Jain Darshan ki Ruprekha

Author(s): S Gopalan, Gunakar Mule
Publisher: Waili Eastern Ltd Delhi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010094/1

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jaina darzana kI rUparekhA (OUTLINES OF JAINISM) esa. gopAlana

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jaina darzana kI rUparekhA esa. gopAlana darzanazAstra ke ucca adhyayana kA kendra madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya bhASAntara: guNAkara mule vAilI IsTarna limiTeDa nayI dillI

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(c) vAilI IsTarna limiTeDa mUlya : solaha rupaye vinodakumAra dvArA bAilI IsTarna limiTeDa, AB 8 saphadarajaMga enkleva, nayI dillI-110016 ke lie prakAzita tathA priMTsamaina, nayI dillI meM mudrita /

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prAkkathana yaha pustaka madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya ke darzanazAstra ke ucca adhyayana kendra meM mere dvArA 1969 I0 se prastuta kiye gaye pAThyakrama para AdhArita hai| madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya kI bhAratIya darzana kI snAtakottara upAdhi ke lie nirdhArita pAThyakrama antarrASTrIya svarUpa kA hai / ataH isake lie kevala jaina dharma se sambandhita tathyoM kA prastutIkaraNa hI paryApta nahIM thA, balki adhika gaharAI meM utarakara ise bhAratIya paramparA ke eka abhinna aMga ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta karanA Avazyaka thaa| apane pAThyakrama ke daurAna maiMne yahI dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki samagra bhAratIya paramparA ke prakAza meM hI jaina darzana ko bhalI bhAMti samajhA jA sakatA hai, aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI samRddhatA kA behatara Akalana jaina darzana ke vividha aMgoM kI gaharAI meM utarane ke bAda hI saMbhava hai / isake lie mujhe prathamata: jaina paramparA kA 'vicchedana karanA par3A aura isake vividha aMgoM kA sUkSma vizleSaNa karanA pdd'aa| sAtha hI, jaina dharma kI utpatti tathA anya dharmoM ke sAtha isake sambandha ko lekara jo galataphahamiyAM haiM unheM bhI dUra karanA jarUrI thaa| apane vidyArthiyoM ke Agraha para maiMne apane saMpUrNa vizleSaNa ko kAgaja para utArA, aura ucita samajhA ki sAmAnya pAThakoM bhAratIya aura videzI donoM hI - kI dRSTi se aura jaina citana ke gaMbhIra adhyetAoM kI dRSTi se bhI sampUrNa paramparA kA eka sarvAMgINa sarvekSaNa prastuta karane ke sAtha-sAtha viSaya kI pramukha bAtoM ke vivecana meM saMkSepa kA dhyAna rakhA jAya / isI uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina dharma kA sAmAnya paricaya (bhUmikA), jJAnamImAMsA, manovijJAna, tasvamImAMsA tathA nItizAstra ke bhAgoM kI racanA huI hai| lekhaka isa bAta ko mahasUsa karatA hai ki jaina dArzanikoM kI vaiziSTyapUrNa saMrvAMgINa dRSTi ko aura sUkSma vivecana ko karIba paune do sau pRSThoM meM prastuta karanA samIcIna nahIM hai, parantu AzA hai ki isa paramparA ke pramukha aMgoM kA vivecana (cAhe kitanA bhI saMkSipta kyoM na ho) karake aise sAratattva ko vyakta kiyA hI jA sakatA hai jisameM na kevala viSaya kA vyAkhyAna ho, balki sampUrNa paramparA kA samucita nirUpaNa bhI ho| prastuta kRti meM nirUpaNa ko viziSTa mahatva diyA gayA hai, yaha dAvA meM nahIM

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jaina darzana karatA / isa pustaka kI racanA meM merI yahI mAnyatA kAma karatI rahI ki dhAraNAoM kI gaharAiyoM meM utarakara yadi hama sAmAnya samajha ke chilake ko dakSatA se utAra pheMkate haiM, to jaina dharma ke sarvAMgINa mahattva ko bhalIbhAMti samajhA jA sakatA hai / jaina muni AcArya tulasI dvArA udghATita aNuvrata Andolana ke bAre meM bhI pustaka meM kucha pRSTha haiM / inase spaSTa hogA ki purAtana jaina dhAraNAoM ko punarjIvita kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM unakA sadupayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahAM apane una vidyArthiyoM ke prati AbhAra vyakta karanA jarUrI samajhatA hUM jinakI sahaja jijJAsA ne mujhe protsAhita kiyA aura jaina dharma ko gaharAI se samajhane kI atispRhA ne isa pustaka kI racanA ko saMbhava banAyA hai / prakAzaka ne pustaka meM gaharI dilacaspI dikhAyI aura ise jaldI prakAzita kiyA, isalie unheM bhI dhanyavAda detA huuN| samApta karane ke pahale maiM apanI patnI umA ke prati bhI kRtajJatA vyakta karatA hUM jinhoMne pustaka ke saMpAdana kAla meM aura zabdAnukramaNikA tathA pustaka-sUcI taiyAra karane meM merI sahAyatA kI hai| esa. gopAlana 26 maI, 1973 darzanazAstra ke ucca adhyayana kA kendra, madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya, madrAsa-600005

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viSaya-sUcI prAkkathana prathama bhAga : bhUmikA pra0 1. kyA jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA hai ? 2. mahAvIra ke pahale jaina dharma 3. pArzva aura mahAvIra 4. zvetAmbara aura digambara 5. jaina sAhitya 6. kyA jaina dharma nAstika hai ? dvitIya bhAga :jJAnamImAMsA 7. jaina jJAnamImAMsA 8. darzana aura jJAna 9. matijJAna 10. zrutajJAna 11. kevalajJAna 12. anumAna tRtIya bhAga : manovijJAna 13. mana 14. saMvedana aura pratyakSa jJAna 15. saMvega tathA anubhUtiyAM 16. indriyAtIta jJAna 17. Atman 18. punarjanma 96 101

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vifi jaina darzana caturtha bhAga : tasvamImAMsA 19. vAstavikatA aura sattA 20. sattA-mImAMsA 21. jIva 22. ajIva 23. nayavAda 24. syAdvAda 109 113 119 126 131 136 145 151 paMcama bhAga : nItizAstra 25. naitika niyama 26. karma siddhAnta 27. naitika tattva 28. SaDstarIya saMgha-vyavasthA 29. guNasthAna siddhAnta 30. aNuvrata Andolana grantha-sUcI zabdAnukramaNikA 155 162 166 170 177 181

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prathama bhAga : bhUmikA

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kyA jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA hai ? 1 eziyA kA dharma sarvavidita hai ki bhArata ke tIna pramukha dharmoM--- hindU, bauddha tathA jaina meM se pahale do dharmoM ke prati hI bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA vizeSa AkarSaNa rahA hai| jaina dharma ke anuzIlana kI bar3I upekSA huI hai, bhAratIya vidvAna bhI udAsIna rahe / jaina dharma bhArata meM Aja bhI jIvita hai, phira bhI, bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki, apanI janmabhUmi meM hI yaha dharma kAphI upekSita hai| dUsarI ora, bauddha dharma kA bhAratabhUmi se lagabhaga lopa ho gayA hai, phira bhI yahAM bhArata meM isa dharma kA apane nikaTa ke jaina dharma kI apekSA adhika gahana adhyayana huA hai aura logoM ko isake bAre meM jAnakArI bhI adhika hai| isa dazA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki eka samaya bauddha dharma itanA adhika prabhAvazAlI thA ki ise samajhA jAtA thA / bauddha dharma ko yaha jo adhika mahattva milA hai, isake surendranAtha dAsagupta do kAraNa batalAte haiM: (1) ina do dharmoM meM kucha bAteM samAna haiM, jo ( vastuta: nirNAyaka to nahIM haiM, parantu) prabhAvaka haiM, aura (2) videzI tathA bhAratIya vidvAnoM ko jaina dharma ke mUla grantha prApta na ho ske| ve likhate haiM: "jaina tathA bauddha dharma, brAhmaNa dharma ke pariveza ke bAhara, mUlata: zramaNa paramparA ke dharma the| donoM kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM maulika bheda hone para bhI inameM kucha bAhya samAnatAeM haiM, isalie jina yUropIya vidvAnoM ne aparyApta sAmagrI se jaina dharma kA paricaya prApta kiyA, unheM lagA ki yaha dharma bauddha dharma kI hI eka zAkhA hai| jaina sAhitya kI jAnakArI na rakhanevAle bhAratIya bhI aksara isI galataphahamI ke zikAra hote dikhAI dete haiN|"" yahAM dAsagupta ke vicAra meM ina do dharmo ke bIca jo samAnatAeM haiM, ve saMbhavataH ye haiM: (1) donoM dharmo kA udaya bhArata ke eka hI pradeza meM huA hai, (2) donoM ne deza meM pracalita tatkAlIna kaTTarapaMthI vicAroM kA virodha kiyA, ( 3 ) donoM hindU samAja kI varNa vyavasthA ke virodhI the, (4) donoM ne hI apane-apane matAnusAra Izvara ko nakArA, (5) donoM ne hI samAna 1. e hisTrI oNpha iMDiyana philaoNsaphI' (kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI presa, 1963), khaNDa 1, T 169

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jaina vartana zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA, yadyapi unake artha bhinna rahe, aura ( 6 ) donoM ne ahiMsA ke vicAra tathA AcaraNa ko hindU dharma se bhI adhika mahattva diyA / haiM ki jaina sampra apane vicAroM kI puSTi ke lie jaba koI vidvAna kucha prAcIna granthoM ke anuvAdoM ke hI panne palaTatA hai, to vaha galata pariNAma para pahuMcatA hai| yaha bAta kevala bhAratIya cintana para hI lAgU nahIM hotI, isalie yahAM isake bAre meM vizeSa kucha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| yahAM hameM yahI dekhanA hai ki kisa prakAra vidvajjagat meM bhI jaina dharma ko bauddha dharma kI kevala eka zAkhA samajhA gayA hai| DablyU0 esa0 lillI likhate haiM: "bauddha dharma apanI janmabhUmi meM jaina dharma ke rUpa meM jIvita hai| yaha eka sacAI hai ki bhArata se jaba bauddha dharma kA lopa ho gayA, tabhI jaina dharma lokapriya huA / "" eca0 eca0 vilsana ne to yahAM taka kahA hai ki jaina dharma kA janma IsA kI AThavIM yA nauvIM sadI meM hI huA hai / ve likhate haiM: "ata: sabhI pramANoM se hama isa natIje para pahuMcate dAya kA abhyudaya arvAcIna kAla meM huA hai aura ise prAdhAnya evaM rAjyAzraya karIba AThavIM tathA nauvIM sadI meM milA hai| usake pahale bhI saMbhavata: bauddhoM kI eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM jainoM kA astitva rahA hai, aura jisa dharma ke utthAna meM unhoMne sahayoga diyA thA usI kA damana karake unhoMne apane ko Upara uThAyA hai| isa mata ke samarthana meM dakSiNa bhArata ke itihAsa meM kaI udAharaNa milate haiM : aka laMka nAmaka eka jaina muni ne kAMcI ke bauddhoM ko nirutarita kara diyA, isalie unheM deza se nikAla diyA gyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki madurA kA vara pANDya jaba jaina banA to usane bauddhoM para julma kiye, unheM zArIrika yAtanAeM dIM aura deza se nikAla bAhara kiyA.. T... / ataH pariNAma yaha nikalatA hai ki bhArata se bauddhoM ke pUrNa lopa kA saMbaMdha jainoM ke prabhAva se hai, jisakI zuruAta chaThI yA sAtavIM sadI meM huI aura jo bArahavIM sadI taka kAyama rhaa|" sara cArl sa IliyaTa kA mata hai : "unakI aneka mAnyatAeM, vizeSataH purohitoM evaM devatAoM meM unakI anAsthA, jo ki kisI bhI dharma ke mAmale meM hameM eka vicitra bAta lagatI hai, bauddha dharma se kAphI sAmya rakhatI hai, aura eka prakAra se jaina dharma bauddha paramparA kI hI eka zAkhA hai / parantu yaha kahanA adhika sahI hogA ki yaha usa vyApaka AMdolana kA eka kAphI prAcIna evaM viziSTa saMgaThana thA jisakI carama pariNati bauddha dharma meM huI hai|" 2. sI0 je0 zAha dvArA uddhata 'jenijma ina jaoNba iMDiyA' (laMDana : laoNgarmana grIna eNDa kaM0, 1932), bhUmikA, pu0 xviii 3. 'varsa oNpha vilsana' (laMDana : dra banera eNDa 0, 1861), khaNDa I, pR0 334 4. 'hindUijma eNDa buddhijma' (laMDana : ruTaleja eNDa kejana paoNsa li0, 1962), khaNDa - I, pu0 105

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kyA jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA hai ? parantu jaba jainadharma ko bauddhadharma kI eka zAkhA nahIM samajhA jaataa| isakA. do jarmana vidvAnoM ke anusaMdhAna kArya ko hai / harmana yAkojI ne kalpasUtra ke apane saMskaraNa kI bhUmikA meM aura apane lekha mahAvIra enDa hija briTisesarsa ( mahAvIra aura unake pahale ke tIrthaMkara) meM batalAyA hai ki jaina dharma kA janma svataMtra rUpa se huA hai| jaoNrja bUlara ne apane lekha iDiyana sekTa oNpha da na ( bhArata kA jaina sampradAya) meM jaina dharma ke janma tathA vikAsa kI vyApaka evaM vaijJAnika jAnakArI dI haiM / 3 1 cUMki jaina tathA bauddha dharmagranthoM meM caubIsaveM tIyaMkara mahAvIra (jinheM galatI se jaina dharma kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAtA hai) ke lie kucha anya nAma milate haiM, isIlie saMbhavata: zodhakartA isa tathya ko mahasUsa nahIM kara pAye ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA to hai hI nahIM; balki isakA mUla adhika prAcIna hai / mahAvIra jJAta kSatriya kula meM paidA hue the, isalie mAtRputra kahalAte the / prAcIna saMskRta graMthoM meM jainoM ke lie sAmAnyata: nirbhaya (bandhanamukta) zabda milatA hai aura pAli bauddha granthoM meM nigaccha zabda isa dUsare zabda para thor3A vicAra karane se una tathyoM para prakAza par3atA hai jo ki jaina dharma ke kaI vidyArthiyoM ko suspaSTa nahIM haiN| jJAta ke lie pAli kA samarUpa zabda hai nAta aura isIlie bauddha dharma granthoM meM mahAvIra ko nAtaputa kahA gayA hai| bauddha piTakoM meM migaNThoM ko buddha tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ke virodhI kahA gayA hai| jAhira hai ki unake matoM kA khaNDana karane ke lie hI unheM virodhI kahA gayA hai| bauddha granthoM meM jo nigaSThanAtha, nigaNDa nAtapura tathA nAsayukta zabda pAye jAte haiM ve mahAvIra kaM dyotaka haiN| isa saMdarbha meM bUlara likhate haiM: "jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka' ke vAstavika nAma kI khoja prophesara yAkobI aura maiMne kI hai| zAtRputra zabda jaina tathA mahAyAnI bauddha granthoM . meM milatA hai| pAli meM nAtapula zabda hai aura jaina prAkRta meM nayapusa / jAna par3atA hai ki jJAta yA zAti nAma kA koI rAjapUta kula thA jisase nimba utpanna hue haiN|"" cUMki bauddha graMthoM meM kevala mahAvIra ke nAma kA ullekha na hokara sAtha meM usa dArzanika mata kA bhI ullekha hai jisake ve anuyAyI the, isalie yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale bhI jaina dharma kA astitva rahA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki mahAvIra aura buddha samakAlIna me aura, cUMki bauddha grantha jaina mata kA ullekha karate haiM, isalie hama isa natIje para pahuMcate haiM ki jainoM kA apanA eka 5. 'va kalpa-sUla bapha bhadrabAha' (lAipajiya, 1879), pu0 1-15 6. dekhiye 'da iMDiyana eNTIkverI', IX, pR0 158 7. leba 1877 I0 meM par3A gayA thA / 8. yahAM mahAbIra ko jaina sampradAya kA saMsthApaka kahA gayA hai| nizcaya hI vidvAna lekhaka se maha bhUla kisI kSaNika matAmadhAnI ke kAraNa huI hogii| 9. xq, VII, q. 143

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baina darzana svataMtra dharma thA aura isake srota pahale ke yuga meM rahe haiN| eka prAcIna bauddha sUba sAmagAma sutta meM ullekha hai ki pAvA meM eka niNaMDa mAtaputa kI mRtyu ho gayI hai| bauddha anya mantima nikAya meM eka sthAna para buddha aura miTha ke eka putra ke bIca hue vAda-vivAda kA prasaMga hai| isa prakAra boTa anyoM meM banoM ke eka varga ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai, isalie isa mAnyatA ko bala milatA hai ki bauddhoM ke antargata jainoM kA nizcaya hI koI upavarga nahIM thaa| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki bauddha granthoM meM kahIM para bhI jAnakArI nahIM milatI ki nimranyoM kA yaha sampradAya navasaMsthApita thaa| ataH nizcaya hI buddha ke kAphI samaya pahale se jaina dharma kA astitva rahA hogaa| yAkobI likhate haiM : "boTayoM meM. piTakoM ke prAcInatama aMzoM meM bhI. aksara niyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| parantu kisI bhI prAcIna jaina sUtra meM mujhe bauddhoM kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milA hai, yadyapi unameM jamAli, gozAlaka tathA anya nAstika upadezakoM ke bAre meM lambI kathAeM milatI haiN| cUMki yaha sthiti donoM sampradAyoM ke kAlAntara ke paraspara sambandhoM kI sthiti se bilakula ulaTI hai, aura kyoMki yaha hamArI isa mAnyatA se mela nahIM khAtI ki donoM sampradAyoM kA udaya eka hI samaya meM huA hai, isa. lie hama isa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki buddha ke samaya meM niyoM kA sampradAya nayA nahIM thaa| piTakoM kA bhI yahI mata jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki unameM bhI hameM kisI viparIta mantavya kI sUcanA nahIM miltii| isase hamAre isa tarka ko samarthana milatA hai ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke pahale jaina dharma kA astitva thaa| jaina dharma kI prAcInatA sambandhI hamArI isa mAnyatA kI paSTi ke lie eka aura mahattva kA ullekha milatA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna upadezaka gozAlaka jina chaha abhijAtiyoM kA ullekha karate haiM, unameM meM eka nigaMThoM kI hai| yadi gozAlaka ke samakSa hI jaina sampradAya kA janma huA hotA, to ve nizvapa. hI nigaMThoM kI eka prabhAvazAlI abhijAti svIkAra nahIM krte| isa saMdarbha meM yAkobI mahattva kA eka aura muddA prastuta karate haiN| unake matAnusAra jaina dharma ke bAre meM isa bhrAMti kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina tapA bAra donoM hI dharmoM meM kucha samAna zabdoM kA vyavahAra hotA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ke lie dina, mahaMta, mahAvIra, saba sunatatavAgata, sikara, sambuddha, mukta ityAdi abhidhAnoM kA upayoga huA hai, yadyapi jaina paramparA meM caubIsaveM tIrthakara ke lie sirpha kucha hI zabdoM kA istemAla havA hai aura baura paramparA meM kucha anya zabdoM kaa| ataH anumAna yaha lagAyA jAtA hai ki bainoM ne ye zabda bauddhoM se liye haiN| 10.6.e., 1x, pR. 161 .

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kyA jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA hai ? parantu kavI kA mata hai ki, yaha anumAna nyAyasaMgata nahIM hai| yadi ina upA fat ke inake vyutpatti saMgata arthoM se pare koI vizeSa varSa rahe hote yA inheM koI vizeSa mahatva prApta ho gayA hotA, to do hI bAteM hotI inheM svIkArA jAtA yA nakArA jAtA / yAkobI ke matAnusAra, yaha bAta asaMbhava hai ki jisa zabda ko vizeSa artha prApta ho cukA hai (yahAM hamAre saMdarbha meM, bauddhoM ke hAthoM) use jainoM ne apanAkara usake mUla artha meM hI prayukta kiyA hogA / " yAkobI Age kahate haiM ki isase jisa ekamAtra natIje para hama pahuMcate haiM, vaha yaha hai ki sabhI kAloM meM mahApuruSoM ke lie sammAnanIya vizeSaNoM evaM abhidhAnoM kA vyavahAra hotA rahA hai| sabhI sampradAyoM ne ina zabdoM kA apane mUla a meM upAdhiyoM ke lie upayoga kiyA hai| kucha zabdoM kA dharma-saMsthApakoM ke nAmoM ke lie bhI istemAla huA hai| zabda kA cunAva yA to usake upayukta artha ke AdhAra para huA hai yA anya paristhiti ke anurUpa / ataH bauddha tathA jaina dharmo dvArA apanAyI gaI eka-sI zabdAvalI ke bAre meM yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki zabdoM ko apanAne ke mAmale meM bauddha aura jaina eka-dUsare ke pratidva MdvI the / " jainoM ne bauddhoM kA 'anukaraNa' kiyA hai, isa vivAda ke samarthana meM donoM dharmoM ke bIca eka aura samAnatA varazAyI gayI hai| donoM dharmoM ke anuyAyI apane 'bhagavAnoM' kI maMdiroM meM mUrtiyAM sthApita karate haiM aura unakI pUjA karate haiM / isa saMdarbha meM yaha jAnanA jarUrI hai ki jahAM mUrtiyoM ko sthApita karane kI vyavasthA jaina paramparA ke anurUpa thI, vahAM bauddha dharma kI mUla zikSAoM meM isa vyavasthA ko nakArA gyaa| / ataH, kisI eka ne dUsare kA anukaraNa kiyA hI hai, to mUrti sthApanA ke mAmale meM jainoM ne bauddhoM kA nahIM, balki bauddhoM ne hI jainoM kA anukaraNa kiyA hogA / parantu sacAI yahI hai ki mUla bauddha granthoM meM buddha kI mUrtipUjA ke lie manAhI hai, aura vizuddha jaina paramparA bhI mAnava kI mUrtipUjA kA anumodana nahIM karatI / yAkobI kahate haiM ki jaina tathA bauddha dharma kI utpatti ko siddha karane ke lie unake urist kI mUrtipUjA ke pramANa dene kI bajAya bhAratavAsiyoM kI uccatara dhArmika cetanA kI ora nirdeza karanA hI ucita evaM nyAyasaMgata hogaa| unakA mata hai ki sAmAnyataH logoM ne rUkSa devI-devatAoM evaM dAnavoM ke sthAna para eka utara dharma kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI aura bhArata ke dhArmika vikAsa kI bhakti ke rUpa meM mukti kA eka mahAna paMca mila gayA / ataH bauddhoM ko AviSkartA 11. 'jaina samAja, anuvAda, (dillI : motIvAla banArasIdAsa, 1964), nAga, bhUmikA, pR0 xixxx 12. agt, yfirer, q* xx-xxi

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. jaina darzana aura janoM ko anukartA samajhane kI bajAya yahI mAnanA ucita hogA ki bhAratIya janatA ke dhArmika vikAsa ke anavarata evaM apratihata prabhAva ke antargata hI ina donoM sampradAyoM ne svataMtra rUpa se isa prathA ko apanAyA hai| isa prathA kA zreSa donoM dharmoM ke sAmAnya anuvAyiyoM ko diyA jAtA hai aura isameM bhAratIya janatA kI gaharI dhArmika bhAvanA ne nizcaya hI mahattva kI bhUmikA adA kI hogii| yaha bar3e saMtoSa kI bAta hai ki dAsagupta bhI hamAre mata kA samarthana karate haiN| ve likhate haiM : "isa naI vyavasthA ke mArgadarzakoM ko saMbhavataH yA dharma tathA upaniSadoM se sujhAva mile haiM aura inhoMne apanI praNAliyoM kA nirmANa svatantra rUpa se apane hI yathocita citana se kiyA hai|"" yAkobI kA bhI mata hai: "bauddha aura jaina dhamoM kA vikAsa brAhmaNa dharma se humA hai / dhArmika jAgaraNa se akasmAt inakA janma nahIM huA hai, balki lambe samaya se cale Ate dhArmika Andolana ne inake lie rAstA taiyAra kiyA hai| yaha eka rocaka bAta hai ki iliyaTa jaise vidvAna bhI, jinakI sahAnubhUti jaina dharma kI apekSA bauddha dharma ke sAtha adhika hai, isa mata kA samarthana karate haiM ki donoM hI nAstika dharmoM ke srota brAhmaNa dharma meM hai| mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki ina donoM dharmoM kI utpatti para vicAra karate hue vaha svIkAra karate haiM ki jaina dharma kA janma pahale huA hai, yadyapi vaha bauddha dharma kI vizeSa stuti karate haiM / vaha likhate haiM : "donoM dharma eka aise Andolana se paidA hue haiM jo IsA pUrva chaThI sadI meM bhArata ke kucha pradezoM meM tathA pramukhataH ucca varga ke bIca sakriya thA / ina sampradAyoM meM jinameM se aneka kI janma hote hI mRtyu ho gayI, jaina sampradAya thor3A adhika prAcIna hai, parantu bauddha dharma zreSThatara yA aura isameM bauddhika tathA naitika dRSTi se adhika AkarSaNa thA / usa samaya pracalita dhArmika prathAoM evaM siddhAntoM se gautama ne eka khUbasUrata phUladAna kA nirmANa kiyA, aura mahAvIra ne eka upayogI tathA TikA ghaTa kA / " __ vebara ne likhA hai ki jainoM ke paMcayAma (paMcamahAvata)aura bauddhoM ke paMcasaMvara meM adbhuta samAnatA hai| isI prakAra, viDiza ne banoM ke mahAvatoM kI tulanA boDoM ke 'dasa dharmAcaraNoM' se kI hai| ina samAnatAmoM ko dekhate hue hameM mAnanA par3atA hai ki eka sampradAya ne dUsare kA anukaraNa kiyA hai, parantu yaha batAnA muzkila kAma hai ki RNI bauddha hai yA jaina / . vizva itihAsa ke kAla-vibhAjana ke kSetra meM bhI donoM sampradAyoM meM samAnatA 13. vahI, bhUmikA, pR.xi 14. pUrvolmidita, paNa prathama, 1.120 / 15. 'jaina sUtrAja', prathama bhAga, bhUmikA, pu. xxxii 16. pUrvo0, baprathama, pu. 122-123

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kyA jaina dharma baura dharma kI eka zAkhA hai? hai, isalie kabhI-kabhI kahA jAtA hai ki jainoM ne boDoM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| parantu thor3A vicAra karane se lagatA hai ki aisA saMbhava nahIM thaa| jainoM ke kAlacaka. meM utsapiNI aura avasarpiNI ke chaha-chaha bAre haiN| isa kAlacaka ko boDoM ke usa kAla-vibhAjana se prApta karanA asaMbhava hai jisameM cAra mahAkalpa aura assI laghukalpa mAne gaye haiN| bauddhoM ne apanA yaha kAlacaka brAhmaNI hindU dharma ke yugoM evaM kalpoM ke AdhAra para banAyA hogaa| jainoM para brahmA ke ahorAtra tathA manvantara ke hindU AkhyAnoM kA prabhAva par3A hogaa| jo bhI ho, jaina kAlabaka bauddhoM se prabhAvita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| donoM hI sampradAya apane kucha vicAroM ke lie hindU dharma ke RNI haiM, isa bAta se pUrNataH inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie, baudhAyana dharmasUtra meM diye gaye paMcatrata haiM : ahiMsA, sUnutA, asteya, brahmacarya aura aprigrh| inameM se prathama cAra vrata vahI haiM jinakA ki jaina sAdhuoM ko pAlana karanA par3atA hai aura inakA krama bhI usI prakAra hai| bauddha bhikSumoM ko bhI inhIM zIloM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai, parantu unakI sUcI meM dUsare sthAna para satya nahIM hai / maiksa. mUlara, bUlara tathA kenaM ne ina tInoM mahAna dharmoM ke sAhitya meM upalabdha saMnyAsiyoM ke kartavyoM kI tulanAtmaka chAnabIna kI hai, aura ve bhI isI pariNAma para pahuMce haiN| - hinduoM ke saMnyAsa-dharma athavA unake saMnyAsiyoM ke kartavya aura bauddha tathA jaina bhikSuoM ke lie nirdhArita vratoM meM jo adbhuta samAnatA hai, usase yahI. pariNAma nikalatA hai ki bhikSu saMgha ke lie niyama banAte samaya janoM ne bauddhoM kA anukaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| eka tarapha hama hindU saMnyAsa-dharma tathA jaina sampradAya ke niyamoM meM samAnatA dekhate haiM, to dUsarI tarapha hindU saMnyAsiyoM tathA bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie nirdhArita niyamoM meM kucha aMtara bhI dekhate haiN| ina sabUtoM se hamArI isa mAnyatA ko samarthana milatA hai ki jana sampradAya mAtra bauddha sampradAya kI eka zAkhA nahIM thaa| yahAM hama hinduoM ke saMnyAsa-dharma tathA jaina sampradAya ke bIca kI kucha adbhuta samAnatAoM kA ullekha kreNge| cUMki hindU paramparA kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai, aura buddha apane sampradAya ke saMsthApaka evaM mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the, aura cUMki mahAvIra apane sampradAya ke kevala eka sudhAraka the, isalie vidvAna isa natIje para pahuMce haiM ki yadi hameM 'RNa' kI hI carcA karanI hai, to saMbhava yahI hai ki jaina sampradAya bauddha sampradAya kA RgI na hokara ye donoM hI sampradAya hindU dharma ke RNI haiN| saMnyAsiyoM ke lie nirdhArita kucha niyama nIce diye jA rahe haiM: 'saMnyAsI ko apane pAsa kucha bhI ekatra nahIM karanA caahie|" jaina tathA 17. 'mautama' : III.11; tulanIya-'bAbAvana' : II, 6, 11, 16

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jaina darzana ata exert ke bhikSuoM ke lie bhI niyama hai ki ve apane pAsa aisA kucha na rakheM jise ve 'vyaktigata' kaha sakeM / "saMnyAsI ko brahmacArI honA caahie|"" jaina sampradAya kA cauthA mahAvrata bhI ThIka yahI hai| bauddhoM kA yaha pAMcavAM zIla hai / 119 "saMnyAsI ko varSAkAla meM apanA nivAsa nahIM badalanA caahie|' yaha niyama hameM anya donoM sampradAyoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai / "saMnyAsI apanI bAcA, dRSTi tathA karma para saMyama rakhegA / " yahAM hameM jainoM kI tIna guptiyoM kA smaraNa ho AtA hai / "saMnyAsI per3a-paudhoM ke unhIM aMzoM ko grahaNa karegA jo apane-Apa alaga ho gaye haiN| kucha isI taraha kA niyama jaina sampradAya meM bhI hai| jaina muni kevala unhIM sAga-sabjiyoM tathA phaloM Adi kA sevana kara sakate haiM jinameM jIvana kA koI aMza na ho / 10 "saMnyAsI bIjoM kA nAza nahIM kregaa|"" jaina sampradAya ne isa niyama meM sabhI jIvita prANiyoM kA samAveza kara liyA hai aura apane anuyAyiyoM ko upadeza diyA hai ki ve aNDoM, jIvita prANiyoM, bIjoM, aMkuroM Adi ko coTa na pahuMcAyeM / "saMnyAsI kA koI burA kare yA bhalA, use virakta bane rahanA caahie| "34 jaina sampradAya meM bhI isa virakta bhAva ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, yaha bAta mahAvIra ke jIvana ke eka prasaMga se spaSTa hotI hai : "cAra se bhI adhika mahIne taka unake zarIra para nAnA taraha ke prANI ekatra hue, reMgate rahe aura unheM pIr3A pahuMcAte rahe / 1125 "saMnyAsI ko jala chAnane ke lie apane pAsa eka vastra rakhanA caahie|"* samApana ke pahale yahAM hama eka aise vidvAna kA ullekha karanA cAheMge jinhoMne jaina dharma kA gahana adhyayana karane ke anantara apane vicAra badale haiN| vAzabarna haoNpakinsa ne AraMbha meM jaina dharma kI bar3I kaTu samIkSA kI hai| unhoMne likhA ki 18. 'gautama' II1.12 19. vahI, III.13; tula0-- ' baudhAyana' : 11, 6, 11, 20 20. bahI, J11.17 21. vahIM, 111.20 22. 'AcArAMya', 11.1.7.6 23. 'gautama' III. 23 24. 'vautama' : III. 24 25. 'AcAroga', I. 8. 1. 2 26. 'baudhAyana' : 11, 6, 11, 14

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kyA baina dharma bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA hai ? bhArata ke mahAna dharmoM meM se nAtaputta ke dharma meM sabase kama bhAkarSaNa hai aura isakI / koI upayogitA nahIM hai, kyoMki isako mukhya bAteM hai-Izvara ko nakAranA, mAdamI kI pUjA karanA aura kIr3oM ko pAlanA / bAda meM jaina dharma ke bAre meM apanI adhUrI jAnakArI ke bAre meM unhoMne kheda vyakta kiyaa| eka patra meM unhoMne zrI vijaya sUri ko likhA : "maiMne aba mahasUsa kiyA hai ki noM kA AcAra dharma stuti yogya hai / mujhe aba kheda hotA hai ki pahale maiMne isa dharma ke doSa dikhAye ye bAra kahA thA ki Izvara ko nakAranA, mAdamI kI pUjA karanA tathA kIr3oM ko pAlanA hI isa dharma kI pramukha bAteM haiN| taba maiMne nahIM socA thA ki logoM ke caritra evaM sadAcAra para isa dharma kA kitanA bar3A prabhAva hai| aksara yaha hotA hai ki kisI dharma kI pustakeM par3hane se hameM usake bAre meM vastuniSTha hI jAnakArI milatI hai, parantu najadIka se adhyayana karane para usake upayogI pakSa kI bhI hameM jAnakArI milatI hai aura usake bAre meM adhika acchI rAya banatI hai|" ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma ke itihAsa kI vastuniSTha khojabIna se isa mata kA anumodana nahIM hotA ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma se nikalA hai aura phira isakA svataMtra vikAsa huA hai| hamane yaha darzAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki jaina dharma kI prAcInatA siddha karane ke lie ise pIche mAnava-jAti kI utpatti taka le jAne ke lie,-koI nirvivAda aitihAsika pramANa na hone para bhI hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI mAtra eka zAkhA nahIM hai, balki isakA janma pahale huA hai| 27. zrI. zAha sArA sA, pUjA, bhUmikA, '* xix-xx

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mahAvIra ke pahale jaina dharma 2 jaina dharma ke bAre meM jo kaI bhrAMtiyAM haiM, unameM se eka yaha hai ki mahAvIra isa dharma ke saMsthApaka the| parantu vidvAnoM ne gaharI khojabIna karake darzAyA hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale bhI jaina dharma kA astitva thA, yadyapi yaha batAnA kaThina hai ki isa dharma kA janma ThIka kisa samaya huA / sI0 je0 zAha likhate haiM : "jaina dharma ke janma kA samaya nirdhArita karanA kaThina hI nahIM, asaMbhava hai| parantu Adhunika anveSaNa ne aba hameM eka aise sthAna para pahuMcA diyA hai jahAM se ghoSaNA karate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina dharma ko bauddha yA brAhmaNa dharma kI eka zAkhA siddha karane vAle vicAra galata the, ajJAna para AdhArita the...| vastutaH aba hama anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM eka kadama aura Age bar3ha gaye haiN| aba binA kisI naye puSTa pramANa ke yaha kahanA ki jaina dharma kA udaya mahAvIra ke sAtha huA hai, eka aitihAsika bhrAMti hI kahalAyegA / kyoMki aba yaha eka mAnya tathya hai ki jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthakara pAzvaM eka aitihAsika puruSa the, aura jina-puruSa mahAvIra tIrthaMkaroM kI mahatmaMDalI meM mAtra eka dharma-sudhAraka the|" ____ ataH spaSTa hai ki yadi hama mahAvIra ko jaina dharma kA saMsthApaka mAnate haiM to phira isa dharma kI prAcInatA ko svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI hotI hai / janoM kI mAnyatA hai ki unakA dharma anAdi-ananta kAla se calA A rahA hai aura pratyeka yuga meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ne isakA upadezana kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga ke prathama tIrthakara RSabhanAtha mAne jAte haiM aura aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra / ataH, jaina paramparA ke anusAra hI, mahAvIra eka aise dharma-sudhAraka the jinhoMne galata rAste para jA rahI janatA ke lie kucha naitika niyamoM kI naye sire se vyAkhyA kI aura unameM naye prANa phuuNke| 1. pUrvo0.1.2 2. jaina paramparA ke anusAra, hamAre yuga ke anya bAIsa (dUsare se teIsaveM taka) tIrthakara haiM: ajita, saMbhava, abhinaMdana, sumati, padmaprabha, supAtra, candramA, puSpadaMta yA suvidhi, zItala, zreyAMsa, vAsupUjya, vimala, ananta, dharma, zAnti, kuncha, bara, malli, munisubata, nimi, memi yA ariSTaneminAra paavnaam|

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mahAvIra ke pahale jaina dharma jaina dharma granthoM meM hameM sabhI caubIsa tIrthakaroM ke nAma usI krama se milate haiM. jisa krama se be hue haiM, aura unake jIvana kAla ke bAre meM bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| mAnyatA hai ki prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha 84,00,300 varSa jIvita rahe, bAIsaveM tI kara nemi 1000 varSa, teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzva 100 varSa aura caubIsaveM tIrthakara mahAvIra 72 varSa jIvita rahe / raft resist tathA anya kucha vidvAna prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha ko kucha hada taka eka aitihAsika vyakti mAnate haiM aura jaina loga apanI prAcInatama dharma-pustaka pUrva ko RSabha ke samaya kI kRti mAnate haiM, parantu itihAsa ke vidvAna kevala aMtima do tIrthakaroM - pArzva va mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA siddha kara pAte haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, lAssena pArzva ke bAre meM likhate haiM: "ye jina eka aitihAsika vyakti the, yaha bAta isa ullekha se prAmANita hotI hai ki pahale ke tIrthaMkaroM kI taraha inakA jIvana-kAla mAnava ke jIvana kAla kI saMbhAvita sImA ke pare nahIM hai / "5 jaba hama isa tathya para gaura karate haiM ki bhArata para sikaMdara ke hamale ke samaya se hI bhAratIya itihAsa kI tithiyoM kA nirdhAraNa saMbhava huA hai aura pArzva ke pahale ke kAla ke bAre meM itihAsajJoM ko prAmANika jAnakArI nahIM milI hai, to kevala pArzva va mahAbIra kI aitihAsikatA ko hI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / 13 yadyapi pApa ke bAre meM bhI pratyakSa aitihAsika ullekha nahIM mile haiM, phira bhI kucha ullekha haiM / mathurA se kucha aise abhilekha mile haiM jinameM RSabha tathA kucha anya tIrthakaroM kI pUjA-arcanA ke ullekha haiM / inameM se mahatva ke tIna abhilekhoM kA Azaya hai : ( 1 ) RSabhadeva prasanna ho; (2) mahaMtoM kI arcanA; ' ( 3 ) arhata mAna kI arcanA ! 8 inake mahattva ke bAre meM kaniMghama ne likhA hai : "ina abhilekhoM se prApta jAnakArI prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa ke lie atyanta mahattva kI hai| sabakA prAya: eka hI Azaya hai kucha vyaktiyoM dvArA dharma kI abhivRddhi ke lie aura unake tathA unake mAtA-pitA ke kalyANa ke lie diye gaye dAnoM ko lekhabaddha karanA / parantu ina abhilekhoM meM sirpha itanI hI jAnakArI rahI hotI to inakA koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM hotA / vastusthiti yaha hai ki mathurA ke ina lekhoM meM se adhikAMza meM dAtAoM ne tatkAlIna zAsakoM ke nAma tathA dAna ke samaya kI 3. eka 'pUrva' varSa ko 7,05,60,00,00,00,000 varSoM ke barAbara mAnA jAtA hai 4. 'kalpa - sUkha', 227, 182, 168 va 147 5. i0 e0, II, pR0 261 6. epigrAphikA 'iDikA, I. 386, abhilekha VIII 7. vahI, I, 383, abhi0 III 8. vahI, I, 396, abhi0 VIII

Page #22
. navIna saMvat tithiyAM aMkita kara dI hai| yaha jAnakArI itihAsa kI lupta kar3iyoM ko jor3ane ke lie bar3I upayogI hai.""hamAre dRSTikoNa se maha abhilekha jaina dharma ke atiprAcIna udgama tathA kaI tIrthaMkaroM kI RmikatA para prakAza malate haiN| kalpa- tathA anya bana jAnakArI dete haiM ki mokSa prApti ke pahale pArzvanAtha hajArIbAga jile kI eka pahAr3I para pahuMce the| yaha sthAna 'pArasanAya pahAr3I' ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura pAvaM kI aitihAsikatA ke lie eka prakAra kA smArakIya sabUta hai| - jaina graMthoM meM pArzva ke bAre meM tathA sAmAnyataH janoM ke bAre meM jo kaI ullekha milate haiM, unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kama-se-kama pAvaM kI aitihAsikatA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jaina dharma mahAvIra se nizcaya hI adhika prAcIna thaa| isa saMdarbha meM yahAM hama kucha ullekha prastuta karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM pArzva kI paramparA ke anuyAyI (pAzrvApatyika) kezI aura mahAvIra ke anuyAyI gautama ke milane kI tathA donoM ke bIca hue saMvAda kI jAnakArI hai|" yaha saMvAda donoM paramparAoM ke AcAra-vicAra sambandhI matabhedoM ko lekara huA thA, aura kahA gayA hai ki isameM anta meM kezI ne gautama ke mata ko svIkAra kara liyaa| hama jAnate haiM ki pAvaM ne cAra dhAmoM yAnI mahAvatoM kA upadeza diyA thA aura mahAvIra ne pAMca yAmoM kaa|" viSNu purANa, mahAbhArata tathA manusmRti jaise prAcIna hindU granthoM meM bhI hameM jainoM ke ullekha milate haiN| yahAM hameM isa bAta se sarokAra nahIM hai ki jainoM kA ullekha karanevAle ye anya kitane prAcIna hai| hamAre lie (aura jaina dharma kI utpatti kI khojabIna karanevAle vidvAnoM ke lie) mahattva kI bAta yahI hai ki inameM prathama tIbaMkara RSabha ke nAma ke ullekha pAye jAte haiN| viSNu purANa ke apane anuvAda meM vilsana likhate haiM : "nAbhirAja ko rAnI marudevI se RSabha nAma ke eka mahAmanA putra hue| RSabha ke sau putra the, jinameM bharata jyeSTha the| samabhAva tathA kuzalatA se rAjya karane ke bAda aura kaI yajJa karane ke bAda, RSabha ne vIra bharata ko rAjya sauMpa diyA-""bhAgavata purANa para eka TippaNI meM vilsana ne likhA hai : "isa grantha meM RSabha ke tapazcaraNa tathA unake jIvana kI anya ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM aisI jAnakArI milatI hai jo anya purANoM meM upalabdha 9. 'bhAkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iMDiyA riporTa sa', baNDa tIna, 1. 38-39 10. 168 11.XXIII.9 12. XXIII. 29 13.XXIII. 12 14. pu. 163

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mahAvIra ke pahale baina dharma nahIM hai| inameM rocaka ghaTanAeM haiM jinameM sapA kI koMka, baiMkaTa, kuTaka tavA bakSiNa koTaka pradezoM kI yAtrAoM kI aura ina pradezoM ke logoM dvArA baina dharma apanAne kI bAteM haiN|"puraannoN ke aitihAsika mahatva ke bAre meM bulara likhate haiM-"hameM vizeSa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki sabase prAcIna hI nahIM balki bAda kI kathAnoM meM bhI jina vyaktiyoM kA ullekha jAtA hai| aitihAsika vyakti haiM / yadyapi aksara yaha hotA hai ki ye vyakti jisa kAla ke ye usa kAla ke na darakSAkara pahale ke yA bAda ke daravAye gaye haiM aura inake bAre meM bar3I hI betukI kathAeM kahI gayI haiN| phira bhI aisI koI ghaTanA nahIM hai jisameM mAye hue kisI vyakti ke nAma ke bAre meM hama dAve ke sAtha yaha kaha sakeM ki maha kevala kalpanA para AdhArita hai| viparIta, naye prakAza meM bhA rahe abhilekhoM, hastalekhoM aura aitihAsika granthoM se purANoM meM varNita kisI-na-kisI vyakti ke vastutaH hone kA samarthana hotA hai| isI prakAra, purANoM meM dI gayI sabhI yathArtha tithiyoM para bhI vizeSa dhyAna denA jarUrI hai| yadi eka-dUsare se bhinna do purANoM meM samAna tithiyAM milatI haiM, to unheM binA kisI saMdeha ke aitihAsika dRSTi se satya mAna lenA caahie|" hamAre saMvarma meM isa sabakA Azaya hai ki kama-sekama antima do tIrthaMkaroM ke bAre meM hameM, aitihAsika pramANoM ke alAvA, purANoM se bhI aitihAsika ullekha milate haiN| ___ kolaka, sTIvensana, eDavarDa thaoNmasa tathA mAla khArapeMTiera jaise Adhunika vidvAnoM kA bhI yahI mata hai ki jaina dharma mahAvIra se adhika prAcIna hai| bArapeMTiera likhate haiM : "hameM ye do bAteM smaraNa rakhanI cAhie ki jaina dharma mahAvIra se nizcaya hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki unake pahale ke tIrthakara, pAva eka aitihAsika vyakti the, aura isalie mUla dharma ke AcAra-vicAra mahAvIra ke kAphI pahale astitva meM A gaye hoNge|"" isI prakAra dAsagupta likhate haiM : "uttarAjyamana kI isa kathA se ki pArzva ke eka ziSya aura mahAvIra ke eka ziSya kI meMTa huI aura purAne jaina dharma tathA mahAvIra ke naye dharma kA mela humA, yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzva eka aitihAsika puruSa the| ina sabhI bAtoM se siddha ho jAtA hai ki jaina dharma kama-se-kama mahAvIra se to prAcIna hai hii| 15. vahI, pR. 164 16. yUjara mevena bes bana-monces hemacandra (jana-muni hemacandra ke jIvana ke bAre meM), 1.6, sI00 mAha bArA gya.va, pUrvo01. 191-192 17. dekhiye, 'uttarAdhyayana-sUtra' kI bhUmikA, e. 21 18. pUoN., baNDa prathama, pu.169

Page #24
pArzva aura mahAvIra 3 pArzva aura mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA lagabhaga siddha hai| aba hameM yaha jAnanA hai ki mahAvIra ne pArzva ke upadezoM ko kisa hada taka badalA hai| pArzva teIsaveM tIrthaMkara the aura mahAvIra caubIsaveM, yaha aba siddha ho cukA hai; phira bhI ina donoM kI tithiyoM ke bAre meM vidvAnoM meM aba bhI matabheda hai| eka mata yaha hai ki pArzva kA janma lagabhaga 872 I0 pU0 meM huA thA aura 772 I0 pU0 ke AsapAsa unheM nirvANa prApta huA, aura mahAvIra 598 I0 pU0 meM paidA hue aura 526 I0 pU0 meM unakA dehAvasAna huaa| dUsare mata ke anusAra, pArzva 817 I0 pU0 meM paidA hue aura mahAvIra 599 I0 pU0 meM / jaina sAhitya meM pArzva tathA mahAvIra ke matoM kI bhinnatA ke spaSTa ullekha milate haiM / bhagavatI sUtra meM pArzva ke cAra yAmoM meM aura mahAvIra ke pAMca yAmoM meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| prasaMga yaha hai ki eka bAra pArzva ke eka anuyAyI (pAvapatyika) aura mahAvIra ke eka anuyAyI ke bIca vAda-vivAda hotA hai / anta meM pAva kA anuyAyI cAturyAma ke sthAna para mahAvIra ke saMzodhita paMcayAmoM ko svIkAra karatA hai aura mahAvIra ke saMgha meM zAmila hone kI icchA vyakta karatA hai / " yAkobI ne isa antara ke lie bauddha grantha sAmaphalasula meM bhI sabUta khojA hai| cAtu-yAma-saMvarasaMyuto nAmaka sUtra ke bAre meM likhate hue ve kahate haiM: "isakA sambandha mahAvIra ke pahale ke tIrthaMkara pArzva ke cAturyAma dharma se hai aura mahAvIra ke saMzodhita paMcayAma dharma se isakA bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai / "2 paMcayAma yAnI pAMca mahAvrata ye haiM ahiMsA, sUnRtA, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / pArzva ke cAturyAma meM brahmacarya kA samAveza aparigraha ke aMtargata hotA thA / 1 mahAvIra ke paMcayAma dharma kA spaSTa ullekha AcArAMga meM bhI milatA hai|" isI prakAra, uttarAdhyayana meM bhI pArzva ke cAturyAma aura mahAvIra ke paMcagrAma ke 1. I. 76 2. 60 e0, IX, pu0 160 3. II, 15, 29

Page #25
pAva aura mahAvIra bAre meM ullekha milate haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita 'do rUpoM ke bAre meM yAkobI kA mata hai-"anya meM varNita vAda-vivAda se patA calatA hai ki pAravaM aura mahAvIra ke bIca ke kAla meM zramaNa saMgha ke AcaraNa-dharma meM zithilatAbA gayI thii| kyoMki pArzva ke bAda kAphI samaya gujara jAne para hI aisA honA saMbhava thA, isalie yaha paramparA sahI jAna par3atI hai ki mahAvIra pArzva ke 250 varSa bAda hue| vratoM kI sUcI meM brahmacarya kA samAveza karane ke bAre meM yAkobI kA jo mata hai, use sAmAnyataH svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai| parantu yaha bhI eka mata hai ki jainoM ke AjIvaka sampradAya ke saMsthApaka gauzAla, jo ki mahAvIra ke eka ziSya the, durAcArI bana gaye the aura unake jIvana-kAla meM hI jaina dharma kI Alo. canA karane laga gaye the, isalie mahAvIra ne vratoM kI sUcI meM vizeSa rUpa se brahmacarya kA samAveza kiyaa| yaha bhI eka mata hai ki mahAvIra dvArA jor3A gayA nayA vrata brahmacarya nahIM balki aparigraha hai, aura mahAvIra avasana vicaraNa karate the| isa matavAloM kA kahanA hai ki, mahAvIra ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki vastroM ke bandhana se mukta hone ke bAda hI tapasvI tRSNAoM se mukti pA sakatA hai / aparigraha kA artha hai-ghara aura sage-sambandhiyoM kA tyAga karanA, aura apanI jIvikA ke lie bhI pAsa kucha na rakhanA / eka aura mata yaha bhI hai ki mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ke sAtha-sAtha aparigraha para bhI vizeSa bala diyA / jaise, umeza mizra ne likhA hai : "mahAvIra ne brahmacarya kA samAveza tapasviyoM ke lie bhI kiyaa| ve samajhate the ki tapasvI ko apanI iMdriyoM evaM vRttiyoM para pUrI taraha kAbU pA lenA cAhie aura isa saMsAra meM pUrNataH nilipta rahanA cAhie, aura isalie apane vastra bhI tyAga dene caahie| mahAvIra kA saMbhavata: yaha mata thA ki tapasvI jaba taka vastroM ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtA, taba taka vaha sahI mAne meM nilipta nahIM ho sktaa|" jaina granthoM meM yadyapi pAva aura mahAvIra ke matoM ke bIca ke antara ke bAre meM ullekha milate haiM, parantu yaha bAta mahattva kI hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra donoM matoM meM tattvataH koI antara nahIM hai / prasaMga hai ki pApityika kaizI mahAvIra ke eka ziSya sudharma-gautama se paMcavata dharma kI vizeSatA ke bAre meM jAnanA cAhate haiN| vaha pUchate haiM : "donoM dharmoM kA uddezya eka hI hai, to phira yaha antara kyoM? 4.XXIII,23416 5. dekhiye 'usarAdhyayana' kA unakA anuvAda,XXIII, 26 kI pAvaTippaNI 6. 'hisTrI oNpha iMDiyana philaoNsaphI' (ilAhAbAda : tirabhukti pablikezansa, 1957), khaNDa prathama, 1.230

Page #26
jaina darzana hai mahAmati, kyA Apako ina do dharmo meM koI antara nahIM dikhAI detA ?"" gautama ne uttara diyA : "pArzvanAtha apane samaya ko bhalIbhAMti samajhate the, isalie apane yuga ke logoM ke lie unhoMne cAturyAma kA upadeza diyA / apane samaya ke logoM ke lie jaina dharma adhika upayogI siddha ho, isalie mahAvIra ne unhIM cAra yAmoM ko pAMca grAmoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA / vastutaH donoM tIrthaMkaroM ke upadezoM meM koI tAtvika antara nahIM hai / ' 118 mahAvIra ne ThIka kisa naye vrata kI sthApanA kI, isa prazna para kabhI-kabhI zvetAmbara tathA digambara sampradAyoM ke bIca ke sacela-acela ke vAda-vivAda ke saMdarbha meM bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| eka mata yaha hai ki mahAvIra dharmasudhAraka the, isalie unhoMne tapasviyoM ke 'digambara' rahane kA virodha kiyaa| dUsarA mata yaha hai ki unhoMne hI aparigraha ke vrata kI sthApanA kI aura isake kaThora pAlana para vizeSa bala diyaa| parantu jaba hama isa bAta para socate haiM ki mahAvIra ne striyoM ko bhI yahI vrata lene kI anumati dI thI, jaba ki digambara sampradAya kA mata thA ki striyoM ko nirvANa prApti nahIM ho sakatI, isake lie pahale unheM puruSa rUpa meM janma lenA hogA, to lagatA hai ki ina do matoM meM pahalA mata hI sahI hai| digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM AcaraNa kI dRSTi se kAphI antara hai, parantu prAyaH sabhI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki tasvadRSTi se donoM meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai / aura, mahAvIra ne apane yuga kI badalI huI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa pArzva ke upadezoM meM parivartana bhI kiyaa| ataH ina bAtoM se yahI sahI jAna par3atA hai ki mahAvIra ne aparigraha ke vrata ko itanA kaThora nahI bnaayaa| jaina sAhitya se jAnakArI milatI hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM naitika AcaraNa meM zithilatA A gayI thI aura isake bAre meM ve bar3e ciMtAtura the, isalie hama isa natIje para pahuMcate haiM ki unake dvArA jor3A gayA pAMcavAM vrata aparigraha nahIM balki brahmacarya hai| 18 anta meM, donoM tIrthaMkaroM ke bIca kI eka aura samAnatA kA ullekha karanA jarUrI hai| yaha samAnatA saMgha ke saMgaThana ke bAre meM hai| donoM isa bAta se sahamata ke ki bhikSa, tathA bhikSaNI aura gRhastha tathA gRhiNI donoM kA saMgha meM samAveza 7. XXIII. 24 8. bahI, XXII1-23-31 9. umeza mizra, pU0 pR0 230 isa vijJAna kA bhI yahI mata hai ki mahAvIra ne naitika AcaraNa ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyaa| "unakA mata thA ki parama satya kI prApti ke lie samyaka AcaraNoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana karate hue zarIra va mana ko zuddha rakhanA atyanta jarUrI hai|" (vahI, pR0 231)

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pAya aura mahAvIra hotA hai| parantu mahAvIra ne sAmAnya gRhastha aura bAraha baloM ko aMgIkAra karate vAle muhastha meM bheda kiyaa| ina do prakAra ke gRhasthoM ko kramazaH zrAvaka bora zramaNopAsaka kahA gayA hai| zrAvaka ko jaina dharma ke prati kevala apanI bavA tayA bhakti vyakta karanI hotI thI; parantu dhamaNopAsaka ko pAMca anuvrata tathA sAta zIlavata aMgIkAra karane hote the, aura isa prakAra use apanI yAtrAoM tathA bAkAkSAoM ke bAre meM kucha 'sImAeM" svIkAra karanI hotI thiiN| pAMca mahAvata muniyoM ke lie the| donoM tIrSakaroM meM ye saba asamAnatAeM hone para bhI hama dekhate haiM ki unake AcAra dhamoM meM bar3I samAnatA thI aura isase isa mata kA anumodana hotA hai ki mahAvIra eka naye sampradAya ke saMsthApaka nahIM the, unhoMne kevala pahale ke tIrSakaroM kI paramparA ko sAtvika evaM zravA bhAva se Age bar3hAne kA hI kArya kiyA hai|

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zvetAmbara aura digambara janoM ke do pramukha sampradAya haiM : zvetAmbara aura digambara / vyApaka dRSTi se ina donoM sampradAyoM ke tAtvika ciMtana meM koI maulika antara nahIM hai| yaha isI se jAhira hai ki donoM sampradAya tasyAdhigama sUtra ko eka atyanta prAmANika anya mAnate haiM / isa grantha ke racayitA saMbhavataH koI zvetAmbara anuyAyI the, parantu digambara bhI ise apanA eka pramukha grantha mAnate haiN| phira bhI, eka gaira-jaina jaba digambaroM ke zucipUrNa AcaraNa ko dekhatA hai, to use lagatA hai ki zvetAmbaroM nayA digambaroM meM avazya hI koI maulika bheda hai / vastutaH donoM meM bahuta hI kama antara hai, yaha bAta prakaraNa ke anta meM spaSTa ho jaaygii| isa saMdarbha meM eka zvetAmbara anuyAyI kA eka dilacaspa kathana hai : "jainoM meM hama kaitholika' haiM. to digambara 'pyuuriittn'|" isase donoM kI carama sImAeM, kama-se-kama digambaroM ke bAhya svarUpa ke bAre meM, spaSTa ho jAtI haiN| digambaroM ke lie AkAza hI vastra hai (yahAM dik kA artha hai AkAza, aura ambara kA artha hai vastra) / nirvasana rahakara duniyA ko ve yahI dikhAnA cAhate the ki unakA sambandha kisI varga yA kauma vizeSa se na hokara sArI mAnavatA se hai aura isalie unhoMne sambandha-sUcaka isa antima vihna vastra kA bhI tyAga kara diyA hai| jhimmera ne dharma ke bAre meM jo eka sAmAnya bAta kahI hai, usase hameM yaha samajhane meM madada milatI hai ki digambaroM ne nilipta bane rahane para itanA bala kyoM diyaa| ve likhate haiM : "yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki dharma hameM anta meM sAMsArika jIvana kI AkAMkSAoM evaM vipadAoM aura mahattvAkAMkSAoM evaM bAdhAoM se mukti dilAyegA kyoMki dharma AtmA kI mAMga karatA hai| parantu dharma eka : sAmAjika prapaMca hai, isalie yaha bandhana kA eka sAdhana bhI hai...| jo koI bhI, : apane samAja ke jabaradasta moha-bandhana se mukta honA cAhatA hai use dhArmika : samAja se apane ko alaga karanA hogaa| isake lie eka purAtana upAya hai 1. dekhiye 'insAiklopiDiyA oNpha rilijana epa eviksa', va 22,5* 123

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zvetAmbara aura digambara 21 bhima bana jAnA, sAmAnya mAnavIya bandhanoM se apanI rakSA karane ke lie ekAnta kA pujArI bnnaa|" bhArata para sikaMdara ke hamale ke samaya (327-326 I0pU0) deza meM digambaroM kA acchA-khAsA samadAya thAyanAnI itihAsakAroM ne ina jimnosophisTa' yAnI nagna dArzanika kahA hai| digambara sampradAya saMbhavataH sAkI sabI sadI taka TikA rhaa| phira muslima zAsakoM ne unake naMge rahane para roka lagA dii| zvetAmbara 'zveta vastradhArI' hote haiM aura ye zveta vastra unakI pavitratA' sambandhI dhAraNA ke ghotaka haiN| isase unakA sArvalaukika dRSTikoNa spaSTa hotA hai| jaina paramparA se adhika alaga na jAkara unhoMne ziSTatA kA vizeSa khyAla rkhaa| eka mata yaha hai ki jaina dharma meM isa svastha paramparA kA Agamana mahAvIra ke prayAsa se huA aura unhoMne striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM zAmila hone kI anumati de dii| parantu kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki mahAvIra 'jimnosophisTa'the / yadi yaha mata saca hai, to phira hameM yaha samajhane meM kaThinAI hotI hai ki unhoMne jaina paramparA meM sudhAra kaise kiyA; kyoMki digambaroM kI kaTTara mAnyatAboM meM se eka yaha hai ki striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza nahIM milanA cAhie, aura mahAvIra unako praveza dilAne / kA samarthana karate haiN| yaha nizcita jAna par3atA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI ina donoM sampradAyoM kA astitva thA aura unhoMne kisI taraha ina donoM ko ekatra banAye rakhA / donoM kA pRthakkaraNa kAphI bAda meM huaa| jhimmera jaise kucha vidvAnoM ne isa prazna para bhI vicAra kiyA hai ki donoM sampradAyoM meM se kisakA udaya pahale huA hai / parantu hamAre lie yahI jAnanA upayogI hogA ki inameM phUTa kaba aura kaise par3I, kyoMki yaha sarvamAnya hai ki donoM sampradAya jaina dharma kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / ataH adhika saMbhava yahI hai ki kisI bhI sAmAjika saMsthA meM antanihita jo vibhAjaka zaktiyAM hotI haiM, unhIM se jaina samAja bhI prabhAvita humA hai| jaina dharma meM isa phUTa ke bAre meM kaI mata haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra isa phUTa ke do kAraNa ho sakate haiM / pahalA kAraNa yaha batAyA jAtA hai ki candragupta maurya ke samaya meM (310I0pU0 ke bhAsapAsa) magadha deza meM bAraha sAla kA akAla par3A thaa| isa akAla se bacane ke lie bAraha hajAra bhikSa bhAvAhu ke netRtva meM dakSiNa bhArata cale gaye, parantu nagna rahane ke niyama pAlana karate rahe / bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti meM sthUlabhadra uttara 2. 'philaoNsaphIja maoNka haMDiyA' (laMdana : kaTaneva ega kemAna paoNla, 1953), 1. 158. 159

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jaina darzana bhArata meM saMgha pramukha bane, to unhoMne isa niyama meM DhIla dI aura donoM sampradAyoM ke bhikSa uoM ko vastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati de dii| jaba bhadrabAhu lauTa Ae aura puna: saMgha pramukha bane, to kucha bhikSuoM ko bhI 'digambara' banAne meM unheM saphalatA nahIM milii| isase bhadrabAhu citita the| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki bhadrabAhu jaba magadha se anupasthita the, to dharma granthoM kA saMkalana evaM saMpAdana karane ke lie sthUlabhadra ne pATaliputra meM eka saMgha-sammelana kA Ayojana karAyA thaa| yaha sammelana kevala 11 aMgoM kA hI saMkalana kara pAyA; bArahavAM aMga jisameM 14 pUrva the, saMkalita na ho skaa| cUMki sthUlabhadra ina caudaha pUrvo ko bhalIbhAMti jAnate the, isalie unhoMne inakA vAcana kiyA aura isa prakAra vAra bhI taiyAra ho gayA / bhadrabAhu ko yaha bAta bhI paMsada nahIM AyI / sammelana kA mAyojana unakI anupasthiti meM kiyA gayA thA, isalie unhoMne bArahaveM aMga tathA anya saMkalita aMgoM ko bhI mAnane se inakAra kara diyaa| isa prakAra, anta meM 83 I0 meM donoM sampradAyoM ke bIca kA antara pakkA ho gayA (nti ke anusAra 142 I0 meM) 1 zvetAmbaroM kA mata hai ki mahAvIra ke bAda ke AThaveM uttarAdhikArI bhadrabAhu hI niyamoM meM zithilatA lAne ke lie jimmevAra haiM aura zvetAmbara sampradAya kA udaya 80 I0 meM huaa| ye do sampradAya ThIka kisa prakAra astitva meM Aye, isake bAre meM eka rocaka kathA bhI hai| rAjA kI sevA meM eka vyakti thA / vaha jaba zivabhUti nAma se bhikSa, banA, to rAjA ne use eka bar3hiyA kambala bheMTa kiyaa| zivabhUti ke guru ne use samajhAyA ki yaha kambala usake lie phaMdA banatA jA rahA hai, isalie use ise tyAga denA caahie| zivabhUti ne jaba tadanusAra nahIM kiyA, to guru ne eka dina ziSya kI anupasthiti meM usa kambala ko phAr3a DAlA / zivabhUti ko jaba isa bAta kA patA calA to unheM bar3A krodha AyA aura unhoMne ghoSaNA kI ki vaha usa eka vastu ko bhI apane pAsa nahIM rakha sakate jo unake lie mahatva kI hai, to vaha apane pAsa kucha bhI nahIM rakheMge aura nagna vicaraNa kreNge...| aura vahIM para usI samaya unhoMne digambaroM ke eka naye sampradAya kI nIMva ddaalii| " 22 isI kathA se sambandhita eka ghaTanA yaha bhI hai ki zivabhUti kI bahana saMgha meM zAmila honA cAhatI thI, parantu isakI use anumati nahIM milI / nagna vicaraNa karanA eka strI ke lie avyAvahArika hai, isalie zivabhUti ne apanI bahana ko batAyA ki eka strI ke lie bhikSa uNI bananA athavA puruSa janma liye binA mukti pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| isa kathA meM aitihAsika tathya ho yA na ho, parantu digambaroM ne saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza para sakhta pAbaMdI lagA rakhI hai, isalie isa 3. dekhiye, 'insAiklopiDiyA gaoNpha rilijana eNDa emiksa', khaNDa 12, pR0 123

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zvetAmbara aura digambara kathA meM, vizeSata: isa prasaMga meM ki zivabhUti ne apanI bahana kA mikSa bhI bananA svIkAra nahIM kiyA, kucha sAra pratIta hotA hai| aba nIce hama ina do sampradAyoM ke kucha matAntaroM kA ullekha kareMge : 23. tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM : donoM sampradAyoM kI mUrtiyoM ke lAkSaNika svarUpoM meM bhinnatA hai / zvetAmbara paraMparA kI mUrtiyAM kaTivastra dhAraNa kie, ratnAbhUSaNoM se suzobhita tathA saMgamarmara meM biThAyI kAMca kI AMkhoM se mukta rahatI haiN| digambara paraMparA kI mUrtiyAM nagna hotI haiM aura AMkheM nIce kI ora jhukI rahatI haiM / mahAvIra ke sambandha meM : zvetAmbaroM kA mata hai ki mahAvIra kI mAtA bhaviyANI vizalA hai, parantu garma rahA thA brAhmaNI devAnandA ko / kahA jAtA hai ki garbha dhAraNa ke AThaveM dina indra devatA ne garma sthAnAntarita kiyaa| isa kathA kA ullekha kama-se-kama tIna jaina granthoM meM hai - AcArAMga, kalpasUtra tathA bhagavatI sUtra / isa bAta kI kAphI saMbhAvanA hai ki kalpasUtra ke lekhaka ne brAhmaNoM ko nIcI nigAha se dekhane kI apane samaya kI bhAvanA ke vazIbhUta hokara yaha kathA gar3hI ho aura bAda meM AcArAMga meM bhI ise sthAna mila gayA ho| isa kathA ke bAre meM yAkobI kA mata hai ki siddhArtha ( mahAvIra ke pitA) kI do patniyAM thIM---brAhmaNI devAnandA aura kSatriyANI vizalA / aura bAlaka ko jIvana-yApana kI vizeSa suvidhAeM mileM, isalie use kSatriyANI kA putra mAna liyA gyaa| parantu jaba hama dekhate haiM ki usa jamAne me antarjAtIya vivAha ko pasaMda nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, to yAkobI ke mata ko svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI hotI hai| saMbhava hai ki devAnandA vAstavika mAM nahIM, balki ghAya mAM thIM / AcArAMga se jAnakArI milatI hai ki bAlaka mahAvIra kI dekhabhAla ke lie pAMca paricArikAeM thIM aura inameM se eka dhAya mAM thI / digambara isa pUrI kathA ko asaMgata evaM avizvasanIya mAnate haiM / 1 zvetAmbaroM dvArA likhI gaI mahAvIra kI jIvaniyoM meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki ki ve bacapana se hI dArzanika vRtti ke the| sAMsArika jIvana ko tyAganA cAhate the, kintu mAtA-pitA kI anumati nahIM thI isalie unhoMne aisA nahIM kiyA / digambara mata yaha hai ki sAMsArika vastuoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA se vyathita hokara tIsa sAla kI Ayu meM unhoMne ekAeka gRhatyAga kiyA, aura usa samaya taka anya rAjakumAroM kI taraha ve bhI rAjamahala ke jIvana kI sabhI sukha-suvidhAoM ko bhogate rahe /

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jaina darzana zvetAmbaroM ne likhA hai ki mahAvIra kA vivAha AraMbhika yuvAvasthA meM hI ho gayA thaa| aura tIsa sAla kI Ayu meM tapasvI banane ke samaya taka unhoMne eka gRhastha kA jIvana bitAyA hai| yaha bAta zvetAmbaroM ke isa mata ke anurUpa hai ki mahAvIra bacapana se hI vairAgya vRtti ke the aura sAMsArika jIvana kA tyAga karanA cAhate the / isase unake mAtA- zitA bar3e ciMtita the, isalie unhoMne jaldI hI mahAvIra kA vivAha kara diyA aura unake lie sAMsArika sukha kI vastueM upalabdha karA diiN| batAyA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kA vivAha rAjakumArI yazodA se huA thA / digambara mata hai ki mahAvIra kA vivAha nahIM huA thaa| isake lie ve paumacariya tathA Avazyaka niyukti ke padyoM kA havAlA dete haiN| ina granthoM meM fafbhanna tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvana-gAthAeM haiN| inameM 12, 16veM 22veM 23veM tathA 24 tIrthaMkara mahAvIra) aura zeSa sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke bIca spaSTa antara darazAyA gayA hai / ina granthoM ke anusAra, uparyukta pAMca tIrthaMkaroM ne kumAra avasthA meM hI saMsAra tyAga kara diyA thA, jaba ki anya tIrthaMkaroM ne apane-apane rAjya bhogane ke bAda saMsAra tyAga kiyaa| saMskRta meM isa kumAra zabda ke do artha haiM--- rAjakumAra aura avivAhita / ina granthoM meM jisa saMdarbha meM kumAra zabda kA ullekha AyA hai, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha mahAvIra ke avivAhita hone kA dyotaka nahIM hai / ! isa bAta kI kAphI saMbhAvanA hai ki mahAvIra apanI icchA ke viruddha vivAha ke lie sahamata hue hoM, parantu yaha lagabhaga nizcita hai ki unakA vivAha huA thA / zvetAmbaroM kA mata hai ki mahAvIra kI pravrajita hone kI bar3I icchA thI, kintu unhoMne mAM ko vacana diyA thA ki mAtA-pitA ke jIvita rahate ve saMnyAsI nahIM bneNge| mAtA ke Agraha karane para hI unhoMne yaha vacana diyA thaa| mAtApitA kI mRtyu ke bAda bhI bar3e bhAI se anumati lekara hI mahAvIra pravrajita hue the / zvetAmbaroM ke matAnusAra, mahAvIra ne yaha saba isalie kiyA ki pravrajita hone ke pahale ve kisI ko duHkha nahIM denA cAhate the| digambaroM kA mata hai ki mahAvIra ne apane mAtA-pitA ke jIvana kAla meM aura unakI icchA ke viruddha hI gRhatyAga kiyaa| * 24 dharma granthoM ke bAre meM zvetAmbaroM kA mata hai ki caudaha pUrva lupta ho gaye haiM, parantu prathama gyAraha aMga upalabdha haiN| digambaroM kA mata hai ki pUrva tathA aMga donoM hI lupta ho gaye haiN| ve AcArya sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM Ayojita prathama saMgha-sammelana kI kAryavAhI ko svIkAra nahI karane, isalie punaH saMkalita baMga sAhitya bhI unheM mAnya nahIM hai|

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zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM sampradAyoM ke dharmazAstra tara granthoM kI sUciyoM meM bhI kAphI antara hai| zvetAmbara gRhasthoM ko dharmagrantha par3hane kI anumati nahIM dete the, kintu digambaroM ne sabhI ko dharmagrantha par3hane kI anumati de dI thI / 25 striyoM ke bAre meM zvetAmbaroM kA mata thA ki eka strI bhI tIrthaMkara bana sakatI hai, isalie unhoMne striyoM ko pravrajita hone kI anumati de dI / parantu digambaroM ne striyoM ko saMgha meM zAmila hone kI anumati nahIM dii| unakA mata thA ki strI ke puruSa janma lene para hI use tIrthaMkara-pada kI prApti ho sakatI hai / upavargoM ke bAre meM zvetAmbaroM ke do varga ho gaye sthAnakavAsI tathA devAsI / digambaroM ke cAra pramukha varga hue - kASThAsaMgha, mUlasaMgha, mathurAsaMgha aura gaupyasaMgha / inameM bahuta hI thor3A antara hai| cauthe varga kI kaI bAteM zvetAmbaroM se milatI hai / muniyoM ke bAre meM zvetAmbara muni kaTivastra, uttarIya Adi caudaha vastueM apane pAsa rakha sakatA hai / use bhramaNa karate rahane kI anumati thI / ataH yaha Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai ki gRhastha loga muniyoM se kucha parezAna bhI the / digambara sAdhu apane pAsa kevala do vastueM rakha sakatA hai - morapaMkha aura mArjanI / aura use araNya meM hI rahanA hotA thA / prAcAryoM kI jIvaniyoM ke bAre meM zvetAmbara caritra zabda kA prayoga karate haiM aura digambara purANa zabda kA /

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jaina sAhitya 5 jaina dharma mahAvIra se adhika prAcIna hai, isalie jAhira hai ki sArA dharma sAhitya kevala caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara dvArA upadiSTa nahIM ho sakatA / parantu mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko vizeSa mahattva prApta hai / unake upadezoM kA dharma granthoM meM saMkalana huA hai aura ye grantha pramukha rUpa se jaina paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / jaina dharma ke adhyayana meM aneka kaThinAiyAM haiN| eka kAraNa hai isa dharma kI praaciintaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki IsA kI pAMcavIM sadI taka ke anekAneka jainAcAryoM kI dArzanika kRtiyAM upalabdha nahIM haiN| dharma granthoM kA saMkalana saMbhavata: pAMcavIM sadI meM huaa| cUMki dharma granthoM ke saMkalana ke lie Ayojita saMghasammelanoM ke bAre meM nirvivAda tithiyAM nahIM milatIM isalie jaina dharma ke itihAsa ke adhyayana meM aneka kaThinAiyAM haiN| ina saMgha-sammelanoM kI upalabdhiyoM ke bAre meM bhI matAntara haiN| eka mata hai ki prathama saMgha sammelana kA Ayojana (300 pU0 ke AsapAsa) pATaliputra meM huA thA aura usameM caudaha pUrvo meM se kevala dasa pUrvo kA hI saMkalana huA, parantu jainoM kA eka varga ise svIkAra nahIM karatA / ataH isa mata ke anusAra, siddhAMta kI utpatti dasa pUrva tathA anya aMgoM ke saMkana ke sAtha hI huI hai| yA khArapeMTiera isa mata ko asvIkAra karate haiM ki prathama sammelana ke samaya kevala dasa pUrva hI saMkalita hue| vaha isa mata ko bhI asvIkAra karate haiM ki sammelana ke samaya caudaha pUrvo kA astitva nahIM thaa| vaha likhate haiM: na kevala cauthe aMga ke racayitA ko balki kAphI bAda ke nandosUtra ke racayitA ko bhI sAre caudaha pUrvo kI jAnakArI thii| ina caudaha pUrvo kA dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMga meM saMkalana huA thA aura kAphI bAda taka hameM isa grantha ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| isake alAvA agoM tathA anya dharma graMthoM para likhI gayI TIkAoM meM bhI hameM uddharaNa ke rUpa meM pUrvo ke kucha aMza milate haiN| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki 300 I0 pU0 ke saMgha-sammelana ke kAphI bAda taka pUrvI kA astitva rahA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki -- bhadrabAhu aura zUlabhadra ke samaya ke bAda bhI prAcIna dharma graMthoM kA astitva rahA hai|"" 1. 'uttarAdhyayana sUta' (upasAlA : 1922), bhUmikA, pu0 15

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baina sAhitya usa samaya taka upadezoM kA bAcana ta paramparA meM hI rahA / isa pata paramparA ke daurAna upadezoM meM kAphI parivartana kiyA gayA hogaa| isalie inaH . anyoM ke prathama saMkalana ko bhI prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / vastutaH ina prayoM ko aMtima rUpa milane taka inameM kaI prakAra kI jor3a-tor3a huI hai| yaha bhI eka mahattva kA pharaka hai ki pahale arSa-mAgadhI bhASA kA prayoga huA thA aura bAda meM mAgadhI kA / ina saba jaTilatAoM ke kAraNa jaina dharma kI vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM ko sulajhAne meM kaThinAI hotI hai| jaina dharma ke jo srota na Aja upalabdha haiM, unameM hama dekhate haiM ki unake racayitAoM evaM TIkAkAroM ne vibhinna zailiyoM tathA vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| kucha natha zuddha gadya zailI meM haiM, to kucha prayoM kA dArzanika ciMtana patha meM bhI gUMthA gayA hai| yadA-kadA padya evaM gadya kI mizrita zailI ke bhI darzana hote hai aura kucha dharma graMthoM meM aspaSTa aMza tathA punarAvRttiyAM bhI haiN| isa sAre Ave-! STana ke bhItara vaha sArA vyavasthita evaM tAkika dArzanika citana hai jisakI tulanA kisI bhI anya vikasita bhAratIya athavA pAzcAtya ciMtana paramparA se, kI jA sakatI hai| jaina dharma ke srota maMthoM ko sAta vargoM meM rakhA jAtA hai| yahAM hama kramAnusAra ina para vicAra kreNge| I. pUrva sAhitya pUrva caudaha haiM aura inheM prAcInatama jaina dharmagraMtha mAnA jAtA hai| eka mata ke anusAra, pUrvo kI racanA prathama tIyaMkara RSabha ke samaya meM huI thii| anya mata hai ki pUrvo meM nihita upadeza mahAvIra kA hai aura mamoM kI racanA unake gaNagharoM ne kI hai| yAkobI isa dUsare mata ke samarthaka haiM / khAraveMTiera kA bhI yahI mata hai, parantu vaha kahate haiM : "gaNadharoM aura baMgoM ke sambandha ke bAre meM kucha saMdeha hotA hai, kyoMki gaNadhara gyAraha haiM aura bArahaveM maMga ke supta hone para maMga bhI kevala gyAraha hI bace haiN| unake matAnusAra isa saMyoga se patA calatA hai ki "yaha sArI kahAnI bAda meM gar3hI gayI hai|" zvetAmbaroM aura digambaroM kA paramparAgata vizvAsa hai ki pUrva sAhitya pUrNataH lupta ho gayA hai aura aba use prApta karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| cauthe maMga tathA nandIsUtra meM pUrvo kI sUcI dI gayI hai| isa sUcI ke anusAra caudaha pUrva ye haiM : 2. bala merA 3. pUrvo0, pR. 11-12 4. vahI,1.12

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28 jaina darzana utpAda, aprAyaNIya, bIryAnuvAda, mastinAstitravAda, mAnavAda, satyavAda, AtmapravAda, karmapracAra pratyAsthAma, vicAnuvAba, avanya prANASuH, kiyAvizAla aura lokbindusaar| II. aMga sAhitya ___ jaina dharma kI prAcInatama upalabdha srota-sAmagrI aMga sAhitya hai / yahAM hama bAraha aMgoM para vicAra kreNge| ___ AcAsaMga : yaha sabase prAcIna maMga hai aura isake do zrutaskaMdha haiN| zailI aura viSaya kI dRSTi se ina donoM meM kAphI antara hai / prathama ataskaMdha adhika prAcIna hai, isIlie bhASAsaMga ko likhAMta kA prAcInatama aMga mAnA jAtA hai| ___ isa aMga meM pAza tathA gadyAMza donoM haiN| donoM skaMdhoM meM muni-AcAra kA varNana hai| ina skaMdhoM meM mahAvIra ke una upadezoM kA saMkalana huA hai jo unhoMne apane ziSya sudharma ko diyA thA aura jise sudharma ne apane ziSya jambU ko sunAyA thaa| ___ gadyAMza kI zurUAta isa prakAra hotI hai : surva meM AusaM! teNa bhagavayA evmlaay| (AyuSman, maiMne sunA / aisA bhagavAna ne khaa)| yahAM maiM zabda sudharma ke lie hai aura bhagavAna zabda mahAvIra ke lie / pratyeka uddezya ke aMta meM abda Ate haiM : tini (aisA maiM kahatA huuN)| inameM hameM upadeza diye jAne ke bhI vyApaka ullekha milate haiM / jaise, "atIta, vartamAna tathA bhaviSya ke sabhI arhat aisA kahate haiM, aisA bolate haiM, aisI ghoSaNA karate haiM, aisI vyAkhyA karate haiM : kisI bhI ucchvasita, vidyamAna, jIvita tathA vetana (vastu) ko kleza na ho, pIr3A na pahuMce, nirvAsita na kiyA jaay|" kucha aise bhI upadeza haiM jinameM hameM kar3e pratibandhoM ke darzana hote haiM / jaise, eka uddezyaka meM kahA gayA hai : "yaha zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma hai aura saMsAra ko samajhanevAle buddhimAnoM ne isakA upadeza diyA hai / yaha dharma grahaNa karane para ise chipAnA nahI cAhie, na hI ise tyAganA caahie| isa dharma ko ThIka se AtmasAt kara lene para manuSya kA apanI iMdriyoM para adhikAra ho jAtA hai aura vaha saMsAra ke izAroM ke anusAra nahIM cltaa| jo manuSya (sAMsArika sukhoM meM) phase aura DUbe rahate haiM, unakA punaH punaH janma hotA hai| sAvadhAna raho to tumhArI vijaya hogii| aisA maiM kahatA huuN|" sUtAMga : isa graMtha meM bhI do taskaMdha haiM / jaina paMDita mAcArAMga ke prathama bataskaMdha kI taraha sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama taskaMdha ko bhI prAcIna dharma sAhitya ke antargata rakhate haiN| isa aMga meM kivAvAba, maNiyAbAda, nAyika, asalavAra

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jaina sAhitya Adi vAdoM ke khaNDanoM kA nirUpaNa hai| pahale ke aMga kI taraha isa aMga meM bhI gadya-padya kA mizraNa hai aura isameM kaI dRSTAnta bhI haiM, jo hameM buddha ke dRSTAMtoM kI yAda dilAte haiN| isa baMdha kA mukhya viSaya hai una taruNoM ke lie ciMtA jo naye-naye jaina dharma meM dIkSita hue / virodhI matoM dvArA diye jAne vAle pralobhanoM se navadIkSita sAdhuoM ko sAthaare kiyA gayA hai / eka kathana hai : "zikArI pakSI jisa taraha kUdate phAMdate paMkha na nikale hue pakSiyoM ko ur3A le jAte haiM, usI prakAra anaitika AdamI dharma ko abhI ThIka se na samajhe hue navadIkSita sAdhu ko bahakAkara le jAyeMge / " sUtrakRtAMga meM jina virodhI matoM kA jikra AyA hai, unameM se eka hai bauddha aura isakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI jaisA ki viMTaraniTja ne kahA hai, AcArAMga meM saMsAra ke bAre meM hama jo dRSTikoNa dekhate haiM vaha bauddha dRSTikoNa se adhika bhinna nahI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, ullekha hai : "kevala mujhe hI nahIM balki saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai, buddhimAna AdamI ko isa para vicAra karanA cAhie aura usapara yadi koI vipatti Aye to use vinA kisI vikAsa ke cupacApa sahana karanA cAhie / mata, sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga : inameM jaina darzana kA bhaMDAra hai aura jainAcAryoM ke aitihAsika caritra bhI haiN| sthAnAMga meM bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kI viSaya-sUcI dI gayI hai aura isameM jainoM ke sAta sampradAyoM kA bhI spaSTa ullekha hai / samavAyAMga meM kucha hada taka zeSa sabhI aMgoM ke aMzoM kA samAveza huA hai / bhagavatI : isa graMtha meM mahAvIra ke samakAlIna tathA pahale ke jaina muniyoM kA varNana hai, isalie ise bar3A pavitra mAnA jAtA hai / isa graMtha meM hameM gauzAla tathA jamAli dvArA saMsthApita virodhI matoM ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| isa graMtha ke AdhAra para vebara isa pariNAma para pahuMce the ki jaina dharma atyaMta prAcIna hai / 29 zAtRdharma kathA : yaha pramukhataH eka kathAgrantha hai / isameM kaI kathA dRSTAnta haiM aura haraeka meM koI na koI naitika zikSA hai| vebara ne likhA hai : "ina kathAoM ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki inakI koI sucAru paramparA rahI hai| inameM saMbhavata: ( vizeSata: isalie ki inameM aura bauddha kathAoM meM bar3A sAmya hai) mahAvIra kAlIna jIvana ke bAre meM hameM vizeSa mahatva kI jAnakArI milatI hai| "5 yahAM hameM hinduoM ke purANa sAhitya kA aura bauddhoM ke jAtaka sAhitya kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| ina sabhI granthoM meM sarala kathAoM evaM rocaka dRSTAntoM ke 5. i0 e0. XIX, pu0 65

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bana darzana mAdhyama se ucca naitika zikSA pradAna karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, isa mana ke prathama zrutaskaMdha kI eka kathA hai : eka vyApArI kI cAra putravadhueM thiiN| unakI 'parIkSA lene ke vicAra se usane haraeka ko pAMca-pAMca cAvala diye, bAra kahA ki samaya mAne para vaha una cAvaloM ko vApasa mAMga legaa| pahalI putravadhU ne yaha socakara cAvala pheMka diye ki jaba vApasa lauTAne hoMge to vaha bar3I AsAnI se modAma se pAMca cAvala lAkara degii| dUsarI ne ve cAvala khA liye / tIsarI ne una cAvaloM ko jatana se surakSita rakhA / parantu pAthI ne una cAvaloM ko bo diyA, aura jaba vyApArI ne unheM vApasa mAMgA, to usane bahuta sAre cAvala diye| isa kathA kA Azaya yaha batAnA hai ki muni bhI bAra prakAra ke hote haiM : paMcavratoM kI upekSA karanevAle muni, paMcavratoM ko mahattva na denevAle muni, paMcavatoM kA jatana se pAlana karanevAle muni aura anta meM ve muni jo na kevala unakA pAlana karate haiM balki unakA pracAra-prasAra bhI karate haiN| upAsakadazA, antazA aura anuttaropapAsikAzA : ye saba kathAmanya haiM aura inameM aneka duSTAnta dekara tapasvI kA jIvana apanAne kI zikSA dI gayI hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se logoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai ki apanI dhana-daulata kA tyAga karanevAle gRhastha bhI alaukika zaktiyAM hAsila kara sakate haiM aura saMnyAsI kI taraha matyu kA varaNa karake ucca devapada prApta kara sakate haiN| upAsakavanA meM dasa adhyayana haiM aura inameM jaina upAsakoM ke dhArmika niyama samajhAye gaye haiN| pratyeka adhyayana meM dharmaniSTha zrAvakoM ke bAre meM eka kathA hai|' pahalI kahAnI hamArI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva kI hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki eka bAra mahAvIra vANijya grAma ke samIpa ke kollAga saniveza meM phuNce| vahAMke dhanI gRhastha AnaMda ne mahAvIra kI pUjA kI aura unake dharmopadeza ko sunaa|" dharma meM apanI zraddhA vyakta karate hue usane kahA : ".."maiM jAnatA hUM ki bahuta-se rAjAoM, rAjakumAroM, zreSThiyoM, rAjapramukhoM, nagarapramukhoM Adi ne ApakI 6. 'mAtA sUba', 63 7.jaina dharma meM 'upAsaka' zabda aise logoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai jo mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko to grahaNa karate haiM, parantu tapasvI ke vrata nahIM lete,na hI saMsAra tyAga karate haiN| banubatoM ko aMgIkAra karake sAmAjika jIvana vyatIta karanA saMbhava hai, isalie upAsaka gRhastha banA raha sakatA hai| 8. 'upAsakadazA' : I, 2 9. bahI, 1,749 10. bahI, I, 10 11. bahI,I,11

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jaina sAhitya "" upasthiti meM gRhastha-jIvana tyAgakara pravrajyA grahaNa kI hai| parantu ApakI upasthiti meM maiM gRhastha ke bAraha vrata -pAMca anuvrata, tIna guNavata aura cAra zikSAvrata - hI luuNgaa| bhagavAna mujhapara kRpA kareMge, mujhe nirAza nahIM kareMge 128 anya kathAeM bhI dhanikoM ke bAre meM haiN| inakA bhAva hai ki dhanI loga vinA saMsAra tyAga kiye sAdhu vRtti ko apanAne se hI aisI adbhuta zaktiyAM prApta kara sakate haiM, jo unheM svarga meM deva rUpa janma dilAne meM samartha haiM / " jo samIkSaka jaina dharma kI yaha kahakara AlocanA karate haiM ki isameM sAdhu vRtti para adhika bala diyA gayA hai, unheM isa kahAnI se patA calegA ki mahatva sAdhuvRtti kA nahIM, balki sAdhubhAva kA hai, sAdhu kA nahIM, balki sAghutA kA hai| jaina dharma ke bAre meM aneka galataphahamiyoM kA kAraNa yaha dhAraNA hai ki jaina dharma sAdhuvRtti tathA ahiMsA para atyadhika jora detA hai| cUMki jaina dharma ke eka prAcIna grantha meM saMsArika jIvana ke tyAga para adhika bala diyA gayA hai, isalie Adhunika vidvAnoM kA isase yaha natIjA nikAlanA ki isakA artha sAdhutA se na hokara sAdhu hone se hai, ThIka nahIM hai / hamAre isa mata ko ki saMsAra-tyAga ke bAre meM jaina dharma ne carama dRSTikoNa nahIM apanAyA thA, una kathAoM se samarthana milatA hai jo sAtaveM, AThaveM tathA nauveM aMgoM meM AyI haiM aura jinameM kahA gayA hai ki logoM ko pavitra evaM nirlipta sAMsArika jIvana vyatIta karanA caahie|" , 31 prazna vyAkaraNa : isake prathama khaNDa meM pAMca navadvAroM-hatyA, jhUTha, caurI, vyabhicAra tathA Asakti kA varNana hai aura dUsare meM pAMca saMvaradvAroM kA, yAnI unhIM ke niSedha rUpa ahiMsAdi vratoM kA 125 vipAkasUtra : isa aMga meM pApa aura puNya karmoM ke bAre meM bahuta sArI kathAeM haiN| dRSTivAda : yaha zra utAMga aba nahIM miltaa| mAnyatA hai ki isa aMga meM caudaha pUrvo kA samAveza kiyA gayA thaa| yUropa ke kucha coTI ke vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki bArahaveM aMga ke lupta hone ke bAre meM svayaM jainoM se hI koI vizvasanIya jAnakArI nahIM miltii| vebara kA mata hai ki janoM ne hI svecchA se isa aMga ko tyAga diyA hai, kyoMki dRSTibAda kI zikSAoM meM aura unakI paramparAgata zikSAoM meM koI mela-jola nahIM raha gayA thA / " yAkobI kA mata hai ki isa maMga 12. vahI, I, 12 13. vahI, 1, 63 14. dekhiye, bArneTa, 'antakadavA : eNDa anuttaropapAdikadazAH, pR0 15, 16 va 110 15. I0e0, XX, pR0 23 16. 60 e0, XVII, pu0 286

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jaina darzana meM kevala mahAvIra tathA unake virodhiyoM ke bIca hue dArzanika vAda-vivAda kA vivecana thA, isalie jainoM ke lie jaTila bana gayA yA isameM unakI koI dilacaspI nahIM rahI / " leumAna kA mata hai ki isa zrutAMga meM phala-jyotiSa, mantratantra Adi kA varNana rahA hogA, isalie jainoM ne ise mulA diyA / " ina tInoM vidvAnoM ke matoM kA sArAMza yahI hai ki svayaM jainoM ne hI isa bArahaveM aMga ko yA diyA / kintu saMbhavata: bAta aisI nahIM hai, kyoMki svayaM jainoM kA kahanA hai ki pUrva sAhitya zanai: zanaiH lupta huA / 32 III] upAMga upAMga bhI bAraha haiM; parantu inake thor3e adhyayana se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aMgoM tathA upAMgoM meM koI antargata sambandha nahIM hai / aupapAtika : isa upAMga kA aitihAsika mahatva hai| isameM rAjA ajAtazatra, aura mahAvIra kI bheMTa tathA mahAvIra dvArA punarjanma evaM mukti ke bAre meM diye gaye upadezoM kA vistRta varNana hai / rAjapraznIya: isameM rAjA paesI kezI muni se jIva tathA zarIra ke sambandha ke bAre meM savAla pUchatA hai| rAjA kA samAdhAna ho jAne para vaha jaina dharma meM dIkSita ho jAtA hai| jIvAbhigama tathA prajJApanA: ina upAMgoM meM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda-prabhedoM kA vivaraNa hai / sUryaprajJapti, jambudvIpaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti : inameM kramaza: bhAratIya jyotiSa, bhAratIya bhUgola aura khagola kA vivecana hai / kalpakA, kalpAsikA, puSpikA, puSpaGgulA aura vRSNivazA : ye pAMca air saMbhavataH eka hI grantha niramAvalI sUtra ke bhAga | aMgoM kI taraha upAMgoM ko bhI bAraha taka pahuMcAne ke lie isa grantha ko pAMca upAMgoM meM bAMTa diyA gayA hogA / IV prakIrNa : inakI saMkhyA dasa hai aura, jaisA ki nAma se jAhira hai, inameM koI tAratamya nahIM hai / inameM nAnA viSayoM kA vivecana hai| dasa prakIrNa ye haiM : catuHzaraNa, AturapratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA, saMstAra, taMbulavaicArika, mandraveSyaka, bevendrastava, gaNitavidyA, mahApratyAkhyAna aura vIrasasya / 17. 'jaina sUvAja' bhAga prathama, bhUmikA, pu0 xiv 18. sI0 je0 zAha dvArA uddhata pUrvo0 pu0 231, TippaNI

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jaina sAhitya v cheda-sUtra ye chaha haiN| isameM jaina bhikSa tathA bhikSa uNiyoM ke AcaraNa kA tathA niyama maMga kiye jAne para samucita prAyazvittoM kA vidhAna hai| isa dRSTi se ina granthoM kI tulanA bauddhoM ke vinaya piTaka se kI jA sakatI hai| cheda-sUtra ye haiM nizIca, mahAnizItha, vyavahAra, AcAradazA, bRhatkalpa aura paMcakalpa | 33 VI mUla-sUtra : jaisA ki nAma se jAhira hai, inameM 'mUlabhUta' siddhAntoM kA vivecana hai| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA inameM saMkalana huA hai| ataH ye sUtra vizeSa mahattva ke haiN| inakI saMkhyA cAra hai : uttarAdhyayana sUtra : isake viSaya sUtrakRtAMga se milate haiN| isameM yadA-kadA virodhI matoM ke bhI ullekha milate haiM / Avazyaka sUtra : isameM jaina muniyoM tathA gRhasthoM ke lie Avazyaka rUpa se karaNIya chaha nityakriyAoM kA vivecana hai / zakAlika : isameM muni-AcAra kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| fifty for : yaha pahale ke sUtra kA pariziSTa hai / VII cUlikA - sUtra : nanvIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra - sUtra : inameM sampUrNa dharma sAhitya ke bAre meM vistRta jAnakArI dI gayI hai aura samajhAyA gayA hai ki inakA adhyayana kisa prakAra karanA cAhie /

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kyA jaina dharma nAstika hai ? 6 bhAratIya darzanoM ko do vargoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai-Astika aura nAstika / inameM cArvAka aura bauddhoM ke sAtha jainoM kI ginatI nAstika mata ke antargata hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM nAstika zabda kA istemAla tIna arthoM meM hotA hai-punarjanma meM avizvAsa, vedaprAmANya meM avizvAsa aura Izvara meM avizvAsa / inameM se prathama artha meM jaina dharma nAstika nahIM hai, kyoMki jaina matAnusAra mRtyu jIvana kA anta nahIM hai / punarjanma tathA karma siddhAnta ko chaha purAtana bhAratIya darzanoM kI AdhArazilA mAnA jAtA hai, aura inheM jaina mata bhI svIkAra karatA hai / jIva ke cAra svarUpoM kA jisa prakAra varNana kiyA gayA hai, usase patA calatA hai ki jaina mata kaTTara nAstika mata nahIM thA / jaina dharma meM batAyA gayA hai ki AdamI ko naitika jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhie tAki usake AdhyAtmika jIvana kI avanati na ho aura use karma- bandhana se mukta hone kA lakSya sAmane rakhanA caahie| yaha bAteM isa galataphahamI ko dUra karatI haiM ki cArvAkoM tathA jainoM kA nAstika dRSTikoNa eka hI stara kA thA / jahAM taka dUsare artha kA prazna hai, isa mata ke bAre meM koI do vicAra nahIM ho sakate ki jaina dharma spaSTataH veda-viruddha hai| jaina dharma vedaprAmANya ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, parantu isakA kAraNa yaha nahIM thA ki usakI mAnava jIvana ke kalpanAzIla tathA Adhibhautika vizleSaNa meM AsthA nahIM thI / jaina manovijJAna, tatvamImAMsA tathA jJAnamImAMsA isa tathya ke sAkSI haiM ki vedoM ko pramANagrantha na mArane kA yaha kAraNa nahIM thA ki jainoM ko dArzanika ciMtana se koI aprIti thI / jainoM ke bhI apane AcArya tathA muni aura dhArmika grantha the jinameM darzana kI bAteM maujUda thiiN| jainoM ke bhI apane pramANa grantha the / janoM kA vizvAsa hai ki unake dharmagranthoM meM sahI jJAna nihita hai, kyoMki unameM aise mahApuruSoM ke upadezoM kA saMkalana huA hai jinhoMne sAMsArika jIvana bitAyA, parantu samyak karma tathA samyak jJAna dvArA svayaM ko paripUrNa banAyA / nAstika zabda kA 'Izvara ko na mAnanA' yaha jo tIsarA artha kiyA jAtA hai usakA vizeSa mahatva hai, kyoMki janasAdhAraNa meM nAstika zabda kA pracalita artha anIzvaravAdI hI hai| jaina dharma ko pUrNataH anIzvaravAdI mAnanA aprAmA

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mAna dharma nAstika hai! pika evaM vadAnika pAta hogI, kyoMki jaina dharma meM kevala Iyara ko bhalIkAra kiyA gayA hai, Izvaratvako nhiiN| .. . ricArDamA sAmAnya aura pArzanika manIzvaravAda meM spaSTa basara karate hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sAmAnya anIzvaravAda vaidika kAla meM bhI dekhane ko milatA hai |"Rgved ke kaI sUktoM meM pramukha vaidika devatA inake astitva ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai| una dinoM meM bhI aise kaI loga jo indra ke hone meM yakIna nahIM karate the| yahAM hameM pahalI bAra usa sAmAnya banIzvaravAda ke darzana hote haiM jo dArzanika cintana para AdhArita nahIM thA aura usa vastu ke hone meM pakIna nahIM karatA thA jise vaha dekha na ske| aisA hI anIzvaravAda kAlAntara meM lokAyata mata athavA korA bhautikavAda khlaayaa| yaha anIzvaravAda usa anIzvaravAda se bhinna thA jisakA janma gahana dArzanika cintana meM huA thaa| aise anIzvaravAda ko hama dArzanika anIzvaravAda kheNge|" sahI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to jaina anIzvaravAda vastutaH dArzanika anIzvarabAda hai, kyoMki usameM sRSTikartA Izvara kI sattA kA gahana vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai aura una dArzanikoM ke takoM kA vyavasthita rUpa se khaNDana kiyA gayA hai jinhoMne Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karane ke prayatna kiye / jaina dharma meM Izvara zabda kA prayoga jIva ke ucca starIya astitva ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai| mAnyatA yaha hai ki IzvarIya astitva mAnavIya astitva se thor3A hI UMcA hai, kyoMki yaha bhI jIvana-mRtyu ke cakra se mukta nahIM hai| sarvArSasiddhi nAmaka sarvocca svarga meM sarvAdhika astitva kA kAla 32 aura 33 sAgaropamoM ke bIca kA hai| IzvarIya jIvoM ne apane jina acche karmoM se sAmAnya mAnavoM se adhika UMcA stara prApta kiyA thA, unake samApta hote hI unheM pRthvI para lauTa AnA par3atA hai| parantu yadi isa kAla meM ve atirikta jJAna kA saMgraha karate haiM, to unheM janmake isa kaSTamaya cakra se mukti mila sakatI hai| jaina matAnusAra mukta AtmAeM vizva ke sarvocca sthAna para pahuMca jAtI haiN| ye paripUrNa AtmAeM hotI haiM, isalie inakA patana nahIM hotaa| ye sarvadA ke lie vahIM Upara rahatI haiM / ye saMsAra se malama huI AtmAeM hotI haiM, isalie isa jagata para unakA koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA / aura isIlie sarvazaktimAna jagatakartA ke kArya-kalApoM se unakA koI sarokAra nahIM hotaa| anya jo jIva isI saMsAra meM rahate haiM unheM sarvakAlika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI dRSTi se 1. IV.24. 10:x,119 2. II. 12.5; VIII. 100.3 , 3. 'insAiklopiDiyA baoNpha rilijana eka epiksa', 11, 185

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jaina darzana tIrthakara kA sthAna Izvara se UMcA hai| tIrSakara kA sthAna prApta karanA hI jIvana kA uddezya hai aura tIrthakara mAnavatA kA sarvotkRSTa Adarza hai| ataH spaSTa hotA hai ki AdhyAtmika paripUrNatA prApta karanA saMbhava hai; yaha kevala eka kAlpanika mahattva kI bAta nahIM hai| bhAratIya devoM ke bAre meM gAya ne jo eka bAta kahI hai, usase jaina darzana ke nAstika svarUpa ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| vaha kahate haiM : "bhArata meM logoM ke pichar3e hue devoM ko mAnyatA dekara nAstika mata ke sAtha unakA bhalIbhAMti mela biThAyA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM janyezvara athavA kAryezvara kI kSaNika sthiti para pahuMce hue devoM meM jo vizvAsa prakaTa kiyA gayA hai usakA nityazvara se koI sambandha nahIM hai / nityezvara ke bAre meM AstikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki usI ne apanI icchA zakti se yaha sRSTi banAyI hai / bhAratIya darzana meM isa vizeSa 'Izvara' zabda kA prayoga isIlie rUha huA ki ise janasAdhAraNa ke devoM se, bolacAla meM bhI, bhinna mAnA jaay|"" ___ isa saMdarbha meM yaha jAnanA upayogI hogA ki chaha purAtana bhAratIya darzanoM meM jo Astika darzana haiM, unameM se bhI kucha ne Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| jaise, nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana apane mUla rUpa meM anIzvaravAdI the aura kAlAntara meM ina dono kA saMyoga hone para IzvaravAdI bne| isI prakAra, sAMkhya darzana ne bhI AraMbha meM Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra kiyA thA / vastuta sAMkhya darzana kI yaha eka pramukha vizeSatA thI aura ise isIlie nirIzvara darzana bhI karate haiN| kaI satroM meM kahA gayA hai ki Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karanA saMbhava nhiiN| mImAMsakoM kA bhaTTa sampradAya bhI sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra karatA hai| aba hama Izvara ke astitva ke jaina khaNDana para vicAra kreNge| jaina darzana, Astika darzanoM kI taraha, sRSTi ke nirmAtA evaM niyaMtA kisI sarvazaktimAna Izvara meM yakIna nahIM krtaa| jaina matAnusAra, isa vizva kA na koI AraMbha hai, na koI anta / yahAM hameM eka ati susaMgata bAhmArpavAda ke darzana hote haiN| isake anusAra pratyeka vastu kA anAdi kAla se astitva hai / ata: unakI utpatti ko siddha karane ke lie kisI sarvazaktimAna sRSTikartA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| AcArya jinasena pUchate haiM : "yadi Izvara ne isa sRSTi kA nirmANa kiyA hai, to pahale vaha kahAM thA? yadi vaha dik meM nahIM thA, to phira usane sRSTi kA nirmANa 4. vahI, pR. 185 5. 1,92-947 V.2-12:46,126 aura 1273 VI.64 aura 65 6. prakaraNa 16

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jaina dharma nAstika hai ? kahAM kiyA ? eka nirAkAra nidravya Izvara dravyamaya vizva kA nirmANa kaise kara sakatA ? yadi dravya kA pahale se astitva rahA hai, to phira vizva ko anAdi mAnane meM kyA harja hai ? yadi sRSTinirmAtA kA nirmANa kisI ne nahIM kiyA hai, to phira vizva kA svataH astisva mAnane meM kyA harja hai?" Age vaha kahate haiM : "kyA Izvara svata: pUrNa hai? yadi hai, to use isa vizva kA nirmANa karane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM thI / yadi nahIM hai, to eka sAdhAraNa kumbhakAra kI taraha vaha isa kArya ke lie ayogya hogA, kyoMki svIkRta parikalpanA ke anusAra eka paripUrNa sattA hI isa kArya ko kara sakatI hai... "" jaina dArzanika ThIka hI pUchate haiM: "yadi hara vastu kA koI nirmAtA hai, to usa nirmAtA kA bhI koI nirmAtA honA cAhie, ityaadi| isa duzcakra se bacane ke lie hameM eka anirmita, svataH siddha kAraNa, Izvara kI kalpanA karanI par3atI hai / kintu yadi yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki eka sattA svataHpUrNa hai, to phira yaha kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki sabhI sattAeM bhI isI prakAra anirmita gaura anantakAlika haiM ?" ataH "isa vizva kA koI Adi kAraNa mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / "" sarvapalli rAdhAkRSNan ne jaina mata ke bAre meM likhA hai : " jaina mata hai ki isa vizva kI sabhI caitasika tathA bhautika vastuoM kA astitva ananta kAla se hai aura kisI bAhya zakti ke prabhAva ke binA prAkRtika zaktiyoM se hI ye ananta cakroM meM calI A rahI haiN| vizva kI vividhatA ina pAMca pratibaMdhoM ke mela-jola ke kAraNa hai-kAla, svabhAva, niyati, karma aura udyama / "9 37 isa vizva kA na nirmANa huA hai, na anta hone vAlA hai - jainoM kI isa dhAraNA se unakA Izvara sambandhI dRSTikoNa pratibaddha hai / kyoMki, nAma, rUpa aura anubhUtiyoM vAle isa jagata ke lie Astika matAvalambI vicAraka Izvara ke astitva kI kalpanA karate haiM, isalie inake dvArA prastuta hara tarka kA jaina vicAraka khaNDana karate haiN| cUMki jaina dArzanikoM ne naiyAyikoM ke taka kA sabase jabaradasta khaNDana kiyA hai, isalie yahAM hama kevala unhIM kI carcA kareMge / naiyAyikoM kA eka tarka yaha hai ki isa jagata kArya kA koI kAraNa honA cAhie, eka buddhimAna kAraNa, aura yahI Izvara hai| jaina dArzanika kahatA hai : isa sAdRzya ke AdhAra para ki sAmAnya kAryoM ke lie buddhimAna mAnava kAraNa hote haiM 7. 'virAma', prakaraNa tIna (sI0 ke0 zAha dvArA 35 8. hemacandra, 'svAdvAdavarI loka 6 9. 'i'Diyana philaoNsaphI', pR0 330 10. dekhiye, 'svAdagaMbarI' aura 'pavanayamupava

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38 jaina darzana yadi yaha tarka peza kiyA jAya ki isa jagata kA koI Izvara kAraNa hai, to kahA jA sakatA hai ki AdamI kI taraha Izvara bhI aparipUrNa hai / aura, yadi yaha kahA jAya ki ina do prakAra ke kAraNoM meM itanI viziSTa samAnatA nahIM hai, to jaina. dArzanika kahatA hai to phira naiyAyika kI anumiti bhI ThIka nahIM hai| cUMki bhApa dhueM ke samAna hotI hai, isalie isa pariNAma para pahuMcanA ki bhApa bhI Aga se nikalI hai, nyAyocita nahIM hai| tIsarA vikalpa jagata kArya anya kAryoM se bhinna hai ( aura isalie isakA kAraNa bhI bhinna hai ) - bhI jaina dArzanika ko mAnya nahIM hai / usakA kahanA hai : jagata kI sRSTi ke kAraNa tathA makAna ke zanaiH zanaiH khaNDahara ho jAne jaise pariNAma ke bAre meM sabase mahatva kI bAta yaha hai ki inake kAraNa adRzya haiM aura isalie hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki buddhimAna zakti hI khaNDahara ke lie kAraNIbhUta hai / sAmAnya nirmAtA -- kisI kArya kA kAraNa kartA ke sAdRzya se zurU karake jaina dArzanika tarka peza karatA hai ki jagata kA kartA yadi koI Izvara hai to usakA bhI zarIra honA caahie| vaha kahatA hai hamane binA zarIra kA koI buddhimAna kartA nahIM dekhA, isalie jagata kA kartA bhI binA zarIra kA nahIM ho sakatA / jaina dArzanika anya saMbhAvanAoM para bhI vicAra karatA hai| jaise Izvara binA zarIra kA hai, phira bhI vaha sRSTi kA karttA hai| sRSTi kA nirmANa usane svecchA se kiyA hogA yA AdamiyoM ke acche yA bure karmoM ke kAraNa huA hogA yA logoM para Izvara kI kRpA ke kAraNa yA Izvara sRSTi ke nirmANa ko mahaja eka khela samajhatA hogaa| jaina dArzanika kA kahanA hai ki ina cAroM meM se koI bhI vikalpa hameM aise kisI paripUrNa Izvara kA AbhAsa nahIM dilAtA jo apane guNadharmoM meM mAnavatA se bahuta alaga ho / yadi hama yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki Izvara svecchA se isa jagata kA nirmANa kiyA hai to phira vizva ko saMcAlita karanevAle sabhI prAkRtika niyama nirarthaka siddha hote haiN| yadi acche aura bure karmoM se jagata kA nirmANa huA hai to phira Izvara kI svataMtra bhUmikA samApta ho jAyagI, kyoMki taba AdamiyoM ke acche aura bure karmoM ke bAre meM usakI koI jimmedArI nahIM hogI / mAnavatA para kRpA karane ke lie isa jagata kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai - yaha tarka bhI saMtoSajanaka nahIM hai, kyoMki taba yaha samajha meM nahIM AtA ki isa saMsAra meM itanA duHkha kyoM hai| isa saMdarbha meM yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki acche aura bure karmoM ke kAraNa hI isa saMsAra meM sukha aura duHkha hai, to phira Izvara kI sattA nirayaMka siddha hotI hai| antima vikalpa kA artha yaha hogA ki Izvara ne nirudda zya hI isa jagata kI sRSTi kI hai| jaina dArzanika ke matAnusAra ina sAre tarkoM kI niSpatti yaha hai ki Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karanA eka nirarthaka prayAsa hai, aura isalie behatara yahI hai ki isa kalpanA ko hI pUrNataH asvIkAra

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kyA jaina dharma nAstika hai ? kiyA jaay|" yAkobI ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra jainoM ke nirIzvaravAda ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| vaha likhate haiM: "jaina yadyapi nirIzvaravAdI haiM, phira bhI saMbhavataH unheM apane ko nirIzvaravAdI kahalAnA pasaMda na hogA / yadyapi ve yaha mAnate haiM ki isa jagata kA na koI AraMbha hai aura na koI anta hogA aura isalie kisI Izvara dvArA na nirmita hai, na zAsita, phira bhI ve aise pUjanIya paramadevatA athavA jina meM AsthA rakhate haiM jo mAyAjAla tathA sabhI vikAroM se pUrNataH mukta haiM aura jo sarvaza hone ke kAraNa aura apane sabhI karmoM ko naSTa kara cukane ke kAraNa paripUrNa avasthA para pahuMca gaye haiN| "22 39 ataH Izvara ke sthAna para maMdiroM meM jinoM kI mUrtiyAM hotI haiM aura unakI pUjA kI jAtI hai / parantu jina sAMsArika stara se Upara uThe hue hote haiM, isalie ye vastutaH logoM kI prArthanAoM kA uttara nahIM de skte| zAsana Adi ko dekhane vAle sthAyika devatA hI prArthanAoM ko sunate aura unakA uttara dete haiM / aura, maMdiroM ke nirmANa kA aucitya isI artha meM hai| maMdiroM meM jo saMskArayukta pUjA hotI hai aura jinoM kI mUrtiyAM sthApita kI jAtI haiM, unake pIche jainoM kI gahana AsthA yaha hai ki jinoM ke dharma kA pAlana karanA hI unakI pUjA kA sarvottama tarIkA hai / samApana karate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina 'anIzvaravAda', AtmA ke astitva se inakAra kiye binA aura vizva nirmAtA ko svIkAra kiye binA, pratyeka vyakti ko usake bhAgya ke lie jimmedAra ThaharAtA hai aura mAnatA hai ki isa vizva kI pratyeka vastu anantakAlika hai aura kevala naitika AcaraNa se hI ahirror sukha mila sakatA hai| 11. dekhiye, esa0 ema0 dAsagupta, pUrvI0 pU0 204-206 12. 'insAsapiDiyA maoNpha rilijana enDa eksa 11, 187

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dvitIya bhAga : jJAnamImAMsA

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jaina jJAnamImAMsA 7 jJAna ko sAmAnyataH bhAvoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai-bAhya jagat ke bAre meM bhAva, anya vyaktiyoM ke bAre meM bhAva tathA svayaM ke bAre meM bhAva / ina tInoM vargoM meM se pratyeka se sambandhita jo bhAva haiM, ve tabhI jJAna banate haiM jaba jJAtA unheM vyavasthita rUpa se grahaNa karake AtmasAta karatA hai / yaha spaSTa hI hai ki sabhI bhAva eka hI mUlya athavA kauTi ke nahIM hote| kyoMki kucha bhAvoM yA vicAroM ko hama satya mAnate haiM aura kucha ko asatya / satya tathA asatya bhAvoM ke isa bheda ke kAraNa hama jJAna meM bhI yathArtha jJAna aura ayathArtha jJAna kA bheda karate haiM / parantu isake lie pahale saMpUrNa jJAna kI utpatti tathA siddhi para vicAra karanA jarUrI hai / jJAna ke isa prakAra ke sarvAMgINa adhyayana ko jJAnamImAMsA kahate haiM / cUMki jJAna ke lie jJAtA tathA zeya vastu kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, isalie jJAtA zeya ko kisa prakAra jAnatA hai, yaha samajhane ke lie jJAna ke sAdhanoM kA vizleSaNa karanA jarUrI hai| bhAratIya jJAnamImAMsA meM jJAna ke sAdhanoM ko pramANa kahate haiM aura zeya vastuoM ko prameya / gautama ke nyAyasUtra meM hameM pahalI bAra pramANa ke bAre meM subyavasthita jAnakArI milatI hai; usameM prameya kA bhI vivecana hai / bAda meM pramANa kA adhyayana prameya ke adhyayana se alaga ho gyaa| tabase tarkazAstra tathA jJAnamImAMsA para aneka granthoM kA praNayana huA / aisA prayAsa hameM sarvaprathama jaina tathA bauddha dArzanikoM ke granthoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| jaina grantha bhagavatIsUtra meM eka ullekha hai, jisameM bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA kahalAyA gayA hai- "pramANa cAra prakAra ke haiM: pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama jaina darzana meM sAmAnyataH yaha cAra pramANa svIkRta haiM, parantu kabhI-kabhI kevala tIna pramANoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| udAharaNArtha, sthAnAMga-- 'meM kevala tIna pramANoM kI jAnakArI hai : pratyakSa, Agama aura anumAna / jaina granthoM ke ina vivecanoM se isa tathya kI jAnakArI milatI hai ki jaina dArzafirst ne pramANoM para svataMtra rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai; parantu isakA artha yaha kadApi 1. V. 43-192 2. 185

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44 jaina darzana nahIM hai ki jaina dharmagranthoM meM pramANoM tathA prameyoM meM spaSTa bheda kiyA gayA hai / aneka jaina granthoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki inheM sambandhita evaM saMzleSita kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, tasvArthasUtra meM hama dekhate haiM ki ina donoM-jJAna tathA pramANa --- kI pUrNataH eka banA diyA gayA hai| isa sUtra kA racayitA kahatA hai : "jJAna pAMca prakAra kA hai-mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / yaha sabhI prakAra pramANa hai / " yahAM lekhaka ne samyak jJAna ko pramANa ke artha meM liyA hai| ina pAMca prakAra ke jJAna meM se mati tathA zruta ko parokSa jJAna kahate haiM aura avadhi, manaH paryAya tathA kevala ko pratyakSa jJAna kahate haiM / " mati jJAna vaha hai jo indriyamanojanya hai kaura zrata jJAna vaha hai jo zabdoM se prApta kiyA jAtA hai, yAnI aise zabdoM se jo vicAra, hAvabhAva Adi ke dyotaka hote haiN| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki jaina paramparA meM mati tathA zruta ke antargata mImAMsA ke sabhI chaha jJAna ke anubhavoM-anumAna, upamAna, Agama, arthApatti, saMbhava tathA abhAva kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / " Agama kI paribhASA dI gayI hai : "aise zabdoM se prApta jJAna jinheM sahI arthoM meM grahaNa karane para unase aisI tA kA bodha hotA hai jo pratyakSa jJAna se prApta yathArthatA se bhinna nahIM hotI / "" isa paribhASA se hameM zruta ke mahatva ke bAre meM adhika gahana bAtoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai / avadhi-jJAna bhautika vastuoM ke bAre meM vaha nirNAyaka jJAna hai jo jJAtA dvArA indriyoM athavA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA sIdhe prApta kiyA jAtA hai / manaHparyAya jJAna dvArA dUsaroM ke mana meM cintita padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai / kevala jJAna saMpUrNa yathArthatA kA vaha siddha evaM asIma jJAna hai jise jJAtA sIdhe prApta karatA hai| bAda ke kucha jaina dArzanikoM ne isa bAta para vizeSa vicAra kiyA hai ki jJAna kI siddhi (jise kabhI-kabhI samyak jJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai) ko kisa prakAra nirdhArita kiyA jAya / prAmANika jJAna use kahA gayA hai jo svayaM ko prakAzita karatA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| aise jJAna kI tulanA dIye ke sAtha kI gayI hai; jalatA huA dIyA na kevala dUsarI vastuoM ko prakAzita karatA hai, apitu svayaM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| eka jaina dArzanika siddhasena ke matAnusAra, pramANa aisA jJAna hai jo bhAvavivajita hotA hai aura svaparAbhAsi 3. tulanA kIjiye, 'bhagavatI sUtra, 88.2.317, jisameM jJAna ke pAMca prakAra batAye hai : afertaindhaka, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / 4. 'tapAsU', I. 11 5. vahI, I. 12 6. dekhiye, 'tattvArtha sUta-bhASya, ' 1. 12 7. 'byAbAbatAra', 5

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nazAnamImAMsA hotA hai| unhIM kA kahanA hai ki pramANa svabhAvataH prAti rahita hotA hai| yadi hama kaheM ki pramANa prAMta hai, to virodhAbhAsa paidA hotA hai| saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dArzanikoM kA dRSTikoNa yathArthavAdI thaa| tarka yaha hai ki dRzya jagat kA bhrAMti pUrNa honA siddha nahIM ho sakA hai, isalie svaparAbhAsi pramANa donoM kI yathArthatA ko vyakta karatA hai| viparyaya kI paribhASA kI gayI hai ki yaha jJAna ke viparIta hotA hai aura yaha sat aura asat meM bheda kara pAne meM asamartha hotA hai| isa paribhASA se jJAna ke yathArthavAdI siddhAnta kA patA calatA hai| isase yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki sabhI pramANa jJAna hai, parantu sabhI jJAna pramANa nahIM haiN| jaina dArzanika jJAna kI bhItarI tathA bAharI sidi ko svIkAra karate haiM, isalie unake vicAra yogAcAra bauddha mImAMsaka tathA nayAyikoM ke siddhAntoM se bilakula viparIta haiM / yogAcAra baukhoM kA mata hai ki zAna kevala svayaM ko hI prakAzita karatA hai, kyoMki, unake matAnusAra bAhya vastuoM kA koI astitva nahIM hai / dUsarI ora, naiyAyikoM evaM mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki jJAna svayaM ko prakAzita nahIM karatA, yaha sirpha bAhya jagat kI vastuoM ko hI prakAzita karane meM samartha hotA hai| hama una tIna staroM ko spaSTa rUpa se dekha sakate haiM jinameM jaina mAnamImAMsA kA vikAsa huA hai| pahale stara kA ullekha hama kara cuke haiM / isa stara meM jJAna ko pAMca prakAroM meM bAMTA gayA hai| pAMca prakAra kA yaha vargIkaraNa dharmagranthoM kI racanA ke pahale kA hai / ena0 tAtiyA kA mata hai ki Agama zAnamImAMsA atiprAcIna hai aura saMbhavataH isakI utpatti mahAvIra ke pahale ke kAla meM huI hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ne yaha mAna-siddhAMta pAvaM kI paramparA se grahaNa kiyA hai| dUsare stara meM jJAna ko kevala do pramukha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA haipratyakSa aura parokSa / yaha vyavasthA sthAnAMgasUtra meM dekhane ko milatI hai|" tatvArya sUtra meM jJAna ko pahale pAMca prakAroM meM bAMTA gayA hai aura phira inheM vo bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-pratyakSa aura prokss| yahAM mati tathA zrata 8. vahI,1 9. vahI,6 10. bahI,7 11. dekhiye, 'tattvArya-mUtra,'1.32 133 bAra bhASya 12. 'sTIma ina na philosaphI' (banArasa : baina kastArala risarca sosAyaTI, 1951) pu. 27 13. II. 1.7

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46 bana bana ko parokSa mAna mAnA gayA aura zeSa tIna ko prtykss|" hameM yaha bhI mata dekhane ko milatA hai ki, pramAga dvArA zAta padArthoM ke anusAra jJAna pratyakSa hotA hai yA paroma / nyAyAvatAra ke anusAra pratyakSa jJAna indhipajanya hotA hai aura parokSa zAna bhinna prakAra kA hotA hai| tatvArya-sUtra ke racayitA umAsvAti ke anusAra, pratyakSa vaha prANANika mAna hai jise jIva paMcendriyoM athavA mana ke binA sIdhe grahaNa karatA hai / hameM pratyakSa zAna kI eka aura paribhASA milatI hai : "sabhI bAdhAoM ko vinaSTa karake mAtmA ke antarbhAva kA jo pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa hotA hai, use pratyakSa anubhUti kahate haiN|" mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki jJAna prApti ke mArga meM bAdhaka vibhinna prakAra ke karmoM kA vinAza karane para mAtA kA svarUpa spaSTa hotA hai, aura vaha bhI indriyoM athavA mana kI sahAyatA ke binaa| jaina darzana kI yaha eka viziSTatA hai, aura svayaM pratyakSa aura pramANa bhI, kisI anya vastu para AdhArita nahIM hai, apitu pUrNataH svanirmara hai|" pratyakSa anubhUti kevala-jJAna kahalAtI hai aura yaha zuddha evaM paripUrNa hotI hai| parantu aise paripUrNa jJAna kI prApti ke stara haiM," isalie eka viziSTa artha meM inheM pratyakSa anubhUti bhI kahate haiM / yaha haiM avadhi jJAna aura manaHparyAya jJAna / pratyakSa ko pAramArthika bhI kahate haiM aura parokSa ko vyAvahArika / pratyakSa zabda pAramArthika tathA vyAvahArika donoM hI ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai / indriyoM tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA prApta jJAna ko pAramArthika-pratyakSa kahate haiM aura indriyajanya jJAna ko vyavahAra-pratyakSa kahate haiN|" parokSa kI paribhASA dI gayI hai : "vaha jo pratyaka nahIM hai|""cuuNki pratyakSa 14. I. 11512 15. parIkSAmukha sUtra', 11.14; III. 1-2; 'pramANanayatasvAsokAlaMkAra', II. 2-3 16.bhAna ke svarUpa ke bAre meM bana dArzanikoM ne jo madhyama sthiti apanAyI hai, usakI hamane pahale kI hai| 17. 'nyAyAvatAra',28 meM zAna ke ina staroM kA spaSTa AbhAsa milatA hai| pramANakA pari NAma bajJAna-nivartana, kevala-zAna kA paramasukhatavA samabhAva aura anya prakAra sAna kA cunAva tapA vastuoM kA nirasana batAyA gayA hai| 18. dekhiye, 'nyAyAvatAra' tathA zloka 27 prvti'| pratyakSa ko pAramArSika aura parosa ko vyAvahArika mAnane ke bAda Upara bo pratyakSa ke dobhAva batAye gaye hai meM koI virodhAbhAsa nahIM hai| kyoMki banazAnamImAMsA ke svarUpa anusAra hama yaha smjhte| ki mAnava jIva kI asIma kSamatAe' aura zAna prApti ke lie use kisI gAe madada kI jarUrata nahIM hai| jIvAtmA hI apane purarUpa meM zAna ke tulya hai| 19. 'nyAyAvatAra',4

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namAnamImAMsA bhAna, jaise para batAyA gayA hai, kevala sva.paramANita hotA hai, kie parokSa jo ki pratyakSa se mitra hai, aisAmAna hai pro indriyoM vAmana para mAvila hotA hai| parolamAna aisA vyAvahArika jJAna hai jo mana savA indriyoM ArA pratibaddha hotA hai aura sImita hotA hai| isa yo prakAra ke vibhAjana ke anusAra anumAna upamAna tathA zabda kA samAveza parIkSA ke antargata hotA hai| isa prakAra, baina dArzanikoM ke matAnusAra, mana tathA indriyoM dvArA prApta zAna parokSa jJAna hai / anya bhAratIya darzanoM ke mata isase bhinna hai| sAmAnyataH unake mata haiM ki indriyajanya jJAna pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai aura zeSa anya "srotoM" se prApta jJAna parokSa kahalAtA hai| jaina zAnamImAMsA ke vikAsa ke tIsare stara meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki anubhUti se (vyavahAra ke lie) pratyakSa jJAna milatA hai, yadyapi mAnyatA yahI rahatI hai ki mana dvArA prApta jJAna parola hotA hai| jaina jJAnamImAMsA ke vikAsa ke isa daura kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki, iMndriyajanya anubhUti se pratyakSa jJAna prApta hotA hai, yaha mAnane se yaha jJAnamImAMsA anya bhAratIya darzanoM kI paMkti meM baiTha gayI hai| jaina zabdAvalI ke anusAra, mati tathA zrata ko pratyakSa mAnA jAne lagA, kyoMki inakI prApti indriyoM dvArA saMbhava hai| tatvAdUna meM ise saMvyavahArikapratyakSa kahA gayA hai| 1 mohanalAla mehatA kA mata hai ki isa tIsare stara para indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa jJAna mAnane vAle bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya pravAha kA prabhAva par3A hai| unakA kahanA hai ki bAda ke jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI laukikapratyakSa ke nAma para isI dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA hai| unake anusAra isa tIsare stara kA sAra-saMkSepa hai : avadhi, manaHparyAya tathA kevala-bhAna vastutaHpratyakSa haiM, zrutamAna sadaiva parokSa rahatA hai; indriyajanya mati-bhAna vastutaH parokSa hai, parantu vyavahAra ke lie ise pratyakSa mAnA jAtA hai aura manajanya mati-jJAna sadaiva parokSa hotA hai| ____ anta meM, jaina zAnamImAMsA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM eka aura kevala eka hI prakAra ke pratyakSa evaM yathAryazAna ko mAnA gayA hai, aura vaha hai kevalabhAna / isI artha meM ise pAramArSika-pratyakSa jJAna kahA gayA hai| cUMki indriyoM tathA mana ke kAryoM ko zAmaprApti ke mArga meM bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, isalie avadhi-zAna tathA manaHparyAya-zAna ko eka viziSTa artha meM hI pratyakSA mAnA gayA 20. dekhiye, 'mandIsUtra',4 21.1.9-12 22. dekhiye, 'AuTamAina oNpha bana philaoNsaphI' (manora 1.89 na milana sosAyaTI, 1954),

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jaina darzana hai-pratyakSa kevala-bhAna taka pahuMcane ke lie ye eka prakAra kI sIr3hiyAM haiN| cUMki pavArya zAna kA sahI lakSaNa bAdhA kA abhAva hai aura eka bAdhA avadhi tapA manaHparyAya meM mana ke rUpa meM upasthita rahatI hai, isalie mAnA jAtA hai ki inase pratyakSa jJAna prApta nahIM ho sktaa|

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darzana aura jJAna jaina paramparA ke anusAra zAna ke jo vibhinna prakAra haiM una para vicAra karane ke pahale una do staroM para vicAra karanA jarUrI hai jinake dvArA mAna kI prApti hotI hai| jJAna-prApti kI pahalI sIr3hI hai varzana / jaina dArzanika darzana tathA mAla zabdoM kA istemAla jJAnaprApti ke anirNIta tathA nirNIta staroM ke lie karate haiN| indriya tathA vastu ke samparka se jJAnaprApti kI prakriyA zurU hotI hai aura sarvaprathama cetanA udbhUta hotI hai, aura isa daura meM hameM sirpha vastu kI upasthiti kA AbhAsa milatA hai / ataH sambandhita vastu ke bAre meM kevala aspaSTa jAnakArI hI milatI hai| usa vasta ke bAre meM vyApaka jAnakArI nahIM milatI. isalie vaha kisa varga kI hai. ise jAnane kA koI upAya nahIM hotaa| jaina zabdAvalI meM isa prathama stara ko varzana kahA gayA hai, aura isa zAna meM sattAmAtra nihita hotI hai| mAnava-mastiSka meM vizleSaNa kI jo prakriyA antanihita rahatI hai vaha indriya-AbhAsa ko indriya anumati meM badala detI hai| indriyoM ko bastu ke bAre meM jo aspaSTa AbhAsa milatA hai vaha eka spaSTa varga-vizeSatA kI anubhUti meM badala jAtA hai / vastu kI viziSTatA samajha meM A jAtI hai aura isase jJAna ke Age ke vistAra ke lie mArga khulatA hai| darzana aura jJAna ke ina do staroM ko kramazaH hama 'paricaya jJAna' aura 'viziSTa zAna' ke artha meM le sakate haiM, kyoMki pahale stara meM mana ke sAtha vastu kA kevala samparka sthApita hotA hai, aura dUsare meM usa vastu ke varga evaM svarUpa ke bAre meM vyApaka jAnakArI milatI hai / darzana se zAna taka kA mArga jJAnaprApti ke kacce tathA aspaSTa stara se lekara usa stara taka kA mArga hai jisameM jJAna kendra kA saMzleSaNa karanevAle vibhinna tattvoM ko spaSTa rUpa se bhASA dvArA vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa bheda ko sAmAnyataH sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, yadyapi isa vibheda ke eka yA dUsare rUpa ko adhika mahattva dene se usI eka maulika mAnyatA ko vibhinna svarUpa mila gaye haiN| viziSTa dArzanikoM para vicAra karane se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jaaygii|

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jaina darzana bIrasena ne bAhya padAyoM ke jAtimata evaM viziSTa guNoM ke bodha ko zAna kahA hai / jaba mAraman apane bhItara dekhatA hai, taba vaha svayaM ko jAnatA hai, aura ise unhoMne varzana kahA hai| ata: darzana ko antarmukha mAnA gayA hai aura jJAna ko bahirmukha / jAhira hai ki jAtigata guNoM kA anumAna tathA viziSTa guNoM ke bodha ke bIca ke sAmAnya antara ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krte| isakA kAraNa vaha yaha batAte haiM ki vizeSa ke vinA sAmAnya kI dhAraNA tArkika dRSTi se saMbhava nahIM hai aura sAmAnya ke vinA vizeSa kI dhAraNA saMbhava nahIM hai| unake matAnusAra, sAmAnyatA ke vinA viziSTatA kalpanAmAtra hai aura viziSTatA ke binA sAmAnyatA asaMbhava hai| ___apane tAkika dRSTikoNa ke anusAra vaha prameyoM ko 'jaTila' kahate haiM / yahAM taka ki anubhUti kI saralatama sthiti meM bhI sambandhita vastu dvArA indriyoM taka preSita viziSTa guNoM kA aura vizva kI jaTilatA kA bodha hotA hai / yadyapi jAtigata evaM viziSTa guNoM ke saMzleSaNa ke rUpa meM vastu grahaNakartA mana ke samakSa peza kI jAtI hai, phira bhI darzana ke prathama stara meM vastu kA kevala antardarzanAtmaka bodha hI hotA hai| isase vizleSaNa tathA saMzleSaNa meM suvidhA hotI hai, aura dUsare stara ke jJAna meM una sampUrNa vastuoM kA bodha hotA hai jo bAhya jagat kI hotI haiM, viziSTa sthAna gheratI haiM, viziSTa kAla kI hotI haiM, viziSTa varga kI hotI haiM aura kucha guNoM meM usI varga kI anya vastuoM ke samAna hotI haiM, ityAdi / ataH bodha ke isa daura meM mana bAhara Akara vastusthiti ko grahaNa karatA hai aura samajhatA hai| brahmadeva ke vicAra bhI isI prakAra ke haiN| unake matAnusAra, apane AtmA kA anusaMdhAna anumAna hai aura tadanantara kA bAhya jagat kA anusaMdhAna bodha hai|' brahmadeva ke mata kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue tAtiyA likhate haiM : "AtmA usI prakAra jAnatA hai aura sahajajJAna prApta karatA hai, jisa prakAra Aga jalatI hai aura prakAza bhI phailAtI hai / eka hI cetanA uddezya-bheda ke anusAra darzana bhI hai aura jJAna bhii| jaba yaha svayaM samajhane meM prayatnazIla rahatI hai to ise darzana kahate haiM aura bAhya jagat ko samajhane meM prayalazIla rahatI hai to ise zAna kahate haiN| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki darzana se kevala bAhya jagat kA aura jJAna se kevala viziSTa kA bodha hotA hai, to jJAna kI prAmANikatA hI naSTa ho jaaygii|' isa prakAra, bIrasena ke sivAnta ke antarmukha tathA bahirmukha tattvoM ko brahma 1. dekhiye, puSpadaMta ke padavaMDAgama' para unakI dhavala TIkA. 1. 1.4 2. 'nyasaMgraha' para TIkA, 44 3. ena. nAtiyA, pUrvo0, 1.73

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bama aura jJAna 51 deva pUrNataH svIkAra karate haiM, parantu pIrasena kI sahamaha sAmAnya tathA viziSTa ke sarala vargIkaraNa ke bAlocaka nahIM haiN| yaha vizeSa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jinakI buddhi prasara hai, unake lie yaha bheva mahatva kA ho sakatA hai, parantu jinakI buddhi vizleSaNAtmaka nahIM hai unake lie mAna ke vikAsa ke daura meM prakaTa honevAlI antarcetanA tathA bahircetanA kI yaha sthitiyAM adhika mahatva rakhatI haiN| brahmadeva ke matAnusAra jaina dharmagranthoM kA mahatva isa bAta meM hai ki ve jaTila padArtha kA uccatara vizleSaNa karate haiN| nemicandra upayukta bheda ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake matAnusAra maharAI meM utare binA vastugoM ke sAmAnya guNoM ke bAre meM jo jJAna hotA hai vaha darzana hai aura vastuoM ke vibhinna pahaluoM ke bAre meM jo sUkSma mAna hotA hai vaha zAna hai|' vAdideva ke matAnusAra darzana ke do stara haiN| pahale stara meM cetanA ko prastuta vastu kA sirpha AbhAsa hotA hai| dUsare stara meM vastuoM ke sAmAnya svarUpoM kI anubhUti hotI hai, jise avagraha kahate haiM aura yaha mAna kA pahalA stara kahalAtA hai| vAstavika jJAna meM prameyoM kA vyavasthita vizleSaNa hotA hai aura isameM 'lupta kar3iyoM ko jor3A jAtA hai| ataH vAdideva eka prakAra se zAnaprApti kI prakriyA kA vibhAjana tIna staroM meM karate haiM, yadyapi vaha ise darzana tathA jJAna kI sAmAnya yojanA ke andara hI samAhita karate haiN| ___ hemacandra jJAna ke do staroM ke bIca ke sajIva sambandha ko bhinna prakAra se prastuta karate haiN| unake matAnusAra darzana hI zAna meM badala jAtA hai / darzana ko vaha jJAna kA kaccA mAla mAnate haiM, jise mastiSka pakAtA hai' aura jJAna meM badala detA hai / zAna zabda kA artha yaha hai ki isase hameM vastu ke viziSTa guNoM ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| vaha darzana kI paribhASA karate haiM : "vastu kI aisI jAnakArI jisameM usake viziSTa guNoM kA nirdhAraNa nahIM hotaa|" jJAna koI pUrNataH nayI aura zAna se asambaddha cIja nahIM hai / ataH hameM mAna taba hotA hai jaba hama jAtigata svarUpoM ko jAtigata puNoM ke rUpa meM samajhate haiM aura varNana taba hotA hai jaba viziSTa svarUpoM ko viziSTa guNoM ke rUpa meM samajhate haiN| donoM hI AraMbha se maujUda rahate haiM, isalie darzana meM zAna kI sattA vidyamAna rahatI hai| jaba darzana tathA mAna ko jJAnaprApti ke stara mAnA jAtA hai, to savAla uThatA hai ki kyA ina donoM ke bIca koI laukika sambandha hai| isa saMbaMdha meM hameM jaina dArzanikoM ke tIna prakAra ke mata dekhane ko milate haiN| dharmagranthoM kA mata hai 4. 'duSpa-saMgraha',43 5.pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra'.11.7 6. dekhiye, pramANa-mImAMsA' para TIkA, I. 1.26

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52 jaina darzana ki ina donoM kA udabhava eka sAtha nahIM ho sktaa| isake lie kAraNa yaha batAyA gayA hai ki mAnava mastiSka meM yaha do caitasika kriyAeM eka sAtha nahIM ho sktii| darzana tathA jJAna ke eka sAtha prakaTa hone kA yaha sArA vAda-vivAda kevala-zAnI puruSake saMdarbha meM hI hai / jo puruSa kevala-zAnI nahIM hai, usako lekara koI vAdavivAda nahIM hai| ye tIna mAnya vicAra haiM : (1) darzana tathA jJAna kA udbhava eka sAtha hotA hai, (2) eka ke bAda dUsare kA udbhava hotA hai, aura (3) donoM pUrNataH (1) pahalA vicAra dharmagranthoM kA hai, aura isake lie unakA mukhya tarka yaha hai ki kevala-jJAnI puruSa meM darzanAvaraNa-karma tathA jJAnAvaraNa-karma donoM kA hI vinAza ho jAtA hai, isalie bAdhAeM pUrNa rUpa se dUra ho jAtI haiM aura darzana tathA zAna kA ekasAtha udbhava hotA hai| isake alAvA, yadi darzana tathA jJAna ko ekasAtha udbhUta mAnate haiM, to sarvajJatA pratibaddha hogI aura apratibaddha nahIM hogI, aura yaha sthiti kevala-jJAna kI jaina dhAraNA kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla hai| (2) dUsare mata meM pahale mata ke viruddha tArkika yukti peza kI gayI hai| yadi pUrNa darzana tathA pUrNa jJAna kA udbhava eka sAtha hotA hai, to phira karma ke do AvaraNoM-darzanAvaraNa tathA jJAnAvaraNa-ko mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? yaha mata isa bAta kI ora bhI nirdeza karatA hai ki donoM vastuoM kA eka sAtha bodha honA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI asaMbhava hai| ataH ina saba bAdhAoM ko yaha mAnakara dUra kiyA gayA hai ki darNana tathA jJAna kA udbhava eka-eka karake hotA hai| yaha mataH sAmAnyataH vikAsa kA dyotaka hai-phira vaha vikAsa cAhe jJAna meM ho yA naitika jIvana meM prathama stara kA bAda ke stara meM nizcaya hI vistAra hotA hai / jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se, jJAna ke vikasita stara kA artha yaha hai ki prAtha. mika stara pUrNa ho gayA hai| nItizAstra ke anusAra, aura vizeSataH karmAvaraNa kI dRSTi se, vikAsa kA artha yaha hai ki sabhI AvaraNa eka-eka karake dUra ho gaye haiM aura anta meM kevala-jJAna prApta ho gayA hai| (3) tIsare mata ke anusAra, kevala-mAnI puruSa ke lie indriyoM tathA mana kI koI upayogitA nahIM raha jaatii| isakA artha yaha huA ki darzana ke grahaNa kI koI svataMtra sattA nahIM haiN| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki yadi hama eka kebalajJAnI puruSa ke saMdarbha meM darzana tathA jJAna ke bAre meM socate haiM, to taba ina donoM ko ekarUpa hI socanA hogA / ataH hama dekhate haiM yaha mata darzana tathA jJAna ke bheda ko kevala mana paryAya jJAna ke stara taka hI svIkAra karatA hai, kevala-jJAna ke stara para nhiiN| ina saba vikalpoM kI samIkSA karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki (1) aura (3) meM

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darzana aura jJAna vizeSa antara nahIM hai, kyoMki donoM hI (2) ke Alocaka haiN| yaha mata ki do cetana kriyAeM eka sAtha ghaTita nahIM ho sakatIM, svIkAra karane yogya hai, aura mata (2) tathA ( 3 ) isI niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiN| phira bhI, kramika siddhAnta meM jo satyatA hai, usakI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI, kyoMki isase sarvazatA ko samajhane tathA usakA vizleSaNa karane kA mArga dikhAI detA hai / kintu svayaM sarvajJa meM 'kramikatA' ko svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI hai / tIsare mata meM ekarUpatA kI jo dhAraNA hai vaha svIkArya hai, kyoMki sarvajJa meM ekasAtha udbhUta hone kA artha hogA- aisI cIja kA prakaTa honA jisakI pahale jAnakArI nahIM thI, aura isakA matalaba yaha mAnanA hogA ki vaha kucha ajJAnI hai / Rs eka jaina vicAraka yazovijaya ina tInoM siddhAntoM meM nihita satyatA ke bAre meM likhate haiM: "jo darzana tathA jJAna kI svataMtra sattAeM svIkAra karatA hai, parantu kramikatA ko nahIM mAnatA, vaha usa prAyogika dRSTi se sahI hai jisameM bheda kiyA jAtA hai; jo darzana tathA jJAna ke kramikatA se udbhUta hone meM vizvAsa karatA hai vaha usa vizleSaNAtmaka dRSTi se sahI hai jisameM kArya va kAraNa kI sImA meM bheda kiyA jAtA hai; aura jo darzana tathA jJAna kI ekarUpatA ko mAnatA hai vaha usa saMzleSaNAtmaka dRSTi se sahI hai jisameM bheda ko naSTa kiyA jAtA hai aura ekarUpatA kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai / ata: ina tInoM meM se kisI bhI mAnyatA ko galata nahI kahA jA sakatA / 117 53 7. ema0 ela0 mehatA ke grantha 'jaina sAikolaoNjI' (aMtasara : sohanalAla jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, 1955), 56 meM ubadhuta /

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matijJAna 9 matijJAna kI paribhASA kI gayI hai : "indriyoM tathA mana ke mAdhyama se prApta jnyaan| "" jaina sAhitya meM hameM matijJAna ke do prakAroM ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| eka kI prApti indriyoM ke sannikarSa se hotI hai aura dUsare kI mana ke ani se| kucha TIkAkAroM ne tIsare prakAra ke matijJAna ko bhI mAnA hai| yaha jJAna indriyoM tathA mana ke saMyukta prayAsa se prApta hotA hai| Upara jina do prakAra ke matijJAna kI carcA kI gayI hai, unase saMbhavataH yaha jAhira hotA hai ki jJAnaprApti meM indriyoM tathA mana kI bhUmikA ko vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA thA, kyoMki indriyoM tathA mana kI sakriyatA ke binA jJAnaprApti kI kalpanA karanA kaThina hai / parantu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainoM kI kevala-jJAna kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kiyA jA rahA hai| yahAM yahI spaSTa kiyA jA rahA hai ki indriyagocara jJAna ke vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM kI carcA ke saMdarbha meM indriyoM athavA mana kI bhUmikA kI pUrNa upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| hamAre isa mata ke samarthana meM hama jaina dArzafast dvArA kiye gaye matijJAna ke cAra bhedoM kA ullekha karate haiN| ye haiM-- avagraha, IhA, apAya yA avAya aura dhAraNA / avagraha- isakA vikAsa do staroM meM hotA hai- vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha / prathama stara meM sambandhita vastu kisI eka indriya ke samparka meM AtI hai; vastugata tatvoM kA indriyagocara tatvoM meM rUpAMtara hone se yaha kriyA sampanna hotI hai| udAharaNArtha, dhvanibodha ke lie sarvaprathama yaha jarUrI hai ki dhvani-vikAra kAna taka pahuMce aura isake sAtha samparka sthApita kreN| dhvani ke srota yAnI sambandhita vastu ke dhvani taraMgoM meM badala jAne se dhvani-vikAra paidA hote haiM, jo kAna meM pahuMcate haiM aura jJAnataMtuoM kI sahAyatA se cetanA ko janma dete haiN| phira ina vikAroM kI viziSTa prakAra ke vikAroM ke rUpa meM pahacAna hotI hai| vyaMjanAvagraha ko akasara arthAvagraha taka pahuMcAne vAlA eka Avazyaka prAthamika sta mAnA jAtA hai, aura arthAvagraha ko vyaMjanAvagraha kI niSpatti mAnA jAtA hai / vyaMjanAvagraha pAMca meM se cAra iMdriyoM ke lie hI saMbhava mAnA gayA hai; cakSu ke 1. 'weari ga,' 1. 14 2. 'nandItUna' 27 'tatvArtha sUna' 1. 17-18

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matikAna lie yaha saMbhava nahIM hai| pAMca indriyoM tathA eka manaHkI ziyAoM ke anusAra arthAvagraha ke chaha bheda mAne gaye haiN| ___ avAha ke stara ko tatmANika mAnA jAtA hai, parantu yaha bhI vicAra dekhane ko milatA hai ki avigraha stara takSaNika hai, vyaMjanAvagraha stara nahIM / kAraNa spaSTa hai / vyaMjanAvagraha stara meM, kahA jAtA hai ki, sambandhita indriya para (vibhinna prakAra ke) vikAroM kA niraMtara bhASAta hotA rahatA hai, aura kevala isI kAraNa cetanA udbhUta hotI hai| eka nizcita sthiti meM hI cetanA meM halacala paidA hotI hai| cUMki vikAroM se cetanA ko jAgRta karane ke lie eka nizcita kAlAvadhi lagatI hai, isalie prathama stara ko tatkSaNika nahIM mAnA jAtA / jaina matAnusAra : vikAroM ke phalita hone ke pahale anaminata kSaNa bujara jAte haiN| jaise hI cetanA meM halacala zurU hotI hai, arthAvagraha kA udaya hotA hai / isalie arthAvagraha ko tatkSaNika nahIM mAnA jaataa| arthAvagraha nirNayaka hai yA anirNayaka, isa prazna para bhI vAda-vivAda huA hai parantu jaba hama matijJAna ke vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM kA vizleSaNa karate haiM to usa para vicAra karanA yahAM jarUrI nahIM hai| hA : vyaMjanAvagraha se jo cetanA udbhUta hotI hai, usase avigraha kA udaya hotA hai, aura isalie ina donoM ke bIca kI sImArekhA patalI evaM aspaSTa rahatI hai| aura saMbhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki avagraha ke sahI svarUpa ke bAre meM jaina dArzanikoM meM bar3A matabheda rahA hai| . ____tArkika tathA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se, indriyagocara zAna ke vikAsa ke agale stara meM, cetanA udbhUta hone se, mana prApta vikAroM para kArya karatA hai|| ise IhA kahate haiM / isa stara meM vikAroM ke bAre meM pradatta jAnakArI se adhika jAnane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, avagraha ke pUrvastara meM dhvani kA kevala sAmAnya AbhAsa mila gayA thA aura yaha AbhAsa dhvani-paramANuoM ke zravaNendriya para ekatra hone ke kAraNa huA thaa| yaha sAmAnya AbhAsa isa rUpa meM thA ki, vastutaH yaha dhvani-vikAra pA, na ki dRSTivikAra yA anya koI vikAra, jo cetanA kI halacala ke pIche the| isa anubhUti ke adhika spaSTa hone kA artha yaha hai ki mana ne apanA kArya prAraMbha kara diyA hai (yahAM ise IhA kahate haiM) aura yaha dhvani ke svarUpa ke bAre meM sUkSma jAnakArI prApta karanA cAhatA hai-taba, udAharaNArtha, yaha dhvani zaMkha kI ho, yA ghaMTe kI yA pUrI kii| sabhI jaina dArzanika isa bAta ke bAre meM ekamata haiM ki IhA meM sAmAnya banubhUti se lekara grAhya vikAroM ke bAre meM viziSTa jAMca-par3atAla taka eka mArga hai| parantu hama dekhate haiM ki isI satyatA ko vibhinna prakAra se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| nadIsUtra meM IhA ko avabaha se manana karake isakI viziSTatA matalAbI gayI hai: "anubhUti athavA avagraha meM bhAvamI bAvAja ko to sunatA hai, parantu nahIM

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jaina darzana 56 jAnatA ki yaha kisakI AvAja hai| IhA meM vaha AvAja ke svarUpa ko pahacAnatA hai|" IhA ke stara meM anubhUti ke viziSTa svarUpa ko samajhane kI mana dvArA jo koziza kI jAtI hai, usake bAre meM eka anya jaina granya ne kahA hai : "avagraha se usa vastu ke bAre meM kevala AMzika bodha hI hotA hai, parantu IhA se zeSa kA bodha hotA hai aura usa vastu ke viziSTa guNa ke nirdhAraNa kI ceSTA hotI hai| cUMki upayukta vyAkhyA ke anusAra IhA kA mahattva isa bAta meM hai ki isake antargata indriyAnubhUti ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA puna: prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, isalie eka jaina dArzanika isakI paribhASA dete haiM : "indriyagocara vastu ke viziSTa nirdhAraNa kA prayatna / " isa paribhASA meM vastu kA artha sambandhita bhautika vastu nahIM hai, balki cetana-vastu hai, vaha anubhUti hai jisakA vizleSaNa kiyA jAnA hai| usa 'srota' yAnI vastu kI pahacAna jahAM se vikAroM kA udbhava huA hai, agale yAnI apAya stara kA viSaya hai| ise dUsare stara ke antargata nahIM rakhanA caahie| yaha mahattva kI bAta hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne bar3I sAvadhAnI se IhA tathA saMzaya ke bIca bheda kiyA hai / saMzaya kI paribhASA dI gayI hai ki, yaha eka aisI mAnasika sthiti hai jisameM paraspara virodhI vastueM svIkRti ke lie jora lagAtI haiM; mana satya tathA asatya meM bheda karane meM asamartha hotA hai aura isa prakAra nirdhAraNa kA abhAva hotA hai / isake viparIta, IhA meM prabhAvazAlI vivecana tathA vyavasthita vizleSaNa se satya tathA asatya meM spaSTa bheda karane kA mana dvArA saphala prayatna hotA hai| apAya : isa stara meM 'vikalpoM kA parIkSaNa hotA hai; eka ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura zeSa ko tyAga diyA jAtA hai| ata: ise nizcita bodha kA bhI stara kahate haiM / vidyamAna guNoM ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura avidyamAna guNoM ko chor3a diyA jAtA hai / pUrvollikhita udAharaNa meM IhA vaha stara hai jisameM mana dhvani ke srota ko pahacAnane kA prayatna karatA hai / isameM vibhinna saMbhAvanAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| dhvani zaMkha kI ho sakatI hai yA ghaMTe kI anya kisI vastu kI / zaMkha kI AvAja madhura hotI hai, parantu ghaMTe ko bajAne se jo AvAja nikalatI hai vaha kaThora hotI hai.| Ihita AvAja meM aise kisI eka guNa kI upasthiti se usake srota kA sahI-sahI nirdhAraNa hotA hai| __tAkika dRSTi se apAya stara kI gocara nirdhAraNA kA stara kahA gayA hai| upayuMkta udAharaNa meM isa gocara nirdhAraNA kA rUpa hotA hai : "yaha zaMkhanAda hI 3. 'nandIsUtra',35 4. 'tatvArSasUtrabhASya', I. 15 5. pUjyapAda devAnandI, sarvisiDi', I.15 6. dekhiye, 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya', 183-184

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57 bhatijJAna honA cAhie / " sarvisihi meM apAya kI paribhASA dI gayI hai : "viziSTa guNoM ke bodha ke kAraNa satya prakRti kA honevAlA bodh|" kucha jaina dArzanikoM ne apAya ke bAre meM kucha bhinna prakAra se bhI vicAra kiyA hai / unake matAnusAra, apAya ke stara meM sirpha avidyamAna guNoM kA hI pRthakkaraNa hotA hai, aura vidyamAna guNoM kA spaSTa nirdhAraNa agale stara--dhAraNA meM hotA hai| kucha anya dArzanikoM ne isa mata ko doSapUrNa kahakara isakI AlocanA kI hai / isa AlocanA kA mUlAdhAra yaha hai ki kucha guNoM ke pRthakkaraNa kI prakriyA meM hI kucha anya guNoM ko grahaNa karake kriyA sampanna hotI hai| yaha mata ki spaSTa guNoM ko apAya stara ke antargata svIkArA jAtA hai, jainoM kI vyApaka jJAnamImAMsA ke sAtha tAkika daSTi se mela khAtA hai| isake anusAra, bAdhaka tattvoM ko alaga kara dete hI apane-Apa jJAna kA avataraNa hotA hai| dhAraNA : isa stara meM gocara jJAna kA vikAsa pUrNa ho jAtA hai| tIsare stara meM upalabdha gocara nirNaya kI dhAraNA se hI vaha gocara jJAna meM badala sakatA hai| isa nirNaya ko dhAraNa karanA hI dhAraNA kI viziSTatA hai| ___jJAna ke bAre meM sAmAnya rUpa se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki, yaha eka aisI praNAlI hai jisameM vibhinna viSayoM kA tathA vibhinna prakAra ke nirNayoM kA saMyojana hotA hai| pariNAmataH zurU meM jaba naye jJAna kA koI aMza grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, to kevala vikAra paidA hotA hai, saMgRhIta jJAna ke prakAza meM isakI pahacAna hotI hai, yaha jAnA jAtA haiM ki vaha jJAnAMza saMgRhIta jJAna kA hI eka aMza hai yA usase sambandhita hai / ata: gocaratA kA eka uddezya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jo pahale se sIkhA gayA hai use smRti meM dhAraNa kiyA jAya / isI artha meM dhAraNA ko gocara jJAna kI niSpatti mAnA jAtA hai| nandIsUtra ke anusAra, dhAraNA eka aisI kriyA hai jisake antargata gocara nirNayoM ko aneka kSaNoM ke lie grahaNa karake rakhA jAtA hai| umAsvAmi ke tasvArSasUtra bhASya meM dhAraNA kA vizleSaNa tIna staroM meM kiyA gayA hai| prathama stara meM grAhya vastuoM ke guNoM kA spaSTa nirdhAraNa hotA hai, dUsare stara meM isa bodha ko dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai aura tIsare stara meM usI jAnakArI ko bhaviSya meM pahacAnane kI kSamatA paidA hotI haiN| bodha ke manovijJAna kI dRSTi se isa mata kI sAragabhitA vizeSa mahattva kI hai| kyoMki yadi zAna meM dhAraNA kI koI upayogitA hai, to isake antargata mastiSka kI yAda karane kI mamatA kA bhI samAveza honA cAhie / aura yAda karanA tabhI saMbhava hogA jaba kisI nayI grahaNa kI gayI bAta kI pUrvajJAta bAta ke sAtha pahacAna hogii| eka 7. 'sarvisiddhi', I. 15 8. 'nandIsUba',35 9. 'tatvAryasUtra bhASya', I. 15

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jaina darzana anya jaina dArzanika jinabhadra kA bhI yahI mata hai| vaha dhAraNA kA tIna rUpoM meM vizleSaNa karate haiM-avicyuti, vAsana aura anusmaraNa | 20 58 kucha jaina dArzanikoM kI paribhASA ke anusAra, dhAraNA smRti kI avasthA hai / parantu isa paribhASA kI yaha kahakara AlocanA kI gayI hai ki yaha mAnava manovijJAna kI dRSTi se asatya hai / kyoMki isameM aisI sthiti paidA hotI hai jisameM yAda kiye jAne ke samaya taka gocara nirNaya ko dhAraNa karake rakhanA par3atA hai / isa AlocanA meM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki, naye siddhAnta ke anusAra gocara nirdhAraNA kI sthApanA tathA isako smaraNa karane ke kAla ke bIca meM anya kisI prakAra kA bodha saMbhava na hogaa| yaha AlocanA ucita hai, kyoMki donoM hI matoM ke anusAra do bAMdha eka sAtha nahIM ho sakate / i jaina dArzanikoM ne indriyagocara zAna ke cAra staroM kA jaisA vizleSaNa kiyA hai, usakI tulanA Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM ke vizleSaNa se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne mAnava mastiSka se sambandhita dhAraNAoM kA bar3I sUkSmatA se gahana adhyayana kiyA hai aura unakA manovaijJAnika antadarzana bar3e mahatva kA hai| 10. 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya', 291

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zrutajJAna 10 dharma sAhitya ko athavA zAbdika jJAna ko zra utajJAna kahate haiM / zrata zabda kA artha hai sunA huA / zratajJAna eka prakAra kA parokSa jJAna hai| yaha pratyakSa jJAna nahIM hai / yaha dharmagranthoM evaM jJAnI tathA anubhavI vyaktiyoM ke zAbdika upadezoM se prApta kiyA gayA apratyakSa jJAna hai| isa saMdarbha meM tAtiyA eka mahattva kI bAta batAte haiM; vaha zra utajJAna kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka pratibandhoM kI carcA karate hue likhate haiM: "vyAvahArika zabda-zAna aura unake sahI istemAla kI jAnakArI jJAna ke lie Avazyaka pratibandha haiM / anya zabdoM meM bhASAjJAna kA sacetana upayoga tajJAna kA atyAvazyaka pratibandha hai / vaha jJAna, jo zabdoM meM Abaddha hone para bhI jJAtA dvArA sacetana rUpa se zabda prayoga meM istemAla nahIM hotA zra tajJAna nahIM apitu matijJAna (indriyajJAna) kahalAtA hai / "1 1 jaina paramparA ke anusAra AraMbha meM zrutajJAna kA artha thA : "dharmagranthoM meM nihita jJAna / "" dhIre-dhIre isakA artha ho gayA "dharmagranthoM kA jJAna" / isake do bheda haiM- agavA aura aMgapraviSTa / aMgapraviSTa ke antargata 12 zra tAMgoM kA samAveza hotA hai| jo racanAeM bAda ke jainAcAryoM ne racI haiM aura jinakI saMkhyA bAraha se adhika haiM, aMgabAhya kahalAtI haiM anya zabdoM meM, akSaroM ke vividha saMyojanoM ke anusAra atoM kI saMkhyA anaginata hai / Avazyakaniyukti ke anusAra, toM kI nizcita saMkhyA batAnA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki unakI saMkhyA akSaroM tathA unake vividha saMyojanoM kI saMkhyA ke barAbara hai| isa grantha meM inakI pramukha vizeSatAeM batAyI gayI haiN| ye haiM : akSara, saMzin, samyak, sAdika, saparyavasita, gamika aura inake viparIta chaha prakAra ke aMgapraviSTa; jaise anakSara, asaM zin, ityAdi / parantu isa grantha meM inake bAre meM vistRta jAnakArI nahIM miltii| lekina navIsUtra meM hameM caudaha zratabhedoM ke bAre meM spaSTa evaM vistRta 1. 'sTaDIja ina jaina philaoNsaphI', pU0 49-50 2. 'sthAnAMgasUa', 71 3. 'tasvArthasUva bhASya', 1.20 4. 17, 18 5. 19

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jaina darzana vivecana dekhane ko milatA hai| inameM se kevala cAra zrutabheda, aura unake viparIta bheda, dArzanika dRSTi se mahattva ke haiM, isalie yahAM hama unakI hI carcA kareMge / akSarata ke tIna bheda haiM: saMjJAkSara akSaroM ke AkAra para Azrita hai, thyaMjanAkSara akSaroM kI dhvani para Azrita hai aura jo zrutajJAna paMcendriyoM tathA mana ke mAdhyama se prApta hotA hai vaha labdhAkSara hai| jAhira hai ki prathama do meM bhautika lakSaNoM kA istemAla hotA hai-lipi ke likhane meM aura prayukta zabdoM ke vyavahAra meM / isalie inheM pravyavata kahate haiN| tIsare bheda ko bhAvabhata' kahate haiM / 60 saMjJita tIna prakAra ke jJAnakarma ke anusAra tIna vargoM meM bAMTA gayA hai : (1) bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya kA vicAra karanevAlA tArkika citana; (2) vartamAna kA bodha jisase jIva kI rakSA yA hatyA ke lie kramazaH ucita yA anucita karma meM bheda karane kI kSamatA paidA hotI hai; aura ( 3 ) samyak dharmagranthoM ke jJAna se paidA honevAlA bodha / # sampata ke antargata AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi jaina dharmagranthoM kA samAveza hotA hai aura midhyAdha ta ke antargata veda tathA mahAkAvyoM Adi gaira-jaina dharmagranthoM kA samAveza hotA hai / tIna prakAra ke mana ke anusAra asaMdhi ta ke bhI tIna bheda haiN| tIna prakAra ke mana haiM : apUrNa vikasita mana, pUrNataH avikasita mana aura vikRta mana / zra utajJAna ko matijJAna se zraM STha mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki matijJAna kA sambandha kevala vartamAna se hai, yAnI aisI vastuoM se hai jo indriya evaM mana ke bodha ke samaya vidyamAna hotI haiM, jabaki zra utajJAna bhUta-vartamAna bhaviSya se sambandhita hotA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki dharmagranthoM meM aisA jJAna nihita hotA hai jo kAlika satya hotA hai| isalie "zrutajJAna ke bAre meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha paripUrNa svarUpa ke matijJAna dvArA prApta uccatama evaM ati vikasita stara kA jJAna hai| yaha matijJAna para AdhArita jJAna hai aura yaha aisA satya jJAna hai| jisakA AviSkAra, vikAsa evaM pratyAkhyAna atyaMta vivekazIla vyaktiyoM ne kiyA hai / yaha dharmagranthoM kA satya hai; isakI pavitratA akhaNDa hai| isa prakAra zrutajJAna adhikRta jJAna hai; isakI prAmANikatA nirvivAda hai / "" 6. 'nandIsUta 38 7. vahI, 39 8. bahI 9. eca0 esa0 bhaTTAcArya, 'riyalsa ina da jaina meTAphijiksa' (bambaI : da seTha zAMtidAsa khetasI cairiTebala TrasTa, 1966), pu0 300-301

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zrutajJAna 61 kundakundAcArya ne tajJAna ko cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai: sandhi, bhAvanA, upayoga aura naya / inheM cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTane kI bajAya bhaTTAcArya bujhAte haiM ki "inheM svataMtra evaM eka-dUsare se bhinna dharmagranthoM ke jJAna-prakAra mAnane kI bajAya eka ghaTanA kI vikAsazIla vyAkhyA ke cAra kadamoM kA krama mAnanA hI upayukta hogA / 21 yadi tajJAna kA pUrNa rUpa se upayoga karanA hai aura yadi isa saMgrahIta zAma ke upayoga se AdamI apane AsapAsa kI ghaTanAoM ko samajhane meM samartha banatA hai, to yaha bAta samajhane yogya hai ki yaha cAra kadama kisa prakAra usa AdamI kI vikAsazIla bodha kSamatA ke dyotaka haiM / gdha vyAkhyA kA stara hai / isameM eka aisI ghaTanA kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai jisakA sambandha vidyamAna ghaTanA se hotA hai / yadi kSa tathA ya do ghaTanAeM haiM, aura yaha eka-dUsare se sambandhita haiM, to ghaTanA kSa ke svabhAva para vicAra karane nayI ghaTanA kA svabhAva AsAnI se mAlUma ho jAtA hai / bhAvanA aisA stara hai jisameM jJAta ghaTanA (kSa) ke svabhAva kA punarvicAra hotA hai, tAki nayI ghaTanA (ya), jo ki purAnI ghaTanA se sambandhita hotI haiM, ThIka se samajhI jA sake / udyoga aisA stara hai jisameM nayI ghaTanA kA samucita mUlyAMkana hotA hai| pUrva-paricita ghaTanA ke prakAza meM vicAra evaM samAkalana karane se aisA saMbhava hotA hai / zra utajJAna ke cauthe stara (naya) aura matijJAta ke cauthe stara ( dhAraNA ) ke bIca eka bar3A rocaka sAmya darazayA gayA hai / dhAraNA, jisake antargata dharmavacana ko mana ke bhItara pakar3akara rakhane kI kriyA sampanna hotI hai, indriyajanya matijJAna kI eka prakAra se carama sImA hai / isI prakAra naya, jisameM vastu ke guNa-vizeSa ko mahattva dekara use samajhA jAtA hai, zra utajJAna kI carama sImA hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki naya meM kisI ghaTanA kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie saMgRhIta samasta jJAna kA upayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA, balki kisI vastu ke vibhinna pahaluoM tathA usake viziSTa guNoM kA avalokana karake use samajhA jAtA hai / " jainoM ke zra tajJAna siddhAnta kI yaha eka vizeSatA hai ki mati ko zruta ke pahale mAnA gayA hai / " koI bhI anya bhAratIya darzana zabda pramANa se janya jJAna kI carcA karate hue yaha nahIM kahatA ki indriyajanya jJAna zabdajJAna athavA dharma 10. 'paMcAstikAya, samayasAra, 43 11. gato, q. 301 12. vahI, pR0 302-303 13. 'tasvArtha sUtra', I. 20

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62 - jaina darzana anthoM ke mAna kA AdhAra hai|| jainoM ke ata sambandhI isa vicitra siddhAnta kA kAraNa yaha tathya hai ki unakI paramparA meM AraMbha meM karNa dvArA sune gaye jJAna ko ata mAnA gayA thaa| dhIre-dhIre isakA artha ho gayA zeSa sabhI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bhI prApta jJAna / jainoM kA mata hai ki jJAna ke upayoga ke lie isakA saMcaraNa honA jarUrI hai, aura saMcaraNa bhASA ke mAdhyama se hI ho sakatA hai aura kyoMki zAbdika saMvedanoM ko sIdhe karNa se hI grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie mati ata ke sadaiva pahale rahatI hai / yadyapi karNa dvArA zabda-vacanoM ko hI grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, isa kargajanya bodha ke mUla meM bhI azAbdika vacana (vicAra) hI hote haiN| aura phira, indriyajanya anubhUti cAhe kisI bhI prakAra kI--sparza, rUpa, rasa yA gaMdha se sambandhita-kyoM na ho, ina sabako manuSya kI vicAra-prakriyA se gujaranA hotA hai. aura antatogatvA bhASA meM yAnI dhvani-saMketoM meM badalA jA sakatA hai| phira yaha dhvani-saMketa zrotA ke karNandriyoM taka pahuMcate haiM aura usameM 'samAjAte haiN| cUMki vicAra ke lie zabdoM kA istemAla karane se zravaNa kI sthiti bhI jarUrI hai, aura zabda hI eka aisA mAdhyama hai jisake dvArA indriyajanya anubhUtiyoM ko sAmAnyataH prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie matijJAna sadaiva zrutajJAna ke pUrva rahatA hai| jaina paramparA meM zrata kA jo tIna prakAra kA artha pAyA jAtA hai (dharmasAhitya, likhita yA uccArita saMketa aura avyakta zabdajJAna) usake bAre meM tAtiyA kA mata hai ki jaina ciMtana ke vikAsa meM vimarza kI zanaiH-zanai: bar3hatI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa inakA udaya huA hai| unake kahane kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki zrata ke ina tIna prakAra ke ayoM ke vikAsa kA kAlakramAnusAra adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha kahate haiM ki unhIM jaina vicArakoM ne ata ko dharma-sAhitya kI dhAraNA se AraMbha karake avyakta zabdajJAna kI dhAraNA taka pahuMcA diyA hogaa| isa sambandha meM jaina sAhitya meM itanA byApaka, vividha evaM sUkSma vivecana upalandha hai ki usameM kAlAntara ke jaina lekhakoM kI maulika dena kI khoja kara pAnA kaThina ho jAtA hai|" zrata aura mati ke bIca ke bheda yA sambandha ke bAre meM jaina sAhitya meM do prakAra ke mata dekhane ko milate haiM / eka mata ke anusAra mati aura ata eka-dUsare se pUrNataH bhinna haiM aura dUsare mata ke anusAra ina donoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai| prathama mata ke do AdhAra haiM : (1) mati zruta se isalie bhinna hai ki isameM zabdoM ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / zabda-saMyojana zruta kI khAsa vizeSatA hai| "14.bahI, .53

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63 butajJAna hama dekhate haiM ki isa mata kI do prakAra se AlocanA kI gayI hai| eka yaha hai ki, yadi mati se zabdoM ko ekadama alaga kara diyA jAya to phira isameM IhA, apAma tathA dhAraNA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jAyagA, kyoMki inakA viSaya bodhagamya cintana hai, aura zabda-rahita bodhagamya cintana mahaja eka kalpanA hai| yadi aisA hotA hai to phira mAnava aura pazu meM koI bheda hI nahIM raha jaaygaa| dUsarI AlIcanA yaha hai isase nirdhArya bodha saMbhava na hogA aura hameM anirdhArya bodha ke stara para hI ruka jAnA hogA / mati se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki isakA jJAna kevala jJAtA ko hI ho sakatA hai / yaha usa mUka AdamI ke bodha- jaisA hai jo anubhava to karatA hai, kintu ise dUsaroM ke sammukha vyakta nahIM kara sakatA / zruta kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha 'bahatA' hai aura apane ko jJAtA taka pahuMcAtA hai / yaha usa vyakti kI taraha hai jo bola sakatA hai, jo apane anubhavoM ko bAhya saMketoM se vyakta kara sakatA hai| isa mata kI AlocanA isa AdhAra para kI jAtI hai ki mati aura zrata donoM hI jJAna ke svarUpa haiM, isalie svayaM ko dUsare ke sammukha vyakta nahIM kara sakate / yadi, kevala tarka ke lie, yaha mAna bhI liyA jAya ki jJAna dUsaroM ke lie prakaTa karanA saMbhava hai, to bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yaha eka ko prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai aura dUsaroM ko nhiiN| kyoMki eka sthiti meM prakaTIkaraNa zabdoM ke rUpa hotA hai aura dUsarI sthiti meM hAvabhAva ke rUpa meM / dUsarA mata, jisameM mati aura zruta ke bheda ko nahIM mAnA gayA hai, zuddha tarka para AdhArita hai| kahA gayA hai ki mati meM bhASA nirdhAraNa kI koI bhUmikA adA nahIM karatI, aura mati ke lie pUrvajJAna bhI alpa mahatva kA hI hai / parantu zrutajJAna zabdoM meM rahatA hai| cUMki hara prakAra kA bodha eka prakAra kA saMbhavanIya zrata hI hai, isalie kahA jA sakatA hai ki bodha zabdamaya to hotA hai, parantu yaha pUrvajJAna se mukta hotA hai| lekina yaha eka asaMbhava bAta hai, aura isalie mati tathA zrata meM koI vAstavika bheda nahIM haiM / isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie bheda siddhAnta ke samarthaka yaha kahate haiM ki jaba zabdoM kA abhAva rahatA hai to vaha mati hai, aura jaba zabdoM kA astitva rahatA hai to mati zruta meM badala jAtI hai / parantu isa mata ke AlocakoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha bheda bahuta hI kRtrima hai aura isalie yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki zabdoM se jJAna ko eka nayA stara milatA hai / isakA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki mati hI paryApta hai aura zruta nirarthaka hai / yA yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki zruta mati kA hI eka prakAra haiM / aisI sthiti meM zruta para svataMtra vicAra karanA yA ise eka svataMtra bheda mAnanA nyAyocita nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ataH zruta aura mati meM koI bheda nahIM hai /

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kevalajJAna 11 jaina darzana kI eka viziSTatA hai usakA kevalajJAna kA siddhAnta / ise pratyakSa jJAna yA tatkSaNa jJAna bhI kahate haiN| kevalajJAna kI paribhASA dI gayI hai ki yaha paripUrNa, samagra, asAdhAraNa, nirapekSa, vizuddha, sarva-bhAva-jJApaka, lokAlokaviSaya tathA anantaparyAya hotA hai|' isa paribhASA se spaSTa hotA hai ki manuSya kI jJAnaprApti kI pragati meM sarvajJatA kA eka aisA stara AtA hai jaba use binA kisI bAdhA ke yathArthatA kA pUrNa antarjJAna ho jAtA hai / cUki jaina darzana kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatA yaha hai ki indriya tathA mana 'jJAna ke srota' na hokara sirpha 'bAdhA ke srota' haiM, isalie spaSTa hai ki sarvajJa kA stara dik tathA kAla kI sImA ke pare kA hai| ataH sarvajJatA eka aimI pUrNa anubhUti hai jisake antargata dikkAla ko sImita vizeSatAoM vAle anubhavoM kA samAveza nahIM hotaa| kevalajJAna kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra yaha hai ki, mati tathA zrata ke viSaya sabhI padArtha haiM, parantu inameM unake sabhI rUpoM kA nirUpaNa nahIM hotA (asarva-dravyeSu asarva-paryAyeSu); avadhi ke viSaya kevala bhautika padArtha haiM, parantu isameM unake sabhI paryAyoM kA vicAra nahIM hotA (rUpiSveva dravyeSu paryAyeSu); avadhi dvArA prApta bhautika padArthoM kA adhika zuddha evaM atyanta sUkSma jJAna manaHparyAya hai; aura kevalajJAna kA viSaya sabhI padArtha haiM aura isameM unake sabhI padArthoM kA vicAra hotA hai (sarvadravyeSu srvpryaayessuc)| ___ bhAratIya jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se kevalajJAna kI yaha dhAraNA isa mAne meM viziSTa hai ki ise indriya tathA mana kI bAdhAoM ko zana:-zanaiH dUra haTAkara prApta kiye gaye saMpUrNa jJAna kA caramotkarSa kahA gayA hai / jaisA ki pramANa mImAMsA meM kahA gayA hai : "jJAna ke kramika vikAsa kI caramonnati kI AvazyakatA ke 1. 'tattvArtha sUtra', 1-30 aura bhASya 2 vahI, 1.27-30 aura bhASya 3. yaha isa mAne meM viziSTa hai ki anya sabhI bhAratIya darzanI meM indriya tathA mana ko usa prakAra bAdhAe nahI mAnA jAtA jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM inheM pUrNa jJAna ke mArga kI bAdhAeM mAnA jAtA hai|

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kevalajJAna 65 pramANa se sarvajJatA pramANita hotI hai|" isa dhAraNA kI vyAkhyA karate hue mehatA likhate hai : "jisa prakAra tApa kI DigiyAM hotI haiM aura anta meM inakI eka sImA hotI hai, usI prakAra jJAna, jisakA ki kramika vikAsa hotA hai, apane mArga kI vividha staroM kI bAdhAoM ko dUra haTAne hue uccatama sImA para pahuMca jAtA hai| yaha hai sarvajJatA, jaba karma kI sabhI prakAra kI bAdhAoM kA pUrNataH vinAza ho jAtA hai|" ___ yaha eka dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki kevalajJAna kI carcA kevala jJAnamImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM hI nahIM kI gayI hai| uddiSTa mAnavIya Adarza kI carcA ke saMdarbha meM bhI isa dhAraNA ko mahattva diyA gayA hai / arthAt, naitika dRSTi se bhI isake mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isI saMdarbha meM hama karma siddhAMta tathA bAdhAoM ko haTAkara prApta kiye gaye kevala jJAna ke paraspara sambandha ko samajha sakate haiM aura pariNAmata: jJAnamImAMsA tathA nItizAstra ke caramoda zya meM ekarUpatA dekhate haiN| jainoM ke karma-siddhAta ke anusAra, mohanIya karma ke saMpUrNa vinAza ke kucha samaya bAda aura jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa tathA antarAya karmoM ke vinAza ke bAda hI sarvajJatva kI prApti ho sakatI hai| taba kahA jAtA hai ki AtmA pUrNa rUpa se daidIpyamAna ho uThatA hai, aura sarvajatAra ke stara para pahuMca jAtA hai aura taba sabhI padArthoM ke sabhI paryAya spaSTa ho jAte haiM / yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki sarvajJatva ke lie kucha bhI ajJeya nahIM raha jaataa| jaina paramparA kA ullekha karate hue umAsvAmi bhI kahate haiM ki kevalajJAna saMpUrNa jJAna kI pariNati hai| isa paramparA ke anusAra jisa prakAra pUrvAkAza meM sUryodaya hone para sitAre apanI kAMti kho baiThate hai, usI prakAra jaba kevalajJAna kA udaya hotA hai, to anya prakAra ke mAna-mati. prata avadhi tathA manaHparyAya lupta ho jAte haiN| jaisA ki svAbhAvika hai, umAsvAmi paramparAgata vicAroM kA samarthana karate haiN| unakA tarka hai ki, kAnAvaraNa karma ke pUrNa vinAza ke bAda kevalajJAna kA udaya hotA hai. jabaki anya cAra prakAra ke 4. 1. 1.16 5. 'AuTalAinsa oNpha jana philaoNsaphI',10 100 6. 'da nyAyAvatAra', 28 ke anusAra : "pramANa kA pariNAma hai ajJAna-nivartana, kevalajJAna kA hai paramasumya aura samabhAva, aura zeSa prakAra ke jJAna kA hai aadaanhaan-dhiiH|" 7. dekhiye, 'tatvArthasUtra',X.1 aura bhASya aura dekhiye, 'sthAnAgasUtra', 226 8. dekhiye, 'tattvArthasUtra', 1.30 tathA bhASya aura dekhiye, 'Avazyakaniyukti,77

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jaina darzana jJAna kA astitva jJAnAvaraNa-karma ke kevala vinAza-yukta astitva ke kAraNa hai / unakA kahanA hai ki, pUrNa vinAza meM vinAza-yukta astitva kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai|" kevalajJAna kI dhAraNA kI vizeSatA ko isa jaina dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para samajhA jA sakatA hai ki, manuSya kI AtmA, dikkAla kI dUriyoM ke binA bhI, sabhI bAtoM ko samajhane meM samartha hotI hai| isa kSamatA kA sirpha yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki manuSya apane bhAvoM ko zuddha karane kI 'kramika kSamatA rakhatA hai aura carama jJAna kI prApti kA usameM saMkalpa hotA hai| isa kSamatA kA artha yaha hai ki, manuSya indriya evaM mana kI sahAyatA ke vinA bhI jJAna prApta karane meM samartha hotA hai / indriya tathA mana ko jJAnaprApti ke mArga kI bAdhAeM mAnA gayA hai, aura isalie AdamI kI mAnya naitika zikSAeM tathA indriya evaM mana kA niyaMtraNa antatogatvA bAdhAoM ke srota - indriya evaM mana ko dUra haTAne para nirbhara haiM / kevalajJAna prApta karane kI AtmA kI kSamatA jJAnAvaraNa-karma dvArA sImita hotI haiM 110 66 jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki AdamI meM asIma jJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA hai, to usakA yaha artha hotA hai ki jJAna ke mArga kI bAdhAeM pUrNa nahIM haiM, kyoMki yadi ve pUrNa haiM to phira jIva tathA ajIva ke bIca koI bheda nahIM raha jAyagA / isa sImita kSamatA se hameM nizcaya hI aisA bhAsa hotA hai ki indriya evaM mana jJAnaprApti meM sahAyaka hote haiM / indriya-vastu sambandha se prApta honevAle sImita jJAna ke bAre meM yaha galata dhAraNA bana jAtI hai ki isase svayaM jJAnaprApti kI eka 'pravidhi' hAsila ho jAtI hai| isa bAta ko nahIM samajhA jAtA ki svayaM yaha galata dhAraNA karma ke kuprabhAva ke kAraNa hai aura AtmA kI kSamatA evaM zucitA para bhI isakA prabhAva par3atA hai| jaba manuSya yaha anubhava karatA hai ki pUrNa jJAna ke mArga kI vAstavika bAdhAeM karmANu haiM, to vaha kevalajJAna prApti kI dizA meM pahalA kadama rakhatA hai, aura jaba vaha mAnya naitika zikSA ko amala meM lAtA hai to use mAnava AtmA kI kSamatA kA pUrNa AbhAsa hotA hai aura vaha jAna jAtA hai ki AdamI apane jIvana ke carama uddezya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| anya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM se yaha siddhAnta pUrNataH bhinna hai, isalie isake viruddha maulika tarka uThAye gaye haiM, to isameM Azcarya kI koI bAta nahIM hai| inameM mImAMsakoM dvArA uThAyI gayI ApattiyAM maulika haiM, isalie yahAM hama una para vicAra kareMge aura dekheMge ki jainoM ne unake kyA uttara diye haiN| 9. dekhiye, 'tasvArtha sUtra bhASya' 1.30 10. bahI, 1.31

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kevalajJAna tries prathama hI yaha kahate haiM ki kisI bhI prabhAga se hameM sarvazatya, vA isake jJAna kI bhI prApti nahIM ho sakatI / mImAMsakoM dvArA svIkRta pramANa haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, mAgama, prarthApatti aura anupalabdhi 1 mImAMsakoM ke anusAra inase hameM sarvazatva ke bAre meM jJAna bhI prApta nahIM ho sakatA / pratyakSa kA vistAra itanA sImita hai ki, 'anyoM' ke saMbaMdha meM adhika se adhika hameM padArthoM ke svarUpa evaM AkAra ke bAre meM hI jAnakArI mila sakatI hai, aura unake sImita jJAna ke bAre meM bhI koI jAnakArI nahIM ho sakatI / mataH mImAMsakoM kA kahanA hai ki sarvaza sattA ke mana meM anaginata vicAroM kA pratyakSa honA asaMbhava hai, yaha eka spaSTa bAta hai| yaha bAta jainoM ke isa mata se bhI siddha hotI hai ki sarvajJa ko atIta, vartamAna tathA anAgata kA jJAna hotA hai| jainoM kA uttara hai ki jJAna yA to anubhavAtIta hotA hai yA prayogajanya, phira anubhavAtIta jJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai-apUrNa aura pUrNa aura prayogajanya jJAna ke bhI do prakAra haiM - indriyajanya aura indriya-nirapekSa / prathama sthiti kA apUrNa anubhavAtIta jJAna, avadhi evaM manaH paryAya kI taraha, svayaM sarvazatva kI saMbhAvanA kA niSedha nahIM karatA, , kyoMki unakA sambandha aisI vastuoM se hotA hai jinameM rUpa tathA dravya hotA hai| dUsarI tarapha, unameM hameM jJAnaprApti kI prakriyA meM paripUrNatA kI saMbhAvanA ke darzana hote haiM / indriya-nirapekSa jJAna meM bhItarI anubhUti hotI hai, jaise sukhamaya tathA duHkhamaya anubhava, aura ye svayaM sarvazasva kI saMbhAvanA kA niSedha nahIM karate / 67 yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki indriyAnubhUti sarvazatva kI saMbhAvanA kA niSedha karatI hai, to prazna uThatA hai ki kisakI indriyAnubhUti - jijJAsu kI yA anya kisI kI / yadi yaha jijJAsu kI hai, to isakA artha hogA usa kSaNa kI anubhUti jaba sarvajJatva ke bAre meM saMdeha vyakta kiyA gayA hai, yA yaha saMpUrNa deza tathA kAla kI anubhUti hogii| prathama vikalpa ke bAre meM jainoM kA koI vivAda nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha asarvajJa sattA ke astitva kA poSaka hai| jahAM taka dUsare vikalpa kA prazna hai, atIta, vartamAna tathA anAgata ke anubhava ke bAda, yA vinA aise anubhava ke hI, nirNaya diyA jAtA hai / prathama vikalpa kA artha hogA ki jo vyakti sarvazatA kA virodha karatA hai vaha svayaM sarvajJa hai, aura dUsare vikalpa kA artha hogA ki vaha svamatAbhimAnI hai / yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki dUsaroM kI anubhUti se sarvazatva meM anAsthA paidA hotI haiM, to phira bhI yaha tarka aprAmANika hogA, kyoMki usa sthiti meM eka 'anya' vyakti kA sarvazatva ke bAre meM yaha anubhava bhI satya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isalie pratyakSa se sarvazatva kI saMbhAvanA kA pUrNataH niSedha nahIM hotA / tent kA kahanA hai ki kisI sarva sattA kA jJAna anumAna ke dvArA bhI

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jaina darzana nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki isa saMdarbha meM anumAna kI eka mahattvapUrNa AvazyakatAhetuko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| cUMki hetu tathA sAdhya ke bIca ke aniyata evaM sthira sambandha se anumAna kA Agamana hotA hai, aura cUMki sAdhya ke sAtha hetu avazya jur3A rahatA hai, isalie aisI sthiti meM sarvajJatva kI khoja nahIM ho sakatI, sarvazatva ko jAnA hI nahI jA sktaa| isake alAvA, kaThinAI yaha haiM ki indriyoM se sarvajJatva ko nahI jAnA jA sakatA / isake lie jainoM kA uttara hai ki, yadi sarvajJatva ke jJAna ko asaMbhava mAnA jAtA hai to hetu, joki sarvajJatva ke sAtha viparIta rUpa se sambaddha ho sakatA hai, bhI asaMbhava hai / ataH sarvajJatva ke astitva kA niSedha hI isakI sattA ko siddha karatA hai / 68 mImAMsaka isa saMdarbha meM upamAna ko bhI nirupayogI mAnate haiN| kyoMki upamAna meM vastuoM ke bIca kI viziSTa samAnatAoM ke jJAna para bala diyA jAtA hai, aura sarvajJa sattA ke sambandha meM aisI bAta saMbhava nahIM haiM, isalie yaha pramANa bhI upayoga kA nahIM haiM / mImAMsaka kahate haiM, cUMki kisI ne bhI sarvajJa sattA ko dekhA nahIM hai, isalie usameM tathA usakI taraha ke anya kisI meM kisI prakAra kI samAnatA ko khojanA aura bhI kaThina kAma ho jAtA hai / isa Apatti ke bAre me jainoM kA kahanA hai, upamAna ke bAre meM sabase mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki yaha vastuoM ke bIca kI samAnatAoM ko dekhatA hai| isalie yaha kahanA ki sarvajJatva asaMbhava hai, nyAyocita nahI hai / Agama ke bAre meM mImAMsakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki, veda ke vahI aMza, jinameM Adeza tathA niSedha nihita hai, prAmANika haiM, aura inameM kisI sarvajJa sattA kA kahIM koI ullekha nahI hai / isalie sarvajJatva ko svIkAra nahI kiyA jA sakatA ! jaina isa mAnyatA kA virodha karate haiM; ve pramANa mAne jAnevAle apauruSeya grantho vAlI isa dhAraNA para hI hamalA bola dete hai| kyoMki dharmagrantha kevala pauruSeya ho sakate hai, aura unakI racanA ke lie sarvajJa puruSoM kI jarUrata hotI haiM, tAki ve 'prAmANika' hoM, isalie sarvajJa puruSoM kI saMbhAvanA svIkArya hai / sarvajJa kI sthiti meM prarthApatti vAlA tarka bhI nirNayAtmaka nahIM hai, mImAMsakoM kA kahanA hai / yadyapi jisa rUpa meM mImAMsA darzana meM isa tarka ko peza kiyA gayA hai usase sarvajJatva siddha hotA hai, mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki guru kA Avazyaka rUpa se sarvajJa honA jarUrI nahIM hai / tArkika dRSTi se unheM isI sthiti ko svIkAra karanA par3atA hai, kyoMki ve kevala veda ko hI jJAna kA bhaMDAra mAnate haiM / isa sambandha meM jainoM kA mata hai ki, arthApatti kA mahattva isa bAta meM hai ki jaba anya sabhI pramANa nirupayogI siddha hote haiM taba ghaTanA kI vyAkhyA ke lie

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kevalajJAna isakA upayoga hotA hai / sarvaza sattA anumeya hai, aura isalie use arthApatti kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / 69 ariant kA kahanA hai ki anupalabdhi ke pramANa se bhI sarvajJatva siddha nahIM hotA / tarka yaha peza kiyA jAtA hai ki abhAva kA anubhava hameM tabhI hotA hai jaba ki kisI sattA kI anupasthiti hotI hai / parantu sarvajJa sattA kA hama anubhava nahIM kara skte| hama kevala asarvajJa sattAoM ko hI sarvatra dekhate haiM; isalie kisI sarvajJa sattA kI prApti asaMbhava hai / jainoM kA uttara hai : cUMki anumAna se sarvajJa kA astitva spaSTataH siddha hotA hai, ataH sarvajJa sattA kA astitva abhAva jaise pramANa dvArA nakArA jAnA asaMbhava hai / atrine nirmamatA se vibhinna vikalpoM ko prastuta karate haiM, aura batAte haiM ki inameM se koI bhI vikalpa sAdhya nahI hai / unake matAnusAra, kevalajJAna zabda. artha sabhI vastuoM ke bAre meM jJAna ho sakatA hai yA pramukha vastuoM se sambandhita jJAna ho sakatA hai / yadi prathama vikalpa ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to Age savAla uThatA hai ki vastubodha kramika haiM yA ekakAlika / yadi bodha kramika hai to yaha satya nahIM hai, kyoMki vastuoM ke kramika bodha kA artha hotA hai atIta, vartamAna tathA anAgata kI sabhI vastuoM kA bodha / parantu hamArA sAmAnya anubhava hai ki vartamAna kI sabhI vastuoM kA bodha bhI atyanta duSkara haiM, to phira yaha kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vartamAna kI sabhI vastuoM ke atirikta atIta tathA anAgata kI sabhI vastuoM kA bhI bodha ho sakatA hai ? jainoM kA uttara yaha hai ki, kevalajJAna meM sabhI vastuoM kA bodha kramika nahIM balki eka sAtha hI hotA hai| kA kahanA hai ki vibhinna padArthoM kA ekakAlika bodha nitAnta asaMbhava hai / unakA prazna hai : udAharaNArtha, "tApa tathA zIta ko eka sAtha kaise anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai ?" apanI isa mahattvapUrNa mAnyatA ke samarthana meM jaina uttara dete haiM : jaba AkAza meM bijalI camakatI haiM to hama eka sAtha prakAza tathA aMdherA dekhate haiM / Aries kA eka aura dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yadi mAna bhI liyA jAya ki 'samasta kA bodha' saMbhava hai, to bhI pUrNa bodha ke turaMta bAda vyakti mUrcchita ho jAyagA aura phira use kisI anya bAta kA bodha nahIM hogaa| jainoM kA uttara hai : sarvajJatva ke bAre meM vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki aisA koI kSaNAMza nahIM hai jaba ki bodha na hotA ho, jJAna kA vinAza nahIM hotA, na hI saMsAra kA hotA hai / ataH yaha Apatti ki siddha puruSa mUrcchita ho jAyagA, vyartha hai / mImAMsaka yaha bhI kahate haiM ki 'saMpUrNa jJAna' meM sabhI tRSNAoM ke jJAna kA bhI samAveza hotA hai, aura isalie usa siddha puruSa para tRSNAoM kA asara ho

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jaina darzana sakatA hai tathA usake jJAna meM bAdhAeM utpanna ho sakatI haiM, aura isalie sarvajJatA ke dAve ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jaina isa tarka ko mithyA siddha karate haiN| sabhI tRSNAoM ke jJAna kA artha unase prabhAvita honA nahIM haiN| siddha puruSa hone kA artha hI yaha hai ki usa para tRSNAoM kA koI asara nahIM hotaa| isake malAvA cUMki, indriya tathA mana hI Asakti ke kAraNa haiM, aura jaba indriya tathA mana kA hI vinAza ho jAtA hai to phira sarvajJa puruSa meM Asakti ke paidA hone kA savAla hI nahIM paidA hotaa| kevalajJAna ke virodha meM mImAMsaka kA antima pramukha tarka yaha hai ki, cUMki anAgata tathA atIta kA anastitva hai, to yadi unheM siddha puruSa meM vidyamAna mAnA jAya to isase bhrAMti paidA hogI / ataH siddhi bilakula saMbhava nahIM / jaina isa Apatti kA uttara dete haiM : atIta tathA anAgata kA jJAna rakhanevAle siddha puruSa kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hotI hai ki vaha atIta ko atIta ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai aura anAgata ko anAgata ke rUpa meN| ataH isa sthiti meM kisI prakAra kI bhrAMti paidA nahIM hotI / kevalajJAna ke viruddha uThAyI gayI vibhinna ApattiyoM ke vivecana se isa dhAraNA meM nihita pramukha tatva spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vaha tatva yaha hai ki, saMpUrNa pragati kA marma paramonnati meM nihita hai aura jJAnaprApti kI prakriyA bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai / 70

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anumAna anumAna, jaise ki sAdhAraNa vyakti bhI jAnatA hai, 'parokSa rUpa se hameM zAna pradAna karatA hai| manuSya ke indriyoM ke samparka meM bAyI haI ghaTanAmoM se tathA usake saMcita jJAna kI sahAyatA se vaha ya se ajJeya taka pahuMca jA sakatA hai| zeya se ajJeya taka kA yaha mArga use nayA jJAna detA hai aura isa prakAra vahazAna kI apanI sImA kA vistAra karatA hai| parantu isa sArI prakriyA meM kucha aise tatva maujUda haiM jo eka saMgata evaM sudRr3ha vidhi dvArA yathArya anumAna kI prApti meM sahAyaka hote haiN| isa bAta meM virodhAbhAsa bhale hI dikhAI detA ho, parantu yaha satya hai ki jaina darzana tathA paramparAgata hindU darzana pratyakSa ke bAre meM viparIta dRSTikoNa apanAte hue bhI anumAna kI prakRti ke bAre meM samAna vicAra rakhate haiM / jaina mata (paramparAgata) kI mUla dhAraNA yaha hai ki indriyoM dvArA jo bodha hotA hai vaha parokSa hai aura indriyoM kI sahAyatA ke binA jo bodha hotA hai vaha pratyakSa hai| isa artha meM matimAna itanA vyApaka hai ki usameM anumiti kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / paramparAgata hindU darzanoM meM cUMki indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnA gayA hai, isalie indriyagocara jJAna ko hI pratyakSa kahA gayA hai, aura pratyakSa para AdhArita anumAna-zAna ko parokSa jJAna kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM anumAna ke do prakAra mAne gaye hai :svArvAnumAna aura praanumaan| prathama ko viSayagata anumAna kahA gayA hai aura dUsare ko nyAyya anumAna / nyAyAvatAra se bhI yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai : "svayaM tathA dUsaroM ke mAna ke lie bhI pratyakSa tathA anumAna pramANa haiM / pratyakSa tathA anumAna kI kriyAoM kI taraha inako vyakta karanevAle kathana bhI unhIM saMzAoM se jAne jAte haiM, kyoMki inake mAdhyama se dUsaroM taka jAnakArI pahuMcAyI jAtI hai| yahAM uData bAda ke zloka hamAre saMdarbha meM vizeSa mahattva ke haiM kyoMki unameM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki pratijJA, hetu sahita, anumAna kI taraha mahattva kI hai| ina zlokoM kA tAtparya yaha hai ki,jaina darzana meM anumAna ke nyAyya smako vyakta tathA kalpita donoM ko pUrNa mAnyatA pradAna kI gayI hai| 1. jyAvAvatAra', 10-13

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72 jaina darzana anumAna ko niyata nyAya mAnA gayA hai, yaha isa paribhASA se spaSTa hai : "anumAna liMga dvArA nirdhArita sAdhya kA (sAdhya-nizcayaka) jJAna hai, aura yaha liMga sAdhya se dRr3hatA se sambandhita rahatA hai| eka sarala paribhASA bhI hai : "sAdhana dvArA prApta sAdhya kA jJAna anumAna hai|" ___ anumAna ko kalpita nyAya mAnA gayA hai, yaha isa paribhASA se spaSTa hai : "anumAna (eka vastu kI dUsarI ke sApekSa) upasthiti yA anupasthiti para AdhArita vyAntijJAna hai, aura isakA svarUpa hai : yadi yaha hai, to vaha hai; yadi vaha nahIM hai, to yaha nahIM hai / udAharaNArtha, jahAM dhuAM hai, vahAM agni hai : yadi agni nahIM hai, to dhuA bhI nahI hai|" viSayagata anumAna meM svayaM nirdhArita pramANa se prameya kA jJAna hotA hai, aura isakI ekamAtra vizeSatA yaha hai ki prameya ke sAtha isakA anivArya saMyoga hotA hai / 'anivArya maMyoga' kA artha yaha hai ki eka kI anupasthiti meM dUsarA bhI anupasthita rahatA hai| vyakti dvArA pramANa kA nizcita bodha aura pramANa tathA prameya ke sthira saMyoga ke pUrvajJAna se use nayA jJAna hotA hai aura yaha viSayagata anumAna hai| nyAyya anumAna kA samAveza parArthAnumAna ke antargata hotA hai "nyAyya anumAna nirNIta jJAna hai aura yaha aise pramANa ke kathana se prApta hotA hai jisakA prameya ke sAtha anivArya maMyoga hotA hai| nyAya ke avayavoM ke bAre meM jaina dRSTikoNa kA sAra ina zabdo me hai : 'jJAnI puruSa ke lie nyAya ke pratijJA tathA hetu avayava hI paryApta haiM / '' jaina dRSTi yaha jAna par3atI hai ki, anumiti ke bAre meM vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki pratijJA prameya ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se sambandhita hone se pratijJA kI jAnakArI se prameya kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / prasiddha udAharaNa hai : hamAre dainandina anubhava se, dhuoM agni ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se sambandhita hone se, dhuAM dekhane para agni kI upasthiti kA anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai / jaba hama pratijJA ko sunate haiM, jaba pahAr3I para dhuA~ hone kI pratijJA prastuta kI jAtI hai, to sunanevAlA phaurana isa natIje (anumAna) para pahuMcatA hai ki pahAr3I para Aga hai / ataH, vastutaH, kevala do avayavaH "pahAr3I para Aga hai" (pratijJA), aura 2. vahI,5 3. 'parIkSAmukhasUtra', III.9 4. vahI, 7.8 5. dekhiye, ema0 ela0 mehatA, 'AuTalAinsa baoNpha jaina philaoNsaphI', pRSTha 108-109 6. 'pramANa-mImAMsA', 11.1.1 7: bahI, II. 1.1

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bhanumAna "kyoMki vahAM dhuA~ hai" (hetu) hI anumiti ke lie paryApta haiN| pAMca avayavoM vAle nyAya meM se zeSa tIna avayava "jahAM dhuAM hotA hai, vahAM Aga hotI hai, jaise, rasoIghara meM" (dRSTAMta) "pahAr3I para vaisA hI dhuAM hai" (upanaya) "isalie vahAM pahAr3I para Aga hai" (nigamana) jo upapatti ke lie Avazyaka nahIM samajhe jAte / ataH aba yaha spaSTa hai ki "zAnI puruSa ke lie paryApta" zabda (Upara uddhata zloka meM) kitane mahatva ke haiM, kyoMki unase jAhira ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhI nyAya ke pAMca yA dasa avayavoM kA ullekha kyoM hai / jaisA ki jaina paramparA meM kahA gayA hai : vikalpa rUpa se nyAya ke pAMca athavA dasa avayava haiM / hama donoM ko nyAyya mAnakara svIkAra karate haiN|" pramANa-mImAMsA meM nyAya ke pAMca avayavoM kI paribhASAeM dI gayI haiM : "pratijJA sAdhya-nirdeza kA kathana hai|'' "sAdhya kI upasthiti ko jAhira karanevAle liMga kA kathana hetu hai / "10 "udAharaNa dRSTAMta kA kathana hai|" "upanaya meM vyApti ko pratijJA (mina) ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai|" "nigamana meM liMgI kA astitva sthApita kiyA jAtA hai|" isa saMdarbha meM yaha batAnA jarUrI hai ki, yahAM dUsarA avayava mahattva kA hai, kyoMki isameM nigamana kA saMketa hotA hai / dRSTAMta athavA udAharaNa bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM : sAdharmya dRSTAMta aura vaiSaH dRSTAMta, jaisA ki ina kathanoM se jAhira hai : "jahAM dhuAM hai, vahAM Aga hai" aura "jahAM Aga nahIM hai, vahAM dhuAM nahIM jaina tarkazAstra meM pAMca avayava tathA dasa avayava vAle nyAya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki una sAmAnya vyaktiyoM ke lie unakI upayogitA hai jo nyAyazAstra ke paMDita nahIM hote| ye una saMdehoM kA nivAraNa karane ke lie upayogI haiM jo ki nyAya ko sunanevAle ke mana meM uTha sakate haiM / 8. 'dazakAlika-niyukti', 50 9. "pramANa-mImAMsA,' II. 1.11 10. vahI, II. 112 11. vahI, II. 1.13 12. 'pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra', III.49-50 13. vahI, III 51-52

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jaina dAna daza-avayava vAle nyAya kI jAnakArI hameM bhadrabAhu ke dazavakAlika niyukti grantha meM milatI hai| ye dasa avayava haiM : pratijJA (ahiMsA parama dharma hai) pratikA-vibhakti (jaina dharmagranthoM ke anusAra ahiMsA parama dharma hai) hetu (jo ahiMsA kA pAlana karate haiM, unapara devatAoM kI kRpAdRSTi rahatI hai. aura devatAoM kA sammAna karanA puNyakArya hai)| hetu-vibhakti (jo vyakti aisA karate haiM, ve uccatama dharmasthAnoM meM pahuMca sakate haiM) vipakSa (parantu hatyA karake bhI AdamI sampanna ho sakatA hai aura jaina dharmagranthoM kI niMdA karake bhI koI vyakti puNya kamA sakatA hai, jaisA ki brAhmaNoM ke sAtha hotA hai) vipakSa-pratiSedha (aisA nahIM hotA; yaha asaMbhava hai ki jo jaina dharmagranthoM kI niMdA karate haiM unapara devatAoM kI kRpAdRSTi ho yA unheM sammAna mile) dRSTAMta (arhat gRhasthoM se bhojana grahaNa karate haiM, kyoMki kITANu-hatyA ke bhaya se vaha apanA bhojana pakAnA nahIM cAhate) AzaMkA (parantu gRhasthoM ke pApa ahaMtoM ko bhI lagate haiM, kyoMki ve unake lie bhojana pakAte haiM) aAzaMkA-pratiSedha (aisA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki ahaMt acAnaka hI kucha gharoM meM pahuMcate haiM, isalie yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bhojana unhIM ke lie pakAyA gayA thA) naMgamana (isalie ahiMsA parama dharma hai)| isa daza-avayava vAle nyAya ke bAre meM dAsagupta kA kathana hai : "vimarza meM akasara kucha anugAmI vacanoM ko apanAyA jAtA hai, parantu, vastutaH inakI koI upayogitA nahIM hotii|"16 kintu dAsagupta svIkAra karate haiM ki nyAya-vaizeSika ke pAMca avayava vAle prasiddha nyAya ke pahale dasa avayava vAle nyAya kA astitva rahA hai| vaha likhate haiM : "jaba vAtsyAyana apane nyAyasUtra 1, 1.32 meM kahate haiM ki anya tarkavidoM ke dasa avayavoM ke sthAna para gautama ne pAMca avayavoM vAlA nyAya sthApita kiyA, to unake mana meM saMbhavataH jainamata rahA hogaa|"" 14. esa. ena. dAsagupta dvArA uddhata, pR. 186 15. vahI, pR. 156 16. bahI

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tRtIya bhAga : manovijJAna

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mana 13 mana ke bAre meM jainoM ke vicAra anya bhAratIya darzanoM ke vicAroM se bhinna haiN| jaina mana ko jJAnendriya nahIM mAnate / anya sabhI darzanoM meM mana ko eka jJAnendriya mAnA gayA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika ke anusAra, sukha tathA du:kha ke anubhava ke lie antaHkaraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, aura vahI mana hai / mImAMsA meM bhI mana ko antaHkaraNa mAnA gayA hai / AtmA tathA isake kAryakalApoM ke jJAna ke lie mana svataMtra rUpa se kArya karatA hai, kintu bAhya padArthAnubhUti ke lie mana jJAnendriyoM ke sAtha sahayoga karatA hai / mUla sAMkhya mata bhI yahI hai| isameM mana ke do prakAra ke kArya mahattva ke mAne gaye haiM saMvedaka tathA cAlaka ke kArya / ata: mana jJAnendriya tathA preraka donoM ke kArya karatA hai / vedAnta meM bhI mana ko antaHkaraNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM mahattva kA bheda yaha hai ki jJAnamImAMsA ke bAre meM donoM ke vicAra paraspara-virodhI haiN| anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM indriyoM ke vastuoM ke sAtha ke samparka se prApta jJAna ko pratyakSa jJAna mAnA gayA hai aura jahAM indriya tathA vastuoM kA pratyakSa samparka sthApita nahIM huA hai phira bhI usakI prAmANikatA siddha kI jA sakatI hai, aisA jJAna paMcendriyoM ke alAvA anya indriya dvArA prApta mAnA gayA hai| eka saMgata siddhAMta ko janma dene ke lie unhoMne pAMca indriyoM kI koTi ke eka 'chaThe indriya' kI kalpanA kii| isa prakAra mana ko jJAnendriya kA darjA prApta huaa| udAharaNArtha, sukha, duHkha Adi pratyakSa anubhUtiyAM haiM, parantu paMcendriyoM meM se kisI eka se bhI inakI anubhUti nahIM hotI / ataH sukha duHkha Adi kI anubhUti ke lie paMcendriyoM ke alAvA eka anya indriya-mana-kI kalpanA ko jarUrI mAnA gayA, tarkasaMgata mAnA gyaa| isI prakAra anubhavAtIta zAna (yogajapratyakSa) kI kaThinAI ko paMcendriyoM ke alAvA eka anya indriya kI kalpanA karake sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki indriyajanya jJAna se anubhavAtIta jJAna nitAMta bhinna hai| vibhinna prakAra ke jJAna ko prApta karane kI mana kI jo kSamatA hai, usako samajhAne meM jana dArzanikoM ko koI kaThinAI nahIM huI, kyoMki unake matAnusAra indriya tathA mana se prApta jJAna parokSa jJAna hai; unhoMne indriya tathA mana ko

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jaina darzana pratyakSa jJAna ke mArga kI spaSTa bAdhAeM mAnA hai| parantu jaina jJAna-mImAMsA meM indriya tathA mana dvArA jJAna prApta karane kI vibhinna vidhAoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, aura isalie unhoMne mana ko anIndriya tathA no-indriya kI koTi kA mAnA hai / sarvArthasiddhi meM kahA gayA hai : "kisI lar3akI ko anuvara isalie nahIM kahA jAtA ki usakI yoni hI nahIM hai, balki isalie ki usakI yoni choTI hone se garbhAdhAna ke upayukta nahIM hotii| usI prakAra, mana sAmAnya indriyoM kI koTi kA nahIM hotA, isalie anIndriya kahalAtA hai / "1 jaina dArzanikoM ne mana tathA indriyoM ke bIca kama-se-kama tIna bheda mAne haiM / zarIra meM indriyoM ke niyata sthAna haiM, parantu mana kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / indriya 'bahirmukhI' haiM aura kevala bAhya vastuoM ko hau grahaNa karate haiM, parantu mana 'antamuMkhI' hotA hai aura kevala bhItara kI sthiti ko hI samajhatA hai, isalie mana eka viziSTa vastu hai aura yaha antaHkaraNa kahalAtA hai / pratyeka indriya vastuoM ko viziSTa rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai, parantu mana sabhI indriyajanya vastuoM ko grahaNa karane meM samartha hotA hai| mana kI isa kSamatA kA eka kAraNa hai isakA sUkSma honA / isalie mana ko sUkSma indriya bhI kahate haiM / Upara indriya tathA mana meM jo bheda batAyA gayA hai, usakI spaSTa carcA tatvArtha sUtra' tathA tatvArthasUtra mAdhya' meM bhI dekhane ko milatI hai| vidyAnanda kahate haiM, mana ko isalie viziSTa mAnA gayA hai ki yaha indriyoM se bhinna hai / unake matAnusAra, jJAnaprApti kA sAdhana hone se mana ko yadi jJAnendriya mAnA jAtA hai, to anumAna prakriyA se jJAna prApti meM sahAyaka honevAle dhueM ko bhI jJAnendriya mAnanA caahie|' tAtparya yaha ki mana ko jJAnendriya mAnanA usI prakAra ayukta hai jisa prakAra nyAyika anumAna meM hetu pada ko jJAnendriya mAnanA / isa tarka kI kamajorI ke bAre meM ema0 ela0 mehatA likhate haiM: "vidyAnanda kA yaha tarka kevala usI manovaijJAnika kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana kara sakatA hai jo mana ko eka sAmAnya jJAnendriya mAnatA hai| dhueM kI bAta nirAlI hai, kyoMki yaha vastu hai, AtmA kA sAdhana nahIM hai| jJAnendriya AtmA kA sAdhana honA cAhie, kyoMki AtmA se hI vastubodha hotA / dhuAM bAhya iMdriyoM dvArA anubhava kI jAne vAlI sAmAnya vastu hai / isalie mana kI sthiti sAmAnya bAhya jJAnendriyoM kI taraha nahIM hai| ise hama dhueM kI taraha kI vastu bhI nahIM mAna skte| yaha sukha, duHkha 78 1. hifafa'. 1.14 2. ranger', II.15 3. 'tatvArtha sUtra bhASya', 1.14 4. 'tattvArtha-kloka-vAtika', I1.15

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Adi ko samajhane meM mAtmA ko sahAyatA pahuMcAnevAlA bAntarika sAdhana hai|" mana kI sabase saMgata paribhASA hemacandra ne dI hai| unake anusAra, sabhI indriyoM kI vastuoM kA jJAna karAnevAle baMga kA nAma mana hai / yadi paribhASA yahI rahatI ki sabhI vastuoM ko bodha karAnevAlI cIja mana hai, to mana tathA AtmA meM koI bheda nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki bAtmA ko bhI vastuoM kA bodha hotA hai| ina donoM ke bIca kA spaSTa bheda yaha hai ki mana mAnendriyoM para Azrita hotA hai, parantu AtmA ke lie aise Azraya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isI prakAra, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bhI mAnasika prakriyAoM meM rUpa meM mana kI paribhASA dI gayI hai| nanvIsUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki mana saba kucha grahaNa karatA hai (sarvArSabrahaNaM manaH) yaha paribhASAeM bar3I mahattva kI haiM, kyoMki inameM mana dvArA grahaNa kI jAnevAlI vastuoM kI sUcI se AtmA ko alaga rakhA gayA hai| jaba AdamI sarvajJa kI sthiti para pahuMca jAtA hai to AtmA, mana yA indriyoM kI sahAyatA ke binA, pratyakSa jJAna prApta karane meM samartha hotA hai| isalie spaSTa hai ki mana kI apanI sImAeM haiM / mana paripUrNa jJAna kI prApti meM sahAyaka nahIM hotA, isIlie jaina dArzanikoM ne ise kevalamAna ke mArga kI eka spaSTa bAdhA mAnA hai| uparyukta paribhASAoM evaM vyAkhyAnoM kA eka spaSTa pariNAma yaha hai ki mana tathA AtmA eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| vibheda ke isa siddhAMta ke prakAza meM tathA jainoM dvArA mAnya mana kI sImA ke AdhAra para hameM unake dvArA khaNDita bauddha siddhAMta ko samajhane meM AsAnI hotI hai / jainoM dvArA asvIkRta bauddha siddhAMta para vicAra karane se hameM mana ke jaina siddhAMta ke sahI svarUpa ko samajhane meM suvidhA hotI hai| isa vivecana se jainoM dvArA mAnya AtmA kI vizeSatA bhI spaSTa ho 5. 'jaMna sAikolAjI', pR. 69 6. 'pramANa-mImAMsA', I. 1.24 7.vahI, TIkA 8. "vizeSAvazyaka bhASya',3525 9. yaha eka dilacaspa bAta hai ki mana kA aisA vizleSaNa-isakI kriyAoM ke rUpa meM isakI paribhASA karanA- kevala bhAratIya cintana meM, apitu pAzcAtya manovijJAna meM bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| viliyama maikaDUgala apane anya 'AuTalAinsa' baoNpha sAikolAjI', pu. 36 meM kahate haiM ki hameM sabhI saMbhava mAnavIya kyiA-kalApoM kA adhyayana karane ke bAda hI mana kA vivecana karanA cAhie aura phira inake AdhAra para mana ke svarUpa evaM svabhAva kA nirdhAraNa karanA caahie| Age usI aMdha meM (1042) bahakahate hai ki svabhAva tathA antarAlokana ina donoM ke tathyoM se anumAna ke vAdhAra para hameM jAnakArI hAsila karanI caahie|

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80 jana darzana jAtI hai / jaina dArzanika bAhya anubhavoM ko artha sAtatya tathA saMgati pradAna karanevAle eka antaraMga indriya, mana, ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki vaha bauddhoM ke usa vijJAnavAda kI AlocanA kareM jinake anusAra vibhinna kSaNika anubhUtiyAM apane meM eka zRMkhalA banAtI haiM / 19 jaise, jaina vyAkhyAtA akalaMka kahate haiM ki yadi mana kA kArya punardhAraNA meM vastuoM kI tulanAtmaka acchAI yA burAI Adi nirdhArita karanA hai aura mana yahI karatA hai, to phira kSaNika vijJAna ke sAtha itakA tAdAtmya sthApita karanA asaMbhava hai / kyoMki tulanAeM tathA punardhAraNAeM tabhI saMbhava haiM jaba pahale se jJAta vastu ko punaH mana ke samakSa lAyA jA ske| parantu janma lete hI naSTa ho jAnevAle vijJAna kI sthiti meM aisA asaMbhava hai / " yahAM yaha batAnA anupayukta na hogA ki jainoM ne mana tathA AtmA meM jisa prakAra bheda darazAyA hai use kucha anya bhAratIya dArzanikoM (bauddhoM ke alAvA ) ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| vaha isa bheda ko isa AdhAra para anAvazyaka samajhate haiM ki jJAnendriyoM ke virodha meM (1) mana, aura AtmA bhI, bAhya jagat kI vastuoM ko asIma rUpa se grahaNa karane meM samartha haiM, (2) mana, AtmA kI hI taraha, kisI vastu-vizeSa ke samparka ke lie 'sahayoga kI sthiti' kI sImA se Abaddha nahIM hai, kyoMki isake antargata sabhI cetana tathA anubhavajanya prakriyAoM kA samAveza hotA hai / isa bheda ko banAye rakhane ke lie jainoM ne do prakAra ke mana kI kalpanA kI - dravyamana aura bhAvamana / prathama prakAra kA mana sUkSma dravya me banA hone se dravyamana kahalAyA / vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke anusAra, mana ke kArya-kalApa isake anaginata sUkSma evaM saMlagna paramANuo ke saMyojana se sampanna hote hai / yaha bhI jAnakArI milatI hai ki dravyamana sukSma kSaNoM kA samUha hai aura ye kaNa jIva tathA zarIra ke yoga se utpanna vicAra prakriyAoM ko uttejita karate haiM 112 bhAvamana meM mAnasika kriyAeM ghaTita hotI hai| jainoM kA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki AtmA ke jJAnaprApti ke mArga meM bAdhaka honevAle karmoM kA jaba taka vinAza nahIM hotA taba taka jJAna prApta karanA saMbhava nahIM haiM / jJAnAvarodhaka karmoM kA vinAza tathA bAda meM mana kI grahaNazakti kI taiyArI ko labdhi kahA gayA / isake alAvA, AtmA kA cetana mAnasika kriyA spaSTa rUpAntara honA bhI jarUrI 10. bauddhoM ne isa zrRMkhalA ko vijJAna yA citta kahA hai| 11. ema0 esa0 bhaTTAcArya dvArA uddhata pUrvo0 pU0 241-242 12. 'vizeSAvazyaka bhApya 3525

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mana 81: hai| spaSTataH mana ke yaha do aise rUpa haiM jinameM spaSTa bheda kara pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| yaha eka hI kArya ke do anyonyAzrita rUpa haiM-yadi hama mana kI jiyArthI ko isa prakAra vyakta kareM - yaha bAta bhaTTAcArya ne spaSTa rUpa se darazAnI hai : "jaba taka AtmA meM sabdhi kA udgama nahIM hotA, taba taka AMtarika cetana kriyAeM (tulanA, dhAraNA, ityAdi) asaMbhava haiM / aura, jaba taka ina mAnasika kriyAoM ko cAlU rakhane kA viSayagata prayAsa nahIM hotA, yAnI jaba taka upayoga nahIM hotA, taba taka ye Antarika prakriyAeM asaMbhava haiM / "25 jaina dArzanikoM ne mana aura AtmA ke bIca yAMtrika bheda nahIM kiyA hai; vaha isa bAta se bhI spaSTa hai ki unhoMne mAnasika kAryoM ko ucita rUpa se nibhAne ke lie AtmA ke rUpAntara para jora diyA hai| mana ke kriyA-kalApa bhI yogya tathA ayogya ke bIca bheda karane meM samartha haiN| eka jaina graMtha gommaTasAra meM kahA gayA hai : "mana kI madada se koI bhI sIkha sakatA hai, samajha sakatA hai, izAre kara sakatA hai, Adeza grahaNa kara sakatA hai, bAtacIta suna sakatA hai| manake dvArA hI vyakti yaha nirNaya letA hai ki koI kAma karanA cAhie yA nahIM karanA caahie| mana se hI yaha jAnA jAtA hai ki koI vastu yathArtha hai yA ayathArtha / jaba kisI ko nAma lekara bulAyA jAtA hai to yaha mana hI hai jisake kAraNa AdamI uttara detA haiM : " 61 anta meM, yaha jAnanA upayogI hogA ki mana ke bhautika ghaTaka, jinheM paugAlika kahA gayA hai aura jo viziSTa dravyANuoM (mano-vargaNa) se bane haiM, sthAyI hote haiM, jaba ki isake rUpAntara, jo ki mAnasika kArya-kalApoM ke lie jimmedAra hote haiM, sthAyI nahIM hote / parantu paramANuoM ke saMyojana ko jo bhI mahatva diyA gayA ho, yaha dhyAna meM rakharA jarUrI hai ki sarvajJa kI sthiti meM mAnasika kriyA kA yA indriyAnubhUti kA koI nAmo-nizAna nahIM rhtaa| 13. dekhiye, eca0 esa0 maTTAcArya pUrvI 0243-244 14. gommaTasAra jIvakAMDa' 662

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saMvedana aura pratyakSa jJAna 14 bhAratIya darzanoM ke kucha saMskRta zabdoM kA yUropa kI bhASAoM meM anuvAda karate hue yA unake lie yUropIya darzanoM meM samakakSa dhAraNAoM kI khoja karate hue hama kaI bAra zabdoM ke bIca sUkSma kintu mahattva ke bhedoM para vizeSa khyAla nahIM dete| eka hI darzana meM maujUda kucha matAntaroM ke kAraNa bhI mUla dhAraNAoM ke sambandha meM bar3I gar3abar3I paidA hotI hai| saMvedana tathA pratyakSa jJAna sambandhI jaina dhAraNAoM kA apUrNa vizleSaNa karane se bhI aisI gar3abar3I paidA ho sakatI hai| bhAratIya dhAraNAoM kI pAzcAtya dhAraNAoM ke sAtha yAMtrika tulanA karane kI jaldabAjI meM kaI vidvAna galata rAste para pahuMca gaye haiM / jaina jJAna-mImAMsA kI do viziSTa dhAraNAeM haiM--darzana aura jJAna / inakA vivecana hama pahale kara cuke haiN| akasara hama dekhate haiM ki darzana ko saMvedana mAnA jAtA hai aura jJAna ko pratyakSa jJAna / jJAna ke vikAsa ke yaha stara - darzana aura jJAna - do manovaijJAnika staroM saMvedana aura pratyakSa jJAna -- ke tulya mAne jAte haiM / aisI tulanA meM galata kucha nahIM hai, kintu isakI sImAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA jarUrI hai| saMvedana aura darzana ko galatI se eka samajhane kA eka kAraNa yaha hai ki donoM hI Atma-cetanA ke vikAsa meM mahaja jaivika stara se vikasita eka stara ke dyotaka haiM / jaina cetanA - siddhAnta meM Atma cetanA ke vikAsa ke mahatva ko hameM nahIM bhUlanA cAhie / 'cetanA ke sAtatya' kA yaha siddhAMta yaha bhI batAtA hai ki cetanA ke suSupta tathA pUrNa jAgRta donoM stara haiN| prathama stara usa sthiti kA dyotaka hotA hai jaba abhI saMvedanA paidA bhI nahIM huI hotI, aura dUsarA stara cetanA ke vikAsa meM AtmAnubhUti ke ucca stara kA dyotaka hotA hai| saMvedana ke stara aura darzana kA artha yaha hai ki cetanA ke nizceSTa stara kA aMta ho gayA hai aura saMvedanA ke stara kI zurUAta ho cukI hai / ina donoM meM aMtara hai, yaha svayaM cetanA ke vikAsa ke tarka se spaSTa hai| jaina zabda sattAmAtra aise stara kA dyotaka hai jo vibhinna prakAra kI saMvedanAoM kI anubhUti hone ke pahale kA hai| parantu yaha stara bhI, pahale ke stara kI taraha, anirdhArya hai aura bAda ke pratyakSa jJAna ke nirdhAyaM stara se spaSTa rUpa se bhinna hai|

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saMvaivana aura pratyakSa mAna phira bhI, sirpha cetanA aura saMvedanA kI cetanA meM jo sugama antara hai yaha atyaMta mahattva kA hai| hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM bhI kucha aise dArzanika hai jo saMbedana aura avamAna meM spaSTa bheda nahIM krte| unake matoM para vicAra karane se hameM una sImAoM kI jAnakArI mila jAtI hai jinake antargata eka ora vana tathA bhAna meM tulanA kI jA sakatI hai aura dUsarI ora saMvedana tathA pratyakSa jJAna meN| __umAsvAmi ke anusAra mAnetriyoM dvArA sambandhita vastuboM kI niHzaMka cetanA hI saMvedana (darzana) hai| isI prakAra, mAvazyaka niyukti meM saMvedanAoM kI cetanA ko darzana kahA gayA hai / vahAM vastuoM ke viziSTa guNoM kI koI carcA nahIM kI gayI hai| ina matoM ke anusAra vastu ke astitva kI sAmAnya saMbetanA hI saMve. dana (darzana) hai| jaba hama avamAna tathA jJAna ke sambandha kA vizleSaNa karate haiM, to spaSTa hotA hai ki isa upayukta mata meM saMvedana tathA avamAna ke bIca bheda kI upekSA kI gayI hai| yadyapi yaha mAnA gayA hai ki avamAna anirSi hai aura jJAna nirdhArSa hai, parantu saMvedana ko avamAna ke sAtha milAne kA artha yaha hogA ki avamAna mAna kA hI eka svarUpa hai / jaise, sikhasena kA mata hai ki AraMbhika daura ke bodha ko hI avamAna kahate haiN| yaha bhAraMbhika stara hI saMvedana hai| isa sthiti meM kaThinAI yaha hai ki avamAna (darzana) anirdhArya hai aura isalie ise nirdhArya jJAna kA eka svarUpa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| ___avamAna ko saMvedanA mAnane se jo virodhAbhAsa paidA hotA hai, usase mukti pAne ke lie jJAnaprApti ke tIna staroM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama stara avamAna kA hai, dUsarA saMvedanA kA aura tIsarA stara pratyakSa jJAna kA hai| isa mata ke anusAra, saMvedanA pratyakSa jJAna ke pahale kA stara to hai, parantu yaha avamAna ke bAda kA stara hai| isa mata ke anuyAyI vibhinna jaina dArzanikoM ne isa vicAra ko vibhinna tarIkoM se vyakta kiyA hai|| pUjyapAda kahate haiM : "vastu aura jJAnendriyoM ke sannikarSa se avamAna (darzana) kA janma hotA hai / usa vastu ke tadanaMtara ke bodha ko saMvedanA kahate haiM; jaise, (dRSTi dvArA) yaha bodha ki 'yaha zveta raMga haiN|" yahAM spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 1. 'taravAryasUtra', I.15 2. 'Avazyaka-niyukti', 3 3. dekhiye, 'sammatitakaMprakaraNa', II.21 4. dekhiye, ema. ela. mehatA, 'bana sAikolaoNjI, pR.75 5. 'sarvArSasiddhi', I.15

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jaina darzana 84 saMvedanA avamAna yA darzana se bhinna hai| akalaMka bhI inameM isI prakAra kA bheda karate hai| vaha kahate haiM: "vastu tathA jJAnendriyoM ke sannikarSa ke turaMta bAda jisa zuddha avamAna kA janma hotA hai, usake bAda hI viziSTa svarUpavAlI nirdhArthi saMvedanA astitva meM AtI hai|" isI prakAra, vidyAnanda ne jJAna kI paribhASA dI hai : "jJAnendriya tathA vastu ke sannikarSa se janita avamAna (darzana) ke bAda usa vastu ke vizeSa guNoM kA honevAlA bodha jJAna hai / "" isa prakAra, ina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki jJAna kI jaTila prakriyA meM prathama stara avamAna kA hai, jisameM vastu tathA jJAnendriya ke sannikarSa ke pariNAma svarUpa mAtra saMcetanA kA udaya hotA hai / saMvedanA ke dUsare stara meM vastu ke kucha viziSTa guNoM kA bodha hotA 1 hai / tIsare stara meM, pratyakSa jJAna ke stara meM, vastu kI 'pahacAna' bhI ho jAtI hai; jaise yaha patA calatA hai ki vastu kisa varga kI hai, aadi| isa prakAra, saMvedanA ko jJAna kA hI eka svarUpa mAnA jAtA hai aura ye donoM hI nirdhArya hai / avamAna tathA jJAna ke bIca jo bheda hai aura jJAna ke antargata saMvedanA kA jo samAveza kiyA jAtA hai, usake bAre meM vAdideva kahate haiM ki yaha sattA kI prAthamika vyApakatA tathA gauNa vyApakatA ke bIca ke bheda kI taraha hai / kevala avamAna (darzana) meM hI sattA kI prAthamika vyApakatA kI saMcetanA hotI haiM / saMvedanA tathA pratyakSa jJAna meM kevala gauNa vyApakatA kA bodha hotA hai / saMvedanA ke sAtha jo prakriyA zurU hotI hai usakI pariNati pratyakSa jJAna meM hotI hai / vAdideva kahate haiM : "vastu tathA jJAnendriya ke sannikarSa se janita avamAna (darzana) se paidA hue gauNa sAmAnya guNa se nirdhArita jJAna kA prathama stara saMvedanA hai, aura mAtra sattA hI isakA uddezya hai / ' 118 jaina paramparA ke anusAra saMvedanA cAra prakAra kI hai dRSTigata, adRSTigata, atIndriya tathA zuddha' / dRSTigata saMvedanA isa bAta kI dyotaka hai ki AMkhoM kI cetanA prabhAvita huI hai / adRSTigata saMvedanA anya jJAnendriyoM-kAna, nAka, jIbha tathA tvacA ke 'ahaMkAra kI dyotaka hai / atIndriya saMvedanA, jaise ki nAma se hI spaSTa hai, jJAnendriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA hI indriya-saMcetanA kI saMbhAvanA kI ora nirdeza karatI haiN| cauthe prakAra kI saMvedanA AdamI dvArA vizva kI sabhI vastuoM ko grahaNa karane kI kSamatA kI dyotaka hai| jJAna cetanA ke vikAsa kA unnata stara hone se adhika jaTila bhI hai| jaina 6. dekhiye, ema. ela. mehatA, 'jaina sAikolaoNjI', pR0 75 7. 'tasvArtha- zloka -vArtika', 1.15.2 8. 'pramANanayatatvAlIkAlaMkAra', II. 7 9. paMcAstikAya, samayasAra', 48, 'dravya-saMgraha', 4

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83 saMvadana aura pratyakSa mAna hAna-mImAMsA meM mAna ke mATha prakAra mAne gaye haiM : nAminiyoSika yA mati pata, avadhi, manaHparyAya, kebala, kumati, kubhuta aura viy| inameM se aMtima tIna prakAra kramazaH mati, zrata tathA avadhi kI mithyAvasthAeM haiM, isalie mAna ke manovijJAna ke vivecana meM vastutaH inakA koI mahatva nahIM hai| ... 'zAna saMvedanA para AdhArita hone para bhI isase adhika jaTila hai / zAna cetanA vikAsa kA eka viziSTa stara hai, yaha jaina paramparA meM mAnya tIna prakAra ke tijJAna para vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| mavijJAna ke yaha tIna prakAra hai: upalabdhi, bhAvana aura upayoga kahIM-kahIM pAMca prakAra ke matijJAna ke rI ullekha milate haiM / yadyapi 'matijJAna ke prakAra' zabdoM kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai, parantu mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki unake ullekha ke bAda batAyA jAtA hai ki vaha taba eka haiM, jisakA spaSTa artha hai ki vaha matijJAna ke vibhinna rUpoM ke botaka / udAharaNArtha, tatvAryasUtra meM kahA gayA hai : "mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA yA abhinibodha mUlataH eka hI haiN|"13 . ___ inhI vibhinna ghaTakoM ke kAraNa pratyakSa jJAna kI manovaijJAnika prakriyA Tila hai| jahAM taka pratyakSa jJAna ke Upara ullikhita tIna svarUpoM kA prazna hai, bipi upalabdhi, bhAvana tathA upayoga zabdoM ke artha nizcita rUpa se bhinna haiM, thApi,aMtima do ke binA upalabdhi saMbhava na hogI, aura isa prakAra yaha adhUrI hI raha jAyagI / jJAna ke pAMca rUpoM ke bAre meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| aura phira, ina donoM prakAra ke vizleSaNoM se patA calatA hai ki pratyakSa jJAna na kevala jJAnendriyoM para apitu mana para bhI nirbhara hai| tatparya sUtra meM spaSTa kahA yA hai ki jJAna jJAnendriyoM yA mana para Azrita rahatA hai| prathama prakAra ke jJAna handriya-nimita matimAna kahA gayA hai aura dUsare prakAra ko manonniva-nimitta tijnyaan|" Upara jJAna ke vibhinna svarUpoM ke kiye gaye vizleSaNa ke prakAza meM hamata ki "jaina manovaijJAnika yaha nahIM kahate ki pUrNa vikasita zAna mAtra novikSipti hai""isa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha janoM ke-zAna siddhAMta kA spaSTa dyotaka hai| ___ ata: yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki saMvedanA tathA pratyakSa jJAna se sambandhita jaina novijJAna varzana tathA mAna kI dhAraNAoM se pUrNataH spaSTa nahIM hotaa| varzana thA kAna aura saMvedanA tathA pratyakSa zAna ke bIca kI samAnatAoM ko darazAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa tulanA kI apanI sImAeM haiN| D. paMcAstikApa, samayalAra', 41, 'nya-baha',5 1. paMcasvikAya, samayasAra: 42 2. sanAkhUna',.1.10 13. vahI, I.14 . 4. eca. esa. bhaTTAcArya, pUoN., pR. 299

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saMvega tathA anubhUtiyAM 15 saMvega evaM anubhUtiyoM ke vizleSaNa kA dArzanika mahattva isa bAta meM hai ki yaha AdamI ko saccA mAnavIya vyakti, jo ki vaha mUlataH hai, banane ke mArga tathA upAya sunAtA hai / manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa ke uddezya ke bAre meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki, yaha mAnava vyaktitva ke saMpUrNa samAkalana kI naisargika AvazyakatA kA poSaNa karatA hai / AdamI ko kaisA honA cAhie, isa bAta kI bajAya vaha kaisA hai, isI ke AdhAra para dArzanikoM ne mAnava mana kI vividha avasthAoM, vizeSataH unake ekAMgI vikAsa se janita khataroM ke bAre meM vicAra kiyA hai| isIke AdhAra para hama samajha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne mana ke niyaMtraNa para bAra-bAra itanA jora kyoM diyA hai / vyaktitva ko pUrNatA taka pahuMcAne ke lie bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM jo purAtana upAya batAyA gayA hai vaha yaha hai ki, yadi AdamI jIvana kI carama sImA (jisake bAre meM Astika tathA nAstika dArzanikoM ke apane-apane mata haiM) para pahuMcanA cAhatA hai, to use, apane bhItara' dekhanA cAhie aura apanI AtmA se sambandhita sabhI azuddhiyoM ko dUra karanA caahie| caMki jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra jIvana kA uddezya cetanA kI pUrvakAlika suddhatA ko punaH prApta karanA hai, isalie hama dekhate haiM ki ve jIva ko ajIba se mukta karAne kI AvazyakatA para bala dete haiN| kyoMki jIva tathA ajIva kA samparka karma ke aNuoM ke kAraNa hotA hai, isalie cetanA ko isakI tandrA se mukta karake zuddha karane kA aMtima upAya yahI hai ki karma kA Agamana roka diyA jaay| ___ saMvegoM tathA anubhUtiyoM ke jaina siddhAnta ke darzana hameM unakI jIva kI vastuniSTha vyAkhyA meM hote haiN| yadyapi anubhavAtIta dRSTi se jIva zuddha cetanA ke alAvA aura kucha nahIM hai, prAyogika dRSTi se dekhane para patA calatA hai ki avidyA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa yaha kavAyoM yAnI vikRtiyoM se ghirA rahatA hai| cUMki jIva tathA avidhA donoM hI anAdi haiM, ataH yaha batAnA bhAsAna nahIM hai ki jIva avidyA ke saMparka meM kaba aayaa| vastutaH unakA samparka bhI banAdi hai| yoga yAnI 1. umeza mizra, pUrNa, e. 262

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sabai tathA anubhUtiyAM kAya, vAkU tathA mana ke parispaMdana ina kaSAyoM kI madada karate haiN| tasvArtha sUtra meM bhI kaSAya tathA yoga ina donoM ko bandhana ke kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki mAnava astitva ke uddezya kA jaina vizleSaNa saMvegoM tathA anubhUtiyoM ke vizleSaNa se vizeSa rUpa se sambandhita hai / saMvega ke vizleSaNa se anubhUti kA vizleSaNa sarala hai, kyoMki anubhUti kA vizleSaNa zarIra kI saMvedanAoM se sambandhita hai, jaba ki saMvega kA vizleSaNa mana se sambandha rakhatA hai| jaina zabdAvalI ke anusAra vedanIya karma indriyAnubhUti ke lie jimmevAra hai aura mohanIya karma saMvegoM ke lie / 87 jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sabhI anubhUtiyoM ke mUla meM kaSAya tattva hotA hai, kyoMki isase sukha yA duHkha ke saMvedana utpanna hote haiN| aisI koI cIja nahIM hai jise sabhI loga sukha mAneM aura aisI bhI koI cIja nahIM hai jise sabhI duHkha mAneM / uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA kahanA hai ki vikArI vyakti hI sukha tathA duHkha kI zArIrika evaM mAnasika vedanAoM kA anubhava karatA hai|" virakti yA saMvega se sukha kI niSpatti nahIM hotI / prema yA dveSa ke kAraNa hI AdamI ko sukha yA duHkha kI anubhUti hotI hai| duniyA kI koI bhI cIja aise kisI AdamI hot sukha yA duHkha kA anubhava karAne kI zakti nahIM rakhatI jo inase virakta rahane ke bAre meM dRr3hanizcaya ho / sukha tathA duHkha ke prati virakti kI avasthA, jise jaina jIvana kI caramonati mAnate haiM, kevalajJAnI kI dhAraNA meM dekhane ko milatI hai / pahale hamane mAnava jIvana meM jJAnendriyoM tathA mana kI bAdhaka bhUmikA ke bAre meM jo carcA kI hai (jo jJAna-mImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM thI) usase spaSTa huA hai ki sarvajJa athavA kevalajJAnI kI avasthA meM AdamI sukha yA duHkha se prabhAvita nahIM hotA / tasvArthasUtra meM kevalajJAnI aise vyakti ko kahA gayA hai jo hara prakAra kI icchA (rati) tathA anicchA (arati) se mukta hotA hai / " ataH jAhira hai ki aise vyakti ko sukha yA duHkha kI koI anubhUti nahIM hotI / parikalpanA ke anusAra, cUMki hamzAnI puruSa sabhI sImAoM se apane ko mukta kara cukA hotA hai: aura taba paramasukha kA anubhava karane ke rAste meM koI bAdhA nahIM raha jAtI, isalie vaha aise sukha yA duHkha ke pare calA jAtA hai jinakA udgama indriyoM tathA mana meM hotA hai / yahAM eka dilacaspa savAla paidA hotA hai| yadi sukha tathA duHkha zuddha viSaya 2. 'tatvArthasUna', VIII. 1 3. 'uttarAdhyayana sUtra', XXXII. 100-106 4. 'tattvArthasUna' X 1

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jana parzana niSTha anubhava hai, to kyA anubhUtiyoM ke nirmANa meM bAhya-jagat koI bhUmikA adA nahIM karatA? yadyapi jainoM kA dRr3ha mata hai ki bAhya-jagat nimitta kAraNa nahIM hai, ve yaha bhI nahIM kahate ki bAhya-jagat bilakula hI koI bhUmikA adA nahIM krtaa| ve ina anubhUtiyoM ko avIva kI bajAya karma ke sAtha jor3ate haiN| unake matAnusAra anubhUti-janaka karma hI sukha tayA duHkha kI anubhUtiyoM ke janma ke lie jimmevAra haiN| satavedanIya karma sukha kA anubhava karAtA hai aura asatavedanIya karma duHkha kA anubhava karAtA hai| isa prakAra, anubhUti-janaka karma kI phalaniSpatti ke lie bAhya-jagat eka sahAyaka kAraNa hai / yahI eka mAtra mAdhyama hai jisase manuSya sukha yA duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai / yadi tadanurUpa karma kA udbhava nahIM hotA, to sirpha bAhya vastu ko sukha yA duHkha kI anubhUti ke udbhava ke lie paryApta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ____ ataH yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki anubhUti kI utpatti meM vastu-jagat eka sAMketika bhUmikA hI adA karatA hai / sambandhita vastu (cAhe vaha nimitta kAraNa ho) atyAvazyaka na hokara kevala eka sahAyaka kAraNa hai| kyoMki. jaisA ki mehatA ne kahA hai, yadi yaha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, to eka ke lie jo vastu sukhadAyaka hogI vaha sabake lie sukhadAyaka hogii| duHkhadAyaka vastuoM ke bAre meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai / isake alAvA, vibhinna saMvedanAeM eka hI anubhUti ko janma de sakatI haiM aura eka hI saMvedana se vibhinna cittavRttiyoM meM vibhinna anubhUtiyAM utpanna ho sakatI haiN| jaina vizleSaNa kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki manuSya ko sukha tathA duHkha kI anubhUti honI hI cAhie, yaha anivArya nahIM hai| vaha apanI icchAzakti kA upayoga karake eka aise stara para bhI pahuMca sakatA hai jahAM sukha-duHkha kA usa para koI asara nahIM hotaa| aise stara para pahuMcane para manuSya pUrNAvasthA ko prApta karatA hai| ___saMvega kI prakRti adhika jaTila hotI hai, aura isIlie hameM vibhinna prakAra ke saMvegoM ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai / isa dhAraNA kA mukhya vizleSaNa hameM karma ke sambandha meM dekhane ko milatA hai| ATha meM se eka prakAra ke karma-mohanIya karma-ko mAnavIya saMvegoM kI utpatti ke lie jimmevAra mAnA jAtA hai / mohanIya karma kA darzanAvaraNa tathA pArijamohanIya meM vibhAjana jainoM ke saMvegoM ke siddhAMta kI mano-naitika vizeSatA kA dyotaka hai| jaisA ki mehatA ne likhA hai : ".."saMvega kI jaina dhAraNA zuddha rUpa se manovaijJAnika nahIM hai, yaha mano-naitika hai| hama ina donoM ko alaga nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki yaha dhAraNA mUlata: sadA5. ema. ela. mehatA, 'bana sAikolaoNjI', pu. 115 6. vahI, pR. 115-116

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saMvega tathA anubhUtiyAM caraNa ke siddhAMta para AdhArita hai|" Upara jina do prakAra ke mohanIya karma kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, unase hameM patA calatA hai ki jaina darzana meM saMvegoM ke siddhAMta ko dArzanika vivecana meM kisa prakAra se upayoga meM lAyA gayA hai| una do mohanIya karmoM meM se pahale kA janma samyak dRSTi ke avarodha ke kAraNa hotA hai| isakA upasiddhAMta yaha hai ki, sadAcaraNa bhI asaMbhava ho jAtA hai| yaha sabhI jAnate haiM ki, jaba taka kisI vyakti meM AdhyAtmika AsthA nahIM hotI, taba taka usake sahI rAste para Age bar3hane kI tanika bhI saMbhAvanA nahIM hotI / gommaTasAra meM kahA gayA hai ki "saMvega meM yaha zakti hotI hai ki vaha AtmA dvArA AdhyAtmika vRtti, AMzika Aca raNa, pUrNa AcaraNa tathA sadAvaraNa kI prApti meM bAdhA paidA kare | "B jaina granthoM meM cAra prakAra ke saMvegoM ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai / ve : krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / inameM se pratyeka ko punaH cAra prakAroM meM bAMTA gayA hai, isalie kula milAkara solaha prakAra ke saMvega haiN| pratyeka saMvega ke cAra bhedaye haiM: (1) anantAnubandhI, jo AdhyAtmika AsthA ko rokatA hai; (2) apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, jo AMzika AcaraNa ke mArga meM bAdhA DAlatA hai; (3) pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, jo pUrNa AcaraNa kI cAha ko rokatA hai; aura (4) saMjvalana, jo paripUrNa AcaraNa ko bhagna karatA hai, aura isa prakAra arhat pada kI prApti meM bAdhA DAlatA hai ' 89 uparyukta saMvegoM ke alAvA, nau nokavAya yAnI alpa saMvega bhI batAye gaye haiN| ye haiM : hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA, puruSaveda, strIveda, aura napuMsakaveda | 10 manuSya ke manovikAra usake vibhinna prakAra ke kAryoM meM prakaTa hote haiM aura ye phira use jIvana ke vividha anubhavoM ke baMdhanoM meM jakar3ate jAte haiM / bhAratIya citana ke anusAra, manuSya yadi manovikAroM tathA kaSAyoM meM phaMsa jAtA hai, to phira use janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti nahIM mila sktii| cUMki saMvegoM kI tIvratA nyUnAdhika hotI hai, isalie unase phalita kAryoM kA pratyeka jIva para prabhAva bhI mina-bhinna prakAra kA hotA hai aura yaha prabhAva jIva ke 'bandhana- kAla' kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai / kaSAyoM dvArA prabhAvita karma ko lakSya kahA gayA hai / " yahAM hameM 7. vahI, pR0 122 8. 'gommaTasAra', 282 9. 'sarvArthasiddhi', VIII. 9 10. vahI, VIL. 9 11. gommaTasAra, 489

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jaina darzana lezya ke vibhinna bhedoM kI carcA nahIM karanI hai; itanA hI jAnanA paryApta hogA fe kaSAya sAmAnyataH indriyoM ko viSaya-bhoga kI vastuoM meM lipta hone kI preraNA dete haiN| isa saMdarbha meM eka mahattva kI bAta batAte hue ke0 sI0 sogAnI likhate haiM ki isase usa mata kA samarthana hI hotA hai ki indriyajanya jJAna kaSAyoM dvArA prabhAvita rahatA hai| inakA prabhAva itanA adhika hotA hai ki jaba sukhadAyaka vastueM dUra calI jAtI haiM aura duHkhadAyaka vastueM samIpa AtI haiM, to AdamI vicalita ho jAtA hai aura apanA mAnasika saMtulana kho baiThatA hai / " sArAMza yaha ki, manovikAra ( jisase mAnasika saMtulana bhI calA jAtA hai) kA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki jIva karma ke cakra meM adhikAdhika phaMsatA jAtA hai| ata: jainoM kA saMvega kA siddhAMta unake nIti siddhAMta ke isa mAne meM anurUpa hai ki dUsare meM yaha spaSTa batAyA gayA hai ki indriyajanya tathA mAnasika saMvedana antatogatvA manuSya dvArA paramasukha tathA pUrNa astitva kI prApti meM bAdhAeM DAlate haiM / 90 12. ke0 sI0 sogAnI, 'ebikala DaoNkTrinsa ina jainijma' ( solApura jaina saMskRta saMgha, 1967), q. 54

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indriyAtIta jJAna 16 zAnendriyoM athavA mana kI sahAyatA ke vinA jJAna ho sakatA hai, ise Adhunika manovaijJAnika eka 'tasya' ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, aura isake bAre meM prAcIna kAla ke bhAratIya manovaijJAnikoM ne bhI vicAra kiyA hai| apavAda the to kevala cArvAka aura mImAMsaka / cArvAka aise kisI jJAna ko svIkAra nahIM karate the jo jJAnendriyoM ke mAdhyama se prApta na huA ho; isalie ve atIndriya jJAna meM AsthA nahIM rakhate the| mImAMsakoM kI vedoM para itanI adhika AsthA thI ki ve anya kisI srota ko atIta, vartamAna tathA anAgata kA jJAna karAne meM samartha nahIM samajhate the| ataH ve indriyAtIta zAna ko koI mahattva nahIM dete the, kyoMki isakI niSpatti vedoM se nahIM hotii| indriyAtIta jJAna sambandhI jainoM ke dRSTikoNa ko isa tathya ke AdhAra para samajhA jA sakatA hai ki, jaina dArzanikoM ke matAnusAra indriya evaM mana manuSya kI kevalajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA meM bAdhA DAlate haiM, aura unake siddhAnta ke anusAra AdamI kevalazAna ke mArga kI ina bAdhAoM ko zanaiH-zana: dUra karake hI anta meM paramasukha prApta kara sakatA hai| manuSya dvArA sIdhe jJAna prApta karane ke rAste meM do maMjileM spaSTa dikhAI detI haiM, jo pratyakSa zAna kI dyotaka haiM / ye haiM : avadhi yAnI atIndriya dRSTi aura manaHparyaya / inase hameM mAnava-AtmA kI carama kSamatA ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| ataH inake bAre meM hama vistAra se vicAra kreNge| avadhijJAna manuSya kI vaha kSamatA hai jisameM vaha, indriya athavA mana kI sahAyatA ke binA, AkAra tathA spa vAlI vastuoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| nirAkAra vastueM, jaise ki AtmAeM, dharma, adharma, dik aura kAla, avadhijJAna kI kSamatA ke pare kI hotI haiM / ataH avadhijJAna meM kevala unhIM vastugoM ko grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai jinake AkAra, raMga tathA AyAma hote haiN|' vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM avadhijJAna kI kSamatA nyUnAdhika hotI hai| nyUnAdhika kSamatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki manuSya kI pratyakSa jJAna kI kSamatA meM bAdhaka karma1. 'tatvArya-sUca, 1.28

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jaina darzana bandhana ko sabhI vyaktiyoM ne ekasAtha nahIM tor3A hai| ataH karmoM dvArA vyApta sImAoM ko haTAne ke prayatna meM vibhinna vyakti vibhinna staroM taka pahuMce hote haiM; isalie unakI avadhijJAna kI sImAeM bhI vibhinna svaroM kI hotI haiM / manuSya kI avadhijJAna kI nyUnatama kSamatA meM vaha aisI vastuoM ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai jo laghutama sthAna tathA sUkSmatama kAla bindu meM vyApta hotI haiM / guNAtmaka dRSTi se sarvazreSTha avadhijJAna vaha hai jisameM ananta dik-binduoM meM tathA atIta evaM anAgata ke anaginata kAlacakroM meM vyApta vastuoM kA bodha hotA hai| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki kAla-bodha kI kSamatA bar3hane para dik-bodha kI ( aura isake sAtha adhika saMkhyA meM dravyANuoM aura adhika saMkhyA meM sva rUpoM ko pahacAnane kI kSamatA bhI bar3ha jAtI hai / parantu dik-bodha kI kSamatA bar3hane para kAla-bodha kI kSamatA nahIM bar3hatI / " 92 tAtiyA ke anusAra isa vivecana kA niSkarSa hai : " dik-bindu kI tulanA meM kAla-bindu kA vistAra adhika hotA hai, isalie yaha samajhA gayA ki eka kAlabindu kI apekSA eka dik-bindu taka pahuMcanA AsAna hai / ataH yaha mAnA gayA hai ki kAla-vedhana ke sAtha-sAtha dik-vyApti bhI hotI hai / parantu dik-vyApti ke sAtha kAla- vedhana bhI hotA hai, yaha satya nahIM hai| kyoMki pratyeka dik-bindu meM ananta paramANu hote haiM aura pratyeka paramANu ke ananta svarUpa hote haiM, isalie yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki dik-bhedana kA vistAra hone se grahaNa kI jAnevAlI vastuoM tathA unake svarUpoM kI saMkhyA bhI bar3ha jAtI hai, parantu adhika saMkhyA meM vastuoM kA aura unake svarUpoM kA bodha ho to yaha jarUrI nahIM hai ki kAla-bhedana tathA dik-vyApti meM bhI vRddhi ho / adhika vastuoM kA aura svarUpoM kA bodha antarjJAna ke kAraNa bhI ho sakatA hai, aura isalie bhI dik athavA kAla kA vistAra Avazyaka nahIM hai|"" lekina sarvottama avadhijJAna meM bhI sabhI svarUpa jJAta nahIM hote, yadyapi jJAta svarUpoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai / " yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki, na kevala manuSya, balki sabhI jIvita vastuoM meM avadhijJAna kI (nyUnAdhika ) kSamatA hotI hai| avadhijJAna ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM : dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura sarvAvadhi | dezAvadhi kA vistAra kAla tathA dik kI paristhitiyoM taka sImita rahatA hai, aura zeSa do kA isa prakAra sImita nahIM rahatA / sarvAvadhi aisA jJAna hai jisase vizva kI sabhI bhautika vastuoM ke viSaya rahita rUpoM ko grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| dezAvadhi ke do bheda haiM: bhavapratyaya aura guNapratyaya / bhavapratyatha 2. dekhiye, 'Avazyaka niyukti, 36 3. dekhiye, 'sTaDIja ina jainijma' pu0 64 4. dekhiye, 'di sevAvazyaka bhASya', 685, 'namvIsUta, 16

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indriyAtIta zAma yAnI janmajAta mAna devoM sabA nArakIya jIvoM meM hotA hai / guNapratyaya yAnI ajita jJAna una bAdhAoM ko dUra karane se yA naSTa karane se prApta hotA hai vo avadhijJAna ke mArga meM upasthita hotI haiN| guNapratyaya avadhi ve sabhI manuSya prApta kara sakate haiM jinako buddhi hai| isake chaha bheda batAye gaye haiM : (1) anunAnI avadhijJAna jahAM jAtA jAtA hai, vahIM usake sAtha jAtA hai; (2) ananugAmI avadhijJAna zAlA ke sthAna vizeSa se pRSaka hone para chUTa jAtA hai, (3) varSamAna avadhijJAna eka bAra utpanna hone para samaya ke sAtha bar3hatA jAtA hai, (4) hAyamAna avadhizAna samaya ke sAtha ghaTatA jAtA hai, (5) avasthita jJAna na bar3hatA hai, na ghaTatA hai; aura (6) anavasthita abadhijJAna kabhI bar3hatA hai to kabhI ghaTatA hai|' manaHparyaya jJAna se dUsaroM ke mana meM cintita padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai|' jainoM kI isa dhAraNA se ki mana sUkSma dravya se banA hai,hameM manaHparyaya ke siddhAnta ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai / manadravya mana ke vibhinna vyApAroM meM prakaTa hotA hai| ye vyApAra mana meM anubhava kiye gaye vicAra ke vibhinna staroM ke parAvartanoM ke alAvA aura kucha nahIM haiM / ataH jisa vyakti ko manaHparyaya jJAna hotA hai vaha, indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA ke vinA, dUsaroM ke mAnasika vyApAroM ko sIdhe grahaNa karane meM samartha hotA hai| jabaki avadhijJAna sabhI jIvoM ko ho sakatA hai, mana:paryaya jJAna kevala manuSyoM taka sImita rahatA hai| kaThora AcaraNa tathA cAritrya-nirmANa kI duSkara prakriyA kI nirdhArita praNAlI se gujarane ke bAda hI mana:paryaya jJAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai| mandIsUtra meM be pratibandha ginAye gaye haiM jo manuSya meM manaHparyaya jJAna ke udaya ke lie Avazyaka haiM : ____1. karmabhUmi meM manuSyoM ke jJAnendriyoM kA pUrNa vikAsa humA honA cAhie aura unakA vyaktitva bhI pUrNa vikasita honA cAhie, yAnI ve paryApta hone cAhie; 2. manuSyo meM samyaka dRSTi honI cAhie aura ve sabhI viSayabhogoM se mukta hone cAhie, 3. ve saMyamI hone cAhie aura unameM asAdhAraNa sAmarthya honA caahie| manaHparyaya se sambandhita eka bAta ko chor3akara sabhI mUla siddhAntoM ke bAre meM jaina dArzanika ekamata haiM / umAsvAmi kA mata hai ki manaHparyaya meM dUsaroM ke mana meM sthita padArthoM kA sIdhe bodha hotA hai / mana meM ghaTita parivartana kI prakriyA 5. dekhiye, eca. esa. bhaTTAcArya, pUrvo0 pu. 307-08 6. 'nandIsUtra', 9-15; 'tatvArSasUtra', 1.23 para bhASya 7. 'Avazyakaniyukti, 76 8. 'vizeSAvazyaka-bhASya',669,814 9. 'mandIsUta',39440

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jaina vana padArthoM ke sIdhe antAna meM bAdhaka nahIM hotii| jinabhadra kA mata hai ki mana ke paryAyoM kA sIdhe antani hotA hai, kintu mana ke padArthoM kA jJAna apratyakSa rUpa se hotA hai| isakA kAraNa ve yaha batAte haiM ki, mana kI 'antarvastuoM meM bhautika tathA abhautika donoM hI prakAra kI vastuoM kA samAveza hotA hai| cUMki, mana ke badalate paryAyoM ke mAdhyama ke vinA dUsare ke vicAroM kA antarmAna hotA hai, yaha mAnanA eka ayukta bAta hai, isalie yaha mAnanA adhika nyAyasaMgata hogA ki bhautika tathA abhautika vastuoM kA antAna kevala apratyakSa rUpa se hotA hai| prAcIna jaina paramparA saMbhavata: yahI thI ki mana ke paryAyoM kA bodha sIdhe hotA hai| saMbhavataH manaHparyaya ko zAbdika artha meM hI grahaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| __ manaHparyaya ke do bheda mAne gaye haiM : anumati aura vipulamati / Rjumati manuSya ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke AraMbhika stara kI dyotaka hai aura isalie yaha kama zuddha hotI hai / vipulamati kevalajJAna ke udaya hone taka TikI rahatI hai| Rjumati ke bAre meM kahA jAtA hai ki isase aise vyaktiyoM ke vicAra jAne jA sakate haiM jinakI dUrI hotI hai : cAra se ATha kroza se lekara cAra se ATha yojana taka / isI prakAra vipulamati kI sImA hai : cAra se ATha yojana se lekara do arthadvIpoM taka / Rjumati kA kAla-vistAra eka jIvanakAla se lekara atIta ke ATha janmoM tathA anAgata ke ATha janmoM taka hotA hai| vipulamati kA kAlavistAra ATha janmoM se lekara ananta janmAntaroM taka hotA hai| avadhijJAna tathA manaHparyaya ke uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki donoM kA sambandha bhautika vastuoM se hai| phira bhI donoM meM kucha pharaka haiN| inheM nIce kI tAlikA meM diyA jA rahA hai : avadhijJAna manaHparSaya zuddhatA : bhautika vastu tathA mana kA bhI avadhi kI apekSA yaha zAna jAna saMbhava hai, parantu yaha utanA adhika suspaSTa hotA hai / dUsare spaSTa nahIM hotA jitanA ki mana bhI adhika spaSTatA se jAne manaHparyaya meM hotA hai| jAte haiN| vistAra : ananta vistAra saMbhava hai-- isakA vistAra mAnava-jIvana dik ke sUkSmatama aMza se lekara ke vyApAroM kI sImA taka hI isakI carama sImA tk| 10. pahale kI apekSA pUsare ko adhika piTa (vimuDatara) mAnA jAtA hai| Rjumati eka bAra hokara chUTa bhI sakatA hai (pratipatati), parantu vipulamati eka bAra hokara phira kabhI chUTatA nahIM (na pratipatati) / 'tatvAsUkha', 1.24 125,dekhiye, 'sthAnAMvasUtra' bhI, 721

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panimAtIta mAna viSaya : sabhI jIvoM ke lie aura unake astitva ke sabhI staroM ke lie saMbhava hai| padArtha : bhautika padArthoM taka sImita / sabhI ananta svarUpoM kA bodha nahIM hotaa| 95 kevala manuSya ke lie aura vaha bhI adhyAtma kI ora kucha pragati karane ke bAda saMbhava hai| tulanA meM manaHparyava kA vistAra , sUkSmatama baMzoM taka bhI hotA

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Atman 17 janoM kI AtmA sambandhI dhAraNA ko pahacAna evaM parivartana rUpa meM padArtha kI dhAraNA se AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| manuSya ke vibhinna mAnasika anubhava eka aisI vastu kI ora nirdeza karate haiM jo prayoga hai, sthira satA hai jo badalate rUpoM ko artha tathA mahattva pradAna karatI hai| yahI jIvAtmA yA Atmana hai| janoM kI AtmA sambandhI dhAraNA meM aura bauddhoM kI dhAraNA meM spaSTa antara hai| badalate rUpoM ke tathya ke AdhAra para bauddha apane isa siddhAnta ko siddha karate haiM ki 'Atmana' anubhavoM ke eka piTAre ke alAvA aura kucha nahIM hai| kintu isI tathya ke AdhAra para jaina apane isa mata ko siddha karate haiM ki, aisI koI sthira sattA avazya honI cAhie jisake hI kAraNa badalate rUpoM ko hama badalate hue dekhate haiN| Atman kI pramukha vizeSatA cetanA hai| cetanA hI vaha vizeSatA hai jo jIvita ko nirjIva se alaga karatI hai; aura jainoM ko, siddhAnta rUpa se, yaha svIkAra karane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hai ki "gahana nidrA kI avasthA bhI cetanArahita nahIM hotI, kyoki yadi hama yaha nahIM svIkAra karate to zAMta evaM maharI nIMda ke usa sukhada anubhava ko asaMbhava mAnA jAyagA jise hama jAgane para smaraNa karate haiN|" cetanatA kA sambandha Atman ke vibhinna rUpoM aura unake apane-apane kAryoM * se hai| isIlie hameM jIvAtmA ke lie aneka nAma dekhane ko milate haiM : "pramAta, svAsya nirvAsin, kartA, moktA, vivRttimAna, svasaMvedana-saMsika; aura vaha jisakI prakRti pRthvI tathA anya tattvoM se bhinna hai|"" cetanatA ke tIna rUpa-- jAnanA, anubhava karanA aura bhoganA-jo jIvAtmA ke uparyukta vivecana se jAhira haiM, eka anya jaina grantha meM bhI varNita haiN| jIvAtmA kA adbhuta varNana bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| "jIvAtmA prabhu hai, kartA hai, bhoktA hai, dehamAna hai, phira bhI akAyika hai, aura karma se sambandhita bhI pAyA jAtA hai| kuMbhakAra ghaTa 1. rekhiye, ema. ela. mehatA, 'jaina sAikolaoNjI', pu.31 2. pAyAvatAra',31 3. paMcAstikAvasAra', 38

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Atman kA nirmAtA hotA hai aura usakA AnaMda bhI lUTatA hai / usI prakAra, vyAvahArika dRSTi se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki laukika jIvAtmA vastuoM kA kartA hai, jaise bhavana kA nirmANa karanA aura vastuoM ko bhoganA / "" isa saMdarbha meM jAnanA dilacaspa hogA ki viliyama jemsa prayogasiddha jIvAtmA aura zuddha jIvAtmA meM bheda karate haiM / unake matAnusAra prayogasiddha jIvAtmA "cetanatA, manobhAvoM tathA sadbhAvoM ke samUha kA nAma hai / parantu zuddha jIvAtmA ko prayogasiddha jIvAtmA se kAphI bhinna mAnA gayA hai| zuddha jIvAtmA "socatI hai, vicAraka hai| yaha sthAyI hai aura dArzanika ise hI jIvAtmA yA parama AtmA kahate haiM / ' * jaina dArzanikoM ko isa bAta kA aMdAjA thA ki unake isa mata para Apatti uThAyI jAyagI ki, sajIva vastu meM cetanatA eka viziSTa cIja hai, yAnI sajIva sattA kA aisA varNana astitva, utpatti, vinAza tathA sthAyitva jaisI vizeSatAoM ke sAtha mela nahI khAtA / isa Apatti kA uttara dene ke lie ve paribhASA aura varNana meM bheda karate haiM / paribhASA meM vastu meM pAye jAnevAle bhedoM kI ora nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ki varNana meM saMpUrNa vastu kA vicAra hotA hai aura isake ghaTakoM ke bAre meM sUkSma vicAra kiyA jAtA hai..... tatvArtha sUtra ke anusAra, jIvita sattA kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki, yaha jJAnazakti (upayoga ) ' ke lie eka AdhAra hai aura yaha jJAnazakti cetanatA kI sImita mAtra meM kevala abhivyakti hai| jaina darzana meM jo do prakAra ke jJAna-bheda - nirAkAra upayoga aura sAkAra upayoga--mAne gaye haiM ve cetanatA ke mAtra apUrNa prakSepaNa haiM / kevala pUrNa nirAkAra upayoga aura pUrNa sAkAra upayoga meM hI cetanatA kI pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakti hotI hai / jIvita sattA kI kSamatA kevala pUrNa nirAkAra upayoga aura pUrNa sAkAra upayoga taka hI sImita nahIM hotI, isakA vistAra pUrNa paramasukha tathA asIma zakti taka bhI hotA hai| cetanatA kI zuddhatA ko cAra prakAra ke karmoM se kSati pahuMcatI hai-tarka - avarodhaka karma, buddhi-avarodhaka karma, bhrAMtijanaka karma aura aura zakti-avarodhaka karma / cUMki anya bhAratIya darzanoM (cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara) meM bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki mAnava jIvana kI vizeSatA pUrNatA kI ora Age bar3hate jAne meM hai, to jainoM kA yaha mata hamArI samajha meM AtA hai ki jIvita sattA meM nAtman kA prakaTIkaraNa kevala AMzika rUpa se hotA hai / raft 'Atman' yA 'jIvAtmA' ko tAtvika amUrtatA mAnA jA sakatA hai| 4. vahI 27 samayasAra, 124 5. prinsipalsa oNpha sAikolaoNjI, prathama khaNDa, pR0 292 6. dekhiye, 'tasvArtha-sUtra', V, 29 7. *, 11. 8 97

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98 jaina darzana aura isakI khojabIna satvavettA dvArA honI cAhie, phira bhI manovaijJAnika kA bhI yaha kartavya hai ki vaha isakI prakRti kA adhyayana kare aura isake astitva ko siddha kare, kyoMki cetanatA manovijJAna kI kendrIya dhAraNA hai aura isakA zAna sIdhe jIvAtmA ke astitva se sambandhita hotA hai| prAcIna bhArata ke dArzanikoM kI mAnava vyaktitva ke vividha AyAmoM ke bAre meM jo jAnakArI thI usase bhI unheM patA calA ki manuSya ke manobhAvoM kA hI vizleSaNa karanA paryApta nahIM hai| ata: yaha mAnA gayA thA ki tAttvika aura mAnasika vizleSaNa isa prakAra nahIM hone cAhie ki mAno ve eka-dUsare se pUrNataH asambandhita hoN| bhAratIya cintana meM manuSya ke prati yaha jo sAmAnya dRSTikoNa dikhAI detA hai, usameM jaina dArzanika apavAda nahIM the| vibhinna mano-viSaya, jo cetanatA ke vyaMjaka hote haiM, Adhunika manovijJAna meM sakriya bhAva' mAne gaye haiM aura eka Thosa zakti--Atman yA jIvAtmA ke astitva ke dyotaka haiN| Atman dravya-rahita hotA hai, kyoMki isakI kriyAeM svanirdhArita aura svecchAnurUpa hotI haiM / yadi yaha dravya se banA hotA to isakI kriyAeM bAhara se nirdhArita huI hotI aura yaha abhautika ciMtana-kriyAoM ke lie samartha na hotaa| isalie yaha mAnA gayA hai ki Atman yA jIvAtmA prakRti meM vAstavika aura abhautika donoM hI hai / yahAM yaha jAnanA upayogI hogA ki amarIkI dArzanika viliyama jemsa ke matAnusAra abhautika Atman kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vaha likhate haiM : "...jIvAtmA ke bAre meM yaha mAnyatA ki yaha kisI rahasyamaya tarIke se mastiSka ke bhAvoM se prabhAvita hotI hai aura apane cetana anurAga se unakA pAlana karatI hai, mujhe aba taka ke takoM meM sabase kama kamajora pratIta hotI hai|" __ jaina grantha vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM jIvAtmA ke astitva ke bAre meM vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isameM indrabhUti usa virodhI mata kA pravaktA mAnA gayA hai jo jIvAtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA aura mahAvIra uThAyI gayI ApattiyoM kA uttara dete haiN| jaisA ki adhikAMza bhAratIya darzanoM ke pranthoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai, isa jaina grantha meM bhI virodhI pakSa ke mata ko pahale prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura phira svapakSa una sabhI takoM kA vyavasthita rUpa se khaNDana karatA 8. jemsa vArDa apane grantha 'sAikolAjikala priMsipala', e.370 meM 'Antarika zAmayA 'svacetanA' ke bAre meM likhate haiN| "sabhI vAstavika anubhUtiyoM ko, cAhe ve kitanI bhI sarala kyo na hoM, mAvazyaka zarta hai viSaya tathA kahAnI hitva ke jJAna kA aMtima krama / ataH anubhava ke krama meM yaha prathama hai| anubhava ke viSaya ko hI hama zuddha mAtman kahate hai| 9. vahI, prathama baNa,.181

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mAtya hai| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra hI virodhI matako prastuta karate haiM : "jIvAtmA kA astitva saMdigdha hai, kyoMki kisI bhI jAnendriya se pratyakSataH isakA bodha nahIM hotaa| jIvAtmA kI sthiti paramANuoM kI taraha nahIM hai, kyoMki paramANu yadyapi adRzya hote haiM, phira bhI samUha rUpa meM unheM dekhA jA sakatA hai / anumAna se bhI jIvAtmA kA astitva siddha nahIM hotA, kyoMki binA kisI bodha ke anumAna bhI saMbhava nahIM hai / dharmagranthoM ke AdhAra para bhI jIvAtmA kA astitva siddha nahIM hotA, kyoMki dharmagranthoM kA jJAna, anumiti se bhinna nahIM hotaa| yadi vaha mAna bhI liyA jAya ki dharmagranmoM se hameM jIvAtmA ke astitva ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai, to dharmagranthoM meM aisA koI ullekha nahIM milatA jisase patA cale ki kisI me jIvAtmA ko pratyakSa rUpa se dekhA hai / dharmagranyoM ke bAre meM eka aura dikkata yaha hai ki dharmagranyoM meM hI paraspara virodhI bAteM dekhane ko milatI hai| sAdRzya ke AdhAra para bhI jIvAtmA ke astitva ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vizva meM aisI eka bhI sattA nahI hai jo lezamAtra bhI jIvAtmA ke sadRza ho| isa prakAra, kisI bhI pramANa se jIvAtmA kI sattA siddha nahIM hotI; isalie niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki jIvAtmA kA koI astitva nahIM hai|"10 ___ mahAvIra apane mata kI rakSA ina zabdoM meM karate haiM : "he indrabhUti ! jIvAtmA kA pratyakSa jJAna tumheM bhI ho sakatA hai / isake bAre meM saMdeha mAdi se yukta tumhArA jJAna hI jIvAtmA hai / jo svayaM tumhAre anubhava se siddha hotA hai, usako siddha karane ke lie kisI pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| sukha, duHkha Adi ke astitva ke lie kisI pramANa kI jarUrata nahIM hotii|" aura "ahaMpratyaya-jaise, 'maiMne kiyA,' 'maiM karatA hUM', tathA 'maiM karUMgA' meM 'maiM' kI anubhUti-se jIvAtmA kA pratyakSa bodha ho sakatA hai / "" mahAvIra kA yaha kahanA ki jIvAtmA ke astitva ke lie kisI pramANa kI jarUrata nahIM hai, eka mUlabhUta prazna kA uttara dene se katarAnA nahIM hai, kyoMki ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki saMzaya ke hone kA artha hI hai ki koI saMzayakartA bhI hai / ve pUchate haiM : "jisake bAre meM saMdeha hai usa vastu kA yadi sacamuca hI astitva nahIM hai to kise saMdeha ho sakatA hai ki merA astitva hai yA merA astitva nahIM hai ? he gautama (indrabhUti) ! jaba tumheM svayaM apanI jIvAtmA ke bAre meM saMdeha hai, to phira kauna-sI cIja saMdeha-rahita ho sakatI hai?" mahAvIra kahate haiM ki kisI vastu ke astitva kI svayaM-siddhatA usake guNoM kI svayaM-sibatA se spaSTa hotI hai| unakA mata hai : "jIvAtmA, jo ki isake 10. 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya', 1550-53 11. vahI, 1554-56 12. vahI, 1557

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jaina darzana guNoM kA AdhAra haiM, svayaM siddha hai, kyoMki isake guNa bhI svayaM siddha haiM, jaise ki ghaTa kI sthiti meM haiN| guNoM kI siddhi se AdhAra kI bhI siddhi hotI hai| " 18 jIvAtmA jisake guNa saMdeha ke pare haiM na kevala guNoM ke astitva apitu AdhAra ke aftara kI ora bhI nirdeza karate haiN| padArtha aura isake guNoM ke bIca anyonyAzraya kA sambandha hotA hai, isalie dUsare ke bAre meM soce binA hama eka ke bAre me vicAra nahIM kara sakate / isI prakAra, do sambandhita vastuoM meM se eka kA astitva siddha hone se dUsare kA bhI siddha ho jAtA hai / 100 kabhI-kabhI hama dekhate haiM ki zarIra ke maujUda hone para bhI, jaise ki gaharI nIda, mRtyu Adi meM, to bhI saMvedana, bodha, smRti Adi jaise guNa anupasthita rahate haiM / " isase jAhira hotA hai ki zarIra kA mAnasika kriyAoM ke sAtha Avazyaka sambandha nahIM hai, zarIra ke atirikta bhI koI sattA hai aura vahI jIvAtmA hai / anta meM, zarIra dravya (pudgala) se banA hone ke kAraNa yaha svayaM cetanA kA janaka nahIM ho sakatA / yadi cetanA zarIra ke vividha aMgoM kA guNa nahIM hai, to zarIra meM pAyI jAnevAlI cetanA avazya hI Atman athavA jIvAtmA kA guNa honI cAhie, aura isa Atman kA nivAsa zarIra meM hotA hai| zarIra meM Atman ke nivAsa se cetanA kA udbhava hotA hai aura Atman ke na rahane para cetanA naSTa ho jAtI hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki cetanA Atman athavA jIvAtmA kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| isa prakAra, hama jIvAtmA ke jaina siddhAMta ko cetanA ke rUpa meM samajha sakate haiN| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jIvAtmA ke vivecana se jainoM ke cetanA sambandhI mata ko bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai| 13. vahI 1558 14. dekhiye, ema0 ela0 mehatA, 'jaina sAikolaoNjI', pR0 38

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punarjanma hindU dharma kI taraha jaina dharma meM bhI jIvAtmA ke amaratva kI dhAraNA tathA usI para AdhArita punarjanma meM vizvAsa karma-siddhAnta kA kendrabindu hai| sthAnAna saba meM jo chaha vikalpa sujhAye gaye haiM uname jIvAtmA ke amaratva kA spaSTa nirdeza milatA hai| jIvAtmA ke dUsare zarIra meM praveza karane ke yA anya janma grahaNa karane ke chaha mArga ho sakate haiM : (1) vartamAna jIvana meM kiye gaye duSkarmoM ke lie dUsare janma kI jarUrata hotI hai - aura yaha agalA janma ho sakatA hai yA usake bAda kA janma, (2) pichale yA usase bhI pahale ke janmoM meM kiye gaye duSkarma vartamAna janma meM phalita ho sakate haiM,(3) isI prakAra pUrvajanma meM kiye gaye duSkarma vartamAna jIvana meM aba taka phalita nahIM hue haiM aura zeSa vartamAna jIvana meM phalita bhI nahI ho sakeMge, isalie eka aura janma kI jarUrata hogii| arthAta, pUrvajanma meM kiye gaye duSkarmoM ke phala Age ke janma meM yA usake bhI Age ke janma meM bhugatane pdd'eNge| isI prakAra satkarmoM ke bAre meM; (4) ima janma meM kiye gaye satkarmoM ke phala agale janma meM yA usake Age ke kisI janma meM mileMge; (5) pUrvajanma ke satkarmoM ke phala vartamAna janma meM mila sakate haiM; aura (6) pichale janma ke yA pahale ke kisI janma ke satkAryoM ke phala vartamAna janma meM aba taka mile nahIM ho sakate aura zeSa jIvana meM bhI milane kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai, to unake lie anya janma kI jarUrata hogii| phala yadyapi agale janma meM bhI mila sakate haiM, parantu dAve ke sAtha kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa|. yahAM yaha batAnA jarUrI hai ki do anya saMbhAvanAoM ko bhI mAnA gayA hai : (1) vartamAna jIvana ke satkarmoM kA phala isI janma meM mila sakatA hai, aura (2) vartamAna jIvana ke duSkarmoM kA phala bhI isI jIvana meM mila sakatA hai| ina saMbhAvanAmoM kA ullekha isa vyApaka saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA hai ki AdamI ko apane (acche yA bure) karmoM kA phala bhoganA hI hotA hai| jIvAtmA ke amaratva tathA punarjanma ko siddha karane ke bAda eka mahattva kA prazna sAmane AtA hai| punarjanma kA artha kyA sadaiva mAge kI mora kA vikAsa hai ? 1. IV. 2.7 2. bahI

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102 jaina darzana yAnI, kyA eka bAra manuSya janma kA stara prApta kara lene ke bAda phira vikAsa ke daura meM manuSya janma se nIce kA stara prApta hone kA koI khatarA nahIM hai ? eka sAmAnya vyakti bhI isa savAla kA nakArAtmaka uttara degaa| kahA jAyegA ki, jo mAdamI burA kAma karatA hai usakA use daNDa milegA hii| aisA vyakti mAnavajanma ke stara meM banA rahegA aura saMbhavata: usakA nIce kI ora patana nahIM hogaa| parantu sAmAnya vyakti kahegA ki, karma siddhAMta ke anusAra, yadi kisI manuSya ke kArya manuSya janma ke yogya nahIM hai, manuSya se nimna koTi ke haiM, to usa manuSya ko mAnavIya stara se nIce Dhakela denA caahie| jainoM ke mata ko spaSTa karane ke lie mehatA thiyosophisToM ke mata kA ullekha karate haiM : cetanA ke eka bAra mAnava stara para pahuMca jAne ke bAda phira usakA patana nahIM hotaa| duSkarma yadi uddhAra kI sImA ko lAMgha jAtA hai, to usa sattA kA hI pUrNa vinAza ho jA sakatA hai aura manuSya mahAmAnava ho sakatA hai, parantu vaha manuSya se kama nahIM hogA / mehatA kahate haiM ki yaha mata vikAsavAda se prabhAvita hai aura jaina paramparA meM thiyosophisToM ke aise mata ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vaha likhate haiM : "jaina mata hai ki mRtyu ke bAda jIvAtmA pazuoM aura per3a-paudhoM meM bhI jA sakatI hai| yaha svarga meM bhI jA sakatI hai aura vahAM kucha samaya ke lie raha sakatI hai| isalie jaina mata hai ki jIvAtmAeM pIche kI ora bhI jA sakatI haiN| jaina matAnusAra jIvAtmAoM kI vRddhi evaM vikAsa cetanA ke nimna stara se ucca stara meM nahIM hotaa| jIvAtmAoM ke viparItagamana ke bAre meM jo jaina mata haiM, vaha hindU mata se bar3A mela khAtA hai| kaI upaniSadoM meM viparItagamana kI saMbhAvanA ke ullekha milate haiM : __ "jo ina do pathoM ko nahIM jAnate the kITa-pataMga, makkhI, macchara banate __ "jo yahAM acchA karma karate haiM, unheM acchA janma milegA / jo yahAM burA karma kareMge unheM burA janma milegA, jaise, kuttaM kA, sUara kA !" "kucha vyaktiyoM ko apane karmoM ke anusAra aura mana kI pravRtti ke anusAra punarjanma milatA hai| kucha vyaktiyoM kA patana hokara ve per3a bana jAte haiN|" "vaha apane karmoM ke anusAra isa dharatI para kisI-na-kisI janma meM kITa, 3. 'baina sAikolaoNjI', pu. 176-77 4. bahadAraNyaka upaniSad', VI. 2.16 5. 'chAndogya upaniSad',V. 10.7 6. 'kaThopaniSad', II. 2.7

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103 TiDyA, machalI, pakSI, aura, sUbara, sarpa, bAba, tathA anya koI prANI bnaa|" isa saMdarbha meM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA jarUrI hai ki jIva yA cetana sattAyA jIvAtmA kI cAra avasthAeM haiM : naraka kI avasthA, pazuko avasthA, manuSya kI avasthA aura svarga kI avasthA / jIva zabda vizva meM vyApta cetana sattA kA cotaka hai aura yaha kevala manuSya meM hI nahIM pAyA jaataa| isase hameM punarjanma ke maina siddhAMta ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai, kyoMki yaha isa tathya kI ora nirdeza karatI hai ki,cetana sattA jina avasthAoM meM pAyI jAtI hai unameM se manuSya avasthA kevala eka hai; isalie yaha kalpanA karane kA hameM koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki eka bAra mAnavIya avasthA ke prApta ho jAne ke bAda atimAnava aura paripUrNatA kA stara, jisameM janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti mila jAtI hai, apane-Apa prApta hotA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM jIvAtmA kI ina cAra avasthAnoM kA ullekha hai aura una karmoM kI bhI jAnakArI hai jinake kAraNa jIvAtmA kA ina avasthAoM meM praveza hotA hai| jisake kAraNa manuSya ko nArakIya jIvana milatA hai, vaha karma hai| atyadhika dhana jamA karanA, upadravI kAryoM meM ulajhanA, prANiyoM ke paMcendriyoM ko kATanA, mAMsa khAnA, ityAdi / jisake kAraNa pazu, vanaspati tathA isI prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, vaha karma hai dUsaroM ko dhokhA denA, kapaTa racanA, jhUTha bolanA, ityAdi / jisake kAraNa mAnava jIvana milatA hai, vaha karma hai sarala svabhAva, namra vyaktitva, dayAbhAva, karuNA, ityAdi / jisake kAraNa svarga kA sukha milatA hai, vaha karma hai tapasvI kA AcaraNa, vratoM kA pAlana, ityaadi| jIvAtmA ke viparItagamana ke jaina siddhAnta ke bAre meM mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki isase uttaradAyitva sambandhI naitikatA ke lie AdhAra prApta hotA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se karma siddhAMta, isake punarjanma ke upasiddhAMta sahita sAmAnyajanoM kI dRSTi meM bhI, vyaktigata uttaradAyitva ke lie naitika adhAra pradAna karatA hai| jaina siddhAMta meM isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, parantu sAtha hI isa bAta para bhI vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai ki, yadi manuSya jimmevAra prANI hai, to vaha kevala mAnava jIvana meM kiye jAne vAle una acche yA bure kamoM ke lie hI jimmevAra nahIM hai jinakA phala use usI yA bAda ke mAnava jIvana meM bhoganA par3atA hai| sAmAnya mAnavIya stara se Upara uThAkara paripUrNa manuSya banAne meM usakI uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA yadi sacamuca hI mahatva kI bhUmikA adA karatI hai, to jaba vaha koI galata kAma karatA hai, pazuvat karma karatA hai, to isa bhAvanA kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAnavIya stara se nimna koTi ke karma karake 7. 'kopItakI bAhmaNa', I. 1.6 . 8. VIII. 9.41

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jaina darzana 104 vaha isake pariNAmoM se baca nahIM sktaa| usakA patana hotA hai aura use mAnava me nIce ke stara meM Dhakela diyA jAtA hai| eka aura tathya jisase hameM jaina siddhAnta ko sahI taura se samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai, yaha hai ki, jaba bhI hama manuSya tathA caramagati prApta karane ke usake prayAsoM para vicAra karate haiM, to hama mukhyata: cetanatA ke bAre meM vicAra karate haiN| AdhyAtmika vikAsa eka acetana nahIM, balki cetana prakriyA hai| cUMki manuSya ke isa pakSa ke bAre meM nItizAstra meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, isalie hama akasara bhUla jAte haiM ki sacetanatA kevala manuSya prANI kI hI vizeSatA nahIM hai, yadyapi Atma-cetanatA saMbhavataH hai| jaina paramparA manuSya kI AtmacetanA para bhale hI vizeSa bala detI ho, parantu isakI dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki cetanatA meM kimI prakAra kI rukAvaTa nahIM AtI, phira cAhe yaha vanaspati ke stara se pazu stara meM pahuMce yA pazu stara se mAnava yA ati-mAnava stara meM phuNce| isI artha meM jaina darzana meM do pramukha sattAoM-jIva tathA ajIva yAnI cetana tathA acetana ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| cUMki nItizAstra meM mAnava kI kSamatAoM tathA pravRttiyoM ke bAre meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, isalie pratIta hotA hai ki AdamI cAhe kitanA bhI burA kyoM na ho, usakA patana nahIM ho sktaa| parantu jaina dArzanikoM kI cetanatA sambandhI mAnyatA se prabhAvita hokara hama vizva meM vyApta cetana sattA para vicAra karate haiM aura isake vikAsa kI na kevala mAnavIya stara se balki isake 'prathama astitva meM Ane ke samaya se khoja karate haiM / cetanatA ke bAre meM isa prakAra kA samagra dRSTikoNa apanAne se hama dekhate haiM ki, mAnavIya uttaradAyitva para kama bala dene kI bajAya, isa bAta para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai ki manuSya ko apane vikAsa ke stara ke yogya jIvana bitAnA cAhie, use dekhanA cAhie ki binA patana ke usakA stara banA rahatA hai aura phira use cetanatA ke ucca stara kI prApti ke lie prayatna karanA caahie| ___ jaina darzana kI samagra cetanatA sambandhI isa mahattvapUrNa mAnyatA ke bAre meM uttarAdhyayana-sUtra meM eka rocaka udAharaNa milatA hai| udAharaNa isa prakAra hai : tIna vyApArI apanI-apanI pUMjI lekara kisI dUsare zahara meM vyApAra karane gye| eka vyApArI ko kAphI lAbha huaa| dUsarA vyApArI apanI mUla pUMjI lekara lauTA, use na lAbha huA na haani| tIsarA vyApArI apanI pUMjI khokara lauttaa| isa udAharaNa meM pUMjI mAnava jIvana kI botaka hai, lAbha svargIya sukha kA ghotaka hai aura hAni kA artha hai pazuyoni meM patana yA nArakIya yaatnaaeN| 9. VII. 14-15

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punarjanma 105 jo vyakti binA kisI hAni yA lAbha ke ghara lauTatA hai vaha usa vyakti ke samAna hai jisakA agalA janma manuSya rUpa meM hI hotA hai| "jo manuSya apane satkAryoM se dharmazIla gRhastha banatA hai, vaha punaH manuSyayoni meM paidA hotA hai, kyoMki sabhI manuSyoM ko apane karmoM kA phala milatA hai / parantu apanI pUMjI bar3hAnevAlA vyakti bar3e puNyakArya karanevAle vyakti-jaisA hotA hai| puNyAtmA vyakti bar3e sukha se devatva ko prApta hotA hai jo bure kArya karatA hai aura apane kartavya kA pAlana nahIM karatA, vaha naraka meM jAtA hai| buddhimAna vyakti vaha hai jo pApa aura puNya ko samajhatA hai / pApamArga kA tyAga karane se buddhimAna vyakti puNya kA lAbha karatA hai|" ___ ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dArzanika kA punarjanma sambandhI mata na kevala mAnavIya jIvAtmA kI anantatA para jora detA hai aura isalie vikAsa tathA viparItagamana kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra karatA hai, balki cetanatA ke sAtatya tathA usase bhI adhika mAnava kI uttaradAyI prakRti kI ora nirdeza karatA hai| isa artha meM punarjanma kA yaha siddhAMta jaina nItizAstra ke lie bhI AdhAra pradAna karatA hai| Age ke eka prakaraNa meM jaba hama jaina nItizAstra kI kucha vizeSatAoM para vicAra kareMge, to yaha bAta spaSTa ho jaaygii| 10. vahI, VII. 20-21; 28; 30

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caturtha bhAga : tattvamImAMsA

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vAstavikatA aura sattA . 19 'vAstavikatA' tattvamImAMsA kI sarvapramukha dhAraNA hai| yaha eka atyanta vyApaka zabda hai aura isake antargata jIvana ke vyApaka darzana tathA vizva ke prati eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa kA samAveza hotA hai| isIlie jaba kisI darzana kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai to usakA tattvamImAMsIya svarUpa eka 'vizva-dRSTikoNa' kA dyotaka mAnA jAtA hai, aura isameM AsapAsa ke jIvana ke prati nirdhArita dRSTikoNa bhI samAhita rahatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, cetanA tathA dravya ke jJAna se hI vAstavikatA kA samucita paricaya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki ina donoM kA hI astitva hai| ina donoM meM se eka ko chor3ane kA artha hogA vAstavikatA kA apUrA paricaya yA adhUrA citra prApta krnaa| jaina darzana kA vAstavavAda vAstavikatA tathA sattA meM bheda nahIM krtaa| isake anusAra vAstavikatA sat hai aura sattA vAstavika hai| vAstavikatA ke cetana tathA acetana (jIva tathA ajIva) donoM hI tattvoM kA astitva mAnakara inheM jo pradhAnatA dI gayI vaha isa tathya kI dyotaka hai ki vyaktigata AtmA, dravya, AkAza, kAla aura vizva meM pAye jAne vAle gati evaM sthiti ke tattva, ye saba vAstavika haiN| ye saba sat vAstavikatA kahalAte haiM aura inheM kramazaH nAma diye gaye haiM : jIva, pudgala, AkAza, kAla, dharma tathA adharma / inameM antima pAMca ko ajIba kahA gayA hai| 1. dekhiye, "bhagavatI-sUtra',xxv. 2-4 2. 'bhagavatI-sUtra' ke eka pUrva-prakaraNa (XIII,44481) meM yaha mata dekhane ko milatA hai ki vizva pAMca prakAra ke dravyoM se banA hai| yaha mata svayaM mahAvIra kA mAnA jAtA hai| kahate haiM ki apane eka ziSya gautama ke prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne kahA : gItama, vizva pAMca dezavyApta dravyoM se banA hai| ye hai-gati tasva, sthiti tasva, AkAra, mAtmA aura dravya / " usI anya meM 'kAla' ko alaga sthAna diyA gayA; isase patA calatA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya bhI do vicAra-dhArAe vidyamAna thiiN| vAstavikatA ke bAre meM ye do prakAra ke ullekha isa mAne meM bhI mahattva ke hai ki prathama pAMca ko vahAM dezavyApta mAnA gayA, vahAM chaThe ko manyApta /

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jaina darzana 110 yadi hama jIva tathA ajIva ko vAstavikatA ke do tattva mAnate haiM, to jaina darzana ko vaitavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana ko bahuvAdI yA anekAntavAdI bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki ajIva ko phira pAMca pravargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| jo tattva sat, vAstavika tathA dika se sambandhita haiM, unheM jaina darzana meM astikAya kahA gayA hai| ye astikAya pAMca haiM : jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza / ina astikAya ke svarUpa tathA guNa badalate rahate haiN| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki inakA astitva hai, aura vistAra bhii| kAla ko astikAya nahIM mAnA jAtA, kyoMki yadyapi yaha dika se sambaddha hai, phira bhI yaha dik meM antanihita nahIM hai| isa vizeSatA ke alAvA kAla ke anya guNa anya tattvoM-jaise hI haiM / paMcAstikAya tathA kAla se jo chaha tattva banate hai, unheM hI jaina darzana meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ina chaha tatvoM ko dravya nAma diyA gayA hai| cUMki ina chahoM tattvoM kA astitva hai, isake svarUpa tathA guNa badalate rahate haiM, isalie jaina darzana meM dravya kI jo paribhASA dI gayI hai, vaha yaha hai : "jo tattva apane vividha guNoM tathA svarUpoM ko prakaTa karate hue apane pRthaktva ko banAye rakhate haiM, aura jo sattA se bhinna nahIM haiM, unheM dravya kahate Upara dravya kI jo tIna vizeSatAeM batAyI gayI haiM, ve atyaMta mahattva kI haiM, kyoki ve sabhI jaina darzana ke vAstavavAda kI puSTi karatI haiN| sat zabda cetanA se pRthak eka dravyamaya vizva ke astitva kA dyotaka hai| dravya tathA adravya kA yaha vizva kevala cetanA se udabhUta nahIM hai| vizva kA apanA svataMtra astitva hai| sarvArtha siddhi meM kahA gayA hai ki dravya mUlataH nahIM bdltaa| 'utsatti' tathA 'vinAza' zabda dravya ke kevala badalate svarUpa ke dyotaka haiM; vastutaH dravya kI na utpatti hotI hai, na vinAza / dravya ke anantakAlika astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, miTTI ko jaba vividha rUpoM meM DhAlA jAtA hai, to isakI mUla prakRti meM pharaka nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra, sattA kA 'antarbhAga' yA 'sthAyI sattA' dravya hai, aura jaina dArzanikoM ne isa ekarUpa tattva ko dhrava nAma diyA hai| jainoM kA pramukha tarka yaha hai ki kisI vastu meM hone vAle parivartanoM ko samajhane ke prayAsa kA artha hI yaha hai ki parivartanoM ke bAvajUda vaha vastu sthAyI banI rahatI hai| vastu meM hone vAle 3. 'dravyasaMgraha, 24 4. paMcAstikAya, 8 5. V.30

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feet aura sattA parivartanoM ko utpAda tathA vyaya kahA gayA hai| umAsvAmi ke anusAra, sat utpAda, vyaya tathA prIvya (sthiratA) se yukta hotA hai|" paryAya yAnI parivartana ke vividha saMdarbhoM meM prayukta honevAle zabda haiM: rUpAntara, udbhava, antara, sUkSmatA, anekatA, vividhatA, bahulatA, ityAdi / ye zabda na kevala janma ( utpAda) ke apitu mRtyu (yama) ke bhI dyotaka haiN| isI prakAra 'dhruvatva' ke artha meM sAratattva, AdhAra, sattara, ekarUpatA, abheda, sAtatya, ekatA, ekatva, nityatA, sthiratva, sthAyitva Adi zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai / " jaina paramparA meM vAstavikatA ke bAre meM jo vividha ullekha Aye haiM, unase spaSTa hotA hai ki utpAda tathA vyaya vAstavikatA ke gatizIla svarUpa ke dyotaka haiM aura dhruba se sthira svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai| tArkika dRSTi se yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM svarUpoM meM se kisI eka ke bhI binA vAstavikatA kI kalpanA saiddhAntika amUrtatA kI koTi kI hogI, jisameM dArzanika kabhI-kabhI ulajha jAte haiN| jo kucha bhI vAstavika hai, usakI utpAda, vyaya tathA dhruva kI vizeSatAo ke binA kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| 111 sattA sambandhI jaina vicAra kA vizleSaNa kucha bhinna prakAra se bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vividha rUpoM ke astitva kI mAnyatA hI usa vastu ke astitva kI, vividha guNoM kI parikalpanAvAlI vastu kI, sUcaka hai| jaina matAnusAra, guNoM kA sArthaka vivecana karane kA artha hI hai antarbhUta yA AdhArabhUta vastu kA astitva svIkAra krnaa| badalate rUpoM kA vicAra karate samaya bhI hama dravya kI sattA mAna lete haiM, kyoMki rUpAntaraNa evaM parivartana kisI vastu meM hote haiM, aura vaha vastu, sthAyI banI rahatI hai, isalie vaha badalate rUpoM tathA guNoM kI taraha hI vAstavika hotI hai / jaina sattA-mImAMsA Upara vivecita ekarUpatA tathA parivartana ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| jaba hama jaina mAnyatA kI anya bhAratIya darzanoM ke vicAroM ke sAtha tulanA karate haiM, to yaha adhika suspaSTa ho jAtI hai| ye anya vicAra jaina mata kI AlocanA karate haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke vibhedAtmaka svarUpa ko bhalIbhAMti na samajhane ke kAraNa vAstavikatA evaM sattA ke rUpa parivartana vAle siddhAnta para Atma-virodhI hone kA jo Aropa hai, vaha svAbhAvika hai| vAstavikatA sambandhI vibhinna matoM kI carcA hama agale prakaraNa meM kreNge| yahAM hama isI eka bAta kI ora nirdeza kareMge ki yAkobI jaise jaina darzana ke gaMbhIra 6. 'tasvArthasUna', V. 29 7. dekhiye bAI0 je0 padmarAjiha, 'jaina thyorIja oNpha riyaliTI eNDa naoNleja' (bambaI : jaina sAhitya vikAsa maNDala, 1963), pR0 127

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jaina darzana adhyetA ne bhI kahA hai ki dArzanika ciMtana ke isa Dhera meM koI eka kendrIya siddhAnta nahIM hai| san 1908 meM dharmoM ke itihAsa ke tIsare antarrASTrIya sammena meM apane bhASaNa kA AraMbha karate hue unhoMne kahA thA : "jo koI jaina darzana ke adhyayana meM juTa jAyagA, use lagegA ki yaha binA kisI kendrIya mAnyatA ke dArzanika matoM kA eka Dhera hai, aura unheM isa bAta se acaraja hogA ki jo hameM eka avyavasthita darzana lagatA hai, usakA pracAra kaise huA / " hamArI dRSTi se Age ke zabda adhika mahattva ke haiM, kyoMki yAkobI kahate haiM: "svayaM merA yaha mata rahA hai, aura maiMne ise vyakta bhI kiyA hai, parantu aba maiM jaina darzana ko eka bhinna dRSTikoNa se dekhatA huuN| merA mata hai ki jaina darzana kA apanA eka tattvamImAMsIya AdhAra hai, jisase ise brAhmaNa tathA bauddha, donoM hI virodhI darzanoM se alaga sthiti mila gayI hai|"10 yAkobI jaise vidvAna AraMbha meM jaina tattva-mImAMsA ke Alocaka rahe, parantu bAda meM unhoMne jaina citana ke samagra svarUpa ko samajha liyA, isa tathya se hameM tasallI milatI hai ki jaina darzana ke prati mukta dRSTikoNa rakhane se isakI tattva-mImAMsA kI hameM sahI jAnakArI avazya mila sakatI hai| 112 anya bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAtha isakI tulanA karane ke pahale jaina tattvamImAMsA ke eka aura svarUpa kI yahAM carcA jarUrI hai| jainoM kI vAstavikatA, sattA tathA dravya sambandhI mAnyatA ke vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki, jisa prakAra jaina darzana meM vAstavikatA tathA mattA ko ekarUpa mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra vAstavikatA tathA dravya ko bhI ekarUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isI bAta ko jaina dharmagrantha meM sUtra rUpa meM kahA gayA hai : "saba eka hai, kyoki sabakA astitva hai / "11 parantu yahAM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki yaha ekarUpatA dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se hI siddha hai, paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se nahI / isa dUsarI dRSTi se dravya kA jIva tathA ajIva meM, aura phira ajIva kA pAMca aura dravyoM meM hI vibhAjana siddha hai / 8. jinavijaya muni, saMpA0 'sTaDIja ina jainijma' (ahamadAbAda : jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka sTaDIja, 1946), pR0 48 9. 'kalpasUtra' ke apane saMskaraNa kI bhUmikA ( pR0 3) meM unhoMne likhA hai ki mahAvIra kA darzana " sahI artha meM darzana na hokara vibhinna viSayoM para vyakta matoM kA saMgraha hai| una dArzanika matoM ke Dhera meM koI maulika dhAraNA nahIM hai| 10. jinavijaya muni, saMpA0, pUrvo0, pR0 48 11. 'tattvArtha sUtra bhASya', I. 35

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sattA mImAMsA 20 jaina darzana meM sattA siddhAnta ke bAre meM koI parama dRSTikoNa nahIM apanAyA gayA hai| vAstavikatA ke sAratattva ke saMdarbha meM na to tAdAtmya para bala diyA gayA hai, na hI vimeva pr| isameM vAstavikatA ko samajhane ke lie tAdAtmya yA vibheda meM se kisI eka ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM vAstavikatA ke jJAna ke lie tAdAtmya tathA vibheda, donoM ko hI samAna rUpa se mahattva kA mAnA gayA hai| kisI eka parama sthiti ko apanAne se spaSTa inakAra dekhane ko milatA hai, aura tAdAtmya yA vibheda meM se kisI eka ke mahattva ko kama A~kane se bhI inakAra kiyA gayA hai| anya bhAratIya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM hama janoM ke vAstavikatA sambandhI dRSTikoNa ko bhalIbhAMti samajha sakate haiN| eka sImA para zaMkara kA advaita mata hai, jisake anusAra tAdAtmya hI vAstavikatA hai / dUsarI sImA para bauddha mata hai, jisake anusAra vibheda meM hI vAstavikatA kA sAratattva nihita hai| ina do sImAnta yA parama matoM ke bIca meM sAMkhya, viziSTAdvaita, vaizeSika tathA dvaita mata haiN| sAlya tathA viziSTAdvaita meM vibheda ko tAdAtmya kA anugAmI banAyA gayA hai, aura vaizeSika tathA deta meM tAdAtmya ko vibheda kA anugaamii| hama ina dArzanika vicAroM kI kramAnusAra carcA kreNge| advaita matAnusAra, brahma hI eka parama vAstavikatA hai, aura yaha anubhavajanya vizva kevala dRzyasattA yA AbhAsa hai / hameM yaha jo anekatva yA vibheda dikhAyI detA hai, usase hameM vAstavikatA kI jAnakArI nahIM mila sakatI; isameM hameM AdhArabhUta brahma kA hI nirdeza milatA hai| yaha dRzyamAna jagata apane bhautika kAraNa kA vAstavika pariNAma nahIM hai| yaha kevala eka AbhAsa hai| isa jagata ke pIche ekamAtra vAstavikatA advaitabAhI hai| zaMkara kI jagata sambandhI sampUrNa dhAraNA vivarta ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai, jisake anusAra avAstavika hameM vAstavika pratIta hotA hai| apane isa matajo vAstavika pratIta hotA hai, usakA Avazyaka rUpa se vAstavika na honA-ko bhalI-bhAMti samajhAne ke lie zaMkara ne rassI-sarpa ke sAhazya kA udAharaNa prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| isa udAharaNa meM rassI satya hai aura sarpa

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114 jaina darzana mithyaa| phira bhI sarparUpI rassI meM vAstavikatA ke sAre guNa vidyamAna dikhAI dete haiM / isa tathya ke kAraNa ko nahIM samajhA jAtA; vahAM vidyamAna rassI kA bodha nahIM hotA, balki avidyamAna sarpa kA bodha hotA hai| jaba yathArtha jJAna kA udaya (isa saMdarbha meM yaha jJAna ki vahAM sirpha eka rassI hai, sarpa nahIM hai) hotA hai, to rassI sarpa pratIta nahIM hotii| isI prakAra, ekamAva yathArthatA, brahma, jagata rUpa meM dikhAyI detA hai| aura jaba taka isa tathya ko nahIM samajha liyA jAtA, taba taka jagata kA anekatva svIkRta rahatA hai aura ise hI sampUrNa vAstavikatA mAna liyA jAtA hai| zaMkara hameM jagata ke anekatva se, jo kevala bhAbhAsa hai aura vAstavika nahIM hai, advata brahma kI ora le jAte haiM, jo isa jagata meM ekamAtra vAstavikatA hai aura jo jIvita tathA nirjIva vastuoM ke saMsAra ke rUpa meM vyakta huI hai| isa prakAra, zaMkara kI mAnyatA ke anusAra, brahma ekameva vAstavikatA hai, jisameM kisI prakAra kA vibheda nahIM hai| unakA sattA-mImAMsIya dRSTikoNa eka vizuddha samarUpa sattA kA hai| baudoM kA vAstavikatA sambandhI dRSTikoNa advaita ke pUrNata: viparIta hai| bauddha mata ke anusAra, nityatA, tAdAtmya tathA sAmAnya jaisI dhAraNAeM kalpanA kI upaja haiN| upaniSadoM meM vAstavikatA ko vyakta karane ke lie AtmA, nisyatA, AnaMda Adi jo zabda milate haiM, unake sthAna para bauddha granthoM meM vAstavikatA tathA jIvana saMbaMdhI mAnyatAoM ke lie narAtmya, anisya tathA duHkha zabda dekhane ko milate haiN| vibhinnatA kI dhAraNA, jo ki anityatA ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai, bauddha sattA-mImAMsA meM mahattva kA sthAna rakhatI hai| isakA vivecana karate hue thiyoDora zveravAtskI ne likhA hai : "bauddha darzana meM ekamAtra aura parama vAstavikatA kSaNa hai| pratyeka kSaNa zeSa kramikatA (saMtAna) se bhinna yA svataMtra hotA hai| jisa kisI vastu kA bhI astitva hai, vaha dUsarI vidyamAna vastuoM se sarvathA pRthak hai| astitva hone kA artha hai pRthak astitva / pRthaktva kI dhAraNA astitva kI dhAraNA kI pramukha vizeSatA hai (bhaavlkssnnpRthktvaat)|" "ataH pratyeka vAstavikatA svataMtra vAstavikatA hai| jo kucha bhI samarUpa yA samAna hai, vaha vastuta: vAstavika nahIM hai| isa saMdarbha meM zceravAskI mAge likhate haiM ki "dikkAla meM aMtara kA artha hai, dravya meM aNtr|" bauddhoM ne kisI nitya padArtha kI dhAraNA ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| kevala 'kSaNa' hI vAstavika hai, aura unakI zrRMkhalAoM para AdhArita sAtatya kI sabhI 1. 'buddhisTa laoNjika' (leninabAda, 1930), baNDa prathama, pR. 30 2. bahI, khaNDa prathama, pR. 105 3. vahI, khaNDa dvitIya, pR. 282

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sattA mImAMsA dhAraNAeM hamAre mastiSka kI upaja haiN| isa prakAra, bauddha tatva-mImAMsA meM vibheda yA antara kI dhAraNA sarvapramukha hai| yadi sAtatya kI dhAraNA ko, jo nityatva, sAratatva evaM tAdAtmya kI dhAraNA ko janma detI hai, asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai, to isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pratyeka sattA pUrNataH svayaMzAsita evaM svataMtra hai| sAMkhya meM hama dekhate haiM ki mAtra tAdAtmya yA sattA aura pUrNa parivartana yA sAtatya kI ina samasyAoM ko sulajhAne ke viziSTa prayAsa meM inheM saMzleSita kiyA gayA hai / sAMkhya darzana meM dravya tathA cetanA ke dvaitavAda ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura inhe kramaza: prakRti aura puruSa kahA gayA hai| ye vAstavikatA kI do pramukha kintu svataMtra avasthAeM haiN| prakRti gatizIla kintu acetana tattva kI dyotaka hai aura puruSa sthira kintu cetana tattva kaa| cUMki prakRti gatizIla tatva hai, isalie, sabhI prAkRtika parivartana isI ke kAraNa hote haiM / ye parivartana prakRti ke ghaTakoM - sattva, raja tathA tama ke vividha prakAra ke saMyojanoM se hote haiN| vibhinna vastuoM ke vikAsa tathA vighaTana, donoM se hI parivartana kI vAstavikatA siddha hotI hai| prathama sthiti meM adhikAdhika vibheda paidA hote haiM jo vibhinna pariNAmoM ko janma dete haiN| dUsarI sthiti meM saMsAra kI vividha vastueM vighaTita haiM aura AraMbhika samarUpa sthiti kI ora agrasara hotI haiN| isa prakAra, isa darzana meM parivartana vAstavika hai| 115 parantu parivartana kI yaha dhAraNA, jo vibheda kI dhAraNA kI ora nirdeza karatI hai, sAMkhya ke satkAryavAda se hI suspaSTa ho sakatI hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra, kArya kAraNa se pUrNata: bhinna nahIM hai; yaha kAraNa meM zurU se hI vidyamAna rahatA hai| ise samajhAne ke lie sAmAnyataH sUta aura vastra kA udAharaNa diyA jAtA hai| mAnA gayA hai ki vastrarUpa kArya sUtarUpa kAraNa meM pahale se vidyamAna rahatA hai| kAraNa maura kArya meM bheda yahI hai ki, kArya kAraNa kI eka viziSTa prakAra kI saMsthApanA ( saMsthAnabheda) hai| sAMkhya meM kAraNa aura kArya ke bIca ke tAdAtmya ko itanA adhika mahattva diyA gayA haiM ki inake bIca ke bheda kA mahattva apane-Apa ghaTatA jAtA hai| viziSTAta: nAma se hI isakA vAstavikatA sambandhI dRSTikoNa spaSTa hai | vAstavikatA yA brahma advaita nahIM hai, parantu isakI jaTila samagratA meM ekatA evaM anekatA donoM hI samAhita haiN| jahAM zaMkara parama tAdAtmya ko mAnate haiM, jisameM vibheda lupta ho jAte haiM, vahAM rAmAnuja ke darzana meM vibheda ko mana kI aura isalie kalpanA mAnakara dUra nahIM kara diyA gayA hai, balki eka sthAyI sattA ke sAtha samAhita kara liyA gayA hai| upaja, - yaha samagratA tIna parama tattvoM - anit, cit tathA Izvara se nirmita hai| inameM acit tattva bhautika vastuoM tathA cit tattva jIvoM kA dyotaka hai| eka

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jaina darzana tarapha Izvara aura dUsarI tarapha cit tathA acit ke bIca kA sambandha usI prakAra kA hai, jisa prakAra kisI vastu aura usake guNoM meM hotA hai| vastu se pRthak guNoM kA koI mahattva nahIM hotA, parantu phira bhI ve Izvara se usI prakAra bhinna haiN| jisa prakAra zarIra AtmA se bhinna hotA hai| isa prakAra, parama brahma aisI jaTila samagratA hai jisameM eka vizvAtmA aura usake Azrita jagata aura joba - samAhita haiN| pI0 ena0 zrInivAsacArI viziSTAdvaita ke vibheda sambandhI dRSTihtr kA bauddha tathA advaita matoM se antara spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM: "vastu-rahita guNakA bauddha mata guNa-rahita vastu ke advaita mata ke viparIta hai, parantu ina parama matoM kA sAmaMjasya brahma ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM viziSTAdvaita ke jagata sambandhI siddhAnta meM ho jAtA hai / ' 116 vaizeSika mata : vibheda yA vizeSa para bala diye jAne ke bAre meM isa darzana kI khyAti hai, aura mahattva kA tathya yaha hai ki vizeSa ko vAstavikatA ke chaha tattvoM meM se eka mAnA gayA hai| ye chaha tattva haiM : dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa aura smvaay| cUMki isa darzana kA nAmakaraNa sattA-mImAMmIya tattva vizeSa ke AdhAra para huA hai, isalie spaSTa hai ki vizeSa ko anya tattvoM ke samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai, phira cAhe tattvoM kI sUcI meM isake samAveza kA jo bhI mahattva ho / gArbe ne likhA hai : "pAMcaveM tattva vizeSa ko vaizeSika meM mahatva diye jAne kA kAraNa yaha hai ki paramANuoM ke vibheda hI jagata kI sRSTi saMbhava banAte haiM / isIlie vaizeSika kA nAmakaraNa vibhedArthI zabda vizeSa ke AdhAra para huA hai / "6 vaizeSika kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA ke anusAra, kisI bhI vAstavika sattA ko usameM antarnihita vizeSa ke binA samajhA nahIM jA sakatA / vizeSa ke kAraNa hI kisI eka sattA ko zeSa sabhI sattAoM se pRthak karake pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| vaizeSika kI samavAya kI dhAraNA ise bauddha darzana se spaSTa karatI hai| bauddha darzana 'pUrNa antara' ko svIkAra karatA hai| donoM matoM ke bIca kA yaha aMtara bauddhoM ke viziSTa svalakSaNavAda se spaSTa / samavAya eka saMzleSaNAtmaka tattva hai, aura sambaddha vastuoM ke bIca meM bheda paidA karAne meM bhAgIdAra nahIM hai / isa prakAra, antara ke mahattva ko kAyama rakhA jAtA hai, aura tAdAtmya ko dUra rakhA jAtA hai| hRtamata: isa mata meM bheda yA antara para jo bala diyA gayA hai, usakA kAraNa hai svataMtra tathA parataMtra tattvoM kA bheda / kevala Izvara hI svataMtra sattA hai 4. 'viziSTAdvaita', pU0 230 5. vaizeSika para lekha 'insAiklopiDiyA oNpha rilijana eNDa ethiksa' khaNDa 12, pR0 570

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sattA mImAMsA 117 jIva tathA prakRti kI sattA Izvara para Azrita hai / dvaita mata kA mukhya abhiprAya yaha hai ki jIva ( aura jagata) brahma se pRthak haiM, aura jIva tathA brahma ke bIca ke isa maulika antara ko samajhanA hI mokSaprApti kA AraMbhika sAdhana hai| AtmA ko 'neti' kahA gayA hai, aura mahAvAkya se mukhyataH tAtparya hai jIvAtmA tathA vizvAtmA ke bIca kA antara / isa antara ko dvaita mata meM jo mahattva diyA gayA hai, usake bAre meM isa mata ke eka vizeSajJa likhate haiM: "kisI jIva yA vastu kI sattA isIlie hotI hai ki usI varga kI anya vastuoM se, aura isIlie anya vargoM ke sadasyoM se bhI, usakA antara hotA hai| isa antara ko spaSTa karane ke lie bhASA ke mAdhyama kA yA kisI bAhya bhAva kA istemAla huA ho yA nahIM, yaha antara vastu yA jIva kA eka mUlabhUta guNa hai| kisI vastu kI pahacAna satfoe hotI hai ki vaha anya vastuoM se bhinna hai / viSaya ke vyAvahArikatAvAdI uddezya ke anusAra, aura svayaM vastuoM ke mUlabhUta evaM Avazyaka saMyojana ke anusAra isa aMtara para bala diyA gayA hai| isa antara se hI tAdAtmya ko mahattva prApta hotA hai / " uparyukta jAnakArI se spaSTa hai ki kisI vastu kI pahacAna ke lie usake vizeSaka svarUpa ko samajhanA jarUrI hotA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki eka prakAra se vastu aura usake guNa eka-se hote haiM, parantu ve pUrNataH ekarUpa nahIM hote / isIlie hama vastu aura isake guNoM ke bIca ke antara kI sArthaka carcA kara pAte haiM / isa sabakA sAratattva yaha hai ki dvaita tattvamImAMsA meM tAdAtmya kI bajAya antara ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| vibhinna prakAra ke tattvamImAMsIya siddhAMtoM ke punarvilokana se yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki vAstavikatA kA vizuddha ekatva yA suspaSTa anekatva ke sAtha mela biThAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| / jahAM caramapaMthI matoM ko nahIM apanAyA gayA, to usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki usa siddhAMta meM vAstavikatA ke vivecana meM donoM (ekatva yA anekatva) meM se eka dhAraNA ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM aise kisI dRr3ha mata ko nahIM apanAyA gayA hai, to isakA eka sarala evaM suspaSTa kAraNa hai| sarala isalie ki viSaya ko tor3A-mor3A nahIM gayA hai, aura na hI amUrtatA meM ulajhAyA hai| yaha suspaSTa isalie hai ki isameM janasAdhAraNa aura dArzanika donoM ko hI apanI pratidhvani sunAI degii| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra, vAstavikatA itanI jaTila hai ki isakI prakRti ko spaSTa kara pAnA kaThina hai / aisI sthiti meM, balapUrvaka yaha kahanA ki vAstavikatA kI 6. Ara0 nAgarAja zarmA, 'rena oNpha rilijana ina iMDiyana philAsaphI', pu0 239

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jaina darzana vyAkhyA, anya sabhI upAyoM ko tyAgakara, eka viziSTa paddhati se honI cAhie, jaTila ko sarala banAnA hai| vAstavikatA kI jaTila prakRti kA pUrNa udghATana sarala tarkavAkyoM - vibhinna matoM dvArA saMsthApita aura svIkRta tarkavAkyoM se nahIM ho sakatA / sAmAnya vyakti tathA dArzanika donoM hI kahate haiM ki vAstavikatA jaTila hai| jahAM sAmAnya vyakti hatAza hokara vAstavikatA ke dArzanIkaraNa kA prayAsa tyAga detA hai vahAM dArzanika isa tattvamImAMsIya samasyA kA suspaSTa hala prastuta karatA hai| jaina dArzanika isa mAmale meM apavAda siddha hotA hai, kyoMki usake matAnusAra, tAdAtmya, nityatA tathA parivartana ye saba satya evaM vAstavika haiN| 118 - eka vidvAna ke matAnusAra, "udbhava aura vinAza parivartana kI do avasthAeM haiM, aura isalie hama inheM saMyukta rUpa se vAstavikatA ke gatizIla tattva mAna sakate haiM; nityatA ko hama sthAyI tatva mAna sakate haiM / " apane isa kathana ke samarthana meM vaha indrabhUti ke praznoM aura mahAvIra ke uttaroM kA havAlA dete haiN| mahAvIra ke pramukha gaNadhara indrabhUti unase pUchate haiM : vAstavikatA kyA hai (kim tattvam ) ? mahAvIra kA pahalA uttara hotA hai : 'udbhava' / yahI prazna jaba doharAye gaye to unhoMne kramazaH uttara diye : 'vinAza' aura 'sthUlatA' / ' vAstavikatA ke sUkSma vivecana se patA calatA hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra, na kevala dravya balki isake badalate rUpa bhI vAstavika haiN| jaina darzana ke yathArthavAda kI susaMgatatA una vividha tatvoM ke vivecana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai jo vAstavikatA ke ghaTaka mAne gaye haiN| aba hama ina tattvoM kI kucha vistAra se carcA kareMge / 7. bAI0 je0 padmarAjiha, pUrvo0 pu0 127 8. bahI, pu0 127

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jIva 21 jaina matAnusAra, dravya chaha tatvoM se nirmita hai : jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / cUMki ye sabhI tattva vAstavika aura svataMtra haiM isalie inheM bhI dravya mAnA jAtA hai| inameM jIva tattva caitana kintu rUpa-rahita hai| pudgala tatva acetana kintu rUpa vAlA hai, aura dharma, adharma, AkAza tathA kAla tattva acetana evaM rUparahita haiM / " isa prakAra, jainoM ke anusAra, vAstavikatA ko na kevala do vyApaka tatvoM - cetana tathA bhautika meM balki tIna tattvoM -- cetana, bhautika, aura eka aisA tattva jo acetana tathA abhautika donoM hai-- meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM hama dekhate hai ki dravya ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-rUpin aura arUpin parantu tattvoM kI saMkhyA ke bAre meM koI bheda nahIM hai| yaha isase spaSTa hai ki rUpina ke antargata pudgala kA samAveza huA hai, aura zeSa tattva arUpin ke antargata Ate haiN| hama saMkSepa meM ina chaha dravyoM kI vizeSatAoM kA vivecana kareMge pahale hama jIva tattva para vicAra kareMge aura phira ajIva para, jisake antargata zeSa pAMca tattvoM kA samAveza hotA hai / jIva jaina matAnusAra, jIva vAstavika aura anAdi-ananta hai, aura inakI saMkhyA anaMta hai / rUparahita hone ke kAraNa ye sabhI agocara haiN| isa tattva kI pramukha vizeSatA hai isameM cetanA kA honA, aura isIlie yaha darzana tathA jJAna kI prApti meM samartha hai| yaha jIva zabda kevala mAnava AtmA kA hI dyotaka nahIM hai| vyApaka rUpa se yaha cetanA kA dyotaka haiN| jainoM ke anusAra, cetanA sattA kI cAra vibhinna gatiyoM meM prakaTa hotI hai| ina vibhinna gatiyoM ke dyotaka cetanA ke ye vividha stara tiryad, manuSya, nArakI aura devatA / jaina graMthoM meM aura jaina mandiroM 8 .. 1. 'tasvAyaMsUna', V.5 2. bahI, V. 4 3. isa 'tiyaMca' zabda meM vanaspati ke stara kA bhI samAveza hotA hai| isakI paribhASA kI gaI hai : "ve jIva jo svarga, naraka tathA manuSya loka meM rahate haiM / " yaha paribhASA 'tatvArthasUtra' (IV. 28 ) meM dekhane ko milatI hai| 'tirvan' kI isa paribhASA se tathA

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120 jaina darzana meM jo akamara hameM svastika kA cihna dikhAyI detA hai, vaha jIva ko cAra bhinna gatiyoM kA dyotaka hai : devatA manuSya tiyaMca nArakI nArakI stara ko thor3I dera ke lie chor3a diyA jAya, to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya stara una bar3hate staroM ke dyotaka haiM jinameM se gujarakara jIva anta meM mukti prApta karatA hai| jIva ke vikAsa kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM ko paryAya kahA gayA hai / inameM se pratyeka avasthA meM jIva meM yathArtha parivartana hote hai, hAlAMki isakA lakSaNa naSTa nahIM hotaa| ye parivartana janma, vikAsa tathA mRtyu meM prakaTa hote haiN| karma ke samparka meM Ane se jIva bandhana meM phaMsa jAtA hai aura phira janma-mRtyu kA cakra zurU hotA hai| karma ke sAtha jIva kA sambandha azuddhatA kA dyotaka mAnA jAtA hai, aura isalie jIva kI bandhanAvasthA ko azuddha kahA gayA hai| mokSa kI prApti ke bAda jIva zuddha ho jAtA hai| yahAM yadyapi hamane do prakAra ke jIvoM azukha jIva aura zuddha jIva . kI carcA kI hai, parantu yaha smaraNa rakhanA jarUrI hai ki ye eka-dUsare se pUrNatA bhinna nahIM haiN| donoM prakAra ke jIvoM ke guNoM kI tulanA karane se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAyagI : cetanA kI dhAraNA se hameM mahisA ke kaThora pratIta honevAle simAnta ke bAre meM kucha viziSTa jAnakArI milatI hai| janoM kI 'ahimA' meM per3a-paudhoM tathA bIjoM ko bhI pIr3A pahuMcAne kI manAhI hai|

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jIba 121 azuddha jIva zuddha jIva 1. isameM cetanA hotI hai parantu kevala isameM paripUrNa asIma cetanA hotI hai / sImita rUpa meM / hotI hai| 2. avadhAna tathA parijJAna kI kSamatA avamAna tathA parijJAna kA carama vikAsa ho cukA hotA hai, aura ye ekadUsare ke samarUpa hue mAne jAte haiN| pUrNataH prabhutvasampanna hotA hai / 3. isameM prabhutva hai, yAnI jIvana meM vibhinna gatiyAM prApta karane kI kSamatA hai| 4. isameM kArya kI kSamatA hotI hai / isameM svataMtra icchAzakti hotI hai, isalie yaha kartA kahalAtA hai| 5. bhoktA hotA hai / isakA karma para pUrNa adhikAra ho jAtA hai / isalie yaha sahI artha meM karttA hai| yaha sahI artha meM bhoktA hotA hai| yaha paramAnanda bhogatA hai / 6. isakA AkAra dehamAtra kA hotA pUrNa AdhyAtmika avasthA ko prApta hai / hotA hai / karmI zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne se pUrNata: amUrta ho jAtA hai| 7. amUrta svarUpa hotA hai, phira bhI karmI zarIra se sambandha rahatA hai| 8. yaha sadaiva karma ke sAtha saMyukta rahatA hai / 9. sabhI jIvana tatvoM ke samAna zuddha evaM siddhiprApta AtmA hai / sajIva hotA hai / yaha karma ke bandhana se pUrNataH mukta ho jAtA hai / ina do prakAra ke jIvoM kI ina vizeSatAoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki azuddha jIva aura zuddha jIva meM na to koI spaSTa bheda hai, na hI pratidvaMdvitA / azuddha jIva ke do prakAra haiM-sthAvara aura jasa / sthAvara jIvoM ko ekendriya mAnA gayA hai aura inake pAMca bheda batAye gaye haiM: pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, agnikAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya / ye sUkSmatara jIba indriya-gocara nahIM hote / pRthvIkAya ke udAharaNa haiM: dhUla, miTTI, patthara, dhAtueM, siMdUra, haratAla / jalakAya ke udAharaNa haiM: pAnI, tuSAra, barpha, kuhraa| agnikAya ke udAharaNa haiM : jvAlAeM, koyale, ulkAeM, vidyut / vAyukAya ke udAharaNa haiM : prabhaMjana, cakravAta | aura vanaspatikAya ke udAharaNa haiM jinakA zarIra unake jaise dUsaroM

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122 jaina darzana ke sahayoga se banA hotA hai-jaise, pyAja aura lahasuna, aura jinakA apanA zarIra hotA hai-jaise, per3a, paudhe, ityaadi| basa jIvoM ke bheda haiM : dvIndriya (sparza aura rasanA yukta jIva), vIndriya (sparza, rasanA aura ghrANa yukta prANI), caturindriya (sparza, rasanA, ghrANa aura netra yukta prANI), aura paMcendriya (sparza, rasanA, ghrANa, netra aura karNa yukta praannii)| dIndriya jIvoM ke udAharaNa haiM : kRmi, zaMkha, jalauka / trIndriya jIvoM ke udAharaNa haiM : uddeza, cITiyAM, pIDaka jantu, ptNge| caturindriya jIvoM ke udAharaNa haiM : bhramara, makkhiyAM macchara / paMcendriya prANiyoM ke udAharaNa haiM : machalI-jaise jalacara, hAthI-jaise thalacara aura vAyucara pkssii| ina sabako saMjI aura asaMjhI prANiyoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| tatvAryasUtra ke anusAra saMzI prANI ve hai, jinameM antarcetanA hotI hai| paMcendriya prANI jo garbhadhAraka hote haiM, jaise caupAye, bher3a, bakarI, hAthI, zera, Adi saMjJI hote haiM / ' asaMjJI prANI sahajatti vAle yA manarahita hote haiN| __manuSya gati : mAnava jAti ko sAmAnyataH do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / eka varga ke antargata ve prANI Ate haiM jo apuMga hote haiM, yAnI unake sabhI avayavoM tathA indriyoM kA pUrA vikAsa nahIM huA hotA; aura dUsare varga ke antargata unakA samAveza hotA hai jinake zarIrAvayava evaM jJAnendriya bhalImAMti vikasita hue hote haiM / isa dUsare varga ke manuSyoM ko mokSaprApti meM AsAnI hotI hai, kyoMki AtmasaMyama, jisakI mokSaprApti ke lie atyA 4. dekhiye, yAkobI, saMpA0 'jaina sUtrAja', II, pR. 215 5. jaina loga vyavahAra rUpa meM isa varga ke prANiyo ko kitanA mahattva dete haiM, isakA paricaya dete hue zrImatI sikleyara sTivesana apane grantha 'da hArTa oNpha jainijma' meM likhatI hai: "eka jana sajjana ne majhe batAyA hai ki isa varga ke kIr3oM kI saMtaSTi ke lie eka zraddhAlu gRhastha jaba bhI ina kIr3oM ko pAte to unheM eka khAsa bistara para rakha dete| phira usa bistara para rAta bhara sone ke lie kisI garIba AdamI ko vaha chaha mAne dete the| jo bhI ho, dUsare loga isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM karate / parantu yaha sahI hai ki koI bhI saccA janI pIr3aka kIr3oM ko nahIM maaregaa| vaha bar3I sAvadhAnI se unheM apane zarIra para se yA ghara se uThAdegA aura bAhara kisI durakSita sthAna para . chora mAyemA / unake matAnusAra, aise kIr3oM kI rakSA karanA unakA kartavya sthAna para choddvaavegaa| unake matAnusAra, aise kIr3oM kI rakSA karanA unakA kartavya hai, kyoMki unake prarA gaMdagI phailAne se hI ye paidA hue haiN| 6. 'sattvApasUba, II. 25 7.pahI

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jIva vazyakatA hotI hai, usI vyakti ke lie saMbhava hai jisake sita hote haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki manuSya meM janma-mRtyu ke cakra se AkAMkSA paidA karane ke lie bhI usakA zArIrika evaM mAnasika honA jarUrI mAnA gayA hai| jaba manuSya asvastha hotA hai, yA usakA mAnasika svAsthya ThIka nahIM hotA, to vaha apanA mAnasika saMtulana, jo naitika jIvana kI taiyArI ke lie eka Avazyaka sthiti hai, kho baiThatA hai / devagati : manuSyoM kI tulanA meM devoM kA jIvana lambA hotA hai aura ve kaI prakAra ke sukha bhogate haiM / jaina matAnusAra, devagati 'caramagati' nahIM hai| deva bhI ananta paramAnanda nahIM bhoga paate| ve bhI apane karmAnusAra manuSya yA pazuyoni meM punarjanma grahaNa karate haiN| karmoM ke anusAra ve utpAda rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM aura karmoM kA kSaya hone para yaha avasthA samApta ho jAtI hai| yahAM mI ve manuSyoM se bhinna hote haiN| manuSyoM kI taraha devoM kI mRtyu kA koI nirdhAraka kAraNa nahIM hotA, isalie unakI jIvanAvasthA eka vizeSa paryAya meM samApta nahIM hotI / devagati ke bAre meM vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki unakI zArIrika evaM mAnasika kSamatAeM pUrNata: vikasita hotI haiM / " 123 jJAnendriya pUrNataH vika mukti pAne kI svAsthya ThIka devoM ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM : 1. bhavanavAsI : inheM nimnatama stara ke deva mAnA gayA hai, aura inheM dasa vargoM meM bAMTA gayA hai / " 2. vyantara : inake bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki ye tInoM lokoM ke vAsI hote haiN| ye pUrNataH svataMtra nahIM hote, aura kabhI-kabhI manuSyoM kI bhI sevA karate haiM / inheM ATha vargoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| 20 3. jyotiSka : inheM pAMca vargoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-- sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra, aura sthira tAre / kevala manuSyaloka ke lie hI ye niraMtara gatimAna dikhAI dete haiM / jaina matAnusAra jina aneka sUryoM tathA candroM kA astitva hai, usakI yahAM bor3I vyAkhyA karanA Avazyaka hai| vizeSataH jambudvIpa ke saMdarbha meM do sUryo tathA do candroM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra, "sUrya tathA anya AkAzastha piNDa caubIsa ghaMToM meM meru kI AdhI parikramA hI kara sakate haiN| isalie bhAratavarSa meM jaba rAtri kA aMtima samaya hotA hai to sUrya, jisame pahale dina ko prakAzita kiyA thA, meru ke kevala pazcimottara kone meM pahuMca 8. karmagrantha, I. 115 b 9. ye basa varga : asurakumAra, nAgakumAra, vidyutkumAra, suparNakumAra, agnikumAra, bAtakumAra, stanitakumAra, udadhikumAra, dvIpakumAra aura dikkumAra / 10. ye ATha varga haiM kinnara, kiMpuruSa, mahoraga, gandha, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta aura pizAca.

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124 jaina darzana pAtA hai| isalie bhAratavarSa ke pUrva meM jisa sUrya kA udaya hotA hai, vaha pahale dina kA asta huA sUrya nahIM, balki dUsarA sUrya hotA hai| lekina hamArI AMkheM ina do sUryoM meM bheda nahIM kara paatiiN| tIsare dina kI subaha ko puna: pahalA sUrya prakaTa hotA hai jo usa samaya taka meru ke dakSiNa-pUrva ke kone para pahuMca jAtA hai| isI prakAra jainoM ne do candroM, do prakAra ke nakSatroM Adi kI kalpanA kI hai| ataH sabhI AkAzastha piNDa dviguNita haiN| lekina cUMki isa jor3e kA kevala eka piNDa sadaiva bhAratavarSa meM prakaTa hotA hai aura donoM piNDa eka-dUsare ke sahaza hote haiM, isalie AkAzastha ghaTanAkrama meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM hotaa|" 4. vaimAnika : jinake do varga haiM : kalpopapanna aura kalpAtIta / 'kalpa' kA artha hai 'devaloka' 5. narakagati : yaha naraka meM paidA hue jIva kI avasthA hai| tApa, zIta, bhUkha, pyAsa tathA vedanA ise kaSTa dete rahate haiN| ghRNA inameM kUTa-kUTakara bharI hotI hai aura isIlie ye bure vicAra rakhate haiM aura dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahuMcAte haiN| ye nArakIya jIva pRthvI ke nIce kramazaH adhikAdhika nimna kSetroM meM rahate haiN| jisa jIva kA nivAsasthala jitanA hI nimnatara hogA, vaha dekhane meM utanA hI adhika vidrUpa hogA aura usako milanevAlI yAtanAeM bhI utanI hI adhika kaSTaprada hoNgii| prathama tIna narakoM ko tapta, cauthe naraka ko tapta evaM zItala donoM, aura antima do ko zItala mAnA gayA hai| Upara jIva kI jina cAra avasthAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, usase hameM isa jainamata kI jAnakArI milatI hai ki, nimnatama stara ke prANI se lekara uccatama stara ke prANI taka meM cetanA kA sAtatya hai| siddhi kI uccatama avasthA meM cetanA zuddha ho jAtI hai / spaSTataH yaha avasthA sAmAnya mAnava-stara se kAphI Upara kI hotI hai / isa cetanA-siddhAMta kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki kisI bhI stara ke jIva ko heya yA ghRNA kI dRSTi se nahIM dekhanA caahie| parantu akasara yaha hotA hai ki mAnava-astitva ke bAre meM yaha satya, ki pUrNatA kI ora yaha bIca kI eka avasthA hai, bhulA diyA jAtA hai / pariNAmataH mAnava ko itanA adhika mahattva 11. jI thIyo, 'esTronomI' (janorisa ra inDo-erizaina philologI. khaNDa 3. bhAga 9) pR. 21, hailamutha phona glAsenappa ke 'da DAkTrina oNpha karman ina jaina philosophI'. pR.59 se uddt| 12. 'tasvArtha sUtra', IV. 1-27 13. sAta naraka ye haiM : ralAbhA, sakAraprabhA, balukaprabhA, paMkaprabhA, dhUmapramA, tamaHprabhA aura mahAtamaHpramA /

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jIva 125 diyA jAtA hai ki usase nimna stara ke prANiyoM kI pUrNataH upekSA ho jAtI hai| yadi albarTa svAiTz2era ke zabdoM meM kaheM, to jainoM kA cetanA-siddhAMta jIvana ke prati zradA para bala detA hai| isa prakAra, ahiMsA, jise jaina darzana evaM saMskRti meM bar3A mahattva diyA gayA hai, kI kaThora evaM Avazyaka naitikatA ke lie eka majabUta nIMva taiyAra ho jAtI hai|

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ajIva 22 ajIva dravyoM ko pAMca tattvoM meM bAMTA gayA hai / hai : pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / yahAM hama inakI kramAnusAra carcA kreNge| pudgala : yaha tattva bhUtadravya yA bhautika vastuoM kA dyotaka hai / dravya anutpanna, avinAzI aura vAstavika hai| isalie yaha bhautika jagat 'kalpanA kI sRSTi' nahIM hai, balki vAstavika hai, isakA jJAtA ke mastiSka se svataMtra astitva hai / yadi hama vAstavavAda ke citana para vicAra kareM, to jaina vAstavavAda kA gahana artha hamArI samajha meM A jAyagA / kisI bhI darzana ke vAstavavAdI svarUpa kI sahI pahacAna usakI dravya sambandhI dhAraNA se ho sakatI hai| isa saMdarbha meM khojabIna kI mAnya evaM paramparAgata vidhi yaha jAnanA hai ki, jagat kA vastutaH astitva hai yA nhiiN| isa samasyA ke vizleSaNa meM juTe hue vyakti kI dRSTi se pUchA jAnevAlA viziSTa savAla hogA : "usake bAhara, usake grahaNakSama mastiSka ke pare, jagat kA astitva hai yA nahIM ?" yadi uttara hai ki isakA astitva hai usake anubhavoM se svataMtra astitva hai to yaha vAstavavAdI dRSTikoNa kA dyotaka hai / yadi uttara 'nahIM' hai, to yaha bhAvavAdI dRSTikoNa hogaa| jaina darzana meM pudgala zabda dravya kA dyotaka hai aura isakI mUla paribhASA hai : "vaha jise paMcendriyoM dvArA grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA / " indriyoM dvArA jo jJAna prApta hotA hai, vaha bAhya jagat kA jJAna hai / aura cUMki pratyeka indriya se jJAtA ko bAhya jagat ke bAre meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA jJAna milatA hai, isalie prApta sampUrNa jJAna bAhya jagat kI vibhinna dazAoM kA dyotaka hotA hai / udAharaNa ke lie, AMkhoM se hameM bAhya jagat kI vastuoM ke AkAra evaM raMga ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| isI prakAra, sparzendriya vyakti ko sUcanA detI hai ki sparza kI gayI vastu kaThora hai yA mulAyama / isI prakAra anya jJAnendriya bhI jagat kI anya dazAoM kI jAnakArI prApta karAtI rahatI hai| isI vivecana ke saMdarbha meM 'indriyagocara' zabda ko samajhanA caahie| kyoMki anubhava bAhya jagat ke sAtha samparka sthApita karatA hai aura dravya anubhavajanya vastu ke rUpa meM jJAtA kI prakRti spaSTa karatA hai, isalie dravya kI jaina paribhASA kA mahatva isa bAta meM hai ki yaha isa darzana

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ajIva ke vAstavavAdI dRSTikoNa ko nissaMdigdha rUpa se spaSTa karatI hai / jainagranthoM meM dravya kI jo dUsarI paribhASA dekhane ko milatI hai, vaha na kevala isake vAstavavAdI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karatI hai balki sAtha hI isakI vAstavikatA kI gatizIla dhAraNA ko bhI vyakta karatI hai / yaha paribhASA samAsa zabda pudgala ke zabdotpattimUlaka arthoM para AdhArita hai| pud zabda pUraNa kA khotaka hai aura gala galana kI kriyA kaa| isalie pudgala yA dravya vaha hai, jo pUraNa tathA galana dvArA rUpAntarita hotA rahatA hai| dravya kI saMracanA ke bAre meM jo jainamata hai, usa para vicAra karane se isa paribhASA kA sahI mahattva spaSTa ho jAyagA / 127 vibhAjana kI vidhi se dravya ke carama ghaTakoM kA patA lagAyA jA sakatA hai| jaba kisI vastu ko vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai, to usake Tukar3oM ko punaH vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai; parantu vibhAjana kI isa prakriyA ko ananta kAla taka jArI rakha pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| kyoMki isa prakriyA meM anta meM eka aisI sthiti AtI hai jaba Age aura vibhAjana saMbhava nahIM hotaa| yahAM hama dravya ke carama ghaTaka kI sthiti para pahuMca jAte haiN| ise hI jaina darzana meM aNu yA paramANu kA nAma diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kI vyAkhyA kA artha yaha hai ki svayaM paramANu laghutara ghaTakoM ke saMyojana se nirmita nahIM hai| isa sthiti ko eka anya grantha meM adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai: "paramANuoM kA nirmANa dravya ke vibhAjana se hotA hai, dravya ke saMyojana se nahIM / " paramANuoM ke saMyojana se jo maoNlekyUla banate haiM, unheM jaina darzana meM skaMdha kahA gayA hai| ina skaMdhoM ke saMyojana se hI vividha guNavAlI vibhinna vastueM banI haiN| paramANuoM aura skaMdhoM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki paramANuoM kA vibhAjana saMbhava nahIM, aura inake saMyojana se hI skaMdhoM kA nirmANa hotA hai / dUsare, paramANu ko hama apanI AMkhoM se dekha nahIM sakate, parantu skaMdha ko dekha sakate haiN| skaMdhoM ko na kevala paramANuoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai, balki inake saMyojana se vividha vastuoM kA nirmANa bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI mata dekhane ko milatA hai ki, "adhika paramANuoM se bane kucha skaMdha dikhAyI dete haiM, kucha nahIM dikhAyI dete|" kahA gayA hai ki skaMdhoM kI dRzyatA yA sAmAnya gocaratA vibhAjana tathA saMyojana kI saMyukta prakriyA para Azrita hai / "yadi koI skaMdha vikhaNDita hotA hai, aura eka Tukar3A dUsare skaMdha se jur3a jAtA hai, to vaha saMyukta skandha itanA sthUla hogA ki dikhAyI 1. 'sarvArthasiddhi' V. 25 2. 'tasvArthasUtra', V. 27 3. 'sarvArthasiddhi', V. 28

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128 jaina darzana dene lagegA / "" isa mata ke samarthana meM eka jaina paNDita hAiDrojana aura klorAina kA udAharaNa prastuta karate haiN| ye donoM tattva AMkhoM se nahIM dikhAyI dete, parantu vibhAjana aura saMyojana ke bAda hAIDroklorika esiDa ke do maoNlekyUla ko janma dete haiM, to dRSTigocara hote haiN|" skaMdha ke chaha bheda batAye gaye haiM: " (1) bhadra bhadra : aise skaMdha jo vikhaNDita hone para punaH apanI akhaNDa sthiti para nahIM lauTa skte| Thosa piNDa isake udAharaNa haiN| ( 2 ) bhadra : aise skaMdha vikhaNDita hone para punaH jur3ate haiN| drava padArtha isake udAharaNa haiM / (3) mana-sUkSma : ye skaMdha sthUla dikhAyI dete haiM, parantu yathArtha meM sUkSma hote haiM, kyoMki inheM na vikhaNDita kiyA jA sakatA hai, na bhedA jA sakatA hai, na hI hAtha meM dhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa diye gaye haiM: sUrya, tApa, chAyA, prakAza, aMdhakAra, ityAdi / inake sUkSma kaNoM kA indriyoM ko anubhava hotA hai / (4) sUkSma-bhadra : yaha skaMdha bhI sthUla pratIta hotA hai, parantu yaha sUkSma bhI hotA hai / udAharaNa diye gaye haiM: sparza, gaMdha, varNa tathA dhvani kI saMvedanAeM | (5) ora (6) ye donoM hI atyanta sUkSma hote haiM aura indriyoM dvArA ago cara rahate haiN| udAharaNa batAye gaye : karma ke aNu / skaMdhoM ke pAMca guNa haiM : sparza, rasa, gaMdha, dhvani aura varNa / inhIM ke kAraNa hama vastuoM meM vibhinna guNa dekhate haiN| svayaM paramANuoM meM guNAtmaka bheda nahIM hotaa| isa mAne meM jainoM kA paramANu siddhAMta vaizeSika ke paramANu siddhAMta se bhinna hai| vaizeSika meM paramANuoM meM guNAtmaka bheda ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki tAdAtmya aura parivartana ke rUpa meM vAstavikatA sambandhI jaina mAnyatA unake paramANu siddhAMta meM pUrNataH prakaTa hotI hai| vastuma meM hama 'jo parivartana dekhate haiM ve unake paramANuoM ke saMyojana ke vibhinna paryAyoM ke kAraNa haiM aura inheM hI vastuoM ke paryAya kahate haiM / parantu ina sabhI paryAyoM kI taha meM carama ghaTakoM, yAnI paramANuoM kA tAdAtmya bhI antarnihita rahatA hai / svayaM paramANuoM meM koI parivartana nahIM hotA / kevala unake saMyojana ke paryAyoM meM hI parivartana hotA hai, jisase vastuoM ke vividha paryAya janma lete haiM / 4. vahI 5. 'AuTalAinsa oNpha jaina philaoNsaphI', pu0 74 6. dekhiye, e0 cakravartI, 'rilijana oNpha ahiMsA' (bambaI : ratanacaMda hIrAcaMda, 1957 ) pU0 117

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ajIba 129 ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAstavikatA ke tAdAtmya tatva ke darzana hameM carama ghaTakoM yAnI paramANuoM meM hote haiM, aura skandha meM inake saMyojana tathA skandha ke vibhAjana tathA saMyojana meM hama parivartana tasva ke darzana karate haiM / dharma : yaha gati kA tattva hai, aura samasta loka meM vyApta hai| yaha tatva svayaM vastuoM ko gati nahIM detA, parantu vizva kI vastuoM kI gati ke lie isakI atyAvazyakatA hai / yaha svayaM gatizIla nahIM hai, kevala gati kA mAdhyama hai| mehatA likhate haiM: "gati kA yaha mAdhyama svayaM gati paidA nahIM karatA, parantu unheM madada karatA hai jinameM gati kI kSamatA hotI hai, jisa prakAra jala machalI ke gamanAgamana meM sahAyaka banatA hai| jaba jIvAstikAya - pudgalAstikAya gatizIla hote haiM, to dharmAstikAya unheM madada karate haiN| dharma yAnI gati kA yaha mAdhyama ajIvadravya hai, aura cetanArahita hotA hai / ' pudgala kI taraha dharma ke paMcendriya guNa nahIM hote / astitva isakI vizeSatA hai, isalie ise udabhUta nahIM mAnA jaataa| anubhavavAdI dRSTi se isake anaMta dik-bindu yAnI praveza mAne gaye haiM, hAlAMki anubhavAtIta dRSTi se isake eka hI pradeza kI kalpanA kI gayI hai / adharma : yaha sthiratA kA tatva hai, aura sarvatra vyApta hai| yaha jIva tathA pudgala ke rukane meM sahAyatA detA hai| isI tattva ke kAraNa gatizIla piNDoM ko ArAma karane kA avasara milatA hai| yaha sakriya rUpa se gati meM bAdhA nahIM ddaaltaa| isa mAne meM yaha pRthvI kI taraha hai, jo isa para vidyamAna vastuoM ke lie eka vizrAmasthalI hai| yaha vizrAma cAhanevAlI vastuoM kI gati meM oniac nahIM DAlatI / dharma kI taraha adharma meM bhI paMcendriya guNoM kA abhAva hotA hai / adharma meM bhI ananta pradeza mAne gaye haiM, parantu yaha kevala anubhavavAdI dRSTi se hI satya hai / anubhavAtIta dRSTi se isameM eka hI pradeza ko mAnA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki vizva kA yaha vyavasthita rUpa dharma aura adharma ke kAraNa hI hai| inake abhAva meM vizva meM avyavasthA phaila jAtI hai| yahAM isa bAta kA jikra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki dharma aura adharma kA yaha siddhAMta hindU dharma ke dharmaM tathA adharma ke siddhAMta ke samAna hI hai| hindU mAnyatA ke anusAra, inhIM para kramaza: saMsAra kA saMtulana tathA asaMtulana Azrita hai / parantu jahAM jaina dharma meM inheM tattvamImAMsIya rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, vahAM hindU dharma meM ye naitika tatva haiM / lekina bhAvavAdI nItizAstra ke tattvamImAMsIya mUlAdhAra evaM pariNAma hote haiM, 7. 'AuTalAinsa maoNpha jaina philaoNsaphI', pR0 33 8. 'niyamasAra, 30

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130 jaina darzana isalie hindU dharma meM bhI dharma tathA adharma kI dhAraNAoM para tattvamImAMsIva dRSi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| __mAphAza: yaha vAstavika tattva ananta dik-binduoM se nirmita hai| ye dikbindu agocara rahate haiN| AkAza ko anAdi-ananta aura anirmita mAnA gayA hai| AkAza ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM :lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / lokA. kAza meM dravya kA astitva rahatA hai, aura yaha hamAre sImita vizva kA paricAyaka hai| isa lokAkAza ke pare jo dravyarahita zuddha bAhya AkAza hai use alokAkAza kahA gayA hai| kAla : yaha astikAya arthAt bahupradezI nahIM hai| isakA dik ke sAtha sahaastitva hai| vastuoM meM hone vAle parivartana kAlAvadhi ke dyotaka hote haiN| cUMki parivartana ko vAstavika mAnA gayA hai, isalie kAla ko bhI anivAryataH vAstavika mAnA gayA hai| kAla ke do bheda haiM : vyakAla aura vyavahArakAla / dravyakAla kI dhAraNA niraMtara evaM ananta kAla-pravAha para AdhArita hai aura vyavahArakAla vaha hai jo vastuoM meM parivartana karAne meM sahAyaka hotA hai / isalie vastuoM meM honevAle parivartanoM meM hI yaha lakSita hotA hai| kAla ko anAdi mAnA gayA hai| 9. 'vyasaMgraha' 19 10. vahI, 21

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nayavAda 23 jainoM kA anekAntavAda vibheda ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| AraMbhataH yaha vibheda mana aura jagat ke bIca kA hai; parantu jaina darzana meM ise tArkika sImA taka pahuMcA diyA gayA hai, aura isa prakAra vAstavikatA tathA jJAna ke anekAntavAda kI sRSTi kI gayI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra vAstavikatA saMmizrita hai - aneka aura anekAnta donoM hI arthoM meN| jaina matAnusAra, na kevala aneka yathArthI kA astitva hai, balki pratyeka yathArtha itanA jaTila hai ki use pUrNataH samajha pAnA kaThina hai| ina jaTila yathArtho ke jo anaginata guNa-dharma haiM aura ye jina anaginata saMyojanoM ko janma dete haiM, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki vAstavikatA kA jJAna aneka dRSTiyoM se hI saMbhava hai| kisI bhI padArtha ko eka viziSTa dRSTi se dekhane ke abhiprAya ko na kahate haiM / dAsagupta ne nayavAda ko jo sApekSa anekavAda ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai, usakA vizeSa mahattva hai, kyoMki isase hameM nayavAda ko samajhane meM suvidhA hotI hai| vaha likhate haiM: "jainoM ne sabhI padArthoM ko anekAnta mAnA; arthAt, unake matAnusAra kisI bhI cIja ke bAre meM pUrNa abhiprAya denA saMbhava nahIM, kyoMki kucha viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM hI saMpUrNa abhiprAya satya hote haiM / ' ""1 cUMki padArthoM ko inake anaginata guNadharmoM ke kAraNa anaginata pahaluoM se dekhA jA sakatA hai, isalie nayoM kI saMkhyA bhI ananta hai / parantu jaina dArzanikoM ne suvidhA ke lie nayoM ko sAta vargoM meM bAMTA hai| naya eka viziSTa abhiprAya yA dRSTikoNa hai- eka aisA dRSTikoNa jo anya aneka dRSTikoNoM ko asvIkAra nahIM karatA, isalie yaha jJAtA ke zeya ke bAre meM AMzika satyabodha kA paricAyaka hotA hai / yaha naya kI eka vyApaka paribhASA huI / nayoM ke bAre meM viziSTa jAnakArI sAta nayoM ke vivecana meM dI gayI hai| ye sAta naya haiM : naMgama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, Rjuna, zabda, samamilcha jora evmbhuut| yahAM inakI hama kucha vistAra se carcA kareMge / 1. pUrvI0, prathama khaNDa, pu0 175 2. dekhiye, sI0 je0 padmarAjiha, pUrvo0, pR0 310

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132 jaina darzana naMgama naya vizva kI pratyeka vastu ke vizleSaNa se spaSTa hotA hai ki isameM sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM hI prakAra ke guNa nihita rahate haiN| isalie usa vastu ko sAmAnya aura vizeSa guNoM ke eka sammizraNa ke rUpa meM hI grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| naMgama naya vastu ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa svarUpoM meM se kisI kI bhI upekSA nahIM krtaa| isakA artha yaha huA ki sAmAnya ko hama vizeSa ke binA nahIM samajha sakate, aura vizeSa ko sAmAnya ke binA nahIM samajha sakate / udAharaNArtha, "maiM sacetana hai", yaha tarkavAkya na kevala "maiM" kI vyaktitA kA, balki 'maiM' dvArA dhAraNa kiye gaye sArvabhaumika guNa 'cetanA' kA bhI yotaka hai| naMgama naya meM sAmAnya tathA vizeSa meM jo abheda hai, usakA vizleSaNa bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai / sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke ekIkaraNa kA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne ina donoM meM pUrNa abheda yA tAdAtmya kA AropaNa karane kI galatI nahIM kI hai / bheda kA nirdeza hai, parantu kevala sApekSa rUpa meN| isI dRSTikoNa se jainoM ne nyAya-vaizeSika kI, do tattvoM ke bIca pUrNa bheda karane ke lie, AlocanA kI hai| nyAya-vaizeSika kI taraha jaba aisA spaSTa bheda kiyA jAtA hai, to use negamAbhAsa doSa kahate haiN| jaina paramparA meM pAyI jAnevAlI naMgama naya kI eka aura vyAkhyA ke anusAra, yaha eka yA aneka kAryoM kA aMtima abhiprAya darazAtA hai| isake lie tasvArthasAra meM eka udAharaNa hai| eka vyakti pAnI, cAvala aura IMdhana lekara jA rahA hai| pUche jAne para ki vaha kyA kara rahA hai, vaha uttara detA hai: "khAnA pakA rahA hUM", bajAya yaha kahane ki, "maiM IMdhana le jA rahA hUM", ityAdi / isakA artha yaha huA ki, pratyeka kriyA-pAnI lAnA, iMdhana jamA karanA, Adi-eka uddezya yA prayojana-bhojana banAnA-dvArA niyaMtrita hai| uttara dene ke samaya bhojana pakAne kA kAma nahIM hotA, parantu isakI prApti ke lie kI jAnevAlI hara kriyA meM prayojana nihita rahatA hai| saMgraha naya yaha vastuoM ke viziSTa guNoM ko nahIM, balki sAmAnya guNoM yA vargavizeSatAoM ko samajhane kA dRSTikoNa hai / isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki yaha dRSTikoNa usa mAnyatA kA virodhI hai jisameM padArthoM ko sAmAnya tathA vizeSa ke sammizraNa ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai yA padArthoM ke kevala vizeSa guNoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / yaha aisA zuddha vizleSaNAtmaka dRSTikoNa hai jisake dvArA 3. vAI0 je0 padmarAjiha, pUrvo0, 10 314 para bata

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133 sAmAnya-vizeSa ke sammizraNa me sAmAnya guNoM kA cayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI kisI bhI praNAlI kA yahI mUlAdhAra hotA hai ki vibhinna vyaktiyoM yA sattAoM meM kucha samAnatAeM bhI hotI haiN| saMgraha naya kA sambandha inhIM vargavizeSatAoM se hai| hameM isa naya ko jaina ciMtana kA eka svayaM-virodhI tattva samajhane kI bhUla nahIM karanI cAhie / zAnamImAMsIya saMdarbha meM hamane pahale batAyA hai ki sAmAnya ke binA vizeSa aura vizeSa ke binA sAmAnya nirarthaka hai, to yaha tarka ho sakatA hai ki, aba yahAM jaina dArzanika vizeSa ke virodha meM sAmAnya ko adhika mahattva de rahe haiN| parantu yahA~ sAmAnya ko mahattva diye jAne kA kAraNa yaha hai ki, kucha saMdarbho meM eka yA dUsare kA cayana karanA bar3A upayogI hotA hai / jaina dArzanika isa tathya se bhalIbhAMti paricita the, isIlie unhoMne sAMkhya aura advaita meM saMgrahamAsa ke doSa dikhalAye haiN| yaha tarkavAkya ki "saba sat hai", pUrNataH sArthaka hai, yadi isakA yaha artha na ho ki 'sat' ke paripUraka 'asat' kA, jise mAmAnya ke pratyAkhyAna ke samaya pArzva meM rakhA jAtA hai, nivedha kiyA gayA hai| vyavahAra naya vyavahAra naya kA sambandha padArthoM ke vizeSa guNoM se hotA hai| parantu isa tathya ko nahIM bhulA diyA jAtA ki ye vizeSa guNa sAmAnya guNoM se sambandhita rahate haiM / arthAt, vizeSa guNoM kI kalpanA svataMtra rUpa se nahIM kI jaatii| udAharaNArtha, jaba hama kahate haiM ki "padArtha kA astitva va paryAya hai", to yahAM hama padArya ke vizeSa guNoM kA paricaya dete haiN| tAtparya yaha ki, jaba hama padArtha ke kucha viziSTa guNoM ko nirdhArita karate haiM, to ve viziSTa guNa sAratattva ke rUpa meM padArtha ke hI dyotaka hote haiM / arthAt, jaba vizeSa kA ullekha hotA hai, to sAmAnya kI upekSA nahIM hotii| vyavahAranayabhAsa kA doSa taba hotA hai jaba sAmAnya kI upekSA karake AnumAvikatA para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA hai| jainoM ke anusAra, cArvAkoM ne anubhavajanya jJAna ko sarvAdhika mahattva dekara yahI galatI kI hai| cArvAkoM ne kevala indriyajanya jJAna ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| Upara jina tIna nayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, ve vastuoM meM tAdAtmya kI hI khoja karate haiN| vyApaka rUpa se, ye tIna naya pratipAdya vastuoM kI dravyAtmakatA para vicAra karate haiN| isalie inheM bArSika maya kahA gayA hai / Age jina cAra nayoM kA vivecana karanA hai, unameM vastuoM ke paryAyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isalie unheM paryApArika naya kahA gayA hai|

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jaina darzana 134 RjusUtra naya ___ yaha naya vastu ke vartamAna paryAya yA rUpa ko hI mahattva detA hai| yaha na kevala atIta aura bhaviSya para vicAra nahIM karatA, balki sampUrNa vartamAna ko bhI mahattva nahIM detaa| yaha vastu ke astitva kI kSaNAvasthA yAnI gaNitIya vartamAna kA cunAva karatA hai| bhUta bIta cukA hotA hai aura bhaviSya abhI ajanmA rahatA hai, isalie kisI avidyamAna yA ajanmI vastu kI carcA asaMgata hogii| hama kevala vartamAna, gaNitIya tatkSaNa ke bAre meM hI dRr3hamata ho sakate haiN| isa dRSTikoNa ko eka udAharaNa dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai : abhinetA ko tabhI rAjA samajhA jAtA hai jaba vaha raMgamaMca para rAjA kA abhinaya karatA hotA hai| raMgamaMca ke bAhara use rAjA samajhanA ucita nahIM hai| ___ anubhavajanya se vartamAna ke isa cunAva para bhI adhika jora denA ucita nahIM hai / vastu-jagat ke isa vartamAna kI mahattA tathA sApekSa satyatA ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha-sAtha hameM isake sAtatya svarUpa ko bhI smaraNa rakhanA caahie|' zabda naya __yaha naya samAnArthI zabdoM se sambaddha hai| samAnArthI zabda unameM nihita viziSTa arthoM meM prayukta hote haiN| kAla, vibhakti-pratyaya, Adi meM antara hone para bhI arthoM kA sAmya vidyamAna rahatA hai| jaina granthoM meM isa naya ke hameM do udAharaNa dekhane ko milate haiN| kuMbha, kalaza aura ghaTa eka hI vastu - ghar3e - ke dyotaka haiN| isI prakAra inna, zuka tathA purandara jaise nAma bhI eka hI vyakti ke dyotaka haiM / parantu yahAM vibhinna samAnArthI zabdoM yA nAmoM meM pUrNa tAdAtmya hone kI bAta nahIM kahI gayI hai| jaba pUrNa tAdAtmya kA dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha zambanayamAsa doSa hogaa| samabhirUr3ha naya eka artha meM yaha naya pahale naya ke ekadama viparIta hai| yaha naya zabdabhedoM para vicAra karatA hai| samAnArthI zabda bhI isake apavAda nahIM haiM / jo zabda hameM sAmAnyata: samAnArthI pratIta hote haiM, ve bhI unake utpattimUlaka adhyayana ke bAda asamAna prakaTa hoge| udAharaNa ke lie, indra zabda 'samRddhizAlI' ke lie, zaka, zabda 'zaktizAlI' ke lie aura purandara zabda 'zatra hatA' ke lie prayukta hote haiN| zabdoM ke mUlArthoM kA bheda bAstavika bheda hotA hai, aura tadanusAra zabdoM ke bAhyAoM meM bhI bheda hote haiN| eka prAcIna jaina vidvAna ke anusAra, isa naya ko 4. dekhiye, sI0 je0 padmarAjiha, pUrvo0, 30 320

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nayavAda 135 asvIkAra karane kA artha hogA ghaTa aura paTa jaise asamAnArthI zabdoM ke bIca bhI abheda svIkAra karanA / eka jaina paNDita ke matAnusAra, isa naya kI satyatA jaina bhASA darzana ke do siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai| prathama sidAnta yaha hai ki jo kucha jAnane yogya hai, use vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| arthAta, vastu-jagat kA jJAna zabdoM ke mAdhyama ke binA saMbhava nhiiN| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki, tattvata: eka zabda kA eka hI artha, aura eka artha ke lie eka hI zabda ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra, kaI zabda, jinheM suvidhA ke lie hama eka hI artha ke dyotaka mAna lete haiM, vastuta: utane hI artha rakhate haiM jitane ki ve zabda hote haiN| arthAt, yaha sidAnta samAnArthI zabdoM ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, balki artha aura isake zabda ke bIca meM eka spaSTa sambandha sthApita karatA hai (vaavyvaackniym)|" evambhUta naya __ yaha naya vyutpattimUlaka vyAkhyA para AdhArita hai| isa vyutpattimUlaka vidhi meM hama usa mUla para vicAra karate haiM jisase zabda banate haiN| evambhUta naya zabdotpatti para AdhArita usI samaya ke eka paryAya para vicAra karatA hai| evambhUta zabda kA artha hai : zabda aura artha kI dRSTi se pUrNataH sty| pahale diye gaye eka udAharaNa meM, kisI vyakti ko hama tabhI purandara kaha sakate haiM jaba vaha vAstava meM zatru oM kA vinAza karatA hotA hai| isI prakAra, kisI vyakti ko zaka tabhI kahA jAyagA, jaba vaha vAstava meM apanI zakti kA pradarzana kara rahA ho| Upara jina nayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, unameM se pratyeka ke sau upabheda mAne gaye haiN| ataH kula milAkara sAta sau naya hai| nayavAda ke bAre meM hameM do anya mata bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| eka mata chaha nayoM ko svIkAra karatA hai aura dUsarA mata kevala pAMca nayoM ko| prathama mata maMgama naya ke alAvA zeSa chaha nayoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, aura dUsarA mata samamita aura evambhUta nayoM kA samAveza zaba naya meM karatA hai| 5. vahI, pR. 322-23

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syAdavAda 24 syAvAda jaina tattvamImAMsA kA sarvAdhika mahattva kA aMga hai| isake anusAra koI bhI eka kathana sampUrNa vAstavikatA ko pUrNata: vyakta nahIM krtaa| syAda zabda kA artha hai 'aisA ho' yA 'yaha bhI saMbhava hai| yadi tattvamImAMsIya anveSaNa kA uddezya vastu-jagat ko jAnanA hai to, janoM kA kahanA hai ki, kevala kucha sarala tAtvika kathanoM se yaha saMbhava nahIM hai / vastu-jagat bar3A vilakSaNa hai, isalie koI eka sarala kathana vAstavikatA ke svarUpa ko pUrNataH prakaTa nahIM kara sktaa| isI. lie jaina dArzanikoM ne vibhinna kathanoM ke sAtha 'syAd' jor3ane kI yojanA prastuta kI hai / jaisA ki Age spaSTa hogA, jaina dArzanikoM ne eka dRr3ha kathana ke sthAna para sAta kathana peza kiye haiN| dAsagupta 'syAdvAda' kI vizeSatA ke bAre meM likhate haiM : "pratyeka kathana kI satyatA kevala sApekSa hotI hai| koI bhI kapana parama satya nahIM hotA / ataH satya kI pratyAbhUti ke lie pratyeka kathana ke pahale 'syAd' jor3anA jarUrI hai| isase spaSTa ho jAyegA ki vaha kathana kevala sApekSa hai, yAnI usake sAtha koI zarta yA dRSTikoNa jur3A huA hai, aura vaha kisI mAne meM parama nahIM hai| koI bhI nirNaya pUrNasatya yA pUrNa asatya nahIM hotaa| sabhI nirNaya kisI artha meM satya hote haiM aura kisI anya artha meM asty|"1 jainoM kA nayavAda syAdvAda ke lie eka prakAra kI caukhaTa prastuta karatA hai; kyoMki isake anusAra vastu-jagat ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jA sakatA hai, aura kisI bhI eka dRSTikoNa ko prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki janoM ne cArvAka tathA aDhata Adi matoM kI AlocanA karane ke sAtha-sAtha unake prAmANika vicAroM ko svIkAra bhI kiyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa se virodhI matoM ke vicAra sahI the| aura inhIM matoM kI jainoM ne isalie AlocanA kI hai ki inameM eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai, aura anya dRSTikoNoM ke hone se inakAra kiyA gayA hai| vastu-jagat ke bAre meM kucha Thosa jAnakArI prApta karane ke lie nayavAda kA vistAra karake sAta tarkavAkyoM para AdhArita syAdvAda kI racanA 1. pUrvo0, baNDa prathama, pR. 179

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kI gayI hai| isIlie syAdavAda ko saptamInaba bhI kahate haiN| __ syAdvAda meM vastu-jamata ke bAre meM eka nizcita dRSTikoNa hai, isa bAta ko janadharma ke mAlocaka bilakula nahIM samajha paate| ve sAta tarkavAkyoM kI yojanA ke mahattva ko bhI ThIka se nahIM samajha paate| cUMki pratyeka kathana ke sAtha svAda (zAyada) upasarga jor3A jAtA hai, isalie isake AlocakoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha vastu-jagata ke bAre meM jainoM ke saMdehavAdI dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| sAta tarkavAkyoM meM se kisI eka kehada rUpa se satya hone kA dAvA nahIM kiyA jAtA, isalie ye mAlocaka jainoM para yaha Aropa lagAte haiM ki vastu-jagata ke bAre meM unakA apanA koI abhimata nahIM hai| parantu vastu-jagat ke bAre meM jainoM kA eka viziSTa mata avazya hai, aura vaha yaha hai ki, vastu-jagat ke bAre meM koI bhI eka nizcita mata nahIM ho sktaa| saptabhaMgInaya se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| janoM kI mAnyatA hai ki ye sAta tarkavAkya sAtha milakara hameM vastu-jagat kA bodha karAte haiN| tAkika dRSTi se, eka kathana eka vicAra yA mata kA dyotaka hotA hai, aura jaba vastu-jagat ke bAre meM nirNaya diye jAte haiM aura tarkavAkya prastuta kiye jAte haiM, to unheM vastu-jagat ke svarUpoM kA khotaka mAnA jAtA hai / jainoM ke matAnusAra, vastu-jagat ke bAre meM koI har3ha mata saMbhava nahIM hai| isalie kisI eka nirNaya se vAstavikatA kA bodha saMbhava nahIM, aura isalie koI bhI eka kathana aisI kisI cIja kI pUrNa vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakatA jo atyaMta jaTila aura anekAnta ho| __ uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki sAmAnya rUpa se syAdvAda nayavAda kA paripUraka hai| nayavAda meM vastu-jagat ke prati vizleSaNAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai, to syAdvAda meM saMzleSaNAtmaka dRSTikoNa / cUMki vizleSaNa aura saMzleSaNa eka-dUsare se asambaddha nahIM hote, isalie zuddha vizleSaNAtmaka dRSTi meM bhI hama saMzleSaNa ke tattva dekhate haiM, aura usI prakAra vastu-jagat ke saMzleSaNAtmaka dRSTikoNa meM vizleSaNa ke tatva dekhate haiM / spaSTa zabdoM meM : nayavAda ke anusAra, kisI bhI eka mata ko vizeSa mahatva denA doSapUrNa hogaa| anya zabdoM meM, vibhinna matoM kA apanA mahattva hotA hai, aura inameM se pratyeka vAstavikatA kA paricAyaka hotA hai ; isalie ye saba milakara hameM vAstavikatA kA bodha karAte haiN| isI prakAra, syAbAda meM abhidhAna ke paryAyoM ke saMzleSaNAtmaka svarUpa ko mahattva diyA jAtA hai| syAdavAda kI spaSTa dhAraNA ke anusAra, saMzleSita vibhinna kavanoM meM se pratyeka se vastu-jagata ke bAre meM kucha jAnakArI milatI hai| aba hama smAdbAda kI kucha vistAra meM parcA kreNge| abhidhAna ke sAta paryAya haiM: 1. dravya ho sakatA hai (syAd asti dravyam)

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jaina darzana 138 2. dravya nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai (syAd nAsti dravyam) 3. dravya ho sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai (syAd asti ca nAsti ca dravyam) 4. dravya anirvacanIya ho sakatA hai (syAd avaktavyaM dravyam) 5. dravya ho sakatA hai aura anirvacanIya bhI ho sakatA hai (syAd asti ca avaktavyaM dravyam) 6. dravya nahIM ho sakatA hai aura anirvacanIya bhI ho sakatA hai (syAd nAsti ca avaktavyaM dravyam) 7. dravya ho sakatA hai, nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai aura anirvacanIya bhI ho ___sakatA hai (syAd asti ca nAsti ca avaktavyaM dravyam) cUMki vizva kI pratyeka vastu dravyamaya hotI hai, isalie hama ina sAta tarkavAkyoM kI eka vizeSa vastu dvArA vyAkhyA kreNge| jaina dArzanikoM kA anukaraNa karate hue hama ghaTa ko udAharaNa-svarUpa leNge| ina tarkavAkyoM kA vizleSaNa AraMbha karane ke pahale yaha jAnanA upayogI hogA ki asti aura nAsti zabda kramaza: vicArArtha vastu ke astitva tathA anastitva ke dyotaka haiN| 1. yaha kathana ki "ghaTa ho sakatA hai" spaSTata: ghaTa ke astitva kA paricAyaka hai / isa kathana meM jo "ho sakatA hai" zabda haiM, unakA artha yaha hai ki yaha kathana pUrNataH satya nahIM hai, yAnI zeSa anya kathanoM kI satyatA ke abhAva meM yaha satya nahIM hai / yaha kathana eka dRSTi se, eka viziSTa niyoga kI upasthiti kI dRSTi se hI vaidha hai| isa saMdarbha meM jaina dArzanika cAra pramukha niyogoM kA ullekha karate haiM : dravya, kSetra, kAla aura paryAya / jahAM taka ghaTa kI bAta hai, yaha miTTI yA anya kisI dravya kA banA ho sakatA hai| jaba hama ghaTa ko dravya miTTI kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM : yadi yaha miTTI se banA hai, aura kevala miTTI se hI banA hai, tabhI hama isake astitva kA dAvA kara sakate haiM, anyathA nhii| isI prakAra, ghaTa ke astitva kA dAvA usakA eka viziSTa kSetra meM astitva hone se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura aise kisI kSetra kI dRSTi se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA jahAM usakA astitva nahIM hai| anya do niyogoM kI vyAkhyA bhI isI prakAra kI jA sakatI hai| ghaTa kA astitva eka viziSTa kAlAvadhi meM vidyamAna hone kI dRSTi se hI satya hai| isake nirmANa ke pahale ghaTa nahIM thA aura isake vinAza ke bAda yaha nahIM rahegA / ina dRSTiyoM se ghaTa ke astitva kA dAvA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| - isI prakAra, jaba miTTI ko vizeSa prakAra se DAlA jAtA ha aura ise vizeSa AkAra diyA jAtA hai, tabhI hama kahate haiM "yaha ghaTa hai", anyathA nahIM / yadi ise bhinna AkAra diyA jAe, to isakA astitva bhinna paryAya meM hogA; hamAre dvArA dAvA kiye gaye paryAya meM na hogaa|

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139 syAdavAda 2. yaha kathana ki "ghaTa nahIM hai", pahale kathana kA virodhI nahIM hai / kevala paraspara-virodhI kathanoM meM hI hameM pUrNa matabheda dikhAI detA hai; ataH jaba hama eka kathana kI satyatA kA dAvA karate haiM, to dUsare kI asatyatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra, eka ko asatya ghoSita karane para dUsare kI satyatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| akasara prathama aura dUsare kathanoM ke bIca ke matabheda ko paraspara-virodhI samajhA jAtA hai, aura isalie mAna liyA jAtA hai ki, yaha kahanA ki donoM kathana "ghaTa hai" aura "ghaTa nahIM hai" satya haiM, aspaSTa aura atArkika hai| tAtparyaM yaha ki, yadi ghaTa kA astitva hai, to isake astitva se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; aura yadi ghaTa kA astitva nahIM hai to isake astitva kA bAbA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / dUsare kathana meM, jahAM taka viziSTa guNoM kA sambandha hai, ghaTa ke astitva se inakAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| inakAra tabhI kiyA jAtA hai, jaba aise guNoM ke bAre meM dAvA kiyA jAtA hai jo spaSTa rUpa se vidyamAna nahIM haiN| suspaSTa zabdoM meM, "ghaTa kA astitva nahIM hai" kA artha yaha nahIM ki "ghaTa ke rUpa meM ghaTa kA astitva nahIM" / isakA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki ghaTa kA astitva paTa yA anya kisI vastu ke rUpa meM nahIM hai / 3. aura 4. tIsarA aura cauthA kathana - "ghaTa ho sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai" aura "ghaTa anirvacanIya ho sakatA hai" spaSTataH isa jainamata ke dyotaka haiM ki vastu jagat jaTila hai, isalie ise isake vividha guNoM kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya, to hama isake guNoM ko saMyukta rUpa se prastuta kara hI sakate haiN| udAharaNArtha, ghaTa ke astitva tathA anastitva ke do guNoM ke saMdarbha meM : tIsare aura cauthe kathana meM do paryAyoM - astitva tathA anastitva -- ke saMyojana ko do bhinna tarIkoM se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tIsare kathana meM kramaza: do paryAyoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| "ghaTa hai aura nahIM bhI hai, " isa kathana meM prathama aMza ghaTa ke apane eka guNa, isa sthiti meM astitva ke 'guNa', kI dRSTi se satya hai / isa kathana kA dUsarA aMza "nahIM hai" anya guNoM ke anastitva kI dRSTi se satya hai| tIsare mizrita kathana ke ina do azoM ko kramazaH jJApita kiyA jAya, to ye vastu-jagat ke bAre meM spaSTa jAnakArI de sakate haiN| isalie kahA jAtA hai ki isa tIsare kathana meM do kramika guNoM kA saMyukta rUpa se pratijJApana kiyA gayA hai| cauer kathana "ghaTa anirvacanIya hai" isa mAnyatA para AdhArita hai ki isakI donoM avasthAoM para eka sAtha dhyAna denA manovaijJAnika aura tArkika dRSTi se asaMbhava hai / astitva aura anastitva eka-dUsare se bhinna hone ke kAraNa eka sAtha hI vastu para Aropita nahIM ho skte| isalie astitva tathA

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140 bana darzana anastitva kI avasthAoM kA ekasAtha dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha vastu anirvacanIya raha jAtI hai / do paryAyoM ko isa prakAra eka sAtha prastuta karane ko guNoM kA saha-prastutIkaraNa kahA gayA hai| AraMbhika cAra kathanoM kA vivecana karane ke bAda ema. hiriyannA likhate hai : "yahAM pahuMcakara zAyada yaha lage ki sUtra yahIM samApta ho jaaygaa| parantu abhI kucha anya tarIke bAkI haiM jinase ukta vikalpoM ko saMyukta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH tIna kathana aura jor3e gaye haiM, tAki yaha na lage ki ve viSaya chor3a diye gaye haiN| phalasvarUpa jo varNana upalabdha hotA hai, vaha sarvAMgapUrNa bana jAtA hai, aura vaha asaiddhAMtika bhI nahIM raha jaataa|" 5. pAMcavA kathana "ghaTa hai aura anirvacanIya hai" isa tathya kA ghotaka hai ki astitva rUpa kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to ghaTa varNanIya hai, parantu isake astitva tapA anastitva donoM hI rUpoM para eka sAtha vicAra kiyA jAya to yaha anirvacanIya ho jAtA hai| 6. chaThA kathana "ghaTa nahIM hai aura anirvacanIya hai", pAMcaveM kathana kI taraha, ghaTa kI varNanIyatA tathA anirvacanIyatA donoM kA dAvA karatA hai| bastu meM maujUda guNoM ke alAvA jina guNoM kA anastitva hai ve bhI ise anirvacanIya nahIM banAte; niSedhAtmaka varNana taba bhI saMbhava hotA hai| lekina yadi nakArAtmaka aura sakArAtmaka varNanoM kA prayatla ekasAtha ho, to anirvacanIyatA kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| 7. sAtavAM kathana "ghaTa hai, nahIM hai aura anirvacanIya hai" isa tathya kA khotaka hai ki do avasthAoM-sakArAtmaka aura nakArAtmaka -kA kramika pratipAdana varNanIyatA kI ora nirdeza karatA hai, aura ekasAtha pratipAdana ghaTa kI anirvacanIyatA kI or| kisI bhI vastu kI zAzvatatA, azAzvatatA, tAdAtmyatA tathA bhinnatA Adi ke saMdarbha meM ina sAta tarkavAkyoM ko sUvita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA vizvAsa hai ki vidheya ke ye sAta paryAya hameM vastu-jagat ke bAre meM paryApta jAnakArI dene meM samartha haiN| ___ syAdavAda ke apane isa vivecana ko hama IliyaTa ke eka ubaraNa se samApta kreNge| iliyaTa ne eka vAkya meM hI isa siddhAMta kA sAra prastuta kara diyA hai| vaha likhate haiM : "syAdavAda kA sAratatva, ise isakI zAstrIya mAndAvalI se bAhara nikAlane ke bAda, yaha pratIta hotA hai ki, anubhava kI sthiti meM saMpUrNa emena eNDa manavina li. 2. 'AuTalAinsa oNpha biyana philaoNsaphI' (maMdana : mA 1957),1. 165

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syAduvAda satya kA pratipAdana asaMbhava hai, aura anubhavAtIta avasthA meM bhASA adhUrI par3ha jAtI hai .. / "" vastu jagat kI vyAkhyA ke lie kiye gaye kaSTasAdhya prayAsoM ke alAvA yaha siddhAMta jaina dArzanikoM ke dArzanika samasyAoM ke prati apanAye gaye zAlIna dRSTikoNa kA bhI paricAyaka hai| 141 3. pUrvI0, khaNDa prathama, pu0 108

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paMcama bhAga : nItizAstra

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naitika niyama 25 mahAvIra ne apane anuyAyiyoM ko jina pAMca mahAvratoM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha kI zikSA dI hai, unakI carcA hama pahale kara cuke haiN| ina pAMca mahAvratoM meM pahale vrata ko sarvAdhika mahattva kA mAnA jAtA hai| jaina dharma kI pramukha vizeSatA hai ki isameM ahiMsA ke pAlana para sabase adhika baka diyA gayA hai | ahiMsA zabda meM jo niSedhArthaka pratyaya lagA huA hai, usase kucha galataphahamI hotI hai aura ahiMsA kI naitika zikSA meM dayAbhAva kA jo darzana vidyamAna hai use pUrI taraha nahIM samajhA jAtA / esa0 sI0 ThAkura kahate haiM : 'ahiMsA' kA zAbdika artha sadbhAvanA tathA prema kA spaSTa bhAva to nahIM hai, parantu matalaba karIba-karIba yahI hotA hai / isI prakAra ahiMsA zabda meM vyAkaraNa kA niSedhArthaka pratyaya hone para bhI yaha spaSTataH dayAbhAva ke darzana kA dyotaka hai|"" isa zabda kA gahana artha isa tathya se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina darzana cUMki cetanA ke sAtatya (jaisA ki isa grantha meM pahale batAyA gayA hai) meM AsthA rakhatA hai, isalie mAnatA hai ki manuSya ko kisI bhI prANI kI (AdhyAtmika ) pragati meM bAdhA DAlane kA adhikAra nahIM - cAhe vaha prANI ekendriya hI kyoM na ho / pIr3A pahuMcAne kA artha spaSTa rUpa se bAdhA DAlanA hai, isalie bAdhaka na banane kI zikSA dI gayI thI / asA zabda ko kabhI-kabhI avadha ( vadha na karanA) ke artha meM bhI liyA jAtA hai / yadyapi satahI taura para ye donoM zabda binA kisI spaSTa bhAva ke niSedhArthaka zikSA ke dyotaka haiM, tathApi gahana vizleSaNa ke bAda patA calatA hai ki isa zikSA maiM jIvana kA spaSTa evaM sarvAMgINa dRSTikoNa nihita hai| ataH isameM koI Azcarya nahIM ki ahiMsA kI isa zikSA ke pAlana kI kAphI AlocanA bhI huI hai| udAharaNArtha, jana dharma sambandhI apane eka lekha meM moniyara viliyamsa ne likhA hai ki ahiMsA ke pAlana meM jaina loga anya sabhI bhAratIya sampradAyoM se 1. 'krizciyana eNDa hindU ethiksa' (laMdana : jArja elena eNDa anavina li0, 1969), pR0 202

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146 jaina darzana bhAge haiM aura ise unhoMne asaMgati kI sImA taka pahuMcA diyA hai| isa saMdarbha meM unhoMne bambaI ke rogI jAnavaroM ke aspatAla kA ullekha kiyA hai| zrImatI sTIvensana kA mata hai ki jIvana ke lie ahiMsA kA niyama vaijJAnika dRSTi se asaMbhava hai, kyoMki yaha prakRti ke niyama ke viruddha hai| yahAM yaha jo do vicAra vyakta kiye gaye haiM. unake pIche yaha kAraNa hai ki aneka vidvAnoM ko isa dhAraNA kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi kI jAnakArI nahIM hai / devatAoM ko khuza karane ke nAma para yajJoM meM nirIha pazuoM kI jo hatyA hotI thI, usake prati jainoM kA jo vivAdAtmaka dRSTikoNa rahA hai, usase sabhI paricita haiM, isalie usake vizleSaNa kI yahAM AvazyakatA nahIM hai| usa jamAne meM prANiyoM ke sAtha kiye jAne vAle durvyavahAra ke prati vyApaka rUpa se AvAjeM uThAyI jA rahI thiiN| jIva. hatyA ke prati jainoM (aura bauddhoM) ne jo AvAjeM uThAyI haiM, usakA prabhAva bhAratIya nItizAstra para bhI par3A hai| vyavahAra meM ahiMsA kA pAlana mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhI kiyA hai| gAMdhIjI ne svayaM kahA hai ki unheM jaina dharma ke tathA saMsAra ke anya dharmoM ke granthoM se bar3A lAbha huA hai| ahiMsA tathA ( avadha ) sAmAnyataH 'kArya' mAne jAte haiM tAki manuSya yadi ina niSiddha kAryoM ko nahIM karatA, to use pApoM se mukti mila jA sakatI hai| parantu na kevala use aise kArya se bacanA hotA hai balki usake manobhAva bhI zuddha hone caahie| cUMki kisI bhI kArya ke pIche manobhAva evaM icchA nihita rahatI hai, isalie kevala kArya se bacane kA artha yaha nahIM hogA ki koI manobhAva bhI nahI thaa| saMbhava hai ki manobhAva vahAM vidyamAna rahA ho, parantu bar3I kaThinAI se hI kArya ko TAla diyA gayA ho / isIlie jaina dArzanika isa bAta para jora dete haiM ki mana duSTa manobhAvoM yAnI hiMsAvRtti se pUrNataH mukta honA caahie| tattvArya-sUtra meM hama par3hate haiM ki hiMsA kA artha lAparavAhI yA upekSA se prANiyoM ko coTa yA pIr3A pahuMcAnA hai, aura yaha saba ghamaMDa, durAgraha, Asakti tathA ghRNA jaisI vRttiyoM ke kAraNa hotA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki bhautika kriyA ko mAnasika kriyA se alaga nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| eka anya jaina graMtha meM mana kA mahattva isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai : "pramAda se pApa ghaTita hotA hai, aura kisI prANI ko vastutaH pIr3A bhI na pahuMcI ho to bhI jIvAtmA dUSita hotI hai| isake viparIta, sAvadhAna tathA dhArmika vyakti, jo viSayAsakta nahIM hai aura pazuoM ke 2. TI.jI. kAlapaTagI, jaina vyU oNpha lAipha' (zolApura : jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha,* ____1969), pR. 163 meM upata 3. vahI, pR. 287 4. dekhiye, va leTara kAma gAMdhIjI,' mAranaM rivyU, maktU. 1916 5. 'tatvAva-mUkha', VII.8

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naitika niyama 147 prati dayAbhAva rakhatA hai, yadi akasmAt kisI prANI ko coTa bhI pahuMcA de to use pApa nahIM lagegA / "" isa prakAra, ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie mana aura zarIra ke bIca sahayoga Avazyaka samajhA gayA hai| isake sAtha hArdika prema kI samyak bhASA bhI cAhie / isa prakAra, na to hisA kA vicAra hotA hai na bhASA, jisase patA calatA hai ki hiMsA ke lie koI ukasA nahIM rahA hai| ataH ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA artha haivicAra, zabda tathA kArya kI zuddhatA, jo jAgatika prema aura sabhI prANiyoM ke prati karuNA rakhane se prApta hotI hai--phira ve prANI vikAsakrama ke kitane bhI nimna stara ke kyoM na ho| jainoM ke ahiMsA sambandhI mata ko sahI rUpa meM samajhAte hue IliyaTa kahate haiM : ..."ahiMsA kI AkarSaka dhAraNA, jaisA ki yUropavAsI kalpanA karate haiM, dAdA-dAdI ko khA jAne ke bhaya para AdhArita nahIM hai, balki isa mAnavIya evaM bauddhika bhAvanA para AdhArita hai ki sabhI jIvana eka hai, aura jo vyakti jAnavaroM ko khAte haiM, ve una jAnavaroM se zreSTha nahIM hai jo dUsare jAnavaroM ko khAte haiN|" ahiMsA ke pAlana meM gRhastha ko kucha DhIla dI gayI hai / parantu muni ko ahiMsA kA pAlana bar3I kaThoratA se karanA hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, vanaspati meM jo ekendriya jIva pAye jAte haiM, unheM mArane kI muni ko chUTa nahIM hai / parantu ekendriya jIva ko mArane kI gRhastha ko anumati hai, kyoMki yadi vaha aime jIvoM ko nahIM mAratA hai to kRSi kA nukasAna hogA aura pariNAmataH samAja ko anAja-jaisI Avazyaka cIja nahIM milegii| isalie kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha ko kevala do indriyoM, tIna indriyoM, cAra indriyoM tathA paMcendriyoM vAle jIvoM ke mAmale meM hI ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA caahie| muni ke lie jo kaThora niyama haiM unheM mahAvrata kahate haiM aura gRhastha ke lie jo sAmAnya niyama haiM unheM aNuvrata kahate haiM / jaina bauddhoM kI isa bAta ke lie bar3I AlocanA karate the ki, ve mAMsa khAne kI anumati isalie dete haiM ki jAnavaroM kI hatyA unhoMne nahIM balki kasAI ne kI hai| jainamata yaha hai ki yadi mAMsa khAnevAle hI na hoM, to kasAI pazuhatyA kA pApakarma nahIM kareMge; isalie mAMsa khAnevAle hI (yadyapi apratyakSa rUpa se) hatyA ke lie jimmevAra haiM / jaina una hinduoM kI bhI kaTu AlocanA karate the jo dharma ke nAma para yajJa meM pazuoM kI bali dete the / 6. 'pravacanasAra,' III. 17 7. pUrvI0, khaNDa prathama, pu0 1 vi

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148 jaina darzana satya yaha dUsarA vrata sabhI logoM ke pAlana ke lie hai| gRhastha ke lie isa vrata kA kaThora pAlana Avazyaka nahIM hai| isa vrata ke bhAva kA pAlana karanA hI basa Avazyaka hai| cUMki ahiMsA hI sabase mahattva kA vrata hai, isalie zeSa sabhI vratoM kA pAlana itanA hI paryApta hai ki ahiMsA kA vrata khaNDita na ho| aisI paristhiti meM jahAM satya bolane se hiMsA yA hatyA ho sakatI hai; jaise, (hatyA karane ke lie pIche par3e hue DAkuoM se bacane ke lie) jaba koI AdamI chipa jAtA hai to usakA sthAna na batAne meM jo jAnabUjhakara asatya bolA jAtA hai vaha naitika dRSTi se ucita hai| aisI sthiti meM jhUTha bolane se hatyA hone se rukatI hai, isalie yaha usa sacAI se behatara hai jisase ki hiMsA yA hatyA ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra, koI jAnavara jhAr3I meM chipa gayA hai aura zikArI ko isakI jAnakArI nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM satya bAta batAne se usa jAnavara kI hatyA ho sakatI hai| asteya isa vrata kA artha hai ki AdamI ko kevala apanI sampatti bhoganI cAhie; dUsare kA hathiyAne kI cAha nahIM rakhanI caahie| vyApAra aura lena-dena meM kiye jAnevAle bure karma, jaise, mAla meM milAvaTa karanA, grAhaka ko usake paisoM ke badale meM pUrA mAla na denA, ThIka se mApa-taula na karanA tathA kAle bAjAra meM ulajhanA, ye saba steya yAnI corI ke kAma kahalAte haiN| aise bure karmoM se sAvadhAnIpUrvaka bacane se hI asteya vrata kA pAlana hotA hai| puna: isa vrata ke pAlana ke mAmale meM bhI gRhastha kI apanI kucha sImAeM haiM / isalie usase kevala sApekSa pAlana kI hI AzA kI jAtI hai| gRhastha ke lie isa vrata ke pAlana kA artha hai-na dI gayI vastuoM ko na lenA aura dUsaroM kI girI huI, chUTI huI yA khoyI huI vastuoM ko na utthaanaa| isI prakAra gRhastha ko cAhie ki vaha vastuoM ko saste dAmoM para na kharIde yadi saste 8. jaina dArzanika isa bAta ko bhalIbhAMti jAnate the ki apane dainika jIvana meM gRhasya kaTu vacanoM kA pUrNa rUpa se tyAga nahIM kara sakatA, vizeSataH apane ghara meM dhaMdhe meM aura jIvana kI surakSA ke mAmale meM / ataH ina mAmaloM meM apavAda banAye gaye the aura anya 1 mAmaloM meM asatya se bacane ke niyama banAye gaye the| niSedhArthaka rUpa meM satya kA yaha bhI artha hai ki AdamI atizayokti na dikhAye aura avaguNa khojane tathA asabhya bAtacIta meM na ulajhe / satya kA spaSTa artha hai upayogI, saMtulita tathA sAragarbhita zabdoM ko bolanA /

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naitika niyama 149 dAma kA kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha vastu anucita DhaMga se prApta kI gayI hai / bhUmigata tathA anadhikRta sampatti, jo ki rAjA kI hotI hai gRhastha ko nahIM lenI cAhie: aisI sampatti kI sUcanA use rAjA ko turaMta denI caahie| brahmacarya tapasvI ke saMdarbha meM isa vrata kA artha hai saMbhoga se pUrNataH virata rahanA / saMbhoga ke karma se to virata rahane ko kahA hI gayA hai, parantu saMbhoga se saMbaMdhita vicAra bhI usa karma kI taraha avAMchanIya tathA anaitika mAne gaye the| brahmacarya ke vrata ke lie bhI vicAra, vAcA tathA karma ina tInoM ke sahayoga ke siddhAnta ko Avazyaka samajhA gayA thaa| gRhastha ke saMdarbha meM, jaisA ki spaSTa hai, isa vrata kA zAbdika evaM kaThora rUpa meM pAlana saMbhava nahIM hai| saMbhoga se virata rahane kA yadi kaThoratA se pAlana kiyA jAya to vyakti ke lie ghara-parivAra kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyagA / jaina dArzanika samasyA ke isa pahalU se AMkheM mUMde hue nahIM the| isalie unhoMne sujhAyA ki gRhastha dvArA eka patnI vrata kA pAlana karane se isa vrata kA pAlana ho jAtA hai| gRhastha dvArA brahmacarya kA pAlana kiye jAne kA artha hai apanI patnI ( yA pati) ke prati pUrNataH vaphAdAra honA / dUsarI strI ( yA puruSa ) ke bAre meM socane mAtra se isa vrata ko kSati pahuMcatI hai| ekapatnI yA ekapati vrata saMbhoga kI zuddhatA kA dyotaka hai; isase usa vyakti ke tathA parivAra ke jIvana meM sukha vyApta rahatA hai / aparigraha spaSTataH yaha vrata muniyoM ke lie hai, kyoMki pravrajita hone ke pahale unheM apanI sArI sampatti tathA dhana ko tyAganA hotA hai / parantu kevala bhautika tyAga kA koI mAne nahIM hai / use tyAgI huI vastuoM kA tanika bhI smaraNa nahIM honA caahie| cUMki una vastuoM ke sAtha usakA satata samparka rahA hai, isalie pahale kI vastuoM kI yAdeM usake dimAga meM maMDarAte rahane kI kAphI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai / ataH tapasvI ko cAhie ki vaha purAnI tyAgI huI vastuoM kA smaraNa na hone de| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hogA ki aparigraha ke saMdarbha meM yadyapi mukhyataH sampatti evaM dhana kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, lekina vastutaH isa vrata ko jIvana ke prati eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa apanAne taka bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai| manuSya kA apane ghara-parivAra tathA sambandhita vastuoM ke prati itanA adhika moha bar3ha

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jana darzana 150 jAtA hai ki vaha ina sabako apanI sampatti samajha baiThatA hai| parantu sacce tapasvI ko aisA jIvana bitAnA cAhie ki vaha saba vastuoM ko, yahAM taka ki apane zarIra tathA mana ko bhI, mokSa ke mArga kI bAdhA smjhe| gRhastha ke lie aparigraha vrata kA artha hai AvazyakatA se adhika kA saMgraha karane kI cAha na rkhnaa| gRhastha ke saMdarbha meM jaina dArzanikoM ne aparigraha vrata ke bAre meM jo DhIla dI hai usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa vrata kA kaThora pAlana samAja ke hita meM na hogaa| pezA cAhe koI bhI ho, isa vrata ke pAlana kA artha hogA apane kartavya kA na kevala kuzalatA se, balki ImAnadArI se bhI pAlana krnaa| udAharaNa ke lie, vyApArI ke saMdarbha meM kuzalatA kA artha hogA vyApAra ke niyamoM kI jAnakArI tathA unakA sahI istemAla, jisase Arthika sAdhanoM meM vRddhi hotI hai| vyApArI dvArA ImAnadArI baratane kA artha hai apane dhaMdhe ko vyaktigata sukha tathA samAja-kalyANa kA sAdhana samajhanA / apane peze meM ucita athavA naitika tarIkoM ko apanAkara vyApArI mahattama lAbha uThAte hue samAja kI mevA kara sakatA hai| ___ vyApaka rUpa se jIvana ke prati tyAga kI yaha bhAvanA, jise antatogatvA AdamI ko apanAnA hotA hai, sAmAnya jIvana bitAnevAle gRhastha dvArA bhI vyavahAra meM lAyI jA sakatI hai| anta meM manuSya ko apanI sArI tRSNAeM tyAganI hotI haiM aura apanI AtmA ko zuddha banAnA hotA hai / isalie dainandina jIvana meM aparigraha vrata kA pAlana karane kA matalaba hai apanI icchAoM para saMyama se aMkuza rkhnaa| gRhastha dvArA pAlana kiye jAnevAle isa vrata ko parimita aparimaha kahate haiN| isa prakAra, ye pAMca mahAvata apanI hI AtmA kI khoja meM nikale hue vyakti ke lie pathapradarzaka staMbha haiN| ina vratoM meM pAyA jAnevAlA samagra rUpa isa tathya meM nihita hai ki sabhI vrata aMtatogatvA ahiMsA ke vrata meM hI samA jAte haiN| jainoM kA mata hai ki ina samagra vratoM kA pAlana karane se paripUrNa vyaktitva kI prApti meM sahAyatA milatI hai|

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karma siddhAnta 26 arafat ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI bhAratIya darzana karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiM / sAmAnyataH karma siddhAnta kA udaya mAnava jIvana meM ghaTita honevAlI vividha ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA karanevAle kArya-kAraNa sambandha meM hotA hai / vibhinna vicAradhArAoM meM karma zabda ke kiye gaye sUkSma artha bhinna haiN| yahAM hameM hindU darzana tathA jaina darzana kI karma siddhAnta sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke bAre meM hI vicAra karanA hai / anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM karma ko kriyA ke artha meM liyA hai, yadyapi isa kriyA zabda ke bhI bhinna-bhinna artha kiye gaye haiN| jaina dArzanika karma zabda kI sarvathA bhautika vyAkhyA karate haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra indriyoM dvArA agocara atisUkSma paramANuoM ke samUha kA nAma karma hai / karma kI bhautika prakRti ke samarthana meM jaina dArzanikoM ne jo tarka peza kiye haiM, ve bar3e rocaka haiN| mAnA gayA hai ki yadi kArya bhautika svarUpa kA hai, to kAraNa bhI bhautika svarUpa kA honA caahie| udAharaNArtha, jina paramANuoM se vizva kI vastueM banI haiM unheM vastuoM ke 'kAraNa' mAnA jA sakatA hai, aura paramANuoM ko bhautika tattva mAna lene para vastuoM ke kAraNoM ko bhI bhautika mAnanA hogaa| jainoM kI isa mAnyatA ke viruddha uThAyI jAnevAlI pahalI Apatti yaha hai ki, sukha, duHkha, pramoda tathA pIr3A-jaise anubhava zuddha rUpa se mAnasika haiM, isalie inake kAraNa bhI mAnasika yAnI abhautika hone caahie| jainoM kA uttara hai ki ye anubhava zArIrika kAraNoM se sarvathA svatantra nahIM haiM, kyoMki sukha, duHkha ityAdi anubhava, udAharaNArtha, bhojana Adi se sambandhita hote haiM / abhautika sattA ke sAtha sukha Adi kA koI anubhava nahIM hotA, jaise ki AkAza ke sAtha / ' ataH yaha mAnA gayA hai ki ina anubhavoM ke pIche 'prAkRtika kAraNa' haiM, aura yahI karma hai| isI artha meM sabhI mAnavIya anubhavoM ke lie sukhada yA dukhada tathA pasaMda yA nApasaMda-karma jimmevAra haiN| cUMki jainoM kA dvaitavAda jIva tathA ajIva sattAoM abhautika tathA bhautika yA nirAkAra tathA sAkAra ko svIkAra karatA hai, isalie karma ko - 1. 'karma', I. 3

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jaina darzana sabhI anubhavoM ke lie jimmevAra mAnane kA artha hogA : (1) anubhava kevala sacetana jIva ke haiM, (2) anubhava ina do sattAoM ke saMyoga, saMyojana tathA sammizraNa ke kAraNa haiM, aura (3) jaba anubhava nahIM hote taba jIva ke lie koI sImA nirdhArita nahIM rhtii| jaina dArzanikoM kA tarka hai ki, apane anubhavoM se hama isa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki karmadravya zuddha AtmA se mila gayA hai aura yaha jIva kI cetanA kI zuddhatA nirdhArita karatA hai| karma ke duSTa prabhAva antargata AtmA, jo ki vizuddha evaM asIma kSamatAoMvAlI hotI hai, apane ko 'sImita' anubhava karatI hai| AtmA ko karma ke isa viparIta prabhAva se mukta karanA mokSa pAne ke lie anivArya zarta hai, aura mokSaprApti jIvana kA caramoddezya hai / jIba do prakAra ke karmoM se baMdhatA hai--bhautika tathA mAnasika / pahale prakAra ke karma kA yaha artha hai ki dravya kA AtmA meM praveza ho gayA hai aura dUsare prakAra ke antargata icchA tathA anicchA-jaisI vetana (mAnasika) kriyAoM kA samAveza hotA hai / ina do prakAra ke karmoM ko eka-dUsare ke lie vizeSa rUpa se jimmedAra mAnA jAtA hai / 152 kahA gayA hai ki karmA manuSyoM ko vibhinna kAlAvadhiyoM ke lie bAMdhakara rakhate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki acche tathA bure donoM hI prakAra ke anubhavoM kI kAlAvadhi nyUnAdhika hotI hai| mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki karmANu jIva ko cAhe jitane samaya ke lie prabhAvita karate raheM, jainoM kI dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki jIva apane ko karma ke bandhana se mukta kara sakatA hai| isa samaya ko karmoM kA sthitibandha kahate haiN| jIvAtmA ko prabhAvita karanevAle karma vyakti ke tatsambandhI bhAvoM tathA kAryoM kI tIvratA para nirbhara karate haiN| vyakti jitanA hI adhika ulajhA hogA, usakI jitanI hI adhika Asakti hogI, karma kI bandhanazakti bhI utanI hI adhika hogii| isI prakAra, kriyA kI zakti ke anusAra karma ke prabhAva se hone vAlA anubhava bhI manda yA tIvra ho sakatA hai| karma ke isa pakSa ko anubhAga bandha kahate haiM / karma kI bhautika dhAraNA kA svAbhAvika artha yaha hai ki karma kI mAtrA jIva ko eka niyata samaya meM prabhAvita karatI hai| cUMki karmANa jIvAtmA ko dUSita karate haiM, isalie jaina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki jIvAtmA una karmANuoM ko ' AkarSita karatI hai jo isake nikaTa rahate haiN| yaha AkarSaNa svayaM jIvAtmA kI kriyAzIlatA para nirbhara karatA hai| jIvAtmA kI kriyAzIlatA jitanI hI adhika hogI, isake dvArA AkarSita karma kI mAtrA utanI hI adhika hogii| usI prakAra, jIvAtmA kI kriyAzIlatA kama ho to usake dvArA AkarSita karmAoM

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karma simAnta 153. kI mAvA bhI kama hogii| isI sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kahA jAtA hai ki karma ko tyAgane se mokSa prApta karane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| parantu ki yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vikAroM ke kAraNa hI bandhana hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki yadi binA vikAroM ke karma kiye jAyaM to ve vyakti ko nahIM bAMdhate / karma sivAnta ke isa tIsare svarUpa ko pradezabandha kahA gayA hai| garma prakRti kA cauthA svarUpa yaha hai ki isake 8 prakAra aura 158 upaprakAra haiN| ATha mukhya prakAra ye haiM : jJAnAbaraNa, parzanAvaraka, bevanIma, mohanIya, mAyu, nAma, gola tathA antraay| inameM se pahale cAra karma jIva ke guNoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiM, isalie inheM pAti kahate haiN| aura zeSa kama bAdhaka nahIM hote, isalie aghAti kahe gaye haiN| aba hama vibhinna prakAra ke karmoM ke bhedoM para vicAra kreNge| mAnAvaraNa : cUMki zAma pAMca prakAra kA hai, isalie jAnAvaraNa karma ke bhI pAMca prakAra haiN| ve mati, bhUta, avadhi, mana:paryaya tathA kevalamAnakA AvaraNa kahalAte haiN| darzanAvaraNa : isakI nau uttara-prakRtiyAM haiN| prathama cAra, cAra prakAra ke darzana se sambandhita haiM aura zeSa pAMca prakAra kI nidrA se| prathama prakAra ke karma se nendriya kI darzanazakti kSINa hotI hai, isalie ise banImAvaraNIya karma kahate haiM / pradhA darzanAvaraNIya karma se zeSa indriyoM kI zakti manda par3a jAtI hai| avadhi tathA kevala darzanAvaraNIya karmA dvArA una-una darzanoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhA upasthita hotI hai| Age ke pAMca rma halakI nidrA, gaharI nidrA, calatephirate samaya ko nidrA, calate-phirate samaya kI gAr3hatara nidrA tathA nidrAcAra haiM aura kramaza: nizA, nidrA-nidrA, pracalA, prabalA-pracalA tathA styAnadi kahalAte haiN| vedanIya : isake do bheda haiM / jo jIva ko sukha kA anubhava karAtA hai use sAtA vedanIya karma kahate haiM aura jo duHkha kA anubhava karAtA hai use asAtA vedanIya karma kahate haiN| mohanIya : isake 28 bheda haiN| parantu mukhya bheda do haiM -bana mohanISa aura cArita mohanIya, jo kramaza: darzana tathA cAritra meM dUSaNa utpanna karate haiN| pahale ke tIna upabheda haiM aura dUsare ke paccIsa / 2. vahI, I. 4.9 3. vahI, I. 10-12 4. vahI, 1. 12 5.bahI, 1.14-22

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154 * jaina darzana ag: isake cAra bheda haiM aura ye jIva kI cAra gatiyoM-deva, naraka, manuSya tathA tiryac -- meM Ayu kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| isalie inheM bebarayu, narakAyu, manuSyAyu tathA ticAyu kahate haiN|" nAma : isake 103 bheda haiN| inheM adhikatara nirdhArita krama meM cAra vargoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai| prakRti jisake 75 bheda haiM, pratyeyaprakRti jisake 8 bheda haiM, ae are jisake dasa bheda haiM aura sthAvara dazaka jisake dasa bheda haiN| ina cAra vargoM ke kucha udAharaNa yahAM diye jAte haiN| majabUta jor3a, zarIra kA saMtulana tathA sugaThita ceharA - ye prathama varga ke kucha udAharaNa haiN| zreSThatA kI bhAvanA, dharmasthApanA kI kSamatA, Adi dUsare varga ke kucha udAharaNa haiN| khUbasUrata zarIra, madhura vANI tathA sahAnubhUti kA bhAva - ye saba tIsare prakAra ke karma ke kAraNa haiN| kisI manuSya kA bhaddA ceharA, kaTu svabhAva tathA karkaza vANI - ye saba cauthe prakAra ke karma ke kAraNa haiM / gotra : yaha karma usa kula se sambandhita hai jisameM vyakti kA janma hotA hai / isake do bheda haiM : jisa kula meM lokapUjita AcaraNa kI paramparA hai use uccagotra kahate haiM, aura jisameM lokaninvita AcaraNa kI paramparA hai, use nIcagotra kahA gayA hai| 6. vahI, 1.23 7. glAsannapa, pUrvo0 pu0 11 8. 'karmagrantha' I. 52 9. baddI antarAya : isake pAMca bheda haiM aura ye manuSya ke svakIya parAkrama ke vikAsa meM bAdhA utpanna karate haiN| ye pAMca bheda haiM bAnAntarAya, lAbhAntarAya, bhogAntarAya, upabhogAntarAya aura voryAntarAya / kramaza: ye dAna, lAbha, bhoga, bhoga kI paristhiti tathA icchAzakti ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hote haiM / ' anta meM yaha samajha lenA jarUrI hai ki ina vibhinna karmoM lie vyakti svayaM jimmedAra hotA hai aura ye bAhara se usa para lAde nahIM jAte / ataH jimmedArI vyakti kI hI hotI hai, isameM deva jaisI koI bAta nahIM hotI / vyakti ke bhautika jIvana se sambandhita karmoM para vicAra karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki inakA nirdhAraNa vyakti ke zArIrika kriyAkalApoM se hotA hai, to mAnasika tathA AdhyAtmika kriyAkalApoM ke bAre meM yaha bAta aura bhI adhika sahI hai| jainoM ke karma siddhAnta kA yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki vyakti hI apane bhAgya ke lie jimmedAra hotA hai|

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naitika tattva 27 yaha sarvavidita hai ki hara darzana meM tattvamImAMsIya tathA naitika tattvoM kA nikaTa kA sambandha rahatA hai, vizeSata: 'uccatara naitikatA' ko mahattva diye jAne pr| inake pArasparika sambandha ko vyakta karane ke lie prAya: 'nItizAstra ke tAttvika mUlAdhAra' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / jaina darzana meM bhI naitika tattvoM para svataMtra evaM vistRta rUpa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM nI naitika tattvoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai : jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokss| tattvamImAMsIya tathA naitika tatvoM kA nikaTa kA sambandha suspaSTa hai| hama dekhate haiM ki jIva tathA ajIva tatvoM kA samAveza donoM meM kiyA gayA hai| tatvamImAMsIya jIva tathA ajIva tattvoM para vicAra karate samaya hamane dekhA ki jainamata ke anusAra ina do tattvoM ke nikaTa Akara mila-jula jAne se hI saMsAra yAnI jIvana-cakra kA udaya hotA hai aura lagatA hai ki jIvana-mRtyu ke isa cakra kA koI anta nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ina do nitya evaM svataMtra tattvoM ke nikaTa Ane se cetanA kI zuddhatA naSTa ho jAtI hai, parantu hamane abhI parivartana kI usa prakriyA kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai jisake antargata jIva kI svataMtra sattA lupta ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra, yaha bhI dekhanA hai ki jIva tathA ajIva ke saMyojana se naSTa huI cetanA kI zuddhatA ko kisa prakAra puna: prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| naitika tattvoM kA vivecana karate hue jaina dArzanikoM ne ina do bAtoM para sucAru rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai : svataMtra jIva kisa prakAra bandhana meM phaMsa jAtA hai aura yaha apanI khoyI huI svataMtratA kisa prakAra prApta karatA hai| cUMki jIva tathA ajIva ke bAre meM hama pahale vicAra kara cuke haiM, isalie aba yahA~ zeSa sAta tattvoM kA hI vivecana kreNge| puSya aura pApa : inheM kramazaH acche tathA bure karmoM kA pariNAma mAnA gayA hai| jo AdamI dukhI hai vaha socatA hai ki sukhI AdamI bar3e maje meM hai parantu kahA gayA hai ki antata: eka kI sthiti dUsare se behatara nahIM hotI, kyoMki donoM hI saMsAra-cakra meM phaMse hote haiN| jaina dArzanika ina donoM AdamiyoM kI pari.

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jaina darzana 156 sthitiyoM ke srota pahale janma ke kisI bhI pUrvajanma ke-karmoM meM khojate haiN| ___ata: duHkhI AdamI yadi sukhI jIvana bitAnA cAhatA hai to use cAhie ki vaha durAcaraNa ko tyAga de aura madAcaraNa kA mArga apnaaye| yahAM yaha spaSTa hai ki vyakti ko kevala sadAcaraNa se hI mukti nahIM miltii| caMki mokSaprApti kA artha hai jIvana aura mRtyu ke cakra se pUrNataH mukti, isalie spaSTata: yaha pApa aura puNya se pare hai| arthAt, muktiprApta manuSya bhale-bure ke dAyare ke bAhara calA jAtA hai| cUMki bhale-bure AcaraNa kA sambandha pUrvakarmoM se hotA hai aura bhale yA bure kArya ko karane kI eka svAbhAvika pravRtti hotI hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki ye karma jIva ko eka prakAra se bAMdhate haiM aura mukti ko sImita banAte haiN| ____ acche karma ke udAharaNa haiM : samyak darzana tathA samyak jJAna kI prApti, muniyoM ke prati zraddhAbhAva aura vratoM kA pAlana / pariNAmataH vyakti ko sAtA bedanIya yAnI sukhAnubhava, zubha Ayu, zubha nAma tathA gotra kI prApti hotI hai|' bure karma haiM : mithyA zraddhA, mithyA jJAna, hiMsA vRtti, jhUTha bolanA, bhogavRtti tathA Asakti; saMkSepa meM ve karma jinakA udaya paMcavatoM kA pAlana na karane se hotA hai| inase vyakti ko masAtA vedanIya yAnI duHkhAnubhava, azubha Ayu, azubha nAma tathA azubha gotra kI prApti hotI hai|' isalie jaina dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki sadAcArI jIvana durAcArI jIvana se behatara hai| parantu itanA hI paryApta nahIM hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki sukhI tathA svastha jIvana aura dIrghAyu Adi milane se paripUrNatA ko prApta karane meM suvidhA hotI hai, yAnI jIva ko ajIva ke dUSaNa se mukta karane kI samasyA ke hala kI saMbhAvanA bar3ha jAtI hai| yahAM vyakti apanI dRSTi se kaha sakatA hai ki anukUla paristhitiyoM meM mukti kI prApti para adhikAdhika dhyAna diyA jA sakatA hai| parantu jaina matAnusAra manuSya kA dhyeya mAtra mukti na hokara jIva kI mukti hai| ata: carama lakSya hai-jIva ko ajIva se mukta krnaa| kevala sukhabhoga kI suvidhA hone se yaha saMbhava nahIM hai -phira yaha sukhabhoga duHkhabhogiyoM ke lie bhale hI mAne rakhatA ho| isalie spaSTa upadeza yaha hai ki, cUMki acche aura bure donoM hI prakAra ke karmoM kA mUla kAraNa Asakti hai aura donoM hI prakAra ke karma vyakti ko bAMdhe rakhate haiM,yAnI phalaprApti ke lie use anaginata janma lene par3ate haiM, isalie mokSaprApti kI cAha rakhane vAle vyakti kA dhyeya anAsakti ko bar3hAtA honA caahie| aisA karane se hI vyakti muktipatha para Age bar3hatA hai / isa jaina-- 1. isakA vivaMcana aThArahaveM prakaraNa meM kiyA jA cukA hai| 2. 'tattvArdhasUtra', VIII. 25 3. vahI, VIII. 26

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naitika tattva 157 mata kI taraha anya bhAratIya darzanoM kA bhI yahI kavana hai ki saMsAra ke pApoM se bacane ke lie acche-bure donoM ke hI prati anAsakti honA jarUrI hai| Alava aura bandha: Age ke pAMca tatvoM kA vivecana na kevala mahattva kA hai, afee rocaka bhI hai, kyoMki isameM karma ke duSpariNAmoM se mukti pAne ke mArga para Age bar3hane ke jaina dArzanikoM ke vicAra bar3e suspaSTa haiN| yahAM yaha jAnakArI asaMgata na hogI ki jIva ke bandhana kI prakriyA tathA mokSaprApti ke upAya ke bAre meM jo jaina vicAra haiM ve kAphI hada taka zarIra ke rogagrasta hone tathA usase mukti pAne ke lie cikitsAzAstra meM batAye gaye upAyoM-jaise haiM / mAnava zarIra apanI prAkRtika sthiti meM vibhinna vyAdhiyoM ko rokane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai / parantu aneka kAraNoM se zarIra yaha avarodhaka zakti kho baiThatA hai / isase vibhinna prakAra ke kITANuoM ko zarIra meM pahuMcane meM aura nukasAna pahuMcAne meM AsAnI hotI hai / niroga hone kA upAya yaha hai ki zarIra meM abarodhaka zakti paidA ho, rogotpAdaka kITANuoM kA zarIra meM pahuMcanA banda ho aura kITANuoM kA pUrNata: nAza ho jo zarIra meM praveza pA cuke haiN| jIva ke bandhana kI prakriyA tathA mukti ke upAya bhI kucha isI prakAra ke haiN| jIva, jo ki apanI prAkRtika avasthA meM parizuddha hotA hai, Asakti, dveSa Adi kI apanI manodazAoM ke kAraNa karmANuoM se dUSita ho jAtA hai| vastutaH karmANuoM dvArA prabhAvita hone ke pahale hI jIvAtmA meM badala hotA hai| ise hama yUM kaha sakate haiM ki AtmA karma ke dUSaNa ko rokane kI zakti kho baiThI hai aura aba bure prabhAvoM se apanI rakSA karane meM vaha samartha nahIM hai| dUsarI avasthA pramyAlaya aura prathama ko bhAva kahA gayA hai| cUMki AtmA meM raddobadala pahale hotI hai aura isase usake dUSaNa ke lie rAstA khula jAtA hai, isalie bandhana kA mUla kAraNa bhAvAia hI mAnA gayA hai, na ki drvyaasv| azuddha manodazA kI utpatti reat, aniyamana aura krodha, mAna, lobha Adi manovikAroM ke kAraNa hotI hai| isase AtmA kI ora karmANuoM ke bahAva ko protsAhana milatA hai aura dUSaNa kI prkriyaa| zurU ho jAtI hai| ina do prakAra ke AsravoM ke sthAna para hameM kucha bhinna prakAra ke mata kI bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| hama dekhate haiM ki ina do prakAra ke AsavoM ke sthAna para kevala eka hI Asrava tattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / kAya, bAkU aura mana kI kriyAoM ko Alaba kahA gayA hai|' yahAM yadyapi mana aura kAya ko eka sAtha rakhA gayA hai, phira bhI spaSTa hai ki karma ke pravAha se sambandhita mAnyatA vahI hai| kAya, vAk tathA mana kI kriyAoM se AtmA meM jo parispaMdana hotA hai, use yoga kahA gayA hai / aura ise hI AsravoM kA samagra 4. vahI, VI. 1-2

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jaina darzana 158 kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki isake antargata anubhavajanya AtmAoM tathA arhantoM, donoM kA hI samAveza hotA hai| siddha isa sImA ke pare pahuMca jAte haiM, kyoMki ve kAya, vAk tathA mana kI kriyAoM se mukta rahate haiN| bandha bhI yoga ke kAraNa haiM, parantu kevala yoga ke kAraNa nhiiN| yoga ke alAvA kaSAyoM ke aniSTa pariNAma bhI bandha ke kAraNa haiN| kaSAya ke sahayoga se yoga adhika karmANa oM ko AkarSita karatA hai aura ye karmANa jIva ko bAMdhate haiN| bandha kI bhI do avasthAeM haiM : bhAvabandha avasthA aura dravyabandha avsthaa| krodha aura mAna-jaise kaSAya cetanA ko AloDita karate haiM aura isase karma eka khAsa bandha ko janma detA hai, jise bhAvabandha kahA gayA hai| isake bAda karmANu jIva ke vAstavika samparka meM Ate hai aura isase dravyabandha kI avasthA paidA hotI hai| bandha ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM : prakRtibandha, pradezabandha, sthitibandha aura anubhaagbndh| inameM se pahale kA janma taba hotA hai jaba jIva kI spandana kriyA se dravya karmANu oM meM rUpAntarita hotA hai| isake ATha pramukha bheda haiM, aura inakI carcA hama pahale kara cuke hai| tArkika dRSTi se dUsarA bandha pradezabandha hai| jIva kA eka bAra vibhinna prakAra ke karmANuoM ke prati lagAva paidA ho jAtA hai to ye karmANu AtmA ke vibhinna pradezoM meM sthAna grahaNa kara lete haiM, aura isa prakAra karmabandha se mukta honA AtmA ke lie lagabhaga asaMbhava ho jAtA hai| yaha aura pahale prakAra kA bandha yoga ke kAraNa hai| tIsare prakAra ko sthitibandha kahate haiN| isake antargata karmAga oM kA lagAtAra praveza hotA hai aura dUSaNa eka nizcita avadhi ke bAda hotA hai| karmANu oM ke niraMtara bahAva ke kAraNa unameM phalita hone kI kSamatA paidA ho jAtI hai aura isase hI jIva ko vibhinna prakAra ke anubhava hote haiN| vividha kAlAvadhiyoM se janya vibhinna kSamatAoM se hI anubhavoM meM tIvratA evaM mandatA janma letI hai| isI ko anumAgabandha kahate haiN| tIsare tathA cauthe prakAra ke bandhoM kA janma kaSAyoM se hotA hai| saMbaraH jIva ke dUSaNa ko dUra karane ke lie karmANuoM ke bahAva badalane kI jo prakriyA hai, usakA nAma saMvara hai / ' Asrava kI taraha saMvara ke bhI do prakAra haiM : 5. ke. sI0 sogAnI, pUrvo0,1047 6. 'tatvArya-sUva',VIII. 2-3 7. 'sarvArtha siti', VIII. 3 8. vahI 9. 'tattvArthasUna', 1x.1

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naitika tasva 159 bhAvasaMbara aura drvysNbr| sarvaprathama karmAlava kI grahaNazIlatA ko rokA jAtA hai| ise bhAvasaMbara kahate haiN| karmAsana kA jo mUla kAraNa hai, vahI nahIM rahegA to karmAsrava bhI nahIM hogaa| karmAnava ke ruka jAne kI isa sthiti ko dravyasaMvara kahate haiM / saMbara ke lie samyak jJAna atyAvazyaka hai| yahAM samyak jJAna kA artha aise jJAna se hai jisase jIva aura ajIva kI prakRtiyAM spaSTa ho jAtI haiN| jaba taka samyak jJAna kA udaya nahIM hotA, taba taka jIva kI zuddha cetanA kI antarastha prakRti ko pahacAnanA saMbhava nahIM hai| jIva ke sAtha jur3e hue vibhinna kaSAya tathA moha vastutaH isake Abhyantara guNa nahIM haiN| yadyapi hama inheM AtmA kI prakRti ke Avazyaka aMga mAnate haiM, ye vastutaH Akasmika hI hote haiN| isalie AtmA ko kisI prakAra kI kSati pahuMcA ye binA inako haTAyA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra, AtmA ke sAtha jur3e hue aura bhI kaI prakAra ke karma haiM jo AtmA kI prakRti ko samajhane ke lie utane mahattva ke nahIM haiM jitanA ki unheM samajhA jAtA hai / saMkSepa meM, samyak jJAna na hone se cIjoM (jIva aura ajIva ) ke vibheda ko hama spaSTa rUpa se nahIM dekha paate| isa vibheda kA jaise hI jJAna hotA hai, moha meM phaMsI huI AtmA mukta ho jAtI hai, aura yaha apanI prakRti ko ThIka se pahacAnane lagatI hai / isa 'Atmabodha' ke pariNAmasvarUpa ajJAna se janita vibhinna manodazAeM kSINa ho jAtI haiN| yahI bhAvasaMbara hai, aura yaha dravyasaMvara ke lie mArga prazasta karatA hai| manodazAoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa karmAsrava pUrNataH ruka jAtA hai| saMgraha meM sAta prakAra ke saMvara batalAye gaye haiM: vrata, samiti, gupti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISahajaya aura cAritra / tatvArtha sUtra meM vrata ke sthAna para tapa ko rakhA gayA hai 110 nirjarA : karma ke kSaya kI do avasthAeM mAnI gayI haiM / prathama avasthA meM AtmA meM raddobadala hone se karmAlava AMzika rUpa se ruka jAtA hai| yaha bhAvanirjarA hai / karmAsrava ke pUrNa rUpa ruka jAne kI Age kI avasthA dravyanirjarA hai / tattvataH isa sthiti meM AtmA samyak jJAnamaya rahatI hai, isalie (karma ke upabhoga ke kAraNa) usake anubhava bhale hI pUrva -samyagjJAna kI avasthA ke rahe, parantu ina anubhavoM ke prati jo rukha hai, usameM hama spaSTa parivartana dekhate haiN| isa bhAva-parivartana se karma kA kSaya karane meM AsAnI hotI hai| 10. bahI, IX. 3

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jaina darzana jisa vyakti ko samyak jJAna nahIM hai usameM vibhinna prakAra ke kasaM vibhinna prakAra kI pratikriyAoM ko janma dete haiM (ye use honevAle vibhinna prakAra ke anubhavoM ke atirikta hotI haiM) / ye pratikriyAeM sukhadAyI anubhavoM ke prati spaSTa lagAva tathA duHkhadAyI anubhavoM ke prati viparIta bhAva apanAne se paidA hotI haiN| na jAnate hue ki usake vividha anubhava Asakti tathA dveSa se bhare pUrvakarmoM ke kAraNa haiM, vaha unameM DUba jAtA hai aura bahane lagatA hai, aura isa prakAra janma-mRtyu ke duSTa cakra meM adhikAdhika ulajha jAtA hai / parantu samyak jJAna vAlA vyakti jAnatA hai ki usake vividha anubhava vastutaH AtmAntargata nahIM hote isalie vaha inake prati anAsakti kA bhAva rakhatA hai / isIlie sukha yA duHkha se vaha prabhAvita nahIM hotaa| bAhya jagata ke prati aise bhAva ko apanAkara vaha karmoM ko phalita hone detA hai, yAnI vaha saMgrahIta karmoM ko kSINa hone detA hai / isa prakAra, apane acche aura bure karmoM ko bhogate hue, parantu unase kisI prakAra prabhAvita hue binA, vaha apane saMgrahIta karmoM ko samApta kara detA hai| yaha bhI mata dekhane ko milatA hai ki karmoM ke vastutaH phalita hone ke pahale hI tapasyA se karmoM ko naSTa karake prabhAvahIna banAyA jA sakatA hai| yahAM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainoM ke karma siddhAMta kA yaha svarUpa ThIka usa hindU siddhAMta ke samAna hai jisake anusAra jJAnaprApti se saMcita karma ko prabhAvahIna banAyA jA sakatA hai| hindU paramparA meM bhI AtmajJAna kI khoja meM nikale hue vyakti ko sujhAyA gayA hai ki vaha prArabdha karma ke prati anAsakti ke bhAva ko bar3hAvA de, tAki vaha karma cakra meM Age adhika na ulajha sake / mokSa : cUMki hama karma siddhAnta tathA ATha naitika tattvoM kA vivecana kara 'cuke haiM, isalie mokSa ke bAre meM batAne ke lie bahuta thor3A raha jAtA hai| mokSa kA artha hai mukti, yAnI jIva kI ajIva se mukti / jIva ke ajIva se mukta hone ke mArga kA vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai, isalie yahAM aba jaina nItizAstra ke virasma ke bAre meM hI kucha batAnA bAkI raha jAtA hai| ye triratna haiM: samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagvArina / triratna kI isa dhAraNA meM jaina mokSa siddhAMta kA sAratattva nihita hai / 160 samyagdarzana ko mokSa kA prAthamika kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki isIse samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra kA mArga prazasta hotA hai / yazastilaka meM kahA gayA hai : "jisa prakAra nIMva prAsAda kA mUlAdhAra hai, aura suyaza suMdaratA para,.. jIvana sukha bhoga para, rAjazakti vijaya para, saMskRti zra eSThatA para aura zAsana rAjanIti para AdhArita hai, usI prakAra yaha ( samyagdarzana) mokSa kA prAthamika kAraNa hai|" uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samyagdRSTi ke abhAva meM 11. ke0 sI0 sogAnI dvArA uba ta, pUrvI0 pR0 60-61 ,

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naitika tattva samyagjJAna asaMbhava nahIM aura samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM samyagdhArita saMbhava nahIM / 12 kahA gayA hai ki sAta tattvoM-jIva, ajIba, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa meM zraddhA rakhanA hI samyagdarzana hai| jainamata hai ki ina sAta tattvoM meM zraddhA rakhanevAle ( samyak dRSTi vAle) vyakti ko samyagjJAna hotA hai- samyak jJAna AdhyAtmika artha meM, aura na ki kevala isake jJAnamImAMsIya artha meM / samyagjJAna AdhyAtmika jJAna ke rUpa meM, vyakti ko jIva kI antaH prakRti ko samajhane meM . sahAyatA karatA hai, aura isase use mokSaprApti ke mArga para Age bar3hane ke lie sahI kadama uThAne meM suvidhA hotI hai| yahI samyagcArita hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne mokSaprApti ke lie naitika-AdhyAtmika niyamoM kA samagra nirUpaNa kiyA hai, yaha triratna kI dhAraNA se spaSTa hai| vastutaH samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyacAritra meM se kisI bhI eka kI alaga se sArthaka upalabdhi saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jIvana meM AdhyAtma kI prApti zuddha saiddhAMtika amUrtatA nahIM hai, aura na yaha aisI sarala cIja hai ki jisakA kevala anusaraNa kiyA jaay| isalie dRSTi, jJAna tathA cAritra ina tInoM ko mokSa ke lie mahattva kA mAnA gayA hai / jainoM ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki samyagdRSTi ke abhAva meM zeSa do niSkriya raha jAte haiM / yaha bAta samajhane yogya hai, kyoMki Adhunika manovijJAna meM bhI mAnA gayA hai ki 'zraddhA' meM svAsthyalAbha kI kuMjI nihita hai| zArIrika tathA mAnasika vyAdhiyoM ke bAre meM yaha siddhAMta satya hai, to isa jainamata ko ki AdhyAtmika 'svAsthyalAbha' bhI sujhAye gaye upAyoM meM buniyAdI zraddhA hone se hI saMbhava hai, hama sirpha eka saiddhAntika amUrtatA yA AtmajJAna kI khoja meM nikale hue logoM ko diyA jAnevAlA rUr3higata upadeza nahIM mAna sakate / 12. 28-30 13. 'tasvArthasUla', I. 2; 'dravyasaMgraha' 41 161

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SaDstarIya saMgha-vyavasthA 28 jaina matAnusAra jIvana ke carama lakSya kI prApti ke prayAsa saMnyAsa grahaNa kara lene taka hI sImita nahIM rahane caahie| jainamata hai ki parityAga kevala zArIrika nahIM, balki mukhyataH mAnasika hotA hai| isalie antataH AdhyAtmika jIvana meM pahuMcane kI taiyArI kAphI pahale se zurU hotI hai / isake lie do pakAra ke dharma nizcita kiye gaye haiM-bhAvakadharma aura munidharma / hama pahale batA cuke haiM ki vibhinna vratoM ke pAlana meM zrAvaka ko kAphI chUTa dI jAtI hai| parantu muni ko satya, ahiMsA, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha, ina pAMca mahAvratoM kA kar3AI se pAlana karanA hotA hai / isameM koI chUTa nahIM dI jaatii| zarIra, mana tathA vANI para pUrNa niyaMtraNa pAnA muni kA lakSya honA cAhie, kyoMki isa prakAra svayaM ko parizuddha rakhakara hI vaha paMcamahAvratoM kA vidhivat pAlana kara sakatA hai| mana-vacana-kAya para isa prakAra niyaMtraNa prApta karane ke prayAsa ko gupti kahA gayA hai / sarvArtha siddhi ke anusAra gupti vaha parama sAdhanA hai jisase jIva jIvana-mRtyu ke caka ko pAra kara jAtA hai| isa sAdhanA meM zArIrika kriyAoM para vizeSa dhyAna denA jarUrI hotA hai| calanA, bolanA, mala-mUvAdi tyAga, cIjoM kA sAvadhAnI se istemAla tathA zArIrika AvazyakatAoM ke bAre meM saMyama baratanA jarUrI hotA hai| inheM hI IryA samiti, bhASA samiti, utsarga samiti, AdAnanimeSa samiti tathA eSanA samiti kahate haiN| ina samitiyoM ke niyamoM ko isalie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki, jaba taka zarIra para niyaMtraNa nahIM hotA, taba taka mana ke niyaMtraNa ke bAre meM socA bhI nahIM jA sktaa| yahAM hama ina niyamoM kI gaharAI meM nahIM utreNge| yahAM hama yahI batAnA cAhate haiM ki muni kI AsthA zrAvaka se kAphI Age hotI hai| mAdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se tapasyA-krama kI pAMca aura zreNiyAM mAnI gayI haiN| ye zreNiyAM haiM :mAcArya upAdhyAya, sAdhu, arahanta aura sidd| muni avasthA ko milAkara ye saba SaDstarIya saMgha-vyavasthA kahalAtI haiN| yahAM hama 1. 'sarvisivi,' Ix.2 2. 'sasvArthasUba, IX.5

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163 padastarIya saMga vyavasthA muni avasthA se 'adhika vikasita' ina pAMca navasthAnoM para saMkSepa meM vicAra kareMge / aerrya : AcArya AdhyAtmika guru hotA hai| vaha logoM ko dharmadIkSA dene kA adhikAra rakhatA hai| isa saMdarbha meM jaina dharma kI mAnyatA hindU dharma kI taraha hI hai, ki dIkSA ke lie AcArya yA guru kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / AcArya kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha apane ziSyoM ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana kA mArgadarzana kreN| bhikSusaMgha kA saMcAlana karanA bhI usakI jimmedArI hotI hai / pathabhraSTa ziSyoM ko mArga para lAnA usakA hI kAma hai / use jaina dharmagranthoM kA tathA anya vidyamAna dharmo ke granthoM kA acchA jJAna honA jarUrI hai / yaha AvazyakatA sacamuca hI bar3e mahattva kI hai| matAgrahI na hokara dUsare vidyamAna dharmoM ke satyoM ke prakAza meM apane dharma ke siddhAMtoM kA vaha anuzIlana karatA hai / upAdhyAya : ise dhArmika upadeza dene kA adhikAra hotA hai| isalie upAdhyAya ko vibhinna dharma granthoM kA acchA jJAna honA caahie| upAdhyAya dharmopadeza to detA hai, parantu pathabhraSTa logoM ko mArga para lAnA usakA kAma nahIM hai| yaha adhikAra AcArya ko diyA gayA hai, kyoMki AcArya ko AdhyAtmika dRSTi se adhika unnata mAnA jAtA hai| upAdhyAya itanA unnata nahIM hotA ki logoM ko sahI mArga para lAne kA kArya kara ske| saMbhavata: lagAtAra dharmopadeza dete rahane se vaha dhArmika siddhAMtoM kI adhikAdhika gaharAI meM utaratA jAtA hai, aura isa prakAra anta meM dUsaroM ko mArga para lAne kA adhikArI bana jAtA hai / sAdhu : AdhyAtmaprApti ke lie nirdhArita vividha niyamoM kA sAghu bar3I kar3AI se pAlana karatA hai| upAdhyAya kI tulanA meM vaha adhika antarmukhI pravRtti kA hotA hai / use dharmopadeza denA nahIM hotA / sarvaprathama apane vyaktigata jIvana meM hI vibhinna vratoM kA pAlana karane kA artha yaha hai ki dUsaroM ko upadeza dene yogya banane ke lie pahale naitika niyamoM ke nirdhArita krama se gujaranA atyAvazyaka hai| naitika niyamoM kA niraMtara pAlana karane se AdamI AdhyAtmika jIvana kI vAstavika gaharAI meM utaratA hai, aura dharmopadeza ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra logoM ko dharmopadeza dene kA kAma zurU karane ke pahale inameM usakI gahana AsthA ho jAtI hai, aura sAdhu kA satata vratapAlana isameM sahAyaka siddha hotA hai| arahanta : pahale kI avasthAoM se arahanta kI rUpa se ucca hai ki usameM krodha, mAna, chala, lobha, kA lezamAtra bhI zeSa nahIM raha jaataa| isalie isa avasthA meM ahiMsA ke pAlana ko adhika parizuddha banAyA gayA hai| arahanta kA AdhyAtmika teja itanA tIvra avasthA isa ma.ne meM vizeSa Asakti, ghRNA tathA ajJAna

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164 jaina darzana evaM zuddha hotA hai ki yaha cAroM ora utsarjita hotA rahatA hai / arahanta kI mahaja upasthiti meM itanI kSamatA mAnI gayI hai ki usase saikar3oM loga AdhyAtmapatha para calane laga jAte haiM aura jIvana ke prati jo saMzayI evaM vikRta bhAva hote haiM ke naSTa ho jAte haiM / isalie kahate haiM ki arhat kI upasthiti se hI paramajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| ___ arhatoM ke sAta prakAra haiM : paMcakalyANadhArI, tInakalyANadhArI, do kalyANadhArI, sAmAnyakevalI, sAtizayakevalI, upasargakevalI aura antkRtkevlii| AdhyAtmika stara kI dRSTi se inameM koI bheda nahIM hai| yahAM dhyAna dene yogya mahattva kA bheda yahI hai ki prathama tIna ko aura zeSa ko do vargoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| prathama tIna prakAra ke ahaMta tIrthakara hote haiM, aura zeSa prakAra ke arhat tIrthakara nahIM hote| ina donoM meM bheda yaha hai ki jahAM prathama varga ke ahaMta saMsAra kI mAyA meM phaMse hue logoM ke uddhAra ke lie dhArmika siddhAMtoM kA upadeza (ina upadezoM ko gaNadhara vyavasthita rUpa se likhakara rakhate haiM) dene meM samartha hote haiM, vahAM dUsare varga ke mahat dharma-pratipAdaka na hokara AdhyAtmika paramAnanda meM lIna rahate haiN|' yaha mAnyatA sarvavidita hai ki pratyeka yuga meM kevala caubIsa tIrthakara hote haiN| parantu AdhyAtmapatha ke khojakartA ke lie yaha hatAza hone kI bAta nahIM hai, kyoMki kahA gayA hai ki Age ke ucca siddha pada kI prApti jo tIrthakara nahIM usake lie bhI saMbhava hai| __ arhat ko Adarza saMta aura paramaguru mAnA jAtA hai| use paramAtman bhI kahate haiN| paramAtmA yA Izvaratattva ke bAre meM jaina dharma kI jaisI viziSTa mAnyatA hai, usake anusAra arhatoM ke bAre meM yaha svAbhAvika hai ki ve apane bhaktoM ke prati pakSapAta kA bhAva nahIM rakha skte| upAdhye likhate haiM : "saMsAra kI sRSTi, saMcAlana evaM vinAza arhat yA siddha kA kArya nahIM hai| inase bhaktoM ko vara, anugraha yA zApa nahI miltaa| bhaktajana inakI ArAdhanA yA pUjA-arcanA eka aime Adarza ke rUpa meM karate haiM jahAM ve svayaM pahuMca skeN|" isalie arhata kI pUjA ko isa artha meM mahattva diyA gayA hai ki isase bhaktoM ke mana meM yaha AzA baMdha jAtI hai ki AdhyAtmika unnati unake lie bhI saMbhava hai| jaisA ki sogAnI ne likhA hai, arhata kI avasthA kA pUrNa varNana zabdoM meM saMbhava nahIM hai / ahetu ke teja ko bauddhika yA naitika zabdoM meM pUrNa rUpa se samajha pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / yadyapi kabhI-kabhI zuddha niSedhAtmaka varNana ke prayatna kiye jAte haiM, parantu ve saba unhIM kucha sAkSAt anubhUtiyoM kI ora nirdeza karate haiM 3. ke0 sI0 somAnI, pUrvo., pR. 199 4.ke. sI0sogAnI dvArA uta; pUrvo0, 10 199

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SaDstarIya saMgha-vyavasthA 165 jo kevala zuddha dhyAna yA samAdhi se saMbhava hai| siDa: yaha anubhUtiyoM ke pare kA stara hai| siddha kArya-kAraNa ke stara se Upara uTha jAtA hai, karma ke bandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai| siddha ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha na kisI se nirmita hotA hai aura na kisI kA nirmANa karatA hai|' cUMki siddha karmoM ke bandhana se mukta hotA hai, isalie vaha bAhya vastuoM se bhI pUrNataH mukta ho jAtA hai| isalie use na sukha kA anubhava hotA hai, na duHkha kaa| siddha ananta paramasukha meM lIna rahatA hai| siddhapada kI prApti nirvANa kI prApti ke samAna hai| aura nirvANa kI sthiti meM, niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM kaheM to, na koI pIr3A hotI hai, na sukha, na koI karma, na zubha-azubha dhyAna, na kleza, bAdhA, mRtyu, janma, anubhUti, Apatti, bhrama, Azcarya, nIMda, icchA, tathA kSudhA / spaSTa zabdoM meM kaheM to isa avasthA meM pUrNa antaHsphUrti, zAna, paramasukha, zakti, dravyahInatA tathA sattA hotI hai| AvArAMga meM siddha sthiti kA varNana isa prakAra hai : "jahAM kalpanA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM, vahAM se sabhI AvAjeM lauTa AtI haiN| vahAM dimAga bhI nahIM pahuMca sktaa| siddha binA zarIra, binA punarjanma tathA dravya-samparka se rahita hotA hai| vaha na strIliMgI hotA hai, na puMlligI aura na hI npuNskliNgii| vaha dekhatA hai, jAnatA hai, parantu yaha saba atulanIya hai| siddha kI sattA nirAkAra hotI hai| vaha nirAbaddha hotA hai|" nirvANa pada kI prApti ke sAtha ajIba ke duSTa prabhAvoM se apane ko mukta hue dekhane kI jIva kI abhilASA pUrNa ho jAtI hai| yaha vizva ke zikhara para pahuMca jAtA hai aura phira vahAM se isakA patana nahIM hotaa| eka jIva dvArA prApta avasthA ke eka dedIpyamAna udAharaNa kI taraha yaha anya jIvoM ke lie Adarza banakara camakatA hai / isa prakAra SaDstarIya saMdha-vyavasthA kA yaha varNana, dhArmika dRSTi se, jIva ke vibhinna staroM ke vikAsa kA varNana hai| 5. dekhiye, ke. sI. somAnI, vahI, pa.203 6. 'paMcAstikAya', 36 7. 'niyamasAra', 183 8. vahI, 178-181 9. I.5.6.3.4

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guNasthAna siddhAnta 29 jaina dArzanikoM ne una vividha AdhyAtmika dazAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai, jinameM se gujarakara jIva mokSaprApti karatA hai| aisI caudaha avasthAeM batAyI gayI haiM, jinameM se gujarane ke bAda jIva-AtmA yA cetanA zuddha ho jAtA hai| ina avasthAoM ko guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| kabhI-kabhI isa guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga una staroM ke artha meM bhI hotA hai jinameM se hote hue jIva jIvana kI sIr3hI para car3hakara mukti ke zikhara para pahuMca jAtA hai| guNasthAna zabda ko naitika yA dhAmika cAritra-nirmANa ke sImita artha meM na lekara jIvana meM AdhyAtma prApti ke caramoddezya ke gahana artha meM lenA caahie| rasmavaya ke siddhAnta ke anusAra, antatogatvA mokSaprApti kA artha hai - samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyagcAritra kI upalabdhi / pratyeka jIva meM ina viratna kI prApti kI kSamatA vidyamAna hotI hai, parantu yaha kSamatA kramazaH hI phalita hotI hai| mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki yaha kSamatA vyakti ke apane prayAsa se hI phalita hotI hai| yahAM hama mokSaprApti ke mArga ke vibhinna par3AvoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana kreNge| avasthA 1 : mithyASTi guNasthAna : eka artha meM mokSaprApti ke mArga kI yaha vastutaH koI avasthA nahIM hai| yaha sIr3hI kA sabase nIce kA paira hai / isa avasthA meM jIva AdhyAtmika dRSTi se aMdhA hotA hai| vyakti ko satya tathA sAdhutA kI pahacAna nahIM hotii| yaha avasthA isa mAne meM andhavizvAsapUrNa hotI hai ki isameM vyakti kisI bhI kore AkarSaka vicAra ko satya mAna baiThatA hai| AdamI mithyAjJAna meM vizvAsa karatA hai aura darzanAvaraNa karma ke kAraNa satya ko asvIkAra karatA hai tathA asatya ko gale lagAtA hai / saMkSepa meM, yaha mithyAtva kI avasthA hai| avasthA 2 : sAsAvana-samyagdRSTi guNasthAna : yaha jIva dvArA atyalpa, samyagdRSTi prApta kara lene ke bAda kI avasthA hai| sAmAnyata: isa avasthAko prapama stara se vikasita huI avasthA na mAnakara eka aisI avasthA mAnA jAtA hai jisameM ucca avasthA se jIva kA patana hotA hai| yaha una jIvoM ke lie eka prakAra kI rukAvaTa kI avasthA hai jo ucca stara se, vizeSataH samyaktva ke stara

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guNavAna siddhAnta se, kaSAyodaya ke kAraNa nIce girate haiN| yahAM yaha batAnA jarUrI hai ki hindU dArzanikoM kI taraha jaina dArzanikoM kI bhI mAnyatA thI ki vyakti ko guru hI muktipatha meM dIkSita karatA hai / parantu jaina dArzanikoM ke matAnusAra, vyakti ko kabhI-kabhI acAnaka samyagdRSTi prApta ho jAtI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha batAyA gayA hai ki, pUrvajanma meM dIkSita huA vyakti taba dharma kA pAlana na karake saba kucha bhUla jAtA hai, aura phira bAda ke janma meM usakI smRti jAgRta hotI hai| 167 jaina dArzanikoM ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki kaSAyoM ke kAraNa AdamI muktipatha kI sIr3hI se nIce gira sakatA hai| yadi vaha pahalI avasthA para A giratA hai, to use muktipatha para naye sire se calanA par3atA hai / avasthA 3: mizra guNasthAna : yaha vyakti ke mizra bhAvoM vAlA stara hai| isameM AdamI samyaktva tathA mithyAtva ke bIca meM AMdolita hotA rahatA hai| mana satata udvigna rahatA hai, aura samyagdRSTi meM sthira nahIM ho pAtA / samyagdRSTi kI prApti ke bAda bhI isakA lopa ho jAtA hai, parantu mana phira samyagdRSTi para pahuMca jAtA hai / dvandva kI yaha sthiti adhika samaya taka nahIM TikatI, kyoMki vyakti isa sthiti se Upara uThane kA pUrNa prayAsa karatA hai| avasthA 4 : avirata samyagdRSTi guNasthAna : isa avasthA meM vyakti samyadRSTi meM sthira ho jAtA hai| Atmika vikAsa kI yaha eka mahattvapUrNa avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM spaSTa AbhAsa milatA hai ki samyagjJAna tathA samyagcAritra kA kama-se-kama bIjAropaNa ho cukA hai, aura isa bAta kI hara saMbhAvanA rahatI hai ki vyakti aba satya evaM AcaraNa ke apane siddhAnta ko vyavahAra meM utAregA / isa avasthA meM yadyapi samyagdRSTi prApta ho jAtI hai, phira bhI vyakti apane iMdriyoM ke bAre meM asaMyata rahatA hai| isa avasthA meM AtmasaMyama ke abhAva kA kAraNa yaha hai ki samyagdRSTi tIna prakAra ke karmoM meM se kevala eka para vijaya prApta karake milI huI hotI hai| ye tIna prakAra haiM : aupazamika, kSAyopazamika, aura kSAyika samyagdRSTi / jaba taka ina tInoM para vijaya nahIM prApta kI jAtI, taba taka AtmasaMyama saMbhava nahIM, aura jaba taka AtmasaMyama nahIM hotA, taba taka AdamI Age kI avasthA meM nahIM pahuMca pAtA / avasthAeM 5, 6 va 7: dezavirata samyagdRSTi guNasthAna, pramatta saMgata guNasthAna aura apramatta saMgata guNasthAna : ye avasthAeM vyakti kI iMdriya viSayoM ko vaza meM karane kI icchAzakti tathA indriyoM dvArA vyakti ko satata nIne mirAne ke prayAsa ke bIca ke dvandva kI dyotaka haiN| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki saphalatA zanai:zanaiH hI milatI hai| prathama avasthA meM kevala AMzika saphalatA milatI hai aura Atma cetanA prApta hotI hai| vyakti yadyapi bar3I lagana se prayAsa karatA hai, parantu

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jaina darzana use pUrI saphalatA nahIM miltii| agalI avasthA meM lagabhaga pUrI saphalatA mila jAtI hai / lagatA hai ki vyakti ne svayaM para pUrA adhikAra prApta kara liyA hai; parantu manda kaSAya abhI usa para kucha hAvI rahate haiM / ataH isa avasthA meM bhI jIva kI pUrNa zakti prakaTa nahIM hotI; saMyama meM kucha pramAda banA rahatA hai, isalie ise pramatta saMyata guNasthAna kahate haiN| tIsarI avasthA vyakti ko pUrNa saphalatA mila jAtI hai; vaha svayaM para pUrNa adhikAra prApta kara letA hai| AtmA zarIra para vijaya prApta kara letI hai| pramAda pUrNa rUpa se samApta ho jAtA hai / yaha avasthA isalie mahattva kI hai ki isake Age vyakti pUrNa yA kevala sApekSika AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI sthiti para pahuMca jAtA hai / parama AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI prApti karma ke duSTa prabhAvoM ke pUrNa vinAza se hI hotI hai, aura isa ora Age bar3hane ke mArga ko kSapaka aNi kahate haiN| sApekSika AdhyAtmika vizuddhi meM karma ke prabhAvoM kA mAtra upazamana hotA hai, isalie ise upazana zreNi kahate haiM / 168 avasthA 8 : nivRttibAdara saMparAya guNasthAna : isa avasthA meM AtmA adbhuta mAnasika zakti prApta karatI hai, jisakA karmoM kA damana tathA vinAza karane meM istemAla ho sakatA hai| isa avasthA meM jIva vizuddha ho jAne ke kAraNa karmoM ke pUrva - bandhana kI tIvratA ko alpAvadhi meM kSINa kara sakatA hai| naye karmoM ke sAtha bhI samparka hotA hai, parantu inakI kAlAvadhi tathA tIvratA sImita hotI hai| nayI icchAzakti ke kAraNa isa avasthA meM vyakti meM bar3A vizvAsa paidA ho jAtA hai| avasthAeM 9 va 10 : anivRtti bAdara saMparAya guNasthAna aura sUkSma saMparAya guNasthAna : ye eka prakAra se 'AdhyAtmika yuddha' kI avasthAeM haiM; inameM vyakti apane naye prApta zastroM kA istemAla karatA hai| pahalI avasthA meM mukhyataH sthUla saMvegoM tathA Ama pravRttiyoM se yuddha hotA hai| Age kI avasthA meM sUkSmarUpa saMvegoM tathA kaSAyoM se yuddha hotA hai| avasthA 11 : upazAnta kavAya vItarAga chadmastha guNasthAna : AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI isa avasthA meM kaSAyoM kA pUrNataH vinAza ho jAtA hai, aura isa prakAra vyakti karma ke duSTa prabhAvoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| vaha vItarAgI bana jAtA hai| phira bhI kaSAyoM tathA saMvegoM kA punaH udaya hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai aura isalie karma ke prabhAva punaH lada jAne kA khatarA rahatA hai| upazama aji kI dRSTi se yaha avasthA sarvoccatA kI dyotaka hai / avasthA 12 : kSINa kaSAya vItarAga chadmastha guNasthAna : isa avasthA meM karma - prabhAva pUrNataH naSTa ho jAte haiM, aura jIva kSINaka aNi ke anta para pahuMca jAtA hai / yaha avasthA kSINa kaSAyoM ke zikhara kI dyotaka hai|

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guNasthAna siddhAnta abasthA 13 : saMyoga kevalI guNasthAna : pichalI avasthA ke aMtima daura meM jIva cAra bAdhaka karmoM1- jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya tathA mohanIya karmoM se pUrNataH mukta ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| lekina zarIra, mana aura vAk kI kriyAeM cAlU rahatI haiM / jIva aghAti kama Ayu, nAma, gotra tathA antarAya karmoM se abhI mukta nahIM hotaa| jaba Ayu karma kSINa ho jAte haiM, to anya karma bhI lupta ho jAte hai| Age kI avasthA kI zurUAta ke pahale sabhI kriyAeM ruka jAtI haiN| 169 avasthA 14 : ayogI kevalo guNasthAna : yaha pUrNa mukti kI avasthA hai / isa avasthA meM vyakti kI sabhI azuddhatAeM naSTa ho jAtI haiM aura usakI cetanA parama zuddha avasthA ko prApta hotI hai| yaha samyagdaSTi, samyagjJAna tathA samyaarta kI prApti kI caramAvasthA hai / vyakti ko apane astitva kA pUrNa jJAna ho jAtA hai / yaha gatihIna avasthA svalpakAla kI hotI hai| isa avasthA ke anta meM parama mokSa prApta hotA hai /

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aNuvrata AMdolana 30 prasiddha jaina muni AcArya tulasI dvArA rAjasthAna meM 1949 I0 meM zurU kiyA gayA aNuvrata AMdolana jaina dharma ke sajIvatva aura usameM jIvana tathA saMsAra ke kalyANa ke tattva vidyamAna hone kA spaSTa pramANa hai| isalie isa AMdolana meM jaina dharma ke paramparAgata vratoM evaM vizvAsoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| parantu inheM jisa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai usase patA calatA hai ki jisa samaya isa Andolana ke bAre meM socA gayA thA aura isakI nIMva DAlI gayI thI (yaha aba bhI jArI hai) usa samaya taka vyakti tathA samAja kAphI dUSita ho cukA thA, aura usa samaya cAritra-nirmANa kI turaMta AvazyakatA anubhava kI gaI thii| AcArya tulasI ke matAnusAra jaina dharma kA uddezya (vyavahArika) dRSTi se manuSya ke cAritra kA vikAsa karanA hai| ___ unakA vizvAsa hai ki Atmazuddhi tathA AtmasaMyama se samAja ke dUSaNa apane-Apa dUra ho jAte haiN| isalie unake matAnusAra yaha vicAra ThIka nahIM hai ki dharma kA kArya samAja ko niyaMtraNa meM rakhanA hai| vyakti ke cAritra kA vikAsa hone se sAmAjika naitikatA kA stara avazya UMcA hotA hai, parantu yaha dharma kA mukhya uddezya nahIM hai / vyApaka dRSTi se sabhI dharmoM ke bAre meM, vizeSata: jaina dharma ke bAre meM, apane dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue vaha likhate haiM : "dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya muni pratijJA karatA hai ki AtmakalyANa ke lie vaha jIvana bhara pAMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana kregaa| vrata kI pariNati mukti meM hotI hai| isase sahajata: samAja kA niyaMtraNa bhI hotA hai, parantu yaha isakA mukhya pariNAma nahIM hai| isalie unakA vicAra hai ki, yahAM pRthvI para khyAti-prApti ke lieyA AgAmI jIvana ke 'behatara bhaviSya ke lie dharma kA pAlana karanA-donoM hI bAteM galata hai| vyakti ke lie dharma kA mahattva isa bAta meM maujUda hai ki Atmazuddhi ke lie isakA pAlana karane se apane-Apa isa loka (samAja) tathA ' agale meM isake suphala mila jAte haiN| ata: dharma meM vyakti ko jo mahattva diyA 1. bAcArya tulasI, 'kana TelekTa kaoNmprIheMra rilijana ?', (guru : bAda sAhitya saMga, 1969), 1.67

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vavrata AMdolana 171 jAtA hai usakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki dharma samAja kI upekSA karatA hai yA saMsAra ke bhaviSya ke bAre meM citita nahIM hai, balki yaha dhAraNA hai ki vyakti kI zuddhi se hI anta meM samAja kI zuddhi hotI hai| dharma ke bAre meM isa mAnyatA se spaSTa ho. jAtA hai ki aNuvrata AMdolana kA dRSTikoNa ekAMgI nahIM hai| jisa samaya isa AMdolana kI zurUAta kI gayI thI, usa samaya AcArya tulasI ko bhI eka dharma parAyaNa dArzanika evaM paMtha vizeSa kA netA mAnA jAtA thaa| cUMki isa AMdolana kA nAmakaraNa jaina paramparA ke anurUpa huA thA, isalie samajhA gayA thA ki AcArya tulasI kucha naye rUpa meM eka dhArmika saMpradAya kA hI pratipAdana kara rahe haiN| isa AMdolana ke lie aise anya nAma ke bAre meM bhI vicAra kiyA gayA jo eka viziSTa para mparA - phira vaha paramparA kitanI bhI samRddha kyoM na ho se janita saMkucita dRSTikoNa kA dyotaka na ho; parantu spaSTa huA ki anya koI bhI nAma isa Andolana kI mahattA ko ThIka se vyakta nahIM kara sakatA / vyakti ke punanirmANa ke isa darzana ko eka bhavya nAma pradAna karane ke prayatna meM na ulajhakara AcArya isa AMdolana ko sakriyatA pradAna karanA cAhate the / aNuvrata zabda ko isa mAnyatA ke AdhAra para ucita mAnA gayA ki choTe vrata bar3e parivartana lAte haiN| AraMbha meM isa AMdolana ko aNuvrata saMgha kA nAma diyA gayA thA; bAda meM ise aNuvrata AMdolana meM badala diyA gyaa| mUlata: yaha AMdolana nau-viSayI kAryakrama tathA teraha-viSayI vyavasthA para AdhArita thA jinheM paccIsa hajAra logoM ne apanAkara amala meM lAyA hai|' nau-viSayI kAryakrama thA : (1) AtmahatyA ke bAre meM na socanA, (2) madirA tathA anya mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana na karanA, (3) mAMsa tathA aMDoM kA sevana na karanA, (4) koI bar3I corI na karanA, (5) juA na khelanA, ( 6 ) koI anaitika tathA aprAkRtika saMbhoga na karanA, (7) jhUThe mAmale tathA asatya ke pakSa meM sAkSya na denA, (8) vastuoM meM milAvaTa na karanA aura nakalI vastuoM ko asalI batAkara na becanA, ( 9 ) mApa-taula meM beImAnI na karanA / teraha-viSayI vyavasthA thI : ( 1 ) calatephirate niraparAdha prANiyoM kI hatyA na karanA, ( 2 ) AtmahatyA na karanA, (3) madirApAna na karanA, (4) mAMsa sevana na karanA, ( 5 ) corI na karanA, ( 6 ) juA na khelanA, (7) jhUThI sAkSya na denA, ( 8 ) duSTa bhAvanA yA pralobhana ke vazIbhUta hokara vastuoM yA makAnoM ko Aga na lagAnA, (9) anaitika tathA aprAkRtika saMbhoga na karanA, ( 10 ) vezyA ke pAsa na jAnA, ( 11 ) dhUmrapAna na karanA aura mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana na karanA, (12) rAtri ko bhojana na karanA, aura ( 13 ) sAdhuoM ke lie bhojana na banAnA / 2. dekhiye, muni nathamala, 'AcArya tulasI hika nAIka eNDa philaoNsaphI (guruda anfiger er, 1968), g. 67

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172 jaina darzana aNugata saMgha ne apane kAryakrama meM 84 vratoM kA samAveza kiyA thaa| saMgha abhI zaizavAvasthA meM thA aura una logoM ke anubhavoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhatA thA jinake hita ke lie isakI sthApanA huI thI, isalie yaha kAphI lacIlA thA aura isameM kucha parivartana ke lie kAphI sthAna thaa|sthaapnaa ke pAMca varSa bAda isa AMdolana kA pUrA DAMcA hI badala diyA gyaa| AcArya ne soca-vicAra kara agubata saMgha kA nAma aNuvata AMdolana rakha diyaa| yaha nayA nAma isalie pasaMda kiyA gayA ki yaha pahale nAma se adhika vyApaka uddezya tathA dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| yaha AMdolana kevala bhArata meM hI sImita nahIM rahA / eka prasiddha amarIkI sAptAhika ne isa AMdolana meM ruci lekara paramANavika netA (eTAmika baoNsa) zIrSaka ke antargata likhA hai : "anya vividha sthAnoM ke kucha vyaktiyoM kI taraha yahAM bhArata meM patalA-dubalA, nATe kada kA, parantu camakatI AMkhoM vAlA eka AdamI hai jo saMsAra kI vartamAna sthiti se bar3A citita hai / usakA nAma hai tulasI, Ayu 34, aura vaha jaina terApaMtha kA upadezaka hai| yaha dhArmika AMdolana ahiMsAvAdI hai| AcArya tulasI ne aNuvrata saMgha kI sthApanA 1949 I0 meM kI thii| jaba unheM sabhI bhAratIyoM ko vrata dilAne meM saphalatA mila jAyegI, to unakI yojanA bAkI saMsAra ko bhI badalane kI hai, tAki loga eka vratI kA jIvana bitA skeN|" ___ AMdolana ke saMsthApaka kA kahanA hai ki anya dharmoM ke prati isa AMdolana kA dRSTikoNa sadbhAvanA tathA sahanazIlatA kA hai| unakI dRSTi meM, ki isa AMdolana ke mUla siddhAMta sArvabhaumika haiM, isalie kisI dharma ke anuyAyI isake sadasya bana sakate haiM aura isake AdarzoM ko apanA sakate haiN| aNuvrata AMdolana ke svarUpa evaM vistAra ke sArvabhaumika hone ke bAre meM Apatti svAbhAvika hai| AcArya ne isakA uttara diyA hai| Apatti yaha hai ki aNuvrata zabda una jaina zikSAoM se liyA gayA hai jo aNuvatI ke lie samyagdarzana kI prApti Avazyaka samajhatI haiN| cUMki samyagdarzana kI prApti jIvana meM jaina AcAroM ko apanAne se mAnI gayI hai, isalie aNuvatI meM dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sArvabhaumika dRSTikoNa kI saMbhAvanA nahIM raha jaatii| AcArya kA uttara hai : ki ahiMsAvAdI dRSTikoNa aNuvratI ke dAyare tathA darzana bhalIbhAMti vyakta karatA hai, isalie isa zabda kA thor3e bhinna artha meM prayoga karanA jaina vicAra evaM saMskRti ke pratikUla nahIM hai| AcArya ke mata kA sAra yaha hai ki, yaha zabda sabhI dharmoM kI paramparAgata dhAraNAoM meM vidyamAna samAna vicAroM kA dyotaka hai| 3. 'TAima nyUyArka, 15 maI, 1959 I. 4. pUrvo0, pR. 28

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maNuvrata AMdolana yahAM ahiMsA tathA aparigraha ke jainamata ke prati uThAyI jAnevAlI ApattiyoM para vicAra karanA upayogI hogA, kyoMki isase hameM aNuvrata AMdolana ko samajhane meM suvidhA hogii| yaha jainamata ki ahiMsA aMtatogatvA jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM pha~se aura anya sabhI sadAcAroM ko prakAzita kare, isake anuyAyiyoM ke lie kAphI duSkara ho jAtA hai| thor3A vicAra karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisI bhI naitika praNAlI meM kisI eka tatva kA kendra meM hona tathA sabakA saMyojaka evaM niyaMtraka honA paramAvazyaka hai / parantu ahiMsA ke tattva ko jo mahattva diyA gayA hai, vaha kisI eka ko 'saMyojaka' banAne ke uddezya se nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa adhika gaharA hai, aura yaha cetanA - sAtatya ke jaina siddhAMta ko smaraNa karane se samajha meM A sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM, siddhAMta yaha hai ki yadi mukti kI ( ajIva ke bandhana se mukta hone kI dizA meM vividha jIva vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAoM meM haiM, to kisI bhI eka jIva ko cAhe vaha kisI bhI ucca avasthA meM ho - adhikAra nahIM ki vaha kisI bhI anya jIva - cAhe vaha kitanI bhI nimna avasthA meM kyoM na ho ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka bne| jaina siddhAMta meM jIvana ke prati zraddhA kI bhAvanA ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhA gayA hai aura usakA vyavasthita nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| - 173 ahiMsA ke sAtha aparigraha para jo bala diyA gayA hai, usakI aura bhI adhika AlocanA kI gayI hai / isakA AdhAra yaha hai ki aparigraha ke niyama kA kar3AI se pAlana itanA adhika AvAstavika hai ki anuyAyiyoM ke lie isake pAlana kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| jaina dArzanikoM ne bandhana kI sthiti para gahana vicAra karake hI suspaSTa bhASA meM kar3e niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| parantu isameM unhoMne janasAdhAraNa kI kSamatA kA bhI dhyAna rakhA hai| kar3AI se pAlana ke lie jina pAMca vratoM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha - kA vidhAna hai, unheM mahAbata kahA gayA hai| parantu aksara yaha tathya bhulA diyA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma meM pAMca aNuvratoM kA bhI vidhAna hai| ye aNuvrata una gRhasthoM ke lie haiM jinhoMne gRhatyAga nahIM kiyA hai; unheM ina vratoM kA pAlana bhAvanA rUpa meM karanA hotA hai / isa prakAra, aNuvrata svarUpa meM mahAvratoM se bhinna nahIM hai, parantu gRhastha kI sImAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue unake pAlana meM DhIla dI gayI hai| gRhasthoM ke lie aNuvratoM kA vidhAna jaina dArzanikoM ke ima manovaijJAnika nirIkSaNa para AdhArita hai ki, gRhastha kI samAja ke anya sadasyoM - ghara ke yA bAhara ke vyaktiyoM ke prati jo jimmedAriyAM hotI haiM, unameM ina vratoM kA kar3AI se pAlana saMbhava nahIM hai| aNuvratoM ke pAlana para AdhArita yaha aNuvrata AMdolana isa bAta ko bhI

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. jaina darzana 174 mAvazyaka mAnatA hai ki sAmAnya manuSya ke vicAra evaM AcaraNa ko ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI ora mor3anA jarUrI hai| jahAM paramparAgata jaina dharma meM gRhasthoM ke lie nirdhArita aNuvratoM tathA muniyoM ke lie nirdhArita mahAvratoM meM bheda kiyA gayA hai, vahAM aNuvrata AMdolana meM zuruAta ke, bIca ke tathA unnatAvasthA ke aNuvratiyoM meM bheda kiyA gayA hai / inheM kramaza: pravezaka aguvatI, manuvatI tathA viziSTa aNuvratI kahA gayA hai| paramparAmata jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ke vrata kA vidhAna zuddha rUpa se AdhyAtmika vikAsa tathA saMsAra ke hara prakAra ke jIvana ke prati dayAbhAva kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / aNuvrata AMdolana meM AdhyAtmika unnati ke sthAna para sAmAjika mUlyoM kI sthApanA nahIM kI gayI hai; parantu samAja ke hitoM kA spaSTa rUpa se dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / hiMsA, lobha tathA ghRNA se grasita saMsAra kI paristhitiyoM para vicAra karane se hI isa Andolana kA janma huA hai| yadyapi sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA thA, parantu sujhAye gaye upAya sirpha sAmAjika sambandhoM kI punarracanA yA saMsthAoM meM kAnUnI parivartana karane ke lie nahI the / isa sambandha meM apanA dRSTikoNa spaSTa karate hue AcArya ne likhA hai : "zastroM tathA prakSepaNAstroM kI hor3a se aura yuddha tathA zItayuddha ke dhakkoM se AdamI jarjara ho gayA hai| usake lie Atmazuddhi ke alAvA anya koI upAya nahIM raha gayA hai| yadi isa meM parivartana nahIM huA, to saMsAra kA vinAza bahuta dUra nahIM hai / yaha AMdolana batAtA hai ki AdamI ko zastroM meM nahIM balki ahiMsA meM vizvAsa rakhanA caahie| jAgatika pragati ko sarvAdhika mahattva dene kI bajAya use apanI Atma-cetanA ko jAgRta karanA caahie|"5 "arthazAstrI kahate haiM ki isakA (samAja kA) mukhya dhyeya adhikAdhika upaja karanA hai / UparI sataha se dekhane para lagatA hai ki kAphI hada taka samasyA kA hala khoja liyA gayA hai| parantu maiM nahIM samajhatA ki isakA hala taba taka saMbhava hai jaba taka hama atilobhI bane rahate haiN| isakA ekamAtra hala hai -- Atmazuddhi / eka samarpita jIvana na kevala hameM zAMti pradAna karatA hai, apitu Arthika samasyAoM kA bhI hala khoja nikAlatA hai| ___ aparipaha : parampara se isaparA isalie bala diyA jAtA rahA ki yaha aisI paristhitiyA paidA karatA hai jinameM Asakti tathA sabhI anucara duSkarma naSTa ho jAte haiM / yaha Adhunika AMdolana parigraha kI dazA meM, cArita-abhAva ke kAraNa, jIva para ajIba ke hone vAle duSTa prabhAvoM kI upekSA nahIM karatA / aparigraha 5. vahI, pR. 27 6. vahI, pR.29

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aNuvrata AMdolana 175 ko "ahiMsA kA eka rUma mAnA gayA hai, jisameM dUsaroM se vastuoM kI apekSA nahIM rakhI jaatii|" AcArya spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki "sAmAjika niyaMtraNa parigraha para to roka lagA sakate haiM, parantu manuSya kI tRSNAboM para nhiiN| isa bata kA artha hai tRSNA para niyaMtraNa prApta karake parigraha para niyaMtraNa prApta krnaa|" yaha spaSTa hai ki aNuvrata AMdolana ahiMsA tathA aparigraha ke sivAntoM ko anya mUlyoM kI punasthApanA tathA samAja ke punanirmANa ke lie mUlAdhAra mAnatA hai| isa Adhunika saMsAra meM bhI Atma-vizleSaNa tathA Atmazuddhi para bala dete hae bhAcArya likhate haiM : "yaha saca hai ki manuSya kI bAhya zaktiyAM kaI gunA bar3hI haiM, parantu yaha bhI utanA hI saca hai ki usakI Antarika zakti kAphI ghaTI hai| jaise-jaise mana kI Antarika sthitiyAM kaluSita hotI jAtI hai, vaise-vaise sAmAjika paristhitiyAM jaTila hotI jAtI haiN| rogoM ke mUla antarmana ke vikRta hote muNoM meM nihita haiN| manuSya bAharI camaka-damaka se cakAcauMdha ho gayA hai| use isa prazna kA koI uttara nahIM mila rahA hai ki vartamAna yuga vikAsa kA yaga hai yA avanati kA". kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki, pAMcoM pratoM kA bhAvanA-pUrvaka pAlana karane se hI AMdolana ke uddezya pUre ho sakate haiN| ___ata: binA kisI virodhAbhAsa ke hama kaha sakate haiM ki, vartamAna kAla ke durAcAroM ke nivAraka ke rUpa meM aNuvrata AMdolana kA mahattva isa artha meM hai ki yaha baTalI paristhitiyoM meM upayakta parivartana ke sAtha pAMca vIke jaina darzana ke sAratattva kA upAya batAtA hai| aura isakI zAMti evaM ekatA kI yojanA bhI mahattva kI hai| isa yojanA ke anusAra, manuSya meM sAmAjika ekatA kI abhivRddhi ke lie jo amita kSamatAeM hotI haiM, ve AMtarika ekatA ke vikAsa tathA Atmonnati se hI phalita ho sakatI haiN| 7. vahI, pR. 21 8. vaha 9. vahI, pR. 29

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graMtha-sUcI anuttaropapAdikadazAH antakRddazA: AuTalAinsa Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI (ema0 hiripannA, jaoNrja elena eNDa anavina limiTeDa, laMdana, 1957) AuTalAinsa Apha jaina philAsaphI (ema0 ela0 mehatA, jaina mizana sosAyaTI, baMgalora, 1954) AcArAMga AcArya tulasI : hija lAipha eNDa philAsaphI (muni nathamala, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curu, 1968) AdipurANa ArkiolAjikala sarve Apha iMDiyA ripoTsa, khaNDa tRtIya Avazyaka-niyukti (bhadrabAhu) iNDiyana eNTikverI, khaNDa II, VII, Ix,xVII, XIV aura xx iNDiyana philAsaphI (esa0 rAdhAkRSNan, jaoNrja elena eNDa anavina li0, laMdana) insAiklopiDiyA Apha rilijana eNDa ethiksa, baNDa 11, 12 va 22 uttarAdhyayanasUna upAsakadazAH e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI, baNDa prathama (esa0 ema0 dAsagupta, kaimiAja yUnivarsiTI presa, 1963) epitrAphikA iMDikA, 1 ethikala DaoNkTrinsa ina jainijma (ke0 sI0 sogAnI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, 1967) kaTha upaniSad karmagrantha kalpasUtra krizciyana eNDa hindU epiksa (esa0 sI0 ThAkura, jaoNrja elena eNa avadhina

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178 jaina darzana li., laMdana, 1969) gommaTasAra gautama dharmasUtra chAndogya upaniSad jaina sAikolAjI (ema0 ela0 mehatA, jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, 1955) jaina sUtrAja, bhAga prathama, (eca0 yAkobI, anu0 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1964) jaina thyorIja Apha riyaliTI eNDa naoNleja (vAI0 je0 padamarAjiha, jaina sAhitya vikAsa maNDala, bambaI, 1963) jaina vyU Apha lAipha (TI0jI0 kAlaghaTagI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, 1969) jainijma ina naoNrtha iNDiyA (sI0 je zAha, laoNgamana grIna eNDa kaM0, laMdana, 1932) jJAnasUna tattvArthasUtra (umAsvAmi) tattvArthasUtra bhASya (umAsvAmi) tattvArtha-zloka-vArtika (vidyAnanda) dazavakAlika niyukti (bhadrabAhu) dravyasaMgraha aura TIkA nandImUtra niyamasAra (kundakunda) nyAyAvatAra vRtti paMcAstikAya (kundakunda) parIkSAmukhasUtra (mANikyanandI) philAsaphIja mApha iNDiyA (jhimmera, rUTaleja eNDa kegAna paoNla, laMdana,1953) pramANa-mImAMsA (hemacandra) aura TIkA pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra (vAdideva) pravacanasAra priMsipalsa Apha sAikolAjI (viliyama jemsa, laMdana, 1946) bhagavatIsUtra buddhisTa laoNjika (thi0 zceravAtskI, leninagrAda, 1930) bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad bodhAyana dharmasUtra

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grantha-sUcI riyalsa ina da jaina meTA phijiksa (eca0 esa0 maTTAcArya, da seTha zAMtidAsa khetasI cairiTebala TrasTa, bambaI, 1966 ) rena Apha rilijana ina iMDiyana philAsaphI (Ara0 nAgarAja zarmA ) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ( jinabhadra) viziSTAdvaita ( pI0 ena0 zrInivAsacArI) viSNu purANa (eca0 eca0 vilasana, anu0 ) SaTkhaNDAgama (puSpadanta ) SaDdarzanasamuccaya sanmati tarka- prakaraNa (siddhasena ) sarvArtha siddhi ( devAnanda ) 179 sAikolAjikala priMsipala (jemsa vArDa ) sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI (ena0 tAtiyA, jaina kalcarala risarva sosAyaTI, banArasa, 1951 ) sTaDIja ina jainijma ( jinavijaya muni, jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka sTaDIja, ahamadAbAda, 1946) syAdvAdamaMjarI (hemacandra ) hinduijma eNDa buddhijma, khaNDa prathama ( sI0 IliyaTa, rUTaleja eNDa kemAna paoNla li0, laMdana, 1962 ) hisTrI Apha iMDiyana philAsaphI, khaNDa prathama ( umeza mizra, tirabhukti pablikezansa, ilAhAbAda, 1967 )

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zabdAnukramaNikA aMga 22,24,26,39,59 akalaMka 4,80,84 akriyAvAda 28 akSara 60 ajIva 66,86,88,109,116,112, 126,151,155,159,160, 165,173,174 ajJAnavAda 28 aNu 127 aNuvrata 19,147,171,172,173 ___175 aNuvrata Andolana 170-175 aNuvrata saMgha 171,172 aNuvratI 172,174 atIndriya 84 advaita 113,116,133,136 adharma 91,109,110,119,129 anakSara 60 anantAnubandhi 89 anIndriya 78 anIzvaravAda 35,39 anupalabdhi 67,69 anubhUti 50,87,86-88 anumAna 44,47,67,68,71,72,78, anekAnta 131,137 antaHkaraNa 77,78 aparigraha 16,18,145,149,173 apAya 54,56,63 abhAva 44,69 abhinibodha 85 arthApatti 44,67,69 arthAvagraha 54,55 arhat 613,28,74,162,163 avagraha 51,54,55 avadhi 44,46,47,64,65,67,85, 91,92 avadhizAna 81,82,94 aksapiNI avicyuti 58 avidyA 86 asaMzi 59,60 asaMzita 59,60 astikAya 34,110,130 astitva 139 asteya 16,145,148 ahaMpratyaya 99 ahiMsA 4,16,31,145-148,150, 163,173,175 bAkAza 109,110,119,130 bhAmama 43,67,68 99 anusmaraNa 58

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182 AcArya 163 AcArya tulasI 170,172,174 Atmazuddhi 191 AjIvaka 17 AtmA 66,77-80,91, 96-100, 116,117,159,166 Abhinibodhika 85 AzaMkA 74 AzaMkA pratiSedha 74 Azrava 155,157, 158,161 Astika 36,37 indrabhUti 98,99,118 indriya anubhUti 49 indriyAtIta jJAna 91 indriyAbhAsa 49 IliyaTa cArlsa sara 4,8,140,147 Izvara 3, 11, 34-39,115,116, 117 Izvaratva 34,164 IzvaravAdI 36 IhA 63 utpAda 111 utsarpiNI 9 udyama 37 upanaya 73 upaniSada 8,102, 114 upamAna 43,47,67,68 upayoga 61, 81, 85, 97 upalabdhi 85 upazama zreNi 168 upAdhyAya 162, 163 upAdhye 164 upAsaka 30 umAsvAmi 46,57,65, 83, 93,111 Rgveda 35 RSabha 12, 13, 14,27 aupazamika 167 afaema 13 karma 35,37,39, 46, 65, 66, 80, 86,92,96,101-103,120, 121,123,128,151-154, 156-160,165,167 aghAti 169 antarAya 153,169 asata vedanIya 88, 153 darzanAvaraNa 52,65,153,169 ATha mukhya prakAra 153 jJAnAvaraNa 52,65, 66, 169 mohanIya 87, 88,169 prArabdha 160 sata vedanIya 88 saMcita 160 vedanIya 87,169 AvaraNa 52 jaina darzana kalpa 9 kaSAya 87,90, 158, 168 kAraNa 38 37,91,109,110,130,132 kASThAsaMgha 25 kundakundAcArya 61 kumati 85 kuzruta 85 kerna 9 kevala jJAna 44,46, 47,48, 52, 54, 64-66,69,70,79,85, 91,169 kezI 14,17,32 kolaka 15

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zabdAnukramaNikA 183 kriyAvAda 28 kSapaka zreNI 168 kSamatA 97 kSAyika samyagdRSTi 167 kSAyopazayika 167 khAradiera yArla 15,26,27 gaNadhara 27 gAMdhI mahAtmA 146 gAI Ara. 35,36,116 guNasthAna (prakAra) 166-169 gupti 10,162 gaupyasaMgha 25 gauzAla 6,17,29 glAsenappa eca. bI. 124,154 cakravartI e. 128 cAturyAma 16 cArvAka 34,91,97,133,136 citta 80 cintA 85 cetanatA 104 cetanA 49,50,55,82,83,85,96, 100,109,121,132 cetanA kA sAtatya 145,173 cetanA kI zuddhatA 86,155,169 jamAli 6,29 jAtaka 29 jina 6,12,39 jinabhadra 58,94 jinasena 36 jimnosophisTa 21 jIva 34,46,66,80,86,90,105, 109,110,112,119-1221 124-129,152-161,185, 166,168,169,173,174 jIvana-mRtyu (kA cakra) 35,124 jIvAtmA 100,105,146,152,157 jIvAstikAya 129 jemsa viliyama 97,98 jaina tattvamImAMsA 34,112,136 jaina tarkazAstra 73 jaina darzana 46,71,77,104,109, 110,113,126 jaina dharma 3-12,14,15,21,26,29, 31,34,35,101 jaina dharmagraMtha 1,24,31,34 jaina dharma srotagraMtha 27 janamata 111,123 jaina manovijJAna 34 jaina vAstavavAda 109,110,126 jaina sattAmImAMsA 113,124 jaina sAhitya 16 jaina zAna mImAMsA 34 jJAtR kSatriya 5 jJAna 43,44,49-51,82-85,91, 94,119 jJAna-cAra stara 58 jJAna prApti 83 jJAta 5 jJAtaputra 5 jhimmera 20,21 ThAkura esa. sI. 145 tattvamImAMsA 109 tathAgata 6 tAtiyA ena. 50,59,92 tAdAtmya 117 tAdAtmya aura aMtara 117 tAdAtmya aura parivartana 118 tIrthakara 5,6,12,14,16-18,23-26,

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184 jaina darzana 36,164 viratna 160 vizalA 23 baoNmasa eDavarDa 15 thiyosophisTa mata 101 thIbo jI. 124 darzana 49-53,82-85 dAsagupta esa. ena. 3,8,15,39,74, 131,136 dika 91 digaMbara 18,21,22,24,25,27 eSTAMta 73 deravAsI 25 deva 26,36,123 devagati 123 devatA 4,146 devAnandA 23 dravya 110,112,114,118,119, 130,138 dvaita 183,116,117 dvaita tattva mImAMsA 117 dharma 4,11,20,91,109,110,119, 129,170 dharmAstikAya 129 dharmin 73,74 dhAraNA 54,57,63 dhyAna 165 dhra va 110,111 nagna dArzanika 21 naya 61,131,134,135 RjusUna 134 evaMbhUta 135 dravyAdhika 112,133 paryAvAdhika 112,133 vyavahAra 133 saMgraha 132,133 nayavAda 131,136,137 nAgarAja zarmA Ara. 117 nAtaputta 5,10 nAstika 34,36 nigaNTha 5 nigamana 73 niyati 37 nigraMtha 56 nirjarA 155,159,161 nilipta 17 nirvANa 16,18,165 nemi 12 nemicandra 51 naigamana 74 naigamAbhAsa 132 naiyAyika 36 no-indriya 78 nyAya 36,73,74 nyAya kalpita 72 nyAya niyata 72 nyAya vaizeSika 74,77,132 padArtha 132,133,148 padArthAnubhUti 77 paparAjiha 111,118,132,134 parama 115 paramANu 128 paramAtman 164 parAnumAna 71,72 parijJAna 121 pariNAma 113 parimita aparigraha 150 parokSa 44,47,59,71

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zadAnukramaNikA paryAya 111,120 pApa 155,156 pAramArthika 46,47 pAramArthika pratyakSa zAna 47 4T 16-18,45 pAlI 5 piTaka 5,6 pudgala 100,109,110,119,126, 127 pudgalAstikAya 129 puNya 155 punarjanma 34,101,103,105 purANa 14,15,25,29 pUrNAvasthA 88 pUrva 22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, paugAlika 81 paMcamahAvrata 162 paMcayAma 16 pratijJA 73,74 pratyakSa 43,45, 47,67, 71 pratyakSa jJAna 46, 48, 79, 82, 83, 84, 91 pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa 89 pramANa 43-46,67,69 prameya 43 bandha 155,157, 158 bandhana 87 buddha 5, 6, 9,25 bUlara jaoNrja 5,9,15 bauddha tatva mImAMsA 115 bauddha dharma 3-5, 6-11 bauddha sattA mImAMsA 114 brahmacarya 16,18,145,149 brahmadeva 50 brAhma 113,114, 115 brAhmaNa dharma 3,8,12 bhakti 7 bhaTTasaMpradAya 36 agrard ya. ya. 61,80,81,85, 93 bhadrabAhu 22,26 bhAvana 61,85 bhikSu 9 bhautikavAda 35 mati 44, 45,47,54, 59, 60-65 71,85 mathurAsaMgha 25 44-47,49-52,54-58,60,64, 67,70,77-81,84-87,91-94, 115,131,146, 167 185 manovargaNa 81 manovikAra 89 mana: paryAya 44,46, 47,52,64,65, 67,85,91,93,94 mahAkAvya 60 mahAvIra 5,8-19, 21-24, 26-33, 43,45,98,99, 109,112 mahAvrata 8, 10, 16, 19, 147, 170, 173 mizra umeza 17,86 mImAMsA 44,77 mImAMsaka 45,67-69,91 mukta 22 mukti 7,22,32,123, 156 sunidharma 162,163 muni nathamala 171 mUlara maiksa 9 .

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186 mUlasaMgha 25 mehatA ema0 ela0 47,53, 65, 72, 78,84,88,96, 100,102,129 maila viliyama 79 mokSa 117,120,122,150,152, 153,155,156,160 mokSaprApti 122 yathArthatA 64 article 118 yazovijaya 53 yajJa 146 yAkobI 6, 7, 13, 16, 17, 23, 27, 39,112 6 buMga 9,12 yoga 80, 86, 157, 158 yogaja pratyakSa 77 yogAcAra 45 rAdhAkRSNan sa0 37 rAmAnuja 115 far 61,80 labdhyakSara 60 lAssena 13 kilI DablyU. esa. 4 liMga 72 leumAna 32 lezma 89,80 lokAyata 35 laukika pratyakSa 47 varNa vyavasthA 3 bardhamAna 13 vastu 117 bastu jagat 134,136,137,139, 141 vAtsyAyana 74 vAdideva 51,84 bArDa jemsa 98 vAsana 58 vAstavavAda 110 vAstavikatA 119,127,129, 131, 137 vidyAnanda 78,84 vinaya piTaka 33 viparyaya 45 vipakSa 74 vipakSa pratiSedha 74 vibhaMga 85 viliyama moniyara 145 viliyama jemsa 97,98 vilsana eca. eca. 4,14 vivarta 113 viziSTAdvaita 113,115 vijJAna 80 viTaraviTja 29 viDiza 8 vIrasena 50,51 veda 34, 35,60,68,91 vedAnta 77 jaina darzana vebara 8,29,31 vainAyika 28 vaizeSika 36,113,116,128,132 418,170,172,173,174, 175 vyaktitva 86,98, 150 vyavahAranayabhAsa 133 vyaya 111 vyAptijJAna 72 vyAvahArika 46

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vyaMjanAvaha 54 zabda 47 zabdanayabhAsa 134 zAha sI0 je0 4,11,12 zIlavata 19 zaMkara 114,115 zramaNopAsaka 19 zrAvaka 19,30,162 zrAvaka dharma 162 zrInivAsacArI pI. ena. 116 zruta 45,55,59-63,65,85 zvetAmbara 18,20-25,27 zveravAtskI thiyoDora 114,128 sacetanatA 104 satkAryavAda 115 sattA 84,109-112 sattAmAtra 49,82 satya 145,148 saptabhaMgInaya 137 samiti 162 samyak cArita 161,166 samyak jJAna 156,161,166 samyak darzana 156,161 samyak zruta 60 sarvaza6,92 saMgrahabhAsa 133 sagha 18,21,22,25 saMgha-sammelana prathama 28 saMzA 85 saMjJAkSara 60 saMjhin 59 saMjvalana 89 saMnyAsa 9.162 saMnyAsa dharma saMbuddha 6 saMbhava 44 saMbara 155,158,159,161 saMvega 86-89,188 saMvedana 82-84,87,88,100 saMvedanA 84 saMzaya 56 saMsAra 29,35,155,157 saMsAra-tyAga 31 sAdhu 163,171 sAvatA 31 sAdhuvRtti 31 sAdhya 68,72 sApekSika AdhyAtmika vizuddhi sAMsya 36,77,113,115,130 sikaMdara 13,21 siddha 158,162,164,165 siddhAnta 26 sugata 6 sudharma 17,28 sudharman 17,28 suSTi 38,39 sogAnI ke. sI. 90,158,160, 164 skandha 127,128 sTIvensana 15 sTIvensana sikleyara 122,146 zrImatI sthAnakavAsa 25 sthala bhadra 22,24,26 smRti 85,100 syAdvAda 138,137,140 svabhAva 37

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188 svamatAbhimAnI 67 svAiTjera albarTa 125 svArthAnumAna 71 haoNpakinsa vaoNzabanaM 10 hiriyannA em. 140 jaina darzana hiMdu dharma 3,4,9,101,130 hiMsA 146 hetu 68,73,74 hemacaMdra 51,79..

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