-parivartana sambandhI niyamoM para donoM khare utarate haiN| donoM eka dUsare ke virodhI bhI nahIM haiN| jahA~ taka ve bhinna bhinna hetuoM se 'pAli' zabda kA tAtparya 'buddha-vacana' meM dikhalAte haiM, ve eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se bhikSu siddhArtha ke mata kI eka nirbalatA hai| unhoMne 'pATha' zabda kA vikRta rUpa 'pALa' batalAyA hai aura phira usase 'pALi' yA 'pAli' zabda kI vyutpatti kI hai| ise aitihAsika rUpa se ThIka hone ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki pALa' zabda kA prayoga pAli-sAhitya meM upalabdha - ho| tabhI usake AdhAra para 'pAli' zabda kI vyutpatti kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai| aisA koI udAharaNa bhikSu siddhArtha ne apane ukta nibandha meM nahIM diyaa| AcArya buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM se jo udAharaNa unhoMne diye haiM, unameM bhI 'iti pi pATho'hI buddhaghoSokta vacana hai, 'iti pi pALo nahIM / jaba vuddhaghoSa ke samaya arthAt IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka 'pATha' zabda kA vaisA hI saMskRta kA sA rUpa pAli-sAhitya meM milatA hai, to phira ima sthApanA ke liye kyA AdhAra hai ki buddhakAla meM hI saMgha meM Akara usakA rUpa pALa' ho gayA thA ? vAstava meM aitihAsika dRSTi se to yahI adhika yuktiyukta jAna par3atA hai ki 'iti pi pAli' ke bAda hI, usase pahale nahIM, 'iti pi pATho' likhanA Arambha kiyA gayA hogA, java ki tripiTaka ke paThana-pAThana kA pracAra kucha adhika bar3hA hogaa| zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa kA bhI yahI mata hai / ataH bhikSu siddhArtha kI vyutpatti ke liye koI avakAza nahIM raha jaataa| isa aitihAsika AdhAra kI kamI ke kAraNa vaha prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ke mata meM aisI koI kamI dikhAI nahIM detii| bhAva zilAlekha kA advitIya sAkSya use prApta hai| 'peyyAlaM' zabda meM bhI yahI tatva nihita hai / ataH eka pUrI paramparA kA AdhAra lene ke kAraNa aura isa kAraNa bhI ki pAli sAhitya meM upalabdha 'pAli' zabda ke samasta vikRta 1. dekhiye unakA zAkya aura buddhisTa oNrojinsa, pRSTha 429-30 2. dekhiye pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha tetAlosa (vastukathA)

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yA vikasita rUpoM ke sAtha usakI saMgati laga jAtI hai, vaha mata hamAra vatamAna jJAna kI avasthA meM eka mAnya siddhAnta hai| ___ 'pAli' zabda kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM tIsarA mata paM0 vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya kA hai| unake matAnusAra 'pAli' zabda kA artha 'paMkti' hai aura isa prakAra vaha saMskRta 'pAli' zabda kA paryAyavAcI hai| isa mata ko pAli bhASA aura sAhitya kA bhI kucha samarthana prApta na ho, aisI bAta nahIM hai| prasiddha pAli koza 'abhidhAnappadIpikA (bArahavIM zatAbdI) meM 'pAli' zabda ke 'buddhavacanaM' artha ke sAtha sAtha 'pavita artha bhI diyA gayA hai| "tanti buddhavacanaM panti paali"| pAli-sAhitya meM 'ambapAli' 'dantapAli' jaise prayoga bhI 'pAli' zabda ke 'paMkti' artha ko hI dyotita karate haiN| ata: 'pAli' zabda kA artha paMkti' aura bAda meM 'grantha kI paMkti' isa AdhAra para kara liyA gayA hai aura budRghoSa dvArA prayukta artha ke sAtha usakI saMgati bhI milA lI gaI hai| kintu isa mata meM doSa phira bhI spaSTa haiN| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne usameM pradhAnatayA tIna kamiyA~ dikhAI haiN|' (1) 'paMkti' ke liye likhita grantha kA honA Avazyaka hai| tripiTaka prathama zatAbdI ImavI pUrva se pahale likhA nahIM gayA thaa| ataH usa samaya ke liye tripiTika ke uddharaNa ke liye 'pAli' yA 'paMkti zabda isa artha meM nahIM upayukta ho sakatA thaa| (2) 'pAli' zabda kA artha yadi 'paMkti' hotA to usa avasthA meM udAna-pAli' jaise prayogoM meM 'udAnapaMkti' arya karane se koI samajhane yogya artha nahIM nikalatA (3) 'pAli' zabda kA artha yadi paMkti hotA to aTThakathAoM Adi meM kahIM bhI usakA bahuvacana meM bhA prayoga dRSTigocara honA cAhiye thA, jo nahIM hotA / ata: 'pAli' zabda kA 'paMkti' artha usake maulika svarUpa taka hameM nahIM le jA sktaa| hA~, bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne jo ApattiyA~ uThAI haiM, unameM se prathama ke uttara meM AMzika rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tripiTaka kI alikhita avasthA meM pAli' yA 'paMkti' zabda se tAtparya kevala zabdoM kI paThita pakti se liyA jAtA rahA hogA aura usake lekhabaddha kara diye jAne para usakI likhita paMkti hI 'pAli' kahalAI jAne lagI hogii| zrImatI rAyayasa DeviDsa ne isI prakAra kA mata prakAzita kiyA hai| 1. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha ATha (vastukathA) 2. dekhiye unakA zAkya aura buddhisTa oNrIjinsa, pRSTha 429-30

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phira bhI isa mata se 'pAli' zabda kI vyutpatti para kucha prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| ataH prastuta prasaMga meM vaha hamAre liye mahatvapUrNa nahIM ho sktaa| - uparyukta matoM ke alAvA eka mata jarmana vidvAn DA0 maiksa velesara ne san 1924 aura phira 1926 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| isa mata ke anusAra ('pATali' yA 'pADali' (pATaliputra kI bhASA) zabda kA hI saMkSipta rUpa 'pAli' hai| cUMki 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga bhASA-vizeSa ke artha meM aTThakathAoM taka meM kahIM milatA nahIM, ataH maiksa velesara kA mata apane Apa gira jAtA hai| DA0 thaoNmasa dvArA usakA paryApta prativAda kara diye jAne para Aja usakA koI nAma nahIM letaa| yahI bhAgya kucha anya alpa prasiddha matoM kA bhI huA hai,jinameM aitihAsika satya kI apekSA unake udbhAvakoM kA buddhi-vaicitrya hI adhika dikhAI par3atA hai / isa prakAra kucha 'palli' (gA~va) zabda se 'pAli' bhASA kI utpatti batAkara use grAmINa bhASA batAnA cAhate haiM, kucha prAkRta-pAkaTa-pAaDa-pAala-pAli isa prakAra usakI vyutpatti karanA cAhate haiM, kucha saMskRta 'prAleya' yA 'prAleyaka' (par3osI) zabda se usakI vyutpatti batAkara usameM eka viziSTa aitihAsika tathya kI khoja karanA cAhate haiM / yaha saba andhakAra hI andhakAra hai| hA~, 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' ke 'pAli' zabda ke mahatvapUrNa artha ko lekara hameM kucha aura vicAra kara lenA cAhiye / 'pAli' zabda ko tanti ' (saMskRta tantra) 'buddhavacana' aura 'paMkti' kA samAnArthavAcI mAnate hue isakI vyutpatti vahA~ kI gaI hai--"pA-pAleti rakkhatIti pAli' arthAt jo pAlana karatI hai,rakSA karatI hai, vaha 'pAli' hai| kisako pAlana karatI hai ? kisakI rakSA karatI hai ? spaSTatama uttara hai buddha-vacanoM ko| 'pAli' ne kisa prakAra buddha-vacanoM kA pAlana kiyA, kisa prakAra unakI rakSA kI ? eka uttara hai tripiTaka ke rUpa meM unakA saMkalana kara ke, 1. iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI, disambara 1928 pRSTha 773; milAiye viTaranitjaH iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 605 (pariziSTa dUsarA); lAhAH pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 18 (bhUmikA); dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 730-31 meM DA0 kIya dvArA maiksa velesara ke mata kA khaNDana bhii| 2. dekhiye jahAMgIradAra-kRta kampereTiva philaoNlaoNjI A~va di inDo Aryana leMgvejeja meM pAli-sambandhI vivecn|

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dUsarA uttara hai laMkAdhipati vaTTagAmaNi ke samaya meM unako lekhabaddha kara ke| tripiTaka kA saMkalana kiyA, isaliye 'pAli' 'buddha-vacana' hai, tripiTaka ko lekhabaddha kiyA, isaliye 'pAli' 'paMkti' hai| aisA mAlUma par3atA hai 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' kAra ne 'pAli' zabda ke isa pAlana karane yA rakSA karane sambandhI artha para jora dekara usa mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika kArya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai,jo siMhala meM sampAdita kiyA gayA aura jisake viSaya meM 'mahAvaMza' meM likhA hai "tripiTaka kI pAli (paMkti) aura usakI aTThakathA ko, jinheM pUrva meM mahAmati bhikSu kaMThastha kara ke le Aye the, prANiyoM kI (smRti-) hAni dekha kara, bhikSuoM ne ekatrita ho, dharma kI cirasthiti ke liye pustakoM meM lekhabaddha krvaayaa|"1 kucha bhI ho, 'pAli' zabda ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' kI nirukti avazya mahatvapUrNa hai, yadyapi vaha 'pAli' zabda ke maulika rUpa 'pariyAya' para vicAra nahIM krtii| vaha kevala usakA samAnArthavAcI 'buddha-vacana' zabda de detI hai / kula milAkara hama kaha sakate haiM ki 'pAli' zabda kI nirukti aura usakA artha-nirvacana jo 'pariyAya' yA 'paliyAya zabda meM usake mula rUpa ko khojatA hai, hamAre. vartamAna jJAna kI avasthA meM eka mAnya siddhAnta hai / 'tattu samanvayAt' / pAli bhASA Upara hamane caudahavIM zatAbdI taka kA 'pAli' zabda kA itihAsa dekhA hai| isa bIca hameM eka bhI udAharaNa aisA na milA jisameM 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga bhASA-vizeSa ke artha meM kiyA gayA ho| phira kaba isa zabda kA prayoga buddha-vacana ke sthAna para jisa bhASA meM buddha-vacana likhe gaye, usake liye hone lagA, isakA nirdhAraNa karanA kaThina hai / phira bhI huA yaha bar3e svAbhAvika niyama ke AdhAra pr| pahale tanti' yA tripiTaka kI bhASA ko dyotita karane ke liye siMhala meM 'tantibhASA' jaisA sAmAsika zabda pracalita huaa| usI kA samAnArthavAcI zabda 'pAli-bhASA' bhI vAda meM prayukta hone lgaa| pAli-bhASA' arthAt pAli (buddhavacana) kI bhaassaa| bAda meM svayaM 'pAli' zabda hI bhASA ke liye prayukta hone lgaa| Aja 'pAli' se tAtparya hama usa bhASA se lete haiM, jisameM sthaviravAda bauddhadharma kA 4. 33 / 100-101; dekhiye mahAvaMza pRSTha 178-79 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyA yana kA anuvAda)

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( 10 ) tipiTaka aura usakA sampUrNa upajIvI sAhitya rakkhA huA hai| kintu 'pAli' zabda kA isa artha meM prayoga svayaM pAli-sAhitya meM bhI kabhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jisa bhASA meM tipiTaka likhA gayA hai, usake liye vahA~ mAgadho, magadha-bhASA, mAgadhA nirukti, mAgavika bhASA jaise zabdoM kA hI vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai, jinakA artha hotA hai magadha-deza meM bole jAne vAlI bhASA / isa prakAra ke prayogoM ke kuchaeka udAharaga hI yahAM paryApta hoMge, yathA, mAgadhAnaM niruttiyA parivattehi (mAgadho bhASA meM rUpAntarita karo)--mahAvaMza, pariccheda 37 ...... bhAtistaM mAgavaM sadda lakkhamaM (mAgadho bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kA nirUpaNa karU~gA)moggallAna-vyAkaraga kA Adi zloka, aadi| siMhalI paramparA ke anusAra mAgavo hI vaha 'mUla' bhASA hai, jisameM bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza diye the aura jisameM hI usakA saMgraha 'tipiTaka' nAma se kiyA gayA thaa| isI artha ko vyakta karate hue kaccAna-yAkaraNa meM kahA gayA hai "sA mAgavI mUla bhAsA....sambuddhA cApi bhAsare" (mAgadhI hI vaha mUla bhASA hai jisameM ..... samyak sammuddha ne bhI bhASaNa diyA )akathAcArya bhagavAn buddhaghoSa kI bhI yahI mAnyatA thI sammAmam dvena vRtta pakAro mAgadhako vohAro" (samyak sambuddha ke dvArA prayukta mAgadhI bhASA-trayoga)--satantapAsAdikA / isa rUpa meM mAgadhI bhASA kI pratiSThA sthaviravAdI bauddha sAhitya meM itanI adhika hai ki kahIM kahIM usake gaurava ke viSaya meM itanA adhika arthavAda kara diyA gayA hai ki vaha Adhunika aitihAsika buddhi ko kucha avaratA bhI hai| mAgadhI bhASA ko yahA~ sampUrNa prANiyoM kI Adi bhASA hI mAna liyA gayA hai| AcArya budvayoSa ne 'visuddhimagga' meM kahA hai "mAgadhikAya sabbasattAnaM mUlabhAsAya" (sampUrNa prAgiyoM ko mUla bhASA mAgadhI kaa)| iso prakAra mahAvaMza, pariccheda 37 meM kahA gayA hai "sabbe mUlabhAsAya mAgadhAya nirutiyA" (sampUrga prANiyoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI bhASA kA) aadi| nizcaya hI siMhalI paramparA apanI isa mAnyatA meM bar3I daDha hai ki jise hama Aja 'pAli' kahate haiM. vaha buddhakAlIna bhArata meM bole jAne vAlI magava ko bhASA hI thii| kahA~ taka yA kina arthoM meM yaha paramparA ThIka hai, yaha hamAre adhyayana kI sambhavataH saba se adhika mahatvapUrNa samasyA hai| pAli svAdhyAya ke prayama yuga meM uparyukta siMhalI paramparA siMhalI bhikSuoM kI eka managar3hata kalpanA mAno jAto tho| olDanabarga ne isa mAnyatA ke pracAra meM kAphI yoga diyA thaa| aneka prasiddha bhAratIya vidvAn bhI unake isa pravAha meM baha gaye

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the| kintu usake bAda isa dizA meM jo mahatvapUrNa gaveSaNa-kArya huA hai, usase aba hameM pathabhraSTa hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isa mahatvapUrNa samasyA para hama abhI bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM pAli kI pRSThabhUmi ko dekhane ke bAda aayeNge| bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM pAli kA sthAna bhAratIya bhASAoM kA itihAsa tIna yugoM yA vikAsa-zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai (1) prAcIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA yuga (vaidika yuga.se 506 IsavI pUrva taka (2) madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA yuga (5.00 IsavI pUrva meM 1000 IsavI taka (3) Adhunika Arya-bhASA yuga (1000 IsavI se aba taka) ! prathama yuga kI bhASA kA namUnA hameM Rgveda kI bhASA meM milatA hai| usameM tatkAlIna aneka boliyoM kA sammizraNa hai| Rgveda kI bhASA kA vikAsa anya vedoM. brAhmaNa-granthoM aura sUtra-granthoM meM huA hai / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA yuga meM eka ora veda kI bhASA kI vividhatA ko niyamita kiyA gayA, use ekarUpatA pradAna kI gaI, jisake pariNAma svarUpa eka rASTrIya, antarghAntIya sAhityika bhASA kA 'saMskRta' ke nAma se vikAsa huA aura dUsarI ora usI ke samakAlika. Rgveda kI vividhatAmayI bhASA aneka prAntIya boliyoM ke rUpa meM vikAsa grahaNa karatI gaI / jaba bhagavAn buddha ne magadha-prAnta meM bhramaNa karate hue vahA~ kI janabhASA meM upadeza diyA to yaha vahI Rgveda kI vividhatAmayI bhASA ke prAntazaH vikasita rUpoM meM se eka thii| tathAgata ke 'vAcanAmagga' hone kA gaurava milane ke kAraNa isakA bhI rUpa bAda meM rASTrIya ho gayA aura isI kAraNa aneka boliyoM, prAntIya bhASAoM aura upabhASAoM kA saMmizraNa bhI isameM ho gyaa| ise hama Aja 'pAli' bhASA kahate haiN| isa prakAra saMskRta aura pAli kA vikAsa samakAlika hai| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA yuga meM isa jana-bhASA ke vikAsa ke hama tIna stara dekhate haiM (1) pAli aura azoka kI dharmalipiyoM kI bhASA (500 1. DA0 vimalA caraNa lAhA jaise Adhunika vidvAn bhI hama moha se mukta nahIM ho pAye haiN| dekhiye unakA hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha, 11 (bhUmikA) jahAM unhoMne mAgadhI nirukti ko siMhalI bhikSuoM kI zuddha gaDhaMta kahA hai|

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( 12 ) IsavI pUrva se 1 IsavI pUrva taka (2) prAkRta bhASAe~ (1 se 500 IsavI taka ) (3) apabhraMza bhASAe~ (500 IsavI se 1000 IsavI taka / Adhunika yuga meM Akara inhIM apabhraMza bhASAoM se hamArI hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI Adi vartamAna prAntIya bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| isa aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi ke bAda aba hameM pAli bhASA ke svarUpa Adi para kucha adhika spaSTatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA hai / pAli kisa pradeza kI mUla bhASA thI ? pAli bhASA ke viSaya meM saba se adhika mahatvapUrNa prazna hai - vaha kisa pradeza kI mUla bhASA thI ? siMhalI paramparA use mAgadhI yA magadha kI bhASA mAnatI hai, yaha hama abhI kaha hI cuke haiM / kintu yaha samasyA itanI sastI nibaTane vAlI nahIM hai / vidvAnoM ke etadviSayaka matoM kA yadi saMgraha kiyA jAya to vaha eka lambI sUcI hogii| sabhI mata use bhinna bhinna prAntoM kI bhASA mAnane ke pakSapAtI haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ke matoM kA nidarzana karanA yahA~ Avazyaka hogA / (1) prophesara rAyasa DeviDsa ' -- pAli bhASA kA AdhAra kozala pradeza meM chaThI aura sAtavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva meM bole jAne vAlI bhASA thI / kAraNa (1) bhagavAn buddha kozala pradeza ke the, ataH unakI mAtRbhASA yahI thI aura isI meM unhoMne upadeza diye the (2) bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda sau varSa ke bhItara pradhAnataH kozala pradeza meM hI unake upadezoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA / (2, 3) vaisTaragArDa aura I0 kuhana -- pAli ujjayinI - pradeza kI bolI thI / kAraNa (1) giranAra (gujarAta) ke azoka ke zilAlekha se isakA sarvAdhika sAmya hai (2) kumAra mahendra ( mahinda ) jinhoMne laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra kiyA aura pAli tripiTaka ko vahA~ pahu~cAyA, kI mAtR bhASA yahI thI / (4) Ara0 o0 phraiMka 4 -- pAli bhASA kA udgama sthAna vindhya-pradeza 1. buddhisTa inDiyA, pRSTha 153-54; kembrija hisTrI ava inDiyA, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 187; pAli DikzanarI, pRSTha 5 ( prAkkathana ) 2. 3,4,5 lAhAH pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 50-56 ( bhUmikA ) ; buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita ) pRSTha 233 dekhiye gAyagaraH pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja pRSTha 3-4 (bhUmikA) viMTaranitja: iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 604 (pariziSTa dUsarA )

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hai| kAraNa (1) giranAra-zilAlekha se usakA sarvAdhika sAmya hai / niSedhAtmaka kAraNa dete hue phraiMka ne kahA hai ki pAli uttara bhArata ke pUrvI bhAga kI bhASA nahIM ho sakatI, uttara-pazcimI bhAga ke kharoSTrI lekhoM se bhI usakI samAnatAe~ aura asamAnatAeM donoM haiM, isI prakAra dakSiNa ke lekhoM kI bhASA se bhI usakI vibhinnatA hai| adhikatara usakA sAmya madhya-deza ke pazcimI bhAga ke lekhoM se hai, yadyapi yahA~ bhI kucha asamAnatAe~ haiN| ataH pAli bhASA kA udgama-sthAna 'vindhya ke madhya aura pacchimI bhAga kA pradeza' hai| (5) sTaina kono5----vindhya-pradeza pAli-bhASA kA udgama-sthAna hai| kAraNa (1) paizAcI prAkRta se pAli kA adhika sAmya hai / (2) paizAcI prAkRta vindhya-pradeza meM ujjayinI ke AsapAsa bolI jAtI thii| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hogA ki paizAcI prAkRta-sambandhI sTaina kono kA yaha mata prasiddha bhASAtatvavid griyarsana ke mata se nahIM milatA, jisake anusAra paizAcI prAkRta kekaya aura pUrvI gAndhAra kI bolI thii| griyarsana kA mata hI adhika yuktiyukta mAnA gayA hai| (6) DA0 olDanabarga pAli kaliga deza kI bhASA thii| kAraNa (1) laMkA ke par3osI hone ke kAraNa kaliMga se hI laMkA meM dharmopadeza kA kArya zatAbdiyoM ke andara sampAdita kiyA gyaa| (2) khaMDagiri ke zilAlekha se pAli kA adhika sAmya hai / olDanabarga ke mata ko samajhane ke liye yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hogA ki mahendra dvArA laMkA meM buddha-dharma ke pracAra kI bAta ko olDanabarga ne aitihAsika tathya nahIM mAnA hai| unake matAnusAra kaliMga ke nivAsiyoM ne laMkA meM buddha-dharma kA pracAra kiyA aura isameM kaI zatAbdiyA~ lgiiN| (7) I0 mulara2--kaliMga hI pAli kA udgama-sthAna hai| kAraNa, yahIM se saba se pahale logoM kA laMkA meM jAkara basanA aura dharma pracAra karanA adhika saMgata hai| Age ke matoM kA nirdeza karane ke pUrva uparyukta matoM kI kucha samIkSA kara lenA Avazyaka hogaa| ina mava manoM meM mava me mukhya bAta yaha hai ki ye sabhI mata 1. vinaya-piTaka (DA0 olDanabarga dvArA romana akSaroM meM sampAdita) jilda pahalI, pRSTha 1-56 (bhUmikA) 2. simpalIphAiDa grAmara oNva di pAli legveja, pRSTha 3 (bhUmikA)

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( 14 ) pAli bhASA kI utpatti keviSaya meM siMhalI paramparA se asahamata haiN| pAli bhASA ke mAgadhI AdhAra ko ve kisI bhI artha meM svIkAra nahIM krte| kevala rAyasa DeviDsa ke mata meM usake liye kucha avakAza avazya hai| bhagavAn kozala meM utpanna hue, magava meM ghUme-phire, ataH unake upadezoM kA mAdhyama kozala kI bhASA bhI ho sakatI thI, magadha ko bhASA bhI aura unakA saMmizraNa bhii| kintu rAyasa DeviDsa kA apane mata ko siddha karane ke liye yaha anumAna karanA ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA chaThI aura sAtavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva kI kozala pradeza meM bole jAne vAlI bhASA kA hI vikasita rUpa hai, athavA yaha ki azokakAlIna magadha-zAsana kI rASTra-bhASA kozala pradeza kI TakasAlI bhASA hI thI, ThIka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| prativezI kozala rAjya ke magadha meM sammilita ho jAne ke bAda magadha sAmrAjya jaba apanI carama unnati para pahuMcA to yahI mAnanA adhika yuktisaMgata hai ki bhagadha kI bhASA ko hI rASTra-bhASA hone kA gaurava milaa| hA~, cAroM ora kI janapada-boliyoM ko bhI, jinameM eka pradhAna kozala pradeza kI bolI bhI thI, usame apanA ucita sthAna milaa| eka sArvadezika, TakasAlI, rASTra-bhASA ke nirmANa meM prAdezika boliyoM kA isa prakAra kA sahayoga sarvathA svAbhAvika hai| ataH kozala-pradeza kI bolI kA bhI antarbhAva magadha kI rASTra-bhASA (mAgadhI bhASA) meM ho gayA thA, aisA hama kaha sakate haiN| vaise yadi rAyasa DeviDsa ke mata ko usake maulika rUpa meM dekhA jAya to usakA koI AdhAra hI nahIM milatA, kyoMki jamA DA0 vinTaranitz2a ne bhI kahA hai, chaThI aura sAtavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva kI kozala pradeza kI bolI kI Aja hamArI jAnakArI hI kyA hai, jisake AdhAra para hama use pAli kA mUla rUpa mAna sakeM' : vaisTaragArDa, I0 kaha na, phraiMka aura sTaina kono ke Upara nirdiSTa mata bhI, jo kisI na kisI prakAra vindhya-pradeza ko pAli kA janma-sthAna mAnate haiM, ekAMgadarzI haiN| adhika se adhika ve pAli bhASA ke mizrita rUpa ko, jo eka sAhityika evaM antarghAntIya bhASA ke liye sarvathA anivArya hai, aMjita karate haiN| isase adhika unakA aura kucha mahatva nahIM hai| phraiMka ne vindhya 1. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 605 (pariziSTa 2); DA0 kotha ne bho rAyasa DeviDsa ke mata kA khaMDana kiyA hai| dekhiye iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI, sitambara 1925 meM prakAzita kItha kA 'pAli di leMgveja oNva sadarna buddhisTs' zIrSaka nibandha /

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( 15 ) pradeza ke madhya aura pacchimI bhAga ko pAli kA udgama sthAna batAne ke atirikta eka aura vicitra bAta kahI hai| unhoMne sAmAnyataH pAli samajhe jAne vAlI bhASA ( arthAt tripiTaka aura usake upajIvI sAhitya kI bhASA) ke liye to 'sAhityika pAli' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura 'pAli' zabda se unhoMne buddhakAlIna bhArata meM bole jAne vAlI anya saba Arya bhASAoM ko abhipreta karanA cAhA hai / phraiMka kA yaha pAribhASika zabda nirmANa bhramAtmaka hI siddha huA hai / jina AryabhASAoM ko unhoMne 'pAli' kahA hai, unake lie bhAratIya sAhitya meM prAkRta bhASAoM kA nAma rUr3ha hai aura Aja bhI unakA yahI nAma pracalita hai / ata: usI kA prayoga karanA adhika ucita jAna par3atA hai / tripiTaka kI bhASA ke lie kevala 'pAli' nAma paryApta hai / usake sAtha 'sAhityika' lagAne se bhrama paidA hone kI AzaMkA ho jAtI hai / sTaina kono kA mata paizAcI prAkRta ko ujjayinI pradeza kI bolI batalAtA hai aura isa prakAra bhASAtatvavidoM ke sAmane eka naI samasyA khar3I kara detA hai / vAstava meM unakA yaha mata vidvAnoM ko kabhI grAhaya nahIM huA hai aura paizAcI ko kekaya aura pUrvI gAndhAra kI bolI mAnanA hI saba prakAra aitihAsika aura bhASAvaijJAnika tathyoM se saMgata hai / olDanabarga aura I0 mulara ke mata pradhAnataH kalpanAprasUta haiM / olDanabarga ko apane mata-sthApana meM mahendra ke laGkA meM dharma-pracAra saMbaMdhI kArya ko bhI, jo anyathA saba prakAra aitihAsika tathyoM se siddha hai, anaitihAsika mAnanA par3A hai| isI se unake mata kI gaMbhIratA kA patA laga jAtA hai / khaMDagiri ke zilAlekha ke sAkSya para pAli kA janma-sthAna kaliMga batalAnA utanA hI apUrNa siddhAMta hai jitanA giranAra ke zilAlekha ke AdhAra para use ujjayinI - pradeza kI bolI ThaharAnA / pAli ke prAMtIya kAraNoM se utpanna mizrita svarUpa ko dikhAne ke atirikta ina matoM kA anya koI sAkSya yA mahatva nahIM hai / jina vidvAnoM ne pAli-bhASA ke mAgadhI AdhAra ko svIkAra kiyA haiM, athavA jinhoMne siMhalI paramparA ko kucha viziSTa arthoM meM samajhane kA prayatna kiyA hai, unameM jemsa elvisa, cAilDarsa, viMDiza, vinTaranitz2a, griyarsana aura gAyagara ke 1. dekhiye Age dUsare adhyAya meM 'pAli sAhitya kA udbhava aura vikAsa' sambandhI vivecana

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( 16 ) adhika prasiddha haiM / bhikSu siddhArtha' aura bhikSujagadIza kAzyapa jaise bhAratIya bauddha vidvAnoM ne bhI isI mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / jemsa elvisa aura cAiDarsa kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki 'mAgadhI' hI pAli bhASA kA maulika aura sabase adhika upayukta nAma hai / jemsa elvisa ke matAnusAra buddhakAlIna bhArata meM 16 prAdezika boliyA~ pracalita thIM / inameM 'mAgadhI' bolI meM, jo magadha meM bolI jAtI thI, bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza diye the / viMDiza ne bhI pAli ke 'mAgadhI' AdhAra ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / viMTaranitz2a kA mata bhI isI ke samAna hai| unakA kahanA hai ki pAli eka sAhityika bhASA thI, jisakA vikAsaaneka prAdezika boliyoM ke samizraNa se huA thA, jinameM 'prAcIna mAgadhI' pradhAna thI / griyarsana ne pAli mAgadhI AdhAra ko to svIkAra kiyA hai, kintu pAli meM tatkAlIna pazcimI voliyoM ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unheM yaha mAnanA par3A hai ki pAlikA AdhAra vizuddha mAgadhI na hokara koI pazcimI bolI hai| isI ko siddha karane ke lie unhoMne yaha kalpanA kara DAlI hai ki pAli kA vikAsa mAgadhI bhASA ke usa rUpa se huA jo takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya meM bolA jAtA thA aura jisameM hI tripiTaka kA saMskaraNa vahA~ kiyA gayA thA / kintu na to mAgadhI bhASA ke vahA~ zikSA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM prayukta hone kI aura na usameM tripiTaka ke vahA~ saMkalita hone kI koI akATya yukti griyarsana yA anya kisI vidvAn ne abhI taka dI hai / 5 jarmana vidvAn gAyagara kA mata uparyukta sabhI matoM se adhika paripUrNa aura grAhaya hai| unake anusAra pAli mAgadhI bhASA kA hI eka rUpa hai, jisameM bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza diye the / yaha bhASA kisI janapada - vizeSa kI bolI nahIM thI, balki sabhya samAja meM bole jAne vAlI eka sAmAnya bhASA thI, jisakA vikAsa buddha-pUrva yuga se ho rahA thA / isa prakAra kI antarprAntIya bhASA meM svabhA 1. buddhisTika sTaDIz2a (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita ) pRSTha 641-56 2. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa kI vastukathA / 3. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 13 4. bhAMDArakara kamemorezana volyUma, pRSTha 117- 123 ( griyarsana kA 'di homa oNva liTararI pAli' zIrSaka lekha) 5. yaha AlocanA DA0 kItha kI hai| dekhiye unakA 'di homa aA~va pAli' zIrSaka nibandha, 'buddhisTika sTaDIja' (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita ) pRSTha 739

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vataH hI aneka boliyoM ke tatva vidyamAna the| eka magadha kA nivAsI ise eka eka prakAra se bolatA thA, kozala kA dUsarI prakAra se aura avantI kA kisI tIsare prakAra se yadyapi bhagavAn buddha magadha pradeza ke nahIM the, kintu unakA jIvana-kArya adhikAMza vahIM saMpAdita kiyA gayA thaa| ataH magadha kI bolI kI unakI bhASA para amiTa chApa par3I hogii| isalie unakI bhASA ko AsAnI se 'mAgadhI' kahA jA sakatA hai, phira cAhe usameM mAgadhI bolI kI kucha vizeSatAe~ bhale hI upalabdha na hoN| ataH gAyagara ke matAnusAra pAli vizuddha mAgadhI to nahIM thI, kintu usa para Azrita eka loka-bhASA thI, jisameM bhagavAn buddha na apane upadeza diye the / vAstava meM pAli kahA~ taka yA kina arthoM meM mAgadhI thI yA nahIM, yaha hamAre adhyayana kI sabase bar3I samasyA hai / jisa mAgavI kA vivaraNa uttarakAlIma prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ne diyA hai yA jisake svarUpa kA darzana katipaya abhilekhoM yA nATaka-granthoM meM hotA hai, usase to pAli nizcayataH bhinna hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta-vyAkaraNoM ,abhilekhoM aura nATaka-granthoM kI mAgadhI kA vikAsa pAli ke bAda huA hai| isa prakAra kI mAgadhI bhASA ke rUpa kI do pradhAna vizeSatAe~ haiM (1) pratyeka r aura s kA kramazaH la aura z meM parivartita ho jAnA (2) pulliGga aura napuMsakaliGga akArAnta zabdoM kA prathamA vibhakti eka vacana kA rUpa ekArAnta honaa| pAli meM r rahatA hai, usakA 'la' meM parivartana kevala ani yamita rUpa se kabhI-kabhI hotA hai, sarvathA niyamAnusAra nhiiN| udAharaNataH azoka ke pazcima ke lekhoM meM rAjA, purA, ArabhitvA jaise prayoga milate haiM, kintu pUrva ke lekhoM meM unake kramazaH lAjA, puluvaM, Alabhitu rUpa ho jAte haiN| 's' kA 'za' meM parivartana to pAli meM hotA hI nhiiN| 'z' pAli meM hai hI nhiiN| kevala azoka ke uttara (manasehara) ke zilAlekha meM isakA prayoga avazya dRSTigocara hotA hai, jaise priyadazina, priyadazi, prANazatasahasrAni, Adi / pulliGga aura napuMsaka liMga akArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa bhI pAli meM prathamA vibhakti ekavacana meM kramazaH okArAnta aura anusvArAnta hote haiM, ekArAnta nahIM / 'rAhulovAdaH' kI jagaha 'lAghulovAde' ,'buddhaH' kI jagaha budhe' 'mRgaH' kI jagaha 'mige' Adi prayoga azoka ke kucha zilAlekhoM meM avazya pAye jAte haiM aura sutta-piTaka ke kucha aMzoM meM 1. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 4-5 (bhUmikA)

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bhii| kintu niyamataH ye prayoga nahIM pAye jAte / ataH jisa mAgadhI kA nirUpaNa prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNa karate hai, use pAli kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / usakA vikAsa to ,jaisA abhI kahA gayA hai, pAli ke bAda huA hai| pAli kA AdhAra to kevala vahI mAgadhI yA magadha kI bolI ho sakatI hai jo madhya-maMDala arthAt pazcima meM uttara-kuru se pUrva meM pATaliputra taka aura uttara meM zrAvastI se dakSiNa meM avantI taka phaile hue pradeza kI sAmAnya sabhya-bhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thI aura jisakA vikAsa aneka kAraNoM se gaurava prApta karane vAlI magadha kI bhASA se huA aura aneka kAraNoM se hI jisameM nAnA pradezoM kI boliyoM kA saMmizraNa ho gayA, jisakA sAkSa Aja hama usake surakSita rUpa 'pAli' meM pAte haiN| jisa prakAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA vivecita mAgadhI ko pAli bhApA kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, usI prakAra jaina satroM kI bhApA arddha-mAgadhI yA 'ArSa' ko bhI usakA AdhAra svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usakA bhI vikAsa pAli ke vAda huA hai / pacchima meM zaurasanI aura pUrva meM mAgadhI prAkRta ke bIca ke kSetra meM jo bhASA bolI jAtI thI, vaha apane mizrita svarUpa ke kAraNa 'arddhamAgadhI kahalAtI hai| dhvani-samUha, zabda-sAdhana aura vAkya-vicAra kI dRSTi se pAli aura arddhamAgadhI meM kyA samAnatAe~ yA asamAnatAeM haiM, isakA vivecana hama Age pAli aura prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karate samaya kareMge / abhI laDarsa ke usa mata kA nirdeza karanA hai,jisake anusAra prAcIna arddhamAgadhI pAli bhASA kA AdhAra hai| lUDarsa kA mata hai ki maulika rUpa meM pAli tripiTaka prAcIna arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM thA aura bAda meM usakA anuvAda pAli bhASA meM, jo pacchimI volI para Azrita thI, kiyA gyaa| ataH unake matAnusAra Aja tripiTaka meM jo mAgadhI rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiM, ve prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke ve avaziSTa aMza mAtra hai jo usakA pAli meM anuvAda karate samaya raha gaye the' / lUDarsa kA yaha tarka bilakula anumAna para Azrita hai / jisa prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ko lUDarsa ne tripiTaka kA maulika AdhAra mAnA hai,usake rUpa kA nirNaya karane ke lie sivAya unakI kalpanA ke aura koI AdhAra nahIM hai / jaisA kItha ne ne kahA hai, yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki lUDarsa dvArA nirmita yA parikalpita prAcIna arddha-mAgadhI kA vikAsa 1. dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 734; gAyagaraHpAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja,pRSTha 5; lAhAHhisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 20-21(bhUmikA)

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bAda meM arddha-mAgadhI prAkRta ke rUpa meM hI huA hai / ataH lUDarsa ne tathAkathita 'prAcIna arddha-mAgadhI' ke rUpa kA nirmANa azoka ke zilAlekhoM aura bAda meM azvaghoSa ke nATakoM ke avaziSTa aMzoM se kiyA hai| kintu yaha anumAnita nirmANa kArya pramANa-koTi meM nahIM A sktaa| pAli bhASA meM prApta vibhinnatAoM kI vyAkhyA usake prAMtIya vikAsa aura saMmizraNa, maukhika paramparA aura eka bhinna deza meM tripiTaka ke lipibaddha kiye jAne ke pariNAma svarUpa bhI kI jA sakatI hai| lUDarsa ke samAna hI eka mata prasiddha phreMca vidvAn silavA~ levI kA hai| unhoMne yaha pramANita karane kA prayatna kiyA thA ki pAli-tripiTaka maulika buddha-vacana na hokara kisI aisI pUrvavartI mAgadhI bolI kA anuvAdita rUpa hai jisameM dhvani parivartana pAli bhASA kI apekSA adhika vikasita avasthA meM thaa| pAli ke 'ekodi' evaM 'saMghAdisesa' jaise zabdoM kI unake saMskRta pratirUpa 'ekoti' 'saMghAtizeSa' jaise zabdoM ke sAtha tulanA kara unhoMne tripiTaka ke andara eka aisI bolI ke avaziSTa cinha khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jisameM zabda ke madhya sthita saMskRta aghoSa (ku, ca, t, pa Adi) sparzoM ke sthAna para ghoSa (ga, ja, d, b Adi) sparza hone kA niyama thaa| pAli tripiTaka aura azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke kucha vizeSa zabdoM meM, jinameM uparyukta niyama lAgU hotA hai, levI ne prAcIna maulika buddha-vacana (jinheM unhoMne aisA samajhA hai) meM prayukta zabdoM ke rUpoM ko khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai| udAharaNataH bhAva abhilekha meM 'rAhulovAda' kI jagaha 'lAghulovAde' hai, 'adhikRtya kI jagaha 'adhigicya' hai| levI kA kahanA hai ki ka (aghoSa sparza) ke sthAna para g (ghoSa sparza) kA honA pAli meM to bahuta alpa hI hotA hai, isI prakAra adhigicya' meM 'cya' bhI pAli kI pravRtti ke anukUla nahI hai / isase unhoMne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki vartamAna pAli tripiTaka eka aisI bhASA se anuvAda kiyA huA hai, jisameM aghopa sparzo (k, t, pa Adi) kA ghoSa sparzo (ga, d, b Adi) meM pari* vartita ho jAnA adhika sImA taka pAyA jAtA thaa| nIce ke kucha udAharaNa levI ke tarkoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie alaM hoMge-~-- 1. buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 734, pada-saMketa 2 2. gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 5

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( 20 ) saMskRta pAli mAkandika mAgandiya kacaMgala kajaMgala aciravatI ajiravatI pArAcika pArAjika RSivadana isipatana ina uddharaNoM ke AdhAra para levI ne anumAna kiyA hai ki pAli tripiTaka apane maulika rUpa meM usa aisI bhASA meM thA jisameM zabda ke madhya-sthita aghoSa sparzoM ke ghoSa sparzoM meM parivartita hone kA niyama thaa| levI ke mata ko gAyagara ne prAmANika nahIM mAnA hai / unhoMne isake tIna kAraNa diye haiM (1) levI ne 'saMghAdisesa' 'ekodi' 'pAcittiya' (prAcittika) Adi zabdoM kI jo niruktiyA~ dI haiM, ve sabhI anizcita hai (2) aghoSa sparzoM kA ghoSa sparzoM meM parivartita honA kevala uparyukta zabdoM meM hI nahIM pAyA jAtA, anya aneka zabdoM meM bhI isa niyama kA pAlana dekhA jAtA hai, udAharaNataH pAli utAho udAhu grathita gadhita vyathate pavedhati (3) levI dvArA nirdiSTa niyama kA ThIka viparIta arthAt saMskRta ghoSa sparzoM kA aghoSa sparzoM meM parivartita ho jAnA bhI pAli meM dRSTigocara hotA hai-- saMskRta pAli saMskRta agaru akala parigha paligha kusIta mRdaMga mutiMga zAvaka cApaka prAvaraNa ataH gAyagara ke matAnusAra levI dvArA nirdiSTa dhvani-parivartana saMbaMdhI udA kusIda pApuraNa

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( 21 ) haraNoM se hama unake dvArA nizcita siddhAMta para nahIM pahu~ca sakate / levI kA mata pAli bhASA kI kevala eka vicitratA ko batalAtA hai aura vaha vicitratA hai usakA vividhatAmaya rUpa, jisakI vyAkhyA hama nAnA boliyoM ke saMmizraNa ke AdhAra para hI kara sakate haiN| ata: levI kA mata bhI antatogatvA pAli ke mizrita svarUpa ko hI prakaTa karatA hai / / Upara kucha vidvAnoM ke matoM kA ullekha aura unakI samIkSA kI jA cukI hai / aba buddha-yuga kI paristhitiyoM aura svayaM tripiTaka ke sAkSya para pAli bhASA ke mAgadhI AdhAra para hama kucha aura vicAra kara leN| yaha nizcita hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne paidala ghUma ghUma kara apane upadeza madhya-maNDala (majjhimesu padesu) arthAt kosI kurukSetra se pATaliputra aura vindhya se himAcala ke bIca ke pradeza meM diye| yaha bhI nizcita hai ki unake ziSyoM meM nAnA jAti, varga aura pradezoM ke vyakti sammilita the| isI prakAra yaha bhI nizcita hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza maukhika the aura unake mahAparinirvANa ke anantara do-tIna zatAbdiyoM meM unakA saMkalana kiyA gayA / unakA lipivaddha rUpa to prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva meM Akara huA, jaba se ve usI rUpa meM cale A rahe haiN| isa itane vikAsa kI paramparA meM aneka parivarddhanoM aura parivartanoM kI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai| bhagavAn buddha kI 'cAroM varNoM kI zuddhi' aura usake viSaya meM unakI koI 'AcArya-muSTi' (rahasya-bhAvanA) na hone ke kAraNa hama yaha to svAbhAvika hI mAna sakate haiM ki nAnA pradezoM se Aye hue bhikSu apanI-apanI boliyoM meM hI buddha-vacanoM ko samajhane kA prayatna karate hoNge| kama se kama antarAMtIya mAgadhI bhASA kA vyavahAra karane para bhI usa para apanI boliyoM kI kucha chApa to ve lagA hI dete hoMge / bAda meM unhIM logoM ne jaba apane sune hue ke anusAra buddha vacanoM kA saMkalana kiyA to unameM una vibhinnatAoM kA bhI calA AnA sarvathA saMbhava thaa| ataH buddhavacanoM kI bhASA mala rUpa se mAgadhI hone para bhI usameM prApta vividharUpatA kI vyAkhyA uparyukta DhaMga para kI jA sakatI hai| kintu gAyagara ne mAgadhI ko pAli kA mUlAdhAra siddha karane ke lie aura yaha dikhAne ke lie ki bhASA aura viSaya donoM kI hI dRSTi se pAli-tripiTaka hI mUla buddha-vacana hai, eka aise tarka kA upayoga kiyA hai jisake binA bhI unakA kAma cala sakatA thaa| vinaya-piTaka ke cullavagga meM eka kathA hai, jisameM do brAhmaNa bhikSu isa bAta para bar3e kSabdha hote dikhAye gaye hai ki nAnA jAti aura gotroM

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( 24 ) jAne taka kA virodha kiyA to phira ve kisI sAdhAraNa bola cAla kI bhASA meM unheM rakkhe jAne kA kisa prakAra Adeza de sakate the? usa dazA meM to unake maulika arthoM aura prabhAva meM hI kAphI antara ho jaataa|' "ataH niHsandeha bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadeza magadha-deza kI TakasAlI bhASA meM hI diye aura usI meM unake ziSyoM ne unheM sIkhA aura phira upadeza kiyaa|"2 bhikSu siddhArtha ke isa mantavya se kisI ko virodha nahIM ho sktaa| cUMki bhagavAn buddha ne madhya-maMDala kI sAmAnya sabhya-bhASA meM hI apane upadeza diye aura usI ke vibhinna svarUpoM meM unake ziSyoM ne unheM sIkhA, ataH Aja hama kahanA cAheM to kaha hI sakate haiM ki mAgadhI bhASA hI bhagavAn buddha ke upadezoM kA mAdhyama thI aura usI meM unake ziSya unheM sIkhate aura upadeza karate the| isa dRSTi se buddhaghoSa, gAyagara aura bhikSu siddhArtha ke artha ThIka haiM / kintu yadi unake arthoM se hama yaha samajheM ki svayaM bhagavAn buddha aura unake ziSyoM ko bhagavAn buddha kI uparyukta anujJA se vahI artha abhipreta thA jo buddhaghoSa, gAyagara aura bhikSu siddhArtha ne use diyA hai, to yaha vilakula galata hai| vAstava meM, hama buddha kI upayukta anujJA kI vyAkhyA karane meM buddhaghoSa yA gAyagara kI apekSA usa anujJA ke hI pUrvApara prasaMga aura buddha kI bhAvanA se bhI, jaisI vaha anyatra prasphuTita huI hai, adhika sahAyatA lene ke pakSapAtI haiN| vinTaranitja ne kucha spaSTatApUrvaka yaha dikhAyA hai ki 'sakAya niruttiyA' kA sambandha 'bhikkhave' ke sAtha lagAne ke liye usake sAtha 'vo' zabda kA AnA anivAryata: Avazyaka nahIM hai jaisA ki gAyagara ne Agraha kiyA hai| use prasaMga-vaza bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai|3 DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne pAli ke mAgadhI AdhAra ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai,ataH unhoMne kucha vistAra se gAyagara ke mata kA prativAda kiyA hai|4 kItha ne bhI, jo 1. baddhisTika sTaDIz2a (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 648 2. "There can be no doubt as to the fact that the Buddha preached his doctrine in the standard vernacular of the Magadha country and his disciples studied and taught it in that very language." buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 649 3. inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 602 (pariziSTa dUsarA) 4, pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 11-16 (bhUmikA)

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( 25 ) pAli ko kisI pacchimI volI para AdhArita mAnate haiM, gAyagara ke paramparAvAdI mata ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se nirdoSa hote hue bhI gAyagara kI buddha-anujJA kI uparyukta vyAkhyA usa prasaMga meM ThIka nahIM baiThatI, jisameM vaha AI hai| ataH pAli bhASA ke svarupa ke sambandha meM usa mata ko siddha karane ke liye, jo dUsare pramANoM ke AdhAra para unake dvArA hI sunizcita kara diyA gayA hai, paryApta nahIM tthhrtii| sAmAnyataH gAyagara kA artha ina kAraNoM se pramANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| (1) prasaMga meM vaha ThIka nahIM baitthtaa| pahale bhikSu loga 'sakAya niruttiyA' (apanI apanI bhASA meM) buddha-vacanoM ko dUSita karate dikhAye gaye haiN| isa para brAhmaNa bhikSuoM ne unheM 'chandas' meM karane kA prastAva rakkhA hai| bhagavAn ne isa prastAva kA virodha karate hue 'sakAya nirutiyA' buddha vacanoM ko sIkhane kI anujJA de dI hai| spaSTataH prasaMga ke anusAra yahA~ 'sakAya niruttiyA' kA vahI artha lenA ThIka hai jo pahale liyA gayA hai, arthAt 'apanI apanI bhASA meN'| (2) kisI vizeSa bhASA meM buddha vacanoM ko sIkhanA 6 kara denA bhagavAn tathAgata kI pravRtti ke viparIta hai| isa prakAra unakA 'dhamma' prakAzita nahIM hotA, jo sArI prajAoM ke liye khulane para hI prakAzita hotA hai 2 (3) bhagavAna buddha kA jora zabdoM para nahIM thA, arthoM para thaa| koI bhI bhASA kisI anya bhASA se unakI dRSTi meM ucca athavA heya nahIM thii| na unheM saMskRta se dveSa thA, na mAgadhI se moha / ve kevala jIvita bhASA meM upadeza denA cAhate the, jisase loga unheM AsAnI se samajha skeN| mAgadhI kA aisA hI mAdhyama unheM anAyAsa mila gayA, jise unhoMne prayukta kiyaa| (4) janapada-niruktiyoM arthAta bhASA ke sthAnIya prayogoM meM tathAgata ko abhiniveza nahIM thaa| kisI eka bhASAprayoga meM unakA Agraha nahIM thaa| unhoMne svayaM kahA hai ki eka hI vastu 'pAtra' ke 1, inDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI, 1, 1925, pRSTha 501; buddhisTika sTaDIz2a pRSTha 730 2. aisAhI aMguttara-nikAya ke tika nipAta meM kahA gayA hai| dekhiye vinTaranijaH inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 63-64; milinda-prazna (bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kA anuvAda) pRSTha 231 3. kintisutta (mjjhim.3|1|3)

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( 26 ) liye kisI janapada meM 'pAti', kisI meM 'patta' kisI meM vittha' kisI meM 'sarAva.' kisI meM 'dhAropa' kisI meM 'poNa' kisI meM 'pisIla' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai, to bhikSuoM ko kisI eka zabda ko hI lekara yaha samajha kara nahIM baiTha rahanA cAhiye ki yahI prayoga ThIka hai aura saba galata / balki unheM to apane bhI janapada ke prayoga ke prati mamatA na rakha kara jahA~ jaisA prayoga calatA ho, vahA~ usI ke anusAra varatanA cAhiye ' / ataH magadha- janapada ke prayoga ke prati bhI tathAgata kA abhiniveza yA pakSapAta - vyavahAra kaise ho sakatA thA ? ataH gAyagara kA artha grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA / 1 jaisA hama Upara kaha cuke haiM, gAyagara kI 'sakAya niruttiyA kI vyAkhyA ke sAtha asahamata hote hue bhI pAli bhASA ke mAgadhI AdhAra ko hama asvIkAra nahIM kara skte| aba taka hamane isa viSaya sambandhI jo vivecana kiyA hai vaha hameM imI niSkarSa kI ora pahu~cane ke liye vAdhya karatA hai ki pAli bhASA kA vikAsa madhyamaMDala meM bole jAne vAlI usa antaprAntIya sabhya bhASA se huA jisameM bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadeza diye the aura jisakI saMjJA bauddha anuzruti ke anusAra 'mAgadhI' hai / isI 'mAgadhI' ke vikasita, vikRta yA adhika ThIka kaheM to vibhinna janapadIya svarUpa hameM azoka ke abhilekhoM kI 'mAgadhI' meM milate haiM / nizcaya hI isa azoka-kAlIna magadha-bhASA kI usase tIna sau cAra sau varSa pUrva bole jAne vAlI magadha-bhASA se, jo tripiTaka meM surakSita hai, vibhinnatAe~ bhI haiN| ina vibhinnatAoM ke AdhAra para hI olDanavarga Adi vidvAnoM ne yaha niSkarSa nikAla DAlA thA ki pAli mAgadhI nahIM hai / pAli ko mAgadhI na mAnane se unakA tAtparya, jaisA DA I0 je0 thaoNmasa ne dikhAyA hai, sirpha yahI thA ki pAli azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA nahIM hai|` kintu yahA~ para yaha nahIM socA gayA ki jo kucha bhI vibhinnatAe~ tripiTaka kI bhASA aura azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA meM haiM, ve saba eka annaprAntIya rAjabhASA ke prAntIya prayogoM ke AdhAra para samajhI jA sakatI haiN| azoka kA uddezya apane vizAla sAmrAjya ke vibhinna janapadoM kI sAmAnya janatA taka apane sandeza ko pahu~cAnA thaa| janapada-niruktiyoM kA abhiniveza usake hRdaya meM 1. dekhiye araNavibhaMga sutta ( majjhima. 3 | 4 |9 ) 2. buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 234 (DA0 I0 je0 thAmasa kA " buddhisTa ejUkezana ina pAli eMDa saMskRta skUlsa "zIrSaka nibandha)

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( 27 ) thA nahIM / usane jaisA prayoga jisa janapada meM calatA dekhA, vaisA hI zilAlekhoM meM aMkita karavA diyaa| isI kAraNa unameM uccAraNa Adi kI alpa vibhinnatAe~ milatI haiM / eka hI lekha ke pUrva ( jaugar3ha ) pazcima ( giranAra ) aura uttara ( manase hara ) ina tIna saMskaraNoM kA milAna karane se yaha bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai / sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama yahA~ ina tInoM abhilekhoM ko uddhRta to nahIM kara sakate, ' kintu unake AdhAra para vibhinna bhASA-svarUpoM kA adhyayana karanA Avazyaka hai| unake bhASA-svarUpoM meM mukhya vibhinnatAe~ isa prakAra haiM / (1) pazcima ( giranAra) ke zilAlekha meM 'r' kA 'lU' meM parivartana nahIM hotA / udAharaNataH 'rAjA', 'rAjJA', 'purA', 'ArabhitvA' jaise prayoga vahA~ dRSTigocara hote haiM / uttara ke zilAlekha (manasehara) meM bhI 'r' kA 'l' meM parivartana nahIM hotA, kintu vahA~ prAdezika uccAraNa-bheda avazya dRSTigocara hotA hai / 'rAjA', kI jagaha vahA~ 'raja', 'rAjJA' kI jagaha 'rAjine', 'purA' kI jagaha 'pura' aura 'ArabhitvA' kI jagaha 'Arabhitu' milate haiM / pUrva ke zilAlekha (jaugar3ha) meM 'r' kA 'lU' meM parivartana ho jAtA hai / vahA~ 'rAjA' kI jagaha 'lAjA' hai, 'rAjJA' kI jagaha 'lAjinA' hai, 'purA' kI jagaha 'puluvaM' hai aura 'ArabhitvA' kI jagaha 'Alabhitu' hai / ( 2 ) pazcima ke lekha meM ( sAmAnyataH pAli ke samAna) kevala dantya 'm' kA hI prayoga hai / tAlavya 'za' aura mUrddhanya 'Sa' vahA~ nahIM milte| inakI jagaha bhI dantya 's' kA hI prayoga milatA hai / 'priyadasi' isakA udAharaNa hai / pUrva ke lekha kI bhI yahI pravRtti hai / kintu uttara ke lekha kI Azcaryajanaka pravRtti 'z' aura 'Sa' donoM ko rakhane kI hai / vahA~ 'priyadasi' ' (pazcima) yA 'piyadasi' ( pUrva ) kI jagaha 'priyadarza' hai / isI prakAra 'priyadasinA' yA 'piyadasinA' kI jagaha 'priyadagina' hai| 'prANasatasahasrAni (pazcima) yA 'pAnamata sahasAni ' ( pUrva ) kI jagaha 'prANazatasahasrAni' hai / 'Arabhare (pazcima) yA 'AlabhiyisU' kI jagaha Azcaryajanaka rUpa se 'arabhiSaMti' hai ! ( 3 ) pulliGga akArAnta zabda ke prathamA eka-vacana kA rUpa pazcima ke abhilekha meM okArAnta hai, jaise 'eko mago' / kintu pUrva aura uttara ke abhilekhoM meM vaha ekArAnta ho gayA hai, jaise 'eka mige' (pUrva), 'eke grige' (uttara) / (4) pUrva ke abhilekha meM vyaMjana rephayukta hone para repha kI dhvani lupta hokara vyaMjana meM hI mila gaI 1. jisake liye dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapaH pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha tetIsa - cauMtIsa ( vastukathA)

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( 28 ) hai, jaise priyadarzI se 'piyadasi'; prANAH se 'paanaani'| kintu pazcima aura uttara ke abhilekhoM meM yaha parivartana nahIM huA hai| vahA~ 'priyadasi', 'prANA' (pazcima) evaM 'priyazi' 'praNani' (uttara) zabdoM meM rephadhvani surakSita hai| (5) 'R' ke parivartana meM bhI asamAnatA hai| mRga se 'mago' pazcima meM hai, 'mige' pUrva meM hai, 'nige' uttara meM hai| (6) pazcima kA zilAlekha saMskRta ke adhikatama samIpa hai| milAiye, purA mahAnasamhi devAnaM priyasa priyadasino rAo anudivasaM bahuni prANasatasahasrAni Arabhisa sUpAthAya (pazcima); puluvaM mahAnasasi devAnaM piyasa piyadasine lAjine anudivasaM bahuni pAnasatasahasAni Alabhiyisu supaThAye (pUrva); pura mahanasasi devanaM priyasa priyadarzisa rAjine anudivasaM bahuni prANazata-sahasrAni Arabhisa supathaye (uttr)| ina vibhinnatAoM ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve maulika na hokara eka hI sAmAnya bhASA ke prAntIya yA janapadIya rUpa haiM, jo uccAraNa-bheda se utpanna ho gaye haiN| mUla to una saba kA eka hI hai-- magadha kI rAja-bhASA-mAgadhI,jisameM 400 varSa pahale bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadeza diye the aura jo Aja taka apane usI prAmANika kintu mizrita rUpa meM pAli tripiTaka meM surakSita hai| pAli aura vaidika bhASA Upara azoka kI dharmalipiyoM meM pAI jAne vAlI pAli kI vibhinnatAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| vAstava meM ye vibhinnatAeM pAli kI janma-jAta haiN| ye use vaidika bhASA se uttarAdhikAra-svarUpa milI haiN| pAli kA vaidika bhASA se aitihAsika dRSTi se kyA sambandha hai, isakA hama pahale vivecana kara cuke haiN| yahA~ hama ina bhASAoM ke svarUpa kI dRSTi se hI vicAra kreNge| Rgveda kI racanA aneka yagoM meM aneka RSiyoM dvArA kI gii| ataH usameM aneka prAdezika boliyoM kA saMmizraNa milatA hai| brAhmaNa-granthoM aura sUtra-granthoM meM isI bhASA ke vikasita 1. azoka ke pUrvI, pazcimI aura uttarI abhilekhoM ke hI bhASA-tatva pAli meM milate haiN| jinhoMne pUrvI tattvoM para jora diyA hai unhoMne pAli ko mAgadhI yA arddha-mAgadhI para AdhArita mAnA hai, jinhoMne pazcimI tattvoM para jora diyA hai, unhoMne usameM zaurasenI ke tattva DhUMr3he hai aura jinhoMne uttarI tatvoM ko pradhAnatA dI hai, unhoMne usameM paizAcI tattva DhUMr3he haiN|

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( 29 ) svarUpa ke darzana hote haiM / bAda meM pANini ne isI bhASA kI bhinnarUpatA ko susambaddha kara use sAhityika rUpa pradAna kiyaa| yahI saMskRta' arthAt saMskAra kI huI bhASA khlaaii| brAhmaNa-granthoM aura yAska yA pANini ke kAla ke bIca meM isa bhASA kA vyavasthApana-kArya huaa| prAcIna veda kI bhASA ke sAtha isakA vibheda dikhAne ke liye isake liye 'saMskRta' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ki veda kI bhASA kA upayukta nAma 'chandas' hai| veda kI bhASA jisa samaya yAska aura pANini ke samaya meM aura usake kucha pahale se susambaddha hokara 'saMskRta' ke rUpa meM AryoM ke vijJAna aura dharma kI bhASA bana rahI thI, usI samaya AryoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA bhI vikasita hokara nayA svarUpa prApta kara rahI thii| magadha yA kozala ke prAntoM meM usane jo svarUpa prApta kiyA, usI ke darzana hameM Aja 'pAli' ke rUpa meM hote haiN| magadha-sAmrAjya ke vikAsa ke sAtha isI bolI ne eka vyApaka rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki eka hI vaidika bhASA ke AdhAra para, eka hI madhyakAlIna AryabhASA-yuga meM, saMskRta aura pAli kA vikAsa bhinna bhinna DhaMgoM se huaa| vaidika bhASA ke eka hI zabdoM ke kramazaH pAli aura saMskRta meM vikasita svarUpoM ko milAna kara dekhane se yaha aitihAsika tathya acchI taraha se samajhA jA sakatA hai| vaidika bhASA kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA usakI anekarUpatA hai| svabhAvataH isa anekarUpatA kA uttarAdhikAra saMskRta kI apekSA pAli ko hI adhika milA hai| isa tathya kA vizeSa vivaraNa hama Age pAli ke zabda-zodhana aura vAkyavicAra kA vivecana karate samaya kreNge| yahA~ kucha udAharaNa hI paryApta hoNge| akArAnta zabdoM ke tRtIyA bahuvacana meM vaidika bhASA meM 'devebhiH' 'karNebhiH' jaise rUpa milate haiN| saMskRta ne ina rUpoM ko chor3a diyA hai| kintu pAli meM ye 'devebhi' 'devehi' 'kaNNebhi' 'kaNNehi' Adi ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| vaidika bhASA meM 'vizvan' 'cyavan' jaise napuMsaka liMga zabdoM ke prathamA aura sambodhana ke bahuvacana ke rUpa 'vizvA' 'cyavanA' jaise AkArAnta hote haiN| pAli meM yaha pravRtti 'cittA' 'rUpA' jaise prayogoM meM dikhAI par3atI hai, kintu saMskRta meM nahIM pAI jaatii| uttama puruSa bahuvacana kA vaidika pratyaya 'masi' pAli meM 'mase' (vayamettha yamAmase) ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| isI prakAra prathama puruSa bahuvacana meM vaidika bhASA meM 're' pratyaya lagatA hai / saMskRta meM yaha nahIM pAyA jaataa| kintu pAli meM yaha 'paccare' 'bhAsare' jaise prayogoM meM surakSita hai / veda meM nimittArthaka 'tave' pratyaya kA bahuta prayoga hotA hai|

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( 30 ) pAli meM bhI 'kAtave' 'gantave' jaise rUpoM meM yaha surakSita hai| saMskRta ne isa prayoga ko chor3a diyA hai| isI prakAra anya aneka zabdoM meM hama yaha pravRtti dekhate haiM / saMskRta 'Amra' zabda kA vaidika rUpa 'Am' hai / pAli meM yaha 'amba' hai / pAli ne 'b' ko rakha liyA hai / " vaidika akArAnta pulliGga zabdoM ke prathamA bahuvacana ke rUpa meM 'asuka' pratyaya laga kara 'devAsa:' jaisA rUpa banatA thA / pAli meM bhI yaha 'devAse' 'dhammAse' 'buddhAse' jaise rUpoM meM surakSita hai| saMskRta ne ina rUpoM ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai / pAli aura saMskRta pAli aura saMskRta ke aitihAsika sambandha kA vivecana hama pahale kara cuke hai / donoM hI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe~ haiN| donoM hI samAna srota vaidika bhASA se udbhUta huI haiM / kintu jaisA kabIra ne pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM lokabhASA hindI kA saMskRta se milAna karate hue saMskRta ko 'kUpajala' kaha kara (hindI) 'bhASA' ko 'bahatA nIra kahA thA, vahI bAta hama pAli ke viSaya meM bhI kaha sakate haiM / pAli vaha bahatA huA nIra thA jo vaidika kAla se lekara apratihata rUpa se madhya-maMDala meM pravAhita hotA huA calA A rahA thaa| isake viparIta saMskRta vaha baddha mahAsarovara thA, jisameM samasta Arya jJAna-vijJAna anumApita kara diyA gayA thaa| eka kI gati avaruddha thI, dUsare meM Avarta -vivartoM kI lahareM satata calatI rahIM / pariNAmataH prAkRtoM kI sImA pAra kara, apabhraMga ke nAnA vivarta dhAraNa kara, vaha Aja hamArI aneka prAntIya boliyoM ke rUpa meM samAviSTa ho gaI hai / saMskRta 'purANa yuvatI' hai| purAnI hote hue bhI vaha sadA apane maulika abhirAma rUpa ko dhAraNa karatI hai| usake jarA-maraNa nhiiN| isake viparIta pAli ke kumArI, yuvatI, vRddhA svarupa hameM dRSTigocara hote haiM / anta meM vaha apanI santAnoM ke rUpa meM apane ko kho bhI cukI hai| pAli tripiTaka meM usake bAlya aura tAruNya kA sAmAnyataH digdarzana hotA hai, anupAli-sAhitya meM sAmAnyataH usake vRddhatva kaa| usake ye vibhinna bhAva eka hI vyaktitva ke vikAra haiM, jo usane kAla aura sthAna ke bheda se grahaNa kiye haiN| jina bhASA tatva -vidoM ne usake isa rahasya 1. dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIz2a, pRSTha 655-56 ( bhikSu siddhArtha kA pAlibhASA sambandhI nibandha)

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ko nahIM samajhA hai, unhoMne usake Adi nivAsa-sthAna aura svarUpa Adi ke viSaya meM aneka ekAMgadI mata prakaTa kie hai, yaha hama pahale dekha hI cuke haiN| udgama kI dRSTi se pAli aura saMskRta sahodarA hai| jaise do sagI bahanoM meM eka kA rUpa kucha adhika nikharA ho, donoM ke svara-tantriyoM aura zabdoM ke samAna hote hue bhI eka kucha adhika pariSkAra ke sAtha bole, yahI hAlata pAli aura saMskRta kI hai| dhvani-samUha meM to kucha alpa vibhinnatAe~ hai bhI, kintu rUpa-vidhAna meM to utanI bhI nahIM haiN| donoM ke dhvani, rUpa aura artha kA vistRta tulanAtmaka meM adhyayana karate samaya yaha hama abhI dekheNge| pahale vikAsa-krama ko pUrA karate hue pAli-bhASA kA sambandha prAkRta bhASAoM ke sAtha dekheN| pAli aura prAkRta bhASAe~: vizeSataH arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura paizAcI prAkRtoM kA vikAsa (1-500 I0) pAli ke bAda kA hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pAli prAkRta kI prathama avasthA kA hI nAma hai| hama pahale kaha cuke ki azoka ke samaya meM pAli yA tatkAlIna loka-sAmAnya bhASA ke kama se kama tIna svarUpa pracalita the| pUrvI, pazcimI aura pshcimottrii| inhIM boliyoM kA vikAsavAda meM prAkRtoM ke rUpa meM huaa| mAgadhI aura arddhamAgadhI azokakAlIna pUrvI bolIke, gauramenI pazcimI bolI ke aura paizAcI pazcimottarI bolI ke vikasita rUpa haiM,aisA hama kaha sakate haiN| pahale ye boliyA~ mAtra thIM,kintu sAhitya meM prayukta hone para isakA svarUpa avaruddha hogyaa| bharata muni ne sAta prAkRta bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, (1) mAgadhI prAkRta, (2) avantI prAkRta, (3) prAcyA, (4) zaurasenI, (5) arddhamAgadhI, (6) vAlhIka aura (7) dAkSiNAtya' / vAda meM vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ne inameM paizAcI aura lATI ko aura jor3a diyA hai| sAhitya kI da pTi se prAkRtoM meM cAra mukhya hai, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI. zaurasenI aura mhaaraassttrii| prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne mahArASTrI ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vistRta vivecana karane ke bAda unhoMne anya prAkRtoM kI kevala kucha vizeSatAoM kA digdarzana kara 'zepa mahArASTrIvat' kahakara chor3a diyA hai| - - - - - 1. mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA zUrasenyarddhamAgadhI / vAhnIkA vANiNAtyAzca sapta bhASAH prkiirtitaaH|| 2. mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAMH prakRSTaM viduH / daNDI

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( 32 ) bhASA-tatva kI dRSTi se pAli auraprAkRtoM meM aneka samAnatAeM haiM / uparyukta vikAsa-vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki mAgadhI, arddha-mAgadhI, zaurasenI aura paizAcI prAkRta hI pAli ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM adhika dhyAna dena e yogya haiM / pahale hama sAmAnyataH pAli meM pAye jAne vAle prAkRta-tatvoM kA nirdeSa kareMge aura phira mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI ora paizAcI ke sAtha usakA saMkSipta tulanAtmaka adhyayana kareMge / pAli aura prAkRta bhASAoM kA dhvani - samUha prAyaH eka sA hI hai / R, R, lR, ai aura au kA prayoga pAli aura prAkRtoM meM samAna rUpa se hI nahIM pAyA jAtA / kevala apabhraMza meM R dhvani avazya milatI hai / pAli aura prAkRtoM meM RR dhvani a, i, u, svaroM meM se kisI eka meM parivartita ho jAtI hai / hrasva e aura hrasva okA prayoga pAli aura prAkRta donoM meM hI milatA hai / visarga kA prayoga pAli aura prAkRta donoM meM hI nahIM milatA / z, S kI jagaha mAgadhI ko chor3a kara aura saba prAkRtoM aura pAli meM 's' hI ho jAtA hai / mUrddhanya dhvani 'La' pAli aura prAkRta donoM meM hI pAI jAtI hai / vizeSa rUpa se prAkRta-tattva pAli meM vyaMjana- parivartanoM meM hI pAye jAte haiM / ye parivartana isa prakAra haiM (1) zabda ke antaH sthita aghoSa sparza kI jagaha ya yA v kA Agamana (2) zabda ke antaHsthita ghoSa mahAprANa kI jagaha ha ho jAnA (2) zabda ke antaHsthita aghoSa sparzo kA ghoSa ho jAnA / ( 4 ) mahAprANatva (ha-kAra) kA Akasmika Agamana yA lopa ( 5 ) Akasmika varNa - vyatyaya / ye parivartana pAli meM aniyamataH kahIM-kahIM aura prAyaH anya saba prAkRtoM meM niyamataH pAye jAte haiM | Age pAli ke dhvani-samUha ke vivecana meM inakA sodAharaNa vivaraNa diyA jAyagA / vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki jina dhvani- parivartanoM kA pAli meM sUtrapAta hI huA hai, unhIM kA vikAsa hameM prAkRtoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai / yahI ina samAnatAoM kA kAraNa hai / isakA kucha vistAra se vivecana hama Age pAli ke 'vyaMjana-parivartana' para vicAra karate samaya kareMge / yahA~ itanA hI kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki pAli ke jisa rUpa ke sAtha prAkRta kI samAnatA hai athavA usake jisa rUpa meM prAkRta-tattva milate haiM, vaha pAli kA prAcIna rUpa na hokara usakA vikasita rUpa hai / isIliye pAli-bhASA ke vikAsa meM bhI hama tAratamya dekhate haiM, jisakA varNana hama abhI Age kareMge /

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mAgadhI aura pAli ke sambandha kA vivecana hama pahale kara cuke ha / addhamAgadhI ke sambandha meM bhI kucha kaha cuke haiM / yahA~ kevala itanA hI kahanA hai ki jisa rUpa meM arddhamAgadhI ke svarUpa kA sAkSya hameM jaina AgamoM meM milatA hai, usakI dhvani aura rUpa kI dRSTi se pAli se samAnatAe~ to haiM kintu ardhamAgadhI ko pAli kA udgama yA AdhAra svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| pratyuta usakA vikAsa pAli ke bahuta bAda huA hai / pAli aura arddhamAgadhI kI kucha samAnatAe~ isa prakAra haiM--(1) saMskRta 'as' aura 'ar' ke sthAna meM 'e' ho jaanaa| pAli ke pure (puraH); suve (zvaH); bhikkhave (bhikSavaH); purisakAre (puruSakAraH); dukkhe (duHkhaM) jaise zabdoM meM yaha arddhamAgadhIpana kI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| (2) saMskRta 'tad' ke sthAna para 'se' ho jaanaa| yaha pravRtti 'seyyathA' (tadyathA) jaise pAli ke prayogoM meM rUr3ha ho gaI hai| (3) isI prakAra saMskRta yad ke sthAna para 'ye' ho jAnA (4) ra kA la ho jAnA arddhamAgadhI kI eka bar3I vizeSatA hai| pAli meM bhI yaha kahI-kahIM dRSTigocara hotI hai, niyamAnusAra nahIM (5) svaroM aura anunAsika svaroM ke bAda Ane para 'eva' kA arddhamAgadhI meM 'yeva' ho jAtA hai| pAli meM bhI yaha pravRtti kahIM kahIM dRSTigocara hotI hai| (6) kahIM kahIM varNa-parivartana kA vidhAna bhI pAli meM arddha-mAgadhI ke samAna hI hai| udAharaNataH saMskRta' pAli arddhamAgadhI sAkSaM (A~khoM ke sAmane) sakkhi (sakkhiM bhI) sakkhaM tsaru (mUMTha, talavAra) tharu tharu (charu bhI) veNu (bA~sa) veLu veLu lAMgala (hala) naMgaLa naMgaLa lUDarsa ne, arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna svarUpa ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnA hai, ataH unhoMne uparyukta samAnatAoM para adhika jora diyA hai / kintu ina samAnatAoM kI eka maryAdA hai| kevala kucha chuTapuTe udAharaNoM ko chor3a pAli meM ye pravRttiyA~ niyamita dRSTigocara nahIM hotiiN| udAharaNataH, saM0 as kI jagaha 'e' ho jAnA, 'ra' kI jagaha 'la' ho jAnA Adi pravRttiyAM jo arddhamAgadhI kI anivArya vizeSatAe~ haiM, pAli meM kahIM kahIM hI pAI jAtI haiN| zaurasenI prAkRta zUrasena arthAt braja-maMDala yA madhya-maMDala kI bhASA thii| yaha prAkRta saMskRta ke adhikatama samIpa hai| uttarakAlIna pAli meM bhI yahI pravRtti

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( 34 ) dikhAI detI hai| pAli bhI madhya-maMDala kI hI loka-bhASA rahI thii| ataH usakA prabhAva zaurasenI para Avazyaka rUpa se par3A hai| jina vidvAnoM ne pAli kA AdhAra koI pUrvI bolI (mAgadhI yA arddha-mAgadhI) na mAna kara kisI pacchimI bolI ko mAnA hai, unhoMne zaurasenI prAkRta ke sAtha usakI sarvAdhika samAnatAe~ dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| kucha samAnatAeM isa prakAra hai| (1) zaurasenI ke prAcIna rUpa meM zabda ke madhya meM sthita vyaMjana kA lopa nahIM hotA aura aghopa sparzoM kA ghoSa sparzoM meM parivartana bhI bahuta kama dikhAI par3atA hai; (2) zabda ke madhyasthita 'n' meM bhI sAdhAraNataH parivartana nahIM hotA; (3) zabda ke Adi meM sthita 'ya kI jagaha 'j' nahIM hotA, jaisA uttarakAlIna prAkRtoM meM ho jAtA hai; (4) 'dAni aura 'idAni' zabda donoM meM hI samAna rUpa se prayukta hote haiM; (5) isI prakAra 'pekkha' 'gammissiti 'sakkiti' jaise rUpoM meM bhI samAnatA hai| ina samAnatAoM ke viSaya meM hameM yahI kahanA hai ki inameM se bahuta sI kevala pAli aura zaurasenI meM hI nahIM milatI, balki anya prAkRtoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| ___isI prakAra pAli aura paizAcI prAkRta ke sambandha kA savAla hai| ina dono bhASAoM kI mukhya samAnatAeM isa prakAra haiM--(1) ghoSa sparzI (ga, d, b,)ke sthAna para aghoSa sparza (ka, t, p) ho jAnA; (2) zabda ke madhya meM sthita vyaMjana kA surakSita rahanA; (6) 'bhAriya' 'minAna 'kasaTa' jaise zabdoM meM saMyukta varNoM kA vizleSaNa (yukta-vikarSa) pAyA jAnA; (8)jJa, Ny, aura nya kA 'na' meM parivartana hotA; (5) ya kA j meM parivartana na ho kara surakSita rahanA; (6) akArAnta pulliGga zabdoM ke prathamA ekavacana meM okArAnta ho jAnA; (7) dhAtu-rUpI meM samAnatAe~; (8) ra kAla meM parivartana na hokara surakSita rhnaa| pAli kI ye samAnatAe~ bhI kevala paizAcI prAkRta ke sAtha hI nahIM hai| anya prAkRtoM meM bhI ye pAI jAtI haiN| udAharaNataH Ja, Nya aura ny kI jagaha ' mAgadhI aura anya aneka prAkRtoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra ya kA j meM parivartita na hokara 'ya' hI bane rahanA mAgadhI tathA anya prAkRtoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra akArAnta zabdoM kA okArAnta ho jAnA kevala paizAcI prAkRta meM hI nahIM, kintu sabhI pacchimI boliyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai aura saMskRta ke mithyA-sAdRzya ke AdhAra para udbhUta hai| isI prakAra pAli kA dhAtu-rUpa-vidhAna na kevala paizAcI se hI apitu mAmAnyataH sabhI pacchimI boliyoM se mamAnatA rakhatA hai| yahI hAla 'ra' ke pAli meM parivartita na hone kA hai| pazcimI voliyoM meM bhI aimA hI pAyA jAtA hai| paizAcI

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( 35 ) prAkRta ke saba rUpoM meM 'ra' surakSita hI milatA ho, aisI bhI bAta nahIM hai / zabda ke madhya meM sthita vyaMjana kA surakSita bane rahanA prAcInatA kA lakSaNa avazya hai, kintu paizAcI ke sAtha pAli ke ghaniSTha sambandha kA dyotaka nhiiN| ghoSa sparzoM ke sthAna para aghoSa sparza ho jAnA pAli meM yatra-tatra hI aniyamita rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai aura paizAcI meM bhI yaha niyama anivArya nahIM hai| ataH paizAcI prAkRta ke sAmya ke AdhAra para hama pAli ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM koI nizcita siddhAnta sthApita nahIM kara skte| uparyukta adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki kisI eka prAkRta yA usake prAcIna svarUpa se pAli ko sambaddha kara denA kitanA ekAMgI aura bhrAmaka siddhAnta hai| vAstava meM tathya yahI hai ki pAli eka mizrita, sAhityika bhASA hai jisameM aneka boliyoM ke saMmizraNa ke cinha milate haiN| usake dhvani-samUha kA vistRta vivaraNa, prAkRtoM ke sAtha usake sambandha ko, jise hamane abhI taka atyanta saMkSipta rUpa se hI nirdiSTa kiyA hai, adhika spaSTatA se vyakta kregaa| pAli ke dhvani-samUha kA paricaya __pAli ke dhvani-samUha ko samajhane ke liye pahale vaidika aura saMskRta bhASA ke dhvani-samUha ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| vaidika dhvani-samUha meM 52 dhvaniyA~ thIM, jinameM 13 svara the aura 39 vyaMjana / inakA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra haisvara-- (1) nau mUla svara : a, A, i, I, u, U, , R, R la, (2) cAra saMyukta svara : e, ai, o, au vyaMjana(1) sattAIsa sparza vyaMjana - kaMThya k, kh, ga, gha, G tAlavya ca, cha, ja, jha, Ja mUrdhanya --T, , , , Na, la, lha dantya -t, th, d, , n opThya -p, pha, ba, bh, m (2) cAra antaHstha -~~y, ra, la, v (3) tIna Upma -- z S s (5) anunAsika -- (anusvAra)

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(6) tIna aghoSa USma visarjanIya yA visarga : jihvAmUlIya' upadhmAnIya2 vaidika dhvani-samUha hI prAyaH saMskRta meM upalabdha hotA hai| kucha vizeSa parivartana isa prakAra haiM--(1)la, lha, jihvAmUlIya tathA upadhmAnIya dhvaniyoM kA prayoga saMskRta meM nahIM milatA (2) kucha svaroM aura vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNoM meM bhI parivartana huA hai| isa pRSThabhUmi ko dhyAna meM rakha kara aba hama pAli ke dhvanisamUha para vicAra kreN| pAli kA dhvani-samUha isa prakAra hai-- svara a, A, i, I, u, U, hrasva e, e, hrasva o, o vyaMjana kaMThya -- k kh g gh Ga.. tAlavya -- ca, cha, ja, jha, Ja mUrddhanya -- Ta, Tha, D, da, Na, la, lha dantya -- t, th, d, dha, n oSThya -- pa, pha, ba, bha, m antaHstha -- ya, ra, la, v USma -- s prANadhvani - ha. saMskRta se milAna karane para uparyukta pAli dhvani-samUha meM ye vizeSatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM--(1)R,R,la, ai,au svaroM kA prayoga pAli bhASA meM nahIM milatA (2)pAli meM do naye svara hrasva e aura hrasva o milate haiM, (3) visarga pAli meM nahIM milatA (4) z, S pAli meM nahIM milate, (5) la, lha, vyaMjanoM kA prayoga pAli meM saMskRta se adhika hotA hai| do svaroM ke bIca meM Ane vAle Da kA 1. k se pahale Ane vAlA visrg| 'tataH ki' meM visarga kI dhvani isakA udAharaNa hai| 2. 'e' se pahale Ane vAlA visrg| 'punaH punaH' meM prathama visarga kI dhvani isakA udAharaNa hai| 10/

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( 37 ) sthAna yahA~ 'L' ne le liyA hai, isI prakAra 'da' kA sthAna 'lha'ne / mithyA-sAdRzya ke kAraNa 'La' kA prayoga 'la' ke sthAna para bhI dekhA jAtA hai| (6)svataMtra sthiti meM 'ha' prANadhvani vyaMjana hai, kintu ya, ra, la, v yA anunAsika se saMyukta hone para isakA uccAraNa eka vizeSa prakAra se hotA hai, jise pAli vaiyyAkaraNoM ne 'orama' yA 'hRdaya se utpanna' kahA hai| isa saMkSipta nirdeza ke bAda aba una dhvaniparivartanoM kA ullekha karanA Avazyaka hogA, jo saMskRta kI tulanA meM pAli meM hote haiN| pahale hama svara-parivartanoM ko leMge,bAda meM vyaMjana-sambandhI parivartanoM ko| svara-parivartanoM meM bhI kramazaH hrasva svara, dIrgha svara, saMyukta svara, visarga Adi kA vivecana kiyA jaaygaa| isI prakAra vyaMjana-sambandhI parivartanoM meM asaMyukta aura saMyukta vyaMjanoM kI dRSTi se zabda meM unakI sthiti ke anusAra vivecana kareMge, yathA Adi-vyaMjana, madhya-vyaMjana, antya-vyaMjana, aadi| isake sAtha hI svara aura vyaMjana-sambandhI kucha vizeSa dhvani-parivartanoM kA digdarzana karanA bhI Avazyaka hogaa| svara-parivartana hrasva svara (a i, u, e, o) 1. sAdhAraNatayA saMskRta hrasva svara a, i, u, pAli (evaM prAkRtoM) meM surakSita rahate haiN| udAharaNa saMskRta vadhUH (prAkRta vahU) agni aggi prAkRta meM pAli ke artha aTTha samAna hI rUpa priya piya rUkSa rukkho ) mukham mukhaM (prAkRta muhaM) 2 yadi saMskRta meM asaMyukta vyaMjana se pahale hotA hai, to pAli meM usakA kahIM kahIM e (hasva e) ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa saMskRta pAli phalga (sArahIna) phegga

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zayyA viSNu ( 38 ) seyyA (prAkRta sejjA) 3. ikArAnta aura ukArAnta pAli zabdoM ke rUpoM meM vibhaktayanta ikAra aura ukAra kA dIrgha hokara kramazaH IkAra aura UkAra ho jAtA hai, yathA Ihi, Uhi, Isu, Usu / isa prakAra 'aggi' (agni) aura 'bhikkhu' (bhikSu) zabdoM ke rUpoM meM kramazaH aggIhi, bhikkhUhi (tRtIyA bahuvacana) evaM aggIsu, bhikkhUsu (saptamI bahuvacana) rUpa hote haiN| (4) yadi saMskRta meM i aura u saMyukta vyaMjana se pahale hote haiM, to pAli meM ve kramazaH e aura o (hrasva e aura hrasva o) ho jAte haiM / udAharaNasaMskRta pAli veNhu (kahIM kahIM viNhu bhI) niSka nekkha uSTra oTTha ulkAmukha okkAmukha puSkara pokkhara (5) saMskRta meM jahA~ saMyukta vyaMjana se pahale dIrgha svara hAte haiM, vahA~ pAli meM unakA rUpa hrasva ho jAtA hai, yaha pAli bhASA kA eka prasiddha niyama hai, jisakA vivecana hama dIrgha svaroM ke parivartana kA vivaraNa dete samaya Age kreNge| yahA~ yaha kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki isa niyama ke kAraNa saMskRta ke e, ai tathA o, au jaba saMyukta vyaMjanoM se pahale Ate haiM to pAli meM unake rUpa kramazaH hrasva e tathA hrasva o ho jAte haiN| udAharaNa: . zleSman caitya cetiya oSTha maurya moriya .. (6) jaba uparyukta svara saMyukta vyaMjanoM se pahale na Akara a-saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke bhI pahale Ate haiM to bhI unakA parivartana uparyukta hrasva svarUpoM meM hI ho jAtA hai, kintu unake Age Ane vAlA vyaMjana saMyukta ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa-- eka ekka evam evvaM semha oTTha

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( 39 ) Raura lU ke pAli pratirUpa (a) R kA parivartana pAli meM trividha hotA hai / kahIM a, kahIM i, kahIM u| mamIpI dhvaniyoM para yaha adhika nirbhara karatA hai ki kaba kyA parivartana ho| oSThya akSaroM ke bAda akmara u hotA hai| phira bhI prayogoM ke anusAra vividhatA pAI jAtI hai, jise niyamoM meM nahIM bA~dhA jA sktaa| R kA parivartana bahuta prAcIna hai / Rgveda meM bhI yaha pAyA jAtA hai / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki saMskRta 'avaTa' zabda pahale 'avRta' thaa| 'vikaTa' aura 'vikRna' zabda donoM mAtha mAdha Rgveda meM milate haiN| yAska bhI isa tathya se avagata haiN| unhoMne 'kuTasya' 'kRtasya' jaise samAnArthavAcI zabdoM ke udAharaNa diye haiN| uttarakAlIna yuga meM isa parivartana kI mukhyataH do pravRttiyA~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| prathama meM R kA parivartita svarUpa 'a' ho jAtA hai aura dUsarI meM 'i' yA 'u' / prathama pravRtti ke paricAyaka sAmAnyataH pAli, azoka ke giranAra-gilAlekha, mahAgaSTrI prAkRta evaM arddhamAgadhI prAkRta haiN| dUsarI pravRtti ke paricAyaka vizeSataH azoka ke pUrva aura uttara-pazcima ke gilAlekha evaM zaurasenI prAkRta haiN| udAharaNa (1) R kI jagaha 'a' ho jAtA hai saMskRta RkSa accha vRka vaka hRdaya hRdaya dalha (giranAra zilAlekha) maga (giranAra zilAlekha) (2) R kI jagaha 'I' ho jAtI hai-- kita (zaurasenI kiDa) (azoka pAli) mita (zaurasenI muda) (azoka-yAli) RkSa ikka RNa iNa vRzcika vicchika pAli

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40 ) (3) R kI jagaha 'u' ho jAtA hai Rju RSabha pRcchati uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki RRR ke pAli pratirUpoM meM anaka vibhinnatAe~ haiM / kahIM-kahIM eka hI zabda ke do parivartita svarUpa dRSTagocara hote haiM / jaise 'kRta' se 'kata' aura 'kita'; 'mRta' se 'mata' aura 'mita'; 'RkSa' se 'accha' aura 'ikka' / kahIM kahIM isa prakAra ke samAna prayogoM meM artha kI kucha bhinnatA bhI ho gaI hai, yathA 'vaDDhi' aura 'buddhi' donoM saM0 'vRddhi' ke hI parivartita svarUpa haiM, kintu prathama kA prayoga hotA hai unnati ke artha meM aura dUsare kA ugane ke artha meM / isI prakAra 'mRga' ke do parivartita rUpa 'maga' aura 'miga' haiM / 'maga' kA prayoga hotA hai sAmAnya pazu mAtra ke liye, kintu 'miga' kA kevala hirana ke liye / anya bhI aneka vicitratAe~ haiM / 'RNa ' kA pAli meM 'iNa' hotA hai, kintu 'sa RNa' ke liye 'sa + iNa' na ho kara 'sa + aNa' arthAt 'sANa' hotA hai / isI prakAra 'anaNa' hotA hai, 'aniNa' nhiiN| sambhavataH yaha parivartana svara - anurUpatA ke kAraNa hai / 'pitR ' aura 'mAtR' zabdoM ke parivartana eka jagaha to 'pitipakkhato' 'mAti-pakkhato' isa prakAra hote haiM, kintu dUsarI jagaha 'pitughAtaka' 'mAtughAtaka' isa prakAra hote haiM / 'pRthivI' zabda ke pAli pratirUpa to aura bhI adhika Azcaryamaya haiM -- pathavI, paThavI, pRthavI, puthvI, putthuvii| ye saba pAli ke bhinnatAmayI loka bhASA hone ke sAkSI haiM / (4) kahIM kahIM RR vyaMjana bhI ho jAtA hai- saMskRta bRhata vRkSa prAvRta apAvRta (A) 'lU' kA 'u' ho jAtA hai saMskRta klRpta klRpti uju yA ujju usabha pucchati pAli brUheti rukkha pAruta apAruta pAli kutta kutti

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khIraM ( 41 ) dIrgha svara (A, I, U) (1) pada ke anta meM yA maMyukta vyaMjana se pUrva kI sthiti ko chor3akara saMskRta dIrgha svara pAli meM prAyaH surakSita rahate haiN| udAharaNa saMskRta pAli kAla kAla prahINa pahINa kSIraM mUla yA mULa (2) pada ke anta meM jahA~ saMskRta meM dIrgha svara hote haiM, pAli meM ve hrasva kara diye jAte haiN| udAharaNa devAnAM gaNanAyAM gaNanAyaM nadI nadi (3) saMyukta vyaMjana se pUrva saMskRta meM dIrgha svara hone para pAli meM usakA pratirUpahrasva ho jAtA hai aura usake bAda bhI saMyukta vyaMjana rahatA hai| udAharaNa jIrNa jiNNa mArdavaM maddavaM tIrtha titthaM devAnaM (4) saMyukta vyaMjana se pUrva saMskRta meM dIrgha svara rahane para kabhI-kabhI pAli meM usakA pratirUpa bhI dIrgha hI banA rahatA hai aura isa dazA meM saMyukta vyaMjana amaMyukta ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa lAkSA lAkhA dIrgha dIgha e aura o rahane para saMyukta vyaMjana vikalpa se asaMyukta hotA hai, arthAt kahIMkahIM vaha asaMyukta hotA hai aura kahIM-kahIM nahIM bhii|

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( 42 ) udAharaNa apekSA apekhA, apekkhA bhI upekSA upekhA, upekkhA bhI vimokSa vimokha, vimokkha bhI uparyukta (3) aura (4) dhvani-parivartanoM ke AdhAra para prasiddha jarmana bhASAtattvavid DA0 gAyagara ne eka niyama khoja nikAlA hai| isa niyama kA nAma 'hrasva mAtrA-kAla kA niyama' (di laoN oNva morA) hai| isa niyama ke anusAra pAli meM pratyeka zabdAMza ke prArambha meM yA to (1) hasva svara ho makatA hai (eka hrasva mAtrA-kAla). yA (2) dIrgha svara ho sakatA hai (do hrasva mAtrA-kAla),yA (3) usake anta meM hrasva svara ho sakatA hai (do hrasva maatraa-kaal)| isa prakAra kimI bhI zabdAMza meM do se adhika hrasva mAtrA kAla nahIM ho sakate / dIrgha sAnunAsika svara pAli meM nahIM ho skte| isa niyama ke AdhAra para hI uparyukta (3)(4) dhvani-parivartanoM kI siddhi DA0 gAyagAra ne kI hai| isa niyama ke anusAra anya parivartanoM kA bhI unhoMne ullekha kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra haiM--- (1) jahA~ saMskRta meM saMyukta vyaMjana se pahale hrasva svara hotA hai, vahA~ pAli meM mAdhAraNa vyaMjana se pahale dIrgha svara ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa marpapa (sarasoM) mammapa ke bajAya mAsapa valka (chAla) vakka ke bajAya vAka niryAti (bAhara calA jAtA hai) nIyAti (2) jahA~ sAdhAraNa vyaMjana se pUrva saMskRta meM dIrgha svara hotA hai, vahA~ pAli meM saMyukta vyaMjana se pUrva hrasva svara hotA hai| udAharaNa AvRti abbati nIDa niDDa (neDDa bhI) udUkhala udukkhala kUvara kubbara (3) jahA~ uparyukta niyama (1) ke anusAra saMskRta meM saMyukta vyaMjana se pahale (hasva) svara hone para pAli meM usakA sAdhAraNa vyaMjana se pahale dIrgha svara ho

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jAtA hai, vahA~ isa niyama ke anusAra kahIM kahIM usake dIrgha svara ke sthAna para sAnunAsika hrasva svara bhI ho jAtA hai / isa niyama kA kAraNa yaha hai ki hamba sAnunAmika svara meM bhI dIrgha svara ke samAna do vasva mAtrA-kAla hote haiN| udAharaNa-- matkuNa mAkuNa ke bajAya maMkuNa zarvarI mAvarI (sabbarI) ke bajAya maMvarI zulka mUka (sukka) ke bajAya muMka (4) uparyukta niyama kA viparyaya bhI dekhA jAtA hai, arthAt saMskRta anunAmika hrasva svara kA parivartana pAli meM dIrgha svara bhI ho jAtA hai| siMha . viMzati vImati, vIsa sIha (5) kabhI-kabhI saMskRta meM saMyukta vyaMjana se pUrva Ane vAlA dIrgha svara pAli meM bhI banA rahatA hai| aisA adhikatara sandhiyoM meM hotA hai, jaise mAjja= mA+ajja; yathAjjjhAmayena = yathA+ajjjhAsayena, Adi / (6) pAli meM svara-bhakti kA prayoga pracuratA se milatA hai| isakA vivecana hama Age kreNge| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jaba svara-bhakti ke kAraNa maMyukta vyaMjana asaMyukta kiye jAte haiM, to saMyukta vyaMjana se pahale Ane vAlA dIrgha svara pAli meM hrasva kara diyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa sUrya prakIrya maurya suyya ke bajAya suriya pakiriya moriya caitya cetiya (7) vivRt svara I aura U pAli meM kramazaH e aura o ho jAte hai / udAharaNa - IdRz IdRkSA edisa (erima) edisaka edikkha (erikkha) IdRzA

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44 ) saMyukta svara ( e, ai, o, au ) aura unake pAli pratirUpa e aura o pAli meM hrasva aura dIrgha donoM hI haiM / hrasva e aura o kA vivecana hama pahale kara cuke haiM / dIrgha e aura o bhI pAli meM pAye jAte haiM / (1) pAli meM e aura o kA Agamana saMskRta saMyukta svaroM ai aura au se huA hai| airAvaNa maitrI vai aurasa paura erAvaNa mattA ve orasa pora (2) kabhI kabhI e, o, saMskRta meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM se pahale Ane para, pAli meM laghu hokara kramaza: i aura u raha jAte haiM / udAharaNa prativezyaka prasevaka aizvarya saindhava zroSyAmi autsukya kSaudra raudra paTivissaka pa sibbaka issariya sindhava sussaM ussuka khudda ludda visarga pAli meM Ate-Ate visarga kA lopa ho gayA hai| prAkRtoM meM bhI vaha nahIM miltaa| isakA parivartana prAyaH tIna prakAra se huA hai / (1) zabda ke madhyasthita visarga kA samAveza usake Age Ane vAle vyaMjana meM ho gayA, jaise 1. saM0 aya se pAli e; ava se o; Ava se o; ayi, Ayi, Avi se o; ina parivartanoM ke liye dekhiye Age akSara-saMkoca kA vivaraNa /

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duHkhaM dukkhaM dussaho kaH aggi duHsaha niHzoka nissoko (2) akArAnta zabdoM ke pare visarga kA o ho gyaa| devaH devo ko (3) ikArAnta tathA ukArAnta zabdoM ke pare visarga kA lopa ho gaya. . agniH dhenuH dhenu svara-anurUpatA arthAt eka svara kA dUsare samIpavartI svara ke anurUpa ho jAnA samIpavartI svaroM kA prabhAva pAli meM dUsare svaroM para bhI par3atA hai| isa prakAra pAli meM hama 'svara-anurUpatA' kA prArambha dekhate haiN| samIpavartI svaroM ke kAraNa svara-viparyaya ke kucha udAharaNa draSTavya hai-- (a) pUrvavartI svara kA paravartI svara ke anurUpa ho jAnA (1) saMskRta meM 'i' ke bAda jahA~ 'u'hotA hai, to pAli meM 'i' kI jagaha bhI 'u' ho jAtA haiiSu usa ikSa ucchu (arddhamAgadhI meM ikkhu) zizu susa sumugga (2) a ke bAda jahA~ saMskRta meM u hotA hai, to pAli meM a kI jagaha bhI u ho jAtA hai| samudga asUyA usUyA (amuyyA bhI) (3) a ke bAda jahA~ saMskRta meM i hotA hai, to pAli meM a kI jagaha bhI i ho jAtA hai| tamisrA timissA sarIsRpa siriMsapa

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(A) paravartI svara kA pUrvavartI svara ke anurUpa ho jaanaa| (1) u ke vAda jahA~ saMskRta meM a hotA hai to pAli meM a kI jagaha bhI u ho jAtA hai| kuraMga . kuruMga udaMka uLaMka (2) a ke bAda jahA~ saMskRta meM i hotA hai, to pAli meM i kI jagaha bhI a ho jAtA hai| alijara arajara kAkiNikA kAkaNikA puSkariNI pokkharaNI (3) a ke bAda jahA~ saMskRta meM u hotA hai, to pAli meM u kI jagaha bhI a ho jAtA hai| Ayupman Ayasmanta maSkulI sakkhalI (sakkhalikA) (4) i ke bAda jahA~ saMskRta me a hotA hai, to pAli meM a kI jagaha bhI i ho jAtI hai| zagavara siMgivara niSaNNa samIpavartI vyaMjanoM kA svaroM para prabhAva (1) opThya vyaMjanoM ke samIpa vizeSataH u AtA hai| maMmArjanI sammujjanI (kahIM kahIM sammajjanI bhI) matimAn (2) mUrddhanya vyaMjanoM ke samIpa vizeSataH i AtA hai| majjA mijA jigucchati svarAghAta ke kAraNa svara-parivartana pAli meM svarAghAta kA kyA svarUpa thA, isakA nirNaya abhI nahIM ho skaa| nisinna mutImA jugupsate

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( 47 ) kintu yaha nizcita hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA - kAla ke bAda hI svarAghAta ke cinha ko lagAne kA prayoga uTha gayA thA / jekobI aura gAyagara kA mata hai ki pAli meM svarAghAta kA vahI rUpa thA, jo saMskRta meM / yaha tathya nIce likhe parivartanoM se spaSTa hotA hai / (1) tIna-cAra akSaroM ke zabda meM, jisameM saMskRta ke sAkSya para prathama akSara meM svarAghAta hotA thA, svarAghAta vAle akSara ke bAda ke akSara meM arthAt dUsare akSara meM pAli meM svara-parivartana pAyA jAtA hai / (a) svarAghAta vAle akSara ke bAda a kA i ho jAtA hai candramA carma parama putramAn madhyama ahaMkAra ( A ) svarAghAta vAle akSara ke bAda a kA u bhI ho jAtA hai- navati navuni prAvaraNa pApuraNa sammati sammuti candimA carima parima puttimA majjhima ahaMkAra (i) kabhI-kabhI svarAghAta vAle akSara ke bAda i kA u aura u kA i ho jAtA hai- rAjila gairika prasita mRdutA (2) svarAghAta vAle akSara ke bAda Ane para anudAtta laghu svara kabhI-kabhI lupta bhI kara diye jAte haiM- udaka agAra rAjula geruka pasuta muditA ( mudutA bhI ) oka agga

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( 48 ) (3) svarAghAta ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI anudAtta antya akSara hrasva kara diye jAte haiN| isa prakAra 'o' kA 'u' ho jAtA hai-- asau asu (prathama 'aso' huA; mAgadhI meM yahI rUpa) utAho udAhu sadyaH sajju (prathama 'sajjo' huA) (4) kahIM-kahIM zabda kA dUsarA dIrgha akSara hrasva kara diyA jAtA hai| yaha parivartana pAli meM svarAghAta ke dUsare akSara se haTAkara prathama akSara para kara dene se hotA hai| alIka alika gRhIta gahita pAnIya pAniya (arddhamAgadhI pANiya) (4) kahIM-kahIM prathama akSara ke svara ko dIrgha kara diyA jAtA hai| yaha parivartana bhI usa akSara para svarAghAta kara dene ke kAraNa hotA hai| ajira Ajira alinda Alinda aroga Aroga (aroga bhI) samprasAraNa aura akSara-saMkoca (a) samprasAraNa(1) udAtta 'ya', kA 'I' ho jAtA haistyAna thIna yaha dvIha vyaha tIha vyativRtta vItivatta kahIM-kahIM 'ya' surakSita bhI rahatA hai vyasana vyasana vyAdha vyAdha (2) samprasAraNa ke kAraNa hI kahIM-kahI 'va' kA U ho jAtA hai| zvan sUna yadi 'va' saMskRta meM saMyakta vyaMjanoM se pahale hai to pAli meM usakA rUpa U na hokara pahale u hotA hai aura phira o meM samprasAraNa--

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svasti svapna ( 49 ) asaMyukta vyaMjanoM se pahale U kI jagaha o hotA hai --- zvapAka sopAka (arddhamAgadhI sovAga ) (3) kucha samprasAraNa vicitra bhI hote haiM, jaise saM0 'dveSa' aura 'doSa' donoM ke pratirUpa pAli meM 'dosa' meM mila gaye haiM / (A) akSara-saMkoca (1) aya aura ava kramazaH e aura o ho jAte haiM / bIca meM svarAghAta ke kAraNa kramazaH ayi, ai, avu, au asvasthAoM meM hokara ye parivartana hote haiM, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai / jayati adhyayana mocayati kathayati avadhi pravaNa lavaNa (2) aya aura Aya kA A ho jAtA hai| pratisaMlayana svastyayana kAtyAyana maudgalyAyana 4 (3) Ava kA o ho jAtA hai / atidhAvana sutthi -- sotthi supina -soppa (4) avA kA A ho jAtA hai / yavAgU (5) ayi aura avi e ho jAte haiM- Azcarya jeti ( jayati bhI ) ajna moceti katheti odhi poNa loNa paTisallAna sotthAna kaccAna ( kaccAyana bhI ) moggalAna ( moggallAyana bhI atidhona yAgu acchayira, acchariya se hokara acchera

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( 50 ) AcArya Acariya-Acera mAtsarya macchara sthavira thera (6) prAkRtoM ke samAna pAli meM bhI kahIM-kahIM upa aura apa upasarga kramazaH uva aura ava svarUpoM meM hokara U aura o ho jAte haiN| upahadati uhAdeti apavaraka ovaraka apatrapa ottappa (7) kahIM-kahIM aniyamita akSara-saMkoca bhI dikhAI par3ate haiN| mayUra mora (mayUra ___ svarabhakti ke kAraNa svarAgama pAli meM svarAgama adhikatara zabda ke madhya meM hotA hai| strI se itthI; smayate se umhayati, umhayate jaise zabda apavAda haiN| zabda ke madhya meM sthita kevala unhIM saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke bIca meM svara kA Agamana hotA hai, jinameM ya, ra, la, v, meM se koI eka vyaMjana ho yA jo sAnunAsika ho| 'kaSTa' jaise zabda kA 'kasaTa' rUpa honA eka apavAda hai| yaha pAli meM pAyA jAne vAlA paizAcI prAkRta kA prayoga hai| isakI vyAkhyA hama pahale kara cuke haiN| pAli meM pAye jAne vAle kucha svarAgama isa prakAra haiM(a) i kA Agamana, jo pAli meM adhikatA se hotA hai / (1) saMyukta vyaMjana 'ya' meM Iryate iriyati maryAdA mariyAdA (2) aise saMyukta-vyaMjanoM meM, jinameM eka ya ho kAluSya kAlusiya jyA jiyA hyaH (arddhamAgadhI hijjo) (3) aise saMyukta-vyaMjanoM meM, jinameM eka la ho pilakkhu hiyyo plakSa

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13659 vaja sineha tRSNA nagna hilAda (4) aise saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM, jinameM eka r ho vajira (5) sAnunAsika saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM, sneha tasiNA nimnalikhita apavAda bhI haiM, kRSNa kaNha nagga (A) a kA Agamana, prAyaH aise saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke madhya meM hotA hai, jinake pUrva aura pazcAt a svara ho gardA garahA garhati garahati (i) u kA Agamana prAyaH m aura v se pUrva hotA hai USman usumA sUkSma sukhuma duve chandAMaura samAsa ke kAraNa svaroM ke mAtrAkAla meM parivartana (a) chanda kI AvazyakatA ke kAraNa (1) kahIM-kahIM hrasva svara kA dIrgha kara diyA jAtA hai, jaise 'nadati' kI jagaha gAthA meM laya ko ThIka karane ke liye 'sI ho va nadatI vane' meM kara diyA gayA hai| 'satimatI' se 'satImatI' 'turiyaM' se 'tUriyaM' Adi parivartana bhI isI prakAra kara diye jAte haiN| (2) kahIM-kahIM dIrgha svara ko hrasva kara diyA jAtA hai, jaise 'bhummAni vA yAni va antalikkhe' / yahA~ 'va' kI jagaha 'vA' honA cAhiye thaa| kintu chanda kI gati ke liye use hrasva kara diyA gayA hai / isI prakAra 'paccanIkA' se 'paccanikA' jaise prayoga bhI chanda meM kara diye jAte haiN|

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( 52. ) (3) sAnunAsika svaroM ko ananunAsika kara diyA jAtA hai, jaise 'dIghamaddhAna socati' meN| yahA~ vaise 'dIghamaddhAnaM' honA cAhiye thaa| isI prakAra 'jIvanto' se 'jIvato' jaise prayoga bhI dikhAI dete haiN| (4) saMyukta vyaMjanoM ko sarala banA kara unameM se kevala eka rakha liyA jAtA hai, jaise 'dukkhaM' se 'dukhN'| yaha bhI hrasva kara dene ke samAna hI hai| (A) samAsa meM hone vAle svara-parivartana (1) samAsa ke prathama pada ke anta meM hone para hrasva svara bahudhA dIrgha kara diyA jAtA hai, jaise sakhibhAva se sakhIbhAva; abbhamatta se abbhAmatta; rajapatha se rajApatha / upasarga-yukta zabdoM meM bhI yaha svaroM ko dIrgha karane kI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai, jaise saM0 pravacana se pAli pAvacana (arddhamAgadhI pAvayana); prakaTa se pAli pAkaTa (arddhamAgadhI pAgaDa) (2) jaba samAsa ke prathama pada meM AkArAnta , IkArAnta yA UkArAnta zabda hote haiM, to inako hrasva kara diyA jAtA hai, jaise dAsigaNa (dAsI+gaNa); upAhanadAna (upaahnaa+daan)| kucha vicitra svara-parivartana (1) eka hI saM0 zabda 'punaH' ke pAli meM do rUpa-parivartana haiN| 'pUna' aura 'pana' / kintu ina donoM ke artha bhinna bhinna haiM / 'puna' kA artha to saM0 'punaH' ke samAna hI hai, kintu 'pana' kA artha hai kintu' 'prtyut'| (2) kahIM-kahIM pAli ke svara-parivartana saMskRta kI apekSA adhika prAcIna haiN| isa prakAra pAli kA 'garU' zabda samAnArthavAcI saMskRta 'guru' zabda se adhika prAcIna hai| isI prakAra saMskRta 'agaru' yA 'aguru' kI apekSA samAnArthavAcI pAli zabda 'agaru' 'agalu' adhika prAcIna haiN| kahIM-kahIM pAli zabdoM kA mUla rUpa saMskRta meM na mila kara prAcIna vaidika bhASA meM milatA hai| 'amba' zabda kA udAharaNa hama pahale de cuke haiN| 'simbala' yA 'simbalI' (kapAsa kA per3a) zabda bhI aisA hai yaha saMskRta ke ' zAlmalI' se nahIM liyA gayA, kintu vaidika bhASA ke 'zimbala' (kapAsa kA phUla) se udbhUta hai / isI prakAra anya aneka zabdoM ke mUla rUpa bhI saMskRta meM na mila kara vaidika bhASA meM milate haiN|' 1. adhika udAharaNoM ke liye dekhiye, pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 80-81

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svara-sandhi svara-sandhi ke niyamoM kA vivecana karanA yahA~ hamArA uddezya nahIM hai| yaha to vyAkaraNa kA viSaya hai| yahA~ hama kevala svara-parivartana kI dRSTi se kucha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatAoM kA hI ullekha kreNge| (1) eka pada ke antima svara kA dUsare pada ke prArambhika svara ke sAtha milanA pAli meM anivArya nahIM hai| isa prakAra se ajja yadA ayaM dhammalipI likhitA tI eva prANA Arabhire' (giranAra zilAlekha) jaise prayoga pAli meM dikhAI par3ate haiN| phira bhI jahA~ samAna svara milate haiM to saMskRta ke samAna hI donoM milakara dIrgha ho jAte haiM, jaise buddha+anussati =buddhAnussati; sammanti+ idha-sammantIdha; bahu+upakAraM= bahupakAraM; duggatA-ahaM duggtaahN| (2) a athavA A se pare i aura u Ane para kramazaH e aura o honA bhI pAli meM saMskRta ke samAna hI dRSTigocara hotA hai| yaha parivartana adhikAMza pAli ke prAcInatama rUpa--gAthAoM kI bhASA--meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| ava+ icca = avecca; upa+ito= upeto; mukha+udakaM = mukhodakaM; maccussa+ iva+udake= maccussevodake; ca+ ime= ceme| (3) a se pare asavarNa svara rahane para i kA ya aura u athavA o se pare asavarNa svara rahane para u kA va ho jAtA hai| vi+Akato-vyAkato; yo ayaM--pvAyaM; su+AgataM = svAgataM (4) asavarNa svaroM ke milane para kahIM-kahIM (1) pUrva svara kA lopa ho jAtA hai, (2) para svara kA lopa ho jAtA hai, (3) para svara kA dIrgha ho jAtA hai, (4) pUrva svara kA dIrgha ho jAtA hai / udArahaNa (1) yassa ---indriyANi = yassindriyANi; me+atthi = matthi (2) cattAro+ime =cattAro me; te+ime=teme (3) sace+-ayaM sacAyaM; (4) deva+iti = devAti; lokassa+-iti = lokassAti / (5) aneka svara-sandhiyoM meM vyaMjanoM kA Agama hotA hai, jaise na+-idaM = nayidaM; laghu+essati = laghumessati; yathA+eva = yathariva; tathA+eva== tathariva; giri+iva girimiva; sammA+attho=sammadatttho, Adi, Adi / (6) kabhI-kabhI anusvAra se pare svara kA lopa ho jAtA hai, jaise idaM+ api = idaMpi; dAtuM+ api = dAtuMpi; abhinaMduM+iti = abhinaMduti / isa

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prakAra kI sandhiyoM ke AdhAra para gAyagara ne anumAna kiyA hai ki pAli meM svatantra rUpa meM prayukta hone vArele 'va' (saM0 'iva' ke liye) 'pi' (saM0 'api' ke liye) 'ti' (saM0 'iti ke liye) 'dAni' (saM0 'idAnIM' ke liye); posatha (uposatha, saM0 'upavasatha' ke liye) Adi zabda lupta sandhiyoM ke smAraka svarUpa haiN| vyaMjana-parivartana vyaMjanoM kA parivartana pAli meM pradhAnataH zabda meM unakI sthiti ke anusAra huA hai| sAmAnyataH saMskRta Adi-vyaMjana pAli meM surakSita rahate haiN| madhya-vyaMjanoM kA vikAsa madhya-kAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA-yuga meM tIna avasthAoM meM huA hai| pahalI avasthA meM aghoSa sparza ghoSa ho jAte haiM / dUsarI avasthA meM ghoSa sparza 'ya' dhvani meM parivartita ho jAte haiN| tRtIya avasthA meM ya dhvani kA bhI lopa ho jAtA hai| pAli meM pradhAnataH prathama do avasthAe~ hI pAI jAtI haiN| tIsarI avasthA kA vikAsa prAkRta bhASAoM meM huA hai| antya vyaMjana pAli aura prAkRtoM meM samAna rUpa se hI lupta kara diye jAte haiN| vyaMjana-parivartanoM kA vistRta adhyayana isa prakAra hai| asaMyukta vyaMjana (a) Adi vyaMjana (1) sAmAnyataH, zabda ke Adi meM avasthita saMskRta asaMyukta vyaMjana (alpaprANa k, t, p, g, d, ba Adi aura mahAprANa kh, th, ph, gh, dh, bh, Adi) pAli meM surakSita rahate haiN| udAharaNasaMskRta pAli karoti karoti (prAkRta karedi) gacchati gacchati (prAkRta gacchedi) cauraH coro janaH jano tADayati putraH dantaH danto badhira bahiro khanati khanati tADedi putto

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phalaM ghaTa: ghaTo phalaM (2) pA~ca sAnunAsika vyaMjanoM (Ga, Ja, Na, n, m) meM se saMskRta meM bhI kevala na aura m hI zabda ke Adi meM Ate haiM, anya nhiiN| yahI niyama pAli meM bhI hai| ataH saMskRta zabda ke Adi meM avasthita na aura m pAli meM bhI surakSita rahate haiN| prAkRtoM meM cala kara inakA parivartana N meM ho gayA hai / 'm' to vahA~ bhI surakSita rahA hai| nAzayati nAseti (prA0 NAsei) makhaM mantrayati mantreti (prA0 mantedi) (3) zabda ke Adi meM avasthita antaHstha ya, ra, la, v bhI surakSita rahate haiN| r ke viSaya meM yaha vizeSatA avazya dhyAna dene yogya hai ki r kAla meM parivartana honA pAli meM eka bar3I sAdhAraNa bAta hai / mAgadhI prAkRta kA to yaha eka niyama hI hai aura anya prAkRtoM meM bhI yaha niyama kahIM-kahIM pAyA jAtA hai / ya ke viSaya meM bhI yaha vizeSatA dhyAna dene yogya hai ki pAli meM to vaha surakSita rahatA hai (kahIM kahIM usake sAtha hI l meM parivartita svarUpa bhI dikhAI par3atA hai) kintu prAkRtoM meM calakara bAda meM usakA j meM parivartana ho gayA hai| udAharaNarUpAni rUpAni (lUpAni bhI, vizeSataH azoka ke dhaulI aura jaugar3ha ke lekhoM meM) rujyate lujjati rAjA rAja (lAjA, vizeSataH azoka ke pUrva ke lekhoM meM) raudra yAvat yAva (prAkRta jAva) yaSTikA yaTThikA (laTThikA bhI) vAtaH vAdo (4) saMskRta USma z, S, m kA antarbhAva pAli meM kevala 's' meM ho gayA hai / ataH pAli meM kevala dantya m hai / pacchimI prAkRtoM kI bhI yahI vizeSatA hai / isake

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( 56 ) viparIta pUrvI prAkRtoM meM kevala eka tAlavya 'z' raha gayA hai / azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM hama isa vikAsa-paramparA ke sabhI rUpa dekhate haiN| isa prakAra magadha ke zilAlekhoM meM kevala dantya s pAyA jAtA hai / giranAra ke zilAlekhoM meM s aura z donoM hI pAye jAte haiN| uttara-pacchima ke zilAlekhoM meM tInoM hI za, Sa aura s pAye jAte hai| boliyoM ke mizraNa ke kAraNa phira bhI isa sambandha meM koI niyama nahIM bA~dhA jA sakatA / yaha parivartana Adi aura madhya donoM hI sthitiyoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai / sArthavAha satthavAho zravaNIya savanIya dezaH deso parazu pharasu khujja puruSa purisa (5) uparyukta niyama (1) ke apavAda-svarUpa nimnalikhita tathya dRSTigocara hote haiM, jo dhyAna dene yogya hai (a) kahIM kahIM zabda ke Adi meM pAli meM prANadhvani (ha.) kA Agamana hotA hai| ise yoM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki zabda ke Adi meM avasthita saMskRta aghoSa alpaprANa vyaMjana (ka , t, p Adi) pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjana (kh, th, ph Adi) ho jAte haiM / udAharaNa kIla khIla kubja.. kRtvaH khattu parazu (A) kahIM kahIM, kintu apekSAkRta kama saMkhyA meM, uparyukta niyama kA viparyaya bhI dekhA jAtA hai, arthAt saMskRta aghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa alpaprANa vyaMjana bhI dikhAI par3ate haiN| jhallikA jallikA bhaginI bahinI (bahiNI bhI) (i) vargoM ke uccAraNa-sthAna meM parivartana bhI pAli meM bahuta pAyA jAtA hai| Adi aura madhya donoM hI sthitiyoM meM yaha hotA hai| zabda ke Adi meM hone vAle kucha parivartanoM ke udAharaNa nIce diye jAte hai| pharasu

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Dasati (1) kahIM-kahIM kaMThya sparzoM kI jagaha tAlavya sparza ho jAte haiM kunda cunda (2) kahIM-kahIM dantya sparzoM kI jagaha mUrdhanya sparza ho jAte haiM dahati Dahati dAha DAha dasati A-madhya-vyaMjana pAli meM madhya-vyaMjana sambandhI parivartanoM kA vicAra karate samaya hama una pravRttiyoM kI sUcanA pAte haiM, jinheM 'prAkRtatva' yA 'prAkRtapana' kahA gayA hai / vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki jina parivartanoM kA pAli meM sUtrapAta hI huA hai unakA antima vikAsa prAkRtoM meM cala kara huA hai| isa vikAsa kI tIna avasthAoM kA nirdeza hama pahale kara cuke haiN| prAkRtoM ke sAtha milane vAlI pAli kI ye vizeSatAe~ aneka boliyoM ke saMmizraNa ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAta kI jA sakatI haiN| ye samAnatAe~ vizeSataH madhya-vyaMjana-sambandhI parivartanoM meM pAli meM kahIM-kahIM dRSTigocara hotI hai, udAharaNata:-- (1) zabda ke madhya meM sthita saMskRta aghoSa sparza pAli meM usI varga ke ghoSa sparza ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra k, c, T, t, p, th Adi kramazaH ga, j, L, d, b, dha Adi ho jAte haiN| udAharaNa-- pratikRtya paTigacca (paTikacca bhI) zAkala sAgala mAkandika mAgandiya sujA kakkhaTa kakkhaLa (nirdayI) kheLa (gA~va) sphaTika phaLika utAho udAhu pRSata pasada apAMga avaMga kapi kavi kheTa

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( 58 ) zuka kapittha kaviTTha * grathita gadhita (gathita bhI) isa prakAra ke parivartana apabhraMza aura kaI prAkRtoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| (2) uparyukta parivartana se eka adhika vikasita avasthA vaha hai jisameM aghoSa sparzoM kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura ve 'ya' yA 'v' dhvani meM parivartita ho jAte haiN| isake bAda hI vaha avasthA hotI hai jisameM 'ya' yA 'va' vyaMjana kA bhI bilakula lopa ho jAtA hai / saM0 'zata' zabda ke vikRta yA vikasita rUpoM meM hama isa vikAsa kA acchA adhyayana kara sakate haiN| pahale isakA pAli meM 'sata' hotA hai, phira aghoSa sparza 't' kA 'd' hotA hai aura isa prakAra prAkRta meM 'sada' rUpa banatA hai / isakA bhI Age vikasita rUpa 'saya' banatA hai aura phira anta meM 'saa' aura 'sau'| aghoSa sparzoM kA lupta ho kara 'ya' yA 'va' meM parivartita honA prAkRtoM ke samAna pAli meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / ataH vaha bhI pAli kA eka prAkRtapana' hai / udAharaNa-- suva (suka bhI) khAdita khAyita svAdate sAyati (sAdiyati bhI) aparagodAna aparagoyAna kuzInagara kusinaara-kusinAra kauzika kosiya (3) zabda ke madhya meM sthita ghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjanoM (gha, dh, bha, Adi) kA 'ha' meM parivartita ho jAnA prAkRtoM kI eka vizeSatA hai| yaha pravRtti pAli meM bhI yatra-tatra pAI jAtI hai| laghu lahu. rudhira ruhira (rudhira bhI) sAdhu sAhu (adhitakara to sAdhu hI) isake viparIta kahIM-kahIM pAli vaidika bhASA ke ghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjanoM ko surakSita rakhatI hai jaba ki saMskRta meM unake sthAna meM 'ha' ho jAtA hai| isakA udAharaNa pAli 'idha' (yahA~) zabda hai / avestA (jisameM bhI isakA rUpa 'idha' hotA hai) ke AdhAra para hama jAna sakate haiM ki isakA vaidika svarUpa 'idha' hI thaa| kintu saMskRta meM yaha 'iha' ho gayA hai|

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(4) zabda ke Adi meM avasthita vyaMjanoM meM prANa-dhvani ke Agamaaura lopa na kA ullekha hama pahale kara cuke hai| zabda ke madhya meM sthita vyaMjanoM meM bhI yaha parivartana hotA hai, arthAt madhya meM sthita saMskRta aghoSa alpaprANa vyaMjana (k, t, p Adi) pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjana ho jAte haiMzunaka (kuttA) sunakha (prA0 sunaha) sukumAra sukhumAla isI prakAra kahIM-kahIM, kintu Adi sthita vyaMjanoM kI taraha hI bahuta kama, prANa-dhvani kA lopa bhI ho jAtA haikaphoNi kapoNi (5) kahIM kahIM niyama (1) ke viparIta saM0 ghoSa sparza pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa sparza ho jAte haiN| ye parivartana boliyoM kI vibhinnatAoM ke kAraNa aguru akalu chagala chakala parigha palikha (paligha bhI) kusIda kusIta mRdaMga mutiGga upadheya (takiyA) upatheyya pidhIyate (DhA~kA jAtA hai) pithIyati zAvaka (jAnavara kA baccA) cApaka prAvaraNa pApuraNa (6) vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa-sthAna meM parivartana / yaha parivartana madhya-sthita vyaMjanoM meM Adi-sthita vyaMjanoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika huA hai| isa sambandha meM saba se adhika mahatvapUrNa parivartana saM0 dantya vyaMjanoM kA pAli meM murdhanyIkaraNa hai| saM0 dantya vyaMjana t, tha, d, dh, na pAli meM kramazaH Ta, Tha, D, lha, N ho jAte haiN| yaha niyama sAmAnyataH Adi aura madhya donoM hI sthitiyoM ke liye ThIka hai| pataMga paTaMga haTa

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vyApRta vyAvaTa pratimA paTimA prathama paThama pathivI. paThavI (pathavI bhI) dAha DAha dvaidha (sandeha) dvelhaka zakuna sakuNa (7) pAli meM madhya-sthita vyaMjanoM ke anya uccAraNa-sambandhI parivartana isa prakAra haiM (a) kahIM-kahIM saM0 tAlavya sparzoM ke sthAna para pAli meM dantya sparza hote haiN| cikitsati tikicchati jAjvalyate daddallati (A) kahIM-kahIM mUrdhanya ke sthAna para dantya hote haiM-- DiDima deNDima (diNDima bhI) (i) kahIM-kahIM d ke sthAna para r hotA hai-- ekAdasa ekArasa (ekAdama bhI) airisa (edisa bhI) IdRkSA erikkhA (edikkhA bhI) (I) kahIM-kahIM na ke sthAna para la yA r hotA hai-- enaH (aparAdha) ela neraMjanA neraMjarA (u) kahIM-kahIM N ke sthAna para la hotA hai-- veLa mRNAla muLAla (U) ra ke sthAna para la adhikatara hotA hai / Adi-sthita r ke la meM parivartana ke udAharaNa pahale diye jA cuke haiM / madhya-sthita ra ke la meM parivartana ke kucha udAharaNa ye haiMeraMDa elaMda taruNa taluNa (taruNa bhI) IdRza veNu

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naMgala ( 61 ) pariSvajate palissajati parikhanati palikhanati pAli meM yaha parivartana yadyapi adhikatara pAyA jAtA hai, kintu niyamataH yaha mAgadhI prAkRta kI hI vizeSatA hai / kucha anya prAkRtoM meM bhI isake sphuTa udAharaNa milate haiN| (e) kahIM-kahIM saM0 la ke sthAna para pAli meM r pAyA jAtA hai| aliMjara araMjara Alambana ArammaNa isake apavAda-svarUpa kahIM kahIM la ke sthAna para na bhI pAyA jAtA haidehalI dehanI Adi meM bhI isI prakAra lAMgala (hala) (ai) saM0 ya ke sthAna para pAli vAyudha Avudha AyuSmAn Avuso kaSAya kasAva (o) saM0 v ke sthAna para pAli y-- dAva dAya (dAva bhI) (au) saM0 v ke sthAna para pAli m aura saM0 m ke sthAna para pAli vdraviDa damiLa mImAMsate vImasati kucha aniyamita prayoga bhI milate haiM, jaise-- pipIlikA kipillakA (8) varNa-viparyaya / zabda ke madhya meM sthita vyaMjanoM meM pArasparika eka dUsare kI jagaha grahaNa kara lenA bhI prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai| yaha viparyaya adhikatara 'ra' vyaMjana meM hotA hai| ArAlika AlArika kareNu kaNeru rahada prAvaraNa pArupaNa (pApuraNa bhI)

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( 62 ) kintu anya vyaMjanoM meM bhI, mazaka saMyukta vyaMjana makasa ( a ) zrAdi saMyukta vyaMjana * saMskRta meM bhI zabda ke Adi meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA prayoga prAyaH sImita hotA hai / prAyaH do hI prakAra ke saMyukta vyaMjana saMskRta meM zabda ke Adi meM pAye jAte haiM, (1) vyaMjana + antaHstha (y, r, l, v ); (2) vyaMjana + USma ( z, S, s ) / vyaMjana + antaHstha meM antaHstha kabhI pahale na Akara vyaMjana hI pahale Ate haiM / isa prakAra zabda ke Adi meM krU, ty, prU, gyU jaise saMyukta vyaMjana hI ho sakate haiM, lk, rce jaise nahIM / antaHstha + USma meM USma pahale bhI A sakate haiM, jaise st, zc Adi aura pIche bhI jaise kS (k +z) meM (1) vyaMjana + antaHstha ---- isa avasthA meM vyaMjana ke bAda kI dhvani lupta hokara vyaMjana kA hI rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai- prazAnta pasanto prajJA paJJA grAma gAma kahIM-kahIM svara-bhakti ke kAraNa bIca meM svara Ane ke kAraNa saMyukta vyaMjana kevala asaMyukta kara diye jAte haiM--- kleza kileso klAnta kilanto kahIM-kahIM, jaba vyaMjana + l kA saMyoga hotA hai, to yU kA pUrvavartI vyaMjana tAlavya ho jAtA hai tyajati cajati (2) USma + vyaMjana -- isa avasthA meM USma kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura vaha paravartI vyaMjana kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai tathA vaha vyaMjana, yadi vaha alpa prANa hotA hai, to mahAprANa ho jAtA hai / skambhaH stUpaH khambho thUpo

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akSi sthApayati ThApeti sthitaH Thito (3) zabda ke Adi meM kS hone para pAli meM usakA kkh yA ccha ho jAtA hai| madhya-sthiti meM bhI yahI parivartana hotA hai| yahA~ donoM ke hI udAharaNa de dene ThIka hoMge--- kSudhA khudhA dakSiNA dakkhiNA makSikA makkhikA kSArikA chArikA kakSa kaccha takSati tacchati akkhi (acchi bhI) kahIM kahIM 'kS' kA parivartita rUpa 'ggh' yA 'jjh' bhI hotA hai| gAyagara kA mata hai ki isa dazA meM saMskRta akSara kS eka vizeSa bhArata-yUropiyana dhvani kA vikasita rUpa haiprakSarati paggharati kSAma jhAma . (A) madhya-saMyukta-vyaMjana ___ madhya-saMyukta-vyaMjanoM ke parivartana meM pAli meM vyaMjana-anurUpatA, vyaMjana-viparyaya, vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa-sthAna meM parivartana, prANadhvani kA Agamana aura lopa, Adi sabhI pravRttiyA~ pAI jAtI hai| vizeSataH vyaMjana -anurUpatA aura vyaMjanaviparyaya adhika pAye jAte haiN| nIce ke vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hogaa| (1) vyaMjana-anurUpatA (a) pUrvavartI vyaMjana kA lupta hokara paravartI vyaMjana kA rUpa dhAraNa kara lenA (1) sparza+ sparza meM, yathA ukta BE sapta

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( 64 ) utpadyate uppajjati mudga (mUMga) mugga (2) USma+sparza meM, yathA Azcarya acchera niSka nikkha, neksa yahA~ para sAtha-sAtha prANa-dhvani kA Agamana bhI ho gayA hai| (3) antaHstha+sparza, yA USma, yA anunAsika vyaMjana meM, yathA karka kakka kilbiSa kibbisa valka vAka karSaka kassaka kalmASa kammAsa (4) anunAsika+anunAsika meM, yathA nimna ninna unmUlayati ummUleti (5) +la, yA ya, yA va meM, yathA durlabha dullabha Arya ayya (ariya bhI) udiiryte| udiyyati niryAti niyyAti kurvanti kubbanti (A) paravartI vyaMjana kA lupta hokara pUrvavartI vyaMjana kA rUpa dhAraNa kara lenA(1) sparza+ anunAsika meM, yathA lagna lagga agniH aggi udvigna ubbigga svapna soppa (2) sparza+ra yAl meM, yathA

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takra zukla (3) sparza + antaHstha meM, zakya ucyate prajvalati ( 4 ) USma + astaHstha meM, yathA mizra avazyam azva zleSman yathA (5) anunAsika - antaHstha meM, yathA kiNva ramya kalya bilva tIvra (2) vyaMjana - viparyaya 65 ) sahya mahyaM ( sambhava ) takka sukka sakka vuccati pajjalati missa avassaM assa semha (6) vy, v jaise saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM, jo bbU ho jAte haiM, parivyaya paribbaya tibva kiNNa ramma kalla billa (1) ha + anunAsika, yA 'y', yA 'v' - isa vyaMjana-sayoga meM vipayaM hotA hai, arthAt 'haN'' 'han', 'hama', 'hay', 'hava', ina saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke kramazaH 'ha', nha, 'mha' 'vha', 'vaha' rUpa ho jAte haiM... pUrvAhNa aparAhNa jihma, pubvaNha aparaNha jimha mayha mahaM

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cihnata jihvA ( 66 ) cinha jivhA mahyaM -- mayhaM ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para tubhyaM kA bhI pAli pratirUpa tumhaM ho gayA hai| susnAta vismaya (2) USma + anunAsika -- isa saMyoga - dazA meM bhI vyaMjana - viparyaya hotA hai / pahale USma kA ha meM parivartana hotA hai aura phira donoM kA viparyaya / isa prakAra 'zUn', 'zm', 'SN', 'Sm', 'sn' 'sm' kramazaH 'vha', 'mha', 'vha' 'mha', 'nh' mha, ho jAte haiM- prazna paJha (arddhamAgadhI paNha ) azmanA (patthara ke dvArA ) amhanA uSNA (garmI) uhA kRSNa kaNha tRSNA tahA grISma gimha sunhA vimya (3) 'kSaNa', 'kSm', 'tsn' - ina saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke svarUpa viparyaya ke kAraNa kramazaH 'Nha', 'maha', 'nha', ho jAte haiM / isa vikAsa kA krama yaha hai ki pahale 'kSaNa', 'kSm', 'tsn', ke kramazaH rUpa 'puN', 'Sm 'sn' hote haiM aura phira inakA viparyaya ho kara uparyukta niyama (2) ke anusAra inake kramaza: 'vha', mha, " 'nha' rUpa banate haiM- lakSNa (sundara, komala ) pakSma ( palaka ) jyotsnA saha pamha juNhA ( pahale 'junhA' rUpa banA aura phira na kA mUrddhanya hokara 'junhA' ho gayA ) (2) vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa-sthAna meM parivartana- (1) dantya sparza +y -- isa saMyoga- dazA me dantya sparzo kA tAlavyI karaNa ho jAtA hai-

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( 67 ) satya chidyate sacca chijjati jaccA jAtyA 'Nya' saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM bhI karmaNya kammaJca (2) saMskRta tAlavya saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para pAli meM kahIM kahIM kaMThya saMyukta vyaMjana ho jAte haiM, kahIM kahIM mUrdhanya saMyukta vyaMjana aura kahIM kahIM dantya saMyukta vyNjn| (a) tAlavya ke sthAna para kaMThya bhaiSajya bhisakka (bhesajja bhI) (A) tAlavya ke sthAna para marddhanya AjJA ANA (i) tAlavya ke sthAna para danya ucchiSTha uttiTTha (3) madhyasthita dantya saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA mUrddhanyIkaraNa / yaha eka mahattva pUrNa parivartana hai| isa parivartana ke kAraNa 'ta' 'rtha ''I' 'I' kramazaH 'TTa' 'TaTh', 'DDa', 'DhaDh' ho jAte haiMArta aTTa kaivarta vardhate vaDhDhati prasthAya paThAya kUTastha kUTaTTha (4) prANa-dhvani kA Agamana aura lopaAgamana, yathA zRGagATaka (caurAhA) pippala piphphala lopa, yathA kevaTTa siMghATaka, lotra lodda mUrcchati / muccati

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( 68 ) antya - vyaMjana saMskRta ke antya - vyaMjana pAli meM lupta ho jAte haiM bhagavAn bhagavA samyak vidyut vijz2a pAli kA zabda-sAdhana aura vAkya - vicAra sammA pAli ke dhvani - samUha kI apekSA usakA rUpa-vidhAna saMskRta ke aura bhI adhika samIpa hai / mithyA sAdRzya ke AdhAra para saMskRta rUpoM kA saralIkaraNa pAli rUpa-vidhAna kI eka mukhya vizeSatA hai| pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki eka hI prAcIna Arya bhASA se saMskRta aura pAli donoM kA vikAsa huA hai / saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA janma vaidika bhASA kI vibhinnatAoM ko ekarUpatA dene ke liye huA / ataH saMskRta meM aise aneka niyama vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra varjita kara diye gaye, jo vaidika bhASA meM pracalita the / pAli cU~ki loka bhASA thI, usameM ye prayoga cale Aye haiM / yaha pAli ke rUpa - vicAra kI eka mukhya vizeSatA hai| udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa hogA / pahale mithyA sAdRzya ke AdhAra para rUpoM ke saralIkaraNa ko le / pAli meM saMskRta kI apekSA varNa kama haiM, yaha hama pahale nirdeza kara hI cuke haiN| saMskRta meM tIna vacanoM kA prayoga hotA hai, eka vacana, dvivacana aura bahuvacana | pAli meM kevala do vacana haiN| eka vacana aura aneka vacana / vahA~ dvivacana nahIM hai / usakA bhI kAma vahA~ aneka vacana se hI nikAla liyA jAtA hai| yadyapi kahane ko pAli meM bhI sAta vibhaktiyA~ haiM, kintu unake rUpoM meM bar3I saralatA hai / caturthI aura SaSThI ke rUpoM meM prAyaH koI bheda nahIM hotA / tRtIyA aura paMcamI ke aneka vacana ke rUpa bhI prAyaH samAna hI hote haiM / pAli meM vyaMjanAnta padoM kA prayoga bhI nahI hotA / vahA~ sabhI pada svarAnta haiN| saMskRta ke vyaMjanAnta pada bhI pAli meM svarAnta ho jAte haiM / isI prakAra maMjJA aura sarvanAma ke rUpoM meM yahI saralIkaraNa kI pravRti dRSTigocara hotI hai / kriyA - vibhAga ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta ThIka hai / saMskRta ke samAna yadyapi pAli meM bhI parasmaipada ( parassapada) aura Atmanepada, ( attanopada) ye do pada haiM, kintu vyavahAra meM Atmanepada kA prayoga kadAcit hI kabhI hotA haiM / yahA~ taka ki karmavAcya Adi prayogoM meM bhI jahA~ saMskRta meM Atmanepada Avazyaka 1

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rUpa se honA cAhiye, pAli meM usakA prayoga prAyaH vikalpa se hI hotA hai / saMskRta ke dama gaNa pAli meM kevala sAta raha gaye haiN| isI prakAra saMskRta ke dama lakAroM ke sthAna para pAli meM kevala ATha lakAra haiN| liT lakAra kA prayoga pAli meM nahIM ke barAbara hotA hai / laG aura luGa vahA~ bhUtakAla dyotita karane ke liye haiM, kintu inameM bhI prAyaH luG kA hI prayoga pAli meM adhikatA se hotA hai / isa prakAra saMskRta kI apekSA saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti pAli meM adhikatA se pAI jAtI hai| vaidika bhASA se prApta rUpoM kI anekatA pAli meM surakSita hai, jaba ki maMskRta ne use vyavasthita kara usameM ekarUpatAlA dI hai| veda kI bhASA meM pulliGga akArAta zabdoM ke bahuvacana ke rUpa meM 'asaka.pratyaya bhI lagatA thaa| isa prakAra 'deva' zabda kA prathamA bahuvacana kA rUpa vahA~ 'devAsa:' milatA hai| saMskRta ne isa rUpa ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai| kintu pAli meM 'devAse' 'dhammAse' 'buddhAse' jaise prayogoM meM vaha surakSita hai| isI prakAra 'deva' zabda kA tatIyA bahuvacana kA rUpa vaidika bhASA meM 'devebhiH' hai| pAli meM yaha 'devebhi' ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| saMskRta ne isa rUpa ko bhI grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai| vaidika bhASA meM prAyaH caturthI vibhakti ke liye SaSThI kA prayoga aura SaSThI vibhakti ke liye caturthI kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai / saMskRta ne ise nizcita niyama meM vA~dha kara roka diyA hai| kintu pAli meM yaha vyatyaya brAhmaNasma dhanaM dadAti' brAhmaNassa mismoM jaise prayogo meM milatA hai| nizcayata: pAli meM caturthI aura SaSThI vibhaktiyoM ke rUpa hI prAyaH samAna hote haiN| vaidika bhASA meM 'go' aura 'pati' zabdoM ke SaSThI bahuvacana aura tRtIyA eka vacana ke rUpa kramazaH 'gonAma' aura 'patinA' hote the| pAli meM ye kramaza: 'gonaM' yA 'gunnaM' tathA 'patinA' ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| kintu saMskRta ne inheM bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| isI prakAra vaidika bhASA meM napuMsaka liMga kI jagaha bahudhA pulliga kA bhI prayoga hotA thA / saMskRta meM yaha pravRtti nahIM pAI jaatii| kintu pAli meM bahudhA aisA ho jAtA hai| udAharaNata: 'phala' zabda ke prathamA ke bahuvacana meM 'phalA' aura 'phalAni' donoM hI rUpa hote haiN| yahI pravRtti kriyA-rUpoM meM bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / vaidika bhASA meM Atmanepada aura parasmaipada kA bheda utanA spaSTa nahIM thaa| vahAM 'icchati"icchate' 'yudhyati"yudhyate' jaime donoM prayoga dRSTigocara hote haiN| pAli meMyaha pravRtti samAna rUpa me hI dRSTigocara hotI hai| saMskRta meM Atmanapada aura parambhapada kA adhika nizcita vidhAna kara diyA gayA hai| 'zru' dhAtu kA vaidika bhASA meM anujJA-kAla kA madhyama-puruSa kA ekavacana kA rUpa 'zRNudhI' aura anujJA-kAla

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( 70 ) kA madhyama-puruSa kA bahuvacana kA rUpa 'zRNota' hotA thaa| pAli meM ye kramazaH 'suNuhi' aura 'suNotha' ke rUpoM meM surakSita haiN| kintu saMskRta vyAkaraNa ne inheM bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| vaidika bhASA meM 'han' dhAtu kA luG lakAra kA uttamapuruSa kA ekavacana kA rUpa 'badhIM hotA thaa| saMskRta ne ise bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kintu pAli meM yaha 'badhi' ke rUpa meM surakSita hai / kRdanta ke prayoga meM bhI saMskRta aura pAli meM uparyukta pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| veda meM nimittArthaka 14 pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA hai, yathA se, sena, ase, asena, kase, kasena, adhya, adhyaina, kadhya, kadhyaina, zadhye, zadhyaina, tavena, tuN| saMskRta ne inameM se kevala 'tuM' pratyaya ko le liyA hai| pAli ne usake sAtha sAtha 'tavena' pratyaya ko bhI le liyA hai| vaidika 'dAtave' yA 'dAta' pAli ke 'dAtave' meM pUrI taraha surakSita hai / isI prakAra 'kAtave' 'vippahAtave' 'nidhAtave' jaise prayoga bhI pAli meM dRSTigocara hote haiM, jo saMskRta meM nahIM milte| 'lyap' ke sthAna para veda meM 'tvA' kA bhI prayoga milatA hai, jaise 'pridhaapyitvaa'| saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke anusAra yaha rUpa azuddha hai| vahA~ upasarga-pUrvaka dhAtu meM anivAryataH 'lyap' hotA hai, kintu pAli meM vaidika bhASA kI taraha 'tvA' dekhA jAtA hai yathA abhivadintvA, nissAya Adi / veda kI bhASA meM pUrvakAlika artha meM 'tvAya' 'tvIna' Adi pratyeka lagA kara 'gatvAya' 'iSTvIna' jaise zabda banate the / pAli meM 'gatvAna' 'kAtUna' jaise prayogoM meM ye surakSita haiM, kintu saMskRta meM nahIM milate / veda kI bhASA meM vibhakti, vacana, varNa aura kAla ke aneka vyatyaya pAye jAte haiN| pAli meM bhI ye saba pAye jAte haiN| 'ekasmiM samayasmiM' ke liye 'ekaM samaya' (vibhakti-vyatyaya) 'santi imasmiM kAye kesA lomA nakhA' ke liye 'asti imasmiM kAye kesA, lomA, nakhA, (vacana-vyatyaya); 'buddhebhi' ke liye 'buddhehi', 'dukkaTaM' ke liye 'dukkataM' (varNa-vyatyaya) 'aneka jAti-saMsAraM sandhAvissaM' (bhUtakAla ke artha meM bhaviSyat kAla kAla-vyatyaya ) jaise vyatyaya pAli meM vaidha haiM / kintu saMskRta vyAkaraNa ne inheM grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai| isa prakAra saMskRta bhASA kI apekSA pAli hI vaidika bhASA kI adhika saccI uttarAdhikAriNI ThaharatI hai| 1. viSaya ko adhika sugamatA ke liye dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa-kRta 'pAli-mahAvyAkaraNa' pRSTha teIsa-untIsa (vastukathA) para dI huI taalikaaeN|

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( 71 ) pAli-bhASA ke vikAsa kI avasthAe~ Upara pAli ke dhvani-samUha aura rUpa-vicAra kA jo nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, usase yaha spaSTa hai ki pAli eka aisI mizrita bhASA hai jisameM aneka boliyoM ke tattva vidyamAna hai| aneka duhare rUpoM kA honA usake isa tathya ko pramANita karatA hai| phira bhI pAli ke vikAsa meM cAra aisI kramika vikAsa vAlI avasthAe~ upalakSita hotI haiM, jinakI apanI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hama pAli ke pUrvApara rUpoM ko samajha sakate haiM aura unakI saMgati lagA sakate haiN| pAlibhASA ke vikAsa kI ye cAra avasthAe~ isa prakAra haiM, (1) tripiTaka meM Ane vAlI gAthAoM kI bhaassaa| yaha bhASA atyanta prAcIna hai aura vaidika bhASA kI sI hI anekarUpatA isameM milatI hai| prAcIna Arya bhASA arthAt vaidika bhASA se kahIM kahIM to isa bhASA kI, dhvani-parivartana ke kAraNa, kevala alpa vibhinnatAe~ hI milatI haiM aura kahIM kahIM pAli kA apanA vizeSa rUpa-vidhAna bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| udAharaNArtha 'pita' aura 'raJA' jaise zabda prAcIna Arya bhASA se pAli meM A gaye haiM, kintu inhIM se kramazaH 'pitussa' aura 'rAjino' jaise rUpa pAli ne svayaM banA liye haiN| isa prakAra yaha bhASA buddha-kAlIna madhya-deza kI loka-bhASA hone ke mAtha-sAtha prAcIna vaidika smRtiyoM se bhI anuviddha hai / sutta-nipAta kI bhASA isa prakAra kI bhASA kA sarvottama udAharaNa mAnI jAtI hai| (2) tripiTaka ke gadyabhAga kI bhaassaa| gAthAoM kI bhASA kI apekSA isameM ekarUpatA adhika hai| gAthAoM kI bhASA kI apekSA prAcIna rUpoM kI kamI aura naye rUpoM kI abhivRddhi isakA eka pradhAna lakSaNa hai| 'jAtaka' kI bhASA isakA udAharaNa hai / (3) uttarakAlIna pAli gadya-sAhitya kI bhaassaa| isa bhASA ke rUpa ke darzana hameM milinda-prazna aura arthakathA-sAhitya meM hote haiN| isa bhASA kA AdhAra tripiTaka kI gadya-bhASA hI hai| isameM AlaMkArikatA aura kRtrimatA kI mAtrA kucha adhika pAI jAtI hai / vizeSataH milinda-prazna aura baddhaghoSa kI arthakathAoM meM hameM eka vikasita aura udAtta gadya-zailI ke darzana hote haiN| (4) uttarakAlIna pAlikAvya kI bhaassaa| yaha bhASA bilakula pUrvakAlIna sAhitya ke anukaraNa para likhI gaI hai| lekhakoM ne apanI apanI ruci ke anusAra kahIM to prAcIna rUpoM kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai yA kahIM kahIM apekSAkRta navIna svarUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / isa bhASA meM eka jIvita bhASA ke lakSaNa nahIM milte| saMskRta kA bar3hatA huA prabhAva bhI

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. ( 72 ) isa yuga kI sAhitya-racanA kA eka vizeSa lakSaNa hai| mahAvaMsa, dIpavaMsa, dAThAvaMsa, telakaTAhagAthA jaise granthoM meM isa bhASA ke svarUpa ke darzana hote haiN| __pAli bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana kA mahattva pAli ke adhyayana kA aneka dRSTiyoM se bar3A mahatva hai| Aja apanI aneka prAdezika boliyoM ke, yahA~ taka ki kucha aMzoM meM rASTra-bhASA hindI ke bhI, dhvanisamaha Adi kA pUrA jJAna hameM nahIM ho paayaa| bhASA-vijJAna sambandhI aneka bAteM abhI anizcita hI par3I huI haiN| isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki madhyakAlIna AryabhASAoM kA, jinameM pAli prathama aura mukhya hai, hamArA abhI adhyayana hI adhUrA par3A hai 1 / apanI bhASA ke vartamAna svarUpa ko samajhane ke liye hameM pAli bhASA kA vaijJAnika DhaMga se adhyayana karanA hI hogaa| phira pAli bhASA ne na kevala hamArI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko hI prabhAvita kiyA hai| usakA prabhAva siMhala, brahma-deza aura syAma deza kI bhASAoM ke vikAsa para bhI paryApta rUpa se pajha hai| bhAratIya vidyArthI ke liye adhyayana kA isase adhika sukhakara aura kyA viSaya ho sakatA hai ki vaha isa prabhAva ko khoje, DhUMr3he aura ina dezoM ke sAtha vyApaka bhAratIya saMskRti ke samanvita sambandhoM ko aura adhika dRr3ha kre| yahI bAta pAli-sAhitya ke viSaya meM bhI hai| usane vizva ke eka bar3e bhU-bhAga ko zAnti pradAna kI hai, kyoMki vaha pradhAnataH tathAgata ke sandeza kA vAhaka hai| usakA adhyayana kara hama usa vizAla jana-samudAya se nAtA jor3ate haiM, jisake sAtha hamAre sAMskRtika aura rAjanaitika sambandha navayuga meM aura bhI adhika dRr3ha hoNge| isa UparI uddezya ko chor3a deM to bhI vizuddha sAhitya kI dRSTi se pAli sAhitya ke adhyayana kA prabhUta mahatva hai| usakI udAtta pratipAdya vastu aura gambhIra, manorama zailI kisI bhI sAhitya se Takkara le sakatI haiN| zAkyasiMha ne jina guphAoM meM ninAda kiyA hai, ve sAdhAraNa nahIM hai| yadi manuSyatA-dharma se hI anta meM saMsAra 1. DA0 dhIrendra varmA 1940 meM prakAzita apane 'hindI bhASA kA iti hAsa' meM likhate haiM "hindI saMyukta svaroM kA itihAsa prAyaH apabhraMza tathA prAkRta bhASAoM taka hI jAtA hai ...... apabhraMza tathA prAkRta ke saMyukta svaroM kA pUrNa vivecana sulabha na hone ke kAraNa hindI saMyukta svaroM kA itihAsa bhI abhI ThIka nahIM diyA jA sktaa|" pRSTha 142

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ko mukti milanI hai, to tathAgata ke sandeza kA vyApaka pracAra honA hI cAhiya / itihAsa kI daSTi se bhI pAli-sAhitya kA prabhUta mahatva hai / jo mAMskRtika nidhi hamArI ima sAhitya meM nihita hai, usakA abhI mahatvAGkana hI nahIM kiyA gayA / bhAratIya itihAsa ke kAla-krama ke nizcaya karane meM bhI saba se adhika sahAyatA pAli mAhitya se hI milI hai| tripiTaka aura anupiTaka sAhitya meM prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI jo amUlya sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, usakA abhI taka pUrA upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| usake samyak adhyayana se hama bauddhakAlIna itihAsa aura bhaugolika tathyoM kA bahuta adhika jJAna prApta kara sakate haiN| dharma aura darzana kI dRSTi se bhI pAli kA adhika mahattva hai / hamane abhI taka prAyaH saMskRta granthoM se hI bauddha dharma aura darzana kA paricaya prApta kiyA hai, jo kucha hAlanoM meM ekAMgadarzI aura adhikAMzataH usake maulika svarUpa se bahuta dUra hai| vaidika paramparA ke uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne isI ko lakSya kara prAyaH bauddhadarzana kI mamAlocanA kI hai| isa prakAra baddha-dharma ke maulika svarUpa se hama prAyaH anabhijJa hI rahe haiN| yahI hamArI usa vicAra-praNAlI ke prati, jo vAstava meM apanI prabhAvazIlatA ke liye vizva meM advitIya hai, udAsInatA kA kAraNa hai / pAli-sAhitya ke prakAza meM hama dekha sakeMge ki bhagavAn gotama buddha kA vAstavika vyaktitva kyA thA aura unhoMne jana-samAja ko kyA sikhAyA thaa| pAli-sAhitya kA saba se bar3A mahatva vAstava meM usakI preraNAdAyikA zakti hI hai| yaha preraNA aneka rUpoM meM A sakatI hai| sAdhanA ke utsAha ke rUpa meM bhI, aitihAsika gaveSaNA ke rUpa meM bhI aura racanAtmaka sAhitya kI sRSTi ke rUpa meM bhii| sAdhanA ke akSara to mauna haiM / aitihAsika gaveSaNA ke viSaya meM hama kAphI kaha hI cuke haiN| yahA~ antima preraNA ke viSaya meM yahI kahanA hai ki pAli-sAhitya meM itanI sAmagrI bharI par3I hai ki vaha abhI hindI-sAhitya meM aneka vidhAyaka lekhakoM aura vicArakoM ko preraNA aura AdhAra de sakatI hai| abhI hamane 'buddhacarita' 'siddhArtha', 'yazodharA' aura 'prasAda' ke katipaya nATakoM ke atirikta hindI meM vizAla pAli-sAhitya se preraNA hI kyA grahaNa kI hai ? nizcaya hI pratyeka dizA meM upayoga ke liye yahA~ eka kabhI samApta na hone vAlI sAmagrI bharI par3I hai| yadi pAli kI samucita ArAdhanA kI jAya to nizcaya hI vaha bahaphalasAdhikA ho sakatI hai|

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dUsarA adhyAya pAli sAhitya kA vistAra, vargIkaraNa aura kAla-krama pAli sAhitya kA udbhava aura vikAsa jisa tejasvI vyaktitva se saMsAra ne saba se pahale manuSyatA sIkhI; jisakI dIpti se bhArata ke nizcayAtmaka itihAsa para sarva prathama Aloka par3A, usI se pAli sAhitya kA bhI udaya huaa| tathAgata kI samyak sambodhi hI pAli-sAhitya kA AdhAra hai / jisa dina bhagavAn ne buddhatva prApta kiyA aura jisa dina unhoMne parinirvANa meM praveza kiyA, usake bIca unhoMne jo kucha, jahA~ kahIM, jisa kisI se kahA, usI ke saMgraha kA prayatna pAli-tripiTaka meM kiyA gayA hai / tripiTaka kA artha hai tIna piTaka yA tIna piTAriyA~ / ina tIna piTAriyoM meM buddha-vacana saMgRhIta kiye gaye haiM, jo kAlAnukrama se Aja ke yuga ko bhI prApta haiM / upayukta tIna piTakoM yA piTAriyoM ke nAma haiM, sutta-piTaka, vinaya-piTaka aura abhidhamma-piTaka / bhagavAn baddha ne jo kucha apane jIvana-kAla meM kahA yA socA, vaha sabhI tripiTaka meM saMgahIta hai, aisA dAvA tripiTaka kA nahIM hai| kauna jAnatA hai ki bhagavAn ke antarmana ke kucha udgAra kevala uruvelA kI pahAr3iyoM ne hI sune, neraMjarA kI zAnta dhArA ne hI dhAraNa kiye ! phira sahasroM ne jo kucha sunA, una saba ne hI A Akara tripiTaka meM use saMgRhIta karavA diyA ho, aisA bhI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH aitihAsika rUpa se buddha ke mukha se nikale hue aneka aise bhI vacana ho sakate haiM, jo tripiTaka meM hameM nahIM milate aura jinheM anyatra hama kahIM pA bhI nahIM skte| isI prakAra tripiTaka meM jo kucha surakSita hai, vaha sabhI binA kisI apavAda ke buddha-vacana hai, aisA bhI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| 'vibhajyavAdI' (vibhAga kara batalAne vAlA, buddha) ko samajhane ke liye hameM saba prakAra 'vibhajyavAdI' hI honA pdd'egaa| hA~, yaha AzvAsana avazya prApta hai ki pAli tripiTaka meM vizvastatama rUpa se buddhavacana apane maulika rUpa meM surakSita haiM, jaisA ki nIce ke vivaraNa se spaSTa hogaa|

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( 75 ) bhagavAna baddha ke sabhI upadeza maukhika the| yadyapi lekhana-kalA kA AviSkAra. bhArata meM buddha-yuga ke bahuta pahale hI ho cukA thA, phira bhI buddha-upadeza bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM hI lekhabaddha kara liye gaye hoM, isakA koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| bhagavAn buddha ke sabhI ziSya unheM smRti meM hI rakhane kA prayatna karate the| isa bAta ke aneka pramANa svayaM tripiTaka meM hI milate haiN| udAharaNataH, eka bAra dUra se Aye hue moNa nAmaka bhikSu ko jaba bhagavAn pUchate haiM "kaho bhikSu ! tuma ne dharma ko kaise samajhA hai ?" to isake uttara meM vaha solaha aSTaka vargoM ko pUrA pUrA svara ke sAtha par3ha detA hai| bhagavAn anumodana karate hue kahate haiM "sAdhu bhikSu ! solaha apTaka vargoM ko tuma ne acchI prakAra yAda kara liyA hai, acchI prakAra dhAraNa kara liyA hai| tumhAre kahane kA prakAra bar3A acchA hai, khulA hai, nirdoSa hai, artha ko sApha sApha dikhA dene vAlA hai"|' isI prakAra buddha-vacanoM ko adhika vistRta rUpa se dhAraNa karane vAle bhI aneka bahuzruta, smRtimAn bhikSa the| unameM se aneka dharma-dhara, suttantika (dharma yA sutta-piTaka ko dhAraNa karane vAle) the, aneka vinaya-dhara (vinayapiTaka yA vinaya-sambandhI upadezoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle) the, aneka mAtrikA-dhara (mAtrikAoM--upadeza-sambandhI anakramaNiyoM, jinase bAda meM abhidhamma-piTaka kA vikAsa huA, ko dhAraNa karane vAle) the| 2 inake viSaya meM tripiTaka meM aneka bAra prazaMsApUrvaka kahA gayA hai--bahussutA AgatAgAmA dhammadharA vinayadharA mAtikAdharA / 3 vAda ke 'paMcanekAyikA' 'bhANaka' 'suttantika', 'peTakI' jaise zabda bhI isI pUrva paramparA ko prakaTa karate haiM / aMguttara-nikAya ke 'etadaggavagga' meM hama bhagavAn buddha ke una pramukha bhikSu-bhikSuNI evaM upAsaka upAsikAoM kI eka lambI sucI dekhate haiM, jinhoMne sAdhanA kI viziSTa zAkhAoM meM dakSatA prApta karane ke atirikta bhagavAna ke vacanoM ko smaraNa karane meM bhI vizeSatA prApta kara lI 1. udAna, pRSTha 79 (bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kA anuvAda) 2. dekhiye vinaya-piTaka-cullavagga / 3. bahuzruta, zAstrajJa, dharma, vinaya aura mAtrikAoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle vidvAn bhikSa / vinaya-piTaka ke mahAvagga 2; 10, aura cullavagga 1, 12 meM; dIdha-nikAya ke mahAparinibbANa sutta (tRtIya bhANavAra) meM; aMguttara-nikAya (visuddhimaya 4 / 19 meM uddhRta) meM ; tathA tripiTaka ke anya aneka sthAnoM meN|

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thI / inhIM banI sAdhakoM ke prati hama Aja buddha-vacanoM ke dAyAca ke liye RnniihaiN| zAstA ke samIpa rahate bhikSuoM ko jJAna aura darzana kA bar3A sahArA thaa| kintu unake anupAdhi-zeSa-nirvANa dhAtu meM praveza kara jAne ke bAda unheM cAroM ora andhakAra hI dikhAI dene lgaa| yaha ThIka hai ki buddha ke samAna hI unheM dhamma kA mahArA thaa| kintu sAdhAraNa janatA bahirmukhI thii| antarAtmA kI apekSA vaha bAhara hI adhika dekhatI thii| phira jisa 'dhamma' kI zaraNa meM zAstA ne bhikSuoM ko chor3A thA, usakA bhI astitva antataH unake vacanoM para nirbhara thaa| usase mAtra una bhikSuoM aura arhatoM kA gujArA ho sakatA thA, jinako svayaM zAstA me sunane kA avamara milA thaa| kintu bAda kI janatAoM ke liye kyA hogA? jo bhikSu bhagavAn buddha ke jIvana kAla meM apanA adhikatara samaya aura dhyAna buddha-vacanoM ke smaraNa aura maMgraha karane ke bajAya unake vyAvahArika abhyAsa meM hI lagAte the, unheM bhI aba yaha cintA hone lagI ki hamAre bAda ima thAtI kA kauna sa~bhAlegA, dama prakAga ke dIpaka ko eka pIr3hI se dUsarI sIr3hI taka kauna pahu~cAyegA? unakA isa prakAra cintita honA bhAvukatA para bhI AdhArita nahIM thaa| svayaM bhikSu-saMgha meM isa prakAra ke lakSaNa prakaTa ho rahe the, jinase saMyamI bhikSuoM ko duHkha honA svAbhAvika thaa| abhI bhagavAn ke parinirvANa ko mAna dina bhI nahIM hue the ki subhadra nAmaka bar3hA bhikSu kahatA huA munA gayA thA, "vama AyupmAno ! bhata zoka karo! mana vilApa karo ! hama usa mahAzramaNa se acchI taraha mukta ho gaye / vaha hameM sadA hI yaha kaha kara kaha pIr3ita kiyA karatA thA yaha tumheM vihita hai, yaha tumheM vihita nahIM hai / aba hama jo cAheMge, kareMge; jo nahIM cAheMge, mo nahIM kreNge|'' subhadra jaise avItarAga aneka bhikSu bhI usa samaya maMgha meM ho sakate the| 1. dekhiye buddhacaryA, pRSTha 469-72 2. yaha bhikSu isI nAma ke usa bhikSu se bhinna thA, jisane bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke samaya pravajyA prApta kI thI aura isa prakAra jo unakA antima ziSya thaa| 3. alaM Avaso! mA socitya ! mA paridevitha ! sumuttA mayaM tena mahA. samaNena ! upaddatA ca hom| idaM vo kappati, idaM vo na kappatIti / idAni pana mayaM yaM icchissAma taM krissaam| yaM na icchissAma taM na krissaam| mahAparinibANa-sutta (dogha 213); dinaya-piTaka-cullabagga, paMcasatika khandhaka /

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( 77 ) isa maila ko dho DAlane ke liye aura zAstA kI smRti ke prati sammAna prakaTa karane ke liye buddha ke pramukha ziSyoM ne unake vacanoM kA saMgAyana karanA Avazyaka smjhaa| subhadra jaise bhikSuoM ke asaMyama ko dekhakara Arya mahAkAzyapa kI mAnasika vyathA ke darzana hama unake ina gabdoM meM karate haiM, "AyuSmAno! Aja hamAre sAmana adharma bar3ha rahA hai, dharma kA hrAsa ho rahA hai| a-vinaya bar3ha rahA hai, vinaya kA hrAsa hA rahA hai / Ao ASyumAno! hama dhamma aura vinaya kA saMgAyana kreN| isa uddezya kI pUrti ke liye eka sabhA kI gii| yaha sabhA baddha-parinirvANa ke cauthe mAsa meM huii| buddha-parinirvANa vaizAkha-pUrNimA ko huA thA, ataH yaha sabhA sambhavataH zrAvaNa mAsa meM huI / ASAr3ha kA mAsa taiyArI meM lagA / isa sabhA meM 500 bhikSu sammilina hue. ataH bauddha anuzruti meM yaha mabhA 'paMcazatikA' nAma se bhI vikhyAta hai| sabhAsadoM meM eka Ananda bhI the| sabhApatitva kA kArya mahAkAzyapa ko sauMpA gyaa| sabhA kI kAryavAhI meM, jaisA spaSTa hai, buddha-vacanoM kA saMgAyana aura saMgraha hI mukhya thaa| sabhApati mahAkAzyapa ne upAli se vinaya-sambandhI aura Ananda se dharma-sambandhI prazna pUche aura unake uttaroM kA dusare bhikSuoM ne saMgAyana kiyaa| udAharaNataH mahAkAvyapa ne upAli se pUchA--"Avuma upAli ! prathama pArAjika kA upadeza kahAM diyA gayA ?'' "bhante ! vaizAlI meM'' "kisa vyakti ke pramaMga ma?' "kalanda ke putra ma dinna ke prasaMga meM "kisa bAta ko lekara?" "maithuna ko lekara' / isI prakAra Ananda se baddha-upadezoM (yuttoM) ke viSaya meM prazna pUche gaye, jinake unhoMne uttara diye / isa prakAra nizcina dhamma aura vinaya kA sArI mabhA ne saMgAyana kiyA, mahAkAzyapa ke prastAva para---dhammaca vinayaJca sNgaayyyaam| uparyukta sabhA kA aitihAsika AdhAra aura mahatva kyA hai. ora usameM jisa 'dhamma' aura 'vinaya kA svarUpa nizcita kiyA gayA. usakA hamAre Aja prApta 1. pure adhammo dippati, dhammo paTibAhiyati / avinayo dippati, vinayo paTibAhiyati / handa mayaM Avuso dhammaM ca vinayaM ca saMgAyAma / vinypittk-cullvgg| 2. dekhiye mahAvaMza (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) pRSTha 11 (paricaya)

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( 78 ) sutta aura vinaya piTaka se kyA sambandha hai, ye prazna pAli sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke liye bar3e mahatva ke haiN| rAjagRha kI isa prathama saMgIti kA varNana, jisameM dhamma aura vinaya kA saMgAyana kiyA gayA, ina granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai (1) vinaya-piTakacallabagga (2) dIpavaMsa (3) mahAvaMsa (4) buddhaghoSakRta samantapAsAdikA (vinaya-piTaka kI arthakathA) kI nidAna-kathA (5) mahAbodhivaMsa (6) mahAvastu (7) tibbatI dulva / ina sabhI granthoM meM choTI-moTI aneka vibhinnatAe~ haiN| udAharaNataH sabhA ke bulAne ke uddezyoM meM hI koI kisI bAta para jora detA hai aura koI kisI bAta pr| 'cullavagga' meM subhadra vAle prakaraNa ko hI pradhAnatA dekara use sabhA bulAne kA kAraNa dikhalAyA gayA hai, jaba ki 'dIpavaMsa' meM isa prasaMga kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / 'mahAvaMsa' meM kucha anya sAdhAraNa kAraNa bhI diye hue haiN| hama AsAnI se dekha sakate haiM ki ye ye koI maulika vibhinnatAe~ nahIM haiN| isI prakAra sabhA meM bhAga lene vAle sadasyoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI vibhinna mata haiN| aisA honA bhI bahuta sambhava hai / hama AsAnI se itanA nizcita tathya to nikAla hI sakate haiM ki yaha saMkhyA 500 ke lagabhaga thii| isI prakAra sammilita sadasyoM meM dhamma aura vinaya ke svarUpa ke nizcita karane meM kisane kitanA yoga diyA, isake viSaya meM bhI uparyukta granthoM meM vibhinna mata haiN| 'cullavagga' ke anusAra to sArA kAma mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli ne hI kiyaa| kintu 'dIpavaMsa' ke varNana ke anusAra anya bhikSuoM ne bhI kAphI yoga diyaa| ina anya bhikSuoM meM, aniruddha, vaMgIza, pUrNa, kAtyAyana, koTTita Adi mukhya the| yahA~ bhI koI maulika bheda dikhAI nahIM pdd'taa| pratyakSataH mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli ke hI pradhAna bhAga lene para bhI anya anaka bhikSuoM kA bhI unake kAma meM paryApta sahayoga ho sakatA thaa| ataH uparyukta granthoM ke vivaraNoM meM, jinameM 'cullavagga' kA vivaraNa hI prAcIna 1. "usa mahAsthavira (mahA kAzyapa) ne zAstA (buddha) ke dharma kI cirasthiti kI icchA se lokanAtha, dazabala bhagavAn ke parinirvANa ke eka saptAha bAda, bUr3he subhadra ke durbhASita vacana kA, bhagavAna dvArA cIvaradAna tathA apanI samatA dene kA, aura saddharma kI sthApanA ke liye kiye gaye bhagavAn (muni) ke anugraha kA smaraNa kara ke, sambuddha se anumata saMgIti karane ke liye, navAna buddhopadeza ko dhAraNa karane vAle, sarvAGgayukta, Ananda sthavira ke kAraNa pA~ca sau se eka kama mahAkSINAsrava bhikSa cune" mahAvaMsa, pRSTha 12 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda)

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( 79 ) tama jAna par3atA hai, koI maulika vibhinnatAe~ nahIM haiN| balki ve eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| unameM se adhikAMza 'cullavagga' ke varNana ko hI vistRta rUpa dete haiM / uparyukta varNanoM ke AdhAra para bauddha anuzruti rAjagRha kI sabhA ke aitihAsika tathya ko mAnatI hai| Adhunika vidyArthI bhI isameM sandeha karane kA koI kAraNa nahIM dekhatA / olDanabarga ne avazya isameM sandeha prakaTa kiyA thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki subhadra vAlA prakaraNa, jise 'cullavagga' meM rAjagRha kI sabhA ke bulAne kA kAraNa batalAyA gayA haiM, 'mahAparinibbANa - sutta' ( dIgha 2 / 3) meM bhI unhIM zabdoM meM rakkhA huA hai, kintu vahA~ isa sabhA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / isa mauna kA kAraNa unhoMna yaha mAnA hai ki 'mahAparinibbANa-sutta' ke saMgrAhaka yA sampAdaka ko isa sabhA kA kucha patA nahIM thA / yadi yaha sabhA huI hotI to 'mahAparinibbANa-sutta' ke saMgrAhaka ko bhI isakA avazya patA hotA aura usa hAlata meM subhadra vAle prakaraNa ke sAtha sAtha usane isa sabhA kA bhI avazya ullekha kiyA hotA / cU~ki yaha ullekha vahA~ nahIM hai, isaliye hama mAna hI sakate haiM ki yaha sabhA huI hI nahIM / 1 kitanA bhayAvaha aura itihAsa kI praNAlI se asiddha hai DA0 olDanavarga kA yaha tarka ! kintu yaha bhI bahuta dinoM taka vidvAnoM ko bhrama meM DAle rahA / vAstava meM DA0 olDanabarga ke tarka kA koI AdhAra nahIM hai / 'mahAparinibbANa -sutta' kA viSaya bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke dRzya kA varNana karatA hai, saMgha ke itihAsa kA nirdeza karanA nahIM / saMgha ke itihAsa kA samvandha 'vinaya' se hai| ataH bhagavAn ke parinirvANa ke bAda bhikSuoM kI vihvala dazA kA varNana karate hue 'mahAparinibbANa-sutta' ke saMgAyaka yA saMgAyakoM ne subhadra jaise asaMyamI bhikSu ke viparIta vyavahAra kA to ullekha kara diyA hai, kintu usase Age jAnA vahA~ ThIka nahIM samajhA gyaa| isake viparIta 'vinaya-piTaka' meM saMgha-zAsana kI dRSTi se isa tathya ko lekara saMgha ke itihAsa para bhI usakA prabhAva dikhalAyA gayA hai / yadi yaha bhI samAdhAna paryApta na mAnA jAya, to yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki 'dIpavaMsa' meM bhI subhadra vAle prakaraNa kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu vahA~ prathama saMgIti kA varNana upalabdha hai / isaliye 'dIpavaMsa' ke lekhaka ko jaba hama subhadra ke prakaraNa meM mauna rakhate hue bhI prathama saMgIti ke viSaya meM abhijJAna dekhate 1. vinaya TaiksaTs, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 26 (bhUmikA) ( - sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda terahavIM)

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( 80 ) 8 haiM, to 'mahAparinibbANa- sutta' ke viSaya meM hI hama aisA kyoM mAneM ki usakA mauna isa saMgIti ke vAstavika rUpa se na hone kA sUcaka hai / ata: 'mahAparinibbANamutta' ke mauna se hama usa prakAra kA niSeghAtmaka siddhAnta nahIM nikAla sakate, jaisA olDanabarga ne nikAlA hai, jaba ki aneka granthoM kI bhArI paramparA usake vipakSa meM hai / gAyagara aura vinTaranitz2a' jaise vidvAnoM ne bhI isI kAraNa rAjagRha kI bhAko aitihAsika tathya mAnA hai / vinTaranitz2a ne kucha yaha avazya kahA hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda itane zIghra isa sabhA kA bulAyA jAnA hama se kucha adhika vizvAsa karane kI apekSA rakhatA hai| isI prakAra minayapha ne isa sabhA kI aitihAsikatA svIkAra kara ke bhI yaha svIkAra karane meM kucha hicakicAhaTa kI hai ki buddha vacanoM kA saMgAyana bhI isa sabhA kI kAryavAhI kA eka aMga thA / " hamArI samajha meM ye donoM hI zaMkAe~ nirmUla haiM / bhAratIya sAdhanA kI AtmA ko yahA~ nahIM samajhA gyaa| anukampaka zAstA ke cale jAne para unake 'dhammadAyAda' bhikSuoM ke liye isase adhika Avazyaka aura avazyambhAvI kAya kyA ho sakatA thA ki ve jaldI se jaldI eka jagaha mila kara bhagavAn ke vacanoM kI smRti kareM / brAhmaNa aura kSatriya gRhasthoM ne to bhagavAn ke zarIra ke prati adbhuta Adara pradarzita kiye, cakravartI ke samAna usakA dAha saMskAra kiyA aura bhagavAn kI asthiyoM ko bA~Ta kara unakI pUjA kI / bhikSu kyA karate ? unake liye to pUjA kA anya hI vidhAna zAstA chor3a gaye the / unake liye to eka hI upadeza thA / tathAgata ke antima puruSa mata bano / 'buddha' ke vAda 'dhamma' kI zaraNa lii| 1. tibbatI dulva kI bhI paristhiti 'dIpavaMsa' ke samAna hI hai, arthAt vahAM subhadra kA prakaraNa nahIM hai, kintu prathama saMgIti kA varNana hai / dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja' pRSTha 40-41 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 9, pada-saMketa 3 3. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 4 4. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 4 5. dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIz2a, pRSTha 43 6. ye akSarazaH uddharaNa nahIM haiN| ina bhAvanAoM ke liye dekhiye dhammadAyAda sutta ( majjhima. 1|1|3 ) ; gopaka-moggallAna sutta ( majjhima. 3|1|8 )

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( 81 ) aisI avasthA meM 'dhamma' kI anusmRti karanA unakA prathama aura eka mAtra kartavya thaa| yadi ve aisA na karate to hama Aja yahI kahate ki bhagavAn kA bhikSu-saMgha hI usa samaya nahIM thaa| cU~ki hama nizcita rUpa se jAnate haiM ki bhikSu-saMgha usa samaya thA, isaliye usase bhI adhika nizcita rUpa se hameM yaha jAnanA cAhiye ki unhoMne eka jagaha milakara 'buddha' aura 'dhamma' kI anusmRti bhI avazya kI hogI, bhagavAn ke vacanoM kA saMgAyana bhI avazya kiyA hogA, phira cAhe vaha kimI rUpa meM kyoM na ho / truddha-gaMdha kI AtmA aura usakA sArA vivAna isI tathya kI ora nirdeza karatA hai, jo itihAsa ke sAkSya se kahIM adhika dRr3ha hai, aura isa viSaya meM to itihAsa kA sAkSya bhI, jaisA hama Upara nirdeza kara cuke haiM, bahuta adhika paryApta hai| rAjagaha kI mabhA kI aitihAsikatA siddha ho jAne para bhI yaha prazna raha hI jAtA hai ki dhamma aura vinaya ke jisa rUpa kA buddha ke ina prathama ziSyoM ne maMgAyana aura saMkalana kiyA, vaha kahA~ taka hamAre vartamAna rUpa meM prApta sutna-piTaka aura 'vinaya-piTaka' meM milatA hai| isa prazna kA uttara atyanta saMyata vANI meM aura kramazaH hI diyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi AcArya buddhaghoSa ne yutta-piTaka aura vinayapiTaka ke vibhinna bhAgo ke nAma le le kara yaha dikhAyA hai ki unakA maMgAyana prathama saMgIti meM hI kiyA gayA thaa| phira bhI Adhunika vidyArthI to unake isa sAkSya kA mAvadhAnI se hI grahaNa kregaa| prathama sagIti ke varNana meM eka dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki vahA~ dhamma (mukta) aura vinaya ke maMgAyana kI hI bAta kahI gaI hai| abhidhamma ke saMgAyana kI vAta vahA~ nahIM hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki abhidhamma-piTava kI racanA prathama saMgIti se bAda ke kAla kI hai| kintu yaha niSkarSa bauddha paramparA ko mAnya nahIM hai| AcArya buddhaghopa ne prathama saMgIti ke avasara para ho abhidharma ke bhI saMgAyana kA ullekha kiyA hai| yUAn makhAdeva-sutta (majjhima. 2 / 4 / 3) evaM mahAparinibbANa-sutta (dIgha. 213) Adi / 1. tato anantaraM--dhammasaMgaNi-vibhaGga Jca, kathAvatthuJca puggalaM, dhAtu yamaka-paTTAnaM, abhidhammAti vuccatoti / evaM saMvaNitaM sukhumanANagocaraM, tantiM saMgAyitvA idaM abhidhammapiTakaM nAmAti vatvA paJca, arahantasatAni sajjhAyamakaMsu / sumaMgalavilAsinI kI nidAna-kathA) milAiye samanta-pAsAdikA kI nidAna-kathA bhii|

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cuAGa ko bhI yahI bAta mAnya thii| vRddhaghoSa yA yUAn-cuAGa ke mAtha isa hada taka sahamata na ho sakane para bhI isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki buddha-vacanoM kA jo svarUpa rAjagRha kI sabhA meM svIkAra aura saMgraha kiyA gayA, usI para vartamAna pAli tripiTaka AdhArita hai| isa sabhA ke eka mahatvapUrNa prasaMga kA yahA~ ullekha kara denA aura Avazyaka hogaa| jisa samaya yaha sabhA ho hI rahI thI yA samApta ho cukI thI, purANa nAmaka eka bhi vahA~ vicaratA huA A niklaa| usase jaba saMgAyana meM bhAga lene ke liye kahA gayA to usane kahA, "Avusa ! sthaviroM ne dhamma aura vinaya ko sundara taura se saMgnayana kiyA hai| kintu jaisA maine svayaM zAstA ke mukha se sunA hai, mukha se grahaNa kriyA hai, maiM to vaisA hI dhAraNa kruuNgaa"|' purANa kI isa ukti meM rAjagRha ke sabhAsadoM ke dvArA saMgAyana kiye hue dhamma aura vinaya ke prati aprAmANikatA kA bhAva nahIM hai, jaisA kucha vidvAnoM ne bhramavaza socA hai / saMgha ke liye yaha koI khatare kI ghaMTI bhI nahIM thI, jaisA eka vidvAn ko bhrama huA hai| pugaNa to eka sAdhaka puruSa thA / ekAnta-sAdhanA kA bhAva usameM avazya adhika thA, jisake kAraNa vaha apanI usa dhyAna-bhAvanA meM, jo use gAstA ke pratyakSa samparka se milI thI, kisI prakAra kA vikSepa nahIM Ane denA cAhatA thaa| dUsaro ne buddhamukha se jo kucha sunA hai, vaha saba ThIka rahe, satya rhe| kintu purANa ko to apanA jIvana-yApana usI se karanA, jo usakI AvazyakatA dekhate hue svayaM bhagavAn ne use diyA hai| isa dRSTi se na to purANa kI ukti meM rAjagRha kI sabhA meM saMgAyana kiye hue vRddha-vacanoM kI apramANikatA kI ora saMketa hai aura aura na vaha bhikSu-saMgha ke liye koI khatare ko ghaMTI hI thii| isa prakAra ke svatantra vicAroM ke prakAzana para bhikSu-saMgha ne kabhI pratibandha nahIM lgaayaa| yaha usakI eka vizeSatA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki dharmavAdI bhikSuoM ne dharma kA vaisA hI maMgAyana kiyA, jaisA unhoMne svayaM bhagavAn se sunA thA aura jo unhoMne magAyana kiyA usake hI darzana hameM pAli sutta aura vinaya piTako meM milate haiM, yadyapi usake sAtha kucha aura bhI mila gayA hai| 3 / 1. vinaya-piTaka-cullavagga; dekhiye buddhacaryA, pRSTha 552 bhii| 2. DA. ramezacandra majUmadAra ne likhA hai "This was a danger sis nai for the Church " buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 44 / / 3. buddhaghoSa ko bhI yaha mata AMzika rUpa se mAnya thaa| dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIz2a pRSTha 221

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bhagavAn ke parinirvANa ke 100 varSa bAda (vassasataparinibbute bhagavati-- cullavagga) kintu yUAn cuAG dvArA nirdiSTa paramparA ke anusAra 110 varSa vAda, vaizAlI meM 'dhamma' aura, vinaya' kA, jaisA ki vaha prathama saMgIti meM saMgRhIta kiyA gayA thA, punaH saMgAyana kiyA gyaa| yaha bauddha bhikSuoM kI dUsarI saMgIti thI, jisameM 700 bhikSuoM ne bhAga liyaa| isIliye yaha 'saptazatikA' bhI kahalAtI hai| yaha sabhA vAstava meM vinaya-sambandhI kucha vivAda-grasta praznoM kA nirNaya karane ke liye bulAI gaI thii| vaizAlI ke bhikSu dasa bAtoM meM vinaya-viparIta AcaraNa karane lage the, jinameM eka sone-cAMdI kA grahaNa bhI thaa| aneka bhikSuoM ke mata meM unakA yaha AcaraNa vinaya-viparIta aura niSiddha thaa| isI kA nirNaya karane ke liye vaizAlI meM yaha sabhA huI, jo ATha mAsa take calatI rhii| pAli sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI isa sabhA kA bar3A mahatva hai / eka bAta isa sabhA se yaha nizcita ho jAtI hai ki isa samaya taka bhikSu-saMgha ke pAsa eka aisA sunizcita saMgRhIta sAhitya avazya thA jisake AdhAra para bhikSu vivAda-grasta praznoM kA nipaTArA kara sakate the, phira cAhe vaha sAhitya maukhika paramparA ke rUpa meM hI bhale kyoM na ho|' vaizAlI kI sabhA ne vaizAlika bhikSuoM ke dasa bAtoM sambandhI vyavahAra ko vinaya-viparIta tthhraayaa| isase eka mahatvapUrNa samasyA pAli-sAhitya, vizeSataH vinaya-piTaka, ke sambandha meM utpanna ho jAtI hai / Aja jisa rUpa meM vinaya 1. aisA hI AdhAra svayaM bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM bhI vidyamAna thaa| "bhikSuo! yadi koI bhikSu aisA kahe 'maine ise bhagavAn ke mukha se sunA hai,' grahaNa kiyA hai, yaha dharma hai, yaha vinaya hai, yaha zAstA kA zAsana hai, to bhikSuo! usa dina usa bhikSu ke bhASaNa kA na abhinandana karanA, na nindA krnaa| balki .....sUtra se tulanA karanA, vinaya meM dekhnaa| yadi vaha satra se tulanA karane para, vinaya meM dekhane para, na sUtra meM utare, na vinaya meM dikhAI de, to vizvAsa karanA yaha bhagavAn kA vacana nahIM hai| kintu yadi vaha sUtra meM bhI utare, vinaya meM bhI dikhAI de, to vizvAsa karanA avazya yaha bhagavAn kA vacana hai|" mahAparinibbANa sutta (dogha. 2 / 3) milAiye aMguttara-nikAya, jilda 6, pRSTha 51; jilda 4, pRSTha 180 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa)

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( 84 ) piTaka pAyA jAtA hai usameM una dasa bAtoM meM se, jinake nirNaya ke liye vaizAlI kI sabhA bulAI gaI thI, adhikAMza bAteM spaSTataH buddha mantavya ke viparIta ThaharAI IM haiN| isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA gayA hai ki Aja jisa rUpa meM vinaya-piTaka hameM prApta hai vaha vaizAlI kI sabhA se pUrva kA nahIM ho sakatA / yadi aisA hotA, to sthaviroM ko itanA vAda-vivAda karane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hotI, kyoMki vahA~ to spaSTataH unheM niSiddha batalAyA hI gayA hai| ataH aisA mAnA gayA hai ki pahale vinaya-piTaka kA rUpa kucha aura rahA hogA aura bAda meM vaizAlI kI sabhA ke bAda usake nirNayoM ko usameM ucita sthAnoM meM samAviSTa kara diyA hogA / 3 hama yaha asvIkAra nahIM karate ki vaizAlI kI sabhA ke pariNAma svarUpa vinayapiTaka ke svarUpa meM kucha saMzodhana yA parivarddhana na kiyA gayA ho, kintu hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate ki tattvataH vaizAlI kI sabhA se pUrva ke vinaya aura Aja vaha jisa rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai, usameM koI bheda hai / vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki vaigAlI kI sabhA se pUrva aura usake kucha zatAbdiyoM bAda taka bhI 'vinaya', jaise ki anya buddha vacana, maukhika avasthA meM hI rahe / ataH yadi vinaya-piTaka kA svarUpa vaizAlI kI sabhA se pahale kA bhI yadi Aja kA sA hI hotA, to bhI una dasa bAtoM para vivAda cala sakatA thA, jina para vaizAlI kI sabhA meM vaha calA aura jinameM se bahutoM ke Upara vinaya kA Aja spaSTa sAkSya upalabdha hai / ataH yaha mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI ki vartamAna vinaya-piTaka vaizAlI kI sabhA se pahale kA nahIM hai / hA~, vaizAlI kI sabhA ne eka bAta pahalI bAra spaSTa kara dI hai| vaha yaha ki jisa bhikSusabhA ne vaizAlI meM mila kara apane matAnusAra prAmANika buddha mantavya ke anusAra vaizAlI ke vRjjiyoM ke anAcAra kI nindA kI, unakA hI eka mAtra saMgraha buddha vacanoM kA nahIM hai / jina bhikSuoM kI isa sabhA meM parAjaya ho gaI, unhoMne apanI alaga eka bhArI sabhA (mahA - saMgIti) kI, jisameM unhoMne apane matAnusAra naye buddha vacanoM kI sRSTi kii| inake viSaya meM 'dIpavaMsa' meM kahA gayA 1. kucha uddharaNoM ke liye dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 62-64 2. yaha niSkarSa DA0 ramezacandra majUmadAra ne nikAlA hai| dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja pRSTha 62 3. buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 63-64; olDanabarga ko bhI yahI mata mAnya hai, dekhiye vahIM pRSTha 64, padasaMketa 1

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hai "mahAmaMgIti ke bhikSuoM ne buddha-zAsana ko bilakula viparIta kara DAlA / mala saMgha meM bheda utpanna kara unhoMne eka nayA saMgha khar3A kara diyaa| maulika 'dhamma' ko naSTa kara unhoMne eka nayA hI suttoM kA saMgraha kiyA"1 Adi / ina mahAsaMgItikAroM ne jo kucha bhI saMgraha kiyA ho yA unakA jo kucha bhI aMga avazeSa rahA ho, hama yaha nirvivAda rUpa se kaha sakate haiM ki baddha-vacanoM ke pAli-saMskaraNa ke sAmane usakI koI pramANavattA nahIM hai / vaizAlI kI sabhA meM vinaya-sambandhI dasa bAtoM ke viSaya meM nirNaya ho jAne ke bAda 700bhikSuoM ne mahAsthavira revatake sabhApatitva meM, prathama saMgIti ke samAna hI, 'dhamma' kA saMgAyana aura saMkalana kiyaa| 'akara dhammamaMgahaM' / AcArya buddhaghoSa ke varNanAnusAra buddha-vacanoM kA tIna piTakoM, pA~ca nikAyoM, nau aMgoM aura 84000 dharmaskandhoM meM vargIkaraNa isI samaya kiyA gyaa| isa saMgIti kI aitihAsikatA vidvAnoM ko pahalI kI apekSA adhika mAnya hai| isa saMgIta kA varNana bhI prAyaH una saba granthoM meM milatA hai jinameM prathama saMgIti kA / inakA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke bAda eka tIsarI saMgIti samrATa azoka ke samaya meM vaddha-parinirvANa ke 236 varSa vAda pATaliputra meM huii| isa maMgIti kA varNana dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMma aura samantapAsAdikA (vinaya-piTaka kI buddhaghoSa-racita aTThakathA) meM milatA hai / vinaya-piTaka ke cullavagga meM isa saMgIti kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| tibbata aura cIna ke mahAyAnI bauddha sAhitya meM bhI ima maMgIti kA nirdeza nahIM milatA aura na yUAn-cuAGa, ne hI isake viSaya meM kucha likhA hai| azoka ke kisI zilAlekha meM bhI isa saMgIti kA spaSTataH koI ullekha nahIM 1. mahAsaGgItikA bhikkhU vilomaM akaMsu sAsanaM / bhinditvA mUlasaMgha a akaMsu saMgha // aAthA saGgahitaM suttaM aJathA arisu te / atthaM dhammaM ca bhindiMsu ye nikAyesu paMcasu // yahIM Age kahA gayA hai ki mahAsaMgIti ke ina bhikSuoM ne parivAra, abhidhamma, paTisambhidA, niddesa aura jAtakoM ke kucha aMzoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA--parivAra atthuddhAraM abhidhammappakaraNaM, paTisambhidAM ca niddesaM ekadesaM ca jAtakaM, ettakaM nissajjetvAna a arisu te| 5 / 32-38 (olDanabarga kA saMskaraNa)

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( 86 ) miltaa| ataH kucha vidvAnoM ne isakI aitihAsikatA meM sandeha kiyA hai| vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki azoka ke samaya taka bauddha saMgha 18 sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hocukA thA aura jisa sampradAya kA pakSa grahaNa kara yaha sabhA bulAI gaI thI athavA jisa sampradAya ko isa sabhA ke bAda buddha-dharma kA vAstavika pratinidhi mAnA gayA thA vaha vibhajyavAdI yA sthaviravAdI3 sampradAya thaa| ataH yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki dUsare sampradAya vAloM ne ise sthaviravAdI yA vibhajyavAdI bhikSuoM kI hI apanI sabhA mAnakara isakA ullekha sAmAnya bauddha saMgItiyoM ke rUpa meM na kiyA ho| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA isa sambandha meM mauna rakhane kA yaha kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki azoka ne vAstava meM isa sabhA meM koI mahatvapUrNa bhAga nahIM liyA 1. naveM zilAlekha meM kucha 'kathAvatthu ke samAna zailI avazya dRSTigocara hotI hai| dekhiye bhAMDArakara aura majUmadAraH insakripzansa oNva azoka, pRSTha 34-36 2. jinameM mukhya minayapha, kItha, maiksa velesara, vArtha, phraika aura levI haiN| DA0 TI0 DablyU0 rAyasa DeviDsa, zrImatI rAyasaDeviDsa, viTaranitna aura gAyagara isa sabhA ko aitihAsika rUpa se prAmANika mAnate hai| dekhiye viMTaranitz2a; hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara , jilda dUsarI pRSTha 16-9-70 pada saMketa 5, evaM gAyagaraH pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, paSTha 9 pada saMketa 2 meM nidiSTa sAhitya / / 3. sthaviravAda kA artha hai sthaviroM arthAt vRddha, jJAnI puruSoM aura tattva. daziyoM kA mata / buddha ke prathama ziSyoM ke liye 'sthavira' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| buddha-mantavya ke viSaya meM unakA mata hI sarvAdhika prAmANika thaa| ataH sthaviravAda kA artha 'prAmANika mata' bhI ho gyaa| sthaviravAdI bhikSu 'vibhajyavAda' ke anuyAyI the| ataH 'vibhajyavAda' (pAli, vibhajjavAda) aura sthaviravAda (pAli, theravAda) donoM eka hI vastu ke dyotaka haiN| 'vibhajyavAda' kA artha hai vibhAga kara, vizleSaNa kara, pratyeka vastu ke acche aMza ko acchA aura bure aMza ko burA btlaanaa| isakA ulTA ekAMzavAda (pAli, ekaMsavAda) hai, jo solaho Ane kisI vastu ko acchI yA burI kaha DAlatA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne subha-sutta (majjhima. 2 / 5 / 9) meM apane ko uparyukta artha meM

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( 87 ) thA |athvaa usake sAre zreya ko vaha usa samaya ke sabase adhika prasiddha bauddha vidvAn aura sAdhaka moggaliputta tissa ko denA cAhatA thA, jinhoMne yaha sabhA bulAI thI aura jo hI isa sabhA ke sabhApati the| aneka prAntoM ke bhikSuoM ne isa sabhA meM bhAga liyaa| isa sabhA kA mukhya uddezya yaha thA ki bauddha saMghameM jo aneka a-bauddha loga samrATa azoka ke bauddha saMgha sambandhI dAnoM se AkRSTa hokara ghusa gaye the unakA nikAnana kiyA jAya aura mUla buddha-upadezoM kA prakAzana kiyA jAya / sabhA kI kAryavAhI meM yahI kAma kiyA gyaa| sAtha hI pATaliputra kI isa sabhA meM antima hapa me buddha-vacanoM ke svarUpa kA nizcaya kiyA gayA aura 9 mahInoM ke andara bhikSuoM ne tisma moggaliputta ke sabhApatitva meM buddha-vacanoM kA saMgAyana aura pArAyaNa kiyA / isI samaya tissa moggaliputra ne mithyAvAdI 18 vauddha sampradAyoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue 'kathAvatthu' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI, jise 'abhidhamma-piTaka' meM sthAna milA / ' jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai. buddhaghoSa aura yUAn-cuAGa ke varNana ke anusAra abhidhammapiTaka kA bhI saMgAyana mahAkAzyapa ne prathama saMgIti ke avasara para hI kiyA thaa| kintu unakI itanI prAcInatA apane vartamAna rUpa meM vidvAnoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| kama se kama ima tIsarI saMgIti ke varNana se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'kathA vibhajyavAdI kahA hai| sthaviravAdI bhikSu bhI yahI dRSTikoNa rakhate the / vibhajyavAda kA eka sUkSma aura tAtvika artha bhI hai, jisakA upadeza bhagavAn buddha ne diyA thaa| isa artha ke anusAra mAnasika aura bhautika jagat kI sampUrNa avasthAoM kA skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu Adi meM vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu phira bhI unameM 'attA' (AtmA) yA sthira tattva jaisA koI padArtha nahIM miltaa| vibhajyavAda ke isa sUkSma artha ke vivecana ke liye dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapaH abhidhamma philAsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 19-22; sthaviravAda aura vibhajyavAda ke pArasparika sambandha ke adhika nirUpaNa ke liye dekhiye gAyagara; pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 9 pada-saMketa 1, tathA viMTaranitjaH iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 6, pada-saMketa 2 meM nirdiSTa saahity| 1. mahAvaMza 5 / 278 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda)

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( 88 ) vatthu' kI racanA mahAsthavira tissa moggaliputta ne azoka ke samaya me kA . itanA bhI nizcita hai ki sampUrNa abhidhamma-piTaka ke svarUpa kA nizcaya antima rUpa se isa saMgIti ke samaya taka ho gayA thaa| isa sabhA ke pariNAma-svarUpa eka mahatvapUrNa nizcaya videzoM meM buddha-dharma ke pracAra karane ke liye upadezakoM ko bhejane kA bhI kiyA gyaa| azoka ke terahaveM aura dUsare zilAlekhoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki usane na kevala apane vizAla sAmrAjya ke vibhinna prAntoM meM hI balki sImAnta dezoM meM basane vAlI yavana, kAmboja, gAndhAra, rASTrika, pitanika, bhoja, Andhra, pulinda Adi jAtiyoM meM aura keralaputra, satyaputra, cola, pANDya nAmaka dakSiNI bhArata ke svAdhIna rAjyoM meM tathA siMhala dvIpa meM bhI buddha-dharma ke pracArArtha dharmopadezakoM ko bhejA thaa| dIpa-vaMsa,' mahAvaMsa aura sabhantapAsAdikA meM una bhikSuoM kI nAmAvalI surakSita hai, jinheM bhinna bhinna dezoM meM buddha-dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye bhejA gayA thaa| kisa-kisa bhikSu ko kisa-kisa pradeza meM bhejA gayA, isakI yaha sUcI isa prakAra hai-- 1. sthavira mAdhyantika (majjhantika) --kAzmIra aura gAndhAra pradeza ko 2. sthavira mahAdeva ----mahiSa maMDala (mahisaka maMDala) ko (narvadA ke dakSiNa kA pradeza) 3. sthavira rakSita (rakkhita) --vanavAsi-pradeza ko (vartamAna uttarI kanArA) 4. yUnAnI bhikSu dharmarakSita (yonaka dhammarakkhita) --aparAntaka pradeza ko (vartamAna gujarAta) 5. sthavira mahAdharmarakSita --mahArASTra (mahAraTTha) ko (mahAdhammarakvita 3. sthavira mahArakSita (mahArakkhita) ---yavana-deza (yonaka loka) ko (baikTriyA) 7. sthavira madhyama (majjhima) --himAlaya-pradeza (himavanta) ko 1. pariccheda 8 2. 5 / 280, 12 / 1-8 3. pRSTha 63-64 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa)

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( 89 ) 8. sthavira zoNa aura uttara --suvarNa bhUmi (muvaNNa bhUmi) ko (donoM bhAI) (varamA) 1. mahendra (mahinda, RSTriya), (iTTiya) utriya (uttiya) zambala (sambala)--tAmmraparNI (tambapaNNi) ko aura bhadragAla (bhaddamAla) ye (laMkA) pA~ca bhikSu uparyukta sUcI aitihAsika rUpa se prAmANika hai / sA~cI-stUpa meM ina AcAryo ma me kucha ke nAma utkIrNa hai 2 / ajantA kI citrakArI meM bhI eka citra mahendra aura maMghamitrA (azoka ke pravrajita putra aura putro, jo anya bhikSuoM ke mAtha laMkA meM dharma pracArArtha gaye) kI siMhala-yAtrA ko amara banAtA hai| phira laMkA meM Aja taka mahendra aura saMghamitrA tathA unake sAthI anya bhikSuoM kI smRti ke liye jo jIvita zraddhA vidyamAna hai, vaha kevala kalpanA para hI Azrita nahIM ho sktii| azoka kA dharma-pracAra kA kArya yahIM taka sImita nahIM thaa| usane apane dharmapracAraka uma samaya ke prasiddha pA~ca ya nAnI rAjyoM meM bhI bheje / isa prakAra siriyA aura baikTriyA ke rAjA antiyokasa (eMTiyokama thiyosa--I0 pU0 261-246 I0 pU0) mizra ke rAjA turamaya (TolemI philADelphasa--I0 pU0 285-287 I0 pU0) mesiDoniyA ke rAjA antakina (eTigonasa gonaTasa--I0 pU0 78039 I0 pU0) sirInI ke rAjA maga (megasa---I0 pU0 285-258 I0 pU0) aura epirasa ke rAjA alika mundara (elekjenDara-I0 pU0 272-058 I0 pU0) ke degoM taka agoka kAlIna bauddha bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyA~ buddha kA sandeza lekara gye|' ima sava vistata dharma-pracAra ke itihAsa meM se hama yahA~ laMkA-sambandhI pracAra-kArya meM hI adhika sambandha hai / laMkA meM mahendra aura unake anya sAthI buddha-dharma ko le gaye / vahA~ ke rAjA devAnaMpiya tissa ne bhAratIya bhikSuoM kA bar3A satkAra kiyA aura unake sandeza ko svIkAra kiyaa| sthavira mahendra aura unake sArthI laMkA meM - - - - - - - - - 1. dekhiye, buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 208 aura 461; milAiye, azoka kI dharmalipiyA~, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 161-62 2. sthavira majjhima ko vahA~ 'himavAn pradeza kA upadezaka' (hemavatA. cariya) kaha kara smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| 3. zilAlekha 2

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( 90 ) usa tripiTaka ko bhI le gaye the jisake svarUpa kA antima nizcaya pATaliputra kI saMgIti meM ho cukA thA / laMkA meM 'mahA-vihAra' kI sthApanA huI aura tripiTaka ke adhyayana kA krama calatA rahA / parantu yaha adhyayana krama abhI kucha aura gatAbdiyoM taka kevala maukhika paramparA ( mukhapAThavasena) meM hI calatA rahA / vAda meM laMkA ke rAjA vaTTagAmaNi abhaya ke samaya meM prathama zatAbdI IsvI pUrva meM, jisa tripiTaka ko mahendra aura anya bhikSu azoka aura devAnaMpiya timsa ke samaya meM vahA~ le gaye the, lekhabaddha kara diyA gayA / " tava se vaha usI rUpa meM calA A rahA hai / mahendra ke laMkA-gamana aura vaTTagAmaNi ke samaya meM tripiTaka ke lekhabaddha hone ke samaya ke bIca meM tIna aura dharma-saMgItiyA~ kramazaH devAnaMpiya tissa, dRTThagAMmaNi aura vaTTagAmaNi abhaya nAmaka laMkAdhiyoM ke samayoM meM huI / ataH pAli-sAhitya ke vikAsa ke itihAsa meM unakA bhI avazya eka sthAna hai, yadyapi pahalI tIna saMgItiyoM kI apekSA vaha bahuta goNa hai / yaha nizcita hai ki ina tIna saMgItiyoM meM mahendra dvArA pracArita tripiTaka ke svarUpa meM koI mahatvapUrNa parivartana nahIM kiyA gayA aura vagAmaNi ke samaya meM jisa tripiTaka ko lekhana kiyA gayA vaha vahI thA jise mahendra aura anya bhikSu vahA~ le gaye the / isa prakAra buddha ke parinirvANa kAla se lekara prathama zatAbdI IsvI pUrva taka pAli sAhitya ke vikAsa ko hamane dekhA / isase Age pAli sAhitya ke usa aMza ke vikAsa kI kahAnI hai jo prathama zatAbdI IsvI pUrva taka antima rUpa meM sunizcata aura likhita uparyukta tripiTaka ko AdhAra mAna kara likhA gayA hai / svabhAvataH yahA~ hama pAli-sAhitya ke vistAra aura vibhAjana ke prazna para Ate haiM / pAli - sAhitya kA vistAra - do moTe moTe bhAgoM meM usakA vargIkaraNapAli yA piTaka sAhitya evaM anupAli yA anupiTaka sAhitya viSaya kI dRSTi se pAli sAhitya utanA vistRta aura pUrNa nahIM hai, jitane saMskRtAdi anya sAhitya | aneka prakAra kI jJAnazAkhAoM para usameM sAhitya 1. dIpavaMsa 2020-21 ( olDanabarga kA saMskaraNa ) ; mahAvaMsa 33| 100 - 101 ( gAyagara kA saMskaraNa ) ( bambaI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita 'mahAvaMsa' ke saMskaraNa meM 33 / 2479-80 ) dekhiye mahAvaMza, pRSTha 178-79 ( bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda)

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nahIM milatA / ThIka to yaha hai ki bauddha dharma--sthaviravAdI bauddha dharma--ke alAvA usameM jJAtavya hI alpa hai| vibhinna jJAna-zAkhAoM kI vaha bahumUlya sampatti usameM nahIM milatI jo eka sarvavidha samRddha sAhitya se sambandha rakhatI hai| phira bhI pAlisAhitya ke anya aneka bar3e AkarSaNa haiM / usake sAhitya kA vikAsa na kevala bhArata meM hI, apitu laMkA, baramA aura syAma meM bhI huA hai aura svabhAvataH usane ina mava dezoM kI bhASA aura vicAra-paramparA ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai| pAli sAhitya kI racanA va ddha-kAla se lekara Aja taka nirantara hotI calI A rahI hai / ataH umake vikAsa kA 2500 varSa kA itihAsa hai| kAlAnukrama aura pravRttiyA~, donoM kI hI daSTi se pAli-sAhitya ko do moTe-moTe bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai, (1) pAli yA piTaka sAhitya, (2) anupAli yA anupiTaka sAhitya / pAli yA piTaka sAhitya kA vikAsa, jaisA apara dikhAyA jA cukA hai, buddha-nirvANa kAla se lekara prathama zatAbdI I. pU. taka hai / anupAli yA anupiTaka sAhitya ke vikAsa kA itihAsa prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 se lekara vartamAna kAla taka calA A rahA hai| piTaka-sAhitya ke granthoM kA saMkSipta vizleSaNa aura kAla-krama jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai, pAli yA piTaka sAhitya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, sutta piTaka, vinaya piTaka aura abhidhamma piTaka / sutta-piTaka pA~ca nikAyoM yA zAstroM meM vibhAjita hai, jinake nAma haiM, dIgha-nikAya, majjhima-nikAya, saMyuna-nikAya, aMguttara-nikAya aura khuddaka-nikAya / vinaya-piTaka apane Apa meM eka paripUrNa grantha hai, kintu usakI viSaya-vastu tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, suttavibhaMga, khaMdhaka aura privaar| mutta-vibhaMga ke do vibhAga haiM, pArAjika aura paacittiy| isI prakAra khaMdhaka ke bhI do bhAga haiM, mahAvagga aura cullavagga / amidhamma- piTaka meM mAta bar3e bar3e grantha haiM, jinake nAma hai dhammasaMgaNi, vibhaMga, dhAtukathA, puggalapati , kathAvatthu, yamaka aura paTThAna / sutta-piTaka ke pA~ca nikAyoM kA kucha adhika vizleSaNa kara denA yahA~ Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai| dIgha-nikAya meM kula 34 sutta hai. jo tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita hai / pahale mIlakkhandha-vagga meM 13 sutta haiM, dUsare mahAvagga meM 10 sutta hai aura tIsare pATika-bagga meM 11 mutta haiN| yaha vargIkaraNa isa prakAra dikhAyA jA makatA hai--

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1. 3. brahmajAla - putta sAmaphala-sutta ambala-mutta soNadaMDa-mutta ( 92 ) dIghanikAya (a) sIlakkhandha-vagga 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. mubha-sutta 11. kevaDDha ( yA kevaTTa ) - sutta 12. lohicca mutta vijja-mutta 13. kUTadanta-mutta mahAla-mutta jAliya-sutta kassapasInAda-sutta poTTapAda-sutta (A) mahAvagga 14. mahApadAna - muna 15. mahAnidAna-mutta 16. mahAparinivvANa - putta 17. mahAsudassana-mutta 18. janavasabha - sutta 19. mahAgovinda mutta 20. mahAsamaya - mutta 21. bhakkapaJha-mutta 22. mahAsatipaTThAna-mutta 23. pAyAmi-sutta (i) pATika vagga - 24. pATika-mutta 25. udumbarika sIhnAda-matta

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mm Y 26. cakkavatti sIhanAda-sutta 27. aggaja-sutta 28. sampasAdaniya-sutta 29. pAsAdika-mutta 30. lavaNa-mutta 31. siMgAlovAda (yA sigAlovAda)-mutta 32. ATAnATiya-sutta 33. saMgIti-sutta 34. damuttara-yutta majjhima-nikAya meM 152 sutta hai, jo 15 vargo me isa prakAra vibhAjita haiM--- majjhima nikAya 1. mUla-pariyAya-vagga 1. mUlapariyAya-sutta 2. sabbAsava-mutta 3. dhammadAyAda-suna 4. bhayabhekha-mutta 5. anaMgaNa-mutta 6. Akakhayya-mutta 7. vatthUpama-mutta 8. sallekha-sutta 9. sammAdiTThi-sutta 10. satipaTThAna-sutta 2. sIhanAda-vagga 11. cUlamIhanAda-sutta 12. mahAmIhanAda-sutta 13. mahAdukkhakvandha-stta 14. cUladukkhakvandha-mutta 15. anumAna-muna 16. cenokhila-satta

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17. vanapattha-sutta / 18. madhupiNDika-sutta 19. dvedhAvitavaka-sutta 20. vitakkasaMthAna-sutta 3. opamma-vagga 21. kakacUpama-sutta 22. alagadda pama-sutta 23. vammika-sutta 24. rathavinIta-sutta 25. nivApa-sutta 26. ariyapariyesana-sutta 27. cUlahatthipadopama-sutta 28. mahAhatthipadopama-sutta 29. mahAsAropama-sutta 30. cUlasAropama-sutta 4. mahAyamaka-vagga 31. cUlagosiMga-mutta 32. mahAgosiMga-sutta 33. mahAgopAlaka-sut 34. cUlagopAlaka-sutta 35. cUlasaccaka-sutta 36. mahAmaccaka-sutta 37. cUlataNhAsaMkhaya-suta 38. mahAtaNhAsaMkhaya-sutta 39. mahA-assapura-sutta 40. cUla-asmapura-pura 5. cUlayamaka-vagga 41. sAleyyaka-suna 42. veraJjaka-yutta

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) ( 95 43. mahAvedalla-mutta 44. cUlavedalla-sutta 45. cUla-dhammasamAdAna-mutta mahA-dhammasamAdAna-sutta 47. vImaMsaka-putta 48. kosambiya-mutta 49. brahmanimaMtaNika-mutta 50. mAratajjaniya-sutta 6. gahapati-vagga 51. kandaraka-sutta 52. aTThakanAgara-sutta 53. sekha-sutta 54. potaliya-muna 55. jIvaka-sutta 56. upAli-sutta 57. kukkuradatika-mutta 58. abhayarAjakumAra-sutta 59. bahuvedanIya-mutta 60. apaNNaka-mutta 7. bhikkhu-vagga 61. ambalaThThikArAhulovAda-sutta 62. mahArAhulovAda-nuna 63. cUlamAlukya-mutta 64. mahAmAlukya-sana 65. bhaddAli-sutta 66. baTukikopama-muna 67. cAtuma-guna 68. nalakapAnaka-mutta 69. gulissAni-mutta " "

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6 6 6 70. kITAgiri-sutta 8 paribbAjaka-vagga 71. nevijjavacchagotta-mutta 72. aggivacchagota-muta 73. mahAvacchagotta-sutta 74. dIghanakha-suna 75. mAgandiya-mutta 76. mandaka-mutta 77. mahAmakuludAyi-sutta 78. samaNamaNDikA-suna 79. cUlamakuludAyi-muna 80. vekhanasma-muna 9 rAja-vagga 81. ghaTIkAra-mutta 82. raTThapAla-mutta 83. mavAdeva-muta 84. madhura-mutta 85. bodhigajakumAra-putta 86. aMgulimAla-munna 87. piyajAtika-suna 88. vAhitika-mutta 89. dhammacaniya-suna 90. kaNNakatthala-mutta 10 brAhmaNa-vagga 91. brahmAyu-muttaH 92. mela mutta 93. assalAyana-muna 94. ghoTamakha-sutna

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( 97 ) 95. caGkI-sutta 96. esukAri-sutta 97. dhAnaMjAni-sutta 98. vAseTTha-sutta 99. subha-sutta 100. saMgArava-sutta 11. devadaha-vagga 101. devadaha-sutta 102. paJcattaya-sutta 103. kinti-sutta 104. sAmagAma-sutta 105. sunakkhatta-sutta 106. ANajasappAya-sutta 107. gaNaka-moggallAna-sutta 108. gopaka-moggallAna-sutta 109. mahApuNNama-sutta 110. cUlapuNNama-mutta 12. anupada-vagga 111. anupada-sutta 112. chabbisodhana-sutta 113. sappurisa-sutta 114. sevitabba-asevitabba-sutta 115. bahudhAtuka-sutna 116. isigili-sutta 117. mahAcattArIsaka-sutta 118. AnApAnasati-sutta 119. kAyagatAsati-sutta 120. saMkhAruppatti-sutta 13.sujhatA-vagga 121. cUla-sujhatA-sutta

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( 98 ) 122. mahA-suJatA-sutta 123. acchariyanbhuta-dhamma-sana 124. bakkula-sutta 125. dantabhUmi-sutta 126. bhUmija-sutta 127. anuruddha-sutta 128. upakkilesa-sutta 129. bAla-paMDita-sutta 130. devadUta-sutta 14. vibhaMga-vagga 131. bhaddekaratta-sutta 132. Ananda-bhaddekaratta-sutta 133. mahAkaccAna-bhaddekaratta-sutta 134. lomasakagiya-bhaddekaratta-sutta 135. cUlakammavibhaMga-sutta 136. mahAkammavibhaMga-sutta 137. saLAyatana vibhaMga-sutta 138, uddesavibhaMga-sutta 139. araNavibhaMga-sutna 140. dhAtuvibhaMga-sutta 141. saccavibhaMga-sutta 142. dakSiNAvibhaMga-mutta 15. saLAyatana-vagga 143. anAthapiNDikovAda-mutta 144. chanovAda-sutta 145. puNNovAda-mutta 146. nandakovAda-mutta 147. cUla-rAhulovAda-mutta 148. chachakka-sutta

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149. mahAsaLAyatanika-sutta 150. nagaravindeyya sutta 151. piNDapAtapArisuddhi-sutta 152. indriyabhAvanA - sutta saMyutta nikAya meM kula 56 saMyutta haiM, jo 5 vargoM meM isa prakAra vibhAjita haiM / saMyutta nikAya (1) sagAtha vagga, jisameM 11 saMyukta haiM / 1. devatA-saMyutta 2. devaputta-saMyutta 3. kosala-saMyutta 4. mAra-saMyuktta 5. bhikkhuNI saMyutta 6. brahma saMyutta 7. brAhmaNa-saMyutta 8. vaMgIsa-saMyutta 3. vana-saMyukta 10. yakkha- saMyutta 11. sakka-saMyutta (2) nidAna vagga, jisase 10 saMyukta haiM / 1. nidAna - saMyutta 2. abhisamaya- saMyutta 3. dhAtu-saMyutta 4. anamatagga-saMyutta 5. kassapa-saMyutta 6. lAbha-sakkAra-saMyutta ( 99 ) 9. rAhula-maMyutta lakkhaNa-saMyuktta 8. 9. opamma- saMyutta 10. bhikkhu-saMyutta

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( 100 ) (3) khandha-vagga, jisameM 13 saMyuktta haiM / 1. khandha-saMyutta 2. rAdha-saMyutta 3. diTThi-saMyutta 4. okkantika-saMyutta 5. uppAda - saMyutta 6. kilesa - saMyuktta 7. sAriputta-saMyutta 8. nAga-saMyutta 9. supaNNa-saMyutta 10. gandhabbakAya-saMyutta 11. valAha-saMyutta 12. vacchagotta-saMyutta 13. jhAna-saMyutta (4) salAyatana - vagga, jisameM 10 saMyukta haiM / 1. saLAyatana - saMyutta 2. vedanA- saMyutta mAtRgAma - saMyutta 3. 4. jambukhAdaka-saMyutta 5. sAmaNDaka - saMyutta 6. moggallAna - saMyuktta 7. citta-saMyutta 8. 9. 10. gAmaNi saMyutta asaMkhata-saMyutta avyAkata - saMyutta (5) mahAvagga, jisameM 12 saMyutta haiM / 1. maeNgga-saMyukta 2. bojbhaMga-saMyutta 3. satipaTThAna-saMyutta

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( 101 ) 4. indriya-saMyutta 5. sammappadhAna-saMyutta 6. bala-maMyutta 7. iddhipAda-maMyutta 8. anuruddha-saMyatta 9. jhAna-saMyutta 10. AnApANa-saMyutta 11. sotApatti-maMyutta 12. sacca-saMyukta aMguttara-nikAya kA vibhAjana bilakula saMkhyAbaddha hai / eka eka, do-do, tInatIna, isa prakAra kramAnusAra gyAraha taka utanI hI utanI saMkhyA se sambandha rakhane vAle buddha-upadezoM kA saMgraha hai / isa prakAra yaha mahAgrantha 11 nipAtoM (samUhoM) meM vibhakta hai-- 1. eka-nipAta 2. duka-nipAta 3. tika-nipAta 4. catukka-nipAta 5. paMcaka-nipAta 6. chakka-nipAta 7. sattaka-nipAta 8. aTaThaka-nipAta 9. navaka-nipAta 10. dasaka-nipAta 11. ekAdasaka-nipAta khuddaka-nikAya meM svatantra 15 grantha hai, jo isa prakAra haiM1. khuddaka-pATha 2. dhammapada 3. udAna 4. itivRttaka 5. muttanipAta

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( 102 ) 6. vimAna-vatthu 7. peta-vatthu 8. thera-gAthA 9. therI-gAthA 10. jAtaka 11. niddesa 12. paTisambhidAmagga 13. apadAna 14. buddhavaMsa 15. cariyApiTaka pAli sAhitya apane vargIkaraNa ke liye prasiddha hai / buddha-vacanoM ke tripiTaka aura usake uparyukta upavibhAgoM ke atirikta anya bhI vibhAjana kiye gaye hai| isa prakAra sampUrNa buddha-vacanoM ko pA~ca nikAyoM meM bA~TA gayA hai / yahA~ cAra nikAya to satta-piTaka ke prathama cAra nikAyoM ke samAna hI hai, kintu paMcama nikAya (khuddakanikAya) meM svabhAvataH hI usake pandraha granthoM ke alAvA vinaya-piTaka aura abhidhamma piTaka ke sAre grantha bhI sammilita kara liye gaye haiN|' kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki yaha vargIkaraNa prathama ke samAna svAbhAvika nahIM hai / buddha-vacanoM kA eka aura vargIkaraNa nau aMgoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jinake nAma haiM, mutta, geyya, veyyAkaraNa, gAthA, udAna, itivRttaka, jAtaka, abbhutadhamma aura vedalla / mutta (sUtra) kA artha hai sAmAnyataH buddha-upadeza / dIgha-nikAya, sutta-nipAta Adi meM gadya meM rakkhe hue bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza 'mutta' haiN| gadya-padya-mizrita aMza geyya (gAne yogya) kahalAte haiN| 'veyyAkaraNa' (vyAkaraNa, vivaraNa, vivecana) vaha vyAkhyAparaka sAhitya hai jo abhidhamma piTaka tathA anya aise hI aMgoM meM sannihita 1. dekhiye Age pAMcaveM adhyAya meM abhidhamma-piTaka kA vivecana / 2. nau aMgoM evaM adhikatara 12 dharma-pravacanoM ke rUpa meM buddha-vacanoM kA vibhAjana mahAyAna bauddha dharma ke saMskRta-sAhitya meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, dekhiye saddharmapuMDarIka 2 / 48 (sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 21, pRSTha 45); mahAkaruNA puMDarIka, pRSTha 33 (bhUmikA) (sekeDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda dasa, bhAga prathama meM)

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( 103 ) hai| sirpha padya ma racita aMza 'gAthA' (pAli-zloka) kahalAte haiN| 'udAna' kA artha hai buddha-mukha se nikale hue bhAvamaya prIti-udgAra / 'itivRttaka' kA artha hai 'aisA kahA gayA' yA 'aisA tathAgata ne kahA' / 'jAtaka' kA artha hai / (buddha ke pUrva) janma sambandhI kathAe~ / 'abbhuta dhamma' (adbhuta dharma) ve sutta haiM jo adbhuta vastuoM yA yoga-sambandhI vibhUtiyoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiM / vedalla' kA zAbdika artha hai vedaniHzrita yA jJAna para AdhArita / 'vedalla' ve upadeza haiM jo prazna aura uttara ke rUpa meM likhe gaye haiN|' buddha-vacanoM kA yaha nau prakAra kA vibhAjana viSaya-svarUpa kI dRSTi se hI hai, granthoM kI dRSTi se nhiiN| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha kevala aupacArika hI hai aura vyAvahArika upayoga meM prAyaH nahIM aataa| buddha-vacanoM kA eka aura vargIkaraNa 84000 dharma skandhoM ke rUpa meM hai / kintu yaha bhI bauddhoM kI vizleSaNa-priyatA kA hI eka udAharaNa hai / prayoga meM yaha bhI aksara nahIM aataa| sAdhAraNataH hama tripiTaka aura usake upa-vibhAgoM ke rUpa meM hI buddha-vacanoM kA adhyayana karate haiN| yaha kahanA kucha Azcaryajanaka bhale hI jAna par3e kintu aitihAsika rUpa se yaha satya hai ki buddha-vacanoM ke uparyukta cAroM prakAra ke vargIkaraNoM kA nizcaya tripiTaka ke antima rUpa se prathama zatAbdI IsvI pUrva meM ve lekhabaddha hone se bahuta pahale hI ho cukA thaa| tInoM piTakoM kA nirdeza svayaM tripiTaka me hI milatA hai, yaha hama isa adhyAya ke prArambha meM hI kaha Aye haiN| azoka ke zilAlekhoM ne yaha bAta antima rUpa se pramANita kara dI hai ki tIsarI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva se bhI pahale buddha-vacanoM kA kucha usI prakAra kA vargIkaraNa pracalita thA jaisA ki vaha Aja pAli tripiTaka meM milatA hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA pAlimAhitya ke vikAsa ke sambandha meM kyA sAkSya hai, isakA vistRta vivecana to hama damaveM adhyAya meM pAli ke abhilekha-sAhitya kA vivaraNa dete samaya kreNge| yahA~ itanA kahanA paryApta hai ki azoka ke bhAva zilAlekha meM rAhulovAda (lAghulovAde) mRtta Adi zIrSakoM se yahI nizcita hotA hai ki tIsarI zatAbdI I0 pU0 1. yathA majjhima-nikAya ke cUla-vedalla-suttanta aura mahAvedalla-suttanta / inameM paripraznAtmaka zailI kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai| sambhavataH isIliye 'vedalla' zabda kA artha isa prakAra kI zailI meM likhe gaye upadeza kiyA gayA hai|

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meM tripiTaka prAyaH apane usI vargIkaraNa aura nAmakaraNa ke sAtha vidyamAna thA jaisA vaha Aja hai| kama se kama tripiTaka ke prAcInatama aMzoM (sutta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka) ke viSaya meM to aisA kahA hI jA sakatA hai / azoka ke bAda mA~cI aura bhArahuta (tIsarI yA dUsarI zatAbdI I0 pU0) ke stUpoM ke lekhoM kA mAkSya bhI yahI hai| ina lekhoM meM 'paMcanekAyika' (pA~ca nikAyoM kA jJAtA) bhANaka (pATha karane vAlA) suttantika (mutta-piTaka kA jJAtA) peTakI (piTakoM kA jJAtA) Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai aura jAtaka ke kucha dRzya bhI dikhAye gaye haiM, jinase vidvAnoM ne ThIka hI yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki buddha-vacanoM kA tIna piTakoM aura pAMca nikAyoM meM Aja kA sA vibhAjana ina abhilekhoM ke yuga se pahale hI nizcita ho cukA thaa|' bhANakoM aura nikAyoM evaM tripiTaka ke uparyukta vibhAjana kI jo paramparA azoka ke kAla se bahuta pahale se calI A rahI thI, usake bAda bhI abAdha gati se calatI rhii| sA~cI ke lekhoM ke alAvA milinda prazna (prathama zatAbdI IsvI pUrvaM) aura bAda meM buddhaghoSa kI arthakathAoM, dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa Adi meM usake pUrNa sAkSya milate haiN| buddha-vacanoM kA nau aMgoM meM vibhAjana svayaM tripiTaka ko bhI jJAta hai aura bAda meM na kevala milinda prazna, apitu buddhaghoSa 1. rAyasa DeviDsaH buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 167; buhalaraH epIgrephakA ___ iMDikA , jilda dUsarI , pRSTha 93; 2. tepiTakaM buddhavacanaM, pRSTha 19; tepiTakA bhikkhu paMcanekAyikA pi ca, ___ catunekAyikA ceva, pRSTha 23 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa) 3. dhammapadaTThakathA jilda pahalI, pRSTha 129 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA ___ saMskaraNa) dekhiye vinTaranitta ; iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 17, pada-saMketa 3 bhii| 4. 816; 12184; 137 (olDanabarga kA saMskaraNa) 5. 12 / 29; 14158; 14 / 63, 15 / 4 (gAyagara kA saMskaraNa) 6. alagaddapama suttanta (majjhima. 1 / 3 / 2) aMguttara-nikAya, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 7; 103; 108 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA sNskrnn)| 7. navaMgajinasAsanaM, pRSTha 22; navaGga buddha-vacane pRSTha 163; / navaMgamana majjanto, pRSTha 93 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa)

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( 105 ) kI arthakathAoM' gandhavaMsa,2 dIpavaMma,3 Adi meM bhI umakA ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra baddha-vacanoM kA 84000 dharma-skandhoM meM vibhAjana bhI vahana prAcIna hai| buddhaghoSa ne prathama maMgIti meM hI unakA maMgAyana honA dikhalAyA hai aura azoka dvAga unake mammAna meM 88000 vihAroM kA banavAyA jAnA (catugamIti vihArasahassAni kArApesi) bhI bauddha parampaga meM ati prasiddha hai| ye mabhI tathya pAlitripiTaka ke vargIkaraNa ke mAtha sAtha usake kAla-krama aura prAmANikatApara bhI kAphI prakAga DAlate hai|| Upara pAli-sAhitya ke uddhava aura vikAma kA varNana karate hue yaha dikhAyA jA cukA hai ki kisa prakAra tIna bauddha maMgItiyAM bhArata meM aura bAda meM tIna maMgItiyAM laMkA meM pAli tripiTaka ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM huI thIM, jinameM baddha-vacanoM kA maMgAyana kiyA gayA thaa| DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne ina maMgItiyoM ke anusAra pAli tripiTaka ke vibhinna granthoM ke kAla-krama ko pA~ca Rmika avasthAoM meM vibhakta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra haiM prathama yuga (483 I0 pU0--383 I0 pU0) dvitIya yuga (383 I0 pU0--265 I0 pU0) tRtIya yuga (265 I0 pU0--230 I0 pU0) 1. sumaMgalavilAsinI, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 23; aTThasAlinI, pRSTha 26 (pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI ke saMskaraNa) 2. pRSTha 55, 57 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI 1886 meM prakAzita) 3. 4 / 15 (olDanabarga kA saMskaraNa); dekhiye mahAvaMza, pRSTha 12 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 4. samantapAsAdikA, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 29; dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 222 5. "rAjA (azoka) na sthavira moggaliputta tissa se pUchA, 'buddha ke diya gaya upadeza kitane haiM ? sthavira ne uttara diyA, 'dharma ke caurAsI hajAra skandha (vibhAga) hai| yaha sunakara rAjA ne kahA 'mai pratyeka ke liye bihAra banavAkara una saba kI pUjA kruuNgaa|' tadantara rAjA ne caurAsI hajAra nagaroM meM ...... vihAra banavAne Arambha kiye|" mahAvaMza 5 / 76-80 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda)

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106 ) caturtha yuga ( 230 I0 pU0 - paMcama yuga ) ( 80 I0 pU0 -- isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki tripiTaka ke jo prAcIna se prAcIna aMza haiM unake svarUpa kA nizcaya 483 I0 pU0 arthAt zAstA ke parinirvANa ke samaya hI ho gayA thA, aura jo arvAcIna se arvAcIna bhI haiM ve bhI 20 I0 pU0 ke bAda ke nahIM haiM, kyoMki usa samaya ve lekhabaddha hI ho cuke the, jaba se ve usI rUpa meM Aja taka cale A rahe haiN| isa prakAra samaSTi rUpa meM tripiTaka kI racanA kI uparalI aura nicalI koTiyoM kA pUrNa anumApana ho jAne para bhI usake alaga alaga granthoM ke ApekSika kAla-paryAya krama kA savAla abhI raha hI jAtA hai / isake liye na kevala aitihAsika vivecana kI hI kintu alaga alaga granthoM kI viSaya-vastu ke vivecana kI bhI bar3I AvazyakatA hai, jise hama isa sthala para nahIM kara sakate / ata: jaba hama Age ke adhyAyoM meM tripiTaka ke bhinna bhinna granthoM yA aMzoM kA vivecana kareMge to usa samaya unake kAla-paryAya krama kA vivecana bhI hamAre adhyayana kA eka vizeSa aMga hogA / hA~, isa sambandha meM jo pUrva adhyayana ho cukA hai usake pariNAmoM ko yahA~ rakha denA Avazyaka hogA / saba se pahale DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa ne tripiTaka ke kAla paryAya krama kA vivecana kiyA thaa| unhoMne apane adhyayana ke pariNAma svarUpa pAli tripiTaka kA buddha - parinirvANa kAla se lekara azoka ke kAla taka ina dasa kAla-paryAyAtmaka avasthAoM meM vibhAjana kiyA thA 80 I0 pU0 ) 20 I0 pU0 ) 1 - - ve buddha vacana, jo samAna zabdoM meM hI tripiTaka ke prAyaH savagranthoM kI gAthAoM -- Adi meM milate haiM / 2 -- ve buddha vacana, jo samAna zabdoM meM kevala do yA tIna granthoM meM hI milate haiN| 3 - - zIla, pArAyaNa, aTThakavagga, pAtimokkha / 4 -- dIgha, majjhima, aMguttara aura saMyutta nikAya / 5 -- suttanipAta, theragAthA, therIgAthA, udAna, khuddaka pATha / 6 -- mutta - vibhaMga, khandhaka / 7- - jAtaka, dhammapada / 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 12-13 2. buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 188

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( 107 ) 8--niddesa, itivRttaka, pttismbhidaa| 9---petavatthu, vimAnavatthu, apadAna, cariyApiTaka, bddhvNs| 10--abhidhamma-piTaka ke grantha, jinameM puggalapatti prathama aura kathAvatthu antima haiN| isa krama kA kucha parivartana DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne kiyA hai| unake matAnusAra tripiTaka ke granthoM kA kAla-krama kI dRSTi se yaha tAratamya ThaharatA hai-- 1--ve buddha-vacana, jo samAna zabdoM meM tripiTaka ke prAyaH saba granthoM kI gAthAoM Adi meM milate haiN| 2--ve buddha-vacana, jo samAna zabdoM meM kevala do yA tIna granthoM meM hI milate haiN| 3--zIla, pArAyaNa, aTThakavagga, sikkhaapd|| 4--dIgha-nikAya (prathama skandha), majjhima-nikAya, saMyutta-nikAya, aMguttara nikAya, pAtimokkha jisameM 152 niyama haiN| 5---dIgha-nikAya (dvitIya aura tRtIya skandha) theragAthA, therIgAthA, 500 jAtakoM kA saMgraha, sutta-vibhaMga, paTisambhidAmagga, puggalapaJatti, vibhaMga 6---mahAvagga, cullavagga, pAtimokkha (227 niyamoM kA pUrNa honA), vimAna vatthu, petavatthu, dhammapada, kathAvatthu / 9--cullaniddesa, mahAniddesa, udAna, itivRttaka, sutta-nipAta, dhAtukathA, yamaka, ptttthaan| 8--buddhavaMma, cariyApiTaka, apadAna / 9--privaar-paatth| 10--khuddk-paatth|' tripiTaka ke vibhinna granthoM yA aMzoM ke kAla-krama sambandhI uparyukta niSkarSa aparyApta hI nahI svecchApUrNa bhI hai| rAyasa DeviDsa aura lAhA donoM hI vidvAnoM ne bhASA-sambandhI vikAsa ko AdhAra mAna kara,jisakA sAkSya abhI svataH pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, apanA kAla-krama sthApita kiyA hai| vAstava meM tripiTaka ke granthoM meM pUrvAparatA sthApita karane ke liye hameM pahale nizcita karanA hogA ki usake kauna se aMza mUla prAmANika buddha-vacana haiM aura kauna se bAda ke parivartana yA donoM ke mizrita svarUpa / mUla prAmANika buddha-vacanoM meM bhI hameM buddha ke varSAvAsoM 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 42

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( 108 ) ke anusAra unake kAla-krama kA tAratamya nizcita karanA pdd'egaa| yaha kArya uparyukta do vidvAnoM ne nahIM kiyA hai| kevala mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne 'buddha-caryA' meM isa DhaMga para buddha ke katipaya upadezoM kA kAlakramAnusAra vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| kintu 'buddhacaryA' meM sabhI mutnoM kA uddharaNa zakya na hone ke kAraNa yaha kArya vahA~ aparyApta rUpa meM hI ho sakA hai / pAli mAhitya ke itihAsakAra ke liye buddhavacanoM ke kAla-krama ke nizcaya ke liye isase acchA mArga-darzana nahIM mila makatA / vAstava meM saddharma ke prathama saMgrahakAra kAla-cintaka the hI nhiiN| ve tatvataH dharmacintaka the| isaliye kAla-gaNanA ke anusAra unhoMne matoM kA saMgraha nahIM kiyA hai| Aja hama buddha ke varSAvAmoM ke AdhAra para hI yaha kArya kara sakate haiN| bhASAmAkSya meM bhI kucha mahAyatA le sakate haiM, kintu atyanta sAvadhAnIpUrvaka / tripiTaka ke jo aMga baddha-vacana nahIM hai unake kAla-krama kA nirNaya vAhya mAdhya ke AdhAra para hI vizeSataH kiyA jA sakatA hai| unameM varNita prasaMga unake kAlakrama para acchA prakAza DAlate haiN| ina saba tathyoM kA vivecana karate hue hamane tripiTaka ke vibhinna granthoM ke kAla-krama kA nizcaya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo Age ke adhyayana se spaSTa hogaa| anupiTaka-sAhitya kA kAla-vibhAga tripiTaka ke kAla-paryAya-krama kI samasyA ko moTe rUpa me samajhane ke bAda hameM anupiTaka-sAhitya ke bhI kAla-vibhAga kI rUparekhA ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| vaha utanI durUha yA vivAdagrasta nahIM hai| usakI rekhAeM bilakula spaSTa haiN| jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, anupiTaka sAhitya kI racanA tripiTaka ke pUrNa ho jAne ke bAda se prArambha ho kara vartamAna kAla taka calI A rahI hai| isa itane sudIrgha vikAsa meM bhI usameM itanI vibhinnarUpatA dikhAI nahIM par3atI jitanI ki kisI bhI sAhitya ke sambandha meM ho sakatI thii| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa sAhitya kA kendrIya bindu bauddha dharma-sthaviravAda bauddha dharma--kA adhyayana aura vivecana hI rahA hai| phira bhI kAlAnukrama aura pravRttiyoM ke vikAsa kI dRSTi me isa sadIrgha kAla ke sAhityika itihAsa ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pahalA bhAga prathama zatAbdI IsvI pUrva se lekara cauthI gatAbdI IsvI taka arthAta buddhaghoSa ke AvirbhAva-kAla taka calatA hai| isa yaga meM nettipakaraNa, peTakopadesa , muttamaMgaha aura milindapaJca kI racanA

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huI, jinameM milindapaJha saba se adhika prasiddha hai| itihAsa kA prasiddha grantha 'dIpavaMsa' bhI isI yuga meM likhA gyaa| cUMki buddhaghoSa anupiTaka-sAhitya me saba se bar3A nAma hai aura buddhaghoSa ne eka yuga-vidhAyaka sAhitya kI racanA kI, ataH unake kAla ke pahale isa dizA meM kitanA kAma ho cukA thA ise dyotita karane ke liye isa yuga ke sAhitya ko 'pUrva-buddhaghoSa' yugIna sAhitya nAma diyA jA sakatA hai / anupiTaka sAhitya ke itihAsa kA dUsarA yuga buddhaghoSa ke AvirbhAva-kAla se Arambha hotA hai / buddhaghoSa ke prasiddha grantha 'visuddhimagga' aura unakI arthakathAoM ke atirikta buddhadatta, dhammapAla Adi kI arthakathAe~ bhI isI yuga meM likhI gii| pAli tripiTaka para arthakathAoM kI racanA isa yuga kI pradhAna vizeSatA hai, jise preraNA dene vAle AcArya buddhaghoSa hI haiN| ataH isa yuga ko 'buddhaghoSa-yuga' nAma diyA gayA hai| isa yuga kI racanA 5vIM zatAbdI se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka calatI hai| vizAla arthakathA-sAhitya ke atirikta laMkA kA prasiddha itihAsa-grantha 'mahAvaMsa' bhI isI yuga meM racA gyaa| vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM kaccAna kA vyAkaraNa aura darzana evaM manovijJAna ke kSetra meM aniruddha kA prasiddha 'abhidhammatthasaMgaha' bhI isI yaga kI racanAe~ haiN| isa yuga meM jo artha kathA-sAhitya likhA gayA usI kI TIkAe~-anuTIkAe~ vAda kI zatAbdiyoM meM likhI jAtI rhiiN| yaha bArahavIM zatAbdI se lekara aba taka kA sudIrgha yuga hai| prAyaH buddhaghoSa aura unake samakAlIna AcAryoM ke dikhAye hue DhaMga para hI aura unake hI granthoM ke upajIvI svarUpa sAhitya kI racanA isa yuga meM hotI rahI hai| ataH isa yuga ko 'buddha ghoSa-yuga kI paramparA athavA TIkAoM kA yuga' nAma diyA gayA hai| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM rAjA parAkramabAhu ke samaya meM laMkA meM AcArya buddha ghoSa Adi kI arthakathAoM para magadha-bhASA (pAli) meM TIkAe~ likhane kA Ayojana zurU kiyA gyaa| prasiddha siMhalI bhikSu sAriputta aura unakI zipya-maMDalI ne isa dizA meM bArahavIM aura terahavIM zatAbdI meM bar3A kAma kiyA / mUla 'mahAvaMsa' kA 'cUlavaMsa' ke nAma se Age parivarddhana bhI isI yuga kI ghaTanA hai| 15vIM zatAbdI se baramA meM bauddha sAhitya ke adhyayana kI bar3I pragati huI / baramI bhikSuoM ke adhyayana kA pradhAna viSaya 'abhidhamma' rahA / isa dizA meM unhoMne aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha diye hai, jiname 'abhidhammattha saMgaha' kA eka lambA sahAyaka mAhitya hai / vyAkaraNa-sambandhI aneka grantha bhI isa yuga meM likhe gye| yaha koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ki ThIka vartamAna samaya taka laMkA, baramA, syAma aura bhArata me anupiTaka sAhitya kI racanA hotI

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( 110 ) calI A rahI hai| bhArata meM hama abhI hAla meM parinivRtta pUjya AcArya dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ke nAma se suparicita haiN| unhoMne anupiTaka sAhitya ko do mahatvapUrNa grantha diye haiM, eka 'visuddhimaggadIpikA' nAmaka 'visuddhi-magga' kI TIkA aura dUsarA 'abhidhammatthasaMgaha' para 'navanIta ttiikaa'| isa vartamAna kAla meM racita sAhitya me bhI yadyapi bahuta sI bAtoM ko Adhunika DhaMga se rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jo bahuta Avazyaka hai, phira bhI Aloka aura prAmANika AdhAra to buddhaghoSa kI racanAoM se hI liyA gayA hai| ataH bArahavIM zatAbdI se lekara isa itane abhinava sAhitya ko bhI 'buddhaghoSa-yuga kI paramparA athavA TIkAoM kA yuga' kahanA anucita nahIM hai|

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tIsarA adhyAya sutta-piTaka pAli-tripiTaka kahA~ taka mUla, prAmANika buddha vacana hai ? pAli tripiTaka kahA~ taka mUla, prAmANika buddha-vacana hai, isa prazna kA aMzataH uttara pAli-bhASA ke svarUpa para vicAra karate samaya (prathama adhyAya meM) diyA jA cukA hai| yadi pAli mAgadhI bhASA kA vahI svarUpa hai jise madhya-deza meM vicaraNa karate hue bhagavAn buddha ne prayukta kiyA thA, to phira isameM koI sandeha hI nahIM raha jAtA ki pAli-tripiTaka buddha-vacanoM kA sarvAdhika prAmANika rUpa hai| yadi Arambha se hI aneka prAntIya bhASAoM meM vuddha-vacana sIkhe jAte rahe hoM to bhI hamAre pAli-mAdhyama ko prAcInatama honA hI cAhiye / pAli-tripiTaka kA kisI dUsarI upabhASA se anuvAda huA hai, levI ke isa mata kA khaMDana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| isI prakAra lyUDarsa ke usa mata kA bhI nirAkaraNa kiyA jA cukA hai jisake anusAra prAcIna arddha-mAgadhI se, jisake svarUpa kI avatAraNA svayaM unakI buddhi ne kI hai, pAli-tripiTaka kA anuvAda huA hai| yaha nirvivAda hai ki azoka ke samaya arthAt tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva pAli-tripiTaka kA bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se vahI svarUpa thA jo Aja hai / azoka ke zilAlekhoM se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| unakI bhASA, unameM nirdiSTa kucha 'dhamma-paliyAyoM' ke nAma, saba isI tathya kI ora saMketa karate haiM ki tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva bhAratIya janatA buddha-vacanoM ke nAma se usI saMgraha ko pahacAnatI thI aura AdarapUrvaka zravaNa aura manana karatI thI, jise hama Aja pAli-tripiTaka ke nAma se pukArate haiN| chanda kI dRSTi se bhI pAlitripiTaka kI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| olDanavarga ne kahA hai ki pAli-tripiTaka kI gAthAoM meM prayukta chanda vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se adhika prAcIna honA cAhiye / 1. gurupUjAkaumudrI, pRSTha 90, milAiye rAyasa DeviDsa aura kArapeMTara

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( 112 ) ataH bhASA aura zailI ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para pAli-tripiTaka buddha-mukha se niHsRta vacanoM kA prAmANikatama mAdhyama hI ho sakatA hai / viSaya kI dRSTi se bhI koI bAta uparyukta sAkSya ke viparIta jAne vAlI dikhAI nahIM par3atI / pAli-tripiTaka meM chaThI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke bhAratIya jIvana kI pUrI jhalaka milatI hai / gotama buddha kA aitihAsika vyaktitva, unakA mAnavIya svarUpa, vahA~ spaSTatama zabdoM meM aMkita milatA hai / isa viSaya meM usakI uttarakAlIna mahAyAna granthoM se eka adbhuta vizeSatA hai / uttarakAlIna bauddha saMskRta sAhitya meM buddha ke lokottara svarUpa para jora diyA gayA hai, jo itihAsa kI dRSTi se bAda kA nirmANa hI ho sakatA haiM / pAli-tripiTaka meM madhyadeza kI hI pradhAnatA hai aura usI meM cArikAe~ karate hue zAstA ko dikhAyA gayA hai, jaba ki mahAyAnI granthoM meM isake viparIta unakA laMkA-gamana taka dikhA diyA gayA hai jo lokottara tathyoM para Azrita hI ho sakatA hai / isake alAvA pAli-tripiTaka meM yathArthavAda aura vivekavAda kI pradhAnatA hai jaba ki mahAyAnI sAhitya meM atiraMjanAoM aura kalpanAoM se bhI bahuta kAma liyA gayA hai / ataH apekSAkRta mahatva kI dRSTi se pAli- tripiTaka ko hI buddha ke jIvana aura upadezoM ko samajhane kA prAcInatama aura prAmANikatama sAdhana mAnanA par3atA hai / itihAsa kI dRSTi se pAli- tripiTaka ko hI eka mAtra saccA buddha vacana mAnane meM sabase bar3I kaThinAI yaha hai ki buddha dharma ke vikAsa kI prathama zatAbdI meM hI usake aneka vibhAga ho gaye the / azoka ke kAla taka hI kama se kama 18 sampradAyoM kA ullekha hai / ina sabhI sampradAyoM ke apane apane sAhitya the, jinheM ve prAmANika buddha vacana mAnate the / pAli- tripiTaka inhIM prAcIna sampradAyoM meM se eka ( sthaviravAda - - theravAda) kI sAhityika nidhi hai / pAli-tripiTaka meM nihita buddha vacana aura unakI aTThakathAe~ - itanA hI sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kA sAhityika dvArA sampAdita dIgha - nikAya, jilda dUsaro prastAvanA, pRSTha 8 ( pAli- TaiksaT ) sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita ) 1. sthaviravAdI grantha 'mahAvaMsa' meM bhI buddha kA tIna bAra laMkA-gamana dikhAyA gayA hai, jo utanA hI a-prAmANika hai / 2. dekhiye Age pA~caveM adhyAya meM 'kathAvatthu' kA vivecana /

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( 113 ) AdhAra hai -- "tepiTakasaMgahitaM sATThakathaM sabvaM theravAdaMti" / " anya sampradAya vAloM kA bahuta-kucha sAhitya lupta ho cukA hai / mUla to prAyaH kisI kA bhI milatA hI nahIM / cInI aura tibbatI anuvAdoM se hI Aja hameM unakI kucha jAnakArI hotI hai| jina sampradAyoM ke sAhitya kA isa prakAra kucha paricaya milatA hai unameM, sarvAstivAdI (sabbatthivAdI ) mukhya hai / yaha eka prabhAvazAlI sampradAya thA jisakA AvirbhAva azoka ke samaya se pahale hI ho cukA thA / isa sampradAya ke sUtra, vinaya aura abhidharma tInoM piTaka milate haiM / kintu unake cInI anuvAda hI Aja upalabdha haiM, mUla rUpa meM ve saMskRta meM the, kintu Aja unakA vaha rUpa upalabdha nahI / pAli-tripiTaka se ina sarvAstivAdI granthoM kI tulanA kI gaI hai, jisake pariNAma svarUpa ina donoM meM viSaya ke sambandha meM mUlabhUta samAnatAe~ pAI gaI haiM, kevala viSaya - vinyAsa meM kahIM kucha thor3A bahuta antara pAyA jAtA hai| yaha bAta sutta aura vinaya piTaka ke sambandha meM to sarvAMza meM satya hai, kintu abhidhammapiTaka ke viSaya meM donoM paramparAoM meM grantha- saMkhyA samAna (sAta) hote hue bhI unameM se pratyeka kI viSaya-vastu kI dUsare kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha koI vizeSa samatA nahIM hai / isa prakAra -- sthaviravAda kA suttapiTaka dIgha - nikAya (34 sUtra ) majjhimanikAya sarvAstivAda kA sUtra - piTaka dIrghAgama ( 30 sUtra - pradhAnataH buddhayaza tathA cU0 phA0 naina dvArA pA~cavI zatAbdI I0 meM anuvAdita) madhyamAgama ( gautama saMghadeva dvArA cauthI zatAbdI meM anuvAdita ) saMyuktakAgama (pA~cavI zatAbdI meM guNabhadra dvArA anuvAdita) aMkottarAgama ( cauthI zatAbdI meM dharmanandi dvArA anuvAdita) saMyutta nikAya aMguttara-nikAya khuddaka nikAya kSudrakAgama pAli - tripiTaka meM bhI yadyapi kabhI kabhI dIgha nikAya Adi ke liye dIghAgama Adi zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai, kintu pradhAnataH 'nikAya' zabda kA hI prayoga 1. samantapAsAdikA kI bAhirakathA / 8

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( 114 ) hotA hai / sarvAstivAdiyoM ke tripiTaka meM 'Agama' zabda kA hI prayoga hotA hai / isI kA cInI bhASA meM 'agon' ho gayA hai / sarvAstivAda meM yadyapi pradhAnatA prathama cAra nikAyoM kI hI hai, kintu vahA~ pA~cavA~ nikAya bhI milatA hai / usakA nAma pAli khuddaka nikAya ke anurUpa hI 'kSudrakAgama' hai| pAli khuddaka nikAya ke kitane grantha sarvAstivAdI sampradAya meM milate haiM, yaha nimnAMkita sUcI se vidita hogA / sthaviravAdI khuddaka nikAya ke grantha 1. khuddaka pATha 2. dhammapada 3. udAna 4. itivRttaka 5. suttanipAta 6. vimAnavatthu 7. petavatthu 8. theragAthA 9. therI gAthA 10. jAtaka 11. nisa 12. paTisambhidAmagga 13. apadAna 14. buddhavaMsa 15. cariyApiTaka vibhaMga khandhaka sarvAstivAdI paramparA meM prApta grantha 2. pAcittiya 3. mahAvagga 4. cullavagga dharmapadaM udAnaM donoM paramparAoM ke vinaya-piTaka kA vibhAjana isa prakAra hai- sthaviravAdI vinaya-piTaka sarvAstivAdI vinaya-piTaka 1. pArAjikA pArAjikA prAyazcittikaM avadAnaM (jAtaka) sUtranipAta: vimAnavastu buddhavaMzam

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( 115 ) 5. parivAra pAli abhidhamma-piTaka ke 7 granthoM ke sAtha sarvAstivAdI abhidharma-piTaka ke sAta granthoM kI, jahA~ taka unake nAmoM kA sambandha hai, paryApta samAnatA hai, kintu viSaya samAna nahIM haiM / yathA, sthaviravAdI abhidhamma-piTaka ke grantha sarvAstivAdI abhidharma-piTaka ke granthoM ke sAtha unake nAmoM ko samAnatA 1. dhammasaMgaNi dharma skandhapAda 2. vibhaMga vijJAnakAyapAda 3. puggala paJjatti prajJaptipAda 4. dhAtukathA dhAtukAyapAda 5. paTThAna jJAnaprasthAna 6. yamaka maMgItiparyAyapAda 7. kathAvatthupakaraNa prakaraNapAda Upara sthaviravAdI aura sarvAstivAdI sampradAyoM ke sAhitya kI samAnatAoM kA digdarzana mAtra kiyA gayA hai| pAli tripiTaka ke pratyeka piTaka yA usake aMzoM kA vivecana karate samaya AvazyakatAnusAra hama unakI tulanA sarvAstivAdI piTaka ke aMzoM ke sAtha kreNge| abhI jo kahA jA cukA hai usase itanA spaSTa hai ki donoM sampradAyoM ke sutta aura vinaya-piTaka meM kAphI samAnatA hai aura jo vibhinnatAeM haiM ve prAyaH usI prakAra kI haiM jaisI veda kI vibhinna zAkhAoM ke pAThoM meM pAI jAtI haiN| kevala abhidhamma-piTaka kI viSaya-vastu meM antara hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki pAli-tripiTaka ke kama se kama ve aMza jo sarvAstivAdI tripiTaka se samAnatA rakhate haiM, arthAt sutta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka ke aneka mahattvapUrNa aMza, sarvAMza meM prAmANika haiM aura unake buddha-vacana hone meM koI sandeha nahIM ho mktaa| isI adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki pAli-abhidhamma-piTaka kI pramANavattA nizcaya hI sutta aura vinaya ke bAda kI raha jAtI hai, kama se kama usake viSaya meM sandeha to dRDhamUla ho hI jAtA hai| isa viSaya kA vistRta vivecana hama pA~caveM adhyAya meM abhidhamma-piTaka kI samIkSA karate samaya kreNge| sarvAstivAdI aura sthaviravAdI paramparAoM meM jina vAtoM para mata-bheda hai athavA unake sAhitya meM jahA~ vibhinnatA hai, vahA~ hameM yaha mocanA par3egA ki kisa kA sAkSya adhika prabhAva

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( 116 ) zAlI aura mAnane yogya hai| hama pahale dekha cuke haiM ki sthaviravAdI tripiTaka ke svarUpa kA antima nizcaya aura sthirIkaraNa azoka ke kAla meM arthAt tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ho cukA thA aura usI samaya se vaha laMkA meM usI rUpa meM surakSita rahA hai / kama se kama prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva (vaTTagAmaNi abhaya kA samaya-- milindapaJha kA samaya bhI) ke bAda to usameM eka akSara kA kahIM parivartanaparivarddhana huA hI nahIM hai / isake viparIta sarvAstivAdI sAhitya kI paristhiti bar3I saMkaTagrasta aura asamaMjasamaya rahI hai| pahale to azoka ne hI sthaviravAdiyoM ke atirikta sAre bauddha sampradAyoM ke anuyAyiyoM ko mithyAvAdI samajha kara pravajyA-hIna kara diyA / ' 'phira zuMga rAjAoM ke kAla meM una para jo ApattiyA~ DhAI gaI, unase to apanI mUla paramparA se unakA kadAcit uccheda hI ho gyaa| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki unake mUla vizAla sAhitya kA, josaMskRta meM thA, Aja koI patA nahIM calatA aura vaha kevala cInI anuvAdoM meM surakSita hai| Aja purAtatva kA koI bhI bhAratIya vidyArthI dhArmika kaTTaratA ke pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna isa jJAna-vilupti ke lie lajjita hue binA nahIM raha sktaa| sarvAstivAdI sampradAya kI sAhitya-vilupti ke anya cAhe jo kAraNa diye jA sakeM, vaha bhAratIya saMskRti kI udAratA aura dharma-sahipNatA kI eka kaTu TippaNI bhI avazya hai / 'puSyamitra' 2 nAma taka ke prati cInI bauddha sAhitya meM jo gaharI avajJA kA bhAva vidyamAna hai, vaha isa sAhitya-vilupti se asambandhita nahIM ho sktaa| yahA~ kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki apanI mUla paramparA se vicchinna hokara hI sarvAstivAda bauddha dharma cIna aura 1. dekhiye mahAvaMza 5 / 268-270 2. prasiddha zuGga vaMzIya rAjA, jisane bauddhoM para bar3e atyAcAra kiye, jinake kAraNa aneka bauddhoM ko deza chor3a kara bAhara bhAga jAnA pdd'aa| kevala Andha, saurASTra, paMjAba, kAzmIra aura kAbula meM bauddha dharma isa samaya raha gyaa| cInI bauddha sAhitya meM binA abhizApa ke 'puSyamitra'kA nAma nahIM liyA jaataa| dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 820

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( 117 ) anya dezoM meM gayA, ataH usakI prAmANikatA sthaviravAda ke sAmane kucha nahIM hA sktii| sarvAstivAdI granthoM ke cInI aura tibbatI anuvAda bhI IsavI san ke kaI sau varSa bAda hue, ataH isa dRSTi se bhI unameM parivartana-parivarddhana kI kAphI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai| phira bauddha dharma jahA~ jahA~ gayA vaha apanI samanvayabhAvanA ko bhI apane sAtha letA gayA aura jina jina dezoM meM usakA prasAra huA, unake loka-gata vizvAsoM kA bhI usake andara samAveza hotA gyaa| ataH isa pravRtti ke kAraNa bhI sarvAstivAdI sampradAya ke sAhitya meM vibhinnatAe~ A sakatI haiM, jinake maulika yA uttarakAlIna parivartita hone kA nirNaya hama unake mUla ke abhAva meM nahIM kara skte| bhASA ke sAkSya para bhI hama use pAli-mAdhyama ke sAtha milA kara kisI niSkarSa para nahIM pahu~ca skte| ataH donoM ke tulanAtmaka mahatva aura prAmANya kA aMkana abhI hama anizcita rUpa se hI kara sakate haiN| phira bhI jo kucha tathya upalabdha haiM, unase yahI vidita hotA hai ki sarvAstivAdI mAdhyama kI apekSA sthaviravAdI mAdhyama ne hI buddha-vacanoM kI adhika saccI aura prAmANika anurakSA kI hai| sarvAstivAdiyoM ke atirikta anya bauddha sampradAyoM ke viSaya meM, jinakI utpatti azoka ke kAla taka ho cukI thI aura jinake sAtha hI sthaviravAdiyoM jIvita sambandha kI kalpanA hama kara sakate haiM, hameM mahattvapUrNa kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI bhI paramparAe~ thIM avazya, kintu Aja ve hamAre liye prApta nahIM haiN| dvitIya saMgIti ke avasara para hI, jaisA hama pahale dekha cake haiM,' mahAsaMgItika bhikSuoM ne sutta aura vinaya ke kucha aMzoM ke atirikta sampUrNa abhidhamma-piTaka kI hI pramANavattA svIkAra nahIM kI thii| unhoMne vinaya-piTaka ke parivAra aura sutta-piTaka ke paTisambhidAmagga, niddesa aura jAtakoM ke kucha aMzoM ko bhI prAmANika nahIM mAnA thaa| abhidhammapiTaka ke asvIkaraNa meM sarvAstivAdI aura mahAsaMgItika bhikSu samAna hI the| ata: hameM usake viSaya meM gambhIratApUrvaka socanA par3egA ki use kahA~ taka buddhavacana ke rUpa meM prAmANika mAnA jAya / yahI sthiti jAtaka, niddesa aura paTisambhidAmagga kI bhI hai| isa sUcI ko aura bhI kAphI bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNataH theragAthA aura petavatthu jaise granthoM meM aise Antarika sAkSya haiM,2 jinake 1. dUsare adhyAya meN| 2. dekhiye Age isI adhyAya meM khuddaka nikAya kA vivecana

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( 118 ) AdhAra para una aMzoM ko buddha-parinirvANa se do yA tIna zatAbdI bAda kI racanA ho mAnA jA sakatA hai / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki pAli - tripiTaka kI pramANavattA kA ekAMzena uttara nahIM diyA jA sakatA / usake katipaya aMza (jaise mahAparinibbANa - sutta, dhammacakkapavattana sutta Adi, Adi ) atyanta prAcIna haiM aura unameM buddha ke pratyakSa jIvana aura upadezoM kI sajIva aura sarvAMza meM saccI pratimUrti milatI hai, kucha zAstA ke parinirvANa ke ThIka bAda ke haiM (jaise gopaka moggallAna - sutta) aura kucha eka-do zatAbdiyoM bAda kI paramparAoM ko bhI aMki karate haiM, kintu aise sthala bahuta kama haiM / sutta aura vinaya-piTaka kA adhikAMza bhAga to buddha aura unake ziSyoM ke jIvana aura upadezoM taka hI sImita hai / jo aMzabAda ke bhI haiM, ve bhI azoka ke kAla taka hI apanA antima svarUpa prApta kara lete haiM / bhASA aura zailI evaM pArasparika tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para hama pUrva aura paragAmI tattvoM ko alaga alaga kara sakate haiM / udAharaNataH suttoM kA pArasparika milAna kara ke hama jAna sakate haiM ki kisa maulika namUne kA Azraya lekara kisa sutta ko kisa prakAra parivarddhita svarUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| yahI hAla vinaya ke niyamoM kA hai / unameM parivartana huA hai / vinaya ke sabhI niyama zAstA ke mukha se nikale hue nahIM ho sakate / kucha maulika AdhAroM ko lekara zeSa kI sRSTi kara lI gaI hai aura unako prAmANikatA dene ke liye hI buddha vacana ke rUpa meM prakhyApita kara diyA gayA jAna par3atA hai / anyathA mAnavIya vicAra ko itanI adhika svatantratA dene vAle ke dvArA jIvana kI choTI se choTI kriyAoM meM vidhAna prajJApana karanA saMgata nahIM baiThatA / ziSyoM para unake prabhAva ko dekhate hue bhI unakI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI / ataH ve buddha dharma ke vikAsa se sambandhita haiM, yaha hama AsAnI se jAna sakate haiM / bauddha saMgItiyoM ke itihAsa ne bhI hameM yahI batAyA hai ki usake svarUpa kA nirmANa aura nirdhAraNa dvitIya saMgIti ke samaya hI huA hai jo buddha-parinirvANa se 100 varSa bAda huI / ataH eka sImita kintu nizcita artha meM hI hama pAli- tripiTaka (vizeSataH sutta aura vinaya ) ko buddha - vacana kaha sakate haiM jise DhUMDhane ke liye hameM kAphI samAlocanA-buddhi, aura sAtha hI zraddhA buddhi kI bhI AvazyakatA hai| samAlocanA - buddhi ke sAtha-sAtha zraddhA-buddhi kI AvazyakatA isaliye hai ki hama bhAratIyoM ko pAli sAhitya kA paricaya pacchimI vidvAnoM ne hI prArambhika rUpa se karAyA hai aura pacchimI vidvAnoM ko bhAratIya jJAna aura sAhitya ko jAnane

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( 119 ) kI icchA usa samaya huI jaba vahA~ unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM sandehavAda kA bolabAlA thA / isameM sandeha nahIM ki binA sandeha ke jJAna nahIM ho sakatA aura pratyeka jJAna ke pahale sandeha honA Avazyaka hai / kintu sandeha hI jJAna kA rUpa dhAraNa kara le, yaha jJAna kA apalApa hai / adhikAMza pAzcAtya vidvAn isa sthiti se zAyada ho Upara uTha pAye haiM / unakI pratyeka abhijJA aura jAnakArI meM sandeha samAyA huA hai / pAli -svAdhyAya ke prAthamika yuga meM buddha ke aitihAsika astitva taka ke sambandha meM unameM se kaI ne . (udAharaNataH phraiMka, senA~, bArtha Adi) sandeha prakaTa kiyaa| tripiTaka ke varNanoM meM thor3e-bahuta virodha pAye jAte haiM / ina virodhoM kA saMgraha phraiMka ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai / para unameM se kaI vAstavika virodha nahIM bhI haiN| astu, jo bhI virodha haiM unakA kAraNa kyA hai ? jaisA pahale dikhAyA jA cukA hai, buddha-dharma ke prAthamika vikAsa meM buddha vacanoM kI paramparA buddha-parinirvANa ke bAda kaI zatAbdiyoM taka maukhika paramparA meM calatI rhii| ataH aneka virodha ( buddha vacanoM kA saMgAyana karane vAle bhikSuoM kI ) smRti hAni ke kAraNa hI haiM / una para anAvazyaka jora denA buddhavacanoM ke saMrakSaNa - prakAra se hI apanI anabhijJatA dikhAnA hai / eka hI upadeza ko buddha yA unake kisI ziSya ke mukha se diyA huA dikhalAne meM yA bhinna bhinna sthAnoM meM diyA huA dikhalAne meM koI virodha nahIM hai / yaha to aitihAsika rUpa se satya bhI ho sakatA thA / bhagavAn apanI cArikAoM meM caturArya satya jaise pramukha upadezoM kI punarAvRtti bhinna bhinna sthAnoM meM karate hI rahe hoMge aura phira unake ziSya bhI isI prakAra karate hue vicarate hoMge, yaha samajhanA kaThina nahIM hai / bhinna bhinna sthAnoM ke bhinna bhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA hI buddha vacanoM kA saMgAyana aura saMkalana huA hai, ataH isameM asvAbhAvika kyA hai ? balki yaha to unake satya aura aitihAsika rUpa se pramANa hone kA eka prabala sAkSya hai / kauna sA upadeza kisa sthAna para diyA gayA, kisake prati diyA gayA, kisa avasara para diyA gayA, itanI chAnabIna ke sAtha buddha vacanoM ko unake usI rUpa meM saMrakSita rakhanA bhikSuoM kI mahatI aitihAsika buddhi kA sAkSya detA hai / nizcaya hI itane adhika byauroM ke sAtha buddha vacanoM kA saMrakSaNa karane meM kuzala bhikSuoM ne jo dakSatA dikhAI hai, vaha unake samaya ko dekhate hue Azcaryajanaka hai| isake liye hameM unakA kRtajJa honA cAhiye / unake dvArA dI huI sUcanA para sandeha karanA hI mAtra

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( 120 ) aitihAsika praNAlI nahIM hogii| kama se kama yaha mAnanA par3egA ki ve dharmavAdI the aura bhagavAna buddha ke vacanoM kI rakSA hI unakA pradhAna uddezya thA / ataH unake dvArA saMgRhIta vacanoM meM mAnavIya smaraNa-zakti kI svAbhAvika alpatA ke kAraNa kahIM azuddhi yA apUrNatA bhale hI raha gaI ho, kintu jo kucha unhoMne sunA thA usI kA atyanta sAvadhAnI ke sAtha unhoMne saMgAyana kiyA thA, itanA to hameM mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| jo unhoMne saMgAyana kiyA thA, usI kA saMgRhIta rUpa Aja hameM pAli tripiTaka meM milatA hai, yaha bhI niHsandeha hai hii| sarvAMza meM pAli-tripiTaka buddhavacana hai, aisI mAnyatA to svayaM pAli-tripiTaka kI bhI nahIM hai| vahA~ spaSTatama rUpa se dikhA diyA gayA hai ki kauna se vacana samyak sambuddha ke haiM, kauna se vacana unake ziSyoM ke hai, athavA kauna se vacana anya vyaktiyoM ke bhI haiM / ataH jaba hama pAli-tripiTaka ko buddha-vacana kahate haiM to usakA artha yahI hotA hai ki vahA~ buddhakAlIna bhArata ke deza-kAla kI pRSThabhUmi meM buddha ke jIvana aura upadezoM kA sajIva aura maulika citra milatA hai aura jo buddha-vacana vahA~ buddha-mukha se niHsRta dikhAye gaye haiM, ve prAyaH vaise hI haiN| azoka unheM aisA hI mAnatA thA aura azoka buddhivAdI vyakti nahIM thA, aisA hama nahIM kaha skte| jaba buddha-parinirvANa kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM utpanna hokara azoka ko buddha-vacanoM ke nizcita svarUpa ke viSaya meM pUrNa santoSa ho gayA thA to usakI kaI zatAbdiyoM bAda Ane vAle hama, jaba kAla ne bahuta se purAvRtta ko aura bhI DhaMka liyA hai, azoka kI sampatti ke hI sAjhIdAra kyoM na bana jAyeM ? yahA~ kucha bhaya nahIM hai / abhI taka hamane saMskRta ke AdhAra para bauddha dharma kA adhyayana kiyA hai| usake tAttvika darzana ke viSaya meM dAhe jo kucha kahA jAya, buddha ke aitihAsika vyaktitva ke prabhAvazAlI samparka se to hama abhI taka prAyaH vaJcita hI rahe haiN| Aja, hamane mahinda (mahendra) ke dvArA siMhala ko jo diyA thA, siMhala usakA pratidAna karane ko prastuta hai| usane bar3e prayatna aura gaurava se hamAre dAna ko surakSita rakkhA hai / Aja usakI thAtI hamAre liye khulI huI hai / yahA~ hama buddha aura unake pAda-mUla meM baiThane vAle ziSyoM ke sAkSAt darzana kara sakate haiM, unake upadeza suna sakate haiM, jima prakAra ke deza-kAla meM ve vicarate the usakA digdarzana kara sakate haiN| buddha-vacanoM kI smRtiyoM ke sAtha yadyapi yahA~ bahuta-kucha aura bhI aMkita hai, aura kahIM kahIM kucha buddha-parinirvANa ke bAda kA bhI kAphI hai, kintu una sava kA upayoga buddha-vacanoM ke liye hI hai jo svayaM vahA~ apanI pUrNa vibhUti aura maulika gaurava meM upasthita haiN| pAli-tripiTaka ke isa

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( 121 ) gauravamaya aMza ke kAraNa hI hama usake sAre rUpa ko bhI 'buddha-vacana' kahate hai, jo yadyapi akSarazaH satya nahIM, kintu satya kI mahimA aura anubhUti se vyApta avazya hai| sutta-piTaka kA viSaya, zailI aura mahattva pAli-tripiTaka kA saba se adhika mahatvapUrNa bhAga mutta-piTaka hI hai| buddha ke dhamma kA yAthAtathya rUpa meM paricaya karAnA hI sutta-piTaka kA eka mAtra viSaya hai| hama jAnate haiM ki buddha ke parinirvANa taka dhamma aura vinaya athavA adhika ThIka kaheM to sAmAsika 'dhamma-vinaya' kI hI pradhAnatA thii| usI kI zaraNa meM zAstA ne bhikSuoM ko chor3A thaa| buddha-parinirvANa ke bAda unake ziSyoM ne buddhavacanoM ke nAma se jisakA saMgAyana kiyA vaha dhamma aura vinaya hI the| "dhammaM ca vinayaM ca sNgaayeyyaam'| ataH pAli-tripiTaka meM adhika mahavattvapUrNa to dhamma aura vinaya hI haiN| inameM bhI saMgha-anuzAsana kI dRSTi se vinaya mukhya hai, kintu sAhitya aura itihAsa kI dRSTi se sutta-piTaka kA hI mahattva adhika mAnanA par3egA / pAli-sAhitya ke kucha vivecakoM ne vinaya-piTaka ko hI apane adhyayana ke liye pahale cunA hai| yaha bhikSu-saMgha kI paramparA ke sarvathA anukUla hai| kintu hama yahA~ sutta-piTaka ke vivecana ko pahale le rahe haiN| isakA kAraNa usakA sAhityika, aitihAsika aura anya sabhI dRSTiyoM se prabhUta mahattva hI hai| jina pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne pAli-tripiTaka kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha kiyA hai unameM minayepha, bArtha, smitha aura kItha ke nAma adhika prasiddha hai| inameM bhI minayeka sava se adhika ugra haiN| unhoMne dIgha aura majjhima jaise 1. "Ananda ! maiMne jo dharma aura vinaya upadeza kiye haiM, prajJapta kiye hai, __ vahI mere bAda tumhAre zAstA hoMge" mahAparinibbANa-satta (dogh-2||3) 2. gAyagara, viTaranitja, aura lAhA ne vinaya-piTaka ko hI pahale liyA hai| pUjya bhadanta Ananda jI ke AdezAnusAra maine yahA~ sutta-piTaka ko pahale liyA hai, jo sAhityika dRSTi se adhika samucita bhI hai| 3. inake grantha-saMketoM ke liye dekhiye viTaranittaH hisTrI A~va inDi yana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 1, pada-saMketa 1; gAyagaraH pAli liTarecara eNDa leMgveja, pRSTha 9, pada-saMketa 2

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( 122 ) nikAyoM ko bhI eka-eka racayitA kI racanA batA kara unake buddha- vacanatva aura bauddha saMgItiyoM kI mArI paramparA ko eka sAtha hI phUMka mAra kara ur3Ane kI koziza kI thii| kintu itane sandehavAda taka yUropIya vidvAn bhI jAne ko taiyAra nahIM the| ataH unameM se bahuta ne minayephakI galata dhAraNA kA kar3A prativAda kiyA, jisake phalasvarUpa svayaM minayepha ko bhI anta meM apanA mata kucha hada taka badalanA pdd'aa| hameM ina yUropIya vidvAnoM ke matoM yA unake prativAdoM ke saMgraha karane kA yahA~ pralobhana nahIM hai / hameM kevala yaha dekhanA hai ki antataH kina kAraNoM ke AdhAra para inhoMne pAli-tripiTaka kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha kiyA thA aura ve kAraNa kisa hada taka usa pariNAma para pahuMcane meM sahI yA galata haiN| ye kAraNa apane saMgrahIta rUpa meM isa prakAra ginAye jA sakate haiM (1) azoka ke kAla ke bAda bhI tripiTaka meM saMzodhana aura parivartana hote rahe (2) anaH pAli-tripiTaka meM prAcIna aura arvAcIna kAla kI paramparAe~ mila gaI haiM (3) pAli-tripiTaka ke varNanoM meM aneka virodha haiM, jaise saMyutta-nikAya ke cunda-sutta meM bhagavAn vRddha ke jIvana-kAla meM hI unake pradhAna ziSya sAriputra kA parinirvANa honA dikhalAyA gayA hai, kintu dIgha-nikAya ke mahAparinibvANa-mutta meM bhagavAn ke mahAparinirvANa ke ThIka pahale ve unake viSaya meM udgAra karate dikhAye gaye haiN| yadi pahalA varNana ThIka hai to dUsare avasara para sAriputra jIvita nahIM ho sakate the| ataH donoM varNanoM meM spaSTa virodha hai / (4) eka jagaha jo upadeza buddha-mukha se dilavAyA gayA hai, vahIM upadega dUsarI jagaha unake kisI zipya ke mukha se dilavA diyA gayA hai / athavA eka jagaha jisa upadeza ko kisI eka grAma, nagara yA AdAna meM diyA gayA dikhAyA gayA hai, dUsarI jagaha usI upadeza ko kimI dUsare grAma, nagara yA AvAsa meM diyA huA dikhA diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra tripiTaka ke varNanoM meM sAmaMjasya kA abhAva dikhAyA gayA hai / jahA~ taka prathama Apatti kA prazna hai vaha sarvathA nirAdhAra hai / mukhya rUpa se tripiTaka ke svarUpa meM azoka ke kAla ke bAda koI parivartana-parivarddhana nahIM huA hai, isa para hama bhASA aura itihAsa Adi ke sAkSya se itanA jora de cuke haiM ki isa sambandha meM adhika nirUpaNa karane kI AvazyakatA pratota nahIM hotA / mahendra aura unake mAthI bhikSu jisa rUpa meM vibhiTaka ko laMkA meM le gaye usako ubhI rUpa meM saMrakSita rakhanA vahA~ ke bhikSa-saMgha ne sadA apanA kartavya aura gaurava mAnA hai / laMkA ke deza -kAla kA thor3A sA bhI prabhAva tripiTaka para upalakSita nahIM hai, yaha eka vismayakArI vastu hai| yadi thoDe

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( 123 ) bahuta parivartana kahIM hue bhI hoM to ve itane mahatvapUrNa kabhI nahI kahe jA makate ki usake prAcIna rUpa ko hI DhaMkaleM / pAli-tripiTaka meM azoka me pahale kI paramparAoM kA tAratamya to ho sakatA hai, kintu usake bAda kI paramparAoM kA bhI usake andara samAveza ho, yaha to pahale AkSepa kA nirAkaraNa ho jAne ke bAda hI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| tatIya saMgIti ke samaya hI hameM pAli-tripiTaka ke svarUpa ko antima rUpa se nizcita aura pUrNa samajha lenA cAhiye, isameM kucha bhI sandeha nhiiN| astu, sutta-piTaka meM bhagavAn ke upadeza nihita haiN| 'sutta-piTaka' zabda kA kyA artha hai, yaha bhI hameM yahA~ samajha lenA cAhiye / sutta kA artha hai sUta yA dhAgA aura piTaka kA artha hai piTArI' yA paramparA / cUMki piTArI kA prayoga likhita granthoM ko rakhane ke liye hI ho sakatA hai aura buddha-vacana IsavI pUrva prathama zatAbdI se pahale likhe nahIM gaye the, ataH isa samaya se pahale unake liye 'piTArI' zabda kA prayoga upayukta nahIM ho sakatA thaa| maulika rUpa meM isa artha meM buddha-vacanoM ke viziSTa granthoM ke liye 'piTaka' zabda kA prayoga nahIM ho sakatA thaa| pUrvakAla meM lAkSaNika artha meM 'piTaka' zabda kA prayoga paramparA ke liye hotA thaa| jaise piTArI meM rakhakara koI vastu eka hAtha se dUsare hAtha meM pahuMcAI jAtI hai, usI prakAra pahale dhArmika sampradAya apane vicAra aura siddhAntoM ko eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI taka paha~cAyA karate the| majjhima-nikAya ke caMki-suttanta (mjjhim-2|5|5) meM vaidika paramparA ke liye imI artha meM 'piTaka-sampradAya' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| yahA~ 'piTaka' zabda kA artha mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne veda kI paramparA' yA 'vacana-samUha' kiyA hai| ataH 'satta-piTaka' zabda kA artha, isa lAkSaNika prayoga ke anusAra hogA, dhAge rUpI (buddha-vacanoM kI) prmpraa| jisa prakAra sUta ke gole ko pheMka dene para vaha khulatA haA calA jAtA hai,usI prakAra buddha-vacana sutta-piTaka meM prakAzita hote hai| 1. dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita ) pRSTha 846 2. zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsaH zAkya aura buddhisTa aurIjinsa, pariziSTa 1, pRSTha 431; pro0 TI0 DabalyU rAyasa DeviDsaH sekreDa vuksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 35, pRSTha 28 kA pada-saMketa; jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1908, pRSTha 114 3. milAiye kIthaH buddhisTa philaoNsaphI, pRSTha 24, pada-saMketa 2

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( 124 ) ataH usakI 'satta-piTaka' saMjJA sArthaka hI hai| pAli 'satta' kA saMskRta anurUpa 'sUtra' hai| vaidika sAhitya kI paramparA meM 'sUtra' zabda se tAtparya aise svalpAkSara kathana se hotA hai jisameM se sUta ke dhAge kI taraha mahAn artha kI paramparA nikalatI calI jAya / isa prakAra ke sUtra-sAhitya kA udbhAvana vaidika sAhitya ke vikAsa ke antima yuga kI ghaTanA hai, jaba ki bar3hate hue vizAla vaidika vAGamaya ko saMkSipta rUpadene kI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| pariNAmataH pratyeka jJAna-zAkhApara sUtra-sAhitya kI racanA huii| zrauta-sUtra, gRhya-sUtra, dharma-sUtra, vyAkaraNa-sUtra, nATya-sUtra, alaMkAra-sUtra, nyAya-sUtra, vaizeSika-mUtra, sAMkhya-sUtra, yoga-sUtra, mImAMsA-sUtra, brahmasUtra Adi isa vizAla sUtra-sAhitya ke kucha udAharaNa haiN| saMskRta kA sUtrasAhitya vizva-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM nizcaya hI eka vismayakArI vastu hai| zabda-saMkSepa kisa hada taka jA sakatA hai, yaha usameM dekhA jA sakatA hai / saMskRtabhASA kI apUrva zakti vahA~ dRSTigocara hotI hai| sUtra' kI paribhASA saMskRtasAhitya meM isa prakAra kI gaI hai "sUtrajJa puruSa, usa svalpAkSara kathana ko, jo asaMdigdha, mahatvapUrNa artha kA prakhyApaka, vizvajanIna upayoga vAlA aura vistAra aura vyAkaraNa kI azuddhi se rahita ho, sUtra kahate haiN|"1 pAli ke 'sutta' isa artha meM sUtra kabhI nahIM kahe jA sakate / ve vistAra meM kAphI lambe haiN| kucha to choTI choTI pustakoM ke samAna hI haiN| unake punarAvRttimaya vistAroM ko dekhakara kauna unheM 'sUtra' kahegA ? pAli ke sUtroM se bhI adhika lambe mahAyAnI saMskRta sAhitya ke mUtra haiN| vahA~ jinheM 'sUtra' kahA gayA hai ve to anAvazyaka vistAra-pUrNa sahasroM pRSThoM ke vizAlakAya grantha haiN| ataH bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke isa 'mUtra' sambandhI artha-vibheda ko hameM samajha lenA caahiye| sutta-piTaka kA viSaya, jaisA abhI kahA gayA, bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza hI haiN| sAtha hI bhagavAn ke kucha pradhAna ziSyoM ke upadeza bhI sutta-piTaka meM mannihita haiM, jinake AdhAra bhI svayaM buddha-vacana hI haiN| aksara aisA hotA thA ki bhagavAn dvArA upadiSTa kisI viSaya ko lekara bhikSuoM meM saMlApa ho uThatA thaa| bAda meM ve apane saMlApa kI sUcanA bhagavAn ko dete the| yadi unako koI tathya spaSTa nahIM 1. svalpAkSaramasaMdigdhaM sAravadvizvatomukhama / astobhamanavadyaM ca sUtraM sUtravido viduH // zabdakalpadruma

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( 125 ) hotA thA to bhagavAn use spaSTa karate the| kabhI kabhI unameM se kisI mahAprAjJa bhikSu ke kathana kA anumodana kara bhagavAn use sAdhuvAda dete the| virodhI sampradAya vAloM ke sAtha bhI bhikSuoM ke isa prakAra ke saMlApa aksara calA karate the| unakI bhI sUcanA aksara bhikSu bhagavAn ko dete the| bhagavAn yA to unakA anumodana karate the yA unheM samajhAte the| kabhI-kabhI (bhagavAna ke jIvana ke antima kAla meM) aisA hotA thA ki lambe samaya taka upadeza dete dete bhagavAna kI pITha pIr3ita ho uThatI thI (kaThina tapasyA ke kAraNa bhagavAn ko vRddhAvasthA meM vAtaroga ho gayA thaa)| usa samaya upadeza ke bIca meM hI bhagavAn sAriputra, maudgalyAyana yA Ananda jaise kisI ziSya ko upadeza ko pUrA kara dene kA Adeza dete the| bAda meM ve isa prakAra diye hue upadeza kA anumodana bhI kara dete the| svatantra rUpa se bhI aneka bhikSuoM ne eka dUsare ke prati yA gRhastha ziSyoM ke prati aneka upadeza * diye haiN| isa prakAra buddha-upadezoM ke sAtha sAtha unake ziSyoM ke upadeza bhI suttapiTaka meM sammilita haiN| bhagavAn ne apane mukha se jo jo upadeza diye, apane jIvana aura anubhavoM ke viSaya meM unhone jo jo kahA, jina jina vyaktiyoM se unakA yA unake ziSyoM kA samparka yA saMlApa huA, jina jina pradezoM meM unhoMne bhramaNa kiyA, saMkSepa meM buddhattva-prApti se lekara nirvANa-prApti taka ke apane 45 varSoM meM bhagavAna kI jo-jo bhI jIvana-caryA rahI, usI kA yathAvat citra hameM sutta-piTaka meM milatA hai| buddha aura unake ziSyoM ke upadezoM ke atirikta hameM Akasmika rUpa se chaThI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke bhArata ke sAmAjika jIvana kA pUrA paricaya bhI sutta-piTaka meM milatA hai / buddha ke samakAlIna zramaNoM, brAhmaNoM aura parivrAjakoM ke jIvana aura siddhAntoM ke vivaraNa, gotama buddha ke viSaya meM unake mata aura donoM ke pArasparika sambandha, sAdhAraNa janatA meM pracalita udyoga aura vyavasAya, manoraJjana ke sAdhana, kalA aura vijJAna, tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhiti aura rAjanya-gaNa, brAhmaNoM ke dhArmika siddhAnta,jAti-vAda, varNavAda, yajJavAda, bhaugolika paristhitiyA~ yathA grAma, nigama, nagara, janapada Adi ke vivaraNa aura unake jIvana kI sAdhAraNa avasthA, nadI, parvata Adi ke vivaraNa, sAhitya aura jJAna kI avasthA, kRSi aura vANijya, sAmAjika rItiyA~, jIvana kA naitika stara, striyoM, dAma-dAsiyoM aura bhRtyoM kI avasthA, Adi ke vivaraNa sutta-piTaka meM bhare par3e hai, jo buddha aura unake ziSyoM ke jIvana aura upadezoM ke sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna

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( 126 ) bhAratIya sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika paristhiti Adi kA bhI acchA digdarzana karate haiM / suttoM ke AkAra ke sambandha meM prAya: koI niyama dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / unameM kaI bahuta choTe bhI haiM aura kaI bahuta bar3e bhI / isI prakAra gadya-maya yA padya - ma hone kA bhI koI nizcita niyama nahIM hai / kucha bilakula gadya meM haiM aura kucha gadya-padya mizrita bhI, kucha thor3e se bilakula padya meM bhI haiM, bIca bIca meM kahIM kahIM gadya ke chiTake ke sAtha' / pratyeka sutta apane Apa meM pUrNa hai aura vaha buddha-upadeza yA buddha jIvana sambandhI kisI ghaTanA kA pUrA paricaya detA hai / prAyaH pratyeka sutta ke prArambha meM usakI eka aitihAsika bhUmikA rahatI hai / yaha bhUmikA hameM batalA detI hai ki jisa upadeza kA vivaraNa diyA jA rahA hai, vaha bhagavAn ne kahA~ diyA / udAharaNataH 'eka samaya bhagavAn zrAvastI meM anAthapiMDika ke ArAma jetavana meM vihAra karate the' 'eka samaya bhagavAn rAjagRha meM gRdhrakUTa parvata para vihAra karata the jaise vAkya prAyaH pratyeka sutta ke Adi meM Ate haiM / suttoM kI aneka choTI-moTI vizeSatAe~ aura bhI dekhI jA sakatI haiN| udAharaNataH bhagavAn ke upadeza ke bAda prAyaH ( sadA nahIM ) upadeza sunane vAloM kA isa prakAra kA kRtajJatApUrNa udgAra devA jAtA hai " Azcarya he gotama ! adbhuta he gotama ! jaise auMdhe ko sIdhA kara de, Dha~ke ko ughAr3a de, bhUle ko rAstA batalA de, andhakAra meM tela kA pradIpa rakha deM, jisase ki A~kha vAle rUpa ko dekheM, aise hI Apa gotama ne aneka prakAra se dharma ko prakAzita kiyA / yaha maiM bhagavAn gotama kI zaraNa jAtA hU~, dharma kI zaraNa jAtA hU~, saMtra kI bhI zaraNa jAtA hU~ / Apa gotama Aja se mujhe aMjalivaddha zaraNAgata upAsaka svIkAra kareM " kahIM kahIM muttoM ke anta meM bhikSuoM kI kRtajJatA kevala ina zabdoM se bhI vyakta kara dI jAtI hai "bhagavAn ne yaha kahA / santuSTa ho bhikSuoM ne bhagavAn ke usa kathana kA anumodana kiyA / " milane-julane, vidA lene, kRtajJatA prakAzita karane, kuzala-maMgala pUchane Adi sAdhAraNa avataroM para jisa prakAra kA ziSTAcAra usa samaya pracalita thA, usakA varNana prAyaH samAna zabdoM meM suttapiTaka meM aneka sthaloM para kiyA gayA hai| aise sthala bAra bAra Ane ke kAraNa svayaM kaMThastha ho jAte hai / jaba koI bhikSu bhagavAn ke darzanArtha dUra se AtA thA, to bhagavAn usase aksara pUchA karate the 'kaho bhikSu ! kuzala se to ho ? rAste meM koI bar3I hairAnI parezAnI 1. jaise dIgha nikAya ke mahAsamaya- sutta, lakkhaNa-sutta, ATAnATaya-sutta Adi

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( 127 ) to nahIM huI ? bhikSA ke liye kaSTa to nahIM uThAnA par3A' ? aadi| bhagavAn ko jaba koI vyakti nimaMtraNa dene AtA hai to prAyaH yahI vAkya rahatA hai "bhante ! bhikSu-saMgha sahita Apa kala ke liye merA bhojana svIkAra kreN"| usake bAda "bhagavAn ne mauna se svIkAra kiyaa|" bhagavAn ke bhikSAcaryA ke liye jAne kA prAyaH ina zabdoM meM varNana rahatA hai "taba bhagavAn pUrvAhna samaya cIvara pahana, bhikSApAtra le, jahA~ ...... thA, vahA~ gye| jAkara bhikSu-saMgha sahita biche Asana para baitthe|......ne apane hAtha se baddha-pramukha bhikSa-saMgha ko uttama khAdya-bhojya se mantarpita kiyaa| khAkara pAtra se hAtha haTA lene para......eka nIcA Asana le, eka ora baiTha gyaa| bhagavAn ne upadeza se samuttejita, sampraharSita kiyaa| dharmaupadeza kara bhagavAn Asana se uThakara cala diye|" jaba koI mahAprabhAvazAlI vyakti bhagavAna ke darzanArtha jAtA hai to "jitanI yAna kI bhUmi thI, utanI yAna se jA kara, yAna se utara, paidala hI jahA~ bhagavAn the, vahA~ gyaa| jAkara bhagavAn ko abhivAdana kara eka ora baiTha gyaa| eka ora baiThe. . . . . .ko bhagavAn ne dharma-sambandhI kathA se samuttejita kiyA' Adi / isa prakAra buddhakAlIna bhAratIya samAja kA pUrA citra hameM sutta-piTaka meM milatA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza karane kA kyA DhaMga thA, yaha bhI suttoM se spaSTa dikhAI par3atA hai| pahale bhagavAn dAna, zIla, sadAcAra-prazaMsA, durAcAra-nindA Adi sambandhI sAdhAraNa pravacana dete the| phira 'vuddhoM kI uThAne vAlI AdezanA' (buddhAnaM sAmukkaMsikA dhammadesanA) Arambha hotI thI, jisameM cAra Arya satyoM Adi kA gaMbhIra dharmopadeza hotA thaa| dIgha-nikAya ke ambaThTha sutta, kuTadanta-sutta Adi meM isI taraha upadeza kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn eka manovaijJAnika kI taraha upadeza karate the| pahale ve dekha lete the ki jo vyakti unake pAsa darzanArtha AyA hai vaha kisAna hai, yA sipAhI hai, yA rAjA hai yA parivrAjaka hai| phira usase paricita jIvana se hI upamAe~ Adi lekara ve use dharma kA svarUpa samajhAte the| parivrAjakoM yA anya matAvalambI sAdhuoM ke sAtha vArtAlApa karate samaya ve unake mAnya siddhAntoM se hI prArambha karate the aura uttarottara vicAra para use agrasara karate hue apane mantavya taka lAte the| dIgha-nikAya ke sAmaphala-sutta, soNadaMDa-sutta, popAda-sutta aura tevijja-sutta tathA majjhima-nikAya ke vekhaNasa-sutta, subha-sutta, caMki-sutta Adi isake acche udAharaNa haiN| bhagavAna buddha ke upadeza karane ke DhaMga yA unakI AdezanA-vidhi kA bar3A acchA vizleSaNa 'peTakopadesa' nAmaka grantha meM

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/ 128 ) kiyA gayA hai, jo tripiTaka ke saMkalana ke bAda kintu buddhaghoSa ke kAla se pahale, likhA gayA thaa| chaThe adhyAya meM hama usakA vivaraNa dete samaya isa viSaya kA bhI kucha digdarzana kreNge| ___ suttoM kI zailI kI ye vizeSatAe~ aura draSTavya hai (1) punaruktiyoM kI atizayatA (2) saMkhyAtmaka parigaNana kI praNAlI kA prayoga (3) upamAoM ke prayoga kI bahulatA (4) saMvAdoM kA prayoga (5) itihAsa aura AkhyAnoM kA upadezoM ke bIca meM samAveza aura (6) suttoM meM nATakIya kriyAtmakatA kI abhivyApti / cUMki suttoM kA saMkalana vibhinna srotoM se, vibhinna vyaktiyoM ke dvArA aura vibhinna kAloM meM haA, ata: unameM pUnaruktiyoM kA honA avazyambhAvI hai| bhikSuoM ke nirantara abhyAsa ke liye svayaM bhagavAn kA bhI eka hI upadeza ko bAra bAra denA, kahIM saMkSipta rUpa se, kahIM vistRta rUpa se, use duharAnA. AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| phira adhyayana-adhyApana kI maukhika paramparA ke kAraNa isa punaruktimaya varNana-praNAlI ko aura bhI adhika prazraya milA hai| ataH suttoM meM punaruktiyoM kA honA eka tathya hai aura vaha unakI prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA kA hI sacaka hai, aprAmANikatA yA arvAcInatA kA nahIM / suttoM meM itanI punamaktiyA~ bharI par3I hai ki unakA sAmAnya digdarzana bhI sambhava nahIM hai / suttoM kA 'peyyAlaM' ati prasiddha hai|' vAkyAMzoM ke vAkyAMzoM kI punarAvRtti kevala eka-do zabdoM ke hera-phera ke sAtha aneka suttoM meM pAI jAtI hai| soNa-daMDa-satta kA antima bhAga hubaha kUTadanta-sutta meM rakkhA huA hai| cAra dhyAnoM kA varNana bilakula samAna zabdoM meM aneka suttoM meM rakkhA huA hai, yathA sAmaJaphala-sutta (diigh-1|2) ambahrasutta (diigh-1|3) soNadaMDa-sutta (diigh-1|4) kUTadanta sutta (dIgha-115) mahAli 1. cUMki pAli-tripiTaka meM, vizeSataH sutta-piTaka meM, punaruktiyA~ adhika haiM, ataH jahA~ kahIM eka pUre vAkya 'yA vAkyAMza kI punarAvRtti huI, to use pUrA na likha kara kevala eka-do Arambha ke zabda likha diye jAte haiM aura phira usake bAda likha diyA jAtA hai 'peyyAlaM' jisakA artha yaha hai ki itane saMketa se hI pUrvAgAta vAkya ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| peyyAlaM' zabda : kA artha hI hai 'pAtuMalaM' arthAt itane se vAkya samajha liyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha pATha ko bacAye rakhane ke liye paryApta hai| dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa : pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha taiMtAlIsa (vastukathA)

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sutta (dIgha-115) poTThapAda-sutta (dIgha-119) kevaTTa-sutta (diigh-1|11) subha-sutta (diigh-1|12) cakkavatti sIhanAda-sutta (diigh-3|3), saMgIti-pariyAyasutta (diigh-3|10), bhayabherava-sutta (mjjhim-1|1|4) dvedhAvitakka-sutta (mjjhim1|2|9) mahAassapura-sutta (mjjhim-1|4|9) cUlahatthipadopama-sutta (mjjhim1|3|7) devadahasutta (mjjhim-3|1|1) veraMjaka-brAhmaNa-sutta (aguttara) jhAnasaMyutta (saMyutta-nikAya) Adi, aadi| cAra Arya satya, Arya aSTAGgika mArga Adi ke viSaya meM bhI isI prakAra kI punaruktiyA~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| saMyuttanikAya ke saLAyatana-saMyutta meM cakSurAdi indriyoM, unake viSayoM aura vijJAnoM Adi ko lekara vistRta punaruktiyA~ kI gaI haiN| ataH punaruktiyoM kI atizayatA suttoM kI zailI kI eka pradhAna vizeSatA hai aura jisa kAraNa vaha utpanna huI hai usakA ullekha hama pahale kara cuke haiN| saMkhyAtmaka parigaNana kI praNAlI kA prayoga bhI buddha-vacanoM ke bhaukhika rUpa se prApta hone kI paramparA para AdhArita hai| kevala smRti kI sahAyatA ke liye hI bhagavAn buddha bhI isakA prayoga karate the| pUrA kA pUrA aMguttara-nikAya isI saMkhyAtmaka praNAlI para saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| anya nikAyoM meM bhI cAra Arya satya, pA~ca nIvaraNa, 32 mahApuruSa-lakSaNa, 62 mithyAduSTiyoM Adi ke saMkhyAtmaka nirUpaNa bhare par3e haiN| sAMkhya darzana aura jaina-darzana tathA mahAbhArata Adi meM bhI saMkhyAtmaka vargIkaraNoM kA prayoga dikhAI par3atA hai| pAli suttoM meM isakA prayoga bahulatA se kiyA gayA hai, kintu vaha asvAbhAvika nahIM hone pAyA hai| pAli suttoM kI upamAeM bar3I marmasparzI huI hai| jIvana ke aneka kSetroM se ye upamAeN lI gaI hai aura unakI svAbhAvikatA aura saralatA bar3I Akarpaka hai| dIgha aura majjhima nikAyoM ke hindI-anuvAda meM mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne ina nikAyoM meM AI huI upamAoM kI sUcI dI hai| unase suttapiTaka meM AI huI upamAoM kA kucha anumAna ho sakatA hai| jahA~ bhI suttoM meM koI jaTila prazna AyA hama yaha vacana dekhate haiM 'opammaM te karissami, upamAya hi idhekacce purisA bhAsitassa atthaM AjAnanti' arthAt 'maiM tumheM eka upamA khuuNgaa| upamA se bhI kucha eka manuSya kahe hue kA artha samajhajAte haiM / upamAoM kI praNAlI kA anupiTaka sAhitya para bhI itanA prabhAva par3A hai ki hama 'milindapaJha' 1. dekhiye viTaranitja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 65, pada saMketa 1

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( 130 ) aura 'visuddhimagga' jaise granthoM tathA buddhaghoSa Adi kI aTThakathAoM meM bhI . unakA bahula prayoga dekhate haiM / nizcaya hI pAli sAhitya apanI upamAoM ke liye vizeSa gaurava kara sakatA hai| viSaya ko sugama banAne kI dRSTi se hI bhagavAn svayaM upamAe~ diyA karate the| dIgha-nikAya ke poTThapAda-sutta meM janapada-kalyANI kI sundara upamA unhoMne dI hai| isI prakAra svAnubhava-zUnya paMDitoM kI paMkti. baddha andhoM se upamA2, atiprazna karane vAle kI usa vANa-biddha vyakti se upamA jo vANa ko nikalavAne kA prayatna na kara vANa mArane vAle ke viSaya meM asaMgata prazna kara rahA hai,3 viSaya bhogoM ke duSpariNAmoM ko dikhAne vAlI upamAe~,4 vimukti-sukha ko dikhAne vAlI upamAe~, Adianeka prakAra kI upamAe~ bhagavAn vaddha ke mukha se nikalI haiM, jo kAvya kI vastu nahIM kintu unake antastala se nikalI huI anubhava siddha vANiyA~ haiN| saMvAdoM ke rUpa meM suttoM ke udAharaNa ke liye dIvanikAya ke ambaTTha-sutta, soNadaNDa-sutta, poTTapAda-sutta, tevijja-sutta Adi vizeSa draSTavya haiN| anya nikAyoM meM bhI saMvAda bhare par3e haiN| paurANika AkhyAna bhI sttoM meM kahIM kahIM samAviSTa haiM, jaise mahAvijita kA AkhyAna dIgha-nikAya ke kuTadatta-sutta meM, Adi, Adi / upaniSadoM aura mahAbhArata meM bhI aise akhyAna pAye jAte haiN| saMyutta-nikAya ke bhikkhunI-saMyutta meM bhikSuNiyoM ke AkhyAna bar3e hI mArmika hai| suttoM kI eka bar3I vizeSatA unakI nATakIya drutagati evaM kriyAzIlatA bhI hai| isa dRSTi se dIgha-nikAya ke mahAparinibbANa-sutta aura saMyuttanikAya ke bhikkhunI-saMyutta vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiN| paripraznAtmaka zailI kA jaisA pUrNa paripAka suttoM meM huA hai, vaisA bhAratIya sAhitya meM anya kahIM pAnA asambhava hai| bAda meM unakA vikasita rUpa hI 'milinda-paha' meM prasphuTita huA hai, jisake saMvAdoM ko dekha kara hI kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne usake Upara grIka prabhAva kI 1. dekhiye Age isa sutta kA vivaraNa / 2. andhaveNu paramparA (andhoM kI lakar3I kA tA~tA) caMki-suttanta (majjhima. 2 / 5 / 5) / 3. cUla mAlukya-sutta (majjhima. 2 / 2 / 3) / 4. potaliya-sutta (majjhima. 2 // 1 // 4) / 5. sAmaJaphala sutta (dIgha. 112) meM 6. dekhiye viTaranitja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 34

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( 131 ) kalpanA kara lI hai, jisakA nirAkaraNa hama chaThe adhyAya meM usa sambandhI vivaraNaM para Ate samaya kreNge| dIgha-nikAya ke 'pAyAsi-sutta' jaise suttoM meM saMvAdAtmaka zailI kA jo pariSkRta rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai, usI ke AdhAra para bAda meM 'milindapaJha' meM isa kalA meM pUrNatA prApta kI gaI hai| __ jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, sutta-piTaka buddha-vacanoM kA saba se adhika mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai / na kevala buddha-upadezoM ko jAnane ke liye hI balki chaThI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsvI pUrva ke bhArata ke saba prakAra ke aitihAsika, sAmAjika aura bhaugolika jJAna kA vaha eka apUrva bhAMDAra hai| itihAsa aura sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke liye bhI vaha utanA hI mahatvapUrNa hai jitanA bauddha dharma aura darzana ke vidyArthI ke liye / gambhIra vicAroM kI dRSTi se usakA sthAna kevala upaniSadoM ke mAtha hai| upaniSadoM se bhI usakI eka bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki upaniSadoM meM jaba ki vizuddha, nirvaiyaktika jJAna hai, sutta-piTaka meM usake sAtha sAtha jIvana bhI hai| upaniSadoM meM buddha ke samAna jJAnI kI jIvana-caryA kahA~ hai ? sutta-piTaka meM nihita buddha-vacanoM kI gambhIratA kI tulanA rAyasa DeviDsane aphalAtUM ke saMvAdoM se kI hai 2 / aphalAtUM ke jJAna-gaurava kI rakSA karate hue bhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tathAgata kI sAdhanAmayI vANI kA to zatAMza gaurava bhI usake andara nahIM hai| buddha-vacana apanI gambhIratA meM sarvathA nirupameya haiN| jaba samyak sambuddha jaisA varadAna hI prakRti ne mAnava ko nahIM diyA, to unake jaise vacana bhI kahA~ se hoM? ataH dharma, darzana, sAhitya, jIvana, itihAsa, prAcIna bhugola Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM se suna-piTaka kA adhyayana atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| sutta-piTaka, jaisA pahale bhI dikhAyA jA cukA hai, pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai (1) dIgha-nikAya (2) majjhima-nikAya (3) saMyutta-nikAya (4) aMgattaranikAya aura (5) khuddaka-nikAya / inameM prathama cAra nikAya saMgraha-zailI kI dRSTi se samAna haiM / pA~cavA~ nikAya choTe choTe (jinameM kucha bar3e bhI haiM) svatantra granthoM kA saMgraha hai| viSaya to saba kA baddha-vacanoM kA prakAzana hI hai| kevala suttoM ke AkAroM yA viSaya ke vinyAsa meM kahIM kucha antara hai| pratyeka nikAya kI viSaya-vastu kA aba hama saMkSipta paricaya deMge aura sAtha hI unake sAhityaka 1. isake darzana ke liye dekhiye Age isa satta kA vivaraNa / 2. di DAyalaoNgsa oNva di buddha, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 206

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( 132 ) aura aitihAsika mahatva kA bhI anumApana karanA hamAre adhyayana kA eka aMga hogaa| a-dIgha-nikAya' - dIgha-nikAya dIrgha AkAra ke suttoM kA saMgraha hai| AkAra kI dRSTi se jo sutta yA buddha-upadeza bar3e haiM, ve isa nikAya meM saMgRhIta hai / dIgha-nikAya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai (1) sIlakkhandha (2) mahAvagga (3) pAtheya yA paattik-vgg| inameM kula milAkara 34 sutta haiM, jinameM sIlakkhandha meM 1-12, mahAvagga meM 1423 aura pAtheya yA pATikavagga meM 24-34 sutta haiN| jisa krama se ina suttoM kA vinyAsa kiyA gayA hai, vaha kAla-krama ke anusAra pUrvAparatA kA sUcaka nahIM hai| kucha ghaTanAe~ yA upadeza jo kAlakramAnusAra bAda ke hai pahale rakha diye gaye haiM aura isI prakAra jinheM pahale honA cAhiye ve bAda meM rakkhe hue haiN| isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki kAla-krama ke anusAra sattoM ko yahA~ vinyasta na kara AkAra Adi kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| piTaka aura anupiTaka (vizeSataH aTThakathA) sAhitya ke sAkSya se mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne dIgha-nikAya ke kucha suttoM ke kAlAnukrama kA nizcaya kara unheM usa DhaMga se apane mahatvapUrNa grantha 'buddhacaryA' meM anUdita kiyA hai| yaha eka stutya kArya hai| paniTamI vidvAna aTThakathAoM ke sAkSya para itanA adhika vizvAsa na kara kevala zailI aura bhApA Adi ke sAkSya se hI dIgha-nikAya yA pUre satta-piTaka ke vibhinna aMzoM kI pUrvAparatA nizcita karanA cAhate haiM, jo anta meM kevala unakI kalpanA kA vilAsa mAtra raha jAtA hai| phraiMka nAmaka vidvAn ne to isI AdhAra para apane vicitra mata bhI pUre tripiTaka aura dIgha-nikAya ke sambandha meM prakAzita kara diye hai / unhoMne dIgha-nikAya ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki yaha kisI eka lekhaka yA sAhityakAra kA kAma hai| cUMki olDanabarga,2 rAyasa DeviDsa, viTaranitja, gAyagara5 Adi vidvAnoM dvArA 1. mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dvArA anuvAdita, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha,1937 2. 3. 4. 5 dekhiye vizeSataH viTaranitja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 44-45; gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 17, pada-saMketa 4; rAyasa DeviDsa aura olDanabarga ke granthoM ke saMketa bhI yahIM donoM jagaha diye hue hai|

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( 133 ) unake mata kA paryApta nirAkaraNa kara diyA gayA hai, ataH unake a - mahatvapUrNa kalpanA - vilAsa ko, jise unhoMne dIghanikAya kI prAmANikatA ke viruddha rakkhA thA, yahA~ uddhRta aura phira se nirAkRta kara, use anAvazyaka mahatva dene kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI / dIgha - nikAya ke sutta kalAtmaka ekAtmakatA ke anusAra vinyasta hone para bhI buddha vacanoM ke rUpa meM prAmANika haiM / yadi una saba kA AdhArabhUta vicAra eka hI hai, to isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA ki ve kisI eka hI lekhaka kI kRtiyA~ haiM / buddha ke upadezoM ke rUpa meM bhI unameM ekAtmatA to honI hI cAhiye / pAli dIgha - nikAya ke 134 suttoM meM se 27 cInI dIrghAgama meM milate haiN| zeSa sAta meM se 3 madhyamAgama meM milate haiN| aura 4 kA patA nahIM lagA hai / viSaya kA vinyAsa yahA~ bhinna hote hue bhI viSayavastu to prAyaH samAna hI hai / dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara cauthI - pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka ina saba suttoM kA anuvAda cInI bhASA meM ho gayA thA / cU~ki isake pUrva prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke 'milindapanha' meM bhI inameM se aneka kA nAmataH ullekha hai, ata: inakI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bAharI AkAra kI dRSTi se dIgha - nikAya ke saba suttoM meM samAnatA nahIM hai| sIlakkhandha ke saba sutta prAyaH gadya meM haiM, kevala kucha paMktiyA~ mAtra gAthAoM ke rUpa meM haiM / mahAvagga aura pAtheya yA pATika vagga meM adhikAMza sutta gadya-padya - mizrita hai / pAtheya yA pATika vagga ke mahAsamaya- sutta aura ATAnATiya sutta to bilakula padya meM hI haiM | sIla-kkhandha ke sUtroM kI yaha pradhAna vizeSatA hai ki ve zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA sambandhI buddha upadezoM kI vivaraNa dete haiM aura unameM buddhakAlIna bhAratIya samAja kA bhI paryApta zIla-nirUpaNa milatA hai, usake sAmAjika aura dhArmika jIvana kA pUrAcitra, Adi / yahI usake 'sIlakkhandha' nAmakaraNa kA bhI kAraNa hai | 'mahAvagga' ke pratyeka sutta ke nAma kA Arambha 'mahA' zabda se hotA hai / viTaranitz2a ne isa 'mahA' zabda meM kSepakoM kA rahasya nihita mAnA hai / unakA kahanA hai ki pahale isa varga ke upadeza saMkSipta AkAra ke rahe hoMge aura bAda meM unheM baDhAkara 'mahA' kara diyA gayA hai / cUMki svayaM bhagavAn buddha bhI eka hI viSaya para 1. pUre vivaraNa ke liye dekhiye dIghanikAya ( mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA hindI anuvAda) kA prAkkathana 2. vizeSataH 'mahAparinibbANa - sutta' meM isa prakAra ke uttarakAlIna parivarddhanoM

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( 134 ) avasara aura pAtroM ke anusAra saMkSipta aura dIrgha upadeza de sakate the aura saMkalana ke samaya bhinna bhinna vyaktiyoM aura srotoM se Ane ke kAraNa unheM vaisA hI saMkalita kara diyA gayA hai, ataH ekahI viSaya-sambandhI do alpa aura bar3e AkAra vAle sattoM ko dekhakara bar3e AkAra vAle suttoM ko bAda ke parivarddhana hI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| uparyukta tathya ke prakAza meM hama 'mahAvagga' ke saba suttoM ko maulika buddha-vacana hI mAnane ke pakSapAtI haiN| 'pAtheya' yA 'pATika vagga' kA yaha nAmakaraNa isaliye hai ki isa varga ke suttoM ke Adi meM 'pATika-sutta' nAmaka sutta hai| dIgha-nikAya' kA adhika sAhityika aura aitihAsika malyAMkana karane ke liye pahale hama usake suttoM kI viSaya-vastu kA alaga-alaga saMkSipta nidarzana kareMge / khandha-vagga brahmajAla-sutta (dIgha 11) brahmajAla-sutta dIgha-nikAya kA prathama aura atyanta mahatvapUrNa sUtra hai| prArabuddhakAlIna bhAratIya dhArmika aura sAmAjika paristhiti kA eka acchA citra yahA~ milatA hai| vizeSataH usa dhArmika vicikitsA kA, jo usa samaya bhAratIya vAyumaMDala meM sarvatra phailI huI thI, aura usake sampUrNa ativAdoM kA , eka acchA vizleSaNa yahA~ milatA hai| brahma jAla-sutta kA artha hai zreSTha (brahma) jAla rUpI buddha-upadeza / buddha-upadeza ko yahA~zreSTha jAla kahA gayA hai / kise pakar3ane ke liye? phisalakara nikala jAne vAlI machaliyoM rUpI mithyA daSTiyoM ko pakar3ane ke liye| isa satta ke upadeza ke antameM Ananda ne, jo pIche se bhagavAn ko paMkhA jhala rahe the, pUchA "bhante ! isa upadeza ko kyA kaha kara pukArA jAya?" "Ananda ! tuma isa dharma-upadeza ko 'artha-jAla' bhI kaha sakate ho, dharma-jAla bhI, brahma-jAla bhI, kA vivecana DA0 viTaranitja ne kiyA hai| dekhiye unakA hisTrI oNva inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 38-42 1. dogha-nikAya ke 1-23 sutta do bhAgoM meM deva-nAgarI lipi meM bambaI vizva vidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita kara diye gaye haiN| prathama bhAga, sutta 1-13; dvitIya bhAga sutta 14.23; dogha-nikAya kA mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana aura bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa kRta hindI anuvAda (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, 1937) to prasiddha hI hai|

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( 135 ) dRSTi-jAla bhI, lokottara saMgrAma-vijaya bhii|"1 mithyA-dRSTiyoM ko pakar3ane ke liye bhagavAn ne brahmajAla-sutta kA upadeza diyaa| jina mithyA dRSTiyoM kA vivaraNa brahma jAla sutta meM diyA gayA hai, unakI saMkhyA 62 hai| inameM 18 mithyA dhAraNAe~ jIvana aura jagata ke Adi sambandhI hai aura 44 anta smbndhii| inameM pahalI 18 mithyA dhAraNAoM ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai yathA (1) zAzvatavAda (2) nityatA-anityatAvAda (3) sAnta-anantavAda (4) amarAvikSepavAda aura (5) akAraNavAda / inameM se prathama cAra kI siddhi meM pratyeka meM cAra cAra hetu diye gaye haiM aura antima siddhAnta (akAraNavAda) kI siddhi meM do| isa prakAra 18 hetuoM se nAnAzramaNa, brAhmaNa aura parivrAjaka prAgbuddhakAlIna bhArata meM AtmA aura loka ke Adi sambandhI, (pUrvAnta kalpita) uparyukta pA~ca matoM kA prakhyApana kiyA karate the| inhIM ko yahA~ mithyA daSTiyA~ kahA gayA hai| AtmA aura loka ke anta sambandhI (aparAntakalpika) 44 mithyA-dhAraNAe~ thiiN| kucha zramaNa, brAhmaNa aura parivrAjaka 16 hetuoM ke AdhAra para mAnate the ki 'marane ke bAda bhI AtmA saMjJI (hoza vAlA) rahatA hai, kucha 8 hetuoM ke AdhAra para mAnate the ki 'marane ke bAda AtmA asaMjJI ho jAtA hai' (arthAt vaha hoza vAlA nahIM rahatA) kucha 7 hetuoM ke AdhAra para mAnate the ki 'AtmA kA pUrNa uccheda hI ho jAtA hai| ye ucchedavAdI the| kucha 5 hetuoM ke AdhAra para mAnate the ki isI janma meM nirvANa yA mokSa hai| isa prakAra ina paraspara virodhI 44 hetuoM se AtmA aura loka ke anta sambandhI siddhAnta kalpita kiye jAte the| yahI 44 aparAntakalpika mithyA daSTiyA~ thii| isa prakAra kula milakara 62 paraspara-virodhinI, mAnasika AyAsoM se pUrNa, mithyAdRSTiyA~ bhAratIya vAyumaMDala meM bhagavAn baddha ke udaya se pUrva pracalita thIM, jinakA nidarzana isa sutta meM kiyA gayA hai| brahmajAla sutta kI mukhya viSaya-vastu uparyukta 62 mithyAdRSTiyoM kA vivaraNa hI hai, kintu usameM pramaMgavaza aura bhI bahuta sI bAteM A gaI haiN| prArambha hI meM hama 1. "ko nAmo ayaM bhante dhamma pariyAyAyoti" "tasmAti ha tvaM Ananda imaM dhamma pariyAyaM atthajAlaM ti pi naM dhArehi, dhammajAlaM ti pi naM dhArehi, brahmajAlaM ti pi naM dhArehi, diThi jAlaM ti pi naM dhArehi, anuttaro saMgAma-vijayo ti pinaM dhArehi / "

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( 136 ) bhagavAn ko bhikSuoM ke sahita rAjagRha aura nAlandA ke bIca ke rAste para jAte hue dekhate haiN| ve bhikSuoM ko nindA aura stuti meM samAna rahane kA upadeza karate haiN| usake bAda mUla (Arambhika) majjhima (madhyama) aura mahA ke rUpa meM zIla kI tIna bhUmiyoM kA vivaraNa hai| yahIM pramaMgavaza una aneka prakAra ke udyogoM, zilpoM, vyavasAyoM tathA manuSyoM ke rahana-sahana sambandhI DhaMgoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai jinase virata rahane kA bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA gayA hai / usa samaya ke samAja ke jIvana kI dazA kA isase bar3A acchA patA lagatA hai / usa samaya ke manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM ko lIjiye to nRtya, gIta, bAje, nATaka, lIlA, tAlI, tAla denA, ghar3e para tabalA bajAnA, gIta-maMDalI, lohe kI golI kA khela, bA~sa kA khela, hasti-yuddha, azva-yuddha, mahiSa-yuddha, vRSabha-yuddha, bakaroM kA yuddha . . . . . .lAThI kA khela, muSTiyuddha, kuztI, mArapITa kA khela, sainya-pradarzana Adi ke vivaraNa milate haiN| manuSyoM ke Amoda-pramoda ke sAdhanoM ko dekheM to dIrgha Asana, palaMga, bar3e bar3e royeM vAle Asana citrita Asana . . . . . . phUladAra bichAvana . . . . . . siMha, vyAdhra Adi ke citra vAle Asana, jhAlaradAra Asana Adi ke vivaraNa, darpaNa, aMjana, mAlA, lepa, mukha-cUrNa (pAuDara), mukha-lepana , hAtha ke AbhUSaNa, char3I, talavAra, chAtA, sundara jUtA, TopI, maNi, ca~vara Adi ke vivaraNa pAte haiN| aneka prakAra ke kathAe~ jaise rAjakathA, corakathA, grAma, nigama, nagara, janapada, strI, panaghaTa aura bhUta-preta Adi kI kathAe~, aneka prakAra ke phalita jyotiSa ke vidhAna, aneka prakAra ke mithya! sAmAjika vizvAsa aura mAdhyama-jIvana-nirvAha ke DhaMma bhI vivRta kiye gaye haiN| yajJayAgAdi kI paramparA kitanI vikRta ho calI thI, isakA eka saMketa aneka prakAra ke homoM kI isa sUcI meM hI dekhiye 'agni-havana, darvI homa, tuSa-homa, kaNa-homa taMDala homa, ghRta-homa, taila-homa, mukha meM ghI lekara kulle se homa, rudhira homa' Adi / aneka prakAra kI vidyAoM yathA vAstu vidyA, kSetra vidyA, maNi-lakSaNa, vastra-lakSaNa Adi ke vivaraNa yahA~ diye gaye hai| sArAMza yaha ki prAgbuddha-kAlIna bhArata kA sArA sAmAjika aura dhArmika jIvana yahA~ citrita ho uThA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se isa satta kA yaha mahatva hai ki vaha bhagavAna buddha ke zAsana ke usa svarUpa kI ora iMgita karatA hai jo madhyamA-pratipadA para AdhArita hai aura jisameM jIvana ke satya kA sAkSAtkAra (sacchikiriyA) hI mukhya hai, zAzvatavAda yA azAzvatavAda Adi ke pacar3oM meM par3anA nhiiN| ataH prAgbuddhakAlIna bhAratIya vicAra kI vicikitsAoM aura unakI pRSThabhUmi meM buddha-zAmana kA sandeza tathA prasaMgavaga

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( 137 ) tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja ke udyoga-vyavasAyoM Adi ke citraNa kI dRSTi se yaha sutta atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| sAmaJaphala-sutta (dIgha. 12) sAmaJaphala-sutta (zrAmaNya phala sambandhI buddha-upadeza) meM hama pitR-vadha ke pazcAttApa se saMtapta magadha-rAja ajAtazatru ko citta-zAnti prApta karane ke hetu bhagavAn ke pAsa AtA dekhate haiN| pahale vaha anya AcAryoM ke pAsa bhI jA cukA hai, kintu zAnti nahI milii| isI kAraNa yahA~ prasaMgavaza buddhakAlIna una chaha prasiddha AcAryoM ke matoM kA bhI nidarzana kara diyA gayA hai, jinakA jAnanA bauddha dharma ke pratyeka vidyArthI ke liye atyanta Avazyaka hai| ina chaha AcAryoM ke nAma the pUrNa kAzyapa, makkhali gosAla, ajita kesa kambali, praRdha kAtyAyana, nigaNTha jJAtaputra aura saMjaya belaTTi putta / makkhali gosAla kA mata akriyAvAda thaa| unake mata meM pApa-puNya kucha nahIM thaa| 'chure ke samAna teja cakra se koI isa pRthivI ke prANiyoM ke mAMsa kA eka khaliyAna, mAMsa kA eka puMja banA de, to bhI isake kAraNa use pApa nahIM lagegA' / dAna, dama, saMyama, tapa meM koI pUNya nahIM hai, himA, corI Adi meM koI pApa nahIM hai, yahI inakA mata thaa| makkhali gosAla pUre daivavAdI the| ve kahate the| 'satvoM ke kleza kA koI hetu nahIM hai| binA hetu ke hI satva kleza pAte hai| satvoM kI zaddhi kA bhI koI hetu nahI hai| binA hetu ke hI satva zuddha hote haiN| puruSa kucha nahIM kara sakatA hai / bala nahIM hai, vIrya nahIM hai, puruSa kA koI parAkrama nahIM hai| sabhI prANI apane vaza meM nahIM hai / nirbala, nirvIrya, bhAgya aura saMyoga ke phera se idhara-udhara utpanna ho duHkha bhogate hai|" ajita keza kambali kA mata thA jar3avAda yA ucchedavAda / vaha kahatA thA 'na dAna hai, na yajJa hai, na homa hai, na puNya yA pApa yA acchA burA phala hotA hai, na yaha loka hai, na paraloka hai, na mAtA hai, na pitA hai" Adi, Adi / prakrudha kAtyAyana kA mata thA akRtatAvAda / vaha pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, sukha, duHkha aura jIvana, ina saba ko akRta, anirmita, kUTastha, aura acala mAnatA thaa| 'yahA~ na hantA hai, na ghAtayitA, na sunane vAlA, na sunAne vAlA, na jAnane vAlA, na jatalAne vaalaa"| nigaNThanATaputra (nirgrantha jJAtRputra, bhagavAn mahAvIra, jaina-tIrthaGkara) ke mata meM cAra prakAra ke maMyamoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai "nirgrantha jJAtaputra kisa prakAra ke saMyamoM se saMyata rahate hai? (1)nirgrantha jJAtaputra jala kA vAraNa karate hai (jimameM jala ke

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( 138 ) jIvana mAre jAya~) (2) sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karate haiM (3) sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se pApa-rahita hote hai ( 4 ) sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane meM lage rahate haiN|" saMjaya velaTThiputra kA mata anizcitatAvAda thaa| unakA kahanA thA "maiM yaha bhI nahIM kahatA, maiM vaha bhI nahIM kahatA, maiM dUsarI taraha se bhI nahIM kahatA / maiM yaha bhI nahIM kahatA 'yaha hai'| maiM yaha bhI nahIM kahatA 'yaha nahIM hai, maiM aisA bhI nahIM kahatA, maiM vaisA bhI nahIM kahatA " / buddhakAlIna dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ko jAnane ke liye ina chaha AcAryo ke matoM ko jAnanA atyanta Avazyaka haiM / bhagavAn ne ajJAtazatru ko zramaNanA ( zrAmaNya ) yA pravrajyA kA phala naitika mUlyoM ke dvArA batalAyA hai| saMsAra ke mUlyoM meM use nahIM taulA jA sktaa| pahale yahA~ bhI gIla kA prArambhika, madhyama aura mahA ina tIna bhUmiyoM meM vivaraNa hai, phira indriya-saMyama, smRti - samprajanya, santoSa Adi ke abhyAsa kA vivaraNa hai / anta meM pazcAttApa se abhibhUta rAjA kahatA hai "bhante ! mene dhArmika, dharmarAja pitA kI hatyA kI ! bhante ! bhaviSya meM maeNbhala kara rahane ke liye mujha aparAdhI pApI ko Apa kSamA kareM" / jina dRSTiyoM se brahmajAla sutta kA mahatva hai, unhIM 'dRSTiyoM' me yaha sutta bhI mahatvapUrNa hai / vAstava meM kucha hada taka yaha usakA puraka hI hai / ambaTTha-sutta ( dIgha 1 / 3 ) pauSkarAti nAmaka brAhmaNa ke ambaSTa ( ambaTha ) nAmaka ziSya ke sAtha bhagavAna buddha kA saMvAda hai / ambaSTa apane ucca varNa ke ghamaMDa ke kAraNa bhagavAn ke pAsa jAkara aziSTatApUrvaka bAteM karatA hai| zAkyoM para anucita AkSepa bhI karatA hai / jaba bhagavAn usake aziSTa vyavahAra kA use smaraNa dilAte haiM to vaha kahatA hai ' hai gotama ! jo maDaka, zramaNa, ibhya ( nIca) kAle, brahmA ke paira kI santAna, hai unake sAtha aise hI kathA saMlApa kiyA jAtA hai, jaisA merA Apa gotama ke sAtha / " bhagavAn use mithyA jAtivAda ke abhimAna ko chor3a dene ko kahate hai | "ambaSTa ' jahA~ AvAha-vivAha hotA hai vahIM yaha kahA jAtA hai 'tU mere yogya hai' 'tU mere yogya nahI hai| vahIM yaha jAtivAda, gotravAda, mAnavAda bhI calatA hai 'tU mere yogya hai' 'tU mere yogya nahIM hai / ambaSTa ! jo koI jAtivAda meM phaeNse haiM, gotravAda meM phaMse haiM, abhimAnavAda meM pha~se haiM, AvAha-vivAha meM pha~se haiM, ve anupama vidyA aura AcaraNa kI sampadA se dUra hai / ambaSTa ! jAtivAda ke baMdhana, gotravAda - bandhana, mAnavAda - bandhana aura AvAha-vivAha bandhana / N

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chor3akara ho anupama vidyA aura AcaraNa kI sampadA kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAtA hai|" isa prakAra isa satta ko jAtivAda ke viruddha bhagavAn kA siMhanAda hI samajhanA caahiye| isa mutta kA eka aitihAsika mahatva yaha hai ki yahA~ kRSNa ko eka prAcIna RSi ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA gayA hai "vaha kRSNa mahAna RSi the| unhoMne dakSiNa deza meM jAkara brahmamantra par3ha kara, rAjA ikSvAku ke pAsa jA usakI kSudrarUpI kanyA ko maaNgaa| taba rAjA ikSvAku ne 'are yaha merI dAsI kA putra hokara merI kanyA ko mA~gatA hai, kupita ho asantuSTa ho, bANa cddh'aayaa|". . . . . . ikSvAku ne RSi ko kanyA pradAna kii| . . . . . . vaha kRSNa mahAna RSi the|" zAkyoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM bhI yahA~ varNana kiyA gayA hai| soNadaNDa-sutta. (dIgha 14) soNadaNDa (svarNadaNDa) nAmaka brAhmaNa ke sAtha bhagavAn kA sNvaad| viSaya vahI pUrvavat jAtivAda kA khaMDana / brAhmaNa banAne vAle dharmo arthAt sadAcAra aura jJAna kA AcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti hI saccA brAhmaNa hai, na ki kevala brAhmaNakUla meM utpanna / isa sutta meM aGga kI rAjadhAnI campA (vartamAna campA nagara aura campApura, bhAgalapura ke samIpa) kA ullekha hai| rAjA bimbasAra dvArA pradatta campA nagara kI Aya kA upabhoga soNadaNDa brAhmaNa karatA thA / kUTadanta-sutta (dIgha. 115) __ kUTadanta nAmaka brAhmaNa ke sAtha bhagavAn kA saMvAda / bar3I sAmagriyo vAle evaM hiMsAmaya yajJa ke sthAna para yahA~ jJAna-yajJa kA Adarza rakkhA gayA hai| kaTadanta brAhmaNa eka mahAyajJa karanA cAhatA thaa| usane bhagavAna se jAkara pUchA, "bhante ! mai mahAyajJa karanA cAhatA huuN| maiMne sunA hai Apa solaha pariSkAra sahita trividha yajJa-sampadA ko jAnate haiN| kRpAkara Apa mujhe use batAveM / " bhagavAn ne pUrvakAla meM mahAvijita ke AkhyAna ko kaha kara use yaha tattva batAyA hai / vAstava meM mahAvijita kA yaha AkhyAna eka prakAra kA jAtaka-kathAnaka hI hai| mahAvijita nAmaka rAjA ne bhI prAcIna yuga meM eka yajJa kiyA thaa| "brAhmaNa ! usa yajJa meM gAe~ nahIM mArI gaI, bakare-bher3eM nahIM mArI gaIM, murge-sUara nahIM mAre gye| na yaja-stambha ke liye vRkSa kATe gaye, na para-hiMsA ke liye kuza kATe gye| jo bhI usake dAsa aura naukara the, unhoMne bhI daNDa ke bhaya se rahita hokara, jinhoMne cAhA kiyA, jinhoMne

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( 140 ) nahIM cAhA, nahIM kiyA / azru mukha, rote hue unheM sevA nahIM karanI pdd'ii| jise cAhA use kiyA, jise nahIM cAhA use nahIM kiyaa| ghI, tela, makkhana, dahI, madhu aura khAMDa se hI vaha yajJa samApti ko prApta huA" / isa prakAra dravya yajJa meM bhI bhagavAn sevakoM se begAra na lene ke vizeSataH pakSapAtI haiM / kintu jisa yajJa kA unhoMne vidhAna kiyA hai vaha to isase bhI bahuta bar3hakara hai / vaha yajJa hai dAna-yajJa, trizaraNa-yajJa, zikSApada-yajJa, zIla-yajJa, samAdhi yajJa, prajJA-yajJa / tathAgata isI yajJa ke pakSapAtI haiM / mahAli suta ( dIgha. 116) sunakSatra nAmaka licchavi-putra bhagavAn ke ziSyatva ko chor3akara calA gayA hai| use AzA thI ki bhagavAn ke pAsa rahate meM divya zabda sunaMgA, yoga kI vibhUtiyoM ko prApta karU~gA, Adi / jaba aisA na huA to usane unheM chor3a diyA / isI ke vAre meM prazna karane ke liye mahAli nAmaka eka anya licchavi saradAra bhagavAn ke pAsa AyA hai "bhante ! kyA sunakSatra licchavi-putra ne vidyamAna hI divya-zabda nahIM sune yA avidyamAna / " bhagavAn use samajhAte haiM ki brahmacarya kA uddezya divya zabda sunanA yA yogakI vibhUtiyoMko prApta karanA nahIM haiM, balki usakA eka mAtra uddezya to sadAcAra ke jIvana ke abhyAsa ke dvArA satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hai / nirvANa ke sAkSAtkAra ke liye hI brahmacarya kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura usI ke dvArA duHkha kA anta hotA hai / "yahI hai mahAli ! adhika uttama dharma jisake sAkSAtkAra karane ke liye bhikSu mere pAsa Akara brahmacarya pAlana karate haiM / " Arya aSTAGgika mArga ke abhyAsa evaM sadAcAra, samAdhi aura prajJA ke jIvana se hI nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, yaha bhI anta meM anya sunoM kI taraha upadiSTa kiyA gayA hai / jAliya- sutta ( dIgha. 117 ) jAliya nAmaka parivrAjaka me bhagavAn kA saMvAda / yaha parivrAjaka bhagavAn ke pAsa Akara unase pUchatA hai "Avusa ' / gautama ! jIva aura zarIra alagaalaga vastu haiM yA eka hI ?" bhagavAn use samajhAte haiM ki jIva aura zarIra kA bheda-abheda kathana hI vyartha hai / jIvana kA tattva sAkSAtkAra meM hai / ataH zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA nirantara abhyAsa karanA cAhiye / 1. jaise ki mAno gotama usase choTe hoM ! saMbhavataH parivrAjaka kI Ayu bhagavAn se adhika thI aura isa sutta kA sambandha bhagavAn kI taruNa avasthA se hai /

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( 141 ) kassapa sIhanAda-sutta ( dIgha. 18) kAzyapa (kassapa) nAmaka acela (nanna) sAdhu ke sAtha bhagavAn kA saMvAda / acela kAzyapa ne kahIM se suna liyA hai ki bhagavAn buddha saba prakAra kI tapasyAoM kI nindA karate hai / vaha apanI zaMkA lekara bhagavAn ke pAsa AtA hai| bhagavAn use kahate hai ki saba prakAra kI tapasyAoM kA nindA karane vAlA unheM kahanA to unakI asatya se nindA karanA hai| "kAzyapa ! maiM sava tapazcaraNoM kI nindA kaise karU~gA?" saccI dharmacaryA meM bhagavAn kA anya sAdhu-sampradAyoM se koI vaimatya nahIM hai| kintu sabhI AcAra-vicAra chor3a denA yA anya saikar3oM prakAra ke kAyika kleza denA jinakA vistRta vivaraNa isa sutta meM hai aura jo usa samaya kI bhAratIya sAdhanA kA acchA paricaya dete haiM, unase bhagavAn kI sahamati nahIM hai| "kaashyp| jo AcAra-vicAra ko chor3a detA hai, vaha zIla-sampatti, samAdhi-sampatti aura prajJA-sampatti kI bhAvanA nahIM kara sakatA aura na unakA sAkSAtkAra hI kara pAtA hai / ataH vaha zrAmaNya aura brAhmaNya se bilakula dUra hai| kAzyapa ! jaba bhikSu vaira aura droha se rahita hokara maitrI-bhAvanA karatA hai aura citta-maloM ke kSaya hone se nirmala citta kI mukti aura prajJA kI mukti ko imI janma meM svayaM jAnakara, svayaM sAkSAtkAra kara viharatA hai, to vahI yathArthata: zramaNa kahalAtA hai aura vahI brAhmaNa bhii"| vAstava meM usI kI tapasyA bhI saccI hai / gIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA tathA ativAda para Azrita kAyaklezamayI tapasyAoM ko chor3akara madhyama-mArga rUpI Arya aSTAGgika mArga ke abhyAsa kA bhI upadeza yahA~ diyA gayA hai| poTTapAda-sutta (dIgha . 29) " poTTapAda nAmaka parivrAjaka se bhagavAn kA sNvaad| AtmA aura loka ke Adi aura anta sambandhI praznoM ko uThAnA brahmacarya ke liye sahAyaka nahIM, yahI yahA~ poTThapAda parivrAjaka ko bhagavAn ne batAyA hai aura zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kI sAdhanA karane kA upadeza diyA hai| kyA loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, sAnta hai yA ananta, Adi praznoM ko bhagavAn ne kyoM avyAkRta arthAt anirvacanIya yA akathanIya kaha kara chor3a diyA hai, isakA bhI samAdhAna karate hue bhagavAn ne kahA hai "poTTapAda ! na ye artha-yukta, na dharma-yukta, na brahmacarya ke upayukta, na nirveda ke liye, na vigaga ke liye, na nirodha ke liye, na zAnti ke liye, na jJAna

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( 142 ) ke liye, na saMbodhi ke liye, na nirvANa ke liye haiM, isaliye maiMne inheM avyAkRta kahA hai|" subha-sutta ( dIgha. 1110) bhagavAna buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda yaha pravacana unake upasthAka ziSya Ananda ke dvArA diyA gyaa| zubha nAmaka mANavaka ko eka prazna kA uttara dete hue Ananda batAte hai ki bhagavAn buddha zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA, ina tIna dharma-skandhoM ke bar3e prazaMsaka the aura inheM hI ve janatA ko sikhAte the / Ananda dvArA ina tInoM dharmoM kA buddha-mantavya ke anusAra yahA~ vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| kevaTTa sutta ( dIgha. 1111) ___kevaTTa nAmaka gRhapati-putra ke sAtha bhagavAn kA sNvaad| RddhiyoM kA dikhAnA bhagavAn ne niSiddha kara diyA hai| unake matAnusAra saba se bar3A camatkAra to upadeza kA hI camatkAra hai, AdezanA-prAtihArya yA anuzAsanI-prAtihArya (anuzAsana rUpI camatkAra) hI hai| devatAoM aura brahmA ko bhI yahA~ usa tattva ke viSaya meM jahA~ pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu kA nirodha ho jAtA hai, anabhijJa batAyA gayA hai, jaba ki buddha usase abhijJa haiN| lohicca-sutta ( dIgha. 1112) lohicca (lauhitya) nAmaka brAhmaNa ke sAtha bhagavAn kA saMvAda / jhUThe aura sacce zAstAoM ke viSaya meM bhagavAn ne lohicca ko upadeza diyA hai| tevijja-sutta ( dIgha. 1113) ___vAziSTa aura bhAradvAja nAmaka do brAhmaNoM ke sAtha bhagavAn kA saMvAda / aparokSa-anubhUti aura satya-sAkSAtkAra ke binA tInoM vedoM kA jJAna vyartha hai, yaha isa sutta kI mUla bhAvanA hai| isa sutta meM aitareya brAhmaNa, taittirIya brAhmaNa, chandoga brAhmaNa, chandAvA brAhmaNa, ina granthoM yA paramparAoM kA ullekha huA hai jo mambhavataH usa nAma kI upanipadoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| aTTaka, vAmaka, vAmadeva, vizvAmitra, yamadagni, aMgirA, bharadvAja, vaziSTa, kazyapa aura bhRga, ina dasa RSiyoM ko yahA~ mantroM kA kartA yA vedoM kA racayitA batAyA gayA hai / tInoM 1. ye kina kina mantroM ke draSTA yA racayitA haiM, isake liye dekhiye rAhula sAMkRtyAyanaH darzana-digdarzana, pRSTha 527-528

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( 143 ) vedoM ke jJAtA brAhmaNa brahmA kI salokatA ke mArga kA upadeza karate haiM, kintu brahmA ko apane anubhava se, apane sAkSAtkAra se, jAnate koI nhiiN| bhagavAn baddha eka madhura vyaMgyamayI upamA karate hai "vAziSTa ! traividya brAhmaNa jise na jAnate haiM, jise na dekhate hai, usakI salokatA ke liye mArga upadeza karate haiN| jaise ki vAziSTa puruSa aisA kahe--isa janapada kI jo sundaratama strI (janapada kalyANI) hai maiM usako cAhatA hai, usakI kAmanA karatA huuN| usase yadi loga pUche 'he puruSa ! jisa janapada kalyANI ko tU cAhatA hai. tU kyA jAnatA hai ki vaha kSatrANI hai yA brAhmaNI hai yA vaizya strI haiM yA zUdra strI hai ?' aisA pUchane para vaha nahIM kahe / taba usase pUche he puruSa ! jisa janapada-kalyANI ko tU cAhatA hai vaha kisa nAma vAlI, kisa gotra vAlI, lambI, choTI yA majholI hai ? kAlI, zyAmA, . . . . . . kisa grAma yA nagara meM rahatI hai ? . . . . . vAziSTa ! traividya brAhmaNoM ne brahmA ko apanI A~khoM se nahIM dekhA..... .usakI salokatA ke liye mArga upadeza karate haiM !" upAsya aura upAsaka ke guNoM ke bheda kI ora bhI bhagavAn ne saMketa kiyA hai| upAsya (brahmA) a-parigrahI, upAsaka (brAhmaNa) parigrahI; upAsya avaira-citta, upAsaka vairabaddha, upAsya vazavartI, upAsaka avazavartI / "vAziSTa ! saparigraha vidya brAhmaNa kAyA chor3a marane ke bAda parigraha-rahita brahmA ke sAtha salokatA ko prApta kara sakeMge, yaha sambhava nhiiN|" maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA kI bhAvanA ke dvArA sAdhaka tathAgata-pravedita mArga kA sAkSAtkAra kara brahma-vihAra meM sthita ho jAya, to phira "vaha aparigraha bhikSu kAyA chor3a marane ke bAda aparigraha brahmA kI salokatA ko prApta hogA, isameM sandeha nhiiN|" AcaraNa kI sabhyatA ko yahA~ bhagavAna ne sadA ke liye smaraNIya zabdoM meM rakha diyA hai| mahAvagga mahApadAna-sutta ( dIgha. 21) bhagavAn ke pUrvavartI chaha buddhoM, yathA vipassI (vipazyI) sikhI (zikhI) bessabhU (vizvabhU) bhadrakalpa, kakusandha (Rkucchanda) aura koNA-gamana kI jIvaniyoM kA varNana / gotama buddha kI jIvanI ke AdhAra para hI ye gar3ha liye gaye haiM, jinameM aitihAsika tattva kucha nhii|

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( 144 ) mahAnidAna-sutta ( dIgha. 2 / 2) __pratItyasamutpAda kA isa sutta meM vistRtatama vivaraNa hai| sutta ke prArambha meM Ananda yaha kahate dikhAI par3ate haiM "Azcarya hai bhante ! adbhuta hai bhante ! kitanA gambhIra hai aura gambhIra sA dIkhatA bhI hai yaha pratItyasamutpAda, kintu mujhe yaha sApha sApha dikhAI par3atA hai"| bhagavAn unheM.samajhAte haiM "aisA mata kaho Ananda ! yaha pratItya samutpAda gambhIra hai aura gambhIra sA dikhAI bhI detA hai / Ananda ! isa dharma ke jAnane se hI yaha prajA ulajhe sUta sI, gA~The par3I rassI sI, muMja valvaja sI, apAya, durgati aura patana ko prApta hotI hai aura saMsAra se pAra nahIM ho sktii|" isake bAda pratItyasamutpAda kA vistRta vivaraNa hai, usake vibhinna 12 aMgoM kI vyAkhyA ke saath| mahAparinibbANa-sutta ( dIgha. 23) ___mahAparinibbANa-sutta dIgha-nikAya kA sambhavata: sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa sutta hai| yahA~ hama bhagavAn ke antima jIvana kA bar3A mArmika aura saccA citra pAte haiN| isa sutta meM pradhAnataH itanI ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA hama pAte haiM (1) vajjiyoM ke viruddha ajAtazatru ke abhiyAna kA irAdA (2) buddha kI antima yAtrA (3) ambapAlI gaNikA kA bhojana (4) bhagavAn ko kar3I vImArI (5) cunda kA diyA antima bhojana (6) jIvana kA antima samaya (7) striyoM ke prati bhikSuoM ke kartavya (8) cakravartI kI dAha-kriyA (9) subhadra kI pratrajyA (10) antima upadeza (11) bhagavAn kA parinirvANa (12) dAha-kriyA (13) stUpa-nirmANa / ina saba ghaTanAoM kA saMkSipta nidarzana bhI yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kevala eka-do prasaMga lekha baddha kiye jA sakate hai| parinirvANa se pUrva Ananda ne bhagavAn se pUchA "bhante ! tathAgata ke zarIra ko hama kaise kareMge?" bhagavAn ne uttara diyA "Ananda ! tathAgata kI zarIra-pUjA se tuma beparvAha rho| tuma to Ananda sacce padArtha ke liye hI prayatna karanA, sacce padArtha ke liye hI udyoga krnaa| sacce artha ke liye hI apramAdI, udyogI, AtmasaMyamI ho vihrnaa|" Ananda ne pachA "bhante ! striyoM ke sAtha hama kaisA bartAva kareMge?" "a-darzana, Ananda !" vAstava meM buddha ke antima jIvana se paricita hone ke liye aura unake sevaka ziSya Ananda ke sAtha unakI isa samaya kI cArikAoM ke liye isa sutta kA par3hanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| mahA-parinirvANa prApta karane se pUrva bhagavAn ne bhikSaoM ko

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( 145 ) Azvasita kiyA "Ananda ! zAyada tuma ko aisA ho ---- hamAre zAstA cale gaye, aba hamAre zAstA nahIM haiM / Ananda ! aisA mata samajhanA / maiMne jo dharma aura vinaya tumheM upadeza kiye haiM, ve hI mere bAda tumhAre zAstA hoMge / " anukampaka zAstA ne antima bAra bhikSuoM ko sambodhita kiyA " hanta ! bhikSuo, aba tumheM kahatA hU~ -- sabhI saMskAra (kRta vastue~) vyayadharmA ( nAzavAn) haiM, apramAda ke sAtha ( jIvana ke lakSya ko ) sampAdana karo" - - yahI tathAgata kA antima vacana thA / rAjagRha se lekara kusinArA taka kI buddha yAtrA kA varNana, jahA~-jahA~ bhagavAn ruke unake pUrNa vivaraNa ke sAtha, hameM yahA~ milatA hai / isa prakAra ambalaDikA, nAlandA, pATaligrAma, koTigrAma, nAdikA, vaizAlI, bhaMDagAma, hatthigAma, aura pAvA Adi sthAnoM kA varNana AyA hai / vaizAlI gaNataMtra ke sAta guNoM kI prazaMsA bhI bhagavAn ne isa sutta meM kI hai / mahAsudarasana - sutta ( dIgha. 2/4 ) bhagavAn buddha apane eka pUrva janma meM mahAsudarzana nAmaka cakravartI rAjA the / usI samaya kI unakI jIvanI kA vistRta vivaraNa hai / 'mahAsudassana jAtaka' ke kathAnaka se yahA~ samAnatA aura asamAnatA donoM hI haiM / janavasabha - sutta ( dIgha. 225 ) bimbisAra marane ke bAda janavasabha nAmaka yakSa ke rUpa meM svarga loka meM utpanna huA / usane isa sutta meM apane guru se buddha-dharma kI prazaMsA kI hai / devendra zakra aura sanatkumAra brahmA bhI isa sutta meM buddha dharma kI prazaMsA karate dikhAye gaye haiM / isa sutta meM kAzI, kola, vajji, malla, ceti (cedi) kuru, paMcAla, maccha ( matsya) aura zUrasena janapadoM kA ullekha hai / mahAgovindasutta ( dIgha. 216 ) bhagavAn buddha apane eka pUrva janma meM mahAgovinda nAmaka brAhmaNa the| usI kA yahA~ pradhAnataH varNana hai / ataH isa aMza ko eka jAtaka hI samajhanA cAhiye / vaise isa sutta meM bhI pUrva sutta ( janavasabha sutta) kI taraha devarAja indra aura sanatkumAra brahmA dvArA buddha dharma kI prazaMsA karavAI gaI hai / buddhakAlIna bhArata ke rAjanaitika bhUgola kA varNana isa sutta kI eka pradhAna vizeSatA hai / yahA~ kAzI - kozala aura aMga-magadha Adi rAjyoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / azmaka rAjya ke potana nAmaka nagara kA bhI nirdeza hai / 10

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( 146 ) mahAsamaya - sutta ( dIgha. 27 ) isa sutta meM buddha ke darzanArtha devatAoM kA Agamana dikhAyA gayA hai| sakkapanha - sutta ( dIgha. 2/9 ) zakra (indra) dvArA chaha praznoM kA pUchA jaanaa| usake dvArA buddha dharma kI prazaMsA / mahAsatipaTThAna sutta ( dIgha. 2/9 ) isa sutta meM cAra smRti - prasthAnoM yathA kAyAnupazyanA, vedanAnupazyanA, cittAnupazyanA aura dharmAnupazyanA kA vizada vivaraNa kiyA gayA hai / ye cAra smRti-prasthAna 'satvoM kI vizuddhi ke liye, zoka ke nivAraNa ke liye, duHkha aura daurmanasya kA atikramaNa karane ke liye, satya kI prApti ke liye aura nirvANa kI prApti aura sAkSAtkAra ke liye ekAyana (sarvottama, akele ) mArga haiM' aisA bhagavAn ne yahA~ kahA hai / pAyAsi rAjajJa-sutta ( dIgha. 210 ) pAyAsi rAjanya ke sAtha bhagavAn buddha ke ziSya kumAra kAzyapa ke saMvAda kA varNana hai / pAyAsi rAjanya paraloka meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki marane ke sAtha jIvana ucchinna ho jAtA hai / usakA tarka spaSTa hai / (1) mare huoM ko kisI ne lauTa kara Ate nahIM dekhA / (2) dharmAtmA AstikoM ko bhI marane kI icchA nahIM hotI / (3) jIva ke nikala jAne para mRta zarIra kA na to vajana hI kama hotA hai aura na jIva ko kahIM se nikalate jAte dekhA jAtA / bhautikavAdI pAyAsa kA kumAra kAzyapa ne samAdhAna karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / pAyAsi ke matAnusAra " yaha bhI nahIM hai, paraloka bhI nahIM hai / jIva marane ke bAda phira nahIM paidA hote aura acche bure karmoM kA koI phala bhI nahIM hotA / " isa mata ke anusAra brahmacarya kA abhyAsa hI vyartha hai / buddha kA mantavya anAtmavAda hote hue bhI pAyAsa ke bhautikavAda se to phira bhI ThIka viparIta hai / pArthika vagga pAthika-suta ( dIgha 3 / 1 ) sunakSatra licchaviputra ke bauddha dharma tyAga kI bAta phira isa sutta meM AI hai| vaha isaliye ruSTa hokara bhikSu saMgha ko chor3a kara calA gayA thA ki bhagavAn ne use

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( 147 ) Rddhibala nahIM dikhAyA / "sunavakhatta ! kyA maiMne tujhase kabhI kahA thA-- sunakkhanta ! A mere dharma ko svIkAra kara / maiM tujhe alaukika Rddhi-bala dikhAU~gA?" "nahIM bhante !" "mUrkha ! yaha terA hI aparAdha hai"| Izvara ke jagatkartRtva kA bhI isa sutta meM khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| udumbarika sIhanAda sutta ( dIgha. 32) udumbarika nAmaka parivrAjaka-ArAma meM bhagavAn ne yaha siMhanAda kiyA, ataH isakA yaha nAma hai| yaha siMhanAda bhagavAn ne nyagrodha nAmaka paribrAjaka ke prati kiyaa| yahA~ bhagavAn ne jhUThI aura saccI tapasyAoM viSayaka upadeza diyA hai aura buddha-dharma kI sAdhanA se isI janma meM zAnti kI prApti ko dikhAyA hai| cakkavattisIhanAda sutta ( dIgha. 3 // 3) svAvalambana, vrata-pAlana evaM cAra smRti-prasthAnoM ke abhyAsa kA upadeza / bhikSuoM ke kartavyoM sambandhI upadeza bhii| aggaja-sutta ( dIgha. 34) isa sutta meM varNa-vyavasthA kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| janma kI apekSA yahA~ karma ko hI pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| sampasAdaniya-sutta ( dIgha. 35) __parama jJAna meM buddha ke samAna Aja taka koI nahIM huaa| buddha atyanta vinamra aura nirahaMkAra haiN| buddha ke upadezoM kI vizeSatAoM kA vivaraNa bhii| pAsadika-sutta ( dIgha. 36) nirgrantha jJAtuputra (tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra) ke pAvA meM kaivalya-prApti kI isa sutta meM sUcanA hai / vuddha ke upadiSTa dharma, avyAkRta aura vyAkRta bAteM, pUrvAnta aura aparAnta darzana, cAra smRti-prasthAna Adi viSaya jo pUrva ke suttoM meM A cuke haiM, yahA~ phira vivRta kiye gaye haiN| sAtha hI yahA~ yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki buddha-dharma citta kI zuddhi ke liye hai aura yahI usakA pramukha uddezya aura upayoga hai| lakkhaNa-sutta ( dIgha. 27) isa sutta meM 32 mahApuruSa-lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa hai| sAtha hI kisa kisa karmavipAka se kisa kisa zubha lakSaNa kI prApti hotI hai, yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra naitika uddezya spaSTa hai|

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( 148 ) sigAlovAda-sutta (dIgha. 38) sigAla (zRgAla) nAmaka gRhapati-putra (vaizya-putra) ko bhagavAna dvArA pUre gRhastha-dharma kA updesh| cAra pApa ke sthAna, chaha sampatti-nAza ke kAraNa, mitra aura amitra kI pahacAna tathA chaha dizAoM kI pUjA karane kA bauddha vidhAna, Adi bAtoM kA vivaraNa hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kahA hai ki gRhastha sambandhI kartavyoM meM koI aisA nahIM hai jo yahA~ chor3a diyA gayA ho| yaha sutta bauddha dharma ne gRhasya dharma ke svarUpa aura mahatva ko samajhane ke liye atyanta Avazyaka hai| azoka ne isa sutta kI bhAvanA ko apane abhilekhoM meM bAra bAra grahaNa kiyA hai| ATAnATiya-sutta ( dIgha. 339) __ bauddha rakSA-mantra / sAta buddhoM ko namaskAra Adi aura isa prakAra bhUta-yakSoM se rakSA karane kA upAya / yaha sutta buddha kI ziAoM se mela nahIM khaataa| vaha bAda kA parivarddhana hI jAna par3atA hai, jaisA anya aneka vidvAnoM kA bhI vicAra hai| saMgIti pariyAya-sutta ( dIgha. 3 / 10) eka saMkhyA se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka ke vargIkaraNoM meM buddha-mantavyoM kI suucii| dasuttara-sutta ( dIgha. 311) ___ eka se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka ke dharmoM meM kauna kauna se upakAraka, bhAvanIya, parijJeya (tyAjya) prahAtavya, hAnabhAgIya (patanakAraka), vizeSa bhAgIya, duSprativedhya, utpAdanIya, abhijJeya, yA sAkSAtkaraNIya haiM, isakA vivaraNa / A-majjhima-nikAya' majjhima-nikAya meM madhyama AkAra ke sutoM kA saMgraha hai / isaliye isakA yaha nAma par3A hai| sutta-piTaka meM isa nikAya kA eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne isa nikAya ko 'buddha vacanAmRta' kahA hai jo isameM nihita vuddha-vacanoM kI sarvavidha mahattA ko dekhate hue vilakula ThIka hI hai| phaika jaise sandehavAdI vidvAn ko bhI majhima-nikAya kI maulika sugandha ke sAmane - 1. kevala majjhima-paNNAsaka arthAt sutta 51-100 devanAgarI lipi meM de bhAgoM meM bambaI vizva vidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita, bhAga prathama sutta 51-70; bhAga dvitIya sutta 71-100 (DA0 bhAgakta dvArA saMpAdita) hindI meM mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne ise anuvAdita kiyA hai| yaha anumAna mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, dvArA san 1933 meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai|

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( 149 ) nata-mastaka honA par3A hai aura unhoMne bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki majjhima-nikAya meM hama nizcaya hI dharma-svAmI ke kucha mahattvapUrNa udgAra pAte haiN| jarmana vidvAn DA0 DhAlake ne mukhyata: iso eka grantha ke AdhAra para apane gambhIra bauddha dharma sambandhI nivandhoM kI racanA kI hai| majjhima-nikAya kA vargIkaraNa 15 vargoM meM hai, jinameM kula milA kara 152 sutta haiN| hama isa vargIkaraNa kI rUparekhA pahale dikhA cuke hai| ataH yahA~ ati saMkSipta rUpa meM kevala majjhima-nikAya ke suttoM ke viSaya kI ora iMgita mAtra kreNge| (1) mUla pariyAya vagga 1 mUla pariyAya-sutta--sAre dharmoM kA mUla nAmaka upadeza---na meM, na merA, na merA AtmA--anAtmavAda-anAsaktivAda / 2. sabAlaba-sutta--"bhikSao ! sAre citta-maloM ke saMvara (roka) nAmaka upadeza ko mai tumheM detA hai, dhyAna se suno|" 3. dhamma dAyAda-sutta--"bhikSuo ! tuma mere dharma ke vArisa bano, dhanAdi bhogoM (Amipa) ke dAyAda nahIM / bhikSuo ! tuma para merI anukampA hai|" 4. bhaya-bhairava-sutta--vana-khaMDa aura sanI kuTiyoM meM rahane vAle azuddha kAyika karbha saMyukta bhikSuoM ko kabhI-kabhI bhaya ho uThatA hai| ise kaise dUra kiyA jAya, isakA jAnassoNi nAmaka brAhmaNa ko bhagavAna kA upadeza hai, svakIya pUrva anubhava ke AdhAra pr| "brAhmaNa ! zAyada tere mana meM aisA ho-- Aja bhI zramaNa gotama a-vItarAga' a-vIta dveSa, a-vIta moha hai, isIliye araNya, vana-khaMDa tathA sanI kuTiyA kA sevana karatA hai' ! brAhmaNa ! maiM do vAnoM ke liye Aja bhI araNya sevana karatA hU~ (1) isI zarIra meM apane samva-vihAra ke vicAra se (2) Age Ane vAlI janatA para anukampA karane ke liye, tAki mega anugamana kara vaha bhI saphala kI bhAgI ho|" 5. anaMgana-satta--rAga, upa aura moha se rahita (anaMgaNa) aura unase yukta vyaktiyoM ke cAra prakAra--sAriputra, maudgalyAyana aura anya bhikSuoM ke dhArmika sNlaap| 6. AkaMgveyya-sutna--"bhikSao ! zIla-sampanna hokara viharo, prAtimokSa rUpI saMyama meM saMyamita hokara biharo. . . . . .dhyAna aura vipazyanA se sakta hogana varoM kI zaraNa lo|"

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( 150 ) 7. vattha satta-maile vastra para raMga nahIM cddh'taa| kintu sApha vastra para car3ha jAtA hai| citta ke nirmala hone para sugati bhI anivArya hai| vaha nadiyoM ke snAnAdi se prApta nahIM hotii| 'brAhmaNa ! tU yadi jhUTha nahIM bolatA, prANiyoM ko nahIM mAratA, binA diyA letA nahIM, to gayA jAkara kyA karegA, kSudra jalAzaya bhI tere liye gayA hai|" 8. sallekha-sutta--tapa-vihAra kA updesh| 9. sammAdiTThi-sutta--samyak dRSTi para dharmasenApati sAriputra kA pravacana / 10. sati paTThAna-sutta--cAra smRti-prasthAnoM kA upadeza / yahI viSaya dIgha nikAya ke mahAsatipaTTAna-sutta kA bhI hai| kevala kucha aMza vahA~ adhika hai| (2) sIhanAda vagga 11. cUla sIhanAda-sutta--cAra bAtoM meM vauddha bhikSuoM kI anya dharmAvalambiyoM se vishesstaa| 12. mahAsIhanAda-sutta--sunakkhatta licchaviputta yaha kaha kara bhikSu-saMgha ko chor3akara calA gayA hai "zramaNa gotama ke pAsa Arya jJAna-darzana kI parAkASThatA nahIM hai, uttara--manuSya dharma nahIM hai| vaha kevala apane hI cintana se soce, apanI pratibhA se jAne, tarka se prApta, dharma kA upadeza karate haiN|" isI prasaMga ko lekara bhagavAn buddha aura dharmasenApati sAriputra meM saMlApa / tathAgata ke dasa bala tathA cAra vaizAradyoM kA varNana / isI prasaMga meM bhagavAn ne apanI pUrva tapasyAoM kA varNana bhI kiyA hai "sAriputra ! yaha mairA rukSAcAra thaa| papaDI par3e aneka varSa ke maila ko zarIra meM saMcita kiye rahatA thA. . .bhISaNa vana-khaMDa meM praveza kara viharatA thA--murde kI haDDiyoM kA sirahAnA banA zmazAna meM zayana karatA thA---sAriputra ! jaba maiM peTa ke camar3e ko pakar3atA to pITha ke kA~Te ko hI pakar3a letA thA, pITha ke kAMTe ko pakar3ate samaya peTa ke camar3e ko hI pakar3a letA thA-isa dupkara tapasyA se bhI maiM uttara manuSya-dharma nahIM pA sakA . . . . . .Aja sAriputra ! merI Ayu assI ko pahu~ca gaI hai. . . . . .sAriputra ! azana, pAna, zayana ko chor3a, mala-mUtra-tyAga ke samaya ko chor3a, tathAgata kI dharma-dezanA sadA akhaMDa hI calatI rhegii|" buddha-jIvanI kI dRSTi se yaha sutta atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai|

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( 151 ) 13. mahAdukkhakkhandha-sutta--duHkha, usakA hetu aura nirodha / 14. cUla dukkhakkhandha-sutta--uparyukta ke samAna hI viSaya / 15. anumAna-sutta-mahAmaudgalyAyana kA prvcn| sAvadhAnI pUrvaka Atma pratyavekSaNa karate hue sadAcArI jIvana bitAne kA updesh| 16. cetokhila-sutta-citta ke pA~ca kA~ToM kA bhagavAn ke dvArA vrnnn| 17. vanapattha-satta--vanaprastha meM viharane kA upadeza / 18. madhupiDika-sutta-bhagavAna ke dvArA dharma kI rUparekhA kA varNana / kaccAna (kAtyAyana) dvArA usakI vistAra se vyaakhyaa| 19. dvedhAvitakka-sutta-bhagavAn dvArA apane pUrva anubhavoM kA varNana / cittamaloM kA zamana, dhyAna, Arya aSTAGgika mArga, abhisambodhi-prApti kA varNana ! 20. vitakka saNThAna-sutta--vitarkoM ko vaza meM karane kA upaay| (3) opamma vagga 21. kakacUpama-sutta--Are se cIre jAne para bhI jo citta ko binA dUSita kiye zAnta na raha sake, vaha buddha kA ziSya nahIM hai| 22. alagadpama-sutta--dharma ke viSaya meM mithyA dhAraNAyeM rakhanA sarpa ko pUMcha se pakar3anA hai| 23. vammika-sutta--nara-deha kI asAratA evaM nirvANa-prApti kI baadhaaeN| 24. rathavinIta -sutta--brahmacarya ke uddezya aura vizuddhiyA~ / 25. nivApa-sutta-mAra se kaise baceM ? 26. ariyapariyesana-sutta--buddha ke dvArA apane mahAbhiniSkramaNa evaM (pAsarAsi-sutta)--abhisambodhi-prApti kA varNana / dharma-cakra-pravartana kA bhI vrnnn| 27. calahatthipadopama-satta--satya-prApta mani ke Azcarya ! 28. mahAhatthipadopama-sutta-upAdAna-skandhoM se vimukti, pratItyasamutpAda / sabhI kuzala dharma cAra Arya satyoM meM nihita haiN| 29. mahAsAropama-sutta--devadatta ke saMgha ko chor3a jAne ke bAda bhagavAn kA bhikSu jIvana ke uddezyoM para upadeza 30. cUlasAropama-sutta--pUrvokta ke samAna hii| isa sutta meM chaha nairthikoM yA tatkAlIna AcAryoM kA varNana bhI hai|

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( 152 ) (4) mahAyamaka vagga 31. cUla gosiMga-satta-aniruddha, kiMvila aura nandiya kI pravrajyA evaM siddhi praapti| 32. mahAgosiMga-sutta--gosiMga zAlavana kisa prakAra ke bhikSu se suzobhita hogA? 33. mahAgopAlaka-sutta--bhikSu ke liye Avazyaka gyAraha baateN| 34. cUla gopAlaka-sutta-acche aura bure zAstAoM ke anuyAyiyoM kI dshaa| 35. cUla saccaka-putta--saccaka nAmaka AjIvaka ko paJcaskandha aura anA tmavAda kA updesh| 36. mahAsaccaka-satta-bhagavAn buddha kA abhisambodhi aura samAdhi para pravacana / kAyA kI sAdhanA ke Upara mana kI sAdhanA kI sthaapnaa| 37. cUlataNhAsaMkhaya-mutta--tRSNA kA kSaya kaise ho? 38. mahAtaNhA saMkhaya-sutta--anAtmavAda kA tRSNA-kSaya ke rUpa meM upadeza / dharma meM bhI anAsakti Avazyaka / 39. mahA-assapura-sutta-- ) bhikSuoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana / 40. cUla assapura-sutta-- ) (5) cUla yamaka vagga 41. sAleyyaka-sutta-kucha prANI kyoM sugati aura kucha kyoM durgati prApta karate 42. veraMjaka-sutta--uparyukta ke samAna viSaya / 43. mahAvedalla-sutta-vedanA, saMjJA, zIla, samAdhi, prajA, Aya, upmA aura vijJAna para dharmasenApati sAriputra kA pravacana / 44. cUlavedalla-sutta--Arya aSTAGgika mArga, saMjJAvedayita-nirodha, sparza, vedanA tathA anuzayoM para bhikSuNI dhammadinnA kA pravacana / 45. cUla dhammasamAdAna-sutta-dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke cAra prkaar| 46. mahAdhammasamAdAna-sutta-uparyukta ke samAna hii| 47. vImaMsaka-satta--ThIka vimarza kaise ho?

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48. kosambiya-sutta-kauzAmbI ke bhikSuoM ko melajola ke liye upayogI chaha bAtoM kA upadeza / 49. brahmanimantika-sutta--brahmA ko sRSTikartA mAnanA ThIka nhiiN| 50. mAra-tajjaniya-sutta---mahAmaudgalyAyana kA mAra ko tarjana / (6) gahapati vagga 51. kandaraka-satta--Atma-niryAtana ke viruddha pravacana ! 52. aTThaka nAgara-satta---gyAraha amRta dvAra (dhyAna) / Ananda nirvANa-mArga para sthita / 53. sekkha-sutta--zaikSya janoM ke kartavyoM para Ananda kA pravacana / 54. potaliya-mutta--Arya-mArga kyA hai ? 55. jIvaka-sutta-mAMsa-bhakSaNa para buddha-mata / 56. upAli-sutta--dIrgha tapasvI nimrantha ke sAtha bhagavAn kA saMvAda / 57. kukkuravatika-sutta--nirarthaka vrata / karma para bhI pravacana / 58. abhayarAjakumAra-sutta--upakArI apriya satya ko bhI bolanA karttavya hai| yadi vaha upakArI ho hai / rAjagRha ke veNuvana meM isa sutta kA upadeza bhagavAn ne abhayarAjakumAra ko diyaa| 59. bahuvedaniya-matta--vedanAoM kA vargIkaraNa / 60. apaNNaka-sutta--dvividhA-rahita ( aparNaka ) dharma kA upadeza / (7) bhikkhu-vagga 61. ambalaTThika-rAhulovAda-sutta--"rAhula ! tujhe sIkhanA cAhiye ki maiM pratyavekSaNa kara kAya-karma, vacana-karma, mana-karma kA parizodhana kruuNgaa|" ambalaTThikA (veNuvana ke kinAre vAsasthAna) meM rAhula ke prati bhagavAn kA upadeza ! 62. mahArAhulovAda-sutta--rAhula ko pradhAnataH AnApAnasati (prANAyAma) ke abhyAsa kA upadeza / "rAhula ! pRthvI-samAna dhyAna kI bhAvanA kara / . . . . . . jaise rAhula ! pRthvI meM zuci vastu bhI phaikate haiM, azuci vastu bhI phaikate haiM . . . . . . usase pRthvI duHkhI nahIM hotI, glAni nahIM karatI, ghRNA nahIM krtii| isI prakAra rAhula ! pRthvI samAna bhAvanA karate tere citta ko acche lagane vAle sparza na ciptteNge|. . . . . . rAhula ! maitrI-bhAvanA

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( 154 ) kA abhyAsa kr| jo dveSa hai, usase chUTa jaayegaa| rAhula ! karuNA-bhAvanA kA abhyAsa kr| jo terI para-pIr3A-karaNa icchA hai, vaha haTa jaaygii| rAhula ! upekSA-bhAvanA kA abhyAsa kara ! jo terI pratihiMsA hai, vaha haTa jaaygii| rAhula azubha-bhAvanA kA abhyAsa kr| jo terA rAga hai, vaha calA jAyagA' aadi| 63. cUla-mAlukya-sutta-loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, Adi dasa prazna cUla mAlukya putra ne bhagavAn se kiye| bhagavAna ne unheM avyAkata (avyAkRtaakathanIya) karAra de diyA, kyoMki inakA uttara yA kathana sArthaka nahIM, brahmacarya-upayogI nahIM aura na vaha vairAgya, nirodha, zAnti, uttama, parama, jJAna evaM nirvANa ke liye hI Avazyaka hai| 64. mahA-mAlukya-sutta--pA~ca saMyojanoM (satkAya dRSTi, vicikitsA, zIla vrata parAmarza, kAma-rAga, vyApAda) ke prahANa kA maarg| 65. bhaddAli-sutta--bhaddAli nAmaka bhikSu ko AcAra-mArga kA upadeza / 66. lakuTikopama-sutta-sthavira udAyI ko bhagavAn kA dharmopadeza / "udAyI ! koI koI mUrkha puruSa mere 'yaha chor3o' kahane para aisA kahate haiM "kyA isa choTI bAta ke liye, tuccha bAta ke liye, yaha zramaNa jida kara rahA hai" aura vaha use nahIM chodd'te| kintu jo bhikSu sIkhane vAle hote haiM, unheM yaha hotA hai 'yaha balavAn bandhana hai, dRr3ha bandhana hai, sthira bandhana hai, sthUla kaliMgara (pazuoM ke gale meM bA~dhane kA kASTha) hai| jaise udAyI! poya-latA ke bandhana se ba~dhI lakuTikA (gauraiyyA) pakSI vahIM vadha, bandhana yA maraNa kI pratIkSA karatI hai| udAyI! jo AdamI yaha kahe 'cUMki yaha lakuTikA pakSI poyalatA ke bandhana se ba~dhA hai, vaha vahIM vadha, bandhana yA maraNa kI pratIkSA kara rahA hai, kintu usakA vaha nirbala bandhana hai, sar3A bandhana hai, kamajora bandhana hai| kyA udaayii| aisA kahate vaha ThIka kaha rahA hai ?" "nahIM bhante ! vaha lakuTikA pakSI jisa poyalatA ke bandhana se ba~dhA hai, vaha usake liye balavAn bandhana hai, sthUla kaligara (pazu ke gale meM bA~dhane kA kASTa) hai" aadi| 67. cAtuma-sutta--cAtumA ke bhikSuoM ko AcAra-tattva kA upadeza / 68. nalaka-pAna-mutta-nalaka-pAna-ke palAsa-vana meM bhagavAn kA bhikSu ani ruddha se dhrm-sNlaap|

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. ( 155 ) 69. gulissAni-sutta--gulissAni nAmaka AraNyaka bhikSu ko lakSya kara dharma senApati sAriputra kA bhikSuoM ko updesh| 70. kITAgiri-sutta--bhikSu-niyamoM sambandhI upadeza, vizeSataH eka samaya bhojana karane ke prasaMga ko lekr| (8) paribbAjaka-vagga 71. tevijjavacchagotta-sutta---bhagavAna buddha traividya haiN| 72. agivacchagotta-sutta--agivacchagotta nAmaka parivrAjaka ko bhagavAn kI shissytv-praapti| 73. mahAvacchagotta-sutta--upAsakoM aura bhikSuoM ke kartavya / 74. dIghanakha-sutta--dIghanakha parivrAjaka se bhagavAn kA saMlApa / 75. mAgandiya-sutta--mAgandiya nAmaka parivrAjaka ko kAmanAoM ke tyAga kA updesh| 76. sandaka-sutta--sandaka nAmaka parivrAjaka ko Ananda kA upadeza / 17. mahAsakuludAyi-sutta-mahAsakuludAyi parivrAjaka ko updesh| 78. samaNamaMDikA-sutta--zuddha AcaraNa para bhagavAn buddha kA updesh| 79. cUlasakulu dAyi-sutta-nigaNTha nAthaputta aura unakA cAturyAma saMvara / 80. bekhanasa-sutta--pUrvokta ke samAna hI vissy-vstu| (9) rAjavagga 81. ghATikAra-sutta-bhagavAn buddha ke eka pUrvajanma kA vivaraNa / 82. raTThapAla-sutta-rASTra-pAla kI pravrajyA kA vivaraNa / kurudeza kI rAjadhAnI thullakoThita kA ullekha hai / rASTrapAla yahIM ke nivAsI the / 83. makhAdeva-sutta--buddha ke eka pUrva janma kI kthaa| 84. mAdhuriya-sutta--cAroM vargoM kI samatA kA upadeza AyuSmAn kAtyAyana dvaaraa| buddha-nirvANa ke bAda AyuSmAn kAtyAyana kA mathurA ke rAjA avantiputra se mathurA ke gundAvana meM saMvAda / 85. bodhirAjakumAra-sutta--bhagavAn buddha kI jIvanI, svayaM unake zabdoM meM, ___gRhatyAga se buddhatva-prApti tk| 86. aMgulimAla-sutta--DAkU aMgulimAla kA jIvana-parivartana / 87. piyajAtika-suta-sampUrNa duHkha prema se utpanna hone vAle haiN|

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( 156 ) 88. bAhitika - suta -- zubha aura azubha AcaraNa / buddha azubha AcaraNa nahIM kara sakate / Ananda kA prasenajit ko upadeza / 89. dhammacetiya-sutta -- bhogoM ke duSpariNAma evaM buddha kI prajJA kA darzana / 90. kaNNakatthala-sutta --- kyA buddha sarvajJa haiM ? (10) brAhmaNa - vagga 91. brahmAyu- sutta -- 32 mahApuruSa - lakSaNa / tathAgata ke IryApatha kA vivaraNa | brAhmaNa, vedagU Adi zabdoM kI buddhamatAnusAra vyAkhyA / 92. mela - sutta - - sela brAhmaNa kI pravrajyA / 93. assalAyana - sutta -- jAtivAda kA khaMDana | zrAvastI - nivAsI AzvalAyana brAhmaNa kA yahA~ varNana hai, jise vidvAnoM ne prazna- upaniSad ke AzvalAyana se milAyA hai / 94. ghoTamukha- sutta -- Atma- pIr3A kI nindA | 95. caMki sutta - buddha ke guNoM kA varNana / satya kI rakSA aura prApti ke upAya 96. phAsukAri-sutta --- jAtivAda kI nindA | 97. dhAnaMjAni-sutta - - gRhastha-bandhana azubha karma karane kA vahAnA nahIM / 98. vAseTTha-sutta -- vAstavika brAhmaNa kauna ? 99. subha-sutta --gRhastha aura saMnyAsa kI tulanA / 100. saMgArava - sutta -- buddha - jIvanI kA vivaraNa | buddha dvArA devatAoM ke astitva kI svIkRti / (11) devadaha vagga 101. devadaha - putta -- nigaMThoM ke mata kA vivaraNa / 102. paJcattaya sutta -- AtmavAda Adi nAnA matavAdoM kA khaMDana / 103. kinti - sutta - bhikSuoM ko ekatA kA upadeza / 104. sAmagAma - sutta -- buddha ke mUla upadeza / saMgha meM zAnti 1 sambandhI upadeza | isa sutta meM jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kI kaivalya prApti kI sUcanA hai / 105. sunakkhata sutta- dhyAna aura citta-saMyama para pravacana / 106. AnaMjasappAya- sutta -- bhogoM kI nissAratA / 107. gaNakamoggallAna-mutta--- AcaraNa kI zikSA kA kramika vikAsa |

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( 157 ) 108. gopakamoggallAna-sutta--buddha ke bAda dharma hI bhikSuoM kA eka mAtra prtishrnn| gopaka brAhmaNa ke sAtha Ananda kA saMlApa / isa sutta se hameM yaha sUcanA milatI hai ki rAjA pradyota ke bhaya se magadharAja ajAtazatra nagara surakSita karavA rahA thaa| 109. mahApuNNama-sutta--paJcaskandha evaM anAtmavAda sambandhI upadeza / 110. cUlapuNNama-sutta--acche aura bure mnussy| (12) anupada-vagga 111. anupada-sutta--bhagavAn buddha dvArA sAriputra ke zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA Adi kI prshNsaa| 112. chabbisodhana-sutta-arhat kI pahacAna kyA hai ? 113. sappurisa-sutta-satpuruSa aura asatpuruSa kI pahacAna / 114. sevitavva-amevitabva-jala-kyA sevanIya aura kyA asevanIya hai ? 115. bahudhAtuka-sutta--dhAtuoM kA nirupaNa / 116. isigili-sutta--pratyeka-buddha-sambandhI upadeza / 117. mahAcattArIsaka-sutta--samyaka samAdhi sambandhI pravacana / 118. AnApAnasati-sutta-prANAyAma aura dhyAna sambandhI buddha-pravacana / 119. kAyagatAsati-sutta--kAye kAyAnupazyanA kyA hai ? 120. saMkhAruppatti-mutta--saMskAroM kI utpatti kaise ? (13) sujJatA-vagga 121. cUla-sujanA-sutta--citta kI zUnyatA kA yoga / 122. mahAsujhatA-sutta--uparyukta kA vistRta vivaraNa / 123. acchariyabhutadhamma-sutta-Azcarya-puruSa bhagavAn buddha kA janma kahA~ va kaise? 124. vakkUla-sutta--sthavira vakkula kI jIvana-caryA / 125. dantabhUmi-mutta--saMyama kA upadeza / 126. bhUmija-mukta--kauna sA brahmacarya maphala hai ? 127. anuruddha-suna--bhikSu aniruddha dvArA a-pramANA ceto-vimukti para upadeza / 128. upakkilega-yutta--kalaha rokane ke upAya / yog-saadhn| 129. bAla paMDita mutta---jIvana ke bAda phala ? 130. devadatta-putta--yama kA bhaya ?

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( 158 ) (14) vibhaMga vagga 131. bhaddekaratta-sutta -- bhUta aura bhaviSyat kI cintA chor3a vartamAna meM karma karanA hI sarvottama maMgala hai | 132. Ananda bhaddekaratta - sutta - uparyukta ke samAna hI / 133. mahAkaccAna bhaddekaratta sutta - - uparyukta kA hI adhika vistRta varNana / 134. lomasakaMgiya-bhaddekarata sutta / uparyukta ke samAna hI 135. cUla kammavibhaMga - sutta -- saMsAra meM asamAnatA kyoM ? karma-phala / 136. mahAkammavibhaMga-sutta - uparyukta ke samAna hI / 137. saLAyatana - sutta - chaha AyatanoM evaM cAra smRti - prasthAnoM kA varNana / 138. uddeza vibhaMga - sutta --- indriya saMyama, dhyAna aura aparigraha kA upadeza / 139. araNa-vibhaMga - sutta - zAnti kA rahasya ? 140. dhAtu vibhaMga-sutta -- chaha dhAtuoM ( pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, AkAza, citta) kA nirUpaNa 141. saccavibhaMga-sutta -- cAra Arya satyoM kA vivaraNa / 142. dakSiNA - vibhaMga-sutta -- saMgha ko diyA huA dAna vyakti ko diye hue dAna se bar3hakara hai / (15) saLAyatana - vagga 143. anAthapiNDikovAda- sutta - - anAthapiMDika kI bImArI aura mRtyu kA varNana / antima samaya meM dharmasenApati sAriputra kA usako upadeza / 144. channovAda-sutta- --- channa kI AtmahatyA | I 145. puNNovAda- sutta -- sthavira pUrNa kI sahiSNutA / 146. nandakovAda-sutta-- anAtmavAda evaM sAta bodhyaGgoM kA varNana / 147. cUlarAhulovAda - putta - anAtmavAda sambandhI upadeza / 148. chachakka-sutta -- anAtmavAda kA vistRta vivecana / 149. mahAsaLAyatanika- sutta - tRSNA aura duHkha kA nirUpaNa / 150. nagara vindeyya sutta - - AdaraNIya zramaNa-brAhmaNa kauna haiM ? 151. piMDapAta - pAriddhi-sutta -- bhikSA kI zuddhi kaise ? smRti - prasthAna Adi kI bhAvanA kA upadeza / 152. indriya - bhAvanA - sutta -- indriya saMyama kaise ho ? *

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dIgha-nikAya ke samAna majjhima-nikAya meM bhI chaThI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsakI pUrva ke bhAratIya samAja kI sAmAnya avasthA kA acchA patA calatA hai| usake aneka varNanoM meM tatkAlIna bhaugolika aura aitihAsika tathyoM kI mahattvapUrNa sUcanA milatI hai| majjhima-nikAya meM varNita bhagavAn ke upadeza jina jina pradezoM, nagaroM, nigamoM (kasboM) grAmoM yA vana-pradezoM meM hue unakI eka sUcI banAI jAya to usa samaya kI bhaugolika paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM hamArI bar3I sahAyaka hogii| aMga, baMga, yonakamboja, bhagga, kAzI, kuru, kozala jaise pradeza, vaizAlI, campA, pATaliputra, kapilavastu, rAjagRha, nAlandA, zrAvastI, kauzAmbI, vArANasI jaise nagara, zAkyoM ke medalumpa, koliyoM ke halihavasana, kuruoM ke thullakoTThita Adi kasbe tathA daNDakAraNya, kaliGgAraNya jaise vana-pradeza, jo buddha-caraNoM kI raja se aMkita hue the, hamAre liye eka gauravamayI smRti kA sandeza dete haiN| kosala-pradeza ke do mukhya nagaroM zrAvastI aura sAketa ke bIca DAka (ratha vinIta) kA sambandha thA, yaha hama ratha vinIta-suttanta (majjhima 1 / 3 / 4) se jAnate haiN| buddhakAlIna bhArata kA pUrA dhArmika vAtAvaraNa majjhima-nikAya meM upasthita hai| brAhmaNoM ke jIvana, karmakAMDa aura siddhAnta, unake mantrakartA RSi, vAda-paramparA aura paurohitya, sabhI kA mUrtimAn citra hameM yahA~ milatA hai| isa dRSTi se pUrA brAhmaNa-varga arthAt 91veM sutta se lekara 100 ve sutta taka kA bhAga atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| brahmAyu, zaila, AzvalAyana, ghoTamukha, caMki, esukArI, dhAnaMjAni, vAseTha, bhAradvAja, subha, saMgArava, mAgandiya Adi tatkAlIna brAhmaNa-dArzanikoM kA pUrA vyaktitva, unake mata aura buddha-dharma ke sAtha unake sambandha kA pUrA citra hameM ina suttoM meM mila jAtA hai / isI prakAra tatkAlIna parivrAjakoM kA citra hameM aggivacchagotta sutta jaise suttoM meM mila jAtA hai| dIghanakha, sandaka, sakulAdAyi, vekhanasa Adi parivrAjakoM ke sAtha bhagavAn ke saMvAda jo majjhima-nikAya meM diye hue haiM, atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| tatkAlIna chaha prasiddha AcAryoM (purANa kassapa, makkhali gosAla, ajita kesa kambali Adi) tathA anya sampradAyoM ke matoM ko jAnane kI dRSTi se apaNNaka-sutta, tevijja-vacchagotta-satta, tathA mahAvacchagotta-sutta Adi atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| kandaraka-sutta, upAli-sutta tathA abhayarAjakumAra sutta meM nirgrantha jJAtraputra (bhagavAn mahAvIra) ke mata ke sambandha meM bhI kucha sUcanA milatI hai| tatkAlIna sAdhakoM meM jo nAnA prakAra kI

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( 160 ) pIDAjanaka tapazcaryAyeM pracalita thIM aura jinakA abhyAsa gotama ne bhI apane jJAna kI khoja meM kiyA thA, mahAsIhanAda-sutta, kukkuravatika-sutta bodhi-rAjakumAra-sutta aura kandaraka-sutta meM varNita haiN| pAsarAsi-sutta, bodhi-rAjakumAra satta aura mahAsaccaka-sutta meM bhagavAn buddha kI AtmakathA hai, jo bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| brahmAyu-sutta meM unake IryApatha kA varNana hai jo unakI dainika caryA tathA sAdhAraNa zArIrika cAla-DhAla ko samajhane ke liye bahuta Ava- zyaka hai| isI prakAra mahArAhulovAda sutta, mahAvacchagotta-sutta tathA mahAsakuludAyisatta meM saMgha ke niyama aura jIvana sambandhI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI hai| kandaraka-sutta aura dhAnaMjAni-sutta bhI isa dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| piyajAtika-sutta, dhammacetiya-sutta, tathA kaNNatthalaka-sutta meM tatkAlIna rAjAoM kA kucha vivaraNa hai| mAgandiya sutta meM tatkAlIna Ayurveda kI avasthA kA kucha paricaya milatA hai| yahA~ Urva virecana, abo virecana Adi kA varNana hai| vAhItiya-sutta meM mahIna kapaDe ke banane kA varNana hai aura upAli-sutta meM raMgane kI kalA kA nirdeza AyA hai| sArAMza yaha ki majjhima nikAya meM tatkAlIna samAja, dharma, kalA-kauzala Adi kA eka acchA citra hameM milatA hai| __ i-saMyutta-nikAya saMyutta-nikAya (saMyukta-nikAya) choTe-bar3e sabhI prakAra ke suttoM kA saMgraha hai| isIliye isakA yaha nAma par3A hai| vizeSataH saMyutta-nikAya meM choTe AkAra ke sutta hI adhika haiN| saMyutta nikAya ke suttoM kI kula saMkhyA 2889 hai| prAyaH pratyeka sutta saMkSipta gadyAtmaka vuddha-pravacana ke rUpa meM hI hai| buddhakAlIna 1. liyona phiyara dvArA pA~ca jildoM meM romana-lipi meM sampAdita evaM pAliTaiksTa sosAyaTI, landana, 1884-98, dvArA prakAzita / amarasiMha kA siMhalI saMskaraNa valItArA, 1898, prasiddha hai| isa nikAya kA hindI-anuvAda bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne kiyA hai, kintu vaha abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huaa| 2. 'dIgha,' 'bhajjhima' aura 'khuddaka' zabdoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM to 'saMyatta' (saMyakta, mizrita) zabda kA yahI artha ho sakatA hai / bauddha paramparA ko bhI pradhAnataH yahI artha lAnya hai| gAyagara ne avazya 'saMyutta' zabda kI sArthakatA ko usa nikAya meM viSaya vAra suttoM ke saMyukta yA vargIkRta karane ke kAraNa mAnA hai| dekhiye unakA pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 18

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bhAratIya grAmINa jIvana kA isa nikAya meM bar3A sundara citra milatA hai| sAtha meM kAvyAtmaka aMza bhI haiM aura loka-AkhyAna bhI kahIM kahIM samAviSTa haiN| yakSa, yakSiNI, devatA aura gandharvo kA isa nikAya meM kucha adhika nirdeza milatA hai| kintu isase pRSTha bhUmi kI svAbhAvikatA meM koI antara nahIM Ane paayaa| bhagavAn buddha ke svabhAva aura jIvana kI vizeSatAeM, unakI gambhIratA, prANi-mAtra ke prati unakI karuNA, isI kAraNa manuSya-samAja ke ajJAnoM para unake mRdula vyaMGga ya, unakI vinamratA, mAnavIyatA, sabhI isa nikAya meM usI prakAra prasphuTita hotI haiM jaise pUrva ke do nikAyoM meN| zailI kI dRSTi se bhI isa nikAya kI dIgha aura majjhima kI apekSA koI vizeSatA nahIM / punaruktiyA~ vahI donoM nikAyoM kI sI haiN| 'saDAyatana vagga, isakA eka acchA udAharaNa hai| yadyapi saMyutta-nikAya kA adhikAMza bhAga gadya meM hai, kintu prathama varga 'sagAtha vagga' (gAthA-yukta varga) meM bar3I sundara, bhAvAtmaka gAthAe~ bhI milatI haiN| mArasaMyutta aura bhikkhunI-saMyutta, AkhyAnAtmaka kAvya ke sarvottama udAharaNa haiN| gadya aura padya donoM meM hI yaha AkhyAna-sAhitya saMyutta-nikAya meM milatA hai| 'bhikkhunI-saMyutta' jaise AkhyAnoM meM nATakIya tattva bhI apanI vizeSatA liye hue hai, jo ina racanAoM ko eka vizeSa gati aura kriyAzIlatA pradAna karatA hai| jaisA pahale dikhAyA jA cukA hai, saMyutta-nikAya pA~ca vargoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM kramaza: 11, 10, 13, 10 aura 12 arthAt kula milA kara 56 saMyutta haiN| yaha vibhAjana pUrNatayA viSaya kI daSTi se nahIM hai| jaisA viTaranitz2a ne kahA hai, saMyutta-nikAya ke vargIkaraNa meM tIna siddhAntoM kA anuvartana kiyA gayA mAlUma hotA hai (1) buddha-dharma ke kisI mukhya pahalU kA vivecana karane vAle suttoM ko eka saMyukta meM vargIkRta kara diyA gayA hai, jaise vojjhaGga-saMyutta Adi / (2) manuSya, devatA yA yakSa Adi ke nirdeza ke AdhAra para unakA alaga alaga vargoM meM vibhAjana kara diyA gayA hai, jaise devatA-saMyutta Adi (3) vaktA yA upadeSTA ke rUpa meM jo pradhAna vyakti aneka suttoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai, usa sambaMdhI upadezoM ko eka saMyatta meM sammilita kara diyA gayA hai, jaise sAriputta-saMyutta Adi / varga vAra ina suttoM kI viSaya-vastu kA yahA~ kucha saMkSipta paricaya denA Avazyaka hogaa| 1. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 56; milAiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 18 11

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( 162 ) 1- sagAtha-vamga 1. devatA-saMyutta-devatAoM ne bhagavAn se kucha prazna pUche haiM, jinakA unhoMne uttara diyA hai| kAma-vAsanA, punarjanma, mithyA matavAda aura avidyAzrita icchAoM kA kisa prakAra bhagavAn ne damana kiyA hai, yaha yahA~ batAyA gayA hai| pApa aura Asakti mukti pAne kA mArga bhI bhagavAn ne yahA~ batAyA hai| 2. devadatta-saMyutta-deva-putroM ke kucha praznoM kA uttara bhagavAn ne diyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki sukha-prApti kA eka mAtra upAya krodha-tyAga aura satsaMgati hI hai| 3. kosala-saMyutta-yaha sampUrNa saMyutta kozalarAja prasenajit (pasenadi) ke viSaya meM hai| prasenajit pahale bAvari nAmaka brAhmaNa kA ziSya thaa| bAda meM vaha buddha-dharma meM gRhastha-ziSya (upAsaka) ke rUpa meM praviSTa ho gyaa| magadharAja ajAtazatru (ajAtasattu) aura prasenajit ke bIca yuddha hone kA bhI ullekha isa saMyutta meM milatA hai / yaha yuddha kAzI-pradeza ke Upara huaa| prAthamika vijaya ajAtazatra kI huI, kintu bAda meM vaha parAjita kiyA gayA aura prasenajit use bandI banAkara kozala le gyaa| vahA~ usane apanI putrI vajrA (vajirA) kA usake sAtha pANi-grahaNa kara kAzI-pradeza use bheMTa-svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| __4. mAra-saMyutta-buddha aura unake ziSyoM kI mAra-vijaya kA varNana hai| buddhattva-prApti ke bAda bhI mAra ne buddha ko brahmacarya ke jIvana se vicalita karane ke liye prabhata prayatna kiyaa| Dhele barasAye, patthara pheMke, aneka prakAra ke bhaya dikhalAye, yahA~ taka ki 'paMcazAla' nAmaka gA~va ke gRhasthoM ko kahA ki isa mahAzramaNa ko bhojana mata do| eka dina bhagavAn ko bhikSA bhI nahIM milii| dhulA-dhulAyA rItA pAtra lekara lauTa aaye| kintu mAra ke ye saba prayatna viphala hae aura vaha baddha aura unake ziSyoM ko brahmacarya ke jIvana se vicalita nahIM kara skaa| 5. bhikkhanI-saMyutta--dasa bhikSuNiyoM ke sundara kAvya-maya AkhyAna haiN| kisa prakAra gotamI, utpalavarNA (uppalavaNNA) vajrA (vajirA) Adi bhikSuNiyA~ buddha-mArga kA anugamana karatI huI mAra para vijaya prApta karatI haiM, isI kA sundara kAvya-maya varNana hai| 6. brahmA-saMyutta-buddhattva-prApti ke bAda buddha ko upadeza karane kI icchA nahIM huI / tRSNA-vinAza kA yaha svAbhAvika pariNAma thaa| vimukti-sakha kA

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anubhava karate hue saptAhoM taka samAdhi meM baiThe rhe| brahmA ko cintA huI, isa prakAra to loka naSTa ho jaaygaa| jAkara bhagavAn se prArthanA kI-bhante ! loka ke hita ke liye dharmopadeza kreN| bhagavAn ne kahA ki janatA kAma-vAsanAoM meM lipta hai| vaha unake gambhIra upadeza ko nahIM smjhegii| brahmA ne bhagavAn se anunaya kI ki saMsAra meM kucha alpa-mala prANI bhI haiM aura unako bhagavAn ke upadeza se avazya lAbha hogaa| tathAgata ne usakI prArthanA svIkAra kara lii| usake bAda bhagavAn ne dharma-cakra-pravartana karane ke liye vArANasI kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| 7. brAhmaNa-saMyutta---eka bhAradvAja gotrIya brAhmaNa kI pravrajyA kA varNana hai| apanI patnI ke mukha se buddha-prazaMsA suna kara vaha bhagavAn buddha ke darzana ke liye gyaa| vahA~ unake upadeza se prabhAvita hokara usane trizaraNa (buddha, dhamma aura saMgha kI zaraNa) lI aura pravajita ho gyaa| 8. vaMgIsa-saMyutta-vaMgIza nAmaka bhikSu kI kAma-vAsanA para vijaya-prApti kA varNana hai| eka bAra vihAra meM AI huI kucha sundara, AbhUSita striyoM ko dekha kara unake mana meM kAma utpanna ho gayA / kAma-duSpariNAma kA paryavekSaNa kara kisa prakAra isa bhikSu ne kAma-vAsanA se vimukti pAI, isakA sundara bhAvanAmaya varNana hai| 9. vana-saMyatta-kisa prakAra vana-devatA bhI patha-bhraSTa bhikSuoM ko samyak mArga para lagA dete haiM, isakA kucha bhikSuoM ke udAharaNoM ke sAtha varNana hai| 10. yakkha-saMyutta-indrakUTa aura gRdhrakuTa parvatoM para vicarate hue bhagavAn se kucha yakSoM ne prazna pUche haiM, jinakA unhoMne uttara diyA hai| aneka praznoM meM eka yaha bhI hai "bhante ! batAiye kahA~ se kAma-vAsanA, dveSa, asantoSa, bhaya Adi utpanna hote haiM ?" bhagavAn kahate haiM "he yakSa ! kahatA huuN| dhyAna se suna / jo AtmA aura usakI utpatti ko jAnate haiM ve isa dustara bhava-bAr3ha ko tara jAte haiM, ve phira isa saMsAra meM janma prApta nahIM krte|" isI prakAra vaira se kauna. mukta hai, isakA uttara dete hue bhagavAn kahate haiM "jisakA citta dina-rAta vairasAdhana meM lagA hai, vaha vaira se mukta nahIM hotaa| kintu jo saba prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsA aura maitrI-bhAvanA kA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha vaira se vimukta ho jAtA hai| isI saMyutta meM eka yakSiNI ko apane priya putra ko yaha kaha kara cupa karate hue hama dekhate haiM "cupa ho jA priyaMkara! priya vatsa cupa ho jA ! dekha yaha

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bhikSu kucha kaha rahA hai| mujhe isake vacana suna lene de| yaha mere liye hitakara hogaa|" isI prakAra eka aura yakSiNI kahatI hai "cupa ho jA uttarA ! punarvasu ! zora banda kara de ! dekha, mujhe ina zAstA ke vacana suna lene de|" yakSa aura yakSiNiyoM ke rUpa meM yahA~ usa prabhAva ko hI aMkita kiyA gayA hai jo na kevala buddha balki tatkAlIna bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke bhI pavitra jIvana ne sAdhAraNa janatA ke hRdaya para DAlA thaa| sAdhAraNa gRhiNiyA~ bhI unake vacana ko sunane ke liye kitanA utsuka rahatI thIM aura use apane liye kitanA kalyANakArI mAnatI thIM, yaha isa sutta meM draSTavya hai| isI saMyutta ke anta meM eka yakSa Akara bhagavAn se kahatA hai "bhikSu ! maiM tumheM eka prazna pUchatA huuN| tU isakA uttara de| yadi na de sakA to maiM yA to terI khopar3I ko phor3a dUMgA yA tujhe pakar3a kara gaMgA meM phaiMka duuNgaa|" bhagavAn kahate haiM "merI khopar3I ko phor3ane vAlA yA mujhe pakar3a kara gaMgA meM phaikane vAlA isa saMsAra meM koI nahIM hai| hA~, tU icchAnusAra prazna pUcha sakatA hai|" yakSa bhagavAn ke uttaroM se santuSTa ho jAtA hai aura anta meM buddha, dhamma aura saMgha kI zaraNa meM jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM vaha kRtajJatApUrvaka kahatA hai "aba maiM gA~va se gA~va , kasbe (nigama) se kasbe, aura nagara se nagara jAkara buddha dvArA upadiSTa dharma kA janatAoM ke kalyANa ke liye pracAra kruuNgaa|" yakSa aura buddha ke uparyukta saMvAda kI tulanA viMTaranitz2a ne mahAbhArata ke yakSa aura yudhiSThira ke saMvAda se kI hai| kintu donoM meM bahuta antara hai| mahAbhArata meM Arambha se lekara anta taka yudhiSThira yakSa kI kRpA ke bhikSuka haiM aura apane uttaroM dvArA use prasanna kara ke hI ve apanI vimukti prApta karate haiN| isake viparIta yahA~ yakSa pahale hI buddha para apanA prabhutva sthApita karane meM asaphala ho jAtA hai| buddha-gaurava se parAjita hokara hI vaha prazna pUchatA hai aura anta meM to vaha unakA aMjalibaddha ziSya hI ho jAtA hai| 11. sakka-saMyutta-devarAja zakra kI buddha dvArA prazaMsA hai / Rgveda kA vajra dhArI indra vauddha prabhAva meM Akara kSamAzIla bana gayA hai| vaha vaisA asaMyamI bhI nahIM rhaa| bhagavAna ne isa prazaMsA meM indra kI kSamAzIlatA aura usakI saMyama-parAyaNatA kA hI vizeSa varNana kiyA hai| apane inhIM guNoM ke kAraNa 1. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 58 /

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( 165 ) usane 33 devatAoM ke Upara Adhipatya prApta kiyA hai| isI prasaMga meM devAsurasaMgrAma kA bhI isa saMyutta meM varNana AyA hai| 2-nidAna-vagga 1. nidAna-saMyutta-pratItya samutpAda kA vizada varNana hai| kisa prakAra avidyA se saMskAra, saMskAra se vijJAna, vijJAna se nAma-rUpa, nAma-rUpa se saLAyatana, saLAyatana se sparza aura isa prakAra kramazaH vedanA, tRSNA, upAdAna, bhava, jAti aura jarA-maraNa-zoka-parideva-duHkha Adi kI utpatti hotI hai aura kisa prakAra inakA kramaza: nirodha hotA hai, isI kA upadeza yahA~ bhagavAn ne bhikSuoM ko diyA hai| viSaya-nirUpaNa prAyaH mahAnidAna-sutta (diigh-2|2) ke samAna hI hai| 2. abhisamaya-saMyutta-aNumAtra bhI citta-malinatA rahate nirvANa kI prApti sambhava nhiiN| ataH bhikSu ko uttarottara anavarata adhyavasAya karate hue a-prahINa citta-maloM ko naSTa karanA cAhiye aura sadAcaraNa kI vRddhi karanI caahiye| 3. dhAtu-saMyutta--cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, kAya, mana, Adi indriyoM, rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, spRSTavya aura dharma unake viSayoM evaM cakSu-vijJAna, zrotravijJAna, ghrANa-vijJAna, jihvA-vijJAna, kAya-vijJAna evaM manovijJAna unake vijJAnoM, isa prakAra ina aThAraha dhAtuoM kA yahA~ vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| 4. anamatagga-saMyutta-"bhikSuo ! isa saMsAra kA Adi pUrNata: ajJAta (anamatagga) hai| tRSNA aura avidyA se saMcAlita, bhaTakate-phirate prANiyoM ke Arambha kA patA nahIM cltaa|" yahI isa saMyutta kI mUla bhAvanA hai| 5. kassapa-saMyutta-bhagavAn buddha ne mahAkAzyapa kI santoSa-vRtti kI prazaMsA kI hai / mahAkAzyapa yathA-prApta bhojana, yathA-prApta vastra, yathA-prApta zayanAsana (nivAsa-sthAna) aura yathA-prApta pathya-auSadha Adi kI sAmagrI se santuSTa ho jAne vAle haiN| bhagavAn ne dUsare bhikSuoM ko bhI aisA hI hone kA upadeza diyA hai| 6. lAbha-sakkAra-saMyutta-lAbha aura satkAra se virata rahane kA bhikSuoM ko bhagavAn ke dvArA upadeza diyA gayA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki lAbha aura

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satkAra ko cAhane vAle bhikSu kA patana ho jAtA hai aura usakI vahI gati hotI hai jo aMkuza ko nigalane vAlI machalI kii| 7. rAhula saMyutta-rAhula ko saMyama kA updesh| zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa gandha, sabhI anitya aura duHkha-rUpa haiN| unameM 'maiM' yA 'merA' kI bhAvanA karane se duHkha hI ho sakatA hai| unameM se kisI ke viSaya meM 'yaha maiM hU~' 'yaha merA AtmA hai' aisI bhAvanA karanA upayukta nhiiN| 8, lakkhaNa-saMyutta-eka dina dharmasenApati sAriputra aura eka anya bhikSu jisakA nAma lakkhaNa (lakSaNa) thA sAtha sAtha bhikSA-caryA ko jA rahe the| acAnaka sAriputra ko ha~sI A gii| bhikSA se lauTa Ane ke bAda lakSaNa ne unakI isa ha~sI kA kAraNa puuchaa| dharma senApati ne bhagavAn buddha aura anya bhikSuoM kI upasthiti meM usakA kAraNa btaayaa| 9. opamma-saMyutta-bhagavAn ne bhikSuoM ko saceta aura jAgarUka rahane kA upadeza diyA hai| yahA~ unhoMne upamA (opamma) kI hai| jisa prakAra yadi licchavi gaNatantra ke loga satata jAgarUka aura saceta nahIM raheMge to ajAtazatru (magadharAja) unheM dabA legA, parAjita kara degA, isI prakAra yadi bhikSu apane AcaraNa meM thor3A bhI pramAda kareMge, to unheM mAra apane phande meM dabA legaa| 10. bhikkhu-saMyutta-mahAmoggallAna (mahAmaudgalyAyana) kA bhikSuoM ko 'Arya-mauna' para updesh| unhoMne batAyA hai ki 'Arya-mauna' kA vAstavika AcaraNa dvitIya dhyAna kI avasthA meM hotA hai| bhagavAn buddha nanda aura tiSya (tissa) nAmaka bhikSuoM ko bhikSu-niyamoM kA pUrA pAlana karane ko kahate haiM / 3-khandhavagga 1. khandha-saMyutta-paJcaskandhoM kA varNana hai| rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna anitya, parivartana-zIla aura duHkha-rUpa haiN| inameM 'yaha maiM hU~' 'yaha merA hai' yA 'yaha merA AtmA hai' isa prakAra kI bhAvanA sAdhaka ko nahIM karanI cAhiye / balki inake udaya (utpatti) aura vyaya (vinAza) kA pratyavekSaNa karanA cAhiye aura inameM mana ko Asakta nahIM karanA caahiye| paJcaskandhoM kI anityatA aura duHkhamayatA kA cintana karane para kAma-vAsanA raha hI nahIM sakatI, aura punarjanma, avidyA, AtmAbhiniveza, sabhI naSTa ho jAte haiN|

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2. rAdha-saMyutta-sthavira rAdha ne bhagavAn se mAra, tRSNA, anityatA Adi para prazna pUche haiN| bhagavAn ke uttara bar3e mArmika haiN| 3. didvi-saMyutta-mithyA matavAdoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa bhagavAna ne batAyA hai| rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna meM 'maiM' yA 'merA' kI bhAvanA karanA, isa prakAra ke cintanoM meM lage rahanA jaise ki kyA yaha loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata hai, sAnta hai yA ananta hai, kyA jIva aura zarIra do alaga alaga haiM yA eka haiM, Adi, isa prakAra ke vicAroM kI Asakti hI mithyA matavAdoM kA kAraNa 4. okkantika-saMyutta--cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, zarIra aura mana, ye sabhI anitya, parivartazIla aura duHkha rUpa haiM, inameM 'AtmA' (attA) kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI, isa prakAra jisakI smati sadA upasthita rahatI hai vahI dharma-mArga meM vicaraNa karane vAlA bhikSu hai| 5. uppAda-saMyutta-cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, kAya aura mana kA utpanna honA hI janma, jarA, maraNa, duHkha aura zoka kA utpanna honA hai-buddha-upadeza / 6. kilesa-saMyutta-kleza yA citta-maloM kA vivaraNa hai / cakSu aura dRzya padArtha meM, zrotra aura zabda meM, ghrANa aura gandha meM, jihvA aura rasa meM, kAya aura spRSTavya meM, mana aura dharmoM (padArthoM) meM icchA aura Asakti kA honA hI citta kA mala hai| 7. sAriputta-saMyutta-Ananda ne dharmasenApati sAriputta se pUchA hai ki unhoMne apanI indriyoM ko kisa prakAra zamita kiyA hai ? dharmasenApati ne uttara-svarUpa kahA hai "ekAnta-vAsa (praviveka) se utpanna, sukha aura saumanasya se yukta, prathama dhyAna meM sthita raha kara, viSayoM se dUra raha kara, 'yaha maiM hU~' 'yaha merA hai' isa prakAra ke vicAroM ko tyAga kara maiMne apanI indriyoM ko zamita kiyA hai|" 8. nAga-saMyutta-nAgoM kI cAra prakAra kI utpattiyA~ haiM, jaise ki aMDe se utpatti, mA~ ke peTa se utpatti, sveda se utpatti, mAtA-pitA se utpatti / 9. supaNNa-saMyutta-saparNa nAmaka pakSiyoM kI bhI cAra prakAra kI utpattiyA~ haiM, aMDe se utpatti, mA~ ke peTa se utpatti, sveda se utpatti, binA mAtA-pitA ke utptti| 10. gandhabba-kAya-saMyutta-gandharva jAti ke devatAoM kA varNana hai|

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( 168 ) 11. valAha - saMyutta -- ' valAhaka kAyika' arthAt bAdala rUpI kAyA vAle devatAoM kA varNana hai / 12. vacchagotta-saMyutta ---- vacchagotta nAmaka parivrAjaka kI mithyA- dhAraNAoM kA bhagavAn ke dvArA nivAraNa | kyA loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata hai, sAta hai yA ananta hai, jIva aura zarIra eka hI haiM yA alaga alaga haiM, Adi mithyA dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa bhagavAn ne paMca skandhoM (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna ) ke vAstavika svarUpa ( anitya, duHkha, anAtma) kA ajJAna hI batAyA hai / vacchagotta parivrAjaka kA bhagavAn se saMvAda majjhimanikAya ke vijja vacchagotta-sutta' (1 / 3 / 1 ) meM bhI huA hai / 13. bhAna ( yA samAdhi) saMyutta -- dhyAna yA samAdhi kA vivaraNa hai / bhagavAn ne kahA hai ki jo puruSa dhyAna aura usakI prApti kI rakSA karane meM kuzala hai, vahI sarvottama dhyAnI hai / 4- saLAyatana-vagga 1. saLAyatana - saMyutta -- cakSu aura rUpa, zrotra aura zabda, ghrANa aura gandha, kAyA aura sparza, mana aura dharma, sabhI anitya, duHkha aura anAtma haiN| ina saba meM 'maiM' aura 'merA' kI bhAvanA karanA upayukta nhiiN| inameM jaba Asakti ko manuSya naSTa kara detA hai, to vaha bandhana se chUTa jAtA hai| uccatama saMyama bhI yahI hai / 2. vedanA - saMyutta -- sukha, duHkhA aura na sukhA-na-du:khA, ye tIna vedanAe~ haiM / inameM sukha kI vedanA ko duHkha ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhiye, duHkha kI vedanA ko zUla ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhiye aura na sukha-na- duHkha kI vedanA ko anitya ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhiye | vedanAoM ko chor3a dene vAlA anAsakta bhikSu hI 'samyak dRSTi' sampanna kahalAtA hai / 3. mAtRgAma -saMyutta -- striyoM- samvandhI buddha-pravacana hai / bhagavAn ne striyoM ko puruSoM kI apekSA adhika duHkhabhAginI mAnA hai / ataH brahmacarya - jIvana kI unake liye utanI hI adhika AvazyakatA bhI / striyoM ko pA~ca vizeSa kaSTa haiM-- bAlya kAla meM mAtA-pitA kA ghara chor3anA par3atA hai, use chor3a kara dUsare (pati) ke ghara jAnA par3atA hai, garbha dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai, prasava karanA par3atA hai, puruSa kI sevA karanI par3atI hai / saMsAra meM rUpa, dhana, caritra aura parizramI svabhAva

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vAlI evaM santAna prasavinI strI kA Adara hotA hai| yadi strI pativratA, vinIta, lajjAzIla aura jJAnavatI ho to vaha marane ke bAda sadgati prApta karatI hai| durAcAriNI, mUrkhA aura nirlajjA hone para vaha marane ke bAda durgatiyoM meM par3atI hai| 4. jambukhAdaka-saMyutta-jambukhAdaka nAmaka parivrAjaka ke prati dharmasenApati sAriputra kA buddha-dharma para upadeza hai| nirvANa aura arhattva kA artha sAriputra ne rAga, dveSa aura moha se vimukti kahA hai| ise prApta karane kA upAya Arya aSTAGgika mArga hI hai| jisane rAga-dveSa ko chor3a diyA, vahI manuSya sukhI hai| AsravoM (citta-maloM) se vimukti pAne kA Arya aSTAGgika mArga se atirikta aura koI upAya nahIM hai| 5. sAmaMDaka-saMyutta--sAmaMDaka nAmaka parivrAjaka ke prati sAripUtra kA 'nibbANa' (nirvANa) para upadeza hai| viSaya-vastu uparyukta saMyutta ke samAna hI 6. moggallAna-saMyutta--mahAmoggallAna (mahAmaudgalyAyana) dvArA bhikSuoM ko cAra dhyAnoM kA upadeza hai / dIgha aura majjhima nikAyoM ke isa sambandhI varNana se yahA~ koI vizeSatA nahIM hai| bilakula unhIM zabdoM meM yahA~ bhI cAra dhyAnoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| arUpAvacara bhUmi ke AkAzAnantyAyatana, vijJAnAnantyAyatana, AkiMcanyAyatana aura naivasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana nAmaka dhyAna-avasthAoM kA bhI yahA~ varNana kiyA gayA hai| 7. citta-saMyutta-cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, kAya aura mana rUpI indriyA~ bandhana kI kAraNa nahIM haiM / rUpa, zabda, gandha, sparza aura mAnasika dharma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM haiN| bandhana kI kAraNa to vaha vAsanA hai, tRSNA hai, jo cakSu aura rUpa ke saMyoga se utpanna hotI hai, zrotra aura zabda ke saMyoga se paidA hotI hai, ghrANa aura gandha ke saMyoga se paidA hotI hai, kAya aura sparza ke saMyoga se paidA hotI hai, mana aura dharmoM ke saMyoga se paidA hotI hai| ataH isa vAsanA yA tRSNA kA nirodha hI bandhana-vimukti kA kAraNa hai| 8. gAmaNi-saMyutta-bhogavAda aura tapazcaraNa kI atiyoM ko chor3akara madhyama mArga para calane kA upadeza gAmaNi ko diyA gayA hai| krodha ko chor3akara kSamAzIla hone kA bhI yahA~ upadeza diyA gayA hai| 9. asaMkhata-saMyutta-nirvANa asaMskRta arthAt akRta hai| rAga, dveSa aura moha kA sampUrNa nirodha hI 'nirvANa' kahA jAtA hai, kAyika-mAnasika jAgarUkatA

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( 170 ) ( smRti - samprajanya ) citta - zAnti ( zamatha), Antarika jJAna - darzana ( vipazyanA ) cAra smRti - prasthAna aura Arya aSTAGgika mArga, yahI usakI prApti ke sarvottama sAdhana haiM / 10. avyAkata - saMyutta -- kozalarAja prasenajit ne kSemA (khemA) nAma kI bhikSuNI se pUchA hai " kyA mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata rahate haiM yA nahIM rahate ? yA rahate bhI haiM aura nahIM bhI rahate ?" / kSemA ne isake uttara svarUpa kevala yaha kahA hai ki tathAgata ne ise a-vyAkRta kara diyA hai arthAt unhoMne ise brahmacarya ke liye Avazyaka na samajhakara akathanIya kara diyA hai / sAtha meM vaha yaha bhI kahatI hai ki tathAgata kA jJAna gambhIra samudra ke samAna hai, jisakI thAha nahIM lI jA sakatI / jaba aniruddha, sAriputra aura maudgalyAyana jaise buddha ke anya ziSyoM se yaha prazna pUchA jAtA hai to ve bhI usakA usI prakAra uttara dete haiM jaise kSemA bhikSuNI ne diyA hai| dIgha aura majjhima nikAyoM ke 'dasa avyAkRta' ( akathanIya) dharmoM ke samAna yahA~ bhI buddha - mantavya vimala jala ke samAna svaccha dikhalAI par3atA hai / pAsAdikasuta ( dIgha. 3 / 6 ) aura cUla mAluMkya- sutta ( majjhima. 2123) ke samAna hI isa saMyukta kI viSaya-vastu hai / 5 - mahAvagga 1. magga-saMyutta -- Arya aSTAGgika mArga ( samyak dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vANI, samyak karmAnta, samyak AjIva, samyak vyAyAma, samyak smRti, samyak samAdhi) kA pUre vivaraNa ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai| 2. bobhaMga-saMyutta - parama jJAna ( bodhi ) ke sAta aGgoM yathA smRti, dharma - gaveSaNA ( dhammavicaya) vIrya, prIti, prazrabdhi ( citta prasAda ) samAdhi aura . upekSA kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / 3. satipaTThAna - saMyuktta -- kAyA meM kAyAnupazyI honA, vedanAoM meM vedamAnupazyI honA, citta meM cittAnupazyI honA aura dharmo ( padArthoM) meM dharmAnupazyI honA, ina cAra smRti - prasthAnoM (satipaTThAna ) kA yahA~ dIgha' aura majjhimanikAyoM ke samAna zabdoM meM vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / 1. dekhiye mahAsatipaTThAna - sutta ( dIgha. 219 ) 2. satipaTThAna-suta ( majjhima. 111110 )

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( 171 ) 4. indriya-saMyutta-zraddhA, vIrya, smRti, samAdhi aura prajJA ina pA~ca indriyoM athavA jJAna-zaktiyoM kA varNana hai| 5. sammappadhAna-saMyutta--jo citta-mala abhI utpanna nahIM hue haiM, unakI utpatti ko rokanA, jo citta-mala utpanna ho cuke haiM unako naSTa karanA, jo zubha karma abhI utpanna nahIM hue haiM unako utpanna karanA, jo utpanna ho cuke haiM unako bar3hAnA, ina cAra samyak-pradhAnoM yA zubha prayatnoM kA yahA~ vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| 6. bala-saMyutta-zraddhA, vIrya, smRti, samAdhi aura prajJA, ina pA~ca valoM kA varNana hai| 7. iddhipAda-saMyutta-icchA-zakti (chanda), vIrya, citta aura mImAMsA (vImaMsA) ina cAra RddhipAdoM yA yoga-sambandhI vibhUtiyoM kA varNana hai / 8. anuruddha-saMyutta-zarIra, vedanA, mana aura mAnasika dharma, ina saba para adbhuta saMyama prApta kara kisa prakAra sthavira aniruddha ne yoga kI vibhUtiyoM ko prApta kiyA hai, isakA varNana hai| 9. jhAna-saMyutta-dhyAna kI cAra avasthAoM kA varNana hai| varNana kI bhASA bilakUla vahI hai jo prathama do nikAyoM meN| kisa prakAra zIla aura sadAcAra meM pratiSThita hokara, ekAnta-vAsa kA sevana kara, sAdhaka kramazaH dhyAna kI prathama, dvitIya, tRtIya aura caturtha avasthAoM ko prApta karatA hai, isakA tripiTaka meM prAyaH samAna zabdoM meM aneka bAra varNana kiyA gayA hai|' saMkSepa meM hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki prathama dhyAna kI avasthA meM vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha aura ekAgratA rhte| dvitIya dhyAna kI avasthA meM vitarka aura vicAra kA prahANa ho jAtA hai aura kevala samAdhi se utpanna prIti aura sukha rahate haiN| tRtIya dhyAna kI avasthA meM prIti aura sukha se bhI upekSA ho jAtI hai aura sAdhaka upekSA aura smRti ke sAtha dhyAna karane lagatA hai| caturtha dhyAna meM cUMki sukha-duHkha, saumanasya, daurmanasya pahale se hI asta hue rahate haiM, ataH sAdhaka na duHkha aura na sukha vAle tathA smRti aura upekSA se zuddha, isa dhyAna ko prApta karatA hai| 1. milAiye AnApAna-sati sutta (majjhima. (3 / 2 / 8)

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( 172 ) 10. AnApAna-saMyutta-bhagavAn ne prANAyAma yA zvAsa-prazvAsa ko niyamita karane kA upadeza diyA hai aura use mArga-prApti kA sahAyaka mAnA hai| __ sotApatti-saMyutta--srotApatti avasthA arthAt dharma rUpI nadI kI dhArA meM par3anA, isakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| baddha-dharma aura saMgha meM jisakI zraddhA aura niSThA hai vaha sAMsArika lAbhoM kI cintA nahIM krtaa| vaha icchA aura dveSa ko chor3akara phira isa loka meM nahIM aataa| sacca-saMyutta--cAra Arya satyoM kA varNana hai| duHkha, duHkha-samudaya, duHkhanirodha aura duHkha-nirodha-gAminI pratipad, ina cAra Arya satyoM kA upadeza baddha-dharma kI pratiSThA hai| prAyaH samAna zabdoM meM ina sambandhI upadeza kA varNana tripiTaka meM aneka bAra AyA hai| uparyukta saMkSipta vivaraNa meM yadyapi vargoM aura saMyuktoM ke krama se unakI viSaya-vastu kA saMkSipta digdarzana karA diyA gayA hai, kintu unake asaMkhya sattoM kI vaha sAmagrI abhI bAkI hI baca rahatI hai jo unhoMne buddha, unake jIvana, unake upadeza, isI prakAra buddha-ziSyoM ke jIvana aura upadeza, tatkAlIna dharmopadeSTAoM aura dhArmika vicAroM ke sAtha buddha aura unake dhamma kA sambandha, tatkAlIna aitihAsika aura bhaugolika paristhiti, evaM isI prakAra ke anya mahattvapUrNa viSayoM ke sambandha meM dI hai| ina sambandhI smRtiyoM kA kucha saMkSipta digdarzana karanA yahA~ Avazyaka hogaa| saMyutta-nikAya ke 'dhamma cakka pavattanasatta' meM (jo vinaya-piTaka-mahAvagga ke isa sambandhI varNana kI punarukti hI hai) hama vArANasI ke RSipatana mRgadAva (vartamAna sAranAtha) meM paJcavargIya bhikSuoM ko upadeza karate dekhate haiN| kAma-vAsanAoM meM kAma-lipta honA aura kAya-kleza meM laganA, ina do atiyoM ke tyAga evaM Arya aSTAGgika mArga 2. milAiye vizeSataH bhayabherava-sutta (majhima. 12114); dvedhA vitakka sutta (majjhima. 102 / 9) mahAassapura-sutta (majjhima. 11419); cUlahatthipadopama sutta (majjhima. 1 / 3 / 7 ; sAmaJaphala sutta (dogha. 112); ambaTThasutta (dogha. 1 // 3); soNadaMDa sutta (dIgha. 114); kUTadanta sutta (dIgha. 115); mahAlisutta (dIgha. 115) poTThapAda-sutta (dogha. 119) kevaTTasutta (dIgha. 1111) subha-sutta (dIgha. 1 / 10,; cakkavattisohanAda sutta (dIgha. 3 / 3); saMgItipariyAyasutta (dIgha. 310) Adi, Adi /

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rUpI madhyama-mArga ke AcaraNa tathA cAra Arya satyoM kA upadeza dete yahA~ hama prathama vAra bhagavAn ko dekhate haiN| saLAyatana-saMyutta meM (yahA~ bhI vinaya-piTakamahAvagga ke samAna hI) hama tathAgata ko bhikSuoM ko isa prakAra sambodhita karate hue dekhate haiM "bhikSuo ! jitane bhI mAnuSa aura divya pAza haiM, maiM una saba se mukta huuN| tuma bhI divya aura mAnuSa pAzoM se mukta hoo! bhikSuo! bahata janoM ke hita ke liye, bahata janoM ke sukha ke liye, loka para dayA karane ke liye, devatAoM aura manuSyoM ke prayojana ke liye, hita ke liye, sukha ke liye vicaraNa kro| eka sAtha do mata jAo ! bhikSuo! Adi meM kalyANakArI, madhya meM kalyANakArI, anta meM kalyANakArI dharma kA usake pUre zabdoM aura arthoM ke sAtha upadeza karate hue sampUrNa, parizuddha brahmacarya kA prakAza karo / saMsAra meM alpa doSa vAle prANI bhI haiN| dharma ke na zravaNa karane se unakI hAni hogii| sunane se ve dharma ke jAnane vAle hoNge| bhikSuoM ! maiM bhI jahA~ uruvelA aura senAvI gA~va haiM, vahA~ dharma-dezanA ke liye jaauuNgaa|" satipaTThAna-saMyutta ke jarA-sutta meM bhagavAn kI vRddhAvasthA kA sajIva citra hai| bhagavAn aparAhna meM dhyAna se uTha kara dhUpa meM baiThe haiN| Ananda bhagavAn ko dekhakara kahate haiM "Azcarya bhante ! adbhuta bhante ! bhagavAn ke camar3e kA raMga utanA parizuddha, utanA paryavadAta (ujjvala) nahIM hai| aMga bhI zithila ho gaye haiN| pUrI kAyA meM jhurriyA~ par3I huI haiN| zarIra Age kI ora jhukA hai| A~kha, kAna, nAka Adi indriyoM meM bhI vipariNAma dikhAI par3atA hai / " "Ananda ! yaha aisA hI hotA hai ! yauvana meM jarA-dharma hai, Arogya meM vyAdhi-dharma hai| jIvana meM maraNa-dharma hai|" hama bhagavAn aura unake upasthAka ziSya ke vimala manuSya-rUpa ko yahA~ dekhate haiN| isI nikAya ke sakalika-sutta meM hama sUcanA.pAte haiM ki bhagavAn kA paira patthara ke Tukar3e se vikSata ho gayA hai aura ve smRti-samprajanya ke sAtha usako sahana kara rahe haiN| isI prakAra sakka-saMyutta meM anAthapiDika kI dIkSA evaM jetavana-dAna kA varNana hai| vinaya-piTaka ke cullavagga meM bhI yahI varNana AyA hai| saMyutta-nikAya ke bhikkhu-saMyutta meM hama sucanA pAte haiM ki kauzAmbika bhikSuoM ke durvyavahAra ke kAraNa bhagavAn pAtra-cIvara le binA kisI bhikSu ko kahe akele hI pArileyyaka (pAlileyyaka bhI) nAmaka sthAna meM ekAnta-vAsa ke liye cale gaye haiN| saMyutta-nikAya ke 'udAyi-satta' meM hama bhagavAn aura sthavira udAyI kA

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saMvAda dekhate haiM jo zAstA aura ziSya ke sambandha ke alAvA buddha-dharma ke prArambhika svarUpa para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai| "bhante ! pahale gRhastha rahate mujhe dharma se bahuta lAbha na milA thaa| kintu bhante ! Aja maiMne dharma ko jAna liyaa| mujhe vaha mArga mila gayA !" "sAdhu udAyI ! tujhe vaha mArga mila gyaa| jaise jaise tU isakI bhAvanA karegA, vRddhi karegA, yaha tujhe vaise hI bhAva ko le jAyagA jisase ki tU jAnegA "AvAgamana kSaya ho gayA, brahmacarya-vAsa pUrA ho cukA, karanA thA so kara liyA, aba kucha karane ko bAkI nahIM hai|" bhagavAn kA apane ziSya bhikSuoM ke sAtha kaisA anukampAyamaya sambandha thA, isakA eka aura udAharaNa isI nikAya meM dekhiye| magga-saMyutta ke cunda-sutta meM hama cunda samaNudesa ko bhagavAn ke pAsa dharmasenApati ke parinirvANa kA sandeza lAte dekhate haiN| ise sunate hI Ananda kI kyA hAlata hotI hai, yaha unhIM ke zabdoM meM suna lIjie "AyuSmAn sAriputra parinirvRtta ho gaye, yaha suna kara merA zarIra DhIlA par3a gayA hai, mujhe dizAe~ nahIM sUjhatIM, bAta bhI nahIM sUjha pdd'tii|!" bhagavAn saceta karate haiM "kyoM Ananda ! kyA maine pahale hI nahIM kaha diyA hai ki sabhI priyoM se judAI hotI hai| isaliye Ananda ! AtmadIpa, Atma-zaraNa, a-parAlambI hokara viharo! dhammadIpa, dhamma-zaraNa, aparAlambI hokara vihro|" isI saMyutta ke ukkAcela-sutta meM sAriputra ke parinirvANa ke thor3e dina bAda hI bhagavAna ko apane dvitIya pradhAna ziSya mahAmaudgalyAyana ke bhI parinirvANa kI sUcanA milatI hai| sabhI ziSya apane zAstA ke sahita smRti-samprajanya ke sAtha isa duHkha ko sahate haiN| eka dina bhagavAn gaMgA kI retI meM ukkAcela nAmaka sthAna para vihare rahe haiN| bhikSu-pariSada ko vijJApita karane ke liye baiThate haiM kintu sarva prathama dhyAna AtA hai apane sadyaH parinivRtta ziSya sAriputra aura maudgalyAyana kaa| buddha kA mAnavIya rUpa phUTa par3atA hai "bhikSuo ! sAriputra aura maudgalyAyana ke bimA mujhe yaha pariSad zUnya sI jAna par3atI hai| jisa dizA meM sAriputra-maudgalyAyana viharate the, vaha dizA kisI aura kI na cAhane vAlI hotI thI" itanA hI kaha pAte haiM ki bhagavAn kA mAnavIya rUpa unake buddha-rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai aura "bhikSuo! Azcarya hai tathAgata ko! adbhuta hai tathAgata ko! isa prakAra ke ziSyoM kI jor3I ke parinirvRtta ho jAne para bhI tathAgata ko zoka-parideva nahIM hai| ... bhikSuo ! jaise mahAn vRkSa ke khar3e rahate bhI usakI sAravAlI

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( 175 ) zAkhAe~ TUTa jAyeM, usI prakAra bhikSuo ! tathAgata ko bhikSu-saMgha ke rahate bhI sAra vAle sAriputra aura mahAmaudgalyAyana kA pari-nirvANa hai / so vaha bhikSuo! kahA~ se mile| jo kucha utpanna hone vAlA hai, saba naSTa hone vAlA hai| isaliye bhikSuo! AtmadIpa, Atma-zaraNa, ananyazaraNa hokara viharo, dharma-dIpa, dharma-zaraNa, ananyazaraNa hokara vihro|" zAstA kA mAnavIya rUpa aura sAtha sAtha unakA buddhattva yahA~ spaSTatama rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai| buddhadharma kI sAdhanA isI janma kI sAkSAt anubhUti ke liye hai, yaha tathya isa nikAya ke saMvahula-sutta se bhalI prakAra hRdaGgama kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka brAhmaNa Akara bhikSuoM se kahatA hai "Apa loga vartamAna ko chor3akara kAlAntara kI ora daur3a rahe haiN| isa se to yahI acchA ho ki Apa mAnuSa kAmoM kA bhoga kreN|" bhikSu uttara dete haiM "brAhmaNa ! hama vartamAna ko chor3akara kAlAntara kI cIja ke pIche nahIM daur3a rhe| balki kAlAntara kI cIja ko chor3akara brAhmaNa ! hama tamAna ke pIche daur3a rahe haiM / brAhmaNa ! bhagavAn ne kAmoM ko bahuta duHkha vAle, bahuta prayAsa vAle, bahuta duSpariNAma vAle, kAlika (kAlAntara) kahA hai| kintu yaha dharma to sAMdRSTika ke (vartamAna meM phala dene vAlA) a-kAlika, . yahIM sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAne vAlA, taha taka pahu~cAne vAlA aura pratyeka zarIra meM anubhava karane yogya hai|" atta-dIpa sutta meM hama Atma-nirbhara hone kA upadeza pAte haiM, jisakI punarAvRtti bhagavAn ne aneka sthaloM para kI hai aura jo unake dharma ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke liye ati Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna saba ko pravrajyA kA hI upadeza nahIM dete the| balki gRhasthAzrama meM raha kara bhI ve pramAda-rahita jIvana kI sambhAvanA mAnate the / aisA hI unhoMne rAjoM (makAna banAne vAle majadUroM) se isI nikAya ke thapati-sutta meM kahA bhI hai "sthapatiyo ! gRhavAsa bAdhApUrNa hai, mala kA Agamana-mArga hai / pravrajyA khulI jagaha hai| kintu sthapatiyo ! tumhAre liye apramAda se rahanA hI upayukta hai|" aisA mAlUma par3atA hai bhagavAn ke isa apramAda-upadeza ko smaraNa kara ke hI azoka apanI prajAoM ko itanI punarAvRtti ke sAtha a-pramAda, kA jIvana bitAne ko kahatA hai|' saMyutta-nikAya meM buddhakAlIna bhArata meM pracalita dhArmika sampradAyoM aura unake pradhAna AcAryoM evaM buddha aura 1. dekhiye Age dasaveM adhyAya meM azoka ke abhilekhoM kA vivaraNa / .

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unake dharma ke sAtha unake sambandhoM para bhI prakAza DAlane vAle kAphI varNana haiN| isa prakAra saMyutta-nikAya ke khandha-saMyutta meM hama usa kAla ke chaH prasiddha AcAryoM yathA pUrNa kAzyapa, makkhalI (maskarI) gozAla, saMjaya veliThThiputta, prakrudhakAtyAyana' Adi kA varNana pAte haiN| isI prakAra moggallAna-saMyatta ke asibandhakaputta-sutta aura nigaNTha-sutta se hameM buddha-dharma aura tatkAlIna jaina dharma ke pArasparika sambandha ke viSaya meM paryApta sUcanA milatI hai / tatkAlIna yAjJika brAhmaNoM ke yajJavAda aura buddha ke naitika AdarzavAda meM kyA aitihAsika sambandha hai, aura kisa prakAra eka ke sAmane dUsare ko jhukanA par3A, yaha dekhane ke liye saMyutta-nikAya kA sundarika-bhAradvAja sutta atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| kozaladeza meM sundarikA. nadI para bhAradvAja nAmaka brAhmaNa havana kara rahA hai| bhagavAn bhI udhara cArikA karate hue nikala par3ate haiN| vaha unheM dekha kara yajJa se bacA huA anna denA cAhatA hai, kintu pahale pUchatA hai "Apa kauna jAti haiM ?" bhagavAn kA jJAna ubhAr3a pAtA hai "jAti mata puuch| AcaraNa puuch| kATha se Aga paidA hotI hai| nIca kula kA bhI puruSa dhRtimAn, jJAnI, pApa-rahita muni ho sakatA hai| jo satya kA AcaraNa karane vAlA, jitendriya aura jJAna ke anta ko pahuMcA huA hai aura jisane brahmacarya-vAsa samApta kara liyA hai, vaha yajJa meM upanIta hI hai aura vaha kAla se dakSiNA dene yogya hai| jo use detA hai, vaha dakSiNAgni meM hI havana karatA hai / " bhAradvAja ko aise udArAtizaya vacana suna kara zraddhA utpanna hotI hai| vaha kahatA hai "nizcaya hI yaha merA yajJa suhuta hai jo aise jJAna ko prApta (vedagU) puruSa ko maiMne dekhaa| tumhAre jaise ko na dekhane se hI dUsare jana havya-zeSa khAte haiN| he gotama! Apa bhojana kreN| Apa brAhmaNa haiN|" bhAradvAja brAhmaNa kI yaha buddha-prazaMsA dikhalAtI hai ki yajJavAdI hote hue bhI brAhmaNa jJAna aura sadAcaraNa kI pratiSThA ko samajhate the aura use dekhakara usake sAmane natamastaka honA bhI jAnate the| bhAradvAja brAhmaNa kA buddha ko brAhmaNa taka mAnane ko udyata ho jAnA aura unakI prazaMsA karanA usakI udAratA kA sUcaka hai| kucha bhI ho, yajJa ko hI sarvasva mAnane vAle 1. sutta-piTaka ke prakrudha kAtyAyana ko DA0 hemacandra rAyacaudharI ne upa niSad ke kabandhI kAtyAyana se milAyA hai| dekhiye unakA poliTikala hisTrI oNva eziyenTa inDiyA, pRSTa 21 (tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1932)

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( 177 ) brAhmaNoM ko bhI buddha ke jJAna yajJa kA lohA avaya mAnanA par3A / bhAradvAjaM ko udbodhita karate hue bhagavAn use kahate haiM "brAhmaNa ! lakar3I jalA kara zuddhi mana maano| yaha to bAharI cIja hai / paMDita loga usame zuddhi nahIM batalAte jo bAhara se bhItara kI zaddhi hai / brAhmaNa ! maiM dAru-dAha chor3a bhItara kI jyoti jalAtA hU~ / nitya Aga vAlA. nitya ekAnta-citta vAlA ho, meM brahmacarya - pAlana karatA hU~ / brAhmaNa ! yaha terA abhimAna khariyA kA bhAra hai, trodha dhuvA hai: mithyA bhApaNa bhasma hai, jihvA sruvA hU~ aura hRdaya jyoti kA sthAna hai / AtmA ke damana karane para puruSa ko jyoti prApta hotI hai / brAhmaNa ! gIla tIrtha santajanoM se prazaMsita, nirmala dharma rUpI sarovara hai / isI meM veda ko jAnane vAle (veda) puruSa nahAkara binA bhIge gAtra ke pAra utarate haiM / brahmaprApti, satya, dharma, saMyama aura brahmacarya para Azrita haiM / tU aise havana kiye huA ko namaskAra kara / maiM unako puruSoM ko saMyamI banAne ke liye sArathI-svarUpa kahatA hU~ / " isa prakAra isa nikAya meM hameM buddha jIvana, buddha aura unake ziSya, evaM buddha-dharma aura tatkAlIna anya dhArmika sAdhanAoM ke sAtha usake sambandha Adi ke viSaya meM prabhUta jAnakArI milatI hai / vAlA, aitihAsika aura bhaugolika paristhitiyoM kA bhI isa nikAya meM prathama do nikAyoM kI taraha kAphI paricaya milatA hai / jahA~ taka rAjanaitika itihAsa kA sambandha hai, isa nikAya meM kozalarAja prasenajit kA varNana AyA hai| aura magadha-rAja ajAtazatru ke sAtha usake yuddha, ajAtayatru kI parAjaya aura bAda meM prasenajit kI putrI vajrA ( vajirA) kA usame vivAha aura bheMTa svarUpa kAzI- pradeza kI prApti ina ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa pahale kiyA hI jA cukA hai| kauzAmbI- nareza udayana ( udena ) kA bhI yahIM varNana AyA hai / isake atirikta licchavi, koliya Adi kSatriya rAjAoM ke jahA~ jahA~ varNana bhare par3e hai / bhaugolika dRSTi se rAjagRha meM velavana, suMsumAra giri meM bhesakalAvana, vaizAlI meM mahAvana Adi vanoM neraMjarA, gaMgA, yamunA Adi nadiyoM, magadha meM girivraja aura avantI meM kuraraghara Adi parvatoM, nyagrodhArAma ( kapilavastu) kukkuTArAma ( pATaliputra ) Adi AgamoM (bhikSu nivAmoM), nAlaka ( magadha ) zAla (komala) veLavAra (komala) Adi grAmoM, magadha, vajji, kosala Adi pradezoM, aura devadaha, kapilavastu, sAketa Adi nagaroM tathA aneka kasboM ( nigamoM) ke varNana bhare par3e hai, jo tatkAlIna bhAratIya pradezoM aura 12

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( 178 ) unake nivAsiyoM ke jIvana sambandhI kAphI mahattvapUrNa jJAna ko hameM pradAna karate hai| I-aMguttara-nikAya' aMguttara-nikAya sutta-piTaka kA cauthA bar3A bhAga hai| buddha-dharma ke jisa svarUpa kA jJAna hameM prathama tIna nikAyoM meM milatA hai, vahI aMguttaranikAya kA bhI viSaya hai / kevala aMganara-nikAya kI zailI meM kucha bhinnatA hai| saMkhyAbaddha zailI isa nikAya kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA hai / jaisA pahale dikhAyA jA cukA hai, sampUrNa nikAya gyAraha nipAtoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA ekanipAta, duka-nipAta, tika-nipAta, catukka-nipAta, paJcaka-nipAta, chakkanipAta, sanaka-nipAta, aTThaka-nipAta, navaka-nipAta, damaka-nipAta tathA ekaadsk-nipaat| pratyeka nipAta vargoM meM vibhakta hai / gyAraha nipAtoM kI vargasaMkhyA kramaza: isa prakAra hai (1) 21 varga (2) 16 varga (3) 16 varga (4) 26 varga (5) 26 varga (6) 12 varga (7) 9 varga (8) 9 varga (9) 9 varga (10) 22 varga (11) 3 vrg| isa prakAra gyAraha nipAta kula 169 vargoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka varga meM aneka sutta hai, jinakI kama se kama saMkhyA 7 aura adhika se adhika 262 hai| kula milAkara aMguttara-nikAya meM 2308 sutta hai| AkAra meM prAyaH saMyutta-nikAya ke suttoM ke samAna hI choTe hai aura unhIM ke samAna unakA viSaya bhI koI buddha-pravacana yA kisI ke sAtha huA buddhasaMvAda hai| aMguttara-nikAya ke pratyeka nipAna meM aisI saMkhyAoM se sambaddha upadezoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai jinakI samatA ukta nipAta kI saMkhyA meM hai| isa prakAra ekaka-nipAta meM kevala una upadezoM kA saMgraha hai jinakA sambandha saMkhyA eka se haiN| isI prakAra duka-niyAta meM kevala una upadezoM kA saMgraha hai jinakA sambandha saMkhyA do se hai| isa prakAra uttarotara bar3hatI huI yaha saMkhyA 1. maoNrisa tathA hArDI dvArA pA~ca jildoM meM romana lipi meM sampAdita, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita , landana 1885-1900 / chaThI jilda meM mebila hanTa ne anukramaNiyA~ dI hai / siMhalI lipi me devamitta kA saMskaraNa, kolambo 1893, prasiddha hai| baramI aura anya siMhalI saMskaraNa bhI upalabdha hai| hindI meM abhI koI saMskaraNa yA anuvAda nahIM niklaa|

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ekAdasaka-nipAta taka pahuMca jAtI hai, jisameM bhagavAna buddhadeva ke una upadezoM kA saMgraha hai jinake viSaya kA sambandha kisI na kisI prakAra saMkhyA gyAraha se hai| yahI kAraNa isa nikAya ke aMgattara-nikAya (aMkonara-nikAya) nAmakaraNa kA bhI hai| 'milindapavha' meM isI nikAya kA nAma 'ekuttara-nikAya' (ekottara-nikAya) bhI kahA gayA hai| usakA bhI yahI artha hai| sarvAstivAdI sampradAya ke saMskRta-tripiTaka meM bhI yaha nikAya ekonarAgama' ke nAma se hI prasiddha thA, yaha usake cInI anavAda se vidita hotA hai| aMgattara-nikAya kI saMkhyA-baddha zailI usa ke liye koI nahIM hai| thor3I bahuta yaha pratyeka nikAya meM pAI jAtI hai| ata: usake AdhAra para isa saMgraha ko prathama tIna nikAyoM kI apekSA kAla-krama meM bAda kA ThaharAnA ThIka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vAstava meM to pratyeka nikAya meM hI, valki kahIM kahIM pratyeka mutta meM hI, pUrva aura uttarakAlIna paramparAoM ke sAkSya sAtha sAtha dikhAI par3ate hai / yahI bAta aMguttara-nikAya meM bhI hai| ata: gaNanAtmaka zailI kI bahulatA hone ke kAraNa hI aMguttaranikAya ko bAda kA saMgraha nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaimA abhI kahA gayA, gaNanAtmaka praNAlI thor3I-bahuta mAtrA meM pratyeka nikAya meM pAI jAtI hai| dIghanikAya ke saMgIti-pariyAya-mutta aura dasuttara-sutta evaM khuddaka-nikAya ke khuddakapATha (kumArapaJha) theragAthA, therIgAthA, itivRttaka Adi meM vastu-vinyAsa saMkhyAtmaka vargIkaraNa ko ke zailI AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai| bAda meM cala kara abhidhamma-piTaka meM to yaha praNAlI pUre sAta mahAgraMthoM kA hI AdhAra bana jAtI hai| cUMki aMgattara-nikAya kI abhidhamma-piTaka se isa viSaya meM saba se adhika samAnatA hai, balki usake gyAraha nipAtoM se abhidhamma-piTaka ke eka grantha (puggala paJatti) kI to sArI viSaya-vastu hI nikAlI jA sakatI hai, aMguttara-nikAya ke isa prakAra vargIkRta buddha-vacanoM ko uttarakAlIna saMgraha nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaisA hama pahale bhI dikhA cuke hai, buddha-vacanoM kA saMrakSaNa, usa yuga meM , sunane vAloM kI smati meM hI kiyA jAne ke kAraNa, usakI sahAyatArtha saMkhyAtmaka saMvidhAna kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| isaliye kabhI kabhI svayaM zAstA bhI apane upadezoM meM isa prakAra ke tattva kA saMmizraNa kara dete the| 1. pRSTa 354 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA deva-nAgarI saMskaraNa)

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( 180 ) yaha hama aMgunnara-nikAya ke ekaka-nipAta ke 'kajaMgalA-satta' meM acchI prakAra dekha sakate hai / kucha upAsaka kajaMgalA nAmaka bhikSuNI ke pAsa jAkara puchate hai "ayyA ! bhagavAna ne yaha kahA hai 'mahA praznoM meM eka prazna, eka uddeza, eka unara; do prazna, do uddeza. do uttara . . . . . .dama prazna, dama uddeza, dasa una' ! bhagavAna ke isa saMkSipta kathana kA uttara kisa prakAra samajhanA cAhiye ? " kajaMgalA bhikSuNI ne kahA "eka prazna, eka uddena, eka uttara ! yaha jo bhagavAn ne kahA. vaha isa kAraNa kahA / Avamo ! eka vastu meM bhikSu bhalI prakAra nirveda ko prApta ho, bhalI prakAra virAga ko prApta ho, bhalI prakAra virakta ho, acchI prakAra antardI ho, imI janma meM duHkha kA anta karane vAlA ho| kima eka dharma meM ? 'sabhI matva AhAra para nirbhara hai| Avamo ! bhagavAna ne jo yaha kahA 'eka prazna, eka uddeza, eka uttara ! vaha imI kAraNa kahA !" isI prakAra uttarottara krama se bar3hatI huI kajaMgalA bhikSuNI dama prazna, dasa uddeza, dama unara (vyAkaraNa) taka kI vyAkhyA karanI hai| gaNanAtmaka vidhAna hote hue bhI svayaM upadeza kI gambhIratA meM koI antara yahA~ nahIM aataa| yahI bAta vistAra se hama aMganara-nikAya meM bhI dekhate hai / cAra Arya satya, Arya-apTAGgika mArga, mAta bodhyaGga, cAra samyak pradhAna, pA~ca indriya Adi sabhI maulika buddha-upadeza imI saMkhyAtmaka tattva kI sucanA dete haiN| aMgattara-nikAya meM kevala ise unake vargabaddha svarUpa meM prastuta karane kA AdhAra mAna liyA gayA hai| ataH nizcita hai ki isake aneka matta yA aMza jo pichale nikAyoM meM aneka prasaMgoM meM A cuke hai, yahA~ saMkhyAtmaka praNAlI ko pUrNatA dene ke liye phira rakha diye gaye hai| udAharaNata: cAra Arya satyoM aura Arya aSTAGgika mArga sambandhI upadeza vinaya-piTaka ke mahAvagga tathA saMyutta-nikAya ke 'dhammacakka pavattana-muna' meM svabhAvata: vArANasI meM diye hue upadeza ke rUpa meM aMkita hai, kintu aMganara-nikAya meM cAra Arya sanyo sambandhI upadeza catukka-nipAta aura Arya aSTAGgika mArga sambandhI upadeza aTaka-nipAta meM maMgahIta hai| ataH yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki kucha sthaloM meM aMgunara-nikAya ke matta dIpa aura majjhima nikAyoM ke parivartita, vibhakta athavA saMkSipta svarUpa hI hoN| kintu adhikatara mthoM meM ve maulika hI hai aura 1. inakI sacI ke liye dekhiye pAli TaiksTa somAyaTI dvArA prakAzita aMgunaranikAya, jilda pA~cavoM, paSTha 8 (bhamikA)

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( 181 ) unakI upayaktatA unake maMkhyAtmaka svampa meM vahA~ amaMdigdha bhI hai| aMgattara. nikAya, jaimA hama abhI dekheMge vaha aura unake dhamma aura vinaya ke sambandha meM kucha aisI bhI sacanA detA hai jo prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI mAtha anya nikAyoM meM bhI nahIM milatI / pUnamaktiyA~ Ara saMkhyAtmaka vivaraNa vizeSata: pAzca tya vidvAnoM ko bar3e acikara pratIta hue hai, ata: unhoMne aMgunara-nikAya ke vAstavika mUlyAMkana karane meM bar3I kRpaNatA dikhAI hai / mAhityika aura aitihAsika dRSTiyoM se aMgunara-nikAya kA sthAna dIgha, majjhima aura saMyukta nikAyoM ke sAtha hI hai aura usameM bhI, kevala kucha kutrima vargIkaraNa meM, buddha ke jIvana aura upadezoM kI vahI mAkSAta samparka me prApta smatiyA~ upalabdha hotI hai, jamI prathama tIna nikAyoM meM / yaha hama usakI viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se abhI dekheNge| aMganara-nikAya kI viSaya-vastu kA cAhe jitanA vistRta vivaraNa diyA jAya vaha umakI vAstavika vibhati ko nahIM dikhA sktaa| imakA kAraNa yaha hai ki kevala saMkhyAtmaka suciyoM kA saMkalana hI aMguttara-nikAya nahIM hai / aMguttaranikAya ko kevala saMgIti-pariyAya-sutta (diigh.3|10) yA damuttara-sutta (dIgha. 3 / 11) kA hI vistuta rUpa samajha lenA eka bhArI bhrama hogaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki aMganara-nikAya ke eka me lekara gyAraha nipAtoM kI viSaya-vastu kA svarUpa vahA~ kimI na kimI prakAra unake anarUpa saMkhyA se sambandhita hai, jaise ki 1. ekaka-nipAta---eka dharma kyA hai ? isI prakAra ke praznottara ke aneka ruup| 2. duka-nipAta--do tyAjya vastue~, do prakAra ke jJAnI puruSa, do prakAra ke vala, do prakAra kI pariSadeM, do prakAra kI icchAe~, Adi, aadi| 3. tika-nipAta--tIna prakAra ke duSkRtya (kAyika, vAcika, mAnasika) tIna prakAra kI vedanAe~ (samvA. duHkhA, na-sukhA-na-duHkhA), Adi, aadi| 4. catuvaka-nipAta--cAra Aryamatya, cAra jJAna, cAra zrAmaNya-phala, cAra mamAdhi, cAra yoga, cAra AhAra, Adi, aadi| 5. paJcaka-nipAta--pA~ca aGgoM vAlI mamAdhi, pA~ca upAdAna-skandha, pA~ca indriyAM, pA~ca nimmaraNIya dhAtu, pAMca dharmaskandha, pA~ca vimakti-Ayatana Adi aadi|

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( 182 ) 6. chakka-nipAta--cha: anusmRti-sthAna, cha: AdhyAtmika Ayatana, cha: abhijeya Adi, aadi| 7. manaka-nipAta--sAta sambodhyaGga, sAta anugaya, mAta madhdarma, mAta saMjJAe~, sAta matpuruSa-dharma Adi, Adi / 8. aTThaka-nipAta--Arya aSTAGgika-mArga. ATha Arabdha vastu, ATha abhibha-Ayatana, ATa vimokSa, Adi, aadi| 9. navaka-nipAta--nava tRSNAmUlaka, nava satvAvAsa, Adi, Adi / 10. dasaka-nipAta--dasa tathAgata-vala, dama Arya-vAsa Adi, Adi / 11. ekAdasaka-nipAta--nirvANa-prApti ke gyAraha upAya, Adi, Adi / kintu isa uparyukta sUcI mAtra me aMgattara-nikAya ke viSaya yA usake mahattva ko nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| usake liye hameM uddharaNoM se usake viSaya kI mUla buddha-vacanoM ke rUpa meM prAmANikatA aura buddha-kAlIna itihAsa ke liye usake mahattva ko hRdayaGgama karanA hogaa| pahale ekaka-nipAta ko hI liijiye| dhamma-vinaya kI dRSTi se hI aMguttara-nikAya ke prathama nipAta meM uddhRta isa buddha-vacana ko dekhiye "nAhaM bhikkhave ! aJja eka dhammapi samanupassAmi yo evaM maheto anatthAya saMvanati, yadidaM bhivakhave pApamittatA / pApamittatA bhikgvave mahato anatthAya sNvnni|" isakA artha hai "bhikssuo| maiM kisI bhI dUsarI cIja ko nahIM dekhatA jo itanI adhika anarthakara, ho, jitanI pApa-mitratA / bhikSao! pApa-mitratA bahata anarthakArI hai / " jo dIgha, majjhima aura saMyatta nikAyoM meM nihita vuddha-vacanoM kI AtmA aura bAhyAbhivyakti se paricita haiM ve yahA~ unakI apekSA kucha vibhinnatA nahIM dekha skte| ataH kevala isIliye ki saMgItikAroM ne kucha buddha-vacanoM ko saMkhyAbaddha vargIkaraNa meM bA~dhakara rakha diyA hai, unakI maulikatA yA mahattA meM koI antara nahIM aataa| aMgattara-nikAya kI saba sAmagrI anya nikAyoM me bhI lI huI nahIM hai, balki umameM bahuta sI aisI bhI sUcanA hai jo anyatra kahIM nahIM miltii| isakA bhI eka udAhacNa ekaka-nipAta ke hI 'etadaggavagga' ke usa mahattvapUrNa vivaraNa meM pAte haiM, jisameM batAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke kima-kima bhikSa, bhikSaNI, upAsaka, yA upAsikA, ne mAdhanA ke kisa-kima vibhAga meM dakSatA yA vizeSatA prApta kI thii| mahApaMDina gahula mAMkRtyAyana dvArA anuvAdita isa aMga ko,

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( 183 ) usake aitihAsika mahattva ke kAraNa, yahA~ pUrNataH uddhRta karanA hI upayukta hogA, "aisA maine sunA--eka samaya bhagavAn thAvastI meM anAthapiDika ke ArAma jetavana meM vihAra karate the| . . . . . . bhagavAn ne bhikSuoM ko sambodhita kiyA, (1) bhikSao ! mere raktaja (anurakta) bhikSu dhAvakoM meM yaha AjAkauNDinya agra (zreSTha) hai| (2) mahAprajoM meM yaha mAriputra agra hai (3) RddhimAnoM meM yaha mahAmaudgalyAyana agra hai (4) dhatavAdiyoM (avadhata-vratoM kA kA abhyAsa karane vAloM) meM yaha mahAkAzyapa agra hai (5) divyacakSukoM meM yaha aniruddha agra hai| (6) ucca-kulInoM meM yaha bhaddiya kAligodhA-putra agra hai| (7) maMja svara me dharma upadeza karane vAloM meM yaha laMkuTika-bhaTTiya agra hai| (8) mihanAda karane vAloM meM yaha piMDola bhAradvAja agra hai (9) dharmaupadeza karane vAloM meM yaha pUrNa maitrAyaNI putra agra hai (10) maMkSipta dharmopadeza ko vistRta rUpa se samajhAne vAloM meM yaha mahAkAtyAyana agra hai| (11) manomaya kAya nirmANa karane vAloM meM yaha culla paMthaka agra hai| (12) saMjJA-vivartacaturoM meM yaha mahApaMthaka agra hai / (13) araNya vihAriyoM meM yaha mubhUti agra hai; dAna-pAtroM meM bhI yaha mabhUti agra hai / (14) AraNyakoM meM yaha revata khadira vaniya agra hai / (15) dhyAniyoM meM yaha kaMkhA-revata agra hai| (16) Arabdha-vIryoM meM yaha soNa koDivIma (goNakoTiviMza) agra hai / (17) suvaktAoM meM yaha moNa kuTikaNNa agra hai| (18) lAbha pAne vAloM meM yaha mIvalI agra hai / (19) zraddhAvAnoM meM yaha vakkalI agra hai| (20) zikSA-kAmoM (bhikSa-niyama ke pAbandoM meM) yaha rAhula agra hai| (21) zraddhA se pravRjitoM meM yaha rASTrapAla agra hai| (22) prathama galAkA grahaNa karane . vAloM meM yaha kuMDadhAna agra hai| (23) pratibhA vAloM meM yaha vaMgIza agra hai| (24) samanta prAmAdikoM (saba ora me mundaroM) meM yaha upamena vaMgantaputta agra hai| (25) zayanAsana-prajApakoM (gRha-prabandhakoM) meM yaha dabba mallaputta agra hai| (26) devatAoM ke priyoM meM yaha pilinda vAtsya-putra agra hai / (27) kSiprAbhijJoM (pravara vRddhiyoM) meM yaha bAhiya dArucIgyi agra hai| (28) citra kathikoM (vicitra vaktAoM) meM yaha kumAra kAzyapa agra hai| (29) pratisaMvit-prAptoM meM yaha mahAkoThita (mahAkoSThita) agra hai| (30) bahuzratoM meM, gatimAnoM meM, sthitimAnoM meM. yaha Ananda agra hai| (31) mahApariSad vAloM meM yaha umvela-kAzyapa agra hai| (30) kUla-pramAdakoM (kuloM ko prasanna

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karane vAloM ) meM yaha kAla-udAyI agra hai| (33) alpAbAvoM (nirogoM) meM yaha vakkUla agra hai| (34) pUrva-janma smaraNa karane vAloM meM yaha zobhita agra hai| (35) vinaya-gharoM meM yaha upAli agra hai| (36) bhikSaNiyoM ke upadezakoM meM yaha nandaka agra hai| (37) jitendriyoM meM yaha nanda agra hai| (38) bhikSuoM ke upadezakoM meM yaha mahAkappina agra hai| (39) neja-dhAtu-kuzaloM meM yaha svAgata agra hai| (40) pratibhAgAliyoM meM yaha rAdha agra hai (41) makSa cIvaradhAriyoM meM yaha mogharAja agra hai| (42) bhikSuo ! merI raktaja bhikSaNIzrAvikAoM meM mahAprajApani gotamI agra hai / (43) mahAprAjAoM meM khemA agra hai (44) RddhimatiyoM meM utpalavarNA agra hai / (45) vinaya dhAraNa karane vAliyoM meM paTAcArA agra hai| (49) dharmakathikAoM meM dhammadinnA agra hai| (47) dhyAniyoM meM nandA agra hai| (48) ArabdhavIryAyoM meM moNA agra hai| (49) kSiprAbhijAoM meM bhadrA kuMDala kezA agra hai (50) pUrva janma kI anusmRti karane vAliyoM meM bhadrA kApilAyinI agra hai| (51) mahA-abhijJAprAptoM meM bhadrA kaatyaaynii| (52) makSa cIvaradhAriNiyoM meM kRNA gautamI (53) zraddhA-yukta bhikSuNiyoM meM shrRgaal-maataa| (55-56) bhikSuo! mere upAsaka zrAvakoM meM prathama zaraNa Ane vAloM meM tapamma aura bhalluka vaNika agra haiM / (57) dAyakoM meM anAtha-piDika madana gRhapati agra hai / (58) dharmakathikoM (dharmopadepTAoM) meM macchikApaNDavAmI citra gRhapati agra hai| (59) cAra saMgraha-vastuoM me pariSad ko milAkara rakhane vAloM meM hastaka Alavaka ana hai| (60) uttama dAyakoM meM mahAnAma zAkya agra hai| (61) priya. dhAyakoM meM vaizAlI kA nivAsI ugra gRhapati agra hai / (62) saMgha-sevakoM meM udgata (uggata) gRhapati agra hai| (63) anyanta prasannoM meM zUra ambaSTa agra hai / (64) vyaktigata pramannoM meM jIvaka kaumAra bhUnya agra hai| (65) vizvAsakoM meM nakula-pitA gRhapati agra hai| (66) bhikSuo ! merI upAsikA zrAvikAoM meM prathama zaraNa Ane vAliyoM meM senAnI duhitA sujAtA agra hai| (67) dAyikAo meM vizAkhA mRgAramAnA agra hai / (68) bahuzrutAoM meM khujjunarA (kubjA unaga) agra hai / (69) maMtrI vihAra prApta karane vAliyoM meM sAmAvatI (zyAmAvatI) agra hai| (70) dhyAniyoM meM uttarA nandamAtA agra hai| (71) praNIta dAyikAoM meM mapravAmA koliya-duhitA agra hai| (70) gegI kI mevA karane vAliyoM meM mapriyA upAmikA agra hai| (73)

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( 185 ) arta prasannoM meM kAtyAyanI agra hai / ( 74) vizvAmikAoM meM nakula-mAtA gRhapatnI agra hai / ( 75) anuzrava prasannoM meM kurara ghara meM vyAhI kAlI upAsikA agra hai / " bhagavAna buddha deva ke pradhAna gipya - gipyAoM kA yaha vivaraNa, jisameM unake bhikSu, bhikSuNI, upAsaka aura upAnikA sabhI koTi ke puruSa aura strI mAdhaka-sAdhikAoM ke nAma hai. baddha-dharma aura saMgha ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se kitanA mahattvapUrNa hai. isake kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM / dharma, sAhitya aura itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa isa prakAra kI prabhuta sAmagrI aMguttaranikAya meM bharI par3I hai| duka nipAta ke isa sundara bhAva-pUrNa buddha vacana ko lIjiye, "he me bhikkhave asaniyA phalantiyA na mantasanti / katame he ? bhikkhU ca khINAmavo, mIhoca migarAjA / ime kho bhivakhave amaniyA phlantiyA na mannamantIti / " arthAt "bhikSuo ! bijalI kar3akane para do hI prANI nahIM cauMka par3ate haiN| kauna se do ? zrINAmrava bhikSu aura mRgarAja siMha | bhikSuo ! yahI do bijalI kar3akane para cauMka nahIM par3ane / " isa prakAra ke artha- garbhita upadeza jinakI mauliktA aura svabhAvikatA meM unakA saMkhyAvaddha vinyAsa ko kSati nahI pahuMcAtA, aMguttara nikAya meM bhare par3e hU~ / tika-nipAna ke bharaMDumuna meM hama bhagavAn ko buddhattva prApti ke bAda apane pandrahaveM varSA - vAma meM, kapilavastu meM vicarate dekhate haiM / mahAnAma vAkya unakA satkAra karatA hai / bhagavAn nagara me bAhara bharaMDa - kAlAma nAmaka apane pUrva ma brahmacArI ke Azrama meM eka rAta bhara Thaharate haiN| rAta ke vItane para mahAnAma zAkya phira unakI sevA meM upasthita hotA hai| bhagavAna use upadeza dete hai " mahAnAma ! loka meM tIna prakAra ke zAstA vidyamAna hai| kauna se tIna ? ( 1 ) yahA~ eka zAstA mahAnAma ! kAmoM ke tyAga kA upadeza karate haiM, kintu rUpoM aura vedanAoM ke tyAga ko prajJApita nahIM karate ( 2 ) kAmoM aura rUpoM ke tyAga kA upadeza 1. buddha caryA, pRSTha 467-472 ( kucha alpa zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha) 2. "kSINAaa bhikSu nahIM cauMka par3atA hai kyoMki usakA 'ahaMbhAva ' bilakula niruddha huA rahatA hai / mRgarAja siMha nahIM cauMka par3atA hai, kyoMki usakA 'ahaMbhAva ' atyanta prabala hotA hai; cauMkane ke badale vaha aura garaja uThatA hai ki kauna dUsarA usakI barAbarI karane A rahA hai / 'bhikSu jagatIza kAzyapaH pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha cavAlIsa ( vastukathA ) meM | 37

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( 186 ) karate hai kintu vedanAoM ke tyAga ko prajApita nahIM karate (3) kAmoM ke tyAga ko bhI, rUboM ke tyAga ko bhI aura vedanAoM ke tyAga ko bhI prajJApita karate hai| mahAnAma ! loka meM yahI tIna prakAra ke zAstA hai|" aMguttara-nikAya ke catukkanipAta ke kema-putniya-matta meM hama baddhake buddhivAdI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTataH dekhate haiN| kosala-pradeza meM cArikA karate karate bhagavAn kesapuna nAmaka nigama (kasbe) meM, jo kAlAma nAmaka kSatriyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thA, pahu~cate haiN| kAlAma kSatriya bhagavAn ko hAtha jor3a-jor3a kara eka ora cupacApa baiTha jAte haiN| ve bhagavAn se vinamratA ke mAtha pUchate hai "bhante ! koI-koI zramaNa-brAhmaNa kemaputta meM Ate hai| ve apane hI mata kI prazaMsA karate haiM, dUsare ke mata kI nindA karate haiM, use chur3avAte haiN| bhante ! dUsare bhI koI-koI zramaNa-brAhmaNa kemapUtta meM Ate haiM aura ve bhI vaimA hI karate hai| taba bhante / hamako saMgaya avazya hotA hai, kauna ina Apa zramaNa-brAhmaNoM meM maca kahatA hai, kauna jhUTha ?" kAlAmoM kA prazna aimA hai jo duniyA ke dhArmika itihAsa meM hara yuga meM aura hara vyakti ke hRdaya meM AtA hai| ataH kAlAmoM ke prazna kA mahattva saba kAla ke manapya ke liye mamAna rUpa se hai| bhagavAna ne jo uttara diyA hai, vaha usame bhI adhika vizvajanIna mahattA liye hue hai| bhagavAn kahate haiM "kAlAmo ! tumhArA saMzaya ThIka hai| maMgaya-yogya sthAna meM hI tumheM maMzaya utpanna haA hai| Ao kAlAmo ! mana tuma anuzrava me vizvAsa karo, mata paramparA se vizvAsa kro| 'yaha aimA hI hai' ima me bhI tuma mata vizvAsa kro| kAlAmo ! mAnya gAstra kI anukalatA (piTaka-mampradAya) me bhI tuma vizvAsa mata kro| mata tarka me, mata nyAya-hetu me, mata vaktA ke AkAra ke vicAra me, mata apane cira-dhArita vicAra ke hone me, mata vaktA ke bhavya rUpa hone se, mata 'zramaNa hamArA guru hai' isa bhAvanA se, kAlAmo ! mata ina mava kAraNoM se tuma vizvAsa kage! balki kAlAmo ! jaba tuma apane hI Apa jAno ki ye dharma akuzala haiM, ye dharma sadoSa hai, ye dharma vija-nindita haiM, ye grahaNa karane para ahita, duHkha ke liye hoMge, to kAlAmo! tuma unheM chor3a denaa| . . . . . . isI prakAra kAlAmo ! jaba tuma apane hI Apa jAno ki ye dharma kuzala haiM, ye dharma nirdoSa hai, ye dharma vijJa-prazaMsita haiM, ye grahaNa kara lene para mukha aura kalyANa ke liye hoMge, to kAlAmo ! tuma unheM prApta kara vihro|" isa prakAra pAtratA kI upayukna bhami taiyAra kara bAda meM tathAgata kAlAmoM ko vijJApita karate hai "to kyA mAnate ho kAlAmo ! pRrupa ke bhItara

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( 187 ) utpanna huA lobha (rAga) hita ke liye hotA hai yA ahita ke liye ?" "ahita ke liye, bhante !" "puruSa ke bhItara utpatra huA dveSa . . . . ..hita ke liye yA ahita ke liye ?" "ahita ke liye, bhnte|" "moha?' "ahita ke liye, bhante !" "to kyA mAnate ho kAlAmo ! ye dharma (gaga, dvepa, moha) madoSa haiM yA nirdoSa ?" "sadoSa, bhante !" "prApta karane para ahita ke liye, duHkha ke liye haiM yA nahIM?" "grahaNa karane para bhanle ! ahita ke liye haiM, aisA hameM lagatA hai|'' buddha kI uThAne vAlI Adeza nA hotI hai "to kAlAmo ! tuma inheM chor3a do|" isI prakAra a-lobha, adveSa, amoha ko hita, dukha kA kAraNa samajhA kara bhagavAn kAlAmoM ko unheM grahaNa karane kI preraNA karate haiN| kimI bhI vizvAsa ko mAnane yA na mAnane kI apekSA ke binA hI svayaM sadAcAra kA jIvana sampUrNa AzvAsanoM se kisa prakAra Azvasta hai, ise samajhAte hue bhagavAna kahate haiM, "kAlAmo ! jo Arya mAdhaka (zrAvaka) a-vaira-cina, a-vyApanna-cina, a-saMkliSTa-citta (vizaddhi-citta) hai, umako imI janma meM cAra AzvAsana (AzvAsana) mile rahate hai, (1) yadi paraloka hai, yadi sakRta-duSkRta karmo kA phala hai, to nizcaya hI mai kAyA choDa, marane ke bAda, sugati, svarga-loka meM utpanna hoU~gA, yaha use prathama AzvAsa prApta rahatA hai| (2) yadi paraloka nahIM hai, yadi sukRta-duSkRta karmoM kA phala nahIM hai. to imI janma meM, isI samaya, a-baig-citta, a-vyApanna-citta, a-saMklipTacina, apane ko rakhatA hU~, yaha usako dvitIya AzvAsa prApta rahatA hai| (3) yadi kAma karate pApa kiyA jAye, to bhI meM kisI kA burA nahIM cAhatA, binA kiye phira pApa-karma mujhe kyoM duHkha phuNcaayegaa| yaha ume tIsarA AzvAsa prApta rahatA hai| (4) yAda karate hue pApa na kiyA jAya, to isa samaya maiM donoM se hI mukta apane ko dekhatA hai| yaha ume cauthA AzvAsa prApta huA rahatA hai|" yaha upadeza na kevala baddha ke naitika AdarzavAda aura vicAra-svAtantra kA balki bhagavAn kI upadeza-praNAlI kA bhI acchA sUcaka hai| aMgattara-nikAya kI eka bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki vahA~ bhikSu-dharma (bhikkha-vinaya) ke sAtha-sAtha gRhastha-dharma (gihi-vinaya) kA bhI upadeza diyA gayA hai| catukka-nipAta ke veraMjaka-brAhmaNa-sutta meM bhagavAn mathaga aura veraMjA ke bIca ke rAste meM gRhasthoM ko vijJApita karate hue dikhAI dete hai, "gRhapatiyo ! cAra prakAra ke maMvAsa hote hai| kauna se cAra ? (1) gava zava ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai (2) gava devI ke sAtha maMvAma karatA hai (3) deva zava ke mAtha saMvAma karatA hai (4)

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( 188 ) 1 I deva devI ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai / kaise gRhapaniyo ! zava zava ke sAtha saMvAma karatA hai ? yahA~ gRhapatiyo ! pati hiMsaka cora, durAcArI, jhUThA, nagAbAja, duHzIla, pApa-dharmA, kaMjUsI kI gandagI se lipta cittavAlA, zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko durvacana kahane vAlA ho, isa prakAra gRha meM vAsa karatA ho aura usakI bhAryA bhI umI ke samAna himaka, cora, durAcAriNI.. zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko durvacana kahane vAlI ho| usa samaya gRhapatiyo ! gava gava ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA kaise gRpatiyo ! gava devI ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hU~ ? gRhapatiyo ! pati hiMsaka, cora, durAcArI... zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko durvacana kahane vAlA ho, kintu usakI bhAva a-hiMsA-rana corI rahita, sadAcAriNI, saccI, nazA - virata, suzIlA, kalyANa-dharma-yukta, mala-mAtmarya- rahita, zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko durvacana na kahane vAlI ho. to gRhapatiyo ! zava devI ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai| kaise gRhapatiyo ! deva Ava ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai ? gRhapatiyo / pati ho ahiMsArata, corI-rahita, sadAcArI usakI bhAryA ho himA-rata cora, dugacAriNo ....patiyo deva zava ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai / kaise gRhapatiyo ! deva devI ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai ? gRhapatiyo ! pati ahiMsArata, corI-rahita, sadAcArI..... 1. usakI bhAryA bhI ahiMsA-rata, corI-rahita, sadAcAriNI. gRhapatiyo ! deva devI ke sAtha saMvAsa karatA hai / " isI prakAra ekAdasa - nipAna ke mahAnAma-sutta meM hama bhagavAn ko mahAnAma zAkya ke prati jo gRhastha thA, buddha, dharma, saMgha Adi kI anusmRti karane kA upadeza dete hue dekhate haiM "mahAnAma !" tuma calane bhI bhAvanA karo, khar3e bhI, leTe bhI, karmAntika ( khetI Adi) kA adhiSThAna (prabaMdha) karate bhI, putroM se ghirI zayyA para bhI / " buddha ne gRhastha, bhikSu, saba ke liye apramAda yA satata puruSArtha para kitanA adhika jora diyA. yaha hamane dIgha, majjhima aura saMyutta nikAyoM ke vivaraNa meM dekhA hai / aMguttaranikAya ke chakkaka nipAta ke padhAnIyasuta meM bhI hama bhagavAna ko bhikSuoM ke prati yahI upadeza karate dekhate haiN| zrAvastI maiM anAthapiMDika ke jetavana- Agama meM kucha naye praviSTa bhikSu sUryodaya taka kharrATe le mo rahe haiM / bhagavAn bhikSuoM ko vijJApita karate haiM, "bhikSuo ! sUryodaya taka kharrATe mAra kara sote ho| to kyA mAnate ho bhikSuo ! kyA tumane dekhA yA sunA hai sUtrabhakti (abhiSeka prApta) kSatriya rAjA ko icchAnusAra gayana-sukha. sarzanala, Alasya-sava ke sAtha vihAra karate aura jIvana paryanta rAjya karate yA

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( 181 ) deza kA bhalA hote?" "nahIM bhante !" "sAdha bhikSao ! mana bhI nahIM dekhaa| no kyA mAnate ho bhikSuo ! kyA tumane dekhA hai yA manA hai, gayana-sakha, sparza-sakha. Alasya-sugva se yakta, indriyoM ke dvAroM ko surakSita na rakhane vAle bhojana kI mAtrA ko na jAnane vAle, jAgaraNa meM a-natpara, kuzala dharmoM kI vipazyanA (mAkSAkAra) na karane vAle, gata ke pahale aura pichale pahara meM jagakara bodhi-pakSIya dharmoM kI bhAvanA na karane vAle, kisI bhI zramaNa yA brAhmaNa ko citta-maloM ke kSaya se prApta nirmala cina kI vimukti yA prajJA-vimukti ko isI janma meM svayaM sAkSAtkAra kara, svayaM jAna kara, svayaM prApta kara viharate ?" "nahIM bhante !" "sAdhu bhikSuo ! maine bhI nahIM dekhaa| to bhikSuo! tumheM aisA sIkhanA cAhiye----indriya-dvAra ko sarakSita rktuuNgaa| bhojana kI mAtrA ko jAnane vAlA houuNgaa| jAgane vAlA, kuzala karmoM kI vipazyanA karane vAlA, rAta ke pahale aura pichale paharo meM vodhipakSIya dharmoM kI bhAvanA karane vAlA, isa prakAra meM sAdhanA meM lagna raha kara vihaaNgaa| bhikSao ! tumhe aimA sIkhanA caahiye|" aMgattara-nikAya ke aThaka-nipAta ke pajAvatI-pabajjA-satta meM mahAprajApatI gotamI kI pravrajyA kA vilakula unhI zabdoM meM varNana hai, jaisA vinayapiTaka ke cullavagga meN| kapilavastu ke nyagrodhArAma meM bhagavAn ke vihAra karate samaya mahAprajApatI gotamI bhagavAn ke pAsa Akara unase prArthanA karatI hai, "bhante ! acchA ho, yadi mAtagrAma (mAta-samaha-~-striyAM) bhI tathAgata-pravedita dharma-vinaya meM pravrajyA pAveM / " bhagavAn ne uttara diyA, "gotamI ! mata tujhe yaha ruce ki striyAM tathAgata-pravedita dharma-vinaya meM pravajyA pAveM / " mahAprajApatI du:khI, durmanA, adhamukhI hokara calI gii| bAda meM vaha vaizAlI meM bhagavAna ke pAsa phuNcii| vahA~ Ananda ne strI-jAti kI ora bolate hue bhagavAn se nivedana kiyA, "bhante ! mahAprajApatI gotamI phule pairoM, dhUla bhare zarIra me. duHkhI, durmanA, athamavI rotI huI dvAra-koSThaka ke bAhara khar3I hai / bhante ! striyoM ko pravrajyA kI AjJA mile|" "Ananda ! mata tujhe yaha ruce|" Ananda ne tathAgata-pravedita dharma kI mUla AtmA ko lekara hI kahA, "bhante ! kyA tathAgata-pravedita dharma meM ghara se ve ghara pratrajita ho, striyA~ srota-Apatti-phala, makRdAgAmi-phala. anAgAmi-phala, arhattva-phala ko sAkSAta kara sakatI hai ?" bhagavAn ko kahate dera na lagI, "sAkSAt kara sakatI hai, Ananda ! ' bama prajApatI gotamI aura Ananda kI icchA ko pUrI hote dera na lgii| bhagavAna ne ATa gara-dhammoM

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( 190 ) (jinake kAraNa hI isa prasaMga ko yahA~ aMguttara-nikAya ke isa nipAta meM sthAna milA hai) ke pAlana karane kI zarta lekara mahAprajApatI ko pravrajyA grahaNa karane kI AjJA de dii| usI samaya se anya bhI striyA~ bhikSuNiyA~ huI aura bAda meM eka alaga bhikSuNI-saMgha hI bana gyaa| kintu striyoM ko pravrajyA kI anumati dete samaya bhagavAn ne cetAvanI bhI dI, jise baddha-dharma ke bAda ke itihAsa ne sambhavataH saccA bhI pramANita kara diyA hai "Ananda ! yadi tathAgata-pravedita-dharma-vinaya meM striyA~ pravrajyA na pAtIM, to yaha brahmacarya cira-sthAyI hotA, saddharma sahasra varSa tthhrtaa| kintu cUMki Ananda ! striyA~ pravajita huI, ava saddharma cirasthAyI na hogA, saddharma aba pA~ca sau varSa hI tthhregaa|. . . . . .Ananda ! jaise AdamI pAnI kI roka-thAma ke liye, bar3e tAlAva ko rokane ke liye, meMr3a vA~dhe, usI prakAra Ananda / mane roka-thAma ke liye bhikSuNiyoM ko jIvana-bhara anullaMghanIya ATha garu-dharmoM meM pratiSThApita kiyaa|" isI prasaMga meM yahA~ yaha bhI kaha denA aprAsaGgika na hogA ki Ananda kisa prakAra strI-jAti ke samarthana meM apane yuga se vahata Age the, isakI bhI sUcanA hameM isa nikAya meM milatI hai| striyoM ko pravrajyA dilAne meM unhoMne mahAprajApatI gotamI kI kisa kuzalatA ke sAtha sahAyatA kI, yaha hama abhI dekha hI cuke hai| hama eka bAra unheM (catukka-nipAta meM) bhagavAn se yaha taka pUchate dekhate haiM, "bhante! kyA kAraNa hai ki striyA~ pariSadoM meM sthAna nahIM pAtIM, svatantra udyoga nahIM karatIM, svAvalambana kA jIvana nahIM vitAtIM ?" hama jAnate haiM ki Ananda ko apane ina saba vicAroM ke kAraNa hI prathama saMgIti meM kSamA-yAcanA karanI pdd'ii| manuSyatA ke nAte Aja Ananda isIliye hamAre liye adhika priya bana gaye haiM, usa samaya ke logoM ne cAhe jo socA ho| aMguttara-nikAya meM isa prakAra buddha ke ziSyoM ke svabhAva aura jIvana para prakAza DAlane vAlI prabhuta sAmagrI milatI hai| pravajyA grahaNa karane ke bAda prajApatI gotamI isI nikAya (aTThaka-nipAta) meM bhagavAn se pUchatI hai "bhante ! acchA ho yadi bhagavAn saMkSepa se mujhe dharma kA upadeza kareM, tAki mai use mana kara, pramAda-rahita ho, Atma-saMyama kara jIvana meM vicarUM / " bhagavAn kA uttara baddha-dharma ke udAra mantavya ko samajhane ke liye itanA mahatvapUrNa hai ki usako uddhRta karane kA lobha saMvaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| "gotamI ! jina bAtoM ko tu jAne ki ye bAteM sarAga ke liye hai, vigaga ke liye nahIM, saMyoga ke liye haiM viyoga ke liye nahIM, saMgraha ke liye haiM, asaMgraha ke liye nahIM, icchAoM ko baDhAne

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ke liye hai, ghaTAne ke liye nahIM, asantopa ke liye haiM, santoSa ke liye nahIM, bhIr3a ke liye haiM, ekAnta ke liye nahI, anadyogitA ke liye hai, udyogitA ke liye nahI, kaThinAI ke liye haiM, mugamatA ke liye nahIM, to tU gotamI ! solaho Ane jAnanA ki vaha na dharma hai, na vinaya hai, na zAstA kA zAsana hai| kintu gotamI ! jina bAtoM ko tU jAne ki ve virAga ke liye hai, sagaga ke liye nahIM . . . . . icchAoM ko ghaTAne ke liye haiM, bar3hAne ke liye nahIM . . . . . .sugamatA ke liye hai kaTinAI ke liye nahIM, to gotamI ! tU molaho Ane jAnanA vahI vinaya hai, vahI zAstA kA zAsana hai|" sattaka-nipAta meM bhagavAn buddha kA brahmacarya-sambandhI gambhIra upadeza hai jo apanI sUkSmatA aura mArmikatA meM advitIya hai| use yahA~ uddhRta karanA upayogI siddha hogaa| "brAhmaNa ! yahA~ koI eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hone kA dAvA karatA hai aura vaha strI ke sAtha pratyakSa sahavAma nahIM bhI karatA, kintu vaha strI ke dvArA (snAna-cUrNa Adi) ubaTana kiye jAne, male jAne, snAna karAye jAne aura mAliga kiye jAne ko svIkAra karatA hai / vaha usameM rasa letA hai, usakI icchA karatA hai, usameM pramannatA anubhava karatA hai| brAhmaNa ! yaha bhI brahmacarya kA TUTanA hai, chidrayukta honA hai, citakabarA honA hai, dhabbedAra honA hai| brAhmaNa! ima puruSa ke liye kahA jAyagA ki vaha maithuna (strI-sahavAsa) se yukta hokara hI malina brahmacarya kA sevana kara rahA hai| vaha manuSya janma se, jarA se, maraNa se nahIM chUTatA ...... nahIM chUTatA duHkha se bhI--maiM kahatA huuN| punaH brAhmaNa ! yahA~ eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hone kA dAvA karatA hai aura vaha strI ke sAtha pratyakSa sahavAsa nahIM bhI karatA aura na strI ke dvArA apane ubaTana Adi kiye jAne ko hI svIkAra karatA hai, kintu vaha strI ke sAtha ha~sI-majAka karatA hai, krIr3A karatA hai, khelatA hai, vaha usameM rasa letA hai . . . . . . duHkha se nahIM chUTatA--mai kahatA huuN| punaH brAhmaNa ! yahA~ eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hone kA dAvA karatA hai aura vaha strI ke sAtha pratyakSa sahavAsa nahI bhI karatA, usake dvArA ubaTana Adi kiye jAne ko bhI svIkAra nahI karatA, usake sAtha hamI majAka bhI nahIM karatA, kintu vaha strI ko A~kha gar3Akara dekhatA hai, najara bhara kara dekhatA hai, vaha usameM rasa letA hai . . . . . . duHkha se nahIM chUTatA

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maiM kahatA huuN| punaH brAhmaNa ! yahA~ eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hona kA dAvA karatA hai aura vaha na pratyakSa strI ke sAtha sahavAsa karatA, na usame ubaTana Adi lagavAnA, na usake sAtha hamI-majAka karatA, na use AMkha gar3Akara dekhanA, kintu vaha dIvAra yA cahAradIvArI kI oTa se chipakara strI ke zabdoM ko munatA hai, jaba ki vaha ha~sa rahI ho, yA bAta kara rahI ho, yA gA rahI ho, yA ro rahI ho, vaha umameM rama letA hai . . . . . . duHkha se nahIM chUTatA-maiM kahatA huuN| punaH brAhmaNa ! yahA~ eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hone kA dAvA karatA hai aura vaha na strI ke sAtha pratyakSa mahavAma karatA, na strI me ubaTana lagavAtA, na usake sAtha haMsI-majAka karatA, na usako najara bhara kara dekhatA hai jaba ki vaha gA rahI ho yA ro rahI ho. kintu vaha apane una hamI-majAkoM, sambhASaNoM aura krIr3AoM ko smaraNa karatA hai jo usane pahale strI ke sAtha kI thIM, vaha unameM gma letA hai . . . . . . duHkha me nahIM chUTatA-maiM kahatA huuN| punaH brAhmaNa ! yahA~ eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hone kA dAvA karatA hai aura vaha na strI ke sAtha pratyakSa sahavAma karatA, na strI se ubaTana lagavAtA, na usake sAtha hamI-majAka karatA, na umako AMgkha gar3A kara dekhatA, na usake sAtha kiye hue apane pugane haMsI-majAkoM, sambhASaNoM aura krIr3AoM Adi ko hI smaraNa karatA hai, kintu vaha kisI gRhastha yA gRhastha-putra ko pUrI taraha pA~ca prakAra ke (zabda, sparza, rUpa, rama, gandha sambandhI) viSayoM meM samarpita, saMyakta ho, vilAsa karate dekhatA hai, vaha umameM gma letA hai . . . . . .duHkha me nahIM chUTatA--mai kahatA hai| punaH brAhmaNa ! yahA~ eka zramaNa yA brAhmaNa samyak brahmacArI hone kA dAvA karatA hai aura na vaha na strI ke mAtha pratyakSa mahavAma karatA, na strI se ubaTana lagavAtA, na usake sAtha haMsI-majAka karatA. na usako A~kha gar3Akara dekhatA, na usake sAtha kiye hue apane pugane haMsI-majAkoM ko smaraNa karatA, na kisI gRhastha yA gRhastha-putra ko kAmAsakta hokara mukha-vihAra karate deva kara prasanna hotA, kintu vaha kisI deva-yoni meM janma lene kI abhilApA se brahmacarya kA AcaraNa karatA hai aura mocatA hai ki isa prakAra ke zIla, tapa, vrata yA brahmacarya me meM deva ho jAUMgA yA devoMmeM koI, vaha imameM gma letA hai, isakI icchA karatA hai, isameM pramannatA anabhava karatA hai / brAhmaNa ! yaha bhI brahmacarya kA vaMDita

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( 193 ) ho jAnA hai, TUTa jAnA hai, chidra-yukta ho jAnA hai, citakabarA ho jAnA hai, dhabbedAra ho jAnA hai| isIliye kahA jAtA hai ki isa prakAra ke brahmacarya kA AcaraNa karane vAlA puruSa malina maithuna ke saMyoga se yakta brahmacarya kA hI AcaraNa karatA hai aura vaha janma me, jarA se, maraNa se nahIM chUTanA, nahIM chUTatA duHkha se-ma kahatA hai|" sAdhanA ke itihAsa meM isame gambhIra pravacana brahmacarya para nahIM diyA gyaa| tathAgata-pravedita dharma-vinaya ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhane ke liye kitanI mahattvapUrNa aura prAmANika sAmagrI hameM aMguttara-nikAya meM milatI hai, isakA kucha digdarzana kiyA jA cukA hai| tatkAlIna itihAsa kI jhalaka bhI usameM kitanI milatI hai, yaha aba hameM dekhanA hai| siMha senApati (licchavi saradAra ) vuddha-yaga kA eka AkarSaka vyakti hai / ' aTThaka-nipAta meM hama siMha senApati ko bhagavAn se bheMTa karate hue dekhate hai / siMha pahale nigaNThoM (nirgranthoM-jaina sAdhuoM) kA ziSya rahA hai vaha apanI kucha ApattiyoM ko lekara bhagavAn buddha ke pAsa AtA hai / vaha unheM pUchatA hai ki ve kahA~ taka akriyAvAdI, ucchedavAdI hai yA nhiiN| bhagavAn eka-eka kara usako batalA dete haiM ki kina-kina arthoM meM unako aisA (akriyAvAdI,ucchedavAdI Adi) kahA bhI jA sakatA hai / siMha senApati saMtuSTa hokara upAmaka bananA cAhatA hai| bhagavAn use kahate hai "siMha! soca-samajha kara kro| tumhAre jaise sambhrAnta manapyoM kA soca-samajha kara nizcaya karanA hI acchA hai|" siMha menApati jaba apanI dRr3ha zradvA dikhAtA hai to bhagavAn use upAsaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lete hai, kintu cUMki vaha pahale nirgranthoM kA ziSya rahA hai aura ve usase dAna pAte rahe haiM, isaliye udAra zAmtA siMha ko yaha bhI Adeza denA nahIM bhUlate, "siMha ! tumhArA kula dIrgha-kAla me nigaMThoM ke liye pyAU kI taraha rahA hai| unake Ane para unheM pahale kI hI taraha tumhAre ghara se dAna milatA rahanA caahiye|" buddha ke viruddha kisa prakAra mithyA pracAra kiyA jAtA thA isakA vivaraNa hama imo nikAya ke veraMjaka-mutna meM pAte hai / veraMjaka nAmaka brAhmaNa bhagavAn ke pAma jAkara kahatA hai, "he gotama ! maine sanA hai ki Apa gotama a-rasa 1. dekhiye mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA siMha senApati' zIrSaka upanyAsa /

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( 194 ) rUpa hai .....Apa gotama nirbhoga .....Apa gotama akriyAvAdI hai .....Apa gotama ucchedavAdI hai.....Apa gotama jugupmu (ghRNA karane vAle) hai........Apa gotama vainayika (haTAne vAle) hai......Apa gotama tapasvI hai...Apa gotama apagarbha hai / bhagavAn use batAte hai ki unheM kisa-kisa artha meM aisA kahA bhI jA sakatA hai|" udAharaNataH "brAhmaNa ! mai kAyA ke durAcAra, vANI ke durAcAra, manake durAcAra ko akriyA kahatA hU~ / aneka prakAra ke pApa karmoM ko maiM a-kriyA kahatA huuN| yahI kAraNa hai brAhmaNa ! jisame 'zramaNa gotama akriyAvAdI hai'| aimA kahA jA sakatA hai .........brAhmaNa ! maiM rAga, dvepa, moha ke uccheda kA upadeza karatA huuN| aneka prakAra ke pApa-karmoM kA uccheda kahatA huuN| 'zramaNa gotama ucchedavAdI hai' aimA kahA jA sakatA hai| ...... brAhmaNa ! jisakA bhaviSya kA garbha-zayana, AvAgamana naSTa ho gayA, jar3amUla se calA gayA, usako maiM apagarbha karatA huuN| brAhmaNa ! tathAgata kA garbhazayana, AvAgamana, naSTa ho gayA. jar3a-mUla se calA gyaa| 'zramaNa gotama apagarbha hai', aisA kahA jA sakatA hai," Adi, Adi / yahIM bhagavAn apanI jIvanI kA bhI kucha varNana karane lagate hai, "brAhmaNa ! isa avidyA meM par3I, avidyA rUpI aMDe se jakar3I prajA meM, maiM akelA hI avidyA rUpI aMDa ko phor3a kara, anuttara samyak sambodhi ko jAnane vAlA huuN| maiM hI brAhmaNa ! loka meM jyeSTha hU~, agra hai| maine na davane vAlA vIryArambha kiyA thA, vismaraNa-rahita smati mere sammakha thI, acala aura zAnta merA zarIra thA, ekAgra samAhita citta thaa| ...... brAhmaNa ! uma prakAra pramAda-rahita, tatpara, Atma-saMyama-yukta hokara viharate hue, mujhe rAta ke pahale yAma meM, pahalI vidyA prApta huI, avidyA naSTa huI, vidyA utpanna huI, tama naSTa huA, Aloka utpanna huaa| brAhmaNa ! aMDe se| margI ke bacce kI taraha yaha pahalI phaTa huii| phira brAhmaNa ! rAta ke bIca ke yAma meM dvitIya vidyA utpanna huI. . . . . .gata ke pichale yAma meM tRtIya vidyA utpanna haI / avidyA naSTa huI, vidyA utpanna huii| tama gayA, Aloka utpanna huaa| brAhmaNa ! aMDe me murgI ke bacce kI taraha yaha tIsarI phUTa huii|" kogala-gaja pramenajin buddha kA zraddhAvAn upAsaka thA, yaha hama maMyatta nikAya meM dekha cuke hai / majjhima-nikAya (vAhItika-mutta) meM hamane pragena

Page #214
( 195 ) jit aura Ananda kA saMvAda bhI dekhA he| aMgunara-nikAya ke kosala-matta meM hama ume buddha ke prati atIva zraddhA aura prema pradarzita karate hue dekhate haiN| zrAvastI meM bhagavAna ke darzanArtha vaha jAtA hai| jetavana-ArAma ke dvAra para hI vaha bhikSuoM se bhagavAn ke darzana-viSayaka apanI icchA ko prakaTa karatA hai| "mahArAja ! yaha dvAra-vanda koTharI hai, cupake se dhIre dhIre vahA~ jAkara barAmade meM praveza kara, khA~sa kara jaMjIra ko khaTakhaTA denaa| bhagavAn tumhAre liye dvAra khola deNge|' bhagavAn ne dvAra khola diyaa| "vihAra meM praviSTa ho pramenajit bhagavAn ke pairoM meM girakara, bhagavAn ke pairoM ko mukha se cUmatA thA, hAtha se pairoM ko davAtA thA aura apanA nAma sunAtA thA 'bhante ! maiM rAjA prasenajit kosala huuN|" "mahArAja! tuma kisa bAta ko dekhakara isa zarIra meM itanI maitrI kA upahAra dikhAte ho?" "bhante ! kRtajJatA, kRtaveditA ko dekhate hue maiM bhagavAn kI isa prakAra kI parama sevA karatA hU~, maitrI upahAra dikhAtA huuN| bhante ! bhagavAn bahuta janoM ke hita, bahuta janoM ke sakha ke liye haiN"| aMguttara-nikAya meM hama dekhate haiM ki magadharAja ajAtazatru vajjiyoM ke gaNa-tantra ke viruddha abhiyAna karanA cAhatA hai| bhagavAn jisa samaya rAjagRha meM gRdhrakUTa-parvata (gijjhakUTa pabbata) para vihara rahe the, usane apane mantrI varSakAra (vassakAra) nAmaka brAhmaNa ko uname isa sambandha meM pUchane ke liye bhejA thA / solaha mahAjana-padoM kA isa nikAya meM vizeSa varNana hai / ' ina solaha mahAjana padoM ke nAma hai aMga, magadha, kAzI, kozala, vajji, malla, ceti, vaMsa, kuru, paMcAla (pAMcAla), maccha (matsya), sUrasena (zUrasena), assaka (azvaka-azmaka), avantI, gandhAra aura kamboja / ye sabhI nAma una pradezoM ke nivAsiyoM (janoM) ke sUcaka hai| gaNatantra-praNAlI kI yaha mukhya vizeSatA thii| bhaugolika dRSTi se bhI isa nikAya ke aneka varNana bar3e mahattva ke hai| udAharaNata: yahA~ gaMgA, yamunA, aciravatI, sarabhU (sarayU) aura mahI ina pA~ca bar3I nadiyoM kA varNana hai| isI prakAra bhaMDagAma (vajji-pradeza) icchAmaMgala (kogala) Adi grAmoM, kemaputta (kAlAma nAmaka kSatriyoM kA kasbA) 1. aMguttara-nikAya, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 213, jilda cauthI, pRSTha 252, 256, 260, Adi (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa)

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( 196 ) kusInArA ( malla - pradeza meM), nalakapAna ( kozala ), kammAsadamma ( kuru- pradeza ) Adi kasboM aura zrAvastI, kauzAmbI, pATaliputra Adi aneka nagaroM ke varNana haiM jo buddha-kAlIna bhArata ke vAtAvaraNa ko Aja bhI hamAre liye sajIva banAte hai / u - khuddaka nikAya khuddaka nikAya ke svarUpa kI anizcitatA / - khuddaka nikAya sutta-piTaka kA pA~cavA~ mukhya bhAga hai / pahale cAra nikAyoM kI sI ekarUpatA yahA~ nahIM miltii| khuddaka nikAya choTe-choTe ( khuddaka ) svatantra granthoM kA saMgraha ( nikAya) hai / sabhI grantha choTe bhI nahIM haiM / kucha to ( jaise jAtaka Adi ) kAphI bar3e bhI hai / bhASA-zailI meM bhI samAnatA nahIM hai / kucha vizuddha padyAtmaka aura kucha gadya-padya mizrita racanAe~ haiM / kAvya, AkhyAna, gIta, yahI khuddaka nikAya ke viSaya haiM / nizcayataH khuddaka nikAya ke viSaya aura zailI kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA usakI vividharUpatA hI hai / jaisA aMzata: dUsare adhyAya meM dikhAyA jA cukA hai, vargIkaraNa ke bheda se khuddaka nikAya kI grantha-saMkhyA meM bhI paryApta bheda pAyA jAtA hai / suttapiTaka ke aGga ke rUpa meM sAmAnyataH khuddaka-nikAya suttapiTaka kA eka aGga hai / isa rUpa meM khuddaka nikAya meM pandraha grantha sammilita haiM, jinakI gaNanA nIce likhe krama se AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kI hai - -- 1 khuddaka pATha 2 dhammapada 3 udAna 4 itivRtaka 5 suna - nipAta 6 vimAnavatthu '7 petavatthu 8 theragAthA 1 therI gAthA 10 jAtaka 1. sumaMgala vilAsinI, bhAga prathama, pRSTha 17 ( pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa )

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( 197 ) 11 niddesa 14 buddhavaMsa 12 paTisambhidAmagga 15 cariyApiTaka 13 apadAna niddesa ke do bhAga calaniddema aura mahAniddesa hai| unako do svataMtra grantha mAna kara ginane me uparyukta grantha-saMkhyA 16 ho jAtI hai| kintu sthaviravAdI vauddha paramparA 15 hI grantha mAnatI hai| "paNNarasabhedo khuddk-nikaayo"| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne hameM sUcanA dI hai ki prathama saMgIti ke avasara para majjhimanikAya kA maMgAyana karane vAle (majjhima-bhANaka) bhikSu uparyukta 15 granthoM ko satta-piTaka ke antargata khuddaka-nikAya meM mammilina mAnate the|' khuddaka-nikAya abhidhamma-piTaka ke antargata bhI kintu eka dUsarI paramparA usI samaya se khuddaka-nikAya ko sutta-piTaka ke antargata mAnane ke vipakSa meM thii| yaha dIgha-nikAya kA saMgAyana karane vAle (dIgha-bhANaka) bhikSuoM kI paramparA thii| ye bhikSu khuddaka-nikAya ko suttapiTaka ke antargata na mAna kara use abhidhamma-piTaka ke antargata mAnate the| grantha-saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhI matabheda thaa| inheM khuddaka-nikAya ke sirpha nimnalikhita 11 grantha, jinheM ve khuddaka-grantha kahate the mAnya the| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne ina granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra dI hai 2--- 1 jAtaka 7 itivRttaka 2 niddesa 8 vimAnavatthu 3 paTisambhidA magga 9 petavatthu 4 satta-nipAta 10 theragAthA .. 5 dhammapada 11 therIgAthA 6 udAna 1. majhimabhANakA pana . . . . . sabapi taM khuddaka-gandhaM sutantapiTake pariyA paNaM ti vadanti / sumaMgalavilAsinI kI nidAnakathA / 2. tato paraM jAtaka. . . . . thera-therI gAthAti imaM tantiM saMgAyinvA 'khuddaka

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( 198 ) uparyukta sUcI se spaSTa hai ki cariyApiTaka, apadAna, buddhavaMsa aura khuddakapATha, ye cAra grantha khuddaka-nikAya ke granthoM ke rUpa meM dIgha-bhANaka bhikSuoM ko mAnya nahIM the| vAstava meM khudaka-nikAya ko mutta-piTaka ke antargata na mAnanA dIgha-bhANaka bhikSuoM kA itanA sAhamika kRtya nahIM thA jitanA vaha hameM Aja lagatA hai| prathama saMgIti ke avasara para hI hama Arya mahAkAzyapa ko Ananda se pUchate hue dekhate haiM "sutta-piTaka meM cAra maMgItiyA~ (saMgraha) haiN| inameM se pahale kisakA saMgAyana karanA hogA ?"1 isase spaSTa hai ki pahale sutta-piTaka ko cAra bhAgoM meM hI vibhAjita kagne kI praNAlI thii| bAda meM svatantra granthoM kA eka alaga saMgraha kara diyA gayA, jisakI na to grantha-saMkhyA kA hI ThIka nizcaya ho sakA aura na jise nizcayapUrvaka mutta-piTaka yA abhidhamma-piTaka meM hI rakkhA jA skaa| khaTTaka-nikAya ke anizcita svarUpa kA yahI kAraNa hai| abhidhamma-piTaka khuddaka-nikAya ke antargata bhI kintu isa anizcitatA kA yahIM anta nahIM hai| samagra buddha-vacanoM kA jaba pA~ca nikAyoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, to vahA~ bhI khuddaka-nikAya pA~cavA~ bhAga hai| kintu vahA~ imakA viSaya-kSetra bahuta vistRta hai| dIgha, majjhima, saMyutta aura aMganara nikAyoM ko chor3akara bAkI sabhI buddha-vacana jinameM pUre vinaya aura abhidhamma piTaka bhI sammilita haiM, vahA~ khuddaka-nikAya ke hI antargata samajhe jAte haiN| khuddaka-nikAya ke isa vistRta viSaya-kSetra ke sambandha meM 'sumaMgalavilAsinI' kI nidAna-kathA meM kahA gayA hai "kyA hai khuddaka-nikAya ? sampUrNa vinaya-piTaka, sampUrNa abhidhamma-piTaka, khuddaka-pATha Adi 15 grantha , sArAMza yaha ki cAra nikAyoM ko chor3akara bAkI sabhI buddha-vacana khuddaka-nikAya haiN|"3 gantho' nAma ayaM ti ca vatvA abhidhammapiTakasmiM yeva saMgahaM AroyisUti doghabhANakA vadanti / asAlinI kI nidaan-kthaa| 1. suttanta-piTake catasso saMgItiyo, tAsu paThamaM kataraM saMgItinti / aTThasAlinI kI nidaan-kthaa| 2. katamo khuTuka-nikAyo ? sakalaM vinaya-piTakaM abhidhamma-piTakaM khudaka- .

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nikAya kI dRSTi se yahA~ abhidhamma-piTaka ko khaddaka-nikAya meM hI sammilita kara diyA gayA hai, kevala piTaka ke rUpa meM usakI svatantra sattA avazya svIkAra kI gaI hai| isakA abhiprAya uparyukta vargIkaraNoM ko dhyAnapUrvaka dekhane se vidita hogA ki unameM khudaka-nikAya aura abhidhamma-piTaka ko eka dUsare meM milA diyA gayA hai| isakA abhiprAya kyA hai ? aitihAsika dapTi me yaha tathya bar3e mahatva kA hai| 'abhidhamma' dhamma kA, satta-piTaka kA, pariziSTa hai / 'abhidhamma' meM 'abhi' zabda yahI rahasya liya vaiThA hai, yaha hama Age dekheNge| prathama cAra nikAyoM ke atirikta jo kucha bhI baddha-vacana hai, ve ima vistata artha meM sabhI abhidhamma hai, 'atirikata' dhamma hai| khuddaka-nikAya ke grantha isI prakAra ke atirikta dhamma hai / ataH unheM 'abhidhamma' ke mAtha uparyukta artha meM milA diyA gayA hai| isa tathya se khuddaka-nikAya ke granthoM ke saMkalana-kAla para bhI paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| siMhala, baramA aura syAma meM khudaka-nikAya kI grantha-saMsthA ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata siMhaladezIya paramparA khuddaka-nikAya ke antargata 15 granthoM ko (jo niddesa ko do grantha mAna kara 16 ho jAte hai) mAnatI hai| baramA meM inake atirikta cAra anya grantha bhI khuddaka-nikAya meM sammilita mAne jAte haiN| inake nAma haiM, milinda-paJha, sutna-saMgaha, peTakopadesa aura netti yA netti-pakaraNa / siMhalI paramparA inheM khuddaka-nikAya ke antargata svIkAra nahIM krtii| 1894 I0 meM pAThAdayo ca pubbe nidassitapaMcadasabhedA, ThApetvA cattAro nikAye avasesaM buddha-vacanaM ti / sumaMgalavilAsinI, bhAga prathama, pRSTha 23 (pAli-Tai0 so0); milAiye aTThasAlinI, pRSTha 28 (pAli0 Tai0 so0); gandhavaMsa, pRSTha 57 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI, 1886) 1. ayaM abhidhammo piTakato abhidhammapiTakaM, nikAyato khuddaka-nikAyo / ___ aTThasAlinI kI nidaan-kthaa| 2. mebila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 4

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( 200 ) prakAzita tripiTaka ke syAmI saMskaraNa meM ye ATha grantha anupalabdha haiM--vimAnavattha, petavatthu, theragAthA, therIgAthA, jAtaka, apadAna, vRddhavaMsa aura cariyApiTaka / viMTaranitja ne kahA hai ki yaha vAta Akasmika nahIM ho sktii| isase unakA tAtparya yaha hai ki syAma meM ye grantha buddha-vacana ke rUpa meM prAmANika nahIM mAne jaate| kama se kama unakA alpa mahatva to nizcita hai hii| khuddaka nikAya ke granthoM kA kAla-krama Upara ke vivecana se spaSTa hai ki khuddaka-nikAya pahale cAra nikAyoM ke bAda kA saMkalana hai| vuddha-vacana ke rUpa meM usakA mahattva bhI unake bAda hI mAnanA caahiye| cInI AgamoM meM to use eka prakAra svatantra nikAya kA sthAna hI nahIM milaa| kevala kucha sphuTa granthoM ke pAye jAne ke kAraNa hI vahA~ 'kSudrakAgama' ke astitva kA anumAna kara liyA gayA hai 2 / ye grantha bhI vahA~ kabhI kabhI anya nikAyoM meM hI sammilita kara diye jAte hai / ataH sthaviravAdI aura sarvAstivAdI donoM hI paramparAoM meM prathama cAra nikAyoM kI pradhAnatA, pAli. tripiTaka meM usake svarUpa kI bahuta-kucha anizcitatA, sarvAstivAdI tripiTaka meM usake svatantra rUpa kI a-prApti athavA AMzika prApti, evaM saba se bar3ha kara sthaviravAdI paramparA meM bhI usake kucha granthoM ko vuddha-vacana ke rUpa meM prAmANika na mAnane kI ora pravRtti, ye saba tathya isI bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki khuddaka-nikAya prathama cAra nikAyoM ke bAda kA saMkalana hai| vicAroM ke vikAsa kI dapTi se bhI isI niSkarSa para AnA par3atA hai| prathama cAra nikAyoM meM vivekavAda kI pradhAnatA hai| khuddaka-nikAya meM kAvyAtmaka tattva kA AdhAra lekara bhAvukatA bhI kAphI pradhAnatA liye hue hai| sthaviravAdI paramparA buddha-vacanoM kI gambhI 1. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 77 pada-saMketa 3 2. dekhiye pahale isI adhyAya meM 'pAlitripiTaka kahA~ taka mUla, prAmANika buddha vacana hai' ? isakA vivecana / 3. dekhiye TrAMjaikzansa oNva di eziyATika sosAyaTI oNva jApAna, jilda 35, bhAga 3, pRSTha 9 meM pro0 ema0 anesAki kA lekha, viTaraniraja, : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 77, pada-saMketa 2 meM uddhRta /

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( 201 ) ratA ko kAvyocita bhAvanAoM aura kalpanAoM meM kho denA pasanda nahIM karatI thii| vinaya-piTaka ke cullavagga meM buddha upadezoM ko gItoM kI taraha gAnA spaSTa rUpa se niSiddha kiyA gayA hai aura use aparAdha batalAyA gayA hai / gambhIra anAtmadarzana para pratiSThita buddha vacanoM ko bhAvAtmaka kavitAoM meM gAnA sthaviravAdI paramparA saMgha ke liye eka Ane vAlI vipatti samajhatI thI / " khuddaka nikAya ke granthoM meM isI vipatti ke darzana hue haiM, viTaranitz2a kA yaha samajhanA ? yadyapi ThIka nahIM mAnA jA sakanA, kintu yaha usake apekSAkRta uttarakAlIna hone kA sUcaka to hai hI / khuddaka nikAya kA adhikAMza svarUpa kAvyAtmaka hote hue bhI usakI mUla bhAvanA sarvAMza meM bauddha hai| balki usakI gAthAoM meM aneka to piTaka saMkalana ke prAcInatama yuga kI sUcaka bhI haiN| unake sarvAMza meM buddha vacana hone kA dAvA to svayaM khuddaka nikAya meM bhI nahIM kiyA gayA, kyoMki thera-therI gAthAoM jaisI racanAoM ko vahA~ spaSTata. bhikSu bhikSujiyoM kI kRtiyA~ kahA gayA hai / vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki tatkAlIna lokasAhitya aura bhAvanAoM kA prabhAva khuddaka nikAya ke kucha granthoM (vizeSataH vimAnavatthu, petavatthu, jAtaka, cariyApiTaka Adi) meM adhika parilakSita hotA hai, jo unakI ApekSika arvAcInatA kA sUcaka avazya hai, kintu sAhitya aura itihAsa vidyArthI ke liye isI dRSTi se usakA mahatva bhI bar3ha gayA hai| pAli ke sarvotama kAvya-udgAra khuddaka nikAya ke granthoM meM hI sannihita haiM aura unakA praNayana mAnavIya tattvoM ke AdhAra para nizcaya hI cAra nikAyoM ke bAda huA hai, yadyapi unameM se aneka atyanta prAcIna yuga ke bhI hai, yaha bhI utanA hI sunizcita tathya hai / isakA eka spaSTatama pramANa to yahI hai ki 'paMcanekAyika' bhikSuoM kI paramparA vinaya-piTaka -- cullavagga se Arambha hokara, bhArahuta aura sA~cI ke stUpoM (tRtIya zatAbdI yA kama se kama 250 varSa IsavI pUrva ) meM 1. dekhiye opamma- saMyutta (saMyutta nikAya) evaM aMguttara nikAya ke anAgatabhaya-sUtra 2. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI pRSTha 77

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( 202 ) aMkita hotI huI', avicchinna mpa me milindapaha'2 (prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0) taka dRSTigocara hotI hai| 'paMcama' nikAya ke astitva ke binA yaha asambhava hai| ata: yaha nizcita hai ki prathama maMgIti ke mamaya me hI, jaba ki dIgha-bhANaka aura majjhima-bhAgaka bhikSuoM meM khaTTaka-nikAya ke viSaya meM matabheda prArambha huA, badaka-nikAya kA maMkalana hone lagA thA, kintu prathama cAra nikAyoM meM isakA antara kevala itanA thA ki jaba ki unakA mvampa umI mamaya sthira ho gayA thA, badaka-nikAya meM tRtIya maMgIti taka parivarddhana hote gaye / ataH prathama aura tatIya maMgItiyA~ usake praNayana yA maMkalana kAla kI kramazaH upaglI aura nicalI kAla-mImAeM hai / isa mAmAnya kathana ke bAda aba hameM baddaka-nikAya ke 15 granthoM kI pUrvAparatA para vicAra karanA hai| vAhya mAkSya ke AdhAra para hama kina granthoM ko kama yA adhika prAmANika mAna sakate haiM. imakA digdarzana karane ke liye hameM una paramparAoM ko dekhanA hai. jo khudaka-nikAya kI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM pAlimAhitya ke itihAsa meM cala par3I haiN| inheM isa prakAra dikhAyA jA sakatA hai-- (1) prathama saMgIti ke avasara para dIva-bhANaka bhikSuoM ne jina granthoM ko prAmANika nahIM mAnA--(1) buddhavaMsa (2) cariyApiTaka (3) apadAna / (2) dvitIya saMgIti ke avasara para mahAsaMgItika bhikSuoM ne jina granthoM ko prAmANika nahIM mAnA--(1) paTimambhidAmagga (2) niddema (3) jAtaka ke kucha aMga (3) syAmI paramparA jinheM buddha-vacana ke rUpa meM prAmANika nahIM samajhatI(1) vimAnavatthu (2) petavatthu (3) theragAthA (4) therIgAthA (5) jAtaka (6) apadAna (7) buddhavaMsa (8) criyaapittk| jina granthoM ko dIgha-bhANaka bhikSuoM ne prAmANika svIkAra nahIM kiyA ve sabhI syAmI paramparA dvArA bahiSkRta graMthoM kI sUcI meM bhI sammilita haiN| mahAsaMgItika bhikSuoM ne jAtaka ke kucha aMzoM ko bhI prAmANika nahIM samajhA aura 1. dekhiye rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 169 2. pRSTha 23 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kAmAkaraNa)

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( 203 ) syAmI parampaga bhI isameM usake samAna hI hai / paTimambhidAmagga aura niddema ko mahAsaMgItika bhikSuoM ne avazya prAmANika svIkAra nahI kiyA java ki syAmI paramparA meM unheM prAmANika mAna liyA gayA hai| yadi hama sampUrNa uparyukta bahipkRta granthoM ko milAkara gineM to apramANika granthoM kI yaha sUcI isa prakAra hogI (1) vimAnavatthu (2) penavattha (3) theggAthA (8) therIgAthA (5) jAtaka (6) apadAna (7) buddhavaMsa (8) cagyiApiTaka (0.) paTimambhidAmagaMga aura (10) niddema / khuddaka-nikAya ke 15 granthoM meM me inheM nikAla deM to vAkI ye baca rahate hai (1) khudaka-pATa (2) dhammapada (3) mutta-nipAta (4) udAna aura (5) itivRttaka / ata: vAhya mAzya ke AdhAra para upayukta pA~ca grantha hI anya 10 kI apekSA adhika prAmANika buddha-vacana Thaharate haiN| khudaka-pATha ko chor3akara gepa cAra grantha cInI anavAda meM bhI upalabdha haiN| Antarika sAkSya bhI imI niSkarSa kA adhikatara samarthana karatA hai| bhASA aura viSaya donoM kI dRSTi se dhammapada, mutna-nipAta, udAna aura itivRttaka prAcInatama yuga ke sUcaka hai| inakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivecana Age kiyA jAyagA, usase yaha tathya spaSTa ho jaaygaa| khuddaka-pATha avazya vAda kA saMkalana jAna par3atA hai| usameM kucha sAmagrI sutta-nipAta se lI gaI hai aura kucha tripiTaka ke anya aMzoM me| zaraNa-traya aura zarIra ke 32 aGgoM ke vivaraNa jo isa saMkalana meM hai, cAra nikAyoM meM prApta vivaraNoM se kucha adhika vikamita avasthA ke sUcaka hai|' ata: khuddaka-pATha kA sthAna bhI kAla-krama kI dRSTi se 1. dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 35; vAstava meM zaraNa traya ke sambandha meM to aisA koI antara nahIM hai, kyoMki 'buddhaM saraNaM gacchAmi' Adi ke bAda vahA~ kevala 'dutiyampi' (dUsarI bAra bhI) 'tatiyappi' (tIsarI bAra bhI) adhika hai| hA~, zarIra ke 32 aMgoM ke kathana meM 'matthake matthalaMgati' (mastaka kA gadA) pada avazya adhika hai| prathama cAra nikAyoM meM kevala 31 aMgoM kA hI varNana hai /

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( 204 ) zeSa 10 granthoM ke sAtha hai| ina saba granthoM ke saMkalana kI nizcita tithi ke sambandha meM to kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kintu itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki inameM jo adhika uttarakAlIna hai ve bhI azoka ke kAla se bAda ke nahIM haiN| dhammapada, satta-nipAta, udAna aura itivRttaka ke vAda kAla-krama kI dRSTi se jAtaka aura thera-therI gAthAoM kA sthAna kahA jA sakatA hai| 'jAnaka' meM buddha ke pUrva -janma kI kathAe~ hai| mUla jAtaka meM aisI kevala 500 kahAniyA~ thiiN| culla-niddesa meM 500 jAtaka-kahAniyoM kA hI nirdeza huA hai| phAhayAna ne bhI siMhala meM 500 jAtaka-kahAniyA~ ke citra aMkita dekhe the / bAda meM jAtaka-kahAniyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hakara 547 ho gii| mUla jAtaka kI prAcInatA isa bAta se prakaTa hotI hai ki tIsarI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva ke sA~cI aura bhArahuna ke stUpoM meM unakI aneka kahAniyoM ke dRzya aMkita kiye gaye hai|' ata: jAtakoM kA kAla usa se kAphI pahale kA honA cAhiye / thera-aura therIgAthAoM meM buddha-kAlIna bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM kI gAthAe~ hai| kevala theragAthA kI kucha gAthAe~ azoka ke samaya ke bhikSuoM kI batAI jAtI haiN|4 ataH sambhava hai theragAthA ne bhI apanA antima svarUpa azoka ke kAla meM hI prApta kiyA ho aura tRtIya saMgIti ke avasara para usakA saMgAyana huA ho| jAtakoM ke bodhisatva-Adarza para hI AdhArita buddhavaMma aura cariyA 1. pRSTha 80 2. rikArDa oNva di buddhisTa kiMgDamsa, oNksapharDa 1886, pRSTha 106 (je0 lega kA anuvAda) 3. rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 209; halza : jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1912, pRSTha 406; isa sambandhI adhika sAhitya ke paricaya ke liye dekhiye viTarani-ja : hisTrI oNva IDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 16, padasaMketa 3; pRSTha 113 pada saMketa 3 4 gAthAe~ 169-70 azoka ke kaniSTha bhrAtA vItasoka kI racanAe~ hai| milAiye "imasmiM buddhappAde aTThArasa vassAdhikAnaM dvinnaM vassa satAnaM matthake dhammAsokaro kaNiTTha bhAtA hutvA nibbatti / tassa vItasokoti nAma ahosi|" (vItasokatherassa gAthAvaNNanA / )

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piTaka hai| buddhavaMsa meM gotama buddha aura unake pUrvavartI 24 buddhoM kA varNana hai, jaba ki prathama cAra nikAyoM (vizeSataH mahApadAnamutta-dIgha. 213) meM kevala 6 pUrvavartI buddhoM kA hI varNana milatA hai| cagyiApiTaka meM bodhisatvoM kI jIvanacaryA kA varNana milatA hai| yahIM para sarva prathama dama pAramitAoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai| jAtaka kI kahAniyoM se ina saba kI bar3I samAnatA hai| balki kahanA cAhiye eka prakAra se cariyApiTaka 26 padya-baddha jAtakoM kA saMgraha hI hai| jisa prakAra vuddhavaMsa aura cariyApiTaka jAtaka ke uttaravartI haiM, usI prakAra niddesa bhI jAtaka ke bAda kA saMkalana hai| jaisA abhI kahA jA cukA hai, calla-niddesa meM jAtaka kA nirdeza milatA hai| nidesa (jisameM calla-niddena aura mahAniddema donoM sammilita haiM) sutta-nipAta se vAda kA saMkalana haiN| eka prakAra se niddesa sutta-nipAta ke kucha aMzoM kI vyAkhyA hI hai| cullaniddesa khaggavisANasutta aura pArAyaNavagga kI vyAkhyA hai, jaba ki mahAnidesa meM aTThakavagga kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| ataH niddesa satta-nipAta se bAda kI racanA hI mAnI jA sakatI hai| DA0 lAhA ko mata isase bhinna hai| unakA kahanA hai ki niddesa sutta-nipAta se pahale kI racanA honI caahiye| isake liye unhoMne do kAraNa diye hai, (1) mahAniddesa meM sutta-nipAta ke aTTakavagga kI vyAkhyA usa yuga kI sUcaka hai jaba aTThakavagga eka alaga varga kI avasthA meM thA, (2) sutta-nipAta ke pArAyaNavagga ke Arambha meM eka prastAvanA hai jo culla-niddesa kI vyAkhyA meM lupta hai| yadi culla-niddema sutta-nipAta ke bAda kA saMkalana hotA to isa prastAvanA kI bhI vyAkhyA vahA~ avazya hotii|' DA0 lAhA na jo kAraNa diye hai ve niSedhAtmaka DhaMga ke haiN| nidesa ke racayitA yA saMkalanakartA ko sutta-nipAta ke sampUrNa aMzoM kI jAnakArI hote hue bhI vaha usake kucha aMzoM ko hI vyAkhyA ke liye cuna sakatA thaa| isI prakAra prastAvanA kI bhI vyAkhyA karanA yA na karanA usakI icchA para nirbhara thaa| maba se bar3I bAta to yaha hai ki niddesa meM satta-nipAta kI katipaya gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai, ataH vaha usake bAda kI racanA hI ho sakatI hai| jisa prakAra buddhavaMsa, cariyApiTaka aura niddema jAtaka ke bAda kI racanAeM hai usI prakAra thera 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 38

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( 206 ) therI--gAthAoM ke bAda apadAna kA bhI praNayana nizcita hai| apadAna ke do bhAga haiM, thera apadAna aura therI apdaan| ina donoM bhAgoM meM kramazaH bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke pUrva janma kI kathAyeM haiM / isa prakAra yaha pUrA graMtha thera aura therIgAthAoM kA pUraka hI kahA jA sakatA hai| apadAna nizcayata: azokakAlIna racanA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki usameM kathAvastu kA nirdeza huA hai, jo nizcayataH tRtIya saMgIti ke samaya likhI gaI / vimAnavatyu aura petavattha bhI uttarakAlIna racanAe~ haiN| inameM kramazaH deva-lokoM aura pretoM ke varNana haiM, jo sthaviravAdI bauddha dharma ke prArambhika svarUpa se bahuta dUra haiN| vimAnavatthu meM to eka aisI ghaTanA kA bhI varNana hai jo usI ke varNana ke anusAra pAyAmi rAjanya ke 100 sAla bAda huii|' pAyAsi kI mRtyu bhagavAn buddha se kucha sAla bAda huI thI, ataH jisa ghaTanA kA vimAnavattha meM varNana hai vaha buddha-nirvANa ke sau se kucha adhika sAla bAda hI haI hogii| isa prakAra vimAnavatthu kI racanA tRtIya sagIti ke kucha pahale kI hI adhika se adhika ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra patavattha bhI azokakAlIna racanA hai| usameM 'maurya-adhipati' kA nirdeza haA hai2 jisakA abhiprAya 'aTThakathA' ke anusAra dhammAzoka se hai / 'paTisambhidA-magga' kI racanA abhidhamma-piTaka kI zailI meM huI hai, ataH vaha bhI isI yuga kI racanA hai| isa prakAra prastuta vivecana ke AdhAra para khuddaka-nikAya ke granthoM kA kAla-krama tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo isa prakAra dikhAyA jA sakatA hai-- 1 dhammapada, sutta-nipAta, udAna, itivunk| 2 jAtaka, theragAthA, theriigaathaa| 1. mAnussakaM vassasataM atItaM yadagge kAyamhi idhUpapanno / pRSTha 81 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa) 2. rAjA piMgalako nAma surAnaM adhipati ahumoriyAnaM upaTThAnaM gantvA suraLaM punraagmaa| 3. moriyAnaMti moriyarAjUnaM dhammAsokaM sandhAya vadati / pRSTha 98 (pAli- ' TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa)

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( 207 ) 3 buddhavaMsa, cariyApiTaka, niddesa, apadAna, paTisambhidAmagga, vimAnavatthu, petavatthu, khuddk-paatth| pratyeka zreNI ke granthoM meM bhI kauna kisa se pahale yA pIche kA hai, isakA samyak nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isake liye utane spaSTa bAhya aura Antarika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai| nizcita tithiyoM ke abhAva meM isa prakAra ke nirNaya kA koI adhika mahatva bhI nahIM ho sktaa| aba hama khuddaka-nikAya ke granthoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa deNge| khudaka-pATha khaddaka-pATha choTe choTe nau pAThoM yA suttoM kA saMgraha hai| ye sabhI pATha vizepataH sutta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka se saMgRhIta hai| pahale cAra pATha pichale pA~ca kI apekSA adhika saMkSipta hai| inakA saMkalana prArambhika vidyArthiyoM kI zikSA ke liye athavA bauddha gRhasthoM ke dainika pATha ke liye kiyA gayA hai| ataH siMhala meM khuddaka-pATha kA bar3A Adara hai| khuddaka-pATha ke nau pAThoM yA sattoM ke nAma aura viSaya isa prakAra hai-- 1. saraNattayaM (tIna zaraNa)--mai buddha kI, dhamma kI, saMgha kI, zaraNa jAtA huuN| dUsarI bAra bhI--tIsarI bAra bhI-~-mai buddha kI, dhamma kI, saMgha kI, zaraNa jAtA huuN| 2. dasa sikkhApadaM--(dasa zikSApada yA sadAcAra-sambandhI niyama) (1) jIvahiMsA (2) corI (3) vyabhicAra (4) asatya-bhASaNa (5) madya-pAna (6) asamaya-bhojana (7) nRtya-gIta (8) mAlA-gandha-vilepana (9) U~cI aura bar3I zayyA (10) sone aura cA~dI kA grahaNa, ina dasa bAtoM se virata rahane kA vrata letA hai| 1. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, Ananda kausalyAyana evaM jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA sampAdita tathA bhikSu uttama dvArA prakAzita (buddhAbda 2481, 1937 I0) nAgarI saMskaraNa upalabdha hai / bhikSu dharmaratna ema0 e0 kA mUla-pAli-sahita hindI anuvAda mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha (1945) ne prakAzita kiyA hai /

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( 208 ) 3. dvattiMsAkAraM (zarIra ke 32 aGga)--zarIra ke ye 32 (gandagiyoM se bhare) aGga haiM, jaise ki keza, roma, nakha, dA~ta aadi| 4. kumArapaJhaM (kumAra vidyArthiyoM ke liye prazna) eka kyA hai ? sabhI prANI AhAra para sthita haiN| do kyA hai ? nAma aura ruup| tIna kyA hai ? tIna vednaaeN| cAra kyA hai ? cAra aary-sty| pA~ca kyA hai ? pA~ca upAdAna-skandha / cha: kyA hai ? cha: Antarika Ayatana / sAta kyA hai ? bodhi ke sAta angg| ATha kyA hai ? Arya aSTAGgika maarg| nau kyA hai ? prANiyoM ke nau aavaas| dasa kyA hai ? dasa bAteM, jinase mukta hone para manuSya arhat banatA hai| 5. maGgala sutta (maGgala-sutra)--prANI nAnA prakAra ke maGgala-kArya karate hai| kintu sarvottama maMgala kyA hai ? mAtA-pitA kI sevA, patnI aura putroM kA bharaNa-poSaNa, zAnti me apanA kAma karanA--yahI sarvottama maMgala hai| " dAna denA, dharma kA jIvana, jAti-bandhuoM kI sahAyatA karanA, karma nirdoSa rakhanA--yahI sarvottama maMgala hai| " pApa aura madya-pAna se alaga rahanA, saMyamI jIvana, dharma ke kAryo meM Alasya na karanA--yahI sarvottama maMgala hai ! " gurujanoM kA Adara, vinamratA, santoSa-vRtti, kRtajJatA, samaya para dharma ko zravaNa karanA---yahI sarvottama maMgala hai ! " kSamA, brahmacarya, jJAnI bhikSaoM kA darzana, samaya para dharma kA mAkSAtkAra--yahI sarvottama maMgala hai ! " tapazcaryA, brahmacarya, cAra Arya satyoM kA darzana anta meM nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra--yahI sarvottama maMgala hai !"

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6. ratana sutta (ratnasUtra)--17 gAthAoM ma buddha, dhamma aura saMva, ina tIna ratnoM kI mahimA varNana kI gaI hai aura usI se loka-kalyANa kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| Arambha kI do aura anta kI tIna gAthAeM to bar3I hI mArmika hai| bauddha paramparA inheM maulika gAthAe~ mAnatI hai| buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI mahimA kA varNana karate hue pratyeka ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai 'idaM pi buddhe ratanaM paNItaM' (yaha buddha rUpI ratna hI sarvonama hai| 'idaM pi dhamme ratanaM paNItaM' (yaha dhamma rUpI ratna hI sarvottama hai) aura 'idaMpi saMghe ratanaM paNItaM' (yaha saMgha rUpI ratna hI sarvottama hai)| isa satya rUpI vANI se loka-kalyANa kI kAmanA karate hue kahA gayA hai--etena saccena suvatthi hotu (isa satya se loka kA kalyANa ho) 7. tirokuDDa-sutta--mRta AtmAeM apane chor3e hue gharoM ke daravAjoM para aura unakI dehaliyoM para Akara khar3I ho jAtI haiN| ve apane sambandhiyoM se bhojana aura pAna kI icchA rakhatI hai / pretoM ke loka meM khetI aura vANijya nahIM hote| unheM jo kucha isa loka se milatA hai, usI para ve gujArA karate haiN| sadgRhastha pretoM ke kalyANa kI kAmanA se bhojana aura jala kA dAna karate haiN| supratiSTita bhikSu-saMgha ko jo kucha dAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha pretoM ke cira sukha aura kalyANa ke liye hotA hai| yaha satta bhAratIya samAja meM pracalita zrAddha-vidhAna aura pitara-pUjA kA bauddha saMskaraNa hI hai / dArzanika siddhAnta bhinna rakhate hue bhI bauddha janatA kisa prakAra bhAratIya samAja meM pracalita vyavahAroM aura sAmAnya vizvAsoM se apane ko vimukta nahIM kara sakI, yaha sutta isakA eka acchA udAharaNa hai| isa satta kI kucha gAthAoM kA pATha Aja bhI siMhala aura syAma dezoM meM mardo ko jalAte samaya kiyA jAtA hai| 8. nidhikaMDa sutta (nidhi sambandhI sUtra)--sarvottama nidhi. kyA hai ? dAna, zIla, saMyama, indriya-vijaya, saMkSepa meM puNya karmoM kA karanA hI sarvottama nidhi hai| anya saba nidhiyA~ to naSTa ho jAne vAlI haiM, kintu kiyA huA zubha karma kabhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| yahI vaha nidhi hai jo manuSya ke pIche jAne vAlI hai--yo nidhi anugaamiko| 9. metta-sunna (maitrI-sUtra)--Upara, nIce, cAroM ora, loka ko mitratA kI bhAvanA se bhara do| kisI kA duHkha-cintana mata kro| bhAvanA karo ki 14

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( 210 ) sabhI prANI sukhI hoM -- sabbe sattA bhavantu sukhitattA / brahmavihAra bhI to yahI hai-- brahmametaM vihAraM idhAmAhu ! + khuddaka pATha ke uparyukta 9 suttoM meM se maMgala-sutta, ratana sutta, aura mettasutta suttanipAta ma bhI haiM / suttanipAta meM maMgala-sutta kA nAma mahAmaMgalasutta avazya hai / isI prakAra tirokuDDa sutta petavatthu meM bhI hai / tIna zaraNa aura dasa zikSApadoM ke vivaraNa vinaya-piTaka ke AdhAra para saMkalita haiM / kumArapaJha sutta ko bhI vinaya-piTaka yA dIgha - nikAya ke saMgIti-pariyAya aura dasuttara jaise suttoM athavA aMguttara nikAya ke vizAla tatsambandhI bhAMDAra meM se saMkalita kara liyA gayA hai / 'kAyagatAsati' ke rUpa meM zarIra ke 32 AkAroM kA varNana dIgha aura majjhimanikAyoM ke kramazaH mahAsatipaTThAna aura satipaTThAna suttoM ke varNanoM kI anulipi hai / kevala antara itanA hai ki vahA~ 31 aGgoM kA varNana hai jaba ki yahA~ eka aura ( matthake matthaluMgaM - - mAthe kA gUdA ) bar3hA diyA gayA hai / kAyagatA -sati ( zarIra kI gandagiyoM aura anityatA para vicAra) kA vidhAna bauddha yoga meM prArambha se hI hai / dIgha aura majjhimanikAyoM ke uparyukta suttoM ke atirikta saMyutta nikAya ke kassapa sutta meM bhI bhagavAn buddha ne mahAkAzyapa ko 'kAyagatA sati' kA dhyAna karane kA upadeza diyA hai / dhammapada 21|10 meM bhI bhikSuoM ko 'kAyagatAsatiparAyaNa' hone ko kahA gayA hai / 'udAna' meM bhagavAn buddha ke yogya ziSya mahAmaudgalyAyana aura mahAkAtyAyana ko kAya gatA - sati kI bhAvanA karate dikhalAyA gayA hai 1 / 'visuddhi-magga' ( pA~cavIM zatAbdI) meM isa sambandhI dhyAna kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / khuddaka pATha ke samAna, kintu AkAra meM usase bar3A, eka aura saMgraha pAli sAhitya meM prasiddha hai| isakA nAma 'parita' yA 'mahAparita' hai / 'parita' zabda kA artha hai 'paritrANa' yA 'rakSA' / bhikSuoM aura gRhasthoM kI rakSA ke uddezya ang walaga kamna jangka mem 1. kramazaH pRSTha 38 evaM 105 ( bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kA anuvAda) 2. visuddhimagga 8042-144; dekhiye 11248 - 81 bhI ( dharmAnanda kosambI kA saMskaraNa)

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( 211 ) se sutta-piTaka se lagabhaga 30 suttoM kA saMgraha kara liyA gayA hai, jinakA pATha, bauddhoM ke vizvAsa ke anusAra, roga, durbhikSa Adi upadravoM ko zAnta karane vAlA aura sAmAnyataH maGgalakArI hotA hai| laMkA aura baramA meM paritta-pATha kI prathA adhika pracalita hai|' mebila boDa ne hameM batalAyA hai ki varamA meM to isake samAna loka-priya pustaka hI pAli-sAhitya kI dUsarI nahIM hai / 2 khuddaka-pATha ke Upara nirdiSTa 9 suttoM meM se sAta 'paritta' meM bhI sammilita haiN| 'paritta' meM vizepataH nimnalikhita sutta sammilita haiM 1 dasa dhamma-sutta 2 mahAmaMgala sutta 3 karaNIya metta sutta 4 cundaparitta sutta 5 metta sutta 6 mettAnisaMsa sutta 7 morapatti sutta 8 candaparitta sutta 9 suriya paritta sutta 10 dhajagga sutta 11 mahAkassapathera bojjhaMga sutta 12 mahAmoggallAnathera bojjhaMga sutta 13 mahAcandatthera bojjhaMga sutta 14 girimAnanda sutta 15 isigili satta 16 dhammacakkapavattana sutta 1. laMkA meM yaha 'pirita' kahalAtA hai / laMkA meM paritta-pATha kI sAMgopAMga vidhi ke vivaraNa ke liye dekhiye tripiTakAcArya bhikSu dharmarakSita kA "paritta-pATha aura laMkA" zIrSaka lekha "dharmadUta" pharvarI-mArca 1948 pRSTha, 163-67 meM; 2. di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 3-4

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( 212 ) 17 Alavaka sutta 18 kasibhAradvAja muna 19 parAbhava. muna 20 vamala mutta 21 saccavibhaMga suna 22 ATAnATiya mukta inake atirikta parita-pATa se 'anuloma-paTiloma-paTiccasamuppAdasutta' Adi kucha stroM kA bhI pATha kiyA jAtA hai| paritta pATha kI prathA buddha-kAla meM bhI pracalita thI, aimA bauddhoM kA vizvAsa hai / kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra licchaviyoM ke nagara vaizAlI meM durbhikSa par3A thA / bhagavAn ke AdezAnusAra unhoMne paritta pATha kiyA thA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa varSA huI thI / parittapATha se bImArI kI zAnti huI, isake to udAharaNa tripiTaka meM kAphI milate hai / dIrgha lambaka grAma ke kisI brAhmaNa kA putra paritta-pATha se roga-vimukta ho gayA / isI prakAra Arya mahAkAzyapa kI bImArI ke samaya svayaM bhagavAn ne bojhaMga-sutta kA pATha kiyA aura mahAkAzyapa usI samaya roga-mukta ho gye| svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne eka bAra apanI bImArI kI gAnti ke liye mahAcunda sthavira se bojjhaMga-satta kA pATha krvaayaa| girimAnanda nAmaka bhikSukI roga-zAnti ke liye vidhAna batalAte hue bhagavAn ne svayaM Ananda se kahA "Ananda! yadi tuma girimAnanda bhikSuke pAsa jAkara 'daza-maMjJA-sUtra' kA pATha karo, to use sunakara avazya hI usakA roga zAnta ho jaaygaa|" 'milinda-prazna' meM 'paritra' ko bhagavAn baddha kA hI upadeza vatalAyA gayA hai| ataH paritta pATha kA mahatva sthaviravAdI paramparA meM pratiSThita hai, isameM sandeha nahI / / parita ke saMkalana kA ThIka kAla nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kintu isameM 1.sace kho tvaM Ananda ! girimAnandassa bhikkhuno upasaMkamitvA dasa saJjA bhAseyyAsi, ThAnaM so panetaM vijjati yaM girimAnandassa bhikkhano dasasA satvA so AvAdho ThAnaso paTippassabhyeyya / 2. paritA ca bhagavatA udihAti / milindapaJha, pRSTha 153 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa)

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( 213 ) sandeha nahIM ki vaha kAphI vAda kA hai| sthaviravAda-paramparA ke pUrvatama svarUpa meM bhUta-preta Adi kI bAteM athavA unase bacane ke liye jAdu ke se prayoga bilakula nahIM hai| ye saba bAteM sAmAnya aMdha vizvAsoM ke AdhAra para usameM praveza kara giiN| isa dRSTi se dIgha-nikAya ke ATAnATIya-sutta jaise aMga bhI uttarakAlIna hI kahe jA sakate haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne yoga kI vibhUtiyoM ke bhI pradarzana kI nindA hI kI / phira jAdU ke prayogoM kI to bAta hI kyA ? pratItyasamutpAda ke AdhAra para sRSTi ke vyApAroM kI vyAkhyA karane vAlA mantroM ke japa se bImArI se vimukti dilAne nahIM AyA thaa| jahA~ taka 'paritta' ke suttoM kA sambandha hai, ve apane Apa meM nainika bhAvanA se otaprota haiN| unake andara svayaM koI aimI vastu nahIM jo usa udAtta gambhIratA se rahita ho jo sAmAnyataH nauTa mAhitya kI vizeSatA hai| unakA pATa nizcaya hI manako U~cI AdhyAtmika avasthA meM le jAne vAlA hai / ataH unakA saMgAyana karanA pratyeka avasthA meM maMgala kA mala hI ho sakatA hai| bImArI kI avasthA meM vaha mAnasopacAra kA aGga bhI ho sakatA hai, kucha-kucha usI prakAra jaise rAmanAma ke smaraNa ko gAMdhI jI ne prAkRtika cikitsA kA eka aGga banA diyaa| yadi paritta pATha meM andha-vizvAsa hai to usI hada taka jitanA gAMdhIjI kI upayukta upacAra-vidhi meN| phira hama ise andha-vizvAga bhI kyoM kahe ? jisase mana U~cI avasthA meM jA sakatA hai, usase zarIra para bhI svastha prabhAva kyoM na par3egA? isa dRSTi se paritta-pATha kA upadeza svayaM buddha bhagavAn kA bhI diyA huA ho sakatA hai, hA~ vahA~ karmakAMDa avazya nahIM hai| bhagavAn ne sarpa ko apanI maitrI-bhAvanA se AcchAdita kara dene kA Adeza diyaa| sarpa ke bhaya se vacane kA yahI 1. vinaya-piTaka, cullavagga meM vibhUti-pradarzana ko 'duSkRta' aparAdha batalAyA gayA hai| milAiye ; dhammapadaTThakathA 412, buddhacaryA, pRSTha 82-83 meM anuvAdita / dekhiye kevaTTa-sutta (dIgha 1 / 11) tathA sampasAdaniya-supta (dogha. 315) mahAli-sutta (dogha 316),Adi / 2. metena cittena pharituM (mitratApUrNa citta se AcchAdita kara dene ke liye)--- vinaya-piTaka / sAdhAraNa artha meM ise manna kahanA to buddhi kA upahAsa hI hogaa|

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( 214 ) eka 'mantra' hai / zeSa jIva jagat ke sAtha maitrI sthApita kara isa 'mantra' kI satyatA dekhI jA sakatI hai / 'parita' meM saMgRhIta suttoM kI bhAvanAe~ bar3I maGgalamaya aura udAtta haiM / unameM citta ko Dubo dene para zarIra aura mana prasannatA se na bhara jAya, yaha asambhava hai / prasannatA ( citta prasAda) hI to svAsthya aura maGgaloM kI jananI hai / bhikSugaNa parita pATha ke anta meM ThIka hI saMgAyana karate haiM-- sabbItiyo vivajjantu sabbarogo vinassatu / mA te bhavatvantarAyo sukhI dIghAyuko bhava / / terI sArI ApadAe~ dUra hoM, saba roga naSTa ho jAya, tujhe vighna na ho, tU sukhI aura dIrghAyu ho / dhammapada' bauddha sAhitya kA sambhavataH sabase adhika lokapriya grantha hai / eka prakAra ise bauddhoM kI gItA hI kahanA cAhiye / siMhala meM binA dhammapada kA pArAyaNa kiye kisI bhikSu kI upasampadA nahIM hotI / buddha-upadezoM kA dhammapada se acchA saMgraha pAli sAhitya meM nahIM hai / isakI naitika dRSTi jitanI gambhIra hai, utanI hI vaha prasAdaguNapUrNa bhI hai / dhammapada meM kula milAkara 423 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 26 vargoM meM ba~TI huI haiN| pratyeka varga meM gAthAoM kI saMkhyA isa prakAra hai- varga 9 yamaka vagga 2 appamAda vagga gAthAoM kI saMkhyA 20 12 yaha to eka gambhIra naitika upadeza hai| adhikatara buddha vacanoM kA yahI hAla hai, phira cAhe unakA upayoga uttarakAlIna bauddha janatA kisI prakAra karane lagI ho / 1. dhammapada ke aneka saMskaraNa aura anuvAda mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana aura bhadanta anuvAda vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / hindI bhASA meM upalabdha haiM / Ananda kausalyAyana ke

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3 citta vagga 4 puppha vagga 5 bAla vagga 6 paMDita vagga 7 arahanta vagga 8 sahassa vagga 9 pApa vagga 10 daMDa vagga 11 jarAvagga 12 atta vagga 13 lokavagga 14 buddhavagga 15 sukhavagga 16 piyavagga 17 kodhavaraga 18 malavagga 19 dhammaTThavagga 20 maggavagga 21 pakiNakavagga 22 nirayavagga 23 nAgavagga 24 taNhAvagga 25 bhikkhugga 26 brAhmaNavagga ( 215 ) 11 16 16 14 10 16 13 17 11 10 12 18 12 12 14 21 17 17 16 14 14 26 23 41 423 'yamakavagga' (varga 1) meM adhikatara aise upadezoM kA saMgraha hai, jinameM do do bAteM jor3e ke rUpa meM AtI haiM / " "mujhe gAlI dI', 'mujhe mArA', 'mujhe harA diyA',

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( 216 ) mujhe lUTa liyA, aisA jo mana meM bA~dhate haiM, unakA vaira kabhI zAnta nahIM hotA / "" ahiMsA kA yaha sanAtana sandeza bhI kitanA mArmika hai "yahA~ vaira se vaira kabhI zAnta nahIM hotA / avaira se hI vaira zAnta hotA hai, yahI sanAtana dharma hai / 2" bar3I bar3I saMhitAoM kA bhASaNa karane vAle kintu unake anusAra AcaraNa na karane vAle vyakti ko 'dhammapada' meM usa gvAle ke samAna kahA gayA hai jisakA kAma kevala dUsaroM kI gAyoM ko ginanA hai / " bauddha cintakoM ne zArIrika saMyama kI mUla ko sadA mana ke andara dekhA thA, isIlie dhammapada kI prathama gAthA mana kI mahimA kA varNana karatI huI kahatI hai "mana hI saba dharmoM (kAyika, vAcika mAnasika karmoM) kA agragAmI hai mana hI unakA pradhAna hai| sabhI karma manomaya hai / " Atma-saMyama vAstavika zrAmaNya aura satsaMkalpa ke svarUpa aura mahatva ke varNana isa varga ke anya viSaya haiM / 'appamAdavagga' meM pramAda kI nindA aura a-pramAda kI prazaMsA kI gaI / apramAda ke dvArA hI anupama yoga-kSema rUpI nirvANa ko prApta kiyA jAtA 10 apramAda ke kAraNa hI indra devatAoM meM zreSTha banA hai / apramAda meM rata bhikSuoM ko hI yahA~ 'nirvANa ke samIpa' ( nibbANasseva santike) kahA gayA hai / 'cittavagga' ( varga 3) meM citta-saMyama kA varNana hai / "jitanI bhalAI na mAtA-pitA kara sakate haiM, na dUsare bhAI-bandhu, usase adhika bhalAI ThIka mArga para lagA huA citta karatA hai / " 'pupphavagga ( varga 4 ) meM puSpa ko Alambana mAnakara naitika upadeza diyA gayA hai / sadAcAra rUpI gandha kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA gayA hai " tagara aura candana kI jo yaha gandha phailatI hai, vaha alpamAtra hai / kintu yaha jo sadAcAriyoM kI gandha hai vaha devatAoM meM phailatI hai / " 'bAlavagga' 1. 114 2. 115 3. 1 / 19 4. 213 5. 2110 6. 2 / 12

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( 217 ) (varga 5) meM mUoM ke lakSaNa batalAte hue kahA gayA hai ki unake liye saMsAra (AvA gamana) lambA hai| isI varga meM sAMsArika unnati aura paramArtha ke mArga kI vibhinnatA batalAte hue kahA gayA hai "lAbha kA rAstA dUsarA hai aura nirvANa ko le jAne vAlA rAstA dUsarA hai| ise jAnakara baddha kA anugAmI bhikSa satkAra kA abhinandana nahIM karatA, balki ekAntacaryA ko bar3hAtA hai| '' 'paMDitavagga' (varga 6) meM vAstavika paMDita puruSoM ke lakSaNa batalAye gaye haiM / "jo apane liye yA dUsaroM ke liye putra, dhana aura rAjya nahIM cAhate, na adharma se apanI unnati cAhate haiM, vahI sadAcArI puruSa, prajJAvAn aura dhArmika haiN|" arhanta vagga (varga 7) meM bar3I sundara kAvya-maya bhASA meM arhatoM ke lakSaNa kahe gaye haiN| "jisakA mArga-gamana mamApta ho cakA hai| jo zoka-rahita tathA sarvathA makta hai, jisakI sabhI granthiyA~ kSINa ho gaI haiM, usake liye mantApa nahIM hai|" "saceta ho vaha udyoga karate haiN| gRha-sukha meM ramaNa nahIM krte| haMsa jaise kSudra jalAzaya ko chor3a kara cale jAte haiM, vaise hI arhat gaha ko chor3a cale jAte haiN|" "jo vastuoM kA saMcaya nahIM karate, jinakA bhojana niyata hai, zanyatA-svarUpa tathA kAraNa-rahita mokSajinako dikhAI par3atA hai, unakI gati AkAza meM pakSiyoM kI bhA~ti ajJeya hai|" "gA~va meM yA jaMgala meM, nIce yA U~ce sthala meM, jahA~ kahIM arhat loga vihAra karate haiM, vahI ramaNIya bhUmi hai|" sahassavagga (varga 8) kI mala bhAvanA yaha hai ki sahasroM gAthAoM ke sunane se eka zabda kA sunanA acchA hai, yadi usase zAnti mile| siddhAnta ke mana bhara se abhyAsa kA kaNa bhara acchA hai| sahayoM yajJoM se sadAcArI jIvana zreSTha hai / pApavagga (varga 9) meM pApa na karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, kyoMki "na AkAza meM, na samudra ke madhya meM, na parvatoM ke vivara meM praveza kara--- saMsAra meM koI sthAna nahIM hai jahA~ raha kara, pApa karmo ke phala se prANI baca ske|" daMDavagga (varga 10) meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sAre prANiyoM ke prati daMDatyAgI hai, vahI brAhmaNa hai, vahI zramaNa hai, vahI bhikSu hai|" 'jarAvagga' (varga 11) meM vRddhAvasthA ke duHkhoM kA darzana hai| isI varga meM saMsAra kI anityatA kI yAda dilAte hue yaha mArmika upadeza diyA gayA hai "jaba nitya hI Aga jala rahI ho to kyA ha~sI hai, kyA Ananda manAnA hai ! andhakAra me ghire hue tuma dIpaka ko kyoM nahIM DhUMr3hate ho ?" imI varga meM bhagavAn ke ve udgAra bhI saMnihita hai jo unhoMne samyak

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( 218 ) sambodhi prApta karane ke anantara hI kiye the, "aneka janmoM taka binA ruke hue maiM saMsAra meM daur3atA rahA / isa ( kAyA - rUpI) koTharI ko banAne vAle ( gRhakAraka ) ko khojate khojate punaH punaH mujhe duHkha-maya janmoM meM giranA par3A / Aja he gRhakAraka ! maiMne tujhe pahacAna liyA / aba phira tU ghara nahIM banA sakegA / terI sArI kar3iyA~ bhagna kara dI gii| gRha kA zikhara bhI nirbala ho gayA / saMskArarahita citta se Aja tRSNA kA kSaya ho gayA / " attavagga ( varga 12 ) meM Atmonati kA mArga dikhAyA gayA hai / isI varga kI prasiddha gAthA hai "puruSa Apa hI apanA svAmI hai, dUsarA kauna svAmI ho sakatA hai ? apane ko bhalI prakAra damana kara lene para vaha durlabha svAmI ko pAtA hai / " loka- vagga ( varga 13 ) meM loka sambandhI upadeza haiM / vuddha-vagga ( varga 14 ) meM bhagavAn buddha ke upadezoM kA yaha sarvottama sAra diyA huA hai "sAre pApoM kA na karanA, puNyoM kA saMcaya karanA, apane citta ko parizuddha karanA -- yahI buddha kA zAsana hai / nindA na karanA, ghAta na karanA, bhikSu niyamoM dvArA apane ko surakSita rakhanA, parimANa jAnakara bhojana karanA, ekAnta meM sonA-baiThanA, citta ko yoga meM lagAnA-yahI buddhoM kA zAsana hai / " "sukha vagga " ( varga 15 ) meM usa sukha kI mahimA gAI gaI hai jo dhana-sampatti ke saMyoga se rahita aura kevala sadAcArI aura akiMcanatA maya evaM maitrIpUrNa jIvana se hI labhya | bhikSu kahate haiM " vaira-baddha prANiyoM ke bIca avairI hokara viharate hue aho ! hama kitane sukhI haiM / vaira-baddha mAnavoM meM hama avairI hokara viharate haiM ! bhayabhIta prANiyoM ke bIca meM abhaya hokara viharate hue aho ! hama kitane sukhI haiM ! bhayabhIta mAnavoM meM hama abhaya hokara viharate haiM / Asakti yukta prANiyoM ke bIca meM anAsakta hokara viharate hue aho ! hama kitane sukhI haiM ! Asakti yukta mAnavoM meM hama anAsakta hokara viharate haiM / " "piyavagga" (varga 16) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisake jitane adhika priya haiM usako utane hI adhika duHkha haiM / "prema se zoka utpanna hotA hai, prema se bhaya utpanna hotA hai / prema se mukta ko koI zoka nahIM, phira bhaya kahA~ se ?" "krodhavagga " ( varga 17) kI mukhya bhAvanA hai "akrodha se krodha kI jIto, asAdhu ko sAdhutA se jIto, kRpaNa ko dAna se jIto, jhUTha bolane vAle ko satya se jIto / " "malavagga" (varga 18) meM bhagavAn ne kahA hai ki avidyA hI saba se bar3A mala hai

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( 219 ) "bhikSuo ! isa mala ko tyAga kara nirmala bno|" "dhammaTThavagga" (varga 19) meM vAstavika dharmAtmA puruSa ke lakSaNa batalAye gaye haiN|" "bahuta bolane se dharmAtmA nahIM hotaa| jo thor3A bhI suna kara zarIra se dharma kA AcaraNa karatA hai aura jo dharma meM asAvadhAnI nahIM karatA, vahI vAstava meM dharmadhara hai|" isI prakAra "mauna hone se muni nahIM hotaa| vaha to mUr3ha aura avidvAn bhI ho sakatA hai| jo pApoM kA parityAga karatA hai, vahI muni hai / cUMki vaha donoM lokoM kA manana karatA hai, isIliye vaha muni kahalAtA hai|" isI varga meM bhagavAn kA yaha utsAhakArI mArmika upadeza bhI hai, 'bhikSuo ! jaba taka citta-maloM kA vinAza na kara do nai To" sira / ma mAvi zAlo . "rm.'' (varga 20) meM nirvANa-gAmI vizuddhi -mArga kA varNana hai| sabhI saMskAroM ko anitya, du:kha aura anAtma samajhate hue manuSya ko cAhiye ki "vANI kI rakSA karane vAlA aura mana se saMyamI rahe tathA kAyA se pApa na kare / ina tInoM karmapathoM kI zuddhi kare aura RSi (buddha) ke batAye dharma kA sevana kre|" 'pakiNakavagga' (varga 21) meM ahiMsA, aura zarIra ke duHkhadoSAnucintana Adi kA varNana hai| "niraya- vagga" (varga 22) meM batalAyA gayA hai ki kaise puruSa naraka-gAmI hote haiM / "nAga-vagga" (varga 23) meM nAga (hAthI) ke samAna aDiga rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / "jaise yuddha meM hAthI dhanuSa se gire vANa ko sahana karatA hai, vaise hI vAkyoM ko sahana karU~gA / saMsAra meM to duHzIla AdamI hI adhika hai|" "taNhA vagga" (varga 24) meM tRSNA ko khoda DAlane kA upadeza hai| apane pAsa ... . .. . .. .... .. ... . ... . . ...

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( 220 ) chor3a detI hai, vaise hI tuma rAga aura dveSa ko chor3a do|" "brAhmaNa-vagga" (varga 26) meM brAhmaNoM ke lakSaNa ginAye gae hai| 26 / 13-41 gAthAe~ to bar3I hI kAvyamaya haiN| bhagavAn kI daSTi meM vAstavika brAhmaNa kauna hai, isa para kucha gAthAe~ dekhie "mAtA aura yoni se utpanna hone se maiM kisI ko brAhmaNa nahIM khtaa| vaha to 'bhovAdI' ('bho' 'bho' kahane vAlA, jaisA brAhmaNa usa samaya eka dUsare ko sambodhana karate samaya karate the) hai aura saMgrahI hai / maiM to brAhmaNa use kahatA hU~ jo aparigrahI aura lene kI icchA na rakhane vAlA hai| "jo vinA dUpita citta kiye gAlI, vadha aura bandhana ko sahana karatA hai, AmA bala hI jisakI senA kA senApati hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| "kamala ke patte para jala aura Are ke noka para sarasoM kI bhAMti jo bhogoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, usa mai brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| "jo virodhiyoM ke bIca virodha-rahita rahatA hai, jo daMDavAriyoM ke bIca daMDa rahita rahatA hai, saMgraha karane vAloM meM jo saMgraha-rahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| "jisane yahAM puNya aura pApa donoM kI Asakti ko choDa diyA, jo goka rahita, nirmala aura zuddha hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| "jisake Age, pIche aura madhya meM kucha nahIM hai, jo sarvatra parigraha rahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN|" aadi| Upara dhamma-pada kI viSaya-vastu ke svarUpa kA jo paricaya diyA gayA hai, usase spaSTa hai ki usameM nIti ke ve sabhI Adarza saMgRhIta haiM jo bhAratIya saMskRti aura samAja kI sAmAnya sampatti haiN| dhammapada kI AdhI se adhika gAthAe~ tripiTaka 1. DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne 'hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara' jilda pahalI pRSTha 200-214 ke aneka pada-saMketoM meM upaniSad, mahAbhArata, gItA, manusmRti Adi granthoM se uddharaNa dekara dhammapada kI gAthAoM se unakI samAnatA dikhAI hai| isa viSaya kA adhika tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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ke anya bhAgoM meM bhI milatI hai| dhammapada ke pAli saMskaraNa ke atirikta kucha anya saMskaraNa bhI milate hai| unakA bhI ullekha kara denA yahA~ Avazyaka hogaa| isa prakAra ke makhyataH cAra saMskaraNa upalabdha hai| sarvaprathama prAkRta dhammapada hai| khotAna meM khaMDita kharoSTrI lipi meM yaha prApta huA hai| yaha bilakula apUrNa avasthA meM hai aura yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isakA maulika svarUpa kyA thaa| isa grantha kA sampAdana pahale phreMca vidvAn senA ne kiyA thaa| bAda meM isakA sampAdana DA0 veNImAdhava vADuA aura surendranAtha mitra ne kiyA hai| prastuta grantha meM 12 adhyAya haiM. jinakI anarUpatA pAli-dhammapada ke sAtha isa prakAra hai--- prAkRta dhammapada pAli dhammapada darga-krama varga-nAma aura gAthAoM kI saMkhyA inake anarUpa krama, nAma aura gAthAoM kI saMgyA jo pAli dhamma pada meM pAI jAtI hai magavaga 30 20 maga vagga 17 apramAda vaga 25 2 appamATa bagga 12 citavaga 5 (apUrNa) 3 cina vagga 11 pupa vaga 15 4 pRSpha bagga 16 sahasa vaga 17 8 sahasma vagga 16 panita vaga yA dhamaTha varga 10 paMDita baMgga 14 19 dhammaTTha bagga 17 bAla vaga 7 (apUrNa) 5 bAla vagga 16 jarA vaga 25 11 jarAvagga 11 saha vaga 20 15 makha vagga 12 tapa vaga 7 (apUrNa) 28 taNhA vagga 26 bhikha vaga 40 25 bhikkha vagga 23 brAhmaNa vaga 50 26 brAhmaNa vagga 41 Gns www 6 1. dekhiye vADuA aura mitra : prAkRta dhammapada, pRSTha 8 (bhUmikA)

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( 222 ) cUMki prAkRta dhamma pada kI abhI koI pUrNa prati nahIM mila sakI hai, ataH donoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se kisI nizcita mata para nahIM pahu~cA jA sktaa| jina vargoM ke nAmoM meM samAnatA hai unake bhI kramoM aura gAthAoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM kAphI asamAnatA hai| adhikatara pAli dhammapada kI apekSA prAkRtadhammapada ke vargoM meM hI gAthAe~ adhika haiN| isa gAthA-vRddhi kA kAraNa yahI jAna par3atA hai ki cUMki dhammapada kI gAthAoM kA saMgraha pUre sutta-piTaka ke granthoM se hI kiyA gayA hai, ataH unake cunane meM vibhinna sampradAyoM ke granthoM meM vibhinnatA A gaI hai| anya saMskaraNoM ke vAre meM bhI yahI vAta hai| dhammapada kA dUsarA saMskaraNa, jisakA bhI svarUpa abhI anizcita hI hai usakA gAthA-saMskRta yA mizrita saMskRta meM likhA huA rUpa hai / isakA sAkSya hameM 'mahAvastu' se milatA hai jo svayaM gAthA-saMskRta meM likhI huI racanA hai aura jisane 'dharmapada' kA eka aMza mAnate hue 'sahasra varga' (dharmapadeSu sahasravargaH) nAmaka 24 gAthAoM ke samUha ko uddhRta kiyA hai| 2 'sahassagga' nAmaka dhammapada kA bhI AThavA~ 'vagga' hai, yaha hama pahale dekha cuke haiN| kintu vahA~ kevala 16 gAthAe~ haiN| 'mahAvastu' meM uddhRta 'sahasra varga' ke atirikta prAkRta dhammapada ke pUre svarUpa ke bAre meM hameM kucha adhika jJAna nahIM hai| dhammapada ke 'cuha-khi-u-thiGa' nAmaka cInI anuvAda se jo 223 I0 meM kiyA gayA thA, yaha avazya jJAta hotA hai ki usakA mUla prAkRta dhammapada thA, kintu usake bhI Aja anupalabdha hone ke kAraNa prAkRta-dhammapada ke vAstavika svarUpa kI samasyA ulajhI hI raha jAtI hai| dhammapada kA tIsarA rUpa vizuddha saMskRta meM hai jo apane khaMDita rUpa meM turphAna meM pAyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 23 adhyAya haiM, arthAta pAli dhamma pada se 6 adhik| isI saMskaraNa kA tibbatI bhASA meM anuvAda bhI milatA hai jo 817-842 IsavI meM kiyA gayA thaa| raoNkahila ne isakA anuvAda 'udAna varga' zIrSaka se kiyA hai aura use saMskRta-dharmapada kA pratirUpa 1. gAthA-vRddhi ke udAharaNoM aura unake kAraNoM ke adhika vistRta vivecana ke ke liye dekhiye vADuA aura mitra : prAkRta dhammapada, pRSTha 31 (bhUmikA) 2. teSAM bhagavAn jaTilAnAM dharmapadeSu sahasravarga bhAsati 'sahasramapi vAcAnA anarthapadasaMhitAnAM, ekArthavatI zreyA yaM zrutvA upasAmyati' /

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( 223 ) mAnA hai| dhammapada kA cauthA rUpa pha-khyU-kiGa nAmaka cInI anuvAda meM pAyA jAtA hai| yaha anuvAda mUla saMskRta dhammapada se 223 I0 meM kiyA gyaa| mula Aja anupalabdha hai / ataH pAli dhammapada se usakI tulanA to nahIM kI jA sakatI, kintu cInI anuvAda ke AdhAra para kucha jJAtavya vAteM avazya jAnI jA sakatI haiN| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki cInI anuvAda mAtra anuvAda hI nahIM hai| use yA to eka artha-kathA hI kahA jA sakatA hai. yA yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki usameM vAstavika dharmapada kA kAphI parivarddhana kiyA gayA hai| isa cInI anuvAda meM pAli dhammapada ke 26 vargoM yA adhyAyoM kI jagaha 39 to adhyAya haiM aura 423 gAthAoM kI jagaha 752 gAthAe~ haiN| inakA tulanAtmaka vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-- cInI dhammapada (pha-khyU-kiGa) pAli dhammapada 1. anityatA (21) 2. jJAna-darzana (29) 3. zrAvaka (19) 4. zraddhA (18) anapalabdha 5. kartavya-pAlana (16) 6. vicAra (12) 7. maitrI bhAvanA (19) 8. saMlApa (12) 9. yamaka vagga (22) 1. yamaka vagga (20) 10. apramAda vagga (20) 2. appamAda vagga (12) 11. citta vagga (12) 3. citta bagga (11) 12. puppha vagga (17) 4. puppha vagga (16) 13. bAla vagga (21) 5. bAla vagga (16) 14. paMDita vagga (17) 6 . paMDita vagga (14) 15. arhanta vagga (10) 7. arhanta vagga (10) 16. sahasra vagga (16) 8. sahassa vagga (16) 17. pApa vagga (22) 9. pApa vagga (13) 18. daMDa vagga (14) 10. daMDa vagga (17)

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19. jarA vagga (14) 20. atta vagga (14) 21. loka vagga (14) 22. buddha vagga (21) 23. mukha vagga (14) 24. piya vagga ( 12 ) 25. kodha vagga (26) 26. mala vagga (19) 27. dhammaTThe vagga ( 17 ) 28. bhagga vagga ( 28 ) 29. pakiNa vagga (18) 30. niraya vagga (16) 31. nAga vagga (18) 32. taNhA vagga (32) 33. mevA ( 20 ) 34. bhikkhu vagga (32) 35. brAhmaNa vagga ( 40 ) 36. nirvANa ( 36 ) ( 224 ) 37. janma aura mRtyu (18) 38. dharma-lAbha (19) 39. mahAmaMgala (19) - 11 . jarA vagga ( 11 ) 12. atta vagga (10) 13. loka vagga (13) 14. buddha vagga (18) 15. mukha vagga ( 12 ) piya vagga ( 12 ) kodha vagga (14) mala vagga (21) dhammaTTa vagga ( 17 ) 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. magga vagga ( 17 ) pakiNa vagga (16) niraya vagga (14) nAga vagga ( 14 ) taNhA vagga (26) bhikkhu vagga ( 23 ) brAhmaNa vagga (41) Upara cInI anuvAda ke vargoM ke nAma jahA~ unakI pAli dhammapada ke sAtha samatA hai, pAli meM suvidhA ke vicAra se de diye gae haiN| cInI anuvAdoM meM to unake svabhAvataH cInI bhASA meM hI zIrSaka hai / Upara kI tulanA se spaSTa hai ki pAli dhammapada kI gAthAoM kI saMkhyA ko cInI anuvAda meM bar3hA diyA gayA hai / vAstava meM Upara jitane saMskaraNoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai unameM yahI ghaTA-bar3hI kI gaI hai| vAstava meM saba kA mUlAdhAra to pAli dhammapada hI hai jisakI gAthAoM ko aksara bar3hA kara aura kahIM kahIM ghaTA kara bhI bhinna-bhinna bauddha sampradAyoM

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( 225 ) ne apane alaga alaga saMgraha banA lie jinake kucha udAharaNa hama dhammapada ke Upara nirdiSTa svarUpoM meM dekha cuke hai| aba hama buddha-vacanoM ke eka dUsare saMgraha para Ate hai| udAna' 'udAna' bhagavAn buddha ke mukha se samaya-samaya para nikale hue prIti-vAkyoM kA eka saMgraha hai| "bhAvAtireka se kabhI kabhI santoM ke mukha se jo prIti-vAkya nikalA karate hai, unheM 'udAna' kahate haiN|" "udAna' meM bhagavAna baddha ke aime gambhIra aura unakI samAdhi-avasthA ke sacaka zabda saMgrahIta hai jo unhoMne vizeSa avasaroM para uccarita kiye / bhagavAn dvArA uccarita vacana adhikatara gAthAoM ke rUpa meM haiM aura jina avasaroM para ve uccarita kiye gaye, unakA varNana gadya meM hai| gadyabhAga nizcayataH saMgItikAroM kI racanA hai jise unhoMne baddha-jIvana ke pratyakSa samparka se grathita kiyA hai| usakI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vinaya-piTaka ke cullavagga aura mahAvagga meM tathA mahAparinibANasutna jaise sutta-piTaka ke aMzoM meM buddha-jIvana kA jo citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai usakI vaha anurUpatA meM hI hai| gadA-bhAga ke anta meM Ane vAle 'udAnoM meM to vAstavika vaddha-vacana hone kI sagandha AtI hI hai| unameM jaise zAstA ne apane Apako anuprANita kara diyA hai, apanI prANa-dhvani hI phaka dI hai, aisA mAlama par3atA hai| vAstava meM 'udAna' kA artha bhI yahI hai| 'udAna' kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA hai bauddha jIvana-darzana kA usake andara spaSTatama prasphuTita svarUpa / buddha-jIvana ke aneka prasaMgoM ke atirikta citta kI parama zAnti, nirvANa, punarjanma. karma aura AcAra-tanva sambandhI gambhIra upadeza 'udAna' meM nihita hai| _ 'udAna' meM 8 varga (vagga) hai aura pratyeka varga meM prAyaH dasa sutta hai| kevala sAtaveM varga meM 9 sutta hai| 8 vargoM ke nAma isa prakAra hai (1) bodhi varga (bodhi 1. mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana tathA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA deva-nAgarI lipi meM sampAdita, tathA uttama bhikSu dvArA prakAzita, sAranAtha 1937 I0 / bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda kiyA hai, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, dvArA prakAzita, buddhAbda. 2482 /

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( 226 ) vagga), (2) macalinda varga (macalinda vagga), (3) nanda varga (nanda vagga.). (4) meghiya varga (meghiya vagga), (5) zoNa-sthavira saMbaMdhI varga (moNattheramsa vagga), (6) jAnyandha varga (jaccandha vagga), (7) cula varga (cala vagga), aura (8) pATaligrAma varga. (pATaligAmiya vaggo) / pratyeka varga ke pratyeka sUtra meM bhagavAn kA gAthA baddha udAna hai| zailI sarala hai aura saba jagaha prAyaH eka sI hI hai| udAharaNa ke lie pAMcaveM varga ke isa sAtaveM suna ko uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai-- "esA maiMne sunA-- eka samaya bhagavAn zrAvastI me anAthapiDika ke jetavana ArAma meM vihAra karate the| usa samaya bhagavAn ke pAsa hI AyuSmAn kAMkSArevata Asana lagAye, apane zarIra ko sIdhA kie, kAMkSAoM se zuddha ho gaye apane citta kA anubhava karate baiThe the / bhagavAn ne pAsa hI meM AyuSmAna kAMdhArevata ko Asana lagAye, apane zarIra ko sIdhA kiye, kAkSAoM se zuddha ho gae apane citta kA anubhava karate dekhaa| isa jAne, usa samaya bhagavAna ke muha se udAna ke ya zabda nikala par3e-- "loka yA paraloka meM, apanI yA parAyI, (saMsAra sambandhI) jitanI kAMkSAeM hai, dhyAnI una sabhI ko chor3a dete hai, tapasvI brahmacarya bana kA pAlana karate hai|" saba sunoM kI yahI zailI hai| pahale kahAnI yA pRSThabhUmi AtI hai, phira buddha kA bhAvAtirekamaya vacana / kahIM kahIM kahAnI apanI prabhAvazIlatA aura maulikatA bhI liye hue hai jaise 3 / 2 meM nanda kI kahAnI, yA 28 meM supravAsA kI kthaa| kahIM kahIM, jaisA viTaraninz2a ne dikhAyA hai, udAnoM ke lie uparyukta pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karane ke lie maMgItikAro ne kathAoM ko apanI tarapha me gar3hA bhI hai jisameM unheM saphalatA nahIM milI hai| viMTaranitz2a ke isa kathana meM sarvAga meM sahamata honA azakya hai| udAharaNataH 819 meM AyuSmAn dabba jo eka mahAn sAdhaka aura bhagavAna baddha ke ziSya the, kI nirvANa-prApti ke avamara para bhagavAn ne yaha udAna kiyA "zarIra ko chor3a diyA, maMjJA niruddha ho gaI, sArI vedanAoM ko bhI bilakula

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( 227 ) jalA diyaa| saMskAra zAnta ho gae, vijJAna asta ho gayA / " viMTaranitz2a kA kahanA hai ki aise gambhIra pravacana ke lie uparyukta avasara ThIka nahIM thA / kama hI loga DA0 viMTaranitz2a ke isa mata se sahamata ho sakate haiN| jina-jina avasaroM para yA jisa-jisa pRSThabhUmi meM buddha ke udgAroM kA 'udAna' meM nikalanA dikhalAyA gayA hai, unheM hama aitihAsika rUpa me adhikatara ThIka hI mAnane ke pakSapAtI haiN| aba hama pratyeka varga kI viSaya-vastu kA saMkSipta nirdeza kareMge / "bodhi varga" (varga 1) meM bhagavAn buddha kI sammodhi prApti ke bAda ke kucha saptAhoM ke jIvana kA varNana hai / usa samaya bhagavAn vimukti-sukha kA anubhava karate hue vihara rahe the / isI samaya unhoMne anuloma aura pratiloma pratItyasamutpAda kA cintana kiyA thA / kucha brAhmaNoM ko dekha kara unhoMne vAstavika brAhmaNa para udgAra kiye| snAna aura homa meM rata kucha vyaktiyoM ko dekha kara bhagavAn ne yaha udgAra bhI kiyA, "snAna to sabhI loga karate haiM, kintu pAnI se koI zuddha nahIM hotA / jisameM satya hai aura dharma hai, vahI zuddha hai, vahI brAhmaNa hai !" " mucalinda varga " ( varga 2 ) meM bhI bhagavAn kI sambodhi prApti ke kucha saptAhoM bAda taka kI jIvanI kA varNana hai, kintu yahA kucha alaukikatA me adhika kAma liyA gayA hai| mucalinda nAmaka sarparAja samAdhistha bhagavAn buddha ke zarIra kI varSA se rakSA karane ke lie jo usa samaya hone lagI thI, unake zarIra ko sAta bAra lapeTa kara unake Upara apanA phana phailA kara khar3A ho gayA, tAki bhagavAn ko varSA kA kaSTa na hone pAve / jina ghaTanAoM kA prathama aura isa dUsare varga meM varNana hai, unameM kAla-krama kA koI tAratamya nahIM hai, kyoMki prathama varga ke kucha sUtra bhagavAn kI sambodhi prApti kI bAda kI avasthA kA varNana karate haiM aura usake bAda hI kucha sUtra sUcanA dete haiM " eka samaya bhagavAn AvastI meM anAthapiMDika ke jetavana ArAma meM vihAra karate the" / ( 115; 18 : 1 / 10 ) / isI prakAra dUsare varga meM bhI prathama sUtra meM to bhagavAn uruvelA meM neraMjanA nadI ke tIra para hI vihAra karate haiM, kintu dUsare sUtra meM ve zrAvastI meM anAthapiDika ke jetavana ArAma meM vihAra kara rahe haiM / buddhatva ke tIsare varSa jetavana- ArAma kA dAna kiyA gayA thA / ataH ye ghaTanAyeM kAphI bAda kI haiN| isI prakAra bhagavAn anya sthAnoM meM bhI vihAra

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( 228 ) karate dikhAye gae haiM, jaise mRgAramAtA ke pUrvArAma prAsAda meM (2 / 9) yA kuMDiyA nagara ke kuMDidhAna vana meM (28) / dUsare varga meM hama bhikSuoM ko isa nirarthaka bAta para vivAda karate hue pAte hai ki "magadhagaja bimbisAra aura kozalarAja pramenajit meM kauna adhika dhanI, sampattizAlI yA adhika senAoM vAlA hai|" bhagavAn ise sana kara unheM kahate hU~ "bhikSao ! tuma zraddhApUrvaka ghara se veghara hokara pravrajita hue ho| tuma kulaputroM ke lie yaha anucita hai ki tuma aimI carcA meM pdd'o| bhikSuo! ikaTThe ho kara tumheM do hI kAma karane cAhie, yA to dhArmika kathA yA uttama mauna bhAva / " isI varga meM mapravAsA kI kathA bhI hai| yaha strI garbha kI asahya pIr3A meM par3I thii| prasava na hotA thaa| usane sana rakkhA thA bhagavAn duHkhoM ke prahANa ke liye dharmopadeza karane hai / pati me kahA--bhagavAn ke caraNo meM mega zira se praNAma kahanA, unakA kuzala-maMgala pUchanA aura merI dazA se avagata kraanaa| usake pati ne aisA kiyaa| bhagavAna ne anukampApUrvaka AgIrvAda dete hue kahA, "koliya putrI supravAsA sukhI ho jAya. caMgI ho jAya, binA kisI kaSTa ke putra prasava kare / " pati ghara lauTA to supravAsA ko sukhI aura caMgI pAyA, jisane binA kimI kaSTa ke putra prasava kara diyA thaa| sArA ghara mantoSa aura pramoda se bhara gyaa| kRtajJatA se bhara kara supravAsA ne eka saptAha bhara taka buddha-pramukha bhikSu-saMgha ko bhojana ke liye Amantrita kiyaa| bhagavAna ziSyoM sahita upasthita haa| mAta dina bIta jAne para bhagavAn ne supravAsA se kahA, "sapravAse ! aisA hI eka aura bhI putra lenA cAhatI hai ?" sapravAsA ne pramoda meM bhara kara kahA "bhagavan / meM eme sAta putroM ko lenA caaheNgii|" bhagavAn ke muha me usa samaya udAna ke ye zabda nikala par3e, "bare ko acche ke rUpa meM, apriya ko priya ke rUpa meM, duHkha ko sukha ke rUpa meM pramatta loga samajhA karate hai / " baddha ke jIvana-darzana ko samajhane ke liye yaha kahAnI eka acchA udAharaNa hai| viTaranitz2a ne kahA hai ki yaha kahAnI yaha bhI dikhAtI hai ki buddha-kAla meM hI buddha-bhakti ke dvArA loga apane kalyANa kI kAmanA karane lage the| mahAtmAoM ke vacanoM aura AzIrvAdoM meM maGgala pramavinI zakti hotI hai. aisA vizvAsa bhAratIya janatA meM prAyaH sadA se hI rahA hai| ataH isameM koI vizeSatA dikhAI nahIM pdd'tii| vizeSatA usa bAta meM hai jo bhagavAna ne bAda meM pravAsA kI sAta pUtroM

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vAlI kAmanA ko sunakara khii| yaha vAna buddha ke mukha se hI nikala sakatI thii| buddha, jisane apane ekamAtra putra kA janma hote samaya use apane udIyamAna vicAracandra ko grasane ke liye rAhu samajha kara 'rAhula' nAma diyA, "gaha paidA huA, bandhana paidA haa|" yA to 'prajayA kiM kariSyAmaH" ( hama santAna me kyA kareMge ) kahane vAle upaniSadoM ke RSi yA samyak mambuddha hI inanA UMcA aura nivRttiparAyaNa dRSTikoNa le sakate the| 1 / 8 meM varNita Arya maMgAma jI kI kathA aura 27 meM prema ko chor3a dene kA upadeza, aise hI nivani-parAyaNa upadeza hai / nandavarga (varga 3) meM vizepataH bhagavAna buddha ke maumere bhAI nanda kI kathA hai / kisa prakAra yaha vilAmI yuvaka bhagavAna ke upadeza se virakta bana gayA, yahI imameM varNana kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ bhI nivRtti kA Adarza hI sAmane rakkhA gayA hai / nanda pahale bhagavAn kI jAminI para apsarAoM ke liye brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai / kintu brahmacarya kA pAlana karate-karate umakI apsarAoM sambandhI icchA prahINa ho jAtI hai / bhagavAn kahate hai "nanda ! jima samaya tumhArI mAMsArika Amakti se mukti ho gaI umI samaya meM jAminI se chaTa gyaa|" kucha anya kathAe~ aura udagAra bhI isa varga meM sammilita hai / 315 meM mahAmaudgalyAyana kI kAyagatAmati-bhAvanA kA varNana hai / 3 / 10 meM bhagavAn ne kahA hai ki anAsakti hI mukti-mArga hai / meghiya-varga (varga 8) meM meghiya nAmaka bhikSu kI kathA hai / yaha bhikSa bhagavAn kI sevA meM niyata thaa| eka dina eka ramaNIya Amra-vana dekha kara isane vahAM jAkara yoga-sAdhana karane kI bhagavAn me anamati maaNgii| bhagavAna ne kahA "meghiya ! Thaharo, abhI mai akelA hU~, kisI dUsare bhikSu ko A jAne do|" meghiya ne bhagavAn ke Adeza ko na mAnA aura dhyAna karane calA gyaa| kintu vahA~ jAkara jaise hI dhyAna ke liye baiThA usake mana meM pApa-vitarka uThane lge| zAma ko phira bhagavAna ke pAsa lauTakara aayaa| bhagavAna ne use dhyAna-sambandhI upadeza diyaa| isI varga meM bhikSuoM para vyabhicAra ke mithyAropa kA varNana hai (4 / 8) / isa avasthA meM bhI ve zAnta rahate haiM aura bAda meM unakI niSpApanA siddha ho jAtI hai| bhagavAna kA eka gvAle ne makgvana aura khIra me Atithya kiyA, isakA bhI varNana ima varga meM AtA hai ( 813) / AdamiyoM kI bhIr3a se taMga Akara bhagavAna ko pAlilegyaka ke rakSitavana me / kAnta-vAsa karate bhI ima varga meM hama dekhate

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hai (45) / bhava-tRSNA miTa jAne se hI mukti hotI hai, isa artha kA eka udAna bhI bhagavAn ne yahIM kiyA hai (4 / 10) / pA~caveM varga (zoNa sthavira sambandhI varga) meM zoNa nAmaka bhikSu ke saMgha-praveza, arhattva-prApti Adi kA varNana hai| imI varga meM kogalarAja prasenajit kA buddha ke darzanArtha jetavana-Agama meM jAnA (5 / 2) tathA suprabuddha nAmaka kor3hI kI upAsaka (gRhastha-ziSya) ke rUpa meM dIkSA (5 / 3) kA bhI varNana hai / chaThe varga (jAtyanva-varga) meM jAtyandha puruSoM ko hAthI digvAye jAne kI kathA hai| isa kathA kA pravacana bhagavAna ne zrAvastI ke jetavana-ArAma meM diyaa| aneka andhe hAthI ko dekhate hai, kintu usake pUre svarUpa ko koI nahIM dekha paataa| jo jisa aMga ko dekhatA hai vaha usakA vaimA hI rUpa batAtA hai| "bhikSao ! jina jAtyandhoM ne hAthI ke zira ko pakar3A thA, unhoMne kahA, 'hAthI aimA hai jaise koI baDA ghar3A' / jinhoMne usake kAna ko pakar3A thA unhoMne kahA 'hAthI aisA hai jaise koI mapa' / jinhoMne usake dA~ta ko pakar3A . thA, unhoMne kahA 'hAthI aisA hai jaise koI khuMTA' / jinhoMne usake zarIra ko pakar3A thA unhoMne kahA, 'hAthI aisA hai jaise koI koThI' Adi / isa prakAra andhe Apasa meM lar3ane-bhir3ane lage aura kahane lage hAthI aimA hai, vaisA nahIM, vaisA hai, aisA nhiiN| yahI hAlata mithyAmatavAdoM meM phaMse hae logoM kI hai| koI kahate haiM 'loka zAzvata hai, yahI matya hai, dUsarA bilakula jhUTha' koI kahate hai 'loka azAzvata hai, yahI satya hai dUsarA bilakula jhUTha' Adi / " kitane zramaNa aura brAhmaNa isI meM jUjhe rahate hai| (dharma ke kevala) eka aGga ko dekha kara ve Apasa meM vivAda karate haiN|" uparyukta dRSTAnta bauddha sAhitya meM bahuta prasiddha hai| saMskRta meM bhI 'andhagajanyAya' prasiddha hai / jaina-sAhitya meM bhI yaha siddhAnta vidita hai| mAnavIya buddhi kI alpatA aura sarva-dharma-samanvaya kI dRSTi se yaha dRSTAnta itanA mahattvapUrNa hai ki prasiddha sUphI kavi malika muhammada jAyasI ne bhI isakA uddharaNa apane 'akharAvaTa' meM diyA hai "suni hAthI kara nA~va a~dhana ToA dhAyaka / jo dekhA jehi ThA~va muhammada so taimehi khaa|" vizva kA dhArmika sAhitya ima bahumUlya dRSTAnta ke liye apane mUla rUpa meM bauddha sAhitya kA hI RNI hai, isameM bilakula bhI sandeha nahIM / sAtaveM varga ( culavarga ) meM aneka sphuTa bAtoM kA varNana hai, yathA laMkuTaka bhaTTiya nAmaka bhikSa ko mAriputra kA upadeza (2) aura

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usakI samAdhi-prApti (15), mahAkAtyAyana kI kAyagatA-sati kI bhAvanA (7 / 7) tathA kozAmbI ke rAjA udayana ke antaHpura meM agnikAMDa kI sUcanA jisameM rAnI zyAmAvatI (sAmAvatI) ke sAtha 500 striyA~ jala marI (7 / 9) / ATaveM varga (pATali grAma-varga) meM nirvANa-sambandhI gambhIra pravacana hai / kevala eka ko yahA~ uddhata kiyA jAtA hai "bhikSuo ! vaha eka Ayatana hai jahA~ na pRthvI hai, na jala hai. na teja hai, na vAya hai, na AkAzAnantyAyatana, na vijJAnAnantyAyatana, na AkiJcanyAyatana, na naivamaMjAnAmaMjJAyatana hai| vahA~ na to yaha loka hai, na paraloka hai, na candramA hai, na marya hai / na to maiM use 'agati' kahatA hU~ aura na 'gati' / na maiM ume sthiti aura na cyati kahatA huuN| maiM use utpani bhI nahIM maantaa| vaha na to kahIM ThaharA hai. na pravartita hotA hai aura na usakA koI AdhAra hai| yahI duHkhoM kA anta hai" (811) AyapmAna dabba ke nirvANa para bhagavAna ne jo udgAra kiyA ume hama pahale uddhRta kara hI cuke haiM / vauddha nirvANa ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke liye 'udAna' kA AThavA~ varga bhUri bhUri par3hane aura manana karane yogya hai / bhagavAna ke canda sonAra ke yahA~ antima bhojana karane ko bhI isa varga meM varNana hai, jo mahAparinibbANa-mutta (dIgha0 2 / 3) ke samAna hI hai| itivRttaka' 'itivRttaka' khaDka-nikAya kA cauthA grantha hai / yaha grantha gadya aura padya donoM meM hai| 'itivRttaka' kA artha hai 'aimA kahA gayA' yA 'aisA tathAgata ne khaa| 'itivRttaka' meM bhagavAna buddha ke 112 pravacanoM kA saMgraha hai| ye sabhI pravacana atyanta laghu AkAra ke aura naitika viSayoM para haiN| 'itivRttaka' kA prAyaH pratyeka sUtra ina zabdoM ke sAtha Arambha hotA hai-"bhagavAn (buddha) ne yaha kahA, pUrNa 1. mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhavanta Ananda kausalyAyana tathA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA devanAgarI lipi meM sampAdita / uttama bhikSu dvArA prakAzita, 1937 I0 / isa grantha ke gadya-bhAga kA anuvAda prastuta lekhaka ne 'aisA tathAgata ne kahA' zIrSaka se kiyA hai|

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( 232 ) puruSa ( tathAgata ) ne yaha kahA, aisA maiMne sunA / " kevala 81-88, 91-98, aura 100-101 saMkhyAoM ke sUtra isake apavAda haiM / buddha vacanoM ke uddharaNa kI yaha viziSTa zailI hI isa saMgraha ke "itivRttaka' ( aisA tathAgata ne kahA ) nAmakaraNa kA AdhAra hai / 'itigar' ke viSaya - saMkalana aura zailI kI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM / 'itibuttaka' ke 112 sutta cAra bar3e bar3e vargoM yA nipAtoM meM vibhakta hai| pahale nipAta meM una upadezoM kA saMkalana hai jinakA sambandha saMkhyA eka se hai / isI prakAra dUsare, tIsare aura cauthe nipAtoM meM una upadezoM kA saMkalana hai, jinakA sambandha kramazaH do, tIna aura cAra saMkhyAoM se hai / isIliye inake nAma bhI kramazaH ekaka-nipAta, duka nipAta, tika-nipAta aura catukka nipAta haiM / pahale nipAta meM 27 sUtra haiM, dUsare meM 22, tImare meM 50 aura cauthe meM 13 / isa prakAra sUtroM kI kula saMkhyA milAkara 112 hai / viSaya-saMkalana kI yaha zailI Aja kRtrima jAna par3atI hai, kintu adhyayana-adhyApana ke usa yuga meM jaba sArA kAma maukhika rUpa se ( mukhapAThavasena) hI calatA thA, gaNanAtmaka saMkalana aura vargIkaraNa kI yaha paddhati smRti ke liye bar3I sahAyaka siddha hotI thI / phalataH bauddhoM aura jainoM kA adhikAMza prAcIna sAhitya imI zailI meM likhA gayA hai / saMskRta ke sUtra - sAhitya kA bhI udbhAvana isI AvazyakatA ke kAraNa huA / 'itivRttaka' kI saMkhyAbaddha zailI kA hI vikasita rUpa hameM aMguttaranikAya aura bAda meM abhidhammapiTaka meM milatA hai / 'itivRttaka' ke viSaya meM yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa gaNanAtmaka vidhAna ne usake viSaya svarUpa kI svAbhAvikatA meM koI bAdhA nahIM pahu~cAI hai / usakA alaMkAra- vihIna saundarya hameM buddha vacanoM ko unake usa nasagika rUpa meM, jisameM ve uccarita kiye gaye the, ThIka prakAra dekhane meM sahAyatA detA hai / 'itivRttaka' kI eka bar3I vizeSatA usake andara gadya aura padya donoM kA honA hai / pratyeka sUtra ke Adi meM pahale "aisA bhagavAn ne kahA, aisA pUrNa puruSa ( arhat ) ne kahA, aisA maine sunA" AtA hai / phira gadya meM buddha vacana kA uddharaNa hotA hai / phira usake bAda "bhagavAn ne yaha kahA / isI sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai" isa prastAvanA ke sAtha koI gAthA yA gAthAe~ AtI haiM, jinakA yA to bila

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( 233 ) kula vahI abhiprAya hotA hai jo gadya-bhAga kA athavA jo usakI pUraka-svarUpa hotI haiM / zabdoM meM bhI bahuta thor3A hI hera-phera hotA hai, aksara gadya-bhAga ko gAthA-baddha kara ke rakha diyA jAtA hai / isa gAthA-bhAga ko bhI buddha-vacana kI sI prAmANikatA dene ke liye usakA upasaMhAra karate hue anta meM likha diyA jAtA hai, 'yaha artha bhI bhagavAn ne kahA, aimA maiMne manA / " isa prakAra gadya-bhAga aura gAthAbhAga donoM eka dUsare ke sAtha jur3e hue hai / 'itivunaka ke pratyeka satra kI yahI zailI hai / isakA digdarzana karane ke liye eka pUre sUtra ko uddhRta kara denA Avazyaka hogaa| ekaka-nipAta ke isa tIsare stra ko lIjiye-- "aimA maine snA-- bhagavAn ne yaha kahA, pUrNa puruSa (arhata ) ne yaha kahA, "bhikSuo ! eka vastu ko choDo / maiM tumhAga sAkSI hotA hU~ tumheM phira AvAgamana meM par3anA nahIM hogaa| kisa eka vastu ko ? bhikSuo ! moha hI eka vastu ko chodd'o| maiM tumhArA sAkSI hotA hU~ tumheM phira AvAgamana meM par3anA nahIM hogaa|" bhagavAna ne yaha kahA / imI mambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai---- jisa moha ke kAraNa mRDha bana kara prANI burI gatiyoM meM par3ate haiM, usI moha ko tattvadarzI manuSya samyak jJAna kI prApti ke liye choDa dete haiM, chor3a kara ve isa loka meM phira nahIM aate| yaha artha bhI bhagavAn ne kahA, aisA maine munaa|" vidvAnoM meM isa bAre meM kucha mana-bheda hai ki 'itivunaka' ke gadya aura padya bhAga meM kauna adhika prAcIna yA prAmANika hai| kintu uparyukta uddharaNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki saMkalanakartA ne bhI gadya-bhAga meM rakkhe hue aMza ko hI buddha-vacana ke rUpa ma uddhRta kiyA hai aura phira usakI vyAkhyA-svarUpa gAthA-bhAga ko jor3a diyA hai, jisakI prazaMsA mAtra karane ke liye hI usane anta meM yaha artha bhI bhagavAna ne kahA, aisA maiMne sunA, jor3a diyA hai / vAstava meM, jaisA saMkalanakartA ne svayaM kahA hai, gAthAbhAga vAstavika buddha-vacana kA, jo gadya meM hai, artha (attho) hI hai / mUla-buddhavacana ke sAtha isa prakAra usakI artha-kathA dene kI pravRtti tripiTaka ke kucha anya aMgoM meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai| 'itivRttaka' meM isI pravRti kA anamaraNa kiyA gayA jAna par3atA hai| ataH 'itivanaka' ke gAthA-bhAga kA usake gadya-bhAga me umI prakAra kA sambandha hai jaisA 'udAna' ke gadya-bhAga kA umake gAthA-bhAga

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( 234 ) ke sAtha / 'udAna' meM gAthA bhAga mukhya prAmANika buddha vacana hai / usakI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM hI vahAM ke gadya-bhAga kA upayoga hai / kucha kucha imI prakAra 'itivRttaka' meM gadya bhAga mukhya pramANika buddha vacana hai, jisakI vyAkhyA svarUpa hI gAthA-bhAga kI avatAraNA kI gaI hai| ataH 'itivRttaka' ke padya-bhAga kI apekSA usake gadya-bhAga kI hI pramANavattA aura prAcInatA hameM adhika mAnya hogI / zailI kI dRSTi se bhI yahI niSkarSa ThIka jAna par3atA hai / 'itittaka' kA gadya sarala, svAbhAvika aura AlaGkArika kRtrimatAoM se rahita hai / ataH usako mUla buddha vacana mAnanA adhika yuktiyukta jAna par3atA hai / niHsandeha yaha bhAga zAstA ke mukha se hI nikalA huA hai / eka eka zabda yahA~ 'dharma-megha' (dharma rUpI megha - buddha) kI varSA se abhI taka AI hai / e0 je0 eDamaMDsa ke isa kathana se hama akSaraza: sahamata haiM ki "yadi 'itivRttaka' buddha-vacana na ho to aura kucha bhI buddha vacana nahIM hai / " hameM 'itivRttaka' isI gaurava dRSTi se dekhanA hai / 'itivRttaka' ke pahale nipAta meM, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, una suttoM kA saMgraha hai jinakA sambandha eka saMkhyA vAlI vastuoM meM hai / imI nipAta meM se eka pUre sutta kA uddharaNa pahale diyA bhI jA cukA hai / isI prakAra rAga dveSa, krodha, IrSyA Adi para bhI sUtra haiM / yaha nipAta tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM se pratyeka meM kramazaH 10, 10 aura 3 sUtra haiM / isa nipAta kA menabhAva-suta (maitrIbhAva satra - - 11317 ) to bhASA aura bhAva kI dRSTi se bar3A hI sundara hai / usake gadya-bhAga ko uddhRta karanA yahA~ upayukta hogA / bhagavAn kahate haiM, "bhikSuo ! punarjanma ke AdhArabhUta saba puNyakarma milakara bhI usa maitrI bhAvanA ke jo citta kI vimukti hai, solahaveM aMza ke bhI barAbara nahIM hote / bhikSuo ! maitrI bhAvanA hI saba puNyakArI karmoM se adhika camakatI hai, prabhAsita hotI hai, kyoMki vaha citta kI vimukti hI hai| bhikSuo ! jaise tArAgaNoM kA sArA prakAza milAkara bhI eka candramA ke prakAza ke solahaveM aMza ke bhI barAbara nahIM hotA .. . . -- jaise varSA ke anta meM zarad Rtu meM jaba akAza sApha aura meghoM se rahita hotA hai to sUrya vahA~ ArohaNa kara andhakAra-samUha ko vicchinna kara camakatA hai. . jaise bhikSuo ! rAta ke pichale pahara meM pratyuSa kAla ke samaya, zukra

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( 235 ) tArA camakatA hai...bhikSuo ! maitrI bhAvanA bhI saba puNyakArI karmoM ke Upara camakatI hai, prabhAsita hotI hai, kyoMki vaha cina kI vimakti hI hai|" suttanipAta mana-nipAta bhI khaDka-nikAya kA dhammapada ke samAna hI atyanta mahatvapUrNa grantha hai. yadyapi hindI meM vaha abhI itanA lokapriya nahIM huA jitanA dhammapada / phira bhI maulika bauddha dharma aura bauddha mAhitya kI dRSTi se isa grantha-ratna kA atyanta U~cA sthAna hai / azoka ne bhAva zilA lekha meM jina mAna buddhopadezoM ke nAma diye hai unameM se tIna akele suttanipAta meM hai, yathA moneyya mUne =nAlaka sutta; muni gAthA-muni mutna evaM upatisapamane = mAripuna- . sutta / muta-nipAta kI bhASA vaidika bhASA ke bahuta adhika samIpa hai| vaidika bhASA kI vividharUpatA aura usake aneka prakAra ke vyatyayoM kA vivaraNa hama pahale de cuke hai / 2 jina aneka prayogoM ko bAda meM cala kara saMskRta ne chor3a diyA, sutna-nipAta meM hameM jyoM ke tyoM milate haiN| saMskRta aura pAli kA vikAsa samakAlika hai, para caMki pAli vizeSataH jana-bhASA thI umane 1. nAgarI lipi meM DA0 bApaTa dvArA sampAdita, pUnA 1924 / para yaha saMskaraNa Aja kala aprApya hai / san 1937 (buddhAnda 2481) meM khudaka-nikAya ke anya dasa granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha sutta-nipAta kA bhI nAgarI lipi meM sampAdana mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana aura bhikSu jagadoza kAzyapa ne kiyA hai| barmI bihAra sAranAtha (banArasa) dvArA prakAzita / para yaha saMskaraNa bhI aba nahIM miltaa| sutta-nipAta ke pA~ca vargoM meM se prathama varga (uraga varga) kA hindI-anuvAda bhikSu dharmaratna ne kiyA hai / sAya meM mUla pAli bhI dI hai / prakAzaka bhikSu mahAnAma, mUlagandhakuTI vihAra, sAranAtha (banArasa), buddhAnda 2488 (1944 I0) / sutta-nipAta ke zeSa bhAga kA bhI anuvAda bhikSu dharmaratna ne kiyA hai, aura isa samaya presa meM hai / baMgalA meM pUre sutta-nipAta kA anuvAda bhikSa zIlabhadra ne kiyA hai, jo kalakattA se san 1941 meM prakAzita huA hai| 2. dekhie prathama pariccheda meM pAli aura vaidika bhASA kI tulanA /

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1 236 ) - Rgveda kI bhASA ke una aneka prAdezika prayogoM ko le liyA hai jo vahA~ vidyamAna haiN| ataH usakI bhASA meM paryApta prAcInatA hai| aneka gAthAoM meM hameM isa prakAra vaidika bhASA ke prabhAva ke lakSaNa milate haiN| udAharaNataH samUhatAse (gAthA 14) paccAyAse (15), carAmase, bhavAmame (32), AtumAna, suvAni, suvAnA (201), avIvadAtA (784) jaise prAcIna vaidika prayoga hameM sunanipAta kI bhASA meM, vizeSataH umakI gAthAoM kI bhASA meM, milate haiN| isI prakAra 'janetvA' ke sthAna para 'janetva' (695) aura kuppaTiccassanti (784) jaise prayoga bhI bilakula Rgveda kI bhASA ke prayoga haiN| suna-nipAta kI gAthAoM ke chanda bhI prAyaH vaidika haiN| anuSTubh. triSTubh , aura jagatI chandoM kI vahA~ adhikatA hai aura vaidika chandoM ke mamAna gaNa kA bandhana bhI nahIM hai / bhASA ke samAna vicAra ke mAdhya me bhI mutta-nipAta kI prAcInatA siddha hai / vaidika yuga ke devayajanavAda kA pUrA citra hameM yahA~ milatA hai / usakA varNana itanA sajIva hai ki vaha pratyakSa anubhava ke AdhAra para hI likhA huA ho sakatA hai / bhASA aura vicAroM meM sabhI jagaha eka nimargagata svAbhAvikatA aura saralatA milatI hai jo bauddhadharma ke vikAsa ke prathama stara kA paryApta rUpa se paricaya detI hai| usakI prabhAvazIlatA bhI isIlie atyanta uccakoTi kI hai| buddhadharma ke naitika rUpa kA bar3A sandara citra hameM suna-nipAta meM milatA hai| uragasutta meM nirvANa-prApti ke mArga ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai : yo uppatitaM vineti kodha, visataM sappavisaM va osadhehi / so bhikkha jahAti orapAraM, urago jiNNamiva tacaM purANaM // jo bhikSu car3he krodha ko, sarpa-viSa ko auSadha kI taraha, zAnta kara detA hai, vaha isa pAra (apane prati Asakti) aura usa pAra (dUsare ke prati Asakti) ko chor3atA hai, sA~pa jaise apanI purAnI keMculI ko / 'sA~pa jaise apanI purAnI keMculI ko' kaisI sundara upamA hai ! 1. dekhiye sutta-nipAta (bhikSu dharmaratna-kRta hindI anuvAda, prathama bhAga) ko vastukathA meM bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kA 'suttanipAta kI prAcInatA' sambandhI - vivecana , pRSTa 3-5

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( 237 ) dhaniya-sutta meM gRhastha-sukha aura dhyAna-sukha kI tulanA kI gaI hai, jisake uddharaNa kA moha saMvaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dhaniya gopa putra, strI, dhana, dhAnyAdi se mamRddha hai / vaha eka sukhI gRhastha kisAna hai / varSA-kAla meM vaha udgAra kara rahA hai :-- bhAta merA paka cukaa| dUdha duha liyaa| mahI (gaMDaka) nadI ke nIra para svajanoM ke sAtha vAsa karatA huuN| kuTI chA lI hai| Aga salagA lI hai| aba he deva ! cAho to khUba baraso ! makkhI macchara yahA~ para nahIM hai| kachAra meM ugI ghAsa ko gauveM caratI hai| pAnI bhI par3e to ve use saha leN| aba he deva ! cAho to khuba baraso ! . . . . . . . . merI gvAlina AjJAkArI aura acaMcalA hai / vaha cirakAla kI priya saMginI hai| usake viSaya meM koI pApa bhI nahIM suntaa| aba he deva ! cAho to khUba baraso ! meM Apa apanI hI majadUrI karatA huuN| merI santAna anukUla aura nIroga hai| unake viSaya meM koI pApa bhI nahIM sntaa| aba he deva ! cAho to khUba brso| __ mere taruNa baila aura bachar3e haiN| gAbhina gAyeM hai aura taruNa gAyeM bhI, aura saba ke bIca vRSabharAja bhI hai| aba he deva ! cAho to khUba baraso ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __khuTe majabUna gar3e hai, maMja ke pagahe naye aura acchI taraha baTe hai, baila-bhI unheM nahIM tor3a sakate / aba he deva ! cAho to khUba baraso / ' pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke magadha-kosala ke kimAna ke sukhI jIvana kA kaimA sundara citraNa hai, usakI AgA-AkAMkSAo kA kaisA sundara nirUpaNa hai ! grAmINa jIvana kA yaha citra, umake mukha kA yaha Adarza, Aja bhI utanA hI satya hai jitanA buddha-kAla meN| - - - - - - - - - 1. bhikSu dharmaratna kA anuvAda, pRSTha 7-10 (kucha alpa parivartanoM ke sihata)

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( 238 ) veda kI eka prArthanA meM rASTra kI vibhUti kA citra khIMcA gayA hai| para usake raMga itane gahare nahIM haiM, usakI rekhAeM itanI aura spaSTa nahIM haiM, jitanI sattanipAta ke varNana kii| itanA hote hue bhI sukhI kRSaka ke jIvana kA varNana sutta-nipAta meM kevala eka pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM hai, vaha svayaM apanA lakSya nahIM hai| usakA varNana yahA~ usase bar3e eka anya sukha kI kevala abhivyakti ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| usa sukha kA upabhoga bhagavAn buddha kara rahe hai| unake udgAroM ko kRpaka ke udgAroM se paMktizaH milAiye / mahI nadI ke taTa para khule AkAza meM baiThe hue bhagavAn umar3ate hue bAdaloM ko dekha kara prasanna udgAra kara rahe haiM :-- mai krodha aura rAga se rahita huuN| eka rAta ke lie mahI nadI ke tIra para ThaharA heN| merI kuTI khulI hai| agni (rAgAgni, dveSAgni, mohAgni) bujha cukI hai| aba he deva ! cAho to khUba baramo ! maine eka acchI taraNI banA lI hai| bhava sAgara ko tara kara pAra calA aayaa| aba taraNI kI AvazyakatA nahIM / he deva ! cAho to khUba brmo| merA mana vazIbhUta aura vimukta hai, cira kAla se paribhAvita aura dAnta hai| mujha meM koI pApa nhiiN| he deva ! cAho to khUba baraso ! mai kisI kA cAkara nhiiN| svacchanda sAre saMsAra meM vicaraNa karatA huuN| mujhe cAkarI se matalaba nahIM / he deva ! cAho to khava baraso ! 1. "A brahmanbrAhmaNo brahmavarcasI jAyatAm . . . . . . dogdhI dhenurvoDhA'na DvAnAzuH saptiH purandhiryoSA . . . . . . nikAma-nikAme naH parjanyo varSatu / phalavatyo na oSadhayaH pacyantAm / yogakSemo naH kalpatAm" / yajurveda 22 / 22

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( 239 ) mere na taruNa baila hai aura na bachar3e, na gAbhina gAya hai aura na taruNa gAyeM aura maba ke bIca vRSabharAja bhI nhiiN| he deva ! cAho to khUba brso| sAMsArika sukha aura dhyAna-sukha ko Amane-sAmane rakha kara kitanI sundara tulanA hai| sAMsArika manadhya kahatA hai 'upadhI hi naramma nandanA, na hi so nandati yo nirUpadhi' arthAt viSaya-bhoga hI sanupya ke Ananda ke kAraNa hai / jinheM vipayabhoga nahIM, unheM Ananda bhI nhiiN| para rAga-vimukta mahAtmA kahatA hai "upadhI hi narassa socanA na hi mo socati yo nirUpadhi' arthAt vipaya-bhoga hI manuSya kI cintA ke kAraNa hai / jo viSaya-rahita haiM, ve cintita bhI nahIM / donoM AdarzoM kA isase adhika sundara nirUpaNa, isa nATakIya gati aura saMvAda-zailI ke sAtha, sambhavataH sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM nahIM mila sakatA / bauddha dharma ke AcAratattva ke rUpa ko samajhane ke lie bhI yaha prakaraNa atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isI prakAra 'khaggavisANa mutta' meM ekAntavAsa kA sundara upadeza diyA gayA hai / 'eko care khaggavisANa kappo' (akelA vicare gaDe ke sIga kI taraha) se anta hone vAlI ina gAthAoM kA saundarya bhI apanA hai| kasI bhAradvAja sutta meM hama 500 hala lekara jatAI ke kAma meM lage hae kRSi bhAradvAja nAmaka brAhmaNa ke sAtha bhagavAn ke prasiddha kAvyAtmaka saMvAda ko dekhate hai| bhikSA ke lie mauna khar3e hue bhagavAn ko dekha kara kRSi bhAradvAja kahatA hai "zramaNa / maiM jotatA hU~, votA huuN| zramaNa ! tuma bhI joto, boo| jotAIboAI kara khaao|" bhagavAn kahate hai "brAhmaNa ! mai bhI jotAI boAI karatA hU~, jotAI boAI kara khAtA huuN|" (ahampi kho brAhmaNa kasAmi ca vapAmi ca kasitvA ca vapitvA ca bhuJAmi) Age bhagavAna ne apane isa kathana kI vyAkhyA kI hai, jo bar3I sundara hai| canda-sutna meM bhagavAn ne majina (mArga jina) Adi cAra prakAra ke zramaNo kI vyAkhyA kI hai| parAbhava-satta meM patana ke kAraNoM 1. bhikSu dharmaratna kA anuvAda, pRSTha 7-10 (kucha alpa parivartanoM ke sAtha); bhagavAn ke ina udagAroM ke sAtha milAiye 'theragAthA' meM prApta bhikSaoM ke isa prakAra ke udgAra bhI (Age 'theragAthA' ke vivecana meM)

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( 240 ) ko batalAyA gayA hai / vasala satta meM hama agni-bhAradvAja nAmaka brAhmaNa ko bhagavAn ke prati yaha kahate sunane hai "muNDaka ! vahIM Thahara ! zramaNa vahIM Thahara ! vRSala vahIM Thahara ! (tatraiva muNDaka, tatraiva samaNaka, tatraiva basalaka niTThAhIti) / bhagavAn ne binA krodha kie usa agnihotrI brAhmaNa ko batalAyA ki vRSala kise kahate haiN| lajjita hokara brAhmaNa bhagavAna buddha kA jIvana-paryanta upAsaka (gRhastha-ziSya) banA / hemavata satta meM bhagavAn buddha ke svabhAva kA varNana hai / anya aneka bAtoM ke sAtha kahA gayA hai ki unakA dhyAna kabhI rikta nahI hotA--buddho jhAnaM na riJcati / isI prakAra bhagavAna buddha ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai : "unakA citta samAdhistha hai| saba prANiyoM ke prati ve eka samAna hai| iSTa aura aniSTa viSayaka saMkalpa unake vaza meM hai / " Alavaka satta Alavaka yakSa ke sAtha bhagavAn kA saMvAda hai, jisakI tulanA mahAbhArata meM yudhiSThira aura yakSa ke saMvAda se kI jA sakatI hai| yakSa ke isa prazna ke uttara meM ki saba rasoM meM kauna sA rasa uttama hai (kiM sa have sAdutaraM rasAnaM) bhagavAn ne kahA hai 'saccaM have sAdutaraM rasAnaM' arthAt satya hI saba rasoM meM uttama hai| brAhmaNa bAvari aura unake ziSyoM ke bhagavAn se saMvAda to vizva ke dArzanika kAvya ke sarvottama udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiM / imI prakAra pabbajjA, padhAna aura nAlaka mana bhI apanI AkhyAnAtmaka gItAtmakatA ke sAtha sAtha dArzanika gambhIratA meM apanI tulanA nahIM rakhate / sana-nipAta kI viSaya-vastu pA~ca vargoM meM vibhakta hai (1) uggavagga (2) cUla vagga (3) mahAvagga (4) aTThakavagga aura (5) pArAyaNa vagga / prathama vagga meM 12 sutta haiM, yathA (1) uraga (2) dhaniya (3) khaggavimANa (4) kasi bhAradvAja (5) cunda (6) parAbhava (7) vasala (8) metta (9) hemavata (10) Alavaka (11) vijaya aura (12) muni / dvitIya varga meM 14 sutta hai, yathA (1) ratana (2) Amagandha (3) hiri (4) mahAmaMgala (5) muciloma (6) dhammacagyi (7) brAhmaNa-dhammiya, (8) nAvA (9) kimIla (10) uTThAna (11) gahala (12) vaMgIma (13) sammAparibAjaniya aura (14) dhammika / tIsare varga meM 12 sana hai. yathA (1) patrajjA (2) padhAna (3) subhAsita (4) sundarika bhAradvAja (5) mAgha (6) samiya (7) sela, (8) salla

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(241 ) (9) vAmeTTha (10) kokAliya (11) nAlaka aura (12) dvAyatAnupassanA / cauthe varga meM 16 satta haiM. yathA (1) kAma (2) guhaTTaka (3) duTThaka (4) muTThaka (5) paramaTTaka (6) jarA (7) tissameneyya, (8) pamUra () mAgandiya, (10) purAmeda (11) kalahavivAda (12) cula viyaha (13) mahAviyaha (14) tubaTaka (15) anadaNDa aura (16) mAriputta / pA~caveM varga meM ye 17 sutna hai, (1) vatthugAthA (2) ajitamANavapucchA (3) tissameneyamANavapucchA (4) puSaNakamANavapucchA (5) menagumANavapucchA (6) dhotakamANavapucchA (7) upayIvamANavapucchA (8) nandamANavapucchA (9) hemakamANavapucchA (10) todeyyamANavapucchA (11) kappamANavapucchA (12) jatukaNNimANavapucchA (13) bhadrAvudhamANavapucchA (15) udayamANavapucchA (15) pomAlamANavapucchA (16) mogharAjamANavapucchA aura (17) pigiyamANavapucchA / yadyapi sutta-nipAta kI gAthAoM ke aneka aMga, jinameM AkhyAna bhI kahIM kahIM kalAtmaka sundaratA ke sAtha anuviddha haiM, uddharaNa kI apekSA rakhate haiM, kintu vistAra-bhaya se aisA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vAstava meM sutta-nipAta meM sabhI kucha itanA mahattvapUrNa, sabhI kucha itanA AkarSaka ha ki kucha samajha meM nahIM AtA ki usakI sandaratA kA kyA namanA mAmane rakkhA jAya / vaha saba kA saba bauddhamAhitya meM jo kucha bhI atyanta mundara aura anyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, usakA namanA hai| phira bhI pA~caveM varga (pAgayaNa vagga) me buddha ke samakAlika godAvarItaTavAmI prasiddha vedana brAhmaNa bAvari ke 16 ziSyoM ke bhagavAna buddha ke sAtha jo udAnta-gambhIra maMlApa hue unakA kucha digdarzana to Avazyaka hI hai| yahA~ hama dekheMge ki vaidika paramparA ke sacce mAdhakoM ne bhI vRddha ko kitanI jaldI pahacAna liyA thA aura unheM kitanA UMcA sthAna diyA thaa| ajita-mANava-pucchA (ajita) "loka kimame DhaMkA hai ? kisase prakAzita nahI hotA ? kige imakA abhilepana kahate ho? kyA isakA mahAbhaya hai ?' (bhagavAn) "avidyA meM loka DhaMkA hai, pramAda se prakAzita nahIM hotaa|

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(ajita) (bhagavAn) ( 242 ) tRSNA ko abhilepana kahatA hU~ / janmAdi duHkha isake mahAbhaya hai|" "cAroM ora sone baha rahe hai| soto kA kyA nivAraNa hai ? sotoM kA DhaMkanA batalAo, kisase ye sote DhA~ke jA sakate hai ?" "jitane loka meM sote hai, smRti unakA nivAraNa hai| soto kI kI roka prajA hai, prajA se ye roke jA sakate hai|" "he mApa ! prajJA aura smRti nAma-rUpa hI hai| yaha pUchatA hU~, batalAo, kahA~ yaha nAma-rUpa niruddha hotA hai ?" "ajita ! jo tUne yaha prazna pUchA, use tujhe batalAtA hU~, jahA~ para ki sArA nAma-rUpa niruddha hotA hai| vijJAna ke nirodha se yaha niruddha ho jAtA hai|" (ajita) (bhagavAna) pugaNaka-mANava-pucchA (puNNaka) "he tRSNA-rahita mala-darzI ! maiM Apaka pAsa prazna ke sahita AyA hU~........jina RSiyoM ne yana kalpita kiye, kyA ve yaja-patha meM a-pramAdI the ? he mArpa ! kyA ve janma-jarA ko pAra hue ? he bhagavAn ! tumheM yaha pUchatA hU~, mujhe btaao|" (bhagavAn) "ve jo havana karate hai, lAbha ke lie hI kAmoM ko japate hai / ve yana ke yoga se bhava ke rAga se rakta ho, janma-jarA ko pAra nahIM hue, aisA maiM kahatA huuN|" (pUSNaka) "he mAI ! yadi yoga ke yoga (Asakti) se yajJoM dvArA janma-jarA ko pAra nahIM hue to he mArSa ! phira loka meM kauna deva-manapya janma-jarA ko pAra hue, tumhe he bhagavan ! maiM pUchatA huuN| mujhe batalAo ?" (bhagavAn) "loka meM vAra-pAra ko jAna kara, jisako loka meM kahIM bhI tRSNA nahIM, jo zAnta, dhUma-rahita, gagAdi-virata aura AgA-rahita hai vaha janma-jarA ko pAra ho gayA--maiM kahatA huuN|"

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( 243 ) mettagU-mANava pucchA (mettaga) "he bhagavAn ! maiM tumheM pUchatA hU~, mujhe yaha banalAo, tumheM meM jJAnI (vedagU-vedana) aura bhAvitAtmA samajhatA huuN| jo bhI loka meM aneka prakAra ke duHkha hai, ve kahA~ se Aye hai ? ' (bhagavAn) "duHkha kI isa utpani ko pUchate ho| prajJAnumAra maiM use tumheM kahatA huuN| tRSNA ke kAraNa hI loka meM aneka prakAra ke duHgva utpanna hote haiN|" dhotaka mANa va pucchA (dhotaka) "he bhagavAna ! tumhe yaha pUchatA hU~, maharSe ! tumhArA vacana sunanA cAhatA huuN| tumhAre ni?pa ko mana kara maiM apane nirvANa ko siikhNgaa|" (bhagavAn) "to tatpara ho. . . . .smRtimAn ho, yahA~ se vacana suna tuma apane nirvANa ko miikho|" (ghotaka) "maiM tumheM deva-manuSya-loka meM nilobha hokara viharane vAlA brAhmaNa dekhatA huuN| he samantacakSu ! ( cAroM ora A~khoM vAle ) tumhe meM namaskAra karatA huuN| he zaka ! mujhe vAda-vivAda se chdd'aao|" (bhagavAn) "he dhotaka ! loka meM mai kimI vAda-vivAda-parAyaNa (kathaMkI) ko chur3Ane nahIM jaauuNgaa| isa prakAra zreSTha dharma ko jAna kara tuma ima ogha (bhava-sAgara) ko tara jaaoge|" (dhotaka) "he brahma ! karuNA kara viveka-dharma ko mujhe upadeza karo, jisake anusAra mai yahI zAnta aura vimukta ho kara vicruuN|" (bhagavAn) "dhotaka ! imI zarIra meM pratyakSa dharma ko batalAtA hU~, jise jAna kara, smaraNa kara, AcaraNa kara, tu loka meM agAnti se tara jaaygaa|" kappa-mANava pucchA (kappa) "bar3I bhayAnaka bAr3ha meM sarovara ke bIca meM khar3e, mujhe tuma dvIpa (garaNa-sthAna) batalAo, jisase yaha saMsAra phira na ho|"

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( 244 ) (bhagavAn) "he kappa / tujhe dvIpa batalAtA hU~ / akiMcanatA hI sarvottama dvIpa hai| ise meM jarA-mRtyu-vinAza rUpa nirvANa kahatA huuN|" Adi, aadi| vimAnavatthu aura petavatthu vimAnavatthu (vimAnavastu) kA artha hai vimAnoM yA deva-AvAmoM kI kthaaeN| isI prakAra petavatthu kA artha hai pretoM kI kthaaeN| vimAnavatthu aura petavatthu meM kramazaH devatAoM aura pretoM kI kahAniyoM ke dvArA karma-phala ke siddhAnta kA prAkRtajanopayogI digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| devatA prakAza-rUpa hai| ve mandara AvAsoM meM rahate haiM / svarga-loka nAnA prakAra ke Amoda-pramodoM se pUrita hai| isake viparIta preta-yoni duHkhamaya hai| pretoM ko nAnA prakAra ke kaSTa jhelane par3ate haiN| isa janma meM jo nAnA prakAra ke zubha yA azubha karma kiye jAte hai, unhIM ke pariNAmasvarUpa mRtya ke uparAnta kramazaH devatAoM yA pretoM kI gatiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, yaha dikhAne ke lie hI vimAnavatthu aura petavatthu kI racanA kI gaI hai| isa prakAra bauddha naitikavAda ne yahA~ paurANika paridhAna grahaNa kara liyA hai| aisA lagatA hai naitika prayojana ke lie bauddhoM ne svarga-naraka maya prAcIna paurANikavAda ko svIkAra kara liyA hai| kintu svarga kA lakSya unhoMne gRhastha-janoM ke lie hI rakkhA hai| bhikSu kA pada isase bahuta adhika U~cA hai| vaha to nirvANakA abhilApI hai| svarga-loka bhI usake lie eka bandhana hai, kAmanAoM kI tRpti kA hI eka sAdhana hai| vaha to kAmanAoM se Upara uTha kara, manuSya aura devatA sava kA hI anuzAsaka hai| ataH yaha ThIka hI hai ki kisI bhI bhikSu ko zubha karma ke pariNAmasvarUpa svarga prApta karate 'vimAnavatthu' meM nahIM dikhAyA gyaa| kevala sadagRhastha hI zubha karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa svarga prApta karate hai aura vahA~ nAnA prakAra ke ramaNa, krIr3A divya mAlya-dhAraNa Adi kA upabhoga karate hai| vimAnavatthu'' meM 85 deva-AvAsoM - - - - - - - - 1. mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dvArA buddhacaryA, pRSTha 373-384 meM anuvAdita / 2. devanAgarI lipi meM mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana tathA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA sampAdita (bhikSu uttama dvArA prakAzita, buddhAbda 2481 (1937 I0)

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( 245 ) (vimAnoM) kA varNana hai, jinheM mAta vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama varga kA nAma 'pITha vagga' hai| isameM 17 deva-nivAsoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra zeSa 6 vargoM meM jinake nAma kramazaH 'cittalatA vagga', 'pAricchattaka vagga', 'majjeThTha vagga', 'mahAratha vagga', 'pAyAmi vagga' aura 'sunikkhitta vagga' haiM, kramazaH 11, 10, 12, 14, 10 aura 11 deva-nivAmoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kevala nAma aura thor3e se Amoda-pramodoM ko chor3a kara prAyaH pratyeka deva-AvAsa ke varNana kI gailI aura mala bhAvanA eka hI hai| koI devatA kisI AvAsa-vizeSa meM Amoda-pramoda karatA haA dikhAI par3atA hai| use dekha kara koI bhikSu (moggallAna) umame pUchatA hai "he devate! tU sundara varNa se yukta hai| apane zubhra varNa me tU zukra-nAga ke samAna mArI dizAoM ko Alokita kara rahA hai| manuSyoM ko priya lagane vAle mAre bhoga tujhe prApta hai / he mahAnubhAva devate ! maiM tujhase pUchatA hUM--manuSya hote hue tUne kyA puNya kiyA thA jisake phalasvarUpa tujhe ye saba bhoga mile----"pRcchAmi taM devi mahAna bhAve manussabhUtA kimakAsi pujaM. .... .yasma kammasmidaM phlN|" devatA prasanna ho kara apane manuSya rUpa meM kie hue puNyAdi kA varNana karatA hai--"mahAnubhAva bhikSu! suna, mai tujhe apane manuSya-rUpa meM kie hue puNya ko batalAtA hai| prANa-hiMsA se virata, mRSAvAda me virata, saMyata, madA mIla se saMvata ho kara mai cakSapmAna, yazasvI, gotama kA upAsaka thA. . . . . . .isI kAraNa mega yaha zubhra varNa hai| isI kAraNa maiM dizAoM ko Alokita kara rahA huuN|" saba varNanoM kI prAyaH yahI bAnagI hai| bauddha dharma meM jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie jisa nIti-vidhAna kA Adarza rakkhA gayA hai usI kA digdarzana ye karate hai| adhika kAvyamaya navInatA inameM na hote hue bhI ve kevala una naitika guNoM ko jinheM bauddha dharma meM sadgRhasthoM ke lie sAdhAraNataH AdaraNIya mAnA gayA hai, bAra bAra hamArI smRti meM aGkita karane kA prayatna karate haiN| Aja isame adhika vimAnavatthu ke varNanoM kA mahatva hamAre lie nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| unakI paurANika pRSThabhUmi to nizcaya hI bauddha dharma ke uttarakAlIna vikAsa kI sUcaka hai, ataH use buddha-zAsana kA utanA Avazyaka aMga mAnane kI galatI nahIM karanI caahie| kAvyAtmaka guNa bhI unake andara adhika nahIM hai| 'patavattha' meM 50 pretoM kI kahAniyA~ hai, jinheM 4 bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai. yathA (1) petavatthu,

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( 246 ) (2) uraga petavatthu, (3) ubbarI petavatthu aura (4) dhAtu vivaNNa petvtthu| 'patavatthu' meM pretoM kI kahAniyoM ke dvArA yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa kisa duSkarma ke kAraNa paraloka meM kyA kyA duHkha bhogane par3ate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie eka bhikSu kI kathA dekhie| bhikSa nArada kisI preta se pUchate haiM--"terI sampUrNa kAyA zubhra hai| tu sArI dizAoM ko apane kAnta varNa se Alokita bhI kara rahA hai| kintu terA mukha zukara kA hai| nUne pUrva janma meM kyA karma kiyA thA ?' 1 preta uttara detA hai "nArada ! mai kAyA se saMyata thA, kintu vANI se asaMyata thaa| isI liye nArada ! merA yaha aisI avasthA hai jise tU dekhatA hai / he nArada ! jaisA tumane svayaM dekhA hai, maiM bhI tumheM kahatA hU~--mukha meM pApa na karanA, tAki tumheM bhI kahIM zUkara ke makha vAlA na honA pdd'e|"2 isa prakAra zubha karma kA pariNAma marane ke bAda zubha aura azubha karma kA azubha hotA hai, imI naitika satya ko kramazaH 'vimAnavatthu' aura 'petavattha' meM dikhalAyA gayA hai / theragAthA aura therIgAthA theragAthA aura therIgAthA khuddaka-nikAya ke do mahattvaparNa grantha haiN| ina do granthoM meM kramazaH buddhakAlIna bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke padya-baddha jIvana-saMsmaraNa haiN| 1. kAyo te sabbasovaNNo sabbA obhAsate disA / mukhaM te sUkarAssa eva ki kammaM akarI pure| . 2. kAyena saJato Asi vAcA Asi asato / tena meM tAdiso vaNNo yathA passasi naard| taM tyahaM nArada brUmi sAyaM dikheM idaM tayA / mA kAsi mukhasA pApaM mA kho sukaramukho ahU ti / petavatthu (khetUpamA petavatthu) 3. 4. mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana tathA bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa ne ina donoM granthoM kA sampAdana devanAgarI lipi meM kiyA hai jise bhikSu uttama ne buddhAbda 2481 (1937 I0) meM prakAzita kiyA hai| prophesara bhAgavata ne bhI therIgAthA kA sampAdana nAgarI lipi meM kiyA hai, jise bambaI vizva vidyAlaya ne san 1937 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| 'therIgAthA'

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( 247 ) theragAthA meM 255 bhikSaoM ke udgAra haiM, jaba ki therIgAthA meM 73 bhikSuNiyoM ke| theragAthA meM 1279 gAthAe~ (padya) hai jo 21 nipAtoM (vargoM) meM vibhakta haiN| therIgAthA meM 522 gAthAe~ hai jo 16 nipAtoM meM vibhakta hai| vAstava meM theragAthA me therIgAthA adhika mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, kyoMki yahA~ bhikSuNiyoM kI AtmIyatA aura yathArthavAditA adhika spaSTa jhalakatI hai| theragAthA meM antarjagat ke anubhavoM kI bahalatA hai, jabaki therIgAI seyaktika dhvani pradhAna hai| theggAthA meM magmya prAkRtika varNanoM kI adhikatA hai| bhikSaoM ke dhyAna ke prasaMga meM ye varNana vahA~ svabhAvataH A gae haiN| kintu bhikSuNiyoM ne apane jIvana kI vAstavika paristhitiyoM para hI adhika paryavekSaNa kiyA hai| donoM ke hI udgAroM meM jIvana ke karuNa pakSa ke anubhava kI adhika abhivyakti hai| phira bhI vahA~ nigagA nahIM hai / buddha-zAmana kA avalambana pA kara donoM ne hI uma gaMbhIra aura gAnta sukha kA sparza kiyA hai, jo jIvana kI viSamatAoM aura kaTatAoM ko ghola DAlatA hai aura una para manuSya kI vijaya kA sUcaka banatA hai| kisI kimI bhikSu ke zabdoM meM nArI ke prati virakta bhAva bhI hai| isI prakAra kisI kisI bhikSuNI ne puruSa ke dvArA usa para kiye gae atyAcAra kA bhI duHkhapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA hai| mAnava-jIvana kI ye sAmAnya viSamatAeM hai| inameM hameM kisI vizeSa siddhAnta ko yahA~ nikAlane kA prayatna nahIM karanA caahie| aba hama thera aura therI gAthAoM se kucha uddharaNa de kara unakI viSaya-vastu kI vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa kreNge| sthavira Atuma apane anubhava kA varNana karate hue kahate hai-maine vRddha, duHkhI, vyAdhi se mAre hue, samApta Ayu-saMskAra vAle, purupa ko ina A~khoM se dekhA / basa ina (duHkhoM) se niSkramaNa pAne ke lie maMne sAre manorama bhogoM ko chor3a kara pravajyA le lii|" sthavira valliya kA anubhava bhI mArmika hai, "mere bAla banAne ke lie nAI mere pAsa aayaa| kA anuvAda (paramatthadIpanI ke AdhAra para bhikSuNiyoM kI jIvaniyoM ke sahita, lekhaka ne kiyA hai, jo sastA sAhitya maMDala, naI dilI, dvArA prakAzita ho cukA hai)| 1. jiNNaJca disvA dukhitaJca vyAdhitaM mataJca visvA gatamAyusaMkhayaM / tato ahaM nikvamituna paji pahAya kAmAni manoramAni ||gaathaa 73

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( 248 ) usake hAtha me darpaNa le kara maiM apane zarIra kA pratyavekSaNa karane lgaa| kAyA kI tucchatA ko maine dekhaa| merA andhakAra vahIM vidIrNa ho gayA ! ahaMkAra kA vastra phAr3a DAlA gyaa| sAre AvaraNoM se maiM aba vimukta ho gayA ! aba mere lie punarjanma honA nahIM hai|"1 eka viSayI purupa baddha-zAsana ko suna kara kisa prakAra pravajita ho gayA hai, yaha sthavira kimbila ke zabdoM meM maniye, "vare cintana meM lagA huA meM pahale ima kAyA ke zRMgAra-sAdhana meM lagA rahatA thaa| maiM uddhata thA, capala thA, evaM kAma-vAsanA se burI taraha vyathita thaa| saubhAgyavaza Adityavandhu bhagavAna buddha ne, jo mere jaimoM kA upAya karane meM kuzala haiM, apane upadeza se mujhe satpatha para lagA diyaa| aba saMsAra se merA citta anAsakta ho cukA hai|"2 sthavira nanda kA gambhIra anAmakta bhAva dekhiye, "citta samAdhi-magna nahIM hai aura dUsare isakI prazaMmA karate hai| yadi citta samAdhi-magna nahIM hai to dUsaroM kI prazaMsA vyartha hI hai| citta acchI prakAra samAdhi-magna hai aura dUsare isakI nindA karate haiN| yadi cina acchI prakAra mamAdhi-magna hai, to dUsare kI nindA vyartha hI hai|"3 vastutaH 'theragAthA' kI do bar3I vizeSatAe~ haiM, bhikSuoM ke Antarika anabhava kA varNana aura unakA prakRti-darzana / bhikSaoM ne saMskAroM kI anityatA ko dekha kara mAMsArika jIvana se vaigagya liyA hai| citta kI gAnti hI unake lie saba se bar3A sukha hai| jIvana ke prati na unameM utsukatA hai aura na viSAdamaya dRssttikonn| 1. phese me olikhissanti kappako upasaMkami / tato AdAsaM AdAya sarIraM pacca vekkhisN| tuccho kAyo adisittha, andhakAre tamo vygaa| sabbe colA samucchinnA natthi dAni punabhavo' ti" // gAthAe~ 169-170 2. ayonisomanasIkArA maNDanaM anuyuJjisaM / uddhato capalo cAsi kAmarAgena attttito| upAyakusalenAhaM buddhnaadiccbndhunaa| yoniso paTipajjitvA bhave cittaM udabahinti // gAthAe~ 157-158 3. pare ca naM pasaMsanti attA ce asmaahito| moghaM pare pasaMsanti attA hi asa maahito|| pare ca naM garahanti attA ce susamAhito / moghaM pare garahanti attA hi susmaahito|| gAthAe~ 159-160

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( 249 ) ve kevala zAnta aura gambhIra hai| anAsakti unake jIvana kA mukhya lakSaNa hai / jinhoMne viSayoM ko vamana ke samAna chor3a diyA hai, sukha-duHkha jinake lie arthahIna ho gae haiM, gIta aura uSNa jinake lie samAna hai, aise sAdhakoM kI mAnasika dazAoM kA varNana hI hameM 'theragAthA' meM milatA hai / bhikSu jIvana ke Adarza ko dharma-senApati sAriputra ne sadA ke lie smaraNIya zavdoM meM vyakta karate hue apane viSaya meM kahA hai : ------ nAbhinandAmi maraNaM nAbhinandAmi jIvitaM / kAlaJca paTikaGkSAmi sampajAno paTissato | nAbhinandAmi maraNaM nAbhinandAmi jIvitaM / kAlaJca paTikaGkSAmi nibbisaM bhatako yathA // ' ( na mujhe marane kI icchA hai, na jIne kI abhilASA / jJAna pUrvaka sAvadhAna ho maiM apane samaya kI pratIkSA kara rahA hU~ / na mujhe marane kI icchA hai, na jIne kI abhilASA | kAma karaneke bAda apanI majUrI pAne kI pratIkSA karane vAle dAma ke samAna mai apane samaya kI pratIkSA kara rahA hU~ ) dharmasenApati sAriputra ke parinirvANa para mahAmoggallAna sthavira ne saMskAroM kI anityatA para jo bhAva prakaTa kie haiM, ve bhagavAn ke una mahAziSya ke hRdaya ke antastala taka hameM le jAte haiM / 'aniccA vata saMkhArA' kA udgAra karate hue mahAmoggalAna sthavira kahate haiM- tadAsiya bhisanakaM tadAsi lomahasanaM / anekAkArasampanna sAriputtamhi nibbute // 2 yaha bhISaNa huA, yaha romAMcakArI huA / aneka dhyAna-samApattiyoM se sampanna sAriputra parinirvRtta ho gaye ! 1. gAthAe~ 1002-1003; sthavira saMkicca ne bhI ina bhAvoM kI punarAvRtti kI hai, gAthAe~ 606-607 aura aMzata: sthavira nisabha ne bhI, gAthA 196; milindaprazna meM bhI ina gAthAoM ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| dekhiye milidaprazna, pRSTha 55 ( bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kA anuvAda ) 2. gAthAe~ 1158-1159 /

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( 250 ) bhikSuoM ne strI ke kAminI-rUpa para vijaya prApta kI hai| usake pralobhanoM meM ve nahIM A sakane, aisA unhoMne prasannatApUrvaka kahA hai|' eka alaMkRtA, suvasanA, mAlAdhAriNI, candana lepa kiye hue nartakI ko mahApatha ke bIca meM nRtya-gAna karate hue bhikSu ne dekhA hai| umI mamaya usane vAmanA ke duSpariNAma para cintana kiyA hai, azubha-bhAvanA kI hai, aura isa prakAra apane cina ko vimukta kiyA hai| strI ke rUpAdi kI Amakti ko bhikSuoM ne saba duHkha kA kAraNa mAnA hai| zmagAna meM strI ke sar3ate hue zarIra ko kRmi Adi se khAye jAte hue dekha kara unhoMne usake anitya aura azubha mpa kI bhAvanA kI hai aura satya kA darzana kiyA hai|4 strI kI kAyA ke hI nahIM, unhoMne apanI kAyA ke bhI azubha, tuccha rUpa 1. sace pi etakA bhigyo Agamissanti ithiyo / neva maM vyAdhiyissanti dhamme svamhi patihito // gAthA, 1211. 2. alaMkatA suvasanA mAlinI candanussadA / majhe mahApathe nArI turiye naccati naTTako // gAthA, 267 tato me manasokAro. . . . . . tato cittaM vimucci me // 269-70; milAiye gAthAe~ 459-465 bhI jahA~ 'pairoM meM mahAvara lagAye hue' (alattakakatA pAdA) suvasanA, alaMkRtA, smita karatI huI vezyA ne bhikSa ke sAmane gRhastha-jIvana meM praveza kA prastAva rakkhA hai 'ahaM vittaM dadAmi te' (maiM tujhe dhana detI hU~) yaha kahate hue, para bhikSu ke use mRtyu kA pAza samajha kara azubha kI bhAvanA kI hai aura satya kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai| "kAma-vAsanA meM duSpariNAma dekha kara maine cittamala-rahita avasthA ko prApta kara liyA" (kAmesvAdInavaM . . . . . . patto me Asavakkhayo--gAthA 458); milAiye "aMkena puttamAdAya bhariyA meM upAgami. .... . tato me manasokAro..... tato cittaM vimucci meM", Adi gAthAe~ 299-301 bhI 3. itthirUpe itthirase phohabbe pi ca itthiyaa| itthigandhesu sAratto vividhaM vindate dukhaM // gAthA 738 4. apaviddhaM susAnasmiM khajjantiM kimihI phuTaM / AturaM asuci pUrti passa kulla samusmayaM / gAthA 393 milAiye 'dhiratthu pUre

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( 251 ) kA darzana jJAna-darzana kI prApti ke lie kiyA hai| eka bhikSu ne hameM batAyA hai ki bhikSu hone se pahale vaha eka gaja-purohita kA putra thA aura jAti-mada aura bhoga aura aizvarya ke mada me matavAlA rahatA thA, kintu aba usakA saba mAna, mada aura asmimAna chUTa cukA hai aura vaha pramanna aura mAnta hai| imI prakAra eka anya bhikSa ne hameM batAyA hai ki pahale rAjA hote samaya kima prakAra usake hAthI kI grIvAoM meM sUkSma vastra laTakane the, para vahI Aja parigraha-rahita magna me dhyAna karatA hai| ucca maMDalAkAra dRr3ha aTTalikAoM aura koThoM meM vaha pahale hAtha meM khuDaga dhAraNa kiye sipAhiyoM aura paharedAroM dvAga rakSita hote hae bhI vAsapUrvaka motA thA, para Aja vahI vinA kimI trAsa ke, sampUrNa bhayoM se vimakta ho kara vana meM praveza kara dhyAna karatA hai| eka dUsare bhikSu (gIlava) ne hameM batAyA hai ki vaha pahale nIca kula meM utpanna huA thaa| daridra thA aura bhojana bhI nahIM pAtA thA / mukhe phUloM ko bIna bIna kara vaha becatA thA aura apanI jIvikA kamAtA thaa| usakA karma hIna thaa| apane mana ko nIcA kara ke vaha aneka manuSyoM kI vandanA karatA thaa| eka dina bhikSa-saMgha ke sAtha magadha ke uttama nagara (rAjagRha) meM praveza karate hue bhagavAn mamyaka sambuddha ko umane dekhaa| vaha Age duggandhe . . .' Adi gAthA 279 tathA gAthA 1150 bhii| 1. dhammAdAsaM gahetvAna jANadassanapattiyA / paccavekkhiM imaM kAyaM tucchaM santarabAhiraM // gAthA 395 2. jAtimadena mattohaM bhogaisariyena ca / . . . . . . . . . mAnaM madaJca chaDDetvA vippasannena cetsaa| asmimAno samucchinno sabbe mAnavidhA hatA // 423 428 3. yA taM me hathigIvAya sukhamA vatthA padhAritA / sojja bhaddo. jhAyati anupadAno. . . . . . ucce maNDaliyAkAre dalhamaTTAlakoTTake / rakkhito khaggahatthehi uttasaM vihari pure // sojja bhaddo anutrAsI phiinbhybhervo| jhAyati vanamogaha ya . . . . . . . . ." 842-864

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( 252 ) bar3ha kara bhagavAn kI vandanA karane gayA / puruSottama (buddha) usa para kRpA karake svayaM khar3e ho ge| phira sarvalokAnukampaka kAruNika zAstA ne usase kahA "A bhikSu' ! yahI usakI upasampatA huii| Aja bhikSu kI yaha hAlata hai ki indra aura brahmA bhI Akara aJjali bA~dha kara usako praNAma karate haiN|' bhikSuoM ke Antarika jIvana kA eka anaThA citra hameM sthavira tAlapuTa ke AtmodgAra meM milatA hai| ima bhikSu ne apane citta ko sambodhana kara kucha mahanIya udgAra kie haiM jinakI tulanA samartha rAmadAsa ke 'manAce zloka' aura gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ke 'vinaya-patrikA' ke aneka padoM se acchI prakAra kI jA sakatI hai| vaime to lAlapuTa sthavira dvArA uccarita sabhI gAthAe~ (1091-1145) uddharaNIya hai, parantu yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se kevala kucha kA uddharaNa hI upayukta hogaa| sthavira tAlapuTa apane mana ko sambodhana karate hue kahate haiM, "he cina ! jaise phala kI icchA karane vAlA manuSya vRkSa ko lagAkara phira usakI jar3a ko hI tor3ane kI icchA kare, usI prakAra he cina ! mujhako cala aura anitya isa saMsAra meM lagAtAra tU vaisA hI karatA hai ! 2. . . . .he cina ! sarvatra hI to maiMne tere vacana ko kiyA hai, aneka pUrva 1. nIce kulamhi jAtohaM dalido appbhojno| honaM kammaM mamaM Asi ahosi pugphachaDDako // 62 nIcaM manaM karitvAna vandissaM bahukaM janaM / 621 atha addasAsi sambuddhaM bhikkhusaMghapurakkhataM pavisantaM mahAvIraM magadhAnaM purattamaM // 622 nikkhapitvAna vyAbhaMgi vandituM usapasaMkami / mameva anukampAya aThThAsi purisuttamo // 623 tato kAruNiko satthA sbblokaanukmpko| ehi bhikkhUti maM Aha sA me AsupasampadA // 625 . . . . . . . . indro brahmA ca AgantvA meM nassisu paJjali // 628 2. ropetvA rukkhAni yathA phalesI mUle taruM chettu tameva icchasi / tathUpamaM cita idaM karosi yaM maM aniccamhi cale niyuJjasi // 1121

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( 253 ) janmoM meM bhI to maiMne tujhe kabhI kupita nahIM kiyA / tU mere hI andara se utpanna haiM, isalie kRtajJatAvaNa he citta ! maiMne tere lie cirakAla taka duHkha meM saMsaraNa kiyA hai ! he citta ! tU hI brAhmaNa banAtA hai aura tU hI kSatriya rAjapi / he citta ! tere hI kAraNa vaizya aura zUdra banate haiM aura devatva bhI pAte haiM tere hI kAraNa ! he citta ! tere hI kAraNa asura banate haiM naraka-yoniyA~ bhI tere hI kAraNa hai / he citta ! pazu-pakSI kI yoniyA~ aura pitaroM kI yoniyoM meM bhI tU hI DAlatA hai / dhik ! dhik ! re citta ! aba tU Age kA kyA karanA cAhatA hai / aba tU mujhe apanA vagavatIM banA na sakegA / " 3 yahI bhikSu Age kAmanA karatA hai --. kadA nu haM dubbacanena vRtto tato nimittaM vimano na hessaM / atho paTTho pi tato nimittaM tuTTo na hesmaM tadidaM kadA // 4 arthAt--kaba maiM apane lie prayukta durvacano ko sunakara unake kAraNa duHkhI aura udAsIna nahIM hU~gA, aura isI prakAra apanI prazaMsA kiye jAne para usake kAraNa prasanna bhI nahIM hU~gA -- kyA kabhI mere aise dina AyeMge ? Adi Adi / apane putra bhikSu ko buddha ke sAtha dekhakara eka pitA usakA abhinandana karatA hai 1 :-- 1. sambattha te citta vaco kataM mayA bahUsu jAtisu na me si kopito / ajjhattasambhava tatAya te dukkhe ciraM saMsaritaM tathA kate // 1126 2. taveva hetU asurA bhavAmase, tvaM mUlakaM nerayikA bhavAmase / atho tiracchAna gatApi ekadA petattanaM vApi taveva vAhasA // 1128 tvavano citta karosi brAhmaNo tvaM khattiyA vApi rAjadisI karosi | milAiye. vessA ca suddA ca bhavAma ekadA, devattanaMvApi taveva vAhasA // 1127 3. dhI dhI paraM kiM mama citta kAhasi na te alaM citta vasAnuvattako / 1134; . nAhaM alaM tuyha vase nivattituM / 1132 4. gAthA 1100; milAiye tulasIdAsa "kabahu~ka hau yahi rahani rahauMgo paruSa bacana ati dusaha sravana suni tehi pAvaka na dahauMgo / bigatamAna, sama sItala mana. " vinaya patrikA | 1.....

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saan| jaise parvata-guphA meM do siMha eka dUsare ko dekhakara nAda kareM, usI prakAra donoM jJAnI eka dusare kA abhinandana karate hue kahate hai :--mAra ko senAsahita jIta kara hama donoM vIroM ne saMgrAma vijaya kiyA hai / apane pratrajina putra ko dekhakara mAtA vilApa karatI hai / putra use samajhAtA huA kahatA hai :--mAtA ! mRta putra ke lie mAtA ro sakatI hai, athavA usa putra ke lie bhI jo jIvita hote hue bhI use dikhAI nahIM detA, anupasthita hai| mAtA ! maiM to jIvita hU~ aura tu mujhe sAmane dekha bhI rahI hai / phira mAtA ! mere lie tU rodana kyoM kare ? mataM vA amma rodanti vo vA jIvaM na dissani / jovantaM maM amma dissantI kasmA maM amma rodami // 2 parvata-guphAoM meM dhyAna karate hue aneka bhikSuoM ke citra hameM 'theragAthA' meM milate haiN| pAMgukUla dhArI (gudar3I dhArI) bhikSu parvata-guphA meM siMha ke samAna suzobhita hai--'sobhati paMsukUlena sIho va girignbhre'| isI prakAra bhikSa kI acala, dhyAnastha avasthA kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai : jisa prakAra sudRr3ha parvata nizcala aura supratiSThina hotA hai, usI prakAra jisa bhikSu kA moha naSTa ho cukA hai, vaha acala parvata ke samAna kampita nahIM hotaa| yathApi pabbato selo acalo supatiSThito / evaM mohakkhayA bhikkhu pabbato' va na bedhati // 4 isa prakAra bhikSu-jIvana ke bAhya aura Antarika rUpa ke aneka citra hameM 'theragAthA' meM milate haiN| unake Antarika anubhavoM aura dhyAnI jIvana kA pUrA paricaya hameM yahA~ milatA hai| 1. nandanti evaM sapA sohA va giriganbhare / vIrA vijitasaMgAmA jetvA mAraM savAhanaM // gAthA 177 2. gAthA 44 3. gAthA 1081 4. gAthA 1000

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( 255 ) bhikSuoM ne apanI sAdhanA meM prakRti kA kitanA sahayoga liyA thA, isakA bhI pUrA darzana hameM 'theragAthA' meM milatA hai| 'theragAthA' meM isa prakAra vanya aura pArvatya dRzyoM ke tathA varSA aura garad Adi RtuoM ke jitane sandara, saMzliSTa citra prasaMgavaza A gaye hai, ve usakI eka vibhUti vana gaye hai / 'theragAthA' ke prakRtivarNana kI tulanA bhAratIya sAhitya meM kevala vAlmIki ke isa viSaya-sambandhI varNanoM se kI jA sakatI hai| usakI udAttatA, saralatA aura sUkSma nirIkSaNa rAba advitIya hai| vinTaranitz2a ne 'theragAthA' ke prakRti-varNanoM ko bhAratIya gIti-kAvya ke sacce ratna' kahA hai| prastuta lekhaka ne 'pAli sAhitya meM prakRti-varNana' zIrSaka lekha meM pAli sAhitya, vizeSata: 'theragAthA', meM prApta prakRti-varNana kA vistRta vivecana karate hue bhAratIya kAvya-sAhitya meM usake sthAna ko nirdhArita kiyA hai| ataH yahA~ kevala saMkSepa se hI kucha kahanA upayuvata hogaa| bhikSuoM kA jIvana prakRti se gahare rUpa se sambaddha thaa| giri-guhA, nadItaTa, vana-prastha, puAla-puja athavA kisI chAI huI yA binA chAI huI hI kuTiyA meM dhyAna karate hae bhikSuoM ko varSA, zIta Adi Rtuo ke parivartana kA aura pRthvI aura AkAza ke aneka raMgoM aura rUpoM ke parivartana kA sAkSAt anubhava hotA thaa| prakRti ke aneka rUpoM kI pratikriyA unake cina para kaisI hotI hai, isake aneka citra ve 'theragAthA' meM hamAre lie chor3a gaye haiN| unameM se kucha kA avalokana karanA yahA~ Avazyaka hogaa| ___ mUsalAdhAra varSA ho rahI hai| dhyAnastha bhikSa apanI kuTiyA meM baiThA hai| hA~, usakI kuTiyA chAI huI hai| bhikSu udgAra karatA hai :-- 1. "The Real Gems of Indian Lyric Poctry" inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 106 2. dharmadUta, apraila-maI 1951 3. varSA hone vAlI hai| bhagavAn mahI (gaMDaka) nadI ke taTa para khulI kuTiyA (vivaTA kuTi) meM baiThe hai / dekhiye sutta-nipAta, gAthA 19 (dhaniya-sutta)

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( 256 ) baraso deva ! yathAsukha baraso ! merI kuTiyA chAI huI hai| (ThaMDI) havA andara na A sakane ke kAraNa vaha sukhakArI hai| merA citta samAdhi meM dRDhatApUrvaka lIna hai| (kAmAsakti se) vimukta ho cukA hai| nirvANa ke lie udyoga cala rahA hai| baraso deva ! yathA mukha baraso / ' eka dUsare bhikSu ne isI anubhava ko inase bhI adhika sundara zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai mundara gIta ke samAna deva barasatA hai ! merI kuTiyA chAI huI hai ! (ThaMDhI) havA andara na A sakane ke kAraNa vaha sukhakArI hai ! usameM zAnta-citta, dhyAnastha meM baiThA huuN| baraso deva ! jitanI tumhArI icchA ho baraso ! sundara gIta ke samAna deva barasatA hai ! merI kuTiyA chAI huI hai ! (ThaMDI) havA andara na A sakane ke kAraNa vaha sukhakArI hai ! usameM zAnta-citta meM dhyAna kara rahA hU~ ! vIta-rAga ! vIta-dveSa ! vIta-moha ! baraso deva ! jitanI tumhArI icchA ho baraso ! 2 1. channA me kuTikA sukhA nivAtA vassa deva yathAsukhaM / cittaM me susamAhitaM vimuttaM AtApI viharAmi vassa devA' ti / gAthA 1 2. vassati devo yathA sugItaM, channA me kuTikA sukhA nivaataa| tassaM viharAmi vUpasanto, atha ce patthayasi pavassa deva // vassati devo yathA sugItaM , channA me kuTikA sukhA nivaataa| vItarAgo. . . . . . vItadoso. . . . . . . vItamoho. . . atha ce patthayasi pavassa devA' ti // gAthAe~ 325-329

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( 257 ) 'vaspati devo yathA sugInaM' ( sundara gIta ke samAna deva barasatA hai ! ) kaisI sundara upamA hai ! prAkRtika saundarya kA kaisA manoja pratyakSIkaraNa hai ! jhar3I lagAkara barasate hue bAdala ke samAna sundara gIta kI varSA ke saundarya ko bhI dekhane kI kSamatA vItarAga bhikSu meM hai / para dhyAna kA sukha to isameM bhI bar3A hai : paJcaGgina turiyana na rati hoti tAdisI / yathA ekaggacittassa sammA dhammaM vipassato || ( paJcavidha tUryadhvani (saGgIta ) se bhI vaisA Ananda prApta nahIM hotA, jaisA ekAgra citta puruSa kA dharma ke samyak darzana karane se utpanna hotA hai) ata: dhyAna kA sukha hI bhikSu ke lie saba se bar3A sukha hai aura prAkRtika saundarya usake lie isI dhyAna kA uddIpana banatA hai / varSAkAla hai / sundara nIlI grIvA vAle, kalaMgIvArI mora apane sundara mukhAM se bola rahe haiN| * kitanI madhura hai unakI garjana ! vistRta pRthvI cAroM ora hariyAlI se bharI huI hai / sArI sRSTi jala se vyApta hai / AkAza meM jala-pUrita kRSNa megha chAye hue haiM / dhyAna ke lie yaha upayukta avasara hai / bhikSu ko prasannatA ki usakA dhyAna atyanta sucAru rUpa se cala rahA hai / buddha-zAsana ke abhyAsa meM vaha sundara rUpa se apramAdI / yadi prakRti meM ullAsa aura utsAha hai, to bhikSu kA mana bhI sundara hai / use bhI utsAha hotA hai atyanta pavitra, kuzala, durdarza, uttama, acyuta pada (nirvANa ) kA sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie / varSAkAlIna saundarya ke bIca dhyAnastha bhikSu ke isa parAkrama ko dekhiye :-- nandanti morA susikhA supekhuNA sunIlagIvA sumukhA sugajjino / susaddalA cApi mahA mahI ayaM suvyApitambu suvalAhakaM nabhaM // * sukallarUpo sumanassa jhAyitaM sunikkhamo sAdhu subuddhasAsane / susukkasukkaM nipuNaM sududdasaM phusAhitaM uttamamaccatapadaM // 2 chata ke nIce baiThe hue, mitra parijanAdi se ghire hue, sAMsArika manuSyake samAna varSA kA saundarya kevala dUra se avalokana karane kI vastu bhikSu ke lie nahIM thI / 1. gAthA 398, milAiye gAthA 1071 2. gAthAe~ 211-212 17

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( 258 ) usake lie varSA apane sampUrNa AkarSaNa aura bhaya ke sAtha hI AtI thii| usake raudra rUpa kA bhI vaha usI prakAra pratyakSa anubhava karatA thA jaise umake madhura gIta ke samAna pravita hone kaa| akelA dhyAnastha bhikSu bhayaMkara guphA meM baiThA hai / bAdala barasa rahA hai aura AkAza meM gar3agar3A rahA hai| bhayaMkara musalAdhAra vA aura AkAza meM nirantara bijalI kI gar3agar3AhaTa ! para bhikSa ko bhaya kahA~ ? nirbhayatA usakA svabhAva hai, usakI 'dhammatA' hai| ata: use na bhaya hai, na stambha hai aura na romAMca ! sthavira mambula kaccAna ke anubhava ko unake zabdoM meM hI muniye : devo ca vassati devo ca gaLaMgaLAyati ekako cAhaM bherave bile vihraami| tassa mahaM ekakassa bherave bile viharato natthi bhayaM vA chambhitattaM vA lomahaMso vaa|| dhammatA mamesA yassa me ekakassa bherave bile viharato natthi bhayaM vA chambhitattaM vA lomahaMso vaa|| bhikSuoM kI vRtti varSAkAlIna prAkRtika saundarya aura vizeSataH dhyAna ke lie usakI upayuktatA para bahuta ramI hai / sundara grIvA vAle moroM kA bolanA aura eka dUsare ko bulAnA bhikSuoM ke lie dhyAna kA nimaMtraNa hai| zIta vAyu meM kalita vihAra karate hue mora bhikSu ko dhyAna ke lie udbodhana karate haiM : nIlA sugIvA morA kAraMviyaM abhindnti| te sItavAtakalitA suttaM jhAyaM nibodhenti // 2 ___ imI prakAra sappaka sthavira kA bhI varSAkAlIna saundarya me preraNA prApta kara dhyAna ke lie baiTha jAnA eka pavitratAkArI vastu hai| mahAsthavira apane 1.gAthAe~ 189-190; nirbhayatA-vihAra ke lie dekhiye sthavira nyagrodha kA kA udgAra bhI "nAhaM bhayassa bhAyAmi satthA no amatassa kovido| yattha bhayaM nAvatiTThati tena maggena vajanti bhikkhavo // gAthA 21 2.gAthA 22

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( 259 ) prakRti prema aura usame utpanna dhyAna kI icchA kA varNana karate hue kahate hai :-- jaba svaccha pAMDura paMkha vAle bagule kAle megha se bhayabhIta hue apanI khohoM kI khoja karate hue ur3ate haiN| usa samaya bAr3ha meM zabda karatI huI yaha nadI mujhe kitanI priya lagatI hai ! ___ jaba svaccha pAMDura paMkha vAle bagule kAle megha se bhayabhIta hue apanI khohoM kI khoja karate hue ur3ate haiM, aura unakI khoheM varSA ke andhakAra se DhaMkI huI hai ! usa samaya bAda meM zabda karatI huI yaha nadI mujhe kitanI priya lagatI hai ! isa nadI ke donoM ora jAmuna ke per3a hai, vahA~ maga mana kaise na ramegA ? mahAmArga ke pIche, nadI ke kinAre para anya aneka nirbhariNiyA~ suzobhita hai / jage hue meMr3haka mRdula nAda kara rahe haiN| ___ Aja giri aura nadI se alaga hone kA samaya nahIM hai / __ bAr3ha meM zabda karatI huI yaha nadI kitanI muramya, ziva aura amakArI hai ! mai yahA~ dhyAna kruuNgaa|' 'nAja girinadIhi viSpavAsasamayo' (Aja giri aura nadI se alaga hone kA samaya nahIM hai) isa udgAra meM bhikSu ne prakRti-prema kI usa pUrI niSThA ko rakha diyA hai, jo Aja taka vizva-sAhitya meM kahI bhI vyakta huI hai| - - - - - - - - - yadA balAkA sucipaNDaracchadA kAlassa meghassa bhayena tjjitaa| palehiti AlayamAlayesinI tadA nadI ajakaraNI rameti mN|| yadA balAkA sucipaNDaracchadA kAlassa meghassa bhayena tjjitaa| pariyesatilena malena dassinI tadA nadI ajakaraNI rameti mN|| kannu tattha na ramenti jambuyo ubhato tahi, sobhenti ApagA kUlaM mahAlenassa pcchto|| tAmatamadasaM ghasuppahInA bhekA mandavatI panAdayanti nAja girinadohi vippavAsasamayo, khemA ajakaraNI sivA surmmaati|| gAthAe~, 307-310

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( 260 ) prAkRtika saundarya ke bIca ekAnta dhyAna karate hue jo Ananda prApta hotA hai usase adhika Ananda aura kucha nahIM hai, aisA sAkSya dete hue eka sthavira sAdhaka ne prabhAvazAlI zabdoM meM kahA hai : jaba AkAza meM meghoM kI dundubhI bajatI hai aura pakSiyoM ke mArgA meM cAroM ora dhArAkula bAdala cakkara lagAte haiM ; usa samaya bhikSa pahAr3a para jAkara dhyAna karatA hai--isase bar3A Ananda aura kucha nahIM hai| java kusumoM se AcchAdita nadiyoM ke. kinAre para baiTha kara sundara mana vAlA bhikSu dhyAna karatA hai--isase bar3A Ananda aura kucha nahIM hai| jaba ekAnta vana meM, arddha rAtri meM, bAdala gar3agar3A rahA hai aura zUkara dahAr3a rahe hai, usa samaya parvata para baiThA huA bhikSu dhyAna karatA hai---isase bar3A Ananda aura kucha nahI hai ! ___ isI paramAnanda ko prApta karane ke lie eka bhikSu girivraja (gajagRha ke samIpa gRdhrakuTa parvata) jAne kA icchuka hai / aho ! kaba meM buddha dvArA prazaMsita vana ko jAU~gA ! yogiyoM ko prasannatAkArI matta, kuMjaroM se sevina, ramaNIya, usa vana meM maiM kaba praveza karUMgA ! 1 . yadA nabhe gajjati meghadundubhi dhArAkulA vihaMgapathe smntto| bhikkhu ca panbhAragato va jhAyati tato rati paramataraM na vindati // yadA nadInaM kusumAkulAnaM . . . . . tIre nisino sumano va jhAyati tato ratiM paramataraM na vindati // yadA nisIthe rahitamhi kAnane deve gaLantamhi nadanti daatthino| bhikkhu ca panbhAragato' va jhAyati tato ti paramataraM na vindati // gAthAe~ 522-524

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( 261 ) usa supuSpita zIta vana meM, giri aura kandarAoM meM, kaba maiM akelA caMkramaNa kruuNgaa| akelA, binA sAthI ke, usa ramaNIya mahAvana meM, ekAnta, zItala , puSpoM se AcchAdita parvata para, vimukti-sakha se mukhI , maiM girivraja meM kaba vicaraNa karU~gA ! ' eka dUsare sthavira (tAlapaTa) kI bhI ima icchA ko dekhiye : kaba meM akelA, binA kimI sAthI ke. (girivaja ke) parvata-kandarAoM meM dhyAna karatA huA vicA~gA ! kyA kabhI mere aise dina AyeMge ? 2 kaba maiM ekAnta vana meM vidarzanA bhAvanA kA abhyAma karatA huA nirbhaya vicgaa| kyA kabhI mere aise dina AyeMge ? 3 kaba maiM vana ke una mArgoM para jina para RSi (buddha) cale, calanA hu~gA, aura varSA kAla ke megha naye jala kI vRSTi sacIvara *majha para karate hoMge ! kyA kabhI mere aise dina AyeMge ?4 kaba maiM vana aura giriguhAoM meM kala~gIdhArI mayUra pakSiyoM kI madhura dhvani 1. handa eko gamissAmi araU buddhvnnitN| gAthA 538 yogipItikaraM rammaM matakuJjarase vitaM / 539 supuSphite sItavane sotale girikndre| . . . . . . . . . . . . caMkamissAmi ekako // 540 ekAkiyo adutiyo ramaNIye mahAvane / 541 vine kusumasaJchanne panbhAre nUna siitle| vimuttisukhena sukhito ramissAmi girimbaje // 545 2. kavA na haM pambatakandarAsu ekAkiyo adutiyo vihssN|. . . . . . . .taM me ___ idaM taM nu kadA bhavissati // 1091 3. vipassamAno vItabhayo vihassaM eko vane taM nu kadA bhavissati // 1093 4. kadA nu maM pAsakAlamegho navena toyena sacIvaraM me| isippayAtamhi pathe vajantaM ovassate, taM nu kadA avissati // 1102

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( 262 ) ko sunakara amRta kI prApti ke lie jAgarUka hokara dhyAna karU~gA ! kyA kabhI mere aise dina AyeMge?' phira apane mana ko sambodhana kara bhikSu kahatA hai : he citta ! usa girivraja meM aneka vicitra aura raMga biraMge paMkhadhArI pakSI haiM / sundara nIlI grIvA vAle mora haiN| (indra ke ghoSa ko manakara umakA abhinandana karate hae ) ve nitya hI maMjala dhvani karate hai / he cina ! jaba tu dhyAnI hokara vahA~ vicaregA to ye tujhe kitane prItikara hoMge ! 2 ___naye varSAjala me mikta kAnana meM, kisI guhA-gRha meM dhyAna lagAte hue.... mayUra aura krauMca ke rava se pUrita usa vana meM, hAthI aura vyAghroM ke sAmane basate hue, he citta ! tujha dhyAnI ko ye kitane prItikara hoMge // 5 eka dUsare dhyAnI bhikSu ko bhI parvata kitane priya hai| kareri-vRkSoM kI paMktiyoM se ApUrNa, manorama bhUmibhAga vAle kuMjaroM se abhiruddha, ramaNIya--ve parvata mujhe priya hai / nIle AkAza ke samAna varNa vAle, sandara, zItala jala me paripUrNa, pavitratAkArI hAthiyoM ke zabdoM se paripUrNa-ve parvata majhe priya hai ! mujha dhyAnecchu, AtmamaMyamI, smRtimAn bhikSu ke liye paryApta, mRga mamUhoM me mevita / 1. kadA mayUrassa sikhaNDino vane dijassa sutvA giriganbhare rutaM / paccuTahitvA amatassa paTTiyA saMcintaye taM nu kadA bhavissati // 1103 2 sunIlagIvA susikhA supekhuNA sucittapattacchadanA vihNgmaa| sumaJjughosattha. nitAbhigajjino te taM ramissanti vanamhi jhAyinaM // 1136 3. navAmbunA pAvusasittakAnane tahi guhAgehagato rmisssi| 1135 4. mayUrakoJcAbhirudamhi kAnane dIpIhi vyagghehi purakkhato vsN| 1113 5. te taM ramissanti vanamhi jhAyinaM / 1136 Adi

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aneka pakSi-samUhoM se AkIrNa--ve parvata mujhe priya haiM / zItakAla kA pUga anubhava lete hue bhI dhyAnI bhikSuoM ko hama 'theragAthA' meM dekhate hai : hemanta kI zItala kAla gatri hai ! khAla ko bhI pAra karane vAlI, mana ko bhI vidIrNa karane vAlI, ThaMhI hvA hai ! bhikSu ! na kaise karegA ? maMne munA hai magadha nivAsI loga zasyoM kI pUrNatA meM sampana hai / unakA jIvana sakhI hai| maiM bhI unake mamAna mukha anubhava karatA hai| gIta kI yaha rAta meM isa puAla-paMja meM leTakara binaauuNgaa|' isI prakAra eka dUsare bhikSu ne cAroM ora manorama druma phUle hue hai' (dumAni phullAni manoramAni--gAthA 528) Adi rUpa me vasanta Rtu kA varNana kara 'kAlo ito pakkamanAya vIra' (he vIra ! yaha prakramaNa karane kA samaya hai) isa prakAra dhyAnamayI preraNA dI hai| bhagavAn ne madhya rAtri meM uTha kara bodhipakSIya dharmoM kI bhAvanA karane kA 1. karerimAlAvitatA bhUmibhAgA mnormaa| kujarAbhiruddhA te selA ramayanti mN||1062 nIlabbhavaNNA rucirA vArisItA sucindharA / 1063 ' vAraNAbhirudA te selA ramayanti mN||1064 alaM jhAyitukAmassa pahitattassa me sto|1066 . . . . . . . . migsNghnisevitaa| nAnAdijagaNAkiNNA te selA ramayanti mN||1069 2. chavipApaka cittabhaddaka. . . . . . hemantika sItakAlarattiyo bhikkhu tvaM si kathaM karissasi ||smpnnsssaa magadhA kevalA iti me sutN| palAlacchannako seyyaM yathajhe skhjiivino||207--208 3. vasanta Rtu ke sandara varNana ke lie dekhiye therIgAthA, gAthAe~ 371-372 Adi bhii|

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( 264 ) Adeza diyA hai| bhikSu kI rAtri dhyAna karane ke lie hai / eka bhikSu kA kahanA hai : na tAva sapitaM hoti ratti nvkhttmaalinii| , paTijaggitumevesA ratti hoti vijaantaa||1 yaha tArAoM se bharI rAta sone ke lie nahIM hai / jJAnI ke lie yaha gata jAga kara dhyAna karane ke lie hai / 2 . . ___isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vizeSata: vanya aura pArvatya prakRti ke aneka sundara saMzliSTa citra hameM 'theragAthA' meM milate haiN| vessantara jAtaka (saMkhyA 547) meM bhI hameM aise aneka citra milate haiM / maharSi vAlmIki ko chor3akara aise saMdilaSTa varNana kisI prAcIna yA arvAcIna bhAratIya kavi ne nahIM kiye haiN| jitanA gama aura virAga ina prAkRtika varNanoM meM 'theragAthA' meM milatA hai, utanA anya kisI kAvya meM nahIM / vizva-sAhitya meM prakRti kA varNana adhikatara kaviyoM ne rAga ke uddIpana kI dapTi me hI kiyA hai| vAlmIki ke samAna udAtta varNana karane vAle kavi bahuta kama haiN| hindI ke kaviyoM ne prAyaH saMskRta ke uttarakAlIna kaviyoM kA anusaraNa kara prakRti ko zRMgAra rasa ke uddIpana ke rUpa meM hI citrita kiyA hai / Adhunika kavi aura mAdhakoM ko vAlmIki kI ora dekhane ke sAtha-sAtha gagagamanakArI 'theragAthA' ke prakRti-varNanoM kI ora bhI dekhanA caahiye| 'therIgAthA', jaisA abhI kahA gayA, 522 pAli ilokoM (gAthAoM) kA saMgraha hai jisameM 73 buddha bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke udgAra sannihita hai / atyanta saMgItAtmaka bhASA meM, AtmAbhivyaJjanAtmaka gItikAvya kI zailI ke AdhAra para apane jIvanAnubhavoM ko vyakta karate hue yahA~ bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ne apane jIvana-kAvya ko gAyA hai / naitika saccAI, bhAvanAoM kI gahanatA aura saba se bar3hakara eka aparAjita vaiyaktika dhvani, ina gItoM kI mukhya vizeSatAe~ haiN| nirvANa kI parama gAnti me bhikSuNiyoM ke udgAroM kA eka eka zabda ucchvasita hai / yahA~ saMgIta 1. gAthA 193 2. milAiye, "yA nizA sarvabhUtAnAM tasyAM jAgati saMyamI / " gItA 2069

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bhI hai aura jIvana kA saccA darzana bhii| nirvANa kI parama zAnti kA varNana karate hue bhikSuNiyA~ kabhI thakatI nahI / jIvana kI viSamatAoM para ve apanI vijaya kA hI gIta gAtI hai / "aho ! maiM kitanI mukhI hU~ !" yahI unake udgAroM kI pratinidhi dhvani hai| bAra bAra unakA yahI prasanna udgAra hotA hai "mInibhUtamhi nibbatA" arthAt nirvANa ko prApta kara mai parama zAnta ho gaI, nirvANa kI parama-zAnti kA maiMne sAkSAtkAra kara liyaa| bhikSuNiyoM kI gAthAoM meM nirA. zAvAda kA nirAkaraNa hai, sAdhanAlabdha indriyAtIta mukha kA sAkSya hai aura naitika dhyeyavAda kI pratiSThA hai| buddha-zAsana kI bhAvanA se otaprota hai, yaha kahane kI to AvazyakatA hI nhiiN| 'therIgAthA' kI bhAvanA-zailI se paricita hone ke liye mahAprajApatI gotamI kI bhagavAna buddha ke prati yaha zraddhAJjali dekhiye he buddha ! he vIra ! he sarvottama prANI ! tumheM namaskAra ! jisane mujhe aura anya bahuta se prANiyoM ko duHkha me ubaag| mere saba duHkha dUra ho gaye, unake mUla kAraNa vAsanA kA bhI ucchedana kara diyA gayA ! Aja maiMne duHvanirodha-gAmI Arya aSTAGgika mArga meM vicaraNa kiyA / mAtA, putra, pitA, bhAI, svAminI, maiM pUrva janmoM meM aneka bAra banatI rahI! yathArtha jJAna na hone ke kAraNa maiM lagAtAra maMmAra meM dhUmatI rahI ! aba maine isa janma meM una bhagavAn (baddha) ke darzana kiye, mujhe anubhava huA-~~yaha merA antima zarIra hai ! merA AvAgamana kSINa ho gayA, aba merA phira janma honA nahIM hai| bahatoM ke hita ke liye hI mahAmAyA ne gotama ko jAnA! jisane vyAdhi aura maraNa me Akula jana-mamUha ke duHkha-puMja ko kATa diyA ! eka anya bhikSuNI (candA) apane pUrva ke duHgva-maya jIvana kA pratyavekSaNa karatI huI kahatI hai-- vidhavA aura niHsantAna---maiM pahale bar3I mubhIvana meM par3I thI, mitra-mAthI mere koI nahIM the, jAni-bandha mere koI nahIM the ! bhojana aura vastra bhI mai nahIM pAtI thI !

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( . 266 ) lakar3I aura bhikSApAtra lekara ghara se ghara bhikSA mA~gatI phiratI thI, garmI aura sardI me vyAkula huI, mai sAta varSa taka isI prakAra ghUmatI rahI, eka dina eka bhikSuNI ke darzana mujhe hue, usane AdarapUrvaka bhojana aura jala dekara mujhe anugRhIta kiyA, phira maiMne usake pAsa jAkara prArthanA kI--- maiM pravrajyA luuNgii| usa dayAmayI paTAcAga ne mujhe anukampApUrvaka pravrajyA dii| phira mujhe dharmopadeza dekara usane mujhe paramArtha meM lgaayaa| usake upadeza ko sunane ke bAda maiMne usake anugAmana ko pUrA kiyaa| aho ! amogha thA devI kA upadeza ! maiM Aja tInoM vidyAoM ko jAnane vAlI hU~, sampUrNa citta-maloM se rahita hU~! paTAcArA bhikSuNI kI ziSyA tIma bhiNiyA~ kima prakAra usake prati apanI kRtajatA kA bhAva pradarzita karatI hai, yaha unake udgAroM meM dekhiye--- "loga mumaloM se anna kUTa kUTa kara vittArjana karate aura apane strI-putrAdi kA pAlana karate haiN|' to phira tuma bhI buddha-zAmana ko pUrA kyoM nahIM karatIM, jime kara ke pachatAnA nahIM hotA ! abhI gIvra paira dhokara baiTha jAo, cina kI ekAgratA se yukta hokara buddha-gAmana ko pUrA kro|" paTAcAga ke zAmana ke ina ina zabdoM ko manakara hama saba paira dhokara ekAnta meM dhyAna ke liye baiTha gii| citta kI samAdhi me yukta hokara hamane buddha-zAsana ko pUrA kiyA ? gatri ke prathama yAma meM hamane pUrva-janmoM kA smaraNa kiyA ! gatri ke madhyama bhAga meM hama ne divya cakSaoM ko vizodhita kiyA ! rAtri ke antima bhAga meM andhakAra-paMja ko vinaSTa kara diyA / bhikSaNI ambapAlI ne apanI vRddhAvasthA meM apane zarIra kA pratyavekSaNa kara jo udgAra kiye hai, ve no pAli-kAvya ke marvottama udAharaNa hI hai / ambapAlI apane jIrNa zarIra ko degya kara kahatI hai--

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( 267 ) kisI samaya bhaure ke samAna kRSNa varNa aura ghanA merA kezapAya aura saghana upavana sI merI yaha veNI, puSpAbharaNoM aura svarNAlaMkAroM se surabhita aura suzobhita rahA karatI thI, vahI Aja jarAvasthA meM zveta, gandhapUrNa, bikharI huI, jIrNa sana ke vastroM jaimI jhara rahI hai| matyavAdI (buddha) ke vacana mithyA nahIM hote ! gAr3ha nIla maNiyoM me samajjvala, jyonipUrNa netra Aja gobhA vihIna hai ! navayauvana ke mamaya mudIrgha nAmikA, karNadvaya aura kadalI-makula ke gadRza pUrva kI dantapaMkti kramazaH DhulakanI aura bhagna hotI jA rahI hai| vanavAminI kokilA ke samAna merA madhara mvara aura cikane zaMkha kI bhA~ti sughar3a grIvA Aja kampita ho rahI hai| svarNa-maMDita u~galiyA~ Aja agakta evaM mere unnata stana Aja Dhalakate zaka carma mAtra haiN| svarNa nupuroM se suzobhita pairoM aura kaTi-pradeza kI gati Aja dhIvihIna hai| Adi prAyaH sabhI bhikSuNiyoM ke udgAroM meM kAvyagata nizeSatAe~ bharI par3I haiM, jinakA vivecana yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nizcaya hI bhikSaNiyoM ke udgAroM kI mArmikatA aura unakI zAnta, gambhIra dhvani bhAratIya mAhitya meM advitIya hai aura pAli-kAvya kI to vaha amUlya sampani hI hai| jina 73 bhikSuNiyoM ke udgAra 'therIgAthA' meM sannihni haiM, ve mabhI baddhakAlIna haiN| balki yoM kahanA cAhiye, ve sabhI bhagavAn buddha kI ziSyAe~ hai / nArI jAti ke prati bhagavAn kI kitanI anukampA thI, yaha isI me samajhA jA sakatA hai ki unameM se aneka apane ko 'baddha kI hRdaya se utpanna kanyA' (oramA dhItA buddhasma) kaha kara abhinandita karatI thiiN| ve mAnatI thI ki 'jaba cina mumamAhita hai, to strI-bhAva imameM hamArA kyA karegA (ithibhAvo no 1. dekhiye gAthAe~ 46 evaM 336

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( 268 ) kiM kayirA cittamhi susamAhite (gAthA 61) / phalataH nirvANa-prApti meM unakA adhikAra thA aura use prApta bhI unhoMne kiyA thA, jisake sAkSya-svarUpa unhoMne apane udgAra bhI kiye hai| mahArAja zuddhodana kI mRtyu ke uparAnta bhagavAn buddha ne apanI vimAtA mahAprajApatI gotamI ko bhikSuNI hone kI anumati de dI thii| usake sAtha pA~ca sau anya zAkya-mahilAeM bhI pravajita huI thiiN| kAlAntara meM bhikSuNiyoM kA eka alaga saMgha hI bana gayA thA aura nAnA kuloM aura nAnA jIvana kI avasthAoM se prajita hokara unhoMne zAkya-muni ke pAda-mUla meM baiTakarasAdhanA kA mArga svIkAra kiyA thA / inhIM meM se kucha bhikSuNiyA~ apane jIvanAnubhavoM ko hamAre liye chor3a gaI haiM jo therIgAthA' ke rUpa meM Aja hamAre liye upalabdha haiN| kima uddezya me, kina kAraNoM me, kima sAmAjika paristhiti meM, pratyeka bhikSuNI ne buddha , dhamma aura maMgha kI zaraNa lI thI, isakA vistata vivaraNa to 'therIgAthA' kI arthakathA 'pagmatthadIpanI' meM upalabdha hai, jo pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI kI racanA hai / isI ke AdhAra para yahA~ saMkSepa meM yaha dikhAyA jA sakatA hai ki kina nAnA kAraNoM se ina bhikSuNiyoM ne ghara ko chor3akara pravrajyA lii| inameM se kucha, jaise muktA (2) aura pUrNA (3) apanI jJAna-sampatti kI pUrNatA ke kAraNa prabajita huiiN| kucha ne ghara ke kAma kAja aura dopoM me Uba kara pravrajyA lI, jaise muktA (11) guptA (56) aura gubhA (70) / dhammadinA (16) ne pati kI virakti ke kAraNa pravrajyA lI / dhammA (17) maitrikA (24) dannikA (32) siMhA (40) mujAtA (53) pUrNikA (65) rohiNI (67) gubhA (71) citrA (23) zuklA (34) ambapAlI (66) anopamA (54) tathA zobhA (28) ne gAmnA meM zraddhA ke kAraNa pravrajyA lii| priyajanoM kI mRtyu aura unake viraha ke kAraNa pravrajyA lene vAlI bhikSuNiyoM meM zyAmA (36) urvirI (33) kimA gotamI (63) vAseTThI (51) sundarInandA (41) candA (49) paTAcAga (47) tathA mahAprajApatI gotamI haiN| putroM kI akRtajJatA goNA (45) kI pravrajyA kA kAraNa huii| bhadrA kuMDalakegA aura RSidAmI ne akRtajJa, dharna patiyoM ke kAraNa pravrajyA lii| pati kA ana magNa kara bhadrA kApilAyinI aura cApA pravajita huI / imI prakAra bhAI (mAriputra) kA anamaraNa kara cAlA, upacAlA aura zizapacAlA pravajita ho gii|

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( 269 ) buddha-ziSya ko parAjita na kara makane para vimalA pravajita ho gii| jahA~ taka ina bhikSaNiyoM ke vaMza yA sAmAjika kula-zIla Adi kA sambandha hai, ye prAyaH sabhI paristhitiyoM kI thiiN| udAharaNataH khemA, sumanA, gailA aura sumedhA kogala aura magadha ke rAjavaMzoM kI mahilAeM thI / mahAprajApatI gotamI, tighyA, abhirUpAnandA, mundarI nandA, jennI. siMhA, tipyA, dhIrA, mitrA, bhadrA, upazamA aura anyatarA sthavirI, zAkya aura licchavi Adi mAmannoM kI lar3akiyA~ thii| maitrikA, anyatarA uttamA, cAlA, upacAlA, zizapatrAlA, rohiNI, sundarI, zubhA, bhadrA kApilAyinI, muktA, nandA, makulA, candA, guptA, dantikA aura zobhA brAhmaNa-vaMza kI thIM / gahapati aura vaizya (seTa) varga kI mahilAoM meM pUrNA, citrA, zyAmA, urvirI, zuklA, dhammadinnA, uttamA, bhadrA kuMDalakegA, paTAcArA, mujAtA, anopamA aura pUrNikA thii| aDDhakAmI, abhaya mAtA, vimalA aura ambapAlI jaisI gaNikAe~ thiiN| isI prakAra zubhA bar3haI kI putrI aura cApA eka baheliye kI lar3akI thii| sArAMga yaha ki aneka kula-gIloM se striyoM ne buddha-gAsana meM dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| 'therIgAthA' meM sannihita inake udgAroM aura unameM pratidhvanita inakI pUrva jIvana-caryAoM se pA~cavI-chaThI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva ke bhAratIya samAja meM nArI ke sthAna para bhI paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| parantu 'therIgAthA' kA mukhya AkarSaNa to usakI kAvya aura sAdhanA kI bhUmi hI hai, jisake viSaya meM pIche kAphI kahA jA cukA hai| hama dekhate hai ki prakRti-varNana kI ora jitanI pravRtti bhikSuoM kI hai, utanI bhikSuNiyoM kI nahIM / 'therIgAthA' meM kevala zabhA bhikSuNI kI gAthAoM meM vasanta kA varNana hai| vaha atyanta sundara, saMzliSTa aura sUkSma nirIkSaNa para AdhArita hai / para usakA lakSya vahA~ kevala pRSThami ko taiyAra kara denA hai| gubhA bhikSuNI apanI A~kha ko azrujala-micita jala-budrud mAtra kahatI hai| bAda meM nirvikAra bhAva me use nikAla kara kAmI puruSa ko de detI hai / isake prabhAva meM tIvratA lAne ke lie hI yahA~ pRSThabhUmi rUpa meM vasanta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vamanta kI zobhA kAvya kA satya hai, A~kha kA varNana vijJAna kA satya hai| ina do matyoM ko itane sundara DhaMga se Amane-sAmane rakha kara kAvya meM kabhI varNana nahIM kiyA gyaa| bhikSaNiyoM kI pravRtti apane Antarika anubhava ke varNana

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( 270 ) ke sAtha-sAtha apane pUrva Azrama ke jIvana kI avasthAoM ke varNana kI ora hI adhika hai| bhikSuoM meM to zIlava aura jayanta purohita-putra Adi kucha-eka bhikSuoM na hI hameM apane pUrva jIvana se paricita karAyA hai / bAhya jIvana kI apakSA Antarika anubhava ke prakAzana para hI unakA dhyAna adhika hai, aura usa anubhava meM itanA sAmya hai ki kahIM-kahIM na kevala bhikSuoM ke udgAroM kI bhASA hI mamAna hai, balki ve kaI jagaha vyakti ke pratinidhi na hokara varga (bhikSu-varga) ke . hI pratinidhi ho gaye haiN| isake viparIta bhikSuNiyoM ke udgAroM meM vyaktigata viziSTatA kI pUrI dhvani vidyamAna hai| unhoMne apane pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke viSaya meM hameM bahuta kucha batalAyA hai| apane pUrva jIvana ke sukhaduHkha, harSa-vipAda Adi ke bAre meM bhI unhoMne bahuta kucha kahA hai| isa prakAra apane gRhastha-jIvana-ke jhajhaMToM kI ora saMketa muktA, guptA aura zubhA bhikSuNiyoM ne kiyA hai / ubbirI, kimA gotamI aura vAziSThI bhikSuNiyoM ke vacanoM meM unake mantAna-viyoga kI pUrI jhalaka hai / sundarI nandA aura candrA ne pati Adi sambandhiyoM kI mRtya me pravrajyA prApta kI, imakI sUcanA hai| paTAcArA ke zabdoM meM usake karuNa jIvana kI sArI gAthA chipI huI par3I hai| bhikSuNiyoM kI aneka gAthAe~ (11; 25-26; 35-38; 61; 72-81; 99-101; 107-111; 157-158, Adi, Adi) 'ahaM' se hI prArambha hotI hai aura unakI Antarika dhvani bhI apanI viziSTatA lie hue hai| jahA~ taka vicAra aura kAvyagata maundarya kA sambandha hai, theragAthA aura therIgAthA meM aneka samAnatAeM hai / jisa prakAra bhikSuoM ne azubha kI bhAvanA kI hai umI prakAra bhikSuNiyoM ne bhii| "Aja merI bhava-ber3I kaTa gaI ! 'mere hRdaya meM biMdhA tIra nikala gayA, 'tRSNA kI lau sadA ke kie bujha gaI !' 'maiM saba maloM se vimukta hU~' 'aba meM sarvathA zAnta hU~, niSpApa hU~' Adi bhikSuNiyoM ke udgAra apanA gambhIra aura gAnta prabhAva lie hue haiM aura mAnava-mana ko pavitratA kI ucca bhUmi meM le jAte haiM / paTAcArA kA yaha upadeza-vAkya 'buddha-zAsana ko pUrA karo, jise karake pachatAnA nahIM hotA / abhI zIghra paira dhokara ekAnta (dhyAna) meM baiTha jAo" kitanA preraNAdAyaka hai ! bhikSuNiyoM ko jIvita vizvAsa thA ki ve nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakatI haiN| strI-bhAva kI azaktatA dikhAI .

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( 271 ) jAne para eka bhikSuNI (somA) AtmavizvAsapUrvaka kaha uThatI hai "jaba citta accho prakAra samAdhi meM sthita hai, jIvana nitya jJAna meM vidyamAna hai, antarjJAna pUrvaka dharma kA samyak darzana kara liyA gayA hai, to strI bhAva isameM hamArA kyA karegA? 'therIgAthA' meM nATakIya tattva kI kamI nahIM hai aura aneka mahattva pUrNa saMvAda hai / rohiNI aura usake pitA kA saMvAda ( 231-210) sundarI usakI mAtA aura sArathI kA saMvAda (312-337) cApA aura usake pati kA saMvAda (291311) zailA aura mAra kA saMvAda, (57-59) cAlA aura mAra kA saMvAda (182195) zizupacAlA aura mAra kA saMvAda ( 196-003), utpalavarNA aura mAra kA kA saMvAda (224-235) baDDamAtA aura usake putra kA saMvAda (204-212) Adi nATakIya gati se paripUrNa hai / panihArina ke rUpameM pUrNA ne apane pUrva jIvana kA jo paricaya diyA hai, vaha apanI karuNA lie hue hai / ambapAlI kI gAthAoM meM anityatA kA citraNa gItikAvya ke sampUrNa saundarya ke sAtha huA hai / sundarI kI gAthAoM ( 312-337 ) aura zubhA kI gAthAoM ( 366-399 ) ko vinTara - nitz2a ne sundara AkhyAna - gIti kahA hai ? | thera aura therIgAthAe~ kramazaH una bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kI racanAeM hai, jinake nAmoM me ve sambandhita hu~ / jarmana vidvAn ke. I. nyUmanane una para eka manuSya ke mana kI chApa dekhI hai / vauddhadharma kI prabhAva samaSTi ke kAraNa jo svabhAvataH hI ina sAdhaka aura sAdhikAoM ke anubhava siddha vacanoM meM honI cAhiye, nyUmana ko yaha bhrama ho gayA hai / vinTaranitz2a ne nyUmana ke mana me mahamata to nahI dikhAI para kucha bhikSuoM kI racanAoM meM bhikSuNiyoM kI racanAeM aura isI prakAra kucha bhikSuNiyoM kI racanAoM meM bhikSuoM kI racanAeM sammilita ho gaI hai. aisA unhoMne mAnA hai / 3 vastutaH bAta yaha hai ki gAthAoM kA saMkalana viSaya krama se na hokara gAthAoM kI 23 1. inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 108-109 2. dekhiye vinTara nitja, iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 102, paMda saMketa 1 3. inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 101

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( 272 ) saMkhyA ke bama se hai, jo kRtrima hai| phira saMkalana meM bhI kahIM kucha kamiyA~ raha hI gaI haiN| sthaviriNiyoM ke sAtha puruSoM ke saMvAda bhI 'therIgAthA' meM kahIM kahIM pAye jAte hI hai| donoM kI kathA bhI kahIM kahIM milatI dikhAI detI hai| udAharaNArtha therIgAthA (204-212) meM baDDha kI mAtA ume jJAna-mArga para lagAtI hai aura theragAthA (335-339) meM vaha use dhanyavAda detA hai| jisa prakAra tIna TeDhI vastuoM (hasiyA, hala aura kudAla) se mukti pAkara bhikSu prasanna hai| usI prakAra okhala se, mUsala me aura apane kubar3e svAmI se mukti pAkara bhikSuNI prasanna hai| isI prakAra ke varNanoM se vinTaranitz2a ko gAthAoM ke sammilita hone kA bhrama ho gayA hai / gAthAoM ke saMkalana meM bhale hI kahIM koI pramAda ho, para thera aura therI gAthAoM ko mUlataH una bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kI racanAe~ hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, jinake nAmoM se ve sambandhita hai| jAtaka jAtaka khudaka-nikAya kA dasavA~ prasiddha grantha hai| jAtaka ko vastutaH granya na kaha kara grantha-samUha hI kahanA adhika upayukta hogaa| jaisA hama Age dekheMge, 1. asitAsu mayA naMgalAsu mayA khuddakuddAlAsu myaa| gAthA 43 (theragAthA) 2. udukkhalena musalena patinA khujjakena c| gAthA 11 (therIgAthA) 3. bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ne jAtaka kA hindI meM anuvAda kiyA hai| hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, se vaha tIna bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| jAtaka (prathama khaMDa), 1941; jAtaka (dvitIya khaMDa) 1942; jAtaka (tRtIya khaMDa) 1946 / prathama khaMDa meM jAtaka-saMkhyA 1-100; dvitIya khaMDa meM jAtaka-saMkhyA 101-250 aura tRtIya khaMDa meM jAtaka-saMkhyA 251-400 anuvAdita haiN| caturtha khaMDa presa meM hai| rAya sAhaba IzAnacandra ghoSa kA ba~galA anuvAda prasiddha hai| aMgrejI meM kaoNvala ke sampAdakatva meM 6 jildoM meM jAtaka kA anuvAda prakAzita ho cukA hai| sAtavIM jilda meM anakramaNI hai| kaoNvala ke atirikta cAmarsa Adi anya cAra vidvAnoM ne isa anuvAda-kArya meM bhAga liyA hai| jAtaka kA yaha sampUrNa aMgrejI anuvAda kembrija se 1895-1913 meM prakAzita huA thaa| isake atirikta kucha anya vidvAnoM ne jAtaka ke kucha aMzoM kA anuvAda bhI

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usakA koI-koI kathAnaka pUre grantha ke rUpa meM hai aura kahIM-kahIM usakI kahAniyoM kA rUpa saMkSipta mahAkAvya kA mA hai| 'jAtaka' zabda kA artha hai 'jAta' arthAt jnm-smbndhii| 'jAtaka' bhagavAn buddha ke pUrva-janma sambandhI kathAe~ hai| buddhatva prApta kara lene kI avasthA meM pUrva bhagavAn buddha 'vodhisatva' kahalAte haiN| ve usa samaya vuddhatva ke lie ummedavAra hote hai, aura dAna, zIla, maitrI, satya Adi dasa pAramitAoM athavA paripUrNatAoM kA abhyAsa karate hai| bhUta-dayA ke lie ve apane prANoM kA aneka bAra validAna karate haiN| isa prakAra ve buddhatva kI yogyatA kA sampAdana karate hai| 'vodhisatva' zabda kA artha hI hai vodhi ke lie udyogazIla prANI (stv)| vodhi ke lie hai satva (sAra) jisakA, aisA artha bhI kucha vidvAnoM kiyA hai| inameM rAyasa DeviDsa kA 'buddhisTa bartha sTorIja', jo san 1880 meM landana se prakAzita huA thA, ati prasiddha hai| isameM jAtaka-saMkhyA 1-40 anuvAdita hai| sampUrNa jAtaka kA jarmana anuvAda bhI ho cukA hai (lIpajiga, 1908) / phaoNsabAla kA romana lipi meM jAtaka kA saMskaraNa eka mahattvapUrNa aura aitihAsika kArya hai| yaha bhI 6 jildoM meM hai aura sAtavIM jilda meM anukramaNI hai (landana, 1877-1897) / siAmI rAjavaMza kI do zraddhAla rAniyoM ke dvArA san 1925 meM 10 jildoM meM jAtaka kA siAmI lipi meM sundara saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA jA cukA hai| siMhalI lipi meM hevAvitaraNe nidhi kI kI ora se prakAzita saMskaraNa vaijJAnika sampAdana-kalA kA eka sundara namUnA hai| 'jAtaka' ke aneka baramI saMskaraNa bhI upalabdha hai| yaha kheda hai ki nAgarI lipi meM abhI jAtaka kA koI saMskaraNa nahIM niklaa| aMgrejI meM tathA anya aneka yaropIya bhASAoM meM to 'jAtaka' para prabhata vivecanAtmaka sAhitya bhI likhA gayA hai| isake atipaya paricaya ke lie dekhiye, vinTaranitta, iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 116, pada-saMketa 3, tathA ensAiklopeDiyA oNva rilijana eNDa Ithiksa, jilda sAtavI, pRSTha 491 se Age unhIM kA jAtaka sambandhI vivaraNa; rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 189; gAyagaraH pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 30, pada saMketa 2 evaM 3; lAhA : pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI , pRSTha 276-77, prAdi, Adi 18

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na kiyA hai| pAli sutnoM meM hama aneka bAra par3hate haiM "sambodhi prApta hone se pahale, buddha na hone ke samaya, jaba mai bodhisatva hI thA" 2 aadi| ataH bodhisatva se spaSTa tAtparya jJAna, satya, dayA Adi kA abhyAsa karane vAle usa sAdhaka se hai, jisakA Age calakara buddha honA nizcita hai| bhagavAn vaddha bhI na kevala apane antima janma meM buddhatva-prApti kI avasthA se pUrva bodhisatva rahe the, balki apane aneka pUrva janmoM meM bhI bodhisatva kI caryA kA unhoMne pAlana kiyA thaa| 'jAnaka' kI athAe~ bhagavAn buddha ke ina vibhinna pUrva-janmoM se, jaba ki ve 'bodhisatva' raha the, sambandhita hai| kisI-kisI kahAnI meM ve pradhAna pAtra ke rUpa meM citrita hai| kahAnI ke ve svayaM nAyaka hai| kahIM-kahIM unakA sthAna eka sAdhAraNa pAtra ke rUpa meM gauNa hai aura kahIM kahI ve eka darzaka ke rUpa meM bhI citrita kiye gae haiN| prAyaH pratyeka kahAnI kA Arambha isa prakAra hotA hai "eka samaya (rAjA brahmadatta ke vArANasI meM rAjya karate samaya) bodhisatva kuraGga maga kI yoni meM utpanna hue"3 athavA ". . . . . .sindhu pAra ke ghor3oM ke kula meM utpanna hue"4 athavA ".... bodhisatva usake (brahmadatta ke) amAtya the|"" athavA "...... bodhisatva goha kI yoni meM utpanna hae" 6 Adi, aadi| jAtakoM kI nizcita saMkhyA kitanI hai, isakA nirNaya karanA bar3A kaThina hai| laMkA, baramA, aura siAma meM pracalita paramparA ke anusAra jAtaka 550 haiN| yaha saMkhyA moTe taura para hI nizcita kI gaI jAna par3atI hai| jAtaka ke vartamAna rUpa meM 547 yA 548 jAtaka-kahAniyA~ pAI jAtI hai| para yaha saMkhyA bhI kevala UparI hai| kaI kahAniyA~ alpa rUpAntara ke sAtha do jagaha bhI pAI jAtI hai yA eka dUsare meM samAviSTa bhI kara dI gaI hai, aura isI prakAra kaI jAtaka 1. vinTaranitja-iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 113, pada-saMketa 2 2. bhaya-bherava suttanta (majjhima 111 / 4) 3. kuruMgamiga jAtaka (21) 4. bhojAjAnIya jAtaka (23) 5. abhiNha jAtaka (27) 6. godha jAtaka (325)

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( 275 ) kathAe~ sutta-piTaka, vinaya-piTaka tathA anya pAli granthoM meM to pAI jAtI haiM, kintu 'jAtaka' ke vartamAna rUpa meM saMgRhIta nahIM hai| ataH jAtakoM kI saMkhyA meM kAphI kamI kI bhI aura vRddhi kI bhI sambhAvanA hai| udAharaNataH, munika jAtaka (30) aura sAlUka jAtaka (286) kI kathAvastu eka hI mI hai , kintu kevala bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se vaha do jagaha AI hai| isake viparIta 'munika jAtaka' nAma ke do jAtaka hote hue bhI unakI kathA bhinna-bhinna hai| kahIM-kahIM do svataMtra jAtakoM ko milA kara eka tIsare jAtaka kA nirmANa kara diyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, paJcapaMDita jAtaka (508) aura dakarakkhasa jAtaka (517) ye donoM jAtaka mahAummagga jAtaka (546) meM antarbhAvita hai| jo kathAe~ jAtaka-kathA ke rUpa meM anyatra pAI jAtI hai, kintu 'jAtaka' meM saMgRhIta nahIM hai, unakA bhI kucha ullekha kara denA Avazyaka hogaa| majjhima-nikAya kA ghaTikAra suttanta (2 / 4 / 1) eka aisI hI jAtaka-kahAnI hai, jo 'jAtaka' meM nahIM miltii| isI prakAra dIpa-nikAya kA mahAgovinda sutnanta (2 / 6) jo svayaM 'jAtaka' kI nidAna-kathA meM bhI 'mahAgovinda-jAtaka' ke nAma se nirdiSTa huA hai, 'jAtaka' ke andara nahIM pAyA jaataa| isI prakAra dhammapadaTThakathA aura milindapaJha me bhI kucha aimI jAtaka-kathAe~ uddhRta kI gaI hai, jo 'jAtaka' meM saMgRhIta nahI hai / ' ata: kula jAtaka nizcita rUpa se kitane haiM, isakA ThIka nirNaya nahIM ho sktaa| jaba hama jAtakoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hai to 'jAtaka' se hamArA tAtparya eka vizeSa zIrSaka vAlI kahAnI se hotA hai, jisameM bodhisatva ke jIvana-sambandhI kisI ghaTanA kA varNana ho, phira cAhe usa eka 'jAtaka' meM kitanI hI avAntara kathAeM kyoM na gUMtha dI gaI ho / yadi kula kahAniyA~ ginI jAye to 'jAtaka' meM karIba tIna hajAra kahAniyA~ pAI jAtI hai| vAstava meM jAtakoM kA saMkalana suttapiTaka aura vinaya-piTaka ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| matta-piTaka meM aneka aisI kathAe~ hai jinakA upayoga vahA~ upadeza dene ke lie kiyA gayA hai| kintu vodhisatva kA ullekha unameM nahIM hai / yaha kAma bAda meM karake pratyeka kahAnI ko jAtaka kA 1. vinTaranitja-iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 115, pada-saMketa 4 2. dekhiye jAtaka (prathama khaMDa) pRSTha 21 (vastukathA)

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( 276 ) rUpa de diyA gayA hai| tittira jAtaka (34) aura dIdhita kosala jAtaka (371) kA nirmANa isI prakAra vinaya-piTaka ke kramaza: callavagga aura mahAvagga se kiyA gayA hai| maNikaMTha jAtaka (253) bhI vinaya-piTaka para hI AdhArita hai| isI prakAra dIgha-nikAya ke kuTadanta-suttanta (115) aura mahAsudassana mattanta (24) tathA majjhima-nikAya ke makhAdeva-muttanta (2 / 4 / 3) bhI pUre arthoM meM jAtaka hai / kama se kama 13 jAtakoM kI khoja vidvAnoM ne satta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka meM kI hai|' yadyapi rAja-kathA, cora-kathA, evaM isI prakAra kI bhaya, yuddha, grAma, nigama, nagara, janapada, strI, panaghaTa, bhUta-preta Adi sambandhI kathAoM ko 'tirazcIna' (vyartha kI, adhama) kathAeM kaha kara bhikSu-saMgha meM heyatA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA, phira bhI upadeza ke lie kathAoM kA upayoga bhikSu loga kuchana-kucha mAtrA meM karate hI the / svayaM bhagavAn ne bhI upamAoM ke dvArA dharma kA upadeza diyA hai / isI pravRtti ke AdhAra para jAtaka-kathAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| jana-samAja meM pracalita kathAoM ko bhI kahIM-kahIM le liyA gayA hai, kintu unheM eka nayA naitika rUpa de diyA gayA hai jo bauddha dharma kI eka vizepatA hai / ataH sabhI jAtaka kathAoM para vauddha dharma kI pUrI chApa hai / pUrva paramparA se calI AtI huI janazrutiyoM kA AdhAra unameM ho sakatA hai / para usakA sampUrNa DhA~cA vauddha dharma ke naitika Adarza ke anukUla hai / hama pahale dekha cuke hai ki vuddha-vacanoM kA nau aMgoM meM vibhAjana, jinameM jAtaka kI saMkhyA sAtavIM hai, atyanta prAcIna hai / ataH jAtaka kathAeM mAMga meM pAli sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa evaM Avazyaka aMga hai| unakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM anizcitatA vizeSataH unake samaya-samaya para satta-piTaka aura vinayapiTaka tathA anya srotoM se saMkalana ke kAraNa aura svayaM pAli tripiTaka ke nAnA vargIkaraNoM aura unake parampara saMmizraNa ke kAraNa utpanna huI hai| culla-nidesa meM hameM kevala 500 jAtakoM kA (paJca jAtakasatAni) kA ullekha milatA 1. vinTaranitja--iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 115, pada-saMketa 2 2. brahmajAla-sutta (dIgha 131), sAmaJaphala-sutta (dogha 112), vinaya-piTaka-- mahAvagga, Adi, aadi| 3. dekhiye pIche dUsare adhyAya me pAli sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kA vivecana /

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( 277 ) hai|' cInI yAtrI pha-zinayana ne pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM 500 jAtakoM ke citra laMkA meM aMkita hue dekhe the| dvitIya-tRtIya zatAbdI IsvI pUrva ke bharahuta aura sA~cI ke stUpoM meM kama se kama 27 yA 29 jAtakoM ke citra utkIrNa mile haiN| ye maba tathya 'jAtaka' kI prAcInatA aura usake vikAma ke sUcaka hai| gayasa DeviDma kA kathana hai ki jAtaka kA maMkalana aura praNayana madhya-deza meM prAcIna jana-kathAoM ke AdhAra para huaa|4 vinTaranitz2a ne bhI prAyaH isI mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| adhikAMza jAtaka buddhakAlIna haiN| sA~cI aura bharahuta ke stRpoM ke pASANa-vepTaniyoM para unake aneka dazyoM kA aGkita honA unake pUrva-azokakAlIna hone kA paryApta mAkSya detA hai| 'jAtaka' ke kAla aura kartatva ke sambandha meM adhika prakAza usake mAhityika rUpa aura vizeSatAoM ke vivecana se pdd'egaa| pratyeka jAtaka-kathA pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai (1) paccuppannavatthu (2) atItavatthu (3) gAthA (4) veyyAkaraNa yA atthavaNNanA (5) samodhAna / paccuppanavatthu kA artha hai vartamAna kAla kI ghaTanA yA kathA / buddha ke jIvana kAla meM jo ghaTanA ghaTI, vaha paccuppannavattha hai| usa ghaTanA ne bhagavAn ko kisI pUrva janma ke vRtta ko kahane kA avasara diyaa| yaha pUrva janma kA vRtta hI atItavatthu hai / pratyeka jAtaka kA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa bhAga yaha atItavatthu hI hai| isI ke anukUla paccuppannavatthu kahIM-kahIM gar3ha lI gaI pratIta hotI hai| paccuppannavattha ke bAda eka yA aneka gAthAeM AtI haiN| gAthAeM jAtaka ke prAcInatama aMza haiN| vAstava meM gAthAe~ hI jAtaka haiM / paccappannavatthu Adi pA~ca bhAgoM se samanvita jAtaka to vAstava meM 'jAtakatthavaNNanA' yA jAtaka kI arthakathA hai| gAthAoM ke bAda pratyeka jAtaka meM veyyAkaraNa yA atthavaNNatA AtI hai| isameM gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA aura 1. pRSTha 80 (sTIDa dvArA sampAdita, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1918) 2. lego : rikArDa oNva di buddhisTa kiMgDamsa, pRSTha 106 (oNksapharDa, 1886) 3. rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 209 4.buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 172; 207-208 5. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 113-114; 121-123

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( 278 ) usakA zabdArtha hotA hai / sabase anta meM samodhAna AtA hai, jisameM atItavatthu ke pAtroM kA buddha ke jIvana-kAla ke pAtroM ke sAtha sambandha milAyA jAtA hai, yathA "usa samaya aTArI para se zikAra khelane vAlA zikArI aba kA devadatta thA / aura kuruGga mRga to maiM thA hI " " Adi, Adi / pratyeka jAtaka ke pA~ca aGgoM ke uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jAtaka gadya-padya mizrita racanAe~ haiN| gAthA (padya) bhAga jAtaka kA prAcInanama bhAga mAnA jAtA hai / tripiTaka ke antarbhUta isa gAthA - bhAga ko hI mAnanA adhika upayukta hogA / zeSa saba aTThakathA hai / parantu jAtaka kathAoM kI prakRti aisI hai ki mUla ko vyAkhyA se alaga kara dene para kucha bhI samajha meM nahIM A sakatA / kevala gAthAe~ kahAnI kA nirmANa nahIM krtii| unake upara jaba vartamAna aura atIta kI ghaTanAoM kA DhA~cA car3hAyA jAtA hai tabhI kathAvatthu kA nirmANa hotA hai / ataH pUre jAtaka meM uparyukta pA~ca avayavoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, jisameM gAthA-bhAga ko chor3akara zeSa saba usakI vyAkhyA hai, bAda kA jor3A huA hai| phira bhI suvidhA ke lie, aura aitihAsika dRSTi se galata DhaMga para, hama usa sabako 'jAtaka' kaha dete haiM / vAstava meM 547 jAtaka-kathAoM ke saMgraha ko, jo uparyukta pA~ca aMgoM se samanvita hai hameM, 'jAtaka' na kahakara 'jAtakaTThavaNNanA' (jAtaka ke artha kI vyAkhyA) hI kahanA caahie| phaoNmavAla aura kaoNvala ne jisakA kramazaH romana lipi meM aura aMgrejI meM sampAdana aura anuvAda kiyA hai, yA hindI meM bhananta Ananda kausalyAyana ne 'jAtaka' zIrSaka se 3 bhAgoM meM (caturtha bhAga nikalane vAlA hai ) anuvAda kiyA hai, vaha vAstava meM 'jAtaka' na ho kara jAtaka kI vyAkhyA hai| jaisA abhI kahA gayA, jAtaka to mUla rUpa meM kevala gAthAe~ hai, zeSa bhAga usakI vyAkhyA hai| to phira gAthA aura jAtaka ke zeSa bhAga kA kAla - krama Adi kI dRSTi se kyA pArasparika sambandha hai, yaha prazna sAmane AtA hai| aTThakathA meM gAthA- bhAga ko 'abhisambuddha gAthA' yA bhagavAn buddha dvArA bhASita gAthAe~ kahA gayA hai / ve buddha vacana haiM / ataH ve tripiTaka ke aMgabhUta thIM aura unako vahA~ se saMkalita kara unake Upara kathAoM kA DhA~cA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| sampUrNa 'jAtaka' grantha kI 1. kurUMgamiga jAtaka (21)

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( 279 ) viSaya-vastu kA jisa AdhAra para vargIkaraNa huA hai, usase bhI yahI spaSTa hai ki gAthA - bhAga, yA jise vinTaranitz2a Adi vidvAnoM ne 'gAthA - jAtaka'" kahA hai, vahI usakA mUlAdhAra hai / 'jAtaka' grantha kA vargIkaraNa viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para na hokara gAthAoM kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para huA hai / thera-therI gAthAoM ke samAna vaha bhI nipAtoM meM vibhakta hai / 'jAtaka' meM 22 nipAta haiM / pahale nipAta meM 150 aisI kathAe~ haiM jinameM eka hI eka gAdhA pAI jAtI hai| dUsare nipAta meM bhI 150 jAtaka kathAe~ haiM, kintu yahA~ pratyeka kathA meM do-do gAthAe~ pAI jAtI haiN| isI prakAra tIsare aura cauthe nipAta meM pacAsa-pacAsa kathAe~ haiM aura gAthAoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH tIna-tIna aura cAra-cAra hai / Age bhI terahaveM nipAta taka prAyaH yahI krama calatA hai| caudahaveM nipAta kA nAma 'paNika nipAna' hai| isa nipAta meM gAthAoM kI saMkhyA niyamAnusAra 14 na ho kara vividha hai / isIlie isakA nAma 'kika' ( prakIrNaka) rakha diyA gayA hai| isa nipAta meM kucha kathAoM meM 10 gAyAeN bhI pAI jAtI haiM aura kucha meM 47 taka bhii| Age ke nipAtoM meM gAthAoM kI saMkhyA nirantara bar3hatI gaI hai| bAIsaveM nipAta meM kevala dasa jAtaka kathAe~ haiM, kintu pratyeka meM gAthAoM kI saMkhyA mau se bhI Upara hai / antima jAnaka (vessantara jAtaka ) meM to gAthAoM kI saMkhyA sAta sau se bhI Upara hai / isa saba se yaha niSkarSa AsAnI se nikala sakatA hai ki jAtaka kathAoM kI AdhAra gAthAeM hI haiM | svayaM aneka jAtaka kathAoM ke 'veyyAkaraNa' bhAga meM 'pAli' aura 'aTThakathA' ke bIca bheda dikhAyA gayA hai, jaise ki pAli sunoM kI anya aneka aTThakathAoM tathA 'vimuddhimaggo' Adi granthoM meM bhii| jahA~ taka 'jAtaka' ke vaiyyAkaraNa bhAga se sambandha hai, vahA~ 'pAli' kA artha tripiTaka gata gAthA hI ho sakatA hai / bhASA ke sAkSya se bhI gAthA bhAga adhika prAcInatA kA dyotaka haiM apekSAkRta gadyabhAga ke / phira bhI, jaisA vinTaranitz2a ne kahA hai, jAtaka kI sampUrNa 1. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 118-119 2. jAtaka ( prathama khaMDa ) pRSTha 20 ( vastukathA ) ; dekhiye vinTaranitja: iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 118-119 bhI / 3. dekhie pahale adhyAya meM 'pAli- zabdArtha - nirNaya' sambandhI vivecana /

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( 280 ) gAthAoM ko tripiTaka kA mUla aMza nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| unameM bhI pUrvApara bheda hai| svayaM 'jAtaka' ke vargIkaraNa se hI yaha spaSTa hai| jaisA Upara dikhAyA jA cukA hai, caudahaveM nipAta meM pratyeka jAtaka-kathA kI gAthAoM kI saMkhyA niyamAnusAra 14 na hokara kahIM-kahIM bahuta adhika hai| isI prakAra mattaraveM nipAta meM usakI do jAtaka-kathAoM kI gAthAoM kI saMkhyA bhattara-sanara na ho kara kramazaH 92 aura 93 haiN| isa saba me yaha niSkarSa nikAlA gayA hai ki jAtaka kI gAthAoM athavA 'gAthA-jAtaka' kI mUla saMkhyA nipAta kI saMkhyA ke anukUla hI rahI hogI, aura bAda meM usakA saMvarddhana kiyA gayA hai| ataH kucha gAthAe~ adhika prAcIna hai aura kucha apekSAkRta kama praaciin| isI prakAra gadya-bhAga bhI kucha atyanta prAcInatA ke lakSaNaM lie hue hai aura kucha apekSAkRta arvAcIna hai| kimI-kisI jAtaka meM gadya aura gAthA-bhAga meM mAmya bhI nahIM dikhAI par3atA aura kahIM-kahIM zailI meM bhI bar3I vibhinnatA hai| isa saba se jAtaka ke saMkalanAtmaka rUpa aura usake bhASA-rUpa kI vividhatA para prakAga par3atA hai, jisameM kaI racayitAoM yA saMkalanakartAoM aura kaI zatAbdiyoM kA yoga rahA hai| jAtaka kI gAthAoM kI prAcInatA to nirvivAda hai hI, umakA adhikAMza gadya-bhAga bhI atyanta prAcIna hai| bhagata aura sAMcI ke stupoM kI pASANa-vepTaniyoM para jo citra aMkita haiM, ve 'jAtaka' ke gadya-bhAga se hI sambandhita hai / ataH 'jAtaka' kA adhikAMza gadya-bhAga jo prAcIna hai, tRtIya-dvitIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva meM itanA loka priya to honA hI cAhie ki ume zilpa-kalA kA AdhAra banAyA jA ske| ataH sAmAnyataH hama 'jAtaka' ko baddhakAlIna bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti kA pratIka mAna sakate haiN| hA~, usameM kucha lakSaNa aura avasthAoM ke citraNa prAgbauddhakAlIna bhArata ke bhI haiN| jahA~ taka gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA aura unake zabdArtha kA sambandha hai, vaha sambhavataH jAtaka kA saba se adhika arvAcIna aMza hai / isa aMza ke lekhaka AcArya buddhaghopa mAne jAte haiN| 'gandhavaMma' ke anumAra AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 1. vinTaranitjaH iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 119 2. dekhiye vinTaranitja : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 119, pada-saMketa 2; pRSTha 122, pada-saMketa 2

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( 281 ) hI 'jAtakaTThavaNNanA' kI racanA kii| kintu yaha sandigdha hai| rAyasa DeviDsa ne buddhaghoSa ko 'jAtakaTThavaNNanA' kA racayitA yA saMkalanakartA nahIM mAnA hai / ' svayaM jAtakaTThakathA ke upodghAta meM lekhaka ne apanA paricaya dete hue kahA hai ". . . . . . zAntacitta paMDita buddhamina aura mahizAmaka vaMga meM utpanna, zAstrajJa, zuddhavuddhi bhikSu buddhadeva ke kahane se . . . . . . vyAkhyA kruuNgaa|"5 mahiMgAmaka sampradAya mahAvihAra kI paramparA me bhinna eka bauddha sampradAya thaa| buddhaghoSa ne jitanI aTThakathAe~ likhI hai, mRddha mahAvihAra vAmI bhikSuoM kI upadeza-vidhi para AdhArita (mahAvihAravAsInaM desanAnanismitaM---visuddhimaggo) haiN| ataH jAtakaTThakathA ke lekhaka ko AcArya buddhaghoSa se milAnA ThIka nhiiN| sambhavataH yaha koI anya siMhalI bhikSu the, jinakA kAla pAMcavI zatAbdI ImavI mAnA jA sakatA hai| jAtaka-kathAeM, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, bhagavAn buddha ke pUrva-janmoM se sambandhita hai| bodhisatva kI caryAoM kA unameM varNana hai / ataH ve sabhI prAyaH upadezAtmaka haiN| parantu unakA sAhityika rUpa bhI nikharA huA hai| upadezAtmaka hote hue bhI ve pUre arthoM meM kalAtmaka hai| kucha jAtaka-kathAoM kA sArAMza dekara yahA~ unakI viSaya-vastu ke rUpa ko spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hogaa| 'jAtaka' ke Adi meM nidAna-kathA (upodghAta) hai, jisameM bhagavAn buddha ke pahale ke 27 buddhoM ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-mAtha bhagavAn gautama buddha kI jIvanI bhI jetavana-vihAra ke dAna kI svIkRti taka dI gaI hai| aba kucha jAtakoM kI kathA vastu kA digdarzana kreN| apaNNaka jAtaka (1) vyApAra ke lie jAte hue do banajAroM kI kathA hai / eka daityoM ke hAtha mArA gayA, dUsarA buddhimAna hone ke kAraNa apane pAMca sau sAthiyoM sahita sakuzala ghara lauTa aayaa| kaNDina jAtaka (13)-~kAmukatA ke kAraNa eka mRga gikArI ke hAthoM mArA gyaa| makhAdeva jAtaka (9)--sira ke sapheda vAla dekha kara rAjA siMhAmana chor3a kara vana calA gyaa| mammodamAna jAtaka (33) 1. pRSTha 59 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886, ma prakAzita saMskaraNa) 2. baddhisTa bartha sTorIja, pRSTha 63 (bhUmikA) 3. jAtaka, prathama khaNDa, pRSTha 1-2 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) dekhiye, vahIM paSTha 23 (vastukathA) bhii|

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( 282 ) ekamata baTeroM kA cir3ImAra kucha na bigAr3a sakA, parantu jaba unameM phUTa par3a gaI to sabhI cir3ImAra ke jAla meM phaMsa gye| tinira jAtaka (37)--badara, hAthI aura titira ne Apasa meM vicAra kara nizcaya kiyA ki jo jyeSTha ho usakA Adara karanA caahie| baka jAtaka (38)--bagale ne machaliyoM ko dhokhA de de kara eka eka ko le jAkara mAra khAyA / anna meM vaha eka kekar3e ke hAtha se mAga gyaa| kaNha jAtaka (29)--eka baila ne apanI bur3hiyA mA~ ko jisane use pAlA thA majadUrI se kamA kara eka hajAra kANNa lA kara diye| beLuka jAtaka (43) tapasvI ne sA~pa ke bacce ko pAlA, jisane use isa kara mAra ddaalaa| rohiNI jAtaka (45) rohiNI nAmaka dAmI ne apane mAtA ke mira kI makkhiyA~ haTAne ke liye jAkara mAtA ko mAra ddaalaa| vAnarinda jAtaka (57) magaramaccha apanI strI ke kahane se bAnara kA hRdaya cAhatA thaa| bAnara apanI caturatA se baca niklaa| kudAla jAtaka (70) kuddAla paMDita kuddAla ke moha meM par3a cha: bAra gRhastha aura pravajita huaa| sIlavanAgarAja jAtaka (72) vana meM rAstA bhUle hue eka AdamI kI hAthI ne jAna bcaaii| kharasmara jAtaka (79) gA~va kA mukhiyA coroM se mila kara gA~va luTavAtA thaa| nAmamiddhi jAtaka (97) 'pApaka' nAmaka vidyArthI eka acche nAma kI talAza meM vahuta ghuumaa| anta meM yaha samajha kara ki nAma kevala balAne ke lie hotA hai, vaha lauTa aayaa| akAlarAvI jAtaka (119) asamaya zora macAne vAlA murgA vidyArthiyoM dvArA mAra DAlA gyaa| biLAravata jAtaka (128) gIdar3a dharma kA DhoMga kara cUhoM ko khAtA thaa| godha-jAtaka (141) goha kI giragiTa ke sAtha mitratA umake kula-vinAza kA kAraNa huii| virocana jAtaka (143) gIdar3a ne zera kI nakala kara ke parAkrama dikhAnA caahaa| hAthI ne use pA~va se rauMda kara usa para lIda kara dii| guNa jAtaka (157) daladala meM phaMse siMha ko siyAra ne bAhara nikaalaa| makkaTa jAtaka (173) bandara tapasvI kA veza banA kara aayaa| AdiccapaTaThAna jAtaka (175) bandara ne sUrya kI pUjA karane kA DhoMga bnaayaa| kacchapa jAtaka (178) janmabhUmi ke moha ke kAraNa kachuve kI jAna gii| giridana jAtaka (184) zikSaka ke laMgar3A hone ke kAraNa ghor3A la~gar3A kara calane lgaa| sIhacamma jAtaka (189) siMha kI khAla pahana kara gayA kheta caratA rhaa| kintu bolane para mArA gyaa| mahApigaMla jAtaka (240)

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( 283 ) rAjA mara gayA, phira bhI dvArapAla ko bhaya thA ki atyAcArI rAjA yamarAja ke pAsa se kahIM lauTa na aave| ArAmadUsaka jAtaka (268) bandaroM ne paudhoM ko ukhAr3a kara unakI jar3eM nApa-nApa kara pAnI siiNcaa| kuTidUsaka jAtaka (321) bandara ne baye ke sadupadeza ko suna kara usakA ghoMsalA noca ddaalaa| bAveru jAtaka (339.) bAveru rASTra meM kauA sau kArSApaNa meM aura mora eka hajAra kArSApaNa meM bikaa| vAnara jAnaka (342) magaramacchanI ne vandara kA hRdaya-mAMsa khAnA caahaa| sandhibheda jAta (349) gIdar3a ne cugalI kara siMha aura baila ko paraspara lar3A diyA, Adi aadi| Upara ke vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jAtaka-kathAoM kA rUpa jana-sAhitya kA hai| usameM pazu-pakSiyoM Adi kI kathAe~ bhI haiM aura manuSyoM kI bhii| jAtakoM ke kathAnaka vividha prakAra ke hai / vinTaranitz2a ne mukhyataH sAta bhAgoM meM unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| (1) vyAvahArika nIti-sambandhI kathAe~ (2) pazuoM kI kathAeM (3) hAsya aura vinoda se pUrNa kathAe~ (4) romAMcakArI lambI kathAe~ yA upanyAsa (5) naitika varNana (6) kathana aura (7) dhArmika kathAe~ / varNana kI zailiyA~ bhI bhinna-bhinna haiN| vinTaranitz2a ne inakA vargIkaraNa pA~ca bhAgoM meM isa prakAra kiyA hai3 (1) gadyAtmaka varNana (2) AkhyAna , jimake do rUpa hai (a) saMvAdAtmaka aura (A) varNana aura saMvAdoM kA saMmizrita ruup| (3) apekSAkRta lambe vivaraNa, jinakA Adi gadya se hotA hai kintu bAda meM jinameM gAthAe~ bhI pAI jAtI haiM (4) kisI viSaya para kathita vacanoM kA saMgraha aura (5) mahAkAvya yA khaMDa kAvya ke rUpa meM varNana / vAnarinda jAtaka, (57) viLAravata jAtaka, (128) sIhacamma jAtaka (189) maMsumArajAtaka 1. isa digdarzana ke lie maiM bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ke jAtaka-anuvAda ke tInoM khaMDoM kI viSaya-sUcI ke lie kRtajJa huuN| vahIM se yaha sAmagrI saMkalita kI gaI hai| 2. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 125 3. vahIM pRSTha 124

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( 284 ) (208) aura sandhibheda jAtaka (349) Adi jAtaka-kathAe~ pazu-kathAe~ haiM / ye kathAe~ atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hai| vizeSataH inhIM kathAoM kA gamana videzoM meM huA hai| vyaGga ya kA puTa bhI yahIM apane kAvyAtmaka rUpa meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / prAyaH pazuoM kI tulanA meM manuSyoM ko hIna dikhAyA gayA hai / eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki vyaGgaya kisI vyakti para na kara sampUrNa jAti para kiyA gayA hai / eka bandara kucha dinoM ke lie manuSyoM ke bIca Akara rhaa| vAda meM apane sAthiyoM ke pAsa jAtA hai / sAthI pUchane hai ___ "Apa manuSyoM ke samAja meM rahe haiM / unakA bartAva jAnate haiN| hameM bhI kaheM / hama ume sunanA cAhate haiN|" "manuSyoM kI karanI mujha se mata puucho|" "kaheM, hama snanA cAhate hai|" bandara ne kahanA zurU kiyA, "hiraNya merA ! sonA merA ! yahI rAta-dina ve cillAte hai| ghara meM do jane rahate haiN| eka ko mUcha nahIM hotii| usake lambe keza hote haiM, veNI hotI hai aura kAnoM meM cheda hote hai / use bahuta dhana se kharIdA jAtA hai / vaha maba janoM ko kaSTa detA hai|" bandara kaha hI rahA thA ki umake sAthiyoM ne kAna banda kara lie "mata kaheM, mata kheN"|' isa prakAra ke madhura aura anaThe vyaGgaya ke anekoM citra 'jAtaka' meM mileMge / vizeSataH manuSya ke ahaMkAra ke mithyApana ke sambandha meM marmaspargI vyaGgaya mahApiMgala jAtaka (240) meM, brAhmaNoM kI lobha-vRtti ke sambandha meM sigAla jAtaka (113 ) meM, eka ati baddhimAn tapasvI ke sambandha meM avAriya jAtaka (376) meM haiN| sabbadATha nAmaka zRgAla sambandhI hAsya aura vinoda bhI bar3A madhura hai (sabbadATha jAtaka 241) aura isI prakAra makkhI haTAne ke prayatna meM dAmI kA musala se apanI mAtA ko mAra denA (rohiNI jAtaka 345) aura bandaroM kA paudhoM ko ukhAr3akara pAnI denA bhI (ArAmadUmaka 1. garahita-jAtaka (219) bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda, jAtaka (dvitIya khaMDa), pRSTha 362-63

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( 285 ) jAtaka - 46 ) madhura vinoda se bhare hue haiM / isI prakAra romAMca ke rUpa meM mahAummaga jAtaka (546 ) Adi nATakIya AkhyAna ke rUpa meM chadanta jAnaka (514) Adi, eka hI viSaya para kahe hue kathanoM ke saMkalana ke rUpa meM kuNAla jAtaka (536) Adi, maMkSipta nATaka ke rUpa meM ummadantI jAtaka (527) Adi, nIti-saraka kathAoM ke rUpa meM guNa jAtaka ( 157) Adi, pUre mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM vemmantar jAtaka ( 547 ) Adi evaM aitihAsika saMvAdoM ke rUpa meM 530 aura 544 saMkhyAoM ke jAtaka Adi, aneka prakAra ke varNanAtmaka AkhyAna 'jAtaka' meM bhare par3e haiM, jinakI mAhityika vizeSatAoM kA ullekha yahA~ atyanta saMkSipta rUpa se bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / buddhakAlIna bhArata ke samAja, dharma, rAjanIti, bhUgola, laukika vizvAma, Arthika evaM vyApArika avasthA evaM sarvavidha jIvana kI pUrI sAmagrI hameM 'jAtaka' meM milatI hai / 'jAtaka' kevala kathAoM kA saMgraha bhara nahIM hai / bauddha sAhitya meM to usakA sthAna sarvamAnya hai hI / sthaviravAda ke samAna mahAyAna meM bhI usakI prabhUta mahattA hai, yadyapi usake rUpa ke sambandha meM kucha thor3A-bahuta parivartana hai / bauddha sAhitya ke samAna samagra bhAratIya sAhitya meM aura itanA hI nahIM samagra vizva - sAhitya meM 'jAtaka' kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / isI prakAra bhAratIya sabhyatA ke eka yuga kA hI vaha nidarzaka nahIM hai balki usake prasAra kI eka adbhuta gAthA bhI 'jAtaka' meM samAI huI hai / vizeSataH bhAratIya itihAsa meM 'jAtaka' ke sthAna ko koI dUsarA grantha nahIM le sakatA / buddhakAlIna bhArata sAmAjika Arthika, rAjanaitika jIvana ko jAnane ke lie 'jAnaka' eka uttama sAdhana hai / cUMki usakI sUcanA prAmaGgika rUpa se hI dI gaI hai, isalie vaha aura bhI adhika prAmANika hai aura mahattvapUrNa bhI / ' 'jAtaka' ke AdhAra para yahA~ buddhakAlIna bhArata kA saMkSiptatama vivaraNa bhI nahIM diyA jA sakatA / jAtaka kI nidAna kathA meM hama tatkAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola- sambandhI mahattvapUrNa sUcanA pAte haiM / vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki jambudvIpa ( bhAratavarSa ) dasa hajAra yojanA bar3A 1. dekhiye DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ke grantha " Geography of Early Buddhism" meM DA0 epha0 DablyU0 thaoNmasa kA prAkkathana /

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( 286 ) hai| madhya-deza kI sImAoM kA ullekha vahA~ isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai "madhya deza kI pUrva dizA meM kajaMgalA nAmaka kasbA hai, usake bAda bar3e gAla (ke vana) haiM aura, phira Age sImAnta (pratyanta) deza / pUrva-dakSiNa meM salalavatI nAmaka nadI haiM usake Age mImAnta deza / dakSiNa dizA meM metakaNNika nAmaka kasbA hai, usake bAda sImAnta deza / pazcima dizA meM thUna nAmaka brAhmaNa grAma hai, usake bAda sImAnta deg| uttara dizA meM uzIradhvaja nAmaka parvata hai, usake bAda sImAnta deza / ' 1 yaha varNana yahA~ vinaya-piTaka se liyA gayA hai aura vRddha-kAlIna madhyadeza kI sImAoM kA prAmANika paricAyaka mAnA jAtA hai| jAtaka ke imI bhAga meM naraMjarA, anomA Adi nadiyoM, pANDava parvata, vaibhAragiri, gayAsIsa Adi parvatoM, ujhavelA, kapilavastu, vArANasI, rAjagRha, lumbinI , vaizAlI, zrAvastI Adi nagaroM aura sthAnoM, evaM utkala deza (ur3IsA) kA tathA yaSTivana (laTThi vana) Adi vanoM kA ullekha milatA hai| sampUrNa jAtaka meM isa sambandhI jitanI sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, usakA ThIka anumAna hI nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA / sampUrNa kozala aura magadha kA to usake grAmoM, nagaroM, nadiyoM aura parvatoM ke sahita vaha pUrA varNana upasthita karatA hai / molaha mahAjanapadoM (jinakA nAmollekha aMgatara-nikAya meM milatA hai) kA vistRta vivaraNa hameM asampadAna jAtaka meM milatA hai / mahAsutasoma jAtaka (537) meM hameM kuru-deza ke vistAra ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa sUcanA milatI hai| isI prakAra dhUmAkAri jAtaka (413) meM kahA gayA hai ki yudhiSThira gotra ke rAjA kA usa samaya vahA~ rAjya thaa| kuru-deza kI rAjadhAnI indraprastha kA vistAra 300 yojana (triyojanasate kurura8) mahAmatamoma jAnaka (537) meM diyA gayA hai / dhanaMjaya, ko ravya aura sutasoma Adi kurU-rAjAoM ke nAma kurudhamma jAtaka (276), dhUmakAri jAtaka (413), sambhava jAtaka (515) aura vidhura paMDita jAtaka (545) meM Ate haiM / uttara paMcAla ke lie kuru aura paMcAla vaMzoM meM jhagar3A calatA rahA, isakI sUcanA hama campeyya jAtaka (506) tathA anya aneka jAtakoM meM pAne haiN| kabhI vaha kuru-rASTra meM sammilita ho jAtA thA (momanassa-jAtaka, 505)2 aura kabhI kampila 1. jAtaka (prathama khaMDa) pRSTha 64 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 2. milAiye mahAbhArata 11138 bhii|

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( 287 ) rASTra meM bhI, jimakA sAkSya brahmadatta jAtaka (323), jayaddisa jAtaka (513) aura gaNDatindu jAtaka (520) meM vidyamAna hai / ' paMcAla-rAja durmukha nimi kA samakAlika thA, isakI sUcanA hameM 408 saMkhyA ke jAtaka se milatI hai / assaka (azmaka) rASTra kI rAjadhAnI potana yA potali kA ullekha hameM cullakaliGga jAtaka (301) meM milatA hai| mithilA ke vistAra kA varNana suruci jAtaka aura gandhAra jAtaka (406) meM hai| mahAjanaka jAtaka (539) meM mithilA kA bar3A sundara varNana upalabdha hotA hai, jisakI tulanA mahAbhArata 3. 206. 6-9 se kI jA sakatI hai| sAgala nagara kA varNana kaliGgabodhijAtaka (479) aura kuza jAtaka (531) meM hai / kAzI rAjya ke vistAra kA varNana dhajavideha jAtaka (391) meM hai| usakI rAjadhAnI vArANasI ke ketumatI, surundhana, sudassana, brahmavaDDhana, pupphavatI, rammanagara aura molinI Adi nAma the, aisA sAkSya aneka jAtakoM meM milatA hai| 2 taNDulanAli jAtaka (5) meM vArANasI ke prAkAra kA varNana hai| telapatta jAtaka (96) aura susIma jAtaka (166) meM vArANasI aura takSazilA kI dUrI 120 yojana banAI gaI hai| kumbhakAra jAtaka (408) meM gandhAra ke rAjA naggaji yA nagnajit kA varNana hai / kuru jAtaka (531) meM mallarASTra aura usakI rAjadhAnI kusAvatI yA kuminArA kA varNana hai / campeyya jAtaka (506) meM aGga aura magadha ke saMgharSa kA varNana hai| vatsa rAjya aura usake adhIna bhagga-rAjya kI sUcanA dhonasAkha jAtaka (353) meM milatI hai / indriya jAtaka meM suraTTha, avantI, dakSiNApatha, daMDakavana, kumbhavati nagara Adi kA varNana hai| bimbisAra sambandhI mahatvapUrNa sUcanA jAtakoM meM bharI par3I hai| mahAkozala kI rAjakumArI kosalAdevI ke sAtha usake vivAha kA varNana aura kAzI gA~va kI prApti kA ullekha haritamAtaka jAtaka (239) aura vaDDhakisUkara jAtaka (283) Adi jAtakoM meM hai| magadha aura kosala ke saMgharSo kA aura anta meM unakI ekatA kA ullekha vaDDhakisUkara jAtaka, kummAsapiMDa jAtaka, tacchasakara jAtaka aura bhaddasAla 1. milAiye kumbhakAra jAtaka (408) bhI 2. dekhiye, DAyalaoNgsa oNva di buddha, tRtIya bhAga, pRSTha 73; kAramAikela lekcarsa, (1918), pRSTha, 50-51

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/ 288 ) jAtaka Adi aneka jAtakoM meM hai| isa prakAra buddhakAlIna rAjAoM, gajyoM, pradegoM, jAtiyoM, grAmoM, nagaroM Adi kA pUrA vivaraNa hameM jAtakoM meM milatA hai / 1 tilamuTi jAtaka (252) meM hameM buddhakAlIna zikSA, vizeSataH ucca zikSA, kA eka uttama citra milatA hai| saMkhapAla jAtaka (524) aura darImagkha jAtaka (378) meM magadha ke rAjakumAroM kI takSazilA meM zikSA kA varNana hai / zikSA ke vidhAna, pAThya-krama, adhyayana-viSaya unake vyAvahArika aura saiddhAntika pakSa, nivAsa, bhojana, niyantraNa Adi ke viSaya meM pUrI jAnakArI hameM jAtakoM meM milatI hai| banArasa, rAjagRha, mithilA, ujjainI, zrAvastI. kaugAmbI, takSazilA Adi prasiddha nagaroM ko milAne vAle mArgoM kA tathA sthAnIya vyApAra kA pUrA vivaraNa hameM jAtakoM meM milatA hai| kAgI me cedi jAne vAlI sar3aka kA ullekha vedabha jAtaka (48) meM hai| kyA kyA nAnA peze usa samaya logoM meM pracalita the, kalA aura dastakArI kI kyA avasthA thI tathA vyavamAya kisa prakAra hotA thA, isake aneka citra hameM jAtakoM meM milate hai / bAveka jAtaka (331) aura mumandhi jAtaka (360) se hameM patA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya vyApAra videzoM se bhI hotA thA aura bhAratIya vyApArI savarNa-bhUmi (baramA se malAyA taka kA pradeza ) taka vyApAra ke lie jAte the| bharukaccha usa samaya eka prasiddha vandaragAha thaa| jala ke mArgoM kA bhI jAtakoM meM spaSTa ullekha hai| laukika vizvAmoM Adi ke bAre meM devadhamma jAtaka (6) aura nalapAna jAtaka (20) Adi meM ; samAja meM striyoM ke sthAna ke sambandha meM aNDabhUta jAtaka (62) Adi meM ; dAsoM Adi kI avasthA ke sambandha meM kaTAhaka jAtaka (125) Adi meM ; mugapAna Adi ke sambandha meM surApAna jAtaka (81) Adi meM ; yajJa meM jIva-himA ke sambandha meM dummedha jAtaka (50) Adi meM ; vyApArika saMghoM 1. DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA kA "Geography of Early Buddhism" buddhakAlIna bhUgola para eka uttama grantha hai, jisameM jAtaka ke alAvA tripiTaka ke anya aMzoM se bhI sAmagrI saMkalita kI gaI hai| DA0 lAhA ke 'Some Kshatriya Tribes of Ancient India', 72T 'Ancient Indian Tribes' Adi pAli tripiTaka para AdhArita grantha buddhakAlIna bhArata ke aneka pakSoM kA prAmANika vivaraNa upasthita karate haiN|

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( 289 ) aura DAkuoM ke bhaya Adi ke sambandha meM khurappa jAtaka (265) aura tatkAlIna zilpakalA Adi ke viSaya meM mahAummagga jAtaka (546) Adi meM prabhUta sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, jisakA yahA~ vargIkaraNa karanA atyanta kaThina hai| sacamaca tripiTaka meM yadi aitihAsika , bhaugolika, Arthika, sAmAjika Adi sUcanAoM ke lie yadi kisI anya kA mahatva maba me adhika hai no 'jAtaka' kaa| gayasa DeviDma ne 'buddhisTa inDiyA' meM buddhakAlIna bhArata kA citra upasthita kiyA hai| usameM unhoMne eka adhyAya (gyArahavA~ adhyAya) 'jAtaka' ke vivecana ke lie diyA hai / buddhakAlIna gajavaMzoM, vibhinna jAtiyoM, jana-tantroM, bhaugolika sthAnoM, grAmoM, nagaroM, nadiyoM, parvatoM, manuSyoM ke pezoM Adi ke sambandha meM jAtakoM ne jo mahattvapUrNa uddharaNa vahA~ diye gaye haiM, yadi unakA saMkSiptatama vivaraNa bhI diyA jAya to prastuta paricchedAMza jAtaka kA vivecana na hokara buddhakAlIna bhArata kA hI vivaraNa ho jaaygaa| phira yahI anna nahIM hai| buddhakAlIna bhArata ke aneka paoM ko lekara vidvAnoM ne alaga-alaga mahAgrantha likhe hai aura unameM prAyaH jAtaka kA hI Azraya adhikatara liyA gayA hai| rAyasa DeviDsa ke uparyavana grantha ke alAvA DA. vimalAcaraNa lAhA kA vuddhakAlIna bhugola sambandhI mahatvapUrNa grantha hai|' DA0 phika kA buddhakAlIna sAmAjika avasthA para prasiddha grantha hai / 2 DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne 'iMDiyana zipiMga' meM bhAratIya vyApAra kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai aura eka anya prasiddha grantha meM vaidika aura bauddhayugIna zikSA paddhati kA bhii| isI prakAra Arthika aura vyAvasAyika paristhitiyoM para bhI mahattvapUrNa grantha aura prabandha hai|4 bIsoM kI saMkhyA isI prakAra ginAI jA sakatI 1. Geography of Early Buddhism, kegana paoNla, landana 1932; dekhiye unakA India as Described in Early Texts of Jainism and Buddhism bho| 2. mUla grantha jarmana meM hai| aMgrejI meM "The Social Organization in North-East India in Buddha's Time" zIrSaka se DA0 maitra ne anuvAda kiyA hai| kalakattA, 1920 3. Ancient Indian Education, Brahmanical and Buddhist, Macmillan. 4. udAharaNArtha zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa : Notes on Early Economic Conditions in Northern India, jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika 19

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hai| yadi pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa kA lekhaka ina aneka granthoM, mahAgranthoM, meM meM ullikhita jAtaka-sAmagrI kA ullekha apane jAtaka-paricaya meM karAnA cAhe to yaha usakI dhRSTatA hI hogii| yaha aneka mahAgranthoM kA viSaya hai| yadi vaha isake nidarzana kA prayatna karegA to mahAsamudra meM apane ko girA degaa| usakA mUrdhApAta ho jaaygaa| yahI bAta vAstava meM jAtaka ke bhAratIya sAhitya aura videzI sAhitya para prabhAva kI hai| pahale bauddha sAhitya aura kalA meM usake sthAna aura mahattva ko leN| jaimA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, bauddha dharma ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM 'jAtaka' kA mahattva supratiSThita hai| mahAyAna aura hInayAna ko vaha eka prakAra se jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai, kyoMki mahAyAna kA vodhisatva-Adarza yahA~ apane vIja-rUpa meM vidyamAna hai / hama pahale dekha cuke haiM ki dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke mA~cI aura bharahuta ke stUpoM meM jAtaka ke aneka dRzya aMkita hai| 'milindapaho' meM aneka jAtaka-kathAoM ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM laMkA meM usake 500 dRzya aMkita kiye jA cuke the| ajantA kI citrakArI meM bhI mahima jAtaka (278) aMkita hai hii| bodha-gayA meM bhI usake aneka citra aMkita hai| itanA hI nahIM jAvA ke borobadUra stUpa (9vIM zatAbdI IsavI) meM, vanmA ke pegana sthita pegoDAoM meM (13vIM zatAbdI IsavI) aura siAma ke makhodaya nAmaka prAcIna nagara (14vIM zatAbdI) meM jAtaka ke aneka dRzya citrita mile haiN| ataH jAtaka kA mahattva bhArata meM hI nahIM, bRhattara bhArata meM bhI, sthaviravAda bauddha dharma meM hI nahIM, vauddha dharma ke anya aneka ke rUpoM meM bhI, sthApita hai| aba bhAratIya sAhitya meM jAtakoM ke mahattva aura sthAna ko leN| yadi kAlakrama kI dRSTi se dekheM to vaidika sAhitya kI zunaH zepa kI kathA, yama-yamI saMvAda, pururavA-urvazI saMvAda Adi kathAnaka hI buddha-pUrva kAla ke ho sakate haiN| chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka Adi kucha upaniSadoM kI AkhyAyikAe~ bhI buddha-pUrva kAla kI mAnI jA sakatI haiM, aura isI prakAra aitareya aura zatapatha brAhmaNa ke kucha sosAyaTI, 1901, ratilAla mehatA : Pre-Buddhist India; DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iMDiyA, adhyAya 6 (Economic Conditions) pRSTha 87-107

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( 291 ) AkhyAna bhii| para inakA bhI jAtakoM se aura sAmAnyataH pAli sAhitya se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| hama dekha cuke haiM ki tevijja-sutta (dIgha 1 / 13) meM aTTaka, vAmaka, vAmadeva, vizvAmitra, yamadagni, aGgirA, bharadvAja, vaziSTha, kazyapa aura bhugu ina dasa mantrakartA RSiyoM ke nAma ke sAtha-sAtha aitareya brAhmaNa, taittirIya brAhmaNa, chandoga brAhmaNa aura chandAvA brAhmaNa kA bhI ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra hama yaha bhI dekha cuke haiM ki majjhima-nikAya ke assalAyaNa-muttanta (2 / 5 / 3) ke AzvalAyana brAhmaNa ko prazna-upaniSad ke AzvAlAyana se milAyA gayA hai / majjhima-nikAya ke AzvalAyana zrAvastI-nivAsI haiM aura veda-vedAGga meM pAragata (tiNNaM vedAnaM pAraga sanighaNDu-keTabhAnaM) haiM, isI prakAra prazna-upaniSad ke AzvalAyana bhI veda-vedAGga ke mahApaMDita haiM aura kausalya (kozala-nivAsI) haiN| 2 jAtakoM meM bhI vaidika sAhitya ke sAtha nikaTa samparka ke hama aneka lakSaNa pAte haiN| uddAlaka jAtaka (487) meM uddAlaka ke takSazilA jAne aura vahA~ eka lokavizruta AcArya kI sUcanA pAne kA ullekha hai| isI prakAra setuketu jAtaka (377) meM uddAlaka ke putra zvetuketu kA kalAoM kI zikSA prApta karane ke lie takSazilA jAne kA ullekha hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa (11. 4. 1-1) meM uddAlaka ko hama uttarApatha meM bhramaNa karate hue dekhate hai| ataH isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA asaMgata nahIM hai ki jAtakoM ke uddAlaka aura zvetuketu brAhmaNagranthoM aura upaniSadoM ke ina nAmoM ke vyaktiyoM se bhinna nahIM hai / jarmana vidvAn lUDarsa ne setaketu jAtaka (377) meM Ane vAlI gAthAoM ko 'vaidika AkhyAna aura mahAkAvya-yugIna kAvya ko milAne vAlI kar3I' kahA hai, jo samucita 1. dekhiye poche dogha-nikAya ko viSaya-vastu kA vivecn| 2. hemacandra rAya caudharI : poliTikala hisTrI oNva enziyanTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 21 (tRtIya saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1932) 3. hemacandra rAya caudharI : poliTikala hisTrI oNva eziyanTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 41 (tRtIya saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1932); vinTaranittaH iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 123 *. "connecting link between the vedic epic tea and the epic poetry" vinTaranitva-kRta iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 123, para-saMketa 2 meM uddhRt|

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292 ) hI hai / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke sAtha jAtaka kI tulanA karate samaya hameM eka bAta kA bar3A dhyAna rakhanA caahie| vaha yaha hai ki ina donoM granthoM ke sabhI aMga buddha-pUrva yuga ke nahIM haiM / rAmAyaNa ke vartamAna rUpa meM 24000 indroka pAye jAte haiM / janazruti bhI hai aura svayaM rAmAyaNa meM kahA bhI gayA hai| 'caturdiza sahasrANi zlokAnAm uktavAn RSi: ( 1 4 2 ) / kintu bauddha mahAvibhASAzAstra me siddha hai ki dvitIya zatAbdI IsavI meM bhI rAmAyaNa meM kevala 12000 iloka the / ' rAmAyaNa 2-190-94 meM 'buddha tathAgata' kA ullekha AyA hai / isI prakAra zaka, yavana Adi ke sAtha saMgharSa (zakAn yavanamizritAn1-54-21) kA varNana hai / kiSkindhAkANDa ( 8. 43-11-12) meM sugrIva ke dvArA kuru, madra aura himAlaya ke bIca meM yavanoM aura zakoM ke deza aura nagaroM ko sthita batAyA gayA hai / isase siddha hai ki jisa samaya ye aMza likhe ga, grIka aura sithiyana loga paMjAba ke kucha pradezoM para apanA Adhipatya jamA cuke the / UtaH rAmAyaNa ke kAphI aMza mahArAja bibimAra yA buddha ke kAla ke bAda likhe gaye / mahAbhArata meM isI prakAra eDukoM (bauddha mandiroM) kA spaSTa ullekha hai| bauddha vizeSaNa cAturmahArAjika bhI vahA~ AyA hai ( 12-339-40) / romaka (romana) logo kA bhI varNana (2-51-13 ) hai / isI prakAra sithiyana aura grIka Adi logoM kA bhI (3-188-35) / Adi parva ( 1 67-13-14) meM mahArAja azoka ko 'mahAsura' kahA gayA hai aura 'mahAvIryo'parAjitaH ' ke rUpa meM usakI prazaMsA kI gaI hai / zAnti parva meM vipNagupta kauTilya ( dvitIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) ke ziSya kAmandaka kA bhI arthavidyA ke AcArya ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / isa prakAra aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para siddha hai ki mahAbhArata ke vartamAna rUpa 1. hemacandra rAya caudharI : poliTikala hisTrI oNva enziyanTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 3 (tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1932) 2. uddharaNa ke liye dekhiye jAtaka ( prathama khaMDa ) pRSTha 24 ( vastukathA) pada - saMketa 3 ( bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 3. hemacandra rAya caudharI : poliTikala hisTrI oNva enziyanTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 3 ( tRtIya saMskaraNa 1932 ) 4. dekhiye vahIM, pRSTha 4-5

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kA kAphI aMza buddha, azoka aura kauTilya viSNugupta ke bAda ke yuga kA hai|' jAtaka kI aneka gAthAoM aura rAmAyaNa ke zlokoM meM adbhuta samAnatA hai| dasaratha jAtaka (461) aura devadhamma jAtaka (6) meM hameM prAya: gama-kathA kI pUrI rUparekhA milatI hai / jayaddisa jAtaka (513) meM rAma kA daNDakAraNya jAnA dikhAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra sAma jAtaka (540) kI madRzatA rAmAyaNa 2. 63-25 se hai aura vinTaranitz2a ke mata meM jAtaka kA varNana adhika sarala aura prArambhika hai / 3 vessantara jAtaka (547) ke prakRti-varNana kA sAmya isI prakAra vAlmIki ke prakRti-varNana se hai aura isa jAtaka kI kathA ke sAtha rAma kI kathA meM bhI kAphI sadRzatA hai| mahAbhArata ke sAtha jAtaka kI tulanA aneka vidvAnoM ne kI hai| unake niSkarSoM ko yahA~ saMkSiptatama rUpa meM bhI rakhanA vAstava meM bar3A kaThina hai / saba se bar3I bAta yaha hai ki mahAjanaka jAtaka (539) ke janaka upaniSadoM aura mahAbhArata ke hI brahmajJAnI janaka haiM / " isameM tanika bhI sandeha nhiiN| mithilA ke prAsAdoM ko jalate dekhakara janaka ne kahA thA 'mithilAyAM pradIptAyAM na me dahyati kicana' (mahAbhArata 12-17; 18-19; 21950) / ThIka unakA yahI kathana hameM mahAjanaka jAtaka (539) meM bhI milanA hai tathA 408 aura 529 saMkhyAoM ke jAtakoM meM bhI / ataH donoM vyakti eka hai. isameM tanika bhI sandeha kA avakAza nhiiN| isI prakAra Rpya zuGga (pAli isisiGga ) kI pUrI kathA nalinikA jAtaka (526) meM hai / yudhiSThira (yudhiTThila) aura vidura (vidhUra) kA saMvAda jAtaka-saMkhyA 49.5 meM hai| kuNAla 1. adhika pramANoM ke lie dekhiye, vahIM, pRSTha 4-5 2. kucha uddharaNoM ke lie dekhiye jAtaka (prathama khaMDa) pRSTha 25 pada-saMketa ? (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 3. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 147, pada-saMketa 4 4. viTaranitja : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 152 5. rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 26, vinTaraniraja : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 146; hemacandra rAya caudharI : poliTikala hisTrI oNva enziyanTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 36-37 (tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1932), Adi, Adi

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( 294 ) jAtaka (536) meM kRSNa aura draupadI kI kayA hai| isI prakAra ghaTa jAtaka (355) meM kRSNa dvArA kaMsa-vadha aura dvArakA bamAne kA pUrA varNana hai| mahAkaNha jAtaka (469) nimi jAtaka (541) aura mahAnAradakassapa jAtaka (544) meM rAjA uzInara aura usake putra zivi kA varNana hai| sivijAtaka (499) meM bhI rAjA zivi kI dAna-pAramitA kA varNana hai / ataH kahAnI mUlata: bauddha hai, isameM sandeha nhiiN| mahAbhArata meM 100 brahmadattoM kA ullekha hai (2.8.23) 1 sambhavataH brahmadatta kisI eka rAjA kA nAma na hokara rAjAoM kA mAmAnya vizeSaNa thA, jise 100 rAjAoM ne dhAraNa kiyaa| dummedha jAtaka (50) meM bhI rAjA aura usake kumAra donoM kA nAma brahmadatta batAyA gayA hai / isI prakAra gaMgamAla jAtaka (421) meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmadatta kula kA nAma hai / susIma jAtaka (411) kummAsapiMDa jAtaka (415) aTThAna jAtaka (425) lomassakasmaya jAtaka (433) Adi jAtakoM kI bhI yahI sthiti hai / ata: jAtakoM meM Aye hue brahmadatta kevala 'eka samaya' ke paryAya nahIM haiM, aisA kahA jA makatA hai| unameM kucha na kucha aitihAsikatA bhI avazya hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke atirikta pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM bhI jAtaka-gAthAe~ ullikhita haiM,2 prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM bhI aura paMcatantra, hitopadeza, vaitAla paMcaviMzati, kathAsaritsAgara tayA paizAcIprAkRta-nibaddha 'baDDakahA' (bRhatkathA) meM bhI jAtaka kA prabhAva krima prakAra spaSTataH upalakSita hai, isake nidarzana ke lie to kaI mahAgranyoM kI AvazyakatA hogii| ___'jAtaka' ne videzI sAhitya ko bhI kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai aura kisa prakAra usake mAdhyama se buddha-vacanoM kA gamana dUrastha dezoM meM, yUropa taka, huA hai, imakI kathA bhI bar3I adbhuta hai / jisa prakAra jAtaka-kathAe~ samudramArga se laMkA, baramA, siAma, jAvA, sumAtrA, hinda-cIna Adi dakSiNa-pUrvI eziyA ke dezoM ko gaIaura vahA~ sthApatya-kalA Adi meM citrita kI gaI, usI prakAra mthala-mArga me hinduka za aura himAlaya ko pAra kara pacchimI dezoM taka unake 1. milAiye "zataM vai brahmadattAnAm" (matsya purANa) 2. jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1898, pRSTha 17 3. vinTaranitja : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 145, pada-saMketa 2

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pahu~cane kI yAtrA bhI bar3I lambI aura manohara hai / pichale pacAsa-sATha varSoM kI aitihAsika gavepaNAoM se yaha paryApta rUpa se siddha ho cukA hai ki buddha-pUrva kAla meM bhI videzoM ke sAtha bhArata ke vyApArika samparka the| bAvera jAtaka (339) aura musandhi jAtaka (360) meM hama ina sambandhoM kI paryApta jhalaka dekha hI cuke haiN| dvitIyazatAbdI IsavI pUrva se hI alasanda (alekjenDiyA) jise alakSendra (alegajenDara) ne basAyA thA, pUrva aura pazcima kI saMskRtiyoM kA milana-kendra ho gayA thaa| vastuta: pazcima meM bhAratIya sAhitya aura vizeSata: jAtaka-kahAniyoM kI pahuMca arava aura phira unake vAda grIka logoM ke mAdhyama se huI / paJcatantra meM aneka jAtaka-kahAniyA~ vidyamAna haiM, yaha tathya sarvavidita hai| chaThI zatAbdI ImavI meM paMcatantra kA anuvAda pahalavI bhASA meM kiyA gyaa| AThavI matAbdI meM 'kalelA damanA' gIrSaka se usakA anuvAda agbI meM kiyA gyaa| kalelA damanA' zabda 'karkaTa' aura 'damanaka' ke agvI rUpAntara hai / pandrahavI gatAbdI meM paMcataMtra ke aravI anavAda kA jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda huA, phira dhIre-dhIre sabhI yUropIya bhASAoM meM usakA rUpAntara ho gyaa| yaha hamane paMcatantra ke mAdhyama se jAtaka-kathAoM ke prasAra kI bAta kahI hai| vAstava meM mIdhe rUpa me bhI jAtaka ne videzI sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA hai aura usakI kathA bhI atyanta prAcIna hai| grIka sAhitya meM Isapa kI kahAniyA~ prasiddha hai| phreMca, jarmana aura aMgreja vidvAnoM kI khoja se siddha hai ki Isapa eka grIka the. yadyapi unake kAla ke viSaya meM abhI pUrNa nizcaya nahIM ho pAyA hai| Isapa kI kahAniyoM kA yUropIya sAhitya para bar3A prabhAva par3A hai aura vidvAnoM ke dvArA yaha dikhA diyA gayA hai ki Imapa kI prAyaH pratyeka kahAnI kA AdhAra jAtaka hai / ' yahI bAta aliphalailA kI kahAniyoM ke sambandha meM bhI hai| samugga jAtaka (436) kA to sIdhA sambandha aliphalelA kI eka kahAnI meM dikhAyA hI gayA hai| anya aneka kahAniyo kI 1. rAyasa DeviDsa : buddhisTa bartha sTorIz2a, pRSTha 32 (bhUmikA) 2. dekhiye DA0 hemacandra rAya caudharI kA "buddhijma ina vaisTarna eziyA" zIrSaka lekha DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA dvArA sampAdita 'buddhisTika sTaDIja' me, pRSTha 639-640

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( 296 ) * bhI tulanA vidvAnoM ne kI hai / |' AThavI zatAbdI meM araboM ne yUropa para AkramaNa kiyA / spena aura iTalI Adi ko unhoMne roMda DAlA / unhI ke sAtha jAtaka - kahAniyA~ bhI ina dezoM meM gaI aura unhoMne dhIre dhIre sAre yUropIya sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA / phrAnsa ke madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM pazu-pakSI sambandhI kahAniyoM kI adhikatA hai| phreMca vidvAnoM ne una para 'jAtaka' ke prabhAva ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vAyavila aura vizeSataH santa jona ke susamAcAra kI aneka kahAniyoM aura upamAoM kI tulanA pAli tripiTaka aura vizeSataH 'jAtaka' ke isa samvandhI vivaraNoM se vidvAnoM ne kI hai / IsAI dharma para bauddha dharma kA paryApta prabhAva par3A hai, yaha ava prAyaH nirvivAda mAnA jAne lagA hai| isa prabhAva meM anya aneka tattvoM ke atirikta 'jAtaka' kA bhI kAphI sahayoga rahA hai / IsAI santa plesIDasa kI kathA kI tulanA nyagrodhArAma jAtaka ( 12 ) kI kathA se kI gaI hai, yadyapi vinTaranitz2a ne usameM adhika sAmya nahI pAyA hai / para saba se adhika sAmya to madhya-yuga kI racanA 'varalAma eNDa josaphata' kA jAtaka ke 'bodhisatva' se hai / isa racanA meM, jo mUlataH hI yA sAtavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM pahalavI meM likhI gaI thI, bhagavAn buddha kI jIvanI IsAI paridhAna meM varNita kI gaI hai / bAda meM isa racanA ke anuvAda araba, sIriyA iTalI aura yUropa kI anya bhASAoM meM hue / 'josaphata' zabda arabI 'yudastapha' kA rUpAntara hai, jo svayaM saMskRta 'vodhisatva ' kA arabI anuvAda hai | IsAI dharma meM santa ' josaphata' ko ( jinakA na kevala balki pUrA jIvana bodhisatva - buddha kA hai ) IsAI santa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha eka bar3I adbhuta kintu aitihAsika rUpa se satya bAta hai / zrImatI yama DeviDsa ne to zeksapiyara ke marcaMTa oNva venisa meM 'tIna DibiyoM' tathA 'Adha mera mAMsa' ke varNana meM tathA 'aija yU lAika iTa' meM 'bahumUlya ratnoM' ke vivaraNa meM jAtaka ke prabhAva ko DhUMDha nikAlA hai, evaM slevonika jAti ke sAhitya nAma, 1. milAiye vinTaranitz2a : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 130, pada-saMketa 2, Adi Adi / 2. iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 150, pada-saMketa 2 3. dekhiye jAtaka (prathamakhaMDa ) pRSTha 30, pada-saMketa 1 ( vastukathA )

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meM tathA prAyaH mabhI pUrvI yUropa ke sAhitya meM 'jAtaka' ke prabhAva kI vidyamAnatA. dikhAI hai / ' bhikSu zIlabhadra ne paryApta udAharaNa dekara siddha kiyA hai ki nimi jAtaka (581) hI caudahavI gatAbdI ke iTAliyana kavi dA~te kI prasiddha racanA. (Divina Comedia) kA AdhAra hai / jarmana vidvAn benphe ne 'jAtaka' ko vizva ke kathA-sAhitya kA udgama kahA hai, jo tathyoM ke prakAza meM atizayokti nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa prakAra bhAratIya sAhitya aura saMskRti ke sAtha vizva ke sAhitya aura sabhyatA ke itihAsa meM 'jAtaka' ke sthAna aura mahatva ke isa maMkSipta digdarzana ke bAda aba hama khuddaka nikAya ke anya granthoM para Ate haiN| nidesa niddesa ke do bhAga haiM, mahAniddesa aura cUla niddesa / mahAniddesa sutta-nipAta ke aTThaka vagga kI vyAkhyA hai| isI prakAra cUla niddesa eka prakAra sutta-nipAta ke hI khagga vimANa sutta aura pArAyaNa kI vyAkhyA hai / isa prakAra pUga niddesa mutta-nipAna ke eka bhAga kI hI aTThakathA hai| parampaga se yaha sAriputra kI racanA batAI jAtI hai| 'mahAnidesa' meM hameM una sthAnoM, dezoM aura bandaragAhoM kI sUcI milatI hai jinake sAtha bhArata kA vyApAra pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva hotA thaa| samudra , nadI aura sthala ke kauna-kauna se mArga the. isakA bhI pUrA vivaraNa hama yahA~ milatA hai / 1. "Thus for instance the Three Caskets and the Pound of Flesh in the Merchant of Venice and the Precious Jewels which in As You Like It the venomous toad wears in his head, are derived from the Buddhist tales. In a similar way, it has been shown that tales current among the Hungarians and the numerous peoples of the Slavonic race have been derived from the Buddhist sources, through translations made for the Huns, who penetrated in: the time of Genghis Khan into the East of Europe." buddhisTa bartha sTorIja, pRSTha 12 (bhUmikA) 2. dekhiye unakA Influence of the Buddhist Jatakas on European Literature' zIrSaka lekha, mahAbodhi, janavarI 1950, pRSTha 10-16; milAiye di buddhisTa, janavarI, 1948, pRSTha 118-120 (kolambo, siMhala),

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( 298 ) paTisammidAmagga isa grantha kA viSaya arhat ke pratisaMvit sambandhI jJAna kA vivecana hai| sampUrNa grantha meM tIna mukhya bhAga haiM, jinameM se pratyeka meM 10 pariccheda hai| isa grantha kA sambandha zailI aura viSaya donoM kI dRSTi se abhidhamma piTaka se adhika hai| isakA kucha vivaraNa hama Age abhidhamma piTaka kA vivecana karate samaya kreNge| apadAna apadAna (saM0 avadAna) khuddaka-nikAya ke uttarakAlIna granthoM meM me hai| isameM bauddha bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM ke pUrva janmoM ke mahAn kRtyoM kA varNana hai| jAtaka ke mamAna isakI bhI kahAnI ke do bhAga hote haiM, eka atIta janma-sambandhI aura dUsarA vartamAna (pratyutpanna) jiivn-smbndhii| apadAna do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, thera-apadAna aura therI-apadAna / thera-apadAna meM 55 varga hai aura pratyeka varga meM 10 apadAna hai| therI-apadAna meM 4 varga hai, jinameM bhI pratyeka meM 10 apadAna haiN| sAhitya yA itihAsa kI dRSTi se isa grantha kA koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai| hA~, isI grantha para saMskRta vauddha sAhitya kA avadAna-sAhitya adhikAMzataH AdhArita hai, yaha isakA eka mahattva avazya kahA jA sakatA hai| 'apadAna' meM cInI logoM ke vyApArArtha uttarI paMjAba meM Ane kA ullekha hai| buddhavaMsa buddhavaMsa 28 paricchedoM kA eka padyAtmaka grantha hai, jisameM gautama buddha aura unake pUrvavartI 24 anya buddhoM kI jIvaniyoM kA vivaraNa hai / gautama buddha ke jIvanI mambandhI aMga ko chor3a kara zeSa to prAya: paurANika DhaMga kA hI hai, ataH usakA mahattva bhI kevala umI dizA meM mamajhanA caahie| cariyApiTakara cagyiApiTaka meM bhagavAn buddha ke pUrva janmoM kI caryAoM kA varNana hai, jisameM 1. 2. inake devanAgarI saMskaraNa bhikSu uttama dvArA prakAzita kie jA cuke haiM, jinheM mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana tathA bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa ne sampAdita kiyA hai| cariyApiTaka' kA devanAgarI lipi meM sampAdana DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne bhI kiyA hai, jise motIlAla banArasIdAsa, lAhora, ne prakAzita kiyA thaa|

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( 299 ) yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra bhagavAn ne nAnA pAramitAoM ko pUrA kiyA thaa| dama pAramitAoM meM se yahA~ kevala sAta kA ullekha hai, yathA dAna, zIla, naiSkarmya, adhiSThAna, satya, maitrI aura upekssaa| prajJA, vIrya aura kSAnti kA varNana nahIM hai / sampUrNa grantha 6 paricchedoM meM hai jinameM kula milA kara 25 jIvana-caryAoM kA varNana hai| pratyeka jIvana-caryA kA varNana eka jAtaka-kathA mA lagatA hai jise gAthAtmaka rUpa de diyA gayA hai| nAma-sAmya bhI donoM meM pUga hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'akitti-cariyaM' 'akitti-jAtaka' kA rUpAntara mAtra hai| isI prakAra 'saMkhacagyi' 'saMkhapAlajAtaka ke, 'kurudhamma cariyaM' 'kurudhamma jAtaka ke tathA isI prakAra grepa caryAe~ prAyaH usI nAma ke jAtaka ke padyAtmaka rUpAntara mAtra haiN| jAnaka se anyanta sambandhita hote hue bhI cariyApiTaka kA kalAtmaka rUpa usa koTi taka nahIM pahuMca pAyA hai| vaise kaI manohara gAthAe~ bhI yatra-tatra dikhAI par3atI hai| 'cariyApiTaka' kI pratyeka 'caryA' kI tulanA kima jAtaka meM hai, yaha nimnalikhita tAlikA meM spaSTa hogaa| 1--dAna pAramitA 2. akitti cariyaM--akitti jAtaka (480) 2. saMva cariyaM---saMkhapAla jAtaka (524) 3. kurudhamma cayiM--kurudhamma jAtaka (276) 8. mahAmudassana cariyaM--mahAsudassana jAtaka (95) 5. mahAgovinda cariyaM--mahogovinda muttanta (dIgha nikAya) 6. nimirAja cayiM-nimi jAtaka (541) 7. candakumAra cariyaM-khaMDa hAla jAtaka (542) 8. mivirAja cariyaM--sivi jAtaka (899) 2. vesmantara cariyaM--vessantara jAtaka (547) 10. samapaMDita cayiM-sasa jAtaka (316)

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( 300 ) 2--sIla pAramitA 11. sIlavanAga cariyaM--sIlavanAga jAtaka (72) 12. bharidana cariyaM--bhUridatta jAtaka (543) 13. campeyya nAga cariyaM--campeyya jAtaka (506) 14. cUla bodhi cariyaM---cullabodhi jAtaka (443) 15. mahiMsarAja cariyaM--mahima jAtaka (278) 16. samarAja cariyaM--sama jAtaka (482) 17. mAtaMga cariyaM-mAtaMga jAtaka (497) 18. dhammAdhammadevaputta cariyaM--dhamma jAtaka (457) 19. jayaddisa cariyaM--jayaddisa jAtaka (513) 20. saMkhapAla cariyaM-~saMkhapAla jAtaka (524) 3--nekkhamma pAramitA 21. yudhajaya cariyaM---yuvajaya jAtaka (460) 22. somanassa cariyaM-somanassa jAtaka (505) 23. ayoghara cariyaM--ayodhara jAtaka (510) 24. bhIma cariyaM--bhisa jAtaka (488) 25. soNapaNDita cariyaM--soNananda jAtaka (532) 4-adhiTTAna pAramitA 26. temiya cariyaM--temiya jAtaka (538) 5-sacca pAramitA 27. kapirAja cariyaM--kapi jAnaka (250) 28. saccasavhaya cariyaM--saccakira jAtaka (73) 29. vaTapotaka cariyaM--baTTa jAtaka (35) 30. maccharAja cariyaM--maccha jAtaka (34) 31. kaNhadIpAyana cariyaM--kaNhadIpAyana jAtaka (448) 32. mutasoma cariyaM--mahAsatamoma jAtaka (537) m mr

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33. 38. 30. > 6 - maitrI pAramitA suvaNasAma cariyaM -- sama jAnaka ( 540 ) ekarAja cariyaM-- ekarAja jAtaka (303 ) 20? 7 - upekkhA pAramitA mahAlomahaMma cariyaM -- lomahaMsa jAnaka (94)

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cauthA adhyAya vinaya-piTaka tripiTaka meM vinaya-piTaka' kA sthAna vinaya-piTaka bauddha saMgha kA saMvidhAna hai| ataH dhArmika dRSTi se usakA bar3A mahattva hai| buddha-dharma kA prathama tIna zatAbdiyoM kA itihAsa vinaya-piTaka saMbaMdho vivAdoM aura matabhedoM kA hI itihAsa hai| zAstA ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda hI 'kudrAnubhadra' vinaya-mambandhI niyamoM ko lekara bhikSu-saMgha meM vivAda uTha khar3A huA thA, jimakA prathama saMgha-bhedaka pariNAma vaizAlI kI saMgIti meM dRSTigocara haA aura bAda meM tRtIya saMgIti taka Ate Ate vaha aSTAdaza nikAyoM ke rUpa meM pUrNataH prasphuTita ho gyaa| yaha bAta nahIM hai ki isake anya kAraNa na rahe hoM, kintu vinaya-viparIta AcaraNa eka pramukha kAraNa thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kI paramparA ne 'vinaya-piTaka' ko apanI dharma-sAdhanA meM sadA eka atyanta U~cA sthAna diyA hai| buddha ke jIvana-kAla meM hI unake vidrohI ziSya devadatta ne vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM meM kucha adhika kar3AI kI mAMga kI thii| usane usa svataMtratA ke viruddha hI, jo tathAgata ne apane ziSyoM ko dI thI, vidroha kiyA thaa| imI prakAra kauzAmbika bhikSuoM ke durvyavahAra ke kAraNa bhagavAn ko khinna ho kara eka bAra bhikSu-saMgha ko kucha kAla ke lie chor3a kara ekAnta-vAsa ke lie jAnA par3A thaa| ina saba bAtoM se spaSTa thA ki bhagavAn ne jisa dhamma kA upadeza diyA thA usakA sAkSAtkAra binA jIvana kI pavitratA ke asambhava thaa| usa pavitratA ke sampAdana ke lie jisa sAdhana-mArga kI AvazyakatA thI usakA vAsta 1. mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dvArA anuvAdita, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha 1935, 20 da0 vadekara ne vinaya-piTaka ke 'pAtimokkha' aMza kA nAgarIlipi meM sampAdana kiyA hai|

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vika upadeza to unake 'dhamma' meM hI de diyA gayA thA, kintu bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMghoM kI sthApanA ke bAda, unameM kucha asaMyamI aura a-bairAgyavAn vyaktiyoM ke bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se praviSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa, unakI vyavasthA ko kucha vAhaya niyamoM meM bhI bA~dhane kI AvazyakatA thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama vinaya-piTaka meM nAnA prakAra ke niyamoM kA prajJApana buddha-mukha se huA dekhate hai, jinake prajJApana karane kI unake apane usa prAthamika upadeza-kAla meM, jaba tapassu aura bhallika jaise upAsaka kevala buddha aura dhamma kI zaraNa jAte the (saMgha kI sthApanA hI usa samaya nahI huI thI, ataH svabhAvata: pAribhASika arthoM meM vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM kI bhI nahIM) koI AvazyakatA hI nahIM thii|' buddha-dharma kI sAdhanA kA yaha vaha yuga thA jaba buddha kaha sakate the-- "ya mayA sAvakAnaM sikkhApadaM paJataM, taM mama sAvakA jIvitahetu pi nAtikkamanti (aMguttara-nikAya) arthAt "jina zikSApadoM (sadAcAra-niyamoM) kA maine upadeza kiyA hai, unako mere ziSya apane prANoM ke liye bhI kabhI nahIM todd'te|" usa samaya zikSA-pada the. kintu ve dharma meM hI alahita the| bodhipakSIya dharmoM kI bhAvanA aura tadanakala AcaraNa svayaM apane Apa meM citta aura kAyA kI vizuddhi ke lie eka advitIya mArga thaa| cAra Arya-satya, Arya aSTAMgika mArga Adi sabhI uma mAdhanA ke aMga the| cAra smRti-prasthAnoM ke vipaya meM to svayaM bhagavAna ne kahA hai "bhikSuo! prANiyoM kI vizaddhi ke lie . . . .nirvANa ke sAkSAtkAra ke lie, yahI akelA sarvottama mArga hai|" kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki jaba bhagavAn buddha ne prArambha se hI sabhI pApa-karmoM ko na karane, sabhI kuzala karmo ko karane aura citta ko saMyamita kara use zuddha rakhane kA Adeza dete hue apane dhamma ko prakAzita kiyA, to 'vinaya' usameM svayaM apane Apa sammilita thaa| laukika maphalatA aura mahatva-prApti ke lie bhI jaba saMyama, yA jise Aja anugAsana kahA jAtA hai, itanA Avazyaka hai, to brahmacarya ke usa mahat uddezya ke 1. yadyapi vinaya-piTaka ke varNanAnusAra yaha kAla bahuta kama dina rahA, kintu isako sI pavitratA to bahuta dina rhii|

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( 304 ) lie, jimakI mahattA mabhI laukika aura pAralaukika uddezyoM ko atikramaNa karatI hai, kitanA Avazyaka thA, isakA sarvottama darzana hameM baddha-upadezoM meM hI hotA hai| svabhAvataH zAstA ke dhamma aura vinaya donoM eka cIja hai, eka hI vastu ke do pahalU hai| unake sAmAsika svarUpa 'yamma-vinaya' kA bhI yahI rahasya hai| jaba ki buddha-mantavya ke anusAra dhamma aura vinaya kA eka mA hI mahattva hai, "vinaya-piTaka' ke niyama nAstA ke zAsana ke bAharI rUpa mAtra hai| unakA mAnasika aAdhAra nizcita hote hA bhI svayaM unakA prajApana uma avasthA kA natraka hai jaba maMca meM praviSTa kucha a-saMyamI bhikSu tathAgata-pravedita dharma ke viruddha AcaraNa karane lage the| jaba taka yaha bAta nahIM huI tathAlata ko niyama vidhAna karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM huii| dharmasenApati ke sAtha bhagavAn ke isa saMlApa me yaha bAta spaSTa hogii| dharmasenApati sAriputra bhagavAn me prArthanA karate hai "bhanne ! bhagavAn giSyoM ke lie zikSA-pada kA vidhAna kareM, prAtimobha kA upadeza kareM, jisase ki yaha brahmacarya cirasthAyI ho|" bhagavAna kahate haiM, "sAriputra ! Thaharo, nathAgata kAla jaaneNge| sAriputra ! zAstA taba taka dhAvakoM (ziyoM) ke lie zikSA-pada kA vidhAna nahI karate. prAtimokSa kA upadeza nahIM karate, jaba taka ki saMgha meM koI citta-mala vAle dharma (padArtha) utpanna nahIM hote / mAriputra ! jaba yahA~ saMgha meM koI citta-mala ko prakaTa karane vAle dharma paidA ho jAte haiM, to unhIM kA nivAraNa karane ke lie, unhIM ke pratighAta ke lie, bhAstA dhAvakoM ko zikSA-pada kA vidhAna karate hai, prAtimokSa kA upadeza karane hai. . . . . . . . (abhI to) sAriputra ! saMgha mala-hita, duSpariNAma-rahita, kAlimA-rahita, zuddha, sAra meM sthita hai| ina pA~ca mau bhikSuoM meM jo mava me pichar3A bhikSu hai, vaha bhI srota-Apatti phala ko prApta, durgati se rahita aura sthira saMbodhi-parAyaNa hai| "1 ataH nizcita hai ki vinaya sambandhI niyamoM kA upadeza jaise ki ve vinaya-piTaka meM nihita haiM, bhagavAna ke dvArA 'dharma' ke vAda diyA gayA jaba ki adhika mala-grasta vyakti usake AdhAra para apanA sadhAra nahIM kara ske| 1. vinaya-piTaka, pArAjikA 1

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( 305 ) eka bAra zikSApadoM aura prAtimokSa-sambandhI niyamoM kA prajJApana karane ke vAda saMgha kI sthiti ke lie vaha atyanta Avazyaka ho gyaa| kintu zAstA yaha jAnate the ki eka bAra Antarika saMyama se cyuta ho jAne ke bAda use bAharI niyamoM ke bandhana meM bA~dha kara nahIM rakkhA jA sakatA thaa| bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA ke samaya bhikSuNiyoM ke lie jIvana-paryanta pAlanIya ATha guru dharmoM (bar3I zarto) kA vidhAna karate samaya hI zAstA ko yaha pratibhAna ho gayA thA ki yaha bAharI rokathAma adhika dina taka cala nahIM sktii| "Ananda ! jaise AdamI pAnI ko rokane ke lie, bar3e tAlAba kI roka-thAma ke lie, meMDa bA~dhe, usI prakAra Ananda ! maiMne roka thAma ke lie, bhikSuNiyoM ko jIvana bhara anullaMghanIya ATha guru dharmoM ko sthApita kiyaa|" phalataH "Ananda ! aba brahmacarya cirasthAyI na hogA, saddharma pA~ca sau varSa hI tthhregaa|" vicAra-svAtantrya kI mahattvAnubhUti para Azrita buddha-mantavya kabhI manuSya ko bAharI niyamoM ke bandhana meM bA~dhane vAlA nahIM ho sakatA thaa| jo kucha bhI niyama unhoMne AvazyakatAvaza prajJapta kiye the, unameM se aneka aise bhI ho sakate the jo usI yuga aura paristhiti ke lie anukUla hoM aura jinakA sArvakAlika yA sArvajanIna mahattva pratiSThApita karanA usI buddhihInatA, saMkucita vRtti aura sacce uddezya ko chor3a kara bAharI rUpa kI ora daur3ane kI pravRtti kA sUcaka ho, jo dharma-sAdhanAoM ke itihAsa meM aksara dekhA jAtA hai, isakI bhI pUrI anubhUti bhagavAna buddha ko thI, yaha hama parinirvRtta hone se pahale unake isa Adeza meM dekhate hai "icchA hone para saMgha mere bAda kSudrAnukSudra (choTe-moTe) zikSA padoM ko chor3a de|" saMgha bAharI bandhana anubhava na kare, isIlie unhoMne apane bAda kisI vyakti ko jAna bUjha kara usakA netA taka nahIM cunaa| ekamAtra 'dhammavinaya' rUpI netA kI zaraNa meM hI unhoMne bhikSu-saMgha ko chodd'aa| unhoMne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA "bhikSuo ! maine ber3e kI bhA~ti nistaraNa ke lie tumheM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nhiiN| dharma ko ber3e ke samAna upadiSTa jAna kara tuma dharma ko bhI chor3a do. adharma kI to bAta hI kyA ?"3 yahI bAta vidhi-niSedha-paraka 1. dekhiye vizeSataH mahAparinibbANa-sutta (dogha, 2 // 3); gopaka-moggallAna-sutta (majjhima 33118) 2. alagadda pama-sutta (majjhima 132) 20

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( 306 ) 1 vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai | cetana (citta) ko hI kamma (karma) kahane vAle zAstA kA yaha bAharI niyama vidhAna antima mantavya nahIM ho sakatA thA, yaha Upara ke uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai / kintu nirbala, mala-grasta mAnavatA ke lie aura kyA kiyA jAya ? bAharI niyama-vidhAnoM se kAma nahIM calatA, ve apUrNa Thaharate haiM, kintu unake prajJApana kiye binA kAma bhI nahIM calatA ! jaba samyak sambuddha ne manuSyoM kA zAstA bananA svIkAra kara liyA, unake bIca rahanA - sahanA, ghUmanA-phiranA svIkAra kara liyA, saMgha ko dhAraNa karanA svIkAra kara liyA, manuSyoM ko vizuddhi rUpI nirvANa ke mArga para lagAnA svIkAra kara liyA, to unakI citta-sthiti ke lie anukUla niyamavidhAna bhI ve kyoM nahIM karate? unake ziSyoM meM jo pradhAna the, ve svataH hI bhagavAn ke 'dhamma' ke anusAra AcaraNa karate the / ataH unheM alaga me vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM kA upadeza karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI / kintu 'bahujanoM' meM adhikAMza to mala-grasta prANI hI the / unhIM ke patana ko dekha kara bhagavAn ne bAharI niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA, jinheM hama Aja vinaya-piTaka meM dekhate haiM / inameM se bahuta kucha bAharI hote hue bhI adhikAMza mAnasika bhitti para hI Azrita hai, jo vuddha-mantavya kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA hai / saMyutta nikAya ke bhikkhu saMyuktta meM kisa prakAra bhagavAn buddha ne nanda aura tissa tathA anya bhikSuoM ko vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM ko kar3AI ke sAtha pAlana karane kA Adeza diyA hai, yaha hama pahale dekha cuke haiM / 1. cetanAhaM bhikkhave kammaM vadAmi / cetayitvA hi kammaM karoti kAyena vAcAya manasA vaa| aMguttara nikAya / 2. kevala vyAvahArika artha meM / vAstava meM to saMgha kI pUrI vyavasthA karate hue bhI bhagavAn sadA nilipta hI rahe / jaba Ananda unase antima samaya para bhikSu saMgha ke lie kucha kahane lie prArthanA karate haiM, to bhagavAn kahate haiM, "Ananda ! jisako aisA ho ki maiM bhikSu saMgha ko dhAraNa karatA hU~. . vaha jarUra Ananda ! bhikSu saMgha ke lie kucha kahe / Ananda ! tathAgata ko aisA nahIM hai / " eka aura sthAna para bhagavAn apanI nirlepatA kA sAkSya dete haiM "mAgandiya ! dharmoM kA anveSaNa kara ke mujhe 'meM yaha kahatA hU~' yaha dhAraNA nahIM huI / " .....

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( 307 ) anya bhI aneka udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiM, jahA~ bhagavAn buddha ne vinaya sambandhI niyamoM ko pUrI taraha pAlana karane kA bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA hai| jaba taka bhagavAn jIvita rahe, taba taka unake vyaktitva aura sAkSAt samparka ne manuSyoM ko preraNA milatI thii| kintu unake parinirvANa ke bAda to vinaya-sambandhI niyama ho saMdha kI ekatA aura maulika pavitratA ke eka mAtra mApadaMDa raha ge| usake bAda bauddha saMgha meM vinaya-piTaka kA jo mahAn Adara aura gaurava pratiSThApita huA vaha usakI saMkIrNatA yA sAmpradAyikatA kA dyotaka nahIM thA / vaha bhikSaoM kI uma vyagratA kA dyotaka thA jisake sAtha ve 'chile zaMkha kI taraha nirmala' (zaMkhalikhita) zAkya-muni ke zAsana ko usakI maulika pavitratA meM rakhanA aura dakhanA cAhate the| unakA vaha prayatna vekAra nahIM gayA hai, yaha hama Aja bhI dekha sakate haiN| vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke avamara para hI dharma-vAdI bhikSaoM ne kima prakAra bhagavAna ke maulika uddezyoM kI rakSA kI, yaha hama usake vivaraNa meM (dvitIya adhyAya meM) dekha cuke hai / laMkA, varamA aura syAma ke mina-saMghoM ke itihAsa meM kisa prakAra vihAra-sImA aura pArupaNa (cIvara ko donoM kandhe DhaMka kara pahananA), eka sika (cIvara ko isa prakAra pahananA, jisame eka kandhA, dAhinA kandhA khulA rahe) Adi alpa mahatva ke vinaya-sambandhI praznoM ko lekara bhI uttarakAlIna yugoM meM jo vAda-vivAda hote rahe hai ve na kevala una dezoM meM baddha-dharma ke jIvita svarUpa meM vidyamAna hone ke pramANa haiM. balki use umI maulika, akSuNNa pavitratA ke sAtha rakhane kI vyagratA ke bhI avivAda lakSaNa hai / ataH sthaviravAdI bauddha dharma ke kSetra meM vinaya-piTaka kI jo pratiSThA prArambhika yuga me aba taka rahI hai. vaha eka jIvita aitihAsika tathya hai aura Upara ke tathyoM ko dekhate hue vaha mArthaka bhI hai / . bauddha saMgha meM vinaya-piTaka kA sadA se kitanA Adara rahA hai aura umake uttarakAlIna itihAsa ke nirmANa meM usakA kitanA baDA hAtha rahA hai, yaha Upara ke vivaraNa se spaSTa hai / vAstava meM bhikSu-saMgha ne atyanta prAcIna kAla me use sattapiTaka se bhI adhika U~cA sthAna diyA hai, kyoMki use hI unhoMne buddha-zAsana kI Aya mAnA hai| unakA vizvAsa rahA hai ki jaba taka vinaya-piTaka apane maulika, vizaddha rUpa meM rahegA tabhI taka baddha-zAsana bhI jIvita rahegA aura vinaya-mambandhI

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( 308 ) niyamoM ke abhyAsa ke lupta ho jAne para buddha-zAsana bhI lupta ho jaaygaa| vizepataH siMhala aura syAma ke bhikSu-saMgha meM abhI taka yaha vizvAsa dRr3ha hai aura ve vinaya, sutta, abhidhamma yaha krama mahattva kI dRSTi se tripiTaka kA karate haiM / vinaya-sambandhI mAmaloM meM baramI bhikSu-saMgha para siMhalI prabhAva gyArahavIM zatAbdI se hI rahA hai / donoM dezoM meM buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla (cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI ke prasiddha pAli aTThakathAkAra) ke kAla se lekara ThIka Adhunika kAla taka vinaya-piTaka para vipula vyAkhyAparaka sAhitya kI racanA huI hai, jo ina dezoM meM usakI jIvita paramparA kA sUcaka hai| na kevala sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kI paramparA meM hI balki anya bauddha sampradAyoM meM bhI vinaya kI mahimA surakSita hai, phira cAhe unake vinayapiTaka kA svarUpa sthaviravAdI bauddhoM ke vinaya-piTaka se bhale hI kucha thor3A vibhinna ho| cIna aura jApAna meM 'rizzu' nAmaka bauddha sampradAya hai, jisakA zAbdika artha hI hai 'vinaya-sampradAya' / yaha sampradAya 'dhammagattika' vinaya ko hI apanA mukhya AdhAra mAnatA hai / isa prakAra vinaya kI pratiSThA sampUrNa bauddha sampradAyoM meM samAna rUpa se pAI jAtI hai|| aitihAsika aura sAhityika daSTi se bhI vinaya-piTaka kA bar3A mahattva hai / piTaka-sAhitya ke kAlAnukrama ke vivecana meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki vinaya-piTaka ke aneka aMza tripiTaka ke prAcInatama aMzoM meM se haiN| na kevala buddha kI jIvanI, balki unake dvArA saMgha kI sthApanA, unake jIvana-kAla meM saMgha kA vikAsa, usake niyama, usakA zAsana, evaM buddha-parinirvANa ke bAda 100 sAla taka kA usakA prAmANikatama itihAsa, yaha saba hameM vinaya-piTaka se hI milatA hai| prathama do bauddha saMgItiyoM ke viSaya meM kisa prakAra vinaya-piTaka kA vivaraNa prAcInatama aura prAmANikatama hai, yaha hama dUsare adhyAya meM dekha cuke hai / isake alAvA buddha ke ziSyoM kA paricaya. chaThI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavIpUrvake bhArata kAsAmAjika vivaraNa, vizeSataH buddhakAlIna saMgha aura tatsambandhI vivaraNa,ima sabake liye vinaya-piTaka ke 1. siMhalI vinaya-piTaka sambandhI granthoM ke AdhAra para hI baramA meM isa sambandhI sAhitya kI racanA huii| dekhiye mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 5

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( 309 ) samAna anya koI prAmANika sAdhana hamAre pAsa nahIM hai| sAhityika dRSTi me yadyapi vinaya-piTaka kA mahattva utanA nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA kyoMki usakA adhikAMza bhAga niyamoM kA prajJApaka hai jo atyanta nIrasa hI ho sakatA hai| phira bhI 'dhammacakkapavattana sutta' Adi gambhIra buddha-pravacana bhI yahA~ rakkhe hue haiM, jo usake aitihAsika aMza ke samAna hI use mahattA pradAna karate haiN| vinaya-piTaka kA viSaya aura usakA saMkalana-kAla ___ bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMgha hI vinaya-piTaka ke eka mAtra viSaya haiM, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai / vaha bauddha saMgha kA saMvidhAna aura eka mAtra AdhAra hai| bauddha saMgha kI vyavasthA, bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke nitya-naimittika kRtya, upasampadA-niyama, desanA-niyama, varSAvAsa ke niyama, bhojana, vastra, pathya-auSadhAdi sambandhI niyama, saMgha ke saMcAlana sambandhI niyama, saMgha-bheda hone para saMgha-sAmagrI (saMgha kI ekatA) sampAdita karane ke niyama, Adi niyama-samUha vinaya-piTaka meM vivRta kiye gaye haiM / ina sabhI niyamoM kA prajJApana bhagavAna buddha ke dvArA hI huA hai, aimI bauddha saMgha kI sAmAnyataH mAnyatA hai / vinaya-piTaka kA saMkalana, jaisA hama ne prathama saMgIti ke vivaraNa meM dekhA hai, dhamma yA satta-piTaka ke sAtha-sAtha prathama saMgIti ke avasara para hI huaa| usake prArambha meM hI hama Arya mahAkAzyapa ko kahate dekhate haiM 'dhammaM ca vinayaM ca saGgAyeyyAma' arthAt "hama dhamma aura vinaya kA saMgAyana kareM" / ataH satta aura vinaya ke saMkalana-kAla meM kucha aisA pUrvApara sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jaisA aksara pacchimI vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai / kucha pacchimI vidvAnoM (karna, pUsA~ Adi) ne vinaya-piTaka ko matta-piTaka se pUrva kA saMkalana mAnA hai, kucha (pheMka Adi) ne usake bAda kA bhii| kintu ye donoM hI mana nirAdhAra haiM / sutta aura vinaya meM aneka upadeza samAna haiM, vinaya-sambandhI aneka upadeza sutta-piTaka meM bhI milate haiM, aura satta-piTaka ke aneka baddha-dharma aura buddha-jIvana sambandhI prakaraNa vinaya-piTaka meM milate haiN| donoM kI zailI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai / ataH una donoM ko samakAlIna mAnanA hI adhika yuktisaMgata hai / vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke avasara para vinaya-sambandhI kucha vivAdoM kA nirNaya huA thA, ataH usake AdhAra para sambhava hai isa piTaka ke rUpa meM kucha

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( 310 ) antara kara diyA gayA ho / cuki isa saMgIti kA isa piTaka meM vivaraNa bhI hai, ataH usI samaya isake rUpa kA antima sthirIkaraNa ho gayA thA, yahI isake saMkalana-kAla ke viSaya meM hameM jAnanA caahiye| bauddha paramparA vinaya-sambandhI saba niyamoM kA prajJApana buddha-mukha se hI huA mAnatI hai| AcArya vaddhaghoSa (cauthI-pA~cavI zatAbdI IsavI) ne samantapAsAdikA (vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA) ke prArambha meM bhikSuoM kI usa apratihata paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai jisane vuddha-kAla se lekara unake samaya taka vinaya-piTaka kA upadeza diyaa| buddha-kAla meM vinaya-dharoM meM upAli sthavira pradhAna the, yaha hama aMguttara-nikAya ke etadaggavagga se jAnate haiN| prathama saMgIti ke avasara para unhoMne hI vinaya kA saMgAyana kiyA, yaha vinaya-piTaka kI sUcanA hai| anaH vinaya-dharoM kI paramparA sthavira upAli se hI prArambha hotI hai / buddha-ziSya upAli se lekara azoka ke samakAlika moggaliputta tissa taka vinayadharoM kI isa paramparA kA ullekha AcArya vuddhaghoSa ne isa prakAra kiyA hai (1) buddha (2) upAli (3) dAsaka (4) soNaka (5) siggava aura (6) moggalipuna tissa / "zrI jambudvIpa meM tRtIya saMgIti taka isa aTUTa paramparA se vinaya aayaa|... .. .tRtIya saMgIti me Age ise isa (laMkA) dvIpa meM mahendra Adi laaye| mahendra se sIkha kara kucha kAla taka ariSTa sthavira Adi dvArA claa| unase hI unake ziSyoM kI paramparA vAlI AcArya paramparA meM Aja taka vinaya AyA, jaisA ki purAne AcAryoM ne kahA hai, (7) mahinda, iTThiya, uniya, saMvala aura bhaddasAla ye mahAprAjJa bhArata (jampuDhIpa) me yahA~ aaye| unhoMne tambapaNNi (tAmraparNI-laMkA) dvIpa meM vinaya-piTaka par3hAyA . . . . . .taba (8) Arya tiSyadatta (9) kAla sumana (10) dIrgha sthavira (11) dIrgha sumana (12) kAla mumana (13) nAga sthavira (14) buddharakSita (15) tiSya sthavira (16) deva sthavira (17) mumana (18) cUlanAga (11) dharmapAlita (20) rohaNa (21) kSema (22) upatipya (23) pupyadeva (24) sumana (25) puSya (26) mahAziva (mahAmIva) (27) upAli (28) mahAnAga (21) abhaya (30) tipya (31) puSya (32) cala abhaya (33) tipya mthavira (34) cUladeva (35) ziva sthavira . . . . ...ina mahAprAjJa, vinayana mArga-kovidoM ne tAmraparNI (laMkA) dvIpa meM vinaya-piTaka ko prakAzita

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kiyA"1 jisa prakAra kisI kAleja kI dIvAla meM lage hue prastarapaTa para usake priMsipaloM ke khude hue nAmoM kI sUcI meM koI sandeha nahIM karatA, usI prakAra hameM vinaya-dharoM kI isa sUcI ko bhI prAmANika mAnanA cAhiye / vinaya-piTaka ke bheda pAli saMskaraNa ke atirikta vinaya-piTaka ke chaha aura saMskaraNa cInI anuvAdoM meM milate hai / inake nAma hai (1) jUju-ritsu, sarvAstivAdiyoM kA vinaya (2) zibun-ritsu, dhammagunika yA dharmagaptika sampradAya kA vinaya (3) mathasogi-rinma, mahAsaMdhika sampradAya kA vinaya (4) kona-ponasetsu-isse-ubu, navIna yA uttarakAlIna sarvAstivAdiyoM kA vinaya (5) gobuna-rima yA mahisAsaka vinaya (6) vinaya / vinaya-piTaka ke ina chaha cInI saMskaraNoM meM Apasa meM bahata kama bheda hai / maulika rUpa se ve saba samAna hai| jina sampradAyoM se ve sambandhita haiM, unakA udbhAvana azoka ke kAla se pahale hI ho cukA thaa| ve saba sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kI hI zAkhA the aura vinaya-sambandhI kucha choTe-moTe mata-bhedoM ke kAraNa hI unase alaga ho gaye the| 'kathAvatthu' meM ina saba kA varNana AyA hai| pA~caveM adhyAya meM hama ina saba ke siddhAntoM kA vivaraNa deNge| yahA~ alaga se paricaya dene kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotii| sthaviravAda bauddha dharma ke alAvA anya 17 bauddha sampradAyoM ke, jo tRtIya saMgIti taka utpanna ho cuke the, sAhitya ke viSaya meM hameM abhI koI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta nahIM huI hai| kevala sarvAstivAdiyoM kA kucha sAhitya milA hai. jisakA kucha vivaraNa hama ne sunnata-piTaka ke vivecana ke Arambha meM diyA hai aura unake abhidharma-sAhitya kA sthaviravAdiyoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka vivecana hama pA~caveM adhyAya meM kreNge| yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki vinaya ke kSetra meM na kevala sarvAstivAdiyoM kA hI balki unase atirikta anya pA~ca prAcIna vauddha sampradAyo kA bhI sAhitya milatA hai jo sava uttarakAlIna vauddha dharma ke vikAsa kI daSTi se hInayAnI hI the| na kevala vinaya-piTaka hI balki usakI pA~ca vyAkhyAeM bhI cInI anuvAdoM meM surakSita haiN| unake nAma hai (1) 1. buddhacaryA pRSTha 576 meM anuvAdita |moggliputt tissa taka kI paramparA ke lie dekhiye Age naveM adhyAya meM 'mahAvaMsa' sambandhI vivaraNa bhii|

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( 312 ) fafa - mo- ron yA vinaya- mAtA - vaNNanA ( 2 ) bhato - roga - ron yA mAtikA athavA mAtrikA-vaNNanA (3) jain-kain- ron (pAsAdikA - vaNNanA) (4) sabbataron (sabbatthi - vaNNanA) (5) myo-ryo- ron yA pAkaTavaNNanA | cInI bhASA meM 'ron' 'vibhASA' yA 'vaNNanA' (varNana, vyAkhyA) ko kahate haiM / 'jain-kain- ron ' buddhaghoSakRta 'samantapAsAdikA' (vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA ) kA cInI anuvAda hai / pahale yaha 'dhammaguttika' sampradAya ke vinaya 'zivan-ritsu ' kI vyAkhyA samajhI jAtI thI / kintu jApAnI vidvAna nagaI ne isa bhrama kA nivAraNa kara diyA hai / " cInI aura jApAnI bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se 'dhammaguttika' ( dharmaguptika) sampradAya kA vinaya-piTaka zibunaritsu hI adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / vahA~ ke rizzU sampradAya ( vinaya - sampradAya ) kA yahI AdhArabhUta grantha hai / pAli vinaya piTaka ke sAtha cInI vinaya-piTaka kI tulanA ke prasaMga meM isI saMskaraNa ko liyA jA sakatA hai aura vAkI choTe-moTe vibhedoM ko, jo bahuta alpa haiM, alaga se dikhAyA jA sakatA hai / yahA~ hameM tulanA kevala 'zikSApadoM' yA vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM ke viSaya meM karanI hai, jo hI vinayapiTaka ke AdhArabhUta viSaya haiM, cAhe vaha kisI sampradAya yA saMskaraNa kA ho / pAli vinaya-piTaka ke zikSApadoM kI saMkhyA 227 hai, jinakI gaNanA isa prakAra hai- 1. pArAjikA 2. saMghAdisesA 3. aniyatA dhammA 4. nissaggiyA pAcittiyA dhammA 5. pAcittiyA dhammA 6. paTidesaniyA dhammA 7. sekhiyA dhammA 8. adhikaraNasamathA dhammA 4 13 2 30 92 4 75 7 227 1. dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita ) pRSTha 368 meM nagaI ke 'buddhisTa vinaya Disiplina' zIrSaka lekha kA aMza /

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( 313 ) cInI vinaya-piTaka ke prAyaH sabhI saMskaraNoM meM zikSApadoM kI yaha saMkhyA 250 hai / 'zibun-ritsu' ke anusAra yaha gaNanA isa prakAra hai1. pArAjikA 2. saMghAvazeSa (saMghAdisesA) 3. aniyata 4. niHsargika pAtayantika (nissaggiyA pAcittiyA) 5. pAtayantika (pAcittiya) 6. pratidezanIya (paTidesaniyA) 7. zaidhya (sekhiyA) 8. adhikaraNa-zamatha 250 vinaya-piTaka ke cInI-saMskaraNoM ke alAvA eka tibbatI saMskaraNa bhI milatA hai / yaha mUla sarvAstivAdiyoM ke prAtimokSa kA tibbatI anuvAda hai / isake anusAra zikSApadoM kI saMkhyA isa prakAra hai-- 1. pArAjikA 2 saMghAvazeSa 3. aniyata 4. niHsargika pAtayantika 5. pAtayantika 6. pratidezanIya . zaikSya 8. adhikaraNa-zamatha 1. buddhisTika sTaDIz2a (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita), pRSTha 369 (nagaI kA vinaya-piTaka sambandhI lekha) 2. isake alAvA mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana tibbata se vinaya-sUtra, vinaya-sUtraTIkA, prAtimokSa-sUtra, prAtimokSasUtra-TIkA, bhikSu-prakIrNaka tathA upasampadA

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uparyukta saciyoM se spaSTa hai ki pAli-bhinaya-piTaka meM zikSApadoM kI saMkhyA 227 aura cInI aura tibbatI saMskaraNoM meM vaha kramaza: 250 aura 258 hai / jahA~ taka pAli aura tibbatI saMskaraNoM kI tulanA kA savAla hai, unake pratyeka niyama kI saMkhyA meM samAnatA hai| kevala zaikSya-sambandhI niyamoM meM asamAnatA hai| pAli saMskaraNa meM ve 75 hai jaba ki tibbatI saMsmaraNa meM 106 / isI kAraNa tibbatI saMskaraNa ke niyamoM kI kula saMkhyA bhI 31 bar3ha gaI hai| pAli aura cInI saMskaraNoM meM kevala 'pAcittiyA dhammA' (pAtayantika) aura 'mekhiyA dhammA' (zaikSya) ina do niyamoM kI gaNanA meM antara hai| pAli saMskaraNa meM inakI saMkhyA kramazaH 92 aura 75 hai jaba ki cInI 'zivan-ritsu' meM vaha isI krama se 90 aura 100 hai| 'pAcittiya' dharmoM sambandhI mata-bheda kucha mahattvapUrNa bhI ho sakatA hai, kintu sekhiya' dharmo sambandhI mata-bheda bilakula mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai / 'sekhiya dhamma' bAhya ziSTAcAra sambandhI choTe-moTe niyama haiM, jo buddhokta 'kSudrAnubhadra' kI koTi meM AsAnI se A jAte haiN| ataH unake viSaya meM matabheda honA bhikSa-saMgha ke itihAsa meM prathama saMgIti ke samaya se hI dekhA jAtA hai / svayaM vibhinna cInI sampradAyoM ke vinaya-piTakoM meM bhI isake vipaya meM samAnatA nahIM hai| pAli vinaya-piTaka ke 75 sekhiya' dharmo ke sthAna para 'zivana rinsa' meM to unakI saMkhyA 100 hai hI, navIna sarvAstivAdI vinaya ke anumAra unakI saMkhyA 103 hai| tibbatI mala sarvAstivAdiyoM ke anusAra to vaha 106 hai hI, jaisA hama dekha cuke haiM / isa prakAra kucha choTe-moTe vibheda haiM / 'mahAvyutpatti' (mahAyAnI grantha ) ne ina zaikSya dharmo ko 'asaMkhya' (saMbahulAH zaikSyadharmAH) batAkara isa sambandhI bheda kA bar3A hI acchA samAdhAna kara diyA hai| pAli aura cInI vinaya-piTakoM ke zikSApadoM kI tulanA ke AdhAra para yahA~ eka sajhAva rakha denA Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai| pAli vinaya-piTaka meM, jaisA hamane abhI dekhA hai, zikSApadoM kI saMkhyA 227 hai| kintu aMgunara nikAya meM kama se kama do jagaha unakI saMkhyA 150 jJapti Adi aneka vinaya-sambandhI granthoM ke phoTo lAye haiM, jinake sampAdana ke bAda isa viSaya sambandhI adhyayana para paryApta prakAza pdd'egaa| abhI ye pratilipiyA~ bihAra aura ur3IsA ke oriyanTala risarca insTyoTyUTa, paTanA meM surakSita hai|

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( 315 ) kahI gaI hai / ( 'milindapaJha' meM bhI 150 zikSApadoM kA varNana hai 2 / yadi pAli sUcI kI kula saMkhyA (227) meM se hama usake 75 'sekhiya' dharmo ko, jo alpa mahattva ke haiM, nikAlate haiM to vAkI saMkhyA 152 baca jAtI hai / kintu 'zinunrits' kI kula saMkhyA 250 meM me usake 100 zaikSya' dharmo ko nikAla dene para TIka maMkhyA 150 baca jAtI hai / kyA pAli vinaya-piTaka kI apekSA 'zatrun-ritsa' usa paramparA kA adhika vAhaka hai jisake AdhAra para aMgattara-nikAya yA milindapaJha meM zikSApadoM kI saMkhyA 150 batAI gaI hai ? vinaya piTaka ke niyama pAli vinaya-piTaka ke anumAra aba hama usake Upara nirdiSTa 227 zikSApadoM yA vinaya-sambandhI niyamoM kA varNana kreNge| cAra pArAjikA dhammA _ 'pArAjika dhamma' kA artha hai ve vastue~ jo bhikSu ko parAjaya dilAtI haiM, arthAt jisa uddezya ke liye usane ghara se beghara hokara prana jyA lI hai usameM use saphala nahIM hone detIM / isa prakAra kI vastue~ cAra haiM, (1) strI-maithuna (2) corI yA na dI huI vastu ko lenA (3) mRtyu yA Atma-hatyA kI prazaMmA karanA, tAki koI dUsarA AdamI Atma-hatyA karane ke liye udyata ho jAya (6) lAbha yA satkAra kI icchA se apane andara jJAna aura darzana kI prApti dikhAnA jaba ki vAstava meM aisI prApti nahIM huI hai / ye cAra vastueM bhikSa ko usake zrAmaNya ke uddezya kI prApti nahIM hone detii| ve use parAjita kara DAlatI hai / imIliye ve 'pArAjika dhamma' kahalAtI haiN| inameM se kisI eka kA bhI aparAdhI hone para bhikSu buddha kA ziSya nahIM rhtaa| vaha apane uddezya se patita ho jAtA hai| vaha 1. dekhiye viTaraniraja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 23, pada-saMketa 5; aMgattara-nikAya meM vAstava meM zabda hai 'sAdhikaM diyaDDhasikkhApadasataM' (150 yA usase kucha adhika) jisakA artha AcArya buddhaghoSane ThIka 150 kiyA hai| 'milindapanha meM bhI bilakula yahI zabda hai| 2. dekhiye, pRSTha 267 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa)

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saMgha se bahiSkRta kara diyA jAtA hai / usake liye kisI prAyazcitta kA vidhAna nahIM hai / jaise pIlI par3I huI pattI per3a se jhar3akara gira par3atI hai, usI prakAra yaha bhikSu zrAmaNya ke sarvathA ayogya samajhA jAtA hai aura niyamAnusAra saMgha se usakA niSkAsana kara diyA jAtA hai / teraha saMghAdisesA dhammA ___cAra pArAjika dhammoM kA daNDa to jaisA hama Upara dekha cuke haiM saMgha se niSkAsana hai| 'saMghAdisesa' dhamma ina pArAjika dhammoM se kucha kama gambhIra aparAdha mAne jAte hai| inakA nAma 'saMghAdisesa' isaliye hai ki inake daMDa-svarUpa aparAdhI bhikSu ko chaha dina ke liye asthAyI rUpa se saMgha ko chor3a denA par3atA hai aura prAyazcitta-svarUpa vaha akelA raha kara tapasyA (mAnatta) karatA hai| bAda meM zuddha hokara vaha saMgha meM praveza karatA hai / 'saMghAdisesa' koTi meM Ane vAle teraha aparAdha haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM (1) jAna bUjhakara vIrya-nAga karanA / ajJAta rUpa se svapna-doSa meM vIrya skhalana ho jAnA isake antargata aparAdha nahIM mAnA jAtA (2) kAma-vAsanA se strI-sparza (3) kAma-vAsanA se strI se vArtAlApa (4) apanI prazaMsA dvArA kisI strI ko apanI ora bure uddezya se Akarpita karanA (5) vivAha sambandha nizcita karavAnA yA premiyoM kA saMgama karavAnA (6) vinA saMgha kI anumati liye apane liye vihAra vanavAne laga jAnA (7) vinA saMgha kI anumati ke nizcita mAtrA meM bar3e nApa ke vihAra banavAne laga jAnA jinake cAroM ora khulI jagaha bhI na ho (8) krodha ke kAraNa nirAdhAra hI kisI bhikSu ko pArAjika dhamma' kA aparAdhI TaharAnA (9) pArAjika aparAdha se milate-jalate kisI anya aparAdha ko pArAjika aparAdha batalAkara kisI sAthI bhikSu ko usakA aparAdhI ThaharAnA (10) bArabAra cetAvanI diye jAne para bhI saMgha meM phUTa DAlane kA prayatna karanA (11) phUTa DAlane vAloM kI sahAyatA krnaa| (12) vinA kisI gRhastha kI anumati ke usake ghara ke bhItara ghuma jAnA (13) bArabAra cetAvanI diye jAne para bhI saMgha yA sAthI bhikSuoM ke Adeza ko na sunn|| do aniyatA dhammA 'aniyata' kA artha hai anizcita / jina aparAdhoM kA svarUpa anizcita ho aura sAkSya prApta hone para hI jinheM eka vizepa zreNI ke aparAdhoM meM rakkhA jA

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( 317 ) sake, tatsambandhI niyamoM ko 'aniyatA dhammA' kahate haiN| inakA sambandha do prakAra ke aparAdhoM se hai (1) yadi koI bhikSu kisI ekAnta sthAna para baiThA haA strI se bAteM kara rahA hai aura koI zraddhAvatI upAsikA Akara use 'pArAjika' 'saMghAdisesa' yA 'pAcittiya' (prAyazcittika--jisake liye prAyazcitta karanA par3e) aparAdha kA doSI ThaharAtI hai aura vaha use svIkAra kara letA hai to vaha usI aparAdha ke anusAra daMDa kA bhAgI hai (2) yadi vaha ekAnta sthAna meM na vaiTha kara kisI khulI huI jagaha meM baiTha kara hI strI se sambhASaNa kara rahA hai| kintu usake zabdoM meM kucha anaucitya hai aura koI zraddhAvatI upAsikA usI prakAra Akara use 'pArAjika' 'saMghAdimesa' yA 'pAcittiya' aparAdha kA doSI ThaharAtI hai aura vaha use svIkAra kara letA hai, to vaha usI aparAdha ke anusAra daMDa kA bhAgI hai| tIsa nissaggiyA pAcittiyA dhammA 'nissaggiyA pAcittiyA dhammA' ve aparAdha haiM jinake liye svIkaraNa ke mAtha sAtha prAyazcita karanA par3atA hai aura jisa vastu ke sambandha meM aparAdha kiyA jAtA vaha vastu bhI bhikSu se chIna lI jAtI hai| isa zreNI ke aparAdhoM meM prAyaH mabhI vastra-saMbaMdhI aura kevala do bhikSA-pAtra sambandhI hai| vastra sambandhI tRSNA bhikSu ko kina kina rUpoM meM A sakatI hai, isI ko dekhakara ina niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNataH yadi koI bhikSu apane pAsa atirikta vastra rakhatA hai, yA kisI gRhastha se beThIka samaya para vastra mA~gatA hai, yA apanI icchAnusAra kisI acche vastra ko prApta karane ke liye apane kisI upAsaka gRhastha ko izArA detA hai, yA rezama yA mulAyama Una ke gaddoM Adi ko kAma meM letA hai, to vaha isa aparAdhI ke antargata aparAdhI hotA hai| isI prakAra atirikta bhikSA-pAtra rakhane para yA binA Avazyaka kAraNa use kisI dUsare se badala lene para vaha isa aparAdha ke antargata aparAdhI hotA hai| ina vastra aura bhikSA-pAtra sambandhI niyamoM kA uddezya, jinake saba ke byorevAra vivaraNa dene kI hameM AvazyakatA nahIM, kevala yahI hai ki bhikSa ina vastuoM ke prayoga meM saMyata aura sAvadhAna raheM. ve alpeccha hoM aura yathA-prApta sAmagrI se hI apanA gujArA kara leN| vyakti ke Upara saMgha kI pratiSTA bhI ina niyamoM ke dvArA kI gaI hai| jo vastu saMgha ko dAna dI gaI hai use koI eka bhikSu vyaktigata rUpa se apanI banAkara nahIM rakha

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/ 318 ) sakatA / aisA karane para vaha apagadhI ThaharatA hai, use prAyazcitta karanA par3atA hai aura vaha vastu saMgha ko lauTA denI par3atI hai| 92 pAcittiyA dhammA 92 aparAdhoM kI eka sUcI esI hai jinheM karane para prAyazvina karane ke vAda aparAdhamukta kara diyA jAtA hai| cInI vinaya-piTaka zivana-gts i (dhammaga tika sampradAya kA vinaya-piTaka) meM isa zreNI ke kevala 10 apagadhoM kA ullekha hai| ina saba aparAdhoM kA vivaraNa yahA~ anAvazyaka hogaa| maMgha-zAmana kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa meM to inakA maMkSipta nirdega hI ho sakatA hai| adhikatara niyama aise haiM jo usa samaya ke devakAla Adi se sambandha rakhate hai. kintu aise bhI kama nahIM haiM jinakA upayoga maba kAla, aura mava deza ke liye hai / bhikSa ke liye eka bAra bhojana kannA, bhikSuNI ko upadeza dete samaya sAvadhAna aura jAgarUka rahanA, bhikSu-pada ke gaurava kI rakSA karanA, Adi bAteM aisI haiM jinakA ullaMghana karane para bhikSuoM ko prAyazcitta kara Age ke liye saMyama-rakSA kA saMkalpa lenA par3atA thA / jhaTa bolanA. gAlI denA. cagalI karanA, nazIlI cIjoM kA prayoga karanA, Adi aparAdhoM ke karane para bhI prAyazcita karane ke bAda Age ke liye vaimA na karane ke liye kRta-saMkalpa honA par3atA thaa| cAra paTidesaniyA dhammA 'paTidesaniyA dhammA' kA artha hai ve vastueM jinake liye pratidezanA (kSamAyAcanA) Avazyaka ho / kimI ajJAta bhikSuNI dvArA bhojana-prApti. bhojana ke mamaya kisI bhikSuNI ko bhikSuoM ke prati Adeza detI huI dekhakara bhI use na rokanA. vinA pUrva nimatraNa ke apane sthAna para kimI gRhastha ke hAtha se bhojana grahaNa karanA tathA upadrava-grasta vana meM kisI gRhastha ko vahI bulavA kara usake hAtha se bhojana kI prApti, ina cAra aparAdhoM ke liye kSamA yAcanA karanI par3atI hai : 75 sekhiyA dhammA 'sakhiyA dhammA' yA zaikSya dharma ve hai jinakA sambandha bAharI ziSTAcAra vastra pahanane ke DhaMga aura bhojana Adi karane ke niyamoM se hai / bhikSu ko kisa prakAra ThIka vastra pahanakara bhikSA-caryA ke liye jAnA cAhiye, kisa prakAra zarIra au

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vastroM ke ucita sameTana aura phailAva ke sAtha use baratanA cAhiye, kisa prakAra use zAnta rahanA cAhiye, jora se ha~sanA Adi nahIM cAhiye, inhIM saba bAtoM kA vistRta vivaraNa kiyA gayA hai aura inake tor3ane para phira zikSA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / ina niyamoM meM se adhikatara tatkAlIna ziSTAcAra se sambandha rakhate haiM jo bauddha dezoM meM Aja taka bhI kucha hada taka jIvita avasthA meM hai| sAta adhikaraNasamathA dhammA ___ saMgha meM vivAda hone para usakI zAnti ke upAya ke rUpa meM sAta niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / ve sAta niyama haiM (1) saMmukha-vinaya (2) smati-vinaya (3) a-mUDha vinaya (4) pratijJAta karaNa (5) yaddhyamika () tatpApIyasika (7) tinnvtthaark| caMki saMgha-zAsana tathA tatkAlIna gaNatantrIya zAsana-vyavasthA kI dRSTi meM ye atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM, ataH inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa apekSita hogA / bhagavAn ke mukha se hI muniye--"Ananda ! saMmukha vinaya kaise hotA hai ? Ananda ! bhikSa vivAda karate hai| yaha dharma hai yA adharma : vinaya yA avinaya' ? Ananda ! una sabhI bhikSuoM ko eka jagaha ekatrita honA cAhiye / ekatrita hokara dharma rUpI rasmI kA jJAna se parIkSaNa karanA cAhiye / jaise vaha bAnta ho usI prakAra usa jhagar3e (adhikaraNa) ko zAnta karanA caahiye| isa prakAra Ananda ! saMmukha vinaya hotA hai| isa prakAra saMmukha vinaya se bhI kinhI kinhI jhagar3oM (adhikaraNoM) kA zamana hotA hai / ___"Ananda ! yadbhyasika kaise hotA hai ? Ananda ! yadi bhikSu apane jhagaDe ko usI AvAsa (nivAsa-sthAna) meM zAnta na kara sakeM to Ananda! una sabhI bhikSuoM ko, jisa AvAsa meM adhika bhikSu haiM, vahA~ jAnA caahiye| vahA~ savako eka jagaha ekatrita honA cAhiye, ekatrita hokara dharma rUpI rammI kA mamana mArjana (parIkSaNa) karanA cAhiye / isa prakAra bhI kucha jhagar3oM kA zamana ho jAtA hai| "Ananda ! smRti-vinaya kaise hotA hai ? yahA~ Ananda ! bhikSu bhikSa para pAgajika yA-pArAjika samAna doSa kA Aropa lagAtA hai, smaraNa karo Avuma ! tuma pArAjika yA pArAjika-samAna bar3e doSa ke aparAdhI hue, kitu vaha dUsarA bhikSa uttara meM kahatA hai, 'Avusa ! mujhe yAda nahIM ki maiM aisI bhArI Apatti se Apanna hU~, doSa se doSI huuN| usa bhikSu ko Ananda ! smRti-vinaya denA cAhiye / isa smRti vinaya se bhI kinhI kinhIM jhagar3oM kA nibaTArA hotA hai /

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( 320 ) "Ananda ! amUr3ha vinaya kaise hotA hai ?........."Abusa ! maiM pAgala ho gayA thA, mujhe mati-bhrama ho gayA thA, unmatta ho maiMne bahuta sA zramaNa-viruddha AcaraNa kiyA, bhASaNa kiyA, mujhe vaha smaraNa nahIM hotaa| mur3ha ho, maiMne vaha kiyaa| usa bhikSuko Ananda ! a-mar3ha-vinaya denA cAhiye / __ "Ananda ! pratijJAta karaNa kaise hotA hai ? Ananda ! .....bhikSu dUsaroM ke dvArA Aropa karane yA na karane para bhI apane doSa ko smaraNa karatA hai, kholatA hai, spaSTa karatA hai| usa bhikSu ko apane se vRddhatara bhikSu ke pAsa jAkara cIvara ko eka (bAyeM) kandhe para karake, pAda-vandanA kara hAtha jor3akara aisA kahanA cAhiye, 'bhante ! maiM isa nAma kI Apatti (doSa) se Apanna hU~, usakI maiM pratidezanA (nivedana) karatA huuN| taba vaha dUsarA bhikSu aisA kahe "dekhate ho usa doSa ko ?" "dekhatA hU~" "Age se indriya-rakSA karanA", "rakSA kruuNgaa"| Ananda ! isa prakAra pratijJAta-karaNa hotA hai| ___"Ananda ! tatpApIyasikA kaise hotI hai ? yahA~ Ananda ! kisI bhikSu para koI dUsarA bhikSu pArAjika yA pArAjika-samAna bhArI aparAdha kA doSa lagAtA hai / vaha use sunakara kahatA hai, 'Avasa! mujhe smaraNa nahIM ki maiM aisI bhArI Apatti se Apanna huA hU~' phira doSa lagAne vAlA bhikSu kahatA hai 'Ayupman ! acchI taraha bUjho / kyA tumheM smaraNa hai ki tuma aisI bhArI Apatti me Apanna hae the !' 'Avasa ! maiM smaraNa nahIM karatA ki mai aisI bhArI Apatti me Apanna huaa| smaraNa karatA hU~ Avusa ! mai isa prakAra kI choTI Apatti se Apanna haA' / 'AyuSman ! acchI taraha jho|' 'Avasa ! maiM isa prakAra kI choTI Apatti se Apanna huA, yaha maiM binA pUche hI svIkAra karatA hU~, to kyA maiM aisI bhArI Apatti se Apanna ho pUchane para bhI svIkAra na karU~gA' / adhika jora dene para vaha svIkAra karale 'Avusa ! smaraNa karatA hU~ maiM aisI bhArI Apatti (doSa me Apanna huaa| sahasA pramAda se maine yaha kaha diyA ki maiM smaraNa nahIM krtaa| isa prakAra Ananda! tatpApIyasikA (usase bhI aura kar3I Apatti) hotI hai| Ananda! tiNNa vitthAraka kaise hotA hai ? Ananda ! Apasa meM kalaha karate hue bhikSa bahuta se zramaNa-viruddha AcaraNa karate aura bhASaNa karate haiN| una sabhI bhikSaoM ko ekatrita honA caahie| ekatrita ho kara eka pakSa vAloM meM se kimI catura bhikSu ko Asana se uTha kara cIvara ko eka kandhe para kara hAtha jor3a saMgha ko vijJApita karanA cAhie "bhante! maMgha sune| kalaha karate hue hamane bahuta se

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( 321 ) zramaNa-viruddha AcaraNa kie hai| yadi maMgha ucita samajhe to jo ina AyupmAnoM kA doSa hai aura jo merA dopa hai, ina AyupmAnoM ke lie bhI aura apane lie bhI maiM tiNavitthAraka (ghA~sa se DhA~kanA jaimA) bayAna kIM, lekina bar3e doSa gahasthasambandhI ko chor3a kara / tava dUsare pakSa vAloM meM se catura bhikSu ko Amana meM uTha kara aimA hI karanA caahie| isa prakAra Ananda | tiNavitthAraka (taNa se DaoNkane jaimA) hotA hai"|1 bhikSuoM ke samAna bhikSaNioM ke lie bhI aneka AcaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA vidhAna thaa| ATha guru-dharma to bhagavAna ne prathama bAra hI bhikSaNI-saMgha ke lie sthApita kara diye gae the, jo isa prakAra hai--- (1) mo varSa kI upasampadA pAI huI bhikSuNI ko bhI usI dina ke sampanna bhikSu ke lie abhivAdana, pratyutthAna, aMjali jor3anA, sAmItrI karma karanA caahie| (2) jahA~ bhikSu na hoM, aise sthAna meM varSAvAsa nahIM karanA caahie| (3) prati Adhe mAsa bhikSaNI ko bhikSu-saMgha se paryeSaNa karanA caahie| (4) varSA-vAsa kara cukane para bhikSuNI ko donoM saMghoM meM dekheM, mane, jAne tInoM sthAnoM meM pravAraNA karanI caahie| (5) jisa bhikSuNI ne guru-dharmoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai use donoM saMghoM ko mAnanA caahie| (6) kisI prakAra kI bhikSuNI bhikSu ko gAlI Adi na de| (7) bhikSuNioM kA bhikSuoM ko kucha bhI kahane kA gamtA banda hai / bhikSaNI ko bhikSu se vAta nahIM karanI caahie| (8) bhikSuoM kA bhikSuNioM ko kahane kA rAstA khulA hai| arthAta bhikSuoM ko unheM upadeza karane kA adhikAra hai| uparyukta pradhAna niyamoM ke alAvA bhikSuNiyoM ke dainika jIvana ke lie aneka mAdhAraNa niyama bhI the| unameM kucha bhikSaoM ke samAna bhI the, jaise jhaTa, galI Adi se virati / kucha viziSTa rUpa se unake lie hI the, jaise ekAnta yA aMdhera sthAna meM kisI se sambhASaNa na karanA, rAtri meM akelI kahIM na jAnA, sar3aka para bhI kisI se alaga bAta nahIM karanA, kisI bhI gRhastha yA gRhastha-putra sa na - - 1. sAmagAma-sutta (majjhima. 3 / 114; mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA anuvAda) 21

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( 322 ) milanA-julanA, jIvikA ke lie koI zilpa na sIkhanA na sikhAnA, aMga-lepa Adi na lagAnA, Adi / bhinuNiyoM para bhI pArAjikA Adi doSa usI prakAra lAgU the jaise bhikSuoM pr| hA~, prAjyA prApta karane se pahale ke doSoM ke lie ve daMDa kI bhAginI nahIM hotI thIM ! eka vAra eka vyabhicAriNI strI saMgha meM praveza pA gayI thii| saMgha-praveza ke bAda vaha usake lie daMDita nahIM kI gii| para ni-bhikSuNiyoM sambandhI niyamoM aura unake ullaMghana karane para prApta daNDa-vidhAna kA kucha digdarjana kiyA gayA hai| vAstava meM vinaya-piTaka niyamoM aura unake ullaMghana meM utpanna dopoM ko itanI lambI sUcI hai ki usakA saMkSepa nahIM diyA jA sktaa| kintu vinaya-piTaka meM niyamoM ke alAvA aura bhI bahuta kucha hai| usakI viSaya-vastu ke krama meM ye niyama aura anya bAteM kahA~ kahA~ AtI hai, yaha tatsambandhI vizleSaNa se spaSTa hogaa| jaimA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, vinaya-piTaka nimnalikhita bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-- 1. mutta-vibhaMga (a) pArAjika (A) pAcittiya 2. bandhaka (a) mahAvagga (A) cullabagga : . parivAra mutta-vibhaMga satta-vibhaMga ke do bhAgoM 'pArAjika' aura 'pAcittiya' meM kramazaH una apagadhoM kA ullekha hai, jinakA daMDa kramAnusAra saMgha se niSkAsana yA kisI prakAra kA prAyazcina hai| ye aparAdha saMkhyA meM 227 hai aura jaimA hama abhI dikhA cake hai, ina mambandhI niyama ATha vargIkaraNoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA (1) cAra pArAjika, (2) 13 saMghAdimema, (3) do aniyatA dhamma, (8) tIma nissaggiyA pAcittiyA dhamma, (5) 92 pAciniya dhamma, (6) cAra paTidamaniya dhamma, (7) 75 mekhiya dhamma, tathA (8) sAta adhikaraNasamatha dhamma / inakA vizlepaNa hama pahale kara cake haiN| satta-vibhaMga meM inhIM niyamo kA vizlepaNa hai| mAtha meM ina niyamo kA

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( 323 ) vidhAna kisa prakAra kiyA gayA isakA pUrA itihAsa bhI diyA gayA hai| aparAdhoM ke vicAra se vargIkaraNa karane para 'sutta - vibhaMga' ke do vibhAga haiM hI (1) pArAjika aura ( 2 ) pAcittiya, kintu bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMghoM ko uddezya kara unakA vargIkaraNa karane se usake do bhAga hote haiM (1) mahAvibhaMga yA bhikSuvibhaMga aura (2) bhikSuNI - vibhaMga ( bhikkhunI vibhaMga ) / bhikkhu - vibhaMga meM bhikSuoM sambandhI niyamoM kA vivaraNa hai aura bhikkhunI - vibhaMga meM bhikSuNI-sambandhI niyamoM kA / ina niyamoM kA itihAsa chor3a kara kevala niyamoM mAtra kA saMgraha hI 'pAtimokkha' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMgha ke anusAra pAnimokkha ke bhI do bheda hai, yathA ( 1 ) bhikkhu pAtimokkha aura (2) bhikkhunI pAtimokkha, jo kramayaH mahAvibhaMga ( bhikkhu vibhaMga) aura bhikkhunI - vibhaMga ke ho saMkSipta rUpa hai / yadi hama cAheM to sutta-vibhaMga ko 'pAtimokkha' kA vistRta rUpa yA vyAkhyA kaha sakate haiM, yA 'pAtimokkha' ko 'sutta-vibhaMga' kA upayoga ke yogya saMkSiptIkaraNa / bhikSu saMgha meM uposatha (upavasatha - upavAsa vrata ) nAma kA eka saMskAra hotA thA / pratyeka mAsa kI amAvasyA aura pUrNimA ko jitane bhikSu eka gA~va yA kheta ke pAsa viharate the, sava eka jagaha ekatrita ho jAte the aura una nava kI upasthiti meM 'pAtimokkha' ( prAtimokSa) kA pATha hotA thA / 'pAtimokcha' meM, jaisA hama abhI kaha cuke haiM, pArAjika, pAcittiya Adi ke vargIkaraNa meM vibhakta 227 aparAdhoM evaM tatsambandhI niyamoM kA vivaraNa hai / 'pAtimokkha' kA pATha karate samaya jaise jaise aparAdhoM ke pratyeka vargIkaraNa kA pATha kiyA jAtA thA, usa sabhA meM sammilita pratyeka bhikSu se yaha AzA kI jAtI thI ki vaha uTha kara yadi usane vaha aparAdha kiyA hai to usakA svIkaraNa kara le, tAki bhaviSya ke lie saMyama ho sake / upavAsAdi rakhane aura pApa-prAyazcitta karane kI yaha prathA prAgbuddhakAlIna bhArata meM anya sampradAyoM meM bhI pracalita thI / kintu buddhane use eka vizeSa naitika artha se anuprANita kara diyA thA / pApa ko ughAr3a dene meM vaha chUTa jAtA hai / citta-zuddhi ke lie apane pApoM ko khola denA caahie| gupta rakhane se ve aura bhI lipaTate hai| pApa-svIkaraNa, kSamA-yAcanA aura Age ke lie kRtasaMkalpatA, yahI prAtimokSa-vidhAna ke pradhAna lakSya the| cUMki ainA karane ke bAda pratyeka aparAdhI bhikSu eka prakAra apane-apane aparAdha ke bojha kI uThA pheMkatA thA, usame vimukti pA jAtA thA, isalie 'pAtimokkha' kA artha pratyeka kA pApa-bhAra ko pheMka denA, pApa se mukta ho jAnA, pApa ne

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( 324 ) mokSa pA jAnA, ho sakatA hai / cUMki pratyeka bhikSu alaga alaga apane mukha se apane pApa kA strIkaraNa kara pApa-vimukta hotA thA, ataH 'prAtimokSa' ke 'prAti' zabda meM yaha 'prati' kA bhAva lekara hama kaha sakate haiM ki 'prAtimokSa' kA artha hai pratyeka kI alaga alaga mukti / caMki pAli 'pAtimokkha' kA saMskRta pratirUpa 'prAtimokSa' hI sarvAstivAdI Adi prAcIna bauddha sampradAyoM ne kiyA hai, ataH pAli 'pAtimokkha' kA bhI artha pratyeka kA alaga alaga pApa-mukta ho jAnA azuddha nahIM ho sktaa| Adhunika vidvAn adhikatara isI artha ko lete haiN| kintu AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'prati mukha' arthAt pratyeka bhikSu ke dvArA apane apane mukha se pApa-svIkaraNa, isa artha para jora diyA hai| yaha 'pAtimokkha' meM hotA hI hai| buddhaghoSa kI 'pAtimokkha' kI nirukti aura sarvAstivAdI Adi sampradAyoM meM 'prAtimokSa' ke rUpa meM usakA artha grahaNa, ina donoM meM koI asaMgati nahIM hai| balki ve donoM hI usake kriyA aura phala ke kramazaH sUcaka haiM, ataH ve eka dUsare ke pUraka bhI haiN| bhagavAna ne prAtimokSa-sambandhI upadeza sattoM meM bhI aneka bAra diyA hai" bhikSu zolavAn hotA hai, prAtimokSa ke saMvara (saMyama) me saMdRta hotA hai, AcAra-gocara se sampanna hotA hai, zikSApadoM ko grahaNa kara abhyAsa karatA hai" 1 Adi, / khandhaka vinaya-piTaka kA dusarA bhAga khandhaka bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, mahAvagga aura cllvgg| satta-vibhaMga jaba ki adhikAMzataH niSedhAtmaka hai, mahAvagga usI kA vidhAnAtmaka svarUpa hai| saMgha ke andara jisa prakAra kA jIvana bitAnA cAhie usakA yahA~ nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| mahAvagga meM prathama dasa khadhaka haiN| sambodhiprApti se lekara prathama saMgha kI sthApanA taka kAyahA~ pUrAitihAsa bhI diyA gayA hai| yaha bhAga 'mahAvagga' kA bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai| pahale khandhaka (vibhAga, adhyAya) meM bhagavAna buddha ko buddhatva-prApti evaM vArANasI meM dharma cakra pravartana kA varNana hai| 1. gopaka-moggallAna sutta (majjhima. 33118); milAiye "bhikSao! zIla-sampanna hokara viharo, prAtimokSa-saMvara se saMvRta (rakSita) hokara viharo, zikSApadoM ko grahaNa kara unakA abhyAsa kro|" Akakheyya-sana (majjhima. 11116)

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( 325 ) isake bIca uruvelA se lekara vArANasI taka kI unakI yAtrA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| isI prasaMga meM mArga ke bIca meM hI tapassu aura bhallika nAmaka vaNikoM ko bhagavAn upAsaka banAte haiM aura ve vuddha aura dhamma kI zaraNa meM jAte haiN| upaka nAmaka AjIvaka bhI bhagavAn ko mArga meM milatA hai, usake sAtha hue unake saMlApa kA vivaraNa hai| vArANasI meM dharma-cakra pravartana karane ke bAda bhagavAn AjJA kauNDinya, bhaddiya, vappa, assaji aura mahAnAma ina paMcavargIya bhioM ko jo unake sAtha pahale uruvelA meM rahe the, buddha-mata meM pravrajita karate haiN| isake bAda yajJa ke saMnyAsa kA varNana hai| usake bAda kAzyapa-bandhaoM (jaTila kAzyapa, uravela kAzyapa, nadI kAzyapa) ko pravrajyA kA varNana hai / mahArAja biMbisAra ke upAsakatva kA bhI varNana hai| "bhante ! merI pA~ca abhilASAe~ thIM--meM rAjya-abhipikta hotA-mere rAjya meM samyak sambuddha Ate--maiM unakI sevA karatA--ve bhagavAn mujhe dharma-upadeza karate--una bhagavAn ko maiM jaantaa| bhante ! ye merI pA~coM icchAe~ Aja pUrI ho gaI / isalie bhante ! maiM bhagavAn kI zaraNa letA hU~, dharma kI aura bhikSa-saMgha kI bhii|" isI samaya usane bhikSu saMgha ko veNa-vana dAna bhiikiyaa| sAriputra aura maudgalyAyana ke saMnyAsa kA varNana, mahAkAzyapa ke saMnyAsa kA varNana, nanda aura rAhula kA saMnyAsa, aniruddha, Ananda, upAli Adi ke saMnyAsa ke varNana, sabhI kramAnusAra die gae haiM jo bhikSu-saMgha ke buddhakAlIna vikAsa ko jAnane ke lie tathA ina prathama ziSyoM kI jIvana-sAdhanA se paricita hone ke lie bar3e Avazyaka haiN| baddha-svabhAva para prakAza DAlane vAle bhI aneka prakaraNa bIcabIca meM milate hI calate hai| udAharaNataH isI varga meM hama bhagavAna buddha ko eka rogI bhikSa kI sevA-zuzruSA karate dekhate haiN| sAtha meM Ananda bhI bhagavAna ko sahAyatA karate haiN| yaha prasaMga vAstavika zramaNa-dharma ko jAnane ke lie ati Avazyaka hai| vAstava meM aniruddha, upAli aura Ananda ke saMnyAsa ke varNana cullavagga meM haiM, jo mahAvagga kA hI Age kA bhAga hai| isI varga meM Age anAthapiDika kI dIkSA aura jetavana-dAna kA varNana aura mahAprajApatI gotamI kI pradrajyA kA varNana hai| yahIM se bhikSuNI-saMgha kA bhI Arambha hotA hai / callavagga ke anta meM prathama do baudra saMgItiyoM ke vivaraNa hai| vAstava meM na kevala bhikSu-saMgha ke itihAsa kI dRSTi meM hI balki chaThI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke bhAratIya samAja kI avasthA ko jAnane ke lie bhI mahAvagga aura cullavagga meM paryApta sAmagrI bharI huii| jIvaka kaumArabhRtya kA vivaraNa jo mahAvagga meM AtA hai, tatkAlIna Ayurveda sambandhI jJAna aura usake

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( 326 ) abhyAsa kA acchA paricaya detA hai| bimbisAra Adi ke vivaraNa tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhiti aura vaizAlI Adi ke vivaraNa usa samaya ko sAmAnya mabhyatA aura manuSyoM ke rahana-sahana ke DhaMga kA acchA paricaya dete haiM / nizcaya hI ina dRSTi se vinaya-piTaka kA aura vizeSataH mahAvagga aura culabAga kA bar3A nahattva hai| vahIM para muna-vibhaMga ko viSaya-vastu ke pUraka-svastra bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMboMke Antarika jIvana evaM kArya-saMcAlana kA bhI acchA citra diyA gayA hai| bhikSu-saMca meM praveza ke niyama, uposatha ke niyama, varSAvAsa ke niyama, usake anta para 'pavAraNA' sambandhI niyama, saMgha meM phUTa par3ane para unameM ekatA lAne ke upAya, bhikSuoM ke jovana ko choTI se choTI bAtoM para bhI sUkSmatApUrvaka vicAra, unake kapar3e aura jUte pahanane taka ke DhaMga, savArI meM baiThane sambandhI niyama, nivAsa- sthAna aura usakI saphAI, marammata Adi sambandhI niyama, kisI bhI viSaya ko yahA~ chor3A nahIM gayA hai| cullavagga ke dasaveM khandhaka meM kevala bhiNI-jIvana sambandhI niyamoM aura jJAtavya vAtoM kA hI vivaraNa hai| 'bandhaka' me ho saMlagna 'kamma vAcA' ke bhI vivaraNa haiM jo saMva sambandhI vibhinna kRtyoM aura nankAroMke samaya kArya-praNAlI ke sUcaka haiM / 'khandhaka' meM Aye hue niyamoM ke samAna yahA~ vibhinna karmoM (kamma) ke lie prayukta zabdoM (vAcA) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| 'parivAra' yA 'parivAra-pATha' vinaya-piTaka kA antima bhAga hai| jaisA viTarani-z2a ne kahA hai, 'parivAra' kA vinaya-piTaka se vahI sambandha hai, jo veda kI anukramaNI aura parizipThoM kA veda ke sAtha / 1 'parivAra' sambhavataH vAda kA bhI gaMkalana hai| vaha praznottara ke rUpa meM hai| vinaya-piTaka kI viSaya-vastu kI ime eka prakAra se 'mAtikA' yA viSaya-mUcI hI samajhanA caahie| parivAra' meM 11 pariccheda hai. jinameM abhidhamma kI zailI para vinaya-piTaka ke viSaya kI hI punaravRtti ko gaI hai| parivAra' koantima gAthAoM meM kahA gayA hai "pRvAcariyamagaMva pucchinvA vA tanhi tamhi dopa nAma mahAro munavaro vidakhaNA imaM vitthAragakhe makAnaggena majjhine vitayitvA li vAbhi niyakAnaM sukhAvahaM / " usase nizcita hai ki binaya-sambandhI zikSA ke isa grantha ko 'dIpa' nAmaka mahAmati bhiA ne mihala meM lekhabaddha krvaayaa| 'lekhabaddha karavAne' (levApesi) kA artha 5. hisTrI oNva inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 33

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( 327 ) praNayana yA saMkalana karanA yA karavAnA nahIM hai, jainA kucha vidvAnoM ne bhramavaga samajha liyA hai| pUrva parampaga se maukhika rUpa meM prApta isa grantha ko 'dora' nAmaka nahAmati bhikSa ne (pustakAkAra) lekhabaddha karavAyA. ina gAthAoM kA kevala yahI artha hai| sampUrNa tripiTaka ke vaTTagAmaNi ke samaya se bekhabaddha kie jAne ke acaMga ( mhaam33|2479.80 ) meM bhI aisA hI kahA gayA hai| ata: use praNayana cA saMkalana kA sUcaka nahIM mAnanA caahie| yadyapi parivAra ke saMkalana-mAla kI tithi nizcita rUpa se sthApita nahIM kI jA sakatI, phira bhI zailI ke mAdhya para use abhidhamma-piTaka ke samakAlika mAnA jA sakatA hai, arthAt kama se kama tIsarI zatAbdI ImavI puurv| isa prakAra hamane saMgha kI anumati kii| jisa prakAra dhamma kI anumati meM hamane suttoM kA sahArA liyA, usI prakAra bhikSa-saMgha kI smRti karane meM dinaya-piTaka ne hamArI sahAyatA kii| buddha kI anumati to donoM jagaha namAna vo rahI / nAthasAtha hamane tatkAlIna loka-samAja ko bhI dekhA, buddha ke deza aura kAla ko nI dekhaa| itihAsa-lekhaka to isI para sarvAdhika jora dete haiM. kintu hamane to prAsaMgika baga hI sahI, para buddha, amma aura maMba kI anusmRti bhI avavya kii| nizcaya hI mahApurupa (buddha) kA jitanA bar3A dAna vizva ko dhamma' kA thA, uname kama bar3A dAna saMgha kA bhI nahIM thA / vuddhakAlIna bhikSu-saMghanAkSAt sAdhanA kA nivAnasthAna thaa| usakI vaha pavitratA kI ti hI thI jo unakI mahimA ke itane vizAla bhUkhaMDa para vistAra kA kAraNa huI / bhikSu-saMgha ke viSaya meM jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki vaha Ahuneyya (nimaMtraNa karane yogya) thA, pAhuNeyya (pAhunA banAne yogya) thA, dAna dene yogya thA, aJjali jor3ane yogya thA, evaM loka ke lie puNya vone kA advitIya kSetra thA, vaha usakI pavitratA aura saMyama-priyatA ko dekhate hue bilakula ThIka hI thaa| bhagavAn kA zrAvaka-saMgha 'Anisa-dAyAda' nahIM thA aura na vaha kimI laukika uddezya kI prApti ke lie vyavasthita kiyA gayA thA, yaha hamI se prakaTa hotA hai ki Ananda aura mahAkAzyapa jaise jAnI aura sAdhaka bhioM ke rahate hA bhI zAstA ne kisI ko apane bAda maMgha kA saMcAlaka nahIM bnaayaa| dharma aura vinaya ke saMcAlana meM hI unhoMne use chodd'aa| bhagavAn kA koI pITara yA alI nahIM bnaa| kAraNa, yahA~ vaisA kucha thA hI nahIM jisakA kisI vyakti ko unaga dhikAra saupA jA ske| itanI nivayaktikatA vizva ke itihAsa meM anyatra kahI nahIM dekhI gii|

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( 328 ) vinaya-piTaka ke niyamoM meM AdhArabhUta vizvajanIna tatva kitanA hai athavA kitanA vaha deza aura kAla kI viziSTa paristhitiyoM se udbhUta hai, yaha eka bar3A mahatvapUrNa prazna hai / nagaI ne apane saMkSipta vinaya-sambandhI nibandha meM isa prazna ko uThAyA hai aura sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke parivartita svarUpoM kA vivecana karate karate ve usa hada taka pahuMca gae haiM, jahA~ taka sthaviravAdI bauddha paramparA to unake mAya jA hI nahIM sakatI, dharma aura sAdhanA kA koI bhI bhAratIya vidyArthI bhI jahA~ taka jAnA pasanda nahIM kregaa| udAharaNataH strI-saMlApa Adi aneka bAtoM ke sAtha sAtha bhikSu ke ekAganika (ekAhArI) hone sambandhI vrata ke abhyAsa ko bhI nagaI ne isa Adhunika yuga meM asambhava aura kadAcit anAvazyaka mAna liyA hai| nizcaya hI yaha sImA ko atikramaNa kara jAnA hai| samAja aura jIvana ke bAharI rUpoM meM parivartana hone ke sAtha-sAtha Aja ke manuSya ke lie unake mUlyoM ke aMkana meM bhI parivartana ho cukA hai / vaha bhItara se mUlya aMkana karane ke bajAya Aja bAhara pe karane lagA hai| yadi isa dRSTi se vinaya-niyamoM ko Aja dekhA jAya taba to unameM se adhikAMza niyamoM kA abhyAsa hI vyartha hai| majjima-nikAya ke kITAgiri sutta (2010) meM hama par3hate haiM ki buddha ke kucha ziSya bhikSu azvajit aura punarvasu nAmaka vinayahIna bhikSuoM se jA kara kahate haiM, "Avuso ! bhagavAn rAtri-bhojana me vigta ho kara bhojana karate hai / bhikSa-saMgha bhI rAtri-bhojana se virata ho kara bhojana karatA hai| aisA karane se ve Arogya, utmAha, bala aura sukhapUrvaka vihAra anubhava karate haiN| Ao Avumo ! tuma bhI gatri-bhojana meM virata ho kara bhojana kro| tuma bhI Arogya, utsAha, bala aura sukhapUrvaka vihAra ko anubhava kroge|" azvajit aura punarvasa nAmaka vinaya-bhrapTa bhikSuoM ne uttara diyA, "Avaso! hama togAma ko bhIkhAte haiM, prAtaH bhI khAte haiM. dopahara bhI khAte hai aura dopahara bAda bhii| mAyaM, prAtaH, madhyAnha, vikAla (dopahara bAda) saba samaya khAte bhI hama Arogya, unmAha, bala aura mukhapUrvaka vihAra karate ghUmate hai| hama sAyaM bhI khAyeMge, prAtaH bhI, dina meM bhI, vikAla meM bhii|" jaimA tarka azvajit aura punarvasu ne diyA vaimA Aja koI bhI de sakatA hai / aura Aja kI paristhiti meM vaha kutarka bhI nahIM lgegaa| Aja manuSya ke mUlyAMkana kA mAga vidhAna hI badala gayA hai| 1. 'buddhisTa vinaya Disiplina aura buddhisTa kamAMDamenTsa,' zIrSaka, buddhisTika sTaDIja, (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 365-383.

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( 329 ) ataH yadi Aja ke bhautikavAdI jIvanake pUre svIkaraNa ke sAtha tathAgata-pravedita dhamma-vinaya ko nibhAnA hai to vaha azakya hai / kAma-vAsanA ko lakSya mAnane vAle jana-mamAja ke lie tathAgata ne upadeza nahIM diyaa| kama se kama umake lie use samajhanA to azakya hI hai| ataH vinaya-niyamoM ko nibhAne kA kAma to aise mahAn sAdhakoM kA hI ho sakatA hai jo samAja kI mAnyatAoMse Upara uThane kI pUrI zakti rakhate hoN| kama se kama sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke nAma para Adarga ko girAnA to hameM nahIM caahie| sthaviravAdI parampaga ne vinaya-niyamoM para unake pure zabdoM aura arthoM ke sAtha jora diyA hai, isakA yahI kAraNa hai| mAdhana kI niSThA anyanta Avazyaka hai / niSThAvAn ke lie kabhI kucha asambhava nahIM hai| vaha samAja aura paristhitiyoM ko apane anukUla kara sakatA hai. yadi ume dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki jo kucha abhyAsa vaha karatA hai usake pIche buddhoM kA mAga anubhava aura jJAna chipA huA hai aura usakI saccAI sAmAjika paramparAoM yA paristhitiyoM kI anumati kI apekSA nahIM rkhtii| hA~ choTe-moTe vinayasambandhI niyamoM ke viSaya meM zAstA ne svayaM hI AzvAsana de diyA hai ki unheM AvazyakatAnusAra chor3A jA sakatA hai| ye choTe-moTe vinaya-sambandhI niyama kyA hai. isake viSaya meM hama jAnate haiM ki pUrvakAlIna dharmasaMgotikAra bhikSuoM meM hI bar3A vivAda uTha khar3A huA aura kevala aneka sampradAyoM meM baMTa jAne ke atirikta ve isakA koI hala nahIM nikAla ske| vAstava meM imakA hala vAhara se ho hI nahIM mktaa| koI bhI bAharI vidhAna sAdhaka ko yaha nahIM batalA sakatA ki yaha niyama chor3ane yogya hai yA nhiiN| isake lie to Antarika sAdhanA meM prApta nirmala viveka-buddhi hI manuSya ke pAsa sarvottama mAdhana hai| kevala usI ke dvArA yaha nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kyA a-mahanda pUrNa hai aura chor3a dene yogya hai aura kyA mahatvapUrNa hai aura jIvana bhara anullaMghanIya hai| isa prakAra cAhe jo kucha bhI tyAjya yA pAlanIya Thahare, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki jo tyAjya hogA vaha deza aura kAla me udbhUta tattva hogA aura jo pAlanIya hogA vaha mArvabhauma, mArvakAlika, tattva hogA, jisameM ho tathAgata-pravedita dhammavinaya adhikatara bhaga huA hai| 'kSudrAnukSudra' ko chor3a dene kA vidhAna kara tathAgata na imI deza-kAla-udbhUta tattva me vimukta ho jAne kA bhikSu-magha ko antima upadeza diyA thA, aisA hamArA mantavya hai| isa prakAra vinaya-mambandhI niyamoM meM na bAharI karmakAMDa kI gandha taka hai aura na ve sAdhakoM ke usa svabuddhi-nirNaya ke

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adhikAra ko, jime gAstA ne unheM diyA, chInane kA hI udyoga karataM hai ! yaha unakI eka bhAra: digepatA hai| vinaya ko mUla Atma-saMyama hai| maMyama arthAt kAyA kA maMyama, vANI kA saMyama, mana kA nayama / kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika karmoM kA samAdhAna. manyak AdhAna, hI nIla' kahalAtA hai| zIla kI samApatti ke lie vo binaya-niyamoM kA vivAna kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki vahA~ usake bAharI mpa ko lakSya kara ke ho adhikatara niyama banAye gae hai| phira bhI zAmtA ke dvArA mAnasika nayama para jo jora diyA gayA hai, vaha bhI unake mana meM sarakSita hai, nA kahA jA sakatA hai| kevala kimI karma ke kagne yA na karane meM hI gIla-viddhi nahIM ho jaatii| bhagavAn ne svayaM kahA bhI hai "mAgandiya ! na dRSTi meM, na anubhava . na jJAna se, na gIla me, na ta se guddhi kahatA huuN| aSTi, a-zruti, a-jJAna, agola, a-vrata meM bhI nhiiN|" nizcaya hI kisI karma ke karane yA na karane para madAcAra utanA nirbhara nahIM hai jitanA una karma-vyApAra ke andara rahane bAlI mAnasika pravRti pr| isIlie cetanA para bhagavAn ne marvAdhika jora diyA hai| cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa. jihvA, kAya aura mana ke saMyama kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki ina bhautika yA mAnasika indriyoM meM apane Apa meM saMyama jaisI koI vastu hotI hai. valki kevala yahI hai ki jina jina vastuoM kI anubhUti inake dvArA hotI hai unake prati mAnavIya vyavahAra meM saMyama paidA honA caahie| 'cakSu-indriya ne saMyana ko prApta hotA hai (cakkhundriye maMdaraM Apajjati) imakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mAdhaka bhautika caz ko maMyamita karatA hai,yA cakSu aura rUpa ke saMyoga ko hI nindra karatA hai| yadi aisA hotA nA A~ca mIMcane vAlA sarvotama saMyamI hotaa| ata: carindriya meM saMyama prApta karane kA artha hai cakSa indriya mAtra ko hI saMyamita nahI karanA (yadyapi hai to vaha bhI Avazyaka ) balki cakSa ke dvAgadeve hae isa ke prati apane vyavahAra ko saMyamita rkhnaa| yahI bAta thotra aura zabda, vAga aura gandha , jihvA aura rasa, kAra aura sparza tathA mana aura dharma (mAnabhika padArtha) ke viSaya meM bhI jAnanI caahie| abhidhamma kI bhASA kA prayoga karate hae isa tathya kA bar3A vivAda nimpaNa AcArya dughoSa ne 'viddhi-maga' ke prathama pariccheda meM kiyA hai| vAstava meM zAstA kA mantavya citta ko maMyamita karane kA hI hai aura unI uddezya ke anamAra hameM vinaya ke niyamoM kI bhI vyAmyA karanI caahie| jo bAteM gaga, saMgraha, amantoSa, anudyoginA aura icchAoM ko bar3hAne vAlI hai

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ke sabhI akaraNIya hai aura unake viparIta krnniiy| vinaya-piTaka inhIM kA kucha anumApana hameM detA hai, jo yadyapi saba kAla aura saba degoM ke lie paripUrNa nahI kahA jA sakatA, phira bhI vaha sadAcAra ke usa mArvabhauma Adarga para AdhArita hai jine loka-gara (buddha) ne Aja ne DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva madhya-maMDala meM sivAyA thaa| vinaya ke upadeza karane meM, nA nagavAn ne svayaM kahA hai. isa uma unakI dRSTi meM the| "bhikSuo! dama bAto kA vicAra kara nai bhioM ke anAra ke lie vinaya-niyamA (zikSApadoM) kA upadaMga karatA hU~ (2) maMtra ko acchAI ke lie, (2) saMgha kI AsAnI ke lie, (3) ucchaMgvala puruSoM ke nigraha ke lie, (4) acche bhikSuoM ke sukha-vihAra ke lie. (5) ina janma ke cinta-maloM ke nivAraNa ke lie. (6) janmAntara ke citta-maloM ke nAma ke lie, 7) apramatroM ko prasanna karane ke lie. (8) pramatroM kI pramatratA ko bar3hAne ke lie. (1) marma kI cirasthiti ke lie aura (10) vinaya (maMyama) kI nahAyatA (anusaha) ke lie ina uddezyoM para dhyAnapUrvaka vicAra karane se vinaya-piTaka ke niyamoM ke rUpa aura unake upayoga kI pInA kAphI samabha, meM A nakatI hai| upAnakoM aura bhikSuoM ke lie nirdiSTa kramazaH paMca (hinA, corI, vyabhicAra, jhaTa aura macha-pAna ne viti) aura dama (himA, corI, vyabhicAra, bha aura madya-pAna se virati evaM janya-gIna, mAlA-gandha-vilepana, UMce palaMga, bikAla-bhojana evaM rupaye-paiga ke grahaNa meM bhI bini goloM ke samAna Aja taka kramAH gahasthoM OMra prajitA ke lie mArvabhauna navAcAra kA koI dUsarA Adarga nahIM rakkhA gayA hai ? vi.na-piTaka ko niyama inhIM meM antarbhAvita hai| Aja meM DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva kI madhya-maMDala kI mAmAjika paristhiti meM nyAgana ne ni-bhigI aura upAnaka-upAmikAoM ke lie sadAcAra-sambandhI jina niyamoM kA vidhAna kiyA. unhoMne bAda meM cala kara kitane dezoM aura kitane vidyAlabaMDa ne, nArana-gami meM kosoM dara, nyAnI aura gRhastha saba ke lie nammAnya madAcAra kI kanautI kA kAma kiyA, ise dekha kara AzcaryAdita raha jAnA par3atA hai| lakA, bagmA aura myAma kI bAta jAne deM, to bhI cIna, tibbata aura jApAna Adi me jahA~-jahA~ bauddha dharma gayA vahA~-vahA~ vinaya-piDaka sambandhI niyamoM kA kitanA madama ananIlana kiyA gayA, yaha tatsambandhI mAhitya se 1. vinaya-piTaka, pArAjikA 1

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( 332 ) prakaTa hotA hai / 'so-sora-thara-pA' (vinaya-piTaka kA nibbatI saMskaraNa) 'juju-gnsi', 'gibun ritta', 'bhak-sogi-ritsu', 'kot-pon-selna - imse-ubu' aura 'gobuna ritsu' (vinaya-piTaka ke vibhinna cInI saMskaraNa) Adi kisa tathya ko prakaTa karate haiM ? kisa gAyA ko ve duharAte hai ? myAma, baramA ora lalaMkA meM Aja bhI jo kApAya-vastroM kI jItIjAgatI jyoti camakatI hai, vahA~ ke bhikSu-saMgha ke jIvana kA jo saMcAlana nAstA ke dvArA madhya-maMDala meM Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva upadiSTa niyamoM ke anumAra hotA hai, vaha saba kisa kahAnI ko kahatA hai ? cAhe cIna, jApAna aura tibbata ko ora dekha, cAhe laMkA, syAma aura baramA kI ora dekheM, cAhe Arya jAtiyoM kI ora dekheM, cAhe Aryetara maMgoliyana aura turAnI jAtiyoM kI ora , jaba una saba se puchA jAya 'jisa guru se tumane sadAcAra ko sIkhA hai, usakA nAma kyA hai ?, to cAroM ora se yahI dhvani AtI hai "ayaM so bhagavA aghaM sammAsambuddho vijJAcaraNasampanno lokavid anuttaro purisadamma mArathi satthA devamanussAnaM buddho bhagavAti / " nizcaya hI pUrNa puruSa, tathAgata, bhagavAn samyak sambaddha vizva ke eka bar3e bhUbhAga ke sadAcAra ke upadeSTA hai, isakA sarvottama mAkSya dhamma ke alAvA vinaya-piTaka ke una vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM prApta hotA hai, jo nAnA dezoM meM pAye gaye hai aura jo ima vAta ke sUcaka hai ki kima gambhIra manana aura cintana ke sAtha vahA~ vinaya-niyamoM kI mamIkSA kI gaI hai aura unakA jIvana meM anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa deza meM utpanna agrajanmAoM meM saMsAra ke saba dezoM ke manuSya apane-apane sadAcAra ko mIkheM, yaha to mana ne bhI kahA thaa| kintu kisa bhAratIya manIpI yA Rpi ne yaha kAma kiyA? unameM se aneka to cAturvarNI zuddhi bhI nahIM migvA sake, phira vizva kA zAstA bananA to dUra kI bAta thI? jisa gaurava kI ora manu ne smaraNa dilAyA thA use bhAratIya bhUmi aura saMskRti ko pradAna karane vAloM meM bhagavAna vaha hI agra haiM, zreSTa hai| ve sarvottama artho meM loka-zAmtA haiM , loka-garu hai, yaha vinaya-piTaka ke nAnA dezoM meM vikAsa ne bhalI bhAMti prakaTa kara diyA hai| na kevala bauddha degoM yA bauddha matAvalambiyoM taka hI yaha prabhAva mImita hai, balki ImAI dharma kI utpani, usake vaptismA-niyama tathA carca-sambandhI vidhAna meM una bauddha dharma-pracArakoM kA, jinheM agoka ne pazcimI egiyA aura yUropa ke dezo meM bhejA thA, kitanA prabhAva upalabhita hai, isameM itihAsavenAoM ke Aja do mata

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nahIM haiN| ata: vinaya-piTaka kevala saMgha-sambandhI niyamoM kA saMgraha na ho kara Aja hamAre lie eka vizeSa aitihAsika gaurava kA smAraka hai| jisa prakAra bhAsnA kA dharma vizva-dharma hai, usI prakAra unakA vinaya bhI vizva kA vinaya hai, isakA apane nAnA rUpoM meM vaha sAkSya detA hai| vinaya-piTaka kA yaha mahattva bhI Aja bhAratIya vidyA aura saMskRti ke upAsakoM ke lie kucha kama nahIM hai| 1. dekhiye ensAiklopeDiyA oNva rilijana eMDa ethiksa, jilda pA~cadI. pRSTha 401, vahIM jilda bArahavIM, pRSTha 318-319; buddhisTika sTaDIja (DA0 lAhA dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 631-632.

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pA~cavA~ adhyAya abhidhamma-piTaka abhidhamma-piTaka abhidhamma-piTaka pAli tipiTaka (tripiTaka) kA tIsarA mukhya bhAga hai / 'abhidhamma' zabda kA prayoga 'abhi-vinaya' zabda ke sAtha-sAtha kramaza: dhamma aura vinaya sambandhI gaMbhIra upadeza ke artha meM, sutta-piTaka meM bhI huA hai / ' saMbhavataH inI ke AdhAra para AcArya buddhaghoSa ne abhidhamma kA artha kiyA hai--'uccatara dhamma yA 'viTopa' dhamma / 'abhidhamma' meM 'abhi' zabda ko unhoMne 'atireka' yA 'vigepa' kA vAcaka mAnA hai| vAstava meM yaha 'aniyayatA' yA 'vizeSatA' dhamma 1. dekhiye saMgoti-parivAya-sutta (doss-3|10); dasuttara-sutta (dogha. 3111); gulissAni-suttanta (majjhima. 2 / 2 / 9); kinti-suttanta (mjikm-3||1||3) / mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne yahA~ ina zabdoM kA artha kevala dharma-sambandhI (abhidhamma) aura vinaya-sanbandhI (abhi-vinaya) kiyA hai, jo pUre artha ko vyakta nahIM krtaa| 2. atireka-visesa-thadIpako hi ettha abhi-so| asAlinI, pRSTha 2 (pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa); milAiye sumaMgala vilAsinI, paSTha 18 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa); prasiddha mahAyAnI AcArya Arya asaMga ne 'abhidharma' zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue (1) nirvANa ke abhimukha upadeza karane ke kAraNa (abhimukhataH) (2) dharma kA aneka prakAra se vargAkaraNa karane ke kAraNa (AbhINyAt) (3) virodhI sampradAyoM kA khaMDana karane ke kAraNa (abhibhavAt) evaM (4) sutta-piTaka ke siddhAntoM kA hI anugamana karane ke kAraNa (abhigatitaH) 'abhidharma' zabda kI sArthakatA dikhalAI hai| abhimukhato'thAbhINyAdabhibhavagatito'nidharmaH ! mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra 1113; AcArya vasubandha ne upakAraka skandhAdi se yAta, vimala prajJA ko hI abhidharma kahA hai| prajJA'palA mAnucanA'bhidharma: / abhivarmakoza 112

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( 335 ) kI nahIM hai / dhamma to sarvatra eka rama hai| kintu tInoM piTakoM meM, unake nAnA vargIkaraNoM meM, vaha nAnA rUpa ho gayA hai| 'indro mAyAbhiH purarUpa Iyate / ' jo dhamma mana-piTaka meM upadeza-rUpa hai, vinaya meM jo maMyama-rUpa hai, vahI abhidhamma meM tatva-mpa hai| isakA kAraNa adhikAriyoM kA tAratamya hI hai| prasthAna-bheda na dharma ke svarUpa meM bhI bheda ho gayA hai| kintu yaha bheda sirpha zailI kA hai, AdezanAvidhi kA hai| sutta sabake lie magama haiM, kyoMki vahA~ buddha-bacana apane yathArtha svarUpa meM gvane hue hai / abhidhamma piTaka meM buddha-mantavyoM kA vargIkaraNa aura vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, tAtvika aura manovaijJAnika dRSTiyoM se unheM gaNanAvaddha kiyA gayA hai / ataH jaba ki sutna-piTaka kA nirUpaNa jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie upayogI hai, abhidhamma piTaka kI maciyoM aura paribhApAoM meM vahI cane hae vyakti ruci le sakate hai jinhoMne bauddha tattva-darzana ko apane adhyayana kA vizeSa viSaya banAyA hai| isI artha meM abhidharma piTaka ko 'uccatara' dhamma yA vipa' dhamma kahA gayA hai / abhidhamma-piTaka dhamma kI adhika gaharAI meM utaratA hai aura adhika mAdhanasampanna vyaktiyoM ke lie hI umakA praNayana huA hai, aisA bauddha paramparA Arambha ne hI mAnatI AI hai| kahA gayA hai ki deva aura manupyoM ke gAstA ne 'abhidhamma kA upadeza sarva prathama bAyambiza loka meM apanI mAtA devI mahAnAyA aura anya devatAoM ko diyA thaa| bAda meM usI kI punarAvRtti unhoMne apane mahAprAja ziSya dharmasenApati sAriputra ke prati kI thii| dharmasenApati sAriputra ne hI una anya 500 bhikSuoM ko sikhaayaa| isa prakAra buddha ke jIvana-kAla meM hI sAnietra ke sahita 501 bhikSa abhidhamma ke jJAtA the| isa prakAra prApta 'abhidhamma' kA hI sagAyana, ima paramparA ke anusAra, prathama do saMgItiSoM meM huA / tIgarI magIti meM bhI imI kI punarAvRtti kI gaI, kintu isake sabhApati sthavira mogaliputta timsa (maudgaliputra tiSya) ne kathAvatthu' nAmaka grantha ko bhI jimakI moTI rUparekhA nagavAn baddha bhaviSya meM utpanna hone vAle mithyA mata-vAdoM kA ina prApta kara unake nirAkaraNArtha pUrva hI nizcita kara gare the, pUrNatA dekara 'abhidhamma' 1. aTThasAlinI kI nidAna-kathA; milAiye dhammapadaTThakathA 412, buddhacaH pRSTha 83-90 meM anuvAdita / 2. dekhiye dUsare adhyAya meM prathama do saMgotiyoM kA vivaraNa /

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meM sammilita kara diyaa| isa prakAra yaha sthaviravAdI bauddha paramparA abhidhamma piTaka ko bhI sutta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka ke samAna ho buddha-vacana mAnane ko pakSapAtinI hai / racanA-kAla ___ uparyukta anuzruti abhidhamma-piTaka kI prazaMsA meM arthavAda mAtra hai / vAstava meM umI hada taka vaha ThIka bhI hai| vaise to usane bhI yaha svIkAra kara hI liyA hai ki abhidhamma-piTaka kA kama se kama eka grantha 'kathAvatthu' azoka-kAlIna racanA hai ora usakA vartamAna rUpa sthavira moggaliputta tisma kA diyA huA hai / buddha ke prAraMbhika upadezoM meM dhamma aura vinaya ko hI pradhAnatA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki unhIM ke AdhAra para saMgrathita abhidhamma ko bhI unhIM ke samAna pramANavattA dene ke lie sthaviroM ne uparya kta arthavAda kI sRSTi kI hai / Adhunika vidyArthI ke lie sabase adhika kaThina samasyA to yaha hai ki Aja jisa rUpa meM abhidhammapiTaka hameM milatA hai, vaha kahAM taka sIdhA buddha-vacana hai athavA usakA praNayanakina-kina kAla-zreNiyoM meM buddha-vacanoM ke AdhAra para huA hai| isa dRSTi se dekhane para Aja jisa rUpa meM abhidhamma-piTaka hameM milatA hai, usakI pramANa-vattA suna aura vinaya ko apekSA nizcayataH kama raha jAtI hai aura umakA praNayana-kAla bhI utanI hI nizcitatApUrvaka usake bAda kA ThaharatA hai| 'aTThasAlinI' ko nidAna-kathA meM kucha anya mahatvapUrNa praznoM ke sAtha do prazna AcArya buddhaghoSa ne bar3e mahattva ke kiye hai| pahalA prazna hai--'abhidhamma piTaka kisakA vacana hai' ? dUsarA prazna hai--'kisane ise eka pIr3hI se dusarI por3hI taka pahu~cAyA hai ?' pahale prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne kahA hai 'pUrNa puruSa, tathAgata bhagavAn samyaka sambuddha kA aura dUsare ke uttara meM kahA hai 'upadegakoM kI na TaTane vAlI paramparA ne' / isI paramparA kA ullekha karate hue vahA~ kahA gayA hai "tatIya saMgoti taka sAriputra, bhaddaji, sobhita, piyajAli, piyapAla, piyadassi, kasiyaputta, siggava, sandeha, moggaliputta, vimadana, dhammiya, dAsaka, sonaka, revata, Adi sthaviroM kI paramparA ne abhidhamma-piTaka kA upadeza diyaa| usake bAda jAko ziSya-paramparA ne isa kAma ko apane hAtha meM liyaa| isa prakAra bhAratavarSa (jambudvIpa) meM upadezakoM ko avicchinna paramparA eka por3hI se dUsarI pIDhI taka abhidhamma ko pahu~cAtI rhii| isake anantara siMhala dvIpa meM bhikSu mahinda, iddhiya, utiya, bhahanAma aura sambala aaye| yahI mahAmanISI bhikSu abhidhamma-piTaka ko bhI

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( 337 ) bhArata se laMkA dvIpa meM apane sAtha lAye / taba se Aja taka guru-ziSya paramparA se yaha abhidhammapiTaka usI rUpa meM calatA A rahA hai" / AcArya buddhaghoSa kA yaha varNana aitihAsika dRSTi se bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai| mahinda ke laMkA meM abhidhamma piTaka ke le jAne ke bAda se usake svarUpa meM kucha bhI parivartana huA ho, isakA koI sAkSya nahIM milatA / usake bAda abhidhammapiTaka kA svarUpa nizcina aura sthira ho gayA, aisA hama mAna sakate haiM, yadyapi lekhabaddha hone kA kArya to abhidhammapiTaka kA bhI saMpUrNa tripiTaka ke sAtha hI lagabhaga 25 I0 pUrva vaTTagAmaNi abhaya ke samaya meM sampAdita kiyA gayA / Antarika yA vAhya sAdhya ke AdhAra para aisA koI pramANa nahIM milatA jisake AdhAra para abhidhammapiTaka ke svarUpa meM tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva se prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva taka kie gae kisI parivartana yA parivarddhana kA anumAna kiyA jA sake / nizcaya hI yaha eka bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki itane sudIrgha kAla taka laMkA meM maukhika paramparA meM calate rahane para bhI abhidhammapiTaka meM kahIM bhI aise eka zabda taka kA bhI nirdeza nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA jisase siMhalI prabhAva kI kalpanA kI jA suke / kucha vidvAnoM ne 'kathAvattha' kI aTTakathA ke AdhAra para yaha avazya dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki 'kathAvatthu' meM kucha aise sampradAyoM ke siddhAMtoM kA bho nirAkaraNa hai jo azoka ke kAla ke bAda prAdurbhUta hue the / cUMki 'kathAvatthu' seM kevala siddhAMtoM kA khaMDana hai, sampradAyoM kA nAmollekha vahA~ nahIM hai / ataH bahuta saMbhava hai ki viziSTa saMpradAyoM ke sAtha kAlAntara meM ina siddhAMtoM kA saMbaMdha ho jAne ke kAraNa 'aTThakathA' (pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI) meM unakA ullekha kara diyA gayA ho, kintu azoka ke kAla meM kevala sphuTa rUpa se hI ina siddhAMtoM kI vidyamAnatA mAI jAtI ho / ataH 'kathAvattha' meM nirAkRta una siddhAMtoM ko bhI, jinakI mAnyatA bAda ke utpanna kucha viziSTa saMpradAyoM meM cala par3I, jisakA mAdhya usakI 'aTaThakathA' ne diyA hai, anivAryataH azoka ke uttarakAlIna mAnanA ThIka nahI hai / isa viSaya kA adhika vizada vivecana hama 'kathAvatthu' ke vivecana para Ate samaya kareMge / sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM ko paramparA ne Arambha se hI buddha vacanoM ko unake maoNlika 9. phira bhI Azcarya hai ki sara cArlsa iliyaTa jaise vidvAn ne bhI abhivammapiTaka ke laMkA meM racita hone kI sambhAvanA ko prazraya diyA / dekhiye unakA 'hinduijma eMDa buddhijma' jilda pahalI, pRSTha 276, padasaMketa 1 tathA pRSTha -291 | yaha bharapUra ajJAna hai ! 22

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( 338 ) rUpa meM surakSita rakhane kA jo Agraha dikhalAyA hai usake AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki laMkA meM mahinda Adi bhikSuoM ke dvArA le jAye jAne ke bAda se abhidhamma vahA~ usI vizuddhatama svarUpa meM surakSita banA rahA jisameM ve use vahA~ le gaye the| aba prazna yahI raha jAtA hai ki kyA mahinda Adi bhikSu jisa abhidhamma ko tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva laMkA meM le gaye the kyA vaha vahI buddha-vacana thA jisakA upadeza svayaM zAstA ne madhya-maMDala meM diyA thA ? kama se kama sthaviravAdI bauddha paramparA to use isI rUpa meM usa samaya se mAnatI AI hai aura bhikSa-saMgha ne bhI use bar3e prayatna se usake maulika rUpa meM surakSita rakhanA apanA kartavya mAnA hai| kintu dUsare saMpradAyavAloM (vizeSataH sarvAstivAdiyoM) ne usake isa dAve ko vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke samaya se hI nahIM mAnA thA, yaha bhI eka aitihAsika tathya hai| uparyukta kathana se kama se kama eka bAta nizcita rUpa se hameM mila jAtI hai, aura vaha hai abhidhamma-piTaka ke usa rUpa ke paNayana kI, jisameM vaha aMtima rUpa se nizcita aura sthira ho gayA thA, nicalI kaal-siimaa| pATaliputra kI saMgIti 253 I0 pU0 meM huii| usake samApta hone para hI mahinda Adi bhikSu laMkA ko bheje gye| ataH yaha nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki lagabhaga 250 I0 pUla taka abhidhamma-piTaka apane usa rUpa meM, jisameM vaha Aja upalabdha hai, pUrNataH sthira ho cukA thaa| bAda meM milindapanha (100 I0 pU0) meM to abhidhamma piTaka. ke sAtoM granthoM kA, unakI purI vargIkaraNa-zailI ke saMkSipta nirdeza ke sAtha, ullekha huA hai| jisa Adara ke sAtha abhidhamma-piTaka kA ullekha yahA~ kiyA gayA hai. usame yaha spaSTa hai ki buddha-vacanoM ke rUpa meM usakI khyAti bauddha paramparA meM usa samaya taka dRr3ha pratiSThA pA cukI thii| yadi kama se kama sau-Der3ha sau varSa kA kAla bhI isa paramparA ke nirmANa meM lagA ho to bhI hama AsAnI se azoka-saMgIti ke samaya taka pahu~ca jAte haiM jaba ki tepiTaka buddha-vacanoM kA aMtima rUpa se saMskaraNa huA thaa| ataH azoka-saMgIti yA tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva kA madhyAMza abhidhamma-piTaka ke racanA-kAla kI nicalI kAla-sImA hai jise bahuta khIMcatAna kara prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva taka arthAt usake siMhala meM lekhabaddha hone athavA milindapaJca meM usake uddhRta hone taka ke samaya taka bhI ghaTAkara lAyA jA sakatA hai| aba hameM usake racanAkAla kI uparalI kAla-sImA kA nirNaya karanA hai| vinaya-piTaka--cullavagga ke 1. milindapaJha, pRSTha 13-14 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa)

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( 339 ) prathama saMgIti ke varNana meM hamane dekhA hai ki vahA~ dhamma aura vinaya ke hI saMgAyana kI bAta kahI gaI hai| abhidhamma ke saMgAyana kI koI sUcanA vahA~ nahIM miltii| kintu aTThakathA (sumaMgalavilAsinI evaM samantapAsAdikA) ke varNana meM, jaisA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM abhidhamma-piTaka ke sAtoM granthoM ke bhI saMgAyana kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| cUMki tripiTaka ke sAkSya ke sAmane usakI aTThakathA ke sAkSya kA koI prAmANya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, ataH samantapAsAdikA' kA sAkSya yahA~ apane Apa pramANa kI sImA ke bAhara ho jAtA hai / jaisA bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ne kahA hai "vinaya aura dharma ke sAtha abhidhamma kA bhI pArAyaNa inI (prathama) saMgIti meM huA, yaha jo samantapAsAdikA kA kahanA hai, yaha to spaSTarUpa se galata hai|"1 kintu 'samantapAsAdikA' ke sAkSya ko spaSTa rUpa se galata mAnate hue bhI usase itanA niSkarSa to hama nikAla hI sakate haiM ki adhika se adhika prathama saMgIti ke samaya hI abhidhamma-piTaka kA vikAsa honA Arambha ho gayA thaa| tabhI hama vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke avasara para isa viSaya saMbaMdhI sarvAstivAdiyoM aura sthaviravAdiyoM ke virodha aura vivAda ko samajha sakate haiN| yadi Aja prApta pAli vinaya-piTaka kA saMkalana vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke avasara para hI huA ho to usameM jisa prakAra alaukika DhaMga se abhidhamma ko sAkSAt buddha-vacana siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, usakA aitihAsika rahasya bhI AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai / dUsare saMpradAyavAloM dvArA abhidhamma kI prAmANikatA kA niSedha kara dene para hI unheM isa prakAra ke vidhAna kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| prathama saMgIti ke pahale hama pAribhASika arthoM meM abhidhamma-piTaka ke vartamAna hone kI sthApanA kisI AdhAra para nahIM kara skte| usase pahale sirpha 'mAtikAoM (mAtrikAoM) kA varNana milatA hai| sarvAstivAdiyoM ke matAnusAra bhI 'mAtrikAoM (abhidharma)kA saMgAyana prathama saMgIti ke avasara para Arya mahAkAzyapa ne kiyA thaa| kucha bhI ho, ina 'mAtikAoM ke AdhAra para hI abhidhamma-piTaka kA vikAsa huA hai / abhidhammapiTaka ke sarvaprathama grantha 'dhammasaMgaNi' kA prAraMbha eka 'mAtikA' se hI hotA hai / zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne isI ko abhidhamma-piTaka kA mUla srota mAnA hai| 1. mahAvaMza, pRSTha 11 (paricaya) 2. e buddhisTa menyuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa (dhammasaMgaNi kA aMgrejI anuvAda) dvitIya saMskaraNa, pRSTha 9, 105-113 (bhUmikA)

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( 340 ) usameM nirdiSTa 22 trikoM aura 100 dvikoM ke vargIkaraNa para hI abhidhamma kA saMpUrNa dhamma-vivecana AdhArita hai / puggalapatti aura dhAtukathA kA bhI AraMbha isI prakAra mAtikAoM se hotA hai| vAstava meM saMpUrNa abhidhamma granthoM kI zailI ho pahale mAtikA yA uddesa dekara bAda meM unake niddesa (vyAkhyA) dene kI hai| pahale dikhAyA jA cakA hai ki piTaka-sAhitya meM jahA~ mAtikAoM kA ullekha huA hai (dhammadharo vinayadharo mAtikAdharo paMDito-vinaya-piTaka--cullavagga) vahA~ unase kinhIM viziSTa granthoM kA bodha na hokara kevala siddhAntAtmaka saciyoM kA ho hotA hai, jinakA upayoga bhikSu loga smaraNa karane kI sugamatA ke lie karate the| isI prakAra dIgha-nikAya ke saMgIti-pariyAyasutta aura dasuttara-sutta, majhima nikAya ke saLAyatanavibhaMga-sutta aura dhAtuvibhaMgasutta, evaM aMguttara-nikAya ke aneka saMkhyAbaddha suna, abhidhamma-piTaka ke vargIkaraNoM ke mUla srota mAne jA sakate hai| inhIM ke AdhAra para abhidhamma-piTaka kA vikAsa huA hai| yaha isase bhI pramANita hotA hai ki mahAyAnI paramparA ke saMskRta bauddha granthoM meM 'abhidharma' ke lie 'mAtrikA' zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / ataH samantapAsAdikA ke vargana ko aarazaH satya na mAnakara hama usase itanA niSkarSa to nikAla hI sakate hai ki mAtikAoM aura Upara nirdiSTa sutta-piTaka ke aMzoM se abhidhamma-piTaka ke nirmANa kA kArya prathama saMgIti ke samaya hI Arambha ho gayA thA aura dUsarI saMgIti ke samaya taka Ate Ate usane aisA nizcita (antima nahIM) rUpa prApta kara liyA thA, jisake AdhAra para dUsare saMpradAyavAloM ke liye use baddha-vacana mAnane yA na mAnane kA mahatvapUrNa prazna uTha sakatA thaa| ata: pA~cavI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva abhidhamma-piTaka ke praNayana ko uparalI kAla-sImA aura 250 I0 pU0 (jime adhika sandehavAdI vivecaka ghaTA kara prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva taka bhI lA sakate 1. abhidhamma-piTaka ke aMguttara-nikAya sambandhI AdhAra ke liye milAiye I0 hArDI : aMtara-nikAya, jilda pA~cavIM, pRSTha 9 (prastAvanA) (pAli TaiksTa sAsAyaTI dvArA prakAzita saMskaraNa) 2. dekhiye zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa : e buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa (dhammasaMgagi kA anuvAda) dvitIya saMskaraNa, pRSTha 9, 105-113; olDanabarga aura rAyasa DeviDsa : sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 13, paSTa 273; karna : menuala oNva buddhiSama, pRSTha 3, 104 /

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( 341 ) hai) nicalI kAla-sImA ThaharatI hai| inhIM ke bIca abhidhamma-piTaka kA vikAsa huA hai| vizeSataH dvitIya aura tRtIya saMgItiyoM ke bIca kA samaya abhidhamma piTaka ke saMgraha aura racanA kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| uparyukta kAla-sImAe~ nirdhArita karane se adhika abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM ke praNayana ke viSaya meM nizcayapUrvaka kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| unakI nizcita tithiyA~ sthApita nahIM kI jA sktiiN| kaba kauna sA grantha nizcita rUpa prApta kara prakAza meM AyA, isakA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hA~, kucha siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM ke kAla-krama meM tAratamya avazya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai / paramparA se abhidhamma-piTaka ke sAta granthoM kA ullekha jisa krama meM hameM milatA hai, vaha yaha hai (1) dhammasaMgaNi, (2) vibhaMga (3) kathAvatthu, (4) puggalapatti , (5) dhAtukathA, (6) yamaka aura (7 paTTa na / milindapaJha (prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva) meM isI krama meM ina granthoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' 'mamaMgalavilAsinI' kI nidAna-kathA meM avazya buddhakopa ne kucha parivartana ke sAtha eka dUsare krama kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, kintu vaha chanda ko AvazyakatA ke lie bhI ho sakatA hai, ata: mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnA jA sklaa| viMTaranitz2a, gAyagara, jJAnAtiloka, bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa evaM lAhA Adi vidvAnoM ne abhidhamma-piTaka ke apane vivecanoM meM uparyukta krama kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se isase adhika svAbhAvika krama ho bhI nahIM makatA / kintu kAla-krama kI daSTi se isa krama ko ThIka mAnanA hamAre lie azakya ho jAtA hai| kesiyasa e0 pirIrA kA mata hai ki Antarika sAkSya ke AdhAra para bammasaMgaNi, vibhaMga aura paTTAna prAcInatama grantha hai aura unakA maMgAyana, apane vartamAna rUpa meM, saMbhavataH dvitIya saMgIti ke avasara para hI huA thaa| isa prakAra ina tIna granthoM ne apanA nizcita aura aMtima svarUpa cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke prathama caturthAMza yA usake pUrva hI prApta kara liyA thA, aisA unakA mata hai| dhAtukathA, yamaka aura paThAna ko bhI unhoMne pUrva-azokakAlIna racanAe~ mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki unakA bhI saMgAyana apane aMtima rUpa meM tRtIya saMgIti ke avasara para huA thaa| 'kathAvatthu' kI racanA kI nizcita tithi tRtIya saMgIti hai ho / 'kathAvattha' kAla-krama kI dRSTi se abhidhamma-piTaka kI 1. pRSTha 13-14 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa) 2. dUsare adhyAya meM prayama saMgIti ke varNana ke prasaMga meM uddhRt|| mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka kI 'gAiDa zU di abhidhamma-piTaka' ke prAkkathana meM /

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( 342 ) antima racanA hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM ho sakatA / kintu anya granthoM ke tAratamya ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata ho sakate haiM / DA0 lAhA ne 'puggalapaJJatti' ko kAlakrama kI dRSTi se abhidhammapiTaka kA prAcInatama grantha mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki cU~ki abhidhammapiTaka suttapiTaka para AdhArita hai, ataH jisa hada taka abhidhammapiTaka kA koI grantha spaSTa rUpa se suttapiTaka para kama yA adhika avalaMbita hai, usI hada taka usakI ApekSika prAcInatA bhI kama yA adhika hai / " isI siddhAMta ko AdhAra mAnakara vivecana karate hue unhoMne dikhAyA hai ki anya saba granthoM kI apekSA 'puggalapaJJatti' hI suttapiTaka para adhika avalaMbita hai / 'puggalapaJJatti' kI pRSThabhUmi meM dIgha. saMyutta aura aMguttara nikAyoM ke puggaloM ke prakAra aura vizleSaNa pUrI taraha nihita haiM / udAharaNata' ' puggalapaJJatti' ke tayo puggalA, cattAro puggalA, paJca puggalA Adi bhAga aMguttara nikAya ke kramazaH tika-nipAta catuka nipAta aura paMca nipAta Adi ke samAna hI hai / 'puggalapaJjatti' ke kucha aMzoM aura dogha nikAya ke saMgItipariyAya - sutta meM bhI aneka samAnatAe~ haiM / "puggalapaJJatti' kepAli TaiksaT sosAyaTI ke saMskaraNa ke saMpAdaka DA0 maoNrisa ne puggalapaJJatti aura suttapiTaka ke granthoM kI ina saba samAnatAoM ko soddharaNa dikhAyA hai / isase spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai ki puggalapaJJatti kI samAnatA, zailI ora viSaya donoM kI dRSTi se, abhidhammapiTaka kI apekSA suttapiTaka se adhika hai / bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki 'puggalapaJJatti' ke vivecana ko nikAla dene para bhI abhidhamma-darzana kI pUrNatA meM koI kamI nahIM AtI / 'duggalapatti' kI prathama mAtikA meM avazya abhidhamma-zailI kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai, anyathA vaha suttapiTaka kA hI grantha jAna par3atA hai / ataH puggalapaJjatti kI nizcita tithi cAhe jo kucha ho, vaha abhidhammapiTaka ke granthoM meM kAla-krama kI dRSTi se sabase prAcIna hai, aisA DA0 lAhA ne mAnA hai / " puggalapaJJatti' ke samAna hI DA0 lAhA ne 'vibhaMga' kI bhI abhidhamma - pRSThabhUmi kA vivecana kiyA hai / 'vibhaMga' ke sacca vibhaMga, satipaTThAna-vibhaMga aura dhAtu-vibhaMga, majjhima- nikAya 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 22 2. puggalapaJJatti, pRSTha 10-11 (bhUmikA) 3. abhidhamma philAsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 165 4. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 23

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( 343 ) ke kramazaH saccavibhaMga sutta, satipaTThAna sutta aura dhAtuvibhaMga sutta para AdhArita haiN| isI prakAra 'vibhaMga' ke aneka aMza khuddaka-nikAya ke grantha 'paTisambhidAmagga' para bhI avalaMbita haiN| isalie kAlakrama kI duSTi se 'vibhaMga' ko DA0 lAhA ne 'puggalapatti ' ke bAda dUsarA grantha mAnA hai| 'vibhaMga' ko unhoMne abhidhammasAhitya ke vikAsa kI usa sthiti kA sUcaka mAnA hai jaba ki abhidhamma kI zailI pUrNataH nizcita nahIM huI thI aura vaha suttanta kI zailI se mizrita thii| cUMki 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM abhidhamma-zailI kA vikasita rUpa milatA hai, isalie paramparAgata anuzruti ke viparIta unhoMne 'dhammasaMgaNi' ko vibhaMga ke vAda kA grantha mAnA hai| 'dhammasaMgaNi' kA hI pUraka grantha 'dhAtukathA' hai / ata: 'vibhaMga' ke vAda 'dhammasaMgaNi' aura usake bAda 'dhAtukathA', yaha krama DA0 lAhA ne svIkAra kiyA hai| 'vibhaMga' hI 'yamaka' kI bhI pRSThabhUmi hai| 'vibhaMga' ke eka bhAga 'paccayAkAra vibhaMga' kA hI vistRta nirUpaNa vAda meM 'paTThAna' meM milatA hai| ataH dhammasaMgaNi, dhAtukathA yamaka aura paTTAna ye cAroM graMtha vibhaMga para hI AdhArita haiM aura kAla-krama meM usase bAda ke haiM, aisA DA0 lAhA kA mata hai| ina sabase vAda kI racanA 'kathAvatthu' hai| isa prakAra 'puggalapatti ' sabase pUrva kI racanA, 'kathAvatthu' sabase antima racanA, ina donoM ke bIca meM 'vibhaMga' jisa para hI AdhArita 'dhammasaMgaNi', 'dhAtukathA', "yamaka' aura 'paTThAna' yahI abhidhamma-piTaka ke graMthoM ke kAla-krama ke viSaya meM DA0 lAhA kA niSkarSa hai| ise DA0 lAhA ne isa prakAra dikhAyA hai|' 1 puggalapatti 2 vibhaMga- (a) dhammasaMgaNi-dhAtukathA (A) yamaka (i) paTThAna 3 kathAvatthu DA0 lAhA kA kAla-krama-nizcaya aMzataH ThIka jAna par3atA hai| kisI bhI pAli sAhitya ke vidyArthI ko isameM sandeha nahIM ho sakatA ki 'kathAvatthu' abhidhamma piTaka kI antima racanA hai| ataH abhidhamma-piTaka ke graMthoM kA paramparAgata pari 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 26

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( 344 ) gaNana jisameM 'kathAvatthu' ko sAtaveM sthAna ke bajAya pA~cavA~ sthAna prApta hai, kAlakrama kI dRSTi se ThIka nahIM ho sakatA, aisA to antataH mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| ataH 'kathAvatyu ko abhidhamma-piTaka kA antima graMtha mAnanA ThIka hI jAna par3atA hai| isI prakAra viSaya aura zailI donoM kI hI dRSTi se 'puggalapatti ' ko bhI kAlakramAnusAra prathama graMtha mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ taka DA0 lAhA ke niSkarSa ThIka jAna-par3ate haiN| kintu 'vibhaMga' ko 'dhammasaMgaNi' se pUrva kI racanA mAnanA yuktiyukta nahIM jAna par3atA / yahA~ DA0 lAhA ne viSaya-vastu kI apekSA zailI ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnakara yaha niSkarSa nikAla DAlA hai| vizeSataH 'vibhaMga' ko 'dhammasaMgaNi me pUrva kI racanA mAnane ke liye unhoMne do kAraNa diye haiM (1) vibhaMga ke pratyeka bhAga meM sutnantabhAjaniya (suttanta-bhAga) aura abhidhammabhAjaniya (abhi* dhamma-bhAga) do spaSTa bhAga hai, jinameM suttantabhAjaniya para hI AdhArita abhidhammabhAjaniya hai| isase DA. lAhA ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki 'vibhaMga' abhidhamma-piTaka ke vikAsa kI usa avasthA kA sUcaka hai, jisameM suttanta aura abhidhamma kA bheda sanizcita nahIM haA thaa| isake viparIta 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM abhidhamma-zailI kA pUrA anusaraNa milatA hai| ataH 'dhammasaMgaNi' 'vibhaMga' se bAda kI racanA hI ho sakatI hai / (2) uddesa (sAdhAraNa kathana) ke bAda niddesa (zabdoM ke arthoM kA vistRta vivecana) dene kI abhidhamma kI praNAlI hai| vibhaMga ke 'rUpakkhandhavibhaMga' meM rUpa' kAmAtra uddesa' hI milatA hai| usakA niddesa sirpha dhammasaMgaNi meM hI milatA hu~ / ataH 'dhammasaMgaNi' 'vibhaMga' ke bAda kI hI racanA honI cAhiye / / DA0 lAhA ne yahA~ samaSTi rUpa se donoM graMthoM kI viSaya-vastu para vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| kevala zailI kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai aura vaha bhI apUrNa hai / jahA~ taka adhyAyoM ke 'sutta-vibhAga' aura 'abhidhamma-vibhAga' ina do vibhAgoM kA sambandha hai, ve to vibhaMga ke samAna dhammasaMgaNi meM bhI milate hai / ataH isa dRSTi se donoM meM bheda karanA anacita hai| viSaya ke svarUpa kI dRSTi se zailI meM bhI antara ho sakatA hai / dhammasaMgaNi kA dhamma-vizleSaNa vibhaMga meM prApta usake vargIkRta svarUpa kA pUrvagAmI hI ho sakatA hai / phira isase bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa vAta to viSaya kA pUrvApara saMbaMdha 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 24-25 2. dekhiye svayaM vimalAcaraNa lAhA : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 306

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( 345 ) hai, jisake AdhAra para hama adhika nizcita rUpa se do graMthoM kA yA ekahI graMtha ke do aMzoM ke pUrvApara bhAva kA adhika nizcaya ke sAtha nirNaya kara sakate haiN| yaha eka sarva-vidita tathya hai ki vibhaMga ke prathama khaMDa meM hI lekhaka kI dhammasaMgaNi meM vivecita dhammoM kI gaNanA me abhijJatA prakaTa ho jAtI hai, jisameM usane kucha naye dhammoM kA aura samAveza kara diyA hai| vibhaMga ne dhammasaMgaNi kI 'mAtikA' meM nirdiSTa 22 trikoM aura 100 dvikoM kI vivaraNa-praNAlI ko jyoM kA tyoM grahaNa kara liyA hai|' vibhaMga ke prathama tIna khaNDa skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM kA vivecana karate hai. ataH aMgataH dhammasaMgaNi ke prati unakA bhI purakatva sunizcita hai / 2 'dhammasaMgaNi' kI zailI vizlepaNAtmaka adhika hai, jaba ki vibhaMga kI saMzleSaNAtmaka adhika hai| isa tathya se bhI vibhaMga dhammasaMgaNi ke bAda kI hI racanA jAna par3atI hai| dhammamaMgaNi se vibhaMga kI ora vikAsa-krama sAmAnya se vizeSa kI ora vikAsa krama hai| ataH dhammasaMgaNi ko hI vibhaMga se pUrva kI racanA mAnanA adhika yuktisaMgata hai| zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne bhI mAnA hai ki vibhaMga apane pUrva dhammasaMgaNi kI apekSA rakhatI hai / 4 gAyagara" aura viTaranitz2a ne bhI use dhammasaMgaNi kA pUraka rUpa hI mAnA hai| abhidhamma-sAhitya ke prasiddha bhAratIya vauddha vidvAn bhikSu jagadIga kAzyapa bhI vibhaMga kI viSaya vastu ko dhammasaMgaNi kI pUraka svarUpa hI mAnate hai / ataH 'dhammasaMgaNi' ko hI 'vibhaMga' kI apekSA pUrvakAlIna racanA mAnane kI ora vidvAnoM kI pravaNatA adhika hai / 'vibhaMga' ke 'rUpavakhandha vibhaMga' kA adhika vistRta vivecana 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM pAyA jAnA 'dhammasaMgaNi' ke bAda kI racanA hone kA hI sacaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| balki yaha tathya kevala yahI dikhAtA hai ki dhammasaMgaNi meM isakA sAMgopAMga vivecana ho jAne ke bAda vibhaMga meM usake itane vistAra meM jAne kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM huii| itanI adhika dRSTiyoM se 1. vinTaraninja : hisTrI oNva inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 167 2. jJAnAtilokaH gAiDa zU di abhidhamma-piTaka, pRSTha 17 3. uparyukta ke samAna ho| 4. vibhaMga, bhUmikA, pRSTha 13 (pAli TaiksaT sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa) 5. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 17 6. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 167 7. abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 104

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( 346 ) abhidhamma-piTaka meM dhammoM ke vizleSaNa aura vivecana kiye gaye haiM aura itanI adhika avasthAoM para usake saMkSipta aura vistRta vivecana nirbhara karate haiM ki eka do udAharaNoM se hama kinhIM do granthoM kI pUrvAparatA kA koI nizcita nirNaya nahIM kara sakate / dhammasaMgaNi vAstava meM saMpUrNa abhidhamma-piTaka kA AdhArabhUta grantha hai aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se usI para AdhArita 'vibhaMga' hai / 'vibhaMga' 'dhammasaMgaNi' kA pUraka hai aura svayaM dhAtukathA' ke lie AdhArasvarUpa hai|' isa prakAra 'dhammasaMgaNi aura dhAtukathA ke bIca vaha madhyasthatA karatA hai| 'yamaka' aura paTThAna ke viSaya meM jo kucha pahale kahA jA cukA hai, vaha ThIka hai| ataH hamAre prastuta adhyayana ke anusAra abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM kA adhika ThIka kAla-krama yaha honA cAhie--puggalapaJatti, dhammasaMgaNi, vibhaMga, dhAtukathA, yamaka, paTThAna, aura kathAvattha / ise yoM bhI dikhAyA jA sakatA hai 1. puggalapatti 2. dhammasaMgaNi 3. vibhaMga / a. dhAtukathA 2 A. yamaka ( i. paTThAna 4. kathAvattha abhidhamma piTaka kA viSaya ___ Upara abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM ke kAla-krama ke viSaya meM jo vivecana kiyA gayA hai, usase usakI viSaya-vastu para bhI kAphI prakAza par3atA hai| abhidhamma-piTaka ke viSaya meM sutta-piTaka kI apekSA kucha navInatA nahIM hai| jaisA DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa ne kahA hai, abhidhamma-piTaka sutta-piTaka kA hI pariziSTa hai / 2 AcArya buddhaghoSa ne use 'dhamma' kA atireka yA atirikta rUpa kahA hai| usakA bhI yahI artha hai / sutta-piTaka meM nihita buddha-mantavyoM ko hI abhidhamma-piTaka meM adhika sUkSma vistAra ke sAtha samajhAyA gayA hai / pAribhASika zabdAvalI kahIM kucha naI 1. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 17 2. amerikana laikcarsa oNna buddhijma : iTsa hisTrI eMDa liTarecara, pRSTha 62 3. dekhiye pRSTha 334, pada saMketa 2

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( 347 ) avazya hai, kintu siddhAMtoM kA mUla AdhAra suttanta hI hai / abhidhamma ke siddhAMtoM, vargIkaraNoM aura vibhAgoM ke mUla srotoM ko suttanta meM khoja nikAlanA adhyayana kA eka acchA viSaya ho sakatA hai / usase donoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hone ke atirikta svayaM abhidhammapiTaka ke durUha siddhAMtoM kA samajhanA bhI sugama ho jAtA haiM / prathama bAra bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne isa prakAra kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai|' unake matAnusAra vibhajyavAda jisa prakAra suttanta kA darzana hai usI prakAra vaha abhidhamma kA bhI darzana hai / 'vibhajyavAda' kA artha hai mAnasika aura bhautika jagat kI saMpurNa avasthAoM kA vizleSaNa kara cukane para bhI unameM kahIM 'attA' ( AtmA ) kA nahIM milanA / pahiye, dhurA, juA Adi sabhI bhAgoM se vyatirikta 'ratha' kI sattA nahIM hai / isI prakAra vyakti bhI rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna rUpI pA~ca skaMdhoM kI samaSTi ke alAvA aura kucha nahIM hai / ye sabhI sprandha anitya, anAtma aura duHkha haiM / inameM apanApana khojanA duHkha kAhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai / yahI buddha kA darzana hai, jo suttapiTaka meM aneka bAra prasphuTita huA hai / udAharaNataH saMyutta nikAya ke isa buddha vacana ko lIjiye, "he gRhapati ! yahAM azrutavAn, AryoM ke darzana se anabhijJa, ajJAnI manuSya, rUpa ko AtmA ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai, athavA AtmA ko rUpavAn samajhatA hai, yA AtmA meM rUpa ko dekhatA hai yA rUpa meM AtmA ko dekhatA hai / vaha samajhatA hai -- maiM rUpa hai aura rUpa merA hai / isa prakAra 'maiM rUpa hU~ aura rUpa merA hai' samajhate hue usake rUpa meM parivartana hotA hai, vipariNAma hotA hai, kucha kA kucha ho jAtA hai / gRhapati ! isI se utpanna hote haiM zoka, parideva ( ronA-dhonA ) duHkha, daurmanamya aura mAnasika kaSTa" | vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna ko lekara bhI -isI prakAra duHkha samudaya kA krama dikhAyA gayA hai / vyakti ke uparyukta pA~ca 1. abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 19-31 2. idha gahapati, assutavA pRthujjano ariyAnaM adassAvI rUpaM attato samanupassati rUpavantaM vA attAnaM, attani vA rUpaM, rUpasmiM vA attAnaM / ahaM rUpaM mama rUpaM ti pariyuTThaTThAyI hoti / tassa ahaM rUpaM mama rUpaM ti pariyuTThaTThato taM rUpaM pariNamati aJJJathA hoti, tassa rUpavipariNAmaJJathAbhAvA utpajjanti soka- parideva - dukkha domanassUpAyAsA / abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 20 meM uddhRta /

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( 348 ) skandhoM meM vizleSaNa ke atirikta anya prakAra ke vizleSaNa bhI suttanta meM kiye gaye haiN| unameM do mukhya haiN| pahale vyakti ke sAtha bAhya saMsAra ke saMbaMdha kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie 12 AyatanoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra hai:-- 1. cakSa (cakkha) 4. jihvA 7. rUpa 10. rasa 2. zrotra (sota) 5. kAya 8. gabda (saha) 11. spRSTavyA (phoTaTabba) 3. ghrANa (ghANa) 6. mana . gandha 12. dhamma __ inameM vyakti (draSTA) kA vizleSaNa prathama cha: AyatanoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jo AdhyAtmika Ayatana (ajjhatika Ayatana) kahalAte hai| vAhya saMsAra (dRzya) kA vizleSaNa bAda ke cha: AyatanoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jo bAyaAyatana (vAhira Ayatana) kahalAte hai / iSTA aura dRzya ke saMbaMdha aura unake upAdAna meM utpanna hone vAlI cetanA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara Antarika aura bAhya saMsAra kA 18 dhAtuoM meM bhI vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra hai-- 1. cakSu (cakkhu) 7. rUpa 13. cakSu-vijJAna (cakva-viANa) 2. zrotra (sota) 8. gabda (madda) 14. zrotra-vijJAna (sota-vijJaANa) 3. ghrANa (ghANa) 9. gandha 15. ghrANa-vijJAna (ghANa- viANa) 4. jihvA 10. rasa 16. jihvA-vijJAna (jihvA- viANa) 5. kAya 11. spRSTavya 17. kAya-vijJAna (kAya-viANa) (phoTThabba) 6. mana 12. dharma (dhamma) 18. mano-vijJAna (mano- viANa) uparyakta tInoM prakAra ke vizleSaNa mutta-piTaka meM sAmAnyatayA milate hai| saMyutta-nikAya meM pUre saMyuttoM ke nAma inake vivecana ke AdhAra para hI rakkhe gaye haiM, jaise khandha-saMyutta, Ayatana-saMyuna, dhAtu-maMyatta / skandha Ayatana aura dhAtuoM kA upadeza bhagavAn buddha kA mala upadeza thA, isakA sarvottama 1. dekhiye vizeSataH Ayatana-saMyutta (saMyutta-nikAya) 2. dekhiye vizeSataH dhAtu-saMyutta (saMyutta-nikAya)

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( 349 ) * sAkSya hama buddhakAlIna bhikSuNiyoM ke ibalagAtAra udgAroM meM pAte haiM, jinameM ve apanI upadeza karane vAlI vahinoM se isa saMbaMdhI upadeza ko pAkara kRtajJatApUrvaka * smaraNa karatI haiM "sA me dhammamadesesi khandhAyatanadhAtuyo" 1 ( usane mujhe skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM kA upadeza diyA ) / isa prakAra suttanta meM skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM kA upadeza milatA hai, kintu vahA~ isakA uddezya kevala anAtmavAda kA upadeza denA hai, alaga-alaga sabakA vizleSaNa karanA nahIM / yaha kAma abhidhamma meM kiyA gayA hai / abhidhamma meM, jaisA hama usakI viSaya-vastu kA - vizleSaNa karate samaya abhI dekheMge, rUpa-skandha kA 28 aMgoM meM vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, isI prakAra vedanA skandha kA pA~ca, saMskAra-skandha kA 50 aura vijJAna * skandha kA 89 aMgoM meM vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / ina sabakA AdhAra jaisA 1. hama pahale kaha cuke hai, sutta-piTaka hI hai / udAharaNataH, rUpa kA vizleSaNa sutanta meM kevala do bhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai, "bhikSuo ! kyA hai rUpa ? cAra - mahAbhUta ora cAra mahAbhUtoM ke upAdAna se utpanna huA rUpa, bhikSuo ! yahI kahalAtA hai rUpa / 2 rUpa ke isa dvividha vibhAga para hI abhidhamma kA - mArA rUpa-vizleSaNa nirbhara hai / isI prakAra vedanA-skandha kA 5 bhAgoM meM vizleSaNa bhI suttanta se hI liyA gayA hai, jahA~ sukha - vedanA, du:kha vedanA saumanasya, daurmanasya, aura upekSA kA spaSTataH ullekha hai / isI prakAra abhidhamma ke vijJAna-skandha ke 121 vibhAgoM meM se aneka muttanta meM milate haiM aura unake AdhAra para hI dUsare adhika sUkSma vizleSaNa kara liye gaye hai / sArAMza yaha fe abhidhamma ke vizleSaNa muttanta para hI AdhArita hai / - zailI abhidhamma kA AdhAra muttanta hone para bhI usakI zailI meM vibhinnatA hai / sunanta meM udAharaNa de dekara, aneka paryAyoM se aura aneka upamAoM meM, dhamma ko 1. therIgAthA, gAthAe~ 43 evaM 69 ( bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa) 2. " katamaM ca bhikkhave rUpaM ? cattAro ca mahAbhUtA catunaM ca mahAbhUtAnaM upAdAya rUpaM, idaM vRccati bhikkhave rUpaM" saMyutta nikAya, abhidhamma-philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 23 meM uddhRta 3. dekhiye abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 25 4. abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 27-31

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( 350 ) samajhAyA gayA hai| kintu abhidhamma 'nippariyAya desanA' hai, arthAt vahA~ binA upamAe~ aura udAharaNa diye hue dhamma ko samajhAyA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki abhidhamma kA praNayana sAdhAraNa janatA ke lie nahIM huA hai / vaha deva-manuSyoM ke lie upadeza kiyA huA buddha-vacana hai / trAyastriza-loka meM abhidhamma ke upadeza karane saMbaMdhI gAthA kA yahI mAnavIya rahasya hai| abhidhamma-piTaka meM sAdhAraNa jana-samAja kI bhASA kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai / vaha ajJAna para Azrita hai / 'vRkSa' 'manuSya' 'pazu' kI vAstavika sattA kahA~ haiM ? phira bhI hama vyavahAra meM isa prakAra ke prayoga karate haiM / isI ko pAli-bauddha dharma meM sammati sacca (saMvRti satya) kahA gayA hai| sutta-piTaka isI bhASA meM likhA gayA hai / yahAM yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki bauddhoM ne jise 'sammati sacca' kahA hai, vahI zaMkara kA vyavahAra-satya hai, jise unhoMne 'avidyAvadviSaya' kahA hai / isake viparIta 'paramArtha-satya' (pAli paramattha-sacca) hai, jahA~ mAtA mAtA nahIM hai, pitA pitA nahIM hai, manuSya manuSya nahI hai| isI bhASA meM abhidhamma likhA huA hai| ataH usameM vaha prANa-pratiSThA nahIM hai, jo muttanta meM hai| eka meM jIvana cAroM ora hiloreM le rahA hai, dUsare meM vaha sarvathA anupasthita hai| abhidhamma-piTaka kI zailI kI eka bar3I vizeSatA usakI paripraznAtmaka (paJhaparipucchaka) praNAlI hai prazna aura uttara ke rUpa meM viSaya ko samajhAyA gayA hai| tadviddhi praNipAtena paripraznena sevayA'---isakA bar3A acchA nirvAha satta-piTaka aura abhidhamma-piTaka donoM meM hI dikhAyA gayA hai| 'pariprazna' kI bAta to abhidhamma ne apane Apa pUrI kara dI hai, vaha hamase 'praNipAta' aura 'mevA' kI bhI pUrI apakSA rakhatA hai / 'aTThasAlinI' kI 'nidAna-kathA' meM AcArya baddhaghoSa ne eka mArmika prazna kiyA hai, "abhidhamma kA udaya kisa srota se huA hai" ? uttara diyA hai, "zraddhA se !" zraddhA ke sAtha hama abhidhamma kI lambo sevA kareM (jaisI vartamAna samaya meM AcArya dharmAnanda kosambo ne ko) to usame hama bahuta kucha pA sakate haiN| usake binA to hama kucha gropIya vidvAnoM kI taraha mirpha ukatA ho jAyeMge aura kaheMge ki yahA~ gambhIra darzana kucha nahIM 1. dekhiye 'abhivammattha saMgaha' para unakI svaracita 'navanIta TIkA' kA prAkkathana (mahAbodhi sabhA 1941); dekhiye dharmadUta, sitambara 48 meM DA0 bApaTa kA "AcArya dharmAnanda kosambo zIrSaka lekha bhI (paSTha 89-95)

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( 351 ) hai / ' zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa 2, jJAnAtiloka 3, ghammAnanda kosambI 4 aura bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa 5 kI praNAlI para yadi abhidhamma ke adhyayana ko vikasita kiyA jAya to usase bauddha naitika manovijJAna kA mArga hamAre lie adhika prazasta ho sakatA hai aura hama abhidhamma ko usakI vAstavika vibhUti meM dekha sakate haiM / abhidhammapiTaka kI uddesa ( saMkSipta kathana ) ke bAda nisa ( vistRta vivecana ) kI varNana-praNAlI, paryAyavAcI zabdoM aura paribhASAoM kI adhikatA Adi pravRttiyoM ke viSaya meM hama pahale kaha hI cuke haiM / mahattva abhidhammapiTaka ke mahatva para hameM do dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA hai, (1) sthaviravAda paramparA kI dRSTi se (2) anya bauddha saMpradAyoM kI dRSTi se / jahA~ taka sthaviravAda paramparA kA saMbaMdha hai, abhidhammapiTaka ko AraMbha se hI sutta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka ke samAna buddha-vacana mAnA jAtA hai, yaha hama pahale dikhA cuke hai / baramA meM abhidhammapiTaka kA kitanA adhika Adara haiM, yaha tatsaMbaMdhI usa vistRta adhyayana se hI spaSTa hotA hai jo usa deza meM kiyA gayA hai / AThaveM adhyAya meM hama isa adhyayana kA vivecana kareMge / siMhala bhI abhidhamma kI pUjA meM baramA se pIche nahIM rahA hai / 'mahAvaMza' meM hama bAra-bAra par3hate haiM ki kisa prakAra vidvAn siMhalI rAjAoM ne abhidhamma kA AdarapUrvaka zravaNa kiyA aura kucha ne svayaM usakA upadeza bhI kiyA / kAzyapa prathama (929 IsavI) ne to saMpUrNa abhidhamma ko sone ke patroM para khudavAyA aura vizeSataH 'dhammasaMgaNi' ko bahumUlya ratnoM se maMDita kiyA / isI prakAra gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM laMkA kA rAjA vijayabAhu 1. jaisA viTaranitja ne kaha DAlA hai, dekhiye unakI hisTrI Ava iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 165-66 / 2. e buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa ( dhammasaMgaNi kA anuvAda) kI mananazIla lekhikA / 3. gAiDa di abhidhammapiTaka ke lekhaka aura prasiddha bauddha vidvAn aura sAdhaka / 2 4. videza meM jAkara aneka kaThinAiyoM ke uparAnta abhidhamma kA adhyayana karane vAle prathama bhAratIya vidvAn / 5. abhidhamma - philaoNsaphI (jilda 1, 2) ke lekhaka, manasvI bauddha dArzanika aura sAdhaka / .

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( 352 ) abhidhamma kA bar3A mananazIla adhyetA thA aura usane 'dhammasaMgaNi' kA siMhalI bhASA meM anuvAda bhI kiyaa| ataH sthaviravAda paramparA meM abhidhamma-piTaka kA sadA se bahuta sammAna rahA hai / sthaviravAda-paramparA se bhinna bauddha saMpradAyoM meM abhidhamma-piTaka ko utanA prAmANika baddha-vacana nahIM mAnA gayA hai| hama jAnate hai ki svayaM uttarakAlIna honayAnI saMpradAya meM sautrAntika nAma kA eka varga thA jo abhidhamma piTaka ko prAmANika nahIM mAnatA thaa| usake lie kevala mana-piTaka hI prAmANika buvacana thaa| itanA hI nahIM, atyaMta pUrvakAla meM hI hama sthaviravAdiyoM ke andara hI bhikSuoM ke eka aine varga kI sacanA pAte haiM jo abhidhamma-piTaka kI prAmANikatA ko nahIM mAnatA thA aura kevala mana. piTaka meM hI adhika vizvAsa karatA thaa| ' asAlinI' meM do bhioM kA saMlApa diyA huA hai, jisase yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai-- "bhante ! Apa aisI lambI paMkti ko uddhRta kara rahe hai, jaise ki mAnoM Apa sumeru ko hI pariveSTita karanA cAhate hoN| bhante ! yaha kimakI paMkti hai ?" "Avasa ! yaha abhidhamma kI paMkti hai / " "bhante ! Apa abhidhamma kI paMkti kA kyoM uddharaNa dete haiM ? kyA Apako yaha ucita nahIM ki Apa buddha dvArA upadiSTa kinhIM dUsarI paMktiyoM kA uddharaNa deN|" "Avasa ! abhidhamma kA upadeza kisakA hai ?" "nizcaya hI baddha kA nahIM hai / " "para Avama ! kyA tumane vinaya-piTaka ko par3hA hai ?" "nahIM bhanle / maine use nahIM par3hA hai / " Adi, Adi punaH 'dIpavaMma' ke varNana meM hI hama dekhate haiM ki vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke avasara para hI 'mahAsaMgItika' bhikSuoM ne anya granthoM ke sAtha abhidhamma-piTaka kI bhI pramANavattA svIkAra nahIM kI thii| isase hamArA saMdeha abhidhamma-piTaka kI pramANavattA ke viSaya meM avazya bar3ha jAtA hai / kAla-krama aura mahattA meM avazya abhidhammapiTaka ko mana aura vinaya piTaka ke bAda mAnanA par3egA, ise prAya: sabhI niSpakSa bauddha vidvAna Aja bhI svIkAra karate haiM / kintu caMki abhidhamma-piTaka kA arvAcInatama grantha (kathAvatthu) bhI IsavI pUrva tRtIya zatAbdI kI racanA hai aura usake alAvA anya kisI grantha ke sAtha kisI racayitA kA nAma jor3A nahI gayA hai, 1. dopavaMsa 5 / 35-37 (olDanabarga kA saMskaraNa)

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( 353 ) ataH arthavAda kI dRSTi se use buddhavacana bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, itanA avakAza hameM sthaviravAda-paramparA ko bhI avazya denA hI hogaa| antata: abhidhamma-piTaka mutta-piTaka para hI to avalaMbita hai / pAli abhidhamma-piTaka kI sarvAstivAda sampradAya ke abhidharma-piTaka se tulanA mthavigvAdiyoM aura sarvAstivAdiyoM ke do piTakoM-sutta aura vinaya-kI tulanA hama pahale kara cuke haiN| sarvAstivAdI saMpradAya ke abhidharma piTaka ke grantha cInI bhASA meM saracita haiN| unake mula saMskRta meM the, kintu Aja ve prApya nhiiN| mthavinvAdiyoM ke samAna sarvAstivAdiyoM kA bhI yaha dAvA hai ki unakA abhidharma piTaka buddha-vacanoM (sUtra-piTaka) para AdhArita hai| kintu jaba ki sthaviravAdI (kathA-vatthu ko chor3akara) abhidhamma ke granthoM ko manuSyoM kI racanAeM nahIM mAnate. sarvAstivAdiyoM kI paramparA meM unakA abhidharma-piTaka viziSTa vicAroM kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| cInI bhASA meM sarvAstivAdiyoM ke abhidharma-piTaka kA nAma 'zAstra-saMgraha hai| sthaviravAdI abhidhamma piTaka ke samAna marvAstivAdiyoM ke abhidharma-piTaka meM bhI mAta grantha hai, jinake nAma unake racayitAoM ke sAtha. isa prakAra hai-- sarvAstivAdI saMpradAya ke abhidharma unake racayitA piTaka ke granyoM ke nAma 1. jJAna-prasthAna-zAstra Arya kAtyAyana 2. prakaraNa-pAda sthavira vasumitra 3. vijJAna-kAya-pAda sthavira devazarmA 8. dharma-skandha-pAda Arya zAriputra 5. prajJapti zAstra-pAda Arya maudgalyAyana 6. dhAtukAya-pAda pUrNa (yA vasumitra) 7. saMgIni-paryAya-pAda mahAkauSThila (yA gAriputra) pAli abhidhamma piTaka ke sAtha inakI tulanA karane para jJAta hogA ki inake nAmoM meM paryApta sAmya hai. yathA---

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( 354 ) pAli abhidhamma-piTaka sarvAstivAdI abhidharma-piTaka 1. dhammasaMgaNi (4) dharmaskandhapAda 2. vibhaMga (3) vijJAnakAyapAda 3. puggalapatti (5) prajJaptipAda 4. dhAtukathA (6) dhAtukAyapAda 5. paTThAna (1) jJAna-prasthAna 6. yamaka (7) saMgItiparyAyapAda 7. kathAvatthuppakaraNa (2) prakaraNapAda nAmoM kI itanI samAnatA hote hue bhI viSaya kI samAnatA nahIM haiN|' phira bhI jina viSayoM kA nirUpaNa eka piTaka meM kisI grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai dUsare piTaka meM unhIM kA yA unake kucha aMzoM kA nirUpaNa kisI dUsare grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| cUMki donoM ke hI abhidharma-piTaka apane apane sUtroM para avalaMbita haiM jinameM, jaisA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM, adhika antara nahIM hai, ata: donoM meM kucha na kUcha samAnatAoM kA pAyA jAnA nitAMta svAbhAvika hai / hAM, unake krama meM antara avazya hai| sarvAstivAdI abhidharma-piTaka ke granthoM kI viSaya-vastu ke saMkSipta paricaya aura pAli abhidhamma ke sAtha usakI tulanA meM yaha spaSTa homA / pahale jJAna-prasthAna-zAstra ko hI leN| yaha sarvAstivAdI abhidhammapiTaka kA sabase pradhAna graMtha hai| zeSa cha: graMtha isI ke pAda yA upagraMtha kahalAte hai| unake sAtha isakA vahI saMbandha hai jo veda kA usake cha: aMgoM ke sAtha / 2 jJAnaprasthAna-zAstra kI racanA sarvAstivAda sampradAya ke prasiddha AcArya Arya kAtyAyanIputra ne kI / Arya kAtyAyanIputra kAzmIra ke rahane vAle the| inakA samaya buddhaparinirvANa ke 300 varSa bAda hai| jJAna-prasthAnazAstra kA prathama cInI anuvAdakAzmIrI bhikSu gautama saMghadeva ne 383 IsavI meM kiyaa| usake bAda eka dusarA anuvAda san 657-60 I0 meM yUAn-cUAGa ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| isI mahAgraMtha 1. dekhiye DA0 takAkusa kA 'di abhidharma liTarecara' zIrSaka nibandha, jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1905, pRSTha 161 2. dekhiye jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1904-05, pRSTha 74 meM DA0 takAkusu kA abhidharma-sAhitya sambandhI nibandha

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( 355 ) para kaniSka ke kAla meM AcArya vasubandhu aura azvaghoSa kI adhyakSa meM 'vibhASA' nAmaka eka mahAbhASya likhA gayA, jisakA anusaraNa karane ke kAraNa vaibhASika nAmaka bauddha sampradAya kI utpatti huii| jJAna-prasthAna zAstra eka bRhat graMtha hai| isameM ATha pariccheda haiM, jinameM kula milAkara zlokoM kI saMkhyA 15072 hai| jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, mUla saMskRta to milatA hI nahIM, isa sampUrNa graMtha kA abhI aMgrejI avAda bhI nu prakAzita nahIM huA hai| ata: cInI-bhASA me anabhijJoMke liye abhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA mArga parAzrita hI ho sakatA hai| pro0 takAkusu dvArA pradatta sUcanA ke anusAra jJAna-prasthAna-zAstra ke 8 paricchedoM ke nAma aura viSaya isa prakAra haiM1. prakIrNaka-lokottara dharma, jJAna pudgala, arUpa, anAtma Adi sphuTa viSaya 2. saMyojana-akuzalamUla, sakRdAgAmI, manuSya, dasa-dvAra Adi 3. jJAna-ATha kSaikSya-akSya bhUmiyA~, pA~ca dRSTiyA~, para-citta-jAna. Arya-prajJA Adi 4. karma-akuzala karma, asamyak vANI, vihiMsA, vyAkRta, avyAkRta Adi 5. cAra mahAbhUta--indriya, saMskRta, dRSTa, satya, adhyAtma Adi 6. indriyA~-22 indriyA~, bhava, sparza aadi| 7. samAdhi--atItAvasthA, pratyaya, vimukti Adi 8. smRtyupasthAna--kAyAnupazyanA, vedanAnupazyanA, cittAnupazyanA, dharmAnupazyanA. tRSNA, saMjJA, jJAna-samaya Adi uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jJAna-prasthAna-zAstra kI viSaya-vastu itanI vistRta hai ki usameM pAli abhidhamma-piTaka ke kaI granthoM ke aMzataH vivaraNa upasthita dikhAye jA sakate hai| vizeSataH khaddaka-nikAya ke 'paTisambhidAmagga' se isa grantha kI viSaya-vastu kI adhika samAnatA hai, aisA mata svargIya DA0 beNImAdhava bADaA ne prakAzita kiyA hai, jo ThIka kahA jA sakatA hai / (2) prakaraNa-pAda sthavira vasamitra kI racanA kahI jAtI hai / yaha vasumitra kaniSka-kAlIna prasiddha sarvAstivAdI AcArya Arya vasumitra se bhinna aura unase pUrvakAlIna haiN| inakA kAla buddha 1. jarnala oNva pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI, 1904-05 pRSTha 124 (DA0 takAkusu kA 'di sarvAstivAdina abhidharma buksa' zIrSaka nibandha)

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parinirvANa se 300 varSa bAda mAnA jAtA hai| ata: ye Arya kAtyAyanIpUtra ke samakAlIna the, aisA kahA jAtA hai| prakaraNa-pAda meM ATha varga haiM, jinameM dharma, jJAna, Ayatana Adi kA vivecana hai| yadyapi 'prakaraNa-pAda' ke nAma kA sAmya 'kathAvatthuppakaraNa' se hai, kintu donoM kI viSaya vastu yA zailI meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai| viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se DA0 lAhA ne isa grantha kI tulanA 'vibhaMga' se kI hai|' kintu vibhaMga' kI samAnatA dharnaskandha se adhika hai. yaha hama abhI dekheNge| 'prakaraNa-pAda' kA pahalA cInI anuvAda guNabhadra tathA buddhayaza ne 435-43 I0 meM kiyaa| usake bAda eka dUsarA anuvAda 659 I0 meM yaAn-caAGa ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| (3) vijJAna-kAya-pAda sthavira devazarmA kI racanA kahI jAtI hai| eka paramparA ke anumAra isa granya kI racanA bada-parinirvANa ke 100 varSa vAda aura eka dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra 300 varSa bAda huii| dUsarI paramparA hI adhika Thoka ho sakatI hai / ina grantha meM : skandha haiM, jinameM pudgala, hetu-pratyaya, Alambana-pratyaya Adi viSayoM ke vivecana hai| viSaya-vastu abhidhamma piTaka ke 'puggalapAti' aura 'paTTAna' meM jahA~-tahAM bahata kucha milatI-julatI hai, phira bhI kisI eka viziSTa grantha se namakI tulanA nahIM kI jA sktii| isa grantha kA cInI anuvAda yUAn-cuAGa ne 649 I0 meM kiyA / (4) dharmaskandhapAda sarvAstivAdI abhidharma- piTaka kA jAna-prasthAna-zAstra ke bAda sabase mahatvapUrNa grantha hai / inake kucha aMzoM ko saMgItiparyAya-pAda meM bhI pramANa-svarUpa uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| cInI parampara" ke anusAra dharmaskandha-pAda Arya mahAmaudgalyAyana kI rcnaahai| kintu yagomitra kematAnasAra yaha Arya zAriputra kI racanA hai / yaha nizcita hai ki ye Arya zAriputra aura mahAmodgalyAyana vaTTa ke ima nAma ke pradhAna ziSya nahIM ho makane / isa grantha meM 21 adhyAya hai jinameM cAra Arya-matya, samAdhi, bodhyaMga, indriya, Ayatana, mkandha, pratItya samatpAda Adi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA cInI anavAda 659 I0 meM yUAn-caAGa ne kiyaa| isa grantha kI samatA viSayavastu kI daSTi me 'vibhaMga' se sarvAdhika hai, yaha niSkarSa mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka ne donoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane ke bAda nikAlA hai / 2 vibhaMga meM 18 adhyAya hai, dharmamkandha meM 21 hai| inameM 14 eka dUsare ke bilakula samAna hai| yaha mamAnatA isa prakAra hai-- 1. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 340 2. gAiDa zU di abhidhamma-piTaka, pRSTha 2 (bhUmikA)

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( 357 ) vibhaMga-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 1112 13 1415161718 dharmaskandha-~19,18,20,10,17,21,9,7,8,15, - 11,12, 1 - - 16 - khAlI chor3I huI jagahoM kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vibhaMga ke 11, 15, 16, aura 18 veM adhyAya (vibhaMga) dharmaskandha meM nahIM milate / / (5) prajJaptipAda yA prajJapti-zAstra Arya maudgalyAyana kI racanA kahI jAtI hai, jo nizcayataH isa nAma ke yuddha ke ziSya nahIM ho sakate / prajJapti-pAda kA cInI anuvAda dharmarakSa ne gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM kiyaa| isa grantha kA cInI anuvAda yuAna-cuAG ne nahIM kiyA, isaliye isakI prAcInatA meM sandeha kiyA jAtA hai / isa grantha kA tibbatI anuvAda bhI upalabdha hai| isameM 14 varga hai / 'prajJapti-pAda' kA pAli 'puggalapajatti' se kevala nAma kA hI sAmya hai| viSaya meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai / isa grantha kI kucha samAnatA dIgha-nikAya ke lakkhaNa-stta se dikhAI gaI hai| (6) dhAtukAya-pAda cInI paramparA ke anusAra kaniSka ke samakAlIna prasiddha sarvAstivAdI AcArya vasumitra kI racanA batalAI jAtI hai / kintu yagomitra (abhidharmakoza ke vyAkhyAkAra) ne isa grantha ke racayitA kA nAma pUrNa likhA hai| yazomitra kA mata hI adhika prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai / isa grantha kA bhI cInI anuvAda yUAn-cUAGne 663 I0 meM kiyaa| isa grantha kI pAli 'dhAtukathA' se koI samAnatA nahIM hai| hA~, saMyuttanikAya ke dhAtu-saMyutta me isako viSaya-vastu bahuta kucha milatI-julatIhai / (7) saMgIti-paryAya-pAda ke racayitA cInI paramparA ke anusAra Arya zAriputra aura yazomitra ke varNanAnusAra prasiddha sarvAstivAdI AcArya mahAkauSThila the| yUAn-cUAGa ne isa grantha kA cInI anuvAda sAtavI zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM kiyA thaa| prophesaraM takAkusa ne isa grantha ke viSaya aura zailI kI samAnatA saba se adhika dIgha-nikAya ke saMgIti-pariyAyamatta se dikhAI hai| isa grantha meM 12 varga haiN| isakA bhI anuvAda yUAna-caAGa ke dvArA kiyA gayA / sarvAstivAdI sampradAya ke abhidharma-piTaka ke uparyukta vivecana me spaSTa hai ki yadyapi usameM prAcIna paramparAe~ nihita hai aura pAli abhivamma-piTaka ke kaI aMzoM se usako Azcaryajanaka samAnatAe~ bhI haiM, phira bhI sutta aura vinaya kI apekSA yahA~ samAnatAe~ kama hai / isakA eka pradhAna kAraNa lambI paramparAoM kA eka deza se dUsare deza meM jAnA aura bhASA-mAdhyamoM kI 1. gAiDa zU di abhidhamma piTaka, pRSTha 2 (bhUmikA) 2. jarnala oNva pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI, 1904-05 , pRSTha 99

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( 358 ) anivArya kaThinatAe~ haiN| jaba taka mUla saMskRta upalabdha na ho taba taka binA usake svarUpa para vicAra kie pAli abhidhamma ke sAtha usake ApekSika mahattva aura prAmANya ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu hamAre vartamAna jJAna kI avasthA meM pAli abhidhamma ke sAmane usakI pramANavattA alpa avazya raha jAtI hai| vaha spaSTataH AcAryoM kI racanA hai, jaba ki kevala 'kathAvatthuppakaraNa' ko chor3akara zeSa pAli abhidhamma-piTaka buddha-vacana ke rUpa meM hI sthaviravAda-paramparA meM pratiSThita hai| hA~, sarvAstivAdI abhidharma-piTaka kI tulanA se yaha bAta avazya spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki sutta aura vinaya kI apekSA pAli abhidhamma kI pramANavattA nizcayataH kama aura saMkalana-kAla bhI utanI hI nizcitatApUrvaka kucha bAda kA hai, jisakA vivecana hama pahale kara Aye hai| abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA saMkSipta vizleSaNadhamma saMgaNi' pAli abhidhamma-piTaka kA saba se prathama aura sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa grantha 'dhammasaMgaNi' hai / vAstava meM yaha sampUrNa abhidhamma-sAhitya kI pratiSThA hI hai| 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM mAnasika aura bhautika jagat kI avasthAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, gaNanAtmaka aura paripraznAtmaka zailI ke AdhAra para / dhammoM (padArthoM) kI kAmAvacara, rUpAvacara Adi ke rUpa meM saMgaNanA aura saMkSipta vyAkhyA karane ke kAraNa hI isa grantha kA yaha nAma hai| 3 'dhammasaMgaNi' ke saMkalana aura vizle 1. nAgarI lipi meM prophesara bApaTa ne isa grantha kA sampAdana kiyA hai (bhAMDAra kara oriyanTala sIrIja, pUnA 4); romana lipi meM pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita (landana, 1885), eDavarDa mulara dvArA sampAdita, saMskaraNa prasiddha hai| isa grantha ke baramI, siMhalI aura syAmI saMskaraNa bhI upalabdha haiN| aMgrejI meM zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne 'e buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa' (landana, 1900) zIrSaka se isa grantha kA anuvAda kiyA hai| hindI meM abhI taka isa grantha kA koI anuvAda nahIM nikalA hai| 2. 'saMgaNi' zabda meM hI yaha bhAva nihita hai, dekhiye pro. bApaTa dvArA sampAdita 'dhamma-saMgaNi' kA devanAgarI-saMskaraNa, pRSTha 12 (bhUmikA) 3 kAmAvacararUpAvacarAdidhamme saMgahya saMkhipitvA vA gaNayati saMkhyAti

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( 359 ) SaNa kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA hai bhItara aura bAhara ke sAre jagat kI naitika vyaakhyaa| naitika vyAkhyA se tAtparya hai karma ke zubha (kuzala) azubha (akuzala) aura ina donoM se vyatirikta evaM a-vyAkhyeya (avyAkRta) vipAkoM ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA / grantha ke mukhya bhAga meM citta aura usase saMyukta avasthAoM (cetasika) kA kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta ke rUpa meM vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / ataH ise bauddha manovijJAna kI naitika vyAkhyA hI kahA jA sakatA hai, yA dUsare zabdoM meM bauddha nItivAda kI manovaijJAnika vyAkhyA bhii| granthakAra (yA saMkalanakAra) ne donoM ke liye hI paryApta avakAza de diyA hai / dhammasaMgaNi ke Arambha meM 'mAtikA' yA viSaya-sUcI dI huI hai| usameM naitikavAda kI dRSTi se vargIkaraNa hai, kintu grantha meM jo vivecana kiyA gayA hai, usakA kANDa-vibhAga citta aura rUpa kI dRSTi se hai aura phira use 'kusalattika', (kuzala, akuzala, avyAkRta) ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / vAstava meM 'dhammasaMgaNi' ne mana kI avasthAoM kI karma ke zubha, azubha Adi svarUpoM ke sAtha vyAkhyA karanI cAhI hai, jo eka dUsare me ghaniSTha aura anirukta rUpa se sambandhita hai / isIliye 'dhammasaMgaNi' ke vivecanoM meM itanI durUhatA A gaI hai| phira bhI dhammasaMgaNi kI 'mAtikA' usakI sArI durUha viSaya-vastu ko samajhane ke liye eka acchI kuMjI hai / bhautika aura mAnasika jagat kI vyAkhyA dhammasaMgaNi meM jisa DhaMga se kI gaI hai, usakA vaha hameM pUrA digdarzana karA detI hai / vaha eka prakAra kI viSaya-sUcI hai, jo una zIrSakoM kA ullekha kara detI hai jinameM bhautika aura mAnasika jagat ke nAnA, padArthoM (dhammoM) kA vizleSaNa sampUrNa grantha ke andara kiyA gayA hai / 'mAtikA' meM kula milAkara 122 vargIkaraNa haiM, jinameM 22 aise vargIkaraNa haiM jo tIna-tIna zIrSakoM meM vibhakta haiN| ye 'tika' kahalAte haiN| zeSa 100 aise vargIkaraNa haiM jo do-do zIrSakoM meM vibhakta hai / ye 'duka' kahalAte haiM / 22 'tikoM' aura 100 'dukoM' meM hI sAre dhammoM kA vizleSaNa 'dhammamaMgaNi' meM kiyA gayA hai abhidhamma-piTaka ke anya granthoM meM bhI isa vargIkaraNa-praNAlI kA paryApta Azraya liyA gayA hai| yahA~ 'mAtikA' ke anusAra ina 'tikoM' aura 'dukoM' kA vivaraNa denA atyanta mahatvapUrNa hogaa| inakI gaNanA isa prakAra hai-- ethAti dhammasaMgaNi / aThThasAlinI (dhammasaMgaNi kI aTaThakathA); milAiye cAilDarsa : pAli DipazanarI, pRSTha 447

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( 360 ) 22 tika ( kusalA ) 1. a. jo dhamma kuzala haiM A. jo dhamma kuzala nahIM haiM ( akusalA ) i. jo dhamma avyAkRta haiM ( avyAkatA ) 2. a. jo dhamma sukha kI vedanA se yukta haiM ( sukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ) A. jo dhamma duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiM ( dukkhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ) jo dhamma na sukha na duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiM ( adukkhamasukhAya vedanAya sampayukttA ) i. 3. a. jo dhamma citta kI kuzala yA akuzala avasthAoM ke svayaM pariNAma haiM ( vipAkA ) A. jo dhamma svayaM citta kI kuzala yA akuzala avasthAoM ke pariNAmoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM (vipAkadhammadhammA ) i. jo dhamma na kisI ke svayaM pariNAma haiM aura na pariNAma paidA karane vAle haiM (neva-vipAka-na- vipAka-dhammadhammA) 4. a. jo dhamma pUrva karma ke pariNAma svarUpa prApta kiye gaye haiM aura jo svayaM bhaviSya meM aise hI dhammoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM (upAdinnupAdAniyA ) A. jo dhamma pUrva karma ke pariNAma svarUpa to prApta nahIM kiye gaye haiM kintu jo bhaviSya meM dhammoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM (anupAdinnupAdAniyA ) i. jo dhamma na to pUrva karma ke pariNAma svarUpa prApta hI kiye gaye haiM aura na jo bhaviSya meM dhammoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM (anupAdinnAnupAdAniyA ) 5. a. jo dhamma svayaM apavitra haiM aura apavitratA ke Alambana bhI banate haiM A. jo dhamma svayaM apavitra nahIM haiM kiMtu apavitratA ke Alambana banate haiM i. jo dhamma na svayaM apavitra haiM aura na apavitratA ke Alambana hI banate haiM 6. a. jo dhamma vitarka aura vicAra se ( saMkiliTTha-saMkilesikA ) (asaMkiliTTha-saMkilesikA ) (asaMkiliTTha-asaM kilesikA ) yukta haiM ( savitakka-savicArA )

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A. jo dhamma vitarka se to nahIM kintu - vicAra se yukta haiM (avitakka-vicAramattA) i. jo dhamma na vitarka aura na vicAra se hI yukta haiM (avitakka-avicArA) a. jo dhamma prIti kI bhAvanA se yukta haiM (pItisahagatA) A. jo dhamma sukha kI bhAvanA se yukta haiM (sukhasahagatA) i. jo dhamma upekSA kI bhAvanA se yukta haiM (upekkhAmahagatA) 8. a. darzana ke dvArA jinakA nAza kiyA jA sakatA hai (dassanena pahAtabbA) A. abhyAsa ke dvArA jinakA nAza kiyA jA sakatA hai (bhAvanAya pahAtabbA) i. jo na darzana aura na abhyAsa se hI naSTa kiye jA sakate haiM (neva damsanana na bhAvanAya pahAtabbA) 9. a. ve dhamma jinake hetu kA vinAza darzana se kiyA jA sakatA hai (dassanena pahAtabbahetukA) A. ve dhamma jinake hetu kA vinAza abhyAsa se kiyA jA sakatA hai (bhAvanAya pahAtabbahetukA) i. ve dhamma jinake hetu kA vinAza na darzana se ___ aura na abhyAsa se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai __(neva dassanena na bhAvanAya pahAtabbahetukA) 10. a. ve dhamma jo karma-saMcaya ke kAraNa banate hai (AcayagAmino) A. ve dhamma jo karma-saMcaya ke vinAza ke kAraNa banate haiM (apacayagAmino) i. ve dhamma jo na karma-saMcaya aura na usake vinAza ke kAraNa banate haiM (neva AcayagAmino na apacayagAmino) 11. a. ve dhamma jo zaikSya sambandhI hai (sekkhA ) (lokottara mArga kI sAta avasthAe~) A. ve dhamma jo zaikSya sambandhI nahIM hai, arthAt jinhoMne __arhatva kI pUrNatA prApta karalI hai (arhatva-phala) (asekkhA) i. ve dhamma jo uparyukta donoM prakAroM se vibhinna haiM (arthAt uparyukta ATha ko chor3akara bAkI saba) (neva sekkhA na asekkhA) 12. a. ve dhamma jo alpa AkAra vAle haiM (parittA)

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( 362 ) A. ve dhamma jo mahAn AkAra vAle haiM (mahaggatA) i. ve dhamma jo aparimeya AkAra vAle haiM (appamANA) 13. a. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA A- (parittArammaNA) lambana alpa AkAra vAlA hai A. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~ jinakA Ala- (mahaggatArammaNA) mbana mahAn AkAra vAlA hai i. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA Ala- (appamANArammaNA) mbana aparimeya AkAravAlA hai 14. a. hIna dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) (hInA) A. madhyama dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) (majjhimA) i. uttama dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) (paNItA) 15. a. jo nizcayapUrvaka bure haiM (micchattaniyatA) A. jo nizcayapUrvaka acche haiM (sammattaniyatA) ___i. jinakA svarUpa anizcita hai (aniyatA) 16. a. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA (maggArammaNA) Alambana mArga hai A. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA hetu (maggahetukA) mArga hai i. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA mukhya uddezya hI mArga hai (maggAdhipatino) 17. a. ve mana kI avasthAe~ jo utpanna ho cukI haiM (uppannA) ____ A. ve mana kI avasthAe~ jo abhI utpanna nahIM (anuppannA) i. ve mana kI avasthAeM jo bhaviSya meM paidA honevAlI haiM (uppAdino) 28. a. ve mana kI avasthAeM jo vIta gaI (atItA) A. ve mana kI avasthAeM jo bhaviSya meM paidA (anAgatA) hoMgI i. ve mana kI avasthAe~ jo abhI hAla paidA huI haiM aura abhI vartamAna haiM (paccuppannA)

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( 363 11. a. ve mana kI avasthAe~ jinakA Alambana koI ___atIta kI vastu hai (atItArammaNA) A. ve mana kI avasthAe~ jinakA Alambana ___koI bhaviSya kI vastu hai (anAgatArammaNA) i. ve mana kI avasthAe~ jinakA Alambana koI vartamAna kI vastu hai (paccupanArammaNA) 20. a. jo dhamma kisI vyakti ke andara avasthita (ajjhattA) A. jo dhamma kisI vyakti ke bAhara avasthita (bahiddhA) i. jo dhamma kisI vyakti ke andara aura bAhara donoM jagaha avasthita hai (ajjhatta-bahiddhA) 21. a. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA Alambana koI Antarika vastu hai (ajjhattArammaNA) A. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA Alambana koI bAharI vastu hai / (bahiddhArammaNA) i. ve dhamma (mana kI avasthAe~) jinakA Alambana donoMAntarika aura bAharI vastueNhai (ajjhatna-bahiddhArammaNA) 2. a. ve dhamma jo dRzya haiM aura indriya aura usake (sanissanaviSaya ke saMnikarSa se utpanna hone vAle haiM sappaTighA) A. ve dhamma jo dRzya to nahIM kintu indriya aura usake (aniddasana-appasaMnikarSa me utpanna hone vAle haiM TighA) i. ve dhamma jo na to dRzya haiM au na indriya (aniddasana-appaaura usake viSaya ke saMnikarSa se utpanna TidhA) hone vAle haiM 100 duka (hetu-varga) 1. a. jo dUsaroM ke hetu haiM--(hetU) A. jo dUsaroM ke hetu nahIM hai--(na hetU)

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( 364 ) 2. a. jo hetuoM se yukta haiM -- ( sahetukA ) A. jo hetuoM se yukta nahIM haiM -- ( ahetukA ) 3. a. jiname hetu saMlagna haiM -- ( hetusampayuttA) A. jiname hetu saMlagna nahIM haiM -- ( hetuvippayukttA ) 4. a. jo svayaM hetu haiM aura hetuoM se yukta bhI haiM -- ( hetU ceva sahetukA ca), A. jo svayaM hetu nahIM haiM kiMtu hetuoM se yukta hai --- ( sahetukA ceva na ca hetu) a. jo svayaM hetu hai aura jinase hetu saMlagna bhI hai-- ( hetU ceva hetusampayukttA ca ) A. jo svayaM hetu nahIM haiM, kintu jinase hetu saMlagna hai -- ( hetumampayuttA caiva na ca hetu: 6. a. jo svayaM hetu nahIM haiM kintu jo hetuoM me yukta hai -- ( na hetu sahetukA) A. jo na svayaM hetu haiM aura na hetuoM se yukta haiM -- ( na hetU ahetukA ) ( saMkSipta madhyavargIya duka) b 7. a. jinake pratyaya haiM -- ( sappaccayA) A. jinake pratyaya nahI hai -- ( appaccayA ) 8. a. saMskRta -- ( saMkhatA ) . A. asaMskRta -- ( asaMkhatA ) 9. a. dRzya -- ( sani hassanA) A. adRzya - - (aniddassanA) 10. a. indriya aura viSaya ke saMnikarSa se yukta - - ( sappaTidhA ) A. indriya aura vipaya ke saMnikarSa se viyukta - - ( appatighA ) 11. a. jo rUpayukta hai -- ( rUpino ) A. jo rUpa yukta nahIM hai -- ( arUpino ) 12. a. laukika -- ( lokiyA) A. alaukika -- ( lokuttarA ) 13. a. jo kucha ke dvArA vijJeya hai-- ( kenaci viyyA ) A. jo kucha na ke dvArA vijJeya nahI hai -- ( kenaci na vijJeyyA) ( 3. Amrava-varga ) 18. a. jo citta-mala hai-- ( AmavA) A. jo citta-mala nahIM hai (no AsavA ) 11

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( 365 ) 25. a. jo citta-mala se yukta haiM--(mAsavA) ___A. jo citta-mala se yukta nahIM hai-- (anAsavA) 16. a. jinase citta-mala saMlagna hai--(AsavasampayuttA) A. jinase citta-mala saMlagna nahIM haiM--(AsavavippayuttA) 17. a. jo svayaM citta-mala hai aura citta-maloM se yukta bhI hai---(AsavA ceva sAsavA cA) A. jo svayaM citta-mala nahIM haiM kintu citta-maloM se yukta hU~-- (sAsavA ceva no ca AsavA) 8. a. jo svayaM citta-mala haiM aura jinase citta-mala saMlagna bhI haiM--- (AsavA ceda AsavasampayuttA ca) A. jo svayaM citta-mala nahIM hai kintu jinase citta-mala saMlagna haiM-- (AmavasampayanA ceva no ca AsavA) 1. a. jo cina-maloM se saMlagna na rahane para bhI unake AdhAra hai-- (Amava dippayanA mAsavA) a. jo cittAmaloM meM saMlagna bhI nahIM hai aura unake AdhAra bhI nahIM haiM (AmavippayanA anAmavA) (6--saMyojana-varga) 20. a. jo citta ke vandhana hai---- (saMyojanA) A. jo citta ke bandhana nahIM hai--(no saMyojanA) 1. a. jo citta-bandhanoM kI ora le jAne vAle haiM ---- (saMyojaniyA) A. jo cina-bandhanoM kI ora nahIM le jAne vAle haiM--(asaMyojaniyA) 2. a. jiname citta-bandhana maMlagna hai--(saMyojana-sampayunA) A. jinase citta-baMdhana asaMlagna hai--(saMyojana-vippayuttA) 3. a. jo svayaM citta-bandhana hai aura citta-bandhanoM kI ora le jAne vAle bhI hai--(saMyojanA ceva maMyojaniyA ca) A. jo svayaM citta-bandhana nahIM haiM kintu jo cittavandhanoM kI ora le jAne vAle haiM--(saMyojaniyA ceva no ca saMyojanA) 24. a. jo svayaM citta-bandhana haiM aura jinase citta-bandhana saMlagna bhI hai-- (saMyojanA ceva saMyojanasaMpayuttA ca)

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A. jo svayaM citta-bandhana nahIM hai, kintu jinase citta-bandhana saMlagna haiM--- (saMyojanasampayuttA ceva no ca saMyojanA) 25. a. jinase citta-bandhana saMlagna to nahIM haiM kintu jo citta-bandhanoM kI ora le jAne vAle haiM--(saMyojanavippayattA saMyojaniyA) A. jinase na to citta-bandhana saMlagna ho haiM aura na jo citta-bandhanoM kI ora le jAne vAle haiM--(saMyojanavippayuttA asaMyojaniyA) (5-grantha-varga) 26. a. jo citta kI gA~The haiM-(ganthA) __A. jo citta kI gA~The nahIM haiM--(no ganthA) 27. a. jo citta kI gA~ThoM kI ora le jAne vAlI haiM--(ganthaniyA) A. jo citta kI gA~ThoM kI ora nahIM le jAne vAlI haiM--(aganthaniyA) 28. a. jo citta kI gA~ThoM kI sahacara haiM--(gantha-sampayuttA) A. jo cina kI gA~ThoM ko sahacara nahIM haiM-(gantha-vippayuttA) 29. a. jo svayaM citta ko gA~The hai aura citta kI gA~ThoM kI ora le jAne vAlI bhI haiM--(ganthA ceva ganthaniyA ca ) A. jo svayaM citta ko gA~The nahIM haiM aura na citta ko gA~ThoM kI ora ___ le jAne vAlo haiM (ganthaniyA ceva no ca ganyA) 30. a. jo svayaM citta ko gAMTheM haiM aura citta ko gA~ThoM ko sahacara bhI haiM-- (ganthA ceva ganthasaMpayuttA ca) A. jo svayaM cita kI gA~The nahIM hai kintu cita ko gA~ThoM ko sahacara hai-- (granthasampayuttA ceva no ca ganthA) 31. a. jo citta kI gAMThoM kI sahacara nahIM haiM, kintu unako bhaviSya meM paidA karane vAlI hai--(ganthavippayuttA ganthaniyA) A. jo citta kI gA~ThoM kI sahacara bhI nahIM hai aura na unheM bhaviSya meM paidA karane vAlI hI haiM--(ganthavippayuttA aganthaniyA) (6-ogha varga) 32-37--Upara ke samAna hii| kevala 'citta kI gA~Tha' kI jagaha 'ogha' (bADha) kA prayoga hai| (ogha cAra haiM, kAma-ogha, bhava-ogha, (Atma-) dRSTi-ogha aura avidyA-ogha /

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( 367 ) ( 7 - yoga - varga ) 38-43 -- Upara ke samAna hI / kevala 'citta kI gA~Tha' kI jagaha 'yoga' ( Asakti ) kA prayoga hai / (yoga bhI cAra mAne gaye haiM, yathA kAma-yoga, bhava-yoga,. (Atma-) dRSTi-yoga, evaM avidyA - yoga ) ( 8 - - nIvaraNa - varga ) 44. a. jo dhyAna ke vighna haiN| A. jo dhyAna ke vighna nahIM haiN| 45. a. jo bhaviSya meM dhyAna ke vighnoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM A. jo bhaviSya meM dhyAna ke vighnoM ko ---- -- (nIvaraNA) - (no nIvaraNA) - (nIvaraNiyA ) paidA karane vAle nahIM haiM -- ( anIvaraNiyA ) 46. a. jo dhyAna ke vighnoM ke sahacara haiM - (nIvaraNasampayuttA) A. jo dhyAna ke vighnoM ke sahacara nahIM haiM -- (nIvaraNavippayuttA) 47. a. jo svayaM dhyAna ke vighna haiM aura dhyAna ke vighnoM ko paidA karane vAle bhI haiM -- (nIvaraNA ceva nIvarANeyA ca ) A. jo svayaM dhyAna ke vighna nahIM haiM kintu jo dhyAna ke vighnoM ko paidA karane vAle hai-(nIvaraNiyA ceva no ca nIvaraNA ) 48. a. jo svayaM dhyAna ke vighna haiM aura dhyAna ke vighnoM ke sahacara bhI haiM -- (nIvaraNA ceva nIvaraNa - sampayukttA ca ) A. jo svayaM dhyAna ke vighna nahIM hai kintu dhyAna ke vighnoM ke sahacara hai- (nIvaraNasampayuttA ceva no ca nIvaraNA) 49. a. jo svayaM dhyAna ke vighnoM ke sahakara nahIM haiM kintu unheM paidA karane vAle haiM--- (nIvaraNavippayuttA nIvaraNiyA ) A. jo svayaM dhyAna ke vighnoM ke sahacara bhI nahI haiM aura na unheM paidA karane vAle hI haiM- (nIvaraNavippayukttA anIvaraNiyA ) 50. a. jo mithyA dhAraNAyeM ( 9 - - parAmarza - varga ) haiM -- ( parAmAsA ) A. jo mithyA dhAraNAe~ nahIM hai -- (no parAmAsA )

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( 368 ) 51. a. jo (citta kI avasthAe~) mithyA dhAraNAoM ko paidA karane vAlI haiM--(parAmaTThA) A. jo mithyA dhAraNAoM ko paidA karane vAlI nahIM haiM--(aparAmaTThA) 52. a. jo mithyA dhAraNAoM kI sahacara haiM--(parAmAsasampayuttA) A. jo mithyA dhAraNAoM kI sahacara nahIM haiM--(parAmAsavippayunA) 53. a. jo svayaM mithyA dhAraNAyeM haiM aura mithyA dhAraNAoM-- ko paidA karane vAlI bhI haiM--(pagamAsA ceva parAmaTThA ca) A. jo svayaM mithyA dhAraNAeM nahIM hai kintu mithyA dhAraNAoM ko paidA karane vAlI hai-- (parAmaTThA ceva no ca parAmAsA) 54. a. jo svayaM mithyA dhAraNAoM se vimukA hai| kintu unheM paidA karane vAlI haiM--(parAmAsavippayuttA parAmaTThA) A. jo svayaM mithyA dhAraNAoM me vimukta haiM aura unheM paidA karane vAlI bhI nahIM haiM--(parAmAsavippayuttA aparAmaTThaH) (10--vistRta madhyama duka) 55. a. jo dhamma kisI Alambana kA sahArA lekara paidA hote hai-- (sAmmaNA) A. jo dhamma kisI AlambanakAsahArA lekaranahIM paidA hote-(anArammaNA) 56. a. jo cetanA-svarUpa haiM--(cinA) A. jo cetanA-svarUpa nahIM haiM--(no cittA) a. jo citta kI sahagata avasthAe~ haiM--(cetasikA) A. jo citta kI sahagata avasthAe~ nahIM hai--(acetasikA) a. jo cetanA me yukta haiM--(cittasampa yuttA) A. jo cetanA se yukta nahIM haiM--(cittavippayuttA) 59. a. jo cetanA se saMmaSTa haiM--(cittasaMsaTThA) A. jo cetanA me gamRSTa nahIM hai--(cittavisaMsaTThA) 60. a. jo cetanA ke dvArA utpanna kiye jAte haiM--(cittasamudrAnA) A. jo cetanA ke dvArA utpanna nahIM kiye jAte--(no cittasamudrAnA)

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61. a. jo cetanA kI utpatti ke sAtha utpanna hone vAle haiM--(citta sahabhuno) A. jo cetanA kI utpatti ke sAtha utpanna hone vAle nahIM haiM--(no citta sahabhuno) 62. a. jo cetanA ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho jAte haiM--(cittAnuparivattano) A. jo cetanA ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartita nahI hote--(no cittAnuparivattino) 33. A. jo cetanA se saMyukta hai aura usI ke dvArA paidA bhI hone vAle hai--cittasaMsaTThasamudrAnA) A. jo cetanA se saMyukta nahIM haiM kintu usake dvArA paidA hone vAle haiM--(no-cittasaMsaTThasamuThAnA) 64. a. jo cetanA se mukta hai, usake dvArA paidA hone vAle haiM aura usake sAtha rahane vAle haiM--- (citta-saMsaTTha-samuTThAna-mahabhuno) A. jo na cetanA se yukta hai na usake dvArA paidA hone vAle haiM aura na usake sAtha rahane vAle haiM-- (no citta-saMsaTTha-samuTThAna-sahabhuno) 65. a. jo cetanA se yukta haiM, usake dvArA paidA kiye jAte haiM aura usake parivartana ke sAtha parivartita ho jAte haiM-- (citta-saMsaTTha-samudrAnAnuparivattino) A. jo na cetanA se yukta haiM, na usake dvAra paidA kiye kiye jAte haiM aura na usake parivartana ke sAtha parivartita hote haiM--(no-citta-saMsaTTha-samuTThAnAnuparivaMttino) 66. a. jo kisI vyakti ke andara sthita haiM--(ajjhattikA) A. jo usake bAhara sthita haiM--(vAhirA) 67. a. jo pUrva-karmoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa ajita hai--(upAdA) A. jo pUrva-karmoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa arjita nahIM hai--(no upAdA) 68. a. pUrvavat-- (upAdinnA) A. " (anupAdinnA) 24

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( 370 ) (11-upAdAna-varga) 69. a. jo dhamma upAdAna (indriya dvArA grahaNa-svarUpa) haiM--(upAdAnA) A. jo dhamma upAdAna nahIM haiM- (no-upAdAnA) / a. jo dhamma upAdAna ko paidA karane vAle haiM--(upAdAniyA) A. jo dhamma upAdAna ko nahIM paidA karane vAle haiM--anupAdAniyA) 71. a. jo dhamma upAdAna se saMlagna haiM--(upAdAnasampayuttA) A. jo dhamma upAdAna se alaga haiM--(upAdAnavippayuttA) 72. a. jo dhamma svayaM upAdAna haiM aura upAdAna ko paidA karane vAle bhI haiM-(upAdAnA ceva upAdAniyA ca) A. jo dhamma svayaM upAdAna nahIM haiM kintu upAdAna . ko paidA karane vAle haiM-(upAdAniyA ceva no ca upAdAnA) 73. a. jo dhamma svayaM upAdAna haiM aura anya upAkanoM se saMlagna bhI haiM--(upAdAnA ceva upAdAnasampayuttA) A. jo dhamma svayaM upAdAna nahIM haiM (upAdAnasampayuttA ceva no ca kintu anya upAdAnoM se saMlagna haiM- upAdAnA) 74. a. jo dhamma svayaM upAdAnoM se alaga hai kintu unheM paidA karane vAle haiM--(upAdAnavippayuttA upAdAniyA) A. jo dhamma upAdAnoM se alaga hai aura unheM paidA karane vAle bhI nahIM haiM--(upAdAnavippayuttA anupAdAniyA) (12-kleza-varga) 75. a. jo dhamma kleza (citta-mala--rAga, dveSa, mohAdi)-svarUpa hai--(kilesA) A. jo dhamma kleza-svarUpa nahIM hai--(no kilesA) a. jo dhamma kleza ko paidA karane vAle haiM--(saMkilesikA) A. jo dhamma kleza ko paidA karane vAle nahIM haiM- (asaMkilesikA) a. jo dhamma klezoM se yukta haiM--(saMkiliTThA) A. jo dhamma klezoM se yukta nahIM hai-- (asaMkiliTThA) 78. a, jo dhamma klezoM se saMlagna haiM--(kilesasampayuttA) A. jo dhamma klezoM se saMlagna nahIM hai--(kilesavippayuttA)

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( 371 ) 79. a. jo svayaM kleza-rUpa haiM aura valezoM ko paidA karane vAle bhI hai-(kilesA ceva saMkilesikA) A. jo svayaM kleza-rUpa nahIM haiM kintu klezoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM--(saMkilesikA ceva no ca kilesA) 80. a. jo svayaM kleza-rUpa haiM aura anya klezoM se yukta bhI haiM-(kilesA ceva saMkiliTThA ca) A. jo svayaM kleza-rUpa nahIM haiM kintu ___anya klezoM se yukta haiM--(saMkiliTThA ceva no ca kilesA) 81. a. jo svayaM kleza-rUpa haiM aura anya klezoM se ___saMlagna bhI haiM-(kilesA ceva kilesasampayuttA ca) A. jo svayaM kleza-rUpa nahIM haiM kintu anya klezoM se saMlagna haiM-kilesasampayuttA ceva no ca kilesA) 82. a. jo svayaM kleza se alaga haiM kintu klezoM ko paidA karane vAle haiM-(kilesavippayuttA saMkilesikA) A. jo svayaM kleza se alaga haiM aura klezoM ko paidA karane vAle bhI nahIM haiM--(kilesavippayuttA asaMkilesikA) 83. A. jo dhamma 'darzana' ke dvArA haTAye yA naSTa kiye jA sakate haiM--(dassane na pahAtabbA) A. jo dhamma 'darzana' ke dvArA nahIM haTAye yA naSTa kiye jA sakate--(na dassanena pahAtabbA) 84. a. jo dhamma 'bhAvanA' ke dvArA haTAye yA naSTa kiye jA sakate haiM (bhAvanAya pahAtabbA) a. jo dhamma 'bhAvanA' ke dvArA haTAye yA naSTa nahIM kiye jA sakate-(na bhAvanAya pahAtabbA) 85. a. jina dhammoM ke hetu 'darzana' ke dvArA naSTa kiye jA sakate haiM-(dassanena pahAtabba-hetukA) A. jina dhammoM ke hetu 'darzana' ke dvArA naSTa nahIM kiye jA sakate-(na dassanena pahAtabba-hetukA) 86. a. jina dhammoM ke hetu 'bhAvanA' ke dvArA naSTa kiye jA sakate haiM--(bhAvanAya pahAtabbahetukA)

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( 372 ) A. jina dhammoM ke hetu 'bhAvanA' ke dvArA naSTa nahIM kiye jA sakate / -(na bhAvanAya pahAtabba hetukA) 87. a., jina dhammoM ke sAtha 'vitarka' saMlagna hai--(savitakkA) __A. jina dhammoM ke sAtha 'vitarka' saMlagna nahIM hai- (avitakkA) 88. a. jina dhammoM ke sAtha 'vicAra' saMlagna hai (savicArA) A. jina dhammoM ke sAtha 'vicAra' saMlagna nahIM hai--(avicArA) 89. A. jina dhammoM ke sAtha 'prIti' saMlagna hai--(sappItikA) A. jina dhammoM ke sAtha 'prIti' saMlagna nahIM hai--(appItikA) 90. a. jo dhamma 'prIti' ke sahacara haiM-(pItisahagatA) A. jo dhamma 'prIti' ke sahacara nahIM haiM--(na-pItisahagatA) 91. a. jo dhamma 'mukha' ke sahacara haiM--(sukhasahagatA) A. jo dhamma 'sukha' ke sahacara nahIM haiM--(na sukhasahagatA) 92. a. jo dhamma 'upekSA' ke sahacara haiM--(upekkhAsahacarA) A. jo dhamma 'upekSA' ke sahacara nahIM hai-(na upekkhAsahacarA) 93. a. jina dhammoM kA sambandha kAmanAoM ke loka (kAmAvacara) se hai-- (kAmAvacarA) A. jina dhammoM kA sambandha kAmanAoM ke loka (kAmAvacara) se nahIM hai -(na-kAmAvacarA) 94. a. jina dhammoM kA sambandha rUpa-loka (rUpAvacara) se hai-(rUpAvacarA) A. jina dhammoM kA sambandha rUpa-loka (rUpAvacara) se nahIM hai-(na rUpAvacarA) 95. a. jina dhammoM kA sambandha arUpa-loka se hai-(arUpAvacarA) A. jina dhammoM kA sambandha arUpa-loka se nahIM hai-(na-arUpAvacarA) 96. a. jo dhamma AvAgamana ke cakra meM nihita haiM-(pariyApannA) A. jo dhamma AvAgamana ke cakra meM nihita nahIM haiM- (apariyApannA) 97. a. jo dhamma nirvANa kI prApti karAne vAle haiM--(niyyAnikA) A. jo dhamma nirvANa kI prApti karAne vAle nahIM haiM--(aniyyAnikA) 98 .a. jina dhammoM ke pariNAma sunizcita haiM-(niyatA) ___ A. jina dhammoM ke pariNAma munizcita nahIM haiM--(aniyatA)

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( 373 ) 99. a. jinake Age bar3hakara bhI kucha dhamma haiM--(sa-uttarA) A. jinase Age bar3hakara aura koI dhamma nahIM haiM--(anuttarA) 100. a. jo dhamma duHkhadAyI pApa-karmoM se yukta haiM--(saraNA) ___ A. jo dhamma duHkhadAyI pApa-karmoM se yukta nahIM hai---(araNA) uparyukta 122 vargIkaraNoM meM dhammoM kA vizleSaNa 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM kiyA gayA hai / vAstava meM ina vargIkaraNoM meM bhI prathama vargIkaraNa (kuzala, akuzala, avyAkRta) hI naitika dRSTi se adhika mahatvapUrNa hai / ata: dhammasaMgaNi meM mAnasika aura bhautika jagat ke sAre tatvoM ko pradhAnataH inhIM tIna zIrSakoM meM pahale vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ pahale uparyukta tatvoM kA vizleSaNa kara yahI jijJAsA kI gaI hai ki inameM se kauna se dhamma kuzala haiM, akuzala haiM, yA avyAkRta haiN| zeSa 121 vargoM meM dhammoM ke vizleSaNa ko to anta meM prazna aura uttara ke rUpa meM hI saMkSepa meM samajhA diyA gayA hai / ataH dhammasaMgaNi kA mukhya viSaya hai dhammoM kA kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta ke rUpa meM vizleSaNa / dhammasaMgaNi kI viSaya vastu cAra kAMDoM meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai, (1) cittuppAda-kaMDa (2) rUpakaMDa (3) nikkhepakaMDa aura (4) atthuddhAra kaMDa / pahale do kAMDoM meM mAnasika aura bhautika jagat kI avasthAoM kA kuzala ,akuzala aura avyAkRta ke rUpa meM vizleSaNa hai / pahale kAMDa meM kuzala, akuzala aura aMzataH avyAkRta kA vivecana hai aura dUsare kAMDa meM avyAkRta ke adhUre vivecana ko pUrA kiyA gayA hai / tIsare aura cauthe kAMDoM meM inakA saMkSepa hai aura zeSa 121 vargoM ke svarUpa ko praznottara ke rUpa meM samajhAyA gayA hai / cUMki dhammoM kI gaNanA kuzala, akuzala Adi vargoM meM karane ke atirikta svayaM unake svarUpa kA bhI vizleSaNa dhammasaMgaNi meM kiyA gayA hai, ataH isa dRSTi se unake cAra kAMDoM ko citta, cetasika aura rUpa (jina tIna vargoM meM usane dhammoM ko unake svarUpa bheda kI dRSTi se vibhakta kiyA hai ) ina tIna zIrSakoM meM bhI vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se prathama kAMDa citta ,cetasika aura unake nAnA upavibhAgoM kA evaM dUsare kAMDa meM rUpa (bhautika jagata kA samaSTi-gata rUpa) kA varNana hai| tIsare aura cauthe kAMDoM meM yahA~ bhI saMkSepa hI haiM / dhammasaMgaNi ke isa dvividha vibhAga ke kAraNa hI usake vivecana meM itanI durUhatA A gaI hai / pahale hama

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( 374 ) citta aura usakI sahagata avasthAoM (cetasika) ke vizleSaNa aura kuzala ,akuzala Adi ke rUpa meM usake vibhAjana ko ,jo pahale kAMDa meM kiyA gayA hai, lete haiN| citta kA artha hai cetanA / cetanA ko bauddha darzana meM bar3e vyApaka artha meM liyA gayA hai / bhagavAn ne svayaM kahA hai "cetAnAhaM bhikkhave kammaM vadAmi" arthAt "bhikSuo! cetanA ko hI maiM karma kahatA hU~ / " isa buddha-vacana se hI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki abhidhamma meM cetanA kA itanA sUkSma vizleSaNa kyoM kiyA gayA hai| karma ke zubha, azubha svarUpoM kA cetanA se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai, ataH usakA vizleSaNa pratyeka pUrNa AcaraNa-darzana ke lie Avazyaka hai / dhammasaMgaNi ke nirdezAnusAra citta kI cAra bhUmiyA~ haiM, jina para agrasara hotA huA vaha isa bahirjagat kI caMcalatAoM se Upara uThakara nirvANa kI ora abhimukha hotA hai| ina cAra bhUmiyoM ke nAma haiM, kAmAvacara-bhUmi, rUpAvacara-bhUmi, arUpAvacara-bhUni aura lokottarabhUmi |jis jIvana aura jagat meM hamArA sAmAnya-jIvana-pravAha calanA hai vaha kAmanAoM kA loka hai| yahA~ janma se lekara mRtyu taka hama kAmanAoM kI pUrti meM hI lage rahate haiM / eka kAmanA dUsarI kAmanA ko janma detI hai aura anta meM atRpta kAmanAoM ke sambala ko lekara hI hama dUsare janma meM praveza kara jAte haiN| citta kI samatA yahA~ nahIM miltii| yahI citta kI kAmAvacara (kAmanAoM meM vicaraNa karane vAlI) bhUmi hai| citta kI dUsarI bhUmi rUpAvacara hai / rUpAvacarabhUmi se tAtparya hai dhyAna-bhUmi para sthita citta / rUpAvacara zabda dhyAna ke artha meM pAli-sAhitya meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai| citta kI isa avasthA meM dhyAna kA viSaya yA 'karmasthAna' rUpavAn padArtha yA bAhya jagat kA koI dRzya padArtha hI hotA hai, ataH ise rUpa-saMbaMdhI citta kA dhyAna hI kahanA cAhie / citta kI tIsarI avasthA meM bAhya dRzya -padArtha ke cintana se haTakara citta Antarika aura kisI rUpa-rahita Alambana (karmasthAna) kA cintana karane lagatA hai, jaise AkAza kI anantatA, jJAna kI anantatA, akiMcanatA kI anantatA yA anta meM aisI sUkSma avasthA jisameM cetanA ke bhI hone yA na hone kA nirdhAraNa na kiyA jA sake / yahI citta kI arUpAvacara bhUmi hai, arthAt arUpa-saMbaMdhI citta kA dhyAna ! yahAM rUpa kA sarvathA astaMgamana ho jAtA

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( 375 ) hai / cina kI cauthI avasthA kA nAma hai lokotara-bhUmi / yahA~ Ate-Ate yogI anitya, duHkha aura anAtma kA cintana karate-karate nirvANa rUpI Alambana para dhyAna karane lagatA hai, jisase usakI sArI icchAe~ naSTa ho jAtI haiN| eka-eka karake vaha apane sAre bandhanoM ko naSTa kara DAlatA hai aura usakA citta usa sarvottama bhUmi meM pahu~ca jAtA hai. jo lokottara hai / isa bhUmi kA saMbaMdha cAra Arya-mArgoM aura unake phaloM (srota Apatti Adi) se hai| yahA~ pahu~cakara phira tRSNA yA avidyA ke phande meM par3anA nahIM hotaa| citta phira lobha, dveSa aura moha kI ora nahIM lauTa sakatA / isIlie yaha bhUmi lokottara hai| citta ko ina cAra bhUmiyoM ko samajha lene ke bAda hameM citta ke kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta svarUpa ko kucha aura adhika samajha lenA cAhie / phira citta ke bhedoM ko samajhanA hamAre lie AsAna ho jaaygaa| kuzala citta vaha hai jo lobha, dveSa ,moha Adi se rahita ho / akuzala citta inase yukta hotA hai| avyAkRta citta vaha hai jo icchA se rahita hotA hai / yA to yaha atyaMta svAbhAvika rUpa se pUrva-janma ke karmoM ke pariNAma svarUpa prApta hotA hai jisameM icchA karane yA na karane kA koI mavAla hI nahIM hotA aura isa janma ke karmoM se saMbaddha na hone kAraNa jisakA svarUpa bhI aspaSTa aura avyAkhyeya (avyAkRta) hotA hai, yA yaha vigata-tapNa usa pUrNa puruSa (arhat) kI cittAvasthA kA sUcaka hotA hai jisake isa janma ke kuzala karma bhI vAstava meM hetu yA icchA se rahita hote haiM aura jo Age ke lie vipAka bhI paidA nahIM karate / isalie ve bhI avyAkRta yA avyAkhyeya hote hai / isa dRSTi se avyAkRta citta ke do bhAga kiye gaye hai (1) vipAka-citta, jo pUrvajanma ke kuzala aura akuzala donoM prakAra ke cittoM ke pariNAma svarUpa ho sakate haiM aura (2) kriyA-citta, jo arhat kI citta-avasthA ke sUcaka hai aura jinameM arhat ke citta kI kriyA-mAtra hI rahatI hai, para vAstava meM jo niSkriya' hote hai / pUrNatA prApta jJAnI puspa (arhat) kA citta sakriya cetanAtmaka hote hue bhI vaha karma-vipAka kI dRSTi se niSkriya hotA hai| cUMki arhat ke sabhI karma jJAnAgni dvArA dagdha kara diye gaye hote hai, ata: usakA citta 'kriyA' bhara karatA hai, usakA Age ke lie koI vipAka yA pariNAma nahIM bntaa| citta kI uparyukta

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( 376 ) cAra bhUmiyoM aura usake tIna svarUpoM meM usakI una 89 avasthAoM kA vargIkaraNa jo dhammasaMgaNi meM kiyA gayA hai bar3I acchI prakAra samajha meM aba sakatA hai / citta kI avasthAeN kula milAkara 89 haiM, jinameM bhUmiyoM kI dRSTi se 54 kAmAvacara-bhUmi se saMbaMdhita haiM, 15 rUpAvacara bhUmi se saMbaMdhita haiM, 12 apAvacara bhUmi se saMbaMdhita haiM aura 8lokottara bhUmi se saMbaMdhita haiM / kuzala-citta kI dRSTi me ina 89 citta kI avasthAoM meM se 21 avasthAeN kuzala-citta se saMbaMdhita haiM, 12 avasthAe~ akuzala - cina se saMbaMdhita haiM aura 56 avasthAe~ (36 vipAkacitta - 20 kriyA-citta) avyAkRta-citta se saMbaMdhita hai / inakA bhI adhika vizleSaNa kareM to 54 kAmAvacara bhUmi kI citta - avasthAoM meM se 8 kuzala-citta kI avasthAe~ haiM, 12 akuzala - citta kI avasthAe~ haiM aura 34 (23 vipAka citta + 11 kriyA-citta) avyAkRta- citta kI avasthAe~ haiM / 15 rUpAvacaracitta kI avasthAoM meM se 5 kuzala-citta saMbaMdhI avasthAe~ hai aura 10 (5 vipAka citta + 5 kriyA - citta) avyAkRta-citta saMbaMdhI avasthAe~ haiM / rUpAvacara-cittabhUmi meM akuzala-citta kI avasthAe~ sambhava nahIM hotIM / 12 arUpAvacara-bhUmi kI avasthAoM meM 4 kuzala-citta kI avasthAe~ haiM aura 8 (4 vipAka - citta + 4 kriyA - citta) avyAkRta-citta kI avasthAe~ haiM / 8 lokottara bhUmi kI avasthAoM meM se 4 kuzala-citta kI avasthAe~ haiM aura 4 avyAkRta citta ( kevala vipAka - citta) kI avasthAe~ haiM / arUpAvacara aura lokottara bhUmiyoM meM bhI akuzala- citta kA honA saMbhava nahIM / kuzala-trika kI dRSTi se bhI isI prakAra kA vistRta vizleSaNa kareM to 21 kuzala-cittoM meM se 8 kAmAvacara-bhUmi ke haiM, 5 rUpAvacara bhUmi ke haiM, 4 akhyAvacara bhUmi ke haiM aura 4 hI lokottara bhUmi ke haiM / 12 akuzala- cittoM meM kula kAmAvacara bhUmi ke hI hai, kyoMki anya ucca bhUmiyoM para akuzala citta kA honA saMbhava hI nahIM / 56 avyAkRtacitta kI avasthAoM meM se 34 (23 vipAka - citta + 11 kriyA- citta ) kAmAvara - bhUmi kI haiM, 10 (5 + vipAka -citta + 5 kriyA - citta) rUpAvacarabhUmi ko hu~, 8 (4 vipAka - citta + 8 kriyA-citta) arUpAvacara bhUmi kI haiM aura 4 lokottara bhUmi ( kevala vipAka - citta) kI haiM / abhI yaha gaNanA subodha nahIM jAna par3egI, kintu Age ke vivaraNa se sApha ho jAyagI / dhamma

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( 377 ) saMgaNi meM cUMki citta ke uparya kta 89 prakAroM kA vizleSaNa usake kuzala akuzala aura avyAkRta rUpoM kA mUlAdhAra lekara hI kiyA gayA hai, ataH usakI paddhati kA hI anusaraNa karate hue hama isa viSaya ko spaSTa kareMge / dhammasaMgaNi meM sarvaprathama jijJAsA kI gaI hai 'katame dhammA kusalA ?' arthAt kauna se dharma kuzala hai ?' isakA jo uttara diyA gayA hai, usakA niSkarSa isa prakAra hai-- 1. kusalA dhammA (ka) kAmAvacara-bhUmi ke 8 kusala-citta / kAmanAoM ke loka meM vicaraNa karatA huA manuSya bhI apane citta ko kuzala banA sakatA hai / isake lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha dhIre dhIre apane citta ko lobha, dveSa aura moha se vimukta kre| isake binA usakA citta kuzala yA sAtvika nahIM ho sktaa| jaba koI sAdhaka zubha karma karatA hai jisase usakA citta sAtvika banatA hai to kabhI to vaha aisA apane mana meM ThAnakara jJAna-pUrvaka karatA hai, arthAta vaha aisA vicAra-pUrvaka, socakara karatA hai ki aisA aisA karane se bhaviSya ke jIvana meM mere karmoM kA vipAka kuzala bnegaa| isa prakAra kI usakI citta-avasthA jJAna-saMprayukta yA jJAnayukta kahalAtI hai / udAharaNataH, eka manuSya buddhavandanA karatA hai aura socatA hai ki aisA karane se usakA zubha karma-vipAka banegA to usakA citta usa samaya jJAna-saMprayukta hai| kintu yadi eka bAlaka isI kAma ko dUsare ke anukaraNa para karatA hai to usake isa kAma meM isa jJAna kI bhAvanA nahIM hai ki yaha karma usake lie zubha karma-vipAka kA prasavakArI banegA / ataH usakA citta 'jJAna-viprayakta' yA jJAna se rahita hai / isI prakAra yadi koI karma dUsare kI preraNA para aura jhijhakapUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai to vaha 'sasAMskArika' (samaMkhArika) hai aura yadi vaha apanI hI Antarika preraNA aura vinA hicakicAhaTa ke kiyA jAtA hai to vaha 'asAMskArika' (amaMkhArika) hai| isI prakAra koI karma saumanasya kI bhAvanA se yukta (momanassa-sahagata) ho sakatA hai aura koI upekSA

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( 378 ) kI bhAvanA se yukta ( upekkhA - sahagata ) / itanA samajha lene para aba dhammasaMgaNi meM nirdiSTa nimnalikhita ATha kAmAvacara - kuzala- cittoM ko dekhie--) yathA- 1. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna- saMprayukta, asAMskArika 2. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, sasAMskArika 3. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna- viprayukta, asAMskArika 4. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna- viprayukta, sasAMskArika 5. upekSA se yukta, jJAna- saMprayukta, asAMskArika 6. upekSA se yukta, jJAna- saMprayukta, sasAMskArika 7. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, asAMskArika 8. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, sasAMskArika (kha) rUpAvacara bhUmi ke 5 kuzala - citta - kAmAvacara-bhUmi se Age bar3hakara yogI pRthvI, jala, teja Adi 26 rUpavAn padArthoM ko Alambana ( karmasthAna ) mAnakara dhyAna karatA hai / ima dhyAna kI pA~ca kramika avasthAe~ hotI haiM, jinakA manovaijJAnika svarUpa isa prakAra hai- 1. vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha 2. 3. 4. 1 77 23 ," 27 ,' ekAgratA vAlA prathama dhyAna dvitIya dhyAna tRtIya dhyAna caturtha dhyAna paMcama dhyAna 17 13 ," upekSA ( samacittatva ) - (ga) a - rUpAvacara bhUmi ke 4 kuzala- citta ( rUpAvacara-dhyAna se Age bar3hakara yogI rUpavAn karmasthAnoM ko chor3a detA hai aura rUpa-rahita vastuoM kA dhyAna karane lagatA hai, jinakI cAra kramika avasthAe~ isa prakAra hai ( 1 ) ananta AkAza kA dhyAna ( 2 ) ananta vijJAna kA dhyAna naiva - saMjJA - nAsaMjJA ( 3 ) ananta AkiMcanya ( zUnyatA ) kA dhyAna aura ( 4 ) (citta kI vaha sUkSma avasthA jisameM na yaha kahA jA sake ki saMjJA hai aura na yaha 23

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( 379 ) kahA jA sake ki saMjJA nahIM hai) kA dhyAna / dhyAna kI yahI cAra avasthAe~ arUpAvacara kahalAtI haiM / ataH ina saMbaMdhI cAra kuzala-cittoM ke nAma hai -- ) 1. AkAzAnantyAyatana kuzala- citta 2. vijJAnAnatyAyatana kuzala-citta 3. AkiJcanyAyatana kuzala-citta 4. naiva-saMjJA-nAsaMjJAyatana kuzala-citta (gha) lokottara - bhUmi cAra kuzala-citta ( arUpa- samAdhi me uThakara yogI phira avidyA ke prabhAva meM A sakatA hai / isase bacane ke lie use Age dhyAna-sAdhanA karanI hotI hai / vaha dhIre-dhIre citta ke bandhanoM ko haTAtA hai aura anitya, duHkha aura anAtma kI bhAvanA karatA hai / aisA karate-karate vah citta kI lokottara avasthA meM praveza kara jAtA hai, jisakI nimnalikhita cAra avasthAe~ haiM- 1. srota Apatti-mArga - citta (jo nirvANa-gAmI srota meM par3a gayA hai ) 2. sakRdAgAmi-mArga - citta ( jise eka bAra aura janma lenA hai ) 3. anAgAmi-mArga - citta ( jise aba lauTanA nahIM hai- arthAt jo isI janma meM nirvANakA sAkSAtkAra kara legA ) 4. arhan-mArga-citta (jisane nirvANa kA pUrNa sAkSAtkAra kara liyA hai) 2- kusalA dhammA dhammasaMgaNi kI dUsarI mukhya jijJAsA hai, 'katame dhammA akusalA ?' arthAt kauna se dhamma akuzala hai ?' isakA jo uttara diyA gayA hai, usakA niSkarSa yaha hai- (ka) lobha- mUlaka ATha akuzala-citta ( lobha ke kAraNa manuSya azubha karma karatA hai / kabhI aisA karane meM use citta kI prasannatA bhI hotI hai aura kabhI mAtra upekSA kI bhAvanA mI bhI rahatI hai / ye donoM kriyAe~, kramazaH saumanasya se yukta ( somanassamahagata ) aura upekSA yukta ( upekkhA mahagata ) kahalAtI hai, jaisA hama kuzala citta ke viSaya meM bhI dekha cuke haiN| isI prakAra lobha-mulaka koI burA kAma kisI mithyA dhAraNA

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( 380 ) kA sahArA lekara kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise yaha to merA kartavya hI hai Adi (yApi bhAvanA to usameM lobha kI hI rahatI hai) to usa dazA meM yaha duSTigata-yukta (diTTigata-sampayutta) kahalAyegA / yadi isa prakAra kI mithyA-dhAraNA kA sahArA nahIM liyA gayA hai to vaha dRSTigata-viprayukta yA mithyA-dhAraNA se mukta (digita-vippayutta) kahalAyagA / isI prakAra dUsare kI preraNA se, jhijhaka pUrvaka kiye hue lobhamUlaka duSkRtya ko 'sasAMskArika' (sasaMkhArika) kaheMge aura binA kisI dUsare kI preraNA ke aura binA jhijhaka ke sAtha kiye hue karma ko 'asAMskArika (asaMkhArika) kaheMge, jaisA hama kuzala-citta ke vivecana meM bhI pahale dekha cuke haiN| yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki lobha-mUlaka akuzala-citta kAmanAoM ke loka (kAmAvacara-bhUmi) meM hI ho sakate haiN| isase Age unakI pahuMca nhiiN| ATha prakAra ke lobha-mUlaka akuzala-cittoM ke svarUpa kA paricaya dekhie--- 1. saumanasya ke sAtha, mithyA dhAraNA se yukta, asAMskArika 2. saumanasya ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se yukta, sasAMskArika 3. saumanasya ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se rahita, asAMskArika 4. saumanasya ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se rahita, sasAMskArika 5. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se yukta, asAMskArika 6. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyA dhAraNA se yukta, sasAMskArika 7. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyA dhAraNA se rahita, asAMskArika 8. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyA-dhAraNA se rahita, sasAMskArika (kha) dveSa-mUlaka do akuzala-citta 1. daurmanasya ke sAtha, dveSa-yukta, asAMskArika ( cittakI dvepamayI avasthA meM sauma2. daurmanasya ke sAtha, dveSa-yukta, sasAMskArika ra nasya yA upekSA nahIM raha sktii| dveSa kI caMcalatApUrNa avasthA meM dhAraNAoM kA bhI koI vicaraNa nahIM hotaa|

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( 381 ) (ga) moha-mUlaka do akuzala-citta 1. (ajJAnamaya) upekSA ke sAtha, sandeha-yukta ( manakI moha-yukta avasthA meM 2. upekSA ke sAtha ,uddhatatA se yukta 2 asAMskArika yA sasAMskArika / hone kA savAla hI nahIM utthtaa| 3. avyAkatA dhammA dhammasaMgaNi kI tIsarI mukhya jijJAsA hai "katame dhammA avyAkatA"arthAt kauna se dharma avyAkRta haiM ? isake uttara kA niSkarSa prakAra hai a-vipAka-citta (ka) ATha kuzala vipAka-citta--avyAkRta citta ke do bheda haiM, vipAkacitta aura kriyA-citta, yaha hama pahale dekha cuke haiM / vipAka-citta pUrva janma ke karmoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa hote haiN| pUrva-janma ke zubha yA azubha-karmoM ke pariNAma svarUpa utpanna hone ke kAraNa unake kuzala-vipAka-citta aura akuzalavipAka-citta ye do svarUpa hote haiM / ATha kuzala vipAka-citta, jo anukUla padArthoM ke sAtha indriyoM ke saMnikarSa hone ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM, ye haiM-- 1. cakSu-vijJAna upekSA (na-sukha-na-duHkha) se yukta 2. zrotra-vijJAna 3. dhrANa-vijJAna 4. jihvA-vijJAna 5. kAya-vijJAna sukha yA saumanasya se yukta 6. manodhAtu upekSA se yukta 7. mano vijJAna-dhAtu upekSA se yukta 8. mano-vijJAna-dhAtu sakha yA saumanasya se akta saMkhyA 6, 7, 8 ke kuzala vipAka cittoM ko kramazaH 'sampaTicchanna' aura 'santIraNa' (7, 8) 'abhidhammattha' saMgaha meM kahA gayA hai / sampaTicchanna (sampraticchanna) kA artha hai grahaNAtmaka vijJAna aura 'santIraNa' (santIrNa) kA artha hai anusandhAnAtmaka vijJAna / cakSurAdi indriyoM ke sAtha unake viSayoM

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( 382 ) kA saMnikarSa hone para cakSu-vijJAna Adi utpanna ho jAte haiN| usake bAda citta ko kisI bAhya padArtha kI sattA kI anubhUti hotI hai aura vaha use grahaNa karane ke lie utsuka hotA hai / yahI citta kI avasthA 'sampaTicchanna' kahalAtI hai| jaba use grahaNa karane ke lie vaha anusandhAna karane lagatA hai to yahI avasthA 'santIraNa' kahalAtI hai / ina saba vyApAroM meM draSTA ko apane Apa kI cetanA nahIM hotii| ye sava vyApAra suSupta cetanA yA arddhacetanA kI avasthA meM hote haiN| ataH ina vijJAnoM kA koI hetu nahIM hotaa| ve pUrva janmoM ke zubha yA azubha karmoM ke pariNAma svarUpa hI udbhUta hote haiN| isa Aramabhika avasthA meM unameM sukha yA duHkha kI vedanA kA bhI savAla nahIM uThatA / ve upekSA (na-sukha-na-duHkha) kI vedanA se yukta hote hai| kAya-vijJAna avazya sukha yA du:kha kI vedanA se yukta hotA hai / (kha) ATha kAmAvacara vipAka-citta (pUrvajanma ke kuzala-cittoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa utpanna hone vAle vipAka-citta bhI unake samAna hI saMkhyA meM ATha haiM, yathA--- 1. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-samprayukta asAMskArika 2. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, sasAMskArika 3. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, asAMskArika 4. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, sasAMskArika 5. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, asAMskArika 6. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, sasAMskArika 7. upekSA me yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, asAMskArika 8. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, sasAMskArika (ga) sAta akuzala vipAka-citta (pUrva janma ke azubha-karmoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa utpanna) 1. cakSu-vijJAna upekSA (na-duHkha-na-mukha) se yukta 2. zrotra-vijJAna 3. ghrANa-vijJAna

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( 383 ) 4. jihvA-vijJAna 5. kAya-vijJAna-- duHkha yA daurmanasya se yukta 6. manodhAtu (sampaTicchanna) upekSA se yukta 7. manovijJAna-dhAtu (santIraNa) (gha)pA~ca rupAvacara vipAka citta-rUpAvacara-bhUmi ke pA~ca kuzala-cittoM ke pariNAma-(vipAka)svarUpa hI dUsare janma meM pA~ca vipAka-citta utpanna hote haiN| ataH unakA svarUpa bhI pUrvokta kuzala-cittoM ke anurUpa hI hai yathA-- 1. vitarka, vicAra, prIti sukha aura ekAgratA se yukta prathama vipAka-citta dvitIya vipAka-citta tRtIya vipAka-citta caturtha vipAka-citta upekSA paMcama vipAka-citta (Ga) cAra arUpAvacara vipAka-citta-arUpAvacara-bhUmi ke cAra kuzalacittoM ke vipAka-svarUpa utpanna hone ke kAraNa unake samAna hI haiM yathA-- 1. AkAgAnantyAyatana vipAka-citta 2. vijJAnAnantyAyatana vipAka-citta 3. AkicanyAyatana vipAka-citta 4. navasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana vipAka-citta (ca) cAra lokottara vipAka-citta-lokottara-bhUmikecAra mArga-cittoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa dUsare janma meM cAra phala-citta utpanna hote hai, jo isa prakAra hai-- 1. srota Apatti-phala-citta (srota Apatti ke phala ko prApta karane kI cetanA) 2. sakRdAgAmi-phala-citta (sakRdAgAmi-phala ko prApta karane kI cetanA ) 3. anAgAmi-phala-citta (isI janma meM nirvANa ke sAkSAtkAra rUpI phala ko prApta karane kI cetanA) 4. arhatva-phala-citta (arhatva-phala prApti kI cetanA)

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( 384 ) A-kriyA-citta (ka) tIna ahetuka kriyA citta kriyA-citta use kahate haiM jo na svayaM pUrva janmoM ke karmoM kA vipAka hotA hai aura na bhaviSya ke karmo kA vipAka banatA hai| usameM kevala 'kriyA-mAtra' (karaNamatta) rahatI hai| vAstava meM to vaha 'niSkriya' hI hotA hai, kyoMki usakA koI vipAka nahIM bntaa| vaha itanA svAbhAvika hotA hai ki usakA koI hetu bhI nahIM dikhAyA jA sktaa| udAharaNataH pUrNatA-prApta manuSya (arhat) kI hamI / isI lie use ahetuka bhI kahate haiM / isake tIna prakAra haiM jaise-- 1. manodhAtu--upekSA se yukta / 2. manovijJAna dhAtu-upekSA me yukta (sabhI prANiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai) 3. mano vijJAna dhAtu--sukha yA saumanasya se yukta (kevala arhat meM pAyA jAtA hai) 'abhidhammatthasaMha' meM ina tIna kriyA-citroM ko kramazaH paMcadvArAvajjana citta (indriya rUpI pA~ca dvAroM kI ora pravaNa hone vAlA, bAharI padArtha se unakA maMnikarpa hone para), manodvArAvajjana citta (mana ke dvAra kI ora pravaNa hone vAlA) aura hasituppAda-citta (arhat ke haMsane kI kriyAvAlA cina) kahA hai| arhata kA ha~sanA nitAnta svAbhAvika arthAt ahetuka hotA hai / na vaha svayaM kisI kA vipAka hotA hai aura na usakA Age koI vipAka banatA hai / (kha) kAmAvacara-bhUmi ke 8 kriyA-citta kAmAvacara-bhUmi ke 8 kuzalacittoM kA ullekha pahale ho cukA hai / sAdhAraNa avasthA meM unakA vipAka bhI dUsare janma meM hotA hai| kintu arhat kI jIvana-kriyAe~ to kisI vipAka ko paidA karatI nhiiN| unameM vAsanA yA tRSNA kA sarvathA abhAva rahatA hai| ataH ye kriyAe~ jaise dagdha ho jAtI hai| ata: pUrvokta 8 kuzalacitta hI arhat kI jIvana-dazA se sambandhita hokara ATha kriyA-citta bana jAte haiM, arthAt ve apane vipAka banane ke svabhAva ko chor3a dete haiN| unakA bAharI svarUpa to yahAM bhI pahale jaisA hI hai, yathA1. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, asAMskArika 2. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-saMprayuvata, sasAMskArika

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( 385 ) 3. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, asAMskArika 4. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, sasAMskArika 5. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, asAMskArika 6. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, sasAMskArika 7. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, asAMskArika 8. upekSA me yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, samAMskArika ga. rUpAvacara-bhUmi ke pA~ca kriyA-citta-ye citta bhI pUrvokta rUpAvacara-bhUmi ke 5 kuzala-cittoM aura vipAka-cittoM ke samAna haiM, antara kevala itanA hai ki kriyA-citta hone kI avasthA meM ye arhat ke citta kI avasthA ke sUcaka haiM, ataH bhaviSya meM vipAka paidA nahIM karate / arhat bhI ina pA~ca dhnAna kI avasthAoM ko prApta karatA hai kintu ye usake liye vipAka paidA nahIM krtiiN| inakA ullekha pahale do bAra ho cukA hai, ataH yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| gha. arUpAvacara-bhUmi ke cAra kriyA-citta--ye citta bhI pUrvokta arUpAvacara bhUmi ke 4 kuzala-cittoM aura vipAka-cittoM ke samAna haiN| antara bhI yahI hai ki kriyA-citta hone kI avasthA meM ye arhata ke citta kI avasthA ke sUcaka haiM, ata: bhaviSya meM vipAka paidA nahIM karate / arhat arUpa-loka kI ina cAra avasthAoM ko prApta karatA hai kintu ye usake liye vipAka paidA nahIM krtiiN| inakA bhI ullekha pahale do bAra ho cukA hai, ataH yahA~ punarAvRtti karanA nirarthaka hai| uparyukta prakAra citta ke 89 prakAroM kA kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta cittoM ke rUpa meM unakI uparyukta 4 bhUmiyoM para vizleSaNa 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM kiyA gayA hai / adhika sugama banAne ke liye inakA isa tAlikA ke dvArA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai

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( 386 ) citta-vibhedoM kA kuzala, akuzala Adi zIrSakoM meM vizleSaNa karane ke sAthasAtha 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM citta kI una avasthAoM (cetasika) kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, jo kisI vizeSa prakAra ke citta ke sAtha hI utpanna aura niruddha hotI rahatI haiM aura jinake Alambana aura indriya bhI usake samAna hI hote haiM / inheM cetasika' kahate haiM / 'cetasika' saMkhyA meM kula 52 hai, jinameM 13 aise haiM jo sAmAnya ('anya-samAna') haiM arthAt jo sabhI prakAra ke cittoM meM pAye jAte haiN| ina teraha meM bhI 7 to anivAryataH saba cittoM meM pAye jAte hai, aura 6 prakIrNa haiM. arthAt ve kabhI pAye jAte haiM, kabhI nhiiN| 25 cetasikoM kA eka varga 'zobhana cetasika' kahalAtA hai, jinameM 19 cetasika aise haiM jo sabhI kuzala-cittoM meM pAye hai aura 6 aise hai jo saba meM nahIM pAye jAte / 14 cetasika 'akuzala' hai, arthAt ve kevala akuzala-citta meM hI pAye jAte haiN| unameM bhI 4 mUlabhUta akuzala cetasika haiM, jo sabhI akuzala cittoM meM pAye jAte haiM / bAkI 10 akuzala cetasika aise haiM jo saba akuzala-cittoM meM nahIM pAye jAte / inakA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai 52 cetasika yA citta kI sahagata avasthAe~ 1--13 anya-samAna (sabhI cittoM meM sAmAnyataH pAye jAne vAle) cetasika a-3 sarva-citta-sAdhAraNa arthAt anivAryataH saba cittoM meM pAye jAne vAle, jaise ki 1. sparza (phasso) 2. vedanA (vedanA) 3. saMjJA (saJjA) 4. cetanA (cetanA) 5. ekAgratA (ekaggatA) 6. jIvitendriya (jIvitindriyaM) 7. manasikAra (manasikAro) A. 6 prakIrNaka arthAt jo kisI citta meM pAye jAte hai, kisI meM nahIM, jaise ki 8. vitarka (vitakko) 9. vicAra (vicAro)

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kAmAvacara bhUmi rUpAvacara bhUmi arUpAvacara bhUmi lokottara bhU (kuzala) 3. 32 1. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, asAMskArika 2. , jJAna- saMprayukta, sasAMskArika jJAna- viprayukta, asAMskArika 4. saumanasya se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, sasAMskArika 5. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-saMprayukta, asAMskArika 6. upekSA se yukta, jJAna- saMprayukta, sasAMskArika 7. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta, asAMskArika 8. upekSA se yukta, jJAna-viprayukta satAMskArika 9. vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha, ekAgratA 10. vicAra, prIti, sukha, ekAgratA 11. prIti, sukha, ekAgratA 12. sukha, ekAgratA 13. upekSA, ekAtratA 14. AkAzAnantyAyatana 15. vijJAnAnantyAyatana 16. kicanyAyatana 17. navasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana 18. srota Apatti mArga-citta 19. sakRdAgAmi- mArga-citta 20. anAgAmi-mArga - citta 21. a-mArga citta 21 cike bheda ( akuzala) (ka- lobhamUlaka) 22. saumanasya ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se yukta, asAMskArika 23. saumanasya ke sAtha, midhyAdhAraNA se yukta, sasAMskArika 24. saumanasya ke sAtha, midhyAdhAraNA se rahita, asAMskArika 25. saumanasya ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se rahita, sasAMskArika 26. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyA dhAraNA se yukta, asAMskArika 27. upekSA ke sAtha mithyAdhAraNA se yukta, sasAMskArika 28. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyA dhAraNA se rahita, asAMskArika 29. upekSA ke sAtha, mithyAdhAraNA se rahita sAMskArika | (kha-dveSamUlaka) 30. daurmanasya ke sAtha, dveSayukta, asAMskArika 31. daurmanasya ke sAtha, dveSayukta, sasAMskArika ( ga mohamUlaka) 32. upekSA ke sAtha, sandeha yukta, 33. upekSA ke sAtha, uddhatatA yukta 12 vipAka-cina (ka-kuzala-vika) 34-38. cakSu, dhotre, prANa, jilA aura kAya ke vijJAna 39. manodhAtu 40. manovijJAna dhAtu 41. manovijJAna dhAtu 42-49 = 1-6 57. 58. = (9-13 ) 59. 60. 61. (sa-akuzala-free) 50-54. kSuSa, dhANa, jilhA, aura kAya ke vijJAna | 7380 (1-8) 55. manodhAtu 56. manovijJAna- dhAtu 62. 60. = ( 18-17) 64. ( avyAkRta) 66. srota Apatti-phala-pita 67.] sakRdAgAmi-phala-cita 68. anAgAmi-phala-cina 69. ahaM-phala-vitta 36 kriyA-citta 70. manodhAtu upekSA ke sAtha 71. manovijJAnadhAtu upe kSAke sAtha 72. manovijJAnadhAtu sukha yA saumanasya ke sAtha 81. 1 82. 1 12 83. = (2011) 84. 85. 86. 87. (14-17) 88. 89. 20 - kevala arhatu kI citta-dazA

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( 387 ) 10. adhimokSa (nizcaya) (adhimokkho) 11. vIrya (vIriyaM) 12. prIti (pIti) 13. chanda (icchA) (chando) . 2. 25 zobhana cetasika, jo sAmAnyataH kuzala-citta aura unake anurUpa ___avyAkRta-cittoM meM pAye jAte haiMa. 19 zobhana-citta-sAdhAraNa' arthAt sabhI kuzala-cittoM meM pAI jAne vAlI citta kI avasthAe~ 14. zraddhA (saddhA) 15. smRti (sati) 16. hrI (hirI--naitika lajjA, pApa-saMkoca) 17. avatrapA (otappo-pApa-bhaya) 18. alobha (alobho) 19. adveSa (adoso) 20. tatramadhyasthatA (tatra majjhattatA-samacittatva) 21. kAya-prazrabdhi (kAyappassaddhi-kAyA kI zAnti) 22. citta-prazrabdhi (cittappassaddhi-citta kI zAnti) 23. kAyalaghutA (kAyalahutA-~-zarIra kA halkApana) 24. citta-laghutA (cittalahutA-citta kA halkApana) 25. kAyamRdutA (kAyamadutA) 26. cittamRdutA (cittamudutA) 27. kAyakarmajJatA (kAyamammaJatA) 28. cittakarmajJatA (cittakammaJatA) 29. kAyaprAguNyatA (kAyupAguJatA) 30. citta prAguNyatA (cittapAguJatA) 31. kAya-RjutA (kAyujukatA-kAyA kI saralatA) 32. cina-RjutA (citta jukatA--citta kI saralatA) A. 6 gobhana-cetasika jo kinhIM kuzala-cittoM meM pAye jAte hai kinhIM meM nahIM, yathA

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( 388 ) / kahate haiM 33. samyak vANI (sammAvAcA-vAcika duzcaritoM se virati) tInoM 34. samyak karmAnta (sammAkammanto-kAyikaduzcaritoMsevirati) 35. samyak AjIva (sammA AjIvo-jIvikA sabaMdhI duzcaritoM se virati) 36. karuNA ) ina donoM ko a-parimANa (parimANa-rahita) kahate haiM 37 muditA, kyoMki inheM kisI hada taka bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai / 38. prajJA-indriya (pacindriyaM--amoha) 3. 14 akuzala cetasika jo sAmAnyataH akuzala-cittoM meM pAye jAte haiM, jinameM a. 4 mUla-bhUta akuzala cetasika jo sabhI akuzala-cittoM meM anivAryataH pAye jAte haiM / yathA 39. moha (moho) 40. a-hro (ahirIka-duzcaritoM se lajjA na karanA) 41. an-avatrapA (anottappaM--kukarmoM se trAsa na mAnanA) 42. uddhatatA (uddhacca-caMcalatA) A. 10 akuzala-cetasika jo kinhIM akuzala-cittoM meM pAye jAte hai, kinhIM meM nahIM, yathA 43. dveSa (doso) 44. IrSyA (issA) 45. mAtsarya (macchariyaM-kRpaNatA) 46. kaukRtya (kukkuccaM-duzcarita ke bAda santApa) 47. lobha (lobho) 48. mithyAdhAraNA (diTThi-dRSTi) 49. mAna (mAno-garva) 50. kAyika-Alasya (thInaM-styAna) 51. mAnasika Alasya (middhaM, mRddha) 52. vicikitsA (vicikicchA-sandeha) citta ke 89 vibhedoM meM se pratyeka meM kauna kauna se cetasika upasthita rahate haiM, isakA vistRta vivecana, aneka punaruktiyoM ke sAtha, 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM kiyA gayA

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( 389 ) hai / usakI zailI ko samajhane ke liye cetasikoM kI isa vistRta sUcI ko dekhiye, jise 'dhammasaMgaNi' ne kAmAvacara-bhUmi ke kuzala-citta ke prathama bheda (dekhiye Upara citta-vibheda kI tAlikA) se hI sambandhita kiyA hai / prathama prakAra ke citta ko lakSya kara 'dhammasaMgaNi' kahatI hai "jisa samaya kAmAvacara-loka se sambandhita kuzala citta utpanna hotA hai, jJAna aura saumanasya se samprayukta, rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, sparza yA dhamma ke Alambana (viSaya) ko lekara, to usa samaya 1. (1) phasso hoti, (2) vedanA hoti (3) saJA hoti (4) cetanA hoti (5) cittaM hoti / 2. (6) vitakko hoti (7) vicAro hoti (8) pIti hoti (9) sukhaM hoti (10) cittassekAggatA (citta kI ekAgratA) hoti / 3. (11) saddhindriyaM (zraddhA-indriya) hoti (12) viriyindriyaM (vIrya-indriya) hoti (13) satindriyaM (smRti-indriya) hoti (14) samAdhindriyaM hoti (15) paJjindriyaM (prajJA-indriya) hoti (16) manindriyaM (mana-indriya) hoti (17) somanassindriyaM (saumanasya-indriya ) hoti (18) jIvitindriyaM hoti / 4. (19) sammAdiTThi (samyak dRSTi) hoti (20) sammAsaMkappo (sampaka saMkalpa) hoti (21) sammA vAyAyo (samyak vyAyAma) hoti (22) sammAsati (samyak smRti) hoti (23) sammA samAdhi (samyak samAdhi) hoti / 5. (24) saddhA-balaM (zraddhA rUpI bala ) hoti (25) viriya-balaM (vIrya rUpI bala) hoti, (26) sati-balaM (smRti rUpI bala) hoti (27) samAdhi-balaM hoti (28) paJjA-balaM (prajJA rUpI bala) hoti (29) hiribalaM (naitika lajjA rUpI bala) hoti (30) otappabalaM (pApa-bhaya rUpI bala) hoti 6. (31) alobho hoti (32) adoso hoti (33) amoho hoti (34) 1. yasmiM samaye kAmAvacaraM kusalaM cittaM utpanna hoti somanassa sahagataM jANa sampayuttaM rUpArammaNaM vA saddArammaNaM vA gandhArammaNa vA rasArammaNaM vA phoTThabArammaNaM vA dhammArammaNaM vA tasmiM samaye..... ...

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( 390 ) anabhijjA ( adroha ) hoti (35) abhyApAdo (a-vaira ) hoti ( 36 ) sammAdi hoti / 7. (37) hiri (hro - naitika lajjA ) hoti (38) otappaM ( pApa bhaya) hoti 8. (39) kAya-pasaddhi ( kAya - prazrabdhi- kAyA kI zAnti ) hoti / (40) citta-pasmaddhi hoti ( 41 ) kAya - lahutA ( kAyA kA halkApana ) hoti (42) citta-lahunA hoti (43) kAya - muditA ( kAyA kI praphullatA ) hoti (44) citta-muditA hoti (45) kAya - kammatA ( kAyA ke karmoM kA jJAna) hoti / (46) citta kammatA hoti (49) kAyajjukatA ( kAyA kI saralatA ) hoti (50) cittujjukatA hoti / 9. (51) sati hoti (52) sampaNaM ( samprajJAna ) hoti / 10. (53) samatho ( zamatha, zAnti ) hoti (54) vipassanA ( vipazyanAvidarzanA - antarjJAna) hoti / 11. (55) paggaho ( nizcaya ) hoti (56) avikkhepo ( citta - zAnti kA bhaMga na honA) hoti / uparyukta 56 citta-avasthAoM meM bahuta punarukti kI gaI hai / 29 aura 17; 5 aura 16; 6 aura 20; 10 14, 2327, 53 aura 56; 11 aura 14; 12, 21, 25 aura 55, 13, 22, 26 aura 51, 15, 19, 28, 33, 36, 52 aura 54; 29 aura 37; 31 aura 34 tathA 32 aura 35 saMkhyAoM kI avasthAe~ samAna hI haiM / ataH samAna avasthAoM ko nikAla dene para zepa 31 raha jAtI haiN| 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM isa prakAra ke vistAra bahuta adhika haiM aura unakI saMgati kevala vibhinna dRSTiyoM se kiye gaye vargIkaraNoM ke AdhAra para hI lagAI jA sakatI hai / kuzala- citta ke prathama bheda ke alAvA usake zeSa 20 bhedoM ko mahagata-avasthAoM kI bhI gaNanA usI ke AdhAra para kI gaI haiM / yahI paddhati bAda meM kAmAvacara bhUmi ke akuzala-citta ke 12 bhedoM ke viSaya meM tathA usake bAda vipAka citta kI cAroM bhUmiyoM ke 36 bhedoM ke viSaya meM aura anta meM kriyA-citta kI tIna bhUmiyoM ( kAmAvacara, rUpAvacara, aura arUpAvacara) ke 20 bhedoM ke viSaya meM prayukta kI gaI hai| ina sabakA vistRta vivaraNa abhidhamma ke pure darzana ko samajhane ke liye Avazyaka hai, kintu pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa

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( . 391 ) meM to inakA apekSAkRta gauNa sthAna hI ho sakatA hai / ata: yahA~ kevala moTI rUpa-rekhA upasthita kara dhammasaMgaNi' meM jisa zailI meM unakA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, usakA digdarzana mAtra karA diyA gayA hai / ' saMkSepa meM citta aura cetamitroM ke sambandha kA svarUpa isa nIce dI huI tAlikA se samajha meM A sakatA hai-- a--kuzala-citta cittoM ko krama saMkhyA cetasikoM ko saMkhyA jo unake andara pAye jAte haiM (pahale dI huI tAlikA ke anusAra) 1 evaM 2 13 anya samAna+25 zobhana = 38 3 evaM 4 uparyukta 38 meM se jJAna ko ghaTAkara =35 5 evaM 6 uparyukta 38 meM se prIti ko ghaTAkara =37 7 evaM 8 uparyakta 38meM se jJAna aura prIti donoM ko ghaTAkara uparyukta 38 meM se 3 viratiyoM (samak vANI, samyak karma , samyak =35 AjIva) ko ghaTAkara uparyukta 35 meM se vitarka ko ghaTAkara = 34 uparyukta 34 meM se vicAra ko ghaTAkara =33 uparyukta 33 meM se prIti ko ghaTAkara = uparyukta 32 meM se karuNA aura muditA (do a-pramANa) ko ghaTAkara 14-17 uparyukta ke samAna hI llh l 1 1. citta aura cetasikoM ke sambandha ke vistRta aura kramabaddha nirUpaNa ke lie dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa : abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda, pahalI, pRSTha 68110; jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 68-87; mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka (gAiDa zU di abhivamma piTaka, pRSTha 6-13) ne vizeSataH nirUpaNa-zailI kI dRSTi se hI vivaraNa diyA hai, ataH vaha pUrNa aura krama-baddha nahIM hai, kintu unakI dI huI sUciyA~ aura tAlikAeM bar3I mahattvapUrNa haiN|

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( 392 ) 18-21 prathama 38 meM se karuNA aura muditA ko ghaTAkara A-akuzala-citta 13 anya-samAna+4 mUlabhUta akuzala-+lobha+mithyA dRSTi =19 uparyukta 19+styAna aura mRddha (kAyika aura mAnasika Alasya) =21 uparyukta 19+mAna-mithyA-dRSTi = 19 uparyukta 21-+-mAna-mithyA-dRSTi =21 uparyukta saMkhyA 22 ke 19-prIti = 18 uparyukta 19----prIti--mithyAdRSTi+mAna lobha-mUlaka 2 moha-mUlaka dveSa-mUlaka uparyukta 19-prIti-mithyA-dRSTi +-mAna __ = 18 uparyukta 19-prIti--styAna+mRddha = 20 uparyukta 19---prIti--lobha-mithyA-daSTi +dveSa+IrSyA+mAtsarya+kaukRtya (cintA) uparyukta 20+styAna+mRddha =22 10 anya-samAna (prIti, adhimokSa, chanda ye tIna kula saMkhyA meM se chor3a dI gaI haiM)+moha-+ahIrika + anottappa+ uddhacca +vicikicchA =15 uparyukta 15--vicikicchA+ adhimokkho = 15 i-avyAkRta-citta (ka) karma-vipAka 34-38 ) 7 sarvacitta-sAdhAraNa evaM 50-54 bhI) 39 evaM 55 ) uparyukta 7+vitarka+vicAra+ evaM 41 aura 56 bhI adhimokSa ... 13 anya samAna meM se chanda aura prIti ko ghaTAkara = 11 40

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( 393 ) . 42-49 57-69 = 1-8, kintu karaNA--muditA--samyaka vANI--. samyak karma--samyak karma--samyak AjIva - 9-21 (kha) kriyA-citta 71-72 13 meM se chanda aura prIti ko ghaTAkara = 11 73-80 = 1-8, kintu samyak vANI, samyak karma evaM samyak AjIva ko ghaTAkara 81-89 'dhammamaMgaNi' ke prathama adhyAya yA kAMDa (cittuppAdakaMDa) kI viSaya-vastu aura zailI kA paricaya Upara diyA gayA hai / vAstava meM 'dhammasaMgaNi' kA yahI bhAga sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai / dUsarA adhyAya 'rUpa-kaMDa' eka prakAra isI kA pUraka hai / prathama kAMDa meM kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta kA varNana hai| rUpa bhI avyAkRta ke andara hI AtA hai| isakA varNana isa dUsare kAMDa meM kiyA gayA hai| rUpa kA artha hai cAra mahAbhUta aura unase nirmita sArA vastujagat / 'dhammasaMgaNi' meM kahA gayA hai 'cattAro ca mahAbhUtA catunnaMca mahAbhUtAnaM upAdAya rUpaM, idaM vuccati savvaM rUpaM' arthAt cAra mahAbhUta aura cAra mahAbhUtoM ke upAdAnase utpanna sArA dRzya rUpAtmaka jagat, yahI kahalAtA hai ruup| isa prakAra nirdiSTa rUpa kA vargIkaraNa hI isa kAMDa kA pradhAna viSaya hai / 104 prakAra ke duka, 103 prakAra ke trika, 22 prakAra ke catuSka aura isI prakAra gyAraha taka anya aneka prakAra ke vargIkaraNoM meM dazya jagat ko yahA~ bA~TA gayA hai / ina vargIkaraNoM meM kucha aisI prabhAvazIlatA yA maulikatA nahIM hai, jisake lie yahA~ inakA uddharaNa Avazyaka ho| zailI prAyaH vaisI hI hai jaisI prathama kAMDa meM / jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, 'dhammasaMgaNi' ke tIsare aura cauthe kAMDoM meM pUrva vivecita vastu ke hI saMkSepa hai aura adhikatara praznottara ke rUpa 1. dekhiye jJAnAtiloka : gAiDa zU di abhidhamma-piTaka, pRSTha 12 ke sAmane dI huI tAlikA 2. dekhiye abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 90-94

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( 394 ) meM dhammoM ke svarUpa ko una vargIkaraNoM meM bhI, jinako pahale nahIM liyA jA sakA hai, samajhA diyA gayA hai| tIsare kAMDa (nikkhepa kaMDa) aura cauthe kAMDa (atthu ddhArakaMDa) meM zeSa 21 trikoM aura 100 dvikoM meM dhammoM kA kyA svarUpa hogA, isI ko praznottara ke dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai / nivakhepakaMDa' ke kucha praznotnaroM ko lIjiye-- (1) katame dhammA sukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ? yasmi samaye kAmAvacaraM kusalaM cittaM uppannaM hoti somanassasahagataM ANasampayuttaM rUpArammaNaM vA saddArammaNaM vA gaMdhArammaNaM vA rasArammaNaM vA phoTThavvArammaNaM vA dhammArammaNaM vA ye vA pana tasmi samaye api paTiccasamppannA arUpino dhammA ThapetvA vedanAkkhandhaM, ime dhammA sukhAya vedanAya smpyuttaa|' (2) katame dhammA kusalA ? __tINi kusalamUlAni-alobho, adoso, amoho, taMsampayutto bedanAkkhandho, sAkkhandho, saMkhArakSandho, nibbANakkhandho, taMsamuTTAnaM kAyakamma, vacIkamma, manokamma, ime dhammA kusalA / (3) katame dhammA sappaccayA ? paMcakkhandhA, rUpakkhandho, vedanAkhandho, saJjAkkhandho, saMkhArakkhandho, 'vijJANakkhandho, ime dhammA sappaccayA / 3 1. kauna se dharma (padArtha) sukha kI saMvedanA se yukta haiM ? jisa samaya kAmAvacara-bhUmi meM kuzala-citta utpanna hotA hai, saumanasya aura jJAna se yukta, evaM rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, sparza aura dharma kA Alambana le kara, to usa samaya vaha aura anya bhI pratItyasamutpanna arUpavAn padArtha, vedanA-skandha ko chor3a kara, jo usa samaya paidA hote haiM, ve sabhI sukha kI saMvedanA se yukta dharma (padArtha) haiN| pAli-pATa, abhidhamma-philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI , pRSTha 95 meM uddhRt| 2. kauna se dharma kuzala haiM ? tIna kuzala-mUla, yathA alobha, adveSa, amoha, inase yukna tIna skandha, yathA vedanA-skandha, saMjJA-skandha, saMskAra-skandha, inase utpanna tIna prakAra ke karma yathA kAyika karma, vAcika karma, mAnasika karma, yahI saba dharma kuzala haiN| 3. kauna se dharma pratyayoM vAle hai ? pA~ca skandha, jaise ki rUpa-skandha, vedanA-skandha, saMjJA-skandha, saMskAra-skandha, vijJAna-skandha, yahI dharma pratyayoM vAle haiM /

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( 395 ) (4) katama dhammA appaccayA ? asaMkhatA dhAtu / ime dhammA appaccayA' / _ 'atyuddhAra-kaMDa' ke bhI kucha udAharaNa dekhiye-- (1) katame dhammA hetU ceva sahetukA ca ? ya tyaDhe tayo hetU ekato uppajjanti, ime dhammA hetU ceva sahetukAca / niHsandeha 'dhammasaMgaNi' kI gaNanAtmaka zailI itanI vicitra hai ki sAhitya kA sAmAnya vidyArthI usameM ruci nahIM le sakatA / usameM to 'karma' aura 'akarma' ke svarUpa kA gaveSI aura usake tatvoM ko gar3ha cetanA kI taha aura usakI sArI bhUmiyoM meM DhUMDhane ko udyata koI sAhityika bhikSu hI praveza kara sakatA hai| kyA kuzala hai aura kyA akuzala hai, inameM se kisI ko bhI svIkAra kara lene para citta kI kyA pragatiyA~ athavA adhomatiyA~ hotI haiM, unake kyA mAnasika nidAna aura lakSaNa hote haiM, kyA pratikAra hote haiM, unameM se kyA heya haiM yA kyA grAhaya hai, ina saba kI niSpakSa aura manovaijJAnika gaveSaNA manuSya ko kisI bhAvI naitika cetanA-pradhAnayuga meM jaba abhipreta hogI to 'dhammasaMgaNi' kI paMktiyoM ke AlavAloM meM phira maNiyoM aura mautiyoM ke thAle baneMge / abhI to hamane jahA~ kahIM se cune hue kucha puSpoM se usakI arcanA kI hai, jo bhI isa kiM-kuzala-gaveSaNA-vihIna yuga meM kahIM adhika hai / vibhaMga vibhaMga abhidhamma-piTaka kA dUsarA grantha hai / 'vibhaMga' kA artha hai vistRta rUpa se vibhAjana yA vivrnn| isI artha meM yaha zabda bhaddekaratna-suttanta (majjhima 1. kauna se dharma pratyayoM vAle nahIM haiM ? asaMskRta dhaatu| yahI dharma pratyayoM vAle nahIM haiN| 2. kauna se dharma svayaM hetu bhI haiM aura anya hetuoM se yukta bhI hai ? jahA~ do-tIna hetu eka jagaha utpanna hote haiM, to yahI dharma svayaM hetu bhI haiM aura anya hetuoM se yukta bhI haiN| uparyukta tathA anya pAli uddharaNoM ke lie dekhiye bhikSu jagadIzakAzyapaH abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 95-103 3. zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne isa grantha kA sampAdana romana lipi meM pAli TaiksT

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3 / 4 / 1) meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai / "bhikSuo ! tumheM bhaddekaratta (bhadrakarakta) ke uddeza (nAma-kathana) aura vibhaMga (vibhAga) kA upadeza karatA hU~, use suno, acchI taraha mana meM karo / " vibhaMga meM dhammasaMgaNi ke hI bRhad vizleSaNa ko varga-baddha kiyA gayA hai, ataH yaha usakA pUraka grantha hI mAnA jA sakatA hai / dhammasaMgaNi meM, jaisA hama abhI dekha cuke hai, dhammoM kA aneka dvikoM aura trikoM meM vizlepaNa kiyA gayA hai aura yahI usakA pradhAna viSaya hai / kintu dhammoM ke svarUpa ko spaSTarUpa se samajhAne ke lie vahA~ isa prakAra ke bhI prazna kiye gaye haiM, jaise kina-kina dhammoM meM kauna kauna se skandha, Ayatana, dhAtu, indriya Adi maMniviSTa hai| isa prakAra ke praznoM kA uddezya vahA~ skandha Ayatana aura dhAtu Adi ke saMbaMdha ke sAtha dhammoM ke svarUpa ko samajhAnA hI hai, na ki svayaM skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu Adi ke svarUpa kA vinizcaya karanA / yaha dUsarA kAma vibhaMga meM kiyA gayA hai| dhammasaMgaNi kA pradhAna viSaya dhammoM kA vizlepaNa mAtra kara denA hai, unakA skandha, Ayatana, aura dhAtu Adi ke rUpa meM maMzliSTa vargIkaraNa karanA vibhaMga kA viSaya hai / yadyapi dhammasaMgaNi ne dhammoM kA vizleSaNa karane ke bAda apUrNa DhaMga se yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki unameM kauna kauna se skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu Adi saMniviSTa haiM, kintu vibhaMga ne yahIM se usake sUtra ko pakar3akara usake sAre gantavya mArga ko hI jaise ulTA mor3a diyA hai / vibhaMga meM ina skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu Adi ko hI prasthAna vindu mAnakara yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki svayaM inameM kauna kauna me dhamma saMniviSTa haiM / ataH vastu pUraka hote hue bhI vastu kA vinyAsa yahA~ dhammasaMgaNi ke ThIka viparIta hai| yahA~ yaha kaha denA bhI aprAsaMgika na hogA ki dhammasaMgaNi kI 100 dvikoM aura 22 trikoM vAlI vargIkaraNa kI praNAlI ko bhI, jisakA nirdeza usakI 'mAtikA' aura nirvAha sAre grantha meM huA hai. vibhaMga ne AvazyakatAnusAra jyoM kA tyoM le liyA hai| ataH sosAyaTI, laMdana ke lie kiyA hai, jise ukta sosAyaTI ne san 1904 I0 meM prakAzita kiyaahai| isa grantha ke baramI, siMhalI aura syAmI saMskaraNa upalabdha hai| siMhalI lipi meM hevAvitaraNe-saMskaraNa adhika dhyAna dene yogya hai| hindI meM koI saMskaraNa yA anuvAda upalabdha nahIM /

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( 397 ) isa dRSTi se bhI vaha usa para avalaMbita hai / inhIM saba kAraNoM se vibhaMga kA adhyayana-krama bauddha paramparA meM sadA dhammasaMgaNi ke bAda hI mAnA hai / vibhaMga kI viSaya-vastu 18 vibhAgoM yA vibhaMgoM meM vibhakta kI gaI haiM, jinameM se pratyeka apane Apa meM pUrNa hai / vibhaMga ke 18 vibhAgoM yA vibhaMgoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- - (1) khandha - vibhaMga - - ( skandha - vibhaMga ) (2) Ayatana - vibhaMga - - ( Ayatana - vibhaMga ) (3) dhAtu-vibhaMga -- ( dhAtu vibhaMga ) (4) sacca vibhaMga - - ( satya - vibhaMga ) ( 5 ) indriya - vibhaMga -- ( indriya - vibhaMga ) (6) paccayAkAra-vibhaMga - - ( pratyayAkAra- vibhaMga ) (7) satipaTTAna - vibhaMga -- (smRtiprasthAna - vibhaMga ) (8) sammappadhAna vibhaMga - ( samyak pradhAna-vibhaMga ) (9) idvipAda vibhaMga -- (RddhipAda - vibhaMga) (10) bojbhaMga - vibhaMga -- ( bodhyaMga - vibhaMga ) (11) magga - vibhaMga --- ( mArga - vibhaMga ) (12) jhAna-vibhaMga - - ( dhyAna - vibhaMga ) (13) appamaJJa - vibhaMga -- ( a - parimANa - vibhaMga ) (14) sikkhApada - vibhaMga -- ( zikSApada - vibhaMga ) (15) paTisambhidA-vibhaMga -- ( pratisamvid - vibhaMga ) (16) ANa-vibhaMga -- ( jJAna - vibhaMga ) (17) khuddaka - vatthu - vibhaMga -- (kSudraka - vastu - vibhaMga ) (18) dhamma-hRdaya-vibhaMga - - ( dharma - hRdaya - vibhaMga ) pratyeka vibhaMga kA nAma usakI viSaya-vastu ke svarUpa kA sUcaka hai / prAyaH pratyeka hI vibhaMga tIna aMgoM meM vibhakta hai, ( 1 ) suttantabhAjaniya, ( 2 ) abhidhamma-bhAjaniya, (3) paJha - pucchakaM / suttanta - bhAjaniya meM nirukta kI jAne vAlI

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( 398 ) viSaya-vastu kA sutala AdhAra dikhalAyA gayA hai, arthAt jisa viSaya kA varNana karanA hai vaha kisa sImA taka yA kisa svarUpa meM suttapiTaka meM pAyA jAtA hai, isakA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / abhidhamma - bhAjaniya meM usakI abhidhamma mA usake AdhAra-svarUpa 'mAtikA' ke anusAra vyAkhyA hai / 'paJha pucchakaM' meM 'dvika' 'trika' Adi zIrSakoM ke rUpa meM praznottara haiM, jinameM saMpUrNa nirUpita viSaya kA siMhAvalokana evaM saMkSepa hai / aba hama pratyeka vibhaMga kI viSaya-vastu kA saMkSipta vivaraNa deMge / 1 - khandha - vibhaMga * ( pA~ca skandhoM kA vivaraNa ) vedanA, jise hama vyaktigata sattA ( jIvAtmA, pudgala) kahate haiM, vaha rUpa, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna kI samaSTi ke sivA aura kucha nahIM hai, aisI bauddha darzana kI mAnyatA hai / rUpa svayaM saMpUrNa bhautika vikAroM aura avasthAoM kI samaSTi hai | vedanA saMpUrNa saMvedanoM kI samaSTi hai / saMjJA saMpUrNa saMjAnana yA jAnane kI kriyA kI, vastu aura indriya ke saMyoga se utpanna citta kI usa avasthA kI, jisameM use vastu kI sattA kI sUcanA milatI hai, dUsare zabdoM meM samagra pratyakSoM kI, samaSTi hai / isI prakAra saMskAra bAhya aura Antarika sparzo (indriya-viSaya-saMnikarSo) ke kAraNa se utpanna samagra mAnasika saMskaraNoM kI aura vijJAna cakSurAdi indriyoM ke, tatsaMbaMdhI rUpAdi viSayoM yA AlambanoM-AyatanoM ke sAtha saMyukta hone para utpanna, cakSuvijJAna Adi vijJAnoM para AdhArita samagra citta-bhedoM kI samaSTi hai / rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna kA hI sAmUhika nAma 'paMca- skandha' hai / ina pA~coM skandhoM meM hI saMpUrNa nAma-rUpa-maya jagat ke mUla tatva nihita hai, aisA bauddha darzana mAnatA hai / 'paJca skandha' ke viSaya ko upanyasta karate hue vibhaMga ke AraMbha meM hI kahA gayA hai- -- paJcakkhandhA : rUpakkhandho, vedanAkkhandho, saJJAkgvandho, saMkhArakkhandho, viJcANakkhandho / ina paJcaskandhoM kA suttanta AdhAra dikhAne hue sunanta-bhAjaniya meM usa buddha vacana ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, jisameM ina pA~ca skandhoM meM se pratyeka ke viSaya meM yaha sAdhAraNa kathana kiyA gayA

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( 399 ) hai ki vaha bhUta, vartamAna yA bhaviSya kA bhI ho sakatA hai, vyakti ke bAhara yA bhItara kA bhI ho sakatA hai, sthUla yA sUkSma bhI ho sakatA hai, zubha yA azubha bhI ho sakatA hai, dUra kA yA samIpa kA bhI ho sakatA hai / rUpaviSayaka uddharaNa yaha hai, "jo kucha bhI rUpa hai. bhUta (atIta) kA, yA vartamAna (pratyutpanna) kA, yA bhaviSyat (anAgata) kA, vyakti ke bAhara kA (bahiddhA) yA bhItara (ajjhattaM) kA, sthUla (oLArika), yA sUkSma (sukhuma), zubha (kuzala), yA azubha (akuzala), dUra kA (dUre), yA samIpa kA (santike), usa saba kI samaSTi hI rUpa-skandha hai / " vedanAdi skandhoM ke viSaya meM bhI kucha thor3e-bahuta antara se isI krama kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| abhidhammabhAjaniya meM paJca-skandha kI vyAkhyA hai / rUpa ke vivecana meM 22 trikoM aura 100 dvikoM ko lekara akSarazaH vahI praNAlI baratI gaI hai jo dhammasaMgaNi meM / ataH usameM kucha navInatA nahIM hai / zeSa cAra skandhoM ke vivaraNoM meM bhI yadyapi viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se kucha navInatA nahIM hai, kintu inake alaga alaga vivaraNa dhammasaMgaNi kI viSaya-vastu ko adhika spaSTa kara dete haiM / vedanA ke viSaya meM batAyA gayA hai ki vaha sadA sparza (phasso-indriya-viSaya saMnikarSa) para AdhArita hai| vaha laukika bhI ho sakatI hai aura alaukika bhI, vitarkAdi se yukta bhI aura unase rahita bhI, sukha se yukta bhI, duHkha se yukta bhI, na-sukha na-duHkha se yukta bhii| kAmAvacara-bhUmi yA annapAvacara-bhUmi kI bhI ho sakatI hai, cakSu-saMsparza se bhI yukta ho sakatI hai, zrotra-saMsparza se bhI, Adi, Adi / eka saMkhyA se lekara dasa saMkhyA taka ke vargIkaraNoM meM vedanA-skandha kA vistRta vivaraNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai-- 1--vedanA-skandha 2. (1) sahetuka (2) ahetuka 3. (1) kuzala (2) akuzala (3) avyAkRta 4. (1) kAmAvacara (2) rUpAvacara (3) arUpAvacara (4) apariyApanna (vyaktigata jIvana-sattA se asambandhita)

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( 400 ) 5. (1) sukhendriya (2) duHkhendriya (3) saumanasyendriya (4) daurmanasyandriya (5) upekSendriya 6. (1) cakSu-saMsparzajA (2) zrotra-saMsparzajA (3) ghrANa-saMsparzajA (4) jihvA-saMsparzajA (5) kAya-saMsparzajA (6) mano-saMsparzajA 7. (1) cakSu-saMsparzajA, (2) zrotra-sasparzajA (3) ghrANa-saMsparzajA (4) jihvA-saMsparzajA, (5) kAya-saMsparzajA (6) manodhAtu-saMsparzajA (7) manovijJAnadhAtu-saMsparzajA 8. (1) cakSu-saMsparzajA (2) zrotra-saMsparzajA (3) ghrANa-saMsparzajA (4) jihvA-saMsparzajA (5) sukhAkAya-sasaMsparzajA (6) duHkhakAya-saMsparzajA (7) manodhAtu-saMsparzajA (8) manovijJAnadhAtu-saMspazajA 9. (1) cakSu-saMsparzajA (2)zrotra-saMparzajA (3) prANa-saMsparzajA (4) 'jihvAsaMsparzajA (5) kAya-saMsparzajA (6) manodhAtu-saMsparzajA (7) kuzalA manovijJAnadhAtusaMsparzajA (8) akuzalA manovijJAnadhAtusaMsparzajA (9) avyAkRtA manovijJAnadhAtusaMsparzajA 10. (1)cakSu-saMsparzajA (2) zrotra-saMsparzajA (3) ghrANa-saMsparzajA (4) jihvA-saMsparzajA (5) kAya-saMsparzajA (6) sukhA manodhAtu saMsparzajA (7) duHkhA manodhAtu saMsparzajA (8) kuzalA manovijJAnadhAtu saMsparzajA (9) akugalA manovijJAnadhAtu saMsparzajA (10) avyAkRtA manovijJAnadhAtu saMsparzajA / ___uparyukta sUcI meM kaI saMkhyAe~ aneka bAra saMgRhIta haiM / abhidhamma ke parigaNanoM meM yaha bAta naI nahIM hai / gaNanAoM ke pIche par3a jAne kI pravRtti kA hI yaha pariNAma hai| saMjJA, saMskAra, aura vijJAna skandhoM kA vivaraNa bhI jahA~-tahA~ alpa parivartanoM ke sAtha vedanA-skandha ke samAna hI diyA gayA hai / paJha-pucchakaM vibhAga meM prazna haiM, jaise paJcAnaM khandhAnaM kati kusalA ? kati akusalA ? kati avyAkatA? arthAt pA~ca skandhoM meM se kitane kuzala haiM ? kitane akuzala ? kitane avyAkRta? isI prakAra kati sukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ? kati dukkhAya vedanAya saMmpayuttA ? kati adukkhamasukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ? arthAt kitane sukha kI

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( 401 ) vedanA se yukta haiM, kitane duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiM, aura kitane na-duHkha-na-sukha kI vedanA se yukta haiM ? inake phira uttara diye gaye haiN| udAharaNataH Upara uddhRta prayama trika-praznAvalI kA uttara diyA gayA hai--rUpakkhandho avyAkato / trattAro khandhA siyA kusalA, siyA akusalA, siyA akusalA, siyA avyAkatA. arthAt rUpa-skandha avyAkRta hai| zeSa cAra skandha (vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna) kuzala bhI ho sakate haiM, akuzala bhI aura avyAkRta bhii| Upara uddhRta dvitIya trika praznAvalI kA uttara isa prakAra diyA gayA hai--dve khandhA na vattabbA sukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ti pi. dukkhAya vedanAya sampayuttA ti pi / tayo khandhA miyA sukhAya, dukkhAya adakkhamasukhAya vedanAya smpyuttaa| isakA artha yaha hai-do skandhoM (rUpa aura vedanA) ke viSaya meM to na to aisA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve sukha kI vedanA se yukta haiM aura na yaha ki ve duHkha kI vedanA se yukta hai| zeSa tIna skandha (saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna) sukha kI vedanA se bhI yukta ho sakate hai. duHkha kI vedanA se bhI aura-na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se bhii| ye udAharaNa mirpha gailI kA digdarzana mAtra karAne ke lie diye gaye hai / anyathA isa praznottarI meM eka-eka karake ve sabhI 22 trika aura 100 dvika ke vargIkaraNa saMnihita haiM, jinakA ullekha pahale ho cukA hai| uttaroM kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki ve saMkSipta hone ke mAya-sAya skandhoM kA nAma le le kara nirdeza nahIM karate, balki unakI kevala maMcyA ginA dete haiN| 2-aAyatana-vibhaMga (12 AyatanoM yA AdhAroM kA vivaraNa) suttanta-bhAjaniya meM 12 AyatanoM kA ullekha hai, jaise ki 1. cakSu-Ayatana 7. jihvA-Ayatana 2. rUpa-Ayatana 8. rasa-Ayatana 3. zrotra-Ayatana 9. kAya-Ayatana 4. zabda-Ayatana 10. spRSTavya-Ayatana 5. ghrANa-Ayatana 11. mana-Ayatana 6. gandha-Ayatana 12. dharma-Ayatana 26

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( 402 ) ye saba Ayatana anitya, duHkha aura anAtma haiM, itanA hI kahakara suttantabhAjaniya samApta ho jAtA hai| abhidhamma bhAjaniya meM uparyukta 12 AyatanoM ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / "kyA hai cakSu-Ayatana ? yaha cakSu, jo cAra mahAbhUtoM se utpanna, vyaktigata sattA se abhinna rUpa se saMbaMdhita, anubhUti (pasAda) rUpI svabhAvavAlI, pratyakSa kA aviSaya (anidassaM--kyoMki pratyakSa to kevala raMga, prakAza Adi ke anubhavoM kA hotA hai) kintu sAtha hI indriya anubhavoM para pratikriyA karanevAlI (sappaTigha) hai-yahI adRzya cakSu, jisakI indriya anubhavoM para pratikriyA ke kAraNa vyakti anubhava karatA hai ki usane kisI dRzya padArtha ko dekhA hai, dekhatA hai, yA dekhegA, yahI kahalAtA hai ckssu-aaytn|" isI prakAra zrotra, trANa jihvA aura kAya-saMbaMdhI AyatanoM kI bhI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| cakSu, zrotra, prANa, jihvA aura kAya saMbaMdhI vijJAnoM, manodhAtu aura manovijJAnadhAta ke samaSTigata svarUpa ko hI 'mana-Ayatana' kahA gayA hai| cAra mahAbhUtoM se utpanna saMpUrNa bhautika vyApAra, jo raMga Adi ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai, 'rUpAyatana' kahA gayA hai / bAraha AyatanoM meM se pA~ca indriya AyatanoM (cakSa, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, kAya) aura pA~ca viSaya-AyatanoM (rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, spRSTavya), ina dama AyatanoM ko bhautika kahA gayA hai aura mana-Ayatana ko mAnasika / dharma-Ayatana bhautika bhI ho sakatA hai aura mAnasika bhI, atIta kA bhI, vartamAna kA bhI, aura bhaviSyat kA bhI, vAstavika bhI, aura kAlpanika bhii| 'paJha pucchaka' meM skandha-vibhaMga ke namUne para hI prazna hai, yathA (1) dAdasAyatanAnaM kati kamalA ? kati akusalA? kati avyAkatA ? arthAt 12 AyatanoM meM se kitane kuzala haiM, kitane akuzala, kitane avyAkRta ? (2) kati sukhAya vedanAya sampayunA? kati dukkhAya vedanAya sammayunA? kati adukkhamasukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA? arthAt kitane sukha kI vedanA se yukta hai ? kitane duHkha kI vedanA se yukta hai ? kitane na-duHkha-na-pukha kI vedanA se yukta hai ? Adi, aadi| inake uttara bhI kramazaH dekhie, (1) dasa Ayatana (cakSu, rUpa, zrotra, zabda, ghrANa, gandha, jihvA, gma, kAya, spRSTavya) avyAkRta hai / do Ayatana (mana aura dharma) kuzala bhI ho sakate hai, akuzala bhI aura avyAkRta bhI--"miyA kumalA, siyA akusalA, miyA abyAkatA / " (2) dasa AyatanoM ke viSaya meM na to nizcayapUrvaka

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( 403 ) yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve sukha kI vedanA se mukta hai, na yaha ki ve duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiM aura na yahI ki ve na sukha-duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiN| mana-Ayatana sukha kI vedanA se yukta bhI ho sakatA hai, duHkha kI vedanA se yakta bhI aura na-sukha-na-dukha kI vedanA se yukta bhii| isI prakAra dharma Ayatana sukha kI vedanA se bhI yukta ho sakatA hai, duHkha ko vedanA se bhI aura na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se bhii| usake viSaya meM nizcayapUrvaka yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vaha sukha kI vedanA se hI yukta hai, yA duHkha kI vedanA se hI, Adi / 3-dhAtu-vibhaMga (18 dhAtuoM kA vivaraNa) sananta-bhAjaniya meM chaha-chaha ke tIna vargIkaraNoM meM 18 dhAtuoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai-- (a) pRthvI-dhAtu, jala-dhAtu, teja-dhAtu, vAyu-dhAtu, AkAza-dhAtu, vijJAnadhAtu (A) mugva-dhAtu, duHkha-dhAtu, saumanasya-dhAtu, daurmanasya-dhAtu, upekSA-dhAtu. avidyA-dhAtu (i) kAma-dhAtu, vyApAda-dhAtu, vihiMsA-dhAtu, niSkAmatA-dhAtu, avyApAdadhAtu, a-vihiMmA dhAtu / ___ abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM 18 dhAtuoM kI gaNanA dUsare prakAra se kI gaI hai, jo isa prakAra hai-- 1. cakSu 2. rUpa 3. cakSa-vijJAna 4. zrotra 5. zabda 6. zrotra-vijJAna 7. ghrANa 8. gandha 9. ghrANa-vijJAna 10. jihvA 11. rasa 12. jihvA-vijJAna 13. kAya 14. spRSTavya 15. kAya-vijJAna 16. mana 17. dharma 18. manovijJAna

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( 404 ) ina aThAraha dhAtuoM meM cakSu, rUpa, zrotra, zabda, ghANa, gandha, jihvA, rasa, kAya ora spRSTavya, ye dasa dhAtue~ bhautika haiN| ata: ve rUpaskandha meM sammilita haiM / cakSu-vijJAna, zrotra-vijJAna, ghrANa-vijJAna, jihvA-vijJAna, kAya-vijJAna, mana, aura mano vijJAna, ye sAta dhAtuaiM mAnasika haiM / dharma-dhAtu aMzataH mAnasika aura aMzataH bhautika hai / cakSu aura rUpa ke saMyoga se utpanna citta kI avasthA kA nAma cakSu-vijJAna hai / isI prakAra zrotra-vijJAna Adi ke viSaya meM bhI niyama hai / mano-dhAtu, cakSu-vijJAna Adi vijJAnoM ke bAda, draSTA aura dRzya ke saMyoga ke ThIka anantara, utpanna huI citta kI avasthA kA nAma hai / manovijJAna-dhAtu mana aura dharmoM ke saMyoga seutpanna citta kI usa avasthA kA nAma hai, jo mano-dhAtu ke bAda utpanna hotI hai| 'paJcapucchakaM' meM phira usI krama se prazna haiM, jaise prathama do vibhaMgoM meM, yathA (1) 18 dhAtuoM meM se kitanI kuzala haiM, kitanI akuzala aura kitanI avyAkRta ? (2) kitanI sukha kI vedanA se yukta haiM ? kitanI duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiM ? kitanI na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se yukta ? Adi, Adi / inake uttara bhI dhyAna dene yogya haiM (1) 16 dhAtue~ (dharma aura manovijJAna ko chor3a kara zeSa sava) avyAkRta haiN| do dhAtue~ (dharma aura manovijJAna) kugala bhI ho sakatI hai, akuzala bhI, aura akuzala bhI 'siyA kusalA, siyA akusalA, siyA avyAkatA' / (2) dasa dhAtuoM (cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, kAya, rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, spRSTavya) ke viSaya meM nizcaya pUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ve sukha kI vedanA se yukta haiM, yA duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiM yA na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiN| pA~ca dhAtue~ (cakSu-vijJAna, zrotravijJAna, ghrANa-vijJAna, kAya-vijJAna, mana) na-pukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se yukta haiN| kAya-vijJAna-dhAtu mukha kI vedanA se bhI yukta ho sakatI hai aura duHkha kI vedanA me bhii| manovijJAna-dhAtu sukha, duHkha aura na-mugva-na-duHkha, ina tInoM vedanAoM se kimI se bhI yukta ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra dharma-dhAtu bhI ina tInoM vedanAoM meM se kisI se yukta ho sakatI aura usake viSaya meM yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yA to vaha mukha kI vedanA me hI yukta hai, yA duHkha kI vedanA se yA na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se, Adi, Adi /

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( 405 ) 4--sacca-vibhaMga (cAra Arya-satyoM kA vivaraNa) pahale, suttanta-bhAjaniya meM suttoM (vizeSataH dIgha-nikAya ke mahAsatipaTThAna-sutta evaM isa prakAra ke anya buddha-vacanoM) kI bhASA meM cAra Arya-satyoM kI prastAvanA karate hue kahA gayA hai--'cattAri ariya-saccAni : dukkhaM ariyasaccaM, dukkhasamudayaM ariyasaccaM, dukkhanirodhaM ariyasaccaM, dukkhanirodhagAminI paTipadA ariyasaccaM' arthAt ye cAra Arya-satya haiM--duHkha Arya-satya, duHkha-samadaya Arya-satya, duHkha-nirodha Arya-satya, duHkha-nirodha-gAmI mArga Arya-satya / abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM inakI abhidhamma ke anusAra vyAkhyA hai| tRSNA aura citta-maloM ko duHkha-samudaya kA pradhAna kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura inake nirodha ko duHkha-nirodha kA bhI pradhAna kAraNa / duHkha-nirodhI-gAmI mArga kI vyAkhyA nirvANa-sambandhI dhyAna ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai, jisakI bhUmiyoM kA nirUpaNa 'dhamma saMgaNi' meM ho cukA hai| 'paJhapucchakaM' meM cAra Arya satyoM ke viSaya meM usI prakAra ke prazna kiye gaye haiM, jaise pUrva ke vibhaMgoM meM, yathA (1) cAra Arya satyoM meM kitane kuzala haiM ? kitane akuzala? kitane avyAkRta ? (2) kitane sukha kI vedanA se yukta haiM, kitane duHkha kI vedanA se yukta , kitane na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se yukta ? inake uttara isa prakAra haiM (1) samudaya-satya akuzala hai / mArga-satya kuzala hai / nirodha-satya avyAkRta hai| duHkha-satya, kuzala bhI ho sakatA hai, akuzala bhI aura avyAkRta bhii| (2) do satya sukha kI vedanA se bhI yukta ho sakate hai aura na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se yukta bhii| nirodha-satya ke vipaya meM nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vaha tInoM prakAra kI vedanAoM meM se kisase yukta hai| duHkha-satya sukha kI vedanA se bhI yukta ho sakatA hai, duHkha kI vedanA me bhI aura na-sukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se bhii| usake viSaya meM nizcayapUrvaka yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vaha sukha kI vedanA se yukta hai, yA duHkha kI vedanA se yA na-mukha-na-duHkha kI vedanA se| duHkha-satya ko sukha kI vedanA se bhI yukta mAnakara 'vibhaMga' ne usako vaha vistRta artha diyA hai jisakI smRti bhagavAn vuddha ke mAtha-sAtha maharSi pataJjali ne bhI dilAI hai "pariNAmatApasaMskAgduHgvaiguNavRnivirodhAcca duHkhameva sarva vivekinaH" (2 / 15)

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( 406 ) 5-indriya-vibhaMga __ (22 indriyoM kA vivaraNa) isa vibhaMga meM 22 indriyoM kA suttanta ke AdhAra para vivaraNa hai jinakI saMkhyA isa prakAra hai-- 1. cakSu 2. zrotra 3. ghrANa 4. jihvA 7. kAya 6. mana chaha indriya 7. strItva 8. puruSatva 9. jIvita-indriya 10. sumba (gArIrika) 11. duHkha (mAnasika) 12. cina kI pramannatA (saumanasya) 13. citta kI khinnatA (daurmanasya) 14. upekSA, S pA~ca prakAra kI vedanAeM 16. vIrya 17. smRti pA~ca naitika indriyA~ 18. samAdhi 19. prajJA 20. "maiM ajJAta ko jAnUMgA" yaha saMkalpa ) (anajAna jassAmItindriya) 21. paripUrNa jJAna (ajJA) ( tIna lokonara indriya 22. "jisane jJAna prApta kara liyA" tatsambandhI / indriya (ajJAtAvindriya) uparyukta 20 indriyoM kI vyAkhyA aura anta meM (paJhapubchakaM) nonageM ke rUpa meM unakA kugala, akuzala aura avyAkRta Adi ke rUpa meM vibhAjana, itanA hI isa vibhaMga kA viSaya hai|

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(407 ) 6-paccayAkAra-vibhaMga (pratItya samutpAda kA vivaraNa) isa vibhaMga meM pratItya mamutpAda kA varNana hai| muttanta-bhAjaniya meM pahale sattanta kA yaha uddharaNa hai "avidyA ke pratyaya se saMskAra-cetanA kI utpani, maMskAracetanA ke pratyaya meM vijJAna kI utpatti, vijJAna ke pratyaya me nAma aura rUpa kI utpatti, nAma aura rUpa ke pratyaya ne chaH AyatanoM kI utpatti, chaH AyatanoM ke pratyaya se sparga kI utpatti, sparga ke pratyaya se vedanA kI utpatti,vedanA ke pratyaya se tRSNA ke utpani, tRSNA ke pratyaya se upAdAna kI utpatti, upAdAna ke pratyaya me bhava kI utpani, bhava ke pratyaya me janma kI utpatti, janma ke pratyaya me jarAmagNa, duHkha, goka Adi kI utpatti" pratItya samutpAda meM prayukta 12 nidAnoM kI vyAkhyA yahA~ nidAna-maMyutta ke samAna hI kI gaI hai| abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM meM una 24 pratyayoM kA ullekha hai, jinake AdhAra para bhautika aura mAnasika jagat meM utpatti aura nirodha kA vyApAra calatA hai / ina pratyayoM kA vistRta vivecana Age cala kara pUre grantha 'paTThAna-prakaraNa' meM kiyA gayA hai / isa vibhaMga ke anta meM praznottara rUpa meM pratItya samutpAda ke vibhinna aMgoM meM kauna kuzala, akugala Adi hai, isakA vivecana pUrvavata hI kiyA gayA hai| 7-satipaTTAna-vibhaMga (cAra smRti-prasthAnoM kA vivaraNa) ___ kAyA meM kAyAnupazyI honA, vedanA meM vedanAnupazyI honA, citta meM cittAnapazyI honA aura dharmoM meM dharmAna pazyI honA, yahI cAra smRti-prasthAna hai, jinakA vistRta upadeza matipaTThAna-mutta (majjhima. 1 / 1 / 10) jaise suttanta ke aMgo meM diyA gayA hai| isa vibhaMga ke suttanta-bhAjaniya meM imI kA saMkSepa kara diyA gayA hai| abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki inakI bhAvanA lokottara dhyAna meM kisa prakAra hotI hai| 'paJha pucchakaM' meM inakA vibhAjana kuzala, akugala Adi ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| inameM akugala koI nahI hai| cAro smRtiprasthAna yA to kugala hote haiM yA avyAkRta / arhata kI citta-avasthA meM Age ke

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( 408 ) liye karma-vipAka nahIM banate / ataH usa hAlata meM ve bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM meM 'kiriyA' (kriyA-mAtra) hote haiM / 8-sammappadhAna-vibhaMga (cAra samyak pradhAnoM kA vivaraNa) (1) akuzala avasthAoM se bacanA (2) una para vijaya prApta karanA (3) kugala avasthAoM kA vikAsa karanA (4) vikasita kuzala avasthAoM ko banAye rakhanA, yahI cAra samyak pradhAna haiN| satipaTThAna-sutta (majjhimaza010) ke AdhAra para inakA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM kevala yaha adhika dikhalA diyA gayA hai ki lokottara-dhyAna kI avasthA meM ye kisa prakAra vidyamAna rahate hai| 9--iddhipAda-vibhaMga (4 RddhiyoM kA vivaraNa) cAra RddhiyA~ haiM, dRr3ha saMkalpa kI ekAgratA (chanda-samAdhi), vIrya kI ekAgratA (viriya-samAdhi), citta kI ekAgratA (citta-samAdhi) aura gaveSaNA kI ekAgratA (bImaMsA-samAdhi) / yahA~ yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA hai ki cAra RddhiyoM kA cAra mamyaka-pradhAnoM se kyA pArasparika sambandha hai| 10--bojhaGga-vibhaMga (bodhi ke sAta aMgoM kA vivaraNa) bodhi ke sAta aMga haiM, smRti (sati), dharma kI gaveSaNA (dhamma-vicaya), vIrya (viriya), prIti (pIti), citta-zAnti yA prazrabdhi (passaddhi), samAdhi aura upekSA (upekvA) / majjhima-nikAya ke AnApAna-sati-sutta ke samAna hI inakA yahA~ nidaga hai| abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM avazya ina vibhinna aMgoM kI abhidhamma kI zabdAvalI meM vyAkhyA kI gaI hai aura bAda meM kuzala Adi ke rUpa ma unakA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai|

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( 409 ) 11--magga-vibhaMga (Arya aSTAGgika mArga kA vivaraNa) Arya aSTAGgika mArga kA vivaraNa yahA~ satipaTThAna-sutta (mjjhim.1|1|10) ke anusAra hI hai / samyak dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vANI, samyak karmAnta, samyaka AjIvikA, samyak vyAyAma, samyak smRti aura samyak samAdhi kA nirdeza karane ke bAda pratyeka kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai aura phira anta meM praznottara ke rUpa meM unheM kuzalAdi ke vargIkaraNoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| 12--jhAna-vibhaMga (cAra dhyAnoM kA vivaraNa) ___ -prathama suttanta-bhAjaniya meM cUlahatthipadopama-sutta (majjhima. 1 / 3 / 7) ke usa buddha-vacana ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai jisameM cAra dhyAnoM kA vistRta varNana * upalabdha hotA hai| adhika mahatvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa hama use yahA~ uddhata kreNge| 'bhikSuo ! bhikSu isa Arya-sadAcAra se yukta ho, isa Arya indriya-saMyama se yukta ho, smRti aura jJAna se yukta ho, kisI ekAnta-sthAna meM rahatA hai jaise araNya, vRkSa kI chAyA, parvata, kandarA, guphA, zmazAna, jaMgala, khule AkAza ke nIce yA puAla ke Dhera para / vaha piDapAta se lauTa bhojana kara cukane ke bAda grAsanI mAra zarIra ko sIdhA rakha smRti ko sAmane kara vaiThatA hai . . . . . . vaha citta ke upakleza, pranA ko durvala karane vAle, pA~ca bandhanoM ko chor3a, kAma-vitarka se rahita ho, bure vicAroM se rahita hokara, prathama dhyAna ko prApta kara vicaratA hai| isa dhyAna meM vitarka aura vicAra rahate haiN| ekAnta-vAsa se yaha dhyAna utpanna hotA hai| isameM prIti aura sukha bhI rahate haiM . . . . . .phira bhikSuo ! bhikSu vitarka aura vicAroM ke upagamana se andara kI prasannatA aura ekAgratA rUpI dvitIya -dhyAna ko prApta karatA hai / isameM na vitarka hote haiM, na vicAra / yaha samAdhi se utpanna hotA hai| isameM prIti aura sukha rahate hai| . . . . . . phira bhikSuo ! bhikSa prIti me bhI virakta ho, upekSAvAn bana kara vicaratA hai| vaha smRtimAn , jJAnavAn hotA hai aura zarIra me sukha kA anubhava karatA hai / vaha tRtIya dhyAna ko prApta karatA hai jise paMDita jana 'upekSAvAn, smRtimAn sukhapUrvaka vihAra karane vAlA' kahate hai /

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( 410 ) phira bhikSuo ! bhikSu du:kha aura sukha-donoM ke prahANa se, saumanasya aura daurmanasya donoM ke pahale se hI asta hue rahane se, caturtha-dhyAna ko prApta karatA hai / isameM na duHkha hotA hai na sukha / kevala upekSA tathA smRti kI parizuddhi yahA~ hotI haiN|" isI buddha-vacana ke AdhAra para abhidhamma-bhAjaniya meM yaha dikhalAyA gayA hai ki prathama dhyAna ke pA~ca avayava hote hai, yathA, vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha aura samAdhi / dvitIya dhyAna ke nIna, yathA proti, mukha aura samAdhi / tRtIya dhyAna meM kevala do raha jAte haiM, sukha aura samAdhi aura cauthe meM bhI kevala do, upekSA aura samAdhi / 'paJha-pucchakaM' meM yahI dikhalAyA gayA hai ki dhyAna kuzala bhI ho sakate hai aura avyAkRta bhii| cAra smatiprasthAnoM kI taraha ye bhI arhat ke citta ke liye bhaviSya kA karma-vipAka banAne vAle nahIM hote| dUsare zabdoM meM ve usake liye 'kiriyA-vitta' hote haiN| 13-appamaJa-vibhaMga (cAra a-parimANa avasthAoM kA vivecana) maitrI (menA), karuNA, muditA aura upekSA, inako aparimANa vAlI avamyAeM kahA gayA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki inheM kahA~ taka bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai, isakI koI hada nhiiN| inhIM ko 'brahma-vihAra' bhI kahate hai / pataMjali kI bhASA meM inhe 'sArvabhauma mahAvrata' bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / pAtaMjala yoga-darzana (1133) meM ina cAra avasthAoM ke vikAsa kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / ima vibhaMga meM ina cAra avasthAoM kA vivaraNa aura cAra dhyAnoM ke mAtha unakA sambandha dikhalAyA gayA hai| 14-sikkhApada-vibhaMga (pA~ca zikSApadoM kA vivaraNa) himA, corI, vyabhicAra, asatya aura madyapAna, inase virata rahanA hI madAcAra ke pA~ca mArvajanIna niyama hai, jinakA yahA~ vivaraNa aura vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai|

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15-paTisambhidA-vibhaMga (cAra pratisaMvidoM kA vivaraNa) cAra pratisaMvidoM yA vizlepaNAtmaka jJAnoM kA isa vibhaMga meM varNana kiyA gayA hai, yathA (1) artha-sambandhI jJAna (attha paTisambhidA) (1) dharma-mambandhI jAna (dhamma paTimambhidA) (3) zabda-vyAkhyA-mambandhI jJAna (nini paTiambhidA) aura (8) jAna-darzana-sambandhI jJAna (paTibhAna paTimambhidA) / 16-ANa-vibhaMga (nAnA prakAra ke jJAnoM kA vivaraNa) ima vibhaMga meM nAnA prakAra ke jJAnoM kA vivaraNa hai, yathA laukika jJAna, alaukika jJAna, Adi, aadi| isa vibhaMga kA tIna prakAra kA jJAna-vivaraNa vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai / prajA kI yahA~ tIna kramika avasthAe~ batalAyI gayI haiM, yathA zrutamayI prajJA (sutamayA paJjA) cintA-mayI prajA (cintAmayApaJjA) aura bhAvanA-mayI prajJA (bhAvanAmayA pA ) / zAstrAdi granthoM ke zravaNa yA paThanAdi me utpanna jJAna 'zrutamayI prajJA' hai / vaha sunA huA hai, svayaM kA anubhava yA cintana usameM nahIM hai / isake bAda cintA-mayI prajA hai, jisameM apanI buddhi kA cintana sammilita hai| kintu isase bhI UMcA eka jJAna hai, jisakA nAma hai 'bhAvanA-mayo prjaa'| yaha prajJA na kevala zAstrIya yA bauddhika AdhAroM para pratiSThita hai, balki isameM sampUrNa sadAcAra-samUha ke pAlana se utpanna cina kI usa samAdhi ko gambhIratA bhI saMnihita hai, jo kuzala citta se hI prApta kI jA sakatI hai / yaha tIna prakAra kA jJAna-vargIkaraNa nizcaya hI bar3A mArmika hai / 17-khuddaka-vatthu-vibhaMga (choTI-choTI bAtoM kA vivaraNa) isa vibhaMga meM AmravoM (citta-maloM) Adi ke aneka prakAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 18-dhamma-hadaya-vibhaMga (dharma ke hRdaya kA vivaraNa) aba taka ke vibhaMgoM ne jo kucha varNana kiyA jA cukA hai. usI kA praznottara

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( 412 ) ke rUpa meM yahA~ siMhAvalokana hai / cUMki isameM dharma ke saba tatva apane Apa A gaye haiM, isaliye ime 'dharma kA hRdaya' kahA gayA hai / kucha praznoM kI bAnagI dekhiyekitane dharma kAma-dhAtu meM prApta hote haiM ? kitane rUpa-dhAtu meM ? kitane arUpadhAtu meM ? kitane kAmAvara hai ? kitane rUpAvacara ? kitane arUpAvacara ? kitane chor3ane yogya ? kitane bhAvanA karane yogya ? Adi, Adi / gItokta bhagavAn kI vibhUtiyoM kI taraha inakA kahIM anta hI nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| isIliye inakA saMkSepa dene kA bhI yahA~ prayatna nahIM kiyA gyaa| dhAtukathA' ___ vibhaMga ke 18 vibhaMgoM meM me skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu, ina prathama tIna vibhaMgoM ko canakara unakA vizepa adhyayana dhAtukathA meM kiyA gayA hai| skandha Ayatana aura dhAtu, yahI dhAtukathA ke viSaya haiN| ataH usakA pUrA nAma hI, jaisA mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka ne kahA hai, 'khandha-Ayatana-dhAtu-kathA' honA cAhiye / dhAtukathA ke viSaya-pratipAdana kI eka vizeSa zailI yaha hai ki yahA~ skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM kA sambandha dharmoM ke sAtha dikhalAyA gayA hai| ina dharmoM kI saMkhyA usakI 'mAtikA' ke anusAra 125 hai, jo isa prakAra hai, 5 skandha, 12 Ayatana, 18 dhAtue~, 8 satya, 22 indriya, pratItya samutpAda, 4 smRti-prasthAna 4 samyak pradhAna, 4 RddhipAda, 4 dhyAna, 4 aparimANa, 5 indriya, 5 bala, 7 vodhyaMga, 8 Arya-mArga ke aMga, sparza, vedanA, saMjJA, cetanA, citta, adhimokSa aura manamikAra / kisa-kisa skandha, Ayatana yA vibhaMga meM kauna-kauna dharma sammilita (saMgahita), a-sammilita (asaMgahita), saMyukta (samprayukta) yA viyukta (vippayana) Adi hai, imI kA vivecana 14 adhyAyoM meM praznottara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai, jisakI rUparekhA isa prakAra hai-- 1. I0 Ara0 guNaratna dvArA aTThakathA-sahita pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI ke lie smpaadit| ukta sosAyaTI dvArA san 1892 meM romana lipi meM prakAzita / isa grantha ke siMhalI, barmo evaM syAmI saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN| hindI meM na saMskaraNa haiM aura na anuvAda !

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( 413 ) 1. sammilana aura a-sammilana (saMgaho asaMgaho) : isa adhyAya meM yaha dikha lAyA gayA hai ki kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM kauna-kauna me dharma sammilita haiM yA a-sammilita haiN| 2. mammilita aura a-sammilita (saMgahitena amaMgahitaM) : yahA~ yaha dikha lAyA gayA hai ki kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma asammilita haiM, jo kucha anya dharma yA dharmoM ke sAtha samAna skandha meM sammilita hai. kintu samAna dhAtu aura Ayatana meM sammilita nahI haiN| 3. a-sammilita aura sammilita (asaMgahitena saMgahitaM) : kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita hai, jo kucha anya dharma yA dharmA ke sAtha samAna skandha meM sammilita nahIM hai, kintu samAna Ayatana aura namAna dhAtu meM sammilita haiN| 4. sammilita aura sammilita (saMgahitena saMgahitaM) : kitane skandha Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita haiM, jo kucha anya dharma yA dharmoM ke sAtha una samAna skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita hai jo puna: anya dharma yA dharmoM ke sAtha unameM (skandha Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM) sammilita hai / 5. a-sammilita aura a-sammilita (asaMgahitena asaMgahitaM) : kitane skandha Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma a-sammilita haiM jo kucha anya dharma yA dharmoM yA dharmoM ke sAtha unhIM skandha Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM asammilita hai jo punaH anya dharma yA dharmoM ke sAtha unameM (skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM) asammilita hai / yaha adhyAya cauthe adhyAya kA ThIka viparIta hai| 6. saMyoga aura viyoga (sampayogo vippayogo) : kitane skandha, Ayatana __ aura dhAtuoM ke sAtha dharma saMyukta haiM, yA kitane ke sAtha ve viyukta hai| 7. saMyukta se viyukta (sampayuttena vippayuttaM) : kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyukta hai, jo una dharmo se, jo anya dharmoM ke sAtha saMyukta hai, viyukta haiN| 8. viyukta se saMyukta (vippayuttena sampayuttaM) : kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma saMyukta hai, jo una dharmo se, jo kucha anya dharmoM se triyukta hai, saMyukta haiN|

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( 414 ) saMyukta se saMyukta (sampayuttena sampayuttaM ) : kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma saMyukta haiM, jo una dharmoM se jo anya dharmo se saMyukta hai, saMyukta haiM / 10. viyukta se viyukta ( vippayuttena vippayuttaM ) : kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyukta haiM, jo una dharmoM se jo anya dharmoM se viyukta haiM, viyukta haiM / 11. mammilita se saMyukta aura viyukta (saMgahitena samprayuktaM vippayuttaM ) : ( a ) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma saMyukta haiM jo samAna skandha meM sammilita nahIM, kintu samAna Ayatana aura dhAtu meM kucha anya dharmoM ke sAtha sammilita haiM, ( A ) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyukta haiM jo samAna skandha meM sammilita nahIM kintu samAna Ayatana aura dhAtu meM kucha anya dharmoM ke sAtha sammilita haiM / ?.. 12. saMyukta me sammilita aura asammilita ( sampayuttena saMgahitaM asaMgahinaM ) : (a) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita haiM jo kucha anya dharmoM se saMyukta hai ( A ) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma asammilita haiM jo kucha anya dharmoM se saMyukta haiN| 13. asammilita me saMyukta aura viyukta (asaMgahitena samprayuttaM vippayutta ) : ( a ) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma saMyukta haiM, jo kinhIM anya dharmo ke sAtha samAna skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita nahIM haiM ( A ) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyukta haiM jo kinhIM anya dharmoM ke sAtha samAna skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita nahIM haiM / 14. viyukta me sammilita aura asammilita (vippayuttena saMgahitaM asaMgahitaM ) : kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dharmoM meM ve dharma sammilita haiM, jo kucha anya dharmoM se viyukta haiM, (A) kitane skandha, Ayatana aura dharmo se ve dharma sammi lina nahIM haiM, jo kucha anya dharmoM se viyukta hai /

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( 415 ) uparyukta adhyAyoM ke viSaya aura zailI ko acchI taraha hRdayaMgama karane ke lie pratyeka meM se eka-eka do-do praznottaroM ko bhI de denA upayukta hogA / ataH kramazaH, (1) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM rUpa-skandha sammilita hai ? 1 skandha, 11 Ayatana aura 11 dhAtuoM meM rUpa-skandha sammilita hai / (A) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM rUpa-skandha sammilita nahIM hai ? cAra skandha, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM meM rUpa-skandha sammilita nahIM hai| (i) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM vedanA-skandha sammilita hai ? eka skandha, eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu meM vedanA-skandha sammilita hai| (I) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM vedanA-skandha sammilita nahIM hai ? cAra skandha, gyAraha Ayatana aura 17 dhAtuoM meM vedanA-skandha sammilita nahIM hai / Adi, Adi (2) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita nahIM hai, jo cakSu-Ayatana ....spRSTavyAyatana aura cakSu-dhAtu . . . . . spRSTavya-dhAtu dharmoM ke mAtha samAna skandha meM sammilita hai, kintu samAna dhAtu aura Ayatana meM sammilita nahIM hai ? cAra skandhoM, do AyatanoM aura ATha dhAtuoM meM ve sammilita nahIM hai| (3) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita hai, jo vedanA-skandha, saMjJA-skandha, saMskAra-skandha, samudaya-satya, mArga-satya dharmoM ke sAtha samAna skandha meM sammilita nahIM hai, kintu samAna Ayatana aura samAna dhAtu meM sammilita hai ? tIna skandhoM, eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu meM ve sammilita haiM, nirvANa ko chor3akara ! (4) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilina hai, jo samudaya-satya, mArga-satya dharmo ke sAtha una samAna skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita haiM jo puna: samudaya-satya, mArga-satya ke sAtha unameM (skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM) sammilita haiN|

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eka skandha, eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu meM ve sammilita haiM / (5) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita nahIM haiM jo anya dharmoM ke sAtha unhIM skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM a-sammilita hai jo punaH unhIM dharmoM ke sAtha unameM (skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM) asammilita haiM ? eka skandha, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM meM ve a-sammilita hai| (6) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM ke sAtha rUma-skandha saMyukta haiM ? kisI ke sAtha nahIM (kyoMki svayaM apane mAtha vaha saMyukta ho nahIM sakatA aura anya dharma mAnasika hai) (A) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM ke sAtha rUpa-skandha saMyukta nahIM hai ? cAra skandha, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM ke sAtha vaha saMyukta nahIM hai (7) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyakta haiM, jo una dharmoM se, jo anya dharmoM ke sAtha saMyukta hai, viyukta hai ? cAra skandhoM, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM me ve viyukta hai, aMzataH eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu se bhI / (8) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma maMyukta haiM, jo una dharmoM se jo rUpa-skandha se viyukta haiM, saMyukta hai ? kisI se nhiiN| (9) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma saMyakta hai, jo una dharmoM se jo vedanA-skandha, saMjJA-skandha, saMskAra-mkandha me sayakta haiM, maMyukta haiM ? ___ tIna skandhoM, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM se ve saMyukta haiM, aMgataH eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu se bhI / (10) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM me ve dharma viyakta haiM, jo una dharmoM se jo rUpa-skandha se viyukta haiM, viyuvata hai ?

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( 417 ) cAra skandhoM, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM me ve viyukta hai, aMgataH eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu me bhI / (11) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM me ve dharma saMyakta haiM jo samAna skandha meM sammilita nahIM haiM kintu samudaya-satya aura mArga-satya ke sAtha samAna Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita hai ? tIna skandha, eka Ayatana aura sAta dhAtuoM se ve saMyukta hai, aMzataH eka skandha, eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu se bhii| (A) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyukta hai jo samAna skandha meM sammilita nahIM kintu samudaya-satya aura mArga-matya ke sAtha samAna Ayatana aura samAna dhAtuoM meM sammilita haiM ? eka skandha, dasa Ayatana aura dasa dhAtuoM se ve viyukta haiM, aMzataH eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu se bhii| (12) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita haiM jo vedanAskandha, saMjJA-skandha aura saMskAra-skandha se saMyukta haiM ? tIna skandhoM, do AyatanoM aura ATha dhAtuoM meM ve sammilita hai / (A) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita nahIM haiM jo vedanA-skandha se saMyukta haiM ? ___ do skandhoM, dasa AyatanoM aura dasa dhAtuoM meM ve sammilita nahIM haiN| (13) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma saMyukta hai jo rUpa-skandha ke sAtha samAna skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita nahIM hai ? tIna skandhoM aura aMzataH eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu se ve saMyukta hai| (A) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM se ve dharma viyukta hai jo rUpa-skandha ke sAtha samAna skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtuoM meM sammilita nahIM haiM ? eka skandha, dasa Ayatana aura dasa dhAtuoM se ve viyukta hai, aMgataH eka Ayatana aura eka dhAtu se bhii| (14) (a) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita haiM jo rUpa-skandha se viyukta hai ? cAra skandhoM, do AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve sammilita hai| 27

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( 418 ) (A) kitane skandhoM, AyatanoM aura dhAtuoM meM ve dharma sammilita nahIM haiM jo rUpa skandha se viyukta hai ? eka skandha, dama AyatanoM aura dasa dhAtuoM meM ve sammilita nahIM haiM / puggalapatti - 'puggalapaJjani' (pudgala-prajJapti) gabda kA artha hai pudgaloM yA vyaktiyoM saMbaMdhI jJAna yA unakI pahacAna / 'puggala- patti ' meM vyaktiyoM ke nAnA prakAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / viSaya yA varNana-praNAlI kI dRSTi me isa grantha kA abhidhamma kI apekSA mananta se adhika ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai / vyaktiyoM kA nirdena yahA~ dhammoM ke mAtha unake saMbaMdha kI dRSTi me nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jo abhidhamma kA vipaya hai| balki aMganara-nikAya kI zailI para, buddha-vacanoM kA Azraya lekara, yA kahIM unako adhika spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se, yA unako vyAgyA-svarUpa, guNa, karma aura svabhAva ke vibhAga ke anusAra vyaktiyoM ke nAnA svampoM ko vargabaddha kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla buddha-dharma ke naitika dRSTikoNa ko samajhane ke lie bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / saMpUrNa grantha meM dama adhyAya hai, jinameM prathama meM eka-eka prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA nirdeza hai, dumare meM dodo prakAra ke aura isI prakAra kramaga: bar3hate hae dasaveM adhyAya meM dama-dama prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA nirdeza hai / cAra Arya-zrAvaka, pRthagjana, samyak sambuddha, pratyeka buddha, zaizya, azaizya, Arya, anArya, srota Apanna, sakRdAgAmI, anAgAmI arhata. Adi ke rUpa meM vyaktiyoM kA vibhAjana, jo sunoM meM jIvana-gaddhi ke svampa aura usake vikAsa ko digvAne ke lie kiyA gayA hai, yahA~ kramika gaNanAbaddha rUpa meM saMgRhIta kara diyA gayA hai / kucha-eka udAharaNa paryApta hoMge-- 1. DA0 maoNrisa dvArA romana lipi meM sampAdita evaM pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI (1883) dvArA prakAzita / isakA aMgrejI anuvAda 'di Daijiganezana oNva hayUmana TAipsa' zIrSaka se DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne kiyAI, jo pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI, landana (1923) dvArA prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| nAgarI-saMskaraNa aura hindI anuvAda abhI hone bAkI haiN| isa graMtha ke baramI , siMhalI aura syAmI saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN| mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka ne isa grantha kA jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai, bresalo, 1910 /

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( 419 ) eka - eka prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 1 kaunasA vyakti pRthagjana' (puthujjano - prAkRta manuSya - sAMsArika manuSya ) jisake prathama tIna saMyojana ( mAnasika bandhana) prahINa nahI hue aura na jo unake prahINa karane ke mArga meM hI saMlagna hai, vahI vyakti 'pRthagjana' hai / 2. kauna sA vyakti anAgAmI hai ? jo vyakti prathama pA~ca saMyojanoM kA vinAza karane ke bAda kisI uccatara loka meM janma letA hai jahA~ usakI nirvANa prApti nizcita ho jAtI hai aura jahA~ se vaha lauTakara phira isa loka meM nahIM hotA, vahI vyakti anAgAmI hai / do-do prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 1. kauna sA vyakti bhItarI saMyojanoM se ba~dhA huA hai ? jisake prathama pA~ca saMyojana abhI naSTa nahIM hue, vahI vyakti bhItarI saMyojanoM se baMdhA huA hai / 2. kauna sA vyakti bAharI saMyojanoM se baMdhA huA hai ? jisake aMtima pA~ca saMyojana abhI naSTa nahI hue, vahI vyakti bAharI saMyojanoM se baMdhA huA hai / tIna-tIna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 2. kona sA vyakti kAma-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti aura bhava-vAmanA saMbaMdhI Asakti se vimukta nahIM hai ? srota Apanna aura sakRdAgAmI, ye do vyakti kAma vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti aura bhava-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti se vimukta nahIM hU~ / 2. kauna sA vyakti kAma-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti se vimukta hai, kintu bhava-vAsanA savayI Asakti me vimukta nahI hai ? anAgAmo -- yaha vyakti kAma vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti se vimukta hai, kintu bhava-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti se vimukta nahIM hai /

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( 420 ) 3. kauna sA vyakti kAma-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti aura bhava-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti, ina donoM prakAra ko AsaktiyoM se vimukta hai ? arhat--yaha vyakti kAma-vAsanA saMbaMdhI Asakti aura bhava-vAsanA-saMbaMdhI Asakti ina donoM AsaktiyoM se vimukta hai / cAra-cAra prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kA vargIkaraNa 1. kauna sA vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo garajatA hai para barasatA nahIM? jo kahatA bahuta hai para karatA kucha nahIM-yahI vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo garajatA hai para barasatA nahIM / 2. kauna sA vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo barasatA hai, para garajatA nahIM ? ____jo karatA hai, para kahatA nahIM, aisA vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo baramatA hai para garajatA nahIM / 3. kauna sA vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo garajatA bhI hai aura barasatA jo kahatA bhI hai aura karatA bhI hai, vahI vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo garajatA bhI hai aura barasatA bhI hai / 4. kauna sA vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo garajatA bhI nahIM aura barasatA bhI nahIM ? ___ jo na kahatA hai aura na karatA hai, vahI vyakti usa bAdala ke samAna hai jo garajatA bhI nahIM aura barasatA bhI nhiiN| isI vargIkaraNa kA eka aura sundara upamA ke dvArA vyaktiyoM ke cAra prakAra kA vibhAjana dekhie-- 1. kauna sA vyakti usa cUhe ke samAna hai jo apane bila to khodakara taiyAra karatA hai, kintu usameM rahatA nahIM ? ___ jo vyakti sutta, gAthA, udAna, jAtaka Adi granthoM kA abhyAsa to karatA hai kintu cAra Arya satyoM kA svayaM sAkSAtkAra nahIM karatA, vahI vyakti usa cahe ke samAna hai jo apanA bila to khodakara taiyAra karatA hai, kintu usameM rahatA nhiiN|

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( 421 ) 2. kauna sA vyakti usa cahe ke samAna hai jo bila meM rahatA hai kintu use svayaM khodakara taiyAra nahIM karatA ? jo suna, gAthA Adi kA abhyAsa to nahIM karatA, kintu cAra Arya satyoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai vahI vyakti usa cUhe ke samAna hai jo bila meM to rahatA hai, kintu use svayaM khodakara taiyAra nahIM krtaa| 3. kauna sA vyakti usa cUhe ke samAna hai jo bila ko svayaM khodakara taiyAra bhI karatA hai aura usameM rahatA bhI hai ? ___ jo suna, gAthA Adi kA abhyAsa bhI karatA hai aura cAra Arya satyoM ko sAkSAkAra bhI karatA hai| 4. kauna sA vyakti usa cUhe ke samAna hai jo na bila ko khodatA hai na usameM rahatA hai ? jo na mutta, gAthA Adi kA abhyAsa karatA hai aura na cAra Arya-sanyoM kA mAsAkSAtkAra hI karatA hai / isI prakAra Age ke adhyAyoM meM kramaza: pA~ca-pA~ca, cha-chai, sAta-sAta, AThaATha, nau-nau aura dasa-dasa ke vargIkaraNoM meM vyaktiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi sutta-piTaka se navIna yA maulika to yahA~ kucha nahIM hai, phira bhI upamAe~ kahIM-kahIM bar3I sundara huI hai| saMkhyAbaddha vargIkaraNoM kI UparI kRtrimatA hote hue bhI 'puggala- paJatti' ke vivaraNa naitika tatvoM kI bhitti para Azrita haiM, ataH ve Adhunika vidyArthI ke lie bhI adhyayana ke acche viSaya hai / kathAvatthu jaisA dUsare adhyAya meM dikhAyA jA cukA hai, azoka ke samaya (tIsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva) taka Ate-Ate mala buddha-dharma 18 bhinna-bhinna sampradAyoM yA nikAyoM meM baTa cukA thaa| azoka ne lagabhaga 246 I0 pU0 jaba pATaliputra kI sabhA ko 1. e0 sI0 Telara dvArA sampAdita evaM pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, laMdana, dvArA san 1894 evaM 1897 meM romana lipi meM prakAzita / 'paoNinTsa oNva kanTrovarsI aura sabajaikTsa oNva Diskorsa' zIrSaka se zaoN jaina A~ga evaM zrImatI rAyasa

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( 422 ) bulAyA to usake sabhApati sthavira moggaliputta tissa ne inhIM 18 sampradAyoM meM se eka (theravAda-sthaviravAda) ko mUla buddha-dharma mAna kara bAkI 17 ke dArzanika siddhAMtoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA aura apane samAdhAnoM ko 'kathAvatthu-pakaraNa' nAmaka graMtha meM rakha diyA jo usI samaya se abhidhamma-piTaka kA eka aGga mAnA jAne lagA / kathAvatthu meM kevala dArzanika siddhAMtoM kA khaMDana hai| kina-kina sampradAyoM ke ve dArzanika siddhAnta the, isakA ullekha vahA~ nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yaha kamI usakI aTThakathA (pA~cavIM zatAbdI) ne pUrI kara dI hai| isa aTThakathA ke varNanAnusAra bhagavAna buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke 100 varSa bAda vajjiputtaka bhikSuoM ne saMgha ke anuzAsana ko bhaMga kara 'mahAsaMdhika' nAmaka sampradAya kI sthApanA kii| iso sampradAya ko pAMca zAkhAyeM bAda meM aura ho gaI / isa prakAra kula milAkara mahAmadhikoM ke 6 mampradAya ho gae, jinake nAma the, mahAsaMdhika, ekabbohArika, gokulika, pattivAdI, bAhalika aura cetiyvaado| prathama maMgIta meM sthaviroM (vaddha bhikSuoM) ne mala vuddha-dharma ke jisa svarUpa ko svIkAra kiyA thA usakA nAma 'theravAda' (sthavigvAda) par3a gayA thA aura isa theravAda ke bhI azoka ke samaya taka Ate-Ate kula milAkara 12 sampradAya ho gaye the, jo isa prakAra the, theravAdI, mahiMsAmaka, vajjiputtaka, sabbatthavAdI, dhammagattika, dhamma tariya, cha nAgarika, bhavyAnika, sAmittiya, kassapika, saMkrantika, aura suttavAdI / kathAvattha-aTaThakathA ke anusAra yaha gAkhA-bheda isa prakAra dikhAyA jA sakatA hai| -- DeviDsa dvArA aMgrejI meM anuvAdita evaM pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI (laMdana, 1915) dvArA prkaashit| baramI, siMhalI evaM syAmI saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN| devanAgarI meM na saMskaraNa haiM aura na anuvAda ! 1. dekhiye jJAnAtiloka : gAiDa zU di abhidhamma-piTaka, pRSTha 36; rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : vinaya-piTaka (hindI anuvAda) bhUmikA, pRSTha 1, unhIM kI purAtatva nibandhAvalI, pRSTha 121; 'dIpavaMsa' ke anusAra aura 'mahAvaMsa' 5 / 2-11 ke anusAra bhI bilakula yahI vibhAga hai, dekhiye rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dvArA dvArA sampAdita abhidharma-koza, bhUmikA, pRSTha 4; dekhiye jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI 1891, tathA jarnala oNva pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI (1904-05) (di saikTs oNva di buddhisTs)

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( 423 ) ___ mahAsaMdhika (kula ) (3) ekavyAvahArika gokulika (ekabbohArika) (gokulika) (4) prajJapnivAdI (paanivAdI) bAhuzrutika (bAhulika) (6) caityavAdI (cetiyavAdI) / theravAdI (kula 12) (1) mahIzAmaka (8) vAnmIputrIya yA - mahimAmaka) vRjjiputraka (vajjipunaka) (3) sarvAstivAdI (mabbatthivAdI) (7) (4) kAzyapIya (kammapika) dharmaguptika dharmonarIya (dhammunarIya) (5) mAMkrAntika (saMkrantika) (dhammagatika) (10) channAgArika (11) (6) sUtravAdI yA mautrAntika (sanavAdI) (channAgarika) bhadrayAnika (12) mAmmittiya sarvAstivAdI paramparA meM ina sampradAyoM kA vikAsa kuchavibhinnaDaMga me divAyA gayA hai| udAharaNataH vasamitra-praNIta 'apTAdaga-nikAya-zAstra' ke anasAra 18 mampradAyoM kA vibhAgIkaraNa isa prakAra hai-- 1. dekhiye rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dvArA sampAdita 'abhidharmakoza', bhUmikA, pRSTha 5, evaM unhIM kA vinaya-piTaka (hindI-anuvAda), bhUmikA, pRSTha 1-2; nAgArjuna ke mAdhyamika sUtroM ke bhASyakAra ,candrakIti ke pUrvagAmI, AcArya bhavya ke varNanAnusAra bhI 18 sampradAyoM ke vikAsa kA yahI krama hai| kevala unhoMne

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( 424 ) bauddha saMgha sthaviravAdI mahAmAMdhika prajJaptivAdI lokottaravAdI ekavyAvahArika gokulika (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) hemavata vAtmoputrIya dharmottarIya bhadrayAnIya sammittIya pANNAgarika sarvAstivAdI (11) kAzyapIya mahIgAmaka sautrAntika (10) dharmagupta uparyukta donoM paramparAoM kI vibhinnatAeM vAstava meM ina sampradAyoM ke anizcita itihAsa ke kAraNa haiN| yadi kathAvatthu meM ina sampradAyoM ke viSaya meM bhI kucha kaha diyA jAtA to vauddha dharma ke itihAsa-jijJAsuoM kA kAma sarala ho jaataa| kintu dhammavAdI sthavira moggalipuna tissa ne isake lie avakAza nahIM diyaa| gokulika (kukkulika) zAkhA ko mahAsAMghikoM se tathA pANNAgArika (channAgArika) zAkhA ko sthaviravAdiyoM ko paramparA se viyukta kara diyA hai| dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 831-32; 'mahAvaMsa', 'kathAvatthu', vasumitra aura bhavya ina cAroM srotoM ke AdhAra para 18 sampradAyoM ke zAkhA-bheda ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie dekhiye buddhisTaka sTaDIz2a, pRSTha 827 para dI huI mahattvapUrNa taalikaa|

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( 425 ) unake lievicAravyaktiyoMyA sampradAyoMmeadhika mhtvpuurnnthe|bhaartiiyjnyaaniyoN kI paramparA ke yaha anukUla hI hai| kintu isa abhAva ke kAraNa ina sampradAyoM kA iti hAsa bhI anizcita hI raha gayA hai| sthaviravAdI paramparA kI mAnyatA, jaisA upara dikhAyA jA cukA hai, kathAvatthu kI aTThakathA para Azrita hai jo svayaM pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI kIracanAhone kekAraNa utanIprAmANika nahIM mAnI jA sktii| phira bhI jo vastu nizcita mAnI jA sakatI hai vaha yaha hai ki azoka ke bauddha dharma grahaNa kara lene ke samaya uparyukta aThAraha sampradAya vidyamAna the| azoka ke dvArA pUjita kiye jAne para ye aura bhI baDhane lage / zAstA kA vAstavika upadeza kyA thA, yaha kucha bhI jAna na par3ane lgaa| pariNAmataHpATaliputra me eka saMgotibulAI gaI / isa sabhA ke sabhApati the sthavira moggaliputta tissa / unhoMne uparyukta sampradAyoM meM se kevala vizuddha sthaviravAda ko to buddha kA mantavya athavA 'vibhajjavAda' mAnA aura zeSa ko buddha ke mata se bAhara maanaa| isI samaya se sarvAstivAda Adi sampradAya, jo aba taka sthaviravAdiyoM kI ho zAkhA mAne jAte the, aba alaga ho gye| ataH hama kaha sakate hai ki azoka ke samaya taka buddha-mantavya athavA 'vibhajyavAda' jisa nAma se vyavahata hotA rahA , vaha aura usakI paramparA 'sthaviravAda' meM nihita hai / imI sthaviravAda ke samarthana kI dRSTi me zeSa 17 sampradAyoM ke mantavyoM kA khaMDana 'kathAvatthu' meM kiyA gayA hai / 'kathAvatthu' meM virodhI 17 sampradAyoM ke siddhAntoM ko praznAtmaka DhaMga se pahale pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, phira sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa se unakA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai / siddhAntoM ke pUrvApara -sambandhI nirvAcana meM kisI nizcita niyama kA pAlana nahIM kiyA gyaa| siddhAntoM ko mAnane vAle sampradAyoM kA to usameM nAmollekha bhI nahIM hai, yaha hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiN| kula milAkara 'kathAvatthu' meM virodhI sampradAyoM ke 216 middhAntoM kA khaMDana hai, jo 23 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiye gaye hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki isa graMtha meM na kevala azokakAlIna siddhAntoM kA hI khaMDana hai, balki kucha bAda ke sampradAyo aura siddhAntoM kA bhI khaMDana sammilita hai / ata: unake mata meM isa graMtha meM kaI aMza IsA kI pahalI gatAbdI taka jor3e jAte rahe / isa graMtha meM prAcIna arthAt azoka ke samaya meM praca 1. dekhiye rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : purAtattva nibandhAvalI, pRSTha 130; jJAnAtiloka; gAiDa zU di abhidhamma piTaka, pRSTha 37-38

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( 426 ) lita siddhAnto meM se to ATha kA khaMDana prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jinameM se do to mahAmAMghiyoM ke sampradAya haiM, yathA ( 2 ) mahAsAMghika ( caturtha zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) tathA gokulika ( cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) aura chaha sampradAya svayaM sthaviravAdiyoM ke haiM, yathA ( 1 ) bhadrayAnika ( tIsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) ( 2 ) mahIzAsaka {cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) (3) vAtsIputrIya ( cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) (4) sarvAstivAdI ( cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) (5) sAmmittiya ( cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva, tathA ( 9 ) vajjiputtaka ( cauthI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ) ' / inake alAvA kucha arvAcIna siddhAntoM kA bhI khaMDana kathAvatthu meM milatA hai / ye sampradAya bhI ATha haiM, yathA, (1) andhaka ( 2 ) aparazailIya ( 3 ) pUrvazailIya ( 4 ) rAjagirika (5) siddhArthaka ( 6 ) vaipulya ( vetulla) (3) uttarApathaka aura (8) hetuvAdI' / yadi svayaM kathAvatthu meM ina mampradAyoM kA nAmollekha hotA taba to yaha mAnA jA sakatA thA ki usake jo aMza ima arvAcIna sampradAyoM ke siddhAntoM kA khaMDana karate haiM ve azoka ke kAla ke bAda kI racanA haiN| kintu vahA~ to sirpha siddhAntoM kA khaMDana hai, siddhAntoM ko nizcita sampradAyoM ke sAtha vahA~ nahIM jor3A gayA hai / yaha kAmato tA~cavI zatAbdI meM likhI jAne vAlI usakI aTThakathA ne hI kiyA hai / ataH isase yahI nizcita niSkarSa nikala sakatA hai ki jaba kathAvatthu ke vicAraka ne virodhI siddhAntoM kA khaMDana kiyA thA taba ve bauddha vAyu-maMDala meM vicchinna GkAoM ke rUpa meM pravAhita avazya ho rahe the, kintu nizcita sampradAyoM ke sAtha unakA abhI saMbaMdha sthApita nahI huA thA / saMbhava hai kahI kahI vyakti inakA upadeza de rahe hoM yA zaMkAoM ke rUpa meM upasthita kara rahe hoN| bAda meM calakara inhIM meM se nizcita saMpradAyoM kA avirbhAva ho gayA, jaisA dharma aura darzana ke itihAsa meM aksara hotA hai / jisa samaya kathAvattha ko aTThakathA likhIgaI 1. jJAnAtiloka : gAiDa thrU di abhidhammapiTaka, pRSTha 38; rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : purAtattva nibandhAvalI, pRSTha 130 2. mahAvaMsa 5 / 12 - 13 meM bhI haimavata, rAjagRhika, siddhArthaka, pUrvazailIya, aparazailIya aura vAjirIya, ina chaH sampradAyoM ko azoka ke uttarakAlIna mAnA gayA hai / ataH jJAnAtiloka : gAiDa thrU di abhidhammapiTaka, pRSTha 38 evaM rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : purAtatva nibandhAvalI, pRSTha 120, kA inako uttarakAlIna ThaharAnA yukti yukta hI jAna par3atA hai /

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427 ) pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI) uma mamaya taka ina saMpradAyoM kA svarUpa nizcita ho cukA thA aura ve bauddha paramparA meM pratiSThA pA cuke the / yahI kAraNa hai ki aTThakathAkAra ( mahAsthavira buddhaghoSa ) ne kathAvattha meM khaMDana ke lie prastuta jina jina siddhAMtoM kI samatA apane kAla meM pracalita yA paramparA se prApta saMpradAyoM kI mAnyatAoM ke sAtha dekhI, unheM unake sAtha saMbaMdhita kara diyA hai / ataH hama una vidvAnoM ( vizeSata: rAhula sAMkRtyAyana aura jJAnAtiloka ) ke mana se sahamata nahIM haiM jo kathAvatthu ke katipaya aMzoM ko azoka ke kAla me bAda kI racanA mAnate haiN| jaisA hama abhI spaSTa kara cuke haiM, siddhAMta saMpradAyoM kI upekSA adhika prAcIna haiM aura saMpradAyoM kA nAmollekha kathAvatthu meM hai nahIM / ataH vaha nizcaya hI apane saMpUrNa rUpa meM azokakAlIna racanA hai aura usa kAla ke bhikSu saMgha meM sphuTa rUpa se pracalita nAnA mithyA dhAraNAo aura zakAo ke nirAkaraNa ke dvArA mUla buddha dharma ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane kA vaha prayatna karatI hai / bAda meM inhIM ( sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa me ) mithyA dhAraNAoM aura zaMkAoM ne vikamita hokara vibhinna nizcita saMpradAyoM aura upasaMpradAyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA, jinakA sAkSya usakI aTThakathA detI hai / 'kathAvatthu ' ke 216 zaMkA-samAdhAna 23 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai, yaha abhI kahA jA cukA hai / inameM se kaI samAdhAna dArzanika dRSTi se bar3e mahatva ke haiM / buddha ke darzana kI manamAnI vyAkhyA pahale ke yugoM meM bhI bahuta kI jA cukI hai aura Aja bhI bahuta kI jAtI hai / tathAkathita brAhmaNa dArzanika yadi ima dizA meM mArga - bhraSTa hue haiM to unase kama bauddha dArzanika bhI nahIM / mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne ThIka hI sara rAdhAkRSNana ke usa prayatna kI haMsI ur3AI hai aura use 'bAla- dharma' ( bhArI mUrkhatA) nizcita kara diyA hai jo unhoMne buddha ko upaniSad ke AtmavAda kA pracAraka siddha karane ke lie kiyA hai / yadi manISI rAdhAkRSNan kathAvantha ke prathama adhyAya ke prathama zaMkAsamAdhAna meM hI spaSTa isa viSayaka sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa kI samyak avadhAraNA kara lete to ve mUla buddha darzana ke sAtha AtmavAda yA anya aisI kisI 1. dekhiye mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA darzana-digdarzana, pRSTha 530-32 (

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( 428 ) cIja ko isa prakAra anadhikRta rUpa se milAne kA prayatna nahIM karate / isI prakAra yadi manISI mahApaMDita bhI isa bAta kI samyak anubhUti kara lete ki 'mahAzUnyavAdI' vetulyakoM (vaipulyakoM) kI sthaviravAdiyoM ne 'kathAvatthu' meM kyA khabara lI hai, to ve nAgArjuna Adi uttarakAlIna vauddha dArzanikoM ko, jinhoMne niSedhAtmaka dizA meM hI adhika padArpaNa kiyA hai, vuddha-mantavyoM ke ekamAtra sacce vyAkhyAtA hone kA zreya pradAna nahIM karate / baddha-mata sabhI atiyoM se bAhara jAtA hai, sabhI matavAdoM me Upara uThatA hai| AtmavAda aura anAtmavAda, IzvaravAda aura anIzvaravAda, bhautikavAda aura vijJAnavAda, zAzvatavAda aura azAzvatavAda sabhI ina atiyoM aura matavAdoM ke hI svarUpa hai| buddha kI dArzanika paristhiti saMbaMdhI hamArI bahuta sI zaMkAoM kA nirma lana svayaM buddha-vacanoM ke bAda 'kathAvatthu' meM bar3e acche DhaMga se hotA hai| bAda meM milindapaJha (prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva) meM bhI isa prakAra kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, kintu usakA mahatva 'kathAvatthu' ke bAda hI hai| aba hama kathAvatthu meM nirukta viSaya-vastu kA saMkSepa me digdarzana kareMge / kathAvatthu meM nirAkRta siddhAntoM kI sUcI pahalA adhyAya 1. kyA jIva, satva yA AtmA kI paramArtha-sattA hai ? vajjiputtaka aura sammitiya bhikSuoM kA vizvAsa thA ki 'hai' / sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa se isakA vistRta khaMDana kiyA gayA hai / 2. kyA arhatva kI avasthA me arhat kA patana saMbhava hai ? sammitiya vajjipunaka, sabbanthivAdI aura kucha mahAsaMghika bhikSuoM kA vizvAsa thA ki yaha saMbhava hai| sthaviravAdiyoM ne srota Apanna, sakRdAgAmI aura anAgAmI ke viSaya meM to yaha mAnA hai ki ve apanI-apanI avasthAoM meM patita hokara phira sAMmArika vana makate hai, kintu arhat kA patana to asaMbhava hai| 2. kyA devatAoM meM brahmacarya kI prApti saMbhava hai ? sammitiya bhikSu kahate the ki 'nhiiN'| sthavigvAdI dRSTikoNa se kahA gayA hai ki sammitiya bhikSuoM

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ko brahmacarya kA artha samajhane meM hI bhrama ho gayA hai / bhikSu-jIvana (brahmacarya) ke svarga meM na hote hue bhI pavitra-jIvana (brahmacarya) kA abhyAsa karane meM to devatA svatantra hI haiM / ataH sthavigvAdiyoM ke anusAra devatAoM meM bhI brahmacarya kI prApti saMbhava hai| 4. kyA citta-saMyojanoM (mAnasika-bandhanoM) kA vinAza vibhAgazaH hotA hai ? sammitiyoM kA vizvAsa thA ki srota Apanna vyakti duHkha aura duHkha-samadaya kA jJAna prApta kara, prathama tIna citta-bandhanoM ke kevala kucha aMgoM ko ucchinna karatA hai aura bAkI aMzoM ko adhika UMcI avasthAoM ko prApta karane ke bAda ucchinna karatA hai| sthaviravAdiyoM kA isake viparIta tarka yaha hai ki isa prakAra eka hI vyakti ko vibhAgazaH srota Apanna aura vibhAgaga: srota Apanna nahIM bhI mAnanA pdd'egaa| sammatiyoM ne apanI sthiti ke samarthana ke lie buddha-vacana ko uddhRta kiyA hai, kintu sthaviravAdiyoM ne dUsarA buddha-vacana uddhRta kara unakI sthiti ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| 5. kyA saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI koI manuSya rAga aura dveSa se makta ho sakatA hai ? sammatiyoM kA vizvAsa thA ki ho sakatA hai| sthaviro ne ime bokAra nahIM kiyA / ____. kyA saba kucha hai ? (sabbaM atthi ? ) sabbatthivAdiyoM (sarvAstivAdiyoM) kA vizvAsa thA ki bhUta , vartamAna aura bhaviSyat ke sabhI bhautika aura mAnasika dharmoM kI sattA hai / sthaviravAdiyoM ke matAnusAra atIta samApta ho cukA, bhaviSyat abhI utpanna nahIM huA, kevala vartamAna hI kI sanA hai / 7. siddhAnta chaha kA hI pUraka hai / 8. kyA yaha satya hai ki bhUta, aura bhaviSyat kI kucha vastuoM kA astitva hai aura kucha kA nahIM ? kassapika bhikSu kahate the ki atIta bhI aMzataH vartamAna meM vidyamAna hai aura jina bhaviSya ke padArthoM ke hone kA hama dRr3ha nizcaya kara sakate hai unakI bhI sattA mAna sakate hai / sthaviroM ne ise svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| 9. kyA sabhI padArtha smRti ke Alambana hai ? andhakoM kA aisA vizvAsa thA, kintu sthaviroM ne isakA khaMDana kiyA hai /

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10. kyA bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyat ke padArthoM kA astitva eka prakAra se hai aura dUsare prakAra ne nahIM ? andhakoM kA aisA vizvAsa, kintu sthavige dvArA khaMDana / dUsarA adhyAya 11. kyA arhana kA vorya-patana sambhava hai ? pUrvazailIya aura aparazailIya bhikSuoM kA vizvAsa thA ki bhojana-pAna ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hai / sthaviroM ne ine nahIM mAnA hai| 12-14. kyA arhata ke ajAna aura saMzaya ho sakate haiM aura dUsaroM meM vaha parA jita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSaoM kA vizvAsa thA ki laukika jJAna ke viSaya meM yaha sarvathA sambhava hai / sthaviroM ne isakA virodha nahIM kiyA, kintu arhata ko kabhI bhI avidyA yA vicikitmA ho sakatI hai ime unhoMne nahIM maanaa| 15. kyA dhyAnAvasthA meM vANI-vyApAra bhI sambhava hai ? pUrvagailIya bhikSao kA aimA vizvAsa, kintu umakA nirAkaraNa / 16. kyA 'duHkha' 'duHkha' kahane me srota Apani Adi cAra brahmacarya kI avasthAoM kI prApti ho sakatI hai ? pUrvagailIya bhikSaoM ke isa mithyA vizvAna kA nirAkaraNa / 17. kyA koI bina avasthA sampUrNa dina bhara raha sakatI hai ? andhakoM ke ima vizvAsa kA nirAkaraNa / 18. kyA mabhI saMskAra tapta, dahakate hue aMgAroM ke samAna hai ? bhagavAn ke eka vacana ke anusAra gokulika bhikSu sabhI saMskAroM ko duHnma-maya hI mAnate the| mthavigvAdiyoM ne kSaNika sukhamaya saMskAroM kI bhI manaH mAnI hai| 10. kyA vAcarya ko cAra avasthAoM (srota Apatti Adi) kA nAkSAtkAra vibhAgagaH hotA hai| andhaka, sabbatthivAdI. mammitiya aura bhadrayAnika bhidhaoM kA aimA hI vizvAsa / sthavigvAdiyoM kA mata siddhAnta-saM8 ke samAna /

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( 431 ) 20. kyA buddha kA lokottara vyavahAra (vohAra-vANI) jaisI koI cIja hai ? andhaka bhikSu majjhima-nikAya ke eka vacana ke AdhAra para aisA hI mAnate the| mthaviravAdI matAnamAra brahmacarya-saMlagna cina aura nirvANa hI lokottara hai| 21. kyA duHkha-vimukti bhI do hai aura nirvANa bhI do ? mahIzAmaka aura andhaka bhikSa kahate the ki aisA hI hai| eka duHkha-vimakti hai cintana yA pratisaMkhyAna (paTisaMkhA) ke dvArA prApta ko huii| aura dUsI usake binaa| imo prakAra eka nirvANa hai pratisaMkhyAna ke dvArA prApta kiyA huA aura dumarA usake binaa| isakA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA adhyAya 28.3. kyA tathAgata ke dama bala unake ziSyoM ko bhI prApta ho sakate hai ? __ andhakoM ko mAnyatA isake pakSa meM / 24. kyA vimukta hotA huA mana lobha-grasta hotA hai ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa thA ki arhattva prApta kara lene para hI lobha se pUrNata: vimukti milatI hai / 25. kyA vimukti kramazaH kriyA ke rUpa meM hone vAlI vastu hai| 26. kyA srota Apanna kA mata-vAda sambandhI bandhana naSTa huA rahatA hai / andhaka aura sammitiyoM ko aisI hI mAnyatA thI / sthaviravAdI mana madhyamArgIya dRSTikoNa le letA hai arthAt usakI mAnyatA hai ki srota Apanna kA mata-vAda sambandhI bandhana TUTane lagatA hai kintu pUrNataH TUTa cukA huA nahIM hotaa| 1. kyA srotApanna ko zraddhendriya Adi indriyoM (jIvana-zaktiyoM) kI prApti ho jAtI hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 28-29. kyA carma-cakSu divya-cakSuoM meM parivartita ho sakate hai, yadi unakA AdhAra koI mAnasika dharma ho / andhakoM kI aisI ho mAnyatA / 30. kyA divya-cakSa prApta kara lenA karma ke svarUpa ko samajha lenA ho hai ? 31. kyA devatAoM meM saMyama pAyA jAtA hai ? 1. kyA acetana prANI (asA -mattA) bhI vijJAna (citta) se yukta hote hai ?

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( 432 ) andhakoM kA vizvAsa thA ki vinA citta ke punarjanma nahIM hotaa| ataH kama se kama mRtyu aura punarjanma ke kSaNa meM acetana prANiyoM ke bhI vijJAna hotA hai| 33. kyA naivasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana meM vijJAna upasthita nahIM rahatA ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa ki nahIM rhtaa| cauthA adhyAya 34. kyA gRhastha bhI arhat bana sakatA hai ? uttarApathakoM kA vizvAsa / sthaviravAdI matAnusAra arhat hone para manuSya gRhasthAzrama meM nahIM raha sktaa| 35. kyA janma ke avasara para hI koI arhat bana sakatA hai ? uttarApathakoM kA bhrama / 36. kyA arhat kI pratyeka upayoga-sAmagrI bhI pavitra (anAsava-mala-rahita) hai ? uttarApathakoM kA mata / 37. kyA arhat hone ke bAda bhI manuSya ko cAra mArga-phaloM kI prApti banI huI rahatI hai ? uttarApathakoM kA vizvAsa / 38. kyA 6 prakAra kI upekSAoM ko arhana eka hI kSaNa meM eka hI sAtha dhAraNa ___ kara sakatA hai ? kisa sampradAya kI yaha mAnyatA thI, isakA ullekha nahIM hai| sthaviravAdI matAnusAra aisI avasthA sambhava nahIM hai| 39. kyA vodhi-mAtra se buddha ho jAtA hai ? uttarApathakoM kA bhramAtmaka vizvAsa, 'bodhi' kA artha na samajhane ke kAraNa / 40. kyA 32 mahApuruSa-lakSaNoM se yukta pratyeka manapya bodhisatva hai ? uttarA pathakoM kA vizvAsa / 41. kyA bodhisatva ko buddha kAzyapa kI ziSyatA meM hI samyak mArga kI prApti ho gaI thI ? andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 42. 37 ke smaan| 43. kyA saMyojanoM (citta-bandhanoM) ke Upara vijaya prApta kara lene kA nAma hI arhattva hai ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa /

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( 433 ) pAMcavA~ adhyAya 44. kyA vimukti aura vimukti-jAna donoM eka hI vastu haiM ? andhakoM kI yahI maanytaa| 45. kyA zaikSya (jise abhI sIkhanA bAkI hai, yA jisane arhatva kI avasthA abhI prApta nahIM kI hai) ko azaikSya (arhat)-sambandhI jJAna bhI upasthita rahatA hai ? uttarApathakoM kA vizvAsa / 46. pRthvI-Rtsna ke dvArA dhyAna karane vAle kA jJAna kyA mithyA-jJAna hI hai ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa / 47. kyA 'a-niyata' (cAra Arya-mArgoM meM jo pratiSThita nahIM huA hai) ko 'niyAma' (Arya-mArga kI cAra avasthAe~, yathA srota Apatti, sakRdAgAmI, anAgAmI aura arhattva) sambandhI jJAna upasthita rahatA hai ? uttarA pathakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 48. kyA sabhI jJAna pratisambhidA-jAna hai ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa / 49. kyA yaha satya hai ki saMvRti-jJAna (sammati ANa-vyAvahArika jJAna jisake ___ anusAra hama manuSya, vRkSa Adi jaisI bAteM kahate haiM jinakA paramArthataH koI astitva nahIM) kA viSaya bhI satya hI hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 50, kyA paracina-jJAna kA AdhAra cetanA hI hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI mata / 51. kyA sampUrNa bhaviSya kA jJAna sambhava hai ? andhakoM ke anusAra sambhava thA / 52. kyA eka sAtha sampUrNa vartamAna kA jJAna sambhava hai ? andhakoM ke anusAra sambhava thaa| 53. kyA sAdhaka ko dUsaroM kI mArga-prApti kA bhI jJAna ho sakatA hai ? andhaka kahate the 'hA~' ! chaThA adhyAya 54. kyA cAra mArgo ke dvArA AzvAsana mila sakatA hai ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa / 55. kyA pratItya samutpAda a-saMskRta (a-kRta) aura zAzvata hai| pUrvazailIya aura mahIzAsaka bhikSuoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 56. kyA cAra Arya-satya a-saMskRta aura zAzvata hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA yahI mata / 28

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( 434 ) 57. vayA AkAzAnantyAyatana (AkAza ananta hai, aise Ayatana kI bhAvanA) a-saMskRta hai ? 58. kyA nirova-samApatti (nirova-samAdhi, jisameM citta kI vRttiyoM kA pUrNata: nirodha ho jAtA hai) a-saMskRta hai ? andhakoM aura utarApathakoM kI maanytaa| 59. kyA AkAza a-saMskRta hai ? uttarApathaka aura mahIzAsakoM kI maanytaa| 60-61. kyA AkAza, cAra mahAbhUta, pA~ca indriya aura kAyika karma dRzya hai ? __ andhakoM kI maanytaa| sAtavA~ adhyAya 62. kyA kucha vastuoM kA dUsarI vastuoM ke sAtha vargIkaraNa karanA asambhava hai ? rAjagRhika aura siddhArthaka bhikSuoM kA aisA hI mata thaa| 63. kyA aise cetasika dharma nahIM haiM, jo dUsare cetasika dharmoM ke sAtha saMyukta hoM ? rAjagRhika aura siddhArthaka bhikSu kahate ki nahIM haiN| 64. kyA 'cetasika' nAma kI koI vastu-hI nahIM hai ? 'nahI hai' yaha bhI kahate the rAjagahika aura middhArthaka bhikSa hii| 65. kyA dAna denA bhI cittaM kI eka avasthA kA hI nAma hai ? rAjagRhika aura middhArthaka bhikSuoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 66. kyA dAna-upabhoga ke sAtha dAna kA puNya bhI bar3hatA hai ? rAjagRhika, siddhArthaka aura sammitiya bhikSuoM kA vizvAsa / 67. kyA yahA~ diyA huA dAna anyatra (pitaroM ke dvArA) upabhoga kiyA jA makatA hai ? yaha prazna var3A mahatvapUrNa thA jisa para bauddhoM ko bhI usa yuga meM socanA par3A / 'petavatthu' aura 'khuddaka-pATha' ke vivecanoM meM hama pahale isakA kucha nirdeza kara cuke hai| rAjagRhika aura siddhArthaka bhikSuoM kA vizvAsa thA ki yahA~ diye hue bhojana kA upabhoga pitara apane loka meM karate hai / sthaviravAdiyoM ke anusAra bhojana kA sAkSAt upabhoga to unake liye sambhava nahIM hai, kintu yahA~ diye hue dAna ke kAraNa pretoM ke mana para acchA prabhAva avazya par3atA hai aura vaha unake kalyANa ke liye hotA hai|

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( 435 ) 68. kyA pRthvI bhI karma-vipAka hai ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa / 69. kyA jarA aura mRtyu karma-vipAka haiM ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa / 70, kyA cAra Arya-mArgoM se saMyukta citta kI avasthAeM karma-vipAka paidA nahIM karatIM ? andhakoM kA vizvAsa / 71. kyA eka karma-vipAka dUsare karma-vipAka ko paidA karatA hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI vishvaas| AThavA~ adhyAya 72. kyA jIvana ke chaha loka hai ? andhaka aura uttarApathakoM kI mAnyatA / sthaviravAdI kevala pA~ca loka mAnate the, manuSya-loka, pazu-loka, narakaloka, yakSa-loka, aura devaloka / andhaka aura uttarApathaka eka chaThe loka, asura-loka, ko bhI mAnate the / 73. kyA do janmoM ke bIca meM kucha vyavadhAna hotA hai ? pUrvazailIya aura sammi ttiya bhikSuoM ke anusAra hotA thaa| 74. kyA kAma-dhAtu kA artha kevala kAma-vAsanA-sambandhI pA~ca viSayoM kA upa bhoga hI hai ? pUrvazIlIya bhikSu mAnate the ki kAma-dhAtu se tAtparya kevala pA~ca indriyoM (cakSu., zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, kAya) sambandhI viSaya bhogoM se hai / sthaviravAdI paramparA meM isakA vistRta artha liyA gayA hai, arthAt kAmanAoM se pravartita hone vAlA sArA jIvana-loka, icchAoM kI daur3a dhupa meM lagA huA sArA jIva-jagat / 75. kyA 'kAma' kA artha hai indriya-cetanA kA AdhAra ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA mata / 76-77. kyA rUpa-dhAtu kA tAtparya hai kevala rUpa vAle padArtha (rUpino dhammA) ? aura a-rUpa dhAtu kA artha hai kevala a-rUpa vAle padArtha ? andhakoM kA mata / 78. kyA rUpa-loka kA prANI 6 indriyoM vAlA hotA hai ? andhakoM aura sammi tiyoM kI maanytaa| 72. kyA arUpa-loka meM bhI rUpa hai ? anvakoM kA vizvAsa /

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80. kuzala citta se saMyukta kAyika-karma bhI kyA kuzala hai ? mahIzAsaka aura sammitiyoM kA mata / 81. kyA 'rUpa-jIvitendriya' (rUpa-jIvitindriya) jaisI koI vastu nahIM ? 'nahIM' kahate the pUrva zailIya aura sammitiya bhikSu ! 82. kyA pUrva ke bure karma ke kAraNa arhat kA bhI patana ho sakatA hai ? pUrvazailIya aura sammitiya bhikSa kahate the ki yaha sambhava hai / navA~ adhyAya 83. kyA dasa saMyojanoM se vimukti binA dharmoM ke anitya, duHkha aura anAtma svarUpa ko cintana kiye bhI prApta ho sakatI hai ? andhakoM kI mithyA dhaarnnaa| 84. kyA nirvANa kA cintana bhI eka mAnasika bandhana hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA aisA hI mt| 85. kyA rUpa Alambana-yukta hai ? uttarApathakoM kA 'Alambana' kA ThIka artha na jAnane ke kAraNa yaha bhrama / 86. kyA sAta anuzayoM (citta-maloM) ke mAnasika AdhAra nahIM hote ? andhakoM aura kucha uttarApathakoM kA yahI mata / 87. kyA antarjJAna kA bhI mAnasika AdhAra nahIM hotA ? andhakoM kA yahI mata / 88. kyA bhUta yA bhaviSyatkI cetanA kA bhI koI mAnasika AdhAra nahIM hotA ? uttarApathaka bhikSuoM kA aisA mata / 89. kyA pratyeka citta kI avasthA meM vitarka rahatA hai ? uttarApathaka bhikSuoM kI yahI maanytaa| 90. kyA zabda bhI kevala vitarka kA hI bAharI vistAra (vipphAra) hai / pUrva zailIya bhikSuoM kI yahI maanytaa| 91. kyA vANI sadA citta se sambandhita nahIM hai ? 'nahIM hai' kahate the pUrvazalIya, kyoM ki bhUla meM hamAre muMha se kabhI-kabhI aisI bAteM nikala jAtI haiM jinheM hama kahanA nahIM caahte|

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( 437 ) 92. kyA kAyika-karma sadA citta se sambandhita nahIM hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA uparyukta ke samAna mata / 93. kyA bhUta aura bhaviSyat kI bhI prAptiyA~ sambhava hai ? andhaka kahate the 'hA~' / dasavA~ adhyAya 94. kyA punarjanma ko prApta karAne vAle skandhoM ke nirodha se pUrva hI paMcaskandhoM kI utpatti ho jAtI hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI mata / 95. kyA Arya aSTAGgika mArga kA abhyAsa karate samaya vyakti kA rUpa usameM saMniviSTa rahatA hai ? sammitiya, mahIzAsaka aura mahAsAMghikoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 96. kyA pA~ca indriya-cetanAoM (jaise dekhanA, sunanA Adi ) kA upayoga karate hue mArga kI bhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ? mahIzAsakoM kA yahI vizvAsa / 97. kyA pA~ca prakAra kI indriya- cetanAe~ kuzala haiM ? mahIzAsakoM kI mAnyatA / 98. kyA pA~ca prakAra kI indriya-cetanAe~ a-kuzala bhI hai ? uparyukta ke samAna hI / 99. kA Arya-aSTAGgika mArga kA abhyAsa karane vAlA vyakti do prakAra ke zIla ( laukika aura alaukika ) kA AcaraNa kara rahA hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kA yahI mata / 100. kyA zIla kabhI-kabhI a-cetasika bhI hotA hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa | 101. kyA zIla citta se sambandhita nahIM hai ? 91, 92 ke samAna 102. kyA mAtra grahaNa karane se zIla kA vikAsa hotA hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa | 103. kyA kevala zarIra yA vANI se vijJapti kara denA bhI zIla hai ? mahIzAsaka aura sammitiyoM kA aisA hI mata / 104. kyA naitika uddezya kI avijJapti akuzala hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kA yahI mata / gyArahavA~ adhyAya 105. kyA sAta anuzaya avyAkRta hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kI yaha mAnyatA thI / 106. kyA jJAna se asaMyukta citta kI avasthA meM bhI kisI ko avidyA se vimukta

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( 438 ) aura vidyA se yukta kahA jA sakatA hai ? mahAsAMghika kahate the, 'kahA jA sakatA hai| 107. kyA antarjJAna citta se ayukta bhI ho sakatA hai / pUrvazailIya bhikSu kahate the ki ho sakatA hai| 108. kyA duHkha Arya-satya kA jJAna mAtra yaha kahane se ho jAtA hai yaha duHkha hai' ? __ andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 101. kyA yoga kI vibhUtiyoM se yukta manuSya kalpa bhara taka raha sakatA hai ? mahAsAMghika bhikSu-kahate the 'hA~' / 110. kyA citta-pravAha (citta-santati) samAdhi meM bhI rahatA hai ? sarvAstivAdI aura uttarApathakoM kA vizvAsa / 111. kyA padArthoM kA niyamita svarUpa svayaM niSpanna (niSphanna) hai ? andhakoM kA vishvaas| 112. kyA anityatA svayaM niSpanna hai, jaise anitya padArtha ? yaha mata bhI andhakoM kA thaa| bArahavA~ adhyAya 113. kyA kevala saMyama aura a-saMyama hI kuzala aura akuzala karmoM kI utpatti karane vAle haiM ? mahAsAMghikoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 114. kyA pratyeka karma kA vipAka avazya hotA hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| sthaviravAdiyoM ke mata ke anusAra avyAkRta karma kA vipAka nahIM hotaa| 115-116. kyA vANI aura zarIra kI indriyA~ bhI pUrva-janma ke karma ke pari NAma svarUpa haiM ? mahAsAMghikoM kA aimA hI vizvAsa thaa| 117. kyA ve srota Apanna vyakti jo adhika se adhika sAta bAra AvAgamana meM ghamane ke bAda nirvANa prApta karate hai (sanakkhattu-parama), usa kAla ke anta hone para hI nirvANa prApta karate haiM ? uttarApathakoM kA aisA hI mt|| 118. kyA ve srotApanna vyakti jo eka kula se dUsare kula meM janma lene ke bAda (kolaMkola) yA sirpha eka hI bAra aura janma lene ke bAda (ekavIjI)

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( 439 ) nirvANa prApta karate haiM, usa kAla ke anta hone para hI nirvANa prApta karate haiM ? uttarApathakoM kA hI mata / 119. kyA samyak dRSTi-sampanna vyakti jAna-bujha kara hatyA kara sakatA hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSu kahate the ki aisA manuSya abhI krodha-mukta nahIM huA, ataH krodha ke Aveza meM usake liye aisA karanA asambhava nahIM hai| 120. kyA samyak-dRSTi-sampanna vyakti durgatiyoM se vimukta ho jAtA hai ? uttarApathakoM kA yaha mata thaa| sthaviravAdiyoM ke matAnusAra durgati ke do artha haiM, pazu-yoni Adi durgatiyA~ aura icchA-Asakti Adi durgatiyAM / uparyukta vyakti unake matAnusAra kevala prathama durgati se vimukta ho jAtA hai| 121. kyA srota Apanna vyakti apane sAtaveM janma meM durgatiyoM se vimasta ho jAtA hai ? uparyakta ke samAna / terahavA~ adhyAya 122. kyA jIvana-kAla (kalpa-kappa) ke liye daMDita vyakti yuga-kAla (kalpa kappa) taka daMDa bhogegA ? 'kalpa' kA artha na samajhane ke kAraNa rAja gRhika bhikSuoM kA yaha bhrama thaa| 123. kyA naraka meM yAtanA pAtA huA prANI kuzala-citta kI bhAvanA nahIM kara sakatA ? 'nahIM kara sakatA' kahate the uttarApathika / sthaviravAdiyoM ke anusAra vaha usa avasthA meM bhI kucha kuzala karma kara sakatA hai| 124. kyA pitR-vadha Adi duSkRtyoM ko karane vAlA bhI kabhI Age cala kara zubha karma-patha para A sakatA hai| uttarApathaka kahate the 'A sakatA hai| sthaviravAdiyoM ke anusAra vaha usI avasthA meM A sakatA hai jaba ki binA nizcaya kiye hue aura dUsare kI AjJAnusAra usane aisA kiyA ho| 125. kyA vyakti kA bhAgya usake liye pahale se hI nizcita (niyata) hai ? pUrvazailIya aura aparazailIya bhikSuoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 126-27. kyA 5 nIvaraNoM (citta ke AvaraNoM) aura 10 saMyojanoM (citta bandhanoM) ko jItate samaya bhI vyakti inase yukta ho sakatA hai ? uttarApathaka bhikSuoM kA vizvAsa thA ki ho sakatA hai /

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( 440 ) 128. kyA dhyAna ke andara dhyAna kA AsvAda hotA hai aura dhyAna kI icchA hI umakA Alambana (viSaya) hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / 129. kyA a-sukhakara vastu ke liye bhI Asakti ho sakatI hai ? uttarApathakoM kA aisA hI vishvaas| 130. kyA mana ke viSayoM kI tRSNA (dhamma-taNhA) avyAkRta hai, aura 131. kyA vaha duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM hai ? ye donoM mata pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM ke the| caudahavA~ adhyAya 132. kyA kuzala-mUla (a-lobha, a-dveSa, a-moha) a-kuzala mUloM (lobha, dveSa, moha) ke bAda paidA hote haiM ? mahAsAMghikoM kA mithyA vizvAsa thaa| 133. mAtA ke peTa meM garbha-meM Ate samaya kyA 6 indrayA~ (cakSu, zrotra, ghrANa, jihvA, kAya, mana) sAtha-sAtha hI utpanna hotI hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 134. kyA eka vijJAna (cakSu-vijJAna Adi) kisI dUsare vijJAna ke bAda utpanna ho sakatA hai ? uttarApathaka bhikSuoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 135. kyA vANI aura zarIra kA pavitra bhautika kArya cAra mahAbhUtoM se hI se hI utpanna hotA hai ? uttarApathakoM kA yahI vizvAsa thaa| 136. kyA kAma-vAsanA-sambandhI anuzaya aura usakA prakAzana do vibhinna vastueM haiM ? andhakoM kA yahI vizvAsa thaa| 137. kyA anuzayoM kA prakAzana citta me asaMyukta (vippayutta) hai ? andhakoM kA yahI mata thA / 138. kyA rUpa-rAga, rUpa-dhAtu meM hI antahita aura sammilita hai ? andhaka aura sammitiya bhikSuoM kA yahI vizvAsa thaa| 139. kyA mithyA mata-vAda a-vyAkRta hai ? andhaka aura sammitiya bhikSuoM kA yahI mata thA / ve 'avyAkRta' zabda ke ThIka artha ko nahIM samajhate the| 140. kyA mithyA mata-vAda, laukika kSetra me asambandhita, sAdhakoM ke lokottara kSetra meM bhI pAye jAte haiM ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA yaha mithyA vizvAsa thaa|

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( 441 ) pandrahavA~ adhyAya 141. kyA 'pratItya samutpAda' kA pratyeka dharma (avasthA) kevala eka hI pratyaya kA sUcaka hai ? mahAsAMghika bhikSuoM kA aisA hI mata thA / 142. kyA yaha kahanA galata hai ki 'saMskAroM ke pratyaya se avidyA kI utpatti hotI hai', jaise ki 'avidyA ke pratyaya se saMskAroM kI utpatti hotI hai ?' mahAsAMghikoM ke matAnusAra yaha kahanA galata hI thaa| sthaviravAdiyoM ne ise 'sahajAta-pratyaya' yA 'anyonya-pratyaya' ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAta kiyA hai aura galata nahIM maanaa| 143. kyA kAla pariniSpanna (parinipphanna) hai ? 144. kyA kAla ke sabhI kSaNa pariniSpanna haiM ? 145. kyA Asrava (kAma-Amrava, bhavAsrava, dRSTi-Asrava, avidyAsrava) dUsare AtravoM se asaMlagna hai ? hetuvAdI bhikSuoM kA yahI mata thaa| 146. kyA lokottara bhikSuoM ke jaga aura maraNa bhI lokottara hote hai ? mahA sAMghikoM kA yaha mata thA / sthaviravAdiyoM ke matAnusAra inakI bhautika yA mAnasika sattA hI nahIM hai, ataH na ye laukika haiM, na lokottara / 147. kyA nirodha-samApani (nirodha-samAdhi) lokottara hai ? hetuvAdiyoM kaamt| 148. kyA vaha laukika (lokiya) hai ? pUrvokta ke samAna / 149. kyA nirodha-samAdhi kI avasthA meM mRtyu bhI ho sakatI hai| rAjagRhika kahate the ki ho sakatI hai / sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM ke matAnusAra nahI ho sktii| 150. kyA nirodha-samAdhi ke bAda saMjA-hIna prANiyoM (asaJjasatta) ke loka meM utpatti hotI hai ? hetuvAdiyoM kA yahI mithyA vizvAsa thA / 151. kyA karma aura karma-saMcaya do vibhinna vastue~ haiM ? andhaka aura sammitiyoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa / solahavA~ adhyAya 152. kyA koI vyakti kisI dUsare vyakti ke mana ko naitika rUpa se zikSita kara sakatA hai yA use sahAyatA pahuMcA sakatA hai ? mahAsAMghioM kA yaha mata thaa|

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( 442 ) 154. kyA eka vyakti kisI dUsare vyakti ke mana meM sukha utpanna kara sakatA hai ? hetuvAdiyoM kA aisA vizvAsa thaa| 155. kyA eka hI samaya aneka vastuoM kI ora hama dhyAna de sakate hai ? pUrvazailIya aura aparazailIya bhikSuoM ke matAnusAra yaha sambhava thaa| 156-57. kyA rUpa bhI eka hetu hai ? kyA yaha hetuoM se yukta hai ? ye donoM mata uttarApathakoM ke the| 158. kyA rUpa kuzala yA akuzala ho sakatA hai ? mahIzAsaka aura sammitiya bhikSuoM kA yaha vizvAsa thaa| 159. kyA rUpa karma-vipAka hai ? andhaka aura mammitiyoM kI maanytaa| 160. kyA rUpAvacara aura arUpAvacara lokoM meM bhI rUpa hai ? andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 161. kyA rUpa-rAga aura arUpa-rAga, kramaza: rUpa-dhAtu aura arUpa-dhAtu meM sammilita haiM ? andhakoM kI yahI mAnyatA thii| satrahavA~ adhyAya 162. kyA arhat bhI puNyoM kA saMcaya karatA hai ? andhakoM kI mAnyatA / 163. kyA arhat kI akAla mRtyu nahIM ho sakatI ? nahIM ho sakatI, aisA rAja gRhika aura siddhArthaka bhikSu mAnate the| 164. kyA hara vastu karmoM ke kAraNa hai ? gajagRhika aura siddhArthaka bhikSu aisA hI vizvAsa rakhate the| 165. kyA duHkha cha: indriya-anubhUtiyoM taka hI mImita hai ? hetuvAdiyoM kI yaha mAnyatA thii| 166. kyA Arya-mArga ko chor3akara sabhI vastueM aura saMskAra, duHkha (kRta) hai ? hetuvAdiyoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 167. kyA yaha kahanA galata hai ki saMgha dAna grahaNa karatA hai| yaha mata vaitulyaka nAmaka mahAnUnyatAvAdiyoM kA thaa| saMgha kI cAra Arya-mArgoM aura unake phaloM ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA karanA inakA munya siddhAnta thaa| inake siddhAntoM meM hama mahAyAna-dharma ke bIja pAte hai|

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( 443 ) *168-71. kyA yaha kahanA galata hai ki saMgha dAna ko pavitra karatA hai, yA svayaM use khAtA, pItA hai, yA saMgha ko dAna kI huI vastu bar3A puNya paidA karatI hai, yA buddha ko dAna kI huI vastu bar3A puNya paidA karatI hai ? ye saba siddhAnta vaitulyaka nAmaka mahAzunyatA - vAdiyoM ke the / inhIM meM bAda meM mahAyAnasampradAya kA vikAsa huA / '172. kyA dAna dene vAle ke dvArA hI pavitra kiyA jAtA hai, grahaNa karane vAle ke dvArA nahIM ? uttarApathakoM kA yahI vizvAsa thA / aThArahavA~ adhyAya '173.-74 kyA yaha kahanA galata hai ki buddha manuSyoM ke loka meM rahe ? kyA yaha bhI galata hai ki unhoMne upadeza diyA ? 'hA~ galata hI hai' aisA vetulyaka ( vaipulyaka) kahate the| bAda meM cala kara mahAyAna dharma ne bhI yahI kahA "bhagavAn tathAgata mauna hai| bhagavAn buddha ne kabhI kisI ko kucha nahIM mikhAyA " ( maunAH hi bhagavantastathAgatAH / na maunastathAgatairbhASitam ) isa saba ke bIja hama yahIM pAte haiM / kyoMki 175. kyA buddha ko karuNA utpanna nahIM huI ? 'nahI huI', kahate the uttarApathaka, karuNA ko bhI ve Asakti kA hI rUpa mAnate the / 176. kyA yaha satya hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke mala meM se bhI advitIya sugandha AtI thI ? andhaka aura uttarApathakoM kA yahI mata thA / 1. milAiye, jJAnAtiloka " According to my opinion vaitulya is a distortion of vaipulya and the vaipulya sutras of the Mahayana refer to the above-mentioned heretics (Vetulyakas known as mahAzunyatAvAdin s ) whose ideas, too, appear to be perfectly Mahayanistic." gAiDa di abhidhammapiTaka, pRSTha 60; rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : "vaipulya hI vaha nAma hai jisase mahAyAna Arambhika kAla meM prasiddha huA" purAtatva nibandhAvalI, pRSTha 131 / 'zUnyatA' (suJatA) ke vicAra kA nirdeza saMyukta nikAya ke opamma vagga meM tathA aMguttara nikAya ke anAgatabhaya-sUtroM (catukka aura paMcaka nipAta) meM huA hai / isa viSaya sambandhI adhika nirUpaNa ke lie dekhiye zrImatI rAyasa DeviDs : e buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa ( dhammasaMgaNi kA anuvAda) pRSTha 42 (bhUmikA)

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( 444 ) 177. kyA kevala eka Arya-mArga ke abhyAsa se cAroM Arya-mArgo (srotApatti Adi) ke phaloM ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai ? 178. kyA eka dhyAna ke ThIka bAda dUsare dhyAna meM sAdhaka praveza kara jAtA hai ? mahIzAsakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 179. dhyAnoM ke paMcavidha vibhAjana meM jise dvitIya dhyAna kahA jAtA hai vaha kyA kevala prathama aura dvitIya dhyAna ke bIca kI avasthA hai ? sammitiya aura kucha andhakoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thA / 180. kyA sAdhaka dhyAna meM zabdoM ko suna sakatA hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kI yahI mAnyatA thI? 181. kyA dRzya padArtha A~khoM me hI dekhe jAte haiM ? mahAsAMghikoM ke matAnusAra (pasAda-cakkhu) jo kevala bhautika vikAra hai, dekhatI hai / sthaviravAdiyoM ke manAnusAra vaha kevala dekhane kA AdhAra yA Ayatana hai aura hai jo dekhatA hai vaha no vAstava meM cakSu-vijJAna hai / 182. kyA hama bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyat ke mAnasika klezoM para vijaya prApta kara sakate haiM ? uttarApathakoM ke anusAra kara sakate haiN| 183. kyA zUnyatA saMskAra-skandha meM mammilita hai ? andhakoM ke anumAra sammi dita hai| 184. kyA mArga-phala a-saMskRta hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA mata / 185. kyA kimI vastu kI prApti svayaM a-saMskRta hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSuoM kA mt| 186. kyA 'tathatA' (vastuoM kA nizcita svarUpa) a-saMskRta hai ? uttarApathakoM meM meM kucha kA yaha vizvAsa thaa| bAda meM cala kara azvaghoSa ke 'bhUtatathatA' ke siddhAnta kA yahA~ bIja pAyA jAtA hai| yaha siddhAnta upaniSadoM ke dhruva AtmavAda ke adhika samIpa pahuMca jAtA hai / 187. kyA nirvANa-dhAtu kuzala hai ? andhakoM kA mt| kuzala ko sAmAnyataH nirdoSa' yA 'pavitra' mAnakara ve nirvANa ko bhI 'kuzala' kahate the| 188. kyA mAMsArika manuSya (pRthagjana) meM bhI atyanta niyamavanA (accanta niyAmatA) ho sakatI hai ? uttarApathakoM meM se kucha ke matAnusAra ho sakatI thii| 189. kyA aimI zraddhendriya Adi indriyA~ nahI haiM jo laukika hoM aura jinheM

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( 445 ) sAdhAraNa AdamI (pRthagjana) bhI prApta kara sake ? nahIM haiM, aisA mahIzAsaka aura hetuvAdI bhikSu kahate the| bIsavA~ adhyAya 190. kyA binA jAna-bUjha kara kiye hue pitR-vadha Adi aparAdhoM ke kAraNa bhI naraka meM janma lenA par3atA hai ? uttarApathaka aisA mAnate the| 191. kyA sAdhAraNa sAMsArika manuSya (pRthagjana) ko samyak jJAna nahIM ho sakatA? nahIM ho sakatA, kahate the hetuvaadii| 192. kyA naraka meM phA~sI lagAne vAle yA caukIdAra nahIM haiN| 'nahI hai' kahate the andhk| 193. kyA devatAoM ke pazu bhI hote hai ? andhakoM ke anusAra hote the ! 194. kyA Arya aSTAMgika mArga vAstava meM pA~ca aMgoM vAlA hI hai ? mahIzAsaka aisA hI mAnate the| samyak vANI, samyak karmAnta aura samyak AjIva ko ve mAnasika dazA na mAna kara unakA antarbhAva kevala samyak vyAyAma meM kara dete the| 195. kyA caturArya satya-sambandhI 12 prakAra ke jJAna lokottara hai ? pUrvazailIya bhikSu unheM aisA hI mAnate the| ikkIsavA~ adhyAya 196. kyA buddha-upadezoM meM koI saMskAra kiyA gayA hai ? kyA unameM phira saMskAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? ina donoM bAtoM kI sambhAvanA uttarApathaka bhikSu mAnate the| sthaviravAdiyoM ne donoM bAtoM kA virodha kiyA hai| buddha kI zikSAoM kA saMskAra yA sudhAra sambhava nahIM hai| 197. kyA sAMsArika manuSya kI pahu~ca eka hI kSaNa meM kAma -loka, rUpa-loka aura a-rUpa-loka kI vastuoM meM ho sakatI hai ? ho sakatI hai, aisA kucha virodhI sampradAya ke loga mAnate the, kintu unake nAma kA nirdeza aTThakathA meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 198. kyA binA kucha saMyojanoM kA vinAza kieM bhI arhattva prApti ho sakatI hai ? mahAsAMghikoM kA aisA hI vizvAsa thaa| 199. kyA buddha aura unake kucha ziSyoM ko pratyeka vastu ke sambandhame yoga kI zaktiyA~ prApta huI rahatI haiN| andhakoM kA vizvAsa /

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( 446 ) 200. kyA vibhinna buddhoM meM bhI kucha zreNI kA tAratamya hai ? andhaka sampradAya ke kucha bhikSuoM kA aisA hI mata thaa| 201. kyA saMsAra ke cAroM bhAgoM meM buddhoM kA nivAma hai| mahAsAMghikoM kA yaha vizvAsa thaa| bAda ke mahAyAnI graMtha 'sukhAvatI vyUha' meM isI vizvAsa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 'sukhAvatI' vyUha' meM pratyeka bhAga meM rahane vAle buddha kA nAma bhI diyA huA hai, jaise pacchimI bhAga meM bhagavAn amitAbha vuddha rahate hai. pUrvI bhAga meM amitAyu aadi| mahAsAMghikoM ko abhI isakA patA nahIM hai| 202... kyA sabhI vastueM aura karma niyata hai ? andhaka aura kucha uttarApathaka bhikSuoM kA aimA hI vizvAsa thaa| bAIsavA~ adhyAya 204. kyA binA kucha saMyojanoM kA vinAza kie bhI nirvANa kI prApti ho makatI hai| andhakoM kA vizvAsa thA ki ho sakatI hai| yaha mata 198 ke prAyaH samAna hI hai| 205. kyA arhat ke zarIra tyAga karate samaya usakA citta 'kuzala' rahatA hai| andhako kA yaha bhramAtmaka kathana thaa| 'kuzala' ke dArzanika artha ko ve ThIka-ThIka na samajhate the| 206. kyA nizcala (Aneja) dhyAna kI avasthA meM bhI buddha yA kisI arhata ko mRnya ho sakatI hai ? uttarApathaka sampradAya ke kucha bhikSuoM kI yahI mithyA dhAraNA thii| 207-8. kyA garbha kI avasthA meM yA svapna kI avasthA meM satya kA antAna (dhammAbhisamaya) yA arhattva kI prApti sambhava hai ? uttarApathaka bhikSu isakI sambhAvanA mAnate the| 209. kyA svapna kI avasthA meM citta 'avyAkRta' rahatA hai ? uttarApathaka sampradAya ke kucha bhikSuoM kI aisI hI mAnyatA thii| sthaviravAdiyoM ke matAnusAra kumAla aura akuzala avasthAeM bhI utpanna ho sakatI hai| 210. kyA zubha aura azubha mAnasika avasthAoM kI punarAvRtti sambhava nahIM hai| aimI mAnyatA uttarApathaka bhikSuoM kI thii|

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( 447 ) 211. kyA sabhI padArtha (dharma) eka kSaNa taka hI rahate haiN| aisI mAnyatA pUrvazailIya aura aparazailIya bhikSuoM kI thii| 212. kyA (puruSa aura strI ke) saMyukta vicAra ke sAtha maithuna-sambandha sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai ? yaha bAta vetulyakoM ne uThAI hai, kintu unhoMne yaha nahIM kahA ki unakA tAtparya bhikSuoM se hai yA gahasthoM se| sthaviravAdiyoM ne isakA kar3A prativAda kiyA hai| 213. kyA aise a-mAnapI jIva hai jo bhikSuoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara maithuna mevana karate haiM ? uttarApathaka sampradAya ke kucha bhikSuoM kI aisI mAnyatA thii| . 214. kyA buddha ne apanI zakti aura icchA se hI bodhisatva hote samaya pazu Adi yoniyoM meM praveza kiyA, kar3I tapasyAe~ kI aura eka dUsare upadezaka ke lie tapasyA kI? andhakoM kI yaha mAnyatA thii| 215. kyA aisI vastu hai jo svayaM kAma nahIM, kintu kAmake samAna hai| (dayA, mahAnubhUti, aadi)| isI prakAra ghRNA nahIM, kintu ghRNA ke samAna hai, (IrSyA, mAtsarya) aadi| andhakoM kI ye mAnyatAe~ thiiN| 16. kyA yaha kahanA ThIka hai ki paMca-skandha, 12 Ayatana, 18 dhAtu aura 22 indriyA~, 'asaMskRta' hai aura kevala duHkha 'saMskRta' yA pariniSpanna (parinipphana) hai ? uttarApathaka aura hetuvAdI bhikSuo kI aimI hI mAnyatA thii| Upara hama kathAvatthu meM nirAkRta 216 matavAdoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa de cuke hai| inameM se bahata kucha alpa mahattva ke hai, parantu adhikAMza matavAda bar3e mahattva ke haiN| unase bauddha dharma ke uttarakAlIna vikAsa para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| vAstava meM isI dRSTi se unheM Upara uddhRta bhI kiyA gayA hai| kathAvatthu kI aTThakathA ne jina sampradAyoM ke sAtha uparyakta matavAdoM meM se pratyeka ko saMlagna kiyA hai (kucha ko binA saMlagna kie bhI chor3a diyA hai jaise 25, 30, 31, 38, 143, 144, 177, aura 197,) unakI dRSTi se matavAdoM kA saMkalana karane para nimnalikhita sUcI banegI, jo bauddha dharmake aitihAsika vikAsa ke vidyArthI ke lie bar3I Avazyaka ho sakatI hai--

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Safaya 1, 2 mahiMsAsaka 21, 55, 59, 80, 95, 103, 158, 178, 189, 194 ( mahIzAsaka ) mahAsaMghika gokulika - sabbatthivAdI ( sarvAstivAdI ) - sammitiya bhadrayAnika kassapika ( kAzyapika ) hetuvAdI uttarApathaka andhaka ( 448 ) pubvaseliya ( pUrva zailIya ) aparaseliya ( aparazailIya ) rAjagirika 95-100, 102, 104-6, 109, 113-16, 132, 149, 142, 146, 152, 153, 181, 198, 201 18 2, 6, 7, 10, 110 1-5, 19, 26, 28, 29, 66, 73-78, 80-82, 95, 103, 138, 139, 151, 158, 159, 179 19 145, 147-48, 150, 154, 165-66, 189, 191216 34-37, 39, 40, 45, 47, 58, 59,72, 85, 86, 88, 89, 110, 117-18, 120, 123 - 24, 126-27, 129, 134-35, 150 57, 172, 175 77, 182, 186, 188, 190, 196, 202 3, 206-9, 210-16 9, 10, 17, 19-24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41-44, 46, 48-54, 58, 60, 61, 68-72, 76-79, 83, 86, 83, 93, 94, 108, 111-12, 128, 136-39, 151, 159-62, 176-77, 179, 183, 187, 192-93, 199, 200 204-5, 212, 214, 215 11-16, 55, 56, 73 75, 81, 82, 84, 90 92, 107, 119, 125, 130, 131, 133, 140, 155, 180, 184, 185, 195, 211 11, 125, 135, 211 62-65, 67, 122, 149, 163-64

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( 449 ) siddhatthika 62-67, 163-164 (siddhArthaka) vaitulyaka 173-74, 212 mahAzUnyatAvAdI 167-711 vaitalyaka Upara ke vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki vauddha dharma ke prAraMbhika vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie 'kathAvatthu' kI samIkSAoM kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai| kintu ye samIkSAe~ kevala eka sampradAya (sthaviravAda) kI haiM, yaha bhI hameM nahIM bhUlanA caahie| jisa prakAra 'kathAvatthu' meM sthaviravAdI dRSTikoNa se anya virodhI siddhAntoM kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai, umI prakAra anya sampradAyoM kI paramparA meM zeSa sampradAyoM (jinameM sthaviravAdI bhI sammilita hai) kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNataH vasumitra ke 'apTAdaza-nikAya nAstra' 2 meM sarvAstivAdI daSTikoNa se zepa 17 sampradAyoM kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra tibbatI aura cInI anuvAdoM meM kucha anya sampradAyoM kI dRSTiyoM se bhI khaMDana-maMDana milane hai| cUMki hamAre viSaya meM ye sIdhe sambandhita nahIM haiM, ataH inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM par3anA hamAre lie aprAsaMgika hogaa| kathAvatthu' kI dRSTi se itanA kaha denA hI Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai ki anya bauddha sampradAyoM kI paramparAoM meM prApta siddhAntoM ke vivaraNoM se usake vivaraNoM kI vibhinnatA nahIM hai| kevala samAlocanA-dRSTi kA bheda avazya hai, jo sampradAya-vibheda ke kAraNa Avazyaka ho gayA hai| jahA~ taka ApekSika prAmANya kA savAla hai nizcaya hI 'kathAvatthu' kA paramparA prAcIna hai aura usI kA anuvartana bAda meM 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' meM bhI milatA hai / vasumitra aura bhavya ke varNana apekSAkRta arvAcIna haiN| saMskRta bauddha dharma kI paramparA kA usake mUla srota se kaI bAra aitihAsika ulaTa-pulaToM ke kAraNa viccheda bhI ho 1. jJAnAtiloka : gAiDa zU di abhidhamma-piTaka, pRSTha 38 2. isa grantha kA mUla saMskRta upalabdha nahIM hai / kevala cInI anuvAda milatA hai, jisakA agrejI anuvAda jApAnI vidvAn pro0 masUdA ne kiyA hai| vasumitra dvArA diye gaye kucha sampradAyoM ke paricaya ke liye dekhiye buddhisTika sTaDIja, pRSTha 828-31 / 3. dekhiye jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1910, pRSTha 413 29

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cukA hai| ataH pAli varNana hI adhika prAmANika aura samAzrayaNIya haiM / ataH 'kathAvatthu' ke nAnA sampradAyoM ke siddhAnta-vivaraNa prAmANika mAne jA sakate hai aura vauddha dharma ke aitihAsika vikAsa ke prArambhika svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie Aja bhI unakA paryApta mahatva hai, isameM sandeha nhiiN| yamaka' 'yamaka' kA zAbdika artha hai jor3A yA jur3avA~ padArtha / 'yamaka pakaraNa' meM praznoM ko jor3oM ke rUpa meM rakkhA gayA hai, yathA (1) kyA sabhI kuzala-dharma kuzalamUla haiM ? kyA sabhI kuzala-mUla kuzala-dharma hai ? (2) kyA sabhI rUpa rUpa-skandha hai ? kyA sabhI rUpa-skandha rUpa hai ? (3) kyA sabhI a-rUpa a-rUpa-skandha hai ? kyA sabhI a-rUpa-skandha a-rUpa haiM ? Adi, Adi / praznoM ke anukUla aura viparIta svarUpoM kA yaha jor3A banAnA isa grantha meM Adi se anta taka dekhA jAtA hai| isIlie isakA nAma 'yamaka' par3A hai / 'yamaka' kA mukhya viSaya hai abhidhamma meM prayukta zabdAvalI kI nizcita vyaakhyaa| ataH usakA abhidhammadarzana ke lie vahI mahatva aura upayoga hai, jo eka nizcita pAribhASikazabda-koza kA kisI pUrNa darzana-praNAlI ke lie| usakI bahuta kucha zuSkatA kA bhI yahI kAraNa hai / 'yamaka' dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM nirdiSTa vipayoM ke sAtha dhammoM ke saMbaMdhoM ko dikhAnA hI usakA lakSya hai ? adhyAyoM ke viSaya unake nAmoM se hI spaSTa ho jAte hai, yathA (1) mUla yamaka--kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta, ye tIna 'mUla' dharma yA pdaarth| (2) khandha-yamaka--paJca-skandha / (3) Ayatana-yamaka--18 Ayatana / (4) dhAtu-yamaka--18 dhaatueN| (5) sacca-yamaka-4 satya / (9) saMkhAra-yamaka-saMskAra, kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika / (7) anusaya-yamaka--9 anuzaya (citta ke andara supupta vuraaiyaaN)| 1, zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa evaM anya tIna sahAyaka sampAdakoM dvArA romana lipi meM sampAdita evaM pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI (landana, 1911 evaM 1913) dvArA do jildoM meM prkaashit|

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( 451 ) (8) citta-yamaka-citta-saMbaMdhI praznottara / (9) dhamma-yamaka-dharmoM saMbaMdhI praznottara / (10) indriya-yamaka-22indriyA~ / pratyeka adhyAya kI viSaya-pratipAdana zailI prAyaH samAna hai / prAyaH pratyeka adhyAya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai (1) paJatti-vAra (zabda-prajJApana-vibhAga) (2) pavattivAra (prakriyA-vibhAga) aura (3)parijJA-vAra (antrjnyaan-vibhaag)| prathama bhAga ke bhI do upavibhAga, (a) 'uddesa-vAra (prazna-kathana) aura niddesa-vAra (vyAkhyAkhaNDa) / 'uddesavAra' meM praznoM kA kathana jor3e ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, yathA kyA sabhI rUpa ko rUpa-skandha kahA jA sakatA hai ? kyA sabhI rUpa-skandha ko sya kahA jA sakatA hai ? Adi / 'niddesa-vAra' meM isakI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| dvitIya mukhya bhAga 'pavatti-vAra' ke tIna bhAga haiM, yathA (a) uppAda-vAra (utpattivibhAga) (a) nirodha-vAra (vinAza-vibhAga) aura uppAda-nirodha-vAra (utpatti aura vinAza saMbaMdhI vibhAga) 'uppAda-vibhAga' meM yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki bhinna bhinna dharmo kI kisa prakAra utpatti hotI hai ? praznoM kA DhaMga to vahI jur3avA~ namUne kA hai, yathA 'kyA vedanA-skandha usako bhI utpanna hotA hai jisako rUpa-skandha utpanna hotA hai ? kyA rUpa-skandha usako bhI utpanna hotA hai jisako vedanA-skandha utpanna hotA hai ?' 'kyA vedanA-skandha usa jIvana-bhUmi meM bhI utpanna hotA hai jisameM rUpa-skandha utpanna hotA hai ? kyA rUpa skandha usa jIvana-bhUmi meM bhI utpanna hotA hai jisameM vedanA-skandha utpanna hotA hai ? Adi, Adi / 'nirodha-vAra' meM isI prakAra dharmoM ke vinAza yA astaMgamana saMbaMdhI prazna kiye gaye haiM, yathA 'kyA vedanA skandha kA bhI usake andara nirodha ho jAtA hai jisake andara rUpa-skandha kA nirodha ho jAtA hai ? kyA rUpa-skandha kA bhI usake andara nirodha ho jAtA hai jisake andara vedanA-skandha kA nirodha ho jAtA hai ?' 'kyA vedanA-skandha usa jIvana-bhUmi meM bhI niruddha ho jAtA hai jisa jIvana-bhUmi meM rUpa-skandha niruddha ho jAtA hai ? kyA rUpa-skandha usa jIvana-bhUmi meM bhI niruddha ho jAtA hai jisa jIvana-bhUmi meM vedanA-skandha niruddha ho jAtA hai ?' Adi, aadi| 'uppAda-nirodha-vAra' meM isa krama ko ulTA kara diyA gayA hai| usake prazna isa prakAra ke haiM--'kyA vedanA-skandha usake andara niruddha ho jAtA hai, jisake andara rUpa-skandha utpanna hotA hai ? kyA rUpa-skandha usake andara niruddha ho jAtA hai, jisake andara vedanA-skandha utpanna hotA hai' ? 'kyA vedanA-skandha usa jIvana

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( 452 ) bhUmi meM niruddha ho jAtA hai jisa bhUmi meM rUpa-skandha paidA hotA hai ? kyA rUpa-skandha usa jIvana-bhUmi meM niruddha ho jAtA hai, jisa jIvana bhUmi meM vedanA-skandha utpanna hotA hai ?" Adi, aadi| tRtIya mukhya bhAga 'parijJA-vAra (antarjJAna-bhAga) meM praznottara ke rUpa meM yaha dikhAne kI ceSTA kI gaI hai ki dhammoM kA antarjJAna kisa prakAra paidA hotA hai / isake prazna isa prakAra haiM - 'kyA jisane rUpa-skandha kA jJAna prApta kara liyA hai, use vedanA-skandha kA bhI jJAna prApta ho jAtA hai ? kyA jisane vedanA-skandha kA jJAna prApta kara liyA hai, use rUpa-skandha kA bhI jJAna prApta ho jAtA hai ?' Adi, Adi / isame adhika 'yamaka' kI vIthiyoM meM bhramaNa karanA "sUkhI haDDiyoM kI ghATI' meM bhramaNa karanA hI hogA, jaisA zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne use kahA hai| vAstava meM yaha kisI bhI pAribhASika zabda-koza ke lie kahA jA sakatA hai| 'yamaka' bhI abhidhamma kA zabda-koza hI hai| ataH usakA sUkhApana bhI abhidhamma ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie eka satata upayoga aura mahatva kI vastu hai / paThAna 2 ' abhivamma-darzana dhammoM (padArtho-avasthAoM) kAeka paripUrNa darzana hai| dhammasaMgaNi meM dhammoM kA vizleSaNa, vibhaMga meM unakA vargIkaraNa, dhAtukathA meM usa vargIkaraNa ke kucha zIrSakoM para adhika prakAza, puggalapaJati meM isa dhamma-darzana kI pRSTabhUmi meM vyaktiyoM ke prakAroM kA nirUpaNa,kathAvatthu meM abhidhamma-darzana saMbaMdhI mithyA isa grantha ko kliSTa zailI aura durUha viSaya-vastu ke kAraNa zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa jaisI mahAprAjJA evaM abhidhamma-darzana ko mananazIlA adhyetrI ko bhI aneka vipratipattiyoM meM par3a jAnA pdd'aa| unakI kaThinAiyoM aura sandehoM kA nivAraNa prasiddha barmI bauddha vidvAn sthavira ledi sadAva ne kiyA thaa| ledi sadAva ke vicAra eka pAli nibandha ke rUpa meM 'yamaka' ke pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita saMskaraNa ke pariziSTa meM nihita haiM / aitihAsika gaurava ko prApta yaha nibandha pAli-sAhitya ke vidyArthiyoM dvArA draSTavya hai| 2. zrImatI rAyasa DeviDs ne isa graMtha kA aMzataH sampAdana pAli Taiksa sosAyaTI ke lie kiyA hai| duka-paTThAna, bhAga prathama (1906) evaM tika-paTThAna, bhAga 1-3 (1921-23) / isa graMtha ke baramI, siMhalI evaM syAmI saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN| hindI meM na anuvAda haiM, na mUla sNskrnn|

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dhAraNAoM ke nirasana ke dvArA usake vimala, maulika svarUpa kA prakAzana, yamaka meM abhidhamma-gRhIta pAribhASika zabdAvalI kI sadA ke lie bhrama nivAraNa karane vAlI nizcita vyAkhyA, abhidhamma-darzana kA itanA vikAsa abhI hama unake chaha granthoM meM dekha cuke haiN| sAtaveM grantha (paTThAna) meM aba hama abhidhamma-darzana kI eka sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa bhUmi para Ate haiN| yahI vaha bhUmi hai jahA~ se vaha nitya, dhruva padArtha ke gaveSaka anya bhAratIya darzanoM kA sAtha chor3a detA hai| kama se kama unakI sI gaveSaNA meM to vaha pravRtta nahIM hotaa| nirantara pariNAmI 'dharmo' kA vizleSaNa karane ke bAda unakI taha meM kisI a-pariNAmI 'dharmI' ko bhI kyA abhidhamma ne dekhA hai ? aisI jijJAsA hama amaratA ke lAlacI avazya kareMge / kintu lAlaca (tRSNA) ko avakAza tathAgata ne kaba diyA, phira cAhe vaha amaratA kA hI kyoM na ho ? hamArA prazna hI galata hai, aisA hI uttara yahA~ to hama paayeNge| ataH buddha-anugAmI sthaviroM ne bhI dhammoM yA padArthoM kI avasthAoM kA hI adhyayana kiyA hai, pravAhoM aura ghaTanAoM (jinameM hI saMpUrNa nAma (vijJAna-tatva) aura rUpa (bhautika-tatva) saMnihita hai, ke anitya, duHkha aura anAtma svarUpa para hI jora diyA hai / unameM antahita kisI kUTastha, nitya, dhruva padArtha ke astitva kI siddhi para unhoMne jora nahIM diyaa| kyoM? kyoMki unake zAstA ke zabdoM meM "yaha na brahmacarya ke lie upayogI hai aura na nirveda, zAnti, paramajJAna aura nirvANa ke lie hI Avazyaka hai|" isa uddezya ko samajha leM to pAli buddha-darzana ne apanI jijJAsAoM kI jo maryAdA bA~dhalI hai, usako hRdayaMgama karanA AsAna ho jAtA hai| phira bhI anAtmavAdI buddha-mata bhautikatAvAdI nahIM hai| jahA~ taka dArzanika paristhiti kI pUrNatA kA savAla hai, usake lie bhI tathAgata ne paryApta avakAza aura AzvAsana diyA hai| jise unhoMne 'anattA' (anAtmA) ke rUpa meM niSiddha kiyA hai, use hI unhoMne 'nibbANa' (nirvANa) ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA hai| sabhI bhautika aura mAnasika avasthAe~ anitya, duHkha aura anAtma haiM, sApekSa haiM, kArya aura kAraNa kI zRMkhalA se baddha haiN| kintu nirvANa asaMskRtA dhAtu hai| vaha kArya-kAraNa bhAva se baddha nahIM hai / vaha usase Upara hai / anapekSa hai, paramArtha hai| kintu duHkha-nivRtti kI sAdhanA to bhava-pravAha meM hI karanI hai, jo kArya-kAraNabhAva se saMcAlita hai / ataH usI kI gaveSaNA pradhAna rUpa se karanI iSTa hai / bhagavAn buddha ne samagra mAnasika aura bhautika jagat meM yadi kisI

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( 454 ) niyAmaka ko nahIM to niyama ko to avazya hI dekhA hai, yadi kisI Rta-dhArI varuNa ko nahIM to svayaM Rta ko to avazya dekhA hI hai| trasareNu se bhI sahasrAMza choTe padArthoM se lekara mahApiMDa nIhArikAoM taka aura dRzya indriya-vyApAroM se lekara sUkSma antazcetanA kI gaharI anubhUtiyoM taka, isa sAre saMsAra-cakra ko tathAgata ne niyama aura Rta se ba~dhA huA avazya dekhA hai| bhagavAn ko isa satya kA jJAna samyak-sambodhi-prApti ke samaya hI huA thA, isake lie tripiTaka meM prabhUta pramANa haiM / 2 kyA hai vaha Rta, kyA hai vaha niyama, jisakA jJAna bhagavAna buddha ne samyak sambodhi prApta karane ke samaya hI kiyA? yahI hai vaha gambhIra pratItya samutpAda (paTicca samuppAda) athavA pratyayoM se utpatti kA niyama / yaha koI korA dArzanika siddhAMta nahIM hai, balki yaha hai samyak sambuddha kI pratyakSatama anubhUti / yadi yaha korA dArzanika siddhAMta hotA to tathAgata ke lie isakA upadeza karanA ho anAvazyaka hotaa| usa hAlata meM tathAgata bhI aphalArdU, arastU zaMkara yA nAgArjuna kI samakoTi ke hI dArzanika hote| ve 'karuNA ke deva' kisa prakAra hote, jisa rUpa meM mAnavatA ko unakA ekamAtra sahAga milA hai ? vAstava meM pratItya samatpAda bhagavAn kI karuNA kA hI jJAnamaya pariNAma hai| bhagavAn ne azeSa jIva-jagat ko duHkha kI cakkI meM pisate dekhA / jahA~ buddhanetroM me dekhA, akhila loka meM jarA, maraNa, zoka, ronA-pITanA, duHkha, daurmanasya aura upAyAmoM kA hI akhaMDa sAmrAjya dekhaa| jijJAsA huI yaha kimake kAraNa ? mthala kAraNa aneka the jinheM sAdhAraNa AdamI Aja bhI dekhate hai aura kucha unhIM para adhika jora bhI dete haiN| kintu buddha-netroM se dekhA gayA ki janma hI ina duHkhoM kA mala kAraNa hai| janma kA kAraNa kyA? bhv| bhava kA kAraNa kyA ? upAdAna / upAdAna kA kAraNa kyA ? tRSNA ! tRSNA kA kAraNa kyA ? vedanA ! vedanA kA kAraNa kyA ? sparza / sparza kA kAraNa kyA ? SaDAyatana ! paDAyatana kA kAraNa kyA ? naam-ruup| nAma-rUpa kA kAraNa kyA ? vijJAna / vijJAna kA kAraNa kyA ? saMskAra / saMskAra kA kAraNa kyA ? avidyA / "bhikSuo! avidyA aura tRSNA se saMcAlita, bhaTakate-phirate prANiyoM ke Arambha 2. dekhiye vizeSataH vinaya-piTaka--mahAvagga 1, udAna, prathama (bodhi) vrg| 3. mahAnidAna-sutta (dogha. 212) meM bhagavAn ne svayaM isakI gambhIratA kA varNana sAriputra ke prati kiyA hai|

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( 455 ) kA patA nahIM cltaa|" AvAgamana ke cakra ko avidyA hI gati pradAna karatI hai| yadi avidyA kA nirodha kara diyA jAya to saMskAroM kA nirodha ! saMskAroM kA nirodha kara diyA jAya to vijJAna kA nirodh| vijJAna kA nirodha kara diyA jAya to nAma-rUpa kA nirodha / nAma-rUpa kA nirodha kara diyA jAya to chaha AyatanoM kA nirodha / chaha AyatanoM kA nirodha kara diyA jAya to sparza kA nirodha / . . . . vedanA kA nirodha ! . . . . . .tRSNA kA nirodha ! . . . . . . upAdAna kA nirodha ! . . . . . . bhava kA nirodha ! ......janma kA nirodha ! . . . . . . jarA, maraNazoka, rodana-vilApa, duHkha, mAnasika kaSTa evaM sAre duHkha-puMja kA nirodha! yahI vuddhokta pratInya samutpAda hai, jise duHva ke Agamana aura astaMgamana ko henupUrvaka dikhAne ke lie bhagavAna ne karuNApUrvaka upadeza kiyA / ' ___ Dama pratItya samutpAda kA hI pUre vistAra ke sAtha vivecana 'paTTAna' meM meM kiyA gayA hai| kintu suttanta kI apekSA paTTAna kI vivecana-paddhati kI eka vizeSatA hai| jaisA pratItya samatpAda ke uparyakta varNana se spaSTa hai, pratItya samutpAda ko kAraNa-kArya paramparA meM 12 kar3iyA~ haiM, jo eka dusarI me pratyayo ke AdhAra para jur3I huI hai| sutnanta meM adhikAMza ina kar3iyoM kI vyAkhyA milatI hai| paTThAna meM ina kar3iyoM kI vyAkhyA para jora na dekara una pratyayoM para jora diyA gayA hai, jinake Azraya se ve paidA hotI aura niruddha hotI rahatI hai| paTThAna meM isa prakAra ke 24 pratyayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / yahI usakI ekamAtra viSaya-vastu hai / jaisA usake nAma se spaSTa hai, 'paTThAna' (paccaya-- ThAna) vAstava meM pratyayoM kA sthAna hI hai / __ AkAra aura mahattva kI dRSTi se paTThAna abhidhamma-piTaka kA eka mahAgrantha hai| mahattva meM usakA sthAna dhammasaMgaNi ke bAda hI hai| syAmI saMskaraNa kI 6 jildoM meM 3120 pRSTha hai| yaha hAlata taba hai jaba grantha ke cAra mukhya bhAgoM meM se antima tIna atyaMta saMkSipta kara diye gaye hai| yadi unakA bhI vivaraNa prathama bhAga ke samAna hI kiyA jAtA to mahAsthavira jJAnAtiloka kA yaha anumAna TIka hai ki kula grantha kA AkAra 14000 paSTa se kama na hotA / jaisA abhI kahA jA cukA hai saMpUrNa grantha cAra bar3e bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA 1. dekhiye vizeSataH mahAnidAna-sutta (dogha. 2015), mahAhatthipadopama-suta (majhima. 1138) Adi

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( 456 ) (1) anuloma-paTThAna--dhammoM ke pArasparika pratyaya-saMbaMdhoM kA vidhAnAtmaka adhyayana / (2) paccaniya-paTThAna--dhammoM ke pArasparika pratyaya-saMbaMdhoM kA niSedhAtmaka adhyayana / (3) anuloma-paccaniya paTThAna-dhammoM ke pArasparika pratyaya-saMbaMdhoM kA vidhAnAtmaka aura niSedhAtmaka adhyayana / (4) paccaniya-anuloma paTThAna--dhammoM ke pArasparika pratyaya-saMbaMdhoM kA niSedhAtmaka aura vidhAnAtmaka adhyyn| grantha ke Arambha meM eka bhUmikA hai, jisakA nAma 'paJcaya-niddesa' (pratyaya nirdeza) hai| isameM una 24 pratyayoM kA ullekha aura saMkSipta vivaraNa hai, jinake AdhAra para dhammoM kA udaya aura astaMgamana sAre grantha meM dikhAyA gayA hai| syAmI saMskaraNa kI pahalI jilda meM yaha bhUmikA-bhAga hI AyA hai| mUla grantha ke uparyukta 4 bhAgoM meM se pratyeka kI viSaya-pratipAdana zailI samAna hI hai| kevala prathama bhAga ke AdhAra para zeSa tIna meM viSaya-vivaraNa saMkSipta avazya diyA gayA hai / syAmI saMskaraNa kI 2, 3, 4, aura 5 jildoM meM kevala prathama bhAga AyA hai / zeSa tIna bhAga chaThI jilda meM haiM / prathama bhAga kI adhyAya-saMkhyA isa prakAra hai--22+ 89-132+94---42-48=327 / isase paTTAna ke vRhat AkAra kI kucha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| uparyukta cAra bhAgoM meM vidhAnAtmaka Adi adhyayana-krama se 24 pratyayoM kA saMbaMdha dhammoM ke sAtha dikhAyA hai| pratyeka bhAga meM yaha adhyayana-krama chaha prakAra ne prayukta kiyA gayA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki ina cAra bhAgoM meM se pratyeka chaha-chaha upavibhAgoM meM aura bhI baTA huA hai, jaise ki (2) tika-paTThAna--dhammasaMgaNi meM prayukta 22 trikoM ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara dhammoM ke sAtha 24 pratyayoM kA saMbaMdha-nirupaNa / (2) duka-paTThAna--dhammasaMgaNi meM prayukta 100 dvikoM ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara dhammoM ke sAtha 24 pratyayoM kA saMbaMdha nirupaNa / (3) duka-tika-paTThAna--uparyukta 100 dvikoM aura 22 trikoM ko lekara pUrvavat adhyayana / (4) tika-duka-paTThAna--uparya kta 22 trikoM aura 100 dvikoM ko lekara pUrvavat adhyayana /

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( 457 ) (5) tika-tika-TThAna--paraspara mizrita 22 trikoM ko lekara pUrvavat adhyayana / (6) duka-duka-paTThAna--paraspara mizrita 100 dvikoM ko lekara pUrvavat adhyayana / isa prakAra saMpUrNa mahAgrantha caubIsa bhAgoM meM baTA huA hai, jinameM se pratyeka 'paTThAna' kahalAtA hai / isIlie 'paTTAna' kI aTThakathA meM kahA gayA haicatuvIsati-samanta-paTThAna-samodhAna-paTThAna-mahAppakaraNaM nAmAti / arthAt paTThAna mahAprakaraNa meM kula milAkara 28 'paTThAna' yA pratyaya-sthAna hai / 'palAna' ke dIrgha AkAra ko dekhate hae usake vipaya yA zailI kA laghu se laghu saMkSepa denA bhI kitanA kaThina hai, yaha AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| kintu jaimA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, usakI bhUmikA (paccaya-nihesa) meM una 28 pratyayoM kA ullekha aura saMkSipta vivecana hai, jisake AdhAra para saMpUrNa grantha meM pratItya samutpAda ko samajhAyA gayA hai| pratyaya-darzana kA vivecana paTThAna kI eka mukhya vizeSatA hai / jaisA zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne kahA hai, saMpUrNa abhidhamma darzana sambandhI jJAna ke liye vaha eka mahatva pUrNa racanAtmaka dAna hai| hamArA uddezya yahA~ ina 24 pratyayoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa denA hI hai| inake nAma isa prakAra hai-- 1. hetu-pratyaya 8. niHzraya-pratyaya 2. Alambana-pratyaya 9. upaniHzraya-pratyaya 3. adhipati-pratyaya 10. pUrva jAta-pratyaya 4. anantara-pratyaya 11. pazcAtjAta-pratyaya 5. mamanantara-pratyaya 12. Asevana-pratyaya 6. mahAta-pratyaya 13. karma-pratyaya 7. anyonya-pratyaya 14. vipAka-pratyaya - - - - - -- - - - 1. dekhiye tika-paTThAna, prathama bhAga (zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa dvArA sampAdita, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI se prakAzita, landana 1921-23) pRSTha 5 (bhUmikA) evaM tika-paTThAna, dvitIya bhAga ko sampAdakIya ttippnnii|

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15. AhAra- pratyaya 16. indriya- pratyaya 17. dhyAna- pratyaya 18. mArga - pratyaya 19. samprayukta-pratyaya ( 458 ) 20. viprayukta-pratyaya 21. asti-pratyaya 22. nAsti pratyaya 23. vigata - pratyaya 24. avigata - pratyaya 9 pratyeka pratyaya kA kyA artha hai aura kisa prakAra usakA Azraya lekara kisI eka dhamma yA dhammoM kI utpatti aura nirodha kisI dUsare dhamma yA dhammoM kI utpatti aura nirodha para AdhArita hai, isakA bhI kucha digdarzana karAnA yahA~ Avazyaka hogA / 1. hetu pratyaya ( hetu paccayo ) -- hetu kA artha haiM mUla kAraNa yA AdhAra / abhidhamma-darzana meM lobha, dveSa, moha evaM unake vipakSI alobha, adveSa aura amoha ko mUla kAraNa yA hetu kahA gayA hai / inameM se pahale tIna karma vipAka kI dRSTi meM akuzala haiM aura bAda ke tIna kuzala hai / aura kahIM kahIM (jaise ki arhatu ke saMbaMdha meM ) avyAkRta arthAt anirukta ( nitAnta svAbhAvika yA karma vipAka utpanna karane meM niSkriya) bhI / jitanI bhI kuzala yA akuzala avasthAe~ mAnasika yA bhautika jagat meM ho sakatI hai, unake mUla AdhAra vA hetu kramazaH uparyukta kugala yA akuzala dhamma hI haiM / ina mUla AdhAroM yA hetuoM kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti para hI anivAryataH sava kuzala aura akuzala dhammoM kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti nirbhara hai / paThAna kI bhASA meM, "hetuoM me saMyukta dhamma aura inhIM se utpanna hone vAlI bhautika jagat kI sArI avasthAeM, hetuoM para hetu pratyaya ke rUpa meM avalambita haiM / " utpanna honevAlI vastu ( paccayuppanna -- pratyayotpanna ) to yahA~ dhamma aura bhautika jagat kI avasthAeM hai / jiname 1. ina caubIsa pratyayoM meM aneka eka dUsare meM sammilita hai / abhidhammatya saMgaha meM inako cAra mukhya bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai, yathA Alambana, upaniHzraya, karma aura asti / ArambhaNUpanissaya kammatthipaJcayesu ca sabbepi paccayA samodhAnaM gacchanti / pRSTha 151 ( dhammAnanda kosambI kA saMskaraNa, navanIta TIkA sahita )

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ve utpanna hotI hai (paccaya-dhamma) ve 'hetu' yA kuzalAdi mUla dhamma haiN| jima pranyaya (paccaya) se be paidA hotI haiM, vaha hetu-pratyaya (hetu-paccaya) hai / geSa pratyayoM meM bhI kramAnusAra hama ina tIna bAtoM kA ullekha kareMge sthA (1) utpanna hone vAlI vastu (paccayuppanna) kyA hai ? (6) jisa vastu me vaha utpanna hotI hai (paccaya-dhanma) vaha kyA hai ? (3) pratyaya kyA hai ? 2. Alambana pratyaya (ArammaNa paccayo)--Alambana kA artha hai viSaya yA AdhAra / jisa vastu ke AdhAra se koI dumarI vannu paidA hotI hai to usa imarI vastu ke prati pahalI vastu kA saMbaMdha Alambana pratyaya kA hotA hai / udAharaNataH cakSu-vijJAna aura usase saMyukta dharmoM kI utpatti rUpa-Ayatana para AdhArita hai / ataH rUpa-Ayatana Alamvana hai cakSu-vijJAna aura usase saMyukta dharmoM kaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, rUpa Ayatana Alambana-pratyaya ke rUpa meM cakSuvijJAna aura usase saMyukta dharmoM kA pratyaya hai| isI prakAra zabdAyatana, gandhAvatan, rasAyatana aura spRSTavyAyatana kramazaH zrotra-vijJAna, prANa-vijJAna, jihvAvijJAna, kAya-vijJAna aura uname saMyukta dharmoM ke Alambana-pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratyaya hai| isI prakAra uparya kta pA~coM Ayatana (rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa, spRSTavya ) milakara mano-dhAtu aura usase saMyukta dhamoM ke tathA saba dharma milakara mano-vijJAna-dhAtu aura usame saMyukta dharmoM ke Alambana-pratyayake rUpa meM pratyaya hai| saMkSepa meM, jo jo dharma citta aura cetasika dharmoM ke Alambana haiM. ve sabhI unake prati Alambana-pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratyaya hai ! yahA~ (?) cakSu (2) zrotra (3) brANa (4) jihvA aura (5) kAya-saMbaMdhI vijJAna evaM unase saMyukta dharma tathA (6) manodhAtu aura (7) mano-vijJAna-dhAtu aura iname saMyukta dharma paccayuppanna' arthAta pratyayoM se utpanna hone vAlI vastue~ hai| inake 'paccayadhamma' arthAta ve vastue~ jiname ye pratyayoM ke AdhAra para utpanna hotI hai, kramazaH ye haiM (1) rUpa (2) zabda (3) gandha (4) rasa aura (5) spRSTavya saMbaMdhI Ayatana aura iname saMyukta dharma tathA (6) ina pAMcoM AyatanoM kA sammilita rUpa aura (7) saMpUrNa dharma / jisa pratyaya ke AdhAra para yaha utpatti hotI hai, vaha Alambana-pratyaya (ArammaNa-paccayo) hai /

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( 460 ) 3. adhipati-pratyaya (adhipati paccayo)-kisI vastu kI utpatti meM anya kI apekSA jaba ina cAra padArthoM yathA (1) icchA (chanda) (2) udyoga (viriya) (3) citta aura (4) mImAMsA (vImaMsA) kI sahAyatA kI adhikatA hotI hai to ina cAra dharmoM meM se jisa kisI kI adhikatA hotI hai, vahI utpanna hone vAlI vastu ke sAtha adhipati-pratyaya ke saMbaMdha se saMbaMdhita hotA hai / udAharaNataH, jo dharma icchA (chanda) se saMyukta hai yA usase udbhUta hai, vaha icchA-adhipati (chandAdhipati) ke sAtha adhipati-saMbaMdha se saMbaMdhita hai / isI prakAra vIrya, citta aura mImAMsA adhipatiyoM se jo dharma saMyukta haiM, ve kramagaH inake sAtha adhipati-saMbaMdha me saMbaMdhita haiM / yahA~ icchA, vIrya,. citta aura mImAMsA se saMyukta dharma, utpanna hone vAlI vastue~ 'paccayuppanna' hai| kramaza: icchA-adhipati (chandAdhipati), vIryAdhipati (viriyAdhipati), cittAdhipati, aura mImAMsAdhipati (vomaMsAdhipati) inake 'paccaya-dhamma' hai arthAt ye ve vastue~ hai jinase upayukta dharma utpanna hote hai / pratyaya-adhipati pratyaya hai / 4. anantara-pratyaya (anantara paccayo)---yadi koI vastu apane ThIka pIche hone vAlI vastu kI utpatti meM sahAyaka hotI hai, to vaha usake sAtha anantara pratyaya ke saMbaMdha se saMbaMdhita hotI hai| 'paTThAna' meM kahA gayA hai yesaM yesaM dhammAnaM anantarA ye ye dhammA temaM dhammAnaM anantarapaccayena paccayo' arthAt jina jina dharmoM ke anantara jo jo dharma hote hai, to pUrva ke dharma pazcAt ke dharma ke prati anantara-pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratyaya hote haiN| udAharaNataH, pA~ca vijJAna-dhAtuoM (cakSu, zrotra, prANa, jihvA aura kAya saMbaMdhI vijJAna-dhAtuoM) aura unase saMyukta dharmoM ke anantara mano-dhAtu aura usase saMyukta dharmoM kI utpatti hotI hai| ataH pA~ca vijJAna-dhAtu aura unase saMyukta dharma mano-dhAtu aura usase saMyukta dharmoM ke prati anantara-pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratyaya hai| isI prakAra mano-dhAtu aura usase saMyukta dharma mano-vijJAna-dhAtu aura usame maMyakta dharmoM ke liye, kuzala-dharma, kuzala aura avyAkRta dharmoM kI utpatti ke lie aura akuzala dharma, akuzala aura avyAkRta dharmoM kI utpatti ke lie, anantara-pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratyaya hote hai| yahA~ manodhAta, mano-vijJAna-dhAtu, kuzala aura avyAkRta dharma, akuzala aura avyAkRta.

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( 461 ) varma tathA inameM saMyukta dharma 'paccayuppanna' arthAt pratyayoM ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAle dharma hai| jina dharmoM se inakI utpatti hotI hai, ve hai kramagaH (1) pA~ca vijJAna-dhAtu aura unase saMyukta dharma (2) mano-dhAtu aura uname saMyukta dharma (3) kuzala-dharma (4) akuzala-dharma / ataH ye pratyaya-dharma hai| jisa pratyaya ke kAraNa unakI utpatti hotI hai, vaha hai anannara-pratyaya / 5. samanantara-pratyaya (samanantara paccayo)---bilakula anantara-pratyaya ke samAna / 6. sahajAta-pratyaya--(sahajAta paccayo)--java koI dharma kinhI anya dharmoM ke sAtha-sAtha utpanna hote haiM to unake bIca sahajAta-pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai| udAharaNataH, saMjJA, vedanA, saMskAra aura vijJAna eka dUsare ke sAtha sahajAta-pratyaya ke rUpa meM sambandhita hai, kyoMki inakI utpatti eka hI mAtha hotI hai| ____7. anyonya-pratyaya--(aJjamA paccayo)--eka dUsare ke Azraya ne utpanna hone vAle dharma isa pratyaya ke dvArA Apasa meM sambandhita hote hai| yahAM bhI pUrvokta udAharaNa hI diyA jA sakatA hai, kyoki saMjA, vedanA, saMskAra aura vijJAna Apasa meM eka dUsare ke Azraya se hI utpanna hote hai| 8. niHzraya-pratyaya-- (nissaya paccayo)---niHzrava kA artha hai AdhAra / pRthvI vRkSa kA niHzraya hai / isI prakAra jina dharmoM kI utpatti jina dharmoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai, unake prati unakA niHzraya-pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai| udAharaNataH cakSu-Ayatana, zrotra-Ayatana, ghrANa-Ayatana, jihvA-Ayatana aura kAya-Ayanana ke AdhAra para hI kramazaH cakSu-vijJAna, zrotra-vijJAna, prANa-vijJAna, jihvAvijJAna aura kAya-vijJAna kI utpatti hotI hai, ataH unake bIca niHzraya-pratyaya kA sambandha hai| 9. upaniHzraya-pratyaya--(upanissaya paccayo)--upaniHzraya kA artha hai balavAn AdhAra / kuzala-dharmoM ke dRr3ha AdhAra pUrvagAmI kuzala-dharma ho hote hai| ataH unake bIca kA sambandha upaniHzraya-pratyaya kA hai| anya aneka udAharaNa bhI mUla pAli meM diye hue hai| 10. purejAta-pratyaya--(purejAta paccayo)--jisa dharma se kisI dharma kI utpatti pahale huI ho to unake bIca purejAta-pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai /

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( 462 ) udAharaNataH, cakSu-vijJAna-dhAtu Adi kI utpatti se pahale cakSu-Ayatana Adi kI utpatti ho cukI hotI hai| ataH usake prati vaha purejAta-pratyaya se sambandhita hai| 11. pazcAt-jAta-pratyaya--(pacchAjAta paccayo)--zarora kI utpani pahale ho jAtI hai / umake vAda umameM citta aura cetasika paidA hote haiN| ataH donoM ke bIca kA sambandha pazcAt-jAta-pratyaya kA hai|| 12. Asevana-pratyaya--(Asevana paccayo)--Asevana kA artha hai bAravAra AvRtti / kisI dharma kA vAra vAra abhyAsa jisa kisI dUsare dharma ko janma dene kA kAraNa banatA hai, to usake sAtha usakA Asevana pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai| udAharaNataH, pratyeka kugala-dharma kI utpatti kisI pUrvagAmI kuzala dharma ke Asevana yA satata abhyAsa se hotI hai / ataH donoM ke bIca Asevana-pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai| 13. karma-pratyaya--(kamma-paccayo)---kisI bhI karma-vipAka ke pUrvagAmI kuzala yA akuzala dharma hote hai, ataH unake bIca kA sambandha karma-pratyaya kA hotA hai| 14. vipAka-pratyaya--(vipAka paccayo)--vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna, ina cAra skandhoM kI utpatti pUrva ke vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna skandhoM ke vipAka-svarUpa hotI hai, ata: inake vIca vipAka-pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai| 15. AhAra-pratyaya--(AhAra paccayo)--bhojana se yaha hamArA zarIra banatA hai / ataH zarIra kA bhojana ke prati AhAra-pratyaya kA sambandha hai / 16. indriya-pratyaya--(indriya paccayo)-cakSu-vijJAna Adi kI utpatti cakSurAdi indriyoM ke pratyaya se hai / ataH pahale kA dUsare ke prati indriya-pratyaya kA sambandha hai| 17. dhyAna-pratyaya--(jhAna paccayo)--dhyAna se saMyukta avasthAoM (dharmoM) ko utpatti dhyAna ke aMgoM ke pratyaya se hai / ataH pahale kA dUsare ke sAtha dhyAna-pratyaya kA sambandha hai / 18. mArga-pratyaya--(bhagga paccayo)-uparyukta ke samAna mArga se saMyukta

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( 463 ) avasthAoM kI bhI utpatti mArga ke aMgoM ke pratyaya se hai, ataH unake bIca mArgapratyaya kA sambandha hai| 19. saMyukta-pratyaya-- (sammayutta paccayo)--pUrvokta ke samAna hI saMjJA vedanA, Adi se saMyukta dharmoM kI utpatti kramaza: saMjJA, vedanA Adi ke aMgoM ke pratyaya se hI hai, ataH unake bIca kA sambandha saMyukta-pratyaya kA hI hai| 20. viyukta-pratyaya--(vippayutta-paccayo)--bhautika dharma mAnasika dharmo ke sAtha aura mAnasika dharma bhautika dharmoM ke sAtha vippayukta-pratyaya ke sambandha se sambandhita hai, kyoMki donoM kA svabhAva eka dUsare se viyukta rahane kA hai| 21. asti-pratyaya--(asthi paccayo)---jisa dharma kI upasthiti yA vidyamAnatA para dUsare dharma kI utpatti anivAryataH nirbhara hotI hai to donoM ke bIca asti-pratyaya kA sambandha hotA hai, yathA sampUrNa bhautika vikAroM kIutpatti ke liye cAra mahAbhUtoM kI upasthiti, anivAryataH Avazyaka hai, ataH cAra mahAbhatoM ke sAtha asti-pratyaya ke sambandha ke dvArA sampUrNa bhautika vikAra sambandhita hai| 22. nAsti-pratyaya-(natyi paccayo)--apanI anupasthiti yA avidyamAnatA me hI jo koI dharma kisI dUsare dharma kI utpatti meM sahAyaka ho to vaha utpanna hone vAle dharma ke prati nAsti-pratyaya ke sambandha se sambandhita hotA hai| jo cina aura cetasika abhI nirUddha ho cuke haiM, ve apanI avidyamAnatA se hI abhI utpanna hone vAle citta aura cetasika dharmoM ke prati nAsti-pratyaya ke sambandha se sambandhita hote haiN| 23. vigata-pratyaya--(vigata paccayo)--uparyukta (22) ke smaan| 24. avigata-pratyaya--(avigata-paccayo)--uparyukta (21) ke smaan| Upara abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM ke viSaya aura zailI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| suttanta meM nihita buddha-vacanoM ke prati unakA yahI sambandha hai, jo uttarakAlIna vedAnta-granthoM kA upaniSadoM ke prati / antarjJAna aura aparokSaanubhUti para pratiSThita, jala aura vAyu ke samAna saba ke liye sulabha, buddhoM (jAniyoM) ke vacana bhI, paMDitavAda aura zAstrIya vivecanoM ke phande meM phaMsakara kitane sakhe, AkarSaNa-vihIna aura jana-sAdhAraNa ke liye kitane durUha ho jAte

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( 464 ) haiM, isake liye abhidhammapiTaka ke samAna hI uttarakAlIna vedAntiyoM evaM bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke AcAryoM ke prajJAna acche udAharaNa hai | cAhe nAgArjuna asaMga, vasubandhu, diGnAga aura dharmakIrti hoM, cAhe vAtsyAyana, kumArila, vAcaspati, udayana aura zrIharSa hoM, saba eka samAna hI haiM / vRddha aura upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM kI saralatA, svAbhAvikatA aura mArmikatA eka meM bhI nahIM hai / abhidhamma-piTaka ati prAcIna hote hue bhI buddha - mantavya ko isI ora le gayA hai / santoSa kI bAta yaha hai ki vahA~ buddha ke maulika siddhAntoM meM koI parivartana yA parivarddhana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, saMzodhana kI to koI bAta hI nahIM / ataH mUla buddhadarzana ko jAnane ke liye usakA upayoga baca rahatA hai / buddha-mantavya svayaM eka vismayakArI vastu hai / yadi usake kucha vismayoMko kholanA hai to abhidhammapiTaka kA adhyayana nitAnta Avazyaka haiN| yadi yaha dekhanA hai ki nirantara parivartanazIla, anitya, duHkha aura anAtma dharmo ( padArthoM) ke pravartamAna rahane para bhI saMsAra ke sarvazreSTha sAdhaka aura jJAnI puruSa ne citta kI nizcala samAdhi kima prakAra mikhAI hai, niyAmaka ko na mAna kara bhI niyama ko kisa prakAra pratiSThita kiyA hai. IvvarapraNidhAna na hone para bhI samAdhi kA vidhAna kisa prakAra kiyA hai, prArthanA na hone para bhI dhyAna ko kisa para TikAyA hai, 'attA' ( AtmA ) na hone para bhI punarjanmavAda ko kisa para avalambita kiyA hai, parama sattA ke viSaya meM mauna rakhakara bhI gambhIra AzvAsana kisa prakAra diyA hai, yadi yaha saba aura isake sAtha prArambhika bauddha dharma ke mahAn manovaijJAnika adhyayana samvandhI dAna ko usakI pUrI vibhUti ke sAtha dekhanA hai, to abhidhamma kI vIthiyoM meM bhramaNa karanA hI hogA / kintu bIsavIM sadI ke manuSya ke liye, jo kAmAvacara- loka ( kAmanAoM ke loka) kI abhAva pUrtiyoM ke prayatna meM hI abhI saMlagna aura santuSTa haiM, itanA avakAza mila sakegA, yaha kahanA sandeha se khAlI nahIM hai !

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chaThA adhyAya pUrva - buddhaghoSa - yuga (100I0 pUrva se 400 I0 taka) tepiTaka buddha vacanoM kA antima saMkalana tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva kriyA gyaa| taba se unakA rUpa pUrNataH nizcita ho gayA / IsA kI cauthI - pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla ne una para apanI prasiddha aTThakathAe~ likhIM / pAli-tripiTaka ke sunizcita rUpa dhAraNa kara lene aura ina aTThakathAoM ke racanA-kAla ke bIca jisa sAhitya kI racanA huI, usameM nettipakaraNa, peTakopadesa aura milindapaJha adhika prasiddha haiM / inakA vivaraNa hama isa pariccheda meM deMge / nettipakaraNa 'nettipakaraNa' kA saMkSipta nAma 'netti' bhI hai / isI ko nettigandha' (nettigrantha) bhI kahate haiM | jaisA usake nAma se spaSTa hai, 'nettipakaraNa' saddhamma ko samabhAne ke liye netRtva yA mArga-darzana kA kAma karatA hai / 'netti' kA artha hai mArgadarzikA / vAstava meM buddha vacana itane sarala aura hRdayasparzI haiM ki unako samajhane ke liye unase vyatirikta anya kisI sahAyaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM / ekAntacintana ho, buddha vacana hoM, unake bIca madhyasthatA karane kI kisI ko AvazyakatA nahIM / kintu paMDitavAda buddha dharma meM bhI cala par3A / sarala buddha upadezoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA, unake pATha kA niyamabaddha jJAna prApta karane ke liye zAstrIya niyama banAye gaye, unake mantavyoM ko bhinna bhinna dRSTiyoM se sUcIbaddha kiyA gayA, unake zabdoM kI vyAkhyA aura unake tAtparya kA nirNaya karane ke liye grantha-racanA kI gii| isa pravRtti ke prathama lakSaNa hama abhidhammapiTaka meM hI dekhate haiM / usI kA pratyAvartana hameM 'nettipakaraNa' aura 'peTakopadesa' jaise granthoM meM milatA hai / 'netipakaraNa' kA sambandha eka prakAra se tepiTaka buddha vacanoM se vahI hai jo yAska - kRta nirukta kA vedoM se / phira bhI nirukta kI eka vizeSa sArthakatA bhI hai, kyoMki AThavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva hI vedoM kI bhASA itanI prAcIna ho cukI thI aura 30

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( 466 ) usameM rahasyAtmaka jJAna ( 'Acariya-muTThi) bhI itanA adhika rakkhA huA batAyA jAtA thA ki usake. udghATana ke liye zabda - vyutpatti - paraka eka grantha kI AvazyakatA thI bhI / isake viparIta buddha vacanoM kI lokottara saralatA ne kisI bhI vyutpatti-zAstra yA nirukti - zAstra kI apekSA prArambha se hI nahIM rkkhii| yaha unakI eka bar3I vizeSatA hai / cauthI pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI se jo aTThakathAe~ bhI likhI gaI, unhoMne bhI vizeSataH buddha vacanoM kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi ko hI pUrA kiyA hai, uttarakAlIna saMskRta bhASyakAroM yA TIkAkAroM kI taraha zabda-krIr3AeN nahIM kIM / phalataH buddha vacanoM para nirukti paraka sAhitya pAli meM adhika nahIM panapa pAyA / kevala 'nettipakaraNa' aura 'peTakopadesa' yahI do grantha isa sambandha meM milate haiM aura unhoMne bhI buddha vacanoM kI maulika saralatA ko adhika sarala banA diyA ho, yA saddhamma ko samajhane vAle ke liye adhika mArga prazasta kara diyA ho, aisA nahI kahA jA sakatA / jaisA abhI kahA gayA, unakA uddezya kevala tripiTaka ke pATha aura usake tAtparya - nirNaya-sambandhI niyamoM yA yuktiyoM kA zAstrIya vivecana mAtra karanA hai / 'nettipakaraNa' kI viSaya-vastu aura zailI bahuta kucha abhidhammapiTaka se milatI hai / sugamatA ke liye use isa prakAra tAlikA-baddha kiyA jA sakatA hai

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saMgahavAra ( saMgraha - khaMDa --- sampUrNa grantha kI samaSTigata viSaya - sUcI ) uddesavAra (viSaya-vastu kA saMkSipta kathana ) yathA 1. 16 hAra ( 467 ) nettipakaraNa 1 2. 5 naya 3. 18 mUlapada vibhAgavAra (vibhAga - khaMDa -- samaSTi gata dI huI viSaya sUcI kA vibhinna vargIkaraNoM meM vibhAjana ) nivAra ( uddesvAra meM saMkSipta rUpa se nirdiSTa 16 hAroM, 5 nayoM tathA 18 mUlapadoM kI paribhASAe~) paTinisavAra (uddesavAra nirdiSTa 16 hAro 5 nayoM, tathA 18 mUla padoM kI vistRta vyAkhyAe~, ina cAra vargIkaraNoM meM vibhakta, yathA, 1. hAra - vibhaMga ( hAroM kA alagaalaga vargIkaraNakarake unakA vivecana ) 2. hAra - sampAta ( hAroM kA samaSTigata vivecana ) 3. naya-samuTThAna (nayoM kA vivecana ) evaM 4. sAsana-paThAna ( buddha-zAsana 18 mUlapadoM kA vivecana ) isa tAlikA se spaSTa hai ki netti-pakaraNa kA viSaya 16 hAra (guMthe hue viSayoM kI mAlAe~), 5 naya ( tAtparya - nirNaya karane kI yuktiyA~) aura 18 mUla padoM (mukhya naitika viSayoM) kA vivecana karanA hI hai / adhika vistAra meM na jAkara yahA~ ina tInoM vargIkaraNoM meM nirdiSTa tatvoM kA nAma - parigaNana mAtra kara denA hI

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( 468 ) paryApta hogA / nettipakaraNa meM vivecita 16 hAra ye haiM, (1) desanAhAra-isa hAra meM banAyA gayA hai ki buddha-desanA (dharmopadeza) kI vidhi chaha prakAra kI hotI thI (a) gIla Adi kA supariNAma dikhAne vAlI (assAda) (A) viSayabhogoM kA duSpariNAma dikhAne vAlI (AdinavaM), (i) saMsAra se nikalane kA mArga dikhAne vAlI (nissaraNaM), (I) zrAmaNya ke phala kA varNana karane vAlI (phalaM), (u) nirvANa -prApti kA upAya batAne vAlI (upAyaM) aura (U) naitika uddezya dikhAne vAlI (AnattiM) / yahIM zrutamayI (sutamayI-anuzrava para Azrita), cintAmayI-bauddhika cintana para Azrita) aura bhAvanAmayI (pavitra jIvana ke vikAsa para Azrita), ina tIna prajJAoM (jJAnoM) kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| (2) vicaya-hAra yA dharma-cintana aura paryavekSaNa (3) yuttihAra (yuktihAra) athavA yuktiyoM ke dvArA dharma-vizleSaNa kara usake artha ko samajhanA, (4) padaTThAnahAra, maulika lakSaNoM se padoMkI vyAkhyAkaranA, (5) lakkhaNahAra, lakSaNoM se artha ko samajhanA, yathA kahIM rUpa zabda ke A jAne se hI, vedanA Adi ko bhI samajhanA / (6) catuvyUha-hAra (catuvha!-hAra) arthAt pATha, zabda, uddezya aura krama se artha ko samajhanA, (7) AvattahAra, 'kisa prakAra buddha-upadezoM meM sabhI viSaya kisI na kisI prakAra avidyA, cAra Arya satya, Arya aSTAgika mArga Adi jaise mUla-bhUta siddhAntoM meM saMniviSTa ho jAte haiM / vedAnta-zAstra ke tAtparya-nirNaya meM jise 'abhyAsa' kahA gayA hai, usakI isase vizeSa samAnatA hai| (8) vibhattihAra) arthAt vibhAjana yA vargIkaraNa kA DhaMga (9) parivattana-hAra) athavA buddha kA azubha ko zubha ke rUpa meM parivartita karane kA DhaMga / (10) vevacana-hAra athavA zabdoM ke anya aneka samAnArthavAcI zabda dekara artha ko spaSTa karane kA ddhNg| (11) pattihAra (prajJaptihAra)--eka hI dhamma ko aneka prakAra se rakhane kA ddhNg| (12) otaraNa-hAra athavA indriya, paTiccasamppAda, paJca skandha Adi ke rUpa meM sampUrNa buddha-mantavya kA vishlessnn| (13) sodhana-hAra, praznoM ko zuddha karane kA DhaMga, jise buddha prayukta karate the| (14) adhiTThAna-hAra athavA satya ke AdhAra kA nirNaya karanA / (15) parikakhAhAra athavA hetuoM aura pratyayoM sambandhI jJAna / yaha 'hAra' bilakula abhidhammapiTaka, vizeSataH paTThAna, kA hI eka aMga jAna par3atA hai| (16) samAropana

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( 469 ) hAra athavA cAra prakAra se buddha kA samajhAne kA DhaMga, yathA ( a ) mUla-bhUta vicAroM ke dvArA (A) samAnArthavAcI zabdoM ke dvArA (i) cintana ke dvArA (I ) azubha vRttiyoM ke nirodha dvArA / jina pA~ca nayoM kA vivecana 'nettipakaraNa' meM kiyA gayA hai, unake nAma ye hai ( 1 ) nandiyAvatta ( 2 ) tIpukkhala ( 3 ) sIhavikkIlita (4) disAlocana, tathA ( 5 ) aMkusa / 18 mUla-pada isa prakAra hai (1) tanhA (tRSNA), (2) avijjA, (avidyA), (3) lobha, (4) dosa (dveSa ), (5) moha ( 6 ) subha saJcA ( zubha - saMjJA ) (7) nicca saJJa ( nityasaMjJA ). (8) attasaJJa (Atma saMjJA ), ( 9 ) sukkha -saJjJA ( sukha-saMjJA ), tathA ina nau ke kramazaH viparItayathA ( 10 ) samaya ( zamatha - Antarika zAnti ) ( 11 ) vipassanA (vipazyanA-vidarzanA), (12) a-lobha (13) a-dosa ( a-dveSa ), (14) a-moha (15) asubha saJcA (azubha -saMjJA ) (16) anicca saJcA (anityasaMjJA ) ( 17 ) anatta - saJJA ( anAtma-saMjJA ), tathA (18) dukkha saJa ( duHkha - saMjJA ) / viSaya kI dRSTi se buddha upadezoM ko kitane bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai, isakA bhI nirUpaNa 'netti pakaraNa' meM kiyA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se vivecana karate hue usane buddha vacanoM ko ina mukhya solaha bhAgoMmeM bA~TA hai, yathA ( 1 ) saMkilesa-bhAgiya, arthAt ve buddha upadeza jo citta-maloM (saMkilesa ) kA vivecana karate haiM (2) vAsanA-bhAgiya arthAt ve buddha upadeza jo vAsanA yA tRSNA kA vivecana karate haiM (3) nibbedha-bhAgiya, arthAt ve buddha upadeza jo dharma kI taha kA vivecana karate haiM (4) asekha-bhAgiya, arthAt arhatoM kI avasthA kA vivecana karane vAle (5) saMkilesa - bhAgiya tathA vAsanA - bhAgiya ( 6 ) saMkilesa - bhAgiya tathA nivvedhabhAgiya ( 7 ) saMkilesa -bhAgiya tathA asekha - bhAgiya ( 8 ) saMkilesa, asekha tathA nibbedha-bhAgiya ( 9 ) saMkilesa - vAsanA-nibbedha-bhAgiya ( 10 ) vAsanA-nibbedha bhAgiya ( 11 ) taNhAsaMkilesa bhAgiya ( 12 ) diTTi -saMkalesa-bhAgiya (13) duccarita -saMkilesa - bhAgiya ( 14 ) taNhAvodAna-bhAgiya ( tRSNA kI vizuddhi kA upadeza karane vAle buddha vacana) (15) diTThivodAna bhAgiya (dRSTi yA mithyA matavAdoM kI vizuddhi kA upadeza karane vAle buddha vacana ) tathA (16) duccarita - vodAna -bhAgiya arthAt durAcaraNa kI zuddhi kA upadeza karane vAle buddha vacana /

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( 470 ) Upara vipayoM ke anusAra buddha-vacanoM kA jo vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai usameM pahale saMkSipta vivecana kara ke phira unameM nirdiSTa dharmoM ko eka dUsare se milAkara kara anya aneka vargIkaraNa karane kI pravRtti dikhalAI par3atI hai / saMkilesa, vAmanA, taNhA aura asekha ke AdhAra para aise hI vargIkaraNa Upara kiye gaye haiN| nizcayataH yaha abhidhamma kI praNAlI hai / 'uddesa' ke bAda 'niddesa' dene kI abhidhamma kI nizcita praNAlI hai, yaha hama abhidhamma-piTaka ke vivecana meM dekha cuke hai| usI kA anuvartana isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai, jaisA usakI Upara dI huI viSayanAlikA se spaSTa hai / itanA hI nahIM, siddhAntoM ke vivecana meM bhI abhidhamma kA prabhAva spaSTataH dikhAI par3atA hai / jaisA Upara dikhAyA jA cukA hai, parikkhArahAra ke vivecana meM paTThAna ke hetuoM aura pratyayoM kI spaSTa pratidhvani hai / yahA~ 'netti' ke levaka ne use pUrI taraha na lekara apane nirukti sambandhI prayojana ke anusAra hI liyA hai / isIliye 'hetu' aura 'pratyaya' kA vibheda yahA~ itanA spaSTa nahIM ho pAyA / laukika aura alaukika kA vibheda bhI 'nettipakaraNa' meM kiyA gayA hai / yaha bhI abhidhamma ke prabhAva kA sUcaka hai / nettipakaraNa aura abhidhamma kI zailI ke isa pArasparika sambandha kA aitihAsika artha kyA hai ? spaSTataH yahI ki nettikaparaNa kI racanA abhidhamma-piTaka ke bAda huii| kintu zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne isake viparIta yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki 'nettipakaraNa' kama se kama 'paTThAna' se pUrva kI racanA hai|' unake isa mata kA mukhya AdhAra yahI hai ki neti-pakaraNa meM abhI hetu aura pratyaya kA bheda utanA spaSTa nahIM huA hai jitanA 'paThAna' meN| kintu kyA yaha 'nettipakaraNa' ke AvazyakatA ke anurUpa nahIM ho makatA? kyA isa kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA ki 'nettipakaraNa' ke lekhaka ko yahA~ abhidhamma kI sUkSmatA meM na jAkara kevala usake nirukti-sambandhI prayojana ko grahaNa karanA thA ? abhidhamma-piTaka ke saMkalana yA praNayana ke kAla ke sambandha meM jo vivecana hama pahale kara cuke hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM nettipakaraNa ko usake vAda 1. jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1925, pRSTha 111-112; viTara nitja ne bhI unake isa sAkSya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| dekhiye unakA hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 183

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( 471 ) kI racanA hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| I0 hArDIne, jinhoMne isa grantha kA sampAdana pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI ke lie kiyA hai, Antarika aura bAhaya sAdhya kA vivecana kara yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki 'netipakaraNa' IsavI sana ke AsapAsa kI racanA hai|' gAyagara ne isa mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ke mata kI apekSA yahI mata adhika upayukta jAna par3atA hai| 'gandhavaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra 'nenipakaraNa' ke racayitA bhagavAna buddha ke parama RddhimAn gipya mahAkaccAna yA mahAkaccAyana (mahAkAtyAyana) hI the| svayaM majjhima-nikAya ke madhapiGakamuna (1 / 2 / 8) meM mahAkaccAna ke artha-vibhAga kI prazaMmA kI gaI hai "yaha AyapmAn mahAkAtyAyana, vRddha dvArA prazaMsita, sabrahmacAriyoM dvArA pramaMsita aura gAstA dvArA saMkSepa se kahe hue upadeza kA vistAra se artha-vibhAga karane meM samartha haiN|" sambhavataH isI AdhAra para nettipakaraNa' ko gaurava dene ke lie use ina Arya mahAkAtyAyana kI racanA vatalAyA gayA hai| kintu ina zAstrIya vivecanoM meM par3ane kI buddha ke una prathama ziSyoM ko AvazyakatA nahIM thI, yaha nizcita hai / yaha to uttarakAlIna vaidika paramparA se prApta prabhAva kA hI pariNAma thaa| jisa prakAra kaccAna aura moggallAna vyAkaraNoM kA sambandha buddha ke prathama ziSyoM ke mAtha kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra 'nettipakaraNa' ke racayitA mahAkaccAna ke viSaya meM bhI hameM jAnanA caahie| vAstava meM nettipakaraNa' IsavI san ke AsapAsa kI racanA hai aura usake racayitA koI kaccAna nAmaka bhikSu the, jinake viSaya meM adhika hameM kucha jJAta nahIM hai| pAMcavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM dhammapAla ne 'nettipakaraNa' para 'nettippakaraNassa attha saMvaNNanA' (nenipakaraNa kA artha-vivaraNa) nAma kI eka aTThakathA bhI ligvI, jisakA nirdeza hama Age ke adhyAya meM aTThakathA-mAhitya kA vivaraNa dete samaya kreNge| baramA aura siMhala kI bhASAoM meM isa grantha kA anuvAda huA hai, aura isake kaI saMskaraNa bhI nikale haiN| 1. nettipakaraNa (I0 hArDI dvArA sampAdita, landana 1902), pRSTha 8 (bhUmikA) 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 26 3. pRSTha 49

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( 472 ) peTakopadesa 'peTakopadesa' bhI 'netipakaraNa' ke samAna viSaya-vastu vAlI eka dUsarI racanA hai| mebila boDa ne hameM batAyA hai ki baramA meM ina donoM granthoM kA Adara tripiTaka ke samAna hI hotA hai| peTakopadesa' kA uddezya tripiTaka ke vidyArthiyoM ko usI prakAra kA upadeza yA zikSA denA hai jaisA hama nettipakaraNa' meM dekha Aye haiN| nettipakaraNa' kI hIviSaya-vastu ko yahA~ eka dUsare DhaMga se upanyasta kara vivecita kiyA gayA hai| kahIM jo kucha bAteM 'nettipakaraNa meM durUha raha gaI haiM, unako yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se samajhA diyA gayA hai / peTakopadesa' kI eka mukhya vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki yahA~ viSaya kA vinyAsa pradhAnataH cAra Arya satyoM kI daSTi se kiyA gayA hai, jo vuddha-gAsana ke mUla upAdAna haiN| 'peTakopadesa' ke bhI racayitA 'nettipakaraNa' ke lekhaka mahAkaccAna hI mAne jAte hai / ataH unake kAla aura vRtta ke sambandha meM bhI vahIM jAnanA cAhie, jo 'nettipakaraNa' ke racayitA ke sambandha meN| milindapaJhara 'milinda pahaM' 'milinda paJho' yA 'milindapaJhA' (kyoMki ina tInoM prakAra yaha grantha likhA jAtA hai ) 3 isa yuga kI saba se adhika prasiddha racanA hai| sampUrNa anupiTaka sAhitya meM isa grantha kI samatA anyakoI grantha nahI kara sktaa| baddhaghopa ne isa grantha ko apanI aTakathAoM meM tripiTaka ke samAna hI AdaraNIya 1. di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 4 2. romana lipi meM san 1880 meM Trekanara kA prasiddha saMskaraNa nikalA thaa| Aja to nAgarI lipi meM bhI saubhAgyavaza isake mUla pATha aura anuvAda donoM upalabdha haiM / milinda-paJhoH Ara.DI.vadekara dvArA sampAdita, bambaI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita, 1940; bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa dvArA hindI meM anuvAdita, prakAzaka bhikSu u0 kittimA, sAranAtha, banArasa, 1937 / isa graMtha ke syAmI, siMhalI tathA baramI aneka saMskaraNa upalabdha hai| 3. siMhala meM to vizeSataH milindapaJho hI kahA jAtA hai / hindI meM 'milindaprazna' ke AdhAra para 'milindapaJha' hI kahanA hamane adhika ucita samajhA hai|

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( 473 ) mAnate hue uddhRta kiyA hai, ' yaha usakI mahattA kA sarvottama sUcaka hai| sAhitya aura darzana donoM dRSTiyoM se 'milinda paha' sthaviravAda vauddha dharma kA eka bar3A gaurava hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn taka usake isa gaurava para itane adhika mugdha hue haiM ki unheM isa meM grIka prabhAva aura vizeSata: aphalAtaM ke saMvAdoM kI gandha Ane lagI hai ! 'milinda paJha' (milinda prazna) jaisA usake nAma se spaSTa hai 'milinda' ke 'praznoM ke vivaraNa ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai / 'milinda' zabda grIka 'menAnDara' nAma kA bhAratIyakaraNa hai / menAnDara ke praznoM kA vivaraNa mAtra isa grantha meM nahIM hai| menAnDara ke praznoM kA samAdhAna isa grantha kA mukhya viSaya hai / yaha samAdhAna bhadanta nAgasena nAmaka bauddha bhikSu ne kiyaa| ataH menAnDara aura bhadanta nAgasena ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM yaha grantha likhA gayA hai / menAnDara yA milinda aura bhadanta nAgasena kA yaha saMvAda aitihAsika tathya thA, isake lie prabhUta itihAsa-sambandhI sAmagrI upalabdha hai / 'milinda paJha' meM hI milinda ko yavanaka (grIsa)-pradeza kA rAjA kahA gayA hai ('yonakAnaM rAjA milindo') aura usakI rAjadhAnI sAgala (vartamAna syAlakoTa) ko batalAyA gayA hai / hama jAnate haiM ki dUsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva bhArata kA uttara-pacchimI bhAga grIka zAsakoM ke hAtha meM calA gayA thaa| grIka zAsaka menAnDara yA menAnDrosa hI 'milinda paJha' kA 'milinda' hai, yaha itihAsavettAoM kA nizcita mata hai| kintu isa manAnDosa ke zAsana-kAla kI nizcita tithi kyA hai, isake viSaya meM abhI eka mata nahIM ho sakA hai| smitha ke anusAra 155 I0 pUrva menAnDara ne bhArata para AkramaNa kiyaa|2 rAya caudharI tathA bArneTa ke matAnusAra menAnDara kA 1. aThThasAlinI, pRSTha 112, 114, 119, 120, 122, 142 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa) meM buddhaghoSa ne 'AyuSmAn nAgasena' (AyasmA nAgasena) 'nAgasena sthavira' (nAgasena thera) 'AyuSmAna nAgasena sthavira' (AyasmA nAgasena thera) Adi kaha kara milinda-paJha ke lekhaka ko. smaraNa kiyA hai| 2. arlI hisTrI oNva iMDiyA, pRSTha 227, 239, 258 3. paoNliTikala hisTrI oNva enziyanTa iMDiyA, 1923, pRSTha 204 4. kalakattA rivyU, 1924, pRSTha 250

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( 474 ) zAsana-kAla prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva hai| DA0 ramezacandra majUmadAra kA mata hai ki 90 varSa IsavI pUrva se pahale menAnDara kA samaya nahIM ho sktaa|' adhikatara vidvAnoM kI Aja mAnyatA hai ki menAnDara kA zAsana-kAla prathama bAtAbdI IsavI pUrva hai| ataH apane mUla rUpa meM milinda panha' imI samaya likhA gayA, yaha nizcita hai / cUMki grIka-zAmana menAnDara ke bAda gIghra bhArata se lupta ho gayA thA aura usakI koI sthAyI mmati bhAratIya itihAsa meM aMkita nahIM hai , ataH yadi 'milinda paJha' kI racanA ko milinda aura nAgasena ke saMvAda ke AdhAra para eka bAda ke yuga meM likhI huI bhI mAneM to bho vaha yuga bahuta bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| hara hAlata meM 'milinda paha' kI racanA ImavI san ke pahale hI ho gaI thI2, aura usakA AdhAra thA grIka gajA menAnDara aura bhadanta nAgasena kA aitihAsika saMvAda / 'milinda paha' kI isa viSayaka aitihAsikatA ko pramANita karane ke lie eka aura dRr3hatara sAkSya bhI vidyamAna hai| bhArata ke karIba 22 sthAnoM meM (vizeSataH mathuga meM) grIka rAjA menAnDara ke mikke mile hai, jina para khudA huA hai "besiliyama moTirasa mennddrom"| eka Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki ina sikkoM para dharma-cakra kA nizAna banA huA hai, jo usake bauddha dharmAvalambI hone kA pakkA pramANa detA hai| 'milinda paJha' meM bhI hama par3hate haiM ki bhadanta nAgasena ke uttaroM se santuSTa ho kara gajA milinda uname apane ko upAsaka (bauddha gRhastha-ziSya) ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kI prArthanA karatA hai "upAsakaM maM bhante nAgasena mArettha" / 3 bAda me hama vahIM yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki gajA 1. viMTaranitja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 174, pada-saMketa 3 meM uddhRta 2. milAiye rAyasa DeviDs-kvizansa oNva kiMga milinda (milinda prazna kA aMgrejI anuvAda), bhAga prathama (sekreDa buksa oNda di IsTa, jilda 35) pRSTha 45 (bhUmikA); viTaranitja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 175 3. pRSTa 411 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa)

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( 475 ) milinda ne bAda meM apane rAjya ko apane putra ko dekara pravajyA grahaNa kara lI aura vidarzanA-jJAna kI vRddhi karate hue usane arhattva prApta kiyaa| grIka itihAsalebaka plUTArka kA kahanA hai ki menAnDara ke marane ke vAda aneka bhAratIya nagaroM meM usakI asthiyoM ke Upara samAdhiyA~ banAI gaI / spaSTataH yaha menAnDara ke bauddha hone kA sAkSya detA hai aura 'milinda paha' ke varNanakA samarthana karatA hai| bhagavAn buddha (mahAparinibvANa sutta) aura aneka arhanoM kI asthiyoM para aisA hI huA thaa| AcArya buddhaghoSa ke parinirvANa para isI prakAra kA varNana 'buddhaghosappatti' pRSTa 66 (jemsa gre-dvArA sampAdita) meM milatA hai| ataH pUrvokta vivaraNa, plaTArka kA sAdhya aura saba se adhika rAjA menAnDara ke mikkoM para dharma-cakra ke cihna kA pAyA jAnA, ina saba bAtoM ke prakAga meM hama 'milinda panha' ke isa sAkSya ko asvIkAra nahI kara sakate ki menAnDara bauddha ho gayA thaa| itane Thosa pramANoM ke hote hue bhI kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA ki menAnDara bauddha ho gayA thaa| mambhavataH pAzcAtya saMskRti kI gaurava-rakSA ke antahita bhAva ne hI unheM isa spaSTa satya ko svIkAra karane se unmukha yA udAsIna rakkhA hai| grIka rAjA menAnDara aura bhadanta nAgasena ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM 'milinda paha' kA likhA jAnA eka nizcita aitihAsika tathya hote hue bhI vaha kisake dvArA likhA gayA, kisa rUpa meM likhA gayA, bAda meM usameM kyA parivartana yA parivarddhana kie gae, Adi samasyAeM bAkI hI baca rahatI hai / ina samasyAoM para Ane se pUrva hameM itanA to 1. puttassa rajjaM niyyAdetvA agArasmA anagAriyaM pabbajitvA vippassanaM vaDDhetvA arahattaM pApuNIti / pRSTha 411 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa) 2. milAiye rAyasa DeviDsa : milinda paJha kA aMgrejI anuvAda (kvizansa oNva kiMga milinda), bhAga prathama (sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 35) pRSTha 19 (bhUmikA); smitha : arlI hisTrI oNva iMDiyA, pRSTha 187 ,226; gAyagaraH pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 27; ye vidvAn itanA taka to svIkAra karate hai ki bauddhoM se usakI sahAnubhUti thii| isase nacha adhika viMTaranitja ne iMDiyanaliTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 175, pada-saMketa 1 meM kahA hai| parantu spaSTa sADsa to satya bAta kahane kA vaha bhI nahIM kara ske|

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nizcayapUrvaka samajha ho lenA cAhie ki mUla rUpa meM 'milinda paJha' kA praNayana, uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM, dvitIya yA prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva hue, bhadanta nAgasena aura grIka rAjA menAnDara ke saMvAda ke AdhAra para, usI samaya yA kama se kama prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke nikaTa, vauddha dharma sambandhI zaMkAoM ke nivAraNArtha huaa| usake racayitA bhI bhadanta nAgasena ho mAne jA sakate hai / mahA-sthavira buddha ghoSAcArya kI bhI yahI mAnyatA thii| grantha ke nAyaka hone ke sAtha sAtha unake isa grantha ke racayitA hone meM koI virodha nahIM hai| aisI nirvaiyakttikatA bhAratIya sAhitya meM aneka bAra dekhI jAtI hai| kama se kama zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne jo 'milinda paha' ke racayitA kA nAma 'mANava' batalAyA hai, usake lie to koI aitihAsika AdhAra nahI milatA aura use unakI kalpanA se prasUta hI samajhanA caahie| aksara (vizeSataH pazcimI vidvAnoM dvArA) yaha kahA jAtA hai ki 'milinda panha' eka ikAI-baddha racanA nahI hai aura usakA praNayana bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM dvArA bhinna-bhinna yugoM meM A hai / paricchedoM kI eka dUsare se bhinnarUpatA evaM zailI aura viSaya-vastu ko bhI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki maulika rUpa meM grantha bahuta choTA hogA, sambhavataH vaha milinda aura nAgasena ke saMvAda ke saMkSipta vivaraNa ke rUpa meM thA, aura bAda meM sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se jo viSaya mahattvaparNa the unako prAcIna namUnoM ke AdhAra para isameM jor3A jAtA rhaa| grantha kA prastuta rUpa imo parivarddhana kA pariNAma hai / 'milinda paJha' ke anekarUpatAmaya Antarika mAkSya ke alAvA eka aura prabhAvazAlI bAhaya sAkSya isa mata ke pratipAdana meM diyA gayA hai ki prastuta pAli 'milinda paJha' eka maulika racanA na hokara aneka parivarddhanoM kA pariNAma hai athavA svayaM maulika rUpa se saMskRta meM likhe hue grantha kA pAli rUpAntara hai / vaha hai isa grantha kA cInI anuvAda, jo san 317 aura 420 I. ke bIca kiyA gyaa| pAli 'milinda panha' meM 7 adhyAya haiM, yathA (1) bAhira kayA, (2) lakkhaNa paJho, (3) vimaticchedana paJho, (4) meNDaka paJho, (5) anumAna paJhaM, (6) dhutaMga kathA, tathA (7) 1. dekhiye unakA milinda kvizansa, landana, 1930

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( 477 ) opammakathApahaM / uparyukta cInI anuvAda meM, jisakA nAma vahA~ 'nAgamena sUtra' diyA gayA hai, cauthe adhyAya se lekara mAtaveM adhyAya taka nahIM hai / isase svAbhAvika nora para vidvAnoM ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki 'milinda paJha' ke pahale tIna adhyAya ho grantha ke maulika svarUpa ke paricAyaka hai aura vAkI bAda ke parivarddhana mAtra haiM / senA aura vArtha Adi aneka vidvAnoM ke alAvA gAyagara' aura viTaraninjara bhI isI mata ke mAnane vAle hai / unhoMne isI ke samarthana meM anya kAraNa bhI diye hai / eka saba se bar3A kAraNa to yahI hai ki hamAre prastuta pAli milinda paJha meM hI nRtIya adhyAya ke anta meM likhA hai " milindassa paJhAnaM pucchAvismajjanA nikitA arthAt "milinda ke praznoM ke uttara samApta hue|" itanA hI nahIM Age cauthe adhyAya ke prArambha meM jo gAthAe~ AtI haiM, ve eka naye hI prakAra se viSaya kI prastAvanA karatI haiM / "vaktA, tarkapriya, atyanta buddhi-vizArada ( gajA) milinda jJAna - vivecana ke lie nAgasena ke pAsa AyA / " 3 jaba pahale milinda ke prazna samApta hI kara diye gae to phira isa prakAra viSaya kA dubArA avataraNa karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thI ? nizcaya hI niSpakSa samAlocaka ko isa cauthe adhyAya ke bAda ke bhAga kI maulikatA aura prAmANikatA meM mandeha hone lagatA hai / yaha bhI kitane Azcarya kI bAta hai ki AcArya buddhaghoSa ne bhI 'milinda paJha' ke jina avataraNa ko uddhRta kiyA haiM ve prAyaH prathama tIna adhyAyoM se hI hai / ataH unhI ko apa AkRta adhika prAmANika mAnanA par3atA hai / jahA~ taka ina prathama tIna adhyAyoM kI bhI prAmANikatA kA savAla hai, unake viSaya meM bhI kucha vidvAnoM ne sandeha prakaTa kiyA hai / svayaM viMTaranitz2a ne prathama adhyAya ke kucha aMzoM ko maulika nahIM mAnA hai / unake matAnusAra grantha kI maulika prastAvanA apekSAkRta kucha choTI thI / gAyagara bhI isa mata meM unake sAtha sahamata haiM / " isI prakAra tRtIya adhyAya (vimaticchedana paJho) meM bhI nirantara parivarddhanoM kI sambhAvanA svIkAra kI gaI hai / isa pariccheda 1. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 27 2. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana licarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 176-177 3. bhassappavedI vetaMDI atibuddhivicakSaNo / milindo JANabhedAya nAgasenamupAgama // 4. 5. Upara uddhRta kramazaH 2 evaM 1 pada-saMketoM ke samAna

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( 478 ) meM milinda ke sandehoM kA nivAraNa kiyA gayA haiM / jo-jo sandeha sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa mAne jAte the una saba kA samAdhAna sahita samAveza isa pariccheda meM kara diyA gayA hai, aisA ina vidvAnoM ne mAna liyA hai| gAvaM aura Dara ne to isa pUre adhyAya taka ko bAda ko jor3A huA mAna liyA hai, jo ThIka nahIM hai / pAli milinda paJha' aura cInI bhASA meM prApta 'nAgamena-mUtra' meM vibhinnatA hone ke AdhAra para tathA anya uparyukta Antarika aura vAya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki pAli 'milinda paJha' ke adhyAya 4 se lekara 7 taka bAda ke parivarddhana hai| eka dUsarA niSkarSa yaha bhI nikAlA gayA hai ki 'milinda paJha' ke prArambhika kAla se hI aneka saMskaraNa yA pATha-bheda the / jarmana vidvAn zreDara ne usake sAta pATha bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / nizcaya hI ye saba bAteM kalpanA para Azrita hai aura kevala cInI anuvAda meM pAli 'milinda paJha' kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para nikAle hue anumAna mAtra haiM / yaha eka atyanta Azcarya kI bAta hai ki 'milinda paJha' ke prazna ko lekara DA0 gAyagara jaise vidvAn ko bhI bhrama meM par3a jAnA par3A hai| unhoMne yaha mAna liyA hai ki pAli 'milinda paJha' maulika rUpa se saMskRta meM likhA gayA thA aura IsavI san ke karIba usakA anuvAda pAli meM kiyA gayA / unhoMne yaha bhI mAna liyA hai ki yaha anuvAda laMkA meM kiyA gayA aura prAcIna namUnoM ke AvAra para usameM aneka parivarddhana bhI kara diye gae, yathA pUraNa kasmapa, makkhali gosAla Adi kI kathAe~ dIva - nikAya ke sAmaJJaphala - sutta ke AdhAra para aura rohaNa aura nAgamena ke sambandha kI kathA mahAvaMsa 5 / 131 meM nirdiSTa siggava aura tista kI kathA ke AdhAra para jor3adI gaI / parivarddhanoM ko sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karane hue bhI ( yadyapi pUraNa kassapa aura makkhali gomAla Adi ko 'milindapaJca' meM vyaktiyoM kA bAcaka na samajha kara unake sampradAya ke AcAryo yA padoM kA sUcaka mAna kara una sambandhI vivaraNoM ko bAda kA parivarddhana mAnane kI bhI apekSA nahIM ) 'milinda paJha' kA maulika saMskRta se laMkA meM pAli meM rUpAntarita kiyA 1. dekhiye viTaranitja: iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 177, pada-saMketa 2 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 27, pada- saMketa 2

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( 479 ) jAnA svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| cUMki yaha mata DA0 gAyagara jaise vidvAna kI ora se AyA hai, isalie isakA ullekha yahA~ kara diyA gayA hai / anyathA vaha isa yogya bhI nahIM hai| 'milinda panha' nizcayataH apane maulika pAli rUpa meM uttara-pazcimI bhArata kI prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva kI racanA hai / sambhava hai usameM bAda meM bhI parivarddhana hue hoN| kintu usakA maulika rUpa Aja kA sA sAta paricchedoM vAlA hI rahA ho, isake lie bhI kama avakAza nahIM hai, kyoMki jaisADA0 TI0 DablyU0 rAyasa DeviDsa ne sujhAva rakkhA hai saMbhavata: cInI anuvAdaka ne hI apane anuvAda meM antima cAra adhyAyoM ko chor3a diyA ho|' yadyapi viTaranitz2a ne unake isa mata ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / hameM cauthI zatAbdI IsavI meM (jisase pahale cInI anuvAda nahIM huA thA buddhaghoSa ke isa grantha ke prati Adara aura zraddhA-bhAva ko dekha kara satya kI isI ora pravaNatA dikhAI par3atI hai / jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai, 'milinda paha' ko viSaya-vastu sAta bhAgoM yA adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai (1) bAhira kathA, (2) lakkhaNa paJho, (3) vimaticchedana paJho, (4) meNDaka paJho, (5) anumAna panhaM, (6) dhutaMga kathA aura (7) opammakathA paJha / 'bAhira kathA', 'milinda paJha' kI bhUmikA hai| sarva prathama lekhaka ne nAgamena kI isa vicitra kathA (citrA nAgasenakathA) ko jo, abhidharma, vinaya aura suttoM para samAzrita hai, aura jisameM vicitra upamAe~ aura yuktiyA~ prakAzita kI gaI haiM, sAvadhAna ho kara , jJAnapUrvaka, buddha-zAsana sambandhI sandehoM ke nivAraNArtha, sunane ko AhvAna kiyA hai-- abhidhammavinayogAlhA suttjaalsmtthitaa| nAgasenakathA citrA opammehi nayehi c|| tattha jANa paNidhAya hAsayitvAna mAnasaM / saNAtha nipuNe panhe kaGakhAThAnavidAlaneti // usake bAda grIka rAjA milinda (menAnDara) kI rAjadhAnI sAgala kA ramaNIya, kAvyamaya varNana hai / "atha yaM asthi yonakAnaM nAnApuTabhadanaM sAgalaM nAma nagaraM 1. ainsAiklopeDiyA oNva rilinajana eMDa ethiksa, jilda AThavIM, pRSTha 362, 2. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 177 pada-saMketa 1

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( 480 ) nadopabbatasobhitaM ramaNIyabhUmippadesabhAgaM ArAmayyAnopavanataDAgapokkharaNI sampannaM nadopabbatarAmaNeyyaka" aadi| usake bAda uparyukta sAta bhAgoM meM grantha kI viSaya-sUcI tathA phira nAgasena aura milinda ke pUrva-janma kI kathA hai| yaha eka bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki bhadanta nAgasena ne apane aura apane prativAdI milinda ke pUrvajanma (pubbayoga, pubbakamma) ke varNana meM to itanI tatparatA dikhAI hai, phira bhI apane vartamAna janma aura karma ke viSaya meM adhika jAnane kA hameM avakAza nahIM diyA / sambhavataH jise hama itanA Thosa samajhate hai vaha unake liye itanA Avazyaka nahIM thA aura jo kucha hameM apane viSaya meM vaha batAnA Avazyaka samajhate the use unhoMne vahA~ batA bhI diyA hai| sthavira nAgasena kA janma madhya deza kI pUrvI sImA para sthita, himAlaya parvata ke samIpavartI kajaMgalA nAmaka prasiddha kasbe meM huA thaa| unake pitA kA nAma soguttara thA, jo eka brAhmaga the / tonoM vedoM, itihAsoM aura lokAyata zAstra kA jJAna prApta kara nAgasena ne sthavira rohaNa se buddha-zAsana sambandho zikSA prApta ko evaM vauddha dharma meM praveza kiyaa| tadanantara ve vattaniya senAsana ke sthavira asmagutta (azvagupta) ke pAsa gaye aura unase zikSA prApta ko / yahIM unako sotApanna (sota Apanna) phala kI prApti huI / tadanantara unheM pATaliputra bhaja diyA gayA, jahA~ unhoMne sthavira dharmarakSita se bauddha dharma kA vizeSa adhyayana kiyaa| yahI unheM arhattva phala kI prApti huii| isake bAda ve sAgala (siyAlakoTa) ke saMkheyya pariveNa meM gaye, jahA~ rAjA milinda se unako bheTa huI / milinda kI zikSA kA varNana karate hue use 'zruti, smRti, saMkhyAyoga (sAMkhya yoga), nIti, vaizepika (visesikA) Adi 19 zAstroM kA mananazIla vidyArthI batalAyA gayA hai / vaha pUrA tarkavAdI, vitaMDAvAdI aura vAda-vivAda meM ajeya thA, yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA hai| milinda ko dArzanika vAda-vivAda se bar3A prema thA aura usane 'lokAyata' sampradAya Adi ke anuyAyI sabhI vicArakoM ko parAsta kara diyA thaa| usane buddhakAlona 6 pradhAna AcAryoM kI gaddiyoM para pratiSThita unake hI samAna nAma dhAraNa karane vAle chaha pradhAna AcAryo, yathA pUraNakassapa, makkhali gosAla, nigaNTha nATaputta, saJjaya velaTipuna, ajita kesa kambalI aura pakudha-kaccAyana kaM nAna bhI apane mantriyoM se suna rakkhe the, aura prathama do se vaha milA bhI

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( 481 ) 1 1 thA, kintu usakI zAnti unase nahIM huI thI / anta meM grIka rAjA ko yaha abhimAna hone lagA "tuccho bata bho jambudIpo palApo vata bho jambudIpo / natthi kocisamaNo vA brAhmaNo vA yo mayA saddhiM sallapituM sakkoti kakhaM paTivinodetuMti / " " tuccha hai bhAratavarSa ! pralApa mAtra hai bhAratavarSa ! yahA~ koI aisA zramaNa yA brahma nahIM hai jo mere sAtha, mere sandehoM ke nivAraNArtha saMlApa bhI kara ske|" milinda ke ina zabdoM meM hama buddhivAdI grIka jJAna kI gauravamaya huMkAra dekhate haiM / bhAratIya rASTra kA gaurava bhadanta nAgasena ke rUpa meM apanI sArI saMcita jJAnagarimA ko liye hue anta meM use mila gayA / nAgasena ke jJAna kI prazaMsA meM kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne apanI alpAvasthA meM hI nighaMTu Adi ke sahita tInoM vedoM ko par3ha liyA thA, aura ve itihAsa, vyAkaraNa, lokAyata Adi zAstroM meM pUrNa niSNAta the / usake bAda pravrajita ho kara unhoMne abhidhamma ke sAta prakaraNoM tathA anya tepiTaka buddha vacanoM ko apane guru rohaNa se par3hA thaa| pahale unhoMne dharmarakSita nAmaka bhikSu ke sAtha pATilaputra meM nivAsa kiyaa| bAda meM AyupAla nAmaka bhikSu ke nimaMtraNa para ve himAcala pradeza ke saMkheyya pariveNa nAmaka vihAra meM cale gaye / vahIM rAjA milinda unase milane ke lie gayA / 'atha kho milindo rAjA yenAsmA nAgaseno tenopasaMgani' (tadanantara rAjA milinda jahA~ AyuSmAn nAgasena the, vahA~ gayA / ) kuzala - prazna pUchane aura paricaya prApta karane meM hI dArzanika saMlApa chir3a gayA / saMvAda bhI usa prazna para jo buddha darzana kI AdhAra bhUmi hai / anAtma lakSaga ! rAjA milinda nAgasena ke pAsa jA kara baiTha jAtA hai aura unase pUchatA hai- 1. yUropIya vidvAnoM ne pUraNa kassapa, makkhali gosAla Adi ke nAma dekha kara hI yaha samajha liyA hai ki yahA~ 'milinda paJha' ke lekhaka ne ina buddhakAlIna AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / yaha eka bhrama hai | dekhiye milinda prazna, ( hindI anuvAda) kI bodhinI meM bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kI isa viSaya - sambandhI TippaNI 2. tIsu vedesu sanighaMTu keTubhesa sAkkharappabhedesu itihAsapaJcamesu padako vaiyyAkaraNo lokAyata mahApurisa lakkhaNesu anavayo ahosi / pRSTha 11 ( bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa) 31

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( 482 ) "bhante! Apa kisa nAma se pukAre jAte hai ? ApakA nAma kyA hai ?" (kiM nAmosi bhanteti) "mahArAja! maiM 'nAgasena' nAma se pukArA jAtA huuN| sabrahmacArI bhikSu mujhe yahI kaha kara bulAte haiN| mAtA-pitA apane baccoM ke isa prakAra ke nAma rakhate haiM, jaise 'nAgasena' , 'sUrasena' aadi| lekina ye saba nAma kevala vyavahAra ke lie haiN| tAtvika dRSTi se isa prakAra kA koI vyakti upalabdha nahIM hotA / (na hettha puggalo upalabbhatIti) basa, saMprazna aura saMvAda kA pUrA kSetra khula gayA ! "bhante ! nAgasena ! yadi yathArtha meM koI vyakti hai hI nahIM to Apako apanI Avazyaka vastue~ kauna detA hai ? una vastuoM kA upabhoga kauna karatA hai ? puNya kauna karatA hai ? dhyAna kauna lagAtA hai ? Arya-mArga aura usakA phala nirvANa kauna pratyakSa karatA hai ? . . . . . . bhale-bure kA phira to koI kartA hI nahIM ? ApakA koI guru bhI nahIM ? Apa upasampanna bhI nahIM ? Apa kahate haiM Apako loga 'nAgasena' nAma se pukArate haiN| nAgasena hai kyA ? "kyA keza nAgamena haiM ?" "keza kisa prakAra nAgamena ho sakate hai ?" "to kyA nakha, dA~ta, camar3I, mAMsa, zarIra nAgasena haiM ?" "rAjan ! ye bhI nhiiN|" "to kyA paJca skandhoM kA saMyoga nAgasena hai ?" "nahIM mahArAja !" "to kyA phira rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna, ina pAMca skandhoM se koI vyatirikta vastu nAgasena hai ?" (ki pana bhante aJatra rUpavedanAsaMJAsaMkhAravijJANaM nAgasenoti) "nahIM mahArAja !" (nahi mahArAjAti) milinda rAjA thaka jAtA hai| usakI buddhi Age saMprazna karanA nahIM jaantii| "bhante ! mai pUchate pUchate hAra gayA, phira bhI maiM yaha na jAna sakA ki 'nAgasena' kyA hai ? to kyA 'nAgasena' kevala eka nAma hI hai ? antataH 'nAgasana' hai kyA

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( 483 ) vAstava meM ? bhante ! Apa asatya bola rahe hai ki 'nAgasena' nAma kA koI vyaktitva yathArtha meM vidyamAna nahIM hai !" vitaMDAvAdI milanda kI buddhi ko parizrAnta jAnakara bhadanta nAgasena ume kucha AsAna mArga se samajhAnA cAhate haiN| "mahArAja! ApakA janma to kSatriya-kula meM huA hai| isalie svabhAvataH Apa sukumAra haiN| phira bhI Apa itanI garmI meM dopahara ko yahA~ cale hI aaye| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki Apa jarUra thaka gaye hoNge| Apa paidala Aye hai yA ratha para?" "bhante ! maiM paidala nahIM calatA huuN| maiM ratha para AyA huuN|" "mahArAja ! yadi Apa ratha para Aye haiM to kRpayA mujhe yaha batAiye ki ratha hai kyA?" "kyA ratha ke bA~sa ratha haiM ?" "nahIM bhante! ratha ke bA~sa ratha nahIM ho skte|" "to kyA dhurA, pahiye, rasse, juA, pahiyoM ke DaMDe, athavA baila hAMkane kI lAThI, ratha haiM ?" "nahIM bhante !" "to phira kahiye ki kyA ratha inase alaga koI vastu hai ?" "nahIM bhante ! yaha kaise ho sakatA hai !" "rAjan ! maiM pUcha pUcha kara hAra gyaa| usa para bhI maiM na jAna sakA ki yathArtha meM ratha kyA hai ? to phira kyA ApakA ratha kevala eka nAmamAtra hai ? rAjana ! Apa asatya bola rahe hai ki Apa ratha para Aye hai| Apa isa sAre jambudvIpa (bhAratavarSa) meM saba se pratApI rAjA haiN| to phira Apa kisake Dara se asatya bola rahe hai ?" "bhante ! maiM asatya nahIM bola rahA huuN| ratha ke bA~sa, pahiye, ratha kA DhA~cA, pahiyoM ke DaMDe, hA~kane kI lakar3I, ina bhinna bhinna hissoM para 'ratha' kA astitva nirbhara hai| 'ratha' eka zabda hai jo kevala vyavahAra ke liye hai| "rathoti saMkhA samA paJatti vohAro nAmamattaM pavattIti / " "ThIka hai mahArAja ! Apane yathArtha 'ratha' ko samajha liyaa| ThIka isI prakAra vyakti kI bhI hAlata hai| rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna, ina pA~ca skandhoM para merA astitva nirbhara hai| 'nAgasena' zabda kevala vyavahAramAtra hai / yathArtha meM

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( 484 ) 'nAgasena' nAma kA koI vyaktitva vidyamAna nahIM hai / paramArtha rUpa se vyakti kI upalabdhi nahI hotI "paramatthato panettha puggalo nUpalabbhati / " . bhadanta nAgasena kI yaha anAtmavAda kI vyAkhyA bar3I mahattvapUrNa hai / isake uddharaNa ke vinA mUla buddha darzana samvandhI anAtmavAda kA koI bhI vivecana pUrA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / kahA~ taka bhadanta nAgasena ne buddha-mantavya niSedhAtmaka dizA meM bar3hAyA hai, athavA kahA~ taka unhoMne usake yathArtha rUpa kA hI digdarzana kiyA hai, isake viSaya meM vibhinna mata ho sakate hai / pahale mata kA pratipAdana yogyatApUrvaka DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne kiyA hai, ' jabaki isI kAraNa mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne bhAratIya darzana - zAstra kA itihAsa likhane kI unakI yogyatA ko hI saMdeha kI dRSTi se dekhA hai / isa vivAda meM bhAga na lekara hama itanA hI kaha denA apane prastuta uddezya ke liye paryApta samajhate haiM ki cAhe nAgasena kI anAtmavAda kI vyAkhyA buddha - mantavya kA yathAvat nidarzana karatI ho yA cAhe unhoMne use niSedhAtmaka dizA meM bar3hAyA ho, vaha apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa avazya hai / na kevala sthaviravAdI bauddha sAhitya meM hI, apitu sampUrNa bauddha sAhitya meM, buddha vacanoM ko chor3akara. anAtmavAda kA usase adhika sundara, usase adhika AkarSaka aura usase adhika gambhIra vivecana kahIM nahIM mila sakatA / ataH bauddha darzana aura bauddha sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke liye hara hAlata meM usakA jAnanA Avazyaka hai / anAtmavAda kI uparyukta vyAkhyA mAna lene para punarjanmavAda ke sAtha usakI saMgati kisa prakAra lagAI jA sakatI hai, yaha bhI samasyA milinda ke sira meM cakkara lagAtI hai / vaha bhadanta nAgasena se pUchatA hai "bhante nAgasena kauna utpanna hotA hai ? kyA utpanna hone para vyakti vahI rahatA hai yA anya ho jAtA hai ? yo uppajjati so eva so udAhu aJJo 'ti / " " na to vahI aura na anya hI -- na ca so na ca aJJoti" sthavira kahate haiM / 1. iMDiyana philAsaphI, jilda pahalI, pRSTha 382 - 90; kItha, zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa aura viMTaranitja kI bhI kucha kucha isI prakAra kI mAnyatA hai, dekhiye viTaranitz2a : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 178, pada-saMketa I 2. darzana digdarzana, pRSTha 531-532 /

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( 485 ) rAjA kI samajha meM yaha uttara nahIM AtA / sthavira udAharaNa dekara samajhAte haiM ki jaba puruSa baccA hotA hai aura jaba vaha taruNa yuvA hotA hai, taba kyA vaha bAlaka aura yuvA eka hI hotA hai ? nahIM aisA nahIM hotaa| bAlaka anya hotA hai aura vaha taruNa yuvA anya hotA hai| kintu yadi yahI mAna liyA jAya ki vAlaka anya hotA hai aura taruNa anya hotA hai to phira na koI kisI kI mAtA rahegI, na koI kisI kA pitA rahegA, na AcArya rahegA . . . . . . . . ! phira to aisI hI pratIti hogI ki yaha garbha kI prathama avasthA kI mAtA hai, yaha dUsarI avasthA kI mAtA hai, yaha tIsarI avasthA kI, jo saba Apasa meM bhinna bhinna haiM, anya se anya ho gaye haiN| kyA eka hI vyakti ke bAlakapana kI mA~ bhinna hai usakI yuvAvasthA kI mA~ se ? aJA khuddakassa mAtA aA mahantassa mAtA ! vidyArthI jaba pAThazAlA meM par3hane jAtA hai taba kyA vaha anya hI haiM ? aura jaba vaha vidyAdhyayana samApta karatA hai anya hI hai ? 'aso sippaM sikkhati aJo sikkhito bhavati-- anya hI zilpa sIkhatA hai, anya hI zikSita hotA hai ? anya hI pApa karatA hai aura anya ke hI aparAdha-svarUpa hAtha-paira kATe jAte hai ? rAjA ghabar3A jAtA hai kyoMki vaha pahale svayaM hI svIkAra kara cukA hai ki vAlaka anya hotA hai aura taruNa anya / ataH kucha samajha nahIM sakatA ki use kyA kahanA cAhie / vivaMza hokara vaha bhadanta nAgasena se kahatA hai "bhante ! Apa hI mujhe batAiye ki kyA bAta hai? tvaM pana bhante evaM vutte ki vadeyyAsIti / bhante ! aisA pUchane para Apa svayaM kyA kaheMge ? sthavira use samajhAte haiM ki "dharmoM ke lagAtAra pravAha se, unake saMghAta rUpa meM AjAne me, eka utpanna hotA hai, dUsarA niruddha hotA hai, aura yaha saba aise hotA hai jaise mAno yugapat, eka-sAtha ho| isalie na to sarvathA usI kI taraha aura na sarvathA anya kI taraha, vaha jIvana kI antima cetanAvasthA para AtA hai|"1 phira bhI milinda pUrI taraha santuSTa nahIM ho pAtA aura vaha pUchatA hai 1. evamevaM kho mahArAja dhammasati sandahati, aJo uppajjati, aJo nisanjhati, apubbaM acarimaM viya sandahati, tena na ca so na ca ao purisa

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( 486 ) " bhante nAgasena ! para kyA hai vaha jo janma grahaNa karatA hai ? bhante nAgasena ko paTisandahati ? "he mahArAja ! nAma-rUpa janma grahaNa karatA hai / nAma-rUpaM kho mahArAja paTisandahati / " "kyA yahI nAma rUpa janma grahaNa karatA hai ?" "mahArAja ! yaha nAma-rUpa janma grahaNa nahIM karatA, kintu isa nAma rUpa ke dvArA jo zubha yA azubha karma kiye jAte haiM aura una karmoM ke dvArA jo anya nAma rUpa utpanna hotA hai, vahI janma grahaNa karatA hai, / " 2 Age samajhAte hue sthavira kahate haiM "he rAjan ! mRtyu ke samaya jisakA anta hotA hai vaha to eka anya nAma-rUpa hotA hai aura jo punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai vaha eka anya hotA hai / kintu dvitIya ( nAma-rUpa ) prathama ( nAma - rUpa ) meM se hI nikalatA hai 3. . ataH he rAjan ! dharma - santati hI saMsaraNa karatI hai, janma grahaNa karatI hai - evameva kho mahArAja dhammasantati sandahati / " isa prakAra bhadanta nAgasena ne anAtmavAda ke sAtha punarjanmavAda kI saMgati milAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo bauddha darzana kI dRSTi se atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai / dvitIya pariccheda ( lakkhaNa paJho) kI mukhya viSaya-vastu itanI hI hai / tRtIya pariccheda ( vimaticchedana paJho) meM rAjA ke sandehoM (vimati ) kA, jo use aneka choTe choTe viSayoM para hue the, bhadanta nAgasena dvArA nivAraNa kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra ke aneka sandehoM kAM isa pariccheda meM vivaraNa kiyA gayA hai, jinameM se kucha kA hI nidarzana yahA~ kiyA jA sakatA hai / udA viJJANe pacchimaviJJANaM saMgahaM gacchatIti / milindapaJho, lakkhaNapaJho, pRSTha 42 (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa ) 1. nAma arthAt sUkSma citta aura cetatika dharma / rUpa arthAt cAra mahAbhUta aura unakA vikAra / 2. na kho mahArAja imaM yeva nAmarUpaM paTisandihati / iminA pana mahArAja nAmarUpena kammaM karoti sobhanaM vA pApakaM vA tena kammena aJJaM nAmarUpaM paTisandahatIti 3. evameva kho mahArAja kiJcApi aJJa maraNAntikaM nAmarUpaM ayaM paTisandhismiM nAmarUpaM api ca tato yeva taM nibbattaM ti /

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( 487 ) haraNataH milinda pUchatA hai "bhante nAgasena ! kyA sabhI loga nirvANa prApta kara lete haiM (bhante nAgasena sabbeba labhanti nibbANaMti ) ? bhante nAgasena ! kyA buddha anuttara haiM ? 'bhante nAgasena ! kyA buddha sarvaza, sarvadarzI hai ?' 'kyA vRddha brahmacArI haiM ? ' ' kyA upasaMpadA ( bhikSu-saMskAra ) ThIka ( sundara ) hai ? 'bhante nAgasena ! kitane AkAroM se smRti utpanna hotI hai ? ' bhante nAgamena ! Apa kahate haiM zvAsa-prazvAsa kA nirodha kiyA jA sakatA hai / kaise bhanne ? " " bhante nAgasena ! bhagavAn ne kyA kArya atyaMta duSkara kiyA hai ?" Adi, Adi / bhadanta nAgasena ne ina saba praznoM aura sandehoM kA atyaMta manorama zailI meM uttara diyA hai / praznakartA aura uttaradAtA donoM hI apane apane prazno taroM se anta meM saMtuSTa dikhAI par3ate haiM / rAjA milinda ko aisA lagatA hai "jo saba maine pUchA, sabakA bhadanta nAgasena ne mujhe uttara diyA (sabbaM mayA pucchitaM ti sabbaM bhadantena nAgasenena vissajjitaM ti / bhadanta nAgasena ko bhI aisA hotA hai " jo saba rAjA milinda ne mujhame pUchA usa saba kA maiMne uttara de diyA (sabbaM milindena rajJA pucchitaM sabbaM mayA vissajjitaMti / " uThakara bhikSu saMghArAma meM cale gaye / rAjA milinda bhI apane sAthiyo ke sAtha lauTa gayA / yaha tIsare pariccheda kI viSaya-vastu kA saMkSepa hai | 1 kucha dina bAda rAjA milinda phira bhadanta nAgasena ke darzanArtha AtA hai / isa bAra vaha una virodhoM ko bhadanta nAgamena ke sAmane rakhatA hai jo use tepiTaka buddha vacanoM ke andara mAlUma par3e haiM / milinda ne mananapUrvaka eka buddhivAda kI taraha tripiTaka ke vibhinna granthoM ko par3hA hai / use unake andara aneka pArasparika virodhI bAteM dikhAI par3I haiM / inheM vaha bhadanta nAgasena ke sAmane eka-eka karake rakha detA hai / bhadanta nAgamena unakA uttara dete haiM / 'milinda - paha' kA cauthA pariccheda, jo isa grantha kA sabase lambA pariccheda hai, inhIM saMbaMdhI praznottaroM kA vivaraNa hai / Upara se virodhI dikhAI dene vAle tripiTaka ke vibhinna vivaraNoM yA buddha vacanoM ke virodha kA parihAra aura unameM samanvaya sthApana, yahI isa pariccheda kA lakSya hai, jo tripiTaka ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie madA mahatvapUrNa rahegA / isa prakaraNa meM rAjA milinda ne jo prazna pUche haiM yA sulajhAne ke lie virodhI vAkya rakkhe haiM, ve itane nAnA

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( 488 ) prakAra ke haiM ki unakA saMkSepa denA bar3A kaThina hai / kevala kucha udAharaNa dekara hama unake svarUpa aura zailI kI ora saMketa bhara kara skeNge| bhadanta ke caraNoM meM gira rakhakara, hAtha jor3akara rAjA ne kahA, "bhante nAgasena, "! bhagavAn ne yaha kahA "Ananda ! pA~ca sau varSa taka saddharma tthhregaa|" punaH jaba parinirvANa ke samaya subhadra parivrAjaka ne bhagavAn se pUchA to unhoMne kahA 'subhadra ! yadi bhikSu ThIka taraha vihAra kareMge to yaha loka arhatoM se kabhI zUnya nahIM hogaa|' yadi bhanne nAgasena ! tathAgata se yaha kahA ki saddharma pAMca sau varSa ThaharegA taba to yaha vacana ki yaha loka kabhI arhanoM se zUnya nahIM hogA, mithyA ThaharatA hai| aura yadi tathAgata ne yaha kahA ki yaha loka kabhI arhatoM se zUnya nahIM ThaharegA, to phira yaha vacana ki maddharma pA~ca sau varSa ThaharegA, mithyA ThaharatA hai ? bhante nAgamena ! yaha donoM hI ora se kaThinatA paidA karane vAlA, gahana me bhI gahanatara, valavAn se bhI balavattara, jaTila se bhI jaTilatara, prazna ApakI sevA meM upasthita hai|" "bhante nAgasena ! bhagavAn ne yaha kahA hai 'bhikSuo ! mai jAnakara hI dharmopadeza karatA hU~, binA jAne nahIM / ' punaH unhoMne vinaya prApti ke samaya yaha bhI kahA 'Ananda ! yadi saMgha cAhe to mere bAda choTe-moTe (kSudrAnubhadra) zikSApadoM ko chor3a de / bhante nAgasena ! kyA zudrAnukSudra zikSApada vinA jAna bUjhakara hI diye hue upadeza haiM jo bhagavAn ne unheM apane bAda chor3a dene ke lie kahA / bhante nAgasena ! yadi bhagavAn kA yaha kahanA ThIka hai ki maiM jAna bUjhakara hI upadeza karatA hU~, vinA jAne-bUjhe nahIM, to bhagavAn kA yaha vacana mithyA hai 'yadi saMgha cAhe to mere bAda kSudrAnukSudra zikSApadoM ko chor3a de, aura yadi sacamuca hI bhagavAn ne yaha kahA ki mere bAda saMgha kSudranukSudra gikSApadoM ko chor3a de, to unakA yaha kahanA mithyA hai ki maiM jAnabUjhakara hI upadeza karatA hU~, binA jAne bujhe nhiiN'| yaha bhI donoM ora se kaThinatA paidA karane vAlA sUkSma, nipuNa, gaMbhIra aura ulajhana paidA karane vAlA prazna hai jo ApakI sevA meM upasthita hai / Apa mujhe samajhAveM / " "bhante nAgasena ! bhagavAn ne kahA hai 'tathAgata ko dharmoM meM AcArya-muSTi (na batAne yogya bAta) nahIM hai / ' kintu jaba mAlukyapRtta ne unase prazna pUchA to bhagavAn ne usakI vyAkhyA nahIM kI, use nahIM

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( 489 > batAyA / kyA bhagavAn jAnate nahIM the, isalie nahIM batAyA, yA bhagavAn ko vaha rahasya hI rakhanA thA, isalie nahIM batAyA / bhante nAgasena ! yadi bhagavAn ne yaha ThIka hI kahA thA ki tathAgata ko rahasya rakhanA nahIM hai to phira kyA unhoMne na jAnane ke kAraNa hI ( ajAnantena ) hI use nahIM batAyA / yadi jAnane para bhI nahIM batAyA, taba to phira tathAgata kI AcArya -muSTi ( rahasya - rakhanA ) hai hI / yaha bhI donoM ora kaThinatA paidA karane vAlA prazna ApakI sevA meM upasthita hai / " bhante nAgasena ! Apa kahate haiM ki tathAgata ko bhojana, vastra, nivAsa sthAna, pathya - auSadhAdi sAmagrI sadA mila jAtI thI | phira Apa kahate haiM eka bAra paJcazAla nAmaka brAhmaNa-grAma meM se bhagavAn vinA bhikSA prApta kiye hI dhule-dhulAye bhikSApAtra ko lekara lauTa Aye / . bhanne nAgasena yaha bhI donoM ora kaThinatA paidA karanevAlA prazna ApakI sevA meM upasthita hai|" bhante nAgasena ! bhagavAn ne yaha kahA 'Ananda ! tuma tathAgata ke zarIra kI pUjA kI cintA mata kro|' punaH unhoMne yaha bhI kahA 'pUjanIya puruSa kI dhAtuoM kI pUjA karo' . . donoM ora kaThinatA paidA karane vAlA prazna ApakI sevA meM upasthita hai / " "bhante nAgamena ! bhagavAn ne yaha kahA hai 'bhikSuo ! pUrNa puruSa, tathAgat bhagavAn samyaka sambuddha navIna mArga kA udghAvana karane vAle haiM / ' punaH eka dUsarI jagaha unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai, 'bhikSuo ! jisa prAcIna mArga para pUrvakAla meM jJAnI puruSa cale, usI kA ho maiMne darzana prApta kiyA hai / ' . yaha donoM ora kaThinatA paidA karanevAlA prazna ApakI sevA meM upasthita haiM isa prakAra ke aneka virodhAbhAsamaya prazna rAjA milinda ne bhadanta nAgasena ke sAmane rakhe haiM, jinakA unhoMne apanI adbhuta zailI meM uttara diyA hai / pratyeka vauddha darzana ke vidyArthI ke lie unakA par3hanA anivArya hai / sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhI ve apane mahatva meM advitIya hai / 1 'milinda paJha' ke pA~cave pariccheda kA nAma hai 'anumAna paJho' (anumAna prazna ) | eka bAra phira milinda rAjA bhadanta nAgasena ke darzanArtha jAtA hai / vaha unase pUchatA hai "bhante nAgasena ! kyA Apane buddha ko dekhA hai ( ki panavRddho tayA diTThoti ) " nahIM mahArAja" ( nahi mahArAjAti) "kyA Apake

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( 490 ) AcAyoM ne buddha ko dekhA hai (kiM pana te Acariyehi buddho diTThoti)" "nahIM mahArAja !" "bhante nAgasena ! yadi Apane bhI vuddha ko nahIM dekhA, Apake AcAryoM ne bhI buddha ko nahIM dekhA, to bhante ! maiM samajhatA hU~ buddha haiM hI nahIM, buddha kA kucha patA hI nahIM / " yadi kisI Adhunika vidvAn ke sAmane yaha prazna rakkhA jAtA to vaha una aitihAsika kAraNoM kA ullekha karatA jinake AdhAra para buddha kA astitva pramANita kiyA jAtA hai| kintu nAgasena kAlavAdI nahIM hai / ve dharmavAdI hai / unake lie buddha kA dharma hI buddha ke astitva ko pramANita karane ke lie paryApta hai / 'dhamma' ke astitva se hI buddha ke astitva kA anumAna kara lenA cAhie, yahI isa saMpUrNa pariccheda kI mUla dhvani hai| "mahArAja ! una bhagavAn samyak sambuddha dvArA prayukta ye vastue~ jaise ki cAra smRti-prasthAna, cAraM samyak-pradhAna, cAra RddhipAda, pA~ca indriya, pA~ca bala, sAta bodhyaMga aura Arya aSTAMgika mArga abhI vidyamAna haiM / unako dekhakara hI patA lagA lenA cAhie ki bhagavAn buddha avazya hue haiN|" "bahuta janoM ko tArakara upAdhi (AvAgamanakAraNa) ke miTa jAne se bhagavAn nirvANa ko prApta kara cuke / isa anumAna me hI jAna lenA cAhie ki ve puruSottama hue haiM / " "saMsAra ke manuSya aura devatAoM ne dharmAmRta ko prApta kiyA hai, yahI dekhakara patA lagA lenA cAhie ki dharma kI bar3I lahara avazya bahI hogii|" "uttama gandha kI mahaka pAkara loga patA lagA lete haiM ki jaisI gandha baha rahI hai usase mAlUma hotA hai ki phUla puSpita avazya hue hoNge| vaise hI yaha zIla kI gandha jo devatAoM aura manuSyoM meM baha rahI hai, isI se samajha lenA cAhie ki lokottara buddha avazya hue hoMge "Adi, Adi / isI prasaMga meM 'dhamma-nagara' (dhamma rUpI nagara) ke sundara sAMgopAMga rUpaka kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / chaThe pariccheda meM phira rAjA milinda bhadanta nAgasena ke pAsa jAtA hai aura isa bAra vaha uname phira eka mahatvapUrNa prazna pUchatA hai "bhante nAgasena ! kyA koI gRhastha binA ghara ko chor3e, viSaya kA bhoga karate hue, strI-putrAdi se ghirA huA, mAlA-gandha-vilepana ko dhAraNa karatA huA, mone-cAMdI kA AsvAdana letA huA. . . . zAnta, nirvANapada ko sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA

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( 491 ) hai ?" isI ke uttara meM Age bar3hate bar3hate bhadanta nAgasena 13 avadhUta niyamoM (dhutaMga) ke vivecana para A jAte haiM / isa pariccheda kA nAma hI 'dhutaGga kathA' arthAt 'avadhUta-vratoM kA vivaraNa' hai / vAstava meM 'milinda-paJha' kI viSaya. vastu kI apekSA yaha 'visuddhi-magga' (dvitIya pariccheda) kI viSaya-vastu kA adhika abhinna aMga hai / ataH ina avadhUta-bratoM adhika vivaraNa na dekara yahA~ unake nAma nirdeza kara denA hI Avazyaka hogA / avadhUta-vratoM kI saMkhyA 13 hai, jo isa prakAra hai- (1)pAMzukUlika (phaTe-purAne vastroM ko sApha kara unase sIye hue vastra pahanane kA niyama (paMsukUlikaMga) (2) tIna cIvara (bhikSu-vastra) pahanane kA niyama (te cIvarikaMga) (3) bhikSAnna mAtra para hI nirvAha karane kA niyama (piNDapAtikaMga) (4) eka ghara se dUsare ghara, binA kisI ghara ko chor3e hue, bhikSA mA~gane kA niyama (sapadAnacArikaMga) (5) bhojana ke lie dUsarI bAra na baiThane kA niyama (ekAsanikaMga), (6) kevala eka bhikSApAtra meM jitanA bhojana A jAya utanA hI bhojana karane kA niyama (pattapiMDikaMga) (7) eka bAra bhojana samApta kara lene para phira kacha na khAne kA niyama (khalapacchAbhatti kaMga) (8) vanavAsI hone kA niyama (AraJikaMga) (9) vRkSa ke nIce rahane kA niyama (rukkhamUlikaMga) (10) khule AkAza ke nIce rahane kA niyama (abbhokAsikaMga) (11) zmazAna meM vAsa karane kA niyama (sosAnikaMga) (12) yathAprApta nivAsa sthAna meM rahane kA niyama (yathAsanthatikaMga) aura (13) na leTane kA niyama (nesajjikaMga) / ___ sAtaveM pariccheda (opammakathApaJha) meM upamAoM ke dvArA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki arhattva ko sAkSAtkAra karane kI icchA karane vAle vyavita ko kisa prakAra nAnA guNoM kA sampAdana karanA cAhiye / kisa prakAra use kachue ke pA~ca guNa grahaNa karane cAhiye, kaue ke do guNa grahaNa karane cAhiye, hirana ke tIna guNa grahaNa karane cAhiye, Adi,Adi / saMvAda ke Arambha se lekara anta taka bhadanta nAgasena ke gaurava kI rakSA kI gaI hai| Arambha se hI unhone rAjA me taya kara liyA hai ki saMvAda 'paMDitavAda' ke DhaMga se hogA, 'rAjavAda' ke DhaMga se nhiiN| rAjA sadA unase nIce Amana para baiThatA hai| prathama bAra hI unake uttara se santuSTa hokara vaha unakA bhakta bana jAtA hai| vaha unake pairoM meM apane sira ko rakha detA hai aura vinamratA pUrvaka hI

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( 492 ) pratyeka prazna ko pUchatA hai / anta meM to, jaisA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM, vaha unakA upAsaka hI bana jAtA hai, aura buddha kI, dhamma kI aura saMgha kI zaraNa jAtA hai, jo itihAsa ke sAkSya ke dvArA bhI pramANita hai| 'milinda paJha' dArzanika aura dhArmika dRSTi se to eka mahAgraMtha hai hI / sAhityika aura aitihAsika mahattva bhI usakA alpa nahIM hai| yadyapi sthaviravAda bauddha dharma kA vaha kaNThahAra hai, jisakI pratiSThA vahA~ buddha-vacanoM ke samAna hI mAnya hai, vaha bhAratIya sAhitya kI bhI amUlya nidhi hai / yadyapi laMkA, baramA aura myAma ke samAna bhArata meM usakI Adhunika loka-bhASAoM meM 'milinda paJha saMbaMdhI pracura sAhitya nahI likhA gayA, kintu isa kAraNa use usa gaurava se, jo 'milinda paJha' ne bhAratIya sAhitya ko diyA hai, vaMcita kara denA ThIka nahIM hogaa| 'milinda paJha' prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva kI prabhAvazAlI bhAratIya gadya-zailI kA mAnama namUnA hai| vivecanAtmaka viSayoM ke lie upayukta hindI kI gadya zailI kA tI vikAsa hamAre mAhitya meM abhI huA hai| aMgrejI sAhitya kI bhI isa saMbaMdhI paramparA 100-200 varSa se pahale nahIM jaatii| bANa aura daMDI kA gadya bhI nizcaya hI isake lie upayukta nahIM thaa| isa dRSTi se 'milinda paha' kI vicArAtmaka gadya-baddha zailI kitanI mahatvapUrNa hai, isakA samyak anmApana hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / lekhaka kA zabdAdhikAra aura usakI zailI kI pravAhagIlatA, usakA ojamaya zabdacayana, prabhAvazAlI kathana-prakAra, upamAoM aura yaktiyoM ke dvArA usakA svAbhAvika alaMkAra-vidhAna, savase bar3hakara usakI saralatA aura prasAdaguNa, ye saba guNa use sAhityika gadya ke nirmAtAoM kI usa zreNI meM baiThA dete hai, jahA~ usakA teja sarvopari hai / ' prAcIna bhAratIya gadya-sAhitya meM 'milinda paha' ke samAna koI racanA na pAkara hI 1. puNya zloka DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa 'milinda paJha' kI gadya zailI ke bar3e prazaMsaka the| dekhiye unake milindapaJha ke aMgrejI anuvAda, (di kvizansa oNpha kiMga milinda, sekreDanukasa oNpha di IsTa, jilda 35 vIM kA bhUmikAMza tathA ensAi klopeDiyA oNva rilijana eMDa ethiksa jilda 8, pRSTha 631; milAiye viTaranittA : iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, paSTha 176 /

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( 493 ) saMbhavataH kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne yaha anumAna lagA liyA hai ki 'milinda paJha' kI zailI para grIka prabhAva upalakSita hai| yaha eka bar3A bhrama hai| bhAratIya pagadhInatA ke yuga meM adhikAMza pazcimI vidvAna yaha vizvAsa hI nahIM kara sakate the ki bhArata ne bhI vizva-saMskRti ko kucha maulika yoga-dAna diyA hai / isI kAraNa unhoMne aneka prAcIna bhAratIya vizeSatApUrNa bAto para bhI pazcimI prabhAva kI kalpanA kara lI hai / aphalAta ke saMvAdoM ke prabhAva ko milinda paJha kI gelI para batAne ke samAna aura koI nirarthaka bAta nahIM kahI jA sakatI ! pahale to grIka bhASA aura vicAra me nAgasena ke paricita hone kA sAkSya nahIM diyA jA sakatA, phira jaba unake sAmane prAcIna upaniSado aura svayaM buddha-vacanoM ke rUpa meM gambhIra saMvAdoM kI paramparA prastuta thI, to ve use chor3akara videza se use grahaNa karane kyoM jAte ? vaha samaya to bhAratIya saMskRti ke gaunva kA yA aura hama samajhate haiM bhAratIya jJAna kA vaha gaurava hI 'milinda panha' meM pratidhvanita huA hai, jisame namita hokara hI buddhivAdI milinda rAjA buddhadharma meM upAsakatva grahaNa karatA hai / yaha bhAratIya jJAna kI mahAn vijaya kA dyotaka hai--usa grIka jJAna para jisakI pAzcAtya jagat bar3I dama bharatA hai aura jiname hI usane apanA sArA jJAna vAstava meM prApta bhI kiyA hai / 'milindapaha una jJAna-vijaya athavA dhamma-vijaya kA smAraka aura paricAyaka hai, jise bhArata ne uma samaya ke, apane alAvA, sabase adhika jJAna-saMpanna deza para prApta kiyA thaa| isa daSTi se vaha bhAratIya vAGmaya ke amara ratnoM meM se eka hai / jahA~ naka 'milinda paJha' kI zailI ke srotoM yA usakI preraNA kA savAla hai, vaha nizcaya hI tepaTika vuddha-vacanoM meM hI nihita hai / dIgha-nikAya ke 'pAyAsi-nuna' jaise munoM kI jIvita saMvAda-zailI usakI preraNA-svarUpa mAnI jA sakatI hai / 'kathAvatthu' ke apratima AcArya moggaliputta tissa ke bhI bhadanta nAgasena kama RNI nahIM hai / yadyapi ina donoM granthoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hama yahA~ vistAra-bhaya ke kAraNa nahIM kara sakate, kintu yaha to nizcita hI hai ki moggaliputta ke samAdhAnoM para hI nAgasena ke adhikAMza 'prazna-vyAkaraNa' (praznoM ke uttara.) AdhArita haiM aura jisa mantavya ko vahA~ 'sthaviravAda ke rUpa meM apanAyA gayA hai, vahI mantavya 'milinda paJha' kAra kA bhI hai / yadyapi

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( 494 / upaniSadoM kI zailI kA koI spaSTa prabhAva 'milinda paha' para upalakSita nahIM hotA, kintu imameM sandeha nahIM ki zvetaketu AruNeya aura pravAhaNa jaivali (jinake saMvAda chAndogya. 118 / 3 aura bRhadAraNyaka 6 / 2 / 1 meM Ate hai), AruNi aura yAjavalkya (jinake saMvAda bRhadAraNyaka 3 / 7 / 1 meM Ate hai), AruNi aura zvetaketu (chAndogya (11), Adi aneka RSiyoM ke saMvAda apanI vicitra vizeSatA rakhate hue bhI milinda aura nAgasena ke prabhAvazAlI saMvAdoM meM apanI pUrNatA prApta karate haiM / itihAsa kI dRSTi se, vizeSata: pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se, 'milinda panha' kA yaha mahatva hai ki usameM pAli tripiTaka ke nAnA granthoM ke nAma de dekara, pA~ca nikAyoM, abhidhamma piTaka ke sAta granthoM, aura unake bhinna bhinna aMgoM ke nirdezapUrvaka aneka aMza uddhRta kiye gaye haiM, jiname yaha spaSTa pramANita hotA hai ki pAli tripiTaka prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva apane umI nAma-rUpa meM vidyamAna thA, jisameM vaha Aja hai| isa prakAra 'milinda paJha' kA sAdhya azoka ke abhilekhoM dvArA pradatta sAdhya kA samarthana karatA hai / 'milinda paJha' meM aneka sthAnoM ke varNana hai, jaise alasanda (alekjenDiyA) yavana (yUnAna, baikTriyA) bharukaccha, (bhaDauMca) cIna (cIna-deza), gAndhAra, kaliMga, kajaMgalA, kosala, madhurA (mathurA) sAgala. sAketa, saurASTra (moraTTha) vArANasI, vaMga, takkola, ujjenI, Adi / iname tatkAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| sArAMza yaha ki dharma, darzana, mAhitya, itihAsa, bhUgola, sabhI dRSTiyoM se 'milinda paha' kA bhAratIya vAGmaya ke itihAsa meM eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai aura pAli anupiTaka-sAhitya meM to usake samAna mahatvapUrNa koI dUsarA svatantra grantha hai hI nahIM, yaha to nirvivAda hI hai| anya sAhitya pAli tripiTaka ke saMkalana aura aTThakathA-sAhitya ke praNayana ke bIca ke yuga meM uparya kta tIna granthoM (nettipakaraNa, peTakopadesa, milindapanha) 1. dekhiye rAyasa DeviDsa : di kvizansa oNva kiMga milinda (milindapaJha kA aMgrejI anuvAda), sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 35vIM, pRSTha 14 (bhamikA)

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( 495 ) ke atirikta eka mahatvapUrNa grantha (dIpavaMsa) bhI hai / yaha bhI prAgbuddhaghopa-- kAlIna pAli sAhitya kI eka pramukha racanA hai / 'vaMza-sAhitya' kA vivaraNa dete samaya hama isa mahatvapUrNa grantha kA paricaya deMge / isI prakAra siMhalI aTThakathAe~ aura purANAcAryoM (porANAcariya) ke grantha Adi bhI ina zatAbdiyoM meM likhe gaye, jinakA vivaraNa aTThakathA-sAhitya ke prakaraNa meM hI diyA jaaygaa| isI yuga ke sAhitya ke rUpa meM gAyagara ne 'sutta saMgaha' kI bhI carcA kI hai, jo kisI ajJAta lekhaka ke dvArA kiyA huA suttoM kA saMgraha hai aura 'vimAnavatthu' Adi ke samAna alpa mahatva kI racanA hai| baramI paramparA ise 'khuddaka-nikAya' ke antargata mAnatI hai, kintu isake praNetA yA praNayana-kAla ke viSaya meM kucha jJAta nahIM hai|

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sAtavA~ adhyAya buddhaghoSa - yuga ( 400 I0 se 1100 I0 taka ) artha kathA - sAhitya kA uddhava aura vikAsa gayA, bauddha anuzruti ke anusAra sthavira mahendra aura unake sAthI bhikSu pAlitripiTaka ke sAtha-sAtha usakI 'aTThakathA' ko bhI apane sAtha laMkA meM le gaye / yaha nizcita hai ki jisa rUpa meM yaha 'aTThakathA' laMkA meM le jAI gaI hogI vaha pAli-tripiTaka ke samAna maukhika hI rahA hogA / prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva jatra laMkAdhipati vaTTagAmaNi abhaya ke samaya meM pAli - tripiTaka lekha-baddha kiyA to usakI uparyukta 'aTThakathA' ke bhI lekhabaddha hone kI koI sUcanA hama nahIM pAne / ataH mahendra dvArA laMkA meM pAli- tripiTaka kI 'aTThakathA' bhI le jAye jAne kA koI aitihAsika AdhAra hameM nahIM milatA / una aTThakathAoM kA koI aMga Aja kisI rUpa meM surakSita nahIM hai / hA~, eka dUsarI prakAra kI 'aTThakathAoM' ke astitva kA sAkSya hama siMhala ke itihAsa meM atyanta prArambhika kAla se hI pAte haiM / ye prAcIna siMhalI bhASA meM likhI huI aTThakathAeM haiM | jaisA hama Age abhI isI prakaraNa meM dekheMge, AcArya buddhaghoSa inhIM prAcIna mihalI aTThakathAoM kA pAli rUpAntara karane ke liye laMkA gaye the / cauthI pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM kevala buddhaghoSa, buddhadatta aura dhammapAla Adi ke dvArA racita vistRta aTTakathA-sAhitya, balki prAgbuddhaghoSakAlIna laMkA kA itihAsa grantha 'dIpavaMsa' aura bAda meM usI ke AdhAra - svarUpa racita 'mahAvaMsa' bhI apanI viSaya-vastu mUla AdhAra aura srotoM ke liye inhIM prAcIna siMhalI aTTakathAoM ke RNI hU~ | mahAvaMsa-TIkA (63 / 549-550 ) ke AdhAra para gAyagara ne yaha siddha karane kA na qe 1. dekhiye samantapAsAdikA kI bahiranidAnavaNNanA /

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( 497 ) prayatna kiyA hai ki ye prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAe~ bArahavIM zatAbdI IsavI taka prApta thIM / Aja inakA koI aMza surakSita nahIM hai / jaisA abhI kahA gayA, buddhaghoSa mahAsthavira prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA pAli rUpAntara karane ke liye hI laMkA gaye the / unhoMne apanI vibhinna aTThakathAoM meM jina prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, yA unase uddharaNa diye haiM, unameM ye mukhya hai ( 1 ) mahA- aTThakathA ( 2 ) mahA - paccarI yA mahApaccariya (3) kurundI yA kurundiya ( 4 ) andhaTThakathA ( 5 ) saMkhepa-aTThakathA ( 6 ) AgamaTThakathA ( 7 ) AcariyAnaM samAnaTThakathA / dIgha, majjhima, saMyukta aura aMguttara, ina cAroM nikAyoM kI apanI 'aTThakathAoM' ke anta meM AcArya buddhaghoSa ne alaga alaga kahA hai "sA hi mahA-aTkathAya sAramAdAya niTThitA esA " arthAt " ise maiMne mahA- aTThakathA ke sAra ko lekara pUrA kiyA hai" / isase nizcita hai ki buddhaghoSa - kRta 'sumaMgala vilAsinI' 'papaMcasUdanI' 'sArattha pakAsinI' aura 'manorathapUraNI' ( kramazaH dIgha, majjhima, saMyutta aura aMguttara nikAyoM kI aTThakathAe~) prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathA jisakA nAma 'mahA aTThakathA' thA, para AdhArita haiM / uparyukta kathana ke sAkSya para 'saddhamma saMgaha' ( 14vIM zatAbdI) kA yaha kahanA ki 'mahA - aTThakathA' suttapiTaka kI aTThakathA thI, ' ThIka mAlUma par3atA hai / isI prakAra 'saddhamma saMgaha' ke anusAra 'mahApaccarI' aura 'kurundI' kramazaH abhidhamma aura vinaya kI aTThakathAe~ thIM / 2 'kurundI' 'vinaya-piTaka' kI hI aTThakathA thI, ise AcArya buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM se pUrA samarthana prApta nahIM hotA, kyoMki vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA ( samantapAsAdikA) ke Arambha meM unhoMne apanI isa aTThakathA ke mukhya AdhAra ke rUpa meM 'kurundI' kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / vahA~ unhoMne kevala yaha kahA hai ki ye tInoM aTThakathAe~ ( mahAaTThakathA, mahApaccarI, evaM kurundI ) prAcIna aTThakathAe~ thIM aura siMhalI bhASA meM likhI gaIM thIM / 'gandhavaMsa' meM bhI uparyukta tInoM aTThakathAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ 'mahA-aTThakathA' (suttapiTaka kI aTThakathA ) ko ina saba meM pradhAna 1, 2. saddhamma saMgaha, pRSTha 55 ( jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1890 meM prakAzita saMskaraNa) 32

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( 498 ) batAyA gayA hai aura use purANAcAryoM (porANAcariyA) kI racanA batalAyA gayA hai, jaba ki anya do aTThakathAoM ko granthAcAryo (gandhAcariyA) kI racanAeM batalAyA gayA hai / isase spaSTa ki 'gandhavaMsa' ke anusAra 'mahA-aTThakathA' kI prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA anya do kI apekSA adhika thii| 'andhaTThakathA aura 'saMkhepaTThakathA' tathA inake sAtha sAtha 'cUlapaccarI' aura 'paNNavAra' nAma kI prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA ullekha 'samantapAsAdikA' kI do TIkAoM 'vajiravuddhi' aura 'sAratthadIpanI' meM bhI kiyA gayA hai 2 / kintu inake viSaya meM bhI hamArI koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM hai / 'AcariyAnaM samAnakathA' jisakA ullekha buddhaghoSa ne 'aTThasAlinI' ke Adi meM kiyA hai, kisI vizeSa aTThakathA kA nAma na hokara kevala aneka aTThakathAoM ke samAna siddhAntoM kA sUcaka hai, yahI mAnanA adhika samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| 'AgamaTTha-kathA', jisakA ullekha AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'aTThasAlinI' aura 'samantapAsAdikA' donoM ke Adi meM kiyA hai, sampUrNa AgamoM yA nikAyoM kI eka sAmAnya aTThakathA hI rahI hogii| kucha bhI ho, buddhaghoSa ne jina prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ve kinhIM lekhakoM kI vyaktigata racanAe~ na hokara mahAvihAra-vAsI bhikSuoM kI paramparAprApta kRtiyA~ thIM jo unakI sAmAnya sampatti ke rUpa meM calI A rahI thiiN| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne ina mahAvihAravAsI bhikSuoM kI AdezanA-vidhi ko lekara hI apanI samasta aTThakathAe~ aura 'visuddhimagga' likhe, yaha unhoMne saba jagaha spaSTa kara diyA hai / 'visuddhi-manga' ke sAkSya kA hama pIche vivaraNa deMge, abhI kevala 'samantapAsAdikA' aura 'aTThasAlinI ke isa sAkSya ko dekheM "mahAvihAravAsInaM dIpayanto vinicchayaM atthaM pakAyasayissAmi AgamaTThakathAsu pi" 1. pRSTha 59 evaM 68 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886, meM prakAzita saMskaraNa) 2. dekhiye gAyagara : iMDiyana liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 25 3. inake kucha anumAnAzrita vivaraNa ke lie dekhiye lAhA : pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 376; zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa : e buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala ethiksa, pRSTha 22 (bhUmikA)

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( 499 ) Age vuddhaghoSa ke jIvana-vivaraNa se bhI yahI spaSTa hogA ki 'mahAvihAra' kI paramparA para Azrita siddhAntoM ke anusAra hI unhoMne apane vizAla aTThakathA sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI kaha denA aprAsaMgika na hogA ki 'mahAvihAra' ke alAvA 'uttara vihAra' nAmaka eka anya vihAra ke bhikSuoM kI paramparA bhI usa samaya pracalita thii| buddhadatta kA 'uttaravinicchya' usI para AdhArita hai| prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM ko apanI racanAoM kA AdhAra svIkAra karane ke atirikta AcArya baddhaghoSa ne 'prAcIna sthaviroM (porANakattherA) yA 'prAcInoM' 'purAne logoM (porANA) ke matoM ke uddharaNa aneka bAra apanI aTThakathAoM meM diye haiM / ye 'prAcIna sthavira' yA 'purAne loga' kauna the ? 'gandhavaMsa' ke matAnusAra prathama tIna dharma-saMgItiyoM ke AcArya bhikSu, Arya mahAkAtyAyana ko chor3akara, 'porANA' yA 'purAne loga' kahalAte hai / sambhavataH prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM meM ina prAcIna AcAryoM ke matoM kA ullekha thaa| vahIM se unakA pAli rUpAntara kara AcArya buddhaghoSa ne apanI aTThakathAoM meM le layA hai / ina 'porANoM' ke uddharaNoM kI eka bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye prAyaH padya-maya hai aura aneka uddharaNa jo buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM meM milate haiM, bilakula unhIM zabdoM meM 'mahAvaMsa' meM bhI milate haiM / isase isa mAnyatA ko dRr3hatA milatI hai ki buddhaghopa kI aTakathAe~ aura 'mahAvaMsa' donoM ke mUla srota aura AdhAra prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAe~ hI hai / 'yathAhu porANA' (jaisA purAne logoM ne kahA) yA 'tene ve porANakattherA' (isI prakAra prAcIna sthavira) Adi zabdoM se Arambha hone vAle ina 'porANa' AcAryoM ke uddharaNoM ko buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM aura 'visaddhimagga' se yadi saMgraha kiyA jAya aura 'dIpavaMsa' Adi ke isI prakAra ke sAkSyoM se usakA milAna kiyA jAya to prAcIna bauddha paramparA sambandhI eka vyavasthita 1. 'porANoM ke kucha uddharaNoM ke lie dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA : di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddha koSa, pRSTha 65-67 2. dekhiye Age naveM adhyAya meM gandhavaMsa ko viSaya-vistu kA vivecn|

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( 500 ) aura atyanta mUlyavAn sAmagrI hAtha laga sakatI hai, jisakA aitihAsika mahattva bhI alpa na hogaa| prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM aura purAne AcAryoM ke atirikta AcArya buddhaghoSa ne apane pUrvagAmI sabhI srotoM se preraNA grahaNa kI hai / 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'milinda paha' to prAmbuddhaghoSakAlIna racanAe~ haiM hI, buddha ghoSa ne apanI vyAkhyAoM ke liye saba se adhika mUlyavAn sAmagrI to buddha aura unake prArambhika ziSyoM ke vacanoM ke svakIya manyana se hI prApta kI hai / isI meM unakI maulikatA bhI hai / cUMki isameM unheM itanI adhika saphalatA milI hai, isIliye pAli-sAhitya meM unakA dAna amara ho gayA hai / svayaM tripiTaka-sAhitya meM aisI amUlya sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, jisase buddhaghoSa jaise agAdha vidvAn cAhe jitanI sahAyatA le sakate the / svayaM bhagavAn buddha ke saDAyatana vibhaMga (majjhima. 3 / 417) araNa vibhaMga (majhima. 3 / 4 / 9) dhAtu vibhaMga (majjhima. 3 / 4 / 10) evaM dakkhiNAvibhaMga (majjhima. 3 / 4 / 12) Adi suttoM meM nihita vyAkhyAtmaka upadeza, tathA unake pradhAna ziSyoM yathA sAriputra, mahAkAtyAyana, mahAkoTThita Adi ke vyAkhyAparaka nirvacana, abhidhamma-piTaka aura usake antargata vizeSata: 'kathAvatthu' kI vivecana- praNAlI, ye sabhI srota aura sAdhana buddhaghoSa ke liye khule par3e the, jinakA pUrA upayoga kara unhoMne pAli-sAhitya meM usa vizAla aTThakathA-sAhitya kA pravartana kiyA, jo apanI vizAlatA aura gambhIratA meM bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha samAna koTi ke pratyeka sAhitya se bar3hakara hai| aTakathA-sAhitya kI saMskRta bhASya aura TIkAoM se tulanAaTThakathAoM kI kucha sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ vAstava meM pAli ke aTThakathA-sAhitya ke samAna bhAratIya bhASya-sAhitya meM anya kucha nahI hai / saMskRta meM bhASya aura TIkAe~ avazya haiM, kintu unakI tulanA sarvAMza meM pAli aTThakathAoM se nahIM kI jA sktii| bhASya kI paribhASA saMskRta meM isa prakAra kI gaI hai-- "sUtrArthoM varNyate yatra vAkyaH sUtrAnusAribhiH / svapadAni ca vaya'nte bhASyaM bhASyavido viduH / " zabda-kalpadruma

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( 501 ) ___ isa paribhASA se spaSTa hai ki bhASya kA mukhya uddezya sUtra ke artha kA varNana karanA hai aura isI kI pUrti ke liye vaha kucha sva-kathana bhI karatA hai jisakI bhI vyAkhyA meM vaha pravRtta hotA hai / saMskRta ke bhASya isa paribhASA para pUre utarate hai / kintu yadi pAli aTThakathAoM kA sambandha tripiTaka yA buddha-vacanoM se usI prakAra kA mAnA jAya jaise bhASyoM kA sUtroM se, to yaha pAli ke aTThakathA-sAhitya kI eka pramukha vizeSatA ko vyakta na kregaa| artha kI vyAkhyA ke sAtha sAtha pAli aTThakathAoM kA eka bar3A uddezya unakI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se vivata kara denA hai| kisI saMskRta ke bhASyakAra ne aisA kiyA ho, yaha hama nahIM kaha sakate / kama se kama jisa aitihAsika buddhi kA paricaya pAli aTThakathAkAroM ne diyA hai, vaha saMskRta ke bhASyakAroM meM to upalabdha nahIM hotii| saMskRta bhASyoM meM artha kI vyAkhyA para jora hotA hai / yahI kAma unakI TIkAe~ bhI karatI haiM / aneka siddhAntoM yA vicAra-dhArAoM ke vivaraNa vahA~ Ate haiM, kintu 'ityeke' 'ityapare' kaha kara hI chor3a diye jAte haiM / kauna sA siddhAnta kaba utpanna huA, athavA vaha kina kA thA, Adi kI gaveSaNA vahA~ nahIM kI jAtI / vahA~ kevala siddhAnta kA hI artha-vivecana adhikatara kiyA jAtA hai| isake viparIta pAliaTThakathAoM meM pUre vivaraNa kI sUcI rahatI hai / 'kathAvatthu' kI aTThakathA ko isa dRSTi se dekheM to AzcaryAnvita raha jAnA par3atA hai / vahA~ nirAkRta 216 siddhAntoM meM se kauna kisa sampradAya kA siddhAnta thA aura vaha kaba utpanna huA, Adi kA pUrA vivaraNa vahA~ diyA gayA, hai / vedoM ke bhASyoM meM RSiyoM kI jIvaniyoM ke viSaya meM utanA bhI nahIM kahA gayA, jitanA pAli aTThakaThAoM meM baddha aura unake ziSyoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai / nizcaya hI unhoMne jo aitihAsika vyaure diye haiM ve pUre bhAratIya sAhitya ke liye eka dama naI cIja haiM aura unakI isa vizeSatA ko hameM unakA mahattvAMkana karate samaya sadA dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye / pAli sAhitya ke tIna bar3e aTThakathAkAraH buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla pAli-mAhitya meM aTThakathA-sAhitya kA prArambha cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI me hotA hai / isa prakAra buddha-yuga se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda ye aTThakathAe~ likhI gaI / nizcaya hI kAla ke isa itane lambe vyavadhAna ke kAraNa ina

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( 502 ) aTThakathAoM kI prAmANikatA utanI sabala nahIM hotI, yadi ye paramparA se prApta prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM para AdhArita nahIM hotIM / cUMki ye unakI aitihAsika paramparA para AdhArita haiM, ataH itanI Adhunika hote hue bhI buddha-yuga ke sambandha meM inakA prAmANya mAnya hai, yadyapi svayaM tripiTaka ke bAda | cauthI - pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM prAyaH samakAlika hI tIna bar3e aTThakathAkAra pAli sAhitya meM hue haiM, buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla / inake bAda kucha aura bhI aTThakathAkAra hue, jinakA vivaraNa hama bAda meM deNge| abhI hama ina tIna AcAryoM ke jIvana aura kArya para vihaMgama dRSTi DAleM / buddhadatta kI jIvanI aura racanAe~ buddhadatta aura buddhaghoSa samakAlika the, yaha 'buddhaghosuppatti' (buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI) aura 'gandhavaMsa' tathA 'sAsanavaMsa' (19vIM zatAbdI ke vaMza - grantha ) ke varNanoM se jJAta hotA hai / 'buddhaghosuppatti' ke varNanAnusAra AcArya buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa se pahale laMkA meM buddha vacanoM ke adhyayanArtha gaye the / apane adhyayana ko samApta kara jisa nAva se lauTa kara ve bhArata ( jambudvIpa) A rahe the, usakA milAna usa nAva se ho gayA jisameM baiThakara idhara se AcArya vRddhaghoSa laMkA ko jA rahe / donoM sthaviroM meM dharma-saMlApa huA / kuzala-maMgala aura eka dUsare kA paricaya prApta karane ke bAda, AcArya buddhaghoSa ne unheM batAyA "buddha upadeza siMhalI bhASA meM haiM / maiM unakA mAgadhI rUpAntara karane laMkA jA rahA hU~" / buddhadatta ne unase kahA "Avusa buddhaghoSa ! meM bhI tumase pUrva isa laMkA dvIpa meM bhagavAn ke zAsana ko siMhalI bhASA se mAgadhI bhASAmeM rUpAntarita karane ke uddezya se AyA thA / kintu merI Ayu thor3I rahI hai / maiM aba isa kAma ko pUrA nahIM kara sakUMgA / " " jaba isa prakAra donoM sthaviroM meM Apasa meM bAtacIta cala rahI thI tabhI donoM nAveM eka dUsarI 1 1. " Avuso buddhaghosa ahaM tayA pubbe laMkA dIpe bhagavato sAsanaM kAtuM Agatomhi ti vattvA ahaM alpAyuko.. buddhaghosupapatti, pRSTha 60 ( jemsa gre kA saMskaraNa ), yahI varNana bilakula 'sAsanavaMsa' meM bhI hai, dekhiye pRSTha 29-30 mebila boDa kA saMskaraNa) 11

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( 503 ) ko chor3akara cala dii|' isa vivaraNa se do bAteM spaSTa ho jAtI hai / eka to yaha ki buddhadatta buddhaghoSa se pahale laMkA gaye the aura dUsarI yaha ki ve Ayu meM buddhaghoSa se bar3e the, kyoMki ukta saMlApa meM unhoMne buddhaghoSa ko 'Avusa' kaha kara pukArA hai jo bar3oM ke dvArA choToM ke liya prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / 2 buddhadatta ne apane vinaya-vinicchaya (vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA) ke Arambha meM hI vuddhaghoSa ke sAtha apane milana aura saMlApa kA varNana kiyA hai| usase prakaTa hotA hai ki buddhadatta ne buddhaghoSa se yaha prArthanA kI thI ki java ve apanI aTThakathAe~ samApta kara leM to unakI pratiyA~ unake pAsa bhI bheja deM, tAki ve unheM saMkSipta rUpa pradAna kara sakeM / AcArya buddhaghoSa ne unakI isa prArthanA ke anusAra bAda meM apanI aTThakathAe~ unake pAsa bheja dIM / AcArya vuddhadatta ne AcArya vuddhaghoSakRta abhidhamma-piTaka ko aTTakathAoM kA saMkSepa 'abhidhammAvatAra' meM aura vinaya sambandhI aTThakathA kA saMkSepa 'vinaya-vinicchaya' meM kiyaa| isa sUcanA meM sandeha karane kI koI AvazyakatA hI nahIM, kyoMki yaha svayaM buddhadatta dvArA dI huI hai| hA~, 'buddhaghosuppatti' ke varNana ke sAtha usakA kucha virodha avazya hai, kyoMki laMkA se lauTane ke samaya hI ve 'alpAyu' taka jIne kI AzA rakhate the, phira itanaM kAla taka buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM ke saMkSepa likhane ke liye kisa prakAra jIvita rahe ? phira bhI isameM kucha vaisA virodha nahIM hai, jisa para vizvAsa hI nahIM kiyA jAsake / hara hAlata meM 'buddhaghomuppatti' ke varNana kI apekSA 'vinaya-vinicchaya' kA varNana hI adhika prAmANika hai, aura yadi donoM sthaviroM ko hama prAyaH samavayaska mAna sakeM, taba to unameM kucha aisA antara bhI nahI hai / AcArya buddhadatta cola-rAjya meM uragapura (vartamAna uraipura) ke nivAsI the / AcArya buddhaghoSa ke samAna unhoMne 1. evaM tesaM dvinnaM therAnaM aJjamadhe sallapantAnaM yeva dve nAvA sayaM eva apanetvA gacchiMsu / buddhaghosuppatti evaM sAsanavaMsa, Upara uddhRta ke samAna / 2. milAiye buddhadatta ke granthoM ke sampAdaka usI nAma ke Adhunika siMhalI bhikSu (buddhadatta) kA yaha kathana "ayaM pana buddhadattAcariyo buddhaghosAcariyena samAnavassiko vA thokaM vuDDhataro vA ti sallakkhema" (acArya buddhadatta buddhaghoSa ke samavayaska yAkucha hI bar3e the, aisA lagatA hai)

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( 504 ) bhI laMkA ke anurAdhapura-sthita mahAvihAra meM jAkara bhagavAn (buddha) ke zAsanasambandhI ucca zikSA prApta kI thii| laMkA se lauTa kara unhoMne apane granthoM kI racanA kAverI nadI ke taTa para dakSiNa ke kRSNadAsa (kaNhadAsa) yA viSNudAsa (veNhudAsa) nAmaka vaiSNava dvArA nirmita vihAra meM baiTha kara kI,' jo vaiSNavoM aura bauddhoM ke madhura sambandha ke rUpa meM pAli-sAtyi meM sadA smRta rhegii| vuddhadatta dvArA racita grantha yA aTThakathAe~ isa prakAra haiM (1) uttaravinicchaya (2) vinayavinicchaya (3) abhidhammAvatAra (4) rUpArUpavibhAga aura madhuratthavilAsinI (buddhavaMma kI aTThakathA) / 'uttaravinicchaya' (uttara vinizcaya) aura 'vinaya-vinicchaya' donoM buddhaghoSakRta samanta-pAsAdikA (vinayapiTaka kI aTThakathA)ke padyabaddha saMkSepa haiM / vinaya-vinicchaya meM 31 aura uttara vinicchaya meM 23 adhyAya haiN| uttara-vinicchaya ke 23 adhyAyoM meM 969 gAthAe~ haiN| vinaya-piTaka kI viSaya-sUcI kA anusaraNa karate hue isameM bhI pahale mahAvibhaMga yA bhikkhu-vibhaMga sambandhI niyamoM kA vivaraNa hai, yathA pArAjika-kathA, paTidesaniya kathA, sekhiya kathA, Adi / isake bAda bhikkhunI-vibhaMga ke viSaya haiM, yathA pAgajika-kathA, saMghAdisesa kathA, nissaggiya kathA, adhikaraNa paccaya kathA, khandhaka pucchA, Apatti samuTThAna kathA, Adi / 'uttara-vinicchaya' siMhalake 'uttara vihAra' kI paramparA ke AdhAra para likhI gayI aTThakathA hai, yaha pahale kahA jA cukA hai / vinaya-vinicchaya ke 31 adhyAyoM meM kula milAkara 3183 gAthAe~ hai| isakI bhI viSaya-vastu uttara-vinicchaya se hI milatI julatI hai / kevala vyAkhyA meM kahIM kucha antara hai / pahale mahAvibhaMga (bhikkhu vibhaMga) ke antargata pArAjikakathA, saMghAdimesa kathA, aniyata kathA, nissaggiya pAcittiya kathA, paTidesaniya kathA tathA mekhiya-kathA kA vivaraNa hai / isI prakAra bhikkhunI-vibhaMga ke antargata pArAjika kathA, saMghAdisesa kathA, nissaggiya-pAcittiya kathA aura paTidesa 1. 'abhidhammAvatAra' meM unhoMne svayaM kahA hai "vinaya-vinicchayo . . . .colaraThe bhUtamaMgalagAme veNhudAsassa ArAme vasantena . . . kAverIpaTTane ramme nAnArAmopasobhite kArite kaNhadAsena dassanIye mnorme|"

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( 505 ) niya kathA ke vivecana haiN|' phira khandhaka-kathA, kamma kathA, pakiNNaka kathA, kammachAna-kathA Adi ke vivecana haiN| isa prakAra uttara-vinicchaya aura vinaya-vinicchaya donoM hI aTThakathAe~ vinaya-piTaka kI viSaya-vastu kA samantapAsAdikA ke AdhAra para, padya meM vivecana karatI haiM / ina para kramazaH 'uttara lInattha dIpanI' aura 'vinaya sArattha dIpanI' nAmaka TIkAe~ bhI bAda meM cala kara vAcissara mahAsAmi (vAgIzvara mahAsvAmI) dvArA likhI gaI, jinakA ullekha hama Age cala kara TIkA-sAhitya ke vivecana meM kreNge| 'abhidhammAvatAra' gadya-padya-mizrita racanA hai / buddhaghoSa kI abhidhamma-sambandhI aTThakathAoM ke AdhAra para isakA praNayana huA hai| kintu buddhadhoSa kA andhAnukaraNa lekhaka ne nahIM kiyA hai / buddhaghoSa ne rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna ke rUpa meM dharmo (padArthoM) kA vivecana kiyA hai, jaba ki baddhadatta ne 'abhidhammAvatAra' meM citta, cetasika, rUpa aura nirvANa, isa cAra prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ko liyA hai| zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa ne buddhadatta ke vargIkaraNa ko adhika uttama mAnA hai|4 'abhidhammAvatAra' ke samAna 'rUpArUpa-vibhAga'6 bhI abhidhamma-sambandhI racanA hai / isakA bhI viSaya rUpa, arUpa, citta, cetasika Adi kA vivecana karanA hai| 'madhurattha vilAsinI' 'buddhavaMsa' kI aTThakathA hai, jisakA sAhityika dRSTi se kucha adhika mahattva nahIM hai| buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI ava hama pAli-sAhitya ke yuga-vidhAyaka AcArya vuddhaghoSa para Ate haiN| 1. ina vibhinna zabdoM ke arthoM ke lie dekhiye pIche vinaya-piTaka kA vivecana (cauthe adhyAya meM) 2. 3. ina donoM kA romana lipi meM sampAdana sthavira buddhadatta ne kiyA hai, jise pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI ne prakAzita kiyA hai| ina granthoM ke siMhalI, baramI aura syAmI saMskaraNa bhI upalabdha haiM, jo kramazaH kolambo, raMgUna aura baMkAka se prakAzita hue hai| 4. buddhisTa sAikolojI, pRSTha 174 5. 6. inakA bhI romana lipi meM sampAdana sthavira buddhadatta ne kiyA hai, jise pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI ne prakAzita kiyA hai|

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'buddhaghoSa' anupiTaka sAhitya kA saba se bar3A nAma hai / AcArya buddhaghopa ne buddhazAsana kI sevA aura usakI cirasthiti ke liye jitanA adhika kAma kiyA hai, utanA zAyada hI anya kisI vyakti ne kiyA ho / pAli sAhitya ko jo kucha unhoMne diyA hai vaha AkAra aura mahattva donoM meM hI itanA mahAn hai ki yaha samajhanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki eka jIvana meM itanA kAma kaise kara liyA gyaa| ina mahApuruSa kI jIvanI kI pAvana anusmRti pahale hama kreN| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne anya aneka bhAratIya manISiyoM kI taraha apane jIvana ke viSaya meM hameM adhika nahIM batAyA hai| kevala apanI aTThakathAoM ke Adi aura anta meM unhoMne kucha mucanAe~ dI hai, jo unakI racanA Adi para hI kucha prakAza DAlatI haiM athavA jinakI preraNA para, aura jisa uddezya se ve likhI gaIM, unake viSaya meM ve kucha saMkSepa se kahatI hai, kintu manuSya rUpa meM buddhaghoSa ke viSaya meM hameM uname kucha sAmagrI nahIM miltii| yaha pakSa sambhavataH buddhaghoSa ke liye itanA amahattvapUrNa thA ki use unhone apane mahat uddezya meM hI kho diyA hai| upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM ne bhI aisA hI kiyA hai aura bhAratIya manISiyoM kI yaha eka nizcita paramparAgata praNAlI hI rahI hai ki apane sAdhAraNa vyaktigata jIvana ke viSaya meM unhoMne kucha kahanA ucita nahIM samajhA hai / unakI yaha nirvaiyaktikatA unake sandeza ko nizcaya hI eka adhika bala pradAna karatI hai, isameM sandeha nahIM, kintu manuSya hone ke nAte hama unake mAnava-rUpa ko bhI jAnanA cAhate hI haiM / aura usase isa avasthA meM jAnane kA avakAza nahIM raha jaataa| buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI ko jAnane ke liye unakI aTThakathAoM meM dI huI thor3I bahuta sAmagrI ke atirikta pradhAna sAdhana hai (1) mahAvaMsa yA ThIka kaheM to cUlavaMsa' ke seMtIsaveM pariccheda kI 215-246 gAthAe~ (2) buddhaghosuppatti yA mahAbuddhaghosasma nidAnavatthu (3) gandhavaMsa (4) sAsanavaMsa (5) saddhamma saMgaha / 'mahAvaMsa' kA uparyukta parivaddhita aMza jisameM buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI varNita hai dhammakitti (dharmakIrti) nAmaka bhikSu kI racanA hai, jinakA kAla terahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya-bhAga hai / cUMki buddhaghoSa kA jIvana-kAla cauthI-pA~cavI 4. 37150 taka mahAvaMsa hai| usake bAda kA parivaddhita aMza cUlavaMsa ke nAma se prasiddha hai| dekhiye Age nave adhyAya meM vaMza-sAhitya kA vivecana /

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( 507 ) zatAbdI IsavI hai, ataH unake AThasau nau sau varSa bAda likhI huI unakI jIvanI sarvAMza meM prAmANika nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, yaha to nizcita hI hai / phira bhI saba se adhika prAmANika varNana jo hameM buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI kA milatA hai vaha yahI hai / 'gandhavaMsa' aura 'sAsana vaMsa' to ThIka unnIsavIM zatAbdI kI racanAeM haiM, ataH unakA isa sambandha meM prAmANya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| 'buddhaghosuppatti' dhammakitti mahAsAmi (dharmakIti mahAsvAmI ) nAmaka bhikSu kI caudahavIM zatAbdI ke antima bhAga kI racanA hai, jo mahAvaMsa ke uparyukta aMza ke bAda kintu gandhavaMsa aura sAsana vaMsa se pahale kI racanA hai / isa racanA meM itanI atizayoktiyA~ bharI par3I hai ki isake bhI prAmANya ko sarvAMza meM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kevala mahAvaMsa ke uparyukta aMza kA varNana hI prAyaH isa sambandha meM adhika prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| usake anusAra buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI kI rUparekhA yaha hai--AcArya buddhaghoSa kA janma gayA ke samIpa bodhivRkSa ke pAsa huaa| bAlyAvasthA meM hI zilpa aura tInoM vedoM meM pAraMgata hokara yaha brAhmaNa vidyArthI bAda-vivAda ke liye bhAratavarSa bhara meM ghUmane lyaa| jJAna kI bar3I utkaTa jijJAsA thii| yogAbhyAsa meM bhI bar3I ruci thii| eka dina rAta meM kisI vihAra meM pahuMca gyaa| vahA~ pAtaMjala mata para bar3A acchA pravacana diyaa| kintu revata nAmaka vauddha sthavira ne unheM bAda meM parAjita kara diyaa| ina bauddha bhikSu ke mukha se buddha-zAsana kA varNana sunakara buddhaghoSa ko vizvAsa ho gayA 'nizcaya hI (mokSa kA) yahI eka mAtra mArga hai' (ekAyano ayaM maggo) aura unhoMne pravrajyA le lii| pravrajita hokara unhoMne piTaka-traya kA adhyayana kiyaa| vAstava meM bhikSu hone se pahale buddhaghoSa eka brAhmaNa vidyArthI (brAhmaNamANavo) mAtra the| bAda meM bhikSa-saMgha ne unake ghopa ko buddha ke samAna gambhIra jAnakara unheM 'buddhaghopa' kI padavI de dI / ' jima vihAra meM unakI pravrajyA huI thI vahIM unhoMne jANodaya (jJAnodaya) nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| isake bAda yahIM unhoMne 'dhammasaMgaNi' para 'aTThasAlinI' nAma kI aTThakathA bhI likhI 1. buddhassa viya gambhIraghosattA naM viyaakruuN| buddhaghosa ti so sobhi buddho viya mhiitle||

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( 508 ) aura anta meM tripiTaka para eka saMkSipta aTThakathA likhane kA upakrama kiyA, jise dekha kara unake guru mahAsthavira revata ne unase kahA', "laMkA se yahA~ bhArata meM kevala mla pAli-tripiTaka hI lAyA gayA hai| aTThakathAe~ yahA~ nahIM haiM / vibhinna AcAryoM ko paramparAe~ bhI yahA~ upalabdha nahIM haiN| hA~, laMkA-dIpa meM mahAsthavira mahendra (mahinda) dvArA saMgRhIta siMhalI bhASA meM prAmANika aTThakathAe~ surakSita haiN| tuma vahA~ jAkara unakA zravaNa karo, aura bAda meM mAgadhI bhASA meM unakA rUpAntara karo, tAki ve saba ke liye hitakArI hoN|"2 isa prakAra apane guru se AjJA pAkara AcArya buddhaghoSa laMkAdhipati mahAnAma ke zAsanakAla meM laMkA meM gye| anurAdhapura ke mahAvihAra ke mahApadhAna nAmaka bhavana meM raha kara unhoMne saMghapAla nAmaka sthavira se siMhalI aTThakathAoM aura sthaviravAda kI paramparA ko sunA / buddhaghoSa ko nizcaya ho gayA ki dharma-svAmI (buddha) kA yahI ThIka abhiprAya hai| taba unhoMne mahAvihAra ke bhikSa-saMgha se prArthanA kI "maiM aTThakathAoM kA (mAgadhI) rUpAntara karanA cAhatA huuN| mujhe apanI pustakoM ko dekhane kI anumati deN|" isa para bhikSuoM ne unheM do gAthAe~ parIkSA-svarUpa vyAkhyA - - - - - - - - - 1. tattha ANodayaM nAma katvA pakaraNaM tdaa| dhammasaMgaNiyAkAsi kaNDaM so aTThasAlini / parittaTThakathaM ceva kAtuM Arabhi buddhimaa| taM disvA revato thero idaM vacanaM abruvi|| 2. pAlimattaM idhAnItaM natthi aTThakathA idh| tathAcariyavAdA ca bhinnarUpA na vijjre|| sohalaTThakathA suddhA mahindena mtiimtaa| saMgItittayaM ArULhaM smmaasmbuddhdesitN|| katA sohalabhAsAya sIhalesu pavattati / taM tattha gantvA sutvA tvaM mAgavAnaM nirttiyaa| parivattehi sA hoti sabbalokahitAvahA // 3. dhammasA missa eso va adhippAyo ti nicchiya 4. kAtuM aTThakathaM mama potthake detha /

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( 509 ) karane ke liye dIM / buddhaghoSa ne unakI vyAkhyAsvarUpa 'visuddhi magga' kI racanA kii| 'visuddhimagga' kI vidvattA ko dekha kara bhikSuoM ko itanI prasannatA huI ki unhoMne buddhaghoSa ko sAkSAt bhagavAn maitreya buddha (bhAvI buddha) hI mAna liyA aura unheM apanI saba pustakeM dekhane kI anumati de dI / ' anurAdhapura ke ganthakAra (granthakAra) vihAra meM baiTha kara buddhaghoSa ne siMhalI aTThakathAoM ke mAgadhI rUpAntara karane sambandhI apane kArya ko pUrNa kiyaa| isake bAda ve apanI janma'bhami bhArata lauTa Aye aura yahA~ Akara bodhivRkSa kI pUjA kii| isa varNana se eka bar3e mahatva kI bAta yaha nizcita ho jAtI hai ki vRddhaghoSa mahAsthavira laMkA ke rAjA mahAnAma ke samaya meM laMkA meM gaye / yaha rAjA mahAnAma cauthI zatAbdI ke antima aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke Adi bhAga meM laMkA meM zAsana karatA thaa| ataH nizcita hai ki buddhaghoSa kA jIvana-kArya isI samaya kiyA gyaa| buddhaghoSa ne kisI bhI aise grantha Adi kA uddharaNa nahIM diyA hai jo usa kAla ke vAda kA ho / baramI paramparA bhI yahI mAnatI hai ki AcArya buddhaghoSa ne pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbhika bhAga meM laMkA dvIpa meM gamana kiyA / cUMki usa samaya unakI avasthA kama se kama taruNa to rahI hI hogI, ataH unakA jIvana-kAla cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI kahA jA sakatA hai| hA~ 'mahAvaMsa' ke uparya kta parivaddhita aMza meM AcArya buddhaghoSa kA janmasthAna buddha gayA ke samIpa batalAyA gayA hai / AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI kA kahanA hai ki buddhathoSa mahAsthavira saMbhavataH uttara bhArata ke nahIM ho sakate the| unakI kisI bhI kathA kI pRSThabhUmi uttara bhArata meM nahIM rakkhI gaI hai / isake atirikta visuddhi-magga 1186 ( (dharmAnanda kosambI kA saMskaraNa) meM 'vana-dAha' kI unake dvArA vyAkhyA tathA majjhima-nikAya ke gopAlaka-sutta kI vyAkhyA meM 1. nissaMsayaM sa metteyyo ti vattvA punappunaM / saddhi aTThakathAyAdA potthake piTakattaye // 2. ganthakAre vasanto so vihAre duursNkre| parivattesi sabbA pi sIhalaTThakathA tadA // 3. vandituM so mahAbodhi jambudIpaM upaagmi|| 4. bodhimaNDasamIpamhi jA to braahmnnmaannvo|

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unake dvArA kiyA huA gaMgA kA vivaraNa, saba yahI dikhalAte haiM ki jisa vana-dAha kA unhoMne varNana kiyA hai vaha bhI dakSiNa kI vastu hai aura jisa gaMgA kA unhoMne varNana kiyA hai vaha uttara bhArata kI gaMgA na hokara dakSiNa bhArata kI mahAvalI gaMgA hai / isa prakAra Antarika sAkSya ke AdhAra AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki AcArya buddhaghoSa uttarI bhArata kI bhaugolika paristhiti se paricita nahIM the, ataH ve vahAM ke nivAsI nahIM ho sakate / AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne usa baramI paramparA ko prAmANika mAnA hai jo buddhaghoSa ko dakSiNa bhArata kA brAhmaNa mAnane kI pakSapAtinI hai / 'visuddha-magga' ke nigamana (upanaMhAra) meM apanA paricaya dete hue AcArya vuddhaghoSa ne atyanta nirvayaktikatA pUrvaka kahA hai "buddhaghoso ti garUhi gahita nAmadheyyena therena moraNDakheTakavattabbena kato visuddhimaggo nAma" (bar3oM ke dvArA 'buddhaghoSa' nAma diye hue, moraMDa kheTaka ke nivAsI, sthavira (buddhaghoSa) ne isa vizuddhi-mArga ko likhA / ) isake AdhAra para AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne yaha mata prakaTa kiyA hai ki AcArya vuddhaghopa dakSiNa-bhArata ke moraNDakheTaka (moraMDa nAmaka kheTaka, kher3A) nAmaka gA~va ke nivAsI the| AcArya buddhaghoSa kucha dina, jaisA unhoMne apanI majjhimanikayA kI aTThakathA meM kahA hai mayUrasuttapaTTana yA mayUrarUpapaTTana meM bhI rahe the aura vahIM buddhamitra nAmaka sthavira ke sAtha rahate hue unakI prArthanA para isa aTTakathA ko likhA thA / ' AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI kI dhAraNA hai ki yaha mayUramuttapaTTana yA mayUrarUpapaTTana kahI telaga pradeza meM thaa| isI prakAra AcArya buddhaghopa kAMcIpura Adi dakSiNa ke nagaroM meM bhI rahe the, jaisA unake aMguttara-nikAya kI aTTakathA ke anta meM isa vAkya se prakaTa hotA hai-- 1. AyAcito sumatinA therena bhadanta-buddhamittena / pubbe mayUrasuttapaTTanamhi saddhi vasantena // yamahaM papaJcasUdanimaTThakathaM kaatumaarddho||

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( 511 ) "sthavira jyotipAla ke sAtha kAJcIpura tathA anya sthAnoM meM rahate hue maine unakI prArthanA para isa aTThakathA ko likhanA Arambha kiyaa"|' isa prakAra buddhaghoSa ne cuMki apane jIvana kA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa kArya dakSiNa ke ina nagaroM meM hI kiyA, ataH ve dakSiNa ke hI nivAsI the, aisA niSkarSa AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne unakI aTThakathAoM ke sAkSya para nikAlA hai, jo usa hada taka ThIka kahA jA sakatA hai / phira bhI unakA janma-sthAna bhI dakSiNa-prAnta thA, yaha uparyukta vivaraNoM se pramANita nahIM ho jAtA / adhika se adhika hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki unakA jIvana-kArya adhikatara dakSiNa-bhArata meM kiyA gyaa| 'mahAvaMsa' ke Upara uddhRta aMza aura 'buddhaghosuppatti' Adi meM bhI buddhaghoSAcArya ko brAhmaNa kahA gayA aura unheM tInoM veda, nAnA zilloM tathA pAtaMjala yoga Adi matoM kA pAraGgata kahA gayA hai / AcArya dharmAnanda kosamvI ne unake brAhmaNa hone meM bhI sandeha kiyA hai aura isI prakAra unake veda tathA pAtaMjala mata Adi zAstroM meM pAraMgata hone ke meM bhI sandeha prakaTa kiyA hai / buddhaghoSa ke brAhmaNa na hone ke viSaya meM AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne yaha tarka diyA hai ki buddhaghoSa ko veda ke puruSa-sUkta jaise mahattvapUrNa aMza se bhI jAnakArI nahIM thI, kyoMki isa sUkta kI eka RcA meM kSatriya ko brahmA ke bAhu se utpanna batAyA gayA hai,jaba ki buddhaghoSa na isI sUkta kI ora saMketa karate hue use hRdaya se utpanna batA DAlA hai| cUMki bAhu aura hRdaya donoM hI sAhasa 1. AyAcito samatinA therena bhdnt-jotipaalen| kaJcIpurAdisu mayA pubbe saddhi vasantena // aTThakathaM aMguttaramahAnikAyassa kaatumaarddho|| 2. dekhiye unake dvArA sampAdita 'visuddhimagga' kA aMgrejI-prAkkathana, pRSTha 15-18 / 3. milAiye buddhaghosuppatti "sattavassikakAle so tiNNaM vedAnaM pAragU ahosi" (sAta varSa kI avasthA meM hI vaha (buddhaghoSa) tInoM vedoM kA pAraMgata ho gayA) 4. puruSa sUkta meM zabda haiM-bAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH' jaba ki buddhaghoSa ne likhA hai 'khattiyA urato nikkhantA' (kSatriya hRdaya se nikale) / visuddhimagga (kosambojI dvArA

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( 512 ) ke pratIka haiM ataH sambhava hai AcArya buddhaghoSa se, jo smRti me likha rahe hoMge, donoM ke sAdharmya ke kAraNa yahagalatI ho gaI ho / yadi isa galatI ko galatI ke rUpa meM strIkAra kara bhI liyA jAyato bhI yaha unake brAhmaNa yAa-brAhmaNa hone se kisa prakAra sambandhita ho sakatA hai ? yaha sUkta-viSayaka anabhijJatA to buddhaghoSa ke brAhmaNa yA a-brAhmaNa donoM ke hI hote hue ho sakatI thii| ataH isake kAraNa AcArya kosambI kA buddhaghoSa ko a-brAhmaNa ThaharAnA ThIka nahI jAna pdd'taa| isI prakAra cUMki buddhaghoSa ne 'gRhapati' yA kRSaka-varga kI prazaMsA kI hai, unako kisI kisAna ke ghara utpanna huA mAnanA bhI ThIka nahIM hogA, jaisA mAnane kA AcArya kosambI ne prastAva kiyA hai / ' saMskRta zAstroM kA buddhaghoSa kA jJAna apUrNa thA, yaha bhI uddha'raNa dekara AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / 2 udhara DA. vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne koI aisA bhAratIya jJAna-zAstra hI nahIM chor3A hai jisa para buddhaghoSa kA pUrNa adhikAra na dikhA diyA ho| hama samajhate haiM ki satya ina donoM koTiyoM ke bIca meM hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ko saMskRta-sAhitya se avagati avazya thI, kintu vaha usa agAdha pAMDitya ke rUpa meM nahIM thA jise hama eka vedajJa brAhmaNa ke sAtha saMyukta kara sakate haiN| baramI paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki AcArya buddhaghoSa varamA meM bho budva-dharma ke pracArArtha gaye the / kintu isakA aba taka koI nizcita aitihAsika pramANa nahIM milaa| usake abhAva meM hama yahI mAna sakate sampAdita) ke prAkkathana, pRSTha 13 meM uddhRt| 1. visuddhimagga (kosambojI dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 13 evaM 16 (prAkakavana) 2. visaddhimagga (dharmAnanda kosambI kA saMskaraNa,) ke prAkkathana meM pRSTha 13-14 3. unhoMne apane grantha 'di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa' meM eka pUrA pariccheda (chaThA) hI AcArya buddhaghoSa kI vizva-koza jaisI bahujJatA ke vivaraNa ke lie diyA hai, pRSTha 104-135 / 4. unhoMne pANini ke niyama ke anusAra aneka pAli zabdoM kI vyutpatti ko hai| dekhiye Age dasaveM adhyAya meM pAli vyAkaraNa-sAhitya kA vivecana / buddhaghosappatti (pRSTha 61, gre kA saMskaraNa) ke anusAra siMhalI bhikSuoM ne bhI baddhaghoSa ke saMskRta-jJAna ke viSaya meM sandeha kiyA thA, jisakA unhoMne eka prabhAvazAlI bhASaNa de kara nirAkaraNa bhI kara diyA thaa| dekhiye lAhA : di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa, pRSTha 38-39 /

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hai ki buddhaghoSa kI racanAoM ke atyadhika prasAra aura Adara ke kAraNa hI unake nAma ke sAtha itanI AtmIyatA vahA~ pracalita ho gaI hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM bhI kucha jJAta nhiiN| kintu kamboDiyA ke nivAsiyoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki buddhaghoSa mahAsthavira kA parinirvANa unake deza meM hI huA thA / vahA~ 'buddhaghoSa vihAra' nAmaka eka atyanta prAcIna vihAra Aja taka unakI smRti ko khaMDahara ke rUpa meM khar3A raha kara surakSita banAye hue hai|' hameM kamboDiyA-nivAsiyoM ke vizvAsa meM sandeha karane kA koI kAraNa dikhAI nahIM par3atA / buddhaghopa kI racanAe~ AcArya buddhaghoSa kI racanAeM ye hai-- 1. visuddhimagga -- saMyukta-nikAya kI do gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM eka maulika kRti 2. samantapAsAdikA -- vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA 3. kaMkhAvitaraNI -- pAtimokkha kI aTThakathA 4. sumaMgalavilAsinI -- dogha-nikAya kI aTThakathA . 5. papaJcasUdanI --- majjhima-nikAya kI aTThakathA 6. sAratthapakAsinI -- saMyuttanikAya kI aTThakathA 7. manorathapUraNI ___ -- aMguttaranikAya kI aTThakathA 8. paramatyajotikA -- khuddaka-nikAya ke khuddaka-pATha aura sutta-nipAta kI aTThakathA 9. asAlinI -- dhammasaMgaNi kI aTThakathA 10. sammohavinodanI-- vibhaMga kI aTThakathA 11-15. paJcappakaraNaTThakathA -- dhamma saMgaNi aura vibhaMga ko chor3akara zeSa 5 abhidhamma graMthoM kI atttthkthaaeN| 16. jAtakaThThavaNNanA -- jAtaka kI aTThakathA 1. dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA : di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa, pRSTha 42, pada-saMketa 2

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( 514 ) 17. dhammapadaTThakathA - dhammapada kI aTThakathA 18. anya grantha - jJAnodaya Adi (jo prApta nahIM) inakA kucha saMkSipta paricaya denA yahA~ Avazyaka hogaa| visuddhimagga' ___"visuddhimagga' yA 'visuddhimaggo' (vizuddhi-mArga) sambhavataH AcArya buddhaghoSa kA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / ise buddha-dharma kA vizvakoza hI samajhanA cAhiye / bauddha dharma yA sAdhanA sambandhI koI aisA mahattvapUrNa viSaya nahIM hai jisakA vistRta vivecana isa grantha meM na kiyA gayA ho| apane pUrvagAmI sampUrNa piTaka aura anupiTaka sAhitya kA manthana hI jaise AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isa grantha meM kiyA hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne bhI apanI racanAoM meM isa grantha ko vizeSa mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai / dIgha, majjhima, saMyutta aura aMguttara ina cAroM nikAyoM kI apanI aTThakathAoM kI prastAvanAoM meM unhoMne punaruktipUrvaka yaha kahA hai "cAroM AgamoM (nikAyoM) ke bIca meM sthita hokara yaha 'visuddhi-magga' unake yathArtha artha ko prakAzita kregaa|"2 aisA mAlUma par3atA hai unhoMne pahale 'visuddhi magga' kI racanA kI aura phira cAra nikAyoM kI aTTakathAoM kI / isIlie jisa viSaya kA vistRta nirupaNa unhoMna pahale 'visuddhi magga' meM kara diyA hai, use 1. isa grantha kA deva-nAgarI lipi meM sampAdana AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI ne kiyA hai, jo bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, bambaI, (1940), se prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| isa mahatvapUrNa saMskaraNa kA ullekha kara dene ke bAda anya kisI saMskaraNa ke ullekha karane kI apekSA nahIM raha jaatii| nizcaya hI yaha itanA hI mahattvapUrNa sampAdana hai aura hindI kA to vizeSa gaurava hai| 'visuddhi-magga' kA abhI hindI anuvAda prakAzita nahIM huaa| isa lekhaka ne isake 'zola-skandha' kA anuvAda kiyA hai, jo 'sastA sAhitya maMDala' se prakAzanIya hai / isI prakAra tripiTakAcArya bhikSu dharma-rakSita kA bhI isa sampUrNa grantha kA anuvAda jJAna-maMDala, kAzI se chapane vAlA hai| 2. majjhe visuddhimaggo esa catunnampi AgamAnaM hi ThatvA pakAsayissati tattha yathAbhAsitaM atthaM //

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( 515 ) phira nikAyoM kI aTThakathAoM meM nahIM duharAyA hai| isake viSaya meM bhI unhoMne pratyeka nikAya kI aTThakathA ke AraMbha meM kahA hai "cUMki maiMne isa sabakA zuddha nirUpaNa 'visuddhi-magga' meM kiyA hai, isalie usake saMbaMdha meM phira yahA~ dubArA vicAra nahIM kruuNgaa|"1 nizcaya hI AcArya buddhaghoSa ? 'visuddhi magga' ko apanI saMpUrNa racanAoMkA madhyastha bindu mAnate the aura apanI aTThakathAoM ke adhyayana se pahale pAThaka se ve usake adhyayana kI apekSA rakhate the / ___ yadyapi visuddhi-magga' (vizuddhi mArga) pUre arthoM meM eka maulika racanA hai, kintu vaha do gAthAoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM hI likhI gaI hai| ve do gAthAeM haiM--- "anto jaTA bahi jaTA jaTAya jaTitA pjaa| taM taM gotama pucchAmi ko imaM vijaTaye jaTaM ti|" dUsarI gAthA hai-- "sole patiTThAya naro samaco cittaM pAJca bhaavye| AtApI nipako bhikkhu so imaM vijaTaye jaTaM ti|" pahalI gAthA prazna ke rUpa meM hai aura dUsarI gAthA usakA uttara hai| visuddhimagga ke prAraMbha meM hI kahA gayA hai ki eka bAra jaba bhagavAn zrAvastI meM vicarate the to kisI devaputra ne unake pAsa Akara unase prathama gAthA ke rUpa meM prazna pUchA jisakA artha hai "andara bhI ulajhana hai, bAhara bhI ulajhana hai| yaha janatA ulajhana meM jakar3I huii| ataH he gotama ! maiM tumase pUchatA hU~--kauna isa ulajhana ko sulajhA sakatA hai ?" bhagavAn ne dUsarI gAthA ke dvArA isakA uttara diyA, jisakA artha yaha hai "zIla meM pratiSThita hokara prajJAvAn manuSya jaba samAdhi aura prajJA kI bhAvanA karatA hai, to isa prakAra udyogI aura jJAnavAn bhikSu hokara vaha usa ulajhana ko sulajhA detA hai|" basa isa bhagavAn ke uttara ko lekara hI AcArya buddhaghoSa ne saMpUrNa bauddha jJAna aura darzana ko eka eka nizcita uddezya ke sUtra meM piro diyA hai / vaha uddezya kyA hai ? sAdhanA ke mArga ke uttarottara vikAsa kA spaSTa 1. iti pana sabbaM yasmA visuddhimaggo mayA suparisuddhaM / vRttaM tasmA bhithyo na taM idha vicaaryissaami||

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( 516 ) . tama nirdeza kara denaa| dUsare zabdoM meM 'visuddhimagga' bauddha yoga ko eka atyanta kramabaddha DhaMga se upasthita karane kA prayatna karatA hai| hama pahale dekha cuke haiM ki AcArya buddhaghoSa buddha-mata meM pravajita hone se pahale pAtaMjala-yoga-darzana meM niSNAta the| nizcaya hI unhoMne 'visuddhi-magga' ke rUpa meM bauddhoM ke yogadarzana ko hI sAdhakoM ke kalyANa ke lie prakAzita kiyA hai / pAtaMjala yoga-darzana kI apekSA 'visuddhi-maga' adhika suvyavasthita aura niyama-baddha hai,' yaha kahA jAya to yaha atiraMjanA nahIM hogI / vuddhaghopa mahAsthavira ne sAdhakoM ke kalyANa ke lie hI isa mahAgrantha kI racanA kI hai, ise unhoMne isa grantha ke pratyeka pariccheda ke anta meM yaha kahakara duharAyA hai 'sAdhujanapAmujjatthAya kate visuddhimagge' sAdhujanoM kI prasannatA ke liye racita 'vizuddhi-mArga' meM, aadi)| isI prakAra isa grantha ke Adi meM bhI unhoMne kahA hai "maiM vizuddhi ke mArga kA bhApaNa kruuNgaa| sabhI sAdhu puruSa, jinheM pavitratA kI icchA hai, mere kahe hue ko AdarapUrvaka saneM"2 (visuddhimaggaM bhAsissaM taM me sakkacca bhaasto| visuddhikAmA sabbe pi nisAmayatha sAdhavo ti)| yaha grantha mahAvihAravAsI bhikSuoM kI upadezavidhi para hI AdhArita hai, ise bhI buddhaghoSa ne yahIM dikhA diyA hai" 'mahAvihAravAsI bhikSuoM kI upadeza-vidhi para AdhArita 'vizuddhi-mArga kA maiM kathana karU~gA (mahAvihAravAsInaM desanAnayanissitaM visuddhimaggaM bhaasissN)| jaisA abhI kahA gayA, 'vizuddhi-mArga' sAdhanA-mArga kI nAnA bhUmiyoM kA kramabaddha varNana karatA hai| 'vizuddhi' kA artha kiyA hai AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'sarvamala-rahita, atyanta parizuddha nirvANa' aura 'magga' yA mArga kA artha kiyA hai 'prApti kA upAya' / ata: 'vizuddhimArga' kA artha hai 'sarvamala-rahita, 1. dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapaH pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha saMtAlIsa (vastukathA) 2. 'visuddhimagga' ke anta meM unhoMne phira apanI isI abhilASA ko duharAyA hai 'tasmA visuddhikAmehi suddhapaJ hi yogihi| visuddhimagge etasmiM karaNIyo va Adaro ti' (vizuddhi ke icchuka, zuddha jJAna vAle yogI isa vizuddhi-mArga meM Adara-buddhi kareM) pRSTha 506 (dharmAnanda kosambI kA saMskaraNa)

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( 517 ) atyanta pIrazuddha, nirvANa kI prApti kA upAya" / isa upAya kI mukhya tIna bhUmiyA~ haiM, jo uttarottara kramika sAdhana ke dvArA prApta kIjAtI haiM / ina tIna bhUmiyoM ke nAma haiM, zIla, samAvi aura prajJA / bhagavAn buddha ke zabdoM meM yahI tIna dharmaskandha arthAt dharmaM ke AdhAra haiM / zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM sAdhanA ke pUre mArga kA vivaraNa karanA hI 'visuddhi-magga' kA lakSya hai|' isa mahAgraMtha meM kula milAkara 23 pariccheda haiM, jinameM prathama do paricchedazIla yA sadAcAra kA nirUpaNa karate haiM / / 3-- -13 pariccheda samAdhikA nirUpaNa karate haiM / 14 -- 23 pariccheda prajJA kA nirupaNa karate haiM / zIla kA nirUpaNa karane vAle prathama do paricchedoM ke nAma haiM kramaza: 'zIla -nirdeza' ( sIlaniddeso) aura 'avadhUta - vratoM kA nirdeza' ( dhutaMga niso) / prathama pariccheda meM AcArya buddhaghoSa ne apane vivecya viSaya ko praznoM ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA hai- (1) gIla kyA hai ? (2) kisa artha se 'zIla' hai ? (3) gIla ke lakSaNa, sAra, prakaTita svarUpa aura Asanna kAraNa kyA haiM ? (4) zIla kA supariNAma kyA hai ? ( 5 ) zIla kitane prakAra kA hai ? (6) zIla kA mailA honA kyA hai ? (7) zIla kA nirmala honA kyA hai ? ina praznoM ke uttara jo buddhaghoSa ne diye hai, unakA yadi yahAM saMkSepa bhI diyA jAya to vaha bhI kaI pRSTha legaa| phira inake sAtha sAtha aneka avAntara viSaya bhI 'vibuddhi magga' meM sammilita haiM -- jinakA sAdhakoM ke lie apanA mahatva haiM, kintu pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jinheM vistAra bhaya se uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA 1. 'viddhi marana' kI viSaya-vastu kA vizada vizleSaNa bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne apanI abhidhamma- philaoNsapho, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 218-257 meM kiyA hai| tripiTakAcArya bhikSu dharmarakSita ne bhI "dharma dUta" apraila - maI 1947 pRSTha 61-66 meM isakA sundara vizleSaNa kiyA hai /

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( 518 ) sktaa| udAharaNataH buddhaghoSa dvArA zIla kI prazaMsA,' brahmacarya ke uccatama Adarza kA prakAzana,2 aura sabase bar3hakara kucha bauddha sAdhakoM ke pavitra-jIvana saMbaMdhI abhyAsa ke udAharaNa, Adi bar3e mArmika prasaMga haiN| teraha avadhUta vratoM (jo dUsare pariccheda ke viSaya haiM) ke nAmoM kA vivaraNa hama 'milinda panha' kA vivaraNa karate samaya de cuke haiN| unhIM kA yahAM bhI vistRta vivaraNa hai / pratyeka avadhUta-niyama ke viSaya meM yahA~ itanI dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai (1) artha (2) lakSaNa (3) grahaNa kI vidhi (4) vibhinna prakAra, yathA uttama, madhyama, hIna (5) bhaMga honA (6) vrata-rakSaNa kI prazaMsA (7) kuzala-trika ke rUpa meM vargIkaraNa (8) samaSTigata vivaraNa (9) vyaSTigata vivaraNa / alpecchatA, santoSa Adi guNoM kI vRddhi ke lie hI ina niyamoM ke abhyAsa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| vAstava meM ye citta ke maila ko zuddha karane ke lie hI haiN| ataH inakA abhyAsa saba ke lie anivArya nahIM hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne ina kaTina niyamoM ke vivecana meM tathAgata ke madhyama mArga ko kabhI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM hone diyA hai / isIlie unhoMne eka mahatvapUrNa prazna kiyA hai 'kassa dhutaMgasevanA sappAyA ti' arthAt kisakA avadhUta-vratoM kA abhyAsa anukUla hai ? uttara diyA hai 'rAgacaritassa ceva mohacaritassa ca' arthAt usa vyakti kA jisake AcaraNa meM abhI rAga vartamAna hai, moha vartamAna hai / unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai 'dhutaMgasevanA hi dukkhA paTipadA ceva sallekhavihAro ca' arthAt avadhUta-vratoM kA abhyAsa duHkha kA mArga hai aura tapazcaryA kA jIvana hai| unakA upayoga sAdhaka ke lie kevala isIlie hai ki ve citta-maloM ko naSTa kara dete haiM aura isa prakAra ve bhikSu ke aMga hI bana jAte haiN| duHkha-mArga ke Azraya lene vAle kA rAga zAnta ho jAtA hai, tapazcaryA se rahane vAle apramAdI vyakti kA moha naSTa ho jAtA hai / isIlie rAga 1. pRSTha 6-7 2. pRSTha 34-35 3. dekhiye vizeSataH pRSTha 14, 22, 26-28, 31-32 Adi, Adi 4. dukkhApaTipadaM ca nissAya rAgo vUpasamati / sallekhaM nissAya appamattassa moho phiiyti| pRSTha 54-55

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( 519 ) dveSAdiyukta vyaktiyoM kA citta-zuddhi ke lie svecchApUrvaka ina vratoM ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai / isa prakAra unake doSa zAnta ho jAte haiN| zIla yA sadAcAra ke bAda vizuddhi-mArga usa dUsarI U~cI bhUmikA kA varNana karatA hai, jisakA nAma samAdhi hai| samAdhi kI paribhASA karate hue AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kahA hai 'kusalacittekaggatA samAdhi' arthAt kuzala citta kI ekAgratA hI samAdhi hai / kisI eka Alambana (viSaya) meM citta aura cetasika karmoM ko samAna aura samyaka rUpa se binA vikSepa aura vikIrNatA ke rakhanA hI citta kI samAdhi yA samAdhAna (samyak AdhAna) kahalAtA hai / ' samAdhi ke viSaya meM bhI AcArya baddhaghoSa ne vahI prazna kiye haiM jo zIla ke viSaya meM, yathA (1) samAdhi kyA hai ? (2) kisa artha meM 'samAdhi' hai ? (3) samAdhi ke lakSaNa, sAra, prakaTita rUpa aura Asanna kAraNa kyA haiM ? (4) samAdhi kitane prakAra kI hai ? (5) samAdhi kA malina honA kyA hai ? (6) samAdhi kA nirmala honA kyA hai? aura (7) samAdhi kI bhAvanA kisa prakAra karanI cAhie? inake uttaroM kA saMkSepa denA to yahA~ asaMbhava hI hogaa| kevala kucha moTI bAteM hI kahI jA sakatI hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne samAdhi kA pradhAnataH do bhAgoM meM vivaraNa kiyA hai, yathA upacAra samAdhi (2) arpaNA samAdhi / cAra bhAgoM meM bhI, yathA (1) dukkhA paTipadA dndhaabhijnyaa| (2) dukkhA paTipadA khippaabhijnyaa| (3) sukhA paTipadA dndhaabhijnyaa| (4) sukhA paTipadA khippaabhijaa| jaisA abhI kahA gayA, samAdhi-skandha kA vivaraNa 'visuddhimagga' ke 3-13 paricchedoM meM hai / ina paricchedoM ke nAma-vivaraNa ke alAvA unakI viSaya-vastukA to saMkSipta nirdeza bhI yahA~ prAya: asaMbhava hI hai, ataH hama unake nAma dekara unakI viSaya-vastu ko iMgita mAtra kareMge / 1. ekArammaNe cittacetasikA samaM sammA ca avikkhipamAna aviSpakiNNA ca hutvA tiThThanti, idaM samAdhAnaM ti veditabbaM (pRSTha 57)

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( 520 ) samAdhi-skandha (pariccheda 3-13) 3. karmasthAnoM (samAdhi ke AlambanoM) ko grahaNa karane kA nirdeza (kammaTThAnagahaNa niddeso)--samAdhi-bhAvanA kI dasa bAdhAoM' (palibodhA) ko chor3ane kA upadeza / ___4. pRthvI kRtsna (dhyAna-vizeSa) kA nirdeza (payavIkasiNaniddeso)-- pRthvI-kRtsna nAmaka dhyAna kA vivrnn| samAdhi ke ayogya 18 sthAnoM ko chor3ane kA Adeza evaM cAra dhyAnoM kA vistRta vivaraNa / / 5. zepa kRtsnoM (dhyAna vigeSoM) kA nirdeza (sesakasiNaniddeso)-- pRthvI-kRtsna se atirikta zeSa Apo-kRtsna (jala-kRtsna) Adi 9 dhyAnoM kA vivaraNa / 6. azubha karmasthAna kA nirdeza (asubhakammaTTAna niddeso)--zarIra kI gandagiyoM ke dhyAna ke dvArA arpaNA-samAdhi kI prApti kA upAya / 7. chaha anusmRtiyoM kA nirdeza (cha anussati niddeso)--buddha dharma, saMgha, zIla, tyAga aura devatAoM kI anusmRtiyA~ / 8. anusmRti aura karma-sthAna kA nirdeza (anusmati kammaTThAna niddeso) 1. yathA AvAsa, kula, lAbha, gaNa, kAma, mArga, jAti-bandhu, roga, grantha (-racanA) aura Rddhi (yoga-vibhUti) 2. yathA (1) bahuta bar3A vihAra, (2) bilakula nayA vihAra, (3) bahuta purAnA vihAra, (4) sar3aka ke kinAre sthita, (5) tAlAba ke kinAre sthita, (6-8) per3a, phUla aura phaloM vAle bAgoM se yukta , (9) ati prasiddha, (10) nagara ke bIca meM sthita, (11) adhika per3oM ke bIca sthita, (12) khar3I phasaloM vAle kheta ke samIpa, (13) jhagar3AlU bhikSu jahA~ rahate hoM, (14) jahA~ ke vyakti a-dhArmika hoM, (15) sImA-prAnta meM avasthita , (16) a-rakSita sthAna meM sthita aura (18) jahA~ kalyANa-mitra (AdhyAtmika guru yA mArga draSTA) na mila ske|

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( 521 ) maraNa, kAyagatAsati, AnApAna-sati aura upazama ina cAra anusmRtiyoM tathA yoga-AlambanoM kA vivaraNa / 9. brahmavihAra kA nirdeza (brahmavihAra niddeso)--maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA yahI cAra bhAvanAe~ 'brahma-vihAra' kahalAtI hai / inakA vizada vivaraNa / ina bhAvanAoM kA nirdeza pataMjali ne bhI apane yoga-darzana meM kiyA hai| 10. a-rUpatA kA nirdeza (Aruppa niddeso)--arUpatA-sambandhI dhyAnoM kA vivaraNa, yathA AkAzAnanantyAyatana, vijJAnAnantyAyatana, AkiJcanyAyatana tathA naivasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana dhyAnoM kA vivaraNa / 11. samAdhi kA nirdeza (samAdhi niddemo) samAdhi-bhAvanA kA upadeza evaM zarIra kI azubhatA Adi para dhyAna / AhAra meM pratikUla-saMjJA Adi kA vivecana bhii| 12. Rddhavidha kA nirdeza (iddhavidhaniddeso)--divyazrotra, paracitta-jJAna, pUrvajanma kI smRti aura divya cakSu ina cAra yoga-vibhUtiyoM kA vivaraNa / 13. abhijJA (uccatama jJAna) kA nirdeza (abhijJA niddeso)--pUrvajanma kI smRti Adi kA hI vistRta vivaraNa / prajJA kI paribhASA karate hue AcArya buddhaghopa ne kaha. hai 'kusalacittasampayuttaM vipassanAjANaM paJjA' arthAt kuzala-citta se yukta vipazyanA-jJAna hI prajJA hai / prajJA-skandha ke paricchedoM kI viSaya-vastu isa prakAra hai-- 14. skandha-nirdeza (khandha-niddeso)--paJca-skandhoM (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA saMskAra aura vijJAna) kA vivecana / 15. Ayatana aura dhAtuoM kA nirdeza (Ayatana-dhAtu niddeso)--12 Ayatana aura aThAraha dhAtuoM kA vivaraNa / / 16. indriya aura satyoM kA nirdeza (indriya-saccaniddeso)--pAMca indriya aura cAra Arya-satyoM kA vivaraNa / 17. prajJA kI bhUmiyoM kA nirdeza (pajJAbhUminiddeso)--skandha, Ayatana, dhAtu, indriya, satya aura pratItya samutpAda ye prajJAkI mUbhiyA~ hai / prathama pA~ca kA varNana pahale ho cukA hai| yahA~ pratItya samutpAda kA viratRtatama vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai|

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( 522 ) 18. dRSTi kI vizuddhi kA nirdeza (diTThivisuddhi niddeso)--nAma aura rUpa kA yathAvat darzana hI dRSTi-vizuddhi hai-isakA vistRta vivrnn| 19. saMzaya ko pAra karane ke rUpa meM vizuddhi kA nirdeza (kaMkhAvitaraNavisuddhi niddeso)--yathAbhUta jJAna, samyak darzana aura saMzaya ko pAra karanA, yaha saba eka hI vastu haiM, kevala zabda nAnA haiN| 20. mArga aura amArga ke jJAna aura darzana ke rUpa meM vizuddhi kA nirdeza ( maggAmaggatrANadassanavisuddhi niddeso ) padArthoM ke udaya aura vyaya ko dekhanA evaM vipazyanA-prajJA kI bhAvanA karanA / / 21. pratipadA (madhyama-mArga) ke jJAna aura darzana ke rUpa meM vizuddhi kA nirdeza (paTipadAJANadassanavisuddhi niddeso)--'na maiM, na merA, na merA AtmA, arthAt anAtma tatva kI bhAvanA kA vivaraNa / / 22. jJAna aura darzana rUpI vizuddhi kA nirdeza (JANadassanavisRddhi niddeso)--srotApatti, sakRdAgAmI, anAgAmI aura arhat, ina cAra mArgoM sambandhI jJAna kA vivaraNa / bodhipakSIya dharmoM kA bhI inhIM ke andara samAveza / 23. prajJA kI bhAvanA ke supariNAmoM kA nirdeza (paJA bhAvanAnisaMsaniddeso)--nAnA citta-maloM kA vidhvaMsa, Arya-phala ke rasa kA anubhava, nirodhasamAdhi ko prApta karane kI yogyatA aura loka meM pUjya hone kI pAtratA, prajJAkI bhAvanA ke ina cAraspariNAmoM kA vivaraNa / upayukta viSaya-sUcI ke saMketa-mAtra se spaSTa hai ki 'vizaddhi-mArga' kA kSetra kitanA adhika vistRta hai / ataH yadi itane nirUpaNa se hama kevala yaha bhI iMgita karane meM saphala ho sake ki 'vizuddhi-mArga' buddha-dharma sambandhI mahAn jJAnakoza ko saMcita kiye hue hai, to bhI hamane pAli sAhitya kI dRSTi se apanA kartavya pUrA kara diyA / vivaraNa meM Age cale jAne para to isa viSaya kA anta hI nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki pAtaMjala yoga ke sAtha isakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiye binA koI isa sambandhI vivecana pUrA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aba hama buddha ghoSa kI aTThakathAoM para Ate haiN| samantapAsAdikA ___ samantapAsAdikA pUre vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa kI racI huI yaha sambhavataH prathama aTThakathA hai / buddha zrI (buddhasiri) nAmaka

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( 523 ) sthavira kI prArthanA para unhoMne yaha aTThakathA likhI thI / prAcIna bhArata ko sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, aura dhArmika avasthA kA isa akele grantha se hI eka pUrA itihAsa nirmita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama tIna bauddha saMgItiyoM ke vivaraNa meM hamane isa grantha se kitanI sahAyatA lI hai, yaha pUrva ke vivaraNoM se spaSTa ho gayA hogA | bhagavAn buddha aura unake ziSyoM ke jIvana sambandhI aneka vivaraNoM ke atirikta tatkAlIna anya prasiddha aitihAsika vyaktiyoM aura bhaugolika sthAnoM ke vivaraNa jo hameM yahA~ milate hai, bar3e hI mahattvapUrNa haiM / isa aTThakathA ke bAda hI buddhaghoSa ne suttapiTaka ke nikAyoM para aTThakathAe~ likhIM / kaMkhAvitaraNI 'kaMkhAvitaraNI' 'pAti mokkha' para aTThakathA hai / isa aTThakathA meM hameM na kevala buddhakAlIna bhikSu saMgha ke jIvana kI hI jhalaka milatI hai, apitu usake uttarakAlIna vikAsa kA bhI paryApta jJAna hotA hai / sumaMgalavilAsinI 'sumaMgala vilAsinI' dIgha nikAya kI aTThakathA hai / saMghasthavira dAThAnAga nAmaka bhikSu kI prArthanA para AcArya buddhaghoSa ne yaha aTThakathA likhI, aisA unhoMne svayaM kahA hai / buddhakAlIna bhArata kI rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM dhArmika paristhiti ke aneka citroM evaM aneka prakAra ke AkhyAnoM se yaha aTThakathA bharI par3I hai / suttoM ke aneka prakAra ke vivecana, buddha aura unake ziSyoM ke jIvana sambandhI aneka vivaraNa, isa aTThakathA meM bhI bhare par3e haiN| udAharaNataH bhagavAn buddha 'tathAgata' kyoM kahalAte haiM, unakI dainika caryA kyA thI, Adi aneka mahattva - pUrNa vivaraNa isa aTThakathA meM haiM / isI prakAra buddhakAlIna mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM yathA jIvaka kaumArabhRtya tiSya zrAmaNera, ambaTTha Adi ke viSaya meM adhika jAnakArI yahA~ dI gaI hai / isI prakAra bhaugolika dRSTi se aMga-magadha, dakSiNA 1. AyAcito sumaMgalapariveNanivAsinA thiraguNena dAThAnA saMghattharena thera vaMsanvayena / yaM Arabhi sumaMgalavilAsini nAma nAmena /

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( 524 ) patha, ghopitArAma, kozala, rAjagRha Adi ke prAcIna AkhyAna-baddha itihAsa aura unake viSaya meM anya mahattvapUrNa vivaraNa diye gaye haiM, jo pAli-tripiTaka meM nahIM milate / ina saba ke alAvA 'sumaMgalavilAsinI' meM dIgha-nikAya ke kaThina zabdoM kI niruktiyA~ aura unake artha-nirvacana bhI hai, jo atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / usakA saba se adhika AkarSaka mahattva to aitihAsika hI hai, isameM saMdeha nhiiN| papaJcasUdanI numaMgalavilAminI kI hI zailI meM likhita papaJcasUdanI majjhima-nikAya kI vistRta aTThakathA hai / yaha aTThakathA AcArya buddhaghoSa ne buddhamitra nAmaka sthavira kI prArthanA para likhI thii|' aitihAsika aura bhaugolika dRSTi se isa aTThakathA kA bhI prabhUta mahattva hai / kuru-pradeza, zrAvastI (sAvatthi), himavantapradeza Adi ke mahattvapUrNa vivaraNa isa aTThakathA meM milate haiM / viSaya-vinyAsa majjhima-nikAya ke samAna hI hai aura usI ke anusAra buddha-vacanoM kI kramAnusAra vyAkhyA bhI yahA~ kI gaI hai, jo usa dRSTi se bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| sAratthapakAsinI jyotipAla nAmaka bhikSu kI prArthanA para AcArya buddhaghoSa ne sAratthapakAsinI yA saMyata-nikAya kI aTThakathA likhI / 2 artha aura aitihAsika tathA bhaugolika dRSTiyoM se yaha aTThakathA bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / isake alAvA yahA~ isake viSaya meM aura kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| manorathapUraNI manorathapuraNI yA aMgunara-nikAya kI aTThakathA AcArya vuddhaghoSa ne bhadanta nAmaka sthavira kI prArthanA para likhI / isa aTThakathA kI eka bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM bhagavAn buddha ke ziSya aneka bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kI jJAna prApti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / udAharaNata: piMDola bhAradvAja, puNNa mantAniputta, mahA 1. Amacito supatinA therena bhadanta buddhimittena, aadi| 2. ApAcito sumatinA therena bhdnt-jotipaalen| kaMbIpurAdisu bhayA pubbe saddhi vasantena, Adi //

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( 525 ) kaccAna, soNa koLivIsa, rAhula, raTThapAla, baMgIsa, kumAra kassapa, upAli uruvela kassapa Adi ke mahattvapUrNa vivaraNa diye hue hai| isI prakAra mahAprajApatI gotamI, saMghamitrA tathA anya aneka bhikSuNiyoM ke bhI vivaraNa hai / bhagavAn buddha ke varSAvAsoM kA bhI bar3A acchA vivaraNa yahA~ diyA gayA hai / vuddhatva-prApti se lekara mahAparinirvANa taka ke 45 varSavAsoM ko bhagavAn ne kahA~-kahA~ vitAyA, isa aitihAsika mahattvapUrNa tathya ke viSaya meM yahA~ kahA~ gayA hai--"tathAgata prathama bodhi meM vIsa varSa taka asthiravAsa ho, jahA~ jahA~ ThIka rahA vahIM jAkara vAsa karate rhe| pahalI varSA meM RSipatana meM dharma-cakra pravartana kara vArANasI ke pAsa RSipatana meM vAsa kiyaa| dUsarI varSA meM rAjagRha veNuvana meN| tosarI aura cauthI bhI vahIM / pA~cavIM varSA vaizAlI meM mahAvana kUTAgAra-zAlA meM / chaThavI varSA meM maMkula-parvata pr| sAtavIM trAyastriza bhavana meM / AThavI bharga-deza meM suMsumAra-giri ke bhesa kalAvana meM / navIM kauzAmbI meM / dasavIM pArileyyaka vanakhaMDa meM / gyArahayo nAlA brAhmaNa-grAma meM / vArahavIM veraMjA meM / terahavIM cAliya parvata para / caudahavI jetavana meM / pandrahavIM kapilavastu meM / solahavIM AlavI meM / satrahavIM rAjagRha meM / aThArahavIM cAliya parvata para / unnIsavIM bhI vahIM / bIsavIM varSA rAjagRha meM / isa prakAra tathAgata ne vIsa varSa, jahA~ jahA~ ThIka huA, vahI varSAvAsa kiyA / isase Age do hI nivAsa-sthAna sadA rahane ke liye kiye / kauna se do ? jetavana aura puurvaaraam......|"atH isa aTThakathA ke anusAra, buddha ke varpAvAsoM kA yaha prAmANika vyaurA isa prakAra hogaa| varSA-vAsa rarur " jahA~ bitAyA api patana rAjagRha vaizAlI maMkulaparvata trAyastriMza 1: mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana dvArA buddhacaryA pRSTha 75 meM anuvAdita /

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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-19 20 21-45 46 ( 526 ) suMsumAragiri kauzAmbI pArileyyaka nAlA veraMjA cAlaya parvata zrAvastI ( jetavana) kapilavastu AlavI rAjagRha cAliya parvata rAjagRha zrAvastI ( jetavana) vaizAlI (pUrvArAma) paramatthajotikA paramatthajotikA khuddaka nikAya ke khuddaka pATha aura suttanipAta kI aTThakathA hai | isameM licchaviyoM kI utpatti kI manoraMjaka kathA hai, jisakA vivaraNa hama yahA~ vistAra bhaya ke kAraNa nahIM de sakate / paramatthajotikA ke antargata khuddaka pATha kI aTThakathA ke prasaMga meM anAthapiMDika ke ArAma jetavana, rAjagRha ke 18 vihAroM, saptaparNI guphA aura vaizAlI Adi ke vizeSa meM vizeSa sUcanA dI gaI hai / mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli Adi bhikSuoM tathA vizAkhA, dhammadinnA Adi bhikSuNiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI kucha adhika sUcanA dI gaI hai / dhammapadaTThakathA dhammapadaTThakathA yA dhammapada kI aTThakathA meM jAtaka ke DhaMga kI kahAniyoM kA prAdhAnya hai / cAra nikAyoM aura jAtaka Adi se hI ye kahAniyA~ saMgRhIta kI gaI haiM / jAtaka kI aneka gAthAe~ yahA~ uddhRta kI gaI haiM aura usakI kahAniyoM

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( 527 ) meM se aneka yahA~ usI rUpa meM rakkhI huI haiM / vAstava meM dhammapadaTThakathA kahAniyoM kA eka saMgraha hI hai / vAsavadattA aura udayana kI kathA bhI isa aTThakathA meM eka jagaha milatI hai / aneka kathAe~ jAtaka ke alAvA vinaya-piTaka se bhI lI gaI hai, jaise devadatta, bodhirAjakumAra, channa Adi kI kathAe~ / nizcaya hI jAtaka aura dhammapadaTTha-kathA kA pArasparika sambandha pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / dhammapadaTThakathA AcArya buddhaghoSa kI racanA hai yA nahI, isake viSaya meM sandeha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / DA0 gAyagara ne ise AcArya buddhaghoSa kI racanA nahIM mAnA hai / unhoMne dhammapadaTThakathA ko jAtakaTThavaNNanA se bhI bAda kI racanA mAnA hai, kyoMki donoM meM aneka kahAniyA~ samAna hai / yaha eka Azcarya kI bAta hai ki jo kahAniyA~ yahA~ dI gaI haiM aura jinake AdhAra para dhammapada kI pratyeka gAthA ko samajhAyA gayA hai, unheM bhI sAkSAt buddhopadeza (buddhadesanA ) hI yahA~ batAyA gayA hai, jo aitihAsika rUpa se ThIka nahIM ho sakatA / kucha bhI ho dhammapadaTThakathA kI kahAniyoM meM jAtaka ke samAna hI prAcIna bhAratIya jIvana, vizeSataH sAmAnya janatA ke jIvana kI pUrI jhalaka milatI hai aura bhAratI kathA - sAhitya meM usakA bhI eka sthAna hai / jAtakaTThavaNNanA jAtakaTThavaNNanA kA jAtaka - gAthAoM kI aTThakathA hai / isake bhI buddhaghoSa - kRta hone meM sandeha kiyA gayA hai / DA0 gAyagara ne ise kisI siMhalI bhikSu kI racanA mAnA hai, phira cAhe vaha bhale hI buddhaghoSa kyoM na hoM / 2 prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM se lekhaka ne apanI sAmagrI kA saMkalana kiyA hai / ina kahAniyoM yA AkhyAnoM kI apekSA dhammapadaTThakathA kI kahAniyA~ apane svarUpa meM buddha-upadezoM kI bhAvanA se adhika prabhAvita hai / vAstava meM yahA~ to loka - vizvAsoM kI hI jhalaka adhika milatI hai / bhUta aura vartamAna ke ( buddha - ) jIvana kI kahAniyoM 1. unhoMne ise kisI maulika siMhalI aTThakathA kA pAli anuvAda mAnA hai / dekhiye unakA pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 32 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 31

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( 528 ) kI pRSThabhUmi meM bahuta kucha antara pAyA jAtA hai, ataH uttarakAlIna kSepakoM aura parivarddhanoM kI bhI isa grantha meM AzaMkA kI gaI hai / bhAratIya kathAnaka-sAhitya ke prAcIna rUpa ko jAnane ke liye jAtaka ke samAna usakI isa aTThakathA ko bhI par3hanA atyanta Avazyaka hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / abhidhamma-piTaka sambandhI aTThakathAe~ ___ AcArya buddhaghopa kI abhidhamma-piTaka sambandhI aTThakathAe~ bhI bar3I mahattvapUrNa haiM / inameM sava se pahalA sthAna 'aTThasAlinI' kA hai,jo 'dhammasaMgaNi'kI aTThakathA hai / vAstava meM isake samAna gambhIra aura duruha dUsarI racanA anupiTaka mAhitya meM nahIM hai / jaisA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM, 'mahAvaMsa' ke dhammakitti-viracita parivaddhita aMza ke anusAra AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'aTThasAlinI' kI racanA laMkA se prasthAna karane ke pahale hI kI thii| yaha bAta ThIka nahI ho sakatI / laMkA jAkara buddhaghoSa mahAsthavira ne 'visuddhimagga' likhA, yaha to nizcita hI hai / usake bAda hI 'aTThasAlinI' likhI gaI, yaha hameM jAnanA cAhiye / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki 'aTThasAlinI' ke Arambha kI gAthAoM meM svayaM AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kahA hai "saba karma-sthAna (samAdhi ke Alambana) caryA, abhijJA aura vipazyanA kA prakAzana ma 'visuddhi-magga' meM kara cukA hU~, isaliye phira unakA yahA~ vivaraNa nahIM karUMgA"1 aadi| ata: 'aTThasAlinI' ko 'visuddhimagga' ke vAda kI hI racanA mAnanA cAhiye / yaha ho sakatA hai ki usakI eka prAthamika rUparekhA AcArya buddhaghoSa ne yahA~ banAI ho / prastuta rUpa meM to vaha nizcita rUpa se 'visuddhimagga' se bAda kI racanA hai| abhidhamma ke jijJAsuoM ke liye 'aTThasAlinI' kA kitanA adhika mahattva hai, yaha batAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM / yaha bar3I prasannatA kI bAta hai ki pro0 vApaTa dvArA sampAdita isa aTThakathA kA deva-nAgarI saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita ho cukA hai, jo rASTra-bhASA hindI ke liye eka maMgalakArI cinha hai / 'aTThasAlinI' ke alAvA 'sammoha-vinodanI' nAma kI aTThakathA AcArya buddhaghoSa ne vibhaMga 1. kammaTThAnAni sabbAni cariyAbhiJA vipssnaa| visuddhimagge panidaM yasmA sabbaM pakAsitaM ||aadi|

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( 529 ) para likhI / anya pA~ca abhidhamma-granthoM para bhI unhoMne aTThakathAe~ likhIM, jinake nAma haiM kramazaH dhAtukathApakaraNaTThakathA, puggala -paJJattipakaraNaTThakathA, kathAvatthu-pakaraNa-aTThakathA,' yamakapakaraNaTThakathA aura paTThAna pakaraNaTThakathA | yaha pA~coM aTThakathAe~ milakara paJca-ppakaraNaTTha kathA, bhI kahalAtI hai / anya racanAe~ jaisA buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI ke prasaMga meM kahA jA cukA hai, laMkA-gamana se pUrva AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'jANodaya' (jJAnodaya) nAmaka grantha aura sampUrNa tripiTaka para eka saMkSipta aTThakathA likhI thI / ye racanAe~ Aja nahIM milatIM / 'sAsanavaMsa' ke anusAra AcArya buddhaghoSa 'piTakattayalakkhaNa gandha' (piTakatrayalakSaNa grantha) nAmaka grantha ke bhI racayitA the, kintu yaha grantha bhI Aja nahIM milatA / mahAkAvya kI zailI para buddha jIvanI ke rUpa meM likhita 'padyacUDAmaNi' nAmaka grantha bhI jise madrAsa sarakAra ne prakAzita karavAyA thA, usake sampAdaka kuppUsvAmI zAstrI ke dvArA aTThakathAcariya vuddhaghoSa kI racanA batalAyA gayA hai / usakI bhinna zailI ke sAkSya para DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne use pAli aTThakathAkAra buddhaghoSa kI racanA nahIM mAnA hai / hameM bhI yahI mata samIcIna jAna par3atA hai / pAli - sAhitya meM buddhaghoSa kA sthAna isa prakAra AcArya buddhaghoSa ke vizAla jJAna kI kucha jhalaka hama ne dekhI hai / vAstava meM pAli sAhitya ke eka pUre yuga ke ve vidhAyaka haiM jisakA prabhAva abhI bhI ni:zeSa nahIM huA hai / unake 'visuddhi-magga' kI jJAna - garimA pAli-sAhitya 2. isa aTThakathA ke anusAra azoka ke kAla taka utpanna 18 bauddha sampradAyoM aura unake matoM kA ullekha hama pA~caveM adhyAya meM 'kathAvatyu' ke vizleSaNa ke prasaMga kara A cuke haiN| 2 padya - cUr3AmaNi kI viSaya-vastu aura zailI ke vivaraNa tathA DA0 lAhA ke tatsambandhI niSkarSa ke lie dekhiye unakA 'di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa', pRSTha 85-91 34

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( 530 ) / meM hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya dArzanika itihAsa meM apanA eka vizeSa sthAna rakhatI haiM / isI prakAra unakI aTThakathAoM kA artha sambandhI mahattva to hai hI, unameM jo mahAn aitihAsika aura bhaugolika sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, jisase sampUrNa prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika jIvana punarujjIvita ho uThatA hai, vaha to bhAratIya itihAsa ke vidyArthI ke liye nirantara upayoga kI vastu hI hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa una prAcIna bhAratIya AcAryo kI paramparA meM se the jo jJAna ke kSetra ko maulika dAna dete hue bhI bhASyakAra ke vinIta rUpa meM rahanA hI pasanda karate AcArya buddhaghoSa ne hameM bahuta kucha nayA Aloka diyA hai, jJAna ke kSetra ko apane DhaMga se kAphI vistRta kiyA hai, phira bhI sadA apane ko mahAvihAravAsI bhikSuoM kI AdezanA - vidhi kA anugAmI hI batAyA hai / yaha unakI vinamratA kA sUcaka hai / buddhaghoSa mahAsthavira ne saddhamma kI cirasthiti ke liye jo kAma kiyA hai, usI ke kAraNa hama Aja buddha aura unake yuga ko itanI sajIvatA ke sAtha samajha sake haiM / buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM se lumbinI, kauzAmbI, rAjagRha, uruvelA aura kapilavastu kI smRtiyoM ko Aja bhI nayA banAyA jA sakatA hai aura citta ko rAga, dveSa aura moha 'mukta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba taka 'visuddhimagga' aura 'aTThasAlinI' jaise gambhIra dArzanika grantha aura 'sumaMgala vilAsinI' aura 'samanta - pAsAdikA' jaisI aitihAsika sAmagrI - paripUrNa aTThakathAe~ pAli meM vidyamAna hai, tatra taka jJAna aura itihAsa ke gaveSaka sadA usake daravAje para Ate raheMge aura prasaMgavaza usa vinIta, sAkSAt maitreya, mahAsthavira kI anusmRti karate bhI raheMge, jo jJAna-pipAsAvaza bhArata se laMkA daur3A gayA thA aura jisane vahA~ mahApadhAna-bhavana meM baiThakara dina-rAta buddha-zAsana kA cintana kiyA thA aura usake marma ko bhI pAyA thA / hama AcArya buddhaghoSa kI isI anusmRti ke sAtha isa prakaraNa ko samApta karate haiM / dhammapAla aura unakI aTThakathAe~ AcArya buddhaghoSa ke samakAlika buddhadatta ( jinakA vivaraNa pahale diyA jA cukA hai ) ke alAvA eka anya prasiddha aTThakathAkAra dhammapAla hai / vAstava meM buddhadatta aura dhammapAla donoM ne buddhaghoSa ke kAma ko hI pUrA kiyA hai| dhammapAla

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( 531 ) kA janma tAmila-pradeza meM kAJcIpura meM huA thaa| inakI bhI zikSA siMhala ke mahAvihAra meM huI thii| AcArya dhammapAla kI racanAe~ ye hai-- 1. paramatthadIpanI khuddaka-nikAya ke una granthoM kI aTThakathA hai jina para vuddhaghoSa ne aTThakathA nahIM likhI / isa prakAra dhammapAla kI isa aTThakathA ke antargata udAna, itivRttaka, vimAnavatthu, petavatthu, theragAthA, therogAthA evaM cariyA piTakakI aTThakathAe~ sammilita hai / inameM vizeSataH thera-therI gAthAoMkI aTThakathAe~ aitihAsika daSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki yahA~ lekhaka ne bhagavAn vuddha ke ziSya bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI jIvaniyoM ko anuviddha kiyA hai / / 2. netipakaraNa-aTThakathA yA nettipakaraNassa atthasaMvaNNanA (netti pakaraNa kI aTThakathA ) 3. netittha kathAya TIkA yA lInatthavaNNanA (uparyukta nettipakaraNa-aThakathA kI TIkA) 4. paramatthamaJjUsA yA mahATIkA--visuddhimagga kI aTThakathA / 5. lInatthapakAsinI--prathama cAra nikAyoM kI buddhaghoSa-kRta aTThakathAoM kI TIkA / 6. jAtakaTThakathA kI TIkA (jisakA bhI nAma lInattha pakAsinI hai) 7. buddhadatta-kRta madhuratthavilAsinI kI TIkA / dhammapAla-kRta upayukta granthoM meM saba se adhika prasiddha paramatthadIpanI hai| zeSa meM se kucha prApta bhI nahIM haiN| kucha aisI bhI hai jinake viSaya meM yaha nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki ye kisa dhammapAla kI hai, kyoMki isa nAma ke kaI bhikSa kaI zatAbdiyoM meM ho cuke hai| buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla kI uparyukta prAya: mabhI aTThakathAoM ke romana, baramI, siMhalI aura syAmo saMskaraNa milate hai| vizeSataH haivAvitaraNanidhi kI ora se prakAzita siMhalI saMskaraNa ullekhanIya hai / nAgarI lipi meM abhI koI saMskaraNa nahIM hue, anuvAdoM kI to koI vAta hI nahIM ! buddhaghoSa-yuga ke anya pAli aTakathAkAra buddhadana, buddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla ke alAvA isa yuga ke anyapAliaTThakathAkAroM 1. prastuta lekhaka ne apane therIgAthA-anuvAda jo sastA sAhitya maMDala, naI dillI, dvArA prakAzita huA hai, paramatyadIpanI ke AdhAra para bhikSuNiyoM kI jIvaniyoM ko grathita kiyA hai|

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( 532 ) meM inake nAma mukhya haiM - ( 1 ) Ananda ( 2 ) culla dhammapAla (3) upamena ( 4 ) mahAnAma (5) kAzyapa (kassapa ) ( 6 ) vajrabuddhi ( vajira buddhi ( 7 ) kSema ( khema ) (8) aniruddha (anuruddha ) ( 9) dharma zrI (dhammasiri) aura (10) mahAsvAmI ( mahAsAmi) / Ananda bhAratIya bhikSu the aura sambhavataH yaha buddhaghoSa ke mamakAlIna the / inhoMne buddhaghoSa kI abhidhamma sambandhI aTThakathAoM kI sahAyaka svarUpa 'mUla- TIkA' yA 'abhidhamma-mUla TIkA' likhI hai / yahI inakI eka mAtra prasiddha aura mahatvapUrNa racanA hai / culla dhammapAla inhIM Ananda ke ziSya the aura inhoMne 'sacca saMkhepa' (satya saMkSepa) likhA hai / upasena 'saddhammappajotikA' yA 'saddhamma TIkA' nAmaka niddesa kI TIkA ke lekhaka hai / mahAnAma ne paTisambhidAmagga kI aTThakathA 'saddhammappakAsinI' zIrSaka se likhI / kAzyapa ne mohavicchedanI aura vimaticchedanI nAmaka vivecanAtmaka granthoM kI racanA kI / vajra buddhi ne 'vajrabuddhi' nAma kI hI TIkA 'samantapAsAdikA' para likhI / kSema ne 'khemappakaraNa' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / aniruddha abhidhamma - sAhitya sambandhI prasiddha grantha 'abhidhammatthasaMgraha' ke racayitA haiM / aniruddha ne hI abhidhamma sambandhI do grantha aura likhe haiM (1) paramattha - vinicchaya aura ( 2 ) nAmarUpa - pariccheda / aniruddha ke granthoM para bAda meM eka bar3A sahAyaka sAhitya likhA gayA, jisakA vivaraNa hama Age TIkAoM ke yuga meM dekheMge / dharmazrI ne vinaya-sambandhI aTThakathA - mAhitya ko 'khuddaka sikkhA' (kSudraka zikSA) nAmaka grantha diyA aura mahAsvAmI ne isI viSaya sambandhI 'mUla sikkhA' (mUla zikSA) buddhadatta, buddha ghoSa aura dhammapAla ke bAda jisa aTThakathA-sAhitya kA Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai usameM aniruddha-kRta 'abhidhammatthasaMgraha' kA eka apanA sthAna haiM / pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa kI kisI bhI yojanA meM vaha eka svatantra pariccheda kA adhikArI hai| utanA avakAza to isa kRti ko yadyapi hama yahA~ nahIM de sakate, phira bhI anya kI apekSA isakA kucha adhika vistRta vivaraNa yahA~ apekSita hai / vaha bhI na kevala isakI svatantra sattA kI dRSTi se hI balki isaliye bhI ki isakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha yA vivecana karate samaya na kevala sampUrNa abhidhammapiTaka kI hI vijaya-vastu valki usakI aTThakathAoM kA bhI bahuta kucha sArAMza yahA~ svataH A jAtA hai /

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( 533 ) abhidhammatthasaMgraha ke siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta vizleSaNa 'abhivammattha saMgraha ' ' meM paramArtha rUpa se cAra padArthoM (dharmoM) kI sattA mAnI gaI haiM, yathA citta, cetasika, rUpa aura nirvANa | hetuoM se yukta citta ko 'sahetuka' aura uname viyukta citta ko 'a-hetuka' kahate haiM / hetu kA artha hai abhidhamma meM lobha, dveSa, moha yAa-rAga, a-dveSa aura amoha / ina mUla pravRttiyoM ko lekara hI manuSya kisI bhI kArya meM pravRtta hotA hai, ataH yahI 'hetu' kahalAte hai / sahetuka citta tIna prakAra ke hote haiM yathA, kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta / kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta se abhidhamma meM kyA tAtparya liyA jAtA hai, yaha hama abhidhamma-piTaka ke antargata dhammasaMgaNi ke vivecana meM dekha cuke haiM / avyAkRta sahetuka citta do prakAra kA hotA hai 'vipAka - citta' aura 'kriyA - citta' / vipAka aura kriyA (kiriyA ) cittoM me kyA tAtparya hai, yaha bhI hama vistAra pUrvaka dhammasaMgaNi ke vivecana meM dikhA cuke haiM / 'vipAka - citta ' avyAkRta isaliye hai ki pahale kiye hue karma kA phala hone ke kAraNa use na 'kuzala' hI kahA jA sakatA hai aura na 'aku - zala' hI / 'kriyA sahetuka citta' vaha citta hai jisameM 'a-lobha', 'adveSa', aura 'amoha' ye tIna hetu rahate to hU~ kintu tRSNA ke kSaya ke kAraNa inakA 'vipAka' nahIM bananA arthAt ye punarjanma ke liye kAraNa svarUpa nahIM banate / 'kriyA mahetuka citta' arhatu kA hI ho makatA hai / vaha cAhe a-lobha, adveSa, aura amoha ke kAraNa kucha kuzala karma bhale hI sampAdana kare, kintu anAsakta hone ke kAraNa usakA daha saba karma kevala 'kriyA' mAtra hI hotA hai / vaha Age ke liye vipAka paidA nahIM karatA / 1. abhidhammatthasaMha, mUla pAli tathA AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI-racita usakI pAli TIkA 'navanIta TIkA' ke sahita, deva nAgarI lipi meM mahAbodhi sabhA dvArA prakAzita, sAranAtha, 1941 / bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne abhidhamma philaoNsaphI, jilda pahalI meM abhidhammattha saMgaha kI viSaya-vastu kA atyanta vizadatApUrda ka vizleSaNa kiyA hai| sAtha meM romana lipi meM pAli-pATha bhI de diyA gayA hai / 2. tattha vutthAbhidhammatthA catudhA paramatthato / cittaM cetasikaM rUpaM nibbAnamiti sabbathA / abhidhammatthasaMgaho /

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( 534 ) citta ke sAtha utpanna aura niruddha hone vAle evaM eka hI viSaya (Alambana) aura indriya vAle citta ke karmoM ko 'abhidhammatthasaMgaha' meM 'cetasika' kahA gayA hai|' inakI saMkhyA 52 hai / cetasika dharmoM ko tIna mukhya bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai, yathA (1) 13 'anya samAna' (2) 14 'akuzala' aura (3) 25 'zobhana'2 / phira inakA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| jaba koI 'cetasika' yA cittakarma 'zobhana-citta' se yukta hotA hai, taba vaha 'azobhana' ve se anya hotA hai, aura jaba vaha 'azobhana' se yukta hotA hai, taba zobhana se anya hotA hai / isIliye use 'anya samAna' kahate hai / isa 'anya samAna' cetasika kA bhI dvividha vibhAjana hai, yathA (1) sAdhAraNa cetasika (2) prakIrNa cetasika / sAdhAraNa cetasika dharma ve haiM jo sabhI citnoM meM sAdhAraNa rUpa se rahate haiM aura ye saMkhyA meM sAta hai (1) mparza (2) vedanA (3) saMjJA (4) cetanA (5) ekAgratA (6) jIvitendriya aura (7) manasikAra / prakIrNa cetasika dharma ve hai jo kevala jaba kabhI hone vAle hai| ye saMkhyA meM chaha haiM yathA (1) vitarka (2) vicAra (3) adhimokSa, (4) vIrya (5) prIti aura (6) chanda (icchA) 4 | viSayoM ko sparza karanevAle cetasika-dharma ko mparza, viSayoM ke svAda bhogane vAle ko vedanA, vipayoM ke svabhAva ko grahaNa karane vAle ko saMjJA, viSayoM meM preraNA karane vAle ko cetanA, viSaya meM sthira rahane vAle ko ekAgratA, prApta viSayoM kI mana meM rakSA karanevAle ko 'manasikAra' kahate hai| isI prakAra viSaya-cintana karanevAle cetasika ko vitarka, usa para bAra bAra socane vAle ko vicAra, viSayoM meM praveza kara nizcaya karane vAle - - - - - - - - - - 1. ekuppAdanirodhA ca ekAlambanavatyukA / cetoyuttA dvipaJcAsA dhammA cetasikA mtaa| abhidhammattha-saMgaho, cetasika knnddo| 2. terasaJaAsamAnA ca cuddasA kusalA tathA / sobhanA paJcavIsAti dvipaJcAsa pvuccre| abhidhammatthasaMgaho, cetasika knnddo| 3. phasso vedanA sajhA cetanA ekaggatA jIvitindriyaM manasikAro ceti santi me cetasikA sabbacitta-sAdhAraNA naam| uparyukta ke samAna hii| 4. vitadako vicAro adhimokkho vIriyaM poti chando ceti chayime cetasikA pakiNNakA nAma / uparyukta ke samAna ho|

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( 535 ) ko adhimokSa, utsAha karane vAle ko vIrya, viSayoM meM Ananda lene vAle ko prIti aura unakI icchA karane vAle cetasika dharmoM ko 'chanda' kahate haiN| pUrvokta 14 akuzala cetasika isa prakAra haiM, moha, nirlajjatA (ahrI), a-pApabhayatA (anatrapA), auddhatya, lobha (mithyA-) dRSTi, mAna, dveSa, IrSyA, mAtsarya, pazcAttApa-kArI kRtya (kaukRtya), styAna (mana ko bhArI karanevAlA) mRddha (cetasikoM ko bhArI karanevAlA) aura vicikitsA (saMgaya) / zobhana-citta 25 haiM, yathA (1) zraddhA (2) smRti, (3) hrI, (4) apatrapA (pApa-karma meM bhaya honA) (5) alobha, (6) adveSa (7) madhyasthatA (8) kAyaprazrabdhi (kAyika zAnti) (9) citta-prazrabdhi (citta-zAnti) (10) kAyalaghutA (11) citta laghutA (12) kAya-mRdutA (13) citta-mRdutA (14) (14) kArya karmajJatA (15) citta-karmajJatA (16) kAya prAguNya (kAyA kA samartha bhAva) (17) citta prAguNya (cina kA samartha bhAva) (18) kAya RjutA (17) citta-RjutA (20) samyak vANI (21) samyak karmAnta, (22) samyak AjIva / (ina aMtima tIna arthAt samyak vANI, samyak karmAnta aura samyaka AjIva ko 'dhamma saMgaNi' meM 'tIna viratiyAM' kaha kara pukArA gayA hai / ) (23) karuNA (24) muditA aura (25) amoha (prjnyaa)| isa prakAra 52 cetasika dharmoM kI kuzala, akuzala aura avyAkRta karmamayI vyAkhyA abhidhammattha saMgaha meM kI gaI hai| kintu yaha saba to digdarzana mAtra hai aura bahuta kucha aspaSTa bhii| abhI to hamane kevala 'sahetuka citta' ke ina tIna prakAroM yathA 'kugala' 'akuzala' aura 'avyAkRta' cetasikoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha ko vyakta kiyA hai| kintu jisa gahanatA aura manovaijJAnika sUkSmatA evaM antadaSTi ke sAtha inakA vizleSaNa aura vyAkhyAna 'abhidhammatthasaMgaha' meM kiyA gayA hai usakI to yaha eka praticchAyA bhI nahIM hai| kahA~ citta ke cAra prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ,kAmAvacara, rUpAvacara, arUpAvacara aura lokottara ! kahAM phira inameM bhI kAmAvacara-citta ke 54 prakAra ! kahAM phira unakI bhI vyAkhyA aura usameM bhI yaha nirNaya ki inameM se 12 akuzala citta (jisameM se bhI 1. dekhiye pA~caveM adhyAya meM abhidhamma-piTaka ke antargata dhammasaMgaNi kA vivecn|

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( 536 ) 8 lobha-mUlaka, 2 dveSa-mUlaka- aura 2 moha-mUlaka), 18 ahetuka - citta ( jinameM bhI phira akuzala-vipAka, ATha kuzala- vipAka aura 3 ahetuka - citta) aura 24 sahetuka citta (jinake bhI phira vedanAvijJAna aura saMskAra ke bheda se vargIkaraNa) / itanA hI nahIM, inhIM kAmAvacara bhUmi meM hone vAle cittoM meM phira 23 vipAka citta, 20 kugala aura akuzala evaM 11 11 kriyA-cittoM kA vibhAjana ! Upara nirdiSTa dvitIya bhUmi ke citta arthAt rUpAvacara citta ke phira 15 prakAra, jisameM 5 kugala-citta, 5 vipAka - citta aura pA~ca kriyA-citta / isake bAda tRtIya bhUmi ke citta arthAt arUpAvacara - citta ke bAraha vibhAgoM kA nirUpaNa, jiname cAra-kuzala-citta, cAra vipAka-cina aura cAra kriyA-citta / anta meM caturtha bhUmi ke cina arthAt lokottara citta ke isI prakAra 8 bheda, jinameM cAra kucala citta aura cAra vipAka citta / isa prakAra kula 54 kAmAvacara, 15 rUpAvacara.12 arUpAcAra aura lokottara cittoM arthAt kula 89 prakAra ke cinoM kI paribhASAe~, vyAkhyAe~, aura 'karma' ke svarUpa ke sAtha unake saMbaMdha kA nirNaya yaha sava 'abhidhammantha saMgraha' kI saMkhyAoM meM bharane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / citta aura cetasika dharmo ke isa nirUpaNa meM kitanI sUkSmatA, kitanI vizleSaNapriyatA 'abhivammatthasaMgraha' ne abhidhamma kA anugamana kara dikhAI hai, ise dekhakara sAdhAraNa vidyArthI kA sAhasa chUTa jAtA hai / phira bhI 'abhidhammatthasaMgraha' ke mahatva kA yaha kucha kama var3A sAkSya nahI hai ki abhidhammapiTaka para buddhIpa jaise AcArya kI aTThakathAe~ rahate hue bhI bauddha vidyAlayoM meM abhidhamma kA adhyayana prAya: isI grantha ke dvArA hotA AyA hai aura vizeSataH baramA meM to isake cAroM ora eka sahAyaka sAhitya kI aTUTa paramparA hI 15 vIM zatAbdI se banatI calI A rahI hai jisakA varNana hama 1100 I0 se vartamAna samaya taka ke pAli ke vyAkhyAparaka sAhitya kA vivaraNa dete samaya abhI AThaveM adhyAya meM kareMge / buddhaghoSa yuga meM aTThakathAoM aura vyAkhyAparaka sAhitya ke atirikta vaMga-saMbaMdhI kaI grantha bhI likhe gaye, aura isI prakAra kAvya aura vyAkaraNasaMbaMdhI paryApta racanAeM bhI huii| inakA vivaraNa hama apanI yojanA ke anusAra kramazaH naveM aura dasaveM adhyAyoM meM kareMge / 1

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AThavA~ adhyAya buddhaghoSa-yuga kI paramparA athavA TIkAoM kA yuga (1100 I0 se vartamAna samaya taka) vipaya-praveza laMkAdhirAja parAkramabAhu prathama (1153-1186 I0) kA gAsana-kAla pAli-sAhitya ke uttarakAlIna vikAsa ke itihAsa meM bar3A gauravamaya mAnA jAtA hai / isI samaya se pAli aTThakathAoM ke Upara TIkAe~ likhane kI vaha mahatvapUrNa paramparA cala par3I jo ThIka unnIsavIM aura bIsavIM zatAbdI taka apratihata rUpa se calatI rhii| na kevala TIkAoM ke rUpa meM hI balki, kAvya, vyAkaraNa, koga, chandaH gAstra evaM 'vaMza' (itihAsa) saMbaMdhI sAhitya bho ina gatAbdiyoM meM prabhata mAtrA meM likhA gyaa| isa sava sAhityika pragati ke kSetra pradhAnataH laMkA aura vagmA hI rhe| bArahavI zatAbdI se lekara caudahavI dazatAbdI taka sAhitya-sRjana ke kSetra meM laMkA kA pramukha sthAna rahA / pandrahavIM gatAbdI ne lekara unnIsavI zatAbdI taka baramI pAli-sAhitya kA yuga kahA jA sakatA hai| TIkAoM taka hI apane ko sImita rakhakara isa vizAla sAhityaracanA kA vivecana hama ima adhyAya meM kareMge / siMhalI bhikSu sAriputta aura unake ziSyoM kI TIkAe~ pagakrama bAhu prathama ke zAsana-kAla meM laMkA meM eka bauddha sabhA (saMgIti) vulavAI gii| isa sabhA kA uddezya aTThakathAoM para mAgadhI (pAli) bhASA meM TIkAeM likhavAnA thA / isa sabhA ke saMyojaka prasiddha siMhalI sthavira mahAkassapa the| isa sabhA ke prayatnoM ke pariNAma svarUpa buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM para pAli-bhASA meM TIkAe~ likhI gaI, jinakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai

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( 538 ) 1. sArattha dIpanI--samantapAsAdikA (vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 2. paThama-sAratthamaMjUsA--sumaMgala vilAsinI (dIgha-nikAya kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 3. dutiya-mAratthamaMjUsA--papaJcamUdanI (majjhima-nikAya kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 4. tatiya-sAratthamaMjUmA--sAratthappakAsinI (maMyuna-nikAya kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 5. catuttha-mAratthamaMjUmA--manoratha pUraNI (aMguttara-nikAya kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 6. paThama-paramatthappakAminI--aTThasAlinI (dhammasaMgaNi kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 7. dutiya-paramatthappakAsinI--sammohavinodanI (vibhaMga kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA 8. tatiya paramatthappakAsinI--paJcappakaraNaTThakathA (dhAtukathA, puggalapaJatti, kathAvatthu, yamaka aura paTThAna kI aTThakathA) kI TIkA uparyukta TIkAoM meM se kevala 'mArattha dIpanI' Aja upalabdha hai| yaha tatkAlIna siMhalI bhikSu sAriputa kI racanA hai / isa racanA ke atirikta ina sthavira kI tIna kRtiyAM aura prasiddha hai| (1) lInattha pakAsanI--buddhaghopa-kRta majjhima-nikAya kI aTThakathA kI TIkA (2) vinaya saMgaha--vinaya-saMbaMdhI niyamoM kA saMgraha / isa racanA kA dUmaga nAma 'pAlimutnaka vinayasaMgaha' (pAlimuktaka vinayasaMgraha) yA 'mahAvinaya saMgahappakaraNa' (mahAvinayasaMgraha prakaraNa) bhI hai / (3) sArattha maJjUsA-- vuddhaghoSakRta aMgunnara-nikAya kI aTThakathA kI TIkA / sthavira mAriputta ke ziSyoM ne bhI isa TIkA-racanA-kArya meM bar3A yoga diyaa| unake gipyoM meM ye pradhAna the- (1) maMgharakkhita, (2) buddhanAga, (3) vAcissara (4) sumaMgala, (5) maddhammajotipAla yA chapada (6) dhammakitti, (7) buddharakkhina aura (8) medhaMkara / sthavira saMgharakkhita kI ekamAtra racanA 'khaTTaka mikkhA.

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( 539 ) -TIkA' haiM jo dhammasiri (dharmazrI) racita 'khuddaka - sikkhA' kI TIkA hai / mthavira maMgharakkhita se pahale mahAyAsa ne bhI 'khudaka - sikkhA' para 'khuddaka sikkhA - TIkA' nAma se hI eka TIkA likhI thI / ina donoM meM bheda karane ke lie sthavira saMgha - raktakRta TIkA ko 'abhinava - khuddaka sikkha TIkA' aura mahAyAsa kRta TIkAko 'porANa- khuddaka - sikkhA TIkA' bhI kahA jAtA hai / ye donoMTIkAe~ hastalikhita pratiyoM ke rUpa meM Aja bhI siMhala meM surakSita haiM / sthavira buddhanAga kI racanA 'vinayattha maMjUsA' hai, jo kaMkhA vitaraNI ( pAtimokkha para buddhaghoSa kRta aTThakathA ) kI TIkA hai / yaha TIkA bhI siMhala meM hastalikhita prati ke rUpa meM surakSita hai / prasiddha siMhalI bhikSu vAcissara ( vAgIzvara ) aneka granthoM ke racayitA the / 'gandhavaMsa' meM unake 18 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| prasiddha vedAntI AcArya vAcaspati mizra aura ina sthavira ( vAcissara ) ke nAma yA upanAma meM samAnatA hone ke sAtha sAtha donoM kI vidvattA bhI prAyaH samAna rUpa se gaharI aura vistRta hai / sthavira vAcissara kI pradhAna racanAe~ ye hai - ( 1 ) mUlasikkhA TIkA-yaha TIkA mahAsvAmI ( mahAsAmI ) kRta 'mUla - sikkhA' kI TIkA hai / vAcissara se pahale vimalasAra ne bhI isI ( mUlasikkhA TIkA) nAma kI eka TIkA "mUla - sikkhA' para likhI thI / ataH vimalasAra kRta TIkA 'mUla sikkhA-porANa TIkA' kahalAtI hai aura vAcissara - kRta TIkA' ' mUla - sikkhA - abhinava TIkA' (2) sImAlaMkAra saMgaha ( vinaya - saMbaMdhI grantha, jisameM vihAra kI sImA kA nirNaya kiyA gayA hai| jahAM taka ke bhikSu vizeSa saMskAroM meM sammilita hone ke lie kisI eka vihAra meM ekatrita hoM, vaha usa vihAra kI sImA kahalAtI hai) (3) khemappakaraNaTIkA--yaha TIkA bhikSu khema ( kSema ) kRta 'khemappakaraNa' kI TIkA hai / ( 4 ) nAmarUpa pariccheda TIkA - yaha aniruddha (pAli anuruddha ) kRta 'nAma 'rUpa pariccheda' kI TIkA hai / (5) saccasaMkhepa TIkA - yaha sthavira Ananda ke ziSya cUla dhammapAla- kRta 'sacca saMkhepa' kI TIkA hai / ( 6 ) abhidhammAvatAraTIkA - yaha racanA buddhadatta - kRta 'abhidhammAvatAra' kI TIkA hai / (7) 'spArUpa 1 1. isa viSaya para pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM baramI bhikSu saMgha meM eka bar3A vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| dekhiye Age dasaveM adhyAya meM kalyANI-abhilekha kA vivaraNa /

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( 540 ) vibhAga --- yahaabhivammasambandhI racanA hai / (8) vinayA, vinicchaya-TIkA -- yaha TIkA buddhadatta kRta 'vinaya vinicchaya' kI TIkA hai / (9) uttaravinicchayaTIkAyaha racanA buddhadatta-kRta 'uttara vinicchya' kI TIkA hai / (10) sumaMgalappasAdinIyaha racanA dhammasiri ( dharma zrI ) - kRta khuddaka - sikkhA' kI TIkA hai / ina racanAoM ke alAvA 'yoga vinicchaya', 'paccaya saMgaha' jaise aneka graMtha bhI vAci -- smara dvArA racita batAye jAte haiM / cUMki 'vAcissara' upAdhi dhArI aneka bhikSu siMhala ke ho gaye hai, ataH nizcayapUrvaka yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kauna sI racanAeM kima 'vAssira' kI hai| phira bhI Upara jina pradhAna dasa racanAoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai, ve siMhalo bhikSu sAriputa ke ziSya 'vAcissara' kI hI mAnI jAtI hai / sumaMgala-kRta tIna racanAeM haiM. (1) abhivammatthavibhAvanI, jo aniruddha-kRta abhivammantha-saMga kI TIkA hai (2) abhidhammattha vikAsinI, jo buddhadata abhivamAvatAra kI TIkA hai (3) saccasaMkhepa- TIkA haiM --jo cUla dhammapAla- kRta saccasaMkSepa kI TIkA hai / ye tInoM graMtha hasta likhita pratiyoM ke rUpa meM siMhala meM surakSita 'abhidhammatya vibhAvanI' kA mahAbodhi presa kolambo se san 1933 meM siMhalI akSaroM meM prakAzana bhI ho cukA hai / saddhamma jotipAla yA chapada kA nAma sAripunake gipyoM meM vizeSataH prasiddha haiM / ye baramA-nivAsI bhakSu the jinhoMne bauddha dharma ko gijArtha siMhala meM pravAsa kiyA thA / sAriputake ziSyatva meM ve vahA~ 1170 me 1180 I0 taka rahe / unako ye racanAeM adhika prasiddha haiM, ( 1 ) vinaya samuTThAna dIpanI ( vinaya sambandhI TIkA- grantha ( 2 ) pAtimokkha visodhanI ( 3 ) vinaya gutya dIpanI vinaya piTakake kaThina zabdoMkI vyAkhyA ( 4 ) sImAlaGkAra saMgaTIkA, jo vAcimmara-kRta sImAlaMkAra saMgaha kI TokA hai / isa prakAra cAra racanAeM chapadakI vinaya sambandhI hu~ / abhidhamma sAhitya ko bhI inhoMne pA~ca TIkA-grantha pradAna kiye haiM, ( 1 ) mAtikattha dIpanI ( 2 ) paThAna - gaNanAnaya ( 3 ) nAmacAra dIpa (4) abhivammatthasaMgraha saMkhepa TIkA, jo aniruddha-kRta abhivammattha saMgaha kI TIkA hai aura (5) gandhamAra, jisameM tipiTaka ke granthoM kA sAra hai / dhammakitti kI racanA 'dAhAvaMsa' hai jisakA vivecana hama vaMza-sAhitya kA vivaraNa dete samaya kareMge / isI prakAra vAcimmara ( uparyukta sAriputta ke ziSya hI ) ke thUpavaMsa hai. jinakA vivecana bhI hama vahI kareMge / buddharakkhita aura methaMkara kI racanAeM T

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( 541 ) kramazaH 'jinAlaMkAra' aura 'jinacarita' haiM, jo kAvya-graMtha haiM / inakA vivaraNa hama pAli-kAvya kA vivecana karate samaya dasaveM adhyAya meM deMge / sAripuna aura `unake ziSyoM kA yaha uparyukta sAhitya parAkramabAhu prathama ke zAsana kAla meM likhAgayA, ataH isakA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttara bhAga hI hai / isI samaya 'vaMsatthadIpanI' nAmakI 'mahAvaMsa' kI TIkA bhI likhI gaI / kintu usake racayitA kA nAma abhI ajJAta hI hai / terahavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya terahavIM zatAbdI ke pAli-sAhitya ke prasiddha nAma vaideha sthavira 'videha thera' buddha aura dhammakitti haiM / vaideha therakI do prasiddha racanAe~ 'samanta kUTa vaNNanA' 'aura 'rasavAhinI' haiM / 2 buddhappiya kI racanA 'pajjamadhu' hai / yaha eka kAvya-grantha hai / isakA vivecana hama dasaveM adhyAya meM kareMge / isa zatAbdI kI sambhavataH sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA 'mahAvaMsa' kA 'cUlavaMsa' ke nAmase parivarddhana hai / 'mahAma' kA isa prakAra prathama parivarddhana terahavIM zatAbdI meM aura dUsarA parivarddhana 18 vIM zatA 'bdI ke madhyabhAga meM kiyA gyaa| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM isa parivarddhana ko karane vAle 'dhammakitti' nAmaka bhikSu the / siMhala aura baramA meM isa nAma ke aneka zatAbdiyoM meM adhika bhikSu hue haiM ki yaha dhammakitti unameM se kauna se the, isakA samyak rUpa se nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / sambhavataH yaha vahI sthavira dhammakitti the, jinhoMne mahAvaMza 84512 ke anusAra baramA se laMkA meM jAkara bauddha dharma kA adhyayana kiyA thA isaprakAra jinakA kAla terahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya bhAga hai / isI samaya 'attanagalu vihAravaMsa' nAmaka vaMza graMtha bhI likhA gayA, jisake lekhaka kA nAma abhI ajJAta hI hai / terahavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima yA caudahavIM zatAbdI ke Adi bhAga ke 'pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa meM siddhattha aura dhammakitti mahAsAmI ( dharmakIrti mahAsvAmI) ina do bhijuoM ke nAma prasiddha haiM / siddhattha 'pajjamadhu' ke racayitA buddhappiya ke ziSya the / inakI racanA 'sArasaMgaha' hai jo gadya-padya mizrita buddha-dharma-sambandhI grantha hai | dhammakitti mahAsvAmIkI racanAkA nAma ' saddhammasaMgaha' hai / isameM cAlIsa adhyAya 1. 2. inake vivaraNa ke lie dekhiyeAge dasaveM adhyAya meM pAli- kAvya kA vivaraNa / 1 I

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( 542 ) haiN| yahA~ lekhaka ne buddha-kAla se lekara terahavIM zatAbdI taka bhikSu-saMgha ke itihAsa kA varNana kiyA hai| koI navIna sUcanA na dene para bhI lekhaka ne jitane vistRta sAhitya kA upayoga kiyA hai, vaha usa samaya taka ke pAli-sAhitya kI pragati kI dRSTi me usake itihAsa meM eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / caudahavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya ima zatAbdI kI pA~ca racanAe~ haiM. jisameM cAra kAvya graMtha haiM ,aura eka vaMzagrantha / inakA vizeSa vivaraNato hama kramazaH dasaveM aura naveM adhyAyoM meM kareMge, kintu yahA~ nAmollekha karanA Avazyaka hai| cAra kAvya-grantha haiM (1) mihala-pravAsI varmI bhikSu medhakara-kRna lokappadIpasAra yA lokadIpasAra (2) paMcagatidIpana, jimake lekhaka kA patA nahIM (3) saddhammopAyana, jisake bhI lekhaka kA ThIka patA nahIM, aura (4) telakaTAhagAthA, jisake bhI lekhaka kA nAma anAta hai / vaMza-grantha, bhikSu mahAmaMgala-kRta 'buddhaghosuppati' hai, jisameM buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / varamI pAli-sAhitya-pandrahavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya ___ jaimA pahale dikhAyA jA cukA hai, pandrahavIM zatAbdI se baramA pAli-sAhitya ke adhyayana aura grantha-racanA kA pradhAna kendra ho gyaa| jisa viSaya kI ora baramI bauddha bhikSuoM kI vizeSa dRSTi gaI vaha thA abhidhamma / vAstava meM yaha unake adhyayana aura grantha-racanA kA eka mAtra mukhya viSaya hI bana gyaa| phalata: eka laMbI paramparA hama isa sAhitya saMbaMdhI racanA kI vahA~ dekhate hai / pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke baramI pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa ke prasiddha nAma hai ariyavaMma, saddhammasiri (saddharma zrI) sIlavaMsa aura raTThasAra / ariyavaMsa kI racanAe~ ye hai (1) maNisAramazaMsA---sumaMgala-kRta abhidhammatthavibhAvanI kI TIkA (2) maNidIpa--buddhaghoSakRta asAlinI kI TIkA (3) jAtakavisodhana--jAtaka-saMbaMdhI racanA / saddhammasiri ariyavaMsa ke hI samakAlika the / inakI ekamAtra prasiddha racanA 'nettibhAvanI' hai jo nettipakaraNa kI TokA hai / sIlavaMsa kA kAla ariyavaMsa aura saddhamasiri se kucha bAda kA kA hai kintu hai pandrahavIM zatAbdI hI / inakI prasiddha racanA 'buddhAlaMkAra' hai

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( 543 ) jo nidAna-kathA kI sumedha-kathA kA kAvyamaya rUpAntara hai / raTThasAra ne kucha jAtakoM ke kAvyamaya rUpAntara kiye haiN| pandrahavIM zatAbdI kI hI eka racanA 'kAvyaviratigAthA' hai, kintu usake lekhaka ke nAma Adi kA abhI patA nahIM calA hai / solahavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya solahavIM zatAbdI ke pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM saddhammAlaMkAra aura mahAnAma, ina do bhikSuoM ke nAma adhika prasiddha hai / saddhammAlaMkAra kI racanA 'paTThAna-dIpanI' hai, jo paTThAnappakaraNa kI TIkA hai / mahAnAma ne 'madhusAratthadIpanI' likhI, jo buddhaghoSa ke samakAlika bhikSu Ananda dvArA likhita 'abhidhammamUlaTIkA' yA saMkSepataH 'mUla-TIkA' kI anuTIkA hai / ' satrahavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya tipiTakAlaMkAra, tilokaguru, sAradassI aura mahAkassapa, ye cAra bhikSu satrahavIM zatAbdI ke pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa ke prakAza-stambha haiM / tipiTakAlaMkAra (tripiTakAlaMkAra) kI ye tIna racanAe~ haiM (1) vIsativaNNanAasAlinI ke AraMbha kI 20 gAthAoM kI TIkA (2) yasavaDa Dhanavatthu (3) vinayAlaMkAra--sAriputta-krata 'vinaya-saMgaha' kI TIkA / tilokaguru kI cAra racanAe~ prasiddha haiM, jinameM donoM dhAtu-kathA kI hI TIkA aura anuTIkA svarUpa hai, yathA (1) dhAtukathATIkA-vaNNanA (2) dhAtukathA-anuTIkA--vaNNanA / zeSa do racanAe~ haiM (1) yamakavaNNanA (2) paTThAna-vaNNanA / sAradassI kI racanA 'dhAtukathA-yojanA' hai jo dhAtu kathA kI TIkA hai| mahAkassapa kI prasiddha racanA 'abhidhammattha gaNThipada' hai jo abhidhamma ke kaThina zabdoM kI vyAkhyA hai / aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya isa zatAbdI ke ekamAtra prasiddha lekhaka jJANAbhivaMsa (jJAnAbhivaMza)) haiM jo baramA ke saMgharAja the| inakI tIna racanAe~ adhika prasiddha haiM (1) peTakAlaMkAra--nettipakaraNa kI TIkA (2) sAdhuvilAsinI-dIgha-nikAya kI AMzika

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( 544 ) vyAkhyA (3) rAjAdhirAja-bilAsinI-kAvya-grantha / inhIM jJAnAbhivaMga saMgharAja ne 'catusAmaNeravatthu' aura rAjavAdavatthu' nAmaka bhAva-mayI racanAe~ bhI likhI haiM / aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM hI 'mAlAlaMkAravatthu' nAmakI buddha-jIvano bhI likhI gaI, kintu usake lekhaka ke nAma ke viSaya meM hamArI koI jAnakArI nahIM hai| unnIsavIM zatAbdI kA pAli-sAhitya nalATadhAtuvaMsa, chakesadhAtuvaMsa, sandesakathA aura sImA-vivAda-vinicchaya unnIsavIM zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiM, jinake lekhakoM ke viSaya meM hameM kucha jJAta nahIM hai| isa zatAbdI kI do bar3I mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ 'gandhavaMsa' aura 'mAsanavaMsa' haiN| caMki ye donoM vaMza-grantha haiM, inakA vistRta vivaraNa hama naveM adhyAya meM isa sambandhI sAhitya kA vivecana karate samaya kareMge / unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM laMkA aura varamA meM pAli-sAtyi sambandhI anya aneka grantha bhI likhe gaye, jinake nAmaparigaNana mAtra se koI vizeSa uddezya siddha nahIM ho sktaa| hA~, prasiddha bagmI 'bhikSu ledi sadAva kI 'paramatthadIpanI' nAmaka abhidhammattha saMgaha kI TIkA aura unakA yamaka-sambandhI pAli nibandha jo unhoMne zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa kI kucha zaMkAoM ke nivAraNArtha likhA thA, avazya mahatvapUrNa racanAe~ haiM aura unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM apanA eka vizeSa sthAna rakhatI haiN| isI prakAra laMkA meM samarasekara zrI dhammaratana, vikrama siMha, sthavira nArada, aura yugirala pajJAnanda mahAthera Adine jo mahattvapUrNa kArya Aja taka kiyA hai, vaha bhI utanA hI mahattvapUrNa hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI kI kucha mahattvapUrNa TIkAe~ bIsavIM zatAbdI meM bhI pAli-bhASA meM TIkAoM kA likhA jAnA kucha Azcaryamaya avazya lagatA hai, kintu vaha eka tathya hai / vaha eka aisI paramparA kA sUcaka hai jo abhI vicchinna nahIM huI hai / bhArata meM pAli-adhyayana kI jo duravavasthA hai, 1. dekhiye dasaveM adhyAya meM pAli-kAvyagranthoM kA vivecn| 2. dekhiye pIche pAMcaveM adhyAya meM 'yamaka' kA vivrnn|

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( 545 ) vaha laMkA, baramA aura syAma jaise dezoM kI paristhiti kI bhI jahA~ bauddha dharma Aja eka jIvita dharma ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai, sUcaka nahIM hai / vahA~ pAli kA adhyayana Aja bhI usI utsAha ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai, jaisA unnIsavIM yA usakI pUrva kI zatAbdiyoM meM / phirabhI bhAratakI orase yaha AzvAsana hai ki vahA~ jJAnakI jyoti kSINa bhale hI ho gaI ho kintu bujhI phirabhI nahIM hai / AcArya dhammAnanda kosambI ke rUpa meM hama phira bhI kucha gaurava anubhava kara sakate haiN| unhoMne pAli sAhitya ko, jaisA hama pahale bhI kaha cuke haiM, do amUlya TIkA-grantha pradAna kiye haiM (1) visuddhimaggadIpikA, jo visuddhimagga para vidyArthiyoM ke upayoga ke liye likhI gaI uttama TIkA hai, aura (2) abhidhammatthasaMgaha kI 'navanIta-TIkA' / apane varSoM ke prayAsa ke pariNAma-svarUpa prApta jJAna yahA~ AcArya dhamAnanda kosambI ne abhidhamma ke jijJAsuoM ke liye atyanta sugama bhASA meM prastuta kiyA hai / abhidhamma kA adhyayana karane vAloM ke liye isase adhika acchA sahAyaka grantha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| isI ke prasAda-svarUpa bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne isa viSaya kA nirUpaNa apane aMgrejI grantha 'abhidhamma-philaoNsaphI' meM kiyA hai, kintu yaha isa viSaya se sambandhita nahIM hai| isa yuga kI anya racanAe~ ___ uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki pAli-svAdhyAya kI jo paramparA buddhaghoSa, buddhadatta aura dhammapAla ne pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM chor3I vaha avicchinna rUpa se bIsavIM zatAbdI taka calatI ArahI hai / yadyapi usameM maulikatA na ho, kintu vaha eka satata sAdhanA kI sUcaka to hai hii| yahA~ hamane bArahavIM zatAbdI se lekara bIsavIM zatAbdI taka ke TIkA-sAhitya kA hI pradhAnataH digdarzana kiyA hai / kahIM kahIM kAvya sambandhI granthoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai aura isI prakAra vaMza-sambandhI granthoM kI ora bhI saMketa mAtra kara diyA hai / unakA vivaraNa hameM kAla-krama aura vikAsa kI dRSTi se alaga denA iSTa hai / vyAkaraNa-sambandhI prabhUta sAhitya kA nirmANa inhIM zatAbdiyoMmeM arthAt 12vIM zatAbdIse lekara unnIsavIMyA bIsavIM zatAbdI taka laMkA aura baramA donoM dezoM meM kiyA gyaa| usakA hamane bilakula ullekha isa prakaraNa meM nahIM kiyA hai / usake vikAsa kI paramparA ko hama alaga se (dasaveM

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( 546 ) adhyAya meM ) leMge, kyoMki vaha kAphI vistRta hai aura alaga vivecana kI hI apekSA rakhatI hai / pAli meM inhIM zatAbdiyoM meM hI dharma-zAstra sambandhI granthoM kI racanA huI / terahavIM zatAbdI meM baramI bhikSu sAriputta ne 'dhammavilAsa - dhammasattha' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI jo vahA~ saMvidhAna sambandhI mAmaloM meM atyanta prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai / isI ke AdhAra para solahavIM zatAbdI meM 'manu-sAra' kI racanA huI, jisake AdhAra para aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM 'manu-vaNNanA' kI racanA huI / punaH isI ke AdhAra para unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM 'moha-vicchedanI' likhI gaI / pAli ke isa dharma-zAstra sambandhI vikAsa kA itihAsa pAli aura baramI bauddha dharma ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke liye mahattvapUrNa hone ke sAtha sAtha isa dRSTi se bhI bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai ki vaha vauddha sAmAjika aura sAhityika kSetra meM manusmRti ke prabhAva kA mAdhya detA hai, jisa para hI sampUrNa baramI dharma - zAstra sAhitya, jo aMgataH baramI bhASA aura aMzata: pAli meM nibaddha hai, AdhArita ha / kAvya, vyAkaraNa, vaMza aura dharmazAstra ke alAvA chandaH zAstra, kAvya-zAstra, koza Adi para ina zatAbdiyoM meM likhe gaye sAhitya kA bhI isa prakaraNa meM vivecana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / usakA saMkSepataH nidarzana hama Age ke prakaraNoM meM kareMge /

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navA~ adhyAya vaMza-sAhitya 'vaMza' zabda kA artha aura itihAsa se bheda 'baMza' sAhitya pAli sAhitya kI eka mukhya vizeSatA hai / yadyapi' vaMza' (pAli 'bama') nAma se koI grantha saMskRta bhASA yA anya kisI prAcIna Arya-bhASA ke sAhitya ke itihAsa meM nahIM milatA, kintu jise chAndogya-upaniSad meM 'itihAsa-purANa' kahA gayA hai, usakI tulanA viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se pAli 'vaMsa' granthoM se kI jA sakatI hai / 'itihAsa-purANa' yA ThIka kaheM to 'purANa-itihAsa' granthoM ke sarvottama udAharaNa saMskRta bhASA meM mahAbhArata aura aSTAdaza purANa jaise grantha hI hai| inake viSayoM meM dharma-vRtta aura kathAoM ke sAtha sAtha prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kA bhI saMniveza hai| inakA nizcita AdhAra aitihAsika hote hue bhI varNana-zailI prAyaH itanI atiraMjanAmayI aura nailika uddezyoM se (kahIM kahIM sAmpradAyika matavAdoM se bhI-jaisA ki uttarakAlIna purANoM meM)otaprota hotI hai ki unameM se nizcita itihAsa ko nikAlanA bar3A kaThina ho jAtA hai| pAjiTara Adi vidvAnoM ko unakA vAstavika aitihAsika mUlyAkaMna karane meM kitanA parizrama karanA par3A hai, yaha isI se jAnA jA sakatA hai / jo bAta saMskRta ke pugaNa-itihAsoM ke bAre meM ThIka hai, vahI bAta pAli ke 'vaMsa' granthoM ke sambandha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / kucha antara, kevala mAtrA kA yaha avazya hai ki pAli 'vaMsa'-kAroM ne bhAratIya 'purANa'-kAroM kI apekSA kucha adhika aitihAsika buddhi kA paricaya diyA hai / saMskRta meM kevala 'rAjataraMgiNI' ko chor3akara aura koI grantha unakI koTi kA nahIM hai / nizcaya hI unake varNanoM meM nizcita itihAsa kI sAmagrI saMskRna purANa-itihAsoM se to bahuta adhika mAtrA meM aura adhika spaSTa rUpa se milatI hai / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra itihAsa-purANa ke pA~ca lakSaNa

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( 548 ) kahe gaye haiM, sarga (sRSTi-kama-varNana) pratisarga (pralaya ke bAda punaH sRSTi-krama kA varNana), vaMza , manvantara aura vaMzAnucarita / inameM vaMza aura vaMzAnucarita hamAre prastuta viSaya kI dRSTi se bar3e mahattva ke haiM / rAjAoM kI vistRta vaMzAvaliyA~ viSNu, vAyu, matsya, bhAgavata Adi purANoM meM dI huI haiM / pAli kA vaMga-sAhitya bhI pradhAnataH rAjAoM kI vaMzAvaliyoM kA hI varNana karatA hai, yadyapi mahAbhArata aura purANoM kI taraha usameM bhI inake alAvA bahuta kucha hai / dharma-vRtta aura kathAe~ donoM ke hI mahattvapUrNa aMga haiM / itane sAmAnya kathana ke bAda aba hama pAli ke vaMzasAhitya kI vizeSatAoM meM praveza kara sakate haiN| pAli 'vaMza'-grantha pAli meM 'vaMza'-sAhitya kI paramparA buddhaghoSa-yuga ke pahale se hI calI AtI hai aura usakA avicchinna pravartana to ThIka unnIsavIM yA bIsavIM zatAbdI taka milatA hai / pAli ke mukhya vaMza-grantha ye haiM, (1) dIpavaMsa (2) mahAvaMsa (3) cUlavaMsa (4) buddhaghosuppatti (5) saddhammasaMgaha (6) mahAbodhivaMsa (7) thUpavaMsa (8) attanagaluvihAravaMsa (9) dAThAvaMsa (10) chakesadhAtuvaMsa (11) gandhavaMsa aura (12) sAsanavaMsa / inakA alaga alaga saMkSipta paricayAtmaka vivecana Avazyaka hogaa| dIpavaMsa' 'dIpavaMsa' pAli vaMza-sAhitya kI sarva-prathama racanA hai| yaha laMkA-dvIpa kA itihAsa hai| laMkA-dvIpa kI aitihAsika paramparA kA AdhAra evaM Adi srota yahI grantha hai / 'dIpavaMsa' prAgbuddhaghoSakAlIna racanA hai / isake lekhaka kA nAma abhI ajJAta hI hai / Arambhika kAla se lekara rAjA mahAsena ke zAsana-kAla (325-352 I0) taka kA laMkA kA itihAsa isa grantha meM varNita hai / buddhaghoSa ne isa grantha ko apanI aTThakathAoM meM kaI jagaha (vizeSataH kathAvatthupakaraNa kI 1. romana lipi meM olDanabarga dvArA sampAdita, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita, landana 1879 / hindI meM abhI taka isa grantha kA koI mUla saMskaraNa yA anuvAda nahIM niklaa| isa grantha ke baramI aura siMhalo saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN|

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( 549 ) aTThakathA meM) uddhRta kiyA hai / buddhaghoSa kA samaya cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai / ataH yaha nizcita hai ki 'dIpavaMsa' kA praNayana -kAla 352 I0 (mahAsena ke zAsanakAla kI antima sAla, jaba taka kA varNana 'dIpavaMsa' meM milatA hai) aura 450 I0 ke bIca hI honA cAhiye / 'dIpavaMsa' kI aitihAsika paramparA aura viSayavastu prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM ke aitihAsika aMzoM para AdhArita hai| ye siMhalI aTThakathAe~ atyanta prAcIna kAla meM siMhala meM likhI gaI thiiN| inakI bhASA siMhalI gadya thI, kintu bIca bIca meM kahIM kahIM pAli-gAthAe~ bhI inameM sammilita thIM / inhIM aTThakathAoM para buddhaghoSa kI pAli-aTThakathAe~ AdhArita haiM aura inhIM para 'dIpavaMsa' bhii| 'mahA-aTThakathA' 'mahApaccarI' 'kurundI' 'cullapaccarI' 'andhaTThakathA' Adi jina siMhalI aTThakathAoM se buddhaghoSa ne sAmagrI lI, unhIM para 'dIpavaMsa' bhI AdhArita hai / vizeSataH jise 'mahAvaMsa-TIkA' meM 'sIhalaTThakathA-mahAvaMsa' kahA gayA hai, usase bhI sambhavataH 'dIpavaMsa' meM adhika sahAyatA lI gaI hai / aneka srotoM se sahAyatA lene ke kAraNa aura unameM nirdiSTa paramparAoM ko unake maulika rUpa meM hI rakha dene kI pravRtti ke kAraNa , 'dIpavaMsa' meM aneka punaruktiyAM milatI haiN| vibhinna srotoM se sAmagrI saMkalita kI gaI hai, kintu uma saMkalana ko vyavasthita evaM ekAtmatAparaka rUpa pradAna nahIM kiyA gyaa| eka hI ghaTanA kA varNana eka jagaha saMkSipta rUpa se kara diyA gayA hai| dUsarI jagaha usI ghaTanA kA varNana vistata rUpa se de diyA gayA hai / yaha vibhinna srotoM se saMkalita sAmagrI ko vyavasthita rUpa na de sakane ke kAraNa hI hai / ataH sAhityika kalA kI dRSTi se yaha grantha utanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM ho paayaa| bhASA aura chanda donoM hI isa grantha ke nirdoSa nahIM haiM / jabaki aitihAsika sAmagrI isa grantha ne uparyukta siMhalI aTThakathA-mAhitya se lI hai, bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se yaha grantha tripiTaka para bhI AdhArita kahA jA sakatA hai / buddhavaMsa, cariyApiTaka, jAtaka, parivArapATha Adi granthoM kI zailI kI 'dIpavaMsa' kI bhASA-zailI se paryApta samAnatA hai / phira bhI, jaimA abhI nirdiSTa kiyA jA cukA hai, bhASA para lekhaka kA adhika adhikAra dikhAI nahIM pdd'taa| sAhityika dRSTi se 'dIpavaMsa' eka avyavasthita, punaruktimaya, bhASA aura zailI ke doSoM se paripUrNa evaM nIrasa gadya-padyAtmaka (vizeSataH padyAtmaka) racanA hai|

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( 550 ) . kintu sAhityika dRSTi se doSa-maya hote hue bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se 'dIpavaMsa' eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / phraiMka jaise kucha-eka vidvAnoM ne usakI sAhityika apUrNatAoM ke kAraNa yA unase adhika prabhAvita hokara hI use eka prAmANika aitihAsika grantha ke gaurava se bhI vaMcita rakhanA cAhA hai|' nizcaya hI yaha santulana ko kho denA hai| 'dIpavaMsa' ke aitihAsika rUpa se prAmANika granthoM hone meM sandeha kI guMjAyaza nahIM, yaha DA0 gAyagara kI isa sambandhI khojoM ne antima rUpa se nizcita kara diyA hai / 2 'dIpavaMsa' meM eka prAcIna aitihAsika paramparA milatI hai, jisako siMhala meM sadA Adara aura vizvAsa kI dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai / yaha imI se jAnA jA sakatA hai ki pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM siMhala ke gajA dhAtumena ne isa granthaM kA pATha rASTrIya gaurava ke sAtha eka vArSika utsava ke avasara para karavAyA thaa| siMhalI itihAsoM meM nizcaya hI isa grantha ko pahalA aura atyanta U~dA sthAna prApta hai / grantha kI viSaya-vastu, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, laMkA ke prArambhika itihAsa se lekara vahA~ ke rAjA mahAsena ke zAsana-kAla (325-352 I0) taka hai / sarvaprathama vuddha ke tIna bAra laMkA-gamana kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ buddha kI prAcIna vaMzAvalI kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai, aura unake vaMza ke Adi puruSa kA nAma mahAsammata batalAyA gayA hai| phira prathama do bauddha saMgItiyoM kA kA varNana hai / yahA~ vinaya-piTaka-cullavagga Adi ke varNanoM se koI vizeSa vibhinnatA nahIM hai / vahI magadharAja ajAtazatru ke tattvAvadhAna meM, mahAkAzyapa ke sabhApatitva meM, prathama saMgIti kA honA, evaM Ananda aura upAli ke dvArA kramaza: dhamma aura vinaya kA saMgAyana kiyA jAnA , yahA~ bhI prathama saMgIti ke vivaraNa meM diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra dvitIya saMgIti ke prasaMga meM vajjiputtaka 1. yathA smitha : iMDiyana eMTikverI, 32, 1903, pRSTha 365, phraiMka : jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1908, pRSTha 1 2. dekhiye vizeSataH unakA mahAvaMsa (aMgrejI anuvAda) pRSTha 12-20; gAyagara se pahale maiksamulara tathA DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa ne bhI siMhalI itihAsa granthoM kI pramANavattA ko pratipAdita kiyA thaa| dekhiye kramazaH sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 10 (1), pRSTha 13-25 (bhUmikA); buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 274

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bhikSuoM kA alaga hokara 'mahAsaMghikoM' ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAnA Adi varNita hai| azoka ke kAla taka, sthaviravAda sampradAya ko sammilita kara, buddhadharma 18 sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thA, yaha bhI 'dIpavaMsa' kA varNana anya isa sambandhI srotoM ke sAkSya se anumata hai, yaha saba hama dvitIya adhyAya meM bauddha saMgItiyoM ke vivaraNa meM dekha cuke haiM / prathama do saMgItiyoM kA varNana karane ke bAda dIpavaMsa' tIsarI saMgIti ke varNana para AtA hai| kintu yahA~ sambandha milAne ke liye vaha pahale laGkA-dvIpa ke usa samaya taka ke itihAsa ko aGkita karatA hai / laGkAdvIpa kI sthApanA eka bhAratIya upanivezake rUpa meM lALa-nareza siMhabAhu ke vidrohI putra vijaya ne kii| vaha apane pitA ke dvArA apane ucchRkhala vyavahAra ke kAraNa deza me bAhara nikAla diyA gayA thaa| apane kucha sAthiyoM ko lekara vijaya laGkA dvIpa aayaa| yAtrA ke prasaMga meM suppAraka , bhamkaccha Adi vandaragAhoM kA bhI varNana kara diyA gayA hai, jo granthakAra kI aitihAsika buddhi kA paryApta sAthya detA hai| kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA hai ki laGkA meM usa samaya yakSa, dAnava aura rAkSama rahate the, jo 'purANa-itihAsa' zailI kA eka acchA namUnA kahA jA sakatA hai| vijaya siMhala kA prathama abhiSikta rAjA huaa| usake bAda aneka rAjA hue| jima samaya bhArata meM azoka rAjA rAjya karatA thA, mihala meM vijaya kA vaMzadhara devAnaMpiya tissa nAmaka rAjA thA / azoka ne tRtIya saMgIti ke bAda apane putra aura putrI mahendra aura saMghamitrA ko buddha-dharma kA sandeza lekara laGkA meM bhejaa| ve apane sAtha bodhi-vRkSa kI zAkhA bhI le gaye / devAnaMpiya tisma ne unakA svAgata kiyA aura buddha-dharma ko svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra devAnaMpiyatissa ke zAsana kAla meM bauddha dharma sarva prathama laGkA meM praviSTa huaa| bodhivRkSa kI zAkhA, jise mahendra aura saMghamitrA apane sAtha le gaye the, bar3e sammAna ke sAtha ana rAdhapura meM lagAI gaI aura vahI 'mahAvihAra' nAmaka vihAra kI sthApanA kI gaI / devAnaMpiya tissa ke bAda laGkA ke Upara eka bar3I vipatti AI / dakSiNa 1. prAcIna lATa arthAt gujraat-prdesh| gAyagara ne ise baMga-pradeza mAnA hai, jo nizcaya hI galata hai| dekhiye mahAvaMza, pRSTha 6 (paricaya) (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda)

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( 552 ) bhArata se dravir3oM (damiLa) ne vahA~ jA kara usakI rASTrIya ekatA ko bhaMga karanA Arambha kara diyA aura bahuta sA bhAga apane adhikAra meM kara liyaa| dravir3oM ke dvArA nirantara taMga kiye jAne para bhI siMhala ke maitrI-bhAvanA-parAyaNa bauddha rAjAoM ne unase yaddha karane kI nahIM socii| jo bhAga dravir3oM ne apane adhikAra meM kara liyA thA usa pradeza kI siMhalI janatA unake atyAcAroM se duHkhI thii| anta meM unheM 'duTThagAmaNi' ke rUpa meM upayukta netA milA / duTThagAmaNi kA vAstavika nAma 'gAmaNi thaa| vaha tatkAlIna bauddha laGkAdhipati kAkavaNNa tisma kA putra thaa| bar3A uddhana aura vIra svabhAva kA thaa| solaha varSa kI avasthA meM hI usane dravir3oM se lar3ane ke liye apane pitA se AjJA mAMgI / ahiMsaka bauddha pitA ne nara-hiMsAmaya yuddha kI AjJA nahIM dii| gAmaNi usI samaya se vidrohI ho gyaa| pitA ke Adeza ko na mAnane ke kAraNa usake nAma ke sAtha isI kAraNa 'duSTa' (8) zabda bhI lagane lgaa| bAda meM pitA ke marane ke bAda vaha zoSita siMhalI janatA kA svAbhAvika netA huaa| usane eka susaMgaThita senA taiyAra kara dravir3oM ko parAsta kiyA aura siMhala ko eka sUtra meM bA~dhA / duTThagAmaNi siMhala kA saba se bar3A zAsaka mAnA jAtA hai| usane bauddha dharma kI bhI bar3I sevA kii| nau maMjiloM kA 'loha prAsAda' nAmaka bihAra usane banavAyA / 'mahAthUpa' (mahAstUpa') tathA anya aneka stUpa aura vihAra bhI usane banavArya / duTThagAmaNi ke bAda usake vaMzadharoM meM kaI rAjAoM ke bAda prasiddha siMhalI rAjA vaTTagAmaNi huaa| usI ke samaya meM pAli tripiTaka ko lekhabaddha kiyA gyaa| ataH usakA zAsana-kAla (prathama zatAbdI IsavI pUrva) pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai| vaTThagAmaNi ke bAda aneka rAjAoM aura unakI vaMzAvaliyoM kA varNana karatA huA 'dIpavaMsa' laGkAdhipati mahAsena (325-352 I0) ke zAsana-kAla taka Akara samApta ho jAtA hai| 'dIpavasa' ke varNanoM kA vAstavika aitihAsika mahattvAGkana kyA hai, laGkA ke nizcita itihAsa ke rUpa meM vaha kahA~ taka mAnya hai, bhAratIya itihAsa kI parampagaoM se usake varNanoM kA kyA aura kahA~ taka sAmaJjasya yA virodha hai, pAli sAhitya aura bauddha dharma ke vikAsa ke itihAsa meM usake kyA mahatvapUrNa sAkSya haiM, ina saba samasyAoM kA vivecana hama yahA~ alaga se na kara 'dIpavaMsa' para hI Azrita

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( 553 ) aura sambhavataH usakI vyAkhyA-svarUpa likhita eka anya vaMza-grantha ke sAtha kareMge, jisakA nAma 'mahAvaMsa' (mahAvaMza) hai| mahAvaMsa' 'mahAvaMsa' bhI 'dIpavaMsa' ke samAna hI laGkA kA eka suvyavasthita itihAsaanya hai| usakI na kevala viSaya-vastu kintu krama bhI bilakula 'dIpavaMsa' ke samAna hI hai / sambhavataH 'dIpavaMsa' ke AdhAra para hI vaha likhA gayA hai / usake srota bilakula 'dIpavaMsa' ke samAna hI haiN| 'dIpavaMsa' aura anya prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathAoM ke alAvA 'sIhalaTThakathA-mahAvaMsa' nAmaka aTThakathA kA bhI usane adhika Azraya liyA hai, yaha hameM usakI TIkA jisakA nAma 'mahAvaMsa-TIkA' (bArahavIM zatAbdI) hai, se vidita hotA hai / 'mahAvaMsa' kI viSaya-vastu 'dIpavaMsa' ke samAna hote hue bhI usame adhika vistRta hai / eka bar3I bhArI vizeSatA yaha hai ki dIpavaMsa' kI mI avyavasthita bhASA yA nIrasa zailI yahA~ bilakula nahIM miltii| 'mahAvaMsa' sacce arthoM meM eka aitihAsika kAvya hai / use 'aitihAsika mahAkAvya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| usakI bhASA aura zailI meM vahI udAttatA hai, jise hama mahAkAvyoM kI zailI se sambandhita karate hai / devAnaMpiyatissa (247 I0 pU0 se 207 I0 pU0 taka) aura duTThagAmaNi (101 I0 pU0 se 77 I0 pU0 taka) ke vistRta , udAna varNana nizcaya hI mahAkAvyocita prabhAvazIlatA me otaprota hai / 'mahAvaMsa' apane maulika rUpa meM 37 veM pariccheda kI 50vIM gAthA para samApta ho jAtA hai| usake bAda hI 'mahAvaMso nihito'' (mahAvaMza samApta) isa prakAra ke zabda likhita the| kintu bAda meM isa grantha kA kaI zatAbdiyoM taka parivarddhana kiyA gyaa| 37veM pariccheda kI 50vIM gAthA me Age ke parivaddhita svarUpa 1. DAkTara gAyagara dvArA sampAdita, pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita, landana 1908 / isa grantha ke aneka siMhalo saMskaraNa ho cuke haiN| bambaI vizvavidyAlaya ne isa grantha kA devanAgarI-saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita kiyA hai| hindI meM bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ne isa grantha kA anuvAda kiyA hai| hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga dvArA 1942, meM prakAzita

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( 554 ) 3 kA nAma 'vUlavaMsa' haiM / isa parivaddhita saMskaraNa ke 38veM pariccheda kI unamaThavIM gAthA meM yaha prasiddha pATha AtA hai 'datvA sahassaM dIpetuM' dIpavaMsaM samAdisi' / isakA artha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai, "usane sone kI eka mahasra mudrAe~ dekara 'dIpavaMsa' para eka dIpikA likhavAne kI AjJA dI / " jisa rAjA ke viSaya meM aisA kahA gayA hai, vaha dhAtumena hai / isa dhAtumena kA kAla IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI kA antima yA chaThI zatAbdI kA Adi bhAga hai / jisa dIpikA kI ora uparyukta pATha meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai, use yahA~ 'mahAvaMsa' hI mAna liyA gayA hai / yaha mAnyatA pahale phlITa nAmaka vidvAn ne pracArita kI / ' gAyagara aura unake 'vAda vimalAcaraNa lAhA mahodaya ne bhI ise svIkAra kara liyA hai / varaninja avazya ise mAnane ko prastuta nahIM / yadi vAstava meM 'dIpavaMsa' para likhita upayukta 'dIpikA' se tAtparya 'mahAvaMsa' se hI ho to isase yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai ki 'mahAvaMsa' kI racanA kA kAla pA~cavIM zatAbdI kA antima yA chaThI zatAbdI kA prArambhika bhAga hI haiM / viMTaranitz2a ne uparyukta 'dIpikA' ko 'mahAvaMsa' na mAna kara bhI 'mahAvaMsa' kA racanA- kAla pAMcavIM zatAbdI kA antima bhAga hI mAnA hai| kucha bhI ho, 'mahAvaMsa' kA 'dIpavaMsa' para Azrita honA eka nizcita tathya hai / aneka padya donoM meM samAna hai / samAna upAdAnoM kA avalambana kara ke bhI 'mahAvaMsa' kAra ne apanI racanA ko apanI uccatara bhASA aura zailI me eka vizeSa gaurava de diyA hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / 'mahAvaMsa' ke racayitA kA nAma mahA sa- TIkA ke anusAra mahAnAma thA / sthavira mahAnAma dIghasanda senApani dvArA nirmita vihAra meM rahate the, " yaha bhI vahIM kahA gayA hai| isase adhika 'mahAvaMsa' ke racayitA aura unake kAla ke viSaya meM kucha jJAta nahIM / 1. jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI 1909, pRSTha 5, pada saMketa 1 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 36 3. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 522 evaM 536 4. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 212, pada saMketa 4 5. uddharaNa ke lie dekhiye mahAvaMza, pRSTha 2 (paricaya) ( bhadanta Ananda kausalyA yana kA anuvAda)

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( 555 ) dIpavaMsa aura mahAvaMsa kI tulanA _ 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' kA viSaya eka samAna hai, yaha pahale dikhAyA jA cukA hai / pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI pUrva se lekara cauthI zatAbdI IsavI taka ke laGkA ke itihAsa kA varNana donoM kA viSaya hai / kintu 'dIpavaMsa' kI apekSA 'mahAvaMsa' kI viSaya-vastu adhika vistRta, adhika vyavasthita aura adhika kAvyamaya hai / 'mahAvaMsa' ke Adi meM hI isa kavi-itihAsalekhaka ne kahA hai "purAne logoM ne bhI isa (mahAvaMza') kA varNana kiyA hai| usameM kahIM ati vistAra, kahIM ati saMkSepa aura punarukti kI adhikatA hai| una sampUrNa doSoM se mukta, samajhane aura 'mmaraNa rakhane meM sarala, sunane para prasannatA aura vairAgya ko dene vAle , paramparAgata, prasAda-janaka sthaloM para prasAda aura vairAgya-janaka sthaloM para vairAgya utpanna karane vAle, isa mahAvaMza ko suno|"1 mahAvaMsa-TIkA ne bhI isI kA anumodana karate hue svIkAra kiyA hai "AcArya (mahAnAma) ne purAnI sihala aTThakathA meM se ati vistAra tathA punarukti doSoM ko chor3a saralatA se samajha meM Ane yogya "mahAvaMsa' ko likhaa|"2 mahAvaMsa kA lekhaka nizcaya hI eka kavi-hRdaya kA vyakti thaa| usane jisa sthala ko sparza kiyA hai, pratyeka ko rasAtmakatA pradAna kI hai| isa 'mahAvaMsa' yA mahAn puruSoM (rAjAoM, AcAryo) ke vaMza-itihAsa likhane meM usakA mantavya unake udaya-vyaya ko dikhAkara pAThakoM ke hRdaya meM nirveda prApta karAnA bhI thA, yaha usane pratyeka pariccheda ke anta meM spaSTa kara diyA hai / 'mahAvaMsa' kA pratyeka pariccheda ina zabdoM ke sAtha samApta hotA hai "sujanoM ke prasAda aura vairAgya ke liye racita 'mahAvaMsa' kA ... pariccheda samApta / " 'dIpavaMsa' ke sAtha 'mahAvaMsa' ke vaNita viSayoM kI tulanA karanA ke liye yahA~ 'mahAvaMsa' kI viSaya-sUcI kA digdarzana mAtra karA denA Avazyaka hogaa| Upara dIpavaMsa ke 1. mahAvaMsa 1-2-4 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 2. "ayaM hi Acariyo ettha porANakamhi sIhalaTThakathA mahAvaMse ativitthAra punaruttadosabhAvaM pahAyataM sukhaggahaNAdipayojana sahitaM katvA kathesi / mahAvaMsa, pRSTha 1 (paricaya) meM uddhRt| 3. "mahantAtaM vaMso tanti parvaNi mahAvaMso", mhaavNs-ttiikaa|

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( 556 ) viSaya kA jo saMkSipta varNana kara diyA gayA hai, usakI pRSThabhUmi meM vaha spaSTa bhI ho jAyagA / 'mahAvaMsa' ke prathama pariccheda meM buddha ke tIna bAra laGkA meM Agamana kA varNana hai| vizeSa vistAra ke alAvA 'dIpavaMsa' ke varNana se isakI kucha bhI bhinnatA nahIM hai / dUsare pariccheda meM bhagavAn buddha ke pUrvatama kula-puruSa mahAsammata kA vaMza-varNana hai / yaha bhI 'dIpavaMsa' ke AdhAra para aura usake samAna hI hai| tIsare, cauthe aura pA~caveM paricchedoM meM, kramazaH prathama, dvitIya aura tRtIya dharma-saMgItiyoM kA varNana hai| ina varNanoM meM koI ullekhanIya vibhinnatA nahIM hai| cUMki inakA vistRta vivaraNa hama dUsare adhyAya meM de cuke haiM, ataH phira 'mahAvaMsa' ke AdhAra para usI varNana ko duharAnA upayukta na hogA / anya srotoM se jo kucha bhI anya vibhinnatAe~ yahA~ haiM, ve vahIM (dvitIya adhyAya meM) nirdiSTa kara dI gaI haiM / 'mahAvaMsa' ke chaThe pariccheda meM vijaya ke laGkA-Agamana kA tathA sAtava meM usake rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana hai, jo bhI 'dIpavaMsa' ke isa sambandhI varNana kA vistRta aura krama-baddha varNana hI hai / AThaveM, naveM aura dasaveM paricchedoM meM vijaya ke vaMzAnukrama kA varNana hai, jisameM aneka rAjAoM ke nAma aura zAsana-kAla Ate haiN| gyArahaveM adhyAya meM devAnaM piya tissa ke abhiSeka kA varNana AtA hai| isI samaya buddha-dharma kA praveza laGkA meM hotA hai / 'dIpavaMsa' kI apekSA 'mahAvaMsa' meM vistAra bahuta adhika hai aura usakI sUcanA bhI usakI apekSA bahuta adhika hai / 'mahAvaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra "devAnaM piya tissa aura dhammAsoka (dharmAzoka-azoka rAjA) donoM rAjA eka dUsare ko na dekhane para bhI cirakAla se mitra cale A rahe the|"1 devAnaM piya tisma ne apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya aneka nIlama, hIre, lAla, maNi Adi kI bheMTa azoka ke pAsa bhejii| 'mahAvaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra "rAjA (devAnaMpiya tissa) ne apane bhAnaje mahAriSTha pradhAna maMtrI, purohita,mantrI aura gaNaka, ina cAra vyaktiyoM ko dUta banA, bahumUlya ratnAdi. . . . . . dekara senA sahita vahA~ (pATali putra) bhejaa|"2 ina dUtoM ke mArga kA varNana bhI mahAvaMsa meM kiyA gayA hai "jamba kola (laGkA ke uttara meM sambalahuri nAmaka sthAna se nAva 1. mahAvaMsa 11319 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 2. mahAvaMsa 11 / 20-22 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda)

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( 557 ) para car3hakara mAta dina meM ve bandaragAha pahu~ce / vahA~ se phira eka saptAha meM pATaliputra phuNce| vahA~ jAkara rAjA ko bheMTa samarpita kI, jise dekha kara vaha prasanna huaa|"1 azoka rAjA ne anya prabhata bheMTa-sAmagrI ke sAtha saddharma kI yaha bheMTa bhI bhejI, "maiMne buddha dharma aura saMtra kI zaraNa grahaNa kI hai aura zAkya-putra ke zAsana meM upAsaka huA huuN| he narottama ! Apa bhI AnandapUrvakazraddhA kesAtha ina uttama ratnoM kI zaraNa grahaNa kreN|"2 tRtIya dharma-saMgIti ke bAda deza-videza meM buddha-dharma ke pracAra ke lie azoka ne jo kArya kiyA usakA varNana 'mahAvaMsa' ke eka alaga pariccheda meM hI kiyA gayA hai| bArahaveM pariccheda kA zIrSaka hai 'nAnA desh-prcaar|' isa nAnA deza-pracAra kI yojanA ke antargata hI Age cala kara terahaveM pariccheda meM mahendra ke laMkA-Agamana kA varNana hai / 'nAnA-deza-pracAra' ke varNana meM hama par3hate hai, "saMgIti samApta kara ke buddha-dharma ke prakAzaka sthavira maudgaliputra tisya (moggaliputta tissa) ne bhaviSya ko dekhate hue, pratyanta-dezoM (par3ausI dezoM) meM (dharma) zAsana kI sthApanA kA vicAra kara, kArtika mAsa meM sthavira majjhantika ko kAzmIra aura gandhAra ko bhejA aura mahAdeva sthavira ko mahiSamaMDala bhejaa| rakSita nAmaka sthavira ko vanavAsa (maisUra kA uttarI bhAga) kI ora bhejA aura yavana (grIka) dharmarakSita ko aparAnta (bambaI se sUrata taka kA pradeza) deza meM bhejaa| mahAdharmarakSita sthavira ko mahArASTra meM tathA mahArakSita sthavira ko yavana dezoM meM bhejaa| himAlaya-pradeza meM majjhima sthavira ko bhejA aura svarNabhUmi (baramA) meM soNa aura uttara nAmaka do sthaviroM ko bhejaa| apane ziSya mahA mahendra sthavira tathA iTThiya, uttiya, sambala aura bhaddasAla-----ina pA~ca sthaviroM ko yaha kara laMkA bhejA-tuma manojJa laMkA-dvIpa meM, manojJa buddha-dharma kI sthApanA kro|"3 ina saba bhikSaoM ke alaga alaga kArya kA varNana karane ke bAda mahendra ke 1. mahAvaMsa 11023-24 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA anuvAda) 2. mahAvaMsa 1134-35, mUla isa prakAra hai--ahaM buddhaM ca dhammaMca saMghaM ca saraNaM gato upAsakattaM vesi sAkyaputtassa sAsane tvapi mAni ratanAni uttamAni naruttama, cittaM pasAdayitvAna saddhAya saraNaM bhaja 3. mahAvaMsaM 12 // 1-8

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( 558 ) laMkA-gamana kA varNana bar3e camatkRta aura kAvya-maya DhaMga se 'mahAvaMsa'-kAgne kiyA hai "antima zayyA para soye hue loka-hitaiSI muni (buddha) ne laMkA ke hita ke liye jinake bAre meM bhaviSyavANI kI thI, vahI laMkA ke lie dUsare buddha, laMkAvAmI devatAoM dvArA pujita, mahendra, laMkA ke hitArtha vahA~ pdhaare|"1 caudahaveM adhyAya meM unake nagara-praveza kA varNana hai| rAjA devAnaMpiya tissa ko apanA paricaya dete hue sthavira mahendra unheM kahate haiM "mahArAja! hama dharmarAja (buddha) ke anuyAyI bhikSu hai| Apa para hI anugraha karane ke lie hama bhArata (jambudvIpa) se yahA~ (laMkA meM) Aye haiN|"3 pandrahaveM adhyAya se lekara bIsaveM adhyAya taka kramaza: mahAvihAra-nirmANa, caityaparvata-vihAra-pratigrahaNa, mahAbodhi-grahaNa, bodhiAgamana, evaM sthavira-parinirvANa Adi ke varNana hai, jo usa kAla taka laMkA ma bauddha dharma kI pragati ke caraNa-cinha haiN| ikkIsaveM adhyAya meM devAnaMpiya timma ke bAda aura duTTagAmaNi se pahale Ane vAle pAMca rAjAoM kA varNana hai| bAIsave pariccheda se lekara banIsaveM pariccheda taka arthAt pUre gyAraha paricchedoM meM duTThagAmaNi kA inihAma varNita hai, jaba ki 'dIpavaMsa' meM isa varNana ko kevala 13 gAthAe~ dI gaI haiN| duTThagAmaNi ne kisa prakAra sainika bala kA saMgraha kara dravir3oM kA niSkAsana kiyA, yaha hama pahale dekha cuke hai| yuddha meM vijaya prApta karane ke bAda usane bauddha dharma kI sevA bhI kI aura 'loha-prAsAda' 'mahA-prAsAda' nAmaka aneka vihAra aura stUpa bhI bnvaaye| isa vijetA rAjA ko isa prakAra buddha-dharma kA upAmaka dikhA kara use eka rASTrIya netA aura mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM 'mahAvaMsa' meM citrita kiyA gayA hai aura usake AdhAra para gyAraha paricchedoM meM eka mahAkAvya kI hI sRSTi kara dI gaI hai / bAIsaveM adhyAya se 32veM adhyAya taka kI viSaya-sUcI usake ina vibhinna kriyAkalApoM ko acchI prakAra dikhA sakatI hai| vaha isa prakAra hai (22) grAmaNI kumAra kA janma (23) yoddhAoM kI prApti (24) do bhAiyoM kA yuddha (25) duSTa grAmaNI kI vijaya (26) maricaTTi-vihArapUjA (27) loha-prAsAda-pUjA, (28) mahAstUpa kI sAdhana-prApti, (29) 1. mahAvaMsa 13321 2. mahAvaMsa 1418; mUla pAli-pATha isa prakAra hai-samaNA mayaM mahArAja dhamma rAjassa saavkaa| taveva anukammAya jambudIpA ighaagtaa|

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( 559 ) mahAstUpa kA Arambha (30) dhAtugarbha kI racanA, (31) dhAtu-nidhAna aura (32) tussitpur-gmn| dugAmaNi ke jIvana kA saba se bar3A kAma usakI vijayoM ke bAda usake dvArA 9 maMjiloM vAle loha-prAsAda tathA marIca baTTI aura mahAstupa Adi vihAroM aura stUpoM kA banavAnA thaa| loha-prAsAda ke pUrNa hone ke pahale hI use maraNAntaka roga utpanna huA aura use nizcaya ho gayA ki usakA anta kAla mamIpa hai| apane choTe bhAI tissa ko bulavA kara stUpa ke bace hue kAma ko samApta karavAne kA Adeza diyA, jise usane pUrA kiyaa| mRtyu se pUrva azakta hone para bhI isa zraddhAlu rAjA ne pAlakI meM baiTha kara isa caitya kI pradakSiNA kI aura dakSiNa-dvAra para A kara vuddha-vandanA kii| "phira bhikSu-saMgha se ghire hue rAjA ne dAI karavaTa leTe hue uttama mahAstUpa ko aura bAI karavaTa leTe hue uttama loha-prAmAda ko dekha kara cina prasanna kiyaa|"1 maraNa-zathyA para par3A huA rAjA apane pUrva ke yuddha ke mAthiyoM ko sambodhita kara kahane lagA, "pahale maine tuma dasa yoddhAoM ko sAtha le kara yuddha kiyA thA, aba mRtyu ke sAtha akele hI yuddha Arambha kara diyaa| isa mRtyu rUpI zatra ko mai parAjita nahIM kara skaa|"2 zarIra chor3ane se pahale duTThagAmaNi ne apane choTe bhAI tissa ko Adeza diyA "he tissa ! asamApta mahAstUpa kA zeSa saba kRtya AdarapUrvaka samApta krvaanaa| svayaM prAtaHkAla usa para puSpa cddh'aanaa| prati dina tIna bAra usakI pUjA karanA / buddha-zAsana ke satkArasambandhI jo kRtya maiMne nizcita kie hai, una sabhI kRtyoM ko he tAta ! tuma avicchinna rUpa se calAte rahanA / saMgha-sambandhI kArya meM he tAta ! kabhI pramAda (Alasya) na krnaa|" dharma-zravaNa karane ke bAda, ratha para khar3e hokara tIna bAra mahAstUpa kI pradakSiNA kara, stUpa aura saMgha ko praNAma kara, duTThagAmaNi tuSita-loka ko gyaa| isa prakAra duTThagAmaNi kI jIvana-gAthA ko yahA~ eka pUre rASTra ke AdargoM meM vyApta mahAkAvya-gata mahattA aura prabhAvazIlatA dI gaI hai, yaha usakI uparyukta zailI se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| duTThagAmaNi ke bAda 1. mahAvaMsa 32 // 2-3 2. mahAvaMsa 32 // 16-17 3. mahAvaMsa 32159-62

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( 560 ) usake uttarAdhikArI rAjAoM kI eka kramabaddha lambI kramazaH 'daza rAjA' 'ekAdaga 'rAjA' 'dvAdaza rAjA' 'trayodaza rAjA' isa prakAra kramazaH tetIsaveM, cauMtIsaveM, paiMtIsaveM aura chattIsaveM paricchedoM meM dI huI hai, jaba ki 'dIpavaMsa' meM isa sambandhI saMkSipta varNana hI upalabdha hai / saiMtIsaveM pariccheda kI pacAsavIM gAthA taka ( jahA~ taka hI maulika 'mahAvaMsa' kI viSaya-sImA hai ) rAjA mahAsena ke zAsana kAla kA varNana hai / isa prakAra 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' donoM eka hI jagaha se prArambha kara mahAsena ke zAsana kAla ( 325-352 I0 ) * taka A kara laMkA ke itihAsa ko samApta kara dete haiM / 'mahAvaMsa' se kama se kama Der3ha sau varSa pUrva kI racanA hone ke kAraNa 'dIpavaMsa' jaba ki apane srotoM arthAt siMhalI aTThakathAoM ke adhika samIpa hai, 'mahAvaMsa' ne use vistRta kAvyAtmaka -svarUpa pradAna kara usakI bhASA aura zailI meM bhI adhika pariSkAra aura vyavasthApana kara diyA hai / donoM ke dvArA varNita viSayoM ke vivaraNoM meM adbhuta samAnatA hone hue bhI kahIM kucha vaMzAvaliyoM ke kAlAnukramoM meM antara bhI hai, jisa para hama abhI AyeMge / 'mahAvaMsa' ko cAhe 'dIpavaMsa' kI arthakathA yA TIkA svIkAra kiyA jAya yA nahIM, usakI zailI apanI eka maulika vizeSatA rakhatI hai, yadyapi usakI viSayavastu antatogatvA 'dIpavaMsa' para hI AdhArita haiM / -kyA 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' itihAsa haiM ? 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' donoM hI itane atiraMjanAmaya aura alaukika varNanoM se bhare hue grantha haiM ki unheM zabdazaH to itihAsa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / pAlitripiTaka se hama jAnate haiM ki zAstA madhya-maMDala ko chor3akara zAyada hI kahIM gaye / kintu 'mahAvaMsa' meM tathA usase pUrva 'dIpavaMsa' meM bhI unakA tIna bAra laMkA-gamana dikhAyA gayA hai, jo kalpanA - prasUta hI ho sakatA hai| vijaya kA usI dina laMkA 'pahu~canA jisa dina bhagavAn kA parinirvANa huA, yaha bhI vAstavika ghaTanAzrita nahIM dIkhatA / nAnA camatkAra-maya varNana jo 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' meM bhare par3e haiM, unakI to koI iyattA hI nahIM / mahendra aura unake sAthI bhikSuoM kA AkAza se ur3a kara laMkA meM pahu~canA, loha -prAsAda aura mahA stUpa ke nirmANa ke - samaya aneka prakAra ke camatkAroM kA honA, Adi bAteM nizcita ghaTanAparaka

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( 561 ) aitihAsika zailI ko vyakta nahIM krtiiN| yadi ina saba bAtoM ko ucita avakAza dekara 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' kI mUla viSaya-vastu kA parIkSaNa kiyA jAya to vahA~ se hama nizcaya hI bahuta kucha nizcita itihAsa kA nirmANa kara sakate haiN| na kevala laMkA ke dhArmika aura rAjanaitika itihAsa meM hI balki bhAratIya itihAsa kI aneka samasyAoM ke sulajhAne meM bhI, vizeSataH usake kAla-krama kI samasyA ke sulajhAne meM, isa prakAra ke adhyayana se kAphI sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| cAhe 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' ke anya vivaraNa kitane hI adhika atiraMjanAmaya hoM, kAlAnukrama ke sambandha meM unakA prAmANya aura mahattva nirvivAda hai| unakI imI vizeSatA kI ora lakSya karate hue pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa ne kahA hai ki sihala ke itihAsa-granthoM kI kAlAnukramaNikA iMgalaiNDa aura phrAMsa ke una sarvottama granthoM kI kAlAnukramaNikAoM se bhI, jo una dezoM meM bahuta zatAbdiyoM bAda taka likhe gaye, kisI bhI prakAra kama mahattva vAlI nhiiNhaiN|' yadhapi vijaya se lekara devAnaMpiya tissa taka kI kAlAnukramaNikA ke viSaya meM to utanA nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kintu devAnaMpiya tissa aura hara hAlata meM dugAmaNi se lekara mahAsena taka kI kAlAnukramaNikA to prAmANika hI mAnI jA sakatI hai| 'mahAvaMsa' meM dI huI isa pUrI kAlAnukramaNikA ko hama yahA~ vistAra-bhaya se uddhRta nahIM kara skte| yahA~ kevala itanA hI kahanA apekSita hai ki cUMki buddha-parinirvANa se kAla-gaNanA kara yahA~ vibhinna rAjAoM ke zAsana-kAla kI gaNanA kI gaI hai, ataH usase na kevala buddha ke parinirvANa apitu anya aneka bhAratIya aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ke tithi-vinizcaya meM bhI paryApta sahAyatA milI hai| isa viSaya kA adhika vivecana karanA to yahA~ pure prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI eka atyanta vivAda-grasta samasyA meM hI praveza karanA hogA, jo hamAre prastuta prayojana ko dekhate hue aprAsaMgika 1. buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 274 2. 'mahAvaMsa' ke AdhAra para vijaya se lekara mahAsena taka ke laMkA ke 61 rAjAoM ko tathA bimbisAra se lekara azoka taka ke 13 bhAratIya rAjAoM kI kAlAnukramaNikAoM ke uddharaNa ke lie dekhiye mahAvaMza (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA hindI anuvAda), pRSTha 7-9 (bhUmikA)

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( 562 ) hogaa| kAla-krama ke alAvA bhAratIya itihAsa ke lie ina laMkA ke itihAsagranthoM kA aura bhI prabhuta mahattva hai| bhAratIya itihAsa kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA ve adbhuta rUpa se samarthana karate haiN| udAharaNata: azoka ke pahale ke rAjAoM yathA nandoM, candragupta (candaguna) aura bimbisAra ke varNana, vimbisAra aura ajAtazatra ke pArasparika sambandha aura buddha ke sAtha unakA samakAlika honA, bhagavAn buddha kA bimbimAra se Ayu meM pA~ca varSa bar3A honA, candragupta aura usake brAhmaNa mantrI cANakya (caNakka) ke vivaraNa, aura saba se adhika azoka kA vuddha-parinirvANa ke 218 varSa bAda abhiSikta honA, Adi tathya aise hai jo ina siMhalI itihAsa-granthoM ne bhAratIya itihAsa ke samarthana svarUpa diye haiN| 'mahAvaMsa' meM varNita tRtIya bauddha saMgati ke sabhApati moggaliputa tissa aura unake dvArA deza-videza bheje hue majjhima (himavanta-pradeza ke dharmopadezaka) Adi dharmopadezakoM kI bAta mahI hai, ise sA~cI stupa meM prApta dhAtu-DibbiyoM ke Upara utkIrNa lekhoM se samarthana prApta hotA hai| vahA~ prApta eka DidiyA para likhA huA hai "sapurisasa majjhimasa" (satpuruSa majjhima kA) aura eka dUsarI para likhA hai 'sapurisasa mogalipatasa' (satpurupa moggaliputta kA ) / sA~cI-stUpa kI eka pApANavepThanI para uruvelA se laMkA ko vodhi-vRkSa kI TahanI le jAye jAne kA citra aMkita hai| usase bhI 'mahAvaMsa' meM varNita mahendra dvArA dharna-pracAra ke kArya ko aitihAmika samarthana prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra purAtattva sambandhI khojoM tathA cInI yAtriyoM ke varNanoM se azoka tathA devAnaMpiya tissa kA samakAlika honA bhI pramANita hotA hai| tIna bauddha saMgItiyoM kA vivaraNa bhI jo 'mahAvaMsa' aura 'dIpavaMsa' meM diyA haA hai, tattvataH aitihAsika AdhAra para ho Azrita hai / ataH ina itihAsa-granyoM ke varmana aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI samAzramaNIya haiM, / vizeSataH uttarakAlIna itihAsa ke sambandha meM to inakA sAkSya adhika spaSTa aura prAmANika hai hii| 'mahAvana kA vizeSa mahattva to laMkA ke dhArmika itihAsa ke rUpa me hI hai| sarva-prathama to upAli se lekara mahendra taka ke vinaya-dharoM kI jo kAlAnukrama-pUrvaka paramparA yahA~ dI huI hai, vaha laMkA aura bhArata donoM dezoM meM buddha-dharma ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha paramparA isa prakAra hai. (1) upAli , (2) dAsaka, (3) soNaka, (4) siggava, (5) moggaliputa tathA (6) mhind| sarvAstivAdiyoM ke matAnusAra

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eka dUsarI paramparA hai, jo unake sampradAya ke anusAra prAmANika mAnI jAtI hai| cuMki bhinna bhinna sampradAyoM ne apane apane sampradAyoM ke anusAra ina paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH unameM kama yA adhika prAmANika hone kA savAla hI nahIM utthtaa| ve mava apanI apanI dRSTi se prAmANika hai aura Adima srota to hara hAlata meM buddha aura unake prAthamika ziSya hai hii| siMhala ke stupa, vihAra aura caityoM ke to bar3e hI vistRta vivaraNa 'mahAvaMsa' meM upalabdha haiN| mahAvihAra, abhayagiri vihAra, thUpArAma, mahAmeghavaNNArAma, lohapAmAda Adi vihAroM ke varNana laMkA meM bauddha dharma ke vikAsa para bar3A acchA prakAza DAlate haiM aura purAtattva ke vidyArthI ke lie adhyayana ke acche viSaya hai| isI prakAra dhArmika utsavoM ke bhI kare citramaya varNana upalabdha hai| saba se bar3I bAta to bhArata aura sihala ke zatAbdiyoM taka ke pArasparika AdAna-pradAna kA ina granthoM meM bar3A sundara citraNa hai| tatkAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa aura bhUgola mAno ina granthoM meM punarujjIvita ho uThatA hai| rAjagRha, kauzAmbI, vaizAlI, ujjayinI, puSpapUra, nAlandA Adi bhAratIya sAMskRtika kendroM kI smRti 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' meM kitanI harI-bharI hai, yaha unheM par3hate hI dekha banatA hai| kapilavastu, kuzAvatI, kuzInArA, giridraja, jetavana, madhurA (mathurA), uruvelA, kAzI, RSipatana (itipatana), pATaliputra, vArANasI Adi buddha-smRti se aMkita bhAratIya nagaroM, tathA isI prakAra aMga, magadha, campA, malla, veLavana, indraprastha, bharukaccha, suppAraka, takSazilA, sAgala (syAlakoTa), avantI, madra, prayAga (payAga) Adi sthAnoM tathA utane hI adhika laMkA-dvIpa ke sAMskRtika kendroM aura sthAnoM se, jo ina granthoM meM varNita hai, tatkAlIna bhugola kA hI nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa meM bhI ina granthoM kA sAkSya tripiTaka kI prAcInatA sambandhI usa paramparA kA samarthana karatA hai jisake darzana hama pahale azoka ke abhilekhoM aura 'milinda paha' meM karate haiN| ina donoM granthoM meM hI tInoM piTakoM, pA~coM nikAoM aura unake vibhinna granthoM ke nAma le lekara, unake vargoM, pajJAsakoM, saMyuttoM aura vargoM ke pUre byaure de dekara 1. jisake uddharaNa ke lie dekhiye rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : abhidharmakoza pRSTha 8 (bhUmikA)

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uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa rUpa se pramANita hotA hai ki pAli tripiTaka : inake praNayana-kAla meM usI nAma aura vargIkaraNa meM vidyamAna thA, jisameM vaha Aja hai| cUlavaMsa' jaisA pahale kahI jA cukA hai, 'mahAvaMsa' 37veM pariccheda kI 50 vIM gAthA para samApta ho jAtA hai aura vaha laMkA ke itihAsa kA mahAsena ke zAsana-kAla (325-352 I0) taka varNana karatA hai| usake bAda kA laMkA kA kramabaddha itihAsa bhI isI grantha ke parivaddhita aMza ke rUpa meM bAda meM usake sAtha hI jor3a diyA gyaa| yaha jur3A huA aMza aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha taka athavA yadi usake Adhunikatama rUpa ko bhI usI ke sAtha saMyukta mAneM to ThIka 1935 I0 taka laMkA ke itihAsa kA krama-baddha nirUpaNa karatA hai| 'mahAvaMsa' ke 37 veM pariccheda kI 50 vIM gAthA ke bAda kA yaha parivaddhita aMza 'cUlavaMsa' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| 'cUlavaMsa' san 352 I0 (mahAsena ke zAsana-kAla kI antima sAla) se lekara ThIka Adhunika kAla taka (usake Adhunikatama vikasita rUpa ko sammilita kara) laMkA ke itihAsa kA varNana karatA hai| yaha racanA pA~ca bhinna bhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA bhinna bhinna kAloM meM huI hai, jisakA kramAnusAra vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-- (1) siMhala pravAsI sthavira dhammakitti (dharmakIti) nAmaka baramI bhikSu ne, jo prasiddha siMhalI rAjA parAkramabAhu dvitIya ke samakAlika the, terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM sarvaprathama mahAnAma dvArA 37 veM pariccheda kI 50 vIM gAthA para chor3e hue 'mahAvaMsa' kA parivarddhana kiyaa| saitIsaveM adhyAya meM 198 gAthAe~ jor3a kara use 'sAta rAjA' zIrSaka diyA aura phira 79 pariccheda taka grantha-racanA kii| rAjA mahAsena ke putra sirimeghavaNNa (zrI meghavarNa) se inhoMne apane viSaya kA prArambha kiyA aura use parAkramabAhu prathama (1240-1275) ke zAsana-kAla taka chodd'aa| isa bIca meM unhoMne 78 rAjAoM kA kAlAnukrama-pUrvaka varNana kiyA, jo 1. romana lipi meM DA0 gAyagara dvArA sampAdita, pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita, 1935; isa grantha ke siMhalI aura baramI saMskaraNa bhI upalabdha haiN|

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( 565 ) nizcitatama itihAsa hI hai / akele parAkramabAhu prathama kA hI varNana isa bhAga meM 18 adhyAyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| parAkrama - bAhu ne dravir3oM ko harAyA thA aura bauddha dharma ke stUpoM, vihAroM Adi ke nirmANa ke dvArA bar3I sevA kI thI / mahAnAma ne jisa prakAra duTThagAmaNi ke varNana se eka aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI racanA kara DAlI hai, usI prakAra yahA~ parAkramabAhu ko eka mahAkAvyocita prabhAvazIla varNana kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai / (2) 'cUlavaMsa' kA dvitIya parivarddhana buddharakSita nAmaka bhikSu ne kiyA / inhoMne 80 veM pariccheda se lekara 90 veM pariccheda taka racanA kI / parAkramabAhu dvitIya se Arambha kara inhoMne apanA viSaya parAkramabAhu caturtha para chor3A | isa bhAga meM inhoMne 23 rAjAoM kA varNana kiyA / (3) 'cUlavaMsa' kA tRtIya parivarddhana sumaMgala sthavira ne kiyA / inhoMne 91 veM pariccheda se 100 pariccheda taka racanA kii| bhuvanekabAhu tRtIya ke kAla se le kara inhoMne apane viSaya ko kIrti zrI rAjasiMha ( kitti sirirAjasIha ) kI mRtyu ( 1785 I0 ) taka chodd'aa| isa bIca meM unhoMne 24 rAjAoM kA varNana kiyaa| isI aMza meM hameM IsAI dharma pracArakoM ke laMkA meM Ane kI sUcanA bhI milatI hai / (4) 'cUlavaMsa' kA cauthA parivarddhana sumaMgalAcArya tathA devarakSita ne kiyA / yaha parivarddhana kevala 101 veM pariccheda ke rUpa meM likhA gayA / isameM laMkA ke do antima rAjA siri rAjAdhirAja sIha ( zrI rAjAdhirAja siMha) aura siri vikkama rAja sIha (zrI vikramarAja siMha) kA varNana hai, aura laMkA ke aMgrejoM ke hAtha meM cale jAne kI bhI sUcanA hai / yaha aMga 1785 aura 1815 I0 ke bIca ke laMkA ke itihAsa kA varNana karatA hai / (5) san 1815 se 1935 I0 taka kA laMkA kA itihAsa siMhalI bhikSu sthavira yugirala paJJAnanda nAyaka pAda- dvArA likhA gayA hai / yadi cAheM to ise bhI 'cUlavaMsa' kA hI parivarddhita svarUpa kaha sakate haiM, aura cAheM to alaga svataMtra grantha bhI mAna sakate haiM / prakAzita (1936) to yaha svataMtra grantha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai / siMhala kI Adhunika pAli-racanA kI pragati para isa grantha se paryApta prakAza par3atA hai /

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buddhaghosuppatti buddhaghosuppatti (buddhaghoSotpatti) buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI ke rUpa meM likhI gaI racanA hai| isake praNetA mahAmaMgala nAmaka siMhalI bhikSu the, jo 'gandhaTThi' nAmaka (upasargasambandhI) vyAkaraNa-grantha ke bhI racayitA the / inakA kAla caudahavIM zatAbdI hai| 'buddhaghosuppatti' meM alaukika vidhAna itanA adhika hai ki usakA vAstavika aitihAsika mahattvAMkana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vuddhaghopa kI bAlyAvasthA aura prAraMbhika zikSA tathA dharma-parivartana kA varNana karate samaya aisA mAlUma par3atA hai mAno 'milinda paha' ke nAgasena aura rohaNa tathA 'mahAvaMsa' (pariccheda 5) ke siggava tathA moggalaMpatta tissa sambandhI prakaraNo ke namnoM ko hI rUpAntara kara ke rakha diyA gayA hai| yadyapi lekhaka ne buddhaghoSa ke janma, bAlyAvasthA, prAmbhika zikSA, dharma-parivartana, grantha-racanA Adi sabhI kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai, kintu aitihAmika buddhi kA usane adhika paricaya nahIM diyA hai| buddhadatta-kRta 'vinaya-vinicchaya' ke anusAra buddhadana ne buddhaghopa-kRta vinaya aura abhivamma piTaka sambandhI aTThakathAoM ko hI kramaga: apane 'vinaya vinicchya' aura abhidhammAvanAra' ke rUpa meM saMkSipta rUpa diyA thaa| kintu 'buddhaghosuppatti' meM buddhadatta kA prathama laMkA-gamana dikhA kara buddhaghopa ko apanA apUrNa kAma pUrA karane kA Adeza dete dikhAyA gayA hai| nizcaya hI 'vinaya vinicchaya' kA hI pramANa yahA~ dRr3hatara mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra kI eka-do aitihAsika bhUleM 'buddhaghosappanti' ke racayitA ne aura bhI kI hai| vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki sthavira 1. jemsa gre dvArA romana lipi meM sampAdita, landana 1892 / 2. dekhiye mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 26, De joNysaa| keTelAga , pRSTha 23; dekhiye Age dasaveM adhyAya meM vyAkaraNa-sAhitya kA vivecana bhii| 3. dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA di lAipha eMDa varka oNba buddhaghoSa, pRSTha 44-47; dekhiye unhIM kA 'hisTrI Ava pAli liTarecara', jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 559; milAiye jemsa dvArA sammAdita evaM anuvAdita buddhaghoppati'ko bhUmikA bhii| 4. dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA : di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa, pRSTha 43-44 /

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( 567 ) mahAmaMgala ne kevala anuzruti ke AdhAra para caudahavI zatAbdI meM isa racanA ko grathita kiyA thA, ataH sAkSAt jIvana se prApta maulikatA yA saccAI unakI racanA meM nahIM A sakatI thI / 'mahAvaMsa' ke 37 veM pariccheda ke parivarddhita saMskaraNa meM siMhala - pravAsI varamI bhikSu dhammakitti ( 13 vIM zatAbdI) ne bhI yadyapi buddhadopa se zatAbdiyoM bAda apane varNana ko grathita kiyA thA kintu usakI prAmANikatA phira bhI 'buddhatromuppatti' se adhika hai / 'mahAvaMsa' ( yA ThIka kaheM to cUlavaMsa) ke isa prakaraNa kI tulanA meM buddhaghomuppatti kA varNana kama aitihAsika mUlya kAhI mAnanA par3egA / 'mahAvaMsa' ke uparyukta vivaraNa kA sAkSya svayaM buddhaghoSa aura vRdana Adi kI aTThakathAoM ke katipaya varNanoM se mila jAtA hai. jaba ki buddhaghosupani ke varNanoM se unakA kahIM kahIM virodha bhI hai, jaisA eka udAharaNa meM hama Upara dekha cuke haiM / ataH aitihAsika rUpa se vaha utanA vizvasanIya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jo tathya usake prAmANika bhI hai, ve bhI 'mahAvaMsa' ke varNana para hI AdhArita hai, yaha unakI zailI se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai / svayaM lekhaka ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakA varNana 'purvAcAryo' ( dubvAcariyA) para AdhArita hai| uttarakAlIna ga granthoM yathA gadhavaMsa, ' mAsana vaMma tathA saddhammasaMga meM bhI buddhaghoSa kI jIvanI ke sAtha sAtha isa grantha kA bhI ullekha huA hai (vizeSataH mAmanavaMsa meM ) / ye sabhI 'mahAvaMma' ke uparyukta parivarddhita aMga para itane AdhArita hai ki inameM koI naI bAta hI DhUMDhanA vyartha hai / 'buddhaghoguppani' kA dUsarA nAma 'mahAbuddhaghomamma nidAnavatthu ' ( mahAbuddhaghoSasya nidAnavastu) bhI hai / u saddhammasaMgaha 'maddhammasaMgaha' eka gadya-padya mizrita racanA hai, jisameM buddha-zAsana ke maMtraha ke sAtha sAtha prArambhika kAla se lekara 13 vI zatAbdI taka ke bhikSu saMgha ke itihAsa kA varNana hai| dIgha, majbhima, saMyukta, aMguttara aura khudaka nikAyoM kA nirdeza isa 1. jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1886 meM prakAzita saMskaraNa, pRSTha 66 2. pRSTha 30 (mebila boDa dvArA sampAdita, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1897 ) 3. jarnala oNpha pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1890 meM prakAzita saMskaraNa, pRSTha 55 4. saddhAnanda dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TaeNksTa sosAyaTI, 1890 meM sampAdita /

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( 568 ) grantha meM huA hai / abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai / tIna bauddha saMgItiyoM ke varNana meM koI naI bAta yahA~ nahIM kahI gaI hai| culla vagga (vinayapiTaka), vRddhaghoSa kI aTTha kathAoM aura dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa ke AdhAra para saMkalita sAmagrI kA upayoga kara ke hI ina varNanoM ko grathita kara liyA gayA hai| tRtIya saMgIti ke bAda dharma-pracAra kArya kA vistRta vivaraNa isa grantha meM bhI diyA gayA hai aura dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa tathA samantapAsAdikA ke samAna una bhikSaoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai jinheM dharma-pracAra ke lie deza-videza meM bhejA gayA thaa| isa prakAra 'saddhammasaMgaha' ka varNanAnusAra thera majjhantika kAzmIra aura gandhAra ko bheje gae, mahAdeva thera mahiSa maMDala ko bheje gaye, rakkhita thera vanavAsI-pradeza ko, yonaka (grIka) dhammarakkhita thera aparAntaka ko, mahAdhammarakkhita thera mahAgcha (mahArASTra) ko, mahArakkhita thera yonaka (yavanaka-grIsa) pradeza ko, majjhima thera himAlaya-pradeza ko, soNaka aura uttara suvaNNabhUmi (suvarNabhUmi-pegU -barI) ko, aura mahendra (mahinda) tathA itthiya, uttiya, sambala aura bhaddasAla bhikSu laMkA ko bheje gye| yaha varNana mahAvaMsa ke samAna hI hai / 'saddhammasaMgaha' meM kula 80 adhyAya haiN| naveM adhyAya meM aneka granthoM aura unake racayitAoM kA varNana hai| 'saddhammasaMgaha' dhammakitti mahAsAmI (dharmakIrti mahAsvAmI) nAmaka bhikSa kI racanA hai, jinakA kAla caudahavIM zatAbdI kA uttara bhAga hai| bAlAvatAravyAkaraNa ko gandhavaMsa meM vAcissara kI racanA batAyA gayA hai, kintu eka anya paramparA ke anusAra usake bhI racayitA saddhammamaMgaha ke racayitA dhammakitti mahAmAmI nAmaka sthadira hI hai| mahAbodhivaMsa' 'mahAbodhi vaMsa' yA 'bodhivaMsa' anurAdhapura meM Aropita bodhivRkSa kI kathA hai| yaha grantha gadya meM hai| lekhaka ne bodhi-vRkSa ke itihAsa ke rUpa meM buddha-dharma ke 1. romana lipi meM esa0 e0 sTrA~ga dvArA sampAdita, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita,landana 1891; isa grantha kA siMhalI saMskaraNa, isake lekhaka ke nAma ke bhikSu (upatissa) dvArA sampAdita kiyA gayA hai kiyA gayA hai kolambo 1891 /

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( 569 ) prAraMbhika itihAsa kA varNana kiyA hai, jo nidAna-kathA, dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa Adi prAcIna srotoM para AdhArita hai| buddha dIpaMkara se prArambha kara, jaisA vaMza-granthakAroM ne aksara kiyA hai, tIna bauddha saMgItiyoM kA vivaraNa mahendra kA laMkAgamana, mahAvihAra, cetiyagiri vihAra Adi kA pratigrahaNa, ina saba bAtoM kA vivaraNa isa grantha meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| 'mahAbodhi vaMsa' ke racayitA siMhalI bhikSu upatissa (upatiSya) the, jinakA samaya DA0 gAyagara ke matAnusAra gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya bhAga hai|' ema0 e0 sTrA~ga ne inakA samaya buddhakoSa ke samakAlika mAnA hai, jisakA prativAda DA0 gAyagara ne kiyA hai| varNana-zailI ko dekhate hue 'mahAbodhivaMsa' kI samAnatA uttarakAlIna vaMza-granthoM se hI adhika dikhAI par3atI hai, ataH gAyagara ke mata ko ThIka mAnanA adhika yukti-yukta jAna par3atA hai| thUpavaMsa' 'thUpavaMsa' siMhalI bhikSu sAriputta ke ziSya vAcismara kI racanA hai| ina vAcismara ke viSaya meM hama AThaveM adhyAya meM kAphI kaha Aye haiN| 'gandhavaMsa' meM isa grantha kA to ullekha hai5 kintu isake lekhaka kA koI nAma vahA~ nahIM diyA huA hai| yaha grantha gadya meM hai| nidAna-kathA, samanta pAsAdikA, mahAvaMsa tathA mahAvaMsa-TIkA Adi se yahA~ sAmagrI saMkalita kI gaI hai| 'thUpavaMsa' kI racanA 1. dIpavaMsa eMDa mahAvaMsa, pRSTha 79 (kumArasvAmI kA aMgrejI anuvAda) ; dekhiye __unakA pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTa 37 2. dekhiye unake dvArA sampAdita 'mahAbodhivaMsa' ko prstaavnaa| 3. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja pRSTha 37, pada-saMketa 1 / 4. isa grantha kA sampAdana DA0 lAhA ne kiyA hai jise pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI ne san 1935 meM prakAzita kiyA hai / siMhalI lipi meM yaha grantha dhammaratana dvArA sampAdita hai, kolambo 1896 / DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne isa grantha kA aMgrejI anuvAda bhI kiyA hai jo bibaliyothaikA iMDikA sIrIja (1945) meM prakAzita huA hai| 5. pRSTha 70

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( 570 ) 13 vI gatAbdI ke Adima bhAga meM huI thii| terahavIM zatAbdI meM hI ima grantha kA nihalI rUpAntara bhI kiyA gayA thaa|' jaisA usake nAma se spaSTa hai, 'thUpavaMsa' (stUpavaMza) bhagavAn buddha kI dhAtuoM para smAraka rUpa se nirmita 'stUpoM' kA itihAsa hai / 'mahAparinibvANa-mutta meM hI hamane dekhA hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke bAda unake zarIra ke avagipTa cinhoM para ATha bar3e stUpoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| 'mahAvaMsa' ke vivaraNa meM bhI hama dekha cuke haiM ki kisa prakAra laMkA ke gajA duTThagAmaNi ne mahA stUpa' Adi kaI vizAla stupoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| buddha-parinirvANa-kAla me lekara dRTTagAmaNi ke samaya taka nirmita stupoM kA kramavaddha itihAsa varNana karanA hI isa grantha kA viSaya hai| buddha-bhakti se prerita ho kara laMkA ke aneka rAjAoM ne vizAla vihAroM aura stUpoM kA nirmANa karAyA thA, ataH usake itihAsa meM unakA bhI eka vizeSa mahattva hai, isameM sandeha nhii| stupoM kA varNana karanA hI kevala eka mAtra viSaya thUpavaMsa' kA nahI hai| usane ise AdhAra mAna kara vauddha dharma ke pUre itihAsa kA hI varNana duTThagAmaNi ke samaya taka kara diyA hai| isa grantha ke tIna mukhya bhAga hai / pahale bhAga meM gautama buddha ke pUrvavartI 28 buddhoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bodhimatvoM kI caryA kA yaha varNana prasiddha dIpaMkara buddha ke mamaya me prArambha kiyA gayA hai, jaisA ki prAyaH anya saba vaMza-granthoM ne bhI kiyA hai| dUsare bhAga meM bhagavAn gautama buddha kI jIvanI hai / janma se lekara mahAparinirvANa taka bhagavAn buddha kI jIvanI yahA~ bar3I prabhAvazAlI zailI meM varNita kI gaI hai| tIsare bhAga meM, jime grantha ke gIrSaka' ko dekhate hue usakA pradhAna aMza hI kahA jA sakatA hai, bhagavAna buddha kI dhAtuoM para nirmita stUpoM kA aura unake uttarakAlIna itihAsa kA 1. kahIM kahIM isa siMhalI rUpAntara kI, pAli 'thUpavaMsa' se alpa vibhinnatA bhI h| udAharaNataH siMhalI 'thUpavaMsa' meM 'dhammacakka pavattana-sutta' ke upadeza kA vivaraNa hai jaba ki pAli 'thUpavaMsa' meM kevala 'dhammavakkapavatta-sutto' kaha kara usakA nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai| maulika rUpa se donoM samAna hai| dekhiye 'mahAbodhi' maI-jUna 1946, pRSTha 57-60 meM DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA kA 'thUpavaMsa' zIrSaka lekh|

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( 571 ) varNana kiyA gayA hai / jaisA abhI kahA jA cukA hai 'dhUpavaMsa' meM 'mahAvaMsa', 'samantayAsAdikA', 'nidAna - kathA' Adi kI apekSA navIna kucha nahIM hai / ' devAnaM piya tissa ke kAla se lekara dugAmaNi ke kAla taka kA varNana to prAyaH zabdAH 'mahAvaMsa' para hI AdhArita hai / lekhaka ne (stupoM ke cAroM ora ) vyavasthita kara use eka nayA rUpa avazya de diyA hai / usakI viSaya-vastu kA kucha saMkSipta vivaraNa yahA~ apekSita hogA / grantha ke AraMbha meM lekhaka ne batAyA hai ki pUrvavartI pAli varNanoM ko pUrNatA dene ke lie hI usane isa grantha kI racanA kI hai| usake bAda usane batAyA hai ki cAra prakAra ke vyakti stUpArha hai, yathA tathAgata, pratyeka buddha ( vyaktigata rUpa ne jJAnI, kintu lokoM ke upadeSTA nahIM) tathAgata ke ziSya, aura rAja- catradarnI / 'jisa caitya meM inameM se kisI ke zarIra ke avaziSTa cinha rakhe jAyeM vahI 'stupa' ( thUpa ) hai | isake bAda gautama buddha ke pUrvavartI vRddhoM kA vistRta varNana hai / unake sambandha meM jo stupa banAye gaye unakA bhI varNana hai / yaha saba itanA paurANika hai ki isakA varNana karanA yahA~ aprAsaMgika hogA / grantha ke dUsare bhAga se lekhaka ne buddha jIvanI kA varNana kiyA hai aura tIsare yA antima bhAga meM unake zarIra cinhoM ke Upara nirmita stUpoM kA / bhagavAn buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda unake zarIra kA dAha saMskAra- jisa prakAra kiyA gayA usakA yahA~ bilakula usI prakAra varNana hai jaisA mahAparinivvANa - sutta meM / ataH usakI yahA~ punarAvRti karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM / mahAparinivvANa suna ke mUla AdhAra para hI yahA~ batAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn kI dhAtuoM ko bA~Tane ke lie kuzInArA ke mallo, magadha ke ajAtazatru, vaizAlI ke licchaviyoM, kapilavastu ke zAkyoM, allakappa ke buliyoM, rAmagAma ke koliyoM, veLadIpaka ke eka brAhmaNa aura pAvA ke malloM Apasa meM jhagar3A hone hI vAlA thA ki droNa nAmaka brAhmaNa ke sAmayika zabda (zAstA zAntivAdI the, unake dhAtuoM para isa prakAra kA jhagar3A ucita nahI) ko mAnakara unhoMne unheM ATha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara liyA, jina para ATha mahAgoM kA nirmANa rAjagRha, vaizAlI, kapilavastu, allakappa, rAmagAma, veTadIpa, pAvA - aura kuzInArA, ina ATha sthAnoM meM kiyA gayA / rAmagAna ke stUpa meM nihita dhAtue~ hI bAda meM siMhala le jAI gaI / inakA itihAsa isa prakAra hai / sthavira

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( 572 ) mahAkAzyapa ke Adeza para magadharAja ajAtazatru ne vaizAlI, kapilavastu, allakrappa, veThadIpa, pAvA aura kuzInArA se buddha kI dhAtuoM ko ikaTThA karavAkara unheM rAjagRha kI dhAtuoM ke sAtha hI rAjagRha ke dakSiNa-pUrvI bhAga meM eka mahAstUpa meM sthApita kiyaa| dharmarAja azoka ke samaya meM inhIM dhAtuoM ke vibhakta aMzoM para 84 hajAra caityoM kA nirmANa haa| azoka kI rAjya-prApti, abhiSeka, dharma-parivartana Adi kA bhI ullekha yahA~, mahAvaMsa' ke varNana ke anusAra hI kiyA gayA hai| zrAmaNara nyagrodha se upadeza grahaNa kara samrATa azoka ne 84000 nagaroM meM 84000 dharma-skandhoM ko smRti meM 84000 vihAroM kA nirmANa karavAyA / rAjagRha meM ajAtazatru dvArA pUrva sthApita dhAtuoM ke vibhakta aMzoM para hI ina 84000 vihAroM kA nirmANa huA thA, yaha hama pahale kaha hI cuke haiM / tRtIya bauddha saMgIta ke bAda sthavira moggaliputta tissa dvArA deza-videza meM nAnA dharmopadezoM kA bhijavAnA janA dikhAyA gayA hai| bhikSuoM ke nAmoM kI sUcI tathA jinajina pradezoM meM ve bheje gaye the, 'mahAvaMsa' se kisI bhI prakAra bhinna nahIM hai| hama pahale dekha hI cuke haiM ki 'saddhammasaMgaha' aura mahAbodhivaMsa' jaise granthoM kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| 'dIpavaMsa' mahAvaMsa' 'samanta pAsIdikA' 'mahAvaMsa-TIkA' Adi meM kahI huI bAtoM ko hI yahA~ bAra vAra duharAyA gayA hai| sthavira moggaliputta tissa ke AdezAnusAra thera majjhantika kAzmIra aura gAndhAra ko, thera mahAdeva mahiMsaka maMDala ko, thera rakkhita banavAsI-pradeza ko, thera yonaka (grIka) dhammarakkhita aparAntaka ko, mahAdhammarakkhita mahArASTra ko, thera mahArakkhita yonaka loka ko, thera majhima himavanta pradeza ko, thera soNa aura uttara suvarNabhUmi ko aura thera mahinda (mahendra), ittiya, uttiya aura bhaddasAla tambapaNNidIpa (laGkAdvIpa) ko bheje gaye / dIpavaMsa' aura mahAvaMsa' ke samAna 'thUpavaMsa' me meM bhI isa dharma-pracAra kA zreya sthavira moggaliputta tissa ko hI diyA gayA hai aura isa prasaGga meM azoka ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai / isake viparIta azoka ne apane dUsare aura terahaveM zilAlekhoM meM apane dvArA kiye hue dharma-pracAra-kArya kA ullekha kiyA hai aura vahA~ sthavira mogaliputta tissa kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / sambhavataH bhikSasaMgha aura dhamma-rAjA donoM kI ora me hI svatantra rUpa se dharma pracAra kA kArya Arambha kiyA gayA thaa| isa samasyA kA vivecana hama 'mahAvaMsa' kA varNana karate samaya kara

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( 573 ) cuke haiN| kisa prakAra 'dIpavaMsa' 'mahAvaMsa' Adi ke dharma pracAra kArya kA vivaraNa, jisake AdhAra para hI ina uttarakAlIna-vaMza-granthoM ne apane varNana grathita kiye haiM, sA~cI aura bhArata ke stUpoM se samarthita prApta karatA hai, yahabhI hama vahA~ dikhA cuke haiM / azoka aura usake samakAlIna laGakAdhipati devAnaM piyatissa ke bIca pAra-sparika bheMToMke AdAna-pradAnakA varNana karane ke bAda 'dhUpavaMsa' meM mahendrAdi bhikSuoM meM dharma-pracAra kArya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / devAnaM piya tissa ke bauddha dharma svIkAra kara lene ke bAda usakI bhatIjI anulAdevI ko pravrajyA grahaNa karane kI icchA huI / isa vidhi ko sampanna karAne ke liye samrAT azoka kI pravrajita putrI saMghamitrA bhArata se bulAI gaI / vaha vodhivRkSa kI DAlI lekara vahA~ pahu~cI hai / anulA devI kI pravrajyA ke bAda devAnaM piya tissa sampUrNa laGkA dvIpa (tamba - paNa dIpa) meM eka eka yojana ke phAsale para stUpoM kA tA~tA phailA diyA / ina stUpoM meM rakhane ke lie tathAgata ke zarIra meM avaziSTa cinhoM ko usane zrAmara sumana ko bheja kara apane mitra deva priya rAjA azoka me ma~gAyA jise usane buddha dvArA prayukta bhikSA pAtra meM rakhakara apane kalyANamitra ke pAsa Adara pUrvaka bhejA thA / devAnaM piya tissa ke bAda damiloM dvArA laGkA ke satAye jAne kA varNana hai / yaha varNana 'mahAvaMsa' ke samAna hI hai laGakA ke itihAsoM-granthoM meM isakI nirantara punarAvRtti isakI satyatA kI sUcaka hai / rAjA duTThagAmaNi ina damiloM ko parAsta kara laGkA ko eka abhinna rAjanaitika aura sAMskRtika sUtra meM bA~dha diyA hai / 'laGaka - dIpaM ekachattamakAsi | laGakA dvIpa meM usane eka chatra rAjya kI sthApanA kI / jisa prakAra 'mahAvaMsa' ke chuTgAmaNi ko eka rASTrIya netAke rUpa meM citrita kiyA - gayA hai, vahI bAta yahA~ bhI pAI jAtI hai / damiloM aura unake netA elAra kI duTTha- gAmaNi ke hAtha parAjaya Adike aitihAsika varNanoMke lie isa grantha kA 'mahAvaMsa' Adi kI apekSA bhI atirikta mahattva hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / rAjA duTThagAmaNi ne 99 vihAra banavAye, jinameM marIcavaTTi, lohAprAsAda aura mahAstUpa bar3e nirmANa kArya the / kisa prakAra mahAstupa para chatra car3hane se pUrva hI usakI mRtyu ho gaI aura apane choTe bhAI ko use pUrA karane kA Adeza de kara, bhikSu saMgha ko vihAra ko samarpita kara tathA roga-zayyA para par3e hue hI stUpa kI tIna bAra pradakSiNA

Page #595
( 574 ) kara , buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI vandanA karate hue isa zraddhAlu rAjA ne tuSita-loka meM gamana kiyA,yaha hama 'mahAvaMsa' ke varNana meM dekha cuke haiN| usI ke samAna yaha yahA~ vaNita hai / mahAstUpa kA nirmANa duTThagAmaNi ne bar3e prayAsa aura ruci se karavAyA thaa| usake andara bhagavAna buddha ke jIvana sambandhI aneka citra yathA dharma-cakrapravatana mahAparinirvANa-prApti Adi dikhAye gaye the| mahAstupa meM rakhane ke liye buddha-zarIra ke avaziSTa cinha vahI the jinheM rAmagAma ke koliyoM ne apane yahA~ sthApita kiyA thA aura jo bAda meM laGkA meM lAye gaye the| duTThagAmaNi dvAga nirmita stUpoM ke varNana ke sAtha hI 'thUpavaMsa' kA varNana samApta ho jAtA hai / Upara ke vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki laGkA ke dhArmika itihAsa meM 'thUpavaMsa' kA bar3A mahatva hai / Aja khaMDaharoM ke rUpa meM bhagna yA Adhunika zaharoM ke nIce vilIna prabhuta pugatatva-sambandhI sAmagrI kA vaha paricaya detA hai| laGkaH kI buddhabhakti kA bhI vaha paricAyaka hai / bhArata aura la GkA ke madhura, dharma-niHthita sambandhoM kI bhI vaha yAda dilAtA hai| damiloM dvArA laGkA para kiye gaye AkramaNoM kI yAda dilA kara vaha isa pariccheda ko kucha duHkhAnuviddha bhI karatA hai, bhAratIya saMskRti ke a-gopaka tatva kI kaTu vyAkhyA bhI karatA hai| phira bhI manuSyoM ke lobha ne jime naSTa kiyA,kSata vikSata kiyA,dhamma ne use punarujjIvita kiyA,yaha AzvAsana bhI hameM yahA~ milatA hai / laGkA ke rAjA aura unakI janatA AdhyAtmika preraNA ke liye madA bhArata kI ora dekhate rahe / anulAdevI kI pratrajyA ke liye saMghamitrA bulAI gaI / bodhi-vRkSa kI DAla ropI gaI / taba se donoM deza eka ho gye| bhArata ke deza-kAla kA, usake gAMdhAra, kAzmIra aura mahiSa-maMDala kA, vanavAsI, aparAntaka, mahArASTra aura suvarNa bhUmi kA, usake vidizA,rAmagrAma, pAvA, rAjagRha, vaizAlI aura kapilavastu kA, laGkA ke isa grantha meM nirantara smaraNa yahI dikhAtA hai ki buddha kI smRti ke sAtha isa deza kI smRti ko bhI laGkAdAsiyoM ne apane itihAsa meM kabhI bhUlA nahIM hai / attanagaluvihAra vaMsa 'attanagala vihAra vaMsa' kA dUsarA nAma 'hatyavanagallavihAravaMsa

Page #596
siMhalI saMskaraNa meM vaha isI nAma se chapA hai| terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga kI yaha gadya-padya mizrita racanA hai / isameM 11 adhyAya hai aura isakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA isakI sarala, svAbhAvika varNana-zailI hai| prathama ATha paricchedoM meM laMkAdhipati sirisaMbodhi (zrIsaMbodhi) kA varNana hai / antima tIna paricchedoM meM una aneka vihAroM ke nirmANa kA varNana hai, jo uparyukta rAjA ke antima nivAsasthAna para banAye gaye the| 'attanagalla' yA 'attanagalu' nAmaka sthAna para nirmita vihAra inameM adhika prasiddha hone ke kAraNa, isI ke AdhAra para isa grantha kA nAma 'attanagaluvihAravaMsa' par3A hai / siMhalI bhikSu anomadassI ke anurodha para, jinheM parAkramabAhu dvitIya (1229-2246 I0) ne, mahAvaMsa 86-37 ke anusAra, yaha vihAra samarpita kiyA thA, yaha racanA likhI gaI thii| isake lekhaka ke nAma Adi kA kucha patA nahIM calatA / dAThavaMsara __'dAThAvaMsa' kI racanA terahavIM zatAbdI ke Adi bhAga meM siMhalI bhikSa sAripuna ke ziSya mahAsthavira dharmakIrti (dhammakitti mahAthera) ne kii| yaha bhikSu saMskRta, mAgadhI bhASA (pAli), tarkazAstra, vyAkaraNa, kAvya auraAgama Adi meM niSNAta the| inakA chandoM para agAdha adhikAra thA, yaha 'dAThAvaMsa' meM prayukta nAnA chandoM se vidita hotA hai| 'dAThA-vaMsa' buddha ke dA~ta-dhAtu kI kathA hai| isakA dUsarA nAma 'dantadhAtuvaMsa' bhI hai / 'dAThAvaMsa' kI viSaya-vastu bahuta kucha 'thUpavaMsa' ke samAna hI hai| usake samAna yahA~ yadyapi gautama buddha ke 1. gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, paSTha 44 2. romana lipi meM DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1884, meM sampAdita / devanAgarI lipi meM DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA dvArA sampAdita evaM aMgrejI meM anuvAdita, paMjAba saMskRta sIrIja 1925 / siMhalI lipi meM asamatissa dvArA sampAdita , kelaniya 1883 / 3. dekhiye jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886, pRSTha 62 /

Page #597
( 576 ) pUrvavartI buddhoM kA vistRta varNana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu anya varNana prAyaH samAna hI haiM / thUpavaMsa' meM kathA kA anta duTThagAmaNi para lAkara karadiyA gayA hai jaba ki 'dAThAvaMsa' meM vaha laMkAdhipati kittisiri medhavaNNa (kIrti zrI meghavarNa) taka calatI hai| buddha ke dA~ta ke itihAsa ke cAroM ora yahA~ bauddha dharma ke vikAsa ke itihAsa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jaise "thUpavaMsa' meM stUpoM kI kathA ke cAroM ora / kaliMga ke rAjakumAra dvArA laMkA meM yuddha ke dA~toM kA lAyA jAnA aura vahA~ kIrti zrI meghavarNa dvArA unakA Adara-pUrvaka grahaNa karanA tathA anurAdhapura meM laMkA ke rAjA, bhikSu saMgha aura upAsaka janatA ke dvArA usakI pUjA kiyA jAnA Adi tathyoM kA varNana isa grantha kI mukhya viSaya-vastu hai / chakesadhAtuvaMsa 'chakesadhAtuvaMsa' 19 vIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai / yaha kisI baramI bhikSu kI racanA hai, jisake nAma kA patA nahIM / isameM bhagavAna buddha ke cha: kegoM ke Upara banavAye hue stUpoM kA varNana hai| yaha eka gadya-padya mizrita racanA hai aura isakI zailI sarala hai / ganvaMsa 'gandhavaMsa' (grantha-vaMza) unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM baramA meM likhA gyaa| itanI uttarakAlIna racanA hote hue bhI isI koTi ke anya vaMza-granthoM ke samAna isakA alpa mahatva nahIM hai / pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa-lekhaka ke lie to yaha eka bar3A sahAyaka grantha hai / jaisA isake nAma se vidita hai, yaha pAlianyoM kA itihAsa hai| pAli granthakAroM aura unake granthoM kA vivaraNa denA hI isakA mukhya lakSya hai / pustakoM aura unake racayitAoM kI sUcI, racanA-sthAna aura racanA ke uddezya yahA~ diye gaye haiM / pahale tripiTaka kA vizlepaNa diyA gayA hai / phira granthakAroM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM 1. jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1885 meM minayepha dvArA sampAdita / 2. minayepha dvArA romana lipi meM jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886 meM smpaadit|

Page #598
( 577 ) vibhakta kiyA gayA hai jo kAlAnukrama-paraka bhI haiM, (1) porANAcariya ( 2 ) aTThakathAcariya aura (3) gandhakAcariya / porANAcariya ( purANAcArya ) dharma saMgItikAra prAcIna bhikSu the jinhoMne buddha vacanoM kA saMgAyana aura saMkalana kiyA / aTThakathAcariya ( arthakathAcArya) ve bhikSu the jinhoMne atyaMta prAcIna kAla meM pAli tripiTaka para aTThakathAe~ likhIM / usake bAda gandhakAriyoM ( granthakAcAryoM) kA samaya AtA hai jinameM pahale kurundI aura mahApaccarI Adi siMhalI aTThakathAoM ke lekhaka aura bAda meM buddhadatta, buddhaghoSa, dhammapAla Adi Ate haiM / jina granthoM ke lekhakoM kA patA nahIM hai, unakI bhI sUcI 'gandhavaMsa' kAra ne dI hai / lekhakoM meM kauna se bhArata - vAsI the, yA kauna se laMkA-vAsI the, kisane racanA apanI preraNA se kI, yA kisane dUsaroM ke anurodha se kI, isa prakAra kA bhI vivaraNa dekara racanAoM ke racanA -sthAna aura racanoddezya para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / 'gandhavaMsa' meM nirdiSTa granthakAroM aura unake granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai- racita grantha 1. mahAkaccAyana --- (1) kaccAyanagandho, (2) mahAniruttigandho ( 3 ) cullanirutti gandho ( 4 ) nettigandho, (5) peTakopadesagandho, (6) vaNNanItigandho / granthakAra 2. buddhaghosa-- ( buddhaghoSa ) 3. buddhadatta - 4. Ananda----- 5. dhammapAla ----- 37 (1) visuddhimaggo, (2) sumaMgalavilAsinI, (3) papaMca sUdanI ( 4 ) sAratthapakAsinI (5) manorathapuraNI, (6) samaMtapAsAdikA, (7) paramatthakathA ( 8 ) kaMkhAvitaraNI (9) dhammapadaTThakathA (10) jAta - katthavaNNanA, (11) suddakapAThaTTha kathA (12) apAdAnaTThakathA / (1) viniyavinicchayo (2) uttaravinicchayo, (3) abhidhammAvatAro (4) madhuratthavilAsinI / mUlaTIkaM ( 1 ) nettipakaraNa (3) kathA ( 2 ) itivRttaka - aTThakathA udAnaTThakathA (4) cariyApiTaka - aTThakathA

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6. mahAvajirabuddhi - ( mahAvajra buddhi ) 7. vimalabuddhi8. cullavajiro -- 9. dIpaMkaro -- 12. mahAnAma-13 upasena-- 10. culladhammapAlo-- saccasaMkhepaM 11. kassapo 14. moggallAna -- 15. saMgharakkhita - 16. vuttodayakAra-- 17. dhammasiri-- (dharmazrI) 18. anuruddha - 19. anuruddha -- ( 578 ) (5) theragAthA - aTThakathA, (6) vimAnavatthussa vimalavilAsinI nAma aTThakathA ( 7 ) petavatthussa vimalavilAsinI nAma aTThakathA ( 8 ) paramatthamaMjUsA ( 9 ) dIghanikAyaTThakathAdInaM catunnaM aTTakathAnaM lInatthapakAsinI nAma TIkA (10) jAtaka TThakathAya lInatthapakAsinI nAma TIkA, (11) paramatthadIpanI (12) lInatyavaNNanA / vinaya - gaNDi / 20. khema-- mukhamattadIpanI / atthavyAkhyAnaM / (1) rUpasiddhipakaraNaM (2) rUpasiddhiTIkaM (3) sammapaJcasuttaM (1) moha vicchedanI (2) vimaticchedanI, (3) buddhavaMsa, (4) anAgatavaMsa (1) saddhammapakAsinI ( 2 ) mahAvaMsa (3) cullavaMsa saddhammaTTiTIkaM / moggalAna vyAkaraNaM / subodhalaGkAra (1) vRttodaya, ( 2 ) saMbaMdha - cintA (3) navaTIkaM / khudda - sikkhaM / khudda sikkhaM / ( 1 ) pamaramatthavinicchayaM (3) abhidhammatthasaMgrahappakaraNaM khemaM (2) nAma-rUpa-paricchedaM

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( 579 ) 21. sAriputta-- (1) sAratthadIpanI (2) vinayasaMgahapakaraNaM, (3) (3) sAratthamaMjUsaM (4) paJcakaM / 22. buddhanAga- vinayatthamaJjUsaM / 23. nava moggalAna-- abhidhAnappadIpikaM / 24. vAcissaro-- (1) saMbaMndhaciMtATIkA (2) moggallAna vyAkaraNas TIkA (3) nAmarUpaparicchedaTIkA (4) padarUpavibhAvanaM (5) khemappakaraNassa TIkA (6) mUlasikkhAya TIkA (7) vuttodayavivaraNaM (8) sumaMgalapasAdanI (9) bAlAvatAra (10) yogavinicchayo (11) (11) sImAlaMkAra (12) rUpArUpavibhAga (12) paccayasaMgaho / 25. sumaMgala-- (1) abhidhammatthavikAsanI (2) abhidhammattha vibhAvanI 26. dhammakitti- dantadhAtupakaraNaM / 27. medhaMkaro-- jinacaritaM / 28. saddhammasiri- sddtthbhedcintaa| 29. devo-- subhnnkuuttvnnnnnaa| 30. culla buddhaghoso-- (1) jAtattagInidAnaM (2) sotattagInidAnaM / 31. raTThapAla- madhurasavAhinI / 32. aggavaMsa- saddanItipakaraNaM / 33. vimalabuddhi mahATIkaM / 34. uttama- (1) vAlAvatAraTIkaM (2) liMgatthavivaraNaTIkaM) / 35. kyacvAmarao- (1) saddabindu (2) paramatthabindupakaraNaM (rAjA kyacvA-baramI) 36. saddhammaguru-- saddattipakAsanaM / 37. aggapaMDita- lokuppatti / 38. saddhammajotipAla- (1) sImAlaMkArassa TIkA (2) mAtikatthadIpanI (3) vinayasamuTThAna dIpanI (4) gandhasAro (5)

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( 580 ) paTThAnagaNanAnayo (6) saMkhepavaNNanA (7) sutta nidde so (8) pAtimokkhavisodhinI / 39. nava vimalabuddhi-abhidhammapaNNarasaTThAnaM / 40. vepullabuddhi (1) saddasArattha jAliniyA TIkA (2) vuttodayaTIkA, (3) paramatthamaMjUsA (4) dasagaNDhivaNNanA (5) magadhabhUtAvidaggaM, (6) vidadhimukhamaMDanaTIkA 41. ariyavaMsa-- (1) maNisAramaMjUsaM, (2) maNidIpaM, (3) gaNDhAbharaNaM. (4) mahAnissaraM ' (5) jAtaka visodhanaM 42. cIvaro- jaMghadAsassa TIkaM / 43. navamedhaMkaro-- lokadIpasAraM / 44. sAriputto- saddattipakAsanassa TIkaM / 45. saddhammaguru- saddhavRttipakAsanaM 46. dhammasenApati-- (1) kArikaM, (2) etimAsamidIpakaM (3) manoharaM : 47. ANasAgaro-- liMgatthavivaraNapakAsanaM / (jJAnasAgara) 48. abhaya- saddatthabhedacittAya mahATIkaM / 49. guNasAgaro-- mukhamattasAraM taTTIkaM / 50. subhUtacandana-- liMgatthavivaraNapakaraNaM / 51. udumbaranAmAcariyo--peTakopadesassa TIkaM / 52. upatissAcariya--anAgatavaMsassa aTThakathA / 53. vuddhappiya-- sAratthasaMgahanAma gandho / 54. dhammAnandAcariya-(1) kaccAyanasAro (2) kaccAyanabhedaM (3) kaccAyanasArassa TIkA / 55. gandhAcariyo-- kurudigandha / 56. nAgitAcariya--saddasAratthajAlinI / uparyukta granthakAroM aura unake granthoM ke alAvA nIce likhe grantha bhI nirdiSTa hai, jinake granthakAroM ke nAma Adi ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA gayA /

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( 581 ) (1) mahApaccariyaM (2) purANaTIkA (3) mUlasikkhATIkA (4) lInatthapakAsinI (5) nisandeho (6) dhammAnusAriNI (7) ayyAsandati (8) ayyAsandatiya TIkA (9) sumahAvatAro (10) lokapattipakaraNaM (11) tathAgatuppattippakaraNaM (12) nalAtadhAtuvaNNanA (13) sIhalavatthu (14) dhammadIpako (15) paTipatti saMgaho (16) visuddhimaggagandhi (17) abhidhammagandhi (18) nettipakaraNagandhi (19) visuddhimaggacullanavaTIkA (20) sotappamAlinI (21) pasAda jananI (22) subodhAlaMkArassa navaTIkA (23) gULatthaTIka (24) bAlappabodhanaM (25) saddatthabhedacintAya majjhimaTIka (26) kArikAya TIkaM (27) etimAsamidIpikAya TIkaM (28) dIpavaMsa (29) thUpavaMsa tathA (30) bodhivaMsa / uparyukta granthoM aura granthakAroM meM se adhikAMza kA vivecana pichale pRSTha meM kiyA jA cukA hai aura kucha kA Age kiyA jaaygaa| nizcaya hI 'gandhavaMsa' kI sUcIbaddha sAmagrI pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsakAra ke lie bar3I sahAyaka hai / sAsanavaMsa' 'sAsanavaMsa' (zAsana-vaMza) bhI 'gandhavaMsa' ke samAna mahatvapUrNa racanA hai / usakA praNayana unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM baramA meM huA / yaha baramI bhikSu paJasAmI (prajJAsvAmI) kI racanA hai / prAcIna pAli sAhitya para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa isakA bar3A mahatva hai / 'sAsanavaMsa', jaisA usake zIrSaka se spaSTa hai, buddha-zAsana kA itihAsa hai| buddha-kAla se lekara unnIsavIM zatAbdI taka sthaviravAda bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA isa grantha meM varNana hai| 'sAsanavaMsa' meM dasa adhyAya haiN| vizeSataH chaThA adhyAya adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| isa adhyAya meM baramA meM bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 'sAsana vaMsa' kA sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa bhAga yahI hai| vaise isa grantha meM buddha kI jIvanI tathA ajAtazatru, kAlAzoka aura dharmAzoka ke samaya meM huI tIna bauddha saMgItiyoM Adi kA bhI varNana hai / tRtIya bauddha saMgIti ke bAda moggaliputta tissa dvArA 1. mebila boDa dvArA sampAdita, pAli TeksaTa sosAyaTI, landana 1897 /

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( 582 ) dharmopadezakoM ko deza-videza meM bhejane kA bhI vivaraNa yahA~ kiyA gayA hai / 'mAsanavaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra tRtIya saMgIti ke bAda suvarNabhUmi (baramA) meM dharmopadezakoM ke jAne se pahale bhI svayaM moggaliputta tissa vahA~ dharmopadeza karane gaye the, jo utanA pUrva paramparA para AdhArita nahIM hai / isI prakAra kucha anya bhI bAteM unhoMne baramI bauddha saMgha ke gaurava ko bar3hAne vAlI kahIM haiM, jo utanI itihAsa para AdhArita nahIM haiM / baramI rAjA sirimahAsIha sUrasudhammarAjA (zrI mahAsiMha zUra sudharmarAja) ke samaya meM bhikSu-saMgha meM hue pArupana (cIvara ko donoM kandhoM ko DhaMkakara or3hanA) aura ekaMsika (eka kandhe ko kholakara rakhate hue cIvara ko or3hanA) saMbaMdhI vivAda huA jisakA nirdeza isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra vihAra-sImA saMbaMdhI vivAda kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM, baramI bauddha dharma ke vikAsa evaM baramI rAjAoM aura bhikSu-saMgha ke pArasparika saMbaMdha Adi ko jAnane ke lie 'sAsana-vaMsa' kA Aja ke vidyArthI ke lie bhI prabhUta mahatva haiN| buddha-jIvanI aura saMgItiyoM tathA azoka ke kAla meM mogAliputta tissa ke dvArA kiye gaye dharma-pracAra Adi ke vivaraNa ke lie vaha dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa tathA samantapAsAdikA Adi para AdhArita hai, isameM saMdeha nhiiN| tRtIya saMgIti ke bAda jina jina dezoM meM bhAratIya bauddha bhikSu upadeza karane ke lie bheje gaye, unake vivaraNoM meM 'dIpavaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' kI apekSA yahA~ kucha vibhinnatA bhI hai / udAharaNataH aparAnta rASTra (aparAnta-raTTha) ko yahAM irAvadI nadI kA pacchimI bhAga batalAyA gayA hai / usI prakAra mahAraTTha (mahArASTra) ko ahA~ sthavira mahAdharmarakSita upadezArtha gaye the 'mahAnagara-rASTra' (mahAnagara-raTTha) yA syAma vatalAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra majjhima sthavira ko cIna-rASTra meM dharma-pracAra karate batalAyA gayA hai, jabaki 'dIpa-vaMsa' aura 'mahAvaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra ve 'himavanta' pradeza ke dhama pracAraka the / isI prakAra kucha anya bhI vibhinna varNana haiM, jo utane prAmANika nahIM mAne jA sakate / baramI bhikSu-saMgha ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se isa grantha kA bar3A mahatva hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / 1. dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 592-593

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dasavA~ adhyAya kAvya, vyAkaraNa, koza, chandaHzAstra, abhilekha Adi pAli kAvya pAli kA kAvya-sAhitya utanA vistRta, praur3ha aura samRddha nahIM hai, jitanA saMskRta kA yA bauddha saMskRta sAhitya kA bhI / kAlidAsa yA azvaghoSa kI sI kAvya-paramparA yahA~ nahIM miltii| nizcaya hI yadi kAvya kA artha mAnava-jIvana ke vyApaka, gahana aura mArmika anubhavoM kI, zabda aura artha kI nirvyAja sundaratA ke sAtha (sAtthaM savyaJjanaM) 'bahujana hitAya' abhivyakti hI hai, taba to sampUrNa 'tepaTika buddha-vacana' hI sarvottama kAvya haiM / yaha bhagavAn buddhadeva kA vaha zAzvata aura ananta saundaryamaya kAvya hai, jisakA jIvana meM sAkSAtkAra kara lene para manuSya ke liye jarA aura maraNa hI nahIM raha jAte / 'devasya kAvyaM pazyan na jajAra na mIyate / ' jo pavitra saundarya himagiri meM nahIM hai, jo niSpApatA uSA meM nahIM hai, jo gahanatA mahAsamudra meM nahIM hai, saMkSepa meM jo kAvyatva vizva meM anyatra kahIM nahIM hai, vaha jJAnI (buddha) ke eka smita meM hai, tathAgata ke eka IryApatha meM hai, samyaka sambuddha ke eka zabda meM hai| pAli ne isa saba ko hI to prasphuTita kiyA hai / ataH vaha kAvyatva meM hIna hai, aisA kauna kahegA ? jaba hama pAli ke kAvyasAhitya kA vivecana karate haiM aura use saMskRta kI apekSA kama unna kahate haiM, to hamArA tAtparya tripiTaka-gata kAvya yA kAvyatva se nahIM hotA, balki kAvyazilpiyoM kI una racanAoM se hotA hai jo unhoMne bauddha viSayoM ko AdhAra mAna kara pAli bhASA meM kI haiN| isa prakAra kI racanAe~ pradhAnataH laGkA aura aMzataH baramA meM dasavIM zatAbdI se lekara pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka aura usake bAda taka bhI hotI rahIM / ina racanAoM kI viSaya-vastu tripiTaka se hI lI gaI hai| tripiTaka meM prApta namUnoM kA hI kucha saMzodhana aura parivarddhana ke sAtha chandobaddha saMskaraNa

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( 584 ) kara denA yahA~ kaviyoM kA pradhAna vyavasAya rahA hai / vaise to pAli kAvya-grantha hai ho alpa aura jo haiM bhI unameM bhI kisI mahanIya kAvya-paramparA kA pravartana nahI milatA / saba se bar3hakara to kalA ke usa sRjanAtmaka saundarya evaM kalpanA ke darzana yahA~ nahIM hote jo kisI sAhitya ko vizeSatA pradAna kiyA karatA hai / sambhavataH yaha isa kAraNa bhI ho ki kalpanAtmaka manorAgoM ke pradarzana ko sthaviravAdI vauddha paramparA ne Arambha se hI apanI sAdhanA kA aMga nahIM banAyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, usane ise heyatA kI dRSTi se bhI dekhA hai| isaliye kAvya-pratibhA ko vahA~ itanA protsAhana nahIM mila sakA hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI pAli ke isa kAvya-sAhitya kA adhika mahattva nahIM hai / pAli sAhitya kI prAcIna maulikatA ke sthAna para vaha sAhitya saMskRtApekSI adhika ho gayA hai| ataH pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa meM usake kAvya-sAhitya kA vivecana eka gauNa sthAna kA hI adhikArI ho sakatA hai| kAvya-grantha viSaya kI dRSTi se pAli kAvya-grantha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiye jA sakate hai, (1) varNanAtmaka kAvya-grantha, (2) kAvya-AkhyAna / yaha bheda sirpha viSaya ke vAhya svarUpa kA hai / mukhya pravRtti aura zailI to saba jagaha eka sI hI hai-- naitika AdarzavAda aura nIrasa itivRttAtmaka shailii| hA~, kahIM kahIM rasAtmakatA ke bhI paryApta darzana hote haiM / mukhya varNanAtmaka kAvya-grantha ye haiM (1) anAgatavaMsa (2) telakaTAhagAthA (3) jinAlaGkAra (4) jinacarita (5) pajjamadhu (6) saddhammopAyana (7) paJcagatidIpana aura (8) lokappadIpasAra yA lokadIpasAra / pradhAna kAvya AkhyAna, jinameM kucha gadya meM bhI haiM, ye haiM (1) rasavAhinI (2) buddhAlaGkAra (3) sahassavatthuppakaraNa, aura (4) rAjAdhirAjavilAsinI / inakA kucha saMkSipta paricayAtmaka vivaraNa denA yahAM Avazyaka ho gyaa| anAgatavaMsa' jaisA usake nAma se spaSTa hai, 'anAgata vaMsa' bhaviSya (anAgata) meM utpanna 1. minayepha dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886, meM romana akSaroM ___ meM smpaadit|

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( 585 ) hone vAle bhagavAn buddha maitreya ke jIvana-itihAsa (vaMsa) ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai / 'anAgata vaMsa' kA vAstavika svarUpa abhI bahuta kucha anizcita hai / baramI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM usake tIna rUpa milate hai, (1) gadya-padya-mizrita rUpa jo suttoM kI zailI meM likhA gayA hai| isakA viSaya buddha maitreya kI jIvana-gAthA kA varNana karanA nahIM hai / balki yaha bhaviSya meM saMgha para Ane vAle bhayoM kA varNana karatA hai / buddha aura sAriputra ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM yaha grantha likhA gayA hai| sAtha hI isake anta meM una dasa bhAvI buddhoM ke nAma bhI diye hue haiM, jo bhaviSya meM kramazaH bodhi prApta kreNge|' DA. vimalAcaraNa lAhA kA yaha kahanA ki 'anAgatavaMsa' kA yaha saMskaraNa pAli-tripiTaka ke anAgata-bhaya sUtroM aura una sUtroM, jinameM dasa bhAvI buddhoM kA nirdeza huA hai, ke pUraka rUpa meM likhA gayA hai,2 ThIka mAlUma par3atA hai| (2) gadya-maya rUpa, jisameM dasa adhyAya haiM aura jisakA viSaya dasa bhAvI vuddhoM kI jIvanI kA varNana karanA hai| (3) padya-maya rUpa, jo 142 gAthAoM meM kevala buddha maitreya kI jIvana-gAthA kA varNana karatA hai / yaha saMskaraNa bhI bhagavAn buddha aura unake ziSya dharmasenApati sAriputra ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM likhA gayA hai / bhagavAn buddha bhAvI buddha maitreya ke viSaya meM bhaviSyavANI karate dikhAye gaye haiN| 'anAgatavaMsa' kA yaha saMskaraNa hI usakA prAmANika aura vAstavika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai / apane isa rUpa meM 'anAgata vaMsa' 'buddhavaMsa' kA parivartita aura pUraka rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| 'buddhavaMsa' pUrva ke cauvIsa buddhoM kA varNana karatA hai / paccIsaveM buddha arthAt gotama buddha kI jIvana-gAthA ke sAtha hI vahA~ varNana samApta kara diyA gayA hai| ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se 'anAgatavaMsa' jo chabbIsaveM buddha, yuddha maitreya, kI jIvana-gAthA ko apanA viSaya banAtA hai, 'buddhavaMsa' kI kathAvastu 1. metteyyo uttamo rAmo pasenadi koslobhibhuu| doghasoNi ca saMkacco subho todeyya braahmnno|| nAlAgiripalalegyo bodhisattA ime dasa / anukkameNa sambodhi pApuNissantinAgateti // jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI , 1886, pRSTha 37 2. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 612

Page #607
( 586 ) ko pUrNatA dene kI dRSTi se hI likhA gayA jAna par3atA hai / donoM kI zailI meM bhI paryApta samAnatA hai / dIgha - nikAya ke cakkavatti sIhanAda- sutta ( 33 ) meM bhI buddha maitreya ke bhAvI AvirbhAva ke viSayameM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki jaba bhagavAn buddha maitreya utpanna hoMge to manuSya 80,000 varSa kI Ayu meM taruNa huA kareMge aura kumAriyA~ 500 varSa kI Ayu meM vivAha-yogya huA kareMgI / 'anAgatavaMsa' ke bhI varNanoM kI yahI bAnagI samajhI jA sakatI hai / vuddha maitreya jambudvIpa ( bhAratavarSa ) meM ketumatI nAmaka nagarI meM brAhmaNa-vaMza meM utpanna hoMge / unakI mAtA kA nAma brahmavatI aura pitA kA nAma subrahmA hogA / unakA Arambha kA nAma ajita hogA / ve bar3e samRddhazAlI hoMge / 8000 varSa taka gRhastha-sukha kA upabhoga kreNge| usake bAda pravrajyA leMge / buddha ke aitihAsika jIvana-vRtta ke AdhAra para hI ye atizayoktimaya varNana gar3ha liye gaye haiM, jinameM kAvyatva yA vicAra kI apekSA hama bauddha paurANikavAda ke hI adhika darzana karate haiM / 'anAgatavaMsa' kI racanA kaba aura kisake dvArA huI, isake viSaya meM nizcita nahIM hai / rAyasaviDsa ne isa grantha ko bahuta prAcIna mAnA hai - yahA~ taka ki buddhaghoSa se bhI prAcIna / isakA kAraNa unhoMne yaha diyA hai ki 'visuddhimagga' meM buddhaghoSa ne buddha maitreya kA varNana karate hue unake mAtA-pitA ke viSaya meM kahA hai "subrahmA nAmassa brAhmaNo pitA bhavissati, brahmavatI nAma brAhmaNI mAtAti" / 2 'anAgatavaMsa' meM bhI bilakula inhIM zabdoM meM buddha maitreya ke mAtA-pitA kA varNana milatA hai | ataH rAyasa DeviDsa ne buddhaghoSa ke zabdoM ko 'anAgatavaMsa' se uddharaNa mAnakara 'anAgatavaMsa' ko prAk - buddhaghoSakAlIna ThaharAyA hai / vinTara 1. kucha uddharaNoM ke lie dekhiye lAhA hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 613 2. visuddhimagga 13 / 127 ( dharmAnanda kosambI kA saMskaraNa), dekhiye aTThasAlinI pRSTha 415 ( pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa / 3. pRSTha 96 ( jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886, meM prakAzita saMskaraNa) 4. visuddhimagga, pRSTha 761, 764 ( rAyasa DeviDsa kA saMskaraNa )

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( 587 ) nitz2a ne yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA ki buddhaghoSa ke uparyukta zabda 'anAgatavaMsa' me hI uddhRta kiye gaye haiM / ' ataH unako 'anAgatavaMsa' kI itanI prAcInatA mAnya nahIM hai / cUMki buddhaghoSa ne apane uparyukta zabdoM meM kevala buddha maitreya ke mAtA-pitA ke nAma kA hI ullekha kiyA hai, ataH yaha koI itanA vizeSatApUrNa saiddhAntika yA anya dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa tathya nahIM hai ki buddhaghoSa jaise AcArya ko 'anAgatavaMsa' se isakA uddharaNa dene kI AvazyakatA pdd'tii| yaha to bauddha paramparA kI eka ati sAmAnya mAnyatA thI jo 'anAgatavaMsa' ke racayitA ke samAna buddhaghoSa ko bhI mAlama ho sakatI thI, phira kAlAnukrama se koI kisI kA pUrvavartI kyoM na rahA ho, zabda-sAmya isa sambandha meM adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH hama buddhaghoSa ke uparyukta zabdoM ko 'anAgatavaMsa' se uddharaNa mAnane ko bAdhya nahIM / 'gandhavaMsa' meM 'anAgatavaMsa' ke racayitA kA nAma kassapa (kAzyapa) kahA gayA hai / 2 'gandhavaMsa' ke varNana ke anusAra 'anAgatavaMsa' para eka aTThakathA bhI likhI gaI, jisake lekhaka upatissa (upatiSya) nAmaka bhikSu the| cUMki kassapa aura upatissa nAma ke aneka bhikSu aneka samayoM meM laMkA aura baramA meM ho gaye haiM, ataH nizcita rUpa se yaha kaha sakanA kaThina hai ki kauna se kassapa aura upatissa kramazaH 'anAgatavaMsa' ke racayitA aura aTThakathAkAra haiN| jJAna kI vartamAna avasthA meM yahI jAnanA paryApta hai ki DA0 gAyagara ne 'anAgatavaMsa' ke racayitA kassapa aura 'mohavicchedanI' aura 'vimaticchedanI' nAmaka granthoM ke racayitA kassapa ko eka hI vyakti mAnA hai / telakaTAhagAthA ___98 gAthAoM meM likhI huI eka pariSkRta, praur3ha aura ramaNIya kAvya-racanA hai| telakaTAhagAthA' kA artha hai (khaulate hue) tela kI kar3hAI meM likhI huI gAthAe~ 1. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 221, pada-saMketa 1 / 2. pRSTha 61, 72 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1886 meM prakAzita saMskaraNa) 3. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 36 4, I0 Ara0 guNaratna dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI 1884 meM romana

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( 588 ) (pAli zloka) / ye gAthAe~ bauddha anuzruti ke anusAra kalyANiya nAmaka bhikSu ke dvArA likhI gaI thiiN| anuzruti hai ki kalyANI (pegU-baramA) ke rAjA tiSya (I0 pU0 306--I0 pU0 207) ne uparyukta bhikSu ko apanI rAnI ke sAtha kisI SaDyantra meM sammilita hone ke sandeha meM bandI banA liyA thA aura khaulate hue tela ko kar3hAI meM DAla dene kI AjJA dI thii| bhikSu niraparAdha the, kintu yaha asahya duHkha unheM sahanA ho pdd'aa| khaulate hue tela kI kar3hAI meM hI unakI mRtyu ho gaI / kintu mRtyu se pUrva unhoMne buddha-zAsana kA cintana kiyA aura 98 gAthAoM ko gaayaa| ye gAthAe~ kyA haiM, saMsAra kI anityatA, jIvana kI asAratA aura vairAgya ko mahattA para gambhIra pravacana haiN| uparyukta anuzruti meM satyAMza kitanA hai, yaha kaha sakanA kaThina hai| hA~, svayaM 'telakaTAhagAthA' meM isakA koI ullekha nahIM hai| kintu 'mahAvaMsa' meM isa kathA kA nirdeza milatA hai| bAda meM 'rasavAhinI' meM bhI isa kathA kA savistara varNana kiyA gayA hai| siMhalI grantha 'saddhammAlaMkAra' meM bhI isa kathA kA varNana milatA hai| siMhalI sAhitya meM yaha kathA itanI prasiddha hai ki isakI satyatA para sandeha karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / phira bhI 'telakaTAhagAthA' kI mArmika gAthAoM ko par3ha jAne ke bAda aura kahIM bhI unameM uparyukta ghaTanA kA nirdeza na pAne para yahI lagane lagatA hai ki yahA~ bhikSukalyANiya ne khaulate hue tela vAlI kisI vizeSa kar3hAI se uttapta hokara hI nahIM balki isa 'mahAmohamaya' saMsAra rUpI usa khaulatI huI kar3hAI se vyathita hokara hI apane akSaroM meM smpaadit| isa grantha kA mUla pAli-sahita hindI-anuvAda tripiTakAcArya bhikSu dharmarakSita ne kiyA hai, jo san 1948 meM pustakAkAra rUpa meM mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha se prakAzita ho cukA hai| 1. malalasekara : di pAli liTarecara oNva silona, pRSTha 162 / 2. 22 / 12-13 (gAyagara kA saMskaraNa) 3. 2157 (siMhalI saMskaraNa) 4. dekhiye jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1884, pRSTha 49, dekhiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja,pRSTha 46, pada-saMketa 4 bhii|

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( 589 ) . antarmana ko ina gAthAoM meM pravAhita kiyA hai, jisake viSaya meM mahAbhAratakAra ne kahA hai asmin mahAmohamaye kaTAhe sUryAgninA rAtridivendhanena, mAsartudarvIparighaTTanena bhUtAni kAla: pacatIti vArtA / 'telakaTAhagAthA' zataka-kAvya kI zailI para likhI gaI racanA hai / ataH usameM naitika dhvani pradhAna hai| phira bhI kAvyamayatA kA usameM abhAva nahI hai| vaha eka sundara racanA hai jo buddha-dharma ke mUla siddhAntoM ko eka bhAvanAmaya bhikSu kI pUrI tanmayatA aura mArmikatA ke sAtha upasthita karatI hai / 98 gAthAe~ 9 vargo yA bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM, jinake nAma haiM, (1) ratanattaya (tIna ratna-buddha, dharma, saMgha) (2) maraNAnussati (maraNa kI anusmRti) (3) anityalakkhaNa (anityatA kA lakSaNa) (4) dukkhalakkhaNa (5) anatta lakkhaNa (anAtma kA lakSaNa (6) asubha lakkhaNa (7) duccarita-AdInavA (durAcAra ke duSpariNAma (8) caturArakSA (cAra ArakSAe~) (9) paTicca samuppAda (pratItya samutpAda) isa viSaya-sUcI se yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki buddha-dharma ke sabhI mahatvapUrNa viSaya ina gAthAoM meM A gaye haiN| kintu saba se bar3I bAta to granthakAra kI apane viSaya ke sAtha tallInatA hai, jisake darzana pratyeka gAthA meM hote hai / anAtma-saMjJA para yaha ukti dekhiye poso yathA hi kadalIsu vinibmajanto, sAraM tadappamapi nopalabheyya kAma / khandhesa paJcasu chaLAyatanesu tesu, sujasa kiJcidapi nopalabheyya sAraM // gAthA 60 (jisa prakAra kele ke tane ko udher3ate hue manuSya usameM kucha bhI sAra na pAye, usI prakAra ina zUnya paMcaskandhoM aura cha: AyatanoM meM bhI kucha sAra nahIM hai) pratikUla-manasikAra (gItA ke zabdoM meM 'duHkhadoSAnudarzanaM') para, gaMDUpame vividharoganivAsabhUte, kAye sadA rudhiramuttakarIsapuNNe /

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' ( 590 ) yo ettha nandati naro sasigAlabhakkhe , kAmaM hi socati parattha sa bAlavuddhi ||gaathaa 69 (jo mUrkha AdamI phor3e ke samAna, vividha bImAriyoM ke ghara, khUna, pezAba aura pAkhAnA se bhare hue, gIdar3oM ke bhakSya, isa zarIra ko dekhakara Anandita hotA hai, vaha avazya hI yahA~ se jAkara paraloka meM duHkha pAtA hai)| uparyukta gAthAe~ 'telakaTAhagAthA' kI kAvya-gata sundaratA kA paricaya dene meM alaM hai / prathama bAra par3hane para hI unameM bhatRhari ke vairAgya-sambandhI padoM kA sA nirveda prakAzita hone lagatA hai / bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se isa tIsarI gAthA ko dekhiye sopAnamAlaM amalaM tidasAlayassa saMsArasAgarasamuttaraNAya setuM / sabbAgatIbhaya vivajjitakhemamaggaM, dhamma namassatha sadA muninA paNItaM / / muni (buddha) dvArA praNIta usa dharma kI vandanA karo, jo svarga kI vimala mor3hI ke samAna hai, jo saMsArarUpI sAgara ko tarane ke liye pula ke samAna hai aura jo sampUrNa ApattiyoM aura bhayoM se rahita evaM kalyANa kA mArga hai / 'mopAnamAlaM amalaM' evaM 'saMsArasAgarasamuttaraNAya' jaise padoM meM anuprAsa kI chaTA to dekhane ho yogya hai, 'sabbAgatIbhayavivajjitakhemamaggaM dhamma namassatha madA muninA paNItaM' to bilakula saMskRta zloka kA aMza sA hI jAna par3atA hai / saMskRta kA yaha bar3hatA huA prabhAva 'telakaTAhagAthA' kI ApekSika arvAcInatA kA sUcaka hai| viTaranitz2a ne kahA hai ki yaha grantha bArahavIM zatAbdI IsavI se pUrva kI racanA nahIM ho sktaa|' kama se kama I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA to 'tela kaTAhagAthA' mAnI hI nahIM jA sktii| phira bhI bhASA aura zailI kA sAkSya 1. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 223; gAyagara ne isa graMtha kA vAstavika racanA-kAla ajJAta mAnate hue terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI kI racanAoM meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhiye unakA pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 46

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( 591 ) kisI bhI avasthA meM itanA dRr3ha aura antima nahIM huA karatA ki usake AdhAra para hama kisI grantha kI tithi asaMdigdha rUpa se nizcita kara sakeM / ataH viMTaranitz2a dvArA nizcita bArahavIM zatAbdI IsavI bhI 'telakaTAhagAthA' kI prAmANika racanA-tithi nahIM mAnI jA sktii| viMTaranitz2a kI sthApanA kevala anumAna para Azrita hai / jaba taka koI aura mahatvapUrNa vAhya sAkSya na mile, 'telakaTAhagAthA' ke racayitA aura racanA-kAla kA sunizcita jJAna hamAre liye ajJAta hI rhegaa| jinAlaGkAra' pAli kAvya-sAhitya kI usI koTi kI racanA hai jisa koTi ke saMskRta me kirAtArjunIya aura zizupAla-vadha jaise mahAkAvya haiM / kAvya-camatkAra kI pravRtti yahA~ bahuta adhika upalakSita hotI hai aura zailI meM bhI paryApta kRtrimatA hai / 'jinAlaMkAra' kI racanA bArahavIM zatAbdI meM buddharakSita (buddharakkhita) nAmaka bhikSu ke dvArA huI / grantha kA viSaya jJAna-prApti taka buddha-jIvanI kA varNana karanA hai| grantha ke anta meM lekhaka ne usakA racanA-kAla buddha-parinirvANa se 1700 varSa bAda diyA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki isakI racanA 1156 I0 meM huii| yaha tithi vidvAnoM ko mAnya hai / uttarakAlIna saMskRta kAvyoM kI zailI kA isa grantha para paryApta prabhAva par3A hai| eka padya meM sirpha 'n' vyaMjana kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha pravRtti kirAtArjunIya jaise saMskRta-kAvyoM meM bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| isa prakAra ke camatkAramaya prayatna cAhe bhASA sambandhI vidvattA ke pariNAma bhale hI hoM, kintu saMskRta kAvya-vivecakoM ne unheM 'adhama kAvya' hI mAnA hai / yahI bAta hama 'jinAlaMkAra kI isa pravRtti ke sambandha meM bhI kaha sakate haiN| sampUrNa grantha meM 250 gAthAe~ haiM / grantha kI mukhya vizeSatA usakI kRtrima zailI, paurANika atiraMjanAmayI varNana praNAlI 1. jemsa gre dvArA aMgrejI anuvAda sahita romana lipi meM sampAdita (landana 1894) / siMhalI lipi meM isa grantha kA dIpaMkara aura dhammapAla kA utkRSTa saMskaraNa (gaile, 1900) upalabdha hai| . 2. pRSTha 271 (gre kA saMskaraNa) , dekhiye gandhavaMsa, pRSTha 72 (minayepha dvArA sampAdita); saddhammasaMgaha 9 / 21 (saddhAnanda dvArA sampAdita)

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( 592 ) evaM vidvattA -pradarzaka pravRtti hI hai / mahAyAnI prabhAva bhI kahIM kahIM upalakSita hai / buddharakSita ne apane isa grantha para eka TIkA bhI likhI thii| 'jinAlaMkAra' nAma kA eka anya grantha bhI hai, jisakI racanA prasiddha aTThakathAkAra buddhadatta (cauthI gatAbdI IsavI) ne kI thii| prastuta 'jinAlaMkAra' se vaha bhinna hai / 'gandhavaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra buddhadatta dvArA likhita 'jinAlaMkAra' para buddharakSita ne eka TIkA bhI likhI thii|' kucha bhI ho, hameM uparyukta donoM racanAoM ko milAne kI galatI nahIM karanI caahiye| jinacarita ___'jinAlaMkAra' ke samAna 'jinacarita' kA bhI viSaya buddha-jIvanI kA varNana karatA hai| 'jinAlaMkAra' meM, jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai, sambodhi prApti taka vuddha-jIvanI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kiMtu 'jinacarita' meM bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza-kArya kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai aura unake 45 varSAvAsoM kA byauravAra varNana kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ taka viSaya-vastu kA sambandha hai, 'jinacarita' meM koI navInatA nahIM hai / buddha-jIvana ke viSaya meM usane koI naI bAta hameM nahIM batAI hai| usake sAre varNana jAtaka-nidAnakathA para AdhArita haiM / eka hada taka to vaha jAtaka nidAna-kathA kA chandobaddha saMskaraNa hI jAna par3atA hai| cArlsa Duroisila kA yaha kathana ThIka hai ki jahA~ kavi isa andhAnukaraNa se baca sakA hai aura usane apanI preraNA se likhA hai, vahIM usake kAvya meM kucha rasAtmakatA bhI A sakI hai| yadyapi kAvya-guNoM kI dRSTi se 'jinacarita' kI 'buddha-carita' se koI tulanA nahIM kI jA sakatI, phira bhI yaha kahanA ThIka hai ki pAli-sAhitya meM 'jinacarita' kA vahI sthAna hai jo bauddha saMskRta sAhitya meM 'vuddhacarita' kaa| 'jina 1. pRSTha 69, 72 (minayepha dvArA sampAdita, jarnala oNva pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI, 1886) 2. DabalyU0 eca0 DI0 rAuta dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 190405 meM aMgrejI anuvAda-sahita sampAdita / cArlsa Duroisila dvArA bhI aMgrejI anuvAda sahita romana lipi meM sampAdita, raMgUna 1906 / 3. jinacarita (cArlsa Duroisila dvArA sampAdita) pRSTha 1-2 (bhUmikA)

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carita' para saMskRta kAvyoM kA bhI kucha prabhAva par3A hai| cArla Duroyisila ne 'jinacarita' para azvaghoSa aura kAlidAsa ke prabhAva kI bAta kahI hai| unhoMne 'jinacarita' aura 'mahAbhArata' kI kucha paMktiyoM kI bhI tulanA kI hai| yaha sambhava hai ki 'jinacarita' ke racayitA ko saMskRta kAvyoM kI jAnakArI rahI ho aura usase unhoMne lAbha uThAyA ho, kintu kAvya-zailI ke lie ve saMskRta kAvyoM ke RNI nahIM kahe jA skte| jahA~ taka 'jinacarita' ke srotoM kA savAla hai. hameM saMskRta kAvyoM kI ora nahIM jAnA caahie| jaisA DA0 lAhA ne kahA hai, jAtakasAhitya aura sutta-nipAta ke nAlaka-sutta jaise suttoM kI gAthAe~ 'jinacanti' ke lie sarvottama namUne ho sakate the|2 itanA hI nahIM, kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI azvaghoSa ko bhI ina motoM se apane kAvya-zailo ke nirdhAraNa meM paryApta preraNA milI hogI, aisA hama mAna sakate hai| 'jinacarita' ke viSaya aura zailI ke srota malataH pAli sAhitya meM haiM, saMskRta sAhitya meM nahIM / 'saddhamma saMgaha' aura 'gandhavaMsa' ke varNanoM ke anusAra 'jinacarita' ke racayitA kA nAma medhaMkara thaa| medhaMkara nAma ke aneka vyakti siMhala meM ho cuke haiN| prastuta medhaMkara 'vanaratana mekara' ke nAma se prasiddha the / uparyukta srotoM ke anusAra banAtana medhaMkara laMkAdhipa bhuvanekabAhu prathama (1277 I0-1288 I0) ke samakAlIna the| To0 DablyU 0 rAyama DeviDma aura vinTaranitz2a ne unake isI kAla ko prAmANika mAnA hai| kintu gAyagara kA dUmaga mata hai / 'gandhavaMsa' meM medhaMkara kA ullekha 1. udAharaNataH jinacarita-koyaM sakko na kho brahmA mAro nAgo ti aadinaa| mahAbhArata--ko'yaM devo'thavA yakSo gandharvo vA bhvissyti| (vana-parva) 2. hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 615 3. saddhammasaMgaha, pRSTha 63 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886) 4. gandha vaMza, pRSTha 62, 72 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1886) 5. dekhiye jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1904-05, pRSTha 2; vikrama siMha keTelaoNga pRSTha 21, 35, 119 6. dekhiye jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1904-05, pRSTha cAra meM DA0 ___TI0 DabalyU0 rAyasa DeviDsa kA noTa oNna meghaMkara' 7. hisTrI oNva inDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 224 38

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( 594 ) vAcissara, sumaMgala aura dhammakitti ke bAda kiyA gayA hai| ataH gAyagara na yaha anumAna lagAyA hai ki ve bhI uparyukta bhikSuoM ke samAna siMhalI sthavira sAriputta ke ziSya the| 'jinacarita' ke antima padyoM meM lekhaka ne kahA hai ki unhoMne isa grantha kI racanA rAjA vijayabAhu dvArA nirmita pariveNa meM kii| gAyagara ne isase anumAna kiyA hai ki yahA~ lekhaka ko laMkA kA rAjA vijayabAhu tRtIya (1225 I0-1229 I0) abhipreta thaa| unhoMne Age yaha bhI anumAna kiyA hai ki vijayavAhu tRtIya medhaMkara kA samakAlIna thA, kyoMki usI hAlata meM usakI prazaMsA kA kucha artha ho sakatA hai| itane anumAnoM ke bAda gAyagara ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki medhaMkara vijayabAhu tRtIya ke samakAlIna aura bhikSu sAriputta ke ziSya the| unhone medhaMkara aura vAcissara kA eka hI samaya mAnA hai|' jahA~ itane anumAnoM ke lie avakAza hai vahA~ hameM yaha bhI Azcarya nahIM karanA cAhie ki Duroisila ne uparyukta vijayabAha ko vijayabAhu dvitIya mAnA hai jo san 1986 IsavI meM gaddI para baiThA thA aura jo laMkA ke prasiddha gajA parAkramabAhu kA uttarAdhikArI thA / vijayabAhu se tAtparya hama cAhe kisI vijayabAhu se leM, 'jinacarita' ke lekhaka ne to sirpha itanA kahA hai ki vijayabAhu dvArA nirmita parivega meM usane 'jinacarita' kI racanA kii| ataH samakAlInatA kA Aropa itanA Avazyaka nahIM jAna pdd'taa| isalie 'gandhavaMsa' aura 'saddhammasaMgaha' ke varNana, jo medhaMkara ko bhuvanekabAhu prayama (1277 I0---1288 I0) ke samakAlIna batalAne ke pakSapAtI hai, 'jinacarita' ke varNana ke virodhI nahIM kahe jA sakate / ataH medhaMkara ko bhuvanekabAhu prathama (1277 I0 --1288 I0) kA hI samakAlIna mAnanA adhika yuktiyukta jAna par3atA hai| pajjamadhu 104 gAthAoM meM zataka DhaMga ko racanA hai| vuddha-stuti isakA viSaya hai| prathama 69 gAthAoM meM buddha kI sundaratA kA varNana hai, zepa meM unake jJAna kI prazaMsA hai| zailI kRtrima aura kAvyocita rasAtmakatA se rahita hai| kama se kama apane nAma (pajjmadhu-padyamadhu) ko vaha sArthaka nahIM krtii| saMskRta kA bar3hatA huA prabhAva bhI 1. pAlileMgveja eMDa liTarecara, pRSTha 42 / 2. jinacarita (Duroisila kA saMskaraNa, raMgUna 1906) pRSTha 3 (bhUmikA) 3. guNaratna dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1887 pRSTha 1-16 meM sampAdita; devamitta dvArA bhI sampAdita, kolambo 1887 /

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( 595 ) usakA eka vizeSa lakSaNa hai| 'pajjamadhu' buddhappiya (buddhipriya) nAmaka sthavira kI racanA hai, jo sthavira vaideha (vedeha thera) ke samakAlIna siMhalI bhikSu the| 'pajjamadhu' kI 103 vIM gAthA meM kavi-bhikSu ne apanA paricaya dete hue apane ko Ananda kA ziSya' batAyA hai / ' Ananda sthavira vaideha sthavira ke guru the| ataH vaideha sthavira ke sAtha buddhappiya kA samakAlika honA nizcita hai / isalie inakA kAla bhI vaideha sthavira ke sAtha terahavIM zatAbdI hI honA cAhie, yaha nizcita hai| sambhavataH yahI 'buddhapriya' 'rUpasiddhi' vyAkaraNa ke racayitA bhI hai / usa racanA ke anta meM unhoMne apanA nAma buddhappiya 'dIpaMkara' batAyA hai aura apane ko Ananda sthavira kA ziSya kahA hai| ataH donoM kA eka vyakti honA asambhava nahIM hai| saddhammopAyana 629 gAthAoM meM saddhamma ke upAya athavA buddha-dharma ke naitika mArga kA varNana hai| viSaya navIna na hote hue bhI zailI meM paryApta oja aura maulikatA hai / grantha ko do mukhya bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai, (1) durAcAra ke duSpariNAma (2) sadAcAra kI prazaMsA yA usake supariNAma / isake sAtha sAtha buddha-dharma ke prAyaH sabhI maulika siddhAntoM kA samAveza isa grantha ke andara ho gayA hai, jise atyanta prabhAvazAlI aura mananazIla DhaMga se kavi ne upasthita kiyA hai| pApa-duSpariNAma, puNya-phala, dAnaprazaMsA, zIla-prazaMsA, a-pramAda Adi ke kAvyamaya varNana kAphI acche hue haiN| padyabaddha hote hue bhI 'saddhammopAyana' ke vivecana isa viSaya-sambandhI gadya-granthoM se acchI taraha milAye jA sakate haiN| unako kAvya-maya rUpa dene meM aura sAtha hI 1. AnandarA ratanAdimahAyatindA niccappabuddhaM padumappiya sevi naMgI / buddha ppiyana ghanabuddhaguNappiyana therAlinA rajitapajjamadhU pivantu // 2. milAiye gAyagaraH pAliliTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 44, 51, viTaraniratAH hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 223; guNarala ne buddhapriya kA kAla san 1100 I0 ke lagabhaga batAyA hai| dekhiye jarnala oNva pAliTaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1887, pRSTha 1 / 3. I0 maoNrisa dvArA jarnala oNva pAliTeksTa sosAyaTI, 1887, pRSTha 35-98 meM sampAdita /

Page #617
unakA vicArAtmaka aMza akSuNNa rakhane meM kavi ko paryApta saphalatA milI hai| grantha ke Adi meM kavi ne apanA nAma brahmacArI somapiya batAyA hai 'nAmato vuddhasomassa piyasa brahmacArino' / inake viSaya meM adhika kucha jJAna hameM nahIM hai, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki ye siMhalI bhikSu the ra inakA kAla bhI bArahavIMterahavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hI honA caahie| paJcagatidIpana' 114 gAthAoM meM una pA~ca gatiyoM yA yoniyoM kA varNana hai jinheM prANI apane bhale yA bure kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika karmoM ke kAraNa prApta karate hai, yathA naraka-yoni, pazu-yoni bhUta-pretAdikI yoni, manuSya-yoni aura deva-yoni / varNana atyanta sarala aura svAbhAvika evaM prasAdaguNanaya hote hue bhI yaha racanA atyanta sAdhAraNa koTi kI hI mAnI jaaygii| svarga-naraka ke varNana kAvya ke acche vipaya banAye hI nahIM jA sakate, unameM naitika tattva cAhe jitanA bhI gaharA ho| vAstava meM buddha ne bhI svarga ke pralobhana yA naraka ke bhayake kAraNa apane nAtivAda kA upadeza nahIM diyA thaa| unake naitika AdarzavAda kI yahI to eka vizeSatA thii| vahA~ vizuddhi kA mArga apane Apa meM eka AcaraNIya vastu thii| brahmacarya kA kyA uddezya honA cAhie, ime zAstA ne aneka bAra spaSTa kara diyA thaa| kintu loka-dharma isa kaba munatA hai ? vahA~ no bhaya yA pAritoSika kA pralobhana honA hI cAhie / phalataH azoka ko hI hama apanI janatA ko svarga-prApti ke uddezya se zubha-karma karane ke lie preraNA karate hue dekhate hai / yaha nitAnta svAbhAvika bhI hai| vuddha-mantavya isase bahuta adhika U~cA thaa| use loka-dharma kI bhUmi para lA kara arthAt loka-vizvAsoM kA umameM samAveza kara, usake naitika tattva kI vyAkhyA kA prArambha hA svayaM sutta-piTaka ke kucha aMzoM meM hI dekhate hai| bAda meM kucha jAtakoM aura peMtavatthu jaise granthoM meM to vaha bahuta hI sphuTa ho gayA hai / mahAyAna-paramparA meM jisa vistAra ke sAtha svarga-naraka ke varNana milate haiM, vaha to nizcaya hI eka Azcarya kI vastu hai / nizcaya hI isa prakAra ke vauddhavarNanoM meM cAhe ve sthaviravAdiyoM ke hoM, cAhe anya saMpradAyoM ke, purANoM (vi 1. liyona phiyara dvArA jarnala oNva pAliTaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1884, pRSTha 152 61 meM sampAdila /

Page #618
( 597 ) zeSataH brahmANDa, mArkaDeya, padmapurANa Adi) ke isa viSayaka varNanoM se kucha bhI vizeSatA nahIM hai| kisI yuga meM jaba manuSya adhika vizvAsa karane kI kSamatA rakhatA ho ina saba kA cAhe bhale hI upayoga rahA ho, kintu Aja to ye sabhI mananazIla vyaktiyoM ke lie viratikara ho cuke haiM, isameM sandeha nahIM / svabhAvataH 'paMcagatidIpana' bhI isakA apavAda nahIM / prAraMbha meM hI kama se kama ATha prakAra ke narakoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, yathA saMjIva, kAlasUtra (kAlasutta) saMghAta, raurava, (roruva) mahA raurava (mahAroruva) tapa, mahAtapa aura aviici| inakI yAtanAoM kA varNana to nizcaya hI romAMcakArI hai| kevala mahatvapUrNa bhAga vaha hai jahA~ nAnA-prakAra ke pApa-karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa vahA~ jAnA dikhalAyA gayA hai / isake alAvA isa grantha meM anya kucha jJAtavya nahIM hai / tulanAtmaka paurANika tatva ke vidyArthI ke lie paMcagatidIpana' meM prabhUta sAmagrI mila sakatI hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / isake racayitA yA usake kAla ke saMbaMdha meM kucha jJAta nahIM hai| lokappadIpasAra yA lokadIpasAra' ___isa grantha kI viSaya-vastu 'paJcagatidIpana' ke samAna hI hai / 'zAsanavaMsa' ke varNanAnusAra yaha caudahavIM zatAbdI ke barmI bhikSu medhaMkara kI racanA hai, jinhoMne adhyayanArtha siMhala meM pravAsa kiyA thA / pA~ca prakAra kI yoniyoM kA varNana kagne ke atirikta yahAM AkhyAnoM ke dvArA unameM nihita naitika upadezoM ko samajhAyA bhI gayA hai / 'mahAvaMsa' se isa grantha meM kAphI sAmagrI lI gaI hai / anya kucha kAvyagata vizeSatA isa grantha kI nahIM hai| pAli AkhyAnaH rasavAhinI3 uttarakAlIna pAli-sAhitya meM gadya-padya mizrita kucha AkhyAnoM kI bhI racanA 1. dekhiye mebila boDa:pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 35 / 2. mebila boDa:pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 35 / 3. siMhalI lipi meM saraNatissa dvArA do bhAgoM meM sampAdita, kolambo 1901 evaM 1899; usI lipi meM siMhalI vyAkhyA sahita devarakkhita dvArA sampAdita, kolambo 1917 /

Page #619
( 598 ) huI / naitika dhvani kI pradhAnatA ke atirikta ina saba kI eka bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki inhoMne jAtaka, arthakathAoM aura kucha aMza taka 'mahAvaMza Adi se paryApta sAmagrI lI hai / pAli AkhyAnoM meM 'rasavAhinIM' kA nAma adhika prasiddha hai| maulika rUpa meM yaha siMhalI bhASA kI racanA thii| mahAvihAravAsI raThThapAla (rASTrapAla) nAmaka sthavira ne isakA prathama pAli rUpAntara kiyaa| bAda meM prasiddha siMhalI bhikSu vaideha sthavira (vedeha thera) ne isako zuddha kara ise navIna rUpa pradAna kiyA / ataH 'rasavAhinI' kA kartRtva vaideha sthavira ke nAma ke sAtha hI saMbaddha ho gayA hai| vaideha sthavira kA kAla nizcita rUpa se terahavIM zatAbdI hI mAnA jAtA hai ', yadyapi kucha vidvAn use caudahavIM zatAbdI mAnane ke bhI pakSapAtI haiN| saMbhavataH terahavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima aura caudahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM ve jIvita the / vaideha sthavira kA janma vipragrAma (vippagAma) ke eka brAhmaga-vaMza meM huA thaa| bAda meM unhoMne bauddhadharma meM praviSTa hokara pravrajyA le lI thii| unake guru prasiddha siMhalI bhikSu Ananda sthavira the, 'jo araNyAyatana' (araJAyatana-araNyavAsI) bhI kahalAte the / vaideha sthavira ne bhI svayaM apane ko 'vanavAsI' saMpradAya kA anuyAyI batalAyA hai / inhIM kI racanA 'samantakUTavaNNanA' nAmaka kavitA bhI hai jisameM vuddha ke jIvana aura vizeSataH usake tIna bAra laMkA-gamana tathA unake caraNa (zrIpada) cinha dvArA aMkita samanta-kUTa parvata kA bhI varNana hai / isa grantha meM 796 pAli vRtta haiN| kintu inakI adhika prasiddha racanA 'rasavAhinI' hI hai| 'rasavAhinI' 103 AkhyAnoM kA saMgraha hai| inameM prathama 40 ke deza aura paristhiti kA citraNa bhArata (jambudvIpa) meM aura zeSa 63 kA laMkA meM kiyA gayA hai| kahAniyA~ prAyaH gadya meM hI haiM, kintu bIca-bIca meM kahIM kahIM gAthAtmaka aMza kA bhI chiTakA dikhAI detA hai / bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha utanI saphala racanA nahIM - - - 1. gAyagaraHpAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 43 pada-saMketa 2; viTaranittAH hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara-jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 224 / 2. dekhiye vimalAcaraNa lAhA: hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 625 3. malalasekara : di pAli liTarecara oNva silona, pRSTha 210 / 4. siMhalI anuvAda sahita siMhalI lipi meM dhammAnanda aura jJANissara (jJAnezvara) dvArA sampAdita, kolambo, 1890 /

Page #620
( 599 ) kahI jA sakatI / kintu AkhyAnAtmaka kalA ke paryApta darzana isa mundara racanA meM hote haiN| naitika upadeza kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI aneka kahAniyA~ kalAtmaka dRSTi se bhI bahuta mahatvapUrNa huI hai| kRtajJa pazu aura akRtajJa manuSya kI kahAnI to nizcaya hI vizva-mAhitya kI eka saMpatti hai / jAtaka, apadAna, pAli aTaThakathAe~ aura mahAvaMza kI pRSThabhUmi meM likhA huA yaha grantha nizcaya hI bhAratIya AkhyAna-sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa ratna hai / kucha kahAniyoM ke dezakAla ko bhArata aura kucha ko laMkA meM rakhakara, siMhalI aura pAli donoM bhASAoM meM viracita yaha grantha ukta donoM dezoM kI abhinna sAMskRtika aura dhArmika ekatA ko eka sundara kalAtmaka rUpa meM upasthita karatA hai| kheda hai ki isa grantha kA abhI koI nAgaro-saMskaraNa yA hindI anuvAda prakAzita nahIM huaa| donoM dezoM ke sAMskRtika saMbaMdha aura vizeSata: bhAratIya sAhitya ke siMhalI sAhitya para prabhAva ke adhyayana ke lie isa grantha kA pArAyaNa atyaMta Avazyaka hai| buddhapUjA kA tatva isa grantha kI kucha kahAniyoM meM dhvanita hotA hai, jo isa saMbaMdhI mahAyAnI pravRtti yA bhAratIya bhaktivAda ke prabhAva kA sUcaka ho sakatA hai / 'rasavAhinI' kI eka 'rasavAhinIgaNThi' nAmaka pAli-TIkA bhI likhI gaI / siMhalI bhASA meM isakA zabdazaH anuvAda bhI milatA hai / usa bhASA meM isa viSaya-saMbaMdhI anya bhI prabhUta sAhitya hai / buddhAlaGkAra 15 vIM zatAbdI ke AvA (baramA)-nivAsI zIlavaMsa (sIlavaMsa) nAmaka bhikSu kI racanA hai| yaha padyabaddha hai / nidAna-kathA kI mumedha-kathA para yaha AdhArita hai / anya kucha dhyAna dene yogya vizeSatA isameM nahIM hai| sahassavatthuppakaraNa isa grantha meM eka hajAra kahAniyoM kA saMgraha hai / saMbhavata: 'rasavAhinI' kA yahI AdhAra thA / kama se kama ina donoM kA saMbaMdha to spapTa hI hai| baramA se hI isa grantha kA laMkA meM pracalana huaa| kintu saMbhavataH yaha maulika rUpa meM laMkA meM hI likhA gayA thaa| isa grantha kI 'sahassavatthaTThakathA' nAmaka 1. mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 43 2. malalasekara : di pAli liTarecara oNva silona, pRSTha 129

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eka TIkA bhI thI jisakA ullekha kaI bAra mahAvaMza-TIkA (gyArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdiyoM ke bIca racita) meM kiyA gayA hai / rAjAdhirAjavilAsinI 18 vIM zatAbdI ke baramI rAjA vodopayA (buddhapriya) kI prArthanA para likhA gayA eka gadya-grantha hai| isakI kahAniyoM kA AdhAra pradhAnataH jAtaka hI hai, yadyapi aTThakathA tathA vaMza-sAhitya se bhI lekhaka ne paryApta sAmagrI lI hai / saMskRta ke vyAkaraNa aura jyotiSa zAstra se bhI lekhaka kA paryApta paricaya thA, yaha bhI usake vidvattAmaya varNanoM se vidita hotA hai / uparyukta granthoM ke atirikta kucha alpa mahatva ke bhI grantha kathA-sAhitya para isa uttarakAlIna yuga meM likhe gye| inakI preraNA kA mukhya AdhAra jAtaka hI rahA, yaha to nizcita hI hai| isa prakAra pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM AvA (baramA) nivAsI raTThasAra ne kucha jAtakoM kA padyabaddha anuvAda kiyA / tipiTakAlaMkAra ne 16 vIM zatAbdI meM vesmantara jAtaka kA padyabaddha anuvAda kiyaa| aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM 'mAlAlaMkAravatthu' nAmaka vuddha-jIvanI bhI kisI baramI bhikSu ne likhI / jAtaka-aTThakathA aura vaMza-sAhitya ke bAda isa dizA meM maulika kucha nahIM kiyA gayA, yaha hama isa saba kathA-sAhitya ke paryavekSaNa svarUpa kaha sakate hai / pAli kA vyAkaraNa-sAhityaHusake tIna sampradAya pAli-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM vyAkaraNa kA vikAsa bahuta bAda meM calakara huaa| buddhadana, vuddhaghoSa aura dhammapAla ke samaya taka arthAt pA~cavI zatAbdI ImavI taka hameM kimI pAli vyAkaraNa yA vyAkaraNakAra kA patA nahI cltaa| 1. mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 78 2.-3. mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 43-53 4. ima grantha kA vizapa bigraMDeTa ne aMgrejI anuvAda bhI kiyA hai| dekhiye sekreDabuksa oNva di IsTa, jilda 11, pRSTha 32 (bhUmikA) meM DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa dvArA pradatta sUcanA /

Page #622
( 601 ) jahA~ taka jAta huA hai AcArya buddhaghoSa ne bhI apanI vyAkhyAoM meM kisI prAcIna pAli vyAkaraNa kA Azrayana lekara paNinIya aSTAdhyAyI kA hI liyA hai / 'vimuddhi-magga' meM unake dvArA kI huI 'indriya' zabda kI vyAkhyA isakA sarvottama udAharaNa hai| 'visuddhi-magga' ke molahaveM pariccheda indriyasacca niddeso' (indriya aura satya kA nirdeza) meM AtA hai "ko pana nesaM indriyaTTho nAmAti ? indaliMgaTTho indriyaTTho, indadesitalo indriyaTTho, indadiThThaTTho indriyaTTho, indamiTThaTTho indriyaTTho, indajuTThaTTho indriyttttho'| nizcaya hI yahAM pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa kA yaha mUtra pratidhvanita hai "indriyaM indraliMga, indradRSTaM, indrajuSTaM, indradattam, itivA" (5 / 2 / 93) / isI prakAra pANinIya sUtra 3 / 3 / 11 muttanipAta kI aTThakathAre meM pratidhvanita huA hai| donoM niruktiyA~ Apama meM zabdazaH itanI milatI haiM ki AcArya buddhaghoSa ne pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA Azraya liyA hai, ima niSkarSa kA prativAda nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI prakAra pANini ne 'Apani' zabda kA prayoga prApti' ke artha meM kiyA hai| AcArya buddhaghopa ne isa viSaya meM bhI unakA anusaraNa kara isa zabda kA usI artha meM prayoga 'mamantapAmAdikA' (vinaya-piTaka kI aTThakathA) meM aneka bAra kiyA hai / yahAM hamArA yaha kahanA hai ki yaha prayoga pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke prabhAvamvarUpa utanA nahIM bhI mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki pAli-tripiTaka ke svayaM 'srota Apani gabda meM yaha prayoga rakavA huA hai| yaha saMbhava hai ki pAli aura saMskRta 1. visuddhimagga 16 / 4 (dharmAnanda kosambI dvArA sampAdita deva nAgarI saMskaraNa) 2. jildapahalI, pRSTha 23 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa); isI prakAra visuddhimagga 758 (kosambI jI kA saMskaraNa) meM "vaNNAgamo vaNNavipariyayo" akSarazaH kAzikA' kA uddharaNa hai, jise buddhaghoSa ne prAcIna saMskRtavyAkaraNa kI paramparA se liyA hai| 3. isa mata kI sthApanA bar3I yogyatA ke sAtha DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA ne kI hai| dekhiye unakA 'di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa', pRSTha 104-105; hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 632-33; milAiye jarnala oNpha pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI, 1906-07, pRSTha 172-73 / / 4. 'di lAipha eMDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa', pRSTha 105; hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 633 /

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( 602 ) kA vikAsa samakAlika hone ke kAraNa pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM kucha aise prayoga bhI dRSTigocara hote hoM jo usa samaya kI sAhityika bhASA (saMskRta) aura loka bhASA (pAli) meM samAna rUpa se pratiSThita hoM / ataH buddhaghopa ne aise prayogoM ko pANinIya vyAkaraNa se na lekara saMbhAvataH pAli-tripiTaka se hI liyA hogA, aisA mAnanA bhI adhika samIcIna jAna par3atA hai / yahAM taka bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI aneka niruktiyAM bhI tripiTaka aura vizepataH abhidhamma-piTaka ke etatsaMbaMdhI vizAla bhAMDAra para hI Azrita hai / yadyapi buddhaghoSa sepahale pAribhASika arthoM meM pAli meM vyAkaraNa yA nirukti-gAstra (pAli-nirutti--pAli tripiTaka ke zabdoM kI vyAkaraNa-sammata vyAkhyA) na bhI rahA ho, kintu tripiTaka ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA (veyyAkaraNa) ke lie kucha niyama to avazya hI rahe hoNge| sutta-piTaka ke prAcInatama aMzoM meM bhI 'brAhmaNa' 'zramaNa' 'bhikSu' 'tathAgata' Adi zabdoM kI jo niruktiyAM aura vyutpattilabdha artha kiye gaye hai unase yaha bAta AsAnI se samajha meM A sakatI hai / dhammapada meM mahAprAjJa bhikSu ke lie yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vaha 'nirukti aura padoM kA jJAtA' ho aura 'akSaroM ke sannipAta' arthAt zabda-yojanA me paricita ho2 / isase bhI yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki zabdoM kI nirukti aura vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI sAdhAraNa niyamoM kI koI paramparA pAli-sAhitya ke prAcInatama yuga meM bhI rahI avazya hogii| saMbhavataH isI paramparA kA pravartana hameM nettipakaraNa aura peTakopadesa meM milatA hai / phira bhI bauddha anuzruti kA . yaha sAmAnya vizvAsa ki bhagavAn buddha ke pradhAna ziSya mahAkaccAna (mahAkAtyAyana) ne bhI eka pAli vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI thI, tatsaMbaMdhI sAhitya ke abhAva meM ThIka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / isI prakAra bodhisatta aura sabbaguNAkAra nAmaka do prAcIna vyAkaraNa bhI, jinakA nAma vauddha paramparA meM sunA jAtA hai, Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / Aja jo vyAkaraNa-sAhitya pAli kA hameM upa 1. yaha isase bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki buddhaghoSa ne zabda-nirukti karane vAle tripiTaka ke aMzoM, vizeSataH abhidhamma-piTaka, ko 'veyyAkaraNa' kahA hai| dekhiye "sakalaM abhidhamma-piTakaMtaM veyyAkaraNaM ti veditabvaM" sumaMgalavilAsinI, bhAga prathama, pRSTha 24 (pAli TaiksaTsa sosAyaTI kA saMskaraNa) 2. dhammapada 24119

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labdha hai, tIna zAkhAoM yA saMpradAyoM meM vibhakta hai (1) kaccAna-vyAkaraNa aura usakA upakArI vyAkaraNa-sAhitya (2) moggallAna-vyAkaraNa aura usakA upakArI vyAkaraNa-sAhitya (3) aggavaMsakRta saddanIti aura usakA upakArI vyAkaraNa-sAhitya / laMkA aura baramA meM hI isa prabhUta pAli vyAkaraNa-saMbaMdhI sAhitya kA praNayana sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda se huA hai| aba hama uparyukna tInoM saMpradAyoM kI paramparA kA alaga alaga vivecana kareMge / kaccAna-vyAkaraNa' aura usakA upakArI sAhitya 'kaccAna-vyAkaraNa' (yA kaccAyana-vyAkaraNa-kAtyAyana--vyAkaraNa) pAli sAhitya kA prAcInatama vyAkaraNa hai / isakA dUsarA nAma 'kaccAyana'gandha' (kAtyAyana-grantha ) bhI hai| isa vyAkaraNa ke racayitA kA buddha ke pradhAna gipya mahA kaccAna (mahAkAtyAyana) se koI sambandha nahIM, ise bauddha vidvAn bhI svIkAra karate haiN| isI prakAra pANinIya byAkaraNa ke vArtikakAra kAtyAyana (tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI) se bhIye bhinna haiM, aisA bhI nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai / netipakaraNa aura peTakopadesa ke racayitA kaccAna se bhI vyAkaraNakAra kaccAna bhinna haiN| vyAkaraNakAra kaccAna yadi buddhaghoSa ke pUrvagAmI hote to yaha asambhava thA ki kaccAna-vyAkaraNa jaise prAmANika pAli-vyAkaraNa kA ve apanI vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM bhI uddharaNa nahIM dete| isa niSedhAtmaka sAkSya ke alAvA anya spaSTa sAkSya bhI kaccAna-vyAkaraNa ke buddhaghoSa ke kAla se uttarakAlIna hone ke diye jA sakate hai| kaccAna ne apane vyAkaraNa meM sarva varmA ke kAtantra vyAkaraNa kA anugamana kiyA hai| unhoMne spaSTatApUrvaka pANini vyAkaraNa kA usakI kAzikA-vRtti ke sAtha anusaraNa kiyA hai / kAzikA-vRtti kI racanA kA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI hai / ataH yaha nizcita hai ki kaccAna-vyAkaraNa bhI mAtavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA nahI ho sktaa| svayaM kaccAna-vyAkaraNa meM hI usake saMskRta sambandhI RNa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra sUtra 1 / 118 meM kahA gayA hai 'prsmaapyoge| isakI vyAkhyA karate hue usakI vRtti (vRtti) meM kahA gayA hai 'yAca pana sakkatagandhesu samA ....Adi' / ina 'saMskRta graMthoM ' (sakkata gandhemu) jaimA hama abhI 1. DA0 satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa dvArA sampAdita evaM anuvAdita, kalakattA 1891; DA0 mesana ne bhI isa grantha kA sampAdana kiyA hai| 2. subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 6 (bhUmikA)

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kaha cuke haiM kAtantra-vyAkaraNa aura kAzikA vatti (sAtavIM zatAbdI) pradhAna haiN| ataH kaccAna vyAkaraNa kA kAla sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda kA hI hai / kaccAna-vyAkaraNa meM 675 sUtra hai| isa vyAkaraNa ke alAvA kaccAna 'mahAnirutti gandha' (mahAnirukti grantha) aura 'culla nirutti gandha (saMkSipta nirukti -grantha) nAmaka do vyAkaraNa-granthoM ke bhI ye racayitA batAye jAte haiN|' kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kA sahAyaka mAhitya kAla-kramAnusAra isa prakAra hai (1) kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kA sabase prAcIna aura mahatvapUrNa bhASya 'nyAsa' hai| isI kA dUsarA nAma 'mukhamattadIpanI'2 bhI hai / yaha AcArya vimalabuddhi kI racanA hai, jinakA kAla gyArahavIM zatAbdI se pahale aura kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kI racanA (sAtavIM zatAbdI) ke bAda thaa| (2) 'nyAma kI TIkA-svarUpanyAsa-pradIpa'bArahavIM zatAbdIkeantima bhAgameM likhA gyaa| isake racayitA 'chapada' nAmaka AcArya the| yaha baramI bhikSu the, kintu inakI zikSA laMkA meM huI thii| yaha siMhalI bhikSu sAriputta ke ziSyoMmeM sethe |'nyaas' para anya mAhitya bhI uttara kAlIna zatAbdiyoM meM bahuta likhA jAtA rahA / chapada ne kaccAna-vyAkaraNa sAhitya ko eka grantha aura bhI diyA / (3) sutta-niddesa-- chapada-kRna kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kI TIkA-svarUpa yaha grantha likhA gayA hai / isakA nizcita racanA kAla 1181 I0 (vRddhAbda 1715) hai| (4) sthavira saMgharakkhina (saMgharakSita) dvArAracita 'smbndh-cintaa'| yaha grantha kaccAna-vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para pAli zabda-yojanA yA zabda-saMbaMdhakA vivecana karatA hai / sthavira saMgharakkhina siMhalI bhikSu mAripuna ke gipyo meM se the, ataH nizcita rUpa se inakA kAla 1-vIMzatAbdI kA aMtima bhAga hI hai| isa prakAra ye chapada ke samakAlika 1. gandhavaMsa, pRSTha 59 (minayepha dvArA jarnala oNva pAli TaiksaTa sosAyaTI meM sampAdita) subhUti ne ina granthoM ko yamaka kI racanA batAyA hai / dekhiye unako nAmamAlA, pRSTha 28 (bhUmikA) 2. gandhavaMsa, pRSTha 60; subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 9 (bhUmikA) 3. satrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM barmI bhikSu dAThAnAga dvArA racita 'niruttasAra maMjUsA' nAmaka 'nyAsa' kI TIkA prasiddha hai| dekhiye mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 55; subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 10 (bhUmikA) 4. subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 15; mebila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNpha baramA, pRSTha 17

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ho the / inhoMne vinaya-sAhitya para bhI khuddaka-mikkhA' (kSudraka-zikSA-racayitA bhinu dharmatrI-dhammasiri) ke TIkA svarUpa 'gdukamivakhA-TIkA' likhI thii| 'saMbaMdha-cintA' para eka TIkA bhI pAI jAtI hai, kintu usake lekhaka ke nAma aura kAla kA patA nahIM hai / (5) sthavira saddharmazrI (maddhammasiri) viracita 'saitthabhedacitA' (zabdArthabhedacintA) / yaha grantha baramA meM 10 vIM zatAbdI ke aMtima bhAga meM likhA gyaa| isa para bhI eka ajJAta lekhaka kI TokA milatI hai| (6) sthavira buddhapriya dIpaMkara viracita 'rUpa-niddhi' yA 'pada-rUpa-middhi' / sthavira buddhapriya dIpaMkara ne isa grantha ke anta meM apanA paricaya dete hue apane ko sAriputta (mihalI bhikSu) kA zipya kahA thA / 'pajjamadhu' ke bhI yahI racayitA hai / inakA kAla isa prakAra terahavI zatAbdI kA aMtima bhAga hI hai / yaha grantha sAta bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai aura kucha alpa parivartanoM ke sAtha kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kA hI rUpAntara mAtra hai / 'rUpa-middhi' para bhI eka TIkA likhI gaI aura siMhalI bhASA te umakA rUpAntara bhI kiyA nayA ! (7) bAlAvatAra-vyAkaraNa----yaha vyAkaraNa vizeSataH bagmA aura myAma meM bar3A lokapriya hai| laMkA meM isake kaI saMskaraNa nikale hai| yaha bhI kaccAna vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para hI likhA gayA hai / yaha grantha 'dhammakina (dharma kIrti) kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai / yaha vammakini (dharmakIrti) DA0 gAyagara ke matAnusAra 'naddhamma saMgaha' ke racayitA dhammakitti mahAsAmi' (dharmakIrti mahAsvAmI) hI hai, jinakA jIvana-kAla caudahavIM zatAbdI kA uttara bhAga hai| gandhavaMsa ke varNanAnusAra yaha vAcissara (vAgIzvara) kI racanA hai3 / vAcissara siMhalI bhikSu sAripuna ke gipyoM meM se the| unakA jIvana-kAla nizcita rUpa se bArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttara bhAga aura terahavIM zatAbdI kA prAraMbhika bhAga hai| ina prakAra unakI racanA mAnane para 'bAlAvatAra' kA racanA-kAla pI 1. vizeSataH zrI dharmArAma dvArA sampAdita, paliyagoDa, 1902; vAlAvatAra, TokA-sahita, sumaMgala mahAsthavira dvArA sampAdita, kolambo 1893; dekhiye subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 24 (bhUmikA) 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 45, 51 / 3. pRSTha 62, 71 (jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1886 meM sampAdita saMskaraNa)

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umI mamaya kA mAnanA par3egA / 'bAlAvatAra' vyAkaraNa para likhI huI eka TIkA bhI milatI hai, kintu usake lekhaka kA nAma aura kAla Adi saba ajJAta hai / (8) baramI bhikSu kaNTakakhipanAgita yA kevala nAgita viracita 'maddamAratthajAlinI' nAmaka kaccAna vyAkaraNa kI TIkA 1356 I0 (buddhAbda 1900) meM likhI gaI / (9) 'kaccAyana-bheda' nAmaka kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kI TIkA jisakI racanA caudahavIM zatAbdI ke uttara bhAga meM sthavira mahAyAsa ne kii| inhI sthavira kI eka aura vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI racanA 'kaccAyana-sAra' hai|' 'gaMdhavaMma' ke varNanAnusAra 'kaccAyana-bheda' aura 'kaccAyana-sAra' donoM dhammAnanda nAmaka bhikSukI racanAe~ hai 2 / 'kaccAyana-bheda' aura 'kaccAyana-sAra para TokAeM bhI likhI gii| 'kaccAyana-bheda' kI do TIkAe~ ati prasiddha haiM, (1) mAnthavikAsinI' jisakI racanA 1608 I0 (buddhAbda 2152) le lagabhaga 'agyiAlaMkAra' nAmaka bagmI bhikSu ne kI, (2) kaccAyanabheda-mahATIkA , jisake racayitA unama sikva (unama zikSa) mAne jAte haiM, jinake kAla kA kucha nizcita patA nahIM hai / 'kaccAyana-sAra' para svayaM isake racayitA mahAyAsa ne eka TIkA likhI thI / gAyagara ke matAnusAra yaha 'kaccAyanasAra-purANaTIkA' thI jo Aja upalabdha hai| siMhalI vidvAn subhUti ne ise kisI ajJAta lekhaka kI racanA mAnA hai| 4 'kaccAyana-mAra' kI eka aura TIkA kaccAyanasAra-abhinavaTIkA' yA 'mammohavinAminI' varmI bhikSu saddhammavilAsa ke dvArA likhI gaI / (10) pandrahvIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM kaccAna-vyAkaraNa para 'saddabindu'. (zabda-bindu) nAmaka upakArI grantha varamA meM likhA gayA / 'sAsanavaMsa' ke varNanAnumAra arimaddana (arimardana-baramA) kA rAjA kyaccA isakA racayitA thaa| mabhUti ne ima grantha kA nizcita racanA-kAla 1481 I0 (buddhAbda 2025) 1. subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 83; mebila boDa : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara ina baramA, pRSTha 36 / 2. pRSTha 74 (jarnala oNva pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI 1886 meM sampAdita ___saMskaraNa) 3. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 52 / 4. nAmamAlA, pRSTha 84-85 (bhUmikA) 5. pRSTha 76 (pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI kA mebila boDa dvArA sampAdita saMskaraNa)

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( 607 ) batAyA hai / 'saddavindu' para 'lInatyasUdanI' nAmaka TIkA ANavilAsa (jJAnavilAsa) nAmaka bhikSu dvArA 16 vIM zatAbdI ke antima bhAga meM likhI gaI / (11) solahavIM zatAbdI ke madhyabhAga meM 'bAlappabodhana' (bAlaprabodhana) nAmaka vyAkaraNa likhA gyaa| isake racayitA kA ThIka nAma patA nahIM hai| (12) 'abhinavacullanirutti' nAmaka vyAkaraNa meM, jisake racayitA yA racanA-kAla ke viSaya meM kucha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kaccAna vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke apavAdoM kA vivaraNa hai / (13) satrahavIM zatAbdI ke Adi bhAga meM baramI bhikSa mahAvijitAvI ne 'kaccAyanavaNNanA' nAmaka vyAkaraNa-grantha kI racanA kI / kaccAna-vyAkaraNa ke sandhikappa (sandhi-kalpa) kA yaha vivecana hai| 'kaccAna-vaNNanA' nAmaka eka prAcIna grantha bhI hai, jisase isa arvAcIna racanA ko bhinna hI samajhanA caahie| mahAvijitAvI ne 'vAcakopadesa' nAmaka eka aura vyAkaraNa-grantha kI racanA kI hai jisameM unhoMne vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA naiyyAyika dRSTi se vivecana kiyA hai / (14) dhAtumaMjUsA--kaccAna-vyAkaraNa ke anusAra dhAtuoM kI sUcI isa grantha meM saMgRhIta kI gaI hai| isa grantha ke anta meM lekhaka ne apanA nAma sthavira sIlavaMsa (zIlavaMza) batAyA hai| yaha eka padyabaddha racanA hai| subhUti ne kahA hai ki vopadeva ke kavi-kalpadruma se isa grantha meM kAphI sahAyatA lI gaI hai / phraiMka ne pANinIya dhAtupATha kA bhI isa granta para paryApta prabhAva dikhAyA hai / / moggallAna-vyAkaraNa aura usakA upakAra sAhitya ____ kaccAna-vyAkaraNa ke samAna moggallAna yA moggallAyana5 vyAkaraNa para bhI prabhUta sahAyaka sAhitya kI racanA huI hai / sarva-prathama 'moggallAna 1. nAmamAlA, pRSTha 91-92 (bhUmikA) 2. subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 23 (bhUmikA) 3. dekhiye nAmamAlA, pRSTha 95 / 4. dekhiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 56 ! 5. pAli-vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se kaccAna aura kaccAyana, moggallAna aura mogga llAyana, ina zabdoM ke ye donoM rUpa hI zuddha haiN|

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( 608 ) vyAkaraNa' ko hI lete haiN| isa vyAkaraNa kA laMkA aura varamA meM bar3A Adara hai| pAli-vyAkaraNoM meM nizcaya ho isakA eka UMcA sthAna hai / kaccAnavyAkaraNa ke samAna prAcIna na hone para bhI yaha usase adhika pUrNa hai aura bhASAupAdAnoM ko isane adhika vistRta rUpa se saMkalita aura vyavasthita kiyA hai| jaisA bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa ne kahA hai "pAli vyAkaraNoM meM 'moggallAnavyAkaraNa' pUrNatA tathA gaMbhIratA meM zreSTha hai"1| moggallAna-vyAkaraNa meM 817 sUtra haiM, jinameM sUtra-pATha, dhAtu-pATha, gaNa-pATha, NvAdi-pATha Adi sabhI vyAkaraNa ke viSayoM kA sarvAgapUrNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai / moggallAna-vyAkanNa kI viSaya vastu ko samajhane ke lie bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kRta 'mahApAli vyAkaraNa' draSTavya hai| yaha svayaM hindI meM pAli-vyAkaraNa para prathama aura apanI zreNI ko uccakoTi kI canA hai, evaM moggallAna-byAkaraNa para AdhArita hai / moggallAna-vyAkaraNa kA dUsarA nAma 'mAgavasaddalakkhaNa' bhI hai / grantha ke Adi meM hI vyAkaraNakAra ne kahA hai "siddhamiddhaguNaM sAdhu namassitvA tathAgataM / madhammasaMgha bhAsisma mAgadhaM saddalakkhaNaM // " pANini, kAtaMtra-vyAkarala aura prAcIna pAli-vyAkaraNoM kA AdhAra lene ke atirikta moggallAna-vyAkaraNa para candragomin ke vyAkaraNa kA bhI paryApta prabhAva upalakSita hotA hai| mogallAna-byAkaraNa likhane ke atirikta moggallAna mahAthera ne usakI vRni' (vRtti) bhI likhI aura phira una vRti para 'paJcikA nAmaka pAMDityapUrNa TIkA bhI / 'moggallAna-paJcikA' abhI taka anupalabdha thI / kintu jaimA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne hameM sUcanA dI hai "paramapUjya vidvadvara zrI dharmAnanda nAyaka mahAsthavira ko tAla-patra para likhI paJcikA' kI eka purAnI pustaka laMkA ke kisI vihAra meM mila gii| unhoMne ume saMpAdita kara vidyAlaMkAra pariveNa, laMkA me prakAzita karavAyA hai / "2 nizcaya hI moggallAnavyAkaraNa aura moggalAna-paJcikA pAli-vyAkaraNa kA zAstrIya adhyayana karane ke lie Aja bhI bar3e Avazyaka grantha haiM / moggallAna-vyAkaraNa kI vRti (vRtti) ke anta meM vyAkaraNakAra ne apanA paricaya diyA hai, jisane hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki moggallAnamahAthera anurAdhapura (laMkA) ke thUpAgama 1. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha pacAsa (vastukathA) 2. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha ikyAvana (vastukathA)

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nAmaka vihAra meM nivAsa karate the aura unhoMne apane vyAkaraNa kI racanA parakkamabhuja (parAkramabAhu) ke zAsana-kAla meM kI thI / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki ina parakkamabhuja me tAtparya parAkramabAhu prathama (11531186 I0) se hai, jinake zAsana-kAla meM laMkA meM pAli-sAhitya kI bar3I samRddhi huii| ataH moggallAna mahAthera kA kAla vArahavIM zatAbdI kA aMtima bhAga hI mAnanA cAhie / moggallAna-vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para bAda meM calakara anya vyAkaraNa-sAhitya kI racanA huI, jisake antargata mukhya grantha ye hai / (1) 'pada-sAdhana' jisakI racanA moggallAna ke ziSya piyadassI ne kI / piyadassI moggallAna ke samakAlika hI the / 'pada-sAdhana' eka prakAra se moggallAna vyAkaraNa kA hI saMkSipta rUpa hai| prasiddha siMhalI vidvAn ke jaoNyasA kA kathana hai ki piyadassI ke 'pada-sAdhana' kA moggallAna-vyAkaraNa ke sAtha vahI saMbaMdha hai jo bAlAvatAra kA kaccAna-vyAkaraNa ke sAtha2 / 1472 I0 meM titthagAma (laMkA) nivAsI sthavira zrI rAhula ne, jinakI upAdhi 'vAcismara' (vAgIzvara thI) 'pada-sAdhana' para 'pada-sAdhana-TIkA' yA buddhippamAdinI' nAmakI TIkA likhii| (2) vanaratana medhaMkara-viracita 'payoga-siddhi' (prayoga-siddhi) / moggallAna vyAkaraNa-saMpradAya para likhA gayA yaha saMbhavataH sarvonama grantha hai| De jaoNyasA ne moggallAna-vyAkaraNa ke sAtha isakA vahI saMbaMdha dikhAyA hai jo 'rUpasiddhi' kA kaccAna-vyAkaraNa' ke sAtha / vanaratana medhaMkara parAkramavAhu ke putra bhuvanekabAhu tRtIya ke samakAlika the / ataH unakA jIvana-kAla 1300 IsavI ke lagabhaga hai / hA~, yahA~ yaha dhyAna avazya rakhanA cAhie ki vyAkaraNakAra medhaMkara isI nAma ke jinacarita ke racayitA aura lokappadIpasAra ke kavi, ina donoM vyaktiyoM se bhinna hai| (3) moggallAna-paJcikApadIpa'--'moggallAna-paJcikA' kI vyAkhyA hai / 'padasAdhana-TIkA' ke lekhaka sthavira rAhula 'vAcissara' hI 'moggallAna-paJcikA-padIpa' ke lekhaka hai / gandha 1. moggallAna-vyAkaraNa kA devamitta dvArA sampAdita siMhalI saMskaraNa, kolambo, 1890, prasiddha hai| anya bhI baramI aura siMhalo saMskaraNa upalabdha haiN| 2. keTelAga, pRSTha 25 / 3. keTelAga, pRSTha 26 / 4. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 54 / /

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( 610 ) vaMsa'1 ke varNanAnusAra 'vAcissara' ne 'moggallAna-vyAkaraNa' para eka TIkA likhI thI / DA. gAyagara ne ina 'vAcissara' ko usI nAmake siMhalI bhikSa sAriputta ke ziSya (12 vIM zatAbdI kA uttara bhAga) na mAnakara 'moggallAnapaMcikApadIpa' ke lekhaka ina sthavira rAhula ko hI mAnA hai, jinakI bhI upAdhi 'vAcissara' (vAgIzvara) thii| De jaoNyasA ke matAnusAra 'moggallAna-paJcikApadIpa' vyAkaraNa-zAstra para eka atyaMta gaMbhIra aura pAMDityapUrNa racanA hai / imameM bhASA saMbaMdhI bahuta mUlyavAn sAmagrI saMkalita kI gaI hai / aneka prAcIna saMskRta aura pAli-vyAkaraNoM ke bhI uddharaNa diye gaye hai| isakI racanA-tithi 1457 I0 hai / jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, AcArya zrI dhammArAma nAyaka mahAthera ne 1896 I0 meM siMhalI lipi meM isa grantha kA sampAdana kiyA, jo vidyAlaMkAra pariveNa, laMkA, se usI sAla prakAzita bhI huaa| (4) dhAtupATha5--moggallAna-vyAkaraNa ke anusAra dhAtuoM kI sUcI hai| kaccAnavyAkaraNa kI 'dhAtu-maMjUsA' kI apekSA yaha grantha adhika saMkSipta hai| usakI taraha padyavaddha na hokara yaha gadya meM hai| saMbhavataH kAla-krama meM yaha usase prAcIna hai, kyoMki 'dhAtu-maMjUsA' meM isI kA Azraya liyA gayA hai / dhAtupATha ke racayitA ke nAma yA kAla ke viSaya meM abhI kucha jJAta nahI ho sakA hai| sadanIti aura usakA upakArI sAhitya pAli-vyAkaraNa kA tIsarA pramukha sampradAya 'saddanIti' kA hai| yaha baramA meM racita pAli vyAkaraNa hai / baramA meM bhI siMhala kI hI taraha pAli vyAkaraNa 1. pRSTha 62, 71 / 2. pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 53 / / 3. keTelAga, pRSTha 24, milAiye subhUti : nAmamAlA, pRSTha 34 / 4. gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 54 / 5. dekhiye bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa : pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha 367-412 (mogga llAna-dhAtupATho) 6. gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, paSTha 56 / 7. hemara smitha ne tIna bhAgoM meM isa grantha kA sampAdana kiyA hai, dekhiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 54, pada-saMketa 6; lAhA : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 636, pada-saMketa 1 /

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ke adhyayana kI mahatI paramparA calI, jisake pUrNa vikAsa ko hama 'saddanIti' meM dekhate haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki baramA ke vyAkaraNa-jJAna kI prazaMsA jaba siMhala meM pahuMcI to vahA~ se kucha bhikSu baramA meM Aye aura saddanIti-vyAkaraNa ko dekha kara unheM svIkAra karanA par3A ki nizcaya hI isake samAna vidvattApUrNa racanA unake yahA~ koI nahIM hai|' isakI racanA 1154 I0 meM huii| isake racayitA baramI bhikSu aggavaMsa the jo 'aggapaMDita tRtIya' bhI kahalAte the| 'agga paMDita dvitIya' unake cAcA the, jo 'agga paMDita prathama' ke ziSya the| aggavaMsa baramI rAjA narapatisithu (1167-1202) ke guru the| aggavaMsa-kRta 'saddIti' eka prakAra se kaccAna-vyAkaraNa para hI AdhArita hai|2 moggallAna-vyAkaraNa to sambhavataH usake bAda kI hI racanA hai| saMskRta vyAkaraNoM kA bhI aggavaMsa ne praryApta Azraya liyA hai / unhoMne apane grantha ke anta meM svayaM kahA hai ki pUrva AcAryoM (AcariyA) aura tripiTaka-sAhitya se Azrama lekara unhoMne 'sadanIti' kI racanA kI hai / nizcaya hI 'saddanIti' eka pAMDityapUrNa vyAkaraNa hai| isa grantha meM sanAIma adhyAya hai / prathama 18 adhyAya 'mahA maddanIti' aura zeSa 9 adhyAya 'cUla saddanIti' kahalAte haiM / 'pada-mAlA' 'dhAtumAlA' aura 'suna-mAlA' ina 3 bhAgoM meM sampUrNa saddanIti-vyAkaraNa vibhakta hai| ____ 'dhAtvattha dIpanI' nAma kI padyabaddha dhAtu-sUcI meM saddanIti-vyAkaraNa ke anusAra dhAtuoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai / kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kI dhAtusUcI 'dhAtumaMjUsA' aura moggallAna-vyAkaraNa ko dhAtusUcI 'dhAtupATha' ke samAna isameM bhI pANinIya dhAtupATha kA paryApta AdhAra liyA gayA hai / yaha hiMgulavala jinaratana nAmaka barmI bhikSu kI racanA batAI jAtI hai, jinake kAla kA ThIka patA nahIM hai| isake atirikta 'saddanIti' para aura koI nizeSa sAhitya nahIM hai / baramA meM yaha grantha Aja bhI zAstra kI taraha pUjita hai / anya pAli-vyAkaraNa uparyukta tIna sampradAyoM ke vyAkaraNa-sAhitya ke atirikta anya bhI bahuta vyAkaraNa-mAhitya upalabdha hai, jo yadyapi inameM se kisI viziSTa sampradAya meM nahIM 1. mobila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 16 / 2. yaha phreka kA mata hai jise gAyagara ne pAli liTarecara eMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 55 meM uddhRta kiyA hai|

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( 612 ) rakkhA jA sakatA, kintu jo pAli vyAkaraNa ke pUrNa zAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi me mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha sAhitya bhI parimANa meM itanA adhika hai ki isakI pUrI sucI to AcArya subhUtikRta 'nAmamAlA' yA Dez2aoNyasAM ke keTelAMga' meM hI dekhI jA sakatI hai / yahA~ hama kevala kucha mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA hI ullekha kreNge| (1) baramI bhikSu sAmagera dhammadassI-kRta vaccavAcaka' / caudahavIM gatAbdI ke antima bhAga kI racanA hai| isakI TIkA 1768 I0 meM baramI bhikSu saddhamma-nandI ne kii| (2) maMgalakRta 'gandhaTTi', jisakA viSaya upasargoM kA vivecana karanA hai / yaha caudahavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| (3) ariyavaMsa-kRta 'gndhaabhrnn'| yaha bhI upasargoM kA vivecanaparaka grantha hai / isakI racanA 1436 I0 meM huii|3 (4) vimattyatthappakaraNa--27 zlokoM kI yaha pustikA vibhaktiyoM ke prayogoM kA vivecana karatI hai / subhUti ke matAnusAra isakI racanA bagmI rAjA kyacvA kI putrI ne 1481 I0 meM kii| isa para bAda meM 'vimattyattha-TIkA' yA 'vimattyatthadIpanI' ke nAma se eka TokA likhI gaI / sambhavataH ye do alaga alaga TokAe~ bhI hoN| eka aura TIkA 'vibhattikathAvaNNanA' ke nAma se bhI isa racanA para likhI gii| (5) 'saMvaNNanAnayadIpanA'--isa grantha kI racanA jambudhaja (jambudhvaja) ke dvArA 1651 I0 meM kI gaI / isI lekhaka ke do anya granya 'niruti maMgaha' aura 'sarvajJanyAyadIpanI' bhI prasiddha hai|5 . (6) saddavRtti (zabdavRtti) jisakI racanA caudahavIM zatAbdI ke saddhamma 1. mobila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 22 / 2. mobila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 26 / 3. mobila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 43 / 4. dekhiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara aiMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 57 / 5. mobila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 55 /

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( 613 ) guru nAmaka baramI bhikSu ne kI' / De jaoNyasA ne isa grantha kA racanA-kAla 1656 I0 mAnA hai| (7) kArakapuppha maMjarI--pAli zabda-yojanA para likhita yaha racanA keMDI (laMkA) ke aMtaragamavaMDAra rAjaguru nAmaka lekhaka kI hai| vahA~ ke rAjA kIrti zrI rAjasiMha ke zAsana kAla (1747-80) meM yaha racanA likhI gii| 3 (8) sudhIramukhamaMDana---yaha racanA pAli-samAsa para hai| imake bhI lekhaka 'kArakapUpphamaMjarI' ke samAna hI hai| (9) nayalakkhaNavibhAvanI--baramI bhikSu vicittAcAra (vicitrAcAra) ne 18vIM zatAbdI ke uttara bhAga meM isa grantha kI racanA kii|" (10-12) saddabindu (nAradathera), saddakalikA, saddavinicchaya Adi aneka grantha pAli-vyAkaraNa para likhe gaye hai, jinakA pUrA vivaraNa yahA~ nahIM diyA jA sktaa| laMkA aura baramA meM chaThI yA sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara Thoka unnIsavIM zatAbdI taka pAli-vyAkaraNa sambandhI jo gaharI tatparatA aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna mahAn grantha-rAzi hama dekhate haiM, jisakA kiMcit digdarzana Upara kiyA jA sakA hai, usakA vAstavika mahattvAkaMna kyA hai ? nizcaya hI pAli-vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana ina dezoM meM usa samaya kiyA gayA jaba pAli jIvita bhASA nahIM rahI thii| ataH piTaka aura anupiTaka sAhitya evaM saMskRta-vyAkaraNa, yahI inake pradhAna AdhAra rahe / svabhAvataH ho unameM vaha bhASAvaijJAnika tattva nahIM mila sakatA, jo Adhunika bhASA-vijJAna ke vidyArthI ko tRpta kara sake / kintu 'nyAsa', 'rUpa-kAzyapa siddhi', 'sadanIti' aura 'vAlAvatAra' jaise vyAkaraNa pAMDitya kI dRSTi se kisI bhI sAhitya ke vyAkaraNoM se Takkara le sakate haiN| nizciya hI jaisA bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne kahA hai, moggallAna kI ginatI pANini, cAndra, kAtyAyana Adi mahAn 1. mobila boDa : pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 29 / 2. keTelAga, pRSTha 27 / 3. jaoNyasA : keTe loga, pRSTha 24 / 4. jaoNyasA : keTelAga, pRSTha 28 / 5. jaoNyasA : keTelAga, pRSTha 25; dekhiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara aiMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 58 bhii|

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( 614 ) vaiyyAkaraNoM meM karanI hogii|' bhAratIya mUla srota se itane alaga raha kara bhI ina baramI aura siMhalI AcAryoM ne saMskRta ke samakAlika pAli-bhASA kA kitanA mundara aura manoyogapUrvaka adhyayana kiyA hai, ise dekha kara AzcaryAnvita raha jAnA par3atA hai / sAMskRtika ekatA kI isase adhika gaharI buniyAda kabhI DAlI gaI ho, isakA itihAsa sAkSya nahIM detaa| yaha ekatA rAjAoM ke darabAroM meM na DAlI jAkara bhikSu-pariveNoM meM DAlI gii| isIliye vaha itanI sthAyI bhI huI hai / eka hI grantha (moggallAnapaJcikA-padIpa) kA aMzataH pAli aura aMzataH siMhalI meM likhA jAnA, bhArata aura siMhala ke usa gauravamaya sambandha kA sUcaka hai, jisakI nIMva bauddha dharma ne DAlI thI aura jise usake sAhitya ne dRr3ha kiyA hai| bhArata aura svayaM madhya-maMDala (zAstA kI vicaraNa-bhUmi ! ) meM hI pAli-adhyayana ke prati gaharI udAsInatA ko dekha kara ina dUrasthita bauddha bandhuoM ke prati zraddhA se mastaka jhuka jAtA hai| kAraNa, inhoMne hI dhamma kI jyoti ko prakAzita rakkhA hai, inhoMne hI jJAna ke dIpaka ko hama taka pahuMcAyA hai / unakA pAli-vyAkaraNa'sambandhI prabhUta kArya to isakA eka bAhya sAkSya mAtra hai / pAli koza : abhidhAnappadIpikA evaM ekakkhara kosa __ pAli-sAhitya meM kevala do prasiddha koza haiM, moggallAna-kRta 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' 3 aura baramI bhikSu saddhammakitti ( saddharmakIrti )-kRta 'ekakkhara 1. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa, pRSTha pacAsa (vastukathA) 2. vastutaH hamase adhika pAli-bhASA aura usake vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana to una pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne hI kiyA hai jo bauddha dharma se prabhAvita hae haiN| unake isa saMbaMdhI kArya aura unakI vyAkaraNa-saMbaMdhI racanAoM ke paricaya ke lie dekhiye gAyagara : pAli liTarecara aiMDa leMgveja, pRSTha 59-60; lAhA : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 638-640; lAhA ne pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke sAya sAtha, bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke bhI isa saMbaMdhI kArya kA vivaraNa diyA hai| bAda kA prakAzana hone ke kAraNa, kheda hai, 'pAli mahAvyAkaraNa' (bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa kRta) kA ullekha yahAM nahIM kiyA jA skaa| pAli vyAkaraNa sAhitya para bhikSu jI kI yaha hindI ko mahattvapUrNa dena hai / 3. subhUti dvArA siMhalI lipi meM saMpAdita, kolambo 1883; nAgarI lipi meM

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kosa' / ' 'abhivAnappadIpikA' ( abhidhAnapradIpikA ) tIna bhAgoM yA kAMDoM meM vibhakta hai (1) saggakaMDa (svarga-kAMDa) jisameM devatA. buddha, zAkyamuni, deva-yoni, indra, nirvANa Adi ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA saMkalana hai| (2) bhUkaMDa (bhU-kANDa) jisameM pRthvI Adi sambandhI zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA saMkalana hai| (3) sAmaJja kaNDa (zrAmaNya-kANDa) jisameM pravrajyA sambandhI aura saundarya, uttama jaise zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI gabdoM kA saMkalana hai| vAstava meM yaha koza paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA saMkalana hI hai| varamA aura siMhala meM isa grantha kA bar3A Adara hai / isa grantha kI racanA saMskRta ke amarakoza ke AdhAra para huI haiM,2 ise prAyaH sabhI vidvAn Aja svIkAra karate hai / jaisA abhI kahA jA cukA hai, abhidhAnappadIpikA moggallAna thera kI racanA hai / yaha sthavira laMkAnivAsI bhikSu the / abhidhAnappadIpikA meM inhoMne kahA hai ki laMkAdhipati parakkama-bhuja nAmaka bhUpAla' ke zAsana-kAla meM inhoMne isa grantha kI racanA kii| vahIM inhoMne apanA nivAsa sthAna 'mahAjetavana' nAmaka vihAra batAyA hai jo Aja polonaruvA nAmaka nagara meM sthita hai| jisa parakkamabhuja nAmaka bhUpAla' ke zAsana-kAla meM moggallAna sthavira ne 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' kI racanA kI vaha vidvAnoM ke nizcita matAnusAra parAkramavAhu prathama hI hai, jisakA zAsana-kAla 1153-1186 hai aura jisake samaya meM pAli ke TIkAsAhiya kI adbhuta samRddhi huI / ataH moggallAna thera kA bhI yahI samaya hai / 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' ke lekhaka moggallAna thera ko umI nAma ke aura prAyaH umI muni jinavijaya dvArA saMpAdita, gujarAta purAtatva mandira, ahamadAbAda saM0 1980 vi0 / 1. muni jinavijaya dvArA saMpAdita uparyukta 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' ke saMskaraNa ___ meM hI ekakkhara kosa' bhI sammilita hai, abhidhAnappadIpikA pRSTha 157-170 / 2. malalasekara : di pAli liTarecara oNva silona, pRSTha 188-189 / 3. parakkamabhujo nAma bhUpAlo guNabhUsaNo / laMkAyamAsi tejassIjayo kesari vikkamo / pRSTha 156 (muni jinavijaya dvArA saMpAdita nAgarI-saMskaraNa) 4. mahAjetavanAkhyamhi vahAre sAdhusammate sarogAma samUhamhi vasatA santavuttinA // saddhammaThitikAmena moggalAnena dhiimtaa| therena racitA esA abhidhAnappadIpikA // pRSTha 156 (uparyukta saMskaraNa)

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samaya ke vaiyAkaraNa moggallAna se bhinna samajhanA cAhiye / vaiyAkaraNa moggallAna, jamA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM , anurAdhapura ke thUpArAma nAmaka vihAra meM rahate the, jaba ki kogakAra moggallAna ne apanA nivAsa sthAna pulatthipura yA polonnaruvA kA jetavana-vihAra batalAyA hai| 'gandhavaMsa' meM kozakAra moggallAna ko 'nava moggalAna' kahA gayA hai aura vaha nizcayataH vaiyAkaraNa moggallAna se unakI bhinnatA dikhAne ke liye hI / caudahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM 'abhidhAnappadIpikA' para eka TIkA bhI likhI gii| 'ekakkharakosa' baramI bhikSa saddhammakitti (saddharmakIni) kI racanA hai / 1465 I0 meM isa koza kI racanA kI gii| yaha koza ekAkSagatmaka zabdoM kI padyabaddha sUcI hai| saMskRta bhASA ke ekAkSarI koza kA kA yaha pAli rUpAntara mAtra hI kahA jA sakatA hai / isake anta meM AtA hai-- iti maddhammakitti nAma mahAtherena sakkatabhAsAto parivattetvA viracitaM ekakkharakoma nAma saddappakaraNaM parisamattaM" (saddharmakIti nAmaka mahAsthavira dvArA saMskRta bhASA se rUpAntarita kara ke viracita 'ekAkSarakoza' nAmaka zabda-prakaraNa mamApta ) / chandaH zAstraH vuttodaya Adi pAli meM chandaH zAstra para 'vRttodaya' (vuttodaya) nAmaka eka mAtra prasiddha grantha hai| 'chandovicita' 'kavimArapakaraNa' 'kavisAra TIkA nissaya' nAmaka alpa prasiddhi ke eka-Adha grantha aura bhI hai| 'vuttodaya' kI racanA, siMhalI bhikSu sAriputta ke gipya, khuddaka mikkhA-TIkA aura kaccAna-vyAkaraNa para 'sambandha-cintA' ke lekhaka (jinakA nirdeza pahale ho cukA hai) sthavira maMgharakkhita haiM, jinakA kAla 12vI zatAbdI kA uttara bhAga hai| 'vuttodaya' para 'vacanatthajotikA' nAma kI eka TIkA bhI likhI gii| kAvya-zAstra-subodhAlaGkAra pAli kAvya-zAstra para 'subodhAlaMkAra' eka mAtra racanA hai| isake racayitA uparyukta sthavira saMgharakkhita hI hai / pAli kA abhilekha-sAhitya pAli kA saba me bar3A gaurava buddha-vacanoM ke bAda usakA abhilekha-sAhitya 1. pRSTha 62 /

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( 617 ) hai / bhAratIya sAhitya aura itihAsa kI hI nahIM, vizva-saMskRti ke itihAsa kI bhI vaha mUlyavAn sampatti hai| mAtrA meM svAbhAvika rUpa se alpa hote hue bhI yaha sAhitya apanI udAtta aura gambhIra vANI, svAbhAvika aura sarala zailI, evaM jIvana ke gambhIratama pahaluoM aura anubhavoM para niSThita hone ke kAraNa usI mahattA ko liye hue hai, jise hama upaniSatkAlIna RSiyoM kI vANI, buddha-vacanoM, madhyakAlIna sannoM ke udgAroM yA Adhunika kAla meM mahAtmA gA~dhI kI sahaja, Atma-niHsRta vANI se sambandhita karate hai / pAli kA abhilekha-sAhitya I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI me pandrahavIM zatAbdI IsavI taka milatA hai / azoka ke zilAlekha usakI uparalI kAla-sImA aura baramA ke rAjA dhammaceti ke prasiddha kalyANIabhilekha usakI nicalI kAla-sImA nizcita karate haiN| ina kAla-koTiyoM se veSTita prasiddha pAli abhilekha-sAhitya yaha hai, azoka ke zilAlekha, sA~cI aura bhArata ke abhilekha sAranAtha ke kaniSka kAlIna abhilekha, mauMgana (baramA) ke do mparNapatra-lekha, bobogI pegoDA (baramA) ke khaMDita zilAlekha, proma (baramA) ke bIsa svarNapatra-lekha, pegana ke 1442 I0 ke abhilekha, kalyANI-abhilekha / inameM azoka ke zilAlekha saba ke siramaura hai aura kAla-krama meM bhI ve sarva prathama Ate haiN| azoka ke zilAlekha azoka ke zilAlekha uttara meM himAlaya se dakSiNa meM maisUra taka aura pUrva meM ur3IsA meM pacchima meM kAThiyAvAr3a taka pahAr3I caTTAnoM aura patthara ke vizAla stambhoM para utkIrNa milate hai| ina zilAlekhoM kA pradhAnataH tIna dRSTiyoM se bar3A mahattva hai / (1) ina zilAlekhoM meM azoka ne apane zabdoM meM apanI jIvanI kA varNana kiyA hai / jIvanI kimI sthUla artha meM nahIM / azoka ne yahA~ apane Antarika jIvana ke parivartana kA, ahiMsA ke apane prayogoM kA, jIvana ke apane gambhIratama anubhavoM kA. mAdI se mAdI bhASA meM. bar3I spaSTatA aura maccAI ke sAtha, varNana kiyA hai / (2) azoka-kAlIna itihAsa ko jAnane ke liye ye zilAlekha prakAgagRha hai / pAli-sAhitya ke anya varNanoM kI apekSA ina zilAlekhoM kA sAkSya itihAsa-lekhako ko madA adhika mAnya rahA hai| nizcaya hI ye zilAlekha svataH pramANa-siddha haiM aura inhI ke AdhAra para azokakAlIna itihAsa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / (3) azoka ke zilAlekhoM se pAli bhASA ke svarUpa aura usake

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( 618 ) sAhitya ke vikAsa para bhI kAphI prakAza par3atA hai / hamAre prastuta adhyayana ke prasaMga meM unakA yaha mahatva hamAre liye saba se adhika mUlyavAna hai| pahale hama azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa deMge, phira uparyukta tInoM dRSTiyoM se unake mahattva kA vivecana kreNge| unakA vargIkaraNa kAla-krama ke anumAra visenTa smitha ne azoka ke zilAlekhoM ko nimnalikhita ATha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai|' (1) lagha gilAlekha--ye sAta zilAlekha hai, jo sahasarAma, rUpanAtha, vairATa, brahmagiri, siddhapura, jatiMga rAmezvara aura mAskI nAmaka sthAnoM meM mile hai / mahasarAma vihAra meM hai; rUpanAtha jabalapura ke samIpa madhya-prAnta meM hai; vaigaTa jayapura riyAsata meM hai; brahmagiri, siddhapura aura jatiMga rAmezvara maisUra riyAsata meM hai, aura mAskI haidarAbAda rAjya meM hai| (2) bhAbrU zilAlekha-jayapura riyAsata meM baigaTa ke pAsa milA thaa| (3) caturdaza zilAlekha (I0 pU0 256 ke lagabhaga)--ye lekha pahAr3oM kI caTTAnoM para khude hue ina sthAnoM para mile hai, zahavAjagar3hI aura manamehara (pegAvara jile meM), kAlamI (deharAdUna jile meM), giranAra (kAThiyAvAr3a meM), dhaulI (kaTaka ke pAsa) aura jaugar3ha (madrAsa-prAnta) (4) do kaliMga lekha (I0 pU0 256)---liMga meM patthara kI caTTAnoM para khude mile hai| (5) tIna guphA-lekha (I0 pU0 257 aura I0 pU0 250)--gayA ke pAsa bAgabara nAma kI pahAr3I meM mile haiN| (6) do tarAI stambha-lekha (I0 pU0 249)---nepAla kI tarAI meM jhammanadeI aura niglivA nAmaka gA~voM ke pAsa mile hai| (7) sapna stambha-lekha (I0 pU0 243-242)---ye lekha stambhoM para khude hue ina cha: sthAnoM para mile haiM (1) megTha (2) ambAlA ke pAsa Topaga / ye donoM lekha dillI meM le Aye gaye he / (3) prayAga (ke kile kA stambha-lekha) 1. oNksapharDa hisTrI oNva iMDiyA, pRSTha 103-104 /

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(4) lauriyA ararAja, (5) lauriyA nandanagar3ha (6) rAmapuravA / antima tIna sthAna vihAra ke campArana jile meM haiN| (8) cAra gauNa stambha (I0 pU0 242-I0 pU0 232)--inameM se do lekha sA~cI aura sAranAtha kI lAToM para khude hue hai aura do prayAga ke stambha para pIche me jor3a diye gaye haiN| __ azoka kA vyaktitva, usakA rAjanIti-darzana aura tatkAlIna bhArata kI paristhiti, ina lekhoM se spaSTataH vyaMjita hote hai / saba se pahale azoka kI buddhabhakti hai, jisane azoka ko azoka bnaayaa| azoka kA vizva itihAsa meM jo kucha bhI sthAna hai' yA apane rAjanIti-darzana ke rUpa meM azoka jo kucha bhI vizva ko de gayA hai, vaha saba buddha kA eka choTA sA dAna hai / usase adhika bhI bahutoM ne pAyA hai, yadyapi itihAsa meM unakA nAma nahIM hai / azoka ne vuddha me jo kucha pAyA, use vaha svayaM bhI jJAnapUrvaka samajhatA thA / bhISaNa kaliMga-yuddha ke bAda usake hRdaya meM jo glAni paidA huI thI, usakA usane apane terahaveM zilAlekha meM mArmika varNana kiyA hai / yaha usake liye eka yugAntakArI ghaTanA thii| isake bAda usane nizcaya kiyA ki saMsAra meM kSema, saMyama, cina-zAnti aura prasannatA kI hI vRddhi karU~gA, zAnti, madbhAva aura ahiMsA kA hI pracAra karUMgA / yahI sarvonama vijaya hogii| raNabherI ko chor3akara usane dharma-ghopa me hI digAoM ko guMjAyamAna karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| yahI usakA 'priyadarzI' rUpa thaa| azoka pahale nara-hatyArA thA, caMDAzoka thA / vuddha-anubhAva se vaha devatAoM aura manuSyoM kA pyArA huA, dharmAzoka huA / azoka ke isa jIvana-parivartana meM kahA~ taka bauddha prabhAva uttaradAyI thA athavA kahA~ taka yaha usake svataMtra vicAra aura cintana kA pariNAma thA, isake viSaya meM vivAda karane kI guMjAyaza nahIM hai / visenTa smitha kA yaha kahanA ki azoka apane dharma-parivartana kA zreya kimI dUsare ko nahIM denA cAhatA thA,2 ?. "Amidst the tens and thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of History......the name of Asoka shines, and shines almost alone a star'' esa0 jI velsa apanI 'AuTa lAina oNva hisTrI' meN|| 2. smitha ne isa bAta para jora diyA hai ki azoka ne jisa dharma kA apane zilA lekhoM meM upadeza diyA hai vaha to saMpUrNa bhAratIya dharmoM kA vaha samanvita rUpa

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Thoka nahIM hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki puruSArtha to manuSya ko svayaM hI karanA hotA hai aura paryApta hRdaya-maMthana ke bAda upayukta citta-bhUmi bhI use hI taiyAra karanI hotI hai| yaha saba azoka ne bhI kiyA thaa| kaliMga-yuddha ke bAda usake hRdaya meM dhArmika pavitratA aura zAnti ke liye utkaTa abhilASA (tivra dhammavaya dhammakasaTa) utpanna huI thii| parantu kauna jAnatA hai ki itanA hone para bhI azoka ko yadi sthavira (yA zrAmaNera) nyagrodha na milate to 'bikhare hue bAdala kI taraha, vaha vinaSTa nahIM ho jAtA / ataH azoka ko buddha-zAsana kA prakAza avazya milA thA, jisake liye usane apane zilAlekhoM meM paryApta kRtajJatA bhI prakAzita kI hai| bhAva gilAlekha meM umane magadha ke bhikSu-saMgha kA zraddhApUrvaka abhivAdana kiyA hai, unake kuzala-maMgala kI kAmanA kI hai aura kahA hai, "bhante ! Apako mAlUma hI hai ki buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke prati mere hRdaya meM kitanA Adara aura zraddhA hai / bhante ! bhagavAn buddha ne jo kucha kahA hai, saba sundara hI kahA hai / " kaliMga-yuddha azoka ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM varSa meM huA thA, aura usake bAda hI usane nyagrodha nAmaka bhikSu me upAsakatva kI dIkSA lI thii| usake bAda hI to azoka niyamita rUpa se bauddha gRhastha-giSya (upAsaka) ho gyaa| apane 'dharma tathA zIla meM pratiSThita (dhammamhisIlamhi tiTThanto) hone kI bAta azoka ne apane chaThe zilAlekha meM bhI kahI thA jise azoka ne apane svatantra vicAra ke pariNAmasvarUpa udbhAvita kiyA thA aura usakA buddha-dharma se, jaisAki vaha tripiTaka ke aneka granthoM meM nihita hai, koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai / dekhiye unakA azoka : pRSTha 59-66 / 1. jisa vyakti se azoka ko buddha-mata kI dIkSA milI, unakA nAma sthavira vAda paramparA ke anusAra nyagrodha thaa| 'dIpavaMsa' ke varNana ke anusAra nyagrodha sthavira the; 'samanta pAsAdikA' meM unheM sthavira aura zrAmaNera donoM hI kahA gayA hai| mahAvaMza (5 / 64-68) ke anusAra ve kevala zrAmaNera the| cAhe sthavira hoM, cAhe zrAmaNera, bhikSu nyagrodha eka kuzala yogI avazya the, jinhoMne apane vyaktitva se azoka ko AkRSTa kara liyaa| 'divyAvadAna' kI mahAyAnI paramparA meM azoka ke guru kA nAma sthavira samudra kahA gayA hai, jo utanA prAmANika nahIM hai| 2. yadyapi pAli-vRttAnta ke anusAra abhiSeka ke cauthe varSa azoka ne buddha-mata kI dIkSA lI (catutthe saMvacchare buddha-sAsane pasIdi)

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( 621 ) hai| maisUra ke tona lava zilAlekhoM meM azoka ne apane upAsaka-jIvana kA varNana kiyA hai| yahA~ usake upAsaka svarUpa kI do avasthAe~ upalakSita hotI hai| pahalI avasthA vaha hai jisameM azoka eka sAdhAraNa upAsaka mAtra hai| 'ya hakaM upAsake' arthAt jaba ki ma upAsaka thA / dUsarI avasthA vaha hai jisameM azoka saMgha meM jAne vAlA (saMgha upayite) upAsaka bana gayA hai / apanI ima avasthA ko sUcita karate hue usane kahA hai 'yaM mayA saMve upathite' arthAt jaba ki maiM saMgha ke darzanArtha jAtA thA / azoka ke dharma-vikAma ko antima avasthA vaha hai jaba ki vaha 'bhikvagatika' ho jAtA hai, arthAt svayaM bhikSu to nahIM hotA, kintu anAsakta bhAva meM rAjyakArya karatA huA vaha kabhI kabhI satsaMga pAne ke liye vihAra meM jAkara bhikSuoM ke sAtha rahane lagatA hai| yahA~ azoka pUrNa gajapi-pada prApta kara letA hai| cInI yAtrI i-ciMga ne, jo sAtavI gatAbdI meM bhArata meM AyA thA, azoka kI eka mUrti bhikSu-veza meM bhI dekhI thii| kintu yaha sandigdha hai ki azoka apane antima jIvana meM bhikSu ho gayA thaa| kucha bhI ho, isameM sandeha nahI ki buddha, dhamma aura saMgha meM azoka kI asIma niSThA thii| apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke ikkIsaveM varSa vaha bhagavAn buddhadeva kI janmabhUmi lumbinIvana meM gayA aura vahA~ eka mundara, golAkAra stambha para usane akiMta karavAyA " hida budhe jAte makyamunIti . . . . . .hida bhagavA jAteti lumminigAme' arthAt yahIM lumbinI-grAma meM zAkyamuni buddha utpanna hue the, yahIM bhagavAn utpanna hue the / azoka kI buddha-niSThA kA yaha jvalanta udAharaNa hai| usane kapilavastu, sAranAtha, zrAvastI, gayA Adi anya sthAnoM kI bhI, jo buddha kI smRti meM aMkita the, yAtrA kI aura apanI zraddhAJjali arpita kii| pahale azoka kI pAkazAlA meM hajAroM jIva pratidina mAre jAyA karate the| 2 apane prathama zilAlekha meM usane sUcanA dI hai ki isa samaya sirpha do mora aura eka hirana hI mAre jAte haiM, jinameM higna kA mAga jAnA nizcita nahIM hai aura Age 1. dekhiye rAdhAkumuda mukarjI : maina eMDa thaoNTa ina enziyanTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 130 / 2. puluvaM mahAnasi devAnaM piyasa piyadasine lAjine anudivasaM bahUni pAna sata sahasAni Alabhiyisu supaThAye (pahale devatAoM ke priya priyadarzI rAjA kI pAkazAlA meM aneka zata-sahasra prANI sUpa ke lie mAre jAte the) zilAlekha 1 (jaugar3ha) .

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( 622 ) ye tIna prANI bhI nahIM mAre jAya~ge / ' mRgayA aura vihAra-yAtrAoM ke sthAna para usane dharma-yAtrAeM karanA prArambha kiyA, kyoMki aba use jIvana kI gambhIratA kA jJAna ho cukA thaa| usane dekha liyA thA ki saMsAra ke sukha-bhoga , pratiSThA aura bar3appana, paraloka meM kucha kAma nahIM Ate / azoka yadyapi vauddha thA, kintu sampradAyavAda usake hRdaya meM nahIM thA / vizva kA hone ke liye hI vaha buddha kA huA thA / brAhmaNa aura jaina sAdhuoM ko bhI vaha bauddhoM ke samAna hI dAna detA thA aura unake tIrya sthAnoM ke bhI samAna Adara ke sAtha hI darzana karatA thaa| apane bArahaveM zilAlekha meM azoka ne dhArmika sahiSNutA kA marmasparzI upadeza diyA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki macI dharmonnati kA mUla vAksaMyama hai (idaM malaM vaci guti)| manuSya apane dharma kI stuti aura dUsare ke dharma kI nindA na kare / jo apane sampradAya kI bhakti ke kAraNa apane hI dharma vAloM kI prazaMsA karatAhai aura anya dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI nindA karatA hai vaha vAstava meM apane sampradAya ko bahuta hAni pahuMcAtA hai| vaha isa prakAra apane dharma ko kSINa karatA hai aura para-dharma kA apakAra karatA hai| loga eka dUsare ke dharma ko muneM aura usakA sevana kreN| saba dharma vAle bahuzruta hoM aura unakA jJAna kalyANamaya ho / "priyadarzI rAjA cAhatA hai ki saba dharma vAle sarvatra mela-milApa me raheM / ve sabhI saMyama aura bhAva-zuddhi cAhate haiN| manpyoM ke U~ca-nIca vicAra aura UMca-nIca anurAga hote hai / koI apane dharma kA pUrI taraha aura koI aMgamAtra pAlana kreNge| jisake yahA~ dene ko bahuta dAna nahIM hai, usameM bhI saMyama, bhAva-zuddhi, kRtajJatA aura dRr3ha bhakti to avazya ho hI sakate haiN|"4 marvadharma-mamabhAva kA isase adhika prabhAvazAlI upadeza vizva-itihAsa meM nahIM diyA gyaa| azoka ne bhArata aura usake bAhara grIma Adi dezoM meM isa vizvadharma kA pracAra karane ke liya jo mahanIya kArya kiyA vaha usake dUsare aura terahaveM 1. seaja adA iyaM dhamalipI likhitA tiniyeva pAnAni AlabhiyaMti--dube majalAeke mige| se pi cu mige no dhuvaM / etAni picu tini pAnAni pachA no AlabhiyisaMti / zilAlekha 1 (jaugar3ha) 2. zilAlekha 8 3. zilAlekha 10 4. zilAlekha 12

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( 623 ) zilAlekhoM meM aMkita hai aura dUsare adhyAya meM tRtIya bauddha saMgIti kA varNana karate samaya hama usakA kucha ullekha kara cuke haiN| azoka ne buddha-dharma ko jaisA samajhA aura jaisA usakA AcaraNa kiyA, vaha kucha pravajitoM kA hI dharma nahI thA, balki jIvana kI pavitratA para Azrita vaha vistRta loka-dharma thA, jisakA AcaraNa jovana kI pratyeka avasthA meM aura pratyeka vyakti dvArA kiyA jA sakatA hai / ahiMsA, bar3oM kA Adara, satya-bhASaNa, ina bAtoM ko mikhAte hue priyadarzI rAjA kabhI thakatA nahI / mAtA-pitA kI sevA karanA, mitra, paricita, sambandhI, brAhmaNa aura zramaNoM kA Adara karanA, dAsa aura bhRtyoM ke sAtha sadvyavahAra karanA, yahI saba azoka kI zikSAe~ thii| alpavyayatA aura alpabhANDatA (kama sAmAna ikaTThA karanA) kI usane bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| Atma-nirIkSaNa ko usane dharma kA pramukha sAdhana mAnA hai / buddha ke samAna azoka ne bhI dharma ke Antarika svarUpa para jora diyA hai / tatkAlIna lokAcAroM kI eka sacce buddhivAdI ke samAna tucchatA dikhAte hue usane kahA hai-- "vImArI meM, nimaMtraNa meM, vivAha meM, putra-janma aura yAtrA ke prasaMgoM para strI-puruSa vahuta me maMgala-kArya karate haiM, parantu se ve maMgala thor3e phala ke dene vAle hote hai| kintu ahiMsA, dayA, dAna, gurujanoM kI pUjA ityAdi dharma ke maMgala-kArya anantapUgya utpanna karate haiN|"4 azoka ne dharma-dAna kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| usane kahA hai ki saccA anuSThAna dharma kA anuSThAna hai, saccI yAtrA dharma kI yAtrA hai, saccA maMgalacAra dharma-maMgala hai| vAstava meM dharma (dhamma) zabda ko yahA~ azoka ne bar3e vyApaka artha meM prayoga kiyA hai| __azoka kI zAmana-nIti ko jAnane ke liye usake abhilekha bar3e sahAyaka hai| koI bhI zAsaka apanI AjJAe~ zilAlekhoM para khudavA sakatA hai| kintu agoka ke abhilekhoM jaimA sthAyitva, unakI itanI vizvajanInatA, itanI mArmikatA, itanI gambhIra maccAI, vizva-sAhitya meM anyatra kahIM nahI dekhI gii| ve 1, 2. zilAlekha 3, 9 aura 11 / 3. zilAlekha 3 / 4. zilAlekha 9 5. dekhiye zilAlekha 9 (giranAra, dhaulI aura jaugar3ha kA pATha); zilAlekha 11 bhI; milAiye dhapmapada, 'sabbadAna' dhammadAnaM jinAti / /

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( 628 ) ekadama itihAsa kI sAmagrI hai, uccatama sAhitya hai, aura gambhIratama jIvanadarzana bhI haiN| unake andara 'priyadarzI' kI loka-kalyANa ke liye chaTapaTAtI huI AtmA abhI taka niHzvAsa le rahI hai aura atIta ko jIvana pradAna kara rahI hai / rAjanIti jIvana se bhinna nahIM hai / balki usakA hI eka aMga hai| azoka ne jo tattva jIvana meM dekhA hai, usI kA apane rAjanaitika jIvana meM abhyAsa kiyA hai, umI ko apanI prajAoM ko sikhAyA hai aura usI ko lekhoM meM aMkita karavAyA hai / kyA hai vaha tattva ? yaha vahI tattva hai jise sthavira nyagrodha ne ume prathama bAra sikhAyA,' tayAgata ne jise antima bAra duhagayA,2 azoka ne jime jIvana bhara nibhAyA--kalyANakArI kAryoM meM apramAda, anavarata aura anAsakta karma-yoga kA abhyAsa / yahI tathAgata kA vIryArambha hai, azoka ke lekhavaddha zabdoM meM yahI "usTAna'3 (utthAna) hai, yahI 'uyama'4 (udyama) hai, yahIM 'usaha 5 (utmAha) yahI 'pakama' yA 'parakkama' (parAkrama) hai, jise sikhAte hue 'piyadasI dhammarAjA' kabhI thakatA nahIM / nirAlasa hokara paropakAra ke liye adamya karmayoga kA abhyAsa ho azoka ke jIvana kA mUla darzana hai, jise usane rAjanIti ke kSetra meM bhI prayukta kiyA hai aura use dharma-sAdhanA kA aMga banA liyA hai| apane cha 1. dIpavaMsa meM kahA gayA hai ki nyagrodha ne azoka ko yaha gAthA sunAI "apramAda amRta-pada hai| pramAda mRtyu kA pada hai| apramAdI anuSya mRtyu ko prApta nahIM hote, pramAdI bhanuSya to mRta hI hai|" dhammapada ke dvitIya vagga kI yaha prathama gAthA hai| mahAvaMsa 5 / 68 ke anusAra bhI nyagrodha ne azoka kI yahI gAthA sunaaii| 2. tathAgata ke aMtima zabda ye the 'apramAda ke sAtha (jIvana ke lakSya ko sampAdana karo" (appamAdena sampAdetha--mahAparinibbANa-sutta--dIgha. 2 // 3); milAiye mahAsakuludAyi-suta --majjhima. 2||3||7---aanaapaansti sutta majima. 3 / 2 / 8); appamattaka vagga (aMguttara-nikAya, eka = ka nipAta) sammappadhAnasaMyatta (saMyutta-nikAya); thapati-sutta ( saMyutta-nikAya) (padhAniya-sutta ( aMgutara nikAya ) Adi, Adi / 3. zilAlekha 6 4. zilAlekha 13 5. stambhalekha 1 6. laghu zilAlekha 7. zilAlekha 10 8. isI ko vyakta karate hue usane amara zabdoM meM kahA hai "nAsti hi kaMmataraM

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( 625 ) zilAlekha meM usane kahA hai "maiMne yaha prabandha kiyA hai ki pratyeka samaya, cAhe usa samaya meM khAtA hoU~, cAhe antaHpura meM rahU~, cAhe zayanAgAra meM raheM, cAhe udyAna meM rahU~, saba jagaha hI prativedaka (pezakAra) janatA ke kArya kI sUcanA mujhe deM / maiM janatA ke kArya saba jagaha karU~gA / yadi maiM svayaM AjJA daM ki amuka kArya kiyA jAya aura mahAmAtroM meM usake viSaya meM koI matabheda upasthita ho athavA mantripariSad use svIkAra na kare to hara ghar3I aura hara samaya mujhe sUcanA dI jAya kyoMki maiM kitanA hI parizrama karU~ aura kitanA hI rAjya-kArya kahU~, phira bhI mujhe pUrNa santoSa nahIM hotA / maiM jo kucha prayatna (parAkrama) karatA hU~, vaha isaliye ki prANiyoM ke prati jo merA RNa hai usase uRNa ho jAU~ aura yahA~ kucha logoM ko sukhI karU~ aura paraloka meM unheM svarga kA adhikArI bnaauuN| atyadhika prayatna (parAkrama) ke binA yaha kArya kaThina hai / jisa prakAra maiM apane putroM kA hita aura sukha cAhatA hU~ usI prakAra meM loka ke aihika aura pAralaukika hita aura sukha kI kAmanA karatA huuN|" isI prakAra apane cauthe stambha-lekha meM azoka ne ghoSaNA kI hai "jisa prakAra koI manuSya apanI santAna ko nipuNa dAI ke hAtha sauMpakara nizcinta ho jAtA hai aura socatA hai ki yaha dhAya mere bAlaka ko sukha dene kI bharapUra ceSTA karegI usI prakAra prajA ke hita aura sukha ke liye maiMne 'rajjuka' nAma ke karmacArI niyukta kiye haiN|" ina vANiyoM se azoka ke kArya auranIti kA patA lagasakatA hai / ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko vaha vyAvahArika rAjanIti ke sAtha samanvita karane kI kitanI kSamatA rakhatA thA yaha usake usa abhilekha se spaSTa hotA hai jo usane satata upadrava karane kI ora pravaNatA rakhane vAlI uttarapacchimI sImA kI jaMgalI jAtiyoM ko sambodhita karate hue unake pradeza meM aMkita karavAyA thA, "sImAnta jAtiyA~ mujha se bhayabhIta na hoM, mujha para vizvAsa rakheM aura mere dvArA sukha prApta kareM, kabhI duHkha na pAveM aura vizvAsa rakheM ki jahA~ taka kSamA kA vyavahAra ho sakatA hai| rAjA hama logoM ke sAtha kSamA kA vyava sarvalokahitatpA ya ca kiM ci" (zilAlekha 6, giranAra saMskaraNa), (nahIM hai nizcaya hI saba lAgoM ke hita se adhika upAdeya kAma) 40

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( 626 ) hAra kreNge|"1 samrATa azoka aura unake ucca karmacArI samaya samaya para para janatA ke samparka meM Ane aura usake darzana karane ke liye (jAnapadasa janasa damanaM) rAjya kA daurA (anusayAna) karate the / 2 azoka cAhatA thA ki kAnUna ke bhaya se ho loga sadAcAra kA AcaraNa na kareM, balki unake Antarika jIvana ko isa prakAra zikSita kiyA jAya jisame ve pApa kI aura pravaNa hI na hoN| isI uddezya kI pUrti ke liye usane 'mahAmAtra nAmaka ucca karmacArI niyukta kiye the aura unheM aneka vizeSAdhikAra bhI diye the| ina kAryoM ke alAvA agoka ne apane vizAla sAmrAjya meM sthAna sthAna para dharmazAlAeM vanavAI, manuSyoM aura pazuoM ko ArAma dene ke liye chAyAdAra per3a lagavAye, Amra-vATikAe~ vanavAI aura pAnI ke kuMDa banavAye / 4 saba se bar3A kAma usane auSadhAlaya aura cikitsAlaya kholane kA kiyA / apane dUsare zilAlekha meM azoka ne kahA hai ki usane rogI manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke liye alaga alaga cikitsAlaya sthApita kiye hai|" yaha kAma usane na kevala apane hI rAjya meM kiyA hai, balki videzoM meM bhI apane dharmopadezakoM dvArA karavAyA hai| jahA~-jahA~ manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke prayoga meM Ane vAlI auSadhiyoM aura auSadhopayogI kanda-mUla phala nahIM hai, vahA~-vahA~ ve bhijavAye gaye hai aura lagavAye gaye hai| kahane kI AvazyakatA 1. zilAlekha 2 / 2. zilAlekha 8 (giranAra); zilAlekha 12 bhI / 3. zilAlekha 5, stambha lekha 7; dharma mahAmAtroM ke kyA kartavya the, isake lie dekhiye "azoka kI dharmalipiyA~" prathama bhAga (kAkSI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA) pRSTha 51-52 / 4. stambhalekha 7 / 5. dve cikIchA katA manusa cikIchA ca pasucikIchA ca / zilAlekha 2 / 6. zilAlekha 13 evaM 2 / 7. osuDhAni ca yAni manasopagAni ca pasopagAni ca yata yata nAsti sarvatra hArApitAni ca rIpApitAni ca / mUlAni ca phalAni ca yata nAsti sarvatra hArApitAni ropApitAni ca / zilAlekha 2 /

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( 627 ) nahIM ki yaha kAma azoka ne jAti-dharma-deza-nivizeSa prANi-mAtra ke kalyANArtha hI kiyaa| usI ke dvArA mAnavatA kI dundubhI vizva meM cAroM ora bajavAI gii| vauddha dharma usI samaya se vizva-dharma bana gyaa| isa saMkSipta vivaraNa ke bAda ava hameM usa mahattvapUrNa sAkSya ko devanA hai jo anoka ke abhilekha pAli-bhApA ke svarUpa aura usake sAhitya ke vikAsa ke viSaya meM dete hai| azoka ke abhilekhoMmeM tatkAlIna loka-bhApA (mAgadhI bhASA) ke kitane mvarUpa dRSTigocara hote haiM aura unakA tathAkathita pAli-bhASA me kyA sambandha hai, isakA vistRta vivecana hama pahale adhyAya meM kara cuke hai / niranAra (pacchima) jaugar3ha (pUrva) aura manamehara (uttara) ke abhilekhoM kI bhApA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura aneka vidvAnoM ke etadvipayaka matoM kI samIkSA vahIM ko jA cukI hai / ataH yahA~ hama kevala pAli sAhitya ke vikAsa para ina abhilekhoM se jo prakAza par3atA hai usI kA vivecana kareMge / isa dRSTi se azoka ke bhAva gilAlekha kA anyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| viSaya-gaurava kI dRSTi se bhI yaha lekha atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| ataH use yahA~ uddhRta karanA ho adhika upayukta hogA / ( bhAva zilAlekha) piyadasi lAjA mAgacaM saMgha abhivAdanaM AhA, apAvAdhataM ca phAsu vihAlataM caa| viditaM ve bhante Avatake hamA budhasi dhammasi saMghasiti galaveca pasAde ca eke ci bhaMte bhagavatA budhena bhAsite save se mubhAsite vA ecu kho bhaMte hamiyAye diseyA maMca meM cilaThitIke hosatoti alahAmi hakaM taM vatave / imAni bhaMte dhaMma paliyAyAni vinayamamukase, aliya vasAni, anAgatabhayAni, munigAthA, moneya sUte, upatimAsine e ca lAhulovAde musAvAdaM adhigicya bhagavatA budhena bhAsite / etAna bhaMte dhaMmapaliyAyAni icchAmi / kiM ti bahuke bhikhupAye ca bhikhuniye cA abhikhinaM sUnayu cA upadhAleyeyu cA / hevaM hevA upAsakA ca upAsikA cA eteni bhaMte imaM likhApayAmi abhihetaM ma jAnaMtAti / ( hindI-anuvAda ) priyadarzI gajA magadha ke saMgha ko abhivAdana karatA hai aura unakA kuzalamaMgala cAhatA hai / bhante ! Apako mAlUma hI hai ki buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke

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( 628 ) prati mere hRdaya meM kitanA Adara aura zraddhA hai / bhante ! bhagavAn ne jo kucha kahA hai, saba sundara hI kahA hai| bhante ! jo kucha mujhe kahanA hai, use kahatA hU~, tAki saddharma cirasthAyI ho / bhante ! ye dhamma-paliyAya haiM---vinaya-samutkarSa, AryavaMza, anAgatabhaya, munigAthA, moneyya-sUtra, upatiSya prazna, aura rAhulovAda-sUtra, jisameM bhagavAn ne mRSAvAda ke viSaya meM upadeza diyA hai / bhante ! maiM cAhatA hU~ ki sabhI bhikSu, bhikSuNiyAM, upAsaka tathA upAsikAeM, inheM sadA suneM aura pAlana kreN| bhante ! isIlie maiM yaha lekha likhavA rahA hU~, aisA smjhe|" ___ uparya kta abhilekha meM sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki yahA~ azoka ne kucha buddha-vacanoM (dhamma-paliyAya) ke nAma lekara bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM aura upAsaka-upAsikAoM sabhI ko unakA satata svAdhyAya karane kI preraNA kI hai| usane buddha-vacanoM ke kucha aise aMzoM ko cunA hai jinakI mahattA sArvajanIna hai aura jinameM sadAcAra ke usa rUpa kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai jisakA AcaraNa strI-puruSa sabhI kara sakate haiM / jina sAta dhamma-pariyAyoM yA dhamma paliyAyoM ko azoka ne ginAyA hai, ve prAyaH unhIM nAmoM meM vartamAna pAli-tripiTaka meM bhI vidyamAna haiN| kisa-kisa dhamma-paliyAya kI anurUpatA pAli tripiTaka ke kisa kisa aMza yA sutta ke sAtha haiM, yaha nIce likhe vidvAnoM ke etadviSayaka matoM se, jinameM kahIM kahIM kucha alpa vibhinnatA bhI hai, spaSTa hogA / 1--vinaya-samukase (vinaya-samutkarSa) 1. vinaya kA utkRSTa upadeza yA pAtimokkha-DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa aura olDanavarga: 1. sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, jilda terahavIM pRSTha 26 (bhUmikA), alaga alaga bhI rAyasa DeviDsa : jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1898, jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1896; buddhisTa iMDiyA, pRSTha 169; isI prakAra olDana barga : vinaya-piTaka, jilda pahalI pRSTha 80 meM TippaNI (vinaya-piTaka kA romana-lipi meM saMskaraNa, pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI dvArA prakAzita) /

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( 629 ) buddha kI sAmukkaMsikA dhammadesanA' (U~cA uThAnevAlA dharmopadeza ) jisakA upadeza vArANasI meM diyA gayA ( arthAt dhammacakkapavattana-sutta) - e0 je0 eDamaMDsa' 3. sappurisa-sutta ( majjhima 3 / 2 / 3) yA aMguttara nikAya kA vinayasaMbaMdhI upadeza (atthavasavagga ) - pro0 mitra 4. 'gihi-vinaya' (gRha - vinaya ) nAma se prasiddha siMgAlovAda- sutta ( dIgha 38) tathA ' bhikkhu - vinaya' ( bhikSu - vinaya ) ke nAma se prasiddha anumAna -sutta ( majjhima) - | DA0 veNImAdhava vADuA / 5. tuvaTThaka - sutta (suttanipAta ) - pro0 bhaMDArakara 2. aliyavasAni (AryavaMza ) 1. aMguttaranikAya ke catukka nipAta meM nirdiSTa cAra Arya vaMza - AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI * 2. aMguttara nikAya ke dasaka - nipAta athavA pariyAya sutta aura dasuttara- sutta meM nirdiSTa dasa DeviDsa" dIghanikAya ke saMgIti Arya - vAsa-- DA0 rAyasa 3. anAgata- bhayAni 1. aMguttara nikAya ke paMcaka nipAta meM nirdiSTa pAMca anAgata-bhaya- DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa 1. jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1913, pRSTha 385 2. lAhA : hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 665 meM uddhRta / 3. jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1915, pRSTha 805 4. iMDiyana aiMTikverI 41, 40 5. Upara uddhRta pada-saMketa 1 ke samAna / 6. jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI 1998 /

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( 630 ) 4. muni gAthA 1. muni-suna (mutta-nipAta)-DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa' 5. moneyya-sUte ( moneyya-sUtra) 1. nAlaka-suna (mutta-nipAta)-AcArya dharmAnanda kosambI2 2. prastAvanA ko chor3akara nAlaka-sutta kA zepa bhAga-DA0 veNImAdhava bADuA3 3. moneyya-sutta--DA0 rAyasa DeviDsa 4. 'itivRttaka' ke 67 ve sutta evaM aMguttara-nikAya ke tika-nipAta meM nirdiSTa moneyyAni--DA. viMTaranitz2a 6. upatisa-pasane (upatiSya-prazna) 1. sAriputta-suna (sutta-nipAta)-kosambI aura vADuvA" 2. majjhima-nikAya ke rathavinIta muna (1 / 3 / 4) meM nirdiSTa upatipya prazna-nyUmaina' 1. uparyukta ke samAna 2. iMDiyana eMTimberI, 41, 40 3. jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1915, pRSTha 805 4. uparyukta pada-saMketa 1 ke samAna / 5. hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 607 (pariziSTa 3) 6. upatiSya sAriputra kA nAma hai| cUMki sutta-nipAta ke sAriputta-sutta meM sAri putra meM kucha prazna kie haiM jinakA uttara buddha ne diyA hai, ataH yaha prAyaH sunizcita __ hI hai ki azoka kA tAtparya isI upadeza se thaa| 7. ina vidvAnoM ke lekhoM kA nirdeza Upara ho cukA hai| jA0 viTaranitta ko bhI yahI mata mAnya hai / dekhiye unakA hisTrI A~va iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI pRSTha 607 (pariziSTa 3) 8. viMTaranitja : hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 606 meM uddhRta /

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( 631 ) 7. lAghulovAde musAvAda adhigicca bhagavattA budhena bhAsite (rAhula ko uddezya kara mRSAvAda ke saMbaMdha meM bhagavAn buddha kA diyA huA upadeza ) 1. rAhulovAda-sunanna (majjhima (3|5|5)--ddaa0 rAyasa DeviDma' 2. ambalaThThika-rAhulovAda-nuttanta (majjhima 211)--ema0 menAre uparyukta vivaraNa kA aitihAsika sAkSa aura mahattva spaSTa hai / yadyapi bhAbrUgilAlekha meM nirdiSTa dhamma-pariyAyoM kI pAli-tripiTaka ke viziSTa sUtroM se pahacAna karane meM vidvAnoM meM kucha mata-bheda avazya hai,kintu yaha matabheda bahuta alpa hai aura adhikAMza to eka hI viSaya ke pAli-tripiTaka meM aneka sthaloM meM prAyaH samAna zabdoM meM varNana karane ke kAraNa hI hai / ataH yaha kahanA isake sAkSya ko atiraMjita karanA nahIM hogA ki jisa samaya azoka kA yaha zilAlekha likhA gayA, arthAt tRtIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva, pAli tripiTaka apane usI rUpa meM aura apane matroM ke prAyaH unhIM nAmoM ke sAtha, jinameM vaha Aja pAyA jAtA hai, vidyamAna thaa| agoka ke prajJApanoM kI bhAva-zailI se bhI yahI parilakSita hotA hai| una para buddha-vacanoM kA, jaise ki ve Aja pAli-tripiTaka meM nihita hai,paryApta prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| hA~, vizeSatA kevala yahI hai ki usane buddha-vacanoM ke athAha samudra meM se kevala aise muvacanoM ko cuna liyA hai, jinakA upadeza sarva-sAdhAraNa ke liye, jinameM vizeSataH gRhasthoM kI hI adhikatA hotI hai, upakArI ho sakatA yaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki cAra Arya-satya, Arya-aSTAMgika mArga, pratItya samutpAda, nirvANa jaise gaMbhIra viSayoM 1. jarnala oNva rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1898 2. jarnala eziyATika, 1884, jilda tIsarI pRSTha 478 3. DA0 veNImAdhava vADuA isI niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM, kintu viMTaranitz2a ne unake isa niSkarSa ko kucha atiraMjita mAnA hai| dekhiye unakA hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda dUsarI, pRSTha 608; phira bhI viTaranitja ne una vidvAnoM ke sAtha bhI sahamati nahIM dikhAI hai jo azoka ke samaya kisI bhI prakAra ke pAli-tripiTaka kA astitva svIkAra nahIM krte| dekhiye vahIM pRSTha 608-09 /

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( 632 ) kA ullekha na kara usane jana-sAdhAraNa ke sAmane isa loka ke sAdhAraNa sAmAjika, pArivArika aura Adhunika bhASA meM kaheM to nAgarika kartavyoM kA upadeza rakkhA hai jise pAli-tripiTaka ke siMgAlovAda (yA sigAlovAda)-sutta (dIgha. 3 / 8) lakkhaNa-mutta (dogha. 37) aura mahAmaMgalasutta (sutta-nipAta) jaise bhAgoM meM gRhasthoM ko lakSya kara sikhAyA gayA hai| "siMgAlovAda-sutta' to pUre arthoM meM 'gihi-vinaya' (gRha-vinayA) hI kahA gayA hai / azoka ne jisa-dharma ko sikhAyA hai usameM prANadhAriyoM kI ahiMsA (anArambho prANAnaM) jIvoM ko kaSTa na pahu~cAnA (avihimA bhUtAnaM) mAtA-pitA kI sevA (mAtari pitari sukhUsA), bar3oM kA Adara (thera-susrasA), mitra, paricitoM, sambandhiyoM, brAhmaNoM aura zramaNoM ke prati udAratA aura ziSTatA kA vyavahAra (mita-saMstuta-atikAnaM brAhmaNa samaNAnaM dAnaM sampaTipati), guruoM kA sammAna (gurUna apaciti), dAsoM aura naukaroM ke sAtha ziSTatA aura udAratA kA vyavahAra (dAsa-bhatakamhi sammapaTipatti), mitavyayatA aura alpa saMgraha karanA (apavyayatA, apabhAMDatA) Adi sAmAnya loka-dharma kI bAteM hI haiN| buddha ne yahI dharma sAdhAraNa janatA ko sikhAyA thaa| 'siMgAlovAda-sutta' ke isa saMkSipta uddharaNa ko hI dekhiye-- "mAtA-pitA pUrva dizA haiM, AcArya dakSiNa dizA / patra-strI pazcima dizA hai, mitra-amAtya uttara dizA / dAma-karmakara nIce kI dizA hai, zramaNa-brAhmaNa Upara kI dizA gRhastha ko apane kula meM ina dizAoM ko acchI taraha namaskAra karanA caahiye|"1 nizcaya hI azoka ne apane 'dhamma' ko aise hI buddha-vacanoM se pAyA hai / Upara bhAva gilAlekha meM usakI buddha-bhakti dikhAI hI jA cukI hai| sAMcI prayAga aura sAranAtha ke apane stambha-prajJApanoM meM saMgha-bheda ko rokane ke liye jo tatparatA dikhAI hai, vaha bhI spaSTa hI hai| vAstava meM usane apane sAre jIvana-kAryoM me cakravartI dharmarAja ke usa Adarza ko pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA jo pAli-tripiTaka 1. dIgha nikAya, pRSTha 276 (rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA anuvAda)

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( 633 ) meM upadiSTa kiyA gayA hai / lakkhaNa-sutta (dogha 317) ke anusAra "cakravartI,. dhArmika, dharmarAja, cAroM dizAoM ko jItakara, sAgara-paryanta isa pRthvI (bhAratabhUmi) ko daMDa aura zastra se nahIM, kintu dharma se jItakara usake Upara zAsana karatA hai|" azoka ko dhamma-vijaya kA, usakI prANi-avihiMsA kA, jAti-dharma-nirvizeSa, saMpUrNa manuSya-jAti kI sevA ke usake ucca Adarza kA, isake alAvA aura artha ho kyA ho sakatA thA ? ataH yaha nirvivAda hai ki azoka kI preraNA kA mUlAdhAra buddha-dharma ho thA / kisa prakAra dhamma-dAna kI prazaMsA karate hue azoka ne dhammapada kI eka gAthA (2 / 1) ko pratidhvanita kiyA hai, athavA kisa prakAra usake navaM zilAlekha ke kAlsI, zahavAjag2ar3hI aura manasehara ke saMskaraNa ke antima bhAga kI zailI 'kathAvatthu' se milatI julatI hai, yaha hama pahale dikhA cuke haiM / ataH yaha niHsaMdeha hai ki azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA sAkSya usake buddhavacanoM yA pAli-tripiTaka ke usa rUpa se paricita hone ke pakSa meM hai jo hameM Aja prApta hai aura jisameM se 'gRha-vinaya' ke hI loka sAmAnya Adarza ko lekara azoka ne svayaM (apane gRhastha zAsaka hone kI avasthA meM) usako apanAyA aura usI ko apanI pyArI janatAoM ko bhI sikhaayaa| azoka ke abhilekhoM ke alAvA anya prabhUta pAli abhilekha-sAhitya bhI hameM Aja prApta hai / yaha bahuta purAnA bhI hai aura usakI paramparA ThIka arvAcIna kAla taka calatI A rahI hai / tIsarI aura dUsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva se lekara ThIka aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke pAli abhilekha hameM prApta hai / yadyapi ina saba abhilekhoM kA sAhityika mahatva aura aitihAsika sAkSya azoka ke abhilekhoM ke samAna mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, kintu inameM se adhikAMza pAli-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| usakI vikAsa paramparA ke vibhinna 1. cakkavattI dhammiko dhammarAjA cAturanto vijitA vIso imaM paThAvi sAgarapariyantaM adaNDena asatyena abhivijiya ajjhAvasati / lakkhaNasutta (dogha 317)

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( 634 ) pahaluoM ko mamajhane ke lie ve prakAzagaha kA kAma dete haiN| hama ina sAta mukhya abhilekhoM kA yahA~ ullekha kareMge (1) sA~cI aura bhArata ke abhilekha (2) mAgnAtha ke kaniSkakAlIna abhilekha, (3) mauMgana (baramA) ke do svarNa-patra lekha (4) mabz2A (proma-baramA) kA pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI kA mvarNa-patra lekha (5) mabz2A (proma-baramA) ke bobogI pegoDA meM prApta khaMDita pASANa-lekha (6) 1442 I0 kA pegana (varamA) kA abhilekha, aura (7) gamaNya-deza (pega-baramA) ke rAjA dhammaceti kA 1476 I0 kA prasiddha kalyANIabhilekha / sA~cI aura bhArahuta ke abhilekha prAyaH sabhI purAtatvavidoM kA isa viSaya meM eka mata hai ki sA~cI aura bhArahuta ke stUpa tIsarI-dUsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva ke hai| ina stUpoM kI pApANa veSTaniyoM para jo lekha utkIrNa haiM aura prAcIna bauddha gAthAoM ke jo citra aMkita hai, ve bhAratIya purAtatva kI to amUlya nidhi haiM hI, pAli-tripiTaka kI prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA ko dikhAne ke lie bhI unakA pramANa antima aura pUrNatama rUpa se nizcita hai| hama pahale likha cuke haiM ki ina stUpoM ke lekhoM meM bhikSuoM ke vizeSaNa-svarUpa 'munantika' 'peTakI' 'dhammakathika 'paJjanekAyika' 'bhANaka' jaise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki jisa samaya ye lekha likhe gaye the buddha vacanoM kA "piTaka" 'sutta' 'paMca nikAya' Adi meM vargIkaraNa prasiddha thA aura usakA saMgAyana karane vAle (bhANaka) bhikSu bhI pAye jAte the / ataH pAli tripiTaka prAyaH apane usI vibhAjana meM jisameM vaha Aja upalabdha hai, tosarI-dUsarI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva bhI pAyA jAtA thA, yaha nizcita 1. sAMcI aura bhArata ke abhilekhoM ke adhyayana ke lie dekhiye vizeSataH vADuA aura siMha "bhArahuta insakripzansa" kalakattA 1926; meM se : sA~cI aura iTsarimensa landana 1892, mArzala : e gAiDa TU sA~cI, kalakattA 1918; hindI meM abhI isa viSayaka vizeSatApUrNa adhyayana nahIM kiyA gyaa|

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( 635 ) hai / eka aura pramANa bhI inhIM stUpoM se isa niSkarSa para pahu~cane ke lie milatA hai / bhArata aura mA~cI kI pApANa- veSTaniyoM para bauddha gAthAoM ke citra aMkita haiM, jo jAtaka kI aneka gAthAoM se vicitra samAnatA rakhate haiM / itanA hI nahIM, bhArata - stUpa meM to kucha jAtaka - gAthAoM ke nAma taka bhI ullikhita hai, jo isa prakAra haiM ( 1 ) vitura punakiya ( 2 ) miga (3) nAga (4) yavamabhakiya (5) mugapakaya, (6) latuvA (3) chandantiya ( 8 ) isisiMgiya, (9) yaM vamaNo avasi, (10) haMsa, (11) kinara ( 12 ) isimigo (13) janoko rAjA, (14) mivalA devI (15) uda (16) secha ( 17 ) sujato gahuto (18) viDala jAtaka (19) kakuTa jAtaka ( 20 ) mahAdeviya (21) bhima aura (22) haraniya / ina jAtakoM kI gAthAe~ aura kahIM kahI nAma bhI Aja prApta 'jAtaka' kI ina kahAniyoM se samAnatA rakhate haiM (1) vidhUra paMDita ( 2 ) nigrodha (3) kakkaTa, (4) mahAummagga ( 5 ) mUgapakkha ( 6 ) lanukikA (7) chaddanta ( 8 ) alambuma ( 9 ) andhabhUta, (10) nacca, (11) canda, (12) kinnara, (13) migapotaka, (14) mahAjanaka, (15) dabba-puppha, (16) dUbhi makkaTa, (17) sujAta, (18) kukkuTa, (19) makhAdeva aura ( 20 ) bhisa jAtaka | bhArata stUpa meM kahIM kahIM dRzya to aMkita hai kintu nIce unake nAma nahIM diye gaye haiM / phira bhI ina citroM se vidita hotA hai ki ve pAlijAtaka kI kucha kahAniyoM ke citroM ko hI aMkita karate haiM / isa prakAra kI 'jAtaka' kI kahAniyA~ jo yahA~ aMkita haiM, ye haiM (?) kurUMga-miMga ( 2 ) sandhi-bheda, (3) asadisa, (4) dasaratha, (5) mahAkapi, (6) cammasataka, (7) ArAmadumaka aura (8) kapota jAtaka / ataH ina saba sAkSyoM me spaSTa hai ki na kevala pAli - tripiTaka balki usake usake kucha viziSTa grantha bhI apane usI svarUpa meM, jaise ve Aja haiM, tRtIya - dvitIya zatAbdI IsavI pUrva bhI vidyamAna the / ima prakAra sA~cI aura bhArata ke mahatvapUrNa abhilekha aura citra azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke sAkSya kA hI anumodana karate hue 'tepiTaka' buddha vacanoM kI prAmANikatA kA sAkSya dete hai /

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sAranAtha ke kaniSkakAlIna abhilekha mAranAtha saMgrahAlaya meM laMbe AkAra kI bodhisatva kI eka mati sarakSita hai / uma para tIna abhilekha aMkita haiM, jo kuSANa-rAjA kaniSka ke zAsana - kAla ke tIsare varSa aMkita kiye gaye the| ina lekhoM kA viSaya buddha kA 'dhammacakkapavattana' hai / paMcavargIya bhikSuoM ke prati bhagavAn ne vArANasI meM caturArya satya-viSayaka jo upadeza diyA vaha yahA~ ina zabdoM meM aMkita hai "cattAri mAni bhikkhave ariyasaccAni / katamAni cattAri ? dukkhaM di bhikkhave ariya saccaM / dukkhasamudayo ariyasacca dukkha nirodho ariyasaccaM dukkhanirodho gAminIca pttipdaa|" isakA hindI anuvAda hai--"bhikSuo ! ye cAra Arya satya haiM ? kauna me cAra ? bhikSuo ! duHkha Arya satya hai, duHkha-samudaya Arya-satya hai, duHkha nirodha Aryamatya hai, duHkha nirodha gAminI pratipadA (mArga) Arya satya hai|" 'dhammacakka pavananasutta' kA yaha akSarazaH uddharaNa hI hai / kaniSka ne ise aMkita karavAkara usI sthAna para rakkhA jahA~ para ki vaha aitihAsika rUpa se prathama vAra diyA gayA thA, isase spaSTa vidita hotA hai ki IsavI san ke lagabhaga (kaniSka kA samaya) pAli-mAdhyama meM nihita buddha-vacana aitihAsika rUpa se prAmANika mAne jAte the| azoka tathA sA~cI aura bhArahuta ke abhilekhoM ke kAlakrama se prApta sAdhya kA isa prakAra yaha abhilekha bhI anumodana karatA hai| mauMgana (baramA) ke do svarNapatra-lekha mvarNapatroM para likhe hue do pAli-abhilekha bagmA meM proma ke samIpa mauMgana nAmaka sthAna para mile haiM / saMbhavataH ye pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI IsavI ke haiM aura dakSiNa bhArata kI kadamba (kannaNa-telagU) lipi meM likhe hue haiN| prathama abhilekha yaha hai "ye dhammA hetuppabha vA temaM hetu tathAgato Aha tesaM ca nirodho evaMvAdI mahAsamaNo ni, catvAro sammappadhAnA, catvAro satipaTThAnA, catvAri ariyamaccAni, canu besArajjAni paJcindriyANi, paJca cakkhUni. cha amaddhAraNAni, satta vobhaMga, ariyo aTeM-giko maggo, nava lokunaga dhammA, dama balAni, cuddama buddhajANAni, aTThArasa buddhadhammA

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7 ( 637 ) 1 ti / " isakA hindI anuvAda isa prakAra hai " jo dharma hetuoM se utpanna hU~ unake hetu ko tathAgata batalAte haiM aura unake nirodha ko bhI una mahAzramaNa kA yahI mata haiM, jaise ki cAra samyak pradhAna, cAra smRti - prasthAna, cAra Arya satya cAra vaizAradya, pA~ca indriya, pA~ca cakSu, chaha asAdhAraNa, dasa bala, caudaha buddhajJAna, evaM aThAraha buddha dharma / " isa avataraNa kA prathama bhAga arthAt yaha aMga " jo dharma hetuoM se utpanna hai unake hetu ko tathAgata banalAte haiM aura unake nirodha ko bhI, yahI una mahAsamaNa kA mata hai" buddha ke sAre mantavya ko jaise eka saMkSipta -mUtra meM hI rakha detA hai / pAli- tripiTaka meM bhI yaha bahuta prasiddha hai / asaji ( azvajit ) nAmaka bhikSu ne yahI kahakara prathama bAra sAriputra ko buddha - mantavya kA paricaya diyA thA / vAda ke aMza meM bodhipakSIya dharmoM kA parigaNana karAyA gayA hai jo buddha ke naitika AdarzavAda kI eka paripUrNa sUcI hai / sthaviravAda bauddha dharma buddha dharma ke naitika siddhAMtoM ko AdhAra mAnakara bhagavAn buddha dvArA upadiSTa bodhipakSIya dharmoM ko hI unakA mukhya mantavya mAnatA hai / pA~cavIM chaThIM zatAbdI meM baramI bauddha dharma kI pragati para yaha svarNa-patra lekha acchA prakAza DAlatA hai / dvitIya svarNapatra para bhI prathama lekha ke Adi kA aMza aMkita hai kintu usake bAda yahA~ triratna kI vandanA aura aMkita hai, yathA-' - 'tipi so bhagavA arahaM sammA sambuddho vijjAcaraNasampanno sugato lokavid anuttaro purasamma sArathi satthA deva manussAnaM buddho bhagavAti / yaha bhI pAli tripiTaka kA hI eka uddharaNa hai / isakA hindI anuvAda hai " ve bhagavAn arhat, samyak mambuddha, vidyA caraNa sampanna, sugata, lokavida, advitIya puruSa-damya sArathI, deva aura manuSyoM ke zAstA, bhagavAn buddha haiM ) ' buddha-bhakti ke udgArasvarUpa hI ye lekha likhe gaye hai / : mabz2A kA pA~cavIM chaThI zatAbdI kA svarNapatra lekha baramA meM proma ke pAsa majA nAmaka sthAna para vIsa svarNa-patroM para likhA huA eka pAli abhilekha pAyA gayA hai / yaha bhI dakSiNa bhArata kI kannar3atelagU prakAra kI lipi meM likhA huA hai / isa abhilekha meM vinaya aura

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( 638 ) abhivammapiTaka ke kucha uddharaNa aMkita haiM / varamA meM pAli-bauddha dharma ke vikAsa ke itihAsa para isa abhilekha se paryApta prakAza par3atA hai / maz2A ke bobogI pegoDA meM prApta khaMDita pASANa-lekha varamA meM mabz2A (prAcIna proma) ke vobogI pegoDA me san 1910-11 I0 meM tIna khaMDita pASANa-lekha mile, jo saMbhavataH chaThI zatAbdI IsavI ke haiM / inakI lipi bhI dakSiNa bhArata kI kannar3a -telagU lipi se milatI julatI hai / ina abhilekhoM meM pAli-tripiTaka vizeSataH abhidhammapiTaka ke hI kisI grantha kA uddharaNa haiM, jisakA abhI nizcayataH patA nahIM lagAyA jA sakA hai / isa abhilekha se baramA ko abhivammapiTaka saMbaMdhI adhyayana kI ora vizeSa ruci kA jo vahA~ prAraMbha se hI rahI hai, patA calatA hai / 1442 I0 kA pegana (baramA kA abhilekha) baramA ke tadvina nAmaka prAnta ke prAntapati vauddha upAsaka aura usakI patnI ne 1442 I0 meM vahA~ ke bhikSu saMgha ko kucha mahatvapUrNa dAna diyA thA / usI ko smRti ko surakSita rakhane ke lie yaha lekha aMkita karavAyA gayA thA / isa lekha meM anya bAtoM ke sAtha sAtha una granthoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinakA dAna ukta prAntapati ne bhikSu maMtra ko diyA thA / ataH varamA meM pAli-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi me isa abhilekha kA eka vizeSa mahatva hai / eka vizeSa mahatvapUrNa bAta isa abhilekha kI yaha bhI hai ki yahA~ pAli-granthoM kI sUcI meM amarakoza, vRttaratnAkara jaise kucha saMskRta grantha bhI sammilita haiM, jo varamA meM tadviSayaka adhyayana kI paramparA kA acchA sAkSya dete haiM / pandrahavI zatAbdI taka varamI pAli sAhitya kI pragati ko dikhAne ke lie yadyapi isa abhilekha meM nirdiSTa granthoM kA adhika vivecana apekSita hai, kintu vistAra bhaya se hama yahA~ aisA na kara kevala unakA nAma parigaNana mAtra hI karate haiM jinakI bhI saMkhyA 295 hai / yathA -- -(3) parAjika kaMDa, (2) pAcittiya, (3) bhikkhunI, vibhaMga, (8) vinaya - mahAvagga. 9. vizeSa vivecana ke lie to dekhie mebila boDa : di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA, pRSTha 101- 109 /

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(5) vinaya-cUlavagga, (6) vinaya-parivAra, (7) pArAjika-kaMDa aTaThakathA. (8) pAcittiyAdi-aTThakathA (9) pArAjikakaMDa-TokA, (10) terasakaMDa TIkA, (11) vinaya-saMgraha-aTThakathA vistRta,) (12) vinaya-saMgraha-aTThakathA (maMkSipta), (13) kaMkhA vitaraNI-aTThakathA, (14) khuddaka sikkhA TokA, (prAcIna), (15) khuddaka mikkhA TIkA (abhinavA), (16) kaMkhA-TIkA (abhinavA), (17) vinaya gaNThipada, (18) vinaya-uttara-siMcaya-aTThakathA, (19) vinaya-siMcaya-TIkA, (20) vinayakkhanva niddesa, (21) dhammasaMgaNi, (22) vibhaMga, (23) dhAtukathA, (24) puggalapaJatti, (25) kathAvatthu, (26) mUlayamaka, (27) indriya yamaka, (28) tika-paTThAna, (29) duka-tika-paTThAna, (30) duka-paTThAna, (31) aTThamAlinI-aTThakathA, (32) sammoha vinodanIaTThakathA, (33) paJccappakaraNa kathA, (34) abhidhamma-anuTIkA, (35) abhidhammatthasaMgaha-aTThakathA, (36) abhidhamatthasaMgaha-TIkA, (37) abhidhammattha vibhAvanI-TIkA, (38) solakkhandha, (39) mahAvagga, (40) pAtheyya, (81) solakkhandha-aTThakathA, (42) mahAvagga-aTThakathA, (43) pAtheyya-aTThakathA, (44) sIlakkhandha TokA, (45) mahAvagga-TIkA, (46) pAtheyya-TIkA. (47) mUlapagNAsa, (48) mUlapaNNAsa-aTThakathA, (49) mUlapaNNAsa-TIkA, (50) majjhimapaNNAsa, (51) majjhiyapaNNAsa-aTThakathA, (52) majjhimapaNNa TIkA, (53) uparipaNNAsa (54) upariNNAsa-aTThakathA (55) upariNNAsa TIkA (56) sagAthavagga-saMyutta, (57) sagAthavaggasaMyuna-aTThakathA, (58) magAthavaggasaMyutta-TIkA, (59) nidAnavagga-saMyutta, (60) nidAnavagga saMyuttaaTThakathA, (61) khandhavagga-saMyutta, (62) khandhavagga saMyutta-TIkA, (63) naDAyatana vagga-saMyutta, (64) saThAyatanavagga saMyuna-aTThakathA, (35) catukanipAta-aMgutara, (66) aTha-nava-nipAta-aMguttara, (67) mahAvaggasaMyutta, (68) pAnipAta-aMgutara (69) chapattanipAta-aMguttara, (70) aTTha-nava-nipAtaaMgunara, (71) dama-ekAdapa-nipAta-aMguttara. (72) ekanipAta aMguttaraTThakathA, (73) duka-tika-catuka nipAta-aMguttara aTThakathA, (74) paccAdi-aMguttaraaTThakathA, (75) aMgunara-TIkA, (76) aguttara-TokA, (77) khudRka-pATha aTThakathA sahita, (78) dhammapada aTThakathA mahita. (71) udAna akathA

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( 640 ) sahita, (80) itivRttaka aTThakathA sahita, (81) suta-nipAta, aTThakathA sahita (82) vimAnavatyu-aTThakathA-sahita, (83) petavatthu aTThakathA sahita, (84) theragAthA aTThakathA sahita, (85) therogAthA aTThakathA sahita, (86) pAThacaritra (87) eka nipAta jAtaka-aTThakathA , (88) dukanipAta jAtaka-aTThakathA, (87) tika nipAta jAtaka-aTThakathA, (90) catuka-paMca-chanipAta jAtaka aTThakathA, (91) satta-aTThakathA, (92) dasa-ekAdasa nipAta jAtaka TThakathA, (93) dvAdasaterasa-pakiNNaka nipAta-jAtaka-aTThakathA, (94) vIsatijAtaka-aTThakathA, (95) jAtatako-sotattakI-nidAna-aTTha kathA, (96) cUlaniddesa, (97) cUlaniddesa-aTThakathA, (98) mahAniddesa, (99) mahAniddesa, (100) jAtaka-TIkA, (101) duma-jAtaka-aTThakathA, (102) apAdAna, (103) apAdAna-aTThakathA, (104) paTisambhidAmagga, (105) paTisambhidAmagga-aTThakathA, (106) paTisambhidAmagga-gaNThipada, (107) visuddhimagga-aTThakathA, (108) visuddhimagga-TokA, (109) buddhavaMsa-aTThakathA, (110) cariyApiTaka-aTThakathA, (111) nAmarUpa TIkA, (navIna), (112) paramattha vinicchaya, (113) moha vicchedanI, (114) loka- pati , (115) moha nayana, (116) lokuppatti, (117) aruNavati, (118) chagati dIpanI, (119) sahassaraMsipAlinI (120) dasavatthu (121) sahassavatsu (122) sahila vatsu (123) peTakopadesa, (124) tathAgatuppatti, (125) dhammacakka (-pavattanasutta), (126) dhammacakka-TIkA, (127) dAThAdhAtuvaMsa, (128) dAThAdhAtuvaMsa-TIkA, (129) cUlavaMsa, (130) dopavaMsa, (131) thUpavaMsa, (132) anAgatavaMsa, (133) bodhivaMsa, (134) mahAvaMsa, (135) mahAvaMsa-TIkA, (136) dhammadAna, (137) mahAkaccAyana, (138) nyAsa, (139) than-vyan-TIkA, (140) mahAtheraTokA, (141) rUpasiddhi-aTThakathA, (143) bAlAvatAra, (144) buni moggallAna, (145) paJcika-moggallAna, (146) paMcika moggallAna-TIkA, (147) kArikA (148) kArikA-TIkA, (149) liMgattha vivaraNa (150) liMgattha vivaraNa TokA, (151) mukhamattasAra, (152) mukhabhattasAra-TIkA, (153) mahAgaNa, (154) cUlagaNa, (155) abhidhAna, (156) abhidhAnaTIkA, (157) saddanIti, (158) cUlanirutti, (159) cUlasandhi vimodhana,

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( 641 ) (160) saddatyabhedacintA, (161) saddatthabheda cintA-TIkA, (162) pada-sodhana, (163) sambandha cintA-TIkA, (164) rUpAvatAra, (165) saddAvatAra, (166) saddhammadIpakA, (167) sotamAlinI, (168) saMbandhamAlinI, (169) padAvahAmahAcakka, (170) NvAdi (moggallAna) (171) katacA (172) mahAkA, (173) bAlattajana, (174) nuttAvali, (175) akkharasammohacchedanI, (176) cetiddhi nemiparigAthA, (177) mamAsataddhitadIpanI, (178) bIjakkhyaM, (179) kaccAyana-sAra, (180) vAlappabodhana, (181) aTThasAlinI, (182) aTThanAlinI nismaya, (183) kaccAyana nissaya, (184) rupasiddhi nissaya, (185) jAtaka nissaya, (186) jAtakagaNThi, (187) dhammapadagaNThi nissaya, (188) kammavAcA, (189) dhammasatta, (190) kalApapaJcikA, (191) kalApapaJcikA-TIkA, (192) kalApasutta pratisaku, (193) prinDo-TIkA, (194) ratnamAlA, (195) ratnamAlA TIkA, (196) roganidAna, (197) dabraguNa, (198) daba guNa-TIkA, (199) chandoviciti, (200) candragutti (candravRtti), (201) candrapaJcikara, (202) kAmandakI, (203) dhammapApakaraNa, (204) mahosaTThi, (205) subodhAlaMkAra, (206) subodhAlaMkAraTIkA, (207) tanogabuddhi, (208) taNDi (saMbhavataH daNDI), (209) taNDiTokA, (210) caMkadAsa, (211) ariyasaccAvatAra, (212) vicitragandha, (213) saddhammupAya, (214) sAra saMgraha, (215) sArapiNDa, (216) paTipaTThi saMgaha, (217) mUlacAraka, (218) pAlatakka, (219) trakkamAsA (tarkabhASA) (220) saddakArikA, (221) kAsikAdruttipAlinI, (222) saddhammadIpikA, (223) satyatatvAvabodha, (224) cUlanirutti maMjUsA, (225) maMjUsA TIkA vyAkhyaM, (226) cUlanirutti maMjUsA, (227) atthavyAkhyaM, (228) anuTIkA vyAkhyaM, (229) pakiNNaka nikAya, (230) cattha payoga, (231) matthapayoga, (232) rogayAtrA, (233) rogayAtrA-TIkA, (234) satyeka vipasavaprakAsa, (235) rAjamattanta, (236) parAsaba, (237) koladdhaja, (238) bRhajjAtaka, (239) bRhajjAtaka-TIkA, (240) dAThA dhAtuvaMsa, TIkA-sahita, (241) patika viveka TIkA, (242) alaMkAra-TIkA, (243) calinda paJcikA, (244) vedavidhinimittanirutti vaNNanA, (245) nirutti 41

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( 642 ) vyAkhyaM, (246) vuttodaya, (247) vuttodaya-TIkA, (248) milinda-paha, (249) sArattha saMgaha, (250) amarakosa nissaya, (251) piMDo nissaya, (252) kalApa nissaya, (253) roganidAna vyAkhyaM, (254) dabragaNa TIkA, (255) amarakosa, (256) daMDi TIkA, (257) daMDiTIkA (dvitIya), (258) daMDi-TIkA (tRtIya), (259) koladhvaja TIkA, (260) alaMkAra, (261) alaMkAra-TIkA, (262) bhesajjamaMjUsA, (263) yuddhajeyya, (264) yatana prabhA TIkA, (265) viragdha, (266) viragdha-TIkA, (267) cUlA maNisAra, (268) rAjamattanta TIkA, (269) mRtyuvaJcana, (270) mahAkAla cakka, (272) mahAkAlacakka-TIkA, (272) paraviveka, (273) kaccAyana rUpAvatAra, (274) pummarasArI, (275) taktavAvatAra (tattvAvatAra), (276) (277) nyAya bindu, (278) nyAyabindu TIkA, nyAyabindu TIkA, (279) hetubindu, (280) hetubindu TIkA, (281) rikkha- Niya yAtrA, (282) rikkhaNiya-yAtrA, TIkA, (283) varittaratAkara (vRtta ratnAkara,) (284) zyArAmitakabya, (285) yuttisaMgraha (286) yutti saMgaha TItra, (287) sArasaMgaha nissaya, (288) roga yAtrA nissaya, (289) roga nidAna nissaya (290) saddatthabheda cintAnissaya, (291) pArAnissaya, (292) zyAra mitakavya-nissaya, (293) vRhajjAtaka-nissaya, (294) rattamAlA, (295) narayutti sNgh| rAmaNya-deza (pegU-baramA) ke rAjA dhammaceti kA 1467 I0 kA kalyANI abhilekha kalyANI (pegU-baramA)-abhilekha rAmaNya-deza (pegU-baramA) ke rAjA dhammaceti ne san 1467 I0 meM aMkita karavAyA thaa| varamA meM vauddha dharma ke vikAsa, vizeSataH bhikSu-saMgha kI paramparA, para isa abhilekha se paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| bhikSuoM ke upasampadA-saMskAra kI vidhi evaM vihAra-sImA ke nirNaya karane ke viSaya para rAjA dhammaceti ke samaya meM baramI bhikSu-saMgha meM vivAda upasthita ho gayA / isa vivAda kA nizcita samAdhAna karane ke lie prAcIna vauddha sAhitya, vizeSataH vinaya piTaka aura usakI aTThakathA evaM upakArI sAhitya

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( 643 ) kA kAphI gaveSaNa kiyA gyaa| usake pariNAma svarUpa jo nizcita mArga darzana prApta huA usI kA ullekha kalyANI-abhilekha meM hai| yaha viSaya bauddha kriyAkANDa me itanA saMbaMdhita hai ki usakA uddharaNa dene se yahAM koI vizeSa prayojana siddha nahIM ho sakatA / pAli-sAhitya ke varamA meM vikAsa kI dRSTi se kevala isa abhilekha para aMkita una pAli granthoM ke nAma mahatvapUrNa hai jinakI sahAyatA uparyukta vivAda ke zamanArtha lI gaI thii| ina granthoM meM ye mukhya haiM-~-pAtimokkha khuddaka-sikkhA, vimati-vinodinI, vinaya-pAli, bajravuddhi sthavira (vajirabuddhi ther|) kRta vinaya TIkA yA sAratthadIpanI mAtikaTThakathA yA kaMkhA vitaraNI vinaya vinicchayappakaraNa, vinayasaMgahappakaraNa, sImAlaMkAra pakaraNa, sImAlaMkAra saMgaha Adi / jaisA spaSTa hai, vinaya-piTaka saMbaMdhI sAhitya hI isameM pradhAna hai| ___kalyANI-abhilekha isa dizA meM pAli-sAhitya sRjana kI aMtima kAla sImA nizcita karatA hai / vaha usa prabhUta pAla-sAhitya kI ora bhI saMketa karatA hai jo laMkA kI taraha baramA meM bhI likhA gayA / pAli-sAhitya yadyapi saMskRta kI taraha eka pUrA vAGmaya nahIM hai, phirabhI usakI racanA bhArata, laMkA aura varamA tIna dezoM meM huI hai| usakI anekavidha bikharI huI sAmagrI isakA pramANa hai| pAli meM vibhinna jJAna-zAkhAoM para grantha nahIM likha gye| jo kucha likhe bhI gaye unakA bhI AdhAra vizAla saMskRta vAGmaya hI thA aura unakA apane Apa meM koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai|

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upasaMhAra bhAratIya vAGmaya meM pAli sAhitya kA sthAna ___ gata pRSThoM meM jisa sAhitya kA paryAlocana kiyA gayA hai vaha bhAratIya mAhitya kA abhI taka prAyaH eka upekSita aMga hI rahA hai| saMpUrNa madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya sAhitya kA hI vaise to yathAvat adhyayana abhI hindI meM nahIM kiyA gayA / kintu pAli-sAhitya ke atizaya gauravazAlI hone ke kAraNa usakI upekSA to atyaMta hRdaya drAvaka hai| chaThI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva se lekara chaThI zatAbdI IsavI taka arthAt pUre 1200 varSa ke bhAratIya itihAsa meM jo kucha bhI sabase adhika smaraNIya, jo kucha bhI sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa hai, vaha pAli-sAhitya meM nihita hai / isa yuga kA bhAratIya samAja, dharma, darzana aura sabase adhika vizva-saMskRti ko usakA maulika dAna, sabhI kucha pAli sAhitya meM aMkita hai| phira bhI isa mahatvapUrNa sAhitya kA jitanA adhyayana aura prakAzana kolambo (siMhala), raMgUna, (baramA ), baMkAka ( syAma ) aura pAliTaiksT mosAyaTI, landana se huA hai, utanA kisI bhAratIya nagara yA zikSA kendra ke viSaya meM to kahA bhI nahIM jA sktaa| saMpUrNa bhArata kI vAta jAne bhI deM to bhI madhya-maMDala (zAstA kI vicaraNa bhUmi) meM pAli svAdhyAya kI jo dayanIya avasthA hai use dekhakara to Azcarya hotA hai ki hama kisa prakAra apanI saMskRti ke tatvoM ke saMrakSaNa kA dama bharate haiN| jisa saMskRti ke prabhAva ko cIna , jApAna, koriyA, maMgoliyA, tibbata, madhya-eziyA aura aphagAnistAna kI bhUmiyA~ abhI nahIM bhUlI haiM, jisakI smRtiyA~ abhI taka laMkA, baramA aura syAma ke nivAsiyoM ke hRdaya meM, unake sAre sAmAjika saMsthAna aura gajainitaka vidhAna meM guthI huI par3I haiM, use hama bhAratavAsI, jo usake vAstavika pratinidhi hai, bhUla cuke hai / yaha eka duHkhada, kintu satya bAta hai / bhagavAna buddha ke jisa zAsana ke mAdhyama se hama saMsAra ke saMparka meM Aye

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( 645 ) the, use hama Aja tor3a cuke haiN| Aja hama kaccI buniyAdoM para mahala khar3e kara rahe haiM / samaya hI batAyegA ki ve buniyAdeM kitanI sthAyI hotI haiM / hA~ itihAsa kI ora mur3akara hama cAheM to eka aise AdhAra kA bhI Azraya le sakate haiM jisakI parIkSA pahale ho cukI hai / yaha AdhAra uma mAhitya aura saMskRti kA hai jise hama buddha ke nAma se saMyukta karate haiM / isa mAdhyama kI pUrva paramparA bar3I zubhra rahI hai / isake dvArA hama jisa kimI se mile to usakA zoSaNa karane ke lie nahIM, balki apane saMparka se kevala usI ko kRtArtha karane ke lie usI ke anukampArtha! azoka ke pravajita putra mahendra aura unake sAthI bhikSuoM ne jaba laMkAdhipati devAnaM piya tissa me gaurava bhare zabdoM meM yaha kahA 'hama tere Upara anugraha karane ke lie hI bhArata se yahA~ Aye hai' (taveva anukampAya jambudIpA idhAgatA) to unhoMne apane ina zabdoM se usa sArI bhAvanA kA hI pratinidhitva kara diyA jisase prabhAvita hokara zatasahasra dharmopadezaka bhikSuoM aura mAnava jAti ke sevaka bhAratIya manISiyoM ne hajAroMkosoM ko bhayAnaka paidala yAtrAe~ kara videza-gamana kiyA thaa| ina smRtiyoM ko pRSThabhUmi ko lekara cAhe to bhAratIya rASTra Aja bhI kama se kama eziyA ke dezoM meM apane pUrva saMbaMdhoM ko phira se jIvita kara sakatA hai, unake sAtha maitrI ke saMbaMdha dRr3hatara kara sakatA hai| pAli sAhitya kA zubha AzIrvAda sadA ume apane isa prayatna meM milegA / _ vizuddha sAhitya kI dRSTi se pAli sAhitya kA artha-gaurava aura usakI prabhAvamayo ojasvinI bhASA-zailI kisI bhI sAhitya se Takkara le sakatI hai| kintu usake isa saMbaMdhI guNoM yA aitihAsika mahatva ke viSaya meM hameM kucha nahIM kahanA hai / pahale bhI isake saMbaMdha meM bahuta kucha kahA jA cukA hai / bhAratIya mAhitya ke itihAsa meM pAli kA sthAna saba prakAra saMskRta ke sAtha hai| saMskRta mAhitya rUpI mahAsamudra meM hI Arya jAti ke saMpUrNa jJAna-vijJAna kA bhAMDAra nihita hai| usI mahAsAgara kA eka Avarta pAli bhI hai| pAli saMskRta se vyatirikta nahIM, balki bhASA aura sAhitya donoM hI dRSTiyoM se vaha usI kA eka rUpAntara yA aMga hI hai / ataH saMskRta sAhitya ke avibhAjya avayava ke rUpa meM pAli kA mahatva bhAratIya sAhitya meM sadA supratiSThita rahanA cAhiye hAM, bhArata kI

Page #667
maumA ke bAhara ke dezoM meM pAli apanI jeSTha bhaginI saMskRta se bhI kahIM kahI prabhAvazIlatA meM adhika bar3ha gaI hai / isakA kAraNa hai pAli kA tathAgata kI sandeza-vAhikA honA / apane isa gaurava ke kAraNa hI sacamuca pAli jaisI prAdezika bhASA ko bhI vizvajanIna hone taka kA saubhAgya mila gayA hai, jo saMbhavataH Aja taka aMzataH saMskRta ko chor3akara anya kisI bhAratIya bhASA ko nahIM milaa| ___pAli aura vizva-sAhitya jarmana kavi-dArzanika geTe ne sAhitya ko vizva kA mAnavI-karaNa kahA hai| duniyA kA zAyada hI koI sAhitya isa kasauTI para kharA utara sake jitanA pAli sAhitya / bhAratIya bhASAoM meM yadi kisI ke bhI sAhitya meM vizva janIna tatva sabase adhika haiM to nizcaya ho pAli meM / gata pRSThoM meM pAli sAhitya ke vivecana meM yadi lekhaka ne adhika pramAda nahIM kiyA hai to usase spaSTa ho gayA hogA ki pAli mAhitya eka dhArmika saMpradAya (sthaviravAda bauddha dharma) kA hI mAhitya nahIM hai, balki vaha jAti-dharma-nivizeSa vizva-mAnava kA sAhitya hai, jo vizvajanInatA kI bhAvanAoM se anuprANita hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya bhUmi se udbhUta hokara usakA vikAsa samAna rUpa se hI anya dezoM meM bhI huA hai / saMkucita rASTrIya AdarzoM kI abhivyakti usake andara nahIM hai / vaha manuSya mAtra kI samasyAoM ko lekara unake samAdhAna ke lie khar3A hai jinameM deza yA rASTra kA vaisA kucha bheda nahIM hotaa| buddha-dharma kaise vizva dharma ho gayA isakA bahuta kucha rahasyodghATana pAli-sAhitya meM hI ho jAtA hai / yahAM koI aisA viziSTa vizvAsa nahIM, koI aimA karmakAMDa kA vidhAna nahIM, koI aisA devatva kA Adarza nahIM, jo manuSya-manuSya ke bIca bheda DAla sake / yahAM kevala naitika AdarzavAda hai, manuSya ko manuSya banAne kA prayatna hai, aura yaha saba hai manuSya ko manuSya samajhakara manuSya ke dvArA manuSya ko mArga dikhAkara / yadi dharma ke nAma para mAnavatA kA apalApa hI Aja hamAre aneka anarthoM kA kAraNa hai, to pAli-sAhitya hameM Aja usake pratikAra karane ke lie AhvAna karatA hai| yadi manuSyatA ke gaTha

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( 647 ) bandhana meM ba~dhanA hI vizva-mAnava ke bhAvI kalyANa kA ekamAtra mArga hai aura usI ke lie cAroM ora se pragati karanI hai to usake lie bhI pAli sAhitya sabase pahale hamArA AhvAna karatA hai aura hamAre mArga ko prazasta karatA hai| vizvadharma ke prasAraka isa sAhitya kA yadi samucita pracAra aura prasAra kiyA jAya to nizcaya hI yaha bhAratIya janatA ko saMsAra ke zeSa manuSyoM ke sAtha manuSyatA kI usa samAna bhUmi para lAkara khar3A kara degA jisakI Aja sabase adhika AvazyakatA hai aura jisake binA bhArata vizva-saMskRti ko apane usa mahat dAna ko de bhI nahIM sakatA jise usane buddha-dharma ke rUpa meM kabhI use diyA thaa|

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Page #670
pariziSTa 1-nAmAnukramaNI a agga paMDita (tRtIya) 611 akAraNavAda 135 aggavaMsa 579, 603, 611 akAlarAvI jAtaka 282 aggivacchagotta (parivrAjaka) 155 akitti-cariyaM 299 aggivacchagotta-sutta 96, 155, 159 akitti-jAtaka 299 aggi bhAradvAja (brAhmaNa) 240 akriyAvAda 137 agon 114 akriyAvAdI 193, 194 aghoSa USma 36 aghopa (sparza) 19, 20, 32, 34, akRtatAvAda 137 akuzala 30, 73, 374, 375, 35, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59 386, 400, 438, 440, 442, aciravatI (nadI, rAptI) 195 446, 450, 458 acela kAzyapa 141 akuzala karma 355 acchariyanbhutadhamma-sutta 98, 157 akuzala-citta 379, 380, 386, ajantA 290 390, 392, 533, 534, 535, ajAtazatru (ajAtasattu-magadharAja) 137, 138, 144, 157, 162, akuzala cetasika 386 166, 177, 19", 550, 562, akuzala dharma 461 571, 572, 581 akuzala-mUla 355, 440 ajita (mANava, brAhmaNa vAvari kA akuzalA manovijJAna-dhAtu-saMsparzajA ziSya) 241, 242, 586 400 ajita kesa kambali 137, 159, akuzala vipAka-citta (sAta) 382 480 383, 535 ajitamANavapucchA 241-242 akkharasammohacchedanI 641 akharAvaTa 230 aTThakathA 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 85, aggA -sutta 93, 147 130, 132, 278, 297, 337, aggapaMDita (lokuppatti ke racayitA) 339, 422, 427, 445, 465, 579 466, 496, 537, 538, 539, agga paMDita (prathama) 611 548, 549, 560, 566, 567, agga paMDita (dvitIya) 611 568, 598, 599, 600, 642 42

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( 650 ) 531 aTThakathA-sAhitya 471 -kA attanagaluvihAravaMsa 541, 548, udbhava aura vikAsa 495-500, 574-575 497, 498, 499, 500-- atirikta dhamma 199 kI saMskRta bhASya aura TIAoM atItavatthu 277 se tulanA 500-501,--kii| atyavyAkhyaM 641 kucha sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ 500-501, atthavaNNanA 277 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, / atthasavagga 629 508, 514, 515 atthuddhAra-kaMDa 373, 394, 395 buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAe~ 522- arthakathA 71, 104, 105, 109, 529, buddhadatta kI atttthkthaaeN| 223 504-505, abhidhammapiTaka / arthajAla 134 sambandhI aTThakathAe~ 528-529; / artha-vidyA 292 532, 536 adveSa 388, 394, 440, 458, aTThakathAkAra 308, 427, - 533, 535 pAli sAhitya ke tIna bar3e 501- arddhamAgadhI 18, 19, 28, 31, 32, -- kA pAli se sambandha 31aTThakathAcariya 577 33; 34, 39, 45, 48, 49, aTThakanAgara-sutta 95, 153 aTThaka-nipAta 101, 178, 180, avikaraNapaccaya-kathA 504 / 182, 189, 190, 193 adhikaraNasamathA dhammA (sAta) aTThakanavanipAta-aMguttara 639 312, 319-321 aTThakadagga 106, 107, 240 adhikaraNa-zamatha 3.13 aTThasAlinI 105, 199, 352, adhiTThAna-hAra 468 359, 473, 498, 507, 513, adhipati-pratyaya 457, 460 528, 530, 543, 586, adhimokSa 387, 392, 393, 412, 641 534, 535 aTTasAlinI-aTThakathA 639 adhovirecana 160 aTThasAlinI kI nidAnakathA 198, anaMgaNa 149 199, 335, 336, 350 anaMgaNa-sutta 93, 149 aTThasAlinI kI TIkA 538, 542 ananta AkiMcanya (zUnyatA) kA aTThasAlinI-nissaya 641 dhyAna 378 aTThAna-jAtaka 294 ananta AkAza kA dhyAna 378 aDDhakAsI (bhikSuNI) 269 ananta vijJAna kA dhyAna 378 attadaNDa-sutta .241 ananyazaraNa 175 attadIpa-sutta 175 anantara-pratyaya 457, 460 atta-vagga 215, 218, 224 anamatagga-saMyutta 99, 165 attanagalla (yA attanagalu-laMkA an-avatrapA (anottappaM) 388, meM sthAna) 575 392, 393, 535

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( 651 ) anAgatavaMsa 578, 584-587, anupada-vagga 97, 157 640 anupada-sutta 97, 157 anAgatavaMsassa aTThakathA 580 anupAli sAhitya 30, 90, 91 anAgatabhaya-sUtra 201, 443, 585 anupiTaka sAhitya 90, 91,anAgatabhayAni 627, 628, 629- kA kAla-vibhAga 108-110 129, 132, 472, 494, 506, anAgAmi-phala 189 514, 528, 613 anAgAmi-phala-citta 383 anumAnapaJho 489 anAgAmi-mArga-citta 376 anumAna paJhaM 476, 479 anAgAmI 418, 420, 430, anumAna-sutta 93, 151, 629 432, 436, 442, 446, 522 anuruddha (paramatthavinicchaya, nAmaanAtma 347, 355, 379, 402, rUpa-pariccheda aura abhidhammatya453, 464 saMgaha ke racayitA) 578 anAtmalakSaNa 481 anuruddha (khuddakasikkhaM ke racayitA) anAtmasaMjJA 469 578 anAtmavAda 149, 152, 157, anuruddha-sutta 98, 157 158, 349, 428, 484, 486 anuruddha-saMyutta 101, 171 anAtmavAdI 453 anulA devI (devAnaM piya tissa kI anAthapiDika 126, 158, 173, bhatIjI) 573, 574, 183, 184, 188, 226, 227, anuloma 227 325, 526 anuloma-paTThAna 456 anAthapiDikovAda-sutta 98, 158 anuloma-paccaniya-paTThAna 456 anya-samAna (teraha) 386, 391, anuloma-paTiloma-paTiccasamuppAda392 sutta 212 anya-samAna citta 534 anurAdhapura 504, 508, 509, 551, anyonya-pratyaya 441, 457, 461 568, 576, 608, 616 aniyata 313 anuzaya 157, 446, 437, 440, aniyata kathA 504 450 aniyatA dhammA 312, 316-317 / anuzAsanI prAtihArya 142 aniruddha (pAli anuruddha, AcArya) anuSTubh 236 109, 532, 539, 540 anuzrava 186 aniruddha (pAli anuruddha, bhikSu, anusaya-yamaka 450 buddha-ziSya) 78, 152, 154, anusaMdhAnAtmaka 381 157, 170, 171, 183, 325 / amussati kammaTThAna-niddeso 520 anizcitatAvAda 138 / anesAki (masAharu, pro0) 200 anIzvaravAda 428 anopamA (bhikSuNI) 268, 269 anuTIkA vyAkhyaM 641 anomadassI (siMhalI bhikSu) 575 anunAsika 35, 64, 65, 66 anomA (nadI) 286

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( 652 ) abhidhA apagarbha 194 352, 374, 390, 405, 408, apaNNaka jAtaka 281 418, 450, 453, 464, 470, apaNNaka-sutta 95, 153, 159 479, 481, 443, 545 aparNaka 153 abhidhamma-anuTIkA 639 arpaNA samAdhi 520 abhidharma-koza 334, 357, 422, apadAna 102, 107, 114, 197, 423, 563 apa198, 200, 298, 599, 640 / dAnaTThakathA (apadAna-aTThakathA) abhidhammattha saMgaha 109, 110, 350, 577, 640 384, 458, 532, ke siddhAMtoM appamaJavibhaMga 410 kA saMkSipta vizleSaNa 533-536 appamattaka vagga 624 abhidhammatthasaMgaha--aTThakathA 639 appamAda-vagga 214, 223 abhidhammatthasaMgaha-TIkA 639 apabhraMza 12, 30, 32, 72 abhidhammatthasaMgaha kI TIkA (dharmAnanda apramANA cetovimukti 157 kosaMbI kRta) 542 aparazailIya 426, 430, 439, abhidhammatthasaMgaha kI TIkA (ledi sadA441, 447, 448 vakRta) 544 aparAnta (aparAntaka bhI) 557, abhidhammatthasaMgaha kI TIkA (sumaMgala572, 574, 582 kRta) 540 aparAnta-kalpita 135 abhidhammatthasaMgaha-saMkhepa TIkA (chapada aparAntaka-pradeza 88 __-kRta) 540 aparimANa 388, 393, 412 abhidhammatthagaNThipada 543 aphagAnistAna 644 abhidhammatthavikAsanI 540, 579 aphalAtUM 131, 454, 473, 493 abhidhammatthavibhAvanI 540, 579 anbhutadhamma 102, 103 abhidhammatthavibhAvanI kI TIkA abhaya 310 542, 639 abhaya (saittha bhedacintA kI TIkA ke abhidhammattha saMgahapakaraNaM 578 racayitA) 580 abhidhammapaNNarasaTThAnaM 580 abhayamAtA (bhikSuNI) 269 abhidhamma-piTaka 87, 88, 91, abhaya giri vihAra 563 107, 115, 117, 179, 197, abhayarAjakumAra-sutta 95, 153, 198, 199, 232, 298, 327, 330, 334-464,--kA racanAabhyAsa 468 kAla 336-346,-kA viSayaabhijJA niddeso 521 346-349-kI zailI 349 abhiNha jAtaka 274 -351, kA mahatva 351-353, abhidhamma (abhidharma) 2, 85, 109, kI sarvAstivAda saMpradAya 113, 199, 308, 326, 335, ke abhidharma-piTaka se tulanA 336, 338, 339, 340, 343, 353-358,--ke granthoM kI viSaya 344, 347, 349, 350, 351, vastu kA saMkSipta vizlepaNa 358

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( 653 ) 464, 465, 466, 470, 494, 144, 266, 268, 269, 271 500, 503, 505, 532, 533, ambalaThikA 145, 153 535, 536, 566, 568, 602 ambalaThThikArAhulovAda-sutta 95, abhidhamma-piTaka saMbaMdhI aTThakathAyeM 153, 631 528-529 amarakoza 614, 638, 642 abhidhamma philaoNsaphI (bhikSu jagadIza amarakoza-nissaya 642 kAzyapa kRta) 87, 342, 345, amarasiMha (saMyutta-nikAya ke siMhalI 347, 349, 351, 391, 393, ___ saMskaraNa ke saMpAdaka) 160 517, 533, 545 amarAvikSepavAda 135 abhidhamma-mUla TIkA 532,--kI amAnuSI 447 anuTIkA 543 amitAyu 446 abhidhamma-darzana 342, 450, 452 amerikana laikcarsa oNna vuddhijma 346 abhidhamma-bhAjaniya 344, 397, amoha 394,440,458,533,55, 398, 399, 402, 403, 405, ayoghara-cariyaM 300 407, 408, 410 araNavibhaMga-sutta 26, 8, 158,500 abhidhamma-vibhAga 344 araba (deza) 295, 296 abhidhamma-zailI 344 arabI 295 abhidharma-sAhitya 311, 343, 345, arastU 454 358, 540 arahanta vagga 215, 217, 223 abhidhammAvatAra 503, 504, 505, arimardana (varasA meM sthAna) 606 ___539, 566, 577 ariyapariyesana-sutta 94, 151 abhidhammAvatAra kI TIkA 539, 540 ariyavaMsa 542, 580, 611 abhidhAna 640 ariyasaccAvatAra 641 abhidhAna-TIkA 640 ariyAlaMkAra (baramI bhikSu) 670 abhidhAnappadIpikaM 579 ariSTa 310 abhidhAnappadIpikA 7, 8, 9, 614- aruNavati 640 arUpa 355, 450, 505, 521 abhinavakhuddakasikkhaTIkA 539 arUpa-dhAtu 435, 482 abhinavacullanirutti 609 arUpa-rAga 442 abhirUpA nandA (bhikSuNI) 269 arUpa-loka 372, 385, 435, 445, abhilekha-sAhitya 103 arUpa-skandha 450 abhisamaya-saMyutta 99, 165 arUpa-samAdhi 379 abhisaMbuddha-gAthA 278 arUpAvacara 376, 379, 399,412, abhisaMbodhi 151 442, 535, 536 ambaSTa (ambaTTha) 138, 523 arUpAvacara-bhUmi 169, 371, 385, ambaTTha-sutta 92, 127, 128, 130, 399 - 138-139, 172 arUpAvacara-bhUmi ke cAra kuzala-citta ambapAlI (gaNikA, bAda meM bhikSuNI) 378-379

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305 ( 654 ) arUpAvacara-bhUmi ke cAra kriyA-citta 455, 468 avidyA-ogha 30 arUpAvacara vipAka-citta (cAra) avidyA-dhAtu 403 383 avidyA-yoga 30 allakappa 571, 572 avidyAvadviSaya 350 alaMkAra-TIkA 641, 642 avidyAsrava 441 alaMkAra-sUtra 114 avyAkRta 141, 147, 170, 359, alagadUpama-sutta 94, 104, 151, 373, 375, 376, 385, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, alamvusa-jAtaka 635 406, 407, 410,437, 440, alasanda 295, 494 446, 450, 458 alakSendra 295 avyAkRta-citta 381, 387, 392, alikasundara 89 533, 535 aliyavasAni (AryavaMza) 627, 628, avyAkata-saMyutta 100, 170 629 avyAkatA dhammA 381-383 alI 327 avyAkRtA manovijJAna-dhAtu-saMsparzajA arlI hisTrI oNba iNDiyA (smiya) 400 avestA 58 alekjenDara 295 azAzvatavAda 136, 428 alekjenDriyA 295, 494 azubha-bhAvanA 254 alobha 388, 394, 440, 458, azaikSya 418, 419, 428, 433 533, 535 azoka (priyadarzI, dhammarAjA') alaukika 470 4, 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 26, alaukika jJAna 411 28, 31, 39, 51, 55, 86, alpaprANa 54, 56, 59, 62 87, 88, 89, 90, 103, 104, avadAnaM 114 105, 106, 111, 112, 116, avadAna 298 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, avadAna-sAhitya 298 148, 175, 204, 235, 292, avadhUta-niyama (teraha) 491 293, 310, 311, 332, 421, avadhUtavrata 518 422, 425, 426, 427, 494, avantiputra (mathurA kA rAjA) 155 529, 551, 556, 557, 561, avanto 17, 18, 177, 195, 287, 562, 563, 572, 573, 582, 596,-ke abhilekha 617avantI prAkRta 31 633,-ke abhilekhoM kA vargIavatrapA (ottappo) 387, 535 karaNa 618-619,-ke abhiavAriya jAtaka 284 lekhoM kA mahatva 617-618,avigata-pratyaya 458, 463 ke abhilekhoM kA vivaraNa 619avidyA 165, 407, 441, 454, 633, 636, 645

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( 655 ) 'azoka' (smitha-kRta) 620 / 385, 407, 410, 420, 430, azoka-kAlIna 206, 336, 425, 432, 433, 436, 442, 446, 427, 627 458, 469, 475, 488, 522, 'azoka kI dharmalipiyA~' (nAgarI 533 pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI) 626 arhat-mArga-citta 379 azoka-pAli 39 arhattva 169, 428, 432, 433, azoka-saMgIti 338 442, 445, 491 azobhana-citta 534 arhattva-phala 30, 189, 361, 475, azvaghoSa 19, 355, 444, 583, 480 arhattva-phala-citta 383 aSTaka-varga 75 a-hrI (ahirIka) 388,392,535 aSTAdaza-nikAya-zAstra 302, 449 akSara-saMkoca 44, 49-50 aSTAdhyAyI (pANinIya) 601 aMkottara-nikAya 179 assagutta (azvagupta) 480 aMkottarAgama 113 asadisa jAtaka 635 aMga (janapada) 139, 145, 159, asamyak vANI 355 195, 287, 563 asamatissa 575 aMga-magadha 523 assaji (azvajit) 325, 328, aMgrejI sAhitya 278, 492 aMgirA (mantrakartA RSi) 142, 291 assalAyana-sutta (assalAyaNa suttanta) *, 156, 291 aMguttara-nikAya (aMguttara) 25, 75, assaka (azvaka, azmaka, janapada) 83, 91, 101, 104, 106, 145, 195, 287 107, 113, 129, 131, 178asibandhakaputta-sutta 176 196, 198, 201, 210, 232, asubha-kammachAna-niddeso 520 286, 306, 310, 314, 315, a-saMskRta 433, 434, 444, 447 340, 342, 418, 443, 497, asaMskRtA-dhAtu 453 514, 567, 629, 630 asaMkhata-saMyukta 100, 169-170 aMguttara-nikAya kI aTThakathA 501, asaMkhArika (asAMskArika) 377, 513, 524-526, 538 / 378, 380, 381, 382, 384, aMguttara nikAya kI aTThakathA kI TIkA 385 538 asaMga 334 aMguttara-TIkA (abhinavA) 639 asaMyukta vyaMjana 37, 38, 49, 54-62 aMguttara-TIkA (porANa) 639 ati-pratyaya 458, 463 aMgulimAla 155 asaMpadAna-jAtaka 286 aMgulimAla-sutta 96, 155 ahetuka 384, 533 aNDabhUta-jAtaka 288 ahetuka kriyA-citta (tIna) 384 antakina 89 arhat 157, 233, 298, 375, 384 antaragamevaMDAra (rAjaguru) 613

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( 656 ) antya vyaMjana 37, 54, 68 ATAnATiya-sutta 93, 126, 133, asta.stha 35, 36, 55, 62, 64, 148, 212 antiyokasa 89 ATha Arabdha vastu 182 andhaka 426, 430, 431, 432, ATha abhibhU-Ayatana 182 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, ATha guru-dharma 189 438, 440, 441,.442, 443, ATha vimokSa 182 448 ANaJjasappAya-sutta 97, 156 andhagajanyAya 230 Atmanepada 68 andhaTThakathA 497, 498, 530, AtmadIpa 174 531, 549 AtmavAda 428 andhabhUta-jAtaka 635 Atma saMjJA 469 andhaveNu-paramparA 130 AtmazaraNa 174 A AtmA 166, 347, 428 Atuma (sthavira) 247 AuTalAina oNva di varlDa hisTrI AtumAna 236 (eca0 jI0 velsa) 619 AdiccapaTThAna jAtaka 282 oNksapharDa hisTrI oNva inDiyA 618 Adi asaMyukta vyaMjana 54-57 AkaMkheyya-sutta 93, 149, 324 Adi parva 292 AkAzAnantyAyatana 169,231,434, Adi vyaMjana 37 521 Adi saMyukta vyaMjana 62-63 AkAzanantyAyatana kuzala-citta 379 AdezanA-prAtihArya 142 AkAzAnantyAyatana vipAka-citta AdezanA-vidhi 335 383 AdhyAtmika Ayatana 348 AkAza-dhAtu 404 Adhunika AryabhASA-yuga 29 AkiMcanyAyatana 169, 231, 521 / Ananda kumArasvAmI 569 AkiJcanyAyatana vipAka-citta 383 Ananda (buddha-ziSya) 77, 78, 121 AkiJcanyAyatana kuzala-citta 379 134, 142, 144, 153, 156 AkhyAna 283, 291 157, 167, 173, 174, 183 AkhyAnAtmaka kAvya 161 189, 190, 195. 198, 305 AkhyAna-gIti 271 306, 319, 320, 325, 327 Agama 114 488, 489, 526, 550 / AgamaTThakathA 497, 498 Ananda (vuddhaghoSa ke samakAlika aTThaAcariyAna sAmanaTThakathA 497, kathAkAra) 532, 539, 543 498 577, 595 AcArya-muSTi 21, 488, 489 Andhra 116 AjIva 391, 393 Ananda 'AraNyAyatana' 598 AjIvaka 325 anAnda kausalyAyana (bhadanta)

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( 657 ) 77, 78, 87, 90, 207, 214 225, 231, 235, 244, 246 272, 278, 292, 298, 339, 553,554, 555, 556, 557, 561 Ananda-bhaddekaratta - sutta 98, 158 AnApAna sati 521 AnApANa-saMyutta 101,172 AnApAnasati sutta 97, 157, 171 408, 624 Apatti ( doSa ke artha meM) 319, 320 Apatti ( prApti ke artha meM ) 601 Apa kRtsna 520 Amagandha-sutta 240 Arya aSTAMgika mArga 129, 140 141, 151, 152, 169, 170 172, 180, 182, 208, 265 303, 409, 437, 445, 468 490 Arya kAtyAyanIputra 354, 356 Arya kAtyAyana 353 Ayatana 158,208,231,345,349 356, 406, 402, 403, 406 412, 413, 415, 417, 442, 443, 447, 450, 521, 589 Ayatana - dhAtu- niddeso 521 Ayatana-yamaka 450 Ayatana - vibhaMga 397, 401, 403 Ayatana -saMyutta 348 Arya-mArga 375,412, 442-443 482 Arya-prajJA 355 Arya mauna 166 Arya maudgalyAyana 353, 356, 357 Arya zAriputra 353, 356, 357 Arya saMgrAma ( bhikSu ) 229 Arya satya (cAra) 129, 158, 180 181, 303, 356, 472 AyupAla ( sthavira ) 481 Ayurveda 160 Ayu 152 ArAmadUka jAtaka 283, 635 AruNi 494 AlavI 525, 526 Alambana 458 Alambana- pratyaya 356, 457, 459 Alavaka ( yakSa) 240 Alavaka - sutta 212, 240 AvA (baramA meM ) 599 ArSa ( jaina sUtroM kI bhASA, arddha mAgadhI) 18 AzvalAyana 156, 159, 291 Aruppa niddeso 521 Asrava 169, 411 Asevana - pratyaya 457, 462 AhAra- pratyaya 458, 462 AjJA kauNDinya 183, 325 i iMgalaiNDa 561 iTalI 296 iTThiya ( ittiya ) 89, 310, 557, 568, 572 iMDiyana aiMTikverI 550, 629, 630, iMDiyana philaoNsaphI (rAdhAkRSNan ) 484 iMDiyana liTarecara (hisTrI oNva iMDiyana liTarecara, DA0 vinTaranitz2a - kRta ) 8, 12, 14, 16, 24, 25, 80, 86, 87, 129, 130, 132, 134, 161, 164, 200, 201, 255, 272, 273, 296, 315, 326, 345, 351, 475, 477, 479, 484, 492, 554, 587, 590, 593, 595, 598, 630, 631 iMDiyana zipiMga (rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ) 289

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( 658 ) iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI 8, indriya-yamaka 451, 639 indriya-vibhaMga 397, 406 iMDiyA aiz2a DiskrAibDa ina arlI indriya-sacca-niddeso 521, 601 TaiksTsa oNva jainijma eNDa buddhijma indriya-saMyutta 101, 171 (dimalAcaraNa lAhA) 289 irAvadI (nadI) 582 i-ciMga 621 isisiMga 293 icchA-maMgala (kozala meM grAma) 195 ikSvAku 139 itivRttaka 101, 103, 107, 114, 179, 196, 197, 231-235, IryApatha 156, 160 531, 630 IzAna candra ghoSa 272 itivuttaka (sATThakathaM) 640 Izvara-praNidhAna 464 itivRttaka-aTThakathA 577 IzvaravAda 428 itihAsa 481 IrSyA 388, 392, 535 itihAsa-purANa 547,-ke pA~ca lakSaNa Isapa 295 548 IsAI dharma 296, 332 inTroDakzana TU di kampareTiva philaoN IsAI santa 296 lAjI oNva di inDo-Aryana leMgve jez2a 8 insakripzansa oNva azoka 86 ukkAcela 174 iddhavidhanideso 521 ukkAcela-sutta 174 iddhipAda-vibhaMga 397, 408 ugra gRhapati 184 iddhipAda-saMyutta 101 ucchedavAdI 135, 137, 193, 194 iddhiya 336 ujjenI (ujjayinI) 12, 13, 15 isigili-sutta 97, 157, 211 288, 494, 563 isimigo jAtaka 635 uTThAna 250 isisiMgiya jAtaka 635 ur3IsA 617 indra 164, 252, 262, 335 uttama (bhikSu) 207, 225, 231, indrakUTa 163 244, 246 indraprastha 286, 563 uttama (bAlAvatAra TIkaM ke lekhaka) indriya (indriyA~) 355, 356, 381 578, 579 396, 438, 468-pA~ca 412 utpalavarNA (bhikSuNI) 162, 184 521,-chaha 440, 442,- 271 bAIsa 406, 412, 447 utkala deza 286 indriya-cetanA 435, 437 uttama sikkha (bhikSu) 606 indriya-jAtaka 287 uttara-kuru 18 indriya paccayo 462 uttara-paMcAla 286 indriya-pratyaya 458, 462 uttara-manuSya-dharma 150 indriya-bhAvanA-sutta 99, 158 uttaralInatyadIpanI 505

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( 656 ) uttaravinicchaya 499, 504, 505 540, 577, uttaravinicchaya-TIkA 540 uttara vihAra 499, 504 uttara ( sthavira ) 557, 568, 572 uttarA 164 uttarA nandamAtA 984 uttarApatha 291 uttarApatha 291 uttarApathaka (bauddha sampradAya) 426 432, 433, 434, 435, 436 438, 439, 440, 442, 445 uttiya 89, 310, 336, 557, 568 572 uda jAtaka 635 udgata ( uggata) gRhapati 184 udayana ( udena ) 177, 231, 464 507, 527 udaya- mANava - pucchA 241 udAna 75, 101, 103, 106, 107 114, 196, 197, 210, 225231, 233, 234, 420, 454 531 udAna (sATThakathaM ) 639 udAnaM 114 udAnaTThakathA 577 udA- sutta 173 udAyI 154, 173. 174 udumbara (AcArya) 580 udumbarika-sIhanAda-sutta 12, 147 uddAlaka- jAtaka 291 udesa-vAra 451 uddesa - vibhaMga-sutta 98, 158 uddhaccaM (uddhatatA) 381, 388, 392 upaka ( AjIvaka ) 325 upakki sutta 98, 157 upadhmAnIya 36 patisapasane ( upatiSya - prazna ) 235 627, 628, 630 upatiSya 310 upatiSya ( siMhalI bhikSu, mahAbodhivaMsa ke siMhalI saMskaraNa ke sampAdaka ) 568, 569 upatissAcariya (anAgatavaMsa kI aTThakathA ke lekhaka ) 580, 587 upaniHzraya 458 upani aya-pratyaya 457 upaniSad 130, 131, 142, 176 220, 229, 291, 293, 443 463, 464, 493, 494 uparipaNAsa 639 uparipaNNAsa - aTThakathA 639 upapiNNAsa-TIkA 639 upavasatha 323 upazama (anusmRti ) 521 upasampadA 487 upasampadA - niyama 309 upasampadA -jJapti 313 upasIvamANavapucchA 241 upasena 532, 578 upasena vaMgantaputta 183 upAdAna 165, 348, 393, 407, 455 upAdAna skandha 151 upAli 77, 184,310, 525,526, 550, 562 upAli-sutta 153,159, 160 uppAda nirodha-vAra 451 uppAda-vAra 451 uppAda - saMyuktta 100, 167 upekSA 170, 299, 349, 372, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 403, 408, 410, upekSA-dhAtu 403 upakSA- bhAvanA 154 upekSendriya 400

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uposatha 323, 326 ekabbohArika (ekavyAvahArika) uvvarI petavatthu 246 422, 423, 424 ubbirI 268, 270 ekarAjacariyaM 301 ummadantI-jAtaka 285 ekarAjajAtaka 301 uraga 240 eka-skandha 416, 417 uragapetavatthu 246 ekuttara-nikAya 179 uragavagga 235, 240 ekottarAgama 178 uraga-sutta 236 e gAiDa TU sA~cI 634 uragapura (uraipura) 503 ekAgratA (ekaggatA) 171, 378, uruvela kassapa (ugavilva kAzyapa) 383, 409, 534 / / 182, 325, 525 ekAdasaka-nipAta 101, 178, 182, uruvelA 74, 173 227, 286, 188 325, 530, 562, 563 ekAsanikaMga 491 uzInara 294 ekaMsika 307, 582 uzIradhvaja 286 elekjenDara 89 uSmA 152 eDamaMDsa (e0 je0) 234, 629 U eNDuka 292 Urdhva virecana 160 etadaggavagga 75, 182, 310 USma (USmA) 35, 36, 55, 62 etimAsamidIpakaM 580 / 64, 65, 66 etimAsamidIpikAya TIkaM 581 ensAiklopeDiyA oNva rilijana eNDa R ethiksa 273, 479, 492 R aura la ke pAli pratirUpa 39-40 e vaddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIRgveda 11, 28, 39, 164, 236 / / ___kala ethiksa 339, 340, 351, Rta 458 358, 443, 498 RpidAmI (bhikSuNI) 268 elAra (damila netA) 573 Rpipatana (isipatana) 525, 563 / / eziyA 294, 645 RSipatana mRgadAva 172 esukAri-mutta 90, 159 RSyazraMga 293 eka-Ayatana 415, 416 aiz2a yU lAika iTa 296 ekaka-nipAta (aMguttara-nikAya) 101, aitareya 290 178, 180, 181, 182, 232, aitareya-brAhmaNa 142, 291 aitihAsika mahAkAvya 553 233, 624, 639 ekakvarakosa 614, 615, 616 aisA tathAgata ne kahA 231, 232 eka-dRka-tika-aMguttara 639 o eka-dhAtu 415, 416 okkantika-saMyuna 100 eka-nipAta-jAtaka-aTThakathA 640 ogha 366

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( 661 ) ogha-varga 366 494 otaraNahAra 468 kajaMgalA-sutta 180 opampakathApaJhaM 477,479,491 kaTAhaka jAtaka 288 opamma-vagga 94, 151, 443 kaNTaka-khipa nAgita (baramI bhikSu) opamma-saMyutta 99, 166 606 oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa 314 kaNThya saMyukta vyaMjana 67 olDanavarga 2,10,13, 15, 26, 79, kaNDina jAtaka 281 80, 84, 85, 90, 104, 111, kaNNakatthala-sutta 96, 156, 160 132, 340, 352, 548, 628 / kaNha-jAtaka 282, 294 opThya 35, 36, 39, 46 / / kaNhadAsa (kRSNadAsa) 504 kaNhadIpAyana-cariyaM 300 / kathAvatthu (kathAvatthuppakaraNa) 81, auddhatya 535 86, 87, 91, 107, 112, 115, 206, 311, 335, 336, 341, kakacUpama-sutta 151 343, 344, 346, 352, 353, kakusandha 143 354, 356, 358, 421-450, kakuTa-jAtaka 635 452, 500, 633, 639 / kakkaTa-jAtaka 635 kathAvatthu meM nirAkRta siddhAntoM kI kaccAna (kAtyAyana, vyAkaraNakAra) sUcI 428-459 109, 151, 471, 603 kathAvatthu kI aTThakathA 337, 422, kaccAyana-gandha (kAtyAyana-grantha) 425, 426, 447, 500, 501, 577, 603 ___529, : 38, 548, 549 kaccAna-vyAkaraNa 10, 603,--aura kathaMkathI 243 usakA upakArI sAhitya 603- kadamba-lipi (kannar3a-telagU) 636, 607; 609, 610, 611, 616 637, 638 kaccAyana-nissaya 641 / kaniSka (kuSANa-rAjA) 355, 357, kaccAyana-rUpAvatAra 642 kaccAyana-bheda (kaccAna-vyAkaraNa kI kaniSkakAlIna 617 TIkA) 580, 606 kandaraka-sutta 95, 153, 159, 160 kaccAyana-bheda-mahATIkA (kaccAyana- kapilavastu 159, 177, 185, 189, bheda kI TIkA) 606 286, 525, 526, 530, 563, kaccAyana-vaNNanA 607 571, 572, 574 kaccAyana-sAra 580, 606, 641 kapota-jAtaka 635 kaccAyanasArassa TIkA 580 ___ kappamANava-pucchA 241, 243-244 kaccAyanasAra-abhinava TIkA 606 kabIra 30 kaccAyanasAra-purANa TIkA 606 kampila-rASTra 286 kacchapa-jAtaka 282 kamvoja 185 kajaMgalA 20, 180, 286, 480, kamboDiyA 513

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( 662 ) kammavAcA 326, 641 kassapika bhikSu 422, 423, 429, kammachAnagahaNaniddeso 520 448 karma-sthAna (samAdhi ke Alambana) kasi bhAradvAja (brAhmaNa) 239, 240 520, 528 kasi bhAradvAja-sutta 239 kAmAsadamma (kasbA) 196 kriyA-citta 384-385 kyaccA (varamI rAjA) 606,--kI karma 225, 306, 340, 358, 446, putrI 612 kyacvAmarao 579 karma-pratyaya 462 Rkucchanda 143 karma-phala 244 karna (DA0) 309 karma-vipAka 375, 377, 392, 408, karaNIya-metta-sutta 211 410, 435, 442, 462 karuNA (bhAvanA) 154, 388, 391, karma-sthAna (kammaTThAna) 374, 378 392, 410, 521, 535 karmAntaka 188 kalahavivAda-sutta 241 kaMkhA-TIkA 639 kalakattA rivyU 473 kaMkhA-revata 183 kalApanissaya 642 kaMkhA-vitaraNI 513, 523, 577, kalApapaJcikA 641 kalyANI (pegU-baramA) 588 kaMkhAvitaraNI-aTThakathA 639 kalyANI-abhilekha 539, 617, 634, kaMkhAvitaraNI kI TIkA 539 642-643 kaMkhAvitaraNa-visuddhiniddeso 522 kalyANiya (bhikSu) 588 kaMsa-badha 294 kalApasutta pratijJApaka-TokA 641 kRdanta 70 kalelA damanA 295 kRSNa 139, 294 kaliMga 13, 15, 494, 576 618 kRzA gautamI 188 kaliMgavodhi-jAtaka 287 kAya 165, 168, 169, 348, 402, kaliMga-lekha 618 403, 404, 406, 460 kaliMga-yuddha 619, 620 kAya prAguNyama 387, 535 kaliMgAraNya 159 kAya-Ayatana 401, 461 kalpa (kappa) 439 kAya-karmajatA (kAya kammamatA) kavikalpadruma 607 387.', 35 kavisArapakaraNa 616 kAya gatAsati-sutta 97, 101, 157 kavisAra TIkA-nissaya 616 kAyagatA sati 210, 231, 521 kassapa (kAzyapa-~-moha vicchedanI, kAyagatAsati bhAvanA 229 anAgatavaMsa aura vuddhavaMsa Adi ke kAyAnupazyanA 146, 355 racayitA) 578, 587 kaniSka-kAlIna 355 kassapa-sutta 210 kAya-prazrabdhi (kAyappassaddhi) 387,535 kassapa-saMyutta 99, 165 kAya-mRdutA (kAyamudutA) 387 kassapa-sIhanAda-sutta 92, 141 kAyA meM kAyAnupazyI 407

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kAyika Alasya (thInaM-styAna ) 388, 392 kAyalaghutA 535 kAya - vijJAna 165, 348, 382, 383, 403, 404, 461 kAya - RjutA ( kAjukatA ) 387 kAya mRdutA 535 kAmandakI 641 ( . 663 ) kAraka puppha maMjarI 613 kArikATIkA 641 kAramAikela lekcararsa ( bhAMDArakara ) 287 kArapeMTara 110 kArikaM 580 kArikA 640 kArikAya TIkaM 581 krodhava. 215, 224 kAvya viratigAthA 543 kAvya - AkhyAna 584 kAvya graMtha 584 kAkavaNa tissa ( laMkAdhipati) 552 kAMcIpura 510, 511, 531 kAtyAyana 78, 151, 155, 603, 613, dekhiye 'Arya kAtyAyana' bhI / kAtyAyanI 185 kAThiyAvAr3a 617 kANDa - vibhAga 359 kAbula 116 kaoNvala ( I0 bI0 ) 272, 278 kAma - ogha 366 kAma Asrava 441 kAmadhAtu 403, 412, 435, 440 kAmboja 88 kAma supta 241 kAma-yoga 367 536 kAmAca vipAkacitta (ATha) 382 kAmAvacara bhUmi 302, 338, 376 380, 389, 390, 536 kAmAcara bhUmi ke ATha kriyA-citta 384-385 kAmAvara bhUmi ke ATha kuzala citta 377 kAmAvara loka 464 kAmAvartaka 409 kAya 402, 403, 404, 406 kAverI 504 kAvya-graMtha 544, 545, 546 kAvya - zAstra 546 kAtaMtra vyAkaraNa 603, 604, 608 kAlsI 632 kAla udAyI 184 kAlasI (deharAdUna jilA ) 618 kAlI 185 kAlAma 186, 187, 195 kAlAzoka 581 kAla sumana 310 kAzIrAjya 287 kAzI 145, 156, 288, 563 kAzInAgarI 626 kAzI pradeza 162, 177 kAzIgA~va 287 kAzI - kosala 145 kAzmIra 88, 116, 354, 557, 568, 572, 574 kasibhAradvAjasutta 212 kAzyapika 448 kAzyapa (aTThakathAkAra) 532 kAzyapa 142, 225, 432 kAzyapa-bandhu 325 kAzyapIya 423, 424 kAma - rAga 154 kAma-loka 445 kAmAvacara 358, 372, 412, 535, kAzikAvRtti 603, 604

Page #685
( 664 ) kArSApaNa 282 kuhana (I0) 12, 13 kAzikAvRtti 03, 604 kuMDiyA (nagara) 228 kArikA 601 kaNhadIpAyana jAtaka 300 kAsikA pratti pAlinI (kAzikAvRtti kuNAla 293 pAlinI) 641 kuNAla jAtaka 285 kAMkSArevata (bhikSu) 226 kuppa svAmI zAstrI 529 kina-jAtaka 635 kubjA uttarA 184 kinti-sutta 25, 97, 156, 334 kAmandaka 292 kinnara-jAtaka 635 kumbhakAra jAtaka 287 kimbila 248 kummAsa paMDa jAtaka 287 kirAtArjunIya 590 kumbhavati jAtaka kiriyA 408 kummAsapiMDa 294 kriyAmAtra 384 kumAra kassapa 525 karaNamata :84 kumAra kAzyapa 146, 183 kriyAcitta 375, 376, 384, 385, kumAra paJha 179, 208, 210 390, 410, 533, 536 kuru (pradeza) 145, 155, 159, kilesa-saMyutta 100, 167 195, 196, 286, 292, 524 kiMvila 152 kuraraghara 177, 185 kvizansa oNva kiMga milinda 434, karujAtaka 28 492,494 kuruMgamiga jAtaka 274, 278, 635 kisA gotanI 270 kurudigandha 580 kiSkindhA-kAMDa 292 kuruvammacariyaM 299 kiMsIla 240 kurudhammajAtaka 286, 299 kItha (e. verIDela) 8, 14, 16, 18, kurundI (kurundiya) 497, 549, 577 24, 121, 123, 484, 546 kururAjA 286 kItizrI meghavarNa (kittisiri megha- kururASTra 286 vaNNa) 566 kurukSetra 21 kIti zrI rAjasiMha (kitti siri rAja- kaliMga-jAtaka 287 _ siMha) 565, 613 kuzajAtaka 287 kITAgiri-sutta 96, 155, 329 kuzala 359, 373, 375, 376, kukkuravatika-satta 95, 153, 160 386, 401, 402, 404, 405, kukkuTa jAtaka 635 406, 407 408, 410, 437, kukkuTArAma 177 438, 442, 446, 454, 460 kuddAla-jAtaka 282 dekhiye 'kusala' aura 'kusalA' bhI kuTTAla paMDita 282 kusalattika 359 kuTimaka jAtaka 283 kuzalacitta 280, 376, 385, 386, kuMDadhAna (bhikSu) 183 387, 391 436, 439, 533, kuDidhAna (vana) 228 535, 536

Page #686
( 665 ) kuzalacitta, kAmAvacara bhUmi ke (ATha) koNAgamana 143 377, rupAvacara bhUmi ke (pA~ca) kon-pon-setsu-isse-ubu 332 378, arUpAvacara bhUmi ke cAra, koravya 286 378, 379, lokottara bhUmi ke cAra koriyA 644 379 kolambo 178, 505, 540, 568, kuzalAdi 401 569, 614, kuzalavipAkacita 535 koladdhaja 641 kuzala vipAka cina (ATha) 381 / / koladhvaja-TokA 642 kuzala dharma 452,460, 461, 462 / / koliya 159, 177, 571, 574 kuzala manovijJAna dhAtu saMsparzajA 400 koliya putro (nupravAsA) 228 kuzala-mUla 394, 440 kozala (kosala-pradeza) 12, 14, kuzala vipAka citta 381 17, 89, 110, 145, 159, kusala 408, 411 162, 176, 177, 186, kusalA 360, 401 195, 196, 231, 286, 287, kusalA dhammA 306, 377, 379 291, 494, 524 kusAvatI (kuzAvatI) 287, 5.3 kozalarAja 162, 170, 194, 228, kusinArA (kuzInArA) 145, 196, 230 287, 563, 571, 572 kozalarAja (prasenajit) 170 kUTadanta 139 kozala-muta 195 kUTadanta sutta 120, 128, 130, kosala saMyutta 99, 162 139, 140, 172, 192, 276 kosalA devI 287 kUTAgArazAlA 525 kauzAmbika (bhikSu) 173, 302 kUTastha 453 kausalya 291 kekaya 13, 15 kosambiya mukta 95, 153 kaMThya 35, 36, 57 kosI 21 keTelaoNga (De jaoNyasA) 566, 613 kaukRtya (kukucca) 388, 392, 535 keMDI (laMkA) 613 kauzAmbI (kosambI) 110, 153, ketumatI 287, 586 159, 131, 196, 231, 287 kembrija hisTrI oNva iNDiyA 12 525, 526, 530, 563 keralatra 88 kevaTTa 148 khaggavagga-saMyutta 639 kevaTTa-sutta 92, 120, 142, 172 khaggavaggasaMyutta-TIkA 639 kesaputa 186, 195 khaggavisANa-sutta 205, 239, 240 kesaputtiya sutta 186 kharassara-jAtaka 282 kesiyasa e pirIrA 341 / kharoSTrI (kharoSThI) lipi 13, 221 nokAliya 241 khujjuttarA 184 koTigrAma 145 khuddAnukhudda (kSudrAnukSudra) 302, 305, kauTilya viSNugupta 212, 293 314, 329, 488 43 kha

Page #687
khuddaka-nikAya 196-301, ke khandhaka 114, 322, 324-326. svarUpa kI anizcitatA 196, khandha-kathA 505 -sutta-piTaka ke aMga ke rUpa meM khaNDagiri 13, 15 196-197, abhidhammapiTaka ke khaNDahAla-jAtaka 299 antargata bhI 197-198,-ke khandha-niddeso 527 antargata abhidhamma -piTaka bhI khandhaka-pucchA 504 198-199, isakA abhiprAya khandha-vibhaMga 397, 398-401 199,--kI grantha saMkhyA ke khandha-vagga 166-167 viSaya meM siMhala, baramA aura siAma khandha-saMyutta 166, 176, 348 meM vibhinna maMta 199-200,- bhAnti (khanti) 299 ke granthoMkA kAla-krama 200- kSudrakAgama (khuddakAgama) 114, 28 207;--2, 113, 114, 117, 131, 179, 343, 355, 495, 513, 526, 531 gaNapATha 608 khuddaka-grantha 197 gaNa-tantra 195 khuddakapATha (saTIka) 630. gaNatantra-praNAlI 105 khuddaka-pATha 114, 179, 196, 207, gayA 150, 507, 618, 621 214, 434, 513, 526 gayAsIsa (parvata) 286 khuddakapAThaTThakathA 577 garahita jAtaka 284 khuddakasikkhA 532, 539, 616 gaNakamoggallAna-sutta 156, 157 khuddasikkhaM (dharmazrI-viracita) 578 gRdhrakUTa (parvata) 126, 163, 195 - khuddasikkhaM (anuruddha-viracita) 578 260 dekhiye 'gi bhakUTa' bhI khuddakasikkhA-TIkA (porANa) 639,- gRha yasUtra 124 --abhinava 639, sthavira saMgha- gRhastha-dharma 187 rakkhita-kRta 538-539,- gAiDa thra di abhidhamma piTaka (jJAnA -mahAyAsa-kRta 539,-vAci- tiloka) 341, 345, 351, ssara-kRta 540 356, 57, 422, 426,443, 449 khuddakavatthuvibhaMga 397, 411 gAthA 277, 420, 421 khurappa-jAtaka 289 gAmaNi 552, 558 khettupamApetavatthu 246 gAmaNi-saMyutta 169 khema (aTThakathAkAra) 532, 578 gAyagara (DA0, vilhelma) 2, 12, khamaM (grantha) 578 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, khemappakaraNa 532, 539 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42, khemappakaraNassa TIkA 579 47, 54, 121, 132, 160, khemappakaraNa-TIkA 539, 605 161, 273, 341, 345, 471, khemA (mA, bhikSuNI) 170, 184 / 477, 478, 495, 496, 498, khotAna 221 527, 550, 551, 553, 554, khandha-Ayatana-dhAtu-kathA 412 564, 569, 575, 587, 588.

Page #688
grIka 292 ( 667 ) 590, 593, 594, 595, 598, 623, 625, 626 605, 606, 607, 610, 611, giridatta-jAtaka 282 613, 614 girimAnanda 212 gandha 165, 166, 169, 192, 330, girimAnanda-sutta 211 348, 389, 402, 403, 404, girivraja 177, 260, 261, 262, gandha-Ayatana 401, 459 griyarsana (DA0 sara jaoNrja) 13, 15, gaMgamAla-jAtaka 294 gaMgA 164, 174, 177, 195, 510 gihi-vinaya (gRha-vinaya) 187, ganthakAcariya 577 629, 632, 633 gaNDatindu-jAtaka 287 gItA 220, 264, 589 gandhachi 566, 612 gandhasAra 540, 579 grIka prabhAva 493 gandhakAra (bhavana) 509 grIka bhASA 493 grantha-varga 366 grIka rAjA (milinda) 481 grahaNAtmaka vijJAna 381 grIka-zAsana 474 gaNDAbharaNa 580 grIka jJAna 481, 493 gandhAbharaNa 612 grIsa (yUnAna) 622 gandhAcariya (granthAcArya) 497, 580 gujarAta (pradeza) 12, 55? gandharva 161, 167 gujarAtI 12 gaMdhabba-kAya-saMyutta 167 gujarAta-purAtatva-mandira 615 gaMdhavaMsa 280, 497, 498, 499, guNa-jAtaka 282 502, 506, 507, 539, 544, guNaratna (I0 Ara0) 412, 587, 548, 567, 568, 569, 576- 594, 595 581, 587, 591, 592, 593, guNasAgara (graMthakAra) 580 594, 604, 605, 606, 609, guNabhadra 113, 356. . 610, 616 gundAvana (mathurA meM) 115 gandhAra (gAndhAra) 13, 15, 88, guptA (bhikSuNI) 270 195, 287, 494, 557, 568, guphA-lekha (tIna) 618 572, 574 guru-dharma 305, 321 gandhAra-jAtaka 287 gulissAni 155 gahapati-vagga 153 gulissAni-suttanta 155, 334 gAthA-jAtaka 279 guhaTThaka 241 gAthA-saMskRta 222 gUDhatthaTIkaM 581 gAndhI (mahAtmA) 213, 617 gaiTe (jarmana kavi-dArzanika) 646 gijbhakaTa pabbata 195 . gre (jemsa) 566 giranAra (kAThiyAvAr3a) 12, 13, gotama (gautama) 126, 140, 143, 15, 27, 39, 53, 56, 618, 160, 176, 193, 194, 245

Page #689
( 668 ) gokulika (bauddha sampradAya) 422, catuka-paMca-cha-nipAta-jAtaka - aTThakathA 423, 424, 425, 430, 447 640 gotamI (bhikSuNI) 270 caturArya satya 445, dekhiye 'cAra gotravAda-bandhana 138 Arya satya' bhii| godAvarI (nadI) 241 cattAro puggalA 342 godha-jAtaka 274 catuSka 392 gopaka brAhyaNa 157 catukka - nipAta 178, 187, 332, gopaka-moggallAna-sutta 97, 157, 342 305, 324 catukka-nipAta (aMguttara) 629, gopAlaka-sutta 509. gobuna-ritsu 311, 319, 332 catutthasArattha-maMjUsA 538 gosiMga zAlavana 152 caturtha dhyAna 410 gosvAmI tulasIdAsa 252, 253 caturtha vipAka-citta 383 gautama saMghadeva (bhikSu) 113, 354 catusAmaNera vatthu 544 caturdaza zilAlekha (azoka ke) 618 candragupta (candaguta) 239, 562 ghaTaka-jAtaka 294 candragomin 608 ghaTikAra-mukta 96, 155, 275 candrakIrti 423 prANa 165, 167, 168, 169, candakumAra jAtaka 299 330 348, 402, 403, 404, candaparitta-sutta 211 / 406, 435, 440 candA (bhikSuNI) 265, 268, 625 ghrANa-Ayatana 401 candrapaJcikA 641 ghrANa-vijJAna 348, 381, 382, campeyya jAtaka 206, 287, 300 __ 403, 404, 461 campA 139, 159, 563 ghrANa-saMsparzajA 400 campA nagara 139 ghoTamukha 159 camma sataka jAtaka 635 ghoTamukha - sutta 96, 156 campayyanAgacariyaM 300 ghoSa sparza 19, 20, 32, 34, 35, campApura 139 54, 57, 58, cariyApiTaka 102, 107, 114, ghoSitArAma 524 197, 198, 200, 201, 298 301, 530, 549, 577 cariyApiTaka-aTThakathA 640 cakkavatti-sIhanAda - mutta 129, calinda paccikA 641 147, 586 cakSu 165, 167, 330, 403, cakravartI kI dAha-kriyA 144 404, 406, 438, 440, 449, catukka - nipAta 101, 178, 450 180, 181, 186, 190 cakSu-Ayatana 401, 402, 415, catthapayoga 641 461, 462 072

Page #690
cakSu dhAtu 415 kSu cakSu - vijJAna 400 ( 669 ) 165, 348, 381, 382, 398, 400, 403, 404, 440, 444, 459, 462 caMkadAsa 641 caMki 159 caMki sutta 91, 127, 130, 156 caNDAzoka 619 cAturvarNI zuddhi 332 cANakya ( caNakka) 562 cAra arUpAvacara vipAka - citta cAra Arya satya 151, 172, 173, 208, 405. 420, 421, 433, 535 383 cAra AhAra 181 cAra A vAsana 187 cAra Arya zrAvaka 418 cAra Arya-mArga 433 cAra RddhipAda 171, 490 cAra pArAjika dhammA 315 cAra mahAbhUta 340, 435, 440, 463 cAra mArga - phala 432 cAndra 613 cAra pratisaMvid 411 cAra yoga 181 cAra vaizAra 150 cAra lokottara vipAka - citta 383 cAlA ( bhikSuNI) 268 cAra smRti - prasthAna 170, 303, cAra skandha 415, 416 cAra samyak pradhAna 180, 400 cAra samAdhi 181 cAtamA 154 cAtuma - sutta 95, 154 cAturyAma saMvara 155 cAra jJAna 181 cAra zrAmaNya phala 18 culla vagga 189 cApA 269, 271 cAra dhyAna 169, 409, 410 cArlsa Duroyisila 592, 593, 594 cAliya parvata 525, 526 cArlsa iliyaTa 337 cAilDarsa (Ara0 mI0) 15, 16, 359 citta 171, 306, 359, 374, 382, 385, 412, 434, 435, 438, 451, 459, 460 462, 463, 505, 533 cintAmayI prajJA 411, 468 citta karmajJatA 535 citta kI zUnyatA kA yoga 157 citta prAguNya 387 535 citta-RjutA 387 535 citrA ( bhikSuNI) 268 cittuppAda-kaMDa 33, 393 citta gRhapati 182, 184 citta prazrabdhi 387. 535 citta cittAnupazyI honA 170, 407 citta- muditA 390 535 citta-yamaka 451 cittavagga 215, 221. 223 citta vibheda 386 citta-laghutA 535 cittalatAvagga 245 citta saMyojana 429 citta-saMyutta 100, 16 citta kI cAra bhUmiyA~ 374 cittAnupazyanA 146 citta-saMtati 438 citta-samAdhi 408 cIna deza 308, 330, 336, 494, 499, 644

Page #691
( 670 1) cIna rASTra 578, 482 cInI 113, 116, 117, 311, 312, 314, 333, 449 cInI anuvAda 129, 203, 222, - 223, 224, 354, 356, 357, 477, 479, cInI paramparA 356, 357 cInI bauddha saMpradAya 314 cInI bhASA 113, 312, 353, 355, 478 cInI dIrghAgama 133 cInI bauddha sAhitya 116 cInI vinaya piTaka 313, 318 cInI Agama 200 cIvaro ( granthakAra ) 580 callakaliMga jAtaka 287 culla dhammapAla 578, dekhiye 'cUla dhammapAla, bho culla niddesa 107, 276 dekhiye 'cUla niddesa' bhI culla niruttigandha 577, 604 culla pathaka 181 cunda 144, 23, 240 canda-mukta 122 culla vaddhavoso 079 cunda samama 174 cunda parita muna 211 culla vajiro 578 cullavagga 173, 213, 201, 225, 226,276, 300, 322, 324, 325, 326, 328, 340 cullavaMsa 578, dekhiye 'cUlasa' bhI cullavagga (vinaya piTaka) 21,550, 568 culla saddanIti 611 vaha khi-u- thiMg 222 cUla abhaya 310 cUla assapura muna- 152 cUla gopAlaka - sutta 152 cala kamma vibhaMga-sutta 98, 158 cUla gosiMga sutta 94, 152 cUla dukkhakkhandha-sutta 13, 151 culagaNa 640 cUladeva 310 cUla (culla) dhammapAla 532, 539, 540 cUla dhammasamAdAna - sutta 25, 152 cUla tumhAsaMkhaya- sutta 14, 152 cUla niddesa aTThakathA 640 cUlanirutti 640 cUlanirutti maMjUsA 641 cUlanAga 310 cUla - niddesa 197, 297, 640 cUla paccarI 498, 549 cUla puNNama sutta 9, 157 cU-phA-naina 113 cUlabodhicariyaM 300 cUla mAluMkya- sutta 15, 130, 154, 170 cUlayamaNisAra 642 cUlayamaka vagga 94-95, 152, 153 cUlarAhulovAda mutta 98, 158 cUlavaMsa 27 109, 506, 541, 548, 554, 564- 565, 567, 604 cUla vedalla- sutta, 152, cUla saccaka- sutta 14, 152 cUla vagga 230,280 cUla sAropama sutta 98, 151 cUla sohanAda - sutta cUla viyUha 241 150 cUla sakuludAyi-sutta - 26, 155 cUla - sujJatA mutta 93, 157 cUla sandhivipodhana 640 cUla hatthipadopama-sutta 94, 151, 172, 409 129,

Page #692
( 371 ) cetasika (cetasikA dhammA) 359, chandAdhipati 460 373, 374, 378, 386, 437, chasattanipAta-aMguttara 639 459, 462, 463, 505, chaha Ayatana 182, 348 455 533,--kI paribhASA 534, / chaha iMdriya 403 535 chaha buddha 143 cetanA 306, 386, 415, 534 chAndogya-upaniSad 290,,494, 447 cetiddhinemi parigAthA 641 caitiyavAdI 422, 423 ceti (cedi) 145,195, 288 jagadIza kAzyapa (bhikSu) 4, 6, 7, cetokhila-mutta 1.1 16, 25, 27, 70, 75, 128, caitya parvata vihAra 558 134, 160, 20, 210, 231, caityavAdI 423 235, 236, 244, 249, 341, cetiya giri vihAra 569 342, 345, 347, 351, 391, cola-rAjya 503 393, 516, 517, 533, 545, 608, 610, 613 jagatI (chanda) 236 cha-anussati-niddeso 178, 520 jaTila kAzyapa 325 chakka-nipAta 101, 188 jatiMga rAmezvara (maisUra rAjya) 618 chakesavAtuvaMsa 544, 548, 576 jatukaNi mANavapucchA 241 chagatidIpanI 640 janapadakalyANI 130, 143 chachakka-sutta 98, 158 jana-tantra 289 chadanta (chaddanta) jAtaka 285, 635 janaka (rAjA) 293 chanda 171, 387,460, 534, 535 janavasabha-mutta 145 chanda zAtra 537, 546 janoko rAjA jAtaka 635 chandantiya jAtaka 635 janapada-nirukti 25, 26 chandas (vRtti) 681 jambukhAdaka 169 chandas 22, 25, 29 jambUkhAdaka-maMyutta 100, 169 chanda prati (vRtti) 641 jambudhaja (jambudhvaja) 612 chaMda samAdhi 408 jambudvIpa (jambudIpo) 285, 310, chandoga brAhmaNa 142, 291 336, 481, 502, 558, 586, chandAvA brAhmaNa 142, 291 598 channa 158, 527 jambukola 556 channovAda sutta 98, 158 jayaddisa jAtaka 287, 293, 300 chabbisodhana-sutta 97, 157 jayaddisa cariyaM 300 channagarika 422, 423, 424 jayanta purohitaputra 270 chapada (saddhamma jotipAla) 538, jyotipAla (sthavira) 511, 524 / jyogrephI oNva arlI buddhijma (lAhA) chandoviciti 616, 641 288, 289

Page #693
jarnala oNva pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI jAtaka sAmagrI 290 3, 109, 199, 201, 354, jAti 165 355, 422, 484, 485, 486, jAtivAda 138, 139, 156 487, 488, 492, 493, 494, jAtyandha varga 226, 230 495, 496, 497, 498, jApAna 331, 332 644, 550, 567, 575, 601, 604, jAliya 140 605, 606, 628 jAliya-sutta 140 jarnala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI jAvA 290, 294 204, 289, 422, 449, 471, jAnussoNi 149 / / 576, 628, 629, 630, 631 jinacarita 540, 579, 584, jarnala eziyATika 631 592-94, 609, jarA 241, 435, 545 jinavijaya (muni) 615 jarA vagga 215, 217, 224 jinAlaMkAra 541, 584, 591-592 jarmana bhASA 418 jihvA 167, 330, 348, 401, jarA-sutta 173 402, 403, 404, 435, 440, jala-dhAtu 403 460 jahAgIradAra 8 jihvA Ayatana 401 jaMkadAsassa TIkaM 580 jihvAvijJAna 383, 348, 403, jAtaka 71,102, 104,106, 107, 404, 461 113, 117, 145, 196, 197, jIva 428 200, 201, 272-297, 526, jIvaka kaumAra bhatya 184,325, 523 527, 528, 542, 543, 549, jIvitindriya 386, 406, 530 592, 593, 596, 598, 599, / jIvaka-satta 153 600, 635 juju-ritsu 311, 332 jAtaka ThakathA 281, 600 jugupsu 194 jAtakaTThakathAya lInattha pakAsinI jemsa elvima 15, 16 nAma TIkA 578 jemsa gre 502, 512, 591 jAtaka-kathA 275 je0 lega 204 jAtaka kI nidAna kathA 275 jentI (bhikSuNI) 269 jAtaka gAthAeM 294 jetavana (ArAma) 126, 183, 188, jAtaka gaMThi 641 195, 226, 227, 230, 281, jAtattagI nidAnaM 569 525, 526, 563, kA dAna jAtaka kathAnaka 139 173, 325 . jAtaka-TIkA 640 jetavana-vihAra (laMkA) 616 jAtaka nissaya 641 jekobI (haramana) 47 jAtakaTThavaNNanA 278, 513, 527- jaina Agama 33 528, 577 jaina-kain-ron 312 jAtaka visodhana 542, 580 jaina darzana 129

Page #694
(3) jaina dharma 176 jaina sAhitya 230 jaina sUtra 18 jaugar3ha (madrAsa rAjya) 26, 55, 618 621, 622, 623, 627 bha bhAna vibhaMga 397, 409-410 bhAna - saMyutta 100, 101, 129, 171 a 580 jANAbhivaMsa (jJAnAbhivaMza ) saMgharAja 543, 544 ANissara (jJAnezvara, samantakUTavaNNanA ke siMhalI saMskaraNa ke sampAdaka) 598 nayyAsandati 581 ayyAsandatiya TIkA 581 jANodaya (jJAnodaya) 507, 514, 529 Ta TrAMjaikzansa oNva di eziyATika sosAyaTI oNva jApAna 200 TIkA - sAhitya 505, 537-546 TIkAoM kA yuga 109 Talara ( e0 sI0 ) 421 Trekanara (vI) 472 ToparA (ambAlA ke pAsa ) 618 Da da staroNgsa oNva di buddha 131, 287 De jaoNyasA 566, 613 jiganeza oNva di hyUmana TAipsa 418 DhAlake (paoNla, DA0 ) 149 ga ANadassanavisuddhiniddeso 522 jANavilAsa (jJAnavilAsa, bhikSu ) taNDi ( daNDI) 641 taNDa-TIkA 641 607 ANa - vibhaMga 411 jANa sAgara (jJAna sAgara, granthakAra ) NvAdi pATa 608 ta takAkusu (DA0) 354, 355, 356 takkola 494 tacchasUkara jAtaka 283 taNDulanAli jAtaka 287 taNhA vagga 215, 219,221, 224 tattvAvatAra 642 tattvAvatAraTIkA 642 tatpApIyasika 319-320 tatiya sAratthamaMjUsA 538 tRtIya saMgIti 123, 332, 341 tRtIya dhyAna 409, 410 taittirIya brAhmaNa 142 tatiya paramatthappakAminI 538 tathatA 444 tathAgata 11, 25, 26, 32, 34, 80, 103, 131, 140, 144, 145, 150, 153, 163, 170. 173, 174, 175. 189, 232, 331, 332, 336, 431, 454, 488. 489, 523, 525, 571, 573, 583, 625, 636, 637, 646 tathAgata pravedita-dharma - vinaya 143, 189, 193, 320 tathAgatuppatti 640 tathAgatuppattippakaraNaM 581 tanogabuddhi 641 tapasvI 194 tapassu 184, 303, 325 navapaNi dIpaM ( tAmraparNI dvIpa-laMkA) 89, 310. 572, 573

Page #695
taMtra 5 ( 668 ) nUrAnI 331 tissameteyya 241 tRSNA 165, 355, 454, 455 tissametteyyamANavapucchA 241 tIna-skaMdha 417 tatra madhyasthatA (tatra-maJjhatA) 387 tIna vedanAe~ 208 tayo puggalA 342 tIna saMyojana 419 takSazilA 16, 287, 291, 563 / / tIna veda 481 tAmila pradeza 531 tIna lokottara indriya 406 tAlapuTa (sthavira) 261,-ke udgAra tIpukkhala 469 tosa nissagiyA pAciniyA dhammA tAlavya saMyukta vyaMjana 67 / 317-318 nAlavyIkaraNa 66-67 tuni 222 tAlavya sparza 35, 36, 56, 57, 60 nuramaya 89 tika (trika) 359, 393, 396, tuvaTaka (tuvaTThaka)-suna 241, 629 398, 401, 456, 457 tuSita (loka) 559, 578 tika nipAta 25, 101, 181, 185, teja-dhAta 403 232, 342, 630 tepiTaka vuddhavacana 104,338, 465, nika paThAna 452 881, 887,493, 583, 635 tika-duka paThAna 456 temiya jAtaka 300 tika-tika paThAna 457 terasakaNDa TIkA 639 nika-nipAta-jAtaka -aTThakathA 640 telakaTAhagAthA542, 584,587-591 tika-paTTAna 639 telapana jAtaka 287 tipiTakAlaMkAra 543, 600 nelagU pradeza 510 tittirajAtaka 276 nemiyacariyaM 300 titthagAma (laMkA) 609 / vijja vacchagotta-suna 16, 155, tibbana 85, 313, 332,644 nibvatI (anuvAda, bhASA, paramparA, tedijja sutta 92, 127, 130, 142, bauddhadharma Adi) 110, 113, 143, 291 222, 313, 314, 357, 332, todeyyamANavapucchA 241 tauMgadina (varamA meM prAnta) 638 tibdatI dulva 80 nainirIya brAhmaNa 291 tiradacona 076 nairthika 151 tirAMkuDDa-mutta 201 vakkabhAsA (tarkabhASA) 641 tilokaguru (trilokaguru) 543 tripiTaka 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, nilamaTThi jAtaka 288 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, tipya (tisma) 166, 306, 310 02,26,28, 30, 71, 73, 74, tippa sthavira 310 75, 82,90, 103, 104, 106, tiSya-dhAmaNera 523 108, 119, 128, 132, 171, tiSya (baramI rAjA) 588 172, 200, 212, 220, 278, 150

Page #696
( 675 ) tha 289, 296, 300, 302, 308, 327, 334, 337, 339, 454, 466, 472, 487, 494, 500, davakhakhasa-jAtaka 275 501, 502, 507, 529, 540, dakkhiNAvibhaMga-sutta 98, 158, 500 549, 552, 560, 563, 564, daMDakavana 287 576, 577, 583, 585, 601, daNDakAraNya 159, 293 602, 611, 620, 628, 631, daMDi-TIkA 642 632, 633, 634, 635, 637, daNDI 31, 492 638 dekhiye 'pAli tripiTaka' kI daMDa-vagga 215, 217, 223 tripiTaka-gata 279 dantabhUmi-sutta 98, 157 triyojanasate kururaTThe 286 dantavAtu pakaraNaM 579 trizaraNa-yajJa 140 dantadhAtuvaMsa 575 triSTubha 236 dantya ( parza) 35, 36, 55, 56, 57, vidya brAhmaNa 143 damila 552, 573, 574 dabdapuppha jAtaka 635 than-vyan-TIkA 640 dabba mallaputta 183, 226, 231 thapati-sutta 175, 624 dabra (dravya) guNa 641 yAmasa (I0 je0) 8, 26 dava-(dravya) guNa-TIkA 642 thaoNmasa (epha0 DabalyU) 285 dravya-yajJa 140 thallakoThita 155, 159 thUna 286 dRSTi 355, 535 yUpavaMsa 540, 548, 569-574, dRSTi.Asava 441 575, 576, 581, 640 dRSTi-ogha 366 yUpArAma 563, 608, 616 dRSTigata-yukta 380 thera-apadAna 298 dRSTigata-viprayukta 380 theragAthA 102, 106, 107, ??4, dRSTi-jAla 135 117, 179, 239, 246-264, dRSTi-yoga 367 531, 640, dvanimAkAraM 200 yeragAthA-aTThakathA 578 darzana-digdarzana (rAhula sAMkRtyAyana) theravAda (sthaviravAda) 422 dekhiye 142, 427, 484 thaviravAda' bhI daza-saMjJA-mUtra 212 yeravAdI 420, 423 dasa avyAkRta 170 yerI-apadAna 006, 298 dasa-Ayatana 402, 804, 417 yerIgAthA 106, 10, 114, 179, dasa-ekAdasa-nipAta-aMguttara 639 196, 197, 200, 246-272, dasa-ekAdasa-nipAtajAtakaTThakathA 640 theragAthA ke sAtha tulanA 247, dasaka nipAta 182 269-272; 349, 531, 640 dasa gaNDivaNNanA 580

Page #697
dasa tathAgata bala 182 dvika 396, 456, 457 dasa dvAra 355 dvitIya dhyAna 166, 341, 409,. dasa-dhamma-sutta 211 410, 443 dasa dhAtue~ 404, 417 dvitIya saMgIti 110, 118, 341,. dasaka nipAta (aMguttara nikAya) 629 348 dasa pAramitA 205, 273, 299 di pAli liTarecara oNva baramA dasavala 150, 431 dekhiye 'pAli liTarecara oNva baramA dasa bhAvI buddha 585 di pAli liTarecara oNva silona dasaratha jAtaka 293, 635 dekhie 'pAli liTarecara oNva silona' dasa saMyojana 436 di laoN oNva morA 42 dasa sikkhApadaM 207 di lAipha eNDa varka oNva buddhaghoSa dasavatthu 640 (lAhA) 499, 512, 513,. dasuttara-sutta 93, 148, 179, 181, 513, 529, 566, 601 210, 334, 340, 629 divyAvadAna 620 dakSiNa deza 139 di saikTs oNva di buddhisTs 422 dakSiNApatha 287, 524 di homa oNva liTarerI pAli (griyarmana dakSiNa-pUrvI eziyA 294 __ kA lekha) 16 dakSiNa bhArata 551, 552 dIgha-nikAya (dIgha) 102, 107, dantya sparza 113, 122, 126, 132-148,. dAThAdhAtuvaMsa 640, 641 159, 179, 202, 210, 213,. dAThAdhAtuvaMsa TIkA 640, 981 275, 340, 357, 497, 515, dAThAnAga (saMghasthavira) 523, 604 524, 543, 567, 586, 629, dAThAvaMsa 540, 548, 575, 576 632, 633, 637, 649 dAnapAramitA 294, 219 dIgha nikAya kI aTThakathA 513, 523-- dAna-yajJa 140 524, 538 dAsaka (bhikSa) 310, 336, 562 dIghanakha (parivrAjaka) 155, 159 dAkSiNAtya (prAkRta) 31 dIghanakha-sutta 96, 155 dA~te (itAliyana kavi) 297 dIrghalambaka 212 di abhidharma liTarecara oNva di sarvA- dIghasanda (senApati) 554 stivAdinsa (takAkusu) 354 dIrgha sthadira 310 dvArakA 294 dIrgha sumana 310 dvAyatAnu passanA 241 dIgha-bhANaka 202 divyazrotra 521 dIrghAgama 113 diGnAga 464 dIpa 326, 327 di Daijiganezana oNva hayUmana TAipsa dIpavaMsa 2, 3, 104, 105, 109, dekhie 'Daiz2iga-nezana oNva hayUmana 352, 422, 449, 496, 499,. TAipsa' 500, 568, 569, 570, 572 . diTThisaMyutta 100 573, 581, 620, 624, 640

Page #698
( 677 ) dIpavaMsa aura mahAvaMsa kI tulanA devatA-saMyutta 99, 161, 162, 163 548, 553, 554, 555-560 devadatta 151, 278 dIpavaMsa aura mahAvaMsa itihAsa haiM devadatta-vagga 156 __ kyA? 560-564 / devadatta-sutta 156, 157 dIpikA 554 devadaha 177 dIpaMkara (buddha) 569 devadaha-sutta 97, 98, 129 dIpaMkara (rupasiddhipakaraNa ke lekhaka) dvedhAvitakka-mutta 94, 129, 151, 578 172 dIpaMkara (jinAlaMkAra ke sampAdaka devama-jAtaka : devadhamma-jAtaka 288, 293 ___ siMhalI bhikSu) 591 devamitta (moggallAna-vyAkaraNa ke dIpavaMsa eNDa mahAvaMsa (gAyagara) saMpAdaka, siMhalI bhikSu) 594, duka 359, 363 duka-paTThAna 452, 456, 639 / devarakkhita (siMhalI bhikSu) 565, duka-tika-paTThAna 456, 639 597 duka-tika-catu ka-nipAta-aMguttara deva sthavira 310 ___ aTThakathA 639 devazarmA (sthavira) 353 duka-nipAta 101, 178, 232 devAnaM piya tissa 551, 553, 556, duka-nipAta-jAtaka-aTThakathA 640 558, 561, 571, 573, 645 duHkha Arya-satya 405, 438, 442, dveSa (dosa) 374 447 desanA-niyama 309 duHkha-nirodha Arya satya 172, 405 / devAsura-saMgrAma 165 duHkha-samudaya Arya-satya 172, 429 daivavAdI 137 duHkha nirodha gAminI pratipad 172 do Ayatana 415 duHkhendriya 393, 400 draupadI 294 duHkha-dhAtu 403 daurmanasya-indriya 400 duTThagAmaNi (laMkAdhirAja) 552, 553 daurmanasya-dhAtu 403 558, 559, 561, 565, 572, 572, 573, 574, 576, duTThaka 241 dhajagga-sutta 211 dutiya paramatthappakAsinI 538 dhajavideha 287 dutiya-sAratthamaMjUsA 538 / dhanaMjaya 286 dummedha-jAtaka 28, 294 dhaniya 240 dumajAtaka-aTThakathA 640 dhaniya gopa 237 durma kha jAtaka 287 dhaniya-sutta 237, 255 dupkRta aparAdha 22, 213 dhammakathika 634 dUbhiya-makkaTa jAtaka 635 dhammakitti 594 deva (subhaTakUTavaNNanA) 579 dhammakitti mahAsAmi (dharmakIrti

Page #699
( 678 ) mahAsvAmI-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke 545, 577, 578, 600 siMhalI bhikSu 'saddhamma saMgaha' ke dhammika 240 racayitA) 541, 568 dhammasatta 641 . dhammakitti mahAthera (sAriputta ke ziSya, dhammazaraNa 174 terahavIM zatAbdI kA Adi bhAga) dhammaTThavagga 219,221, 224 538, 540, 575 dhammapada 210, 214-225, kI prAkRta dhammakitti (dantadhAtupakaraNaM) 579 dhammapada se tulanA 221, kI gAthAdhammakitti mahAsAmi (bAlAvatAra saMskRta meM likhita dharmapada se tulanA aura saddhammasaMgaha ke racayitA)605 222, saMskRta dharmapada 222,ke dhammakitti (mahAvaMsa ke parivarddhana cInI anuvAda 223-224; 114, kartA, terahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya 196, 197, 235, 527, 602,bhAga) 506, 528, 541, 564, 623, 624, 633, 639, dhammapadaTThakathA 107, 213, dhammaguttika (bauddha saMpradAya) 308, 275, 335, 514, 526-527, 311, 312, 318, 412, 423 528, 538 dhammacakka-TIkA 640 dhammapadagaNThinissaya 641 dhammacetiya-suna 96, 156, 160 dhammapaliyAya 111, 628 dhammacakkapavattana-sutta 118, 172, dhammapAla (jinAlaGkAra ke saMpAdaka 180, 211, 301, 570, 629, siMhalI bhikSu) 591 636.640 dhammapiTaka 102 dhammadassI sAmaNera 612 dhammaratana 544, 569 dhamma 320, 332, 334, dhammavAdI 424 335, 336, 339, 346, 348, dhamma-yamaka 451 349, 490, 492, 550 dhammavilAsa dhammasattha 546, dhamma-nagara 490 dhammadIpako 581 dhammadAyAda-sutta 80,93, 149, dhammavijaya 408, 492 155, 158 dhamma-vinaya 121, 169, 304,305.. dhamma-dIpa 174 320, 411,412 dhammapaliyAya 111 dhamma-vizleSaNa 344 / dhammadAna 640 dhammuttariya 422, 423 dhammapaTisambhidA 411 dharmaratna (bhikSu) 235, 237, 239. dhammadinA (bhikSuNI) 152, 184, dhammasiri (khuddaka si khA)578,605 268, 526 dhamma siri (dharmazrI) 539, 540, dhamma-jAtaka 300 dhammasaMgaNi 81, 115, 339, 341, dhammacariyaM 240 343, 344, 345, 346, 351, dhammapaJaApakaraNa 641 354, 358-395, 396, 397. dhammapAla (AcArya) 2, 308, 405, 443, 452, 455, 503; 496, 501, 530, 531, 532, 513, 533, 535, 639

Page #700
dharma-skandha 353 dharmaratna (bhikSu) 207 . dhamma-hadaya-vibhaMga 397 dharmarakSa 357 dharmAzoka 206 dharmarakSita 88, 211, 481, 517, dhammAbhisamaya 446 568, 572, 588 dhammAdhammadevaputta cariyaM 300 dharmarAja (buddha) 558 dhammAnanda nAyaka mahAsthavira 608, dharma skandha 148, 356, 532 dharma skandhapAda zAstra 142, 359 dhammAnandAcariya (kaccAyanasAra) dharma-saMgItiyAM 90, 499 dharmasaMgItikAra 329 dhammAnanda (bhikSu) 113, 606 dharmasvAmI (buddha) 508 dhammAnanda (samantakUTavaNNanA ke dharmasUtra 124 siMhalI saMskaraNa ke saMpAdaka) 598 18 dharmasenApati sAriputra 150, 152. . dhammAnanda kosambI 352, 458 dekhiye / 166, 163, 169, 249, 304, 'dharmAnanda kosambI' bhI dhvani-parivartana 5, 6, 19, 42, 71 dharmasenApati (granthakAra) 580 dhvani-samUha 31, 35, 36 dharmasantati 486 dhyAna 157, 158, 367, 412, dharmAnanda kosabI (AcArya) 350, 440, 443, 462 dhyAnAvasthA 430 509, 510, 511, 512, 516, dhyAna kI prathama avasthA 171 533. 545, 586, 601, 622. dhyAna ko cAra avasthAeM ?? dhyAna-pratyaya 458, 462 dhammAnusAriNo 581 dhyAna-bhUmi 374 dharmamegha 234 dhyAna sAdhanA 379 dharma-Ayatana 401, 400, 403 dhyAna samApattiyA~ 249 dharmAnupazyanA 146 dharma 165, 169, 394, 403, dekhiye dharmazrI (dhammasiri) 532 ___ 'dhamma kI dharmAnupazyI 355, 407 dharmI 453 dharmAzoka 556, 587, 619 dharmagapta 424 dharmazAstra saMbaMdhI grantha 546 dharmaguptika 422 dharmotarIya 426, 424 dharmacakra 474, 475 dhammiya 336 dharmacakra pravartana 151, 163, 324, dhAnajAni 159 325, 525 dhAnajAni-sutta 156, 160 dharmadUta 211, 225, 350, 517 dhAtu (aThAraha) 157, 158, 16'., dharmajAla 134 305, 348,349, 366, 40:dharma-dhara 75 404, 412, 415, 417.443. dharma-dhAtu 404 dharmapada 114 dhAtukathA (pakaraNa) 109. 115,

Page #701
(680 ) 340, 341, 343, 346, 354, nakulapitA gRhapati 184 / 412-418, 452, 639 nagga ji (nagnajit) 287 'dhAtukathA kI aTThakathA 538, 543 nagara vindeyya-sutta 99, 158 dhAtukathA yojanA 543 nagaI (ema0) 310, 312, 313, dhAtukathA TIkA vaNNanA 543 328 dhAtukathA anuTIkA vaNNanA 543 nacca jAtaka 635 dhAtukAyapAda 115, 353, 354, 357 nanda 166, 184, 226, 229, 248, dhAtUgarbha 52. bAnupATha 608, 610, 611 nandA 184 dhAtvatthadIpanI 611 nandaka 182 dhAtumAlA 611 nandakovAda-sutta 98,158 dhAtumaMjUmA (kaccAna vyAkaraNa ko) nandamANava 241 607, 810, 611 nanda-vagga 227 dhAtu-yamaka 450 nadukha-na sukha 401,402,403, 404 dhAtu-yamaka-paTThAna 481 na dukha-na sukha ko vedanA 405 dhAtu-vibhAga 397 nadI kAzyapa 325 dhAtu-vibhaMga 340, 342, 343, nayalakkhaNa vibhAvanI 613 397, 403-404 narapati siyu (baramIrAjA) 611 dhAtuvibhaMga-sutta 158, 500 naraka ke ATha prakAra 597 dhAtuvAdI 183 naraka-loka 441 dhAtu vivaSNa penada thu 246 narayuttisaMgaha 642 dhAtusUcI 611 nalapAna jAtaka 288 dhAtusena (siMhala kA rAjA) 550, nalakapAna 154, 196 nalakapAnaka-sutta 95, 154 dhAtu-saMyutta 99, 165, 348, 357 nalAtadhAtuvaNNanA 581 dhorendra varmA (ghA) 72 nalATadhAtuvaMsa 544 ghRtaMga 491 navaka-nipAta 101 178 dhutaMga-niddeso 517-518 navaTI 508 dhruva-AtmavAda 444 nava vimalavuddhi (abhidhammapaNarasaTrAna) dhUmAkAri jAtaka 286 ghotaka (mANava) 243 navamekaro (lokadIpasAra) 580 / dhotakamANava-pucchA 241, 243 navamoggallAna (abhidhAnappadIpikA ke dhomasAkha jAtaka 287 racayitA) 579 616 dhaulI (abhilekha, kaTaka ke pAsa) navAMga buddha-vacana 104 5, 618, 623 navaMgajinasAsanaM 104 navanItaTIkA 110, 350 533, 454 nanda 306,562 nakulamAtA gRhapati 185 navAMga (buddha-vacana) 78

Page #702
( 681 ) navIna sarvAstivAdI 314 14 nikkhepakaMDa 373 nyagrodha 147, 532 nigaNTha nATaputta (nirgrantha jJAtRputra) nAga jAtaka 635 137, 147, 153, 155, 159 nAgArjuna 423, 428, 454 nigaNTha (nigrantha)193 nAgasena 473, 476 478 480, niglivA 618 481,482, 483, 484, 487, nigrodha jAtaka 635 488, 490, 493, 494, 566 nighaMTu 481 nAgavagga 215, 219, 224 / nityatA-anityatAvAda 135 nAga saMyutta 166, nityasaMjJA 469 nAgita (baramI bhikSu) 606 dekhiye nidesa 102, 107, 114, 117, 'kaNTaka khipanAgita' bhI 190, 199, 340, 344, 351, nAgitAcariya (maddamAttha jAlinI) 470 580 nidesa TIkA 532 nAgasenasUtra 477, 478 nidAna-vagga 165-166 nAdikA 155 nidAna saMyutta 99, 165, 407 nAnAdeza-pracAra 557-558 nidAnavagga saMyutta 639 nAma 407, 453, 522 nidAnavaggasaMyutta-aTThakathA 639 nAmacAradIpa 540 nidAna kathA 78, 281,543, 569, nAmamAlA 603,604, 605, 606, 570, 592,599 607,610,612 nidhikaMDasutta 209 nAma-saMyutta 100 niHzraya-pratyaya 457 461 nAma-rUpa 165, 282, 454, 455, nimi 287 486 nimijAtaka 294, 299 nAmarUpaTokA 640 nimirAja cariyaM 299 nAmarupa paricchedaM 532, 539,578 niyata 439, 444 nAma.pa paricheda TIkA 539, 579 niyAma 433 nAmasiddhijAtaka 282 nipAta 210 nyAyasUtra 124 niraya-vagga 215, 219, 224 nArada 246, 544 nirodha satya 405 nAlaka 241 nirodha-samApatti 434 nAlaka-sutta 235, 240, 593, 630 nirodha-vAra 451 nAlaka (magadha meM) 177 nirukta 465 nAlandA 136, 145, 159, 563 nirvANa (nibbANa) 169, 217, nAlA (brAhmaNa-grAma) 525, 526 224, 231, 236, 265 334, nAvA 240 372, 374, 375, 383, 268, nAstipra yaya 458,463 415, 435, 436, 439, 453, nyAsa 640 482, 486 505, 533 nikAya 197 nirvANa-dhAtu 444

Page #703
(682 ) T nirvANapada 490 nyAyabindu 642, nirodha-samAdhi 522. , nyAyabindu-TIkA 642 .. nivApa-sutta 94,.151 nyAyasUtra 124 niSkAmatA dhAtu. 493 .. nyAsa 604, 613 nipphana 438 nvAdi (moggallAna) 64? nirutti saMgaha 612 nyAsapradIpa 604 niruttivyAkhyaM 641 nyagrodhAgama 177, 189 nisandehI 581 : nisattasAra maMjUsA (nyAsakI TokA.) 604, 606 pakigaNaka nikAya 641 niHsaggiya-kathA 508 pakiNNaka-nipAta 279 nissaggiya pAcittiya kathA 504 pakiNNakavagga 215, 219, 228 niHsargika pAtayantika 313 ... paccaya nidesa 856, 457 nisabha 249 , paccaniya-analoma paTThAna 456, nIvaraNa 430. paccayAkAra vibhaMga 343, 406, nIvaraNa-varga 36: : 807 nettippakaraNassa atthasaMvagaNanA (netti- paccaniya-paTThAna 456 ___pakaraNa-aTThakathA) 11, 531 paccayasaMgaho 540, 579 netti 465 pajjamadhu 541, 584, 594-595, nettipakaraNa 108, 208, 465, 471, 498, 602, 603 pajAvati-pavajjA-tta 189 . nettipakaraNa gandhi 581 . : paTAcAga 184, 266, 271 . .. nettigandha 465, 575 . . . . paTTiccasamuppAda 854 / nettitthakathAya TIkA 562 . . . paTimambhidAmagga 85, 102, 107, naraMjarA 60, 17, 20, 278 114, 117, 197, 206, 343, nattibhAvanI 542 355, 640 netipakaraNa kI TIkA (saddhammasini paTipattisaMgaha 641 kRta)542, (jJAnAbhivaMga-kRta) 546 paTipattisaMgaho 581, 641 naivamaMjAnAsaMjJAyatana 169, 21,432 paTimambhidA-vibhaMga 397, 411 ... paTisimbhadAmagga aTThakathA 640 nepAla 618 : . paTisambhidAmagga kI TIkA 532. naiSkarmya 099 paTisambhidAmagga gaMThipada naivasaMnAnAsaMjJAyatana kuzalacitta : 1. paTiMgaviveka TIkA 641 noTa oNna mevaMkara 593 paTipadAANadassanavisuddhi --- nideso nau aMga 102 521 nyUmana (ke0 I.) 271, 630 paTidesaniya kathA 504 nyagrodha (zrAmaNera yA sthavira) 620 paTidesaniyA dhammA (cAra) 313. 624 . . . 318

Page #704
( 683 ) paTibhAna paTisambhidA 411 yA upAdAna skandha) 152, 157, paTThAna (pakaraNa) 91, 115, 341, 168, 181, 208, 394, 453, 343, 346, 354, 356, 407, 482, 483, 521, 589 452-463, 470 paMcappakaraNaTThakathA 639 paThama-paramatthappakAsinI 538 paMcappakaraNaTThakathA kI TIkA 538 paTThAnagaNanAnaya 540, 580 paJha 402 paTThAnapakaraNaTThakathA 529 / paJhapucchakaM 350, 397, 400, 404, paTThAna kI aTThakathA 538, 543 405, 406, 407, 410 , paTThAnavaNNanA 543 paJcikamoggallAna TIkA 640 paNNavAra 498 paMcikA 608, dekhiye 'moggallAna paNNarasabhedo khuddakanikAyo 197 __paMcikA' bhI pattapiDikaMga 491 / paMca-jAtaka-satAni 206 pataMjali 405, 410, 521 paJcapuggalA 340 pathavIkasiNa-niddeso 520 paMcapaMDita jAtaka 275 padmapurANa 597 paJcavargIya bhikSu 172 padarUpavibhAvanaM 579 paMcAdiaMguttara aTThakathA 639 padasodhana 641 paJcikamoggallAna 640 pada-sAdhana 609,kI TIkA 609 paMcAla (pAMcAla)145. 195, 286 pada-mAlA 611 paMcAlarAja 287 padarUpasiddhi 605 paMcazatikA 77 de0 'rUpasiddhi' pA -bala 389 padyacintAmaNi 529 paJattivAdI 420, 423 padhAna 240 paJcasAmi (prajAmvAmI-baramI bhikSu) padhAniya sutta 188, 624 papaMcasUdanI 497, 563, 524, 577 pacindriya (prajJA indriya) 399 . papaMcasUdanI kI TIkA 538 paritta pATha 212 paramatthajotikA 513, 526 / pahalavI 296 paramatthamaMjUsA 531, 578, 580 paMDitavagga 211, 221, 223 paramatthadIpanI 268 paMDitavAda 491 paramattha dIpanI (ledisadAva-kRta) pasukUlikaMga 491 247, 531, 544, 578 paMjAba 116 paramaTThaka 241 paMjAba saMskRta sIrIz2a 575 paramattha bindu pakaraNaM 579 padAvahAmahAkka 641 paramArtha satya 350 paracittajJAna 521 paMcama vipAka citta 383 parAjika kaMDa 638 paMcatantra 295 parAbhava sutta 212, 239, 240 paMcazAla (grAma) 162, 489 parasmaipada 68 paMcaskandha (paJcakkhandhA-pAMca skandhaH paraviveka 642

Page #705
( 684 ) paramatthavinicchaya 532, 578, 640 pAtimokkha-khuddakasikkhA 643 parAkramabAhu prathama (laMkAdhirAja) 537, pAtimokkha - visodhanI 540, 541, 564, 565, 609, 614 580 parAkramabAhu (dvitIya) 564, 575 pANini 22, 29, 512, 608, paritta 210, 214 parittapATha aura laMkA 211 pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI 601 paribbAjaka - vagga 96, 155 pANinIya dhAtupATha 607, 611 parivAra pATha (parivAra) 85, 91, pANinIya vyAkaraNa 601, 602, 107, 115, 117, 326-327, 549 pApavagga 211, 215, 218, 223 payoga siddhi 609 pApaka 282 pavAraNA 326 pAyAsi varga 245 pazukathAe~ 281 pArAyaNa vaga 205, 240, 241 pasUra 241 pAvA 145, 147, 571, 572, pasenadi 162 dekhiya 'prasenajit' bhI 574 pazcAta-jAta pratyaya 457, 462 pAtaMjala mata 507,511 paMcagatidIpana 542, 584, 593- pAna jAtaka 288 pAtaMjala yoga 511, 516, 522 paJcattaya-sutta 97, 156 pAtaMjala yogadarzana 410 paMcanekAyika 75, 104, 201, 634 / / pAthika-sutta 146, 147 paJcakaM 579 pAthika-vagga 146, 148 paMcanipAta-aMguttara 639 pAtheyya-TIkA 639, paMcaka nipAta 101, 178, 181, pAyAsi rAjanya 146, 206 342, 629 pAyAsi-sutta pAyAsirAjaba-sutta 92, paMca indriya 180, 181, 490 131, 146 433 pA~ca nikAya 494 pAramitA 299 pA~ca prakAra kI vedanAe~ 406 paoNinTsa oNva kanTrovarsI 421 pA~ca nissaraNIya dhAtu 181 pArAjikA 77, 91, 114, 322, pA~ca dhAtue~ 404 323, 331 pA~ca vimukti Ayatana 181 pArAjika kathA 504 pA~ca naitika indriyAM 406 pArAjikA dhammA 316, 392 pAMca vijJAna dhAtu 460, 461 pAArajikakaNDa-aTTha kathA639 pAcittiya 91, 114, 322, 223, pAjiTara 547 638 pArileyyaka (vanakhaNDa) 173 229 pAkaTa vaNNanA 312 pAcittiyAdi aTThakathA 639 pAricchattaka vagga 245 pAtimokkha 106, 107, 323, pAridesaniya dhamma 322 539, 628 pAli mAdhyama 117

Page #706
( 685 ) pAlileyyaka 173, 229 'dekhiye ' pArileyyaka' bhI / pATaligAmiyavaggo 226 pATaliputra 8, 18, 21, 85, 87, 90 159, 196, 338, 421, 425, 481, 556, 557, 563 pATika sutta 92, 134 pATaligrAmavarga 231 pATika vagga 91, 132, 133, 134 pAThAcariya 640 paMDita vagga 215 pANDava parvata 286 pArAnissaya 642 pAli TaiksTa sosAyaTI (saMskaraNa) 83, 88, 104, 160, 171, 178, 195, 196, 199, 277, 334, 340, 345, 352, 418, 421, 422, 450, 452, 457, 471, 505, 538, 548, 553, 564, 567, 568, 569, 575, 581, 586, 602, 628, 644, pAli DikzanarI ( cAilDarsa) 12, 359 pAli - tripiTaka 105, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 128, 200, 276, 465, 494, 508, 524, dekhie 'tripiTaka' bhI pAli di leMgveja A~va sardana buddhisT ( kItha kA lekha ) 14 pAlidhammapada 221, 222, 223, 224 pAlikA abhilekha - sAhitya 616 643 pAli-kAvya 267, 563-600 pAli kAvya zAstra 616 pAli koza 7, 614-616 pAli chanda: zAstra 616 pAli vyAkaraNa - sAhitya 600-614 pAli bauddha dharma 350 pAli - bhASA 1-73 - zabdArtha - nirNaya 1 9, kA bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM sthAna 11-12 -- kisa pradeza kI mUla bhASA thI ? 12-28, kA mAgadhI AdhAra 14-28 - aura vaidika bhASA 28-30, aura saMskRta 30 - 31, aura prAkRta bhASAe~ vizeSataH arddhamAgadhI zaurasenI aura paizAcI 31-35, meM pAye jAne vAle prAkRta-tattva 32, kA , 57-62 . ke dhvani - samUha paricaya 35-68, --kA zabdasAdhana aura vAkya- vicAra 68-70, - ke vikAsa kI AvasthAe~ 71 - 72, aura sAhitya ke adhyayana kA mahattva 72-73 111,450, 452, 476, 617, 627 pAli liTarecara oNva baramA (mebila boDa ) 199, 201, 308, 597, 606, 611, 612, 613, 638, pAli liTarecara oNva silona ( malalasekara) 566, 588, 598, 599, 604, 615 pAli liTarecara eNDa leMgveja ( gAyagara ), 12, 17, 18, 19, 23, 52, 80, 96, 121, 132, 160, 161, 273, 345, 346, 471, 477, 478, 498, 527, 554, 569, 575, 587, 588, 590, 594, 595, 598, 605, 606, 607 pAli sAhitya 74, 83, 90, 91, 108, 121, 130, 210, 276, 290, 291, 318, 343, 374, 452, 494, 495, 500, 627, 633, 638, 643, kA udbhava aura vikAsa 74-90 ; - kA vistAra, vargIkaraNa aura kAla-krama 74-110,--meM prakRti-varNana 255, ke tIna bar3e aTThakathAkAra

Page #707
( 686 ) 501,- kA bhAratIya vAGmaya meM piyavanga 215, 224 sthAna 644-646,-aura vizva- pIti 408 sAhitya 646-647,kA viva- pITara 327 raNa-74-647 pIThavagga 245 pAli mAdhyama 111 pucchaka 402 pAli grantha 275 puggala 482 pAli mahAvyAkaraNa (bhikSu jagadIza / puggala- patti 91, 107, 115, kAzyapa) 4, 6, 7, 1627, 128, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 610, 614 346, 352, 354, 356, pAMca saMyojana 419 357,418-421, 639 pAsAdikA vaNanA 312 puggalapatti kI aTThakathA 1, 538 pAli muttaka vinaya saMgaha 538 puggalapaJattipakaraNa-aTThakathA 529 pAsAdika-sutta 93, 147, 170 puNNaka 242 pAsarAsi-sutta 151, 160 pu NakamANavapucchA 241, 242 pAMgukUlavAge 254 puNNa mantAniputta 524 piMgalamANava-pucchA 281 puNovAda-tti 98, 158 piNDapAta pAriddhi-sutta 99, 158 pudgala 355, 356, 398, 418 piNDyAtikA 411 punarjanmavAda 464 484, 486 pitanika 88 punarvasu 168, 323 piTaka 123, 132, 18, 199, pupphavagga 215, 221, 223 puSpavatI (puSphavatI) 287 piTakattayala gvaNA gandha (piTakatraya- pumbharasAri 640 __ lakSaNa grantha) 5.1. puraravA-urvazI 290 piTaka-saMpradAya 123, 186 purejAta-pratyaya 461 piTaka-mAhitya :08, 340, 513, purANa 82, 547, purANa-itihAsa 5.7 251 piTaka-saMkalana 201 purANa TIkA 581 priMDo-TokA 641 purANAcArya (porANAcariya) 497, priMDo nissaya 642 piMDola bhAradvAja 183, 524 / purAmeda 241, 494 piyajAtika-sutta 18, 155, 160 / purAtatva nibandhAvalI (rAhula priyadarzI (azoka) 619, 624 sAMkR yAyana) 422, 425, 426 piyadassI (vyAkaraNakAra mogga- puruSatva 406 llAna ke gipya) 609 puruSasUkta 511 pirita 211 pulasthipura 616 piyajAli 336 palibodhA 520 piyadassi 336 pulinda 88 piyapAla 336 pRpya 310

Page #708
(687 ) puSyamitra 116 . prAtimokSasUtraTIkA 140, 302, 305, puSyadeva 310 . 313, 324 puSpapura 563 pratijJAtakaraNa 319, 320 pUrNa 158, 353, 357 pratisaga 548 pUrNa maitrAyaNI patra 183 pratisaMvida-jJAna 298 433 pUrNA 268 prathama dhyAna 167, 409, 410, pUrNikA 268 prathama do bauddha saMgItiyA~ 7-85, pUrva-azokakAlIna 277, 341 308 pUrvAcArya (pubbAcariya) 567 prathama saMgIti 7-82, 89, 197, pUrNa kAzyapa 137 10, 199, 309, 336,394 pUrva-buddhaghopa 109 'prasAda' (jayazaMkara) 73 pUrva-vuddhaghoSa-yuga 8:5,-495 prajJA 152, 157, 179, 242, 354, pUrvajanma kI smRti 521 411 pUrvajAta-pratyaya 457 prajJA-indriya 388 pUrvAgama 228, 525 prajaptivAdI 115, 354, 356,423, puraNakassapa 481 424 pUrvazailIya 826, 430 prajJaptipAda nAstra 140, 141, 353, pUsA~ 309 pRthajana (pRthujjano) 818, 419 / prayAga 563 612, 619, 233, pRthvI-dhAtu 403 prasAdajatanI 581 'pRthvI-samAna dhyAna kI bhAvanA 153 parAkramabAhu 594 pRthvI-Rtsna 833 prAkRta-pAkaDa-pAaDa-pAli 8 prakaraNa-pAda 115, 353, 354, 355 prAkRta (bhASA) :., 30, 31-35, prakIkarNa 355 37, 39, 44, 50, 54, 55, 56, prakrudha kAtyAyana 137, 176 57, 58, 72 pratikUlasaMjA (AhAra meM) 521 / prAkRtapana (pAli meM pAye jAne vAle) pratyaya 286, 355, 855,457,470 57-62 pratyayotpanna 298 prAcIna siMhalI aTThakathA 496 pratyaya-sthAna 857, 455 / / prAkRta dhammapada 221, 222 pratyanta deza 557 prAcyA (prAkRta) 31 / prAtimokSa 300, 323 dekhiye 'pAti- prAcIna arddhamAgadhI 18, 19, 111 mokva bhI prAcIna Arya bhASA 68, 71, pratidezanA 318, 313 prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAyuga pratyeka vuddha 418, 57? 11, 87 pratisaMkhyAna 431 prAcIna janakathA 277 pratItya samutpAda 144, 151, 165, prAcIna sthavira (porANakathega) 499 213,40, 412 454, 589, prAleya (prAleyaka) 28 prAcIna vaidika prayoga 236

Page #709
( 688 ) prAcIna siMhalI bhASA 496 . paurANika AkhyAna 130 prAgbuddhaghoSakAla 323 493, 466, poTThapAda-sutta 92, 127 129, 130, prANa-dhvani 36, 37, 56 141-142, 172 prANadhvani kA Agamana 56, 63, potaliya-sutta 95, 130, 153 64, 67 aura lopa 56, 63, 67 poliTikala hisTrI oNva enziyenTa prAyazcittikaM 114 inDiyA ( hemacandra rAyacaudharI ) prAyazcittika 311 291, 292, 293, 471, 609, prANAyAma 157 610, 611, 613, 614 praNipAta 350 polonnaruvA (laMkA meM) 615, 616 prIti 170, 383, porANa khuddakasikkhA TIkA 539 387, 409, 410, 534, 5H5 posAlamANavapucchA 241 priyadarzI 4, 28 pauSkarasAti 138 pravacana 5 pramenajit 156, 162, 177 194, 195, 228, 230 prazna upaniSad 291, 156 pha-kyU-kiMG (dhammapada kA cInI anuprazrabdhi 170 vAda) 223 pradyota (pajjota) 157 phala-citta 383 pegana meM prApta khaMDita pASANa lekha pha-zinyana 277 634, 638 phaoNsabAla (vI.) 273 peTakAlaMkAra 543 phAsukAri-sutta 97, 156 peTakI 75 104, 634, phAhyAna 204 peTakopadesa 108, 127, 128, 199, phrAMsa 296 561 414, 465, 466, 472, 577 phika (DA.) 289 phlITa (je0 epha0) 554 580, 602, 603 petavattha 102, 107, 110, 114, phraiMka (Ara-o0) 12, 13, 14, 15. 196, 197, 200, 201, 210, 119, 132, 148, 550, 607, 245, 246, 531, 596 petavatthu aTThakathA sahitA 640 petavatyussa vimalavilAsinI nAma __aTThakathA 578 vaka jAtaka 282 paizAcI prAkRta 13, 15, 28, 31,32,- baMkAka 505, 644 ___ kA pAli se saMbaMdha 34-35, 50 bakkula-sutta 98, 15.7 potana 145, 287 baeNgalA 235 potali 287 baMga-pradeza 551 porANA 499 barmI vihAra (sAranAtha) 235 porANa aTThakathA baMbaI vizvavidyAlaya (saMskaraNa) 4, porANAcariya (purANAcArya)577,611 90, 134, 148, 202, 212,

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( 689 ) 246, 315, 338, 341, 349, brAhmaNadhammiya (vagga) 240 472, 474, 481, 553 brahma-prApti 177 baramA 91, 207, 211, 274, 331, brahma deza 72 332, 351, 471, 472. 492, brahma-sUtra 124 512, 536, 537, 540, 541, brahmacarya 208, 429, 430, 453 543, 544, 545 576, 581, brahmA 143, 252, 51? 583, 599, 605, 606, 610, brahmAyu (brAhmaNa) 159 611, 644 vRhattara bhArata 290 / baramI paramparA, sAhitya, itihAsa Adi bApaTa (DA.) 235, 300, 352,528 178, 273, 308, 358, bArtha (e.) 86, 110, 477 396, 418, 422, 452, 495, bANa 505, 531, 539, 542, 544, bAraha Ayatana 348 546, 548, 564, 567, 576, bArAbara (pahAr3I, gayA ke pAsa) 618 581, 582, 585, 600, 604, bAlappabodhanapratti-(vRtti)-karaNa 641 606, 609, 611, 612, 613, bAvari (brAhmaNa) 162, 240, 241 614, 615, 619, 638, 642 bAveru jAtaka 283, 29'.. baramI pAli sAhitya 542-44 / / bAveru rASTra 283 baramI paramparA 509, 510, 512 vAlappabodhana (vyAkaraNa) 581, 607 bala (pAMca) 412 641 bala saMyutta 101, 171 bAlattajana 641 bahuvedaniya-sutta 15, 153 bAlAvatAra 568, 579, 605, 606, bahu-dhAtuka-sutta 97, 157 609,613, 640 brahmacaryasaMbaMdhI upadeza (buddhakA) bAlapaMDita-mRtta 98, 157 191-193 bAlAvatAraTIkaM 539 brahmANDa purANa 597 bAlavAga 215. 221, 203 brahmAyu sutta 96, 156 bAharI saMyojana 419 brahmavihAra-nideso 521 bAhira kathA 477 brahmajAla sutta 92, 134-137, 138, brAhmaNa-grantha 11, 28, 29 276 brAhmaNa-vagga 96, 97, 156, 215, brahmavihAra 143, 210 220, 221, 204 brahmavatI 586 brAhmaNa-saMyutta 99, 163 brahmagiri (maisUra rAjya) bAhitika-sutta 96, 156 brahmAyu sutta 156, 160 vAhirA (dhammA) 369 brahmadatta 274 bAhiya dArucIriya (bhikSu) 183 brahmanimantika-sutta 95, 153 bAhya Ayatana 348 brahmajAla-sutta 134-13, 153 brAhmaNa varga 159 brahmavijJAna 410 bAhulika (bauddhasampradAva) 422, 423H brahma saMyutta 99, 162.163 vAhuzrutika (bAhulika) 423 .

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( 690 ) bigaDeTa ( vizapa) 600 biDala jAtaka 635 bibaliyothaikA iMDikA 569 bimbisAra 139, 145, 228, 292, 325, 326, 561, 562 bini-ma:- ron 312 bilAvata jAtaka 282 bIjakhyaM 641 buddha upadeza 75, 77, 87, 101, 102, 125, 129, 131, 132, 134, 137, 167, 180, 201, 218, 235, 304, 485, 435, 468, 469 buddha-kAla 91, 228, 237, 310 buddhakAlIna 127, 182, 246, 277, 289, 325, 349, 480, 481 buddhakAlIna bhArata 120, 159, 175, 196, 285 buddhaghoSa (AcArya) 1,2,3,6, 10, 22, 23, 24, 58, 104, 105, 108, 123, 130, 148, 197, 280, 308, 309, 310, 312, 315, 324, 331, 334, 337, 341, 346, 350, 427, 465, 452, 473, 479,496, 897, 40.8, 418, 500, 501, 502, 503, 5. 4, 5 5 - kI jIvanI 5.5 ---513-kI racanAe~ 513 - 529 -- kI aTThakathAe~ 522528-531, 532, 536, 533, 538, 538, 530, 542, 583, 545, 548, 580, 566, 567, 568. 536, 577.586, 587, 600, 601, 602, 603 buddha-sanA 868 buddha jIvana 125, 177, 209, 225, 571, 574, 535, 582, 591, 592, 600 buddha kI jIvanI 150, 155, 156, 208, buddha dharma 73, 86, 88, 112, 119, 123, 145, 146, 147, 161, 162, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 185, 190, 307, 311, 418, 421, 422, 425, 427, 865, 493, 557, 563, 568, 589, 595, 620, 631, 622, 247 buddha netra 454 buddha-pravacana 148, 157, 160, 168, 309 buddha prazaMsA 963, 136 buddha - pramukha bhikSu saMgha 127, 228 buddha ziSya 172 269 buddhacaryA ( rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ) 76, 82, 132, 315, 335, 525 buddha- pUrva yuga 290 buddha bhakti 228 vuddhakAlIna saMgha 308 buddha-mana 153, 325, 428, 453 vuddhamantavya 84, 184, 306, 335, 386, 425 463, 468, 484 buddha mukha 83, 112, 120, 310 vuddha traividya 155 buddhamita 281 vuddha gaurava 168 buddha-yuga 21, 75, 193 vRddha 102, 107, 107, 198, 199, 298, 504, 505, 549, 578, 585 buddha-zAsana 5 136, 245, 247, 248, 257, 266, 269, 307, 308, 872, 867 581, 588, w: buddharakSita 310 buddha-saMvAda 178

Page #712
( 661 ) buddha-pUrva yuga 292 506, 507, 511, 512, 542, buddhakAlIna bhUgola 289 548, 566, 567 buddhapriya 'dIpaMkara' (sthavira) 595, buddhaghoSa kI abhidhamma piTaka sambandhI 605, dekhiye 'dIpaMkara' bhI aTThakathAe~ 528-29--kI anya vuddhaghoSa yuga kI paramparA arthAta racanAe~,---kA pAli sAhitya meM TIkAMja ko yuga, 537, 46 __ sthAna 529-30 buddhisTa philAsaphI (kItha) 123 buddhappiya 541 buddhisTa sAikolojI 505 baddhayaza 113, 356 (aTThakathAkAra) buddha vagga 215, 218, 224 buddhadatta 865. 406 469, 501, buddha (bhagavAn) 5, 12, 14, 13, 502,--kI jIvanI aura racanAyeM 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 502, 505, 503, 504, 530, 06, 28, 3, 74, 75, 76, 531, 532 569, 54 , 545, 5.7, 78. 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 8,89, 10, 111, 112, buddhaghopa-vihAra 513 118, 119 120, 121, 122, vuddhAlaMkAra 542 104, 15, 129, 130, 131, vuddhagayA 290, 501 136, 12 136, 138, 142, vuddhamitra 510, 524 148, 185.146, 147, 151, vuddhappiya 580 152, 15.5 156, 157, 160 buddhavaMma-aTThakathA 680 16.. 163, 164, 165, 166, vuddhavaMza 114, 115 134, 175, 179, 185, 193, buddha-yAtrA gajagaha se kasinArA taka 145 194, 201. 208, 225, 228, vuddha kI hRdaya se utpanna kanyA 267 / / 230, 31. 241, 248, 250, buddhaghopa-yuga 896, 536 250, 267, 273, 281,292, baddha-parinirvANa 118, 119, 120, 293, 305, 307,308, 310, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, buddhisTa ejUkezana ina pAli eMDa 330,335, 336, 348, 347, __ saMskRta skUlsa (e0 I0 je0 kAleja) 352,356, 357, 405, 425, 288, 433, 447, 468, 471, buddhaghopa yuga kI paramparA athavA 453, 486, 489,490, 492, TIkAoM kA yuga 110 500, 5.1,504, 523, 524, baddharakSita (jinAlaMkAra ke racayitA) ,25,56,530, 531, 50, 556,557, 8, 561,562, buddha-carita 73, 592 563, 570,571,572,573, buddhAnusmati 53 574, 576,581,583, 585, baddhakAlIna mAmAjika avasthA ,86, 590, 9.2, 594, 596, 289 598,602,603, 619, 620, buddhaghomuppatti 805, 502, 503, 101,623, 24, 632, 639 000 mm

Page #713
( 692 ) buddha-vacana 1, 4, 6, 8, 21, 22, 23, buddharakkhita (sthavira)538, 540,565: 25, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, buddhazrI (buddhasiri) 522 84, 102, 103, 104, buddha nirvANa 91, 155 106, 107, 108, 112, buddha svabhAva 325 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, bekhanasa-sutta 155 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, / bela ka-jAtaka 282 148, 179, 182, 187, 192, baikTriyA 89,494 200, 214, 225, 232, 233, bairATa (jayapura) 618 034, 276, 336, 337, 338, bodhivaMsa 581, 640, dekhie 'mahA-- 339, 340, 347, 350, 352, bodhivaMsa' 353, 358, 374, 405, 409, bodhipakSIya dharma 189, 263, 422.. 410, 412, 465, 428,566, 469, 470, 484, 487, 492, bodhisatva Adarza 228, 290 493, 494, 577, 633, 636 bodhisata (vyAkaraNa) 608 buddha darzana 453, 481, 484, 427 bodhi vRkSa 509, ,51, 562, 568,. buddhisTika sTaDIz2a ( lAhA-saMpAdita ) 573, 574 / 4, 8, 12, 80, 82, 84, 89, bodhisatva 205, 273, 296, 432 105, 116, 123, 312, 313, 447, 570, 636 328, 334, 338, 424, 449 bodhi ke sAta aGga, 170, 208, 408. buddhisTa vartha sTorIja 273, 281 borobadUra stUpa 290 vuddhisTa vinaya Disaplina aura bauddha bhikSuNiya 264 buddhisTa kampADameMTas 328 bauddha yoga 210 buddhisTa menuala oNva sAikolojIkala bodhirAjakumAra-sutta 96, 155, 160 ethiksa 443 bojjhaMga vibhaMga 397,408 buddhisTa iMDiyA (rAyasa DeviDm ) 12, bojjhaMga-saMyutta 100 112, 202, 277, 373, 550, / bodhyaMga 158,356 561, 628 bodhi varga 221, 225, 812,454 vuddhisTa vinaya Dimiplina 312 / bobogI pegoDA (baramA) 617 meM vuddhijma : iTasa hisTrI eMDa liTarecara prApta khaMDita pASANa lekha 638. (amerikana lekcarsa oNna buddhijma, bauddha saMgItiyoM 105, 118, 325, DA0 rAyasa DeviDs) 346 523, 537, 550, 551, 556vuddha kI uThAne vAlI AdezanA 187 558, 562, 568, 569, 572.. vuddhippasAdinI 601 581, 623 buddhanAga (sthavira) 538, 539, 579, bauddhayugIna zikSA 289 buddha vandanA 377 bauddha dharma 117, 118, 131, 146, vaddhAlaMkAra 584, 595 159, 231, 235, 237, 245, buddhatva prApti 12, 185, 274, 269, 276 290, 331, 447, 324 448, 476

Page #714
( 693 ) bauddha sAhitya 213, 230, 290, 241, bhaddasAla jAtaka 287 230, 265 bauddha anuzruti 79, 496 bauddha mahAvibhASA zAstra 292 bauddha paramparA 160, 338, 296, 335, 587, 338, 427, 105 bauddha saMgha 86, 307, 308, 309 bauddha graMtha 340 vauddha naitikavAda 244 bauddha darzana 489 bauddha sampradAya 355 bauddha-tatva-darzana 335 bRhajjAtaka - nissaya 642 bRhat kathA 294 bRhajjAtaka - TIkA 641 bRhajjAtaka 641 bRhadAraNyaka 494 bha bhagga 159 bhagga rAjya 287 bharga deza 585 bhagavAn mahAvIra 156, 159 bhaMDagAma 145, 195 bhaMDArakara ( DI0 Ara0) 86, 629 bhaDauMca 494 bhato-roga-rom 312 - bhadanta ( sthavira ) 524 bhadrakalpa 143 bhadrayAnika 424, 422, 425, 430 bhadrA ( bhikSuNI) 269 bhadrA kAtyAyanI (bhikSuNI) 184 bhadrA kApilAyinI 268 bhadrA kuMDalakezA ( bhikSuNI) 268269 bhaddanAma 336 bhaddasAla ( sthavira ) 557, 568, 572, 89, 310 bhaddAli 154 bhaddAla- sutta 95, 154 bhadrAvudha mANava pucchA 241 mahiya 230, 325, 336 bhaddiya kAligodhAputra 183 bhadde karata sutta 158, 345 bhUmija - sutta 157 bhayabherava - sutta 93, 122, 149, 172, 274 bharaMDa - kAlAma 185 bharaMDu-sutta 184 bhRgu 142, 291 bhartRhari 590 bharata muni 31 bharukaccha 288, 494 bhallika 325 bhallikaM 303 bhava 165, 454, 455, 407 bhava-ogha 366 bhava-yoga 367 bhavya (AcArya) 449, 423, 424 bhava - vAsanA 420 bhayAse 236 bhavAsrava 441 bhAgalapura 139 bhAgavata ( DA0 ) 148, 548 bhAMDArakara oriyanTala sIrIja, pUnA 352 bhAMDArakara komomerezana volyUma 16 bhANaka 75, 634 bhAbrU ( zilAlekha ) 4, 6, 19, 103, 235, 618, 620, 627, 633 bhArata (bhAratavarSa ) 74,91, 285, 473, 502, 645, 337, 109, 110, 481, 508, 509, 530, 558, 562, 563, 573, 574, 577, 310, 366, 492, 493,

Page #715
( 694 ) 507, 586, 404, 622, 598, bhikSuNI-saMgha 19, 305, 308, 321 599, 614, 621 bhikkhu-saMyutta 173, 306 bhAradvAja (brAhmaNa)142, 177, 291, bhikkhuNI saMyutta 99, 130, 161,. 159, 176, 163, 239 bhArahuta (anilekha) 104, 201, bhItarI saMyojana 419 277, 573, 617, 634-635 bhuvanekabAhu prathama (laMkAdhirAja) bhAratIya sAhitya 290, 295, 285, bhuvanekabAhu dvitIya (laMkAdhirAja) 476, 492, 499 bhAratabhUmi 331 bhuvanekabAhu tRtIya (laMkAdhirAja). bhArata-yUropiyana 63 bhAratIya kAvya sAhitya 255 bhUmija-sutna 98 bhAratIya gadyazailI 492 bhUtatathatA 444 bhAratIya darzana 453, 484 bhUridatta-cariyaM 300 bhAratIya bhUgola 285 bhesakalAvana 177, 525 bhAratIya rASTra 481 bhesajjamaMjasA 642 bhAratIya vidyA bhavana (bambaI) 514 bhoja 88 bhAratIya sAhitya kA videzI sAhitya bhojAjAnIya jAtaka 274 __ para prabhAva 290 bhovAdI 020 bhAratIya vAGmaya 493 bhautikavAda 428 bhAratIya jJAna 493 bhautikatAvAdI 453 bhAvanAmayI prajJA 411, 460 bhASya 500,-kI paribhASA 500501 maggAmagga dasmana visuddhi niddemo 522 bhASyakAra 466 magadha 4, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18,24, 'bhikkhugatika 621 26, 28, 29, 56, 185, 177, bhisa jAtaka 635 195, 251, 286, 288, 563, bhikkhu-pAtimorakha 323 571, 572, 583, 263 bhikkhunI pAtimoHkha 323 magadha-kosala 233 bhikSu-prakIrgaka 313 magadha-bhASA 109 bhikkhu vagga 95, 96, 113, 155, majjhima (sthavira), 88, 89, 55 3, 215, 219, 221, 224 562, 568, 582 bhikkha vinaya 187, 629 majjhimA paTipaTA 362 bhikkha vibhaMga 504 majjhimanikAya kI aTThakathA 148bhikkhunI vibhaMga 323, 628 160, 161, 510, 513, 538 bhikSu-saMgha 209, 228, 251, 321, majjhimapaNNAsa aTThakathA-639 323, 325, 326, 327-329, majjhima paNNAsa 639 / maMjUsA TIkA vyAkhyaM 641

Page #716
( 695 ) majjhimesu padesu 21 majjhimanikAya (majjhima) 25,26,81, 91, 93, 99, 103, 107, 113, 123, 127, 131, 129, 130, 140, 148-160, 161, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 180, 188, 194, 275, 291, 305, 321, 324, 334, 340, 342, 359, 403, 408, 439, 455, 497, 500, 509, 514, 524, 567, 624, 629, 630 madhya maMDala 18, 21, 24, 26, 30, 33, 34, 331, 332, 338, 560, 614, 644 majjhima nikAya kI aTThakathA kI TIkA 538 madhya-vyaMjana 37, 54, -- aMsaMyukta 57-62, -- saMyukta 63-67 madhyamA pratipadA ( madhyama mArga) 522 madhyamAgama 113, 133 madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM 30, madhyama mArga 141, 169 173 madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya sAhitya 644 d: ( madhyama ( sthavira ) dekhiye 'majjhima sthavira' madhurattha vilAsinI ( buddhavaMsa kI aTThakathA) 504, 505,531,577 manovijJAna 165, 348, 403, 408 mana Ayatana 401, 402, 403 manorathapUraNI 497, 513, 524-26 manodhAtu 459, 430, 461, 381. 383, 384 matsya ( rAjya ) 145, 548 magadharAja 137, 157, 166, 228 makkaTa jAtaka 282 makhAdeva jAtaka 281, 635 .!. malalasekara (jI0 pI0, DA0 ). 588, 598, 599, 615 maghAdeviya jAtaka 635 makkhala gomAla 137, 159, 176, 480, 481 maccha jAtaka 300 maccharAja cariyaM 300 maMkula parvata 525 maccha 145, 195 maMgoliyA 332, 644 madhurasavAhinI 579 mabjA ( proma - varamA) kA svarNapatra lekha 634, ke vovogI abhilekha 637-38 manovijJAna dhAtu 381, 384, 400, 402, 404, 459 majjhima paNNAsaka 148 manoratha pUraNI 577 manorathapUraNI kI TIkA 538 mana 165, 160, 160 330, 332 348, 403, 404, 406 mahAnAga 310 mantrakartA RSi 291 madhyadeza 277, 286 majjhima- bhANaka 197 matha sogi- ritsu 311 manodhAtu 402, 404 maggavagga 221, 224 majje vagga 245 manasikAra ( manasikArI) 386 412, 734 maNisAra maMjUsA 542, 580 makhAdeva - sutta 81, 155, 276, 281 manasehara (pezAvara jilA ) 17, 23. 618, 627. 633 magga-saMyutta 13, 177 magga-vibhaMga 39, 4.8 malla rASTra 280

Page #717
( 696 ) 571, 624 matthake matthalaMga 210 mahAkoTThita 500 madhupiNDika-sutta 94, 151 mahAvagga TIkA 639 manuvaNNanA 546 mahAsudassana suttanta 276 manusmRti 220, 546 mahAmeghavaNNArAma 563 maMgala (gandhaTThi ke racayitA) 612 / mahAkAlacakka 642 manusAra 546 mahAsura 292 manvantara 548 mahAkaccAyana (vinayagaDhi) 577 malika muhammada jAyasI 230 570, 571 manAce zloka 252 mahAsena (laMkAdhipati) 548, 459, maMgala sutta 195, 208, 210 / 550, 552, 560, 561, 564 majjhantika (sthavira)88, 557, 568, mahAvijitAvI (baramI bhikSu) 607 572 mahAparinibbANa sutta 75, 76, 80, macchikASaNDavAsI 184 81, 83, 92, 130, 133, 144, malAyA 288 145, 225, 231, 305, 570, maNidIpa 542, 580 madra (deza) 292, 563 mahAbodhi (jarnala) 22, 297, manoharaM 580 302, 570 magadhabhUtAvidaggaM 580 mahAvaMsaTIkA 549, 554, 555, manodhAtu-saMsparzajA 400 569, 572, 600, 640, dekhiye madhurA (mathurA) 155, 187, 474, ___'mahAvasa kI TIkA' bhI 494, 563 mahAdhammasamAdAna sutta 152 madhumAratthadIpanI 543 mahAlomahaMsa-jAtaka 301 mRddha 392 535 mahAvijita 130 madhya yatA 535 mahAsaMdhika 311, 422, 423, 424, malla rASTra 145, 563, 571 425, 428, 437, 438, 441, madhya-eziyA 644 444, 448, 550 malavagga 224 mahAsatipaTThAna sutta 92, 146, 150, madhyamA pratipadA 136 130, 210, 405 mArkaNDeya purANa 597 mahApuruSa-lakSaNa 129 madhyakAlIna Arya bhASA yuga 11, 29, mahAsalAyatanika-sutta 158 mahAkammavibhaMga sutta 99 majjhimapaNNAsa TIkA 639 mahAsalAyatanika sutta 99 marAThI 12, 28, 29, 56 mahAsudarzana 299 maNikaMTha jAtaka 276 mahAnissaraM 580 maricavaTTi vihAra 558, 559, 573 / mahAgaNa 640 mayUrarUpapaTTana 510 mahAyAnI bauddha sAhitya 85 mayUrasuttapaTTana 510 mahAsaMgItika bhikSu 121, 202, 352 masUdA (pro0) 549 mahAthera TIkA 640

Page #718
( 697 ) 'mahAniddesa 17, 180 338. 496, 508,551, 557, mahApuruSa-lakSaNa 147 558, 560, 562, 568, 645 mahipamaMDala 88 574, 614 mahAnyutpatti 314 mahAyAnI graMtha 846 mahAniruttigandho 577 mahAmaMgala 224, 566, 67 mahAsvAmI (mahAsAmi) 532 mahAkaccAna bhaTTekarana-mana 18, 158 mahAsamaya-sutta 92, 126, 146 mahAvastu 222 mahAli-sutta 92, 172 mahAprANatva 32 mahAvibhaMga 325 mahAli mutta 140, 213 mahApuNNama-sutta 97, 157 mahAkammavibhaMga-mana 158 mahAsudassana-sutta 92 mahArAhulobAda-matta / mahAcunda 212 mahApadAna-sutta 12, 205 mahA-dhammasamAdAna-sutta 15 mahAvajiravuddhi 578 mahAasmapura suta 14 ,121, 152, mahATIkA 531 mahAkauSTila yA zAriputra 353, 357 mahAsena 564 mahAmaMgala sutta 210 mahAsakuludAyi mutta 16, 155, 160, mahAsAgepama suna 14 mahiMsAsaka vinaya 311 mahAkapi jAtaka 635 mahAaTThakathA 417, 898 mahAnyatAvAdI 428, 442. 443, mahAthUpa 522, 7.8. 559. 560 mahAriSTa,56 mahAviyUha 281 mahAsammata 550, 56 mahAdharmarakSita 88, 582 mahAbodhi nabhA 136. 131, 148, mahAyAnI maMskRta sAhitya 124 233 mahAsIva 320 manAummagga-jAtaka 285. 289, mahAtaNhAsaMkhaya-sutta 94, 152 mahAvuddhaghomasma nidAnavatthu 567 nahAvalo gaMgA ? mahA dukhakvandha muna 151 mahApaccarI (mahApaccariya) 897, mahAvana TokA 572 mahAniddesa aTThakathA 640 mahAmahanIti 611 mahAkAtyAyana 183 210. 231, nahAkAlacakkA-kA 872, 41.9, 500, 528, 525, matali 180 mahAsdamtana jAtaka 145, 299. mahAprApAda .... mahAgiSa 210 mahAnagara rASTra (syAma) 80 narendra (hindI 10, 13. 15, 80, mahAvijita 1:9. 20, , 10, 11, 569, mahAnattAnAsuna 17, 157 ', 32.', 73.360, 36, 367, mAvaNa 22, 5, 11, 2,107,

Page #719
114, 132, 133.134, 146. mahAnaMgala sutta 632 170, 172, 18, 218, 219, mahAmaMgala 240, 54H 225, 26, 240, 26, 300, mahAprANa 54, 56, 58, 59. 2 324, 326, 639 mahAsvAmI 539 mahAmAyA 335 mahAvaMsa-TIkA 640 mahAbhUta 355 mahAvacchagona-suna 16, 155, 159, mahAdharmarakSita 551, 568, 572 mahI (nadI) 195 238, 257 / mahAnadiTha 641 'mahAvaMsa' kI TIkA' 496,541,553, mahAyAma sthavira) 539 mahAkassapa (matrahavIM zatAbdI ke vagmI mahAgotiMga-sutta 94, 152 bhikSa) 543 mahAparitta 210 mahAkAvyA (va ddhagipya) 506, mahAyamaka-dagga 94 77, 78, 87, 182, 198, 210, mahAkAzyapa 165 300.325, 327, 339, 550, mahAnAma-sutta 188 mahAsIhanAda-mutta 93, 160 mahAnAma' (mahAvaMza ke racayitA) mahAvana 177, 525 554, 555, 564, 565 mahAmaudgalyAyana 151, 153,166 mahAmArAya-suttma 151 169, 134, 181. 210, 229, mahAmAyA 265 325 mahAparinirvANa 118, 121312, 422 mahAyAna 285 mahAsudarzana 145 mahArASTra 88.578 mahAmudasmana-muna 145 mahAnAma gAkya 188, 185, 188 mahAyAna 200 mahAmaccaka mutta 18 mahApadhAna 508, 530 mahApiMgala jAtaka 200 mahA-sujhatA-mutta 98, 157 mahAvaMsa (mahAvaMga) , 8, 9. 10 mahATIka 579 78, 8, 83. 88, 10, 108, mahAyAna dharma 442, 883 105,109. 112, 116, 211, mahAbhAya 355 . 307 331, 351. 822 824, mahA-mAla kya-sutta 95 / 826.489, 470, 896, 499, mahArASTrI (prAkRta) 31, 39 506, 507, 709, 511, 528, mahAkaccAyana 871. 680 dekhiye 5.83, 588. 550, 551, 5'53, 'mahAkA yAyana bhI mahipamahala 5., 568, 530, 578, 571.572, 573, 578, 575, / mahAyAna saMpradAya 883 578, 580, 588 587, 598 mahAgavinda 185 11.30 mahIlAmaka 281.10,423, 82 ., mahAnAma (laMkAdhipati) 508501, mahAdeva (sthavira) 55.7, 568,570 448,845, 148

Page #720
( 699 ) mahAnidAna 92, 165, 455, 545 mahAbodhivaMma 568-69, 572 mahAmAlukya sutta 154 mahAgovinda - sutta 92, 145 mahAsutasoma jAtaka 286 mahAmAtra 626 mahApuruSa - lakSaNa 156 mahApathaka 183 mahAkoTti 183 mApana 183 mahAvedalla- sutta 25, 103, 152 mahAbhiniSkramaNa 151 mahAniddesa 107, 297 mahAgoviMda jAtaka 275 mahAgopAlaka-sutta 152 mahAjanaka - jAtaka 287, 293, 635 mahAstupa 570, 573, 574 mahAniruttigaMdha 604 mahAkuladAyi parivrAjaka 155 mahApadAna sutta 143 mahAvinayasaMgahappakaraNa 538 mahAvaggasaMyutta 639 mahAkozala 287 mahAyamaka vagga 152 mahAvibhaMga 504 707 568. mahAraTTha (mahArASTra ) 572, 582 mahAaTThakathA 549 mahAnAma ( sammakAminI ke racayitA ) 532 mahArakSita ( sthavira ) 500,560. 535 mahAyAsa (kaccAyanabheda ke racayitA ) 606 mahAbuddhaghosamma nidAnavandhu 506 mahAsaccaka mukta 152. 160 mahAvihAra 60 281, 418, 499. 504, 508, 516.530,531, 551,563, 768, 560, 598 mahAbhAratakAra 589 mahAjatavana ( laMkA ) 614 mahAhatthipadopamamutta 94, 151,455 mahAnidAna sutta 144 mahAvodhi sabhA 207, 350, 588 mahAvodhi grahaNa 558 maggasaMyukta 174 mahAprajApati gotI 184, 189, 190.265, 325, 525 majjhima 274 mahArAhulovAda sutta 153, 160 mahAnAma ( madhumArattha dIpanI ke racayitA) 543 mahAsaMgIti 88, 85 mahAsudassana jAlaka 299 mahAbhArata 129, 130, 138, 227, 286, 292, 293, 547, 548, 593 mahAkassapa ( vArahavI zatAbdI ke siMhalI bhikSu ) 537 mahAyAnI paramparA 314, 340, 592, 596, 519, 620 mahisa- jAtaka 290 mAgadhI ( prAkRta ) 10, 11, 18, 15, 16, 17 - - kI vizeSatAeM 17-18, 19,21,23.24, 25, 26,28,31, kahA taka pAlikA AdhAra hai ? 26-96, 39, 32, 34, 48, 55. 61 mAgadhA nikti 10, 11 mAgavI ( bhASA) 502. 508. 5001, 537. 575 mAgadhika bhASA 10 maga saMyukta 174 mAgandiya sutta 06. 155, 160 mArga - satya 805. 415. 417 mArga - pratyaya 48, 462

Page #721
( 700 ) mAgadhako vohAro 10, 23 manika jAtaka 275 bhAgandiya (parivrAjaka) 57, 155, muni sutta 335, 630 159, 281, 306, 330 muktA 268 mAgadha saddalabadraNa 608 munigAthA 235, 629, 628 mArga-prApti 833 mu Daka 240 mAgha 24. mulara (I) 13, 15 mArga 325 mukhamattasAra 640 mArga-phala 888 muditA 410 mAdhuriya sutta 155 mUgapakha jAtaka 635 mAdhyamika sUtra 423 muditA 521, 535 mAna 535 mUrdhanya 35, 36, 46, 57 mAnatta 316 mUdhanyIkaraNa 59 mAra 151, 153, 162, 166, mUlapada 46 167 258 mUlagadhakuTI 23, mAratajjaniya mutta 95, 153 mUlasikkhA-TIkA 539 maoNrisa (I) 178, 342,418, 595 murddhanya saMyakta vyaMjana 67 mAra sayutta 99, 161 mUla sikkhoya TIkA 579 mAtikaTThakathA 643 mUla vara. mAtikA 212, 326, 339, 359, mUlapaNNAsa aTThakathA 639 mUla TIkA 568, kI TIkA 543 mANatra 86 mala sisvA (mUla zikSA) 532, 539 mAlAlaMkAravantha 584, 600 mUlapariyAya-dagga 249, 150 mAtaMga-jAtaka 300 mUla yamaka 850, 639, mAtaMga-bariba 300 mUlaTIkaM 5:3 mAtugAma-saMyuna 100 mUla sarvA ita vAdo 313, 314 mAtikatthadIpanI 540 / mula pariyAya sutta 149 mAtsarya (macchariyaM) 382, 392, 535 mUlapaNNAsa TIkA 639 mAluMkyaputta 888 mUlapaNNAsa 639 mArzala (sara jonha) 634 mUlasikkhA abhinava TIkA 539 mAskI (haidarAbAda gajya) 618 malasikkhA porANa TIkA 539 mAtrAkAla 42, 51 mUla sikkhA TokA 581 mAtugAma-saMyuna 168 megasa 89 mAtrikA-bara 75 maMghiya-varga 226, 222 mAtrikA vaNanA 312 bhedalampa 150 makhamattadIpana: 5.8, 604 mevila voDa 199, 211, 308, mukhanatasAraM naTTIkaM 580 472, 596, 52, 581, 597, magarakaya jAtaka 625. 590, 60, 4, 606, 11, makhamanasAra TIkA 640 212, 13

Page #722
mattagumANavapucchA 241, 243 meta sutta 209, 210 me bhavatta 234 mattagU 243 meraTha 618 ( 701 ) mettA 410 racayitA meghaMkara ( jinacarita ke terahavIM zatAbdI ke sihalI bhikSu ) 5:0. 593, 594 meghaMkara (varamI bhikSu, lokadIpasAra ke racayitA ) 593 meghaMkara 540 menuala Ava (iNDiyana ) buddhijma ( karma 380 dekhiye 'e menuala oNva iMDiyana baddhijma' bhI medhaMkara (vyAkaraNa) 609 dekhiye 540 vanaratanamevaMka matthapayoga 641 menAnDara ( grIka rAjA ) 473, 474, 475, 476, 479 mettAnisaMsa-suna 211 mesana (DA ) 603 maisUra 617 maina aiNDa thaoNTa ina enziyenTa iNDiyA (rAdhAkumuda mukarjI) 621 maitreya (buddha) 509,530, 585. 586, 587 maitrI - bhAvanA 153, 213. 223, 238 maitrikA 268 maitrI ( bhAvanA ) 91, 410, 521 maiksamulara 550 maiksa velesara 81, 86 maithuna-saMbaMdha 447 maugana ke do svarNapatra lekha ( baramA) 617, 634, 336-639 maudgaliputra tiSya 557, 560, 566 dekhiye moggaliputta tissa' bhI moggalAna ( vyAkaraNakAra ) 10, 578, 608, 609, 313, 616 moggalAna vyAkaraNa aura usakA upakArI mAhitya 607-610 moggalAna (abhidhAnapadIpikAkAra) 614, 615 moggaliputta tisma 310, 311. 335. 422. : 24.425 490 557. 562,566. 572 maudgalyAyana 325 maurya -adhipati 206 maudgalyAyana 125 249 moggallAna-sayutta 100 moggalAna ( moggalAyana ) 49. 125, 245, 4.1 moggalAna paJcikA 609, 612. 614 moggalAna paJcikA 608 mogharAjamANavapucchA 241 mAghAliyukta 336 mogharAja 184 mevila hanTa 178 moraMDakheTaka 517 molinI 283 morapati suta moneyya sute ( monevya sUtra ) 235. 627, 28, 20 meseDoniyA 89 moha 374, 533, 535. 458, mohavicchedanI 532,546, 587,640, mohamUlaka 392, 535 mohamUlaka do akulacitta 381 mohanayana 640 moggalAna vyAkaraNa 603, 319 mithyA-dRSTi 129. 125 milindapanha 122, 130, 131, 133, 832-40 mImAMsA 179

Page #723
( 702 ) milindi vAtsyaputra 183 yuddhajeyya 642 myo-rayo-ron 312 yuddhajaya cariyaM 300 magAramAtA (vizAkhA) 228 yuddhaMjaya jAtaka 300 mRtyu vacana 642 yuddhasthava 296 yUAn-cuAG 81,82, 83, 85,87, 354, 356, 357 yajurveda 238 yUnAna 494 yatanaprabhA TIkA 64 yoga 367 yadyasika 319 yoga-sUtra 124 yamaka 91, 115, 341,343, 346, yoga vinicchaya 540, 579 34. 450-470. 873, 544 yona kamboja 159 yamaka pakaraNa 850 __ yoropiyana sAhitya 296 yamaka pakaraNaTThakathA 529, 538 yaM bamaNo avayesi jAtaka 635 yamaka-vagga 214, 223 amaka vaNNanA 543 yamaka (lekhaka) 608 rakkhita ghera (rakSita sthavira) 557, yamadagni 142, 291 568, 572 yamunA 177, 115 rajaka (rAja-karmacArI) 625 yavana-deza (yonaka loka) 88, 292, raThpAla '525 473, 494, 557, 568, 572 gTThapAla (mahAvihAravAsI bhikSu) yaza (vaddha-ziSya) 325, 598 yazomitra 356, 37 gThThapAla (madhurasavAhinI) 579 yasavaDhanavattha 543 TThapAla mutta 155 yapTivana 286 raTThamAra 540, 543, 600 yagodharA 73 ratana 250 yakSa 16? rattamAlA 681, 68 yakSa-loka 435 rattamAlA TIkA 681 yakSiNI 161 ratanamuna 209, 210 yAmka 29.39 gthavinIta-mutna 94. 151, 159, yAjavalkya 494 yaga-kAla 435 rammanagara 287 yugigla paJcAnanda mahAthera 544, ramezacandra majUmadAra (DA0) 83, 84, 86.878 yukta-vikarpa 34 gma 165. 166, 330, 348, yutti maMgaha 642 389, 402, 403, 404, 459, yati saMgaha-TIkA 64. rasa-Ayatana 401, 459 yudhiTThila 293 gmavAhinI 581, 584, 588, 597yudhiSTira 168, 280. 286, 293

Page #724
rasavAhinI gATha 599 145, 153, 159, 177, 195, rakSita 88 251, 286, 524, 525, 526, rakSita vana 22. 530, 563, 571, 572, 574, rAuz2a (DablU0 eca0 DI0) 592 rAjagRhika (bhikSu) 426, 434, raoNkahila (Dabalya 0 DabalyU.) 222 439, 440, 481, 842, 447, rAga 533 rAjataraMgiNI 547 rAdha-saMyutta 100, 167 rAjamattanta 641 rAmaNya deza (pega-baramA) rAjamattanta-TIkA 642 rAmakathA 093 rAja-vagga 96, 155, 156 rAmagAma 1. 78 rAjavAda 491 rAmapurakA (caMpArana-vihAra) 611. rAjavAdavatthu 544 rAmAyaNa 292, 053 / rAjadhigajAvilAsinI 588, 584, rAyasa DeviDsa (TI0 DabalyU DA0) 6, 3,16, 18, 104, 106, 103, rAdha 167, 184 111, 121, 131, 132, 201, rAdhAkRSNan (sarvapallI, DA.) 427, 273, 289, 290, 293, 340, 484 422, 478, 475, 876, 484, rAdhAkumuda mukarjI (DA0)289, 621 492, 194. 550, 561, 628. rikArDa oNva di buddhisTa kiMgDamsa 629, 630, 631 204, 277 rAyama DeviDsa (sI0 e0 epha0, rikkaNiya yAtrA 642 zrImatI) dekhiye 'zrImatI nayama rikkapiya yAtrA-TIkA 682 DeviDm rizza 308 rASTrapAla 155 rukkhamUlikaMga 491 rASTrika 88 jhammanadeI 618 rAhula 130, 153, 15, 229, rUpa 165, 167, 168, 19, 240, 298, 365, 525 230, 344, 347, 348, 393, rAhula vAcismA' (siMhalI bhikSu) 802,803, 804, 803, 433, 450,453, 482, 886, 505, gahula sAMkRtyAyana (mahApaMDita) 521, 522, 533 108, 123, 129, 132, 133, rUpaAyatana 401, 859 134, 148, 182, 193, 214, rUpakaMDa 73 225, 231, 23, 244, 246, rUpakvandha-vibhaMga 388, 34. 291, 313, 334, 422, 423. rUpa-jovitindriya 436 425, 426, 423, 443,884, rUpa-dhAtu 812, 435, 880, 66 rUpanAtha (jabalapura ke samIpa mAyarAhula saMyutta 99, 166 pradeza meM) 618 rAhulovAda-munanta 631 rUpa-rAga 442 rAjagaha 79, 80, 81, 12, 136, rUpa-loka 435, 485

Page #725
( 704 } rUpa-vidhAna 31 rUpa-vizleSaNa 349 ra lakuTikopama-sutta 15. 158 rUpa-skandha 349, 394, 399.401, lakkhaNapaJho 486 404. 416, 451, 452 lakSaNa-saMyutta 99, 166 pasiddhi 595, 609, 611 lakkhaNasutta 126, 147, pasiddhiaTThakathA 640 357, 632, 633 pasiddhiTIkA 640 rUpasiddhiTIkaM 578 laMkA 2, 12, 13, 15, 8.... rUpasiddhinissaya 641 91, 112. 116, 122. 211, rUpasiddhippakaraNa 578 278, 990,307, 310, 11, pArUpavibhAga (buddhadatta-kRta) 32, 67, 338, 351, 478, 204, 505--vAcissara---kRta 49. 496,497,520, 506, 50,508 509. 228, 529 rUpAvacara 372, 374, 399. 883. 5 ,35, 48,585, 548, 55, 551, 5 . 2. 52, 5-6, napAvacara-bhami 378, 376 i, 7, 8, 6,61, 2, pAvacara-bhUmi ke pA~ca kriyA-citta 563, 64, :..,,66, 568, 385 50, ,,72, 573, 574, pAvacara vipAka citta (pAMca) 383 76. - 77, 604, 60, 6.8. rUpAvatAra 641 601,613, 614,643 revata 85 latuvA jAtaka 635 revana khadira-vaniya 183 latukikA jAtaka 635 revata mahAthera 507, 508 lalivana 286 roganidAna 681 laghuzilA lekha (agoka ke) - 18 goganidAna-nissaya 642 laMkuTika bhaddiya (bhikSu) 186, 230 roganidAna vyAkhyaM 640 lATI (prAkRta) 35 rogayAtrA 641 lAghulobAde mugAvAdaM adhirdhAgacya rogayAtrA-TIkA 641 bhagavatAtebhAnimA rogayAtrA-nissaya 642 lAbhasa kAra naMyuna 11. 165 romana (lipi meM saMskaraNa, pAli graMthoM 166 ke) 178, 273, 395, 412, lALa 551 821.850, 472, 531, 533, lAhA (DA0 vimalAcaraNa lAhA) '566.568, 575, 588, 8:. 4, 11, 12. 19, 22. 24, 511, 590.628 116, 121, 205, 273, 312, romaka 292 313,333, 338, 356 dekhiye rohaNa 310, 481, 566 'vimalAcaraNa lAhA' bhI rohiNI 282 liMgattha vivaraNa 640 rohiNI jAtaka 282 liMgatthativaraNapakaraNaM 580

Page #726
( 705 ) liMgatthavivaraNapakAsanaM 580 liMgattha vivaraNaTIkA 569. 640, licchavi 140 173, 193212, 526, 571 licchiva gaNatantra 166 licchaviputra 140 liT lakAra 69 liyona phiyara 160. 596 lInatya pakAminI 531, 538. 578. 589. lInatvaNNanA 531 lInatthasUdanI ( madavindu kI TIkA ) nai lumbinI 286. 530 lumbinI grAma 321 lumbinIvana 621 laDarsa ( eca. ) 18, 33. 291 fa Hai 52 544 levI ( silavAM ) 19.22.86 loka paJcati 640 lokapaJJanipakaraNaM 586 lokappadIpamAra ( lokadIpamAra ) 542. 580 584, 597. 309, lokavagga 215, 218. 224 lokAyata 481. lokiyA 364 lokapatti 569 640 lokottara 374 431. 480 441. 535 lokottara vipAka citta (nA) 383 lokottara dhyAna 407, 408 lokottara bhUmi 376 lokottara bhUmi ke cAra kuzala citta 379 lokottara dharma 355 lokottaravAdI 424 lInatthavaNNatA 578 lobha 365, 366. 369, 392 440458, 435 lobhamUlaka 392 536 lobhamUlaka ATha akuzala citta 379 lomasakaM giya-bhaddekarana patta 18,158 lomahaMsa jAnaka 301 loha prAsAda 552. 558. 559 560, 562, 573 lohicca 142 lohicca-sutta 100 laukika 830 laukika jJAna 819 lauriyA ararAja 619. lauriyA nandanagada 390 bihAra ) lauhitya 182 va vacana- vyatyaya 50 vacananthajotikA 316 bacca vAcaka 610 bacchagota-patta 100. 168 vajravRddhi ( vinaya TIkA ke lekhaka ) 63 vajrA ( vajirA ) 162 vajji 104. 145. 197 vajivRddhi ( aTThakathAkAra ) 533 vajirabuddhi namantapAsAdikI TIkA) 498 532 gAmaNi abhaya lngkaadhipti| 11. 116. 327. 667. 496 552 vaDDhakakara jAtaka 287 varNanAtmaka kAvya graMtha 184 vathugAthA 249 vatha sUna 150 vatsa rAjya 280 vanaparva 593 badaratana mekara 93.60 5

Page #727
vanavAsI sampradAya 598 vana-saMyuktta 99, 163 vaTTataka jAtaka 300 ( 706 ) vakkula- sutta 157 vajjiputaka 422, 426, 428, 448, 551 varNa-parivartana 33 - vaNNanItigandho 577 varNavyatyaya 32, 70 vatthUpama-mRtta ( vattha suna ) 93 vanapattha-sutta 94, 151 vanavAsa (maisUra kA uttarI bhAga) 557, 568, 572, 574 valAha-saMyutta 100, 168 vaziSTha 281 vasumitra 353, 355. 423, 424, 449 vaMga 159. 898 vaMgIza ( vaMgIsa ) 78, 163, 525 vaMgIsa-maMyutta 99, 193 vyaMjana anurUpatA 63.64 vyaMjana - viparyaya 63 vyaMjanoM ke uccAraNa sthAna meM parivartana 59 61, 63 66-67 vRjji 88 dekhiye ' vajji bhI vyaMjana- parivartana 37, 54-67 vyavahAra satya 350 vaskAra (varpakAra ) 125 vappa 325 vammitra-sUtta 18 151 valAhaka- kAyika 168 valaya ( vira) 287 varSA-vAsa 329, ko basala sutta 212 vasubandhu 334, 355, 864 vagnimmA-niyama 332 varuNa 878 jiputra 823 dekhiye ' vajjiputtakabhI ' vRttaratnAkara 638, 642 vRtti (moggallAna vyAkaraNa para ) 608 vRttodaya TIkA 641 vaMza (vaMsa) zabda kA artha aura itihAsa se bheda 547-48 vaMza grantha 495, 502, 506, 536, 537, 540, 541, 542, 544, 545, 546, 548, 567, 560, 57, 573, 576 mAhitya 507-582 matthadIpanI (mahAvaMsa kI TIkA ) 581 vyaMjanaviparyaya 65-66 vAcakopadesa (vyAkaraNa) 607 vAcanAmagga 11, 20 vAcaspati 464 vAcaspati mizra 539 vAssira mahAsAmi ( vAgIzvara mahA svAmI) 505 vAcita 579 vAcimsura 594, 605 vAssira ( siMhalI bhikSu, mAtti ke ziSya ) 538, 530, 540. --kI pradhAnaracanAeM 538-540, 568, 569 vAjirI 426 vADuA - auramitra 222, 221 vAtmIputrIya 403, 404, 426 vAtsyAyana 468 vArtikakAra ( kAtyAyana ) 603 vAkya-vicAra 29 vAnara jAtaka 283 vAnarinda jAnaka 280 vAmaka 18 201 vAmadeva 140, 251 vyAkaraNa sAhitya 481.537.545, 546.566 vyAkaraNa sUtra 128

Page #728
( 707 ) vyAkRta 355 vidarzanA 469 vAyu-dhAtu 403 vidarzanA-bhAvanA 261 vArANasI 159, 163, 170, 274, vidyAlaMkAra pariveNa 608, 110 286, 324, 325, 494, 525, vidizA 574 563, 520, 636 vidura 293 vyApAda 154 vidhara 293 vyApAda-dhAtu vidhura paMDita jAtaka 286. 635 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 111,029, 255, vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya viMTaranitz2a (ema0)8,87,129,130, vAziSTa 142, 143 132, 133, 134, 161, 164, vAziSThI 270 200, 201.255, 271.273, vAsavadanA 527 291, 203, 294, 315, 326, vAseTa 159 241 381. 345, 351, 470, 474, vAseTa-mana 97, 156 875, 677, 478, 479,484, vAseTThI 268 492. 558, 586, 589, 590, vAhItiya-mutta 194 591. 593, 595, 598, 930, vAlIka (prAkRta) 31 vikramasiMha 548 viDiga (I0) 15, 16 vikramasiMha (sAriputta ke gipya ) 593 vindhya pradeza 13, 14, 15, 21 vigati-pratyaya 858 vinaya 71, 80, 87. 113, 117, vicAra 171, 203, 70, 78. 198, 336, 337, 339, 357, 382, 38. 389, 39, 410. 358, 379. 556 738 vinaya gaDhatya dopanI 540 vicikitmA158, :/.3.2.830, dinayottara siMcaya aTThakathA 6.9 535 vinaya niyama 328, 329, 332 vicinAcAra 813 vinayapatrikA 252, 253 vicitra gandha 881 vinaya piTaka 13, 21, 22 75, vijaya , ,1.5, 6, 760. ? 57, 78, 83, 85, 102, 107, vijayavAhu (dvitIya, tRtIya) ,18 115.117, 118, 11, 12, vijayavAha 351 173, 198. 201, 210, 275, vitarka 171, 370.38. 380, 302-333. :36, 338, 360, 380, 386, 381,02,809, 351, 352, 822, 423, 454, 810,836, 534 497, 505, 507, 580, 550, vita kamaNThAna-matta 94, 151 628, 638, 643, 689 vimemikA 80 vinaya-piTaka ke niyama 315-222 vananiya manAmana 880 vinaya-piTaka kA viSaya aura usakA vitura punakiya jAtaka 635 maMkalana- la 309-311 vidadhi magnamaMDana dIkA 80 vinaya-piTaka ke bheda 31-317

Page #729
70. ) vinaya-mAtA-baNNanA 612 vipAka citta 375.36,681,383 vinaya piTaka kI aTThakathA (artha kathA) 3.5, 536, 535 / 78. 308, 538,30? vipAka dhamma 360 vinaya piTaka kI TIkA 540 vipazyanA 170 vinayapiTaka-calla-bagga 76, 78, 8. vipazyanA prajJA 500, 528 vinaya pAli 683 vipasmI (vipazyI) 183 vinayacala bAga 39 vipranAma (vippagAma) 798 vinya parivAra 69. vipraya kta-pratyaya 858 vinaya praninti 488 vipAka-pratyaya 857 vinya mahAdagA 638 vibhakti-vya yaya 70 vinaya piTaka-mahAvamA 17 deviya vibhajyavAda 86. 343 ___mahAdagga' bhI vibhajjavAda 42 vinayavinicchappakarA : vibhajyavAdI 78. 86. 8 vinayavinicchayo: vibhatyanyadIpanI 610 dinayatthamaMjamA 539 vibhatyanya TIkA 12 vinaya vinicchaya kI TIkA 580 vinikathAvaNNanA 612 vinaya samAna dIpanI 10 vibhavyanyapakaraNa 612 vinayadha maMjamaM 57 vibhara 11, 114, 15, 323,341. dinaya gA~Tha pada 6:5 34. 343, 384, 345. 346 vinaya gaNThi 578 335. 358. 3, 6, 357. 152. vinaya vinicchaya 5 .:. 5 : 4. ', '. 506, 577 vibhaMga kI aTThakatha! 513. '28. vinaya-kandha-nidesa :: vinaya saMgaha 53. kI TIkA , 4: vibhaga-vamA ? vinaya-sampradAya : 08 vibhAmA " vinAsacaNTIkA 80 vimalA 069 vinayasaMgahappakaraNa 83 vimalAca lAhA ( DA0) 105.103 vinayabhaMgapakaraNaM ,50 003,00,085, 288.089 vinayamAhitya 605 44. 80, 89.8. 512, 513. vinaya maMgraha aThThayAya! / mahA / vinaya saMgraha aTThakathA (cala) 621 vinaya samuThAna dIpanI ,40 571 vinaya lama kase (binaya samutkarpa) 60, 627. 28, 6 vinayamAranthadIpanI '2.0', vinaya-sUtra 316 vipAkA 360 vimaticchedanI 53, 578, 585 vimati vinodinI 683 vimavicchedana paJho 486 vimalamAra 539. vimala buddhi 578, 604 vimala buddhi (mahATIka) '579, vimAna vastu 114

Page #730
( 709 ) vimAnavatthu 103, 107, 18, 196, vImaMmA (mImAMmA) 460 197, 200 20, 244, 045, vImaMsAdhipati 460 vImamA-samAdhi 808 vimAna vatthussa vimalavilAsinI vIrya (viriya) 170, 171, 534, nAma aTThakayA 578 viragdha 642 bIryAdhipati 860 viragdha-TIkA 642 vIsatijAtaka-aTThakathA 640 viratiyA~ (tIna) 535 vIsati vaNNanA 543 virocana jAtaka 282 vattimoggallAna 640 vilArakta jAtaka 280 vRttodaya 578: 616, 641 vivat vara 43 vRttodaya-TIkA vizvAmitra 142, 291 vRttodaya vivaraNaM 579 vizAkhA 526 vekhaNasa-sutta 96, 127, 159 viSNudAsa (veNhadAsa) 508 veThadIpaka 571, 572 viSNu-mApta 292 veNImAdhava vADuA 221, 355 629, visarga 36, 37,44-45 630,631, 634 dekhie 'vADaA' bhI visarjanIya yA visarga 36 veNuvana (veluvana) 153, 325, 525, vimaddhimagga (visuddhimaggo) 1 10, 75, 109, 110, 130, 27, vetullaka (vaitulyaka-vaipulyaka) 426, 330, 421. 577, 586.601 428 dekhie 'vaitulyaka' bhI vimuddhimagga aTThakathA 531, 640 / veda 22, 29, 70, 115 visaddhimAga cala navaTokA 58? vedaga (vedajJa) 156, 176, 243 visuddhimagga ko TokA 545, 640 veda-dedAMga 291 viddhimagga gandhi 581 vedavidhinimittaniruttivaNNanA 641 vihAra mInA :::, 582, 642 vedanA 152, 166, 167, 168, vizeSa bhAgIya 188 347, 86, 1, 4, 8, vijAna 152, 165, 166, 168, 401, 406, 407, 412, 241, 347, 401, 402, 406, 454, 455, 468, 482, 483, 158, 425. 682, 483, 505. vedanAnupazyanA 170, 246, 355, vijJAnAnanyAyatana 169, 521 807 vijJAnAnatyAyatana kRzala cita 379 vedanA-vijJAna 347 vijJAnakAyapAda 115, 256, 353 vedanA-saMyutta 100, 168 vijJAna dhAtu 403 vedanA-skandha 341, 4, 6:8,415, vijJAnavAda 428 vijJAna skandha 340. 3.4 vedavbha jAtaka 88 votasoka (sthavira) 204 kadalla 102. 103 bImaMsaka-sutta 95, 152 vepullabuddhi 580

Page #731
( 710 ) veyyAkaraNa 102, 277, 481, 602 zakra 145, 146, 164, 243 veraMjaka-muna 94, 152, 103 zabda kalpadruma 124, 500 veraMjaka-brAhmaNa-sutta 129 zatapatha brAhmaNa 290, 291 veraMjA 525, 526 zataka kAvya 589 veraMjakaNDavagaNanA 2 zaraNa-traya 03 velsa (eca0 jI0) 619 zamatha 17. vessantara-jAtaka 209, 264, 285, zarIra ke battIsa aMga 208 zaMkha-likhita brahmacarya 307 vessabha 143 zAkya 138,169, 159, 269,571 vaitulyaka (vaipulya) 426, 441, 442, zAkya muni 307621, 447, 449 zvAsa-prazvAsa 887 vaidika AkhyAna 291 gAzvatavAda 135, 136, 428 vaidika paramparA 128, 241, 089, zyAmAvatI 3.2 468, 471 zAkya aura vaddhisTa oNrIjinsa vaidika bhASA 6, 8, 22, 28. --kI (zrImatI gayasa DeviDma) 6, 7, vizeSatAe~ 25-30, --kA dhvani-samUha 35, 52, 7? syArAmAtikavya-nimnaya 642 vaidika vAGmaya 124 zyArAmitikavya 642 vaidika mAhitya 128, 291 gAstra saMgraha 353 vaideha sthabira 541,-kI do prasiddha gAM-jana Aga 421 racanAe~ 583. 595, 51.8 zAla (komala meM grAma) 17 vaibhAra giri : 86 zahavAjagaDhI (pezAvara jilA) 618 vaibhApika 375 zyAmA (bhikSaNI) 268 vaigAlI 77, 88, 145, 159, 212, zAkya mahilAye 28 307, 01. 286, 326, 338, zAriputra (mahAkaupTila) 353 25, 26, 563, 571, 572, zivunnmi 311, 6.31 574,kA gaNatantra 145, kI 18, 1,318. . saMgIti 339, 352 ziApada 180, 30, 318, 888 vaigepika-sUtra 124 zikhI 143 vaisTagAI 10, 14 nigapAla vadha ,1.1 vodopacA (baddhapriya-baramI rAjA) 600 ziva sthavira 10 vopadeva 600, 607 zizUpacAlA 268, 52 gIlava 51 230 za gIla 15, 1.3 gada 66, 169.11.2, 30, 288. zIlabhadra (bhia) 22, 8.10.04 gIla sampatti 185 manda-agyatana 801 nIla-nirdeza / monidego) ,17zabda-sAvana 1.68

Page #732
( 711) zIla yajJa 140 450, 452, 484. 498, 505: zIlavrataparAmarza 154 zukra 234 zrI mevavarNa (siri meghava Na) 564 zubhA 268 zrIrAjAdhirAja siMha 565 zubha 142 zrIpada (baddha kA caraNa-cinha ) zukratArA 245 zunaH zepa kI kathA 290 zrI mahAsiMha sudharmarAja (baramI rAjA) zuddhodana 268 zuga 116 zrI vikrama rAja siha (siri vikkama zUnyatA 443 rAja siMha) 565 zaMkara 454 zrI saMvodhi (siri sambodhi--laMkAzUrasena (sUrasena) 145, 115, 422 dhirAja) 575 zvetaketu AruNeya 494 zrI harpa 464 zeksapIyara 296 zrutamayI prajJA 411 zaila (brAhmaNa) 159 zruti 480 zailA (bhikSuNI) 272 zreDara 878 zaikSya 313, 314, 355, 418. 433, zaikSya-azedhya 355 zobhana (citta) 386, 534 zrotra 330, 348,402, 403,404, zobhana-citta-sAdhAraNa 387 406, 435, 440 / zobhana cetasika 387 zrotra-Ayatana 401 zoNA (bhikSuNI) 268 zrotra-vijJAna 165,348,381, 382. zobhA (bhikSuNI) 268 403, 404, 461 zobhita sthavira 230, 387 zrotra saMspargajA (vedanA) 800 zauramenI 18, 28, 31. 32.---kA zrota mUtra 108 pAli se sambandha 3:-38, 31. zraddhA 171, 223, 53, pa zraddhendriya 431, 488 paDAyatana 454 zragAla mAtA 184 pANNAgArika 424 zramaNa gotama 181 dhAvaka 03 zrAvaka saMgha 327 maMgIti paryAyapAda ? 15.353. 358. zrAvastI (mAvatthi) 18. 106, 156. 159, 183, 188. 10.3, 226. maMgIti-panyiAya-matta 13.101.10. 207, 030. 286, 11, 515. 171, 181, 10, 334.34. 524, 526. 321 342,355, 629 zrImatI gayama DeviDam (mI0 e0 magArava-sutta 1.7, 156 epha0) 123, 96.310.380. magAthavagga 22, 16..? 645. 39.1, 15.421.443. sagAthavanta saMyana-aTakayA 639.

Page #733
( 712 ) sagAthavagga saMyutta 639 548, 567-68, '72, 591, samAsa ke kAraNa varoM ke mAtrAkAla meM parivartana 51-52 saddhamma jotikA 532 sarga 548 maddhAnanda 563, 511 saMgahavAra 467 sadakalikA 13 sarvavarmA 603 maddakArikA 641 sammoha vinodanI 513, 528 maddatthabhedacintA 572.305, 141, maMgItiyA~ 81, 194, 18, 310, ___-ko TokA 641 madadantha bheda cintAya mahATokaM 580 mappugmi-sana 17, 157 saddanthabheda cintAya majjhima TAkaM 581 mammappadhAna-vibhaga 808 sadadatthabheda cintA nislama 642 magAthavagasaMyukta TIkA 639 madada vindu 579, 606,607, 613 mAgala 283, 873, 480. 498,563 saMgharakSita (sthavira-sambandhacintA ke saMgItikAra 225, 226 lekhaka) 604 mAgalakA 879 mandemakayA 548 mAsanapaTTAna 866 maMghapAla sthavira 508 sAmanAma-mana 17, 16, 160, svAgata (nikSu) 184 mandaka mana 155 mAmaMDaka, mayata 100, 169 saMgha 321, 322,37, 332 mAma jAnaka maMdhAgama 887 maMgArava 150. saMghAdimema kathA sigAla 188 sArvacita sAdhAraNa 30 siMgavera savAta satya :50 madagamakara 60 sigAlovAda-suna :88, 629, 632 parabhU (sara) 12. simAla jAnaka088 nanedha kathA 546 silava' levI, dekhiye levI' maccavibhaMga-sula 211 nAcda-saMyuna 101, 32 saniyA (anoka kI putrI) 551, maccasaha-agyiM 500 maccavibhaMga-mutta 58, 15., . 4 . nTena konA 13, 14, 15, macca vibhaga 382 ,405 simpaliphAiDa grAmara oNva di pAli / macca-gayuna 101 maccakira jAtaka :00 nAnA ,... maccamana (manya hota) '.32, 530. 580 nA jAtA 8. : 99, 300 saJcakhepaTokA (sthAvara vipara-kRta) ma namaH 17. 06, 581, madhvasaMvera 578

Page #734
( 713 ) sacchikiriyA 136 sahasarAma ( bihAra ) 618 saMgharakkhita ( siMhalI bhikSu sAriputta ke ziSya ) 538, 539, 540 skandha 87, 345, 34, 324, 396, 398-400, 41, 413, 416, 430, 460 samaNamaMDikA mutta 16, 155 samartha rAmadAsa 250 -samarasekara 548 sakRdAgAmI 418, 419, 428, 433, 522 sakka-saMyutta 106, 107, 164, 173 sammittiya 422 403, 424, 425, 429, 830, 831, 434, 435, 436. 837, 448, 448 skulAdAyi 159 sakalika sutta 173 sukkha-saJjJA 469 manatkumAra brahmA 145 sasarAja jAtaka 300 masumAra- jAtaka 283 sakRdAgAmiphala :90 siddhatya 541 nithika 426 434, 440, 481, 442, 449 nidArtha 73 sAketa 177, 494 kilesa 469, 470 saMkilesa - vAsanA - nivveva-bhAgiya 469 saMRRntika 422 423 saMkilesa bhAgiya 469 sikkhApada 107 sikkhApadavibhaMga ( zikSA padavibhaMga ) 327, 410 sivi jAtaka 299 sivirAja cariyaM 299 kicca 249 46 sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa 102, 123, 340, 475, 492, 494, 550, 600 mInAda vagga 93, 14, 150-151 sekkha-sutta 95, 153 maMkhAra yamaka 450 maMkhapAla jAtaka 288 saMkhArupapatti-sutta 157 suciloma 240 maddanIti (saddanItipakaraNaM ) 579, 603, 610-611, 613, kA upakArI sAhitya 611, 640 saddavinicchya_ 613 maddamAratthajAlinI vyAkaraNa kI TIkA ) 606 saddasAratyajAliniyA TIkA 580 sadavRtti 612 naddavRttipakAsanaM 579, 580 saddAvatAra 641 ( kaccAna saddavRttikAnanassa TIkaM 580 saddhammakitti (ekakkharakosa ) saddhammappakAsinI 532, 578 mammaTThIkA 532 saddharma paMDarIka 102 mammopAyana 542, 584, 515 596 saddhamma vilAsa 606 mammaguru (saddavRtti) 579, 612, 613 saddhamma dIpaka 641 saddhammaTThi TIkaM 578 saddhammAlaMkAra 543, 588 saddhammupAya 641 sataparNI guhA 526 sumAra giri 17, 525 sambandha cittA 578, 604, 605, 616 sambandha-cintA TIkA 532, 641

Page #735
( 714 ) saddhammasaMgaha 3 matipaThAna vibhaga 342. 393. saddhAnanda 3 403, 408 sacca 67 satakaNika jAtaka 286 saMghAvazeSa 313, 314, 318, 319 sati paTThAna 210 saMghAdisesa 19, 20, 302, 326 satipaTThAna-saMyutta 100, 130, 1:3 saptazatikA 83 maMjAvedayita-nirodha 152 sacca-yamaka 450 vara-sandhi 53-5 sacca saMkhepa TIkA (sumaMgala-kRta) 540 svara-bhakti ke kAraNa svarAmama 50-51 secha jAtaka 635 svara-viparyaya 45 saJjaya velaThThiputta 1:7, 138, 176, satipaTTAna nutta 93, 150, 170, 480 393, 407, 408 sujAta jAtaka 635 satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa 603 suatA-vagga 97, 98 samantavAmAvikA 10. 310, 331 mumIma-jAtaka 283, 94 40. 4.7, 898, 504, 50, mujAtA 184, 268, 269, 513, 518, 523, 530, 568, mbagaghAta ke kAraNa svara-parivartana 86, 6.0, 530, 571, 550, 577. 48,89 sTrAMga (ema0 e0) 568, 569 samanvayAmAdikA kI nidAnakathA 818 mitha (vI. e.) 101, 550, 618, samantAmAdikA kI bAhirakathA 113 mamantapAnAdikA kI bAhira nidagna samanA 060 vaNanA 496 sautrAntika 823, 428 / namnadhAna-saMyatna 101 sAnunAsika , 83.50.51.5H, 55 samantakaTa parvata 508 sujato gahuto jAtaka 635 / / mAMtrImA 89, 201. 260, 536 muJatA vagga 9,7-18. 157 56...73, 632 aura bhArata sTrIDa 27: ke abhilekha 4-6 , 17, matrAyatana vA 98.1.1, 100, 158, . 168, 10 nyAlakoTa 873 maDAyatana-vibhaMga-muna 18.380. sAta dhAtue 413 myAna {dyIna) 392, 535 sahAyatana nayana 100, 109, 169, mAma ina-suna 9H, 156, 172, 13.611. 639 atibala 38 nAma jAnava00 satyatatvAvadhi 641 mAmaphala matta .. 130, antantika 108 .:.:.2, 6. 17.246. matta nipAta kI aTThakathA 601 sanaka nipAta 101, 18, 182,101 nAmasakala guna-va NanA 1,2 sAnimArakara 401 sAmAvati (zyAmAvatI) 18

Page #736
( 715 ) saddhammasiri (sadatva bhedacintA) 579 sAdhuvilAsinI 583 saddhammajotipAla 538, 540, 579- sudhIramukhamaMDana 613 580 saMdhibheda jAtaka 283 saddhammanandI 612 sodhanahAra 468 sabbAsava-mutta 93, 149 siMdhu 274 sabbadATha jAtaka 284 sama atriya TrAima AMda enniyanTa saMyutta nikAya 91, 99, 101, 113, iMDiyA (lAhA) 288 122, 129. 130, 131, 160- / supravAsA koliya-duhitA 184, 227, 178. 180, 181, 182, 188, 228, 1.8, 201, 210, 306, 342, suppAraka 551. 563 347, 348, 349, 443, 497, manakSatra licchavitra 140, 146, 150 513, 514, 567, 624 sutta 132, 102, 103, 108, 420, saMyutta-nikAya kI aTThakathA 513, 421, 274, 327, 328, 335, 524, 538 479, 225, 115, 124, 226 saMyukta vyaMjana 37, 38, 41, 42, 585, 513 / - 43, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, sutta piTaka 17, 74,81, 91, 104, 62-67 111-301, 199, 222, 225, saMyukta svara 35, 37, 44, 72 334, 335, 340, 382, 346, saMyojana 154, 432 350, 351, 352, 897. 523 saMyuktakAgama 113 suttanidesa (chapadakRta vyAkaraNa-grantha) saM kRta '2, 11, 22, 23, 25, 20. -kA pAli se sambandha 30-31, muttAvalI 641 kA dhvani-samUha 36, 37, 38, 30, suttanipAna 20, 321. 630, 632, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45. 46, 101, 102, 106. 106, 197, 47, 48. 52, 53, 54, 55, 114, 593. 35.288 56,57, 58, 62, suttamAlA 11 smRti 170, 171, 387 muttani ma 580 smati prasthAna 146, 147, 150, suttanipAta kI aTThakathA 513, 526 158, 170 muttoM kI zailI 128. 131 smRti-samprajanya 170, 173 saMgItiyA~ 182 siddhArtha (bhikSa) 4. 5.6, 16, muttasaMgaha 112, 199. 89, 23,28, 30 suttanta 343,348, 347,397,406, smRti-vinaya 319 40.818, 863 / saMgharga khata (khuddakasikkhA. samvandha- sumaMgala vilAminI 1. 2. 199., __ cintA, vuttodaya ke lekhaka) 616 338. 331.. 5.23, 523, 24, saddhammadIpikA 641 530,538.573, 60, mamaMgala mahala-matta 175 vilAminI kI nidAna kathA 196. saMgharavivata 578 (suvodhAlaGkAra)

Page #737
suddassana 287 sudatta gRhapati 184 suddhaTThaka 241 subrahmA 586 suvaNasAmayiM 301 subha-sutta 97 suvodhAlaMkAra 578, 616, 641 munakkhata - sutta 97, 156 sunakSatra licchaviputra 140, 146 ( 716 ) muprabuddha 230 supriyA ( upAsikA) supaNNasayutta 100, 167 sumeva kathA 599 mumaMgala 542, 565, 594 sumaMgalAcArya 565 suraTTha 287 suriyaparita sutta 211 sattakkhatu-parama 438 satya ( cAra Arya ) 299, 412521 sAta bodhyaMga 180, 490 sImA vivAda - vinicchaya 544 sImAlaGkAra naMgaha 57, 643 sutta vibhaMga 91, 106, 322, 324 stupArha vyakti 571 suttantika 75, 108, 349, 634 sutasoma cariyaM 300 suttavAdI 422, 423 subhUti candana 312 sugaMdha - kalA 599 sUtra grantha 11, 28 saMkhA rakkhandho 394, 398 saMkhya aTThakathA 497, 498 saMkhapAla cariyaM 300 sAMkhya darzana 129 sAleyaka - sutta 94, 152 sAlaka jAtaka 275 sikhI 143 saMkheyya pariveNa 480, 481 184 sekhiyA 313, sekhiya dhama 315, saMghA disesA saMkheya vaNNanA 580 sAkhya yoga 480 sAkhya sUtra 124 mukhama 399 sukha dhAtu 403 sela-suna 96, 156 sukhAvatI vyUha 446 sIlavaMsa 499, 542, 607 sukhA-na- duHkhA 168 sukha 171, 402, 403, 404, 406 409, 410, sukhavagga 218, 224 sukhodaya 280 sakhapAla jAtaka 300 sekhiya kathA 504 saMkhyA yoga 480 sekhiya dhammA 312, 322 sukha vedanA 348, 805 sAta anuzaya 182 siAma ( syAma deza) 72,91, 109, 200, 201, 274, 290, 294, 331, 332, 492, 545, 605, siAmI ( syAmI ) 200, 273, 412, 432, 452, 455, 456, 644 sutanta AdhAra 398 sutta vibhAga 344 samIpavartI vyaMjanoM kA svaroM para prabhAva 46 sundarika bhAradvAja 280 suvarNa - bhUmi 89 288, 556, 568, 572, 578 sImAlaMkAra saMgaha 539, 540, 579 643 sImAlaMkArasma TIkA 579 sIhacamma jAnaka 282

Page #738
sIhalavatthu 581, 640 sati 390 sIhavikkIlita 469 satindriya (smRti indriya) 389 sIhalaTThakathA mahAvaMsa 549, 553 solaha mahAjanapada 195, 286 surendranAtha mitra 221 moma (sthavira) 557, 572 surApAna jAtaka 287 stambhalekha (sAta) 618, 626 surundhana 287 sota vijJAna 346 suruci jAtaka 28 sosanikaMga 491 sela-mutta 96, 156 so-sora-thara-pA : sevitabba-asevitabba nutta 97, 157 / / soraTTha (maurASTra) 116, 198 suttanta-bhAjaniya 344, 396, 398, sahassavatthappakaraNa 584, 599-600, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 640 406, 407, 409 sahassa vagga 215-017. 221, 220, sutta nipAta kI prAcInatA 236 223 srota Apati 308, 833, 522 sahassaraMsimAlinI 680 sutasoma jAtaka 286 sahajAta pratyaya 441. 457 sAta saMvodhyaMga 182 sahetuka citta 399,533,535, 536 siriyA 89 savaNNanAnayadIpanI ? sotattagInidAnaM 579 sAratthadIpanI 478, 589. 606. sotappamAlinI 581 643 sotApatti saMyutta 101, 172 sAratthappakAsinI 497. 516, 524, sotamAlinI 641 538, 577 setaketu jAtaka 291 sAratthamaMjUsA 538. 579. senA~ 119, 221, 477. 631 sAratthamaMgaha 580, 642 senAnI (gAMva) 173 sAranAtha 101.870, 81,619, senAnI duhitA 188 632 soNadaNDa (brAhmaNa) 139 sArasaMgaha 541. 181 soNadaNDa-sutta 92, 130, 138, 172 sArasaMgaha nimmA 642 soNa 75 sAradassI '583 soNa koDivIsa 83, 552 sAriputta (mAriputra) 109, 125, soNaka 310, 562,568 149, 157, 169, 170, 174, soNattara 480 175, 183, 241, 321, 336, sabajaikaTama oNva Disakorsa 421 424, 500, 538, 540, 541, satta-aThTha-nava-nipAta jAtaka aThTha 575, 579, 580, 604, 605, __ kathA 640 610,616 satthekavipasvaprakAza 641 sAriputta-suta 235 srota Apanna 418, 419, 428, sAriputta saMyana 100, 106, 161, 429, 431, 438, 480 sutta-nipAta (aTThakathA sahita) 640 siMhala 2, 9, 72, 120. :91, 201,

Page #739
( 718 ) 326, 336, 338, 351, 471, 602, 615, 616, 645, 539, 540, 541, 542, 550, 551, 552, 561, 563, 564, saMskRta vyAkaraNa 68, 70, 601, 565, 567, 593, 610, 611, 603, 610, 611 mihalI aTTha kathAeM (prAcIna) 495, saMskAra 157, 165, 166, 167, 168, 401, 430, 450, 455, 89.7, 89.8, 499, 500, 501, 508, '501. 523, 589, 553, 505, 521, 536 saMskRta grantha 73, 603, 638 mihalI (parampaga, bhASA, sAhitya / saMskRta dharmapada 222, 223 Adi) 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, saMskRta nAhitya 112 160. 178, 19.9, 273, 337, saMskRta tripiTaka 179 351, 30, 810, 818, 422, saMskRta vAGmaya 643 00, 50, 508, 542, 548, saMskAra skandha 349, 417, 444 49. 50, 552, 553, 570, saMyojana 438, 446 535. .8, 595, 596, 597, saMskAra cetanA 407 50.8, 591.604, 605, 606, sesakasiNanidadeso 520 609, 10, 818, 640 mAmanavaMsa 502, 503, 506, 544, siMha senApati 113 548, 567, 581-582, 606 mubhApita kAvya 240 siMhavAha 551 mubha-sA 469 siMhA 268 mubhaNakUTa vaNanA 579 sthaviravAda bauddha dharma (usako paramparA, subha mutta 86, 12, 129, sAhitya Adi) 88, 91. 108, subhadra 76, 78, 78 112, 114. 116, 113, 197, 79, 80 188,488 200, 212, 23, 229, 281, subha (brAhmaNa) 159 290, 308, 336. :38, 339, mubhUti (siMhalI vidvAn) 603, 604, 351, 350, 1 06, 427, 428, 830, 432, 38, 835, 605, 606, 607, 610,612, 476, 478, 888, 492, 893, mubhUti (uddha-bhikSu) 183 mUlacAraka 641 marvAstivAdI vauddha dharma (usakI somapriya (brahmacArI) 596 paramparA, AcArya, mAhitya Adi) mobhita 336 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, maMskRta bhASA 68, 71, 116, 120, 200, 311, 312, 324, 339, 230, 232, 235, 264, 447, 353, 354, 380, 392, 422, 449, 476,547, 583, 591, 423, 424 825, 428, 429, 592, 593, 594, 600, 601, 430,438, 565

Page #740
( 19) hiMduima eMDa buddhijma (cArlsa iliyaTa) hatthigAma 145 hiMdukuza (parvata) 294 haraniya jAtaka 635 hInayAna 290 harita mAtaka jAtaka 287 hInayAnI 311, 352 hariddavasana (ka bA) 159 hrI 387, 535 halza (DA0) 204 hetu 363, 458, 470,--dAbda kA hastaka Alavaka 184 artha 533 hanthavanagallavihAravaMsa 574 degviye hetu-paccayo 458 attanagaluvihAravaMma' hetu-pratyaya 356, 457, 458 hrasva mAtrAkAla kA niyama 42-43 / hetuvAdI (vauddha maMpradAya) 426, 441, hrasvasvara 37.40. 42, 3, 52 442, 445, 447, 448 haMsa jAtaka 635 hetuvindu 642 hArDI (I) 340, 471 hetuvindu-TIkA 642 hitopadeza 294 hemakamANava pucchA 241 himavAna (himavanta) pradeza 89, 520 hemacandra (vaiyAkaraNa) 31 himAlaya pradega 88, 292 hemacandra rAya caudharI (DA0) 176, himAlaya parvata 480 291, 292, 293, 295, 473 himAcala-pradeza 1, 481 hemavana 240, 424 hiMguvala jinaratana (baramI bhikSu) 611 hamavata-mutta 240 hindo 12, 30, 492 hemarasmitha 610 hindI bhASA kA itihAna (dhonendra havAvitaraNa nidhi saMskaraNa 273, varmA) 72 hindI sAhitya sammelana 272, 55 hisTrI A~va iNDiyana liTarecara jAna-darzana 223 (vinTaranija) jJAna prasthAna-zAstra 115, 353,358 jJAna-viprayukta 377, 378, 382, dekhiye 'iNDiyana liTarecara 384, 385 hisTrI oNva pAli liTarecara (lAhA) jJAnayajJa 139 8, 11, 12, 18, 22, 24, 106, jJAna-saMprayukta 373.678, 382, 107, 203, 220, 342, 343, 384, 385 344, 256, 498, 5,4, 556, jJAnAtiloka (mahAsthavira) 341, 553, 562, 568, 582, 585, 345, 351, 358, 393, 812, 586, 593, '598,10,610. 418, 422, 425, 426, 427, 614, 629 443, 449, 455

Page #741
2-uddhata pAli zabdoM kI anukramaNI ajjhena 49 aJamaJjapaccayo 461 akala 20, 59 ajJA 406 akAlika 175 ajJAtAvindriya 406 akulalA (dhammA) 360, 379-381, aTTa 67 401, 402 dekhiye 'akuzala' aTTha 37 (nAmAnukramaNI) bhI / attanopada 68 akkhi 63 attamajhA 469 agati 231 attA 167, 464 agaru 52 ativona 49 agalu 52 atireka 334, 346 aganthaniyA (dhammA) 366 atItavatthu 277 agga 47 aggi 37, 45, 64 atItA 362 atItArammaNA 363 aggIhi 38 aMkusa 469 atthapaTisambhidA 411 aMgula-aMguli-aMgalI 5 atthavaNNanA 277 acetanika 437 atthi-paccayo 463 acetasikA (dhammA) 368 adukkhamasukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA accantaniyAmatA 444 (dhammA) 360 accha 39, 40 adoso 388 acche ra (alayira, acchariya) 49. adhikaraNasamathA dhammA (sAta) 312, 319-321, 322 dekhiye ajAnantena 889 'adhikaraNazamatha' (nAmAnukraajiravatI 20 maNI) bho| ajjhattavahiddhA 363 adhigicya 19 ajjhattavahiddhArammaNA 363 adhipati-paccayo 460 ajjhattA 363 adhimokkho 387, 392 ajjhattArammaNA 363 anaNa 40 ajjhatika Ayatana 348 anattalakkhaNa 589 ajjhattikA (dhammA) 369 anattasA 469 ajjhattaM 399 anattA 453, 522

Page #742
anantara - paccayo 460 anabhijjA 390 anamatagga 165 anAgatA ( dhammA ) 362 anAgatAramNA ( dhammA) 363 anArammaNA ( dhammA ) 368 anAsava 432 anAsavA ( dhammA ) 365 anicca saJcA 469 anasana - appaTighA ( dhammA ) 363 aniddassanA 364 aniyata 313 aniyatA (dhammA) 312, 316, 317, 322, 392, 372 aniyyAnikA ( dhammA ) 372 anuttarA ( dhammA ) 373 anupapatrA ( dhammA ) 362 anupAdAniyA ( dhammA ) 370 anupAdinA ( dhammA ) 369 anupAdinnupAdAniyA (dhammA ) 360 anottappa 388, 390 apacayagAmino ( dhammA ) 361 appaccayA ( dhammA ) 368, 395 apaTiyA (ammA) 364 appamANA ( dhammA ) 362 appamANArammaNA 362 aparagoyAna 58 aparaNha 65 aparaseliya 448 ( 721 ) aparAmaTThA ( dhammA ) 368 apariyApanna 399 apariyApannA ( dhammA) 372 apAta 40 apItikA (dhammA) 370 apekhA (apekkhA ) 42 avbahati 82 abhamatta (abhAmatta ) 52 abhinanduti 53 abhi- vinaya 334 abhyApAdo 390 amUr3ha - vinaya 319, 320 amoho 389, 394 amba 30, 52 amhanA 66 ayya (ari) 64 araNA (dhammA) 373 arUpAvacarA ( dhammA ) 330 arUpino ( dhammA ) 368 araMjara 46, 61 alika 48 alobho 387 389 avaTa 30 avassaM 65 avyAkata 158 avyAkatA ( dhammA ) 360, 401. avyAko 401 avigata paccayo 463 avicArA (dhammA) 372 avijjA 469, dekhiye avidyA (nAmAnukramaNI) bhI / atikka - avicArA ( dhammA) 361 atikka-vicAramattA ( dhammA ) 361 avin2akkA ( dhammA ) 372 avIvadAtA 236 avecca 53 avaMga 57 asattA 831. 481 assa 65 asmAdaM 438 asu 48 asubhasaJJa 469 asekkhA (dhammA ) 361 asekha 470 asekhabhAgiya 469 amaMkiliTTha asaMkilesikA ( dhammA ) 360

Page #743
har ( 722 ) asaMkiliTTha-maMkilasikA (dhammA) AsavavippayuttA (dhammA) 365 AmadavippayuttA anAsavA (dhammA) asaMkiliTThA (dhammA) 370 'asaMkilesikA 370 AsavaviSpayuttA sAsavA (dhammA) asaMkhatA (dhammA) 364 asaMkhatA dhAtu 395 AsavasampayuttA (dhammA) 365 asaMyojaniyA (dhammA) 365 AsavasampayuttA ceva no ca AmavA ahirIkaM 388, 39 (dhammA) 365 ahiMkAra 47 AsavA (dhammA) 364 ahetuka (citta) 533, 532 AsavA ceva AsavasampayuttA ca ahetukA (dhammA) 364 (dhammA) 365 AsavA caiva sAsavAcA 365 A Ayasmanna 46 Acariya (Acera) 50 Asevana-paccayo 462 Acariya-muTThi 466 AhAra-paccayo 462 AcayagAmino (dhammA) 361 Ahuneyya 327 Ajira (ajira) 48 AdinavaM 468 Anani 468 ikka 39, 40 AnApAnamati 153 iNa 39, 40 Ana ja 446 itthI 50 AmimadAyAda 327 idaMpi 53 ArantrikaMga 491 idha 58 Arabhare 27 inda (zabda kI nirukti) 601 Abhitu 27 iriyati 50 Arabhim 08 isipatana 20 ArabhinyA ? 7, 26 ismagyi 44 ArammaNa 61 ArammaNa paccayo 850 Agega (anoga) 88 uccha (ikSu) 45 Alabhitu 13, 27 uja (ujja) 39 AlAyama 27, 28 uNDA 61 Alavika , AlAki ? uniTTha 67 Alinda (alinda) 48 udAhu 20, 48, 57 AvanahAra 468 udiyyati 64 Avudha 61 udukkhala 42 Avamo ? uddema 340, 344, 351

Page #744
/ 723 ) upatheyya 59 usu 45 upAdAnavippayuttA (dhammA) 370 usumA 51 upAdAnavippayuttA anupAdAniyA usTAna 624 (dhammA) 370 ussuka 44 upAdAna vippayuttA upAdAniyA usUyA (asuyyA) 45 (dhammA) 370 upAdAna sampayuttA (dhammA) 370 upAdA (dhammA) 369 UhAdeti 50 upAdAnA (dhammA) 370 upAdAnA ceva upAdAnasampayuttA (dhammA ) 370 upAdAnasampayanA ceva no / upAdAnA eka 27 (dhammA) 370 ekkaM 38 upAdAniyA ceva no ca upAdAnA ekaggatA 386 (dhammA) 370 eke 7 upAdAnA va upAdAniyA ca (dhanmA) gaeko 27 370 ekodi 19, 20 upAdAniyA (dhammA) 3. ekavIjI 438 upAdinnA (dhammA) 365. ekArima (ekAdasa) 60 upAdinnupAdAniyA (dhammA) 260 eDaka 5 uAhanadAna 52 ediHkha (erikkha) 43 u gvA (upekvA ) 40, 408 edisaka 43 upakavA pAramitA 301 e disa (erisa) 43 uvA sahagatA (dhammA) 261.368. egavaNa 84 379 erikkhA (edikkhA) 60 pappannA (dhammA) 36H eresa (edisa) 60 uppAdino (dhammA) 36H / ela 60 upakvAsahacaga (dhammA) 37 upato 53 uppajjati : havaM 18 upadhi 235 ubigga 64 ummaleti 64 oka 47 umhayati (umhayane) 50 okkAmukha 38 uyama 604 oTTha 38 ulaka 86 onaSpa 50, 389, 390 usana 39 odhi 49 usaha 604 opamma 201

Page #745
( 724 ) orama 37, 44 ovaraka 50 kakka 64 kakkhala 57 kaccAna (kaccAyana) 49 kaccha 63 kaNNabhi 29 kaNNehi 29 kaNeru 61 kata 40 katheti 49 kammA 67 kalla 65 kalanda 77 kavi (kapi) 57 kaviThTha 58 kamma-paccayo 462 kammAsa 64 kapillakA 61 kayoNi 59 kaha 51,66 karoti 54 kasaTa 34, 50 kassaka 64 kAkaNikA 46 kAtave 30 kAtUna 70 kAla 41 kAlusiya 50 kiNNa 65 kita 39, 40 kilanto 62 kileso 62 kibbisa 64 kilesavippayuttA (dhammA) 370 kilesavippayuttA asaMkilesikA (dhammA) 371 kilesasampayuttA 371 kilesasampayuttA ceva no ca kilesA 371 kilemA 370 kilesA ceva saMkilasikA 371 kilemA ceva saMkiliTThA ca 371 kilesA ceva kilesasampayuttA ca 371 kuTasya (kRtasya) 39 kutta 40 kutti 40 kuSpaTiccassanti 236 kubbanti 64 kuruMga 86 kuminaara (kusinAra) 58 kusIta 20, 59 kuTaTTha 67 kena ci vidheyyA 364 kena ci na vineyyA 364 kevaTTa ko 45 koTTita 78 komiya 58 khanati 54 khambho 62 khalupacchAbhattikaMga 491 khAyita 58 khIraM 41 khIla 56 khujja 56 khudda 44 khudhA 63 khela 57

Page #746
( 725 ) gaNanAyaM 41 gathita (gadhita) 58 ganthaniyA 366 gantha-vippayuttA 366 ganthavippayuttA aganthaniyA 366 ganthavippayattA ganthaniyA 366 gantha-sampayuttA 366 ganthasampayattA ceva no ca gandhA 366 ganthA 366 ganthA caiva ganthaniyA ca 366 ganthA ceva ganthasampayuttA ca 366 gadhiti 20 gantave 30 - gamissiti 34 garahati 51 garahA 51 citta-lahutA 390 cittavippaputtA 368 cittavisaMsaTThA 368 cittasampayuttA 368 cittasamuThAnA 368 cittasaMsaTThA 368 cittasahabhuno 369 cittasaMTTasamuThAnA 369 cittasaMsasa-mamuTThAnAnuparivattino citta - saMmaTTha - mamuTThAna - sahabhuno cittA 29 cittAnuparivattano 369 cintAmayA paJjA 411 cittujjukatA 390 cetiya 38,43 ceme 53 moro 54 gahita 48 gAma 2 girimiva 53 gemka 7 cha chakala 59 chAgikA 63 vaTo 55 cakkhu 348 cajati 62 cattAro me 53 catukka 443 catuvyUha-hAra 468 candimA 47 carAmase 236 carima 47 cApaka 20, 59 citta-passaddhi 390 cittamudutA 387 jaccA 67 jenatva 236 janettvA 236 jano 54 jallikA 56 jigucchati 46 jiNNa 41 jimha 65 jiyA 50 jivhA 66 jivhAmUlIya 36 jIvanto (jIvato) jaNhA 66

Page #747
( 726 ) teme 53 jaiti 40 tha ma jhAna 168 jhAma 63 bhAna-paccayo 462 tharu 33 thIna 48 thapo . thera 50 to ThApeti 63 Thito 63 dakkhiNA 63 dadallati 60 isati 55 Dahani bAda 7, 60 takka 65 tacchati : damila ? dAmanena pahAtabbA 361 dassanena pahAtabahetukA 361 dAta pi 53 dAni ? dAya dAva ? dAmigaNa 50 diginanamnavana 380 didiTakonAta-bhAgiya 499 didi-nakleima-bhAgiya 860 dimAlocana 86. dIva 1 dIghamadadhAna dighamajJAna) : nAhA 66, 169, 470 taNhAvAdAna-bhAgiya 468, 465 tAhAmaMkilesa bhAgiya 869. dRsamma 861 tamiNA ? taMti , 7, 8. 9 tAIdi ,8 tvAya : tikicchati 0 niyavinyAraka :19, 300, 301 nintha : tina , ninimma 5 tIha 8 tvIna .. dubavAya vedanAya sampayanA 60 duggatAha ' dvoha 88. ducarita-vAdAna-bhAgiya 461. ducanti-sTeisa-bhAgiya 860 duve / hoto

Page #748
devAti 53 devAnaM 42 devAse 30 devebhi 20 deveha 29 devo 45 desanAhAra 468 deso 56 dehano 61 velhaka 60 dosa 49 469 dhammatA 258 dhammarAjA 4 dha dhammA 25, 269 dhammAse 30 dhAropa 26 dhenu 45 na na arUpAvacarA (dhammA ) 372 nagga 51 natthi -paccayo 463 nadati (nadI) 51 nadi 41 na dassanenana pahAtahetukA 371 nibbedhabhAgiya 469 ( 727 ) na bhAvanAya pahAtavvA 371 na bhAvanAya pahAtavvahetukA 372 na-pItisahagatA 372 naya 467 naya-manuTThAna 467 nayidaM 53 na pAvarA (dhammA ) 372 navati 47 na sukhasahagatA 332 na hetu 363 na hetu ahetukA 364 na hetu sahetukA 364 nAmeti 55 niccamA 469 niDDa (neDDa ) 42 niddenavAra 451, 467 nidAnA 807 nita 64 nipparitrAya demanA 350 nirmana paTinabhivA 411 niyatA 72 niyyAti 64 divyAni 372 nimaniyA pAcittiyA 313, 320 nimaNiyA pAcittiyA dhammA 312, 313 397-318 nistayo paccayo 462 nimita nismoko 45 nIyAti 42 nIdaraNa 129 nItA 367 navaviyuktA anIvaraNiyA 367 nIraNavipayukttA nIvaNiyA 367 nIvapattA 367 nIvaraNapatA cetra toca nIvaraNA 363 nIvaraNa 367 novaraNA caiva nIvaraNiyA ca 367 nIvaraNA va nIraNamampayukttA ca 363 novarapiyA 360 novaraNiyA caiva na ca nIvaraNA 367 ne 38, 68 netragAmino na apacayagAmino 361 neva tanmatena na bhAvanAya pahAtavvahetukA 369 bhAvanA pahAtA 361

Page #749
( 728 ) neva vipAka-na-vipAka-dhammA 360 patinAM 69 neva sekkhA na amevA 361 nesajjikaMga 891 pathavI-pavvI-puthavI, pRthvI, puThuvI 40 no AsavA 368 padaTThAnahAra 868 no upAdA 369. pana 52 no upAdAnA 370 no kilesA 370 paTaMga 59 no ganthA 36 paTThAya 67 no cittamamuhAnA 368 paTTAna 468 no cinasa no 361. paTaccara 5 no cinasaMmaTTa-mamuhAnA 361 paTigacca (paTikacca) 57 no-citta-saMmaTTha- -mamuTThAna- mahamuno paTimA 60 paTivismaka 84 no-citta - manamaTTha - samuTTAnAnu paTiccasamuppAda 868 parivattino 369 paTidemaniyA dhammAH 12, 313, 318 no citA 368 paTimallAna 49 no cittAnaparivattino 369 paTisaMvA 831 no nIvaraNA 36 paThabha60 no parAmAmA 367 paThavI 60 no saMyojanA 365 praNani 28 nagala 33, 61 paNItA 60 patti 26 parakkama 128 pakririya 83 parammapada 68 paggahA 390 parAmAsanampayuttA 368 pagdarati 66 parAmAsavippayuttA aparA maTThA 368 paccanIkA (paccanikA) 51 parAmAsavippayunA parAmaTThA 368 paccaya dhamma 460, 559 parAmaTThA 378 pacchAjAta-pratyaya 42 parAmAsA 367 "yaccayAse 236 parAmAkA ceva parAmaTThA ca 368 paccayuppatra 461, 469 parAmaTThA ceva no ca parAmAmA 368 pacduppanArammaNa 363 parAmAsa vippayuttA 368 paccare 22 parijJA-bAra 451,452 pandappattA 362 pariyAya (paliyAya) 4. 9 pajjalati 65 paridattanahAra 468 pativAra 451 parikkhA-hAra 868 paJatihAra 468 paridhApayitvA 50 panyA 60 paricaya 65

Page #750
paritA 361 parima 47 parittArammaNa 362 parikkhArahAra 470 palaccara 5 palikhanati 61 paligha 20 palikha (paligha ) 59 elisajati 61 palli 8 pakama 624 pavatti-vAra 459 pavedhati 20 pasaMda 57 vasantI 62 pasuta 47 parivvaka 88 pasaddhi 408 'caTTArAvajjana 388 pAkaTa 52 prANamatasahasrAdi 27, 28 cittiyA dhammA 310 314, 318 pAvittiya 20, 313. 322, 323 pATalipAli 8 prANazatasahasrAni 17, 27, 28 pAti 26 pAniya 48 mAnasasahasAni 27, 28 pAnAni 28 pApuraNa 20, 47, 51 pArAjika 20 pArAjikAdhammA 315, 316 pArupana (pApuraNa) 61, 301, 582 pAla 5, 6 pAli 4, 5, vacana 5, 56 rAhuNeyya 327 pita 71 ( 729 ) // 69 patipakkhatI 40 pitussa 71 pitughAtaka 40 pithIyati 59 piphphala 67 piyadasinA priyadasi priyadazina 17, 27 piya 37 piyadasine 28 priyadarzi 17, 27, 28 piyasa 28 priyama 28 priyadasino 28 piyadasi 27.28 palakkhu 50 pisIla 26 pItisahagatA 361, 372 pucchati 39 puttimA 47 putra 52 puvvaNh 65 pura 27, 28 purA 17, 27, 28 purisa 56 purisakAre 33 pure 33 purejAta - paccayo 461 puluvaM 17, 27, 28 pakkha 34 petavatthu 244 peyyAlaM 6, 128 pomvara 38 pokharaNI 46 poNa 26, 49 pora 44 polaya 54

Page #751
( 730 ) phalaM 55 phaLika 57 phasso 389 pheggu 37 phoTTabba 348 vadhi 70 vadhI 70 vahiddhA 363 3904 vahiddhArammaNA 363 bahinI (bahiNI) 56 vahiro 54 vahapakAraM 53 buddhAnaM sAmukkaMsikA dhammadesanA 127, 629. buddhAse 30, 69 vuddhehi 70 budhe 17 brUheti 40 bha bhikkhUmu 38 bhikkhUhi 38 bhagavA 68 bhAriya 34 bhAmare 29 bhAvanAya pahAtabbA 361 bhAvanAya pahAtabbahetukA 361 bhikkhave 22, 23, 24, 33 bhimakka 67 bhemaja 67 makkhikA 63 maga 39, 40, 89 magajina 239 magga-paccayo 462 mago 27, 28 maggahetukA 362 maggAdhipatino 362 magArammaNA 362 maccassavodake 53 macchera 50 mata 40 manthi 53 maddava 41 mayha 65 mariyAdA 50 'mame' 29 mA~gatA 36? mahaggagatArammaNA 362 mAkuNa (makuNa) 43 mAgandiya 20 mAtikatthadIpanI 579. mAtipakkhato 80 mAtughAtaka 40 mukha 37, 55 mukhapAThasena 30 mukhodakaM 53 mugga 64 muccati 67 mutiMga 20, 59 mutImA 46 muditA (mudutA) 46. muLAla 60 mUla yA mala 40 menA 84 moceti 49 mora (myuur| 50 monyi :8, 83 makama 6.

Page #752
( 71 ) yaTTikA (laThThikA bhI) 55 yathariva 53 yathAjjjhAsayena 43 yathAsanthatikaMga 491 yamAmase 29 yassindriyANi 53 yAva 55 yAgu 49 yuttihAra 468 yeva 33 lAjA 17, 27 lAjinA 27 lAjine 28 lujjati 55 ludda 44, 55 lokassAti 53 loNa 49 rajapatha (rajApatha) 52 ra 71 rAo 28 rAjA 17, 27 rAjine 27, 28 rAjino 71 rAjula 47 rukkha 40 rukvo 37 ruhira (rudhira) 58 rUpA 01 rUpAni (lapAni bhI) 55 rUpino (dhammA) 364 vaka 39 va ka (vAka) 42 vajira 51 vahati 67 vaDiGa 40 vadha 37 vyasana 48 vAka 64 vAdo 55 vAsanA-bhAgiya 469 vAsanA-nivedha-bhAgiya 469 vyAkato 53 vyAvaTa 60 vyAdha 48 vikaTa (vikRta) 39 vicaya-hAra 468 vicchika 39 vitako 386, 392 vittha 26 vipassanA 469 vippayatta 412, 440 vipphAra 436 vippayuttena vippayuttaM 414 vippayuttena saMgahitaM asaMgahitaM 414 vippayuttena sampayuttaM 413 vippahAtave 50 vibhatti-hAra 468 vibhAgavAra 467 vihmaya 66 . la lakhaNahAra 868 lagga 64 laghamemsati 53 lahu 58 lAkhA 41 lAghulovAde 17, 19.

Page #753
( 732 ) vimokha (vimokkha) 42 viriyindriya 389 dilla 65 vItivatta 48 vIriyaM 387 vImaMsati 61 vIsati (vIsaM) 43 vuccati 65 buddhi 40 ve 44 velu 5, 33, 62 veNha 38 vevacana-hAra 468 sa-uttarA 273 sakkaTabhAsAya 2. sakA nirutti 26 sakAya niruttiyA 22. 23. 24, 25, 26 sakkiti 34 makkhi (sakkhi) 33 sakhibhAva (sakhIbhAva) : sacAyaM 53 sata-sada- saya-saa-sau--58 satimatI (satImatI) 51 satta 63 satthavAho 56 sadda 63 saMgahita 412 saha 66 santIraNa 383 saniddassana-sappaTighA 333 sanihassanA 364 sappaccayA 364 mappaTighA 364 sappItikA 372 samantIdha 53 mamahatAse 233 mammujjanI 46 sammuti 47 sayha 65 sammadattho 53 savanIya 56 saraNA 373 sarAva 26 savicArA 372 savitakka-savicArA 360 mavitakkA 372 sasaMkhArika 377.87 sahita (maMhitA) 5 sahetukA 664 mahetukA ceva na ca hetu 368 saMkiliTTha-saMkilesikA 360 maMkililA 370 saMkilesikA 370 makkhalI (maskhalikA) 46 saMkuNa 60 saMkhatA :68 saMgahitena sampayutta vippayunaM 414 maMgahitena asaMgahitaM 413 sampayogo vippayogo 423 sampayuttena vippayuttaM 413 sampayattena saMgahitaM asaMgahitaM 814 mampayuttena sampayuttaM 414 maMyojana-vippayuttA 365 maMyojanavippayuttA saMyojaniyA 366. maMyojanavippayuttA asaMyojaniyA 366 saMyojanasampayattA ceva no ca saMyojanA maMyojanasampayuttA 36, maMyojanA 365 maMyojaniyA 365 saMyojanA ca saMyojaniyA ca 365 maMyojanA ceva saMyojana-sampayuttA 365 saMyojaniyA ceva no ca saMyojanA 365

Page #754
( 733 ) supina 49 suriya (muyya) 43 sumugga 45 suva (suka) 58 surve 33 susu 45 susma 48 sekkhA (dhammA) 361 semha 38. 65 meyyathA 33 seyyA 38 sotthAna 49 moppa 89, 64 saMvarI (sAvarI) 43 samayo 390 sAgala 57 sAjja 43 sANa 40 sAyati (sAdiyati) 58 sArammaNA 368 sAvitthI 22 sAsavA 365 sAsavA ceva no ca AsavA 365 sAhu (sAdhu) 58 siMgivera 46 sinAna 34 sineha 51 sindhava / simbala 52 simbalI 52 siriMsapa 45 sIha 43 sukka 65 sukhasahagatA 360, 372 sukhumAla (sukumAra) 59 sukhAya vedanAya sampayuttA 360 sukhuma 51 sujA 57 suNAhi 70 suNotha 70 sutamayA paJjA 411 sunakha (zunaka) 59 suMka (mUka) 40 mumugga 45 haTa 59 hadaya 39 hasituppAda-citta 384 hAna bhAgIya 148 hAra 467 hAra-vibhaMga 467 hAra-sampAta 467 hiri 240, 390 hiribalaM 389 hiyyo 50 hilAda 51 hInA 362 hetU ceva sahetukA ca 364 hetU ceva hetusampayuttA ca 364 hetuvippayuttA 364 hetusampayuttA ceva na ca hetU 3:4

Page #755

Page #756
zuddhipatra pRSTha 9 bhUmikA 11 bhUmikA 12 bhUmikA nar3e 17 000 60 121 128 129 W7 252 paMkti azuddha naI pAr3atA paDatA 15-16 pAli sAhitya saMbaMdhI lekha pada-saMketa kI prathama paMkti hama isa zabda-zodhana zabda-sAdhana pada-saMketa kI aMtima paMkti prakRSTaM viduH prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH 17 airisa erisa 21 minayeka minayepha pada-saMketa kI pAMcavIM paMkti pUrvAgAta pUrvAgata karismami karissAmi vojhaGga bojhaGga sammodhi sambodhi upasampatA upasampadA bhananta bhadanta anubhava anuzrava saveba sabveva aTakathAya aTThakathAya pada-saMketa kI dUsarI paMkti buddhakopa pAli-sAtyi pAli-sAhitya dhammakitti mahAsAmi mahAmaMgala (dharmakIrti mahAsvAmI) pada-saMketa kI aMtima paMkti jA to jAto visuddhamamga visuddhimaga majjhima-nikayA majjhima-nikAya pada-saMketa kI pahalI paMkti visuddhimaggo visuddhimagge vizepa kAryakarmajJatA kAyakarmajJatA Avm... 278 330 487 497 2 409 buddhaghoSa 504 507 viSaya 11

Page #757
zuddha 540 540 540 542 550 556 or or or m. 567 565 572 575 575 ( 2 ) azuddha vinayA, vinicchayaTIkA vinayavinicchaya-TIkA buddhadatta buddhadattakRta dADhAvaMsa' dAThAvaMsa buddhaghosuppati buddhaghosuppatti granthoM grantha sAtada sAtaveM saMgati saMgIti samAzramaNIya samAzrayaNIya itipatana imipatana khudaka khuddaka baddhakoSa buddhaghoSa samantayAmIdikA samantapAsAdikA 2246 dAThavaMsa dAThAvaMsa ganvaMsa gandhavaMsa muddakamAThaThThakathA khuddakapAThaTThakathA pamaratyavinicchayaM paramatthavinicchayaM mubovalaMkAra mubovAlaMkAra navamoggalAna navamoggallAna mahatthabhedacittAya saitthabhedacintAya unna unnata viTaraniratna viTaranitla paNinIya pANinIya grantha upakAra upakArI movila mebila vinatyatyappakaraNa vibhatyatthapakaraNa lpakAzyapasiddhi rUpasiddhi vijitAvIse vijitAvI so gajainitaka rAjanaitika kamoTI para kharA kamauTo para utanA kharA 577 578 578 579 580 583 595 601 611,612,613 612 313 ' "'

Page #758

Page #759
-vtaak *

Page #760
1 D.G.A. 80. CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY NEW DELHI Issue recorl, Call No.- EUR91.3709/!ra-8684 Author Uradhyaya, Barat 3inh, Titlemli sahitya ka itibasa. Borrower's Name Date of Issue Date of Return "A book that is shut is but a block" CHAEOLOGIC CENTRAT GOVT. OF INDIA Department of Archaeology NEW DELHI. L LIBRARY Please help us to keep the book clean and moving. S. 8., 148. N. DELHI.