Bharatiya Rajniti Jain Puran Sahitya Sandarbh Me

Author(s): Madhu Smitashreeji
Publisher: Durgadevi Nahta Charity Trust
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032350/1

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bhAratIya rAjanItiH jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM sAdhvI DA0 madhu smitAzrI

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azoka kumAra nAhaTA bIkAnera ke suprasiddha evaM dhanADhya nAhaTA parivAra meM zrI azoka kumAra nAhaTA kA janma 20 sitambara, 1657 ko | huA thaa| inake pitA zrI harakhacanda jI tathA mAtA zrImatI rUkkhamaNi devI nAhaTA kI Apa dvitIya saMtAna the| Apa | bacapana se hI kuzAgra buddhi tathA vizAla hRdaya ke the| 16 varSa kI alpAyU se hI Apane pAramparika vyApAra kI bAgaDora | saMbhAla lii| apane pitA zrI ke kuzala nirdezana meM tathA / vyavasAyika cAturya evaM kuzAgra buddhi se Apane bahuta thor3e samaya meM vyApAra-sAmrAjya kA AzAtIta vistAra kiyaa| Aja taka loga inakI dAnavIratA, vizAla hRdaya, jijJAsu pravRtti, vyAvasAyika cAturya ko nahIM bhUla pAye haiN| lekina kAla ke krUra paMjoM ne isa udIyamAna vyaktitva ko 23varSa kI alpAyu meM hI 22 disambara 1680 ko hamase inheM chIna liyaa| apane kAryoM tathA ucca AdarzoM ke kAraNa Aja bhI inakA caritra eka anukaraNIya udAharaNa hai|

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bhAratIya rAjanIti : jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM sAdhvo DA. madhusmitA zro ema0 e0, pI0 eca0 DI. zrImatI durgAdevI nAhaTA cairiTI TrasTa azoka kumAra nAhaTA cariTebala TrasTa 21, Ananda loka ... naI dillI bhArata

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prathama saMskaraNa maI, 1961 0 prerikA sva0 pravartinI jaina kokilA samatAmUrti zrI vicakSaNa zrI jI ma0 sA0 kI suziSyA zAsana jyoti zatAvadhAnI pa.pU. manohara zrI jI ma. sA. evaM viduSI varyA zrI . mukti prabhA zrI jo ma. sA. - artha saujanya zrI harakhacanda jI nAhaTA 21 Ananda loka naI dillI-110046 dUrabhASa : 644-2834, 646-1075 . D mUlya sadupayoga / prApti sthAna zrImatI durgAdevI nAhaTA cairiTI TrasTa zrI azoka kumAra nAhaTA cairiTebala TrasTa 21, aAnanda loka, naI dillI-46 * nAhaTA eNDa kampanI 537, kaTarA nIla, cAMdanI cauka, dillI-110006 0 mudraka saMjaya priMTarsa, 1132, chattA.madana gopAla cAMdanI cauka, dillI-6

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prakAzakIya jIvana kI upAdeyatA evaM sArthakatA kA parimApaka hai vyakti kA Atma-kalyANa ke sAtha vizva kalyANa kA prayatna / itihAsa meM vaMdanIya ve hI kAlajayI puruSa hote haiM, jinhoMne samaSTi ko vyaSTi meM samAhita kara liyaa| kisI bhI vyakti kI sRjanAtmakatA evaM kRtitva kA kalana samAja ke prati usake uttaradAyitva paripAlana evaM mAnava - mAtra ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa hetu racanAtmaka sahayoga se kiyA jAtA hai / bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA meM usake saMta samudAya ke prati agAdha niSThA kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hai hamArI vaicArika evaM AdhyAtmika virAsata, jisameM saMyama, zIla, evaM guNoM ko artha evaM zakti se jyAdA mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina saMta samudAya ne sadiyoM se bhAratIya sAhitya, kalA, dharma, rAjanIti, vicAra, AdhyAtma, jyotiSa evaM bhASA ke kSetra meM anupama yogadAna dekara bhAratIya saMskRti ko samRddha evaM prANavAna banAyA hai| usI virAsata kI zrRMkhalA ko Age bar3hAte hue parama viduSI AryAratna sAdhvI DA0 madhusmitA zrI jI ne gahana adhyayana evaM zrama - sAdhya vizleSana ke bAda prastuta grantha "bhAratIya rAjanIti zAstra: jaina purANoM ke sandarbha meM ' kA praNayana kiyA hai / bhAratIya rAjanIti zAstra kI vizad vyAkhyA evaM jaina purANoM meM nirUpita vibhinna siddhAMtoM kI vivecanA kara viduSI ma0 sA0 ne rAjanIti ke zikSArthiyoM evaM vicArakoM ko adhyayana kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai / yaha mere lie saubhAgya kA viSaya hai ki isa mahatvapUrNa grantha kA prakAzana karAne kA mujhe svarNima avasara prApta huA hai| parama pUjya ma0

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sA0 ke dillI cAtuM mAsa ke samaya mujhe zrI sunIla kumAra zrImAla ke mAdhyama se isa zodha grantha ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta huii| jisake uparAnta maiMne grantha ko prakAzita karavAne ke mantavya ko ma. sA. ke sammukha nivedana kiyaa| unakI svIkRti prApti ke bAda zrI mahendra kumAra nAhaTA ne isakI mudraNa sambandhita vyavasthA saMbhAlane meM yogadAna diyA hai / maiM sarvazrI sunIla kumAra zrImAla evaM mahendra kumAra nAhaTA ko unake yogadAna ke lie dhanyavAda detA huuN| AzA karatA hU~ ki Apa sabhI sudhIjanoM ko yaha grantha upayogI pratIta hogA, jisase merA yatkiMcit aMzadAna bhI sArthaka ho skegaa| naI dillI harakha canda nAhaTA

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do zabda sAdhvI madhusmitA zrI jI kA zodha nibandha (thIsIsa) "bhAratIya rAjanIti jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM" kA prakAzana eka subhaga bauddhika prasaMga hai / isIlie ki jaina sAhitya ke mUla AdhAra kA rAjanIti zAstrIya abhigama se abhyAsa pUrNa vizleSaNa madhusmitA zrI jI ne kiyA hai| samAja meM rAjanIti kA calanA aura daNDa zakti kA viniyoga anivArya hotA hai, taba bhI jaina rAjanItijJoM ne zAnti kI pratiSThA kI thii| antarrASTrIya rAjanIti va sambandhoM meM ahiMsA aura zAnti ke mUlyoM kI sarAhanA-yaha jaina saMskRti kA bhArata aura vizva ko ananya pradAna hai| yaha mahatvapUrNa zodha madhusmitA jI ne paddhati sara rUpa se sUkSma vivaraNa karake siddha kiyA hai| mujhe jyAdA khuzI isa bAta kI hai ki sAdhvI zrI kI itanI bauddhika parizrama se likhI huI thIsIsa ke lie pI0 eca0 DI0 kI jo upAdhi milane vAlI thI, usakA unako koI bhautika upayoga yA vyavasAyI lAbha milane vAlA nahIM thA nA hI aisI kucha apekSA bhI thI, phira bhI kevala nijAnanda ke lie aura jaina saMskRti paramparA kA mUla rAjanaitika pariNAma ko samajhane ke lie unhoMne yaha thIsIsa taiyAra kii| isa thIsIsa ke donoM vidvAna parIkSakoM ne apanI mUlyAMkana riporTa meM madhusmitA zrI jI kI yaha abhyAsikA kRti kI ucca guNavattA kI prazaMsA kI hai, aura aise acche zodha ke lie pI0 eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi sampanna karane ke liye sarAhanA kI thii| zraddhA hai, vizvAsa hai, ki isa thIsIsa ko zaikSaNika vizva meM prAvikAra milegaa| sAdhvI zrI madhusmitA zrI jI ko maiM dhanyavAda detA hUM aura aisI utkRSTa praNAlI ke lie vaMdana karatA huuN| 28-6-86 pravINa na. zeTha (mArga darzaka) prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSa, rAjanIti vijJAna gujarAta yUnivarsiTI ahamadAbAda

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AzIrvacana "sAnoti sva-para kAryamiti sAdhu"-"svAntasukhAya-parajana hitAya' isI artha ko lekara sAdhu zabda kI vyutpatti huI hai| jJAnopAsanA svotthAna aura paropakAra ke lie Avazyaka hai| isI lakSya ko kendrita karate hue sAdhvI madhusmitA zrI jI ne svayaM ke lie evaM janamAnasa ko Atmonmukha banAne ke lie "bhAratIya rAjanItiH jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha' viSaya para PH. D. kI hai| jaina darzana kA pramukha AdhAra karma siddhAnta para avalambita hai / 'yaH kartA sa evaM bhoktA' isa ukti ke anusAra yadyapi jo jaisA karatA hai vaha vaisA hI phala pAtA hai| phira bhI samAja kI arAjakatA, bhraSTAcAra, anyAya se surakSA kA vidhAna rAjanIti karatI hai| naitikatA hI sadAcAra kI nIMva hai / atIta ke anubhava kA prakAza hI bhaviSya kA mArgadarzana karatI hai / jaina purANoM meM prAcIna daNDanIti kA vidhAna to hai hI, sAtha hI sAtha samaya-samaya para bhinna-bhinna nItiyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| sAdhvI jI ne isI tathya ko satya karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| . viSaya kA talasparzI evaM sUkSma jJAnArjana ke lie lakSya kA nirdhAraNa Avazyaka hai| isI hetu se sAdhvI jI ne pI0 eca0 DI0 karane kA nirNaya liyaa| adhyayanazIla rahane meM kaThinAIyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, isameM bhI zramaNa jIvana to saMgharSa se paripUrNa hotA hai| isake bAvajUda bhI athaka parizrama karake inhoMne sAhitya sevA kI hai| - madhusmitA zrI jI naitikatA kA pATha par3hAkara, sAhitya sRjana ke mAdhyama se samAja kA evaM svayaM apanA utthAna kareM, yahI merI hArdika zubhakAmanA tathA Antarika AzIrvAda hai| 13-11-86 kArtika pUrNimA dehalI guru vicakSaNa pada hetu manohara zrI mukti prabhA zrI

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- prastAvika apanA viSaya 'bhAratIya rAjanIti jainapurANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM" "prakAzita karane se pUrva meM yaha batAnA cAhatI hUM ki bhArata meM rAjanIti zAstra ke adhyayana kI kyA paramparA thii| bhArata meM rAjanIti zAstra ke adhyayana kI paramparA bahuta prAcIna hai| (vartamAna upalabdha rAjanIti pradhAna granthoM meM yadyapi kauTilya kA artha-zAstra sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai|) vartamAna upalabdha rAjanaitika vADmaya meM kauTilya kA arthazAstra, manusmRti zukranItisAra, yAjJavalkya smRti tathA nItivAkyAmRta Adi pramukha grantha haiM / ina granthoM kI TIkAoM meM aneka prAcIna mahAna rAjanItijJoM ke matoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jinakI racanAe~ Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM / mahAbhArata tathA rAmAyaNa granthoM meM bhI rAjanIti ke bahumUlya tattva vidyamAna haiM / ina granthoM para vidvAnoM ne kAphI zodha aura khoja kI hai| ukta granthoM ke atirikta bahuta-sA prAcIna sAhitya hai, jisameM rAjanIti ke aneka bahumUlya tatva samAviSTa haiN| isa koTi meM jaina purANa sAhitya ko rakhA jA sakatA hai| pichale kucha varSoM se vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jaina vAr3amaya kI ora AkRSTa huA hai| pariNAma svarUpa adhyayana, anusaMdhAna ke prayatna bhI prArambha hue haiN| somadeva ke nItivAkyAmRta ko chor3akara anya granthoM ke rAjanaitika aMzoM para abhI taka zAyada koI khAsa zodhakArya nahIM huA hai, thor3A-bahuta jo kucha bhI huA hai, vaha aparyApta hai| isa para rAjanIti kI bahuta-sI yatra-tatra vikIrNa sAmagrI abhaM.. ... vidvAnoM kI dRSTi se aojhala hI hai| Aja taka deza-videza meM zAyada aisA eka bhI prayatna nh| huA jisase jaina purANa-sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM tatkAlIna rAjanItika kA sampUrNa rekhAcitra aMkita kiyA jA sake / isa bAta ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hI maiMne 'bhAratIya rAjanIti : jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarma meM" zodha-viSaya canA hai|

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pramukha jaina purANoM meM nihita rAjanItika sAmagrI para anusaMdhAna karake use eka sUtra meM nibaddha kara prastuta zodha-prabandha meM bhAratIya rAjanIti: jaina purANa' sAhitya saMdarbha meM' kA digdarzana kiyA hai| jaina purANoM kI racanA saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA vibhinna prAdezika bhASAoM meM huI hai| vaidika paramparA ke aSTAdaza purANoM kI taraha yahAM purANoM kI saMkhyA sImita nahIM hai / jaina purANoM ko sarvatra purANa nAma se abhihita bhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| katipaya racanAkAroM ne unheM caritra kI saMjJA dI hai| parantu vAstava meM vaha isa koTi ke antargata hI Ate haiM / jaina purANoM kI sUcI grantha meM preSita kI gaI hai| maiMne apane anusaMdhAna kI upalabdhiyoM ko prastuta zodha-prabandha ke aSTa adhyAyoM meM nimna rIti se saMyojita kiyA hai : prathama adhyAya meM bhArata meM prAcIna rAjanIti zAstra kI adhyayana paramparA, dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina purANa-sAhitya kA paricaya, tRtIya adhyAya meM jaina purANa sAhitya meM rAjanIti, caturtha adhyAya meM rAjya evaM rAjA, paMcama adhyAya meM zAsana-vyavasthA, SaSTha adhyAya meM nyAyavyavasthA, saptama adhyAya meM nagarAdi vyavasthA, aSTama adhyAya meM antarrASTrIya sambandha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| upasaMhAra meM atyanta saMkSepa meM zodha-prabandha ke niSkarSa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| anta meM saMdarbha-graMtha sUci (tAlikA) meM una pramukha granthoM kI tAlikA dI gayI hai jinakA upayoga zodha-prabandha kI taiyArI meM vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| kRtajJatA jJApana : prastuta zodha-prabandha kI Apa prerikA guruvaryA zAsana jyoti, zatAvadhAnI pUjya manohara zrI jI mahArAja sAhaba evaM viduSIvaryA pUjya mukti prabhA zrI jI mahArAja sAhaba haiM, jo isa grantha kI samApti taka preraka banI rhiiN| pUjyA pradhAna pada vibhUSitA avicala zrI jI ma. sA. ke AzIrvAda evaM guru bhaginiyoM ke sahayoga tathA pUjyA surekhA zrI jI mahArAja sAhaba ke vizeSa sahayoga evaM sad prayatna ke phalasvarUpa yaha kArya pUrNatA kI ora agrasara huA hai|

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isa zodha-prabandha ke nirdezaka prArambha meM gujarAta yUnivarsiTI ke rAjanIti zAstra vibhAga ke bhUtapUrva adhyakSa sva0 DA0 kIrtideva desAI the, jo durbhAgyavaza isa grantha kI samApti se pUrva hI isa loka se vidA ho gye| jinakA nirdezana hamezA hI banA rahA / vartamAna meM isa zodha-prabandha ke ( usI vibhAga ke ) nirdezaka DA0 pravINa bhAI seTha haiM, jinhoMne kArya kI bahulatA hone para bhI mujhe apane nirdezana meM zodha kArya karane kI anumati pradAna kii| jinake sahaja-sneha evaM nirdezana se prastuta zodha-prabandha kA kArya sampUrNa huA hai / 1 viSaya-nirdhAraNa evaM zodha-prabandha kI nirmANa dazA kA zreya paMDitavayaM zrAgamavettA, tatvAnveSI, udAramanA, sahajasvabhAvI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ko hai, jinhoMne apanA amUlya samaya dekara mujhe samaya-samaya para nirdezana evaM preraNA pradAna kI hai| inake vyaktitva ke lie jitanA bhI kahA jAyegA vaha akathanIya hI hogA / grantha kI samApti taka DA0 ramaNIka bhAI sAhaba kA bhI audArya pUrNa evaM sarAhanIya sahayoga rahA hai| isa grantha ko prakAzita karane ke liye artha saujanya meM zrI harakha canda jI nAhaTA evaM unake putra bhI sAdhuvAda ke pAtra haiM, jinhoMne apanI caMcala lakSmI kA sadupayoga jJAna kI ArAdhanA meM lagAyA gayA hai / 14-11-86 dillI madhusmitA zrI

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sAMketika zabda-sUcI (sUkSmarUpa) A. cUrNI AvazyakacUrNI prA. niyukti Avazyaka niyukti Adi pu. Adi purANa kAmandaka kAmandaka nItisAra kau. artha. kauTilya arthazAstra TIkA. TIkAkAra triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra ni. cU. nizIthacUrNI ni. bhASya nizIthabhASya padama pu. padamapurANa pANDava pu. pANDava purANa tri. za. pu. ca. purANa mahA pu. mahA. zAnti. mahApurANa mahAbhArata zAntiparva manu. manusmRti yAjJavalkya yAjJavalkyasmRti zukranItisAra samarAiccakahA harivaMza purANa sama.ka. harivaMza pu.

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anukramaNikA "bhAratIya rAjanIti : jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM" viSaya pRSTha saMkhyA prAstAvika kRtajJatA jJApana saMketa sUcI adhyAya 1 - bhArata meM rAjanIti - zAstra kI prAcIna paramparA adhyAya 2 - jaina purANa sAhitya kA paricaya adhyAya 3 - jaina purANa sAhitya meM rAjanIti adhyAya 4- rAjya evaM rAjA - ka ga ga gha Ga 1 - 16 17-38 36-50 51 51 (II) rAjya ke prakAra 53 (iv) rAjya se kArya / 55 1. (ka) rAjya kA svarUpa (I) rAjya kI utpatti 51 (III) rAjya ke uddezya 54 (kha) rAjya ke siddhAnta ( 1 ) rAjya ke saptAMga siddhAnta 55 ( II ) rAjya ke catuSTaya siddhAnta 56 (HI) rAjya ke SaD siddhAnta / 60 2. rAjA 77-107 (I) rAjA kA mahatva 62 ( II ) rAjA kI utpatti 67 (III) rAjyAbhiSeka 82 (IV) yuvarAja aura usakA uttarAdhikArI 88 (V) rAjya ke uttarAdhikArI kA prazna 8 (VI) rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa 61 (VII) rAjA kI upAdhiyAM 64 (VIII) rAjA ke prakAra 65. ( IX) rAjA ke guNa 67 (X) rAjA prajA kA sambandha 100 (XI) rAjA ke karttavya 101 / adhyAya 5 zAsana vyavasthA (ka) mantripariSada 108 - 207 106 (I) mantripariSada kI racanA 111 (II) mantriyoM kI niyukti 113 (III) mantriyoM kI yogyatA 115 IV mantripariSada ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA 117 (V) mantri pariSada ke kAryaM 118 /

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(kha) koSa 122 (1) rAjakara vyavasthA ( kAnUnI TaeNksa) 123 ( II ) karoM ke prakAra 126 (III) rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke upAya 126 (ga) senA yA bala (ka) caturaMgiNI sevA ke aMga 127 128 (I) padAti senA 128 ( II) azva senA 126 ( III ) hasti senA 131 (IV) ratha senA 134 (kha) yuddha 134 (I) yuddha ke kAraNa 134 ( II ) yuddha - nIti 138 ( III ) pratra zastra 147 / My adhyAya 6 - ( ka ) nyAya vyavasthA 146 - 1.68 I nyAya svarUpa evaM prakAra 146 ( II ) nyAyAdhIza 1.51 (III) zapatha 151 (kha) aparAdha evaM daNDa : 152 (I) coroM ke prakAra 156 (II) corI ke prakAra ( seMdha lagAnA) 160 ( III ) coroM ke AkhyAna 161 (IV) jelakhAne (cAra) 163 (v) mukaddameM 166 / adhyAya 7 - nagarAdi-vyavasthA 166 - 180 (ka) nagara- vinyAsa 166 (I) durga 171 (IIT) rAjadhAnI 173 ( III ) sar3aka nirmANa 175 (kha) surakSA-vyavasthA (1) parikhA 176 ( II ) koTa 177 (IV) aTTAlaka 176 (V) gopura 176 zradhyAya 8- antarrASTrIya sambandha 175 ( III ) prAkAra 177 pratolI 180 181 - 205 (ka) zAntikAla meM antararrASTrIya sambandha : (I) dUta 187 ( II) dUta ke guNa 187 bheda 188 (IV) dUtoM ke kArya 188 (V) (VI) sAmanta zAsakoM ke sAtha sambandha 193 (kha) yuddha kAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandha ( 1 ) maNDala siddhAnta 196 ( II) pararASTranIti 166 (III) pararASTra nIti ko kriyAnvita karane ke upAya 00 upasaMhAra evaM niSkarSa 00 saMdarbha grantha sUcI (III) dUtoM ke guptacara 192 194 203 206-213 214 - 232

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prathama adhyAya bhArata meM rAjanIti zAstra kI prAcIna paramparA prAcIna bhArata meM rAjanIti zAstra ko aneka nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA / rAjadharma, rAjyazAstra, daNDanIti, nItizAstra, arthazAstra Adi / 'rAjadharma' athavA 'rAjyazAstra' nAma isalie par3A kyoMki usa samaya bhArata me bahudhA nRpatantra yA rAjatantra pracalita thA / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva me isa viSaya kA vivecana rAjadharma ke nAma se hI kiyA gayA hai / " daNDanIti" yaha nAma dene kA tAtparya yaha hai ki bhAratIya rAjanItijJa rAjasattA kA antima AdhAra daNDa yA bala ko hI svIkAra karate the / unakI mAnyatA thI ki yadi rAjasattA aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa nahIM degI, to samAja me matsyanyAya yA arAjakatA zurU ho jAyegI / daNDa ke bhaya se hI loga nyAya patha kA anukaraNa karate haiM / jaba saba sote haiM taba " daNDa" hI rakSaNa karatA hai / saMkSepataH daNDa hI dharma hai, aisI bhAratIya rAjyazAstriyoM kI dhAraNA thI / Arambha meM jo grantha rAjanItika siddhAntoM athavA zAsana kAyoM se sambandha rakhate the, ve daNDanIti kahalAte the / daNDanIti kA artha hai zAsana sambandhI siddhAnta / prAcIna zabda 1 daNDa : zasti prajAH sarvA daNDa evAbhirakSati / daNDaH supteSu jAgarti daNDaM dharma vidurbudhAH // 1 manusmRti TIkAkAra, haragovinda zAstrI, vArANasI, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja Aphisa, 1965, 7 / 18 / 2. "kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla " hindU rAjya -tantra - pahalA- khaNDa, prayAga : iNDiyana presa limiTeDa, 1984, pR0 5 /

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(2) "artha" aura "daNDa" kA sthAna Age calakara "nIti" zabda ne liyaa| . nIti-zAstra kA artha hai ucita aura anucita kAyauM ko btaanaa| nItizAstra meM mAnava samAja ke vibhinna vargoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana nihita hotA hai| bhartRhari kA prasiddha nIti-zataka vizAla artha me nIti kI carcA karatA hai| kAmaMdaka va zukra ke zAsana-zAstra sambandhI graMtha "nIti-zAstra" nAma se hI prasiddha hai| vaiyaktika jIvana meM jitanA yogya mArga se jAnA mahattvazIla hai, usase bhI adhika vaha rAjakIya kSetra meM hai, kAraNa ki yadi thor3I-sI bhI bhUla ho jAye to samAja bahuta kaSTa meM par3a jAtA hai| nItizAstra kA dhyeya jisa prakAra samAja kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa karanA hai vaisA hI dhyeya zAsana-zAstra kA thaa| isalie nIti-zAstra zabda rAjanIti-zAstra ke artha meM upayoga Ane lgaa|' aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki rAjanIti kA nAma artha-zAstra kisa prakAra par3A ? arthazAstra kA artha hai, "janapada sambandhI zAstra" / "artha" kA abhiprAya manuSyoM kI bastI, arthAt vaha pradeza jisameM manuSya basate hoN| artha-zAstra usa zAstra ko kahate haiM jisameM rAjya kI prApti aura usake pAlana ke upAyoM kA varNana ho| artha-zAstra meM uddhata hai ki kauTilya apane isa grantha ko prathama daNDanIti nAma denA cAhate the, kintu anta meM unakA mata badala gayA aura "arthanAma" nizcita kara diyaa| uparyukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki rAja-zAstra itihAsa meM sarvaprathama "rAjadharma" ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA, isake pazcAt daNDanIti yaha nAma lokapriya huaa| Age calakara artha-zAstra, rAjanIti-zAstra, nIti-zAstra yaha nAma adhika lokapriya hue| 1. sarvopajIvakaM lokasthitikRnnItizAstrakam / dharmArthakAmamUlaM hi smRtaM mokSapataM yata / zukranIti sAra : bhASAntarakartA icchArAma sUryarAma desAI, bambaI : gujarAtI priTiMga presa : 1667, 1/5 / 2. kauTilIya arthazAstram : anu0 rAmateja zAstrI, kAzI : paNDita pustakAlaya, ___a0 15/1 /

Page #17
( 3 ) bhAratIya rAjanIti zAstra ke mUla srota vaidika granthoM meM milate haiM / ' sarvaprathama vaidika aura brAhmaNa kAla meM rAjanIti zAstra ke adhyayana praNAlI kA varNana AtA hai / isa kAla meM rAjanIti zAstra ke svataMtra grantha upalabdha nahIM hue the; phira bhI vaidika granthoM ke antargata rAjya-zAstra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jisake AdhAra para hama yaha jAna sakate haiM ki prAcIna samaya meM rAjanIti - zAstra ke adhyayana kI paramparA kaisI thI / isake pazcAt dharmasUtroM meM varNita rAjanIti kA vivecana AtA hai / vaise dharmasUtroM kA dRSTikoNa dhArmika hai, na ki rAjanaitika / phira bhI ina dharmasUtroM ke AdhAra para prAcIna rAjanIti kA thor3A aMza prApta hotA hai / isake pazcAt mahAbhArata meM aura kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM rAjanIti kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai / mahAbhArata ke "zAntiparva' ke adhyAyoM meM rAjA ke karttavyoM evaM zAsana vyavasthA kA vistRta rUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai / kauTilya artha-zAstra to rAjyazAstra kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai hI / isake alAvA "kAmandakIya nItisAra", "zukranIti" meM bhI zAsana vyavasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| purANoM meM bhI rAjya - zAstra kI carcA kI gaI hai| 1 uparyukta granthoM ke AdhAra para hI hama prAcIna rAjanIti kA saMkSepa meM citra aMkita kareMge / jaba hama prAcIna rAjanIti para dRSTipAta karate haiM, to sarvaprathama hamArA lakSya vaidika brAhmaNa kAla kI ora jAtA hai; kyoMki prAcIna rAja-zAstra kA udbhava vaidika kAla se huA hai / isa kAla ke rAjanIti ke grantha na hone para bhI vaidika vAGmaya meM itastaH sphuTa vacana milate haiM; jinase tatkAlIna rAjanIti aura vyavasthA kA thor3A paricaya mila jAtA haiM / vaidika kAla meM rAjA pUrNatayA svecchAcArI nahIM rahate the; balki jAtIya sabhA va samiti dvArA rAjA ke adhikAroM para niyantraNa rahatA thA / rASTrIya jIvana ke sabhI kArya sArvajanika samUhoM aura saMsthAoM Adi ke dvArA huA karate the / ' ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla kA kahanA hai ki " rAjatva manuSya nirmita ?. Saletore: Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institution, Asia Publishing House, Page 96; 2. hindU rAjatantra, pR0 12 /

Page #18
saMsthA thii| nirvAcana dvArA rAjA niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjapada ko svIkAra karane meM use kaI pratijJAe~ karanI par3atI thIM, jisake anusAra prajA kA hita aura usakI samRddhi karanA rAjA kA sarvazreSTha karttavya hotA thaa| rAjA niyamoM se pare nahIM thaa| niyama usa para bhI lAgU hote the| isa kAla meM rAjAoM kA nirvAcana athavA punanirvAcana hotA thaa| Rgveda meM rAjA ke caritra evaM guNa kyA the, patA nahIM calatA hai| arthAt Rgveda meM rAjya sambandhI ullekha bahuta kama hai| atharvaveda meM unakI saMkhyA paryApta hai, parantu unakA sambandha kevala rAjA se hI hai| yajurveda kI saMhitAoM aura brAhmaNoM meM rAjyAbhiSeka yA usake bAda kiye jAne vAle yajJoM kA varNana kaI sthAnoM para milatA hai| rAjyArohaNa ke samaya kiyA jAne vAlA yajJa "rAjasUya" kahalAtA thaa| saMhitAoM aura brAhmaNoM meM varNita tatvoM se patA calatA hai ki rAjapada kI pratiSThA kaisI thI, rAjakarmacArI kauna the, prajA se kauna-kauna se "kara" vasUla kiye jAte the| isake alAvA vibhinna jAtiyoM ke paraspara sambandha, adhikAra, sthiti kA vivecana hai, jisase rAjatantra para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| vaidika aura brAhmaNa kAla ke pazcAt, aba hama dharma-sUtroM meM nihita rAjanIti kA varNana kreNge| dharmasUtroM ke antargata rAjanIti meM pUrva kI apekSA kucha parivartana ho gayA thaa| dharmasUtroM meM rAjatva sambandhI adhikAroM kA tarkapUrNa vivecana hai| isake alAvA adhikAra evaM uttaradAyitva ke siddhAntoM kA acchA sAmaMjasya hai| eka sthAna para rAjA ke adhikAra kA satrapAta isa AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai ki yaha vyaktigata evaM samAjagata maulika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatA hai| aisA likhane meM hamArA uddezya gautama RSi kI ukti kI aura hai ki saMsAra ke dharma ko rAjA 1. yU0 ena0 ghoSAla : hinduoM ke rAjanaitika siddhAnta, jabalapura : sTuDeNTsa sTorsa, 1950 pR0 1 / 2. vhii| / ke0 vI0 jAyasavAla, anu0 campakalAlabhAI mehatA, hindU rAjya vyavasthA : "ahamadAbAda, hIrAlAla tribhunadAsa pArekha, gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI, 1933, pR0 205 /

Page #19
evaM brAhmaNa donoM hI svIkAra karate haiN|' isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjA evaM brAhmaNa ke Upara ho prajA ke astitva kA bhAra nirbhara thA aura ve naitika evaM sAmAjika vyavasthA ke AdhArabhUta stambha the| dharmasatroM meM rAjA ke kartavyoM kA bhI vizeSa ullekha hai| dharma kA yaha lakSaNa hai ki mahAstotra evaM vedoM meM jo niyama diye gaye haiM unake anusAra AcaraNa karanA caahie| una niyamoM ke anusAra rAjA apanI zakti kA nyAya-viruddha durupayoga karane se pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai, sAtha hI dharmasUtroM meM nyAyapUrNa zAsana ke kartavyoM se cyuta ho jAne para rAjA ke lie prAyazcita karane kA bhI vidhAna hai / dharmasUtroM meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki prajA ke puNya evaM pApa kA bhAgIdAra rAjA hotA hai / gautama RSi ne to rAjA ko pUNya kA hI bhAgIdAra vatAyA hai| viSNu RSi ne yaha kahA hai ki prajA ke puNya evaM pApa donoM ke hI SaSTha bhAga kA uttaradAyitva rAjA para hai| bauddhAyana dharmasUtroM meM likhA hai ki "SaDabhAgabhato rAjA rakSetprajAm / arthAta SaDbhAga lekara rAjA prajA kI rakSA karatA thaa| isa vAkya se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjA eka prakAra se karmacArI thA, jo prajA kI rakSA vetana lekara karatA thaa| athavA yaha kahanA cAhie ki rAjA prajA se kara basUla karatA thA to usakA kartavya thA ki vaha prajA kI rakSA kre| - I0 pU0 sAtavIM zatI meM rAjanIti kA vikAsa huA, kyoMki isa samaya taka deza meM aneka choTe-choTe rAjya sthApita ho gaye the| zAsaka apane maMtriyoM va guruoM se rAjya-sambandhI viSaya para carcA kiyA karate the| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM jaba dharmarAja yudhiSThira apane guru bhISma se aneka vivAdya prazna pUchate haiM; taba bhISma svayaM apanA mata dene ke bajAya prAcIna kAla meM una viSayoM para rAjAoM aura RSiyoM ke bIca jo carcA huI thI usakA sArAMza dete the| I0 pU0 sAtavIM va chaThI zatI meM rAjanIti para aneka grantha likhe gaye ; lekina ve saba naSTa ho gye| ina granthoM kA kAla prasiddha yUnAnI tatvavettA arastU se pUrva thaa| 1. hinduoM ke rAjanaitika siddhAnta pR0 20. 2./bauddhAyanadharmasUtram : maharSi bodhAyana praNIta, govinda svAmI ; banArasa, caukhambA / saMskRta sIrija 1934 a0 10 zloka 1. ..

Page #20
( 6 ) rAjya ke nirmAtAoM aura granthoM kA paricaya hameM kevala mahAbhArata evaM kauTilya ke artha - zAstra se hotA hai / yadyapi ina dono granthoM kA viSaya svarUpa, dRSTikoNa aura paramparAoM meM bhinnatA hai phira bhI ullikhita pUrva sUriyoM ke nAmoM meM antara nahIM hai / mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke 56 meM adhyAya meM varNita hai ki rAjya kI utpatti kisa prakAra huI ? mahAbhArata zAntiparva ke anusAra sRSTi ke prArambha meM satyayuga thA / usa samaya na rAjya thA, na rAjA, na daNDa, aura na hI daNDa ke pAtra koI vyakti / eka mAtra dharma kA anusaraNa karate huye hI paraspara apanA rakSaNa karate the / ' lekina yaha satyayuga bahuta samaya taka nahIM rahA / vAda meM kisI prakAra adhaHpatana Arambha ho gayA / loga sadAcAra se bhraSTa hokara svArtha, lobha aura vAsanA ke vaza meM ho gaye aura jisa svargIya vyavasthA meM ve rahate the vaha naraka bana gayI / " " matsya nyAya" (jisakI lAThI usakI bhaiMsa) kA bolabAlA huA / valavAn nirbaloM ko khAne lage / devatA bhI yaha saba dekhakara cintita hue aura unhoMne isa durdazA kA aMta karane kA nizcaya kiyA / loga brahmA kI zaraNa meM pahuMce / brahmAjI isa nirNaya para pahuMce ki manuSya jAti kI taba hI rakSA ho sakegI, jaba eka AcArazAstra banAyA jAye aura use rAjA ke dvArA kAryAnvita kiyA jAya / ataH unhoMne eka lAkha adhyAya vAle nIti - zAstra kI racanA kii| isameM dharma, 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva : kRSNadvaipAyanavedavyAsa praNIta, bhASAntarakarttAH zAstrI girijAzaMkara mayAzaMkara, ahamadAbAda: bhikSu akhaMDAnaMda 1666, adhyAya 56, niyatastvaM naraNAdhna zRNu sarvamazeSataH / yathA rAjyaM samutpannamAdI kRtayuge - 'bhavat / / 3 / / na vai rAjyaM na rAjA''sInna ca daNDo na dANDikaH / dharmeNeva prajAH sarvA rakSanti sbha parasparam // 4 // 2. pAlyamAnAstathAnyo'nyaM narAdharmeNa bhArata / khedaM paramuvAjagmustatastAnmoha Avizata || 5 || pratipattivimohAcca dharmasteSAmanInazat / kAmo nAmAparastatra pratyapayata ve prabho / / 18 / / mahAbhArata zAntiparva 3 mahAbhArata zAntiparva pR0 125, zloka 26.

Page #21
... (7) artha aura kAma trivarga aura caturtha mokSa aura usake trivarga satva, raja aura tama kA vivecana kiyA hai / isake sAtha hI unhoMne daNDaja trivarga, sthAna kAla aura sahAya ke atirikta anvIkSikI trayI vArtA aura daNDanIti, sAma dAma, daNDa aura bheda sambandhita viSayoM kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha grantha anyanta vizAla thA / indra ne isako pAMca hajAra adhyayana pramANa kiyA tathA isakA bAhudaMtaka aisA nAma diyA / bRhaspati ne isakI tIna hajAra adhyayana pramANa racanA kI tathA yaha bRhaspatya nAma se prasiddha huaa| isake pazcAt zukrAcArya ne isa zAstra ko eka hajAra adhyayana pramANa meM saMkSipta kara diyaa|' isa prakAra brahmA ne nIti-zAstra kI racanA kI aura apane mAnasa-putra virajasa kI saSTi karake use rAjA bnaayaa| janatA ne bhI usake anuzAsana meM rahanA svIkAra kiyaa| isa vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki rAjya kI utpatti daivI mAnI jAtI thii| yUropa meM bhI vizeSataH madhyayuga meM IsAI mata ke prabhAva se zAsanasaMsthA ko daivI samajhA jAtA thaa| rAjA paramezvara kA sAkSAt pratinidhi hai va use rAjya karane kA adhikAra Izvara pradatta thaa| islAma dharma kA mata bhI isase milatA julatA hai ; unake anusAra bAdazAha khudA kA pratibimba mAnA jAtA thaa| mahAbhArata ke varNana se rAjya-zAstra evaM daNDanIti kI prAcInatA prakaTa hotI hai / mahAbhArata meM adhikAMza rUpa se rAjasattAtmaka rAjyoM ke viSaya meM hI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM vizAlAkSa, indra, bRhaSpati, zukra, bhAradvAja, manu Adi rAjanIti ke granthakAroM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / prAcIna bhAratIya graMthakAroM kI yaha prathA thI ki vaha bahudhA svayaM ajJAta rahakara apane granthoM para devatAoM evaM paurANika RSiyoM ke nAma de diyA karate the| manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti, parAzarasmRti tathA zukranIti Adi nAma inake udAharaNa haiN| 1. vahI pR0 126, zloka 85. 2. J.S. Bains :-Studies in Political Science, Asia Publishing House, Nagendra Singh : The Concept of force in the Political Theory of Ancient India, Page 181.-..

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(8) uparyukta kathana kI puSTi kauTilya ke artha-zAstra se bhI hotI hai| isake atirikta artha-zAstra meM pizuna, kauNapadaMta, vAtavyAdhi, ghoTamukha, kAtyAyana aura cArAyaNa Adi rAjya-zAstra praNetAoM kA bhI ullekha hai / durbhAgyavaza upayukta granthoM meM se eka bhI grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki kucha granthoM kI sAmagrI mahAbhArata zAntiparva ke rAjadharma adhyAya meM samAviSTa ho gaI aura kucha kauTilya ke artha-zAstra meN| phira bhI kucha navIM zatI taka upalabdha the, kyoMki surezavarAcAryakRta "yAjJavalkyasmRti" kI bAla krIr3A TIkA meM vizAlAkSa kA eka zloka uddha ta kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata rAjya-zAstra kA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| usameM zantiparva ke rAjadharma parva ke adhyAyoM meM rAjA ke kartavyoM adhikAroM aura zAsanavyavasthA sambandhI aneka viSayoM kA vizada varNana nihita hai| adhyAya 63. 64 meM rAjya-zAstra kI mahattA kA varNana hai| adhyAya 56, 66, 67 meM rAjya tathA rAjataMtra kI utpatti para mahatva sthApita kiyA hai / adhyAya 55, 56, 70, 71, 76, 64, 66. 120 meM rAjA aura maMtriyoM ke kartavyoM evaM uttaradAyittva kA varNana hai| adhyAya 66 meM rAjya ke sAta aMgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki ina aMgoM kA yatnapUrvaka rakSaNa karanA cAhie / adhyAya 71, 76, 88, 67, 120, 130 ina cha: adhyAyoM meM kara vyavasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / svarASTra zAsanavyavasthA kA saMkSepa meM varNana adhyAya 80 meM nihita hai / pararASTranIti, saMdhi, vigraha kA varNana adhyAya 20 66, 68, 100, 103, 110 aura 113 meM hai| mahAbhArata meM rAjanIti samvandhI adhyayana pUrvavartI graMthakAroM se adhika vistRta evaM spaSTa hai / isameM pUrva granthakAroM ke kucha siddhAnta kA samAveza bhI hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva ke rAjadharma adhyAya ke atirikta aura bhI adhyAyoM meM rAjataMtra para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / sabhAparva ke 5 veM adhyAya me Adarza rAjA kA varNana nihita hai| Adiparva ke 14veM adhyAya meM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM rAjya-kArabhAra meM kUTanIti kA bhI samarthana kiyA gayA hai| 1. altekara : prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati : prayoga, bhAratImaMDAra, 1956,pR0 6.

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mahAbhArata ke pazcAt kauTilya ke prasiddha graMtha artha-zAstra kA hama varNana karege / isakA racanA-kAla I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI lagabhaga hai|' yaha rAjya-zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai / imameM rAjanIti kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha graMtha dharma-zAstra kI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita nahIM hai| isakA viSaya mUla rUpa meM rAjya-zAstra hai| "kauTilya artha-zAstra" ke prathama vibhAga meM napataMtra se sambandhita viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dasare vibhAga me adhikAriyoM ke karttavya-kSetra evaM adhikAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isase agale do vibhAgoM meM dIvAnI tathA phaujadArI kAnUna, dAya bhAga tathA rasma-rivAjoM kA vivecana hai| pAMcaveM vibhAga meM rAjA ke anucaroM ke kartavyoM kA varNana tathA chaThe vibhAga meM rAjya kI sapta prakRtiyoM ke svarUpa aura kartavyoM kA vidhAna hai| zeSa : vibhAgoM meM pararASTranIti :- vibhinna rAjAoM ke samvandha, unako parAbhUta karane ke upAya, saMdhi-vigraha ke upayukta avasara, yuddha ke tarIke, zatraoM meM phUTa DAlane ke upAya Adi viSayoM kA vizada varNana nihita hai| arthazAstra kA uddezya zAsana-kArya meM rAjA ko mArga-nirdezana karanA thaa| nRpataMtra yA zAsana-vyavasthA ke mUla siddhAntoM kA dArzanika vivecana usameM nahIM milatA hai| zAsana kI vAstavika samasyAoM ko sulajhAnA hI isakA uddezya thA aura yuddha tathA zAntikAla meM zAsanataMtra kA kyA svarUpa aura kArya hone cAhie, isakA varNana artha-zAstra meM huA hai vaha bAda ke granthoM meM zukra-nIti ke atirikta aura kahIM nahIM miltaa| arthazAstra rAjanIti kA siddhAnta nahIM, kintu zAsana kI rAjanItika, arthanIti va prazAsana kA zAstrIya evaM vyavahAramUlaka vivaraNa aura pariprekSya donoM hI haiM / artha-zAstra ke vahI lakSaNa usakI zakti evaM maryAdA bana gaI hai| abhI hamane mahAbhArata evaM artha-zAstra ke antargata rAjanaitika .. 1. hindU rAjataMtra, pR0 327.

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(10) tattvoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| aba hama rAmAyaNa meM nihita rAjanaitika tattvoM para vicAraNA kreNge| rAmAyaNa-kAlIna bhArata meM ekachatra sAmrAjya kA abhAva thaa| sampUrNa bhArata alaga-alaga khaNDoM meM vibhakta thaa| una samaya pratyeka rAjya kI apanI sImA nizcita hotI thii| pratyeka sImA meM alaga-alaga rAjA rAjya karate the| rAmAyaNa ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki "tatkAlIna zAsana-vyavasthA kA svarUpa maryAdita rAjataMtra thA" rAjavyavasthA kA vikAsa pUrva vaidika jana-vyavasthA ke AdhAra para huA thaa| jana-pada yuga meM rAjataMtra tathA usakI utpatti se sambandhita dArzanika kalpanAoM kA udbhava huA, rAjataMtra kI utpatti ke zakti-siddhAnta kA ullekha zatapatha brAhmaNa meM bhI milatA hai| jisameM ki prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa se niyamavihIna samAja tathA usake antargata zaktihIna ke Upara zaktizAlI ke atyAcAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jaisA ki mahAbhArata meM bhI nihita hai| "rAmAyaNa meM arAjaka janapada tathA usase utpanna hone vAle dugaNoM tathA atyAcAroM kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai|"2 arAjaka samAja meM "matsya-nyAya" pracalita ho jAtA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai, bar3I machalI dvArA choTI machalI ko nigala jAnA / aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM rAjA kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA gyaa| rAmAyaNa meM varNita kucha Adarza rAjAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM .- janaka mahAna, videha rAjA, kekaya rAjA, azvapati, kAzI ke brahmadattavaMzIya rAjA aura rAma Adi / rAjataMtrIya zAsana-vyavasthA ke antargata janatA kI surakSA kA bhAra rAjA para nirbhara thaa| prajA apanI rakSA ke lie cintita rhtii| Adarza rAjataMtra praNAlI meM ayodhyA ke rAjA rAma tathA kekaya, azvapati ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM jinhoMne apane kartavyoM ke prati mahAna naitika uttaradAyitva adA kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha rAma ne apanI prajA ko prasanna rakhane ke lie nirdoSa patnI sItA ko vanavAsita kiyA thA / 1. zAntikumAra nAnUrAma vyAsa : rAmAyaNakAlIna samAja, dillI satsAhitya prakAzana, 1958, pR0 254. rAmAyaNa vAlmIki, sampA0 ena0 rAmaratnAryeNa, madrAsa Ara0 nArAyaNasvAmyAe~, 1958, ayodhyA kANDa, 67/31.

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(11) rAmAyaNa ke antargata rAjapada kula paramparAgata hotA thaa| rAmAyaNa ke saiMtAlIsaveM sarga meM ikSvAku vaMza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, isase jJAta hotA hai ki rAma se kaI pIr3hiyoM pUrva tathA vAda meM bhI rAjapada AnuvaMzika hI thaa| nUtana nRpati ke cayana ke lie sabhI kI svIkRti prApta karanA Avazyaka thaa| bhAvI rAjA kA cunAva karane ke lie pahale maMtrImaNDala ko balAyA jAtA thaa| tathA usameM bhAvI rAjA ke cunAva kA prastAva rakhA jAtA thaa| maMtrimaNDala jaba isa prastAva ko pArita kara detA, taba usako sabhA dvArA nirvAcita karAyA jAtA thaa| isa prastAva para sAmanta rAjAoM kI svIkRti bhI lI jAtI thii|' mahArAjA dazaratha ne rAma ko yuvarAja vanAne se pUrva apanI sabhA kI svIkRti prApta kara lI thii| rAjA kI anupasthiti meM maMtrigaNa milakara navIna rAjA kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara sakate the, jaisA ki bAlI kI anupasthiti ne maMtriyoM ne milakara sugrIva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA thaa| uttarakANDa meM rAjA nRga ne prajAjanoM, nagamoM, maMtriyoM tathA purohito ko bulAkara unake samakSa apane putra ko uttarAdhikArI banAne kA prastAva rakhA thaa| citrakUTa para bharata ne rAma se Agraha kiyA ki Apa yahIM para prajAjanoM, RtvijoM tathA purohita ke hAthoM apanA abhiSeka karA liijie| uparyukta udAharaNoM se tatkAlIna rAjataMtra meM lokataMtra kI puSTi hotI hai| 1. rAmAyaNa 2/1/46, 2/14/40-4 / 2. yadidaM me'nutpArtha mayA sAdhu sumantritam / bhavato me'numanyantAMkathaM vA karavA vyaham / vahI 2/2/15 3. tato'haMteH (mantribhiH) sabhAgamya sametirabhiSecite : vahI 4/9/21 --- 4. AhUya mantriNaH sarvAnnamamAnsapurodhasaH / tAnuvAca nRgorAjA sarvAMzca prkRtiistthaa| "kumAro'yaM vasuna ma sa cehAdyAbhiSicyatAm // rAmAyaNa 7/54/5-8 / 5. ihaiva tvAmiSi cantu sarvAH prakRtayaH saha / zratvijaH savasiSThAzca mantravinmatrakovida vahI 2/106/26.

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(12) .. rAmAyaNa-kAlIna samaya meM prAyaH yogya jyeSTha putra ko hI yuvarAjapada para niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| yadi vaha ayogya hotA to use apane pada se vaMcita kara diyA jAtA thaa| isake lie itihAsa sAkSI hai ki rAjA sagara ne janatA ke anurodha para apane putra ko rAjya se niSkAsita kiyA thA kyoMki vaha duSTa tathA atyAcArI thaa| yadi kisI rAjA ke putra nahIM hotA to yuvarAja-pada kA adhikArI rAjA kA bhAI hotA thaa| rAma ke rAjya ke samaya bharata ko yuvarAja-pada para AsIna kiyA thA , kyoMki usa samaya rAma ke santAna nahIM thii| rAjA kA pada tathA vyaktitva bahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA thaa| rAmAyaNa meM rAjA ko devasvarUpa mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki laMkAdhipati rAvaNa ne mArIca ko samajhAte hue kahA thA ki "tejasvI rAjA, agni, indra, soma, yama aura varuNa ina pA~ca kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| usameM ina pAMcoM ke gUNa, pratApa, parAkrama, saumya svabhAva, daNDa aura prasannatA vidyamAna rahate haiM / ataH sabhI paristhitiyoM meM rAjA kA sammAna aura pUjana karanA caahie| isa prakAra deva-svarUpa rAjA isa dharAtala para zAsana karate the| rAmAyaNa-kAlIna zAsana-taMtra ke tIna pramukha aMga the| (1) sabhA, (2) maMtri pariSad tathA (3) shaasnaadhikaarii| ina tInoM kI sahAyatA se rAjA vidhivat zAsana kA saMcAlana karatA thaa| sabhA ke sadasya sabhAsada athavA "Arya-mizra kahalAte the / zAsana sambandhI sabhI mahattvapUrNa praznoM para sabhA kA parAmarza liyA jAtA thA / ": nyAya-vitaraNa kI paddhati bar3I sarala tathA niSpakSa thii| usa samaya na pezevara vakIla the aura na hI adAlatI kharce the / nyAyAlaya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI jaTilatA nahIM thii| kyoMki sarvocca nyAyAlaya kA adhyakSa svayaM rAjA hotA thA, jo ki nyAyavasthA ke zikhara para thA yahIM phaisalA AkhirI samajhA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta anya nyAyAdhIza hote the| 1. rAmAyaNakAlIna samAja pR0 255. 2. rAmAyaNa 3/40/12-14: . 3. rAmAyaNakAlIna samAja pR0 266.

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(13) uttarakANDa meM nyAyAdhIzoM ke lie "dharma-pAlaka" zabda prayoga meM kiyA gayA hai| aparAdha pramANita hone para jaisA aparAdha hotA usI ke anusAra daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| rAmAyaNa ke pazcAt aba hama nItizAstra meM nihita rAjanIti kA avalokana kareMge / kAmandakIya nItisAra kI racanA kauTilya artha-zAstra ke AdhAra para hI kI gaI hai|' kAmandakIya nItisAra meM rAjya ke aMgoM kA varNana bhI kauTilya arthazAstrAnusAra hI kiyA gayA hai| kAmandaka ne isake sAtha eka kalpanA saMyojita kI hai jo ki isa sambandha meM vizeSatApUrNa mAlUma hotI hai| aura jisakA kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM kevala AbhAsa hI pAyA jAtA hai / jaisA ki eka sthAna kara kAmandaka ne rAjya ke sAta aMgoM ke liye "parasparopakArI" zabda kA upayoga kiyA hai| Age calakara usane apane Azaya ko isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai ki yadi kisI bhI eka aMga meM nyanatA A jAye to sArvabhaumikatA nahIM cala sktii| arthAt rAjasattA ke saba aMgoM kA kendrIbhUta sahayoga hai| jaba hama rAjattva ke sAdhAraNa rUpa kI kalpanA kAmandakanItisAra meM dekhanA cAhate haiM taba hamako jJAta hotA hai ki isane prAcIna AcAryoM kI kalpanA ko hI anavahita rIti se likhA hai / kAmandaka ne rAjA ke pada ko vizeSa mahattva pradAna kiyA hai / usane batalAyA hai ki jisa rAjya meM rAjA gambhIra hogA to prajA svataH hI gambhIra ho jAyegI lekina yadi koI maMtrigaNa yA rAjya kA koI bhI padAdhikArI gambhIra hogA to rAjA usa para niyaMtraNa kara sakatA hai / rAjA ke bAre meM yaha bhI kahA hai ki rAjA ko sarvaprathama zikSita honA cAhie, usake pazcAt usake nIce vAle padAdhikAriyoM ko, bAda meM usake putra ko zikSita honA kAmandaka nItisAra ke sargoM meM batAyA gayA hai| rAjA ko svayaM para anuzAsita hone kA nirdeza bhI diyA gayA hai| prajA kI rakSA kA sampUrNa bhAra rAjA 1. , U.N. Ghoshal : A History of Indian Political Ideas Oxford University Press 1959, Page 374. 2. vahI 3. vahI 4. U.N. Ghoshal: A History of Indian Political Ideas Oxford Univeraity Press, 1959, Page 374, 5. vahI pR0 375.

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(14) ke Upara hI nirmara hai / yadi rAjA rakSaNa nahIM karegA to loga zvAsa bhale hI le para ve jIvita nahIM raha sakate / rAjA kartavyacyuta ho jAye to prajA kabhI jIvita nahIM raha sktii| isa sRSTi se rAjA kA pada sarvAdhArabhUta va mahattvapUrNa hai / prajA kA sukha-duHkha rAjA ke vyaktitva para nirbhara hai| kAmandaka ke nItisAra meM rAjanaMtika paramparA para dRSTipAta karane ke pazcAt hama purANoM meM nihita rAjanaitika vicAroM kA nirUpaNa kreNge| purANoM meM rAjA ke pada sambandhI jo bhAva vyakta kiye gaye haiM ve pUrNatayA mahAbhArata evaM manusaMhitA se lie gae haiN| purANoM meM rAjA kI sattA jisa siddhAnta para mAnI gaI hai, usakA AdhArabhUta hai rAjA ke IzvarAMza hone kI kalpanA / yahI kalpanA mahAbhArata kI hai| "viSNudharmottara" meM likhA hai ki rAjA zarIra ke aMgoM tathA vikAroM meM anya manuSyoM ke sadRza hote hae bhI pathvI para devatA kI taraha nivAsa karatA hai| isake atirikta rAjA ke devatva ke siddhAnta ke sambandha meM hamAre vartamAna vicAraNIya grantha meM hameM ve hI svarUpa milate haiM, jo ki mahAbhArata evaM manusaMhitA meM pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra manuSyoM ke kalyANArtha vibhinna devatAoM ne daNDanIti para bhI graMtha-racanA kii| mahAbhArata ke varNana se rAjya-zAstra athavA daNDanIti kI prAcInatA prakaTa hotI hai / bhArata meM rAjya-zAstra kA udbhava kaba huA, isakI aitihAsika tithi batalAnA atyanta kaThina hai, parantu isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki rAjya-zAstra kA adhyayana bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI calA A rahA hai / mahAbhArata meM zAntiparva meM rAjya-zAstra ke prAcIna AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ina AcAryoM ne rAjanItizAstra para vizAla graMthoM kI racanA kI thI; jinake nAma pUrva meM die gae haiN| kauTilya ne bhI apane artha-zAstra meM uparyukta adhikAMza AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / artha-zAstra meM vibhinna sthaloM para ina AcAryoM ke mata bhI uddhRta kie gae haiM / kauTilya ne pUrva meM batAe hue AcAryoM ke prati apanA AbhAra darzAyA hai, tathA unakI racanAoM ko apane grantha kA AdhAra banAyA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki kauTilya se pUrva hI bhArata meM rAjya-zAstra kA vidhivat adhyayana prArambha ho gayA thaa| uparyukta sabhI bAtoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara DA0 bhaNDArakara kA yaha mata hai ki bhArata meM

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(15) rAjanIti-zAstra kA vidhivat adhyayana IsA se sAtavIM zatAbdI pUrva se kama nahIM ho sktaa|' vartamAna upalabdha rAjanIti-pradhAna graMthoM meM yadyapi kauTilya kA arthazAstra sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai / kauTilya-arthazAstra, mahAbhArata, kAmandakIya nItisAra, tathA nItivAkyAmRta jaise granthoM kI TIkAoM meM aneka prAcIna mahArAjanItijJoM ke matoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jinakI racanAe~ Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM / vartamAna upalabdha rAjanaitika vAGmaya meM kauTilya arthazAstra, manusmRti, zukranItisAra, kAmandakIya nItisAra, yAjJavalakya smRti tathA nItivAkyAmRta pramukha grantha haiN| upayukta granthoM ke atirikta bahuta-sA prAcIna sAhitya hai, jisameM rAjanIti ke aneka bahumUlya tattva samAviSTa haiM / isa koTi meM bauddha aura jaina sAhitya ko rakhA jA sakatA hai / bauddha aura jaina sAhitya meM hAlAMki zuddha rAjanIti ke tattva samAviSTa nahIM haiM, phira bhI yaha sAhitya rAjanIti sambandhI aneka vizeSatAoM aura siddhAntoM ko lie hue hai / bauddha dharma Aja se varSoM purAnA hai / bauddha granthoM meM rAjA ke pada ke sUtrapAta kI jo kalpanAe~ haiM, va kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM dI huI kalpanAoM se bahuta kucha milatI haiM / bauddha granthoM meM rAjA kI utpatti kA varNana isa prakAra hai :- samAja meM corI kA praveza hone para samAja ke logoM ne ekatrita hokara prastAva rakhA ki jo vyakti daNDanIya vyakti ko daNDa de sake, upAlambha ke yogya vyakti ko upAlambha kara sake, jinakA deza nirvAsina karanA hai, unako nirvAsita kara sake, badale meM logoM ne use apane dhAnya kA SaSThAMza bhAga dene kA nizcaya kiyA / taba unhoMne apane meM se svarUpavAna, zIlavAna tathA zaktizAlI vyakti ko apanA rAjA cnaa| bar3e-bar3e logoM kI svIkRti prApta hone ke kAraNa vaha "mahAsammata" 1. DaoN0 ema0 ela0 zarmAH nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti, dillI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana 1971. pR0 2...------

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( 16 ) kahalAyA / ' kSatriya vaha isalie kahalAyA, kyoMki vaha kSetroM (khetoM) kA svAmI thA / dUsarI kalpanAnusAra, rAjya kI prAkRtika avasthA kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, jisameM rAjattva kA AvirbhAva huA hai, aura vaha isa rUpa meM ki rAjapada ke nirmANa meM saba vyaktiyoM ne apanI-apanI svIkRti dI / sabhI kI sahamati para rAjA kI sRSTi huii| bauddhamata kI yaha rAjanaitika kalpanA pAlI sUtroM meM vikasita rUpa se pAI jAtI hai / ' jaina sAhitya meM rAjanIti zAstra ke adhyayana kI paramparA kyA thI ? kisa prakAra rAjA tathA rAjya kI utpatti huI ? isa bAre meM vistRta jAnakArI agale adhyAya meM preSita kI gaI hai / 1. Saletore: Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institution. pR0 323. bIdha nikAya : bhAga 3 sampA0 mahAbodhi : vanArasa : mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha 1636, pR0 68- 96. 2 . vahI

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dvitIya adhyAya "jaina purANa sAhitya kA paricaya" pUrva adhyAya meM hamane bhArata meM rAjanIti-zAstra kI prAcIna paramparA kA digdarzana kiyA / aba maiM apanA viSaya "bhAratIya rAjanIti : jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM" prArambha karane se pUrva purANoM kA saMkSipta paricaya denA Avazyaka samajhatI hUM / sarva prathama prazna yahI uThatA hai ki "purANa" kise kahate haiM / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra "purANa" zabda bahuta prAcIna hai / itihAsa ke prArambha se hI isa zabda kA prayoga calA A rahA hai / "purANa" kA artha hai prAcIna kAla kI ghaTanAoM ko batAne vAlA grantha / "purANa" ke prAdurbhAva tathA paurANika-sAhitya meM paryApta antara milatA hai| "purANa" zabda kA udaya to bahuta pahale hI ho cukA thA, parantu paurANika grantha bAda meM race ge| "purANa" zabda se vaise to Apa avagata hoMge hI, lekina phira bhI punaH smaraNa karAne hetu saMkSepa meM yahAM batA rahI huuN| koSakAroM ne purANa ke nimna lakSaNa batAe haiM : sargazca pratisargazca vaMzo manvantarASyica / vaMzAnucarita caiva purANaM pa calakSaNam // jisameM sarga, pratisarga, vaMza, manvantara aura vaMza-parAmparAoM kA 1. mahApurANa bhAga 1 : bhagavajjinasenAcArya, kAzI: bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1944, prastAvanA pR0 16.

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(18) ullekha ho vaha purANa hai| arthAt sarga, pratisarga Adi purANa ke pA~ca lakSaNa haiN| purANa zabda kA ullekha sabase pahale vaidika granthoM meM milatA hai| Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para purANa zabda kA ullekha hai|' atharvaveda ke do maMtroM meM "purANa" tathA "purANavit" zabda milate haiN| gopatha brAhmaNa meM upaniSada kalpa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha purANa ko vedAMga ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| isameM anyatra do prasaMgoM "purANaveda" aura itihAsaveda" kA bhI ullekha hai| paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya ke anusAra isa samaya taka "itihAsa" tathA "purANa" meM bhinnatA ho cukI thii| jainAcAryoM ne jaina purANa kA udbhava tIrthakara RSabhadeva se batAyA hai| mahApurANa meM purANa ke AdikartA mahAvIra aura uttarakartA gautama gaNadhara ko batAyA gayA hai| purANoM kA vikAsa batalAte hae jinasenacArya kA kathana hai ki Adi brahmA prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne sarva prathama bharata ko prathama purANa sunAyA thaa| usI purANa ko gautama gaNadhara ne zreNika ko sunAyA thaa| kAlAntara meM isI purANa kA vikAsa huaa| 1. "Rgveda" : sampA0 vizvabandhuH vizvezvarAnanda vaidika zodha saMsthAna 1964-65. 3/58/6, 10/130/6. 2. "atharvaveda" bhAga 4 : paM0 zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara, pAraDI, svAdhyAya maNDala, 1958, 11/7/24. 3. vahI-11/8/7. 4. gopatha brAhmaNa 1/2/10, AdhAra, devI prasAda mizra : jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, zodha prabandha, ilAhAbAda. saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga vizvavidyAlaya 1976, pR0 1. 5. vahI6. AcArya baladeva upAdhyAyaH purANa vimarza, vArANasI, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, 1965, pR0 1. 7. mahA pu0 1/207. 8. vahI

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(19) jaina purANa jainettara aSTAdaza purANoM se bhinna haiN| yahA~ maiM sirpha jaina purANoM kA hI vivecana kruugii| jaina paurANika mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu jaina dharma ke zalAkA puruSoM tathA tIrthaMkara, baladeva, vAsudeva Adi 63 mahApuruSoM ke jIvana caritroM ko lekara nibaddha kI gaI hai| inake alAvA anya dhArmika puruSoM ke jIvana-caritra bhI varNita haiN| ina kAvyoM ko pUrANa caritra yA mAhAtmya nAma se bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM kucha aise rASTrIya caritra haiM, jo sabhI vargoM ko rUcikara haiN| jaise :-rAma, kRSNa aura kaurava, pANDavoM ke caritra bhI isI prakAra ke haiN| inakI kathAvastu ko lekara hI rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura harivaMza purANa Adi kI racanA huI hai| jainoM ke mahAkAvya bhI inhIM rASTrIya caritroM ko lekara prArambha hote haiN| jaina purANoM meM "purANa" ke do bheda batalAye gaye haiN| "purANa" aura "mahApurANa" / jisameM eka zalAkApuruSa kA caritra-civaNa varNita ho use purANa kahate haiM aura jisameM tiresaTha zalAkA puruSoM ke caritra varNita hoM, use mahApurANa kahate haiN|' isake alAvA sRSTi kI racanA, vizva kA svarUpa, khagola, bhUgola Adi kA bhI vistRta varNana uddhata hotA hai| vaidika graMthoM meM itihAsa aura purANa zabda sAtha-sAtha arthAt itihAsa veda tathA purANa veda ke rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM, parantu vahAM para itihAsa kA artha spaSTa nahIM hai| uttara vaidika kAla meM itihAsa aura purANa spaSTa rUpa se prakAza meM aaye| paurANika evaM apaurANika sAkSyoM kA adhyayana karane ke pazcAt paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya isa niSkarSa para pahaMce ki itihAsa aura purANa kA antara paravartIkAla meM milatA hai / kauTilya ke artha-zAstra meM purANa ke sAtha "itivRtta" zabda varNita hai, jo ki itihAsa hai / itihAsa ko purANa, itivRtta, AkhyAna, dharmazAstra, tathA arthazAstra kahA gayA hai| 1. mahA pu0 1/22-23, pANDava purANam : zubhacandra sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ___ tathA hIrAlAla jaina, zolApura, jauvarAja gautamacanda dozI 1654, pR0 6. 2. purANa vimarza pR0 6. 3. arthazAstra-kauTilya, anu0 zAma zAstrI, maisUra, orIenTala lAibrarI, 1926 , 5/13-14. .. .... --

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(20) jaina purANoM meM ukta vicAra parilakSita hote haiM / mahApurANa meM purAtana ko purANa kahA gayA hai| isI purANa meM anyatra purANa ko "itihAsa", " itivRtta " tatha / "aitihya" kahA gayA hai / " yahI vicAra kauTilya arthazAstra meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / Alocita jaina purANoM meM itihAsa tathA purANa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki itivRtta (itihAsa) kevatra ghaTita ghaTanAoM kA hI varNana karatA hai, paraMtu purANa unase prApta phalAphala, puNya-pApa kA bhI varNana karatA hai aura vyakti ke caritra-nirmANa kI apekSA bIca-bIca meM naitika aura dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA bhI pradarzana karatA hai / itivRtta meM kevala vartamAnakAlika ghaTanAoM kA hI ullekha rahatA hai, parantu purANa meM nAyaka ke atIta, anAgata bhAvoM kA bhI ullekha rahatA hai aura vaha isalie ki jana-sAdhAraNa samajha sakeM ki mahApuruSa kisa prakAra banA jAtA hai / avanata se unnata banane ke lie dayA tathA tyAga aura tapasyAe~ karanI par3atI haiN| vastutaH manuSya ke jIvananirmANa meM purANa kA bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki usameM janasAdhAraNa kI zraddhA Aja bhI yathApUrNa akSuNNa hai / ' jaina purANoM ke udbhava ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthakara Adi ke jIvanoM ke kucha tathyoM kA saMgraha sthanAMga sUtra meM milatA hai / jisake AdhAra para zvetAmbara AcArya hemacandra Adi ne "triSaSTi mahApurANa " Adi kI racanAe~ kIM / digambara paramparA meM tIrthaMkara Adi ke caritra ke tathyoM kA prAcIna saMkalana hameM prAkRta bhASA ke "tiloya paNNati" grantha meM milatA hai| caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau nArAyaNa, nau pratinArAyaNa, nau balabhadra tathA gyAraha rudroM ke jIvana tathya bhI isI meM saMgrahIta haiM / inhIM ke AdhAra se vibhinna purANakAroM ne apanI lekhanI ke bala para choTe-bar3e aneka purANoM kI racanA kI hai / " jaina purANoM kI vizeSatAyeM : jaina purANoM meM na kevala kathAnaka mAtra hai, apitu prasaMgAnusAra dharma 1. purAtana purANaM syAt / mahA0 pu0 1/21. 2. vahI - 1/25. 3. purAtanaM purANaM syAt / mahA0 pu0 prastAvanA pR0 16. 4. mahA0 pu0 prAstAvika, pR0 7.

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( 21 ) va nIti ke atirikta nAnA prakAra kI kalAoM aura vijJAna evaM rAjanIti kA bhI paricaya vistAra se kiyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM kI kathAvastu rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA tiresaTha zalAkA puruSoM ke jIvana carita ke AdhAra para nirUpita hai / isake alAvA usame anya dhArmika puruSoM ke jIvana caritra bhI varNita haiN| jaina itihAsa ke anusAra ina jIvana caritroM kA Adi srota jaina paramparA meM hI DhUMr3hane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / inakA udgama jainAgamoM, bhASyoM aura prAcIna purANoM meM milatA hai| jaina purANoM meM dharma pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| jaina vidvAnoM ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki karma pradhAna hai, aura kramAnusAra logoM ko usakA phala prApta hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM jahA~ para eka aura mUla kathA milatI hai, vahIM para dUsarI ora kathAoM ko Age bar3hAne evaM upadeza ko samajhAne ke lie avAntara kathAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / 1 jaina purANoM kI bhASA sIdhI evaM sarala hai / kyoMki ye purANa janasAdhAraNa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara banAye gae the, jisase inako sabhI jana par3ha evaM samajha sakeM / jaina purANoM meM paurANika zailI tathA kAvyAtmaka zailI kA aisA saMmizraNa ho gayA hai jo ki pAramparika purANoM meM bahuta kama dRSTigocara hotA hai / ina purANoM meM alaukika tathA aprAkRtika tattvoM kI pradhAnatA nahIM hai| jaina purANoM meM loka, deza, nagara, rAjya, tIrtha, dAna, tapa, gati tathA phala ye ATha purANa ke viSaya batAye haiM / ' jaina purANoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI vizeSatAe~ milatI haiM / inameM prArambha meM tIna loka, kAlacakra tathA kulakaroM kA prAdurbhAva varNita hai | tadanantara jambUdvIpa' aura bhAratakSetra meM vaMza vistAra karake vahAM para 1. haribaMza purANa : AcArya jinasena anu0 pa0 pannAlAla jaina, kAzI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1616, 1/71-72, mahA0 pu04 / 13. 2. jambU dvIpa : - jaina mAnyatAnusAra eka lAkha yojana lambAI, caur3AI vAlA jambUdvIpa hotA hai / usake cAroM tarapha lavaNa samudra hotA hai / usake bIca meM merU parvata hotA hai / merU parvata ke dakSiNa meM bhAratavarSa hotA hai, jisameM ki hama rahate haiM / noTa : vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie, sampA0 nityAnaMda vijayajI : vRhada kSetra samAsa bhAga 1, khambhAta tArAcaMda, ambAlAla, mANaka cauka, 1978.

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--(22)---- - tIrthoM kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / isake alAvA satpuruSoM ke pUrva bhavoM kA varNana upalabdha hai| pUrvabhava kI kathAoM ke atirikta prasaMgAnusAra avAntara kathAyeM aura loka kathAoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai / jaina purANoM meM kathAoM ke sAtha-sAtha jainAcAryoM ke upadeza bhI milate haiN| jo ki kahIM para vistAra se kahIM para saMkSipta rUpa meM haiN| unameM jaina siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana, satkarma pravRtti tathA asatkarma nivRtti, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, vairAgya, dhyAna, yoga, karma siddhAnta kI prabalatA ke sAtha huA hai / isake atirikta tIrthaMkaroM kI nagarI, mAtA-pitA kA vaibhava, karma, janma, atizaya, krIr3A, zikSA, rAjyAbhiSeka, dIkSA, tapasyA pravrajyA, pariSaTa, upasarga, kevalajJAna prApti, samavasaraNa, dharmopadeza, vihAra, nirvAha, itihAsa Adi kA varNana saMkSepa yA vistAra ke sAtha milatA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra AcAryoM dvArA varNita hone ke kAraNa jaina purANa pramANabhata mAne gae haiN|' mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki jo purANa kA artha hai vahI dharma kA artha hai / vastutaH purANa pA~ca prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| kSetra, kAla, tIrtha, satpuruSa aura satpuruSa kA caritra / jaina purANoM meM cAra puruSArthoM-dharma, artha, kAma, evaM mokSa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai, aura unhIM ke kathana kA satpuruSoM dvArA upadeza diyA gayA hai| purANa ko pUNya, maMgala, Ayu, tathA yaza ko bar3hAne vAlA zreSTha aura svarga dene vAlA batAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra kI sAmagrI pAramparika purANoM tathA upapurANoM meM prApta hai, vaisI jaina purANoM meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| parantu jo bhI jaina purANa sAhitya vidyamAna hai, vaha apane DhaMga kA nirAlA evaM anUThA hai| isalie 1. mahA0 pu0 1/204. 2. saca dharmaH pugaNArthaH purANaM ya cathA viduH / ___kSetraM kAla ca tIrthazca satpusastadviceSThitam // mahA0 pu0 2/38. 3. uttarapurANa: zrI guNabhadrAcArya sampA0 pannAlAla jaina, kAzI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha - 1654, 54/7, pANDava pu0 1/41. .. 4. mahApurANa 1/205.

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( 23 ) Aja ke niSpakSa vidvAnoM kA yaha spaSTa mata hai ki hameM prAkkAlIna bhAratIya paristhiti ko jAnane ke lie jaina purANoM se, unake kathA graMthoM se sahAyatA prApta hotI hai / itihAsa kA saMkSipta bhaNDAra jaina purANoM meM milatA hai|' jana purANoM kI bhASA evaM racanA kAla : ___ jaba pAramparika purANoM ko antima rUpa diyA jA rahA thA, usa samaya unake anukaraNa evaM sAmpradAyika preraNA evaM AvazyakatA se jainAcAryoM ne purANoM kI racanA kI / apane dharma ke pracAra ke lie jainAcAryoM ne sarvaprathama jana-sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA ko hI jaina sAhitya kI bhASA bnaayaa| isalie samaya-samaya para parivartita paristhiti meM jaina purANoM kI racanA huii| cUMki pAramparika purANoM kA racanAkAla ajJAta hai| kintu jaina purANoM ke racanAkAla tathA racanAkAroM ke viSaya meM paryApta jAnakArI prApta ho jAtI hai| isase vibhinna purANoM kI tithi nirdhAraNa karane meM suvidhA hotI hai / guptottara kAla meM logoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA prAkRta thii| isalie jainoM ne prAkRta meM jaina purANoM kI racanA kI hai / (prAkRta ke bAda) saMskRta bhASA ke mahattva ko svIkAra karake jaina vidvAna isa kSetra meM bhI pIche nahIM rhe| unhoMne bar3I saMkhyA meM purANoM kA praNayana kiyaa| isake bAda apabhraMza bhASA lokapriya ho gayI to jainAcAryoM ne apabhraMza meM purANoM kI racanA kii| isake sAtha hI jainoM ne kSetrIya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie kSetrIya bhASAoM meM bhI purANoM kI racanA kI hai| jaina purANoM jI racanA vibhinna kAloM meM huI hai| prAkRta jaina purANoM kA racanAkAla chaThI zatI se lekara pandrahavIM zatI taka, saMskRta purANoM kA samaya sAtavIM zatI se aTThArahavIM zatI taka aura apabhraMza purANoM kI tithi dasavIM zatI se solahavIM zatI hai| prAyaH ye sabhI jaina purANa prAkRta, saMskRta yA apabhraza meM se kisI eka hI bhASA meM haiM, isa prakAra sabhI jaina purANoM kA racanAkAla lagabhaga chaThI zatI se aTThArahavIM - 1, phUlacanda : "jaina purANa sAhitya", zramaNa 1653, varSa 4, aMka 7-8, pR0 36 tathA mahA* pu0 pR0 20..

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(24) zatI taka nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai|' purANa, jaina purANa tavA mahApurANa kI vyAkhyA batalAne ke pazcAt maiMne jina mUla purANoM ko apane viSaya kA AdhAra banAyA hai unakI sUcI nimnAMkita hai| nAma kartA bhASA racanA saMvat 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti gaNadhara sudharmAsvAmI prAkRta vikramapUrva 2. paumacariya vimalasUri prAkRta cauthI zatAbdI 3. vasudeva hiNDI saMghadAsagaNi prAkRta cauthI zatAbdI 4. Avazyaka niyukti bhadravAhu prAkRta chaThI zatAbdI 5. Abazyaka cUrNI jinadAsa gaNimahattara prAkRta chaThI zatAbdI 6. padma purANa raviSeNa saMskRta chaThI zatAbdI 7. harivaMza purANa jinasena saMskRta sAtavIM zatAbdI 8. Adi purANa jinasena saMskRta navIM zatAbdI (mahApurANa) 6. mahApurANa mahAkavi puSpadaMta apabhraMza navIM zatAbdI 10. uttara purANa guNabhadrAcArya saMskRta dasavIM zatAbdI 11. caupanna mahApurisa zIlAMka-zIlAcArya prAkRta dasavIM zatAbdI cariya 12. trizaSTizalAkA AcArya hemacandra saMskRta bArahavIM zatAbdI ... puruSacaritra mUla prAdhAra nayoM kA saMkSipta paricaya 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti : jambUdvIpa prajJapti jaina AgamoM kA chaThA upAMga hai| gaNadhara sudharmAsvAmI dvArA isa vizAla upAMga kI racanA kI gaI hai| candra prajJapti, sUrya prajJapti aura jambUdvIpa prajJapti ye tIna prajJaptiyAM prAcIna haiN| isameM saMdeha 1. RSabhacandra ke. "e kriTikala sTaDI oNpha pAumacariuma Ava vimalasUri" ahamadAbAda, pR0 72-73.

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ko koI sthAna nahIM hai / digambara paramparA ne dRSTivAda ke parikama meM ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai; aura dRSTivAda ke aMza kA aviccheda bhI mAnA hai / to yahI adhika sambhava hai ki ye tInoM prajJaptiyA~ vicchinna na huI hoN| inakA ullekha zvetAmbaroM ke nandI Adi sUtroM meM bhI milatA hai| ataeva yaha to mAnA hI jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM kI racanA zvetAmbaradigambara ke matabheda pUrvaM hI ho cakI thii| isa dRSTi se inakA racanA kAla vikrama ke prArambha se idhara nahIM A sktaa| arthAt inakA samaya vikrama pUrva hI ho sakatA hai, bAda meM nhiiN|' jambUdvIpa prajJapti para malayagiri ne TIkA likhI thI lekina vaha kAladoSa ke prabhAva se naSTa ho gii| tatpazcAt isa para kaI TIkAyeM likhI giiN| dharmasAgaropAdhyAya ne vi0 saM0 1636 meM TIkA likhI jise unhoMne apane guru hIravijaya ke nAma se prasiddha kiyaa| puNyatAgaropAdhyAya ne vi0saM0 1645 meM isakI TIkA kI racanA kii| yaha TIkA aprakAzita hai| isake bAda bAdazAha akabara ke guru hIravijaya sUri ke ziSya zanticandravAcaka ne vi0 saM0 1650 meM prameyaratnamaMjUSA nAma kI TIkA likhii| yaha graMtha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai-pUrvArdha aura uttarArdhaM / pUrvArdha meM cAra aura uttarArdha meM tIna vakSaskAra haiM, jo 176 sUtroM meM vibhakta haiM / 2 / / _ pahale vakSaskara meM jambUdvIpasthita bharata kSetra (bhArata varSa) kA varNana hai jo aneka durgama sthAna, parvata, guphA, nadI, aTavI, zvApada Adi se veSTita hai| dUsare vakSaskAra meM avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kA varNana karate hue suSamA-suSamA nAma ke cha: kAloM kA vivecana hai| suSamA-suSamA kAla meM dasa prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM kA varNana hai jinase ki iSTa padArthoM kI prApti hotI thii| suSamA-suSamA nAma ke tIsare kAla meM 15 kulakaroM kA janma huA jinameM se antima kulakara nAbhi kI patnI marudevI se Adi tIrthakara RSabhadeva utpanna hue| RSabha kauzaladeza ke nivAsI the tathA ve prathama jina, prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthaMkara, prathama dharmacakravartI kahe jAte the| unhoMne 72 puruSoM kI kalAe~, striyoM kI 64 kalAoM tathA aneka zilpoM 1. paM0 becaradAsa dozI, sampA0 paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, DA0 mohanalAla mehatA : jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa bhAga 1, vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1666, prastAvanA pR0 53. 2. vahI . -------

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( 26 ) kA upadeza diyA / tatpazcAt apane putroM kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara zramaNa dharma dIkSA grahaNa kii| pUrvArdha bhAga ke suSamA- suSamA nAmaka cauthe Are meM arahaMta, cakravartI aura dazAravaMzoM meM 23 tIrthaMkara, 11 cakravartI, 6 baladeva, 6 vAsudeva utpanna huye / tIsare vakSaskAra meM bharata cakravartI aura unakI digvijaya kA vistRta varNana hai / isa avasara para bharata aura kirAtoM kI senAoM meM ghanaghora yuddha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / ' 2. paumacariya : 1 " paumacariya" kRti jaina purANa sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna hai / graMtha ke anta meM dI huI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki isake karttA nAilakula vaMza ke vimalasUri the / prazasti meM dI huI eka gAthA se patA calatA hai ki yaha kRti vIra nirvANa saMvat 530 meM arthAt I0 sana0 4 me likhI gaI thI / pro0 yAkobI ne vimalasUri kA samaya I0 san kI cauthI zatAbdI mAnA hai / jaina mAnyatAnusAra isameM rAma kathA kA varNana hai / yaha 118 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai jinameM kula 8651 gAthae~ haiM, jinakA mAna 12 hajAra zloka pramANa hai / isameM rAma kA nAma padma diyA gayA hai / vaise rAma nAma bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / isa graMtha ke racane meM graMthakAra kA mUla uddezya yaha thA ki vaha pracalita rAma kathA ke brAhmaNa rUpa ko apane sampradAya ke lie jaina rUpa meM prastuta karanA thA / - paumacariya kI kathAvastu sAta adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai / sthiti, vaMzotpatti, prasthAna, raNa, lava-kuzotpatti, nirvANa aura aneka bhava / jaina 1. jagadIzacandra jaina, sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA tathA DA0 mohanalAla mehatA "jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa" bhAga 2, vArANasI, pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna, 1966, pR0 122. 2. gulAba caMda caudharI, sampA0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA tathA DA0 mohanalAla mehatA : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga-6, vArANasI: pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1673, pR0 38. 3. jagadIzacandra jaina prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, vArANasI : caukhambA vidyAbhavana, 1961, pR0 528.

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(27) mAnyatAnusAra kathAsRSTi ke varNana se prArambha hotI hai / prathama 24 uddezoM meM RSabhAdi tIrthaMkaroM ke varNana ikSvAku vaMza kI utpatti batalAte haiN| RSabhadeva kA varNana karate hue usa samaya kRtayuga meM kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra inhIM tIna varSoM kA varNana hai| paumacariya ke antaH parIkSaNa se hameM gupta-vAkATaka yuga kI aneka prakAra kI aitihAsika aura sAMskRtika sAmagrI milatI hai| isameM varNita aneka jana-jAtiyoM, rAjyoM aura rAjanaitika ghaTanAoM kA tatkAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa se sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke kiloM aura parvatoM kA ullekha hai tathA AnandavaMza aura kSatrapa rudrabhUti kA bhI ullekha hai / ujjaina aura dazapura rAjAoM ke bIca saMgharSa, gupta rAjA kumAra gupta aura mahAkSatrapoM ke bIca saMgharSa kI sUcanA detA hai| isameM naMdyAvartapura kA ullekha hai jinakA vAkaTakoM kI rAjadhAnI nandivardhana se sAmya sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| 3. vasudeva hiNDI :-- - Agama-bAhya granthoM meM yaha kRti kathA sAhitva meM prAcInatama mAnI jAtI hai| vasudeva hiNDI kA racanA kAla pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai|' isa gratha ke lekhaka saMghadAsatagaNi vAcaka haiN| yaha mukhyatayA gadyAtmaka samAsAta padAvali meM likhI gaI eka viziSTa racanA hai, bIca-bIca meM isameM padya bhI A jAte haiM / bhASA, sarala, svAbhAvika aura prasAdaguNa yukta hai| bhASA prAcIna mahArASTrI prAkRta hai, jisakI tulanA cUrNI graMthoM se kI jA sakatI hai| isake antargata kRSNa ke pitA vasudeva ke bhramaNa kA vRtAnta hai, isalie ise vasUdeva caritra nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isameM harivaMza kI sthApanA kI gaI hai aura kaurava-pANDavoM ko gauNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| nizItha, vizeSacUrNI meM setu aura ceTaka kathA ke sAtha vasudeva caritra kA ullekha hai| isa graMtha ke do khaNDa haiN| pahale khaNDa meM 26 laMbhaka 11,000 zloka pramANa haiM / dUsare khaNDa me 71 laMbhaka 17,000 zloka pramANa haiM / prathama khaNDa ke lekhaka saMghadAsagaNivAcaka aura dUsare ke dharma 1. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pR0 381.. 2. vahI pR0 382. ---

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(28) senagaNi haiN| prathama khaNDa ke bIca kA aura antima bhAga khaNDita hai / dUsarA khaNDa aprakAzita hai| kathA kA vibhAjana cha: bhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai| kahuppati (kathA kI utpatti), pIDhiyA (pIThikA), muha (mukha), paDimuha (pratimukha), sarIra (zarIra) aura upasaMhAra (upsNhaar)| prathama khaNDa ke prathama aMza meM sAta laMbhaka haiM / yahAM se zarIra vibhAga Arambha hotA hai aura dUsare aMza ke 26veM laMbhaka taka calatA hai| vasudeva bhramaNa ke vRtAnta kI AtmakathA kA vistAra isI vibhAga se zurU hotA hai / ukta laMbhakoM meM se 16 aura 20veM leMbhaka upalabdha nahIM tathA 28 bAM laMbhaka apUrNa hai| dUsare khaNDa ke anusAra vasudeva sau varSa taka paribhramaNa karate rahe aura sau kanyAoM ke sAtha unhoMne vivAha kiyaa| vasudeva bhramaNa ke atirikta aneka antarkathAeM haiM, jinameM tIrthaMkaroM tathA anya zalAkA puruSoM ke caritra haiN| 4. Avazyaka niyukti : AcArya bhadrabAhu ne jainAgamoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie prAkRta padya meM niyuktiyoM kI racanA kii| niyukti kI vyAkhyA paddhati bahuta prAcIna hai| inhoMne dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI thii| AcArya bhadrabAha kRta dasa niyuktiyoM meM se Avazyaka niyukti sarvaprathama hai / "Avazyaka niyukti kA samaya pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya kA hai| isameM RSabhadeva ke pUrvabhava evaM kulakaroM kI carcA prArambha hotI hai| niyukti ke anusAra antima kulakara nAbhi the, jinakI patnI marudevI thiiN| unhIM kI kukSi se RSabhadeva kA janma huA thaa| isameM RSabhadeva ke jIvana sambandhI nimna ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / - janma, nAma, buddhi, jAtismaraNa, vivAha, apatya, abhiSeka, rAjya saMgraha aadi| ina ghaTanAoM ke sAtha-sAtha yuga ke AhAra, zilpa karma, 1. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa; pR0 381.... 2. vahIM pR0 382. 3. vahI 4. mohanadAsa mehatA sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, tathA DA. mohanalAla mehatA : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 3, vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1967, pR0 77.

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(26) mamatA, vibhuSaNA, lekha , gaNita, rUpa, lakSaNa, mAnadaNDa, prAtenapota, vyavahAra, nIti, yuddha, iSuzAstra, upAsanA, cikitsA, artha-zAstra, baMdha, ghAta, tAr3ana, yakSa, utsava, samavAya, maMgala, kautuka, vastra, gaMdha, mAlya, alaMkAra, cUlA, upanayana, vivAha paddhati, mRtapUjanA, dhyApanA, stUpa, zabda, khelApana, pRcchanA, ina cAlIsa viSayoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| inake nirmAtA evaM pravartaka ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva kA hI nAma AtA RSabhadeva kA varNana karate hue niyuktikAra kahate haiM ki "bAhubali ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI smRti meM dharmacakra kI sthApanA kii| jisa dina RSabhadeva ko kevala jJAna kI prApti huI usI dina bharata kI AyudhazAlA meM cakraratna kI prApti huI thii| bharata ko yaha donoM hI samAcAra eka sAtha prApta huye| bharata mana meM vicAra karane lage ki pahale kahA~ jAnA caahie| aMta meM pitA kI upakAritA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue pahale ve bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke pAsa Aye aura unakI pUjA kii| isa avasara para unake mAtA, putra, putrI, pautrAdi sabhI darzanArtha phuNce| niyukti meM RSabhadeva ke jyeSTha putra bharata kI digvijaya kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| bharata ne apane choTe bhAiyoM ko bhI adhInatA svIkAra karane ko kahA / lekina unhoMne bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke pAsa jAkara apanI yaha samasyA rkhii| bhagavAna ne unheM upadeza diyA jise sunakara bAhubali ke alAvA sabhI bhAiyoM ne bhagavAna ke pAsa dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lii| bAhabali ne bharata ko yuddha ke lie AhvAna kiyaa| senA kI sahAyatA na lete hae donoM ne akele hI Apasa meM lar3anA svIkAra kiyA / aMta meM bAhabali kI vijaya huI / lekina bAhubali ko usa adharma-yuddha se vairAgya utpanna ho gayA aura unhoMne bhI dIkSA le lii| 1. mohanadAsa mehatA sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlabaNiyA, tathA DA0 mohanalAla mehatA : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3, bArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1967; pR0 77. 2. vahI pR0 78. 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3, pR0 78.

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(30) 5. Avazyaka cUrNI : jinadAsagaNimahattara kA nAma cUrNIkAra ke rUpa meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| inake dvArA 8 cUNiyoM kI racanA huI hai / AgamoM kI prAcInatama padyAtmaka vyAkhyA niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| ve saba prAkRta meM haiN| jaina AgamoM para prAkRta athavA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta gadya meM jo vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaI haiM, ve cUrNiyoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| ATha cUNiyoM meM Avazyaka cUrNA kA cauthA nambara AtA hai| isakI racanA samaya chaThI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| Avazyaka cUrNI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva bhavoM kI carcA karate hue RSabhadeva ke dhanasArthavAha Adi bhavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| RSabhadeva ke janma, vivAha, tatkAlIna zilpa karma, lekha Adi para bhI samucita prakAza DAlA gayA hai| bharata kI digvijaya kA varNana bahata hI acche DhaMga se kiyA hai| yuddha kalA kA eka bahuta hI acchA dRzya sAmane pradarzita kiyA hai| bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka, bharata aura bAhubali yUddha kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai / isake atirikta cakravartI, vAsudeva Adi kA bhI varNana prazikSaNa kiyA gayA hai|' 6. padmacarita yA padmapurANa : isa kRti ke racayitA raviSeNa haiN| isakI racanA mahAvIra nirmANa ke 1203 varSa 6 mAha bIta jAne para huI thii| isa sUcanA se isakI racanA vi0sa0 734 yA san 676 I. meM huI thii| isameM 123 parva haiM, jinameM anuSTupa mAna se 18023 zloka haiN| saMskRta jaina kathA-sAhitya meM yaha sabase prAcIna graMtha hai| ___ isa caritra kI kathA-vastu meM AThaveM balabhadra padma (rAma) AThaveM nArAyaNa lakSmaNa, pratinArAyaNa rAvaNa tathA usake parivAroM aura sambandhita vaMzoM kA caritra varNana hai| 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3, pR0 266. 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 41. 3. bahI pu0 40.

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jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiN| eka to vimalasUrI ke padmacariya meM, prastuta padmapurANa yA padmacaritra meM aura hemacandra kRta triSaSTizlAkA puruSa caritra meM tathA dUsarA guNabhadra, puSpadaMtakRta mahApurANa evaM kalA cAmuNDarAya purANa meM pahalA rUpa adhikAMza vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke DhaMga kA hai jabaki dUsarA rUpa viSNupurANa tathA bauddhadazarathajAtaka se milatA hai|' 7. harivaMza purANa : (harivaMza purANa) mahAkAvya kI zailI para racA gayA yaha brAhmaNa purANoM ke anukaraNa kA eka purANa hai / isa graMtha kA mukhya viSaya harivaMza meM utpanna hue 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA caritra varNana karanA hai| isa grantha meM 66 sarga haiM, jinakA kula milAkara 12 hajAra zloka pramANa AkAra hai / isa graMtha ke aMta meM 66veM sarga meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazasti dI gaI hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki isake racayitA punnATasaMdhIya jinasena the| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki ye mahApurANa (AdipurANa) ke racayitA mUlasaMdhIya senAnvayI jinasena se bhinna the| inake guru kA nAma kIrtiNa aura dAdAguru kA nAma jinasena thA jabaki dUsare jinasena ke guru kA nAma vIrasena aura dAdAguru kA nAma Aryanandi thaa| jinasena ne isa graMtha kI racanA zaka saM. 705 (san 783) arthAt vikrama saMvat 840 meM kI thii| isa graMtha meM neminAtha kA hI caritra-citraNa nahIM hai, balki use madhyabindu vanAkara isameM itihAsa, bhUgola, rAjanIti, dharmanIti Adi aneka viSayoM tathA aneka upAkhyAnoM kA varNana huA hai / loka saMsthAna ke rUpa meM sRSTi-varNana cAra sargoM meM diyA gayA hai| rAjyavaMzotpatti aura harivaMzAvatAra nAmaka adhikAroM ke upalakSaNa meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nava nArAyaNa Adi tiresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA aura saikar3oM avAntara rAjAoM aura vidyAdharoM ke caritroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa taraha yaha apane meM eka mahApurANa ko bhI antargabhita kiye hue hai| 1. jaina sAhitya kA yaha itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 41. 2. vahI-pR0 43. 3. jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 46.

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(3) 8. AdipurANa (mahApurANa) : mahApurANa jinasena aura guNabhadra kRta usa vizAla graMtha kA nAma hai jo 76 varSoM meM vibhakta hai| 47 varSa taka kI racanA kA nAma Adi purANa, 48 se 76 taka kI racanA kA nAma uttara purANa hai| isameM kula milAkara 19207 zloka haiM / unameM se Adi purANa meM 11426 zloka haiM aura uttara purANa meM 7778.' Adi purANa kI racanA havIM zatAbdI meM huI thii| ___jinasena ne apane isa graMtha meM tiresaTha zalAkA puruSoM ke caritroM ko brahatpramANa meM likhane kI pratijJA kI thI lekina atyanta vRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa ve kevala Adi purANa ke 42 parva tathA 43veM parva ke tIna padya arthAt 10380 zloka pramANa likhakara svargavAsI ho gye| isake uparAnta isake pramukha ziSya "guNabhadra" ne zeSa kRti ko apekSAkRta saMkSepa meM pUrNa kiyaa| .. Adi purANa meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke daza pUrva bhavoM kA varNana, vartamAna mata kA tathA bharata cakravartI ke caritra kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake antargata prathama rAjA RSabhadeva ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA vahaMta hI vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra indra ne Akara bhagavAna kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA thaa| prajA kI daNDanIya sthiti kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / AdipurANa ke solahaveM varSa meM bharatAdi santAnotpatti, prajA ke lie asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya sevA aura zilpa ina cha: AjIvikAoM kA pratipAlana tathA kSatriya, vaizya, zaddha ina tIna varNI kI sthApanA kA varNana hai / chabbIsa se lekara ar3atIsaveM. taka 13 paryoM meM bharata cakravartI kI cakraratna-prApti se lekara digvijaya tathA nagara praveza se pUrva bharata bAhubali yuddha tathA bharata dvArA brAhmaNa varga kI sthApanA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| Adi purANa ke vistRta kalevara meM hama purANa, mahAkAvya, dharmakathA, rAjanIti-zAstra, AcAra-zAstra aura yuga kI Adi vyAkhyA ko sUcita karane vAle eka bRhada itihAsa ke darzana karate haiN| 1. vahI pR0 55. 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 56. 3. vahI pR0 57.

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( 33 ) 10. uttarapurANa : uttara purANa mahApurANa kA pUraka bhAga hai| isakI racanA jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra dvArA huI hai| racanA kAla 10 vIM zatAbdI batAyA gayA hai / isameM ajitanAtha bhagavAna se lekara 23 tIrthakaroM, sagara se lekara 11 cakravartiyoM, 9 baladeva & nArAyaNoM aura & pratinArAyaNoM tathA unake kAla meM hone vAle jIvanadhara Adi viziSTa puruSoM ke kathanAka diye gaye haiM / graMtha ke anta meM 43 padyoM kI vividha chaMdoM meM nirmita eka prazasti dI gaI hai jisameM do bhAga haiM / prathama bhAga 1 -27 taka ke lekhaka guNabhadra haiM tathA dUsare bhAga ke lekhaka unake ziSya lokasena haiM / ' 11. uppanna mahApurisa cariya : isa graMtha meM 54 mahApuruSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isakI racanA zIlAcArya ne kI hai / graMtha kA racanA-kAla vikrama saM. 625 mAnA gayA hai / isa graMtha me prativAsudevoM ko chor3akara zeSa 54 ko hI uttama puruSa kahA gayA hai / caritra pratipAdana kI dRSTi se dekhA jAye to isameM 51 mahApuruSoM kA hI varNana hai, kyoMki zanti, kunthu aura aranAtha ye tIna nAma tIrthaMkara aura cakravartI donoM meM samAnya haiN| mahApuruSoM ke samudita caritra ko prAkRta bhASA meM varNana karane vAle upalabdha granthoM meM isa graMtha kA sarvaprathama sthAna hai / isa graMtha kA zloka pramANa 10800 hai / 12. viSaSTi zlAkA puruSa carita : isa mahAna graMtha meM jainoM ke kathAnaka, itihAsa, paurANika kathAe~, siddhAnta evaM tattvajJAna kA saMgraha hai / yaha sampUrNa grantha 10 parvoM meM vibhakta hai / pratyeka parva aneka sargoM meM vibhakta hai / isa grantha kI AkRti 36000 zloka pramANa hai / * mahAsAgara tulya isa vizAla graMtha kI racanA 12 vIM zatAbdI meM hemacandrAcArya ne apanI uttarAvasthA meM kI thI / 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 61. 2. vahI pR0 70. 3. vahI pR0 68. 4. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 70.

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(34) tiresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra 10 parvo meM isa prakAra samAviSTa hai (1) prathama parva meM AdIzvara prabhu aura bharata cakravartI / (2) dUsare parva meM ajitanAtha aura sagara cakravartI / (3) tIsare parva meM sambhavanAtha se lekara zItalanAtha taka ATha tIrthaMkaroM kA caritra | (4) cauthe parva meM zra eyAMsa se lekara dharmanAtha taka pA~ca tIrthaMkara, pA~ca vAsudeva, pA~ca prativAsudeva aura pA~ca baladeva tathA do cakravartI madhavA aura sanatkumAra isa prakAra saba milAkara 22 mahApuruSoM kA caritra citraNa nihita hai / (5) pA~caveM parva meM zAntinAtha kA caritra | zAntinAtha bhagavAna eka hI bhava meM tIrthaMkara aura cakravartI donoM the / inake do caritra ginane meM Ate haiM / 1 (6) chaThe parva meM kunthunAtha se munisuvrata taka ke cAra tIrthaMkara, cAra cakravartI, do vAsudeva, do baladeva tathA do prativAsudeva ina caudaha mahApuruSoM kA caritra / unameM se kunthunAtha aura arAnAtha usI bhava meM cakravartI bhI hue inakI bhI do caritroM meM ginatI hotI hai / (7) sAtaveM parva meM neminAtha, 10 veM aura 11 veM cakravartI hariSeNa aura jayA tathA AThaveM baladeva, vAsudeva aura prativAsudeva, rAma, lakSmaNa tathA rAvaNa ko milAkara 6 mahApuruSoM ke caritra / ( 8 ) AThaveM parva meM neminAtha tIrthaMkara tathA navam vAsudeva, baladeva aura prativAsudeva, kRSNa, balabhadra aura jarAsaMdha ko milAkara cAra puruSoM ke caritra | (e) naveM parva meM pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara aura brahmadatta nAmaka bArahaveM cakravartI kA caritra nihita hai /

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(35) (10) dasaveM parva meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-caritra hai / anya parvo kI apekSA yaha parva bahuta bar3A hai| pUre parva meM 13 sarga haiM / isa parva meM zreNika, koNika, sulatA, abhayakumAra, ceTaka rAjA, hallavihalla, meghakumAra, nandiSeNa, celanA, durgandhA, Ardra kumAra, RSabhadatta, devAnaMdA, jamAli, zatAnIka, caNDapradyota, mRgAvatI, yAsAsAsA, AnaMda Adi dasa zrAvaka, gozAlA, hAlIka, prasannacandra, dudardarAikadeva, gautamasvAmI, puNDarIka, kaMDarIka, ambaDa, dazArNabhadra, dhannAzAlibhadra, rohiNeya, udAyana, zatAnIka putra, antima rAjarSi udAyana, prabhAvatI, kapila kevalI, kumAranandi, sonI, kulavAluka aura kumArapAla rAjA Adi ke caritra kA bahuta acche DhaMga se varNana kiyA gayA hai| dasaveM parva ke 12veM sarga meM kumArapAla ke caritra kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / (usameM pATana kA), kumArapAla ke rAjya-vistAra kA, jina pratimA ke prasAda kA varNana AyA hai|' uparyukta purANoM ko hI maiMne apane viSaya kA AdhAra banAyA hai| vaise to jaina purANoM kI saMkhyA bahuta hai| paramAnaMdajI ne una jaina purANoM kI sUcI dI hai, jo abhI taka prakAza meM Aye haiM yA jinakA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / katipaya jaina purANoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : jaina purANa grantha sUcI krama purANa kA nAma kartA bhASA racanA samvat saM0 1. pauma cariya vimalasUri prAkRta 5vIM zatI 2. padma purANa AcArya raviSeNa saMskRta 705 3. paumacariu svayaMbhU - apabhraMza 8vIM zatI 4. harivaMza purANa punnATa saMghIya saMskRta 840 jinasena 1. jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga_6, pR0 54,

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kannaDa krama purANa kA nAma kartA bhASA racanA samvat saM0 5. mahApurANa . jinasena saMskRta havIM zatI ... (AdipurANa) 6. mahApurANa puSpadaMta apabhraMza havIM zatI 7. cauppannamahApuri cariyaM zIlAcArya - prAkRta vi0saM0625 8. mahAvIra purANa kavi asaga saMskRta 966 6. uttara purANa guNabhadra saMskRta 10vIM zatI 10. zAntinAtha purANa kavi alaga saMskRta 10vIM zatI 11. pArzva purANa padmakIrti apabhraMza vi0 saM0 1055 12. purANa sAra zrIcandra saMskRta 1080 13. mahApurANa malliveNa saMskRta ... 1104 . 14. cAmuNDapurANa cAmuNDarAya 15. purANa sAra saMgraha dAmanandi 11-12vIM zatI 16. triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa hemacandra saMskRta 12vIM zatI carita 17. anantanAtha purANa zrI jinnAcArya . vi0saM0 1206 18. triSaSThi smRtizAstra AzAdhara 1262 16. pANDava purANa bhaTTAraka yazakIrti apabhraMza 1467 20. mahAvIra purANa bha0 sakalakIrti saMskRta 15vIM zatI 21. mallinAtha purANa bha0 sakalakIrti saMskRta 15vIM zatI 22. Adi purANa bha0 sakalakIrti saMskRta 15vIM zatI 23. uttara purANa bha0 sakalakIti saMskRta 15vIM zatI 24. padma purANa kavi raidhU apabhraMza 15vIM 16vIM zatI 25. harivaMza purANa kavi raidhU apabhraMza , "

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(37) kartA purANa kA nAma bhASA racanA sambata saMskRta 15vIM 16vIM satI " 28. apabhraMza 1520 .. harivaMza purANa brahmajinadAsa padmapurANa " . " harivaMza purANa bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti harivaMza purANa yazaH kIrti harivaMza purANa zrutakIrti jayakumAra purANa brahma kAmarAja harivaMza purANa kavi rAyacandra apabhraMza 1552 saMskRta 1552 saMskRta 1555 / saMskRta vi. saM. 1560 se pUrva 33. neminAtha purANa brahma nemidatta saMskRta 1575 ke . lagabhaga 34. * padmapurANa . brahma jinadAsa saMskRta 16 vIM zatI 35. pANDava purANa bhaTTAraka zubhacaMdra saMskRta vi. saM. 1608 pArzva purANa bha. candrakIrti saMskRta vi. saM. 1654 37. padma purANa bha. dharmakIrti saMskRta 1656 pANDava purANa zrI bhUSaNa saMskRta 1657 pArvaM purANa vAdi candra saMskRta 1658 pANDava purANa vAdi candra saMskRta 1658 zAntinAtha purANa zrI bhUSaNa saMskRta 1656 harivaMza purANa dharmakIrti - saMskRta 1671 ...... 43. karNAmRta purANa kezavasena. saMskRta 1688 padma purANa bhaTTAraka candrakIrti saMskRta. 17 vIM zatI Adi purANa bha. candrakIrti saMskRta , , 46. padmanAbhi purANa bha. zubhacandra saMskRta 17 vIM zatI ..

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* ma purANa kA nAma kartA bhASA racanAsambat saM0 kannar3a 47. ajita purANa aruNa maNi saMskRta 1616 48. harivaMza purANa svayaMbhU apabhraza Adi purANa kavipaMpa candrabhra purANa kavi agAsadeva saMskRta mallinAtha purANa kavi nAmacandra kannar3a muni suvrata purANa brahmakRSNadAsa saMskRta muni suvrata purANa bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti saMskRta - 54. vAgartha purANa kavi parameSThi saMskRta 55. zrI purANa bha. guNabhadra saMskRta 56. harivaMza purANa caturmukha deva saMskRta 57. padma purANa bha. sobhasena saMskRta . 58. dharmanAtha purANa kavi bAhubali kannar3a mAdhAra1. mahApurANa 2. pI0 sI0 jaina : harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___ jayapura : deva nAMgara prakAza 1983. 3. 'jaina purANoM kA sAskRtika adhyayana.

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tRtIya adhyAya "jaina purANa sAhitya meM rAjanIti" jaina purANa sAhitya mUla rUpa meM zuddha rAjanItika graMtha nahIM hai lekina phira bhI hama usako rAjanIti kI koTi meM rakha sakate haiN| jaba hama prAcIna Agama tathA purANoM kA avalokana karate haiM to hamAre sammukha aneka aise Adarza upasthita hote haiM jinake AdhAra para hama jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjanIti kA udbhava kaba aura kisa prakAra huA tathA isase pUrva kI kyA avasthA thI Adi ke bAre meM jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / isa adhyAya meM hama jaina sAhitya meM nihita rAjanItika tattvoM kA saMkSipta meM vivecana kareMge / jaina rAjanItika vicArakoM kI zreNI meM 'jinadAsagaNi mahattara' 'raviSeNa', "jinasena prathama", "jinasena dvitIya", "guNabhadra", "jaTA siMhanaMdi", "dhanaMjaya", "vAdimasiMha", "vIranaMdi", "asaMga", "hemacandrAcArya", tathA "somadeva sUri" kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| ___ jaina zAstroM tathA AgamoM ke anusAra saMsAra anAdi anaMta hai, arthAt na kabhI isakA Adi hai aura na kabhI anta / anAdi kAla se hI satat gatizIla calatA A rahA hai / yaha dRSTigocara jagata parivartanazIla pariNAmI nitya hai / mUla dravya kI apekSA nitya hai aura paryAya kI dRSTi se parivartanazIla hai| pratyeka jar3a cetana kA parivartana naisargika dhruva evaM sahaja svabhAva hai| jisa prakAra dina ke pazcAt rAtri aura rAtri ke pazcAt dina, prakAza ke pazcAt aMdhakAra, aMdhakAra ke pazcAt prakAza kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / janavarI, pharavarI, mArca, apraila Adi bAraha mahInoM kA eka ke bAda dUsare kA Agamana, gamana, pratigamana kA yaha cakra anAdi kAla se niraMtara calatA A rahA hai / utthAna ke bAda patana, patana ke bAda utthAna, . isa prakAra carAcara jagata kA anAdikAla se anavarata krama calA A rahA

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(40) hai| isa kAla cakra ke bAraha ArauM (kAla-vibhAgoM) kA jainoM dvArA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| DhAI dvIpa'. ke pA~ca bharata aura pA~ca airAvata kSetroM meM samaya kI vyavasthA karane ke kAraNa rUpa bAraha AroM kA eka kAla-cakra ginA jAtA hai| usake do kalpa hote haiN| (1) avasarpiNI kAla aura (2) dUsarA utsarpiNI kaal| yaha donoM kramazaH badalate rahate haiN| zeSa sabhI kSetroM meM kAla aparivartanIya rUpa se sadA samAna rahatA hai| apasarpiNI kAla kA apakarSa nimnalikhita cha: bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| (1) suSamA-suSama-(yaha cAra koTAkoTi varSa pramANa vAlA prathama ArA hai|) (2) suSamA -(yaha tIna koTAkoTi sAgaropama vAlA hotA hai / ) (3) suSamA-duSama-(yaha do koTAkoTi sAgaropama vAlA hai| ) (4) duSamA-suSama-(yaha bayAlIsa varSa nyUna eka koTA-koTi sAgaropama pramANa vAlA ArA hai|) (5) duSama -(yaha ikkIsa hajAra varSa vAlA hotA hai / ) (6) duSamA duSama-(yaha ikkIsa hajAra varSa vAlA ArA hotA 1. DhAI dvIpa :-na mAnyatAnusAra eka lAkha yojana jambUdvIpa hotA hai usake cAroM tarapha cAra lAkha lavaNa samudra, lavaNa samudrake cAroM tarapha ATha lAkha dhAtakI khaNDa, dhAtakI khaNDa ke cAroM tarapha solaha lAkha yojana pramANa kAlodadhi samudra aura usake cAroM tarapha solaha lAkha yojana arddha puSkakharadvIpa hotA hai| isa prakAra kula milAkara paiMtAlIsa lAkha yojana pramANa DhAI dvIpa hotA hai / isa dvIpa ke andara manuSyoM kI bastI hotI haiN| noTa -vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie-navIna RSi jI mahArAja: jaina daSTi meM madhyaloka, bambaI, manasukhabhAI desAI pR02. 2. titthogAlIpaddaNNaya : panyAsa kalyANa vijaya, jAlora : zvetAmbara (cAradhuI) jainasaMgha 1675, pR0 3. 3. noTa-AroM ke viSaya meM dekhie jambUdvI prajJapti : rAya dhanapatasiMha, vArANAyAM, jaina prabhAkara yantrAlaye, vakSaskAra 2.

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(41) isI prakAra utsarpiNI kAla ke kramika vikAsa ko bhI chaH bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara avasarpiNI kAla ke pratiloma krama se (1) duSamA-duSama, (2) duSamA, (3) duSamA-suSama, (4) suSamA-duSama (5) suSamA (6) suSamA-suSama nAma se samajhanA cAhie / ina AroM kA samaya bhI uparyukta bhAgoM ke anusAra hai| avasarpiNI, utsarpiNI donoM kAloM ko milAkara bIsa kor3A kor3I sAgaropama kA eka kAla cakra hotA hai / apakarSonmukha avasarpiNI kAla ke tIsare Are (suSamA-duSama) meM palyopama kA AThavA~ bhAga avazeSa rahane para "yugaliyoM" ke rUpa meM kulakaroM kI utpatti huI / yugaliyoM arthAt eka lar3akA aura eka lar3akI kA sAtha utpanna honA / (lagna saMsthA usa samaya banI nahIM thii| lar3akA aura lar3akI anya yugala ko janma dekara mRtyu ko prApta ho jAte the|) kulakara vyavasthA se pUrva sAmAjika saMgaThana nahIM huA thaa| yugalika vyavasthA cala rahI thI, usa samaya na kula thA, na varga aura na jAti, samAja kI bAta to bahuta dUra rhii| janasaMkhyA bahuta kama thI / mAtA-pitA kI mauta ke do yA tIna mAha pahale eka yugala janma letA thA, vahI dampati kahalAtA thaa| vivAha saMsthA kA udaya nahIM huA thA / jIvana kI AvazyakatAeM sImita thiiN| usa samaya na khetI thI, na kapar3A banatA thA. na makAna kI AvazyakatA thI, unake bhojana, vastra aura makAna kI pUrti kalpavakSoM ke dvArA hotI thii| usa samaya mAnava svabhAva se zAMta, zarIra se svastha evaM svataMtra jIvana jIne vAlA hotA thaa| dharma karane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM thI, unameM bhautika maryAdAoM kA abhAva thA, kevala sahaja svabhAva se vyavahAra karate the| ve kisI nara se yA pazu sena sevAsahayoga prApta karate aura na kisI ko apanA sevA-sahayoga arpita karate / dasa prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM'. dvArA sahaja prApta phala-phUloM Adi se vaha apanA jIvana-yApana karate the| unakA jIvana roga-zoka, viyoga rahita thaa| usa samaya na koI svAmI thA na koI sevaka, zAsaka aura zAsita 1. titthogAlI paiNNaya pR0 15.

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(42) bhI nahIM the, na koI zoSaka thA na koI zoSita / na corI thI, na asatya abrahmacarya sImita thA, mArakATa aura hatyAeM nahIM hotI thiiN| ___ avasarpiNIkAla kA pahalA ArA vyatIta huA, pazcAt dUsarA vyatIta huA, tIsarA bhI lagabhaga vyatIta hone vAlA thA, kucha samaya avazeSa thA, taba sahaja samRddhi kA kramika hrAsa hone lgaa| bhUmi kA rasa cInI se bhI jo jyAdA mIThA thA vaha kama hone lgaa| tIna, do aura eka dina ke bAda bhojana kI paramparA TUTane lagI, kalpavRkSoM kI zakti bhI kSINa hone lgii| aisI paristhiti ke daurAna kulakara vyavasthA kA udbhava huaa| kulakara vyavasthA asaMkhya varSoM ke pazcAt naye yuga kA Arambha huA / saMkrAnti kAla cala rahA thA / eka ora to AvazyakatA pUrti ke sAdhana kama hone lage, dUsarI tarapha janasaMkhyA aura jIvana kI AvazyakatAeM bar3hane lgiiN| aisI paristhiti meM saMgharSa aura lUTa-khasoTa hone lgii| paristhiti ne mAnava svabhAva meM parivartana lA diyA / aparAdhI manovRtti ke bIja panapane lge| aparAdha aura avyavasthA ne unheM eka naI vyavasthA ke nirmANa kI preraNA dii| jisake phalasvarUpa "kula' vyavasthA kA vikAsa huaa| loga kula ke rUpa meM saMgaThita hokara rahane lge| una kuloM kA eka mukhiyA hotA thA jo ki kulakara kahalAtA thaa| yaha sarvasattAdhIza hotA thA / jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjapada se pUrva sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM kulakara vyavasthA thii| inakA kArya kula kI rakSA karanA, tathA nIti-niyama banAnA thaa| usa samaya meM yuddha Adi pracalita nahIM huA thaa| kulakaroM ke viSaya meM jainAgama, purANa zAstroM ke mata jainAgama : sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI sUtrameM sAta kulakaroM kA ullekha noTa-kulakaroM ke viSaya meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie jaina prAcIna graMtha (zrIyati vaSabhAcArya viracita : tiloya paNNatI bhAga 1 zolApura, jaina saMrakSaka saMgha, 1936) ke caturtha mahAdhikArI kI 421 se 506 taka kI gAthAe~ dekhie|

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hai / Avazyaka niyukti, evaM Avazyaka cUrNI meM bhI sAta kulakara mAnya kiye gaye haiM / isa mAnyatAnusAra sAta kulakaroM ke nAma nimna haiM - (1) vimalavAhana (2) cakSuSmAn (3) yazomAn (4) abhicandra (5) prasenajit (6) marudeva (7) naabhi| jinasena viracita mahApurANa meM caudaha aura jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM kula 15 kulakaroM kA ullekha hai / jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra kulakaroM ke nAma nimnalikhita haiM : (1) sumati (2) pratizruti (3) sImaMdhara (4) sIbhaMdhara (5) kSemaMkara (6) kSemaMdhara (7) vimalavAhana (8) cakSuSmAn (6) yazasvI (10) abhicandra (11) caMdrAbha (12) prasenajita (13) marudeva (14) nAbhi (15) RSabha / jaina sAhitya kI taraha vaidika sAhitya meM bhI isa prakAra kulakaroM kA varNana AtA hai / vahA~ kulakaroM ke sthAna para prAyaH manu zabda kA prayoga huA hai / manusmRti meM, sthAnAMga sUtra ke sAta kulakaroM kI taraha sAta mahAtejasvI manu isa prakAra batAye haiN|' (1) svayambhU (2) svarociS (3) uttama (4) tAmasa (5) raivata (6) cAkSuSa (7) (vaivsvt)| matsya purANa meM, mArkaNDeya purANa, devI bhAgavata, aura viSNu purANa meM svayambhU Adi caudaha manu batAye gaye haiM (1) svAyaMbhuva (2) svArociSa (3) auttami (4) tAmasa (5) raivata (6) cAkSuSa (7) vaivasvata (8) sAvarNi (6) rocya (10) bhautya (11) meru sAvaNi (12) Rbhu (13) RtudhAmA (14) vishvksen| 1. manu a0/1/61-62-63. noTa :-manuoM ke vistRta paricaya ke lie matsya purANa ke 6 veM adhyAya se 21 veM adhyAya taka dekheM / matsya purANaH kRSNadvaipAyana viracita, kalakattA : gurumaNDala granthamAlA, 1654.

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( 44 ) vaivasvata ke bAda mArkaNDeya purANa meM 5 sArvANa, tathA raucca aura bhautya ye sAta manu mAne gaye haiM / isa prakAra uparyukta caudaha manuoM ke nAma batalAye gaye haiM / jaina matAnusAra sAta yA caudaha kulakaroM kA ullekha huA hai / jinameM se vimalavAhana nAma ke kulakara ko donoM mAnyatAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga, bhagavatI sUtra, Avazyaka niryukti, AvazyakacUrNI ke anusAra prathama kulakara vimalavAhana hue haiN| caudaha kulakaroM kI zreNI meM vimalavAhana kA sAtavA~ nambara AtA hai / vimalavAhana kulakara kA varNana isa prakAra AtA hai ki kisI samaya vana pradeza meM ghUmate hue eka mAnava - yugala ko kisI zveta varNa ke hAthI ne dekhA, dekhakara use apane pUrvajanma kA smaraNa huA, aura snehavaza use apanI pITha para biThA liyaa| logoM ne jaba isa Azcaryacakita ghaTanA ko dekhA to vaha kahane lage ki "yaha gajArUDha vyakti hama sabhI meM zreSTha hai / isalie ise apanA netA svIkAra kara liyA jAye / ujjavala vAhana hone ke kAraNa loga use vimalavAhana kahane lage / isase patA calatA hai ki usa samaya kulakaroM kA vAhana hAthI thA / vimalavAhana ne sabake lie maryAdA nizcita kI aura maryAMdA kA ullaMghana karane vAloM ke lie daNDa vyavasthA banAI / ' uparyukta kulakaroM ke samaya tIna prakAra kI daNDanIti pracalita thIM / (1) hakkAra ( 2 ) makkAra ( 3 ) dhikkAra / ' ( 1 ) " hakkAra daNDanIti" : jaba koI vyakti maryAdA kA ullaMghana karatA taba "hA" tUne kyA kiyA, aisA kahanA hI aparAdhI ke lie daNDa thA / usa samaya kA lajjAzIla aura svabhAva se saMkocazIla prakRti vAlA mAnava isI daNDa ko kaThora daNDa mAnatA thaa| eka bAra daNDita hone para punaH galtI nahIM karatA thA / isa prakAra bahuta samaya taka hakkAra daNDanIti 1. Avazyaka niyukti bhadrabAhu, sUrata, jaina graMthamAlA gaurIpurA, gAthA 154, pR0 50. 2. vahI gA0 167, pR0 51.

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( 45 ) kI vyavasthA calatI rahI / sAta kulakaroM meM se prathama do tathA pandraha kulakaroM meM se prathama pA~ca kulakaroM kI yaha nIti thI / (2) " makkAra daNDanIti' :- jaba loga "hA" karane se nahIM mAnane lage aura aparAdha karate hI rahe taba uccasvara meM " mA " yAni " mata karo" kahakara aparAdhI ko daNDa diyA jAtA thA / mAnava svabhAva meM pUrva kI apekSA parivartana A gayA thaa| tIsare, cauthe kulakara tathA chaThe se dasaveM kulakara taka yaha daNDanIti pracalita thI / (3) " dhikkAra daNDanIti" : - jaba mAnava "hA" aura " mA " nIti kA bhI ullaMghana karane lage taba " dhikkAra" nIti kA AvirbhAva huA / isa samaya mAnava bahuta cAlAka aura zaitAna ho gayA thaa| pichale tIna tathA gyArahaveM se caudahaveM kulakaroM taka yaha nIti calatI rahI / jaina AgamoM meM vaise sAta prakAra kI daNDanItiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 14 kulakaroM aura sAta kulakaroM ke samaya tIna daNDanItiyA~ hI pracalita thIM / bAkI cAra daNDanItiyA~ RSabha svAmI aura bharata cakravartI ke samaya pracalita huI thIM / 1 antima kulakara nAbhi ke samaya meM prArambha huI " dhikkAra" daNDakA jaba ullaMghana hone lagA, tathA yugalikoM ko kalpavRkSoM se prakRti siddha bhojana prApta hotA thA, vaha aparyApta ho gayA taba yugalika loga ghabarAkara RSabha svAmI ke pAsa Aye / jaina paramparAnusAra RSabha svAmI antima kulakara nAbhi kI patnI marudevI kI kukSi se utpanna hue the / jaina paramparAM kI taraha vaidika paramparA ke sAhitya meM bhI RSabhadeva kA vistRta paricaya upalabdha hai / jainettara purANoM meM RSabha kA varNana isa prakAra milatA hai / brahmA jI ne apane se utpanna apane hI svarUpa - tulya ko prathama manu banAyA | phira svAyaMbhavu manu ko priyavrata se AgnIdhra Adi dasa putra utpanna hue / AgnIdhra se nAbhi aura nAbhi se RSabha hue / ' zrImad 1. zrI viSNu purANa : anuvAda zrI munilAla guptA, gorakhapura gItA presa, aMza 2, a0 1, zloka 7/16/27. "bhagavAna paramarSibhi: "

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bhAgavat meM RSabhadeva ko yajJapuruSa viSNu kA aMzAvatAra mAnA gayA hai| usake anusAra bhagavAna nAbhi kA prema-sampAdana karane ke lie mahArAnI marudevI ke garbha se digambara sanyAsI vAtarazanA-zramaNoM ke dharma ko prakaTa karane ke lie zuddha satyamaya vigraha se prakaTa hue / yathA : "bhagavAn paramarSibhiH prasAdito nAbheH priyacikIrSayA tadavarodhAyane marudevyAM, dharmAndarzayitukAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNa nAbhRSINAmUrdhva manthinAM zuklayAM tnvaavttaar|"". rAjyAbhiSeka : antima kulakara nAbhi ke samaya pracalita "dhikkAra daNDanIti" jaba prabhAvahIna siddha huI taba yugalika loga RSabha svAmI ke pAsa pahuMce aura unheM apanI vastusthiti kA paricaya karAte hue sahayoga kI yAcanA karane lge| taba RSabhasvAmI ne kahA ki prajA meM aparAdhI manovRtti na panape tathA maryAdA kA yathocita pAlana ho sake isake lie daNDavyavasthA hotI hai, jisakA saMcAlana svayaM rAjA karatA hai aura vahI samaya-samaya para daNDanIti meM sudhAra kara sakatA hai| lekina rAjA kA pahale rAjapada para abhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai| yaha sunakara "yugaliyoM" ne kahA ki mahArAja Apa hI hamAre rAjA bana jaaiye| isa para RSabhasvAmI ne kahA ki Apa isa viSaya ke lie nAbhi kulakara ke pAsa jAkara nivedana karo, vahI Apako rAjA deNge| yaha sunakara yugaliyoM ne nAbhi kulakara ke pAsa jAkara nivedana kiyA / nAbhi ne unakI vinamra prArthanA sunakara kahA- maiM to aba vRddha ho gayA hUM, ataH tuma RSabha ko hI rAjyapada dekara rAjA banA lo| (isa paMkti se vidita hotA hai ki usa samaya javAna (vayaska) hI rAjA hotA thaa|) 1. zrImadbhAgavat : vedavyAsa, gorakhapura, gItA presa 1653, 5/3/20. 2. Avazyaka niyukti gA0 167, pR0 55. 3. vahI gA0 198, pR0 55.

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(47) nAbhi kulakara kI AjJA prApta kara yugalika-jana padma sarovara para gaye aura kamala ke pattoM meM jala lekara aae| isI bIca indra kA Asana calAyamAna huA, indra ne avadhijJAna se dekhA aura sarva Rddhi ke sAtha sabhI lokapAloM ke sAtha vahA~ aayaa| indra ne savidhi sammAnapUrvaka devagaNa ke sAtha RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA aura unheM rAjAyogya AbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyaa|' jaba yugalika loga Ae aura unhoMne dekhA ki bhagavAna kA abhiSeka to ho gayA, kyoMki unhoMne bhagavAna ko sarva alaMkAro se vibhUSita dekhA / paritoSa se jinake mukha vikasita hue, unhoMne jAnA ki hama alaMkAroM se vibhUSita rAjA ke Upara kaise jala DAleM, isalie pairoM para hI pAnI DAla diyA, jisase ki alaMkAra kharAba na hoN| yaha dekha indra vicAra karane lagA ki yaha loga to vahuta vinIta haiM isalie vinItA nAma kI nagarI bsaaii| isa nagarI kA dUsarA nAma ayodhyA bhI kahA jAtA hai|' isa prakAra RSabhadeva usa samaya ke prathama rAjA ghoSita hue| RSabhadeva prathama rAjA, prathama jina, prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthaMkara, nIti ke prathama prakAzaka kahe jAte the| RSabha svAmI ne pUrva se calI A rahI kulakara vyavasthA kA aMta karake nUtana rAjya-vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| zAsana vyavasthA : (1) rAjyapada para ArUr3ha hone ke pazcAt sarva prathama RSabhadeva ne rAjya kI suvyavasthA aura vikAsa ke lie prathama ArakSaka dala kI sthApanA kii| usake adhikAra "ugra' khlaaye| (2) rAjakIya vyavasthA meM parAmarza ke lie eka maMtrimaNDala kA nirmANa kiyA, jisake adhikArI "bhoga" khlaaye| (3) parAmarza-maNDala kI sthApanA kI gaI, jo samrATa ke sannikaTa rahakara unheM samaya-samaya para parAmarza (salAha) dete rhte| 1. A0 ni0 gA0 166, pR0 56. 2. vahI gA0 200, pR0 56.

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(48) (4) sAmAnya karmacArI jinako kSatriya nAma se sambodhita kiyA gyaa|' isake alAvA RSaNadeva ne cAra prakAra kI senA aura senApatiyoM kI vyavasthA kI jisase ki rAjya kI rakSA tathA dupToM ko daNDita kiyA jA ske| aparAdhI kI khoja evaM aparAdha niSedha ke lie "sAma-dAma-daNDabheda" nItiyA~ claaii| RSabha svAmI ne cAra prakAra kI daNDa-vyavasthA kA niyojana kiyA thA :1. paribhASaNa :- aparAdhI ko AkrozapUrNa zabdoM se daNDita krnaa| 2. maNDalIbaMdha :-aparAdhI ko kucha samaya ke lie sthAnabaddha kara denaa| 3. cArakabaMdha :-bandIgRha (jela) meM aparAdhI ko baMda rkhnaa| 4. chaviccheda : -aparAdhI ke hAtha, paira, nAka, kAna Adi upAMgoM kA chedana krnaa| uparyukta cAra daNDanItiyoM ke viSaya meM kucha AcAryoM meM matabheda hai| kucha AcAryoM kA mata yaha hai ki aMtima do nItiyA~ (cArakabaMdha aura chaviccheda) bharata ke samaya meM pracalita huI thIM / bharata taka sAta draNDanItiyAM pracalita thiiN| parantu bhadrabAhu ke matAnusAra cAraka baMdha aura chaviccheda nIti RSabhadeva ke samaya meM hI pracalita ho gaI thii| loka vyavasthA : RSabhasvAmI ne mAnava-jIvana ko sukhI evaM svAvalambI banAne ke lie tathA apanA jIvana svayaM saralatA se bitA sakeM isake lie unhoMne sau zilpa aura asi, masi, kRSi rUpa tIna karmoM kA prajA ko upadeza diyaa| zilpa karma kA upadeza dete hue prathama kubhakAra kA karma sikhAyA vastra. vakSoM ke na hone para paTakAra karma aura gehAgAra-vRkSoM ke abhAva meM vardhakI karma sikhaayaa| citrakAra karma, roma-nakhoM ke bar3hane para kAzyapa 1. A0 niyukti gA0 202, pR0 56. . 2. A0 niyukti, pR0 58.

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( 49 ) arthAt nApita karma sikhaayaa| ina pA~ca mUla zilpoM ke bIsa-bIsa bhedoM se 100 prakAra ke karma utpanna hue / ' isake atirikta vyavahAra kI dRSTi se mAna, unmAna, apamAna, tathA pratimAna kA bhI jJAna karAyA / RSabha svAmI ne kalA-vijJAna kI bhI zurUAta kI / apanI putrI brAhmI ko dAhine hAtha se aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA jJAna karAyA / sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita kI zikSA dI / " jyeSTha putra bharata ko 72 kalAoM kA tathA bAhubali ko prANI lakSaNa kA jJAna kraayaa| apanI putrI brAhmI ke mAdhyama se striyoM kI 64 kalAe~ bhI sikhalAI / bhagavAna AdinAtha se pUrva bhAratavarSa meM varNa vyavasthA nahIM thI, kyoMki usa samaya saba logoM kI eka hI jAti thI / U~ca-nIca kA koI bhedabhAva nahIM thaa| sabhI loga kalpavRkSoM dvArA prApta sAmagrI se santoSapUrvaka jIvanayApana karate the / jaba logoM meM viSamatA bar3hI aura lobha, moha kA saMcAra huA taba bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne varNa-vyavasthA kA sUtrapAta kiyA / I jo loga zArIrika dRSTi se sudRr3ha aura zaktizAlI the, unheM prajA kI rakSA ke kArya meM niyukta kara pahacAna ke lie "kSatriya" zabda kI saMjJA dI / jo loga kRSi, pazupAlana vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya meM arthAta vANijya meM nipuNa the una logoM ke varga ko " vaizya varNa" kI saMjJA dI / for kAryoM ko karane ke lie vaizya loga aruci evaM anicchA vyakta karate the, una kAryoM ko karane ke lie tathA janasamudAya kI sevA karane ko jo tatpara hue unheM "zUdra" kI saMjJA dii| isa prakAra RSabha svAmI ne kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra tIna varNoM kI sthApanA kii| 1. A0 cUrNI : jinadAsa gaNi mahattara, RSabhadevajI kezarImala jI, ratalAma : zvetAmbara saMsthA 1984, pUrva bhAga pR0 156. 2. A0 ni0 gA0 213-14. 3. A0 ni0 gA0 212. 4. A0 ni0 gA0 213. 5. Adi pu0 parva 16 zloka 243 se 246.

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( 50 ) 1 cauthe "brAhmaNa" varNa kI sthApanA RSabhasvAmI ke jyeSTha putra bharata dvArA kI gaI thI / jo vyakti logoM ko "mAhana, mAhana" ( hiMsA mata karo) aisI zikSA dete the, unheM "mAhaNa" arthAt "brAhmaNa varNa" kI saMjJA dI gaI / ' isa prakAra cAra varNoM kI sthApanA bharata ke samaya taka huI / 1. hastImalajI mahArAja : jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa bhAga 1, jayapura: jaina itihAsa samiti 1971, pR0 26.

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caturtha adhyAya "rAjya evaM rAjA" (ka) "rAjya kA svarUpa" - - - 1. rAjya ko utpatti : bhArata meM rAjasattA bahuta Avazyaka hai| lekina hamArA deza eka aisA bhI samaya bitA cukA hai, jisameM "zAsana paddhati" kA sarvathA abhAva thaa| mahAbhArata aura dIpanikAya meM sRSTi ke AdikAla meM svarNa-yuga kI kalpanA kA ullekha hai / yUnAnI evaM phrAMsIsI vidvAna pleTo tathA rUso ne bhI Adima kAla meM svarNayuga kI parikalpanA kI hai|' jaina purANoM meM bhI saSTi ke prArambha meM svarNayuga kA ullekha AyA hai| usa kAla meM rAjya kA AvirbhAva nahIM huA thA, tathA prajA pUrNa rUpa se sukhI thii| kalpavRkSoM dvArA vyavasthA niyantrita hotI thii| kAlAntara meM mAMga ko apUrti pUrNataH na hone ke kAraNa vyavasthA meM vyavadhAna utpanna ho gayA thaa| isake nivAraNArtha kulakara utpanna hue aura manuSyoM ne inase ubhayapakSIya samajhautA kiyA / jaina purANoM meM rAjya kI utpatti sambandhI siddhAntoM meM sAmAjika samajhaute para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjya devI saMsthA na hokara mAnavIya saMsthA thii| isakA nirmANa prAkRtika avasthA meM rahane vAle vyaktiyoM dvArA ApasI samajhaute ke AdhAra para huaa| AdikAla meM yaugalika vyavasthA thii| eka yugala janma letA thA aura vahI yugala dUsare yugala ko janma dene ke bAda mRtyu ko prApta ho jAtA thaa| isa prakAra 1. altekara : prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pa0 21. 2. dhanyakumAra rAjezaH "jana- posaNika sAhitya meM rAjanIti" : zramaNa varNa 23 aMka 2, nambara 1973 pR0 3-4

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(52) ke aneka yugala the|' kAlAntara meM prakRti-parivartana se prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA hrAsa hone ke kAraNa rAjanaitika samAja kI sthApanA huii| duHkha evaM vipattiyoM se prajA ke rakSaNArtha caudaha kalakaroM kA samayasamaya para janma huaa| ye caudaha kulakara prajA ke pitAtulya the| mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki karma-bhUmi se pUrva bhoga-bhUmi thI, usameM duSToM ko daNDa dene aura sajjanoM kI rakSA kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM thaa| bhoga-bhUmi ke pazcAt jaba karma-bhUmi kA prAdurbhAva huA, usa samaya rAjA kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa prajA meM matsya-nyAya panapane lagA / jisa prakAra bar3I machaliyA~ choTI machaliyoM ko nigala jAtI haiM, usI prakAra sabala vyakti nirbaloM ko kaSTa pahu~cAne lge| jaina purANoM ke samakAlIna vasubandhu jaise AcAryoM ne bhI isI prakAra vicAra vyakta kara uparyukta mata kI puSTi kI 1. pApurANa : raviSeNa, kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1644, 3/30-88, harivaMzapurANa : jinasena sampA0 pannAlAla jaina, kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1944, 7/166-170, mahApurANa : 3/122-163, tulanIya : naivaM rAjyaM na rAjAsInna ca daNDona dANDIkaH / dharmeNava prajA : sarvA rakSanti sma parasparam / / - 59/14. mahAbhArata zAntiparva: 2. apakAlantyo hAni teSa yAteSvanu kramAt / kalpapAda pakhaNDeSu zruNu kolakarI sthitim / / padma pu0 3/74. 3. mahA pu0 3/63-163, harivaMza pu0 7/125-176. para pu0 3/75-88. 4. duSTAnAM nigrahaH ziSTa pratipAlanamityayam / na purAsItkramoM yasmAt prajAH sarvA nirAgasaH // prajAdaNDa dharAbhAve mAtsyaM nyAyaM zrayantyUmaH / prasyate'ntaH paduSTena nirvalohivalIyasA // mahA pu0 16/251-52.

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( 53 ) / ' isake alAvA jainettara graMthoM meM bhI matsya-nyAya kA sundara vivecana upalabdha hai / ' 2. rAjya ke prakAra : rAjya kI utpatti ke sAtha hI samAja meM tatsaMbaMdhita samasyAoM kA bhI prAdurbhAva huA / mahApurANa meM samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane ke lie sAdhanoM kA nirdeza hai : - AnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA tathA daNDa / padma purANa ke anusAra eka deza nAnA janapadoM se vyApta hotA thA, jisameM pattana, grAma, saMvAha, maTamba, puTabhedana, ghoSa tathA droNamukha Adi Ate the / prAcIna granthoM kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM to rAjyoM ke prakAra dRSTigocara hote haiN| AcArya kauTilya ne dvau rAjya kA ullekha kiyA hai / " prAcIna bhArata meM " rAjya saMgha " kA varNana milatA hai / udAharaNArtha :yaudheya gaNarAjya tIna gaNarAjyoM kA saMgha thaa| licchaviyoM ne eka bAra malloM tathA dUsarI bAra videhoM ke sAtha saMgha banAyA thA / kAlidAsa ne apane granthoM meM rAjya ke prakAroM kA varNana kiyA hai jisakA vivaraNa nimna prakAra hai - rAjya, mahArAjya, adhirAjya, dvau rAjya, sAmrAjya tathA sArvabhauma ( cakravartI rAjya ) " / 1. padma purANa, 3 / 78-88, harivaMza purANa, 7/123-127, 7/141-158. 2. rAmAyaNa: vAlmIki, ayodhyAkANDa 67/31, mahAbhArata zAntiparva 15/30, arthazAstra 1/4 pR0 13, manusmRti 7 / 17, kAmandakIyaH nItisAra, saMzo0 gaNapatizAstrI trivendram: mahAmahIma zrImUlaka rAmavarmA kulazekhara mahArAjazAsanena, 1912, 5/40. 3. mahA0 pu0 51/5. 4. dezo janapadAkIrNo viSayaH sundaro mahAna / / pattanagrAma saMtrAhamaTambapuTabhedaneH ghoSadroNamukhadhaizgha sannivezevirAjitaH / padma pu0 41 / 56-57. 5. kauTilya arthazAstra 8/2, pR0 530. 6. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 30. 19. bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya; kAlidAsa kA bhArata, bhAga 1, kAzI: bhAratIya jJAnapITha 285. 1654, pR0

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(54) . jaina graMtha AcArAMga sUtra meM kaI prakAra ke rAjyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaise:-gaNarAjya, dvarAjya aura vairAjya / ' padmapurANa ke anusAra sAmAnyatayA eka rAjya kA pracalana thA, parantu kabhI-kabhI do rAjAoM dvArA sammilita rUpa se zAsita deza kA dRSTAMta milatA hai, use mahApurANa meM dvai rAjya kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI hai| nizIthacUrNI meM sAta prakAra ke rAjyoM kA varNana milatA hai| anArAjya (arAjaka), juvarAjya, verajja, virudharAjya, dorAjya, gaNarAjya aura rAjya / lekina ina rAjyoM meM se kevala verajja (verAjya), gaNarAjya, dorajja (dvai rAjya) hI rAjya ke prakAra kI koTi meM rakhe jAte haiN| anya rAjya viziSTa taraha kI rAjanItika sthitiyoM ke sUcaka haiM, na ki svataMtra rAjya ke prakAra haiN| 3. rAjya ke uddezya evaM kArya : padma purANa meM baNita hai ki icchAnusAra kArya karanA hI rAjya kahalAtA hai| mahApurANa meM usa rAjya kI nindA kI gaI jisakA dhyeya azreyaskara hai tathA jisameM nirantara pApoM kI utpatti evaM sukha kA abhAva hai sazakti manuSya mahAna duHkha prApta karate haiN| DaoN0 altekara kA mata hai "zAnti, suvyavasthA kI sthApanA aura janatA kA sarvAMgINa, naitika, sAMskRtika aura bhautika vikAsa karanA hI rAjya kA uddezya thaa|6 1. AcArAMma sUtra : sampA0 nathamala, lADanUM (jodhapura) vi0sa0 2031 1/3/160 2. padmapurANa 106/65. 3. jaina AgAmeM meM cAra prakAra ke vairAjya kA ullekha milatA hai :(1) aNarAja :- rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAne para yadi anya rAjA yA yuvarAja kA abhiSeka na huA ho taba use aNarAja kahate haiN| (2) juvarAja :-pahale rAjA dvArA niyukta yuvarAja se adhiSThita rAjya, jaba taka dUsarA yuvarAja abhiSiktta na kiyA gayA ho, ko yuvarAja kahA gayA hai| (3) vairAjjaya yA vairAjya :-anya rAjya kI senA ne jaba rAjya ko ghera liyA ho to vairAjjaya kahate haiN| 4. svecchAvidhAnamAtraM hinanu rAjya mudrAhRtam padma pu0 88/24. 5. rAjye na sukha lezo'pi durante duritA vahe / __ sarvatazG kamAnasya pratyutAtrA sukhaM mahat / / mahA pu0 42/20. 6. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati pR0 40.

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(55) 4. rAjya ke kArya : rAjya ke kAryoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA haiM :1. Avazyaka kArya, 2. aicchika kArya yA lokahitakArI kArya / (1) Avazyaka kArya : isa zreNI meM ve sabhI kArya Ate haiM jo samAja ke saMgaThana ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka haiM / jaise-bAhya zatru ke AkramaNa se rakSA, prajA ke jAna-mAla kA saMrakSaNa, deza meM zAnti, suvyavasthA aura prabandha Adi / (2) aicchika yA lokahitakArI kArya :--- isa zreNI meM lokahita ke vividha kAryoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai| jaise:-zikSA, dAna, svAsthya-rakSA, vyavasAya, DAka aura yAtAyAta kA prabandha, jaMgala aura khAnoM kA vikAsa, dIna-anAthoM kI dekha-rekha Adi Ate haiN| jaina purANoM meM rAjya ke uddezya evaM kAryoM kA vistRta varNana upalabdha nahIM hai, tathApi unake adhyayana se uparyukta vicAroM kI puSTi hotI hai / jainAcAryoM ne rAjya ko manuSyoM ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa kA kendra mAnA hai / isalie prajA ke kalyANa ke lie rAjAoM ko pratyeka kSaNa saceSTa aura protsAhita kiyA hai| (kA) rAjya ke siddhAnta :(1) rAjya ke saptAMga siddhAnta : jaina purANoM meM rAjya ke aMgoM ke viSaya me vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| mahApurANa meM rAjya kI sAta prakRtiyoM (aMgoM) kA varNana 1. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati pR0 48. 2. svAmyamAtyo janasthAna kozI daNDaH saguptikaH / mitraM ca bhUmipAlasya saptaH prakRtayaH smRtaaH|| mahA pu0 68/72.

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upalabdha hai :-svAmI, amAtya, daNDa, janasthAna, gar3ha, koSa tathA mitra / ' jainettara granthoM meM bhI rAjya ke saptAMgoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| vastutaH prakRti aura aMga zabda samAnArtha meM prayukta huA hai| "prakRti" zabda rAjya ke maNDala ke aMgoM kA bhI dyotaka hai| zukranItisAra meM "prakRti" zabda kA tAtparya maMtriyoM se kiyA hai| raghuvaMza meM isakA artha prajA ke lie bhI AyA hai| zukranItisAra meM rAjya ke saptAMgoM kI tulanA zarIra ke aMgoM se kI gaI hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki rAjA sira, maMtrI netra, mitra kAna koSa mukha, bala (senA) mana, durga (rAjadhAnI) hAtha, rASTra paira haiM / kAmandaka ne likhA hai ki rAjya ke saptAMga eka dUsare ke pUraka hai| yadi rAjya kA koI aMga doSapUrNa huA to rAjya ThIka se nahIM cala sktaa| mana ne rAjya ke sabhI aMgoM kI ekatA para bala diyA hai| rAjya ke uparyukta sAta aMgoM meM se yahA~ para hama sirpha jana-sthAna 1. svAmyajJAtyo janasaMsthAna kozo daNDa: saguptikaH / mitraM ca bhUmipAlasya saptaH prakRtayaH smRtAH // mahA pu0 68/72. 2. svAmyamAtya janapada durga koza daNDamitrApi prakRtayaH / arthazAstra 6/110 415. svAzyamAtyo puraM rASTra kozadaNDo suhRttthaa| sapta prakRtayo hotAH saptAGga rAjyamujyate // manu. 6/264. svAbhyamAtmA jano durga kozau daNDatathaiva c| mitrANyetAH prakRtayo rAjyaM saptAMga mucyate // yAjJavalkyasmRtiH sampA0 sundaramala, bambaI : zrI veGkaTezvara, 1600, 1/353. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 66/64-65, matsyapurANaH kRSNadvaipAyana 225/11, agnipurANaH anu0 esa0 ena0 datta, kalakattA 1603, 233/12, kAmandakIya nItisAra 1/16. 3. arthazAstra 6/2 pR0 422. 4. zuka 2/70-73. 5. raghavaMza kAlidAsa kRta-vArANasI: caukhambA prakAzana 1961 8/18. 6. zukra 1/61-62. 7. kAmandaka 4/1-2. 8. manu 6/265.

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( 57 ) (deza), durga, koSa aura mitra kI vivecanA kareMge / anya zeSa kA varNana yathAsthAna prastuta kiyA jAyegA / 1. jana-sthAna : rAjya ke sAta aMgoM meM se janasthAna bhI rAjya kA eka aMga mAnA gayA hai / janasthAna zabda "rASTra" ke lie prayukta kiyA gayA | rASTra zabda kA artha Rgveda meM spaSTa hai / ' jaina purANoM meM janasthAna ko janapada yA deza kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| padmapurANAnusAra bhI janasthAna ko janapada yA deza kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / isase pattana, grAma, saMvAha, maTamba, purabhedana, ghoSa, droNa-mukha Adi sammilita the| mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki janasthAna kI, prajA kI surakSA evaM suvyavasthA ke lie rAjA hotA hai, jo ki isakI sukha-suvidhA evaM vyavasthA kA uttaradAyitva svayaM grahaNa karatA hai / prajA isake badale meM rAjA ko kara detI hai / jainettara agnipurANa meM rASTra ko rAjya ke sAta aMgoM meM sarvottama sthAna prApta hai / 1. gar3ha [ durga ] : prAcIna samaya meM jaba rAjya kI utpatti huI usa samaya gar3ha yA durga ko hI rAjadhAnI sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA / prAcIna kAla meM rAjya kI surakSA evaM saMcAlana kI dRSTi se durga kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / jisa deza meM durga nahIM hote, usa deza para zatru rAjA AkramaNa kara use apane deza meM milA lete the / durga zatru ke AkramaNa kAla meM surakSA evaM sucArU rUpa se yuddha-saMcAlana meM sahAyatA pradAna karate the / mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki usa samaya yathAsthAna rakhe hue yantra - zAstra, jala, jau, ghor3e aura rakSakoM se 1 1. mamaddhitA rASTra kSatriyasya / Rgveda 4/42. 2. padma pu0 41 / 56-57. tulanIya : - arthazAstra 2 / 1 0 66, manu 7 /114-117. 3. padma pu0 18 / 270-280. 4. bI0 bI0 mizra : paoNliTI ina va agnipurANa, pR0 31 kalakattA : panthI pustaka, 1965, pR0 31. 5. padma purANa, 26/40, 43/28.

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( 58 ) bhare hue kile the / ' durga ke viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI hama Age prastuta kareMge | 3. koSa : kisI bhI deza kA sthAyitva vahA~ kI lakSmI ( dhana-sampatti ) tathA deza kI sampannatA para nirbhara karatA hai / zAstrakAroM ne koSa kI mahattA ke dRSTikoNa se rAjA kA sarvaprathama koSa kI paripUrNatA para dhyAna AkarSita karAyA hai / prAcInakAla meM koSa ko rAjya kA mUla srota batAyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjAoM ke pAsa rAjalakSmI nivAsa karatI thI, jisase unheM deza vyavasthA ke saMcAlana meM sugamatA prApta hotI thI / mahApurANa meM jainAcAryoM ne rAjalakSmI ko pApayukta varNita kiyA hai / " isake alAvA yaha bhI ullikhita kiyA hai ki yadyapi rAjalakSmI phalavatI hai tathApi kaMTakAkIrNa hai / 4. mitra : jisa prakAra Adhunika yuga meM rASTroM ko mitra rASTroM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, una mitra rASTroM se yuddha kAla meM sahayoga prApta hotA hai / usI prakAra prAcIna kAla meM bhI rAjAoM ke lie mitra rAjya banAnA Avazyaka hotA thA / padma purANa ke anusAra yuddha kAla meM vijaya prApta karane ke lie mitra rAjA kA sahayoga prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA thA / zatru dvArA 1. durgaviSyAsan yathAsthAnaM sAtatyenAnusaMsthitaiH / bhUtAni yantrazastrAmbuyavasaindhavarakSakaiH / 2. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 119 /16. 3. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 130/35, kAmanvaka 31/33, nItivAkyAmRta: somadevasUri viracita : saMzo0 paM0 pannAlAla sonI, bambaI : bhA0 di0 jaina granthamAlA samiti 1676, 21/5. mahA pu0 54 / 24. 4. mahA pu0 36 / 67, padma pu0 27 / 24-25. 5. dUSitAM kaTakairenAM phalinImapi te zriyam / gahA pu0 36 / 686 *

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(- 59 ) AkramaNa hone para vijaya prApta karane ke lie mitra rAjAoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI / ' janettara purANoM meM mitra ke mahattva evaM guNoM kI vivecanA milatI hai / 2 jaina mAnyatAnusAra jahA~ eka ora acche mitroM kI anivAryatA para bala diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora duSTa mitroM se sajaga rahane ke lie sAvadhAna bhI kiyA gayA hai| padma purANa meM duSTa mitroM ke lie kahA gayA hai ki maMtra, doSa, asatkAra, dAna, puNya, svazUravIratA, duSTa svabhAva tathA mana kI dAha kA jJAna duSTa mitroM ko nahIM honA cAhie / (II) rAjya ke catuSTaya siddhAnta : mahApurANa meM rAjya ke cAra mUlabhUta tattvoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai / rAjya ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie cAra tattva sAma, dAma, daNDa evaM bheda para paryApta rUpa se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / " 1. sAma :- kisI pakSa ko milAkara yA mitra banAkara kArya karanA hI 'sAma' siddhAnta hai | 2. dAma : - isa siddhAnta ke anusAra lobhI vyakti ko dhana dekara vaza meM kiyA jA sakatA hai yA usase kArya liyA jA sakatA hai / 3. daNDa : - anya siddhAntoM ke niSphala ho jAne para isa siddhAnta kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / yaha siddhAnta sabase nikRSTa mAnA gayA hai / isakA prayoga karate samaya apanI sAmarthya kA pUrNa rUpa se jJAna honA Avazyaka hai / 4. bheda : - isa siddhAnta ke anusAra zatru ko Apasa meM lar3Akara saphalatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai / 1. padma pu0 16 / 1, 55/73. 2. arthazAstra 7 / 9 pR0 467, mahAbhArata zAntiparva 138 / 110, manu 7/206. kAmandaka 4/74-76, 8/52, zukra 4/1/8-10. 3. mantradoSamasatkAraM dAnaM puNyaM svazUratAm / duHzIlattavaM manodAhaM dumitrebhyo na vedayeta / padma pu0 47/5. 4. rAmAyaNa 5 / 413, manu 7/107, yAjJavalkya 1/346, zukra 4/1/77

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(III) rAjya ke SaD-siddhAnta : - - rAjya ke mUla tattvoM meM SaD-siddhAnta kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| ina siddhAntoM kA upayoga para rASTroM para kiyA jAtA thaa| inakA yathocita pAlana kara rAjA saphalatA ke zikhara paraArUr3ha hotA thaa| mahApurANa ke anusAra SaD siddhAnta ninnalikhita haiM : saMdhi, vigraha, Asana, yAna, saMzaya aura dhobhAva / ' saMdhi : yuddha karate samaya do rAjAoM meM maitrIbhAva ho jAnA saMdhi kahalAtI hai| yaha saMdhi do prakAra kI hotI hai| (1) sAvadhi saMdhi :-nizcitakAlIna mitratA ko sAvadhi saMdhi kahate haiN| (2) avadhi rahita saMdhi :yaha vaha saMdhi hai, jisameM samaya-sImA kA pratibandha nahIM rahatA hai| kauTilya-arthazAstra meM AmiSa, puruSAntara, AtmarakSaNa, adRSTa puruSa, daNDamukhyAtma-rakSaNa, daNDovanata, parikrama, upagraha, atyaya, suvarNa, kapAla Adi saMdhiyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jainettara agnipurANa meM solaha prakAra kI saMdhiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vigraha: jaba do rAjA (arthAt eka zatru rAjA tathA dUsarA vijaya prApta karane vAlA rAjA) paraspara eka-dUsare kA apakAra karate haiM, use vigraha kahA jAtA hai / 1. sandhiH vigraho neturAsanaM yaansNshryo| dhIbhAvazca SaT proktA guNAH praNayinaH zriyaM / (mahA0 pu068/66-67) 2. kRtavigrahoyA: pazcAtkenacidvetunA tayoH / ___maitrIbhAvaH sa saMdhiH tyAtsAvadhiviMgatAvadhi // vahI 68/67-68. 3. arthazAstra 7/3 pR0 - 36-437. 4. vI0 bI0 mizra : paoNliTI ina do agnipurANa, kalakattA panthI pustaka 1965, pR0 194. 5. parasparApakAro'rivijigISvoH sa vigrahaH / mahA pu0 68/68, padma pu0 31/3.

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prAsana : jaba koI rAjA yaha samajha le ki isa samaya mujhe koI dUsarA rAjA aura maiM kisI anya rAjA ko naSTa karane meM samartha nahIM haiM, aura jo rAjA zAntabhAva se rahatA hai / ise Asana kahate haiN| isa siddhAnta ko rAjAoM kI vRddhi kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai|' yAna : zatru para AkramaNa karanA yAna kahalAtA hai| arthAt apanI vRddhi aura zatru kI hAni hone para donoM kA zatru ke prati jo udyama hai vaha yAna kahalAtA hai| yaha zatru kI hAmi aura apanI vRddhi rUpa phala dene vAlA hotA hai| saMzraya : saMzraya kA artha hai :-Azraya denA / jisako kahIM zaraNa nahIM milatI hai, use apanI zaraNa meM rakhanA saMzraya kahalAtA hai| SIbhAva : zatruoM meM saMdhi-vigraha karA denA hI dvaidhIbhAva hai| jainettara granthoM se bhI jaina purANoM ke SaD siddhAntoM kI puSTi hotI hai|' isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sabhI matoM ke AcAryoM ne rAjya ke SaDsiddhAntoM ko mAnyatA pradAna kI hai| 1. mAmihAnyo hamapyanyamazakto hntumityto| tUSNIMbhAvoM bhavenneturAsanaM vRddhikAraNam // mahA pu0 68/69. 2. svavRddhau zatruhAnI vA dvayorvAbhyudyamaM smRtam / ariM prati vibhoryAna tAvanmAtraphala pradam // vahI 68/70. 3. ananyazaraNasyAhaH saMzrayaM satyasaMzrayam / vahI 68/71. 4. sandhivigrayovRttidva dhIbhAvo dviSAM prati / vahI 5. arthazAstra 7/3 pR0 403 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 69/67-68. manu 7/160 kAmandaka 9/16, zukra 4/1065-6, ...

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(62) (kha) "rAjA" (1) rAjA tathA usakA mahattva : prAcIna samaya meM rAjya kA sarvopari mahattvapUrNa vyakti rAjA hotA thaa| usI ke AdezAnusAra hI rAjya kI sArI vyavasthA saMcAlita hotI thii| kauTilya ne to saMkSepa meM rAjA ko hI rAjya svIkAra kiyA hai|' rAjA tathA usake mahattva ke bAre meM jaina purANoM meM pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA dvArA hI dharma kI utpatti hotI hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra pRthvI para manuSya ko dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa ke upayoga kA adhikAra prApta hai, kintu rAjA dvArA surakSita hone para hI ye manuSyoM ko upalabdha hote hai| rAjA ke viSaya meM yahI vicAra jainettara sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai| jainettara vidvAna kAtyAyana ke matAnusAra rAjA gRha-vihIna, anAtha aura nirvaMzI vyaktiyoM kA rakSaka, pitA evaM putra ke tulya hotA thaa| arthAt vaha prajA kA saMrakSaNa putravat karatA thaa| jinasena ke anusAra pRthvI para jo kucha bhI sundara, zreSTha evaM sukhadAyaka vastue~ haiM, ve saba rAjA ke upabhoga ke lie hotI haiN| mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA cAroM vargoM evaM AzramoM kA rakSaka hotA thaa| __ jainettara sAhitya meM rAjattva meM devattva svarUpa ko mAnyatA dI gaI 1. rAjA rAjyamiti prakRti saMkSepaH / kauTilya arthazAstra 8/2, pR0 526. 2. dharmANAM prabhavastvaM hi ratnAnAbhiva sAgaraH / pama pu0 66/10. 3. dharmArthakAmamokSANAmadhikArA mhiitle| janAnAM rAjaguptAnAM jAyante te'nyathA kutaH // pama pu0 27/26. mahA pu0 41/103. 4. kAmandaka 1/13, zukra 1/67. 5. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 235. 6. mahA pu0 4/173.175. 5, svAmisampatsameto'mUccaturvaNadhimAzrayaH / maha pu0 50/3.

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hai|' mahApurANa meM rAjA ke bhoga ke sAdhanoM kA bhI varNana hai| usake anusAra ratna sahita nava nidhiyAM, rAniyA~, nagara, zayyA, Asana, senA, nATyazAlA, bartana, bhojana evaM vAhana Adi rAjA ke dasa bhoga ke sAdhana hote the| ukta purANa meM hI anya sthAna para azoka vRkSa, dundubhi, puSpavaSTi, camara, uttama siMhAsana, anupama vacana, U~cA chatra, aura bhAmaNDalaye ATha cakravartI rAjA ke aizvarya nirUpita haiN|' ___ cakravartI ke pAsa caudaha ratna aura nau nidhiyA~ hotI thiiN| ve caudaha ratna isa prakAra haiM : 1. cakra ratna : yaha AyudhazAlA meM utpanna hotA thaa| senA ke Age-Age prayANa karatA huA cakravartI ko SaTkhaNDa sAdhane kA mArga dikhAtA thaa| cakravartI isakI sahAyatA se zatra kA ziracchedana bhI kara sakatA thaa| 2. chava-ratna : yaha ratna bAraha yojana lambA aura caur3A hotA thaa| chatrAkAra ke rUpa meM senA kI sardI, varSA evaM dhapa se rakSA karatA thaa| chatrI kI bhAMti isako lapeTA bhI jA sakatA thaa| 3. daNDa-ratna : yaha viSama mArga ko sama banAtA thaa| vaitADhya parvata kI donoM guphAoM ke dvAra kholakara uttara bhArata kI ora cakravartI ko pahuMcAtA thaa| digambara paramparA ke anusAra vRSamAcala parvata para nAma likhane kA kArya bhI yaha ratna karatA thaa| 1. manu0 7/4-8, zukra 1/71-72, matsya pR. 226/1. 2. saralA nidhayo divyAH puraM shyyaasnecmH|| nATyaM samAjanaM bhojyaM vAhanaM cetatAni vai // mahA pu0 37/143. 3. jayati tarUrazoko dundubhiH puSpavarSam camarirUhasametaM viSTaraM saMdahamudvadyam / vacanamasamamuccarAtapatraMca tejaH tribhuvana jayacinhaM yasma sAryo jinA'sau // mahA pu0 35/244: 4. tri0 za0 pu0 caH hemacandrAcArya bhAvanagara zrI jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA 1937 1/4,

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(64) 4. asi-ratna :- . yaha ratna pacAsa aMgula lambA, solaha aMgula caur3A evaM AdhA aMgula moTA hotA thaa| apanI tIkSNa dhAra se yaha ratna dUra meM rahe hue zatruoM ko bhI naSTa kara DAlatA thaa| " 5. maNi-ratna : sUrya aura candramA kI taraha yaha ratna aMdhakAra ko naSTa karatA thaa| isa ratna ko mastaka para dhAraNa kara lene se manuSya para deva tathA tiryaMca kRta upasarga nahIM hotA thaa| hastiratna ke kumbha-sthala para rakha dene se azvamedha vijaya hotI thii| 6. kAkiNI-ratna : yaha ratna bAraha aMgula pramANa kA hotA thaa| isa ratna ke mAdhyama se cakravartI vaitAThya parvata kI guphA meM unapacAsa maNDala banAte the| eka-eka maNDala kA prakAza eka-eka yojana taka phailatA thaa| aura isI ratna se cakravartI RSabhakUTa parvata para apanA nAma aMkita karate the| 7. carma-ratna : digvijaya ke samaya nadiyoM ko pAra karAne meM yaha ratna naukA ke rUpa meM bana jAtA thA aura mleccha (anArya) narezoM ke dvArA jala-vRSTi karAne para yaha ratna senA kI surakSA karatA thaa| 8. senApati-ratna : vAsudeva ke samAna zaktivAlA hotA thaa| yaha cAra khaNDoM para vijaya prApta karatA thaa| 6. gAyApati-ratna : yaha ratna cakravartI kI senA ke lie uttama bhojana kI vyavasthA karatA thaa| digambara graMthoM meM gAthApati ko gRhapati-ratna kahA gayA hai| 10. varSakI-ratna : yaha cakravartI kI senA ke lie AvAsa-vyavasthA karatA thaa| unmagnajalA, nimagnajalA Adi nadiyoM para pula bA~dhane kA kArya yaha ratna karatA thaa|

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11. purohita-ratna : yaha jyotiSa zAstra, svapna zAstra, nimitta - zAstra, lakSaNa aura vyaMjana Adi kA pUrNa jJAtA hotA thA / devI upakramoM ko zAnta karatA thA / ( 65 ) 12. strI-ratna : yaha sarvAMga sundarI hotI thI / sardI yuvatI hI banI rahatI thI / isake tIvra bhogAvalI karma kA udaya hotA thA / isake prati cakravartI kA atyadhika rAga hotA thA / 13. azva ratna : yaha zreSTa azva eka kSaNa meM sau yojana laoNgha jAne kI zakti rakhatA thA / kIcar3a, jala, pahAr3a, guphA Adi biSama sthaloM ko sahaja pAra kara jAtA thA / bharata cakravartI ke azva ratna kA nAma " kamalApIDa" thA / 14. hasti- ratna : yaha airAvata hAthI kI taraha sarvaguNa sampanna hotA thA / uparyukta pratyeka ratna ke eka-eka hajAra deva rakSaka hote the / arthAt caudaha ratnoM ke caudaha hajAra devatA rakSaka the / vaidika sAhitya meM caudaha ratnoM ke nAma prApta hote haiM / 1. hAthI, 2. ghor3A, 3. ratha, 4. strI, 5. bANa, 6. bhaNDAra, 7. mAlA, 8. vastra, 6. vRkSa, 10. zakti. 11. pAza, 12. maNi, 13. chatra, aura 14. vimAna / cakravartI kI nava-nidhiyA~ : samrATa bharata ke pAsa nava-nidhiyA~ thIM, jinase ve manovAMchita vastue~ prApta karate the / nidhi kA artha khajAnA hai / AcArya abhayadeva ke anusAra cakravartI ko apane rAjya ke lie upayogI sabhI vastuoM kI prApti ina nava-nidhiyoM dvArA hI hotI thI / isalie inheM navavidhAna ke rUpa meM ginAyA hai / yaha nava-nidhiyA~ nimna prakAra kI haiM / ...

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(66). 1. nesarpa nidhi : yaha nidhi grAma, nagara, droNamukha, maNDapa Adi sthAnoM ke nirmANa meM sahAyaka hotI thii| 2. pAMDuka nidhi : yaha mAna, unmAna aura pramANa Adi kA jJAna karatI thI, tathA dhAnya aura bIjoM ko utpanna karato thii| 3. piGgala nidhi : yaha nidhi, manuSya evaM tiryacoM ke sarvavidha AbhUSaNoM kI vidhi kA jJAna karAne vAlI tathA yogya AbharaNa pradAna karatI thii| 4. sarva ratnakavidhi : isa nidhi se vajra vairya, marakata, mANikya, padmarAga, puSparAja Adi bahumUlya ratna prApta hote the| 5. mahApadmanidhi : yaha nidhi sabhI prakAra ke zuddha evaM raMgIna vastroM kI utpAdikA thii| 6. kAla nidhi : vartamAna, bhUta, bhaviSya, kRSikarma, kalA-zAstra, vyAkaraNa-zAstra Adi kA yaha jJAna karAtI thii| 7. mahAkAla niSi: sonA, cA~dI, motI, pravAla, lohA Adi kI khAneM utpanna karAne meM sahAyaka hotI thii| 8. mANava nidhi : kavaca, DhAla, talavAra, Adi vividha prakAra ke divya Ayudha, yuddhanIti tathA daNDanIti Adi kI jAnakArI karAne vAlI hotI thii| 6. zaMkha nidhi : vividha prakAra ke vAdya-kAvya-nATya-nATaka Adi kI vidhi kA jJAna karAne vAlI hotI thii|

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(67) yaha sabhI vidhiyA~ avinAzI hotI thiiN| digvijaya se lauTate samaya gaMgA ke pazcimI taTa para aTThama tapa ke taduparAMta cakravartI samrATa ko prApta hotI thii| pratyeka nidhi eka-eka hajAra yakSoM se adhiSThita hotI thii| inakI U~cAI ATha yojana, caur3AI nau yojana aura lambAI bAraha yojana hotI thii| candra aura sUrya ke cihnoM se cihnita hotI thI, tathA palyopama kI Ayu vAle nAgakumAra jAti ke deva inake adhiSThAyaka hote the| ye nau nidhiyA~ kAmavRSTi nAmaka gRhapati-ratna ke adhIna thI evaM cakravartI ke samasta manorathoM ko sadaiva pUrNa karatI thii| hindU dharma-sUtroM meM navanidhiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra batAye gaye hai :(1) mahApadma, (2) padma, (3) zaMkha, (4) makara, (5) kacchapa, (6) mukunda, (7) kunda, (8) nIla aura (9) kharva / ye nidhiyA~ kubera kA khajAnA bhI kahI jAtI thii| rAjA ke viSaya meM aura bhI kahA gayA hai ki samAja meM phailI huI arAjakatA ko dUra karane ke liye zAnti evaM suvyavasthA sthApita karane ke lie, varNa saMkaratA ko rokane ke lie tathA loka-maryAdA kI rakSA karane ke lie rAjapada kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| sabhI prAcIna rAjanItijJoM ne rAjapada kI AvazyakatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| rAjA kA artha hai, prajA kA raMjana karane vaalaa| mahAbhArata zAntiparva meM yudhiSThira dvArA rAjA zabda kI vyAkhyA karane kA Agraha kiye jAne para bhISma unake prazna kA uttara dete hue kahate haiM ki samasta prajA ko prasanna karane ke kAraNa usako rAjA kahate haiN| rAjA kI upasthiti meM hI prajA samAja meM sukha-zAntipUrvaka jIvana-yApana kara sakatI hai| isake sAtha hI dharma, artha evaM kAma rUpa trivarga ke phala kI prApti karatI hai| (II) rAjA kI utpatti rAjA kI utpatti kisa prakAra huI isa sambandha meM bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kaI siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / jo agralikhita haiM : 1. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 1/4/568-573. 2. harivaMza pu0 11/123. ------- - 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 56/125. ....

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1. vaidika siddhAnta rAjA kI utpatti kA sarvaprathama siddhAnta vaidika siddhAnta hai| vedika vAGmaya meM rAjA kI utpatti kI kucha kalpanAe~ kI gaI haiM, unameM se eka kalpanA yaha hai ki rAjA kI utpatti yuddha meM netA kI AvazyakatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa huii| isa siddhAnta kA varNana aitareya brAhmaNa meM milatA hai|' kisI samaya devatAoM aura asuroM ke madhya yuddha huA, aura devatAoM kI barAbara hAra hotI rahI taba devoM ne apanI parAjaya ke kAraNoM para vicAra kiyA, aura isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki unake parAjaya kA kAraNa unameM rAjA kA na honA hI thaa| unhoMne phira soma ko apanA rAjA aura netA banAyA' tathA asuroM para vijaya prApta kii| anyatra yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki devatAoM meM sabase zreSTha, yazasvI aura zaktizAlI hone ke kAraNa hI indra devatAoM ke adhipati cune gye| eka aura kathA ke anusAra varuNa devatAoM ke rAjA honA cAhate the, para ve unheM svIkAra nahIM karate the| taba apane pitA prajApati se unhoMne aisA mantra prApta kiyA ki ve saba devatAoM se bar3ha gaye aura sabane unheM apanA rAjA maanaa| uparyukta kathAoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjA kI utpatti kA kAraNa yuddha meM netA kI AvazyakatA thI aura vahI (netA) vyakti Age rAjA banAyA jAtA thA jo raNa meM saphala netRttva kara skeN| ataH vaidika siddhAnta ke anusAra rAjA kI utpatti isa prakAra huI thii| 2. sAmAjika anubandha kA siddhAnta rAjA kI utpatti kA dUsarA siddhAnta "sAmAjika anubandha kA siddhAnta' hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra rAjA kI utpatti samAja kI 1. aitareya brAhmaNa : zrI matsAyaNAcArya viracita saMzo0, kAzInAtha zAstrI, AnandAzrama saMskRta granthAvali, 1630, 1/14. 2. aitareya brAhmaNa 1.14. arAjantayA vai no jayati rAjAnaM karavAmaha iti // 3. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati pR0 63. 4. vahI pR0 63.

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(69) sahamati athavA anubandha se huI hai| yaha siddhAnta hameM mahAbhArata, bauddha granthoM, kauTilya ke artha-zAstra tathA jaina purANoM meM milatA hai| dIpanikAya meM vizva kI sRSTi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki bahuta pahale svarNa yuga thaa| usameM divya prakAzavAna zarIra vAle manuSya dharma se AnandapUrvaka rahate the| lekina kucha samaya pazcAt isa avasthA kA adhaHpatana huaa| isake phalasvarUpa samAja meM avyavasthA tathA arAjakatA vyApta ho gii| isa arAjakatA se mukti prApta karane ke lie loga ekatrita hue aura unhoMne eka yogya, dhArmika vyakti kA nirvAcana kiyA jo samAja meM phailI huI azAnti aura avyavasthA kA aMta kara sakeM tathA duSTa vyaktiyoM ko daNDa de skeN| isa divya puruSa kA nAma "mahAjana sammata" thaa| yahI vyakti sabakA svAkI, kSatriya tathA dharmAnusAra prajA kA raMjana karane vAlA rAjA khlaayaa| isakI sevAoM ke badale meM manuSyoM ne use apane dhana kA eka aMza denA svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra samAja ke anubandha ke pariNAmasvarUpa rAjA kI utpatti huii| dhana ke badale meM rAjA ne prajA ko rakSA evaM avyavasthA ko dUra karane kA uttaradAyitva vahana kiyaa| - mahAbhArata meM sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAnta kA ullekha zAntipava ke 67veM adhyAya meM prApta hotA hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra pUrvakAla meM svarNa yuga thaa| rAjya tathA rAjA nAma kI koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| bAda meM jaba arAjakatA vyApta ho gaI tathA samAja kA adhaHpatana hone lagA, loga sadAcAra se bhraSTa hone lage, svargIya vyavasthA ne naraka kA rUpa le liyaa| aisI paristhiti meM matsya-nyAya panapane lgaa| jisa prakAra bar3I machalI choTI machaliyoM kA bhakSaNa kara jAtI hai usI prakAra balavAna nirbaloM ko naSTa karane lage, jisako lAThI, usakI bhaiMsa kA siddhAnta pracalita thA / isa avyavasthA se chuTakArA prApta karane ke lie loga brahmA ke pAsa gaye, aura prArthanA kI ki kisI vyakti ko unakA rAjA niyukta kreN| brahmA ne manu ko rAjA banAne ke lie kahA, lekina manu sahamata nahIM hue| manu ne kahA ki rAjA banane para aneka pApa-karma karane par3ate haiM, 1. dopanikAya, bhAga 3, pR0 68-66.

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--...(70)----.... logoM ko daNDa denA par3atA hai| zAsana karanA bahuta kaThina kArya hai| vizeSakara usa rAjya meM jisameM manuSya mithyAcAra tathA chala-kapaTa meM saMlagna ho| isa para saba manuSyoM ne milakara kahA ki Apa cintA mata karo, jo pApa karegA, vaha usI kA pApa hogaa| hama loga Apako pazu aura svarNa kA pacAsavA~ bhAga tathA dhAnya kA dasavA~ bhAga rAjakoSa kI vRddhi ke lie deNge| prajA jisa dharma kA AcaraNa karegI, usa dharma kA caturthAMza Apako milegaa| isa prakAra he rAjan Apa hamArI rakSA kreN| isa prakAra prArthanA kiye jAne para mana ne rAjapada svIkAra kara liyaa| isase hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki manuSya aura manu ke madhya isa prakAra kA anubandha huA tabhI manu ne rAjapada svIkAra kiyaa| manu kA AvirbhAva isa sAmAjika anubandha ke pariNAma-svarUpa hotA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAnta kA eka aura rUpa hamAre sAmane prastuta hotA hai| usameM yudhiSThira bhISma se prazna karate haiM ki loka meM jo yaha rAjA zabda pracalita hai usakI utpatti kaise haI ? jise hama rAjA kahate haiM, vaha sabhI guNoM meM dUsaroM ke sadaza hai| usake hAtha, paira, jihvA bhI auroM ke samAna hai, mana, buddhi, indriya saba auroM ke samAna haiN| vaha akelA hone para bhI zUravIra evaM satpuruSoM se paripUrNa isa pRthvI kA kaise pAlana karatA hai| yaha sArA jagata devatA ke samAna usake sAmane jhuka jAtA hai, isakA koI kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| yudhiSThira ke isa prazna ko sunakara bhISma pharamAte haiM ki "pahale na koI rAjA thA, na rAjya thA, na daNDa thA, na daNDa dene vAle vyakti the, samasta prajA dharma ke dvArA hI paraspara panapatI thii| kucha samaya ke pazcAt pArasparika saMrakSaNa ke kArya meM kaSTa anubhava karane lage, moha kA sAmrAjya chA gayA / jJAna-zUnya hone se dharma kA vinAza ho gyaa| moha ke vazIbhUta loga lobha ke adhIna hone lge| lobha ke adhIna logoM ko kAma nAmaka zatra ne ghera liyaa| kAma ke AdhIna logoM para rAga nAmaka zatra ne AkramaNa kara diyaa| rAga ke vazIbhUta hokara manuSya akartavyAkarttavya kI bAta bhUla gye| 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva a0 67/17-28 pR0 143-145. 2. mahAbhArata zAntiparva a0 59/14 pR0 122.

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isa prakAra manuSya loka meM dharma kA vinAza ho jAne para vedoM ke svAdhyAya kA bhI lopa ho gyaa| vaidika jJAna kA lopa ho jAne para yajJAdi karanA bhI samApta ho gyaa| isa prakAra veda aura dharma kA vinAza hone para devatAoM ke mana meM bhaya utpanna hone lagA, aura vaha brahmA kI zaraNa meM pahuMce / brahmA ko prasanna kara sabhI devatA hAtha jor3akara isa prakAra kahane lage ki he bhagavan manuSya loka meM moha, lobha, kAma, rAga Adi dUSita pravRttiyoM ne baidika jJAna ko lupta kara DAlA hai, isa kAraNa hameM bahuta bhaya ho rahA hai ki vaidika jJAna kA lopa hone se yajJa-dharma bhI naSTa ho rahA hai| isase hama saba devatA manuSyoM ke sadRza ho gaye haiM / he bhagavan aba jisa upAya se hamArA kalyANa ho sake vaha upAya sociye / Apake prabhAva se hameM jo deva svarUpa prApta huA thA vaha naSTa ho rahA hai / devatAoM kI bAta sunakara brahmA ne unase kahA, maiM tumhAre kalyANa kI bAta socuuNgaa| tadanantara brahmAjI ne apanI buddhi se eka lAkha adhyAyoM vAle eka nItizAstra kI racanA kI, jisameM dharma, artha aura kAma kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| isake bAda devatAoM ne bhagavAn viSNu ke pAsa jAkara kahA ki jo puruSoM meM sarvazreSTa pada prApta karane kA adhikArI ho aise vyakti kA nAma btaaiye| taba bhagavAna nArAyaNa ne eka mAnasaputra kI sRSTi kii| jo virajA ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| virajA ne pRthvI para rAjA hone kI anicchA pragaTa kI, aura sanyAsa lene kA nizcaya kiyaa| virajA ke kIrtimAn nAmaka putra utpanna huA, kIrtimAn ke kardama nAmaka putra utpanna huA, kardama ke anaMga nAmaka putra huA, jo kAryakrama meM prajA kA saMrakSaNa karane meM samartha tathA daNDavidyA meM nipuNa thaa| anaMga ke atibala nAmaka putra huA / vaha nItizAstra kA jJAtA thA, usane vizAla rAjya prApta kiyaa| usakI mAnasika kanyA se vena kA janma huaa| vena prajA para atyAcAra karane lgaa| taba vedavAdiyoM ne use mAra diyaa| phira unhoMne mantroccAraNa se vena kI dAhinI jaMdhA kA maMthana kiyA usase pathvI para eka nATe kada kA manuSya utpanna huaa| isake pazcAt vena kI dAhinI bhujA kA maMthana kiyA, usase devarAja indra ke samAna puruSa utpanna huaa| vaha kavaca tathA kamara meM talavAra bAMne aura bANa lie prakaTa huaa| use 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 56/15-26 pR0 123

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(72)-.....---- vedoM kA pUrNa jJAna thaa| vena kumAra kI samasta daNDanIti kA use svataH hI jJAna prApta ho gyaa| usane hAtha jor3akara sabhI maharSiyoM se kahA ki dharma aura artha kA darzana karAne vAlI atyanta sUkSma buddhi mujhe prApta huI hai, mujhe isa buddhi kA kyA upayoga karanA cAhie ? batAiye / taba maharSiyoM ne kahA ki jisa kArya meM niyamapUrvaka dharma kI siddhi hotI haiM, use nirbhaya hokara kro| samasta prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rkho| jo vyakti dharma se vicalita hotA ho use apane bAhubala se parAsta kara daNDa do| isake sAtha hI yaha pratijJA karo ki maiM mana, vacana, kAyA se brahma (veda) kA nirantara pAlana kruuNgaa| venakumAra ne isa prakAra pratijJA kI, phira zukrAcArya unake purohita banAye gaye, jo vaidika jJAna ke bhaNDAra the| tatpazcAt viSNu, devatAoM sahita indra, RSi samaha, prajApatigaNa tathA brAhmaNoM ne pRthu kA (venakumAra) rAjapada para adhiSeka kiyaa|' uparyukta donoM hI siddhAnta isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki rAjA kI utpatti se pUrva samAja meM avyavasthA tathA arAjakatA vyApta thii| lobha, moha, kAma, rAga Adi pravRttiyoM ne ugra rUpa le liyA thaa| jisake phalasvarUpa prajA bahuta du:khI huI, aura aMta meM paramezvara-niyukta rAjA dvArA hI samAja meM zAnti sthApita ho skii| isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAnta kA bar3e vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM bhI sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAnta kA varNana milatA hai| arthazAstra meM isakA varNana isa prakAra milatA hai ki jaba prajA matsya-nyAya se pIr3ita huI taba unhoMne mana ko apanA rAjA bnaayaa| rAjA kI sevAoM ke badale meM unhoMne suvarNa Adi kA dasavAM bhAga tathA dhAnya kA chaThA bhAga kara ke rUpa meM dene kA nirNaya kiyaa| isake uparAnta manu ne prajA kI rakSA kA uttaradAyittva apane Upara le liyaa| mahAbhArata Adi meM brahmA dvArA rAjA kI niyukti kA varNana hai, kiMtu kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM rAjA kI niyukti brahmA yA viSNu dvArA nahIM, apitu isa prakAra kA varNana milatA hai ki prajA ne svayaM rAjA kA nirvAcana kiyA thaa| 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, adhyAya 56, zlo0 87-115. 2. kauTilya arthazAstra 1/13 pR0 35 3. vahI

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jaina purANa sAhityika graMthoM meM rAjA kI utpatti kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha nimnalikhita hai : jaina matAnusAra purANoM meM rAjA kI utpatti kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaina paurANika graMthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki rAjA kI utpatti se pUrva samAja meM kulakara vyavasthA thii| kulakara vyavasthA se pUrvaM na samAja thA, na kula thA, na jAti aura na varga the / kulakara vyavasthA se pUrva janasaMkhyA kama thI tathA AvazyakatAe~ bhI sImita thiiN| dasa prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM dvArA AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ho jAtI thii| usa samaya mAnava svabhAva se zAnta prakRtivAlA, zarIra se svastha aura svataMtra jIvanayApana karane vAlA thA, vaha na kisI kI sevA karatA aura na hI kisI se sevA, sahayoga karavAtA thaa| dharma karane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| usa samaya na sevaka thA, svaamii| sabhI samAna adhikAra rakhate the| varNa-vyavasthA bhI usa samaya nahIM thii| corI, lUTa, khasoTa, hatyAe~ Adi bhI nahIM hotI thiiN| vaha yuga svarNa-yuga kahalAtA thaa| lekina yaha svarNima-yuga adhika samaya taka nahIM rhaa| kAlacakra ke chaha AroM meM se tIsare Are meM eka palyopama kA AThavAM bhAga avazeSa rahane para sahaja samRddhi kA hrAsa hone lgaa| yUgalikoM ke zarIra kA pramANa ghaTane lgaa| eka ora AvazyakatA pUrti ke sAdhana kama hone lage, dUsarI tarapha janasaMkhyA meM vRddhi hone lgii| sAtha hI kalpavRkSoM kI zakti kSINa hone lgii| jo vyakti pahale tIna dina pazcAt bhojana karate the aba pratidina bhojana karane lge| uparyukta paristhitiyoM ne mAnava svabhAva meM parivartana lA diyaa| jyoMhI jIvana kI thor3I AvazyakatAe~ bar3hIM, unake nirvAha ke sAdhana durlabha hue ki logoM meM saMgraha aura apaharaNa kI bhAvanA ubhara aaii| aparAdhI manovRttiyA~ panapane lgiiN| samAja meM arAjakatA vyApta ho gayI, vyakti Apasa meM saMgharSa karane lge| isa prakAra phailI huI arAjakatA ne eka naI vyavasthA kI preraNA dI, jo ki kulakara vyavasthA khlaaii| isa vyavasthA ke anusAra loga kula banAkara rahane lge| una kuloM kA eka mukhiyA hotA thA jo ki kulakara kahalAtA thaa| ve sarvasattAdhIza hote the| yahI niyamaupaniyama banAkara kuloM kA saMrakSaNa karate the| yaha saba kuloM ko dhAraNa karane se kulakara nAma se prasiddha hue|

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'(74) - jaina mAnyatAnusAra sAta aura caudaha kulakaroM kA ullekha huA hai| jinakA varNana hama Age kara cuke haiM / jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM 14 kulakaroM kA ullekha AyA hai|' ina kulakaroM meM se prathama pA~ca kulakaroM kI "hakkAra" daNDanIti thI aura chaThe kulakara se dasaveM kalakara taka "makkAra" daNDanIti pracalita thI / gyArahaveM se pandrahaveM RSabhasvAmI taka "dhikkAra" daNDanIti pracalita thii| (RSabha svAmI ko kulakara bhI mAnA gayA hai / ) daNDanItiyoM ke bAre meM vistRta jAnakArI hama agale adhyAya meM deNge| jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra samaya ne karavaTa lI / AvazyakatA pUrti ke sAdhana sulabha nahIM rhe| yaugalikoM meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kI pravRtti bar3hane lgii| hAkAraH mAkAraH daNDanItiyoM kA pUrNa rUpa se ullaMghana ho gayA aura jaba antima kulakara nAbhirAja ke samaya pracalita haI "dhikkAra" daNDanIti kA prajA ullaMghana karane lagI tathA kalpavRkSoM se prakRti siddha jo bhojana prApta hotA thA vaha aparyApta ho gyaa| jIvakopArjana kA koI sAdhana avazeSa nahIM rahA taba yugalika loga ghabarAne lge| aisI sthiti meM indra mahArAja ne ayodhyApurI Akara RSabhasvAmI kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| titdhogAlI paDannaya ke anusAra jaba aneka yogalika loga nIti kA ullaMghana karane lage to pramukha logoM ne RSabhadeva ke sammukha jAkara nivedana kiyA (arthAt apanI sthiti kA paricaya karAyA) RSabhadeva ne kahA ki nIti kA atikramaNa karane vAloM ko rAjA daNDa detA hai| yaha sunakara yugalikoM ne kahA ki "hamArA bhI rAjA ho|' RSabha svAmI ne kahA-"tuma kulakara nAbhirAja se jAkara mA~ga kro|" yogalikoM dvArA kulakara nAbhi ke samakSa rAjA kI mA~ga kie jAne para unhoMne kahA ki "RSabha tumhArA rAjA ho / " avadhijJAna ke upabhoga se yaha saba vRtAnta jAnakara indra vahA~ upasthita huaa| devarAja ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko narendroM ke yogya mukuTAdi sabhI alaMkAroM se vibhUSita kara unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| yaugalika puruSa bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke liye visini (arthAt nalinI) patroM meM pAnI lekara aaye| taba unhoMne 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti vakSa0 20 10 118. 2. tityogAlI painnaya pR0 64 gA0 283. 3. vahI gA0284 4. titthogAlI painnaya pR0 84 gA0 285

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(7) RSabhadeva ko vastrAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta dekhakara kevala unake caraNa-kamaloM para hI pAnI DAla diyA aura abhiSeka kI prakriyA ko sampanna kiyaa| indra ne yaha dekhakara harSita ho sAdhuvAda dete hue kahA, bahuta sundara / ye bahuta vinIta puruSa haiN| isa prakAra unake vinaya ko dekhakara indra ne navanirmita nagarI kA nAma vinItA rkhaa| Avazyaka niyukti ke anusAra jaba yaugalika logoM ke jIvakopArjana kA koI sAdhana nahIM rahA taba vaha ghabarAkara RSabhadeva ke pAsa pahuMce aura hAtha jor3akara namaskAra kara vinamra bhAva se apanI vastusthiti kA paricaya karAyA aura sahayoga kI yAcanA karane lage / taba RSabhasvAmI ne unheM sAntvanA dete hue kahA ki aparAdhI manovRtti na panape tathA maryAdA kA yathocita pAlana ho sake, isake lie daNDa-vyavasthA hotI hai / jisakA ki saMcAlana svayaM rAjA karatA hai / lekina rAjA kA pahale rAjapada para abhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai|' ___ yaha sunakara yaugalika logoM ne kahA ki svAmI Apa hI hamAre rAjA bana jaaiye| isa para RSabhasvAmI ne kahA ki tuma nAbhikulakara ke pAsa jAo aura rAjA kI mA~ga karo, vaha tumheM rAjA deNge| yaha sana yaugalika jaba nAbhi kulakara ke pAsa gaye aura vinamra bhAva se vaMdana kara vastusthiti kA paricaya kraayaa| nAbhi kulakara ne yaugalikoM kI vinamra bhAvanA ko sunA aura kahA ki maiM to aba vRddha ho cukA hU~ ataH tuma loga RSabha ko rAjapada dekara apanA rAjA banA lo| nAbhi kulakara kI AjJA prApta kara yaugalika jana bahuta prasanna hae aura RSabhasvAmI kA abhiSeka karane ke lie jala lene padmama sarovara para gaye aura kamala ke pattoM meM jala lekara aae| isI bIca indra kA Asana calAyamAna huA / indra ne avadhijJAna se dekhA aura sarvaRddhi sahita sabhI lokapAla, devagaNoM ke sAtha AyA aura RSabha svAmI kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA, aura unheM rAjA yogya AbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyaa| jaba yaugalika 1. Avazyaka ni0 pR0 55 gA0 197 2. vahI gA0 168 3. A0 ni0 pu 56 gAthA 166, A0 cUrNI pR0 154 tri0 ba0 pu0 ca0 parva 1 sarga 2 pR0 168

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(76) jana Aye aura unhoMne bhagavAna ko sarva alaMkAroM se vibhUSita dekhA taba mana meM vicAra kiyA ki isa prakAra alaMkAroM se vibhUSita bhagavAna ke Upara kisa prakAra pAnI DAle, isaliye unhoMne RSabhasvAmI ke pairoM para hI jala DAlakara abhiSeka kiyA, jisase ki alaMkAra kharAba na hoN| yaha dekha indra bahuta prasanna huA aura kahA ki ye loga to bahuta vinIta haiM isalie usI samaya kubera ko bAraha yojana lambI aura nau yojana caur3I vinItA nAma kI nagarI basAne kI AjJA dii| kuvera ne usI samaya bAraha yojana lambI aura nau yojana caur3I vinItA nAma kI nagarI bsaaii| jisakA ki dUsarA nAma ayodhyA bhI rakhA gyaa| isa prakAra sarvaprathama rAjadhAnI vinItA huii| jaina graMthakAra jinasena ne bhI apane mahApurANa graMtha meM sRSTi ke prAraMbha kA vaisA hI varNana kiyA hai jaisA ki pUrva diyA gayA hai / rAjA kI utpatti ke viSaya meM jinasena ne kahA hai ki saMsAra kI arAjaka sthiti se prAsita yaugalikajana jIvita rahane kI icchA se pahale nAbhirAja ke samIpa phNce| tatpazcAt hI nAbhirAja kI AjJA se bhagavAna vRSabha deva ke samIpa pahuMce aura mastaka jhukAkara namaskAra kiyA aura bhagavAna se nivedana kiyA ki he deva hama jIvikA prApta karane kI icchA se ApakI zaraNa meM Aye haiM / anna aura pAnI se rahita hama aba eka pala bhI nahIM raha sakate haiN| zIta-tApa, mahAtApa, mahAvAyu aura varSA kA upadrava hamako bahuta duHkhI kara rahA hai / isalie hai svAmI hameM inake dUra karane ke upAya btaaiye| isa prakAra prajAjanoM ke dIna vacana sunakara bhagavAna AdinAtha ne socA ki prajA kI asi, masi, kRSi Adi chaH karmoM ke dvArA AjIvikA karanA ucita hai| aura kSaNa-bhara meM prajA ke kalyANa karane vAlI AjIvikA kA upAya socakara unheM bAra-bAra AzvAsana diyA ki tama bhayabhIta mata hoo| isa prakAra bhagavAna ke smaraNa mAtra se devoM sahita indra upasthita huaa| aura prajA ko AjIvikA ke upAya kiye / zubha dina, zubha nakSatra, zubha muhUrta aura zubha lagna meM sarvaprathama indra ne mAMgalika kArya kiyA aura phira usI ayodhyApurI meM bIcoM-bIca jina mandira kI 1. A0 ni0 gAthA 200 2. jinasena viracita mahApurANa 16/131-136 pR0 358.

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( 77 ) racanA kI / ' isake pazcAt kozala Adi mahAdeza, ayodhyA Adi nagara aura vana aura sImA sahita gA~va tathA kher3oM Adi kI racanA kI / sukozala, avantI, puNDra, uMDra, azmaka, ramyaka, kurU, kAzI, kaliGga, aGga, vaGga, suhma, samudraka, kAzmIra, uzInara, Anarta, vatsa, paMcAla, mAlavaM, dazArNa, kaccha, magadha, vidarbha, kurU jAMgala, karahATa, mahArASTra, surASTra, AmIra, koMkaNa, vanavAsa, AMdhra, karNATa, kozala, cola, kerala, dAru, abhisAra, sauvIra, zUrasena, uparAntaka, videha, siMdhu, gAndhAra, yavana, cedi, vallava, kAmboja, AraTTa, vAlhIka, turuSka, zaka aura kekaya ina dezoM kI racanA kI tathA inake alAvA aura bhI aneka dezoM kA vibhAga kiyA / " 1 dezoM kI antima sImAoM para antapAla arthAt sImA-rakSaka puruSa niyukta kiye the / una dezoM ke bIca aura bhI aneka deza the jo lubdhaka, AraNya, caraTa, pulinda, zabara tathA maleccha jAti ke logoM dvArA rakSita rahate the / una dezoM ke madhya meM koTa, prakATa, parikhA, gopura, aura aTArI Adi rAjadhAnI thI / aise rAjadhAnIrUpI kile ko gherakara saba ora zAstrokta lakSaNa vAle gA~voM Adi kI racanA huI thI / isa prakAra indra ne bar3e acche DhaMga se nagara, gA~voM Adi kA vibhAga kiyA thA / isa prakAra indra RSabha deva kI AjJA se nagara, gA~va Adi sthAnoM meM prajA basAkara svarga calA gyaa| isake pazcAt bhagavAna vRSabhadeva ne apanI buddhi kI kuzalatA se prajA ke lie asi, masi, kRSi Adi chaha karmoM dvArA AjIvikA karane kA upadeza diyA thA / ( sevA karanA asi karma, likhakara AjIvikA karanA masi karma, jamIna ko jotanA - bonA kRSi karma, zAstra Adi par3hAkara athavA nRtya-gAyana Adi sikhAkara AjIvikA karanA vidyA karma, vyApAra karanA vANijya karma aura hasta kI kuzalatA se jIvikA karanA zilpa karma kahalAtA thA / 9. vahI 16 / 150 pU0 356. 2. mahApurANa 16 / 152-156 pR0 360 3. vahI 16 / 163 pR0 360 4. mahApurANa 16 / 178 pR0 362 5. vahI

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isI prakAra RSabhadeva ne tIna varSoM kI sthApanA bhI kI thii| jo zAstra dhAraNa kara AjIvikA karate the, unheM RSabhadeva svAmI ne "kSatriya varNa" kI saMjJA dI / jo khetI, vyApAra aura pazupAlana dvArA AjIvikA karate the unheM "vaizya" kI saMjJA dI aura jo unakI sevA karate the unheM "zUdra varNa" kI saMjJA dii| isa prakAra yuga ke kartA bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne karmayuga kA Arambha kiyA / isalie purANkAroM ne unakA kRtayuga nAma diyA hai / RSabhadeva kRtayuga kA prArambha karake prajApati kahalAne lage the / jaba chaha karmoM kI vyavasthA se prajA kuzalatApUrvaka rahane lagI taba indra sahita devoM ne Akara RSabhasvAmI kA samrATa pada para abhiSeka kiyA aura rAjAyogya alaMkAroM se vibhUSita kiyA / nagara-nivAsI logoM ne bhI kamala ke bane hue done se aura kisI ne miTTI ke ghar3e meM sarayU nadI kA jala lekara bhagavAna ke caraNoM kA abhiSeka kiyaa| .. karma-bhUmi kI racanA karane bAle bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne rAjya pAkara mahArAja nAbhirAja ke samIpa hI prajA ke pAlana karane ke lie prajA ke vibhAga Adi karake usakI AjIvikA ke niyama banAye, jisase prajA apanI maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana na kara ske| isa prakAra RSabha svAmI prajA para zAsana karane lge| harivaMza purANa ke anusAra bhI sRSTi kI racanA tathA rAjA kI utpatti se pUrva kI dazA jambUdvIpa prajJapti, AvazyakacUrNI aura mahApurANa ke samAna hI hai| rAjA kI utpatti ke viSaya meM yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaba bahuta bhArI vyathA se pIr3ita samasta prajA nAbhirAja ke sammukha pahuMcI aura phira vahA~ se prerita ho bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke pAsa pahuMcI aura mastaka jhukAkara kahane lagI ki he deva- kalpavRkSa naSTa ho gaye haiM jo ki hamArI AjIvikA ke sAdhana the| isake pazcAt ikSurasa sAdhana hue lekina vaha bhI aba rasavihIna ho gaye haiN| aba phaloM ke bhAra se jhuke hue nAnA 1. vahI 16/184-85 pR0 362. 2. mahA pu0 16/125 pR0 366. 3. vahI 10/241-242 pR0 368.

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(79) prakAra ke vRkSa dikhAI dete haiM lekina hama nahIM jAnate ki unase anna kisa prakAra prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isalie he svAmI kSudhA kI tIvra pIr3A se grasta isa prajA kI rakSA kiijiye| isa prakAra prajA kI dIna prArthanA ko sunakara, vRSabhasvAmI ne samasta prajA kI jo ki bhUkha se vyAkula thI, deva divya AhAra se pIr3A dUra kii| pazcAt AjIvikA nirvAha ke upAya tathA dharma, artha aura kAma rUpa sAdhanoM kA upadeza diyaa| isake alAbA, asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa-kalA kA bhI upadeza diyA aura yaha bhI kahA ki gAya, bhaiMsa Adi pazuoM kI rakSA karanI cAhie tathA siMha Adi hiMsaka pazuoM aura duSTa jIvoM kA parityAga karanA caahie| isake pazcAt bhagavAna ne apane sau putroM ko kalA zAstra sikhAyA jisake dvArA logoM ne saikar3oM lipi banAkara unheM apnaayaa| zilpIjanoM ne bharata kSetra kI bhUmi para sava jagaha gA~va, nagara tathA kheTa, karvaTa Adi kI racanA kii| usI samaya kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra Adi varga bhI utpanna hue| RSabhadeva ne apanI putrI brAhmI aura sundarI ko bhI vividha prakAra kI kalAoM meM pAraMgata kiyaa| jaba asi, masi, kRSi Adi chaha karmoM se prajA sukha kA anubhava karane lagI usI samaya indra sahita devoM ne Akara bhagavAn vRSabha deva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| usa samaya ayodhyA nagarI ko khUba sajAyA gayA thaa| jambU dvIpa prajJapti, AvazyakacUrNi, jinasena viracita mahApurANa, harivaMza purANa Adi meM rAjA kI utpati ke viSaya meM kucha bhinnatA daSTigocara hotI hai / jambUdvIpa prajJapti, titthogAlI painnaya Avazyaka niyukti cUNi meM asi, masi, kRSi Adi chaha karmoM kI vyavasthA se pUrva hI RSabha svAmI kA indra dvArA rAjyAbhiSeka batAyA gayA hai, tatpazcAt asi, masi, kRSi Adi chaha karmoM kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / lekina mahApurANa, harivaMza purANa Adi meM pahale jIvikA upArjana ke upAya batAkara rAjA kA abhiSeka kiyA gayA hai / asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya, zilpa kA uddezya pUrva meM hI diyA gayA hai / harivaMza purANa meM eka bhinnatA yaha bhI hai ki jaba samasta prajA RSabha svAmI ke pAsa AI aura apanI vastusthiti

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(80) kA paricaya karAyA, taba dayAlu RSabhadeva bhagavAna ne deva divya AhAra se sabakI pIr3A dUra kii| pazcAt AjIvikA-nirvAha ke sarva upAya tathA dharma, artha aura kAma kA upadeza diyaa| uparyukta bhinnatA hote hue bhI bhUla meM sabhI siddhAnta samAna haiN| sabhI meM rAjA kI utpatti se pUrva kI dazA kA varNana eka jaisA hai tathA sabhI siddhAntoM meM nAbhi kulakara kI AjJA se prajA ne RSabha svAmI ko apanA rAjA svIkAra kiyA tathA indra dvArA rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ___isa prakAra jaina paurANika granthoM ke anusAra RSabhadeva prathama rAjA hae haiN| jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA kI utpatti ke siddhAnta ko hama sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAnta kI koTi meM rakha sakate haiN| kyoMki jaina granthoM meM bhI rAjA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM yugalika jana, RSabha svAmI tathA nAbhi kalakara ke madhya eka prakAra se samajhautA hI hotA hai jisake phalasvarUpa nAbhi kulakara kI AjJA se RSabhadeva ko rAjapada para ArUr3ha kiyA jAtA hai| mahAbhArata aura dIghanikAya meM rAjA kI utpatti tathA jaina purANoM meM rAjA kI utpatti meM kucha bhinnatA hai vaha yaha hai ki mahAbhArata aura dIdhanikAya meM rAjA kI sevAoM ke badale prajA kara kI vyavasthA karatI hai, jaina graMthoM meM isa prakAra kI koI vyavasthA nahIM kI gaI thii| jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA aksara kucha samaya rAjya karane ke pazcAt aMta meM zramaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lete the| 3. devI utpatti kA siddhAnta : rAjA kI utpatti kA tIsarA siddhAnta hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra rAjA kI utpatti devI (Izvara) rUpa batalAyI gaI hai| yaha siddhAnta hamako mahAbhArata, dharma-zAstra evaM hindU purANoM meM milatA hai| mahAbhArata meM deva aura naradeva (rAjA) donoM samAna hI haiM / ' kahIM para aisA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki "rAjA ko devatAoM dvArA sthApita huA mAnakara koI 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 59/144

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(81) usakI AjJA kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakatA hai| samasta vizva usakI AjJA meM rahatA hai / usake Upara jagata kA zAsana nahIM cala sktaa| mahAbhArata meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki rAjA pRthu kI tapasyA se prasanna hokara bhagavAna viSNa svayaM ne unake antara meM praveza kiyA thaa| samasta narezoM meM patha hI eka aise rAjA the, jinako sArA jagata devatA ke samAna mastaka jhukAtA thaa| isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM manuSya aura devatAoM meM koI antara nahIM batAyA gayA hai| rAjA hI samayAnusAra pA~ca rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai / vaha kabhI agni, kabhI sUrya, kabhI mRtyu, kabhI kubera, aura kabhI yama kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| dharma-sUtroM meM bhI yahI ullekha hai ki vibhinna devatAoM ke aMza se rAjA kI racanA huI / manusmRti meM likhA hai ki "Izvara ne samasta saMsAra kI rakSA ke lie, indra, vAyu, yama, sUrya, agni, varuNa, candra aura kubera ke sArabhUta aMzoM se rAjA kA sRjana kiyaa| manusmRti meM to yaha bhI likhA hai ki rAjA bAlaka ho taba bhI usakA apamAna nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki vaha manuSya rUpa meM devatA hai|" isI prakAra AcArya zukra bhI rAjA kI utpatti daivI aMza meM vizvAsa karate haiN| hindU purANa meM bhI isa siddhAnta kA spaSTa varNana milatA hai| matsya purANa ke anusAra saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI rakSA ke lie brahmA ne vividha devatAoM ke aMzoM meM rAjA kI sRSTi kii| viSNu purANa meM rAjA vena ke mukha se isa prakAra ke zabda prasphuTita hue haiM - brahmA, viSNa, maheza. indra, vAyu, yama, sUrya, varuNa, dhAtA, pUSA, pRthvI aura candra inake atirikta aura bhI jitane devatA zApa dete haiM aura anukampA karate haiM ve sabhI rAjA ke zarIra meM nivAsa karate haiM / isa prakAra rAjA sarva devamaya hai| mArkaNDeya 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva a0 56/135 2. vahI a0 56/128 3. manusmRti - pR0 318 4. vahI pR0 318 5. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 63 6. vahI pR0 63

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(12)..... purANa meM rAjA, agni, indra, soma, yama aura kubera ina pA~ca devatAoM ke kAryoM ko karatA hai / agni purANa meM rAjA ko sUrya, candra, vAyu, yama, varuNa agni, kubera, pRthvI tathA viSNu Adi devatAoM kA svarUpa mAnA hai| kyoMki vaha unake samAna AcaraNa karatA hai| bhAgavata purANa meM viSNu, brahmA, ziva, indra, vAyu, varuNa Adi devatA rAjA ke zarIra meM nivAsa karate haiN| vAyu purANa meM cakravartI rAjA ko viSNu kA aMza mAnA hai| rAmAyaNa meM bhI rAjA kI utpatti daivI svarUpa batalAyI gaI hai| uparyukta varNana se spaSTa hai ki jaba rAjA jisa devatA ke svarUpa kA AcaraNa karatA hai, taba vaha usakI pratimArUpa (pratimUrti) hotA hai, isalie rAjA ko daivI aMza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / rAjA kI utpatti kA yaha daivI siddhAnta bahuta prAcIna hai / lekina isa siddhAnta kA pracalana sirpha guptakAla taka hI rhaa| rAjA kI utpatti ke uparyukta siddhAnta ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paurANika graMthoM meM rAjA kI utpatti kucha bhinna prakAra se hI batAI gaI hai / vaidika siddhAnta aura sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAntarUpa jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA kI utpatti meM bahuta antara hai / isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki vaidika dharma kA utthAna pazcima se huA hai aura jaina dharma kA utthAna pUrva dizA se huA hai| donoM meM samaya kAla kI dRSTi se bhI bahuta antara hai| daivI siddhAnta aura jaina paurANika rAjA kI utpatti meM bhI bahuta antara dRSTigocara hotA hai| daivI utpatti kA siddhAnta rAjA kI utpatti daivIya aMza meM batalAtA hai jabaki jaina purANoM meM rAjA kI utpatti daivI aMza na hokara mAnavIya rUpa meM batalAyI gaI hai| jaina purANoM meM rAjA kI utpatti ke saMdarbha meM Izvara rUpa ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai / jabaki hindU purANoM meM Izvara ko mahattA pradAna kI gaI hai| (III) rAjyAbhiSeka : prAcIna kAla meM rAjyAbhiSeka khUba dhUma-dhAma se kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka kA ullekha jaina purANoM tathA rAmAyaNa Adi granthoM meM bahuta vistAra se milatA hai| jainAgama jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM bharata cakravartI ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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(83) jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra bharata cakravartI kA abhiSeka karane ke lie bharata kI AjJA se abhiyogika deva vinItA rAjadhAnI ke uttarapUrva digbhAga, IzAna koNa meM cale gye| vahA~ jAkara vaikriya samudyAta kI vikurvaNA karake saMkhyAta yojana lambA daNDa bnaayaa| dUsarI bAra samudyAta karake bahata hI samatala ramaNIya bhami kI racanA kii| usa samatala bhami para abhiSeka ke lie maMDapa kI racanA kI phira abhiSeka maMDapa ke bIca me bahuta bar3A abhiSeka pITha banAyA, jo atyanta svaccha aura cikanA thaa| usa abhiSeka pITha kI tIna dizAoM meM tIna sopAnoM kI racanA kii| tatpazcAt usa bahuta hI sama aura ramaNIya bhUmi ke bIcoM bIca meM eka vizAla siMhAsana kI vikarvaNA kii| isa prakAra sampUrNa taiyArI ke pazcAta bharata mahArAjA hAthI para ArUr3ha hue taba unake Age-Age ATha-maMgala, navanidhi, solaha hajAra deva, battIsa hajAra rAjA Adi anukrama se calane lage aura jahA~ abhiSeka maMDapa thA vahA~ Akara ruke| hAthI se utarakara bharata mahArAjA ne strI-ratna ke sAtha, battIsa hajAra Rtu kalyANiyoM ke sAtha, battIsa hajAra janapada kalyANiyoM ke sAtha, battIsa-battIsa kI samaha vAlI battIsa hajAra nATya maMDaliyoM ke sAtha abhiSeka maNDapa meM praveza kiyaa| praveza karake jisa ora abhiSeka pITha thA vahA~ Akara abhiSeka pITha kI anupradakSiNA karate hue, Age pIche kI pradakSiNA karate hue, pUrva dizA kI sopAna sIr3hiyoM para car3he / aura jisa ora siMhAsana thA vahA~ Akara pUrva dizA kI ora mukha karake baiTha gye|' bharata rAjA ke pazcAt battIsa hajAra rAjA jisa ora abhiSeka maMDapa hai, usa ora Akara abhiSeka pITha kI pradakSiNA karate hue uttara kI ora ke trisopAna dvArA jisa ora bharata rAjA baiThe the, vahA~ Akara hAtha jor3a, mastaka para aMjali karake bharata rAjA kI jaya-vijaya ho, aise badhAte hue bharata rAjA ke na ati dUra na ati pAsa paryuvAsanA karate haiN| (arthAt baiThate haiM) isake pazcAta senApatiratna, sArthavAha Adi bhI isI prakAra dakSiNa bAjU ke trisopAna para praveza karake baiTha jAte hai| tatpazcAt zubha tithi, karaNa, divasa, nakSatra, muhUrta Ane para uttara bhAdrapada nakSatra (proSTha pAda) se vijaya-muhUrta meM battIsa hajAra rAjA uttama 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti pakSa 3 pR0 281. 2. vaho pR0 282.

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(4) kamaloM para rakhe hue evaM uttama sugaMdhita jala se bhare hue kalazoM dvArA bar3I dhUma-dhAma se mahArAjA bharata kA abhiSeka karate haiN|' bAda meM phira rAjA, mahArAjA, senApati, purohita, aThAraha zreNI, prazreNI, solaha hajAra deva, vaNika Adi bhI bharata rAjA kA sugaMdhita jala se abhiSeka karate haiM, aura jaya-jayakAra kI ghoSaNA karate haiN| pazcAta roMyedAra komala aura sugaMdhita tauliye se unakA zarIra poMchakara, mAlAe~ aura vividha AbhUSaNoM se unheM sajAyA gayA, aura upasthita jana-samUha dvArA rAjamukuTa pahanAyA gyaa| isa prakAra bar3e dhUma-dhAma se abhiSeka ho jAne ke pazcAt, isa maMgala avasara para bharata mahArAjA kI AjJA se nAgarikoM kA kara mApha kara diyA gayA aura bAraha varSa taka nagara meM pramoda utsava manAyA gayA thaa| mahApurANa meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA bahuta vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake anusAra rAjyAbhiSeka se pUrva pRthvI ke madhyabhAga meM miTTI kI vedI banAI gaI, usa vedI para devoM ne bahumUlya Ananda maNDapa kA nirmANa kiyA jo ratnoM ke cUrNa samUha se banI haI raMgAvalI se citrita ho rahA thaa| samIpa meM hI bar3e-bar3e maMgaladravya rakhe gaye the, devoM kI apsarAe~ apane hAthoM se camara DhulA rahI thiiN| aise maNDapa meM yogya siMhAsana para pUrva dizA kI ora mukha karake bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko baiThAyA, aura jaba gandharva devoM ke dvArA prArambha kiye saMgIta ke samaya hone vAlA madaMga kA saMgIta svara cAroM ora vyApta ho rahA thA tathA natya karatI huI devAMganAoM ke saMgIta ke svara meM svara milAkara kinnara jAti kI deviyA~ kAnoM ko sukha denevAlA bhagavAna kA yaza gA rahI thiiN| usa samaya devoM ne tIrthodaka se bhare hue suvarNoM ke kalazoM se bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA abhiSeka karanA prArambha kiyaa| bhagavAna kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane ke lie gaMgA, siMdhu donoM mahAnadiyoM kA jala lAyA gayA thaa| isake alAvA gaMgA kuNDa, siMdhu kuNDa, padmasarovara, nandIzvara dvIpa, kSIrasamudra, naMdIzvara 1. jambUdvIpa prApti pakSa 3 pR0 284. 2. vahI pR0 285.

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(5) samudra tathA svabhUramaNa samudra kA jala bhI svarNa kalazoM meM bharakara lAyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra Upara kahe hue jala se bhagavAna kA abhiSeka kiyA gayA thaa| devagaNoM ke dvArA abhiSeka ho jAne ke pazcAt nAbhirAjA ko Age lekara ke, jo bar3e-bar3e rAjA the sabhI ne milakara RSabhadeva kA abhiSeka kiyaa| isake pazcAt nagara nivAsiyoM ne sarayU nadI kA jala lAkara bhagavAna ke caraNoM kA abhiSeka kiyaa| abhiSeka ho jAne ke bAda bhagavAna ko na adhika garma aura na adhika ThaNDe jala se snAna karAyA gayA, bAda meM svarga se lAye hue nAnA prakAra ke vastra aura AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kiyA gyaa| jaba sampUrNa alaMkAroM se bhagavAna vibhUSita ho gaye taba nAbhirAjA ne "mahAmukuTabaddha rAjAoM ke adhipati bhagavAna RSabhadeva hI haiM," yaha kahate hue apane mastaka kA mukuTa utArakara bhagavAna ke mastaka para dhAraNa kiyA thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya ayodhyApurI ko khUba sajAyA gayA thaa| makAnoM ke agra bhAga para lagI huI patAkAoM se AkAza bhara gayA thaa| usa samaya rAja-maMdiroM meM bar3I dhUma-dhAma se AnaMda-bheriyAM baja rahI thIM, striyA~ maMgalagAna gA rahI thIM, aura devAMganAe~ nRtya kara rahI thiiN| devoM ke bandIjana maMgaloM ke sAtha-sAtha bhagavAna ke parAkrama ko par3ha rahe the aura devaloga saMtoSa se "jaya jIva" isa prakAra kI ghoSaNA kara rahe the| triSaSTi zalAkA puruSacaritra meM sagara ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA bhI varNana AtA hai| sagara kA abhiSeka karane ke lie sabhI rAjAoM meM zreSTha ajitanAtha svAmI ne tIrthajala lAne ke lie naukaroM ko AjJA dI thii| vaha zIghra hI kamala ke Dhake hue kubha meM snAna karane yogya tIrthajala lekara vahA~ A ge| vyApArI loga rAjyAbhiSeka ke dUsare sAdhana tatkAla hI vahA~ le Ae / maMtrI, senApati aura bandhu-bAndhava bhI zIghra hI ekatra ho 1. mahA pu0 16/209-215 pR0 364-365. 2. vahI 16/231 pR0 366. 3. mahA pu0 16/231, pR0 366. 4. vahI 16/197-198 pR0 361.

Page #100
(66) gaye / isa avasara para nAdoM se zikharoM ko gujAte hue zaMkha bajane lage megha ke samAna mRdaMga bajane lage, du'dubhi aura DholoM kI dhvani gUjane lgii| cAraNa, bhATa aura brAhmaNa AzIrvAda dene lge| isa prakAra mahotsava ke sAtha ajitasvAmI kI AjJA se kalyANakArI pUrvokta adhikAriyoM ne vidhipUrvaka sagara rAjA kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| (abhiSeka kA varNana pUrvAnusAra jAna lenA caahie|) isa avasara para nagara ke mukhya puruSa hAthoM meM uttama bheMTa lekara sagara rAjA ke pAsa Ae, aura unake sammukha rakhakara praNAma kiyA / sanatkamAra cakravatI ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para unheM hAra. vanamAla, chatra, mukuTa, pAdukAyugma aura pAdapITha bheMTa kiye gaye the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakukamAra ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA bahuta hI acchA varNana AtA hai| hAlAMki meghakumAra saMsAra tyAga kara dIkSA grahaNa karane vAlA thA, parantu mAtA-pitA kI AjJA se eka dina ke lie rAja-sampadA kA upabhoga karane ke lie taiyAra huA thA / aneka gaNanAyaka, daNDanAyaka Adi se parivRta ho, unheM, sone, cA~dI, maNi, muktA Adi ke ATha-ATha sau kalazoM meM sugaMdhita jala bharakara unheM snAna karAyA thaa| sabhI prakAra kI mRttikA se, puSpa, gaMdha, mAlya, auSadhi aura sarasoM se unheM paripUrNa karake sarvasamRddhi, dyu ti tathA sarva sainya ke sAtha dudubhi ke nirdhoSa kI pratidhvani ke zabdoM ke sAtha uccakoTi ke rAjyAbhiSeka se abhiSakta kiyaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ho jAne ke pazcAt samasta prajA rAjA ko badhAI dene ke lie AtI hai| campA, mathurA, vArANasI, zrIvAttI, sAketa, kApilya, kauzAmbI, mithilA, hastinApura aura rAjagRha ina nagariyoM ko abhiSeka rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai / jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAyaH rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya kaidiyoM ko 1. triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa caritraH hemacandra viracita, anu0 zrI kRSNalAla varmA, bambaI : mAnada maMtrI zrI jJAna samiti, parva 2, 3/163-177, pR0 606-611. 2. uttarAdhyayana TIkA a0 8. 3. jAtAdharmakayAMga : sampA0 paM0 zobhAcanda bhArilla, ahamadanagara, jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI, 1964, pR0 75.

Page #101
(87) chor3a diyA jAtA thA, tathA sabhI nAgarikoM ko karamukta kara diyA jAtA thaa| rAmAyaNakAlIna rAjyAbhiSeka prANAlI meM rAjyAbhiSeka kA sArA prabandha rAjapurohitoM ke hAtha meM rahatA thaa| havana, abhiSeka, tathA anya kAryoM ke lie Avazyaka sAmagrI kA pahale hI prabandha kara liyA jAtA thaa| svasti vAcana karane vAle brAhmaNoM ke lie Asana, dakSiNA Adi kI vyavasthA rahatI thii| abhiSeka se eka dina pUrva rAjakumAra tathA usakI patnI ko upavAsa rahatA thA, aura vaha brahmacarya pUrvaka bhagavAna nArAyaNa kI pUjA aura havana karate the| rAjyAbhiSeka ke dina prAtaH kAla meM brAhmaNoM ko maMdiroM yA sArvajanika sthAnoM para dahI, dUdha, ghI mizrita bhojana karAyA jAtA thA, tathA pracura mAtrA meM dAna, dakSiNA dI jAtI thii| nagara meM cAroM ora dhvajA, patAkAe~ phaharAyI jAtI thiiN| sabhA ke sadasya, pramukha vyApArI, nAgarika, saMghoM ke pradhAna, sAmanta rAjA, maMtrigaNa, sainika, adhikArI tathA rAjakIya karmacArI yaha saba saMskAra prArambha hote hI rAjaprasAda meM Akara apanA Asana grahaNa kara lete the| abhiSeka saMskAra prAsAda kI agnizAlA meM sampanna hotA thaa| pahale dvijagaNa svasti vacana pUrvaka sapatnIka rAjakumAra ko AzIrvAda pradAna karate, phira ve donoM havana karate, tatpazcAt vaha bhadrAsana para baiThate / phira brAhmaNa va Rtvija unakA mantroccAraNa pUrvaka pavitra jala se abhiSeka karate, pazcAta kanyAe~, maMtrI, sainika adhikArI aura vaizya loga unakA abhiSeka karate the| isake bAda rAjakumAra navIna vastra dhAraNa karatA, candana lagAtA aura patnI sahita ratnoM se suzobhita suvarNamaya sabhAbhavana meM Akara darzana detA thaa| phira usako samAroha pUrvaka rAjapada para pratiSThita kiyA jAtA thaa| siMhAsana para baiThane ke pazcAt sira para ratnamaya kirITa rakhA jAtA aura zveta chatra tAnA jAtA aura camara DhulAye jAte the| isa avasara para sAmaMta loga vividha upahArAdi bheMTa karate the| rAjA bhI upasthita logoM ko puraskAra Adi dete the| tatpazcAt navanirmita rAjA ko puSparatha para savAra karake nagara meM julUsa nikAlA jAtA thaa| 1. rAmAyaNakAlIna samAja pR0 264. 2. rAmAyaNa kAlIna samAja pR0 365.

Page #102
(88) yuvarAja aura usakA uttarAdhikArI :-- prazAsana ko suvyavasthita DhaMga se calAne ke lie rAjya meM yuvarAja kA honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| abhiSeka se pUrva kI avasthA ko yuvarAja kahA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjA kA pada sAdhAraNatayA vaMza paramparAgata hotA thaa| aisA hI ullekha rAmAyaNa meM milatA hai| rAjA kI mRtyu pazcAt rAjasiMhAsana kA adhikArI rAjA kA jyeSTha putra hI hotA thaa| yadi kisI rAjaputra ke sautelA bhAI hotA to unameM rAjya ke kAraNa IrSyA-dveSa hone lagatA aura pitA kI mRtyu pazcAt yaha dveSa bhrAtRghAtaka yuddhoM meM bhI pariNata ho jAtA thaa| yadi isa prakAra kI koI ghaTanA nahIM ghaTatI to rAjaputra hI rAjapada para AsIna hotA aura usake kaniSTha bhrAtA ko yuvarAjapada prApta hotA thaa| jaina AgamoM meM sApekSa aura nirapekSa do prakAra ke rAjAoM kA ullekha AtA hai| sApekSa usako kahate haiM jisameM rAjA apane jIvana-kAla meM hI apane jyeSTha putra ko yuvarAja-pada de detA thaa| nirapekSa rAjA ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt hI putra ko rAjA banAyA jAtA thaa|' jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA ke eka se adhika putra hone para rAjapada ke lie unakI parIkSA lI jAtI thI, aura jo rAjakumAra parIkSA meM urtINa ho jAtA usI ko yuvarAja-pada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI hotA thA ki rAjA kI mRtyu pazcAt jisa rAjakumAra ko rAjapada dene kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA aura vaha dIkSA grahaNa kara letA aisI paristhiti meM usake kaniSTha bhrAtA ko rAjagaddI para baiThAyA jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI dIkSita rAjakumAra saMyama pAlana karane meM apane ko asamartha samajha vApisa lauTa Ate the / aisI paristhiti meM usakA bhAI use rAjasiMhAsana para biThA detA aura svayaM usakA sthAna grahaNa kara letA thA / udAharaNasvarUpa sAketa nagarI meM kuDarIka nAma aura puMDarIka nAma ke do rAjakumAra rahate the| kuDarIka ne zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| puDarIka rAjya-siMhAsana 1. vyavahAra bhASya : TIkA mAlyagiri, bhAvanagara, AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, 1926, 2/327.

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( 8 ) para ArUr3ha huA / kucha samaya pazcAt kuMDarIka saMyama pAlana meM apane Apako asamartha samajha dIkSA chor3akara vApisa lauTa aayaa| yaha dekhakara usake bhAI puMDarIka ne use apane pada para biThAkara svayaM zramaNa dharma meM dIkSita ho gayA / ' kabhI aisA bhI hotA thA ki rAjA yuvarAja kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara svayaM saMsAra tyAga kI icchA vyakta karatA, lekina yuvarAja bhI rAjA banane se inkAra kara detA aura vaha bhI pitA ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara letA thA / jaise - campAnagarI meM zAla nAma kA rAjA thA / usakA mahAzAla nAma kA putra thA / jaba zAla ne mahAzAla ko rAja - siMhAsana para baiThAkara svayaM ne dIkSA grahaNa karane kI icchA vyakta kI taba mahAzAla ne rAjapada lene se inkAra kara diyA / aura apane pitA ke sAtha vaha bhI dIkSita ho gayA / " 1 jaba rAjA aura rAjaputra donoM hI dIkSA grahaNa kara lete aura unake dUsarA putra nahIM hotA usa samaya rAjA kI bahina aura usakA putra rAjapada ke adhikArI hote the / uparyukta kathA meM zAla aura mahAzAla ke dIkSA grahaNa kara lene para unakI bahina kA putra gaggali ko rAja - siMhAsana para baiThAyA gayA thA / jaina Agama purANoM ke anusAra rAjyazAsana meM striyoM bahuta kama bhAga letI thIM, kyoMki usa samaya striyA~ zAsana kArya calAtIM to puruSoM kI niMdA hotI thI / rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI kA prazna : - prAcIna kAla meM adhikatara rAjapada, vaMzaparamparAgata hotA thA / mahAbhArata tathA rAmAyaNa meM jyeSTha putra ko hI rAjapada kA bhAgI batAyA gayA thA / manu ne bhI likhA hai ki jyeSTha putra apane pitA se saba kucha prApta kara sakatA hai / kauTilya ne bhI likhA hai ki Apatti kAla ko chor3akara 1. jJAtAdharmakayAMga sUtra a0 16 pR0 576. 2. uttarAdhyayana TIkA : zantisUri, bambaI 1916, a0 10. 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA : zAntisUri, bambaI 1916, a0 10 4. manusmRti 9/106

Page #104
(60) jyeSTha putra ko hI rAjA banAnA zreyaSkara hai|' jainAgama purANoM ke anusAra bhI rAjapUtra ko hI uttarAdhikArI banAyA jAtA thA / yadi kisI rAjA ke putra nahIM hotA aura durbhAgyavaza putravihIna rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAtI usa samaya uttarAdhikArI kA prazna bahuta hI jaTila ho jAtA thaa| aisI paristhiti meM kisako rAjA banAyA jAya, koI upAya nahIM hone para, maMtriyoM kI salAha se dharmazravaNa Adi ke bahAne sAdhuoM ko rAjaprAsAda meM Amantrita kara unake dvArA santAnotpatti karAyI jAtI thii| dUsarA yaha upAya bhI kiyA jAtA thA, jaba putravihIna rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAtI, taba nagara meM eka divya ghor3A ghumAyA jAtA thA, aura vaha ghor3A jisake pAsa jAkara ruka jAtA use hI rAjapada para abhiSikta kara diyA jAtA thaa| isake alAvA uttarAdhikArI kI khoja meM pA~ca divya padArtha bhI ghamAye jAte the| jisameM hAthI, ghor3A, kalaza, camara ora daNDa hote the| jaba kisI putravihIna rAjA kI mRtyu hotI taba uttarAdhikArI kI khoja meM inako ghumAyA jAtA thaa| yathA -- putravihIna venyAtaTa ke rAjA kI matyu ho jAne para maMtriyoM ko cintA huii| usa samaya ve hAthI, ghor3A, kalaza, camara, aura daNDa ina pA~ca divya padArthoM ko lekara kisI yogya puruSa kI khoja meM nikale the| kucha dUra jAne para eka vRkSa kI zAkhA ke nIce baiThe hue mUladeva ke pAsa jAkara hAthI ne ciMdhAr3a mArI, ghor3A hinahinAne lagA, kalaza meM bhare hue jala se usakA abhiSeka karane lagA, camara sira para Dhalane lagA, aura daNDa usake pAsa Akara Thahara gyaa| yaha dekhakara rAjya karmacArI jaya-jayakAra karane lage, aura mUladeva ko hAthI para baiThAkara dhUma-dhAma se nagara meM praveza karAyA tathA maMtriyoM aura sAmaMtoM ne use rAjA ghoSita kiyaa| 1. arthazAstra 1/7 pu0 53. 2. bRhatkalpabhASya : TIkA : malayagiri aura kSemakIti : puSpavijaya, bhAvanagara AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA 1933-38, 4/4658 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, a0 3. 4. uttarAdhyayana TIkA a0 3.

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( 11 ) rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa : 1 jaina paurANika graMthoM meM rAjA ke pradhAna puruSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / jaina granthoM meM rAjA ke pradhAna puruSoM meM rAjA, yuvarAja, amAtya, zreSTha aura purohita Ate haiM / rAjA ko sarvesarvA mAnA gayA hai| rAjA ke pazcAt dUsarA nambara yuvarAja kA AtA hai| yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt yuvarAja ko rAjapada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA thA / vaha rAjA kA putra, bhAI athavA anya koI sagA sambandhI ho sakatA hai / yuvarAja aNimA, mahimA Adi aThAraha prakAra ke aizvarya se yukta, bahattara kalAoM, aThAraha dezI bhASAoM, gIta, nRtya, tathA hasti- yuddha, azvayuddha, muSThiyuddha, bAhuyuddha, latAyuddha, ratha yuddha, dhanurvedha Adi meM vaha nipuNa hotA thaa| yuvarAja kA yaha karttavya hotA thA ki vaha apane samasta kAryoM ko karane ke pazcAt sabhAmaNDapa meM pahuMcakara rAjakAja kI dekhabhAla kare / rAjakumAra ko yuddhanIti kI tathA sabhI prakAra kI prArambha se hI zikSA dI jAtI thI / jisase ki vaha samaya para apane rAjA kI kI madada kara sakatA thA / kabhI par3ausI rAjA jaba rAjya para AkramaNa kara dete yA upadrava phailA dete, usa samaya yuvarAja pUrNa rUpa se rAjA kI madada karatA thA tathA phaile hue upadravoM ko zAnta karatA thA / isake alAvA aura bhI kAryoM meM yuvarAja rAjA kA hAtha ba~TAtA thA / yuvarAja prAyaH rAjA ke putra ko hI banAyA jAtA thA / agara kisI rAjA ke putra nahIM hotA yA phira yuvarAja pada ke yogya nahIM hotA taba aisI paristhiti meM rAjA ke bhAI yA anya sage-sambandhiyoM ko yuvarAja banAyA jAtA thA / rAjyAdhiSThAna meM amAtya athavA maMtrI kA pada atyanta mahattvapUrNa hotA thA / vaha apane janapada, rAjA aura nagara ke viSaya meM sadA cintita rahatA thA / vyavahAra tathA nIti meM bhI catura hotA thA / jaina mAnyatAnusAra maMtriyoM meM prathama rAjA zreNika ke putra abhaya kumAra kA nAma AtA hai / abhayakumAra maitrI sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda meM kuzala, nIti - zAstra kA paNDita, gaveSaNA Adi meM catura, arthazAstra meM, vizArada tabhI autpattikI,

Page #106
- (2) vainayikI, kArmikI aura pAriNamikI nAmaka cAra prakAra kI buddhiyoM meM niSNAta thaa| amAtya (maMtrI) rAjA ko samaya-samaya para acche-acche kAryoM ke lie salAha diyA karatA thaa| rAjA zreNika to abhayakumAra se apane aneka kAryoM aura gupta rahasyoM ke bAre meM mantraNA kiyA karate the| abhayakumAra svayaM hI rAjya (zAsana), rASTra (deza), koza, koThAra (anna bhaNDAra), bala (senA), vAhana (savArI ke yogya hAthI, azva Adi), pura (nagara) aura antaHpura kI dekhabhAla karatA thaa| maMtrI kA pada itanA mahattvapUrNa hotA thA ki vaha ayogya rAjA ko padacyuta kara usake sthAna para dUsare rAjA ko rAjagaddI para baiThA detA thaa| jisa prakAra vyavahAra-nIti ke kAryoM meM salAha karane ke lie maMtrI kI AvazyakatA hotI, usI prakAra dhArmika kAryoM meM salAha lene ke liye purohitoM kA pada bhI bar3A sammAnajanaka hotA thaa| jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjya meM purohita kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA thaa| rAjya ke rakSArtha purohita kI niyukti paramAvazyaka thii| purohita rAjA ko rAjya kI bhalAI ke lie parAmarza detA thA aura aniSTa kAryoM ke nivAraNArtha yoga kSema karatA thaa| purohitoM ko sakala.janoM se sammAnita dharma-zAstra kA paMDita, lokavyavahAra meM kuzala nItivAna, vAgmI, alpArambha-parigrahavAlA tathA taMtra-maMtra Adi kA vettA honA cAhie / ' arthazAstra ke anusAra purohita ko zAstra pratipAdita vidyAoM se yukta, unnatakula, zIlavAna, sabhI vedoM aura vyAkaraNAdi vedvAGgoM ke jJAtA, jyotiSazAstra, zakunazAstra 1. jJAtAdharmakathA a0 1 pR0 8. 2. vahI 3. mahA pu0 37/175 4. vahI 5. vahI 5/7 6. minaka yAdava : samarAiccakahA evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI : bhAratI prakAzanaH 1977, pR0 61.

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( 63 ) tathA daNDanIti-zAstra meM nipuNa aura devI tathA mAnuSI ApattiyoM ke pratikAra meM samartha honA cAhie / ' prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati meM dharma vibhAga yA dhArmika viSaya purohitoM ke adhIna thA / vaha rAjadharma aura nIti kA saMrakSaka thA / isa pada ke adhikAriyoM ko maurya kAla meM "dharmamahAmAtra " sAtavAhana kAla meM "zramaNa mahAmAtra", guptakAla meM "vinayasthitisthApaka" aura rASTrakUTa kAla meM "dharmAMkuza" kahA jAtA thA / 1 purohita loga rAjya meM upadrava tathA rAjA kI vyAdhiyoM kI zAnti ke lie yajJa Adi kA anuSThAna karate the / kabhI-kabhI purohitoM ko rAjyahita ke lie dUta kArya bhI karanA par3atA thA / nizIthacUrNI meM purohitoM ko dhArmika kRtya ( yajJAdi zAntikarma ) karane vAlA batAyA gayA hai / vipAkasUtra meM jitazatru rAjA ke mahezvaradatta nAmaka purohita dvArA, rAjyopadrava zAnta karane, rAjya aura bala kA vistAra karAne tathA yuddha meM vijaya prApta karane ke lie aSTamI aura cAturdazI Adi tithiyoM meM navajAta zizuoM ke piNDa se zAnti homa kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / ' dhIre-dhIre purohitoM kA mahattva kama hone lagA aura 200 I0 ke bAda se to use maMtripariSada kA sadasya bhI nahIM banAyA jAne lagA / " haribhadrasUri ke kAla taka Ate-Ate purohitoM kA kArya mukhyatayA dhArmika kRtya sampanna karanA hI raha gayA thA / use rAjaguru kahA jAne lagA / maMtripariSada kA sadasya na hone para bhI use rAjadarabAra meM sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / 1. arthazAstra 1 / 6, pR0 23 2. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati pR0 152 3. vahI pR0 152 4. samarAiccakahA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana pu0 62. 5. ni0 cU0 2 pR0 267 6. vipAkasUtra a0 5 7. samarAiccakahA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana pu0 62

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(14)zraSThI (nagara-seTha) yaha aThAraha prakAra kI prajA kA rakSaka kahalAtA thaa| rAjA dvArA mAnya hone ke kAraNa usakA mastaka devamudrA se vibhUSita, suvarNapaTTa se zobhita rahatA thaa| yaha amAtya, senApati, purohita, sahita rAjA ke sAtha rahatA thA / ' . __uparyukta puruSoM ke alAvA grAma mahattara, rASTramahattara, (rAThaur3a), gaNanAyaka, daNDanAyaka, koTTapAla, saMdhipAla, pIThamarda, mahAmAtra (mahAvata), yAnazalika, vidUSaka, dUta, ceTa, vArtAnivedaka, kiMkara, karmakara, asigrAhI, dhanugrAhI, kotagrAhI, chatragrAhI, cAmaragrAhI, vINAgrAhI, bhANDa, abhyaMga, lagAne vAle, ubaTana lagAne vAle, snAna karAne vAle, veza-bhUSA se maMDita karane vAle, paira dabAne vAle Adi kitane hI karmacArI rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita rahate the| rAjA kI upAdhiyA~ : jaina purANoM kA avalokana karane se rAjA kI upAdhiyA~ jJAta hotI haiM ki rAjA ko prAcIna samaya meM kina-kina nAmoM se jAnA jAtA thaa| usa samaya rAjagaNa apanI zakti ke anusAra cakravartI', ardhacakravartI rAjarAjezvara, mahAmaNDalezvara, maNDalezvara, ardhamaNDalezvara, mahIpAla", napa, rAjA", bhUpa", mahAmaNDalika, adhirAja', rAjarAja", 1. mahA pu0 5/7. 2. harivaMza pu0 5/252, mahA pu0 45/53. 3. mahA pu0 23/60 - 4. harivaMza pu0 11/23 5. mahA pu0 23/60 6. vahI 23/60 7. vahI 23/60 5. . vahI 41/97 6, vahI 4/136, harivaMza pu0 16/16 10. mahA pu0 4/70, harivaMza pu0 19/16 11. vahI 52/27, vahI 16/16, padma pu0 11/58 12. mahA pu0 16/257 13. vahI 16/262 14. vahI 31/144

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(65) rAjendra', rAjarSi', adhirAT, samrATa, Adi upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karate the| jainettara purANoM meM bhI uparyukta prakAra kI rAjAoM kI upAdhiyA~ prApta hotI thIM, jo unakI zakti kI dyotaka thiiN| mahAbhArata meM rAjAoM ke lie rAjan, rAjendra, rAjJa, nRpa, nRpati, narAdhipa, narendra, narezvara, manuSyendra, janAdhipa, janezvara, pArthiva, pRthvIzvara, pRthvIpAla, pRthvIpati, bhUmipa, kSitibhuja, vizApati, lokanAtha Adi upAviyA~ varNita haiN| kAlidAsa ne apane grantha meM bhagavAn, prabhu, jagadezanAtha, Izvara, Iza, manuSyezvara, prajezvara, vasudhAdhipa, rAjA, bhUpati, arthapati, priyadarzana, bhuvobhurta, mahIkSita, vizAMpati, prajAdhipa, madhyamalokapAla, gopa, mahIpAla, kSitIza, kSitipa, naralokapAla, agAdhasatva, daNDadhara, pRthvIpAla, bhaTTAraka, Adi upAdhiyA~ rAjA ke liye prayukta kI gaI haiN| rAjA ke prakAra : jaina purANoM meM rAjA ke prakAroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| mahApurANa meM camara ke AdhAra para rAjAoM kA vibhAjana huA hai / jinendra deva ke pAsa 64 camara the| ye hI camara cakravartI rAjA ke pAsa Adhe ho jAte haiN| isI AdhAra para cakravartI battIsa, ardha-cakravartI solaha, maNDalezvara ATha, arddha maNDalezvara cAra, mahArAja do, aura rAjA eka camara bA~dhate the| mahApurANa ke anusAra bharata prathama cakravartI the aura unhIM se hI cakravartI paramparA prArambha huI thii| bharata ke nAma para hI bhAratavarSa 1. mahA pu0 32/68 2. vahI 34/34 3. vahI 37/20 4. vahI 37/20 5. premakumArI dIkSita : mahAbhArata meM rAjavyavasthA, lakhanaU, 1970, pR0 26 6. kAlidAsa kA bhArata bhAga 1 pR0 130-131 7. mahA pu0 23/60 8. vahI

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(16) kA nAmakaraNa huA hai / jambUdvIpa prajJapti', vasudeva hiNDI', Adi purANa' meM isakA spaSTa ullekha hai ki RSabhadeva ke putra bharata ke deza kA nAmakaraNa 'bhAratavarSa' par3A hai| mahApurANa ke rAjA ke adhIna 32,000 mukuTa baMdha rAjA hote the| isI purANa meM yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki rAjA vijita rAjA ko vIrapaTTa bAMdhate the / yaha eka prakAra kA pramANa patra hotA thA jise sArvabhauma rAjA pradAna karate the / nAma se hI prastuta anusAra cakravartI isake alAvA mahApurANa meM yuddha ke AdhAra para rAjAoM ke tIna prakAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai : (1) dharma vijayI, (2) lobha vijayI, (3) asura vijayI 1. dharma vijayI : - dharma vijayI zAsaka vaha hai jo kisI rAjA para vijaya prApta karake usake astitva ko naSTa nahIM karatA hai, apitu apane Adhipatya meM usakI svAyatta sattA sthApita rahane detA hai / aura usa para niyata kiye hue karoM se vaha saMtuSTa rahatA hai| 1. lobha vijayI : - lobha vijayI zAsaka vaha hotA hai jise dhana aura bhUmi kA lobha hotA hai / usako prApta karane ke uparAnta vaha usako parAdhIna nahIM batAtA, apitu use apane Antarika viSayoM meM pUrNa svatantratA pradAna karatA hai / (3) zrasura vijayI :- asura vijayI zAsaka vaha hai jo kevala dhana aura pRthvI se hI santuSTa nahIM hotA, apitu vaha vijita zAsaka kA vadha kara detA hai, aura usake strI- baccoM kA bhI apaharaNa kara letA hai / 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti pakSa0 3 2. vasudeva hiNDI : prathama khaNDa : pro0 bhogIlAla jayacandabhAI sADesarA; jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA pR0 186 3. mahA pu0 15 / 158 - 156 4. mahA pu0 6 / 196 5. vahI 43 / 313 bhAvanagara

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(97) rAjA ke guNa : rAjya ke andara zAnti evaM suvyavasthA sthApita karane ke lie tathA bAhya AkramaNoM se deza kI rakSA karane ke lie rAjA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, isalie rAjya ke uttaradAyitva ko vahana karane ke lie rAjA meM aise guNa hone cAhie, jisase ki vaha rAjya kA saMcAlana samyak DhaMga se kara sake / isIlie prAcIna manISiyoM ne rAjAoM ke guNoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai / jainAgamoM tathA purANoM meM rAjAoM ke guNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ina granthoM ke anusAra rAjA ko jaina dharma ke rahasya kA jJAtA, zaraNAgata vatsala, paropakArI, dayAvAna, vidvAna, vizuddhahRdayI, nindanIya kAryoM se pRthaka, pitA ke tulya prajA kA rakSaka, prANiyoM kI bhalAI meM tatpara, zatrusaMhAraka, zastroM kA abhyAsI, zAnti kArya meM thakAvaTa se rahita, parastrI se virata, saMsAra kI nazvaratA ke bhaya se dharma meM Asakta, satyavAdI aura jitendriya honA caahie|' padmapurANa meM varNita hai ki rAjA ko nItijJa, zUravIra aura ahaMkAra se rahita honA caahie| mahApurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki AtmarakSA karate hue prajA kA pAlana karanA hI rAjA kA maulika guNa batAyA gayA hai| jainettara sAhitya meM bhI ukta vicAra upalabdha haiN| mahApurANa ke anusAra rAjA apane citta kA samAdhAna kara jo duSTa puruSoM kA nigraha aura ziSTa puruSoM kA pAlana karatA hai, vahI usakA samaMjasatva guNa kahalAtA hai|' padmapurANa ke anusAra zaktizAlI evaM 1. jinazAsanatattvajJa : zaraNAgatavatsalaH / satyasthApitasadvAkyo bAr3ha niyamitendriyaH // padama pu068-20-24, mahA0 pu0 4/163, aupapAtika sUtraH TIkA abhayadeva sUri saMzo0 droNAcArya, sUrata: mANekalAla, nahAlacaMda Adi TrasTIoM vi0 sa0 1964, 6 pR0 20. 2. padma pu0 2/53 3. kRtAtmarakSaNazcaiva prajAnAmanupAlane / rAjA yatnaM prakurkIta rAjJAM bhojo hRdayaM guNaH mahA pu0 42/137. 4. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 63/17, 71/2-11. 5. rAjAcittaM samAdhAya yatkuryAda duSTanigraham / ziSTAnu pAlanaM caiva tatsAma jasyaJmucyate / mahA pu0 42/166.

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(8) zUravIra rAjA kabhI bhayabhIta nahIM hotA hai, aura brAhmaNa, muni, nihatthe, strI, bAlaka, pazu aura dUta ke Upara kabhI prahAra nahIM karatA haiN|' padma- purANa meM rAjA ke guNoM kA varNana karate hue AcArya raviSeNa ne likhA hai ki use sarvavarNadhara, kalyANaprakRti, kalAgrAhI, lokadhArI, pratApI, dhanI, zUravIra, nItijJa, zAstrAbhyAsa, sajjanoM kA premI, dAnI, hastimadamardana Adi guNoM se yukta honA caahie| isI meM anya sthAna para varNita hai ki zreSTha rAjA ko lokatantra, jaina vyAkaraNa evaM nItizAstra kA jJAtA, tathA mahAguNoM se vibhUSita honA caahie|' rAjA pracura koSa kA svAmI, zatru vijetA, ahiMsaka, dharma evaM yajJAdi meM dakSiNA dene vAloM kA rakSaka hotA - thaa| rAjA satyavAdI evaM jIvoM ke rakSaka hote the / jIvoM kI rakSA karane ke kAraNa hI unheM RSi kahate the|' rAjA ko pitA ke samAna nyAyavatsala , hokara prajA kI rakSA karanA, vicArapUrvaka kArya karanA, duSTa manuSyoM ko / kucha dekara vaza meM karanA, mitra ko sadbhAva pUrNa AcaraNa dvArA anukUla .. rakhanA, kSamA se krodha ko, mArdava se mAna ko, ArjavaH se mAyA ko, aura dhairya se lobha ko vaza meM karanA rAjA kA guNa (kartavya) mAnA jAtA thaa| mahApurANa ke anusAra rAjAoM ke cha: gUNa-saMdhi, vigraha, mAna, Asana, saMsthA aura dvaithIbhAva kA honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA thaa| mahApurANa ke hI anusAra rAjA ko sAma, dAma, daNDa, evaM bheda kA jJAna aura sahAya, sAdhanopAya, dezavibhAga, kAla vibhAga tathA viniyAta pratIkAra, Adi 1. devendra iva vibhrANa"."madotkaTagajeSu tu / padma pu0 2/50-56 2. narezvarA urjita zauryaceSTA na bhItibhAjAM praharanti jAtu / _____ na brAhmaNaM na zramaNaM na zUnyaM striyaM na bAla na pazu na dUtam // padma pu0 6660 3. sarveSu nayazAstreSu-kuzalo loka tantravit / jaina vyAkaraNAbhijJo mahAguNavibhUSitaH // papa pu0 72/88 4. bahukozo...."purnabhuvaH / pama pu0 27/24-25 / 5. satyaM vadanti'."jantupAlane / padma pu0 11/58 6. bhajasva praskhalaM...."lobhaMtanUkuru / padma pu0 67/128-130. 7. sandhivigraha yAnAni saMsthAvyAsanameva / vaMdhIbhAvakSya vijJeyaH SaDguNA nItivedanam // mahA0 pu0:44/126-130(TippaNI)

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(66) pA~ca aMgoM meM nirNIta saMdhi evaM vigraha-yuddha ke rahasya kA jJAtA honA caahie|' .. jaina purANoM ke alAvA janetara purANoM meM tathA graMthoM meM bhI rAjA ke guNoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| : arthazAstra meM rAjA ke guNoM kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki rAjA ko (1) uccakula meM jAyamAna (2) devasampanna, buddhisampanna, sattva sampanna (sampatti tathA vipatti meM dhairyazAlI), vRdvadazI (vidyA aura vRddhajanoM kA sevaka), dharmAtmA, satvavAdI, avisaMvAdaka; kRtajJa, vinayI, sthUlalakSa, mahotsAha, zakya sAmanta; dRr3habuddhi Adi se yukta honA caahie|' ____ yAjJavalkya smRti meM bhI rAjA ko utsAhI-sthUla-lakSya, kRtajJa, vRddhasevI, vinaya-yukta, kulIna, satyavAdI, pavitra, adIrghasUtrI, smRtivAna, priyavAdI, dhArmika, avyavasanI, paNDita, bahAdura, rahasyavettA, rAjyaprabandhaka, - Atma vidyA aura rAjanIti meM pravINa batAyA gayA hai| vAlmIki ke anusAra rAjA guNavAn, parAkramI, dharmajJa, upakAra mAnane vAlA, satyavaktA, dRr3hapratijJa, sadAcArI, samasta prANiyoM kA hitasAdhaka, vidvAn, sAmarthya-zAlI, priyadarzana, mana para adhikAra rakhane vAlA, krodha ko jItane vAlA, kAntimAna, aniMdaka aura saMgrAma meM ajaya yoddhA hotA hai| uparyukta guNoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki rAjA sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika, Arthika Adi sabhI kSetroM meM sarvaguNa sampanna hotA thaa| 1. bhUpatiH padmagulmAkhyo duSTopAyacatuSTyaH / paGacAG gamantranirNItasandhivigrahatattvavit // mahA pu0 56/3 2. arthazAstra 6/1, pR0 415. 3. yAjJavalkya smRti, rAjadharma prakaraNa zloka 309-10, 4. rAmAyaNa : vAlmIki 1/1/2-4. ....

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( 100 ) rAjA prajA kA sambandha : prAcIna graMthoM meM rAjA aura prajA kA sAmaMjasya sthApita karate hue rAjA ko prajA kA sevaka varNita kiyA hai / prajA rAjA ko apanI Aya kA chaThAMza bhAga kara ke rUpa meM detI thI, yahI rAjA kI Aya hotI thI / isa prakAra rAjA ko bhRtya kI bhA~ti prajA kI sevA karane kI vyavasthA thI / ' jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki prajA kA rAjA kA anukaraNa karatI thI / yadi rAjA dharmAtmA hotA thA to prajA bhI dharmAtmA hotI thI aura rAjA ke adharmAtmA hone para prajA bhI adharmAtmA hotI thI arthAt jaisA rAjA vaisI prajA kI kahAvata caritArtha hotI hai / " jainettara granthoM meM bhI uparyukta mata kA pratipAdana hotA hai ki prajA ke sukha meM hI rAjA kA sukha thA aura prajA ke hita meM rAjA kA hita thA / ataH rAjA ko apanA hita na dekhakara prajA kA hita dekhane ko kahA gayA hai / " 1 mahApurANa meM ullikhita hai ki prajA rAjA ko brahmA mAnakara samRddhi prApta karatI thI / jaineMttara purANa meM ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki rAjA niHsvArtha bhAva se prajA kI sukha-samRddhi ke lie saceSTa rahatA thA / ataH prajA bhI rAjA ko devatulya mAnatI thI / mahApurANa meM rAjA dvArA prajA kI rakSArtha vibhinna upAyoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue varNita hai ki rAjA ko apanI prajA kA pAlana usa prakAra karanA cAhie jisa prakAra Alasya rahita hokara gvAlA bar3e yatna 1. baudhAyanadharmasUtra 1 / 10-6, zukra 4/20/30. 2. yathA rAjA tathA prajA / padma pu0 106 / 156. anAcAresthite tasmin lokastatra pravartate / padma pu0 53 / 5, pANDava pu0 17/ 25-260. dharmazIla mahIpAle yAnti tacchIlatA prajAH / atAcchIlyamatacchIle yathA rAjA tathA prajA / mahA pu0 41/67. 3. prajA sukhe rAjJaH prajAnAM ca hite hitam / nAtmapriyaM hitaM rAjJaH prajAnAM ca hite hitam / arthazAstra / 1 / 1956, mahAbhArata zAntiparva 66 / 72-73. 4. prajAH pratApatiM matvA tamaidhantasumedhasam / mahA pu0 54 / 117.

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( 101) se apanI gAyoM kI rakSA karatA hai / jisa prakAra apanI gAya ko aMgacheda Adi kA daNDa nahIM detA, usI prakAra se rAjA ko daNDa dene meM apanI prajA ke sAtha nyAyocita udAratA karanI caahie| isake atirikta gvAle ke samAna rAjA apanI prajA ke rakSArtha, davA denA, sevA karAnA, AjIvikA prabandha karanA, parIkSA karake uccakulIna putroM ko kharIdanA aura apane rAjya meM kRSakoM ko boja Adi dekara khetI karAnI caahie|' harivaMza purANa ke anusAra rAjA ko prajA ke sAtha pitA ke samAna vyavahAra karanA caahie| rAjA aura prajA ke sambandha meM ukta vicAra jaineMttara purANoM meM bhI milate haiN| jainettara agnipurANa meM ullikhita hai ki jisa prakAra garbhavatI strI apane udarastha zizu ko hAni pahuMcAne kI AzaMkA se apanI icchAoM kA damana kara sukhoM kA parityAga karatI hai, usI prakAra rAjA ko bhI apanI prajA ke hita ke sAmane apanI icchAoM kA damana kara sukhoM kA parityAga karanA caahie| rAjA ke kArya : samAja meM rAjA kI AvazyakatA phailI haI arAjakatA kA aMta karane, prajA kA yathocita pAlana karane tathA deza meM zAnti evaM suvyavasthA sthApita karane ke lie huii| isalie rAjA kA kartavya hai ki vaha deza meM zAnti evaM suvyavasthA banAye rkhe| jaina mAnyatAnusAra batAyA gayA hai ki rAjA ko dharmapUrvaka prajA kA saMrakSaNa karanA cAhie / jo rAjA dharma-pUrvaka rAjya karatA hai vaha rAjapada para sthAyI rUpa se raha sakatA hai / jo rAjA adharmAcArI hotA hai, vaha zIghra hI padacyuta kara diyA jAtA hai / tathA aisA rAjA mara kara naraka meM jAtA hai / arthAt jisameM dharma hotA hai, usI ko rAjA kahate haiM / mahAbhArata (zAntiparva) ke anusAra rAjA dharma ke lie 1. mahA pu0 42/136-198 2. prajAnAMjanAkAbhAste ' / harivaMza pu0 7/176 3. rAmAyaNa 2/2/28-47, mahAbhArata zAntiparva 136/104-105. 4. nityaM rAjA tathA bhAvyaM gamiNI shdhrminnii| yathA svaM sukhamutsajya garbhasya sukhabhAvaheta // agnipurANa 222/8,

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(102) hotA hai, na ki kAmanA, vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie| jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA ko ahiMsApUrvaka prajA kA saMrakSaNa karanA caahie| ___jaina purANa sAhitya ke anusAra rAjA ke nimnalikhita kartavya batAye gaye haiM :(1) prajA kI rakSA karanA :-- prajA kI bAhya evaM Antarika rASTra saMkaToM se rakSA karanA rAjA kA sarva pramukha kartavya hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjA ko putravata apanI prajA kA pAlana karanA caahie| jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra RSabhadeva prathama rAjA huye haiN| inase pUrva na koI rAjA thA aura na rAjya / bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne rAjapada para AsIna hone ke bAda sarvaprathama prajA kI rakSA hetu, matsya-nyAya ke nivAraNa ke lie daNDa kI vyavasthA kI thii| prajA ke jIvikopArjana ke lie asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya tathA zilpa Adi chaha karmoM kA upadeza diyA thaa| deza meM sainika daloM kI sthApanA kI, jisase deza meM zAnti evaM suvyavasthA sthApita ho sake / prajA kI surakSA ke lie AcArya somadeva likhate haiM ki jo rAjA zatruoM para parAkrama nahIM dikhAtA vaha jIvita hI mRtaka ke samAna hai| rAjA ko prajA ke kAryoM, prajA pAlana va duSTa-nigraha Adi kA svayaM hI nirIkSaNa karanA cAhie / ina kAryoM ko rAjakarmacAriyoM ke Upara nahIM chor3anA cAhie / prajA kI rakSA karanA hI rAjA kA sabase mahAna dharma hai| isake alAvA prajA kI rakSA ke sAtha-sAtha prajA kA sarvAGgINa bikAsa karanA bhI rAjA kA kartavya hai| (2) sAmAjika vyavasthA kI sthApanA: samAja kI samucita vyavasthA karanA rAjA kA pramukha kartavya hotA hai| jisa deza athavA samAja ke loga jaba apane-apane dharma kA pAlana nahIM karate taba samAja naSTa ho jAtA hai / ataH rAjA ko varNAzrama kI sthApanA 1. mahAbhArata (zAntiparva) 60/3-4, 2. jambUdvIpa prajJapti vakSa 2. pR0 118. 3. nItivANyAmRta se rAjanIti .

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(103) karanI caahie| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne sAmAjika jIvana se nitAnta anabhijJa usa samaya ke mAnava kA sundara-zAnta aura sukhamaya jIvana banAne ke lie, sahaastitva kA pATha par3hAte hue, saba prakAra se samIcIna samAja kI AdhArazilA rkhii| RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama varNa-vyavasthA kI sthApanA kii| isase pUrva kisI bhI prakAra kI varNa-vyavasthA nahIM thii| jo loga zArIrika dRSTi se sudRr3ha aura zakti sampanna the, unheM prajA kI rakSA ke lie kArya meM niyukta kara pahacAna ke lie "kSatriya" zabda kI saMjJA dii| jo loga kRSi, pazupAlana va vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya, vitaraNa, arthAt vANijya meM nipuNa siddha hue, una logoM ke varga ko "vaizya" varNa kI saMjJA dii| jina kAryoM ko karane meM vaizya loga arUci evaM anicchA abhivyakta karate, una kAryoM ko karane meM jo loga tatpara hue va janasamudAya kI sevA meM vizeSa abhiruci pragaTa kI usa varga ko "zUdra" kI saMjJA dii| isa prakAra RSabhadeva svAmI ne kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina tIna varSoM kI sthApanA kI thii| - isake atirikta bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne mAnava ko sarvaprathama sahaastitva, sahayoga, sahRdayatA, sahiSNutA, surakSA, sauhArdra evaM samAnatA kA pATha par3hAkara mAnava ke hRdaya meM mAnava ke prati bhrAtRbhAva ko janma diyA / unhoMne guNa karma ke anusAra varNa-vibhAga kiye / janma ko pradhAnatA nahIM dI aura logoM ko samajhAyA ki saba apanA-apanA kAma karate huye eka-dUsare kA sammAna satkAra karate raho, kisI ko tiraskAra kI bhAvanA se mata dekho| uparyukta tIna varSoM ke alAvA cauthe brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA mahArAjA bharata cakravartI dvArA huii| jo loga Arambha parigraha kI pravRttiyoM se alaga rahakara logoM ko "mAhana", "mAhana" (hiMsA mata 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti vakSa 2 2. mahA pu0 16/243-246

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(104) karo) aisI zikSA dete, unheM "mAhaja" arthAt "brAhmaNa" kahA jAne lgaa| bharata dvArA pratyeka zrAvaka ke devaguru, dharma athavA jJAna, darzana,cAritra rUpI ratnatraya kI ArAdhanA ke kAraNa, kAMkaNIratna se tIna rekhAe~ kI jAtI thiiN| samaya pAkara ye hI tIna rekhAe~ yajJopavIta ke rUpa meM pariNita ho gii|' isa prakAra bharata cakravartI dvArA brAhmaNa varNa kI utpatti huii| somadeva sUri yadyapi jaina AcArya the kintu unhoMne kauTilya dvArA pratipAdita vaidika varNAzrama vyavasthA ko apanAyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki rAjA ko yamarAja ke samAna kaThora hokara aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa dete rahanA caahie| isase loga apanI-apanI maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakate tathA rAjA ko dharma, artha aura kAma ina tInoM puruSArthoM kI prApti hotI thii| (3) prArthika kartavya : ___ Arthika daSTi se prajA ko sUkhI-sampanna banAnA bhI rAjA kA kartavya hai / jIvana ko sukhI evaM samRddhizAlI banAne ke lie artha kI parama AvazyakatA hotI hai| kyoMki sabhI kAryoM kI siddhi artha se hI hotI hai| rAjA ko aisI vyavasthA karanI cAhie jisase prajA saralatApUrvaka jIvanayApana kara ske| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne prajA ko svAvalambI banAne ke lie asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya evaM zilpa ina chaha karmoM kA upadeza diyA thaa| isake alAvA kumbhakAra karma, paTakAra karma, bardhakI karma, citrakAra karma, kAzyapa karma, aura nApita karma sikhaayaa| ina pA~ca mUla karmoM ke bIsabIsa bhedoM se 100 prakAra ke karma utpanna hue / isa prakAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne sau zilpa karmoM ko sikhalAyA / isake alAvA rAjA kA kartavya hai ki vaha prajA kI Arthika sthiti ko ThIka rakhane ke lie prajA para adhika kara nahIM lagAye / yadi koI rAjA prajA se anucita kara, yA dhana vasUla karatA hai, to usa rAjA kA rAjya 1. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa pR0 28 2. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 75 3. jambUdvIpa prajJapti pR0 116, A0 cUrNI pR0 151.

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(105) zIghra hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| isalie rAjA ko nyAyapUrvaka dhana grahaNa karanA cAhie / rAjA ko vyApAra, vANijya ke lie samucita vyavasthA bhI karanI caahie| prAcIna kAla kI rAjanIti ke anusAra lAvArisa puruSa kI sampatti usake marane ke bAda rAjA ko hI jAtI thii| isa kAraNa marane vAle kI mAtA, strI Adi Azritajana anAtha aura nirAdhAra bana jAte the| isa kara rAjanIti se kaI abalAe~ jIvita rahane para bhI mRtyu ke samAna ho jAtI thiiN| jale para namaka chir3akane vAlI isa krUra prathA ko kumAra bhUpati ne apane rAjya meM eka Adeza nikAla kara banda karA diyaa| aisA kArya azoka rAjA ne bhI kiyA thaa| - - (4) prazAsakIya kartavya : deza kI zAsana vyavasthA ko sucArU rUpa se calAne ke lie rAjA ke prazAsakIya kartavya bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM / isake lie rAjA ko rAjakarmacAriyoM kI niyukti karanI cAhie, kyoMki akelA rAjA zAsana bhAra ko nahIM saMbhAla sktaa| isake lie use rAjanIti ke jJAtA kuzala maMtriyoM kI niyukti karanI caahie| jaina AgamoM meM rAjA ke pA~ca pradhAna puruSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai - rAjA, yuvarAja, amAtya, zreNI aura purohita / inameM se yuvarAja aura amAtya ko pramukha mAnA gayA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra yuvarAja ko bahattara kalAoM meM pravINa honA cAhie tathA yuvarAja banane se pUrva use rAjanItika sabhI kAryoM kI zikSA denI caahie| maMtriyoM kI niyukti ke lie parIkSAe~ lI jAtI thiiN| jo parIkSAoM meM uttIrNa ho jAte unhIM yogya puruSoM ko maMtrI banAyA jAtA thaa| rAjA zroNika kA abhaya kumAra nAma kA maMtrI bahuta hI yogya thaa| usakI bhI niyukti se pUrva rAjA ne parIkSA lI thii| isake alAvA antarrASTrIya sambandhoM ko ThIka prakAra se banAye rakhane ke lie dUtoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thii| isa prakAra prAcIna samaya meM jaina 1. kumArapAla caritra saMgraha : sampA0 AcArya vija yamuni, bambaI : bhAratIya vidyA bhavana 1956, 10 23. 2. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 76. ---------

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paurANika granthoM ke anusAra vibhinna rAjakarmacAriyoM kI niyukti kara rAjA prazAsana ko zreSTha banAne ke prayatna meM lage rhte| sainya vyavasthA bhI prazAsana kA hI aMga hai / kyoMki bala ke AdhAra para hI rAjya meM zAnti sthApita ho sakatI hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra caturaMgiNI senA kA rAjA saMgaThana karatA thA, tathA usake prazikSaNa kI bhI ucita vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| sainya-zakti kI prazaMsA karate hue AcArya somadeva likhate haiM ki jisa prakAra baTe hue mRNa-tantuoM se diggaja bhI vazIbhUta kara liyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rAjA bhI sainya-zakti se zaktizAlI zatru ko bhI parAsta kara detA hai|' isake alAvA aparAdhI kI khoja evaM aparAdha niSedha ke lie tathA kuzala videzanIti nirdhAraNa ke lie sAma, dAma, daNDa, aura bheda ye cAra nItiyA~ bhI apanAyI jAtI thiiN| jaina mAnyatAnusAra RSabhasvAmI ne sarvaprathama yaha nItiyA~ calAI thiiN| (5) nyAya-sambandhI kartavya- . rAjya ko sacAru rUpa se calAne ke lie nyAya kI samucita vyavasthA honI caahie| rAjA kA yaha parama karttavya hai ki vaha prajA kA pakSapAta rahita hokara nyAya kre| isake lie rAjA ko daNDanIti kA jJAtA honA atyanta Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne cAra prakAra kI daMDa vyavasthA kA Ayojana kiyA thaa| (1) paribhASaNa (2) maNDalI baMdha (3) cAraka baMdha (4) chaviccheda RSabhasvAmI dvArA sthApita daNDanItiyoM se pUrva tIna daNDanItiyoM kA ullekha kulakaroM ke samaya kA milatA hai / ve tIna daNDanItiyA~ nimna thIM : (1) hAkAra (2) mAkAra (3) dhikkaar| 1. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 76. 2. A0 ni0 gAthA0 168

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( 107 ) jo rAjA sAdhAraNa aparAdha ke lie prajAjanoM meM doSoM kA anveSaNa kara bhISaNa daNDa detA hai vaha rAjA prajA kA zatru hai / isalie rAjA ko aparAdhiyoM ko unake aparAdhAnukUla daNDa denA cAhie, kintu aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa avazya milanA cAhie kyoMki daNDa ke abhAva meM matsya nyAya panapatA hai / isalie rAjA ko samaya-samaya para aparAdhiyoM kI khoja karavAkara daNDa dete rahanA cAhie, lekina daNDa aparAdhAnusAra hI denA cAhie / (6) dhArmika kartavya : prAcIna samaya meM jaina mAnyatAnusAra jaba rAjA kA rAjyAbhiSeka ho jAtA thA, taba vaha deza meM amArI ghoSaNA karavAtA thA / ( amArI ghoSaNA kA artha hai kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karanA) usa samaya sabhI vyaktiyoM ko karamukta kara diyA jAtA thA tathA kaidiyoM ko kaidakhAne se chor3a diyA jAtA thA / mahArAjA kumArapAla ne rAjapada para ArUr3ha hone ke turanta bAda hI amArI ghoSaNA karavAI thI / tathA vi. saM. 1216 meM hemacandrAcArya ke pAsa, sakalajana samakSa jaina dharma kI gRhastha dIkSA dhAraNa kI thI / isa dIkSA ke dhAraNa karate hI usane usI samaya mukhya tIna pratijJAe~ lI thI / rAjya rakSA nimitta yuddha ke atirikta yAvat jIvana kisI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karanA, zikAra nahIM khelanA, madya aura mAMsa kA sevana nahIM karanA / pratidina jina pratimA kI pUjA karanA aura hemacandrAcArya kA padavandana karanA ityAdi / ' jaina sAhityika graMthoM meM ullekha milatA hai ki rAjA jina (jaina) maMdiroM kI sthApanA karAte the / sarvaprathama RSabha svAmI kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane jaba indra hAjira ( upasthita) huA thA usa samaya indra ne hI sarvaprathama mAMgalika kArya ke liye ayodhyA ke bIcoM-bIca jina maMdiroM kI sthApanA kI thI / usake pazcAt, grAma, nagara AdikI sthApanA kI thI / 00 1. kumArapAla carita saMgraha pR0 : 27 2. mahA pu0 16 / 50

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paMcama adhyAya "zAsana vyavasthA " rAjya ko sucArU rUpa se calAne ke lie tathA rAjya meM zAnti evaM suvyasthA sthApita karane ke lie zAsana vyavasthA kA honA atyanta Avazyaka / prAcIna samaya se hI zAsana vyavasthA kA sUtrapAta calA A rahA hai / jaina Agama tathA paurANika graMthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva se pUrba kisI bhI prakAra kI zAsana vyavasthA nahIM thI, kyoMki usase pUrva na rAjya thA aura na hI rAjA / RSabhadeva hI prathama rAjA huye / RSabhadeva svAmI ne rAjyAbhiSeka ke pazcAt turanta hI zAsana vyavasthA kI sthApanA kI / rAjya kI suvyavasthA evaM vikAsa ke lie sarvaprathama " ArakSaka dala" kI sthApanA kii| jisake adhikArI ' ugra" kahalAye / isake pazcAt rAjakIya vyavasthA meM parAmarza dene ke lie eka "maMtrimaMDala" kA nirmANa kiyA / jisake adhikArI "bhoga" kahe gye| maMtrimaMDala kI sthApanA ke pazcAt "parAmarza maNDala" kI sthApanA kI, jo ki samrATa ke sannikaTa rahakara unheM samaya-samaya para parAmarza ( salAha) dete rahate / parAmarza maNDala ke sadasyoM ko "rAjanya" kahA gayA / isake pazcAt sAmAnya karmacAriyoM kI niyukti kI gaI jinako ki "kSatriya" nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA / isa prakAra RSabhasvAmI dvArA cAra prakAra kI zAsana vyavasthA sthApita kI gii| jaina mAnyatAnusAra kendrIya zAsana zAsana vyavasthA meM pariSadoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA thA / jainAgamoM meM pA~ca prakAra kI pariSadoM kA ullekha milatA hai | 1. tisthogAlI painnaya pR0 85, gA0 287, Ava0 ni0 pR0 56, A0 cUrNa0 pR0 154.

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(1) pUrayantI pariSada : rAjA jaba yAtrA ke lie bAhara jAtA, taba jo rAja karmacArI unakI sevA meM rahate the, unakI pariSada ko "pUrayaMtI pariSada" kahA gayA / (2) chatrapatI pariSada : isa pariSada ke sadasya rAjA ke sira para chatra dhAraNa karate the, aura rAjA ko vAhyazAlA taka praveza karA sakate the, isase Age nahIM / (3) buddhi pariSada : - __isa pariSada ke sadasya loka, veda aura zAstroM ke paNDita hote the| loka pracalita aneka pravAda unake pAsa lAye jAte, jinakI vaha chAnabIna karate the| (4) maMtri pariSada : yaha pariSada bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hotI thii| isa pariSada ke sadasya kauTilya Adi rAjazAstroM ke paNDita hote the, lekina unake paitRkavaMza kA rAjakula se koI sambandha nahIM hotA thaa| yaha loga rAjA kA hita cAhane vAle tathA svataMtra vicAroM ke hote aura rAjA ke sAtha baiThakara ekAnta meM mantraNA kiyA karate the| (5) rahisyakI pariSada : isa pariSada ke sadasyoM kA kArya hotA thA ki jaba kabhI rAnI rAjA se rUTha jAtI, rajasvalA hone ke bAda snAna karatI, yA koI rAjakumArI vivAha ke yogya hotI, to ina saba bAtoM kI sUcanA rAjA ke pAsa taka pahuMcAte, isake alAvA, rAniyoM ke gupta prema tathA ratikarma Adi kI sUcanA bhI ye loga rAjA taka pahuMcAte the| uparyukta pariSadoM meM se maMtripariSada zAsana-vyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa aMga hotii| prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM ne maMtripariSada ko rAjya 1. bRhatkalpa bhASya pIThikA 377-383, ------- AdhAra jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 60

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. (110) vyavasthA kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa aMga mAnA hai / jaina graMthoM meM bhI anya pariSadoM kI apekSA maMtripariSada ko hI vizeSa sthAna diyA gayA hai| tathA isakA hI vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra maMtriyoM ke satparAmarza para hI rAjya kA vikAsa, unnati vavaM sthAyitva nirbhara hai| kauTilya arthazAstra meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki "jisa prakAra eka cakra se (pahiye se) ratha nahIM cala sakatA, usI prakAra binA maMtriyoM kI sahAyatA ke akelA rAjA rAjyabhAra nahIM saMbhAla mktaa|' mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki rAjA apane maMtriyoM para utanA hI nirbhara hai jitanA ki prANImAtra parjanya para, brAhmaNa vedoM para, aura striyA~ apane pati para / manu kA kathana hai ki sukara kArya hI akelA vyakti hone kI vajaha se duSkara ho jAtA hai phira rAjya jaise mahAna kArya ko binA maMtriyoM kI salAha se calAnA kaise sambhava hai| uparyukta uddharaNoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM tathA jaina graMthakAroM ne maMtrimaNDala ko rAjya kA eka avicchinna aMga mAnA hai / ukta bAtoM kA tAtparya yahI hai ki rAjA ko akele koI bhI kArya nahIM karanA caahie| use suyogya maMtriyoM evaM amAtyoM kI niyukti karanI cAhie tathA pratyeka rAjakArya meM unakA parAmarza mAnanA caahie| kyoMki svacchaMda prakRti se rAjya naSTa ho jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM AcArya kauTilya kA kathana hai ki jaba koI kaThina samasyA upasthita ho jAye athavA prANoM taka kA bhaya ho to mantriyoM evaM maMtripariSada ko balAkara rAjA unase saba kucha kahe, aura unakA parAmarza le / unameM se adhika maMtrI jisa bAta ko kaheM, athavA jisa upAya se zIghra hI kArya kI siddhi hone vAlI ho, to rAjA ko cAhie ki usI upAya kA anuSThAna kre| maMtripariSada kA mahattva pradarzita karate hue kauTilya ne likhA hai ki devarAja indra kI maMtripariSada meM eka hajAra RSi the| ve hI kAryoM ke draSTA hone ke kAraNa indra ke cakSu ke samAna the| isalie do cakSu vAle indra ko bhI 1. arthazAstra 1/7 pR0 16 2. mahAbhArata udyogaparva 37/38 3. manusmRti 7/54 4. arthazAstra 1/15 pR0 42

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-: ( 111) ..sahasrAkSa kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra pratyeka rAjA ko apanI maMtripariSada ": meM sAmarthyAnusAra aneka maMtriyoM kI niyukti karanI caahie|' * maMtripariSada kI racanA : prAcIna jaina graMthoM tathA hindU graMthoM meM maMtripariSada ke sadasyoM meM maMtrI - amAtya, saciva, mahAmaMtrI, mahA amAtya aura mahAsaciva zabdoM kA prayoga haA hai| kisI graMtha meM to maMtrI, amAtya aura saciva ko eka hI mAnA gayA hai / tathA kahIM maMtrI, amAtya aura saciva meM bheda pradarzita kiyA : gayA hai| AcArya kauTilya ne maMtrI evaM amAtya kA bheda arthazAstra me spaSTa kara diyA hai| kauTilya amAtya Adi ke sambandha meM anya AcAryoM ke mata ... uddhRta karane ke uparAnta anta meM likhate haiM ki puruSa kI sAmArthya (vibhinna AdhikAdhika padoM ko prApta karane kI yogyatA) dekhakara rAjA kisI bhI puruSa ko amAtya arthAt rAjyavyavasthApaka banA sakatA hai, kyoMki amAtya meM sAmarthya kI pradhAnatA Avazyaka hotI hai| vizvasanIya amAtya gaNa, samaha, deza, kAla aura ucita kArya kI vyavasthA dekhakara rAjA -: uparyukta sahapAThI Adi sabhI prakAra ke logoM ko amAtya (kAryasaciva) - pada para niyukta kara sakatA hai, kintu maMtrI ke pada para nhiiN| kyoMki maMtrI to vahI ho sakatA hai ki jisameM saciva ke samasta guNa vidyamAna hoN| jainAgama nizItha sUtra meM maMtrimaNDala ke sadasyoM kA amAtya', saciva, maMtrI, mahAmaMtrI, ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / kintu inameM bheda nahI batAyA gayA hai| nizIdha cUrNI meM eka sthAna para saciva ko maMtrI batAyA hai / ' tathA eka sthAna para subuddhi nAmaka vyakti ko jiyasattu nAmaka rAjA kA amAtya aura maMtrI donoM hI batAyA gayA hai| samarA 1. arthazAstra adhyAya 15 prakaraNa 1110 44 2. -arthazAstra adhyAya 8, prakaraNa 4, pR021-- 3. nizIthacUrNI : jinadAsagaNiH sampA0 upAdhyAya amaramuni tathA muni kanhaiyAlAla, AgarA : sanmati jJAnapITha 1951, pR0 164. 4. vahI 1 pR0 127 5. vahI 6. vahI 3, 50 57 7. vahI 2, pR0 267, amaccoM mNtrii| 5, vahI, 3, pR0 150

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(112) iccakahA meM maMtrI', mahAmaMtrI', amAtya', pradhAna amAtya, saciva', pradhAna saciva kA ullekha hai| AcArya somadeva maMtrI tathA amAtya meM bheda pradarzita karate haiM / isI uddezya se unhoMne maMtrI tathA amAtya do pRthaka samuddezoMkI racanA kI hai| sambhavataH somadeva ne maMtrI zabda kA prayoga mahAmaMtrI evaM aMtaraMga pariSada ke maMtriyoM ke lie kiyA hai / tathA amAtya zabda kA prayoga maMtripariSada ke anya sadasyoM evaM rAjyAdhikAriyoM ke lie kiyA hai| ataH spaSTa hotA hai ki amAtya maMtripariSada ke sadasya hote the kintu unako maMtraNA kA adhikAra prApta nahIM thaa| maMtraNA kevala sarvaguNa sampanna, pUrNarUpeNa parIkSita evaM vizvasanIya maMtriyoM se hI kI jAtI thii| isa prakAra maMtripariSada ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA to adhika hotI thI, kintu antaraMga pariSada meM kevala tIna yA cAra maMtrI hote the aura unhIM ke sAtha rAjA gahana viSayoM para maMtraNA karatA thaa| mahAbhArata se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| ataH uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina granthoM meM kAryakSetra ke anusAra maMtrI, amAtya tathA saciva ko maMtrigaNa ke rUpa meM tathA pradhAnamaMtrI, pradhAna amAtya aura pradhAna saciva ko pradhAna maMtrI ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| 1. samarAiccakahA : haribhadrasUrikRta :- paM0 bhagavAnadAsa, ahamadAbAda : jaina sosAyaTI 1938, 1 pR0 21, 68, 4, 257-58-56, 272, 283, 265; 6, 568, 630-31, 662, 665, 707 ; 6, 832, 2. vahI 2 pR0 145, 151 ; 4, 265. 3. vahI 2 pR0 146 ; 3, 166 ; 4, 273-74 ; 7, 631-32-33 ; 8, 837; 8,867-68, 635, 678. 4. vahI 7 pR0 663-64-65, ni0 pU0 2, pR0 446. 5. samarAiccakahA 3 pR0 162 ; 6, 881. 6. nItivAkyAmata meM rAjanIti pu0 86. 7. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 83/47.

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(113) (II) maMtriyoM ko niyukti : jaina paurANika graMthoM ke anusAra maMtrI pada vaMza paramparAgata bhI hotA thA aura cunAva parIkSA ke anusAra bhI hotA thaa| hindU graMthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra rAjA kA pada vaMzAnugata hotA thA usI prakAra maMtriyoM kI niyuktI bhI isI siddhAnta ke anusAra hotI thii| rAjA ke anya vyaktiyoM ke sAtha maMtriyoM kI niyukti karanA bhI usakA eka mahatvapUrNa kartavya hotA thaa| jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA maMtriyoM kI niyukti ke lie svataMtra hotA thaa| lekina maMtriyoM kI niyukti ke pUrva rAjA maMtriyoM kI parIkSA bhI letA thaa| jo parIkSA meM uttIrNa ho jAtA thA use hI maMtrI banAyA jAtA thaa| triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra meM ullekha hai ki rAjA zreNika ne abhaya kumAra ko mahAmaMtrI banAne se pUrva parIkSA lI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhI abhaya kumAra maMtrI kA ullekha hai| lekina usakI niyukti kisa prakAra huI isakA kucha ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / . rAjA zreNika ke pAsa cAra sau ninyAnave (466) bahuta kuzala, buddhizAlI maMtrI the| lekina vaha pA~ca sau maMtrI pUre karanA cAhate the / vaha eka aise puruSa kI khoja meM the jo utkRSTa buddhizAlI ho tathA cAra sau ninyAnave maMtriyoM ke Upara mahAmaMtrI sthApita ho ske| isalie rAjA zroNika ne buddhimAna manuSya kI parIkSA ke lie eka sUkhe kueM meM apanI aMgaThI pheMka dI aura sAre nagara meM DhiMDhorA piTavAyA ki jo kueM ke Upara khar3A hokara yaha a~gUThI bAhara nikAlegA vahI kuzala buddhivAlA puruSa mere cAra sau ninyAnave maMtriyoM kA mukhya maMtrI hogaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne yaha zarta bhI rakhI thI ki jo a~gUThI nikAlegA use apanI bahina kI putrI tathA Adhe rAjya kI lakSmI duuNgaa| yaha sunakara loga kahane lage ki yaha kArya to hamase nahIM hogaa| yaha kArya to AkAza meM se tAroM ko khIMcane ke samAna hai| arthAt jo AkAza meM se tAre khIMca sakatA hai vahI yaha kArya kara sakatA hai| itane meM hI abhayakumAra ha~satA huA vahAM AyA, aura bolA, . yaha aMgUThI kyoM nahIM lI jA sakatI, isameM muzkila kyA hai / use dekha sabhI 1. sAtAdharmakAMgasUtra a0 18. 2. tri. za. pu0 ca0 parva 10, 10 106 --...

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( 114) loga vicAra meM par3a gaye ki jarUra yaha koI atizaya buddhivAlA vyakti lagatA hai / kyoMki samaya Ane para puruSa ke mukha kA raMga hI usake parAkrama kA dyotaka hotA hai| sabhI puruSagaNa bole acchA to Apa hI yaha mudrikA nikAla lo aura ardharAjya kI lakSmI, aura 466 maMtriyoM kI mukhyatA grahaNa kro| yaha sunakara abhayakumAra bolA ki maiM to eka paradezI huuN| taba sabhI puruSa bole ke isameM paradezI kI kyA bAta hai, Apa yaha kArya kara sakate haiM / (isa vAkya se vidita hotA hai ki maMtrI pada ke lie svadezI honA Avazyaka nahIM thaa|) yaha sunakara abhayakumAra prasanna huA aura a~gUThI nikAlane ke lie kue~ ke taTa para khar3e hokara Ardra gomaya piMDa usa kueM meM par3I huI mudrikA para ddaalaa| isake pazcAt eka jalatA huA ghAsa kA gaThara usa par3e haye gomaya piMDa para pheMkA jisase ki momaya piMDa turanta sUkha jAye / isake kucha samaya pazcAt abhayakumAra ne pAnI kI nahara banavAkara usa sUkhe kue~ ko jala se bharavA diyaa| isase kyA huA ki sUkhA huA gomaya piMDa pAnI ke Upara tairane lgaa| yaha dekhakara abhaya kumAra ne turaMta hI usa gomaya piMDa ko nikAlakara usameM se mudrikA ko bAhara nikAla liyaa| yaha dekhakara rakSakoM ne yaha khabara turanta hI rAjA zroNika ko de dii| rAjA ko bahuta hI Azcarya huA aura abhaya kumAra ko apane pAsa bulavAyA aura AliMgana kiyaa| isake pazcAt rAjA zreNika ne apanI bahina susenA kI putrI, AdhA rAjya abhaya kumAra ko diyA tathA sarva maMtriyoM ke Upara mukhyamaMtrI bnaayaa|' (abhayakumAra rAjA zreNika kA hI putra thaa|) - rAjA zreNika kA abhayakumAra maMtrI bahuta hI buddhizAlI tathA cAra prakAra kI buddhi se yukta thaa| mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa, nItivAkyAmRta, arthazAstra, dharma-zAstra Adi graMthoM meM maMtriyoM kI niyukti kA isa prakAra ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inake 1. tri.za. pu. ca. pR0 110 2. zAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra 108 (cAra prakAra kI buddhi-1. autpattikI, 2. vanayikI, 3. kArmikI, 4. pariNAmikI)

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(115) anusAra to rAjA apanI icchAnusAra maMtriyoM kI niyukti nahIM kara sakatA thA / apitu unakI niyukti karate samaya dharmazAstroM evaM arthazAstroM meM unake sambandha meM nirdhArita niyamoM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA parama Avazyaka thaa| . jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA mukhyamaMtrI (pradhAna maMtrI) kI niyukti eka nahIM aneka parIkSAe~ lekara bhI kiyA karate the| ujjayinI nagarI kA rAjA jisake pAsa ki 466 maMtrI the, lekina vaha eka kuzAgra buddhizAlI mahAmaMtrI kI khoja meM the| isake lie unhoMne rohaka nAmaka vyakti ko pradhAna maMtrI pada ke yogya samajhA / eka dina akasmAta rAjA apane sAthiyoM se bhaTakA huA ekAkI usa mArga para AyA, jisa mArga para bharatanaTa kA putra rohaka baiThA huA thaa| jisane ki apanI buddhimatA se tathA bAla caMcalatA se zubhraretI para koTapUrNa nagarI kA nakzA taiyAra kiyA thaa| rAjA yaha dekhakara bahuta prasanna huA, aura usake cAturya ko dekhakara Azcaryacakita huaa| rAjA mahala meM Akara rAjyakArya se nivRtta hokara socane lagA ki mere cAra sau ninyAnave maMtrI haiM, yadi aisA kuzAgra buddhizAlI mahAmaMtrI ho jAe to maiM sukhapUrvaka rAjya calAne meM samartha ho skuuNgaa| isa prakAra soca vicAra kara rAjA ne kucha dinoM taka "rohaka" kitanA buddhizAlI hai isake lie 14 prakAra se rohaka kI parIkSA lii| usake pazcAta use mukhyamaMtrI pada para niyukta kiyaa| (III) maMtriyoM ko yogyatA :. jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA maMtriyoM kI yogyatA evaM gaNoM kI pUrNa rUpeNa parIkSA karake ho maMtrI banate the| jaina purANoM meM amAtya kI yogyatA kA ullekha karate hue varNita hai ki use nirbhIka, svakriyA tathA parakriyA kA jJAtA, mahAbalavAn, sarvajJa evaM mantrakovida(maMtraNA meM nipuNa)Adi guNoM se yukta honA caahie| prAcIna AcAryoM ne bhI amAtya ke sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai ki use lalita kalAoM meM nipuNa, arthazAstra kA jJAtA, 1. nandIsUtra : sampA0 muni zrI phUlacanda zramaNa, ludhiyAnA : AtmArAma jaina prakAzana samiti, 1966, pR0 167-173. . 2. padama pu.0 8/16-17, 15/126-31. 66/3, 103/3; mahA 50 4/160

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( 116 ) anvaya prApta, vAgmI, zUravIra, vidvAn, nirlobhI, saMtoSI, sandhivigrahakovida, catura, vAk- paTu, utsAhI, prabhAvazAlI pratibhAvAn, mRdubhASI, vIra, dakSa, smRtivAn, medhAvI, svarayukta, dharmazAstra kA jJAtA, sahiSNu, snehI, pavitra, svAbhimAnI, svAmibhakta, suzIla, svastha, samartha, dIrghadarzI, pratyutyannamati, prAmANika, satyavAdI, ImAnadAra, smRti evaM dhAraNA Adi guNoM se vibhUSita honA cAhie / inake alAvA jJAtA dharmakathA meM maMtriyoM kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA haiM ki unheM sAma, dAma daNDa, aura bheda nIti meM kuzala, nItizAstra meM paNDita, gaveSaNA meM catura, kulIna, zruti sampanna pavitra, anurAgI, dhIra, vIra, niroga, pragalbhavAgmI, prAjJa, rAgadveSarahita, satyavAdI, mahAtmA, dRr3hacittavAlA, nirbhIka, prajA priya, cAroM buddhi kA nidhAna, kUTanItijJa, buddhavidyAvizArada, artha - zAstra vizArada Adi guNoM se yukta honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / yadyapi rAjya ke sabhI kAryoM kI antima jimmedArI rAjA kI hotI thI, lekina phira bhI vaha maMtriyoM kI salAha mAnatA thA / " maMtriyoM kA sarvazreSTha karttavya yaha hotA thA ki vaha rAjA ko kumArga se haTAkara satmArga dikhalAye / rAjA ko zikSA denA maMtrI kA prathama karttavya hotA thA / khAsa paristhiti meM maMtrI ayogya rAjA ko haTAkara usake sthAna para dUsare rAjA ko gaddI para baiThA detA thA / basantapurakA rAjA jitazatru apanI rAnI sukumAliyA ke prema meM itanA pAgala thA ki vaha rAjakAja kI ora se udAsIna rahane lagA / yaha dekha maMtriyoM ne use nirvAsita kara rAjakumAra ko siMhAsana para baiThA diyA / maMtrigaNa rAjA ke prati svAmI bhakti kI bhAvanA se kArya karate the / ve nIti tathA buddhi meM kuzala hote the / parAmarza tathA anya prakAra ke prazAsanika kAryoM meM sahayoga dene ke sAtha-sAtha nyAyakArya ko bhI dekhate the / 1 1. arthazAstra 1 / 9 pR0 22 mahAbhArata zAntiparva 118 /7 - 14 zukra 2/52-54. vyavahAra bhASya 1 pR0 131 2. jJAtA dharmakayAMgasUtra 1 pR0 8. 3. mahAbhArata zAntiparva adhyAya 83 / 50-52. 4. A0 cUrNI pu0 534, nizIdha cUrNI 11, 3765. 5. samarAiccakahA 4, pR0 257-58, 56, 272.

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(117) (1) maMtri pariSada : sadasyoM kI saMkhyA :.. amAtyoM ke binA rAjyakArya sambhava nahIM hai, isalie amAtyoM kI niyukti kI jAtI hai / sabhI amAtyoM ko milAkara maMtrimaNDala banatA hai| kauTilya ne maMtriyoM kI sabhA ko "pariSada", bauddha jAtakoM meM "mahAvastu" tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM "pAritA" varNita hai|' Adhunika yuga meM pariSada ko hI maMtrimaMDala yA maMtripariSada kahate haiM / jaina purANoM ke anusAra maMtrimaNDala ke sadasyoM kI nimnatama saMkhyA cAra evaM adhikatama saMkhyA sAta hotI thii| aise rAjA ke 500 maMtrI taka hote the lekina maMtrimaNDala meM maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA sAmAnyataH nizcita hotI thii| rAjA zreSika ke 466 maMtrI tathA eka mahAmaMtrI abhayakumAra thA isa prakAra rAjA zreNika ke maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA 500 thii| mahAbhArata meM maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA ATha batAI gaI hai| manu ke anusAra maMtripariSada meM maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA sAta yA ATha honI caahie| yazastilaka campU meM rAjA ko eka hI maMtrI para pUrNa rUpa se nirbhara na rahane kI bAta kahI gaI hai / jisakA matalaba hai ki avazya hI maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA adhika rahI hogii|' manu aura kauTilya isa bAta para sahamata hai ki rAjya kI AvazyakatAnusAra maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA nizcita kI jAnI caahie| - padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki maMtrimaNDala kA pradhAna mukhyamaMtrI hAtA thA isake adhInastha anya maMtrI hote the| rAjA dharmAsana para baiThakara maMtriyoM ke sAtha vicAravimarza karatA thaa|" 1. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla-hindUrAnataMtra, pR 113-114. 2. mahA pu0 4/190, padma pu0 8/487. 3. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 bhAga 10 10 106-110. 4. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 35/11. aSTAnAM maMtriNA madhye maMtra rAjopadhAyet // 5. manusmRti 7/54 6. ke0ke0 haMDIkI : yazastilaka eNDa iNDiyana kalcara, solApura 1968 pR0 101. 7, manu 7/61 8. arthazAstra 1/15 pR0 44 yathA sAmarthyamiti kauTilyaH . 6. padma pu0 73/25, tulanIyaH-manu 7/141, mahAbhArata zAntiparva 81/21; nizIpacUNi 3 pR0 57. 10. padma pu0 106/146, tulanIya-mAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra 1 pR0 8.

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(116) mantri pariSada ke kArya rAjyAdhiSThAna meM amAtya athavA mantrI kA pada atyanta mahatvapUrNa hotA thA / vaha apane janapada, nagara aura rAjA ke sambandha meM sadA cintita rahatA tathA vyavahAra aura nIti meM nipuNa hotA / / __ AcArya kauTilya ne likhA hai ki kArya ke prArambha karane ke upAya, manuSyoM aura dhana kA kAryoM ke lie viniyoga, kAryoM ko karane ke lie kauna-sA pradeza va kauna-sA samaya prastuta kiyA jAye, kArya siddhi ke mArya meM Ane vAlI vipattiyoM kA nivAraNa aura kAryoM kI siddhi ye yantra (rAjakIya parAmarza) ke pA~ca aMga hote haiN| inhIM kAryoM ke lie mantripariSada kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isa prakAra AcArya kauTilya ne mantripariSada ke pA~ca kArya batalAye haiN| jaina mAnyatAnusAra bhI maMtriyoM ke bahuta mahattvapUrNa kArya hote the| rAjA zreNika kA pradhAnamaMtrI abhayakumAra sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda meM kuzala aura nItizAstra meM paNDita, gaveSaNA Adi meM catura, arthazAstra meM vizArada tathA autpattikI, vainayikI, kAsikI aura pAriNAmikI nAmaka cAra prakAra kI buddhiyoM meM niSNAta thaa| rAjA zreNika apane aneka kAryoM aura gupta rahasyoM ke bAre meM abhaya kumAra se maMtraNA kiyA karate the| rAjA zreNika jaba ceTaka kI putrI sujyeSThA ko prApta karane meM asaphala rahA to usane apane maMtrI abhaya kumAra ko apanI sArI bAta se avagata karAkara use vaizAlI ravAnA kiyaa| abhayakumAra ne vaNi ka kA veza dhAraNa kara tathA apanA svara aura varNa badalakara vaha rAjA ke kanyA antaHpura ke pAsa dukAna lekara rahane lgaa| (isa vAkya se vidita hotA hai ki maMtrI rAjA kI icchA tathA kAryoM kI pUrti karane ke lie samayAnusAra veza parivartana, varNa parivartana tathA svara meM parivartana kara lete the jisase koI use pahacAna na ske|) - abhaya kumAra ne dAna, mAna Adi dvArA zIghra hI antaHpura kI dAsiyoM 1. sajaNavayaM puravaraM cintato atthai naravati ca / vyavahAra nIti kusalo, amaccoM eyArisro ahavA / vyavahArabhASya pR0 131 ma0 tathA ko0 artha0 1 a0 8-6. 2. kau0 artha0 1 0 15 pR0 43.

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(119) ko apane vaza meM kara liyaa| phira eka dina usame rAjA zreNika ke citrapaTa ko antaHpura meM bhijavA diyA jise dekha sujyeSThA aura cellalA donoM bahineM zreNika para mugdha ho gyiiN| tatpazcAt abhaya kumAra ne antaHpura saka eka suraMga khudavAI aura cellaNA ko prApta karane meM saphala huaa| isake alAvA abhaya kumAra ne kaI bAra rAjanaitika saMkaToM se zreNika kI rakSA kii| eka bAra ujjayinI ke rAjA caMDapradyota ne caudaha rAjAoM ke sAtha rAjagRha para AkramaNa kiyaa| abhaya kumAra ne usa samaya rAjya kA rakSaNa kiyA thaa| usane jahA~ zatru kA zivira lagatA thA, vahA~ pahale hI svarNa mudrAe~ gar3avA diiN| jaba caNDapradyota ne Akara rAjagRha ko gherA to abhayakumAra ne sUcanA karavAI ki "maiM ApakA hitaiSI hokara yaha sUcanA kara rahA hU~ ki Apake sAthI rAjA zreNika se mila gaye haiN| ataH vaha Apako pakar3akara zreNika ko supurda karane vAle haiN| zreNika ne unako bahuta dhanarAzi dI hai| vizvAsa na ho to Apa apane zivira kI bhUmi khudavA kara dekha leN| caNDapradyota ne bhUmi khudavAI to use usa sthAna para gar3I huI svarNa mudrAe~ miliiN| bhaya khAkara vaha jyoM kA tyoM hI ujjayinI lauTa gyaa| maMtrI samaya-samaya para rAjA ko satparAmarza bhI diyA karate the| mahApaduma nAma kA nauvA~ naMda pATaliputra meM rAjya karatA thaa| kappaka kI nauMvI pIr3hI meM utpanna sagaDAla usakA maMtrI kaa| usake dhUla-bhadda aura tiraaka nAma ke do putra tathA jakkhA, jakkhadiNNA, bhUyA bhUyadiNNA, teNA, veNa aura seNA nAmakI sAta putriyA~ thiiN| pATaliputra meM vararudhi nAma kA eka brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| vaha pratidina 108 naye zloka banAkara naMda rAjA kI stuti karatA thA aura rAjA usake badale meM use 108 suvarNa mudrAe~ detA thaa| sagaDAla maMtrI ne dekhA aura socA ki isa taraha to rAjakoSa bahuta jaldI rikta jaayegaa| isalie usane eka yojanA banAI / usakI sAtoM hI putriyA~ bar3I buddhimAna thiiN| pahalI putrI eka bAra sunakara, isI taraha kramazaH sAtoM putriyA~ sAta bAra sunakara yAda kara detI thiiN| usane eka bAra vararuci ke zloka sunane ke samaya apanI sAtoM putriyoM ko pardo kI Ar3a meM biThA diyaa| ina sAtoM ne zloka sunakara yAda kara 1. A0 cUrNI0 u0 pR0 165. ityaadi| 2. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 mUla zlo0 184.

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liye aura rAjA ko jyoM ke tyoM kaha sunaaye| isa para rAjA ne vararuci ko dAna denA banda kara diyaa| isa prakAra sagaDAla maMtrI ne rAjakoSa ke khAlI hone se pUrva kI usakI rakSA kara lI thii| isake alAvA Antarika upadravoM aura bAhya AkramaNoM se rAjya kI rakSA karane ke lie maMtrIgaNa guptacaroM ko dhanAdi dekara niyukta karate the| sUcaka, antaHpura ke rakSakoM ke sAtha maitrI karake antaHpura ke rahasyoM kA patA lagAte, anusUcaka nagara ke paradezI guptacaroM kI talAza meM rhte| pratisUcaka nagara ke dvAra para baiThakara darjI Adi kA choTA-moTA kAma karate hue duzmana kI tAka meM rahate tathA sarvasUcaka, sUcaka, anusUcaka aura pratisUcaka se saba samAcAra prApta kara amAtya se nivedana krte| ye guptacara sabhI puruSoM aura kabhI mahilAoM ke rUpa meM sAmanta rAjyoM aura sAmanta nagaroM tathA apane rAjya, apane nagaroM aura rAjA ke antaHpura meM gupta rahasyoM kA patA lagAne ke liye ghUmate rahate / / ... harivaMza purANa ke anusAra maMtrI rAjA ko atyanta nikaTastha ApattiyoM se rakSA karate the|' padma purANa meM to yaha bhI varNita hai ki maMtrI rAjakanyA ke lie yogya vara ke cayanArtha parAmarza bhI dete the| jaina purANoM ke anusAra maMtrIgaNa tantra (svarASTra) aura avAya (pararASTra) ke sambandha meM rAjA ke sAtha nIti-nirdhAraNa karate the| jaina mAnyatAnusAra maMtrI zatru ko parAjita kara, rAjya kI rakSA ke liye sadaiva prayatnazIla rahate / kabhI kUTanIti se rAjA maMtrI ko jhUThamUTha hI sabhAsadoM ke sAmane apamAnita kara rAjya se nikAla detaa| aisI paristhiti meM yaha maMtrI vipakSI rAjA se jA milatA thaa| phira vahA~ zanaiH zanaiH usakA vizvAsapAtra banakara use parAjita karake hI lauTatA thaa| bhRgukaccha ke rAjA nahapAna aura pratiSThAna ke rAjA zAlivAhana donoM meM kucha 1. A0 cUrNI u0 pR0 183-184. 2. vyavahAra bhASya 1 pR0 130 a0 ityAdi / 3. harivaMza pu0 14/66. 4. padma pu0 15/26. 5. padma pu0 103/6 / tantrApAya mahAbhAraM tataH prabhRti bhUpatiH / mahA pu0 46/72)

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(121) anabana calatI rahatI thii| nahapAna ke pAsa mAla-khajAnA bahuta thaa| aura zAlivAhana ke pAsa senA bahuta thii| eka bAra zAlivAhana ne nahapAna kI nagarI para AkramaNa kara use cAroM ora se ghera liyaa| lekina nahapAna ne isa avasara para apane sAre khajAne ke dvAra khola diye| aura jo sipAhI zatru ke sainikoM ke sira kATa kara lAte, unheM vaha mAlAmAla kara detA thaa| isase zAlivAhana ke sainikoM ko bahuta kSati uThAnI par3I aura vaha hAra kara lauTa gyaa| isa taraha kaI varSa taka hotA rhaa| eka dina zAlivAhana ne apane maMtrI ko lar3a-bhir3akara deza se bAhara nikAla diyaa| maMtrI bhRgukaccha pahu~cakara nahapAna se mila gyaa| aura dhIre-dhIre rAjA kA vizvAsa prApta kara vaha vaha mantrI ke pada para AsIna ho gyaa| vahA~ rahakara usane stUpa, tAlAba, vApI devakula Adi ke nirmANa meM nahapAna kA adhikAMza dhana lagavA diyA, aura jo zeSa rahA usase rAniyoM ke AbhUSaNa banavA diye| isa prakAra nahapAna kA sArA khajAnA khAlI ho jAne para zAlivAhana ke pAsa sUcanA bheja dii| zAlivAhana sUcanA pAte hI senA lekara nahapAna ke rAjya para car3ha AyA aura nahapAna ko yuddha meM harA diyaa|' ___ isake alAvA rAjakAryoM meM satparAmarza denA maMtriyoM kA pradhAna kartavya hotA thaa| manu ne likhA hai ki ina sacivoM ke sAtha rAjA ko rAjya kI vibhinna vikaTa paristhitiyoM meM tathA sAmAnya, sandhi, vigraha, rASTrarakSA tathA satpAtroM Adi ko dhana dene ke kArya meM nitya parAmarza karanA caahie| isa prakAra pratyeka kArya mantriyoM ke parAmarza se karane meM rAjya kA kalyANa hotA hai| yadyapi rAjA ko pratyeka kArya maMtripariSada ke parAmarza se karane kA vidhAna thA, kintu rAjA ina mantriyoM ke parAmarza ko mAnane ke lie bAdhya nahIM thaa| maMtriyoM se parAmarza karane ke uparAnta usako apanA vyaktigata nirNaya dene kA adhikAra smRtikAroM ne rAjA ko pradAna kiyA hai| kiMtu rAjA ina maMtriyoM ke parAmarza kA ullaMghana usI samaya kara sakatA thA jabaki unake parAmarza meM ekarUpatA na ho aura vaha rASTra ke hita ke lie apanA nirNaya adhika upayogI samajhatA ho| 1. A0 cU0 2 pR0 200 ityAdi / 2 manu 7/58. 3. vahI 7/57.

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... (22) isakA abhiprAya yaha nahIM hai ki mantripariSada kA rAjA ke samakSa koI astittva hI nahIM thaa| rAjA saiddhAntika rUpa se to yaha adhikAra rakhatA thA ki mantripariSada ke parAmarza ko vaha mAne yA na mAne, parantu mantripariSada meM vibhinna vibhAgoM ke vizeSa maMtriyoM ke hone ke kAraNa vaha unake nirNaya ko mahattva detA thA aura sAdhAraNataH usake anusAra hI kArya karatA thaa| AcArya somadeva ne likhA hai ki "rAjAoM ko apane samasta kAryoM kA prArambha suyogya maMtriyoM kI mantraNA se hI karanA caahie|' maMtriyoM ke kAryoM kA ullekha karate huye AcArya somadeva likhate haiM ki binA prArambha kiye kAryoM ko prArambha karanA, prArambha kiye hae kAryoM ko pUrNa karanA aura jo pUrNa ho cuke haiM unameM kucha vizeSatA utpanna karanA tathA apane adhikAra kA ucita sthAna meM prabhAva dikhAnA ye maMtriyoM ke pramukha kArya haiN| maMtrI kA yaha kartavya hai ki rAjA ko sadaiva satparAmarza hI de aura use kabhI akArya kA upadeza na de / jaina mAnyatAnusAra maMtrI ko rAjA ke lie duHkha denA uttama hai, kintu vaha bhaviSya meM hitakAraka honA caahie| jo maMtrI tatkAla apriya lagane vAle kaThora kintu hitakAraka vacana bolakara rAjA ko duHkhI karatA hai to vaha uttama hai, parantu akartavya kA upadeza dekara rAjA kA vinAza karanA acchA nahIM hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra maMtrI rAjA ko zikSA detA thA tathA khAsa paristhitiyoM meM ayogya rAjA ko haTAkara usake sthAna para dUsare rAjA ko gaddI para baiThAtA thaa| (kha) koSa : zAsana sattA kI suvyavasthA evaM sthAyittva ke lie koSa ko rAjya kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga batAyA gayA hai| koSa vipatti ke samaya meM rAjA aura prajA donoM kI rakSA karatA hai| koSa kA adhikArI bhANDAgArika hotA thaa| vaha bhaNDAgAra kI vyavasthA kA barAbara dhyAna rakhatA thaa| usakI rAya se hI bhANDAgAra se dhana Adi kharca kiyA jAtA thA lekina bhANDAgAra kA sarvocca adhikArI to rAjA hI hotA thaa| kauTilya 1. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 102. 2. vahI

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(123) arthazAstra meM koSa ke adhikArI ko koSAdhyakSa kahA gayA hai|' koSa kI utpatti rAjA ke sAtha hI huI hai| jaisA ki mahAbhArata ke varNana se prakaTa hotA hai ki prajA ne manu ke koSa ke lie pazu aura hiraNya kA pA~cavA~ bhAga tathA dhAnya kA dasavA~ bhAga denA svIkAra kiyA thaa| koSa ko bhANDAra Adi anya nAmoM se bhI jaina purANoM meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| Adi purANa meM koSa ke lie zrIgRha zabda kA prayoga huA hai / nizItha sUtra meM ullikhita hai ki koSa meM maNi, muktA aura ratnoM kA saMcaya kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAbhArata', kAmaMdaka nItisAra aura nItivAkyAmRta' meM kahA gayA hai ki koSa rAjya kI jar3a hotI hai| isalie isakI dekha-rekha yatnapUrvaka karanI cAhie / abhilekhoM meM bhI bhANDAgArika kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| nAsika abhilekha meM isakA bhADAgArikayA ke rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| kannauja nRpati ke candrAvatI abhilekha (saMvat 1148) meM bhANDAgArika kA ullekha hai| AcArya somadeva likhate haiM ki koSa hI rAjAoM kA prANa hai|'' saMcita koSa saMkaTa kAla meM rASTra kI rakSA karatA hai| (1) rAjakara vyavasthAH kAnUnI Taiksa jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna samaya meM lagAna aura kara ke dvArA rAjya kA kharca calatA thA tathA isI se rAjakoSa ko bharA jAtA thaa| 1. kauTilva aryazAstra 11/26, pR0 116. 2. mahA0 zAnti0 67/23-24 1. Adi pu0 3785 4. nizISa sUtra 6/7 . 5. mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 130/35 6. kAmaMdaka 31/33 7. nItivAkyAmRta, 21/5. 8. samarAiccakahA : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 63 . 6. vahI 10. nItivAkyAmRtam 22/5.

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( 124 ) 1 vyavahAra bhASya meM sAdhAraNatayA paidAvAra ke dasaveM hisse ko kAnUnI Taiksa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vaise paidAvAra kI rAzi, phasala kI kImata, bAjArabhAva aura kheta kI jamIna Adi ke kAraNa Taiksa kI dara meM antara hotA rahatA thA / kheta aura gAya Adi ke atirikta pratyeka ghara se bhI Taiksa vasUla kiyA jAtA thA / rAjagRha meM kisI vaNika ne pakkI IMToM kA makAna banavAyA lekina gRha nirmANa pUrA hote hI vaNika mara gayA / usake pazcAt vaNika ke putra bar3I muzkila se apanI AjIvikA calA pAte the / aisI hAlata meM bhI unheM niyamAnusAra rAjA ko eka rupayA kara denA Avazyaka thA / isa paristhiti se taMga Akara ve apane ghara ke pAsa hI eka jhoMpar3I banAkara rahane lage / aura apanA ghara jaina zramaNoM ko rahane ke liye de diyA / jAna par3atA hai ki zUvarika nagara ke vaNika logoM meM kara dene kI prathA kA pracalana nahIM thA / yahA~ para vaNikoM ke 500 parivAra rahate the / eka bAra rAjA ne pratyeka parivAra ke Upara eka-eka rupayA kara lagA diyA / vaNikoM ne socA ki yadi yaha kara cala par3A to unakI pIr3hI dara pIr3hI ko ise dete rahanA par3egA / yaha socakara ve agni meM praveza kara gaye / vyApAriyoM ke mAla asabAba para bhI kara lagAyA jAtA thA / bikrI ke mAla para lagAye jAne vAle Taiksa ko zulka kahate the / kisI vyApArI ke pAsa bIsa kImatI bartana the, unameM se eka bartana rAjA ko dekara vaha kara se mukta ho gayA / campA nagarI ke jala pota vaNika bAhara se dhana kamAkara lauTe aura gaMbhIrapotapaTTana meM uttara mithilA nagarI meM Aye / rAjA ke liye bahumUlya kuNDala yugala kA upahAra lekara ve usase bheMTa karane cale / rAjA kuNDala yugala dekhakara bahuta prasanna huA / usane unakA vipula azana, pAnI Adi dvArA satkAra kiyA aura unakA kara (zulka) mApha kara diyA / ( isa kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM vyApArI rAjAoM ke 1. vyavahAra bhASya 1 pR0 1.8 A0 2. vahI 3,4770 3. ni0 bhASya 16, 5156. 4. ni0 bhASya 20, 6521 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra 8, pR0 272

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(125) sAmane kImatI upahAra Adi bheMTa karane se rAjA unase khuza ho jAte the tathA unakA kara bhI mApha kara dete the|) Ajakala kI bhAMti prAcIna samaya meM bhI vyApArI loga mAla ko chipA lete aura Taiksa se bacane kI koziza karate the| acala nAma kA eka vyApArI thaa| pArasakula se vaha dhana kamAkara venyAtaTa lauTA / aura hiraNya, suvarNa aura motiyoM kA thAla bharakara vaha rAjA ke pAsa phuNcaa| rAjA paMcakUloM ke sAtha le usake mAla kI parIkSA karane aayaa| acala ne zaMkha, supArI, caMdana, agurU, maMjITha Adi apanA mAla dikhA diyA; lekina rAjA ko zaMkA huI to boroM ko tulavAyA to ve bhArI mAlUma diye| rAjakarmacAriyoM ne pAMva kI Thokara aura bA~sa kI DaMDI se patA lagAyA taba mAlUma huA ki maMjITha ke andara sonA, cAMdI, maNi, muktA aura pravAla Adi kImatI sAmAna chipA huA hai| yaha dekhakara rAjA ne acala ko giraphtAra karane kA hukma diyaa|' nItivAkyAmRta meM bhI bhUmikara ke atirikta anya vastuoM para lagane vAle kara bhI rAjya kI Aya ke sAdhana the| zulka se rAjya ko paryApta dhana prApta hotA thaa| vikretA aura kretA se rAjA ko jo bhAga prApta hotA vaha zulka kahalAtA hai / zulka prApti ke sthAna haTTamArga (cugI-sthAna) Adi haiN| ina sthAnoM kA surakSita honA Avazyaka hai| isake sAtha hI yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vahA~ para nyAyocita kara hI grahaNa kiyA jaaye| yadi vahA~ para kisI bhI prakAra kA anyAya hogA to vyApArI loga apanA mAla lAnA baMda kara deNge| aura isase rAjakIya Aya ko kSati phuNcegii| AcArya somadeva likhate haiM ki Aya ke sthAna meM vyApAriyoM meM thor3A sA bhI anyAya kA dhana grahaNa karane se rAjA ko mahAna Arthika hAni hotI hai. kyoMki vyApAriyoM ke kraya-vikraya ke mAla para adhika kara lagAne se ve loga bhArI kara ke bhaya se vyApAra baMda kara dete haiM yA chala-kapaTa kA vyavahAra karate haiM jisake phalasvarUpa rAjya ko bhArI hAni hotI hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana TokA, a0 3 / kauTilya ne arthazAstra (2/21/36, pR0 178) meM batAyA hai ki bar3hiyA mAla ko chipAne vAle kA sArA mAla jabta kara lenA caahie| 2. notivApayAmRtam 14/14.

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...(126) karoM ke prakAra: jaina sUtroM meM aThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha hai| (1) gokara (gAya becakara diyA jAne vAlA kara), mahiSakara, uSTrakara, pazukara, chagalokara (bakarA), tRNakara, palAlakara (puvAla), busakara (bhUsA), kASThakara, aGgArakara, sItAkara (hala para liyA jAne vAlA kara) uMbara kara' (dehalI athavA pratyeka ghara se liyA jAne vAlA kara), jaMdhAkara (athavA jaMgAkaraH carAgAha para liyA jAne vAlA kara): balIvardakara (baila), ghaTakara, carmakara, cullagakara (bhojana) aura apanI icchA se diyA jAne vAlA kr| ye kara gA~voM meM hI vasUla kiye jAte the aura nagara inase mukta rhte| kara vasUla karane vAle karmacArI zalkapAla (gomiyAsukiyA) kahe jAte the| putrotpatti, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi zubha avasaroM para kara mApha kara diyA jAtA thaa| arthazAstra meM bAIsa prakAra ke rAjakara batAye gaye haiN|' rAjakoSa ko samaddha banAne ke anya upAya : rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke aura bhI upAya the| yadi koI vyakti koI kArya karavAnA cAhatA to usase pUrva vaha rAjA kI maMjUrI lene ke lie mUlyavAna upahAra lekara rAjA ke pAsa jAtA thaa| rAjagRha kA nanda nAmaka maNiyAra zreSThI nagara meM eka puSkariNI khudavAnA cAhatA thaa| isalie vaha apane mitroM se pariveSThita ho koI mUlyavAna upahAra lekara rAjA zreNika ke pAsa pahuMcA aura puSkariNI khudavAne kI AjJA (anumati) prApta kii| campAnagarI ke suvarNakAra kumAranandi ne paMcazaila dvIpa ke lie prasthAna karane kI ghoSaNA karane se pUrva rAjA kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka smjhaa| isalie suvarNa Adi bahumUlya upahAra lekara vaha 1. bRhatkalpa bhASya TIkA, malayagiri aura hemakIti ; puNyavijaya, bhAvanagara, AtmA naMda jaina sabhA ; 1933-38, u0 4770. 2. vahI 1, 1086 natthettha karo nagara 3. kauTilya arthazAstra 2/6 pR0 86. 4, hAtAdharmakayAMgasUtra A0 13 pR0 384,

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( 127 ) rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita huA aura anumati mila jAne para yAtrA ke lie ravAnA huA ' isake alAvA yadi kabhI kisI vyakti kI sampatti kA koI vArisa nahIM hotA yA kahIM para gar3I huI nidhi mila jAtI to usa para bhI rAjA kA adhikAra hotA thA / candrakAntA nagarI ke rAjA vijayasena ko jaba patA calA ki kisI vyApArI kI mRtyu ho gaI hai aura usakI sampatti kA koI vArisa nahIM hai to rAjA ne karmacAriyoM ko bhejakara usakI sampatti para kabjA kara liyA / lekina kumArapAla ne apane zAsana meM isa prathA kA aMta kara diyA (ga) senA yA bala : prAcIna samaya meM AMtarika vidroha kI zAnti evaM bAhya AkramaNa se rAjya kI surakSA ke liye senA kI ucita vyavasthA hotI thI / arthazAstra meM sainya bala ko " daNDa" kahA gayA hai / " rAjA, mahArAjAoM ke pAsa caturaMgiNI senA kI ucita vyavasthA hotI thI / jaina mAnyatAnusAra bharata ne sarva prathama caturaMgiNI senA kI sthApanA kI thI / " caturaMgiNI senA ke antargata ratha, hasti, azva aura padAti sainika hote the / kanyA ke vivAha meM yaha vastue~ daheja meM dI jAtI thIM / usa samaya samasta senA senApati ke niyaMtraNa meM rahatI thI / usa samaya senA meM vyavasthA aura anuzAsana kAyama rakhane ke lie senApati hamezA saceSTa rahatA thA / yuddha ke avasara para rAjA kI AjJA pAkara vaha caturaMgiNI senA ko susajjita kara kUca ke lie taiyAra rahatA thA / jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM bharata cakravartI ke suSeNa nAmaka senApati thA / A0 cUrNI meM usakA vizrutayaza, mleccha bhASA meM vizArada, madhura bhASI aura arthazAstra ke paNDita ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai / ' 1. uttraa|dhyyn TIkA 18. 2. kalpasUtra : TIkA: samayasundaragaNi, bambaI 1936, 1, AdhAra jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR 112-113 3. kumArapAla caritra saMgraha pu0 23. 4. artha- zAstra 6, 1, pR0 418 5. jambUdvIpa prajJapti pR 184 6. A0 cUrNI pU0 190.

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(128). (ka) caturaMgiNI senA ke aMga 1. padAti senA: caturaMgiNI senA ke antargata paMdAti sainika hote the| kauTilya ne maula (sthAnIya), bhRta (vetanabhogI), zreNI (prAnta meM bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para rahane vAle), mitrabala, amitra bala (zatrusenA) aura aTavIbala nAma ke padAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ve loga hAtha meM talavAra, bhAlA, dhanuSa, bANa Adi lekara calate tathA bANa Adi ke prahAra se rakSA ke lie sannaddha-baddha hokara carma aura kavaca dhAraNa kiye rahate, bhujAoM para carmapaTTa bA~dhe rahate tathA unakI grIvA AbharaNa tathA mastaka vIratA sUcaka paTTa se zobhita rhtaa| yoddhA loga dhanuSa-bANa calAte samaya AlADhe, pratyAlIDha, vaizAkhA, maMDala aura samapAda nAma ke Asana svIkAra karate the| rAmAyaNa meM maula, bhRtya, mitra aura aTavI ina cAra prakAra kI senAoM tathA mahAbhArata meM maula, bhRtya, aTavI aura zreNI bala kA ullekha hai / vaMzakrama se AyI huI senA paitRka athavA maula kahalAtI hai, dhana dekara ekatra kI gaI / senA bhRtya, maitrI bhAva se ekatra kI gayI senA mitra, nizcita samaya para sahAyatA dene vAlI senA ko zreNI, parvata evaM araNya pradezoM meM rahane vAle niSAda, milla, zabara Adi se saMgaThita kI gayI senA ko ATavika evaM zatru senA se AkrAMta hokara bhAge hue sainika yadi dasyu bhAva svIkAra kara le to unake dvArA saMgaThita kI gayI senA amitra kahalAtI thii|' jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM bhI caturaMgiNI senA kA ullekha milatA hai / / bharata cakravartI jaba digvijaya ke liye ravAnA huye the to unakI caturaMgiNI senA meM bhI padAti senA sarva pramukha thii| 1. arthazAstra 2/33 pR0 226. . 2. aupapAtika sUtra 31 pR0 132 vipAka sUtra 2. 3. nizISa bhASya 20, 6300 4. nemicandra zAstrI : Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata vArANasI : 1918, pR. 368. 5. jambUdIpa prApti pR0 184.

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(129 ) II. azva senA : __ azva senA bhI caturaMgiNI senA kA eka viziSTa aMga hotA thaa| azva sainika bahuta hI custa evaM phurtIle hote the / azva kA pradhAna adhikArI mahAzvapati kahalAtA thaa| kahIM-kahIM para azvapati bhI kahA gayA hai / ghor3e teja daur3ate the tathA zatru senA para pahale se hI AkramaNa kara dete, zatru kI senA meM ghusa kara senA ko vicalita kara dete the| apanI senA ko sAntvanA dete rahate aura zatrusenA dvArA pakar3e hue apane yoddhAoM ko chur3Ate, zatru ke koSa aura rAjakumAra kA apaharaNa kara lete, jinake ghor3e mara gaye haiM aise sainikoM kA pIchA karate tathA bhAgI huI zatru senA ke pIche bhAgate the|' ghor3e kitane hI kismoM ke hote the tathA vibhinna dezoM se lAye jAte the / kaMboja deza ke AkIrNa aura kanthaka ghor3e prasiddha the / dono hI daur3ane meM teja hote the| AkIrNa' U~cI nasla ke hote tathA kaMthaka patthara Adi kI AvAja se nahIM Darate the| vAha lIka deza meM pAye jAne vAle U~cI nasla ke ghor3e azva kahe jAte, inakA zarIra matra Adi se lipta nahIM rahatA thA / galiyA azva kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| use bAra-bAra cAbaka mAra kara aura ArI se calAne kI jarUrata hotI thii| yaha gAyoM ko dekhakara unake pIche daur3ane lagate aura rassA chur3Akara bhAga jAte the| Adi purANa meM kamboja, saindhava, AraTTaja, vAhalIka, taitisa, gAMdhAra aura vApya Adi jAti ke azvoM ko yuddha ke lie upayogI batAyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM azvoM ko zIghra gativAlA tathA utsAhI banAne ke lie yuddha ke samaya madirApAna karAye jAne kA ullekha hai| ___ghor3e kavaca se sajjita rahate, uttarakaMcuka dhAraNa kiye rahate, A~kheM unakI zukla varNa kI hotI, muMha para AbharaNa laTakA rahatA aura unakA 1. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 101. 2. jJAtRdharmakathA kI TIkA meM AkIrNa ghor3oM ko "samudramadhyavartI" batAyA hai| 3. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 2, pR0 110, a: uttarAdhyayana TIkA a0 3, tathA rAmAyaNa 1/6/22. 4. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1, 12, 27vAM anukIya adhyayana. 5. mahA pu0 30/107. 6. mahAbhArata droNaparva 112/54-55

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kaTibhAga cAmara-daNDa se alaMkRta rahatA thaa| dhor3oM kI jIna thillI kahI jAtI thii| .. ghor3oM ko zikSA dI jAtI thii| bahali (vAhmIka) ke ghor3oM ko zikSA dene kA ullekha milatA hai| zikSA dene ke sthAna ko vAhiyAli kahA jAtA thaa| azvadamaga, azvameDha aura azvAroha zikSA dene kA kAma karate the| solaga ghor3oM kI dekhabhAla kiyA karate the| kAliya dvIpa ke ghor3e prasiddha samajhe jAte the| vyApArI loga apane dala-bala sahita ghor3e pakar3ane ke liye yahAM AyA karate the| ye loga vINA Adi bajAkara, aneka kASTa aura gathI huI AkarSaka vastue~ dikhAkara, koSTa, tamAlapatra, cuvA, tagara, caMdana, kukuma, Adi sughAkara, khANDa, gur3a, zarkarA, mizrI Adi khilAkara, kaMbala, prAvaraNa, jIna, pusta Adi chaAkara unheM AkRSTa krte| bAda meM azvamardaka lagAma (ahilANa), jIna (paDiyANa) Adi dvArA unake muMha, kAna, nAka, bAla, khura aura TA~ga bA~dhakara, kor3oM se unheM vaza meM karate aura lohe kI garma salAI se unheM dAgate (aMkaNA) the| ghor3oM para car3hakara loga azvavAhinikA ke liye jAte the| laMghana (kadanA), valgana (golAkAra ghUmanA), utplavana, dhAvana, dhoraNa (dUlakI, sarapaTa Adi cAla se calanA), tripadI (jamIna para tIna paira rakhanA), javinI (vegavatI) aura zikSitA gatiyoM se ghor3e calate / sarva lakSaNoM se sampanna ghor3oM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai jina para ki sAmaMta rAjAoM kI 1. vipAka sUtra 2, aupapAtika sUtra 31, pR0 132. 2. kahIM para do ghor3oM kI gAr3I ko "thillo" kahA gayA hai| jambUdvIpa prajJapti vakSa. 2. pR0 123. 3. Avazyaka TIkA haribhadra, bambaI ; Agamodaya samiti 1616. pR. 261, A0 cU0 pR0 343-44. 4. ni0 cUrNI 6, 23-24, arthazAstra 2/30 meM isakI carcA hai| 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1/2066. 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17 pR0 545. 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA a0 3. 8. aupapAtika sUtra 31, pR0 132, uttarAdhyayana TIkA 408, tathA arthazAstra 2/ 30 pR0 217.

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( 131) A~kheM (dRSTi) lagI rahatI thii|' ghor3oM ko azvazAlA meM rakhA jAtA thA tathA unako khAne ke lie yavasa aura tuSa diyA jAtA thaa| bharata cakravartI ke azvaratna kA nAma kamalAmelA thaa| sanatkumAra cakravartI apane jaladhikillola nAmaka ghor3e para bhramaNa karatA thA / vaha ghor3A bahuta hI tIvra gati se bhAgatA tathA kSaNa bhara meM hI adRzya ho jAtA thA / (III) hasti senA: caturaMgiNI senA ke antargata hasti senA kA viziSTa mahattva hotA thaa| tatkAlIna yuddhoM jaise rAma-rAvaNa yuddha, zatrughna-lavaNAsura yuddha Adi meM gaja-senA kA upayoga kiyA gayA thaa| nAgarikoM aura sAmarika donoM prakAra kI AvazyakatAoM ke lie tathA rAjakIya vaibhava aura samaddhi ke pradarzana meM hAthiyoM kA anivArya rUpa se prayoga hotA thaa| apane udAra saumya aura bhavya svarUpa ke lie hAthI mUlyavAna hote the| acchI nasla ke hAthI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pAle jAte the| hAthiyoM ke saMrakSaNa aura saMvardhana ke lie rAjAoM ke pAsa vizAla vana hote the, jo ki "nAgavana" nAma se prasiddha the| hAthiyoM kI aneka jAtiyA~ hotI thiiN| gaMdhahasti ko sarvottama mAnA gayA hai| airAvata indra ke hAthI kA nAma thaa| uttama hAthI ke sambandha meM jaina Agama, purANoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAta hAtha U~cA, nau hAtha cauDA, madhya bhAga meM dasa hAtha, pAda puccha Adi sAta aGgoM se sUpratiSThita, saumya, pramANayukta, sira usakA uThA huA, sukha-Asana se 1. nizIthabhASya 20, 6396. 2. vyavahArabhASya 10, 484, kauTilya arthazAstra 2/30, pR0 214. 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA a0 4 4. A0 cUrNI pR0 196. 5. uttarAdhyayana TIkA a0 18. 6. DA0 lallanajI siMha : rAmAyaNakAlIna yuddhakalA, AgarA : abhinava prakAzana 1982-83, pR0 134. 7. A0 cUrNI 2, pR0 170, zreNika ke secanaka hasti aura kRSNa ke vijaya hasti ko gaMdhahasti kahA gayA hai| yaha hasti apane yUtha kA adhipati hotA thA, aura apanI gaMdha se anya hastiyoM ko AkRSTa karatA thaa|

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(132) yukta, pRSTha bhAga zUkara ke samAna, unnata aura mAMsala kukSi, pralambamAna udara, lambI sUr3ha, lambe oMTha, dhanuSa ke pRSTha bhAga ke samAna AkRti, suzliSTa pramANayukta, dRr3ha zarIra, saTI huI pramANayukta puccha, pUrNa aura sundara kachue ke samAna caraNa, zukla varNa, nirmala aura snigdha tvacA tathA sphoTa Adi doSarahita nakhoM vAlA hotA hai / ' bhadra, manda, mRga aura saMkIrNa, the hAthI ke cAra bheda hote the / inameM bhadraM hAthI sarvottama mAnA jAtA thA / vaha madhu-guTikA kI bhA~ti piMgala netra vAlA, sundara aura dIrgha pU~cha vAlA, agrabhAga meM unnata tathA sarvAgaparipUrNa hotA thA, sarovara meM baha krIr3A karatA aura dAMtoM se prahAra karatA thA / maMda hAthI zithila, sthUla, viSama tvacA se yukta, sthUla zira, pU~cha, nakha aura danta vAlA tathA harita, aura piMgala netra vAlA hotA thA / dhairya aura vega meM maMda hone ke kAraNa use maMda hasti kahate the / basanta Rtu meM aisA hAthI jalakrIr3A karatA tathA sU~Da se prahAra karatA thA / mRga hAthI kRza hotA thA / usakI grIvA, tvacA, dAMta, aura nakha kRza hote the tathA vaha bhIru aura udvigna hotA thA / hemanta Rtu meM yaha jalakrIr3A karatA thA tathA adharoM se prahAra karatA thA / saMkIrNa hAthI sabhI meM nikRSTa mAnA jAtA thA / vaha rupa aura svabhAva se nikRSTa hotA thA / yaha hAthI apane samasta aMgoM se prahAra karatA thA / ' zazi, zaMkha aura kundapuSpa ke samAna dhavala hAthI kA ullekha bhI jaina sAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai / maMDasthala se isa prakAra ke hAthI ke mada pravAhita hotA rahatA thA aura bar3e-bar3e vRkSoM ko yaha ukhAr3akara pheMka detA thA / hAthiyoM kI Ayu lagabhaga sATha varSa kI batAyI gaI hai / rAjA apane hAthiyoM ke nAma bhI rakhate the / rAjA zreNika ke hAthI kA nAma secanaka thA / secanaka hAthI RSiyoM ke Azrama meM palA huA thA / tathA RSikumAroM ke sAtha apanI sUMDa meM pAnI bharakara, puSpArAma kA siMcana kiyA karatA thaa| bar3e hone para isane yUthAdhipati ko mAra diyA thA aura Azrama ko naSTa kara diyA thA / yaha dekha kara Azrama ke tapasviyoM ne ise rAjA zreNika ko sauMpa diyA thA / vijayagaMdhahasti kRSNa kA prasiddha hAthI thA / 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra a0 1. 2. jJAtRdharmakathAMga sUtra arthazAstra 2. 310 221 rAmAyaNa 1/6/25. 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 4 4. Avazyaka cUrNI 2, pR0 170 Adi

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( 133 ) isa para baiThakara ve bhagavAna neminAtha ke darzana ke lie jAte the / * hAthiyoM ko sannaddha - baddha karake, ujjavala vastra, kavaca, gale meM AbhUSaNa aura karNapUra pahanA, ura meM rajjU bA~dha, una para laTakatI huI jUle DAla, chatra, dhvajA aura ghaMTe laTakA, astra-zastra tathA DhAloM se zobhita kiyA jAtA thA / jaina mAnyatAnusAra jaMgalI hAthiyoM ko pakar3a kara bhI zikSA dI jAtI thI / vindhyAcala ke jaMgaloM meM hAthiyoM ke jhuNDa ke jhuNDa ghUmate the, unheM nala ke vanoM meM pakar3A jAtA thaa| hAthiyoM kI zikSA ke liye yaha kahA gayA hai ki pahale unheM sUMr3ha se kASTa, phira choTe patthara, phira goloM, phira bera aura phira sarasoM uThAne kA abhyAsa karAyA jAtA thaa| hAthiyoM ko zikSA dene vAle damaga unheM apane vaza meM rakhate tathA unheM meMDa, hare ganne, yavasa Adi khilAkara unheM apanI savArI ke kAma meM lete the / kauzAmbI kA rAjA udayana apane madhura saMgIta se hAthiyoM ko vaza meM karane kI kalA meM niSNAta samajhA jAtA thA / mUladeva ne bhI vINA bajAkara hathinI ko vaza meM kiyA thA / kabhI-kabhI hAthI sAMkala tur3Akara bhAga jAte aura nagarI meM upadrava utpanna kara dete the / aise samaya meM koI rAjakumAra yA sAhasI puruSa hAthI kI sUMr3ha ke Age golAkAra lipaTA huA uttarIya vastra pheMkakara usake krodha ko zAMta karate the / mahAvata aMkuza kI sahAyatA se hAthiyoM ko vaza meM rakhate the / aura jhUla, vaijayantI ( dhvajA ), mAlA aura vividha alaMkAroM se unheM vibhUSita karate the| hAthiyoM kI pITha para ambAr3I rakhI jAtI thI jisa para ki baiThA huA manuSya dikhAI nahIM detA thA / hAthiyoM ko stambhoM bA~dhA jAtA aura unake pA~voM meM moTe-moTe rasse bA~dhe jAte the / I harita senA se zatrusenA ko rauMdane kA kAma liyA jAtA thA / kauTilya ne zatruoM para vijaya prApta karane ke liye hastisenA ke pradhAna 1. jJAtRdharmakathAMga 5, 2. arthazAstra 2 / 31. 3. Avazyaka cUrNI 2, pR0 161. 4. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 3.

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yogadAna kI prazaMsA kI hai| kile kA dvAra tor3ane ke liye hAthiyoM kA upayoga hotA thaa| (IV) ratha senA : tatkAlIna sainya vyavasthA meM ratha senA caturaMgiNI senA kA pramukha aMga thii| rAjA tathA anya viziSTa loga rathoM meM baiThate the| ratha, chatra, dhvajA patAkA, ghaNTe, toraNa, nandighoSa aura kSudra ghaNTikAoM se susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| himAlaya meM paidA hone vAle sundara tinisa kASTa dvArA ratha nirmita kiye jAte tathA isa para sone kI sundara citrakArI kI jAtI thii| isake cakke aura dhure majabUta hote tathA cakkoM kA gherA majabUta lohe kA banA hotA thaa| isameM jAtavaMta sadara ghor3e jote jAte tathA sArathi ratha ko hA~katA thaa| dhanuSa, bANa, tUNIra, khaDga, zirastrANa Adi astra-zastroM se yaha susajjita rahatA thaa| ratha aneka prakAra ke hote the| saMgrAma ratha kaTIpramANa phalakamaya vedikA se sajjita hotA, jabaki yAnaratha para yaha vedikA nahIM hotI / kIratha eka viziSTa prakAra kA ratha hotA jisa para baiThane kA saubhAgya zreSThI yA vezyA Adi ko hI prApta hotA thaa| rAjAoM ke ratha sabase bar3hakara hote the, unakI gaNanA ratnoM meM kI jAtI thii| ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke agnibhIru ratha para agni kA koI asara nahIM hotA thaa| kauTilya ne devaratha, puSparatha, saMgramika ratha, pariyANika ratha, parapurAbhiyAnika ratha evaM vainayika ratha Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| ratha senA ke pradhAna adhikArI ko rathAdhipati kahA jAtA thaa| (kha) 1. yuddha : kAraNa prAcIna samaya meM jaina mAnyatAnusAra sAmanta loga apane sAmrAjya ko vistRta karane ke lie yuddha kiyA karate the| kSatriya rAjA avasara Ane para apane zaurya kA pradarzana karane meM nahIM cUkate the| adhikA~za yuddha isa 1. arthazAstra 2-2. pR0 76. 1. A0 cUrNI pR0 188, bRhatkalpa bhASya pIThikA 216, tathA rAmAyaNa. 3.23.13 Adi mahAbhArata 5.6418 Adi / 3. arthazAstra 2.35 pR0 228.

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( 135 ) samaya striyoM ke kAraNa hote the / saMkaTa avasthA ko prApta striyoM kI rakSA ke liye, striyoM ke saundarya se AkRSTa ho unheM prApta karane ke lie athavA svayaMvaroM ke avasaroM para prAyaH yuddha huA karate the / prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM sItA', draupadI', rUkmiNI, padmAvatI, tArA, kAMcanA, rakta subhadrA, ahinnikA, suvarNAgulikA, kinnarI, surUpA, vidya unmatI" aura rohiNI 1. sItA kI kathA vimalasUri ke paumacariya meM milatI hai| rAvaNa jaba sItA ko haraNa karake le gayA, use prApta karane ke lie rAma ne rAvaNa ke sAtha yuddha kiyA thA / 2. dropadI kI kathA jJAtRdharmakathA (16) meM AtI hai / kaurava aura pANDavoM kA yuddha mahAbhArata meM prasiddha hai / 3. rukmiNI aura padmAvatI kA kRSNa ne apaharaNa kiyA thaa| isakA ullekha hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita ( 8.6 ) meM milatA hai / 4. abhayadevasUri ke anusAra tArA sambandhI yuddha kA varNana triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita (7.6 ) meM milatA hai / tathA dekhiye vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 4.16 / 5. kAMcanA, ahinnikA, kinnarI suruSA aura vidyunmatI kI kathAe~ ajJAta haiM / kucha loga rAjAzreNika kI agra mahiSI cellaNA ko hI kAMcanA kahate haiM / prophesara bebara ne indrakI upapatnI ahalyA ko ahinnikA batAyA hai / 6. subhadrA kA arjuna ne apaharaNa kiyA thA / isakI kathA triSaSThizalAkA puruSa carita meM milatI hai / 19. suvarNAgulikA kA asalI nAma devadattA thA / vaha sidhusauvIra ke rAjA udrAyaNa kI rAnI prabhAvatI kI dAsI thI / guTikA ke prabhAva se vaha suvarNa raMga kI bana gayI thI / ujjaina kA rAjA pradyota hAthI para car3hakara use apanI rAjadhAnI le gayA / isa para udayana aura canDa pradyota meM yuddha huA thA / 8. rohiNI yuddha kI kathA triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita meM (8.4 ) tathA vasudeva hiNDI meM milatI hai / 6. kAzI, kosala, aGga, kuNAla, kuru aura pAJcAla ke rAjAoM ne mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI ke rupa guNa kI prazaMsA sunakara mithilA para AkramaNa kiyA / mithilA ke rAjA kumbha kA ina chahoM rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha huA thA, jJAtRdharmakathA a0 8. 10. mRgAvatI kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI mahArAnI thI / citrakAra usakA citra banAkara ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke pAsa le gayA / citra dekhakara vaha mRgAvatI para mohita ho gayA / usane zatAnIka ke pAsa dUta bhejA ki yA to mRgAtI ko bheja de, nahIM to yuddha ke liye taiyAra ho jAye / A0 cUrNI pR0 86 Adi / 11. nizodhacUrNI 10, 2860

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(136 ) nAmaka mahilAoM ke udAharaNa milate haiM, jinake kAraNa saMhArakArI yuddha lar3e gaye the / mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI aura kauzAmbI kI mahArAnI mRgAvatI bhI yuddha kA kAraNa bnii| kAlikAcArya kI sAdhvI bhaginI sarasvatI ko ujjayinI ke rAjA gardabhilla dvArA apaharaNa karake apane antaHpura meM rakha liye jAne ke kAraNa kAlikAcArya ne IrAna ke zAhoM ke sAtha milakara, gardabhilla ke viruddha yuddha kiyA thaa| eka rAjA dUsare rAjA para AkramaNa karane ke lie hamezA taiyAra rahatA thaa| yadi kisI rAjA ke pAsa koI bahumUlya vastu hotI to use prApta karane ke liye apanI sArI zakti lagA detA thaa| ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota aura kA~pilyapura ke rAjA durmukha ke bIca eka bahamalya dIptivAna mukuTa ko lekara yuddha huA thaa| kahate haiM ki isa mukuTa meM aisI zakti thI ki ise pahanakara durmukha do muMha vAlA dikhAI detA thaa| rAjA pradyota ne isa mukuTa kI mA~ga kii| isa para durmukha ne kahA ki yadi pradyota apanA nalagiri hAthI agnibhIru ratha, zivA mahArAnI aura lohajaMga patravAhaka' dene ko taiyAra ho to use mukuTa mila sakatA hai / isa bAta ko lekara donoM meM ghamAsAna yuddha huA jisameM pradyota kI vijaya huI aura durmukha ko bandI banA liyA gyaa| campA ke rAjA kUNika aura vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka ke sAtha secanaka gaMdhahasti aura aThAraha lar3I ke kImatI hAra ko lekara yuddha huA thaa| isa yuddha meM vidhvaMsaka astra-zastroM kA prayoga bhI huA thaa| dhavala hasti ko lekara namirAjA aura candrayaza rAjA meM yuddha chir3A thaa| namirAjA kA hasti dhavala khambhA tur3Akara bhAga gayA thA, candrayaza ne use pakar3a liyA aura nabhirAjA ke mA~gane para bhI vApisa nahIM lauttaayaa| javAba meM candrayaza ne yahI kahA ki kisI ke ratnoM para nAma nahIM likhA rahatA, jo use bAhubala se prApta kara le, ve usI ke ho jAte haiN|' 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 6. 6328. 2. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 6. 3. vahI

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(137 ) prAyaH sImAprAnta ko lekara bhI rAjAoM meM yuddha huA karate the| kabhI-kabhI videzI rAjAoM kA bhI deza para AkramaNa ho jAyA karatA thaa| cakravartI rAjA apane dala-bala sahita digvijaya ke lie prasthAna karate the aura samasta dezoM para apanA adhikAra sthApita kara lete the| RSabhadeva ke putra prathama bharata cakravartI kI kathA jainasUtroM meM AtI hai| . gaMgA mahAnadI ke taTa para vinItA nAma kI nagarI thii| jo ki alkApurI ke samAna zobhAyamAna thii| aisI vinItA rAjadhAnI meM himAlaya ke samAna bharata cakravartI rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| usake zarIra meM cakra, zaMkha, ratna, Adi 36 zubha cinha the / rAjya karate samaya bharata rAjA kI AyadhazAlA meM eka dina divya cakraratna utpanna huaa| AyadhazAlA ke rakSaka ne bharata mahArAjA ke pAsa Akara unheM jaya vijaya ghoSa se badhAI dekara isa prakAra kahA ki he devAnupriya / ApakI AyudhazAlA meM divya cakraratna utpanna huA hai / bharata mahArAja turaMta hI siMhAsana se uThe apane kauTumbika puruSoM sahita aura apanI samasta Rddhi, samasta dya ti, samasta senA, samasta samudAya vAjiMtroM kI dhvani ke sAtha calate haye jahA~ AyudhazAlA thI vahA~ Aye aura cakraratna ko mora pincha se poMchA, divya jala se prakSAlana kiyA, gozIrSa caMdana se lepa kiyA, nUtana gaMdha mAlAoM se pUjA kI, zveta ratnamaya akSatoM se aSTamaMgala dravyoM kA Alekhana kiyaa| pazcAt ATha-sAta paga pIche haTa kara praNAm kara bAhara niklaa| ina saba kAryakramoM se nibaTa kara bharata mahArAjA ne apanI AyudhazAlA ke cakraratna kI sahAyatA se jambUdvIpa ke magadha, varadAma aura prabhAsa nAma ke pavitra tIrthoM para aura siMdhudevI para vijaya prApta kii| carma-ratna kI sahAyatA se unhoMne siMhala, babbAra, aMga, kirAta, yavanadvIpa, Arabaka, romaka, alasaMDa (elekjaiNDriyA) tathA, pikkhura, kAlayuddha aura joNaka nAmaka mlecchoM' vaitADhya parvata ke dakSiNavAsI mlecchoM, tathA dakSiNa-pazcima pradeza se lagAtAra siMdha sAgara taka ke pradezoM aura ramaNIya kaccha ko apane adhikAra meM kara liyaa| isake bAda timisagahA meM praveza kiyA aura isakA dakSiNa dvAra kholane ke lie apane senApati suSeNa ko Adeza diyA / susena senA-pati bharata mahArAja kI AjJAnusAra timisaguhA ke dvAra khola detA hai / yahA~ para bharata rAjA ummaggajalA aura nimmaggajalA nAma kI nadiyoM ko pAra kara, avAr3a nAma ke vIra aura lar3AkU kirAtoM para vijaya prApta

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( 138 ) 1 karatA hai / jo ki ardhabharata ke uttarI khaNDa meM nivAsa karate the / tatpazcAt kSudra himavaMta ko jItakara ve RSabhakUTa parvata kI ora bar3he aura yahAM zilApaTTa para kAMkaNI ratna se unhoMne apane prathama cakravartI kI likhita ghoSaNA kI / vaitADhya ke uttarakhaNDa meM nivAsa karane vAle nami aura vinami nAma ke vidyAdhara rAjAoM ne samudrA nAmaka strI ratna bheMTa kara unheM sammAnita kiyA / usake pazcAt gaMgA nadI pAra karate hue ve gaMgA ke pazcimI kinAre para sthita khaNDaprapAta guphA meM Aye, aura apane senApati ko khaNDa prapAta guphA kA uttarI dvAra kholane kA Adeza diyA / yahA~ para unheM nava nidhiyoM kI prApti huii| aMta meM caturdaza ratnoM se vibhUSita ho caturdiza pRthvI ko jItakara bharata cakravartI apanI rAjadhAnI vinItA (ayodhyA) lauTa gaye, jahA~ bar3I dhUma-dhAma se unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA thA / ' jaina purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki bharata cakravartI ne jisa-jisa pradeza ko jItA, jItane se pUrva sabhI sthAnoM para tIna divasa taka pauSadhazAlA meM rahakara pauSadhavrata grahaNa kara aTThama kiyA thA, pazcAt dezoM para AkramaNa kiyA thA / bharata cakravartI ke pazcAt inake samAna hI gyAraha (11) cakravartI aura huye haiM / unhoMne bhI digvijaya karake sampUrNa pRthvI para apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA thA, jinake ki nAma nimna haiM: - 1. sagara, 2. madhavA, 3. sanatkumAra, 4. zAntinAtha, 5. kuMthunAtha 6. arahanAtha, 7 subhUma, 8 mahApadma, 6. hariSeNa, 10. jaya, 11. brahmadatta cakravartI / zAntinAtha, kuMthunAtha, arahanAtha cakravartI bhI the aura tIrthakara bhI the / (II) yuddhanIti : 1 prAcIna samaya meM loga yuddhoM se bahuta bhayabhIta rahate the / jaina mAnyatAnusAra pahale yathAsambhava sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda kI nIti 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti, vakSa 3, pR0 184-277, A0 cU0 pR0 182-228. uttarAdhyayana TIkA A0 18. vasudeva hiDI pR0 186 Adi tathA dekhie mahAbhArata 1. 10/101.

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(136) apanAyI jAtI thii| yadi inake dvArA saphalatA prApta nahIM hotI taba yuddha lar3e jAte the| lekina yuddha se pUrva samajhaute ke lie dUta bheje jAte the| jaisA ki bharata, bAhubali yuddha hone se pUrva bharata kI tarapha se bAhubali ke pAsa dUta bhejA gayA thaa| yadi vipakSI rAjA dUta kI paravAha nahIM karatA taba rAjadUta rAjA ke pAdapITha kA apane bAyeM para se atikramaNa kara bhAle kI noMka para patra rakha kara use samarpita karatA thaa| tatpazcAt yuddha Arambha hotA thaa| loga yuddha ke kalA-kauzala se bhalI-bhA~ti paricita hote the| caturaMgiNI senA tathA AvaraNa aura praharaNa ke sAtha-sAtha kauzala, nIti, vyavasthA aura zarIra kI sAmarthya ko bhI yuddha ke lie Avazyaka samajhA jAtA thaa|' rakandhAvAra niveza' yuddha kA eka Avazyaka aMga thA / yuddha karane se pUrva nagarI ko IMToM se dRr3ha banA diyA jAtA thA tathA koThAroM ko anAz2a se bharakara yuddha kI taiyAriyAM kI jaatiiN| prAcIna samaya meM yuddha aneka prakAra se lar3e jAte the| jaina sUtroM meM yuddha, niyuddha, mahAyuddha, mahAsaMgrAma Adi aneka prakAra ke yuddha batAye gaye haiN| rAjA bharata aura bAhubali ke bIca dRSTiyuddha, vAkyuddha, bAhuyuddha, daNDayuddha aura muSThi yuddha hone kA ullekha milatA haiN| yahA~ hama bharatabAhubali yuddha kA varNana kreNge| sATha hajAra varSa kI punIta jayazIla vijaya-yAtrA kara jaba bharata mahArAjA vinItA nagarI padhAre taba vahA~ unakA mahArAjAdhirAja ke rUpa meM abhiSeka huA / abhiSeka hone ke pazcAt bharata mahArAjA ne apane aTThAnave bhAiyoM ke pAsa saMdeza bhejA ki "sATha hajAra varSoM meM maiMne vidyAdharoM sahita bhAratavarSa para vijaya prApta kI hai / tuma bhI aba mere pradeza meM raho, merI sevA kro| nahIM to mere pradezoM se bAhara nikala jaao| yaha 1. A0 cUrNI0 e0 452. 2. jJAtAdharma kathAMgasUtra a0 8, a0 16, arthazAstra 10/1 pR0 600. 3. A0 cUrNI0 pR0 86. 4. vahI pR0 206.

Page #154
(140) sunakara aTThAnabe bhAiyoM ne kahA ki yaha pradeza to pitAjI ne hameM diye haiM isalie hamako AjJA karanA Apako yogya nahIM hai / jaba bharata apanI sevA ke lie bAra-bAra unako kahane lagA, taba saba bhAI milakara RSabhadeva svAmI ke pAsa pahuMce aura praNAma kara kahane lage - "he tAta ! Apane hamAre Upara kRpAkara hameM rAjya diye haiM parantu bharata hamako bAra-bAra hairAna karatA hai, isalie hamako kyA karanA cAhie ? kho|" prabhu ne yaha suna unheM (aTThAnave bhAiyoM ko) vairAgyajanaka vacanoM se bodha diyaa| jisako zravaNa kara ve carama zarIrI tadbhava mokSagAmI aTThAnave bhAI dIkSita ho gaye / yaha samAcAra suna bharata cakravartI ne unake putroM ko rAjya sauMpa diyA / ' bharata-bAhubali yuddha : apane aTThAnave bhAiyoM ke samAna hI bharata mahArAjA ne takSazilAdhipati bAhabali ke pAsa dUta bhejA ki 'merI sevA kro|2 paumacariya meM isakA ullekha isa prakAra milatA hai ki jaba sATha hajAra varSa kI punIta jayazIla vijaya yAtrA kara bharata ne ayodhyA meM praveza kiyA, usa samaya unakA painI dhAra kA yuddha priya cakra ayodhyA kI sImA para hI raha gyaa| kisI bhI taraha vaha nagara ke bhItara praveza nahIM kara sakA / cakra ko isa taraha niruddha aura vighnakAraka dekha kara samrATa bharata ne kruddha hokara jaya aura yaza se yukta maMtriyoM tathA sAmaMtoM se pUchA ki mujhe kyA siddha karanA (jItanA) zeSa rahA hai / yaha suna maMtrIgaNa bole mahArAja Apane socA vaha saba to Apa siddha kara cuke ho| kevala eka vyakti siddha karane ke lie zeSa rahA hai aura vaha hai ApakA choTA bhAI bAhubali, jo ki savA pA~ca sau dhanaSa lambA, carama zarIrI, svAbhimAna aura lakSmI kA niketana, vizAla balazAlI povanapura kA rAjA hai| yaha sunakara bharata ne turanta hI maMtrI ko yaha saMdeza dekara bhejA ki vaha merI AjJA mAne / aura yadi kisI taraha vaha isa bAta para rAjI na ho to aisI yukti karanA jisase donoM kA yuddha - - 1. A0 cUrNI0 pR0 2 6. 2. vahI 3. pauma cariya pR0 61.

Page #155
(141) ho / ' yahAsuna kara bharata kA sikhAyA huA maMtrI vahA~ ke lie ravAnA huA aura Adhe pala meM hI podanapura pahuMca gyaa| taba AdarapUrvaka bAhabali ne pUchA kaho kaise AnA huA ? bharata ne mere lie kyA samAcAra kahe haiM ? isa para maMtrI ne kahA ki kyA Apa aura kyA bharata, donoM meM koI antara nahIM hai to bhI Apa calakara pRthvIzvara bharata se bheMTa kara liijie| jisa prakAra unake aTThAnave bhAI unakI AjJA mAnakara rahate haiM vaise hI Apa bhI ahaMkAra chor3a kara unakI AjJA mAnakara rhie| yaha sunakara bAhubali ne dUta para bigar3ate hue bole ki yaha vizAla dharatI, kevala hamAre pitA jI kI hai aura kisI kI nahIM hai| pitAjI ne hI mujhe yaha bhUmi-bhAga diyA hai| bharata to sampUrNa pRthvI kA svAmI hai- maiM to kevala podanapUra kA hI adhipati haiN| maiM na usase kucha letA haiM aura na kucha detA haM / aura na usake pAsa jAtA huuN| usase bheMTa karane se merA kauna sA kAma bnegaa| yaha suna kara maMtriyoM ne krodha se bhar3aka kara kahA ki yadi tuma yaha socate ho ki pitAjI ne bahuta soca-vicAra kara yaha pRthvI maNDala tumheM diyA hai to yAda rakkho ki gA~va, sImA, khalihAna aura kheta-eka sarasoM bhara bhI binA kara diye tumhArA nahIM ho sakatA hai / yaha suna kara bAhubali krodha se lAla ho uThA aura kahane lagA 'o' kisakA rAjya ? kisakA yaha bharatadvIpa ? jo samajho, vaha tuma saba milakara merA kara lo| eka cakra se hI vaha yaha garva kara rahA hai ki maiMne samasta dharA-pITha ko vaza meM kara liyaa| vaha nahIM jAnatA kisake pAsa ekakSatra rAjya rahA hai / maiM kala hI parAvartita bhAlA, karAla, kaNikA, mugdara, bhusuNDi aura vizAla paTTitha Adi zastroM se aisA pratikAra karUgA ki usakA saba mAna galita ho jaayegaa|' yaha sunakara maMtrIgaNa phaurana vahA~ se cala par3e aura pala bhara meM hI bharata ke pAsa A gaye aura kahA ki he svAmI ! vaha to Apako tinake ke samAna bhI nahIM samajhatA / mahAabhimAnI vaha apane ghamaNDa meM itanA cUra hai ki zatrukSayakArI vaha ApakI sevA nahIM karanA cAhatA, dharatI-ramaNa aura yuddha-saMnaddha vaha raNapaTa mAMDakara dA~va cukAnA cAhatA hai| yaha suna kara rAjA bharata bhar3aka uThe aura phaurana hI raNabherI bajavA 1. pauma cariya pR0 61. 2. vahI pR0 63.

Page #156
( 142) dii| aura svayaM bhI yuddha ke lie taiyAra hone lage / caturaMgiNI senA ikaTThI hone lgii| aThAraha akSauhiNI senAe~ A phuNcii| dhyAna karate hI nau nidhiyA~ tathA caudaha ratna ikaTThe ho gye| jaise hI bharata rAjA ne abhiyAna ke lie prasthAna kiyA, vaise hI bAhubali ke dUtoM ne use khabara dI ki mahArAja ! taiyAra hokara zIghra nikaliye / pratipakSa samudra kI bhA~ti dIkha par3a rahA hai| yaha suna kara podanapura nareza bAhubali bhI roSapUrvaka taiyArI karane lge| paTu aura paTTa baja uThe, zaMkha bhI phaka diye gye| asaMkhya dhvaja-daNDa aura chatra uThane lge| kalakala kI dhvani hone lgii| hAthoM ke prahAra se vAhana calane lge| bAhabali bhI nikala pdd'aa| usakI eka hI senA ne bharata kI sAta akSauhiNI senA ko kSubdha kara diyA / bharata ora bAhubali kI senAe~ eka-dUsare ke sammukha A phuNcii| Amane-sAmane dhvaja ke Age dhvaja aura azva ke Age azva / mahArAjAoM ke Age mahArAjA, yoddhAoM ke Age yoddhA, mahArathoM ke Age mahAratha khar3e kara diye gye| bharata aura bAhubali kI senAoM ke bhir3ate hI kalakala zabda bar3hane lgaa| ratha hAMke jAne lage, hAthI ukasAye jAne lge| eka-dUsare para lagAtAra hamale hone lage / paira chinna-bhinna hone lge| eka-dUsare para lagAtAra hamale hone lge| ratha kI dhareM TUTane lgiiN| maMDasthala vidIrNa hone lge| aura chAtI phaTane lgiiN| bhujAe~ kaTa kara girane lagIM, sira loTane lage, chinna-bhinna ruNDa-maNDa nAca rahe the| hAthiyoM ke dAMtoM ke prahAra se chinna hokara yoddhA haTa rahe the / pratihata hokara gajasenA pRthvI para par3ane lgii| dhvaja paTa khaMDita hokara ur3a rahe the / bar3e-bar3e ratha cakanAcUra ho gye| bar3ebar3e azva naSTa hokara loTapoTa ho gaye / raktaraMjita tIroM se donoM hI senAeM bhayaGkara ho utthiiN| isa taraha naSTa prAyaH donoM senAoM ko bhir3ate aura dharatI para girate dekhakara maMtriyoM ne nivedana kiyaa| "abhAge sainikoM ke saMhAra se kyA phAyadA ? acchA ho yadi Apa donoM hI Apasa meM yuddha kara leN|" triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita meM isa prakAra kA ullekha hai ki bharata aura bAhubali 1. pauma cariya pR0 67 mahA pu0 bhAga-2. pR0 203.

Page #157
( 143 ) ko maMtriyoM ne nahIM balki devatAoM ne Akara uttama prakAra ke yuddha karane ke lie kahA thaa| isa prakAra devatAoM kI bAta svIkAra kara donoM bhAI ahiMsAtmaka yuddha karane ko tatpara hue / ___ Avazyaka niyukti meM dRSTi yuddha, bAhu suddha, muSTi yuddha aura daNDa yuddha kA ullekha hai| Avazyaka carNI meM dRSTi, bAhu aura muSTi yuddha kA ullekha hai / pauma cariya meM dRSTi-yuddha, jala yuddha aura malla yuddha kA varNana hai| mahApurANa meM dRSTi yuddha, vAhu yuddha aura jala yuddha kA varNana hai / ' cauppanna mahApuruSa cariya meM dRSTi yuddha, bAhu yuddha aura vAk yuddha kA ullekha milatA hai| triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa carita meM dRSTi, vANI, bAhu aura daNDAvika yuddha kA ullekha hai / sarva prathama donoM ke madhya dRSTi yuddha prArambha huaa| isa samaya donoM vIra lAla netroM se Amane-sAmane khar3e hue eka-dUsare kA muMha dekhate rhe| aMta meM sUraja kI kiraNoM se AkrAMta nIla kamala kI taraha, RSabhasvAmI ke bar3e putra bharata kI A~kheM baMda ho gii| devatAoM ne usa samaya bAhubali para phUla barasAye / isa prakAra dRSTi yuddha meM bAhubali kI vijaya huii| isa yuddha ke pazcAt vANI yuddha kA prArambha huaa| sarva prathama bharata ne siMhanAda kiyA, vaha siMhanAda cAroM tarapha AkAza meM vyApta ho gyaa| isake pazcAt bAhabali ne siMhanAda kiyaa| bAhabali ke siMhanAda ko sunakara bharata ne phira se siMhanAda kiyaa| jise sunakara devatAoM kI striyAM hariNI kI taraha bhayabhIta ho gii| isa prakAra bharata aura bAhubali ne kramazaH siMhanAda kiyaa| bharata ke siMhanAda kI AvAja kama hotI gii| isa prakAra vAka yuddha meM bhI bAhubali kI vijaya huI / 1. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 pR0 406-407 2. mA0 ni0 pR0 74 3. A0 cU0 pR0 210 4. pauma cariya pR0 67-71 5. mahA purANa pR0 204.205 6. cauppanna mahApuruSacariya pR0 44-46 7. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 pR0 471-474

Page #158
( 144 ) isake bAda donoM meM jalayuddha prArambha huaa| podanapura nareza vAhuvali ne sarvaprathama jala meM isa prakAra praveza kiyA jisa prakAra aisavata hAthI pAnI meM ghasA ho / taba IrSyA se bharata ne pAnI kI bauchAra chor3I, zIghra hI yaha jaladhArA bAhubali kI chAtI para pahuMcakara vApisa A gii| isake bAda bAhubali ne bhI jala kI dhArA bharata para chodd'ii| itanI bar3I dhArA meM par3akara bharatezvara pIche haTakara raha gye| isa jalayuddha meM bhI bharata jIta na ske| ina yUddhoM ke pazcAta bharata bAhabali ke bIca mallayuddha prArambha haa| donoM malla kI bhAMti akhAr3e meM Aye / apanI bAhu Thokakara vaha isa prakAra lar3e jisa prakAra ki suvaMta tiGa, ta zabda hI bhir3a gaye hoN| bahubaMdha, kukkuTa, kartarI, vijJAnakaraNa aura bhAmarI (mallayuddha kI kriyAeM) ke dvArA unhoMne bharata ke sAtha manamAnA vyAyAma kiyA, phira bAda meM apanI zakti kA pradarzana kiyaa| bAhabali ne apane donoM hAthoM se bharata ko vaise hI uThA liyA jaise janma ke samaya indra bAla jina ko uThA letA hai| isI bIca bAhubali para devoM ne puSpavRSTi kii| vijaya huI dekha bAhubali kI senA kolAhala karane lgii| rAjA bharata bahuta dukhI huaa| usane cintana kara apanA cakra bAhubali para chor3A lekina carama zarIrI aura parivAra ke sadasya hone ke kAraNa una para koI asara nahIM kara skaa| cakra paribhramaNa karake vApisa lauTa gyaa| (carama zarIrI aura parivAra ke sadasya para cakraratna kA prabhAva nahIM hotA hai|) ... bharata cakravartI ke isa prakAra cakra calAne para, bAhubali ke mana meM taraha-taraha ke vicAra utpanna huye| unhoMne socA-"kyA maiM bharata ko dharatI para girA deM, nahIM ! nahIM ! mujhe dhikkAra hai / maiM rAjya chor3a dNgaa| kyoMki rAjya ke lie hI maiMne yaha sArA anucita kArya kiyA hai / apane mana meM yaha saba vicAra kara gajazizu kI taraha sthira ho gaye, aura kahA "he bhAI tuma hI pRthvI kA upabhoga kro| somaprabha bhI tumhArI sevA kregaa| (somaprabha, bAhubali kA putra thA) isa prakAra kahakara unhoMne jinaguru kA nAma lekara pAMca muTThiyoM se apane keza ukhAr3a liye| kahIM para bAhayuddha kA varNana milatA hai lekina yaha donoM prakAra kA yuddha samAna hI hai|' 1. paumacariu pR0 73

Page #159
(145) hemacandra ke triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra meM isa prakAra kahA gayA hai ki "bAhubali ne ruSTa hokara jaba bharata para prahAra karane ke liye muSTi uThAI taba sahasA darzakoM ke dila kAMpa gaye aura saba eka svara meM kahane lage- "kSamA kIjiye, samartha hokara kSamA karane vAlA bar3A hotA hai / bhUla kA pratikAra bhala se nahIM hotaa|" bAhabali zAnta mana se socane lage"RSabha kI santAnoM kI paramparA hiMsA kI nahIM, apitu ahiMsA kI hai| prema hI merI kula paramparA hai, kiMtu uThA huA hAtha khAlI kaise jAye ?" isalie unhoMne viveka pUrvaka kAma liyA, apane uThe hue hAtha ko sira para DAlA aura bAloM kasa lucana karake zramaNa bana gye|' / uparyukta yuddha ke varNana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki RSabhadeva ke putra bAhubali ne yuddha meM bhI ahiMsAbhAva rakhakara yaha batA diyA ki hiMsA ke sthAna para ahiMsA bhAva se bhI kisa prakAra sudhAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kUNika aura ceTaka ke madhya yuddha : kuNika aura ceTaka kA yuddha bahuta prasiddha hai| yaha yuddha secanaka hAthI aura aThAraha lar3I ke hAra ko lekara huA thaa| secanaka hAthI aura aThAraha lar3I kA hAra rAjA zreNika ke pAsa thaa| rAjA zreNika ne apane jIte jI yaha donoM-hAthI aura hAra kUNika ko na dekara usake choTe bhAI vehallakumAra ko de diyA thaa| vehallakumAra antaHpura kI rAniyoM ko hAthI para baiThAkara gaMgA meM snAna karane le jAtA, secanaka rAniyoM ko kabhI sUNDa se uThAtA, kabhI pITha, kabhI skaMdha, kabhI kumbha aura kamI sira para baiThAtA. kabhI sUNDa se uchAlatA, kabhI sUNDa meM jala bharakara unheM snAna karAtA thaa| yaha dekha kUNika kI rAnI padmAvatI ko bar3I IrSyA huI usane kaNika se hAthI ko prApta karane kI icchA vyakta kii| kUNika ne eka dina vehalla ko bulAkara hAthI aura hAra maaNgaa| lekina vehalla ne kahA ki yadi vaha AdhA rAjya dene ko taiyAra ho to vaha donoM cIjeM use de sakatA hai| vehalla ke mana meM zaMkA ho gayI aura campA nagarI chor3a kara vaha apane nAnA 1. triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa caritra pR0 428. .

Page #160
(146) ceTaka ke pAsa vaizAlI jAkara rahane lgaa| kuNika ne ceTaka ke pAsa dUta bheja kara hAthI aura hAra lauTAne kA anurodha kiyaa| lekina ceTaka ne uttara meM kahalAyA ki mere lie to. donoM hI barAbara haiM, yadi tuma AdhA rAjya dene ko taiyAra ho to hAthI aura hAra mila sakate haiN| kuNika ne dUsarI bAra dUta bhejA lekina ceTaka ne vahI uttara diyaa| yaha sunakara kUNika ko bahuta krodha aayaa| usane tIsarI bAra dUta bhejA / abakI bAra dUta ne apane bAyeM paira se rAjA ke siMhAsana kA atikramaNa kara bhAle kI noka para patra rakhakara ceTaka ko samarpita kiyaa| yuddha ke liye yaha khulA AhvAna thA / kUNika ne kAla aura sukAla Adi rAjakumAroM ko bulAkara yuddha kI taiyArI karane kA Adeza diyaa| kUNika ne abhiSekya hastiratna ko sajavAyA aura bIca-bIca meM par3Ava DAlate hae apane dala-bala ke sAtha vaizAlI pahuMca gayA / udhara ceTaka ne apane AjJAkArI kAzI ke nau mallakI aura kosala ke nau licchavI rAjAoM ko bulAkara unake sAtha mantraNA kii| sabhI loga isa nirNaya para pahuMce ki zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA kSatriya kA dharma hai| (isa vAkya se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina mAnyatAnusAra yadi koI rAjA yA rAjakumAra dUsare rAjA kI zaraNa meM A jAtA thA to zaraNa meM Aye kI rakSA karanA rAjA kA parama kartavya hotA thaa|) maMtraNA ke pazcAt yuddha kI ghoSaNA kara dI gyii| donoM ora se ghamAsAna yuddha huaa| isa mahAsaMgrAma meM kUNika kI ora se garuDavyUha aura ceTaka kI ora se zakaTavyUha racA gyaa| phira donoM meM mahAzilAkaMTaka aura rathamuzala nAmaka yuddha hue| kahA jAtA hai ki isa saMgrAma meM lAkhoM sainikoM kA vidhvaMsa huaa|' ceTaka ne kAla, sukAla Adi rAjakumAroM ko mAra giraayaa| lekina aMta meM gajarAjA hAra gaye, aura ceTaka bhAga kara nepAla calA gayA / rAjA zreNika ke udAyI aura bhUtAnaMda nAma ke do aura hAthI the| yuddha meM parAjita hone ke bAda ceTaka ne secanaka ko jalate hae aMgAroM ke gaDDhe meM girA kara mAra ddaalaa| usakI jagaha kUNika ne bhUtAnanda ko 1. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 105 2. A0 cUrNI 2 pR0 172-73.

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(147) padahasti ke pada para abhiSikta kiyaa| isake alAvA vyUha racanA meM cakravyUha, daNDavyUha aura sUcivyUha kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| _yuddha Arambha karane se pUrva AkramaNakArI rAjA zatru ke nagara kI cAroM ora se ghera lete the| phira bhI yadi zatru AtmasamarpaNa ke lie taiyAra nahIM hotA to donoM pakSoM meM yuddha hone lagatA thaa| yuddha meM kUTanIti kA bhI bar3A mahatva thaa| yuddhanIti meM niSNAta maMtrI apanI caturAI, buddhimattA aura kalA-kauzala dvArA aneka aise prayatna karate jisase zatrupakSa ko AtmasamarpaNa karane ke lie bAdhya kiyA jA ske| isake alAvA zatru senA kI gupta bAtoM kA patA lagAne ke lie guptacara kAma meM liye jAte the, jo ki zatrusenA meM bhartI hokara unakI saba bAtoM kA patA lagAte rahate the| kalavAlaya RSi kI sahAyatA se rAjA kRNika ne vaizAlI ke stUpa ko naSTa karAkara, rAjA ceTaka ko parAjita karane meM saphalatA prApta kI thii| (III) astra-zastra jaina sAhitya meM jina yuddhoM kA ullekha hai unameM aneka prakAra ke astra-zastroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| inameM mudagara, musaMDhi (yaha eka prakAra kA mudgara), karakaya (krakaca-ArI), zakti (trizUla), hala, gadA, mUsala, cakra, kunta (bhAlA), tomara (eka prakAra kA bANa), zUla, lakuTa, bhiDipAla (mudgara athavA moTe phalavAlA kunta), zabbala (lohe kA bhAlA), paTTiza (jisake donoM kinAroM para trizUla ho), carmeSTa (carma se AveSTita pASANa), asibeTaka (DhAla sahita talavAra), khaMDga, cApa (dhanuSa), nArAca (lohabANa), kaNaka (bANa), kartarikA, vAsI (lakar3I chIlane kA aujArabasaulA), parazu (pharasA) aura zatahanI mukhya the| yuddha ke lie kavaca atyanta upayogI hotA thaa| 1. A0 cUrNI pR0 172-73 2. rAjA pradyota bora durmukha ke yuddha meM garuDha vyUha aura sAgaravyUha rakhe jAne kA ullekha hai / usarAdhyayana TIkA 6. 3. bA0 cUrNI 2, pR0 174. ------- 4. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja,pu.107.. . ....

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(148) - bANoM meM nAga-bANa, tAmasa-bANa, padmabANa, vaddhibANa, mahApuruSabANa aura mahArudhira bANa Adi mukhya the / ye bANa adbhuta tathA zaktizAlI hote the| nAga bANa ko jaba dhanuSa para car3hAkara chor3A jAtA thA to vaha jalatI haI ulkA ke daNDarUpa meM zatra ke zarIra meM praveza kara, nAga banakara use cAroM ora se lapeTa letA thaa| tAmasa vANa chor3ane para raNabhUmi meM andhakAra hI ankAra vyApta ho jAtA thaa| mahAyuddha meM mahoraga, garur3a, Agneya, vAyavya aura zela Adi astroM kA prayoga bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| .... dhvajA aura patAkA raNabhUmi meM bahuta hI upayogI hotI thii| sainika apane bANoM dvArA dhvajA ko chinna-bhinna kara dete the| zatru ke Atha meM dhvajA par3a jAne para yuddha kA anta ho jAtA thaa| paTaha aura bheriyoM kA zabda bhI yuddha ke samaya hotA thA, jo yoddhAoM ko yuddha ke lie protsAhita karatA thaa| 1. jambUdvIpa prApti vakSa0 2, rAmAyaNa 1/27/16 Adi

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SaSTha adhyAya : . (ka) nyAya-vyavasthA (1) nyAya : svarUpa evaM prakAra : . jaina purANoM ke anuzIlana se hameM nyAya vyavasthA kA bhI jJAna prApta hotA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA. svataH hI nyAya karatA thaa| jaisA ki padma purANa meM varNita hai ki vaha rAjya kA sarvocca nyAyAdhIza hotA thaa| rAjA sUryAsta taka nyAyAlaya kA kArya karatA thaa| isake pazcAta anta:pura meM jAtA thaa|' mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki dhArmika rAjA adhArmika (nAstika) logoM ko daNDa detA thaa| padma-purANa meM vyavahAra zabda kA prayoga mukadame ke lie huA hai| jisa Asana para baiThakara rAjA nyAya sunAtA thA use "dharmAsana" kahA gayA hai| rAjA ke atirikta anya nyAyAdhIza bhI hote the, jinheM "dharmAdhikArI" kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI thii| jaina purANoM meM nyAyAdhIzArtha "adhikRta' aura 'daNDadhara" zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jainettara sAhitya evaM purAtAttvika sAdhanoM se nyAyAdhIza ke viSaya meM jJAna prApta hotA hai| kauTilya ne dauravyAvahArika. zabda kA 1. padma pu0 106/150 2. adharmasyeSu daNDasya praNetA dhArmiko nRpaH / mahA0 pu0 40/200. 3. padma pu0 106/152 4. vahI 106/146 5. mahA0 pu0 5/5. 6. vahI 56/154 , 7. harivaMza pu0 16/255

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( 150 ) prayoga nyAyAdhIzArtha kiyA hai| azoka ke zilA-lekha meM nagara-nyAyAdhIza ko "adhikaraNika" kI saMjJA dI hai|' manu kA kathana hai ki jo rAjA adaNDanIya vyakti ko daNDa detA hai aura daNDanIya ko daNDa nahIM detA vaha naraka-gAmI hotA hai| AcArya zukra ne rAjA ke ATha kartavyoM meM duSTa-nigraha ko bhI pradhAna karttavya mAnA hai|' mahAbhArata ke anusAra nyAya vyavasthA kA yadi ucita prabandha na ho to rAjA ko svarga tathA yaza kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| yAjJavalkya kA kathana hai ki nyAya ke niSpakSa prazAsana se rAjA ko vahI phala prApta hotA hai| ataH niSpakSa nyAya rAjA ko yajJa evaM svarga ko pradAna karane vAlA tathA prajA ko sukha evaM zAnti pradAna karane vAlA hotA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra tatkAlIna samaya meM nyAya kA mukhya siddhAnta yaha thA ki rAjA kuzala evaM yogya maMtriyoM dvArA jAMca kiye binA aparAdhI ko daNDa nahIM detA thaa| . nyAya ke mahattva para jaina purANoM meM yatheSTa rUpa se varNana kiyA gayA haiN| mahApurANa meM nyAya ko rAjAoM kA sanAtana dharma mAnA gayA hai| mahApurANa meM vaNita hai ki rAjA kA dAhinA hAtha bhI duSTa ho jAye arthAta duSkarma karane lage to use bhI kATa kara zarIra se pRthaka karane ke lie tatpara rahanA caahie| isa kathana se rAjA kI nyAyapriyatA pratipAdita hotI hai| isI purANa meM yaha bhI varNita hai ki rAjA ko sneha, moha, Asakti aura bhaya Adi ke kAraNa nIti-mArga kA ullaMghana nahIM karanA caahie| nyAya pathagAmI vyakti ko nyAya mArga meM bAdhaka sneha kA parityAga karanA caahie| mahApurANa meM putra se adhika nyAya kI mahattA kA prati 1. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 263. 2. manusmRti 8/128 3. zukranItisAra a0 1, zloka 124, pR0 25 4. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 69/32. 5. so'yaM sanAtanaH kSAtro dharmo rakSyaH prajezvaraiH / mahA0 pu. 18/256. 6. duSTo dakSiNahasto'pi svasya chedyo mahIbhujA / mahA0 pu0 67/111 7. mahA0 pu0 17/110, vyavahArabhASya 1, bhAga 3 pR0 132 8. nyAyAnuttinAM yuktaM na hi snehAnuvartanam / mahA pu0 67/100

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( 151 ) pAdana hai|' isI purANa meM yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki rAjA ko prajA-pAlana meM pUrNarUpeNa nyAyocita rIti kA anukaraNa karanA cAhie kyoMki isa prakAra pAlita prajA kAmadhenu ke samAna manorathoM ko pUrNa karatI hai| (2) nyAya ke prakAra : jaina purANa meM nyAya ke prakAra kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| mahApurANa meM nyAya ke do prakAra batAe gaye haiN| (1) duSToM kA nigraha aura (2) ziSTa puruSoM kA paaln| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki uparyukta kAryoM ke siddhArtha hI nyAya kA upayoga hai| (II) nyAyAdhIza :- - rAjya meM zAnti evaM suvyavasthA sthApita karane ke lie nyAyavyavasthA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / nyAya-vyavasthA ko calAne ke lie nyAyAdhIza kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra jaisA ki pUrva meM batAyA gayA hai ki nyAyAdhIza kA kArya svayaM rAjA hI karatA thaa| jaina granthoM meM nyAyAdhIza ke lie kAraNika athavA rUpayakSa (pAli meM rUpadakSa) zabda kA prayoga huA hai| rUpayakSa ko mAThara ke nItizAstra aura kauTilya kI daNDanIti meM kuzala honA caahie| vyavahAra bhASya meM varNita hai ki nyAyAdhIza ko nirNaya dete samaya niSpakSa rahanA caahie| kauTilya kA kahanA hai ki rAjA ucita daNDa dene vAlA honA caahie| (III) zapatha : mahApurANa meM zapatha para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai / gavAha ko gavAhI (sAkSI) dete samaya rAjA ke samakSa dharmAdhikArI (nyAyAdhIza) dvArA kathita zapatha grahaNa karanI par3atI thii| yaha prathA Aja bhI nyAyAlayoM meM pracalita hai| 1. hitvA jeSThasutaM lokam akaronnyAmabhorasam / mahA0 pu0 45/67. 2. tvayA nyAyadhanenaNaM bhavitavya prjaadhRto| prajA kAmaduvA dhenuH matA nyAyena yojitA / mahA pu0 38/266. 3. nyAyazca dvitIyo duSTanigrahaH ziSTapAlanam / mahA pu0 38/256 4. vyavahArabhAjya 1, bhAga 3, pR0 132. -

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( 152 ) (kha) aparAdha evaM daNDa : prAcIna rAjanItijJoM ne rAjasattA ke antima AdhAra ko daNDa yA balaprayoga nihita kiyA hai| manu kA mata hai ki yadi rAjasattA aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa na de to "matsya-nyAya" kA bolabAlA ho jAyegA / arthAt daNDa ke bhaya se hI loga nyAya kA anusaraNa karate haiM / jaba saba loga sote haiM usa samaya daNDa unakI rakSA karatA hai / ' manu ne daNDanAyaka vyakti ko rAjA svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai, apitu daNDa ko hI zAsaka svIkRta kiyA hai / ' kauTilya ne daNDanIti ke cAra pramukha uddezya nirUpita kiye haiM / 1. upalabdha kI prApti, 2 . labdha kA parirakSaNa, 3. rakSita kA vivardhana, 4. vivardhita kA supAtroM meM vibhAjana / daNDa ke viSaya meM bhI isI prakAra kA vicAra anya jainettara AcAryoM ne vyakta kiyA hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ne vibhinna prakAra ke aparAdhoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke daNDoM kI vyavasthA kI hai / kauTilya kA kahanA hai ki daNDa kA prayoga sImita honA cAhie / daNDa na to atyanta kaThora honA cAhie aura na atyadhika namra (sarala) / aparAdha ke anusAra hI daNDa honA cAhie / " manu ke anusAra deza, kAla, zakti evaM vidyA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara daNDa kA nirdhAraNa karanA cAhie / mAtA-pitA Adi ko eka sadRza aparAdha ke lie daNDa bhI samAna dene kI vyavasthA thI / vastutaH daNDa kA uddezya vinAzAtmaka evaM saMhArakAraka na hokara saMzodhanAtmaka hotA thA / ' 1. daNDaH zakti prajA sarvA daNDa evAbhirakSati / daNDaH sapteSu jAgati daNDaM dharmaM vidurbudhAH / manu0 8 / 1411 2. sa rAjA puruSo daNDaH sa netA zAstA casaH / manu 7 / 7 3. draSTavyaH kANe, hisTrI Apha dharmazAstra bhAga 3, pR0 6. 4. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 102 / 57 yAjJavalkya 1/317 nItisAra 1 / 18. 5. arthazAstra 1/4 pR0 13 6. taM deza kAlozakti ca vidyAM cAvekSya tattvatAH / yathArhataH sampraNayennareNvanyAyavartiSu manu0 7 /16 7. mAtA-pitA ca bhrAtA ca bhAryA caiva purohitaH / nAdaNDyo vidyate rAjJo yaH svadharmeNa tiSThati / mahAbhArata zAntiparva / 121/60 8. upavAsamekarAtraM daNDotsarge narAdhipaH / vizuddhayedAtma zuddhayarthaM trirAtraM tu purohitaH / vahI - 3 / 17

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(153 ) jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna samaya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI daNDavyavasthA nahIM thii| sabhI loga mila julakara jIvana-yApana karate the| usa samaya kisI bhI prakAra kI ucchRkhalatA nahIM thii| lekina dhIre-dhIre jaba kulakara-vyavasthA kA prArambha huA usa samaya ucchRkhalatA ke bIja vapana hone lage jisake phalasvarUpa daNDa-nIti kA prArambha huaa| yaha kalakaravyavasthA bhagavAna RSabhadeva se pUrva thI usa samaya yaugalika kAla cala rahA thaa| jaina mAnyatAnusAra kulakaroM kI saMkhyA meM matameda batalAyA gayA hai| kisI mata ke anusAra 7 kulakaroM kA ullekha hai aura kisI mata ke anusAra 15 yA 14 kulakaroM kA ullekha AtA hai jinake bAre meM vistRta jAnakArI hama pUrva meM de cuke haiN| isa prakAra kulakara vyavasthA ke antargata tIna prakAra kI daNDanItiyAM pracalita thiiN| jo ki nimnalikhita haiM :-(1) hAkAra daNDanIti, (2) mAkAra daNDanIti, (3) dhikkAra daNDanIti / (1) "hAkAra" daNDanIti :-isa daNDanIti kA prArambha pA~ca kulakaroM ke samaya meM huA thA / jahA~ sAta kulakaroM kA ullekha hai vahAM batAyA gathA hai ki prathama do kulakaroM ke samaya isa nIti kA vikAsa haA thaa| isa samaya ke loga bahuta bhole the| kevala "hA" kaha dene mAtra se hI samajha jAte the aura Age aparAdha nahIM karate the| (2) "mAkAra" daNDanIti :-jaba "hAkAra" daNDanIti kA loga ullaMghana karane lage taba chaThe se dasaveM (jahA~ sAta kA ullekha hai usake anUsAra tIsare, cauthe) kulakara ke samaya meM "mAkAra" daNDanIti kA prAdurbhAva huaa| isa nIti ke anusAra "mA" (mata) kaha dene mAtra se hI aparAdhI daNDita ramajhA jAtA thaa| isa samaya yaugalika loga pUrva kI apekSA kucha cAlAka ho gaye the| (3) "dhikkAra" daNDanIti :-jaba "mAkAra" daNDanIti kA bhI ullaMghana hone lagA taba antima ke pA~ca athavA antima ke tIna kalakaroM ke samaya meM "dhikkAra" daNDanIti calatI rhii| isa nIti ke anusAra aparAdhI ko "dhika" kaha kara daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa samaya prajA ke 1. jambUdvIpa prApti vakSa 6, pR0 115-118 A0 cU0 pR0 130 A. ni. 51 mahA pu0 pR0 65

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( 154 ) svabhAva meM pUrva kI apekSA bahuta kucha parivartana A gayA thA / ' dhikkAra" daNDanIti RSabhadeva ke samaya taka calatI rahI thI / kyoMki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko antima kulakara bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra RSabhasvAmI ko prathama rAjA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isase pUrva koI bhI rAjA nahIM huA thA / RSabha svAmI ne rAjapada para ArUr3ha hone ke turanta pazcAt aparAdhoM ke nirodha hetu cAra prakAra kI afa prArambha kI / sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda / isake sAtha hI cAra prakAra kI daNDa-vyavasthA bhI banAI / (1) paribhAsa : isa daNDa- vyavasthA ke anusAra aparAdhI ko AkrozapUrNa zabdoM meM najarabanda rahane kA daNDa denA thA / (2) maNDalabandha : - isa daNDa- vyavasthA ke anusAra aparAdhI ko sImita kSetra meM rahane kA Adeza diyA jAtA thA / (3) cAraka : isa daNDa- vyavasthA ke anusAra aparAdhI ko bandIgRha meM banda rakhA jAtA thA / (4) chaviccheda : isa daNDa- vyavasthA ke anusAra aparAdhI ke hAtha, paira, nAka, Adi aMgoM kA chedana kiyA jAtA thA / uparyukta cAra daNDanItiyoM ke viSaya meM kucha AcAryoM meM matabheda haiM / kucha AcAryo kA mata hai ki aMtima do nItiyA~ ( cAraka baMdha aura chaviccheda) bharata ke samaya meM pracalita huI thI / bharata taka sAta daNDanItiyAM pracalita huI thI / parantu AcArya bhadrabAhu ke anusAra baMdha aura chaviccheda nIti RSabhadeva ke samaya meM hI pracalita ho gaI thI / ' 1. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa pR0 20.

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(155) AcArya jinasena ke anusAra baMdha aura bandhana Adi zArIrika daNDa bharata ke samaya meM pracalita hue|' isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM sAta prakAra kI daNDanIti varNita hai| AcArya haribhadrakAlIna zAsana paddhati ke antargata daNDa vyavasthA bahuta kaThora thii| sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa aparAdha para kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| samarAiccakahA ke anusAra puruSajAtaka tathA paradravyAvahArI kI usake jIte jI AMkha, kAna, nAka hAtha, tathA pAMva Adi aMga kATakara aMga bheda kara diyA jAtA thaa| corI karane para bhayaMkara daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA coroM ko jIte jI lohe ke kumbha meM baMda kara dete, unake hAtha kaTavA dete aura zUlI para car3hA denA to sAdhAraNa bAta thii| eka bAra kI bAta hai ki kisI brAhmaNa ne eka baniye kI rupayoM kI thailI curA lii| rAjA ne hukma diyA ki aparAdhI ko sau kor3e lagAye jAyeM, nahIM to viSThA khilAI jaaye| brAhmaNa ne kor3e khAnA maMjUra kara liyA, lekina kor3oM kI mAra na saha sakane ke kAraNa usane bIca meM hI viSThA khAne kI icchA vyakta kii| __ isa prakAra kA eka udAharaNa jinasena kRta mahApurANa meM AtA hai ki eka dina kotavAla ne eka vivadega nAma kA cora pkdd'aa| usake hAtha meM jo dhana thA use lekara kahA ki bAkI kA dhana aura do| dhana na dene para rakSakoM ne use daNDa diyA taba usane kahA ki bAkI kA dhana maiMne vimati ko de diyA, maiMne nahIM liyA / jaba vimati se pUchA gayA taba usane kaha diyA ki maiMne nahIM liyaa| isake bAda kotavAla ne vaha dhana kisI upAya se vimati ke ghara hI dekha liyA, vimati ko daNDa denA nizcita huaa| daNDa vene vAloM ne kahA ki yA to miTTI kI thAlI meM viSThA khAo, yA malloM 2. mahA pu0 3/216, pR0 65 zarIra paNana va baMdha baMdhAdilakSaNAm / nRNAM prabala doSANAM bharatena niyojitm| 3. samarAindhakahA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana pR 83. 4. vahI 4. mAcAroga cUrNI 2 pR.0 65....

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( 156 ) hi tIsa mukkoM kI coTa saho yA apanA sArA dhana do / jIvita rahane kI icchA se usane tInoM daNDa sahana kiye| arthAt Adi purANa ke anusAra aparAdha siddha hone para abhiyukta ko mRttikA bhakSaNa, viSThA bhakSaNa, malloM dvArA mukke tathA sarvasva haraNa Adi prakAra kA daNDa diyA jAtA thA / isake alAvA rAjakarmacArI coroM ko vastrayugala pahanAte, gale meM kanera ke puSpoM kI mAlA DAlate, aura unake zarIra ko tela se sikta kara usa para bhasma lagAte / phira unheM nagara meM caurAhoM para ghumAyA jAtA, ghUMsoM, lAtoM, DaMDoM aura kor3oM se pITA jaataa| unake hoMTha, nAka aura kAna kATa lie jAte / rakta se lipta mAMsa ko unake mu~ha meM DAlA jAtA aura phira khaNDa-paTaha se aparAdhoM kI ghoSaNA kI jAtI thI / 1 abhiyukta ko nagara meM bA~dha ke sAtha ghoSaNA pUrvaka ghumAne kA tAtparya logoM ko aparAdha na karane ke lie bhayabhIta karanA thA tAki nagara meM athabA rAjya meM aparAdhoM kI kamI ho / isake atirikta lohe yA lakar3I meM aparAdhiyoM ke hAtha-paira bAMdha diye jAte, khor3a meM paira bAMdhakara tAlA lagA diyA jAtA, hAtha, paira, jIbha, sira, gale kI ghaMTI athavA udara ko chinna-bhinna kara diyA jAtA / kalejA, AMkha, dAMta, aura aNDakoza Adi marma sthAnoM ko khIMcakara nikAla liyA jAtA thA / zarIra ke choTe-choTe TukaDe kara diye jAte, rassI meM bA~dha kara gaDDhe meM aura hAtha bAMdha kara vRkSa kI zAkhA meM laTakA dete, hAthI ke paira ke nIce DAlakara rauMdavA dete| caMdana kI bhA~ti patthara para ragar3ate, dahI kI bhA~ti mathate, kapaDe kI bhAMti pachAr3ate, ganne kI bhAMti pelate, mastaka ko bheda dete, khAra meM pheMka dete, khAla udher3a dete, liMga ko maror3a dete / Aga meM 'jalA dete, kIcar3a meM dhaMsA dete / garma zalAkA zarIra meM ghuser3a dete / dhAra, kaTu aura tikta padArtha jabardastI pilAte, chAtI para patthara rakha kara tor3ate, lohe ke DaMDoM se vakSasthala, udara aura guhya aMgoM kA chedana karate, lohe kI mugdara se kUdate, cAMDAloM ke muhalle meM rakha dete / deza se nirvAsita 1. Adi pu0 46 / 262 - 93/471-72. 2. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR082.

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/ (.157 ) kara dete, lohe ke piMjare meM banda kara dete, bhUmigaha aMdhakUpa yA jela meM DAla dete, aura zUlI para car3hA kara mAra ddaalte|' isa prakAra jaina mAnyatAnusAra coroM ko vibhinna prakAra kI yAtanAyeM dekara daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta yadi daNDa dene vAlA vyakti rAjA kI AjJAnusAra cora ko daNDa nahIM detA to rAjA usa vyakti bhI daNDa detA thA kyoMki rAjA yaha samajhatA thA ki jarUra isane aparAdhI vyakti se kucha ghUsa khA lI hogii| .....jinasena kRta mahApurANa meM isa prakAra kA udAharaNa AyA hai / eka bAra rAjA ne eka cANDAla ko AjJA dI ki tU vidya ccora ko mAra DAla parantu AjJA pAkara bhI usane kahA ki maiM ise nahI mAra sakatA kyoMki maiMne eka muni se hiMsAdi chor3ane kI pratijJA le rakhI hai| aisA kahakara jaba rAjA kI AjJA nahIM mAnI taba rAjA ne kahA ki isane kucha rizvata (ghusa) khA lI hai isalie usane krodhita hokara cora aura cANDAla donoM ko nirdayatApUrvaka sAMkala se baMdhavA diyaa| - isake alAvA coroM kI bhAMti durAcAriyoM ko bhI daNDa diye jAte the| durAcAriyoM ko bhI ziromuDana, tarjana, tADana, liMgacchedana, nirvAsana aura mRtyu Adi daNDa diye jAte the| vANiya grAma-vAsI ujjhita nAma kA koI yuvaka kAmadhvajA vezyA ke ghara nitya niyama se jAyA karatA thaa| rAjA bhI vezyA se prema karatA thaa| eka dina ujjhita kAmadhvajA ke yahA~ pakar3A gyaa| rAjA kI AjJAnusAra rAjakarmacAriyoM ne usakI khUba marammata kii| usake donoM hAtha usakI pITha pIche bA~dha diye, aura nAka, kAna kATa, usake zarIra ko tela se siMcita kara, maile-kucaile vastra pahanA kara, 1. vipAkasUtra 2, 3, aupapAtika sUtra 38, pR 162 Adi; tathA dekhiye arthazAstra zAmazAstrI 4/8-13, 63-88... : 2. mahA pu0 pR 472, gAthA 266. 3. nizIthacurNI 15, 5060, manusmRti 8/374 : yAjJavalkyasmRti 3/5/232 meM AcAryapatnI aura apanI kanyA ke sAtha viSayabhoga karane para liGgaccheda kA vidhAna hai|

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kanera ke phUloM kI mAlA gale meM DAla, use apane hI zarIra kA mAMsa khilAte hue, khokhare bAMsa se tAr3anA karate hue, use vadhya sthAna ko le gye| sagar3a aura sudarzanA vezyA ko bhI kaThora daNDa kA bhAgI honA par3A / sudarzanA rAjA ke maMtrI kI rakhaila thI, aura sargar3a usake yahA~ chipa. kara jAyA karatA thaa| pakar3e jAne para rAjA ne donoM ko mRtyu-daNDa kI Adeza diyaa| podanapura ke kamaTha kA apane bhrAtA kI patnI ke sAtha anucita sambandha ho jAne ke kAraNa use miTTI ke sakore kI mAlA pahanA, gadhe para baiThA, sAre nagara meM ghumAkara nirvAsita kara diyA gyaa| brAhmaNoM ko daNDa dete samaya soca-vicAra se kAma liyA jAtA thaa| vyavahAra bhASya meM eka brAhmaNa kI kathA AtI hai jise kisI cAMDAlI ke sAtha vyabhicAra karane para, kevala vedoM kA sparza karAkara chor3a diyA gyaa| corI aura vyabhicAra kI bhAMti hatyA bhI mahAn aparAdha ginA jAtA thaa| hatyA karane vAle arthadaNDa (jurmAnI) aura mRtyudaNDa ke bhAgI hote the| bahatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki puruSa ke lie talavAra uThAne para 80 hajAra jurmAnA kiyA jAtA, prahAra karane para mRtyu na ho to bhinnabhinna dezoM kI prathA ke anusAra jurmAnA denA par3atA tathA yadi mRtyu hI jAye to bhI hatyAre ko 80 hajAra daNDa bharanA pdd'taa| matharA ke naMdiSeNa nAmaka rAjakumAra ne apane pitA kI mRtyu karane ke lie rAjA ke nAI ke sAtha mila kara rAjA kI hatyA kA SaDayaMtra racA, 1. vipAkasUtra 2, yAmavalpayasmRti 3.52 32 Adi, manusmRti 8/372 mAdi / 2. vipAka sUtra 4. 3. uttarASpayana TIkA 23. 4. vyavahArabhASya pIThikA gA0 17, pR0 10 5. vRhatkalpa bhASya 4, 5104.

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(156) lekina jaba SaDayaMtra kA bheda khula gayA to rAjakumAra ko lohe ke siMhAsana para baiThAkara, tapta lohe ke kalazoM meM bhare hue khAre tela se tapate hue lohe kA hAra aura mukuTa use pahanA diye gye| isa prakAra naMdiSeNa mRtyu daNDa kA bhAgI huaa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina granthoM ke anusAra prAcIna samaya meM daNDa dete samaya rAjA yaha nahIM dekhatA thA ki yaha merA putra hai, yaha merA bhAI hai. sabhI ko kAnUna anusAra daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| . uparyukta kathana se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjakumAra rAjyaprApti ke liye apane pitA ko mArane ke lie bhI SaDyaMtra racate the| isake alAvA hatyA karane vAlI striyoM ko bhI daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA puSpanaMdi kI rAnI devadattA apanI sAsa se bahuta IrSyA karatI thii| usane apanI sAsa ko tape hue lohe ke DaNDe se dAgakara maravA ddaalaa| isa bAta kA jaba rAjA ko patA calA to usane devadattA ko pakar3avAkara, usake hAthoM ko pITha pIche ba~dhavA, aura usake nAka, kAna kaTavA use zUlI para car3havA diyaa| ..isa udAharaNa se vidita hotA hai ki striyoM ko bhI puruSoM ke samAna hI daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| kisI purohita ne apanI garbhavatI kanyA ko ghara se nikAla diyaa| vaha kisI gaMdhI ke yahA~ naukarI karane lgii| kucha samaya pazcAt, maukA pAkara usane apane mAlika (gaMdhI) ke bahumUlya bartana aura kapar3e curA liye / giraphtAra kara liye jAne para prasava ke bAda rAjA ne use mRtyu-daNDa kI sajA dii|' (1) coroM ke prakAra : jaina granthoM meM coroM ke aneka prakAra batalAye gaye haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM AmoSa, lomahara (jAna se mArakara sarvasva apaharaNa karane vAle), 1. vipAka sUtra 6. 2. vahI 3. Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 62.

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granthibhedaka aura taskara nAma ke coroM kA ullekha hai|' anyatra AkrAnta, prAkRtika, grAmastena, dezastena, antarastena, adhvAnastena aura khetoM ko khanana karane vAle coroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra, prAcIna samaya meM cora bar3e sAhasI aura nirbhIka hote, tathA jo bhI sAmane AtA, use mAra DAlate / cora rAjA ke apakArI, jaMgala, gAMva, nagara, patha aura gRha Adi ke vidhvaMsakartA, jahAjoM ko lUTa lene vAle, yAtriyoM kA dhana apaharaNa karane vAle, juArI, jabardastI kara vasUla karane vAle, strI ke veza meM corI karane vAle, seMdha lagAne vAle, gaThakatare, gAya-ghor3A, dAsadAsI, bAlaka aura sAdhviyoM kA apaharaNa karane vAle tathA sArtha ko mAra DAlane vAle huA karate the| cora vikAla meM gamana karate, kiMcit dagdha mRta kalevara, athavA jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA mAMsa yA kandamUla bhakSaNa kiyA krte| corI karane vAloM ko hI nahIM, balki corI kI salAha dene vAle, corI kA bheda jAnane vAle, curAI huI vastu ko kama mUlya para kharIdane vAle, coroM ko anna-dAna yA aura kisI bhI prakAra kA Azraya dene vAle ko bhI cora kahA hai| isake alAvA cora meM vizvAsa kI bhAvanA paidA kara, usakI kuzala-kSema pUchakara, use saMketa dekara, na pakar3avAne meM usakI madada kara, jisa mArga se cora gayA ho usa mArga kA ulaTA mArga batAkara, tathA use sthAna, Asana, bhojana, tela-jala, agni aura rassI Adi pradAnakara cora kA hausalA bar3hAyA jAtA thA, aisA karane vAloM ko acchI naz2ara se nahIM dekhA jAtA thA, tathA unheM bhI daNDa kA bhAgI bananA par3atA thaa| (II) corI ke prakAra : seMdha lagAnA prAcIna graMthoM meM seMdha lagAne ke vividha prakAra batalAye gaye haiN| kapizIrSa (kaMgUrA), kalaza, nandAvarta, kamala, manuSya aura zrIvatsa ke 1. uttarAdhyayana 6. 2. nizIthabhASya 21, 3650 / 3. jJAtAdharma kathAMga 18, 10 555. 4, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR072-73.... ....

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(161) AkAra kI seMdha lagAI jAtI thii| cora unake andara se ghara meM praveza karate the| eka bAra kisI cora ne seMdha lagAkara usameM se ghara meM praveza karanA caahaa| vaha pAMvoM ke bala andara ghusA hI thA ki makAna mAlika ne usake pAMva pakar3a kara khIMca lie| idhara se usake sAthiyoM ne usakA sira pakar3akara khIMcanA Arambha kiyaa| itane meM hI kapizIrSa ke AkAra kI seMdha TUTa kara gira par3I, aura cora usI meM dabakara mara gyaa|' cora pAnI kI mazaka aura talodapATinI vichA Adi upakaraNoM se sajjita ho prAyaH rAtri ke samaya apane dalabala ke sahita corI karane nikalate the| mRcchakaTika meM padmavyAkoza, bhAskara, bAlacandra, vApI, vistIrNa, svastika aura pUrNakumbha nAmaka seMdhoM kA ullekha hai| bhagavAna kanaka zakti ke AdezAnusAra yadi pakkI IToM kA makAna ho to IMToM ko khIMcakara, kaccI IToM kA makAna ho to tor3akara, miTTI kI IMToM kA ho to IMToM ko gIlA kara tathA lakar3I kA makAna ho to cIrakara seMdha lagAI jAtI thii| bhAsa ke cArudatta nATaka meM siMhAkrAnta pUrNacandra, bhASAsya, candrArtha, vyAghravastra, aura trikoNa AkAra kI seMdhe batAyI gayI haiN| jAtaka granthoM meM kahA gayA hai ki seMdha isa prakAra lagAnI cAhie jisase binA kisI rukAvaTa ke ghara meM praveza kiyA jA ske| (3) coroM ke pAkhyAna : jainAgama purANoM meM coroM kI aneka aisI kathAe~ AtI haiM jo ki apanI buddhi kA isa prakAra upayoga karate the jisase ki vaha kisI kI pakar3a meM nahIM Ate the| coroM kI buddhi bahuta teja hotI thii| benyAtaTa nagara meM maNDita nAma kA eka cora rahatA thaa| vaha rAta ko corI karatA thA aura dina meM darjI kA kAma karake apanI AjIvikA calAtA thaa| vaha apanI bahana ke sAtha kisI udyAna ke bhUmigRha meM rahatA thaa| isa bhUmigRha meM eka kuAM thaa| jo koI vyakti corI kA mAla yahA~ Dhokara lAtA, use pahale to 1. uttarAdhyayana 4. 2. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 74 3. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 73 - 4. vahI

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......- 162) maNDita kI bahana Asana para baiThAkara usakA pAda-prakSAlana karatI, bAda meM use kue~ meM Dhakela detI thii| ____ coroM ko pakar3ane vAle rAjA bhI usa samaya bahuta catura tathA buddhizAlI hote the| mUladeva jaba rAjA bana gayA to usane maNDita cora ko pakar3ane ke bahuta prayatna kiye, parantu usakA patA nahIM claa| eka dina mUladeva nIlavastra dhAraNa kara cora kI khoja meM niklaa| vaha eka sthAna para chipa kara baiTha gyaa| thor3I dera bAda vahAM para maNDita AyA, pUchane para mUladeva ne apane ko kApAlika bhikSa btaayaa| maNDita ne kahA cala tujhe AdamI banA duuN| mUladeva usake pIche-pIche cala diyaa| maNDita ne kisI ghara meM seMdha lagAkara corI kI, aura corI kA mAla usake sira para rakhakara apane ghara para livA laayaa| maNDita ne apanI bahana ko bulAkara atithi ke pAdaprakSAlana karane ko khaa| lekina maNDita kI bahana ko mUladeva ke Upara dayA A gayI aura usane use kue~ meM na Dhakela, bhAga jAne kA izArA kara diyA / - mUladeva bhAgakara eka zivaliMga ke pIche chipa gyaa| maNDita ne aMdhere meM zivaliMga ko cora samajha kara talavAra se usake do Tukar3e kara ddaale| prAtaH kAla hone para maNDita roja kI bhAMti darjI kA kAma karane rAjamArga para baiTha gyaa| mUladeva ne maNDita ko rAjadarabAra meM bulvaayaa| maNDita samajha gayA ki rAta vAlA bhikSu aura koI nahIM, rAjA mUladeva hI thaa| muladeva ne maNDita kI bahana se zAdI karake bahuta sA dhana prApta kiyA aura phira maNDita ko zUlI para car3havA kara maravA diyaa| uparyukta kathA ke alAvA mUladeva, vijaya aura rohiNeya cora kI kathAe~ bhI jaina-granthoM meM AtI haiM / inameM se rohiNeya cora itanA catura evaM baddhizAlI thA ki use koI nahIM pakar3a sakA / yahAM taka ki abhaya kumAra bhI cAroM baddhiyoM kA svAmI bhI cora sAbita nahIM kara skaa| eka bAra pakaDa liye jAne para bhI corI kA pramANa nahIM milane para abhaya kumAra ne rAjA zreNika kI AjJA se use chor3a diyaa| chUTa jAne ke pazcAt rohiNeya 1. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 4.

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(163) bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ke samavasaraNa meM jAkara bhagavAna se AjJA lekara svayaM rAjA ke sAmane kahatA hai ki maiM hI rohiNeya cora hUM jisakI ki Apa talAza meM ho / aisA kaha kara vaha rAjA ke maMtrI amara kumArAdi vyaktiyoM ko apane sthAna para le jAkara sArA sAmAna rAjA ko vApisa kara diyaa| aura svayaM ne bhagavAna ke pAsa jAkara zravaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lii| uparyukta kathAnaka se vidita hotA hai ki cora svayaM AtmasamarpaNa bhI kara dete the| jelakhAne (cAraNa) : jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna samaya meM jelakhAnoM kI atyanta zocanIya dazA thI aura unameM kaidiyoM ko dAruNa kaSTa diye jAte the| kaidiyoM kA sarvasva apaharaNa kara unheM jela-khAne meM DAla diyA jAtA, aura kSudhA, tRSA aura zIta uSNa se vyAkula ho unheM kaSTamaya jIvana vyatIta karanA par3atA thaa| unake mukha kI chavi kAlI par3a jAtI, khAMsI, kor3ha Adi vibhinna rogoM se ve pIr3ita rahate, nakha, keza aura roma unake bar3ha jAte tathA apane hI mala-mUtra meM par3e ve jela meM sar3ate rahate the| unake zarIra meM kIr3e par3a jAte, aura unakA prANAnta hone para unake paira meM rassI bAMdha unheM khAI meM pheMka diyA jaataa| aura bher3ie, kutte, gIdar3a aura mArjAra vagairaha unakA bhakSaNa kara jAte the| jelakhAne meM tAMbe, jaste, zIze, cUne aura kSAra ke tela se bharI huI lohe kI kuDiyAM garma karane ke lie Aga para rakhI rahatI, aura bahuta se maTake hAthI, ghor3e, gAya, bhaiMsa, U~Ta, bher3a aura bakarI ke mUtroM se bhare rahate / hAtha, paira bAMdhane ke lie yahAM aneka kASThamaya baMdhana, khor3a, ber3I, zRkhalA, mArane-pITane ke lie bAMsa, beMta, valkala aura camar3e ke kor3e, kUTane-pITane ke lie patthara kI zilAe~ pASANa aura mudgara, bA~dhane ke lie rasse cIrane aura kATane ke liye talavAra, AriyAM aura chure, ThoMkane 1. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 86,

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(164) ke lie lohe kI kIleM, bAMsa kI khappaceM, cubhAne ke lie churI, kuThAra, nakhaccheda aura darbhatRNoM Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| . siMhapura nagara meM duryodhana nAma kA eka duSTa jelara rahatA thaa| vaha jela meM pakar3akara Ae hue coroM, parastrI-gAmiyoM, gaMThakataroM, rAjadrohiyoM, RNa-grastoM,bAlaghAtakoM, vizvAsaghAtakoM, juAriyoM, aura dhUrtoM ko apane karmacAriyoM se pakar3avA, unhe sIdhA liTavAtA aura lohadaNDa se unake muMha khulavAkara usameM garma-garma tA~bA, khArA tela tathA hAthI-ghor3oM kA mUtra ddaaltaa| aneka kaidiyoM ko ulTA liTavAkara unheM khUba piTavAtA, unakI chAtI para zilA rakhavA aura donoM ora se do puruSoM se lAThI pakar3avAkara jora-jora se hilavAtA / unakA sira nIce aura paira Upara karake gaDDhe meM se pAnI pilavAtA, asipatra Adi se unakA vidAraNa karavAtA, kSAra tela ko unake zarIra para capar3avAtA, unake mastaka, gale kI ghaNTI, hathelI, ghaTane aura pairoM ke jor3a meM lohe kI kIleM ThukavAtA, bicchU jaise kAMToM ko zarIra meM ghusAtA, suI Adi ko hAthoM-pairoM kI uMgaliyoM meM ThukavAtA, nakhoM se bhUmi khudavAtA, nakhacchedaka Adi dvArA zarIra ko pIr3A pahuMcavAtA, ghAvoM para gIle darbhakuza baMdhavAtA aura unake sUkha jAne para tar3atar3a kI AvAja se unhe ukhdd'vaataa| uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki jelakhAnoM meM sabhI prakAra ke daNDa kI vyavasthA rahatI thii| jeloM meM kotavAla tathA jelara bahata hI kara svabhAva ke hote the| ve nirdayatApUrvaka daNDa dete the| rAjagRha kA kArAgAra : rAjagaha meM dhanya nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahatA thaa| eka aparAdha kiye jAne para nagara-rakSakoM ne pakar3akara use jela meM DAla diyaa| usI kArAgAra meM dhanya ke putra kA hatyArA vijaya nAma kA cora bhI sajA kATa rahA thaa| donoM ko eka khor3a meM hI bAMdha diyA jAtA, isalie donoM ko sadA sAtha-sAtha rahanA par3atA thA / dhanya kI strI prAtaH kAla bhojana taiyAra kara use bhojana-piTaka (Tiphina) meM bharakara dAsaceTa ke hAtha apane pati ke lie bhejA karatI thii| eka dina vijaya cora ne dhanya ke Tiphina meM se 1. vipAka sUtra 6, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 89.

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bhojana mA~gA, lekina dhanya ne dene se inkAra kara diyaa| eka bAra bhojana ke pazcAt dhanya ko zauca kI hAjata huii| dhanya ne vijaya se ekAnta sthAna meM (zauca ke lie) jAne ko kahA / vijaya ne kahA tuma to khUba khAte-pIte ho, moja karate ho, isalie tumhArA zauca svAbhAvika hai, lekina mujhe to roja kor3e khAne par3ate haiM, aura sadA bhUkha-pyAsa se pIr3ita rahatA huuN| yaha kaha kara usane dhanya ke sAtha jAne se inkAra kara diyaa| thor3I dera bAda dhanya ne phira vijaya se calane ko khaa| aMta meM isa bAta para phaisalA huA ki dhanya use apane bhojana meM se khAne ko diyA kregaa| kucha dinoM ke pazcAt apane iSTa-mitroM ke prabhAva se bahuta sA dhana kharca karake dhanya kArAgAra se chUTa gyaa| sarvaprathama kSaurakarma (hajAmata) karAne ke lie vaha alaMkArika sabhA me gyaa|' vahA~ se puSkariNI meM snAna kara usane nagara meM praveza kiyaa| use dekhakara usake sage sambandhI bahuta prasanna hue aura unhoMne usakA Adara satkAra kiyaa| .. rAjA zreNika ko bhI rAjagRha ke kArAgAra meM kucha samaya taka kaidI banAkara rakhA gayA thA / prAtaHkAla aura sAyaMkAla use kor3oM se pITA jAtA, bhojana-pAna usakA baMda kara diyA gayA thA, aura kisI ko usase milane bhI nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| kucha samaya bAda usakI rAnI cellaNA ko usase milane kI anumati dI gyii| vaha apane bAloM meM koI peya padArtha chipAkara le jAtI thI, aura usakA pAna kara zreNika jIvita rahatA / putrotpatti, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi utsavoM ke avasara para prajA kA zulka mApha kara diyA jAtA, aura kaidiyoM ko jela se chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| 1. alaMkArika sabhA meM vetana dekara aneka nAI rakkhe jAte the| ye zramaNa anAtha, glAna rogI aura durbaloM kA alaMkArakarma karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra 13, pR0 387. 2. jAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra 2, pR0 144-150. 3. A0 cU0 2, pR0 171. 4. jJAtAdharmakayAMgasUtra 1. pR0 50-51.

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uparyukta vivaraNa se hameM jaina purANa sAhitya, nyAya-vyavasthA kisa prakAra kI thI, isakA pUrNarUpeNa jJAna prApta hotA hai| (1) mukadame : ___ jaina mAnyatAnusAra nyAyAlayoM (rAjakula)meM mukaddame peza kiye jAte the / prAcIna samaya meM corI, DakaitI, paradAra-gamana, hatyA aura rAjA kI AjJA kA ullaMghana Adi aparAdha karane vAloM ko rAjakUla meM upasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| yadi koI mukadamA lekara nyAyAlaya meM jAtA to usase tIna bAra vahI bAta pUchI jaatii| yadi vaha tInoM bAra eka hI jaisA uttara detA to usakI bAta saccI mAnI jAtI thI aura phaisalA usakI tarapha kA hI hotA / ' eka bAra do sautoM ke bIca jhagar3A ho gayA thaa| unameM se eka sauta putravatI thI, dUsarI ke putra nahIM thaa| jisake putra nahIM thA vaha putra ko khUba lADa.pyAra se rakhatI thii| isakA matalaba yaha huA ki dhIre-dhIre vaha lar3akA apanI sautelI mAM se itanA dhula-mila gayA ki usI ke pAsa rahane lagA aura apanI khAsa mAM ko bhUla gyaa| eka dina lar3ake ko lekara donoM meM jhagar3A cAlU huaa| donoM lar3ake ko apanA-apanA batAne lgii| jaba kucha phaisalA nahIM huA to ve donoM nyAyAdhIza ke pAsa gaI / nyAyAdhIza ne bar3e hI viveka se lar3ake ke do Tukar3e kara donoM sautoM ko AdhA-AdhA bA~Ta dene kA hukma diyaa| yaha sunakara lar3ake kI jo khAsa mA~ thI vaha bahata ghbraayii| aura usane nyAyAdhIza se yaha nivedana kiyA "mahArAja mujhe putra nahIM cAhie, merI sauta ke pAsa hI rahane diijie|" yaha sunakara nyAyAdhIza samajha gayA ki yaha,putra kisakA hai / nyAyAdhIza ne lar3ake kI mA~ ko usakA putra (lar3akA) de diyaa| 1. nizISacUrNI 20, pR0 305. 2. dazavakAlika cUrNI : jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma : agastyasiMha, prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1933, pR0 104.

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(167) Avazyaka cUrNI meM ullekha milatA hai ki eka bAra do seThoM kI. kanyAyeM snAna karane gaI huI thii| unameM se eka kanyA dUsarI kanyA ke kImatI AbhUSaNa lekara campata (bhAga) ho gii| mAmalA rAjadarabAra meM pahuMcA lekina koI gavAha taiyAra nahIM huA / aMta meM dAsa ceTiyoM ko bulAkara mukadame kA phaisalA diyA gyaa|' isa vAkya se tathA isa udAharaNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mukadamA kA phaisalA dAsaceTiyoM kI sahAyatA se bhI hotA thA / kabhI-kabhI sAdhAraNa sI bAta para bhI jhagar3A ho jAtA thA, aura loga mukadamA lekara rAjakUla meM upasthita ho jaate| eka bAra karakaDa aura kisI brAhmaNa meM eka bAMsa ke DaMDe ke Upara jhagar3A ho gyaa| donoM kAraNika (nyAyAdhIza) ke pAsa gaye / bAMsa karakaMDu ke smazAnameM ugA thA, isalie vaha usI ko hI de diyA gyaa| prAcIna jaina graMthoM ke anusAra kabhI-kabhI jaina bhramaNoM ko bhI rAjakula meM upasthita honA par3atA thaa| Avazyaka cUrNI meM ullekha hai ki jaba vajrasvAmI chaH mahIne ke hI the tabhI jaina zramaNa unheM dIkSA dene ke lie le gaye / vajrasvAmI kI mAtA sunandA ne jaina zramaNoM ke viruddha rAjakula meM mukadamA kara diyaa| jaina zramaNoM ko isa samaya rAjakula meM upasthita honA pdd'aa| nyAya karate samaya rAjA pUrva dizA meM, jaina saMgha ke sadasya dakSiNa dizA meM tathA vajrasvAmI ke sage sambandhI rAjA kI bAyIM ora baitthe| usa samaya sArA nagara sunaMdA kI tarapha thaa| sUnandA ne khilaune Adi dikhalAkara vajrasvAmI ko apanI ora AkarSita karanA cAhA. lekina phira bhI bAlaka usake pAsa nahIM aayaa| isake pazcAta jaina zramaNoM kI bArI aaii| isa samaya pahale se hI zramaNa dharma meM dIkSita vajrasvAmI ke pitA ne-jo ki jaina zramaNoM kI ora se mukadame kI pairavI kara rahe the, bAlaka ko bulAyA aura rajoharaNa lene ko kahA / bAlaka ne apane pitA 1. A0 cU0 pR 116. 2. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 6.

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( 168 ) kI AjJA kA pAlana kiyA / yaha dekhakara rAjA ne vajrasvAmI ko usake pitA ke supurda kara diyA / ' 1 uparyukta udAharaNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna samaya meM nyAyAdhIza bahuta catura aura hoziyAra hote the / nirNaya karane se pUrva mukadame ke viSaya meM sArI jAMca par3atAla kara lete the pazcAt apanA nirNaya sunAte the / isake alAvA jaina granthoM ke anusAra jaina zramaNoM ko bhI nyAyAlaya athavA rAjakula meM hAz2ira ( upasthita) honA par3atA thA / 1 1. bhA0 pU0 pR0 361 ityAdi /

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saptama adhyAya nagarAdi vyavasthA (ka) nagara-vinyAsa : jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjya kI bAhya AkramaNoM se rakSA karane ke lie nagara nirmANa bahuta sAvadhAnIpUrvaka kiyA jAtA thaa| isake alAvA sundaratA kI dRSTi se bhI nagara kI racanA cAturyatA se kI jAtI thii| jaina purANoM ke anusAra nagara pUrva aura pazcima meM nava yojana caur3e aura dakSiNa se uttara meM bAraha yojana lambe hote the| nagara kA mukha pUrva dizA meM hotA thaa| nagariyoM meM sau (100) cauka (catuSka), 12,000 galiyAM hotI thiiN| isake alAvA nagara meM choTe-bar3e 1,000 daravAje, 500 kivAr3a vAle daravAje, evaM 200 sundara daravAje hote the| padmama purANa meM ullekha milatA hai ki usa samaya nagara cUne se pute huye sapheda mahaloM kI paMkti ke samAna jAna par3ate the| ___ jaina purANoM meM nagaroM kI samRddhi kA varNana bhI upalabdha hai| padma purANa ke anusAra bhArata meM rAjya devaloka ke samAna utkRSTa sampadAoM se yukta the| vijayAddha parvata kI dakSiNa zreNI kI nagariyAM eka se eka bar3hakara nAnA prakAra ke dezoM evaM grAmoM se vyApta, maTamboM se saMkIrNa, tathA kheTa aura karvaTa ke vistAra se yukta hotI thI / vahA~ kI bhUmi bhoga bhUmi ke samAna thii| jharane sadA madhu, dUdha, ghI Adi rasoM ko bahAte the / anAjoM kI rAziyAM parvatoM samAna thiiN| anAja kI khattiyoM kA kabhI kSaya nahIM hotA thaa| vATikAoM evaM bagIcoM kI AvRta mahaka cAroM tarapha phailatI 1. sudhArasasamAsaGgapArAgArapA0 ktibhi; padma pu0 2/37. 2. padma pu0 4/76.

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( 170) thii| mArga dhUlI tathA kaNTakoM se rahita arthAt sApha, calane meM sukhadAyI hote the / pyAU bar3e-bar3e vRkSoM kI chAyA se yukta tathA rasoM se pUrNa hotI thii|' isake alAvA nagarI dhUlI ke Dhera aura koTa kI dIvAroM se durladhya nagara daravAjoM, aTTAlikAoM kI paMktiyoM tathA bandaroM ke zira jaise AkAra vAle buoM se bahuta hI adhika suzobhita hote the| ukta ullekha se prApta hotA hai ki vAstava meM nagaroM kI racanA bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se kI jAtI thii| mahApurANa meM puranirmANa ke sAta avayava varNita haiN|' (1) vapra, (2) prAkAra, (3) pariravA, (4) aTArI, (5) dvAra, (6) galI aura (7) mArga / nagara ke cAroM ora vizAla koTa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| koTa ke cAroM ora gaharI pariravA hotI thI, jo ki bahuta gaharI hotI thii| nagara U~ce-U~ce gopuroM se yukta hote the| bar3I-bar3I vApikAoM se nagara ko alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thaa| nagara meM sabhI prakAra ke loga rahate the| mahApuraNa meM ullikhita hai ki pratyeka nagara ke madhya meM catuSka (caurAhA) banAyA jAtA thaa| yaha caurAhe nagara ke sabhI sthAnoM se milate the| isake alAvA mahApurANa meM yaha bhI varNita hai ki nagara meM prataulI' aura rathyA hote the| prataulI rathyA se caur3I galI hotI thii| prataulI nagara ke mukhya bAjAroM evaM muhalloM kI ora jAtI thI, tathA rathyA sImita muhalle taka hI jAtI thii| 1. dezagrAma samAkoNe maTambAkAra saMkulam / mahAtarutacchAyAH prathAH sarvasamAnvitA // padma pu0 3/315-325. 2. vibhAti gopuropetadvArATTAlakapaDUktibhiH / vanAkAraduladhyaM murajaH kapizIrSakaiH / mahA pu0 63/365. 3. mahA0 pu0 16/54-73. 4. padma pu0 2/46. 5. padma pu0 2/36-45. 6. mahA0 pu0 26/3. 7. vahI 43/204. 8. vahI 26/3.

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( 171) 1. durga : prAcIna bhArata meM durgoM kA atyadhika mahattva thaa| usa samaya sImA vistAra kI bhAvanA se eka rAjA dasare rAjA ke rAjya para AkramaNa karate hI rahate the| isalie rAjyoM kI sudRr3hatA evaM rAjyoM kI surakSA ke lie durga mahattvapUrNa samajhe jAte the| durga rAjya kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kauTilya ne durga ko rAjya ke pramukha saptAMgoM meM se eka mAnA hai jise koSa, mitra aura senA se adhika mahattvapUrNa samajhA jAtA thaa| jisa deza meM jitane adhika durga hote the vaha utadA hI adhika zaktizAlI samajhA jAtA thaa| jana-dhana kI surakSA kI dRSTi se tathA yuddha meM sahAyaka hone ke kAraNa durgoM kA mahattva isa deza meM bahuta samaya taka rhaa| sArAMza meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki rAjA apane rAjya meM aneka aise vikaTa sthAna-durga, khAI Adi kA nirmANa karavAte the, kyoMki jaba zatru deza para AkramaNa karatA thA usa samaya vaha ina vikaTa sthAnoM se duHkhI ho jAtA thA jisake kAraNa AkramaNa saphala nahIM ho sakate the / zukrAcArya ne durga kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai ki jisako prApta karane meM zatru ko bhI bhISaNa kaSTa sahana karanA par3e aura jo saMkaTa kAla meM apane svAmI kI rakSA karatA hai, use durga kahate haiN| durga yuddha samaya meM rakSaNa karate tathA zAnti samaya meM zobhAprada hote the| durgoM kI racanA, bhUmi, Arthika sAdhana tathA zatru-AkramaNa kI dizA Adi ko dRSTi meM rakhakara kI jAtI thii| usa samaya pratyeka rAjya kI rAjadhAnI va pratyeka nagara surakSAtmaka, durga evaM pariravA Adi se ghirA rahatA thaa| durga ke sabase bar3e adhikArI ko koTTapAla kahA jAtA thaa| 1. arthazAstra 6, 1. pR0 415.417. 2. zukra :-yasya durgasya saMprApteH zatrayo duHkhamApnuyuH / ___svAminaM rakSayatyeva vyasane durgameSa tat // nItivAkyAmRtam / 20/1, pR0 198. 3. dugaividhAna pR0 1. 4. samarAhaccakahA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 78. allekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsanapaddhati pR0 105.

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(172) padma purANa ke anusAra zatru ke dvArA AkrAnta hone para rAjA loga durga meM Akara zaraNa lete the| isake alAvA zatru para AkramaNa karane ke lie bhI durga meM Azraya lenA par3atA thaa| mahApurANa ke anusAra durgoM ke andara yathAsthAna mantra, zastra, jala, ghor3e, jo tathA rakSakoM ke rahane kA ullekha milatA hai| padama purANa meM durgama durga kA ullekha huA hai| jainettara sAhitya meM durgoM ke prakAra kA vistRta varNana upalabdha hai| kauTilya ne cAra prakAra ke dugoM kA varNana kiyA hai / (1) audaka (jala), (2) parvata (pahAr3I), (3) dhanvana tathA (4) vana / ' 1. audaka : cAroM ora nadiyoM se ghirA huA bIca se TApU ke samAna, athavA bar3e-bar3e gahare tAlAboM se ghirA huA madhyasthala pradeza, yaha do prakAra kA audaka durga kahalAtA hai| 2. parvata : bar3e-bar3e pattharoM se ghirA huA athavA svAbhAvika guphAoM ke rUpa meM banA huA parvata durga kahalAtA thaa| 3. dhAnvana : jala tathA ghAsa Adi se rahita arthAt sarvathA Usara meM banA huA dhanvana durga kahalAtA thaa| ...4. vanadurga : cAroM ora daladala athavA kA~TedAra jhAr3iyoM se ghirA huA vanadurga kahalAtA thaa| 1. padma pu0 43/28. 2. padma pu0 26/40. 3. mahA pu0 54/24. 4. padma pu0 26/47. 5. kauTilya arthazAstra 2/3. pR0 77

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(173) anya zAstrakAroM ne chaH prakAra ke durga batAye haiM / dhanva, mahI, vArbha, jala, nR tathA giri| zukrAcArya ne nau prakAra ke durga batAye haiM / airiNa, parikhA, pAriSa, vana, dhanva, jala, giri, sainya tathA sahAya / ' samarAGgaNa sUtradhAra meM durga vidhAna kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| isameM vijayArthI rAjAoM ke lie cha: prakAra (jala, paMka, vana, airiNa, parvatIya tathA guhA) ke durgoM kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA gayA hai| . jaina purANoM meM durgoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| zAnti evaM yuddha kAla meM inakA bahuvidha prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjA ke lie durga kA honA usakI zakti kA dyotaka hotA thaa| rAmAyaNa meM cAra prakAra ke durgoM kA ullekha hai : 1. nadI, 2. parvata, 3. vana aura 4. kRtrim| (II) rAjadhAnI : rAjadhAnI use kahate haiM jahAM para ki rAja-vyavasthA se sambaMdha rakhane vAlA rAjA tathA anya rAjakarmacArI nivAsa karate hoN| jainamAnyatAnusAra bhI rAjadhAnI usa nagara ko kahA gayA hai jahAM para rAjA rahatA thaa| jaina graMthoM ke anusAra indra ne sarvaprathama vinItA nAma kI rAjadhAnI sthApita kI thI, jisakA ki dUsarA nAma ayodhyA bhI kahA jAtA thA / arthazAstra meM rAjadhAnI ko sthAnIya kahA gayA hai| rAjadhAnI meM 800 grAma hote the| prAcIna graMthoM meM rAjadhAnI ke lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa karate huye varNita hai ki 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 56/35, 86/4.5, manu0 7/70, matsya pu0 2/7/6-7, ___ agni pu0 222/4-5. 2. zukra0 4/6-7 pR0 362. 3. dvijendranAtha zukla-samarAGgaNIya, dillI : vAstuzAstrIya bhavana niveza 1964, pR0 41 4. rAmAyaNa : yuddha kANDa 3/21 5. arthazAstra 2/3. pR0 77.

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-- 174) rAjadhAnI meM caturdika parikhA, prAkAra evaM nagara dvAroM kA honA Avazyaka thA tathA isake andara caur3e rAjamArga, sundara bhavanoM, upavanoM evaM sarovaroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta rAjadhAnI ke nagara dvAra para sainika zivira, unnata gopura, zAlAoM evaM vizAla bhavanoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa|' - DaoN. dvijendranAtha zukla ke matAnusAra jisa nagara meM rAjA rahatA thA use rAjadhAnI kahate haiM, aura anya nagara zAkhA nagara kI saMkhyA meM Ate the| vartamAna samaya meM bhI isI prakAra kI vyavasthA hai| jahA~ para pradhAnamaMtrI rahatA hai use rAjadhAnI tathA anya zAkhA nagara kI saMjJA meM hI Ate haiN| rAjadhAnI ke sambandha meM zukrAcArya kA mata hai ki-"usa suramya evaM samatala bhUbhAga para rAjadhAnI yA nagara kA nirmANa karanA cAhie, jo vividha prakAra ke vRkSoM, latAoM, evaM paudhoM se AvRtta ho, jahA~ para pazupakSI evaM jIva-jantuoM kI sampannatA ho, bhojana evaM jala kI suprApti ho sake / bAga, bagIce, hariyAlI, prAkRtika sondarya darzanIya ho, samudra taTa para gamanazIla naukAoM ke yAtAyAta ko dRSTigata kiyA jA sake aura vaha sthAna parvata ke samIpa ho|' mahApurANa ke anusAra koTa, prakAra, parikhA, gopura aura aTArI Adi se suzobhita rAjadhAniyA~ hotI thiiN| jaina purANoM meM rAjadhAniyoM namaroM kA vahI Adarza upalabdha hai jaisA ki zukranIti meM varNita hai| padma purANa meM ullikhita hai ki ukta rAjadhAniyoM meM binA parizrama ke anna, jala, auSadhi milate the| khattiyA~ anAja se paripUrNa thiiN| jinakA kabhI kSaya nahIM hotA thaa| mArga dhUlI evaM kaNTaka rahita the| RtuyeM Anandaprada thiiN| varSA AvazyakatAnusAra hotI thii| rAjadhAnI meM 800 grAma hone kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. sanotisAra 1/213-217 pR0 41. 2. dvijendranAtha zukla : samarAGgaNIya pR0 66. 3. zukranIti-sAraH 1/213-217 pR 41. 4. madhye janapadaM reNU rAjadhanyAH pariSkRtAH / vaprAkAra parikhAgopurATTAlakAdibhiH // mahA0 pu0 16/162, 5. padma pu0 3/316-336 6. mahA* pu0 16/175

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( 175) (III) sar3aka nirmANa : nagaroM meM sar3aka yA mArga nirmANa karAnA parama kuzalatA kA dyotaka hai| jaina purANa meM mArga ke lie rAjamArga, pratolI aura rathyA zabda varNita haiM / rAjamArga sIdhe hote the| padma purANa meM varNita hai ki nagara meM galiyA~ itanI saMkarI hotI thIM ki sAmane vega se A rahe vyakti kI Takkara se rAste meM khar3e hue vyakti ke hAtha se bartana gira jAtA thA / rAjamArga nagara ke madhya se AtA thaa| samarAGgaNa sUtradhAra meM rAjamArga kI caur3AI kA mApa jeSTha, madhya aura kaniSka tIna prakAra ke nagaroM meM bAMTa diyA gayA hai / jo prAyaH 240, 20" aura 16" (36 phuTa, 30 phuTa aura 24 phuTa) honA cAhie / inakI caur3AI kA vistAra lagabhaga itanA honA cAhie ki caturaMgiNI senA, rAjasI julUsa evaM nAgarikoM ke calane meM kisI bhI prakAra kI rukAkTa nahIM par3anI caahie| yaha rAjamArga pakkA bavAnA caahie| zukrAcArya ke anusAra uttama, madhyama evaM kaniSTa prakAra ke nagaroM ke rAjamArga kI caur3AI 45 phuTa, 30 phuTa evaM 32 phuTa honI cAhie / padma purANa meM varNita hai ki jahA~ para do mArga eka dUsare ko samakoNa para kATeM usa sthAna ko caurAhA (catvara) kahA gayA hai, aura jaba eka mArga ke bIca se koI mArga nikalatA ho to usa sthAna ko tirAhA (trika) kahA gayA hai| vizeSa avasaroM para ina tirAhoM evaM caurAhoM sahita rAjAmarga ko susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| uparyukta varNana se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM nagara-nirmANa karate samaya sar3akoM kA nirmANa bhI kuzalatApUrvaka kiyA jAtA thaa| jo ki nagara kI saundaryatA evaM rakSA kA pratIka hotA thaa| (la) surakSA vyavasthA: nagara vinyAsa meM surakSA-vyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| prAcIna kAla meM nagaroM kI racanA surakSA ko dRSTigata rakhakara ke hI kI jAtI thii| usa samaya surakSA ke do sAdhana the| 1. prAkRtika aura 2. kRtrima / 1. padma pu0 6/121-122, mahA0 pu0 43/208, 26/3. 2. vegibhiH puruSaH....."janA bhAjanapANayaH / / padma pu0 120/27, 3. padma purANa 96/12-13

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(176) arthazAstra se jJAta hotA hai ki nadI, jala, parvata, patthara - samUha, marusthala tathA jaMgala prAkRtika sAdhana the / samarAGgaNasUtradhAra meM nagaroM kI rakSArthaM pAMca prakAra ke kRtrima sAdhana varNita haiM / 1. parikhA, 2. vapra, 3. prAkAra, 4. dvAra evaM gopura, 5. aTTAlaka, 6. rathyA / jaina purANoM meM bhI inakA ullekha huA hai / (1) parikhA : AkrAmaka zatru se bacane ke lie parikhA kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / bhArata ke sabhI prasiddha nagaroM meM durgoM ke caturdika parikhA ke vidyamAna hone kI sUcanA milatI hai / nagara kI cAharadIvArI ke bAhara usI se lagI huI, pAnI aura jalacara jIvoM se yukta parikhA (khAI) hotI thii| khAI itanI gaharI aura caur3I hotI thI ki AkramaNa ke samaya zatru ke lie vaha bAdhaka siddha hotI / rAjagRha nagara kI parikhA use samudra ke samAna ghere huI thI / ' nagaroM ke atirikta maMdiroM ke cAroM ora kI surakSA kI dRSTi se parikhAoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI thii| mahApurANa ke anusAra tIna prakAra kI parikhAoM kA ullekha hai / 1. jala, 2. paMka tathA 3. rikta parikhAyeM hotI thIM / jainettara grantha arthazAstra meM bhI tIna prakAra kI parikhAoM jalaparikhA, paMka parIkSA tathA riktaparikhA kA ullekha hai / parikhAoM kI maz2abUtI ke lie parikhA ke andara aura nIce IMToM yA pattharoM kI cinAI kI jAtI thI / megasthanIz2a ke anusAra pATali kI parikhA 600 phuTa caur3I thI / jainettara grantha arthazAstra meM pahalI parikhA 14 daNDa, dUsarI 1. arthazAstra - 2 / 3 77 2. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 323. 3. padma purANa 2/46. 4. padma pu0 40 / 26. 5. mahA pu0 16 / 53. 6. artha AsthA - 2 / 3, pR0 77

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(177 ) parIkhA 12 daNDa aura tIsarI parikhA 10 daNDa vistIrNa kii| parikhA kI gaharAI caur3AI se kama hotI thii| inakI gaharAI sAmAnyataH 15 phuTa hotI thii| inakI gaharAI nApane ke lie puruSa kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| parikhA ke jala meM kabhI-kabhI bhayaMkara jalajIvoM ko bhI chor3a diyA jAtA thA jisase ki zatru parikhA ko pAra na kara ske| isake alAvA parikhA kI sandaratA ke lie isake jala meM kamala, kumuda Adi jalapuSpa aura haMsa, kAraNDava Adi pakSiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| kabhI-kabhI parikhAoM meM nAloM kI gandagI bhI girAI jAtI thii| jaina mahApurANa meM bhI ukta ullekha milatA hai| (II) vA (koTa): parikhA ke nirmANa ke bAda vapra kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| mahA- . purANa meM vapra ke nirmANa kA bahuta sundara DhaMga se varNana kiyA gayA hai| parikhA khodate samaya jo miTTI nikalatI thI, usI ke dvArA vapra kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| vapra-bhitti kA nirmANa parikhA se 4 daNDa (24 phuTa) dUrI para kiyA jAtA thaa| miTTI ko caukora banAkara hAthiyoM aura bailoM dvArA kucalavAyA jAtA thaa| bana jAne ke pazcAt vapra ke Upara kaMTIlI aura viSailI jhAr3iyAM ugAI jAtI thI, jisake kAraNa zatru praveza nahIM pA sakatA thaa| isa prakAra taiyAra huA vapra 6 dhanuSa (36 phuTa) UMcA tathA 12 dhanuSa (72 phuTa) caur3A hotA thA / isake alAvA koTa ke Upara ke bhAga para kaMgUre banAye jAte the, jo ki gAya ke khura ke samAna gola tathA ghar3e ke udara ke samAna bAhara kI ora uThe hue AkAra ke hote the / isI prakAra kA varNana jainettara purANa tathA granthoM meM bhI milatA hai|' (III) prAkAra : vapra ke Upara parakoTe arthAt prAkAra kA nirmANa IToM se kiyA jAtA thaa| rAmAyaNa meM parakoTe ko durga tathA nagara kI surakSA kA abhinna sAdhana 1. mahA0 pu0 4/108, 14/66, 16/53-57. 2. caturdaNDAntarazcAto vapraH SaDdhanurucchitaH / kumbhakukSisamAkAraM gokSurakSodanistalam / / mahA pu0 16/58-59. 3, samarAi0 gaNasUtradhAra pR0 40.

Page #192
----(-958) samajhA jAtA thaa|' prakAra tIna prakAra ke hote the| (1) prAMsa prAkAra yA mRga durga (dhUlakoTa), (2) iSTakA prAkAra (aiSTaka prAkAra) aura, (3) prastara prAkara / prAkAra kI U~cAI vapra ke vistAra se dUnI hotI thii| yaha 12 dhanuSa caur3A tathA 24 dhanuSa U~cA hotA thaa| isake agrabhAga meM madaMga aura bandara ke AkAra ke kaMgare bane hote the| isakA nirmANa miTTI tathA pattharoM se hotA thaa| IMToM kI apekSA pattharoM kA prAkAra prazasta evaM majabUta mAnA jAtA thaa| padma purANa meM laMkA ke prAkAra ko mahA prAkAra kI saMjJA dI hai| mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki prAkara para car3hakara zatra evaM nagara kI dekhabhAla kI jAtI thii| isI purANa meM varNita hai ki usa samaya mAyAmaya koThoM ke varNana kA uddharaNa milA hai jo ki duSpraveza evaM dargamya hote ye| usake pAsa jAne ke pazcAt manuSya vApasa nahIM lauTatA thaa| prAkAra kI UMcAI bahuta adhika hotI thii| ve gopura kharavAjoM se yukta dunirIkSya, vistIrNa evaM hiMsAmaya thii| nagara ko gherane ke lie prAkAra kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| jainettara graMtha arthazAstra meM ullikhita hai ki prAkAra kI nIMva itanI vizAla hotI thI ki usameM rathI-ratha para baiThakara yAtAyAta kara sakatA thaa| nagara ke prAkAra yA parakoTe meM majabUta kivAr3a lage rahate the| AcArya kauTilya kA kahanA hai ki 'prAkAra" ke bAhara kI bhUmi meM zatru ko Ane 1. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuddha kalA pR0 166. 2. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 325. 3. vAsyopari..."ratnazilAmaya: mahA pu0 19/60-61. 4. padma pu0 5/175 5. vahI 46/215 6. padma pu0 52/7-14 7. vahI 3/316 8. mahA pu0 54/35 6. arthazAstra adhikaraNa 2, adhyAya 3, pR0 78.

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( 176 ) se rokane ke lie gahare gar3ar3he banAye jAya~, latAjAla evaM kaMTIlI jhAr3iyoM kA AropaNa kiyA jAya / (IV) aTTAlaka : __ jaina purANoM meM vizAla aTTAlakoM kA ullekha hai| prAkAroM meM burjI kA nirmANa hotA thaa| inheM "aTTAlaka" kahA gayA hai / pratyeka dizA ke nagara-prakAra meM burja banAye jAte the| isake bIca kI dUrI adhika hotI thii| AcArya kauTilya ke anusAra do aTTAlakoM ke bIca kI dUrI 30 daNDa (120 hAtha) kI hotI thii| mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki aTTAlikAoM 15 dhanuSa lambI tathA 30 dhanuSa UMcI hotI thIM, aura 30-30 dhanuSa ke antara se banI hotI thii| yaha bahuta citravicitra DhaMga se citrita evaM isameM Upara car3hane ke lie sIr3hiyA~ banI hotI thiiN| ye bahuta UMcI hotI thI, mAno AkAza ko chU rahI ho| burja kI coTI para sainika niyukta kiye jAte the jinakA kArya AkrAmaka zatra ko dekhanA tathA unakA saMhAra karanA thaa| (V) gopura : jaina purANoM meM aneka gopuroM kA varNana milatA hai / ' padma purANa ke anusAra usa samaya kapar3oM ke DeroM meM bhI gopureM banAI jAtI thIM, aura unake daravAje para yoddhA tainAta rahate the| jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki koTa ke cAroM ora (cAroM dizA meM) eka-eka gopura hote the| aTTAlikAoM ke bIca meM eka-eka gopura banA hotA thaa| usa para ratnoM ke toraNa lage huye 1. arthazAstra adhikaraNa 2, adhyAya 3, pR0 78. 2. harivaMza purANa 5/264, mahA0 pu0 16/62. 3. kauTilya arthazAstra 2/3 pR0 76. 4. triMzadardha va daNDAnAMgaganaspRzaH / mahA pu0 19/62-63. 5. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuddhakalA pR0 166. 6. padma pu0 3/316, 5/175, mahA pu0 62/28, harivaMza pu0 2/65. 7. padma pu0 63/28-34. .. 8. harivaMza pu0 2/65, mahA pu0 62/28.

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(180) rahate the| ye gopura 50 dhanuSa U~ce aura 25 dhanuSa caur3e hote the| mahApurANa ke anusAra pratyeka gopura dvAra para paMkhA, chatra, cAmara, dhvajA, darpaNa supratiSThaka (DhonA) mRGgAra aura kalaza ye ATha-ATha maMgala dravya rakhe jAte the| gopura ke dvAra para paharedAra paharA dete the| (1) pratolI : arthazAstra meM varNita hai ki prAkAra meM cAra pradhAna dvAroM ke atirikta gauNa dvAra bhI hote the| inheM prAtolI kahA gayA hai| pradhAna nagara dvAra (gopura) kI caur3AI se pratolI kI chaH gunI honI cAhie / nagara dvAra ke Upara burja banAyA jAtA thA, jo ki AkAra meM ghar3iyAla ke mukha ke yamAna hotA thaa| mahApurANa meM pratolI kA rathyA se caur3I galI ke rUpa meM citraNa milatA hai| isa prakAra nagarAdi-vyavasthA ke antargata nagara-vinyAsa tathA nagara kI surakSA-vyavasthA kA varNana jaina purANoM meM milatA hai / 1. dvayoraTTAlayomadhye gopuraM ratnatoraNam / ___ paJcAzabdanurutsedhaM tadadhaMtapi vistRtam // mahA pu0 16/64. 2. mahA pu0 22/275-276. 3. arthazAstra 2/3, pR0 80. 4, mahA pu0 43/208,

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aSTama adhyAya "antarrASTrIya sambandha bhAratavarSa meM aisA samaya kabhI nahIM AyA jabaki sampUrNa deza kA zAsana eka hI rAjA ke adhIna dIrghakAla taka rahA ho / yadyapi azoka jaise mahAna parAkramI zAsana hue, parantu unakA bhI sAmrAjya sthAyI rUpa dhAraNa nahIM kara skaa| isakA mUla kAraNa yAtAyAta kI asavidhAe~ thiiN| ina asuvidhAoM ke kAraNa hI rAjA sudUra prAntoM para yathocita niyaMtraNa nahIM rakha sakate the| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki jyoM hI kendrIya zakti kA hrAsa hotA gayA, ve sudUravartI prAnta kendrIya niyaMtraNa se svataMtra hote gaye, aura eka svataMtra rAjya kA rUpa dhAraNa karate gaye / kendrIya sattA kI zithilatA kA dUsarA kAraNa vijetAoM kI paramparAgata nIti bhI thii| jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna kAla se hI zaktizAlI evaM mahatvAkA~kSI rAjAoM kA Adarza cakravartI rAjA banane kA rahA hai| cakravartI arthAt sArvabhauma zAsaka vaha hotA hai jo samasta deza (chaH khaNDa) para zAsana karatA hai / AcArya kauTilya ne cakravartI rAjA kI paribhASA dete hue likhA hai ki cakravartI vaha hai jisakI sImA kA vistAra himAlaya se lekara dakSiNa samudra taka kA uttarI kSetra evaM pUrva pazcima eka hajAra yojana vyApta hai|' isa Adarza kA pariNAma yaha hotA thA ki deza meM nirantara yuddha hotA rahatA thA, kyoMki pratyeka zAsaka cakravatI banane kA prayAsa karatA rahatA thaa| tatkAlIna bhArata kA anya dezoM se bhI sambandha rahA / yahAM taka ki uttara vaidika kAla meM hI bhArata kA misra, sIriyA, IrAna, jAvA, sumAtrA, borniyo, siMgApura, mArIzasa tathA laMkA Adi dezoM se sambandha 1. kauTilya arthazAstra 9/1, pR0 556.

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( 152 ) sthApita ho cukA thA / rAmAyaNa tathA purANoM ke racanA kAla se pUrva vaidika kAla meM bhI prAcIna bhAratIyoM kA prabhAva pazcimI eziyA meM bhI thA / isakI puSTi mesopoTAmiyA meM prApta hue begAjakkAI ke utkIrNa lekhoM se hotI hai, jinameM vaidika devatAoM ke nAma khude hue haiM / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki IsA se lagabhaga 1700 varSa pUrva bhAratIya Arya aura unakA vaidika dharma vahA~ taka pahuMca cuke the|' rAmAyaNa meM antarrASTrIya sambandhoM kI jhalaka kucha prasaMgoM se hotI hai | ayodhyA nRpati dazaratha ne rAma ko yuvarAja pada abhiSikta karane ke lie aneka nagaroM aura rASTroM ke rahane vAle pradhAna rAjAoM ko 'bulAyA thA / yaha ghaTanA eka prakAra kI rAjasvakRti prApta karane kI Tekanika thI / yA to avaidhAnika rUpa se rAjanaitika svIkAra kriyA dvArA nayA zAsaka ko AntararAjya vyavasthA meM sAdara karane kI paramparA thI / jaina mAnyatAnusAra bhI antarrASTrIya sambandhoM para bala diyA gayA hai / jaisA ki "triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita" meM ullikhita hai ki Ardraka nAma kA eka nagara thA / usameM Ardraka nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thA / usa rAjA ke ArdrakumAra nAma kA putra thaa| Ardraka rAjA aura zreNika rAjA ke paramparAgata mitratA thii| eka bAra sneha se zreNika rAjA ne apane maMtrI ko bheMTa lekara Ardraka rAjA ke pAsa bhejA / Ardraka rAjA ne zreNika rAjA kA patra tathA bheMTa ko bahuta hI harSa ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA aura zreNika kI kuzalatA puuchii| maMtrI ne svAmI kA kuzala vRtAnta kahA isase Ardraka rAjA kA mana bahuta hI prasanna huA / yaha saba vRtAnta ArdrakumAra dekha rahA thA / usane apane pitA se pUchA, "pitAjI / yaha magadhezvara kauna hai ? jisake sAtha ApakI itanI prIti hai| Ardraka rAjA kahA, he vatsa / zroNika nAma kA magadha deza kA rAjA hai / usake sAtha 14 rAjabalI pANDeya : prAcIna bhArata, vArANasI : nandakizora eNDa sansa, 1962) pR0 385. 2. nAnA nagaravAstavyAnpRthagjAnapadAnapi / samA ninAya medinyA: pradhAnAnpRdhivIpatIn // rAmAyaNa ayodhyA kANDa - 1/46.

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( 183) hamAre kula kI paramparA se prIti calI A rahI hai| yaha sunakara Ardra kumAra bahuta prasanna huA aura maMtrI se bolA, haiM maMtrI ! Apake svAmI ke koI sampUrNa guNavAlA putra hai ? usako prIti kA pAtra banAkara mitratA kI icchA karatA huuN| maMtrI bolA, he kumAra ! buddhi kA dhAma, pAMca sau maMtriyoM kA svAmI, sarva kalAoM meM pAraMgata abhaya kumAra nAma kA eka putra hai / Ardraka rAjA apane putra ko abhayakumAra ke sAtha maitrI karane kA artha samajhakara kahane lage "he vatsa / tU vAstava meM kulIna putra hai, jo ki paramparAgata cale A rahe mArga kA anukaraNa kara rahA hai| apane manoratha ko saphala huA jAna, rAjA kI AjJA milane se Ardra kumAra ne maMtrI ko kahA ki, "Apa jAo taba mujhase milakara jaanaa|" - jaba maMtrI jAne ke lie tatpara huA taba AIka rAjA ne motI vagairaha kI bheMTa lekara eka AdamI ke sAtha maMtrI ko ravAnA (vidA) kiyaa| usa samaya ArdrakumAra ne bhI abhayakumAra ko apanA saMdeza tathA muktA, phalAdi maMtrI ke hAtha meM diye / maMtrI Ardra ka rAjA ke AdamI sahita rAjagRha aayaa| aura zroNika rAjA tathA abhayakumAra ko bheMTa dI, aura abhayakumAra ko Ardra kumAra kA saMdeza kahA ki Apake sAtha mitratA karanA cAhatA hai / sabhI bheMTa svIkAra kara lene ke pazcAt magadhapati zreNika ne Ardaka rAjA ke maMtrI ko bahuta sArI bheMTa dekara vidA kiyaa| usa samaya abhayakumAra ne bhI usake sAtha meM eka peTI dI jisameM bhagavAna AdinAtha kI pratimA thii| sAtha meM yaha bhI kahA ki, "he bhdr| vaha peTI ArdrakumAra ke hAtha meM hI denA, aura merA yaha saMdeza usako kahanA ki yaha peTI ekAnta meM jAkara akelA hI khole aura isameM jo vastu hai use kisI ko dikhAye nhiiN| isa prakAra sArI bAteM svIkAra kara vaha puruSa apane nagara ko ravAnA huaa| nagara meM Ate hI sAtha meM lAI huI bheMTa apane svAmI ko tathA Ardra kumAra ko de dI, sAtha meM abhayakumAra kA saMdeza ekAnta meM jAkara Ardra kumAra ko khaa| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna samaya se hI antarrASTrIya sambandhoM kI zRkhalA calI A rahI hai| jisa rAjA kA sambandha eka bAra dUsare deza ke rAjA se ho jAtA thA, vaha phira paramparAgata calatA hI rahatA thaa| mitratA ke upalakSa meM vaha eka-dUsare ko

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( 184 ) upahAra bhejA karate the jisakA svIkAra karake rAjA bahuta hI prasanna hote the / ' tatkAlIna samaya meM bhArata kA sambandha anya dezoM se pahale vyApAra dvArA huA thA / rAmAyaNa meM suvarNadvIpa kA ullekha sabase pUrva vyApAra ke silasile meM hI AyA hai / " jaina mAnyatAnusAra vaNika loga mUladhana kI rakSA karate hue dhanopArjana karate the / kucha loga eka jagaha dukAna lagAkara vyApAra karate, aura kucha binA dUkAna ke ghUma-phirakara vyApAra karate the / ' Antardezika vyApAra hotA thA jisake antargata bahuta sI vastuoM kA vinimaya hotA thA / usa samaya meM videzoM se bhI vyApArika sambandha hone ke pramANa milate haiM / yaha vyApAra naukA tathA jahAjoM dvArA hote the| nadiyoM ke dvArA jo vyApAra hotA thA vaha naukA kI sahAyatA se hotA thA tathA samudra dvArA jo vyApAra hotA thA vaha jahAjoM ke dvArA hotA thA / yathAcampAnagarI meM mAMkadI nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahatA thaa| usake jinapAlita aura jinarakSita nAma ke do putra the / unhoMne bArahavIM bAra lavaNa samudra kI yAtrA kI / lekina isa bAra unakA jahAja phaTa gayA aura ve ratnadvIpa meM pahu~ca gaye / ' bharata cakravartI kI digvijaya ke avasara para unakA carmaratna nAva ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gayA aura usa para savAra hokara unhoMne siMdhunadI ko pAra karate hue, siMhala, barbara, yavanadvIpa, araba, elaikjenDrA Adi dezoM kI yAtrA kI / " 1 rAmAyaNa kAla meM bhArata kA bhaugolika, vyApArika aura sAMskRtika sambandha pazcimI eziyA, yUnAna, roma, madhya eziyA, cIna, pUrvIdvIpasamUha, 1. triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa caritra bhAga 10, pR0 133 - 135. 2. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuddhakalA pR0 262. 3. nizIthacUrNI 11.35 32 4. nizIyabhASya 16, 5750 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 6, pR0 329-330. 6. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 183.

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(185) brahmA aura laMkA Adi dezoM se rahA hai|' isa tathya kI puSTi matsya purANa bhI karatA hai| uparyukta bivaraNoM se jaina tathA jainaittara antarrASTrIya sambandhoM kI puSTi hotI hai| vartamAna samaya kI bhAMti prAcIna samaya meM bhI bhArata meM ekachAtra sAmrAjya nahIM thaa| sampUrNa bhArata aneka choTe-choTe svataMtra rAjyoM meM vibhakta thaa| ataH ina rAjyoM meM paraspara yuddha honA va maitrI sambandha sthApita honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| yuddha sadaiva antarrAjya sambandhoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hote haiM / ye rAjanIti ke sAdhana hai| AcArya somadeva sUri ne tIna prakAra ke vijetAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| (1) dharma vijayI, (2) lobha vijayI, (3) asura vijyii| unake anusAra dharmavijayI zAsaka vaha hai jo kisI rAjA para vijaya prApta karake usake astittva ko naSTa nahIM karatA hai| apitu apane Adhipatya meM usakI svAyatta sattA sthApita rahane detA hai / aura usa para niyata kiye hue karoM se vaha santuSTa rahatA hai| lobha vijayI zAsaka vaha hai jisako dhana aura bhUmi kA lobha hotA hai| usako prApta karane ke uparAnta vaha usako parAdhIna nahIM banAtA apitu use apane Antarika viSayoM meM pUrNa svataMtratA pradAna karatA hai| tIsarA asura vijayI zAsaka vaha hai jo kevala dhana aura pRthvI se hI santuSTa nahIM hotA, apitu vaha vijita zAsaka kA vadha kara detA hai aura usakI strI, baccoM kA bhI apaharaNa kara letA hai| prathama do prakAra kI vijayoM meM vijita rAja kI saMsthAe~ evaM zAsana jyoM kA tyoM banA rahatA hai kintu tRtIya prakAra kI vijaya meM vijita kA astitva hI samApta ho jAtA hai| aura vijayI zAsaka ke rAjya ke ve aMga bana jAte haiN| 1. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuMDakalA pR0 262. 2. matsya purANa 123-35, 117-36-55, 120-71. 3. nItivAkyAmRtam 30/70-71-72 10 362-363, kauTilya arthazAstra 12/1 pR0 634.

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bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra antima prakAra kI vijaya nikRSTa samajhI jAtI thI aura prathama prakAra kI srvottm| bharata cakravartI ne digvijaya ke samaya isI prakAra kI vijaya kI thii| rAjAoM ko parAjita kara unake dvArA parAdhInatA svIkAra kara lene para unheM svataMtra chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| isakA abhiprAya yaha huA ki kendrIya zakti zithila hone se avasara pAkara vaha rAjya svataMtra ho jAte aura svayaM apane rAjya kA vistAra karane lagate the| vibhinna rAjyoM ke pArasparika sambandha kisa prakAra vinayamita hote the, isa sambandha meM bhAratIya vicArakoM ne vistRpta rUpa se ullekha kiyA hai / ataH antarrASTrIya sambandhoM kA viSaya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : - (1) zAntikAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandha . (2) yuddha kAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandha / sarvaprathama hama zAntikAla meM svataMtra rAjyoM ke madhya sambandhoM para vicAra kreNge| svataMtra rAjyoM ke bIca sambandha sthApita karane meM rAjanaya mahattvapUrNa sAdhana thaa| parantu vartamAna samaya meM hama rAjanaya kA jo artha samajhate haiM vaha prAcIna kAla meM nahIM thaa| rAjyoM meM sthAyI rUpa se rAjadUtoM kI niyukti karane kI paddhati Adhunika hai / Adhunika kAla meM dUtoM ke vividha prakAra hote haiN| dUsare rAjya kI sarakAra ko apane rAjya kA sirpha rAjanaitika vyApArika saMdeza prastuta karanA yA maMtraNA karanA, nayA karAra yA samajhautA kI bhUmikA aise vyApaka aura vizAla kArya vartamAna dUta karate haiN| aura eka rAjya dUsare dezoM meM sthAyI dUtAvAsa rakhate haiM / jaina purANa sAhitya ke anusAra prAcIna samaya meM rAjadUta sthAyI rUpa se niyukta nahIM kiye jAte the| kisI kAraNavaza yA koI samAcAra bhejane ke lie hI rAjadUtoM ko dUsare rAjyoM meM bhejA jAtA thA / "dUta" zabda kA saMskRta meM artha sandezavAhaka hai / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki koI vizeSa kArya sampAdana ke lie hI rAjadUtoM ko dUsare rAjyo meM bhejA jAtA thaa| parantu unake kArya vaha nahIM

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hote the jo Adhunika kAla ke rAjadUtoM ke hote haiM / bharata bAhubali yuddha hone se pUrva bhasta ne bAhubali ke pAsa dUta bhejA thaa| kauTilya arthazAstra ke adhikaraNa prathama ke adhyAya solahaveM meM spaSTa hai ki vibhinna rAjyoM ke madhya dUtoM kA niyamita rUpa se AvAgamana thaa| nItivAkyAmRta ke dUta samuddezya meM hameM sabhI prakAra ke dUtoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jinakA varNana arthazAstra meM huA hai|' to bhI dUtoM kI saMkalpanA, bhUmikA, zailI aura vyavahAra meM vartamAna dUtoM jaisI vividhatA nahIM thii| dUta : ___ antarrASTrIya sambandhoM meM dUta kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI thii| jo adhikArI dUravartI rAjakIya kArya kA sAdhaka hone ke kAraNa maMtrI ke samAna hotA hai, use dUta kahate haiM / AcArya somadeva ne dUta kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI hai ki "jo adhikArI dUravartIya rAjakIya kAryoM-saMdhi, vigraha Adi kA sAdhaka hotA haiM use dUta kahate haiN| jaina mAnyatAnusAra jisa vyakti ke dvArA (mAdhyama se) rAjA saMdeza bhejatA hai, use dUta kahate haiM / dUta ke guNa: dUta kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki use saMdhi-vigraha kA jJAtA, zUravIra, nirlobhI, dharma evaM artha kA jJAtA, prAjJa pragalbha, vAkpaTu, titikSu, dvija sthavira tathA manohara AkRtivAlA honA cAhie / ' AcArya somadeva ne dUta ke guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha isa prakAra hai :--svAmI bhakta, dyUtakrIr3A, madyapAna Adi vyasanoM se Asakta, catura, pavitra, nirlomI, vidvAna, udAra, buddhimAna, sahiSNu, zatru kA jJAtA tathA kulIna honA caahie| jo rAjA ina gaNoM se yukta datoM ko anya rAjyoM meM niyukta karate the unake samasta kArya siddha hote the| 1. nItivAkyAmRtamH dUtasamuddeza pR0 170-171. 2 vahI 13/150 170. 3. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 260. 4. nItivAkyAmRtam 13/2, pR0 170.

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(18) dUtoM ke bheda : mahApurANa meM dUta tIna prakAra ke batAye gaye haiN| (1) ni.sRSTAthadUta, (2) parimitAya dUta evaM (3) zAsanahAriNa duut|' (1) niHsRSTArtha dUta : usa dUta ko kahate haiM, jo donoM pakSa ke abhiprAya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara svataH uttara-pratyuttara detA huA svakArya siddha karatA hai / isa prakAra ke dUta meM amAtya ke sabhI guNa vidyamAna rahate the| isa koTi ke dUta kI gaNanA uttama koTi meM hotI thii| (2) parimitArtha dUta : rAjA dvArA nirdhArita sImA ke bhItara dUsare rAjA se vArtAlApa karane kA ise adhikAra thaa| isa dUta ko rAjA dvArA bheje hue sandeza ko hI zatru rAjA ke sAmane kahane kA adhikAra thaa| yaha madhyama zreNI kA dUta hotA thaa| isameM amAtya kA tIna cauthAI guNa hotA thaa| (3) zAsana hAriNa dUta : yaha dUta apane rAjA ke lekha ko dUsare rAjA ke pAsa le jAne kA adhikAra rakhatA thaa| isa ke adhikAra isa kArya taka hI sImita the| ise nimnakoTi kA dUta mAnA jAtA thaa| isameM amAtya ke ardhaguNa hI vidyamAna rahate the| dUta ke kArya : vyaktigata jIvana meM dUta kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| mukhyataH inakA kArya sandeza pahuMcAnA aura lAnA hotA thaa| mahApurANa ke anusAra dUta rAjA kI patra-maMjUSA (piTArA) le 1. mahA pu0 43/202, ko0 arya0 1/16, pu0 45. nItivAkyAmRtam 13/3 pR0 170. 2. mahA pu0 44/136 TippaNI.

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( 199) jAtA thaaN|' isake antargata hI muhara tor3akara patra par3hane kA ullekha upalabdha hai / rAjA apane virodhI rAjya meM dUta bhejate the, tathA vahAM pahuMcakara nIti-viSayaka bAta karanA dUta kA kartavya thaa| padmapurANa meM varNita hai ki anya deza ke rAjA se usako vArtA meM apane svAmI ke kathana ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM kahatA thaa| AcArya somadeva ne bhI dUta ke kAryoM para prakAza DAlA hai / unake anusAra dUta ke nimnalikhita kArya haiM : naitika upAya dvArA zatra ke sainika saMgaThana ko naSTa krnaa| rAjanItika upAyoM dvArA zatru ko durbala banAnA tathA zatru virodhI puruSoM ko sAma-dAmAdi upAyo dvArA vaza meM karanA / zatru ke putra, kuTumbI va kArAgAra meM bandI manuSyoM ko dravya-dAna dvArA bheda jaannaa| zatru dvArA apane deza meM bheje hue gupta puruSoM kA jJAna prApta krnaa| sImAdhipati, ATavika, koza, deza, sainya aura mitroM kI parIkSA krnaa| zatru rAjA ke yahAM vidyamAna kanyA ratna tathA hAthI, ghor3e Adi vAhanoM ko apane svAmI ko prApta karAnA / zatru ke maMtrI tathA senAdhyakSa Adi meM guptacaroM ke prayoga dvArA kSobha utpanna krnaa| ye dUta ke kArya haiN|' uparyukta kAryoM ke atirikta dUta kA yaha bhI kartavya hotA thA ki vaha zatru ke maMtrI, purohita aura senApati ke samIpavartI puruSoM ko dhanAdi dekara apane pakSa meM karake unase zatru hRdaya kI gupta bAta evaM usake koza, 1. mahA pu0 68/251. 2. mahA pu0 68/366. 3. vahI 35/62, 68/408, padma pu0 16/55-56. 4. padma pu0 8/188 hRdayasthAne nAdhane pizAcenaiva coditAH / dUtAvAci pravartante yantradehi vAvazAH // 5. nItivAkyAmRtam 13/8 10 70. .

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(190) sainya ke pramANa kA nizcaya kara usakI sUcatA vaha apane svAmI taka pahuMcA detA thaa| vartamAna kAla kI bhAMti prAcIna kAla meM bhI dUtoM kA vadha karamA vajita thaa| padama purANa meM dUta ko mAranA mIti viruddha varNita hai| kiMtu usako atyanta kaSTa dene ke bhI aneka dRSTAnta milate haiN| rAjadUta kA vadha karanA, rAjadharma ke viruddha hI nahIM balki lokAcAra meM nindya mAnA hai| rAjadUta cAhe sAdhu ho athavA asAdhu, yaha vAstavika prazna nahI hai, kyoMki vaha anya ke dvArA bhejA gayA dUta hai aura vaha usa dUsare ke hita meM hI bhASaNa karatA hai, ataH rAjadUta ko kabhI mRtyudaNDa nahIM diyA jA sktaa| bhagavAna zrI kRSNa svayaM yudhiSThira ke dUta banakara rAjA dhRtarASTra ke darabAra meM hastinApura gaye the| vahAM jAkara kauravoM aura pANDavoM donoM ke hita meM vicAra vimarza kiyA gayA / isa para duryodhana ne kauravoM kI sabhA meM yaha prastAva rakhA ki kRSNa ko bandI banA liyA jAye, jisase pANDavoM ko zaktizAlI samarthaka kA bala prApta na ho ske| duryodhana ke isa prastAva se kauravoM ke sabhI sadasyoM ko gaharA AghAta phuNcaa| sabase pahale usake pitA dhRtarASTra ne hI isa prastAva kI nindA kii| he duryodhana / tumheM rAjA hokara isa prakAra ke zabdoM kA uccAraNa nahIM karanA caahie| tumhArA prastAva sanAtana dharma athavA prAcIna vidhi ke viruddha hai| zrI kRSNa dUta banakara hamAre pAsa Aye haiM / unhoMne hamArA koI aparAdha nahIM kiyA hai, to phira tumheM unheM bandI banAne kA adhikAra kaise prApta hotA hai ? jaina mAnyatAnusAra jaba bharata rAjA kA suvega nAmaka maMtrI bAhubali 1. padma pu0 37/47, 6/68, 66/51-56. 2. padma pu0 37/47, 6/68, 66/51-56. 3. rAmAyaNa : sundarakANDa 52/5. 4. sAdharvA yadi vA sAdhaH puraireSa samarpitaH / bravanparArtha paravAnna dUto vadharmahani / vahI 5/52/21. 5. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuddhakalA pR0 284,

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( 11 ) ke pAsa dUta banakara AyA thA usa samaya char3IdAra kA kadama dUta ko mArane ke lie uThA thA lekina kucha socakara ruka gayA aura kevala dUta ko hAtha pakar3a karake hI Asana se uThA diyaa| isa vyavahAra se suvega ke mana meM bahuta hI kSobha huA, krodha AyA magara vaha dhairya rakhakara sabhA se bAhara nikala gayA / ' AcArya somadeva likhate haiM ki dUta dvArA mahAna aparAdha kiye jAne para bhI usakA vadha nahIM karanA cAhie / yadi cANDAla bhI dUta banakara AyA ho to bhI rAjA ko apanA kArya siddha karane ke lie usakA vadha nahIM karanA cAhie / ' dUta samayAnusAra satya, asatya, priya, apriya sabhI prakAra ke vacana bolate the / koI bhI buddhizAlI rAjA dUta ke kaThora vacanoM se krodhita athavA uttejita nahIM hotA thA, apitu usakA karttavya hai ki vaha IrSyA kA tyAga karake usake dvArA kahe hue priya athavA apriya sabhI prakAra ke vacanoM ko suneM / jaina mAnyatAnusAra yaha batAyA gayA hai ki dUta apane svAmI kI nindA sunakara zAnta nahIM rahate the apitu usakA yathAyogya pratikAra karate the| 1 1 sainika dvArA zAstra saMcAlita kiye jAne para bhI dUta ko apanA kArya sampAdita karanA cAhie aura zatru rAjA ko apanA sandeza sunA denA cAhie / rAjA ceTaka aura kUNika yuddha se pUrva kUNika dvArA do bAra dUta bhejA gayA thA lekina jaba tIsarI bAra dUta ko bhejA gayA usa samaya dUta ne apane bAyeM paira se rAjA ke siMhAsana kA atikramaNa kara bhAle kI noMka para patra rakhakara ceTaka ko samarpita kiyaa| yuddha ke lie yaha khulA AhvAna hotA thA / ataH rAjA bhayaMkara yuddha ke samaya bhI dUta kA vadha nahIM karate the / kyoMki unake dvArA hI vaha kArya siddhi ( sandhivigrahAdi ) sampanna karAte the / jaina purANoM ke anusAra strI tathA puruSa donoM hI dUta kA kArya karate the / mahApurANa meM isa prakAra puruSa dUta ko kalaha prema aura strI dUtI ko dhAtrI' kI saMjJA dI gaI dI hai / 1. triSaSThi zalAkA puruSa caritra bhAga 1 pR0 373. 2. nItivAkyAmRtam 13 / 2021 pR0 171. 3. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pu0 18. 4. mahA pu0 58 / 102. 5. vahI 66 / 166.

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( 192) cara (guptacara) : deza meM Antarika upadravoM aura bAhya AkramaNoM se rAjya kI rakSA karane ke lie guptacaroM kI niyukti hotI thii| ye guptacara cora DAkuoM tathA rAjya ke andara sabhI prakAra ke rahasyoM kA patA lagAkara usakI sUcanA rAjA taka pahuMcAte the| kauTilya ne guptacaroM ko rAjA kI AMkheM mAnA hai / zatru senA kI mukhya bAtoM kA patA lagAne ke lie bhI guptacara kAma meM lie jAte the| ye loga zatrusenA meM bhartI hokara unakI saba bAtoM kA patA lagAte rahate the| kUlavAlaya RSi kI sahAyatA se rAjA kUNika vaizAlI ke stUpa ko naSTa karAkara rAjA ke ceTaka ko parAjita karane meM saphala haA thaa| vyavahAra bhASya meM cAra prakAra ke gaptacaroM kA ullekha hai| (1) sUcakaH-yaha antaHpura ke rakSakoM ke sAtha maitrI karake antaHpura ke rahasyoM kA patA lagAte the| (2) anusUcaka :-nagara ke paradezI guptacaroM kI talAza meM rahate the (2) pratisUcaka :-nagara ke dvAra para baiThakara darjI Adi kA choTA-moTA kAma karate hue duzmanoM kI talAza meM rahate the| (4) sarva-sUcaka: anusUcaka aura pratisUcaka se saba samAcAra prApta kara amAtya se nivedana karate the| yaha guptacara kabhI puruSoM aura kabhI mahilAoM ke rUpa meM sAmanta rAjyoM aura sAmanta nagaroM tathA apane rAjya, apane nagaroM aura rAjA ke antaHpura meM gupta rahasyoM kA patA lagAne ke lie ghUmate rahate the| - kauTilya ke anusAra guptacara vividha prakAra ke hote the| jaise kApaTika (kapaTavRtti chAtra), udAsthita (udAsIna sanyAsI), gRhapati (gRhastha), vaidehaka (vaNika ), tApasa (tapasvI), satrI (vividha zAstroM ko par3hane vAle ke rUpa meM vikhyAta guptacara), tIkSNa (zarIra ko kucha na samajhanevAle sAhasI puruSa), rasada (viSa dene vAle loga), bhikSukI (sanyAsinI) Adi / 1. arthazAstra 1/16 pR0 33. 2 A0 cUrNI 2, pR0 174. 3. vyavahArabhAjya 1, pR0 130 Adi / 4. ko0 artha0 e0 27.

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( 193 ) __ AcArya somadeva ne nimna prakAra ke guptacaroM kA varNana kiyA hai| kApATika udAsthita, gRhapati, vaidedvita, tApasa, kirAta, yamapaTTika, ahituNDika, gauNDika, zaucika, vATaccara, viTa, vidUSaka, pIThamardaka, bhiSag, aindrajAlika, vaimittaka, sUda, ArAlika, javAhaka, tIkSNa, krUra, rasada, jada, maka. badhira, andha / isa prakAra rAjya meM vibhinna prakAra ke cAroM kA jAla-sA bichA rahatA thaa| ina guptacaroM meM se kucha aise hote the jo zatru rAjA ke nikaTa pahuMcane kA prayAsa karate the| vahAM para kisI prakAra kI naukarI para niyukta ho jAte the jisase ki zAsana ke Antarika kSetra meM jo kucha bhI ho rahA hai usakI sUcanA apane rAjA taka bhejate rahate the| sAmanta zAsakoM ke sAtha sambandha : jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna kAla meM aneka sAmanta rAjA the| digvijaya kI nIti ke kAraNa eka vijetA vijita rAjA ke rAjya ko apane rAjya meM nahIM milAtA thA, apitu usakI adhInatA svIkAra kara lene para use usake rAjya meM Antarika svataMtratA pradAna kara detA thaa| isa prakAra vaha digvijayI zAsaka ke antargata apane pradeza para zAsana karatA thaa| isa prakAra usa samaya meM aneka sAmanta rAjA the| ina sAmanta zAsakoM ke adhIna bhI anya sAmanta zAsaka hote the| sArvabhauma zAsaka kA apane sAmanta zAsakoM ke sAtha sambandha unakI zakti aura sthiti ke anusAra bhinna hotA thaa| bharata cakravartI jisane ki digvijaya ke lie nikalakara sarvaprathama mAgadha tIrtha para apanA nAmAMkita bANa chor3A jise dekhate hI mAgadhapati bharata rAjA kA satkAra karane ke lie hAra-mukuTa, kUNDala, kar3A, bAjUbaMda, vastra aura AbhUSaNa evaM nAmAMkita bANa tathA mAgadhatIrtha kA jala Adi bheMTe lekara mahArAjA bharata ke pAsa aayaa| vahAM Akara bharata kI adhInatA svIkAra karake prItidAna ke rUpa meM lAyA haA sAmAna bheMTa kiyaa| bharata rAjA ne unakA prItidAna svIkAra kiyA aura use satkAra sammAna karake vidA kiyaa| isI prakAra varadAnatIrtha, pravAsa tIrtha, siMhala, himavaMtagiri, Adi pradezoM para vijaya prApta kara vahAM ke rAjAoM ko apane adhIna banAkara upahAra svarUpa bheMTa svIkAra 1. noti vAkyAmRtam 14/8, pR0 172. ..

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(194) karake RSabhakUTa parvata ke pUrva tarapha ke kaTaka para apanA nAma aMkita kiyA ki "isa avasarpiNI kAla ke antima samaya meM maiM bharata nAma kA cakravartI huA huuN| arthAt maiM prathama rAjA hU~, samasta bharata kA adhipati zAsaka hU~ manuSyoM meM zreSTha indra narendra hU~, mesa koI pratizatra nahIM hai, maiMne samasta bhAratavarSa ko jIta liyA hai| bharata cakravartI ke nAma para hI isa deza kA nAma "bhArata" par3A hai| isa prakAra bharata cakravartI ke adhIna jitane bhI rAjA huye the vaha apane Antarika kAryoM meM pUrNa rUpa se svataMtra the| isI prakAra anya cakravartI rAjAoM kA ullekha AtA hai| kahIM-kahIM para yaha ullekha bhI milatA hai ki cakravatI samrATa ke adhikRta rAjA cakravartI samrATa ko kara ke rUpa meM dhana dete the tathA AvazyakatA par3ane para apane dhana aura senA se sahAyatA karane ko tatpara rahate the| isa prakAra aneka zaktizAlI sAmanta zAsaka eka dUsare ke mitra bana jAte the| jainettara granthoM meM bhI digvijaya kA ullekha milatA hai| cakravartI samrATa dazaratha ne samudra taka phailI huI sArI pRthvI jIta lI thI / arthAta samasta rAjAoM ko apane adhIna kara liyA thaa| ye sAmanta rAjA apane Antarika kAryoM meM svataMtra the| jaina mAnyatAnusAra cakravartI rAjA ke adhInastha 32,000 mukuTabaMdha rAjA hote the| yuddha-kAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandha :- - - sabhI bhAratIya vicAraka isa bAta para sahamata haiM ki anya upAya viphala ho jAne para hI kisI rAjA se yuddha prArambha karanA caahie| anya upAya haiM :-sAma, dAma aura bheda / yadi ina upAyoM se koI nirNaya nahIM nikalatA ho taba daNDa kA prayoga karanA cAhie / jaina granthoM meM bhI isa 1. jambUdvIpa prajJapti sUtra 45-63. 2. mahA pu0 parva 15/158-59. 3. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuddhakalA pR0 264. 4. vahI pR0 265. 5. jambUdvIpa prajJapti pR0 286.

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( 195 ) bAta ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / manu ne kahA hai ki prathama tIna upAyoM dvArA yadi zatru nahIM rokA jA sakatA hai to phira use " daNDa " dvArA hI parAsta karanA caahie| sabhI vicArakoM ne mahatvAkAMkSI rAjAoM ko yathAsambhava yuddha se dUra rahane aura zAntimaya upAyoM se hI kArya siddha karane ke prayAsa kA upadeza diyA hai| AcArya somadeva ne bhI isI bAta kI puSTi kI hai / unhoMne kahA hai ki jaba vijigISu arthAt sAma Adi upAyoM ke prayoga dvArA zatru para vijayazrI prApta karane meM asamartha ho jAye tabhI use yuddha karanA caahie| jaina mAnyatAnusAra bhI prAcIna samaya meM sabhI upAya niSphala ho jAne para hI yuddha cher3A jAtA thA / jaisA ki bharata bAhubali yuddha se spaSTa hotA hai ki bharata rAjA sarvaprathama bAhubali ke pAsa dUta dvArA samAcAra bhejate haiM ki vaha merI adhInatA svIkAra kara le| dUta bAhubali ke samakSa pahu~ca kara bharata rAjA kA saMdeza kahatA hai yahAM taka ki vaha kitanI bAra krodhita hokara bhI bAhubali ke sAmane peza hotA hai / lekina phira bhI bAhubali bharata ke Adeza ko mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM huye / isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki donoM meM yuddha prArambha huA thaa| isa udAharaNa se patA calatA hai ki sabhI upAya niSphala hone para hI yuddha kA Azraya lenA par3atA thA / isI prakAra jainettara graMthoM meM ullikhita hai ki kauravoM aura pANDavoM meM anta taka samajhaute kI ceSTA aura pANDavoM ko pA~ca gAMva lekara hI saMtuSTa ho jAne kI tatparatA se siddha hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM binA vicAra ke prAyaH yuddha nahIM cher3e jAte the / prAcIna bhAratIya AcArya jAnate the ki yuddha kA ekadama tyAga kara denA sambhava nahIM / ataH yuddha kI sambhAvanA yathAsambhava kama karane ke lie unhoMne vividha rAjyoM ke "maMDala" banAkara usameM zakti saMtulana kAyama rakhane kI vyavasthA kI thii| smRti aura nIti graMthakAroM kI prakhyAta " maMDala " nIti zakti saMtulana ke siddhAnta para hI AdhArita thI / ina AcAryoM ne vibhinna rAjyoM meM prAyaH jo sambandha raha sakate haiM unheM samajhAte hue durbala rAjyoM ko apane se adhika zaktizAlI par3ausI rAjyoM se sAvadhAna rahane kI salAha dI hai aura inakI vistAra- nIti se apanI rakSA ke hetu anya samAna yA nyUnAdhika bala vAle rAjyoM se maitrI sthApita karane kA zatru sAhasa hI na kara sakeM / --

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. (196) prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItika sAhitya meM maNDala siddhAnta para atyanta bala diyA gayA hai / lagabhaga sabhI rAjanIti-pradhAna graMthoM meM isa viSaya kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI gayI hai / manu, kAmandaka, tathA kauTilya Adi vicArakoM ne isa viSaya ko bahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai / maNDala siddhAnta : rAjya kI vicAradhArA ke anusAra koI bhI diyA huA rAjya samUha eka kAlpanika rAjyavRtta athavA rAjyamaNDala ko nirdhArita karatA thA jisake kendra meM vijetA rAjA kA rAjya hotA thaa| anya rAjAoM se usake kisa prakAra ke sambandha hote the, yaha usakI zakti ke AdhAra para nizcita kiye jAte the| "maNDala siddhAnta" ke anusAra eka rAjya apane paDosI kA zatra va usake paDosI kA mitra hotA thaa| prAcIna samaya meM antarrAjya sambandhoM kA eka mahattvapUrNa AdhAra "maNDala siddhAnta" thaa| kauTilya ne eka prakAra ke "zakti-santulana" ko prApta karane ke lie hI maNDala-siddhAnta ko artha-zAstra meM pratipAdita kiyA hai / vastutaH maNDala siddhAnta kA preraNAsrota zukrAcArya ko mAnA jAtA hai| pro0 altekara isa sambandha meM likhate haiM ki smati aura nIti-granthakAroM kI prakhyAta "maNDala-nIti" zakti saMtulana para hI AdhArita thii| smatikAroM kA mata hai ki jaba rAjA apane rAjya ko samRddha dekhe aura senA balavAna ho, zatru kI sthiti kamajora ho to vaha behicaka AkramaNa kara sakatA hai / isa prakAra ke bacAva hetu maNDalasiddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / maNDala-siddhAnta Avazyaka rUpa meM vijigISuvijaya kI icchA kA siddhAnta hai / yaha eka prakAra se vistAravAda kA siddhAnta hai / kAmandaka kahatA hai ki zAsaka kI jIvana-zakti vijaya kI abhilASA meM pAI jAtI hai / usake anusAra rAjA ko eka paddhati kA kendra (nAbhi) banAnA caahie| use maNDala kA svAmI honA caahie| jaina purANa sAhityika graMtho meM maNDala siddhAnta ke viSaya meM koI vistRta varNana nahIM milatA hai, kintu yaha batAyA gayA hai ki vijigISu rAjA ke anya rAjyoM se kisa prakAra sambandha hone the| tathA zatru rAjA kA AkramaNa hone para vaha kisa prakAra eka dUsare rAjya kI sahAyatA karate the|

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( 197) maNDala siddhAnta ke mUla tattva : rAjya maNDala ke antargata vijigISu arthAta vijayAkAMkSI ke saMdarbha nimnalikhita prakAra ke rAjyoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai : 1. vijigISu arthAt vijayAkAMkSI 2. ari arthAt Asanna vipakSI 3. mitra arthAt AkrAmaka kA pakSadhara, 4. ari mitra arthAt vipakSI kA mitra 5. mitra-mitra arthAt AkrAmaka ke mitra kA mitra 6. ari-mitra-mitra arthAt vipakSI ke mitra kA mitra, 7. pANigrAha arthAt pRSThadezIya vipakSI, 8. Akranda arthAt pRSThadezIya mitra, 6. pANigrAhAsAra arthAt pRSThadezIya vipakSI kA mitra, 10. AkrandAsAra arthAt pRSThadezIya mitra kA mitra, 11. madhyama arthAt vijigISu tathA ari ke bIca saMdhi yA vigraha karAne meM samartha, 12. udAsIna arthAt vijigISu, ari tathA madhyama tInoM se zakti zAlI aura unake bIca sandhi yA vigraha karAne meM samartha / ___ manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki jo rAjA adhika utsAha, guNa evaM prakRti se samartha tathA vijayAbhilASI ho, vaha rAjA vijigISa hai| kauTilya dvArA varNita maNDala siddhAnta ke tattva ko manu ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, aura kahA hai ki rAjamaNDala kI cAra (madhyama, vijigISu, udAsIna aura zatra) mUla prakRtiyAM haiM / isa prakAra kula milAkara rAjamaNDala kI 12 (kauTilya kI bhAMti) prakRtiyA~ haiM / 1. ko0 artha0 6.2. 2. manu 7/155. 3. manu 7/156. -

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( 198) zAkhA prakRtiyA~ ATha haiM : (1) mitra, (2) ari mitra, (3) mitra-mitra, (4) ari mitra mitra meM cAroM zatra kI bhUmi se Age kI ora tathA (5) pANigrAha (6) Akranda (7) pANigrAhAsAra aura () AkrAndAsAra ye cAroM zatra kI bhUmi se pIche kI ora / isa prakAra se ATha zAkhA prakRtiyA~ tathA pUrva kathita cAra prakRtiyA~ milakara rAjamaNDala kI 12 prakRtiyA~ hotI haiN| . kauTilya ke arthazAstra tathA somadevasUri ke nItivAkyAmRta meM maNDala ke rAjAA kI gaNanA meM kucha antara hai / parantu siddhAnta mUlataH eka hI hai| somadeva sUri ne maNDala kA nirmANa nau tattvoM se batAyA hai :- (1) udAsIna, (2) madhyastha, (3) vijIgISu, (4) zatru (5) mitra, (6) pANigrAha, (7) Akranda, (8) AsAra, (6) antadhi / somadeva sUri ne maNDala ke 6 rAjyoM ke nAma kA hI ullekha kiyA hai jo ki kauTilya ke dvArA varNita maNDala ke rAjyoM se sAmya rakhate haiN| kintu jisa prakAra kauTilya ne ari mitra, mitra-mitra, evaM ari-mitra-mitra ko isa rAjya meM sammilita kara liyA hai| usI prakAra somadeva dvArA pratipAdita maNDala ke 6 rAjyoM meM ina tIna rAjyoM ko sammilita kara dene para unake rAjya maNDala meM bhI 12 rAjya ho jAte haiN| AcArya somadeva ne inakA pRthaka nAmollekha karanA ucita nahIM smjhaa| isI kAraNa unhoMne rAjya maNDala meM pramukha : rAjyoM kA hI varNana kiyA hai| kucha vidvAno ne maNDala ke tattvoM ke sAtha rAjya kI prakRti ke vibhinna svarUpoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| jisake AdhAra para maNDala meM 12,26, 54,72,108 prakRtiyo kA ullekha milatA hai| isa sambandha meM kAmandaka kA kathana sarvathA ucita hI hai ki maNDala ke tattvoM ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata haiM, kiMtu 12 rAjyo kA maNDala spaSTa evaM sarvavidita hai|' maNDala kA mukhya uddezya yahI hai ki vijIgISu una mitra tathA zatra rAjyoM ke bIca jina se ki vaha pariveSThita hai, zakti santulana banAye rkheN| use apanI nIti, tathA sAdhanoM meM isa prakAra vyavasthA karanI cAhie jisase ki udAsIna 1. kAmandaka 8, 20-41

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( 169) tathA zatra rAjA usako hAni na pahuMcA sake / aura na usase adhika zaktizAlI ho ske| pararASTra nIti : vijigISu rAjA ke lie kevala yuddha hI eka mAtra hala nahIM thA apitu bAguNya nIti kI sahAyatA se vaha use hala karane kI koziza karatA thA / antarrASTrIya sambandha ko viniyamita karane vAlA yaha eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta hai / "maNDala siddhAnta" ke antargata vijigISu ko apane sAmarthya aura zakti ke anusAra ina chaha guNoM athavA nItiyoM kA prayoga karanA cAhie / inake prayoga se rAjyoM ke pArasparika sambandha nizcita hote haiN| inakA yathocita pAlana karake rAjA saphalatA ke zikhira para ArUr3ha hotA hai| mahApurANa ke anusAra sandhi, vigraha, Asana, yAna, saMcaya aura dvaidhIbhAva ke chaha guNa haiN| AcArya somadeva ne bhI isI prakAra ke chaha guNa batalAye haiN| 1. sandhi : yuddharata do rAjAoM meM kisI kAraNa se maitrIbhAva ho jAnA sandhi kahalAtI hai| jaba zatra rAjA kA bala samAna ho aura usake sAtha sandhi sambandha ke alAvA anya koI nIti kA anugamana se use apane rAjya kI vRddhi na hokara kSaya hone kI zaMkA ho to usase sandhi kara lenI caahie| jaina mAnyatAnusAra sandhi do prakAra kI hotI haiN| " (1) sAvadhi sadhi-nizcita kAlIna mitratA ko sAvadhi saMdhi kahate haiN| (2) avadhi rahita saMdhi-yaha vaha saMdhi haiM jisameM samaya aura sImA kA pratibandha nahIM rahatA hai| 1. kAmandaka 15, 32 2. sandhiH vigraho neturAsanaM yaansNjnyyo| dvaidhIbhAvazca SaT proktA guNAH praNaminaH zriyaH // mahA pu0 68/66-67 3. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 163. 4. kRta vigrahayoH pazcAtkenacidvatunA tayoH / maitrIbhAvaH sa sandhi sthAtsAvadhi vigatAvadhi // mahA pu0 68/67-68.

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(200) jainettara graMthoM rAmAyaNa meM cAra prakAra kI saMdhiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai|' (1) cara saMdhi :- saMdhi yadi isa uddezya se kI jAye jisase rAjya ko apanI zakti bar3hAne kA samaya mila jAye aura usake pazcAta saMdhi sambandha tor3akara zatru para AkramaNa kara sake, aisI saMdhi ko 'cara saMdhi" kahate haiN| (2) sthAvara saMdhi :-jaba saMdhi sthAI rUpa se donoM dezoM meM mitratA sthApita karane ke uddezya se hotI thI, to vaha sthAvara saMdhi kahI jAtI thii| (3) samasaMdhi :-jaba saMdhi karane vAle donoM rAjya eka se hI lAbha ke uddezya se maitrI karate haiM to vaha sama saMdhi kahalAtI thii| (4) viSama saMdhi :-jaba bhinna-bhinna lAbha kI zarta para saMdhi kI jAtI thI vaha viSama saMdhi kahalAtI thii| kauTilya ne apane artha-zAstra meM amiSa, puruSAntara, AtmarakSa, adRSTa puruSa, daNDamukhyAtmarakSaNa, daNDopanata, parikrama, upagraha, pratyaya, suvarNa, kathAla Adi saMdhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|' 2. vigraha : jaba vibhinna rAjyoM ke bIca droha, vaira, vaimanasya kI sthiti hotI hai, taba vaha vigraha kI sthiti hotI hai| mahApurANa meM batAyA hai ki zatru tathA use jItane vAlA dUsarA vijayI rAjA donoM hI paraspara eka dUsare kA jo upakAra karate haiM, use vigraha kahA gayA hai| kauTilya ke anusAra bhI zatra 1. rAmAyaNa kAlIna yuddha kalA pR0 267. 2. kau0 arthazAstra 7/3 3. parasparApakArorivijigISvoH sa vigrahaH / mahA pu0 68/68, padma pu037/3.

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(201) ke prati kiye gaye droha tathA upakAra ko vigraha kahA jAtA hai| unake anusAra isa guNa kA prayoga tabhI karanA cAhie jabaki vijigISu zaktizAlI ho / vAstava meM yaha do rAjAoM ke bIca zIta yuddha kI sthiti hai| jaba rAjya zastropajIvI kSatriyoM kI saMkhyA adhika ho aura kArIgaroM va kisAnoM kI bhI adhikatA ho sAtha hI zaila durga evaM nadI durga surakSita ho aura rAjya meM zatra ke AkramaNa rokane kI sAmarthya hai tathA jaba pracAra bala se zatru rAjya ke nivAsiyoM ko unake rAjA ke viruddha bhar3akAyA jA sakatA ho to kauTilya ne likhA hai ki rAjA ko jaba aisA Atma vizvAsa ho jAye taba hI vaha vigraha kI nIti apanA sakatA hai|... 3. prAsana : jaba kisI rAjA kA anya kisI rAjya se zatrutA kA bhAva na ho aura na usa rAjya ke rAjA kI car3hAI karane kI icchA ho aura na use kisI anya rAjA ko apane rAjya para AkramaNa kara dene kA bhaya ho, to aise rAjya kI sthiti "Asana" kahI jAtI thii| yaha eka prakAra se taTastha nIti hotI hai| mahApurANa meM ullikhita hai ki jaba koI rAjA yaha samajhakara ki usa samaya mujhe koI dUsarA aura maiM kisI anya ko naSTa karane meM samartha nahIM hUM aura jo rAjA zAntabhAva se rahatA hai| ise Asana kahate haiM / isa guNa ko rAjA kI buddhi kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| yAna : mahApurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki apanI vRddhi aura zatru kI hAni hone para donoM kA zatru ke prati jo udyama hai arthAt zatru para AkramaNa Adi karanA hI yAna kahalAtA hai| yaha yAna apanI vRddhi tathA zatra kI hAni rUpa phala dene vAlA hotA hai| AcArya somadeva ne bhI zatra para AkramaNa 1. kau0 artha0 7, 1 (apakAro vigraha) 2. vahI 7/3. 3. ko0 arthazAstra 7/1. 4. mAmihAnyo hamavyanyamazakto hntumityso| tUSaNIMbhAvo bhavenneturAsanavRddhikAraNam // mahA pu0 68/66. 5. svavRddho zatru hAnI vAvayovabhyidyam smRtam / ari prati vibhoyani tAvanmAtra phalapradam // mahA pu. 60/70.

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( 202) kiye jAne ko yAna batalAyA hai| athavA zatra ko apane se adhika zaktizAlI samajhakara anyatra prasthAna ko bhI yAna kahate haiN|' jaba vijayAbhilASI rAjA aisA samajha letA hai ki zatra ke kAryoM kA vidhvaMsa usa para AkramaNa karake hI sambhava hai aura usane svayaM apane rAjya kI rakSA kA prabandha kara liyA hai to aisI paristhiti meM usa rAjA ko yAna gUNa kA Azraya lenA hogaa| somadeva ne yaha bAta spaSTa kara dI hai ki vigISa ko zatra deza para abhiyAna tabhI karanA cAhie jabaki apanA deza pUrNarUpeNa surakSita ho| yadi apane deza meM surakSA evaM vyavasthA kA abhAva hai to use zatru rAjya para kadApi AkramaNa nahIM karanA caahie| saMzraya : mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki jisako kahIM zaraNa nahIM milatA hai, use apanI zaraNa meM rakhanA saMzraya (Azraya) kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki zaktizAlI zatra rAjA dvArA AkramaNa kiye jAne para kisI dUsare zaktizAlI rAjA ke yahA~ Azraya lene ko saMzraya kahate haiN| kauTilya ke anusAra kisI anya zaktizAlI rAjA ke pAsa svayaM ko apanI strI tathA putra evaM dhana-dhAnyAdi ke samarpaNa kara dene ko saMzraya kahate haiN| zaka ne isako Azraya kahA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jaba rAjA apanI hIna dazA dekhe aura zatra rAjA zaktizAlI ho tathA parAjaya kI sambhAvanA ho aisI paristhiti meM rAjA ko anya zaktizAlI rAjA kA Azraya prApta kara apanI rakSA karanI cAhie / zukra ke anusAra zaktizAlI rAjA kA hI Azraya lenA caahie| dudhI bhAva : zatra oM meM sandhi aura vigraha karA denA hI dvaidhIbhAva hai| somadeva ke anusAra baliSTa rAjA ke sAtha sandhi tathA durbala ke sAtha yuddha ko dvaidhI 1. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 165. 2. ananyazaraNasyAhuH saMzrayaM satyasaMbhrayam / mahA pu0 68/71 3. ko0 artha 7/1. 4. zukra0 4, 1066. 5. sandhivigraryovRtidva dhIbhAvo dviSAM prati / mahA pu0 68/71. .

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bhAva kahate haiN|' jaba vijigISu ko yaha jJAta ho jAye ki AkrAntA zatra usake sAtha yuddha karane ko tatpara hai to use dvadhIbhAva kA Azraya lenA cAhie / somadeva ne buddhi-Azrita dvadhIbhAva kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo isa prakAra hai :-"jaba vijigISu apane se baliSTa zatra ke sAtha pahale maitrI kara letA hai aura phira kucha samaya uparAnta zatra kA parAbhava ho jAne para usI se yuddha cher3a detA hai, to use buddhi-Azrita dvaidhIbhAva kahate haiN| kyoMki isase vijigISu kI vijaya nizcita hotI hai| kucha granthoM meM dvaidhIbhAva kA artha bhinna hai| viSNu purANa meM senA ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karane ko dvaidhIbhAva kahA gayA hai| zukra ke anusAra apanI senA ko pRthaka-pRthaka gulmoM meM vibhAjita karanA dvaidhIbhAva isa prakAra sAma, dAmAdi cAra upAyoM evaM saMdhi-vigrahAdi SAGa guNya rAjazAstra ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta haiN| inake samucita prayoga se rAjya kI sthiti sudRr3ha banI raha sakatI hai| vaidezika sambandhoM ko sudRr3ha evaM anukUla banAne ke lie rAjya kI surakSA ke lie ina nItiyoM kA prayoga bahuta hI Avazyaka samajhA gayA hai| pararASTra nIti ko kAryAnvita karane ke upAya antarrAjya sambandhoM kA eka AdhAra SaDguNya nIti thI aura dUsarA rAjya ke cAra mAnya upAya : rAjA ko sarvaprathama yuddha kA Azraya nahIM lenA cAhie jaisA ki pUrva meM bhI kahA jA cukA hai / uddezya kI prApti meM yuddha antima sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| rAjazAstra praNetAoM ne isa sambandha meM anya tIna upAyoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinakA prayoga yuddha se pUrva karanA caahie| mahApurANa meM 1. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 166. 2. vahI 3. viSNu pu0 2, 150, 3.5 4. ku. 4, 1070 dvadhIbhAvaH svasenyAnaM sthApayaM gulmagulmataH /

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( 204 ) cAra mUla tattvoM kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| zatru rAjA ko va pratikUla vyakti ko vaza meM karane ke lie cAra upAya sAma, dAma, bheda va daNDa haiN|' AcArya somadeva tathA anya jainettara sAkSyoM meM bhI cAra tattvoM ( upAyoM) kA varNana hai| sAmanIti : kisI pakSa ko mitra banAkara yA milAkara kAma karanA hI sAmanIti kahalAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM aise bhI kaha sakate haiM ki apanI nIti ko kAryAnvita karane ke lie jaba anya rAjAoM ke sAtha bAtacIta karake tathA samajhA bujhAkara use apane anusAra kArya karane ke lie taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha tarIkA sAma-nIti kahalAtA hai| bAmanIti : jaba bAtacIta va anunaya-vinaya se kAma na cala sake taba pralobhana kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai / arthAt lobhI vyakti ko dhanAdi dekara vaza meM kiyA jAtA haiM aura phira usase kArya karAyA jAtA hai| isa nIti kA prayoga aisI paristhiti meM hI karanA cAhie, jaba prathama nIti se kAma na bane aura yaha nizcaya ho jAye ki yuddha se donoM rAjyoM kI hAni hogI tathA dUsarA rAjya apane se adhika zaktizAlI hai jisa para AkramaNa karake dabAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| aisI paristhiti meM zatru rAjya ko thor3A dhana Adi bheMTa svarUpa dekara apane pakSa meM kara lenA hitakAraka hotA hai| bhedanIti : ___isa upAya kA prayoga zatra ko kamajora banAne ke lie kiyA jAtA haiN| 'phaTa DAlo aura zAsana karo' kI nIti ko 'bheda' kahate haiN| isa nIti ke dvArA zatru ko Apasa meM lar3Akara saphalatA prApta kI jA sakatI hai / bheda ke prayoga meM ucita tathA anucita sAdhanoM kA samAveza hotA hai| AcArya somadeva ne isakI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai ki vijigISu apane senA 1. mahA pu0 8/253. 2. nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti pR0 162 manu0 7/106, yAjJavalkya 1/346, zukra 4/1/77.

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(205) nAyaka, tIkSNa va anya guptacara tathA donoM ora se vetana pAne vAle guptaMcaroM dvArA zatru kI senA meM paraspara eka dUsare ke prati sandeha yA tiraskAra utpanna karAke bheda DAlane ko bhedanIti kahate haiN| daNDanIti : yaha nIti sabase nikRSTa mAnI gayI hai| anya upAyoM ke niSphala ho jAne para isakA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| isakA prayoga karane se pUrva apane sAmarthya kA pUrNataH jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| kauTilya ne daNDa kA prayoga zaktizAlI rAjA ke viruddha karane kA parAmarza diyA hai| kyoMki yUddha kI dhamakI pratiSThA-hAni ke prati sazaMka zaktizAlI rAjA ke prati kAragara upAya siddha ho sakatI hai| yuddha kI dhamakI vyartha hone kI sthiti meM vAstavika yuddha hI ekamAtra vikalpa raha jAtA hai| vAstava meM sAma, dAma, bheda yaha tInoM nItitA~ asaphala hoM jAyeM taba hI zatru ko AkramaNa kA tathA usake rAjya ko vidhvaMza kara dene kA bhaya dikhAnA caahie| isa prakAra sAma-dAmadi cAra upAya evaM saMdhi-vigrahAdi SADaguNya rAjazAstra ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta haiM / isake samucita prayoga se rAjya kI sthiti sudRr3ha banI raha sakatI hai| jisa prakAra prajA meM saMtoSa ke lie evaM rAjya meM sukha evaM samRddhi ke lie suzAsana Avazyaka hai usI prakAra vaidezika sambandhoM ko anukUla banAne ke lie, apane rAjya kI surakSA ke lie na nItiyoM kA prayoga bahuta Avazyaka samajhA gayA hai| 2. ko0 arthazAstra 7/16.

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upasaMhAra evaM niSkarSa purANa sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti kA ajasra srota hai| purANa sAhitya vaidika aura jaina vAGamaya meM samAna rUpa se upalabdha hai / itihAsa purANAbhyAM vedaM samupabRhyat" kI preraNA se jahAM vaidika paramparA meM aSTAdaza purANoM tathA aneka upa-purANoM kI racanA huI, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI caubIsa tIrthakara, bAraha cakravartI, nau vAsudeva, nau prati vAsudeva, aura nau baladeva, isa prakAra kula milAkara tiresaTha mahApuruSoM ke jIvanacaritra ko AdhAra banAkara aneka purANa likhe gaye haiN| ina tiresaTha mahApuruSoM ko "zalAkA puruSa" bhI kahA gayA hai / maiMne isa zodha-prabandha meM pramukha jaina purANoM meM nihita rAjanIti kA avalokana kiyA hai| prathama adhyAya : "bhArata meM prAcIna rAjanIti-zAstra kI adhyayana paramparA" isake antargata bhArata meM prAcIna rAjanIti zAstra kI adhyayana paramparA kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| isameM rAjyazAstra ke svarUpa para tathA sarvaprathama rAjya kI utpatti kahA~, kaise huI, aura usake kitane prakAra the ? rAjya kA dhyeya evaM kArya kyA hone cAhie ? Adi praznoM ke viSaya meM bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM ke kyA vicAra the, usakA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya : "jaina purANa sAhitya kA paricaya" isake antargata prathama batAyA gayA hai ki "purANa' kise kahate haiM ? purANa tathA mahApurANa meM kyA antara hai / isake sAtha yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki hindU-purANa tathA jaina purANoM meM kyA antara hai / jaina purANoM kA racanAkAla evaM bhASA Adi kA digdarzana bhI kiyA gayA hai / isake alAvA

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( 207 ) " bhAratIya rAjanIti : jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM" viSaya kA adhyayana karane ke lie jina mUla purANoM ko AdhAra banAyA hai unakA saMkSipta paricaya bhI isameM nihita hai / tRtIya pradhyAya: " jaina purANa sAhitya meM rAjanIti" isa adhyAya meM maiMne jaina purANa sAhitya meM rAjanIti" kA saMkSipta meM citra aMkita kiyA hai / isake antargata prathama kAlacakra ke bAraha AroM ( kAla - vibhAgoM ) kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / avasarpiNI, asarpiNIkAla tathA inakA chaH chaH bhAgoM meM vibhakta honA aura pratyeka Are kA pramANa bhI batAyA gayA hai / isake alAvA rAjakIya vyavasthA se pUrva jo kulakara vyavasthA thI usakA varNana tathA kulakaroM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM jo matabheda batAye gaye haiM unakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kulakaroM ke samaya kI pracalita daNDanIti, isake pazcAt jaina purANoM meM rAjA tathA rAjya kI utpatti kisa prakAra huI usakA saMkSipta varNana kiyA gayA hai / caturtha adhyAya : " rAjya evaM rAjA " isa adhyAya ko do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / prathama vibhAga meM rAjya kA svarUpa evaM siddhAnta batAye gaye haiM / dvitIya vibhAga meM rAjA ke viSaya meM carcA kI gayI hai / prathama vibhAga meM rAjya ke svarUpa evaM siddhAnta ke antargata rAjya kI utpatti kisa prakAra huI, rAjya ke prakAra, rAjya ke uddezya evaM kArya, rAjya ke saptAMga siddhAnta, rAjya ke catuSTya siddhAnta, rAjya ke SaDsiddhAnta, kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| rAjya ke do kArya batAye gaye haiM(1) Avazyaka kArya ( 2 ) aicchika kArya yA lokahitakArI kArya / Avazyaka kAryo ke antargata bAhya AkramaNa se deza kI rakSA, prajA ke jAna-mAla kA saMrakSaNa, deza meM zAnti evaM suvyavasthA ke lie nyAya prabandha Adi kArya sammilita haiM / aicchika kAryoM meM zikSA, dAna, svAsthya-rakSA, vyavasAya, DAka, yAtAyAta kA prabandha, dIna - anAthoM kI dekharekha Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM meM hAlAMki rAjya ke kAryoM kA vistRta varNana nahIM hai tathApi usake adhyayana se uparyukta vicAroM kI puSTi hotI hai /

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(208) caturtha adhyAya ke dvitIya bhAga meM rAjA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM prathama rAjA kA mahattva evaM cakravartI rAjA ke caudaha ratna, navanidhiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt rAjA kI utpatti ke siddhAntoM kA digadarzana kiyA hai| rAjA ko utpatti kisa prakAra huI. isa sambandha meM bhAratIya vicArakoM ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / (1) vaidika siddhAnta, (2) sAmAjika anubandha kA siddhAnta (3) daivIya siddhAnta / rAjA kI utpatti ke pazcAt rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM kisa prakAra rAjA kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA jAtA thA / rAjyAbhiSeka ke bAda yuvarAja tathA usake uttarAdhikArI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisake antargata sApekSa aura nirapekSa do prakAra ke rAjAoM kA ullekha AtA hai| sApekSa kA artha hairAjA apane jIvanakAla meM hI apane jyeSTha putra ko yuvarAja pada de detA thaa| nirapekSa rAjA ke viSaya meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki rAjA kI mRtyu ke bAda hI putra ko rAjA banAyA jAtA thaa| yuvarAja tathA uttarAdhikArI kA pada vaMza paramparAgata hotA thaa| isake alAvA rAjA ke pradhAna puruSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisake antargata rAjA, yuvarAja, amAtya aura purohita Ate haiN| isake sAtha hI rAjA kI upAdhiyA~, rAjA ke prakAra, rAjA ke guNa, prajA tathA rAjA kA sambandha, rAjA ke kArya Adi ke bAre meM carcA kI gaI hai| paMcama adhyAya : "zAsana vyavasthA" isa adhyAya ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama bhAga meM maMtripariSada, dvitIya bhAga meM koSa tathA tRtIya bhAga meM senA yA bala kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| prathama bhAga maMtripariSada ke antargata maMtripariSada kI racanA, maMtriyoM kI niyukti, maMtriyoM kI yogyatA, maMtripariSada ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA, maMtripariSada ke kArya Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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(206) dvitIya bhAga meM rAjakoSa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jisake antargata rAjakara vyavasthA meM kAnUnI Taiksa, aThAraha prakAra ke kara tathA rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke upAyoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / tRtIya bhAga ko do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama senA ke antargata caturaMgiNI senA ke aMga, tathA dvitIya vibhAga meM yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai / caturaMgiNI senA ke aMgoM ke antargata (1) padApi senA, (2) azva senA, (3) hastisenA, aura (4) rathasenA / azva senA ke antargata azva senA ke antargata azvoM kI kisma tathA unakI zikSA kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / hasti senA ke antargata hastiyoM kI jAti tathA uttama prakAra ke hastiyoM kI vizeSatAoM tathA airAvata hAthI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ratha-senA ke antargata rathoM ke prakAra batAye gaye haiN| dvitIya bhAga meM yuddha evaM yuddha ke kAraNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jisameM jaina mAnyatAnusAra batAyA gayA hai ki usa adhikA~za yuddha striyoM ke kAraNa hote the / mala kAraNa striyoM ke saundarya se AkRSTa ho unheM prApta karane ke liye tathA svayaMvaroM ke avasara para prAyaH yuddha huA karate the| isake alAvA yuddhanIti kA tathA astra-zastroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jo ki usa samaya yuddhoM meM prayoga kiye jAte the| SaSTha adhyAya : "nyAya-vyabasthA" isa adhyAya ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| prathama meM nyAya-vyavasthA tathA dvitIya bhAga meM aparAdha evaM danDa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| prathama bhAga meM nyAya vyavasthA ke antargata nyAya kA svarUpa evaM prakAra, nyAyAdhIza evaM gavAhiyoM kI zapatha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya bhAga meM aparAdha evaM daNDa ke antargata coroM ke prakAra, corI ke prakAra, coroM ke AkhyAna, mukadame, tathA jelakhAne kA varNana jisake antargata rAjagaha ke kaidakhAne kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| aparAdha yA phaujadArI vyavasthA ke kucha khyAla yahA~ milate haiN| . saptama adhyAya : "nagarAdi vyavasthA" isa adhyAya ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| prathama bhAga meM nagara

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... ( 210)----- vinyAsa-isa ke antargata durga, rAjadhAnI, sar3aka nirmANa Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya bhAga meM surakSA-vyavasthA ke antargata parikhA, koTa, prAkAra, aTTAlaka, gopura, pratolI Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| paSTama adhyAya : "antarrASTrIya sambandha isa adhyAya meM zAntikAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandha evaM yuddhakAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandhoM ke antargata dUta, dUta ke guNa, dUtoM ke bheda, dUtoM ke kArya, guptacara tathA sAmanta zAsakoM ke sAtha sambandha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yuddha kAla meM antarrASTrIya sambandhoM ke antargata maNDala-siddhAnta kA varNana kiyA hai / jaina purANoM meM pUrNa-rUpeNa varNana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isake alAvA pararASTra nIti ke antargata SaDguNya maMtra aura pararASTranIti kriyAnvita karane ke cAra upAya Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / ___bhAratIya rAjanIti : jaina purANa sAhitya saMdarbha meM" viSaya kA digdarzana karane ke pazcAt aba hama batAyeMge ki jaina purANa sAhitya meM rAjanIti kA jo svarUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai, usameM aura hindU purANoM tathA jainettara granthoM meM kyA bheda hai, isake alAvA vaha kyA navInatA evaM vizeSatA liye hue hai / jaina purANa sAhityika granthoM meM rAjA tathA rAjya kI utpatti ke viSaya meM jo carcA kI gaI hai, vaha hindU purANoM se kucha aMza meM, bhinnatA rakhatI hai / jaina purANoM meM rAjtha kI utpatti sAmAjika samajhaute ke phalasvarUpa huI hai / isake sAtha yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki "rAjya devI aza na hokara mAnavIya saMsthA thii|" isakA nirmANa prAkRtika avasthA meM rahane bAle yugalikoM dvArA ApasI samajhaute ke AdhAra para huA hai| (Adi kAla meM yugalika vyavasthA thI) jabaki hindU purANoM meM bahudhA rAjya ko "daivI aMza" ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, mAnavIya saMsthA ko itanA mahattva nahIM diyA hai / isake alAvA parokSa rUpa se rAjya kI utpatti ke dUsare AdhAra bhI mAne gaye haiM, to bhI Izvara ko pradhAnatA pradAna kI hai| mahAbhArata, manusmRti, zukranItisAra Adi granthoM meM rAjya kI utpatti meM Izvara ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai / jaina mAnyatAnusAra rAjA kI utpatti sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAntAnusAra huI hai| mahAbhArata Adi graMthoM meM bhI rAjA kI utpatti

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(211) sAmAjika anubandha ke siddhAnta ke anusAra mAnI gaI hai, lekina donoM meM antara hai / hindU purANoM meM rAjA kI utpatti hone para logoM ne Apasa meM samajhautA kiyA jisake phalasvarUpa unhoMne rAjA ko kara denA nizcaya kiyA, jisake badale meM rAjA ne prajA kI rakSA kA bhAra apane Upara liyA / arthAt kara hI rAjA kA vetana hotA thaa| jaina purANoM meM isa prakAra rAjA kI sevA ke badale kara kI koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| rAjA kA rAjakIya pada para ArUr3ha hote hI yaha kartavya hotA thA ki vaha prajA kI rakSA tathA deza meM zAnti evaM suvyavasthA banAye rakhe / jaisA ki RSabhadeva svAmI ne rAjapada para ArUr3ha hote hI prathama zAsana-vyavasthA kI sthApanA kI thii| isase yaha vidita hotA hai ki rAjA bahuta yogya evaM karttavyaniSTha hote the| jaina purANoM meM eka navInatA yaha bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai ki prAyaH rAjA kucha samaya rAjya karane ke pazcAt apane putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara svayaM zramaNa dIkSA le lete the / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki rAjapada, 'vaibhava, sattA, zakti Adi rAjas guNa para nirbhara hote huye bhI rAjA anta meM sattva guNa kA anuzAsana kara tattva jJAna ko svIkAra karate the / - jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna samaya meM rAjyAbhiSeka kI jo praNAlI thI usake antargata yajJa, havana Adi kriyAkANDoM ko mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai| isake pIche mUla kAraNa hiMsA thii| jaina rAjA ahiMsaka hote the| kumArapAla rAjA ke bAre meM to yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki vaha apane rAjya meM ghor3oM ko bhI chAnakara pAnI pilAtA thA, tathA cAturmAsa meM eka sthAna para hI rahatA thA, kyoMki vaha samajhatA thA ki cAturmAsa meM jIvoM kI utpatti adhika hotI hai| isalie jIvoM kI rakSA hetu cAra mahIne eka sthAna para rahakara zAnti dharmArAdhanA karatA huA vyatIta karatA thaa| yUvarAja tathA uttarAdhikArI kA pada vaMza paramparAgata hotA thaa| yadi kisI rAjA ke rAjaputra nahIM hotA thA aura usa rAjA kI matya ho jAtI taba zahara meM pAMca divya padArtha sahita ghor3A ghumAyA jAtA thaa| vaha jisake bhI pAsa jAkara rUka jAtA use hI rAjA banAyA jAtA thaa| isake lie hAthI bhI pA~ca divya padArtha sahita zahara meM ghumAyA jAtA thaa| maMtripariSada kI racanA ke viSaya meM hindU purANa aura jaina purANoM meM antara batAyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra maMtriyoM kI niyukti

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ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki maMtrI kA pada vaMza paramparAgata aura canAva donoM hI AdhAra para hotA thaa| hindU purANoM meM sirpha vaMzaparamparAgata batAyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM ke anusAra rAjA maMtriyoM kI niyukti karane meM svataMtra hotA thaa| rAjA pradhAnamaMtrI ko niyukti karane se pUrva parIkSA letA thA, jo vyakti parIkSA meM uttIrNa ho jAtA, use hI pradhAna maMtrI banAyA jAtA thaa| isake alAvA anya maMtrI hote the| jaina purANoM meM maMtriyoM kI yogyatA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki maMtriyoM kA svadezI honA Avazyaka nahIM hai / arthAt dUsare deza kA vyakti bhI maMtrI pada para ArUr3ha ho sakatA hai / maMtripariSada ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM batAyA gayA hai ki sAmAnyataH maMtrI-maNDala ke sadasyoM kI saMkhyA nimnatama cAra evaM adhikatama sAta hotI thii| maMtrI-maNDala ke alAvA bho maMtrI hote the jinakI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM hotI thii| maMtrI-maNDala ke kAryoM ke antargata batAyA gayA hai ki maMtrI rAjA kI icchA evaM kAryoM kI pUrti karane ke lie samayAnusAra veza-parivartana, svarUpa parivartana kara lete the, jisase koI unheM pahacAna nahIM ske| isake atirikta rAjA kI atyanta vikaTa paristhitiyoM meM rakSA bhI karate the| maMtrI rAjakanyA ke cayanArtha parAmarza bhI dete the / kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI hotA thA ki rAjA maMtrI ko jhUTha mUTha sabhAsadoM ke sAmane apamAnita kara rAjya se nikAla dete the| aisI paristhiti meM vaha maMtrI vipakSI rAjA se milakara usakA vizvAsapAtra banakara use parAjita karake hI vApisa lauTatA thaa| jaina purANoM meM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki bhaviSya meM hitakAraka kArya ke lie duHkha denA uttama hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra prAcIna samaya meM loga yuddhoM se bahuta hI bhayabhIta rahate the| pahale yathAsambhava sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda nIti apanAyI na jAtI thii| yadi inake dvArA saphalatA prApta nahI hotI, tabhI yuddha lar3e jAte the| bharata-bAhubali yuddha isakA sAkSAt udAharaNa hai| isa yuddha se pUrva donoM bhAiyoM meM dUtoM dvArA vArtAlApa huA lekina jaba kucha natIjA nahIM nikalA taba donoM ne yuddha karane kA nirNaya liyaa| niraparAdha prANiyoM ke vadha se bacane ke lie tathA unheM abhayadAna dene ke lie donoM ne Apasa meM ho yuddha karane kA nizcaya kiyA thaa| ina donoM meM duSTi-yuddha, bAhu-yuddha, jala-yuddha aura muSThi-yuddha huA thaa| kahA~

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(213) bharata-bAhabali yuddha donoM meM kitanA antara hai| isa antara kA mUla kAraNa ahiMsA kI vicAraNA hI hai| jaina dharma ahiMsA pradhAna dharma hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki jahAM taka hiMsA se bacA jA sake bacanA cAhie, jaba koI upAya najara nahIM Aye, tabhI hiMsaka pravRttiyoM kA sahArA lenA caahie| bharata, bAhubali kA yuddha yaha Adarza zAsana aura rAjanaitika vyavahAra kA Adarza thaa| jisase yaha vidita hotA hai ki hiMsA ke sthAna para ahiMsA bhAva se bhI yuddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| rAjanItika siddhAnta vyavahAra meM vAstavika paristhitiyoM ke dabAva meM itanA mUrta nahIM hotA hai, yaha alaga bAta hai| jaina purANoM meM hiMsaka yuddhoM kA bhI varNana AtA hai| lekina yuddha karane ke pazcAt rAjA usakA prAyazcita kara lete the, jisase ki unheM hiMsA kA itanA doSa nahIM lagatA thA jitanA ki prAyazcita nahIM karane para lagatA hai| java ahiMsA kI bhAvanA vyakti ke hRdaya meM ghara kara jAtI hai, vahAM maitrI-bhAva svataH hI utpanna ho jAtA hai| pratyeka jIva ke prati maitrI-bhAva rakhanA ekendriya se lekara paMcendriya taka, pratyeka jIva meM apanI hI jaisI AtmA ke darzana karanA, pratyeka jIva apane hI samAna jInA cAhatA hai, marane kI icchA koI nahIM karatA, isalie jaina purANa sAhitya meM ahiMsA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM meM ahiMsA para bala diyA gayA hai lekina isakA yaha matalaba nahIM batAyA ki zAsana calAne meM daNDa-zakti kA sarvathA upayoga nahIM karanA cAhie / vyApaka aura dIrghakAlIna dRSTi se daNDa aura hiMsA kA upayoga jarUrI bhI ho jAtA hai| magara usa saMdarbha meM saMyama aura viveka se hiMsA yA bala kA upayoga hotA thA, aisA abhipreta thaa| ___ anta meM hama yahI kaheMge ki jainapurANoM ke anuzIlana se tatkAlIna rAjanIti kA patA calatA hai| racanA kAla jJAta hone se ye prAmANika mAne jAte haiM, aura usa samaya kI prApta sAmagriyoM ke AdhAra para bhAratIya rAjanIti kA citra upasthita hotA hai|

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI mala grantha agni purANa anu0 esa0 ena0 datta kalakattA : 1603 atharvaveda, bhAga 4 paM0 zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara pArar3I : svAdhyAya maNDala 1958 tRtIyAvRtti arhannIti hemacandrAcArya bambaI : zrI jaina jJAna prakAzaka maMDala 1606 AcArAMga (AyArAMga) -niyukti : bhadrabAhu -cUrNI : jinadAsagaNi, mahattara ratalAbha, 1941 TIkA : zIlAMka sUrata, 1635 AvazyakacUrNi satra (pUrva bhAga) zrI jinadAsagaNi mahattara ratalAma : zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA 1928 prathamAvRtti

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(215) pAvazyaka niyukti dIpikA (pUrva bhAga) zrI bhadrabAhu svAmI saMzo. mAnavijayajI sUrata : jaina granthamAlA gopIpurA 1636 uttarapurANa zrI guNabhadrAcArya anu0 sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina .... kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1944, prathamAvRtti cattarAdhyayana (uttarajyayaNa) -niyukti : bhadrabAhu -cUrNi : jinadAsagaNi mahattara ratalAma : 1933 TIkA : zAntisUri ; bambaI 1916 uttarAdhyayana (uttarajyayaNa) TIkA : nemicandra bambaI 1937. Rgveda sampA0 vizvabandhunA vizvezvarAnanda : vaidika zodha saMsthAna 1964 prathamAvRtti aitareya brAhmaNam (bhAga 1, 2) zrI matsyANAcArya saMzo0 kAzInAtha zAstrI pUnA : AnandAzramamudraNAlaye 1630, dvitIyAvRtti

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(216) aupapAtikasUtra abhayadevasUri saMzo0 : droNAcArya sUrata : mANekalAla nahAlacanda Adi TrasTIo, jainAnanda prinTI presa, dasiyA mahela, 1638. kalpasUtra TIkA : samayasundaragaNi bambaI 1936 kAmandakIya nItisAra saMzo0 gaNapatizAstrI trivendrama : mahAmahIma zrI mUlaka rAmarNakulazekhara mahArAja zAsane 1612 kumArapAla caritra saMgraha sampA0 AcArya jina vijayamuni bambaI : bhAratIya vidyAbhavana 1956 prathamAvRtti kumArapAla pratibodha anu0 zrI somaprabhAcArya bhAvanagara : zrI jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA 1927 kumArapAla bhUpAla caritraM mahAkAvyam jayasiMha sUri anu0 ajita sAgara sUri bambaI : gor3I jI upAzraya 1626

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(217) kuvalayamAlA uddhotanasUri anu0 zrI hemasAgara sUri bambaI : zrI AnaMdahema granthamAlA 1965 prathamAvRtti kauTilIya arthazAstram TIkA0 paM0 rAmateja zAstrI kAzI : paMDita pustakAlaya 1960 kauTilIya prazAstra DA0 zAmazAstrI maisUra : gavarmenTa brAnca presa 1624 gopatha brAhmaNa rAjendra lAla mizra, eca0 vidyAbhUSaNa kalakattA 1972 cauppanna mahApurisa pariya zIlAcArya anu0 sampA0 hemasAgara sUri sUrata : zeTha devacaMda lAlabhAI jaina pustaka phaMDa 1966 prathamAvRtti . jambUdvIpa prApti TIkA : zAnticandra bambaI 1920

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(218) jambUdvIpa prajJapti. rAya dhanapatasiMha vRtti : zAnticandra bhASA : RSabhacandrabhayANI / kalakattA 1946 jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra sampA0 zobhAcandra bhArilla ahamadanagara : jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa pAtharDI 1964 prathamAvRtti jAtRdharmakathA (nAvAdhammakahA) TIkA : abhavadeva bambaI : agamodaya 1616 sampA0 ena0 vI vaidya pUnA 1940 tiloya paNNattI bhaag| zrI yativRSabhAcArya zolApura : jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha 1656 dvitIyAvRtti tityogAlI paiNNaya anu0 sampA0 panyAsa kalyANa vijaya jAlora : zvetAmbara (cAra thuI) jaina saMgha 1675 prathamAvRtti viSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra (pUrva 1, 2) hemacandrAcArya anu0 : zre kRSNalAla varmA bambaI : zrI gor3I jI jaina mandira, zrI jJAna samiti

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(216) viSaSTi zalAkA puruSa carita hemacandrAcArya sampA0 saMzo0 municaraNa vijaya bhAvanagara : zrI jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA 1939 prathamAvRtti viSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra (bhASAntara) bhAga 10 hemacandrAcArya bhAvanagara :zrI jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA 1626 tRtIyAvRtti dazavakAlika (dasaveyAliyA) niyukti bhadrabAhu caNi jinadAsagaNi mahattara ratalAma 1633 vIpanikAya sampA0 mahAbodhi anu0 bhikSu rAhula, bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa banArasa : mahAbodhi sabhA 1636 . nandIsUtram sampA0 paM0 muni zrI phUlacandra zramaNa ludhiyAnA : AcArya zrI AtmAnaMda jaina prakAzana samiti 1966 prathamAvRtti nizIya sUtra bhASya tathA caNi : jinadAsagaNi mahattara sampA0 upAdhyAya amaramuni tathA muni kanhaiyAlAlajI AgarA : sanmati jJAnapITha 1957-1960 prathamAvRtti

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( 220) nautivAkyAmRtam somadevasUri saMzo0 pannAlAla sonI bambaI : mANikacandra-jaina-granthamAlA 1923 pauma cariu padmacarita (bhAga 1, 2) anu0 devendra kumAra jaina kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1957-58 prathamAvRtti paumacAriyam vimalasUri sampA0 puNyavijayajI anu0 zAntilAla vArANasI : prAkRta grantha pariSada 1968 prathamAvRtti pauma cariu bhAga 1, 2,3 svayaMbhUdeva viracita sampA0 DA0 harivallabha cUnIlAla mayANI bambaI : sindhI jaina zAstra zikSApITha bhAratIya vidyAbhavana 1953 prathamAvRtti padma purANa (bhAga 1,2,3) raviSeNAcArya kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1944, tRtIyAvRtti, prathamAvRtti, dvitIyAvRtti

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pANDava purANa zubhacandra sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye eva~ hIrAlAla jaina solApura : jIvarAja gautamacandra dozI brAhmaNa purANa bamvaI : veMkaTezvara presa 1613 bRhatkalpa (kapya) bhASya : saMghadAsagaNi TIkA 0 malayagiri aura kSemakIrti : puNya vijaya bhAbanagara : AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA 1633-38 baudhAyana dharmasUtra maharSi baudhAyana TIkA 0 govinda svAmI ( 221 ) sampA0 cinnasvAmI banArasa : caukhambA saMskRta sIrija 1934 ( zrImad) bhAgavata bhAga 1, 2 vedavyAsa gorakhapura : gItA presa 1653 bhagavatI sUtra paM0 ghevaracaMdajI bAMThiyA sailAnA : akhila bhAratIya sAdhumAnIM jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha 1966 prathamAvRtti

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222) matsya purANa maharSi kRSNadvaipAyana kalakattA : gurumaNDala granthamAlA 1954 prathamAvRtti manusmRti TIkA0 paM zrI haragovinda zAstrI vArANasI : caukhambA saMskRta sIriz2a Aphisa 1665 dvitIyAvRtti mahApurANa (AdipurANa) bhAga 1,2 bhagavajjinasenAcArya sampA0 pannAlAla jaina kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1944 prathamAvRtti mahApurANa (bhAga 1, 2) mahAkavi puSpadanta sampA0 DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya ------ anu0 DA0 devendra kumAra jaina vArANasI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana 1944 prathamAvRtti - mahAbhArata zAntiparva (mUla) sampA0 paM0 rAmacandra zAstrI pUnA : zaMkara narahari jozI citrazAlA presa 1932 prathamAvRtti mahAbhArata zAntiparva kRSNadva pAyana vedavyAsa bhASAntara kartA : zAstrI girijAzaMkara mayAzaMkara ahamadAbAda : bhikSu akhaNDAnaMda 1966 chaTThI AvRtti

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manasollAsa ( bhAga 1- 3) bar3audA 1936 mArkaNDeya purANa ( khaNDa 12) sampA0 zrI rAma zarmA barelI : saMskRta saMsthAna 1967 prathamAvRtti yazastilaka campU mahAkAvya somadevasUri vArANasI : mahAvIra jaina granthamAlA 1968 ( 223 ) yazastikalam ( bhAga 1-2 ) somadevasUriviracita sampA0 paM0 zivadatta aura vAsudeva lakSmaNa zAstrI paNazIkara gambaI : nirNaya sAgara presa 1916, 1903. dvitIyAbRtti yAjJavalkyasmRti saMzo0 sundaramala bambaI : zrI vekaTezvara 1600 rAmAyaNa vAlmIki sampA0 ena0 rAma ratnAryeNa madrAsa : Ara0 nArAyaNasvAmyArtha 1958 dvitIyAvRtti vasudeva hiNDI pro0 bhogIlAla, jayacaMdabhAI sADesarA bhAvanagara : zrI jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA 1947 prathamAvRtti

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( 224) vipAkasUtram TIkA0 anu0 ghAsIlAlajI mahArAja rAjakoTa : a0 bhA0 zve. sthA0 jaina zAstrodvAra samiti 1956 dvitIyAvRtti viSNu purANa anu0 gupta munilAla gorakhapura : gItA presa 1968 chaTThI AvRtti vyavahAra bhASya TIkA. malayagiri bhAvanagara : AtmAnaMda jainasabhA 1926 zukranItisAra bhASAntarakartA : icchArAma, sUryarAma desAI bambaI : gujarAtI priTiMga presa 1967 samarAiccakahA bhAga 1, 2 . haribhadrasUri kRta anu0 paM0 bhagavAnadAsa ahamadAbAda : jaina sosAyaTI 1638, 1942. samarAditya mahAkathA haribhadrasUri anu0 sampA0 hemasAgarasUri bambaI AnaMda hema granthamAlA 1966 prathamAvRtti

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( 225) suttAgama sampA* pupphabhikkhu gur3agAMva-chAvanI (pUrva paMjAba) :zrI sUtrAgama prakAzaka samiti 1954 prathamAvRtti harivaMza purANa AcArya jinasena sampA0 anu0 paM. pannAlAla jaina vArANasI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1944, prathamAvRtti anuSaMgika grantha sUci altekara, pro0 anaMta sadAziva prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati pradhAna : bhAratIya bhaMDAra 1960 dvitIyAvRtti upAdhyAya, AcArya baldeva purANa vimarza vArANasI : caukhambA vidyAbhavana 1965 prathamAvRtti upAdhyAya, zrIbhagavata zaraNa kAlidAsa kA bhArata (bhAga, 1, 2) kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1658 dvitIyAvRtti kochar3a, harivaMza apabhraMza sAhitya dillI : bhAratIya sAhitya mandira 1957

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--- (226) ghoSAla, yU. ena. hinduoM ke rAjanaitika siddhAnta jabalapura : sTUDenTsa sTorsa - 1950 caudharI, gulAbacandra sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM DA. mohanalAla mehatA jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 6) vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1973 jayasvAla, kAzI prasAda anu0 rAmacandra varmA hindU rAjataMtra (prathama khaNDa) prayAga : iMDiyana presa limiTeDa 1984 prathamAvRtti jayasvAla, pro0 ke0 pI0 anu0 campakalAla, lAlabhAI mehatA hindU rAjavyavasthA ahamadAbAda : gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI 1633 prathamAvRtti jaina granthAvalI bambaI : zrI jaina zvetAmbara kAnpharansa 1906 jaina, gokula candra yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana amRtasAgara 1967 jaina, DA. jagadIzacandra jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja vArANasI : caukhambA vidyAbhavana 1965 prathamAvRtti

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(227) jaina, DA. jagadIza candra prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vArANasI : caukhambA vidyAbhavana 1961 prathamAvRtti jaina, jagadIzacandra evaM DA0 mohanalAla mehatA sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM DA0 mohana lAla mehatA jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 2) / vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1966 jaina, pI0 sI0 harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jayapura : devanAgara prakAzana 1983 prathamAvRtti jaina, DA. lAla caMda jaina kaviyoM ke brajabhASA prabandha kAvyoM kA adhyayana bharatapura : bhAratIya pustaka maMdidara 1976 prathamAvRtti DhAMkI, madhusUdana bhAratIya durgavidhAna bambaI : somaiyA pablikezansa 1971 tripAThI, zrI kRSNa maNi purANa tattva mImAMsA lakhanaU : hindI prakAzaka maNDala... 1961 tripAThI, harihara nAtha prAcIna bhArata meM aparAdha aura daNDa vArANasI : caukhambA vidyAbhavana 1964 prathamAvRtti

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(228) tripAThI, hariharanAtha prAcIna bhArata meM rAjya aura nyAyapAlikA dillI : motIlAla, banArasIdAsa 1965 prathamAvRtti dAmanandI sampA0 jaina gulAba candra purANa sAra saMgraha (bhAga 1) kAzI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1954 prathamAvRtti (zrI) devendra muni dharmakathAnuyoga eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana dozI, becaradAsa sampA. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM DA0 mohanalAla mehatA jaina dharma kA bRhada itihAsa (bhAga 1) vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1966 dvivedI, paM0 hajArI prasAda prabandha cintAmaNi ahamadAbAda, kalakattA : saMcAlaka siMdhI jaina granthamAlA 1640 zrI nathamala muni jaina darzana ke maulika tattva kalakattA : motIlAla baeNgAnI ceriTebala TrasTa prathamAvRtti zrI navIna RSijI mahArAja jaina dRSTi meM madhyaloka bambaI : manasakha bhAI, uganabhAI desAI prathamAvRtti

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(226) pANDeya, DA0 rAjanArAyaNa mahAkavi puSpadanta jayapUra : cinmaya prakAzana 1978 bhaTTAcArya, sakhamaya anu* puSpA jaina mahAbhArata kAlIna samAja ilAhAbAda : loka bhAratIya prakAzana 1966 prathamAvRtti mizra, devI prasAda jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (zodha prabandha) ilAhAbAda : saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, vizvavidyAlaya 1976 mehatA, DA0 mohanalAla sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM DA0 mohanalAla mehatA jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa (bhAga 3) vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1967 mehatA DA. mohanalAla sampA0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM DA. mohanalAla mehatA jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa (bhAga-4) vArANasI : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1968. yAdava, DA0 jhinaka samarAiccakahA : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana vArANasI : bhAratI prakAzana 1977 varNI, jinendra jainendra siddhAnta koza (bhAga 1-4) vArANasI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha1970-1973 prathamAvRtti

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(230) vijaya rAjendra sUrIzvara abhidhAna rAjendra mudraka : ratalAma : zrI jaina prabhAkara yantrAlaye 1934 vizvabandhunA vaidika padAnukrama koSa vizvezvarAnaMda : vaidika zodha saMsthAna . 1962 vaizya. rakmiNI kuzAbhalAbha ke sAhitya kA lokatAtvika adhyayana jayapura : paMcazIla prakAzana 1976 prathamAvRtti vyAsa, zAMti kumAra nAnUrAma rAmAyaNa kAlIna samAja naI dillI : satsAhitya maNDala 1658 prathamAvRtti zarmA, DA0 ema0 ela0 nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti dillI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1971 prathamAvRtti zarmA, DA. vizvanAtha prasAda rAjanIti aura darzana paTanA : bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSada sammelana bhavana . 1956 zAstrI nemicandra Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata vArANasI 1968

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(231) zukla dvijendranAtha (1) bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU 1968 (2) bhavana niveza samarAGgaNasUtradhAra vAstuzAstrIya dillI 1964 zeTha haragovindadAsa evaM agravAla vAsudevazaraNa pAiasadda mahaNNavoM vArANasI : prAkRta grantha pariSada . 1663 dvitIyAvRtti sampA0 bAlacandra siddhAntazAstrI jaina lakSaNAvalI (bhAga 1,2) (jaina pAribhASika zabda koSa) dillI : vIra sevA maMdira 1972-1973 siMha, DA0 lallanajI rAmAyaNa kAlIna yUddhakalA AgarA : abhinava prakAzana 1982-1983 prathamAvRtti (AcAryazrI) hastimala jI mahArAja jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa (bhAga 1) jayapura : jaina itihAsa samiti 1971 prathamAvRtti Baina J.S. Studies in Political Science Asia : Publishing House Ghoshal U.N. A History of Indian Political Ideas Oxford University Press. 1959 Handiky Ke. Ke Yasastilaka and Indian Culture Solapur 1968

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( 332) Mishra Dr. B.B. Mishra Polity in the Agni Purana Calcutta, Punthi Pustak. 1965 First Ed. Saletore Ancient Indian Political thought and Institution Asia : Publishing House Sen Madbu A Cultural Study of the Nisitha Curhi Amritsar : Sohanlal Jain Dharma Pracharak Samiti 1975. patrikAe~ amara bhAratI AgarA : sanmati jJAnapITha jina saMdeza mathurA tIrthakara iMdaura tulasI pUjA lADanU zramaNa vArANasI

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_zrImatI durgA devI nAhaTA zrImatI durgA devI nAhaTA kA janma rAjasthAna ke bIkAnera jile meM sthita jhajjhUgrAma meM susampanna seThiyA parivAra meM huA thaa| Apake pitA zrI hIrAlAla jI seThiyA evaM mAtA zrImatI basaMtI devI seThiyA ne inameM dhArmika saMskArakUTa kUTa kara bhre| 13-14 varSa kI Ayu meM ApakA vivAha eka labdha-pratiSThita parivAra meM bIkAnera nivAsI dAnavIra seTha zrI zaMkarAdAnajI nAhaTA ke suputra seTha bhairUMdAna jI nAhaTA ke sAtha huaa| Apa eka dharma parAyaNa, sarala svabhAva, karUNAsikta svabhAva kI mahilA rala thiiN| Apako paMca pratikramaNa, vibhinna stotra Adi mukhastha the| varSItapa, bIsa sthAnaka tathA aTThAI Adi vibhinna tapasyAyeM Apane apane jIvana kAla meM kii| Apake 2putra tathA 6 putriyAM thii| apane bhare-pUre parivAra ko chor3akara karIba 63 varSa kI Ayu meM vaizAkha sadI 7, saMvat 2016 ko Apane mahAprayANa kiyaa| kalAsasAgarasUri jJAnamantita zrImahAvIra jana ArAdhanA kena / mAyA (gAdhInagara) pi 382000

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sAdhvI DA0 madhurimatAzrI Daak