Shu Vidyut Sachit Teukay Che

Author(s): Mahendramuni
Publisher: Anekant Bharati Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/005303/1

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zuM vidyuta (IlekTrisiTI) sacita teukAya che promuni maeddhA kumAra

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zuM vidyuta (ilekTrisiTI) sacitta teukAya che ? Jain Educationa International bhUmikA AcArya mahAprajJa lekhaka pro. muni mahendrakumAra anekAnta bhAratI prakAzana amadAvAda-15 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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o EL VIDUIT (ELECTRICITY) SACHIT TEUKAY CHHE ? (c) sarvAdhikAra prakAzakane svAdhIna A gujarAtI AvRtti: saMpAdaka : zubhakaraNa surANA anuvAdaka: razmibhAI jhaverI (muMbaI) DaoN. yogendra pArekha kiMmata: rU. 100-00 E prathama AvRttiH mahAvIra jayaMtI, 2005 prakAzaka: saMtoSakumAra surANA nirdezaka, anekAnta bhAratI prakAzana, I-2, "cArula', sahajAnaMda koleja pAse, AMbAvADI, amadAvAda-380015 phona : 2630 7739, 55419449 pheksa : 2630 0pa32 Email : anekant1001@yahoo.com T mudraka: vinaya prinTiMga presa mIThAkhaLI, amadAvAda-6

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bhUmika vikrama saMvata 2023 - rAjasthAnanA eka sarasa majAnA kasabA evA bIdAsaramAM AcAryazrI tulasI pravAsa karI rahyA hatA. vidyuta (ilekTrisiTI) saMdarbhe prazno thayA. AcAryazrIe A bAbate khullI carcAno Agraha rAkhyo. hajAro lokonI hAjarImAM "vidyuta sacita che ke acita?" - viSaya para carcA thaI. meM mAro pakSa namratApUrvaka rajU karIne kahyuM ke "vidyuta sacita nathI." anya munizrIoe potAno pakSa rajU karatAM kahyuM ke "vidyuta sacita che," traNa divasanI carcA bAda, ame evA niSkarSa para pahoMcyA ane AcAryazrIe paNa e bAbate sahamatI pragaTa karI ke vidyuta sacita nathI evI pratIti thaI rahI che. jo ke A mAnyatAno ame vyavahAramAM prayoga na karyo. - vikrama saM. 2058no cAturmAsa bIdAsaramAM. meM vidyuta para eka lekha lakhyo je vijJaptimAM prakAzita thayo. ame ahiMsA yAtrA daramiyAna vi. saM. 2059mAM amadAvAda pahoMcyA, e pUrve amadAvAda sthita zubhakaraNa surANAe e lekhanI nakala aneka AcAryo ane munizrIone mokalI. vyApaka pratibhAva maLyo je prakAzita paNa thayo. sarva lekhanuM adhyayana karI meM muni mahendrakumArajIne kahyuM, "A viSayamAM eka lekha lakho jemAM Agama ane vijJAna-banneno dRSTikoNa samanvita thAya." muni mahendrakumArajIe gaMbhIra adhyayana bAda eka lekha lakhyo je khUba AlocanAtmaka ane samIkSAtmaka gaNAya. pariNAme agni ane vidyutanI bhinnatAne samajavA mATe mAtabara sAmagrI upalabdha thaI. A viSayamAM prastuta thayelI aneka AzaMkAonuM paNa suvyavasthita ane prAmANika samAdhAna maLaze. pUrve, jaina bhAratI (mAsika)nA Disembara-2002nA aMkamAM mAro eka anya lekha- "vidyuta : sacita ke acita" pragaTa thayo che. A lekhamAM AgamonA AdhAre vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa thayuM che. prastuta graMthamAM e lekhanA upayoganuM TippaNa saMkhyA 31. 33 tathA 41mAM teno AdhAra joI zakAya che. - AcArya mahApraza III

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lekhakIya jaina paraMparAmAM teukAya eTale agnine sacita padArtha (ke sajIva padArtha)nA rUpe gaNavAmAM Ave che, eTale ja jaina sAdhu mATe agnino prayoga varjya che. vidyuta eTale ke ilekTrisiTIne paNa zuM agninI jema teukAya gaNIzuM? A prazna carcanIya che. jaina Agamo ane anya uttarakAlIna jaina sAhityamAM agni eTale ke teukAyika jIvonI vistRta carcA upalabdha che, paraMtu ilekTrisiTI rUpe vidyutanA viSayamAM A ciMtana eTalA mATe Avazyaka che ke, prAcIna yugamAM ilekTrisiTIno AviSkAra thayo na hato. prAcIna yugamAM upalabdha na hoya evA padArthomAM sacita-acitanI mImAMsAno viSaya che ema kahI zakAya. AcAramImAMsAnI dRSTie A viSaya para vicAra tyAre ja saMbhava che, jyAre tattvataH A ciMtana thAya. prastuta viSayamAM ciMtana karavA mATe eka tarapha jaina darzana, sAhitya ane paraMparAnuM jJAna apekSita che, to bIjI tarapha Adhunika vijJAnanA siddhAMto ane anuprayogonI prAmANika ane pUrvagraharahita jANakArI paNa Avazyaka che. baMnenA tulanAtmaka ane samIkSAtmaka adhyayanathI ja A viSaya spaSTa thAya che. eno artha ema na karI zakAya ke ApaNe jaina AgamonA prAmANya para praznArtha cihana lagADIe chIe. balake ema karavAthI ApaNane Agama paraMparAonA maMtavyone vizeSa rIte spaSTatAthI samajavAnI taka maLI. huM prAraMbhathI ja darzana ane vijJAnanA tulanAtmaka adhyayanamAM rUci rAkhuM chuM. muMbaI vizva vidyAlayamAMthI bhautika vijJAna tathA gaNitamAM B.Sc.(Hons)mAM prathama zreNImAM uttIrNa thayo, ane tyArabAda jaina dIkSA lIdhI. Ama, bhautika vijJAnanI mULabhUta avadhAraNAo mane pahelethI hRdayaMgama hatI. sadbhAgye saMsArapakSIya sva. pitAzrI jeThAlAla jhaverI (muMbaI) eka ilekTrika enjiniyara tathA eka moTA IlekTrikala udyoga (bhArata bijalI lI.)nA saMsthApaka hovAnA kAraNe A viSaya para emanuM paNa jaina Agama ane darzanamAM gaMbhIratApUrvakanuM prAmANika adhyayana. meM pote tulanAtmaka adhyayananA AdhAre "vizva prahelikA" nAmanuM pustaka lakhyuM, je 1969mAM muMbaIthI prakAzita thayuM. ame baMnee maLIne A viSayamAM vizeSa anusaMdhAnarUpa keTalAMka pustako ApyAM, jemAM "Microcosmology Theory of Atom in Jain Philosophy and Modern IV

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Science", "Neuro Science and Karma" "jaina darzana ane vijJAna" tathA "prekSAdhyAna" saMbaMdhita aneka pustako prasiddha thayA. adhyayananI zRMkhalAmAM parama zraddheya AcArya mahAprajJajI dvArA vidhutanI sacita-acita-mImAMsAnI dRSTie samIkSAtmaka-tulanAtmaka lakhavAnI preraNA maLI. prAraMbhe to mAtra eka lekha lakhavAnI vAta hatI. paNa jema jema viSayanA UMDANamAM gayo, tathA saMlagna sAmagrI ekaThI karI, yogya saMkalana karyuM to A pustaka taiyAra thaI gayuM. daramiyAna, anya jaina munio tathA vidvAno dvArA paNa samayAMtare prastuta viSayamAM pustako prApta thayAM. jemAM vizeSa ullekhanIya che - 1. muni yazovijayajInuM pustaka: "vidyutaH sajIva ke nirjIva" - (gujarAtI vidyuta prakAzanI sajIvatA aMge vicAraNA) 2. nemicaMda bAMThiyA likhita - vidyuta (vIjaLI) bAdara tejaskAya hai samyaka darzana (mAsika)mAM pAMca aMkomAM dhArAvAhika rUpe prakAzita thayela. 3. DaoN. je. jaina (jamazedapura) dvArA A viSaya para likhita lekha - je aprakAzita ' che, mane samIkSArthe mokalela. 4. AcArya mahAprajJa dvArA lakhAyelA be lekha - (1) vidyuta : sacitta yA acitta - vijJapti, 14-20, eprila, 2002, varSa-7 aMka pa2. (2) vidyuta : sacitta yA acitta - jaina bhAratI (mAsika) Disembara, 2002 A sivAya gujarAta samAcAramAM A viSayanA pakSa ane vipakSamAM amuka lekha prakAzita thayA hatA. A sarvanuM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karavAnI sAthe bhautika vijJAnanAM pAThyapustako, "kaMbazcananI prakriyA para prakAza pADatA rasAyaNa vijJAnanAM viziSTa pAThyapustako, iMTaraneTa AdithI prApta thanAra Adhunikatama jANakArI Adino UMDo abhyAsa karavAnI taka maLI. sAthe sAthe vidyuta-mazInonI kArya-paddhitanA pratyakSa nirIkSaNanA AdhAre viSaya ghaNo spaSTa thayo. vizeSataH E.D.M. mazInamAM kerosIna telamAM je hoya che spArkanI kriyA thavA chatAM Aga na lAgI, e jovAno avasara paNa maLyo. pustakane be vibhAgamAM vibhAjita karela che.

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prathama bhAga - jaina darzana - Agama ane anya sAhitya tathA vijJAnamAM ilekTrisiTI, lAITiMga tathA agni. A viSayanuM saiddhAMtika vivecana. dvitIya bhAga - zaMkA samAdhAna. A bhAgamAM praznottaranA mAdhyamathI prastuta viSayanA saMdarbhamAM janmelI jijJAsAono javAba ApavAno ke samAdhAna karavAno prayAsa karyo che. pariziSTamAM prakAza sajIvatA-ajIvatAnI mImAMsA aMtargata pakSa-vipakSamAM upalabdha maMtavyone prastuta karyA che. jyAM aneka lekhako dvArA mULa viSayathI viSayAMtara karIne AzaMkAo rajU thaI che, emanI samIkSA paNa ahIM joI zakAze. prastuta pustakanA lekhanamAM mULa preraNA srota che, - paramazraddheya AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI. sAthe yuvAcAryazrI mahAzramaNanI maMgalabhAvanA to kharI ja. amArA dharmasaMghanA aneka bahuzruta munizrIo sAthe hastaprata vAcanano avasara maLyo tyAre emanA sUcanono lAbha maLyo. sahu prati kRtajJatApUrvaka AbhAranI lAgaNI vyakta karuM chuM. InTaraneTa AdithI sAmagrI upalabdha karAvavAmAM zrI hemendra vakIla (muMbaI), zrI zaileSa jhaverI (muMbaI) Adino mUlyavAna sahayoga maLyo che. mArA sahayogI munidraya - muni ajitakumArajI ane muni amRtakumArajI (baMne ghaNAM varSothI varSItapanA ArAdhaka che.) prUphavAcana Adi kAryomAM upayogI nivaDyA. jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mAnya vizvavidyAlaya) dvArA prakAzita zodha patrikA tulasI prajJA trimAsika)mAM A lekho kramazaH prakAzita thaI rahyA che. jemAM saMpAdikA mumukSu DaoN. zAMtA jainanuM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna che. jaina vizvabhAratI prakAzana vibhAganA zrI jagadIzajI Adie paNa ullekhanIya zrama karyo che. sahu pratye AbhAranI bhAvanA vyakta karuM chuM. prastuta pustakano gujarAtI anuvAda zrI razmibhAI jhaverI (muMbaI) ane DaoN. yogendra pArekha dvArA thayo che, ane anekAnta bhAratI prakAzana (amadAvAda) dvArA tenuM prakAzana thaI rahyuM che. AzA che ke vAcako A viSayane samajaze. - muni mahendrakumAra VI

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anukrama bhAga-1 : jaina darzana ane vijJAnamAM vidyuta ane agni 1. jaina darzanamAM pudgala 2. jIva ane pudgalano saMbaMdha 3. vijJAnamAM pudgala 4. mANasanA za2I2mAM ilekTrika UrjA 10 12 14 vijJAnanI dRSTimAM vidyuta (Electricity) 18 vidyuta cuMbakIya kSetra athavA vi.cu. philDa, (Electro-magnetic field) 22 AyanIkRta vAyuomAM vidyuta avisarjana (discharge) 25 6. agnikAyanuM svarUpa 27 27 31 37 38 5. jaiva vidyuta (Bio-electricity) athavA prANa-UrjA : jainadarzanamAM teukAya (agni)nA jIva vijJAna dvArA agninI vyAkhyA tApamAna (Temperature) uSNatAmAna ane teukAya anukuLa tApamAna agni ane uSmAmAM aMtara uSmA vikiraNanuM utsarjana dhAtumAM vidyuta-pravAha agni saMbaMdhI bIjI thoDI jANavA jevI vAto 7. AkAzanI vIjaLI (Lightning) pRthvInuM vAtAvaraNa Jain Educationa International VII >> OM gR For Personal and Private Use Only. 38 40 41 42 aa = 2

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47 48 51 143 kudaratI tophAna athavA vAvAjhoDuM (Thunderstorm) taDita-vidyutanuM baMdhAraNa taDita-vidyuta ane azanipAtane teukAya kema kahyA che? ilekTrisiTI ane agni (teukAya) balbanI (vIjaLInA goLAnI) prakriyA How are incandescent light bulbs made ? What types of gas are used in light bulbs and how do their effects differ? Why is an incandescent light bulb hotter than a fluorescent light? Why does an object like metal give off light when it is heated ? How does a light bulb work? 10. TyUba lAITanI prakriyA ilekTroksa, TyUbanuM TakAupaNuM ane skUTariMga bhAga - 1 TippaNa krama bhAga - 2 zaMkA-samAdhAna prazna 1 - balbamAM vAyunuM hovuM jarUrI che? prazna 2 - tUTelo balba prakAzita kema nathI thato? prazna 3- TyUba lAITamAM kALAza kyAMthI AvyuM? prazna 4 - zuM ilekTrikamAM sacitta teukAya nathI? E.D.M. : Principles of Operation prazna 5 - zuM mAIka vagere ilekTrika sAdhanono upayoga sAdhu karI zake ? prazna 6 - balbamAM vekyuma saMbhava nathI? prazna 7 - balbamAM pudgala dravyo che? prazna 8 - oNksijana vinA Aga lAgI zake? prazna 9 - aMtarikSanA zUnyAvakAzamAM taNakhA thaI zake? prazna 10- ilekTrisiTI ane AkAzIya vIjaLI eka che? prazna 11 - AkAzIya vIjaLI sacitta teukAya che eTale ilekTrisiTI paNa che? prazna 12 - ilekTrikasiTI gharSaNathI utpanna agni che? 145 146 149 150 158 159 159 164 165 166 169 171 VIII

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vAyaramAM vidyAta agni che ? prazna 14 vAyaramAM taNakhA nikaLe che ane Aga lAge che paNa prazna 13 - - agnikAya kema nathI ? 179 balbano prakAza teukAya che ? 183 karmavaza teukAya jIvanI utpatti kyAM saMbhava hoI zake ? 184 siddhasenagaNI mujaba prakAza paNa teukAya che ? 185 phakta vijJAnanA AdhAre ilekTrikasiTIne nijIrva batAvavI chadmasthanuM du:sAhasa kema ? prazna 19 - badhA ja jIvaprakAza sApekSa hoya che mATe balbano prakAza sajIva hoya che ? prazna 15 - prazna 16 prazna 17 - prazna 18 - - prazna 20 - ilekTrikasiTIne batAvato Agama pATha kayo che ? oghaniryukti vagere graMthomAM nirjIva teukAyanA ullekha sAthe vIjaLIno ullekha kema nathI ? prazna 21 - - prazna 24 - anya vAyu (nAiTrojana, orgona vagere) paNa agnikAya kema utpanna karI zakatA nathI ? prazna 28 197 prazna 22 - bhagavatIsUtramAM vAukAyathI agnikAya sthUla che to balbamAM vAyuno praveza saMbhava kema nathI ? 209 - prazna 23 - baLataNa vinA paNa ilekTrikasiTIne agni mAnI zakAya ? prazna 31 211 prazna 25 - vijJAnane sAcuM mAnI zAstrIya satyano asvIkAra karavo nyAyasaMgata che? - 215 prazna 26 zuM trikALa-abAdhita AgamomAM zodhano avakAza che? 216 prazna 27 - vidyuta acitta che evo zAsrapATha batAvyA vinA ene acitta mAnavo nyAyasaMgata che ? - prazna 29 - prazna 30 - balbanI garamInA sparzathI vAyunI hiMsA ane prakAzathI trastakAyanI hiMsA thAya che? zuM ghaDiyALa vageremAM agnikAyanI hiMsA che ? 177 - 186 Jain Educationa International 189 196 IX 219 prakAza dIvAno hoya ke vidyuta upakaraNano, badhAne jainagraMtha sacitta mAne che emAM zuM Apatti ? agnikAyano AraMbha mahAAraMbha che ? For Personal and Private Use Only 210 220 221 222 222

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223 226 prazna 32 - mAIka vageremAM garamIthI utpanna zuM agnikAya sUcaka nathI? prazna 33 - zuM terApaMthI sAdhuo paMkhAno upayoga kare che? 224 prazna 34 - ilekTrisiTInI utpattimAM sthAvarakAya ane trastakAyanI virAdhanAno doSa lAge che? prazna 35 - paMcAgI Agama ane AgamAvalaMbI zrutanA AdhAre ilekTrisiTI ane balba prakAza sajIva agnikAya ja che, e nizcita che paNa e svIkArya kema nathI? 228 prazna 36 - IlekTrisiTI ane balba prakAza sajIva che - A nirNaya na thayo hoya paNa zaMkA hoya to sAdhu eno upayoga karI zake ? bhAga-2 TippaNI krama 233 pariziSTa - 1: prakAza sajIva-nirjIva-mImAMsA 277 pariziSTa - 2 : 92 mULa tattva 299 pariziSTa - 3H prayukta graMtha-sUci 302 231 X

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saujanya kamalAkAnta choTAlAla eksaporTsa prA. lI. zrIrAma esTeTa, kalA mArga, kurlA (vesTa), muMbaI-400 070 phona : 514 0237, 514 0834, 514 7980 pheksa : 9122 - 511 3342, 511 2235 e-mail:kcco@vsnl.com Jain Educationa International XI For Personal and Private Use Only.

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anekAnta bhAratI prakAzana pena ) zrI mIThAlAla poravAla (siMgala TrAnsaporTa korporezana, amadAvAda) ) zrI caMdImala bhaMvaralAla surANA (aruNA prosesarsa prA. lI., amadAvAda) ) zrI kAMtibhAI ane zrImatI pallavIbahena khokhANI (20391 Welcotway, Saratoga, CA-95070.) zrImatI mAMgIdevI pArasamala pArakha ceriTebala TrasTa (pArasamala bhUracaMda pArakha, pacapadarA bI.ema.pI. TeksaTAila milsa lI., amadAvAda) zrI rozanalAla, anila, bhUpendra dhAkaDa (sIsodAvALA) (zrI anila kvelarsa - Ara. DI. javelarsa, muMbaI-2) zrI hemaMta devIlAla borAtA (benara inTaranezanala, surata) XII

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jaina darzana ane vijJAnamAM vidhuta ane agni.

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jaina darzana ane vijJAnamAM vidhuta ane agni "mArI viroghena ne ta ": AgamanI sAthe virodha na thAya, tevI rIte tattvanI zodha mATe suvicAra karavo ene ja tarka kahevAya che. tene AdhAre prastuta viSayanI niSpakSa mImAMsA jarUrI che. mULa viSaya para jatA pahelAM keTalAka pAyAnA biMduone bahuja sArI rIte samajavA joIe. 1. "tameva sarca nirara nihiM pa2 : A sUtra ApaNA ciMtanano mukhya AdhAra hovo joIe. enI sAthe sAthe e paNa yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke "jinezvara deva dvArA pravedita" - bhAkhelA tathyane samyaka prakAre samajyA chIe ke nahIM? Agama-vacana kaI dRSTithI, kayA saMdarbhamAM ane kaI vAta rajU kare che te samajavuM jarUrI che. tenI saMpUrNa samajaNa vagara ApaNe koIpaNa vAta evI na kahevI joIe ke jinezvara deva dvArA vivakSita na hoya. nayavAdanuM maMtavya e che ke pratyeka vacanane enA saMdarbhamAM ja samajavuM joIe. pUrvAparano saMbaMdha, zabdonA vividha artha, daSTikoNa athavA apekSAne samyagu bodha vagara Agamavacana samajI na zakAya ane eTalA ja mATe A daSTi rAkhI sAcI samajaNathI ja nizaMka ane satya vAta sudhI pahoMcavAno prayatna karavo jarUrI che. 2. vijJAnanI dareka vAta mAnavI ja joIe evo koI siddhAMta nathI. sAthe- . sAthe vijJAna dvArA rajU karavAmAM AvelA tathyo Agama ane anya pramANanA AdhAra para cakAsIne jo svIkAravA jevA lAge to svIkAravA paNa joIe, eTale vijJAnanI vAtane na to AMkho baMdha karIne mAnavI joIe, ke na to enA badhA tathyo mithyA ja che evo pUrvagraha rAkhavo joIe. AgamanI viruddha na hoya evA vijJAnanA tarkayukta tathyone taTasthatApUrvaka samajavAnI koziza karavI e ja yogya lAge che.

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3. vAta bhale vijJAnanI hoya ke AgamanI, pahelA to ApaNI samajaNane ApaNe samyak banAvavAnI jarUrI che. AvI koIpaNa vAtanI AgamanA ke vijJAnanA nAma para samajyA vagara prarupaNA karavI e paNa nyAyayukta na gaNAya. 4. koIpaNa tattva-nirNayanA uddeza suvidhA-asuvidhA, sagavaDa-agavaDa, pracAra-prasAramAM upayogitA, AdhunikatAno vyAmoha Adi na hovAM joIe. evI ja rIte mAtra paraMparAno ja Agraha paNa na rAkhavo joIe. bIjI eka vAta khAsa yAda rAkhavI joIe ke eka vAra tattva nirNaya thaI jAya pachI zuM karavuM-zuM na karavuM e vAta dravya, kSetra kALa, bhAvanI dRSTie vicAravI joIe, navInatA ane prAcInatAnA AdhAreto nahIM. 5. je viSayamAM Agama na to sAdhaka che, na to bAdhaka che; enA saMbaMdhamAM buddhi, tarka ane vijJAnanA mAdhyamathI yathArtha svIkAra karavAmAM acakAvuM na joIe. A mULabhUta AdhAro para vIjaLI eTale ke ilekTrisiTI sacitta teukAya che ke nirjIva-pudgala ? - e viSayanI carcA prastuta karavAno A lekhano uddezya che. atyAra sudhI je vicAra A viSayamAM prastuta thayo che, enI samIkSA karatAM pUrve, thoDI mULabhUta vAto je jaina Agamo, jaina graMtho ane jaina paraMparAmAM upalabdha che, enA viSe tathA vaijJAnika avadhAraNAo spaSTapaNe samajavI jarurI che, enA para prakAza pADavo apekSita che.

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1. jaina darzanamAM pudgala jaina darzanamAM pudgala (athavA pudgalAstikAya) e cha dravyomAMnuM eka dravya che. e sajIva che. acitta che. pudgalanI paribhASA che : "sparza-sa-gaMdha-varNavAn puNAla:" arthAt sparza, rasa, gaMdha ane varNayukta dravya pudgala che. A cAreya pudgalanAM lakSaNo che. AmAM sparzanA ATha bheda che. snigdha-rUkSa, ThaMDo-Uno, kharabacaDo-suMvALo, halako-bhAre. - AmAM rUkSa-snigdha ane ThaMDo-Uno-A cAra sparza mULanA che ane bAkInA cAra sparze pachInA che. catuHsparzI skaMdhomAM cAra mULanAM sparzo hoya che, jyAre aSTasparza skaMdhomAM ATheya sparzI hoya che. svataMtra paramANumAM rUkSa athavA snigdhamAMthI eka ane ThaMDA garamamAMthI eka-ema be ja sparza hoya che. prastuta viSayanI carcAmAM rUkSa ane snigdha A be sparzanuM ja vadhAre mahattva che. snigdha ane rUkSano zAbdika artha 'cIkaNuM' ane 'lukhkhuM' thAya paNa che. paramANuonA paraspara baMdha ane skaMdha-nirmANanA saMdarbhamAM eno artha zuM thavo joIe, enA para vidvAnoe ciMtana karyuM che." prajJApanA sUtramAM A be sparzone skaMdha-nirmANanAM kAraNo mAnavAmAM AvyAM che, ane enA niyamo paNa batAvavAmAM AvyA che. tattvArtha sUtranI TIkA sarvArthasiddhimAM AnI zAbdika vyAkhyA karavAmAM AvI che. digaMbara graMtha gomaTTasAramAM paNa Aja vAta maLe che. tattvArtha sUtramAM "snigdhAtvAr vandha" sUtra dvArA Aja vAta karavAmAM AvI che.deg sarvArthasiddhimAM AnI vyAkhyA "nidhazrvatvamuLanimitto vidyut' arthAt (vAdaLAMonI vacamAM camakavAvALI) snigdha ane rUkSa guNonA nimittathI thAya che ema jaNAvyuM che. vartamAna vijJAna anusAra AnuM nimitta che - vAdaLomAM rahelo dhana vidyuta bhAra (positive electric charge) ane RNa vidyuta Aveza (negative electric

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charge) AnA AdhAra para snigdhane rUkSa ne pojhiTiva ane negeTiva ilekTrika cArjanA rUpamAM samajI zakAya che. jainendra siddhAMta koze dhavalAnA AdhAre vidyutakaraNane "Protons and Electrons"nA rUpamAM batAvela che. 10 A carcAthI spaSTa thAya che ke badhAM pudgala skaMdha ane pudgala paramANamAM snigdha athavA rUkSa nAmanA sparza guNa avazya hoya ja che. jo A baMnene ja pojhiTIva-negeTIva ilekTrika cArjanA rUpamAM samajIe to badhA ja pudgalomAM ilekTrika cArjanuM astittva paNa siddha thaI jAya che. vijJAna paNa mAne che ke ilekTrika cArja padArthano maulika guNa che ane pratyeka paramANumAM enA astitvano svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che.

Page #20
2. jIva ane pudgalano saMbaMdha paramANu pudgalathI laIne anaMtA-anaMta pradezI kaMdho (jemAM acitta mahAkaMdha vargaNA paNa che) sudhI pudgalanI aneka vargaNAo che. AmAMthI trevIsa vargaNAonuM varNana maLe che.11 AmAMthI phakta pAMca vargaNAo evI che jene saMsArI jIvo grahaNa karI zake che.12 1. AhAra-vargaNA 2. taijasa-vargaNA 3. bhASA-vargaNA 4. mano-vargaNA ane 5. kArmaNa-vargaNA. 1. AhAra vargaNA : AmAM audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka ane zvAsocchvAsa vargaNAnA pudgala-skaMdhono samAveza thAya che. 2. taijasavargaNA : badhAM ja saMsArI jIvonI sAthe niraMtara rahevAvALA sUkSma zarIra-arthAt taijasa zarIranuM nirmANa taijasa vargaNanA pudgalothI thAya che.13 vijJAnanI dRSTie 'jaiva vidyuta' (Bio-electrocity) che. eno saMbaMdha tejasa vargaNA sAthe che. prANInI lezyAno saMbaMdha paNa taijasa vargaNA sAthe che. vijJAne AbhAmaMDaLa (photography)nuM chAyAMkana kemerA dvArA karyuM che. A citra prANInA taijasa zarIra dvArA banAvelA eka "vidyuta-cuMbakIya-kSetra"nA rUpamAM hoya che. AbhAmaMDaLanA pudgalo dravya lezyAnA pratibiMba rUpe che. te vividha raMganA rUpamAM pragaTa thAya che. (Ama to ajIva padArthanA AbhAmaMDaLanuM paNa chAyAMkana karavAmAM AvyuM che. sajIva prANInuM AbhAmaMDaLa bhAvadhArA (Electro-magnetic field) sAthe badalAtuM rahe che, jyAre ajIva padArthanuM AbhAmaMDaLa sthira rahe che, badalAtuM nathI.) taijasa vargaNanA pudgalaskaMdho taijasa zarIranA rUpamAM pAcanakriyA Adi zArIrika kriyAonA upayogamAM Ave che, tathA vizeSa labdhidhArI vyaktine je taijasa labdhi vaijolezyAnA rUpamAM maLI hoya to emAM paNa Aja pudgala skaMdhono upayoga thato hoya che. Jain Educationa International 7 For Personal and Private Use Only

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3. bhASA-vargaNA 4. mano-vargaNA 5. kArmaNa-vargaNA jIva dvArA audArika zarIra, vaikriya zarIra, AhAraka za2I2, zvAsocchvAsa, taijasa zarIra, bhASA, mana ane kAryaNa zarIranA rUpamAM piraNata pudgala-skaMdho jyAre jIvathI alaga thaI jAya che tyAre "mukta pudgala" thaI jAya che. jyAM sudhI e pudgalo jIvanI sAthe rahe che tyAM sudhI e "baddha" pudgala kahevAya che. A ATha prakAranA pudgala skaMdho (muktarUpamAM) acitta hoya che. emanuM pariNamana thAya che ane rUpAMtaraNa paNa saMbhave che.14 AhAra vargaNAnI aMdara-audArika zarIra vargaNA, vaikriya zarIra vargaNA, AhAraka pudgala che. A pudgalo svayaM to acitta che, paNa jyAre jIva ene grahaNa karI le che tyAre teo jIvanA zarIranA rUpamAM pheravAI jAya che ane enuM rUpAMtara sacittanA rUpamAM thaI jAya che. jyAre e ja pudgalo jIvathI 'mukta' thaI jAya che, to pharI pAchA acitta pudgalo thaI jAya che. taijasa, bhASA, mana ane kArmaNa vargaNAonA pudgalo, jyAM sudhI jIva dvArA grahaNa karavAmAM na Ave tyAM sudhI, potAnA rUpamAM acitta ja che. jyAre jIva emanuM taijasa zarIra AdinA rUpamAM rUpAMtaraNa karI AtmasAt karI le che tyAre A taijasa zarIra AdinA pudgalonuM citta rUpamAM pariNamana rUpAMtara thaI jAya che. "A kAraNathI AhAra (audArika, vaikriya, AhAka ane zvAsocchvAsa). taijasa, bhASA, mana ane kArmaNa-A pAMca vargaNAone 'baMdhanIya' kahevAmAM Ave che tathA teo bAhya vargaNAo kahevAya che. kemake trevIsa vargaNAomAM A pAMca zarIra alaga-alaga che, emanA bAhya nAma che. pAMca zarIrane acitta vargaNAomAM to na gaNI zakAya, kemake sacittane sacitta mAnavAthI virodha utpanna thAya che. emanI gaNanA sacitta vargaNAomAM paNa thaI zakatI nathI, kemake visrasA (kudaratI rIte) je bhegA thayAM nathI (paNa jIva dvArA grahaNa karavAmAM AvyA che) evA pAMca zarIranA paramANuone ja sacitta vargaNAmAM gaNavAmAM Ave che.15 jIva dvArA grahaNa karavAmAM Ave te pahelAM A ATheya vargaNAonA pudgala svayaM to acitta ja hoya che. emanuM upacaya (ekatrIkaraNa) vaignasika baMdha dvArA thAya che. jyAre e vargaNAo jIva dvArA grahaNa karavAmAM Ave che, tyAre emanuM pariNamana-rUpAMtara zarIra AdinA rUpamAM thAya che. AnA AdhAre A spaSTa thAya che ke taijasa vargaNAnA pudgala ane taijasa zarIranA rUpamAM pariNamana pAmelAM pudgala alaga-alaga che. vIjaLI athavA ilekTrisiTI pote to paudgalika

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pariNamana che. jyAre jIva e pudgalone grahaNa kare che tyAre ja e teukAyika jIvanuM zarIra banI zake che, paNa enI pahelAM to acitta pudgalo ja che." pudgalanA baMne rUpa-padArtha ane UrjA-potAnA rUpamAM pudgala che, eTale nirjIva ja che. emanuM parasparamAM rUpAMtaraNa paNa paudgalika ja che, nirjIva pariNamana ja che. paudgalika pariNamana pachI jIvotpattine anukuLa yoni-nirmANa thAya tyAre ja sajIvatA athavA cittarUpamAM pariNamana kyAreka thaI zake che, kyAreka nahIM. agnikAyika jIvonI utpatti sAmAnya rIte (keTalAka apavAda choDIne) oNksijana vagara saMbhava nathI. jIvonA mULa zarIra (audArika, vaikriya) tathA sUkSma zarIranA rUpamAM "baddha" ane "mukta" pudgalonA pariNamanathI vyavahAra jagatanA badhA padArthonA pariNamanano saMbaMdha che.19 vizvanA pariNamananA traNa bhAga pADavAmAM AvyA che. 1. vaignasika, 2. prayogika, 3. misa.17 phakta pudgalonA varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza e saMsthAna (AkAra)nA pariNamananA kAraNathI thanAruM pariNamana vaijrasika kahevAya che.18 jIvanA prayatnathI thanAruM pariNamana "prAyogika" kahevAya che. 19 jIva ane pudgala bannenA saMyukta prayogathI thanAruM pariNamana misra kahevAya che. pudgalanA paryAyomAM zabda, baMdha, saukSmaya, sthaulya, saMsthAna, bheda, tamasa (aMdhakAra), chAyA, Atapa (sUrya-prakAza), udyota (caMdra-prakAza), prabhA(maNi vagereno prakAza) vagereno samAveza karavAmAM Ave che. AvI rIte sparza vagerenA guNo ane zabda vagerenA paryAyo paudgalika jagatanI badhI ja kriyAo mATe javAbadAra che. 20 - jIvanI utpatti (janma) mATe paNa paudgalika pariNamanothI banelI yoniyo nimitta bane che. jaina darzanamAM nava prakAranI yoniyono ullekha maLe che - zIta, uSNa, zItoSNa, saMvRtta (DhAMkelI), vivRtta (khullI), saMvRtta-vivRtta, sacitta, acitta, sacitta-acitta.22 Ama acitta paudgalika skaMdha paNa anukuLa saMyoga maLavAthI yoni banI zake che. paraMtu badhA paudgalika skaMdho yoni banaze ja, evo koI niyama nathI. jyAM sudhI e pariNamana yoninuM rUpa nathI letuM tyAM sudhI e paudgalika ja che, ajIva che. jyAre enAmAM yoni banavAnI yogyatA utpanna thAya che tyAre ja enAmAM jIva utpanna thaI zake che. tejasakAyanI yoni (garama) ja hoya che. paNa eno artha e nathI ke badhA uSNa pudgalo evI yoni che.23 upara mujabanI jaina mAnyatAonAM AdhAra para ja tejasakAyanA jIvonI utpatti Adi viSayanI carcA thaI zake che. M

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3. vijJAnamAM pugala jaina darzana jene pudgala kahe che, enI be avasthAono vijJAne svIkAra karyo che - 1. padArtha athavA meTara (matter) 2. UrjA athavA enarjI (Energy) prAcIna vijJAna (Classical physics)mAM A banne avasthAone taddana bhinna mAnavAmAM AvatI hatI, paraMtu Adhunika vijJAne have A baMnnenI mULabhUta ekatAno svIkAra karI lIdho che. eTale have vijJAnanA matamAM UrjAnuM padArthanA rUpamAM ane padArthanuM UrjAnA rUpamAM rUpAMtaraNa saMbhava che. AInsTAInanuM prasiddha samIkaraNa che. UrjA = dravyamAna x C. (C = prakAzanI gati) A ja pramANe prAcIna vijJAne jene mULa padArtha (Element) tarIke oLakhAvyo hato, ene paNa bIjA koI mULa padArthanA rUpamAM badalAvI zakAya che ema Adhunika vijJAna mAne che. vijJAne mULa 92 padArthono svIkAra karyo che, jemAM prathama kramAMka che hAiDrojanano ane bANuMmo kramAMka che yureniyamano. kRtrima rUpathI banAvelA mULa padArthono kramAMka 100thI paNa upara cAlyo gayo che. A mULa padArthonuM paNa paraspara rUpAMtaraNa "paramANu-bhautikI" (Atomic Physics)nA mAdhyamathI saMbhava che. hAiDrojanane hiliyama (kra.2) tathA yureniyama (kramAMka 92)ne sIsuM (Lead)mAM parivartana karI hAiDrojana bomba tathA aNubombanI zodha karavAmAM AvI.25 pudgalanA banne rUpa-padArtha ane UrjA pote pudgala che, eTale nirjIva ja che. enuM paraspara rUpAMtaraNa paNa paulika ja che, nirjIva pariNamana ja che. paudgalika pariNamana bAda jIvotpatinA anukULa yoni-nirmANa thAya ke 10

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sajIvatA ke sacittanA rUpamAM kyAreka pariNamana thaI zake, kyAreka nahIM. agnikAyaka jIvonI utpatti sAmAnyataH (amuka apavAda choDIne) oNksijana vagara saMbhava nathI. vijJAnamAM UrjA vividha prakAranI mAnavAmAM Ave che. jema ke 1. ilekTrika UrjA (Electric Energy) 2. prakAza UrjA (Light Energy) 3. uSmA UrjA (Heat Energy) 4. cuMbakIya UrjA (Magnetic Energy). pa. rAsAyaNika UrjA (Chemical Energy) 6. yAMtrika UrjA (Mechanical Energy) 7. sthiti UrjA (Potential Energy) 8. gati UrjA (Kinetic Energy) 9. pArAmANavika UrjA (Atomic Energy) 10. nAbhikIya UrjA (Nuclear Energy). eka prakAranI UrjAnuM bIjI koI UrjAmAM parivartana thaI zake che, jemake 1. vIjaLInA goLAmAM IlekTrika UrjA = prakAza UrjA + uSmA UrjA 2. ilekTrika IstrI, gIjhara, hITara vageremAM IlekTrika UrjA = uSmA UrjA 3. IlekTrika moTaramAM - IlekTrika UrjA = yAMtrika UrjA 4. hAIMDo-ilekTrika pAvara hAusamAM pANInI sthiti UrjA = yAMtrika UrjA = ilekTrika UrjA (TarabAIno calAvavA mATe pANIno dhodha vAparavAmAM Ave che. eTale pANI UMcethI nIce vegathI paDe che. AmAM sthiti UrjA pahelA gati UrjAmAM badalAya che. pachI cuMbakane vegathI ghumAvIne eTale yAMtrika UrjA cuMbakIya UrjAnI madadathI IlekTrika UrjAmAM badalavAmAM Ave che.) 5. uSmAdhArita enjinamAM kolaso (athavA Dijhala)nI rAsAyaNika UrjA = yAMtrika UrjA : 6. nyukliyara riekTaramAM - padArthanuM dravyamAna (Mass) nyukliyara UrjA 7. sUrya (athavA anya dUra rahelA tArAo)mAM nAbhikIya UrjA = prakAza UrjA + uSmA UrjA AnA sivAya ApaNA zarIramAM je jaivika prakriyAo thatI hoya che temAM paNa evI paudgalika kriyAo thAya che jyAM UrjAnuM rUpAMtaraNa thatuM rahe che. dA.ta. dareka cetAtaMtrIya koSamAM IlekTrika UrjA = rAsAyaNika UrjA 1. dareka koSamAM rAsAyaNika UrjA = USmA UrjA 2. dareka snAyavika kriyAmAM uSmA UrjA = yAMtrika UrjA 11

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4. mANasanA zarIramAM ilekTrika UrjA mANasanA zarIramAM cetAtaMtra sauthI adhika mahattvapUrNa che. magaja, karoDarajju ane temAMthI nIkaLatI cetAo tathA snAyuo sAthenuM temanuM joDANae AkhI kArya racanAne cetAtaMtra eTale ke narvasa sisTama kahe che.27 mANasanA AkhA zarIranuM saMcAlana cetAtaMtra kare che. AmAMthI kendrIya cetAtaMtra magaja ane karoDarajjumAM che, tathA kriyAtaMtu ane jJAnataMtunI jALa AkhA zarIramAM phelAyelI hoya che. cetAtaMtranA koSone nyUrona kahevAmAM Ave che. jJAnataMtu nyUrona (kozikAo) dvArA badhI indriyonI mAhitI kendrIya taMtra sudhI pahoMcADavAmAM Ave che ane (moTara-nyUrono) dvArA kendrIya taMtranA hukamo snAyuone saMcAlita karavA mATe zarIranA badhA bhAgomAM pahoMcADAya che. A badhI kriyAonuM saMcAlana vidyuta eTale ke ilekTrisiTI dvArA thAya che.28 DaoN. sudhIra vI. zAha (gujarAtanA prasiddha nyUro phijhiziyana) "magaja ane jJAnataMtunA rogo" nAmanA pustakamAM lakhe che. ''magajanA koSomAM eka jAtano vidyuta pravAha udabhavyA karato hoya che. jemAM eka sAtatya che, laya che, A eka vIjaLika prakriyA che. A pravAha rAsAyaNika rIte eka koSamAMthI bIjA koSamAM pahoMce che. ane AkhI narvasa sisTamamAM nyUro TrAnsamiTara ane risepTaronuM eka adbhuta neTavarka che je eka sekanDamAM hajAramAM bhAgamAM eka mAhitI eka bhAgathI bIjA bhAga sudhI pahoMcADI zake che. A eka rAsAyaNika prakriyA che. magajanA koSo anya koSonI jema potAnuM cayApacaya saMbhALe che. A eka jaivika (bAyolojikala) prakriyA che.'' 'TelipathInI jema eka magaja bIjA magaja sudhI saMdezAnI Apale kare che. tene ilekTronika prakriyA kahI zakAya. magajamAM pedA thatA vidyuta taraMgo ne i.i.jI.(Electro-encephelo-gram) dvArA noMdhI zakAya che. magajanA pAchalA Jain Educationa International 12 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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bhAgamAMthI jAgrata avasthAmAM AMkho baMdha rAkhIne je vIjaLika prakriyA noMdhI zakAya che tene AlphA taraMga (Alfa waves) kahe che. tenI taraMganI phrikvansI (Frequency) 7thI 13 harTajha hoya che. cheka AgaLanA phranTala korTeksa parathI sAmAnya rIte bITA ridhama 14thI 40 harTajha noMdhI zakAya che. thITA prakriyA 4thI 7 harTajha Temporala bhAgamAM maLI Ave che. DelTA ekTiviTI e pukhta vyaktimAM haMmezAM asAmAnya hoya che ane kyAreka nidrAmAM te bALakomAM noMdhI zakAya che. bAkI sAmAnya rIte DelTA prakriyA e magajanI koI mAMdagInI nizAnI hoya che. magajamAM vadhu paDato vIjaLika pravAha pedA thavo, vAI (Epilapsy) A cetAtaMtranI bImArI che." Adhunika vijJAna dvArA pratipAdita siddhAMta che ke "mANasanI pratyeka zArIrika pravRtti mANasamAM rahelI ilekTrisiTI (vIjaLI)nA prayogathI ja thAya che." A siddhAMta svIkAra karavAmAM jaina mAnyatAno koI asvIkAra thato nathI, eTaluM ja nahIM paNa A jaina mAnyatAne puSTi maLe che ke "audArika zarIranI pratyeka pravRttimAM taijasa zarIra athavA prANano prayoga thAya che." Ama kahevuM e lagabhaga vaijJAnika siddhAMtanuM samAMtara kathana kahI zakAya. jaina mAnyatAnuM "tejasa zIra" athavA "prANa zakti" ane vaijJAnika mAnyatAnI "ilekTrika UrjA" A baMnenI pArasparikatA potAnI meLe siddha thaI jAya che. jaina siddhAMtamAM cha paryApta ane dasa prANanuM pratipAdana paNa A vAtanuM samarthana kare che. vijJAne magajanA koSonI prakriyAne taddana spaSTa karI che. nyUrona koSo parasparamAM je ilekTrika sarkiTa banAve che tene lIdhe mANasa buddhithI vicAra vagere karI zake. magajamAM nyUrononI saMkhyA lagabhaga 10 karoDathI paNa vadhAre haze. A badhA nyUrononI paraspara saMbhAvita sarkiTonI saMkhyA (10nI upa2 800 zUnya (mIMDA) mUkIe) eTalI moTI saMkhyA Ave che. duniyAno buddhimAnathI buddhimAna mANasa paNa AnA 1 TakAthI vadhAre sarkiTa nathI banAvI zakato. janma lIdhA pachI bALaka je kAMI zIkhe che, te AvI ja rIte navI navI sarkiTo banAvIbanAvIne jJAna ane buddhino vikAsa karato jAya che. magajanI jema hRdaya, snAyu vagere avayavonA vidyuta taraMgonuM mApa i.sI.jI., (Electro cardiogram) i.ema.jI. (Electric mayo-gram) vagere yaMtro vaDe karI zakAya che. cAmaDInI roga nirodhaka UrjAnuM aMkana jI.esa.Ara. (Galvanic skin response) dvArA mApI zakAya che. Jain Educationa International 13 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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vizeSa paristhitiomAM koI eka vyaktino sparza karavAthI enAmAM rahelA vIjaLInA pravAhathI bIjI vyaktine jhATako (electric shock) lAge che. paNa AnuM pramANa bahu ochuM hovAthI sAmAnya paristhitimAM eno anubhava thato nathI. eno pravAha game teTalo ocho hoya, paNa e to spaSTa che ke ApaNe e vIjaLI UrjAno tyAga nathI karI zakatA. jyAM sudhI mana-vacana ane kAyAnI pravRttio thatI rahe che, tyAM sudhI zArIrika vIjaLInI UrjAthI ApaNe bacI zakIe nahIM. TUMkamAM kahI zakAya ke mANasanA zarIramAM satata cAlatI vidyuta kriyAo jIvananI agatyanI kriyAo che, jenA vagara jIvana kadI TakI zakatuM nathI. jaiva vidyuta (Bio-electricity) athavA prANa-UrjA : DaoN. rAdhAzaraNa agravAle potAnA zodhalekha "jaiva-vidyuta athavA prANa UrjAmAM lakhyuM che - "zarIranI badhI ja halanacalana vagere kriyAo ane magajanI kriyAono eka mAtra srota prANa athavA jaiva-vidyuta che. Aja jaiva-vidyuta jIvana tattva banIne romaromamAM vyApta che. emAM cetanA tathA saMvedanA - baMne tattvo hoya che. jema eka kArakhAnuM bhautika vidyuta UrjAnI sahAyathI cAle che, evI ja rIte mANasanI badhI ja kriyAono AdhAra A jaiva-vidyuta ja che." zarIranI aMdara rahelI jaiva vidyutanI mAtrA para ja vyaktino utkarSa ane vikAsano AdhAra rAkhe che. koI khAsa vyaktimAM jo jaiva-vidyuta sAmAnya vyakti karatAM vadhAre hoya che to e pratibhAzALI, vidvAna, mahAna ane prakhara buddhizALI hoya che. paNa koI vyaktimAM A jaiva-vidyutanI mAtrA ochI hoya to eka vyakti maMdabuddhi hoya che ane ene keTalAya jAtanA mAnasika rogo gherI le che. "A jaiva vidyutano sAmAnya upayoga zarIrane gatizIla (pravRttimaya) ane mana tathA magajane sakriya rAkhavAmAM thAya che. paraMtu eno vizeSa ane vadhu upayogI prayoga manobaLa, saMkalpa-baLa ane AtmabaLa vadhAravAmAM thAya che. A jaivavidyuta zaktine AvI vizeSa dizA athavA kSetramAM lagAvavAne lIdhe ja e vyakti vizeSa pratibhAzALI ane advitIya AtmabaLano svAmI banI jAya che. Aja jaiva-vidyutanI zakti sAdhanA dvArA sUkSmarUpamAM badalAIne tathA ekatrita thaIne prANa UrjA athavA Atmika UrjA banI jAya che. "jaiva-vidyuta-zakti bhinna bhinna dezomAM bhinna bhinna nAmothI oLakhAya che. cInamAM "co enarjI' jApAnamAM "kI enarjI', yuropamAM ane 14

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amerikAmAM 'yunivarsala enarjI' tathA 'vAiTala phorsa'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. zarIra vijJAnI ene 'bAyolojikala enarjI' kahe che." "vijJAnanA kSetramAM paNa have prANazaktinA viSayamAM aneka jAtanI zodhakhoLa zarU ka2vAmAM AvI che. suprasiddha vaijJAnika DaoN. eca. ke. baTanA mate to jIvanano mukhya AdhAra prANa UrjA ja che. pro. haDasana ene sArvabhaumika jIvana-tattva kahe che. nobela puraskAra vijetA prakhyAta vaijJAnika hAjakina hakasale tathA eklise zarIranA jJAnataMtuo viSe zodha karI che. emanI zodha anusAra mAnavI jJAnataMtu eka prakAranA vidyuta-saMvAhaka tAra (wire) che. jenI aMdara niraMtara vIjaLIno pravAha vaheto hoya che. AkhA zarIramAM A jJAnataMtuone bhegA karI eka lAinamAM rAkhavAmAM Ave to enI laMbAI seMkaDo mAilanI thAya. tame vicArI zako cho ke ATalI badhI laMbAIvALA taMtuone gatizIla rAkhavA mATe keTalI badhI vIjaLInI AvazyakatA paDatI haze. eka bIjA vaijJAnika DaoN. maiTucI bainavarge potAnA zodhalekhanA niSkarSamAM lakhyuM che ke A zarIranI aMda2 vidyuta-zaktino atula bhaMDAra chupAyelo che. zarIranuM pratyeka nyUrona eka nAno sarakho DAyanemo che. jaivavidyutanuM utpAdana Aja nyUrona kare che. A kriyAonuM kendra magaja che. vaijJAnikonuM anumAna che ke eka taMdurasta navayuvaka 20 vaoNTa vIjaLI utpanna kare che." "eka bIjA nobela puraskAra vijetA prasiddha cikitsAzAstrI je. jyogIe ekTina ane mAyosina nAmanA be proTIno zarIramAM zodhyA che. A banne proTInonI utpatti prANa-UrjAmAMthI thAya che ema mAnavAmAM Ave che (vaijJAnikoe zodha-khoLa karIne batAvyuM che ke mAnavI zarIra eka UMcA staranuM vIjaLI gha2 che. emAMthI prANa-vidyuta taraMgo niraMtara ochA-vadhAre pramANamAM nIkaLatA rahe che. bela vizvavidyAlayanA suprasiddha cikitsAzAstrI herAlDabarIe potAnA zodha graMthamAM lakhyuM che ke pratyeka prANI potapotAnA stara anusAra ochI ke vadhAre vIjaLI utpanna kare che. A mAnavIya vIjaLIne emaNe 'lAIpha philDa' kahI che. emanA mata pramANe pratyeka vyaktinA lAipha philDanI mAtrA alaga alaga hoya che ane A lAipha philDanI mAtrA anusAra e jIvanamAM unnati athavA avanati kare che." "prasiddha parAmanovaijJAnikonA mata pramANe sAmAnya manuSyanA zarIramAMthI bahAra nIkaLanArI vidyuta-taraMgo enA zarIrathI 6 iMca sudhI bahAra hoya che, Jain Educationa International 15 For Personal and Private Use Only

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jyAre jJAnI ane pavitra vyakti ane yogIonA zarIrathI bahAra A vidyutataraMgo traNa phITa sudhI vidyamAna rahe che. DaoN. brAune A vidyuta-ziktane bAyolojikala ilekTrisiTI' kahI che ane lakhyuM che ke e manuSyanA sUkSma zarIrathI utpanna thAya che. bhAratIya vedAnta anusAra ApaNI prANa-UrjAne prANayoganI sahAyathI vadhArI zakAya che. AnI aMdara ApaNA zarIramAM je sUkSma ane zaktizALI prANa-cetanA niraMtara aniyaMtrita pravAhita thatI rahe che, ene mana ane dRDha saMkalpa-zakti dvArA niyaMtrita karI eka vizeSa biMdu athavA viSaya para kendrita karI zakAya che. athavA vizeSa dizAmAM pravAhita karI zakAya che. A prakAre niraMtara abhyAsa karavAthI A cetanA mULAdhAra cakramAMthI sahastrAra cakra sudhI koI paNa jAtanA avarodha vagara joDAI jAya che." "keneDAnA prasiddha manovaijJAnika DaoN. haMsa selya lakhe che, "manuSyanI sarvocca zakti prANano moTA bhAgano hisso vyartha vArtAlApa pravRttio AdimAM nAza pAme che. mAnasika tANa, ciMtA, anidrA paNa A zaktine kSaNa karyA kare che." bhAratIya yoga-zAstrIono mata che ke "prANa UrjanI A kSati keTalAka khAsa sAdhano vAparavAthI rokI zakAya che tathA kSINa thaI gayelI UrjAnI kSatipUrti paNa karI zakAya che. A sAdhano che-saMyamita AhAra, ciMtana-manananI pavitratA ane paropakAra, sevA-bhAvanAno samAveza. potAnI zaktiono anAvazyaka viSayonA ciMtanamAM, vyartha vArtAlApa ane kriyAomAM vyaya thato rokIne khAsa viSaya athavA dhArAmAM pravAhita karavAthI prANa-UrjA phakta vadhaze ja nahIM paNa atyaMta prabhAvazALI ane baLavAna paNa thaI jaze. Ane ja prANasAdhanA athavA prANavidyA kahe che." A sAdhanAno sauthI mahattvapUrNa bhAga che daDha saMkalpa tathA manobaLa dvArA brahmAMDamAM vyApta samaSTigata prANa tattvone AkAzamAMthI AkarSita karavA ane potAnI aMdara dhAraNa karavAM. je vyakti potAnA zarIramAM vasatA vizeSa prANane jeTalA vadhAre pramANamAM potAnA vazamAM karI zake che eTalI ja adhika mAtrAmAM esamaSTi prANane potAnI aMdara samAvI zake che. A rIte sAdhaka prANa-jagatanI aneka divya zaktiono dhaNI thaI jAya che. A mArga sAmAnya vyaktio mATe khullo che." koIpaNa vyaktinA caherA athavA zarIranI cAre bAju vikharAyelA tejanA 16

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valaya (vartuLa)ne joIne ApaNe jANI zakIe chIe ke e vyaktimAM keTalI jaiva vidyuta zakti che. paraMtu A tejanuM valaya athavA AbhAmaMDaLa A sthULa AMkhothI joI zakAtuM nathI. ene mATe to sUkSma dRSTinI AvazyakatA che. pAzcAtya jagatamAM kirliyana phoTogrAphI dvArA Ane mApavAno prayAsa cAlI rahyo che.' "emAM koI zaMkA nathI ke manuSya eka jIvatuMjAgatuM vIjaLI-ghara che. paraMtu A prANa-vidyuta bhautika vidyutanI apekSA asaMkhyagaNI baLavAna ane prabhAvazALI che. prANa-vidyuta para niyaMtraNa, enuM zuddhikaraNa tathA eno saMgraha tathA kendriyakaraNa karavAthI mAnava asAdhAraNa zaktiono svAmI banI zake che. haju sudhI to vaijJAniko phakta sthULa ane bhautika vIjaLInA camatkArane ja jANI zakyA che ane ATalA jJAne paNa emane Azcaryacakita karI dIdhA che. je divase mAnavInA zarIramAM rahelI A jaiva-vidyuta-zaktinA agAdha bhaMDAranI zodha thaze te divase ajANyA kSetranA asaMkhya Azcaryacakita rahasyonA udghATanano prAraMbha thaI jaze.''33 vidyuta-kriyAo jIvananI mahattvapUrNa athavA prANAdhAra kriyAo che, jenA vinA jIvana asaMbhava che. ilekTrisiTI athavA vIjaLIno pravAha svayaM-pote zI cIja che ? zarIramAM vahato vIjaLIno pravAha ane vIjaLInA vAyaramAM vaheto pravAha-A banne samAna che ke bhinna che? eka ja jAtanA che ke alaga-alaga che ? AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI ane tAranI aMdara vahetI vIjaLInA pravAhamAM koI pharaka che ke nahIM ? AkAzamAM thato vIjaLIno jhabakAro, tAramAM vahetI vIjaLI ane zarIramAM satata kAma karI rahela vIjaLI-A traNe saMpUrNapaNe eka ja che ke eka vastunAM judAjudA paryAyo che athavA judA-judA pariNamano che A badhA praznone badhI rIte cakAsIne ApaNe nirNaya karI zakIe ke jema AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLIne citta teukAya jIva gaNavAmAM Ave che, tevI ja rIte badhI vIjaLIo ne sacitta teukAyanI gaNatarImAM gaNavI ke nahIM? A badhA prazno para ApaNe taTasthapaNe, anekAMta daSTi laIne vicAra karavAno che. Jain Educationa International 17 - For Personal and Private Use Only

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5 vijJAnanI dRSTimAM vipata (Electricity) aMgrejI bhASAmAM be zabdono prayoga jovA maLe che. 1. IlekTrisiTI (electricity) eTale IlekTrika UrjA athavA pravAha (current) 2. lAiTaniMga (lightning) eTale ke AkAzamAM jhabUkatI vidyuta athavA vijaLI hindI ane gujarAtImAM A baMne mATe eka ja zabda vaparAya che - vidyuta athavA vIjaLI, paNa uparanI baMne prakAranI vIjaLImAM je pharka che tene samajavA mATe vijJAnanI mULa mAnyatAone spaSTa rIte samajavI joIe. vaijJAnika mAnyatA pramANe pratyeka mULa padArtha athavA tattva (element)nI racanA paramANuothI thaI che. pratyeka padArthanA paramANu (atom)nI racanAnI vizeSatAne lIdhe padArthomAM bhinnatA hoya che. to badhAM padArthonA paramANuonI mULa racanAmAM samAnatA hoya che. paramANunA be bhAga che - 1. kendraka (nucleus), 2. paridhi. kendrakamAM be prakAranA kaNa hoya che. - 1. proTona, 2. nyuTrona. paridhimAM mAtra eka ja prakAranA kaNa hoya che. - ilekTrona. A maulika kaNa ja enA vizeSa guNadharmo dvArA vidyuta" eTale ke ilekTrisiTInI prakriyAnA mULamAM che. eTale AnI (ilekTronanI) prakRti ane prakriyAone samajyA vagara na to vIjaLI eTale ke ilekTrisiTI ane AkAzamAM camakanArI vIjaLI lightning)nI vacceno pharka samajI zakAya che ke na to agni (fire) ane ilekTrisiTInA aMtarane spaSTatAthI jANI zakAya che. ahIM saMkSepamAM mukhya vAto ApavAmAM AvI che - 1. padArthamAM daLa athavA dravyamAna (mass) ane vidyutabhAra (charge) - A bl8

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be bhautika guNo mAnavAmAM Ave che. 35 ilekTrona, proTona ane nyUTronamAM A guNo je rUpamAM che ene nIcenA koSTakamAM batAvavAmAM AvyA che. kaNa dravyamAna (daLa) vidyutabhAra (particle) (mass) (electric charge) ilekTrona | 10-20 grAma RNa (Negative charge) 1 ekama (unit) proTona | 1024 grAma ghana (positive charge) 1 ekama (unit) nyUTrona | 10 grAma zUnya (O) 2. hAIDrojana eTama badhA padArthonA eTamomAM sauthI ochA dravyamAnavALuM che. ene "paramANu-daLa'nuM ekama (mApa) mAnavAmAM Ave che. A rIte hAiDrojanano paramANudaLAMka eka che. 3. hAiDrojananA eka aTamamAM eka ilekTrona ane eka proTIna hoya che, nyUTrona nathI hotA. IlekTronanI saMkhyAnA AdhAra para "paramANukramAMka (atomic number) nirdhArita thAya che :1. hAiDrojanano paramANukramAMka eka (1) che. 2. oNksijanano paramANukramAMka 8 che tathA eno paramANudaLa 16 che, kemake enA paramANumAM 8 ilekTrona, 8 proTona ane 8 nyUTrona hoya che. 3. tAMbu dhAtu che. dhAtuonI khAsa paramANu-racanAne kAraNe emAM vIjaLIno pravAha sahelAIthI vahe che. tAMbAno paramANukramAMka 29 che. eno paramANudaLAMka 64 che. kemake enA paramANumAM 29 ilekTrona, 29 proTona ane 35 nyUTrona hoya che. (badhAM mULa padArthonA paramANumAM keTalAM-keTalAM ilekTrona Adi hoya che tathA pratyeka mULa padArthano paramANu-kramAMka ane paramANudaLAMka keTalo che, ene mATe pariziSTamAM-2mAM ApeluM Avarta koSTaka [Periodic table] juo). pratyeka paramANumAM ilekTrona ane proTonanI saMkhyA sarakhI hoya che ane nyUTrona vidyutabhAra vihina hoya che, eTale paramANu pote to vidyutabhAra vihina hoya che. paNa jyAre paridhimAM rahelo ilekTrona paramANuthI mukta thaIne bahAra nIkaLI jAya che, tyAre e ilekTrona vidyutabhAra RNa (negative charge) vALo kaNa banI jAya che tathA je paramANumAMthI e nIkaLI gayo che, e (paramANu) ghana-vidyutabhAra (positive electric charge) vALo "Ayana" banI jAya che. 19

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dhAtuomAM paramANunI chellI kakSAmAMthI evA svataMtra ilekTrona nIkaLatA rahe che. vAstavamAM to jyAre dhAtu-padArthanuM nirmANa thAya che. tyAre enA ghaTaka paramANuomAMthI 'velensa' (valance) ilekTrona je chellI kakSAmAM hoya che potapotAnA pitR-paramANuothI mukta thaI svataMtra vicaraNa kare che. 139 vidyuta pravAhanI vyAkhyAmAM batAvavAmAM AvyuM che - ilekTrona dhAtunA aNu-guccho (molecules).nI vacamAMthI khAlI jagyAmAM astavyasta gati karatA rahe che. je paramANuomAMthI AvA ilekTrona mukta (alaga) thaI gayA che, evA paramANuo have dhana-vidyutabhAravALA banI jAya che. ene 'Ayana' kahevAmAM Ave che. dhAtuonI potAnI khAsa racanA hoya che jemAM badhAM ja paramANu sphaTika (crystal)nI jema vyavasthita rUpamAM rahetA hoya che.41 Ayana (dhana vidyutabhAra vALA paramANu) A sphaTika-racanAmAM potAnA niyama mujaba cokkasa sthAna grahaNa karI le che. A cokkasa AkRtinA kAraNe eka khAsa bhaumitika racanA banI jAya che. have (pahelAM jema batAvavAmAM AvyuM che tema) mukta ilekTrona AyanonI vacamAMthI khullI jagyA (avakAza)mAM astavyasta gati karatA hoya che, tyAre dhAtu (je vidyutanI suvAhaka [conductor] hoya che)mAM vidyuta-kSetra (electric field)42 pedA thAya che. ilekTrono upa2 A kSetranI virodhI dizAmAM baLa (force) lAge che ane teo e dizA tarapha dhakelAI jAya che. AnA pariNAme eka vidyutapravAha (electric current) sucAlaka dhAtumAM vahevA lAge che. vIjaLInA suvAhaka padArthanA koIpaNa trAMsA chedamAMthI prati ekama (unit) samayamAM pasAra thanAra vidyutabhAranA jaththAne vidyuta-pravAhanA mApa tarIke levAmAM Ave che. vidyuta pravAhano ekama 'empiyara' che. 43 AvI rIte jyAM-jyAM ilekTrika cArja (vidyutabhAra) vidyamAna hoya che, tyAM-tyAM enI cArebAjunA AkAzamAM (space)mAM eka ilekTrika philDa (vidyutakSetra) utpanna thaI jAya che, jyAM enA prabhAvano anubhava karI zakAya che. jo A vidyuta-kSetramAM bIjo koI ilekTrika cArja rAkhavAmAM Ave to enA para ilekTrika phorsa (vidyutabaLa) lAgavAnuM zarU thaI jAya che. padArthomAM vidyuta vAhakatAnA guNadharmanA AdhAre emanuM vargIkaraNa suvAhaka (good conductor), ardhavAhaka (semi conductor) ane avAhaka (bad conductor)nA rUpamAM karavAmAM Ave che dhAtuo vidyutanI suvAhaka che, jemake emanI paramANu-racanA evI che jemAMthI ilekTrono sahelAIthI meLavI zakAya Jain Educationa International 20 For Personal and Private Use Only

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che. je prakAranA padArthamAM AvI sagavaDa nathI hotI te avAhaka thaI jAya che. je ardhavAhaka padArtha che enAmAM khAsa paristhitiomAM A sagavaDa maLe che. dA.ta. - silikonanA paramANamAM A guNadharma hovAthI eno prayoga ardhavAhakanA rUpamAM karavAmAM Ave che. adhAtu tattvo vidyutanA lagabhaga avAhaka che. lAkaDuM, rabara, Adi padArtho avAhaka hovAthI emane "isyuleTara'nA rUpamAM kAmamAM levAmAM Ave che. vivecana mATe TippaNo jovA joIe.) IlekTrisiTI be prakAranI che. 1. sthita vidyuta (Static Electricity) 2. cala vidyuta (current Electricity) sthita vidyuta (Static Electricity) - sUkI havAmAM sUkA vALane rabaranI kAMsakIthI oLatI vakhate evo anubhava thAya che ke jANe vALamAMthI koI cIja nIkaLI rahI che, eno caDa-caDa avAja paNa saMbhaLAya che. e kAMsakIne nAnA nAnA kAgaLanA TukaDAonI pAse laI javAthI e TukaDAo enI sAthe coMTI jAya che. A prakriyA "sthita vidyuta"no prabhAva batAve che. AnA parathI ema jANavA maLe che ke vALanA aNuothI ilekTrona alaga thaIne rabaranI kAMsakI para bhegA thaI jAya che. ane e RNa vidyutabhAra mukta kaNothI kAgaLanA TukaDA jevA padArtho AkarSAya che. - "sthita vidyuta"nA viSayamAM I.pU. 600mAM grIka dArzanika thelsa (Thales) prayoga karyA hatA. emaNe zodhI kADhyuM hatuM ke jyAre "aMbara"nAmanuM vRkSa jene grIka bhASAmAM (Electrum) ane aMgrejImAM (amber) kahevAmAM Ave che, e vRkSanA tRNamaNi gADhA ane sukAIne sakhata thayelI guMdara javAno rasa saLiyAne UnanA kapaDAM sAthe ghasavAmAM Ave tyAre e saLiyA dvArA kAgaLanA nAnA TukaDAo, nAnA nAnA sukAyelA pAMdaDAo, pakSIonA pIMchA vagerene AkarSI zake che. grIka bhASAmAM aMbarano artha thAya che ilekTrama ane ema lAge che ke ilekTrika cArja, ilekTrika phorsa, ilekTrika poTenziyala, ilekTrikasiTI ane aMtamAM IlekTrona jevA zabdonI utpatti A grIka zabda "ilekTrama" uparathI thaI che. I.sa. 100mAM DaoN. viliyama gilabarTe anya padArtho para prayogo karI evuM tAraNa kADhyuM hatuM ke aMbaranI jema kAcane rezamI kapaDAM para tathA ebonAITanA saLiyAne phalenala kapaDAM para ghasavAthI evuM ja AkarSaNa pedA thaI jAya che. AnI tapAsa karavAthI evuM puravAra thayuM che ke kAca para dhanAtmaka ane rezamI kapaDAM para RNAtmaka ilekTrika cArja jamA thaI jAya che. ebonAITa, aMbara tathA rabaranI 21

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kAMsakImAM tRNAtmaka ane phalenala, UnanuM kapaDuM ane vALamAM ghanAtmaka IlekTrika cArja hoya che. aMbaranuM grIka nAma ilekTrama hovAthI RNAtmaka kaNonuM nAma ilekTrona thayuM. ane enI UrjAne ilekTrisiTI nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. AkAzamAM camakanAra vIjaLI jene lAITaniMga (Lightning) kahevAmAM Ave che. e vAdaLomAM jamA thayelA ilekTrika cArjano pRthvI para thanAro DiscArja (disharge) che. ilekTrika cArjane suvAhaka maLe tyAre e surakSita rahe che ane emAM karaMTa pravAhanA rUpamAM vahe che. Aja pharaka che ilekTrikasiTI ane lAITaniMgamAM. IlekTronanI avasthAmAM rahelo A cArja sTeTika rUpamAM e karaMTa ilekTrikasiTInA rUpamAM ane vAdaLomAM thanAra hevI DiscArjanI avasthAmAM e vIjaLI athavA lAITaniMganA rUpamAM pragaTa thAya che. sAmAnya rIte UnanA kapaDAne, polithina zITane ke nAIlona Adine thoDuM ghasavAthI sTeTika ilekTrikasiTInuM utpAdana thAya che. AvA kapaDAM Adine dhoIne sukAvyA pachI ene UMdhuM-catuM karIe tyAre paNa e dekhAya che. emAMthI avAjanI sAthe cinagArI (spark) paNa nIkaLe che. rUpAMtaraNa rUpe ja che. vijJAna anusAra A IlekTrona UrjAnuM prakAzanI UrjAnA svarUpamAM parivartana che. 2. vidyuta cuMbakIya kSetra (Electro-magnetic field) : osTeDa nAmanA vaijJAnike sana 1819mAM zodha karI hatI ke jyAre suvAhaka padArtha (dA.ta. dhAtunA bhAra)mAMthI vidyuta-pravAha pasAra thAya che, tyAre enI Aju-bAjumAM eka vidyuta cuMbakIya kSetra utpanna thaI jAya che. jo e vidyuta pravAha tIvra hoya to e vi.cuM. kSetra paNa tIvra ja hoya che. A zodhanA AdhAre bhautika vijJAna (physics)mAM eka navI zAkhAno udaya thayo jemAM vidyuta" ane "cuMbakIya prabhAvone joDIne enA guNadharmono abhyAsa zarU thayo. enuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM "vidyuta cuMbakIya vAda" (Electro magnetic) AnA parathI "ilekTro-DAyanemiksa' (Electro-dynamics)mAM vidyuta-cuMbakIya prabhAvonA niyamo AdinI zodha thaI. vidyuta-pravAhanA cuMbakIya prabhAvone mApavA mATe "bAyo-sAvarTa niyama Adino prayoga karavAmAM Ave che. jema ilekTrika cArjathI ilekTrika philDa ane cuMbakathI cuMbakIya philDa bane che. evI ja rIte vidyuta-pravAhathI vi.cu. philDa astitvamAM Ave che. enI UrjAne vidyuta cuMbakIya UrjA' nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che. - vidyutabhAranI cAre bAju vi.cuM. kSetrano gherAvo banI rahe che. gatimAna sthiti vakhate A kSetranI gati taraMganA rUpamAM hoya che. enI gati paNa prakAzanI 22

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gati jeTalI ja che. eka vidyutabhAra bIjA vidyutabhAra para eka baLa (force) pedA kare che. AnA AdhAre vidyuta-cuMbakIya preraNa' (electro-magneticinduction)nI kriyA thAya che. jyAre cuMbakanA uparanA tArane kuMDalInA rUpamAM bAMdhIne ene pheravavAmAM Ave to vidyutabhAra ane gatimAna cuMbakanA parasparanA saMbaMdhanA AdhAre vidyutacuMbakIya-preraNAne kAraNe tAramAM vidyuta-pravAha pedA thaI jAya che.48 TUMkamAM kahIe to ApaNI AkhI duniyA eka prakAranI vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgonI duniyA che, jemAM vidyuta-cuMbakIya UrjA bahu ja agatyano bhAga bhajave che. A vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgonI sAthe ApaNe badhAM koIne koI rIte saMkaLAyelA chIe. A vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgothI ApaNe badhA pratyeka kSaNa prabhAvita thatA hoIe chIe. ogaNIsamI sadImAM meksavele vidyuta ane cuMbakatvanA niyamone gaNitanA samIkaraNonA rUpamAM prastuta karyA. A niyamomAM gosa (Gauss)nA niyamo, empiyarano niyama, pharADeno niyama tathA cuMbakIya-baLa-rekhAo line of force) dvArA racAtA baMdha gALA jevA tathyono samAveza thAya che.49 vidyuta-cuMbakIya-UrjA (electro-magnetic-energy) ane vidyuta-cuMbakIyataraMgo (electro-magnetic-waves)nA svarUpanA AdhAre spaSTa thAya che ke IlekTrisiTI athavA vidyuta pote svayaM to eka "paugalika" (nirjIva) pariNamana ja che.50 jema uSmA, prakAza, dhvani ane cuMbakatva pote svayaM acitta pariNamane che. evI ja rIte vidyuta-cuMbakIya UrjA paNa pote svayaM to acitta podgalika pariNamana ja che. pote sacitta teukAya athavA bIjA koInA rUpamAM nathI. Ama to prakAza light) paNa pote jAte to vidyuta-cuMbakIya UrjAnuM rUpa che.para badhAM ja dazya raMga paNa Aja UrjAnA bhinna-bhinna taraMga - vairya (wave-light) ane kaMpana AvRtti (frequency)vALAM taraMgo ja che.pa3 vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMgonI taraMga laMbAI (athavA phrikvesI)nA AdhAre vidyuta cuMbakIya varNapaTa meksavelano vidyuta-cuMbakIyavAda Avyo tyArabAda 32 varSa pachI hajhe prayogazALAmAM vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgonA astitvanI sAbitI ApI hatI. vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMgonI lAkSaNiktAo A pramANe che. (1) udgamathI dUranA vistAramAM vidyutakSetra ane cuMbakIya kSetronA sadizA vekTara)nA dolano samAna kaLAvALA hoya che. 23

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(2) vidyuta ane cuMbakIya kSetranI dizAo taraMga-prasaraNa dizAne laMba evA samatalamAM paraspara laMba hoya che. (3) A taraMgo binayAMtrika ane laMbagata taraMgo rUpe hoya che. (4) zUnyAvakAzamAM temano vega "sI" eTale (34108) mITara/sekanDa athavA 3 lAkha kilomITara prati sekanDa hoya che. zUnyAvakAzamAM prakAzano vega ATalo ja hoya che. (5) koIpaNa mAdhyamamAM temano vega mAdhyamanA vidyuta cuMbakIya guNadharmo para AdhAra rAkhe che. judI judI taraMga laMbAI (wave-lingth)vALI vidyuta-cuMbakIya-taraMgo varNapaTa (spectrum)nuM nirmANa enA taraMga laMbAInA AdhAre thAya che. 108 mITarathI laIne 105 mITara sudhInI taraMga laMbAIvALI vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgo A varNapaTamAM aMkita karavAmAM AvI che. ApaNI AMkhone je dekhAya che te raMgonA prakAzanI taraMgo 4000thI 8000 eMsTrama (angstrom) yuniTa taraMga laMbAIvALI AMkavAmAM AvI che. (1 eMnsTrama yuniTa - 10 se.mI. che) lAla raMgavALA taraMgo vadhAre lAMbA ane jAMbuDI raMganAM nAnA hoya che. sAthenA cArTamAM badhI taraMgo (varNapaTa)nI taraMga laMbAI ane kaMpana AvRttinA krama-rUpamAM darzAvavAmAM AvI che. Jain Educationa International Frequency (Hz) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10" 10 10 10 10 10 10" 10" 10deg 10 10 1-2-16 10 10' 1 KHZ = 10 10 10' Gamma Rays X Rays Ultra violet Infra-red Microwave Wavelength (nano motor} Short-wave radio Long-wave radio 24 10 10 10 10 10'=1 Angston = 1 Nanomater 1 $10 10 IX Unit | id=1 teron 10 10 10 [10:1centrator 10 101 Meter 10" 10" 10" 1 Kilometer 103 10" 10 10 For Personal and Private Use Only

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dazya raMgo sivAyanAM taraMgo adazya koTinA che. uSmA-UrjAnA taraMgo inphA-reDa" (infra-red) taraMgonAM kiraNonA rUpamAM utsarjana thAya che. jAMbuDI raMganA taraMgothI nAnA taraMga laMbAIvALI adazya taraMgo parA-jAMbuDI (ultra violet) kiraNonA rUpamAM hoya che. ekSa-re (x-ray) paNa sUkSmatara vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMgo ja che. gatimAna vidyuta bhAranI UrjAnA kiraNo je vidyutacuMbakIya taraMgonA rUpamAM hoya che, enI taraMga laMbAI 300 mITara ane kaMpana-AvRtti (frequency) lagabhaga 10 harTjha hoya che. bhAratIya vaijJAnika jagadIzacaMdra bojhe prayogazALAmAM 5 mi.mI.thI 25 mi.mI.nA gALAmAMnI taraMga laMbAIvALA vidyuta cuMbakIya utpanna karyA hatA. vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMgonA AdhAra para ja Adhunika "dUra-saMcAranI prakriyAno vikAsa saMbhava thayo che. Aje to have TUMkA reDiyo taraMgo ane lAMbA reDiyo taraMgonI taraMga laMbAI kramazaH 100 mITara ane 1thI 10 lAkha mITara hoya che. Adhunika saMdeza vyavahAramAM vidyutacuMbakIya-taraMgono upayoga thavAthI A reDiyo taraMgonA phaLa svarUpe dUra-saMcAra kSetramAM eka krAMti AvI che. AyanIkata vAyuomAM vidyuta avisarjana (discharge) sAmAnya rIte sUkI ane rajakaNa-yukta zuddha havAmAM jyAre vAtAvaraNanuM dabANa sAmAnya hoya che, tyAre e havA vidyutanI avAhaka (bad conduction) hoya che. AnuM kAraNa e che ke e vakhate havAmAM koI paNa svataMtra "Ayana' nathI hotuM - na ghana Ayana hoya che ke na RNa Ayana. eTale enI havAmAMthI koI vidyuta pravAha pasAra thaI zakato nathI. paNa jo koI prakAre enuM AyanIkaraNa thaI jAya to e havA vidyutanI avAhaka banI jAya che. AyanIkaraNanuM eka kAraNa che - emAM rahelAM be dhAtunA ilekTroDanI vacamAM AveluM ucca volTeja eTale ke vidyuta sthitimAnanuM aMtara athavA poTenziyala Dipharansa. (potential difference) AvI rIte koI naLImAM bharelA vAyumAM, cheDA para rahelA be dhAtunA ilekTroDonI vacce jyAre UMcA volTeja sthApita karavAmAM Ave, tyAre vAyunuM AyanIkaraNa thaI jAya che. emAM vidyutanuM visarjana (discharge) thaI zake che, je eka vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMga athavA UrjAnA rUpamAM dekhAya che. e UrjAne sAmAnya rIte eka taNakhA (spark)nA rUpamAM joI zakAya che. A prakriyAno prayoga naLImAM rahelI havA ke vAyu (gas)nuM dabANa (pressure) vadhArI ke ghaTADIne alaga 25

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alaga rUpomAM karavAmAM Ave che. naLImAM rahelI havA athavA koI paNa prakAranI varALa (vapour)nA dabANane ochuM karavA mATe vekyuma paMpa (vaccum pump)no upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. enI alaga-alaga sthiti A pramANe bane che. 1. jyAM sudhI naLInI aMdaranuM dabANa pArAnA 10 mi.mI. dabANathI paNa vadhAre hoya che tyAM sudhI havAmAM vidyutanuM koI visarjana (discharge) nathI thatuM, eTale ja tyAM sudhI havA avAhaka ja rahe che. 2. jyAre aMdaranuM prezara 10 mi.mI.thI ochuM karavAmAM Ave che, tyAre baMne ilekTronanI vacce rahelA vAyumAM vidyutanuM visarjana thAya che tathA e vakhate kaDa-kaDa avAja paNa pedA thAya che. A dhvani paNa UrjAnuM eka vikiraNa (raditelin) che. 3. jyAre aMdaranuM dabANa 5 mi.mI.thI ochuM karavAmAM Ave che, tyAre vidyutanuM visarjana vadhu prakAzanA rUpamAM thAya che. 4. 2 mi.mI.nuM lagabhaga prezara thAya tyAre eka lAMbo camakadAra prakAzano pravAha ghana ilekTroDa (enoDa)thI lagabhaga RNa ilekTroDa (kethoDa) sudhI vahe che tathA kethoDanI pAse eka nakArAtmaka camaka pedA thAya che. AnI ane prakAzanA pravAhanI vacamAM saMpUrNa aMdhakAra dekhAya che. 5. jyAre presara 1 mi.mI. jeTaluM ochuM karavAmAM Ave che tyAre tUTelA pravAhanI vacamAM DAghA jevuM dekhAI Ave che. kyAMka prakAza, kyAMka aMdhakAra - A prakArano krama thAya che. 6. jyAre prezara 01 mi.mI.nuM karavAmAM Ave che tyAre AkhI naLImAM aMdhakAramaya thaI jAya che. e vakhate kethoDamAMthI eka adazya kaNanA kiraNo Ave che. A kethoDanA kiraNo jyAre sAmevALA kAcanA cheDA upara paDe che. tyAre e camakI UThe che. A camaka pratidIpti (fluorescence)nA kAraNe thAya che. 7. jyAre prezara 104 mi.mI.thI paNa ochuM karavAmAM Ave che tyAre vidyutanuM visarjana (discharge) lagabhaga samApta jevuM thaI jAya che. A prakriyAno upayoga phaloresenTa TyUba (TyUba lAITa) niyona sAIna, phUlaDa lAITsa, marakyurIlemsa AdimAM karavAmAM Ave che. 61 26

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6. agnikAyanuM svarUpa jainadarzanamAM teukAya (agni)nA jIva jaina darzana anusAra pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika, teukAyika, vanaspatikAyika ane trasakAyika - A cha prakAranA jIva hoya che. AcAraMga, dasa vaikAlika, prajJApanA AdimAM AnuM vistArathI varNana jovA maLe che. teukAya jIva e jIva che jenuM zarIra agninA svarUpamAM hoya che. AcAraMga sUtramAM teukAyika jIvonA astitvane daDhatApUrNa rIte svIkAra karatAM batAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke "je agnikAyika jIvalokanA astitvano asvIkAra kare che, e potAnA AtmAnA astitvano asvIkAra kare che~ sUkSma teukAyanA jIvo saMpUrNa lokamAM vyApta che. tathA sUkSmatAnA kAraNe apratihata (mArI na zakAya evA) hoya che. bAdara teukAyika jIvonA bhinna bhinna prakAronuM varNana thoDI bhinnatA sAthe maLe che. dasa vaikAlika sUtramAM enA ATha prakAra batAvavAmAM AvyA che. - 1. agni, 2. aMgArA, 3. murmura 4. arci, 5. jvALA, 6. alAta 7. zuddhAgni ane 8. ulkA.6 prajJApanA sUtramAM enA bAra bheda maLe che. 1. aMgArA 2. jvALA 3. murmara 4. arci, 5. alAta 6. zuddhAgni 7. ulkA, 8. vidyuta, 9. azani 10. nirdhAta 11. saMgharSasamusthita ane 12. sUryakAMtamaNi-nisRta. dasa vaikAlika sUtranA vyAkhyA graMthonA AdhAre AcArya mahAprajJae AnA artha A prakAre karyA che." 1. agni (agaAi) : lohapiMDamAM pravezelA sparzI zakAya evA tejasne agni kahe che. 69 Jain Educationa International 63 2. aMgArA (iMgAla) : jvALA vagaranA kolasAne aMgArA kahe che. lAkaDIno baLato dhumADA vagarano bhAga 27 For Personal and Private Use Only

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3. murkhara (bhukhura): gAyanAM sUkAM chANanI Aga, sUkuM ghAsa athavA bhUsAnI Aga, kSArAdimAM rahelA agnine murkhara kahe che. bhasmanA bArika agnikaNa murkhara che. 4. arci (azci) : mULa agnithI judI thayelI, vALA AkAzamAM gayelI parichinna, agnizikhA, dIpazikhAnA agnibhAgane arci kahe che. 5. jvALA (jAlaM) : saLagatA agni sAthe joDAyelI agnizikhAne jvALA kahe che. 73 6. alAta (alAya) : aDadhI baLelI lAkaDI.74 7. zuddha agni suddhAgarNi) : iMdhaNa vagarano agni.75 8. ulakA - (utkaMTha) : gaganAgni-vidyuta Adi. prajJApanA sUtranI TIkAmAM AcArya malayagirie A zabdonA kaMIka bhinna artha karyA che.77 1. aMgArA : dhumADA rahita (Aga) 2. vALA : jAjvalyamAna khadira Adi (lAkaDI)nI jvALA athavA agnithI pratibaddha dIpazikhA. 3. murmara : bhUsA AdinA agninA bhasma-mizrita agnikaNanA rUpamAM 4. arci : agnithI pratibaddha jvALA 5. alAta : aDadhI baLelI lAkaDI 6. zuddhAgni H loha-piMDamAM praviSTa agni 7. ulkA : AkAzIya piMDanA TukaDAnA patanathI utpanna thayelo agni 8. vidyuta : AkAzanI vIjaLInuM camakavuM. 9. azani : AkAzIya vIjaLInA paDatA agnimaya kaNo. 10. nirdhAta : vaikriya azinapAta 11. saMgharSa samusthita : araNI Adi lAkaDInA ghasAvAthI utpanna. 12. sUryakAMta maNi : sUryanA prakhara kiraNonA saMparka thavAthI sUryakAMta maNimAMthI je utpanna thAya che. AcAraMga-niryuktimAM ApelI sUci A pramANe che.79 A jagatamAM teukAya (agni)nA be prakAra che. (1) sUkSma teukAya (2) bAdara teukAya. sUkSma teukAya (agni) saMpUrNa lokamAM che ane bAdaka teukAya phakta aDhIdvipamAM-samudramAM ja che. 28

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bAdara teukAyanA pAMca prakAra A pramANe che. 1. aMgArA 2. agni 3.arci 4. jvALA ane 5. murkhara A pAMca prakAra bAda teukAya (agni)nA sUtramAM kahyA che. 1. aMgArA : jyAM dhumADo ane jvALA na hoya evuM baneluM iMdhaNa 2. agniiMdhaNamAM rahelI jalanakriyA svarUpa. vidyuta eTale AkAzamAM camakanArI ulkA ane azina (vaja)nA saMgharSathI utpanna thanArI sUryakAMta maNimAMthI saMsaraNa (pragaTa) thanArI ItyAdi. 3. aci : iMdhaNanI sAthe rahelI jvALA svarupa... 4. murmara : koI koI agninA kaNavALI bhasma. bAdara agnikAyanA A pAMca bheda che. dasa vaikAlikanI vyAkhyA graMtho-jinadAsacUrNi, agasthisaMhacUrNi ane haribhadriya TIkAmAM ApelA artho tathA AcAraMga-niryuktinI tulanA jyAre prajJApanAnI TIkAthI karIe chIe, to spaSTa thAya che aMgArA, vALA, murkhara, arci ane alAta nA viSayamAM moTebhAge badhAno samAna artha che. paNa agni, zuddhAgni, ulkA, vidyuta, azani, nirdhAta, saMgharSa-samusthita tathA sUryakAMtamaNimAMthI niHsRtanA viSayamAM arthabheda athavA vyAkhyA abhAva che. dasa vaikAlika vyAkhyAomAM agnine lokapiMDamAM pravezelA tejasanA rUpamAM batAvyo che - jo ke dasa vaikAlika sUtranI hAribhadriya TIkA ane jinadAsakRtacUrNibannemAM niridhana agnine zuddhAgninA rUpamAM mAnyA che. AcAraMga niryuktimAM "agninI aMdara iMdhanamAM rahelI jalanakriyA svarupa agninI sAthe vidyuta ulkA azani, saMgharSa-utpanna ane sUryakAMta maNi-niHsRta agnine lIdhela che. jyAre prajJApanA (mULa)mAM vidyuta Adi cha bheda svataMtra rUpamAM ja che ane "agnine svataMtra bhedanA rUpamAM mAnavAmAM dasa vaikAlika (mULa)mAM vidyuta Adi cha bhedomAM phakta ulkAno ullekha che ane vyAkhyAmAM ene "gaganAgni" tathA "vidyuta (AkAzIya vIjaLI) AdinA rUpamAM batAvyA che. A badhA bhedonI samIkSA karavAthI spaSTa thAya che ke agninA bhedonA viSayamAM paramparAno kramika vikAsa thayo che. dasa vaikAlikanI sUci pUrvatara che ane pannavaNAnI uttarakAlIna che. digambara graMthomAM mUlAcAramAM aMgArA, jvALA, aci murkhara, zuddhAgni ane agni-ema che bheda batAvyA che. emAM dasa vaikAlikanI mAphaka agni ane zuddhAgnine alaga alaga lIdhA che tathA 29 *

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AcArAMga niryuktinI mAphaka AkAzIya vidyuta, vaja (azani) vagerene zuddha agni aMtargata batAvyA che. enA AdhAra para ema lAge che ke dasa vaikAlikamAM batAvelA "agnimAM ayapiNDa loha-piMDa)mAM praviSTa agnine rAkhavAmAM Avyo hato, jene prajJApanAmAM zuddhAgninA rUpa mAnavAmAM Avyo tathA phakta "agnino bheda haTAvIne ulkA, AkAzanI vIjaLI, azani, nirdhAta Adine svataMtra bhedanA rUpamAM batAvyAM je dasa vaikAlikanI vyAkhyAmAM "ulkA' - gaganAgnimAM hatA tathA AcArAMga niryukti ane digaMbara graMtha mUlAcAramAM "zuddhAgnimAM hatA. dasa vaikAlikanI "zuddhAgnimAM "niribdhana agninA rUpamAM vyAkhyAno koI bIjo artha nathI nIkaLato. agatyasiMha kRta cUrNimAM "ete virese mosuNa suddhAgaNi" kahIne bAkInA badhAno samAveza zuddhAgninA rUpamAM ja ulkA, vidyuta, azani, nirdhAta, Adino svIkAra karI "nirindhana agni" artha paNa thAya che. jema apakAyika jIvomAM "zuddhodakIthI "aMtarikSajaLane lIdho che ane vAyukAyikamAM zuddha vAyumAM maMda, zAMta athavA ArTavAyune lIdho che ethI "zuddha'no artha che - prAkRtika. e pramANe "zuddhAgnimAM paNa 'ulkA Adi' (gaganAgni)ne mAnIe to ulkA AdinA bheda zuddhAgnimAM AvI jAya, jema AcArAMga niryuktimAM "agni'nA rUpamAM ene mAnyuM che athavA mUlAcAramAM "zuddhAgni'nA rUpamAM mAnavAmAM AvyuM che. saMgharSa-samusthita agninA udAharaNamAM araNInI lAkaDInA gharSaNanuM udAharaNa che. - Adi, zabdathI be cakamaka-pattharonA saMgharSane levAya che. sUryakAMta maNi saMbhavataH aMtargoLa (concave) lensa jevo maNi che jenA para tIvra sUrvikaraNone kendrita karI agni pedA karI zakAya che. A badhA prakAranI agninI utpatti jIvonI yoni banavAthI hoya che, jenI carcA ApaNe karI cUkyA chIe. paNa tejaskAyanI jIva-yoninI utpattimAM kAraNarUpa paudgalika upAdAnane samajyA vagara teukAyika jIvanA uparanA badhA prakAromAM rahelI samAnatA athavA lAkSaNikatA spaSTa thatI nathI. teukAyika jIvonI yonimAM uSNatAnI anivAryatA bahu spaSTatAthI batAvavAmAM AvI che ane pratyakSa jANI zakAya che - paNa emAM "uSNatA'no artha thaze sAmAnya tApamAnathI tIvra tApamAna. paNa ucita tApamAna vibhinna padArthonA saMbaMdhamAM vibhinna mApa thaze. keTalA tApamAna para kayo padArtha agninI yoni banI zake che, A mImAMsA Avazyaka che. enA sivAya "vAyunI upasthitinI paNa agnikAyika jIvo mATe 30

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anivAryatA batAvavAmAM AvI che. A kayA prakArano vAyu che jenA vagara teukAyika jIva jIvita na rahI zake? enI mImAMsA paNa apekSita che. AcArAMga-bhASyamAM ene prANavAyu batAvyo che. 3 - trIjuM kAraka che - kayo padArtha agni pedA karI zake che, kayo nahIM? eTale ke zuM badhA padArtha agnine utpanna karavAmAM zaktimAna che? - A mImAMsA paNa karavI joIe. pahelAM ApaNe vijJAnanA AdhAra para agninI prakriyAne samajIe ane pachI enI mImAMsA karIe, to Akho viSaya barAbara spaSTa thaze. jyAre-jyAre koIpaNa prakAranI agni utpanna thAya che tyAre tyAre je prakriyA bane che ene sAmAnya rIte 'baLavuM" athavA "dahana'nA rUpamAM thanArI eka rAsAyaNika kriyAnA rUpamAM jANI zakAya che. e prakriyAne vijJAnamAM "kaMbazcana' (combustion) eTale dahana" kahevAya che. vijJAna dvArA agninI vyAkhyA pAzcAtya jagatamAM vaijJAnika vikAsathI pahelA agninA viSayamAM ghaNo aMdhavizvAsa hato ane judI-judI mAnyatAo phelAyelI hatI. ene "devatA' rUpa mAnIne enI pUjA Adi karavAno ullekha mAnava-sabhyatAnA Adima yuganA itihAsamAM prApta thAya che. vaijJAnika kSetramAM rAsAyaNika vijJAnanA vikAsanI sAthe "agninI saMpUrNa vyAkhyA levoisiyara (loavoisier) nAmanA rasAyaNa vaijJAnike prastuta karI ane bhAvI zodhakhoLanI dizAo spaSTa thatAnI sAthe lAgyuM ke oNksijananI sAthe jvalanazIla padArthanA rAsAyaNika saMyoga ane uSmAnA vikiraNanI prakriyA ja kaMbazcana che tathA enA mULamAM abhi kriyAmAM bhAga lenArA padArthonuM "AyanIkaraNa' ionization) javAbadAra che.85 A pramANe agni eka rAsAyaNika prakriyA che. vaijJAnika zabdAvalimAM enuM nAma che - kaMbazcana athavA dahanakriyA. enI spaSTa paribhASA A pramANe che. dahanakriyAno artha che jvalanazIla padArtho (baLataNa)no oNksijananI sAthe rAsAyaNika saMyoga tathA uSmAnuM bahAra nIkaLavuM. kaMbazcanamAM vAparavAmAM AvelA baLataNa (jvalana padArtho)nI paribhASA ane vyAkhyA karatAM batAvavAmAM AvyuM che - "baLataNa e evo padArtha che, je saLagAvavAthI-eTale ke oksijananA saMparkamAM AvavAthI ane enI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA karavAthI-uSmA pedA kare che. baLataNamAM nIcenA jvalanazIla mULa tatvomAMthI eka athavA anekanuM hovuM 31

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anivArya che - kArbana, hAiDrojana ane hAiDro-kArbana" baLataNa athavA jvalana-zIla padArtha traNe avasthAomAM hoI zake che. ghana, pravAhI athavA gesa (vAyu).7 dahana-kriyA eka prakAranI rAsAyaNika kriyA hovAthI A kriyAnI utpatti paNa eTalI zIghratAthI ane tIvratAthI thAya che. jeTalI emAM bhAga levAvALA badhA padArtho (kArbana, oNksijana vagere)mAM saMparkanI nikaTatA hoya che tathA eno saMparkakSetra vizALa hoya che. eTale jvalanazIla padArthono oNksijananI sAthe saMyoga kaMbazcana sahita badhA prakAranI rAsAyaNika kriyAo uparokta siddhAMta para AdhAra rAkhe che. jvalanazIla padArtha bhale ghana, pravAhI athavA gesa avasthAmAM hoya paNa zuddha oNksijana athavA oNksijana-yukta havA (vAyu) jenAthI kaMbazcana thAya che. e haMmezAM gesa avasthAmAM ja hovI joIe.89 88 saghana (solid) baLataNa athavA jvalanazIla padArthomAM prAkRtika baLataNanA rUpamAM lAkaDI, kolasA, lignAiTa vagereno prayoga thAya che. pravAhI padArthomAM peTrola tathA vAyumaya padArthomAM prAkRtika vAyuno prayoga thAya che. vaijJAnikoe padArthone be prakAramAM vaheMcyA che. 1. jvalanazIla (combustible) 2. ajvalanazIla (Incombustible) lAkaDI, kolasA, ghI, tela, rasoImAM vaparAto gesa, ghAsa, rU, kapaDAM, kAgaLa vagere jvalanazIla padArtho che. emAM paNa peTrola, kerosIna, DIjhala vagere atijvalanazIla (highly inflammable) che. bIjI bAju dhULa, mATI, patthara, pANI vagere ajvalanazIla che. vAyuomAM kArbanaDAyokasAIDa (CO,) jevo vAyu paNa ajvalanazIla che. A badhAno upayoga agnizAmaka padArthanA rUpamAM che. moTA bhAganA jvalanazIla padArthomAM mukhyapaNe kArbana, hAiDrojana vagere ghaTaka tatvo hoya che, je svabhAvathI ja bahu jaladI kaMbazcayananI kriyA karI zake che. kaMbana athavA dahananI prakriyA A pramANe che. 1. jvalanazIla tattva hAjara hovuM joIe. 2. enI sAthe prANavAyu (oNksijana)no saMparka hovo joIe. 3. amuka nirdhArita uSNatAmAna prApta thavuM joIe. eka cokkasa uSNatAmAna 52 jyAre koIpaNa padArtha oNksijana/havAnI sAthe prakriyA karIne 'baLavA' lAge che, tyAre e uSNatAmAna 'jvalana-biMdu' athavA 'visphoTaka biMdu' kahevAya che. padArthanA baLavAmAM havA/prANavAyunI Jain Educationa International 32 For Personal and Private Use Only

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bhUmikA mukhya hoya che. prANavAyu judA judA prakAranA padArthonI sAthe bhinnabhinna gatithI prakriyA kare che - eTale ke bhinna-bhinna gatithI bALe che tathA e hisAbe tApa ane prakAza pedA kare che. udAharaNArtha-havAmAM lAkaDI 2950 kolasA 477deg selsiyasa, kerosIna 275deg selsiyasa tathA hAiDrojana gesa 58deg thI 590deg selsiyasa uSNatAmAna para baLaze. A tApamAnathI ochA para kaMbazcana nahi thAya. kayo padArtha keTalA tApamAna para jvalanakriyA karaze, enI sAraNI TippaNamAM ApavAmAM AvI che. 0 4. uparanI traNeya vastunI eka praNAli (system) banavI joIe. ATaluM thayA pachI eka rAsAyaNika kriyA thAya che jemAM kArbana jevuM mULa tatva oksijananI sAthe rAsAyaNika rUpamAM bhaLe che, jenA pariNAma svarUpa "agni' prakaTa thAya che, ane sAthe sAthe CO, (kArbana DAyokasAIDa) eTale ke dhumADo tathA rAkha ane bIjA aDadhA baLelA saghana padArtha paNa pedA thAya che. enI sAthe garamI, prakAza ane koI koIvAra dhvanirUpa UrjAnuM vikiraNa (radiation) thAya che. hAIDrojana oksijananI sAthe bhaLavAthI varALa thaI jAya che je H,0 nA rUpamAM hoya che. e ja pramANe so, salphara DAyoksAIDa), NO, (nAITrojana oksAIDa), 0, (ojona) vagere gesa paNa utpanna thaI zake che. koI koIvAra co (kArbana DAyokasAIDa) athavA mithena gesanA rUpamAM paNa pariNamana thAya che. A prakAranA gesa mithena, Ithena, kArbana-DAioksAiDa Adi) utpanna thaIne yogya uSNatAmAna maLavAthI pharI oNksijananI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA kare che ane agnine vadhAre tejasvI banAve che. jema lAkaDuM baLe che tyAre kArbonika gesa bane che. je oksijana sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA karI jvALA" athavA "lapeTa'nA rUpamAM baLe che. jyAre agninI prakriyA maMda-maMda rUpamAM cAle che tyAre A prakArano gesa nathI banato, e vakhate baLataNamAM rahelAM selyulojha, kArbohAIDreTsa athavA kArbana maMda gatithI garama thAya che. jyAre e jvalana-biMdu para pahoMce che tyAre prANavAyu (oNksijana)nI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA thAya che ane eksotharmika prakriyA eTale jemAM uSmAnA rUpamAM UrjAnuM vikiraNa hoya) dvArA uSmA (athavA tApa) ane kArbana-DAI-oksAIDa gesa bane che. A prakAranI Aga "aMgArA'nA rUpamAM baLe che. jyAre oNksijana ocho hoya che. jema ke rAkhathI DhaMkAI javAthI tyAre 33

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aMgArA bahuja ochI garamI utpanna kare che, oNksijananuM maLavuM "tApa' UrjAnuM utpanna thavuM ane eno vikiraNa dvArA nAza thavo A badhAmAM rAkhanuM AvaraNa eka saMtulana banAvI de che. eTale aMgArA lAla rahIne dhImI gatithI baLe che. - gharSaNathI agni : cakamaka jevA paththarane jyAre ekabIjA sAthe ghasIe chIe, tyAre gharSaNathI garamI pedA thAya che tathA pattharanA nAnA nAnA kaNa TUTIne lAla garama thaI jAya che. A garama kaNa AsapAsanI havAmAM cinagArInA rUpamAM baLavA lAge che. AvA gharSaNamAM vidyutabhAra paNa pedA thAya che. A pramANe "agni' koI kvanalazIla padArthano prANavAyu (oNksijana)nI sAthe rAsAyaNika prakriyA dvArA "svayaMbhU potAnI meLe) cAlavAvALI 'baLavA'nI prakriyA che. AnuSaMgika (by product) rUpamAM enI sAthe uSmA, prakAzanI UrjAnuM vikiraNa thAya che. sAdhAraNa agnimAM padArthanuM jvalana-aMka sudhI garama thaI javuM jarUrI che. A aMka sudhI pahoMcyA pahelAM ja padArthanuM gesa rUpamAM bASpIbhavana thaI zake che. A prakAranA padArthanA baLavAnI prakriyA bahuja pracaMDa thaI jAya che, jemake peTrola, baLavAnI gati padArthanA e guNa para nirbhara kare che ke e jvalanazIla che athavA atijvalanazIla. baLavAnI prakriyAne vadhu gatimAna karI zakAya che. agara temAM prayukta prANavAyunI A pUrtine niyaMtrita karI zakAya. teja havA ApIne baLavAnI prakriyAne teja karI zakAya. agni koIpaNa rUpamAM hoya paNa ene bALavAmAM sahayoga karavAvALo vAyu (jemAM prANavAyu che. jo na maLe to agni baLaze nahi. jo baLatI agnine prANavAyu maLavo baMdha thaI jAya to e tarata bujhAI jaze. baLatA dIpaka para DhAMkaNuM athavA vAsaNa rAkhIe to Aga thoDIvAramAM bujhAI jaze, kAraNa ke oNksijanano pUravaTho baMdha thaI gayo che. jyAM sudhI DhAMkaNAMnI pAchaLa bacelo oNksijana pUro nahIM thaI jAya, tyAM sudhI dIpaka baLato raheze. pachI e tarata bujhAI jaze. baLataNa tyAM sudhI ja baLe che, jyAM sudhI ene oNksijana maLato rahe che. - A eka sArvatrika niyama che. baLatA aMgArA para dhULa, mATI, pANI vagere nAkhIe to aMgArA bujhAI jAya che. Ama karavAthI oNksijanano saMparka tUTI jAya che. A badhAM padArtha agnizAmaka che, kAraNake e pote ajvalanazIla che. oNksijana sivAyanA kUvAmAM rahelA nAiTrojana, orgona (Argon), niyona (Neon), jhenona (Xenon)

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vagere geso "InaTa (Inet) niSkriya hovAthI enA dvArA agni baLato nathI. havAmAM A badhA geso lagabhaga 80 TakA tathA oNksijana mAtra 20 TakAja che. paNa agnimAM upayogI to phakta oNksijana ja che. jo koI vAsaNa athavA balba AdimAM oksijana nahIM hoya, ane emAM koI anya vAyu bharIe to emAM agni baLI zakato nathI. (to paNa apavAda rUpamAM klorina athavA kulorina gesamAM paNa hAiDrojana vagere padArtho dvArA vizeSa rAsAyaNika kriyAnA pariNAma svarUpa jvalanakriyA thaI zake che. paNa klorina, phUlorina athavA oNksijananI hAjarI vagara agni baLavo saMbhava nathI. niSkriya gesomAM oNksijananA abhAvamAM to agni kyAreya paNa baLI zakatI nathI. ilekTrika balbamAM niSkriya gesa bharAya che. athavA zUnyAvakAza rakhAya che. eTale emAM oNksijanano abhAva tathA jvalanazIla padArthanA abhAvane kAraNe agni baLavAnI kriyA thaI zakatI nathI. balbamAM TaMgasTana dhAtu garama thAya to paNa baLato nathI. eTalA mATe nAITrojana vagere niSkriya gesa balbamAM bharavAmAM Ave che. A viSayanI vistRta carcA "balbanI prakriyA' viSayanI aMdara karavAmAM Avaze. klorina-phalorinanA apavAdane choDIne koIpaNa jagyAe oNksijananA abhAvamAM koIpaNa prakAranI agni baLavAnI kriyAno koIe anubhava nathI karyo. eTale A niyama banI jAya che ke jyAM jyAM oNksijanano abhAva che. tyAM tyAM agnino abhAva che. DaoN. je. jaine eka praznanI carcA karI che - zuM "agni'mAM oNksijananI sAthe eka svapoSI (svayaM poSaNa) rAsAyaNika prakriyA ja pUratI che? athavA e prakriyAthI AgamAM sacita teukAya pedA karavAmAM athavA "tApanI sAthe sAthe prakAzanuM pedA thavuM paNa jarUrI rAhata che? eTale sacita agnino mApadaMDa zuM che? AvI svayaM poSaNa meLavatI rAsAyaNika kriyAo bahu che, jemAM tApa (garamI) pedA thAya che, paNa dazya-prakAza pedA nathI thato. zuM ene sacita kahevAya? 1. thamiTa (thermit) prakriyAne AganI zreNImAM rAkhavI paDaze, kAraNake emAM garamInI sAthe "prakAza' paNa pedA thAya che. 2. klorophila prakAzanI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA karIne havAnI rahelA CO,mAMthI kArbana ane oNksijana banAve che. paNa prakAza pedA nathI karatuM eTale acita che. 35

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3. CaOcUnAnA pANI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA thavAthI "garamI pedA thAya che. paNa prakAza pedA nathI thato, blIciMga pAuDara paNa A zreNImAM Ave che. A "sacita agni' nathI. 4. svapoSI kriyA (Self sustaining)no artha zuM che? e samajIe jyAre rAsAyaNika prakriyAmAM bhAga lenArA padArthone puravaTho barAbara maLato raheze tyAre emAM ekavAra prakriyA zarU thayA pachI te cAlatI raheze. eTale ke prakriyA zarU karavA mATe jema-Aga zarU karyA vagara ja baLataNa havAmAM paDyuM rahe che) e padArthonuM bhegA paDI rahevuM pUratuM nathI emAM ekabIjA sAthe prakriyA zarU karAvavI paDe che. bahAranA sAdhanathI jemake garamInuM saMgrahaNa thaI javuM sponge iron, bleaching powder vageremAM paNa pANI ane cUnAnI rAsAyaNika prakriyA zarU karAvavA mATe A zarata nathI. emAM to e be nA maLI javAthI ja rAsAyaNika prakriyA zarU thaI jAya che. jema HCI hAIDroklorIka esIDa (mIThAno esIDa) ane sata(gn)no meLa emAM garamI utpanna thAya che. keTalIka kriyAo garamI utpanna zarU thAya che. jo UMcu tApamAna rAsAyaNika kriyA che. jo te svapoSI nathI tathA jo emAMthI tApa-prakAza nathI nIkaLato, to sacita agninI zreNImAM nathI. sAdhAraNa agnimAM havAnuM hovuM jarUrI che. "agnine zarU karavA mATe e padArthamAM thoDI tApazaktino praveza karAvavo paNa jarUrI che. A tApa bahAranA agnithI, cinagArIthI, sUryanI rozanIthI athavA I.ema.laherothI athavA vidyutathI athavA anya rAsAyaNika prakriyAthI apAya che. phakta eka vakhata garamI ApIne A prakriyA zarU karAya che. pachI Aga svapoSI banI jAya che. (1) jyAM sudhI oNksijana (athavA apavAda rUpa klorina-phalorina) maLaze nahIM, tyAM sudhI agni baLaze nahi. (2) jyAM sudhI jvalanabiMdunuM cokkasa uSNatAmAna prApta nahIM thAya tyAM sudhI agni baLaze nahi - eTale "ghUsolDa' (Threshold) nyUnatama sImAbiMdu) pAra karyA vagara agni baLaze nahi. (3) jyAM sudhI jvalanazIla padArtha baLataNanA rUpamAM nahi maLe, tyAM sudhI agni pragaTaze nahi. (4) jyAM sudhI uSmAnI sAthe sAthe prakAzanI UrjAnuM vikiraNa nahi thAya. tyAM sudhI agni pragaTaze nahi. saMkSepamAM kahIe to 1. oNksijana 36

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2. jvalanazIla padArtha 3. jvalanabiMdu-uSNatA 4. uSmA ane prakAzanuM vikiraNa A cAreyanuM ekasAthe hovuM e agninI anivArya zarato che. tApamAna (Temperature) ApaNA zarIranuM uSNatAmAna 37deg senTIgreDa rahe che. bIjA padArtho zarIra karatA keTalA UMcA athavA nIcA uSNatAmAna para che. enA AdhAre ene ThaMDA athavA garama kahevAya che. tApamAna aNu, paramANu ane ilekTronanI eka uzkerAyelI (excited) avasthAne jAhera kare che. emAM tApa-UrjA jarUrI che, paNa vadhAre uSNatAmAna hovA chatAM paNa emAM tejaskAyanA jIva hovA jarUrI nathI. jema ke bujhAelA cUlAnI bahuja garama rAkha. 1. rAsAyaNika prakriyA (Exothermic)thI uSNatAmAna vadhe che - jemake baLavuM'. A prakriyA emAM bhAga lenAra padArthonA guNo para AdhAra rAkhe che. emAM garamI ane prakAza banne bahAra nIkaLe che. dhIme-baLavAnI prakriyAmAM prakAza bahu ja thoDo nIkaLe che. jorathI baLavAmAM athavA jvalanazIla padArthomAM e "gesa" avasthAmAM badalAI jaIne baLe che, jene AganI jvALA kahe che. 2. gharSaNathI - garamI" ane ilekTrika cArja pedA thAya che. zuM pedA thaze ane keTalo pramANamAM pedA thaze - e gharSaNamAM bhAga lenArA padArthonA guNo para AdhAra rAkhe che. jemake cakamakano paththaramAM paththara sapATInuM uSNatAmAna vadhe che. vAdaLomAM ekamekanA gharSaNathI vIjaLIno cArja pedA thAya che. banne hatheLIone ghasavAthI enuM uSNatAmAna vadhI jAya che. 3. tApa-kiraNonuM zoSaNa - sUryanA prakAza ane garamIne pRthvI cUsI le che. jyAre pRthvI sUryanI sAme hoya che. enAthI pRthvInuM uSNatAmAna vadhe che - pRthvI paranA khAsa karIne ghana ane pravAhI padArthonuM. gesa padArthonuM tApamAna conduction ane convection nI kriyAthI vadhe che. pRthvI paranA sucAlaka padArthonuM uSNatAmAna jaladI vadhI jAya che. rAtre garama pRthvI potAnI garamIne AkAzamAM choDIne karIne potAne pAchI ThaMDI kare che - divasanA vakhatamAM paNa garama ane prakAzita pRthvI pote paNa AkAzamAM (emit) prakAza ane tApa (radiate) kare che. prakAza ane tApanuM phakta "parAvartana" karavAmAM Ave che, eno artha che ke sUryanA kiraNone potAnI aMdara grahaNa karIne garamI ane prakAzanuM utpAdana nathI karAtuM. e ja pramANe sUryanA kiraNone aMtargoLa parAvartaka (concave reflection) ghanIbhUta karI zakAya che. sUrya kUkara (solar cooker)mAM A vidhithI sUryanA kiraNo 37

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dvArA khAvAnuM rAMdhavAmAM Ave emAM eTalI badhI garamI pedA karI zakAya ke pANIne varALamAM badalI zakAya che. A prakriyAmAM rAMdhavAnI vastuo agnikAyanA sIdhA saMsarga-sparza (contact)mAM nathI AvatI. eTale sacita nathI thatI ane na to aMtargoLa darpaNa "tApa UrjA ane prakAzane pedA kare che. e to mAtra UrjAne ghanIbhUta kare che, eTale (concave minor) aMtargoLa darpaNa pote paNa sacitta agnikAya athavA cUlAnI gaNatarImAM AvatuM nathI. uSNatAmAna ane teukAya "koI padArthane phakta garama karavAthI ja temAM teukAyanA jIvo pedA nathI thaI jatA. e ja pramANe parama zUnya uSNatAmAna (Absolute zero)nI sarakhAmaNImAM dareka padArtha garama che. jo koI padArtha (saghana, dravya, gesa)nuM uSNatAmAna ApaNA zarIranA 37 se. uSNatAmAna karatA vadhAre hoya to ApaNe e padArthane garama kahIe chIe. paNa "teukAya jIva to koI padArtha baLe tyAre ja pedA thAya che." lAla garama loDhuM paNa teukAyanA jIva nathI rAkhatuM, jyAM sudhI te prANavAyunI sAthe prakriyA karIne "baLavAnuM zarU nathI karatuM. luhAranuM lAlacoLa loDhuM prANavAyu sAthe maLIne baLavAnuM zarU kare che jo ke AvI rIte baLatuM dhImuM baLavAnuM che. bhaThThImAM pigaLeluM lAla loDhuM prANavAyunI sAthe tarata prakriyA kare che. eTale emAM teukAya pedA thavAnI vadhAre saMbhAvanA che. 4000 senTigreDa sudhI garama loDhAnA piMDamAM teukAya pedA thavAnI saMbhAvanA ochI che. eno potAno raMga paNa badalAto nathI. paNa e tApakramathI vadhAre upara garama karavAthI eno raMga badalAIne lAla raMga thavAno zarU thAya che. ahIM dhyAna ApavAnI vAta e che ke phakta ucca tApamAna sudhI pahoMcI javA mAtrathI tyAM sudhI ke lAla garama thaI javAthI ja teukAyanA jIva pedA nathI thatA ene mATe to e padArthanI sAthe prANavAyunI rAsAyaNika kriyA karI 'baLavuM jarUrI che. anukuLa tApamAna jvalanazIla padArthane anukuLa saMyoga na maLe to agninI utpatti nathI thatI. oNksijanano saMyoga hoya paNa yogya uSNatAmAna na hoya to agni pedA nathI thato, jema ke peTrola atijvalanazIla padArtha che je khullI havAnA saMyogamAM paNa che, paNa jo jarUrI uSNatAmAna maLe to jvalanatA zarU nathI * 38

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thatI. peTrolanuM jvalanabiMdu lAkaDA athavA kolasAnI sarakhAmaNImAM nIcuM hoya che, eTale sAdhAraNa uSNatAmAna vadhe to paNa peTrola baLI jAya che. eja pramANe koI padArtha je atijvalanazIla che) bahu thoDA tApamAnanI vRddhinI sAthe baLavA lAge che. jyAre bIjA padArthone te baLavA mATe bahu UMcuM tApamAna jarUrI che. dIvAsaLInA gharSaNa dvArA uSNatAmAna vRddhi karI enA cheDA (mAthA) para lAgelo dArU (je ati jvalanazIla padArtha che) ene saLagAvI zakAya che. saLagatI dIvAsaLIthI vadhAre tApamAna pedA thAya che, jemAM anya jvalanazIla padArthane bALI zakAya che. baLatA kolasAnI agninuM tApamAna lagabhaga 1300 DigrI selsiyasa mApavAmAM AvyuM che. jarUrI mAtrAmAM ucca uSNatAmAna tathA oNksijanano yoga-e banne maLavAthI jvalanazIla padArtha dvArA agni pedA thaI zake che. ene aneka udAharaNathI spaSTa karI zakAya che, dAkhalA tarIke - (1) agninI jvALA ucca uSNatAmAna para baLato gesa che. (2) aMgArA ane murkhara (agnikaNa) ucca uSNatAmAna para baLatuM saghana baLataNa che. (3) AkAzanI vIjaLImAM AyanIkRta gesanI garama (plasma) plAjamA che. e vakhate A plAnamAM prakAzita thavAnI sAthe oksijananI sAthe baLe che. jyAre vIjaLI camake che, avAja kare che enI pahelA e vAdaLAmAM sTeTika (sthira) vidyutanA rUpamAM acita pudgalanA rUpamAM rahelI hoya che. (4) cakamakanA gharSaNathI utpanna agnimAM paNa gharSaNathI garama thaIne havA (oNksijananI sAthe baLanArA sUkSma kaNa hoya che. (5) pravAhInA rUpamAM raheluM baLataNa moTe bhAge gesa banIne phUlesa poInTa (flash point) para oksijana sAthe baLe che. AnuM tAtparya e che ke koIpaNa jvalanazIla padArtha-pachI te saghana hoya, tarala hoya, tarala ho athavA gesa-jvalana-bindu para oksijananI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA dvArA ja agni pedA kare che. plAjamA avasthAmAM paNa A prakriyA che - jyAM sudhI oNksijana sAthe saMyoga nathI thato, tyAM sudhI agni prajvalita nathI thatI. jyAre Avo saMyoga thAya che tyAre garamI ane prakAzanuM utsarjana sAthe sAthe thAya che. dhAtuo ucca uSNatAmAna para pigaLe che. jo oksijana na maLe, to 39

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dhAtu pigaLe che. pravAhI rUpa laI le che, paNa baLI nathI zakatI. nIcenA koSTakamAM dhAtunA pigaLanAMka ApyA che. dhAtu | pigaLanAMka sonuM 1062 DigrI se. pleTinama 1770 DigrI se. TaeNsTana 3643 DigrI se. ilekTrika kArbana ArkanuM uSNatAmAna - 5500 DigrI se. sUryanuM aMdaranuM uSNatAmAna - 2 karoDa DigrI se. tArAonuM utkRSTa uSNatAmAna - 4 karoDa DigrI se.69 padArtha (matter) nuM je UrjA (energy)nA rUpamAM rUpAMtaraNa thAya che, te moTe bhAge jvalanakriyAmAM UrjAnA rUpamAM hoya che. paNa sarakhAmaNImAM enI mAtrA ghaNI ochI hoya che. dA.ta. 3000 Tana kolasAne bALavA para phakta 1 grAma kolasA jeTaluM dravyamAna (mass)nuM UrjAnA rUpamAM pariNamana thAya che. bAkI padArthanuM rUpAMtaraNa kArbana monokasAiDa ane rAkhanA rUpamAM thAya che, AnuM saMyukta dravyamAna athavA daLa (mass) 3000 TanamAMthI phakta 1 grAmamAMthI prApta thAya che. A prakriyAne jo nyUkliyara riekTaramAM karavAmAM Ave, to emAM kArbananuM nyUkliyasa oNksijananA nyUkliyasanI sAthe maLIne silikonanA nyUkliyasane utpanna kare che tathA UrjAnuM utsarjana 14x106 yUniTa jeTaluM pratigrAma thAya che. A pramANe jvalana-kriyA eka rAsAyaNika kriyA che, jemAM jvalanazIla padArthanA kArbana Adi tattva oNksijana sAthe maLIne uSmA ane prakAzanA rUpamAM UrjAnuM utsarjana karIne rAkha Adi padArtha, kArbana monokasAIDa athavA kArbanaDAyokasAiDa Adi gesa utpanna kare che. A jvalanakriyAne ApaNe prajvalana athavA agninA rUpamAM joIe chIe. agni, jvALA vagerenuM prakTIkaraNa AnuM ja pariNAma che. agni ane uSmA garamImAM aMtara agni ane uSmA (garamI) banne eka nathI. "agni kaMbazcana (dahanakriyA)nA rUpamAM pragaTa thanArI rAsAyaNika kriyA che. jyAre uSmA UrjAnuM eka rUpa che. e padArthamAM rahelAM aNu-gucchonI jhaDapanI ghaTa-vadha pramANe padArthamAMthI vikirita

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thAya che. 101 uSmAnI vikiraNanuM utsarjana uSmAnAM vikiraNo (heat radiations) badhA padArtho dvArA utsarjita thatI ja hoya che. enA dvArA ja ApaNane padArthanI garamIno anubhava thAya che. badhA uSNatAmAnanA guNo badhA padArthomAM haMmezAM vidyamAna hoya che. badhA padArtha zUnya DigrI nirapekSa uSNatAmAna (degree absolute)nI sarakhAmaNImAM vadhAre uSNatAmAnavALA hoya che. zUnya DigrIthI upara jema jema padArthanuM uSNatAmAna vadhe che, tema tema enI uSmAnI vikiraNonuM utsarjana paNa vadhe che. A utsarjanaje UrjA (energy)nA rUpamAM hoya che, ene uSmA UrjA kahe che. uSmA UrjAnuM utsarjana be vAto para nirbhara che - 1. padArthanuM uSNatAmAna 2. padArthanI sapATInuM svarUpa padArthamAMthI nIkaLanAra uSmA vikiraNonA taraMgo (waves) paNa vidyutacuMbakIya taraMgonA rUpamAM hoya che - e ja pramANe jema prakAzanA taraMgo hoya che tema paraMtu enI taraMga laMbAI (wave-length) "inphAreDa" taraMgonI koTimAM hovAthI AMkho dvArA joI zakAtI nathI. e taraMgonI laMbAI 8410thI laIne 4410 mITaranI vacamAM che, jyAre prakAzanA taraMgonI laMbAI 4x10 thI 8410 mITara sudhInI che. uSmA taraMgonA vizeSa lakSaNo A pramANe che - (1) e haMmezAM samarekhAmAM prakAzanI gati (vega)thI prasArita thAya che. (2) ene prasArita thavA mATe koI mAdhyamanI jarUra nathI; eTale e zUnyAvakAza | (vacuum)mAM paNa prasArita thaI zake che. (3) e je mAdhyamathI pasAra thAya che, ene garama nathI karatI. (4) mULa srotathI dUra javAthI enI tIvratA ghaTatI jAya che. (5) prakAza-taraMgonI jema enuM parAvartana (reflection) Adi thAya che. (6) prakAza-taraMgonI sarakhAmaNImAM enI UrjA (energy) ochI hoya che. "sTiphana-borDjhamena niyama anusAra uSmA-vikiraNanI mAtrAnuM nirdhAraNa thAya che. ApelA uSmIya vikiraNamAM kaI AvRttinA vidyutacuMbakIya taraMgonuM vikiraNa keTalA pramANamAM che teno nirdhAra vikiraNanuM utsarjana karatA padArthanA 41

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tApamAna ane padArthanI jAta para che. udAharaNa tarIke, lokhaMDanA eka TukaDAne sagaDI para garama karatAM te prathama jhAMkho lAla dekhAya che. pachI vadhAre garama thatAM te lAlAza paDato pILo dekhAya che, ane khUba tApamAna vadhAratAM te zveta jevo dekhAvA mAMDe che. A siddhAMtathI A spaSTa thAya che ke jema jaina darzana "Apa" sUryano prakAza ne paudgalika pariNamana mAne che ema vijJAna anusAra paNa "uSmAvikiraNa" phakta paugalika pariNamana che tathA phakta paudgalika UrjA athavA dravya che, ema uSmAvikiraNa paNa acitta athavA nirjIva ja che. badhA padArthomAMthI haMmezAM A vikiraNo nIkaLyA ja kare che ane ApaNA zarIra dvArA enuM grahaNa thayA ja kare che. A prakriyAnA saMdarbhamAM dhAtunI garama thavAnI prakriyAne saraLatAthI samajAvI zakAya che. dhAtumAM vidyutapravAha dhAtunI vidyuta vAhakatA (conductivity)nuM kAraNa che - ilekTrononuM svataMtra vicaraNa. A ilekTrono jyAre vAhakamAMthI pasAra thAya che, tyAre vAhakamAM dolana (oscillation) karatA ghana Ayano (positive ions)nI sAthe enI Takkara thAya che. A Takkaro vakhate ilekTronanI UrjAno thoDo aMza dolana karanArA Ayanone maLe che. lIdhe AyanonuM dolana vadhAre jhaDapI ane avyavasthita thaI jAya che. A Ayanone maLelI UrjA uSmAurjAnA rUpamAM pragaTa thAya che. e pramANe dhAtu (vAhaka)mAMthI jyAre vidyutano pravAha vahe che, tyAre uSmAUrjAnuM utpAdana thAya che. ene "jUla" uSmA kahevAya che ane A prakriyAne "jUla prabhAva" (Joule effect) kahevAya che, kAraNake enI zodha "jUla" nAmanA vaijJAnike karI hatI. vidyutabhAra ane vAhakanA banne cheDAnI vacce rahelA vidyuta sthitimAnano taphAvata (potential difference) je volTejanA rUpamAM che. eno guNAkAra karavAthI uSmA-UrjAnuM mApa kADhI zakAya che. prati sekaMDamAM utpanna thatI uSmAnI mAtrA vidyuta-pravAhano jaththo (karaMTa, je empiyaramAM mapAya che)nA varganA samapramANamAM hoya che. A jUlano niyama kahevAya che. A niyama anusAra TeMsTana dhAtunA philAmenTamAMthI pasAra thanArA vidyutapravAhanA samapramANamAM uSmA UrjA pedA thAya che. A UrjA paNa paudgalika che. Aja uSmA-UrjA prakAzanI sAthe (balbamAMthI bahAra nIkaLe) che. AvI rIte oksijananA abhAvamAM dhAtune garama karIe to paNa e baLatuM 42

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nathI. phakta enuM uSNAtAmAna vadhI jAya che. bahu vadhAre uSNatAmAna thavAthI dhAtunA paramANuthI UrjAnuM utsarjana prakAzanA rUpamAM thavA lAge che. sAthe sAthe thoDA pramANamAM uSmA-UrjA paNa utpanna thAya che, paNa baLavAnI kriyA nathI thatI. jo uSNatAmAna dhAtunA pigaLavAnA biMdu (melting point) sudhI pahoMcI jAya che, to dhAtu pIgaLavA lAge che ane pravAhI rUpa laI le che. jo uSNatAmAna vadhAravAmAM Ave to Akhare e vAyunA rUpamAM pariName che. A AkhI prakriyAmAM kyAMya paNa koI rAsAyaNika kriyA thatI nathI, phakta bhautika kriyA ja thAya che, eTale enuM sadhanathI pravAhI ane pravAhIthI vAyunA rUpamAM parivartana thAya che tathA sAthe sAthe UrjAnuM utsarjana thAya che. bhautika kriyAno artha che ke uSNatAmAna vadhavAnI sAthe dhAtunA aNuguccho (molecules) uttejita thAya che ane enI jhaDapa vadhI jAya che. A jhaDapa prakAza ane uSmAnI UrjAnA rUpamAM badalAya jAya che tathA dhAtu prakAzita thaI jAya che. dhAtunuM prakAzita thavuM dhAtunI aMdara rahelI UrjAnuM utsarjana mAtra che, emAM dhAtu baLatI nathI ke rAkha, gesa vagere pedA thatA nathI. pAchI dhAtu jyAre ThaMDI thAya che tyAre pAchuM potAnuM asalI rUpa meLavI le che. - eTale jevI hatI evI thaI jAya che. agnimAM baLataNa baLe che tyAre mULa baLataNa khalAsa thaI jAya che. emAM rAsAyaNika prakriyA thAya che. baLataNanuM rUpAMtaraNa rAkha, gesa Adi padArthonA rUpamAM thAya che ane sAthe sAthe UrjAnuM utsarjana thAya che. agninI prakriyA pachI baLataNa pharI potAnuM rUpa prApta nathI karatuM. A kriyA spaSTa rAsAyaNika kriyA che. jyAre dhAtunI upara mujabanI kriyA phakta bhautika kriyA che. have ApaNe ilekTrika balbamAM prakAza karanAra TaMgsTananA tAranI prakriyAne spaSTa rIte samajI zakIe chIe. jyAre tAramAM vidyuta pravAha vahe che, tyAre vidyuta-UrjAnuM rUpAMtaraNa uSmA-UrjAmAM thavAthI TaMgsTana dhAtu UMcA uSNatAmAna para prakAzita thavA lAge che. A AkhI prakriyAmAM kyAMya paNa jvalana-kriyA athavA agninuM pariNamana thatuM nathI. agninI prakriyAmAM anivArya Avazyaka oNksijanano balbamAM tadana abhAva che. eTale yogya uSNatAmAna hovA chatAM paNa tathA prakAza ane uSmAnuM utsarjana thavA chatAM paNa na to agninI prakriyA thAya che, na to baLataNa baLyA pachI utpanna thanArI rAkha, gesanI utpatti thAya che. agni saMbaMdhI bIjI thoDI jANavA jevI vAto (1) keTalIka rAsAyaNika kriyAo evI hoya che, jemAM uSmA vadhe che paNa temAM 43

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agni nathI hoto. jema pANImAM cUno (CaO) nAMkhavAthI eksotharmika riekzana thAya che - pANI garama thaI jAya che. (2) havAnA oNksijana sAthe loDhuM sAmAnya tApamAna para ja bheja prApta thavAthI pherasa oksAIDa ('kATa'nA rUpamAM) pedA kare che. paNa emAM tApamAna sImAnI aMdaraja rahe che. A prakriyAmAM uSmA athavA prakAza niSpanna thato nathI. eTale kATa e agninI kriyA nathI. (3) phospharasa sAmAnya uSNatAmAna para oNksijananI sAthe maLIne oksAiDa bane che ane prakAza paNa kare che. A prakAzane "phospharasa' kahevAya che. ahiM uSNatAmAna vadhatuM nathI. 44

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7. AkAzanI vIjaLI (Lightning) ilekTrisiTInuM judA-judA rUpomAM judI judI rIte pariNamana thAya che. sthita vidyuta (static electricity) cala-vidyuta (current electricity) ane vidyutanuM DiscArja visarjana) - A traNa rUpomAM vidyuta (ilekTrisiTI)nuM pariNamana thaI zake che. jema ApaNe joI gayA tema vidyuta pote to paudgalika paryAyanA rUpamAM che. A paugalika paryAyanuM kayuM pariNamana "sacita teukAyanA rUpamAM pariNata thaze ane kayuM phakta paudgalika athavA acita pariNamana ja raheze e viSaya barAbara samajavo joIe. AkAzanI vIjaLI (je AkAzamAM vIjaLInA rUpamAM camake che) tathA vidyutanA bIjA rUpo kyAM sudhI ekarUpa che, ane kyAM sudhI bhinna che - enuM ciMtana paNa ApaNe karavAnuM che. haju sudhImAM ApaNe joI gayA chIe - (1) sthita (static) avasthAmAM IlekTrisiTI avAhaka athavA kuvAhaka padArthomAM paNa hoya che. jyAM sudhI e eja rUpamAM rahe che tyAM sudhI e phakta bhautika athavA paudgalika rUpa che. (2) pravAha (current)nA rUpamAM suvAhaka athavA ardhavAhaka padArthomAM jyAre vidyuta-dhArA pravAhita thAya che tyAre paNa te phakta paugalika rUpamAM ja che. tAra (wire)mAM pasAra thanArI vidyuta game teTalI tIvra hoya to paNa jyAM sudhI e tAranI aMdara rahe che tyAM sudhI e svayaM mAtra paugalika astitva che, acita che. zarIramAM pravAhamAna vidyuta-pravAha paNa pote khAlI paugalika ja che. (3) ilekTrisiTIno DiscArja athavA vidyutabhAranuM visarjana kayA prakAre thAya 45

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che - A viSayamAM have ApaNe carcA karIzuM tathA joIzuM ke AkAzanI vidyutanI prakriyAnA rUpamAM A kriyA kevI rIte thAya che? pUbInu vAta vidyuta 0ighpaNe jANI AkAzanI vidyuta (lightning) tathA enuM pRthvI para patana je "azanipAta athavA vIjaLInA kaDAkAnA rUpamAM ApaNe jANIe chIe, e thavA mATe nIcenA kAraNo javAbadAra che - (1) pRthvI pote vidyuta bhArathI (yukta) che. (2) vAdaLomAM "sthita-vidyuta-bhAra" utpanna thAya che. (3) pRthvInuM vAtAvaraNa (atmosphere) 400 kilomITara sudhI uparanI dizAmAM phelAyeluM che. enA be stara jene Troposphiyara ane sTreTosphiyara kahevAya che, enI vacamAM havAnuM AyanIkaraNa thavAthI plAjamAnuM nirmANa thAya che. (4) vAdaLonA be staronI vacamAM eka bahu ja zaktizALI vidyutabaLanuM nirmANa thAya che. (1) sarvaprathama to ApaNe e jANavuM joIe ke vAtAvaraNamAM havAnI sAthe sAthe oNksijana tathA bIjA geso ane halakA nAnA nAnA kaNo tathA halakA jvalanazIla taMtuo Adi paNa mojuda hoya che. bheja athavA varALanA rUpamAM pANInA molikyUla (molecules) paNa upara cAlyA jAya che. jvalanazIla gesa athavA anya sUkSma jvalanazIla padArthone ucca uSNatAmAnano yoga maLavAthI te agninA rUpamAM badalI zake che. (2) pRthvInI sapATIthI lagabhaga 12 kilomITara sudhInuM vAtAvaraNa "Troposphiyara" kahevAya che. tyAMthI laIne pRthvInI sapATIthI lagabhaga 50 kilomITara upara sudhI phelAyeluM vAtAvaraNa "sTreTosphiyara" kahevAya che. sTreTosphiyaranuM stara vAtAvaraNanI ilekTrikala prakriyAo mATe javAbadAra che, jenI aMdara) vIjaLI camakavAnI bInAo banyA kare che. (3) pRthvI pote ilekTrisiTInI suvAhaka che. paNa vAtAvaraNanA nIcenA stara paranI havA vidyutanI avAhaka ane kuvAhaka che. have UMcA stara para bAhya aMtarikSamAMthI jANe brahmAMDI vikiraNo (cosmic rays)nI bomba varSA thayA kare che. A vikiraNo pracaMDa UrjAvALA kaNo athavA taraMgonA rUpamAM hoya che. e jyAre vAtAvaraNa sAthe TakarAya che, tyAre vAtAvaraNamAM rahelI havA tathA anya gesonuM AyanIkaraNa thaI jAya che. AyanIkaraNano artha 46

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enA paramANuomAM ilekTrona athavA poTrona chUTA paDI jAya che. jethI paramANu svayaM + (ghana) athavA - (RNa) vidyutabhAravALA banI jAya che. tene lIdhe vAtAvaraNanI AyanIkRta havA gesamAM paNa thoDo thoDo vAhakatAno guNa AvI jAya che. jema jema ApaNe 'vAtAvaraNa'mAM UMce jaIe tema-tema vidyutanI suvAhakatA vadhatI jAya che. sTreTosphiyaranA uparanA stara para eTale enI Toca para AkhuM vAtAvaraNa bahu ja zaktizALI suvAhaka banI jAya che. (A banAva pRthvIthI lagabhaga 60 kilomITara upara bane che) ene lIdhe pRthvInI sapATI ane sTreTosphiyaranI uparanA staranI vacce ilekTrika prakriyAnI zakyatA vadhI jAya che. e banne suvAhaka che eTale emanI vacce vidyuta-sthitimAnano taphAvata vidyuta-baLanuM kArya kare che. je vAdaLAM bahu upara hoya che. emAM pANI varALanA rUpamAM ja hoya che, pANInA kaNanA rUpamAM nahi. A vAdaLAM sAmAnya vAtAvaraNamAM rahelI havAnI mAphaka ilekTrisiTInA kuvAhaka nathI hotA. pRthvInI sapATI para je vidyuta sthitimAna (electric potential) hoya che, enI ane vAdaLonA nIcenA hissAmAM ekatrita vidyuta sthitimAnanI vacce je taphAvata (potential difference) che, e bahu ja pracaMDa banI zake che. e lagabhaga 20 karoDa volTa jeTaluM thaI zake che. Ane lIdhe traNa kilomITara jADA vAtAvaraNanA tharamAM eka jabarajasta vidyuta-kSetra pravarte che. A kSetranI dizA uparanI tarapha hoya che. atyaMta prabaLa ilekTrika A philDanI vacamAMnI havAnuM AyanIkaraNa thaI jAya che. jethI te suvAhaka banI jAya che. jyAM-jyAM ene suvAhaka padArtha maLe che, tyAM tyAM e ilekTrikala UrjAnA rUpamAM enI aMdara ghusI jaI ene prabhAvita karI nAkhe che. kudaratI tophAna athavA vAvAjhoDuM (Thunderstorm) ApaNI pRthvI paranI AbohavAmAM parivartananI prakriyA thatI ja rahe che. enA kAraNe megha-nirmANa, mosama tathA havAnA dabANamAM uthala-pAthala, uSNatAmAnanuM aMtara, havAmAM dhULanA kaNonuM bheguM thavuM, vagere evA baLo che je niraMtara kudaratI tophAnanA nimitta bane che. pRthvInI cAre bAjunA vAtAvaraNanA pheraphAranA kAraNe pratidina 40000 kudaratI tophAno (thunderstorm) athavA vAvAjhoDuM thatA ja hoya che. koI-ne-koI ThekANe koIpaNa rUpamAM jemAM meghagarjanAo ane vIjaLInA 47

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camakArAnI ghaTamALa cAle che - sarerAza be sekanDamAM vizvamAM kyAMya ne kyAMya AvuM tophAna cAlatuM ja hoya che ane A tophAnano sarerAza samaya lagabhaga eka kalAkano hoya che. A tophAna vakhate sTreTosphiyara ane pRthvInI vacce je ilekTrika (vidyutabhAranuM)nI Apa-le thAya che, ene lIdhe ja pRthvI ane pRthvInA vAtAvaraNanI vidyuta-sthiti jaLavAI rahe che. nahi to vIjaLInuM asaMtulana pRthvI mATe khataranAka siddha thaI zake che. - jyAre tophAnanI sthiti bane che, tyAre upara cha kilomITara sudhI ghana vidhutabhAravALA kaNo tathA bethI traNa kilomITara sudhI RNa vidyutabhAravALA kaNo vAdaLomAM ekaThA thatA jAya che. DaoN. jaine A AkhI prakriyAne A rIte samajAvI che. jyAre varasAdanA vAdaLomAM AMzika bhegA thayelA pANI athavA baraphanA kaNo vacce Takkara thAya che tyAre e gharSaNathI ghana ane RNa vidyutabhAra (cArja) pedA thAya che. A vidyuta-bhAra pedA karavAnI prakriyA evI jAtanI hoya che jevI eka oraDAmAM gAlIcA para sUkI AbohavAmAM cAlavAthI zarIranI cAmaDI upara vidhutabhAra thavAnI prakriyA thAya che. vidyutabhArano anubhava mANasane jhaTakA (shock)nA rUpamAM tyAre thaze jyAre te daravAjAnA AgaLAne (dhAtune) aDakaze." cuMbakIya kSetramAM varALanA vAdaLa jyAre (tIvra jhaDapathI) phare che tyAre emAM vidyutabhAra pedA thavAnI zakyatA thAya che. A prakriyA evI ja che jevI eka janareTaramAM sapATI athavA nIcalI sapATI para bhego thAya che tathA ghana vidyutabhAra (aNuM athavA Ayana) upara jaIne e vAdaLanI uparanI sapATI para bhego thAya che." vidyutabhAra pedA thavAnI gati nimnAMkita vAto para AdhAra rAkhe che. (1) vAdaLonI judA judA paDonI sApekSika gati para, (2) avazItana (undercooling)nI mAtrA para (3) AMzika bhegA thayelA pANI athavA saMpUrNa jAmelA baraphanA pramANa para ane (4) vAdaLanI aMdaranAM halanacalananI mAtrA para avazItananI gati ane mAtrA keTalI che enA upara upara uThatI garama havAnA pravAhanI guNavattA keTalI che enA upara tIvratAno AdhAra che. guNavattAno saMbaMdha che bhejanI mAtrA tathA bhejathI bhIMjAyelA rajakaNo joDe. vidyutabhara cArja)nI mAtrA volTeja) : Ano AdhAra che vAdaLanA e bhAganI pahoLAI vAhakatA (conductivity) para, je ghana ane RNa vidyutabhArane alaga alaga vaheMcIne rAkhe che. 48

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"jeno vidyuta sthitimAnano taphAvata (Potential difference) eka sImA (Limit)ne oLaMge che, ke tarata ja vAdaLonI aMdara rahelI vidyuta-virodhI zakti acAnaka tUTI jAya che. e vakhate vAdaLA ane havA je potAnI kuvAhakatAthI e virodhI vidyutabhAronA milanane rokatA hatA, te have rokI zakatA nathI. enuM pariNAma e Ave che ke RNa vidyutabhArano pahADa tUTatAM jeno jaththo " DiscArja (visarjana)nA rUpamAM vAdaLAmAM kaDake che jene ApaNe tati-vidyuta (lightning) athavA vIjaLIne camakavuM kahIe chIe." vAdaLonI nIcenA je RNa vidyutabhAra che, te preraNa (induction) dvArA pRthvI (jamIna) upara ghana vidyutabhAra pedA kare che. jo ke uThatI varALathI ladAelI vacamAM rahelI havA A banne viparIta vidyutabhArone judA rAkhavAnI koziSa kare che, paNa jyAre volTeja atyaMta tIvra thaI jAya che, tyAre tene oLaMgIne bhArI vidyuta DiscArja visarjana) jamIna tarapha dhasI jAya che jyAM ochAmAM ocho avarodha hoya che. tyAM camakIne jyAre dharatI para paDe che tyAre ene ja vajaghAta athavA vIjaLIno kaDAko (thunderbolt) kahevAya che. AgamomAM ene "azanipAta' kahevAmAM AvyuM che. amuka jagyAe jamInanI sapATInI vizeSa paristhitiomAM UMdhI (ulaTI dizAmAM) kaDakatI vIjaLI paNa pedA thAya che. jemAM RNa vidyutabhAra pRthvIthI vAdaLa tarapha kaDakatI vIjaLInA rUpamAM doDI paDe che. AvI jAtanA dazyo sAdhAraNa rIte pRthvInA nIcalA akSAMzavALA kSetromAM jovA maLe che - dA.ta. inDoneziyA, dakSiNa amerikA, madhya AphrikA vagere. taDita-vidyutanuM baMdhAraNa je kaDakaDatI vIjaLI ApaNane AkAzamAM dekhAya che, e vikharAelI havA ane gesa che. gesanA be paDanI vacce jyAre vidyuta sthitimAnano taphAvata (voltage) bahu ja UMco thaI jAya che tyAre e gesanI vidyurodhI zaktimAM jhiMdra pedA kare che. e ati ucca volTejathI gesa AyanIkRta thaIne plAjamA banI jAya che. je vidyuta-cApa rUpamAM pragaTa thAya che. vidyutacApa plAjhamAM rUpI jhabakArA che. plAjhamAM eka DhIluM suvAhaka che. eka jhabakArAmAM AkhA vAdaLano pUro volTeja visarjita thaI jAya che ane vAdaLAno volTeja pAcho zUnya thaI jAya che. vidyuta-cApa rUpI A plAnamAM padArthanI cothI avasthA hoya che. AyanIkaraNanA kAraNe A plAjhamAnuM tApakrama hajAro DigrI selsiyasa sudhI vadhI 49

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jAya che. enI aMdarano gesa RNa athavA ghana AyananA rUpamAM vikhaMDita thaI vidyuta-pravAha banAve che. A eka kaDAkAnA rUpamAM eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI bahu-zAkhA (branches) athavA mojArUpa vIjaLI (like waves)nI jema vahIne UMcA volTejane pUrepUruM kheMcANa rahita karI de che. A kaDAko ekaja vAdaLanI aMdara athavA be vAdaLonI vacamAM athavA vAdaLa ane dharatInI vacce thaI zake che. A garama plAjamAmA oNksijana, nAiTrojana, pANInI bASpa vagere 'Ayana'nA rUpamAM rahe che. AmAMthI prakAzanA phoTonanuM vikiraNa thAya che. A vidyuta-cuMbakIya (ilekTro-megneTika) vikiraNa ucca tApa ane prakAza uparAMta ucca dabANanI bhayaMkara dhvani athavA garjanA paNa pedA kare che. vidyutacApa (jhabakAro) kSaNika samApta thaI jatAM volTeja zUnya thaI jAya che. eTale nisteja geso pAcho potAnA mULa yaugika rUpamAM prakaTa thAya che. A plAjhamAnI upajanA rUpamAM ojona gesa, nAiTrojana tathA bIjA oNksAiDa ane anya yaugika padArtho paNa pedA thAya che. A prakriyAthI dara varSe 3 karoDa Tana sudhI sthirIkRta nAiTrojana bane che. A vidyuta-cApa (jhabakArA)thI koI koIvAra evA AganA goLA banI jAya che je tvarita gatithI AvIne pRthvImAM samAI jAya che. tathA rastAmAM je vastuo Ave tene bALI nAkhe che. sAdhAraNa vidyuta-cApa (vajrapAta) je AkAzamAMthI pRthvI para paDe che. e paNa rastAmAM paDelI vastuone tIvra garamI athavA UrjAnA kAraNe saLagAvIne karIne bALI nAkhe che." DaoN. vihArI chAyA jaNAve che9 "vAdaLamAM nIcenA bhAgamAM jamA thayela RNa vidyutabhAra pRthvInI sapATI paranI ghana vIjaLI dvArA kheMcANa pAme che. A kheMcANane lIdhe vAdaLAmAMthI nIce tarapha RNa vIjaLIno pravAha ane pRthvInI sapATI para upara tarapha ghana vIjaLIno pravAha (karaMTa) vahe che. ane baMnenuM joDANa havAnI aMdara ja thAya che. te vakhate tIvra ghana vidyutabhAra pojhITIva cArja prakAzanI jhaDapa 3410 kilomITara/sekaMDa karatAM trIjA bhAganI jhaDape eTale 1 sekaMDanA eka lAkha kilomITaranI jhaDape gati kare che. tenA kAraNe AkAzamAM tIvra prakAzano lIsoTo ke camakAro jovA maLe che. ApaNe "vIjaLI thaI" tema kahIe chIe. vIjaLInA eka camakArAmAM 20,000 thI 40,000 empiyarano vIjaLI pravAha utpanna thAya che. samajavA mATe sarakhAmaNI karIe to kahI zakAya ke 1000 voTanA vIjaLInA balbamAM mAtra aMdAje cAra empiyara vIjaLIno pravAha vaheto hoya che. vaLI je be biMdu vacce vIjaLI vahe che tyAre 20 karoDa volTanuM Jain Educationa International 50 For Personal and Private Use Only

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vija dabANa lAgu paDe che. Ama 2000thI 4000 empiyarano vIjaLIno pravAha 250 volTanA dabANe e vijaLInA lisoTAmAM hoya che. gharamAM je vIjaLI Ave che tenA para mAtra 250 volTanuM ja dabANa hoya che.) tyAre tyAM sUryanI sapATI karatA cAra gaNuM vadhAre tApamAna thatA pracaMDa garamI utpanna thAya che. ATalo pracaMDa vIjaLIno pravAha saddanasIbe sekanDanA hajAramAM bhAga jeTalA sUkSma samaya mATe ja rahe che. jo vIjaLIno A pravAha koInA zarIramAM dAkhala thAya to tenA para prabhAva paDatA hRdaya thaMbhI jAya che ane magajamAMnA jJAnataMtuo para enI asara thAya che jene lIdhe zvAsozvAsa aTakI jAya che. ghaNIvAra zvAsocchavAsa cAlu nahIM thatA mRtyu thAya che. jo vIjaLIno pravAha khUba tIvra hoya to zarIranA tamAma cetAkoSo turaMta nAza pAme che. vIjaLInA pravAhanA kAraNe ghaNIvAra cetAkoSo turaMta nAza nathI pAmatA paNa cetAkoSonA paDamAM sUkSma chIdro paDI jAya che." taDita-vidyuta ane azanipAtane teukAya kema kahyA che? DaoN. jaina ane DaoN. bihArI chAyA tathA bhautika vijJAnanA pAThya pustakonA upara ApelA avataraNothI e spaSTa thAya che ke (1) vIjaLI camakavAnI prakriyA khullA vAtAvaraNamAM thAya che, jyAM agnine utpanna karanAra oNksijana prANavAyu maLI rahe che. (2) vIjaLI thavAnI (prakAzanI) sAthe uSmA UrjAnuM utsarjana tApamAnamAM jabarajasta vRddhi kare che. enAthI havAmAM rahelA jvalanazIla gesa athavA anya sUkSma padArthonuM jvalana-biMdu prApta thAya che. A pramANe "agni athavA baLavAnI kriyA mATe joItI badhI yogya sAmagrI maLI jAya che eTale agninI yoni athavA teukAyanI yoni utpanna thaI jAya. Ano artha e thayo ke jo IlekTrisiTInA rUpamAM DiscArja thanArI UrjA svayaM paudgalika hovA (AkAzIya vijaLI chatAM paNa jyAre vIjaLI camake che to enA kAraNe tarata agni-dahananI prakriyAnA rUpamAM sacita teukAyanI utpatti thAya che. A kAraNe " viju' athavA vidyutane teukAyika jIvonI gaNanAmAM levAya che. DaoN. jaina anusAra vIjaLI pote koI prakAzaka athavA tApaka pudgala nathI. e to phakta ilekTro megneTika philDavALA vidyuta bhAra athavA UrjA che. A UrjA tApa athavA prakAza Adi anya UrjAnA rUpamAM pariNata thaI zake che ane sAMbhaLI zakAya che tathA sacita agnikAya bane che. e UrjA UrjAnA bIjA rUpomAM pariNata thaI javAthI ene joI zakAya che. 51

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ilekTrosiTI pote phakta UrjA che. paNa jyAre AkAzanI vIjaLI koI para paDe che, tyAre ucca tApamAna paNa enI sAthe vikirita thAya che, je jvalanazIla padArthane bhasmasAt kare che. jyAre zarIranI aMdara e praveze che, tyAM eno prabhAva narvasa sisTama para paDavAthI e vyaktine mArI nAkhe che athavA zarIranA taMtrone nukasAna pahoMcADe che. DaoN. je. jainanA matAnusAra vIjaLInuM agnimAM rUpAMtaraNa thavAnA kAraNe AkAzanI vidyuta sacita teukAya banI jAya che. koI koIvAra enI ucca UrjA athavA ukhAnuM pariNAma AganA goLAnA rUpamAM paNa thAya che. AganA goLA jhaDapathI pRthvInI aMdara samAI jAya che. mArgamAM paNa je koI jvalanazIla padArtha Ave che, ene bALI nAkhe che A vajapAta (azanipAta) (thunder bolt)nA rUpamAM pRthvI para paDe che. enA mArgamAM AvanAra padArthane bALIne rAkha karI nAMkhe che. DaoN. je. jaine prANavAyunA kAraNe AkAzIya vIjaLIne sacitta mAnI che, ene spaSTa karatAM lakhyuM che kuvAhakatA ane AyanIkaraNa H kuvAhaka padArthomAM vidyuta-pravAha hoI zakato nathI. eTale emAM garamI athavA tApa paNa pedA nathI thaI zakato. jemake lAkaDuM sAdhAraNa rIte gesamAM paNa vidyuta-pravAha nathI hoto. paNa ucca vidyutadabAva (voltage) hajAro volTanA vijadabANa gesanuM AyanIkaraNa thaI jAya che ane enAthI vidyuta-pravAha ArkanA rUpamAM zarU thaI jAya che. AnA sivAya jo evo gesa (vAyu) jema pAmaNInI bASpa athavA dhAtunI bASpane emAM meLavI devAya ke jeno AyanIkaraNa volTeja ocho hoya, te apekSAkRta ochA volTeja para ja e ja gesano bahu vadhAre jADAIvALo jaththo AyanIkRta thaIne plAjamA banI zake che. jema ke AkAzanA vAdaLamAM vidyutacApa (arc)nuM pedA thavuM. emAM vAdaLomAM bhegI thayelI sTeTika (sthita) vidyuta plAjamAM rUpamAM DiscArja thaIne pravAhita thaI jAya che. emAM vIjaLInuM garjana, camakArA athavA garamI pedA thAya che. A pravAhane sacitta mAnavAmAM Ave che. A plAjamAmAM prANavAyunI rAsAyaNika kriyA paNa jovAmAM AvI che. AmAM gesanA parivartananI prakriyA jovAyelI che." DaoN. jaine " viju' (AkAzanI vIjaLI)nI bhinnatA batAvatA lakhyuM che - "uttarAdhyayana-adhyAya 36mAM bAdara agnikAyanA prAkRtika vIjaLI, je AkAzamAM camaktI vidyuta-cApa eTale uSmA-plAjamAnA rUpamAM dekhAya che, ene 52

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mATe ja vAparavAmAM Avyo che. A kRtrima vidyuta-UrjA athavA vAdaLomAM bhegA thayelI 'sTeTika-cArja'nI vidyuta-UrjA mATe vAparavAmAM Avyo hoya ema nathI lAgatuM." have AgamamAM 'vijju' - vIjaLI athavA vidyuta (lightning)no sacitta teukAyanI gaNanAmAM kaI apekSAthI che enI spaSTatA A pramANe thAya che (1) jyAM sudhI vAdaLonI aMdara rahelo vidyuta-bhAra vidyuta (ilekTrika) UrjAnI avasthAmAM rahelo hoya che tyAM sudhI phakta paudgalika eTale sacitta dravya che. (2) jyAre e ilekTrika (vidyutabhAra) havAnA AyanIkaraNane kAraNe 'DiscArja' thAya che, tyAre ilekTro megneTika (vidyuta-cuMbakIya) UrjAnA rUpamAM paNa paudgalika avasthAmAM hoya che. (3) jyAre A UrjA je bahu ja vadhAre tApamAnavALI hoya che, e jyAre jvalanazIla padArtho (gesa, sUkSma padArtho)nA saMparkamAM khullI havA (jemAM oNksijana paNa hoya che)mAM Ave che, tyAre kaMbazcananI kriyA thAya che ane camakatI vIjaLInI sAthe ja agninA svarUpamAM prakaTa thAya che ane e vIjaLI citta teukAya banI jAya che. jyAM-jyAM e jvalanazIla padArthone bALe che, tyAM-tyAM badhI jagA sacita teukAyanuM astitva hoya che. A bahu ja spaSTa rIte samajavAmAM Ave che ke jvalana-biMduthI paNa ghaNuM vadhAre tApamAna, khullI havAmAM oNksijananuM maLavuM, tathA jvalanazIla padArthono yoga A badhuM maLIne 'vi'ne sacita teukAya banAve che. A pramANe anipAta athavA vajrapAta paNa tIvra agninuM rUpa banI jAya che. Jain Educationa International 53 For Personal and Private Use Only

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8. ilekTrisiTI ane agni (teukaya) phakta paudgalika pariNamonI niSpattirUpa utpanna thayelI zuddha ilekTrisiTI ane jvalanazIla kriyAnI niSpattirUpa pedA thayelI agni je teukAya jIvanA rUpamAM hoya che, ane bannenI tIvratAne aneka AdhAra para spaSTa rIte samajAvI zakAya che. (1) lAkaDuM, rabara, kapaDAM, Adi vidyutanA suvAhaka che tathA tApa (uSmA)nA paNa kuvAhaka che, jyAre loDhuM, tAMbu, vagere dhAtu vidyutanA suvAhaka che. (2) lAkaDuM Adi jvalanazIla hovAthI jvalanabiMdu para oNksijanano yoga maLe tyAre tarata saLagI UThe che. loDhuM vagere dhAtu sAdhAraNa tApamAna para baLatI nathI, phakta garama thAya che. ghaNAM vadhAre tApamAne paNa jo oNksijana tene na maLe to dhAtu garama thaIne prakAzita thaI jAya che, tathA pigaLanAMka biMdu para pravAhI thaI jAya che, baLatI nathI. (3) mATI, dhULa, pRthvI (paththara Adi) vidyutanA suvAhaka che, paNa agninI daSTie ajvalanazIla che tathA agnizAmaka che. agnimAM padArtha nAza pAme che athavA khalAsa thAya che emAM padArthanA rAsAyaNika baMdhAraNamAM pheraphAra thAya che. DaoN. je. jaina anusAra, "hAiDrokArbana baLataNa baLIne gesa rUpamAM badalAI jAya che. bIjI jAtanAM baLataNa baLIne ghanarUpa (rAkha, vageremAM badalAI jAya che. A rAkha vagere non-fuel che eTale baLataNa nathI hotAM. rAsAyaNika kriyA dvArA baLataNanuM paryAya (35) badalAya che. cakamaka gharSaNanI agnimAM pahelAM gharSaNathI garamI pedA thAya che ane garamIthI e paththaranA jhINA tUTelA kaNa "lAla' raMganA camakavA lAge che. - pachI kyAMthI rAsAyaNika prakriyA karI agni pedA 54

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kare che. cakamakano agni). vidyutamAM padArtha pAcho mULa sthitimAM AvI jAya che. pANI agnine bujhAvI de che, evuM zastra che, paNa pANImAM vidyutano pravAha pasAra thaI zake che. ilekTrolAIsisanI prakriyAmAM pANInI aMdara vidyuta vahevaDAvI hAiDrojanaoNksijanane judAM judAM karI zakAya che. Ucca volTejanI vidyuta bhInI dIvAla athavA bhejavALI bhUmimAM sahelAIthI praveze che, je ghaNI vakhata bhayanuM kAraNa banI jAya che. A pramANe agninuM zastra pANI, agnine bujhAve che ane sAthe sAthe vidyutavAhI paNa banI zake che. kerosIna jevo jvalanazIla padArtha oksijananA saMyogathI saLagI uThe che, paNa I.DI.ema. mazInamAM ene (Coolant)nA rUpamAM kAmamAM levAya che, tathA spArkiMga thayAM chatAM paNa, oNksijananA abhAvanA kAraNe kerosIna baLatuM nathI. (A viSayanI vistRta carcA AgaLa karIzuM.) 55

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9. balbanI vIjaLInA goLAnI prakriyA ilekTrika balba jene incandescent lamp kahevAya che, te zuM che? kevI rIte bane che? enI zuM prakriyA che? emAM zUnyAvakAza che ke nahIM, emAM oNksijana che ke nahIM? emAM 'inarTa gesa' (niSkriya vAyu) zA mATe bharavAmAM Ave che? vagere vagere ghaNA praznonI spaSTa samaja jarUrI che. nIce lakhelI inTaraneTathI maLelI sAmagrImAM A badhA prazno vaijJAnika dRSTie bahu ja spaSTa samajAvyA che. eTale ene ahIM ame jema che tema ja aMgrejImAM ApIe chIe pachI eno pUro anuvAda Apyo che. How are incandescent light bulbs made ?-SU The glass enclosures are made from a ribbon of hot glass that's first thickened and then blown into molds to form the bulb shapes. These enclosures are then cooled, cut from the ribbon, and their insides are coated with the diffusing material that gives the finished bulb its soft white appearance. The filament is formed by drawing tungsten metal into a very fine wire. This wire, typically only 42 microns (0.0017 inches) in diameter is first wound into a coil and then this coil is itself wound into a coil. The mandrels used in these two coiling processes are trapped in the coils and must be dissolved away with acids after the filament has been annealed. The finished filament is clamped or welded to the power leads, which have already been embedded in a glass supporting structure. This glass support is inserted into a bulb and the two glass parts are fused together. A tube in the glass support allows the manufacturer to pump the air out of the bulb and then reintroduce various inert gases. When virtually all of the oxygen has been eliminated from the bulb, the tube is cut off and the opening is sealed. Once the base of the bulb has been attached, the bulb is ready for use. Jain Educationa International 56 For Personal and Private Use Only

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What types of gas are used in light bulbs and how do their effects differ ?-SF, Westfield, NJ The glass envelope of an incandescent bulb can't contain air because tungsten is flammable when hot and would burn up if there were oxygen present around it. One of Thomas Edison's main contributions to the development of such bulbs was learning how to extract all the air from the bulb. But a bulb that contains no gas won't work well because tungsten sublimes at high temperatures-its atoms evaporate directly from solid to gas. If there were no gas in the bulb, every tungsten atom that left the filament would fly unimpeded all the way to the glass wall of the bulb and then stick there forever. While there are some incandescent bulbs that operate with a vacum inside, most common incandescent lamps contain a small amount of argon and nitrogen gases. Argon and nitrogen are chemically inert, so that the tungsten filament can't burn in the argon and nitrogen, and each argon atom or nitrogen molecule is massive enough that when a tungsten atom that's trying to leave the filament hits it, that tungsten atom may rebound back onto the filament. The argon and nitrogen gases thus prolong the life of the filament. Unfortunately, these gases also convey heat away from the filament via convection. You can see evidence of this convection as a dark spot of tungsten atoms that accumulate at the top of the bulb. That black smudge consists of tungsten atoms that didn't return to the filament and were swept upward as the hot argon and nitrogen gases rose. However, some premium light bulbs contain krypton gas rather than argon gas. Like argon, krypton is chemically inert. But a krypton atom is more massive than an argon atom, making it more effective at bouncing tungsten atoms back toward the filament after they sublime. Krypton gas is also a poorer conductor of heat than argon gas, so that it allows the filament to convert its power more efficiently into visible light. Unfortunately, krypton is a rare constituent of our atmosphere and very expensive. That's why it's only used in premium light bulbs, together with some nitrogen gas. Incidentally, the filament in many incandescent bulbs is treated with a small amount of phosphorous-based 'getter' that reacts with any residual oxygen that may be in the bulb the first time the filament becomes hot. That's how the manufacturer ensures that there will be no oxygen in the bulb for the tungsten filament to react with. Why is an incandescent light bulb hotter than a fluorescent light ?-TJ, Woodbridge, VA An incandescent light bulb produces light by heating a small filament of tungsten to about 2500degC. At that temperature, the thermal radiation that Jain Educationa International 57 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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the filament emits includes a substantial amount of visible light. But the filament also emits a great deal of infrared light (heat light) and it also transfers heat via conduction and convection to the glass bulb around it. When you put your hand near the bulb, you feel both the infrared light and the heat that has worked its way to the surface of the bulb. The bulb feels hot. In contrast, a fluorescent lamp tries to produce light without heat. It collides electorns with mercury atoms to produce an atomic emission of ultraviolet light. This ultraviolet light is then converted to visible light by the layer of white phosphor powders on the inside of the lamp's glass envelope. In principle, this whole activity can be performed without creating any thermal energy. However, many unavoidable imperfections cause the lamp to convert some of the electric energy it consumes into thermal energy. Nonetheless, the lamp only becomes warm rather than hot. Why does an object like metal give off light when it is heated ?-ER, Fresno, CA All objects emit thermal radiation-electromagnetic waves that are associated with the transfer of heat. That's because all objects contain electrically charged particles and whenever electrically charged particles accelearate, they emit electromagnetic waves. Since all objects have thermal energy in them, their electrically charged particles are always undergoing thermal motion and their thermally induced accelerations cause them to emit electromagnetic waves. At normal temperatures, the electromagnetic waves of thermal radiation are too low in frequency and too long in wavelength for us to see. But when an object's temperature exceeds about 500degC, the object emits a dim glow. By 1800degC, the object emits the yellowish glow of a candle. By 2700degC, the object emits the yellowish-white light of an incandescent bulb. By 5800degC, the object emits the white light of the sun. How does a light bulb work ?-DH, Casselberry, FL (and also KH) In a common incandescent light bulb, an electric current flows through a double-spiral coil of very thin tungsten wire. As the electric charges in the current flow through this tungsten filament, they collide periodically with the tungsten atoms and transfer energy to those tungsten atoms. The current gives up its energy to the tungsten filament and the filament's temperature rises to about 2500degC. While all objects emit thermal radiation, very hot objects emit some of the thermal radiation as visible light. A 2500degC object emits about 12% of its heat as visible light and this is the light that you see coming from the bulb. Most of the remaining heat emerges from the bulb as invisible infrared

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light or 'heat' light. The glass enclosure shields the filament from oxygen because tungsten burns in air. prazna : vIjaLInA goLAne kevI rIte banAvAya che? uttara : kAcanA goLA kAcanI ribanamAMthI banI jAya che. goLAnAM kAcane pahelAM phulAvIne pachI ene goLAnA AkAramAM DhALI devAya che. e goLAne ThaMDo karyA pachI ene kApIne ribanathI chUTo karI devAmAM Ave che. enI aMdaranI bAjuo para evA padArthano lepa karI devAya che, ke jenAthI eno raMga narama sapheda dekhAya che. balbano philAmenTa TaMgsTana dhAtunA pAtaLA tAramAMthI banAvAya che, jenI pahoLAI vilakSaNa rIte phakta 42 mAikrona (arthAta .0017 iMca) ja hoya che. pahelAM eno eka guccho (gUMcaLuM) vIMTALIne banAvAya che ane e gucchAne paNa pAcho gucchAnA rUpamAM vIMTALavAmAM Ave che. A banne prakAranA guccho banAvavA mATe vaparAyelA menTrala (DAMDA)ne gucchAmAM ja phasAvI devAmAM Ave che ane philAmenTane caDAvI dIdhA pachI tejAbanI madadathI ene (menDela) pigaLAvI devAya che. taiyA2 philAmenTane UrjA ApanAra lIDa (lead)nI sAthe velDiMga karIne joDI devAmAM Ave che. lIDane pahelethI ja kAcane AdhAra ApanAra eka bIbAmAM jaDI devAya che. A AdhAra rUpa kAcane balbanI aMdara utArIne banne kAcanuM milana karI devAya che. balba-nirmAtAone aMdaranI havA (oNksijana sahita) paMpa vaDe bahAra kADhavAnI suvidhA maLe eTalA mATe eka naLIne kAcanA AdhAramAM rAkhI devAmAM Ave che. jethI analikAnA mAdhyamathI vIjaLInA goLAmAM rahelI havAne paMpa dvArA sahelAIthI bahAra kADhI zakAya che. pachI pharIthI e goLAmAM judI judI jAtanA niSkriya vAyu inert gas bharI devAya che. jyAre goLAmAM bacelo oNksijanano pUro jaththo lagabhaga samApta karI devAya che, tyAre nalikAne kApI nAkhavAmAM Ave che, ane kANAMne sIla karI devAya che. goLAnA AdhArane joDIne balbane upayogamAM levA mATe taiyAra karavAmAM Ave che. prazna : balbamAM kayA kayA prakAranA vAyuone bharavAmAM Ave che ane kaI rIte e badhAnI asara judI judI thAya che ? uttara : vIjaLInA goLAnA kAcanA kavaca (cover)nI aMdara havAne rAkhI zakAtI nathI kAraNake TaMgsTana dhAtu (philAmenTa) jyAre garama thAya che tyAre Jain Educationa International 59 For Personal and Private Use Only

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jvalanazIla banI jAya che, ane jo goLAmAM oNksijana hoya to te baLI jAya che. A balbanA vikAsamAM thomasa (AlvA) eDisananI eka mukhya zodha e hatI ke emaNe goLAmAMthI badhI havAne bahAra kADhavAnI vidhi to zIkhavI, paNa jo goLAmAM koI gesa nahi hoya, to goLo sArI rIte kArya karI zake nahIM, kAraNake TaMgsTana (dhAtu) UMcA tApamAna bASpIbhavana thavAthI enA paramANu ghanAvasthAthI sIdhA UDIne bASpa avasthAmAM banI jAya che. jo balbamAM koI vAyu na hoya to TaMgsTana pratyeka paramANu, je philAmenTamAMthI nIkaLaze, e koIpaNa avarodha vagara sIdhA ja balbanI kAcanI dIvAlonI aMdaranA bhAgamAM haMmeza mATe jamA thaI jaze athavA ciTakI jaze. phakta koI prakAranA vIjaLInA goLA evA hoya che. jenI aMdara zUnya avakAza hoya che. bAkI sAmAnya balbomAM thoDI mAtrAmAM organa ane nAiTrojana vAyu to hoya ja che. organa ane nAiTrojana vAyu rAsAyaNika dRSTie niSkriya che. eTale TaMgsTanano philAmenTa organa ane nAiTrojanamAM jvalanakriyA nathI karI zakato. (kAraNa oNksijanano abhAva che.) bIjI bAju, organa ane nAiTrojananA aNuo eTalA bhAre hoya che ke tenAthI TaMgsTananA paramANuo (je philAmenTathI nIkaLe che) enI sAthe TakarAya che ane pharI philAmenTa tarapha pAchA dhakelAI jAya che. A pramANe Argana ane nAiTrojana vAyu philAmenTanA AyuSyane vadhArI de che. durbhAgyathI (niSkriya) vAyu paNa uSmAne saMvahana (kanvekazana) dvArA philAmenTanA AyuSyane vadhArI de che. durbhAgyathI (niSkriya) A vAyu paNa uSmAnuM saMvahana (kanvekzana) dvArA philAmenTathI grahaNa karatuM rahe che. enuM pramANa (proof) e che ke balbanA uparanA bhAgamAM TaMgsTanamAMthI nIkaLatA paramANuo kALA dhAbAnA rUpamAM jAmI jAya che. upara dekhAtA kALA dhAbA TaMgsTananA e 52mANuonA bhegA thavAthI bane che je pAchA philAmenTamAM AvI zakatA nathI, paNa garama organa ane nAiTrojana vAyuo sAthe upara jAya che. khAsa goLAomAM 'kripTona' gesa bharavAmAM Ave che. keTalAka khAsa goLAo ke je organa gesanI mAphaka rAsAyaNika dRSTie niSkriya ja che. paNa kripTonanA paramANu ArgananA paramANu karatAM vadhAre bhAre hoya che. eTale e TaMgsTananA paramANuonuM bASpIbhavana thayA pachI pharI ene philAmenTanI tarapha dhakelavAmAM vadhAre zaktizALI hoya che. kripTona gesano eka bIjo lAbha e paNa che ke e organanI sarakhAmaNImAM uSmAnuM maMdatara ochuM vAhaka che. eTale enI hAjarImAM philAmenTa Jain Educationa International 60 For Personal and Private Use Only

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potAnI UrjAne vadhu pramANamAM dazya prakAzanI UrjAmAM parivartana karI zake che. durbhAgyathI kripTonanuM pramANa ApaNAM vAtAvaraNamAM bahu ja ochuM hovAthI eno prayoga vadhAre moMgho paDe che. eTale eno upayoga phakta khAsa lAITonA balbamAM ja karAya che tathA sAthe nAITrojana paNa thoDuM mizraNa karAya che. goLAmAM kadAca thoDo oNksijana bacI paNa jAya to ene khalAsa karavA mATe eka bIjI rIta paNa kAmamAM levAya che. ene mATe balbanI aMdara thoDo phospharasavALo geTara(lepa) hoya che, je aMdara bacelA oNksijana sAthe pratikriyA karI ene samApta karI nAkhe che, jyAre pahelIvAra philAmenTane garama karAya che. A pramANe balba-nirmAtA A vAtano pAkko nizcaya karI le che ke balbamAM TaMgTananA philAmenTanI sAthe pratikriyA karavAvALo koI oNksijana rahI javo na joIe. prazna : TyUba lAiTa (phUlovesansa lAITa)nI apekSA balbanI lAITa vadhAre garama zA mATe thAya che? uttara : balbanI lAITamAM rahelA TaMgasTanano nAno amatho philAmenTa paNa lagabhaga 2500 DigrI selsiyasa sudhI garama thaI jAya che. A tApamAna para philAmenTa je uSmA-vikiraNonuM utsarjana kare che enI sAthe vadhAre mAtrAmAM dazya prakAzanuM paNa utsarjana thAya che. paNa enI sAthe sAthe philAmenTa pArarakta (InphAreDa) vikiraNonuM utsarjana paNa vadhAre mAtrAmAM kare che. je tApa ane prakAzanA rUpamAM hoya che ane enA dvArA uSmA-UrjAne balbanA kAca sudhI vAhana athavA cAlana (kaMDakzana) ane saMvahana (kanvekzana) prakriyAnA mAdhyamathI pahoMcADAya che. jyAre koI vyakti balbanI pAse potAno hAtha rAkhe che tyAre ene pArarakta-prakAza tathA uSmA e banneno anubhava thAya che tathA balba garama lAge che. enAthI UMdhuM TyUba lAITa (athavA phloresanTa lAiTa)mAM zuM thAya che, te joIe. phUloresenTa lAITa prakAza Ape che paNa uSmA pedA nathI karatI. enA ilekTronano pravAha pAro (marakyurI)nA paramANu sAthe TakarAya che. enAthI e paramANu alhA-vAyaleTa (pAra jAMbalI) kiraNone utsarjita kare che. A kiraNo TyUbanI aMdaranI dIvAlo para rahelA phospharasa pAuDara para paDe che, jenAthI dazya prakAzanA rUpamAM enuM utsarjana thAya che. siddhAMtanI daSTie to A AkhI prakriyAne koI paNa jAtanI uSmA-UrjA (garamI) pedA karyA vagara karI zakAya che. to paNa 61

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vyavahAramAM koI anivArya apUrNatAone kAraNe thoDI ghaNI vidyuta UrjA uSmAmAM pariNata thaI ja jAya che. AnA phaLa svarUpe TyUba garama to nahIM, paNa jarAka ja navazekI thaI jAya che. prazna : dhAtunA rUpamAM padArtha jyAre garama karavAmAM Ave tyAre prakAza zA mATe Ape che? uttaraH badhA ja padArtho uSmA-vikiraNonuM (UrjA)nuM utsarjana karyA ja kare che, je vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgonA rUpamAM badhA padArthomAMthI nIkaLatuM rahe che. AnA mAdhyamathI uSmA (UrjA)nuM rUpAMtaraNa thayA kare che. A eTalA mATe thAya che ke badhA padArthomAM vidyuta-bhAravALA kaNa hoya che ane jyAre A vidyutabhAravALA yuktakaNone vega maLe che, tyAre e padArthomAMthI vidyutacuMbaka taraMgonuM utsarjana thAya che. kAraNa ke badhA padArthomAM potapotAnI uSmA-UrjA rahelI che. emAM rahelA vidyuta-bhAravALA kaNa niraMtara uSmAnA kAraNe thanArI gati karyA kare che ane A uSmA-prerita pravegone kAraNe te vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgone utsarjita karyA kare che. sAmAnya tApamAna para uSmA-vikiraNonA vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgonI kaMpanaAvRtti phrikavansI) eTalI ochI thaI jAya che ke ApaNane dekhAtI nathI, paNa jyAre tApamAna vadhIne 500 DigrI selsiyasanI AsapAsa pahoMcI jAya che tyAre padArthamAMthI eka AchuM ajavALuM nIkaLe che. jyAre tApamAna 1000 DigrI se. sudhI pahoMce che, tyAre emAMthI pILA raMganA kiraNovALA mINabattInA ajavALA jevo prakAza nIkaLe che. jyAre tApamAna ra700 DigrI se.nI AsapAsa pahoMce che. tyAre A prakAza pILA-sapheda raMganA ajavALAvALo hoya che, jene ApaNe balbanI lAITamAM joIe chIe. jo 5800 DigrI se. sudhI tApamAna thaI jAya, to sUryanA prakAza jevuM sapheda ajavALuM nIkaLaze. prazna : balba lAITa kevI rIte kArya kare che? uttara : sAmAnya balba lAITamAM TaMsTananA eka bahu ja pAtaLA bevaDA gUMcaLA vALelA tAramAM vidyuta-pravAha vahe che. jyAre vidyuta-pravAhamAM rahelA vidyuta-bhAravALA kaNo philAmenTamAMthI pasAra thAya che, tyAre te TaMsTana dhAtunA paramANuo sAthe niyata samayagALe TakarAya che ane potAnI UrjA e paramANuone ApyA kare che. A pramANe vidyuta-pravAhanI (vidyuta) UrjAthI TaMsTananuM tApamAna vadhatA vadhatA 2500 DigrI se. sudhI pahoMcI jAya che. (A vidyuta UrjAnuM tApa-UrjAmAM pariNamana thAya che) Ama to badhA padArtha sAmAnya 62

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rIte uSmA-vikiraNa pheMkatA rahe che, paNa atyaMta garama padArtha potAnI uSmA vikiraNonA thoDA hissAne dazya prakAzanA rUpamAM utsarjita kare che. 2500 DigrI se. tApamAnavALo padArtha eTale TaMgTanano philAmenTa potAnI uSmA-UrjAno lagabhaga 12 pratizata bhAga dezya prakAzanA rUpamAM utsarjita kare che. A prakAzane ApaNe balba lAITathI bahAra nIkaLatA joIe chIe. uSmAno lAkaDIno bhAga (ghaNA aMzamAM) balbanI bahAra adazya inphAreDa pArarakta) vikiraNonA rUpamAM athavA uSmA-UrjAnA rUpamAM jene ApaNe uSmA-rozanI kahI zakIe chIe.) nIkaLe che. balbano kAcano goLo, je balabanA philAmenTanI cAre tarapha vITaLAyelo che, philAmenTane oNkisajananA saMparkamAM AvatA bacAve che. jenAthI te havAmAM baLavAthI bacI jAya che. (A prakriyA balba ane agninA bhedane spaSTa kare che) 63

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10. TyUba lAiTanI prakriyA TyUba lAiTamAM kevI rIte prakAza pedA karAya che, e viSayamAM inTaraneTathI upalabdha sAmagrIne ahIM prastuta karavAmAM AvI che. enI sAthe phloresenTa lAiTa, niyona lAiTa vageremAM zuM aMtara che, e paNa spaSTa thaI rahyuM che. "A neon light is the sort you see used in advertising signs. These signs are made of long, narrow glass tubes, and these tubes are often bent into all sorts of shapes. The tube of a nepn light can spell out a word, for example. These tubes emit light in different colours. A fluorescent lights in offices, stores and some home fixtures. The idea behind a neon light is simple. Inside the glass tube there is a gas like neon, argon or krypton at low pressure. At both ends of the tube there are metal electrodes. When you apply a high voltage to the electrodes, the neon gas ionized and electrons flow through the gas. These electrons excite the neon atoms and cause them to emit light that we cans see. Neon emits red light when energized in this way. Other gases emit other colours. A fluorscent light works on a similar idea but it has an extra step. Inside a fluorscent light is low-pressure mercury vapor. When inized, mercury vapor emits ultraviolet light. Human eyes are not sensitive to ultraviolet light (although human skin is - see How Sunburns and Sun Tans Work). Therefore, the inside of a fluorscent light is coated with a phosphor. A phosphor is a substance that can accept energy in one form (for example, energy from a highspeed electron as in a TV tube - see How Television works) and emit the energy in the form of visible light. In a fluorescent lamp, the phosphor accpets the energy of ultraviolet photons and emits visible-photons. The light we see from a fluorescent tube is the light given off by the phosphor that coats the inside of the tube (the phosphor fluoresces when energized hence the name). The light of a neon tube is the colored light that the neon atoms give off directly. Jain Educationa International 64 For Personal and Private Use Only

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"niona battI-je jAherakhabara mATe vaparAtI saMketo lakhAvaTavALI battI che, e niona battI kahevAya che. e paNa eka prakAranI battI ja che. AvI jAherakhabaranI battIo pAtaLI kAcanI naLIomAMthI banAvavAmAM Ave che. ghaNuM karIne A naLIone joItA AkAromAM vALI nAkhavAmAM Ave che. eTale niona battInI naLIno upayoga lakhAvaTa mATe karI zakAya che. A naLIomAMthI je prakAza nIkaLe che, e paNa judA judA raMgano karI zakAya che." TyUba lAiTo athavA phloresenTa (pratidIpti) lAiTo ghaNuM karIne lAMbI, sIdhI naLImAMthI banAvavAmAM Ave che jemAMthI sapheda ajavALuM nIkaLe che. ophiso, dukAno ane ghara vaparAzamAM paNa tamane phUloresenTa lAiTo jovA maLaze. (niona battI banAvaTa ane kArya) : niona battIno siddhAMta bahu ja saraLa che. eka kAcanI naLImAM (TyUbanI aMdara) niona, orgona athavA kripTona jevA (niSkriya) vAyune ochA dabANe bharavAmAM Ave che. TyUbanA banne cheDAo para dhAtumAMthI banelA ilekTeDa lagADavAmAM Ave che. have, jyAre banne ilekTroDo vacce UMcuM volTeja ApavAmAM Ave che tyAre TyUbamAM bharelo niona vAyu (athavA bIjA vAyu)nuM AyanIkaraNa thaI jAya che ane ene lIdhe vAyumAMthI ilekTrono vahevA lAge che. A ilekTrono niona vAyunA paramANuone uttejita kare che, jenAthI niona-paramANuo prakAzanuM utsarjana kare che. niona vAyu AvI rIte UrjAvAna bane che tyAre lAla raMgano prakAza bahAra kADhe che, jyAre bIjA vAyuo bIjA raMganuM ajavALuM kare che. (TyUba lAiTanI banAvaTa ane kArya) : phloresenTa lAiTa (TyUba lAiTa) paNa AvI ja jAtanA siddhAMta para kAma kare che, paNa emAM eka pagaluM vadhAre levAya che. phUloresenTa lAiTamAM (naLInI aMdara) pArAnI bASpane nIcA dabANe bharI devAmAM Ave che. jyAre emAM jarUrI volTeja lagADAya che tyAre) enuM AyanIkaraNa thavAthI emAMthI pArajAMbalI kiraNonuM utsarjana thAya che. ApaNI AMkho A alTrA-vAyaleTa kiraNone joI nathI zakatI jyAre ApaNI cAmaDI enA pratye saMvedanazIla hoya che - juo (How sun burns and Sun Tans World) eTalA mATe TayUba lAITanI aMdaranI bAjue "phosphAra" (sphuradiptI) pAvaDarano lepa karavAmAM Ave che. (sphuradIptino artha che jemAM ajavALuM sphuraNa karavAnI zakti che) phospheTavALA padArtha ene kahevAya che je UrjAne eka rUpe grahaNa karIne ane dazya prakAzanI UrjAnA rUpamAM nIkaLI zake. (dA.ta. TIvI Jain Educationa International 65 For Personal and Private Use Only

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TyUbamAM bahuja jhaDapavALA IlekTronomAMthI UrjAne grahaNa karavAmAM Ave che. juo How Television Works phalorasenTa battImAM phosphara (pAvaDara) pArajAMbalI kiraNonA phoTona (prakAzANuo)nI UrjAne grahaNa kare che ane dazya prakAzanA phoTonanuM utsarjana kare che. je ajavALuM ApaNe phUlorasenTa lAITamAMthI nIkaLatuM joIe chIe e TyUbanI aMdara copaDelA phosphara pAvaDaramAMthI utsarjita thato dazya prakAza che (kAraNake phospharane jyAre UrjA ApavAmAM Ave che tyAre e pratidIpti (phUloresenTa)nI kriyA kare che, jene lIdhe A TyUba lAITane phUloresenTa lAITa nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che, jyAre niona battImAM niona paramANuo dvArA pote ja je sIdho raMgIna prakAza kADhavAmAM Ave che te raMgIna ajavALAnA rUpamAM dekhAya che. IlekTrosa, TyUbanuM TakAupaNuM ane skUTariMga (uchaLavAnI kriyA) A ja InTaraneTamAM A viSayanI mAhitI A pramANe maLe che. "Electrodes, tube life amd sputtering" The electrodes has the task of carrying current from the power, supply wires to the rare gas. Because it is continually subjected to the bombarding of electrons and ions, it heats up, and therefore must be designed to withstand heat. Since the metal is hot, it is highly active chemically, and may combine with gases or imurities within the tube. But by far the greatest difficulty with electrodes arises from what is known as 'sputtering'. Sputtering occurs when the electrode, under the impact of the heavy ions, files to pieces bit by bit. The metal of the electrode gradually files off and coats the inside of the glass tube. This effect in itself causes no harm since the blackening caused by the metal deposit is confined to the ends of the tubes near the electrodes. Eventually, of course, the entire electrode is consumed by the process, but since the action is very slow, the electrode will nevertheless last normal life. However, sputtering is accompanied by a decrease of gas pressure in the tube. This loss of pressure eventually makes the tube inoperative. The sputtered metal from the electrode absorbs some of the fill gas in the tube. As the gas is absorbed, the pressure in the tube is reduced leading to what is called "hardening" of the tube. The reduced gas pressure means there are fewer gas molecules in the tube and the electrons and ions can travel greater distances before hitting each other or a gas molecule. These particles therefore can build up significant speed before they impact the electrode. The high-energy impact on the electrode causes a good deal of heat in the glass 66

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near the electrode. Eventually the glass around the electrode will heat until the relative vacuum in the tube sucks in the hot glass causing the tube to fail. In the early days, this sort of trouble was very common; in fact, the short life of tubes (due to stuttering) was one of the greatest hindrances to the commercial introduction of tube lighting."15* (TyUba lAITamAM lagADavAmAM AvelA) ilekTroDanuM kArya che - pAvara saplAyamAMthI je karaMTa prApta thAya che, ene TyUbanI aMdara bharavAmAM AvelI virala (rare) vAyu sudhI pahoMcADavo. ilekTroDa para niraMtara ilekTrono ane Ayanono bombamAro thato rahe che. jene lIdhe e garama thaI jAya che ane e kAraNe enI banAvaTa evI hovI joIe ke jenAthI e garamIne sahana karI zake. jo ilekTroDamAM vaparAtI dhAtu garama thaI jAya to pachI e rAsAyaNika dRSTie paNa sakriya thaIne TayUbamAM rahelI vAyuo ane bIjI azuddhio (impurities)nI sAthe saMyoga karI zake che. ilekTroDa mATe AnAthI paNa moTI muzkelI "uchaLavAnI kriyAne kAraNe naDe che. jyAre bahu bhAre AyanonA mArAne kAraNe ilekTroDanI dhAtumAMthI nAnA nAnA TukaDAo uchaLI-uchaLIne emAMthI bahAra nIkaLI jAya che, tyAre ene uchaLavAnI kriyA" (yUTariMga) kahevAya che. dhAtunA aMza dhIre dhIre kAcanI naLInI aMdaranI bAjue jamA thatA jAya che, jo ke AnI jAtanI prakriyAthI Ama koI nukasAna nathI thatuM, kAraNake dhAtunI jamAvaTathI ilekTroDanI najIkamAM naLInA cheDA para ja khAlI naLImAM kALAza jamA thaI jAya che (A kALAza thavAnuM mULa kAraNa "uchaLavAnI kriyA" ja che. chelle to Akho ilekTroDa ja pote A prakriyAne kAraNe vaparAI jAya che, to paNa AkhI prakriyA eTalI dhIre dhIre thatI hoya che ke TyUba kAma karavAnuM baMdha karI de che. AvI vaparAyelI TyUbane paNa jo bahArathI Avazyaka kiraNono prayoga karavAmAM Ave, to pAcho aMdarathI prakAza nIkaLavA mAMDe che ema ame pote reDiyotherApisTane tyAM joyuM che. reDiyotherepimAM jyAre kiraNo dvArA zeka ApavAmAM Ave che, tyAre e kiraNonI uSmA paryApta che ke nahIM ene jovA mATe therepisTa AvI vaparAyelI TyUbano prayoga kare che.) uchaLIne IlekTroDathI judA thayelA dhAtunA kaNo naLImAM bharelI vAyumAMthI thoDoka aMza potAnI aMdara cUsI le che. AvI rIte jyAre vAyuno thoDoka aMza cUsAI jAya che tyAre vAyunI aMdara dabANa ghaTI jAya che. AnA pariNAme je *The Luminous Tube by Wayne Strattman. s,

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sthiti bane che ene naLInuM kaThorapaNuM kahevAya che. dabANa ghaTI javAno artha che naLInI aMdara rahelA vAyunA aNuguccho (molecules)nI saMkhyAmAM ghaTADo. ene lIdhe je ilekTrono ane Ayano eka bIjA sAthe athavA to vAyunA aNuguccho sAthe athaDAtA hatA te have athaDAmaNa pahelA lAMbu aMtara kApI zake che. ene lIdhe IlekTroDa sAthe athaDAmaNa pahelA eno vega sAro evo vadhI jAya che. AvI rIte ilekTroDa para UMcI UrjAvALI Takkara thavAthI IlekTroDanI pAsenA kAcanA bhAganI uSmAmAM paNa sArI evI vRddhi thaI jAya che. A pramANe chelle ilekTroDanI pAseno kAcano bhAga tyAM sudhI garama thAya che jyAM sudhI TyUbamAM mojuda sApekSa zUnyAvakAza garama kAcanI aMdara cUsAI jAya che ane enA pariNAme TyUba kAma karavuM baMdha karI de che. zarUAtanA divasomAM A muzkelI bahu naDI. kharI rIte to TyUba lAITane vyApArI dRSTie dAkhala karavAmAM TayUbanuM A ochuM TakAupaNuM je uchaLavAnI kriyAne lIdhe thatuM hatuM) ghaNuM naDyuM hatuM.

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bhAga - 1 TippaNI kama 1. muni yazovijaya-vidyuta sajIva ke nirjIva? (dvitIya AvRtti) pRSTha 8 parathI uddhRta. 2. me4na. pR9 8 52thI. uddhRta maayaa| sUtra, 5/5/165 3. mAyArya tulasI, haina siddhAntahIpi.51, 1/14 4. mAyArtha pUzyapAha, savAAsaddhi, 5/33 - - bAhyAbhyantara kAraNathI je snehA paryAya utpanna thAya che, enAthI pudgala sni25 upAya che. (chainendra siddhAnta oza - sni5 za6') 5. prazApanA sUtra (4qgl), 56 13, sUtra 21.22 : ajIvapariNAma-padaM 21. ajIvapariNAme NaM bhaMte! kativihe paNNatte? goyamA! dasivahe paNNatte, taM jahA-baMdhaNapariNAme gatipariNAme saMThANapariNAme bhedapariNAme vaNNapariNAme gaMdhapariNAme rasapariNAme phAsapariNAme agaruyalahuyapariNAme saddapariNAme // 22. baMdhaNapariNAme NaM bhaMte! kativihe paNNatte? goyamA! duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA-niddhabaMdhaNapariNAme ya lukkhabaMdhaNapariNAme ya / gAhA - samaNiddhayAe baMdho Na hoti, samalukkhayAe vi Na hoti / vemAyaNiddha-lukkhattaNeNa baMdho* u khaMdhANaM // 1 // Niddhassa NiddheNa duyAhieNaM, lukkhassa lukneNa duyAhieNaM / Niddhassa lukkheNa uvei baMdho, jahaNNavajjo visamo samo vA // 2 / / 69

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6. AcArya nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI, gomaTasAra gAthA 615 - Niddhassa Niddhesa durAhieNa, lukkhassa lukneNa durAhiraNa / Niddhassa lukkheNa havejja baMdho, jahaNNavajje visame same vA / 7. AcArya umAsvAti, tattvArtha sUtra, pa/33 8. (a) AcArya pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi, 5/24 (ba) pakhaMDAgamamAM paNa sAdi vaiRsika baMdhanA udAharaNamAM jaNAvela che - "ko to thappo sAtivasasA vaMgho gAma tasa rUma jilIvemaadaa giddhadAvemAdA lhukkhadA baMdho / se taM baMdhaNapariNAmaM pappa se abbhANaM vA mahANaM vA sajjhANaM vA vijjUNaM vA ukkANaM vA kaNayANaM vA disAdAhaNaM vA dhUmakedUNaM vA iMdAuhANaM vA se khetaM pappa kAlaM pappa uU pappa ayaNaM pappa poggalaM pappa je cAmaNNe evamAdiyA amaMgalappahuDINi baMdhaNapariNAmeNa pariNaMmati so savvo sacivarUsavaMdho nAma !" - "A je sthApya sAdika visasAbaMdha che, eno e nirdeza che | vimAtrAmAM snigdhatA ane vimAtrAmAM rukSatAthI pudgalomAM baMdha thAya che. e pudagala bandhanane prApta thaIne vividha prakAranA abhrapathI, megha, saMdhyA, vidhuta, ulkA, kanaka, dizAdAra, dhUmaketu, IndradhanuSa rupe tathA kSetrakALa, Rtu, ayana ane pudgalane prApta karI je baMdhanapariNAmathI pariNata thAya che tathA e saMdarbhe anya je amaMgalaprabhuti baMdhana pariNAma rUpe pariNata thAya che, A sarva sAdi-visasA baMdha che." (padakhaMDAgama, 14/15/32, 3730/34) jainendra siddhAnta koza, baMdha zabda (bhAga-2, pRSTha 169-170), rAjavArtika pa/24 9. (a) pro. jI. Ara. jaina, Cosmology Old & New (being a modern Commentary on the fifth chapter of Tattvarthadhigama Sutra) (1) Page 145--"Then further it may be snighda or r "uk) sa; these terms when applied to the elementary particles refer to the positive or the negative charge of electricity." (2) Pages 160, 161--"As mentioned incidentally on page 145 these terms s]nigdha and r"uk]sa appear to have been arbitrarily used as the terms positive and negative have been used by modern electricians to denote the two kinds of electricity. 10

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One is likely to question as to what led us to identify Snigdha and R"uk]sa qualities or Pudgala with positive and negative electrification's. In support of our interpretation we quote the following words from Sarv"artha Siddhi (on S"utra 5.24) "1104349OLSAAT layn..." (Lightning discharge in clouds is produced by the qualities of Snigdha and R"uk]sa i.e. due to the development of positive and negative charges.) A positive elementary particle combines with another similar particle differing in energy level by two units. Also a negative elementary particle combines with another negative elementary particle differing again in energy level by two units. A positive particle can also unite with a negative particle and vice versa. Particles at the lowest energy level do not unite. The union of the various particles of different energy levels may form an odd or an even series 3,5,7,9 etc. or 2,4,6,8 etc. A few examples are given below from modern science to illustrate these combinations: 1 The heavy electron, referred to on page 87 f.n. has been formed by the union of electrons, i.e., negative elementary particles of matter. If we call negative as R"uk]sa, this is a case of R"uk]sa combining with R"uk]sa. In the 'Science and Culture' for February 1938 we read that Prof. Eddington "from his theory, has predicted the existence of negatrons" (negative protons) i.e., particles as heavy as the protons but composed of negative particles or negative electric charges. We are pleased to state that such a particle has been discovered and it is an example of R"uk]sa particles combining with R"uk sa. The Snigdha combining with Snigdha is illustrated in the formation of protons. Positron is a snigdha elementary particle whereas the proton is a much bigger particle of the same kind. We venture to suggest that a proton has been formed by a close packing of elementary positive particles just as the close packing of protons gives rise to nuclear matter. Further discoveries of this kind have been announced in the 'Nature', April 16 and May 7, 1938. Williams and Pickup have obtained results which tend to confirm 71

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the existence of particles of mass intermediate between that of the electron and the proton in the cosmic ray streams. Photographs showed the presence of particles of mass about 200 times that of the electron, carrying in some cases positive and in others negative charges. One photograph indicated the presence of a particle of mass greater than 430 times that of the electron. Street and Stevenson (1937) obtained results which could be explained by the existence of a negative particle with mass about 130 times that of the electron. Nishina, Takeuchi, and Ishimiya (1937) obtained indications of the particles of both signs having masses about 1/7 to 1/10 of that of the proton, while Ruhlig and Crane (1938) considered that there were particles of mass (120 +- 30) times that of the electron. This leaves no doubt about the combinations between Snigdha and R"uk]sa particles to form similar particles of greater mass." (3) Page 162-"The structure of the neutron shows that it is an example of a snigdha particle combining with a "uk]sa particle-a proton combining with an electron in close union..... "The nuclei of modern atoms are also an aggregation of protons, neutrons and Mesons, and therefore serve as examples of Snigdha combining with R"uk]sa.... In the formation of molecules from atoms we again see the union of Snigdha and R"uk]sa atoms.... a crystal of common salt (sodium chloride) is composed of atoms of sodium and chlorine. When it is dissolved into water, it dissociates into positive (snigdha) ions of sodium and negative (R"uk]sa) ions of chlorine." (4) Page 163-"Sodium atoms combining with chlorine atoms is a case of snigdha uniting with R"uk]sa, whereas two oxygen atoms combining with each other to form a molecule of oxygen is a case of R"uk]sa uniting with R"uk]sa." (5) Pages 164, 165 - na jadhanyuguNAnAm / ( na jadhanyaguNAnAm paramANUnAM bandho bhavati / ) ( The ultimate elementary particles at the lowest energy level do not unite at all.) In other words, we should expect to find electrons and positrons in perfectly free state as well and so it is. We quote the following from The Advance Text-book of Magnetism and Electricity: "Conduction of electricity in electrolytes and in gases is effected by positively and negatively charged carriers called ions. In liquids the ions are free charged atoms or groups of atoms; in Jain Educationa International 72 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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gases the negative ion is an electron loaded up by having attached to it one or more neutral atoms (at low pressures the electron throws off its attendant neutral atoms and travels alone), whilst the positive ion is an atom which has lost one electron. The conduction of electricity in solids is also effected by carriers but the latter in this case consist solely of free electrons." Further in the same book the author adds that these free electrons in metals are not only responsible for the conduction of electricity but that "in the light of modern work there is every reason to believe that the electrons in the metals are the essential agents in the heat transference" also. Also the positrons have been found to occur in a free state in Nature. In fact their first discovery was made by Anderson in a stream of cosmic rays. The Jain conception of different energy levels associated with the elementary particles of matter, viz., electrons and positrons is confirmed from many sources. Referring to Pauli's exclusion principle, Prof. Born says "An electron gas is supposed to exist in the interior of metals and to account for their high conductivity. According to our former principles, we should have to give each of the electrons a name, Edward, John, George and so on. ... The extremely satisfactory discovery was made that the new Fermi-Dirac statistics applied to the electrons in metals gives much better results than the older theory." As mentioned on page 99 Fermi-Dirac statistics gives us a means distinguishing between individual electrons having different energies. Not only in the electrons but in the individual atoms also there is some distinction which certain phenomena seem to indicate but which science has not been able to elucidate so far. For instance, referring to the phenomenon of radioactivity, Prof. Max Born further says, "We may cherish the opinion that there must ultimately be some inner reason for the fact that one atom lives only a few seconds and its apparently identical neighbour many years; but no one has yet succeeded in putting his finger on the cause." This statement clearly shows that atoms do differ in some intrinsic property which Jain writers have been given the designation the degree of snigdhatva and r"uk]satva." (6) Pages 190, 191--"The union of the electrons and the positrons to form different kinds of matter is attributed to the differences in the degrees of Snigdha and R"uk]sa properties of 73

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(b) these particles. As mentioned on page 160 f.n. the discharge of electricity between the clouds has been attributed, by the author of Sarvartha Siddhi, to the same property of Snigdhatva and R"uk]satva. Referring to the phenomenon of atomicinterlinking Dr. B.N. Seal in his book The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus (London), suspects that "the crude but immensely suggestive theory of chemical combinations (of the Jains) is possibly based on the observed electrification of smooth and rough surfaces as the result of rubbing. (Mark that the words Snigdha and R"uk sa have been translated as smooth and rough). In S"utras 33-36 the laws of these combination are discussed in detail and in Shutra 37 the formation of neutral atoms from positive and negative charges, the formation of positive and negative ions and as to how the same atom behaves sometimes as electropositive and sometimes as electro-negative are explained." J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Microcosmology: Theory of Atom in Jain Philosophy and Modern Science, pages 159-160 "The four additional touch are formed by combination of four basic touch as follows: (i) The negative charge (i.e. r"uk]sa) is associated with light ness. (ii) The positive charge (i.e. snigdha) is associated with heavi ness. (iii) Combination of cold spar<Page #88
(ii) Dry (r"uk]sa) and gluey (snigdha) correspond respectively to positive and negative electrical charges. (iii) Light, heavy correspond to mass (density) (iv) Hard, soft correspond to measure of hardness. (i) Temperature (Hot, Cold) The first pair hot (u]s]na) and cold (<Page #89
Similarly, the spar<Page #90
in the composite bodies constituted by less than infinitely infinite (anant"ananta) param"a]nus. Only when the number of constituent ultimate atoms exceeds the threshold of nonassociability, then and only then they could be used by the psychic order of existence. This does not mean that all the composite bodies with larger number than mentioned above possess this attribute. Some of them can be associated and some of them cannot be, as we shall see below." (See foot-note 12 (b). 92. (a) 2412414 Alzat, 4961, 98/4/8, 028/484/99 tattha AhAra-teja-bhAsA-maNa kamma iya vaggaNAo gahaNapAoggAo avasesAo agahaNapAoggAo tti dhetattAvvaM / (Bulel, 1874, 191, Ho vila sli{31, 2 yiz qolgulee grahaNa yogya che, bAkI saghaLI agrahaNa yogya ja che.) jaina siddhAnta slel, qofsu 210EUR, 243-3, 43-428) (b) J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Op. cit, pages 119- "5. 'Ah"ara-varga]n'a The fifth category is the first one which crosses the above mentioned threshold of associability. In this category fall the groups of aud"arika, vaikriya, "ah"araka and <Page #91
13. dhavalA 14/5, 6/sUtra 737/pRSTha 513 (jainendra siddhAnta koza, khaMDa 3, pR. 521, 'lu zaha'uddhRta) - "OM dravyAne 49 // OMrI taisa zarIra rUpathI pariNAma karI jIva pariNamana kare che, e dravyonI taijasadravyavargaNA saMjJA kahe che." 14. vistRta varNana mATe juo jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pRSTha 513 516 (Anu za6) 15. paqel, 14/5, 6, 88/64/7 - "AhAra-tejA-bhAsA-maNa-kammaiyavaggaNAo ceva ettha parUvedavvAo, baMdhiNajjattAdo, Na sesAo, tAsiM baMdhiNajjattAbhAvAdo / Na, sesavajjaNaparUvaNAe viNA baMdhiNajjavaggaNANaM paruvaNovAyAbhAvAdo, vidaregAvagamaNeNa viNA NicchidaNNapaccayauttIe abhAvAdo vA / " dhavalA, 14/5, 6, 117/224/1 - "puvvuttatevIsavaggaNAhiMto paMcasarIrANi pudhabhUdANi tti tesi bAhiravavaeso / taM jahA - Na tAva paMcasarIrANi acittavaggaNAsu NivadaMti, sacittANamicattabhAvivarohAdo / Na ca sacittavaggaNAsu NivaMdati, vissAsuvacaehi viNA paMcaNhaM sarIrANaM paramANUNaM ceva gahaNAdo / tamhAM paMcaNhaM sarIrANaM vAhiravaggaNAtti siddhA saNNA / " (jainendra siddhAnta koza bhAga 3, pRSTha 516-vargaNA zabda meM uddhRta) / 16. prApana sUtra (1919), 56 12, sUtra 7-38. 17. bhagavatI sUtra (bhagava), zata 8, heza 1, sUtra 1 - "kativihANaM bhaMte! poggalA pariNatA?" goyamA! tivihA poggalA paNNattA, taM jahA-payogapariNayA, mIsApariNayA, vIsasApariNayA / 18. sena, zata: 8, uheza 1, sUtra 42 - "vIsasApariNayA NaM bhaMte poggalA kativihA paNNatA? goyamA! paMcavihA paNNattA,taM jAAhA-vaNNapariNayA, gaMdhapariNayA, rasapariNayA, phAsapariNayA, saMThANapariNayA / " 18. me4, zata: 8, uheza 1, sUtra. 2 - "payogapariNayA NaM bhaMte! poggalA kativihA paNNattAya? goyamA! paMcivahA paNNattA, taM jahA-egiMdayapayogapariNayA, beiMdayapayogapariNayA, teiMdayapayogapariNayA, cauriMdayapayogapariNayA, paMcidiyapayogapariNayA / " 20. me4, zata: 8, uheza 1, sUtra 40 - "mIsApariNayA NaM bhaMte! poggalA kativihA paNNattAya? goyamA! paMcivahA 78

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paNNattA, taM jahA-egiMdayapayogapariNayA, jAva paMcidiyapayogapariNayA / " 21. mAyArya tulasI, haina siddhAnta bApa, 1/14 - "zabda-baMdha-saukSamya-sthaulya-saMsthAna-bheda-tamazchAyA-tapodyotaprabhAvAMzca / " 22. mAyArya bhavati, tatvArtha sUtra, 2/32 - "sacitta-zIta-saMvRtAH setarA: mizrAzcaikazastad yonayaH / " 27. (a) mAyArtha zivoTi, bhuupaaraayn| (bhagavatI ArAdhanA), thA 1099-1101 eiMdaya NeraDyA saMvuDhajoNI havaMti devA ya / / viyaliMdiyA ya viyaDA saMvuDhivayaDA ya gambhesu // 1099 acitA khalu joNI NeraiyANaM ca hoiM devANAM / missA ya gabbhajammA tivihI joNI du sesANaM // 1100 sIduNhAkhalujoNI NauiyANaM taheva devANaM / teUNa usiNajoNI tivihA joNI du sesANaM // 1101 (jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pRSTha 389, "yonizabda" meM uddhRta) AcArAMga vRtti, patra 45-tatraiSAM saMvRtA yoniruSNA ca sacittAcittimazrabhedAt tridhA, sapta caiSAM yonilakSA bhavanti / 24. J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Op. cit, page 12-- "There exists in nature 92 different chemical elements, that is, 92 different kinds of atoms. While some of these elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, etc. are rather abundant, some others such as lanthanum, cerium etc. are very rare. In addition to 92 natural elements, modern science has succeded in making several entirely new elements artificially (the number has become 103)." 25. mena, pR. 54.57 26. (a) Gomber & Gupta, Pradeep's Fundamental Physics (XI), 4 / 16,17 "Electrical Energy arises on account of work required to be done in moving the free charge carriers in a particular direction through a conductor. Chemical Energy of a body, say a chemical compound is the energy possessed by it by virtue of chemical bonding of its atoms. The chemical energy becomes available in a chemical reaction. Nuclear Energy is the energy obtainable from an atomic nucleus. Two distinct modes of obtaining nuclear energy are (i) Nuclear fission (ii) Nuclear fusion. 79

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Nuclear fission involves splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei, whereas nuclear fusion involves fusing of two or more lighter nuclei to form a heavy nucleus. In both, the nuclear fission as well as nuclear fusion, a certain mass disappears, which appears in the form of nuclear energy. This is in accordance with Einstein mass energy relation. Mass Energy Equivalence In classical (old) Physics, mass and energy are two separate physical quantities. In an isolated system, mass is constant, and energy too remains constant. In the year 1905, Einstein made an increadible discovery that energy can be transformed into mass and vice-versa, i.e. mass can be transformed into energy. One can be obtained at the cost of the other. The mass energy equivalence relation as put forth by Einstein is E = mc2 here m = mass that disappears, E energy that appears, C = velocity of light in vacuum. This is when mass is being converted into energy. Conversely, when an amount of energy E is converted into mass, the mass that appears is m = E/c2. Thus, according to (modern) Quantum Physics, mass and energy are not conserved separately, but are conserved as a single entity called 'mass-energy'. This relation is of great significance in Physics. It has solved many hitherto unsolved problems in Physics. Further, the law of conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy have been unified by this relation into a single law of conservation of mass energy. As c is large (= 3 x 108 m./s.), c2 is 9 x 1016. Hence even a small mass difference (m) can produce enormous amounts of energy. Most of the energy in the universe e.g. energy from the sun and other stars is obtained on account of conversion of mass into energy. Transformation of energy It is the phenomenon of charge of energy from one form to the other. We come across such changes in day-to-day life. For example: Jain Educationa International 80 For Personal and Private Use Only

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26. (b) (i) In an electric bulb, electric energy is converted into light energy and heat energy. (ii) In an electric iron, electric heater, geyser etc., electric energy is converted into heat energy. (iii) In an electric fan, electric motor, electric energy is converted into mechanical energy. (iv) In a hydroelectric power station, potential energy of water is converted ultimately into electric energy. (v) In a heat engine, chemical energy from coal/oil is converted into mechanical energy. (vi) In a nuclear reactor, mass is being converted into energy. (vii) In the sun and other stars, mass is being converted into energy, and so on. Principle of conservation of energy According to this principle, the sum total of energy of all kinds in an isolated system remains constant at all times. This means that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Energy can only be changed from one form to another. The amount of energy appearing in one form is always equal to the amount of energy disappearing in some other form. The total energy thus remains constant, always provided, at all points, we measure the amount of energy present in each form (including mass-which too is a form of energy). Satish K. Gupta, Modern's A.B.C. of Physics vol. II for class XII, CBSE, p. 1198 "Stellar Energy (Energy generation in the sun and stars)" The sun radiates energy at a tremendous rate of 4 x 1016 Js '. The stars are also radiating a great amount of energy. Further, they have been radiating energy for several billions of years. It has been estimated that the chemical processes like burning or nuclear fission cannot account for such a large quantity of radiation for several billions of years. Whereas no known chemical process can be source of such a large amount of energy, possibility of fission as the cause of this energy is ruled out on the basis of the hypothesis that sun does not have the required abundance of heavy nuclei of fissionable matter. On the other hand, about 90% of the mass of the sun consists of hydrogen and helium. Jain Educationa International 81 For Personal and Private Use Only

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(b) Thus, we conclude that thermonuclear reactions are the main source of energy in the sun and in the stars. 27. J.S. Zaveri, Human Body : Design, Function and Development, page 57 "The nervous system is the most complex system in the human body. It co-ordinates and controls the work of other systems (of the body) and through them controls the function of the body as a whole". 28. (a) Ibid., p. 75- "The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It is an electrically charged cell, specialized in two key areas of functions: excitability and conductivity." J.S. Zaveri & Muni Mahendra Kumar, Neuroscience and Karma, pages 26, 27"The miraculous functions that brains perform depend on the power of nerve-cells to produce certain electrical and chemical changes. ... There is an electrical potential difference of nearly 1/10 of a Volt between the inside and outside of the nerve-fibre. Similar voltages across the surfaces of all our millions of nervecells provide the means by which messages are sent and decisions made in the nervous system. Each nerve-fibre is a charged system, it has a source of energy available to allow the propagation of messages. If the fibre is strongly stimulated, a sort of electrical explosion spreads all the way along its whole length. This is the nerve-impulse which is the signal that travels along nerve-fibres." Ibid., page xix"Every second, 100 millions messages bombard the brain carrying information from the body's senses. A few hundred, at most, are permitted through to brain regions above the brainstem. Of these, the concious mind heeds a few." (d) Ibid., page xxi "Much of our knowledge stems from electric stimulation of the brain or ESB.' (e) Ibid., page 3 - "Today several disciplines are involved in the study and research of brain and its functions. Physiologists record and study its electrical responses." 82

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29. gujarAta samAcAra dainika, amadAvAda 21-10-2002nA aMkamAM prakAzita "sAiborga' viSayaka samAcAra A prakriyAno vistAra che. 30. DaoN. sudhIra vI. zAha, "magaja ane jJAnataMtunA rogo' pR. 6-8. 31. Tony Buzain, Use Your Head, Pages 16-17 32. rAjasthAna patrikA (jayapura) (dainika), 22 Disembara, 2002 ravivArIya pariziSTa - kailAsa jaina dvArA likhita lekha "vaMDara vidyuta' - "vaijJAniko mANasanA zarIramAM utpanna thanArI rahasyamaya jaivika vijaLInI hajI sudhI koI spaSTa vyAkhyA karI zakyA nathI." prakRtinI dareka vastumAM vidyuta Aveza hoya che. A bahu sAmAnya vAta che, paNa moTebhAge A guNa bahu sAmAnya rIte sAme Ave che. keneDAnA eka zaheramAM rahenAra mihalA kerosIna bleyara eka divasa gaMbhIra rIte bImAra paDI. ilAja karavA chatAM tenI hAlata bagaDatI gaI. e lagabhaga doDha varSa sudhI gaMbhIra rIte bImAra rahI ane pathArImAM paDI rahI. eka vakhata potAnA palaMganI pAse paDelI lokhaMDanI khurazIne sparza thaI gayo. khurazIno sparza thayo ke khurazImAM vijaLIno saMcAra thayo. parivAranA lokoe ene mahAmuzkelI e choDAvI. basa pachI to A silasilo zarU thaI gayo. jevI te koI dhAtune aDatI ke tarata ja coMTI jatI. tapAsa karatAM khabara paDI ke kerosIna bleyaranA zarIramAM vidyutapravAha Avato raheto hato. majAnI vAta to e thaI ke je divase enA zarIramAMthI vIjaLI gAyaba thaI ke te pharI pAchI bImAra paDI gaI. eka anya ghaTanA laMDananI che. laMDananA snAyuroga vizeSajJa DaoN. jaina esa. krAphaTane jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM ke laMDanamAM jainI gargana nAmanI eka mahilAnA zarIramAM vIjaLIno karaMTa Ave che. DokTare e yuvatInuM parIkSaNa karavAnuM nakkI karyuM. jainInA ghare jaIne tenI sAthe hAtha meLavavA hAtha laMbAvyo. jenI to A bAbate bacavA icchatI hatI. chatAM paNa DaoNkTarano hAtha jainIne aDakI gayo. DaoNkTara sAheba eka joradAra jhaTako khAIne paDI gayA. hozamAM AvyA bAda DokTare svIkAryuM ke jenInA zarIramAM hajAro volTanI vidyuta zakti che. eka divasa jainI potAnA makAnanI bahAra UbhI hatI. eka nALA vecanAro tyAMthI pasAra thayo. jainIe nA pADI chatAM eNe eka tALuM jainIne batAvavA 83

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mATe tenI hatheLI para mUkI dIdhuM. acAnaka teNe hoza gumAvI dIdhA. mahAmuzkelIe tene bacAvI zakAyo. jainInA parivAravALAoe jainInA zarIramAM vadhI rahela vidyuta pravAhane rokavA mATe ghaNAM DaoNkTarsane batAvyuM. vaijJAniko e paNa tenA zarIramAM satata pravAhita vIjaLIne rokavAno prayatna karyo paNa saphaLatA na maLI. A ja rIte amerikAnI eka 14 varSanI kizorI lun harTenA zarIramAM vidyuta pravAhathI vicitra pratikriyA thavA lAgI. lulU koIpaNa dhAtune aDatI to emAMthI cinagArI nikaLavA lAgatI. enI sAme paDelA eka divasa ulUnA ghare mahemAna AvyA. e mahemAno mATe khurazI levA gaI. jevo teNe khurazIne hAtha lagAvyo ke khurazI ekadama uchaLI paDI. A prakAranI ghaTanAothI ema ja lAgatuM ke lulUnA zarIramAM apAra zakti samAyela che. lulUnA mAtA-pitAe tenI A vilakSaNatAno vyAvasAyika upayoga karyo. temaNe lulUnI A vicitra khAsiyatono tamAzo karI paisA kamAvAnuM zaruM karyuM. maMcIya pradarzanothI lulu lokapriya thaI gaI. tenI lokapriyatA ane hairataaMgeja pradarzano - kArakhAnAo paratve vaijJAnikonuM dhyAna gayuM. lulUnA vaijJAnika parIkSaNothI siddha thayuM ke temAM zarIramAM hAI volTeja vIjaLI pedA thAya che. jona zo nAmanA eka DrAivaranI patnI ponI zo paNa potAnA vidyutIya karizmAethI AkhA laMDanamAM mazahUra thaI gaI hatI. 40 varSanI vaye polinane eka divasa khyAla Avyo ke tenA zarIramAM vidyuta pravAha thaI rahyo che. e vakhate tenA zarIranA romeroma UbhA thaI gayA. tyAM sudhI ke mAthAnA vALa paNa ekadama UbhA thaI gayA. ene potAnA zarIramAM haLavI jhaNajhaNATI mahesusa thavA lAgI. polinane aDavA jhaTako lAgato. eka vakhata kAcanA suMdara mAchalI gharane poline aDakI lIdhuM to tenuM pANI garama thaIne ukaLavA lAgyuM ane badhI mAchalI garamIthI baLavA lAgI. polinanA zarIramAM vidyuta pravAha covIsa kalAka nahoto raheto. jhaTakA acAnaka lAgatA hatA, paNa te zaru kyAre thatA tenI khabara khuda polinane paNa na rahetI. A samasyAthI polinanuM vaivAhika jIvana ane sAmAjika jIvana khalAsa thaI gayuM. loko tenI pAse AvatAM gabharAvA lAgyAM. eka vakhata polina IstrIthI kapaDAMne IstrI karI rahI hatI ne acAnaka

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IstrImAM visphoTa thayo. polinanA patie tenI zArIrika tapAsa mAncesTaranI selphAI yunivarsiTInA bhautika vijJAna vibhAgathI karAvI to jANa thaI ke polinanA zarIramAM be hajAra volTa zaktinI vIjaLI pravAhita thatI rahe che. vaijJAnikoe polinane dareka vakhate hAthamAM rabbaranA mojA paheravAnI HALLE 24141. - }alagay 33. rAdhAzaraNa agravAla, jaiva vidyuta athavA prANa UrjA, pRSTha 1-4 34. Prof. Dr. G.R. Jain, op. cit. p. 137 "Following elementary particles are known to the modern science: 1. Negative elementary charges called the electrons. 2. Positive elementary charges of the same mass called the positrons. Positive elementary charges 1,850 times as heavy called the protons. Elementary particles of matter without any electric charges and of a mass slightly greater than that of the protons called the neutrons. Heavy electrons. Neutrino-A particle of rest-mass zero without any electric charge. Negative elementary charge with mass equal to that of the proton callled negative proton. Mu-Mesons-positive and negative, 200 times heavier than the electron with mean life 107 seconds which ultimately decay into electrons. Many more about 100 of them have been discovered so far. As Prof. Max Born, Restless Universe, p. 266 has said "The existence of first four is firmly established; two light ones, the electron and the positron and two heavy ones the proton and the neutron". He further adds that "these are too many. For it is likely that combination of a. a proton and an electron will give a neutron a. a neutron and a positron will give a proton Either neutron or proton must be composite." Further, in the same book we read that the nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons and the electrons and protons which occasionally fly out of the nucleus arise from the following transformations: 85

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35. (a) Proton breaking into Neutron + Positron, and Neutron breaking into Proton+Electron." J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Microcosmology : Theory of Atom in Jain Philosophy and Modern Science, pp. * 38, 39. "Characteristics of Subatomic Particles Fundamental th know about the subatomic particles is that every particle of the same species looks exactly alike. Every electron, proton and neutron looks exactly like every other electron, proton and neutron respectively. Mass : Particles of different types, however, can be recognized by their distinguishing characteristics. Mass is the first distinguishing characteristic. A proton has about 1980 times more mass, than an electron. (This does not mean that proton is 1800 times larger than electron. A kilogram of iron has the same mass as a kilogram of cotton). Mass of a particle at rest is called its rest-mass. The mass of a moving particle increases with its velocity and at 99% of the speed of light it is seven times larger than the rest-mass. At velocities above 99% of the speed of light, particle-masses increase dramatically. An electronvolt is a unit of energy but it is also used for measuring a particle's mass (the energy that an electron gains from an electric field of one volt is called an electron-volt). Thus the rest-mass of an electron is 0.51 million electron volts (Mev) while the rest-mass of a proton is 938.2 Mev. It is customary to use the mass of an electron as a unit. This arrangement makes the mass of a proton 1836.12 and the mass of a neutron 1837. By this system it is easy to see how much heavier a particle is than an electron. A photon has zero rest-mass, and is therefore, called massless particle. ("Massless", is actually a clumsy translation from the language of mathematics to English language.) All its energy is the energy of motion at the speed of light. It can neither be slowed down noi made to run faster. Electric Charge : The second characteristic of a subatomic particle is its charge. Every subatomic particle has either a positive charge or a negative charge or is neutral. Its charge determines how the particle will behave in the presence of other particle. A neutral particle will be utterly indifferent to all other 86

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(b) particles. Two positively charged or negatively charged particles will repel each other and will put as much distance between them as possible. On the contrary, a negatively charged particle and a positively charged particle will be irresistibly attracted to each other and will move nearer to it if they can. A subatomic particle can have zero charge (neutral) or 1 unit, either positive or negative, or in certain instances 2 units of charge, but nothing in between. No particle can have 1.25,1.5 or 1.7 units of charge. In other words, electric charge is also quantized like energy, and all the charge quanta are of the same size. A particle with mass and charge emerges as a particle personality. Spin : The third characteristic of "a subatomic particle is its "spin". A particle spins about a theoretical axis at exactly the same rate, neither slower nor faster. The spin of a particle is related to, but not identical to, our everyday concept of a spin of a top because it does not have any well-defined axis. Like every phenomenon in quantum mechanics, spin is also discontinuous i.e., quantized like energy and charge." Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., p.4 "Quantization of charge In earlier times, it was thought that the charge on a body can be increased in continuous manner. However, experiments show that charge on a body is always some integral multiple of a smallest unit of charge, which in magnitude is equal to the charge on an electron or a proton. The electron has a negative charge equal to 1.6 x 16-19 coulomb and charge on a proton is found to be exactly equal and opposite to that on electron i.e. equal to + 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb. If we regard 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb as e, then an electron has charge -e and a proton has charge + e. Any charged body will possess a total charge -e, -2 e, -3 e ....., if negatively charged and + e + 2e, + 3e, ......, if positively charged. In other words, a charged body (or a particle) cannot possess charge, which is a fraction of 1 e. This experimental fact is called the quantization of charge or discrete nature of charge. The fact that the charge on a body or a particle is always some integral multiple of a smallest unit of charge (+ 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb i.e. charge on a proton or an electron) is known as quantization of charge. 87

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The quantization or discrete nature of charge cannot be explained by classical theory electricity." 36. Gomber and Gupta, op.cit, 1/32. 37. Prof. Dr. G.R. Jain, op.cit., pp 10-12-- "Hydrogen Atom : Diameter .... 1/200,000,000 inch Weight ... 164/100,000,000,000,000,000,000 0000 gram Electron: Diameter 1/500,000,000,000,0 inch Speed ... 1,300 miles per second Weight ... 1/2,000 of the weight of the hydrogen atom. Proton : Diameter .... about ten times that of the electron. Weight .... that of the hydrogen atom. The central positive charge of electricity, the nucleus, has a diameter only about a ten-thousand of that of the atom and practically all the mass of the atom resides in it. The diameter of an atom is one part out of twenty crore parts of an inch. The lightest atom is that of hydrogen having (Hydrogen is the gas which is evolved by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid and on account of its lightness is used in filling toy balloons and also bigger ones. Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen) a mass only one-quadrillionth (1 followed by 24 ciphers) part of one masha (gramme) while the mass of an electron is even two thousandth part of this. The diameter of an electron is five-billionth (1 followed by 12 ciphers is a billion) part of an inch which is about 2,500 millionth part of the diameter of human hair. In an eight-mile molecule the electrons are only 8 inches in diameter. These electrons revolve round the nucleus several quadrillion times per second with a speed of 1,300 miles per second. (The concentrated electric charge in the centre of an atoms is called the nucleus.) All these figures tend to show that matter is extremely porous. This porosity of matter was clearly understood by the Jain thinkers several centuries before the Christian era. It is this fact which is expressed by words ^lw{eifj.kkekoxkgu'kfDr* (subtlety and accommodating power of the molecules). It is interesting to quote in this connection the words of Prof. Eddington, the great Astronomer Royal at Cambridge. He says: "If we eliminate all the unfilled space in a man's body and collect 88

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the nucleii and electrons into one mass, the man would be reduced to a speck just visible with a magnifying glass." In order to understand fully how innumerable atoms of matter may be compressed in one unit of space (prade<Page #103
Helium. Lithium. Beryllium. The great variety of matter in the universe depends on the fitting together of 92 kinds of atoms to.form all manner of structures. These 92 different kinds of atoms consist of 92 different nucleii with corresponding swarms of electrons. We have just mentioned that on sufficient heating the molecules of matter get broken up into the constituent atoms. The question next arises as to what happens when an atom or atoms are continuously heated to a very high temperature. The temperature within the interior or certain stars is very high, the highest temperature estimated by Eddington being about four crore degree Centigrade. What would be the state of atoms inside these stars? At these high temperatures the atoms begin to lose their outer electrons, i.e., the electrons which compose the body of the atom begin to separate from the atom. Such atoms, in the language of science, are called 'ionised atoms, and the process of separation of the electrons from the atom is called 'ionisation'. In some case it happens that atoms lose entirely their rings of electrons, the atoms are then called "stripped' atoms." 38. (a) dhAtuomAM rahelAM paramANuonI vacce je pArasparika baMdhana che, ene vistArathI samajavA mATe ame nIce mujaba udAharaNa ApI rahyAM chIe : satISa ke. guptA op.cit. p. 1225. - "Metallic Bonds A metallic bond is force, which binds the atoms of a metal with one another. The metallic bonding is explained on electron gas model. According to this model, in metallic atoms, electrons are loosely held by the nucleus due to low ionisation potential. The valence electron of an atom can leave its positive ionic core (nucleus and inner orbital electrons) and enter into the influence of the 90

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ionic core of another atom. This collection of mobile free electrons around the ionic core is found to be more stable than the neutral atoms. The force between the mobile valence electrons and positive ionic cores holds the metallic atoms together, which is known as metallic bond. Properties: 1. Metallic compounds are usually solids. However, mercury is the example of a liquid metallic compound. 2. Metallic compounds are usually crystalline in nature. 3. They are good conductors in solid state. Metallic bonds are weak bonds. Metallic bonds are non-directional. 6. Metallic compounds are opaque to light. This is because. light energy falling on them is absorbed by mobile electrons. (ba) badhI dhAtuo sAmAnya tApamAna para ghana ke nakkara svarUpamAM hoya che. (mAtra pAro A bAbate apavAda che.) nakkara padArthomAM je sphaTika rupa che, enI vizeSatAo A rIte batAvavAmAM AvI che, ejana, u. 9246. "Solids All solids have the property of elasticity and by virtue of this property, the solids behave as in compressible substances and exhibit rigidity and the mechanical strength. Basically, all solids are made of atoms and molecules but due to the different internal arrangement of the molecules inside them, they are divided into two classes, namely crystalline and amorphous materials. Crystalline Materials The crystalline materials are those in which atoms or molecules are arranged in a definite and regular way troughout the body of the crystal and possess a definite external geometrical shape. A few examples of crystalline substances are quartz, mica, sugar, copper sulphate, sodium chloride etc. The crystalline substances have the following characteristics : 1. The atoms or molecules constituting a crystalline solid are arranged in a definite and regular manner inside the crystal. Due to this, crystalline materials have definite external geometrical shape. 2. The orderly arrangement of atoms and molecules in a crystal 91

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3. extends over a large volume of the crystal i.e. crystals exhibit a long range order of the atoms and molecules. Crystalline substances are bounded by flat sufraces. 4. Crystalline substances are anisotrophic i.e. the physical properties like thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, compressibility, etc. have different values in different directions. 5. Crystalline materials possess uniform chemical composition i.e. bonds between all the ions, atoms or molecules are of equal strength. 6. A crystalline material has a sharp melting point. It is because, all the bonds between its constituents are of equal strength; and on heating, all the bonds get ruptured suddenly at a fixed temperature. Due to this, the change from solid state to the liquid state occurs suddenly. 7. Below the temperature of crystallisation, the crystalline materials are in stable state. Since a stable state is the state of minimum energy, such a material acquires a state of minimum energy on crystallisation. (ka) nakkara padArtha (dhAtu)mAM vAhakatA che, ene samajavA mATe ahIM uddhRta che "Electron Emission "The emission of electric charges from hot bodies constitutes thermionic emission. Edison discovered that current travels from a negative potential to positive potential through a vacuum. Structure of Solids : a According to present concepts, a metal is regarded as conglomerate of crystals. Within each crystal the atoms are held by interatomic forces in a regular pattern of space lattice. Each atom in turn consists of a nucleus surrounded by moving electrons travelling in well-defined orbits. Some of the electrons in the outer orbit of an atom are not rigidly bound to the atom, but are relatively free to travel more or less independently from one atom to the another. These are known as free electrons and it is these free electrons which are responsible for most of the electrical and in this chapter, we will study the effects associated with motion of electric charges. Moving charges constitute the electric currents. Jain Educationa International 92 For Personal and Private Use Only

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39. (a) Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks, Textbook of Physics (Part-I) (Std. XII), pp 169-17 (Chapter 7 on Electrical Currents) "In this chapter we will study the effects associated with motion of electric charges. Moving charges constitution the electric currents. To the Negative Terminal of Battery (+) (+ (+) (+) + Jain Educationa International (+) (+) (+) Direction of the field in the conductor "Suppose a conductor is connected to the terminals of a battery as shown in fig. To understand the process occurring in the conductor microscopically, we should first understand the internal structure of a metalic conductor. In a metalic substance, the valence electrons of the constituent atoms do not remain attached to their respective parent atoms, but get detached, leaving the atoms as ions. The ions so formed, are arranged at specific locations forming a geometric pattern known as a crystal lattice. The 'free' electrons move in the space between the ions in a random fashion, which for convenience is shown by a line in fig. In absence of an external electric field, if we consider any cross-section across the conductor, the number of electrons crossing it in all directions are equal. Hence net flow of electrons across the cross-section is zero which means there is zero current. Now when such a conductor is connected to the terminals of a battery as shown in the fig. an electric field is set up in the conductor and electrons experience a force acting towards the positive terminals of the battery. Under the influence of this force, the electrons acquire a drift towards the positive terminal which is superposed on their random velocity, e.g. an electron which moved from A to B in a given time, now moves from A to B' in the same time. The drift experienced by it during this time is B', and one can now define an appropriate drift velocity. 93 To the Positive Terminal of Battery For Personal and Private Use Only

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Of course, all along the path of conductor electrons have random 'collisions' with the ions; as explained in detail later. Under such conditions, net flow of electrons across a cross-section does not remain zero, so one has an electric current flowing across the cross-section. Amount of charge passing through a cross-section of a conductor per unit time is measure of electric current and is called the 'ampere'. Q (coulomb) / t (second) Ampere: If the net of charge flowing across a cross-section of a conductor is one coulomb per second, then the electric current passing is called one ampere. If the charge passing in time t second is Q coulomb, then the electric current is, I (ampere) Resistance: We referred to term "random collisions" between the drifting electrons and the ions located at the lattice points. Actually, the ions are not stationary, but execute an oscillatory motion about their mean position, energy of which increases with the increase in the temperature of the conductor. Electrons drifting between the ions have to move through the randomly varying electric fields due to these oscillations and hence are frequently deflected from their paths. These deflections can be effectively considered as results of the "collisions" with ions. Such random deflections suffered by the drifting electrons act so as to offer a resistance to the drift motion. This factor is a major contributor to the property called electrical resistance of a conductor. Other factors that contribute to the resistance are the impurities in the conductor and its constitutional and mechanical defects. = 2. Ohm's law and the Resistivity A German scientist named Ohm deduced in 1828 a law that "under a given (fixed) physical conditions, the ratio of the electrical potential difference to the current is constant." This constant is known as the resistance of the conductor. Mathematically expressed, the law is, R = VLI where V is the potential difference between the ends of a conductor and I is the current flowing through it. With V measured in volts and I in amperes, we have R in units called ohm, Thus, Jain Educationa International 94 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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39. Ohm = voltampere The constant R appearing in equation depends on the dimensions, nature and the temperature of the conductor. (b) Satish K. Gupta op. cit, p. 113"Conductors. Insulators and Dielectrics The carriers of current in metals are free electrons and the free electron model for the metal can explain some of the observed properties of the metals in a qualitative manner. The elements, in which the valence shell is filled less than half, are found to be good conductors. For example, in metals such as copper, aluminium, silver, etc., the valence shell contains three or less electrons. Since an atom has a tendency to have a filled valence shell, the valence electrons in the atoms of a metal leave the atoms and are free to move through the metal lattice in a random manner. They constantly collide among themselves and with the positive ions located in the metal lattice. They have practically no affinity to their parent atoms. However, the average velocity of free electrons in a metal is zero. When an external electric field is applied across the two ends of a metal, the free electrons experience force and get accelerated. There is a net flow of electrons through the metal. It is found that as the strength of the applied electric field is increased, more and more free electrons cross through a section of the metal. The material which do not have free electrons in them are unable to conduct electricity and are termed as insulators. In fact, the same material may possess the following two properties: (i) It may not conduct electricity through it and as such it is called insulator. (ii) It may not conduct electricity through it but on applying electric field, induced charges are produced on its faces. Such, a material is called dielectric. The valence electrons in atoms of a dielectric are tightly bound to their nuclei and ordinarily cannot detach themselves. Kakani, Saxena, Chhajer & Lodha, op.cit. p.2 - "Certain materials, such as silver, copper, aluminium and nickel contains relatively large number of free electrons are called conductors; materials such as glass, dry wood, silk and porcelain, (c) 95

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have relatively few free electrons and are known as nonconductors or insulators. Materials that have an intermediate number of available free electrons are classed as semi-conductors. Work function : (d) The atoms and electrons in any material are ordinarily in rapid vibratory motion, the velocity of their motion, being a function of temperature. At ordinary temperatures the free electrons in the metallic emitter cannot leave its surface because of certain acts as a potential barrier. To escape from the surface of the emitter the electrons must perform a certain amount of work to overcome the surface potential barrier. At absolute zero, the minimum amount of energy required to enable an electron to escape from the metal surface is known as work function. This depends slightly on the temperature. It is possible to increase the energy of the free electrons in a conductor until they are able to pass through the potential barrier into space. Satish K. Gupta, op.cit. p. 1072-- *FREE ELECTRONS IN METALS "Electron is a fundamental constituent of the atom. A metal contains free electrons, which move about freely through the atomic spaces in a random fashion. But as soon as an electron leaves the metal immediately an equal positive charge is produced on the surface of the metal. As a result the electrons pulled back into the metal and hence remains confined to it. The pull on the electrons at the surface is found to depend on the nature of metal surface and is described by a characteristic of the metal, called work function. The minimum energy which must be supplied to the electron so that it can just come out of the metal surface is called the work function of the metal. It is denoted by the symbol w and is measured in electron volt (eV). In order to make the free electrons escape the metal surface, an additional energy must be given to them. This process is called electron emission and may be achieved in the following ways: (i) Thermoionic emission: In this process of electron emission, the additional energy is supplied in the form of heat. The emitted electrons are known as thermo-electrons. 96

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40. (a) (ii) Photoelectric emission: In this process, as already discussed the additional energy is supplied by means of electromagnetic radiation. The emitted electrons are known as photo electrons. (iii) Secondary emission: In this process, the fast moving electrons on collision with the metal surface knock out electrons, called the secondary electrons. (iv) Field emission: In this process, the electrons are emitted by the metal surface on subjecting it to a very strong electric field (108 volt per metre)" Prof. Dr. G.R. Jain, op.cit., p. 7 "Modern investigations have shown conclusively that all matter is composed of molecules which, in the case of gases, are travelling in all directions with high speeds. Theoretically a piece of chalk may be broken into two pieces, those two into four, and so on to infinity. In reality, matter cannot be subdivided beyond a certain point without loosing its identity. The smallest particle into which matter may be subdivided without destroying its characteristic properties is called a molecule." "No one has ever seen a molecule; these particles being so small that even the best microscope fails to reveal them. The diameter of a molecule has been measured to be one ten-millionth an inch 1/10,000,000 inch. A drop of water is about 1/8 of an inch. Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., p. 1221"Molecules An atom is electrically a neutral system. In an atom, electrons revolve around the positive nucleus. The net electric field of an atom even at a small distance from the centre of the atom (nearly equal to 10-1degm) is almost zero. Atoms of most of the elements do not exist as atoms as such. When atoms come sufficiently close to each other, such that electron cloud of one atom overlaps that of the other, they interact with each other electrically. The atoms then, remain together rather than to exist as separate neutral atoms. When the atoms are held together because of the above fact, they are said to form molecules. The molecule so formed is said to be stable, if energy is required to split it into its constituent atoms. The minimum energy required to split a molecule into its constituent atoms is called dissociation energy. Atoms can combine in many ways to form molecules: (b) 97

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(i) Atoms of the same element may combine to form stable molecules. For example, H,, N, O, etc. (ii) Atoms of different elements may combine to form stable molecules. For example, NaCl, KCI etc. (iii) Atoms of more than two elements may combine to form complex molecules. Sucrose CH220, is one such example. (iv) Thousands of atom may combine to form biological mol ecules like DNA and RNA. They exist in the form of chains. Molecules possess extremely interesting properties. They can rotate like a rigid rotator and vibrate like a spring. These properties are not possessed by atoms. Just as discrete energy states exist in atoms due to orbital motion of electrons, the rotational and vibrational motion of molecule also correspond to discrete energy states. An excited molecule returns to the ground state by emitting photons of energy. This process in case of molecules gives rise to rotational and vibrational spectra. Bonding in Molecules When atoms combine to form a molecule, they are held together by the force of attraction called chemical bond. When atoms come close to each other, the energy of the system is reduced and it leads to the formation of bond. A chemical bond is defined as the attractive force, which holds the atoms together in molecule. Concept of Bond The outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell. The Greek word valence means hook. According to old chemical theory, the atoms had hooks, which hold them together with other atoms. According to present day theory, the electrons in the outermost shell called valence electrons are impossible for holding the atoms together in atoms. The atoms combine with each other by the transfer or mutual sharing of electrons and in doing so, each combining atom attains the inert gas configuration. The outermost shell of atoms of the inert gases have 8 electrons and are most stable. 89. (42 Gert frugt ziwll 3C (a)(b)(0)4429044 89. 98

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42. (a) Satish K. Gupta, op. cit,. p. 30 "Concept of electric field Consider that an electric charge q is present at some point in space. If we bring any other charge say q near the charge q, it will experience a force of attraction or repulsion due to the charge q. The force experienced by the charge q is said to be due to the electric field set up by the charge q. The electric field of a charge is the space property by virtue of which the charge modifies the space around itself. As a result, if any other charge is brought in the space around the charge, it experiences electrostatic force. Thus, electric field due to a charge is the space around the charge, in which any other charge is acted upon by an electrostatic force." (b) Ibid., p.161- "The electric field is the space around an electric charge in which its effect can be experienced." 43. Ibid., p. 222 "Electric Current "It is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge through any section of a wire. It is denoted by I. Then I = total charge flowing / time taken If charge q flows in a time t through any section of a wire, then I q/t If n carriers of electricity, each having charge e, cross any section of the conductor in time t then 1 = ne/t If charge dq flows through a wire in small time dt, then I = dq/dt The direction in which the positive charge will flow gives the direction of conventional current. Since the flow of current is attributed to flow of electrons, the direction of electronic current is opposite to that of conventional current. Although, a direction is associated with electric current, yet it is a scalar quantity. The reason is that the laws of ordinary algebra are used to add electric current. The laws of vector algebra do not apply to the addition of electric currents. Jain Educationa International 99 For Personal and Private Use Only

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Unit of electric current. S.I. unit of electric current is ampere. It is also the practical unit of current. It is denoted by A. 1 ampere (A) = 1 coulomb (C)/1 second (s) = 1 CS-1 The current through a wire is called one ampere, if one coulomb of charge flows through the wire in one second. Note: In a metallic conductor, free electrons are carriers of electricity and hence electrons constitute the electric current (charge on an electron = 1.6 x 10-19). 6.25 x 1018 electrons crossing per second through any section of a conductor give rise to a current of 1 A." 44. (a) Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., p. 1264 (b) "Distinction Between Metals, Insulators and Semiconductos Metals are good conductors of electricity, insulators do not conduct electricity, while the semi- conductors have conductivity in between those of metals and insulators. Let us make distinction between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of band theory of solids. A solid is a large collection of atoms. The energy levels of an atom get modified due to the presence of other surrounding atoms and the energy levels in the outermost shells of all the atoms form valence band and the conduction band separated by a forbidden energy gap. The energy band formed by a series of energy levels containing valence electrons is called valency band At 0 K, the electrons start filling the energy levels in valence band starting from the lowest one. The highet energy level, which an electron can occupy in the valence band at 0 K is called Fermi level. The lowest unfilled energy band formed just above the valence band is called conduction band. At 0 K, the Fermi level as well as all the lower energy levels are completely occupied by the electrons. As the temperature rises, the electrons absorb energy and get excited. The electrons jump to the higher energy levels. These electrons in the higher energy levels are comparatively at larger distance from the nucleus and are more free as compared to the electrons in the lower energy levels. Depending on the energy gap between valence band and the conduction band, the solids behave as conductors, insulators and semiconductors." Text-book of Physics (xii), part II, pp 192, 193-- Jain Educationa International 100 For Personal and Private Use Only

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"All of us are now very familiar with the term electronics. What exactly is electronics? After the discovery of the electron at the end of the last century, its role in deciding the constitution of matter as well as electrical properties of matter like conduction has been increasingly appreciated. We have already studied how free electrons determine metallic conductivity and that why such conductors obey Ohm's law; viz. Linear relation between the current and the potential drop. We also acquired some familiarity with conduction properties of semiconductors. Electronics (solid state electrons, to be specific) is the science of devices, which operate by appropriately controlling the conduction through controlling-generation and motion of electrons in suitable solids. Such a control implies getting desired relations between the voltage and the current through the devices. Extensive studies have been made on conduction properties of certain solids, both pure as well as those in which controlled impurities have been added, resulting in a development of large number of such useful devices; which comprise the field of electronics. 1. Good Conductors, Bad Conductors and. Pure Semiconductors Metallic elements located in the first three groups of the periodic table are good conductors of electricity. These include alkali metals, noble metals, aluminum, copper etc. These metals conduct electricity very well because of their free electrons. Non metals are practically bad conductors. They don't have free electrons and such materials have very large resistivity. The elements like Si and Ge that are in the fourth group of the periodic table, have electrical resistivity that is more than that of metals but less than that of bad conductors. Such materials are called semiconductors. The mode of electrical conduction differs in metal semiconductors. In fact, semiconductors in their pure form practically behave as non-conductors at the absolute zero of temperature. Increase in the temperature of a good conductor results in the increase in its resistivity, but increase in the temperature of a semiconductor (within certain range) results in a decrease in its resistivity. A semiconductor, irradiated by electromagnetic radiation of an appropriate frequency also quite often results in an Jain Educationa International 101 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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increase in its conductivity. The electric properies of a substance depend on its crystal structure and its electronic configuration. A large number of semiconducting substances have been produced systematically by preparing suitable compounds. In this chapter, however, we will study only two most important semiconducting elements, Si and Ge; which have crystal structure of diamond." Kakani. Saxena, Chhajer & Locha, op.cit, pp. 536-- "Impurities added 10 pure germaniuni or silicon will cause a change in the lattice structure, which might add a free electron or create a hole. The importance of hole is that it may serve as a carrier of electricity and a free electron from a neighbouring atom may drop into it." "The study of transistors is based on semiconductors. Semiconductors which sind use in transistors are silicon and germanium, out of which germanium is commonly used. "When an electric field is applied between both the ends of a semiconductor crystal, the free carriers such as free clectrons and holes attain drift velocity. The electrons drift towards the positive electrode and holes move towards the negative electrode." Satish K. Gupta, op.cit pp. 3,4 **I11 600 B.C. the Greek philosopher Thales observed that when anber* was rubbed with a woolen cloth, it acquired the property of attracting light objects like feathers of birds, small bits of paper. pieces of dry leaves, etc. In 100 A.D., Dr. William Gilbert was led to the conclusion that there are many other substances like amber, which acquire the property of attracting such light objects after they had been rubbed with some other suitable substances. For example, if on a dry day, we comb dry hair with a rubber comb, the coinb acquires the property of attracting the small bits of paper and dry grass. Similarly, a glass rod acquires the attractive property on being rubbed with silk and an ebonite rod on being rubbed with flannel or cikin. The amber, the rubber comb, the glass rod, the ebonite rod, etc. are said to be charged with electricity. 45. (a) * It is hardened up of a tree similar to a pine tree. In Greek, the nic:ining of amher is electrum and probably the words like electric charge, electric force, electric potential, clectricity and finally ck ctron ove their roin wclectruin. 102

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The woollen cloth (in case of umber), silk (in case of glass rod) and flannel (in case of ebonite rod) are also found to be charged with electricity. The electricity developed on bodies, when they are rubbed with each other is called frictional electricity. It is also called static electricity as the charges so developed on a body can not flow from one point to some other point. Two kinds of charges From experiments, it was concluded that frictional electricity is of two types. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, glass rod is said to have become positively charged. As said earlier, the silk is also found to be charged with electricity. However, the nature of charge on silk is found to be opposite to that one glass and therefore silk is said to have become negatively charged. On the other hand, when ebonite rod is rubbed with flannel the charge on ebonite rod is found to be of same kind as of silk (when glass rod is rubbed with it). Thus, ebonite rod becomes negatively charged. When rubbed with flannel, while flannel it self becomes positively charged. Historically, charge produced on a glass rod, when rubbed with silk was called viterous and that produced on ebonite rod, when rubbed with flannel, was called resinous. Actually, the concept of positive and negative charges was introduced by Benjamin Franklin. Experiments proved that bodies having same kind of charge repel each other, while those having opposite kinds of charge attract each other. In the table given below, if a body in first column is rubbed against a body given in second column, body in first column will acquire positive charge, while that in second column will acquire negative large : The name of the body, which acquires Positive charge Negative charge Glass rod Silk cloth Flannel or catskin Ebonite rod Wollen cloth Amber Woolen cloth Rubber shoes Woolen cloth Plastic object Obviously, if the two charged objects are from the same column, 103

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they will repel each other and if the two charged objects are from two different columns, they will attract each other. Additive Nature of Charge The total electric charge of a body is equal to the algebraic sum of all the electric charges distributed on the different parts of the body. Due to this property, the charge is said to be additive in nature. We know that mass of an extended body is equal to sum of the masses of its constituent particles. The electric charge also possesses this additive property possessed by mass. However, the additive property in the two cases differ on following two accounts: (i) The mass of the particles constituting the body is always positive, whereas the charges distributed on the different parts of the body may be positive or negative. (ii) The total mass of the body is always non-zero, whereas the total charge on a body may be positive, zero or negative. Conservation of Charge Just as in mechanics, the total linear momentum of an isolated system always remains constant, the electric charge also obeys a similar law. It is called law of conservation of charge. It stated that for an isolated system, the net charge always remains constant. In other words, it may get transferred from one part of the system to another, but net charge will always have a constant value. In other words, charge can neither be created nor destroyed. Following examples explain the law of conservation of charge: We know that when a glass rod is rubbed with silk, glass rod becomes positively charged and the silk becomes negatively charged. The amount of positive charge on glass rod is found to be exactly the same as negative charge on silk. Thus, the system of glass rod and silk, which had zero net charge before rubbing, still possesses zero net charge after rubbing Ibid, p. 161- "Some Useful Facts 1. The charges developed on the bodies during the process of (b) 104

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rubbing are due to the transfer of charges only from one body to other. 2. Coulomb's law in electrostatics holds only for stationary charges, which are points in size. 3. When the same two charges located in air are placed in a dielectric medium without altering the distance between them, electrostatic force always decreases. 4. A system of charge is said to be in equilibrium, if the net force experienced by each charge of the system is zero. 5. Electrostatic force between two charges is not affected by the presence of a third charge in their space." Ibid. p.4 (218 is GELG 291 Gla! 24490 s) "A polythene piece rubbed rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge 3 x 107 C. Estimate the number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene." Sol. Here, total charge transferred, q = - 3 x 107 C Charge on an electron, e = - 1.6 x 10-19 C From quantization of charge, 9 = ne Therefore, number of electrons transferred, - 3 x 10-7 (c) e - 1.6 x 10-19 = 1.875 x 1012 46. (a) Gujarat State Board of Text books, Text book of Physics (Part-2), Std. xii, pp. 1,2-- "The discoveries and the early understanding of the electrical and the magnetic phenomena, developed independently of each other. The pioneering experimental studies of early scientists like Oersted, Rowland and Faraday established the connections between the magnetic fields and the electric currents. A complete synthesis of the two groups of phenomena was achieved by the theoretical works of Maxwell and Lorentz, the synthesis being now called the electromagnetic phenomena. It was this deeper understanding of the electromagnetic phenomena, that led to the identification of light as electromagnetic waves. Further technological developments in the production, propagation and detection of the electromagnetic radiation's have revolutionized our global communication techniques. 105

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(6) 1. Oersted's Obeservations In the, year 1819, a Danish school teacher named Oersted discovered that a magnetic field is produced surrounding a conductor carrying a current. If magnetic needle is suspended parallel to a conducting wire, the needle experiences a force deflecting it when a current is passed through the wire, showing that magnetic field is produced in the region surrounding the wire. Direction of the field is such that the needle tends to align prependicular to the length of the wire carrying the current. These observations of Oersted were presented to the French academy by Arago on 11 Sept., 1820. 2. Biot-Savrat's Law Within a short period of two months of this discovery, Biot and Savart made a quantitative study of this effect, and on the basis of this study deducted the law relating the strength of the current and the length of the conductor with the strength of the magnetic field generated. Satish K. Gupta, op. cit. p. 391- "Magnetic Effect of Current In 1820, the Danish scientist Oersted discovered the magnetic effect of electric current. Oersted's experiment led to the discovery that when electric current passes through a conductor, magnetic field is produced around it. If a strong current is passed through a conductor, then magnetic field produced around the conductor is also very strong and the earth's magnetic field may be neglected in its comparison. In such a case, magnetic lines of force near the conductor are found to be aircular. When electric current is passed through a circular conductor, the magnetic field lines near the centre of the conductor are almost straight. Laplace's Law or Biot-Savart Law Laplace's law is used to know the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point near a conductor carrying current. This law was first experimentally confirmed by Biot and Savrat and for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as Biot-Savart's law. J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Microcosmology ... , pp. 14, 15"Discovery of Electromagnetic Phenomena (c) 106

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In the nineteenth century the first persons to go beyond the Newtonian Physics were Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. This radical change in scientific outlook was brought about by the discovery of a new type of force which the mechanistic model failed to describe. This was the 'electomagnetic phenomena'. In fact, Faraday was the first person to bring science and technology to a turning point by producing an electric current in a coil of copper by moving a magnet near it. The colossal technology of electrical engineering was the result of this fundamental experiment converting mechanical energy into electrical one. At the same time, it formed the foundation of the theory of electrodynamics. The fundamental difference between the Newtonian laws and Elec trodynamics is the concept of field of force, i.e. an electric charge produces a condition in space around it so that another charge feels a force. This was a much subtler concept than that of Newtonian 'force' and eliminated the existence of ether. It produced a most profound change in the basic concept of physical reality. It was Einstein who clearly recognised this fact 50 years later, when he declared that no ether existed and the electromagnetic fields were physical entities which could travel through empty space and could not be explained mechanically. Ultimately, it resulted in the realization of the electromagnetic nature of light." 47. Satish K. Gupta, op. cit. p 736 "Source of Electromagnetic Waves A stationary electric charge produces a static electric field around it. A steady current implies the uniform flow of electric charges. Since, a steady electric current produces a steady magnetic field around it, it follows that an electric charge in uniform motion produces a steady or stationary electric field. Also, an accelerated charge should produce a magnetic field which varies with time and depends on space. Since an electromagnetic wave is associated with a magnetic field, which is dependent on time and space, it follows that an accelerated charge is the source of electromagnetic wave. The most common way of possessing accelerated motion is the possess simple harmonic motion. A charge oscillating harmonically with a frequency V produces electric and magnetic fields at that point, which vary sinusoidally with the frequency V and then produce electromagnetic waves of same frequency. Jain Educationa International 107 For Personal and Private Use Only

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48. (a) The variations in electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of the wave. As said earlier electromagnetic waves do not require any material medium and they can propagate in free space (i.e. in vaccum) with the velocity of light. Ibid., p. 579, 582 "Electromagnetic Induction As said earlier, in 1820, Oersted discovered the magnetic effect of electric current i.e. when a steady current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced around it. In 1831, Michel Faraday discovered the effect, called electromagnetic induction, just converse to the magnetic effect of electric current. When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic field, magnetic flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed, an electric current starts flowing in the coil, provided the coil is a closed one. The charge in magnetic flux linked with a coil may be caused by varying the strength of magnetic field or by the relative motion between the source of magnetic field and the coil. In case the coil is open, an e.m.f. is set up across the two ends of the coil. The current and the e.m.f. so produced, are called induced current and induced e.m.f. respectively. The induced current and the e.m.f. in the coil last only so long as the magnetic flux linked with the coil keeps on changing. Thus, electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of production of electric current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed. Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux linked with surface held in a magnetic field is defined as the number of magnetic lines of force crossing the surface normally. Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction The results of Faraday's experiments on electromagnetic induction are known as Faraday's electromagnetic induction. These laws are stated as below: 1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a coil or an electric circuit) changes, induced e.m.f. is produced. Jain Educationa International 108 For Personal and Private Use Only

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(b) 2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in the magnetic flux continues. 3. The magnititude of the induced e.m.f. is directly propor tional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux linked with the circuit. Text-book of Physics, op.cit. pp 39 to 52-- "Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Experiments A scientist named Michel Faraday discovered in the year 1831 that a change in the value of the magnetic flux linked with a conducting coil gives rise to induction of an electromotive force in the coil. The emf generated this way is called the induced e.m.f. When the bar magnet is near the coil, some of the magnetic lines of force are passing through the coil; that is some magnetic flux is linked with the coil'. Now when there is relative motion between the coil and the magnet, the amount of flux linked with the coil is changing. When the relative motion stops, there is no further change in the amount of the flux linked. So we conclude that, "when there is a change in the flux linked with the coil, there is an emf generated in the coil." The observation that a faster motion of the magnet gives rise to a larger deflection shows that the emf generated depends upon the rate of change of the flux linking the coil. The current resulting from this "induced emf." is called the "induced current". When a Current flows in a coil, magnetic flux is produced due to this current and the coil now acts as a magnet. Which face of the coil acts like a north pole and which face becomes a south pole depends upon the direction of the current in the coil. Thus, we see that the direction of the induced current and the corresponding direction of the resulting magnetic field is a consequence of the conservation of energy. This leads us to Lenz's law which states : "If an agency generates an induced emf through its action (such as motion of the magnet as illustrated) the induced emf would be such that the current produced by this emf would generate a magnetic field such as to oppose the action of the agency." 3. Faraday's Law Faraday gave the law relating the induced emf in a circuit with the rate of change of the flux. 109

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49. (a) 4. Self-induction We have learnt that when a current passes through a coil, some magnetic field is created so that the coil itself behaves like a magnet. The magnetic flux produced by the current in the coil is linked with the coil itself and when the current in the coil changes, this flux linked with the coil also changes. Under such circumstances also, there would be an emf induced in the coil which is called the 'self-induction'. The value of mutual inductance of a system of two coils depends upon their shapes, sizes, their number of turns, distance between them, their mutual inclination angle and the material on which they are wound. Text-book of Physics (Part - II), op.cit, p. 94 "Electromagnetic waves discovered relatively recently-only in the later part of the 19th century. It was the result of the synthesis of various facts and laws pertaining to electricity and magnetism, like Gauss' law, Ampere's law, Faraday's law, the closed nature of magnetic field lines etc. by a British scientist James Clerk Maxwell in form of Maxwell's equations. These are the differential equations which interconnect electric and magnetic field parameters through differential equations. Examination of these equations in terms of symmetry between electric and magnetic phenomena also lead to the famous contribution due to Maxwell of the term called the displacement current a term which provided the missing aspect to complete the symmetry." Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., p. 731"These equations govern the behaviour of electric and magnetic fields. Maxwell showed that these equations predict the existence of electromagnetic waves, which propagate through the space in the form of varying electric and magnetic fields. He also showed that these waves are transverse in nature and travel with the speed of light. 1. Gauss's law in electrostatics. It states that the total electric flux through any closed surface- is always equal to lle, times the net charge enclosed by the surface. 2. Gauss's law in magnetism. It states the net magnetic flux crossing any closed surface is always zero. A direct consequence of Gauss's magnetism is that an isolated magnetic monopole does not exist. 3. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It states that (b) 110

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the induced e.m.f. produced in a circuit is numerically equal to rate of change of magnetic flux through it. In this form, the law states that the line integral of electric field along a closed path is equal to rate of change of magnetic flux through the surface bounded by that closed path." 50. Ibid., p. 731 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves "From Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, it was concluded that a magnetic field changing with time at a point in space produce an electric field at that point. On the other hand, Maxwell's concept of displacement current led to the conclusion that an electric field varying with time at a point produces a magnetic field at that point. This symmetry in the laws of electricity and magnetism leads to the conclusion that a time varying electric field gives rise to a time varying magnetic field and vice-versa. Maxwell showed that such electric and magnetic fields can propagate through space with the velocity of light and were called electromagnetic waves. The electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave vary with time and space and are prependicular to each other and to the direction of propagation." 49. (24) Arallel 2434 4/28 - TG-du-Retroreitera FESTI-476-744-ETAT tapodyotanavantazca / (04) gt Plaid Ellasl, 9/94 - 9TE-DE-FITP-restau-teen-he tamas-chAyA tapodyota prabhAvAMzca / ($) (71216444 2424 - 26192, 93 saiMdhayAra ujjoo pahA chAyAtave ivA / vaNNarasaMgaMdhaphAsA puggalANaM tu lakkhaNaM // egattaM ca puhattaM ca saMkhA saMThANameva ya / saMjogA ya vibhAgA ya pajjavANaM tu lakkhaNaM / / (ahIM ekadama spaSTa svarUpe prakAza, zabda, Atapa Adine uledults (aza } prid) Qalaci 9.) (d) Dr. G.R.Jain, Cosmology Old & New, pp 130-136-- "Manifestation of Pudgala (Matter) take the form of sound, union, fineness grossness, figure, divisibility, darkness, shade or image, sunshine and moonlight. (Tr. of Tattvaratha Sutra 5/24). 11

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Commentary_" ...the division of light energy into two categories: 'Atapa and Uddyota, is based on scientific considerations: 'Atapa is the sunlight or light of a fire, or electric lamp, etc., and uddyota is the moonlight, the light emitted by the jewels or the phosphorescent light of a fire-fly (Sarv"artha Siddhi, 51 2-4). The former predominates in heat rays and the latter in light rays. The efficiency of modern electric lamp is only 7-10 .% and that of arc-lamp 15% (in the tube light lamps, the efficiency has reached about 60%). In other words only 7 or 15 percent of energy is converted into light and the rest appears in the form of heat. Thus the light given by these sources has a much greater proportion of heat than light, and hence the name 'Atapa. The same is the case with the sun where only 35 percent of the radiation appears in the form of light. The efficiency of the tiny lamp in the body, of the glowworm is 99 percent of light rays and 1 percent of heat rays; hence the most proper name given to it is Uddyota." 52. J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Microcosmology ... , p. 15 "Electromagnetic Radiation--Light "Much earlier, there were two theories about light : One which Newton favoured was that it was composed of particles called, corpuscles, the other was that it was made of waves. A proper theory of the propagation of light did not come until 1865, when Maxwell succeeded in unifying the forces of electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's equations predicted that electromagnetic waves travel at a fixed speed. Thus, light is a rapidly alternating electromagnetic field travelling through space in the form of waves at a fixed speed. In due course, it was established that radio-waves, light and Xray are all waves forming the electromagnetic spectrum, a tiny fraction of which the visible spectrum is visible in the form of light. This remained the accepted and proven theory of light upto 1905. Einstein's theory of light was that it is composed of tiny particles called photons. A beam of light is analogous to a stream of bullets. To prove his theory, Einstein referred to a phenomenon called the photo-electric effect, in which when light impinges on a metal surface, it sends electrons flying off. If a photon hits an electron, it knocks it away just as one billiard ball hitting another one knocks it away. 112

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It was also found that the velocity of the rebounding electrons did not depend upon the intensity of the impinging light, but on its colour." 53. Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., p. 739 "Human eye is sensitive to only visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Different types of detectors are used to detect and study the different parts of the spectrum. The follwing table gives the wavelength range of different colours of visible light : Colour Wavelength (m) Violet3.9 x 107. Blue 4.5 x 10-7 Green5 x 10-7 Visible Spectrum 54. (a) Ibid., p. 736 4.5 x 10-7 4.5 x 10-7 5.7 x 10-7 Jain Educationa International Colour Wavelength (m) Yellow 5.7 x 10-7 Orange 5.9 x 10-7 6.2 x 10-7 Red Hertz's Experiment "In 1865, Maxwell had predicted the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the form of varying electric and magnetic fields, which produce each other. It was concluded that the accelerated charges the source of electromagnetic waves. In 1887, Hertz experimentally demonstrated the production of electromagnetic waves by using a spark oscillator and then succeeded in detecting them also. (b) Text book of Physics (Part II), op.cit, pp.94, 95 "From Maxwell's field equations connecting the electric and the magnetic fields vectors 'E and 'B the wave equation for electromagnetic waves emerged, showing that the disturbances in 'E and 'B can jointly propagate in the form of waves. It was also found that the velocity of these waves in space as calculated from the electric and magnetic parameters was exactly equal to the velocity of light-strongly suggesting that light is a form of electromagnetic waves. It should be noted that all these deductions were logically deduced using theory only from the brilliant formulation of electromagnetic field equations. 113 5.9 x 10-7 6.2 x 10-7 7.8 x 10-7 For Personal and Private Use Only

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55. (a) 2. Experiment of Hertz Althougth existanc: of the electromagnetic waves theoritically deduced, an experimental demonstration that such waves can be produced in laboratory remaind to be achieved. It is said that Maxwell himself was very much desirous of being a witness to such an achievement during his lifetime. Thirty-two years after the proposition of electromagnetic field, equations of Maxwell, Hertz demonstrated production of such waves in laboratory. Ibid., pp. 98, 99% "Characteristics of Electromagnatic Waves "Electromagnetic waves have the following characteristics : (1) At regions far from the source the electric and the magnetic field, vectors oscillate in the same phase. (2) The directions of oscillations of the electric and the magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular; and are in a plane prependicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. (3) These waves are non-mechanical and of transverse type. (4) Their velocity in free space (vacuum) is given by c = 3 x 108 ms Light waves have the same velocity in vacuum as experi mentally measured. (5) The velocity of electromagnetic waves depends upon the electromagnetic properties of that mcdium. Satish K. Gupta, p. 735_-. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves A sew important properties of electomagnetic waves are as given below : (1) Electromagnetic waves propagate in the form of varying electric and magnetic fields, such that the two fields are perpendicular to each other and also to the direction of propagation of the wave. In other words, electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. (2) Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charges. (3) Electromagnetic waves do not require any material medium for their propagation. (b) 114

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56. (a) (4) In free space, electromagnetic waves travel with a velocity, 1 C=1= 3 x 108 m s1 ame i.e. with a velocity equal to that of light in free space. In a material medium, velocity of electromagnetic waves is given by 1 V= nme where m and e are aboslute permeability and absolute permittivity of that medium. (5) The electromagnetic waves obey he principle of superposition. (6) The variations in the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields in the electromagnetic waves always take place at the same time and at the same point in the space. Thus, the ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields is always constant and it is equal to velocity of the electromagnetic waves. Mathematically, E B (7) The energy in electromagnetic waves is divided equally between the electric and magnetic field vectors. =C (8) The electric vector is responsible for optical effects due to an electromagnetic wave. For this reason, electric vector is called light vector. Text-book of Physics (Part II), p. 100The Electromagnetic Spectrum After successful generation of electromagnetic waves by Hertz, scientists were convinced of the reality of electromagnetic waves, thus a study of the electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths began. The X rays discovered by Rontgen in 1898 were shown to be electromagnetic waves in 1906. Subsequently, the spectrum of electromagnetic waves has bee studied over a range of wavelengths covering 10 meter on the short wave side to around 10 meter on the long wave side. The electromagnetic radiation is continuously distributed over the entire region. Our vision is Jain Educationa International 115 For Personal and Private Use Only

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(b) 4. limited to a very small part of this specturm covering the waves with wavelengths of 4000 A 8000 A, which we recognize as visible light. Our eyes do not respond to the electromagnetic radiations out side this range. Modern's A.B.C. of Physics, by Satish K. Gupta, pp. 737, 738-- Electromagnetic Spectrum 1. Gamma Rays---Highly energetic radiations. 2. X-rays have frequencies in the range 1016 to 3 x 1019 Hz. X-rays possess a high penetrating power. Ultra-violet rays. Ultra-violet rays were discovered by Ritter in 1801. The ultra-violet rays are part of solar spectrum. They can be produced by the arcs of mercury and iron. They can also be obtained by passing discharge through hydrogen and xenon. The frequency of ultra-violet rays lies in the range of 8 x 1014 to 1016 Hz. Visible light. It forms a very narrow part of the electromagnetic spectrum and its frequency ranges from 4 x 1014 to 8 x 1014 Hz. The visible light is emitted due to the atomic excitation. Human eye is sensitive to only visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. 5. Infra red rays. Infra-red rays were discovered by Herschell. Infra-red rays are heat radiation and therefore all hot bodies are the sources of infra-red rays. About 60% of the solar radiation is infrared in nature. The frequency range of infrared rays is 103 - 4 x 104 Hz. Microwaves. The microwaves are produced by oscillating electronics circuits. The frequency of microwaves lies between 1019 - 3 x 10" Hz Hz. The microwaves are used in radar and other communication systems. Radiowaves. Like microwaves, radiowaves are also produced by oscillating electronic circuits. The frequency of radiowaves varies from a few Hz to 1019 Hz. The radiowaves are used as carrier waves in radio broadcasting and TV transmission. 116

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Name Gamma-rays X-rays Ultra-Violet rays (UV) Visible light Infra-Red rays (IR) Heat radiation Microwaves Eelctromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength range (m) Frequency range (Hz) 5 x 1020 3 x 1019 3 x 1019 1016 10168 x 1014 8 x 1014 - 4 x 1014 4 x 1014 1013 3 x 10133 x 109 3 x 1011 - 109 - 3 x 109 3 x 108 3 x 108 3 x 107 Ultra High radio Frequencies (UHF) Very High radio Frequencies (VHF) Radio frequencies Power frequencies 60 - 50 1. 3 x 107 3 x 104 6 x 10-13 10-10 1 x 10-10 - 3 x 10-8 3 x 10-8-4 x 107 4 x 10-7 - 8 x 10-7 8 x 10 3 x 10-5 10-5 10-1 10-33 x 10-1 10-1- 1 1 - 10 10 - 104 5 x 1066 x 106 Jain Educationa International 57. Satish K. Gupta, op. cit, p. 739 "Infra-red rays were discovered by Herschell. Infra-red rays are heat radiation and therefore all hot bodies are the sources of infra-red rays. About 60% of the solar radiation is infra-red in nature. Following are a few sources to produce infra-red rays. 1. Nernst lamp. The filament of Nernst lamp is made from the mixture of ziroconium, thorium and cerium. When a current is passed through such a filament, then at a temperature of about 1200 K, infra-red rays are emitted. How produced 2. Globar. It is basically a rod of silicon carbide, which when heated to a temperature of about 900 K by passing current, produces infrared rays. Nuclei of atoms. Bombardment of high Z target by electrons. Excitation of atoms and vacuum spark. Excitation of atoms, spark and are flame. Excitation of atoms and molecules. Heating. Oscillating currents in special vacuum tubes. Oscillating circuits. Oscillating circuits. Oscillating circuits. Weak radiation from a.c. circuits. 3. LASER. It is used to produce monochromatic infra-red rays. For example, He-Ne LASER gives infra-red rays of wavelength 0.69 x 10 m, 1.19 x 106 m. and 3.39 x 106 m. CO, LASER provides infra-red rays of wavelength 10.6 x 10 m. To detect infra-red rays, thermocouples, thermopiles, bolometers, photoconducting cells are used. Properties : Infra-red rays are electromagnetic waves and travel with a speed of 3 x 108 ms-1. 117 For Personal and Private Use Only

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. Infra-red rays obey laws of reflection and refraction. Infra-red rays can produce interference and can be polarised. When allowed to fall on matter, infra-red rays produce an increase in temperature. . Infra-red rays affect a photographic plate. When absorbed by molecules, the energy of infra-red rays gets converted into molecular vibrations. They are scattered less as compared to the visible light by the atmosphere. Hence, infra-red rays can travel through longer distances through atmospehre under the conditions of smoke, fog, etc. Nitrogen and oxygen gases are found to be transparent medium to all the wavelengths of infra-red rays. Applications : 1. Infra-red rays from the sun keep the earth warm and hence help to sustain life on earth. 2. The coal deposits in the interior of earth are the result of conversion of forest wood into coal due to infra-red rays. Infra-red rays are used in solar water heaters and cookers. Infra-red rays photographs are used for weather forecasting. Infra-red rays are used for taking photographs during the conditions of fog, smoke, etc. Infra-red rays absorption spectra is used in the study of molecular structure and then to check the purity of the chemicals. 7. Infra-red rays are used for producing dehydrated fruits. 8. Infra-red rays are used to provide electrical energy to satellites by using solar cells. 9. Infra-red rays are used to treat muscular strains. 58. Ibid., p. 740 "Ultra-Violet Rays Ultra-violet rays were discovered by Ritter in 1801. The ultra-violet rays are part of solar spectrum. They can be produced by the arcs of mercury and iron. They can also be obtained by passing discharge through hydrogen and xenon. Properties : 1. Ultra-violet rays are electromagnetic waves and travel with the speed of 3 x 108 ms-1. 118

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2. They also obey the laws of reflection and refraction. 3. They can also undergo interference and can be polarised. 4. When allowed to fall on metals, they cause the emission of photoelectrons. They can affect a photographic plate. 6. Ultra-violet rays can cause flourescence in certain materials (Tube Lights) 7. Ultra-violet rays can not pass through glass but quartz, flourite and rock salt are transparent to them. 8. Ultra-violet rays possess the property of synthesizing vitamin D, when the skin is exposed to the sunlight." 59. Ibid., p. 740 "X-Rays The discovery of X-rays was accidentally made by a German professor Rontgen in 1895. In laboratory, X-rays can be produced by using Coolidge X-ray tube. Properties. X-rays have the following properties: 1. X-rays are electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength ranging from 0.01 A to 104. 2. X-rays travel in vacuum with the speed of light (3x108 ms-, as they are also electromagnetic waves. 3. They are not deviated by electric and magnetic fields. 4. They affect the photographic plate very intensely. 5. They ionise the gas through which they pass. 6. They cause fluorescence in substances like zinc sulphide, barium platinocyanide, calcium tungstate, etc. 7. Like light, X-rays can also cause photoelectric effect. They travel in straight line and while doing so, they cast the shadows of the object falling in their path. X-rays can undergo reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarisation. X-rays can penetrate the materials that are opaque to visible or ultra-violet light. They can easily pass through paper, thin sheet of metals, wood, flesh, etc. but they cannot penetrate denser objects such as bones, heavy metals etc. 119

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11. They have injurious effect on human bodies. Exposure of human body to X-rays causes reddening of the skin. The long exposures result into surface sores. 12. When X-rays fall on certain metals, secondary X-rays are produced, which are characteristic rays of the metal. The secondary X-rays are accompanied by fast moving electrons. 60. Text Book of Physics, op cit., pp. 97-98 "This discussion shows that, at a point where an electromagnetic wave is passing, the electric and the magnetic field vectors oscillate in phase along mutually perpendicular directions, and are both located in a plane which is perpendicular to the direction of prepagation of the wave. To be more specific, these oscillations have the following meaning. If at any point at a specific time, the E and B vectors have zero values, their values will increase with the time along two mutually perpendicular directions, then reach their maximum values simultaneously and start decreasing; again reaching zero. Then they reverse their directions, reach their maxima and again decrease. This way the field vectors oscillate along mutually perpendicular directions, remaining confined to a plane which is perpendicular to the direction of the electromagnetic wave, so long as the wave is propagated through that point. It should also be noted that in this process, the kinetic energy of the charge oscillating between the two spheres is radiated away in the form of the energy of electromagnetic radiation, which propagates in the space. The frequency of the waves generated is the same as the frequency of the oscillation of charge between the spheres. The expression c (velocity) l (wavelength) xf (frequency) holds true. Thus, if one wants to generate waves of 300 meter wavelength, the frequency of oscillations should be l = 300 = Jain Educationa International 300 x 106 f Seven years after the experiments by Hertz, Jagdishchandra Bose produced electromagnetic waves in the range of wavelength 5 mm to 25 mm. Around the same time an Italian Scientist Marconi succeeded in sending and receiving electromagnetic waves over a distance of several miles. 120 For Personal and Private Use Only

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. 61. Satish K. Gupta, op. cit. pp. 1059, 1060, 1062-- "Discharge Through Gases "The phenomenon of discharge gases at low pressure is of great importance, as it provides a great deal of information about the structure of atom. At atmospheric pressure, dry and dust free air is found to be a bad conductor of electricity. It is because, under such condition, air does not have free positive and negative ions. The ionisation of air may be caused by heat radiation, ultraviolet light, X-rays, radio-active rays (alfa, beta, and gamma-rays), cosmic rays, etc. However if a potential difference of about 30 kV is applied across two electrodes held at a distance of 1 cm in dry air at S.T.P., then a spark is found to occur between the electrodes. The value of potential difference applied across the electrodes depends upon the shape and size of electrodes, distance between the electrodes, state of dryness and pressure of the air (or the gas enclosed). Discharge tube. A discharge tube consists of a glass tube about 40 cm long and 3-4 cm in diameter. The tube is provided with two aluminium disc-electrodes. It contains the gas through which electric discharge is to be studied. The pressure of the enclosed gas can be reduced with the help of a vacuum pump by connecting it to a side tube. A high potential difference of the order of 10 to 15 kV is applied across the electrodes with the help of an induction coil. As the pressure is gradually decreased, the following phenomena are observed, as explained below : 1. At a pressure above 10 mm of mercury. When pressure of the gas is above 10 mm of mercury, no discharge passes through the gas. If a milliammeter is connected in the circuit, it will not record any current. At a pressure of 10 mm of mercury. When pressure of the gas is reduced to 10 mm of mercury, the discharge passes through the gas between the electrodes with a cracking sound. At a pressure of 5 mm of mercury. As the pressure is reduced to 5 mm of mercury, the discharge broadens out and becomes bright. It extends from cathode to anode. At a pressure of 2 mm of mercury. On decreasing the pressure of the gas to 2 mm of mercury, long luminous column from the anode up to almost the cathode appears. It is called positive 121

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5. 6. 7. column. There appears a glow on the cathode, called negative glow. Between the positive column and the negative glow, the gap appears comparatively dark. At a pressure of 1 mm of mercury. As the pressure is further decreased to 1 mm of mercury, the negative glow leaves the cathode and another glow called cathode glow appears on the cathode. The space between the cathode glow and the negative glow appears dark. At a pressure of 0.01 mm of mercury. As the pressure is reduced further dark space increases in length. At a pressure of 0.01 mm of mercury, the whole tube is then filled with dark space. At this stage, a stream of invisible particles is emitted from the cathode. Such rays are called cathode rays. The portion of the glass tube opposite to the cathode starts glowing as the rays fall on it. This glowing of the tube is due to fluorescence produced by the cathode rays. At a pressure of 104 mm of mercury. As the pressure is reduced below 0.01 mm of mercury it becomes difficult to maintain the discharge and at a pressure 104 mm of mercury, discharge stops to pass through the gas. The discharge tube phenomenon has been utilised in making fluorescent tubes, neon signs, flood light mercury lamps, sodium lamps etc. Cathode Rays When a potential difference of 10 to 15 kV is applied across the two electrodes of a discharge tube and pressure is reduced to 0.01 mm of mercury, the rays known as cathode rays are emitted from the cathode. These rays are independent of the nature of the gas in the discharge tube and their direction of propagation is not affected by the position of the anode. Cathode rays ionise the gas through which they pass. Cathode rays can excite fluorescence. When they fall on certain substances, the substance start glowing. The colour of fluorescence depends upon the nature of the substance. 62. AcAraMga sUtra (AyAro), prathama adhyayana. 63. dazavaikAlika sUtra (dasaveAliyaM), caturtha adhyayana 64. prajJApanA sUtra (paNavaNA) 1/24-26 Jain Educationa International 122 For Personal and Private Use Only

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hue. sAyariMga sUtra, 1 / 66 " je logaM abbhAikkhar3a, se attANaM abbhAk / je attANaM abbhAikkhar3a, se logaM abbhAikkha ||" FF. Enasilas ya (tudenfari), 8/20 - " se agaNi vA iMgAlaM vA mummuraM vA acci vA jAlaM vA alAyaM vA suddhAgaNi vA ukkaM vA... " 17. prajJApanA sUtra (paNNavaNA), 1/24-26 "se kiM taM teukkAiyA ? teukkAiyA duvihA paNNattA, taM jahA - suhumataukkAiyA ya bAdarate ukkAiyA ya // se kiM taM suhumate ukkAiyA ? suhumateukkAiyA duvihA paNNattA, taM jahA -pajjattagA apajjattagAya / se ttaM suhumateukkAiyA || se kiM taM bAdarate ukkAiyA ? bAdarateukkAiyA aNegavihA paNNattA, taM jahAiMgAle jAlA mummure accI alAe suddhAgaNI ukkA vijjU asaNI NigdhAe saMdharisasamuTThie sUrakaMtamaNiNissie / je yAvaNNe tahappagArA te samAsato duvihA paNNattA, taM jahA - pajjattagA ya apajjattagA ya / tattha NaM jete apajjattagA NaM asaMpatA / tattha NaM jete pajjattagA eesi NaM vaNNAdeseNaM gaMdhAdeseNaM rasAdeseNaM phAsAdeseNaM sahassaggaso vihANAI, saMkhejjAI joNippamuhasayasahassAiM / pajjattagaNissAe apajjattagA vakkamaMti- jattha ego tattha NiyamA asaMkhejjA | se ttaM bAdarateukkAiyA / se ttaM teukkAiyA // " 68. dasaveAliyaM, 4/20 kA TippaNa, pRSTha 152, 153 68. (Ja) vinAsa yUrNa, pR. 155 - yaha : agaNI nAma jo ayapiMDANugo pharisagejjho so AyapiMDo bhaNNai / (ja) hAriladrIya TIa, pR. 154 : ayaspiNDAnugato'gni / 70. (Ja) agastya yUrji, pR. 88 : iMgAlaM vA khadirAdINa NiDDANa dhUmavirahito iMgAlo | (ja) vinahAsa yUrNi, pR. 156 : iMgAlo nAma jAlarahio / (s) sikudu Asl, y. q48 : salairizaissur: 1 71. (Ja) agastya yUrji, pR. 88 : karisagAdINa kiMci siTTho aggI mummuro / (ja) vinahAsa yUrsi, pR. 156 : mummuro nAma jo chArANugao aggI so mummuro / Jain Educationa International 123 For Personal and Private Use Only

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(ka) hAribhadrIya TIkA, pR. 154 : viratnAni jazna murmu: | 72. (a) agamya cUrNi, pR. 89 : vIvasidasidavi azvI | (ba) jinadAsa cUrNi, pR. 156 : 3LI nAma masAluITmAM pariUiOT aggisihA / (ka) hAribhadrIya TIkA, pR. 154 : mUnAnavicchinnA navAnA : | (a) agamya cUrNi, pR. 89 : uditopari vijhiWA gAtA | (ba) jinadAsa cUrNi, pR. 156 : kvAnA sikkA veva | (ka) hAribhadrIya TIkA, pU. 154 : prativarlDa vAnA ! (a) agamya cUrNi, pR. 89 : manAta mud | (ba) jinadAsa cUrNi, pR. 156 : mattAyaM nAma sammAdiya baMga (M) tiyaM | (ka) hAribhadrIya TIkA, pR. 154 : manAtamubhum | (a) agamya cUrNi, pR. 89 : te viMre mojULa suddhAja | (ba) jinadAsa cUrNi, pR. 156 : DuMghaNarama suddhALa | (ka) hAribhadrIya TIkA, pR. 154 : nirikvana: zuddhoniH | 76. (a) agamya cUrNi, pR. 89 : 3 vigutAhi ! (ba) jinadAsa cUrNi, pR. 156 : vijJaThe ! (ka) hAribhadrIya TIkA, pR. 154 : 3-1nAnaH | 77. prajJApanA vRtti, patra 29 - | (1) aMgAro - vitidhUma: (2) jvAlA - nAkyamAnastravirakvAnA mananA viziatya | (3) mukra - puSNAvI mamamanavA ! (4) arciH - 3nanApratiyaddhA vArtA | (5) alAta - 3mu | (6) zuddhAgni - maya:paSkArI | (7) ulkA - guphunnI ! (8) vidyuta - pratItA | (9) azaniH - mAvAze patinuM nimaya : | (10) nirdhAto - vaizinipAtaH | (11) saMghaSarsamusthitaH - arAvi nirmathanasamuta: | 124

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(12) sUryatimalinisRtaH - sUryAkharakiraNasamparke sUryakAMtamaNeyaM samupajAyate / 78. mAyAraM niyukti, // 5 // 117, 118 - "duvihA ya teujIvA suhumA taha bAyarA ca logaMmi / suhumA ya savvaloe paMceva ya bAyaraviharaNA // iMgAla agaNi accI jAlA taha mummure ya bauddhavve / vAyarateuvihANA paMcavihA vaNiyA ee // " 78. (2) bhUgAyA2 2||thaa - 221 "iMgAla-jAla-accI mummura-suddhAgaNI ya agaNI ya / te jANa teujIvA, jANittA pariharedavvA // " / jaina siddhAMta koSa bhAga 1, pRSTha 35, "agni' zabda meM uddhata "dhuAM rahita aMgAra, jvAlA, dIpaka kI lau, kaMDA kI Aga aura vajrAgni, (AkAzIya) bijalI Adi se utpanna zuddha agni, sAmAnya agni-ye tejaskAyika jIva haiM |...(aacaaraaNg niyukti)" 80. (24) 6zavaili. sUtra vize agastya siMData yUhi, pR7 88 - "duvihA ya teujIvA suhumA taha bAyarA ca logaMmi / (ba) dazavaikAlika sUtra vize jinadAsa mahattarakRta cUrNi, pRSTha 155 - "aMtalikkhapANiyaM suddhodagaM bhaNNai / " (3) zavaisa. sUtra vize DArindrIya 2151, patra 153 - .. "zuddhodakam-antarikSodakam / " "dasaveAliyaM, AcArya mahAprajJa kRta TippaNa, pRSTha 151 meM uddhRta" 81. prshaan| 21st, 5tra 30 (24) - "zuddhavAto mandastimito bastidRtyAdigata ityanye / " / 82. bhagavatI sUtra, zata: 16 za5 1, sUtatra2 5 - "iMgAlakAriyAe NaM bhaMte! agaNikAe kevatiyaM kAlaM saMciTThai? goyamA! jahaNNeNaM aMtomuhuttaM, ukkoseNaM tiNNi rAiMdiyAiM / aNNe vi tattha vAuyAe vakkAmaMta, na viNA vAuyAeNaM agaNikAe ujjalati!" 83. mAyArtha mAza, mAyArAga-bhASyam, pR4 54 - "vRttAvati sacetano'gniryathA yogyAhAreNa vRddhidarzanAt, tadabhAve ca 125

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tadabhAvadarzanAt / AdhunikA api manyante - "prAmavAyu magRhItvA nAgneruddIpanaM Great" | hindI anuvAdaH vRttimAM paNa kahevAyuM che ke agni sacetana che, kAraNa ke ucita AhAra-iMdhaNathI vRddhi ane iMdhaNanA abhAvamAM hAni dekhAya che. Adhunika vaijJAniko paNa mAne che ke "prANavAyu vagara agni prajjavalita nA thAya. 84. A.K. Shaha, Combustion Engineering and Fuel Technology, pp. 67, 68- "Here it will not be out of place to glance at different successive beliefs and theories put forth to explain the wonderful phenomenon of 'fire'. The existence of fire was known to people from the very primitive age. The ancient Greeks in their legends indicated that Prometheus, the mythological creator of human beings, brought fire to the people from heaven, stealing it from the altar of the Father--God Jupiter. From this myth, however, some hints led to a more authentic historical accounts, according to which the existence of fire came to the knowledge of the primitive man during thunderstorm. Fire descended from the black clouds, the primitive man saw a tree set ablaze by the lightning; with curiosity he ran to the tree, stretched his hand to the beautiful bright tongues of the flame, but in that moment felt an unbearable pain. The flying sparks burnt the front of the skin, wraped around his waist; with surprise of a beast man fell down to the feet of the burning tree, worshipping it as God. Then he brought the burning wood to his cottage, kept it with care as the gift of God and tried to get benefit out of it. Some time later primitive people learnt how to create fire themselves with the help of flints. Fire brought to the man the rudiments of culture. Fire heated the primitive dwelling during the cold season, lighted it in the dark evenings, whereas food taken from the fire was hot and tasteful to eat. For all this primitive man, naive and helpless in his ignorance, considered fire as God and offered sacrifices to it. The cult of God of Fire passed through the entire ancient world of Heathendome; Egypt, India, Persia, Greece, Syria, Rome. It survived even when people rose to the higher level of cultural development. In the old Russia, or as it was then called Skythia, there existed also the cult of Perun, the God of Fire and Thunder. Even to-day FireWorshippers are dwelling at some places of Afghanistan and India. Such were the great bounties that Fire brought to Humanity. And with 126

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the development of culture fire began to render more and more benefits to the Man. In the Middle Age people have already abandoned the worship of Fire as divinity; the scientists began to study the phenomenon of fire and came to the conclusion that the combustion of a substance is the escape from this substance of a subtle and imponderable element, which they termed as 'Phlogiston'. 85. 2784, p. 68- "After about 300 years, with the development of expeirmental chemistry, the scientists, amongst them, the famous A.L. Lavoisier (1743-94), came to the conclusion that combustion means combination of a substance with the oxygen, with resulting evolution of heat. Finally, about 50 years ago, experiments showed that in the absolute absence of water-vapours, combustion of a substance does not occur or occurs with great difficulty. This means that combustion is fostered considerably by the presence of steam or moisture. With further research on combustion still due, it may be said that in the process of flame-less combustion, or perfect combination of gas and oxygen on the incandescent refractory surface, the surface shows negative charge, which leaves room to believe that combustion or combination of a substance with the oxygen means ionisation of the reacting substances." 86. 284, Page 28- "Fuel is a substance which, when burnt, i.e., on coming in contact and reacting with oxygen or air, produces heat. Thus, the substances classified as fuel must necessarily contain one or several of the following combustible elements : carbon, hydrogen and hydro-carbons." 87. 248-t, page 28- - "Fuels may be classified in various ways, i.e., (1) according to the physical state in which they exist in nature-solid, liquid and gas eous..." 88. 2018-7, page 128 "Chemical reactions among substances take place more quickly and intensively, the closer is the contact among the reacting substances and the larger the surface of contact. The duration of a chemical reaction depends upon thermal conditions, which might be created either before the beginning of reaction, or during the reaction. All chemical reactions, in the present case combustion, i.e., combination 127

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of substances with oxygen, are based on the above mentioned principles. Combustion or combination of substances with either pure oxygen or oxygen contained in the air is realised in practice with the help of different contrivances, the so-called burners." 89. ejana, page 129 "In order to get a high temperature and a short flame, it is necessary to have, prior to commencement of combustion, a perfect mixture of fuels with oxygen. Thus whenever we are to burn either solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, we are to mix them with air in gaseous state." 90. Prof. Dr. A.K. Shaha, Combustion Engineering & Fuel Technology, pp. 121, 122 "Tere is specific flash temperature, at which each kind of fuel ignites. In the table, the ignition of flash temperatures of various fuels are given : TABLE Ignition Temperatures (At Atmospheric Pressure) of Gases, Liquids and Solids Substance Hydrogen (H2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Methane (CH) Ethane (C,H) Propane (C,H) Ethylene (CH) Acetylene (C2H2) Hexane (H11) Decane (C10H22) Benzol (CH) Toluol Phenol Aniline Jain Educationa International Ignition temperature in air 580-590 644-658 650-750 520-630 - 542-547 406-440 487 463 740 810 715 770 Degrees Centigrade 128 Ignition temperature in oxygen For Personal and Private Use Only 580-590 637-658 556-700 520-630 490-570 500-519 416-440 268 202 662 552 574 530

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Methyl alcohol 555 Ethyl alcohol 558 425 Propyl alcohol 505 445 590 512 450 385 409 [390 343 178 500 414 700 568 Isopryl alcohol n-Butyl alcohol Amyl alcohol Ethyl ether Glycerine Acetone Sugar Cylinder Oil Pennsylvania crude Gas oil Kerosene Acetaldehyde Benzaldehyde 385 378 417 320 367 242 336 270 295 270 185 140 180 168 Lignite 225 700 Wool 295 Charcoal 350 Brown Coal 370-450 Coal 477 Coke and Anthracite 91. DaoN. je. jaina, aprakAzita lekha pRSTha 8 92. ejana, pRSTha 13 93. ejana, pRSTha 4, 5 94. ejana, pRSTha 5 5. ejana, pRSTha 5 96. ejana, pRSTha 14 129

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Co. 281, 495 89, 82 Cl. 284, 48 34, 3EUR 99. Prof. G.R. Jain, op. cit., p. 125- "The range of temperatures existing in Nature is again very wide, and what little has come under the measuring rod of a physicist has revealed very striking contrasts. The temperature of ice physicists call zero and the temperature of boiling water 100 degrees (centigrade). The temperatures of bodies colder than ice are called minus temperatures and mathematical calculations show that the lowest possible temperature in Nature cannot be less than minus 273 degrees. Mercury hardens into a solid mass at minus 40 degrees. Just as the steam is converted into liquid water on cooling, so is air by artificial cooling converted into liquid air at minus 190 degrees. Helium gas in converted into liquid or solid helium at minus 269 degrees. Some other interesting temperatures are : Gold melts at 1,062 Degrees Platinum melts at 1,7770 Tungsten" " 3,400 Temperature of burning charcoals 1,300 Temperature of electric carbon arc 3,500 Surface temperature of the sun 5,500 Central temperature of the sun two crores" Highest temperature estimated in stars by Eddington is four crores of degrees. (See The Internal Constitution of the Stars, by Eddington.) If we probe into our own atmosphere we find that the temperature gradually falls as one goes higher up until at about a height of 11 miles just over the equator temperature has a value minus 55 degree a temperature well suited to petrify even mercury. Further on up to a height of 23 miles the temperature remains steady, beyond which it increases to that of spring season, i.e., about 30degC. This is enough to show that temeprature of things is measureable from one point of view and the infinite shades of it, it is impossible to enumerate. The extremes of temperatures existing in the regions of the Hell are expressed in the following verse of Chaha Dhala: giri sama loha galai jama jAya, aisI zIta uSNatA thAya / 100. J.S. Zaveri and Muni Mahendra Kumar, Microcomology..., pp. 53, 54-- 130

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"We have already observed that matter and energy are two different manifestations of one and the same cosmic entity, instead of being two different entities. Matter instead of being immutable was energy in a frozen state, while, conversely energy was matter in a fluid state. The liberation of energy in any form-chemical, electrical or nuclearinvolves the loss of an equivalent amount of mass. Liberation of Energy It is well known that most chemical reactions liberate energy, simplest instance being burning of coal. The chemical union, in this case, is that of carbon and oxygen in the form of molecular fusion. When 3000 tons of coal are burnt to ashes, the residual ashes and the gaseous products weight one gram less than 3000 tons, that is, one threebillionth part of the orginal mass will have been converted into energy. Thus oxygen (0) + carbon (C) = carbon monoxide (CO) + energy. This reaction would give 92 units of energy per gram of mixture. If instead of molecular fusion of these two atomic species, we have a nuclear fusion between their nuclei +8016 14 energy-the energy liberated per gram of mixture will be 14 x 109 Units, i.e. 15,00,000 times as great. In the liberation of chemical energy by the burning of coal, the energy comes from a very small mass i.e. loss of mass resulting from the rearrangment of the electrons on the surface of atoms. The nuclei of the carbon and oxygen atoms are not involved in any way, remaining exactly the same as before. The amount of mass lost by the surface electrons is one thirteenth of one millionth of one percent. On the hand, nuclear energy involves vital changes in the atomic nucleus itself, with a consequent loss of as high as 1/10 to nearly 8/10 of 1% in the orginal mass of the nucleus. This means that from 1 to nearly 8 gms. per 1000 gms. are liberated in the form of energy, as compered with only 1 gm. in 3 billion gms. liberated in the burning of coal. In other words, the amount of nuclear -energy, liberated in the transmutation of atomic nuclei is from 30,00,000 to 2,40,00,000 times as great as the chemical energy released by the burning of an equal amount of coal. Whereas most chemical reactions would take place easily at temperatures of a few hundred degrees, corresponding nuclear transformations would not even start before the temperature reached many million degrees." Jain Educationa International 6012 101. Gomber and Gupta, op. cit., p. 8/1 "Concept of Heat We know that when a piece of red hot iron is dropped into a beaker 131 .28 Si + For Personal and Private Use Only

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containing water, the water becomes hot and the red hot iron piece cools down fill the temperatures of the two become equal. It appears that 'something' has flown from red hot iron piece to water. This 'something' which flows from a body at higher temperature to another body at lower temperature, when the two are in contact, is called 'Heat'. However, caloric theory failed to explain the production of heat on account of friction. For example, when we rub our hands against each other, we feel warm. Similarly, when two pieces of metal are rubbed together, heat is produced. The famous paddle wheel experiment performed by Joule also led to the production of heat by friction between the rotating paddle and water. These observations led to the Dynamic theory of heat, according to which heat is a form of energy called thermal energy. Every body is made up of large number of tiny particles, called molecules. Depending on the nature of the substance (solid, liquid or gas) and temperature of the substance, the molecules may possess: (i) Translatory motion i.e. motion along straight lines. (ii) Vibratory motion i.e. to and for motion about the mean position of the molecules. (iii) Rotatory motion i.e. rotation of the molecules about their axis." 102. Gomber and Gupta, op. cit., p. 8/101 "Thermal Radiations Thermal radiations are those, which produce in us the sensation of warmth.. They are emitted by a body on account of its temperature. It was established later that every body whose temperature is above OK emits thermal radiations. The energy emitted depends on : (i) the temperature of the body. (ii) nature of radiating surface of the body. The wavelength of thermal radiations ranges from 8 x 10 m to 4 x 104 m. They belong to infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. That is why thermal radiations are also called infra-red radiations. Some of the basic characteristics of thermal radiations are : They travel along straight lines with the speed of light. They require no medium for their propagation i.e. they can pass through vacuum too. 1. 2. Jain Educationa International 132 For Personal and Private Use Only

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They do not heat the intervening medium through which they pass. They obey inverse square law i.e. their intensity varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source. They can be reflected and refracted according to the laws of reflection and refraction of light. 6.: Thermal radiations also exhibit the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarisation as do the light radiations. The only major difference between the thermal radiations and light radiations is in their wavelength. Whereas the wavelength of thermal radiations lies in the range 8 x 10 metre to 4 x 104 metre, wavelength of visible light lies in the range 4 x 10-7 m to 8 x 10 m. Thus thermal radiations are of longer wavelength or smaller frequency and hence smaller energy as compared to the visibile light." 103. Text-book of Physics (XII Std.) (Part I), pp. 161, 162-- "(2) Convection of Heat : In fluids, the heat-transfer takes place mainly by the process of heat convection. When a fluid is heated from below, it expands and hence its density decreases. So the hotter fluid comes above under the effect of buoyancy and the heavier, cooler fluid sinks under the force of gravity. This way, the entire mass of fluid gets heated. Hot and cold air currents in the atmosphere are due to non-uniform heating of the atmosphere and the associated effects of heat convection. Thermal Radiation : Any substance radiates electromagnetic radiations of differnet frequencies to an extent that depends on its temperature. This radiation is called the thermal radiation. Energy associated with the electromagnetic radiation of the thermal radiation is called the radiation energy. In a given thermal radiation how the radiated energy is distributed at different frequencies depends upon the temperature and the nature of the radiating body. For example, piece of iron when heated, first appears dark reddish, then as it gets more hot it shines yellowish red, and at still higher temperature, whitish. When we warm ourselves near a coal stove, we absorb energy contained in different frequencies of electro magnetic radiations, being by hot charcoals. Here the heat energy propagates through radiation. (3) 133

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Stephen-Boltzmann Law In the year 1879, a scientist named Stephen experimentally showed that "the amount of energy radiated by a surface, in the form of thermal radiation, per unit area per second is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature". The same fact was theoretically established by Boltzmann in the year 1884. The statement is known as StephenBoltzmann law. The amount of energy radiated per second per unit area at a given temperature is called the total emissive power. The total radiated energy includes the entire amount integrated over all the frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum. So according to Stephen-Boltzmann law, W = e Q T1. (6.36) Here, T is the absolute temperature, e is known as the emissivity of the radiating surface, Q is called the Stephen-Boltzmann constant. It is a universal constant and has value of Q = 5.67 x 10-8 Watt/met2 K4)" 104. 2, pages 199, 200 "In reality, the electric current in solids is due to motion of electrons, so one may say that a unit negative charge has an electrical energy of V Joule at the negative terminal. We have also studied in the previous chapter that when the electrons acquire drift they experience collisions with the positive ions oscillating about their mean position; and the energy acquired by the electrons is partly handed over to the ions making their oscillations more energetic. This increase in the energy of oscillations of the ions is manifested as heat, causign an incerease in the temperature of the conductor. The heat energy released in a conductor on passage of an electric current is called the 'Joule heat' and the effect is called the 'Joule effect". If the potential difference applied across two ends of a conductor is V; it means that when a unit charge passes through the conductor, an amount of electrical energy equal to V Joule is utilized. If Q coulomb of charge passes through the conductor in t seconds then the electrical energy utilized in t seconds = heat energy produced during this time. "Joule's Law: "The heat produced per unit time, on passing an electric current through a conductor at a given temperature, is directly proportional to the squre of the current." Jain Educationa International 134 For Personal and Private Use Only

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The law is named after the scientist Joule; who also gave the conversion from Joule to Calorie; which is the more usual unit for heat. According to that, 1 Caloric = 4.2 Joule. The number "4.2" is commonly denoted by a symbol J and is called the "mechanical equivalent of heat"." 105. agninI kriyAmAM vAyu rUpa iMdhaNanI rAsAyaNika kriyAne samajavA mATe amuka vyAkhyAo A rIte prastuta che, jenAthI agninA rAsAyaNika rUpanA korA bhautika pariNamanathI bhinnatva spaSTa thAya che. juo : "Theory and Mechanism of Combustion The combustion of a gaseous substance is the combination of oxygen with the combustible gas. The intermediate stages through which the gas passes from its initial condition to the final product of combustion are termed as mechanism of reaction. Usually, a combustible gas consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and hydrocarbons. The mechanism of combustion reactions of these elements will be considered separately. Carbon Monoxide It is a well known fact that in presence of water vapours, carbon monoxide burns quickly and intensively. In absolute absence of water vapours the combustion of carbon monoxide almost ceases. This phenomenon can be explained as follows at the first instance the water vapours are endowed with the high electrical conductivity which helps to increase the process of ionisation: secondly, steam molecules colliding with those of carbon dioxide (CO2) obstruct radiation of heat by carbon dioxide molecules, which are formed during the combustion. In absolute absence of water vapours, there would be a considerable loss of heat due to radiation and thus the combustion would proceed slowly. Hydrogen It has been finally established that hydrogen burns first in preference to carbon. According to Dixon, a struggle arises between the carbon and hydrogen for combination with the oxygen. Hydrocarbons There are two hypotheses regarding the combustion of hydrocarbons: hydroxylation and peroxidation. The essence of mechanism of hydroxylation, according to Bone, is that there is an initial association of oxygen with the hydrocarbon molecule, forming intermediate "Hydroxylated" compounds, which in turn burn or are broken down thermally. Jain Educationa International 135 For Personal and Private Use Only

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The combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons takes place by an interaction of the hydrocarbon with oxygen, forming an intermediate unstable "hydrogenated" compound. Two examples of hydroxylation of gaseous hydrocarbons are given below : According to theory of peroxidation, worked out by Academician Bakh in Russia as early as 1897, the first product of combustion is not the hydrate but the active unstable peroxide, which in course of further reactions acts as a catalyst and activates the molecules of combustible mixture." 106. (a) Satish K. Gupta, op. ct., p. 741-- "Earth's Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth is called earth's atmosphere. At sea level, by volume, dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, 0.0018% neon and traces of gases such as helium, kyrpton and xenon. In addition to the above, air contains water vapours, hydrocarbons, hydrogen peroxide, sulphur APPLETON LAYER 400 km KENNELLY HEAVISIDE LAYER THERMOSPHERE MESOSPHERE OZONE LAYER 80 km STRATOSPHERE 50 km TROPOSPHERE 7TZ EARTH'S SURFACE 136

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compounds and dust particles. The composition of earth's atmoshphere varies very slightly with altitude. It remains same up to a height of 100 km but its density goes on decreasing as we go up. The earth's atmosphere has no sharp boundary. It has been divided into a number of regions (or layers) as shown in Fig. They are as explained blow : 1. Troposphere. This region extends up to 12 km from the surface of the earth. Its density varies from 1 kg mo at the surface of earth to 0.1 kg m-3 at the top of this layer. All the water vapours of the atmosphere are contained in this layer. In this part of atmosphere, temperature decreases with height from 290 K to 220 K. Stratosphere. This region of atmosphere extends from 12 km from the surface of earth upto 50 km and it forms practically clear sky. The density of atmosphere in this region varies from 0.1 kg m-3 to 10-3 kg m-3 and the temperature varies from 220 K to 280 K. At the upper extreme of this region, there is a layer of ozone between 30 to 50 km from the surface of earth, in which most of the atmospheric ozone is concentrated. It is responsible for absorbing a large proportion of ultra-violet radiation radiated by the sun and this layer protects the life on earth from its harmful effects. The ozone layer is also called ozonosphere. 3. Mesosphere. The resion of earth's atmosphere between 50 to 80 km from the surface fo earth is called mesosphere. The density of the atmosphere in this region varies from 10-3 kg m-3 to 105 kg m- and the temperature varies from 290 K to 180 K." Text-book of Physics, (Std XII), Part II, Pages 100, 101"Electromagnetic Radiations and Earth's Atmosphere Electromagnetic radiations passing through different media suffer effects like scattering, refraction, reflection, polarization and absorption. The effects produced by the electromagnetic radiations of different wavelengths during their passage through the earth's atmosphere are of particular importance to us. The following points are to be noted : (1) As you go above earth's surface, density of the atmosphere goes on decreasing, but there is no sharp limit to the atmosphere above. (2) Upper layers of the atmosphere are partially ionized; .i.e. they have atoms ionized to electrons and positive ions. This layer is called the ionosphere. (3) Layers of the atmosphere below the ionosphere are mostly of neutral atoms and molecules. (b) 137

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(4) Molecules of water are mostly confined to the lowest layer called the troposphere. (5) There is a significant amount of Ozone (0) gas in the height range 30 to 50 kilometers. (c) Satish K. Gupta, op. ct., Pages 137, 138 "The Atmosphere and its Electricty The earth's atmosphere extends upto about 400 km above the surface of the earth. The electrical properties of the atmosphere goes on changing, as one goes up from the surface of earth. On the basis of these electric properties, the earth's atmosphere has been divided into following four layers : 1. Troposphere, 2. Stratosphere, 3. Mesophere, 4. Ionosphere The electrical properties and the phenomena occurring in the atmosphere are mainly due to troposphere and stratosphere. The troposphere extends up to 12 km from the surface of earth, while the stratosphere extends from 12 km to about 50 km from the surface of the earth. The earth is good conductor of electricity and at low altitude, atmosphere is poor conductor of electricity. The small conductivity of the atmosphere is due to the ionisation produced by the high energy particles of the cosmic rays, which are constantly hitting the earth from the outer space. The conductivity of space is greatly influenced by the presence of dust particles and by the humidity conditions. However as we to up, the conductivity of the atmosphere goes on increasing. At the top of stratosphere i.e. at a distance of 60 km from the surface of the earth, the atmosphere is quite a good conductor of electricity. The electrical phenomena in atmosphere take place between the surface of earth (acting as one conducting layer) and the top of the stratosphere (acting as the other conducting layer), which are separated by a thick atmosphere of varying conductivity. The two layers form a spherical capacitor of large capacitance. Now, we state a few experimentally observed facts about electrical properties of atmosphere : At ground level, there is a downward electric field of about 102 V m all over the earth. This goes on decreasing with height. At 10 km above the surface of earth, it becomes quite small, while at end, it is negligible. There is potential difference of the order of 4 x 10% V between the surface of earth and that of the stratosphere. Most of the potential difference occurs at low altitudes. 2. 138

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3. Due to downward electric field at ground level, earth has a negative surface charge density over the surface of earth. The negative surface charge density of the earth is - 10-9 C m-2 4 5. Total charge on the surface of the earth is - 5 x 5 C The top of the stratosphere has an equal positive charge i.e. + 5 x 105 C ....the potential difference between the earth's surface and that of the stratosphere should be 5 x 106 V However, the observed value (4 x 105 V) is much lesser. The explanation for this difference is the fact that the intervening air becomes more and more conducting as we go up. Due to the downward electric field, the positive ions continuously flow into earth and the negative ions ascend. The current flowing per unit area has been estimated to be about 3 x 10-12 Cs-1. In other words, about + 1800 C of charge is being pumped into earth per second. As such, the negative charge ( = - 5 X 105 C) on the earth would get neutralised in a few moments. However, it does not happen at all. It is because of thunderstorms and lightning flashes occuring world wide. Steady condition of earth's atmosphere. It can be explained on the basis of the follwing experimental observations : On the average, about 4 x 104 = 40000 thunderstorms occur per day world wide. In other words thunderstorm occurs every two seconds in the world some where. It lasts for about one hour. During each thunderstorm, positive charges are carried upwards to a height of about 6 km above of the surface of earth, while the negative charges collect at about 2 - 3 km above the earth. Thus, the top of a cloud gets positively charged and its bottom negatively charged. Due to separation of charges, a potential difference of the order 2 x 10? V to 108 V is created between the earth and bottom of the cloud. (The bottom of the cloud may carry a total negative charge between - 20 C to - 30 C). Such a big potential difference across the 3 km thickness of atmosphere creates an electric field, 3. * 139

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4. 5. which is of the order of 10 V m to 3 x 104 V m' in upward direction. 6. Due to this high electric field, air gets ionised and becomes conducting. Towards the end of thunder storm, it allows large amount of negative charges in bursts along narrow pathways from clouds to earth. In the concluding stages of a storm, there are about 200 flashes or bolts in a storm, each for 2 x 10-3 s. Each bolt carries negative charge to the earth and about-20 C charge is deposited on the earth. There are about 100 bolts of lightning per second through out the world. The peak current in each bolt of lightning is about-104 C s 1. After each bolt, the thunder storm gets charged again and is ready for next bolt. Thus, thunderstorms make-1800 C of charge to flow from the earth every second, which just counterbalances the steady inflow of + 1800 C of charge to flow from the thunderstorm free regions of the earth. 107. eka gaNitanuM udAharaNa A vAtane vizeSa spaSTa kare che, juo Text book of Physics (Std. XII), Part II, Page 172 "Problem 1: Average surface charge density of the earth's surface is 10 coulomb/meter2. If there exists a potential difference of 400 volts between a certain layer of upper atmosphere above the earth's surface causing a current of 1800 amp (assumed constant) to flow from earth's surface to the atmosphere, how much time will it take earth's surface charge density to become zero? (Radius of earth = 6400 km) Surface charge density s = 109 coulomb/meter2 Surface area of earth 4 p R2. .. A 51445.5 x 1010 meter2 Total charge Q = sA = 109 x 51445.5 x 1010 = 5.144 x 105 coulomb. = 1 = 11 = 0 Jain Educationa International Q I = 5.144 x 105 1800 = 0. 2857 x 103 t = 285.7 second. 140 For Personal and Private Use Only

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[A note: Thunderstorms continually going on at various places on the earth convey electrical charge to the surface of the earth maintaining on an average conditions described in this problem.]" 108. DaoN. je. jaina, aprakAzita lekha, pRSTha 8-10 109. gujarAta samAcAra (dainika), amadAvAda, ardhasAptAhika pUrti zatadala 49-2002 'DiskavarI' kolamamAM prakAzita DaoN. bihArI chAyAno lekha - "AkAzanI vIjaLI paDe tyAre zarIrane kevI hAni thAya"mAMthI udbhuta, 110. DaoN. jaina, pUrva utkRta sandarbha, pRSTha 26 111. ejana, pRSTha 12 112. ejana, pRSTha 37 113. ejana, pRSTha 25 114. ejana, pRSTha 31 115. WWW.Strattman.com/articles/luminous tubes. html.--"The Luminuous Tube" An illuminating description of how neon signs operate." By Wayne Strattman, Page 1 Jain Educationa International 141 For Personal and Private Use Only

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bhAga - 2 zaka-samAdhAna

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zA mAthAnA samagra vivecanathI eka vAta spaSTa thAya che ke ilekTrisiTI ke vIjaLI pote sacitta teukAya nathI. have ilekTrisiTInA prayoganA kAraNe kyAM teukAyanI utpatti thAya che ane kyAM nathI thatI, e bAbate ghaNI bhrAMti che, jenuM nirAkaraNa jarUrI che. prazna 1: "svIca ona karyA bAda balba prakAza phelAvato dekhAya che. jethI ilekTrika balbamAM vIjaLI (Flow of Electrons)no praveza ane balbamAMthI prakAzasvarUpe tejANa (Photon) nuM bahirgamana siddha thAya che, tathA je mArgethI pudgala svarUpa vIjaLI aMdara jAya che te mArgathI/tArathI ke anya koI mArgathI tene prAyogya teTalA pramANamAM jarUrI vAyu paNa tyAM jaI zake che. kArya dekhAya tyAM kAraNane avazya mAnavuM paDe. kAraNa vinA kArya utpanna thaI na zake. jema dhumADo dekhAya tyAM AganI siddhi thAya che. tema balbamAM uSNa prakAzanI, agninI hAjarI dekhAtI hovAthI, bhagavatIsUtramAM darzAvela pUrvokta (pRSTha-9) niyamAnusAra, tyAM vAyunI paNa siddhi thAya che. kema ke hetu vinA kArya thaI na zake. A tarkazAstrano pAyAno siddhAMta che." - uttara H tAra dvArA je vidyutapravAha balbanI aMdara pahoMce che e dhAtunA tAranI potAnI saMracanAne kAraNe saMbhave che.vidyutanI sucAlatA ene mATe javAbadAra che. vidyutapravAhanA rUpamAM cAlanArA pudgala ane agnine bALanAra oksijana vAyunA pudgalamAM aMtara che. tAra vidyutanuM vAhaka che, oNksijana ke bIjA vAyunuM nahIM. eTale koIpaNa rIte oNksijana athavA vAyu aMdara cAlI jAya che, e mAnyatA na to tarkasaMgata che ane na to vijJAnasaMgata. pahelAM to vidyutane sacitta teukAya athavA agninA rUpamAM mAnavuM ane 145

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pAchuM ene siddha karavA mATe A prakArano kAlpanika AdhAra prastuta karavo e nyAyasaMgata nathI. pratyuta Agamavacana dvArA jyAre spaSTa rUpamAM vAyu vagara agninA astitvano asvIkAra karAyo che tathA A vAyu oNksijana yA prANavAyu) ja che - evuM pratyakSa anubhavathI pramANita thaI rahyuM che, tyAre enA abhAvamAM teukAyanA astitvane koIpaNa prakAre siddha nathI karI zakAtuM. balbamAM oNksijana sivAya anya vAyunuM astitva hovAM chatAM agni hoto nathI, kAraNa ke tyAM upasthita bIjA vAyu niSkriya che. jo nAiTrojana, orgona vagere niSkriya vAyumAM dahanakriyA saMbhava hoya to evA vAyumAM aMdara pAcho dIpaka vagere zA mATe bujhAI che? A to bahu ja sAmAnya prayoganA AdhAre jANI zakAya che ke niSkriya vAyuomAM agni bujhAI jAya che. ahIM e tarka ApIe ke klorina athavA phulorinamAM lokhaMDa baLe che e paNa saMgata nathI, kAraNa ke balbamAM klorina, phalorina paNa nathI hotA. prazna 2: "ahIM kadAca koIne zaMkA thaI zake ke "balbanI aMdara vAyunI hAjarI hoya ane vIjaLIthI lAITa-prakAza cAlu thAya to balba phUTI gayA pachI vijaLIpravAha cAlu hovAM chatAM balba kema cAlu thato nathI?' paraMtu A zaMkA asthAne che. AnuM kAraNa e che ke balbanI aMdara agnine saLagavAmAM jeTalA pramANamAM vAyunI AvazyakatA hoya che, tenA karatAM ati vadhu pramANamAM bahArano vAyu athavA balbamAM prakAzamAna evA TaMsTana tArano virodhI vAyu, balba phUTI jatAM tyAM bhego thavAthI lAITa baMdha thaI jAya che. vAyu hoya tyAM ja agni saLagI, zake - A siddhAMta mAnya hovA chatAM jema cImanIvALuM saLagatuM phAnasa cImanI phUTI jatAM bahAranA vegavaMtA pavananI joradAra jhApaTathI bujhAI jAya che. te rIte uparokta bAbata samajI zakAya che." mANasa bhojana-pANInA AdhAre jIve che. paNa ati vadhu pramANamAM bhojanapANI levAmAM Ave to te ja bhojana-pANI mANasanA motanuM kAraNa banI zake che. tema vAyu hoya tyAM ja agnikAya utpanna thAya - A vAta sAcI. paNa AvazyakatA karatAM ati vadhu pramANamAM vAyunuM dabANa Ave to agnikAya olavAI jAya. phUMka mAravAthI dIvo bujhAI ja jAya che ne ! telathI cAlatA dIvA upara telano Dabbo ekI sAthe UMdho vALI devAmAM Ave to dIvo paNa bujhAI ja jAya che ne ! mATe to "ti sarvatra varna' evI kahevata paDI che. jo ke A vAta ame ahIM janasAmAnya samajI zake te AzayathI laukika dRSTie batAvela 146

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che A vAta vAcakavarge khAsa dhyAnamAM levI. paraMtu A ja ghaTanAne sAyansanI dRSTie mUlavavI hoya to ema kahI zakAya ke vAyaramAMthI ilekTrisiTI pasAra thatI vakhate jo balba phUTelo hoya to bahAranA anya pratikuLa vAyunA saMparkathI balbano philAmenTa baLI jAya che, mATe tUTelo balba saLagato nathI. balbamAM TaMgsTana dhAtuthI banelo eka pAtaLo vAyara hoya che. aMgrejImAM te 'philAmenTa' tarIke oLakhAya che. svIcane 'ona' karatAMnI sAthe ja ilekTrisiTIno phUlo svIcane pasAra karIne balbamAM pahoMce che. jyAre balbamAM rahelA 'philAmenTa'mAM vIjaLIno pravAha pahoMce che tyAre te philAmenTa garama thAya che. A garamI eTalI badhI ugra hoya che ke tyAM prakAza utpanna thAya che. TaMgsTana nAmanI dhAtu 3420deg se. tApamAne ogaLe che. tathA 58600 se. tApamAne UkaLe che. (juo baMsIdhara zukla kRta - prasannikA vikramakoza pRSTha 57) prakAzamAna balbanA philAmenTamAM 2760deg se. tApamAna hoya che. eTale balbamAM vIjaLInI garamIthI A vAyara ogaLI jato nathI. paNa phUTelA balbamAM bahAranI pratikULa havAnuM philAmenTa sAthe joDANa ane vIjaLInuM tyAM Agamana - A be ghaTanA thatAM philAmenTa baLI jAya che, mATe tUTelo balba saLagato nathI.''2 = uttara H jema uparokta praznanI dalIlamAM pahelAM citta teukAyanuM astitva mAnI lIdhuM ane pachI ene siddha karavAno prayatna karyo, e pramANe prastuta dalIlamAM paNa joI zakAya che. koIpaNa vyakti A prakAranI dalIlane kevI rIte svIkAra karI zake ? balba prakAzita thatA pahelAM tyAM agni hatA ja nahIM, to pachI pramANathI vadhAre pramANamAM vAyu athavA virodhI vAyuthI enuM bujhAI javuM kevI rIte saMgata che ? ApaNe pharIthI ekavAra ilekTrisiTI UrjAnA rUpAMtaraNane samajIe. (1) balbamAM TaMgsTanano pAtaLo tAra baLato nathI. ilekTrika UrjA (energy) prakAza ane uSmAmAM rUpAMtarita thAya che tyAre kaMbazcana (dahana) hotuM ja nathI, kAraNa tyAM oNksijana nathI. (2) ilekTrika hITara je khullA AkAzamAM paNa cAle che, tyAM to oksijana vidyamAna che. tyAM bahu ja vegavAna vAyuthI hITara zA mATe bujhAI jatuM nathI ? vastutaH hITaramAM tAranuM garama thavuM ane uSmAmAM badalAI javuM e kriyAmAM oNksijana athavA vAyune koI saMbaMdha nathI. Jain Educationa International 147 For Personal and Private Use Only

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(3) vIjaLI-pravAhamAM jyAre (pratizodha) avarodha (Resistance) thAya che, to padArthamAM garamI utpanna thAya che. eTale ke vidyuta-UrjA tApa-UrjAmAM badalavA lAge che. balbamAM avarodha ghaNo hoya che. tApanI mAtrA avarodhane samAnupAti che. nAnA tAranI apekSA lAMbA tAra vadhAre avarodha pedA kare che. balbanI apekSA hITaramAM tAra lAMbA hoya che, eTale hITaramAM tApamAna adhika pedA thAya che. tAMbAMno tAra bahu ocho avarodha pedA kare che, eTale jyAre vIjaLIno pravAha emAMthI pasAra thAya che tyAre TaMgsTananI avarodhakatA tAMbAMnI apekSA vadhAre che. enA tAra (Filament)mAM vidyuta pravAhanuM parivartana uSmA-UrjA ane prakAza UrjAmAM AsAnIthI thAya che. TaMgsTanano pigalAMka UMco hovAthI e sAmAnyataH pIgaLatuM nathI. (4) jyAre koI cAlaka (tAra)nuM tApamAna enA javalana-biMdu sudhI pahoMcI jAya ane enI AsapAsanI havAthI rAsAyaNika kriyAno avasara maLe to e baLI zake che. A baLavAnI kriyAmAM tApa ane prakAza pedA thAya che. A rAsAyaNika kriyAthI e cAlaka padArthano oNkasAIDa bane che. 3 (5) dhAtumAM vidyuta dhArA pravAhita thavAthI e dhAtumAM tApanI UrjA pedA thAya che. A tApa enI avarodhaka zakti para nirbhara kare che. vidyuta-pravAhathI je tApa pedA thAya che. enAthI hITaramAM cAlaka (dhAtu) padArtha lAla garama thaI zake che. athavA pIgaLIne tarala (pravAhI) rUpamAM badalAI zake che, jema phyUjha (fuse)mAM thAya che. balbamAM philAmenTa pIgaLyA vagara garama thayA pachI prakAza kare che. (6) ilekTrika balba : be prakAranA che H (A saMbaMdhamAM vistRta carcA AgaLa karela che.) (1) vAyurahita (vacuum) (2) niSkriya gesavALA. vAyurahita goLAmAM rAkhelA TaMgsTana philAmenTa (taMtu)mAM jyAre vidyutapravAha vahe che, tyAre enA avarodhanA kAraNe emAM tApa ane prakAza banne pedA thAya che. A agninI jema baLavAnI kriyA nathI. ahIM tApa ane prakAza pedA thavAnuM eka trIjuM kAraNa che vidyuta pravAha, tathA e sucAlaka padArthanI avarodhakatA ane UMco tApakrama (lagabhaga 3000 DigrI se.) para paNa pIgaLyA vagara prakAza kiraNo pedA karavAnI zakti (kSamatA) che. jyAre pahelo balba thomasa AlvA eDisane banAvyo hato tyAre vAyurahita (vacuum) balbamAM philAmenTa rAkhelo hato. paNa emAM TaMgsTana dhIre-dhIre bASpIbhavana thaIne balbanI dIvAlo Jain Educationa International 148 For Personal and Private Use Only

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para jAmI gayuM ane balba bhUro thavA lAgyo. ene ghaTADavA mATe niSkriya gesano prayoga karAyo. bASpIbhavanathI philAmenTa pAtaLo thaIne khalAsa thaI jAya che. balbamAM baLavAnI prakriyAno ja abhAva hovAthI emAM vAyunI AvazyakatA ja nathI. philAmenTa jyAre koI nimittathI pIgaLI jAya che (jene ApaNe (fuse) thayo kahIe chIe) tyAre balba potAnI meLe bujhAI jAya che. philAmenTa fuse thavAnA nimittamAM volTeja vadhI javo paNa eka nimitta che. jema phUMka mAravAthI mINabattI bujhAI jAya che, tema balba paNa joradAra vAyuthI bujhAI jAya che. ema (nimitta) mAnavuM tarkasaMgata nathI. prazna 3: TyUbalAiTamAM jo saMpUrNatayA zUnyAvakAza hoya to jyAre TyUbalAiTa UDI jAya che tyAre tenI aMdaranA bhAgamAM sAIDa para je kArbananI kALAza badhAne dekhAya che te kyAMthI AvI? ebsolyUTa vekyUma hoya to TyUbalAiTamAM koI paNa vAyuno praveza na ja thaI zake ne ? to pachI TyUbalAiTa UDI jAya tyAre TyUbanI sAiDamAM kArbananI kALAza dekhAya che te kaI rIte saMbhava bane ? vijJAnanA siddhAMta mujaba to phospharasanuM oNksiDezana thavAthI tyAM tenuM kArbanamAM rUpAMtara thAya che. prastutamAM oNksiDezana eTale oNksijananI sAthe joDAvAthI paramANu ke paramANusamUhamAMthI ilekTrona khasI javAthI mULabhUta dravyano nAza thavAnI prakriyA. jo TyUbalAiTamAM oNksijana Adi vAyuno sarvathA abhAva hoya to oNksiDezananI prosesa zarU thaI na zake. to pachI TyUbalAiTamAM phospharasanuM kArbanamAM rUpAMtaraNa kaI rIte thAya ? oNksiDezananI prakriyAnA pariNAma-svarUpe je kArbana TyUbalAiTamAM dekhAya che tenAthI TyUbamAM oNksijana Adi vAyunI hAjarI vijJAnanA siddhAMta mujaba mAnavI ja paDe. vaLI, bIjI mahattvanI vAta e che ke TyUba UDI jAya tyAre ja oNksiDezananI prakriyA cAlu thAya che, evuM nathI. paraMtu TyUbamAM ilekTrisiTI jyAre-jyAre pasAra thAya, TyUba cAlu thAya tyAre-tyAre oNksiDezananI prakriyA satata cAlu ja hoya che. eka tabakko evo Ave che ke jyAre TyUbalAiTano moTA bhAgano phospharasa oNksiDezanathI kArbana rUpe pariNamI jAya che, tyAre TyUba baMdha paDI jAya che ane TyUbanI sAiDamAM kArbananA kALA DAghA dekhAya che.'4 uttara H ame prathama bhAgamAM TyUbalAiTanI prakriyAnI saMpUrNa vyAkhyA prastuta karI che tathA emAM spaSTa karyuM che ke mULataH TyUbalAiTanA koIpaNa ThekANe baLavAnI kriyA thatI nathI. emAM TyUbamAM thoDA dabANathI bharavAmAM AvelI markyurI-vepara Jain Educationa International 149 For Personal and Private Use Only

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(eTale bASpa rUpamAM pAro)mAM DiscArja dvArA AyanIkaraNa karAya che. te vakhate alhA-vAyoleTa vikiraNathI sUradIptivALA padArtha prakAzita thavAthI TyUbano prakAza maLe che e sAthe e paNa spaSTa karyuM hatuM ke emAM je "blekiMga' (kALA dhabbA) thAya che, A kArbana nathI paNa ilekTroDanA dhAtunuM "yUTariMga" eTale ciTakavuM' athavA kSaraNanI prakriyAnuM ja pariNAma che. emAM bahArathI vAyu athavA oNksijananA pravezano kyAMya paNa avakAza nathI. ene "phospharasanuM oNksiDezana" batAvavuM tadana khoTuM che. nathI oksiDezana thatuM ke nathI kArbananI utpatti thatI. eTale e teukAya nathI. AkAzIya vidyuta khullI havAmAM tIvra uSNatA, tIvra prakAza, tIvra volTejane kAraNe agni pedA kare che. jyAre TyubamAM oNksijanano abhAva che, eTale teukAyano abhAva che. - ilekTroniksa yaMtromAM ardha-vAhaka (Semi Conductors)no prayoga thAya che.' DAyoDa vagerenI sarakiTa, baTana-sela vageremAM silikona Adi adhAtu padArthano upayoga karAya che, jemAM bahu ja thoDA volTeja para paNa vidyuta-pravAha sakriya thAya che. emAM tApamAnanI vRddhi paNa nahIM jevI hoya che. prakAzanuM vikiraNa paNa bahu ja sAdhAraNa thAya che. oNksijanano abhAva hoya che. A badhA AdhAro para A prakriyAomAM kyAMya paNa teukAyano prasaMga nathI banato. prazna 4: zuM ilekTrika spArka sacita teukAya nathI? koI paNa prakAranI svIca ona-opha karavAmAM Ave tyAre svIcamAM nAnakaDo taNakho jhare che. A taNakhAmAM ane agni peTAve tyAre aMgArA vageremAMthI) jharatA taNakhAmAM zuM pharaka che. jo ilekTrika spArka sacitta teukAya hoya, to pachI sAdhu zuM svIca ona-opha karI zake? athavA bIjA pAse karAvI zake? athavA bIjA kare tenuM anumodana karI zake? uttara prathama bhAganA pAMcamAM sekzana tathA chaThThA sekzanamAM ApaNe vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMgo, gesamAM nirAkezIkaraNa vagerenI carcA karI cUkyA chIe. enA saMdarbhamAM harjhanA prayogomAM IlekTrika "spArkane vidyuta cuMbakIya UrjAnuM vikiraNanA rUpamAM batAvyuM che. gesamAM bhinna bhinna presaranI sthitimAM tathA ucca volTeja dvArA thanArA nirAkezIkaraNanA prabhAvathI utpanna "spArka' athavA vidyutacuMbakIya UrjAnA vibhinna pariNamanonI carcA ame pharI karI cUkyA chIe. A carcAthI e niSkarma nIkaLe che ke spArkanA rUpamAM utpanna vidyuta-dhArA potAnAmAM phakta vidyuta-cuMbakIya UrjA che. enI utpattimAM koI jagyAe kaMbananI 150

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rAsAyaNika kriyA nathI. agnikaNanA rUpamAM thanArI cinagArI jene murmu kahevAya che - baLatA hoya eTale kaMbazcananI prakriyA karanArA soliDa kaNa che. eja pramANe unanI zAla, polithina (athavA plAsTikanI thelI) vageremAM utpanna cinagArI paNa sTeTika ilekTrisiTInuM spArkanA rUpamAM eTale vidyuta cuMbakIya UrjAnA rUpamAM vikiraNa che, je agnikaNa (murmura)thI bhinna che. ilekTrika spArka pote to agni nathI, paNa anukULa saMyoga maLe tyAre agni pedA karI zake che. anukULa saMyogamAM traNeya anivArya AvazyakatAnI pUrti hovI jarUrI che. jvalanazIla padArtha, jvalanabiMdu sudhInuM tApamAna tathA oNksijana traNeyamAMthI koIpaNa ekanA abhAvamAM agni athavA kaMbazcananI prakriyA thatI nathI. A traNa anivAryatAnI pUrti kyAMka thAya che, kyAMka thatI nathI e vAta ApaNe nIcenA udAharaNothI spaSTa samajI zakIe chIe. 1. E.D.M. mazIna H ilekTrika DiscArja mazInathI dhAtunA ilekTrika spArkathI kApIne AkAra apAya che je 'dye' eTale sAMcAnA rUpamAM kAma levAya che. A mazInamAM eka TAMkIne kerosInathI bharIne enI nIcenA taLiyA para dhAtu rakhAya che tathA ilekTrika spArkiMganI kriyAthI dhAtune icchA pramANe AkAra ApI zakAya che. A saMdarbhamAM inTaraneTathI maLatI jANakArI A pramANe che EDM: Principles of Operation ELECRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM) is accomplished with a system comprising two major components: a machine tool and a power supply. The machine tool holds a shaped electrode which advances into the workpiece and produces a shaped cavity. The power supply produces a high frequency series of electrical spark discharges between the electrode and the workpiece, which removes metal from the workpiece by thermal erosion or vaporization. The basic components of an EDM system are illustrated to the right. The workpiece is mounted on the table of the machine tool and the electrode is attached to the ram of the machine. A DC servo unit or hydraulic cylinder moves the ram (and electrode) in a vertical motion and maintains proper position of the electrode in relation to the workpiece. The positioning is controlled automatically and with extreme accuracy by the servo system and power supply. Jain Educationa International 151 For Personal and Private Use Only

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During normal operation the electrode never touches the workpiece, but is separated by a small spark gap. Electrode (Cutting Tool) Dielectric Fluid (Coolant) Transistor O Current Limit Workpiecel Amp Meter Arc Gap EDM Machine Tool D.C. Power Supply Basic EDM System During operation, the ram moves the electrode toward the workpiece until the space between them is such that the voltage in the gap can ionize the dielectric fluid and allow an electrical discharge (spark) to pass from the electrode to the workpiece. These spark discharges are pulsed on and off at a high frequency cycle and can repeat 250,000 times per second. The spark discharge (arc) always travels the shortest distance across the narrowest gap to the nearest or highest point on the workpiece. The amount of material removed from the workpiece with each pulse is directly proportional to the energy it contains. Each discharge inelts or vaporizes a small area of the workpiece surface. This molten metal is then cooled in the dielectric fluid and solidifies into a small spherical particle (swarf) which is flushed away by pressure/motion of the dielectric. The impact of each pulse is confined to a very localized area, the location of which is determined by the form and position of the electrode. Both the workpiece and electrode are submerged in a dielectric fluid* which acts as an electrical insulator to help control the spark discharges. In EDM, the dielectric fluid also performs the function of a coolant medium and reduces the extremely high temperatures in the arc gap. More importantly, the dielectric fluid is pumped through the arc gap to flush away the eroded particles between the workpiece and the electrode. Proper flushing is critical to high metal removal rates and good machining conditions. * Dielectric fliud is usually kerosene. (Sec next page). 152

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Because EDM erodes metal with electrical discharges instead of with chip machining cutting tools, the hardness of the workpiece does not determine whether or not a material can be machined by EDM. A relatively soft graphite or metallic electrode can easily machine hardened tool steels or tungsten carbide. This is one of the many attractive benefits of using the EDM process. Rather than machine a workpiece before heat treating, it can be EDMed afterward. This eliminates the risk of damage or distortion which could scrap an expensive workpiece during heat treating. The basic principles of wire-cut EDM are essentially the same as diesinking EDM described above. The major difference is that instead of using an electrode with a complex shape, in wire EDM the electrode is a simple wire, typically .006" to .012' diameter, which follows a horizontal path through the workpiece. Instead of using dielectric oil as in die-sinking EDM, wire EDM uses deionized water. DEVELOPMENT OF EDM IN THE MIST This paper examines the machining properties of a new EDM process which takes place in a sprayed mixture of gas and liquid. It, namely EDM in the mist or mist EDM, does not require a tank for working fluid like in conventional EDM. The most distinctive feature of it is non-electrolytic machining even if electrically conductive water is used as a fluid. Therefore, water or water soluble cutting or grinding oil can be used for working fluid so it will become easier to combine EDM with traditional machine tools. EDM BY POWDER SUSPENDED WORKING FLUID This paper presents some effects for finishing electrical discharge machining which uses powder in working fluid. Appropriate powder use gives 0.8 mmRmax surface with the area of 25 cm2, and also shortens the finishing time extremely. It is verified in some experiments that powder suspension brings about stable EDM even under micro-electrical condition because of large gap distance and good dispersion of discharge current. THE PROPER CHOICE OF HYDROCARBON DIELECTRIC FLUID FOR EDM APPLICATIONS, A COMPREHENSIVE COMPARISION The commercially available large variety of dielectric fluids for EDM applications mades the choice rather difficult. Are there any advantages or disadvantages using one or another product? This paper describes a comparison test of 35 different hydrocarbon dielectric fluids in machining various metals using several different electrode materials. 153.

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*STUDY ON HIGH-QUALITY FINISHING BY EDM WITH NONFLAMMABLE DIELECTRIC FLUID The use of kerosene as dielectric fluid in EDM is very common. However, from the point of safety, kerosene has many problems since it can cause a fire. Some studies were reported on EDM with conflammable dielectic fluid. EDM with nonflammable dielectric fluid has an advantage over EDM with kerosene because it is free from fire and its rough-machining speed is faster. On the other hand, it has a drawback in that its finishing machining is unsatisfactory. In this report, the authors aim is to improve the efficiency of EDM with nonflammable dielectric fluid. The authors have found that the carbon which is made in the EDM process is responsible for the poor quality of the finished surface. Because it is electrified, the carbon adheres to the surface of the workpiece in the EDM process. The adhering carbon disturbs the machining stability, and degenerates the quality of the EDMed surface. In order to improve the machining capacity, the authors developed a new machining circuit. With this machining circuit, the voltage between the electrode and the workpiece is kept about 0 V, and the electrified carbon does not adhere to the workpiece. The performance of finishmachining is greatly improved. *INCREASING THE FUNCTIONALITY OF MACHINED SURFACES BY EDM WITH A SILICON POWDER ADDITIVE In EDM a very smooth finished surface can be obtained by adding a fine electrically conductive powder such as silicon to the machining fluid. Since this process produces an extermely corrosion resistant and microcrack free uniform surface, it is thought to be very effective in the finishing of dies for plastic molding. Increased effectiveness against corrosion is particularly needed for molds in which corrosive gases develop from plastic compounds. In this paper, in order to investigate the effective application of EDMing using a powder additive in the plastic mold finishing process, surfaces by Powder Additive EDM were compared to those finished by conventional polishing. *EQUIVALENT MODEL OF JUMP FLUSHING EDM (Ist Report) Proposal of a Model Represented by Electric Circuit In diesinking EDM, the jump flushing is generally known to be useful to clean up the working gap. However, it is very difficult to adjust the jump parameters efficiently such as an amplitude and an execution timing of the jump motion with progress of machining. Because, in this process, optimal values of such parameters change widely with progress of machining and to adjust Jain Educationa International 154 For Personal and Private Use Only

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them an extensive expert knowledge about the jump control is required. Therefore, if a numerical equivalent model of the jump flushing EDM can be framed, it will be very useful for adaptive adjustment of the jump parameters. This report describes a newly proposed equivalent model of the jump flushing EDM represented by an electrical way. Increasing process of the machining products in the working gap is converted to the charging process of a condenser in a DC electric circuit. Efficient jump timing is able to be computed from the rising time of the terminal voltage of the condenser to a threshold value which corresponds to critical density of the machining products for the safety sparking. Results of computer simulations based on the proposed model show that the machining characteristics of the jump flushing EDM could be reproduced sufficiently except for the very early stage of machining. Besides, it was found that approximate optimal values of the jump parameters could be computed easily. *EQUIVALENT MODEL OF JUMP-FLUSHING EDM (2nd Report) Influence of Duty Factor of Working Pulse This study aims to represent the characteristics of the jump-flushing EDM by a simple mathematical model in order to realize suitable selections of jump parameters through computer simulations. In the previous report, we proposed a basic model from a consideration of similarity between the increasing process of machining products in the working gap and the charging process of a capacitance in the DC electrical circuit. As a result, that model showed validities to represent a change in machining characteristics and jump parameters with progression of machining. In the present report, we propose an expanded model in which influences of duty factor of working pulses are taken into consideration. Computer simulations based on the new model showed that suitable jump parameters and rest time of working pulse are able to be estimated. Further expansion of the model will be possible by considering influences of peak current or pulse duration in the similar way of the duty factor. *STUDY ON FLUSHING FOR EDM (1st Report), proposal of 2D Small Vibration Method and Scan-Flushing Method In EDM diesinking, an excess of debris is often produced during machining in the gap between the electrodes, reducing the removal rate and damaging the machined surface. In order to remove this debris, various methods such as fluid injection, jet flushing, jump motion, planetary motion and selfflushing have been used or proposed. With there methods, problems such as navel removal and idle time exist. In this article, 2D small vibration method and scan-flushing method are proposed as new flushing methods to solve these problems. By using these methods, better machining efficiency and better surface accuracy can be obtaind. 155

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*STUDY ON FLUSHING FOR EDM (2nd Report), Analysis and Simulation of the Effect of Jet Flushing for EDM In the previous report, we developed a dynamic jet flushing method which is called "scan flushing". Experimental results clarified the effectiveness of this method on the precision of machining over conventional jet flushing method. Although good resluts of the scan-flushing were obtained, several parameters may influence the process. To help to optimize these parameters, a computational method to simulate the process is proposed in this paper. It was confirmed that this simulation algorithm can represent the distribution phenomenon of debris with good correlation with the unevenness of the workpiece surface produced. *SURFACE GENERATION MECHANISM IN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING WITH SILICONE POWDER MIXED FLUID The surface generated by electrical discharge machining (EDM) appears to be generally mat finish. However, the machined surface in EDM with silicon powder mixed fluid becomes glossier and has a smaller surface roughness than that in conventional EDM with kerosene type fluid, which leads to the omission of hand finish lapping of metal molds. The quality of machined surface significantly depends on the kind of workpiece material, but the surface generation mechanism has not yet been made sufficiently clear. In this study, the effect of silicon powder mixing on the surface generation mechanism is experimentally investigated, analyzing the shape of crater generated by a single pulse discharge, the surface roughness, the machined surface and so on. The main coclusions obtained are as follows: 1. The gap distance in EDM with silicon powder mixed fluid is larger than that with kerosene type fluid, because of the lower resistivity of the former and the influence of silicon powder arrangement in the gap. EDM with silicon powder mixed fluid leads to smaller undulation of a crater, because of the smaller impact force acting on the workpiece due to evaporation and expansion of machining fluid. 3. The more the precipitated carbides in the workpiece are, larger the surface roughness is, since the carbides come off because of crack propagation due to the frequent heat impact during EDM. 156

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4. EDM with silicon powder mixed fluid results in the stable machining without short circuit between the electrode and the workpiece. uparanA udAharaNanA AdhAre spaSTa thAya che ke kerosIna telamAM tIvra ilekTrika spArka (discharge) pedA thavAthI paNa Aga nathI lAgatI kAraNa ke kerosInamAM oNksijana hAjara nathI hoto. Aja spArka kerosInanI sapATI para hota to bhayaMkara Aga pedA karI zakAI hota. eTale A siddha thAya che ke spArka svayaM agni nathI. jema ke upara batAvAyuM che ke, E.D.M. mazInamAM kerosInanA sthAna para "ajvalanazIla pravAhI padArtha paNa coolant nA rUpamAM rakhAya che, jenAthI bhaya pedA na thAya. A siddha kare che ke ajvalanazIla padArtha keTalo paNa ucca volTeja hovA chathAM paNa Aga pakaDato nathI. 2. bIjuM udAharaNa che - hAI volTejanA vidyuta-pravAhamAM "Ayala sarakiTa brekara'no upayoga. A vyavasthA dvArA jyAre koI pholTanA kAraNe volTeja athavA karaMTamAM acAnaka vRddhi thAya to sarakiTane toDI nakhAya che. A vyavasthAmAM paNa telanI aMdara svIca rahevAthI oNksijananA abhAvamAM spArkano DiscArja phakta "phUleza pedA karaze paNa agni nahIM. "Ayala sarakiTa brekara'nI jANakArI TippaNamAM ApI che. 3. trIjuM udAharaNa che - unanI zAla athavA plAsTikamAMthI nIkaLelo ilekTrika spArka. A spArka jo khullI havAmAM oNksijana sAthe saMparkamAM Ave tathA jvalanazIla padArtha - una, plAsTika Adi paNa hAjara hoya to paNa jarUrI tApamAnanA abhAvanA kAraNe "Aga" lAgatI nathI. nahIM to unanI zAla athavA kAmaLI athavA plAsTikanI thelI vagere baLI jAta. "ghUsolDa tApamAnanA abhAvamAM - eTale ke jvalanabiMduthI ochA tApamAnamAM - jo vidyuta cuMbakIya UrjAnuM vikiraNa thAya to e "kaMbazcananI prakriyA karavAmAM samartha nathI. A AdhAra para jaina sAdhu mATe unanI zAlano prayoga hajAro varSothI mAnya che. jo A cinagAriyone paNa "murmara'nI korTamAM rAkhIe, to pachI unanI zAlano prayoga jaina sAdhu kevI rIte karI zake ? have ApaNe mULa prazna para AvIe - vidyuta-patha circuiAne bAdhita karavA mATe svIcano prayoga karAya che, jevI svIca ona thAya che, khAlI jagyAmAM DiscArja vahe che, je kSaNika spArkanA rUpamAM 157

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ja hoya che. ahIM khAlI jagyAmAM havA (oNksijana) paNa vidyamAna che. paNa DiscArjanI tIvratAno AdhAra volTeja para che. ati tIvra volTeja hoya tyAre to spArkanuM tApamAna paNa atyadhika thaI zake che. je ghUsolDa tApamAnathI adhika thavAthI teukAyanI utpattinuM nimitta banI zake che. jo tApamAna "Threshold' (nyUnatama sImA)thI nIce hoya, to spArka havAnA saMparkamAM paNa agni eTale ke kaMbazcayananI kriyA nathI karI zakato eTale jyAM hAI volTejano vidyuta-pravAha hoya che, tyAM AganI zakyatA hoI zake che. e na thAya mATe spArkane koIpaNa coolant dvArA maMda karavAmAM Ave che. tathA oksijananA saMparkamAM Ave evI sAvadhAnI rakhAya che. "fuse'nI vyavasthA paNa eTalA mATe ja karAya che ke adhika volTeja hoya to fuse no tAra pIgaLI jAya che ane sarakiTa tUTI jAya che, jethI Aga lAgatI nathI. sAmAnya volTeja para svIcamAM rahelA spArkano havA sAthe saMparka thavAthI paNa maMda UrjA hovAnA kAraNe agninI kriyA nathI thatI. akasmAta koI kAraNathI volTejamAM atyadhika vRddhi thaI jAya tathA anya sAvadhAnI rAkhavAmAM AvI na hoya to koI koI vakhata svIcano spArka paNa bhayarUpa banI jAya che. A phakta apavAdaka che. A carcAno sAra e che ke sAmAnya rIte svIca ona karavAmAM Ave tyAre thanAra spArkamAM agninI utpatti nathI - jema ke unanI kAmaLI, polithina, vagerenA prayogamAM spArka hoya che paNa Aga nathI lAgatI. prazna 5: zuM mAIka-lAITa-phona-pheksa-Teleksa vagere ilekTrika sAdhanono upayoga sAdhu karI zake? uttara: pahelAM to e samajavuM joIe ke A badhAM sAdhanono prayoga jo gRhastha enI suvidhA mATe kare che to emAM sAdhu doSanA bhAgI thAya ke nahIM. bIjI vAta - ilekTrisiTInA upayogavALA sAdhanomAM zuM teukAyanA jIvanI virAdhanA thAya che? jema pahelI carcAthI spaSTa thaI gayuM che ke ilekTrisiTI svayaM nirjIva che to e AdhAra para A sAdhanonA prayogamAM teukAyika jIvanI virAdhanAno prasaMga kevI rIte Avaze? A saMbaMdhamAM paNa pUrva praznonA uttaramAM spaSTIkaraNa thaI gayuM che. have vAta rahe che vyavahAranI. vyavahAranI dRSTithI e ucita che ke sAdhu pote eno prayoga na kare ke bIjA pAse na karAve ke na enuM anumodana kare. lAiTa vagereno gRhastho dvArA potAnA upayoga mATe levAnA je prayoga thAya che, 158

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to enAthI prApta sahaja prakAza vagereno upayoga sAdhu dvArA karAya to emAM sAdhune koI doSa lAgato nathI. (A carcA ame karI cUkyA che.) prazna 6 : Ano matalaba e thayo ke balba vageremAM skUla vekyUma ja karavAmAM Ave che. tethI tathAvidha pAtaLI havA svarUpA vAyukAyanuM tyAM astitva mAnavAmAM koI virodha nathI. agara balbamAM 100 TakA zUnyAvakAza karavAmAM Ave to philAmenTamAM utpanna thanAra prakAza ane garamI balbanA kAca sudhI pahoMcI ja na zake. kAraNa ke philAmenTamAMthI balbanA kAca sudhI pahoMcavA mATe koI vAhakadravya ja nathI. vAhaka dravya vinA to garamI, prakAza vagere AgaLa vadhI na ja zake - vijJAna paNa A vAta mAne che, balbamAM thoDA aMze havA rahelI hoya to ja te vAhakanuM kAma karIne philAmenTanI garamI ane prakAzane balbanI kAcanI sapATI sudhI pahoMcavAmAM sahAya karI zake. kharekhara jinAgamanA siddhAMtone sAyansanI dRSTie vicAravA hoya to te pUrve sAyansano paNa vyavasthita abhyAsa karI levo joIe. jethI jinAgama ke sAyansa bemAMthI koIne paNa anyAya na thAya. AvuM thAya to ja kAMIka aMze abhyAsamAM prAmANikatA rAkhI ema kahI zakAya. uttara : vaijJAniko anusAra prakAza athavA uSmA-taraMgone prasArita karavA mATe koI bhautika mAdhyamanI apekSA ja nathI. A taraMgo ilekTromegneTika che, je mAdhyama vagara prasArita thaI zake che. potAnA Agrahane siddha karavA mATe mArI-macaDIne prastuta karavAthI vaijJAnika dRSTivALA vyakti para to UMdho prabhAva ja paDaze. vijJAnano A sarvasAmAnya niyama che ke prakAza-taraMga, uSmA-taraMga vagere vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgo che, je zUnyamAM paNa prasArita thAya che. A AdhAra para AinsTAine ithara nAmanA kAlpanika mAdhyamano asvIkAra karyo hato. dhvaninA taraMgo mAdhyama vagara nathI cAlatA, mATe vekyUmamAM e gati karI zakatA nathI. prazna 7H jainAgama mujaba paNa prakAzamAna balbamAM pudgaladravyanuM astitva siddhi thAya ja che. mATe jainAgama mujaba paNa ebsolyUTa vekyUma balbamAM mAnI na ja zakAya. svIca ona karyA pUrve balbamAM prakAza na hato. svIca ona karyA bAda balbamAM prakAza utpanna thato dekhAya che. mATe balbamAM pAchaLathI ilekTrona Adi pudgaladravyano praveza to siddha thAya ja che. Ama vAyaranA mAdhyamathI balbamAM ilekTrisiTI praveza karI zake che to te vAyara-mArgathI ke anya Jain Educationa International 159 For Personal and Private Use Only

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mArgathI tyAM tathAvidha vAyu paNa pravezI zake che. ATaluM to nizcita ja che."12 InTaraneTanA mAdhyamathI maLatI vigataH "lAITa-balbamAMthI moTA bhAganI havA bahAra kADhI levAmAM AvelI hoya che. jo Ama na thayuM hoya to te tAra vAstavika rIte turaMta baLI jAya. jyAre koI vIjaLIno balba UDI jAya che. tenuM kAraNa e che ke te TaMgTanano tAra dhIme-dhIme bASpamAM rUpAMtarita thAya che.''13 ahIM ApaNe joI zakIe ke "moTA bhAganI havA" Avo ullekha karavAmAM Avela che. AnAthI phalita e thAya che ke balbamAM paNa amuka aMze havA rahela che ja. oNksijana Adi vAyu paNa tyAM amuka aMze vidyamAna ja che. bAkI to balbamAM oNksiDezananI prosesa AdhArita philAmenTanuM rAkhamAM rUpAMtara/kArbanarUpe pariNamana na ja thaI zake. oNksijana vinA oNksiDezana kaI rIte zakya banI zake? oNksijana sAthe saMyogIkaraNa thavAthI paramANumAMthI athavA paramANasamUhamAthI ilekTronane dUra karavAthI mULabhUta vastuno nAza thavAnI prakriyA vijJAnanI paribhASA mujaba oNksiDezana tarIke oLakhAya che." AnuM bIjuM nAma "DI-ilekTraoNnezana" che. jo ke vijJAnakoza-rasAyaNivajJAna (bhAga-5/pRSTha 227-30)mAM jaNAvyA mujaba klorina, phalorina, ojhona vAyumAM paNa oNksiDezana thaI zake che. paraMtu balbamAM to klorina vagere vAyu nathI. mATe tyAM thatuM oNksiDezana thaI zake che. paraMtu balbamAM to klorina vagere vAyu nathI. mATe tyAM thatuM oNksiDezana oNksijana AdhArita mAnavuM paDe. athavA oNksiDezana mATe jarUrI koI paNa vAyunuM tyAM astitva to mAnavuM ja paDe. tathAvidha vAyunI gerahAjarImAM to oNksiDezana na ja thaI zake. mATe vijJAnanA siddhAMta anusAra paNa balbamAM vAyunuM astitva siddha thAya che ja. jo ke vartamAnakALamAM sAyanTisTo nAiTrojana ane Argana nAmanA vAyunuM balbamAM astitva rAkhe ja che. A rahyA InTaraneTa upara maLatA zabdo. 'Inertgases such as nitrogen and argon were later added to bulbs to reduce tungsten evaporation, or sublimation. (URL-http:// www.geocitied.com/bioelectrochemistry/coolidge.html)'24uld "20224] tarala dravyamAM rUpAMtara thaIne gesa svarUpe bASpIbhavana (evaporation) ghaTADavA mATe athavA TaMgTananuM sIdhesIdhuM gesasvarUpe thatuM rUpAMtara (Sublimation) aTakAvavA mATe pAchaLathI balbamAM niSkriya vAyuo jevA ke nAiTrojana ane organa umeravAmAM AvyA. 14 160

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Avarta koSTaka pariziSTa-2mAM Apela che. zUnyasamUhanA hiliyama, niyona, organa, kripTona, jhenona, reDona, nAiTrojana vagere vAyuo umadA vAyuo (inert gases) kahevAya che. A umadA vAyuo ilekTrona gumAvavAnuM ke meLavavAnuM ke ilokTronanI bhAgIdArI karavAnuM saheja paNa valaNa dharAvatA nathI. A dareka vAyu potAnA sivAya bIjA koI paNa mULa tattvanA paramANu sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA karatA nathI. kAraNa ke temanI badhI kakSAo ane upakakSAo ilekTronathI bharelI hoya che. e rIte te badhA rAsAyaNika rIte taTastha che. Ama koI bIjA mULa tattvono saMsarga nahi rAkhatA hovAthI temane utkRSTa (noble) vAyu kahevAmAM Ave che. vijJAnakoSa-bhautika vijJAna-bhAga-7/pRSTha-64, lekhaka PA.P. mAMthI sAbhAra uddhata) mATe A vAyuo niSkriya vAyu tarIke paNa oLakhAya che. (DaoN. sI. bI. zAha, vijJAna koSa bhAga-5 pRSTha-147) A hakIkatane lakSamAM rAkhIne vijJAnakoSa-rasAyaNavijJAna pustakamAM DaoN. ema. ema. desAI jaNAve che ke "niSkriya vAyuo sthAyI hoya che." (gujarAta yunivarsiTI - amadAvAda dvArA prakAzita, bhAga-5 pRSTha-49). AthI lAMbA samaya sudhI balbane prakAzavAmAM nAiTrojana vagere vAyuo sahAyaka bane che. niyona paNa niSkriya vAyu hovAthI vidyuta dIvA, niyona TyUba, nIladIpta prakAzanaLIonI racanA, spArka cembara vageremAM bharavAmAM Ave che. (juo vijJAnakoSa bhAga-5/pRSTha-413) helojana lempamAM helojana vAyu bharavAmAM Ave che. soDiyama para lempa, markyurI lempa vageremAM soDiyama vepara, markyurI vepara vagere vAyuo bharavAmAM Ave che. A vAta paNa jANitI che. "gujarAta samAcAra tA. 26-6-02 budhavAranI pUrtimAM "ilekTrika lAITa kevI rIte kAma kare che?' AvA heDiMgavALA lekhamAM paNa jaNAvela che ke zuM tame jANo cho ke balbamAM vAyu paNa hoya che? hA, balbamAM vAyu paNa hoya che. jenuM nAma che organa. 1920 sudhI organa vAyuno upayoga udIpta dIvo (incandescent lamp) bharavAmAM thato. Arka velDiMgamAM thatAM anicchanIya oNksiDezana rokavA mATe pratidIpta dIvo (flourescent lamp) ilekTronika naLIo vagere bharavA mATe teno upayoga thAya che. (vijJAnakoSa-rasAyaNavijJAna bhAga-5, pRSTha-55 ku. sI. vI. vyAsa kRta - "organa' prakaraNamAMthI sAbhAra uddhata) A vAyu TaMsTana sAthe joDAI zakato nathI. eTale ja tene balbamAM bharavAmAM Ave che." 161

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"lokaprakAza graMthanA pAMcamAM sargamAM pUjya upAdhyAyazrI vinayavijayajI mahArAje tathA paMcasaMgrahanI vyAkhyAmAM zrImalayagirisUrijIe to spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che ke "novaca diyat mipi vire tatra sarvatra mA tAravI: prasarpanti / yat punaH atinibiDanicitADavayavatayA suSirahInaM kanakagirimadhyAdi tatra ' (paMcasaM. vRtti-dvAra-ra gAthA 25)" arthAt jyAM polANa hoya tyAM bAdara paryApta vAyukAya avazya hoya che. meruparvanA polANa zUnya ane atyaMta nibiDa evA madhyabhAgamAM vAyukAya na hoya. te sivAya samagra vizvamAM jyAM jyAM polANa hoya tyAM tyAM avazya bAdara paryApta vAyukAyanuM athavA vAyudravyanuM astitva zAstrasiddha che. jIvasamAsa vyAkhyAmAM zrI hemacaMdrasUrIjI mahArAje paNa A ja vAta karI che. lokasya hi yAvat kimapi zuSiraM tAvati sarva sminnapi vAyavaH sanyarantyeva / yatpunaH azuSiraM dhanaM kanakagirizilAmadhyabhAmAdikaM tatraiva te na prasarpanti / / (jIvasamAsa, gA.180 vRtti) pannavaNAsUtra vyAkhyAmAM paNa AcArya zrImalayagirisUrijI mahArAje spaSTa jaNAvela che ke "yatra supara tatra vAya." (pada-2/sUtra-4 pRSTha-78) arthAt jyAM polANa hoya tyAM vAyu hoya. balba kAMI aMdarathI nakkara-ghana nathI. tethI balbanI aMdara vAyunuM astitva siddha thAya che. tethI bAdara vAyukAyavALA athavA acitta vAyuvALA balba vageremAM agnikAyane utpanna thavAmAM koI paNa bAdha AgamanI dRSTie paNa Avato nathI. A rIte balbamAM saMpUrNa zUnyAvakAza to vijJAna ke jainAgama bemAMthI eka ne paNa mAnya nathI. to pachI "balbamAM zUnyAvakAza hovAthI vAyu nathI ane vAyu na hovAthI agni utpanna thaI na zake." AvuM kevI rIte kahI zakAya? svIca ona karyA bAda balbamAM ilekTrisiTIno praveza ane prakAzanI utpatti - A banne bAbatano to sAyansa paNa svIkAra kare ja che ane te anubhavasiddha paNa che. to pachI tulya yuktithI balbamAM jarUrI vAyuno praveza mAnavAmAM vAMdho zuM hoI zake? tathA te vidyutaprakAzane sacitta mAnavAmAM Agamavirodha paNa kaI rIte AvI zake ? kema ke tenA lakSaNo tyAM jovA maLe ja che. atyaMta tapelA lokhaMDanA goLAnA madhyabhAgamAM vAyunuM astitva zAstramAnya che ja ne ! uttara: balbanA viSayamAM ame vistArathI pUrva bhAganA navamA peTA bhAgamAM carcA karI che. e saMdarbhamAM prastuta praznane samajavo joIe. 162

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1. jema praznamAM ja spaSTa lakhyuM che - "jo A pramANe nahIM karAya to e tAra vAstavika rUpathI tarata baLI jaze." enAthI spaSTa chAya che ke oNksijana nAmanA vAyune balbamAMthI haTAvavo jarUrI che. ebsolyuTa vekyUma bhale nahi hoya, paNa oNksijanane to balbamAMthI haTAvyA vagara tAranuM kaMbazcana thavAnI saMbhAvanA rahe che. jene "oNksiDezana" kahevAya che. (ahIM oNksiDezanano A ja artha che nahIM ke DI-ilekTrozana) eTale evuM mAnavuM ke "thoDo oNksijana aMdara rahI jAya che athavA praveza karI le che" e mAnyatA bilakula khoTI che. balba banAvanAra kaMpanI A cokasAI rAkhIne ja balba banAve che ke emAM oNksijanano aMza mAtra paNa na rahe. 2. niSkriya vAyu bharelA balbamAM zUnya (vAyurahita) nathI, paNa vAyunI niSkriyatA ne kAraNe agni pedA ja thatI nathI. 3. mULa prazna A nathI ke balbamAM ebsolyuTa vekyuma che ke nahIM. mULa prazna e che ke jo philAmenTa prakAza Ape che, e zuM agninA rUpamAM prakAza Ape che? zuM tyAM oNksijana che? uparanA udAharaNathI e spaSTa thAya che ke praznakartAe svayaM A to svIkAra karI lIdhuM che ke niSkriya vAyumAM agninI kriyA nathI thaI zakatI, to paNa potAnI pUrva dhAraNAne mAnIne koIpaNa rIte emAM "oNksijanano praveza siddha karavA mathe che, je vaijJAnika dRSTithI paNa saMbhava nathI, ane jaina dRSTithI paNa saMbhava nathI. Ano sArAMza e che ke balbamAM pUrNa zUnyAvakAza saMbhava che ja nahIM. eTale emAM rahelo oNksijana oNksiDezana dvArA agni utpanna karI zake che - e kahevuM khoTuM che. vekyUmano artha vAyuno abhAva che, padArtha-zUnyatA nahIM. jo pUrNa zUnyAvakAza karavAnuM paNa saMbhava na hoya to paNa ema kahevuM khoTuM thaze ke emAM bacelo oNksijana balbanI aMdara baLavAnI kriyA mATe javAbadAra che, pahelA to e svIkAra karavuM joIe ke balbamAM haMmezAM zUnyAvakAza (vAyurahita) hoya ja, e jarUrI nathI. agAu paNa batAvAI gayuM che ke nAiTrojana, Agorna Adi niSkriya vAyune balbamAM eTalA mATe rAkhavAmAM Ave che ke oNksijana pUrNa mAtrAmAM samApta thaI jAya jethI oNksiDezana na thAya. A pramANe ahIM balbane vAyurahita karavAnI apekSA ja nathI. niSkriya vAyumAM balba sArI rIte prakAzita thAya che. [ saMsTananuM bASpIbhavana garamIthI pIgaLavAnA kAraNe thAya che. na ke enA 163

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baLavAnA kAraNe. jyAre balba vAyurahita (vaccum) na thAya, tyAre niSkriya vAyune bharavAmAM Ave che, jenAthI baLavAnI kriyA na thAya to paNa ema mAnavuM ke tyAM jema tema oNksijana ghUsI jAya che. A vAta koI paNa svIkAra nahIM ja kare. zAstromAM 'suSira'mAM vAyuno praveza lakhyo che, paNa tyAM to pahelAMthI vAyu che ja, to pachI bIjo vAyu kevI rIte dhUsI zakaze ? jeTalA paNa vAyuthI bharelA (gesa-philDa) balba che, emAM bahArathI oNksijanano praveza thAya e saMbhava ja nathI. aMdaranA gesa niSkriya che eTale philAmenTanuM bASpIbhavana rokAya che tathA philAmenTa jevuM hatuM tevuM surakSita rahe che. zUnyAvakAzanI jaina mAnyatA vijJAnanI mAnyatAthI judI che. vastutaH AkhA lokamAM jIva ane pudgala ThAMsI ThAMsIne bharyA che. paNa e badhAM vyavahAranI prakriyAone nathI bAdhA pahoMcADatA, nathI prabhAvita karatA. vijJAna anusAra nirvAtIkaraNa (vAyurahita) thavAthI je sthAna havA-rahita thaI jAya che te nirvAta (vAyurahita) thavAthI je sthAna havA-rahita thaI jAya che te nirvAta (vAyurahita) kahevAya che. havA (Air)mAM oNksijananI vidyamAnatA svabhAvika rIte ja hoya che. eTale nirvAta sthAnamAM to oNksijana paNa nathI raheto. jo bahu ja thoDImAtrAmAM rahI paNa jAya, to eno anya upayogathI nAza karI devAya che. prazna 8 : jaoNsepha prisTalI (Joseph Priestly) nAmanA vaijJAnike 1774mAM oNksijananI zodha karI. zvAsocchvAsa tathA dahanakriyA mATe oNksijana anivArya che. AvI vijJAnanI jUnI mAnyatAne yAda karIne keTalAka vidvAno kahe che ke 'balbamAM oNksijana na hovAthI te kaI rIte prakAzI zake ?' paraMtu A dalIla paNa barAbara nathI. kAraNa ke prAcIna vidvAna dahanakriyAmAM oNksijanane Avazyaka mAne che, balbamAM thanAra prakAza-garamI vageremAM nahi. vaLI, morDana sAyansanA siddhAMta mujaba prastutamAM eka vAta yAda rAkhavA jevI che ke 'oNksijana vinA Aga na ja lAge, dahanakriyA na ja thAya' tevo paNa koI niyama nathI. oNksijananI gerahAjarImAM paNa klorina vAyumAM hAiDrojana baLe che. Infoplease Enyclopedia'mAM jaNAvela che ke 'Combustion need not involve Oxygen, e.g., hydrogen burns in Chlorine to form hydrogen chloride with the libereation of heat and light..." Jain Educationa International 164 For Personal and Private Use Only

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artha: baLavAnI kriyAmAM oNksijana hovo jarUrI nathI. dA.ta. hAiDrojana vAyu klorinamAM baLe che. tenAthI hAiDrojana klorAIDa Hcl taiyAra thAya che. te vakhate garamI ane prakAza utpanna thAya che. gujarAta yunivarsiTI amadAvAdathI prakAzita vijJAnakoSa rasAyaNavijJAnabhAga-5mAM DaoN. esa. ema. desAI (M.Sc,Ph.D.) jaNAve che ke - "oNksijana karatAM phUlorinamAM kArbana vadhu jorathI baLe che. C+2F, > CF4 hAiDrojana phalorina ane klorinamAM baLe che. H, + E, 2 2HF H, + CI, 2 2HTI lokhaMDa phalorinamAM baLe che ane tene garama karatAM sahelAIthI klorina tathA salphara sAthe saMyojAya che. 2Fe + 3F > 2FeP 2Fe + 3C, 2FeOI, Fe + S - FeS" (bhAga-5/pRSTha-227) te ja rIte oNksijananI gerahAjarImAM soDiyama paNa klorina vAyumAM baLIne soDiyama klorAIDa banAve che. 2Na + CI, 2 2Na*CF Ama ApaNe joI zakIe chIe ke oNksijananI gerahAjarImAM paNa baLavAnI, prakAzavAnI, Aga lAgavAnI, garamI utpanna thavAnI kriyA thaI zake che. mATe balbamAM oNksijana na hoya to paNa Argana vagere vAyunI sahAyathI tyAM te ukAya utpanna thavAmAM sAyansanI daSTie paNa koI virodha Avato nathI." uttaraH prAcIna vijJAna ane Adhunika vijJAnamAM dahana-kriyAnA viSayamAM koI aMtara nathI. bannemAM mULa kaMbazana eTale ke dahana-kriyAmAM "oNksijananI anivAryatA mAnI che. klorina, phalorinanI sAthe hAiDrojana AdinI baLavAnI prakriyA ane enAthI utpanna prakAza ane garamInI prakriyA eka viziSTa rAsAyaNika prakriyA che, je sAmAnya "agni'nI prakriyAthI bhinna che. enA AdhAra para sAmAnya agnamAM oNksijananI anivAryatAno asvIkAra nahIM karI zakAya. bIjI vAta che ke balbamAM tArano prakAza hovo emAM thanArI prakriyA "agni'nI sAmAnya kriyA to che ja nahIM, sAthe-sAthe jema praznakartAe pote svIkAra karyo che ema, ""klorina-phUlorina vALI viziSTa kriyA paNa tyAM nathI." to ahIM 165

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oNksijana vagara paNa Aga lAge che'nuM kathana kyAM sudhI saMgata hoya zake? agninA je paNa rUpa batAvAyAM che, te badhAM oNksijana vagara saMbhava ja nathI. balbanA saMdarbhamAM to spaSTa che ke tyAM klorina athavA phalorinathI baLavAnI kriyA thatI ja nathI. ema to zAstrokta narakamAM acitta agnimAM paNa uSmA, prakAza vagere che, paNa oNksijana nathI. vartamAna saMdarbhamAM mULa prazna che - zuM balbamAM, jyAM ukta padArthonI prakriyA nathI, tathA oksijana paNa nathI, tyAM Aga baLI zake che? ene spaSTa uttara che - nA. prazna : bIjI eka mahattvanI vAta e che ke zUnyAvakAzamAM mokalela seTelAITomAM aMdara mazInanA vibhAgomAM Arking avAra-navAra thAya ja che. nAnA nAnA taNakhAo tyAM utpanna thaye ja rAkhe che. ArkingnuM pramANa vadhI jAya to vAyara paNa saLagI jatA hoya che / baLI jatA hoya che. A vAta ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)nA PC.E.D. vibhAgamAM kArya karanArA spesa-zaTalanA progrAmamAM bAhoza vaijJAnika zrI paMkajabhAI zAha ane zrI kizorabhAI domaDiyA sAyanTisTaenjiniyara .E) dvArA jANavA maLI che. bahu sarasa vAta che. oNksijanAdithI rahita zUnyAvakAzamAM paNa seTelAITanI aMdara paNa taNakhA svarUpe agnikAya jIvo utpanna thaI ja jAya che. zUnyAvakAzamAM paNa seTelAITamAM arking ghaTADavA mATe sAyanTisToe paNa ghaNI mathAmaNa karavI paDe che. kharekhara, utpanna thato agnikAya potAne prAyogya vAyu koI paNa sthAnamAM, koI paNa rIte meLavI ja le che. uttara 9H A vAta to e vAtane siddha karI de che ke ArkingthI utpanna cinagArIo (spark) mULamAM agni ja nathI. tyAM vidyuta-pravAhano DiscArja ja cinagArInA rUpamAM vikirita thaI rahI che. zUnyAvakAzamAM prakAzanuM vikiraNa thaI zake che, enuM A pratyakSa pramANa che. tyAM vAyuno abhAva che, eTale agnikAya jIvanI utpatti saMbhava ja nathI. ahiM paNa pahelA agnine mAnIne tyAM vAyunI utpattine jabarajastI manAvavAnI koziza karavAmAM AvI che. spArkanA rUpamAM thanArI cinagArIo EDM mazInamAM kerosInamAM paNa Aga lagADI zakatI nathI, kAraNa ke tyAM oNksijanano abhAva che. ISRO nA vaijJAnikono saMdarbha to "spArka agni nathI, paNa phakta bhautika urjAnuM vikiraNa mAtra che." A vAtane ja puSTa kare che. enAthI spesamAM - zUnyAvakAzamAM "oNksijananuM astitva siddha karavAno prayatna karavo e kaI vaijJAnikatA che? abhayadevasUrinA kathanane paNa enI sAthe 166

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joDavuM phakta potAnA pUrvAgrahanI pRSTi karavAno prayatna che. eTale na jaina darzananA AdhAra para ane na vijJAnanA AdhAra para e siddha thAya che ke spesamAM oNksijana che. havA athavA oNksijana phakta vAtAvaraNa" jyAM sudhI che, tyAM sudhI ja vidyamAna che. vAtAvaraNa pRthvInI sapATIthI phakta 400 kilomITara sudhI ja che. (A vAtanI carcA thaI gaI che.) prazna 10H vaijJAnika dRSTikoNathI vicArIe to comAsAmAM AkAzamAM utpanna thatI vIjaLI ane vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI vIjaLInA svarUpamAM koI ja pharaka nathI. banne vidyutanuM AMtarika baMdhAraNa eka sarakhuM che. comAsAmAM vAdaLAnA gharSaNathI utpanna thatI vIjaLI to AgamAnusAra sacitta ja che, sajIva ja che. A to nirvivAda satya che. tathA kRtrima prayatnathI TarabAIna AdinA mAdhyamathI utpanna karavAmAM AvatI vIjaLInuM svarUpa kudaratI vIjaLI jevuM ja che. avakAzI vIjaLI ane ilekTrisiTI - A baMnenuM baMdhAraNa, bannenA kAryo ane baMnenuM svarUpa samAna ja che. sAyansanI daSTie AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI, TarabAInanA mAdhyamathI thatI vIjaLI, beTarI-selanA mAdhyamathI thatI vIjaLI ke anya koI paNa prakriyAthI utpanna karAtI vIjaLI ekasarakhAM ja svarUpanI che. Kite & Key experiment karanAra benjAmina phreMkalina nAmanA vaijJAnika 175nI sAlamAM zodha karIne jAhera karela che ke AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI ane vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI vIjaLI ane vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI ilekTrisiTI - A baMne eka ja che. A vigata inTaraneTa dvArA jANI zakIe chIe. Franklin Institute, Philadephi, U.S.A. "He did make the important discovery that lightning and electricity are the same." [http:/sln.fi.edu./tfi/exhibitr/frankli.html] phreMkalinanA maMtavya mujaba AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI e ilekTrisiTInuM ja eka prakAranuM utsarjana che. A rahI inTaraneTa dvArA maLatI vigata. Info please Encyclopedia - "...which proved that lightning is an electrical discharge." - (http:/ www.info.please.com/c16/people/A085 8229.html) Science Encyclopedia pustakamAM Electricity Chapter (pRSTha-228)mAM gouac O } 'Lighting is a form of electricity.' arthAtu AkAzIya vIjaLI e IlekTrisiTIno ja prakAra che. Ama vijJAnanI dRSTie to AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI ane vAyaramAMthI pasAra 167

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thatI IlekTrisiTI eka ja che - ATaluM nizcita thAya che. vaijJAnika DaoN. dolatasiMhajI koThArI spaSTa zabdomAM jaNAve che ke vijJAna sacitta-acittanI paribhASA vicAratuM nathI. mATe ja vaijJAnika draSTikoNathI vidyutane acitta kahevAno koI adhikAra nathI. hA, eTaluM jarUra kahI zakAya che ke AkAzIya vidyuta ane prayogazALAnI vidyuta - baMne eka ja che. jo zAstrIya dRSTithI AkAzanI vIjaLI sacitta hoya to prayogazALA vagerenI vIjaLI paNa sacitta che." (samyagdarzana - mAsika, tA. pa-7-2002mAMthI sAbhAra uddhata) uttaraH mULa vIjaLI athavA ilekTrisiTI pote zuM che enuM pUruM vivecana ame karyuM che. tathA e paNa joI lIdhuM che ke AkAzIya vIjaLI (lighting)nI prakriyAmAM kevI rIte ilekTrisiTInuM 'discharge' kArya karAya che ane ApaNA zarIramAM paNa vIjaLI (ilekTrisiTI) kevI rIte kArya kare che. ApaNe ilekTrisiTI lighting, zarIra mAM kAma karavanArI vIjaLI ane sthita-vidyuta (static electricity) vagere badhA prakAranI vIjaLInI prakriyAomAM rahelA aMtarane samajavuM joIe. ApaNe phreMkalina, DaoN. DI. esa. koThArI, ensAiklopIDiyA vagere dvArA karAyelA kathananI apekSAne samajavI paDaze ke kaI dRSTithI baMnene eka mAnavAmAM Ave che. amArA vivecanamAM ame batAvI gayA chIe ke koIpaNa padArtha pachI e sajIva hoya athavA nirjIva, ekendriya jIvanuM zarIra hoya ke paMcendriya jIvanuM zarIra - badhuM vidyunmaya che - ilekTrona, proTona vagere je svayaM vidyutanA rUpa che eja badhAM padArthonA mULa ghaTaka che. tAramAM vahetI vidyuta-dhArA e ilekTrononuM ja dhAtu (je sucAlaka che)nA mAdhyamathI sthAnAMtaraNa che. sthita vidyutanA rUpamAM paNa A ja vidyuta acala avasthAmAM rahe che. ApaNI pratyeka kriyA paNa vidyutanA pariNamana dvArA ja cAle che. evI sthitimAM AkAzIya vIjaLI lighting je je sacita teukAya che, jenI tulanA tAravALI vidyuta sAthe karavI e kyAM sudhI tarka saMgata thaze? pachI to badhA padArthomAM sacitta teukAya che ema mAnavuM paDaze. paNa badhuM ja teukAya nathI, kAraNa ke jema AkAzIya vidyutanI prakriyAmAM baLavAnI prakriyA spaSTa che, evI bIje badhe nathI. pachI tAravALI ilekTrisiTI paNa jyAM sudhI tAramAM che tyAM sudhI baLavAnI kriyAthI mukta che, eTale sacita teukAya mAnI zakAya nahi. AkAzIya vIjaLI ane anya vIjaLImAM samAnatA paNa che ane bhinnatA paNa che. daulatasiMha koThArInA daSTAMtathI to phakta eja phalita (prove) thAya che ke vidyutanuM potAnuM svarUpa eka che, paNe enA vibhinna rUpone 168

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DaoN. koThArI kevI rIte nakAraze? jo badhI vidyuta eka ja hoya, sacitta teukAya ja hoya, to ApaNI badhI kriyAomAM eno prayoga thavAthI badhuM vajya thaI jaze. eka ane anekanI apekSAone na samajavuM e jaina darzanane kevI rIte maMjUra hoI zake? siddha AtmA ane nigodanA AtmA Atma-svarUpanI apekSAthI eka che. strI ane puruSa jIvatvanI apekSAthI eka che. jIvanA zarIra rUpa pudgala ane acitta pagala pugalatvanI apekSAthI eka che. ema eka mAnI levAthI enI ekAnta ekatA mAnI levI e to spaSTa asaMgata che. ApaNe vicAravuM joIe ke eka hovA chatAM paNa vidyutanA vibhinna pariNamanomAM kaI sacitta teukAya eTale baLavAnI kriyA che ane kaI nathI. prazna 11: zvetAMbara, digaMbara, sthAnakavAsI, terApaMthI-cAreya phirakAnA tamAma jaino AkAzIya vIjaLIne nirvivAdapaNe teukAya jIvasvarUpa ja mAne che. mahAzaktizALI AkAzIya vIjaLIne jyAre nIce paDe tyAre tenA nimitte thatuM saMbhavita nukasAna aTakAvavA mATe moTI phekTarI, totiMga bilDiMga, mahAkAya maMdiro, virATa hospiTala vageremAM uparanA khullA bhAgamAM arthiMga karavA mATe trizULa vagere AkAramAM tAMbAnA vAyara vagerenI viziSTa goThavaNa karavAmAM Ave che. tathA te vAyarane jamInamAM nIce UMDe sudhI pahoMcADela hoya che. nIce paDatI vIjaLIne potAnA tarapha kheMcIne A vAhaka tAra jamInamAM nIce pahoMcADe che. tethI phekTarI vagerene nukasAna thatuM aTakI jAya che. A bAbatamAM tamAma dharmAtmAo ane sAyanTisTo saMmata che. - AkAzIya vIjaLI tAramAM pravezIne jamInamAM jAya te avasthAmAM tene zuM nirjIva mAnaze? zakya ja nathI. kAraNa ke AkAzIya vIjaLI potAnA upara paDavAthI mANasa jema dAjhI jAya che, baLI jAya che, kadAcit marI paNa jAya che tema AkAzIya vIjaLI tAMbAnA tAramAMthI pasAra thaI rahI hoya tyAre te tArane pakaDI rahenAra mANasa paNa dAjhI jAya che, baLI jAya che, kadAcita marI paNa jAya che. AthI mAnavuM ja paDe ke AkAzamAM utpanna thatI vIjaLI jema sajIva che tema te vIjaLI tAramAM pasAra thatI avasthAmAM paNa sajIva ja che. A prakriyA tadana ilekTrisiTI jevI ja che. pharaka phakta eTalo ja che ke AkAzIya vIjaLI sauprathama prakAza svarUpa hoya che, pachI tAramAM pravezIne te adezya ilekTrisiTI svarUpa bane che. jyAre TarabAIna vagerenA mAdhyamathI utpanna thatI vIjaLI sauprathama adazya IlekTrisiTI svarUpe utpanna thaIne tAramAM praveze 169

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che ane pachI balbanA philAmenTamAM prakAzasvarUpe jaNAya che. Ama TarabAIna vagerenA mAdhyamathI utpanna thatI kRtrima vIjaLI - ilekTrisiTI ane AkAzIya vIjaLI baMne eka svarUpa ja che - ema siddha thAya che. AkAzIya vIjaLI to sajIva ja che. tethI tenA samAna kRtrima vIjaLI - ilekTrisiTI paNa teukAya jIvasvarUpe ja siddha thAya che. AkAzIya vIjaLInA nukasAnathI bacavA mATe je rIte (electricity) karavAmAM Ave che te ja prakAranuM arthiMga kRtrima vIjaLI dvArA bahumALI makAna phekTarI vagerene nukasAna na thAya te mATe ka2vAmAM Ave che. AkAzanI vIjaLI arniMga vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI hoya tyAre jo te tAranI joDe balbanuM yogya joDANa karela hoya to te balba paNa prakAze che ja. A vAta vijJAne prayoga dvArA siddha karela che. Ama AkAzIya vIjaLI ane kRtrima vIjaLI (electricity) vacce aneka prakAre samAnatA ja jovA maLe che. tethI AkAzIya vIjaLInI jema vAyaranI vIjaLI ilekTrisiTI paNa sajIva ja che. uttara 11: AkAzIya vIjaLI eTale AkAzamAM camakanArI vidyuta eTale 'vijjU' jhabakIne paDanArI vidyuta eTale azazina athavA vajrapAta tathA ulkApAta (jevA gharSaNathI camakatA piMDa pRthvI para paDatA dekhAya che. Meteor jene kahevAya che) e badhAM phakta baLavAnI sthitimAM ja sacitta teukAya che. nahi enAthI pahelA ke na pachI. vIjaLInuM pRthvImAM samAI javuM eTale vidyuta-AvezanuM mukta rUpa je oNksijananI sahAyatAthI baLavAnI kriyA karatA hatA te samApta thaIne pharI vidyuta UrjAnA rUpamAM AvI jAya che. 'baLavA'nI kriyA na kare te samaya vidyuta-UrjAne teukAya mAnI zakAya nahi. jo ene teukAya mAnI laIe, to pachI badhA ilekTrika cArjane teukAya mAnavo paDaze. paNa evuM nathI, ilekTrisiTI pote potAnAmAM phakta paudgalika UrjA che. jyAre te tAramAMthI pasAra thAya che, tyAre paNa e phakta paudgalika UrjA che, bhale te pAvara-hAusathI utpanna hoya athavA AkAzIya vidyutathI 'DiscArja'thI utpanna ilekTrika cArja hoya. AkAzIya vIjaLI (vijjune sacitta teukAya to phakta AkAzamAM vidyamAna oNksijananA sahayogathI jvalanazIla padArthone bALatI vakhate ja mAnI zakAya. jyAre e cArja gaganacuMbI imAratanI upara lAgelA tArathI earthing thaI jAya che, tyAre tene sacitta teukAya mAnI zakAya nahi, kAraNa ke tAranI aMdarathI pasAra thatI vakhate enuM teukAyika pariNamana thatuM nathI. nathI tyAM baLavAnI athavA dahana Jain Educationa International 170 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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kriyA thatI hoya che ane na to tyAM prakAza athavA camakArA thAya che. jo te teukAya hoya. to pachI svayaM tAra paNa baLI jaze. ATalA bhAre voltage hovA chatAM paNa tAra eTalA mATe nathI baLato ke tyAM dahana-kriyAno abhAva che. pAvara hAusamAM utpanna thanArI vIjaLI jyAM sudhI tAramAM che, tyAM sudhI e paNa paulika (nirjIva) che. tArathI bahAra jyAre khullI havAmAM e jvalanazIla padArthonA saMyogamAM ucita tApamAna para Ave che, tyAre te agni pedA karI zake che. A rIte tAramAM rahelI pravAhI vIjaLI ane khullA AkAzamAM camakatI vIjaLIno bhedabheda bahu ja spaSTa thaI jAya che. je tAramAMthI vIjaLI pasAra thatI hoya tyAre e tArane pakaDanAra vyakti kaI avasthAmAM che, enA para e baLaze ke nahi eno AdhAra che. jo vyakti insulator upara Ubho haze to tAravALI vIjaLIno karaMTa emAM pravezI zakaze nahIM. jo te earthing karaze to tarata karaMTa temAM AvI jaze. jaina darzananA anekAMtane samajanAra paryAya-bheda ane pariNamana bhedane nahi samaje ane phakta dravya-abhedanA AdhAra para sArvatrika ane samagra abheda mAnI le to e susaMgata nathI. A prazna 12: mahAnadI upara Dema bAMdhIne TarabAIna dvArA je ilekTrisiTI utpanna karavAmAM Ave che tyAM prakriyA evI hoya che ke dhasamasatA pANIno pravAha TarabAina upara vegathI paDe che. tethI atyaMta phorsathI TarabAIna ghUme che. te samaye TarabAIna sAthe joDAyela DAyanemAmAM goThavelA megneTavALA caMdrakonI vacce Coil paNa jhaDapathI goLa-goLa phare che. A rIte kanDakTiga raoNDa Coil ane megneTika lAInsanI vacce eka jAtanuM prabaLa gharSaNa UbhuM thavAthI tyAM ilekTrisiTI utpanna thAya che. pANI jeTalA vadhu vegathI paDe tema TarabAIna vadhu jhaDapathI phare. jema jema TarabAIna vadhu vegathI ghUme tema tema megneTika philDamAM goThavAyela kanDakTiga raoNDa vadhu jhaDapathI phare. jema jema kanDakTiga roDa vadhu vegathI ghUme tema tema megneTika philDamAM goThavAyela kanDakTiga roDa vadhu jhaDapathI phare. jema jema kaDakTiga roDa vadhu vegathI ghUme tema tema megneTika lAInsa opha phosamAM prabaLa gharSaNa UbhuM thavA dvArA cuMbakIya preraNarekhAo (megneTika lAInsa) jhaDapathI kapAya che. jema jema megneTika philDamAM goThavAyela megneTika lAInsa opha phorsamAM jhaDapathI prabaLa gharSaNa UbhuM thavAthI cuMbakIya rekhAo jhaDapathI kapAya che tema tema vadhu pramANamAM ilekTrisiTI utpanna thAya che. 111

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ahIM bIjI eka vAta noMdhamAM rAkhavI ke cuMbakIya rekhAo (Magnetic lines) paNa prabhA, chAyA, Atapa, udyota, prakAza, taraMga, zabda vagerenI jema, jainamatAnusAra dravyasvarUpa ja che. cuMbakIya rekhAo kAMI bhAvasvarUpa/paryAya svarUpa nathI. kema ke bhAva kAMI dravyamAMthI chUTo paDIne bahAra nIkaLI zakato nathI. kApaDano zveta varNa (paryAya) kAMI kApaDa (dravya)ne choDIne bahAra nIkaLato nathI. jyAre cuMbakIya rekhAo to megneTanI bahAra nIkaLe che. mATe te paryAya (bhAva) ravarUpa nathI paNa dravyAtmaka ja che. jainAgama mujaba, jema ApaNA zarIramAMthI dravyAtmaka chAyA paramANuo nIkaLe che ke jenA lIdhe pratibiMba-phoTo vagere paDI zake che, tema lohacuMbakamAMthI dravyAtmaka cuMbakIya rekhAo nIkaLe che ke jenA lIdhe lohacuMbaka lokhaMDane kheMcI zake che. ahIM anya eka vAta dhyAnamAM rahe ke gati ane gharSaNa banne judI vastu che. paraMtu koI paNa mUrta padArtha gati kare to te gharSaNa avazya utpanna kare ja che. pudgalanI gati ochI hoya to gharSaNa ochuM hoya tathA gati vadhAre hoya to gharSaNa vadhAre hoya. tathA koI paNa padArthane kApavA mATe game te prakAranI gati kAma na lAge paNa cokkasa prakAranI gatithI utpanna thayela viziSTa gharSaNa ja upayogI bane che. kanDaTiMga raoNDa jema vadhu jhaDapathI gati kare tema gharSaNa vadhu utpanna thAya ane megneTika lAInsa vadhu jhaDapathI kapAya ane ilekTrisiTI vadhu utpanna thAya. kanDakTIMga raoNDanI gati, cuMbakIya rekhAonI kapAvAnI spIDa ane megneTa pAvara - A traNanA guNAMka mujaba ilekTrisiTI utpanna thAya che. megneTa jema vadhu pAvaraphula hoya tema cuMbakIya rekhAo vadhu hoya che. jo A cuMbakIya baLarekhAo kapAya nahi to ilekTrisiTI utpanna thAya nahi. cuMbakIya rekhAo ane kanDakTiga roDa vacce jo gharSaNa na thAya to cuMbakIya rekhAo kapAya ja nahi. jema karavata ane lAkaDA vacce yogya rIte gharSaNa thAya to ja lAkaDuM karavata dvArA kapAya che tema kanDakTiga roDa ane cuMbakIya rekhAo vacce yogya gharSaNa UbhuM thAya to ja cuMbakIya rekhAo kapAya. te banne vacce gharSaNa atyaMta jhaDapathI thAya to megneTika lAInsa jhaDapathI kapAvAnA lIdhe ilekTrisiTI vadhu utpanna thAya. jo tyAM gharSaNa maMda hoya to megneTika lAInsa dhIme dhIme kapAvAthI IlekTrisiTI ochI utpanna thAya che. ilekTrika janareTaramAM paNa A ja prakAranI prakriyAthI ilekTrisiTI utpanna thAya che. The world Book, EncyclpediamAM AvatI nIcenI vigato jovAthI 112

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A vAta vadhu spaSTa thaze. "The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of force. If you rotate the loop of wire between the Poles of the magnet, the two sides of the loop "cut" the lines of force. This in duces (generates) electrictiy in the loop. In the first half of the turn, one side of the loop of wire cuts up through the lines ofn force. The other side cuts down. This makes the electricity flow in one direction through the loop. Halfway through the turn, the loop moves parallel to the lines of force. No lines of force are cut and no electricity is generated." (Part-6, Electric-generator-Page 146 - London) sAIkalanA paiDAmAM goThavela DAyanemAmAM paNa te ja rIte kanDakTiga raoNDa (Coil) dvArA prabaLa gharSaNa UbhuM thavAthI megneTika lAinsa kapAya che ane ilekTrisiTI utpanna thAya che. Ama eka prakAranA gharSaNathI utpanna thavAnA lIdhe paNa IlekTrisiTI sajIva teukAya svarUpa siddha thAya che. pannavaNA sUtranA prathama padamAM bAdara teukAya jIvanA je prakAro batAvelA che temAM tathA jIvAbhigamasUtra (prathama pratipatti-sUtra-25)mAM paNa "saMdharisasamudag' Avo nirdeza maLe che. matalaba ke amuka prakAranA agninanA jIvo saMgharSathI - gharSaNathI paNa utpanna thAya che. amuka prakAranA gharSaNathI agnikAyanA jIvone mATe yogya utpatti sthaLa pedA thAya che ane agnikAyanA jIvo tyAM utpanna thAya che. tethI jema mAcisaboksanI banne sAiDamAM enTimanI salphAIDa, phospharasa salphAiDa, retI ane guMdaranA mizraNanA lepavALI kAgaLanI paTTI upara (soDiyama nAiTreTa athavA emoniyama phosphaTanA drAvaNamAM boLIne sUkavelI tathA siMdUra, poTeziyama kloreTa, enTimanI salphAiDa ane guMdaranuM mizraNa jenI Toca upara lagADela che tevI, 185ramAM sviDananA uMDasTrome zodhelI) dIvAsaLInA vegapUrvakanA gharSaNathI utpanna thato agni sacitta che tema TarabAinanI aMdaramAM goThavela megneTa ane koIlanI viziSTa goThavaNanA lIdhe megneTika philDamAM ghUmatA kanDakTiga roDa dvArA cuMbakIya rekhAo (Magnetic lines)ne kApavA mATe UbhA thatA prabaLa gharSaNathI utpanna thatI dAhaka ilekTrisiTI paNa bAdara teukAya jIvasvarUpa che - evuM phalita thAya che. jo gharSaNa vinA ja tyAM IlekTrisiTI utpanna thatI hoya to TarabAIna baMdha hoya to paNa tyAM vIjaLI utpanna thavI joIe. paraMtu tevuM thatuM nathI. 173

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saMdharisamudig' mATe padathI pannavaNA ane jIvAbhigamasUtramAM je bAdara sacitta teukAyano eka prakAra batAvela che temAM ja prastuta IlekTrisiTIno samAveza karavo jarUrI che. mahAprajJajI jarUra A hakIkatane sArI rIte samajI zakaze - tema huM mAnuM chuM. .. ahIM eka vAta khAsa dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevI che ke "mATIthI ghaDo utpanna thAya' AvuM koI kahe teno artha evo samajI na zakAya ke mATIthI utpanna thAya te badhI ja cIjane ghaDo kahevAya. kAraNake mATIthI ramakaDA, cUlo, tAvaDI vagere paNa bane che. tathA "mATIthI ja ghaDo utpanna thAya' evo paNa uparokta vAkyano artha na karI zakAya. kAraNa ke mATInI jema sonuM, cAMdI, tAMbU vageremAMthI paNa ghaDo utpanna thaI zake che. paraMtu uparokta vAkyano artha eTalo ja thaI zake che ke "amuka prakArano ghaDo mATIthI utpanna thAya che." mATIthI utpanna thatI amuka cokkasa AkAravALI cIjane "mATIno ghaDo' kahevAya - AvuM ja arthaghaTana sarvasAmAnya che. te ja rIte "gharSaNathI agni utpanna thAya" AvuM jaNAvanAra "saMghasisamudi' AvA pannavaNAsUtrano artha evo na samajavo ke "gharSaNathI utpanna thatI badhI ja cIja sacitta agnikAya che.... kAraNa ke hatheLI ghasavAthI je garamI utpanna thAya che te kAMI agnikAya nathI. tathA "badhA ja prakAranA agnikAya jIvo gharSaNathI ja utpanna thAya tevo paNa artha uparokta zAstravacanano karI na zakAya. kAraNa ke gharSaNa vinA paNa sUryaprakAza ane megniphAiMga glAsanA mAdhyamathI tathAvidha teukAya yoni thatAM tyAM teukAya jIva utpanna thAya ja che. paraMtu uparokta Agamavacanano artha eTalo ja karavo abhipreta che ke "amuka prakAranA agnikAyanA jIvo gharSaNathI utpanna thAya che. gharSaNathI utpanna thatA je padArthamAM garamI, dAhakatA vagere mahattama guNadharmo jovA maLe tene gharSaNajanya agnikAya tarIke samajavA - AvuM ja arthaghaTana pannavaNAstranA "saMgharisasamudi' vacana dvArA zAstrakArone mAnya hoya tevuM nizcita thAya che. bhale TarabAInanA mAdhyamathI eka viziSTa prakAranA gharSaNathI utpanna thatI vIjaLInI - teukAyanI pannavaNAstramAM ke jIvAbhigamasUtramAM nAma laIne, vAta karI na hoya. paNa pannAvaNA sUtramAM pUrvadhara zyAmAcAryae bAdara teukAyanA aneka prakAro vistArathI batAvyA bAda chelle atyaMta spaSTa zabdomAM jaNAvela che ke " yAvane tadapUra..." arthAt...(ahIM ATaluM dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM ke 174

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sUryaprakAza, caMdraprakAza, AgiyAno prakAza, jaTharAgni, tAvanI garamI vagere sacitta teukAya svarUpa nathI. Avo ullekha anya zAstromAM maLe che. mATe tenI ahIM bAdabAkI samajI levI.) "je bIjA paNa padArtho uparokta rIte uSNatA, dAhakatA vagere lakSaNavALA hoya te bAda teukAyarUpa samajavA." keTalI dIrghadRSTithI spaSTa zabdomAM agnikAya jIvanI oLakha pannavaNAsUtramAM maLe che ! jIvAbhigamasUtranI prathama pratipattinA rUpamAM sUtramAM paNa A ja zabdo jovA maLe che. 22 uttaraH pahelAM ApaNe gharSaNa athavA saMgharSane samajIe. gharSaNa athavA saMgharSa-samusthitino sAmAnya artha che - be ghana padArtho vacce gharSaNa-ghasavAnI kriyA praznamAM gharSaNano je artha karavAno prayatna karyo che, e prastuta prasaMgamAM saMgata nathI. padArtha eTale ghana, pravAhI athavA varALa rUpa pudgala - jene sAmAnya rIte meTara (matter) kahevAya che ane prakAza, dhvani vagere UrjA rUpa pudgala jene (energy) kahevAya che - baMne eka ja pudgalAstikAya nAmanA dravyanA ja be rUpa che, to paNa enA guNadharmanI bhinnatAnA AdhAra para meTara ane enajIrne be alaga-alaga astitvanA rUpamAM gaNavAmAM Ave che. cuMbakIya kSetra (magnetic field)nI rekhAo meTaranA rUpamAM nathI hotI, mAtra UrjAnA rUpamAM hoya che. eTale e benI sAthe thanAruM "InTarekzana' ('Inter action') bhautika arthamAM saMgharSa athavA gharSaNanI koTimAM AvatuM nathI." jaina AgamomAM varNita saMgharSa-samusthita agni spaSTa rIte cakamaka paththara athavA araNInI lAkaDI vagerenA gharSaNathI utpanna AganA rUpamAM batAvavAmAM AvI che. prastuta praznane ApaNe A pramANe rAkhI zakIe chIe - zuM vIjaLInI utpatti phakta gharSaNathI ja thAya che? gharSaNathI utpanna thavAthI evI vidyutane saMgharSa-samusthita' agni ja zA mATe mAnavAmAM na Ave? vIjaLI utpanna karavA mATenI aneka rIta che. enA para be dRSTiothI vicAra karavo joIe : (ka) vIjaLI utpanna karavAnI rIta svayaM hiMsA para AdhArita che ke nahIM? (kha) vIjaLI utpanna thAya pachI te sacitta teukAya che ke nahIM? hAiDrolika pAvara-hAusamAM vIjaLI TarabAIna dvArA utpanna karAya che. temAM megneTa (cuMbakIne jorathI pheravavA mATe pANIne UMcAI uparathI nIce pADavAmAM Ave che tyAre cuMbaka para AvelA tAramAM vidyuta utpanna thaI jAya 175

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che. A badhI prakriyAmAM saMgharSa athavA gharSaNa eTale ke friction kyAMya paNa thatuM nathI. vidyuta preraNanI prakriyAmAM dUrathI ja vidyuta-cuMbakIya kSetra utpanna thAya che. cuMbakIya rekhAo cuMbakanI AsapAsanA AkAza (space)mAM utpanna prabhAva mAtra che, koI vastu ke padArtha nahIM. ene kApavAno artha bhautika arthamAM nathI. tIvra gatizIla padArthanI gatinI sAthe gharSaNa tyAre thAya jyAre bIjo padArtha ghana, pravAhI athavA varALa rUpamAM hoya - enI sAthe TakarAya. cuMbakIya rekhAo evo padArtha che ja nahIM, eTale tene padArtha mAnIne saMgharSa athavA gharSaNane batAvavuM e saMgata nathI. ghana, pravAhI athavA varALa rUpa pudgala eTale "meTara' ane UrjA rUpa pudgala eTale enarjI - A bannenA aMtarane samajavuM joIe. baMnene eka rUpamAM mAnIne enI vacce gharSaNa mAnavAno artha che ke badhe badhA ja padArthomAM gharSaNa thayA ja kare che. je rUpamAM saMgharSa athavA gharSaNano abhiprAya saMgharSa-samusthita agninI utpattimAM Avazyaka mAnavAmAM AvyuM che, e to A be ghana padArthonI vacamAMnA gharSaNano ja che. dA.ta. cakamaka pattharone paraspara ghasAvAthI athavA araNInI lAkaDIne ghasavAthI utpanna thanArI agni paNa saMgharSa-samusthita che. cuMbakane gatizIla banAvavA mATenI rItomAMthI koI paNa rItano upayoga karI zakAya che. janareTara seTamAM roTarane pheravavAnuM kArya bIjI koI rIte DIjhala vagere bALIne) paNa karAya che. paNa gharSaNathI vidyutanI utpatti nathI thatI. jyAM sudhI pANInI hiMsA, telane bALavAnI hiMsA vagereno saMbaMdha che, A spaSTa hiMsA ja che, paNa hiMsA thaI gayA pachI utpanna vidyuta svayaM jIva kevI rIte hoya zake? rasoI banAvatI vakhate vibhinna jIvonI hiMsA thAya che, paraMtu enAthI thayeluM bhojana svayaM jIva nathI. eja pramANe hiMsAjanya hovA chatAM paNa vidyuta svayaM sacitta teukAya nathI. vidyuta pedA karavAnI keTalIka bIjI rIto che, jemAM saMgharSa athavA gharSaNano prasaMga ja Avato nathI, jema ke - (1) esiDa yukta beTarImAM phakta jasata ane esiDanI rAsAyaNika kriyA vidyuta utpanna kare che. (2) phoTo ilekTrika selamAM phakta prakAza dvArA vidyuta pravAhane utpanna karAya che. (3) saura selamAM saura UrjAne kAcamAMthI pasAra karIne gharSaNa vagara vidyuta UrjA pedA karI zakAya che. (4) DrAI-sela (je ghaDiyALa vageremAM vaparAya che)mAM paNa rAsAyaNika prakriyA dvArA 176

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vidyuta pedA thAya che, saMgharSathI nahIM. A badhA selomAM pratyakSa koI hiMsA dekhAtI nathI. Ama vidyuta utpanna karavAnuM sAdhana hiMsAjanya paNa che ane hiMsA-mukta paNa che. sAdhana hiMsAjanya hoya ke nahi, paNa utpanna vIjaLI svayaM acitta che, ema mAnavAmAM koI Apatti nathI. prazna 13H puSkaLa rAkhathI DhAMkelA saLagatA aMgArAmAM prakAza-garamI vagere teukAyanA lakSaNo spaSTapaNe na dekhAvA chatAM te sacitta bAdara agnikAya svarUpe ja nirvivAda svarUpe tamAma jainone mAnya che. A agnine vidhyAtaagni (suSupta agnikAya jIva) svarUpe piMDaniryukti (gAthA-591) graMthamAM zrI bhadrabAhusvAmIjIe jaNAvela che. tyAM sacitta bAdara agnikAya vidyamAna hovAthI ja rAkhathI DhAMkelA saLagatA aMgArA upara ghAsaleTa ke peTrola reDavAmAM Ave to tarata ja tyAM bhaDako-prakAza-garamI utpanna thAya che. te ja rIte tIvratama D.C. (Direct Current) ilekTrisiTI ke A.C. (Alternating Current) jemAMthI pasAra thAya che tevA khullA vAyarane pUratA pramANamAM ojhona vAyuno saMparka thAya to te khullA vAyaramAMthI bhUrA (Blue) raMgano prakAza koronA IphekTathI ApameLe pragaTa thato jovA maLe che. jaMgalanI AsapAsanA vAtAvaraNamAM kudaratI rIte utpanna thatA pracura ojhonanA lIdhe khAsa karIne ziyALAnI rAte atyaMta vahelI paroDhe tIvratama A.C. pAvaravALA khullA vAyaramAMthI bhUrA raMgano prakAza nIkaLato dekhAya che. khullA vIsasTaTeDa vAyaramAMthI atyaMta vegathI pravAhamAna gharSaNayukta ilekTrisiTI pUrvokta (juo pRSTha-4) vidhyAta agnikAya jIva ja che. tethI ja ojhona svarUpa iMdhaNanA saMparkamAM AvatAveMta te bhUrA prakAza svarUpe dekhAya che. tathA tIvra vegathI gharSaNapUrvaka A.C. pAvara jemAMthI pasAra thAya che tevA vAyaranA mAdhyamathI balbamAM rahela philAmenTamAM vIjaLI AvatAM ja tyAM tarata uSNatA-prakAza vagere pragaTe che. zorTa sarakiTathI Aga lAgavAnA kissAo paNa banatA ja hoya che. lIkeja thayelA ke tUTI gayelA be vAyara jo bhegA thAya ane temAMthI ilekTrisiTI pasAra thatI hoya to temAMthI bhaDako thato-taNakhAM jharatAM dekhAya ja che. tethI ilekTrisiTI teukAyajIva svarUpa ja siddha thAya che. kharekhara AvI bAbato dvArA teukAyajIvane samajavA mATe sUkSmabuddhinI jarUra paDe tema che. zrI abhayadevasUrijI mahArAje bhagavatIsUtravyAkhyAmAM tathA 177

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jJAtAdharmakathAvRttimAM "micchannonaH vaTavRjyAgaritoDAvRtya tu vatnati (bhAga-2/1/114, jJA. 1/1/40 meghakumAra) AvuM kahIne tathA praznavyAkaraNasUtravyAkhyAmAM "mammachinno vadina: matta: ti, va snAno mati" (2/5/45) arthAt "rAkhathI DhAMkelo agni bahArathI nisteja jaNAvA chatAM aMdaramAM to te saLage ja che. AvuM kahIne jaNAvela che ke rAkhathI DhAMkela agnimAM bahArathI tevI uSNatA-prakAza-dAha-garamI vagere lakSaNo dekhAtA na hovA chatAM aMdaramAM saLagato hovAthI te teukAya svarUpa ja che - Ama sUcita karela che. tema prastutamAM kahI zakAya ke vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI ilekTrisiTImAM prakAza vagere lakSaNo na dekhAvA chatAM paNa aMdaramAM to te vilakSaNa prakAre saLage ja che. mATe to tene aDatAM ja bhayaMkara dAha thAya che. mATe te sacita agni ja che. moTA moTA thAMbhalAo upara rahelA hAITenzana vAyaramAMthI A.C. ke D.C. pAvara pasAra thato hoya tyAre tenI nIcethI pasAra thatAM e TvasTeDa vAyaramAM puSkaLa pramANamAM satata utpanna thatA spArkano avAja ApaNe sAMbhaLI zakIe ja chIe. varasAda paDato hoya tyAre to e A.C. ke D.C. pAvaravALA khullA vAyaramAM thatA spArka atyaMta moTA avAja saMbhaLAya che. e spArka agnikAya nathI to zuM che? hAITenzanavALA khullA be vAyara najIka Ave to paNa temAMthI prakAza bhaDako utpanna thAya ja che. te avasthAmAM je vAyaramAM volTeja vidyutadabANa) vadhu hoya temAMthI ochA volTejavALA vAyaramAM ApameLe prakAzasvarUpe IlekTrisiTI jatI dekhAya ja che. hAI ilekTrisiTInA moTA guMbajamAM paNa vAyunA saMsargathI mahAkAya taNakhAo utpanna thAya che. InTaraneTa dvArA maLathI vigata A bAbata atyaMta spaSTa thaI jAya che. Show our van de Graaff producing sparks. The Sparks are going from the big domes to one of two small spheres that are on telescoping grounded poles. The sparks are produced when the voltage on the domes get: large enough that it ionizes the air, turning it from an insulator into a conductor. This does not all happen at once, but it does happen very quickly - a typical spark (or lightning flash) lasts less than 1/1000 o a second ! "vAna-De-grApha" taNakhA kevI rIte utpanna thAya? te dekhADe che. taNakha 178

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moTA guMbaja parathI nAnA goLA tarapha jAya che. guMbaja parano volTeja (vidyutadabANa) anukULa saMyoga maLavAthI ja agni athavA anya UrjAnA rUpamAM pariNamana thavuM saMbhava che. vidyuta-pravAha pote potAnAmAM paudgalika UrjA che. A UrjA anukULa saMyoga thavAthI agninA rUpamAM badalAvI zakAya che. prazna 14: zaMkA : jo vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI ilekTrisiTImAM uSNatA/garamI paNa hoya ja che. mATe to e.sI., kampyUTara, TI.vI. cenala, lAiTa vagere 3/4 kalAka satata cAlu rAkhavAmAM Ave to dukAna, ghara vageremAM phiTiMga karelA baMdha vAyara paNa bahArathI garama lAge ja che. vAyanI aMda2 tIvra gatithI vahetI ilekTrisiTInI A uSNatA paNa gharSaNajanya che. mATe te gharSaNajanya teukAya jIvano ja eka prakAra che. jo ke pAvarahAusavALAo dukAna-ghara vageremAM phakta pAMca empiyaravALI (be pinavALA plaga mATe) ke paMdara empiyaravALI (traNa pinavALA plaga mATe) ilekTrisiTI saplAya karatA hoya che. tethI garama thavA chatAM te vAyara ogaLato nathI. paraMtu jo pacAsa empiyaravALI ilekTrisiTI dukAna/ghara vageremAM phiTiMga karelA vAyaramAMthI pasAra karavAmAM Ave to avazya te vAyaranuM izyUlezana tarata ja ogaLI jAya/pIgaLI jAya ane spArka thaIne inzyulezana saLagavA mAMDe. tathA hAiTenzanavALA khullA TvIsTeDa vAyaramAMthI je 500thI 800 empiyaravALI tIvratama pAvaranI ilekTrisiTI pasAra karavAmAM Ave che te jo dukAna/gharamAM phiTiMga karela vAyaramAMthI pasAra karavAmAM Ave to te tAMbAno tAra ane tenI uparanuM bahAranuM rabara-kavara tAtkAlika saLagI ja jAya, bhaDako thaI jAya. moTo dhaDAko thAya. are ! pAvaraphula AThaso empiyaravALI ilekTrisiTI to zaheramAM roDa paranA thAMbhalAnA jADA vAyarane paNa saLagAvI nAMkhe ogALI nAkhe. tevI bhayaMkara uSNatA temAM hoya ja che. mATe ilekTrisiTI agnikAya jIvasvarUpa ja che. 300thI 800 empiyaravALI ilekTrisiTI jemAMthI pasAra thAya che tevA khullA TvIsTeDa vAyarane jo jhADa aDI jAya to tarata ja te jhADa baLavA mAMDe che. kolaso thaI jAya che. jo te hAiTenzana vAyara lAinsanI najIkamAM koI moTuM jhADa hoya to te jhADane te khullA vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI ilekTrisiTI potAnA tarapha kheMcI le che ane tene bALI nAMkhe che. AvuM G.E.B. sAbaramatIamadAvAdanA DepyuTI enjiniyara zrI mukezabhAI saMghavI jaNAve che. AthI ilekTrisiTI teukAyajIvarUpe ja siddha thAya che. Jain Educationa International 179 For Personal and Private Use Only

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te ja rIte khullA hAITenzana vAyara nIce jo kapAsano khullo Dhagalo pa6 phUTa dUra rAkhavAmAM Ave to te tarata saLagavA mAMDe che. mATe ja kapAsa-jinanI milomAM hAITenzana vAyaranI AjubAjumAM rUno Dhagalo karavAnI manAI hoya che. Aga lAgavAnA aneka prasaMgo dAhoda vagerenI jiniMga milamAM banI cUkelA che. A hakIkata paNa ilekTrisiTIne teukAya jIvasvarUpe siddha kare che. ghara vageremAM vaparAtI phakta pAMca ke paMdara empiyaravALI ilekTrisiTInI garamI/uSNatA alpa hovA mAtrathI tene nirjiva kahI na ja zakAya. bAkI to dAvAnaLa ke TATA sTIlanI bhaThThInI apekSAe atyaMta ochI uSNatAvALI mINabattI-agarabattI vagerenI Agane paNa nirjIva mAnavI paDaze. ThANAMgasUtramAM (8/702) A zabdo dvArA tathA jIvAbhigamasUtramAM (3/2/105) AvA zabdo dvArA aMdara ne aMdara bhaDa-bhaDa baLatuM vadhAre iMdhaNa maLe to bahAramAM paNa prakAza-bhaDako-taNakhA vagerene utpanna karatA evA agninI vAta Ave che. zrI bhaDako-taNakhA vagerene utpanna karatA evA agninI vAta Ave che. zrI bhadrabAhusvAmIjIe piMDaniryukti (gAthA-pa92) graMthamAM agnikAya jIvanA sAta prakAro jaNAvelA che. temAM 'vidhyAta (suSupta) agni nAme je sauthI prathama prakAra batAvela che tenI oLakhANa paNa upara jaNAvela agninane paNa maLatI ja Ave che. aMdaramAM saLagato hovA chatAM bahArathI tenA lakSaNo pragaTapaNe na jaNAvAthI jANe bujhAI gayelo dekhAto hovAthI te vidhyAta (suSupta) agnikAya jIva kahevAya. paNa yogya iMdhaNa-vAtAvaraNa Adi sAmagrI maLe ke tarata temAMthI bhaDako utpanna thAya tevuM lakSaNa vAyaramAMthI pasAra thatI ilekTrisiTImAM paNa jovA maLe che. tethI piMDaniyukti mujaba vAyaramAM vahetI vIjaLIne pUrvokta pRSTha 4,41) vidhyAta nAmanA sacitta agnikAya jIva svarUpe paNa svIkArI zakAya che. te kAMI aMdaramAM bujhAI gayela nathI. aMdaramAM ne aMdaramAM te bhaDa-bhaDa baLe che ja. mATe to tene aDatAM ja bhayaMkara dAha thAya che. zorTa sarakiTa thatAM AganA bhaDakA paNa pragaTe che. balbanI aMdara philAmenTamAM te prakAza paNa utpanna kare che. skUTara vagerenA spArkaplagamAM ilekTrisiTI taNakhAne paNa utpanna kare ja che. spArkaplagamAM eka vAyaranA cheDethI kudako mAratI-chalAMga lagAvatI ilekTrisiTI spaSTapaNe taNakhA svarUpe bIjA vAyaranA cheDe jatI dekhAya che ja. A bAbata atyaMta nizcitapaNe siddha kare che ke ilekTrisiTI agnikAya jIvarUpa ja che. 180

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High D.C./A.C. pAvara jemAMthI pasAra thAya che tevA khullA vAyaranA sIdhA ja saMparkamAM jo jamIna upara Ubhelo mANasa thoDo samaya rahe to tenI rAkha thaI jAya che. jo IlekTrisiTI teukAya jIva na hoya to tenAthI mANasanI rAkha kevI rIte thaI zake? ilekTrisiTIne kAMI tejolezyA to mAnI na ja zakAya. ilekTrisiTImAM Apa nAma karmano paNa udaya nathI. mATe urNa sparzanAma karmanA udayavALA teukAya jIva tarIke ja teno svIkAra karavo vAjabI jaNAya che. A rIte mANasane bhasmIbhUta karatI ilekTrisiTI kArya dvArA teukAyanA ja eka vilakSaNa prakAra svarUpe siddha thAya che ke je sAmAnya saMyogomAM dazyamAna banatI nathI. paraMtu ojhonanA saMparkamAM AvatAM tIvratama IlekTrisiTIne vahana karatA khullA vAyaramAMthI bhUrA raMgano prakAza dekhAya ja che ke je gharSaNajanya agnikAya jIva ja che. A vAta hamaNAM ja ApaNe joI gayA chIe. tema ja High A.C. IlekTrisiTI jemAMthI pasAra thAya che tevA khullA TvasTeDa jADA be vAyarane ekadama najIka rAkhavAmAM Ave to eka vAyaramAMthI te ilekTrisiTI vijhibala renjamAM AvIne prakAza svarUpane dhAraNa karatI bIjA vAyaramAM jhaDapathI jatI jovA paNa maLe ja che. TUMkamAM, Inavijhibala renjamAM rahelI pravAhamAna ilekTrisiTI vijhibala renjamAM Ave to spArka, vALA vagere svarUpe dekhAya che ja. jema atyaMta krodhI mANasa nAnI-sUnI bAbatamAM bhaDakI UThe che tema atyaMta tIvratama ilekTrisiTI svarUpa dhagadhagato teukAya atyaMta saMvedanazIla (Sensitive) hovAthI jarA-tarA nAnuM sarakhuM paNa nimitta maLe ke tarata ja bhaDako-Aga-prakAzauSNatA-dAha vagerene pragaTa karavA dvArA potAnuM teukAyapaNuM jAhera karI ja de che. eka prakAranA agnikAya dvArA bIjA prakArano agnikAya jarA vAramAM ja pragaTI zake che - A vAta to jagajAhera ja che. yogya vAtAvaraNa/saMyoga/sAdhanasAmagrI maLatAM ja atyaMta jhaDapathI ilekTrisiTImAMthI taNakhA ane bhaDakA utpanna thatAM aneka mANasone anubhavAya ja che. zorTa sarakiTathI maMDapa vageremAM Aga lAgavAnA kissAo paNa suprasiddha ja che. uttaraH tAramAM je vidyuta pravAha vahe che, enuM parivartana uSmAnA rUpamAM thaI zake che athavA karI zakAya che. uSNatA sAthe jyAM sudhI bIjA badhA teukAyanA lakSaNa pragaTa na thAya tyAM sudhI teukAyanI utpatti mAnI zakAya nahIM. tAra jyAre uSmAne sahana nathI karI zakato, tyAre garama thaIne pIgaLI jAya che. AnI 181.

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carcA ame karI cUkyA chIe. khullA tAramAM hAI pAvaravALo karaMTa vaheto hoya tyAre jvalanazIla padArtha maLI jAya to agninI utpatti thaI zake che, paNa eno artha evo karI levo ke tAramAM pravAhamAna karaMTa svayaM teukAya che. e ThIka nathI. bahAra agni pedA karavA mATe cAra anivArya ghaTaka Avazyaka che. vidhyAta agninI carcA ame karI che. bujhAelI athavA vidhyAta agni pahelA pragaTa rUpamAM hoya che ane pachI uparathI bujhAelI lAge che paNa aMdarathI to baLatI rahe che (aMto aMto jhiyAyaMti - sthA. 8/702nuM e ja tAtparya che.) vIjaLInI tAranI aMdara e vAta lAgu nathI thatI. spArkanA viSayamAM paNa ame carcA karI cUkyA chIe. krodhI manuSyanI upamA atijvalanazIla padArtha para paNa lAgu paDe che, paNa peTrola Adine agninA rUpamAM na mAnI zakAya. zorTa sarkiTamAM Aga lAgavAmAM paNa teukAyanI utpattinA cAreya ghaTako vidyamAna hoya che. enA vagara zorTa sarakiTa nathI thatI ke nathI Aga lAgatI. mULamAM eka vAtane bahu ja spaSTa samajavI joIe ke vidyutanuM agninA rUpamAM parivartananI prakriyA pUrNa thayA vagara agni pedA thatI nathI, bhale te vidyuta hAI volTejavALI hoya, hAI empiyara vALo karaMTa hoya, spArka hoya ke joI zakAya evI vijhibala rozanInA rUpamAM hoya. jeTalAM paNa udAharaNa praznamAM ApelAM che, e badhAmAM jvalanazIla padArtha (rU, jhADa, mANasa vagere) ane khullI havA (oNksijana athavA ojhona) banneno saMparka ucca tApamAnavALA vidyuta sAthe thAya che. jyAM AvuM nathI thatuM, tyAM agnikAya hoya zake nahIM. uSNatA jema agnino guNa che, tema agni vagaranA padArtho yA teukAya)mAM paNa uSNanA vidyamAna hoya che. kAraNa ke uSNatA pote potAnAmAM paugalika che, nirjIva che. vidyutanuM uSNatAmAM parivartana thavuM e ja mAtra "agnikAya' pedA nathI karatI, enI sAthe jyAre jvalanazIla padArtha ane oNksijana-baneno saMyoga hoya tyAre ja emAM "agnikAya' pedA thAya che. bhagavatImAM acitta tejolezyAnA pudgalanI uSNatAnuM eTaluM spaSTa udAharaNa che je soLa janapadane bALI nAkhavAnI zakti dharAve che. prazna 15: balbamAM vIjaLInA mAdhyamathI utpanna thato prakAza paNa ilekTrisiTInI jema sacitta teukAyasvarUpa ja che. AnuM kAraNa e che ke vaijJAnika daSTie karoDo ilekTronano jaththo atyaMta jhaDapathI sthUla vAyaramAMthI pasAra thaIne 182

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jyAre ekadama pAtaLA TaMgasTana dhAtunA philAmenTamAMthI pasAra thAya che tyAre jagyA ati ochI hovAthI temaja ilekTronono jaththo puSkaLa mAtrAmAM hovAthI tathA teno vega ati jhaDapI hovAthI balbamAM rahelA philAmenTamAM atyaMta gharSaNa thAya che. tenA lIdhe tyAM prakAza ane garamI utpanna thAya che. AvuM vaijJAniko kahe che. tathA hamaNAM ApaNe pannavaNAsUtra ane jIvAbhigamasUtrano "risAmugi A pramANeno pATha vicArI gayA te mujaba balbamAM thato uSNa prakAza kharekhara gharSaNathI utpanna thayela bAdara agnikAya svarUpa ja che, sacitta ja che - evuM nakkI thAya che. vaLI, agnikAyanA guNadharmo vidyutaprakAzamAM jovA maLe ja che. prakAza, garamI, dAhakatA vagere agnikAyanA lakSaNo temAM jovA maLe che ja. vIDiyo zUTiMga cAlatuM hoya tyAre je lAITa cAlu karavAmAM Ave che tenI bAjumAM UbhA rahenArane garamIno sakhata anubhava thAya ja che. lAMbA samaya sudhI balba cAlu rahe to balba, markyurI lempa vagere tapI jAya che. prakAzamAna lempa upara jo lAMbA samaya sudhI lugaDuM rAkhavAmAM Ave to te paNa, bilorI kAca vagerenI sahAya vinA ja, baLI jAya che. A badhA lakSaNo vIjaLInA prakAzanuM teukAya svarUpa siddha kare che. uttara 15: prastuta praznamAM uThAvelI zaMkAo ApaNe kramazaH joIe. 1. philAmenTamAM vidyuta-pravAhanA pravezane vaijJAnika kevI rIte samaje che, enI vistRta carcA karI cUkyA chIe. (juo - prathama bhAga - navamuM prabhAga) tyAM e spaSTa thaI cUkyuM che ke TaMsTananA dhAtunA paramANuone vidyuta-pravAhano vidyuta Aveza dvArA potAnI UrjA badalAvI zakAya che. jenAthI TaMsTananuM tApamAna vadhe che. ema to pratyeka padArtha sAmAnya tApamAna para paNa uSmAvikiraNa pheMkatA rahe che, paNa jyAre 2500deg DigrI se. sudhI tApamAna vadhI jAya che, to thoDA pratizata uSmA-UrjA dazya rozanInA rUpamAM UrjAmAM vikirita thAya che, jene ApaNe balbanA prakAzanA rUpamAM joIe chIe. paNa A prakAranA balbanA prakAzane saMgharSa-samusthita agni kahevuM ThIka nathI. pahelAM jaNAvyuM che ke oNksijananA abhAvamAM e saMbhava paNa nathI. prakAza, garamI Adi guNonA AdhAra para paNa vidyuta prakAzane agni mAnI na zakAya. kAraNa ke e guNa sUryanA AtapamAM paNa che, paNa sUryanuM Atapa teukAyika nathI. sUryanA AtapamAM paNa lensanI nIce rAkheluM kapaDuM baLI jAya che, eTale zuM sUryanuM Atapa svayaM 183

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teukAya banI jaze? balba para rAkheluM kapaDuM jo balbanI uSmAthI tathA havAnA oNksijanathI bane che, to enAthI balbano prakAza kevI rIte teukAyika thaI gayo? eTale e to spaSTa che ke vidyuta-UrjAnuM prakAzaUrjAmAM parivartana phakta paugalika parivartana che. jo oNksijana Adi prApta na thAya to ene sUrya, caMdra athavA bIjA koI paNa padArtha jevuM paudgalika mAnavuM joIe. tAramAM ilekTronanA gharSaNanI vAta paNa vijJAna dvArA sammata nathI. vastunA dhAtu sucAlaka hovAthI IlekTronano pravAha tAramAM jAya che. emAM kyAMya paNa gharSaNanI kriyA nathI. dhAtunI avarodhakanI carcA paNa ApaNe karI cUkyA chIe. agni ane prakAzamAM prakAzano guNa samAna che, paNa bAkInI badhI prakriyA judI che. eTale prakAza ane agni eka nathI. prakAzane jaina darzanamAM phakta pudgalano paryAya mAnyo che. vijJAne prakAzane "vidyuta-cumbakIya taraMga" mAnyo che. vijJAna ane Agama baMne AdhAro para prakAza paudgalika ja che. prakAzamAM dAhakatAno guNa hoya to ApaNe badhA prakAza mAtrathI baLI jAta. paNa ema mAnavuM e jarA paNa sAcuM nathI. kapaDuM jvalanazIla che. jo e jarUrI pramANamAM garama thaI jAya ena ene oNksijanano sahayoga maLI jAya to e baLI zake che, nahi to phakta garama ja thAya che, baLatuM nathI. prazna 16: balbamAM rahelA philAmenTamAM teukAyanA jIvonI utpatti mAnavAmAM koI zAstrIya bAdha paNa Avato nathI. kAraNa ke trasa ke sthAvara koI paNa jIvanA sacitta ke acitta zarIramAM tathAvidha karmavaza teukAyanA jIvo utpanna thaI zake che - evuM sUyagaDAMgasUtramAM jaNAvela che. A rahyA te zabdo - 'datiyA sattA nAnAvihajoNiyA jAva kammaniyANeNaM tattha vukkamA nAnAvihANaM tasa thAvarANaM paVIIM sarIsu sAsu vAvatesu vA vAyA viThThati sUyazrutaskaMdhara/adhyayana 3/sUtra-17) matalaba ke pRthvI, pANI vagere jIvo cokkasa prakAranA pudgalane ja zarIra rUpe svIkAre che. paraMtu tevo niyama agnikAyanA jIvo mATe AgamamAnya nathI. gesa, lAkaDA, rU, kAgaLa, plAsTika, peTrola, oila, ghI, tela, mATI, patthara, iMTa, kerosIna, kApaDa, rabara, kolasA, ghAsa, rasAyaNo, maDadA, lokhaMDa prakAzasvarUpa phoTona vagerene potAnA zarIrarUpe svIkArIne temAM teukAya jIvo utpanna thatA dekhAya ja che. agnikAyanA jIvo gesa-lAkaDA vagere 184

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vividha padArthone potAnI yonisvarUpe banAvIne temAM utpanna thAya che. mATe philAmenTa vageremAM teukAya jIvonI utpatti mAnI zakAya che. kharekhara, sUyagaDAMgasUtranI uparokta vAta zrI mahAvIrasvAmI bhagavAnanI sarvajJatA siddha karavA mATe eka mahattvanuM pAsu gaNI zakAya tema che." uttara 16H sUtrakRtAMganA udAharaNathI teukAyika jIvanI utpattinA viSayamAM phakta eTalo ja sAra nIkaLe che ke "A jIva trasa, sthAvara, jIvonA zarIramAM, sacitta athavA acitamAM agnikAyika jIvanA rUpamAM utpanna thaI zake che." enAthI e tAtparya kyAre paNa nathI nikaLatuM ke A jIva oNksijana na maLe to paNa philAmenTamAM utpanna thaI zake che. mULa vAta to e che ke agnikAyika jIvonI yoni mATe je sAmagrI apekSita che, enI pUrti pahelAM thavI joIe. A sAmagrI vagara gesa, lAkaDuM Adi jvalanazIla padArthomAM paNa agnikAyika jIvanI yoni nathI banI zakatI ke nathI agnikAyika jIvanI utpatti thaI zakatI. tAtparya e thayuM ke gesa, lAkaDuM, rU, Adine teukAyanA jIva potAnA zarIranA rUpamAM tyAre parivartita karI zake che, jyAre teukAyanI utpatti mATe Avazyaka badhI zarato pUrI thAya. jyAM sudhI A zarato pUrI thatI nathI tyAM sudhI ApaNe gesa, lAkaDuM, rU vagerene teukAya mAnI zakIe nahi. eTale jvalanazIla padArthamAM baLavAnI kSamatA che. paNa jyAM sudhI kaMbazcana (dahana)nI kriyA pUrI nathI thatI tyAM sudhI e nirjIva padArtha che. paraMtu A vAta jvalanazIla padArtha kaMbazcana mATe ayogya che, je jvalanazIla padArtha che, tene paNa jyAM sudhI 'ignition point' prApta nathI thatuM. tyAM sudhI dahana-kriyA nahIM karI zake.35 paNa jo puratuM oNksijana na maLe to e ajvalanazIla banI jAya che. - prazna 17H tattvArthasUtranI vyAkhyAmAM zrIsiddhasenagaNIvarazrI to spaSTapaNe kahe che ke "teja:prakAzayorekatvAbhupagamAt ' (5/24) arthAt teukAya (-dIvAnI jyota vagere) ane teno prakAza (- rozanI - kRtrima prakAza) baMne eka ja cIja che - evuM zAstramAnya che. mATe "balbamAM to mAtra prakAzapuMja ja che. balbanI bahAra paNa mAtra acitta prakAzapuMja ja phelAya che. evuM mAnI zakAtuM nathI. Ama zAstrAnusAra, tarkanusAra, anubhavAnusAra tathA vijJAna mujaba vicArIne paraspara samanvaya karavAmAM Ave to balbamAM thato vidyutaprakAza paNa vIjaLInI jema sacitta agnikAyasvarUpa ja siddha thAya che 105

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uttara 17H tattvArthanI vyAkhyAmAM je kahevAmAM AvyuM che "prakAzayo re katvAbhupagamA'no artha teukAya ane enA prakAzanI ekAntika ekatA abhipreta nathI. A ekatA sApekSa che. tejovargaNAnA pudgala ane prakAza baMne pudgaladravyanA paryAya che - e apekSAthI eka che, ema mAnavAmAM AvyuM che, nahi ke agni ane prakAza eka che. tattvArtha sUtra to mULamAM ja prakAzane pudgalano paryAya batAvela che.* A viSayanI carcA have pachInA prazna 28nA uttaramAM karIzuM. prazna 18: "AcArAMga-zanaryukitamAM zrIbhadrabAhusvAmIjIe'dhnne payAvaNa-pagAsaNe ya see ya bhattakaraNe ya / vAyara tevA 36mo zu majusAI ' (gAthA-121) A pramANe bAdara teukAyanA upayogane batAvela che. bALavuM-tapAvavuMprakAzavuM-parasevo pADavo-rAMdhavuM vagere svarUpe manuSyanA vaparAzamAM jema baLataNano agni upayogI bane che tema vIjaLI ilekTrisiTI paNa tevA kAmamAM vadhu sArI rIte upayogI bane che. Ama teukAya ane kRtrima vIjaLInA guNadharmo, svarUpa, svabhAva, kArya, lakSaNa vagere parampara mahadaMze samAna hovAthI kRtrima vIjaLI-ilekTrisiTI sacitta teukAyasvarUpa ja siddha thAya che. tathA vidyutaprakAza to potAnA lakSaNa dvArA teukAyasvarUpa siddha thaI cUkela che ja. teukAyanuM kAraNa vAyu che. tethI uparokta kArya-kAraNabhAva ja balbamAM tathAvidha vAyunI hAjarI siddha karavA mATe paryApta che. sAmAnyathI eka niyama che ke je vastunA lakSaNa jyAM dekhAya te padArtha te vastusvarUpe mAnya karavo paDe. jIvanA lakSaNa jyAM dekhAya teno jIva tarIke svIkAra thAya. jaDanA lakSaNa jyAM dekhAya teno jaDa tarIke svIkAra thAya. bRhatkalpabhAgapIThikAmAM "o nuM ri pa tte, tnivastro ? -payA (bu.ka.bhA.pIThikA gAthA-304) A pramANe dahana-pacana-prakAzana vagerene teukAya jIvanA lakSaNa tarIke jaNAvela che. prastuta mAM vidyutaprakAzamAM teukAyanA uparokta lakSaNomAMthI prakAzitva, AtApanA, dAhakatva to spaSTapaNe jovA maLe che ja. mATe teno teukAya jIva tarIke ja svIkAra karavo rahyo. bAkI to jaDacetananI vyavasthA ja bhAMgI paDe. prathama karmagraMtha-vyAkhyAmAM zrIdevendrasUrijI mahArAje paNa kahela che ke agnikAyanuM zarIra ja uSNasparzanA udayathI garama hoya che. A rahyA te zabdo tenAthazarIrAzi va 35zocana 3na' (gA.44 vRtti) manuSyakSetra-aDhI 186

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dviIpanI apekSAe A vAta sunizcita samajavI. tethI zAstra mujaba garamI ke prakAza vagere agnikAya jIvanuM ekAda lakSaNa jyAM jovA maLazuM hoya chatAM jenuM (dA.ta. zarIranI garamI, AgiyAno prakAza, jaTharAgni, tAvanI garamI, sUryaprakAza, kaLI cUno, narakano agni, caMdraprakAza, maNiprakAza vagere) nAma laIne zAstra tene teukAya jIvathI bhinnarUpe athavA acitta tarIke jAhera karatuM hoya te padArtho sacitta teukAyasvarUpa na hoya te vAta barAbara che. paraMtu te sivAyanA je je padArthomAM garamI, prakAza Adi teukAya jIvanA lakSaNa jovA maLe tene to sacitta mAnavAmAM, sajIva mAnavAmAM ja DahApaNa che. bAkI to lakSaNa dvArA lakSyabhUta padArthano prAmANika nizcaya karavAnI zAstrokta vyavasthA ja bhAMgI paDe. tethI kevaLa vijJAnane ja AgaLa karIne ilekTrisiTI vagerene acittarUpe, nirjIvasvarUpe jAhera karavAnuM duHsAhasa chadmastha jIve na karavuM joIe. kAraNa ke vijJAna to jagatanA tamAma padArthone ilekTrona-proTona-nyuTrona svarUpe ja jue che. to pachI jaina evA ApaNe zuM pRthvI ke pANIne paNajIva tarIke nahi mAnIe ? sAyansanA dareka TuDanTa jANe che ke H,0 = water. vijJAnanA siddhAMta mujaba to bIjamAMthI aMkuro phUTavo, vanaspatinuM ugavuM vagere paNa eka jAtanI rAsAyaNika prakriyA ja che. are ! pannavaNA vagere AgamomAM teukAya jIva tarIke darzAvelI AkAzIya vIjaLI paNa, morDana sAyansanA prinsipala mujaba, dareka jAtanuM UrjAnuM spaMdana je che ne! A rIte ja jo sarvatra vicAra karavAmAM Ave to jIvanuM astitva ApaNe kyAM mAnazuM? vijJAnanA padArthathI ke sAyansanA vartamAna prinsipalathI to pANI, agni vageremAM jIvatvanI siddhi kadApi zakya ja nathI. mATe vijJAnanA snAtakanI adAthI alekTrona-UrjA-spaMdana vagere zabdo vAparavAnA badale tyAM ApaNI prAcIna-Agamika paribhASA mujaba "agnikAya' vagere zabdano prayoga karavo e ja vadhu hitAvaha che."39 uttara 18H jaina darzane pRthvIkAya, apakAya, teukAya, vAyukAya ane vanaspatikAyanA jIvatvano svIkAra karyo che, paraMtu A ja jIvo zastra-pariNata thavAthI nirjIva thaI jAya che, H,0 (pANI) zastrapariNata na hoya tyAM sudhI sajIva che, zastrapariNata thAya pachI nirjIva che. pANInA H10 rUpamAM sajIva athavA nirjIva avasthAmAM aMtara nathI AvatuM, eTale jIvatvanA lakSaNonA AdhAra para e ja padArtha sajIva athavA nirjIva thaI jAya che. "cetanA" lakSaNathI sajIva ane cetanAzUnya eja padArtha nirjIva banI jAya che. prakAza, uSmA, dAhakatA, 187

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Adi sajIva athavA nirjIvanAM lakSaNa banI banatAM. e phakta paudgalika guNa che. eTale prakAza, uSmA, dAhakatA hovA chatAM paNa narakanI agni acitta che. praznakartAe paNa svIkAra karyo che ke sUryaprakAza, narakanI agni Adi uparyukta badhA lakSaNo hovA chatAM paNa acita che. 'lakSaNa' e hoya che, je nizcita rUpathI vastunI oLakha bane. jo evuM ja lakSaNa virodhI padArthamAM paNa hoya, to ene lakSaNa kahI nathI zakatA. nyAyazAstramAM ene ativyApta lakSaNAbhAsa kahevAya che. jo narakanI agni, sUryano prakAza, tejolezyAnA acitta pudgala Adi agninA badhA lakSaNo hovA chatAM acita athavA nirjIva che. to pachI .kayA AdhAra para ilekTrisiTInA A lakSaNovALA pariNamanane sacita mAnI levAya ? AkAzIya vidyuta (vijja)nI sacittatA enI kaI paryAyamAM che, enI carcA ApaNe karI cUkyA chIe. e paryAyanI pahelA ke pachI e citta nathI. e ja pramANe AgamavacananI sApekSatAne samajIne tathA 'lakSaNa' zabdanI sImAne samajIne prakAza, uSmA, dAhakatAnI vyApti agninI sAthe samajavI joIe, nahIM to ApaNe Agamavacanane paNa samyag rUpathI samajI nahi zakIe. ilekTrisiTI ane agninA lakSaNonI samAnatA ane asamAnatA-baMnenuM vizleSaNa jarUrI che. chadmastha vyavahAranA AdhAra para ja e nirNaya karI zakAya ke amuka padArtha citta che ke nahIM. emAM na to duHsAhasanI vAta hoya ane na rUDhivAditAnI. 2500 varSa pahelAM je sthiti hatI, enA AdhAra para vyavahAranA dharAtala para AgamanuM mArgadarzana ApaNane maLI zake che. bAkI to ApaNe navI sthitionA pariprekSyamAM samIkSA karavI joIe.42 e yugamAM jo plAsTika hatuM ja nahi, to ApaNe kevI rIte A apekSA karIe ke plAsTikanA viSayamAM vidhiniSedhanuM pratipAdana Agama kare? evI rIte ilekTrisiTInA viSayamAM paNa samajavuM joIe. vijJAnanI sApekSatAne samajIne ene kAmamAM levuM paDaza, jethI nirNaya sudhI pahoMcavAmAM ApaNane ene sahayoga maLe. have ApaNe agni ane ilekTrisiTInI tulanA karIe - bALavuM, tapAvavuM, Adi guNa jema agnimAM che, ema ilekTrisiTImAM nathI. tAramAM vahetI vidyutadhArA koIne bALI nathI zakhatI, jyAM sudhI ene bALavAnI prakriyA zarU karavA mATe uparyukta badhI sAmagrI nathI maLatI. tAranI ilekTrisiTIne yogya (jarUrI) saMyoga maLavAthI ThaMDA karavA mATe paNa kAmamAM laI zakAya che. ilekTrisiTI svayaM pote nathI bALatI ke nathI ThaMDu karatI. ilekTrisiTInA hajAro upayoga hoya che. Jain Educationa International 188 For Personal and Private Use Only

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je agni dvArA nathI karI zakAtA.. lakSaNanA AdhAra para paNa ilekTrisiTIne agni siddha na karI zakAya. jo dahana, pacana, prakAzana Adi ilekTrisiTInuM lakSaNa mAnI laIe to haMmezAM enI prApti emAM hovI joIe, paNa evuM nathI. phakta amuka-amuka paristhitimAM ja A kAryomAM eno upayoga karI zakAya che. bAkInA kAryomAM eno upayoga karatI vakhate ilekTrisiTI nathI saLagAvatI nathI rAMdhatI ke nathI prakAza karatI. balake A.C. phrija, vageremAM e ThaMDaka pedA kare che. vidyuta-UrjAnuM gati-UrjA, dhvani UrjA AdhimAM parivartana spaSTa che. agninI vyAkhyAmAM je batAvAyuM che, te ilekTrisiTI para tyAre ja lAgu paDe jyAre ilekTrisiTIne agninanA rUpamAM rUpAMtarita karAya (badalavAmAM Ave, jema vidyutanA cUlAnA rUpamAM), anyathA nahi. prazna 19: ahIM bIjI eka vAta dhyAnamAM rAkhavA yogya che ke koIpaNa vastu pudgalathI banelI hovA mAtrathI acitta che - evuM siddha thaI zakatuM nathI. ApaNuM zarIra paNa audArika vargaNAnA pugalothI baneluM che. to zuM te sarvathA acitta che ? zuM ekAMte te nirjIva che? ke pachI te pudgalono jIvayukta jaththo che? tethI varNa vagere pugalanA lakSaNothI yukta hovAnA lIdhe vidyutaprakAza paugalika che - tevuM mAnavAmAM Ave to paNa tenI acittatA siddha thatI nathI. UlaTuM te pudgalone balbamAM koNe bhegA karyA? e prazna Ubho thAya che. teno kartA jIva ja hoya. eTale tyAM jIvanI hAjarI avazya che ja. te ja rIte AgiyAno prakAza bhale acitta hoya paNa Agiyo pote to jIva ja che. bAkI marelo Agiyo kema jIvatA AgiyAnI jema jhabUka-jhabUkarUpe camakato nathI? tathA caMdraprakAza acitta hovA chatAM te caMdrabiMbagata pRthvIkAyanA jIvone Adhina che, zItaLa cAMdanI candrabimbagata pRthvIkAya jIvonA udyotanAma karmane AbhArI che. pannavaNAsUtravyAkhyAmAM zrImalayagirisUrijIe jaNAvela che 3 'yadudayAt jantuzarIrANi anuSNaprakAzarUpaM udyota kurvanti, yathA yti-devottrvaikriyvandra-nakSatra-tAra-vimAna-ratnauSaghaya: tat satanAma' (pada-23/udeza-2/sUtrapa40). AthI nizcita thAya che ke caMdra, nakSatra, tArA, ratno, auSadhi vagereno prakAza paNa jIvasApekSa che, udyotanAmakarma sApekSa che. mATe svayaM prakAzita maNi vagereno paNa prakAza pRthvIkAyanA jIvane AdhAre che - evuM siddha thAya che. pannavaNAstranA 189

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prathama padamAM "marI masAjo muvamocA phaMdranIne ' (1/15) AvuM kahIne IndranIla vagere maNio bAdara pRthvIkAya jIvanA bhedarUpe jaNAvela che. tethI udyota nAmakarmanA udayathI ratna vagereno prakAza pragaTe che - AvuM nakkI thAya che. Ama sAkSAt ke paraMparAe jIvano sahakAra mAnyA vinA to kyAMya paNa prakAza AvI ja na zake. prakAza vagere zakti AtmAnA vizeSa prakAranA prayatnathI pragaTe che - evuM AcAraMgasUtravRttimAM zrI zIlAMkarAcAryajIe sunizcita anumAna pramANa dvArA jaNAvela che. A rahyA te zabdo "prazazinTaranamIyate nIvayovazeSAvivitA' (A. niryukti. gAthA. 118 vRtti) - sUryaprakAza 100% nirjIva che, paNa te jemAMthI nIkaLe che te to sUryamaMDalagata sacitta pRthvIkAya ja che - Ama prathama karmagraMthanI (gAthA-4) TIkAmAM zrIdevendrasUrijI mahArAje spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che. sUryamAMthI nIkaLato uSNaprakAza to sUryamaMDalagata pRthvIkAyanA jIvonA AtamanAmakarmanA vipAkodayane AbhArI che. AtapanAmakarmano udaya sUryamaMDalagata pRthvIkAyanA jIvomAM ja hoya che. A vAta pannavaNAsUtravyAkhyAmAM zrImalayagirisUrijIe spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che. A rahyA te zabdo 'tidvapAvara mAnumakurtaputhivIvAcaLeva' (232/540 vRtti) jaTharAgni bhale acitta hoya paNa mANasa to jIvato che ne ! marelA mANasamAM to jaTharAgni nathI ja raheto ne! jyAM sudhI zarIramAM jIva che tyAM sudhI ja te khorAkane pacAvI zake che. zarIramAM jaTharAgninI uSmA hoya ke tAvanI garamI hoya, te baMne jIvayukta zarIramAM ja hoya che. maDadAmAM nahi. mATe te jIvane ja AbhArI che. A vAta AcArAMgasUtranI vyAkhyAmAM zrIzIlAMkAcAryajIe nIce mujaba jaNAvI che "zvaroba gIvAyo nAtivartate, nIvAdhiSThitazarIranupAtreva mavati' (adhyayana-1 niryuktigAthA-118 vRtti) arthAt tAvanI garamI jIvanA prayatna vinA thatI nathI. jIvanA prayatnanI te apekSA rAkhe ja che. kAraNa ke te jIvayukta zarIramAM ja jovA maLe che. jo kevaLa pudgalane AdhAre jaTharAgni vagere hoya to maDadAmAM paNa jaTharAgni-tAva vagere jovA maLavA joIe. AcArAMgaTIkAmAM zrIzIlAMkAcAryajI to spaSTapaNe jaNAve che ke "sarvopAtmikatho pUrva cata 3UT parimamatve tAtrAneAnta:' (prathama adhyayana-niryuktigAthA-118 vRtti) arthAt tamAma uNapariNAma jIvanA prayatnane ja AbhArI che. te prayatna sAkSAt hoya ke paraMparAe hoya - te vAta alaga che. 190

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narakamAM agnikAya nathI' - evI teozrInI vAta sAcI che. paNa dravya lokaprakAzanA pAMcamA sargamAM upAdhyAyazrI vinayavijayajI mahArAje spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che ke "pRthivyavaputAnAM riNAma: sa tAzA' (lo...sarga-5/gAthA. 182) arthAt narakamAM anubhavAtI uSNatA pRthvIkAya vagere jIvonuM pariNAma che. bhagavatIsUtranI vyAkhyAmAM zrI abhayadevasUrijI mahArAje paNa kahela che 3 'iha tejaskAyikasyeva paramAdhArmikanirmitajvalanasadRzavastUnAM sparza: tejaskAyikarpaza athavA bhavAntarAnubhUtatejaskAyikaparyAyapRthivIkAyikAdisparzApekSayA vyAdhyeiya' (bha.za. 13/udezo-4 vRtti pRSTha-607) matalaba ke paramAdhAmI dvArA vikarvita agnitulya vastuno sparza jANe ke agnikAyano ja sparza hoya tema nArakIne lAge che. athavA koI anya bhavamAM anubhavelA agnikAyanA paryAyavALA pRthvIkAya vagerenA jIvono uSNa sparza narakamAM hoya che bhagavatIsUtranI vyAkhyAmAM zrI abhayadevasUrijI mahArAjanA uparokta zabda dvArA phalita thAya che ke narakamAM nArakI jIvone je garamIno anubhava thAya che temAM paramAdhAmI devAno prayatna kAma kare che athavA pRthvIkAyanA jIvano ja te uSNa sparza che. ahIM mahattvanI noMdhapAtra vigata che e che ke bhagavatIsUtranI vyAkhyAmAM zivapula nitispazakSiA ...' Ama kahevAne badale "pRthivIvavivipakSA .." Ama kahela che. matalaba ke acitta pRthvInA pudgalono garama sparza nahi paNa sacita pRthvIkAya vagere jIvono uSNa sparza narakamAM hoya che. Ama "narakamAM anubhavAtA uSNa sparzano Azraya jIva ja che ane jIvanA prayogathI ja te uSNa sparza utpanna thAya che.' - AvuM siddha thAya che. te uSNa sparzano Azraya jIva hoya to ja "mavAntaranubhUtatenAthaparyA' AvuM vizeSaNa pRthvIkAyane lagADI zakAya. narakanI garamInuM varNana karavAnA prasaMge vAdIvetAla zAMtisUrijI mahArAje uttarAdhyayanabRhadhavRttimAM "mano phevamAyAvRtta' (15/49) AvuM kahevA dvArA "narakamAM je uSNasparza anubhavAya che te devAyAkRta hoya che' - tevuM jaNAvIne tyAM kRtrima uSNa sparza paramAdhAmI devanA prayatnane AbhArI che - AvuM sUcita karela che. tathA tyAM ja AgaLa upara teozrIe "tatro: numAva' (1950) AvuM kahIne narakamAM je svAbhAvika garamI hoya che te pRthvIkAya jIvono uSNasparza che - evuM jaNAvela che. 191

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pannavaNAsUtranI vyAkhyAmAM zrI malayagirisUrijI mahArAje paNa narAvAsepu 3parzIrAmAni 35pAtakSetrA' (pada-9 sU. 150-pRSTha. 225) AvuM kahIne narakanI garamI tyAMnA kSetrano pariNAma che' - Ama jaNAvela che. tenAthI siddha thAya che ke narakanI te svAbhAvika garamI pRthvIkAyanA jIvono guNadharma che. bhagavatIsUtranA 10mA zatakanA bIjA udezAnI TIkAmAM paNa zrIabhayadevasUrijI mahArAje kahela che ke "nArAnAM yadupaparikSetre tadukhasparzariNatam' (pRSTha 496) arthAt narakamAM upapAtakSetranI uSNatA hoya che. A rIte pRthvIkAyanA jIvano ja te uSNa pariNAma sAbita thAya che. paNa jIvanA sahayoga vinA to tyAM uSNa sparza-dAha vagere thaI na ja zake. ATaluM to nizcita ja che. ahIM bIjI eka vAta karI levI Avazyaka che ke bhagavatIsUtramAM "kyare NaM bhaMte! acittA vi poggalA obhAsaMtiujjoveMti taveMti pabhAseMti ? kAlodAI ! kuddhassa anagArassa teyalessA nisaTThA samANI dUraM gaMtA dUraM nipatar3a desaM gaMtA desaM nipatai tahiM tahiM ca NaM sA nipatai tahiM tahiM ca NaM te acittAdi poggalA momAsaMti nAva mAsaMti' (bhagavatI. 1/10/380) AvuM kahevAthI je svayaM prakAze, bIjAne paNa prakAzita kare, bIjAne tapAve tathA potAnA utpattisthAnathI dUra jaIne paDe ane bIjAne bALe tema chatAM svayaM nirjIva hoya tevA padArtha tarIke tejolezyAno ullekha karelo che. paNa vIjaLI vagere anya koI paNa padArthano ullekha karelo nathI. jo vIjaLI vagere padArtho kyAreka acitta hovAnI saMbhAvanA hoya to bhagavatI-sUtramAM sarvajJa bhagavaMte teno te rIte nirdeza avazya karyo hota. paraMtu tevA acitta pudgalarUpe vIjaLI vagereno ullekha nathI karyo. A khAsa noMdhapAtra bAbata che. vaLI, tejalezyA acitta hovA chatAM paNa tejolezyAnA pudgalone bhegA karIne choDe che to jIva ja ne ! paraMtu balbamAM nathI to tejolezyA ke nathI teno lezyAvALA jIvo, ke jenA pratApe tyAM acitta prakAza-garamI vagere utpanna thaI zake. prastutamAM jIvanA sahakAra vinA to balbamAM prakAza ke garamI vagere kevI rIte pedA thaI zake? kAraNa ke "tamAma uSNa pariNAma jIvanA prayatnathI ja utpanna thAya che. AvuM hamaNAM ja AcArAMga vyAkhyA anusAra ApaNe jANela che. balbamAM to AgiyA vagerenI jema athavA narakamAM pRthvIkAya vagerenI jema anya koI 192

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jIvano sahayoga maLavAnI saMbhAvanA nathI ja ne! sUryanA vimAnamAM rahela pRthvIkAyanA jIvanI jema Atapa-nAma karmano udaya ke ratna, maNi, caMdranA vimAna ane AgiyAvagerenI jema udyota-nAma karmano udaya kAMI balbamAM hoto nathI. tethI sUryaprakAza, caMdraprakAza, AgiyAno prakAza vagerenI jema balbanA prakAzane acitta mAnI na zakAya. AtapanAma karma, udyotanAma karma, tejalezyA ke uSNasparzanAma karmanA udaya vinA anya koI prakAre to garamI-prakAza vagerenI utpatti zakya ja nathI. balbamAM kAMI phakta visrasApariNAmajanya garamI-prakAza vagere to mAnI na ja zakAya. (prastutamAM Agamavid prAjJa puruSoe khAsa eka vAtanI noMdha levA jevI che ke AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI paNa mAtra vistrasApariNAmajanya nathI. kAraNa ke te pannavaNA, bhagavatIsUtra vagere mULa Agama mujaba teukAya jIvasvarUpa hovAthI vIjaLInI utpattimAM jIvano prayatna paNa bhaLelo che ja. bhagavatIsUtra AThamA zatakanA prathama udezomAM mizrapariNAmayukta vaiaisika+prAyogika) je dravya batAvela che temAM ja AkAzIya vijaLI vagereno samAveza karavo vAjabI jaNAya che.) bAkI to te mANasanA prayatna vinA paramANugatinI jema game tyAre athavA vAdaLanI jema cokkasa samaye balbamAM ApameLe te utpanna thAya ane ravAnA thAya - tevuM mAnavuM paDe. paraMtu hakIkata tevI nathI. mATe pArizeSanyAyathI uSNasparza nAmakarmanA udayavALA bAdara agnikAyanA jIvonuM ja tyAM astitva mAnavuM rahyuM. kAraNa ke "spazavinAmavAn rIte A pramANe bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti (bhAga-3/gA.2146 vRtti)nA vacana mujaba uSNasparzAdi nAma karmanA udayathI agni prakAze che - A vAta zAstrasiddha che. 43 uttara 19H ApaNe A lekhanA prathama bhAganA bIjA prabhAgamAM "jIva ane pudgalanA saMbaMdhI antargata A viSayanI vistArathI carcA karI cUkyA chIe. tyAM A spaSTa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke vAdaLa, vIjaLI Adi badhA sAdi vaiRsika baMdha-pariNAma che. A saMdarbhamAM A praznano A prakAre uttara samajavo joIe - sauthI pahelAM to e samajavavAnuM che ke AkhI sRSTi ja mULa to jIva ane pudgalanA vividha saMyogothI ja cAle che. jaina darzana anusAra - "jIva ane pugalonA vividha saMyogothI A loka vividha prakArano che. lokanI A vividharUpatAne ja sRSTi kahevAya che. jIva ane pudgalano saMyoga apazcAnupUrvika pauvaparyazUnya) che. saMyoga traNa prakAranA che - 1) karma, 2) zarIra, 3) upagraha. 193

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upagraha eTale AhAra, pANI, mana, ucchavAsinaHzvAsa Adi upakAraka zaktio"45 parampara athavA anantara rUpamAM sRSTinI badhI kriyAomAM jIva ane pudgalano saMyoga nimitta bane che emAM to koIpaNa padArtha nirjIva mAnI zakAya. manuSyadvArA choDavAmAM AvelAM tejovezyAnA pudgalanI uSmA ane enA prakAza mATe manuSyanA AtApanAmakarma athavA uSNanAmakarma kyAM sudhI javAbadAra thaI zake ? jIvanA je nAmakarma udayamAM Ave che, e to enA zarIranI sAthe joDAya che. tejolezyAnA pudgalanA prakAza ane uSNatA ene choDanAra manuSyanA nAmakarmanI sAthe kevI rIte joDI zakAya? jo joDI zakAya ema mAnavAmAM Ave to pachI ilekTrisiTInI prakriyAmAM prayoga karAyelA pudgala paNa paraspara rUpamAM sucAlaka padArtha (dhAtu) eTale pRthvIkAyika jIva dvArA mukta (choDavAmAM AvelA) pudgala mAnavA joIe. vidyutanuM utpAdana manuSya dvArA banAvAyelA yaMtrothI che, eTale zuM manuSyanA nAmakarma ene mATe javAbadAra mAnI zakAya? jyAre jaina darzana svAbhAvika pariNamana dvArA acitta (nirjIva) pudgalonA pariNamanane svIkRti Ape che, to pachI ene mATe phakta jIvane ja sarvatra javAbadAra mAnavuM kyAM sudhI saMgata che? jyAM-jyAM jIvanuM zarIra pote Atapa, udyota, vagerenA rUpamAM che, tyAM tyAM e nAmakarmano udaya che, evo abhiprAya je alaga alaga avataraNomAM TAMkavAmAM AvyA che te avataraNo samyak prakAre samajavAM joIe. paNa jyAM jyAM pudgala evA rUpamAM che, tyAM ene paudgalika pariNamana ja svIkAravuM joIe. jaina darzana anusAra batAvavAmAM AvatAM traNa prakAranA pariNamanomAM mAtra prAyogika ane mizra pariNamanomAM ja anantara rUpamAM jIvanuM kartRtva hoya che. vaignasika pariNamanamAM anantara rUpamAM mAtra paugalika pariNamana ja kAraNabhUta hoya che. upara TAMkavAmAM AvelAM TippaNa saMkhyAmAM sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi (pAnu 128, 129)nA je pATha ApyA che, emAM narakanI agnine svabhAvathI garama ane acetana batAvyA che. ene anantara rUpamAM jIva kata na mAnI zakAya. praznamAM parampara ane anantaranA bhedane samajavAnI koziza nathI karI, eTale badhe jIvanI sAthe sIdhA ja paudgalika pariNamanone joDI devAmAM AvyA che. pachI to vAdaLa, je aprakAyika jIvanuM pariNamana che, ane je AkAzIya vijaLInuM utpAdaka che, 194

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ene paNa mizra pariNamana mAnavuM joIe. paNa vAdaLane to vaiRsika pariNamanamAM mAnavAmAM AvyuM che. to pachI bIjA paugalika pariNamanone svabhAvika mAnavAmAM zo vAMdho che? SakhaMDAgamamAM sAdi vaiznasika svAbhAvika) baMdhanI carcAmAM ene vaiRsika ja mAnavAmAM AvyuM che, jenI carcA ApaNe karI cUkyAM chIe. (juo prathama bhAga, prathama prabhAga) eTale jIva dvArA pariNata thayA pachI ja pudgala prakAza Adi kare che, A niyama batAvavo ucita nathI. praznamAM TAMkavAmAM AvelA bhagavatI 1/10/380nA pAThamAM spaSTa che ke ajIva pudgomAM svayaM A zakti che. "tejasa vargaNAne tejasa zarIra sudhI sImita karavuM saMgata nathI. jIva tejasa vargaNAnA badhAM pugalonuM jIva dvArA sadA sarvadA prahaNa ane pariNamana Avazyaka nathI." ahIM ema kahevuM ke "vIjaLI vagereno koI bIjA padArthanA nirjIvanA rUpamAM ullekha nathI." e tarka-saMgata nathI. AcAryazrI mahAprajJajIe lakhyuM che - "tarkanI potAnI maryAdA hoya che. A viSayamAM haribhadra sUrinA padarzananI vRttimAM A zloka bahu mahattvapUrNa che' AgrahI bata ninISati yuktiM, tatra yatra matirasya niviSTA / pakSapAtarahitasya tu yuktiH, yatra tatra matireti niveSam // acitta pudgala prakAza kare che. emAM vidyutano ullekha nathI, e prazna ahIM prAsaMgika nathI. prAsaMgika eTaluM ja che ke acitta pudgala prakAza kare che. e jIva dvArA gRhita thaI cUkyA che. eTale prakAza kare che - A tarka paNa saMgata nathI. prakAza, Atapa, udyota, chAyA - A badhA pudgalanAM lakSaNo che. zadra-vaMdha-saumpa-sthItva-saMsthAna-me-tamarachAyetipodyotavantara | (tattvArthavarti 6/24) saiMdhayAraujjoo pahA chAyA tave i vA / vArasAMthawAsa punA tu navra che (uttaradRAyana ra8/12). aMdhakAra pudgalanuM lakSaNa che. e jIva dvArA grahaNa karIne aMdhakAra nathI banato. prakAza paNa pudgalanuM lakSaNa che ane eTale e jIva dvArA grahaNa karIne prakAza bane che, e koI niyama nathI. pudgalonuM pariNamana jIvanA prayogathI paNa thAya che ane potAnI meLe (svabhAta) paNa thAya che. jo uparano tarka mAnavAmAM Ave, to pachI AgamomAM vartamAna yuganA 195

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vijJAna AdinI badhI vAto AvavI joItI hatI. sarvajJa hovAthI emanAthI vartamAnanI koI ja ghaTanAo chupI nathI. to pachI badhAMnuM varNana kema maLatuM nathI? prazna 20: "ilekTrisiTI jIva nathI - evuM siddha karato AgamapATha kayo che ?" uttara 20H jo koI AgamamAM jyAre A pATha na hoya ke "ilekTrisiTI" sacitta teukAya che, tyAre A apekSA karavI ke ene nirjIva siddha karato Agama pATha kayo che e kevI rIte saMbhava che? e ja pramANe "jo IlekTrisiTI nirjIva hoya to sarvajJa dvArA jarUra A vAta AgamamAM pratipAdita thaI hota (juo prazna)" - A tarkanA pratipakSamAM zuM ema na kahevAya ke "jo ilekTrisiTI sajIva hoya, to AgamamAM A tathya jarUra pratipAdita thayuM hota?" A prakAranA vyartha tarkavitarkathI zuM ApaNe koI ukela para pahoMcI zakIzuM ? ApaNe jo ciMtana karavAnuM che te e hovuM joIe ke AgamamAM evuM karyuM tathya upalabdha che. jenA AdhAra para bahu spaSTa anumAna karI zakAya ke ilekTrisiTI sajIva che ke nirjIva. ame prAraMbheja ilekTrisiTI ane snigdhatva-ruva nAmanA pudgalaguNonuM vistArathI je vivecana karyuM hatuM, e Agama AdhArita ja che. (juo prathama bhAga - prathama prabhAga). A vivecananA pariprekSyamAM - snigdha-rUkSa-sparza ane ilekTrisiTInI samAnatAthI e spaSTa thAya che ke ilekTrisiTI mULa pudgalano ja maulika guNa che. jaina AgamomAM snigdha-rUkSa-sparzanA AdhAra para ja paramANuthI skandha * banavAnI prakriyA batAvI che. A vAta bahu ja mahattvapUrNa che ke jaina darzana ane vijJAna bannee badhA padArthonI racanAmAM snigdha-kSa-sparza athavA RNa (Negative) ane ghana (Positive) ilekTrika cArjane ja AdhArabhUta mAnyA che. AnAthI vadhAre bIjuM kayuM Agama pramANa IlekTrisiTIne nirjIva mAnavA mATe hoI zake? jaina darzane zarIramAM dasa prANanA rUpamAM jainava vidyutanI UrjAno svIkAra karyo che. have vaijJAnikoe paNa jaiva vidyutane badhI zArIrika kriyAno AdhAra banAvIne spaSTa rUpathI nirUpaNa karyuM che ke A paudgalika zakti kevI rIte jIva dvArA prayukta thAya che ane badhA prANI A prANa eTale ke jaiva vidyutanI UrjAthI jIvIta che. A AdhAro para koIpaNa ThekANe koI zaMkA rahetI nathI ke mULa pote potAnAmAM ilekTrisiTI bhautika athavA paudgalika pariNamana che, UrjA 196

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che. AnAthI vibhinna pariNamana dhvani, prakAza, gati, cuMbakatva, uSmA AdinA rUpamAM thavAnuM tAtparya e che ke A badhA bhautika UrjAnA rUpamAM ilekTrisiTInA rUpAMtaraNa svarUpa utpanna thaI zake che. jyAM sudhI ilekTrisiTInuM rUpAMtaraNa kaMbazana dvArA agninuM rUpa dhAraNa nathI karatuM, tyAM sudhI e paudgalika ja che. padArthamAM vidyamAna sthita vidyuta () dhAtunA tAramAM pasAra thanArA pravAha rUpa vidyuta tathA oNksijana ane jvalanazIla padArthanA abhAvamAM thanArI "DiscArja rUpa vidyuta Adi pote svayaM to nirjIva ja che. prazna 21H "jo ke ghaniryukti vageremAM acitta teukAyanA nAmo maLe che. paraMtu te acitta teukAyanA nAmomAM kyAMya paNa vIjaLInuM nAma to jovA ja nathI maLatuM. UlaTuM, vIjaLIno nizcayathI sacitta tarIke ullekha ogha oghaniryuktimAM "vijJayA niSThaphaDo' (gAthA-358) AvA zabdo dvArA tathA piMDinaryuktimAM "viSNuyA; nijI' (gAthA-36) AvA zabdo dvArA maLe che. oghaniryuktivyAkhyAmAM bahuzrutasabhA zRMgAra droNAcAryajI lakhe che ke vighuvironairacivo mati' (gA. 359 vRtti) tathA piMDaniryuktivyAkhyAmAM samartha TIkAkArazrI malayagirisUrijI mahArAje paNa atyaMta spaSTa zabdomAM lakhela che ke "vivuku-pramu: tenArAyo nizvayataH vata:' (gA. 42 vRtti)." haju vadhu mahattvanI eka vAta e che ke atyaMta lAlacoLa tapelA mahAkAya lokhaMDanA goLAnI ekadama aMdaranA bhAgamAM zuddha agnikAyanA jIvo tathA iMTanI bhaThThInA nIcalA madhya bhAgamAM nizcayathI bAdara teukAyanA jIvo hoya che - tevI vAta AgamajJo mATe prasiddha che. zrI jJAtAdharmakathAvyAkhyAmAM zrIabhayadevasUrijI mahArAje "zuddhana. 3rapaSkAntata: naH' (1/16/163) AvuM jaNAvela che. tathA jIvAbhigamasUtravyAkhyAmAM ane pannavaNAvyAkhyAmAM zrImalayagirisUrijI mahArAje jaNAvela che ke " zuna: jhA:viSkA' (jIva.1/33-panna. pada-131 vRttiarthAt "lAlacoLa tapelA lokhaMDanA goLA vageremAM zuddha agnikAya jIvo hoya che. maladhArI zrI hemacaMdrasUrijI mahArAje jIvasamAsavyAkhyAmAM "mariyagdhanuviddho vAnarahita: maniH' (gAthA-32) ema kahIne tapelA lokhaMDanA goLAmAM agnikAya jIva hovAno mata jaNAvela che. dazavaikAlikavRttimAM zrIharibhadrasUrIzvarajI mahArAje "na 3:viSyanutam (da.vai.8/18 vRtti) ema kahIne atyaMta tapIne lAlacoLa banelA lokhaMDanA goLAmAM bAdara agnikAyanA jIvo hoya che - Ama sUcavela che. mATe ja tyAM tevA tapelA lokhaMDanA 197

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goLAno sparza vagere na thaI jAya te mATe kALajI rAkhavAnI sUcanA sAdhu bhagavaMtane apAyela che. piMDaniryuktimAM atyaMta spaSTapaNe zrIbhadrabAhusvAmIjIe kahela che ke rUpALavaduma, viSNuyAnicchayo' (gAthA.36) arthAt iMTanA bhaThThInA madhya bhAgamAM nizcayathI sacitta bAdara teukAya hoya che. oghaniryuktimAM paNa zrIbhadrabAhusvAmIjIe "rUpAnaM vaduma, viSNunArU niSTho" (gA.359) - AvuM jaNAvela che. tadanusAra gacchAcArapayannAvyAkhyAmAM zrIvAnaSigaNIe paNa "durapAnidhyamAM vaghuvira nairaviva:" (gAthA-75) Ama kahIne iMTanI bhaThThI vagerenA madhyabhAgamAM rahelo agni tathA vIjaLI vagere naiRRyika sacitta agnikAya jIva che. AvuM spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che. 'phugAnA ti sA snArI, tatya 5 vAverAto' (16/1/662). A pramANe bhagavatIcUrNinA vacana mujaba "jyAM aMgArA karavAmAM Ave tyAM vAukAya hoya" A prakAranA siddhAMta anusAra tathA bhagavatIsUtramAM "na vinA vAyuvApavi maLavA53jhana' (zataka-16/udezo-1/sUtra-662) A pramANe jaNAvyA mujaba "vAyu vinA agni saLagI na zake' A niyama anusAra lAlacoLa tapelA lokhaMDanA mahAkAya goLAnA madhya bhAgamAM, iMTanI bhaThThInA aMdaranA madhyabhAgamAM, kuMbhAranA nibhADAnA madhya bhAgamAM amuka prakAranA bAdara vAyukAyanuM astitva mAnya karavuM paDaze ja. tyAM vAyukAya kevI rIte pahoMce ? ApaNA anubhavamAM AvatA vAyuono to dIvAla vagere dvArA pratighAta/pratibaMdha/avarodha thAya che. tethI atitapta nakkara lokhaMDanA moTA goLAnA madhyabhAgamAM tathAvidha apratighAtI (lokhaMDa vagere nakkara dhAtuo paNa jene AvavA-javAmAM aTakAyata-avarodha na karI zake tevA) vAyunuM astitva siddha thAya che. - sAta lAkha yonivALA vividha vAyuonA sApekSabhAve pratighAtIapratighAtI vagere prakAra mAnavAmAM koI Agamavirodha Avato nathI. lAlacoLa tapelA moTA lokhaMDanA nakkara goLAmAM koI paNa rIte lokhaMDa dvArA jeno pratighAta/avarodha na thaI zake tevA vAyuno praveza thAya to polA balbamAM tathAvidha apratighAtI vAyuno praveza kema na thAya? jema lAlacoLa tapelA lokhaMDanA moTA goLAnA madhya bhAgamAM, mahAkAya nibhADAnA UMDANavALA madhya bhAgamAM bAdara vAyukAyano praveza thaI zake che tema prakAzamAna balbanA madhya bhAga sudhI bAdara 198

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vAyukAyano praveza paNa siddha thaI ja zake che. jevA prakArano vAyu atyaMta tapelA mahAkAya lokhaMDanA goLAnA madhyabhAgamAM, nibhADAnA aMdaranA bhAgamAM hoya tevA prakArano koIka vAyu balbamAM mAnI zakAya che. temAM koI zaMkAne sthAna nathI rahetuM. 'puDhavI daga agaNi mArUNi mArUa ikkikke satattAjoNilakkhAo' (gA.968) A kahIne pravacanasArodvAra graMthamAM mAnanIya zrI nemicaMdrAcAryajIe agnikAyanI jema vAyukAyanI paNa sAta lAkha yoni batAvela che. tethI vividha prakAranA vAyumAMthI amuka cokkasa prakAranA vAyunuM astitva ane praveza to lAlacoLa tapelo lokhaMDano goLo, nibhADAnI aMdarano madhyabhAga, balba vageremAM AgamAnusAre paNa mAnyA sivAya chUTako ja nathI.49 uttara 21 : oniryukti, piMDaniryukti tathA vyAkhyA graMtho (jema piMDaniryukti-vyAkhyA, jJAtAdharma kathA-vyAkhyA, paNavayA-vyAkhyA, jIva samAsavyAkhyA, dazavaikAlika-vRtti, gacchAcArapayannA-vyAkhyA Adi)mAM je ullekha che, emAM mULa paNavaNA, dazavaikAlika Adi AgamomAM pratipAdita agninA svarUpane ja puSTa karyuM che. navuM kaMI ja nathI. zuddhAgni-ayaspiDAntargata jvALA-virahita agni athavA nirindhana agninanA rUpamAM pratipAdita che. A paNa bIjI agninI mAphaka ja agnimAM loDhuM Adi tapAvavAthI utpanna thAya che. DaoN. je. jaina anusAra - abhidhAna rAjendra koza pAna naMbara 2347 52 teukAyanI vyAkhyAmAM A badhA graMthonA AdhAra para agnikAyanA traNa prakAra batAvyA che. (1) sacita (2) acitta (3) mizra sacittanA be prakAra che - 1. nizcaya, 2. vyavahAra. nizcayathI sacittanA udAharaNa che - iMTanI mATI athavA kuMbhAranI mATIno madhya bhAga athavA AkAzIya vidyuta (lightning). A agnio sakhata tApa, prakAza, jvalanazIla padArthonI vidyamAnatA tathA oNksijananA prayogathI pragaTa thAya che. enuM agnikAyika svarUpa spaSTa ja che. vyavahAra sacitta agnimAM aMgArA, jvALA-rahita agni Adino samAveza che. mizra teukAyamAM murmura (agnimAMthI nikaLatI cinagArio) Adi che. acitta teukAya - agni dvArA pakAveluM bhojana, zAkabhAjI, pIvAnA padArtha Jain Educationa International 199 For Personal and Private Use Only

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ane agni dvArA taiyAra karAyelI lokhaMDanI soya Adi vastuo tathA rAkha, kolasA vagere acitta teukAya che. bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 5, uddezaka 2 anusAra "bhaMte ! odana, kulmASa ane surA ene kayA jIvanA zarIra kahevAya che ?" "gautama ! odana, kulmASa ane surAmAM je saghana dravya che, te pUrva paryAyaprajJApananI apekSAthI vanaspati-jIvonAM zarIra che. e pachI zastrAtIta ane zAsrapariNata tathA agnithI zyAmala, agnithI zoSita ane agnirUpamAM pariNamana thAya pachI ene agni jIvonuM zarIra kahevAya che. surAmAM je tarala dravya che, te pUrva paryAya-prajJApananI apekSAthI jaLa-jIvonuM zarIra che. enA pachI zastrAtIta yAvat agnirUpamAM pariNata thayA pachI emane agni-jIvonuM zarIra kahI zakAya che. "bhaMte ! lokhaMDa, tAMbuM, pataruM, sIsuM, paththara ane kasoTI - e pUrva paryAyaprajJApananI apekSAthI pRthvI-jIvonAM zarIra che. e pachI zasrAtIta jyAre agnirUpamAM pariNata thAya tyAre ene agni-jIvonAM zarIra kahevAya che." "bhaMte ! asthi (hADakuM), dagdha (baLeluM) asthi, cAmaDuM, dagdha cAmaDuM, roma, dagdha roma, ziMgaDAM, dagdha ziMgaDAM, kharI, dagdha kharI, nakha ane dagdha nakha e kayA jIvonAM zarIra kahevAya che?' "gautama ! asthi, cAmaDuM, roma, ziMgaDAM, kharI ane nakha A trasa prANajIvonA zarIra che. dagdha asthi, dagdha cAmaDuM, dagdha roma, dagdha ziMgaDAM, dagdha kharI ane dagdha nakha - e pUrva paryAya-prajJApananI apekSA trasa-prANa jIvonAM zarIra che. e pachI zasratIta jyAre agni-rUpamAM pariNata thAya che tyAre e agni-jIvonA zarIra kahevAya che." "bhaMte ! aMgAra, rAkha, bhuMsuM ane chANa - A kayA jIvonA zarIra kahevAya che ?' "gautama ! aMgAra, rAkha, bhuMsuM ane chANa e pUrva-paryAya-prajJApananI apekSAthI ekendriya jIvo dvArA paNa zarIra-prayogamAM pariNamita paNa che, ane paMcendriya jIvo dvArA paNa zarIra prayogamAM parimita che. te pachI e zasratIta jyAre agni-rUpamAM pariNata thAya tyAre agni-jIvonAM zarIra kahI zakAya che." bhagavatI-bhASyamAM AcAryazrI mahAprajJajIe A sUtronI vyAkhyA A pramANe karI che - "prastuta AlApakamAM (carcAmAM) pariNAmavAda eTale tadrupa athavA tanmaya Jain Educationa International 200 For Personal and Private Use Only

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paryAyavAdanuM nirUpaNa che. A siddhAMtano prayoga darzana ane dhyAna baMne kSetromAM thAya che. AcArya kuMdakuMda anusAra dravya je bhAvamAM pariNata thAya che. tarata e tanmaya banI jAya che.52 AtmA jevA bhAvamAM pariNata thAya che, te e bhAvanI sAthe tanmaya thaI jAya che. A dhyAnano siddhAMta che.' pUrva paryAyamAM je vanaspati-jIvanuM zarIra hatuM, e anirUpamAM pariNata thaIne agni-jIvanuM zarIra banI jAya che. A uttaravartI paryAya che. A paryAyapravAhanuM eka nidarzana che. koI paNa dravya eka rupamAM nathI rahetuM. emAM paryAyano pravAha satata gatizIla che. e siddhAMta anusAra vanaspati-jIva, apUkAya-jIva, pRthvI-jIva ane trasakAya-jIvanAM zarIra agni-jIvanAM zarIra-rUpamAM badalAI jAya che. paryAya-parivartanathI thanArI bhAvAMtaranI carcA jAya ane vaizeSika darzanamAM paNa maLe che. agninA saMyogathI pRthvImAM kaMIka guNa vizeSano prAdurbhAva (utpanna) thAya che. ene "pAkaja guNa' kahevAya che. emanA anusAra pANI, vAyu ane agnimAM pAkaja guNa nathI hotA. pAkaja guNa paramANuonI aMdara pedA thAya che ke avayavI dravyamAM? A praznane laIne naiyAyiko ane vaizeSikomAM matabheda che. vaizeSikono mata che ke agnino saMyoga thavAthI ghaDAnA badhAM paramANuM judAM judAM thaI jAya che ane pachI navAM guNo dhAraNa karIne (pAkIne) e bhegAM thaI jAya che. A matanuM nAma che "pIlapAka' che. naiyAyika A matano virodha kare che. teonuM kahevuM che ke jo ghaDAnA badhAM paramANu judA judA thaI jAya to ghaDAno vinAza ja thaI gayo. pharIthI paramANuone joDavAthI eka bIjA ja ghaDAnuM astitva mAnavuM paDaze. paNa pAkI javAthI ghaDAnA svarU5mAM raMga sivAya bIjo koI pharaka paDato nathI. ene jotAM ja ApaNe tarata ja oLakhIe chIe. eTale e ghaDAno nAza ane ghaTAMtaranuM bIjA ghaDAnuM) nirmANa mAnI na zakAya. ghaDAnA paramANuM evI rIte bhegA ja rahe che, paNa enI vacce vacce je chidra-sthaLa (avakAza) hoya che, emAM vijAtIya agnino praveza thavAthI ghaDAnA rUpamAM parivartana thAya che. A matanuM nAma piTharapAka' che. jaina darzanamAM paryAyAMtare athavA pariNAMtarano siddhAMta mAnya che. varNa, gaMdha, rasa ane sparza pudgalanA guNa che. emAM prayogajanita ane svAbhAvika - baMne prakAranuM parivartana thAya che. odana AdimAM agninA saMyogathI thanAruM parivartana 201

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prAyogika parivartana che. paramANu tathA paramANu skaMdhomAM badhAM varSonI sattA che, eTale kALI mATInA paramANuthI baneluM pAtra AgamAM pakAvavAthI lAla raMganuM thaI jAya che. A vyAkhyA mATe koI navo siddhAMta sthApavAnI AvazyakatA nathI. bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 7, uddezaka 10, sUtra 229, 230mAM acitta pudgalo dvArA prakAza, tApa, udyota kevI rIte thaI zake che, enuM spaSTa varNana che - "bhaMte ! zuM acitta pudgala paNa vastune prakAzita kare che? udyotita kare che? tapAve che? prabhAvita kare che?" "kAlodAyI! krodhI aNagAre tejolezyA choDI. e dUra jaIne dUra dezamAM paDe che, najIka jaIne najIkanA dezamAM paDe che. e jyAM jyAM paDe che, tyAM tyAM enA acitta pudgala paNa vastune prakAzita kare che, udghoSita kare che, tapAve che ane prabhAvita kare che. A pramANe e acitta pudgala paNa vastune prakAzita kare che. udaghoSita kare che tapAve che ane prabhAvita kare che." mImAMsA - iMTanI bhaThThI, kuMbhAranI bhaThThI vagere bhaThThIonI vaccenI agni ane AkAzIya vidyutanI agnine nizcayathI sacitta kahI che. Adhunika vijJAna anusAra "agni" (kabasthana) eTale "dahana'nI kriyA che, jemAM oNksijana (prANavAyu)nI sAthe baLavAnI rAsAyaNika prakriyA thAya che, bAkI badhI AnI aMdara AvI jAya che. vyavahAra nayamAM badhI sacitta agniomAM A prakriyA dekhAya che. ethI spaSTa thAya che ke agnine sacitta rahevA mATe prANavAyuthI thanArI oNksikaraNa athavA baLavAnI kriyA (kaMbazana)nI eka anivArya apekSA hoya che. mizra teukAya-murkhara vageremAM paNa baLatI agninA taNakhA eka baLatA ghana padArtha che. mULa aMgArAnuM ja e nAnuM rUpa che. acitta teukAya - je padArtha agni dvArA pAke che eTale ke je padArtha sacitta teukAyanA sAkSAt saMparkathI taiyAra thAya che, e padArtha jyAM sudhI agnikAyanA saMparkamAM rahe che, tyAM sudhI ja sacitta rahe che. e paNa "oNksijana maLatuM hoya, tyAM sudhI ja sacitta rahI zakaze. pachI jyAre agnino saMparka tUTI jAya tyAre acitta thaI jaze. sacitta agninA mRta zarIrane "muzkelagA" eTale agni jIvo dvArA mukta zarIranA rUpamAM "acitta agni"nA pugalanA rUpamAM batAvavAmAM Avyo che. 202

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e AdhAre agni para raMdhAyeluM bhojana, pANI, Adi tathA agni dvArA taiyAra karelI lokhaMDanI soyane acitta teukAya kahevAya che. kAraNa ke jyAre te sacitta agninA saMsargamAM hatA tyAre temAM sacitta agninano praveza thayo hato. eTale e tAtparya thAya che ke jyAre sacitta agnino saMparka chUTI jAya pachI e acitta teukAyanA rUpamAM rahI jAya che. enuM sacitta hovuM agninA saMparkanA kAraNe ja che. e svayaM pote potAnAmAM sacitta agni banatI nathI. jo svayaM agninA jIvono saMparka nahi hoya, to e garama thavAthI paNa sacitta agni nahi banata. jema sUryanA tApane acitta ja mAnIe chIe, enA tApathI garama thayeluM bhojana athavA lokhaMDanI soya agni na banI zake. bIjA zabdomAM sUryano tApa paudgalika che ane eNe garama karelAM padArtha paNa paudgalika ja che - acitta che. tApa, prakAza svayaM sacitta nathI. sacitta che baLavAvALo padArtha - lAkaDI, iMdhaNa, jvALA, aMgArA, Adi. jema sUryano prakAza, tApa-acitta pudagala che, ema enA tApathI garama thayelA padArtha paNa acitta ja che. sUryathI tapelI pRthvInI sapATI athavA anya padArtha acitta garama pugala ja rahe che, agni nathI banatA. lokhaMDanI soya athavA goLo je agnimAM garama karAya che. agninA sIdhA saMparkamAM Ave che, kadAca garama thavAthI lAla thAya che, to paNa e tApane phakta grahaNa kare che, utpanna nahi. eTale emAM sacitta teukAyanA jIva agnimAMthI saMkrAMta thAya che. jyAM A jIvone oksijana athavA prANavAyu maLe che, tyAM te jIvita rahI zake che, paNa jyAM ene oNksijana nathI maLato, tyAM te jIvita nathI rahI zakatA, eTale garama lokhaMDanuM agninanA rUpamAM jIvita rahevuM tyAM sudhI ja saMbhava che, jyAM sudhI agninano saMparka banelo rahe tathA jyAM sudhI ene prANavAyu maLato rahe. A baMnemAM ekano paNa abhAva thAya tyAre te agninA rUpamAM jIvita nathI, rahI zakatA. lAla garama lokhaMDanI aMdara teukAyanuM astitva A apekSAthI samajavuM joIe tathA saMparka tUTI jAya pachI ene acitta teukAyanA rUpamAM batAvavAmAM AvyA che. madhya bhAga sudhI pahoMcelA teukAyanA jIva paNa oNksijana na maLavAthI aMgninA saMparkamAM rahe che, bIjA jIva madhya sudhI pahoMcI to zake che, paNa oNksijananA abhAvamAM tarata jIvita nathI rahI zakatA - maTI jAya che. enuM tAtparya e thayuM ke lokhaMDano goLo jyAM sudhI agnimAM paDI raheze tyAM sudhI A zRMkhalA tUTI jaze, goLo acitta banI jaze. 203

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AgamanA vyAkhyAkAro dvArA ene zuddhAgni mAnavI tathA agninA saMparkarahita thavAthI acitta batAvavI - A tathyane ja siddha kare che ke ApaNe sacitta teukAyanA A lakSaNane svIkAra karavo ja paDaze ke sacitta teukAyanA jIva oNksijananA abhAvamAM jIvita nathI rahI zakatA. garama goLAnA madhya bhAga sudhI teukAyika jIvono praveza hovo eka vAta che, enuM jIvita rahevuM bIjI vAta che. navA navA jIva praveza karatAM rahe to vacceno bhAga sacitta teukAyanA rUpamAM batAvI zakAya che. paNa e phakta A apekSAthI to ja saMbhava che jo teukAyika jIvono dhAtunA madhya bhAga sudhI praveza thato rahe ane phakta agnimAM dhAtunuM rahevuM thAya. jyAre lokhaMDanA goLAne agnimAMthI bahAra kADhIe tyAre jIvono praveza baMdha thaI jAya che ane goLo pharI acitta thaI jAya che. have prazna thAya che - madhya bhAga sudhI oNksijana (vAyu) jaI zake che ke nahIM? A viSayamAM nizcaya paNe ema kahI zakAya ke e saMbhava nathI. phakta goLAnI sapATI ja oNksijananA saMparkamAM raheze, bAkInA bhAgamAM oNksijanano praveza thaI ja nathI zakato. jyAre kAcanA goLAmAM paNa bahArathI oNksijanano praveza nathI thaI zakato tyAre lokhaMDanA goLAmAM eno praveza na to vijJAna svIkAra che ke na to jainadarzana. vijJAna ane jaina darzana e to svIkAra kare che ke ghanamAM ghana padArthamAM paNa sUkSma pudgala skaMdhono praveza saMbhava che, paNa oNksijana athavA prANavAyuno praveza eTalA mATe nathI thaI zakato ke lokhaMDanA paramANu-gucchonI (Molecules) vacce khAlI jagyAmAM oNksijananA paramANuguccho pravezI nathI zakatA. e tyAre ja saMbhava thAya jyAre rAsAyaNika kriyA thAya, je sAmAnya sthitimAM thatI nathI. kATa lAgavAthI kriyAmAM thanArI rAsAyaNika kriyAmAM bhejanA molikyula (HO) lokhaMDanA molikyulanI sAthe rAsAyaNika kriyA kare che, tyAre lokhaMDano oNksijana sAthe rAsAyaNika baMdha thAya che, jenAthI kATa eTale pherasa oksAIDanA rUpamAM pariNamana thAya che. paNa A prakriyA paNa phakta thoDIvAra mATe thAya che. goLAnI aMdara bhejano praveza saMbhava nathI. ghana pravAhI ane vAyu athavA varALa rUpamAM padArthonA vibhAjanano AdhAra ja e che ke dhana padArthanI aMdara bIjA ghana padArtha ghana, pravAhI athavA vAyu)no praveza nathI thato. tyAM sudhI ke lokhaMDa jevA ghana ane apAradarzI padArthomAM kiraNono paNa aMdara sudhI praveza nathI thato, phakta sapATI sudhI ja eno praveza thAya che. 57 phakta bhautika prakriyAthI A saMbhava nathI. dareka Agama-vacananI je apekSAo che 204

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te samajavI jarUrI che. lokhaMDanA madhya bhAgamAM agni jIvonuM astitva nirapekSa rUpamAM mAnIne pachI e kalpanA karavI ke vAyuno praveza enI aMdara thato haze, e nathI Agama-saMmata ke nathI vijJAna saMmata ane nathI tarka saMmata. nyUTrono athavA UrjA-taraMga athavA pArAmAvika (sub-atomic) kaNono praveza ghanathI ghana padArthamAM paNa saMbhava hoya zake che. eTale ilekTrona, proTona, nyUTrona vagere kaNa athavA uSmA, prakAza, ilekTrisiTI, dhvani Adi UrjAtaraMgonuM ghana padArthomAM praveza athavA bahAra javuM e saMbhAvanA badhAne mAnya che. paraMtu enAthI agninI kriyA jemAM oNksijananI anivAryatA che - nathI hotI, eksijana sivAyanA bIjA vAyu (nAiTrojana vagere) kyAMka hoya to paNa e niSkriya che, eTale agni bALavAnI kriyAmAM zaktimAna nathI. AgamanA vacana-vAyu vagara agni thatI nathI-nI apekSAne na samajavAnA kAraNe ja asaMgata kalpanA karavAmAM Ave che. e pramANe agnimAM tapAvelAM lAla garama lokhaMDanA goLAne 'zuddhAgni'nA rUpamAM nirUpaNane paNa sApekSatAnI sAthe samajavuM jarUrI che. atyadhika Ucca tApamAna para oNksijanano saMyoga maLavAthI baLavAnI rAsAyaNika kriyA athavA kaMbazcananI prakriyA thaI zake che - A sAmAnya niyamanA AdhAra para sacitta teukAya ane acitta athavA paudgalika prakriyAonuM pRththakaraNa sahelAIthI thAya che. - sacitta teukAya athavA agni baLavAnI prakriyAmAM tApa (jvalanabiMdu sudhI) prakAza, jvalanazIla padArtha ane oNksijana - A cAreya anivArya che. have jo koI evo padArtha hoya, jemAM tApa hoya, paNa prakAza nahi hoya to ene citta teukAyanI gaNanAmAM na mAnI zakAya. Aja aMtara vIjaLInuM hITara ane vIjaLInA vAhaka tAMbAnA tAramAM che. vIjaLInA hITaramAM rahelo lokhaMDano tAra vidyuta pravAhane kAraNe garama paNa thAya che. lAla thaIne prakAza paNa Ape che, tathA khullI havAmAM oNksijana sAthe maLIne jvalanazIla padArtha hAjara hoya to agni pedA karI zake che, paNa tAMbAno tAra (je sucAlaka che)mAM vidyutapravAha vahevAthI sAmAnya tApa paNa bahu ocho hoya che ane prakAza nathI hoto, aMdara oNksijanano paNa praveza nathI thaI zakato. eTale tyAM sacitta teukAyanA jIva utpanna nathI thaI zakatA. acittanA udAharaNa - 1. jyAM tApa ane prakAza che - sUryanI rozanImAM tApa paNa che, prakAza paNa che, 205

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paNa e paudgalika eTale - acitta ja che. 2. sUryanI rozanIthI tapelI pRthvI acitta che. 3. kolasA Adi baLI gayA pachI bacelI rAkha garama che, paNa acitta che. 4. garama tavo athavA garama lokhaMDano agni sAtheno saMparka chUTI jAya pachI e acitta che. 5. garamAgarama bhojana paNa agnino saMparka chUTI jAya pachI acitta che. 6. vAdaLanI avasthAmAM rahelI vidyuta Static electricity eTale RNa vidyuta AvezavALA vAdaLa ane ghana vidyuta AvezavALA vAdaLa sacita teukAya nathI. 7. balbanI aMda2 vidyamAna niSkriya gesa athavA vAyu vagaramAM rahelI taMtukuMDalI (filament coil) mAM vidyuta-pravAha jato hoya tyAre tApa ane prakAza pedA thAya che, paNa oNksijananA abhAvamAM e acitta che. baLatA devatA athavA AkAzIya vIjaLIthI A bhinna che. 8. DaoN. je. jaina anusAra "bhaThThImAM pAkatI IMTa athavA lokhaMDa (lohaayaska)mAM sAdhAraNa rIte apacayana (reduction) thAya che, oNksiDezana nahi. sacitta agnimAM oNksiDezana thAya che. bhaThThImAM je loha ayaska che tene vijJAnamAM FeO athavA Fe O u kahe che. emAM raheluM oNksijana emAMthI nIkaLIne kolasAne bALI zake che. paraMtu A prakriyAmAM phakta kolasAnA baLavAne ja citta teukAya mAnyuM che, jevI rIte sAdhAraNa cUlo athavA bhaThThImAM citta teukAya mAnIe chIe tema.'' - "enuM kAraNa e che ke keTalAka padArtha evA hoya che je ucca tApamAna para paNa pIgaLatA nathI. jema jema enuM tApamAna vadhe che, enI garamI vadhe che, raMga badalAya jAya che tyAre avarakta (infra-red) kiraNothI vadhIne dRzya prakAranuM utsarjana zarU thAya che. bhaThThImAM to enI riphrekTarI (refractory) paNa lagabhaga eTalA ja tApamAna sudhI garama thAya che, paNa emAM prakAza pedA nathI thato. e dhana rUpamAM ja rahe che. jema cUlA para khAvAnuM bane che, ema ja bhaThThImAM lokhaMDa bane che pAke che. lokhaMDa banAvavA mATe bhaThThImAM Ucca tApamAna para thoDI rAsAyaNika prakriyAo thavI jarUrI che. jemAM cUno athavA anya padArtha loha ayaska sAthe nAkhIne pUrI karAya che. Aga paNa baLe che - kolasA ane havA, paNa citta teukAya to kolasA baLe temAM ja che. loha-ayaskanuM apacayana 206

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(Reduction) thAya che - nahi ke agni baLavAthI thanAruM oNksikaraNa. eTale A kriyA loha-ayaskanI baLavAnI kriyA kahevAtI nathI." "e ja pramANe jyAre lokhaMDa banatuM hoya tyAre sacitta teukAya nathI. jema iMTanI bhaThThImAM banatI iMTa sacitta teukAya nathI. prAcIna kALamAM paNa lokhaMDa bhaThThImAM lokhaMDa banatuM hatuM. eTale e vAta dhyAnamAM rAkhIne kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke bhaThThInA madhyanI agni ja sacitta teukAya che. emAM bananArA lokhaMDa athavA garama ayaskane sacitta teukAya nathI batAvyA, kAraNa ke evo ullekha nathI." jo lAla garama banelA lokhaMDanuM sacitta teukAyanA rUpamAM varNana nathI maLatuM, to ene kuMbhAranI bhaThThImAM pakavAnA mATInA vAsaNanI mAphaka samajavAmAM AvyuM che - ema mAnI zakAya che. kuMbhAranI bhaThThInI vacce je agni baLe che, ene sacitta agnikAya mAnavAmAM Avela che. (A agninuM baLavuM eTale saMbhava che ke emAM oNksijana maLatuM rahe che, eTale oNksijana (havA)thI baLavAnI prakriyAne ja sacitta teukAyanI utpatti mATe eka Avazyaka zaratanA rUpamAM mAnI che. jvalana-biMdunI upara oksAIDa banAvavuM." Ane mATe bhagavatImAM jaNAvyuM che ke - "vAyu vagara agni nathI hotI." jvalana-biMdunI upara tApamAnanuM hovuM tathA oksAIDanuM banavuM - e sacitta teukAya (agni)nuM anivArya aMga che. eTale oNksijana (havA athavA prANavAyu)nI prakriyA (nuM hovuM) sacitta teukAya pedA karavA mATe anivAryatA darzAve che. 61 jema agnikAyane kAmamAM lIdhA vagara (saura-cUlo) sUryanI rozanIthI khAvAnuM banAvavAmAM athavA rAMdhavAmAM Ave che, te ja pramANe balbanA philAmenTano tAra garama thaIne prakAza pedA kare che. vIjaLI (electricity)nA pravAhanA kAraNe eTale agnikAyanA prayoga vagara (kAraNa ke prANavAyuthI baLavAnI agnino emAM abhAva che). eTale ema mAnavuM joIe che ke baLato balba acitta ja che, jyAM sudhI enuM philAmenTa prANavAyunA saMparkamAM AvIne baLatuM nathI." - sUryanI rozanI ane ilekTrisiTInA tAramAM cAlato pravAha e baMne phakta paudgalika UrjAo che. gesa-philDa balbamAM paNa prANavAyu rahevA nathI devAto. zuddha elyuminiyama dhAtunI sapATI sIdhI prANavAyunA saMparkamAM AvavAthI pote maMda gatithI oNksikRta thayA kare che tathA lokhaMDa paNa bhejanI upasthitimAM maMda gatithI oNksikRta thayA kare che tathA lokhaMDa paNa bhejanI upasthitimAM maMda 207

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gatithI oNksikRta thayA kare che, jene ApaNe "kATa lAgyo" ema kahIe chIe. paNa e badhI kriyA 'baLavAnI kriyA nathI. sAdhAraNa oNksiDezana ane dahanakriyA rUpa kaMbazcanamAM aMtara che. kaMbazcana "eksotharmika kriyA che eTale ke uSmAnuM utpAdana thAya che. 9. DaoN. je. jaina anusAra, "AgamamAM sacitta teukAyanuM evuM koI udAharaNa nathI maLatuM ke jemAM prANavAyuno upayoga na hoya. jeTalAM udAharaNa ApavAmAM AvyAM che emAM baLavAnI kriyA pramANe prANa-vAyuno sIdho upayoga hoya che jema ke agni, aMgArA, jvALA, murmura arci, alAta, zuddhAgni, saMgharSa-samusthita agni) athavA AkAzIya vidyuta, azani, ulkA jemAM prANavAyu sahacArInA rUpamAM upasthita hoya. plAjhamAM athavA AyanIkaraNanI prakriyAmAM DIscArja thaIne paNa "prANavAyunI upasthitine kAraNe ja tathA atyaMta tIvra tApamAna para jvalanazIla padArthono yoga maLavAthI sacitta teukAyanI utpattinI sthiti bane che. "e dhyAna ApavA yogya che ke bhaThThImAM loha-ayaskathI lokhaMDa e samaye paNa banatuM hatuM, paNa enuM nAma sacitta teukAyanA udAharaNamAM nathI maLatuM. kuMbhAra ane iMTanI bhaThThInuM udAharaNa maLe che, emAM paNa tyAM banatA padArtha eTale iMTa, vAsaNone sacitta teukAya nathI batAvyA, - phakta enI madhyamAM baLatI agnine ja sacitta teukAya batAvI che. garama thayelI soyane paNa acitta teukAya batAvI che." eTale enAthI e niSkarSa nIkaLe che ke teukAya athavA agnikAyamAM phakta prakAzanuM udgama sthAna hovAthI ene sacitta teukAya nathI banAvI detA. prANavAyunuM prayukta hovuM eka Avazyaka zarta che. e paNa baLavAnI mAphaka rAsAyaNika kriyAnA rUpamAM."63 10. DaoN. je. jaina adhika spaSTa karIne lakhe che - "jo prANavAyu-zUnya vAtAvaraNamAM garama pIgaLelA lokhaMDane je lAla to thAya che), bIjI agnithI athavA bIjI tApa-zaktithI garama karIe to e pahelA tApane pachI e tApa ane prakAza Apaze, paNa e tApa ane prakAza pote pedA nathI karato. A enuM potAnuM Self sustaining (svapoSI) tApa-prakAza A to enuM bIjA agni sAthe maLe to ene e grahaNa karIne choDato rahe che. A tApanuM maLavuM/prApta karavuM jema anya agnithI thAya che, ema sUryanI garamIthI paNa thaI zake che. eTale '208

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e piMDa acittanI zreNImAM ja che. prazna 22: jo ke bhagavatIsUtramAM to spaSTapaNe vAyukAyane agnikAya karatAM alpa avagAhanAvALA batAvela che tathA vAyukAya karatAM agnikAya to skUla ja che. A rahyA bhagavatIsUtranA zabdo "maMte! teDaksa vIDui yare kAe savvabAyare kayare kAe savvabAyaratarAe ? goyamA ! teukkAe savvabAdare teukkAe sabaMdhaviratara' (bhaga. 19/3/763). Ama tapelA lokhaMDanA goLA vageremAM skUla agnikAyano ane vAyuno praveza zAstrasiddha hovAthI prakAzamAna balbamAM Avazyaka vAyuno praveza thavAmAM koI zAstravirodha jaNAto nathI. uttara 22H 1. vAyukAyanI avagAhanA teukAyathI alpa che tathA te teukAyanI apekSA e sUkSma che. A vAtathI to e siddha thAya che ke vidyutapravAha teukAya nathI, kAraNa ke vidyutapravAha nizcita rUpathI vAyuthI sUkSma che. vidyutapravAhamAM je ilekTrona kaNa che, te vAyu eTale oNksijananA molikyUla (0.)nI apekSAe sUkSma che. jo IlekTrona pravAhane teukAya mAnIe to Agama-viruddha vacana thAya che. 2. baLatA dIpaka upara kAcano goLA DhAMkavAthI dIpaka thoDIvAramAM bujhAI jaze, kAraNa ke vAyu (oNksijana)no praveza goLAmAM thato nathI. jo sUkSma vAyu goLAmAM praveza karI zakato nathI to emAM dhULa teukAyano praveza athavA nirgama emAM kyAMthI thaze? paNa jo dIpakanA prakAzane paNa teukAya mAnIe, to e teukAya vAyukAyathI sthULa che, to pachI e prakAza kAcanA goLAnI bahAra prasArita thAya che, paNa vAyuno praveza je sUkSma che te aMdara nathI hoto. 3. ukta Agama-vacananI saMgati tyAre thAya che jyAre - 1. ilekTronanA rUpamAM vidyuta-pravAhane teukAya mAnIe nahi. 2. dIpakanA prakAzane teukAya mAnIe nahi. 3. vAyukAyanI sUkSmatAne agninI apekSAthI e AdhAra para samajIe ke aMgArA AdinI agni cakSuH grAhya che. jyAre havA athavA oNksijananA rUpamAM vAyu cakSuno viSaya nathI. bhagavatImAM jIvanI avagAhanAnI tulanA karAI gaI che. e sthAvara jIvonI avagAhanA eka AMgaLInA asaMkhyAtamAM bhAga jeTalI pratipAdita che ane emAM tulanAtmaka dRSTithI vAyukAyanA jIvanI avagAhanAthI teukAyanA jIvanI avagAhanA vadhAre batAvI che. prazna 23H "kadAca koIne zaMkA thaI zake che ke "cUlo, dIvo, phAnasa, 209

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gesa vageremAM je agni utpanna thAya che te iMdhaNanA AdhAre utpanna thAya che tema ja iMdhaNanI vadha-ghaTa mujaba tenI vadha-ghaTa thAya che. mATe tene sajIva mAnI zakAya. paNa IlekTrisiTIne to koI iMdhaNanI jarUra rahetI nathI. to pachI tene sajIva kaI rIte mAnI zakAya? iMdhaNa (khorAka) vinA to jIvanI utpatti-sthitivRddhi kaI rIte zakya bane?" " paraMtu A zaMkA vAjabI nathI. kAraNa ke tamAma prakAranA agnine iMdhaNa (vyakta khorAka)nI AvazyakatA hoya - tevo koI niyama nathI. cUlA vageremAM utpanna thatA agnine iMdhaNanI AvazyakatA che. paraMtu AkAzIya vIjaLI, ilekTrisiTI, balbaprakAza vagere svarUpa teukAyanA jIvo mATe iMdhaNanI AvazyakatA pratIta thatI nathI. kema ke te zuddha agni che. zrIdazavaikAlikacUrNimAM zrIjinadAsagaNI mahattare "phaMghanadima suddhALa' (4/12) AvuM kahIne iMdhaNarahita agnine zuddha agni tarIke jaNAvela che. zrIdazavaikAlikasutravyAkhyAmAM zrIharibhadrasUrijI mahArAje paNa nirikvana: = zuddha nikA' (adhyayana 4/12 vRtti) AvuM kahIne iMdhaNa vinAnA agnine zuddha agnikAya jIva tarIke oLakhAvela che. zvetAMbaramAnya jIvasamAsa graMthamAM tathA digaMbaramAnya mUlAcAra graMthamAM 'phaMti-jJAna-mRthvI mumura-suddhA kALI ca' (jI.sa. 32 + mUlA. gA. 221) ityAdi rUpe je agnikAya jIvanA prakAra batAvela che temAM AkAzIya vIjaLIne zuddha agni tarIke oLakhAvela che. mAladhArI zrI hemacaMdrasUrijI mahArAje jIvasamAsavyAkhyAmAM "zuddhAni = vidhuna:' (gA.32) A pramANe vIjaLI svarUpa agnine zuddha agnisvarUpe ja spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che. tethI avakAzIya vidyuta, ilekTrisiTI, balbanA philAmenTamAM utpanna thato prakAza, balba prakAzanI jyoti (rozanI), dUra sudhI phelAtI dIvAnI jyoti vagere iMdhaNazUnya hovAnA kAraNe zuddhaagnirUpe nakkI thAya che. Ama iMdhaNa vinA ja tenI utpatti, sthiti, vRddhi dekhAtI hovAthI Agama mujaba te zuddhaagnikAya jIvasvarUpe siddha thAya che." uttara 23: jema jinadAsamahattare dazavaikAlika cUrNimAM iMdhana-rahita agni athavA zuddhAgni kahyuM che, e AgamAM praviSTa lokhaMDanA goLAne batAvyo che. jIvasamAsa vyAkhyAmAM mAladhArI hemacaMdrasUri dvArA "zunaH vighuni' kaheluM che. e AkAzIya camakatI vIjaLI ja che. AkAzIya camakanArI/kaDAkA bolAvatI vidyuta ane ilekTrisiTInA rUpamAM pravAhamAna vidyuta-pravAhanI bhinnatAnA 210

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nakAmA pArakara... e ja mA -' 14 - - - 2 viSayamAM pahelA ja spaSTatA thaI gaI che. A kathanathI to e siddha thAya che jo IlekTrisiTI athavA balba-prakAza agni nathI - na nirindhana agni, na vidyuta (lightning) rUpa agni, na iMdhaNanA AdhAra para baLavAnI agni. prazna 24: "bIjI mahattvanI vAta e che ke jIvasRSTinI utpatti ane sthiti paNa vividha prakAre jovA maLe che. havA, pANI ane khorAkanI AvazyakatA paNa aneka prakAre dekhAya che. dA.ta. mANasa, mAchalI ane magara vagere prANIo oNksijanathI jIve che. paraMtu temAM paNa pharaka che. (1) mANasa havAmAM oNksijana le che. (2) jyAre mAchalI pANImAMthI oNksijana laIne Ave che. pANInI bahAra havA-oNksijana pUratA pramANamAM hovA chatAM paNa mAchalIne pANInI bahAra lAvavAmAM Ave to te marI jAya che. pANImAM oNksijana hovA chatAM pANImAM sAmAnya mANasane DUbADavAmAM Ave to te mAchalInI jema jIvavAnA badale marI jAya che. (3) jyAre deDako vagere ubhayacara prANIo to sAgara ane jamIna baMne sthaLe pANImAM ane khullI havAmAM oNksijana laIne jIve che. te ja rIte ( agnikAyanI bAbatamAM paNa samajI zakAya che. - pannavaNAsUtramAM agnikAyanI sAta lAkha yoni batAvavAmAM Avela che. sAta lAkha yoni vALA teukAyanA jIvomAMthI (1) mINabattI, agarabattI, dIpaka, gesa, lAkaDA vagereno agni to khullA vAtAvaraNamAMthI ja DAyarekTa maLI zake tevI havAnA AdhAre potAnuM astitva TakAvI zake che. mATe prastutamAM "saLagatI mINabattI, agarabattI vagere upara kAcano glAsa UMdho vALavAmAM Ave to thoDA samayamAM te kema olavAI jAya che? jo tAranA mAdhyamathI balbamAM vAyu pahoMcI zakato hoya to glAsa ane jamIna vaccethI aMdara jaI zake tevA vAyuthI mINabattI kema saLagatI rahI na zake ?' - AvA praznane koI ja avakAza raheto nathI. kAraNa ke tamAma prakAranI paddhatithI maLatA saghaLA bAdara vAyukAya agniutpAdaka hoya ja - tevuM AgamamAnyarUpe jaNAtuM nathI. bAkI to "khullI havAmAM rahelA oNksijananA AdhAre pANInI bahAra mAchalI lAMbo samaya kema jIvI na zake ? tathA pANImAM rahelA oksijananA AdhAre dariyAmAM DUbelo sAmAnya mANasa lAMbo samaya kema jIvI na zake ?" -- AvI samasyA moM phADIne UbhI rahe tevI che. samasyAnuM samAdhAna to ubhayapakSe samAna ja ApI zakAya ne! tathAvidha zArIrika racanA=jhAlarayukta phephasAtaMtranI viziSTa goThavaNa mujaba mAchalI jIvavA mATe pANImAMthI oNksijanane chUTo pADIne grahaNa kare che. jyAre mANasa , , ke jenI ? < : + 211

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khullI havAmAMthI ja nAiTrojana mizrita oNksijana laIne jIve che. te ja pramANe mINabattI vagere khullA vAtAvaraNamAMthI oNksijananA mAdhyamathI saLagatI rahe che. jyAre balbanA philAmenTamAM utpanna thatA prakAza (bAdara teukAya) mATe ema kahI zakAya che ke - (2) balba-markyurIlempa vagerenA philAmenTamAM utpanna thatA agnikAyanA jIvo khullI havAnA badale ilekTrisiTI je vAyaramAMthI pasAra thAya che te vAyaranA mAdhyamathI ke anya koI rIte tyAM Avela vAyu dvArA athavA balbamAM rahelA vAyu dvArA potAnuM astitva TakAvI zake che. potAnI sacittatA TakAvI rAkhavA, jIvananirvAha karavA mATe balbaprakAza potAne prAyogya vAyune vilakSaNa paddhatie meLavI ja le che - ATaluM to sunizcita ja che. atyaMta tapelA lokhaMDanA nakkara-nicchidra goLAmAM rahelo agni potAne yogya vAyune koI paNa rIte meLave ja che ne ! (3) temaja hITarano agni, ilekTrika sagaDIno agni vagere khullA vAtAvaraNa ane sthUla vekyUma - baMnemAM potAnuM astitva TakAvI zake che. Ama agnikAyanA paNa skUladaSTie AvA traNa bheda to samajI zakAya tema che ja. mATe balba tUTI jatAM philAmenTa baLI javAnA kAraNe, khullI havAmAM utpanna na thaI zakatA balba prakAzane nirjIva kahI na zakAya. amuka lokonI mAnyatA evI che ke "agnine saLagavA mATe oNksijana vAyu jarUrI che, mATe ja saLagatI mINabattI vagere upara glAsa UMdho vALavAmAM Ave to te bUjhAI jAya che. jo ke pUrve ApaNe oNksijana vinA paNa Aga lAgI zake che tenA aneka udAharaNo vicArI gayA ja chIe, chatAM paNa oNksijana vinA Aga na lAge" A vAtane ApaNe eka vAra satya mAnI laIe to prastutamAM ema kahI zakAya che ke mINabattI, agarabattI, telano dIvo, kolaso vageremAM je agni utpanna thAya che te iMdhaNavALo che. te oNksijana nAmanA vAyu dvArA potAnuM astitva TakAvI zake che. mATe tenA upara glAsa, tapelI vagere DhAMkavAmAM Ave to te navo oNksijana maLatAM bUjhAI jAya che. paraMtu AkAzIya vIjaLI, ilekTrisiTI, vidyutaprakAza vagere to pUrve jaNAvyA mujaba iMdhaNarahita - niribdhana agnikAya che. nirikvana agnikAyane potAnuM astitva TakAvI rAkhavA oNksijana ja jarUrI che - tevuM mAnavAnI AvazyakatA nathI. oNksijana sivAyanA upayogI evA anya vAyuthI paNa te potAnuM 212

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astitva TakAvI rAkhavA oNksijana ja jarUrI che - tevuM mAnavAnI AvazyaktA nathI. oNksijana sivAyanA upayogI evA anya vAyuthI paNa te potAnuM astitva TakAvI zake che - tevuM mAnI zakAya che. zAstramAM to "jyAM agni hoya tyAM vAyu hoya' ATaluM jaNAvela che. jyAM agnikAya hoya tyAM oNkisajana nAmano vAyu hoya' - AvuM jaNAvela nathI. mATe "oNksijana na hovAthI balbamAM agnikAya jIva utpanna thaI na zake - ema na kahI zakAya. anya eka mahatvanI vAta e che ke nAiTrojana, Argana vagere umadA vAyumAM ksijana vAyunuM thoDuM pramANa hoya ja che. A vAta "vijJAnakozarasAyaNavijJAna vijJAnakoza-rasAyaNivajJAna-bhAga-5, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda) nAmanA pustakamAM DaoN. sI. bI. zAha (M.Sc., Ph.D.) dvArA jaNAvavAmAM Avela che. te oNksijanane zoSI zakAya che - e vAta alaga che. nAITrojana vagere vAyu umadA-niSkriya hovAthI game tevA UMcA tApamAne paNa potAnA ilekTrona gumAvIne lAkaDA vagerenI jema nAza pAmI jatA nathI, vaparAI jatA nathI. mATe ja te lAMbA samaya sudhI balbamAM prakAza-garamI vagerene utpanna karavAmAM upayogI banI zake che. A vAta vijJAnakoza (bhAga-5/pRSTha 412) pustakamAM DaoN. (zrImatI ema. esa. desAIe spaSTapaNe jaNAvela che. tethI pUrve jaNAvI gayA te mujaba philAmenTa saLagI na jAya, baLI na jAya te mATe balbamAM nAITrojana vagere umadA vAyunuM astitva to vijJAnanA siddhAMta mujaba paNa siddha thAya ja che. A rIte vicAra karavAmAM Ave to nAiTrojana ane organa nAmano vAyu balbamAM agnikAyane pragaTavAmAM/utpanna thavAmAM sahAya kare che, nahi ke anya zUla vAyu-ema mAnI zakAya che. mAchalI oNksijananA AdhAre jIve che paNa pANImAMthI ja oNksijana maLe to tene te svIkAre che tema "agni hoya tyAM vAyuM hoya' - A vAta sAcI. paNa balba vageremAM ilekTrisiTInA mAdhyamathI je agnikAyanA jIvo uSNatA ane prakAzasvarUpe utpanna thAya che tenA astitva mATe bahAranI khullI havA pratikULa che. paNa ekadama pAtaLI havA, vAyara vagerenA mAdhyamathI maLanArI havA athavA nAITrojana, organa svarUpa ja vAyu upayogI banI zake che - Ama kahI zakAya che. evuM mAnavAmAM koI zAstravirodha, sAyansavirodha, anubhavavirodha ke yuktivirodha Avato nathI. sujJa vAcakavarge ahIM eka vAta khAsa dhyAnamAM rAkhavI ke - 'vijJAna mujaba, 213

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balbamAM rahelI havAne lIdhe balba prakAze che' - Ama huM nathI jaNAvato. "balbane prakAzavAmAM vAyu upayogI che - AvuM morDana sAyansa mAne che' ema paNa huM nathI kaheto. paraMtu "Agama mujaba, agnikAyane pragaTavA vAyu jarUrI che - Ama huM jaNAvuM chuM. tathA philAmenTa baLI na jAya te mATe morDana sAyansanA siddhAMta mujaba, balbamAM praveza karAvela nAiTrojana vAyu ane Argana vAyu tyAM hAjara che ja. tethI agnikAyanA lakSaNo balba prakAzamAM jaNAvAnA lIdhe tathA balbamAM vAyu vidyamAna hovAthI tyAM AgamAnusAra sacitta teukAyane utpanna thavAmAM koI paNa prakArano Agamavirodha Avato nathI. ATaluM ja jaNAvavAno ahIM Azaya che. uttara 24: bhale manuSya ho ke mAchalI, bhale phephasAMthI zvAsa grahaNa kare athavA jhAlara-yukta phephasAMthI - badhA jIvone "oNksijana" grahaNa karavo ja paDe che. A satyanA AdhAra para prazna e che ke zuM oNksijana vagara paNa agninanA jIva balbamAM pedA thaI zake che. athavA jIvita rahI zake che? niSkriya vAyuo dvArA agninI prakriyA vijJAna dvArA asvIkArya hovA chatAM paNa e saMbaMdhamAM A Agraha kyAM sudhI saMgata thaze ke "e vAyu agni pragaTa karavAmAM sahAyatA kare che.' balbanI AkhI praNAlI eTalI spaSTa che ke zaMkAnuM koI kAraNa nathI. prastuta praznamAM batAvelI bAbato para ame vistRta carcA karI cUkyA chIe. vAyaranA mAdhyamathI koI paNa prakArano vAyu balba sudhI pahoMcI zakato nathI. bIjI vAta che - balbane nirikvana - iMdhaNa vagaranI agni mAnIne ene oNksijananI jarUra nathI, evuM mAnavAne koI AdhAra nathI. pahelAM to balbane iMdhaNa vagaranI agni mAnavI e ja khoTuM che. pachI ene mATe oksijana sivAya anya vAyunI apekSA mAnavI tathA e vAyunI pUrti tAranA mAdhyamathI mAnavI - e badhI visaMgata vAto che. pharI pAcho Argona athavA nAiTrojanamAM oNksijanano thoDA vattA mAtrAmAM hovI e mAnIne oNksijanathI ja enI pUrti karAvavI - enI zuM AvazyakatA che? vizuddha dazAmAM niSkriya gesomAM oNksijananuM zoSaNa zata-pratizata karavAnI akSamatAne mAnI paNa laIe to chelle e oNksijana kyAM sudhI balbanA philAmenTane bALaze? oNksijananI sAthe jvalana-kriyA thavA chatAM paNa blabanA philAmenTa zuM akSuNa rahI zakaze? pharI orgona athavA nAITrojanane ja balbanA philAmenTane bALavA sahAyaka 214

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batAvavuM kevI rIte saMbhava thaze ? jyAre e vAyu niSkriya che. satya to e che ke - 1. na pAtaLI havAnuM astitva balbamAM che. 2. na vAyaranA mAdhyamathI koI havA tyAM pahoMcI zake che. 3. na orgona, nAiTrojana vagerene grahaNa karI balba maLe che. prazna 25: 'vijJAna dvArA to minarala voTarane nirjIva kahIne ApavAmAM Ave, iMDAMne zAkAhArI kahIne ApavAmAM Ave, DuMgaLI-lasaNane bhakSya (khAvA yogya) kahIne ApavAmAM Ave, pepsIne (pIvA yogya) kahIne ApaNane vahorAve to zuM ApaNAthI tene vAparI zakAya? zuM vijJAna pAse sajIva-nirjIva, bhakSyaabhakSya, peya-apeya, gamya-agamya vagerenI tAttvika vyavasthA che kharI ? vijJAna pAsethI A badhA praznonA javAba kyAMthI maLaze? varSothI je satata parivartanazIla che, jenA siddhAMtamAM avAra-navAra sudhArAvadhArA thayA ja kare che, je svayaM saMpUrNa satyane nahi pAmI zakyAno ekarAra kare che tevA AjanA vijJAnane othenTika mAnIne tenA samIkaraNa mujaba zAstrIya satyane mApavAnA badale sarvajJa bhagavaMte niHsvArthabhAve karuNAdRSTithI batAvelA zAstrone, zAstrIya tathyone, atIndriya padArthone satya tarIke hRdayathI svIkArIne sarvajJakathita tattvonI sAthe morDana sAyansa keTalA aMze ane kaI rIte zeka-henDa kare che ? A bAbatanI sUkSma dRSTie zodhakhoLa karavI te ja sAco-salAmata ane saraLa mArga che."68 utta2 25: Agama ane vijJAnamAM paraspara kyAM sudhI samanvaya thAya che, kyAM sudhI nahIM - e eka potAno svataMtra anveSaNano viSaya che. paNa koI paNa viSayanI mImAMsAne satyaparaka banAvavA mATe e Avazyaka che ke anekAnta dRSTikoNano prayoga hoya ane ekAntika AgrahanA AdhAra para ciMtana na hoya, bhale e viSaya vidyutanA sacitta-acittano hoya athavA padArthonA bhakSya-abhakSya vagereno. jyAre ApaNe koI biMdu para vijJAnanI dRSTithI vicAra karIe, to eno artha e karI levo ke 'ApaNe enA (vijJAnanA) samIkaraNa anusAra zAstrIya satyane mApavAno prayatna karI rahyA chIe, e ThIka nathI.' ame prAraMbhamAM ja A viSayamAM ghaNuM spaSTa karyuM hatuM ke je vAta AgamapramANa dvArA spaSTa che, ene vijJAnanI othenTisiTInI apekSA nathI, paNa je viSayo para AgamamAM spaSTatA nathI, ene vijJAnanA saMdarbhamAM samajavAnI koziza karavAmAM koI Apatti hovI nahi joIe. sAthe je apekSAothI je tathya Jain Educationa International 215 For Personal and Private Use Only

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AgamomAM nirdiSTa che, enI apekSA athavA daSTine spaSTa karavAmAM jyAM vijJAna ApaNane sahAyaka thAya che, tyAM eno e kahIne asvIkAra karavo ke "e niraMtara parivartanazIla che, enA siddhAMtomAM dina-pratidina parivartana thayA kare che. e pote pUrNa satyane prApta nahIM karI zakavAno svIkAra kare che... kyAM sudhI ThIka che? jyAM sudhI sthAvara-kAyanA jIvatvano prazna che, vijJAne phakta vanaspatikAyanA jIvatvano svIkAra karyo che. bAkInA sthAvarakAryonA jIvatvano nahIM. eTale ApaNe vijJAnanA AdhAra para sthAvara jIvonA jIvatva-ajIvatvanI mImAMsA kevI rIte karI zakIe chIe ? paNa pRthvI, pANI, agni, vAyunA svarUpa samajavAmAM jo ApaNane vaijJAnika siddhAMta sahAyaka thAya che, to paNa eno paraheja karavo kyAM sudhI ThIka che. bIjI vAta che, eka bAju vijJAnane apUrNa batAvIne enI othenTisiTIno asvIkAra karavo ane bIjI bAju enA AdhAra para vidyutane sacitta siddha karavAnI koziza karavI - zuM A banne asaMgata nathI ? ApaNe na to vijJAnane othenTika mAnIne enA samIkaraNa anusAra zAstrIya satyane mApIe chIe ane na atIndriya padArthono asvIkAra karavAnI vAta kahIe chIe,na ApaNe Agama-pradhAnatAnI apekSA vijJAna-parastatAnA hAmI chIe. ame AgamanA AdhAra para ja vidyutanI acittatA tathA vijJAnanA AdhAra para ja enI puSTi karavAno prayatna karyo che. AgamasaMmata vaijJAnika tathyone khoTAM pADIne avaijJAnika (managhaDaMta) kalpanAonA AdhAre vidyutanI sacetanAne siddha karavAno prayatna karavo - e siddha karavA mATe paryApta che ke bhrAMtio ane pUrvagrahonI jALathI mukta thayA vagara na AgamanI kharI zraddhAnI pRSTi thaI zake che ane na vijJAnanI Agama-avarodhI tathyonI kharI jANakArI. prazna 26 : "zuM trikAlaabAdhita AgamomAM zodhane avakAza che kharo ? ane te paNa vijJAna dvArA Agamane zuddha karavAnA? zuM sarvajJakathita Agamo pAMgaLA che ke teNe potAnI satyatA puravAra karavA vijJAnano sahAro levo paDe ? vijJAnanA AdhAre AgamamAM zodhakhoLanI AvazyakatA hoya to mukhyatA vijJAnanI sAbita thAya ke AgamanI? tIrthakara bhagavaMto sarvajJa hovAthI sAkSAt pratyakSarUpe traNa jagatanA tamAma padArthone jANe che - jue che. jyAre vijJAna pAse to jANavAnA sAdhano paNa pAMgaLA che. vijJAnanA game teTalA UMcA sAdhano hoya to paNa tenA dvArA atIndriya padArthano sAkSAtkAra thaI zake tevI koI ja zakyatA nathI. 216

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eka bAju ApaNA vijJAnanA sAdhanone pAMgaLA svIkAravA ane tema chatAM paNa vijJAnanA AdhAre AgamamAM zodhakhoLa karavI e to phremanA mApa mujaba aitihAsika citramAM kApakUpa karavA jevuM thayuM. AmAM prAjJapaNuM paNa kaI rIte kahI zakAya? vAstavamAM to phremanA mApa mujaba phoTAne kApIne dIvAlamAM laTakAvavAnA badale phoTAnA mApa mujaba phrema taiyA2 karAvavI e ja DahApaNanI nizAnI che. phoTo eTale sarvajJa vItarAgakathita tattvo. phrema eTale morDana sAyansanA samIkaraNo. AtmA, karma, svarga, naraka, nigodamAM anaMtA jIvo, mokSa, Azrava, saMvara, baMdha, nirjarA vageremAMthI eka paNa tattvane mApavAnI phuTapaTTI je morDana sAyansa pAse nathI tenA AdhAre sarvajJakathita AdhyAtmika atIndriya tattvone mApavA-tapAsavA eTale janmAMdha vyaktie Apelo rUpano cukAdo mAnya karavA jevI vAta thAya. hajAro janmAMdha vyaktinA cukAdA karatAM ekAda dekhatA mANasano rUpanI bAbatamAM cukAdo mAnya karavAmAM buddhimattA che. chadmastha jIvo buddhizALI hoya to paNa atIndriya bAbatamAM to kevaLa sarvajJa vItarAga bhagavaMtano ja nirNaya mAnya thaI zake.''69 - uttara 26: jyAM Agama dvArA spaSTa pratipAdana upalabdha hoya, tyAM vijJAnanA AdhAra para AgamanuM saMzodhana karavAnI apekSA hotI nathI, paNa je viSayamAM Agama spaSTataH koI vidhAna-niSedha nathI karatA, tyAM vijJAna dvArA prastuta avadhAraNAthI bilakula paraheja karavuM satya-sandhistu mATe kyAM sudhI ucita thaze ? Aje vijJAnanA kSetranA evA vivecana amane upalabdha thaI rahyA che, je sAmAnya indriya-jJAnathI jANavuM saMbhava nathI. enA AdhAra para ame satyanI zodhanI dizAmAM AgaLa vadhIe, to emAM tyAM Agama prati amArI zraddhAmAM ochuM Ave che ? ulTu ghaNA badhA evA viSaya je AgamomAM phakta saMketa rUpamAM athavA ajJAta apekSAthI pratipAdita che, ene vijJAna dvArA spaSTa karavuM amArI Agama-zraddhAne vadhAre daDha kare che. jyAM jainAcAryo dvArA ahIM sudhInI udAratA vyakta karI che pakSapAto na me vIre, na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimad vacanaM yasya tasya kAryaM parigrahaH // "na mAro vIra tarapha pakSapAta che, na kapila Adi tarapha dveSa che. jenuM vacana yuktisaMgata che, ene ja grahaNa karavuM joIe." tyAM jo koI vijJAna Jain Educationa International 217 For Personal and Private Use Only

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yuktisaMgata ja nathI, spaSTa prayogothI pramANita sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa para AdhArita ane Agama avirodhI tathyone barAbara samajIne kAmamAM le che, to paNa ene evuM mAnavuM ke e phremane anusAra phoTonI kApAkUpI karI rahyA che. zuM AgrahabuddhinuM ja A pradarzana nathI ? jyAre ilekTrisiTIno viSaya kharA rUpamAM AgamamAM carcita ja nathI, tyAM Agama dvArA pradatta bIjA saMketa tathA vijJAna dvArA pradatta sarvamAnya/sarvagrAhya avadhAraNAne AdhAra mAnIne enA svarUpanuM vivecana ja amAre mATe 'vyavahAra'no sarvazreSTha mArga bace che. AcArya mahAprajJa ja nahIM, bIjA ghaNA jaina vidvAno tathA bIjA vidvAnoe hajAro vAtone vijJAnanA AdhAra para spaSTa karIne jaina darzananI vaijJAnikatAne 'vyavahAra'nA AdhAra para suspaSTa karela che. tyAM jo ema mAnIe ke sarvajJa-praNIta tattvane vijJAna dvArA mApavAnI koziza thaI rahI che athavA sarvajJa prati azraddhA thaI rahI che, to e ucita nathI. jema pahelAM jaNAvyuM che sarvajJa-praNIta ghaNA tathya kharA arthamAM samajavA mATe athavA enI pAchaLa rahelI sApekSatA zuM che? ene yogya rIte grahaNa karavA mATe vijJAnanI avadhAraNAMo jyAM sahAyaka bane che, tyAM eno upayoga amArA samyag bodhane ja spaSTa karaze, sarvajJa-praNIta tattva tarapha azraddhA nathI. prastuta prasaMga-ilekTrisiTI zuM che? sajIva che ke nirjIva? AkAzIya vidyuta (lightening), tAramAM pasAra thatAM vidyuta pravAha (electric current) ane manuSya tathA anya prANIonA jIvita zarIramAM kAryarata vidyuta (bio-electrity) kyAM sudhI dekhAya che, kyAM sudhI vidadaza Adi viSaya to nizcita rUpamAM vijJAnanI avadhAraNAo, siddhAMto ane prayogothI jeTaluM spaSTa samajI zakAya che, eTalA ekAMgI jJAnathI nahi - e potAnAmAM paNa nirvivAda che. udAharaNArtha - vanaspati jIva che, A jaina AgamomAM pratipAdita che. Aje vijJAne aneka prayogothI vanaspatikAyamAM thanArA saMvedana, bhAva Adine spaSTa karyuM che. enAthI e jIvomAM vidyamAna AhAra-saMjJA, bhaya-saMjJA, maithuna-saMjJA, parigraha-saMjJA vagere sthAnAMga sUtramAM pratipAdita daza saMjJAone kharI rIte samajavAmAM vadhAre suvidhA rahe che. TippaNa naM. 70. to zuM ApaNe evA vaijJAnika tatvonI upAdeyatAno asvIkAra karIe ? A prayogothI to sarvajJa-praNIta jJAna prati ApaNI zraddhA vadhAre sudRDha thaze. e ja pramANe jo koI vaijJAnika zodha Adi dvArA pRthvI Adi jIvonA jIvatvane samajavAmAM suvidhA thaze, to zuM ApaNe ene nahIM mAnIe ? sthAnAMga Jain Educationa International 218 For Personal and Private Use Only

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sUtra, 10/105-107. prazna 27 : bIjI eka mahattvanI vAta e che ke oghaniryukti AcAraMgasUtra vagere AgamomAM batAvela acitta agnikAya, acitta apakAya vagere padArthone nirjIva mAnavAmAM ane amArA prastuta vizleSaNamAM koI ja virodhAbhAsa Ubho thato nathI. sUtrakRtAMga (zrutaskaMdha-1/adhya, pa/udezo-1/gA. 10thI 39) ane uttarAdhyayana (92/24-44-45) sUtramAM jaNAvyA mujaba narakamAM agnikAya jIva na hovA chatAM puSkaLa garamI hovAno ame svIkAra karIe ja chIe. sUryanA garama kiraNone zAstravidhAna mujaba ame nirjIva ja mAnIe chIe. A bAbato nirvivAdarUpe amane mAnya ja che. ame AgiyAne agni nathI mAnatA tathA zarIranI garamIne ke candranA kiraNone ke svaMyaprakAza maNi-ratna vagerenA udyotane sacitta agnikAya nathI mAnatA. paraMtu 'vIjaLI acitta agni che' evo koI paNa zAstrapATha batAvyA vinA Ama ne Ama vidyutaprakAzane nirjIvarUpe jAhera karI devAno adhikAra asarvajJane kaI rIte maLI zake? uttara 27: jema sUryano tApa zAstrAdhAre nirjIva mAnavAmAM koI Apatti nathI, ema ja IlekTrisiTI (eTale snigdha-rUkSa guNadharma)ne paNa paudgalika pariNamananI kriyArUpa svIkAra karavAmAM kyAM Apatti che? zabda, tApa AdinI jema ja A eka sArvabhoma paudgalika pariNamana ja che, je vaijJasika, prAyogika ane mizra traNa rUpamAM saMbhava che. zAstromAM pudgalanA pariNamana aMtargata je snigdha-rUkSanI carcA che, e ilekTrisiTInI ja che. phakta zabdAMtara ke bhASAprayogano pharaka che. e ja pramANe tejolezyA (athavA taijas vargaNAnA pudgalo)nA saMbaMdhamAM upalabdha zAstrIya carcAthI paNa ilekTrisiTInI paulikatA ghaNI kharI siddha thaI jAya che. A viSayanI carcA ame prazna 20nA uttaramAM karI cUkyA chIe. prAcIna sAhityanI bhASAne samajavI jarUrI che. snigdha-rUkSano artha RNaghana vidyutanA rUpamAM svIkAravAthI e spaSTa thaI jAya che ke ilekTrisiTI svayaM pudgalanA mULa sparza guNano dyotaka che. rukSa-snigdhathI AkAzIya vidyutanI utpatti batAvanAra prAcIna pATha (jene uddhRta karI cUkyA chIe) A tathyanuM pramANa che. jaina darzanamAM varNavelA pudgala paramANu ane pudgala-skaMdhanA nirmANamAM mULa bhUmikA snigdha-rUkSanI che, ema vijJAna anusAra badhA ja mULabhUta tatva (element)nA paramANunI saMracanAmAM RNa ane ghana vidyutanI ja mukhya bhUmikA che. jyAre ApaNane AvuM spaSTa pramANa maLI jAya che to pachI zA mATe ApaNe Jain Educationa International 219 For Personal and Private Use Only

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teno svIkAra na karIe? emAM kyAMye paNa saMzaya athavA anirNAyakatA nathI. prANa, vezyA AdinuM zAstrIya vivecana paNa yogya rIte ja batAve che ke RNa-ghana vidyuta, vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgonuM vikiraNa Adine AgamakAroe potAnI zabdAvalImAM prastuta karyuM che. bIjI bAju jyAre vijJAna pratyakSataH A jaina avadhAraNAonuM ja samarthana karIne jaivika prakriyAo mATe jaiva vidyutu, AbhAmaMDaLa Adine vyAkhyAyita kare che, tyAre jaina darzanamAM zraddhAzIla mATe to bahu ja gauravano viSaya bane che ke kevI rIte ApaNA prAcIna jJAnIoe ATalA sUkSma viSayonI potAnI rIte spaSTatA ApI hatI. Aje to vijJAnanA kSetramAM prANa-prakriyA, AbhAmaMDaliyA pariNamana eTale vezyAnA laMgono prabhAva)nA kSetramAM thanArA anusaMdhAna jaina avadhAraNAone vadhAre ujAgara karatA daSTigocara thaI rahyA che. prazna 28: prakAza bhale dIpaka Adi agnino hoya athavA vidyuta (IlekTrisiTI)nA upakaraNono hoya ene keTalAMya jaina graMtha sacitta teukAya che - ema batAve che. evuM mAnavAmAM zuM vAMdho che? uttara 28: prakAzane jaina AgamomAM koI paNa ThekANe agnikAya ke teukAya nathI batAvela. ene paudgalika pariNamana athavA paryAyanA rUpamAM ja prastuta karavAmAM Avela che. prakAza kadAca sUryano hoya, caMdramAno hoya, tArAno hoya, AkAzIya vidyutano hoya athavA agni-aMgArAno hoya - e nirjIva che. enA sparzane AgamomAM koIpaNa jagyAe varjaya batAvyuM nathI. e sthitimAM koI uttarakAlIna graMthakAronI mAnyatAnA AdhAra para ene sacitta teukAya mAnI levuM tathA vaijJAnika avadhAraNAonI kAlpanika vyAkhyA karI potAnA pakSamAM prastuta karavuM - kyAM sudhI ucita che? A viSayanI saMpUrNa zAstrIya mImAMsA ane vaijJAnika siddhAMtonI vAstivakatAnI prastuti karavI bahu ja jarUrI che. (juo pariziSTa-1) je uttarakAlIna graMthonA saMdarbha uddhata karela che te badhAM jaina paraMparAmAM mAnya graMtho nathI. e ja pramANe paMcAMgI AgamanuM prAmANya paNa phakta saMpradAya-vizeSamAM ja svIkRta che, bAkI anya saMpradAyo dvArA e AgamanA rUpamAM mAnya nathI. vijJAne ilekTrona, phoTona vagerenA saMbaMdhamAM bahu ja spaSTa rUpathI potAnA siddhAMtone prastuta karyA che. phoTona-prakAzANu kevI rIte prakAza-UrjAnuM ekama che tathA kevI rIte eno kaNa rUpa ane taraMga-rUpa pragaTa thAya che, ene sArI rIte samajyA pachI koIpaNa bAbate evI AzaMkA nathI rahetI ke te sajIva che. phoTo 220

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ilekTrika prakriyAmAM phoTonanI paudgalika UrjAnuM ja rUpAMtaraNa IlekTronanA vikiraNanuM nimitta bane che.74 AgamomAM jyAre sUryanA kiraNonA phoTonane nirjIva paugalika batAvyuM che tathA eno sparza jo varya nathI, to ene (phoTonane) uttarakAlika graMthonA AdhAra para sajIva mAnIne ilekTronane paNa enA AdhAra para sajIva batAvavuM AgamanI mAnyatAnuM ja khaMDana karyA barAbara che. sUryakiraNovALA phoTona ane mINabattI, dIvA athavA agninA prakAzanA phoTonane vijJAna zata-pratizata ekarUpa-samAna mAne che. to pachI sUrya prakAzano sparza paNa vajya mAnavo joIe. prazna 29: ahiMsA adhyAtmArgano mULAdhAra che. mATe AraMbha-samAraMbha choDavA e dareka sAdhakanuM mahattvanuM kartavya banI jAya che. tamAma AraMbha na chUTI zake to paNa mahAAraMbha to nAnA-moTA dareka sAdhake choDavA jarUrI bane che. uparokta aneka Agama pramANonI sAkSIthI vidyutaprakAza sacitta siddha thavAthI tenI virAdhanA choDavI e dareka sAdhakanuM kartavya bane che. taduparAMta SajIvanikAyanI virAdhanAmAM paNa agnikAyanI virAdhanA mahAAraMbha svarUpa hovAthI atyaMta tyAjya banI jAya che. bhagavatIsUtramAM bhagavAna zrI mahAvIra svAmI kAlodAyIne jaNAve che ke 'je se purise agaNikAyaM ujjAler3a se NaM purise mahAkammatarAe ceva, mahAkiriyatarAe ceva mahAsavatarAe ceva mahAvayaNatarAe ceva |....je se purise agaNikAyaM ujjAlei se NaM purise bahutarAgaM puDhAvikAyaM samAraMbhati, bahutarAgaM AukkAyaM samAraMbhati, appatarAyaM teUkAyaM samAraMbhati, bahutarAgaM tasakAyaM samAraMbhati bahutarAgaM vaNassaikAyaM samAraMmati, vaMdutarA tasavAya samAraMmati" (bhagavatIsUtra 7muM zataka, 10mo uddezo. sUtra-307) . matalaba ke "agnikAyane saLagAve che te jIva ghaNA pRthvIkAya, jalakAya vagere jIvono kaccaraghANa vALe che. mATe te mahAkarma bAMdhe che, mahAAraMbhakriyA kare che, mahAAzravano bhoga bane che, jajIvanikAyane mahAvedanA Ape che. AnAthI agnine saLagAvanAra, balba vagerene cAlu karIne vidyutaprakazane utpanna karanAra mANasa kharekhara mahAAraMbha ja kare che - tevuM siddha thAya che."75 A ja rIte AcAraMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nizIthabhASya, nizIthasUcUrNi, prazna vyAkaraNasUtra AdimAM paNa agnikAyanA mahA Arambha sambandhI sandarbha prApta che.76 221

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utta2 29: agnikAya teukAyanI hiMsAne jevI rIte mahAAraMbha batAvela che, e rUpamAM eno mahAAraMbha svIkAra karavAmAM kyAM Apatti che? e ja pramANe teukAyane AcAraMgamAM dIrdhalokazastra, uttarAdhyayanamAM savvabhakSI, dazavaikAlikamAM tIkSNa zasranA rUpamAM jema pratipAdita karyuM che, ene koNa asvIkAra kare che? jo vidyuta (ilekTrisiTI) paNa teukAya (agni) rUpa siddha thaI jAya, to enA para paNa e vAta lAgU thaI jaze. ilekTrisiTI kayA rUpamAM teukAya banI zake che ane kayA rUpamAM nahIM, enI vistRta carcA ApaNe karI cUkyA chIe. eTale jyAM enuM teukAyika rUpa pragaTa thAya che, tyAM ene agninI mAphaka ja mahA-AraMbha mAnavI ja paDaze. paNa jyAM-jyAM phakta paudgalika pariNamananA rUpamAM ja che, tyAM tyAM AraMbhavALI vAta lAgU paDatI nathI. prazna 30H ilekTrisiTInA vaparAzamAM teukAyanI to virAdhanA che ja. taduparAMta prakAzamAna balbanI garamInA lIdhe tenI bahAranI sapATI upara sparzamAM AvanArA vAyukAyanA jIvonI paNa hiMsA thAya che. tathA rAtre lAiTanA kAraNe kheMcAI AvatA aneka trasakAyanA jIvonI paNa virAdhanA thAya che. uttara 30: jo balbanI garamIthI bahAranA bhAga para sparzamAM AvanArA vAyukAyanA jIvonI hiMsA thAya, to pachI koIpaNa garama padArthane kAraNe pAtra vagere garama thavAthI sparzamAM AvanArA vAyukAyanA jIvanI hiMsA mAnavI paDaze. lAiTa para AvanArA trasa jIvonI hiMsA lAiTa karanAranA pramAda sAthe saMbaMdhita che. emAM paNa kare, karAve, anumode, manathI, vacanathI, kAyAthI joDAelA doSI thaze. (jema paMkhAnA viSayamAM batAvAyuM che, ema ja ahIM paNa lAgu paDaze.) prazna 31: jyAM vidyuta-pravAhamAM prakAza paNa nathI thato ke uSNatAmAna paNa vadhAre tIvra nathI thatuM, paNa khAlI vidyuta-urjAnuM gati-UrjAmAM rUpAMtaraNa ja thAya che, tyAM sacitta teukAyanI virAdhanA athavA hiMsA thAya che - ema mAnavuM kyAM sudhI saMgata che? dA.ta. selathI cAlatuM hAtha-ghaDiyALa. uttara 31 : hAthanA ghaDiyALamAM selathI vidyuta-pravAha ghaDiyALanI ilekTronika sisTamane calAve che. emAM kyAMya paNa agni athavA teukAyanA koI lakSaNa pragaTa nathI thatA. e sthitimAM e spaSTa che ke A phakta (korA) paudgalika pariNamana ja che. sAmAnya ghaDiyALa je spriMganI yAMtrika UrjAthI cAle che, e selavALI ghaDiyALamAM vidyutanI UrjAthI cAle che. jo vidyutanI yAMtrika Jain Educationa International 222 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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UrjAthI pariNamana mAtra ja sacitta teukAya che, to pachI zarIramAM paNa thanArI yAMtrika kriyAne sacitta teukAya mAnavuM paDaze. zarIramAM vidyuta-UrjAthI cAlatI gati Adi yAMtrika kriyAmAM jema koI paNa ThekANe teukAyanI virAdhanA nathI thatI, ema ja ghaDiyALamAM paNa evI virAdhanA nathI thatI, e spaSTa che. prazna 32 : mAikanA empliphAyara upara lAgelI lAiTo avAjanA Arohaavaroha sAthe jhabUkyA ja kare che ane temAM anya paNa lAiTo cAlu hoya che. e sivAya TrAnjhisTara, rejisTara, DAyoDsa vagere paNa temAM lAgelA hoya che. tathA mAika cAlu hoya tyAre emAMthI amuka pArTsa to puSkaLa garama thAya che ja. A bAbata mAtra mAikanA empilaphAyaramAM ja nahIM paraMtu ilekTrisiTI AdhArita phona (mobAila paNa), pheksa, kampyUTara, kelkyuleTara vagere tamAma vastumAM eka sarakhI rIte lAgu paDe che. temAMnA TrAnjhisTara game teTalA jhINA hoya to paNa te garamInuM to utsarjana kare che ja. A bAbata vijJAna ane anubhava baMne dRSTie nirvivAda che. penTiyama vagere kampyUTarsanI mukhya cipa paNa garama thAya ja che. mATe ja tene ThaMDI pADavA mATe hITa-sinka ane paMkho lagADavAmAM Ave che. AthI tyAM paNa jIvavirAdhanA spaSTa ja che. uttara 32 : ilekTrisiTI svayaM nirjIva che. evuM spaSTa siddha thayA pachI paNa A badhA sAdhanonuM sAdhu svayaM saMcAlana karI zake che, ema mAnavuM ThIka nathI. je sAdhanonA prayogamAM koI paNa prakAranI hiMsA kare, karAve, anumodavAnA rUpamAM na hoya tathA bIjA mahAvrato, samiti, guptinI virAdhanA na hoya, evA sAdhanono upayoga sAdhu pote kare athavA na kare, e vyavahArano prazna che. udAharaNArtha-sela dvArA saMcAlita ghaDiyALano prayoga karavAmAM AvuM kyAMye nathI thatuM, eTale e varjya nathI. mAika athavA lAiTa gRhasthonA upayoga mATe gRhastha cAlu kare, emAM sAdhune doSa kevI rIte lAge? phona, pheksa, Teleksa paNa vyavahArano viSaya che. je je vastuo kalpanIya che, e badhuM sAdhue karavuM jarUrI nathI. dravya, kSetra, kALa, bhAvanI apekSAonA AdhAra para eno prayoga nirdiSTa thaI zake che. e pramANe mAika vagereno prayoga paNa gRhastha loko potAnI sAMbhaLavAnI suvidhA mATe kare che. jema maMDapa sTeja Adi sabhAnI suvidhA mATe nirmita hoya che. ema ja mAika, lAuDaspIkara, empliphAyara vagereno prayoga paNa gRhastha Jain Educationa International 223 For Personal and Private Use Only

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loko potAnI suvidhA mATe kare che. jo maMDapa, sTeja Adino upayoga sAdhu kare che, to emane doSa nathI lAgato, to mAIkamAM sAdhuno avAja cAlyo javAthI eno doSa sAdhune kevI rIte lAgaze? TeliphonanI prakriyAmAM vidyuta-UrjAnuM dhvaninA rUpamAM parivartita thavuM paNa paugalika pariNamana che. jyAM sudhI teukAyanI virAdhanAno saMbaMdha che, TeliphonamAM vAta karavAthI AvuM thavAnI saMbhAvanA nathI. - saura selamAM saura UrjAthI vidyuta-UrjA pedA karI zakAya che. emAM paNa phakta paudgalika pariNamana ja che. sacitta teukAyano prasaMga nathI banato. jema vizvasA pariNamana phakta paugalika che, ene jIve banAvyA che ema mAnI nahi zakAya. sRSTinA badhAM pariNamanomAM jIva ane pudgalano saMyoga koIne koI rUpamAM joDAyelAM che. paNa eno artha ema nathI ke anantara rUpamAM badhAM pariNamanamAM jIvano yoga avazya che. (vistRta carcA prazna 23nA uttaramAM thaI gaI che.) prazna 33H eka mahattvano prazna e che ke terApaMthI sAdhu-sAdhvI paMkhAno upayoga kare che temAM zAsanaprabhAvanAno Azaya che ke kevaLa zarIranI sukhazIlatAne poSavAno Azaya che? paMkhAnA upayogamAM vAyukAyanI virAdhanA to spaSTa che ja. taduparAMta ghaNIvAra uDatA kabUtara vagerenI paNa virAdhanA tyAM thatI hoya che. to pachI paMkhAno upayoga terApaMthI sAdhuo zA mATe karatA haze? te samajI zakAtuM nathI. zuM AmAM jIvanabhara pajIvanikAyanI hiMsAno tyAga karavAnuM mahAvrata dUSita na thAya? 14 pUrvadhara zrIsvayaMbhavasUrijI mahArAje to dazavaikAlikasUtramAM "vene vA celakaNeNa vA hatyeNa vA muheNa vA appaNo vA kAyaM bAhiraM vA vi puggalaM na me na vInA' (da.vai.44) Ama kahIne "vastrathI ke vastranA cheDAthI ke hAthathI ke moDhethI potAnA zarIrane ke bahAranI koI paNa cIjane phUMkavAnuM ke vIMjhavAnuM kArya sAdhu mana-vacana-kAyAthI kera-karAve-anumode - AvI vAyukAyanI rakSAnI vAta jaNAvela che. 14 pUrvadharazrI bhadrabAhusvAmIjI mahArAje paNa AcArAMganiryuktimAM viyaNe a tAlayaMTe suppasiyapatta celakaNNe ya / abhidhAraNA ya bAhiM gaMdhaggI vAusatthAI / (A.ni.zru.1/a.1/3.7/gA.170) Ama kahIne vIMjhaNAM-paMkhA vagerene 224

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vAyukAyanI hiMsAnA sAdhana tarIke oLakhAvIne tenAthI dUra rahevAnI bhalAmaNa karelI che." uttara 33H paMkhAnA cAlavAthI vAyukAyanI virAdhanA thAya che, je sAdhu mATe karavuM, karAvavuM, anumodavuM, manathI, vacanathI, kAyAthI varSa che. paNa jyAM paMkho cAlato hoya, tyAM besavAthI vAyukAyanI virAdhanAno koI prasaMga nathI thato. jo paMkhAne sAdhu calAve athavA cAlatA paMkhAnI anumodanA kare. to avazya e doSanA bhAgIdAra banaze. jyAM sAdhu beThA hoya tyAM bIjI koI vyakti potAnI suvidhA mATe paMkho calAve, to emAM sAdhune doSI TharAvavA saMgata nathI. e sthitimAM sAdhunuM kartavya che ke e potAnA bhAvono saMyama kare - paMkhAthI maLanArA sukhanI kAmanA na kare, manathI paNa anumodanA na kare. jo koI ema kare to, to ene jarUra doSa lAgaze, e spaSTa che. jema gRhastha hiMsA karIne potAne mATe bhojana, pANI, vastra, makAna, davA Adino nirmANa kare ane sAdhune ApatAM sAdhu ene zuddha (nirdoSa) AhAra, pANI, AdinA rUpamAM grahaNa kare to sAdhune koI doSa nathI lAgato, paNa jo sAdhunA bhAvomAM e badhA tarapha koI prakAranI bhAvanA hoya athavA mAnasika anumodanA paNa hoya to sAdhu doSanA bhAgIdAra bane che. ema ja paMkhAnA saMbaMdhamAM che. paMkhAnI havA lAgavA mAtrathI enI hiMsAmAM sAdhune saMbhAgI mAnI levAmAM kAMIca aucitya dekhAtuM nathI. emAM koI be mata nathI ke sAdhune na svayaM vidyuta saMcAlita paMkhA calAvavA kalpa che, na calAvavA ane na anumodana karavuM. emA bhale vidyuta nirjIva che, hAtha paMkho paNa nirjIva ja che, paNa eno prayoga sAdhu mATe traNa karaNa traNayogathI varjya che. e ja pramANe vidyutathI cAlatA paMkhAmAM paNa che. have jo gRhastha potAnI suvidhA mATe paMkho calAve che, tyAM sAdhune rahevuM kahyuM che ke nahIM? A praznanuM gaMbhIra ciMtana jarUrI che che. jo sAdhu gRhastha dvArA cAlatA paMkhAnuM anumodana (mana, vacana, kAyAthI) na kare ane madhyastha bhAvathI tyAM rahe, to vAyukAyanI virAdhanAno doSa sAdhune kevI rIte lAgaze? kAraNa ke paMkhA dvArA thaI rahelI vAyukAyanI hiMsAmAM sAdhunI upasthiti koI paNa rUpamAM nimittabhUta nathI. A viSayanI carcA pahelA paNa thaI gaI che, jo tyAM paMkhA cAlatA hoya to tyAM sAdhune rahevAnuM ja nathI kalpatuM to pachI paMDAla (maMDa5) AdimAM rahevuM kevI rIte kahyuM? eTale spaSTa che ke je kriyAmAM sAdhu traNakaraNa-traNa yogathI joDAelA nathI, 225

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eno doSa sAdhune nathI lAgato. gRhastha potAnA upayogamAM lenArA je sAdhanono prayoga kare che, ane tyAM vAyukAya athavA trasakAya athavA koI paNa jIvanI hiMsA thatI hoya, to enuM pApa gRhasthane lAge che. jo sAdhu ene karatA nathI, karAvatA nathI, anumodana karatA nathI to eno doSa nathI lAgato. mAIka, lAITa AdinI carcA ApaNe karI cUkyA chIe. prazna 34: vaLI, bIjI eka mahattvanI vAta e che ke vidyutaprakAzanA vaparAzamAM ja mAtra sthAvarakAya ane trasakAya jIvonI virAdhanAno doSa lAge che - evuM nathI. ilekTrisiTInI utpattimAM paNa DhagalAbaMdha trasakAya paMcendriya jIvonI hiMsAno mahAdoSa lAgu paDe ja che. je mahAnadIomAM Dema bAMdhIne TarabAInanA mAdhyamathI mahAdoSa lAgu paDe ja che. je mahAnadIomAM Dema bAMdhIne TarabAInanA mAdhyamathI vidyuta utpanna karavAmAM Ave che tyAM TarabAInanA dhAradAra dAMtAothI lAkho mAchalAonI hiMsA thAya che. TarabAInanA dAMtAomAM phasAyelAkapAyelA mAchalAM vagerenA mAMsanA moTA jaththAnA lIdhe TarabAIna baMdha paDI na jAya te mATe dara cha-ATha kalAke tenA dAMtAone sApha karavA paDe che. temAMthI TanabaMdha mAMsa nIkaLe che. TarabAInanI najIkamAM vahetuM pANI paNa lohiyALa banI jatuM hoya che. ATalI ghora hiMsAnA bhoge ilekTrisiTI taiyAra thAya che. tenI hiMsAnuM ghora pApa IlekTrisiTIno upayoga karanArane avazya lAge ja che. Ama ilekTrisiTInA utpAdanamAM hiMsA ane te sacitta hovAthI tenA upabhogamAM paNa hiMsA doSa spaSTapaNe ubharAI Ave che. kharekhara tra-sthAvara baMne prakAranA DhagalAbaMdha jIvonI hiMsAthI kalaMkita thayelA mAIka-lAiTa-phena-phona-pheksa vagereno sIdho vaparAza jIvanabhara sarva hiMsAnA tyAgI evA jaina sAdhu-sAdhvIjI bhagavaMto kaI rIte karI zake? tema kare to temanuM ahiMsA mahAvrata kaI rIte nirmaLa rahI zake?" uttara 34: jaina sAdhu evI koI cIjano prayoga nathI karI zakatA, jemAM mahAAraMbha to zuM, alpa AraMbha paNa hoya. eTale AhAra Adi paNa sahajaniSpanna hoya to ja sAdhu grahaNa karI zake. AhAranI jema ja vastra, pAtra, upakaraNa, sthAna, davA vagere badhI cIjo AraMbha vagara kyAMya paNa banatI nathI, enA AraMbhamAM paNa vIjaLIno prayoga anaMtara athavA paraspara rUpamAM thAya ja che. jo vIjaLInI utpattimAM mahAAraMbhanA AdhAra para enA upayogane sado mAnIe to pachI vIjaLInI sahAyatAthI niSpanna badhI cIjono paNa upayoga 226

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sAdhu kevI rIte karI zake? je pramANe saraLatAthI niSpanna upayukta cIjono upayoga sAdhu mATe vihita karI che, e ja pramANe mAIka, lAITa Adi gRhasthonI suvidhA mATe gRhastho dvArA prayukta hoya to eno doSa sAdhune kevI rIte lAge? TarabAinamAM mAchalI Adine kApavAnI hiMsAnI kriyA ene lAge je karavuM, karAvavuM ane anumodita rUpamAM enI sAthe joDAyelA che, pachI bhale e sAdhu hoya athavA gRhastha. gRhasthane potAnI suvidhA mATe lAgelA mAIka, lAITa Adino doSa jA sAdhune paNa lAge to pachI gRhastho mATe nirmita maMDapa, sTeja, makAna (upAzraya) Adino doSa sAdhune kema lAgato nathI? jyAM sudhI dharma-pracArano saMbaMdha che hiMsAnA mAdhyamathI dharma pracAra karavo paNa jyAre adharma che to hiMsA dvArA dharma-pracAra karavo kevI rIte yogya che? paNa jema pustaka-mudraNa vageremAM lAgelI kriyA sAdhune nathI lAgatI e ja pramANe mAIka vagerenI kriyA paNa sAdhune kevI rIte lAge? jo dharmapracAra mATe pustaka AdinuM lakhavuM sAdhu karI zake che to pachI yatanApUrvaka upadeza ApavAmAM sAdhu kevI rIte doSI thaze? mAIka Adi gRhastha potAnI suvidhA mATe kare che. na pustakanA mudraNamAM sAdhu kRta, kArita, anumodita rUpamAM saMlagna thaI che na mAika AdinA prayogamAM. jaina sAdhu pAMca mahAvratonuM pAlana karatAM karatAM dharma-pracAra kare che. eTale teo pustaka-mudraNa jevI sAvadya pravRttione karI zakatA nathI, nathI karAvI zakatA, na enuM anumodana karI zake. jo A saMbaMdhamAM teo mahAvratonuM pAlana vaphAdArIthI karI zake che to pachI dharma-upadeza ane pracAranA kAryane e pramANe kema na karI zake? pustaka-mudraNa ane mAika, lAITa Adi sAthe sAdhunI saMlagnatA sarakhI che. nizcita ja saMyama-dharmane vizuddha rAkhIne ja jaina sAdhu dharma-pracAra kare, eja vAMchanIya che. AcArya tulasIe terApaMthanI nItine spaSTa karatA "mAIka Adi viSayanI carcA A pramANe karI che - taTasthatAnI nIti saMzodhana ane parivartananI nItinI sAthe thoDA viSayomAM ame taTasthatAnI nIti apanAvI che. phoTo, TeparekorDiMga, vIjaLI vagere kaMIka evA viSaya che. gRhastha potAnI prayojanothI eno prayoga kare che, emAM sAdhu taTastha rahe to koI doSa pratIta thato nathI. taTasthatAnI nItimAM mArA abhiprAya che - niSedha ane anumodana, e baMnethI bacIne apramatta bhAvathI vyavahAra karavAnI nIti. 227

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pramAdavaza koI bhUla thaI javI asaMbhava nathI. bhUlanuM samarthana paNa nahIM karavuM joIe. jo e kAryomAM sAdhunI preraNA athavA lagAva hoya to e vAMchanIya nathI. enI sAthe sAthe ema mAnIne besI rahevuM na joIe ke A kAryomAM preraNA athavA lagAva thayA vagara rahI ja na zakAya. vyavahAranI evI aneka pravRttio che, jemAM sAdhue taTastha rahevuM jarUrI che - samarthana ane niSedha, e baMnethI bacIne potAnI sthitimAM rahevuM joIe." mAIkano prayoga mukhya sAMbhaLavAvALAnI upayogitA che. sAdhu emAM bole to eNe paNa pUrI taTasthatA rAkhavI paDe che. eno niSedha na kare to enI preraNA paNa nahi karavI joIe. niSedha ane preraNA baMne vacceno rasto kharekhara bahu ja sAMkaDo che. paNa enA para na cAlI zakAya, ema nahi mAnavuM joIe. ukta pravRttiomAM muni nimitta bane che, ane nimitta banavAthI bacavuM deha dhAraNa ane vyavahAranI sthitimAM saMbhava kyAM che? jo muni A pravRttiomAM lipta na thAya to enI AsaktithI potAne bacAvI zake che. prazna 35H mahattvanI vAta to e che ke sacitta teukAyanA lakSaNo jemAM dekhAya che tevI ilekTrisiTImAM ane balba prakAzamAM nirjIvatAno nizcaya asarvajJane kaI rIte thaI zake? mATe asarvajJa vyakti to tevo vyavahAra na ja karI zakhe. jo potAnI pAse rahelI sAdhana-sAmagrI dvArA koI paNa cIjamAM nirjIvatAno abhrAnta nirNaya na thAya to chadmastha sAdhaka te cIjano vaparAzaupabhoga utsargamArge na ja karI zake - AvuM jaNAvavA mATe to zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIre kevalajJAnanA baLathI taLAvanA pANIne acitta jANavA chatAM paNa atyaMta tRSAtura thayelA sAdhuone te prAsuka-nirjIva jaLa vAparavA mATenI anujJA na ApI. kAraNa ke kevaLajJAnathI nirjIva dekhAtuM te pANI chadmastha jIva pAse rahelI jJAnasAmagrI dvArA nirjIva tarIke nizcita thaI zake tema na hatuM. tema chatAM jo tRSAtura sAdhuone te pANI pIvAnI bhagavAna chUTa Ape to bhaviSyakALamAM aneka jIvo potAnI pAse rahelI sAdhanasAmagrIthI acitta tarIke na jaNAtI cIja vastuo paNa prastuta daSTAntanA AlaMbanathI utsargamArga vaparAza karavA mAMDe tevI khoTI paraMparA UbhI thAya. paramakRpALu paramAtmA AvuM kaI rIte thavA de? mATe temaNe te acitta paNa pANI pIvAnI anujJA na ApI. A samagra ghaTanA AcArAMgavRttimAM zrIzIlAMkAcArye A mujaba darzAvela che. 'kAlatastvacittatA svabhAvataH svAyuHkSayeNa vA, sA ca paramArthatoDatizayajJAnenaiva 228

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samyak parijJAyate, na chAdmasthikajJAneneti na vyavahAra-pathamavatarati / ata eva ca tRSADatipItAnAmapi sAdhunAM svabhAvataH svAyuH kSayeNADacittIbhUtamati taDAgodakaM pAnAya vardhamAnasvAmI bhagavAn nAnujJAtavAn, itthaMbhUtasyADacittIbhavanasya chadmasthAnAM durlakSyatvena mA bhUt sarvatrA'pi taDAgodake sacitteDapi pAzcAtyasAdhunAM pravRttiprasaGga rUti kRtvA" (AcArAMganiryukti-adhyayana-1 pRthvIkAya(gA.13nI vRtti). A ati uttama aitihAsika ane Agamika Adarzane najara samakSa rAkhIne, prakAza-dAhakatA vagere teukAyanA lakSaNo jemAM jaNAya che tevI IlekTrisiTIno, vidyutaprakAzano, ilekTrisiTI AdhArita tamAma sAdhanono sargika vaparAza sarvahiMsAnA jIvanabhara tyAgI evA sAdhu-sAdhvIjI bhagavaMto kaI rIte karI zake? - AnAthI phalita thAya che ke - kevalajJAnathI nirjIva tarIke nizcita thatuM pANI paNa zrutajJAnanI dRSTie nirjIvarUpe siddha thatuM na hoya to teno sacittarUpe ja vyavahAra karavo e ja sarvajJa tIrthakara bhagavaMtone mAnya che. matalaba ke sacittaacittano vyavahAra tathA nirNaya karavo ApaNA mATe kevalajJAna karatAM paNa zrutajJAna baLavAna pramANa siddha thAya che. A apekSAe kevalajJAna karatAM paNa zrutajJAna baLavAna siddha thAya che to pAMgaLI buddhi ke zuSka tarka karatAM to zruta vadhu baLavAna ja bane ne! ApaNA mATe to zrutajJAnanI ja sauthI vadhu vizvasaniyatA-upAdeyatA-pramANarUpatA che - AvuM jAhera karavA mATe to "zratadhara gaveSaNA karIne, zratanA upayogathI nirdoSa tarIke jANIne je gocarI lAve te gocarI kevalIne doSita jaNAtI hoya to paNa kevalajJAnI te gocarIne vApare che. bAkI to mRta apramANa banI jAya - AvuM bhadrabAhusvAmIjIe piMDaniryuktimAM jaNAvela che. A rahI te gAthA Aho suovauto suyanANI jai vi giNhai asuddhaM / te vartI vi muMba mAmAnuM surya ma da ra || (gA. 524). * Ama ApaNA mATe to koI paNa atIndriya padArthanA svarUpa vagere vizenI mUMjhavaNa dUra karavA mATe zrata ja atyaMta AdaraNIya, parama vizvasanIya, daDha AdhArabhUta ane prabaLa pramANabhUta che. vartamAnamAM upalabdha paMcAMgI Agama ane AgamAlaMbI zrutanA mAdhyamathI uparokta rIte vicAravimarza karatAM emane to ilekTrisiTI ane balba prakAza vagere sacitta agnikAya tarIke ja nizcitarUpe jaNAya che. bhavabhI-pApabhIru muniomumukSuo-zraddhALu ArAdhako A bAbatamAM madhyasthatAthI AgamAnusAre nirNaya karI 229

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zake te mATe morDana sAyansanA paNa saiddhAntika vacano prastuta vicAraNAmAM AdhArarUpe batAvela che. baMne eMgalathI vicAraNA karatAM amane IlekTrisiTI ane vidyuta balbano prakAza - A baMne sacita agnikAyarUpe ja asaMdigdha rIte jaNAya che." uttara 35H koI vastunI sajIvatA-nirjIvatAne sarvajJa dvArA kahelA nirdezonA AdhAra para asarvajJa jANI zake che. jema garama pANI athavA zastrapariNata pANI sAdhu grahaNa kare che, e vakhate sAdhu sarvajJa dvArA nirdiSTa kasoTIono AdhAra para bane che. e ja pramANe agnikAya mATe sarvajJo dvArA nirdiSTa kasoTIone kasIne e nirNaya levo asarvajJa mATe koI muzkela nathI ke vidyuta (IlekTrisiTI) potAnAmAM nirjIva che. enA kayA prayogamAM agnikAya athavA vAyukAya athavA trasakAya athavA anya koI jIvanI hiMsA thaI zake che ke nathI thaI zakatI - eno nirNaya paNa sarvajJa dvArA batAvelI kasoTIonA AdhAra para pheraphAra karI zakAya che. jema hAtha paMkho athavA paMkhAnA prayoga vAyukAyanI virAdhanAmAM spaSTa kAraNabhUta bane che e ja pramANe vIjaLI dvArA cAlatA paMkhA paNa vAyukAyanI virAdhanAnuM kAraNa bane che. eTale sAdhu svayaM vIjaLInA paMkhAne calAve nahi, ne bIjA pAse calAve na cAlatA paMkhAnI anumodanA kare. paNa guhastho dvArA potAnI suvidhAthI calAvAelA paMkhAnI nIce beThelA sAdhune vAyukAyanI virAdhanAno doSI kevI rIte mAnI zakAya? jo manathI paNa enuM anumodana e kare to doSa lAgaze. jaina sAdhu je paNa cIjo grahaNa kare che e acitta nirjIva che, evo nirNaya Agama, zrata, AjJA, dhAraNA ane jIta - A pAMca vyavahAro para kare che. A viSayamAM zrImavAcArye bahu ja spaSTa rUpamAM pratipAdita karyuM che (juo, TippaNa saMkhyA 42) A AdhAra para terApaMtha dharmasaMghamAM rAkha athavA cUnAthI banAveluM pANI acitta mAnIne grahaNa karAya che. phaLa AdinA saMdarbhamAM paNa kayuM phaLa kaI sthitimAM sacitta che, kaI sthitimAM acitta che, eno nirNaya karavA mATe judI judI kasoTIo nirdhArita karAI che. e ja pramANe sela dvArA cAlatA ghaDiyALano prayoga yogya mAnyo che. ghaNI badhI pravRttio sadoSa nahi hoya, to paNa jyAM sudhI ene varya mAnIe, tyAM sudhI koIpaNa sAdhu terApaMtha dharmasaMghamAM e pravRttio karI zakatA nathI. e AdhAra para mAIka, lAiTa vagerenA prayoga sAdhu svayaM nathI karatA. gRhastha potAnI suvidhA mATe kare che, paNa mAikamAM sAdhunA zabda 230

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javAthI sAdhune doSa lAgato nathI. sahaja-niSpanna lAiTa Adino prakAza kAmamAM levAthI sAdhune doSa lAgato nathI, eTale A prakAzanA kAryonuM vidhAna terApaMthanI maryAdAmAM ciMtanapUrvaka kareluM che. "zrutadhara (muni) gaveSaNA karIne zrutanA upayogathI nirdoSa svarUpa jANyA pachI je grahaNa kare che, e kevalIne azuddha (doSayukta) joIne pachI kevalI eno upayoga kare che, anyathA zruta apramANita thaI jAya che." - A udAharaNa ja bahu ja spaSTatAthI zrutajJAnanA nirNayane kasoTIone kasIne pachI zuddha batAve che. vidyuta-viSayaka avadhAraNA para je ciMtana prastuta karyuM che, e nirjIva rUpamAM ene siddha kare che. A zrutajJAnanA AdhAra ja vyavahAramAM svIkArya che. (A pahelA paNa spaSTa karI cUkyA chIe ke jyAM sudhI prAmANyano saMbaMdha che, terApaMtha mULa 32 Agamone ja pramANanA rUpamAM svIkAra kare che. pacAMgInuM pramANya mAnya nathI. prazna 36 : piMDaniryuktimAM 'naM saMyimAvo vaLavIsa' (gA. 521) ema kahIne zrI bhadrabAhusvAmIjIe jaNAvelI anya eka vAta anivAryapaNe ahIM yAda AvI jAya che. gocarI vahoravA gayelA sAdhune 'sAme rahelI bhojanAdi sAmagrI sacitta che ke acitta ?' tevI zaMkA paDe ane te zaMkAnuM nivAraNa na thavA chatAM te cIjane vahore to te sAdhune sacittabhakSaNanimittaka karmabaMdha thAya che, nahi ke acittabhakSaNanimittaka lAbha. te dRSTikoNathI vicAratAM kahI zakAya ke uparokta aneka Agama pramANa vagere dvArA koI vyaktine 'ilekTrisiTI ane vidyutaprakAza banne sacitta che' tevo nirNaya na thavA chatAM 'te sacitta che ke acitta ?' AvI zaMkA paNa thAya to zaMkAgrasta tevI vyaktine mAika-lAiTa vagere vAparavAthI teukAya virAdhanAnimittaka karmabaMdha ja thAya. ATalI vAta to nizcita ja che. atyAra sudhI ahIM je vicAraNA karavAmAM Avela che tenAthI prAjJone ilekTrisiTI ane balbaprakAza vagerenI sajIvatA aMge zaMkA paNa na thAya tevuM zuM zakya jaNAya che? - uttara 36: pahelA to zaMkAne sthAna ja nathI. uparanA pUrA vivecanathI sArI rIte spaSTa karavAmAM AvyuM che ke ilekTrisiTI pote ja potAnAmAM phakta paudgalika pariNamana ja che, to pachI zaMkAne sthAna ja kyAM che? jyAM sudhI lAiTa, mAika vagereno saMbaMdha che, ene mATe jema upara spaSTa karyuM che ke jo sAdhu kare-karAve-anumodanAthI mukta rahe che to pachI ene kevI rIte enA doSI manAya? Jain Educationa International 231 For Personal and Private Use Only

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potAnA vyavahAramAM potAnA nirNayano AdhAra potAnA viveka ane saMyama ja bane che. bhojana Adi grahaNa karavAmAM paNa zaMkAnA nivAraNano AdhAra potAno viveka ane saMyama ja che. enA AdhAra zaMkA vagara rahIne sAdhu bhojana Adi grahaNa kare che. e ja pramANe prastuta prasaMgamAM paNa jyAre e zaMkA nathI ke "ilekTrisiTI kadAca sajIva che", to e AdhAra para nirNaya karI zakAya. ilekTrisiTIno kayA prayogamAM A saMbhAvanA che, eno nirNaya karIne zaMkAthI mukta thaIne e saMbaMdhamAM vyavahAra karAya to jarA paNa Apatti nathI. Jain Educationa International 232 For Personal and Private Use Only

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LP - 2 TippaNI-kama 9. 4449112840, agd 284} foda (laly zulalil), 4. 94. 2. 284, 49 90, 91, 96 3. balbamAM TaMgTananA tAranI pasaMdagI kema thAya che, e nimna uddharaNathI 248 2414 9. (-226zell 20141) "How does a regular lamp (light b ulb) work? A normal incandescent lamp contains a double-wound tungsten filament inside a gas-filled glass bulb. By "double-round", I mean that a very fine wire is first wound into a long, thin spiral and then this spiral is again wound into a wider spiral. While the final filament looks about I or 2 centimeters long, it actually contains about 1 meter of fine tungsten wire. When the bulb is on, an electric current flows through the filament from one end to the other. The electrons making up this current carry energy, both in their motion and in the forces that they exert on one another. As they flow through the fine tungsten wire, these electrons collide with the tungsten atoms and transfer some of their energy to .those tungsten atoms. The tungsten atoms and the filament become extremely hot, typically about 2500deg Celsius. Tungsten wire is used because it tolerates these enormous temperatures without melting and because it resists sublimation longer than any other material. Sublimation is when atoms "evaporate" from the surface of a solid. The gas inside the bulb is there to slow sublimation and extend the life of the filament. Once the filament is hot, it tends to transfer heat to its colder surroundings. While much of its heat leaves the filament via convection and conduction in the gas and glass bulb, a significant fraction of this heat leaves the filament via thermal radiation. For any object that is hotter than about 500deg Celsius, some of 233

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this thermal raidiation is visible light and for an object that is about 2500deg Celsius, about 10% is visible light. The light that you see from the bulb is the visible portion of its thermal radiation. However, most of the filament's thermal radiation is invisible infrared light. While you can feel this infrared light warming your hand, you can't see it. Because only about 80% of the electric power delivered to the bulb becomes thermal radiation and only about 12% of that thermal radiation is visible, an incandescent light bulb is only about 10% energy efficient. Other types of lamps, including flourescent and gas discharge lamps, are much more energy efficient." 4. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha, pRSTha 19, 20 5. prathama bhAganI TippaNI 44 (a),(b),(c) darzAvI che. 6. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha, pRSTha 102 7. (a) Satish K. Gupta, op. cit., p. 736 "Hertz's experimental arrangement consists of two metal plates P and P, held parallel to each other and connected to two metal spheres, S, and S, through thick metallic rods R, and R. The distance between the metal plates was about 60 cm and the separation between the two spheres was about 2-3 cm. The spheres can be slided over the rods, so as to adjust the gap between them. An induction coil is used to apply a high voltage of several thousand volt across the two metal plates. When the discharge of metal plates takes place in the form of a spark in the gap between spheres S, and S,, eelctromagnetic waves are radiated. The waves so radiated can be detected with the help of a detector made of a circular coil and two metal spheres S,' and S P Jain Educationa International INDUCTION COIL S P1 P2 R1 QS, R2 234 is is o DETECTOR For Personal and Private Use Only.

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Explanation. The high potential difference across the metal plates ionises the air between the sphers S, and S, and allows a path for discharge of plates. During the discharge of plats, a sparks is produced between the spheres due to the high potential difference. (= 5 x 10' Hz). It results in oscillations of charges on the plates at such a high frequency. Therefore, a highly ascillating electricfied is produced acrass the vertical gap between the tow sphers. It, in turn, produces a highly oscillating magnetic field of same frequency in horizontal plane and perpendicular to the gap between the spheres. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields constitute electromagnetic waves of the same frequency ( 5 x 107 Hz.) and these waves are radiated from the spark gap." Text-book of Physics (Std. XII), part II, Pages 95-97- Here, Q, and Q, are two metallic spheres. Joined to them are two metallic rods M and N with some space between called spark gap S. The rods are connected to the two terminals of an induction coil to provide high intermittant voltage. The spheres Q, and Q, act as capacitors and the rods acts as inductors. This arrangement threfore, acts as an oscillagling circuit in which atternately Q, and Q, acquire positive and negative charges which reverse in their polarity each time a spark passes across the gap S. The process repeats itself rapidly with a difinite period. The electromagnetic waves generated in the process are detected by another spark gap arrangement R placed at some distance from 235

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S. The spheres Q, and Q, which can be adjusted along the rods M and N are slided so that the circuit of the gap S is in resonancw with R. The electromagnetic waves generated at S are then detected as sparks occuring across the gap R. When a spark passes across S, a stream of electrons pass across the spark gap from the negatively charged sphere to the positively charged sphere, reversing their polarities. In this situation the direction of the electric field at C and D will be reversed. Thus, at each passage of spark the polarity of charges on Q, and Q2 reverses and the electric field dirction in the surrounding region also reverses; i.e. the electric field oscillates. Further, the stream of electrons crossing the spark gap constitutes a current. This alternating current in the spark gap generates an alternating magnetic filed in the neighbourhood. Application of Ampere's right hand rule readily shows that the resulting magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field. According to Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory, these electric and magnetic fields in the neighbourhood do not appear instantaneously. The influence of the oscillations of S spread to the neighbouring region with velocity of light. Thus, at various points in the region around S, the oscillations have phases which depend upon their distance from S. juo, bhAga pahelo, TippaNa 54,55 9. (c) 8. juo, bhAga pahelo, TippaNa 61 9. http://www.edmtt.com/articles reports/edmprocesses.html. by Dean Brink, President and Technical Director, EDM Technolgoy Transfer. EDM: Principles of operation, Part I, Different types of machining processes that use EDM. Pages 1, 2, 3 10. G.E.C. Type K Oil Circuit Breakers, by The General Electric Company of India Ltd. Circuit Breaker Type K range of oil circuit breakers have been designed for use on systems upto 660 volts and for normal current ratings upto 1200 A. The circuit breakers are of fabricated sheet steel construction and specially designed for installations in situation where reliability and robust construction are essential. All circuit breakers are subjected to a series of routine mechanical and electrical tests to ensure proper and reliable working in service. Jain Educationa International 236 For Personal and Private Use Only

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aa Adna The circuit breaker has double break contacts, the contacts being of spring loaded multifinger type engaging with a moving crossbar and giving high pressure line contact. The trip free operating mechanism is self contained and all working parts are adequately electroplated. Gaskets are provided to prevent oil throw and to seal off dirt and dust. Mechanical ON/OFF indication of the breaker is provided and connections are available for electrical indication. All circuit breakers of the same rating are interchangeable. Isolating contacts The main isolating finger contacts are of the self aligning multiple plugand-socket type with silver to silver contact faces, and designed to ensure high-pressure multi-line contacts; they are mounted on robust insulation bases. Secondary isolating plugs and sockets which are spring mounted to ensure self-alignment are provided for auxiliary and control circuit connections. Interlocks A system of mechanical interlocks ensures that it is not possible to make or break the load on the isolating contacts or remove the breaker tank and top plate while the circuit breaker is ON. Trip Coils Any combination of over current, earth fault, under voltage and shunt trip coils, upto a maximum of four, can be incorporated. Jain Educationa International 237 For Personal and Private Use Only

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** SSR . Over current coils are adjustable from 75% to 200% of the full load current and are fitted with oil dashpot time lags having an inverse time characteristic. The settings of the overload trip coils can be adjusted from the front of the circuit breaker. The dashpots are fitted with a padlocking device to prevent unauthorised alteration of the settings. Earth fault trip coils are available with tappings to suit individual requirements. Current Transformers The current transformers are of air cooled ring type and comply with the appropriate British & Indian Standard Specifications and are fitted on each phase within the circuit breaker. 11. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhata grantha, pRSTha 24 12. ejana, pRSTha 25 13. ejana, pRSTha 26, 27 "A light bulb also has most of the air sucked out of it. If it did not, wire would actually burn up instantly. When a light bulb 'burns out', it is because the filament slowly vaporizes." [url:http.//www.madsci.org/ posts/archives/May 97/864507907.ph.r.h tme.)" 14. ejana, pRSTha 27 "Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon were later added to the bulbs to reduce tungsten evapouration, or sublimation." [url.http//www.geocities.com/bio-electrochemistry/coolidge.html.)" 238

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15. ejana, pRSTha 27-30 16. ejana, pRSTha 31, 32 17. ejana, pRSTha 26 (pUrva prazna 7mAM udbhata) 12. ejana, pRSTha 32, 33 19. juo prathama bhAgano sAtamo prabhAga (pRSTha 42) 20. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhata grantha, pRSTha 33-35 21. ejana, pRSTha 36, 37 22. ejana, pRSTha 37-43 23. (a) Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., p. 502- "Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field lines Magnetic field. The space around a magnet (or a conductor carrying current), in which its magnetic effect can be experienced, is called the magnetic field. The magnetic field in a region is said to be uniform, if the magnitude of its strength and direction is same at all the points in that region. A uniform magnetic field is represented by equidistant parallel arrows, The magnetic field of a bar magnet can be plotted by using a small compass needle. It is found that the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet and a current carrying straight solenoid are identical. Fig. shows the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. It follows that magnetic field produced by a current carrying straight solenoid is identical to that produced by a bar magnet. The magnetic field lines do not exist in reality. This hypothetical concept has been developed in order to visualize the strength of magnetic field in different regions and the effect of magnetic field. The regions, where the magnetic field lines are close enough (crowded), the magnetic field is considered as quite strong there. 239

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(b) 2. Usually, the strength of magnetic field B is simply called magnetic field. Magnetic field line. The magnetic field line is the path along which an isolated north pole will tend to move, if it is free to do so." Text-book of Physics (Std. XII) Part 2, Pages 39-42, 48, 49 "The large scale supply of electrical power for the household and the industrial uses is through a different process-conversion of mechanical energy to the electrical energy by means of suitable generators (turbines) in power houses. In this chapter we will learn about the principles involved in generation of power in this way, viz. the electromagnetic induction. 1. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday' Experiments woors NS V = 0 11=0 1 (a) 000000 NS 1 (b) 10000NS V=0 1 = 0 1 (c) 1000 m 1 (d) 240

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A scientist named Michel Faraday discovered in the year 1831 that a change in the value of the magnetic flux linked with a conducting coil give rise to the induction of an electron motive force in the coil. The emf generated this way is called the induced emf. Fig. 1 illustrates simple experiment which demonstrates the electromagnetic induction. In this experiment, a sensitive galvenometer is connected in series with a conducting coil. In fig. 1(a), a bar magnet is held stationary with respect to the coil. No deflection of galvenometer is observed under this situation. Now if the bar magnet is quickly moved towards the coil, with one of its poles facing the coil, the galvenometer records a deflection, showing that some current flows through the coil. It is also seen that faster the magent is moved, greater is the deflection of the galvenometer. Similiar effects are also observed if the coil is moved keeping the magnet fixed. Again, deflection in opposite direction is observed. When the magnet is moved away, to that recorded when the magnet is moved towards the coil. If the galvenometer deflects on one side when a particular pole is facing the coil (say north pole), delection of the opposite sense is recorded if the other pole is made to face the coil; when the magnet is brought near the coil. Also whenever, the coil and the magnet are stationary with respect to each other, no deflection is observed. The above results can be understood as follows. When the bar magnet is near the coil some of the magnetic lines of force are passing through the coil; that is "some magnetic flux is linked with the coil". Now when there is relative motion between the coil and the magnet, the amount of flux linked with the coil is changing. When the relative motion stops, there is no further chang in the amount of the flux linked. So we conclude that, "when there is a change in the flux linked with the coil, there is an emf generated in the coil". The observation that a faster motion of the magnet gives rise to a larger defiection, shows that the emf generated depends upon the rate of change of the flux linking the coil. The current resulting from this "induced emf" is called the "induced current". To cause the change in the flux linked with the coil, it is not necessary to have a bar magnet. If two coils S and P are placed near each other as shown in fig. 2; and a key connected in the circuit of the coil P is switched on and off so that current alternately flows and stops flowing through the coil P, the galvenmeter connected in the circuit with the coil S alternately 241

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shows a deflection on one and the other side. Further, if a steady current is maintained in the coil P and the two coils are moved relative to each other, then also a current is induced in the coil S. Here, it is the flux generated by the current in the coil P that links with the coil S and a change in that flux causes an induced emf in the coil S. mooooo rosso 2. Lenz's Law We have yet not said anything regarding the magnitude and the direction of the inducted emf. This direction of emf and the resultig direction of the induced current can be inferred from the considerations based on the principle of conservation of energy and this leads us to Lenz's law. When a current flows in a coil, magnetic flux is produced due to this current and the coil now acts as a magnet. Which face of the coil acts like a north pole and which face becomes a south pole depends upon the direction of the current in the coil. Fig. 3 shows a cross section of the coil. Looking at the coil if the currentappears to be flowing through, it in a counterclockwise direction, then the side of the coil facing the observer is its north pole. If the current appears Clockwise then the side towards the observer is the south pole. This is made clear in fig. 3. Consider moving a bar magnet with its north pole towards the coil. When the magnet is moved towards the coil, if the induced current is such that the side of the coil facing the magnet becomes a south pole, then there would be a force of attraction betweer the magnet and the coil, and due to this force magnet would be further drawn nearer. Thus, the induced current would be gen 242

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erated without doing work. Heat? energy can now be obtained by connecting a resistance to its circuit, without spending any mechanical energy. One can see that this violates the conservation of energy. So, when a north pole of the magnet is brought near the coil, the side of the coil towards the magnet must become the north pole, so that the induced current resists the motion of the magnet. It is the work done is moving the magnet against this force, that gets converted to the electrical energy and can be used, for example to generate the heat energy as I?Rz. Thus, we see that the direction of the induced current and the corresponding direction of the resulting magnetic field is a consequence of the conservation of energy. This leads us to Lenz's law which states : "If an agency generates an induced emf through its action (such as motion of the magnet as illustrated) the induced emf would be such that the current produced by this emf would generate a magnetic field such as to oppose the action of the agency." 3. Faraday's Law Faraday gave the law relating the induced emf in a circuit with the rate of change of the flux as "the negative time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with a circuit is equal to the induced emf in the circuit." 4. Self Induction We have learnt that when a current passes through a coil, some magnetic field is created so that the coil itself behaves like a magnet. The magnetic flux prroduced by the current in the coil is linked with the coil itself (fig. 8), and when the current in the coil changes, this flux linked with the coil also changes.Under such circumstances also, there would be an emf induced in the coil which is called the "self induction". If the number of turns in a coil is N and the flux linked with each turn is f, then the total flux linked with the coil is No. ..... . XX ....... whunt 243

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The parameter L (i.e., total flux due to unit current) here is called the self inductance of the coil. Its value depends upon the size and shape of the coil as well as the number of turns. It also depends upon the magnetic property of the medium of the space within the coil, e.g., if the coil is wound around a soft iron core (after ensuring proper insulation) it attains a very large value. 24. je rIte phoTona kaNa ane taraMga baMne rUpomAM vyavahAra kare che, e rIte ja ilekTrona paNa kaNa ane taraMga baMne rUpamAM vyavahAra kare che. e tathyane bhautikazAstramAM A rIte samajAvela che. Satish K. Gupta, op.cit., pp. 1093, 1094 "Dual Nature of Radiation The phenomena such as interference, diffraction and polarisation were successfully explained on the basis of wave nature of light. On the other hand, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, etc. can be explained on the basis of quantum nature of radiation. For instance, in photoelectric effect, when a photon of radiation strikes a metal surface, it gives up all its energy to a single electron in an atom and the electron is knocked out of the metal. It carries a part of the energy of the incident photon. In Compton effect, when an X-ray photon is incident on a free electron, the electron recoils along a definite direction with some energy depending upon the direction along which incident photon is scattered. From these two effects, it appears as if a particle (photon of radiation) is colliding against and another particle (electron). Hence, it became necessary to assume that in photoelectric effect and Compton effect, radiation exhibits particle nature. The various phenomena concerning radiation can be divided into three parts : (i) The phenomena such as interference, diffraction, polarisation, etc. in which interaction of radiations takes places with radiation itself. Such phenomena can be explained on the basis of electro-magnetic (wave) nature of radiation only. The phenomena such as photoelectric effect, Compton effect, etc. in which interaction of radiation takes place with matter. Such phenomena can be explained on the basis of quantum (particle) nature of radiation. (ii) The phenomena such as rectilinear propagation, reflection, refractin. etc. in which the interaction of radiation takes place neither with itself, nor with matter. Such phenomena can be explained on the basis of either of the two natures of the radiation (ii) 244

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It may be pointed out that in a particular experiment, radiation has a particular nature i.e. either it possesses wave nature or particle nature. De-Broglie Waves Radiation behaves both as wave and particle. In 1924, Loius de-Broglie put forward a bold hypothesis that matter should also possess dual nature. The folloowing observations led him to the duality hypothesis for matter: 1. 2. The whole energy in this universe is in the form of matter and electromagnetic radiation. The nature loves symmetry. As the radiation has got dual nature, matter should also possess dual nature. Thus according to de-Broglie, a wave is associated with every moving particle. These waves are called de-broglie waves or matter waves. According to quantum theory of radiation, energy of a photon is given by E = hv Therefore, the wavelength of the photon is given by h l= (p is momentum). de-Broglie asserted that the equation is completely a general formula and applies to photons as well as other moving particles. The momentum of a particle of mass m moving with velocity v is m v. Hence, de-Broglie wavelength is given by l= h mv This is called de-Broglie relation. It connects the momentum, which is characteristic of the particle with the wavelength, which is characteristic of the wave. 25. (a) tarala padArthomAM vidyuta-pravAhane pravAhita karI rAsAyaNika prabhAvathI 'ilekTrolAisisa' dvArA rAsAyaNika beTarIomAM vidyuta utpanna karI zakAya che. e samajavA juo, Satish K. Gupta, op. cit. p. 346 "Chemical Effect of Electric Currents If electric current is passed through a liquid, it may or it may not alllow even the passage of current through it. In fact, on the basis of their electric behaviour, the liquids may be divided into three classes: Jain Educationa International 245 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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(1) The liquids which do not allow current to pass through them. Form example, distilled water vegetable oil, etc. (ii) The liquids which allow current through them but do not dissociate into ions. For example, mercury. (ii) The liquids which allow current through them by dissoci ating into ions. For exmaple, salt solutions, acids and bases, Such liquids are called electrolytes. The process of dissociation of a liquid into ions on passing current through it, is called electrolysis. Therefore, passage of electric current through the electrolytes produces chemical effect. Electrolyte The substances, which dissociate into ions and when in solution form, allow electric current to pass through them, are called electrolytes. For example, acids, bases, acidulated water, salt solution, such as copper sulphate, silver nitrate, etc. On the basis of their behaviour towards the passage of electric current, the electrolytes are of the following two types : 1. Strong electrolytes. Those electrolytes, which are more or less completely ionised in their solutions, are called strong electrolytes. For example, HCl, NaOH and NaCl. 2. Weak electrolytes. Those electrolytes, which are ionised to a small extent in their solutions, are called weak electrolytes. For example, NH,CI, CH,COOH and H,CO,. Electrolysis The process of liberating free elements from an electrolytic solution, when electric current is passed through it, is called electrolysis. When an electrolyte, such as copper sulphate (Cuso.) is dissolved in water, it dissociates into ions. Consider that the copper sulphate solution is taken in a vessel and current is passed through it by sing two electrodes and a source of e.m.f. The electrode, through which the current enters, the electrolytic solutions, is called anode, while the other electrode, through which current leaves, is called cathode. On passing current, Cu** ions drift to the cathode, while 50,ions towards this anode. At the cathode, Cu*+ ions discharge themselves and copper atoms are liberated at the cathode." 246

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(b) Satish K. Gupta, op. cit. Pages 212-216 (Voltaic Cell, Daniel Csu, Lechanche Cell) "In voltaic cell, for each Zn+ ion so produced, two electrons (2 e-) are left on the zinc rod. As more and more Za+ ions enter the electrolyte, the zinc rod becomes more and more negative. Also, the concentration of Za+ ions in the electrolyte goes on increasing. The H+ drift to the copper rod. On reaching the copper rod, the H+ ions extract electrons from the rod and form neutral hydrogen atoms. Asa result of it copper rod acquires positive charge. As more and more H+ ions ions discharge at the copper rod, it becomes more and more positive. Due to positive charges building up on copper rod and negative charge on the zinc rod, the potential difference between the two rods goes on increasing. It continues, till the potential gradient along the electrolyte between copper and zinc rod just restricts the drift of H+ ions to the copper rod. Daniel Cell It was developed by Daniel in the year 1836. Construction. It consists of a copper vessel containing copper sulphate (CuSO) solution. The copper vessel itself acts as the positive pole of the cell, Inside the CuSO, solution, a porus pot containing an amalgamated zinc rod and dilute H2SO, acid is placed. Whereas the porus pot prevents the dilute H2SO, and the CuSO, solution from mixing with each other, it allows the H+ ions produced in the porous pot to diffuse through its walls into the CuSO, solution. The amalgamated zinc rod is used in order to avoid the defect of local action from occuring in the cell. The amalgamated zinc rod acts as the negative role of the cell and both the CuSO, solution and dil, H2SO, serve as the electrolyte. However, the CuSO, solution serves as depolariser also. When the cell functions, the concentration of CuSO, solution falls. In order to keep the concentrate of CuSO, solution constant, the crystals of CuSO, are placed on the perforated shelf provided along walls of the copper vessel. Action. Inside the porus pot, the dilute H,SO, acid disociates into H+ and SO, ions. As them rod is dipping inside the dilute H2SO acid, some of the zinc atoms go into the solution as Zn++ ions. In each Zn ion going into the solution, two electrons are left on the zind rod. As the concetration Zn++ ions in the solution increases, zinc rod becomes more and more negative and the H+ ions dilute through the walls of the porus pot into the CuSO solution. Jain Educationa International 247 For Personal and Private Use Only

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The formation of ZnSO4 on the porus pot does not affect the working of the cell, until crystals of ZnSO, are deposited along its walls. As the Cu ions deposit on the copper vessel, it acquires positive charge. Due to building up of the positive charge on the copper vessel and negative charge on the zinc rod, the potential difference between the two poles of the cell goes on increasing. Leclanche Cell It was invented by George Leclanche in the year 1865. Construction. It consists of a glass vessel con (NHCl) as electrolyte. An amalgamated zinc rod dipping in the NH Cl solution acts as the negative pole of the cell. The use of amalgamated zinc rod avoids the defect of local action from occurring in the cell. A porus pot containing the carbon rod is placed inside the NH Cl solution. The carbon rod acts as the positive pole of the cell. The empty space in the porus pot is filled with manganese dioxide (MnO,) and charcoal powder Manganese dioxide is used as depolariser. The use of charcoal powder makes MnO, conduction and thus, decreases the internal resistance of the cell. Action. The electrolyte HN,Cl solution dissociates into NH,+ and Cl- ions. As zinc rod is dipping inside the NHCl solution, some of the atoms go into the solution as Zn+ ions. For each Zn** ion so produced, two electrons are left on the zinc rod and hence it becomes negative pole of the cell. The NH, ions are repelled by Zn** ions and they diffuse into the MnO, and charcoal mixture through the walls of the porus pot. Inside the glass vessel, Zn** ions combine with Cl- ions to form ZnCl2. On diffusing into porus pot, NH+ ions extract electrons from the carbon rod making carbon rod as positively charged and producing ammonia and hydrogen gas. Whereas the ammonia gas escapes from the cell, hydrogen gas is neutralised by MnO, producing manganese trioxide (Mn,O,) and water. Secondary Cells A secondary cell is one in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy but they do so when they are charged by passing current through them by some source. These are also called accumulators or storage cells. These are of two types: Jain Educationa International 248 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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1. Lead acid cell or lead accumulator, 2. Edison alkali cell Lead Accumulator It is a secondary cell and is the most common type of storage battery used in automobiles. It is known as lead acid cell. It was invented by French Physicist, Gaston Plante in the year 1859. Construction. It consists of a hard rubber, glass or celluloid container containing dilute sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. Each of the two electrodes consists of a set of alternate parallel mesh type perforated plates made of lead. The set of plates to be made the positive pole is filled with a paste of lead dioxide (PbO,), while the set of plates to be made the negative pole is filled with a paste of spongy lead (Pb). The positive and negative plates are kept separated and insulated from each other by porus separators made of rubber, plastic or glass fibre. This arrangement of positive and negative plates is placed inside the dilute sulphuric acid and connected to the lead terminals provided on the hard and rigid cover of the container [Fig.). PbO2 vvvvvvvvvHHHH IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII INTUITITITITITI IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII! IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII (UUUU TTTTTTTTTT IIIII DIL H, S RUBBER CONTACT The e.m.f. of each cell of a fully charged lead accumulator is 2.05 V and a lead accumulator of each six cells produces an e.m.f. of nerarly 12 V. The specific gravity of the electrolyte (dilute sulphuric acid) is a fully charged lead accumulator is 1.28. However, when discharged, both the e.m.f. of the cell and the specific gravity of the electrolyte fall. Whereas, e.m.f. of a cell of the accumulator should not be allowed to fall below 1.8 V, the specific gravity of the elctrolyte should not drop below 1.12." 249

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26. Satish K. Gupta. op. cit., pp. 1092, 1093-- "Photoelectric Cells A photoelectric cell is an arrangment which converts light energy into electrical energy. Photoelectric cells are of the following three types : 1. Photoemissive cells, 2. Photovoltaic cells, 3. Photoconductive cells. A photoemissive cells may be of vacuum type or gas filled type. Let us discuss the working of a photoemissive cell. Photoemissive cell. It consists of two electrodes, a cathode C and an anode A enclosed in a highly evacuated glass bulb. The cathode C is a semi-cylindrical plate coated with a photosensitive material, such as a layer of cesium deposited on silver oxide. The anode A is in the form of a wire, so that it does not obstruct the path of the light falling on the cathode. When light of frequency above the threshold frequency for the cathode surface is incident on the cathode, photoelectrons are emitted. If a potential difference of about 10 V is applied between the mode and cathode, the photoelectrons are attracted towards the anode and the microammeter connected in the circuit will record the current. The chief advantagen of this type of photocell are that there is no timelag between the incident light and the emission of photoelectrons and that the photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of light. The cell is extremely acccurate in response. Hence, it is used in television and photometry. The current may be increased by a factor of about 5 by filling the tube with an inert gas at a pressure of a few mm of mercury. When the potential difference between the electrodes exceeds the ionisation potential of the gas, the emitted photoelectrons ionise the gas atoms and now a larger current flows. Applications of Photoelectric Cells Photoelectric cells have a variety of application in industries and the daily life. A few important applications of photoelectric cells are as given below: 1. It is used for the reporduction of sound from the sound track. recorded on one edge of the cinema films. 2. It is used in a television studio to convert the light and shade of the object into electric currents for transmission of picture. 250

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3. It is used in a photographic camera for the automatic adjustment of aperture. 4. It is used to compare the illuminating powers of two sources of light and to measure the illumination of a surface. 5. It is used for automatic counting of the number of persons entering a hall, a stadium, etc. 6. It is used for automatic switching of street lights and traffic signals. 7. It is used for raising a fire alarm in the event of accidental fire in buildings, factories, etc. 8. It is used in burglar's alarms for houses, banks and treasuries. 9. A photo cell is also used in industries to locate flaws in metal sheets. 10. It is also used to control the temperature during a chemical reaction and that of a furnace. 11. A photocell can be used in determining the opacity of solids and liquids." : 27. (e) DaoN. je. jaina, pUrva uddhata lekha, pAnuM 13 - "prakAzIya vidyuta (saura beTarI) phoTo volTika selamAM vidyuta-e.m.f. phakta prakAzanA kiraNothI pedA thaI zake che, e vagara bIjI beTarInI ja vidyutadhArA pedA karI zake che (bI) ejana, pAnuM 28, 29 - agnithI je tApa-UrjA athavA prakAza-UrjA pedA thAya che, e vIjaLI-UrjAthI pedA thanArA tApa ane prakAza UrjA jevA jarUra che, paNa baMnenI utpatti judI judI che. "pahelAmAM eTale "agnimAM rAsAyaNika-prakriyA thavI (oNksikaraNa athavA baLavuM jarUrI che. e baLavAnI prakriyAthI tApa ane prakAzanI UrjA pedA thAya che. paNa vidyuta-UrjA koI cuMbakIya kSetramAM sucAlaka (conductor)nA pharavAthI pedA thAya che (janareTara), athavA koI bIjI rIte "dabAvaaMtara' (potentialdifference) pedA karAya che, jema gharSaNathI (embara/ebatonAiTa) athavA be padArthonI vacamAM tApakramanA aMtarathI (tharmokapala) vagere. 251

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ahIM e paNa vicAra karavo yogya thaze ke 'sacitta agni'nA tApanI mAphaka ja 'prakAza-UrjA' athavA bIjA UrjA-srotothI paNa uparokta kAma zuM thaI zake che ? jema sUryanA prakAzathI tApa pedA thAya che. enAthI khAvAnuM zekI athavA banAvI zakAya che (saura uSmaka), mazIno cAle che vagere. sUryanA prakAzathI sIdhI vidyuta-UrjA banAvI zakAya che - (saura sela) jenAthI ilekTronika sela ghaDiyALa athavA kelakyuleTara cAle che. to zuM A 'sUryano prakAza' sacitta che? uparanA vizleSaNanA AdhAra para eno javAba haze 'nA'. e ja pramANe vIjaLInA pravAhathI garamI pedA thaI zake che, eTale padArthano tApakrama vadhI zake che, to paNa sUryanA prakAza-UrjA mAphaka A paNa acitta UrjA hoI zake che. phakta A kAraNathI ja 'sacitta agni'mAM 'garama' karavAnI kSamatA athavA prakAza pedA karavAnI kSamatA che, bIjA prakAranI UrjA, je bIjAne ga2ma karI zake che, 'sacitta agni'nI zreNI (category)mAM hovI jarUrI nathI. jema sUryanA prakAzathI pRthvI, pANI ane havA garama thaI jAya che, varasAda paDI zake che, vIjaLI pedA thaI zake che. e (sUrya) vikiraNamAM jo kiraNo ahIM pahoMce che, e pRthvI, vAyu ane pANIne garama kare che, paNa A vikiraNa eTale sUryano prakAza ane avarakta kiraNo svayaM sacitta agnikAya nathI.'' e ja pramANe agnino 'mahApuMja' che, ane sAdhAraNa agnithI paNa mahAna kArya karI zake evI UrjA hovAM chatAM paNa (tApa-vIjaLI gharomAM tApa-UrjAnuM 60-70 pratizata ja vIjaLInI UrjAmAM parivartana thaI zake che - eTale vIjaLI-UrjA pedA karavA mATe keTalI vadhAre UrjAno vyaya thAya che.) A UrjAo koI padArthane phakta tyAre sacitta banAve che, jyAre thoDI Avazyaka zarato pUrI thAya che. nahIM to uparokta saMdarbhamAM pote acitta UrjA che ema siddha thAya che. 28. Satish K. Gupta, op. cit., pp. 215, 216 "Dry Cell It is portable form of a Leclanche cell. Construction. In a dry cell, a moist paste of ammonium chloride Jain Educationa International 252 For Personal and Private Use Only

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containing zinc chloride is used as an electrolyte. Zinc chloride being highly hydroscopic, it is added to ammonium chloride in order to keep moistened. The paste of NH,CI and ZnCl, is containd in a small cylindrical zinc vessel, which acts as the negative pole of the cell. A carbon rod fitted with a brass cap is placed in the middle of the zinc vessel. It acts as the positive pole of the cell. The carbon rod is surrounded by a closely packed mixutre of MnO, and charcoal powder in a muslin bag. While the MnO, acts as depolariser, the charcoal powder reduces the internal resistance of the cell by making MnO, electrically conducting. The zinc container and its contexts are sealed at the top with pitch of shellac. A small hole is provided at the top, so as to ammonia gas formed during chemical reaction to help escape the cell. Action. A dry cell is only a modification of a wet Leclanche cell. Therefore, the action of a dry as regards the chemical reactions that take place are same as in case of Leclanche cell. The dry cells are manufactured in different sizes and shapes to suit particular needs. Irrespection the size of the cell, the e.m.f. of the cell is nearly 1.5 V. Its internal resistance may vary from 0.10 to 10 W. Further, an electric current of about 0.25 A can be continuously drawn from a dry cell. 29. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta graMtha, pAnuM 43-47 30. ejana, pRSTha 47-51 31. (a) AcArya zrI mahAprajJajI, vidyutaH sacitta ke acitta, jaina bhAratI (mAsika), Disembara, 2002, pRSTha 15, 16, 52 bhagavatI 7/229-230thI uddhRta - acitta pudgalaH prakAza ane tApa atthi NaM bhaMte! accittA vi poggalA obhAsaMti ? ujjoveMti ? adfa? bhAseMti ? haMtA atthi / kayare NaM bhaMte! te accitA vi poggalA obhAsaMti ? ujjoveMti ? taveMti ? pabhAseMti ? kAlodAI ! kuddhassa aNagArassa teya-lesyA nisaTThA samANI dUraM gatA dUraM nipatati, desaM gatA desaM nipatati, jahiM jahiM ca NaM sA nipatati tahiM tahiM ca NaM te acitA vi poggalA obhAsaMti, ujjoveMti, Jain Educationa International 253 For Personal and Private Use Only

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taveMti, pabhAseMti / eteNaM kAlodAI ! te acittA vi poggalA obhAsaMti, ujjoti, taveMti, pabhAseMti / (mAva cha/227, ra30) bhaMte ! zuM acitta pudgala paNa vastune avabhAsita kare che? udyotita kare che? tapAve che? prabhAsita kare che? hA, kare che. bhaMte! e kyA acita pudgala vastune avabhAsita kare che? udyotita kare che? tapAve che? prabhAsita kare che? kAlodAI ! krodhI aNagAre tejalezyAnuM nisarjana karyuM, e dUra jaIne dUra dezamAM paDe che. pArthamAM jaIne pArtha dezamAM paDe che. e jyAM jyAM paDe che, tyAM tyAM enA acitta pudgala paNa vastune avabhAsita kare che, udyotita kare che, tapAve che ane prabhAvita kare che. kAlodAI ! A prakAre te pudgala paNa vastune AvabhAsita kare che, udyAtita kare che, tapAve che, ane prabhAsita kare che. koI vicAraka hoya che - emAM vidyutanuM nAma nathI. prazna nAma hovAno nathI. mULa pratipAda e che - "acitta pudgala prakAza Ape che, tapAve che', e sthitimAM ke jemAM dAhakatA che, prakAza che, tApa che, e sacitta ja hoya che. (b) bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 15, sUtra 121 - "ajjoti ! samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre samaNe niggaMthe AmaMtettA evaM vayAsI-jAvatie NaM ajjo ! gosAleNaM maMkhaliputteNaM mama vahAe sarIragaMsi teye nisaTTe se NaM alAhi pajjatte solasaNhaM jaNavayANaM, taM nahA - che. maMgaLAi, 2. vaMvi, 3. marAThA, 4. manayA, che. mAnavaIIM, 6. acchA, 7. vacchA, 8. zochA, . pAtI, 20. nahi, 21. vaLI", 2. monI, rU. chAsamAM, 14. kosalANaM, 15. avAhANaM, 16. subhuttarANaM dhAtAe vAhae ucchAdaNayAe bhAsIkaraNayAe / ' (c) AcArya mahAprajJa, pUrva uddhata lekha, pRSTha 19 - 254

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iMdabhUtI nAma aNagAre goyamasagote... sNkhittviulteylese...| (mAvatI 3/6) saMkSiptA - zarIrAntarlInatvena hrasvatAMgatA, vipulA - vistINAM anekayojanapramANa - kSetrAzritavastudahanasamarthatvAttejolezyA - viziSTatapojanyalabdhi vizeSaprabhavA tejojvAlA yasya sa tathA / (bha.vR. 1/9) vRttikAre tejolezyAno artha tejo-jvALA karyo che. ahIM tejolezyAno prayoga eka Rddhi (labdhi athavA yogaja vibhUti)nA arthamAM thayo che. ThANaM anusAra A sRddhi traNa kAraNothI Ave che. enI sarakhAmaNI haThayoganI kuMDalinI sAthe thAya che. kuMDalinInI be avasthA hoya che - supta ane jAgrata/tejolezyAnI paNa be avasthA hoya che saMkSipta ane vipula. enA dvArA hajAro kilomITara dUra AvelI vastune paNa bhasma karI zakAya che. e ja pramANe bahu dUra sudhI anugraha paNa karI zakAya che. e dvArA anugraha ane nigraha baMne karI zakAya che. "bhagavatI vRttimAM tejolezyAne agnisadeza dravya kahela che. (bha.pR.patra 642 - tagnisaMskRza-dravyAntarADavezcayAvaseyaM tathAvidhazaktimanti dravyANi tejolezyAdravyavidita | ) " saMbhavanti 32. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhata graMtha pAnuM 51, 52 33. AcArya mahAprajJa, pUrva uddhata lekha pAnuM 15, 16 "bhagavatIno eka bIjo ullekha che ke divase pudgala zubha rUpamAM pariNata thaI jAya che. ane rAtre azubha rUpamAM pariNata thAya che. naiyAyika Adi aMdhakArane abhAva rUpamAM mAne che. jaina darzana anusAra A pudgalanuM pariNAma che. jema aMdhakAra pudgalanuM pariNAma che, ema ja prakAza paNa pudgalanuM piraNAma che. bhagavatIno Akho pATha A pramANe che.'' se mULa bhaMte! viyA 3khkho! ! ? rADuM aMdhAre ? daMtA goyamA ! viyA lagnoC / rADuM aMdhAre se keNaTTeNaM ? Jain Educationa International - 255 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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goyamA ! diyA subhA poggalA subhe poggalapariNAme, rAI asubhA poggalA kasue patnipariNAma tenar || (mavaDuM 1/rarU7/238) bhaMte ! zuM divase udyota ane rAtri aMdhakAra che? hA, gautama! divase udyota ane rAtrimAM aMdhakAra che? e kaI apekSAe? gautama ! divase zubha pudgala hoya che ane pudgalonuM pariNamana zubha hoya che. rAtrimAM azubha pudgala hoya che ane pudgalonuM pariNamana azubha hoya che - A apekSAthI." divase sUryakiraNonAM saMparkathI pudgalonuM pariNamana zubha thAya che eTale divasamAM ajavALuM thAya che. rAtre sUryakiraNo tathA bIjI prakAzaka vastuonA abhAvamAM pudgalonuM pariNamana azubha thaI jAya che. ahIM ajavALuM ane aMdhakAranI aneka apekSAothI nirUpaNa karAyuM che. narakamAM pudgalonA azubha pariNamana thavAthI niraMtara aMdhakAra rahe che. vRttikAra anusAra pudgalanA zubha pariNAmanuM nimitta sUryakiraNa Adi prakAzaka vastuno abhAva che. divase zubhA: pudgalA bhavanti, kimuktaM bhavati ? - zubhaH pudgalapariNAmaH sa vArasAt ! (ma.pR. 6/238) 34. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva utkRta graMtha, pRSTha para, pa3 [35. A.K. Shaha, op. cit, pages 121, 122 (pUrA uddharaNa mATe A lekhano prathama bhAga, chaThTho bhAga, TippaNa aMka 10) 36. ejana pR. 120, 121 "The limits of inflammability There is a particular limit to excess air or oxygen in combustion of each kind of the gas and when this limit is surpassed the gas becomes noninflammable. Similarly there is also a particular lower limit of deficient air or oxygen required for combustion of each kind of the gas and when this limit is transgressed, the gas becomes non-inflammable. Table 3.8 illustrates both the upper and the lower limits of inflammability. 256

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TABLE 3.8 Limits of Inflammability of Gases in Air (At ordinary temperatures and at atmospheric pressure) Gas Hydrogen (H2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Coal gas Coke-Oven gas Blue water gas Blast-furnace gas Methane (CH) Ethane (C,H) Ethylene (C,H,) Ethyl alcohol (C,H,OH) Benzene (CH) Pentane (C,H12) Ether (C,H)20 Limits as per cent by volume in air Jain Educationa International Per cent lower limit mixture 6.2 16.3 77. 77. 127. 367. 5.8 3.3 3.4 3.7 1.4 1.3 1.6 37. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha, pRSTha 13, 54 38. tattvArtha sUtra, 5/24 " " (zabda-bandha - saukSmya sthaulya saMsthAna -bheda-tamazchAyA-''tapodyotavantazca // " [zabda-bandha-saukSmya sthaulya saMsthAna -bheda - tamaH - chAyA - Atapa udyotavantazca pudgalA bhavanti / / ] 39. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha 54-57 40. AcArya tulasI, bhikSu nyAyakarNikA, 1/5, 6, 8. vyavacchedakadharmo lakSaNam ||5|| (vRtti - vastuno vyavasthApanahetubhUto dharmo lakSyaM vyavacchinatti-sAMkIrNyamapanayatIti lakSaNam) 257 Per cent upper limit mixture 71.4 71.2 217. 217. 677. 657. 13.3 10.6 14.1 13.7 5.5 4.9 7.7 For Personal and Private Use Only 1

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avyApta-ativyApta-asaMbhavinastadAbhAsAH // 6 // (vRtti-atat tadiva AbhAsate iti tadAbhAsaH) lakSyAlakSyavRttirativyAptaH / / 8 / / (vRtti-athA-vAyo tamancama) anuvAda - eka vastuno bIjI vastuothI pRthaka karanAro dharma lakSaNa che. vRtti-vastunuM vyavasthApana mATe hetubhUta dharma, je lakSyane bAkInAMthI vyavacchinna kare che - bIjAne enAthI judA kare che, e lakSaNa che. "avyApta, ativyApta ane asaMbhavI - A traNa lakSaNAbhAsa che." vRtti - je lakSaNa nathI paNa lakSaNa jevI lAge, ene lakSaNAbhAsa kahevAya che. "je lakSaNa lakSya ane alakSya baMnemAM maLe che te ativyApta lakSaNAbhAsa navRtti - jema vAyunuM lakSaNa gatizIlatA) 41. AcArya mahAprajJa, pUrva uddhata lekha, pAnu 14-19 vidyutaH sacitta ke acitta. vartamAna yuga vIjaLIno yuga che e viSayamAM be prazna upasthita thAya che. 1. vIjaLI agni che ke nahIM? 2. vIjaLI sacitta che ke acitta? A viSaya para vibhAjyavAdI zailIthI vicAra karavo Avazyaka che. agninA mukhya dharma pAMca che - 1. jvalanazIlatA, 2. dAhakatA, 3, tApa, 4. prakAza, 5. pAkazakti. narakamAM je agni che te jvalanazIla paNa che sUyagaDo 1/5/11), dAhaka paNa che (sUyagaDo 1//12) emAM tApa (sUyagaDo 1/5/13) ane prakAza paNa che. (sUyagaDo 1/5/14), pAka-zakti paNa che (sUyagaDo 1/5/15) - chatAM paNa e nirjIva che, acitta che. sajIva agnikAya phakta manuSya kSetramAM hoya che. manuSya kSetrathI bahAra sajIva agni nathI hoto. sUtrakRtAMgamAM ene akASTha agni-iMdhana vagara thanAro agni kahyo che. sUyagaDo 1//38) "narakamAM thanAro agni, tejovezyAnA prayoga vakhate nIkaLanArI 258

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jvALAnI jema acitta ane nirjIva agni che, evI ja rIte vidyuta paNa acitta ane nirjIva agni che -. A svIkAravAmAM koI muzkelI nathI. vAstavamAM acitta agni-tejasa UrjA che, tejasa vargaNAnA pudgala che. cha javanikAyamAM AvanArA sajIva agnikAya nathI." "ni nahIM, magni 4 dravya." taNtha NaM je se viggahagati samAvannae neraie se NaM agaNikAyassa majjhamajheNaM vIivaejjA / (bhagavaI 14/54, 55) nArakakSetre bAdarAgnikAyasyAbhAvAt, manuSyakSetre evaM tadbhAvAt, yaccottarAdhyayanAdiSu zrUyate-huyAsaNe jalaMtaMmmi daDDapubyo aNegaso / ityAdi tadagnisadRzadravyAntarApekSayayAvaseyaM, saMbhavanti ca tathAvidhazaktimanti dravyANi tejolezyAdravyavaditi / (bhagavaI TIkA 14/54, 55) acitta agni. iMgAlarAsiM jaliyaM sajoiM, taavamaM bhUmimaNukkamaMtA / teDajjhamANA kaluNaM thaNaMti, usucoiyA tattha ciraTTiIyA / (sUyagaDo 5/1/7) je baLatI jyota sahita aMgArarAzi jevuM jamIna para cAle che. enA tApathI baLatA e bUmAbUma karI karuNa AkraMda kare che. e cirakALa sudhI narakamAM rahe che. iMgAlarAsiM jadhA iMgAlarAsI jalito dhagadhageti evaM te narakA: svabhAvoSNA eva Na puNa tattha bAdaro agraNI atthi, Na'NNattha viggahagati samAvaNNaehiM / te puNa usiNapariNatA poggalA jaMtavA'cullIo vi usiNatarA (sUtrakRtAgaM cUrNi, pR. 128) tatra bAdarAgnerabhAvAttadupamA bhUmimityuktam, etadapi digdarzanArthamuktam, anyathA nArakatApasyehatyAgniA nopamA ghaTate, te ca nArakA mahAnagaradAhadhikena tApena dahyamAnA / (sUtrakRtAMga vRtti, patra 129) . vidhUmo nAmAgnireva, vidhUmagrahaNAd, nirindhano'gni svayaM prajvalitaH sendhanasya hyagnekhazyameva dhUmo bhavati / (cUrNi, pR. 136) vaikriyakAlabhavA agnayaH aghaTTitA pAtAlasthA apyanavasthA / (cUrNi, pR. 137) 259

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narakamAM bAdara agni hoto nathI. tyAMnA keTalAka sthAnonA pudgala potAnI meLe garama thAya che. e bhaThThInI Aga karatAM vadhAre tApavALA hoya che. e acitta agnikAyanA pudgala che. ApaNA agnithI e agninI sarakhAmaNI karI zakAtI nathI, kAraNa ke tyAM agninI garamI mahAnagaradAhanA agnithI utpanna garamIthI bahuja tIvra hoya che. pIstALIsa ane aDatAlIsamAM zlokamAM paNa lAkaDA vagaranI agnino ullekha che. enI utpatti vaikriyathI thAya che. e acitta agni che. kesiM ca baMdittu gale silAo, udagaMsi boleMti mhaalyNsi| . kalaMbuyAvAluyamummure ya, loleMti pacyaMti ya tattha aNNe / / (sUyagaDo 1/3/20) koI paramAdhArmika deva koIkanA gaLAmAM zilA-paththara bAMdhIne ene UMDA pANImAM DubADI de che. tyAMthI nIkaLIne) tRSAgninI mAphaka vaitaraNInA) pANIthI tapelI retImAM teone ALoTAve che ane zeke che. asUriyaM NAma mahAbhitAvaM, aMdhaM tamu duppataraM mahaMtaM / ur3e ahe yaM tiriyaM disAsu, samAhio jatthagaNI jhiyAi / (sUyagaDo /2/12) asUrya nAmano moTo saMtApakArI eka narakAvAsa che. tyAM ghora aMdhakAra che, jemAMthI nIkaLavuM kaThina che - eTaluM vizALa che. tyAM UMcI, nIcI ane tIrachI dizAomAM niraMtara Aga baLe che. agaNI-Aga tattha kAlobhAsI aceyaNo agnnikkaayo| (cUrNi, pR. 129) cUrNikAre eno artha kALI AbhAvALA agnikAya ema karyo che. te acetana hoya che. jaMsI guhAe jalaNe'tivaTTe, avijANao Dajjhai luttapaNNo / sayA ya kaluNaM puNa dhammaThANaM, gADhovaNIyaM aidukkhadhammaM / / (sUyA 1/3/22) enI guphAmAM nArakIya jIvane dhakele che. e prajJAzUnya nairayika nirgamArane nathI jANatA tethI e agnimAM baLavA lAge che. nairayikonA rahevAnuM 260

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e sthAna haMmezA garama ane karuNA utpanna karavAvALuM che. e karma dvArA prApta ane atyaMta duHkhamaya che. cattAri agaNIo samArabhettA, jahi kUrakammA bhitaveMti bAlaM / te tattha ciTuMtabhitappamANA, macchA va jIvaMtu va joipattA / / (sUyagaDo 5/1/13) jUrakarmI narakamAla narakAvAsamAM cAre dizAomAM agni saLagAvIne e ajJAnI nArakone tapAve che. e tApa sahana karatAM tyAM paDI rahe che, jema agni pAse lavAyelI jIvatI mAchalIo. ayaM va tattaM jaliyaM sajoiM, taovamaM bhuumimnnukkmNtaa| taDajjhamANA kaluNaM dhaNaMti, usucoiyA tattajugesu juttA // (sUyagaDo 5/2/4) tapelA lokhaMDa jevo agni bhUmi para cAlatA baLatarAthI karuNa rudana kare cha. temone pArathI vIMdhI napAya che. (1) taovamaM - agni jaisI sA tu bhUmi...na tu kevalamevoSNA / jvatilajyotiSA'pi aNaMtaguNaM hi uSNA sA, tadasyA aupamya tadopamA / (sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR. 135) evA tadevaMrUpAM tadupamA vA bhUmim / (sUtrakRtAMga vRtti-patra 135) / A bhUminuM vizeSaNa che. enuM saMskRta rUpa che tadupamAga' e bhUmi phakta garama ja nathI, paNa agnithI paNa anaMta gaNI adhika garama che. 2. te DajjhamANA - ve jalane para te taM iMgAlatullaM bhUmiM puNo puNo khaMdAvijjati / ___ (sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR. 135) narakapAla dhagadhagatA aMgArA jevI garama jamIna para nairayikone javAAvavA mATe vivaza kare che. samUsiyaM NAma vidhUmaThANaM, jaM soyatattA kaluNaM thaNaMti / ahosiraM kaTTa vigattiUNaM, ayaM va satthehi samUsaveMti // (sUyagaDo 5/2/8) tyAM eka bahu UMcA vidhUma agninuM sthAna che, jemAM jaIne e nairayika 261

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zokathI tapIne karuNa-rudana kare che. narakapALa ene bakarAnI mAphaka uMdhu mAthuM karI, enA mAthAne kApe che ane zULa para laTakAve che. vidhUmaThANa (1) vidhUmo nAmAgnireva, vidhUmagrahaNAd nirindhano'gniH svayaM prajvalitaH sendhanasya hyagneravazyameva dhUmo bhavati athavA vidhUmavad, vidhUmAnAM hi marAmatIva tAvo bhavati aa (sUkavRttAMga pUja, pR. 236) cUrNikAre batAvyuM che je agni iMdhanathI ja prajvalita thAya che, enAthI dhumADo avazya nIkaLe che. narakano agni nidhina hoya che. sayAjalaM ThANa NihaM mahaMtaM, jaMsI jalaMto agaNI akttttho| ciTuMti tatthA bahukUrakammA, ahassarA kei ciraTTiIyA / / (sUyagaDo 5/2/11) haMmezAM baLatuM eka moTuM vadhasthAna che. emAM lAkaDA vagarano Aga baLe che. tyAM bahu ja krUra karmavALA nairayika jora-jorathI bUmAbUma karatA lAMbA samaya sudhI rahe che. jahA ihaM agaNI uNho, ettoNaMtaguNe tahiM / naraesu veyaNA uNhA, assAyA veDyA mae / / (uttarajjhayaNANi 19/47) jema ahIM agni garama che, enAthI anaMtagaNI vadhAre duHkhamaya garamavedanA tyAM narakamAM meM sahana karI che. kaMdaMto kaMdukuMbhIsu, uDDapAo ahosiro / huyAsaNe jalaMtammi, pakkapuvvo thaNaMtaso // (uttarajjhayaNANi 19/49) pakAvavAnA pAtramAM, baLatA agnimAM paga UMcA ane mAthuM nIce karI Ajhada karatA ane anaMta vakhata pakavavAmAM Avyo che. hayAsaNa tatra ca bAdarAgnerabhAvAt pRthivyA eva tathAvidhaH sparza iti gamyate / (vRtti , patra ) agnikAyika jIva be prakAranA hoya che - sUkSma ane bAdara. agninA bAdara jIva narakamAM nathI hotA. ahIM je agnino ullekha che, te sajIva agni mATe nathI, paNa agni jevA garama ane prakAzavAna pudgalo mATe 262

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mahAdavaggisaMkAsaM, marummi virvaalue| kalaMbabAluyAe ya, daDapuvvo aNaMtaso / / (uttarajjhayaNANi 19/50) mahA davAgni tathA marudeza ane vaja-retI jevI kadaMba nadInI retImAM mane anaMtavAra bALyo che. huyAsaNe jalaMtammi, ciyAsu mahiso vi va / daDDo pakko ya avaso, pAvakammehi pAvio // (uttarajjhayaNANi 19/57) pApa karmothI gherAelo ane paravaza huM bheMsanI jema agninI baLatI citAomAM baLAyo ane pakAvAyo chuM. niSkarSa uparanA vivaraNano niSkarSa che - vidyuta-UrjA che. ene lAkaDA vagarano agni paNa kahI zakAya che. jema tejovezyAnA prayoga vakhate tejolabdhisaMpanna vyaktinA moMmAMthI nIkaLatI jvALAne agni kahI zakAya che, evI ja rIte vidyutane agni kahI zakAya che. jema narakamAM thanArI UrjAne agni kahyo che ema ja vidyutanI UrjAne agni kahI zakAya che. jema tejolezyAnA taijasa paramANuothI utpanna UrjA acitta che ane jema narakamAM thanArA taijasa paramANuothI acitta che te ja pramANe vidyutanA taijasa paramANuothI utpanna UrjA acitta che. 42. terApaMthanA cothA AcArya zrI mayAcAryae A viSayamAM bahu ja spaSTa karyuM che, jenuM dRSTavya che - paraMparAnI joDa, jo terApaMtha maryAdA ane vyavasthA, (pAnuM 341-362mAM prakAzita) che. emAM Agama, zrata, AjJA, dhAraNA ane jIta - A pAMca vyavahArane samajAvyA che. thoDA padya (pRSTha 341-346). 1. dUhA paraMparA nAM bola bahu, gaNi buddhivaMta rI thApa / doSa nahiM chai tehameM, jIta vavahAra milApa // gAma, kRta, , ghArA, nIta, vaMcamo govA e paMca vavahAre vattartA, zramaNa ArAdhaka hoya / / 263

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3. ThANAMga' ThANe pAMca meM, tathA sUtra vavahAra' / bhagavatI aSTama zathaka meM, aSTamuddeze sAra / / 4. tiNa saM jIta vavahAra meM, doSa nahiM chai koya / nItivAna gaNapati taNoM, bAMdhyo jIta sudha joya / / 5. sudha AlocI muni kare, asamyak piNa samyak kahivAya / AcArAMga adhyayanapaMcameM, paMcamaka uddeze vAya / / 11. tathAjor3akivADyAtaNI, copane kIdhI svaam| tiNa mAMhai piNa thApiyo, jIta vavahAra sudhAma / / AcArya bhikSu kRta kavADiyAnI DhAla, gA. 21thI 24 tathA - sUtara mAMhI to mUla na varajyo, paraMparA meM piNa barajyo nAMhi / tiNa sUM jIta vavahAra nirdoSa thApyAM rI, saMkA ma karo mana mAMha / / jo kavADiyA rI saMkA paDai to, saMkA chai tthaaNm-tthaaNm| te kahi kahi ne kitarAeka kehUM, saMkA rA ThikANA tAMma // sAdhu to hiMsA rA ThikANA TAle, chadmastha taNe vvhaar| sudha vavahAra cAlatAM jIva mara jAye to, virAdhaka nahIM chai ligAra // ihAM bhIkhaNajI svAmI ApaNA vavahAra meM jIta vavahAra thApai tiNa meM doSa 'na kahyo / sudha vavahAre cAlatAM jIva mara jAvai to piNa virAdhaka nahIM, tima sudhaM vavahAra jANa ne thApyo tiNa meM piNa doSa nhiiN| anai te jIta vavahAra meM pAchalA ne doSa bhyAsai to chor3a denno| Age nirdoSa jANa ne sevyo tyAMne doSa na khinno| tathA suyagaDAyaMga zrutaskaMdha dUjo adhyayana pAMcamA meM ehavI gAthA kahI - ahAkammANi bhuMjaMti, 'aNNamaNNassa kammaNA' / uvalitte tti jANijjA, aNuvalitte tti vA puNo / eehiM dohiM ThANehiM, vavahAro Na vijjii| eehiM dohiM ThANehiM, aNAyAraM vijANae // (sUyagI 2, 5. 5, gAthA 8, 9) atha ihAM piNa kahyo AdhAkarmI piNa sudha vavahAra meM nirdoSa jANI ne bhogaveM to pApa karme kara na lipAvai / tima AcArya buddhivaMta sAdhu 1. ThANaM 5/124, 2. vavahAra 10/6, 3.. bhagavaI sataM 8/301, 4. AyAro 5/96 ---- - 264

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ApaNA vavahAra meM nirdoSa jANI meM jIta vavahAra thApe tiNa meM piNa doSa na khinno| tathA bhagavatI, ThANAMga, vavahAra sUtra meM pAMca vavahAra kahyA te pATha - kativihe NaM bhaMte ! vavahAre paNNatte? goyamA ! paMcavihe vavahAre paNNatte, taM jahA Agame, sutaM, ANA, dhAraNA, jIe / jahA se tattha Agame siyA AgameNaM vavahAraM pttttvejjaa| No ya se tattha Agame siyA, jahA se tattha sue siyA, sueNaM vavahAraM ptttthvejjaa| No ya se tattha saNa siyA, jahA se tattha dhAraNA siyA, dhAraNAe vavahAraM paTTavejjA / No ya se tattha ANA siyA, jahA se tattha dhAraNA siyA, dhAraNAe vavahAraM pttttvejjaa| No ya se tattha dhAraNA siyA, jahA se tattha jIe siyA, jIeNaM vavahAraM pttttvejjaa| iccaehiMpacihaMvavahAraM paTTavejjA, taM jahA AgameNaM, sueNaM ANAe, dhAraNAe, jiiennN| jahA-jahA se Agama sue ANA dhAraNA jIe tahA-tahA vavahAraM pttttvejjaa| se kimAha bhaMte ! AgamabaliyA samaNA niggaMthA ? iccetaM paMcaviMha vavahAraM jadA-jadA jahiM-jahiM tadA tadA tahiM-tahiM aNissiovassitaM sammaM vavaharamANe samaNe niggaMthe ANAe ArAhae bhavai / (bhagavaI-sata 8/301, vyavahA2 7. 10, 6i 5/124) ihAM pAMca vavahAra meM dhAraNA vavahAra anai jIta vavahAra piNa kahyo / sudha saradhA AcAra vaMta sAdhu no bAMdhyo jIta vavahAra meM doSa nahIM / te jIta vavahAra nA ketalA eka bola kahai chai - dUhA 12. jIta vavahAra nA bola no, AkhU chu adhikAraM / dRDha samadRSTi nipuNa te, nANe saMka ligAra // 28. ityAdika aneka bola sudha, jANI AcAya thApai / jIta vavahAratAsa jina ANA, buddhivaMta nAhiM uthApai / 265

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29. Agama zruta ne ANA dhAraNA, jIta paMcamo sAdhaka / paMca vavahAra paNe pravatyAM, AjJA taNoM ArAdhaka / / 30. e ThANAMga bhagavatI vavahArasUtre, Akhyo ema jiNaMdA / to jIta vavahAra uthApai te to, pragaTa jaina rA jiMdA / 31. bhikSu svAma taNIM e bAMdhI, uttama vara maryAdo / vimala cita ArAdhe sugaNAM, meTI bhamar upAdho / / (dhovaNa pANI acitta che, A viSayamAM TippaNa saMkhyA 81bInuM udAharaNa. Apela che.) 43. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhata grantha, pRSTha pa7-63 44. juo prathama bhAganI TippaNa saMkhyA 8bI) 45. AcArya tulasI, jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 19-11 jIvapudgalayorvividhisaMyogaiH sa vividharUpaH // 9 // (vRtti-iyaM vividharUpatA eva sRSTiriti kathyate / ) saMyogazcApazcAnuparurvikaH // 10 // karma-zarIropagraharUpeNa trividhiH // 11 // (vRtti:-3paprahAra-vAmina-vacchavAsana zvAsa ) anuvAdaH jIva ane pudgalonA vividha saMjogothI te loko vividha prakAranA che 9. (lokanI A vividharUpatA ne ja sRSTi kahevAya che.) jIva ane pudgalanA saMyoga apazcAnupUrvika che paurvAparyazUnya) che 10. saMyoga traNa prakAranA hoya che. 1. karma 2. zarIra 3. upagraha 11. (upagraha-AhAra, vANI, mana, ucchavAsa-niHzvAsa vagere upakAra zaktio) 46. AcArya mahAprajJa, pUrva uddhata lekha, pRSTha 16 47. ejana, pRSTha 15 48. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhata grantha, pRSTha 64 49. ejana, pRSTha 65-67 266

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50. lagavatI sUtra (bhagava), aMgasutAza khaMDa 2, 5/2/51-54) 51. " aha NaM bhaMte! odaNe, kummAse, surA - ee NaM kiMsarIrA ti vattavyaM siyA ? goyamA ! odaNe, kummAse, surAe ya je dhaNedavve ee NaM puvvabhAvapaNNavaNaM paDucca vaNassaijIvasarIrA / tao pacchA satthAtIyA, satthapariNAmiyA, agiNajjhAmiyA, agaNijhUsiyA, agaNipariNAmiyA agaNijIvasarIrA ti vattavvaM siyA / surAe ya je dave davve ee NaM puvvabhAvapaNNavaNaM paDucca AujIvasarIrA / tao pacchA satthAtIyA jAva agaNijIvasarIrA ti vattavvaM siyA || aha NaM bhaMte! aye, taMbe, taue, sIsae, uvale, kasaTTiyA - ee NaM kiMsarIrA ti vattavvaM siyA ? uvale, goyamA ! aye, taMbe, taue, sIsae, kaTTiyA ee puvvabhAvapaNNavaNaM paDucca puDhavIjIvasarIrA / tao pacchA satyAtIyA jAva agaNijIvasarIrA ti vattavvaM siyA || 53. aha NaM bhaMte ! aTThI, aTThijjhAme, camme, cammajjhAme, rome, rojjhAme, siMge, siMgajjhAme, khure, khurajjhAme, nakhe, nakhajjhAme eeNaM kiMsarIrA ti vattavvaM siyA ? 52. goyA ! aTThI, camme, rome, siMge, khure, nakhe - ee NaM tasapANajIvasarIrA / advijjhAme, cammajjhAme, romajjhAme, siMgajjhAme, khurajjhAme, nakhajjhAme- ee NaM puvvabhAvapaNNavaNaM paDucca tasapANajIvasarIrA / tao pacchA satyAtIyA jAva agaNijIvasarIrA ti vattavyaM siyA || 54. aha NaM bhaMte! iMgAle, chArie, bhuse, gomae- ee NaM kiMsarIrA ti vattavvaM siyA ? jAva goyamA ! iMgAle, chArie, bhuse, gomae ee NaM puvvabhAvapaNNavaNaM paDucca egiMdiyajIvasarIrappayogapariNAmimayA vi paMcidiyajIvasarIrappayogapariNAmiyA vi / tao pacchA satyAtIyA jAva agaNijIvasarIra ti vattavvaM siyA / " 51. AAyArya mahAprajJa, bhagavatI bhASya (khaMDa 2), pRSTha 141, 142 52. pravayanasAra, gAthA 8 - "pariNamadi jeNa davvaM, takkAlaM tammayatti paNNattaM / " Jain Educationa International - 267 For Personal and Private Use Only

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43. tattvAnuzAsana, tha, 180__pariNamate yenAtmA bhAvena satena tanmayo bhavati / arhad dhyAnAviSTA bhAvArhan syAt svayaM tasmAt / / 54. pro. harimohana jA, bhAratIya darzana paricaya, dvitIya khaMDa, vaizeSika darzana, pRSTha 121 55. "atthiNaM bhaMte ! accittA vi poggalA obhAsaMti ? ujjoveMti ? taveMti ? pabhAseMti ? haMtA atthi / " "kayare NaM bhaMte ! accittA vi poggalA obhAsaMti ? ujjoveMti ? taveMti ? pabhAseMti ? kAlodAI ! kuddhassa aNagArassa teya-lessA nisaTThA samANI dUraMgatA dUraMnipatati, desaM gatA desaM nipatati, jahi-jahiM ca NaM sA nipatati tahi-tahiM ca NaM te acittA vi poggalA obhAsaMti, ujjoveMti, taveMti, pabhAseMti / eteNa kAlodAI ! te acittA vi poggalA obhAsaMti, ujjoti, taveMti, pabhAseMti // " 56. DaoN. 4. haina, pUrva uddhRta sema, pR4 23 57- Prof. A. K. Shaha, op. cit., p. 286 "It is to be noted that solid bodies and the majority of liquid bodies can be considered as impenetrable to rays, i.e. are opaque. Rays cannot penetrate inside these bodies and cannot be emitted from within. In the opaque bodies, radiation, absorption and reflection of rays occur only on the surface. Gases are permeable to rays and rays can pass through them freely. Some of the gases such as CO., H,O, CH, etc. are endowed with the property of radiation and emit grey radiation. However gases exhibit the property of radiation and absorption in respect of the rays of particular wavelengths only." 58. DaoN. je. jaina, pUrva uddhata lekha, pRSTha 50 mAM bhaTTInI prakriyAne vaijJAnika AdhAre samajAvela che. e pote A viSayanA vizeSajJa che. 59. ejana, pRSTha 49 60. ejana, pRSTha 50 61. mena, pRSTha 50 62. me4, 54 51 63. me4na, pRSTha 55, 56 268

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64. ejana, pRSTha 59, 60 65. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha, pRSTha 67, 68 66. ejana, pRSTha 68, 69 67. ejana, pRSTha 69-74 68. ejana, pRSTha 74, 75 69. ejana, pRSTha 75, 76 70. (ka) ThANuM (sthAnAMga sUtra), 10/105-107 sa sabbAo pAttAo, taM nahIM-hAsaLA, bhayasaLyA, meduLasaLA, parizaisaLA, voisaLyA, maLasaLyA, mayAsaLyA, tomasaLyA, tomaLyA, ohasaNNA / ( raiyANaM dasa saNNAo evaM ceva / evaM NiraMtaraM jAva vemANiyANaM || " (kha) vaijJAnika zodha mATe udAharaNa juo. "Sectret Life of Plants" 71. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha, pRSTha 77 72. A saMpUrNa prazna muni yazovijayajIe potAnA graMtha 'vidyuta : sajIva ke nirjIva'mAM pRSTha saM. 78-99mAM vistArathI prastuta karyo che. A viSayanA vistRta javAba mATe muni naMdIghoSavijayajI dvArA lakhela 'jaina darzana vaijJAnika dRSTie'nA pRSTha 61-68mAM che. (amoe prastuta pustakano ullekha pariziSTa-1mAM karyo che.) 73. zrImad jayAcArya, praznottara-tattva bodha, prakaraNa 15, 45, 'battIsa Agama adhikAra', pRSTha 60, 61. 568. paMca anai cAlIsa meM, je causaraNa vicAra / nAma marinA, vatI, na paDyo saMcAra / / / / 66. nItattva, viniyutti, pacaALa-pa avatoya / e SaT nIM naMdI viSe, sAkha nahIM chai koya ||2|| 570. mahA-nizItha viSe kayuM, dvitiya adhyayana majhAra / kulikhata doSa devo nahIM, tasuM kAraNa avadhAra ||3|| 571. ehija mahAnizItha meM kihAM ka addhar siloga / viThThAM sito, vihAM akSara nI, vaMTonI prayoga // 4 // 269

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572. kihAMyaka pAno arddha hI, kihAM patra be tIna / gaLyo grantha ima Adi bahu, iha vidha karhyasucIna ||5|| e pustAka rai mAMhi / pAno tAhi // 6 // 573. bali kahyuM tRtiya adhyena meM, caiMTho ika pAnA thakI, bIjo 574. te mATe e sUtra nA, alAvA tihAM bhaNAhAra sUtrAM taNA, tyAM 575. doSa na devo tehanI, khaMDa-khaMDa na pAmeha / patra saDhyA khAdhI bali, jIva uddehi jeha ||8|| 576. haribhadhra nija mati karI, sAMdhI likhyuMja tAma / ima kahyuM mahA-nizItha meM, bali anya AcAraja nAma // 9 ll 577. tiNa sUM mahAnizItha piNa, DohalANoM chai eha / sarva mUlago nahi rahyo, nipuNa vicArI leha ||10|| 578. zeSa rahyA SaTa teha meM, kAMika kAMika bAya / aMga sUM na milai teha vaca, kima mAnIjai tAya // 11 // 579. TIkA cUrNi dIpikA, bhASya niyuktI jANa / kiMNahika rI dIsai nathI, tiNa sUM eha apramANa ||12|| azuddha likhyaM huvai jeha // 7 // thai eha / 1. mahAnizItha, adhyayana 2, patra 7 (hastalikhita) : eyarasa ya kulihiyadoso na dAyavvo suyaharehiM kiMtu jo ceva eyassa puvvAyariso Asi tatthe va / katthai silogo katthai silogaddhaM katthai payakkharaM katthai akkharapaMtiyA katthai pannagapuTThiya katthai vetinni pannagANi evamAi bahugaMthaM parigaliyaM ti / 2. 3. dImaka 4. mahAnizItha, adhyayana 3, patra 25 (hastalikhita) : ettha ya jattha jattha paNNANulaggaM sutAlAvagaM na saMpajjai tattha tattha suyaharehiM kulihiyadoso na dAyavvo tit / kiMtu jo so eyassa acitaciMtAmaNikaSpabhUyassa mahAnisIhasuyakkhaMdhassa puvvAyariso Asi tahiM ceva khaMDAkhaMDIe uddehiyAehiM heUhiM vahave pattagA parisaDiyA tahAvi accaMta suhamatthAisayaMti / imaM mahAnisIyasuyakkhaMdhaM kasiNapavayaNassa paramasArabhUya paraM tattaM mahatthaM ti kaliUNa pavayaNavacchallatteNaM bahubhavyasattovayAriyaM ca kAuM tahA ya AyariaTTayAe Ayaria haribhaddeNaM jaM tatthAyariso diTTaM taM savvaM samatIe sAhiUNa lihiyaM ti / annehiM pi siddhaseNadivAyara AlApaka vAi jakkhase devagutta jasavadvaNakhamAsamaNa sIsaravigutta NemicaMda jinadAsa gaNakhamaga savvarisiM pamuhehiM juNappahANasuyaharehiM bahumaNNiyamiti / ( patra 25 ) 5. milAvaTI Jain Educationa International 270 For Personal and Private Use Only

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580. ekAdaza je aMga thI, milatA vacana sujANa / sarva mAnavA jogya mujha, painnA pramukha pichANa / / 13 / / 581. dhura ve aMganI vRtti je, zIlAcAraja kIdha / abhayadeva sUrI karI, nava aMga vRtti prasIdha // 14 / / 582. phuna abhayadeva sUre racita, prathama upaMga prabaMdha / caMdra sUri viracita vRtti, nirAvaliyA zrutaskaMdha / / 15 / / 583. zeSa upaMga ru cheda nIM, malayagiri kRta joya / hemAcArya vRttI karI, anuyogaddhAra nI soya // 16|| 584. haribhadra sUre karI, dazavaikAlika vRtta / bhASya anai bali cUNi piNa, pUrvAcArya racita // 17 // 585. tima e SaTa nI navi karI, pUrvAcAraja joya / tiNa sUM tiNe na mAniyA, ehavU dIsai soya / / 18 / / 586. zeSa rahyA battIsa je, mAnaNa jogya arogya / eha thI milatA anya piNa, chai mujha mAnaNa jogya / / 19 / / 74. Satish K. Gupta, op. cit., pp. 1085-1088 "Photon A photon is a packet of energy. It possesses energy given by E = h v where h = 6.62 x 10-34 J s is the Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the photon. If 2 is the wavelength of the photon, then c = vr.. Here, c = 3 x 108 m s-l is velocity of light. Therefore, E = h v = " Photoelectric effect Hallwach discovered that an insulated zinc plate connected to a gold leaf electroscope and charged negatively lost its charge, when a beam of ultraviolet light was directed on the plate. In order to explain this observation, Haliwach suggested that the metal surface loses negative charge due to ejection of electrons from its surface by the ultraviolet light. The effect was termed as photoelectric effect. The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from a metal surface, when light of sufficiently high frequency falls upon it, is known as the photoelectric effect. 271

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The electrons so emitted were called photoelectrons. J. J. Thomson showed that the photoelectrons were not different from the ordinary electrons. Laws of photoelectric emission. The various experimental observation led to the various conclusions, which became known as the laws of photoelectric emission, as explained below: 1. The emission of photoelectrons takes place only when the frequency of the incident radiation is above a certain critical value, characteristic of that metal. The critical value of frequency is known as the threshold frequency for the metal of the emitting electrode. 2. The emission of photoelectrons starts as soon as light falls on metal surface. It has been found that the time lag between the incidence of photon and the emission of electron is less than 10-8 s. 3. The maximum kinetic energy with which an electron is emitted from a metal surface is independent of the intensity of the light and depends only upon its frequency. 4. The number of photoelectrons emitted i.e. the photoelectric current is independent of the frequency of the incident light and depends only upon its intensity. Einstein's Photoelectric Equation To explain photoelectric effect, Einstein postulated that the energy carried by a photon of radiation of frequency v is hv. According to him, the emission of a photoelectron was the result of the interaction of a single photon with an electron, in which the photon is completely absorbed by the electron. We know that to remove an electron from a metal, a certain minimum amount of energy w, called work function of the metal, is required. Thus, when a photon of energy hv is absorbed by an electron, an amount of energy at least equal to w (provided hv> w) is used up in liberating the electron free and the differeace hv-w becomes available to the electron as its maximum kinetic energy." 75. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta grantha, pRSTha 100 76. ejana, pRSTha 101, 102 upara A udAharaNa vistArathI darzAvela che. 77. ejana, pRSTha 103 78. ejana, pRSTha 103, 104 79. ejana, pRSTha 116, 117 80. ejana, pRSTha 104, 105 81. terApaMtha yuvaka pariSada jayapura dvArA prakAzita 'jaya zAsana jaya Jain Educationa International 272 For Personal and Private Use Only

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anuzAsana'mAM AcArya tulasInuM bhagavAna mahAvIre 2500nA nirvANa mahotsavanA avasara para eka udabodhananA AdhAra para "vikAsano AdhAra-AtmAnuzAsana" nAmano lekha, pRSTha 8 (a) sthAnakavAsI ane terApaMtha dharmasaMghamAM vAsaNo dhovAnuM pANI cokhuM gaNIne vAparavAnI paraMparA prAcInakALathI pracalita che. jyAre A viSaya para koIe kahyuM ke duHkhanI paristhitimAM A be kalAkamAM kIndriya jIvo pedA thaI jAya che. to AcArya bhikSue enI cokhavaTa karI. emane kahyuM ke dhovAnuM pANI acitta che ane emAM dvIndriya jIvonI utpattinI vAta Agama-mAnya nathI. juo, AcArya bhikSu ita zraddhAnI yopADhA u1, zrI. bhikSu-anya-ratnA32 (-1), prakAzaka terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, sana 1960, pRSTha 772777, AyArtha bhikSu, zraddhAnI yopA, DhAla 32. DhAla : 31 keI jenI nAma dharAya neM, bole jhUTha atIya / sAdhu dhovaNa bahare teha meM, kahe beiMdrI jIva / / 1 / / te poteM to dhovaNa pIveM nahIM, piye tyAMne nide dina rAta / te anhAkhI thakA bakavo kare, tyAMrA ghaTa mAheM ghora mithyAta // 2 // jibhyA ro svAda tajyAM binAM, dhovaNa piyo kima jAta / tiNasUM dhovaNa uthA baharaNo, jhUThI kara kara mukha sUM bAta / / 3 / / keI kahe vAsI AhAra meM, ekaNa rAta re maaNhiN| jIva beiMdrI upajeM, tiNa sUM sAdhAM ne vaharaNo nAMhi // 4 // poteM ThaMDo AhAra bhAve nahIM, tiNa sUM uMdhI para em| ehavA hiMsAdhA rA lakSaNa burA, te suNajyo ghara prema / / 5 / / kasAI vice to kugura burA e, tyAre dayA nahIM lavaleza / cha kAyA mAraNa taNo e, de pApI upadeza / / pAkhaMDI gura ehavA e, unhoM pANI dharAve kare AmanA e||1|| 273

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pache bhara bhara lyAve ThAMma, AdhAkarmI bhogave e| tyAMrA duSTa dhaNA piraNAM, bhavika niraNo karo e |paa.2|| karaDo kATho dhovaNa bhAve * nahIM e, unhoM pANI lAge svAda / tiNa sUM anhAkhI thakA e, kare kUDI viSavAda // 3 // kahe dhovaNa meM upaje ghaNA e, doya ghaDI pAche jIva / e uMdhI parUpaneM e, de che kugati nI nIMva / / 4 / / dhovaNa ikavIsa jAti noM e, sAdhu ne leNo kahyo jiNa Apa / AcArAMga sUtara' meM e, te kugurAM dIyo uthApa / / 5 / / ikavIsA jAti sUM milato thako e, dhaNI jAti ro dhovaNa jANa / te piNa leNo kahyo e, tiNarI na kare mUDha pichAMNa / / 6 // . anero sastra pariNamyAM thakAM e, varNa ne rasa phira jAya / te dhovaNa leNo sAdhu neM e, te vikalAM meM khabara na kAyA // 7 // kahe dhovANa meM jIvA upaje e, doya ghaDI meM Aya / te piNa sUtara meM nahI e, jhUTha thakA bole mUsAbrAya // 8 // tatakAla ro dhovaNa nahIM veMharaNoM e, dhaNI bolAM ro dhovaNa leNo jAMNa / dasavaikAlAka meM kahyo e, tohI kare agyAMnI tAMNa // 9 // kahe dhovaNa meM jIva upajeM e, te ana taNe paraveza / ehavo jhUTha bolane e, kara rahyA kUDa kaleza // 10 // jo dhovaNa meM jIva upajeM e, to roTI meM I upaje AMNa / doya ghaDI majhe e, e lekho barobara jANa // 11 // imahija dAla khIca ghATa meM e, ityAdika sagalI ana jAMNa / sagalAM moM jIva upajeM e, dhovaNa sUM yAMne lyo pichAMNa / / 12 / / kaThe pAMNI thoDo meM ana ghaNo e, kaThe ana thoDo pAMNI atyanta | pAMNI meM ana sarva meM e, yAM sagalAM ro eka virataMta / / 13 / / dUdha rI jAvaNI rA dhovaNa majhe e, yAMmeM upajeM beiMdrI Aya / to dUdha meM piNa upajeM e, pAMNI mile che tiNa mAMya // 14 // vale dahI meM chAcha rA dhovaNa majhe e, jo upajeM beiMdrI Aya / to daraba meM I upajeM e, pAMNI mile che daraba re mAMya // 16 // 1. AcAracUlA, 1/6/99-104 2. dazavaikAlika sUtra, a. 5, uddezaka 1, gAthA 75-77 274

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itarA kAla pacheM jIva upajeM e, te sUtara meM na kahyo bhagavaMta / upajatA jIva jAMNa neM e, bahareM nahIM mativaMta ||17|| 81. (b) terApaMtha dharma-saMghamAM AcAryo dvArA sacita-acitanA viSayamAM je nirNaya levAya che tene maryAdAvaLImAM maryAdAnA rUpamAM mAnya karyo che. udhAharaNa dukho : zrImajjayAcArya kRta maryAdA-vRhad maryAdA (moTI maryAdA) saM. 1908mAM mAha suda 15 divase jayAcArya pATe birAjyA pachI tyAM vizeSa baMdobasta karyo - (AcArya dvArA samaya-samaya para vyavahAranA AdhAra para maryAdAo) (4) sekyA mothyA tathA tyAre saMghaTe piNa bahiraNo nahIM / anai giNavA dANA vIkharayA sekyA dIsai / tiNare saMghaTe bahirayAM aTakAva nahIM / (5) mogarI dhUMgArI leNI nahIM / ima phalI sAMgarI kaira phoga dhUMgAryA laiNA nahIM / mAM hai miracyAM rA bIja rI tathA kAcarayAM rA bIja rI pharthyAM rI saMkA te mATai / (6) kelA phuMtarA sahita tathA tyArai saMghaTe bahiraNo nahIM / phuMtarA binA levai to aTakAva nahIM / (7) miracA rAtI kUTI ghAMsa arthe tela ghAlyoDI te bIja sahita laiNI nahIM / (8) siMghoDA sUkA bhAgA bIja sahita leNA nahIM / (9) AMbAro chaMdo phoMtarA dezI AMba kIsAgAM sAgAM khAMDa kA pharasa vinA laiNI nahIM / paradezI AMba kI bAta nyArI / (17) kAcA pANI maiM tela rA hAtha ghAlyAM cIgara rA tarAvArA dIse te leNo nahIM / (18) lUNa miraca jIro haladI ghAlyoDo masAlo leNo nahIM / (24) kharabUjA ro khAMDa ghAlyoDau puNo bIja sahita leNo nahIM, bIja vinA aTakAva nahIM / (25) bAlaNa kAkaDI ro puNo leNo nahIM / (26) matIrA ko pANI leNo nahIM / (27) Unho pAnI tathA gobarAdika ko dhovaNa ro pAlo jamyo te leNo nahIM / (28) dariyA nIlA dAr3imarA kuliyA lUMNa miraca lagAyoDA leNA nahIM / e 36 bolAMrI baMdhobastI vizeSa kIdhI / khoparA bIja sahita varjaNA Jain Educationa International 275 For Personal and Private Use Only

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to Age I hUMtI / piNa mUNarA khoparA bIja galiyA jANa ne letA te chor3ayA / ... AcArya rI bAMdhI maryAdA AcArya re hAthe che / (49) dIvArai cAnaNe pAnA vAMcaNA nahIM / (57) pANI sacita rI pArakhA arthe hAtha ghAlaNo nahIM / vavahAra meM acita jANeM to bahira leNoM / 81. (c) maryAdAvaLI, vyavasthA sUtra 16 (aprakAzita) : sela, beTarIvALA ghaDiyALanI jema karNayaMtra paNa sela-saMcAlita che. temAM tejaskAyanI ajayaNAnI saMbhAvanA nathI lAgatI, tathA tene upayogamAM laI zakAya che.'' 82. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta graMtha, pRSTha 106-108 83. juo, TippaNa krama 73 84. muni yazovijayajI, pUrva uddhRta graMtha, pRSTha 109 Jain Educationa International 276 For Personal and Private Use Only

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pariziSTa 1 prAza sajIva-nirjIva-mImAMsA vidyutano prakAza, AkAzIya vIjaLIno prakAza, dIvAno prakAza badhA teukAya che, A mAnyatAnA samarthanamAM tathA enA khaMDanamAM je vicAra vyako karyA che, enI mImAMsA ahIM rajU karI che. 1. prakAza sajIva che. "prakAza sajIva che - A mAnyatAne muni yazovijayajIe nIcenA vicAra dvArA pragaTa karyA che." atyaMtara tapamAM aMtima ane utkRSTa prakAra kAyotsarga sAdhanA che. vidhi pramANe saMkalpa karIne kAyAno tyAga karIne AtmAne vizuddha AlaMbanamAM joDI rAkhavAnI adbhuta sAdhanA svarUpa kAyotsargamAM 16 prakAranA AgAra-apavAdachUTa AvazyakasUtramAM batAvyA che. emAM eka apavAda che dIvAnI rozanI - (dIpaprakAza) Avazyaka niryuktimAM zrI bhadrabAhusvAmIjIe kahyuM :" _ 'agaNIo chiMdijja va bohiyakhobhAr3a dIhaDakko vA / kArdi samajo 3 vArdi" (TthI. u56) ityAdi rUpamAM kAyotsarganA AgAra (apavAda) batAvyA che. emAM agaNIo pada dvArA je AgAra batAvyA che enI vyAkhyAmAM zrI haribhadrasUrIzvarajI batAve che ke - 'yadA jyotiH spRzati tadA prAvaraNAya kalpagrahaNaM kurvato na kAyotsargabhaMgaH' (gAthA. 2626) eTale kAyotsarga cAlu hoya tyAre koI vyakti mINabattI, phAnasa, dIvA, 277

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lAiTa cAlu kare ane eno prakAza (rozanI) jo kAyotsarga karanAra sAdhaka para paDe to kAyotsarga karanArA potAnA zarIrane UnanA kAmaLAthI DhAMke, kAmaLAne zarIra para oDhavAthI kAyotsargano bhaMga nathI thato. jo dIvAnI rozanI (ajavALuM), lAITa (teukAya)no prakAza nirjIva hoya to cAlu kAyotsargamAM kAmaLo oDhavAnI je vAta kahI che enAthI siddha thAya che ke zarIra para AvanAro lAITano prakAza-kRtrima teukAyano prakAza, mINabattI, phAnasa, dIvA vagereno prakAza sacitta, sajIva che. eTale enI rakSA karavAnA uddezyathI cAlu kAyotsargamAM Unano kAmaLo oDhavAnI zAstrakAra parAmarzakoe pharaja batAvI che. moTA doSathI bacavA mATe anivAryarUpe nAnA doSanuM sevana kSamya bane che. dehadhyAsane daphanAvavA mATe karanArI kAyotsarga jevI mahAna sAdhanAmAM jIvahiMsA na thaI jAya emAM sAvadhAna rahevAnI vAta ApaNA hRdayamAM hoya e daSTithI karAyeluM vidhAna vIjaLInA dIvAnA prakAzane = balba prakAzane paNa sajIva siddha kare che. kAraNa ke vIjaLI paNa dIvAnI mAphaka teukAya ja che. A pramANe teukAya (dIvAnI jyota) ane eno prakAza - e baMne tatvArthavRttikAranA mata anusAra eka ja che. jaina Agama anusAra AkAzIya vIjaLI, dIvAnI jyota, dIvAno prakAza sajIva che. vijJAna anusAra telanA dIvAthI dUra sudhI phelAto prakAza ane ilekTrika balbano prakAza-e baMne phoTona (tejANu) svarUpa che, eTale baMne eka che. eTale uparanI vAtanA samIkaraNanA rUpamAM samajavA mATe, Ama kahI zakAya che. (1) telanA dIvAnI jyota (= sacitta) teukAya. - jIvAbhigamasUtra (prati. 1/25) dIvAnI dIvAnI jyota (flame) = dIpaka prakAza (rozanI-ajavALuM) - tattvArthavRtti (5/24) tailIya dIpakano prakAza = ilekTrika balba prakAza (degphoTona = tejANu) - sAyansa. balba prakAza paNa sajIva teukAya rUpa siddha thAya che. AkAzIya vIjaLI = sajIva teukAya - pannavaNA sUtra (1/31) AkAzIya vIjaLI = ilekTrisiTI - benjAmina phreMkalina ilekTrisiTI paNa sajIva teukAya rUpa siddha thAya che. 278

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A pramANe Agama ane vijJAnano samanvaya karIne ilekTrisiTI ane balba prakAza sajIva ja siddha thAya che. 'annattha' sUtranA vivecananA prasaMga para lalitavistarA granthamAM paNa zrI ribhadrasUrIjI mahArAje batAvyuM che ke 'yavA coti: spRzati tavA pravaraLAya pagrahanuM rvataH avinAyotsargamaMga' kAyotsargamAM dIvAno prakAza jyAre zarIra para paDe che tyAre oDhavA mATe kAmaLo levAthI kAyotsargano bhaMga thato nathI. nyAyavizArada nyAyAcArya mahopAdhyAya zrI yazovijayajI gaNivara dvArA saMzodhita ane pramANita karelI dharmasaMgrahavRttimAM 'annattha' sUtranA vivecananA prasaMga para mahopAdhyAya zrI mAnavijayajI gaNivaryazrIne paNa 'ane vidyuto vA jhyotiSaH sparzane prAvaranuM vRdhnato'pina mA' (bhAga 2/gA. 61 vRtti/pAnuM 61) Ama kahIne batAvyuM che ke agnino prakAza (rozanI) athavA vIjaLIno prakAza zarIra para paDe to zarIrane DhAMkavA mATe kAmaLAne grahaNa karavAthI kAyotsargano bhaMga thato nathI. jo teukAyano prakAza jyAre utpatti sthAnathI dUra phelAto hoya tyAre sacitta (sajIva) nathI hotuM to ApaNA zarIra para dIvA karavAthI prakAza paDe to cAlu kAyotsargamAM kAmaLo oDhavAnI AvazyakatA rahetI nathI. eTale dIvAno prakAza, lAiTa prakAza, balba prakAza svayaMnA utpattisthAnamAM ane utpattisthAnathI dUra jyAM e phelAya che tyAM - baMne sthAnomAM sacitta = sajIva che - ema ja siddha thAya che. zaMkA - AvazyakaniryuktivRtti, lalitavistarA ane dharmasaMgrahavRtti graMthamAM cAlu kAyotsargamAM rozanI (ajavALuM) (prakAza) AvavAnA samaya kalpa prAvaraNanI (kAmaLo paheravAnI) je vAta karI che te teukAyanA jIvonI rakSA karavA mATe che. enuM koI bIjuM prayojana nathI - ema mAnavAnA pramANa kyA che? koI bIjuM prayojana tyAM zA mATe nathI mAnatA? samAdhAnaH pUrvamAM (pR. 53) tattvArthasUtravRttinA AdhAra para ApaNe joI gayA chIe ke teukAya (dIvAnI jyota) ane eno prakAza baMne eka ja che. eTale teukAya (dIvAnI jyota) jema sajIva che e ja pramANe eno prakAza(rozanI) paNa sajIva che. tathA pUrvadhara maharSi zrI jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNane vizeSAvazyaka bhASAmAM 'racApharaprAiimatta' (vi.A.bhA. 2576) A pramANe kAmaLo rAkhavAnuM je prayojana batAvyuM che enI vyAkhyAmAM zrI hemacaMdrasUrIjI Jain Educationa International 279 For Personal and Private Use Only

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mahArAje 'novicitta rUpavAtAzranamasaH pati pratItameva / AvizaddhAt pradIpatejaHprabhRtInAM parigrahaH / eteSAM ca mahAvAtAdi-gatAnAM rakSAnimittaM kalpAM sAyanta' (vi.A.bhA. maladhAravRtti) ema kahIne kAmaLo rAkhavAnuM eka prayojana dIvAnI rozanI (ajavALA)nA jIva AdinI rakSA karavI batAvyuM che. mahAtArkika nyAyAcArya mahopAdhyAya zrI yazovijayajI gaNivare paNa syAdvAda kalpalatA (zAsravArtAsamuccayavyAkhyA)nA navamA staMbakamAM 'zuddhAhArAdiva zuddhopakaraNAdanekaguNasaMbhavastu nirapAya eva !...sacitta-pRthvI-bhUmikA-vRSTiavazyAyaraja 'pravIpatenaHpravRtInAM ramA pi tai: (vacce:) tA mati|' (sthA. ka. latA stabaka/9/gAthA 4/pAnu 46) ema kahIne kAmaLo paheravAnuM eka prayojana dIvAnI rozanI (ajavALA)nA jIvo'nI rakSA karavI batAvyuM che. adhyAtmamataparIkSAvRttimAM paNa mahopAdhyAya zrI yazovijayajI mahArAje 'sacitapRthivI-ghUmiLA-vRcavazyAyana:-pravIpatenaHpravRtInAM vite' (= vastra) (gAthA 13 vRtti) ema kahIne dIvA vagaranI rozanI (ajavALA)nA jIvonI rakSA kAmaLA vagara paNa thAya che ema batAvyuM che. eTale cAlu kAyotsargamAM dIvAnI rozanI (ajavALuM) AvavAthI kAmaLo oDhavAthI jeTalI thaI zake eTalI teukAya jIvonI rakSA thAya e ja mukhya prayojana dekhAya che. eTale dIvAnI rozanI sajIva ja siddha thAya che.' mahAnizIthasUtranA cothA adhyayanamAM pApabhIru sumati ane nAgila nAmanA be bhAIonI kathA Ave che. tyAM zithilAcArI sAdhune joIne jJAnI sumati enA zithilAcAranuM varNana karatA kahe che ke - 'so agna racanI! anovato vasutto viSNuvA sio / na tena baLadaLa taM' (pAnuM 101) eTale e sAdhu rAte upayoga vagara sUtA hatA. eTale teukAyanA (vidyutakAyanA) saMghaTTA (sparza) thayo, pachI paNa teNe oDhavA mATe kAmaLo lIdho nahIM. ahIM 'teukAyano saMghaTTA' zabdano 'e sAdhunA zarIra para koIe baLatA kolasA rAkhyA' evo artha na karI zakAya. kAraNake ema hoya to e sAdhu UThI jaze. paraMtu 'teukAyanA saMghaTTA'no artha e che ke zarIranI upara dIvAno prakAza (rozanI) paDyo athavA vIjaLIno camakAro zarIra upara paDyo. AkAzamAM vIjaLI camakatI hoya, bArIdaravAjA khullA hoya. zarIra para eno prakAza paDato hoya, pachI paNa sAdhu kAmaLo na oDhe to evI lAparavAhI zithilAcAranA rUpamAM mAnavI paDaze. enuM kAraNa bahu ja spaSTa che ke enAthI teukAya jIvone pIDA thAya che. kAmaLo nahIM oDhavAthI Jain Educationa International 280 For Personal and Private Use Only

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teukAyanA jIvonI rakSA nahIM karavI e eka prakArano zithilAcAra che - ema mahAnizIthasUtranuM tAtparya che. enAthI paNa riddhi thAya che ke kAmaLo teukAya jIvonI rakSAnuM sAdhana che. e ja pramANe nizIthasUtra nAmanA chedagranthamAM paNa vidyuta-prakAza sajIva che, enA aneka prakAra jovA maLe che. nizIthasUtrapIThikAnI cUrNimAM batAvyuM che ke "ji ni hatALa pedAvIja karaMta ApI virahinnati" (ni. bhASya 209 cUrNi) eTale je makAnamAM, upAzrayamAM dIvAno prakAza phelAyo hoya, lAITa AvatI hoya tyAM vastrAdinuM paDilehaNa karavAmAM Ave to agnikAya jIvanI virAdhanA thAya che. eTale khullI lAiTa-dIvA vagere cAlu hoya tyAM sAdhu-sAdhvIjI bhagavaMta paDilehaNa nathI karI zakatA. jo rozanI (ajavALA)mAM vastrAdinuM paDilehaNa kare to teukAyano saMghaTTa (=sparza) thavAthI vizeSa prakAranuM prAyazcita nizIthacUrNimAM "sanotiyANa 35ra. Dineti mAsanaMdu" (gA. 209) A zabdo dvArA batAvyuM che. e ja pramANe makAnamAM, upAzrayamAM potAnA upara dIvAno prakAza Avato hoya, lAITa AvatI hoya to upAzrayanI bahAra nIkaLatI vakhate athavA aMdara praveza vakhate paNa agnikAyanI virAdhana na thAya, ene mATe sAdhu bhagavaMta upAzrayamAM pramArjana na kare. moMthI "sAvanadi vagere na bole. upAzrayamAM potAnA para lAiTa AvatI hoya tyAre sAdhu bhagavaMta teukAyanA jIvonI rakSA mATe vaMdana paNa na kare - evuM nizIthapIDikAnI cUrNimAM batAvyuM che. - A rahyA e zabda - NiggacchaMtA pavisaMtA vA vasahiM na pamajjaMti tti vuttaM hoi / mUgA saMti vAyAe aNuccaraNaM, vaMdaNagahINaM-vaMdanaM na dadAtItyartha: (nizIthamANa rara3 ) AcArAMgasUtranI pahelI cUlikAmAM "kavivA 4jJAtiyapu mavaDuM...! mahAsAvairiyA caya mAru (adhyAya 2/udeza 2) ema kahIne agni bALyo hoya evI jagyA (=upAzrayAdi)nI oLakha "mahA sAvadhakriyA' nAmathI karAI che tathA bRhatkalpasUtramAM "vasa saMto vaDApa savvArAIe joI jhiyAejjA, no kappar3a niggaMthANa vA niggaMthINa vA ahAlaMdamavi vasthag' (sUtra pa6) ema kahIne AkhI rAta dIvo baLato hoya evA upAzrayamAM kSaNabhara paNa rahevAnI sAdhu-sAdhvIone manAI karI che. tathA ajavALAvALA 281

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upAzrayamAM (makAnamAM) sAdhu-sAdhvIjI bhagavaMta rahe to teone prAyazcita Ave che, ema bRhatkalpabhASyanI 3433mI gAthAmAM spaSTa rUpamAM batAvyuM che. ethI siddha thAya che ke teukAyanA jIvonI saMpUrNa rakSA to e sthAnano tyAga karavAthI thAya che. pachI paNa bIjuM sthAna nahIM maLe to rozanIvALA sthAnamAM garama kAmaLo oDhIne beThA beThA pratikramaNa karavAnI vAta kahI che. ethI siddha thAya che ke kAmaLAthI teukAya jIvonI yathAzakya rakSA thAya che. jo makAnamAM lAITa cAlu hoya to ane ApaNA zarIra para prakAza-lAITa paDe evI avasthAmAM pratikramaNa karavuM paDe to teukAyanA jIvanI rakSA thAya e AzrayathI vAsakalpa (sthULa garama kAmaLo) oDhIne sAdhu-bhagavaMta beThA beThA pratikramaNa kare tathA pratikramaNanA sUtra paNa atyaMta dhImA zabdothI bole ema nizIthasUtra pIThikAnI cUrNimAM batAvyuM che. - A rahyA e zabda - __"AloyaNA taM jayaNAe kareMti, vAsakappapAuyA NiviTThA ceva ThitA bhaNaMti, saMsada' utta" (ni. mANa gAthA rara4 ) tathA pratikramaNa pachI rAtri-svAdhyAya paNa jyAM lAITa-rozanI (ajavALuM) nahIM AvatuM hoya tyAM jaIne sAdhu bhagavaMta kare. jo upAzrayamAM lAiTa, dIvA, phAnasa ItyAdi cAlu hoya, bahAra yogya sthAna nahi hoya to makAnamAM - upAzrayanI aMdara paDado DhAMkIne potAnA upara lAITa na Ave e pramANe sAdhu bhagavaMta svAdhyAyano ghoSa kare, upAzrayanI bahAra svAdhyAya karavA jevuM yogya sthAna na hoya ane upAzrayamAM rAtre lAITa cAlu hoya tathA paDadA nAMkhavAnI paNa sthiti na hoya to evI sthitimAM sAdhu bhagavaMta jorathI bolIne svAdhyAya karavAne badale vAsaMkalpa (dhULa garama kAmaLo) paherIne, besIne manamAM ciMtana kare - evI vAta nizIthasUtranI cUrNimAM batAvAI gaI che. zabda A pramANe che ke - - "suttatthaporisIo sati ThANe bAhiM kareMti / asati bahiTThAgassa aMto cilimiliM kAUNaM jharaMti / vA viklpe| cilimilimAdINaM asati aNupehAdI karetItyarthaM" (nizIthabhASya 224 cUrNi) rozanI (ajavALuM) vALA upAzrayamAM pratikramaNa pachI sUtraporasImAM bhaMga na thAya mATe jo sAdhu-sAdhvIjI bhagavaMta bolIne svAdhyAya kare to rozanI (ajavALA)nI virAdhanA thAya che. ema nizIthacUrNimAM spaSTa batAvyuM che. teonA zabdonuM avalokana karo - 'abhaMge puNa jotI virAhijjati' (gAthA 209) 282

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nizIthasUtracUrNi AdimAM uparyukta ullekho dvArA siddha thAya che ke balba athavA dIvAmAMthI potAnA zarIra upara jo sIdho prakAza (=Photon) Ave to e paNa vIjaLInI mAphaka, dIvAnI jema sacitta (=sajIvo ja che. enI virAdhanA nahi thAya ene mATe uparyukta vizeSa prakAranI sAvadhAnI-jayaNA-vidhi zAstrakAra bhagavaMtoe batAvI che. vijJAnanA siddhAMta pramANe phoTona zakti paDIkAnA rUpamAM (Packet of energy) che. phoTona (tejANu) dvArA prakAza bane che. phoTona svayaM prakAzanA rUpamAM pariNata thAya che. tathA ilekTrona (vIjANu) ane phoTana (tejANu)nI vacamAM gADha saMbaMdha che. tejANa (Photon)nA saMparkamAM AvavAthI vIjANu (Eelctron) ekadama jhaDapathI Avezita (Charged) thaI jAya che, Avezita vIjANuono gatizIla, pravAha (Flow of charged electrons) paNa yogya vAtAvaraNa maLatAM ja prakAzauSmA vagerenA svarUpamAM tejANa (Photon)nuM utsarjana kare che. tathA prakAzathI cAlanArA sAdhano (Photo-electric instruments) dvArA e prakAza svarUpa tejANu (Photon) pharIthI vIjaLI (Electricity)nA rUpamAM rUpAMtarita thaI zake che, ilekTronanA pravAha (Electricity)to bahu ja sthaLa che. phoTona to enAthI paNa sUkSma che. vijJAnanI draSTithI joIe to mazAlamAMthI nIkaLato | bahAra phelAto prakAza phoTanamaya che tathA nizIthacUrNi Adi zAstronI dRSTithI evo prakAza nirvivAda rUpathI sajIva ja che. jo laghutama mAtrA svarUpa prakAza (=Photon) sajIva che to pachI enI bRhata mAtrA svarUpa vIjANu ( Electron)thI banelI ilekTrisiTI sajIva kema na thaI zake? enI nirjIvatAno pheMsalo ApanAra ApaNe koNa? kAraNake prakAza-uSNatA-dAha Adi to agnikAyanA lakSaNa che. tathA spArkaplaga/khullA hAITenzana vAyara AdimAMthI pasAra thatI ilekTrisiTImAM prakAza-uSNatA Adi lakSaNa spaSTa rUpamAM dekhAya che. eTale uparyukta aneka dRSTAMta/tarko dvArA Agama ane vijJAnano samanvaya karavAmAM Ave to IlekTrisiTI paNa bAdara teukAya jIvanA svarUpamAM ja nizcita che. Agama zAstrone vAMcavA mATe jaina sAdhu bhagavaMtone kAlagrahaNanI eka mahattvapUrNa Avazyaka kriyA karavI paDe che. kAlagrahaNanI vidhinuM nirUpaNa Avazyaka niryukti-cUrNi, odhaniyukti ItyAdi graMthomAM vistArathI Ave che. Avazyakaniyukti graMthamAM 14 pUrvadhara zrIbhadrabAhusvAmIjI mahArAje lakhyuM che ke "pukha chaMtA chIye jhoDuM ja to niyataMti" (A.ni.gA. 1372) 283

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eTale kAlagrahaNa mATe jatA sAdhuone chIMka saMbhaLAI athavA enA upara dIvAno prakAza Ave athavA lAITa paDe athavA vIjaLIno prakAza Ave to kAlagrahaNa karavAne badale pAchA pharI jAya. caMdramAno prakAza athavA maNino udyota zarIranA saMparkamAM Ave to zAstravihita kAlagrahaNanI kriyA baMdha karAtI nathI. paNa vIjaLIno prakAza athavA dIvAnI rozanI (ajavALuM) Adi zarIra para paDe to kAlagrahaNanI kriyA baMdha ja karavI paDe che. e kAlagrahaNa radabAtala thAya che. zarIra upara dIvAno prakAza, lAiTa ityAdi paDe to kAlagrahaNanI pavitra kriyA na karavAnuM kAraNa bahu ja spaSTa che, enAthI agnikAyanA jIvonI virAdhanA thAya che. agnikAyanA jIvonI virAdhanA thavI eka prakArano doSa che. eTale sAdhu bhagavaMta tyAM kAlagrahaNa karyA vagara pAchA pharI jAya che. A pramANe odhaniyuktimAM paNa kAlagrahaNanI vidhi batAvatAM lakhyuM che ke "na pujana vavaMtA chIce jhokuM ra to niyati" (gA. 643) eTale kAlagrahaNa mATe jAya tyAre jo vacamAM chIMka saMbhaLAya athavA agniprakAza hoya, zarIra para lAiTa paDe to sAdhu bhagavaMta pAchA pharI jAya che. enI vyAkhyAmAM zrIdroNAcAryajIe spaSTatAthI lakhyuM che ke "H punaH pranatAM sutaM tiH | = ni udyoto vA mavati tato nivartitte " kAlagrahaNa mATe jatAM sAdhu bhagavaMtanI upara lAiTa-prakAza-rozanI (ajavALuM) paDe to virAdhanA thavAthI kAlagrahaNanI pavitra kriyA sthagita karavAmAM Ave che. zrI droNAcAryajIe "udyota' zabdathI prastutamAM rozanI (ajavALuM)nuM grahaNa karIne enI sajIvatAnI vAta para badhAMnuM dhyAna kheMcyuM che. aupapAtikasutramAM zramaNa mATe "vinusaMtariyAM' (sutra 41/pAnuM 104) evA zabda vizeSaNanA rUpamAM batAvyA che. enI vyAkhyAmAM navAMgI TIkAkAra zrI abhayadevasUrIjIe "viti satya antaraM mikSAgrahanI ceSAsti te vidyutattaravADa | vivusampattei mikSa nArIti, bhAvArtha ema kahIne "vIjaLI camakatI hoya tyAre zramaNa divasanA paNa gocarI jatA nathI - ema batAvyuM che enAthI paNa siddha thAya che ke vIjaLIno prakAza ApaNA zarIra para paDe to teukAya jIvanI virAdhanA thAya che. eno artha e thayo ke vIjaLI, dIvo, lAiTa balba ityAdinA mULabhUta utpattisthAnamAM jo prakAza thAya to e sajIva hoya che. paNa vIjaLI, balba, dIvA vageremAMthI je prakAza dUra sudhI phelAya che te paNa sajIva hoya che, tAtparya e che ke jema AkAzamAM rahelA vAdaLomAMthI pANIno 284

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varasAda thAya che evI rIte dIvA, balba, sTrITalAiTa vageremAMthI agnino varasAda cAre bAju thAya che ane te sajIva che nirjIva nahi, mahattvanI vAta to e che ke jIvavicAra prakaraNamAM agnikAyanA aneka bheda batAvIne "nAyabbA nivRddhi' ema kahIne kuzAgra buddhithI agnikAyanA jIvone oLakhavAnI zrI zAMtisUrIjI mahArAje siphArasa karI che. pRthvIkAya ityAdine samajavA mATe sUkSma buddhinI AvazyakatA nathI batAvI. paNa agnikAyane jANavAnI nipuNa buddhinI AvazyakatA batAvI. vicAra karIe to khyAlamAM Ave che ke vIjaLI to agnikAya jIvasvarUpa ja che paraMtu ApaNA zarIra upara eno prakAza Ave che te paNa agnikAya jIvarUpa ja che - e svIkAra karavAmAM bahu ja sUkSma buddhinI jarUra paDe ema ja che. sAyansanI paribhASA anusAra vicAra karIe to vAyaramAMthI pasAra thayelI ilekTrisiTI karoDo ilekTronanA phorsaphula pravAha svarUpa che tathA balbanA TaMgTana svarUpa, philAmenTamAMthI nIkaLelo je prakAza jovA maLe che te phoTona svarUpa che. ilekTronathI paNa phoTona to bahu ja sUkSma hoya che. vijJAna anusAra AvA sUkSma phoTona, je prakAzasvarUpa che e paNa jinAgama anusAra agnikAya jIva che - e ApaNe Avazyaka-niryuktivRtti, lalitavistarA, nizIthacUrNi, odhaniyukti AdinA vacano dvArA ApaNe jANI gayA chIe. e ja pramANe sAyansa jene ilekTronathI paNa ati sUkSma phoTona svarUpa mAne che e prakAzane paNa jIva svarUpa jANavA mATe sUkSma buddhinI atyaMta AvazyakatA hoya e svAbhAvika che. uparyukta Agama Adi pramANanA AdhAra para vidyutanI mAphaka prakAzanI sajIvatA siddha thAya che. eTale ja zrI haribhadrasUrIjI mahArAja jevA samartha vidvAna AcArya bhagavaMta paNa paMcavastuka nAmanA granthamAM batAve che ke - 'jamhA na dhammamagge mottUNaM AgamaM iha pamANaM / viMDu cha3masthAmAM taDDI phleva navuM ' (thA. 2007) arthAt ApaNA jevA asarvajJa jIvo mATe to dharmamArgano nirNaya karavAmAM jaina Agamane choDIne bIjuM koI pramANa nathI. eTale Agamano abhyAsa karavAmAM, AgamanA rahasyane samajapUrvaka svIkAravA mATe niraMtara prayatnazIla rahevuM joIe. jo ke gaNadhara bhagavaMto dvArA racAyelI dvAdazAMgI ane pUrvadharo dvArA racita 285

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bIjA Agama bahuja gahana, gUDha ane rahasyamaya che. e mATe uttarakAlIna tIvra meghAvI parArthavyasanI pUrvAcAryone bhaviSyakALanA jIvonA kalyANa mATe gahana AgamonA padArtho ane paramArthonI niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA, vyAkhyA, TippaNa, paMjika vagerenA mAdhyamathI samajAvavAno bhagIratha puruSArtha karyo che. paMcAMgI Agama ane Agama para AdhArita sAhityanA avalaMbanathI tAraka tIrthakara bhagavaMto ane gaNadhara bhagavaMtonA Azaya sudhI pahoMcavAmAM nizcittatA, nirbhayatA ane sugamatA rahe che. eTale e paNa mULa Agama tulya pramANa che. teukAyanA viSayamAM tattvArthasUtravRttimAM samarthavAdI zrI siddhasenagaNIe evI koI suMdara vAta pUrvapakSa uttarapakSa rUpamAM prastuta karI che. ziSya evA tarka kare che ke "anarAdhAra varasAda paDato hoya, rAtano samaya hoya, gharanA jharokhAmAM dIvA rAkhyA hoya, evI avasthAmAM e dIvo gharanI bahAra prakAza phelAvato hoya, jo rozanI (ajavALuM) svarUpa prakAza ane teukAya jIva eka ja hoya to agnikAya ane pANIno virodha hovAthI bahAra varasatA anarAdhAra varasAdathI teukAyanA jIva marI jAya che. jo ema hoya to bahAra prakAza (Photon) dekhAvo nahi joIe." kAraNa ke AcArAMgasUtranA prathama adhyayananI niyuktimAM zrI bhadrabAhusvAmIjI mahArAje kahyuM che - 'puDhavI AukkAe ullA ya vaNassaI tasA paannaa| vIra teDAvaM tu samAja satya ' (AthA. 223) A pramANe je batAvyuM che, e anusAra to anArAdhAra varasAdamAM jaLakAyanA jIva agnikAyanA jIvonA parakAya zastra banavAthI agnikAyanA jIva marI gayA hovA joIe. agnikAya jIva ja jo tyAM na hoya to prakAza kyAMthI maLaze? Ama mAnIe to anarAdhAra varasAda paDato hoya e vakhate khullA jharokhAnI bahAranA bhAgamAM rAkhelA dIvAno prakAza bahAra nahIM paDavo joIe. sAmenA makAna athavA mArga upara eno thoDo paNa prakAza paDavo joIe nahIM! A dalIla bahu ja tarkapUrNa che. paNa samartha yugapuruSa tArkika-ziromaNI zrI siddhasenagaNIjIe A dalIlano bahuja sacoTa, yuktisaMgata ane AgamAnusAra javAba Apyo che. teo kahe che ke, jharokhAnI bahAranA bhAgamAM rAkhelA dIpakanA pudagala bhAre varasAdamAM bahAra nIkaLe che tyAre varasAdanA saMparkamAM Ave che kAraNake potAnI tathAvidha camaka, ugratA, AMkhone cakAcauMdha karavAnuM sAmarthya ityAdi jarUra gumAvI de che. paNa svayaM potAno mULabhUta agnikAya svabhAva 286

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- maulikasvarUpane to bahAranA khullA vAtAvaraNamAM phelAvatA hovA chatAM paNa gumAvatA nathI. agnikAya svarUpanA astitva gumAvyA vagara ja te varasAdamAM bahAra phelAI jAya che tathA khullA varasAdamAM phelAya te vakhate viziSTa camaka, ugratA ityAdi potAnA guNadharmone jyAre te gumAvI de che tyAre e dIvAnI jyotamAMthI bIjA agnikAyanA pudgala khullA AkAzamAM phelAI jAya che. atisUkSma evo agni to pUla pANInI dhAramAMthI tejIthI nIkaLI jAya che. te tejodravya (Photon) phakta jaLavRSTithI samApta nathI thatA. kAraNake enA pariNAma viziSTa prakAranA hoya che. eTale pANIthI samApta hovAnuM pariNAma e agnimAM nathI. pratyeka prakAranA pANI badhA prakAranA agnikAyane jarUra bujhAvI de evo koI niyama nathI. udAharaNa tarIke samudramAM jyAre Aga lAge che tyAre e vaDavAnaLane dariyAnuM pANI bujhAvI zakatuM nathI. enAthI viparIta samudranuM pANI ja Agane vikarALa svarUpa dhAraNa karavAmAM sahAyatA kare che. eTale agnikAya mATe jaLakAya parakAyazastra hovA chatAM paNa vaDavAnaLano nAza samudranA pANIthI thato nathI. e ja pramANe muzaLadhAra varasAdamAM rAtre dIvAno je prakAza bahAra phelAya che eno nAza karavAmAM sAmarthya varasAdanA pANImAM nathI. agnikAya mATe jaLakAya parakAyazastra bane che - evo koI ekAMta niyamanI prarUpaNA vItarAga sarvajJa bhagavaMtoe karI nathI. keTalo adbhuta-sacoTa-akATya hovA uparAMta zAstrAnusArI ane daSTAMtasaMgata javAba zrI siddhasenagaNIvarajI e Apyo che. A rahyA tattvArthavRttimAM zrI siddhasena gaNIvarajInA zabda - "racAra-nirantarathA vartuti balAhake pradIpaH alindakAdivyavasthApitaH pradyoteta eva bhiH| yadi ca virodhaH syAt, na bahiH prakAzo vibhAvyeta, jalapAtena apanItvAditi / atrocyate-prAdIpA: pudgalAH tAthAtmyaparityajanto niHsRtAH tathAvidadhatAmudabindusamparkAd vijahati tatsamakAlaM cApare pradIpazikhAyA vikIrNAH kRzAnupudgalA: tmaakaashmshnuvte| na ca te jalapAtena vidhyApayituM zakyAM pariNAmavaicitryAd, vaDavAnalAvayavA iva' (tattvArtha 1/ra4) vAstavamAM zrI siddhasenagaNIvarano javAba bahu ja sacoTa che. avakAzIya sajIva vIjaLIno nAza paNa anarAdhAra varasAdathI thato nathI. iMdhaNa vagara agnino nAza pANI dvArA thavo saMbhava nathI. dIvAmAM rahelA agninI jyota 287

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iMdhaNayukta agnirUpa hovAne kAraNe pANI dvArA eno nAza thaI zake che. A vAta samajI zakAya che. paNa dIvAno dUra sudhI phelAto prakAza, rozanI (ajavALuM) to iMdhaNarahIta agnikAya jIva svarUpa hovAthI AkAzIya vIjaLInI mAphaka eno nAza pANI dvArA thaI zake nahIM. A vAta yuktisaMgata paNa lAge che. vartamAna samayamAM paNa koI prakAranA rasAyaNamAM jyAre Aga lAge che tyAre tenA para pANI nAMkhavAthI e Aga vadhAre vikarALarUpa dhAraNa kare che. ene bujhAvavA mATe vizeSa prakAranA vAyuno | rasAyaNono upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. peTrolapaMpa athavA kemikalanI phekTarI ityAdimAM peTrola, Alkohola, mithenola, ithenola, spiriTa ityAdimAM bhayaMkara Aga lAge che tyAre jo enA para pANIno chaMTakAva karAya to e Aga pANI dvArA ja vadhAre vikarALa ane ane bhayAnaka rUpa dhAraNa kare che. A vAta to phAyara brigeDamAM kAma karatA mANaso dvArA paNa jANI zakAya che eTale pANI badhA prakAranA bAdara teukAyano nAza karI zake che e niyama siddha thaI zakato nathI. vijJAna anusAra prakAza to phoTona (tejANu) svarUpa che. phoTonano nAza pANIthI nathI thaI zakato. eTale dIvAno prakAza kadAca bahAra phelAto hoya chatAM paNa anarAdhAra varasAda dvArA eno nAza thaI zakato nathI ema siddhasenagaNIvarazrInI vAta vijJAna anusAra paNa saMgata che. aneka ilekTrona - proTrona - nyuTrona dvArA nirmANa thayelA aNune toDavA mATe Aje vaijJAnika zaktizALI banI zake che, paNa ilekTronano aNuno ghaTaka che. aNunI tulanAmAM e bahuja nAno che. ilekTrona (vIjANuthI paNa phoTona (tejANu) to atyaMta sUkSma dravya kaNa che. eTale pANI dvArA eno nAza thato nathI. 2. prakAza agnikAya nathI prakAza sajIva che - e pramANe asahamati rAkhanArA muni naMdighoSavijayajIe temanA vicAra emanA pustaka "jainadarzana : vaijJAnika dRSTithI'mAM trIjA adhyayanamAM vyakta karI che. ahIM ame A prakaraNane avikala rUpathI prastuta karIe chIe - bhagavAna mahAvIrane thayAne Aje lagabhaga 2500 varSa vItI gayA che chatAM paNa emanuM zAsana Aje paNa avicchina rUpathI ajeya che. temaNe kevaLajJAnathI bhautika jagatanuM je svarUpa pratyakSa ApyuM che, ene potAnA dharmopadezomAM sArI rIte samajAvyA ane Aje paNa emanA batAvelA siddhAMta 288

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vijJAnanI kasoTI para pAra UtaryA che. jIva-vijJAnanA kSetramAM, jaina dharma-graMtho athavA jaina darzananuM je anupama yogadAna che. ene svIkAryA vagara ApaNe cAlaze nahIM. jaina dArzanika paraMparA anusAra, prANiyo ane vanaspati uparAMta pRthvI, pANI agni vAyumAM paNa jIva athavA AtmA che e badhAmAM mAtra tarkanA AdhAra para nahIM, paNa vaijJAnika paddhati anusAra prAyogika stara 52 jIvatvanI siddhi karavuM atyaMta Avazyaka che. yuganI A mAMgane tatkALa pUrI karavAnI javAbadArI ApaNI badhAnI che. jaina samAjamAM, khAsa karIne sAdhu samAjamAM 'prakAza'ne mATe chellI keTalIka sadIothI bhrAMtio pracalita thaI che. e mAnyatAone zAstranuM prabala samarthana nathI. jaina upAzrayo ane sthAnakomAM dIpaka (lempa)no upayoga nathI hoto, kAraNake jaina sAdhu-samAja mATe ahiMsAnuM pAlana atyaMta Avazyaka che ane jaina dArzanika paraMparA anusAra agnimAM paNa AtmA hoya che. Aje zvetAMbara mUrtipUjaka jaina sAdhu-samAjamAM evo rivAja che ke rAtre jo dIpaka (lempa)no prakAza hoya to, e prakAzamAMthI pasAra thatI vakhate sAdhusAdhvI potAnA zarIrane garama vastra (Una) athavA kAmaLAthI lapeTI le che. A paraMparA, prathA athavA AcAranuM kAraNa pUchIe to batAvAya che ke prakAza tejokAya che ane ApaNA zarIra para paDavAthI enuM mRtyu thaI jAya che, eTale ajavALuM, bhale te mINabattInuM hoya athavA kerosInanuM hoya athavA telanuM, ghInuM athavA vIjaLInuM hoya, eno prakAza ApaNA zarIra para na paDe, mATe garama kAmaLAno upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. sUrya, caMdra, graha, nakSatra, tArA ityAdinA prakAzane nirjIva mAnyo che. bIjI bAju Aje vijJAne ghaNI zodha karI che, jenA AdhAra para ghaNAM loko vIjaLInA goLA, phAnasa, mINabattI vagerenA prakArane nirjIva mAne che, to pachI vAstavika sthiti zuM che, enA 52 jaina dharma-zAstro ane AgamonA AdhA2 para vicA2 ka2vo Avazyaka che. jaina dharma-grantho anusAra dravyanA judA-judA vargIkaraNomAMthI eka vargIkaraNa A pramANe che - pudgala dravyanA cha bheda che (1) sUkSma-sUkSma (2) sUkSma (3) sUkSma bAdara (4) bAdara sUkSma (5) bAdara (6) bAdara bAdara. yAkinI mahattarAsun AcArya zrI haribhadrasUrIzvarajIe, 'dazavaikAlika' sUtranI vRttimAM jIvAbhigama Jain Educationa International Gre 289 For Personal and Private Use Only

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sUtranA AdhAra para batAvyuM che ke pudgala dravyanA pratyeka paramANu jenuM svataMtra astitva che eno sUkSma sUkSma vargamAM samAveza thAya che, be-be paramANuonA pudgala skandhothI laIne sUkSma pariNAma-yukta anaMta paramANuonA pudgala skandhono samAveza sUkSma nAmaka bIjA vargamAM thAya che, sUkSma bAdara zreNImAM gaMdha (sugaMdha ane durgaMdha)nA paramANu pudgala skandhono samAviSTa karyo che. vAyukAyanA jIvonA zarIra bAdara sUkSma che. pANInA jIvonA zarIrane bAdara zreNImAM rAkhyA che. paNa agnikAya, vanaspatikAya, pRthvIkAya, dvIndriya, caturIndriya vagere bIjA badhA trasajIvonA zarIra ne 'bAdara bAdara' mAnyA che. 'tattvArthasUtra'nI vRttimAM zrIsiddhasena gaNie vAyukAyane teokAya (agni)thI adhika sUkSma batAvyA che. kAraNa batAvatAM teo kahe che ke tejokAya pratyakSa hoya zake che, vAyukAya pratyakSa nathI hotA. bIjI bAju Adhunika vijJAna spaSTa rUpamAM batAve che ke prakAzanA kaNa (pArTikalsa), jene phoTona kahevAya che, ilekTronanI mAphaka bahuja sUkSma che, ema to vAyu jevA ke hAiDrojana, oksijana vagere enAthI bahuja thoDI mAtrAmAM sthUla che, kAraNake hAiDrojananA eka aNumAM eka ilekTrona, eka proTrona ane eka nyUTrona hoya che. oNksijananA eka aNumAM 16 ilekTrona, 16 proTrona ane 16 nyUTrona hoya che ane vAyu haMmezAM be-be aNuonA joDakAmAM upalabdha hoya che, jema vaijJAnika paribhASAmAM molikyUla kahevAya che. A dRSTithI prakAzanA kaNa (phoTona)ne agnikAya nathI kahevAtA, paraMtu prakAza utpanna karanArA padArtha, enI jyoti Adine agnikAya mAnavI joIe, eTale vIjaLInA balbamAM jyAre ApaNe vidyuta-pravAha prasArita karIe, tyAre TaMgsTana dhAtuno tAra garama thaIne prakAzita thAya che, e samaye e tAromAM agninI utpatti thAya che, eTale e garama tArone ja sajIva kahevAya che, e ja pramANe prajvalita kolasA, agninI jvALA, jyoti, AkAzamAM thatI vIjaLI, rAkhamAM DhaMkAyelA agni-kaNa ityAdine agnikAya kahevAya che, paNa emAMthI prakaTa thatA prakAzane agnikAya nahIM kahI zakAya. 'AcArAMga'nA prathama zrutaskaMdhanA pahelA adhyayanA cothA uddezakanI niryuktimAM bAdara agninA pAMca prakAra batAvyA che. (1) aMgAra, kolasA Adi (2) vidyuta Adi agni (3) jvALA eTale agni utpanna karavAvALA padArthamAM vicchinna jvALA (4) agni utpanna Jain Educationa International 290 For Personal and Private Use Only

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karanArA padArthathI saMlagna jvALA, jene arcisa kahevAya che ane (5) rAkha (rakSA)mAM DhaMkAyelA agninA kaNa jene murkhara kahevAya che. A prakAromAM kyAMya prakAzane sajIva nathI batAvyA, paNa prakAza ane enA uSNa sparzane, agninA sajIva thavAnA lakSaNa eTale agninA sajIvatvanuM sUcaka batAvyuM che. A saMdarbhamAM AcArAMga-niryuktikAra "AgiyAnuM dRSTAMta Ape che ane batAve che ke jema AgiyA jyAM sudhI jIvita hoya che, tyAM sudhI ja prakAza Ape che, paNa jyAre enuM mRtyu thaI jAya che pachI prakAza ApatA nathI eTale enuM prakAzita hovuM, enA caitanyanuM sUcaka che, e ja pramANe tenokAya (teukAya) jyAre sajIva hoya che, tyAre prakAzita hoya che. e ja pramANe sajIva prANI athavA manuSyanA zarIra paNa garama hoya che, paNa mRtyu pachI e ThaMDuM paDI jAya che, evI rIte agni sajIva hovAthI uSNa sparzathI yukta che eTale uSNa sparza enA sajIvatvanuM pramANa athavA ghotaka che, eTale agninI rozanI arthAt prakAzane sajIva mAnavuM barAbara nathI. dazavaikAlika'mAM dazapUrvadhara zrI zayyabhavasUrIjI batAve che ke koIpaNa sAdhu athavA sAdhvI e agni, kolasA, murkhara, aci, jvALA, zuddha agni, vIjaLI, ulkA vagerene bALavA joIe nahIM. evA agnimAM ghI, iMdhaNa Adine nAMkhavA na joIe, AvA agnino sparza na karavo joIe, judA judA prakAzanA agninuM mizraNa nahIM karavuM, evA agnino sparza nahIM karavo, ene paMkho nAMkhIne prajvalita nahIM karavo eTale vRddhi nahIM karavI ane koIpaNa prakAranA agnine bujhAvavo paNa nahIM, uparanI badhI kriyAo bIjA pAse paNa nahIM karAvavI ane jo koI AvI kriyA karatA hoya, tene sAruM nahIM mAnavuM, eTale A badhI kriyA karanArAo agninI virAdhanA athavA hiMsAnuM pApa lAge che. ahIM koIpaNa jagyAe evo nirdeza nathI ke teukAya dvArA nIkaLato prakAza manuSya (sAdhu-sAdhvI)nA zarIra para paDavAthI teukAyanI virAdhanA thAya che. enAthI atirikta ahIM evA nirdeza thAya che ke agni athavA dIpaka (lempa) baLato hoya to sAdhu athavA sAdhvI ene olavI devAno Adeza athavA preraNAno upadeza paNa nahIM ApI zake, dIpaka baLato hoya to sAdhu-sAdhvInuM nimitta banIne ene bujhAvavuM yogya nathI. jo dIpaka dvArA nIkaLatA prakAzamAM AtmA hoya ane e prakAza paDavAthI manuSyanuM mRtyu thAya, to ahiMsAnuM saMpUrNa pAlana karavA mATe agnine bujhAvavAnI preraNA ApavI athavA evA sthAnothI dUra rahevAnuM spaSTa 291

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vidhAna zAstromAM maLyuM hota, paNa evA vidhAnanI aprApti A vAtano nirdeza kare che ke agni, jemAM prakAza ane uSNatA pedA thAya che, sajIva che, ene bujhAvavAno upadeza athavA bujhAvavAthI enI hiMsA thAya che, paNa prakAzanuM sajIva na hovAnuM kAraNa e sAdhu-sAdhvInA zarIra para paDavAthI hiMsA thatI nathI. ahIM prazna e thAya che ke upara je batAvAI gayuM che, eno (prakAzano) Agamika sAhityamAM kyAMya paNa teukAyamAM samAveza thayo nathI eTale e sajIva nathI to pachI ene sajIva mAnavAnI paraMparA kyAre ane kevI rIte zarU thaI? enA para gaMbhIratAthI vicAra karavo paDaze. - zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka tapAgacchIya paraMparAmAM sAdhu ane zrAvakanA aticAromAM ane senapraznamAM A vAtano saMdarbha maLe che. prazna : jo cAturmAsamAM pratikramaNa AdimAM vIjaLIno prakAza thAya to aticAra lAge ke nahIM? uttara : pUjyapAda zrI vijayadAnasUrIzvarajI tathA pUjya zrI vijayahIrasUrIzvarajIthI evuM sAMbhaLyuM che ke roSakALamAM ane cAturmAsamAM pratikramaNa, yoganA anuSThAna ityAdi kriyAmAM vIjaLIno prakAza hoya to aticAra lAge che, kriyA aticAra-yukta hoya che, kAlagrahaNano bhaMga thAya che. prazna : caMdranA prakAzamAM dIpaka AdinA prakAzamAM sparza thAya che ke nahIM? uttara : jo zarIrane caMdrano prakAza lAge to dIpaka ityAdino prakAzano sparza nathI thato,paNa zarIrane caMdrano prakAza nahIM lAgato hoya to dIpaka AdinA prakAzano sparza thAya che, evI paraMparA che, ane kharatarakRta saMdeha dolAvalimAM paNa ema batAvyuM che. vikramanA 14mA zatakamAM khataragacchIya AcArya zrImasjinavallabhasUrInA ziSya A. zrI jinadattasUrIe "saMdeha dolAvali' prakaraNanI racanA karI che. A grantha paNa praznottara rUpamAM che A granthanI gAthA 41 ane 42nI vRttimAM A vAtano nirdeza prApta thAya che ane e samayathI prakAzane sajIva mAnavAnI paraMparA zarU thaI enI pratIti thAya che. paNa "saMdeha dolAvali' prakaraNanI mULa gAthAthI evo koI artha prApta thato nathI, paNa vAcanAcArya zrI prabodhacaMdra gaNie bRha vRttimAM enI vistRta carcA karI che. eno sAra A pramANe che. pratikramaNanI kriyA karanAra manuSya (sAdhu athavA gRhastha) vidyuta pradIpa Adino jo be cAra vakhata sparza kare athavA vAraMvAra sparza kare to ene prAyazcita 292

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karavuM paDe che. ahIM ityAdi zabdathI pRthvIkAya Adi bIjA sacitta dravya lIdhA che eTale sAmAyika, pratikramaNa AdimAM sacita dravyono sparza nahIM karavo joIe, agni, dIpaka Adi sacitta hovAthI, eno sparza nahIM ka2vo joIe 'saMdeha dolAvali'nI A gAthAomAM 'vidyut' zabda che eTale eno artha AkAzamAM thanArI vIjaLI levo, je sajIva che, paNa sAmayika-pratikramaNanI kriyAyukta manuSya eno sparza nathI karI zakatA, eTale TIkAkAra vAcanAcArya ane anya 'vidyut' zabdathI vIjaLIno prakAza grahaNa kare che. eTale te samayathI koIpaNa prakAranI agnino prakAza sacitta che, evI mAnyatA pracalita thaI haze evuM anumAna che. bIjI bAju 'saMdeha dolAvali'nA vRttikAra caMdranA prakAzamAM dIpaka ityAdinA prakAzano sparza thAya che ke nahIM? e praznano uttara ApatI vakhate A prakAranI carcA kare che. teo kahe che ke caMdra, sUrya ityAdino vimAnanI prabhAthI athavA prakAzathI sparza to thAya che, paNa te aparihArya che. tarata teo bIjo uttara e Ape che ke sUrya, caMdranA prakAzano mAtra sparza thAya che, paNa e nirjIva hovAthI virAdhanA (jIva-hiMsA) saMbhava nathI. pharI AgaLa carcA karatAM teo svayaM paMcamAMga zrI bhagavatIsUtra athavA vyAkhyA-prajJapti sUtranuM udAharaNa ApatA sUrya-caMdranA prakAzanI sacittatA mATe zaMkA upasthita kare che ane svayaM navAMgI vRttikA2 zrI abhayadevasUrIjInA vacanonA AdhAra laIne kahe che ke sUrya, caMdra ityAdinA prakAzano sakarmalezyatva (sajIvatya) phakta upacArathI ja che, vastutaH te sajIva nathI. sUrya, caMdra ityAdinA vimAnonA pudgala skandha pRthvIkAya hovAthI sacitta che, paNa eno prakAza acitta che. koI eka jIvone (caMdramAM) udyota nAmakarmano udaya che, eTale emanA zarIra dUra hovA chatAM ga2ma nathI, evo zItala prakAza Ape che, jyAre koI eka jIvone (sUryamAM) Atapa nAmakarmano udaya hovAthI temanA anuSya zarI2, dUra rahevA chatAM paNa uSNa prakAza Ape che, eTale emanA prakAzanA sparzathI virAdhanA thatI nathI. ahIM pharI zaMkA upasthita karI zakAya che ke jo ema ja hoya to vIjaLI, dIpaka AdinA prakAzanA saMbaMdhathI paNa virAdhanA thatI nathI ema kahevuM joIe, kAraNake vIjaLI, dIpaka Adino agnikAya rUpa sthULa zarIra to dUra ja hoya che. pratyuttara ApatA 'saMdeha dolAvali'nA TIkAkAra kahe che ke agnikAyamAM udyota Jain Educationa International 293 For Personal and Private Use Only.

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nAmakarmano udaya nathI ane pRthvIkAya na hovAthI Atapa nAmakarmano paNa udaya nathI, kAraNake AgamamAM batAvyuM che ke aparyApta bAdara pRthvIkAyane ja Atapa nAmakarmano udaya hoya che. eTale prazna upasthita thayo ke dIpaka Adino prakAza dUra-sthita vastuone prakAzita (udyotita) kare che ane garama paNa kare che e kevI rIte ? enA uttaramAM vAcanAcArya zrI prabodhacaMdra gaNi kahe che ke garama sparzanA udayathI ane lohitavarNa nAmakarmanA udayavALA prakAzavALA agnikAyika jIva ja AsapAsanA vistAramAM phelAya che, paNa agnikAyane prabhA na hovAthI ane te atisUkSma che ene ja prabhAnA rUpamAM oLakhAya che. vAcanAcArya zrI prabodhacaMdra gaNino A aMtima javAba zrI dazavaikAlika sUtranI hAribhadrIya vRttimAM ApelA jIvAbhigama sUtranA pAThathI ekadama judo che, ane teoe e mATe koIpaNa Agamika sAhityano AdhAra Apyo nathI. teoe spaSTa batAvyuM che ke agnikAyanA jIva apakAya eTale ke pANInA jIvothI paNa vizeSa sthULa athavA bAdara che to pANIthI adhika sUkSma vAyu ane vAyuthI paNa adhika sUkSma evA prakAzanA kaNa (phoTona)ne agnikAya paNa kahevAya ? A eka atyaMta vicAraNIya prazna che. pudgala dravyanuM eka vadhAre vargIkaraNa vargaNAnA rUpamAM che. vargaNAonA mukhya ATha bheda batAvyA che (1) audArika (2) vaikriyaka (3) AhA2ka (4) taijas (5) bhASika (6) zvAsocchvAsika (7) manas (8) kArpaNa. deva ane nArakane choDIne pratyeka jIvanuM bhavadhAraNIya zarIra audArika vargaNAnA pudgala skaMdhothI baneluM che. deva ane nArakInuM zarIra vaikriyaka vargaNAnA puddagala skaMdhothI banela che. AhAraka labdhivAna cartudazapUrvadhara sAdhu ja AhAraka zarI2 banAvavA mATe AhA2ka vargaNAno upayoga kare che. bhASAvargaNAthI avAja (zabda) pedA thAya che. zvAsozvAsa vargaNAno upayoga zvAsa levAmAM karavAmAM Ave che. mananuM nirmANa ane vicAra karavAmAM manovargaNAno upayoga thAya che. dazavaikAlika sUtranI vRttimAM batAvAyelA pudgala dravyanuM vibhAgIkaraNanA bAdara sUkSma, bAdara ane bAdara zreNIo audArika vargaNAmAM samAviSTa thAya che. jo ApaNe prakAzane citta athavA teukAya mAnIe to eno samAveza bAdara-bAda2 zreNImAM karavo joIe, paNa vijJAne batAvyuM che ke prakAzanA kaNa bahu sUkSma che, eTale ene taijasa vargaNAmAM samAvavA barAbara che ane taijasa Jain Educationa International 294 For Personal and Private Use Only

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vargaNAone bIjI vargaNAo sAthe sUkSma vargamAM rAkhavAthI badhu barAbara pratIta thAya che. ahIM dhyAnamAM rAkhIe ke uparanA ATha vargaNAonA pudgala skaMdha uttarottara adhikAdhika sUkSma pariNAmavALA che, eTale prakAza sacitta nathI ema mAnavuM kharuM ane tarkasaMgata lAge che. senapraznamAM kahyuM che ke "vIjaLI athavA dIpaka' Adino prakAza thavAthI pratikramaNa vagere kriyA aticAra-yukta hoya che eTale saMpUrNa niSphaLa nathI thatAM. A vAkyanA bhAvArtha huM sva buddhithI A prakAre karuM chuM. prathama to A vAta jagadguru zrI hirasUrIzvarajInI pAsethI sAMbhaLI che ema spaSTa A. zrI senasUrIzvarajIe batAvyuM che. eno artha che ke e samaye prApta Agamika ane tapAgacchIya bIjA sAhityamAM koIpaNa jagyAe A vAtano saMdarbha upalabdha nathI. - trIjI vAta e che ke pratikramaNa vagere kriyAomAM dIpaka athavA vIjaLI Adino prakAza, kriyA karanAra manuSya para paDavAthI enI kriyA aticAra-yukta bane che enuM kAraNa e che ke rAtre aMdhakAramAM kriyA karatI vakhate kaMIpaNa dekhAtuM nathI, eve vakhate jo kyAMkathI prakAza AvI jAya to pahelA to dhyAnabhaMga thAya che, citta vicalita thaI jAya che, bIjuM e ke prakAzane kAraNe badhI vastuo spaSTa dekhAya che. enAthI kriyA karavAmAM sugamatA rahe che. eTale kriyA karavAvALAnA manamAM prakAzanI icchA jAge che, athavA dIpaka athavA vIjaLIno prakAza thayo e "sAruM thayuM' evo bhAva AvI jAya che. arthAta prakAza karavo yA dIpaka bALavAnI kriyAnuM aprakaTa anumodana thaI jAya che. jyAre kriyA karanAra sAdhusAdhvI mATe karavuM, karAvavuM ane enuM anumodana karavuM traNeno niSedha che, eTale anumodana karavuM paNa uparyukta nathI. lAge che ke AvI sthitinuM kAraNa ja AcArya zrI vijayahIrasUrIjIe kahyuM haze vIjaLI AdinA prakAzanA kAraNe kriyA aticArayukta thAya che. ema amAruM anumAna che. Adhunika bhautika vijJAnanI paribhASAmAM to prakAza eka vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMga (ilekTromegneTika veva) mAtra che. vartamAnamAM amArA vAyumaMDaLa (eTamosphiyara)mAM ghaNA prakAranI vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgo che. pratyeka taraMga, prakAzanA vegathI eTale eTale 3,00,000 ki.mI. prati seMkaDanA vegathI gati kare che, phakta enI kaMpa-saMkhyA (phrikavansI) ddha to bahu vadhAre hoya che. athavA bahu ochI. A kAraNathI pratyeka taraMga dekhAtI nathI. A pramANe pRthvI para jIvana vitAvatA pratyeka vyaktinA zarIra para ghaNA 295

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prakAranA saMkhyAtIta vidyuta-cuMbakIya taraMgo paDe che. jo ApaNe e badhAne sajIva mAnI laIe to pachI jIvavuM ja muzkela banI jAya. eka bIjI paNa vAta che ke pratyeka sajIva padArtha potAnI zArIrika ane bhautika kSamatAnusAra, potAnI AdhyAtmika unnati pramANe, potAnA zarIramAMthI amuka prakAranI, amuka kaMpa-saMkhyAvALA taraMgo kADhe che ane jenI kaMpa-saMkhyA, taraMga-laMbAI vagere enI manaHsthitio (zAMta, bhaya, krodha, udvega, zoka Adi) pramANe badalAtI rahe che. e siddhAMtanA AdhAra para ja vijJAnanI TelIpathi nAmanI zAkhA vikasita thaI che. pazcimamAM A mATe hajI paNa zodha thaI che. anusaMdhAna cAlu che. A carcAno sAra mAtra eTalo che ke prakAzanA rUpamAM vidyuta cuMbakIya taraMgo choDavA agnikAyika jIvanuM lakSaNa che, eTale badhA prakAranA prakAzamAM jIva che, ema mAnavuM uparyukta nathI. e badhAno artha e nathI ke sAdhu-samAjane dIpakanA prakAzanA upayoga karavAnI chUTa ApuM chuM, athavA evI chUTa levA mATe meM A lekha lakhyo che. kharekhara sAdhu athavA sAdhvI to battI bALI nathI zakatA, paNa bIjA koI pAse paNa battI saLagAvavI uparyukta nathI ane enAthI paNa AgaLa jo koI battI saLagAvato hoya ke bujhAvato hoya to ene paNa yogya nahIM mAnavuM arthAt anumodana karavuM paNa barAbara nathI. sAthe upAzrayanA nikaTavartI koI gRhasthanA gharanI saLagAvelI battI athavA rastA para saLagatI nagarapAlikAnI battInI sahAyatAthI potAnuM koI kArya sAdhu na kare, kAraNa ke ema karavAthI enI anumodanA thaI jAya che. jo e battI sAdhu mATe athavA sAdhunA kahevAthI nathI ka2AI tathA enA upayogathI pApa lAgatuM ja hoya, ema prAyaH badhA ja mAne che, eTale evI battIno upayoga karavAnI chUTa levAno koI prazna ja upasthita thato nathI. ahIM to phakta jaina Agama ane vijJAnanA AdhAra para 'prakAza sajIva che athavA nahIM' e praznanA samAdhAnano eka vinamra prayAsa karyo che. (saMdarbha : dazavaikAlika sUtra, hAribhadrIyavRtti, tattvArthasUtra TIkA, adhyAya 2, TIkAkAra-siddhasena gaNi. AcArAMga TIkA, zIlakrAcArya, senaprazna, saMdeha dolAvali prakaraNa, TeksTa buka opha kvADTama mikeniksa, pI. ema. maithyusa, ke. vesTezana) (tIrthaMkara : Disembara, 88) Jain Educationa International 296 For Personal and Private Use Only

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TippaNI Avazyaka sUtra TIkA meM - niyuktigataH agaNIo chiMdijja bohiyakhobhAi dIhaDakko vaa| mAhiM mAno varaso pramAdiM uddA - gAthAnI vRttimAM "agraNIo" zabdanirdiSTa kAyotsarganA AgAra mATe TippaNI karatA batAvyuM che ke kAyotsarga vakhate jo jyotino sparza thAya tyAre AcchAdana mATe levAyelA vastranA grahaNa karavAthI kAyotsarganAM bhaMga nathI thato. paNa pratikramaNa sUtranA prabodhaTIkA nAmanA gujarAtI vivecanamAM annattha sUtramAM A niyuktigata gAthAnA "agaNIo" zabdanA be artha batAvyA che. (1) kAyotsarga vakhate, agni phelAtA, AvIne jo kAyotsarga karatI vyaktino sparza kare, tyAre te anyatra, jaIne kAyotsarga pUro kare to kAyotsargano bhaMga thato nathI. (2) bIjo artha Avazyaka sUtranI TIkAmAM batAvela che ja. bIjI bAju kalikAlasarvajJa zrI hemacaMdrAcAryajIe potAnA "abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi' zabda kozamAM agnikAya,teukAyanA zabdomAM kyAM paNa "prakAzane agnikAyanA rUpamAM batAvyuM nathI. "abhidhAna rAjendra kozamAM paNa etaSiyaka koI ullekha prApta nathI. uparanA baMne arthamAM pahelo artha Agamane sammata lAge che. paNa bIjo artha saMdigdha che. paNa niryuktigata A gAthAmAM "prakAza'ne agnikAya nathI batAvyo ane "agaNIo' zabdano bIjA arthathI evuM spaSTa nirdeza nathI thato ke prakAza - agnikAyika jIvanA rUpamAM sajIva ja che, tathApi prakAzane sajIva mAnavAvALo varga A pAThano arthano AdhAra le che paNa enI sAthe batAvAyelI bIjA traNa AgAranA svarUpathI bIjo artha barAbara lAgato nathI. 'tattva tu kevligmym|' 297

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pariziSTa 1 (TippaNa) 1. muni yazovijayajI, vidyut sajIva ke nirjIva, pRSTha 79-99 2. muni naMdaghoSivajayajI, jaina darzana : vaijJAnika daSTie (Jainism through Science), pRSTha 21-28 298

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pariziSTa 2 92 mUla tatva BAYRS Casut &l21 242714 CR YUNA Tal (elements) l 'periodical table' ahIM saMdarbha mATe Apyo che. jemAM pratyeka mULatattvamAM rahelA ilekTrona jevI saMkhyA tathA paramANu-bhAranuM pUruM vivaraNa che. APPENDIX II ATOMIC TABLE AWG F TERA OOM BM G U 1 1 HPL or Y| Number of Electrons in Each Shell Special charactaristics NAME No. 1. Hydrogen H 1.008 2. Helium - He 4.0026 VIIIA 2 3. Lithium Li 6.939 IA 2 1 4. Beryllium Be 9.0122 ITA 2 2 5. Boron B 10.811 DIA 2 3 6. Carbon C 12.011 IVA 2 4 7. Nitrogen N 14.007 VA 25 8. Oxygen O 15.999 VIA 2 6 9. Fluorine F 18.998 VIIA 2 7 10. Neon Ne 20.183 VIIIA 2 8 11. Sodium ! Na 22.990. IA 2 8 12. Megnesium Mg 24.312 TA 2 8 2 13. Aluminium Al 26.982 DIA 28 3 14. Silicon Si 28.086 IVA 2 8 4 15. Phosphorus P 30.974 VA 2 8 5 Unique Inert gas Alkali & Alkaline Earth Metal Boron and Carbon Families Nitrogen and Oxygen Families Halogens Inert gas A & A.E.M. Ne utwo B & C Families B & C Families N & O Families 299

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Ar N & O Families Halogen Inert gas A & A.E.M. A & A.E.M. 16. Sulphur S 32.064 VIA 2 8 17. Chlorine 35.453 VIIA 2 8 18. Argon 30.948 VIIIA 2 8 19. Potassium 39.102 A 2 8 20. Calcium 40.08 IIA 2 8 21. Scandium 44.956 IIIB 2 8 22. Titanium 47.90 IVB 2 8 23. Vanadium V 50.942 VB 2 8 11 24. Chromium Cr 51.996 VIB 2 8 13 25. Manganese Mn 54.938 VIIB 2 8 13 26. (Ferrum) Iron Fe 55.847 VIIIB 2 8 14 27. Cobalt Co 58.933 VIIIB 2 8 15 Ti First Transition Metals 1 2 2 2 The Triads Second Transition Metals Third Transition Metals B & C Fam. B & C Fam. N & O Fam. N & O Fam. Halogen Inert gas (A & A.E.M. ST First Transition Mettals 28. Nickel : Ni 58.71 VIIIB 2 8 16 2 29. Copper Cu 63.54 IB 2 8 18 1 63.74 30. Zinc Zn 65.37 TIB 2 8 18 2 65.54 31. Gallium Ga 69.72 IIIA 2 8 18 3 32. Germanium Ge 72.59 IVA 28 18 4 33. Arsenic As 74.922VA 2 8 18 5 34. Selenium Se 78.96 VIA 2 8 18 35. Bromine 79.909 VIIA 2 8 18 7 36. Krypton 83.80 VIIIA 2 8 18 8 37. Rubiduim 85.47 IA 2 8 18 8 38. Strontium 87.62 IIA 2 8 18 8 39. Yitrium Y 88.095 WIB 2 8 18 9 2 40. Zirconium Zr 91.22 IVB 2 8 18 10 2 41. Niobium NB 92.906 VB 2 8 18 12 1 42. Molybdenum Mo 95.94 VIB 2 8 18 13 1 43. Technetium Tc 99.00 VIIB 2 8 18 13 2 44. Ruthenium Ru 101.07 VIIIB 2 8 18 15 1 45. Rhodium Rh 102.91 VIIIB 2 8 18 16 1 46. Palladium Pd 106.4 VIIIB 2 8 18 18 47. (Argentum) Silver Ag 107.87 IB 2 8 18 18 1 48. Cadmium C d 112.40 IIB 2 8 18 18 2 49. Indium In 114.82 IIIA 2 8 18 18 3 50. (Stannum) Tin Sn 118.69 IVA 2 8 18 18 4 51. Antimony S6 121.75 VA 2 8 18 18 5 52. Tellurium Te 127.60 VIA 2 8 18 18 6 53. lodine 126.90 VIIA 2 8 18 18 7 54. Xenom Xe 131.30 VIJIA 2 8 18 18 8 55. Cesium Cs 132.91 TA 2 8 18 18 8 56. Barium Ba 137.34 11A 2 8 18 18 8 57. Lanthanum La 138.91 TIB 2 8 18 18 9 58. Cerium Ce 140.12 2 8 18 19 9 59. Praseodyntium Pr 140.91 2 8 18 21 8 60. Ncodymium Nd 144.24 2 8 18 22 8 61. Promethium Pm 147.00 2 8 18 23 8 Triads Second Transition Metals (Third Transiti on Metals B & C Fam. B & C Fam. (N & O Fam. Halogen Inert gas A & A.E.M 1 2 2 2 57 to 71 Rare earths. 300

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ANNONCEN 572 to 74 Transition Metals The Triads Second (Tr. Metals (Third Tr. (Mtals B & C Fam. 62. Samarium Sm 150.35 2 8 18 24 8 2 63. Europium Eu 151.962 2 8 18 25 8 2 64. Gadolinium Cd 157.25 2 8 18 25 9 2 65. Terbium Tb 158.92 2 8 18 26 9 66. Dysprosium Dy 162.50 2 8 18 28 8 67. Holmium Ho 164.93 2 8 18 298 68. Erbium Er 167.26 2 8 18 30 8 69. Thulium Tm 168.93 2 8 18 31 8 2 70. Yitribium Yb 173.04 2 8 18 32 8 2 71. Lutetium Lu 174.97 2 8 18 32 9 2 72. Hafnium Hf 178.49 IVB 2 8 18 32 10 2 73. Tantalum Ta 180.95 VB 2 8 18 32 11 2 74. (Wolfram) Tungsten W 183.85 VIB 2 8 18 32 12 2 75. Rhenium 186.2 VIIB 2 8 18 32 13 2 76. Osmium Os 190.2 VIIIB 2 8 18 32 15 2 77. Iridium Ir 192.2 VIIIB 2 8 18 32 15 2 78. Platinum Pt 195.09 VIIB 2 8 18 32 17 1 79. (Aurum) Gold Au 196.97 IB 2 8 18 32 18 1 80. (Hydragyrum) Mercury Hg 200.59 IIB 2 8 18 32 18 2 . 81. Thallium Ti 204.37 IIIA 2 8 18 32 18 3 82. (Plumbum) Lead Pb 207.19 IVA 2 8 18 32 18 4 83. Bismuth Bi 208.98 VA 2 8 18 32 18 5 84. Polonium Po 210 VIA 2 8 18 32 18 6 85. Astatine At 210 VIIA 2 8 18 32 18 7 86. Radon Rn 222 VIIIA 2 8 18 32 18 8 87. Francium Fr 223 IA 2 8 18 32 18 8 1 88. Radium Ra 226 IIA 28 18 32 18 8 2 89. Actinium AC 227 2 8 18 32 18 8 2 90. Thorium Th 232.04 2 8 18 32 18 10 2 91. Protactinium Pr 231 2 8 18 32 20 9 2 92. Uranium U 238.03 2 8 18 32 21 9 2 93. Neptunium Np 237 2 8 18 32 22 9 2 94. Plutonium Pu 242 2 8 18 32 24 8 2 95. Americium Am 243 2 8 18 32 25 8 2 96. Curium Cm 247 2 8 18 32 25 9 2 97. Berkelium Bk 247 2 8 18 32 27 8 2 98. Californium Cf 249 2 8 18 32 28 8 2 99. Einseinium Es 254 2 8 18 32 29 8 2 100. Fermium Fm 253 2 8 18 32 30 8 2 101. Mendelevium Md 256 2 8 18 32 31 8 2 102. Nobelium No 254 2 8 18 32 32 8 2 103. Lawrencium Lw 257 2 8 18 32 32 9 2 N&O Families Halogen Inert gas A & A.M. A & A.M. 89-103 Actinide metals 93 to 103 Man made elements 301

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pariziSTa 3 prayukta grantha-sUci 3vArA niri- kartA : AcArya bhadrabAhu, prakAzaka : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, navI dilhI. 3paramANam - bhASyakAra : AcArya mahAprajJa, (mULa saMskRta aura hindI anuvAda), prakAzaka: jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanuM (rAjasthAna) 3yArAM sUtra (DAyaro) - jaina Agama : aMgasuttANi, khaMDa-1, vAcanApramukha : AcArya tulasI, saMpAdaka : AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (rAjasthAna) uttarAdhyayana sUtra (uttarAyaNa) - jaina Agama : navasuttANi, vAcanApramukha : AcArya tulasI, saMpAdaka : AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka: jaina vizva bhAratI, lADavU (rAjasthAna) gujharAta samAcAra nivA) - 21 okTobara 2002, amadAvAda mommasAra - kartA: AcArya nemicaMdra, siddhAMta cakravartI, prakAzaka: jaina siddhAMta prakAzinI saMsthA, kolakAtA. naya zAsana : naya tenuzAsana - prakAzaka: terApaMtha yuvaka pariSada, jayapura. jaina Tarzana : vaijJAnika draSTi che - lekhaka: muni naMdIghoSa vijayajI, prakAzaka : mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, muMbaI. jaina bhAratI (mAsa) - Disembara 2002, prakAzaka: jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kolakAtA. naina siddhAMta ravi - lekhaka: AcArya tulasI, prakAzaka: Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUru (rAjasthAna) 302

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vaine siddhAMta voza (mA ? ka) - saMpAdaka: jinendra varNo, prakAzaka: bhAratIya jJAnapITha, navI dilhI. jaina vidyuta 3thavA pramukha wi - lekhaka : rAdhAzaraNa agravAla, prakAzaka : ""sarasvatI hAusa", nArAyaNa inDasTriyala eriyA, navI dilhI. vi (rathAnAM sUtra) - vAcanApramukha : AcArya tulasI, anuvAdaka-vivecaka : AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka: jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU. tattvAnuzAsana - (bhagavatI bhASya mAM udbhata), juo bhagavatI bhASya. tatvArtha sUtra - kartA: AcArya umAsvAti, prakAzaka: bhAratIya jJAnapITha, navI dilhI terApaMtha : mahA vIra thavasthA - saMpAdaka: AcArya tulasI, prakAzaka: jaina vizva bhAratI lADanuM. Trazanaitika pUni - cUrNikAra: agatsya siMha, prakAzaka: RSabhadeva kesarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma. rAtrida pUrSi - cUrNikAra : jinadAsa mahattara, prakAzaka: RSabhadeva kesarImala zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma. zAnika rajA - TIkAkAra: AcArya haribhadrasUrI, prakAzaka: devacaMda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra phaMDa. zAnika sUtra (samarthi) - jaina Agama: navasuttANi, vAcanApramukha : AcArya tulasI, saMpAdaka : AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanuM (rAjasthAna) TrAveniyaM - (jaina Agama), (mULa, chAyA, anuvAda ane TippaNa sahita), vAcanA-pramukha: AcArya tulasI, saMpAdaka-vivecaka: AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka: jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanuM (rAjasthAna) ghavatA - (SakhaMDAgama para TIkA), kartA: AcArya vIrasena, prakAzaka : zeTha zItalarAya lakSmIcaMdra, amarAvatI | prajJApanA vRtti - vRttikAra : AcArya malayagiri, prakAzaka: Agamodaya samiti, mahesANA. prajJApanA sUtra (TUVIUI) - jaina Agama: uvaMgasuttANi, khaMDa-2, vAcanA pramukha : AcArya tulasI, saMpAdaka : AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADa- (rAjasthAna) 303.

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pravacanasAra - (kundakundacArya praNIta), prakAzaka: bhAratIya jJAnapITha, navI dilhI praznottara tattvogha - racayitA : zrImadbhayAcArya, prakAzaka: jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanuM. vRhad maryAdrA - (moTI maryAdA) zrImajjajAyAcArya kRta, (aprakAzita). mAvatI mAi - (khaMDa-1, khaMDa-2), saMpAdaka-vivecaka : AcAryazrI mahAprajJa, prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanuM. bhagavatI sUtra (mavaDuM) - jaina Agama aMgasuttANi, bhAga-2, vAcanA-pramukhaH AcArya tulasI, saMpAdaka : AcArya mahAprajJa, prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (rAjasthAna) bhAratIya Tarzana ricaya - lekhaka : DaoN. harimohana jhA, prakAzaka: pustaka bhaMDAra, laheriyAsarAya. mi graMtha ratnAkara (ghaMDa ?) - prakAzaka: terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kolakAtA. mita cAya nA - lekhaka : AcArya zrI tulasI, prakAzaka: Adarza sAhitya saMgha, navI dilhI. maga 3ne jJAnataMtunA rogo - lekhaka: DaoN. sudhIra bI. zAha, amadAvAda. maryAdAvali (aprakAzita) mahAnizItha, - adhyayana ra, patra 7 (hastalikhita : praznottara tattvabodha meM uddhata) juo : praznottara tattvabodha. mUnAra - kartA : AcArya vaTTakera, prakAzaka : anantakIrti graMthamAlA prakAzana saMsthA. mUnArAdhanA - kartA : AcArya zivakoTI, prakAzaka : sakhArAma dozI, solApura, rAgathAna patra - (danika) 22 Disembara 2002, jayapura. vijJapti (saptadiva) - 14-20 eprila, 2002, prakAzaka : Adarza sAhitya saMgha, navI dilhI. vidhut nava ya nirjIva (dvitIya saMrara) - lekhaka: muni yazovijaya, prakAzaka: divya darzana TrasTa, amadAvAda. sarvArthariddhi (tasvArtha sUtra 5ra TI T) - kartA: AcArya pUjyapAda, prakAzaka : bhAratIya jJAnapITha, navI dilhI. Comology: Old and New, By - Prof. Dr. G. R. Jain, Publisher : Bharatiya Jnanapeeth, Delhi. 304

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Combustion Engincering and Fuel Technology, By - A. K. Shaha, Publisher: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. E. D. M. Principles of Operation, (Internet ell 414) http://www.edmtt. com/articles reports/emdprocesses. html (27 March, 2003). Electricity and Electronics, By - Kakani, Saxena, Chhajer and Lodha. G.E.C. Type K O il Circuit B rekers, By - The General Electric Company of India Ltd. Human Body: Design, Function and Development, By - J. S. Zaveri, Publisher : Today and Tomorow Pinters and, Publishers, New Delhi. Incandescent Bulb, Internet el 2012) Microcosmology: Theory of Atom in Jain Philosophy and Modern Science, By - J. S. Zaveri and Prof. Muni Mahendra Kumar, Publishers : Jain Vishva Bharati Institute, Ladnun (Raj.) Modern's A. B. C. of Physics, (CBSE Std. XII) By - Satish K Gupta. Neuro-science and Karma, By - J. S. Zaveri and Prof. Muni Mahendra Kumar, Publihers : Jain Vishva Bharati Institute, Ladnun (Raj.) Pradeep's Fundamental Physics (XI), By - Gomber and Gupta. (Text-Book of) Physics (for Std. XII) Part I, II, Publishers : Gujarat State Board of School Text Books, Gandhinagar (Ahmedabad) Use Your Head, By: Tony Buzain. WWW. Stratman.com/articles/Luminous tubes. html., By - Wayne Strattman. 305

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lekhaka, anuvAdaka- parivAra - paricaya razmibhAI jhaverI pU. pro. munizrI mahendrakumArajInA gurubhrAtA che, ane baMne bhAIo sva pitAzrI pU. jeThAbhAI sAkaracaMda jhaverInA suputro che. kaccha bhUjamAM janmelA jeThAbhAIe IlekTrika ijanera thaI, 1946mAM bhArata bIjalI kArakhAnuM nAkhI, bhAratamAM IlekTrika moTara ane TrAnsaphormara banAvavAnuM zarU karyuM hatuM. ilekTrika udyoganA A bhISmapitAmahe bhAratanA ilekTrikala menyu. eso. (I.E.M.A.)nA pramukha tarIke sevA ApI hatI. tyArabAda sva. gaNAdhipati AcAryazrI tulasI ane pU. AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI tathA pU. munizrInI satreraNAthI jIvananI dizA badalIne svaicchika nivRtti svIkArI tattvajJAna, prekSAdhyAna, adhyAtma ane vijJAnano UMDo abhyAsa karyo. dezabharamAM prekSAdhyAnanI 80 jeTalI zibira karI. sAdhu-sAdhvI-samaNasamaNI vRMdamAM paNa dhyAna, vijJAna Adi viSayomAM prazikSaNa ApyuM. pU.munizrI sAthe maLIne adhyAtma ane vijJAna viSayone lagatA aneka pustako lakhyA. zrAvaka-ziromaNi', "jaina ratna", "samAjabhUSaNa', Adi samAjanA birudo sAthe ArAdhya pU. gaNAdhipati dvArA "tattvajJa zrAvaka', "prekSA-pravakatA', "adhyAtmavaijJAnika vyakti', ane aMtamAM "adhyAtma vibhUSaNa', saMbodhano meLavavA bhAgyazALI thayA. 6 okTobara - 1993 emaNe AjIvana saMlekhanA vrata svIkArI 84 vaSarnI uMmare 17 navembara 1993nA 41 divasanA saMthArA bAda paMDita-mRtyune saharSa vadhAvI lIdhuM hatuM. emanA suputra bAlabrahmacArI zatAvadhAnI pU. munizrI mahendrakumArajIe vijJAnanA snAtaka (B.Sc. Hons) thaI 20 varSanI uMmare sva. gaNAdhipati. A. 307

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tulasIjI pAse saMyamajIvana svIkAra karyA bAda, bhAratanA aneka prAMtomAM vihAra karatAM karatAM tattvajJAna, darzana, dhyAna, vijJAna, gaNita Adino UMDo abhyAsa karyo. adhyAtma ane vijJAna emano priya viSaya che. emanuM pustaka "jaina darzana aura vijJAna" yunivarsiTImAM pAThyapustaka tarIke sthAna pAmyuM che. emanA gurubhrAtA razmibhAI muMbaI yunivarsiTImAMthI Dabala grejyueTa thaI cArTarDa ekAunTanTa thayA che, ane 45 varSanI prekTisa daramiyAna emanAM hAtha nIce 250 vidyArthIoe C.A.nI tAlIma lIdhI che. parivAranA saMskArathI suvAsita razmibhAI "jaina upAsaka' thaIne dezamAM-videzamAM (sIMgApora, enTavarpa, hoMgakoMga, dubaI, maskata kenyA)mAM paryuSaNanI ArAdhanA karAvavA jAya che. pU. AcAryazrI mahAprajJanA vizad vivecana sahita "sUtra kRtAMga' sUtranuM gujarAtImAM bhASAMtara karyuM che. emane paNa samAja taraphathI "giranAra' evorDa utkRSTa sAhitya-sevA-ratna' Adi evorDathI navAjavAmAM AvyA che. janmabhUmi'nA jaina jagata' sahita aneka patra-patrikAomAM mAnad saMpAdaka che. 65 varSanI uMmare jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAnanI jainolojInI ema.e.nI parIkSAmAM prathama kakSAe uttIrNa thaI have muMbaI yuni.mAM "anuprekSA' viSaya para Ph.D. karI rahyA che. 5 varSa pahelAM teo meDiTezana ane meDikezana dvArA kensara jevA mahArogamAMthI saMpUrNa taMdurasta thaI abhyAsa ane sAdhanA karI rahyA che, sAthe kensaranA aneka dardIone AdhyAtmika cikitsAnI sevA ApI rahyA che. 308

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anekAnta bhAratI prakAzanA amadAvAda-15. www.jainen