Mahavira Prasad Dwivedi aur Unka Yuga

Author(s): Udaybhanu Sinh
Publisher: Lakhnou Vishva Vidyalaya
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010414/1

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ha meTha bholArAma sekasariyA - smAraka granthamAlA - 3 mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga lekhaka DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ema0 e0, pIeca0 DI0 ". UNIVERSIN OF SUCK NOW prakAzaka - lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya

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prakAzaka lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya lakhanaU mUlya-dasa .payA ?

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kRtajJatA prakAza zrImAn seTha zubhakarana jI sekamariyA ne lambanaU vizvavidyAlaya kI rajata-jayantI ke avasara para visavaoN-zugara-phokTI kI ora me bIsa sahasra rupaye kA dAna dekara hindI-vibhAga kI mahAyatA kI hai / seTha jI kA yaha dAna unake vizeSa hindI-anugaga kA dyotaka hai| isa dhana kA upayoga hindI me uccakoTi ke maulika evaM gaveSaNAtmaka granyA ke prakAzana ke lie kiyA jA rahA hai jo zrI seTha zubhakarana sekasariyA jI ke pitA ke nAma para maTha bholArAma sekamariyA smAraka granthamAlA' me saMgrathita ho rahe hai / hameM AzA hai ki yaha granthamAlA hindI-sAhitya ke bhaNDAra ko samaddha karake jJAnavRddhi meM mahAyaka hogii| zrI seTha zubhakarana jI kI isa anukaraNIya udAratA ke lie hama apanI hArdika kRtajJatA prakaTa karate haiN| dInadayAlu gupta zratyakSa, hindI-vibhAga lambana U vizvavidyAlaya

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upodghAta Adhunika hindI bhASA ke nirmANa meM sabase prathama mahatvazAlI kArya bhAratendu harizcandra ne kiyA thaa| unake samaya taka khaDI bolI hindI gadya kI bhASA bana cukI thI parantu padya me usakA prayoga bahuta alpa thA / bhAratendu ne apanI adhikAza padya-racanAe~ brajamASA meM hI kI thiiN| unakI kucha racanAe~ nAgarI lipi meM ligdI huI sarala regvatA athavA urdU-zailI me bhI haiM / gadya meM unhoMne khar3I bolI hindI kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| bhAratendu kAla meM, bhAratendu ke protsAhana se aura bhI aneka lekhaka hue jinhone Adhunika hindI bhASA kA nirmANa kiyA, jaise paM0 pratApa nArAyaNa mizra, paM0 badarI nArAyaNa premavana', paM0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, bA0 bAlamukundagupta, lA0 zrInivAsa dAsa, ThA. jagamohana miha, vA0 totArAma zrAdi / ina sAhityanirmAtAoM ne bhI padya meM brajabhASA kA tathA gadya meM khar3I bolI kA prayoga kiyA / inakI bhASA me pRthaka pRthaka rUpa se nijI guNa the / / paM0 pratApa nArAyaNa mizra kI bhASA me manoraMjaktA, janaboliyoM kI saralatA , aura vyaMgyAtmakatA thI / 'premaghana' jI, zrAlaMkArikatA, arthagAmbhIrya aura samAma-padAvalI ke sAtha likhate the / paM0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa kI bhASA sarala gharelU zabdA aura vyaMgyAtmaka cuTakiyoM se yukta hotI thii| usa samaya gadya kI aneka prayogAtmaka zailiyA~ thiiN| usa samaya ke sAhityika jIvana kI preraka aura mArgavidhAyinI zakti bhAratendu ke rUpa meM prakaTa huI thI / bhAratendu kA jIvanakAla bahuta alpa rahA aura unakA kAma adhUrA hI raha __gyaa| gadyakA prasAra to bhAratendu ke prayAsa me huA parantu bhASA kI usa samaya, nizcita, mAkaraNa-mammata, aura puSTazailI na bana pAI thii| aMgrejI bhASA kA prabhAva hindI-zailI para avyavasthita rUpa meM hI par3a rahA thaa| hindI bhASA aura mAhitya kI ukta pRSThabhUmi meM paM. mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ( san 1603 me ) sAhitya-kSetra meM Ae aura unhoMne iMDiyana presa meM sarasvatI kA sampAdana apane hAtha me liyaa| unakA sAhitya-kSetra me zrAnA, hindI khaDobAtI ke itihAsa meM eka yugAntara upasthita karanevAlI ghaTanAhuI thii| unakA Agamana mAno hindI sAhinya-kAnana meM basanta kA Agamana thaa| usa mamaya sAhityika jIvana meM eka navIna sphUrti A gii| unhoMne lekhaka aura bhASA-zikSaka donoM rUpoM meM mahitya kI medhA kii| dananA hI nahIM mampAdaka hindI bhASA-pracAraka. gadya

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aura padya bhASA ke pariSkAraka, nibandhakAra, Alocaka kavi zikSaka aneka rUpoM meM unakI pratibhA kA prasAra huaaa| dvivedI jI ne khar3I bolI ko padya-kSetra meM bhI Age bddh'aayaa| ve svayaM baDe kavi na the aura na baDe upanyAsakAra aura na nATakakAra ho / anubhUti kI vyApaktA aura gahnatA, kalpanA kI sUjha tathA vicAroM kI gambhIratA kI bhI dyotaka unakI racanAe~ nahIM haiM / / phira bhI dvivedI jI kI kRtiyo meM preraka zakti hai, jIvana kA samparka hai aura sudhAraka tathA pracAraka kI saccI lagana hai| ye hI vizeSatAe~ unakI racanAoM ko gaurava aura mahatva detI haiN| hindI sAhitya-kSetra meM dvivedI jI kA itanA prabhAva par3A ki unakI sAhitya-sevA kA kAla ( 1601 I0 se 1620 I0 taka ) dvivedIyuga' ke nAma se prakhyAta ho gyaa| yaha samaya usa hindI bhASA ke vikAsa aura utkarSonmukhatA kA samaya thA jo aAja bhArata kI rASTrabhASA hai / bhApA aura kAvya ko eka naye patha kI ora pragati ke sAtha calAne vAle sArathIrUpa meM dvivedI jI kA kArya mahAna hai / ve vastutaH yugAntarakArI sUtradhAra haiM / rASTrakavi maithilIzaraNa gupta, ThA0 gopAlazaraNa siha,paM0 ayodhyA siMha upAdhyAya, zrIdhara pAThaka, sanehI', pUrNa, zakara, satyanArAyaNa kavirala aAdi kavi aura aneka gadyakAra, sabhI ne dvivedI jI se viSaya, cha-da-prayoga aura bhASAgata preraNA tathA zikSA lI thii| sarasvatI kI phAiloM ko dekhane me patA calatA hai ki ima mahArathI ne vivecanAtmaka, aAlocanAtmaka, paricayAtmaka, zrAvezAtmaka, vinoda, vyaMga, aneka prakAra kI gadyazailiyoM kA apane gadya meM prayoga kiyaa| apane lekhoM dvArA vividha gadyazailiyo ke udAharaNa upasthita kiye aura zabda aura muhAviroM ke prayoga dvArA bhASA ke doSoM kA parihAra kiyA / isa prakAra unhoMne eka prAMjala bhASA kA zrAdarza rUpa lekhako ke sammukha upasthita kiyaa| vAstava meM, dvivedI jI kI kRtiyoM aura unake 'reneMsauM' yuga ke adhyayana ke binA aAdhunika hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa kA jJAna adhUrA hI rahatA hai| jisa samaya maine 'mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga' nAmaka viSaya prastuta grantha ke lekhaka DA0 udayabhAnu siha ko diyA, usa samaya taka ukta viSaya kA kisI lekhaka ne gambhIra adhyayana nahIM kiyA thaa| DA0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isa viSayakI bikharI huI sAmagrI ko bar3e parizrama ke sAtha ikaTThA kiyA aura use eka vyavasthita aura maulika nibandha rUpa me prastuta kiyA, jo isa vizva. vidyAlaya meM, pIeca. DI0 kI upAdhi ke liye svIkRta huA / yaha grantha lekhaka ke athaka pari zrama aura vistRta adhyayana kA pratiphala hai DA. siMha merI badhAI aura zubhecchA ke pAtra

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haiM inakI sabala lekhanI sa aura bhI maha vapUNa thA kA sRjana hogA esA maro magala kAmanA hai| dInadayAlu gupta, DaoN. dInadayAlu gupta em. e., elaela. bI., DI. liTara prAMka sara tathA adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya

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prAthana Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kI cAra mukhya vizeSatAe~ haiM - 1. kAvyabhASA ke rUpa meM khar3IbolI kI pratiSThA aura kavitA ke viSaya, chanda, vidhAna tathA abhivyaMjanAzailI me parivartana, 2. gadyabhASA ke vyAkaraNasaMgata, saMskRta aura pariSkRta rUpa kA nizcita nirmANa, 3. patrapatrikAoM aura unake sAtha hI sAmayika sAhitya kA vikAsa, 4. hindI-sAhitya ke vividha aMgo-kavitA, kahAnI, upanyAsa, nibandha, nATaka, aAlo canA, gadyakAvya zrAdi-kI vRddhi aura puSTi / ina sabakA pradhAna zreya paMDita mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ko hI hai aura isIlie unakI sAhitya-sevA kA mUlyAkana hindI ke lie gaurava kA viSaya hai / dvivedI jI kI jIvanI aura sAhitya-sevA ke viSaya meM 'hasa' ke 'abhinandanAka', 'bAlaka' ke 'dvivedI-smati-aMka', 'dvivedI- abhinandana-grantha', 'sAhitya-saMdeza' ke 'dvivedIaMka', 'sarasvatI' ke 'dvivedI-smati-aMka' aura 'dvivedI-mImAsA' tathA patrapatrikAoM meM bikhare lekhoM meM bahuta kucha likhA jA cukA hai / parantu, uname prakAzita prAyaH sabhI lekha prazaMsAtmaka aura zraddhAjali ke rUpa meM likhe gae haiN| samAlocanA kI dRSTi se unakA vizeSa mUlya nahIM hai / ataeva dvivedI jI kI jIvanI, hindI-sAhitya ko unakI dena aura unake nirmita yuga kI vAstavika aAlocanA kI AvazyaktA pratIta huii| dvivedI jI se sambandhita prAyaH samasta sAmagrI kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA aura daulatapura meM rakSita hai / nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke kAryAlaya meM dvivedI-sambandhI 2801 patra aura sabhA ko bhejA gayA unakA hastalikhita 'vaktavya' hai| sabhA ke 'AryabhASA-pustakAlaya me unakI dasa pAlmArI pustakeM aura hindI, saMskRta, baMgalA, marAThI, gujarAtI, urdU tathA aMgarejI kI saikar3oM patrikAoM kI phuTakara pratiyA~ haiM / sabhA ke kalAbhavana meM 'sarasvatI' kI prakAzita aura aprakAzita hastalikhita pratiyA~, unase sambandhita patra, aneka patrapatrikAoM kI kataraneM, dvivedI jI kA aprakAzita 'kauTilyakuThAra' aura unake prakAzita granthoM kI hastalikhita pratiyA~ haiM / daulatapura meM 'sarasvatI' kI kucha prakAzita aura aprakAzita pratiyA~ dvivedI jI se sambandhita kAgadapatra patra aura unake aprakAzita 'tasyopadeza' aura 'sohAgarAta' haiM

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[ 7 ] prastuta grantha meM 6 adhyAya hai -- 1. bhUmikA 2. carita aura caritra 3. sAhityika saMsmaraNa aura racanAe~ 4. kavitA 5. aAlocanA 6. nibandha 7. 'sarasvatI'-sampAdana 8. bhApA aura bhASAsudhAra 6. buga aura vyaktitva pahale adhyAya me grathita vastu kA adhikAza parAjita hai / vastutaH abhivyaMjanA-zailI hI apanI hai| dUsare adhyAya me prakAzita lekhoM aura pustakoM ke atirikta dvivedI jI ko hastalikhita saMkSipta jIvanI ( kAzI-nAgarI- pracAriNI sabhA ke kAryAlaya meM rakSita) aura unase saMbaMdhita patroM tathA patrapatrikAo ke gaveSaNAtmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para unake carita aura caritra kI vyApaka, maulika tathA niSpakSa samIkSA kI ceSTA kI gaI hai / inhIM ke AdhAra para tIsare adhyAya meM sAhityika saMsmaraNa kA vivecana bhI apanA hai / 'taruNopadezaka', 'sohAgarAta' aura 'kauTilyakuThAra' ko choDakara dvivedI jI kI anya racanAe~ prakAzita ho cukI haiM / hindI-saMsAra unase paricita hai| ukta tInoM racanAoM kI khoja apanI hai| yaha adhikAra ke sAtha kahA jA sakatA hai ki inake atirikta dvivedI jI ne koI anya pustaka nahIM likhii| cauthA adhyAya kavitA kA hai| dvivedI jI kI kavitA U~cI koTi kI nahIM hai / isIlie isa adhyAya meM apekSAkRta kama gaveSaNA, Thosapana aura maulikatA hai / chanda, viSaya, zabda aura artha kI vividhi dRSTiyoM se tathA dvivedI jI ko hI kAvya-kasauTI para unakI kavitA kI samIkSA isa adhyAya kI maulikatA yA vizeSatA hai| pAcaveM adhyAya me samAlocanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM kI dRSTi se Alocaka dvivedI kI AlocanA sarvathA svataMtra gaveSaNA aura cintana kA phala hai| nibandhakAra dvivedI para bhI pUrvokta racanAoM tathA patrapatrikAoM meM phuTakara lekha likhe gae the kintu ve prAyaH varNanAtmaka the / prastuta grantha ke chaThe adhyAya meM saundarya, itihAsa aura myaktitva ke AdhAra para vidhedI jI ke niba ghoM kI chAnabIna kI gaI hai yaha bhI apanI

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gaveSaNA hai / 'sarasvatI-sampAdana' nAmaka sAtaveM adhyAya me dvivedI-sampAdita 'sarasvatI' ke Antarika saundarya aura usakI uttamarNa tathA RNI marAThI,baMgalA, aMgrejI evaM hindI-patrikAoM kI tulanAtmaka samIkSA ke AdhAra para dvivedI jI kI sampAdanakalA kA maulika vivecana hai / 'bhASA aura bhASAsudhAra' -adhyAya apekSAkRta adhika khoja kA pariNAma hai| abhI taka hindI ke Alocaka sAmAnyarUpa se kaha diyA karate the ki hindI-gadyabhASA ke saMskAra aura pariSkAra kA pradhAna zreya dvivedI jI ko hI hai| 'dvivedI-mImAsA' meM eka saMzodhita lekha bhI uddhata kiyA gayA thaa| parantu, svayaM dvivedI jI kI bhASA prArambha meM kitanI dUpita thI, unhoMne apanI bhASA kA bhI parimArjana kiyA, dUsaro kI bhASA kI IdRktA kyA thI, unakI bhraSTa bhASA kA sudhAra dvivedI jI ne kina kina vibhinna upAyoM aura kitanI kaSTasAdhanA se kriyA, unake dvArA parimArjita bhApA kA vikAsa kina vibhinna rItiyo aura zailiyoM me phalita huzrA, Adi bAtoM para vyAkaraNaracanAsaMgata vaijJAnika gaveSaNA aura sUkSma vivecana kI AvazyakatA thI / pAThaveM adhyAya meM isI kamI kI pUrti kA maulika prayAsa hai| ___ navA~ tathA antima adhyAya 'yuga aura vyaktitva' kA hai| hindI ke itihAsakAroM ne hindI-sAhitya ke eka yuga ko dvivedIyuga svIkAra kara liyA thaa| kintu usake nizcita sImAnirdhAraNa para koI prAmANika samAlocanA nahIM likhI gaI / DA0 zrIkRSNa lAla kA grantha 'aAdhunika hindI sAhitya kA vikAsa' prAyaH dvivedIyugIna sAhitya kI hI samIkSA hai / usakI dRSTi bhinna hai / prastuta grantha ke antima adhyAya kI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai| isameM dvivedIyuga kA kAlanirdhAraNa karake hI santoSa nahI kara liyA gayA hai, usakI prAmANika samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| dvivedI jo apane yuga ke sAhitya ke kendra rahe haiM aura usa yuga ke prAyaH sabhI mahAna sAhityakAra pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se unase anivArya rUpa se prabhAvita hue haiM / usa yuga ke hindI-sAhitya ke sabhI aMgoM ke bhAva yA abhAvapakSa para dvivedI jI kI chApa hai / dvivedIyugIna sAhitya ke samAlocana kI yaha dRSTi hI isa nibandha kI pramukha viziSTatA hai / yahA~ para eka bAta spaSTIkArya hai / manuSya Izvara kI bhA~ti sarvatravyApaka nahIM ho sktaa| ataeva dvivedI jI kA vyaktitva bhI hindI-sAhityasaMsAra ke pratyeka paramANu meM vyApta nahIM ho sakA hai / 'yuga aura vyaktitva' adhyAya par3hate samaya kahIM kahIM aisA pratIta hone lagatA hai ki jaba hindI-saMsAra meM isa prakAra kI kalAsRSTi ho rahI thI taba dvivedI jI kyA kara rahe the ? uttara spaSTa hai / dvivedI jI kA prabhAva sarvatra sAmAna nahIM hai| kavitA, AlocanA, bhASA zrAdi ke kSetra me unhoMne kAyAkalpa kiyA hai, upanyAsa-kahAnI kI kucha vyApaka pravRttiyoM para hI unakA prabhAva par3A hai aura nATaka ke abhAva paca meM hI unake vyaktitva kI mukhtA hai, usake bhAvapada meM nahIM jisa aMga meM aura jahA~

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para unakA prabhAva viziSTa nahIM hai vahA para bhI usa dikhAne kA barabasa prayAsa isa grantha ma nahIM kiyA gayA hai usa yuga ka mahAn sAhityakAro ma mA kucha maulikatA thI aura unhe usakA zreya milanA hI cAhie / DA. zrIkRSNa lAla ke upayukta grantha meM usa kAla ke hindI-pracAra, sAmayika sAhitya aura AlocanA kI paddhatiyoM Adi kI bhI kucha vizeSa vivecanA nahI kI gaI thii| isa dRSTi se bhI svataMtra gavepaNA aura vivecana kI apekSA thii| umakI pUrti kA prayAsa bhI prastuta grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| sunA hai ki rAjapUtAnA vizvavidyAlaya meM dvivedI jI kI kavitA para koI prabandha dAkhila huA hai / vaha bAda kI kRti hai / usakI carcA AgAmI zrAvRtti meM hI ho skegii| __grantha se saMyukta zuddhipanna saMkSipta hai| TAipa kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa marAThI ke 'kirakola' zrAdi zabda apane zuddharUpa meM nahIM chapa sake / 'ba' aura 'gha', 'e' aura 'ye', anusvAra aura candrabindu, virAmacihna, paMcamavarNa, saMyojaka cihna, zirorekhA Adi kI azuddhiyA~ bahuta haiN| ve bhrAmaka nahIM haiM ataeva unakA samAveza anAvazyaka samajhA gayA / jina mahAnubhAvo ne isa grantha ke praNayana meM amUlya sahAyatA dekara lekhaka ko kRtakRtya kiyA hai una saba kA vaha hRdaya se grAbhArI hai| udayabhAnu siMha

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viSaya-sacA pahalA. adhyAya : bhUmikA (1-33) 1 rAjanaitika paristhiti-1, 2 Arthika paristhiti-4, 3, dhArmika paristhiti-5, 4. mAmAjika paristhiti pa, sAhityika paristhiti ke ka. kavitA 4. kathAsAhitya i, aAlocanA ca patrapatrikAeM cha. vividhaviSayaka sAhitya ja. pracArakArya jha. gadyabhApA Ja. hindI-sAhitya kI zocanIya dazA 6. paMDita mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI kA padArpaNa- 33 dUsarA adhyAya carita aura caritra ( 34-61) 1. dvivedI jI kA janma-34, 2. unake pitAmaha aura pitA kA saMkSipta paricaya-34, 3. prArambhika zikSA--35, 4. aMgrejI zikSA--35 5. skUla kA tyAga aura naukarI-36, 6. naukarI se tyAgapatra-36, 7. 'sarasvatI'-sampAdana-37, 8. jIvana ke antima aThAraha varSa--37, 6. mahAprasthAna--38, 10, dAmpatya jIvana--38, 11. pArivArika jIvana40, 12. vRddhAvasthA meM grAmya jIvana aura grAmasudhAra--41, 13. prAkRti, gambhIratA-42, 14. hAsya-vinoda-42, 15. svAbhimAna,vIrabhAva--43, 16. bhagavadbhakti--43,

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17 ugratA krodha 44 18 kSamA daya 45, 16 kara yaparAyaNatA nyAyamiSThA aura ma yAlana 46, 20. vyavasthA, niyamitatA aura kAlapAlana--47, 21. har3atA, adhyavasAya aura mahiSNutA--46, 22. mahatvAkAkSA aura sammAna kI anicchA--50, 23. ziSTAcAra, vyavahArakuzalatA aura sambhASaNakalA--51, 24: nema, kAtsalya, sahRdayatA, sahAnubhUti aura guNagrAhakatA--52, 25, niSpakSatA aura pakSapAta---13, 26. badAnyatA aura magrahabhAvanA---54, 27. mitavyayitA aura sAdagI-55, 5.28. dezaprema--56, 26. mAtRbhASAprema--57, 30. sudhAraka pravRtti----56, 31. zrAkSepa aura apavAda-60 . tIsarA adhyAya sAhityaka saMsmaraNa aura racanAeM ( 62-60) ... 1 dvivedI jI kA sAhityika adhyayana--62, 2. bhAratIbhakta para kamalA kA kopa-- 3, 3. 'zikSA' nAmaka pustaka ke samarpaNa kI kathA-63, 4 'sarasvatI' ke zrAzrama meM--64 5 ayodhyAprasAda khatrI kA mahatvahIna bavaMDara---66, 6. 'anasthiratA' kA vinaMDAvAda-66 7 vibhaktivicAravivAda 67, 8. bI0 ena0 zarmA para mAnahAni kA dAvA 68, 6. dvivedI jI aura kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA 66, 10, nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ko dvivedI jI kA dAna-73, 11. dvivedI jI kI rasIlI pustake' aura kRSNakAnta mAlavIya73, 12. dvivedI jI aura hindI-sAhitya- sammelana 75, 13. dvivedI-melA-76, 14. dvivedI jI kI racanAnI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa (tIna aprakAzita racanAeM ) 78 cauthA adhyAya kavitA' 1126) 1. kavi dvivedI kI AtmasamIkSA, . 61, 2. .unakA.. anabhimAnanIya kavitva 62, 3. unakI kAvyaracanA kA uddeza 62, 4. dvivedI jI kI kAvyaparibhASA 63, 5. ase kI dRSTi me dvivedI jI kI kavitA kI samIkSA--- bhAva grAmya-toSa

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kArasaundarya niralakAra saundarya guNa varNanAtmakatA aura itivRttAtmakatA dvivedI jI kI kavipratibhA 6. dvivedI jI kA kAvyavidhAna prabandha muktaka prabandhamuktaka gIta gadyakAvya 7. chanda 107, 8. kAvyabhASA 6. dvivedI jI kI kavitA ke viSaya dharma samAja deza aura svadezI hindI bhASA ra sAhitya citra vyakti aura sara vizeSa prakRti 1. AlocanA kA artha zrAcAryapaddhati TIkApaddhati zAstrArthapaddhati sUktipaddhati vanapaddhati { 1 } 108 101 102 102 103 104 105 105 186 106 107 106 110 111 114 114 114 115 pAMcavAM adhyAya AhocanA ( 117 - 142 ) 117, 2. dvivedI jI kI AlocanA kI 6 paddhatiyA 118 118 123 125. 126 126

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lAcanapa dvati 3 yuga kI dRSTi ma dvivadIta aAlocanA kA mUlyAkna 134 4 hindI kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA 135, 5. dvivedI jI kI zAlocanAoM meM do prakAra ke dvandvoM kI pariNati 137, 6. 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA' 137, 7. 'naipabacaritacarcA' aura 'cikramAkadevacaritacarcA' 138, 8 'AlocanAjali' 138, 6, kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA'136, 10 saMskRta-sAhitya para dvivedIkRta aAlocanA ke mUla kAraNa 140, 11. 'hindIzikSAvalI tatIya bhAga kI samAlocanA' 140, 12 'samAlocanAsamuccaya' 141, 13, 'vicAravimarza' aura 'rasajJAraMjana' 142, 14. zrAlocaka dvivedI kI dena 142 chaThA adhyAya nibandha (143-156) 1. nibandha kA artha 143, 2. bAlocaka dvivedI dvArA nibandhakAra dvivedI kA nirmANa 144, 3. sampAdaka- dvivedI ke nibandho kA uddeza 145, 4. dvivedI jI ke nibandhoM ke mula 145, 5. dvivedI jI ke nibandhoM ke rUpa 146 6. viSaya sAhitya jIvanacarita vijJAna itihAsa 148 bhUgola udyogazilpa 146 bhASAvyAkaraNa 146 adhyAtma 146 7, uddeza kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nibandho ke prakAra 8 dvivedI jI ke nibandhoM kI 3 zailiyA varNanAtmaka bhAvAtmaka 152 cintanAtmaka 153 6 bhASA aura racanAzailI 154 1. nibaSoM ma dvivedI jI kA sthira evaM gatizIla 150

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tathA vyakta aura zravyakta vyaktitva 'sarasvatI' sampAdana] ( 160 - 161 ) 1 'sarasvatI' kA janma aura zaizava 160, 2. sampAdaka dvivedI Adarza aura siddhAnta 162, 3. lekhakoM kI kamI, dvivedI jI kA ghora parizrama aura lekhaka-nirmANa 161, 4. lekhakoM ke prati vyavahAra 166, 5. 'sarasvatI' ke vividha viSaya aura vastuyojanA 171, 6 sampAdakIya TippaNiyAM 173, 7. pustakaparIkSA 174, 6. citraparicaya 177, 10. vyaMgyacitra 8. citra 175 178, 11. manoraMjaka zloka, haeNsI dillagI evaM vinoda aura AkhyAyikA 180, 12. bAlasAhitya 181, 13 striyopayogI raca182, 15. prUpharmazovana 182, 16. 'sarasvatI' para 182, 17 anya patrikAo para 'sarasvatI' kA prabhAva 185, 1886 AThavAM adhyAya nAeM 181, 14. viSayasUcI anya patrikAoM kA RNa 18. 'sarasvatI' kA UMcA mAna . [ ca / 156 11 nitrakAra dvivedI kI dena 158 sAtavAM adhyAya 1. dvivedI jI kI prArambhika racanAeM 2. unake bhASAdoSa - ka. lekhana truTiyAM- svaragata vyaMjanagata kha vyAkaraNa kI azuddhiyA saMjJA sarvanAma vizeSaNa - vizeSya kriyA zravyaya liMga vacana bhASA aura bhASAsudhAra (162-263 ) 162 163 163 164 165 165 166 166 198 1685 166

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vAraka sadhi samAsa upasarga aura pratyaya zrAkAkSA yogyatA sannidhi pratyakSa parokSakathana vAcya ga racanAdopa- virAmAdi cinha zravacchedana muhAvare punarukti kaTutA, jaTilatA, zithilatA paMDitAUpana bhASAsudhAra ka cAra prakAra se bhASA-sudhAra * sva granthI kA saMzodhana 208 208 208 212 ( saMzodhita bhASA truTiyoM kI eka vargIkRta sUcI - pR0 213 - 244 svara, vyaMjana, maMjJA, sarvanAma, vizeSyavizeSaNa, kriyA, avyaya, liMga vacana, kAraka, sandhi, samAsa, upasargapratyaya, AkAkSA, yogyatA, sannidhi, vAcya, pratyakSaparokSakathana, muhAvaroM, kaThina saMskRta zabdAM, arabI phArasI zabdoM aMgrejI zabdAM, aura anya zabdoM kA saMzodhana ) Da. patro, bhASaNa Adi ke dvArA saMzodhana 245 4 dvivedI jI kI bhASA kI zrArambhika rIti aura zailI-aMgrejI, urdU, saMskRta, avadhI, paMDitAUpana 247 5 unakI prauDha racanAoM kI rIti 253, 6 yuganirmAtA dvivedI kI bhASA-zailI 255 ga AlocanA dvArA saMzodhana + 166 201 201 201 202 202 203 203 204 gha 'sarasvatI' kI racanAoM kA zodhana 205 206 206 207 207 208

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ghaNanAmaka 255 vpagyAmaka 256 258 256 mUrtimattAtmaka vaktatAtmaka maMlApAtmaka vivecanAtmaka 260 261 262 bhAvAtmaka 7. dvivedI jI kI zailI kI viziSTatA 262 268 navAM adhyAya - yuga aura vyaktitva ( 264-365) 1. zrAdhunika hindI-sAhitya kA kAlavibhAga 264 prastAvanA-yuga 264, bhAratendu-yuga 265, arAjakatA-yuga 265, dvivedI-yuga 265, vAda-yuga 267, vartamAna-yuga 267 2. zrAdhunika hindI-sAhitya kI mukhya viziSTatAeM 268 3. dvivedI yuga ke pUrvAddha kA sAdhAraNa sAhitya 4. dvivedI-yuga meM hindI-pracAra-- 266 kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA aura anya saMsthAeM 266, preso kA kArya 271, zikSAsasthAnoM kA kArya 272, videzo meM hindI-pracAra 272, patrapatrikAeM 273 5 dvivedI-yuga kI kavitAka. yuganirmAtA dvivedI dvArA yugaparivartana kI sUcanA 276 kha. kAvyavidhAna-- prabandha kAvya 28.. muktaka 280, prabandhamuktaka 281, gIta yA gIti 281, gadyakAvya 281 ga chanda gha. bhASA du viSaya citra 264, dharma 264, samAja 266, rAjanIti 266, prakRti 302, prema 304, anya viSaya 3.5 ca divedIyaga ke cAra caraNa 276 276 285 288 264

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308 cha. dvivedIyuga kI kavitA kA itihAsa ja.rasabhAvavyaMjanA jha.camatkAra Ja. dvivedIyuga kI kavitA kA ramaNIya rUpa 308 6. nATaka ka. mahAn sAhityakAroM kA asaphala prayAsa kha. bahusaMkhyaka nATakakAroM kI vividhaviSayaka racanAeM ga. dvivedI-yuga ke nATakakAroM kI asaphalatA ke kAraNa gha. nATakaracanA kI ora saMsthAzro kA dhyAna Da nATako ke aneka rUpa ca, sAhityika nATakI ke mukhya prakAra sAmAnya nATakoM kI koTiyA 312, gambhIra ekAkI nATaka 314, prahasana 314, padyarUpaka 315 7 upanyAsa-kahAnI ka. dvivedI jI ke AkhyAyikopama anuvAda 315 kha. dvivedI jI dvArA kahAnI ko protsAhana ga. dvivedIyuga ke upanyAsoM kA udgama 316 gha upanyAso kA mUla uddeza i. viSaya 318 ca paddhatiyA cha. saMvedanA kI dRSTi se upanyAsoM ke prakAra ja. upanyAsa ke kSetra meM dvivedI-yuga kI dena ma. dvivedIyama kI kahAnI ke mUla, uddeza aura viSaya 322 Ja paddhatiyA 222 Ta, saMvedanA kI dRSTi se dvivedIyuga kI kahAniyoM kA vargIkaraNa Tha. kahAnI ke kSetra meM dvivedIyuga kIdena 327 8 nibandha--- 328 ka. dvivedI-yuga ke nibandho ke rUpa 328 sa dvivedIyuga ke nibandhoM ke prakAra 328 ga dvivedIyaga ke nibadha kI dena 330 316 316 222 mr 326

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/ hai rIti zamI ka. dvivedA jo dvArA rItizailI-nimANa kha dvivedI-yuga kI gadyabhAyA kI mukhya rItiyA ga. dvivedIyuga kI bhASAzailI kA vargIkaraNa 10. aAlocanAka. dvivedIyuga kI AlocanA kI 6 paddhatiyA-- zrAcAryapaddhati 338, TIkApaddhati 343, sUktipaddhati 345, khaMDanapaddhati 346, zAstrArthapaddhati 346, locanapaddhati 351 kha. dvivedIyuga kI mAhityika aAlocanA ke viSaya ga dvivedIyuga kI AlocanAzailI pa. upasaMhAra 364 pariziSTa 366 377 1. kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ko dvivedI jI dvArA die gae dAna kI sUcI 2. varNAnukrama se dvivedI jI kI racanAoM kI sUcI 3 dvivedI jI dvArA saMzodhita eka legba 376 4. kucha patrikAoM kI viSaya-sUcI--- 366 kerala-kokila 366, mahArASTakokila 368, pravAsI 368, maryAdA 366, prabhA 400, mAdhurI 401, coMda 402, maoNDarna rivhyU 404 sahAyaka grantha sUcI-406 aMgrejI-pustake, saMskRta-pustake, hindI-pustakeM, sAmayika-pustakeM

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BE - pahalA adhyAya bhUmikA agarejoM kI dina dina bar3hatI huI zakti bhAratIya itihAsa kA nUtana pariccheda likhatI jA rahI thI / san 1833 I0 aura 1856 I. ke bIca baratI jAne vAlI rAjanIti ne deza me krAti upasthita kara dI / sidha, paMjAba, avadha Adi kI svAdhInatA kA apaharaNa, jhA~sI kI rAnI ko goda lene kI manAhI, nAnA sAhaba kI paiMzana kI samApti, sivila sarvisa parIkSAoM meM bhAratIyoM ke viruddha anucita pakSapAta, bhAratIya sainikoM ko balAt bAhara bhejane kI AjJA Adi Apattijanaka kAryoM ne janatA ko asantuSTa kara diyA / deza ke aneka sthAnoM meM pratihiMsA kI jvAlA dhadhaka utthii| 1857 I0 kA vidroha kisI prakAra zAnta kiyA gayA / hindI ke sAhityakAra adhikatara madhyama aura ucca varga ke the| unhe zAbhakoM se kAma thA / musalamAnoM aura atyAcArI zAsana, vidroha ke bhayAnaka pariNAma aura zAsako kI vizeSa kRpA me prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unhoMne san 1857 I0 ke sipAhI-vidroha kI carcA apanI racanAloM meM nahIM kii| parantu jana sAdhAraNa ne "khUba laTI maradAnI, are jhAsI bAlI rAnI"1 zrAdi loka-gIto ke dvArA apanI vidroha bhAvanA ko abhivyakti kI / mahArAnI vikToriyA ke ghoSaNApatra meM sahRdayatA, udAratA aura dhArmika sahiSNutA thii| usase dezI rAjAzrI aura prajA ko AzvAsana milaa| unakA bhaya aura asantoSa dUra huaA / kaviyoM ne gadgad kaMTha se agarejI rAjya kA guNagAna kiyaa| parana mokSaphala rAjapada parasana jIvana mohi / bRTanadevatA rAjamuta pada parasahu cita mAhi / jayati dharma saba deza jaya bhAratabhUmi nareza / jayati rAja rAjezvarI jaya jaya jaya parameza / 3 1 bundelakhaMDa meM pracalita loka gIna jisake AdhAra para subhadrAkumArI cauhAna ne likhA hai "bundele haraboloM ke mukha hamane sunI kahAnI thii|" 2 bhAratendu-granthAvalI, pR0 702 // __ 3 sakkiAdarA vyAsa manakI umaga dava puruSa dRzya

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| 2 ] iDiyA ko sala ekTa (1861) I IkorTa aura adAlata kA sthApanA (1862) 30 jAvatA dIvAnI tAjIrAta ha da aura jAbatA phojadArI kA prayoga karatA kara kI mAphI Adi kAryoM ne janatA ko prasanna kara diyA / san 1877 I0 ke rAja darabAra me dezI rAjA-mahArAjAoM ne apanI rAjamakti kA virATa pradarzana kiyA / 16 vI zatI ke antima caraNa meM aura bhI rAjanaitika sudhAroM kA prArambha huA / svAyata zAsana kI sthApanA jiloM aura tahasIloM meM boDoM kA nirmANa Adi navIna vidhAnoM ne bhAratendu, bAlamukunda gupta zrIdhara pAThaka, badarInArAyaNa caudharI premaghana, rAdhAkRSNadAsa Adi sAhityakAroM ko zAsakoM kI prazastiyAM likhane ke lie prerita kiyA / rAjanaitika paristhiti ke uparyukta pakSa meM to prakAza thA parantu dUsarA pakSa granthakAramaya thA | rAjabhakti aura dezabhakti kI bhinnatA bhArata ke lie abhizApa hai / rAjabhakta hokara bhI sAhityakAra " dezabhakti ko bhUla na sake / deza-dazA kA citra khIcane meM bhI unhoMne pUrI kSamatA dikhalAI : bhItara bhItara saba rasa cUmai, bAhara se tana mana dhana mUmai / jAhira bAta meM atiteja, kyoM sakhi sAjana ? nahiM aMgareja // 1 isa dizA meM patra-patrikAoM kI dena vizeSa mahatva kI hai "sAra sudhA nidhi" aura "bhArata mitra' ne sAmrAjyavAdI rejo kI yuddha nIti aura sabhyatA para AkSepa kie| gadAdhara siMha ne "cIna meM teraha mAsa" pustaka me sAmrAjyavAda kA nagna citra khIcA / "sAra sudhA nidhi" me prakAzita 'yamaloka kI yAtrA" me rAjanaitika damana aura 'mArjAra mUtraka' ne rUsa kA bhaya dikhA kara rakSA ke bahAne bhAratavAsiyoM para prAtaMka jamAne vAlI briTiza nIti kI vyajanA kI / rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ne patra - sapAdakoM ke prati kie jAne vAle anyAya aura Taiksa Adi kI bAtoM para AkSepa kiyA / bAbU bAlamukunda gupta ne bhI apane 'tumheM kyA ' 'holI' Adi nibandhoM tathA 'zivazambhu ke ciTThe' meM videzI zAsana para khUba vyaMgya prahAra kiyA | yahI nahIM, agarejI zAsana ke samarthakaraNa jamIMdAroM para bhI sAhityakAroM kI lekhanI calI / bhAratendu ne apane 'andhera nagarI' prahasana meM ( 1881 I0 ) me eka dezI nareza ( DumarAMva ) ke anyAyoM para vyaMgya kiyA hai / 2 san 1857 I0 ke vidroha ko rASTrIya unmeSa kahanA mArI bhUla hai / usameM rASTrIya 1 bhAratendu harizcandra, 'bhAratendu granthAvalI, pR0 811 / 2 samaya samaya para 'bhArata-mitra' meM prakAzita aura 'gupta nibhAvalI' meM saMkalita I

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mAvanA kA leza bhI nahA thA / nAnA mAdala, lakSmIbAI, avadha kI begama, dillI ka mug2ala, phojI sipAho aAdi sabhI apane apane svArtha-sAdhana ke lie vidrohI huye / yaha lahara sampUrNa deza meM na phaila sakI / dakSiNa bhArata, baMgAla aura paMjAba ne to sarakAra kA hI sAtha diyA / rASTrIya bhAvanA ke abhAva ke hI kAraNa vidroha kucala diyA gayA / 26 vIM zatI kA uttarAddhasabhA-samAjo aura sArvajanika saMsthAnoM kA yuga thA / 'bRTiza iMDiyana ezomiyezana' ( 1851 I0) 'bAmve esosiyezana', 'IsTa iMDiyA esosiyezana' ( 1876 I0) 'madrAsa mahAjana sabhA' (1881 I0), 'vAmbe presIDensI emosiezana' ( 1885 I0) Adi kI sthApanA isI kAla meM huI / inake atirikta tatkAlIna dhArmika aura sAskRtika sabhAnoM ne deza me aAtmAbhimAna kI bhAvanA jAgRta kI / sarakAra ke azubha aura virodhI kAnUna, pulisa kA damana, lArDa liTana kA pratigAmI zAsana ( 1876-80 I0) kharcIlA darabAra, kapAsa ke yAtAyAta-kara kA uThAyA jAnA (1877 I0), varnAkyUlara presa aikTa (1878 I0), aphagAna yuddha (1878-1882 I0) zrAdi bAtoM ne dezavAsiyoM ko parAdhInatA ke zApa kA anubhava karAyA / vizvavidyAlayoM meM zikSita navayuvako ne janatA ke sAtha pAzcAtya itihAsa aura rAjanIti ke udAharaNa upasthita kie / janatA meM uttejanA bar3hatI gii| yahA~ taka ki kisI krAntikArI visphoTa kI AzaMkA hone lagI / dUradarzI hyUma ne dAdA bhAI aAdi ke sahayoga se rAjanaitika udAsInatA dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA / imI ke pala gvarUpa 1885 I0 meM iMDiyana nezanala kAMgrama kI sthApanA huii| __sAmAjika rUpa meM janma lekara kApasa ne apane bala para rAjanItika rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| prArambha meM to anunaya-vinaya kI nI te baratI gaI kintu jyAM jyo dezavAsiyoM kA sahayoga milatA gayA tyA tyA vaha aAtmateja aura AtmAvalambana kI nIti grahaNa karatI gii| usane dhana, dharma, jAti, liMga, pada Adi kA koI bheda nahIM kiyA / vikAsa kI prArambhika bhUmikA meM madhuravANI se kAma liyA, agarejoM kI prazasA aura apanI rAjabhakti kI abhivyakti taka kI / lokamAnya tilaka ne videzI zAmako ke prati ghRNA ke vicAroM kA pracAra kiyaa| kaoNgresa kI rASTrIyatA ugra rUpa dhAraNa karatI gaI / usakI vRddhi ke mAtha hI sAtha sarakAra bhI usa para saMdeha karane lgii| mitanvara sam 1837 I. meM tinaka ko 18 mAsa kI kaDI sajA dI gaI, maiksamUlara, haMTara Adi ke kaThina aAvedanapara eka varSa bAda chuTe / uparyata rASTrIya aAndolanoM ne hindI mAhityakAroM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / saMpAdako aura ne samAna rUpa se deza kI tatkAlIna rASTrIya jAgRti ke citra akti

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[ 4 ] kira / premaghana aura ambikAdatta vyAsa ne apane 'bhArata saubhAgya' nATakoM meM deza kI kA dRzya dikhaayaa| 'brAhmaNa' ne 'kAMgresa kI jaya' 'dezI kapar3A' Adi nibandha cha rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ne 'hamArA uttama bhArata deza' aura bAbU bAlamukunda gupta ne 'sva aAndolana' para racanAe~ kI zrAo eka pratijJA kareM, eka sAtha saba jIveM mare / apanI cIjeM zrApa banAo, unase apanA aGga sajAo / ' paDita pratApanArAyaNa mizna ke "tRpyantAm" aura zrIdhara pATaka ke 'braDalA svAgata deza kI karuNa dazA kA hAsya-mizrita tathA zroapUrNa zailI meM bahuta sundara varNana pATaka jI kI racanAoM meM rASTrIyatA kA svara vizeSa rUpa se spaSTa hai-- bandanIya vaha deza jahA~ ke dezI nija abhimAnI hoN| bAMdhavatA meM baMdhe paraspara paratA ke ajJAnI ho / nindanIya vaha deza jahA~ ke dezI nija ajJAnI ho| saba prakAra parataMtra, parAI prabhutA ke abhimAnI ho / isI svatantratA-bhAva ko eka paga aura Age bar3hAte huye dvivedI jI ne kahA thA-- jisako na nija gaurava tathA nija deza kA abhimAna hai| vaha nara nahIM nara pazu nirA hai aura mRtaka samAna hai // unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke vaijJAnika prAviSkAroM ne bhArata hI nahIM sAre vizva udyoga-dhandhoM meM krAnti upasthita karadI / putalIgharoM tathA anya kala-kArakhAnA nirmANa ne zramika varga ke kArIgaroM kI jIvikA chIna lii| sar3ako, naharo, rela, DAka aAdi ne videzo kI dUrI kama krdii| san 1866 I0 meM sveja nahara ke jAne se yorapa kA bhArata me vyApArika sambandha aura sugama ho gayA / yorapIya videzI vastuoM ne bhAratIya bAjAra para adhikAra kara liyA, yantroM se spardhA na sakane ke kAraNa dezI kArIgara kRSi kI ora jhuke / khetI kI dazA bhI zoca thI / jana-saMkhyA meM vRddhi, urvarAzakti ke kramazaH hAse, ItiyoM aura bhItiyoM kAraNa unakI Arthika dazA bigar3atI jA rahI thI / zikSitoM ko anukna nauka 1 sphuTa-kavitA'-1616 I0 meM saMkalana-rUpa meM prakAzita / 2 kAnapura ke Tainika patra pratApa ke zIrSa para chapane vAlA siddhAnta-vAkya

Page #26
nahIM milatI thI . ve zArIrika parizrama ke mI ayogya the / eka to zikSita aura azikSita dono bekAra ho rahe the aura dUsare deza kA dhana videza jA rahA thaa| deza aArthika saMkaTa meM par3a gayA / bhAratendu zrAdi sAhityakAra agarejI, rAjya ke prati bhakti prakaTa karate hue bhI usakI Arthika nIti ke viruddha likhane para vAdhya huye / asuvidhA __ janaka khacIlI adAlatoM, utkocanAhI pulisa ke atyAcAra, U~cA lagAna aura usake sagraha ke kaThora niyama, zastra aura jaMgala-kAnUna Adi ne kisAnoM ke dukha ko dUnA kara diyo / janatA kI etadviSayaka prArthanAoM ko sarakAra ne upekSA kI dRSTi se dekhA / san 1868-69 me ghora akAla par3A, lagabhaga bIsa lAkha vyakti mare / san 1877 I0 meM dakSiNa meM bhayakara durbhikSa pdd'aa| lArDa liTana ( 1876-80 I0 ) akAlapIr3itoM kI sahAyatA kA ucita prabandha na kara sake / lAI eliAna ke samaya meM ( 1864-66 I. ) pazcimottara prAnta, madhya pradeza, bihAra aura paMjAba meM akAla par3e / 1600 I0 meM gujarAta meM bhI akAla par3A / isa prakAra akAla para akAla aura usake Upara mahAmArI, Taiksa, bekArI aAdi ne janatA ke hRdaya ko chalanI banA DAlA / sAhityakAroM ne dezavAsiyoM ke ina kaSTo kA anubhava kiyA aura una anubhUtiyoM kI apanI racanAoM meM abhivyakti kii| 1 / aGgarejo ke zrAdhipatya-sthApana ke samaya hindU dharma zithila ho cukA thA / azikSita bhAratIya janatA ajJAna andhavizvAsa meM saMveSThita thii| durbala aura prANazUnya hindU jAti kI dhArmika aura sAmAjika avasthA zocanIya thii| sArA deza tandrA meM thaa| IsAiyoM ne nirvirodha dharma-pracAra prArambha kiyA / zikSA, dhana, vivAha, padAdhikAra Adi ke lobhI janoM dvArA unake isa kArya kA svAgata huaa| vo to pandrahavIM zatI ke prArambha se hI IsAI-dharma-pracArakoM ne bhArata meM aAnA Arambha kara diyA thA kintu prathama tIna sau varSoM meM unake pracAra kA hindI-sAhitya para koI prabhAva na par3A / jaba man 1813 I0 meM unheM 'vilyaphosa aikTa' ke anusAra bhArata meM dharmapracAra kI AjJA mila gaI, taba unhoMne isa kArya meM tIvra dakSatA digbalAI / dharma1 aAyo vikarAla kAla bhArI hai akAla paryo, pUre nAhiM kharca ghara bhara kI kamAI meM / kauna bhAMti deveM Taiksa inakama laisana aura, pAnI kI piyAI, laiTarana kI saphAI meM / kaise heltha sAhaba kI bAta kachU kAna kareM, pare na susIta bhUmi paurne dhArapAI meM

Page #27
pracAra ke uddazya se pAdariyoM ne jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA ma vyAkhyAna aura zikSA kI AyojanA kii| san 1802 I0 meM "dI nyU TesTAmeMTa" kA hindI anuvAda ho cukA thA / san 1806 aura 1826 I0 ke bIca pazcinI hindI, brajabhASA, avadhI, mAgadhI, ujjainI aura baghelI meM bhI dharma-grantha prakAzita kie gae / san 1850 I0 taka bAivila ke hI aneka hindI anuvAda ho gaye aura zrAge bhI anuvAdoM kI zRkhalA jArI rahI / 'amerikana mizana', 'krizcayana ejyUkezana sosAiTI', 'nArtha iDiyA krizcayana TekTa eMDa buka sosAITo', 'krizcayana varnAkyUlara liTarecara sosAiTI', 'nArtha iDiyA avijaliyarI bAivila sosAiTI' Adi IsAI saMsthAno ne hindo ko dharma-pracAra kA mAnyama banAkara usakA pracAra kiyaa| apane dharma kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana aura, anya dharmoM kI aAlocanA karane ke liye pAdariyoM ne aAgarA, ilAhAbAda, sikandarA, banArasa pharma khAvAda Adi nagaroM meM presa sthApita kiye aura unase saiMkar3A pustake prakAzita kii| 16 vI zatI ke prArambha meM ho pazcimI sabhyatA aura dharma kA AghAta pAkara deza meM uttejanA kI lahara daur3a gaI / hinduo ko apane dharma kI ora AkRSTa karane ke liye IsAiyo ne hindU dharma kI satI-sarIkhI ka ra aura bhayakara prathAnoM para burI taraha AkSepa kiyA thaa| rAjA rAmamohana rAya Adi nava-zikSita hinduoM ne mvayaM ina kuprathAoM kA virodha kiyA / isI samAja sudhAra ke uddezya se unhoMne san 1858 I0 'brAhma samAja' kI gthApanA kii| tatpazcAt 'Arya samAja' (1875 I0), "thiyomAphikala sosAyaTI' (san 1875 I0 me nyUyArka nathA 1876 I0 meM bhArata meM) gamakku gA |mazana' zrAdi dhArmika samyAyA ko sthApanA huii| . dayAnanda sarasvatI ne ( 1824-83 I0 ) vaidika dharma kA pracAra kiyA, Arya samAja kimi ke bavAvai zvAMsa aura kauna aora ghase, sovai sAtha cAra cAra eka hI rajAI meN| bAbU puttanalAla 'samasyApUrti', bhA05 pR0 6 / saMpAdaka --rAma kRSNa varmA, 1866 I0 pai dukha ati bhArI ika yaha jo bar3hata dInatA, bhArata meM saMpati kI dina dina hota chInatA / premadhana, 'hArdika hathIdarza' jinake kAraNa saba sukha pAtre, jinakA bApa saba jA khoya, hAya hAya unake bAlaka nita bhUkhoM ke mAre cinAya / / gapta sphuTa kavitA jAtIya gIta' 62

Page #28
kI zAkhAnA, gurukuloM aura gokSiNI samAnA kI sthApanA kI, vidhavA-vivAha niSedha, bAla-vivAha, brAhmaNa dharmAntargata karmakANDa, andhavizvAsa Adi kA ghora virodha kiyaa| unhoM ne pAzcAtya vicAra-dhArA kI bhitti para sthApita brAhma-samAja ne bahu devavAda, mUrtipUjA, bahuvivAha Adi ke viruddha saMgrAma kiyaa| zrArya-samAja ke siddhAnta kA aAdhAra vizuddha bhAratIya thA / isane brAhma-samAja ke pAzcAtya prabhAva ko rokate hue deza kA dhyAna prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA kI ora khIMcA / vivekAnanda ne zikAgo me bhArata kI AdhyAtmikatA kA pracAra kiyaa| 'thiyosophikala sosAyaTI' ne 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kA sandeza sunAte hue bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI rakSA kI tathA usakA pracAra kiyaa| rAmakRSNa mizana ne prAraMbha meM AdhyAtmika aura phira Age calakara loka-sevA ke aAdarza kI pratiSThA karane kA prayAsa kiyA / isa prakAra deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM sthApita dhArmika saMsthAnoM ne pazcimI bhASA, sAhitya, saMskRti, sabhyatA, dharma aura zikSA tathA apanI nirbalatAyo se utpanna burAiyoM ko dabAne kA udmoga kiyA / ina dhArmika AndolanoM ne hindI sAhitya ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / dayAnanda sarasvatI, bhImasena zarmA Adi ne hindI meM aneka dhArmika pustake listrI aura aneka ke hindIbhAdhya prakAzita kiye / zrArtha-samAjiyA ke virodha meM zraddhArAma phullaurI ambikAdatta vyAsa Adi sanAtana-dharmiyoM ne bhI babaNDara uThAyA / dhArmika ghAta-pratighAta meM khaMDanamaDana ke lie hindI meM aneka pustakoM kI racanA huI / dayAnanda likhita 'satyArthaprakAza', 'vedAga-prakAza', 'saMskAra-vidhi', aAdi, zraddhArAma phullaurI likhita 'salyAmRtapravAha', 'bhAgavatI' zrAdi, ambikAdatta vyAsa-likhita 'avatAra-mImAsA' 'mUrti-pUjA', 'dayAnanda-pADitya-khaMDana' Adi kRtiyA~ isI dhArmika saMgharSa kI upaja haiM / ina racanAtrA kI bhASA vyAkaraNa-viruddha aura paMDitAU hone para bhI taka aura zrona se viziSTa hai / mAhityakAra bhI isa khaMDana-maMDana se prabhAvita hue / bhAratendu ne isa saba khaMDana-mana ke jhagar3oM se dUra raha kara premopAsanA kA sadeza diyA khaMDana jaga meM kAko kIje / piyAro paiye kevala prema meM" 1 pratApanArAyaNa mizra ne to eka gthala para isa jhUThe dhArmika vitaMDAvAda se Ubakara azaraNa zaraNa bhagavAn kI zaraNa lI hai| "jhUThe jhagar3oM se merA piMDa chur3Ayo / mujhako prabhu apanA sajA dAsa bnaayo|" 1 'bhAratendu-granthAvalI'. pR0 136 2 prema puSpAvanI' basata'

Page #29
vArena hesTigja ( 1774-5 I0 ) aura jAneyA Takana ( 1715 1811 I0 ) dvArA hinduoM aura musalamAnoM ko saMskRta aura fArasI me sAskRtika zikSA dene kI aAyojanA kI gaI thI / vijJApana ke yuga me prAcIna DhaMga kI dhArmika zikSA pAna na thI / 1813 I0 meM pArliyAmeMTa ne jJAna-vijJAna kI vRddhi ke liye eka lAkha rupaye kI svIkRti dI, parantu isase koI uddezya pUrti huI nahIM 1 rAjA rAmamohana rAya Adi bhAratIyoM kI sahAyatA se DeviDa heara ne 1816 I0 meM kalakatte me eka aGgarejI skUla kholA aura 1837 I0 meM lArDa mekAle ne agarejI ko hI zikSA kA mAdhyama banAyA / 1844 I0 meM hArDigja ke cArTara ke anusAra naukariyA~ agarejI paDhe-likhe logoM ko dI jAne lagI / 1854 I0 meM lArDa Dalahauz2I aura cArlsavuDa ne naI zikSA-yojanA banAI jisake phalasvarUpa gAvoM meM prAraMbhika aura nagarI me hAI skUla khole gaye / siddhAnta rUpa meM zikSA kA mAdhyama dezI bhASAe~ thIM parantu kArya-krama se agarejI hI mAdhyama rahI / IsAI-dharma-pracArakoM kA zikSA kA krama pahale hI se jArI thaa| 1857 I0 me kalakattA, bambaI aura madrAsa vizva-vidyAlayoM kI sthApanA huii| 2875 I0 ke vidroha-zamana ke bAda a~garejI rAjya dRr3ha ho gayA / kintu sAdhAraNa janatA ke hRdaya meM zAsakoM ke prati zraddhA kama aura aAtaGka adhika thA / bhAratIyoM kI ima manovRtti ko badalane ke liye sarakAra unakI saskRti meM parivartana karanA cAhatI thii| isIliye aMgarejI mAdhyama aura pAzcAtya sAhitya ke pAThana para adhika jora diyA gayA thA / yadyapi pazcimI vijJAna, sAhitya, itihAsa, Adi ke adhyayana se bhAratIyo kI dRSTi meM bahuta kucha vyApakatA AI aura sAmAjika avasthA meM bahuta kucha sudhAra huaA, tathApi agarejI mAvyama ne bhAratIya sAhitya aura jIvana kA bar3A ahita kiyA / usane dezI bhASAoM kI unnati kA mArga rUMdha diyA / videzI sAhitya, zikSA, sabhyatA aura saMskRti se mohita bhAratIya navayuvaka unhIM ke dAsa ho gye| ve apanI bhASA sAhitya, sabhyatA, saMskRti, jAti yA dharma kI sabhI bAto ko gaeNvArU samajhane lge| unheM "svadeza", 'bhAratIya', 'hindI' jaise zabdo se ciDha hone lgii| ve hRdayahIna zikSita alpajJa azikSitoM aura dhanahInoM ke prati prema aura sahAnubhUti karane ke sthAna para tiraskAra aura ghRNA ke bhAva dhAraNa karane lage / zikSA ke kSetra meM kAzI ke rAjA zivaprasAda 'sitAre hinda' aura paMjAba meM navInacandrarAya ne hindI ke liye mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| kucha hI kAla ke uparAnta hiMdI-sAhityakAroM ko apanI saMskRti, sabhyatA aura sAhitya ke punaruddhAra kI aAvazyakatA kA anumava huaA mAratedu ra Na

Page #30
mizra bAlamukuda gupta zrAdi ne janatA ko ina vinAzakArI prabhAvoM se bacane ke liye cetAva dI, samAja sudhAra aura svadezI zrAdolana sambadhI viSayoM para grAma gIta lisane aura likhA kA prayAsa kiyA jisase jAgaraNa kA nUtana svara azikSita janatA ke kAnoM taka bhI pahu~ca ske| bhAratendu ne janapada-sAhitya ke yogya racanAe~ kI, aMgarejI sAhitya aura zikSA bekArI, sarakArI karmacAriyo, pulisa kacaharI, kAnUna upAdhiyoM, vidhavA-vivAha, madyapAra mundara mukariyA~ likhI-- saba guru jana ko buro batAve, apanI khicar3I Apa pakAnI / bhItara tatva na jhUThI nejI, kyoM sakhi sAjana? nahiM agarejI !! tIna bulAe teraha Ave, nija nija vipadA roi sunaaveN| A~khI phUTe bharA na peTa, kyoM sakhi sAjana? nahiM mejueTa / ' matalaba hI kI bole bAta, rAkhe sadA kAma kI ghAta / Dole pahine sundara samalA, kyoM sakhi sAjana ? nahiM sakhi amalA // rUpa dikhAvata sarabasa lUTe, phande meM jo par3e na chuutte| kapaTa kaTArI hiya meM hUlisa, kyoM sakhi sAjana ? nahiM sakhi pUlisa // 2 'bAla-vivAha se hAni', 'janmapatro milAne kI azAntratA' 'bAlakoM kI zikSA aMgarejI phaizana se zarAba kI zrAdata', 'bhra NahatyA', 'phUTa aura baira', bahu-jAtitva aura bahubhaktitva', 'janmabhUmi se sneha aura isake sudhArane kI AvazyakatA', 'nazA', adAlata', 'hindustAna kI vastu hiMdustAniyoM ko vyavahAra karanA cAhiye' aAdi viSayoM para racanAe~ kI gaI / 'harizcandra megajIna meM prakAzita 'yUropIya ke prati bhAratavarSIya ke prazna' aura 'kalirAja kI sabhA' meM sarakAra ke piTThoM para zrAkSepa hai| usI ke sAtaveM aGka meM naye aMgarejI paDhe-likhe logoM kA acchA upahAsa kiyA gayA hai| 3 bhAratendu ne sAhitya ko samAja se saMbaddha karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| unake nATakoM meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika dazA kI sundara vyaMjanA huI hai| 'vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati' meM unhoMne dhArmikatA ke nAma para pracalita sAmAjika anAcAroM aura svArtha lolupa janoM kA caitraNa kiyA hai / "viSasya vitramauSadham meM dezI narezoM ke bIbhatsa dRzya aGkita kara ke dUSita bAtAbaraNa aura dayanIya dazA kI jhaoNkI upasthita kI gaI hai| 1 bhAratendu-anthAvalI', pR0810 2 bhAratendu-granthAvalI', pR0811 & When I go Sis, market ko, these chaprasis, trouble me much. How can I give daily Inam ever they ask me I way such omzine they me give gardadia and tell baba piklo tum

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I "bhArata durdazA" meM hindU dharma ke vibhinna saMpradAyoM kA mata-matAMtara, jAti-pAti ke bhedamAtra, vivAha aura pUjA saMbandhI kuprathAzrI, videza gamana-niSedha, arejI zAsana zrAdi para AkSepa kiyA gayA hai / 90 pratApanArAyaNa mizra ke 'kalikautuka - rUpaka' me pAkhaMDiyoM aura durAcAriyoM kA tathA 'bhArata durdazA', 'gosaMkaTa nATaka' aura 'kali- prabhAva nATaka' meM zrIsampanna nAgarika janoM ke gupta caritroM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai / rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ke 'tana mana dhana zrI gosAI jI ke arpaNa' meM rUr3hivAdI tathA andhavizvAsI vRddhajanoM ke viruddha navayuvaka dala ke saMgharSa aura 'bUDhe mu~ha muhA~se' meM kisAna kI jamIMdAra virodhI bhAvanA tathA hindU-muslima aikya kA nirUpaNa hai| kAzInAtha khatrI ke 'grAma-pAThazAlA' 'nikRSTa naukarI' aura 'bAla vidhavA- saMtApa, rAdhA kRSNadAsa ke 'dukhinIvAlA' tathA anya nATyakAroM ke nATakoM meM bhI samAja kI dIna-dazA ke vividha citra aGkita kie gae hai 1 nibandhakAroM ne bhI 'rAjA bhoja kA sapanA' ( sitAre -hinda), 'eka adbhuta apUrva svapna' ( bhAratendu), 'yamaloka kI yAtrA' ( rAdhAcaraNa gomvAmI ), 'svarga meM vicAra-sabhA kA adhive zana' ( bhAratendu ) Adi nibandhoM meM tatkAlIna dharma, karma, dAna, candA, zikSA, pulisa, kacaharI, Adi para tIkhA vyaya kiyA hai / 'bhAratendu pratApanArAyaNa mizra, bAlamukunda gupta, AdikaviyoM ne sAmAjika duravasthA ko zrAlambana mAna kara racanAe~ kI haiN| pAzcAtya jJAna-vijJAna aura sabhyatA-saMskRti kI zikSA dIkSA ne bhAratendu-yuga ko itihAsa Dena na lena muft ke aye hain yaha Bare Darbari ki dum, isa saMbaMdha meM DA0 rAmabilAsa zarmA kA 'bhArateMdu yuga' ( pR0 12 - 112) avalokanIya hai 1 dekhiye bhAratendu-yuga -- (DA0 rAmavilAsa zarmA ) pR0 65 - . 122 2 sela gaI barachI gaI, gaye tIra taravAra ghar3I char3I casamA bhaye, kSatrina ke hathiyAra / bAlamukunda gupta 'sphuTa kavitA' 'zrIrAma stotra' pR cha bAta vaha agalI saba saTakI, bahU jaba maiM thI ghU MghaTa kI / ghuTAveM kyoM piMjar3e meM dama, nahIM kucha yaMdhI cir3iyA hama // bAbU bAlamukunda gupta kRta 'sphuTa kavitA' - 'sabhya bIbI ko ciTThI' pR0 110 farar bilapai aru dhenu kareM, kou lAgata hAya gohAra nahIM / kauna karejo nahiM kasakata suni vipati bAta bidhavana kI hai, ar are me kandanA kAnyakubja kanyana kI hai / mizra 'mana kI bahara'

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/ 11 / kI bhUmikA ma eka paga aura Age baDhA diyA isa yuga kI sAhitya samTi bhAna, eva kalpanA 7 gagana bihArI rAtikAlIna sa hi ya aura jIvana tathA kama ma vizvAsa karane vAle yathAtha vAdI Adhunika sAhitya ke bIca kI kar3I hai / isa yuga ke kaviyoM ne bhakti aura zRGgAra paramparA kA pAlana karate hue bhI deza-bhakti, loka-kalyANa, samAja-sudhAra, mAtRbhApoddhAra Adi kA saMdeza sunAyA / bhAratendu kI kavitAtrA meM zRGgAra aura svadeza-prema, rAdhAkRSNa kI bhakti aura TIkAdhArI mAyAvI bhaktoM kA upahAsa, prAcInatA aura navInatA eka sAtha hai / isa yuga me vyaktigata prema aura sahAnubhUti ne bahuta kucha vyApaka rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / zRGgAra ke aAlambana nAyaka-nAyikAnoM ne svadeza, svadezI vastu, sAmAjika kurItiyoM, dArzanika aura aitihAnika aAdi viSayoM ke liye bhI sthAna rikta kiyA / bhAratendu kI vijayinI vijaya vaijayantI ( 1882 I.) aura pratApanArAyaNa mizra kI "tRpyantAm" ( 1861 I0 ) kavitAnoM me paratantra bhArata kI dInAvasthA para kSobha, mizra jI kI 'lokoktizataka' (1888 I0), 'zrAvahumAya' (1898 I.) Adi meM deza kI vipanna dazA para santApa, premaghana kI 'magalAzA yA hArdika dhanyavAda' me sudhAraka zAsakoM kI kRpA-dRSTi para santoSa aura pratApanArAyaNa mizra ke 'lokoktizataka' eva bAlamukunda gupta aAdi kI raphuTa kavitAoM meM saMgaThanabhAvanA kA vyaktIkaraNa hai| rAdhAkRSNadAsa, pratApanArAyaNa mizra ('mana kI lahara-'san1885 I0), nityAnanda caube ('kalirAja ko kathA'-1861 I0 , AtmArAma sanyAso 'nazAkhaMDana-cAlImA' (1866) bAlamukunda gupta ( sphuTa kavitA'-prakAzita 1616 I0) Adi kaviyoM ne sAmAjika viSayoM para racanAe~ kI / zrIdhara pAThaka kA ( ' jagatasacAI-sAra" 1887), mAdhavadAsa kA "nirbhaya advaita siddham" -( 1866 I0 ), rAmacandra tripAThI kA, "vidyA ke guNa aura mUrkhatA ke doSa" zrAdi dArzanika viSayoM para kI gaI racanAe~ haiM / 'dagAbAjI kA udyoga' ( bhAratendu ) 'brasalsa kI lar3AI' ( zrI nivAsa dAma ) Adi kI kathAvastu kA aAdhAra aitihAsika hai| 'dAminI dUtikA' ( rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI), 'myUnisipailiTI dhyAnam' ( zrIdhara pAThaka-1884 I0), 'lega kI bhUtanI' (bAlamukunda guma- 1867 I0), 'janAne puruSa' (bAlamukunda guma1868 I0) Adi me kaviyoM ne navIna viSayoM kI ora dhyAna diyA hai / hAgyarasa ke Alambana, kRpaNa khAU brAhmaNa Adi na hokara nava zikSita, phaizana ke dAsa, raIsa, lakIra ke fakIra aAdi hue hai tathA vIra rasa ke Alambana kA gurutama pada dezapremiyoM ko diyA gayA hai / ima yuga kI rAjanaitika. gaSTIya. Arthika, dhArmika. sAmAjika aura sAskRtika kavitAoM meM atIta ke prati amimAna ke prAte coma aura bhaviSya ke prati aAzA kI

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/ 12 / pAradvavedI-yuga ko padya racanA ma eka viziSTa sthAna IsAI dhama pracArakadezI pAda riyA kA bhI hai padya kI mvAbhAvaka prabhAvA pAdaktA se janatA ko AkRSTa karane ke liya unhoMne "maMgala samAcAra kA dUta" ( 1861 I0), 'buha zreSTa mUla kathA' (1871 I0', 'khISTa-caritAmRta-pustaka' ( 1871 ), 'gIta aura bhajana' ( 1875), 'prema-dohAvalI' ( 1880 I0), 'masIhI gIta kI kitAba ( 1881 ), dAUdamAlA' ( 1882 ), 'bhajana sagraha' ( 1886 ), 'chanda-saMgraha' 1888 vi0 saM0 ), 'subodha-patrikA' ( 1887 I0 ), _ 'gIta-saMgraha' ( 1888 I0 pRSTha saM0 ), 'gItoM kI pustaka' ( 1886 I0 ), 'dharmasA' ( 18 86 I0), 'gIta-sagraha' ( 1864), 'upamAmanoraMjikA' ( 1866) grAdi chandobaddha pustakeM likhI / ina me aneka rAga-rAganiyoM ke pada,gIta,bhajana,gajala Adi hai / dohA, caupAI, rolA aAdi chandoM kI bhI bahulatA hai / zithila aura khicar3I bhASA me kAvyakalA kA sarvathA abhAva hai| unakA mahatva khar3IbAlI-padya-racanA ke prArambhika prayAsa me hI hai| __viSaya kI dRSTi se to bhAratandu-yuga kI kavitA bahuta kucha Age bar3ha gaI, parantu pUrvavartI rItikAlIna kAvya kA kalA-sauMdaya na pA sakA / bhAratendu kI kavitA meM kahIM to bhaktikAlIna kaviyoM kI svAbhAvika tallInatA, 1 kahIM chAyAvAda kI sI lAkSaNika mUrtimatA aura kahIM calacitroM ke se calate gAne hai / usa yuga ke nAyikA-upAsaka kaviyoM ne zRGgAra-varNana meM hI apanI pratibhA kA adhika upayoga kiyA hai / kolAhala ke usa yuga me bahudhandhI kavi apanI racanAtroM ko vizeSa sarasa yA ramaNIya na banA sake / tatkAlIna rAjanetika, sAmAjika, Arthika zrAdi paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita kaviyo kI zRGgAretara kRtiyA~ pracArAtmakatA aura sAmayikatA se Upara na uTha sakI / zrIdhara pAThaka, pramaghana Adi ne agarejo kAvya ke bhAva aura zailI ko apanA kara unI DhaMga kI racanAe~ karane kA prayAsa kiyA / purAne Dharre ke rUr3hivAdI kavi samagyA-pUrtiyo para burI taraha ladda the / bhAratendu ke 'kavi-samAja' kI samasyA-pUrtiyA meM nimsadeha kavitva hai, udAharaNArtha bhA-tendu kI piya pyAre tihAre nihAre binA aMkhiyaoN dukhiyA~ nahiM mAnati hai,' pratApanArAyaNa mizra ko "papihA jaba pUchi hai pIva kahA~", pramaghana kI 'caracA 5 ka-navanIta meghavarana,darasata bhavatApa harana,parasata sukha karana, bhaktasarana jmunvaarii| athavA dhika deha aura geha sabai sajanI ! jihi ke basa ko chUTano hai| kha-sasi sUraja dvai raina dinA tuma hiyanana karahu prakAza / ga-sopro sukha niMdiyA pyAre lalana / athavA pyArI bina karata na kArI raina

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calive kI calAithanA A da 1 para tu mamasyA pUrti ka duvyasana ne racanAkAroM kI pratimA ko bahuta kucha kuNThata kara diyA rAsaka vATikA" rAsaka rahagya zrAda patrikAyoM meM to ekamAtra samanyA-pUrti hI ke lie sthAna thA aura unake lekhaka padyakatAMtroM kI racanAoM meM tukabandI se adhika kucha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra kI pUrtiyoM meM zrAra patrikAoM ne hindI kAvya kA baDA ahita kiyA hai / / ___ usa yuga meM prabandha kAvyoM kA abhAva sA rahA / 'jIrNa janapada', 'kama vadha' ( apUrNa ) 'kalikAla-darpaNa', 'holo kI nakala', 'ekAntavAsI yogI', 'UjaDa grAma' Adi inI ginI racanAeM prabandha-kavitA kI dRSTi se nimna zreNI kI hai| inakA mUlya khar3I-bolI-prabandhakAvya ke itihAsa kI pIThikA rUpa meM hI hai / eka ora to rItikAlIna purAnI paripATI ke prati kaviyoM kA moha thA aura dUsarI ora aAndolana aura sakrAnti kI avagthA / ataeva kaviyoM kI pracArAtmakatA aura upadezAtmamatA ke kAraNa Adhunika zailI ke gIta-mukta kA kI racanA na ho sakI | kAvya-vidhAna ke kSetra meM gIti-muktakoM aura prabandha kAvyoM ke abhAva kI nyUnAdhika pUrti padya-nibandhoM ne ko / 'bur3hApA', 'jagata-sacAI-sAra' 'sapUta', 'gorakSA' zrAdi padyAtmaka nibandhI me gItimuktakoM kI mArmika anubhUti kA aAbhAsa hai / kathAsUtra tathA viSaya kI ekatAnatA ke kAraNa prabandha-vyajakatA bhI hai / 16 vIM zatI ke antima dazAbda taka ina nivandhoM me bhAvAtmakatA ke sthAna para nIrasatA A gii| ye itivRttAtmakarUpa me padyAbaddha nibandhamAtra raha ge| isa yuga ke kaviyoM ne sabaiyA, kavina, dohA, caupAI, soraThA zrAdi kI pUrvakAlika paddhati se Age bar3hakara rolA, chappaya, aSTapadI, lAvanI, gajala, regkhatA, drutavilambita, zistrariNI Adi para dhyAna to avazya diyA, parantu isa dizA meM unako pragati vizeSa mahatvapUrNa na huI / chandoM kI vA tavika navInatA aura svachadatA bhAratendu ke uparAnta paM0 zrIdhara pAThaka kI racanAoM me caritArtha huI / lAvanI kI laya para likhe gaye, 'ekAntavAsI yogI', suthar3e sAiyoM ke Dhaga para racita 'jagata-sacAI-sAra' Adi me rAga-rAganiyoM kI avahelanA karake kavitA kI laya aura svarapAta para hI unhoMne vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai : "jagata hai saJcA, tanika na kaccA, samajho baccA isakA bheda / 2 bhAratendu, pratApanArAyaNa mizra, premaghana, jagamohananiMha, ambikAdatta vyAma Adi kavi 1 hiMdI sAhitya kA itihAsa - rAmacandra zukla, pR. 701---2 2 jagatasacAI-sAra

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brajabhASA kI purAnI dhArA ma hI banate rahe Arambha ma zrIdhara pAThaka nAthUrAma zamA zakara' ayodhyAsaha upAdhyAya zrAda ne bhI brajabhASA ko hI kAya nApA ke rUpa ma grahaNa kiyA / san 1876 I0 se khar3I bolI kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA / svayaM bhAratendu ne khar3I bolI meM padya likhe : khola khola chAtA cale, loga sar3aka ke bIca / kIcar3a meM jUte pha~se, jaise agha me nIca // ' san 1876 I0 me hI bAbU lakSmIprasAda ne golDasmitha ke 'haramiTa' (Hermit) kA khar3I bolI me anuvAda kiyA thA / khar3I bolI meM kAvya-racanA ke prati protsAhana na milane ke kAraNa bhAratendu aura unake sahayogiyoM ne brajabhASA ko kavitA kA mAdhyama banAe rakkhA / uma yuga meM koI bhI kavi khaDo bolI kA hI kavi nahIM huaa| zrIdhara pAThaka ne 1886 I. meM bar3I bolI kI pahalI kavitA-pustaka ekAntavAsI yogI' likhI / isa samaya gadya aura padma kI bhASA kI bhinnatA logoM ko khaTaka rahI thI / zrIdhara pAThaka, ayodhyAprasAda khatrI Adi khar3I bolI ke pakSapAtI the aura pratApanArAyaNa mizra, rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI Adi brajabhASA ke | rAdhAkRSNadAsa kA mata thA ki viSayAnusAra kavi kisI bhI bhASA kA prayoga kare / brajabhASA kI purAtanatA, vizAla sAhitya, mAdhurI aura sarasatA ke kAraNa khar3I bolI ko Age zrAne meM bar3I kaThinAI huii| parantu kAla kA zrAgraha bolacAla kI bhASA khar3I bolI ke hI prati thA / 1888 I0 meM ayodhyA prasAda khatrI ne 'gvar3I bolI kA padma' nAmaka sagraha do bhAgAM me prakAzita kiyA / badarInArAyaNa caudharI, zrodhara pAThaka devIprasAda 'pUrNa' nAthUrAma zarmA, zrAdi ne brajabhASA ke badale khar3I bolI ko apanAkara bhAratendu ke prayAgo ko nApA ke nizcita rUpa bI ora Age bar3hAyA / unnIsavIM zatAbdI samApta ho gaI para, logo ke udyoga karane para bhI isa navIna kAvya-bhASA me apekSita mAdhurI, prAjalatA aura praur3hatA nazrA makI / sAmayika sAhitya kI unnati aGgarejI zrAdi bhASAoM ke vAGa maya kA adhyayana aura / pahalI sitambara san 1881 ke 'bhArata-mitra' meM apane chandoM ke sAtha bhAratendu ne yaha patra bhI chapAyA thA "pracalita sAdhubhASA meM yaha kavitA bhejI hai / dekhiyegA ki isameM kyA kasara hai aura kisa upAya ke avalambana karane se isameM kAtyasauMdarya bana sakatA hai / isa sambandha meM sarvasAdhAraNa kI sammati jJAta hone se Age se vaisA parizrama kiyA jaaygaa| loga vizeSa icchA kareMge to aura bhI likhane kA yanna kruuNgaa|" mAranendu-yuga bA0 rAmavilAsa zarmA, pR0 168 66

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L 15. ] tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, rASTrIya, dhArmika, sAskRtika, Arthika, sAmAjika eva sAhityika AndolanoM ne hi dI lekhakA ko nivandha racanA kI ora prerita kiyA usa yuga se pakaDa hAsya-priya, milanasAra aura sajIva lekhakoM ne pAThakoM ke prati zrabhinnarUpa aura muktakaMTha se apanI bhAvAbhivyakti karane ke lie kavitA, nATaka yA upanyAsa kI apekSA nibandha ko hI adhika zreyaskara mAdhyama samajhA / isa navIna racanA kI koI ITakA yA iyattA nizcita na hone ke kAraNa, Adarza ke prabhAva meM, svacchandatA-premI lekhakoM ne isake AkAra aura prakAra ko icchAnusAra ghaTAyA bar3hAyA aura viSaya tathA vyaktitva se atiraMjita kiyA / isa vidhAna meM kahAnI ko bhI sthAna milA aura dArzanika tatva ke vivecana ko bhI / zailI kI dRSTi se lekhakoM kI apanI apanI DaphalI aura apanA apanA rAga thA / 'rAjA bhoja kA sapanA' ( rAjA zivaprasAda ), 'eka adbhuta pUrva svapna' ( bhAratendu ), eka adbhuta pUrva sva'na' ( totArAma ), 'thamapura kI yAtrA' (rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ), 'Apa' ( pratApanArAyaNa mizra ) yadi nibandha isa bAta ke pramANa haiM / isa yuga ke nibandho meM nibandhatA nahIM hai, uddezya yA viSaya kI ekatAnatA nahIM hai / 'rAjA bhoja vA sapanA' meM zikSA bhI hai, hAsya bhI hai| totArAma ke 'eka adbhuta pUrva svapna' meM hAsya, vyaMgya aura zikSA eka sAtha hai| koI nizcita lakSya nahIM hai / pAThazAlAoM ke candA-saMgrahI, pulisa, kacaharI zrAdi jo koI bhI dAe~-bAe~ milA hai usI para vyaMgya bANa choDA gayA hai| 'svarga meM vicArasabhA kA adhivezana' meM bhAratendu ne samAja kI aneka kurItiyoM para AkSepa kiyA hai / hindI gadya ke vikAsa ke samAnAntara hI patra-patrikAoM ne nibandha lekhana ko protsAhana diyA / 'harizcandra-candrikA' meM 'kalirAja kI sabhA' ( jvAlAprasAda ), 'eka adbhuta apUrvaM svapna' (totArAma ), Adi nibandha manoraMjaka aura gaMbhIra viSayoM para prakAzita hue / 'sArasudhAnidhi' meM prakAzita 'yamapura kI yAtrA', 'mArjAra - mUSaka', 'tumheM kyA', 'holI' 'zaitAna kA darabAra' Adi meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika dazAoM kI mArmika vyaMjanA huI hai / 'Ananda kAdambinI' meM 'hamArI masaharI', jaise manoraMjaka aura 'hamArI dinacaryA sarIkhe bhAvAtmaka nibandhoM ke darzana hote haiM / vinoda priya 'brAhmaNa' ne vividha viSayoM para 'ghUre ke lattA bIne, kanAtana ke Daula baoNdhe', 'samajhadAra kI mauta hai', 'bAta', 'manoyoga', 'bRddha 'bhau' Adi nibandha prakAzita kie| 'bhArata-mitra' ne 'ziva- zambhu kA ciTThA' meM ramaNIya aura sakSama bhASA me videzI zAsana para khUba phabatiyA~ kasIM / spaSTavAdI aura tarkazAstrI 'hindI- pradIpa ' kI dena auroM kI apekSA zrAdhaka 3 usameM prakAzita sAhitya janasamUha ke

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hRdaya kA rikabha hai', zabda Adi mamIkSA mA tathA sAhityika, 'mAdhurya' 'pAzA' Adi manAvaijJAnika tamA vizleSaNAmaka eva 'zrI zakarAcAya' aura 'guru nAnaka deva Adi vive canAtmaka nibandha kimI aMza taka mahatvapUrNa hai / bhAratendu-yuga ne gadya-nibandho ke sAtha padya-nibandhoM kA bhI sUtrapAta kiyaa| harizcand ne 'agareja rAja sukha mAja saje ati bhArI' jaise itivRttAtmaka padya to likhe parantu padya nibandhoM kI aora pravRtta na hue / unake anuyAyI pratApanArAyaNa mizra ne 'bur3hApA', 'gorakSA' 'krandana Adi kI racanA-dvArA isa dizA meM ullekhanIya kArya kiyA ! bhAratendu-yuga ke upadezaka, mudhAraka aura pracAraka nibandhakAroM kI kRtiyoM meM viSaya ko vyApakatA, zailI kI svacchandatA, vyaktitva kI viziSTatA, bhAvoM kI pravaNatA, lakSaNA tathA vyaMjanA kI mArmikatA aura bhASA kI sajIvatA hote hue bhI nibandha-kalA kA sarvathA abhAva hai| ye nibandha patrikAmoM meM sarvasAdhAraNa ke liye likhita lekhamAtra haiN| unakI ekamAtra mahattA unakI navInatA meM hai / bhAvoM aura vicAroM ke Thosapana aura bhASA kI sugaThana ke abhAva ke kAraNa ye nibandha kI mAnyakoTi meM nahIM A sakata / ___ bhAratendu ke hiMdI-nATaka-kSetra me padArpaNa karane ke pUrva giridhara dAsa ne 1856 I0 meM pahalA vAstavika nATaka 'nahuSa' likhA thA / 1868 I0 me bhAratendu ne cIra kavi-kRta 'vidyA sundara' ke baMgalA anuvAda kA hiMdI rUpAntara prastuta kiyaa| isa yuga ke nibaMdhakAroM aura kahAnI lekhakoM ne bhI apanI racanAoM meM nATakIya kathopakathana kA prayoga kiyA thaa| harizcandra-maigajIna, meM prakAzita 'yUropIya ke prati bhAratIya ke prazna' 'vasata pUjA' Adi me prayukta saMvAda manohara haiM / 'kIrti ketu' ( totArAma ) tAtAvaraNa' ( zrI nivAsadAma ) Adi nATaka pahale patrikAoM ge hI prakAzita hue the / hiMdI-sAhitya me dRzya kAvya kA abhAva bhAratendu ko bahuta skhalA / unhoMne apane anUdita 'pAkhaDa viDaMbana' 'dhanajaya-vijaya' 'kapUra-maMjarI' 'mudrArAkSama' 'satya harizcandra' aura 'bhArata-jananI' tathA maulika 'vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati' 'candrAvalI' 'vigharaya-viSamauSadham' 'bhArata-durdazA' 'nIla-devI' 'aMdhera-nagarI' prema-joginI' (apUrNa) aura 'satI-pratApa' (apUrNa) kI racanA-dvArA ima rikta bhAMDAra ko bharane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ina nATakoM me deza, jAti, samAja, saMskRti, dharma, bhASA aura sAhitya kI tatkAlIna avasthA ke yathArtha dRzya upasthita kiye gaye hai| unIsavIM zatI ke antima carasa meM mArate ko dekhA dekhI roM kI eka asI

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mA ra ma ga ta nAmavaraNa praha nAda caritra raNadhIra prema morina pAra mAgitA-smayayara + lekhaka zrI nivAsa dAsa sAtAharaNa' kAramaNI raNa' rAmalIlA' kasabadha' nandotsava' 'lakSmI sarasvatI-milana', 'pracaMDa-gorakSaNa'. 'bAla-vivAha', aura 'goSadha-niSedha ke racayitA devakI nandana tripAThI, 'sindha deza kI rAjakumAriyo', 'gannaura kI rAnI,' 'lava jI kA svAna' aura 'bAla-vidhavA-santApa' nATako ke nirmAtA kAzInAtha khatrI, 'upAharaNa ke kartA kArtika prasAda khatrI, 'duHkhinI-bAlA', 'padmAvatI'. 'dharmAlApa' aura 'mahArANA pratApa' ke vidhAyaka rAdhAkRSNa dAsa, 'bAla-vivAha' aura 'candramena ke racanAkAra bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, 'lalitAnATikA, ' gosaMkaTa' aura 'bhArata saubhAgya' ke legvaka ambikAdatta vyAsa, 'sudAmA,' 'matI candrAvalI. 'amarasiha rAThaura,' 'tana mana dhana zrI gosAI jI ke arpaNa aura bRDhe muMha muMhAne' ke racayitA gadhAcaraNa gAvAmI, 'bhArata-saubhAgya, prayAga-rAma-gamana' aura cArAganA rahasya mahAnATaka' ke nirmAtA badarInArAyaNa caudharI 'premaghana', 'maMgItazAkuntala'. 'bhArata-durdazA' aura 'kali-kautuka ke kartA pratApa nArAyaNa mizra, mIrAbAI aura nandavidA' ke vidhAyaka baldeva prasAda mizra, vivAha-veDaMbana' ke rananAkAra totArAma varmA aAdi nATakakArI ne baha viSayaka nATako kI sRSTi kii| mamAja gajanIti. itihAsa purANa, memAkhyAna Adi mamI meM kathA vastu lekara ina mAhinyakArI ne muktahasta ma legvanI claaii| nATya-kalA kI dRSTi meM zreSTha na hote hue bhI una nATako kA aitihAsika mahanva hai / bhAratendu ne nATaka, nATikA, prahasana, bhANa Adi kI racanA to kI parantu saMskRta sapakA kA andhAnukaraNa nahIM kiyaa| unake nATako meM prAnya aura pAzcAtya nATaka-zelI kA mammizraNa haiM / bolacAla kI bhASA kA prayoga nATakIya kathopakathana ke sarvathA anukUla hai / zailI kI dRSTi me zrI nivAsadAma ne bhAratendu kA bahuta kucha anugamana kiyaa| bhAratendumaila ne nATako ke abhinaya kI bhI vyavasthA kii| kAzI, prayAga kAnapura Adi nagarI meM nATaka-maMDaliyoM kI sthApanA huii| bhAratandu aura zrInivAmadAsa ke uparAta hindI nATaka-paMsAra meM aMdhakAra chA gayA / bhAratendu ke pazcAdagAmI nATakakAra nATya-zAstra me anabhijJa the / hindI kA apanA raMgamaMca thA hI nahIM / pAramI nATaka kampaniyoM kA aAkarpaga dina dina bar3hatA jA rahA thA / jJAna-vijJAna kI tIvra pragati aura bahumuracI AndolanoM ke kAraNa legvako me kalAkAra kI tanmayatA bhI zramambhava thI / upadeza, sudhAra, pracAra aura taka kI bhAvanA se abhibhUta segbaka nAra ke aura bhI ayogya mida hue unhoMne raMga-47 para pATakA 2 kayopamadhana

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yoga kSipa mahAnATana kalA kI iti zrI samajhatI azuddha cAra bhAga kA dazA aura bhI zocanIya thI bhAratandu kI bhASA kI truTiyoM tA kisI prakAra sahya cha, paraMtu kezavarAma bhaTTa kI ghora urdU' yA 'premaghana' -racita 'bhArata-saubhAgya' meM urdU, mAravAr3I, bhojapurI, paMjAbI, marAThI, baMgalA yAdi kI vicitra aura svAbhAvika khicar3I atyanta hAsyAspada hai / zrAja ke sinemAgharo kI bhoti tatkAlIna pArasI thieTaroM ne janatA ko barabasa apanI ora khIMca liyA thaa| ayodhyA siha upAdhyAya ne pa mana - vijaya vyAyoga' aura 'rukmiNI-pariNaya' tathA rAmakRSNa varmA ne apane anuvAdo dvArA nATya kalA kA punarutthAna karane kA prayAsa kiyA, parantu saphalatA na milI | hindI pAThakoM aura abhinaya - darzakoM kI ruci itanI bhraSTa ho cukI thI ki usakA pariSkAra na ho sakA ! hindI - kathA - sAhitya kA prArambhika krama 16 vI zatI ke prathama dazAbda meM iMzAallA vA~kI 'rAnI ketakI kI kahAnI' 'lallU lAla kI 'sihAsana battIsI', 'vaitAla pacIsI', 'mAdhavAnala-kAma-kanda-kalA', 'zakuntalA' aura 'premasAgara' tathA sadala mizra ke nAsiketopakhyAna' se hI cala cukA thA / phorTa viliyama kaoNleja me gila- krAisTa kI adhyakSatA meM prArabdha anuvAda kArya saMskRta aura phArasI ke grAkhyAnI taka hI sImita rhaa| paurANika dhArmika kathAe~ 'zuklbahattarI', 'sAraMgAsadAvRkSa', 'kissA-totA-mainA', 'kissA sAr3he tIna yAra tathA fArasI-uda se gRhota' cahAra-darveza' vAmovahAra' 'kissA hAtimatAI' Adi racanAe~ kahAnI-premiyoM ke hRdaya para adhika kAla taka zAsana na kara sakIM / ina racanAoM meM na sAhityika sauMdarya thA na jIvana kI vyApakatA / kathA-sAhitya ke prasAra aura pracAra me patrikAoM ne bhI yoga diyA / 'harizcandra- candrikA' meM 'mAlatI', 'hindI- pradIpa' meM 'paDhe-likhe 'kAra kI nakala', 'bhArasudhA - nidhi' meM 'tapasvI', 'bhAratendu' meM 'akalamaMda' Adi kathAeM prakAzita huI / bhAratendu-yuga Adhunika laghu kahAniya kI kalpanA na kara sakA aura na to usama upanyAsa- kalA kA vikAsa karane kI hI zakti thI / kalirAja kI sabhA' 'eka adbhuta pUrva svapna', 'rAjA bhoja kA sapanA', 'svarga meM vicAra-sabhA kA adhivezana', 'yamaloka kI yAtrA' Adi racanAoM me kahAnI aura upanyAsa ke mUla tatva avazya vidyamAna the| nivandhA aura nATaka kI lokapriyatA ne hindI sAhityakAro ko usI ora AkRSTa kiyA / kathAsAhitya ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa ne usakI racanA grAgAmI yuga ke liye sthagita kara dI / anya zrI sundara kathAvastu manohara saMbhASaNa, bhAvanAoM kI

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[ e J savaprathama bhAratanchu mAmikatA aura ASaka zailA na hindA lekhaka vA prabhAvita kiyA kA marAThIsa anUdita pUrNa prakAza aura camanA' prakAzita hunna tadantara bagalA bhAratendu ne 'rAjasiMha', rAdhAkRSNadAsa ne 'svarNalatA', 'patiprANA cacatA', 'maratA na kyA karatA ?', aura 'rAdhArAnI', gadAdhara siMha ne 'durgezanandinI' aura baMga vijetA', kizorIlAla gosvAmI ne 'dIpa-nirvANa' aura 'virajA' bAlamukunda ne maDelabhaginI', pratApanarAyaNa mizra ne 'rAjasiha'. 'i MdirA', 'rAdhArAnI', 'yugulAgulIya' aura 'kapAla-kuDalA', kArtikaprasAda khatrI 'ne 'ilA', 'pramIlA', 'jayA', 'kulaTA', 'madhumAlatI' aura 'dalita kusuma' tathA anya gvA ne aura bhI aneka anuvAda kiye / a~garejI kI 'sambUsaTelsa phrAma zaiksapiyara' kA kAzInAtha strI aura 'zrota' kA gadAdharasiha ne anuvAda kiyA / garejI meM kie gae, anya anuvAdoM me rAmacandra varmA ke amalA vRtAta-mAlA'. 'asAra-darpaNa', 'Thaga-vRttAta-mAlA' aura 'pulima trRttAtamAlA' eva saskRta meM anUdita upanyAsoM meM gadAdhara siMha kA ' kAdabarI aura kAzInAtha kA 'caturasakhI' ullekhanIya hai| svarUpacanda jena ne marAThI aura gamacandra varmA ne urdU upanyAsoM ke hindI anuvAda prastuta kie / hindI sAhitya me upanyAsoM kI AdhI mAratendu ke uparAnta aaii| deza ke rAjaneti sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi grAndolanoM ne upanyAsa-vakI ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / vAlakRSNa bhaTTa ke "nUtana brahmacArI' (86) tathA 'bhau ajJAna aura eka sujAna' meM kizorIlAla gosvAmI ke 'triveNI' (88) 'svargIya kusuma' (86) 'hRdayahAriNI' (60), 'lavaMgalatA' ( 60 ) aura 'mukhazarvarI' ( 41 ). rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ke 'vidhavA vipatti' (da), rAdhAkRSNa dAma ke 'nimsahAna hindU' (60), gopAlarAma gahamarI ke naye bAbU' ( 64 ), 'baDA bhAI' (68) aura 'sAsa patohU' ( 68 ), kAttikaprasAda khatrI ke 'dInAnAtha' tathA mehatA jvAlArAma zarmA ke 'svataMtra ramA' aura 'parataMtra lakSmI' (66) evaM 'dhUrta' rasikalAla' (66) Adi upanyAsoM meM nIti, zikSA, samAja-sudhAra, rASTrIyatA, rati, parAkrama Adi ke vividha citra aMkita kie gae / 'triveNI' meM sanAtana dharma kI zreSThatA aura anya dharmAvalaMbiyoM ke 'svargIyamArmika, sAhityaka evaM sAMskRtika AkramaNAM meM AtmarakSA karane kA Adeza, kusuma' meM devadAsI prathA kI nindA, 'lavaMgalatA' aura 'kusuma kumArI' meM vIrAganAoM kI bonA, 'nissahAya- hindU' meM musalamAnoM ke dhAmika atyAcAra, hindu kI durdazA aura rejI zAsana ke guNagAna tathA gahamarI ke upanyAsoM meM bhAratIya jIvana aura usa para hue videzI saMskRti ke mAtra kA nirdezana hai / A paDate bhAratIya jIvana kI zuddha aura marala mikA maracita bana # Ava

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naitikatA, dhArmikatA, sudhAra, upadeza zrAdi loka kalyAgA-kAraNa bahuta kucha ha; paranna upanyAsa-kalA kA abhAva hai| ghaTanAyo ke saMgraha aura tyAga, kathA kI vastuyojanA, pAtrA kA caritra-citraNa Rthopakathana aura saMkhyA, bhAvanAoM ke vizleSaNa, bhApA ke prayoga aura zailI, rama-paripAka Adi meM vahI bhI saudarya nahIM hai| nismahAya hindU' jaima upanyAmA me Dhola DhAle kathAnaka ke bIca pAtroM kA atizaya bAhulya athavA 'so ajAna aura eka sujAna' ma nATako kA sA svAgata evaM prakara. bhASaNa, patrAnusAra vibhinna bhASAoM ke zabdo kA prayoga, 'kAda baro' kI sI jA rahakArika zailI chAdi bAteM aAja upanyAsa-kalA ko dRSTi se heya samajhI jAtI haiM / rati kI ekAgI paridhi ke antargata ghire hue, prema-pradhAna upanyAmA kI sajIvatA. unameM vyApaka jIvana kI mamasyAoM kA nirUpaNa na hone ke kAraNa nATa sI ho gayI hai| kizorIlAla gosvAmI aura devakInandana khatrI ne tilasmA aura jAsUsI upanyAsa kA jo bIja boyA use aMkurita aura pallavita hote dera na lgii| 'svargIya kusuma', 'labaMgalatA', 'praNayinI-pariNaya', 'kaTe muMDa kI do bAteM', 'caturasastrI'. 'saccA sapanA', 'kamalinI', 'dRSTAMtapradIpinI'. 'candrakAtA' aura 'candrakAntA--maMtati', 'narendra-mohinI', 'kusuma-kumArI', 'vIrendra. vIra', sundara-sarojinI', 'vasanta-mAlatI', 'bhayAnaka bheTiyA', 'pravIgA pathika', 'pramIlA' aAdi racanAyo ne eka jAla mA buna diyaa| kahI ghoDI ko sarapaTa dauDAne vAle avaguMThita azvArohI, kaho tAtrika devI aura jAdU ke camatkAra, kahI nAyaka nAyikAoM ke adbhuta zaurya aura prema kA sammizraNa, kahIM premiyoM ke vicitra padyantra aura kahI jAsUsI ke bhayAnaka hathakaMDe pAThako ke mana ko abhibhUta kara dete haiM / jIvana meM dUra, kalpanA kI upaja aura ghaTanA-vaicitrya-pradhAna ina upanyAso meM mAnavasahaja bhAvoM aura caritroM kA citraNa nahIM hai| lekhaka ke kthana kI dhakadhakAhaTa ke bIca yatra-tatra premAlApa aura SaDyantra-racanA ma prayukta pAtroM ke Rthopakathana asvAbhAvika aura prAgAhIna haiM / pAtro ke caritra kA vizlepaNa yA unake mAnasika panna kI samIkSA nahIM hai| ye zUtya-sthita upanyAsa vaijJAnika-yuga ke sAhityiko kI tuSTi na kara sake / 88 I0 meM kizorIlAla gosvAmI ne 'upanyAsa' patra nikAla kara upanyAmI ko dInAvasthA ko mudhArane kA udyoga kiyA paranta unake bhagIratha-prayatna karane para bhI gaMgA dharatI para na AI / hindI sAhityakAroM ne bahuta mamaya taka aAlocanA kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA / racanAtmaka mAhitya kI kamI aura patha ke anupayukta mAdhyama ke kAraNa samAlocanA ko tanika mI

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prAmAhA nahIM milA ni dI sAhitya kasala karitAmaya thA kzava zrAra una anavatA kaviyA na saskRta kAvyAlocana ke AdhAra para sAvyazAstrIya gra thA kI racanA kI RviyA aura unakI kRtiyo kI AlocanA ke nAma para loka-pracalita katipaya sUktiyoM kI hI mRSTi huI---- sUra sUra tulasI masI uDDagana kezava dAma / kali ke kavi khadyota sama jaMha sa~ha karahi prkaam|| matamaivA ke dohare jyo nAvaka ke tIra / dekhana meM choTe lagai bAva karai gambhIra // 'bhaktamAla ne eka prakAra se paricayAtmaka mamAlocanA kA sUtrapAta kiyA thA ! , bI zatAbdI meM deza vibhinna halacaloM aura patra-patrikAoM ke vistAra Adi ke kAraNa likhita gga na-maNina kA vizeSa pracAra huzrA / baha dhArmika graMthoM meM calakara patra-patrikAoM aura mAhityaka lekhako tathA racanAyo' taka AI / 1836 I0 meM gArsA da tAmI ne 'hindI aura hindustAnI mAhitya kA itihAsa' aura 1883 I0 meM zivasiMha maMgara ne apane 'zivamiha. maroja' meM hindI ke purAne kaviyo kA itivRtta-saMgraha niravA / bhAratenda-yuga ke legyA meM aAlocanA kA AraMmbhika rUpa avazya dikhAI par3atA hai paraMtu unameM vAstavika aAlocanA kA koI tantra nahIM hai / prathakAro ke guNa-doSa-darzana meM bhI vivecanA kA marvathA abhAva hai| hiMdI sAhitya meM aAlocanA kA vAstavika prArambha bAlakRSNa bhaTTa aura badarI nAgayagA caudharI 'premaghana' ne kiyA ! 1885 I0 me gadAdhara siha ne 'zrAnanda kAdaMbinI' meM bigavijetA' ke anuvAda kI prAnnocanA lislI / 1886 I. meM bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ne zrI nivAsa dAsa ke 'sayogitA-svayaMvara nATaka kI saccI mamAlocanA' prakAzita kii| usI varSa premaghana ne apane patra 'zrAnaMda-kAdaMbinI' meM vakIsa pRSThoM meM usakI vistRta samAlocanA kI / man 886 I0 meM DA0 griyarsana kA 'mAina varnAkyUlara liTarecara zrApha nArdarna hidustAna' prakAzita huA / 1863 I0 meM nAgarI-pracAriNI-sabhA kI sthApanA huI aura umI varSa 'nAgarI dAma kA jIvana-carita' lekha kA pATha huA { 1866 I0 meM gaMgAprasAda agnihotrI ne samAlocanA' nAmaka pustikA slivI / 1867 I0 meM nAgarI-pracAriNI-patrikA' kA prakAzana prArambha hunA / usI varSa umama jaganAthadAsa 'ratnAkara' kA padyAtmaka samAlocanAdarga' aura ambikAdatta vyAsa kA gadha mImAsA' lekha prakAzita ha yAdhunika kI vizeSatAe~ na hona DA bhI imameM

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adhyayana aura gaveSaNA kI gambhIratA hai| kaviyoM aura lekhaka) ka mAga-pradazana pAra gulA-- dopa darzana kI dRSTi se ina bAlocanoM kA prAgdvivedI yuga meM vizeSa mahatva hai| hindIalocanA ke prArambhika yuga meM patra-sampAdakoM ne ullekhanIya kArya kiyaa| usa kAla kI bahuta kucha AlocanAtmaka sAmagrI 'hindI-pradIpa', 'aAnanda-kAdambinI' aura 'nAgaga-pracAriza patrikA' me bikharI par3I haiM / bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ne samaya samaya para apane "hindI-pradopa' meM saMskRta mAhitya aura kaviyo kI paricayAtmaka aAlocanA prakAzita kI. Alocya pustakoM kA vistRta doSa vivecana kiyA / tatkAlIna aAlocanAyo meM anAvazyaka vistAra aura DhIlApana hai, bhamAlocanA' pustaka meM vidita hai ki prAramika bAla vako ne kucha Thoka diyAna kA kArya kiyA para zrAge calakara aAlIcanA bilabATa vA vyavamAtra ke sAdhana ko vastu mamI Ana lgaa| aAlocaka lekhakoM ke rAga yA daMSayaza guNamalaka yA dopamUlaka aAlocanA karane lge| paraspara prazaMsA yA nindA ke lie dalabando Tone lagI / pustaka ke sthAna para lekhaka hI bAlocanA kA lakSya bana gayA / AlocanAoM kA uddezya hone lagA granthakartAtrA kA upahAsa, bAlocaka kA vinoda athavA sastA nAma kamAne ke lie, vidvattA-pradarzana / kabhI kabhI to samAlocaka mahAzaya pustaka kAgada aura chApe kI prazamA karake mUlya para apanI mammati mAtra de dete the| racanA ke guNa-doSoM kI vivecanA ke viSaya meM yA to mauna dhAraNa kara lete the yA atyanta prakaTa viSayo para do cAra prazasA ke zabda kaha kara mantoSa kara lete tha / vAstava meM unheM samAlocanA ke nizcita artha, uddezya aura Adarza kA jJAna hI nahIM thaa| 1857 I. ke pahale dezI bhASA ke patroM para koI marakArI pratibandha nahIM thaa| tathApi 'udanta-mArtaMDa' (1826 meM 28 I0), 'banArasa antravAra' ( 1845 I0), 'sudhAkara ( 1850 I0 ), 'sAmyadanta mArtaNDa' ( 1850-51 I0), 'samAcAra sudhAvarSaNa' ( 1854 I0) zrAdi kucha hI patro kA ullekha milatA hai / "banArasa-akhavAra" kI bhASA mukhyataH uda thii| kahIM kahI hindI zabdoM kA prayoga thA | usakI bhASA-nIti ke pratikAra rUpa meM hI "sudhAkara' kA prakAzana huA / sarva prathama hindI dainika-patra 'samAcAra-sudhA-varpaNa' meM mukhya mukhya viSaya to hindI meM the parantu vyApAra-samAcAra baMgalA meM ! niga dvArA patrakAroM kI svAdhInatA china jAne para bhI bhAratendu Adi ne patra-patrikAmA * samucita nirvAha kiyA / san 1868 I0 meM unhoMne 'kavi-vacana-mudhA' nikaalii| uma 1 usake mukha pRSTha para mudrita simAnta vAphya thA

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sAhi ya, samAcAra hAsya, yAtrA jAna vijJAna Adi anaka vipayA ghara lekha prakAzita hAra the sampAdana klA ra usa prArambhika yuga ma bhArata du kI sampAdakIya TippaNiyA pAra vastu yojanA kI maulikatA evaM kuzalatA sarvathA zlAghya hai / apanI lokapriyatA ke kAraNa vaha patrikA mAsika se pAkSika aura phira sAptAhika ho gii| bArama meM usameM prAcIna aura navIna kavitAe~ chapatI thI parantu kAlAntara meM umakA rUpa rAjanaitika ho gayA / 1880 I0 meM 'kavi-vacana-sudhA' meM 'marsiyA' nAmaka paMca chapA / jhUThe nindako kI bAna meM lAkara sara viliyama muira ne use apanA apamAna namajhA aura patrikA kI sarakArI sahAyatA banda kara dii| kramazaH usakA patana hotA gayA aura 1885 I0 me 10 cintAmaNi ke hAtho usakI antyeSTi kriyA huI / 1872 I0 ma 'hindI-dIpti-prakAza' aura 'vihAra-bandhu' prakAzita hue / 18873 I0 ma bhAratendu ne 'harizcandra-megaz2Ina' nikAlI / vaha patrikA bhI mAmika se pAkSika aura phira mAtAhika huI / usameM bhASA-sambandhI Andolana kI vizeSa carcA rahatI thii| hindI aura aMgarejI donoM bhASAoM meM lekha chapate the / adhikAza kavitA brajabhASA kI hotI thI aura naskRta-racanAyo ko bhI sthAna milatA thA / hindI gadra kA pariSkRta rUpa pahale pahala usI patrikA meM prakaTa huaA | nave aMka ne, 1874 I0 meM, usane 'harizcandra-candrikA nAma dhAraNa kiyA / ejakezana DAirekTara kaimpasana ne unameM prakAzita 'kavi-hRdaya-sudhAkara zIrSaka upa. dezAtmaka aura upayogI yatI-vezyA-mavAda ko azlIla kahakara sarakArI sahAyatA banda krdii| ThIka samaya para prakAzita na hone ke kAraNa usakI atyanta durdazA huii| 1880 I0 ma 'mohana-candrikA' ke mAtha milA dI gaI / 1881 I. meM 'vidyArthI bhI isI meM mammilita ho gayA / usI varSa unake anuja ne usakA punaH prakAzana prArambha kiyA parantu zIghra hI mohanalAla paMDyA kI kAnUnI kAryavAhI ke kAraNa vaha mamApta ho gaI / 1874 I0 ma bhAratendu ne nIsarI patrikA 'bAlabodhinI nikAlI thii| 'harizcandra-candrikA' ke sAtha ho usakI sahAyatA khala janana soM majana dukhI mata hoMhi hari pada mati rahe / upadharma chUTai matva nija bhArata gahai kara dugkha kahe / budha nahiM mansara nAri nara sama hoi jaga Ananda lahai / taji mAma kavitA sukavi jana kI amRta bAnI saba khai| , usake mugva pRSTha para hI aMgarejI meM usakI rUpa regvA aMkita kI gaI.--- "A monthly journal published in connection with the Kaviyachan sudha containing articles on literary, scientific, political and Reli gious subjects antiquities revieri dramas husto y novels soet cal * ection, gossip humous and it

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J mo banda ho gaI / tadanantara patrikA kA mI anta ho gayA / bhAratendu ke patrikA prakAzana sambandhI sadyoga meM una viSama paristhitiyoM meM bhI lekhakA kA eka acchA saMgha sthApita ho gayA / unakI haDatA aura svAbhimAna ne hindI lekhakoM ke hRdaya meM hindI ke prati prema utpanna kara diyA / jana sAdhAraNa mI hindI-sevA kI ora dhyAna dene lage / aneka patra-patrikAoM kA prakAzana prArambha huA / kheda hai ki saMpAdakoM ne apane kartavya aura uttaradAyitva me anabhijJa hone ke kAraNa janatA kI ruci kI avahelanA karake tatafat erant dI aura apane hI siddhAMta ko pAThako para balAta lAdane kA prayAsa kiyA / bhAratendu isa truTi ko pahicAnate the / unhoMne apanI patrikAoM meM rAjanaitika sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAhityika Adi vivizva viSayaka svanAoM ko sthAna diyA / 'prenavilAninI', 'sadAdarza' ( 1834 I0 ), kAzI patrika' (630), 'bhArataATi vandhu' ( 18876 I0 ), 'mitra vilAma' (87) AryadarpaNa' (18770), patroM ne nyUnAdhika pracAra ke atirikta koI ullekhya kArya nahIM kiyA / 'hindI' vizeSa yoga ( 18877 I0 ) ne apane vividha viSayaka lekhAMdvArA hindI ke utthAna diyA | 'bhArata mitra' ( 1877 I0 ), rAjanIti pradhAna patra hokara nikalA aura apanI jana priyatA ke kAraNa pAkSika meM mAtAhika ho gayA / 1877 I0 meM tatkAlIna janasAhitya kA pratIka 'sAra sudhAnidhi' prakAzita huA / vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla bhAvapUrNa kavitA, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, vaijJAnika, aitihAsika, bhaugolika zrAdi viSayoM ke lekhA pustakAlocana, nATaka, upanyAmAdi ke prakAzana tathA rocaka aura vicAra sampAdakIya TippaNiyoM ne usake gorava ko baDhA diyA / g varnAkyUlara presa aikTa dvArA 1878 I0 meM lArDa liTana ne patro kI rahI-sahI svAdhInatA kA apaharaNa karake unheM vivazatA ke bandhana meM bA~dha diyaa| phalasvarUpa cAra varSo taka patra jagat meM kucha vizeSa unnati na ho sakI / 'ucitavaklA' (1878 I0 ), 'bhAratamudazApravartaka', ( I0 ). 'sajjanakIrti sudhAkara' ( 1876 I0), 'triyapatrikA' (1881 I0 ) 'dezahitaiSI' (1882 I0 ) Adi TimaTimAte hue manda pradIpa kI bhA~ti prakAza meM aae| svadezI pracAra ke grAndolana evaM sabhAsamitiyo aura vyAkhyAnoM ke kolAhala meM 'zrAnandra kAdambinI' kavitA pradhAna patrikA ke rUpa meM AI / 1 18878 Wind 1 usake eka aMka kI viSaya sUcI isa prakAra hai-sampAdakIya-sampati samIra ( mAra ) sAhitya saugaminA

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L baghU madAna ra mAta hidA sma lATa ripana na (18884 I0 ) lAi liTana 'dinakara prakAza', brAhmaNa', zubhacintaka divAkara', 'prayAga samAcAra', 'kavikula kaMja divAkara', 'pIyUSa pravAha', 'bhArata jIvana', 'bhAratendu' Adi aneka patrikAoM kA janma huA / 'brAhmaNa' kI vizeSatA thI usakA phakaDapana, vyaMgya aura hAsya | 'bhAratendu' kI sAmagrI vividhaviSayaka aura rocaka thI / usakA pratijJa vAkya thA - ' - 'kArya vA sAdhayeya zarIra vA pAtayeyam / - rAya kA tara vacA 882 bhAratendu ke uparAnta 'bhAratAdaya' (1885 I0 ), 'dharma pracAraka' (1885 I0), 'zrArya middhAnta' ( 1886 I0), 'zratravAntopakAraka' ( '86 I0), 'kRpikAraka' (1860 I. ), 'hindIpaMca', 'upanyAsa ' ( 1868 I0 ) Adi prakAzita hue / unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM uparyukta patroM ke atirikta 'hindI-baMgavAsI', 'sudarzana', 'hitavArtA, kaTa zvara samAcAra', 'chattIsagar3ha mitra, kAnyakubjaprakAza', 'ramikapaMca', 'kAvyAmRtavapiNI', 'bhAratabhAnu', 'buddhiprakAza', 'sugRhiNI', 'bhAratabhaginI', 'sAhityasuvAnidhi' zrAdi ne uttara bhArata meM patroM kA eka jAla mA bichA diyA / c bhAratendu, bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, pratApa nArAyaNa mizra, badarI nArAyaNa caudharI, kizorI lAla gosvAmI Adi adhikAza hindIlekhaka sampAdaka the| hindI-pracArakoM, rAjanItizAM, samAja sudhArakoM, vaTTarapaMthiyoM Adi ne apane apane matoM ke pratipAdana aura pracAra ke lie hI patrapatrikAoM kA sampAdana kiyA / 'hindosthAna', 'hindIpaMca' yAdi rAjanaitika; 'mitravilAma', 'zrAryadarpaNa', 'bhAratamudazApravartaka', 'dharmaMdivAkara', 'dharmapracAraka', 'arthasiddhAnta' Adi dhArmika; 'vopakAraka', 'kSatriyapatrikA', Adi sAmAjika aura 'kavivacanasudhA', 'hindI pradIpa', 'brAhmaNa', nandakAdambinI' Adi sAhityika patra the / sAhityika patroM meM bhI sAhitya kA kucha na kucha aMza avazya rahatA thA / bhagola, vijJAna yAdi viziSTa viSayoM kI patrikA kA prabhAva thA / sabhI patrikAoM kI dazA zocanIya thI / zrArthika kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa adhikAza patro preritakalApi kalarava terren af ertefinikura (mAra ) prApti svIkAra vA samAlocanA sIkara ( mAra ) nuvAnAmyavAda 'kAdambinI' valI (mAra ) mirz2Apura caitra sa0 1361

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kI itizrI ho jAtI thI , "brAhmaNa' kA nRtya kavala ho pAnA dhA tathApi grAhakA sa candA mA~gate mA~gate thakakara hI pratApa nArAyaNa mizra ko likhanA par3A thA ATha mAma bIte jajamAna, aba to karo dacchinA dAna / janasAdhAraNa meM patrapatrikAdho ke par3hane kI ruci nahIM thii| zrIsampanna jana bhI isa ora meM udAsIna the / sarakAra kI talavAra bhI tanI rahatI thii| sampAdako ke lAkha prayatna karane para bhI grAhakasaMkhyA na sudharatI thii| kArtika prasAda khatrI to logoM ke ghara jAkara patra par3hakara sunA taka pAte the / itane para bhI unakA patra kucha hI dina bAda banda ho gyaa| mUlya atyanta kama aura pracAra kA udyoga atyadhika hote hue bhI patroM kI tIna sau pratiyA~ vikanA kaThina ho jAtA thaa| adhikAza patrikAoM ke lie cAra pA~ca varSa taka kI jIvanAvadhi bahuta bar3I bAta thii| 16vIM zatI ke hindI-patro kA zrAkAra bahuta mImita thA / 'brAhmA ke pahale aMka meM kevala 12 pRSTha the| usakI lekhamUcI isa prakAra thI--- prastAvanA prerita patra---kAzInAtha gvatra holI-pratApa nArAyaNa mizra sthAnIya samAcAra vijJApana hindI pradIpa kA prAkAra zrapakSAkRta bar3A thaa| usake sitambara, 1878 I0 ke dvitIya varSa ke prathama aMka kI viSaya sUcI nimnAkita hai-- eka badhAI kA malAra munda pRSTa pema ekTa ke virodha meM hama cupa na rahe pagane aura nae avadha ke hAkima pazmiottara ke vidyAvibhAga meM andhAdhundha malAna baMgAla aura yahA~ ke muzikSita maca mata bolA peTa phUlana aura apharane kI bImArga hama logoM ke dAna kA krama sabhyatA kA eka namUnA , mArca 1883

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catubha ava prathama garbhA saMkSipta- samAcAra ( sthAnika ) sAdhAraNa samAcAra 25 14 Cong 66 'hindI pradIpa' ko choDa kara adhiktara patra 'brAhmaNa' jaise hI the jinakI IktA ora iyattA pratinimna kATi kI thii| patrikA kI legva-pati bahudhA sampAdaka dvArA hI apane yA anya nAmo se huaa| karatI thI / sAmAnya lekhaka bhI vibhinna nAmoM me lekha likhate the / pracArapradAna bhAvanA ke kAraNa legyoM meM sAra na thA / vividha viSayoM aura lokapravRtti kI ora dhyAna dene vAle 'brAhmaNa' aura 'hindI pradApa' meM bhI itihAsa, purAtatva, vijJAna jovanacarita zrAdi para sundara racanAoM ke darzana nahIM hae / L ina patroM kI mAtrA kI to aura mA durdazA thI / eka hI patra alaga alaga mAtrA meM kaI kAlamoM meM chapatA thA, udAharaNArtha 'dharma pracAraka' hindI aura baMgalA meM tathA 'bhAratI - padezaka' hindI aura saMskRta me / 'samAcAra sudhAkarSaNa' hindI aura ba~galA meM tathA 'kRSikara hindI aura marAThI meM alaga alaga prakAzita hote the / unake bhASA prayoga manamAne hAte tha / vyAkaraNa kI zuddhi kI ora koI dhyAna hI nahIM detA thA / 'harizcandra maigajIna' kA nAma aura sukha pRSTha para usakA vivaraNa taka gaeNrejI meM the / brAhmaNa meM sthAna sthAna para koThaka me ( education national vigour and strength, character ) Rdi garejI zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| fArasI aravI ke kikarI ke sAtha hI sAtha yAvata mizyA' aura 'daroga kI vigAha' jaise vicitra prayogoM kA bhI darzana hotA hai / 'zrAnandakAdambinI' sampAdaka prasaghana apane hI umaDate hue vicAro aura bhAvoM ko vyakta karane ka lie samAcAra taka alakRta bhASA meM chApate the / 'nAgarInIrada' aura 'zrAnanda kAdambinI' ke zIrSaka taka sAnuprAsa rUpaka ke rUpa meM hote the, yathA sampAdakIya mammatisamIra, hAsya- 1. kisI nATaka kA jisakA nAma nahIM diyA / 2 unake sampAdakIya sammatisamIra kA eka jhoMkA isa prakAra hai- '' Anandakandanandanandana aura zrI vRSabhAnunandinI kI kRpA se nandakAdambinI ke dvitIya prAdurbhAva kA prathama varSaM kisI prakAra samApta ho gayA aura Aja dvitIya varSa ke Arambha ke zubha avasara para hama usa jugula jor3I ke caraNakamalo meM anekAneka praNAma kara punaH AgAmi varSa ko makuzala pUrNa sAphalya prApti pUrvaka parisamApti kI prArthanA karane meM pravRtta hue hai / " 'zrAnandakAdambinI' mirz2Apura caitra 20 13*1

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hAratAkura vijJApana bAra-bahariyA Adi upayukta patrikAyA ka AkAra prakAra ma sara kamI yI racanAA ma gambhAratA yA ThAsapana na thA gamtayojanA aura sampAdakIya TiyANaya mupamA ora mundaratA me zUnya thii| iname manoraMjana kA mAdhana to thA parantu jAnavardhana ke mAmagrI bahuta kama thii| 5867 I0 meM 'nAgarI-pracAriNI-patrikA' ne hindI-saMsAra meM eka svarNayuga kA prArambha kiyA / umane mAhitya, mamAlocanA, itihAsa Adi para gambhIra, gavAparaNAtmaka aura pADitya. pUrNa lekha prakAzita hue tathApi hindI me aimI patrikAoM kA bhAva banA rahA jinameM sAhitya, itihAsa, bhUgola. purAtalya, vijJAna Adi viSayo para upayogI evaM jJAnavardhaka legya tathA kavitA, kahAnI, aAlocanA, vinoda Adi saba kucha ho aura jo hindI ke prabhAvoM kI sAgopAga yathAyatha pUrti ke sAtha hI sAtha pAThako aura lakhakA ko samAnarUpa se lAbhAnvita kara ske| aima yogya sampAdakoM kI AvazyakatA banI raho jo niHsvArtha bhAva meM apanI samasta mAdhanA dvArA upayukta uddezya ko siddha karake vipanna hindI ko sampanna banA mke| isI uddezya-pUrti kI pratijJA lekara sarasvatI ( 1670 I.) naI saja-dhaja meM hindAjagata meM AI, parantu prathama tIna varSoM taka apanA kartavyapAlana na kara skii| kAvya aura tatsambandhI viSayoMke atirikta itihAsa, vijJAna, mamAjanIti, dharma, rAjanIti purAtatva Adi ko bhAratanduyuga ke sAhityakAroM ne mAhitya kI sImA meM bAhara kI vastu mAna kara uma aura koI dhyAna nahIM diyA / bhAratendu ne 'kAzmIra kusama'.1 bAdazAha darpaNa' lisna kara itihAsa kI aura aura 'jayadava kI jIvanI' lignakara jIvana carita kI ora hindIlevakA kA yAna AkRSTa karanA cAhA thaa| kAzInAtha mvatrI ne bhAratavarSa kI vikhyAta striyoM ke caritra', 'yUropiyana dharmazIlA striyoM ke caritra'. 'bhAta-bhASA kI unnati kima vidhi karanA yogya hai',aAdi aneka pustikAe~ tathA lekha likhe / vAstava meM dvivedI jI ke pUrva kA vivivaviSayaka mAhinya patrapatrikAoM meM lekhA ke rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA gayA / rAjanIti. samAja, daza, RtuchaTA, jIvana-carita, itihAsa, bhUgola. jagata aura jIvana meM mambandha sabane vAle 'aAtmanirbharatA', 'kalpanA' aAdi viSaya. nAgarI hindI pracAra, hAsyavinoda Adi para bahuviSayaka racanAe~ inhIM patrikAmoM meM hI samaya samaya para prakAzita huI / ekAdha apavAdoM ko choDakara ve unhI ke sAtha vilIna bhI hotI jA rahI haiN| ina racanAo meM Thomapana aura sAra, ataeva sthAyitva nahIM hai / inakI mahattA bImA pAnI ke vividhaviSayaka hindI--mAhitya kI bhUmikAmpa meM hI hai| kA mabhaza

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masAra ke itihAsa ma unIsavIM zatI kA uttarAddha apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| pazcima ma kAlamAmma DAravina, TAlsyAya nAdi, bhArata ma gharacandra vidyAmAgara dayAnada bharasvatI, bhAratendu harizcandra Adi mahAn vaijJAnika, mamAja sudhAraka aura sAhityika imI yuga meM hue| yaha yuga vaijJAnika, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, mAskRtika, dhArmika, mAhityika aAdi sabhI prakAra ke Andolano kA thaa| cAro ora mamA samAjoM aura vyAkhyAnA kI dhUma macI huI thii| asAhityika aAndolanI kI carcA Upara ho cukI hai| hindI sAhitya bhI manAsamAjA kI sthApanA meM apekSAkRta pIche nahIM rahA / bhAratendu ne 1870 I0 me 'kavitA-- vardhinIsamA' aura 1873 I0 meM 'tIya samAja' kA sthApanA kii| tatpazcAta 'kavikula-- kAmadI-sabhA, hindIuddhAriNI-pratinidhimadhya-sabhA 2, vijJAna pracAriNI--mamA, "tulasI smAraka-mamA 4 mitra samAja'", 'bhASA saMvardhinI-mabhA', 'kavi samAja', 'mAtRbhASA pracArigI-mabhA'8, 'nAgarI pracAriNI-mabhAI aAdi kI sthApanA huI / . bhAratendu, ke samaya meM hI hindIpracAra kA udyoga ho rahA thA / kaviyoM ne bhI bhASA aura bhAhitya kI mamasyAoM para kavitAe~ likhA / unhoMne hindI kA ahita karane vAlI urdU aura a~garajI kA virodha kiyA / 1874 I0 meM bhAratendu ne 'urdU kA syApA' kavitA ligbI---- bhASA bhaI upada jaga kI aba to ina anyana nIra ddubaaie| 1877 I. meM unhoMne hindIvadhinI-mabhA ( prayAga ) ke tatvAvadhAna meM 'padya meM hindI kI unnati' para vyAkhyAna diyaa| taduparAnta pratApanArAyaNa mizra ne 'tRpyantAm' (1861 I.) rAdhAkRSNadAsa ne maikaDAnela puSpAMjali' (6 I. ) bAlamukunda gupta ne 'urdU kA uttara' ( Eor I0 ) mizrabandhu ne 'hindI apIla' ( 1600 I0 ) zrAdi kavitAe~ limvI / 50 ravidatta zukla ne 'devAkSara caritra-prahamana liyA jisame urTa kI gaDabaDI ke vinodapUrNa dRzya akita kie gae / nAgarI-pracAriNI-mabhA ke saMsthApaka zyAmasundaradAsa rAmanArAyaNa 1. rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI dvArA saM0 1932 meM sthApina / * prayAga meM 1884 I0 meM sthApita / 3 sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA kAzI meM sthApita / 4. sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA sthApita / 5. kArtika prasAda gvatrI dvArA zilAMga meM sthApita / 6. alIgaDha, sthApaka totArAma / 7. paTanA 8 rAMcI / kAzI 1970

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mizra aura zinakumArasi tathA pa0 gArgadatta, lakSmIzaMkara mizra, rAmadInamiha, rAmakRSNa tramA gadAdharasiMha Adi ne nAgarIpranvAra kI dhUma pArtha sa0 1655 meM gajA pratApanArAyaNa sina rAjA rAmapratApasiMha, rAjA balavanta siMha. DA0 sundaralAla aura 50 madanamohana mAlavIya kA prabhAvazAlI pratinidhimaMDala nATa sAhaba se milA aura nAyarI kA memoriyala arpita kiyA / mAlavIya jI ne 'adAlatI lipi' aura 'prAimarI zikSA' nAmaka a~garejI pustaka meM nAgarI kA dUra rakhane ke duSpariNAmoM kI bar3I hA vistRta aura anusandhAna pUrNa mImAmA kI ! maM 1656 meM nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ne prAcIna granthoM kI khoja aura kaviyoM ke vRttoM ke prakAzana kA kArya Arambha kiyaa| saM0 1857 me kacahariyo meM nAgarIpracAra kI ghoSaNA ho gaI, parantu bahuta dinoM taka kArya kA rUpa na dhAraNa kara skii| hindIpracAra kA itanA udyoga hone para bhI logoM meM mAtR-bhASA kA kA prema na umaDa sakA / paDhe likhe loga bola cAla, cihApatrI Adi meM bhI uDU yA a~garejI kA prayoga karate the / hindI ga~vArU bhASA samajhI jAtI thii| sarakArI kAryAlayoM meM bhI usake liye sthAna na thaa| ghara meM aura bAhara sarvatra ho vaha tiraskRta thI / " paripakva hindI gadya kI dazA zocanIya thii| 1837 I0 meM sarakArI kAryAlayoM ka bhASA phAramI ke sthAna para apratyakSa rUpa me urdU ho gaI / jIvikA ke lie loga devanAgarI lipi aura hindI bhASA kA vismaraNa karake arabI lipi aura urdU mApA sokhate ya bhAratendu ke pUrva eka prabhAvazAlI anusaraNIya netA ke abhAva meM hindI ke kisI sarvasammata rUpa kI pratiSThA na ho skii| vaha hindI kA saMkaTakAla thA / ucca zikSA kA mAdhyama agarejI aura prArambhika kA urdU thA / apane ghara meM bhI hindI kI pUcha na thI / mabhya kahalAne ke liye udyA a~garejI jAnanA anivArya thA kevala hindI jAnane vAle ga~vAra samajhe jAte tha / mara maiyada jaina prabhaviSNu vyakti urdU ke samarthaka the / rAjA zivaprasAda ke satata udyoga me hindI prArambhika zikSA kA mAdhyama huI / samasyA zrI pustako kI / sadAsukhalAla ka 'mukhasAgara' kI bhASA sAdhu hote hue bhI paMDitAU, izAlA kI 'rAnI ketakI kI kahAnI ' 5, "usa samaya hindI hara tarapha dIna hIna thI / usake pAsa na apanA koI itihAsa thA, na koSa, na vyAkaraNa | sAhitya kA khajAnA khAlI par3A huA thaa| bAhara kI kauna kaha vAma apane ghara meM bhI usakI pUcha aura Adara na thA / kacahariyoM meM vaha na thI / kAleja meM ghusane na pAtI thI, skUloM meM bhI eka kone meM dabI rahatI thI / hindU vidyAthI bhI usase dUra rahate the / a~garejI aura urdU meM zuddha likhane bolane meM asamartha hindI bhASI bhI use apanAne meM apanI chuTAI samajhate the / samA samAjoM meM bhI mAya usakA himkAra kA thA Aja 6 navambara 1125 I0

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(zuru kA nara [ . mI ni dI lakhana aura lallUlAla ka prabhasAgara kI janamizrita thI sadala mizra kI bhASA ra putina aura bhuganA pana thaa| IsAi bama pracArakA kI racanAe~ sAhityika maundara na hAna thii| unakA TUTAphUTA gadya grAmyaprayogA, galata muhAvarI, vyAkaraNa kI azuddhiyo; nirarthaka zabdo, zithila aura asambaddha vAkyavinyAma se bharA huaA thaa| rAjA zivapramAda ne ima abhAvapUrti ke lie svayaM aura mitroM dvArA pAThya pustaka likhI limvAI / 'mAnava dharma mAra' bhUgola hastAmalaka, Adi kucha racanAoM ko choDakara unhoMne devanAgarI lipi meM urdU kA hI prayoga kiyA / hindI kA 'gavaoNrapana dUra karane tathA usako 'phaizanebula' banAne ke lie aracI phArasI ke zabda bhare / apane aphasaroM ke prasanna karane se liye hindI kA galA ghoTA / nApA ke isa videzI rUpa ko grahaNa karane ke lie samAja taiyAra na thA / mu0 devIpramAda aura devakInandana svatrI ne saccI hindustAnI likhii| bhASA kA yaha rU mI sAhityiko ko na mcA / pratikriyA ke rUpa me gajA lakSmaNasiha vizuddha hindI ko lekara Age bddh'e| unakI mamjhatagarbhina bhASA bhI kRtrima aura truTipUrNa thI / bhASA kI isa bhUmikA meM bhAratandu ne padArpaNa kiyaa| janatA sarala, mundara aura sahaja bhAnA cAhatI thii| gadya meM vyApaka prayoga na hone ke kAraNa brajabhASA meM gadyopayukta zakti, mAmagrI aura sAhitya kA abhAva thA / rabaDI bolA vyavahAra aura granthoM meM prayukta ho cukI thii| parantu usakA mvanpa anizcita thaa| bhAratendu ne calate zabdoM yA choTe choTa vAkyA ke prayAga dvArA bola cAla aura saMvAda ke anurUpa marala evaM pravAhapUrNa gadya kA bahuta hI ziSTa aura sAdhu rUpa prastuta kiyA / bhASA ke lie unheM baDA hI ghora saMgrAma karanA paDA { 1880 rTa meM mhaMTara kamIzana' ke sAmane hindIbhASI janatA dvArA aneka memoriyala arpita kie gae / sarakArI aphasaroM ke maurakhane kI bhASA urdU thii| ata, unake adhInastha bhI urdU bhakta 4 | gadya kI bhASA para bhI avadhI aura brajabhASA kA prabhAva thaa| paraMparAgata bhASA kA bhaMDAra bahata hI kSINa thaa| vaha vikRta, apracalita aura prAcIna zabdoM meM pUrNa tathA kalA aura vicArapradarzana ke yogya zabdo meM narvathA hIna thaa| bhAratendu ne vADmaya ke vividha ago kA pUrti ke lie calate, arthabodhaka aora mAtha hI sarala gadya ke pariSkRta rUpa kI pratiSThA kii| yahA nahIM, unhoMne janabhASA aura janasAhitya kI zrAvazyakatA ko mamajhA, upabhASAo aura grAmINa voliyo me bhI lokahitakArI mAhityaracamA kA nirdaza kiyA / AvazyakatAnusAra 'unhAne dA prakAra kI gadyazailiyA meM gcanA kii| eka magna aura bolacAla kI padAvalI yaTAkdA arabI-phArI ke zabdoM meM jita hai aura vAkya prAyaH choTe haiN| 'cintanIya viSayoM ke viSayAnukUla aAja yA mAdhu se pRNa prAya magasta aura hai unhoMne ayabahana zabdoM

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kA bharasaka bahiSkAra kiyaa| zabdoM ke agabhaga aura tor3a maror3a kA dUra kiyaa| muhAvara ka prayoga dvArA bhASA meM maramatA aura prabhAvotpAdakatA lAe, parantu a~garejI vA urdU meM prabhAvita nahIM hue / bhASAnirmANa ke patha para bhAratendu akele nahIM the / dharmapracAraka dayAnanda sarasvatI ne hindI ko bhAvAbhivyaMjana aura kaTAkSa kI zakti dI / pratApanArAyaNa mizra ne svacchanda gati, bolacAla kI capalatA, vaktA aura manoraMjakatA dI / premaghana ne gadya kAvya kI jhalaka, AlaMkArikatA kI grAmA, sambhASaNa kA anUThApana aura arthavyaJjakatA dI / bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ne apanI calatI, caraparI, tIkhI aura camatkArapUrNa bhASA meM, zrInivAsadAsa ne baDI bolI ke zabdoM aura muhAvaroM se, jagamohanasiha ne dRzyAkana aura mAvavyaMjanA meM samartha, snigdha, saMyata, sarala aura soha e zya zailI meM tathA tatkAlIna anyalegvako svabhAvataH zrAnandI jIvoM, ne apanI sajIva aura manoraMjaka zailiyoM dvArA vipanna hindI ko sampanna banAne kA prayAsa kiyA | 16 vI zatI ke gadya kA uparyukta mUlyAkana usa yuga aura itihAsa kI dRSTi se hai / vastutaH ina bAtoM ke hote hue bhI bhAratendu-yuga ne khaDI bolI meM paryApta aura uccakoTi kI racanA nahIM kii| usa yuga kI zuddha aura saMkara gvaDI bolI prAjala, pariSkRta aura parimArjita na ho sakI / padya meM to vrajabhASA kA ekacchatra rAjya thA hI, gadya ko bhI usane aura ne AkrAnta kara rakhA thA / dayAnanda bhAratendu zrAdi lekhakoM kI kRtiyoM meM bhI prAntIyatA kI pradhAnatA thI / pratApa nArAyaNa mizra isame burI taraha prabhAvita the / unhoMne 'ghUre ke lanA bonaiM, kanAtana ke Daula bAdhai', 'kharI bAta zahidullA kahaiM. mabake jI te utare rahe', mu~ha vicakAnA' patra nikAlanA' zrAdi vaisavAr3I kahAvata tathA muhAvaroM aura 'Taiva', gvAkhiyAnA'. 'tata' Adi prAntIya zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| jainendrakizorakRta 'kamalinI' upanyAsa meM rahA hai' kA prayoga hAsyAspada nahIM to 'nAka baha rahI hai' ke sthAna para 'nAsikA randhra sphIta ho aura kyA hai ? bhImamena zarmA eka paga aura Age bar3ha gae hai| unhoMne urdU ke duzmana', 'siphArisa', 'casmA', 'zikAyata' zrAdi ke sthAna para kramazaH 'duHzamana', 'kSiprAzipa', 'cadamA', 'zikSAyanna' zrAdi prayoga karake saMskRta kA jananItva siddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai| bAlakRSNa bhaTTa Adi ne videzI zabdoM ko manamAnI apanAyA hai / 'apavyaya yA phijUlakharcI', 'mohabata saMgata' yadi me maskRta aura aravI phArasI ke zabdoM kA prayoga bhASA kI nirbalatA kA sUcaka hai / premaghana kI bhASA kahI ('bhArata-saubhAgya' nATaka Adi meM ) urdU mizrita aura kahI ( 'Ananda - kAdambinI' meM ) saMskRta - garbhita, zabdADambarapUrNa dIrghavAkyamayI aura vyartha ke pAtroM kI apanI apanA bhapA bar3I hI nirAlI "

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yadyApa bagalA , prabhAva ma hi dA ma kAmalatA aura abhivya nanA zakti prA rA thI aura aparanI ra prabhAva ma vigama grAdi cihA kA prayAga hona lagA thA tathApi yaha matra za yAt thaa| ina sabake atirikta tatkAlIna lekhakoM ne vyAkaraNa-saMbaMdhI TopA ke sudhAra kI ora koI dhyAna nahIM diyaa| usake rUpa meM sarvatra asthiratA aura asaMyatatA banI rhii| inane', 'unane', inhai', 'unheM', 'mujhe', 'saktI'. 'jisma', 'paraga', 'ciraurI', 'mAMkha', 'strIma' (jeba) 'vyArI' (rAtri kA bhojana) zrAdi prayogo kA bAhulya banA rhaa| bhArateMdu aura pratApanArAyaNa mizra ke bAda hindI sAhitya prabhaMjanapIDita patabArahIna naukA kI bhA~ti UmacUma hone lgaa| nikuza laigvaka bagaduTa ghoDo kI bhAMti manamAnI sarapaTa dauDane lage | unhe na bhApA kI zuddhatA kA dhyAna rahA na zailI kii| sabhI kI apanI apanI tuMbaDI thI aura apanA apanA rAga thaa| hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya meM cAro ora agajakatA phaila gii| hindI ko anivArya apekSA thI eka aise prabhaviSNu manAnI kI jo usa avyavasthA meM vyavasthA sthApita karake bhrAta aura anajAna legyako kA pathapradarzana kara ske| ____ mAhitya kI ima UbahAvAbar3a pIThikA meM paMDita nahAvIra pramAda dvivedI kA Agamana haa| karitA ke kSetra meM ve viSaya, bhAva, bhASA, zelI aura chanda kI navInatA lekara Ae / hindI ke ucchakhala nibandha ko nibandhatA, ektAnatA dI, aura padya nivandhI kI abhinava paramparA ko Age bddh'aayaa| nATya sAhitya ke usa patanakAla meM nATakakAro, pAThako aura darzakoM ko nATyakalA kA jJAna kaMgane ke lie 'nATyazAstra' kI racanA kI / tilasmI aura jAmUlI upanyAmA ke kAraNa janatA kI bhraSTa ruci kA pariSkAra karane tathA lenvako ke samanna bhASA aura nAva kA aAdarza upasthita karane ke lie zrAkhyAyikArUpa meM saMskRta ke aneka kAvyagranyA kA anuvAda kiyA / hindI kAlidAsa aura rIDaro kI yAlAcanA ke sAtha hI hindI masAlocanA-praNAlI kA kAyAkalpa kiyaa| hindI me Adhanika aAlocanAzailI ke sUtrapAta kA zreya unhI ko hai / satraha varSoM taka 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana karake unhoMne hindI ke mAmayika sAhitya ke abhAvo kI sundara pUrti kii| sampatti zAstra', 'zikSA', 'svAdhInatA' zrAdi viviva-viSayaka maulika aura anUdita pustakoM kI racanA karake hindI ke rika kopa ko bharane kI ceSTA kI / aitihAsika aura purAtatvaviSayaka lekhoM dvArA videzI sabhyatA aura saMskRti me abhibhUta bhAratIyoM kI hInatAnubhUti dUra karane aura unake hRdaya meM zrAtmagaurava kI bhAvanA bharane kA prayAsa kiyaa| vija panavAja ke nahIM sacce mAta -bhASA-premI ke rUpa ma hindI bhASA eva sAhitya ke pracAra tathA prasAra ke liye apanA jIvana arpita kara diyA ! asamartha tutalAtI hindI ko sakSama aura praudra rUpa dekara usake itihAsa ko badala diyaa| unhoMne sAhitya kA hI nahIM eka navIna yuga kA nirmANa kiyA / hindI ke ananya mahArathI aura ekAnta sAdhaka kI sAhinya-matrA kA macita mUlyAkna __ manA hindI ke lie parama gaurava kA viSaya hai /

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dUsarA adhyAya carita aura caritra paMDita mahAvIra pramAda dvivedI kA janma vaizAstra zukla 4, saMvat 1621 ko uttara pradeza ke rAyabarelI jile ke daulatapura gAvaM meM huA / vahA~ ke rAma sahAya nAmaka eka akicana brAhmaNa ko hamAre carita-nAyaka kA janaka kahalAne kA gaurava prApta huA / janma ke aAdha ghaMTe pazcAt aura jAtakarma ke pUrva zizu kI jihvA para sarasvatI kA bIjamaMtra aMkita -- kara diyA gyaa| maMtravidyA apane sundaratama rUpa meM caritArtha huii| dvivedI jI ke pitAmaha paMDita hanumanna dvivedI baDe hI prakADa paMDita the unakI mRtyu ke uparAnta unakI vidhavA pannI ne kalyANa-bhAvanA se prerita hokara kaI chakar3e saMskRta grantha unake eka mitra ko de die| paMDita hanumanta dvivedI ke tIna putra the durgA prasAda, rAma sahAya aura rAmajana / amagaya dehAvasAna ke kAraNa ve apane putroM ko suzikSita na kara sake / rAmajana kA to bAlyAvasthA meM hI svargavAsa ho gayA thaa| durgA prasAda kI jIvikA ke lie baisavAr3e meM hI gaurA ke tAlukadAra ke yahA~ kahAnI sunAne kI naukarI karanI pdd'ii| rAma mahAya menA meM bhartI ho gae ! 1857 I0 meM apane gulma ke vidrohI ho jAne para ve vahA~ se bhaage| mArga meM satalaja kI dhAga unhe __saikar3oM mIla taka vahA le gaI / 2 mUcchita zarIra kinAre para lagA / saceta hone para unhone dvivedI jI kI likhI huI auSadhacarita-carcA se siddha hai ki isI prakAra cintAmaNi mantra unakI vANI para likhA gayA thaa| 2 dvivedI jI kA prA nivedana sAhitya maMdeza eprila 1936 I0

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Zao Ru ghAsa ke baThalA kA rasa cUsakara prANarakSA kI mAdhuvapa meM kisI prakAra mA~gana svAte para pahu~ce / bambaI jAkara pahale cimana lAla aura phira narasiMha lAla ke yahA~ naukarI karate rahe / ye bar3e hI bhajanAnanda jIva the| palTana meM bhI pUjA-pATha kiyA karate the / 1880 I0 taka ghara cale Ae aura 16 me mahAprasthAna kiyA / rAma sahAya ke eka kanyA bhI thI jo putrIvatI hokara svarga sidhArI / natinI kI bhI vahI dazA huI / pitA ko mahAvIra kA iSTa hone ke kAraNa putra kA nAma mahAvIra sahAya rakhA gayA / vAlyakAla meM cacA ne zIghravodha', 'durgAsaptazatI', 'viSNusahasranAma', 'muhUrta' cintAmaNi', aura 'amarakoza' ke kaMTha kraae| bAlaka dvivedI ne grAma pAThazAlA meM hindI, urdU aura gaNita kI prAraMbhika zikSA paaii| do tIna phArabhI pustakeM bhI par3hI | grAma-pAThazAlA kI zikSA samApta ho gii| pramANapatra meM adhyApaka ne pramAdavaza mahAvIra sahAya ke sthAna para naras are likha diyA / zrAge calakara yahI nAma sthAyI ho gayA / } a~garejI kA mAhAtmya unake pitA aura cAcA ko vidita na thA / zrataeva aMgarejI zikSA prApta karane ke lie mahAvIra prasAda rAya barelI ke jilA skUla meM bhartI hue / ta varSa taka dasa karoDa hindI - janatA kA avirala sAhityika anuzAsana karane vAle isa mahAn nAhityika senAnI kI tatkAlIna jIvana-gAthA vahI ho hRdaya vidAraka hai / teraha varSa kA komala kizora ATA, dAla pITha para lAdakara aThAraha kona paidala jAtA thA / pAka kalA meM anabhijJa hone ke kAraNa dAla meM ATe kI TikiyA~ pakAkara hI peTapUjA kara liyA karatA thaa| eka bAra to jAr3e kI Rtu meM sArI rAta paidala calakara naoNca baje savera ghara phuNce| dvAndra thA. mA~ nakkI pIsa rahI thii| vAntaka kI pukAra sunakara sasambhrama doss | free die | zrAnta santapta bansa ko apane snigdha A~cala kI zItala chAyA meM nara sameTa liyA / vAtsalyamayI jananI kA komala hRdaya nayano kA hAra toDakara vaha nikalA / dhanya bhagavAn kI mahimA ! vaha jisa para kRpA karatA hai usakI jIvana pyAlI meM vedanA, azAnti aura kaThinAiyA~ uDela detA hai aura jisa para prasanna hotA hai use kaMcana, kAminI aura kAskI FaminbhUmi kA za banA detA hai| usake zApa aura varadAna kI isa rahasyamayI praNAlI vAmanabhA sakate hai ? pika vinA na thA viSa hAvara nha phArasA lena pA

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vahA~ kisI prakAra epha vapa kaTA daulatapura sa rAyaparalI bahuta dUra thA ata va unnAva jila ke ranajItapurakhA skUla meM lAe gae / vidhi kA vidhAna, kucha dina bAda vaha skUla hI TUTa gayA / tadanantara ve phatahapura bheje gae ! vahA~ Dabala promozana na milane ke kAraNa unnAva cale zrAe / yahA~ para Dabala promozana mila gyaa| phira bhI unakA jI na lagA / pA~ca-chaH mahIne bAda ve pitA ke pAsa bambaI cale ge| imanka pUrva hI unakA vivAha ho cukA thaa| bambaI meM unhAne saMskRta, gujarAtI, marAThI, aura a~garejI kA thoDA bahuta abhyAsa kiyA / vahA~ para paDosa meM hI relave ke aneka sArTara aura balarka rahate the| unake phaMde meM par3Ara dvivedI jI ne relave meM naukarI kara lI / vahA~ se ve nAgapura gae / vahA~ bhI unakA jI na lagA unake gAu~ ke kucha loga ajamera meM rAjapUtAnA relave ke loko supariTeMDeMTa ke Aphisa meM klarka the| unhIM ke zrAsara ve ajamera cale ge| pandraha rupae mAsika kI naukarI mila gii| usame se pA~ca rupayA ve apanI mAtA jI ke lie ghara bhejate the, pA~ca me apanA barca calAte thaM aura avaziSTa pA~ca rupayA me eka gRha-zikSaka rakhakara vidyAdhyayana karate the / hamAre vidyAvyasanI tapaH pRta sAhityavratI kI sAdhanA 'kitanI kaThina thI ! ajamera meM bhI jI na lagane ke kAraNa va punaH bambaI lauTa aAe / pratibhAzIla vyaktiyA kI jijJAsA bhI bar3I prabala huA karatI hai| mumbAdevI ke tAra-ghara me tAra khaTagvadAte dekha kara unheM tAra sIkhane kI icchA huii| tAra sIkha kara jI0 aAi0 pI0 relave meM signalara ho gae / usa samaya unakI zrAyu lagabhaga bIsa varSa kI thii| tAra bAbU ke pada para raha kara dvivedI jI ne TikaTabAbU , mAlabAbU , sTezana mAsTara, pleTiyara- zrAdi ke kAma sIkhe / phalasvarUpa unakI kramaza: padonnati hotI gii| iMDiyana miDalaiMDa relave ke khulane para usake Taphika mainejara DablyU0 bI0 rAiTa ne unhe jhA~sI bulA liyA aura TelIgrApha insapekTara niyukta kiyaa| kAlAntara meM ve heDa TelIgrApha insapekTara ho gae / daure se Uba kara unhoMne Taphika mainejara ke daphtara meM badalI karA lii| kucha kAla bAda asisleMTa cIpha klarka aura phira reTsa ke pradhAna nirIkSaka niyukta hue| __ jaba bAi0 ema0 ralava jI0 zrAi0 pI0 ralave meM milA dI gaI taba va kucha dina phira bambaI meM rhe| bar3oM kA vAtAvaraNa unheM pasanda na AyA / U~ce pada kA lobha tyAga kara uhoMne phira mA~mI kA gayA vahA~ DiskiTa'phika , " ke prApima ma

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pAca vaSa taka cIpha glaka rahe dvivedI jI ka va dina accha nahA kare unaka gaurAga prama apanI rAteM baeNgale yA klaba ma pitA the . vecAre dvivadA jI dina bhara daphtara ma kAma karata the aura rAta bhara apanI kuTiyA meM baiThe baiThe mAhaba ke tAra lete tathA unakA uttara dete the| cA~dI ke kucha TukaDo ke liye bahuta dino taka unhoMne isa anyAcAra kA mahana kiyA / kucha kAla-pazcAt unake prabhu ne unake dvArA dUsaro para bhI vahI atyAcAra karAnA caahaa| sahanazIlatA apanI sImA para pahuMca gaI thI / dvivedI jI ne svayaM to saba kucha mahanA svIkAra kara liyA parantu dUsaroM para atyAcAra karane me nAhIM kara dii| bAta bar3ha gaI / unhoMne nizzaka bhAva se tyAga-patra de diyaa| isa samaya unakA kA vetana DeDha sau rupaya thA / tyAga-patra vApasa lene ke liye logoM ne bahuta udyoga kiyA, parantu saba vyartha huaa| isa viSaya para dvivedI jI ne apanI dharma-patnI kI rAya maaNgii| svAbhimAninI pativratA ne gambhIratApUrvaka uttara diyAkyA koI thUka kara bhI cATatA hai / unhone santoSa kI saoNsa lii| hindI kA ahobhAgya thA ki hamAre carita-nAyaka ne kamalA kA kSIrasAgara nyAga kara sarasvatI kI hima-zilA para pujArI kA aAmana grahaNa kiyA / 1603 I0 meM unhone 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana zrArambha kiyaa| 1604 I. taka kaoNmI se kArya-saMcAlana karane ke anantara ve kAnapura cale Ae aura juhI me sampAdana karate rhe| zakti me adhika parizrama karane ke kAraNa ve asvastha ho gae / 1610 I0 meM unako pare varSa bhara kI chuTTI lenI pddii| sambhavataH imI varSa unakI mAtA jI kA mI dehAnta huA / satraha varSa taka 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana karane ke uparAnta 1620 I0 me unhoMne isa kArya meM aAkAza grahaNa kiyA / jIvana ke antima aThAraha varSa dvivedI jI ne apane gAya meM hI binAe / kucha kAla taka AnarerI musipha kA kArya kiyaa| tadanantara grAma paMcAyata ke sarapaMca rahe / unake jIvana ke antima dina baDe dukha me bIte / svAsthya dina-dina giratA gayA / paM0 zAlagrAma zAstrI Adi aneka vaidyo aura DAkTaroM kI davA kI parantu sabhI aupadhiyA~ niSphala siddha huI / anna nyAga denA par3A / laukI kI tarakArI, daliyA aura dUdha hI unakA AhAra thaa| aneka rogoM meM bAra-bAra AkrAnta hone ke kAraNa unakA zarIra zithila ho gayA thaa| antima bImArI ke samaya ve varAvara kahA karate the ki aba mere mahAprasthAna kA samaya thA gayA hai| jisa kimA se jo kucha kahanA thA kaha-suna liyaa| akTUbara san 1138 I. ke dUsare saptAha meM unaka bhAnaje kamalAkizAra tripAThI ke samadhI gakTara zakaraca jI unda gayapanI la gaya dviva

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jI kA tankAnAna mAnAsaka aura zArArika pIr3A kA jJAna unaka nimnAkita patra sa bahuta kucha hA jAtA hai zubhAziSaH mantu, meM koI do mahIne meM naraka yAtanAe~ bhoga rahA huuN| paDA rahatA hai| cala phira kama makatA huuN| dUra kI cIja bhI nahIM dekha pddtii| limbanA par3hanA prAyaH banda hai / jarA sI daliyA aura zAka khA letA thaa| aba vaha kucha hajama nahIM hotA ! tIna pAva ke karIba dUdha pI kara rahatA hU~-tIna daphe meM / mUgbI khujalI alaga taMga kara rahI hai| bahuta davAyeM kI nahIM jaatii| rApI ma. pra. dvivedI zaMkaradara jI ne aneka vaidyoM aura DAkTaga kI sahAyatA tathA parAmarza me dvivedI jI kI cikitsA kI / mabhI upacAra niSphala huye / 21 disambara ko prAtaH kAla paune pA~ca baje uma amara aAtmA ne nazvara zarIra tyAga diyaa| hindI-sAhitya kA prAcAryapITha anizcita kAla ke liye sUnA ho gayA / / dvivedI jI kA vivAha bAlyAvasthA meM hI ho gayA thaa| unakI dhana-pannI itano rUpavatI na thI ki unakI pAlaukika zobhA ko dekha kara kisI kA sahaja punIta mana kSabdha ho jAtA tathApi dvivedI jI ne aAdarza prema kiyaa| unake patnI prema kA prAmANika itihAma atIva manoraMjaka hai| dvivadI jI kI strI kI eka namkhI ne kahA ki dvAra para pUrvajoM dvArA sthApita mahAvIra jI kI mUrti paDI hai, usake lie pakkA cabUtarA bana jAtA to acchA hotA / cabUtarA banavA kara unakI strI ne mahAvIra zabda kI zliSTatA kA upayoga karate hue kahA ki tumhArA cabataga maine banavA diyaa| mahRdaya aura pratyutpannamati hivedI ne nankAla uttara diyA--- 1. kizorIdAsa vAjapeyI ko likhita panna, 'sarasvatI',bhAga 40, saM0 2, pR. 222, 23 2. viSaya-vAsanAoM kI tRpti ke liye hI jima prema kI utpatti hotI hai vaha nIca prema hai| vaha niMdya aura dUSita samajhA jAtA hai| niyAja prema hI raca prema hai| prema avAntara bAtoM kI kucha bhI paravA nahIM karatA / prema-para se prayANa karate samaya pAI huI bAdhAoM ko baha kucha nahIM smjhnaa| vighnoM ko dekha kara vaha kevala muskarA detA hai| kyoMki ina saba ko usake sAmane hAra mAnanI paratI hai " sarasvatI bhaga 2 pR. 36

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36 J tumane hamArA cabUtarA navAyA hai, meM tumhArA mAnavakA hAsya kI isa gaNI ne grAge calakara yathAya kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| 2 unakI strI ko prAraMbha se hI hisTIriyA kA roga thaa| isI kAraNa dvivedI jI unhe gaMgAsnAna ko akele nahIM jAne dete the| saMyoga kI bAta, eka dina ve grAma kI anya striyoM ke sAtha calI gii| gaMgA mAtA unheM apane pravAha meM bahA le gii| lagabhaga eka koma para unakA zava milaa| dvivedI jI ke koI santAna na thI / patnI jIte jI tathA marane para logoM ne unheM dUsarA vivAha karane ke lie lAkha samajhAyA parantu unhoMne svIkAra nahIM kiyA / apane patnIvrata aura tanmama prema ko sAkAra rUpa dene ke lie smRti-mandira kA nirmANa karAyA / jayapura se eka marasvatI aura eka lakSmI kI do mUrttiyaoN maeNgAI / vahI me eka zilpI bhI bulaayaa| usane unakI strI kI eka mUrti banAI / vaha dvivedI jI ko pasanda na AI / phira usane dUsarI banAI | sAta-ATha mahIne meM mUrti taiyAra huii| lagabhaga eka sahastra rupayA vyaya huA / smRti-mandira me tInAM mUrtiyA~ sthApita kI gaI -- madhya meM unakI dharma-patnI kI, dAhinI ora lakSmI aura bAI aura sarasvatI kI / 3 1. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40 saM0 2, pR0 153 | 2. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, maM0 2, pR0 221 / 3. dharma patnI kI mUrti ke nIce dvivedI jI ke svaracita nimnAMkita zloka khacita haiM- navaSaNNava bhUsaMgye vikramAdityavatsare / zukRSNatrayodazyAmadhikApAmAsi ca // mohamugdhA gatajJAnA bhramaroganipIDitA / janhujA yAjale prApa paMcatva' yA pativratA // nirmApitamidaM tasyAH svapatnyAH smRtimandiram / vyathitena mahAvIraprasAdena dvivedinA // patyugR hai yata. sAsIta, sAtAcchavirUpiNI / veronical vANI dvitIyA maiva suvratA // evA tatpratimA tasmAnmadhyabhAge tayordvayoH / lakSmI sarasvatIdevyAH sthApitA paramAdarAt // aura sarasvatI kI mUrti ke Upara kramazaH adholikhita zloka aMkita haiMviSNupriyA vizAlAkSI cIrAmbhonidhisambhavA / iyaM virAjate lakSmI lokezairapi pUjitA // isopari samAsInA vara vizvavandyaya saba zuklA sarasvatI 1

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strI kI mUrti sthApita karane para loga ne dvivadI jI kI bar3I hamI dAI / yaha taka kada DAlA ~ "duvaunA kalajugI hai kljugii| dyAkhaunA, mehariyA ke bhUrati banavAya ke padharAI si hai ! yahI kauniu veda purAna ke marajADha zrAya 1 yahI nahIM, sAmane bhI tAne kasane,gAliyA~ taka vakrate parantu dvivedI jI para koI prabhAva na paDatA / apanI patnI ke viyoga meM ve kitane duHntrI the, yaha bAta paM0 pAmiha zarmA ko ligve gae nimnAkita patra se spaSTa pramANita hotI hai daulatapura 13. 7. 12 / praNAma, ___kArDa milaa| kyA livU ? yahA~ bhI buga hAla hai| patnI merI ima mabhAra se kuca kara gaI / maiM cAhatA hU~ ki merI bhI jaldo bArI bAve / bhavadIya mahAvIra pramAda / "2 itane sacca graMmI hokara malA ve anargala aura mithyA lokanindA ko ora kyA dhyAna deta ? 3 akTUbara 1607 I0 ke apane mRtyu'lentra meM bhI unhone apane patnI-prema kA paricaya diyA thaa| dvivedI jI ko pArivArika mumba nahIM milaa| unake mana meM yaha bAta khaTakatI bhI rahatI thI ! parantu unakA duba sAmAnyataH prakaTa nahIM hotA thaa| apanI duHstra kathA dUsarA ko munA kara unake hRdaya ko kaSTa pahu~cAnA unhone anyAya samajhA / bAbU cintAmaNi ghopa kI mRtyu para dvivedI jI ne svayaM ligvA thA-- "aAja taka mere mabhI kuTumbI eka eka karake mujhe choDa ge| maiM hI akelA kalaguna banA huaA apane antima zvAsoM kI rAha dekha rahA huuN| "kabhI maine 'marasvatI' meM apanA ronA 3. 'sarasvatI' bhAga 40 mA 2, pR0 221 / 2. 'sarasvatI', navambara, 1640 I0 / 3. unhoMne apanI Aya kA 50 pratizata apanI strI aura zeSa apanI mA~ aura sarahaja ke lie nirdhArita kiyA thaa| pAnI ke mAnasika sukha aura zAnti ke lie yahA~ taka likhA thA ki Trustees will be good enough to leave her alone in the matter of her ornaments and will not injure her feelings in that respect by d manding an account of her ornim nts or of their disposa kA nA0 pra0 sabhA ke kAryAlaya meM racita malyu-lemba

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[ 41 ] nahIM ronA zrataeva uma marI usa kaSTa nAma sarasvatA' kA kucha bhI sambandha na thA 'sarasvatI' ka pAThakA ko sunA kara unakA samaya nama karanA maiMna anyAya samajhA 111 daihika ora bhautika vedanAoM ne dvivedI jI ke hRdaya ko itanA abhibhUta kiyA ki samaya-samaya para ve apanI pIDAo ko abhivyakta kie binA na raha sake / ve kabhI kabhI kuTumbiyoM ke jaMjAla meM adhika zokAkula ho jAyA karate the / 12. 8. 33. I0 ko unhone kizorIdAsa vAjapeI ko patra meM likhA thA- " ApakI kauTumbika vyavasthA me milatA julatA hI merA hAla hai / apanA nija kA koI nahI hai / dUra dUra kI ciDiyA~ jamA huI haiN| khUba cugatI haiM / puraskAra svarUpa dina rAta pIDita kie rahatI hai / 12 yaha dvivedI jI kA sthAyI nAva na thA / unhoMne apanI vidhavA bahana, bahana kI vidhavA laDakI, bhAnaje, usakI badhU aura laDakI ko asAdhAraNa AtmIyatA aura prema se apanAyA / yadyapi kamalakizora tripAThI unake sage bhAnaje nahIM haiM tathApi dvivedI jI ne unakA aura unakI laDakiyoM kA vivAha apanI beTe-beTiyoM kI hI bhA~ti kiyA / apane 1607 I0 ke mRtyu-lekha meM unhoMne apanI mA~, sarahaja aura strI ke pAlanArtha apanI Aya kA kramazaH tIsa, bIma aura pacAsa pratizata nirdhArita kiyA thA / jIvana ke pichale prahara meM inakA dehAnta ho jAne ke pazcAt unhoMne usa mRtyu- lekha ko vyartha samajha kara bhaMga kara diyA / cala sampatti kA prAyaH savAza dAna kara ke apanI acala sampatti kA uttarAdhikArI upayukta kalpita mAnaje kamalakizora tripAThI ko banAyA / 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana- kArya meM avakAza grahaNa karane para dvivedI jI apane gA~va daulatapura meM hI rahane lge| bahuta dinoM taka AnarerI muMsipha aura taduparAna grAma paMcAyata ke sarapaMca rahe | ina padoM para rahane hue unhoMne nyAya kA pUrNatayA nirvAha kiyaa| unakI kaThora nyAyapriyatA se aneka loga asantuSTa bhI hue, kintu dvivedI jI ne isakI kucha bhI paravA na kI / nyAya kI rakSA ke liye yadi kisI akiMcana ko aArthika daMDa diyA to kamNA ke vazIbhRta hokara usakA jurmAnA apane pAsa se cukAyA / Adhunika grAmasudhAra Andolana ke bahuta pahale hI unhoMne isakI ora dhyAna diyA thA / 9. dvivedI- likhita 'bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa kI smRti' sarasvatI, 1928 I0 kha 2 pR0 282 2 sarasvatI bhAga 40 sa02, pR0 321 "

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apana gAvaM kI saphAI ka lie eka bhagI kA lAra saayaa| gAna ma aspatAla zakkhA mavazIvAnA Adi banavAe , AmA ke kai bAga bhI lagavAe unhA ne isa bAta kA anubha kiyA ki azikSita grAmavAniyo ko zikSita karane se hI bhArata kI unnati ho sakatI hai| ___unhAne vANI kI apekSA karma-dvArA hI upadeza kiyaa| mArga meM gobara, kaoNTA, kaoNcaka Tukar3A Adi paDA deva kara svayaM uThAkara pheMka prAte the| isa Adarza se prabhAvita hokara dUsare vyakti bhI unakA anukaraNa karane the relave meM naukarI karane ke kAraNa janasAdhAraNa dvivedI jI ko bAbU jI kahA karate the| mAmale-mukadame meM gaya lene ke lie loga unake pAma Ate aura ve samajhA-bujhA kara zrApama meM ho phaisalA karA dete the / garIba kisAnoM ko mAdhAraNa 'sUda para' vinA sUda ke yA anyanta anahAya hone para dAna-rUpa meM bhI dhana diyA karate the ! mundara lambA DIla-Daula, vizAla rovadAra cahA, pratibhA kI rekhAyo se aMkita unnata bhavya mAla, uThI huI asAdhAraNa ghanI bhauheM, tejabharI abhibhAvaka A~kheM aura siMha kI mI astavyasta phailI huI mUche dvivadI jo ko eka mahAn vicAraka kA hI nahIM. uma digvijayI mahAbalAdhikRta kA byaktitva pradAna karatI thI jo apanI bhayaMkara garjanA se mamasta bhUmaMDala ko tharrA detA hai| unakI munvAkRti meM ho vidita hotA thA ki unameM gambhIratA hai, manacale chokaro kA chichorApana nahIM / vyaktigata jIvana ke padanyAsa meM yA sAhitya kI bhUmikA meM kahI bhI unhone ucchazalatA kA paricaya nahIM diyaa| unhoMne pratyeka kArya ko apanA kartavya samajha kara gambhIratApUrvaka prArambha kiyA aura anta taka maphalatA-pUrvaka nibAhA / mAhityika vAda-vivAdoM meM kilakilAkara vAgbANavI hone para bhI unhone yathA-sambhava apane saMyama aura gamanIratA kI rakSA kI / gambhIra hote hue bhI unake vyavahAra meM nIramatA yA zuSkatA nahIM thii| ve svabhAvataH hAsya-vinoda ke premI the / jaba sAhitya-sammelana ne marva prathama parIkSAe~ calAI taba dvivedI jI ne bhI prazamA parIkSA ke lie Avedana-patra bhara kara bhejaa| ' unakI ruci zRMgArika kavitA kI aura kama thii| eka bAra ve bAlakRSNa zarmA 'nayona' / unhIM kI maMDalI meM pUcha baiThe -''kAhe ho bAlakRSNa, I tumhAra sajanI, makhI, salonI, gaNa ko AyeM / tumhAra kavitA mA~ inakA baDA jikara rahata hai / maba loga hama par3e aura vIna jI meMpa ge| 2 . sarasvatI, bhAga 40, saM0 2, pR0 173 / viveTI-mImAmA' pa. 234

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unakI arasaThavA va gaoNTa ke samaya kisI kisAna sarasaTha gA~Tha manAI isa para dvivedI jI ne likhA kisI kisI ne 6 maI 1932 kA sarasaThavI hI vaSagA~Tha manAI hai / jAna paDatA hai ina sajjano ke hRdaya meM mere viSaya ke vAtsalyabhAva kI mAtrA kucha adhika T hai | isI se unhoMne merI umra eka varSa kama batA dI hai| kauna mAtA, pitA yA gurujana aisA hogA jo apane premabhAjana kI umra kama batAkara usakI jIvanAvadhi ko aura bhI Age vaDhA dene kI ThAna karegA ? ataeva ina mahAnubhAvI kA meM aura bhI kRtajJa hU~ / , unake sambhASaNa kI pratyeka bAta meM anokhApana aura AkarSaNa thA / eka bAra kezava prasAda mizra dvivedI jI ke atithi the / dvivedI jI ke zrAgamana para ve uTha khar3e hue| reat jI ne ha~samukha bhAva meM uttara diyA-- viramyatA bhUtavatI saparyA nivizyatAmAsanamuniM krima 2 dvivedI jI bar3e svAbhimAnI the / zrAtmagaurava kI rakSA ke lie hI unhoMne danoM rupayo kI Aya ko ThukarA kara teIsa mpae mAsika kI vRtti svIkAra kI / nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA matabheda hone para mamAbhavana meM gaira nahIM rkhaa| yadi kimo se milanA huA to bAhara hI mile / bI0 ena0 zarmA para abhiyoga calAne kA kAraNa unakA svAbhimAna hI thA / kamalAkizora tripAThI kI vivAha yAtrA ke samaya dvitIya zreNI ke Dibbe meM eka vilAyatI sAhaba ne dvivedI jI se apamAnajanaka zabdoM meM sthAna khAlI karane ko khaa| usa anAcAra kA uttara unhoMne mirjApurI uDe meM diyA / hindI kovida - ratnamAlA ke lie 2617-18 I0 meM zyAmasundara dAsa ke AdezAnusAra sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita ne dvivedI jI kA eka sakSipta jIvana-carita taiyAra kiyA aura usakI hastalikhita prati dvivedI jI ko dikhAkara bAbU sAhaba ke pAsa bheja dI / yatra tatra kucha parivartana karane ke bAda anta meM bAbUsAhaba ne yaha bahA diyA ki dvivedI jI kA svabhAva kiMcit umra hai / jaba dvivedI jI ko yaha jJAta huA taba ve Ape se bAhara ho ge| vastutaH isa ugratA se unhoMne bAbU sAhaba ke kathana ko caritArtha kiyA | svAbhimAnI aura ugra hote hue bhI ve Izvara meM aTala vizvAsa rakhate the / yadyapi unhoMne apane ko kisI dhArmika bandhanameM nahIM jakaDA, digvAne ke lie mandhyAvandanAdi kA pAlana nahIM kiyA tathApi unakI bhagavadbhaktipradhAna kavitAo, vizeSakara 'kathamahaM nAstikaH' se 1 dvivedI- likhita 'kRtajJanA-jJApana' 'bhArata' 22 5 32 / 2 sarasvatI, bhAga 40 ma02 pR0 1-6

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kina pratyeka kAya izvara kA deza samajha kara kiyA unakI tIvra AlocanAo ke AdhAra para unheM umra aura krodhI kahanA mArI bhUla hai / sAhitya ke DhITha corI para 'kintu parantu' aura 'agara magara' vAlI AlocanA kA koI prabhAva na paDatA | hindI ke vardhamAna kaDA-karakaTa ko rokane ke lie usI prakAra kI kaTu AlocanA apekSita thI / dvivedI jI ne apanI mAhityika yogyatA kA garva nahIM kiyA / tatkAlIna 'cA~da' sampAdaka marasiha sahagala ke eka patra se vidita hotA hai ki dvivedI jI ne unheM koI abhimAna sUcaka bAta likhI thii|' unake kamare se aneka astra zastroM ke atirikta eka pharamA TaeNgA rahatA thA. jo unake ugra svabhAva kA dyotaka thA / kadAcit usI ko dekha kara hI paM0 veMkaTezanArAyaNa tivArI ne unheM vAkyazUra parazurAma kahA thA / ve nissandeha umra the parantu unakI ugratA meM anaucitya yA anyAnya ke lie avakAza na thA / jaba abhyudaya presa ke mainejara ne apane 'nibandha navanIta' meM dvivedI- likhita pratApanArAyaNa mizra kA jIvanacarita aura bAbU bhavAnIprasAda ne 1. 12 23 I0 *****.. donoM hI patra par3a kara bahuta duHkha huA / yadi koI jAhila aise patra likhatA no koI bAta nahIM thI kintu mujhe duHkha isa bAta kA hai ki Apake patra se sadA anucita abhimAna aura tiraskAra kI bU AtI hai jo sarvathA akSamya hai / yaha saca hai ki sAhitya meM ApakA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai aura bahuta kAla se Apa hindI kI sevA kara rahe haiM, phira bhI Apako koI adhikAra nahIM hai, ki dUsaroM ko jo ApakI vidvatA ke sAmane kucha bhI nahIM hai, unhe Apa tuccha dRSTi se dekheM aura isa prakAra unakA nirAdara kreN| maiM hI kyA koI bhI zramAbhimAnI ise saha nahIM sktaa| Apa kA lekha 'cA~da' meM prakAzita hone se patra kA mAna bar3ha jAyagA yadi Apa kA yaha khyAla hai to nizcaya hI Apa kA yaha bhrama hai| Apa jaise suyogya vidvAnoM ke lekha anya patrikAoM kI zobhA bhale hI bA sake kintu mere patra ke lekhaka eka dUsarI hI zreNI ke haiM aura ve bahuta hai / ...." dvivedI jI ke patra saMkhyA 46, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAryAlaya, kAzI | 2 sarasvatI bhAga 40. saM0 2, 10211 / kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA phalAbhavana maMDala 1 zrabhyudaya presa ka maeNnejara kA likhita patra kI rUpa ravA /

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/ inasI kucha kavitAe apanA zikSA sarAna tathA 'zrAya bhASA pAThAnalI 1 ma pI grAmI ka vinA hI makAlana kara lA taba dvivadA jo unaka vacaka vyavahAra para Rtu hue / anta ma mitroM kI mitratA ke kAragA unheM jamA kara diyA / dvivedI jI kaThora tha kapaTAcArI, kRtrima, dikhAvaTI aura cATukAra janoM ke lie| ba kisI bhI anucita bAta ko maha nahIM sakate the / mantra to yaha hai ki ve apane UMce Adarza kI IktA meM dUmage kA bhI nApate the| yaha unakI mahattA thI jise hama sAmArika dRSTi se nirvalatA kaha sakata hai| eka bAra banArasIdAma caturvedI ne vizAla bhArata' meM 'mAketa' kI AlocanA kI ! unakI kucha bAto ma gupta jI mahahmana na hue aura 15 janavarI, 1632 I0 ko unhe uttara diyaa| usI kI pratilipi ke sAtha dvivedI jI ko unhoMne patra likhA aura unakI mammati maoNgI / dvivedI jI ne apanI rAya dete hue apane ananya snebhAjana maithilIzaraNa gupta ko lignA--"tulamI kI kavitA meM Apako apanI kavitA kI tulanA karanA zobhA nahIM detaa|" gRpta jI tilamilA uThe aura 28 janavarI ko likhA--"aAja paccIsa varSa se Upara hue, maiM zrApa kI chatracchAyA meM huuN| yaha bAta nArI ke kahane ke lie rahane dIjiye / ... maiMne apanI jyAna mamAdhi meM jaimA dekhA vamA likhA / " pahalI pharavarI ko dvivedI jI ne uttara meM likhA 'zrApane mujhama gaya mA~gI. mujhe jo kucha ucita samajha paDA, ligya kara maine zrApa kI icchApUrti kara dii| isa para Apa apanI 28 janavarI kI ciTThI meM vivAda para utara zrAe-jo rAya mene dI usakA mavAMza me glaMDana kara DAlA / isakI kyA jarUrata thI ? aApa apanI rAya para jame rahane / dhyAna-mamAdhi lagAkara pustaka livane vAlA ko mere aura banAramIdAma jaina manuSyoM kI rAya kI paravA hI kyA karanI cAhie ? ve apanI gada jAya, aApa apanI / zrApa kI rAya ThIka, merI aura banArasIdAma kI gannata mahI-tubhyatu navAn / '3 dayAzIla dvivedI jI kI ugratA ke mUla meM kisI prakAra kI durbhAvanA nahIM hotI thii| imakA akATya pramANa yaha hai ki paviyoM kI kSamAyAcanA nunakara macca hRdaya meM, maharSa aura sanna raheM namAmI kara deta dhe / maithilIzaraNa guptane -paryata patra kA uttara diyA thA nigA~va jAmI

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prasAra zrImAna panita nA maharAja praNAma kRpaNa kArDa milaa| jine kahIM se anukUlatA kI grAzA nahIM hotI vaha ekAnta meM apane devatA ke caraNoM meM baiThakara, male hI vaha dopI svayaM ho, usI ko upAlambha detA hai / aise hI maiMne kiyA hai-- tasmAttavAsmi nitarAmanukampanIyaH / mere sabase choTe bhAI cAruzIlAzaraNa kA vacA azoka kabhI-kabhI khIjha kara merI TAgo me apanA zira lagA detA hai aura mujhe ThelatA huA apanA abhimAna prakaTa karatA hai| samajha lIjie, aisA hI maine kiyA hai aura merA yaha vyavahAra sahana kara lIjie-gItA ke zabdoM meM piteva putrasya / caraNAnuncara maithilI 11 gupta jI ke zraddhAvati patra ne dvivedI jI kI pUrvavat prasanna kara diyaa| zyAmasundara dAma, bAlamukunda gupta, lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI, bI0 ena0 zarmA, kRSNakAnta mAlavIya Adi mAhityakAroM se dvivedI jI kI gvaTapaTa huii| unakI ugratA yA vivAdoM kA kAraNa unakI satyapriyatA, nyAyaniSThA, spaSTavAditA aura isase bhI mahattara hindI - hitai pitA thI / yadi ve eka ora ugra aura krodhI the to dUsarI ora kSamA aura dayA kI rAzi bhI the / ve parazurAma aura tathAgata gautama ke eka sAtha avatAra the| isako pApa meM kaha kara puNya kahanA hI adhika yuktiyukta hai| dvivedI jI ke cintana, vacana aura karma meM, vicAra aura Adarza meM, grabhinnatA thI 1 dUsarI ke prati ve vahI vyavahAra rakhate the jisakI dUsaro meM AzA karate the / unakI vANI meM nimnAkita zloka bahudhA mukharita huA karatA thA - 2 lajjAguNajananI jananImitrasyAmatyantazuklahRdayAmanuvartamAnAm / tejasvina. mukhamapi satyajanti satyatratavyamanino na punaH pratijJAm || unakI nyAyapriyatA itanI U~cI thI ki apanI bhI macI thAlocanA sunakara va prasanna hote the / 275 1610 I0 ko padmasiMha zarmA ko likhA thA--- "isa haphte kA bhAratodaya zravazya manoraMjaka hai / kucha par3ha liyaa| bAkI kI bhI phuuNgaa| 'zikSA' kI mamAlocanA ke lie dhanyavAda / khUba hai| par3ha kara citta prasanna huaa| para Apa 1 daulatapura meM racita gapta jI kA patra 5 dvivedI mIrmAnAM pR0 232

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kA mAphI mAMganA anacita chupA / jaba vaiyAkaraNa kAmatAprasAda guru ne dvivedI jI ke 'rAje', 'yoddha', 'judA judA niyama', 'hajArahA' zrAdi cintya prayogo kI carcA kI taba unhoMne prasannatApUrvaka uttara diyA--prApa mere jina prayogo ko azuddha samajhate haiM unakI svantratA se samAlocanA kara sakate haiN| ye rizvata, jhaTha Adi se Darane vAle dharmabhIrU the / isa kathana kI puSTi adholikhita patra me ho jAtI hai-- "zrIman meM rizvata denA nahIM cAhatA / mai jhaTha bolane se DaratA hai| yaha mujhe na karanA par3e to anchA ho / ...13 mampAdaka, bhAnararI muMsipha aura grAma paMcAyata ke sarapaMca ke jIvana-kAla meM unheM na jAne kitane pralobhana die ge| dvivedI jI ne una sabako ThukarA kara kartavya aura nyAya kI rakSA kI, una para tanika bhI A~ca na Ane dii| sampAdanakAla me apane hAnilAbha kA dhyAna na rakhakara sadA hI 'sarasvatI' ke svAmI aura pAThako kA dhyAna rakhA / nyAyAdhIza ke pada se, nyAyAdhikaraNa me vyavahAra cAhane vAlo ke pApa aura puNya ko niSpakSa bhAva meM nyAya kI tulA para tolA / sAmArika ziSTAcAra aura kRtrimatA se dUra raha kara unhoMne jIvana kI saccAI ko hI apanA dhyeya mAnA / daba kara kimI me bAta nahIM kI, kyoMki unameM svArtha kI bhAvanA na thii| dvivedI jI kI aAlocanAe~ unakI nirbhIkatA, saSTatA aura matyavAditA pramANita karatI hai / apanI kartavyaparAyaNatA aura nyAyaniSThA ke kAraNa hI va aneka mAyika mahAnubhAvo ke zatru bana gaye / yahA~ taka ki adhyayanAgAra meM bhI unheM zrAtmarakSA ke lie talavAra, bandUka Adi zastrAstra parakhane pdd'e| dvivedI jI siddhAnta aura zuddhatA ke pakSapAtI the| ve pratyeka kArya meM vyavasthA, niya 1 'maramvatI', navambara, 1640I0 / 2 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, paM0 2, pR0 134. 35 / 3 'sarasvatI', julAI 1940I0, pR074 / 4 meTana presa, landana ke eka Indian Empire number prakAzita ho rahA thA / kavitA. vibhAga ke upa sampAdaka ne dvivedI jI se unakI racanA mA~gI / uka mahodaya ne patra meM dvivedI jI kA nAma likhA thA Mahabur Prasad Deveda kavitA bhejate hue dvivedI jI ne unase nivedana kiyA"If you accept it, please see that it is correctly printed, and sead me a copy of the puh icat on contin og it 1 no see that my name

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mitatA, anazAsana aura kAla kA pAlana karata na yAvazyaka tathA sA panA kA uttara lauTatI DAka sa deta aura nirathaka era anAvazyA patrA ke vipaya ma maunadhAraNa kara leta tha unake hastagata sabhI patro para noTa aura tArIkha sahita hastAkSara hai| jisa patra kA uttara nahI denA hotA thA usa para No Reply likha diyA karate the / anuzAsana ke itane bhakta the ki eka bAra jUte kA nApa bhejanA thA to patra kA liphAphA alaga bhejA aura nApa kA dhAgA alaga / ' avyavasthA aura azuddhatA unheM bilakula pasanda nahIM thii| vastutro se ThasAThasa bharA huzrA kamarA bhI sadaiva sApha sutharA rahatA thaa| ve apane kamare, sAmAna aura pustako zrAdi kI saphAI apane hAtha se karate the / pratyaka bastu apane nizcita sthAna para rakhI jAtI thii| kalama se kucha likhane ke bAda usakI syAhI pocha kara rakhate the| vastuyo kA tanika bhI hera phera unheM khala jAtA thaa| eka bAra unakI dharmapatnI ne thAlI meM rakhe gae padArthoM kA niyamita krama bhaMga kara diyA to unhe bhartsanA sunanI pdd'ii| ravIndranAtha kI galpo kA eka saMgraha vizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika ko dete hue kahA thA---'itanA dhyAna rakhie gA ki na to pustaka me kahIM kalama yA pesila kA nizAna lagAiyegA, na syAhI ke dhabve paDane dIjiegA aura na pATha moDiegA dvivedI jI kI dinacaryA baMdhI huI thii| jhA~sI meM ve bahuta savere uThakara saMskRta-granthA kA avalokana karate the| phira cAya pIkara 7 me 8 taka eka mahArASTa paMDita me kucha anyAke bAre meM pUchatAcha karate the| tadanantara baeNgalA, saMskRta, gujarAtI Adi kI patrikAoM kA avalokana karate aura svayaM bhI thoDA bahuta likhate the / lagabhaga 10 baje bhojana karake daphtara jAte the| karIba do baje jalapAna kara ke a~garejI akhabAra par3hate rahate aura jo kAma aAtA jAtA thA use samApta karate the| lagabhaga cAra pA~ca baje ghara Ate, hAtha muMha dhote, kapaDe badalate, dvAra para baiTha jAte aura Agata jano se vArtAlApa karate the / ghaMTe DeDha ghaMTe manoraMjana karake pustakAvalokana karate aura phira nava dasa baje sone cale jAte the| unake aphasarA ne unakI padonnati karake unheM anya sthAno para bhejanA cAhA parantu isa bhaya se ki dinacaryA aura niyamitatA meM kahI vighna na ho jAya, unhone barAbara asvIkAra kiyaa| is correctly spelt as shown below. 16, 6, 25," dvivedI jI ke pana kI rUpa rekhA, kA0 nA0 pra0 sabhA kAryAlaya / 1. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40 saM0 2, pR0 144. 45 / 2. , , , , 145 / im. 161 171

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/ 4 daulatapura ma pratidina prAta kAla uTha kara zaucAdi sa nivRtta hokara kucha dUra kheto kI ora Tahalata tha lauTa kara saphA parata tha phira bAraha baja taka Avazyaka ciTThI patriyA kA uttara dene, mammatyartha zrAI huI pustako aura do cAra samAcAra patroM kA avalokana karate the| dopahara ke samaya punaH zauca ko jAte aura taba snAna karate the / bhojanoparAnta patrapatrikAeM paDhate the| prAyaH do baje ke bAda mukadame devate the| mukadamo ke abhAva meM kicit vizrAma karake akhabAra bhI par3hA karate the / sandhyA samaya cAra baje ke bAda apane bAgo aura khetoM kI zrora dhUmane jAte, lauTa kara thor3I dera taka dvAra para baiThate, koI A jAtA to usane bAteM karate, tadanantara sone cale jAte the| 1 yadi kabhI unake mu~ha se yaha nikala gayA ki zrApa ke ghara amuka dina amuka samaya para aAU~gA to vighnasamUhoM ke hote hue bhI vacana kA pAlana karate the / jyeSTha mAma ke aparAhna meM bhayaMkara lU kI avahelanA karake kAno meM DupaTTA lapeTe,chAtA lie hue DhAI koma paidala cala kara devIdana zukla ke ghara pahu~ca jAyA karate the| 3 / / eka bAra eka bAI sI. ena. mahodaya uname milane ge| dvivedI jI kA milane kA samaya nahIM huA thaa| una mahAzaya ko yAce baTe pratIkSA karanI pddii| eka sAdhAraNa vyakti ke amAdhAraNa kAryakrama para ve atyaMta agrasanna hue / dvivedI jI ne isakI tanika bhI paravAha na kii| kadAcit isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa jilAdhIza mahAzaya ne dvivedI jI ko, 'sarasvatI' ke vijJApano ke bahAne, daDa dene kA amaphala prayAsa kiyA thaa| 3 bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa ne dvivedI jI kI prazaMsA karate hue eka bAra kahA thA---'hindustAnI sampAdakoM meM maine vakta ke pAbanda aura karnavyapAlana ke viSaya meM dRDhapratija do hI zrAdI dakhe haiM, eka to rAmAnanda bAbu aura dUmare grApa / ' 4 dvivedI jI kI asAmAnya saphalatA kA eka mAtra rahasya hai unakA dRr3ha saMkalpa aura adhyavasAya / eka akicana brAhmaNa kI santAna ne, jimake ghara meM peTa bharane ke lie bhojana aura tana Dhakane ke liye bana nahIM thA, cauthAI zatAbdI taka dama karoDa janatA kA ekAtapatra 1. 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 218 / 2 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, saM0 2, pR0 205 / 3. isakI carcA Age cala kara 'sAhityika saMsmaraNa' adhyAya meM kI gaI hai| 4 dvivedI-ligvita 'bAbU cintAmaNi ghopa kI smati' sarasvatI 510I0 bara 2 pa0 282

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sAhityika zAsana kiyA---yaha usake adabhya utsAha kA hI pariNAma thA / ve prakRti ke niyamo kI bhA~ti aTala the| zaizava se lekara svargavAma taka unakA sampUrNa jIvana pratikala paristhitiyoM ke viruddha eka ghora saMgrAma thaa| matabhedoM, virodhI, pratidvaMdviyoM aura ApattiyoM kI zraoNdhI, bavaMDara aura tUphAna unheM unake prazasta patha se tanika mI DigA na sake / tana ke asvastha rahane para bhI unakA mana sadA svastha rahA / dInatArahita svAvalambana,zrAjIvana hiMdI mevA ke vrata kA nirvAha, 'anasthiratA' zrAdi vAdoM meM apanI bAta ko akATya siddha karane, kA saphala prayAsa, nyAya,satya aura lokakalyANa ke liye nijI hAni aura kaSToM kI cintA na karanA Adi bAte unake saMkalpapAlana aura apratima pratibhA kI dyotaka haiM ! ve akarmaNyatA ke kaTTara zatru the / DhIle DhAle vyaktiyoM ko to bahudhA aprasanna dvivedI kI phTakAra sahanI paDatI thI / mAtA, pitA, patnI Adi aneka sambandhiyoM kI mRtyu kA vajrapAta huaA, parantu dvivedI jI ne saMsAra ke sAmane apanA ronA nahI royA / kitanI hI Adhi-vyAdhiyoM ne unheM nipIDita kiyA tathApi unhoMne sAhitya-sevA ko kSati nahIM pahuMcane dI / sArI vaMdanAyo ko dhairya aura utsAha se sahA / unake vyaktigata aura sArvajanika kAryo, sAhityika aura dhArmika vAdo ko lekara logoM meM unheM na jAne kyA-kyA kahA, gAliyA~ taka bI / dvivedI jI himAlaya kI bhaoNti aprabhAvita aura acala rahe / jahA~ Avazyaka samajhA,satya aura nyAya kI rakSA ke liye prativAda kiyA, anyathA mauna rahe / 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA'-viSayaka vivAda ke sambandha meM dvivedI jI ne rAya kRSNadAsa ko likhA thA---'maiM to prativAdoM kA uttara dene se rahA / Apa ucita samajhe to kimI patra meM de sakate hai / badarInAtha gItA-vAcaspati ko likhA gayA patra unakI sahiSNutA kI vizeSa vyaMjanA karatA hai .."merI loga nindA karate haiM yA stuti, isa para maiM kabhI harSa, viSAda nahIM krtaa| Apa bhI na kiyA kIjie / mArgabhraSTa kabhI na kabhI mArga para A hI jAte haiM / merA kisI se dvepa nahIM, na lakhanaU ke hI kisI sannana se, na aura hI kisI se / umra thor3I hai / vaha dveSa aura zatrubhAva pradarzana ke lie nhiiN| maiM sirpha itanA karatA hU~ ki jo mere hRdta bhAvA ko nahIM samajhate, uname dUra rahatA huuN|" 2 dvivedI jI sastI khyAti ke bhUkhe na the / isI kAraNa hindI-sAhitya-sammalana,abhinandana, 1. 26, 6. 11 ko likhita, 'sarasvatI', navambara, 1644 I0 / 2211114 ko sisita sarasvatI maI san 1910I0

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/ 56 / male Adi sa dUra rahanA cAhata tha unha rAyabahAdura' sarIkhA upAdhiyA kI tanika bhI kAmana na thI uhe saccA musa aura santApa dUsarA ra supa aura zAnti ma milatA thA unhona svaya likhA thA-"jaba badala camAra kI jar3I utara jAtI hai taba mai samajhatA hU~ ki mujhe kaisare hinda kA tamagA mila gayA / "" una para kucha likhane ke lie loga dvivedI jI se unakI apa-DeTa kRtiyoM ke ullekhamahita unakI saMkSipta jIvanI mA~gate, parantu dvivedI jI unake ina patro kA uttara taka na dene the / ___mUryanArAyaNa ne jaba unakI jIvanI likhakara saMzodhana ke lie unake pAsa bhejI taba dvivedI jI ne usame kATachATa kI, kucha ghaTAyA baDhAyA bhii| kaI bAteM apanI prazaMsA meM bhI joDI, yathA "vidyAviSayaka vAdavivAda meM bhI dvivedI jI kI barAbarI zAyada hI koI aura hindI lekhaka kara ske| hindI patro ke pAThaka isa bAta ko bhI bhalI bhaoNti jAnate haiN|" yA "dvivedI jI hindI saMskRta dono bhApAtro ke uttama kavi hai / ''3 ina bAto ko lekara unheM aAtmazlAghI kahanA ucita nahIM / saMzodhanarUpa me kalita ina paMktiyoM kA kAraNa prAtmaprazaMsA na hokara sacce zikSaka kI sudhAraka-manovRtti hI hai| dvivedI jI ziSTAcAra ke pUre pAlaka the / jaba koI unake pAsa jAtA to apanI DibiyA me do pAna use dete aura bAta cIta samApta hone para phira do pAna dete jo isa bAta kA saMketa hotA ki aba zrApa jAiye / 4 apane pratyeka atithi kI zuzrayA ve AtmavismRta hokara karate the| juhI meM jaba kezavapramAda mizra mokara uThe to dekhA ki dvivedI jI svayaM loTe kA pAnI lie hue gvar3e hai / mizra jI lajita ho ge| dvivedI jI ne uttara diyA - vAha ! tuma to mere atithi ho|" unake ziSTAcAra meM kisI prakAra kI mAthikatA yA ADambara nahIM thA / ve vAstavika artha meM ziSTa zrAcAra ke samarthaka the| kisI kI thoDI bhI aziSTatA unheM khala jAtI thii| eka bAra ve kAmatAprasAda guru se bAteM kara rahe the| guru jI bIca hI meM bola utthe| dvivedI jI ne cetAvanI dI---Apa se bAtacIta karanA kaThina hai| guru jI natamastaka ho ge| , 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 275 para uddha ta / 2. daulatapura meM rakSita vaidyanAtha mizra vihvala kA patra, 25. 4. 26 / 3. dvivedI jI ke patra, baMDala 3 ca, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kA kAryAlaya / 4. 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 23 / 5. 'sarasvatI'. bhAga 10, saM0 2, pR0 186 / , 133

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davIdatta zukla, haribhAU upAdhyAya, mAthalIzaraNa gupta, kadAranAtha pAThaka, vizvambharanAtha zamA kauzika, lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI Adi ne unake ziSTAcAra kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai / " dvivedI jI sambhASaNakalA meM bhI pada the| vArtAlApa ke samaya bIca bIca me hindI, saMskRta, urdU Adi ke subhASitoM kA baDA hI cunatA hunA mAvikA prayoga karate the ! unake bhAvapUrNa udgAro-- 'anumodana kA anta', 'kauTilya kuThAra', 'sampAdaka kI vidAI', dvivedI- mele ke samaya grAtmanivedana Adi meM yaha zailI saundarya kI sImA para pahu~ca gaI hai / unakI racanAoM meM sarvatra hI prabhAvazAlI vaktA kA manohara svara sunAI par3atA hai / dvivedI jI bar3e hI batsala aura premI the| baccoM ke prati unakA sneha agAdha thA | apanA mAtA jI meM itanI zraddhA aura unake dukha sukha kA itanA dhyAna rakhate the ki jaba pandraha rupae kI naukarI karate the taba bhI pA~ca rupayA mAsika unheM bhejA karate the / unake patnI prema kA pavana pratIka smRti-mandira to Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / apanI vidhavA sarahaja ke prati unakA sneha kama na thA / apane 1907 I0 ke mRtyu- lekha meM unhe bhI viziSTa sthAna diyA thA ! vRddhAvasthA meM unake parivAra meM bhAnajA mAnaje kI vadhU, aura eka laDakI thI / ye dUra ke sambandhI the parantu dvivedI jI unheM Adarza pitA kI bhauti pyAra karate the / ve para- dukha-kAtara aura premI the / sambandhiyoM aura mitroM ke bAla-baccI, Azrita jano aura dAsa-dAsiyAM taka kI sahAyatA aura pAlanA unhoMne jisa sneha aura udAratA se kI yaha sarvathA 1 rAdhya hai mitra yA bhakta ke lie unake mana meM saMkoca kA leza bhI nahIM thA / 3 sambandhiyoM ke hammaragA mAtra me hI unakI zrag sajala ho jAtI thii| unake virodhI bhI unake premabhAva ke kAyala the| apane samIpa Ane vAlo ko ve prema se moha lete the / kedAranAtha pAThaka kI carcA Upara ho cukI hai| paMDita haribhAU upAdhyAya Adi ne bhI dvivedI jI ke vAtsalya kA muktakaMTha se guggAna kiyA hai. "sampAdaka, vidvAn, cAcArya dvivedI ko sArA hindIsaMsAra jAnatA hai / parantu mahRdaya, vatsala pitA dvivedI ko kitane loga jAnate hoge ? nizcaya hI sampAdaka dvivedI se yaha pitA dvivedI adhika mahAn thA / 14 1 " 1. isa sambandha meM 'haMsa' kA 'ani nandanAMka', 'bAlaka', kA dvivedI smRtiyaMka', 'dviva edI abhinandana grantha' 'sAhitya-sandeza' kA 'dvivedI-zaMka' aura 'sarasvatI' kA 'dvivedI 7 smRti-aMka' vizeSa draSTavya haiM ! 2. kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kAryAlaya meM racita / 3. rAya kRSNadAsa ko likhita patra, 'sarasvatI', bhA0 45, sa0 4, pR0 467 / * 'sarasvatI' bhA0 40 maM- 2 pR0 128 1

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OM va pada uddhRta karate hue utthAna nAva sAhaba kI tIkhI pratyAlocanA kii|' pravakta vaktavya ke parivartita rUpa meM dvivedI jI ne eka grantha ho likha DAlA - 'kauTilya kuThAra | 12 vivAda ke uparAnta bhI bahuta tadvivedI jI ne manA ke ghere meM, logo ke zrAgraha karane para bhI, padArpaNa nahIM kiyA / bahutadina bIta jAne para zyAmasundaradAsa ne patra likhakara kSamAprArthanA kI aura apane aparAdha kA mArjana karAyA / 4 balavAn samaya ne logoM kA manomAlinya dUra kara diyA / jaba dvivedI jI 19631 I0 kI janavarI me kAzI padhArata nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ne unheM abhinandana patra diyaa| kucha dina bAda zivapUjana sahAya ne prastAva kiyA ki dvivedI jo kI sattarI varSagATha ke zubha avasara para unake abhinandanArtha eka pantha prakAzita kiyA jaay| " 1. yaha pratyAlocanA kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kalAbhavana meM rakSita katagnoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai / 2. kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kalAbhavana meM rakSita 'kauTilyakuThAra', kA antima vaccheda isa prakAra haiM M "Apane apane hI muha me pane triyatya kI ghoSaNA kI hai| yaha bar3I khuzI kI bAta hai / isa varNAzramadharma-ddIna yuga me kauna aisA adhama hogA, jise yaha sunakara zrAnanda na ho ki Apa apanA dharma samajhate haiM / hama grApa ko kSatriyakulAvataMsa mAnakara raghu, dilIpa, dazaratha, viSThira, harizcandra aura karNa kI yAda dilAte haiM, aura baDe hI namrabhAva se prArthanA karate haiM, ki hamAre lekho meM kahI gaI mUla bAto kA raghu kI taraha udAratApUrvaka yudhiSThira kI taraha dharmamatA pUrvaka aura harizcandra kI taraha matyatApUrvaka vicAra kare, aura dekheM ki brAhmaNoM ke sAtha Apane koI kAma aisA to nahIM kiyA, jo ina kSatriya ziromaNiyoM ko svarga meM laTake / jina brAhmaNo ke lie kSatriyoM kA yaha siddhAnta thA ki "bhArata hU pA pariya tihAre " unhIM brAhmaNoM ko sabhA se nikAlane kI tajavIz2a meM grApa ne sahAyatA dI yA nahIM ? unhI brAhmaNo kI kitAva kA mukAbalA karane meM Apane dUne me kucha z2iyAdaha zabdo ko prAyaH tigunA batAyA yA nahIM ? brAhmaNo kI likhI huI pustaka unhIM ko na dikhAnA thApane nyAyya samajhA yA nahIM ? unhIM brAhmaNoM ke dvArA kI huI sabhA kI mevApara khAka DAlakara Apane unase ciTThiyoM taka kA mahasUla vasUla karake sabhA kI Ama danI bar3hAI yA nahI 1. yadi cApa ko sacamuca hI pazcAttApa ho to kahie -- punantu mA brAhmaNapAdareNavaH | usa samaya yadi zrApa ke sAre aparAdha sadA ke lie bhulA kara kSamApUrvaka ApakA DhAligana na kareM to Apa usa dina se hameM brAhmaNa na samajhie / 2. rAya kRSNadAma ko dvivekI jI kA patra 2.12 1610, 'sarasvatI', bhAga 45, saM0 4, pR0 466 4 dvivedI jo ke patra saM 163 kazI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAryAvaya atha bhUmikA pR ma

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phAlguna ma0 1648 ma samA ne dvivedI-abhinadA madha kA prakAzana nizcita karane apanI guNagrAhakatA aura hRdaya kI vizAlatA dikhalAI | mAmagrI ekatra kI gaI iMDiyana prema ne grantha ko niHzulka chApakara apanI maitrI aura udAratA kA paricaya diyA / vaizAmba, zukla 4, maM0 1660 ko abhinandanotsava sampanna huA / abhinandana ke samaya kucha logoM ne ima bAta kA bhI prayatna kyiA ki dvivedI jI kAzI na jAoN aura utsava asaphala rahe / pratyeka vighna vyartha siddha huA / yahI para yaha bhI kaha denA mamIcIna hogA ki zyAmasundara dAma cAhate the ki kAzI vizvavidyAlaya dvivedI jI ko DAkTara kI upAdhi de / utsava ke samaya unhoMne dvivedI jI se kahA ki zrApa apanA bhASaNa mAlavIya jI kI vaktRtA ke pazcAta par3hie / anuzAsana-pAlaka dvivedI jI ne bigaDa kara kahA ki yaha kAryakrama meM nahIM hai| rAmanArAyaNa mizra se jJAta huA ki dvivedI jI ke vaktavya kA prabhAva mAlavIya jI para acchA nahIM par3A / ' kadAcit isIlie dvivedI jI ko DAkTara kI upAdhi nahIM milii| abhinandanotsava ke samaya dvivedI jI ne eka banda liphAphA mabhA ko diyA thA aura zrAdeza kiyA thA ki yaha liphAphA aura patroM ke kucha baDala mere dehAvasAna ke uparAnta khole jaayeN| sabhA ne unakI prAjA kA pAlana kiyA / dvivedI jI kA svargavAsa hone para liphAphA aura baMDala khole ge| liphAphe meM do sau rUpAe the jo hi bedI jI ke nirdezAnusAra mabhA ke choTe naukaro vo puraskAra aura vetana ke rUpa meM vitarita kara die gae 2 dvivedI jI ke patra sabhA ke kAryAlaya me aAja mI surakSita hai / jisa sabhA ne dvivedI-kRta aAlocanAtrA kI nindA kI thI, mastA' kA jananA hAkAra bhI jisane umase apanA sambandha toDa dene kA kaThora aAdeza kiyA thA aura apanI patrikA meM sarasvatI' kI kavitA kI 'maha' kahakara usakI pratikUla aAlocanA kI zrI. umI mamA ne apane bAlocaka. dopadarzaka mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ke abhinandana kI prAyojanA kI aura use saphalatApUrvaka sampanna kiyA / mAhitya-devatA ke ekAnta upAsaka kI yathocita arcanA karake usane apane ko, dvivedI jI aura hindI-saMsAra ko dhanya pramArita kiyA / jima dvivedI jI ne eka dina nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kI khoja riporTa kI bhayaMkara aAlAcanA kI thI apanI Teka nibhAne ke liye anumodana kA anta' bara ke mabhA aura 'sarasvatI' kA mambandha vicchinna kara diyA thA, sabhA dvArA dI gaI cetAvanI, usake patra aura kora middhAnta 5 zyAmasundaradAsa kI 'merI kahAnI', sarasvatI'. agarata, 1641 I0. pR0 146 / 2. jaikaroM ke lie dAtavya puraskAra para hI dvivedI jI ne itanA pratibandha lagAyA thAyaha bAta nahI ma canI

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kI chIchAledara kI thI, usI dvivadI jI ne nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ko apanI samasta sAhityika sampatti kA mantrA uttarAdhikArI samajhA, apanA gRhapustakAlaya, 'sarasvatI' kI svIkRta asvIkRta racanAo kI hastalikhita mUla pratiyA, samAcArapatroM kI sAhityika vAdavivAda-sambandhI kataraneM, patra yAdi bahuta kucha sAmagrI sabhA ko dAna karake apanA aura sabhA kA gaurava baDhAyA / dvivedI jI aura samA ke sambandha kA itihAsa vastutaH dvivedI jI aura zyAmasundaradAsa - do sAhityika mahArathiyAM-- ke sambandha kI kahAnI hai jinake pArasparika premapradeza meM hI nahIM saMgrAmakSetra meM bhI rasa kI dhArA dRSTigata hotI hai| unake saMgharSa kI dhArA sundara pratIta hotI huI bhI vAstava meM sundara, pAvana aura kalyANakAriNI hai / unake vivAda sAmayika the, uname kisI bhI prakAra kI nIcatA yA durbhAva nahIM thA / isake akATya pramANa hai--sabhA dvArA dvivedI jI kA abhinandana, sabhA ko diyA gayA divavedI jI kA dAna aura usase bhI mahatvapUrNa hai ina donoM kA patra vyavahAra | abhinandanotsava meM paThita Atmanivedana ko divavedI jI ne kaI gvaDI. maM vibhAjita kiyA thA / eka khaMDa kA zIrSaka thA 'merI rasIlI pustake' | usameM unhoMne apanI dA prakAzita pustakAM - 'tammaNopadeza' aura 'sohAgarAta kI carcA kI thI / 'sohAgarAta' ke viSaya meM unhoMne nivedana kiyA thA- 'aisI pustaka jisake pratyeka pada me rasa kI nadI nahI to barasAtI nAlA z2arUra baha rahA thA / nAma bhI maine aisA cunA jaisA ki usa samaya usa rasa ke adhiSThAtA kI mI na sUjhA thA / ... Ajakala to vaha nAma vAjArU ho rahA hai aura apane alaukika AkarSaNa ke kAraNa nirdhanoM ko dhanI aura dhaniyoM ko dhanAdhIza banA rahA hai / apane bUDe mu~ha ke bhItara dhaMsI huI z2abAna se zrApa ke sAmane usa nAma kA ullekha karane hue mujhe bar3I lajjA mAlUma hogI, para pApoM kA prAyazcitta karane ke lie Apa paMcamamAjarUpI paramezvara ke sAmane zuddha hRdaya meM usakA nirdeza karanA hI par3egA / acchA to usakA nAma thA yA hai -- 'sohAgagata' / 15 dvivedI jI kI dharmapatnI ne una pustakoM ko azlIla samajha kara chapane nahIM diyA / unakI mRtyu ke uparAnta bhI unheM prakAzita karane meM dvivedI jI ne apanA aura sAhitya kA kalaMka samajhA---'"merI patnI ne to mujhe sAhitya ke usa paMkapayodhi meM DUbane se bacA liyA Apa bhI mere usa duSkRtya ko kSamA kara deM, to baDI kRpA ho / " 1 dvivedI jI ke dAna kI pUrNa sUcI pariziSTa saMkhyA 1 meM dI gaI hai 2 kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ka kAyAlaya meM racita patra sa0 016 se 124 taka

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sohAgarAta yA bahUrAnI ko mIkha ka racayitA kRbhAkAnta mAlavIya ra mitrA na unhe sujhAyA ki apane nivedana meM dvivedI jI ne zrApa para Apa kiyA hai / abhinandanotsava ke mamaya dvivedI jI ne paM. madanamohana mAlavIya ko bolane kA samaya nahIM diyA thaa| sambhavataH isa kAraNa bhI kRSNakAnta mAlavIya dvivedI jI meM asantuSTa the / unhoMne 45 jana 1633 I0 ke 'bhArata' meM 'merI rasIlI pustakeM lekha likhA jisameM dvivedI jI kI ukriyA kA gvaMina kiyA--... dvivedI jI kI ina bAtoM ko par3hakara vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM hindI ke vidvAnoM kA mAna kama hogA, ve kaheMge ki ye kahA par3e huye haiM / saMkma ke mAhitya ko ye pApa aura paMkapayodhi samajhate haiM / dvivedI jI isa avasara para yaha saba vahakara jaba ki cAro aora se vidvAno kI dRSTi unakI aura phirI huI thI, hindI-sAhityasaviyoM kI haMsI na karAte, unheM kapamaTTaka na siddha karate to acchA thaa| hindI vAle jinhe prAcArya kahakara pUjate haiM, usake vicAra ye hai. yaha jAnakara maMmAra vyA kahegA ?" ___ mAlavIyajI kA yaha AkSepa atiraMjita aura asaMgata thaa| apanI 'mohAgarAta' ke prati dvivedI jI ko kisI bhI prakAra kI dRr3hIbhUta dhAraNA rakhane kA adhikAra thA / aura unakI pustaka ko dekhe yA usake viSaya meM jJAna prApta kie binA usako AlocanA karanA mAlavIya jI kI anadhikAra ceSTA thI / imame tanika bhI mandeha nahIM ki yadi unakI 'mAhAgarAta' prakAzita ho jAtI to ve sAhitya ke paMkapayodhi me DUba jAte / yadi mAlavIya jI unakI pustaka dekha lie hote to isa prakAra kI locanahIna aAlocanA kadApi na krte| dvivedIjI ne ITa kA javAba patthara me diyA / 24 25 jUna, 33 I0 ke 'bhArata' meM unhAne 'kSamAprArthanA prakAzita kI jo zrAyopAnta vyaMgyoktiyo aura vyaktigata AkSepoM meM vyApta thii| 'mohAgarAta yA bahUrAnI kI sIkha' ke nAmakaraNa, usake lekhaka ke uddezya Adi kI aAlocanA tIkhI ataeva apriya, kintu satya thii| bArambAra kSamAprArthanA karake apane ko mUrkha aura mAlavIya jI ko vidvAn, apane ko TakApaMthIM aura unako tyAgazIla Adi kahakara unhe lajita karane kA amogha prayAsa kiyA / 2.7.33I0 ke 'bhArata' meM mAlagoya jI ne 'kSamAprA. thanA kA vitaMDAbAda, prakAzita kiyaa| usa pratyutara meM unhoMne dvivedI jI ke kSamAprArthanA Dhaga kI ucita AlocanA karake anta meM nivedana kiyA--" maine jo kucha ligvA usake lie me zrApa se vinItabhAva se kSamA mAgatA huuN| ..'aAzA hai Apa udAratA se vicAra kareMge aura yaha bhava limvana ke lie muke kSamA kara deMge aba isa sambandha meM maiM kucha likhaMgA bho nhiiN|" dvivaTI jI ne unakI prArthanA maunamA ma svAkAra kara lI

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75 / dvipadI jI ka sAhitya sammalana sambandhI patra vyavahAra sa sidva hai ki lAgA ka vArambAra aAgraha karane para bhI uhIna sammalana kA sabhApati va svIbta nahA kiyA 1 unake nivadana ko asvIkRta karate hue dvivedI jI tAro ke peTenTa uttara diyA karate the- asvasthatA ke kAraNa mvIkAra karane meM asamartha hai| kyA sammelana ke lie dvivedI jI sarvadA hI asvastha rahe ? jo vyakti asvastha rahakara bhI asAdhAraNa aura ghora parizrama dvArA 'sarasvatI' kA itanA sundara sampAdana kara sakatA thA, kyA vaha sammelana ke mabhApatitva ke lie apanA kucha samaya aura zakti nahIM de sakatA thA ? unakA savAsthya ThIka nahIM thA, 'sarasvatI' kA kArya hI unakI pati se adhika thA, Adi kAraNa yadi nigadhAra nahIM to gauNa avazya dhe| unake patra kI nimnAkita rUparevA jyAna dene yogya hai--- 0.."mere sivA kisI anya vyakti ke aAsIna hone meM sabhApati ke zrAsana kA yatheSTa gaurava na hogA-ityAdi aApakI uktiyAM bhramajAta nahI to kautUhalavarddhaka avazya hai / yadi mai bhUlatA nahIM to kalakatte meM pahale bhI sammelana ho cukA hai aura usa sammelanakA adhipati koI aura hI thA para na to kalakatte meM hindIpremI nirAza hI hue, na hindI sAhitya kI lAja hI gaI aura na bagalA ke vidvAno kI dRSTi me mammelana ke sabhApati ke pada kA gaurava trama hushraa| apanI isa dhAraNA ke pratikUla mujhe to kisI kA koI lekha yA kisI kA koI vaktavya par3hane yA sunane ko nahIM milaa| mujhe to saba tarapha se saphalatA hI saphalatA ke samAcAra mile / ataeva zrApa kA bhaya nirmula jAna par3atA hai / svAgatakAriNI mamA khuzI saM kimI anya vyakti ko sabhApati varaNa kre|| sammelana ke sabhApati kA pada prApta karane ke lie apane manonIta sajanA ke pakSapAtiyoM me, gata varSa taka, paraspara vyaMgyavacanoM kI bauchAra, aziSTAcAra, AkSepa-prakSepa aura yadAkadA gAlI galauja taka hotA AyA hai / Izvara ne bar3I kRpA kI jo merA nairogya nAza karake mujhe aime pada kI prApti ke yogya hI na rAnA / vinaya mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI "2 ima patra ke antima do bAkya vizeSa mahatva ke hai / unase spaSTa pramANita hai ki sammelana 1. ka. nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kalAbhavana meM rakSita patra-vyavahAra kA baMDala / / kha. dvivedI jI ke patra aura aneka patroM kI rUpa-rekhAeM, , . , saMkhyA.34. 35. 47, zrAdi, nA0 0 sabhA kAryAlaya kaashii| 2 dvimedI jI ke patra kI rUpa rekhA 10 2 21 I0 kAzI nAgarI pracArisI samA

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* upayukta dUApata vAta paraNa prAta dvivada jI 7 mana ma aganta ghRNA thI 7 tama prakAra ra viDambanA gRNa bAjAma jIgna grAra unakI thukka phajIta sa dUra ranpara / ekAnta bhAva sa mAhinyasaMvA karanA cAhate the / hindI sAhitya-sammelana kA terahavA adhivezana kAnapura meM hone vAlA thaa| dvivedI jI sArvajanika bhIr3abhakkar3a aura sabhA-mamAjI se virata jIva the / unheM sAhitya-sammelana ke janamammaTa me ravIca lAnA mahaja na thA / svAgatakAriNI samiti kA adhyakSa banAne ke vicAra se lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI Adi unheM manAne gae / yadyapi 'pAryamitra' ke sampAdaka bAjapeyIjI ne AryasamAja kI ora se dvivedI jI ke viruddha bahuta kucha liyA aura chApA thA tathApi udArahRdaya dvivedI jI ne isa para koI dhyAna nahIM diyaa| una logoM ke vizeSa aAgraha para kisI prakAra anumati de dii| 30 mArca, 1633 I. ko unhoMne svAgatAdhyakSa-pada me apanA bhASaNa paDhA / zailI kI dRSTi ne unakA yaha bhASaNa unakI samasta racanAoM meM apanA nijI sthAna rakhatA hai jisake samakakSa unakA koI anya legya yA bhASaNa nahIM yA makA hai / unakI bhASA aura zelI kA zrAdarza isI meM hai| zrArambha meM upacAra aura kAnapura kI sthiti ke sambandha me kucha zabda kahane ke anantara unhona hindI bhASA aura sAhitya kI mI pradhAna yAvazyaktAzro aura unakI pUrti ke upAyo kI aora hindI-jAna vA vyAna AkRSTa kiyA / mAhitya-sammelana ke sadasyA meM bahuta dinoM meM dvivedI jI kA abhindana karane kI carcA cala rahI thI / zrInAtha miha ne prastAva kiyA ki prayAga meM eka mAhityika mele kA Ayojana karake usame dvivadIjI kA abhinandana kiyA jAya / zrI candra zambara aura kanhaiyAlAla jI aiDaboTa ne unakA samarthana kiyaa| man 1932 I0 kI 4 mitambara kI baiThaka meM gopAla zaraNa siMha, kanhaiyAlAla dhIrendra varmA, rAmaprasAda tripAThI Adi ne mele kA nizcaya kiyaa| dvivedI jo ne apanI gAya mele ke viruddha ttii|' isakA samAcAra munakara unhe kaSTa bhI huA / isa male ko unhoMne apanA upahAma samajhA aura rokane kI zrAjA dI 17 bahuta vAdavivAda aura 1. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, saMkhyA 2, pRSTa 150 / 2. "bhArata', 118.32 I0 / 3. sAtAhika 'pratApa', 28. 8. 32 I. aura 'lIDara', 8, 6. 30 I.. / 4. 'pratApa', 6 6. 32 I0 / 5 daulatapura meM rakSita devIdana zukra kA patra, 20. 10. 32 I0 / 6, daulatapura meM rakSita zrInAtha siMha kA patra, 28. 10. 32 I0 / * daulatapura meM racita ka yAlAla kA patra 3010 32 i.

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ligbA-paDhI ke pazcAta unhAne apanI mammati de dii| 4.5.6. maI, 1633 I0 ko mele kA utsava manAyA gayA 150 madanamohana mAlavIya ne udaghATana aura DA. gagAnAtha jhA ne sabhApatinva kiyA / sI0 vAi0 cintAmaNi, jasTisa umAzakara bAjapeyI zrAdi mahAna vyakti bhI maMca para virAjamAna the / apane bhASaNa meM DA. jhA ne dvivedI jI ko avarudva kaMTha meM apanA guru svIkAra kiyA aura unakA caraNa-sparza karane ke lie muka paDe / dvivedI jI jhaTa kurmI choDakara alaga jA bar3e hue| samasta janatA isa dRzya ko matramugdha kI bhA~ti degvatI rahI / Avega zAnta hone para dvivedI jI ne kahA"bhAiyo, jisa mamaya DAkTara gaMgAnAtha jhA merI aora baDhe, maine mocA, yadi pRthvI phaTa jAtI aura mai usameM mamA jAtA to acchA hotA !"2 pazcimIya dezo ke lie yaha melA koI nUtana vastu bhale hI na ho parantu hindI-saMsAra ke lie to yaha nirAlA dRzya thA / hindI-premiyo ne to isa mele kA Ayojana kiyA thA apane mAhitya ke ananya pujArI dvivedI jI kI pUjA karane ke lie parantu apane vaktavya meM dvivedI jI ne isakA kucha aura hI kAraNa batalAyA--- "aApa ne kahA hogA-bUr3hA hai, kuladruma he, aAdhi-vyAdhiyoM meM vyathita hai, ni.nahAya hai, sutadAra aura bandhu-bAndhavA me rahita hone ke kAraNa nigazraya hai ! lAyo, ina apanA Azrita banA le / apane prema, apanI dayA aura apanI sahAnubhUti ke sUcaka isa mele ke mAtha isake nAma kA yoga karake isa kucha mAntvanA dane kA prayatna kare, jisameM ise mAlUma hone lage ki merI bhI hitacintanA karane vAle aura zAntidAna kA sandeza sunAne vAle sajana maujUda hai'| dvivedI jI apanI zAlInatA aura mRjutA kI rakSA ke lie cAhe jo kucha kaDe, dvivedI-male ke prabandhako ne isa abhUtapUrva yAjanA dvArA apane mAhila-prema kA paricaya dekara hindI kA mastaka UMcA kiyaa| kavi- sammelana ke avamara para 'kucha chichore chokarI'4 ke vizna karane para bhI mele kI maphalatA meM koI antara nahIM paDA / dvivedI jI ke AdezAnumAra mAtRbhASA kI mahattA' viSaya para eka nibandha pratiyogitA kI gaI aura unakA pradatta nA kapae kA puraskAra : maI, 34 i0 ko saiyada amIra alI mIra ko pradAna kiyA gayA / " 1. ka. daulatapura meM rakSita kanhaiyAlAla kA patra 6.11. 32 I0 / ___ kha mele ke samaya dvivedI jI kA bhASaNa, pRSTa / 2 'sarasvatI'. bhAga 40, maMgyA 2, pRSTa 164 / / 3. mele ke avasara para dvivedI jI kA bhASaNa, pR. 6 / 4 bhArata 5 6 33 I. 5 bhArata 16 1 340

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apane zimalA adhivazana ma hindI sAhitya ne dvigdI jI kA sAhitya bAcaspati' kI upAdhi dii|' paMDita mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI kI mAhityika kRtiyA adholikhata hai--- pachaH anUdita 1. vinaya-vinoda-racanAkAla 1888 I0, bhatRhari ke vairAgyazataka' kA dohA meM anuvAda / 2. vihAra-vATikA-1860 I0, saMskRta vRttI me jayadeva ke 'gItagovinda kA maMkSipta bhAvAnuvAda / 3. snehamAlA-1860 I0, bhatRhari ke zRMgArazataka' kA doho meM anuvAda / 4. zrImahimnastotra-1885 I0 me anUdita kintu 1865 I0 me prakAzita, saMskRta ke mahimnastotram kA saMskRta vRttI meM maTIka hindI anuvAda / 5 gaMgAlaharI-1861 I0, paMDitarAja jagannAtha kI 'gaMgAlaharI' kA sabaiyo meM anuvAda / 6. RtutaraMgiNI-286 I0, kAlidAsa ke 'RtumahAra' kI chAyA lekara 'devanAgarI chando me paDaRtu varNana' / upayukta kRtiyoM kI dvivedI-likhita bhUmikAoM se siddha hai ki unhoMne mUla saMskRta racanAo kI kAvyamAdhurI kA zrAsvAda karAne aura hindI me saskRta vRttoM kA pracAra varAne ke lie hI ye anuvAda prastuta kie| 7. sohAgarAta--(aprakAzita) 1600 I0, aMgreja kavi bAirana ke "brAiDala nAiTa' kA chAyAnuvAda / 8 kumArasambhavasAra--- 6.02 I0, kAlidAma ke 'kumArasambhavam' ke prathama pAca sagargoM kA padyAtmaka sArAza / gvaDIbolI padya meM kAlidAma ke bhAvoM kI vyaMjanA kA aAdarza upasthita karane ke lie hI dvivedI jI ne isa anuvAda pustaka kI racanA kI thii| maulika 1 devI-stuti-zataka-1862 I0, gaNAtmaka chando me caMDI kI stuti / 2. kAnyakubjalIvratam - 1868 I0, kAnyakuJja-samAja para tIkhA vyaMgya / 3 samAcArapatrasampAdakastavaH-- 1868 I0, sampAdakoM para AkSepa / 4 nAgarI-1600 I0, nAgarI-viSayaka cAra kavitAoM kA saMgraha / 1 sAhitya sammelana kA patra mitI saura 1 5 1915 daulatapura meM rakSita

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5 kA yamanUSA 103 I0 1867 40 me 1602 i. taka racita maskata aura hindI kI maulika phuTakala kavitAzrA kA samraha / 6. kAnyakubja-abalA-vilApa-1607 I0, kAnyakunja-mamAja kI vivAha-mambandhI kuprathAoM para AkSepa / 7. sumana-~-1623 I0, 'kAvyamaMjUpA' kA bhaMzodhita maMskaraNa / 8. dvivedI-kAvyamAlA--1640 I0, dvivedI jI ko upayukta racanAoM aura prAyaH anya mamasta kavitAoM kA saMgraha / ____ kavitA-kalApa-~~606 I0, dvivedI jI dvArA mampAdita, mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI, rAya devI prasAda pUrNa nAthurAma 'zaMkara', kAmatA prasAda guru aura maithilI zaraNa gupta kI kavitAoM kA prAyaH macitra maMgraha / gadya anUdita 1 bhAminI-bilAma--- 1861 I0. saMskRta-kavi paMDitarAja jagannAtha kI saMskRta pustaka 'bhAminI-vilAsa' kA samUla anuvAda / yaha dvivedI jI kI prAraMbhika gadyabhASA kA eka sundara udAharaNa haiM | 2 amRta-laharI--- 1866 I0, ukta paMDitagaja ke 'yamunAstotra' kA samUla bhAvAnuvAda / 'bhAminI-bilAma 'aura' amRta-laharI' kI bhUmikAoM meM spaSTa hai ki dvivedI jI ne kevala hindI jAnane vAlo ko mUla saMskRta racanAo kI sarama vANI kI aAnandAnubhUti kagane ke lie hI ye anuvAda kie| saundarya kI dRSTi meM ina kRtiyoM kA krAI mahattva nahIM hai kinu dvivedI jI kI bhASA ke vikAsa kA adhyayana karane meM ye vizapa upayogI hai / Aja vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi me amaMgata kahI jAne vAlI tatkAlIna aneka vyApaka pravRttiyoM kA ina racanAzrI meM darzana hotA hai| 3- bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI-186 I. meM likhita zrAra 1601 I0 meM prakAzita, aMgrejI ke prasiddha legvaka bekana ke nibandho kA anuvAda / bekana ke 56 nbindhoM meM se 23 ko dvivI jI ne yaha kaha kara chor3a diyA hai ki unakA viSaya vastutaH aisA hai jo etaddezIya jano ko tAdRza rocaka nahIM hai| unakA yaha kathana yuktiyukta nahA hai | OF Ambition, Of Fame' Adi nibandha paryApta muMdara tathA upayogI haiM / aura anUdita hAne cAhie~ 5 / pATaTippaNI meM die gae aitihAsika nAmoM ke saMkSipta vivaraNa aura estakAnta ma vyaktivAcaka nAmA kI sUcI ne anavAda kI upayogitA kA aura mI batA

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diyA hai vakana ke niyadhA aura samkRta ke subhASita zlokA kA ekavAkyatA dikhalAna lie pratyeka nibandha ke zIrSa para eka yA do zloka bhI uddhata kie gae hai / ina zloko nibandho kI bhAti vicArAtmaka mAmagrI nahIM hai, ye vicAroM ke niSkarSa mAtra haiM | 4 zikSA---1606 I0, prasiddha tatvavettA harbarTa spesara kI 'ejyUkaMzana' nAmaka pustaka ka anubAda / usa samaya mamUce deza meM zikSA kI durdazA yI / magaThI, baMgalA zrAni meM to isa viSaya para grantharacanA ho rahI thI kintu hindI isase vaMcita thI / maulika racanAtra kI pratIkSA na karake dvivedI jI ne anuvAda ke dvArA hI ita abhAva kI pRtikA prathAma kiyaa| isa grantha meM buddhi, zarIra aura caritra kI mamaMjama zikSA kI vistRta vivecanA kI gaI hai / ThIka ThIka arthagrahaNa karAne ke lie, anuvAdaka dvivedI ne vyAkhyA ke bIca me hI vyaktivAcaka nAmo kA kucha paricaya bhI de diyA hai / unhoMne jina nAmo ko parivartanIya mamajhA haiM unake sthAna para hindI-bhApiyoM ke paricita bhAratIya nAmoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| apane vicAroM ko puSTi aura prAmAvika abhinyakti karane ke lie AvazyakatAnusAra apane yahA ke prAcIna tathA arvAcIna udAharaNoM kI yojanA kI hai / mUla lekha ke gRDha bhAcA ko unhone 'arthAta' zrAdi ke prayogo dvArA savistAra mamajhAne kI ceSTA kI hai| pAribhApika kaThina zabdoM ko yA to nikAla diyA hai yA aAvazyakatAnusAra uma abanacheda ke aAzaya ko manamAnI zabdo dvArA vyakta kiyA hai| 5 svAdhInatA-~-1607 I0 jaoNna sTuarTa mila ke 'graoNna libaTI' nibandha kA anuvAda ___ isa grantha meM prastAvanA aura mUla lenvakra kI jovanI ke pazcAt vicAra aura vivecanA kI svAdhInatA. vyaktivizeSatA, vyakti para samAja ke adhikAra kI mImA aura inake prayoga kI samIkSA hai / mila ke dIrgha jaTila aura kliSTa vAkyoM ke sthAna para dvivedI jI ke vAkya choTe, sarala aura subodha haiM / isa bhAvAnuvAda kI bhASA urdU mizrita - hindI aura zailI vaktRtAtmaka tathA 'arthAta' zrAdi prayogoM meM vyApta hai| 6 jala cikitmA-~-1607 I0, jarmana lekhaka luI kone . kI jarmana pustaka ke aMgarejo anuvAda kA anuvAda / 7 hindo-mahAbhArata----1608 I., saMskRta-'mahAbhArata' kI kathA kA hindI rUpAntara / 8. raghuvaMza-1912 I0, kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza' mahAkAvya kA hindI gadya meM bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda , veNI-saMhAra----1613 I0, saMskRta-kavi bhaTTanArAyaNa ke 'veNIsaMhAra' nATaka kA zrAkhyA yikA ke rUpa meM anuvAda / 0 kumAra-sambhava J1950 kAliMdAma ke mAra-mamma' kA anavAda

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L - 1 ] 11 meghadUta 1117 I0 kAlidAma meM meghatam kA gayA maka anuvAda 12. kirAtArjunIya --- 1617 I0, bhAravi ke 'kirAtArjunIyama' kA gadyAnuvAda | uparyukta uttama aura lokapriya kAvyoM ke gadyAnuvAda kA uddeza yA tilismI, jAsUmI aura aiyArI grAdi upanyAsoM ke kuprabhAva ko rokanA aura AkhyAyikA-rUpa me sundara paThanIya sAmagrI dekara hindI pAThakoM kI patanonmukha ruci kA pariSkAra karanA / ye anuvAda grasaMskRtaja hindI pAThako ko kAnnidAsa bhAravi bhaTTanArAyaNa Adi mahAkaviyoM kI racanA, vicAraparamparA aura varNanavaicitrya ke sAtha hI sAtha bhArata kI prAcIna sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanaitika vyavasthA meM bhI paricita karate haiM / ye manoraMjaka bhI haiM aura jJAnaprada bhI / inakI aitihAsika eva sAhityika viziSTatA tathA mahattA kA jJAna tulanAtmaka samIkSA dvArA hI ho sakatA hai / jima samaya dvivedI jI ne 'raghuvaMza' kA anuvAda kiyA thA usa samaya hindI meM usake cAra anuvAda vidyamAna the / lAlA sItA rAma tathA paDita sarayU prasAda mizra ke padyabaddha aura rAjA lakSmaNa siMha evaM paMDita jvAlA prasAda mizra ke gadyAtmaka | ye anuvAda bhASA aura bhAva sabhI dRSTiyoM meM hona the / ' kirAtArjunIya kA bhASAntara karate samaya dvivedI jI ne zrInArAyaNa citale eNDa kampanI ke marAThI, bAbU navIna candra dAsa ke baMgalA, meharA harilAla naramiha rAma vyAsa ke gujarAtI aura zrI gurunAtha vidyAnidhi bhaTTAcArya ke baMgalA1 udAharaNArtha kAlidAsa kA mUla zloka thA- - tau snAtakarbandhumatAca rAjA purantribhizca kramaza: prayuktama | kanyAkumArau kanakAsanasthAvArdrAkSatAropaNamanvabhUtAm 'ghuvaMza', 7, 28 / rAjA lakSmaNamiha ne anuvAda kiyA- sone ke Asana para baiThe hue ina dUlhA-dulahina ne snAtakoM kA aura bAndhavAM sahita rAjA kA aura patiputrAliyoM kA bArI bArI se thAle dhAna bonA dekhA / jvAlAprasAda ne anuvAda kiyA sone ke sihAsana para baiThe hue, vaha bara aura badhU snAtakoM aura kuTumbiyoM sahita rAjA kA tathA pati aura putra vAliyoM kA krama krama se gIle dhAna bonA dekhate hue / dvivedI jI kA anuvAda - isake anantara mone ke sihAsana para baiThe hue vara aura vadhU ke sira para rocanAraMjita rgale akSata le gae pahale snAtaka gRhastha netAle phira bandhubAndhava sahita rAtra ne phira patiputravatI parAsinI striyA na

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hindI kA lAkana kiyA thA isa hidI anunAda kI bhI dazA atyanta zopanIya 1 dvivedI jI ke ina anuvAdA kI mApA prAjala aura vodhagamya, zabdasthApanA gauNa tathA bhAva hI pradhAna hai| bhAvoM kI sundara abhivyakti ke lie zabdoM ke chor3ane aura jor3ane me unhone svacchandatA meM kAma liyA hai| grAvAlavRddhavanitA sabake paThanayogya banAne ke lie vizeSa zRMgArika sthaloM kA yA to parityAga kara diyA hai yA parivartita rUpa meM prakArAntara meM ullekha kiyA hai / viziSTa saMskRta- padAvalI ke kAraNa camatkArapUrNa zlokoM ke anuvAda meM mUla kI sarasatA kI rakSA nahIM ho sakI hai| bhAvAntara ke isa asambhava kArya ke lie anuvAdaka tanika bhI dopI nahIM hai| ekAdha sthaloM para dvivedI jI dvArA kiyA gayA grartha sundara nahIM jacatA / phira bhI, isake kAraNa, unake anuvAdoM kI mahattA aura upayogitA meM 1. yathA- gAMgaNa zeparAdhi ke vivaraNa sthAna meM pratyAvartana karane vega se bhUpatha dauDa nahIM sakatI thIM 2. yathA - 'priyAnitamvocitasanniveze:' (vaMza, 6, 7), duryodhana aura mAnumatI kA vilAsa (beNImahAra, aMka 2) Adi chor3a die gae hai / 3 yathA - nanonanunno nunnono nAnA nAnAnanA nanu / tunno nunno nanunneno nAnno sunnamunnata // daaifafa araDhe vAhikAnvavakAhi vA / kAkAre samare kAkA nisvabhavyavyamasvani // vikAzamIyurjagatIzamArgaNA vikAzamIyurjagatIzamArjayAH / vikAzamIyurjagatIzamArgaNA vikAzamIyurjagatIzamArgaNAH || ***** 4. yathA -- kAlidAsa kI mUla paMkti thI- haricakreNa tenAsya kaMThe niSkamivArpitam / 15, 18 / 35. 25 / 15, 52 / ku0 ma0, marga 2 | dvivedI jI ne artha kiyA- "kaMTha kATa denA to dUra rahA vaha cakra vahA~ para vaise hI kucha dera cipakA rahA aura tAraka ke kaMTha kA zrApa bana gayA / " surdazana kA tAraka ke kaMTha meM cipaka kara niSka (kaMThahAra) kI bhA~ti zrabhUpa bananA sarvathA asaMbhava aura asaMgata jaMcatA hai / isameM koI maudarya nahIM hai| upayukta pakti kA artha isa prakAra honA cAhie tAraka ke kaMTha ko kATane meM zramamartha cakrasurdazana usake kaMTha ke cAroM aura TakarAtA rhaa| isa Takkara se utpanna cinagAriyoM ne tAraka ke kaMTha se camakatA huA hara sA pahanA diyA | kAlidAsa ke mIma va kase karate hue mAgha ne likhA

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koI atara nahI paDatA 13 prAcIna paDita aura kapi 1618 i0, anya bhASAno ke lekhA ra AdhAra para bhavabhUti aAdi prAcIna kaviyoM aura paMDito kA paricaya / 14. AkhyAyikA-mAtaka.--.-1627 I0, anya bhASAoM kI AkhyAyikAnoM kI chAyA lekara - lignita mAta aAkhyAyikAnoM kA saMgraha / maulika 1. taruNopadeza-1864 I0 aprakAzita aura daulatapura meM rakSita kAmazAstra para upadezAtmaka . grny| 2. hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga kI mamAlocanA--1866 I0 / 3 naipadhacarita carcA--1600 I0, zrIpaligvita 'neSadhIyacaritam' nAmaka maMskRta-kAvya kI paricayAtmaka aaalocnaa| 4 hindI kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA-1601 I0, lAlA sItArAmakRta 'kumArasambhava bhASA, 'meghadUta bhApA' aura 'raghuvaza bhASA' kI tIndI smaalocnaa| 5 vaijJAnika kopa--1601 I0 / - 6. nATyazAstra--1603 I. meM likhita kintu 1610 I0 meM prakAzita pustikA / 7. vikramAkadevacaritacarcA--1607 I0, saMskRta-kavi bilhaNa ke 'vikramAkadevacaritam' kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA / 8. hindI bhASA kI utpatti--1607 I0 / 6. sampattizAstra----1607 I0 / isa grantha meM dvivedI jI ne sampatti ke svarUpa, vRddhi, vinimaya, vitaraNa aura upayoga evaM vyAvamAyika bAto, sAstra, beMkiga, bImA, vyApAra, kara tathA dezAntaragamana kI vistRta vyAkhyA aura samIkSA kI hai / aMgrejI, marAThI, baMgalA, gujarAtI aura urdU ke aneka grantho se sahAyatA lene para bhI unhoMne maulika DhaMga se viSayavivecana kiyA hai| ativistAra, kliSTatA aura jaTilatA ke bhaya se unhone sampattizAstra-jAtAyo ke vAdavivAda kI mamIkSA nahIM kI hai aura pazcimIya siddhAnto ko vahIM taka mAnA hai jahA~ taka unheM bhAratakelie lAmadAyaka samajhA hai| aAja bhI, hindI-mAhitya ke itanA Age bar3ha jAne para bhI, dvivedI jI kA 'sampattizAstra' pUrvavat upAdeya aura paThanIya hai.| padacchilAniSThura, vikImlolAgnikaNaM suradviSa / jagatpamorapa na cakra zizupAlavadha' maga 1

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/ 84 / 10. kauTilya-kuThAra--1607 I0, aprakAzita aura kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kalAbhavana me rakSita / / 11. kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA--1611 I0 me pustakAkAra prakAzita / 12. hindI kI pahalI kitAba-- 1611 I0 ] 13. loara prAimarI rIDara bAlopayogI nathA 14. apara prAimarI rIDara skUlI rIDareM 15. zikSA-saroja 16 bAlabodha yA varNabodha 17 jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola 18, avadha ke kisAno kI brbaadii| 26 vanitA-vilAsa--1618 I0. sarasvatI' meM mabhaya mamaya para prakAzita videzI aura ___bhAratIya nAriyo ke jIvana-caritoM kA saMgraha / 20. praudyogikI- 1620 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekho kA maMgraha / 21, rasajJaraMjana-1620 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita sAhityika legvA kA saMgraha / ima saMgraha kA dUsarA lekha zrIyuta vidyAnAtha (kAmatA pramAda guru) kA hai / 22. kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA--1620 I0, sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM kA aMgraha / 23 sukavi-saMkIrtana--1622 I0, 'marasvatI' meM prakAzita kariyo aura vidvAnoM ke jIvana crit| 24. terahava hindI-sAhitya-sammelana (kAnapura adhivezana) ke svAgatAdhyakSa pada se bhASaNa, 1623 ii.| 25 atIta-smRti-1623.24 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM kA saMgraha / 26 sAhitya-sandarbha- 1624 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhA kA maMgraha / 25. adbhuta-bAlApa- ,, ,, 28 mahilA-moda--1625 I0, striyopayogI lekho kA saMgraha / 26. zrAvyAtmikI-- 1626 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekho kA saMgraha / 30. vaicitrya-citraNa-- " " 31. sAhityAlApa-- " " " 32 vijJa-vinoda--- 33 kovida-kIrtana---1627 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita vidvAno ke saMkSipta jIvana-caritoM kA sNgrh| - . 34 videzI vidvAn 1927I sarasvatI' meM prakAzita vidvAnoM ke saMkSipta jIvana caritA

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kA sagraha 35. prAcIna-cinha---'sarasvatI' ma prakAzita lekhA kA magraha / 36. carita-caryA--1627 I0 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita jIvanacaritA kA maMgraha / 37. purAvRtta- ,, , . , lemvA legvA " 38 dRzya-darzana-1628 I0 ., 36. aAlocanAjali-- , , , , 40. mamAlocanAsamuccaya-. . legvAjali- ., 42. carita-citraNa-1626 I. jIvanacaritA 43. pugatantra pramaMga- lembo , 44. mAhitya-mIkara- ,, 15. vijJAnabArtA-1630 I0 , , , 46. vAgvilAma-16.30 I0, 'marasvatI' meM prakAzita lekho kA sNgrh| 47. sakalana-1931 I., 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita legvA kA saMgraha / 48 vicAra-vimarza-1631 I0, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekho aura TippaNiyoM kA saMgraha / 46 Atma-nivedana-1633 I0, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA dvArA kie gae abhinandana ke avasara pr| 5. bhASaNa-1633 I0, prayAga meM Ayojita dvivedI mele ke avasara para / kula racanAe~-811 1 dvivedI jI kI racanAyo kI sUcI prastuta karane meM nimnAkita sUciyoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai-- 'haMsa' ke 'dvivedI-abhinandanAka' meM ziva pUjana sahAya ne dvivedI jI kI racAnAno kI eka sUcI prastuta kI hai| usame unhone likhA hai ki maiMne apanI aura yajadatta zukla bI0 e0 kI sUcI milAkara dvivedI jI ke pAsa bhejI thI aura usameM dvivedI jI ne yatra tatra saMzodhana bhI kiyA / ziva pUjana sahAya kA etatsambandhI patra (27. 3. 33 I.) daulata-pura meM rakSita hai vaha saMzodhita mUcI 'haMsa' ke upayukta aMka meM isa prakAra dI gaI hai-- 1. devI-stuti mahimna-stotra 5 sneha-mAlA 7 kAnya majUSA 2. vinava-vinoda 4 gagA laharI 6 vihAra-bATikA 8 kamAra-mambhara-mAra

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6 kavitA-kalApa (saMpAdita) 10. mumana (kAvya-maMjUSA kA saMzodhita saMskaraNa) 11 amRta-laharI----yamunA laharI kA anuvAda / gadya 1 bhAminI-bilAma 2. bekana-vicAra ratnAvAlI 3. hindI kAlidAsa kI namAlocanA 4. hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA 5. atIta-smRti 6. svAdhInatA 7. zikSA 8. sampattizAstra 6. nATyazAstra 10 hindI bhASA kI utpatti 11. hindI-mahAbhArata 12. raghuvaza '13. meghadUta 14. kumArasaMbhava 15. kirAtArjunIya 16. naipadhacarita carcA 17. vikramAkadevacaritacarcA 18. kAlidAma kI niraMkuzatA 16. aAlocanAjali 20. AkhyAyikA-maptaka 26. kovida-kIrtana 22 videzI-vidvAna 23. jalacikitsA 24. prAcIna-cinha 25. carita-caryA 26. pugavRtta 27. loara prAimArI rIDara 28 apara prAimarI rIDara * 26. zikSA-saroja rIDara 5 bhAga 30. bAlabodha.yA varNabodha prAimara 31. jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola 32 prAdhyAtmikI 33. audyogikI 34. rasajJarajana 35. kAlidAsa 36. vaicitrya-citraNa 37. vijJAna-vArtA 38. caritacitraNa 3. vijJa-vinoda 40. samAlocanA-samuccaya 41 vAgvilAsa 42. mAhitya-sandarbha 43 vanitA-vilAma 44 mahilA-mAda 45 adbhuta-bAlApa 46. sukavi-saMkIrtana 46. prAcIna paMDita aura kavi 48. maMkalana 46. vicAra vimarza 50. purAtava-pramaMga 51 sAhityAlApa 5. lemvAjali

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5.3 e 55. zravadha ke kisAnoM kI barabAdI 57 abhinandana ke samaya Atmanivedana isa sUcI meM dvivedI jI kI sabhI 54 dRzya-zana 56. kAnapura ke sAhitya sammelana meM svAgatAdhyakSapada me bhASaNa prakAzita tathA aneka prakAzita racanAeM choDa dI gaI haiM / isakI prAmANikatA isa bAta meM hai ki isameM parigaNita sabhI kRtiyA dvivedI jI kI } hI L 87 1 dUsarI toca sUco prema nArAyaNa TaDana - kRta 'dvivedI - mImAmA ' kI hai. 1 vinaya-vinoda 2 vihAra-vATikA 6 3 snehamAlA 5. gaMgA-laharI 7 mahimnastotra 6 kAvya-maMtryA 11 sumana 13 bekana - vicAra - ratnAvalI 15 padhacaritacarcA 17 hindI zikSAvannI tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA 18 vaijJAnika kopa 20 jalantrikitsA 22 svAdhInatA 24 hindI bhASA kI utpatti 26 sapatizAstra 28 vaMza 30 meghadUta 32 zrAlIcanAja li 24 kovida - kIrtana 36 prAcIna - cinha purAvRtta 80 apara prAimarI - vo vo AyAmikI 4 Rtu-taraMgiNI 6 devI stuti - zataka kumArasambhava-mAra 10 kavitA-kalApa 12 amRta laharI 14 mAminI- vilAma 16 hindI kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA 16 nATyazAstra 20 zikSA 23 vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA 25 hindI mahAbhArata 27 kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA 26 kumArasaMbhava 31 kirAtArjunIya 33 vyAkhyAyikA sAtaka 35 videzI vidvAn 37 cagni-caryA 36 lothara prAimarI rIDara 41 zikSA-mageja 43 jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola 85 zrayoginI

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/ 88 } nIna aprakAzata pustakeM 1. tanNopadeza. hindI me abhI taka koI aisI pustaka nahI likhI gaI thI jo taruNoM ko svAsthya, saMyama aura brahmacaryapAlana kA mArga dikhAkara unheM aniSTa kRtyoM se bacA sake / 1864 I0 me 'taruNopadeza' kI racanA karake dvivedI jI ne ima abhAva kI sundara pRti kI / parantu 'rasIlI' aura 'azlIla' samajhI jAne ke kAraNa yaha pustaka chapI nahIM / 210 pRSTho kI hastaligvita pustaka 4 adhikaraNoM meM vibhAjita hai / sAmAnyAdhikaraNa ke 7 paricchedo meM tAruNya, puruSoM meM kyA kyA striyoM ko priya hotA hai, vivAhakAla, dAmpatyasaMgama, icchAnukula putra athavA kanyotpAdana, apatyapratibandha aura santAna na hone ke kAraNa, vIryAdhikaraNa ke tIna paricchedA meM vIryavarNana, brahmacarya kI hAniyA~ aura atipramaMga kI hAniyA, aniSTa vidAdhikaraNa ke cAra paricchedo ma niSiddha meMthuna, hastamethuna, vezyAgamana-niSedha tathA madyaprAzana 46 rasajJarajana 47 kAlidAsa 48 vaicitrya-citraNa 46 vijJAna-vArtA 50 caritacitraNa 51 vijJa-vinoda 52 mamAlocanA-samuccaya 53 vAgviAlAsa 54 mAhitya-sandarbha 55 vanitA-vilAsa 56 sukuvi-saMkIrtana 57 prAcIna paMDita aura kavi 58 sakalA 56 vicAra-vimarza 60 purAtanva-pramaMga 61 mAhityAlA 62 legvAjali 63 sAhitya-sIkara 64 dRzya-darzana 65 avadha ke kisAnoM kI barabAdI 66 vaktRtva kalA 67 aAtma-nivedana 68 veNImahAranATaka 66.70 spensara kI jJeya aura ajJeya mImAsAyeM ___ isa sUcI ke bhI kucha doSa samAlocya haiM / lekhaka ne dvivedI jI kI kisI bhI apa kAzita racanA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / dvivedI jI kI aneka racanAe choDa dI gaI haiM / kahIM kaho racanA kA nAma bhI galata diyA gayA hai, yathA 'vakta tvakalA' aura 'kAlidAma' ina donoM ke mukhapRSTha para kramazaH 'bhASaNa' aura 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA' nAma die, hue haiM / speMsara kI jJeya praura ajJeya mImAsAo ke anuvAdaka dvivedI jI nahIM hai| unake lekhaka lAlA kannomala haiN| ina do sUciyo ke atirikta kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI mabhA, 'rUpAma', 'sAhityasandeza' Adi meM aneka sthaloM para dvivedI jI kI racanAoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai kintu ve sabhI marvathA apUrNa aura anAlaMya haiM / ina apurNa mUciyoM ne bhI pUrNa sUcI prastuta karane meM cana / kI hai

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/ 86 aura rogAdhikaraNa ke cAra paricchedA ma anicchita vIryapAta, mUtrAghAta, upadaza eva napasa katva kA vivacana kiyA gayA hai taruNoM ke lie jAtavya sabhI bAtA kA bodhagamya bhASA ma pratipAdana huA hai| saMskRta granthA meM striyoM kI vayaHsandhi para to bahuta kucha hai parantu puruSoM para atyalpa / prastuta grantha me dvivedI jI ne purupo ke varNana me naiSadhacarita', 'sahRdayAnanda', vikramAkadevacarita' zrAdi kAvyoM se bhI paryApta udAharaNa die hai| vAtsyAyana, DA0 gaMgAdIna, DA0 dhanvatari zrAdi bhAratIya evaM DA0 phAulara, DA0 miksTa, rAbarTa Dela proyana aAdi pazcimIya vidvAno ke matoM ko bhI yathAsthAna uddhRta kiyA hai / pUre grantha meM zrAdyopAnta hI azlIlatA kA nAma nahIM hai| ina grantha kI bhASA aura zailI dvivedI nI kI prArambhika racanAyo ko-sI hai| 2.sohAgarAta. aprakAzita 'sohAgarAta' dvivedI jI kI vizeSa ullekhanIya anUdita kRti hai| yaha aMgareja kavi bAirana kI 'brAiDala nAiTa' kA chAyAnuvAda hai| "pahale hI pahala pati ke ghara AI huI eka bAlA strI kA usakI maitriNI ko patra hai / " isa pacAsa pado ke patra meM nava-vivAhitA zazI ne apanI avivAhitA samvI kalAvatI ke prati sohAgarAta meM kI gaI chaH bAra kI gati kA prastAvanAsahita AdyopAnta savistAra varNana kiyA hai| yaha vahI 'sohAgarAta' hai jisakI carcA dvivedI jI ne abhinandana ke samaya aAtmanivedana meM kI thI aura jisako lekara kRSNakAnta mAlavIya ne nirarthaka aura anucita vivAda uThAyA thaa| yaha racanA itanI azlIla hai ki isake uddharaNa dene meM atyanta saMkoca ho rahA hai| aura aisA karanA dvivedI jI ke prati anyAya hogA / yaha to saccaritra, maMyamazIla aura zrAdarza dvivedI jI kI kRti hI nahIM pratIta hotI / pustakAnta me dvivedI jI ne linbA hai-- dekho do vedo kA paDanevAlA bhI yaha kahatA hai-- mugva bhogo, duniyA meM Akara kauna bahuta dina rahatA hai ? 3 kauTilyakuThAra, sAhityika saMsmaraNa ke sandarbha meM prastuta grantha kI carcA bhI ho cukI hai| isa graMtha ke prArambha meM rAya devI prasAda dvArA aMgarejI meM likhI huI eka saMkSipta bhUmikA hai / zeSa pustaka tIna khaMDo meM vibhakta hai ka sabhA kI sabhyatA kha vatanya

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ga pariziSTa dvivedI jI ka caritra pAra unakI zailI ke adhyayana kI dRSTi sa yaha racanA vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai / sthAna sthAna para dvivedI jI ne apane krodha aura ugratA kI abhivyakti kI hai| isa pustaka meM unakI vaktatAtmaka aura vyaMgyAtmaka zailiyA apanI projasvitA kI sImA para pahuMca gaI haiN| 'mApA aura bhApAsudhAra' adhyAya meM vyAkhyAta ina zailiyoM kI sabhI viziSTatAeM isameM vyApta haiM / prastuta grantha kA antima avaccheda pRSTha 71 para uddhRta kiyA jA cukA hai|

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MAR cauthA adhyAya kavitA 'kavitA karanA Apa loga cAhe jaimA samajhe hameM to eka taraha dussAdhya hI jAna par3atA hai| ajJatA aura aviveka ke kAraNa kucha dina hamane bhI tukabandI kA aAyAsa kiyA thaa| para kucha samajha pAte hI hamane apane ko isa kAma kA anadhikArI smjhaa| ataeva usa mArga se jAnA hI prAyaH banda kara diyA / dvivedI jI kI uparyukta ukti me zAlInocita korI namratA hI nahIM satyatA bhI hai| zreSTha kAvya kI sthAyI pradarzinI me unakI kavitAoM kA UMcA sthAna nahIM hai| unake nibanyo ko 'bAtA ke sagraha' kahane vAle unakI kavitAoM ko bhI eka najJa kI tukabandI kaha sakate he / dvivedI jI ne svayaM bhI unhe kAvya yA kavitA na kahakara tukabandI yA padya hI mAnA hai| parantu Adhunika hindI kAvya ke itihAsa meM unakI kavitAgrI ke lie eka viziSTa pada 1. dvivedI jI kI ukti, ramajaraMjana' pR0 20 / 2. 'sumana' kI bhUmikAme usake prakAzana kI carcA karatehue maithilIzaraNagupta ne likhA hai-- "parantu svayaM dvivedI jI mahArAja isa ora se udAmIna the / jaba maiMne isake lie unase prArthanA kI taba unhoMne ise vyartha kA parizrama kahakara mujhe isa kAma me virata karanA cAhA / gurujano ke sAtha vivAda karanA anucita samajha kara maine unakI bAta kA virodha na karake apanI bAta kA anuba bArambAra kiyA / jhara kyA kaha', mana hI mana virodha bhI kiyaa| dvivedI jI mahArAja ko kucha bhI jAnane kA saubhAgya jinheM prApta hai unheM jJAta hai ki ve kitane kRpAlu aura vatsala haiM / icchA na rahane para bhI be bAlahaTha ko na TAla sake / mujhe kisI taraha aAjJA mila gii| parantu phira bhI eka prativandha lagA diyA gayA / vaha isa taraha--- mujhe apane koI padya pasaMda nahIM |""aap kI salAha hai, isame cunakara bhejatA hai / nAma pustaka kA Apa hI rakha dIjie / nAma meM padya ho, kAvya yA kavitA nahIM / nAma vilkula hI mahatvahInatAsUcaka honA caahie|" eka choTI sI bhUmikA zrApa hI likha dIjie / padyo kI tArIpha me kucha na khie| aitihAsika satya kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| hindI meM bolacAla kI bhASA kA jo srota umaDa rahA hai aura kavitAgata bhAva me jo parivartana dinAI de rahA hai, usakA udgama aura mArganirdeza ina racanAoM kI upekSA nahIM kara sktaa| kyA yahI eka kAraNa inake prakAzita kie jAne ke lie paryApta nahIM hai 1 / maivilIzaraNa gupta" sumana + bhamitA

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12 / surakSita rahegA sauMdayamalA AlocanA ke AdhAra para nahIM kintu jIvanImUlka aura aitihAsika samIkSA kA dRSTi na / nissandeha dvivedI jI kI kavitA meM vaha kAvyamaundarya nahIM haiM jisake bala para ve jayadeva paMDitarAja jagannAtha yA meMthilI zaraNa gupta kI bhAti garva krte| unakI kavitA meM vaha vizepatA bhI nahIM hai jo unheM kAlidAma, tulasI yA hariaudha kI bhAti vinamra siddha bara sake | unheM apanI kavitA ke maphala hone kI AzA bhI nahIM thI, anyathA ve bhI bhavabhUti Adi kI bhAti apane sa-dehasakula citta ko kisI na kisI prakAra avazya samajhA lete| kSemendra ne kAvyazAstra kA adhyayana karane vAle ziSyoM ke jo tIna prakAra 'kavikaMThAbharA me batAe haiM usake anusAra dvivedI jI alpaprayatnasAdhya aura kacchapraya sAvya kI mizrakoTi me rakhe jA sakate hai / unhone apanI kavitAoM kI racanA kAlidAsa Adi kI bhaoNti yazaprApti kI lAlasA se nahIM kI !4 uname dhAvaka aAdi prAcIna evaM reDiyo aura sinemA 6 yadi harismaraNe sarasaM mano yadi vilAsakathAsu kutUhalam madhurakomalakAntapadavaliM zaNu tadA jayadevasarasvatIm / / jayadeva, 'gInagovinda' / mAdhuryaparamasImA saarsvnjldhimthnsmbhuutaa| pivatAmanalpasugvadA vasudhAyAM mama sudhAkavitA // jagannAtha, 'bhAminIvilAsa' / ye prAsAda rahe na raheM para amara tumhArA yaha sAketa ! maithilI zaraNa gupta, 'sAketa' / karma-vipAka kaMsa kI mArI dIna devakI sI cirakAla / lo abodha anta.puri merI amara yahI mAI kA lAla // maithilI zaraNa gupta, 'dvApara / 2. ka kva sUryaprabhavo vaMzaH kva cAlpaviSayA matiH / tinISu dustaraM mohAduDupenAsmi sAgaram // rghuvNsh'| kavi na hou nahi catura kahAU / yA-'kavita viveka eka nahiM more / ' 'raamcritmaans'| ga. merI matibIna to madhura dhvani paihai kahA, purI bInavArI, jo na nerI bIna bajihai / - rasakalasa' ye nAma kecidiha na. prathayantyavajJA, jAnanti te kimapi tAnprati naiSa yannaH / utpatsyate'sti mama ko'pi samAnadharmA, kAlo hyayaM niravadhivipulA ca pRthivI // bhavabhUti, 'mAlatImAdhava' / manda kaviyaza prArthI gamiSyAmyu rakhuvaza mAnasa bhavana meM ' jisakI utAre bhAratI

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13 / bhakta avAcIna kaviyA kI dhanakAmanA bhI na thI aura na unakI kAvyaniba dhanA tulasI Adi kI bhAti svAnta mukhAya hI huI thI unakI adhimAza kavitAmA kA prayojana hai 'kAntAsammitatathopadeza' / apane kavi-jIvana ke prArambhika varSoM meM hindI-pAThako ko saMskRta kI kAvyamAdhurI kA zrAsvAda karAne, saMskRta ke sundara varNavRttoM ko hindI meM pracalita karane aura atizrRMgArika kAvyo ko sabake paDhane yogya banAne ke lie unhoMne saMskRta ke 'vairAgyazataka', 'gItagovida', 'zRMgArazataka', 'mahimnastotra', 'Rtusamara' aura 'gaMgAstavana', ke chandobaddha anuvAda kie| bAda kI racanAoM meM mudhAraka kA svara vizeSa pradhAna hai / unameM unakA uddeza gadya aura padya kI bhASA eka karake sAhityasAmagrI ko samAjavyApI banAnA rahA hai / RSi dvivedI para saMskRta aura marAThI kA prabhAva evaM khaDI bolI tathA hindU-saMskRti ke prati pakSapAta kI pravRtti sarvatra hI spaSTa hai| ___dvivedI jI ko kAvyakasauTI para ekabAra unakI kavitAznoM ko parakha lenA sarvathA sanIcIna hogaa| unhoMne kavitA kI koI maulika paribhASA na dekara saMskRtasAhityazatriyoMke kAvyalakSaNo kA niSkarSa mAtra nikAlA hai-- muramyarUpe ! rasarAzirajita ! vicitravarNAbharaNe ! kahA gaI 1 alaukikAna davidhAyinI ! mahAra vIndrakAnta | kavite ! aho kahA ? suramyatA hI kamanIya kAnti hai amUlya prAnmA rasa ha manohare ? zarIra terA saba zabdamAtra hai, nitAnta niSkarSa yahI yahI, yahI // 2 unake gadyanibandha-'kavi banane ke mApekSa mAdhana', kavi aura kavitA', 'kavitA' zrAdibhI upayukta lakSa kI puSTi karate haiM / kavitA ko kAntA kA upameya mAnanA saMskRta ke sAhityakAro kI paramparAgata mAdhAraNa bAta hai|4 saMskRta ke prAcIna prAcAryoM ne 'zarIra tAva bhagavAna, bhAratavarSa meM gUje hamAro bhAratI // 'bhArata-bhAratI' / 1. dhAvaka "dhAvakAdInAmiva dhanam" _ 'kAvyaprakAza', prathama ullAsa, dUsarI kArikA kI vRtti / 2. dvivedI-kAvyamAlA, pR0 261 aura 265 / 3. 'ramajaraMjana', pR0 20, 30 aura 10 / 4. ka. 'anena vAgarthavidAmala kRtA vibhAti nArIva vidgdhmNddlaa'| bhAmaha,3,57 / kha. yAminIvendunA muktA nArIva ramaeM binA / lakSmIriva Rte tyAgAso vANI bhAti nIrasA // sdama zra gAranivarka

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64 / daSTAyacyAcchinnA padAvalo' Adi uktiyA ke dvArA kAvya ka zarIra kA ullekha kiyA hai , aAnandavardhana, abhinava gupta, vizvanAtha Adi ne bahuta pahale hI rasa ko kAvya kI zrAtmA svIkAra kiyA thA / 2 aAnandavardhana, paMDitarAja jagannAtha zrAdi ne kAvyagata ramyatA ko umakI kAti mAnA hai| 'viviktavarNAbharaNAsunvazrutiH' zrAdi prAcIna kathanA ke AdhAra para hI dvivedI jI ne alaMkRta varNo ko kavitAkAntA kA grAbharaNa kahA hai| abhinava gupta, mammaTa, paMDitarAja Adi ne apane sAhityapranyA meM rama kI alaukikatA kI vivecanA kI hai / 5 dvivedI __ jI ne paDitarAja jagannAtha ke kAvyanta jJaNa ko hI sarvamAnya ghopita kiyA hai / 6 rasa kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI kI kavitAoM meM kAvyamaudarya iMTane kA prayAsa niSphala hogaa| unake 'vinayavinoda' meM zAnta tathA vihAravATikA', 'snehamAlA'. 'kumArasambhavasAra' aura 'sohAgarAta' meM zRMgArarasa kI vyaMjanA huI hai| ina anuvAdoM kI rasAtmakatA kA zreya mUla racanAkAro ko hI hai| dvivedI jI kI maulika racanAoM meM kevala 'bAlavidhavAvilApa' hI rasAnubhUti karAne meM samartha haiN| isameM aMkita bAlavidhavA kI kAruNika dazA kA citra nissandeha marmasparzI hai-- ucchiSTa, rUkSa aru nIrasa anna gvaihauM, cAMDAlinIva mukha bAhara {di jaihauM / gAlipradAna nizivAsara nitya paihau, hA hanta ! duHkhamaya jIvana yo vihau / / 'raMDe / tuhI avasi matsuna lIna khAI' tvanmAtu nAtha | jaba narjiha yo risAI / ga yatlAsiddhAvayavAtiriktaM vibhAti lAvaNyamivAMganAsu / 'dhvanyAloka', prathama udyota, caturbha kArikA ! 1. daMDI'kAvyAdarza', 1, 6 / 2 ka. 'dhvanyAloka', prathama udyota, kArikA 5 aura usI para abhinava gupta kA locana | kha. 'sAhityadarpaNa', prathama pariccheda, tIsarI kArikA / 3. ka. vinyAloka', prathama udyota, cauthI kArikA / kha. 'rasagaMgAdhara', prathama prAnana, pR0 4 / 4. bhAravi, 'kirAtArjunIya' 5. 'kAvya-prakAza', pR0 51 aura 'rasagaMgAdhara', pR0 4 / 6. "sAhityadarpaNa' ke mata meM 'vAkyaM rasAtmakaM kAvyam' aura sarvamAnya rasagaMgAdhara' meM / 'ramaNIyAryapratipApaka zabda kAvyam' isa prakAra kI kI gaI hai| hindI kAlisasa kI

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ha vahai ihai jaba madIya matAdhikAI pRthvI phaTe tvarita Au tahA samAI / / kavitA kavi kI pra-yakSa athavA smRtijanya anubhUti kA ramaNIyArthapratipAdaka zabdacitra hai| apanI anubhUti ko pAThaka kI anUbhUti banA dene meM hI kavi kI saphalatA hai| kAvya kA Ananda lene ke lie pAThaka yA zrotA meM sahRdayatA aura adhyayana ke vizeSa bhAra tathA svagatatva evaM paragatatva ke vizeSa abhAva kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai / saundarya kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI kI kavitAyo ko itivRttAtmakamAna kahanA hRdayahInatA hai / unakI sabhI racanAeM prAyopAnta paDha jAie, unameM rati, karuNA, hAsya, nirveda, jugupsA, krodha zrAdi bhAvo kI vividhatA hai| ina vividha bhAvo ke UparI tala ke nIce eka antaHsalilA sarasvatI kI dhArA bhI hai.-hindI ke prati unakA zramAvika aura sAlvika pUjAnAva / yahI unakI kavitAoM kA sthAyI bhAva hai| kisI bhI kAraNa se sahI, kavi ko jahA kahIM se jo kucha bhI milA hai use usane mAtRbhASA ke mandira me zraddhA ke sAtha car3hA diyA hai| - . ___'samAcArapatramampAda kastava', nAgarI terI yaha dazA' Adi racanAe~ - hindI ko hI vipaya mAnakara likhI gaI hai| anya viSayoM para likhI gaI 'pAzA', 'vidhiviDambanA Adi kavitAyoM meM bhI dvivedI jI kA kavi hindI ko nahIM bhUlA hai / 'yAzA, kA gauravagAna karame ke pazcAt anta meM usane hindI kI rAjAzrayaprApti kI hI prArthanA kI-- kaDU prArthanA hai hamArI sunIjai. jagaddhAtri Aze ! kRpAkora kIje / sabai dena kI devi ! sAmarthya terI, yahI dhAraNA hai savisvAsa mero / / guNagrAma kI AgarI nAgarI hai, prajA kI ju sanmAnasojAgarI hai / mile tAhi rAjAzrayanamakArI, __yahI pUjiyo eka AzA hamArI || 'vidhiviDambanA' meM usane vidhAtA kI anya bhUloM kA nidarzana karake anta meM, apanI hendI-hitakAmanA ke kAraNa hI, hindI-sAhitya kI durdazA ke prati vidhAtA kI jaghanyatama grapaTutA kA nirdeza kiyA--- 1. 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 213, 214 / 2 mahA para sthAyI' zabda apane zAbdika artha meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai 3. dvivedo pa0 222 - -

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/ 66 / zuddhAzuddha zabda taka kA hai ninako nahIM vicAra, likhavAnA hai unake karase nae nae akhabAra / ' aura phira mAtRbhApAdrohiyoM kI saSTi banda karane ke lie prArthanA kI hai ----- vidhe ! manojJamAtRbhASA ke drohI puruSa banAnA chor3a 2 mAtRbhASAbhakta kavi hindI-hitaiSiyoM ke prati bhI apane aAbhAra aura prasannatAsUcaka manovegoM ko vyakta kie binA na raha makA--- toso kahA~ kachu kave ! mama ora jovau / hindI daridra hari tAsu kalaMka dhovau / ima prakAra kI racanAtroM meM kAvyakalA kA abhAva hone para bhI tatkAlIna saMkaTApanna hindI ke pujArI kavi ke chalarahita hRdaya kI amAyika aura dhArmika vyaJjanA jIvanImalaka aAlocanA kI dRSTi se apanA nijI saudarya rakhatI hai| 'vinayavinoda', 'vihArabATikA' Adi prArambhika anuvAdo me unhone samartha sAhityasevI banane kI taiyArI kI hai / saMskRta ke mahimnastotra' aura 'gaMgAstavana' ke anupama kAvya kA AsvAda kevala hindI jAnane vAlo ko karAne ke lie unake hindI-anuvAda kie| 'RtutaraMgiNI' aura 'devIstuti-zataka' dvArA saMskRtayogya chandoM meM hI kAvyakathana karake devanAgarI bhASA ke kAvyo kI pustakamAlikA meM 'gaNAtmaka vRttI ke abhAva kI pUrti karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| hindI kavitA me kAlidAsa ke bhAvo kI abhivyakti kA aAdarza upasthita karane ke lie 'kumArasambhava' kA aMzAnuvAda kiyaa| maulika racanAoM meM unake sahRdaya kavihRdaya kI vyaMjanA aneka sthalo para bar3I hI manohara huI hai| nimnAkita paktiyA meM 1. 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 261 // 2. , , , " 3. 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pRSTa 262 / 4. 'mahimnastotra' aura 'gaGgAlaharI' kI bhUmikA ke AdhAra para / 5. 'Rtu-taraMgiNI' aura 'devIstutizataka' kI bhUmikA ke AdhAra para / 6. " hindI kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA' likhane ke anantara jaba kisI ne unase ye vyaMgyA tmaka zabda kahe ki bhalA zrApa hI kucha likhakara batalAie ki hindI kavitA me kAlidAsa ke bhAva kaise prakaTa kie jAya taba namUne ke taura para dvivedI jI ne kumArasaMbhava ke prArambha ke pAca sagoM kA anuvAda kara 'kumArasaMbhavasAra' ke nAma se prakAzita kiyaa|" -paNDita devIprasAda zukla , . sarasvatI', mAga 40 praSTha 203

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ra bhinna-pIr3ita nanA kA karuNAkAraka citra vizeSa mamasparzI hai locana cala gae bhItara kaha~, kaMTaka sama kaca chAe / kara meM gvApara lie anekana jIraNa paTa lapaTA / mAMsavihIna hAr3a kI Dhero, bhISaNa bheSa banAe , manaha prabala durbhikSa rUpa bahu dhari vicarata sakha pAe / / zakti nahIM jinake bolana kI, taki naki mu~ha phailAvai, mIka samAna paira lInhe bahu, rovana gobara khAvai / guThulI gvAna heta verana kI, DhU~Dhana sou na pAvai, paga paga calai girai paga paga para, Arana nAda sunAvai / / 'kAnyakubja-lIlAmatam' kA pahalA hI pada pAvaDI kAnyakubja brAhmaNa kI hRdayasaMvAdI parevA gvIMca detA hai--- madaivazuklAruNapItavarNapATIrapaMkAvRtasarvabhAla ! AbhUtalAlambidukUladhArina ! he kAnyakubjadvija ! te namostu / / 'kAkakRjitam' me duSToM ke hRdaya meM sthita IrSyA aura nindAbhAva kI sundara nibandhanA kI gaI hai, yathA tvaM paMcamena vimanaM vijahohi nUnaM vaktuM varmatasamayepi na tedhikAraH / sampratyahaM dazasu dinu madA saharSa tAramvareNa maghureNa ravaM kariSye // 3 mAhityamarmajo ne nirvivAdarUpa meM vani ko zreSThakAvya mAnA hai| dvivedI jI kI kavitA me vyaMgyArtha kI sundaratA bhI kama nahIM hai / 'kAnyakubjalolAmRtam', 'granthakAralakSaNa' Adi meM kAkvAkSipta vyaMgya kI manohatA hai, yathAisI sambandha meM 'sudarzana'-mampAdaka mAdhavaprasAda mizra ne dvivedI jI ko likhA thA "lAlA mItAgama ke aAyuSmAn kA dhanya hai jisakI vAta para Apane apanI pratibhA kA nirdazana to dikhaayaa| para itane tarjana garjana aura grAsphAlana kA yahI phala na ho ki zrApa dama yoM hI adhUga choDa de|" -dvivedI jI ke patra, saMkhyA 1183, kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA kA kAryAlaya / 1. 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 175 / 181 286

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68 ] aho dayAlutvamata para i yatheti yadraviNa gRhItvA / nindyaraft rvaM vimalIkaroSi tadIyakanyAkarapIDanena // 1 2 'garda'kAvya', 'balIvarda', 'saragI naraka ThekAnA nAhi', jambukI nyAya', 'Tes, kI TA~ga Adi meM anyoktiyo yA aprastunavidhAnoM ke dvArA prastuta viSaya kA dAsyamizrita vyaMgyapUra varNana hai, udAharaNArtha -- sadasadvivekahInatA ke kAraNa sundara racanAoM kA bahiSkAra aura amundara kA svAgata karane vAle sampAdaka kA uparyukta vyaMgyazabdacitra baDI saphalatA se aMkita kiyA gayA hai / gardabha meM sampAdaka kA Aropa karake lakSaNA ke sahAre prabhISTa bhAva kI mArmika abhivyakti kI gaI hai| (harI ghAsa=sarasa aura sundara racanAeM, bhUsA = nIrasa racanAeM, dAnA sAragarbhita lekha yAdi, cIthaDe "= raddI racanAeM mohanabhoga grahaNIya priya vastu) / zrAdaraNIya aura mahAn abhyAgata ke mAnApamAna kA dhyAna na karanevAle abhimAnI puruSa ke upamAnarUpa Tata kA svIkAra bhI sundara hugrA hai- gaja bhI jo tuma usakI ora na AMkha uThAte ho, leTe kabhI, kabhI baiThe ho, kabhI khar3e raha jAte ho | 3 nimnAkita paMktiyoM meM zabda aura artha dono kA camatkAra lokottara hai ina kokilakaMThI kAminiyoM ne jo madhura gIta gAye, sudhAsaha kAnoM se pIkara ve mujhako ati hI bhAye / inakA yaha gAlI gAnA bhI cita meM jaba yoM cubha jAtA, yadi ye kahIM aura kucha gAtIM vinA mola maiM vika jAtA ||4 harI ghAsa khurakhurI lage ati, bhUsA lage karArA hai, dAnA bhUli peTa yadi pahuMce kATe asa jasa ArA hai| lacchedAra cIthar3e kUr3A jinheM buhAri nikArA hai, soI suno sujAna ziromaNi, mohanabhoga hamArA hai // 2 dvivedI kAvyamAlA', pR0 182 / 216 / 275 / 451 / "3 " " " " J. "2 7 -

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kAra lamaThA kAmaniyA zI ga ya sudhA sadRza Adi meM anamAna kA lAlitya * mAnara sukara + janA ke lie kAnA ma pIkara ma prayukta prayAjanavatI lakSaNA sundara hai / 'madhura gIta' ko 'sudhAsadRza' mAnakara kavi ne ThIka samaya para upamA alaMkAra kA grahaNa kiyA thA aura 'kAno me pIkara ne ucita samaya para umakA tyAga kara diyA / use dUra naka vyartha hI gvIcA nahIM / yadi ve nAriyA gAlI ke badale kavi ke prati praNayanivedana ke gIta gAtI tI baha grAtmasamapaMgA kara detaa| gAnI gAnA', 'cubha jAtA' tathA 'aura kucha kI dhvani na pada ke mondarya ko pAra mo utkRSTa banA diyA hai| unakI kavitA meM kahIM alaMkAra-vidhAna ke mahAre kAvyamodarya kI saSTi kI gaI hai, yathA-- abhI milegA brajamaMDalAnta kA subhukta bhASAmaya vastra eka hii| zarIrasaMgI karake use madA, virAga hogA tujhako avazya hI / / isIlie hI bhavabhUtibhAvite / abhI yahAM he kavite / na zrA, na aa|| batA tuhI kauna kulIna kAminI sadA cahegI paTa eka hI vahI / / ' baha gvaDIvolI kA nikAla thaa| usake padyoM meM kavitva nahIM pA rahA thA / brajabhASA ke samarthaka isa bAta ko lekara aAlocanA kI dhUma bA~dhe hue the| isa bhAva kI bhUmikA meM kavi ne utprenAlaMkAra kI yojanA kI hai| mundara vepabhUpA meM sahajapravRtti rakhane vAlI kulIna kAminI eka hI subhukta vatra para jIvananirvAha nahIM kara saktI ! kAminI se kavitA zrI upamA parampagagata hote hue bhI navIna vizeSaNoM ke kAraNa adhika nanohara ho gaI hai| rahI mAnava-hRdaya kI marmanparzI abhivyakti ne kavitva kI sRSTi kI hai, udAharaNArtha he bhagavAna ! kahA~ soye ho ? vinatI itanI suna lIjai, kAminiyoM para karuNA karakaM kamale ? jarA jagA dii| kanavajiyoM meM ghora avidyA jo kucha dina se chAI hai, dUra kIjie use dayAmaya ! do sau daphe duhAI hai / / 2 nArI svabhAvata. komalatA aura karuNA kI mRti hotI hai| sajAtIya ke prati sahAnubhUti gagvanA bhI svAbhAvika hI hai / isI kAraNa kAminiyoM ke kalyANArtha bhagavAn ko jagAne ke lie kavi ne kamalA ne prArthanA kI hai / kahIM hAsya kA puTa dekara kavi-samaya ke sahAre ramaNIya paMktiyo kI racanA kI gaI hai, yathA1 dvivedI pR. 234 027

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/ 550 jarA dera ke lie samajhie, Apa SoDapI kArI haiM, (kSamA kIjie asabhyatA ko hama grAmINa anArI hai)| mAna lIjie nayana Apake kAno taka bar3ha Aye hai, pIna-payodhara dekha Apake kuJjara-kubha lajAye hai / ' dvivedI jI kI bhApA aura bhAvavyaJjanA ke sAtvika aura ziSTa hone para bhI unakI kavitA meM ekAdha sthalo para grAmyatA aura azlIlatA kA dogha zrA hI gayA hai| adholikhita pada meM ve abhimAnI vyakti ke mukhadarzana kI apekSA vRSabha ke aMDakoSa kA avalokana karanA adhika zreyaskara samajhate haiM--- maiM kubera, maiM hI suraguru hU~, merA hI saba kahIM pramANa, yaha ghamaNDa rakhane vAloM kA mukhadarzana hai pAnidhAna / tapekSA he vRpabha ! tumhArA pIvara aMDakopa samudAya, avalokana karanA acchA hai, saca kahate haiM bhujA uThAya / / apanI unnIsavIM zatI kI racanAyo, vizeSakara 'vihAra-bATikA', 'snehamAlA aura 'RtutaraMgiNI' meM hI dvivedI jI ne barabasa alaGkAra-yojanA kI ceSTA kI hai / 3 'RtutaraMgiNI me to prAyopAnta hI zabdAlaGkAra ThUsa ThUsa kara bhare gae haiM / kahI kahIM alaGkArasauMdarya lAne ke lie bhAva kI nirdayatApUrvaka hatyA kara dI gaI hai / bhAvAbhivyaJjana meM asamartha yamakacchaTAmayI padAvalI kA eka udAharaNa nimnAkti hai suvica kairava kairava raajhiiN| ruta sanA rasanA rasa lAjahIM | sunata sArasa sArasa gAna hI badhika bAna navAna na tAnahI / / 4 1. dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 438 / 2. , , ,, 276 / 3. udAharaNArtha---- sudhA vAhA thAhA sudhala avagAhA hari nabai / priyA bhAI lAI hiyahi sukha pAI chaki jabai // kahI bAmA zyAmA mudita abhirAmA rasa bhare / gahI bA~hI nAhIM kari ki kara jAhIM kara kare // 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA'. pR0 22 / dvivedI ' pR0 13

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yadi pustaka ko pAdarippaNI meM zabdAra na diyA gayA hAtA to uparyukta paktiyoM meM nihita kavi ka abhiprA kA antayAmI 7 atirikta pora koI na samajha pAtA / yaha alaGkAradopa unakI prAraMbhika hindI-racanAyAM taka hI sImita hai| isa alaGkAraprema kA kAraNa maMskRta-kaviyo, vizeSa kara azvaghATIkAra paMDitarAja jagannAtha, aura hindI-kavi kezavadAsa kA prabhAva hI hai / dvivedI jI kI saMskRta aura khaDIvolI kI kavitAoM meM anAyAsa hI sanniviSTa utprekSA, arthAntaranyAsa, zlepa, anuprAsa Adi alaMkAra apane nAma ko vastuta: sArthaka karate haiM, yathA-- ka mAmanAhatya nizAndhakAra palAyya pApaH kila yAmyatIti / jvalannivakrodhabharegA bhAnuraMgArarUpaH sahasAvirAsIt / / ' andhakAra ne sUrya kA kabhI apamAna nahIM kiyA, vaha kabhI bhAgA nahIM aura sUrya usake prati krodha me kabhI jalA nahIM / phira bhI hetu prekSA ke sahAre kavi ne vilIna hote hue andhakAra aura prabhAtakAlIna raktima sUrya kA ramaNIyArthapradipAdaka citrAkana kiyA hai| jyA jyA candramA ko chAyA bar3hatI jA rahI thI tyA tyA sUrya kA teja manda paDatA jA rahA thaa| isa dRzya ko lekara dvivedI jI ne nimnAkita pada me mundara arthAntaranyAsa kiyA hai-- chAyAM karoti viyati sma yadA yadenduH, zyAmaprabhAM vinanute sma nadA naDhArkaH / zrApatsu devaviniyogakRtAramAsu, dhIropi yAti vadane kila kAlimAnam // ayonigvita pakriyoM meM zleSa aura anuprAma kA manohara camatkAra hai-- suramyampe ! ramarAziraMjine ! vicitravarNAbharaNe ! kahA~ gaI ? alaukikAnandravidhAyinI ! mahAkavIndrakAnte / kavite / aho kahA~ // 3 pahalI paMkti meM 'ra', 'Na' aura 'gha' kI tathA dUsarI me 'ka' aura 'na' kI zrAvRtti ke kAraNa paDha meM adhika lAlinya pA gayA hai| kAntArU piNI kavitA ke lie, zliSTa vizeSaNoM kA prayoga bhI manohara hai / jisa prakAra kAntA suramyarUpA (gmaNIya rUpavAlI), rasarAziraMjitA (sundara anurAga ke bhAvoM se bharI huI), vicitravarNAbharaNA (raMgaviraMge aAbhUpaNo se sajI huI) alaukikAnandavidhAyinI (asAdhAraNa aAnanda denevAlI) aura kavIndrakAntA (kaviyoM ke kAma 1. dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 166 / 206 211

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kI vastu) i, umA prakAra kavitA bhI suramyakapA (ramaNAya a-, kA pratipAdana karanevAlI zabdasvarUpA), ramagazirajitA (zrRMgAra Adi.gmA meM pUrNa), vicitravarNA bharaNA (aneka prakAra ke citramaya zabdAlaMkArA ne mamantrita), alaukikAnandavidhAyinI (lokottara camatkAra kI maSTi karanevAlI) aura kavIndrakAntA (mahAkaviyoM kI abhipreta) vastu hai / ___kavinyamaundarya kA upasthApana karane ke lie kalpanA kI UMcI uDAna anivArya nahIM hai| dvivedI jI ke yathArthavAdI padoM meM bhA kahIM kahIM uttama kAvyacamatkAra hai kecidvadhUvadanacandravilokanAya, kaciddhanasya haraNAya parastha kecit kaleyayugrahaNaduSpariNAmadu khanAzAya sannikaTavartijalAzayasya // 1 grahaNa aAdi avamaro para melA meM jAne vAle majana aura amajana logoM kA yaha citra parama svAbhAvika hai / kucha hI loga aise hote haiM jo amAyika dharmabhAvanA me prerita hokara snAnAdi ke nimitta jAna hai / prAyaH duSTajano kI hI adhikatA rahatI hai jo pApa-bhAvanA ma prerita hokara usa avasara kA durupayoga karate hai / dvivedI jI kI 'vinaya-vinoda', 'vihAra-bATikA', 'lahamAlA' zrAdi prAraMbhika katimA ma aoja aura pramAda guNo kI nyUnatA hote hue bhI mAdhurya kI manoharatA hai| unameM bhI kahI kahIM prasannatA dikhAI par3a jAtI hai| 3 RtutaraMgiNI meM prAmAdikatA kA sArvatrika abhAva hai| unakI saMskRta aura khaDIvolI kI kavitAeM vyApaka rUpa se prasAdaguNa-mampanna haiM, yathA ki vidyayA ki taba varNana vyApAravRtyA kimu cApi bhatyA jayatyahI sa zvazurAlayamne tvaM kalpavRkSIyasi yaM sadaiva / / 4 thitrA nitya asatya bolane meM jo tanika nahI sakucAte hai, sIMga kyoM nahIM unake sira para bar3e bar3e uga Ate hai ? 1. dvivedI-kAvyamAlA'. pR0 204 / 2. udAharaNArtha vasana Asana prAsani dAsa ke, vilaga pI rasa kI ha~si hA~sa ke / haga lasai vilasai alasai gahI, sumanahAra vihAra vihAya hI viSadI 35

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ghora ghamahI puruSoM kI kyoM TeDhI huI na laMka 1 cinha dekha jisameM saba unako pahacAnate nizaMka // upayukta paMktiyoM meM vyaMgya kA bahuta kucha camatkAra hai / saMskRta-zloka meM una kAnyakubja brAhmaNo para AkSepa kiyA gayA hai jo vidyAdhyayana, khetI, vyApAra yA naukarI na karake apanI samugala ko kalpavRkSa samajhate aura usI ke dhana se sAnanda jIvana-yApana karate haiM / hindIpada me mithyAvAdiyoM ke sira para sIga ugavAne aura ghamaMDiyo kI kaTi TeDhI karA dene kI kavi-kalpanA nismandeha camatkArakAriNI hai / parantu dvivedI jI kI adhikAza kavitAtro me artha kI atizaya prakAzatA hone ke kAraNa prasannatA kA yaha guNa doSa bana gayA hai| 2 zrAge cale bahuri radhurAI-nIrasa kintu spaSTa pada pada-pada para mila sakate hai| padya-nivandhA kI varNanAtmakatA aura atiprakAzatA ke kAraNa dvivedI jI kI kavitAeM prAyaH itivRttAtmaka hai| unakI sabhI padyakRtiyA kavitA nahIM hai / ina itivRttAtmaka racanAyo me bhI sthAna sthAna para kavitva hai / yaha upayukta vivecana aura uddharaNo se pramANita hai ! unakI kavitAyo kI itivRttAtmakatA aura nIrasatA ke aneka kAraNa haiM / dvivedI jI ne apanI adhikAza kavitAoM kI racanA arAjakatA-kAla meM kI thI, dvivedI-yuga me nahIM / usa samaya hindI-sAhitya ke bhItara aura bAhara sarvatra hI arAjakatA thI / bhUmikA meM varNita rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika zrAdi aAndolana kaviyoM kI ekAnta sAdhanA meM bahuta kucha bAdhaka hue| eka ora to yaha dazA thI aura dUsarI ora dvivedI jI kA jJAnasambala saMskRta-sAhitya aura purAnI paripATI ke paMDito ke adhyApana para hI avalambita thaa| unakA 6 dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 260 / nAndhrIpayodhara ivAtitarAM prakAzo, no gujerIstana ivAtitagaM nigUDhaH / arthoM girAmapihitaH pihitazca kazcit, saubhAgyameti marahaTTavadhUkucAbhaH // -rAjazekhara / 3. yathA-- ghara meM sabako bhAtI hai yaha, pati kA citta curAtI hai yaha / sakhiyoM meM jaba AtI hai yaha, madhu mIThA TapakAtI hai yaha // ___dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 378 ! zarIra hI se puruSArtha cAra, zarIra kI hai mahimA apAra / zarIraracA para dhyAna dIjai zarIrasaMcA sana chora kIje / dviva dI pa0414

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ma eka satkRta paDha line dahAtA ra kupamaTaka ca sa Upara narga uTha sakA thA anadhyAya anabhyAsa aura asgati ra kAraNa va paramparAgata nidI kA yabhASA braja aora avadhI para adhikAra nahIM kara bhake the / ibhI kAraNa unake bhAvoM me macAI aura sundaratA ke hote hue bhI unakI racanAzrI me kavitA bA lAlitya nahIM grA paayaa| Age calakara jisa prakAra dvivedI jI ne maithilIzaraNa gupta zrAdi kA gurutva kiyA yadi usI prakAra unhe bhI koI guru mila gayA hotA to bahuta mambhava thA ki ve mI eka acchI koTi ke kavi ho gae hote| sampAdaka dvivedI kI jJAnabhUmikA kA asAdhAraNa rUpa se vistAra huA kintu usake sAtha hI unake kartavya kI paridhi bhI anantarUpa se vistRta ho gaI / ardhazikSita hindI pAThakoM ko zikSita karanA thaa| hindI ke prati udAsIno ko hindI kA premI banAnA thaa| pathabhraSTa samAja, lekhako aura pAThako ko prazasta mArga para lAnA thaa| hindI-sAhitya ko dUSita karane vAle kRDAkarakaTa ko sApha karanA thA / abhivyaMjana meM amamartha hindI ko proDa, saMskRta aura pariSkRta rUpa denA thaa| tirakata devanAgarI lipi aura hindI-bhASA kI ucita pratiSThA karanI thii| vipanna hindI-sAhitya ko sampanna banAne ke lie vividhaviSayaka mAhityakArI ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA thii| isa prakAra kI sarvatomukha AvazyakatAoM kI pUti karane ke lie dvivedI jI ke kavi ko, apanA nijatva gvokara, zikSaka, upadezaka, aAlocaka, mudhAraka aura nirmAtA bana jAnA par3A / vaha kAvyabhASA gvaDIbolI kA zaizavakAla thaa| abhivyaMjanA kA nirbala mAdhyama kalAsaundarya dhAraNa hI nahIM kara sakatA / imIlie svaDIbolI kI tatkAlIna racanAoM meM kavitA kI abhISTa ramaNIyatA na pA skii| dvivedI-yuga kA prathama caraNa yogya mAdhyama-nirmANa kI sAdhanA meM hI vyatIta ho gayA / dvivedIsampAdita 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita kavitAzrI kA kAvyocita saMzodhana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki dvivedI jI meM bhI kavipratibhA thii| gopAla zaraNa siha kI mRla paMktiyA thI -- madhupapaMkti nita puSpapremadhArA me bahatI yA vaha ati anurakta baura para bhI hai rhtii|' dvibeTI jI ne usakA saMzodhana kiyA-- madhupapaMkti jo puSpapremarasa me nita bahatI, aAmramaMjarI para kyA vaha anurakta na rahatI ? rasa', 'aAmramaMjarI' aura praznavAcaka cinha kI yojanA ne isa pada ko nissandeha sarasa, mArmika / 1. 'mAtA kI mahimA', 'sarasvatI' kI hastalikhita pratiyAM. 1614 I0. kAzI-nAgarI pracAriNI-sabhA ke meM racita

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| 105 / aura adhika mAvAminyajaka banA diyA hai 37 sa ma bhI kahIM kahIM kAvya kI ramaNIyatA milatI hai / 1 yatra tatra sarama, ramaNIya aura kavinamaya hone para bhI ye RvitAeM dvivedIjI ko kavi ke ucca prAsana para pratiSThita nahI kara sakatI / inakA vAstavika mahatva chanda, bhApA zrAra viSaya kI dRSTi se hai| vidhAna kI dRSTi na hi vedI jI kI kavitA ke pAca rUpa hai - prabandha, muktaka, pravandhamuktaka, gIta aura rAmakAvya / unhoMne khaMDakAvya yA mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM koI kAvyaracanA nahIM kii| unakI prabandhAtmaka kavitAoM ko padmapravandha kahanA hI adhika yukti-yukta hai| ye racanAe bhI do prakAra kI hai-kazcAtmaka aura bastubarNanAtmaka / kathAtmaka panAprabandhI me gadya zrI laghu kahAnI kI bhAti kisI nanhe-me yathArtha yA kalpita kathAnaka kA upanyApana kiyA gayA hai,yakA 'sutapaMcAzikA' 'draupadI-vacana-bANAvalI, 'jaMbukInyAya', TesU kI TaoNga' aadi| ye padyA khaMDakAvya ke bhI saMkSipta rUpa hai / vastuvarNanAtmaka padmaprabandhI me binA kimI kathAnaka ke kmiI ustu yA vicAra kA pravandhakAvya kI bhaoNti kucha dUra taka nirvAha kiyA gayA hai aura phira vittA samApta hogaI hai, yathA 'bhAratadurmikSa' 'samAcArapatramapAdakastava gardabhakAvya' 'kumudandarI' Adi / dvivedI jI kI adhikAza kavitA imI varga kI haiN| bhAgnenduyuga aura dvivedIyuga meM padmaprabandhoM kI apekSAkRta adhikatA kA pradhAna kAraNa una yugo kI halacala aura khaI bolI kI aprauDhatA hI hai / muktakoM kI kAvyamAdhurI lAne ke lie aparipakka ranaDIbolI kI gAgara me sAgara bhagnA asambhava thaa| khaNDakAvya yA mahAkAvya linane ke lie pAMca avakAza kI prApazyanA thI / bahudhadho kavi ina paristhitiyoM ke upara na uTha mre| hinaMdI jI ke kalAvyavidhAna kA dUsarA spa muktaka he / unakI muktaka racanAoM ke mUla meM do pradhAna pravRttiyA kAna karatI rahI haiM-saundaryamUlaka aura upadezAtmaka / 'vihAravATika', 'hAmAlA' Adi anuvAdo aura prabhAta varNanam', 'sUryagrahaNam' Adi maulika racanAoM kA uddezya saundaryanirUpaNa hI thaa|2 zivASTakam', kathamahaM nAstikaH' Adi aAtma-nivedanAtmaka ravitAno me bhI bhAvasaundartha kA citraNa hone ke kAraNa saundaryamulaka pravRtti kI hI pradhanatA 1. athA----- 2. yathA rAya kRSNadAsa ko likhita patra 15, 6. 30 / 'sarasvatI', bhAga 45, khaNDa 2, saMkhyA 4, pR0 466 / supatra jambUphala gucchakArI, ilai uThI zyAma ghaTA karArI / mahAniyo --- bAlA utai parI mUrchita havai vihAlA // 'RtutaraGgiyo , dvivedI pR0 85

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186 / hai / upadezAtmaka muktakA ma nIti zrAdi kA upadeza dene ke lie mukta vicArA kI niba dhanA kI gaI hai, yathA-vinaya-vinoda, "vicAra karane yogya bAte' Adi / ' dvivedI jI kI kavitA ke tIsare rUpa prabandha muktako meM eka hI vastu yA vicAra kA varNana hone ke kAraNa prabandhatA aura pratyeka pada dUsare se mukta hone ke kAraNa muktatva dono hI eka sAtha haiM, udAharaNArtha-- "vidhiviDambanA', 'granthakAra-lakSaNa' aAdi / bhAratenduyuga meM calI Ane vAlI samasyApUti kI pravRtti ne dvivedI jI ko muktakaracanA ke prati prabhAvita nahIM kiyA / sambhavataH isakA vAstavika kAraNa yaha hai ki ve tAdRza samasyApUraka kavi-samAjo ke nikaTa saMparka meM kamI rahe hI nhiiN| ____ katipaya gItA ne dvivedI jI kI kavitA kA cauthA rUpa prastuta kiyA / maulikatA kI dRSTi se ina gIto ke cAra prakAra haiM / 'bhAratavarSa meM va saMskRta ke 'gIta govinda se, 'vandemAtaram' meM baMgalA se aura 'saragau naraka ThekAnA nAhi me loka-pracalita aAlhe me prabhAvita haiN| isa aMtima gIta meM prabandhatA hote hue bhI lokapracalitageyatA ke kAraNa isakI gaNanA gIto ke antargata kI gaI hai / kahIM kahIM unhoMne bhAratIya paramparA kA dhyAna kie binA hI svatantra rUpa se bhI gItA kI racanA kI hai / 'TesU kI TAMga' aura 'mahilA paripad ke gIta' isI prakAra ke haiM / inakI laya para urdU kA bahuta kucha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai|" 1. yathA yauvana vana nava tana nirakhi mUDha acala anumAni / haThi jaga kArAgAra ma ha parata ApadA prAni // ___ --- dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 5 / 2. mathA--- iSTadeva AdhAra hamAre, tumhIM gale ke hAra hamAre, bhukti mukti ke dvAra hamAre, jai jai jai jai deza // jai jai subhaga suveza // dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pa 0 454 / 3. yabhA--- malabAnila mRdu mRdu bahatI hai, zItalatA adhikAtI hai, sukhadAyini baradAyini terI, mUrti mujhe ati bhAtI hai / vandemAtaram // --'dvivadI-kAvyamAlA', pa.0 383 / hota banibaI AI hamare, ko aba tumase jhUTha batAya, hamahU~ ghiu barasana byAMcA hai choTI bar3I bajArana jAya / hiyAM kI bAteM hiyai rahi gaI, aba Age kA sunau havAla, gAu~ chor3i hama sahara sidhAyana lAgena likhai cuTakulA khyAla // 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pa.0 388 / 5, yathA- vidyA nahIM hai, bala nahI hai. dhana bhI nahIM hai, kyA se huA hai kyA yaha gulistAna hamArA dvivanI kA pa. 3 3

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zarIra kI dRSTi sa ya gAta do prakAra ka haiM-ekachadomaya aura mizrachadomaya udAharaNArtha maragau naraka ThekAnA nAhiM mera pyAre hiMdustAna' Adi eka chadomaya aura bhAratavaSa' Adi mizra chandomaya haiM / dvivedI jI kI kavitA kA pAcavA rUpa gadya-kAvya hai / 'samAcArapatro kA virATa rUpa' aura 'plegagajastava' isI rUpa kI racanAeM haiM / ina gadyakAvyo meM na to saskRta-gadyakAvyA kI-sI kavi-kalpanA kA utkarSa hI hai aura na 'hindI-gadya-kAvyoM kImI dhArmika bhAva-vyaJjanA / kintu ye hindI-gadmakAvya ke prArambhika rUpa haiM ataeva inakA aitihAsika mahatva hai| dvivedI jI ne 'vinayavinAda' kI racanA abhyAsArtha aura svAntaHmugvAya hI kI thii| taba hindI kI nyUnatApRti kI bhAvanA unameM na thii| hindI ke parAmparAgata dohA kA hI prayoga unhone usame kiyaa| marAThI aura saMskRta ke adhyayana ne unheM saMskRta-vRttoM kI ora pravRtta kiyA / 'vihAravATikA' meM hindI ke dohA aura harigItikA ke kucha padoM ke atirikta sArI pustaka saMskRta ke sragdharA. zAlavikrIDita, drutavilambita, vaMzastha, zigvariNI, bhujaMgaprayAta mAlinI, mandAkrAntA, nArAca, cAmara, vasantatilakA, upajAti, upendravajrA indravajrA aura indravaMzA meM hI haiM / 'snehamAlA' meM unhoMne phira dohokA hI prayoga kiyA kintu Age calakara 'mahimnamtotra' ke adhikAza pada zivariNI, mAlinI, bhujaMgaprayAta, tonara aura prajjhATikA chandoM meM hI race gaye / 'RtutaraMgiNI' kI racanA unhoMne varmatatilakA, mAlinI, drutavilambita, indravajrA aura upendravajrA me kI : 'gaMgAlaharI' ma mabeyo kA hI vizeSa prayoga huzrA kintu unakI aAgAmI kRti 'devIstutizataka' AdyopAnta bamantatilakA meM hI likhI gii| um gaNanA kA abhiprAya kevala yaha siddha karanA thA ki apane kavijIvana ke prArambhika kAnta meM dvivedI jI ne saMskRta ke chando kI ora apekSAkRta adhika vyAna diyA thA / usa yuga kI pravRtti kI dRSTi meM yaha bAta anupekSaNIya jaMcatI hai / Age calakara bhI unhAne zivASTakam', 'prabhAtavaNanam', 'kAkakUjitam' yAdi meM bhI gagAtmaka chando kA prayoga kiyaa| ba-nutaH chanda ke kSetra me dvivedI jI kI dena gaNAtmaka chandoM kI dRSTi se hI mahattvapUrNa hai| hindI-mAhitya meM kezavadAsa ne isa ora dhyAna diyA thaa| unake pazcAt hindI-kaviyoM ne chanda kI isa praNAlI ke prati vizeSa pravRtti nahIM digvalAI / dvivedI jI ne ina chando kA prayoga karake hindI me inakI vizeSa pratiSThA kI / isa prakAra priyapravAsa' Adi gaNAtmakachandomaya kAvyA kI bhamikA prastuta huI / kavi dvivedI kI apekSA yuganirmAtA dvivedI ne ima dizA meM bhI adhika kArya kiyaa| saMskRta-chandoM ke atirikta unhoMne urdU, baMgalA, agarI zAdi ra tathA sata ra chandoM ke prayoga aura pracAra lie gilA kaviyoM ko

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/ 108 / protsAhita kiyaa| unake prayAsa ke phalasvarUpa khar3IbolI ina chando kI mundaratA se bhI sampanna huii| isakI pramANasammata vivecanA 'yuga aura vyaktitva' adhyAya me Age calakara kI gaI hai| bhASA kI dRSTi me dvivedI jI ke kavitA-kAla ke tIna vibhAga kie jA sakate haiM ka. 1886 I0 se 1862 I0 taka / kha. 1867 I0 me 1602 I0 taka / ga 1602 I. ke uparAnta / / 'vinayavinoda' (1886 I0), 'vihAravATikA (1860 I0), 'snehamAlA'(1860 I0), 'mahimnastotra' (1861 I0), 'nutaraMgiNI' (1861 I0), 'gaMgAlaharI' (1861 I0), aura 'devIstutizataka' (1862 I0) brajabhASA kI racanAe~ hai| unakA yaha kAla prAyaH anuvAdoM kA hI hai / usa samaya hindI kI kAvyabhApA saMkrAnti kI avasthA me thii| bhAratendukRta khar3IbolI ke prayogo ke pazcAt zrIdhara pAThaka Adi ne khaDIbolI kA vyavahAra pracalita rakhA / ayodhyAprasAda khatrI grAdi ke khar3IbolI-aAndolana ne bhI halacala macAdI thii| tatkAlIna vrajabhASA ke kavi usakA koI sarvasammata Adarza rUpa upasthita na kara ske| isakA bhI kucha na kucha prabhAva dvivedI jI para avazya paDA hogaa| dvivedI jI ne saMskRta-grantho ke anuvAda prAyaH saskRta-chandoM meM hI kie / unakA hindI-mApA aura sAhitya kA jJAna bhI aparipakka thA ataeva unakI upayukta prArambhika racanAoM kI bhASA kA rUpa kAvyamaya aura nikharA huA nahIM hai|' dvitIya kAla meM unhone brajabhASA , khaDI bolI aura saMskRta tIno hI ko kavitA kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| 1602 I0 meM prakAzina 'kAvyamaMjapA' isI prakAra kI kavitAoMkA saMgraha hai| 1. ka, yathA--- vidhAtA hai kaiso racata vraya loke kimi suI / dhara kaisI dehI, sakala kina vastU niramaI // kutaka hai mUrkhA kahi suimi mAyA bhrama pare / na jAne aizvaryo sakata nahiM jo khaNDana dhare // ___-'dvivadI-kAvyamAlA', pa.. 166 / kha dUSita bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM dvivedI jI kA nimnAMkita nibedana avakSaNIya hai "isameM bahuta sA saMskRta vAkya prayoga hone se rocakatA meM virodha huA hai parantu asAdhAraNa chanda hone ke kAraNa niyatasthAna meM zuddha hindI zabda kI yojanA nahIM ho skii| isa nyUnatA kA mujhe baDA kheda hai|" bhUtataraGgiyI kI bhUmikA

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! 106 / unakI 'saskata padAvalI vizeSa prasanna dha rAvA haka tathA kA pAcita hai / sarasvatI -sampAdanake pUrva dvivedI jI ne bhASA-saMskAra kI ora koI dhyAna nahIM diyA thA isIlie unakI khaDIbolI kI tatkAlIna racanAoM kI bhASA ko vaja, avadhI Adi ke puTa ne vikRta kara diyA hai 12 4102 I0 meM 'kumArasambhava-mAra' ke dvArA unhone kAvya-bhASA ke rUpa meM khaDIbolI kI vizeSa pratiSThA kI / yatra tatra brajabhASA, avadhI yA toDe maror3e hue zabdo kA prayoga usake bhaTtva ko ghaTA nahIM sktaa| unakI kAvya bhASA me guhAvaro aura kahAvato kA abhAva-sA hai / lAnaNikanA, dhvanyAnmakatA yA citrAtmakatAkA samAveza bhI nagaNya hI hai / tathApi hindIkAvya-bhASA ke ekAtapatra mihAmana para gbar3IvAlI ko grAsIna kara dene kA prAyaH samasta zreya sampAdaka-dvivedI ko hI hai / " unhoMne svayaM to sarala, prAjala, pravAha-yukta aura vyAkaraNamammata khaDobolI meM padyAtmaka racanAeM kA hI, apane Adarza, upadeza aura protsAhana se anya kaviyoM ko bhI khaDIvAlI meM kavitA likhane ke lie prerita kiyaa| isakA vistata pivacana 'yuga aura vyaktitva' avyAya meM yathAsthAna kiyA gayA hai| unnIsavIM zatI ke antima caraNa me, vividha aAndolano ke kolAhala me, bhI saMskArajanya dhArmika bhAvanA ne navayuvaka dvivedI ke hRdaya ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA / bhAratendu-yuga kI dhArmika kavitA meM bhakti-kAna kI paramparA kA nirvAha, janatA kI dhArmika bhAvanA kA pratibimba 8 1. prabhAtavarNanam', 'samAcArapatrasampAdaka stavaH' Adi kavitAeM udAharaNIya haiM, yathA-- kuzezayaH svacchajalAzayayu __ vadhUmugvAmsojadale gaheSu / vaneSu puSpaiH savituH sapaya yAM tatpAdasparzanayA kRtAsIt // -dvivedI kAvyamAlA', pa.0 166 / 2. yathA- dikhA pa.he tava ramvarUpatA' aAdi / -'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pa.0 261 / kyoM tuma ekAdaza rudra adhomukha sAra ? haiM gaye kahAM huMkAra kaThora tumhAre ? jyA tumase bhI balavAna devagaNa koI jisane tama saba kI Aja pratiSTA gboI 1 // -dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pa0 315 / 4 athA- 'lagAya' sarga 1, pada 26, 'samAmI' sarga 6, pada 3, 'jAlA' sarga 2, pada 4, 'Tapakai hai' sarga 5, pada 67 Adi / 5 usI kAla meM TeTha avadhI meM likhita aura janavarI 1106 I0 kI sarasvatI' meM prakAzita saragau naraka TakAnA mAhi bhASAviSayaka eka hai

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1 11 / aura upadezaka kA svara spaSTa hai dvivadA jA sasta kI kAvya sarasatA aura bhAvapUrNa stuti kI ora vizapa AkRSTa hue 'mahimnastotra' aura 'gagAlaharI' isI pravRtti ke pariNAma haiM / saMskRta ke paramezvarazataka , sUryazataka, caMDIzataka Adi kI paddhati para daihika tApoM se mukti pAne ke lie unhone 1862 I0 meM 'devIstutizataka' kI racanA kii| dharmoM ke paraspara saMgharpakAla meM bhI ve matamatAntara aura dhArmika vAda-vivAda se dUra hI rhe| unakI racanAe~ yuga kI dhArmika bhAvanA me pare aura ekAnta bhaktipradhAna hai / unama ArAdhya devatA kA stavana aura usake prati aAtmanivedana hai / unakA yaha nivedana kahIM no nijI kalyANa bhAvanA se aura kahI lokakalyANa bhAvanA se anupANita hai| udAharaNArtha 'devIstutizataka' meM unhone apane amaMgalanAza ke lie aura anya kavitAyo meM sthAna sthAna para deza, jAti, samAja zrAdi ke maMgala ke lie devI-devatAoM evaM Izvara se prArthanA kI hai|' zokAta bAlavidhavAoM kI dayanIya dazA meM abhibhUta dvivedI jI ne hindU-dharma kI kaThora rUDiyoM ke viruddha lekhanI calAI aura vidhavAvivAha ko dharmataMgata batalAyA 2 TIkAdhArI kaTTara kAnyakubjo ne krodhAndha hokara unhe nAstika taka kaha DAlA / 'kathamahaM nAstika' dvivedI jI ke usI aAhata hRdaya kI dhArmika abhivyakti hai / usa eka hI racanA me unI dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA samanvaya hai| paramparAgata dharmAcAra ke nAma para bAlavidhavAno ko valAt avivAhita ragbanA samAja kI mUDhatA, haThadharma, dambha, dharmADambara aura nRzaMsatA hai / Izvara kI prasannatA mUrtipUjana, gaMgAsnAna yA savidha sandhyopAmana me nahIM hai / satyaniSThA me hI maMtrajapa kI pAvanatA, sajanI ke prati bhaktibhAva meM hI bhagavadabhakti, unakI pUjA meM hI devapUjA aura prANimAtra ke prati dayA tathA paropakAra meM hI nikhila brato kA phala evaM zAzvata zAnti hai| ekamAtra karuNA hI samasta saddhamo kA sAra hai| bhAratenduyuga se hI hindIkavi-samAja asAdhAraNa mAnavatA se sAdhAraNa samAja kI ora AkRSTa hotA A rahA thaa| kAla kI isa anivArya gati kA prabhAva dvivedI jI para bhI par3A / unhoMne apanI kavitAoM dvArA samAjasudhAra kA bhI prayAsa kiyA / ve cAhate the ki bhAratIya samAja apanI sabhyatA-saMskRti ko apanAve, sAhityakAra sacce jJAna kA prasAra kareM, samAja kI 1 yathA-- kie bilamba pralaya' pUrI ita havai hai taba pachita ho, svakara banAye ko bigAri ke aMta tApa hiya paihauM / nahi nahi amma kadApi karihau nahi, dayAdRSTi tuma ho, pratapAla yahi kAla ubArana aihau, aiho, aiho / / dvivedI pR0 181 dvivadI ka pra0 210

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dhAmaka dRSTi udAra aora vyApaka tathA usaka hRdaya ma pa DitA ka prati sahAnubhUti ho unakI sAmAjika bhAnanA cAra viziSTa rUpA ma vyakta hui kahI to unhoMne pIDita ora dayanIya varga ke prati sahAnubhUti dikhalAI,' kahI samAjasudhAra kA spaSTa upadeza diyA, kahI dhArmika kaTTarapaMthiyo tathA sAhityika vaMcako Adi kA vyagyAnmaka upahAsa kiyA aura kahIM namAja ke pathabhraSTa haThadharmiyoM kI kaThora bhatsanA kI / 4 bhAratenduyuga ne samAja kI adhogati ke vividha citra aMkita kie the / yajJa, zrAddha, jAtipaoNti, varNAzramadharma, strIzikSA , chuAchUta, andhavizvAna, dharmaparivartana. vidhavAvivAha, bAlavivAha, gorakSA, videzagamana, mUrtipUjA aAdi para lekhanI calAI thii| sabako saba kucha kahane kI cATa thI / kaviyoM kI rUr3hivAditA yA sudhAravAditA ke kAraNa unakI racanAoM meM mahAnubhUti kI apekSA aAlocanAmanyAlocanA kA hI svara adhika pradhAna thaa| dvivedI jI ne samAja ke sabhI ago para lekhanIcAlana nahIM kiyA, kisI eka viSaya para bhI bahuta sI racanAe~ nahI kI / kAnyakuJja brAhmaNoM ke dharmAimbara, bAlavidhavAno kI duravasthA aura ThaharaunI kI kuprathA ne unhe vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA / 'kAnyakubjalIlAmRtam' meM pAkhaMDI samAja kA citraNa bhAratandu-yuga kI sAmAjika kavitAoM kI AlocanA-paddhati para kiyA gayA hai| bAlavidhavAvinApa', 'kAnyakubjaavalAvilApa' aura 'ThaharaunI' meM bAlavidhavAnoM aura abalAnI ke prati mamAnubhUti kI nidarzanA paravartI dvivedI-yuga kI sAmAjika kavitA kI vizeSatA hai| aAdhunika hinTI-mAhitya meM deza aura svadezI para racita kavitAoM meM nihita bhAvanAoM 1 udAharaNArtha--'bhAratadurbhikSa, trAhi nAtha trAhi Adi kavitAeM dvivedIkAvyamAlA', meM saMkalita / 2. yathA--- he deza 1 sapraNa videzaja vastu chor3o, sambandha sarva unase tuma zIghra toddo| moDo turanta uname muha Aja se hI, kalyANa jAna apanA isa bAta meM hI / / 'dvivedIkAvyamAlA', pR0 423 / 3. yathA-- 'janmabhUmi', 'granthakAralakSaNa', kartavyapaJcadazI Adi dvivedIkAvyamAlA meM saMkalita / kyoM hai tujhe paTa videzaja deza bhAye ? kyoM hai tadartha phiratA muha nitya bAye ? tUne kiyA na mana meM kucha bhI vicAra, vikAra bhArata tume zata koTi bAra

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[ 112 ] ke kramika itihAsa kI rUparekhA isa prakAra hai / bhAratendu yuga ke kucha kaviyoM ne bhArata ke atIta gaurava kI ora saMketa karake abhimAna kA anubhava kiyA, deza kI dayanIyatA kA citrAkana karake use dUra karane ke lie bhagavAn se prArthanA kI / dvivedI yuga ke adhikAza kaviyoM ne atIta kI apekSA vartamAna para hI adhika dhyAna diyA, bhagavAn se sahAyatArtha prArthanA karane ke sAtha hI Atmavala kA bhI anubhava kiyA / vartamAna krAntivAdI yuga to prastuta samasyA ko lekara apane hI bala para saMsAra ko ulaTa dene ke lie kaTibaddha hai / isa vikAsakrama me dvivedI jI kI kavitAeM bhAratenduyuga aura dvivedIyuga kI madhyastha zrRMkhalA kI bhA~ti haiN| zAsakoM ke guNagAna aura bhArata ke sahAyatArtha Izvara se prArthanA karane meM ve bhAratendu yuga ke sAtha hai / kintu atIta ko chor3akara vartamAna ke hI citra khIcane meM ve bhAratendu yuga meM eka paga Age baDhakara dvivedI yuga kI bhUmikA meM khar3e hue haiN| dvivedI jI kI rAjanaitika yA rASTrIya kavibhAvanA cAra rUpI me vyakta huI hai / pahalA rUpa zAsako ke guNagAna kA hai / 'kRtajJatAprakAza' Adi racanAoM meM kucha suvidhAeM dene vAlI sarakAra kI muktakaMTha se prazaMsA aura harSa kI itanI vRta abhivyakti kI hai mAno kisI bacce ko abhISTa khilaunA mila gayA ho / parantu ye kavitAeM dvivedIyuga ke pUrva kI haiN| apane jIvana ke prArambhika varSo me dvivedI jI videzI sarakAra ke bhakta the - yaha bAta 'carita aura caritra' adhyAya me sapramANa kahI jA cukI hai| isake do pradhAna kAraNa parilakSita hote haieka to bhArateMdu yuga se calI AnevAlI rAjabhakti kI paramparA aura dUsare aMgrejI dvArA deza meM sthApita kI gaI zAnti tathA unheM prasanna karake hindI ke lie kucha prApta karane kI bhAvanA | rAjanaitika kavitA ke dUsare rUpa meM dvivedI jI ne deza kI vartamAna adhogati ke prati kSobha prakaTa kiyA hai / " isa sambandha meM eka vizeSa avekSaNIya bAta yaha hai ki unho ne bhAratendu kI mukariyo yA dvivedIyuga ke rASTrIya kaviyoM kI bhAti aMgrejo ko deza kI durdazA kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA hai aura isalie kahIM bhI unake atyAcAroM kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai unakI rAjanaitika kavitA kA tIsarA rUpa bhArata ke gauravagAna kA hai| isa bhAva kI abhivyakti mukhyataH cAra rUpoM meM huI hai / kahIM to unhoMne bhArata ke atIta vaibhava kI mahimA kA varNana 1. yathA- yadi koI pIr3ita hotA hai, use dekha saba ghara rotA hai / dezadazA para pyAre bhAI AI kitanI bAra slAI pra. 367

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L 913 kiyA hai, 'devarUpa ma usakI pratiSThA kI hai, kahIM usake ramaNIya prAkRtika dRzyoM kA rUpAkana kiyA hai aura kahI deza tathA svadezI vastuoM ke prati sarala prema kI vyaMjanA kI hai / 4 pAcaveM rUpa me kavi dvivedI kI svataMtratA kI AkAkSA kA vyaktIkaraNa huA hai / yaha afroyakti pradhAnatayA pA~ca prakAra se huI hai| kahIM deza ke kalyANa ke lie devIdevatAo kI duhAI dI gaI hai, " kahI utthAna ke lie dezavAsiyoM ko vinamra protsAhana diyA gayA hai, hI tIta kI tulanA meM vartamAna kA citraNa karake bhaviSya sudhArane kI cetAvanI dI gaI7 hai, kahI rASTrIya jAgRti ke lie melajAla kA rAga alApA gayA hai aura kahIM deza ke uddhAra ke lie bAhubala me krAnti kara dene kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai | 6 da 3. 3 yathA- yathA -- jahA~ hue vyAsa muni pradhAna, 1 rAmAdi rAjA ati kIrtimAna | jo thI jagatpUjita dhanyabhUmi yathA hai. vahI hamArI yaha grAryabhUmi || 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA' pu0 406 / state dhAra hamAre tumhIM gale ke hAra hamAre, jai jai jai jai deza | vaha jaMgala kI havA kahAM hai ? kahAM ne kA manA hai ? vaha moroM kA zora kahAM hai koyala kI mIThI tAnoM ko ? 4. yathA- 'janma bhUmi' meM, 5 yazA 5 'dvivedI kAvyAmAlA' meM saMkalita / grAlasya phUTa, madirA, mada dopa sAre, yaha kahIM Tarate na TAre / + 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA' pR0 424 / vaha isa dila kI davA kahA~ hai ? laharA rahI kahAM jamunA hai ? zyAma ghaTA ghanaghora kahAM hai ? suna sukha dete the kAnoM ko ? 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA' pR0 361 / he bhaktavatsala ! unheM uname bacAo, hastAravinda unake sira pai lgaao| 'dvivedIkAvyamAlA' pu0362/ 6. yathA 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA' ma saMkalita 'janmabhUmi' meM / 7 yathA 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA' meM saMkalita 'AryabhUmi' aura 'dezopAlambha' me | 8 udAharaNArtha hindU musalamAna IsAI, yaza gAve saba bhAI bhAI, sabake saba tere zaidAI, phUlo phanto svadeza | 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA' '10453. 454 / kahA ? batA yaha prazna hamArA | prANa janma merA hai vahA~ dvivedI pa0 420 yathA kavi he svataMtrate ! janma tumhArA svataMtratA zUra dezahita tajate nahIM

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14 hindI-bhAyA aura sAhitya ka pujArI dvipadI jI hindI kI TIna dazA se vizeSa prabhAvita the / sAhityasambandhI vipayo para likhita unakI kavitAeM tatkAlIna sAhitya kA bahuta kucha AbhAsa detI haiN| unameM kahI mAyAvI sampAdakoM kI baMcaka lIlAnI kA nirUpaNa hai,' kahIM hindIbhASiyoM dvArA nAgarI ke tyAge jAne aura videzI bhASAoM ke apanAe jAne para gvedaprakAza hai, 2 kahI sarakArI kAryAlayAM, kacahariyo aAdi meM hindI ko ucita sthAna dilAne ke lie nivedana hai, 3 kahIM saMskRta baMgalA, marAThI, a~garejI zrAdi ke sAmane hindI kI hInatA, tukaDo kI alaMkAravAditA, kavitvahIna padyaracanA aura samasyApUrako tathA vaDIbolI ke virodhI vrajabhASAbhaktoM kI viDambanA se vyathita kavihRdaya kA vyaktIkaraNa hai,4 kahI yazololupa, IrSyAlu, cora aura apaMDita hindI granyakartAoM kI yathArtha jhAkI hai, kahI - kavitA kA aMgabhaMga karane vAle hindIpakAro ke prati krodha, zoka tathA upahAsa kI vyaMjanA hai aura kahIM hindI ko Azraya dene ke lie dezI narezo se vinaya kI gaI hai / 7 yahI prAgdi vedIyuga-arAjakatA-yuga-kA citra hai / 'samaya nahIM hai', 'mujhe likhanA nahIM pAtA' Adi bahAnI ke aAdhAra para videzIbhASAgrenI hinduo aura hindIbhASiyo ko hindIsevA ke patha kA pathika banAne ke lie hI yuganirmAtA dvivedI ne 'saMdeza' kI racanA kii| , ravivarmA Adi citrakArI ke citro ne hindIkaviyA kA dhyAna vizeSa AkRSTa kiyaa| una citroM kI vastu para dvivedI jI ne svayaM kavitAeM likhI aura dUsaroM se bhI likhvaaii| dvivedI-sampAdita 'kavitAkalApa' isI prakAra kI kavitAoM kA saMgraha hai / dvivedI jI kI rambhA', 'kumuda-sundarI', 'mahAzvetA', 'uSAmvapna' Adi citraparicayAtmaka racanAtro kA aAlambana paugaNika yA Adhunika yuga kI nArI hai / aAdarza nAriyoM ke caritra aMkita karaka ve bhAratIya nArI-mamAja ko sudhAranA aura marata, pariSkRta tathA maMjI huI padyabhApA khar3IbolI kI pratiSThA evaM pracAra karanA cAine the / ravivarmA ke citroM kA guNAnuvAda bhI ina racanAoM kA uddeza jAna par3atA hai / dvivedI jI ne hindI-hitaiSiyoM kI prazaMsA meM aura avamara-vizeSa para bhI aneka kavitAeM liyA / 8 'balIbarda', 'kAkakRjitam', 'jambukI-nyAya', 'TemU kI TAga' yathA- dvivedI-kAvyamAlA' meM saMkalita 'samAcArapatrasampAdakastavaH' meN| , 'nAgarI terI yaha dazA' meN| ,, nAgarI kA vinayapatra' meN| ., 'he kavite' meN| yathA- dvivedI-kAvyamAlA' meM saMkalita 'granthakAralakSaNa' meN| 'svAma prArthanA' kavitAyeM Adi

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Adi meM vyaktigata AkSepa bhI hai kintu umakA vibandhana ucita nahI pratIta hotA / ka dvivedI jI ke prakRtivarNana meM bastu kI navInatA nahIM hai| 'RtutaraMgiNI', 'prabhAtavarNanam', 'sUryagrahaNam', 'zaratsAyaMkAla', 'kokila', 'vasanta' Adi kavitAzro meM unhoMne prakRti ke rUDhigata vipayo ko hI apanAyA hai| unakA mahatva vidhAnazailI kI dRSTi se hai / vastutaH dvivedI jI prakRti ke kavi nahIM haiM / prakRti para unhoMne kucha hI kavitAeM likhI haiM jinakA nyUnAdhika mahatva aitihAsika AlocanA kI dRSTi se hai / bhAva kI dRSTi meM unakI kavitAoM me kahI to prakRti kA bhAvacitraNa huaA hai aura kahI rUpacitraNa ! bhAvacitraNa meM unhoMne prakRtigata artha kA grahaNa karAne kA prapAma ora rUpacitraNa meM prakRti ke dRzyo kA citra-sA aMkita kiyA hai / maundarya kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ne prakRti ke komala aura madhura rUpa ko hI davA hai, usake ugra aura bhayaMkara rUpa ko nahIM jaisA ki mumitrAnandana panta ne apane 'parivartana' 3 meM kiyA hai| 'nutaraMgiNI' meM grISma kA varNana yathArtha hone ke kAraNa dvivedI jI kI ugratAvipaka pravRtti kA dyotaka nahIM ho sktaa| nirUpita aura nirUpayitA kI dRSTi meM dvivedI jI ke prakRti-varNana meM kevala dRzya-darzaka magbandha kI vyajanA huI hai, tAdAtmyasambandha kI nahIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI prakRtiviSayaka kavitAoM meM gaharI anubhUti kI apekSA varNanAtmakatA hI adhika hai| vidhAna kI dRSTi meM unhoMne prakati-nirUpaNa do prakAra me kiyA hai--prastuta-vidhAna aora aprastuta-vidhAna / udAharaNArtha-'tutaraMgiNI' Adi meM prakRticitraNa hI kavi kA lakSya rahA hai kintu 'kAkRjitam' aAdi meM aprastuta kAka yAdi ke citraNa ke dvArA kavi ne prastuta duSTo ke caritracitraNa kA hI prayAsa kiyA hai| vibhAva kI dRSTi se unhoMne prakRti kA citraNa do rUpoM meM kiyA hai-- uddIpanarUpa meM aura aAlambanarUpa me / rItikAlona paramparA ne prakRti ke vividha dRzyoM ko zra'gAra ke uddIpanarUpa me hI prAyaH aMkita kiyA thA | jagamohana siMha aura zrIdharapAThaka usake pAlambana-pakSa kI ora bhI pravRtta hue / prAkRtika dRzyo kA Alambanampa meM citrAkana karake dvivedI jI ne isa 1. 2. yathA--kumudapuSpasuvAsasuvAsitA, bakulacampakagandhavimizritA / madula bAta prabhAta bhaye bahai, madanavarddhaka arddhakalA kahai / / dvivedI-kAvyamAlA' pR0 82 / yathA---kva mAmanAdatya nizAndhAraH palAyya pApa. kila yastIti / jyalanniva kodhabhareNa bhAnuraMgArarUpa. sahasAcirAsIt / / _ 'dvivedI kAvyamAlA pR0 166 / mAdhunika kavi 2 meM sakalita

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praNAlI ko aura Age baDhAyA ' imI kAvyabhUmikA ma gopAla zaraNa si. rAma naraza tripAThI rAmanandra zukla, mumitrAnandana panta zrAdi ne zrAlambanarUpa meM prAkRtika dRzyA kA arthagrahaNa aura bimbagrahaNa kgyaa| 1. yathA-- vizuSka patra druma meM anekA, dhame dhase kIcaka eka ekaa| ananta jIvAntaka duHkhadAI, dazoM dizA pAvaka deta lAI // 'dvivedI kAvyamAlA' pR0 80 / yA -- mamAcirAt sambhavitA samAkSiH zucA hRdInIva vicintayantI / uSa: prakAzapratibhAmiSeNa vibhAvarI pAMDuratAM babhAra / / 'dvivedI ka 8 10 168

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pAMcavAM adhyAya aAlocanA pazcimIya sAhitya meM mamAlocanA kA artha kiyA jAtA hai racanA ke viSaya ke itihAsa, saudaryamidvAtta. racanAkAra kI jIvanI grAdi kI dRSTi se racanA ke gugNadoSa aura racanAkAra kI antatru liyo tathA pravRttiyoM kA sUkSma vivecn| saskRta-mAhityakAroM ne ima artha meM na to yAlAcanA hI kI hai aura na uma zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| hindI meM pracalita samAlocanA, samAlocana, pAlocanA aura aAlocana eka hI arthavAcaka zabda hai / ye zabda saMskRta ke hote hue bhI aMgarejI ke 'kriTisijma' ke mamAnArthI haiM / samIkSA aura parIkSA bhI aAlocana ke paryAya haiM / 'kriTasijma' ke lie ina zabdoM ke cunAva kA aAdhAra kyA hai ? apane "dhvanyAlokalocana' meM abhinavaguptapAdAcArya ne likhA hai "apane locana (jAna yA mana) dvArA nyUnAdhika vyAkhyA karatA huaA maiM kAvyAloka (vanyAloka )ko janamAdhAraNa ke lie vizada ( spaSTa ) karatA hU~ / "1 'candrikA" ( dhvanyAloka para likhI gaI vyAkhyA ) ke rahate hue bhI locana ke binA loka yA dhvanyAloka kA jJAna asambhava hai| isIlie abhinavagupta ne prastuta racanA meM (pAThako kI ) prAnveM bolane kA prayAsa kiyA hai|" ina udAharaNoM meM spaSTa hai ki locAna locaka dvArA bhAvaka ko diyA gayA vaha jAnalocana hai jisakI sahAyatA se baha locita racanA kA ucita bhAvana kara sake / parIkSA aura mamIkSA zabda bhI isI artha kI puSTi karate haiN| saMskRta ke lakSaNagranthoM kA nAmakaraNa bhI isI artha kI bhUmikA para grAlambita dikhAI detA hai| zrAnandavardhana, mammaTAcarya, zAradA yatkiMcidapyanuraNansphuTayAmi kAvya - loka svalocananiyojanayo janasya / / __ vanyAlokalocana', pR0 2 / kiM locana binA lageko bhAti candrikayApihi / tenAbhinavagupto'tra khocanA mokhana vyadhAt /

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/ 118 tanaya, jayadeva, vizvanAya zrAdi ke dhvanyAloka , kAvyaprakAza', nA7771 , 'candrAlora'. 'sahityadarpaNa' yAdi zabda locana ke upayukta artha ke hI samarthaka haiM 'sam' aura 'yA' upasargo ke sahita locana hI samAlocana hai / vyAkaraNa, darzana, itihAsa Adi-viSayaka granthoM kI samAlocanA bho mamAlocanA hI hai / mamAlocanA kI cAhe jo bhI paribhASA kI jAya, umakA nimnAkita lanaNa sarvavyApaka hai--sAhityika samAlocanA vaha racanA hai jo Alocita sAhityika kRti ke artha yA bimba kA bhalI bhA~ti grahaNa karane meM pAThaka, zrotA yA darzaka kI sahAyatA kre| isa udeza kI dRSTi se saMskRta hI nahIM, hindI-sAhitya meM bhI chaH prakAra kI grAlocanApadvatiyAM dikhAI detI haiM ! 1. prAcArya-paddhati 2. TIkA-paddhati 3. zAstrArtha-paddhati 4. mukti-paddhati 5. vaDana-paddhati 6. locana-paddhati dvivedI jI kI aAlocanA bhI inho chaH vargoM ke antargata hoto hai| saMskRta ke prAcArya apane lakSa NagranthoM meM kAvyAdi ke lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa karate the| jina lakSyagranthoM ko ve utkRSTa samajhate the unhe rasa, alaMkAra zrAdi ke sundara udAharaNA ke rUpa meM aura jinhe nikRSTa samajhate the / unhe adhama kAvya yA dopo ke udAharaNoM ke rUpa me udvata karake unake guNadopo kI yathocita samIkSA karate the / 'dhvanyAloka', 'kAvyaprakAza', 'sAhityadarpaNa' zrAdi isI prakAra ke grantha hai / hindI-prAcAryoM ne apane rItigranthoM meM mammaTa Adi kA anukaraNa na karake paMDitarAja jagannAtha aAdi kA anukaraNa kiyA-siddhAntanirUpaNa meM dUsaroM kI racanAyo ke sthAna para apanI hI racanAoM ke udAharaNa die aura doSa-prakaraNa kI avahelanA kara dii| aAdhunika hindI-sAhitya meM bhI saMskRta kI AcAryapaddhati para aneka grantha likhe gae --jaise gulAba rAya kA 'navarasa', kanhaiyA lAla poddAra kA 'kAvya 1. paMDita rAmacandra zukla ko saMskRta-sAhitya meM AlocanA ke kevala do hI DhaMga dikhAI paDhe haiM-AcAryaddhati aura sUktipaddhati / unakA yaha mata hai ki 'samAlocanA kA uddeza hamAre yahAM guNadopa-vivecana hI samajhA jAtA rahA hai|' hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa pR 6 0 63 akla jI kA yaha cinraya nieMya prazata satya hai

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1 16 ] kalpadruma atu na dAsa kaDiyA kA bhAratI bhUpaNa ayAdhyA maha upA yAya kA rama kalasa zrAdi / isa paddhati ma maddhAtanirUpaNa hI pradhAna aura udAhRta racanAe gANa hai / ataeva yaha paddhati vastutaH pAlocanA kI pIThikA hai| 'rasAra jana', 'nATyazAstra' zrAdi bAlocanAeM dvivedI jI ne prAcAryapaddhati para kI hai| unakI prAcAryapaddhati aura saMskRta kI paramparAgata prAcAryapaddhati meM rUpa kA hI nahIM aAtmA kA bhI antara hai / middhAnta kA nirUpaNa karate samaya unhoMne saMskRta-prAcAryoM kI bhAti maguNa yA duSTa racanAo kA na to uddharaNa diyA hai aura na unakA guNadopavivecana hI kiyA hai yatra tatra aAe hue eka do udAharaNa apavAdasvarUpa hai / ' dvivedI jI kI prAcAryapaddhati para kI gaI aAlocanAoM kI pahalI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne hindI-vidyApITha ke vAstavika prAcAryapada se hI siddhAntasamIkSA kI hai / chanda-alaMkArAdinidarzaka ke aAsana se korA siddhAntanirUpaNa hI unakA dhyeya nahIM rahA hai| nATaka ke kSetra me yathArtha nATyakalA se anabhijJa nATakakAro aura 'indramabhA', 'gulevakAvalI' zrAdi meM ruci rakhane vAle darzako ko prazasta paya para lAne ke lie unhoMne 'nATyazAstra' kI racanA kI 13 hindI kavitA atizaya 1. 'gmajJaraMjana' meM 'rAmacaritamAnasa pR051.52.53 aura 'ekAntAvAsI yogI' pR0 45 ke uddhrnn| 2 ka "chanda, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa Adi to gauNa bAteM huI unhIM para jora denA avivaktApradarzana ke mivA aura kucha nhiiN|" vicAra-vimarza', pR0 45 / "ye saba pUrvokta bheda hamane, yahAM para bAcako ke jAnane ke lie diyA to die haiM, parantu hamArA yaha mata hai ki hindI meM nATaka likhane vAlo ke lie ina saba bhedI kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka nahIM / ina bhedoM kA vicAra karake ina meM se kimI eka zuddha prakAra kA nATaka likhanA isa samaya prAyaH asambhava bhI hai| deza, kAla aura avasthA ke anusAra ligve gaye sabhI nATaka, jinameM manoraMjana aura upadeza mile prazaMsanIya haiN| the cAhe hamAre prAcIna AcAyo ke mAre niyamoM ke anukUla bane ho cAhe na bane ho uname lAbha Avazya hI hogaa| isameM yaha artha na nikAlanA cAhie ki nATyazAstra ke prAcAyoM meM hamArI zraddhA nahIM hai| hamAre kahane kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki ye saba jaTila niyama usa samaya ke lie the jima mamaya bharata aura dhanajaya Adi ne apane graMtha ligve haiM / isa samaya unako yadi koI parivartitadazA meM prayoga kare, aura aimA karake, yadi vaha sAmAjiko kA manoraMjana kara sake, tathA, apane khela ke dvArA vaha sadupadeza bhI de sake, to koI hAni kI bAta nhiiN|" nATyazAstra', pR0 26 ! 3."nATyakalA kA phala upadeza denA hai| isake dvArA nanorajana bhI hotA hai aura upadeza bhI milata hai| cAhe jesA nAraka ho aura cAhe jisane umeM banAyA ho usame koI na koI zina avazya minanI cahie yadi aimAna rA to nArakAra kA prayana vyartha hai aura darzako

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tha gArikatA se aAkrAnta thI loga kavitA ke vAstavika aya ko nahIM samajha rahe the bhASA zrAdi bahiraMgo ko lekara vivAda cala rahA thA / UrmilA-jaisI nAriyoM ke prati upekSA thii| sampAdaka, samAlocaka, lekhaka sabhI apane kartavya ke prati udAsIna the| dvivedI jo ne Tana vAnA kI ora dhyAna diyA / hindI kI paristhitiyo aura AvazyakatAoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara unhoMne aAlocanAeM kii| 'kavi banane ke sApekSa mAdhana', 'kavi aura kavitA', 'kavitA', 'nAyikA-bheda', 'kaviyoM kI milAviSayaka udAsInatA', 'urdUzataka', 'mahipazataka kI mamIkSA', 'zrAdhunika kavitA'. 'bolacAla kI hindI meM kavitA', 'sampAdako, mamAlocako tathA lebako ke kartavya' zrAdi lekhoM meM sthAna sthAna para sAhitya aura aAlocanA kA zAstrIya vivecana karate samaya ve sacamuca hI zrAcArya bana gae haiN| ___ unakI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unakA siddhAntanirUpaNa mabhI zrAle banAyo meM yathAsthAna bigbaga huyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne saMskRta-prAcAryoM kI bhAti midvAntoM ko sAvya aura lakSya racanAoM ko mAdhana na mAnakara lakSya racanAoM ko bhI mAnya aura siddhAnto ko hI bhASana mAnA hai / lekhaka yA usakI kRti kI AlocanA karate mamaya jahA kahI apane kathana ko pramANita yA puSTa karane kI AvazyakatA paDI hai vahA para unhoMne apane yA anya prAcArya ke siddhAnto kA upasthApana kiyA hai|' unakI sidvAntamUlaka aAlocanAoM kI tIsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne apane midvAntA ko kimI vAda ke bandhana meM nahIM bAdhA hai| ve na to bharata, vizvanAtha Adi kI bhA~ti rasavAdI haiM, na mAmahAdi kI bhAti alaGkAravAdI hai, na vAmana aAdi kI bhAti rItivAdI haiM na kuntaka Adi kI bhA~ti vakrokivAdI haiM, na Anandavarddhana, abhinavagupta Adi kI bhAti dhvanivAdI hai, na paMDitarAja jagannAtha kI bhAti camatkAravAdI haiM aura na pazcimIya samIkSApraNAlI se prabhAvita aAlocaka kI bhAMti antaHsamIkSAvAdI haiN| unakI AlocanA me sabhI bAdo ke mAra kA samanvaya hai / unhone apanI aAlocanAyo me vyavahArabuddhi me kAma liyA hai, kintu kore upayogitAvAdI bhI nahIM hai| unhone kisI vAda kA khaDana kA netravyApAra bhI vyartha hai| jo loga 'indara-sabhA aura gulebakAvalI' Adi khela, jo pAramo thiyeTara bAle Ajakala prAyaH khelate haiM, degnane jAte hai unhe apanA hAni-lAbha socakara vahA pagaranA caahie|" 'nATyazAstra' pR0 57 / 1. udAharaNArthaM, kAlidAsa ke granthoM kI AlocanA karate hue ye likhate haiM- 'jisa sAhitya meM samAlocanA nahIM vaha viTapahIna mahIruha ke samAna hai| use dekhakara nenAnanda nahIM hotaa| usake pATha aura parizIlana se hadaya zItala nahIM hotA vaha nIrasa mAsa ma hotA hai " kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA' pR 151

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/ 151 maDana karane ke lie lekhano nahIM uraI ataeva unakI racanAmA ko kisI vAda : upanayana meM dekhane kA mAga sabathA patita hai| sAhitya aura manuSyatva me bahuta gaharA sambandha hai| dvivedI jI kA kathana hai ki sAhitya aisA honA cAhie jisake aAkalana se bahudarzitA baDe, buddhi kI tIvratA prApta ho, hRdaya meM eka prakAra kI saMjIvanIzakti kI dhArA bahane lage, manovega pariSkRta ho jAyaM aura aAtmagaurava kI udbhAvanA ho / ' mahAkavi isa kAma ko samucita rUpa se kara sakate hai / mahAkavi vastutaH hai bhI vahIM jisane ucca bhAvo kA udbodhana kiyA hai| use bhI prAcAryoM ke niyamo kA nyUnAdhika anuzAsana mAnanA hI par3atA hai / mahAkavi kA kAvya ucca, pavitra aura maGgalakArI hotA hai / vaha kavi ke svAntaHmukhAya hI nahIM hotaa| vaha parArtha ko svArtha se adhika zreyaskara samajhatA hai| usakA lakSya bahujanahitAya hai / 3 antaHkaraNa meM rasAnubhUti karAkara udAra vicAro meM mana ko lIna kara denA kavitA kA carama lakSya hai| kavitA eka sukhadAyaka bhrama hai jisake upabhoga ke lie eka prakAra kI bhAvukatA, sAtvikatA aura bholepana kI apekSA hai| kavitA kavi kI kalpanA dvArA aMkita antaHkaraNa kI kRttiyoM kA citra hai|', sundara kavitA kA viSaya manuSya ke jIvana se ghaniSTha sambandha rakhatA hai / vaha usakI AtmA aura zrAvyAtmikatA para gaharA asara DAlatA hai| kavi kI pratibhA dvArA kiyA gayA jIvana ke satya kA camatkArapUrNa upasthApana aAnanda kI saSTi karatA hai / 7 kavi ke kalpanA-pradhAna jagat me sarvatra sambhavanIyatA hU~DhanA vyartha hai / 8 kavitA aura padya kA antara spaSTa karate hue dvivedI jI ne batalAyA ki vAstava meM kavikarma bahuta kaThina hai| vaha pigalazAstra ke adhyayana aura samasyApUrti ke abhyAsa kA hI pariNAma nahIM hai| vaha kisI eka hI bhASA kI sampatti nahIM hai / 10 usa sakrAnti-kAla ke hindI-kaviyoM ke lie unhoMne 1 hindI-sAhitya sammelana ke terahaveadhivezana ke avasara para svAgatAdhyakSapada se dvivedI jI dvArA die gae bhASaNa ke pR0 32 ke AdhAra para / 2. 'samAlocanA-samucaya', 'hindI-navaratna', pRSTha 228 ke AdhAra para / 3. 'samAlocanA- samuccaya', 'bhAratIya citrakalA', pRSTa 26 ke AdhAra para / 4 'rasazaraMjana', 'kavitA', pRSTa 55 ke AdhAra para / 5. 'rasajJaraMjana', 'kavitA', pR0 50 ke AdhAra para / 6 vicAra-vimarza', 'aAdhunika kavitA ke AdhAra para / 7. rasajJaraMjana', 'kavi banane ke sApekSa sAdhana', pRSTha 26 ke AdhAra para / 8. 'samAlocanA-samuJcara', 'hindI navaratna', pRSTa 238 ke AdhAra pr| * 'rasazaraMjana', 'kavi banane ke sApekSa sAdhana'- pRSTa 20 ke AdhAra para / [samuccaya udU zataka', pRSTha 133 ke AdhAra para

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L 422 spa sadeza diyA thA rasa, bhAna, alaGkAra chada zAstra aura nAyikAbheda samAnanAti kA bahuta hI kama upakAra ho sakatA hai usakA tyAga yAvazyaka hai isa prakAra kA sAhitya samAja kI durbalatA kA cinha hai / isake na hone se sAhitya kA lAbha hogA / ' lok-ruci ke anusAra sahaja manohara kAvya racanA kI apekSA hai jisase janatA meM navIna kavitA ke prati anurAga utpanna ho | navIna bhAva-vicAra ko lekara kalpita athavA satya zrAkhyAna ke dvArA sAmAjika, naitika yAdi viSayoM para kAvya- nibandhanA honI caahie| AlocanA ke viSaya meM bhI dvivedI jI ke vicAra nizcita the / 'hindI kAlidAsa' kI samAlocanA meM unhoMne subandhu kI ' vAsavadattA' ke nimnAMkita zloka ko uddhata karake AlocanA ke artha aura prayojana kI ora saMketa kiyA thA -- 4 guNinAmapi nijarUpaya tipattiH parata eva saMbhavati / svamahimadarzanamakSNomu kurakaratale jAyate yasmAt // apane isa vicAra ko unhoMne 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavinA me spaSTa kiyA hai- 1 " kavi yA anthakAra jima matalaba se grantharacanA karatA hai usase sarvasAdharaNa ko paricita karAne vAle Alocaka kI bar3I hI jarUrata rahatI hai| aise samAlocako kI samAlocanA se sAhitya kI vizeSa unnati hotI hai aura kaviyoM ke gUDhAzaya mAmUlI grAdamiyoM kI sama me jAte haiM / kAlidAsa kI zakuntalA, priyamvadA aura anasUyA meM kyA bheda hai ? unake svabhAvacitraNa meM kaci ne kauna kauna sI khUbiyA rakkhI hai ? unameM kyA kyA zikSA milatI hai ? ye bAteM satra logoM ke dhyAna me nahI A sakatI ataeva ve unase lAbha uThAne se vaMcita raha jAte haiM / ise thoDI hAni na samajhie / isase kavi ke uddeza kA adhikAza hI vyartha jAtA hai| yogya samAlocaka samAja ko isa hAni se bacAne kI ceSTA karatA hai / isI se sAhitya me usakA kAma itane cAdara kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai - isI se sAhitya kI unnati ke lie usakI itanI avazyakatA hai / 2 paramparAgata bhAratIya samAlocanApraNAlI ke bhakta hote hue bhI dvivedI jI ne pAzcimAtya navIna praNAlI ke guNoM ko apnaayaa| dopadarzana ko unhoMne buga nahIM samajhA / unakA kathana hai ki samAlocaka ko nyAyAdhIza kI mAti niSpakSa aura nirbhaya honA paDatA hai / san samAlocaka ko bar3e bar3e kavi, vijJAnavettA, itihAsa-lekhaka aura vaktAo kI kRtiyoM para 1. ' rasajJaraMjana', 'nAyikAbheda', pRSTha 62 ke AdhAra para | 2. 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA', pR0 13 | 3 prAcIna kaviyoM ka kAvyA meM + pR0 3

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[ 12 ] phasalA sunAne kA adhikAra hotA hai Dhaga mamyatApUrNa aura yukti-sagata honA cAhie pADilyamUlaka aAlocanA bhUlA ke pradarzana taka hI raha jAtI hai / pramukha bAta to aAlocaka kI vastUpasthApana-zailI, manoraMjakatA, navInatA, upayogitA prATi hai / jisake kArya yA grantha bhI mamAlocanA karanI hai usake vipaya me samAlocaka ke hRdaya me atyanta sahAnubhUti kA honA bahuta Avazyaka hai / legvaka, kavi yA graMthakAra ke hRdaya me ghumakara samAlocaka ko usake hara eka parade kA patA lagAnA cAhie / amuka ukti likhate samaya kavi ke hRdaya kI kyA avasthA thI, usakA zrAzaya kyA thA, kisa bhAva ko pradhAnatA dene ke lie usane vaha ukti kaTI thI-yaha jaba taka samAlocaka ko nahIM mAlUma hogA taba taka vaha usa ukti kI A nocanA kabhI na kara skegaa| kimI vastu prA viSaya ke saba aMgo para acchI taraha vicAra bagne kA nAma samAlocanA hai / vaha navataka mabhava nahIM jaba taka kavi aura samAlocaka ke hRdaya meM kucha dera ke lie ekatAnna sthApita ho jAya / ' vyavahAra ke kSetra meM zrAkara samAlocako ko aneka bAto kA dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai| samAja ke bhaya kI cintA na karake vicAro ko svatantratApUrvaka upasthita karane kA unage guNa honA cAhie / unakA kathana spaSTa, soddezya, tarkasammata aura sAdhikAra honA cAhie / Alocana kA lakSya mata kA nirmANa aura ruci kA pariSkAra hai| anargala bAteM aura atyuktiyA to sarvathA tyAjya haiM / 3 jahA pArasparika tulanA aura zreSThatA kA prazna ho vahA yuga, paristhiti, vyakti, lakSya, kalyANakAritA aAdi para bhalIbhAti vicAra karanA par3atA hai| aAlocaka kI tulI huI aura mayata bhASA me gahare cintana evaM mUlyAkana kA AbhAma milanA cAhie / dvivedI jI ne apane uparyukta sabhI siddhAnto ko kAryAnvita karane kA bharasaka prayAsa kiyA paranna yuga kI baDhamugvI aAvazyakanAyo ne pUrNa saphalatA ma pAne do| makI samIkSA prArI kI jAya / TIkApaddhati ne siddhAnta kA patA aAlocya kRti ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| mallinAtha zrAdi kore TIkAkAra hI na the. samAlocaka bhI the / TIkA ligbate samaya unhoMne kavi ke prAzaya ko to spaSTa karake batA diyA hai, usakI uktiyoM ko vizepatAeM bhI batAI haiM aura rasa, alaGkAra, dhvani yATi kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / ima paddhati ne racanAgata artha aura vyAkaraNapanna para hI adhika dhyAna diyA ! sambhavataH saMskRta ke uma utthAna-kAla meM kAvyajaime sarala viSaya kI vistRta aAlocanA anapekSita samajhI gaI thii| rUpako ke TIkAkAroM 1. 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA', pR0 112 / 2 'samAlocanA-samubA' 'hindI navana' 12 211 233 ke AdhAra para 3 sama simunnaya' hiTI navarana pa0 2 35 ke AdhAra para

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ne sthAna sthAna para zAstrIya dRdhi se unakI bara kucha yAna || kI hai yaH / nandI prastA ganA, sandhiyA, sandhyagA Adi ke avasaroM para / vyAkaraNa, darzana zrAdi kAvyatara viSayo kI AlocanA pati aura vizada huI, udAharaNArtha paMtajali kA 'mahAbhASya', 'za'karabhASya' Adi / isa paddhatikI vizeSatA arthavyAkhyA ke sAtha sAtha rasa, alaGkAra zrAdi ke nirdazana me hai / hindI meM 'mAnasapIyUSa', padmAsahazarmA kI 'bihArI-satamaI', jagannAthadAma kA 'bihArI-ratnAkara' Adi isI koTi kI kRtiyA~ haiM / hindI ke zreSTha samAlocaka rAmacandra zukla bhI apanI aAlocanAoM ke bIca bIca meM isa paddhati para cale binA nahIM raha sake hai|' __kevala hindI jAnane vAloM ko 'bhAginI-vilAsa' Adi kI kAvyamAdhurI kA aAmvAda karAne ke lie dvivedI jI ne unake hindI-bhASAntara prastuta kie| una anuvAdA meM mAlocanAtmaka TIkApaddhati kI koI vizepatA nahIM hai / saMskRta-TIkApaddhati kA uddeza thA sarala varNanAtmaka zailI meM pAThako ko bhAlocita gratha ke artha aura guNadopakA jJAna karAnA / isa uddeza aura zailI ke anukUla calane vAlI dvivedIkRta aAlocanA meM hama isa paddhati ke tIna vikramita yA pArevartita rUpa pAte haiN| pahalA rUpa hai unake dvArA kI gaI kAvya-carcA | 2 'nepadhacaritaca ' aura 'vikramAkadevacaritacarcA' me 'naipadhacarita' aura 'vikramAkadevacarita' kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA hai / kAvya ke racayitA aura kathA ke paricaya ke mAtha kahI kaho kavitvamaya mundara sthalo kI vyAkhyA bhI kI gii| 'kAlidAsa kI vaivAhikA kavitA' 3 'kAlidAma kI kavitA meM citra banAne yogya sthala'4 zrAdi vyAkhyAtmaka AlAcanAeM saMskRta-TokApaddhati ke adhika mamopa hai ! dUmarA rUpa hai 'sarasvatI' meM prakAgita pustaka-parica ya / isame saMskRta TIkApaddhati kI bhAti padagata artha yA guNadopavivecana aAlocaka kA lakSya nahIM hai / pustaka kI parIkSA vyApaka rUpa meM kI gaI hai| dvivedIlikhita vyAkhyAtmaka AlocanA ke tIsare rUpa meM sAhityakAroM kI jIvaniyA hai / 'kovidakItana 5 'bhramaragItasAra' kI bhUmikA meM sUra kI AlocanA / 2. "saMskRta granthoM kI samAlocanA hindI meM hone se yaha lAbha hai ki samAlocita granyo kA sArAMza aura unake guNadopa par3hane vAloM ko vidita ho jAte hai| aisA hone se sambhava hai ki saMskRta meM mUla anyoM ko dekhane kI icchA se koI koI usa bhASA kA adhyayana karane lage, athavA usake anuvAi dekhane kI abhilASA prakaTa kareM / athavA yadi kucha bhI na ho, saMskRta kA premamAtra unake hRdaya meM graMkurita ho uThe, to isameM bhI thor3A bahuta lAma avazya hI hai|" 'vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA', pa0 / 3. 'sarasvatI', juna. 1605 I0 } * mAsvatI eprila 111 I.

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[ 125 ] prAcIna 3 aura kavi 'suvisaddhItana Adi isI prakAra kI AjocanA - pustakeM haiM saMskRta sAhitya meM racanA kI vyAkhyA meM racanAkAra ko koI sthAna nahIM diyA gayA thA / isakA kAraNa yA una AlocakoM kA dRSTibheda / ve artha kI vyAkhyA karane cale jAte the aura jahA prayojana samajhate the, nyUnAdhika AlocanA bhI kara dete the / una Alocako ke samakSa eka hI prazna thA -- zrAlocya vastu kyA hai ? usake racanAkAra taka jAnA unhoMne niSprayojana samajhA / dvivedI jI ne racayitAoM kI AlocanAdvArA unakI kRtiyoM se bhI pAThako ko paricita karAyA / uparyukta racanAoM ke atirikta 'azvaghoSakRta saundarAnanda', ' 'mahAkavi bhAsa ke nATaka' 3 vebaTezvara presa kI pustake', 'gAyakavAr3a kI prAcyapustakamAlA 4 yAdi phuTakla lekha bhI isI koTi meM haiM / 1 3 pUrvavartI samIkSakoM se asahamata hone ke kAraNa unake paravartI thAlocakoM ne tarkapUrNa yuktiyoM ke dvArA dUsaroM ke mata kA khaDana aura apane vicAroM kA maMDana karane ke lie zAstrArtha paddhatilAI / ina grAstoko ne vipakSa ke dopoM aura apane pakSa ke guNoM ko hI dekhane kI vizeSa ceSTA kI / kahIM to samIkSaka ne taTasthabhAva me IrSyAmatsarAdirahita hokara sUkSma vivecana kiyA, yathA zrAnandavarddhana ne 'vvanyAloka' ke tRtIya udyota meM aura mammada ne 'kAvyaprakAza' ke caturtha aura paMcama ullAsa meM / kahIM para usane garva ke vazIbhUta hokara pUrva - vartI AcAryo ke siddhAnto kA khaMDana aura apane vicAroM kA maMDana kiyA yathA paMDitarAja jagannAtha ne 'rasagaMgAdhara meM aura kahIM para usane zatrubhAva se vipakSa kA sarvanAza karane kI ceSTA kI / isa dRSTi se mahimabhaTTa kA vyakti-viveka' atyanta rocaka aura nirAlA hai / Adhunika hindI ke trAlocanA-sAhitya meM bhI 'bihArI aura deva', 'deva aura vihArI' Adi paddhati para kI gaI racanAeM ha / ; 'carita aura caritra' adhyAya meM yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki kisI viSaya me vivAda upasthita * jAne para dvivedI jI apane kathana ko pAhila aura tarka ke bala se akATya pramANita karake hI chor3ate the / zrAlocanAkSetra meM bhI unakI yaha vizeSatA kama mahatvapUrNa nahI hai / 'naiSadhacaritacarcA aura sudarzana', ' 'bhaddI kavitA', ' 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa', 7 'kAlidAma kI 'sarasvatI', 1613 I0, pR0 280 / 2, 'sarasvatI", 1913 I0 3 1617 I0, 1616 30, 52 " 31 0 63 / 4. 93 5. 'sarasvatI', 1906 I0, 1606 hai 0 22 ,, 140, 167, 263 / 163 / 341 / 25 303 / 60

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nirakuzatA para vidvAnA kI sammatiya' 1 'prAcIna raviyA ka kAvyo ma dopodabhAvanA'2 a di unakI pAlocanAe zAstrAthapaddhati para kI gaI haiM vipana kA naDana aura svapakSa kA mana karate samaya unhone kaThora tarka se kAma liyA hai / aoja lAne ke lie unhone nissaMkocabhAva se saMskRta, phArasI Adi ke zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / kahIM kahIM zrAkSepoM kI tIvratA amA ho gaI hai| sthAna sthAna para sandarbho, middhAntA Adi kA sanniveza karake apane mata ko puSTa siddha karane meM unhe saphalatA milI hai|4 sundara jecanevAlI vastu kI prazaMsA karanA manuSya kA svabhAva hai| saMskRta-kAvyAM aura kaviyoM ke viSaya meM bhI prazaMsAtmaka subhASita lokoktiyo ke rUpa meM pracalita hue yathA--- upamA kAlidAmya bhAraverarthagauravama / naipadhe padalAlityaM mAgha santi trayo guNAH // 1. , 1611 I0, pR.0 162 / 2 , 156, 223, 272 / 3. 'apane pahale lekha meM eka jagaha hamane likhA-mana meM jo bhAva udita hote hai ve bhASA kI sahAyatA se dUsaro para prakaTa kie jAte hai| isa para umra bhara kavAyadadAno kI sohabata aura ju bAdAno kI khidamata karake nAmapAne vAle hamAre samAlocakoM me se eka mamAlocakaziromaNi ne dUra taka masakharApana chAMTA hai| zrApa kI samajha meM yahA para sahAyatA galata hai| aba aApa ko cAhie ki jaga dera ke lie jubAMTAnI kA cogA utAra kara meksamUlara ke sAmane pAveM / yA agara urdU phAramI hI ke jAnanevAle aApa kI samajha meM sarvajJa ho to hecamadAnI kA jAmA pahana kara zrApa paMDita ikabAla kRSNa kaula ema0 e0 ke hI sAmane sira jhukAveM / 'risAle tAlIma va tarabiyata' nAma kI apanI kitAba ke zurU hI meM paMDita sAhaba pharamAte hai---"azayAe khArjiyA kA ilma hamako inhI kRvatA ke jarie hotA hai| ...havAsa ke jarie jo khayAlAta paidA hote haiN...|' lekina isaro ko bhI kucha samajhane aura unakI bAta mAnane vAle jIva aura hI hote haiN| bahuta tarapha kI bAte phAkane kA khyAla Ate hI ina jIvo ko to jur3I A jAtI hai / ye inhe hajama hI nahI hotI / hjama hotI hai sirpha eka cIja-pralApa / use ve itanA khA jAte haiM ki ugalanA par3atA hai|" sarasvatI, 'bhAga 7, saM0 2, pR0 63 / / 4. "yogya samAlocaka ke lie yaha koI nahIM kaha sakatA ki jisakI pustaka kI tama samAlocanA karanA cAhate ho usake barAbara vidvattA prApta kara lo taba to samAlocanA limbane ke lie kalama utthaano| homara ne grIka bhASA me 'iliyaDa' kAvya likhA hai / vAlmIki aura kAlidAsa ne saMskRta meM apane kAvya likhe hai| phiradausI ne phArasI ma zAhanAmA' likhA hai| kauna aisA samAlocaka isa masara hai jo ina bhASAoM meM pUrvokta vidvAnoM ke mahaza yogyatA rakhane kA dAvA kara makatA ho ?" grAlocanAja'la' pa0 3

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kiM sA taruNI ? nahi nahi vAraNI bAraNasya madhurazIlasya // apanI tathA dUsaroM kI prazaMsA meM mahAna kaviyoM aura AcAryoM ne bhI sUktiyoM kI ra | hindI me bhI prazaMsAtmaka sUktiyA lokapracalita huI, yathA gJa [ 35 ] nodaya tAvadbhA mAramAti udite naiSadhe kAvye kva mAghaH kva ca bhAraviH // rucirasvaravarNapadA navarasarucirA jaganmanoharati / ga. kavitAmaJjarI yasya rAmabhramarabhUSitA // Adhunika hindI - sAhitya meM bhI sUktipaddhati para racanAeM huI haiM / DAkTara rasAla vazataka' kA prAkkathana, 'zeSasmRtiyA' kI rAmacandra zukla - likhita bhUmikA Adi kRi (dhunika samAlocanA ke mAMce meM DhalI huI pravarddhita, saMskRta, gadyamaya aura prazaMsAt nIlotpaladalazyAmAM vijjikAM mAmajAnatA / vathaiva iMDinA protaM sarvazuklA sarasvatI // ka sUra sUra tulasI sasI uDugana kaMsavadAsa | ke kavi khadyota sama jahaM taI karahi prakAsa || kavitAkarttA tIna haiM tulasI kemava sUra / kavitA khetI ina lunI kAMkara binata maMjUra | tulasI gaGgadu bhae sukacina ke saradAra | inake kAvya meM milI bhASA vividha prakAra || sAhityakAnane hyasmizjaGga mastulasItaruH / kavInAmagalarSo nUnaM vAsavadattayA / bANabhaTTa 'harSacarita' kI bhUmikA ! yadi harismaraNe sarasaM mano yadi bilAsakathAsu kutUhalam / madhurakomalakAntapadAvaliM zrRNu tadA jayadevasarasvatIm // jayadeva, 'gItagovinda kI bhUmikA ! va bhAmanATakacakre picchekai tirate parIkSitum / svapnavAsavadattasya dAhakobhUna pAvakaH || + nimagnena klezairmananajala dherantarudara mayonIno loka lalitara bhagaMgAdharamaNiH / harannantardhvAnta hRdayamadhirUDho guNavatA - malaMkArAna sarvAnapi galitagarvAna racacatu ' vijjikA devI ditarAja naganAtha cAraNa-'harSacarita' rasagaMgAdhara, pR0 23

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sUktiyA hI hai maitrI vijJApana Adi se prabhAvita guNavAcaka AlocanA mI racanAkAra aura bhAvakA kA vizeSa hita kara sakatI hai / dvivedI jI dvArA sUktipaddhati para kI gaI AlocanAeN apekSAkRta bahuta kama hai 1 'mahipataka kI samIkSA' - jaise lekha 'gardabhakAvya' aura 'balIvarda' kA aucitya siddha karane aura "hindI - navaratna " Adi dopAnveSaNa ke yaza se bacane ke lie hI likhe gae jAna paDate haiM / zrIdhara pAThaka kI 'kAzmIra-supamA', naithilIzaraNa gupta kI 'bhArata-bhAratI', 'gopAlazaraNa siMha kI kavitA' Adi kI jo AlocanAe~ dvivedI jI ne kI haiM ve vastutaH prazaMsAtmaka hai | paramparAgata sUktipaddhati aura dvivedIkRta sUtisamIkSA meM kevala rUpa aura grAkAra kA hI antara hai / dvivedI jI kI AlocanAeM gadyamaya aura vistRta haiM / hA, prabhAvotpAdakatA lAne 1 ke lie kahIM kahI prazaMsAtmaka padoM kI yojanA avazya kara dI gaI hai / 3 dvivedI jI kI sUktiyo me kisI prakAra kI mAyiktA yA pakSapAta nahIM hai / 4 dharmasaMkaTa kI dazA meM jisa racanA kI prazaMsA karanA unhoMne anucita samajhA usakI AlocanA karanA hI svIkAra kara diyA / " 9. 'sarasvatI', 1612 I0, pR0 30 / 2. ye tInoM AlocanAe~ 'sarasvatI' meM kramaza: janavarI, 1905 I0, agasta, 1954 I0 aura sitambara, 1914 I0 meM prakAzita huI thIM / 3. "yahI svarga suraloka yahI surakAnana sundara | yahi amarana ko loka, yahI kahu~ basata purandara || aise hI manohara padyo meM Apane 'kAzmIra - pupamA' nAma kI eka choTI sI kavitA likhakara prakAzita kI hai kAzmIra ko dekhakara Apake mana me jo jo bhAvanAeM huI hai unako usame grApane madhumayI kavitA meM varNana kiyA pustaka ke anta meM ApakI ' zimalAgam' nAma kI eka choTI sI saMskRta kavitA bhI haiM / hama kahate haiM ki--- tAhi rasikavara sujana avasi avalokana kIjai / mama samAna manamugdha lalaki locanaphala lIjai / " 'sarasvatI', bhAga 6, pR0 2 / 4 " mitratA ke kAraNa kisI kI pustaka ko anucita prazaMsA karanA vijJApana dene ke sivA aura kucha nahIM / " I dvivedI jI - 'vicAra-vimarza ', pR0 45 / 85 5. 'sAdhanA' utkRSTa chapAI aura baMdhAI kA Adarza hai / dekhakara citta bahuta prasanna huA bAbU maithilIzaraNa para aura grApa para bhI merA jo bhAva hai vaha mujhe isa pustaka kI samAlocanA karane meM bAdhaka hai / apanI cIja ko samAlocanA hI kyA ? ataeva kSamA kIjiegA / " dAsa ko likhita 2171618 60 sarasvatI' bhAga 46 sa0 2, pra 82

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[ 126 ] manuSya jA logana va guNa hI dagna sakta haiM, unama kala dopahAsa kI pravRtti hai| isI mahajabuddhi ne paMDitarAja jagannAthakRta 'citramImAmA khaNDana' zrAdi ko janma diyA | hindI - samAlocanA sAhitya meM kRSNAnanda gupta - likhita ' pramAda jI ke do nATaka ' yadi isI prakAra kI racanAe hai / maskRta-sAhitya me zrAcAryapaddhati meM bhI dUsarI kA svaDana kiyA gayA thA / parantu vaha khaDana-paddhati meM bahuta kucha bhinna thaa| vaha kevala khaDana ke lie na thA / vaha sAdhya nahIM thA, sAdhana thA / apane mata ko malI mAti puSTa aura area karane ke lie virodhI matAM kA samucita ina anivArya thA / khanapaddhati solaho yAne dIpadarzanapraNAlI hai| IrSyA, dveSa yAdi rahita hokara kI gaI dIpavAntaka AlocanA bhI dUSita aura racanAoM kA pracAra rokane tathA sAhityakAroM ko truTiyoM aura donoM ke prati sAvadhAna karane lie sAhitya kI mahatvapUrNa AvazyakatA hai / saMskRta-sAhitya meM khAinapati ke do rUpa milate hai / eka to zrAnAya dvArA una siddhAntoM yA graMthoM kA ina jinakI inhoMne svIkAra nahIM kiyA; udAharaNArtha abhinava gupta-kRta madra lollaTa, zrI zaMkuka aura na nAyaka ko ramaviSayaka vyAkhyA kA dIpanirUpaNa | isakA uddeza thA vAstavika jJAna kA pracAra | dUsare rUpa meM vaha khaMDana hai jisameM mansarAdigrasta bAlocaka ne apane pAhitya aura Alocita kI ajJatA yA dInatA kA pradarzana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yathA jagannAtha rAya kA 'citramImAmA - khaDana' / ima paddhatikI vizeSatA hai kevala truTiyoM yA abhAvo kI samIkSA / dvivedI jI kI vanapaddhati do prakAra kI hai - zramAva-mulaka aura dIpamulaka / pahalI kA uddeza thA hindI ke abhAvoM kI AlocanA dvArA unakI prati ke lie hindI sAhityakAroM ko prerita karanA / isake do rUpa hai -- eka kA udAharaNa hai "hindI sAhitya" sarIkhe vyaMgyacitra aura dUsarI ke udAharaNa 'kaviyoM kI urmilA viSayaka udAsInatA' yAdi lekha hai jiname hindI kI AvazyakatAoM kI ora dhyAna diyA gayA hai| 'hindI - navarana' Adi lekhoM meM bhI yatra tatra AlocanA kI isa paddhati kA puTa hai | 3 1. 'sarasvatI', 1602 I0, pR0 35 / 2. 'ramajJaraMjana' meM sakalita / 3. "ve dikhalAte ki kauna kauna sI bAteM hone se kisI kavi kI gaNanA ratna kariyoM meM ho sakatI hai / phira kaviratroM kI kavitAdIti kI bhinna bhinna prabhAtroM kI mAtrA nirdiSTa karate, jisase yaha jAnA jA sakatA ki kitanI prabhA hone meM bRhat sabhya aura laghucI ma una kaviyoM ko sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai / yadi ve aisA karate to unake batalAe hue lakSaNoM kI jAca karane meM sumItA hotA, to loga isa bAta kI parIkSA kara sakate ki jina guNAne lekhakA ne ravi ko kavignIvI ke pogya ve

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7 dvivedI jI kA doSamUlaka AlocanA ke aneka uddaza tha hindI meM baTata hue kUDAkara kaTa ke saMhAra ke lie 'bhASA-padya vyAkaraNa' Adi kI khaMDanapradhAna tIvra AlocanA kI nivArya apekSA thI / lAlA sItArAma Adi lekhakoM ke anuvAdoM kI doSamUlaka samIkSA kA lakSya thA kAlidAsAdi mahAn kaviyoM ke gaurava kI rakSA | "hindI - navaratna' Adi kI AlocanA dvArA ve lekhakoM ko sudhAra kara sAhitya-racanA ke Adarza mArga para lAnA cAhate the / kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA' jaisI samIkSA mAhityamarmajJoM ke manoraMjanArtha likhI gaI thI | ina samAlocanAo ke zarIra bhI aneka prakAra ke the / 'kalAsarvajJasampAdaka', " 'kAzI vaise hI haiM yA nahIM, aura ve prastuta kaviyAM meM pAye bhI jAte haiM yA nahIM / " 'samAlocanA - samuccaya', pR0 207 / Apane kaise padya meM vyAkaraNa viSaya sikhAye hai so bhI dekha lIjie / anuvAda vipaya pATha Apa yo paDhate haiM- prathama svabhApA vAkya ko syAmapaTala para likhI / bAlakagaNa svakApI para pratilekha sabai likhau || prathama kartA kriyA kaheM anya bhASA jAne } praznadvArA zabda ravai tulya kAraka jAne || kriyApada sthAna dekhi kriyApade prakAze / vartA karma kriyA jor3i laghuvAkya prakAza || bhagavAna pigalAcArya hI Apake isa chanda kA nAmadhAma batAvai to batA sakate haiM, aura Apake isa samagra pATha kA artha bhI zAyada koI zrAcArya hI acchI taraha batA sake / '''' Apane pustakAdi meM jo eka choTI sI bhUmikA likhI hai, usakA pahalA hI vAkya hai 'maine yaha pustaka bar3e parizrama se banAI hai aura Aja taka aisI pustaka bhAratavarSa meM kisI se nahI likhI gaI / ' sacamuca hI na likhI gaI hogii| Apake isa kathana meM z2arA bhI Rtyukti nahIM / bhAratavarSa hI meM kyoM zAyada aura bhI kisI deza meM bhI aise padya meM aisA vyAkaraNa na likhA gayA hogA / " AcArya jI ne apane vyAkaraNa kA Arambha isa prakAra kiyA haizrI guru caraNa saroja raja nija mana mukura sudhAri / vyAkaraNa padya meM jo dAyaka phala cAri // kho dhArmika hinduoM ko caturvarga kI prApti ke lie pUjApATha, dAnapuNya chor3akara kevala Apake vyAkaraNa kA pArAyaNa karanA caahie| tulasIdAsa para jo Apane kRpA kI hai usake lie hama gosAI jI kI tarapha meM kRtajJatA prakaTa karate haiN| ' vicAra-vimarza', pR0 185.86 | 2. dekhie 'hindI kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA', pR0 72 3 ' samAlocanA-samuccaya' pu0286 / 4 dekhie 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA', pR0 3 / 1603 I0 pU0 10 pa0 36 >

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kA mAhitya-vajJa', 'zUravIra mamAlAcaka zrAdi vyaMgyacitra hai| 'hindI kAlidAma kI mamAlocanA', 'hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga kI mamAnocanA' aura 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA' pustakAkAra prakAzita huI / 'nAyikAbheda', 4 'hindI-navaratna'," aAdi aAlocanAtmaka nibandha hai / 'he kavine 6 'granthakAralakSaNa' / zrAdi kavitAoM meM bhI pAlAMcanA kI pradhAnatA hai| 'bhASA-padya vyAkaraNa', Adi kI aAlocanAeM pustaka-paricaya ke rUpa meM likhI gaI thiiN| ina zrAlocanAoM ke lekhakarUpa meM unhoMne apanA nAma na dekara kalpita nAmoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / 'samAcArapatroM kA virATa rU.pa' ke lekhaka paMDita kamalA kizora tripAThI aura 'rAma kahAnI kI mamAlocanA'10 ke zrI kaMTha gaThaka ema0 e0 haiM / Tana aAlocanAoM kI abhivyaMjanAzaintI apekSAkRta adhika vyaMgyAtmaka, AkSepapUrNa aura kahI kahIM hAsyamizrita hai / 11 dvivedI-kRta gbaddhanAtmaka, aAlocanAoM kA kAraNa kimaH prakAra kA IyAdveSa nahIM hai / hindI kA saccA upAsaka usake mandira me kisI bhI prakAra kA vyabhicAra nahIM degya makA hai / imolie usameM kaTutA A gaI hai kintu vaha sArvatrika na hokara yathAsthAna hai / saca to yaha hai ki hindI-sAhitya ke DhITha coroM aura kalaMkakAriyA kI amaga tAti ko gakane ke lie dvivedI jI-jama mainika mamAloca ka kI hI AvazyakatA thii| maMskRta-sAhitya meM aAlocanA kA unkaTatama rUpa locanapati meM dikhAI detA hai| yaha padvati pUrvoka pAcI paddhatiyoM ke atirikta kAI padArtha nahIM hai / antara kevala itanA hI hai ki isama aAlocaka aAlocya viSaya ke artha ko pUrNatayA hRdayagama karake racanAkAra kI antadRSTi kI vizada mamIkSA karatA hai / yaha TIkA-paddhati meM aneka bAtA meM bhinna hai| TIkA-paddhati kA kSetra vyApaka kintu dRSTi mImita hai / umakI pahu~ca kAya, mAhitya aAdi 1. 'sarasvatI', 1603 I0, pR. 406 / 2. 'sarasvatI', 1603 I0, , 265 / 3 pahala lekharUpa meM 'sarasvatI' 1612 I. pa0 ,75 aura 107 meM prakAzita / 4 'sarasvatI', 160% I0, pR0 165 / 5. ., 12 I.,, 66 6. 1601 , 168 / 7. . 255 / , agasta 1613 I0 / 1. , 1604 I0 pR0 367 / 10. , 16.0 6. I0,,. 450 / 1 ka hindI bhAga kI pa05 mpa 'bhASA aura ' 'sarasvatI' mAga , ma0 2 10, bhaura /

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sAta he pa pa racanAgata sAdhAraNA yAvaraNa rama alaGkAra Adima Age nahIM sakI hai| locana -paddhati kI dRSTi racanAkAra kI ta. samIkSA aura tattanAtmaka AlocanA taka ge to aDhI kintu usakA viSaya sAhityazAstra taka hI mAmita raha gayA | kAvyoM para isa prakAra kI AlocanAe nahIM huI / sambhavataH una kaviyA ne kI racanAoM kI vistRta samIkSA ko vyartha samajhA / saMskRta meM abhinavagupta kA banyAlokalocana' aura 'abhinavabhAratI' Adi isI prakAra kI racanAeM hai / rAmacandra zukla ke itihAsa grAdi kI samIkSA-zailI imI locana paddhati aura pAzcAtya samAlocanA praNAlI kA mizrarUpa hai / saMskRta meM locana paddhati para kI gaI AlocanA saundaryamUlaka rahI hai / bhAratIya 'zrAlocaka ne grAlocya racanA sundara yA amundara kyoM hai' isa prazna kA uttara dene ke liye racanAkAra kI jIvanI, vipaya ke itihAsa, tatkAlIna samAja Adi ko dRSTi meM rakhakara zrIcanA nahIM kii| ye vizeSatAeM pazcimI sAhitya ne hI hindI ko dI ha / 'meghadUta- rahasya', ' 'raghuvaMza' aura 'kirAtArjunIya' kI bhUmikAeM Adi locana paddhati para dvivadI jI dvArA kI gaI AlocanAe hai inameM unhoMne racanA ke viSaya meM mukhyataH dRSTiyoM meM vicAra kiyA hai-- saundarya, itihAsa, jIvanI aura tulanA / saundayadRSTi meM unhoMne kevala racanA ke antargata saundarya tathA usake guNa-dopa kA vivecana kiyA hai / itihAsa-dRSTi meM racanAvipayaka itihAsa aura racanAkAla kI sAmAjika Adi paristhitiyoM kI bhUmikA me usakI samIkSA kI hai| jIvanI-dRSTi se racanA meM racanAkAra ke vyaktitva, anubhava yAdi kA pratibimba khojate hue usakI AlocanA kI hai / tulanAdRSTi se usI varga kI anya racanAoM yA racanAkAroM kI tulanA meM prastuta racanA yA racanAkAra kI utkRSTatA yA nikRSTatA kI jA~ca kI hai / bhAravi para likhI gaI AlocanA isa paddhati kA viziSTa Adarza hai / usameM unhoMne bhAravi kI kAvya- kalA para uparyukta sabhI dRSTiyoM meM vicAra kiyA hai / 'kAlidAsa ke meghadUta kA rahasya' meM saundarya, kavara ke rAjatvakAla ma 1. 'sarasvatI' agasta, 1912 I0 / 2. udAharaNArtha ----- ka. tulanAtmaka "zizupAlavadha ke kartA mAgha paMDita bhArati ke bAda hue ha / jAna par3atA hai. mAgha ne kirAtArjunIya ko bar3e dhyAna se paDhakara apane kAvya kI racanA kI hai| kyoMki donoM meM kathAvataraNasambandhinI aneka samatAe hai| " * HARA 'kirAtArjunIya' kI bhUmikA, pR0 13.14 / sva. saundaryamUlaka - "bhAravi ko likhanA thA mahAkAvya / para kathAnaka unhoMne aisA cunA jisake vistAra ke lie yatheSTa subhItA na thA / zrAlaMkAriko kI AjA ke pAza na pha~sane ke kAraNa hI bhAravi ko kathA kA asvAbhAvika vistAra karanA paDA aura aisI aimI vizeSatAeM rakhanI par3IM jiname kAvyAnanda kI prApti meM kamI A jAtI hai / " vigatAnIya kI bhamikA pa0 27 aura 30

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[ 35 ] hindI matinAma aura gopAlagaggu ma kI kavitA 1 manIvana kI hI dRSi pradhAna hai locanapaddhati kI hI nahIM anya paddhatiyoM kI yAlAca nAtrAM sa bhI unhAne jhAlocya racanAkAra kI ntaTikA AvazyakatAnusAra vivecana kiyA hai| TIkA yA paricaya kI paddhati para 'pacarita' kI athavA svana-paddhati para 'hindI kAlidAma' yA kAlidAma kI maundaryamUlaka cAlocanA karate hue dvivedI jI ne racanAkAroM ke bhAvo kI taha taka jAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / hindI - navaratna' meM mizrabandhuzrI ne kisI sAragarbhita aura tarka-sammata vivecana ke binA hI ratnakoTi meM kaviyoM kI manamAnI zrAyojanA kI thii| unake Alocana kI samAlocanA medvivedI jI ne eka ratna kavi kI viziSTatAo usakI aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka chAnabIna kI vizeSa gaurava diyA |4 yAlocanApaddhatiyA kA pUrvokta vargIkaraNa gaNita kA-sA nahIM hai / eka pati kI viziSTatAeM dUsarI paddhati kI AlocanAoM meM anAyAsa hI samAviSTa ho gaI haiN| unake viziSTa vyapadeza kA ekamAtra kAraNa prAdhAnyaddI hai / dvivedI jI kI AlocanAoM kI uparyukta samIkSA prAya saundarya dRSTi se kI gaI hai| kevala saundarya ke AdhAra para unakI AlocanAo ko carcA yA paricayamAtra kaha kara TAla denA grAnika samAlocanA kI dRSTi meM buddhi-saMgata nahIM hai / unakI AlocanAoM kA vAstavika mulya aitihAsika, tulanAtmaka aura jIvanImUlaka dRSTiyoM me laoNkA jA sakatA hai / unakI AlocanA pustakI para alaga me bhI kucha kaha dene kI AvazyakatA hai| 6 ga. aitihAsika - " bhAravi ke jamAne meM ina bAtA (aprAsaMgika vistAra aura svanAviSayaka cAturya) kI gaNanA zAyada doSoM meM na hotI rahI ho / saba prakAra ke varNana karanA aura kaThina se kaThina zabda nitra likha DAlanA aba bhI purAne DhaMga ke kitane hI paMDito kI dRSTi meM doSa nahIM, prazaMsA kI bAta hai|' 'kirAtArjunIya' kI bhUmikA, pR0 37 / kama para naitika vicAra bahuta 5 dha. jIvanImUlaka -- "unake kAvya meM dArzanika vicAra bahuta adhika haiM / ve nItizAstra ke bahuta bar3e paMDita the / sambhava hai, ve kisI rAjA ke sabhApaMDita, dharmAdhyakSa, nyAyAdhIza yA aura koI uccapadastha karmacArI rahe ho / jahA kahI maukA milA hai vahA ve nIti kI bAta kahe binA nahIM rahe / rAjanItijJa, naiyAyika aura mukavi hone hI ke kAraNa bhAravi ne apanI vaktAoM meM apUrva yogyatA prakaTa kI hai" 'kirAtArjunIya' kI bhUmikA, pR0 33, 34 aura 35 | 'samAlocanA-samuccaya meM, lakalina / 1. 2. vicAra-vimarza meM saMkalita / 3. udAharaNArtha 'naiSadhacarita carcA', pR013 yA 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA' pR02 / ma -samucaya pR0 208211234 235 zra /

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- jIvana ke natra ma rUparaMga pahacAnana kI jA zaktimA kSetrama vaha smati cintanA tathA tulanA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai / mAhityika jagat meM jaba yaha nIrakSIraviveka kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai taba use hama AlocanA kahate hai / thAlocanA kI sahaja pravRtti yuga, vyakti, vipaya, tatkAlIna bauddhika sthiti, rUr3hi, bhAvoM ke prakAzana kI suvidhA, samprepaNa ke sAdhana Adi bAtoM ke kAraNa viziSTa rUpa dhAraNa kiyA karatI hai| Alocaka kI abhiruci usakI mAnasika bhUmikA, usakA siddhAnta- pakSa, usakI mahRdayatA, usakI sUkSmadarzitA Adi vyaktitva ke zrAvazyaka upakaraNa usakI AlocanA ke AkAra aura prakAra kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM / yuga kI samasyAeM samAja kI AvazyakatAeM, mAhitya kI kamiyoM, } acchAiyA~ yA burAiyA~ kisI na kisI rUpa meM AlocanA kA aga bana hI jAtI hai / pazcima ke vijJAnavAdI samAja ne AlocanA kI vyAkhyAtmaka praNAlI ko janma diyA / bhArata ke niHspRha, zrAtmavismRta aura siddhAntavAdI Alocaka ne jIvanImUlaka AlocanA kI ora koI dhyAna hI nahIM diyaa| AlocanA kI nirNayAtmaka prabhAvAbhivyaMjaka, vyAkhyAtmaka, aitihAsika, manovaijJAnika, tulanAtmaka Adi sabhI praNAliyoM ke pIche yuga, mAhitya AvazyakatAeM tathA vyakti chipe hue haiM / dvivedI jI ke yuganirmAtRtva ko bhUla kara hama una kI racanAoM kI yathArtha parakha nahI kara sakate / yuga ko pahacAna kara, eka ucca grAdarza sa , - " > prerita ho kara anavarata sAdhanA ke bala para AjIvana tapasyA karake usa tapasvI ne yuganirmANa ke rUpa meM bhAvI samAja ko jo vastu dI hai vaha kucha sAdhAraNa nahIM hai / grAja ve samasyAeM nahIM haiN| Aja vaha yuga nahIM hai| grAja va prazna nahIM hai / vartamAna hindI - sAhityabhavana ke saptama tala para virAjamAna samAlocaka ko yaha bhI vicAranA hogA ki usake nicale taloM ke nirmAtA ko kitanA ghora parizrama aura validAna karanA paDA thA / dvivedI jI ke pratyeka pakSa ko samajhane ke liye satarkatA, dRSTi vyApakatA aura sahRdayatA kI AvazyakatA hai / dvivedI jI ne zrAlocaka kA bAnA yuga-nirmANa ke mahAna kArya ke nirvAha ke lie hI dhAraNa kiyA thA / unakI AlocanAo kA vAstavika mUlya unake vyaktitva meM haiM / dvivedI jI ne zrAlocanAzAstra para koI pothA nahIM likhA aura na to sthUla aura Thosa AlocanAtmaka granthoM hI kI racanA kI / yuga ne unheM aisA na karane diyA / aise granthoM ke paDhane aura samajhane vAle grAhaka hI nahIM the / isIlie unakI AlocanAoM ne sarala pustikAoM aura nibandhoM kA hI rUpa svIkAra kiyA / usa samaya kevala upadeSTA samAlocaka kI nahIM, kriyAtmaka aura sudhAraka samAlocaka kI apekSA thI / isIliye samAlocaka dvivedI sampAdaka zrAsana para baiThe the unakI ko unaka yugane utpanna kiyA unhoMne apane

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[ 4 ] yuga ko masAt kiyA thA isIlie unakI AlocanAtrA meM una+ vyaktitva va atirikta unakA yuga bhI bola rahA hai| vaha yuga prAcIna aura navIna ke saghana kA thA / navIna ka prati utkaTa zrautsukya hote hue bhI usake mana meM prAcIna ke prati durdamanIya niSThA thI / baha nRtana gaveSaNAoM ko kutUhalapUrvaka sunakara unakI tulanA meM apane pUrva puruSoM ke jJAnavijJAna kI bhI jaoNca kara lenA cAhatA thaa| yaha saMgharSa rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, mAhityika Adi sabhI dizAoM meM vyApta thA / dvivedI jI kA Alocaka bhI apane yuga kA pratinidhi hai kyoMki usane apanI AlocanAo meM prAcya aura pAzcimAtya donoM hI paddhatiyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| yuga-nirmAtA Alocaka dvivedI kI pravRttiyoM ke do pakSa haiN| eka ora to prAcIna kaviyoM kI AlocanA, unakI vizeSatA, prAcIna aura pAzcAtya kAvyasiddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa Adi haiN| dUsarI ora astavyastatA anizcitatA, dizAlakSya - uddezazUnyatA, adhyayana, saMkucita dRSTi, cintana ke prabhAva, sAhityasarjana ke lie ApekSika saccAI aura naitikatA kI kamI, bhASA kI nirbalatA, vyAkaraNa kI avyavasthA, hindIbhASiyoM kI videzI pravRtti, mAtRbhASA ke prati nigadara, lobha, mastI khyAti, dhana ke lie sAhitya-saMsAra me baoNlI Adi bAtoM ko dUra kara hindI pAThakoM ke jJAnavarddhana kA prayAsa hai / dvivedI jI ke samakSa hindI me AlocanA kI koI paramparAgata Adarza praNAlI nahIM thI / bhUmikA meM varNita AlocanAeM nAmamAtra kI AlocanAeM thI / dvivedI jI ko apanA mArga nizcita karane maMDI kaThinAI huI / unhoMne hindI kA hita karane ke lie maskata, ba~galA, marAThI. a~garejI Adi ke sAhityoM kA kaThora adhyayana aura cintana kiyA / hindI-sAhitya ne bhAratIya Alocaka kI doSavAcakapraNAlI kI avahelanA kara dI thii| hindI ke prathama vAstavika Alocaka dvivedI me usakI pratikriyA svAbhAvika thI / mAhitya kA mundara bhavana banane ke pahale vahA~ kA jhAr3a-khADa kATa DAlanA Avazyaka thA / nirmAtA dvivedI kI prAraMbhika AlocanAoM ko yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ne svayaM hI saMhArAtmaka banA diyA " 1866 I0 ke Arambha meM 'kAzIpatrikA' meM dvivedI jI kI 'kumArasambhava bhASA' kI samAlocanA prakAzita huI / usakA antima bhAga 'hindosthAna' meM chapA / 'RtusaMhAra bhASA' kI samAlocanA 1867 I0 ke navambara me 1868 I0 ke maI taka 'veMkaTezvara - samAcAra' me chapI / 1601 I0 me jaba 'hindI kAlidAsa' kI samAlocanA prakAzita huI taba usameM 'meghadUta' aura 'raghuvaMza' kI samAlocanAeM bhI jor3a dI gii| hindI sAhitya meM kisI eka hI racanAkAra para likhI gaI yaha pahalI AlocanA pustaka thI / lAlA mItArAma ke anuvAdI ne mahAkavi kAlidAma ka kAvya saundaya para pAnI para diyA yA sAhitya pujArI RR

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kA yaha bhI kartavya thA ki vaha sarvasAdhAraNa ko anuvAda kI nikRSTanA aura bAlikAma kI kavitA kI unkRSTatA ke viSaya meM sAvadhAna kara detaa| ina nAlocanAyA se yaha siddha hai ki Alocaka dvivedI ne maskRta-kAvyo kA maccAI ke mAdha adhyayana kiyA hai aura unakI prAstocAnAzrA ke siddhAnta-pada kA gAdhAra maskata mAhitya hai / 'kumAra nabhava, 'RtusaMhAra,' meghadata' aura 'raghatraMza' kI aAlocanAoM ke prArambha meM kramazaH 'vAsavadattA' ('subandhu') 'zrInaM ThArita' aura 'zRMgAratilaka' (aMtima do meM) ke noka dvivedI jI ne udvata kie haiN| zAstrAcakramaNa,' 'upamA kA upamarda' 'artha kA na' 'bhAva kA amAtra doSoM kI yaha praNAlI bhI maMskRta kI hai| zrAlIka kA pADityapUrNa vyaktitva bhInahIM vyakta hai| janatA ko pathabhraSTa hone se bacAne ke lie dvivedI jI ne macI aura ucita bAlAcAnA kI ! uma mamaya patra-patrikAyAM kA nayA yuga thA, patrI aura pustakA ke naye pAThaka tathA lekhaka the sabhI kI buddhi aparipakka aura sabhI ko pathapradarzaka kI zrAvazyakatA thI / yuga ke mAnayika mAhinya kI isa maoNga ko dvivedI jo ne svIkAra kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI adhikAza racanAe~ patrikAyoM ke davA meM hI prakAzita huI / ve mantra kI abhivyaMjanA karake upekSA, nindA, anAdara, gAlI Adi sabhI kucha mahane ko prastuta tha ! unakI AlocanA kI pramasva vizeratA hindI ke prati pUjAbhAva, amAyikatA, ArAdhanA aura tapa meM hai| kroga aAlocaka hone aura apanI mAnanA ke bala para yuga kA mAnacitra parivartita kara dene me kauDI-muhara kA-sA antara hai| yaha saMyoga kI bAta thI ki dvivedI jI ne AlocanA kA prArambha anUdita granthoM ge biyaa| bhASAntara hone ke kAraNa aAlocaka hivadI kA macA rUpa umana nimbara nahIM paayaa| mUlAgranthoM meM varNita pAtra, sthala, vastuvarNana, zailI Adi ko chor3akara unheM yaha dekhanA par3hA ki mUla kA pUrA pRgaga ana bAda huA hai athavA nahIM, kavi kA bhAva pRrNanaya tadvata aAyA hai athavA nahIM aura bhApAntara kI mAyA dAparahita tathA anuvAdaka ke abhISTa artha kI vyaMjaka huI hai athavA nahIM / unakA dhyAna bhASAsaMskAra aura vyAkaraNa kI sthiratA kI aora barabasa aAkRSTa ho gayA / hindI kA koI bhI Alocaka eka nAtha hI hindI, saMskRta, baMgalA, magaThI, gujarAtI, urdU aAdi sAhityA kA paMDita, sampAdaka, bhASAsudhAraka aura yuganirmAtA nahIM huA / isIlie dvivedI jI advitIya hai ! vahI kAraNa hai ki ve aAja ke samAlocaka ke dvArA nirdhArita zreNI-vibhAjana ko svIkAra karake apanI pAlo kA viziSTa vargoM ma pratiSThita na kara saba yAda zrAdhanitra

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/ 57 / samAlocaka kI kasauTA para dvivedA jI kI AlocanAe monA nahIM U~cA to isama dvivedI jI kA koI aparAdha nahIM, vastutaH aAlocaka kI kasauTI hI galata hai| vaha bhrAntivaza yaha mAna baiThA hai ki zrAlocanAeM pratyeka dezakAla meM eka hI rUpa aura zailI grahaNa kreNgii| vaha isa bAta ko mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai ki sAhityika samAlocanA maukhika yA citramaya bhI ho sakatI hai, TIkA, bhASya, mUkti, zAstrArtha Adi kA bhI rUpa dhAraNa kara makatI haiM / vaha apane hI yuga ko aparivartya aura prApta samajha kara dUsara yuga __ kI bhUmikA, AvazyakatAoM, vyaktiyA aura vizeSatAoM ko samajhane meM asamartha hai| dvivedI jI kI AlocanAoM meM do prakAra ke dvandva kI pariNati hai | eka to bAhya-jagata meM navIna aura prAcIna, pUrva aura pazcima kA dvandva hai aura dUsarA antarjagata meM kaTu satya tathA komala sahRdayatA kA dvandra hai| inhI saMgharSoM ke anurUpa dvivedo jI kI aAlocanAeM bhI dI dhArAoM meM baMTa gaI hai / eka dhArA kA udgama hai mahRdayanA pAra prAcInatA ke prati prema jisameM bAlocanA kA viSaya saMskRta-sAhitya hai / dUsarI thArA navInatA aura matva ke AkarSaNa se nikalI hai jisameM prAyaH sampAdaka aura mudhAraka dvivedI ne hindI-sAhitya aura usame sambandha rasmane vAlI bAtA para aAlocanAeM kI hai| pUrva aura pazcima ke mamanvita siddhAntanirUpaNa kI tIsarI dhArA bhI kahI kahA __dRSTigocara ho jAtI hai / yadyapi dvivedI jI kI AlocanAe hindI-pustakI, hindI kAlidAma' aura 'hindI zikSAvalI tatIya bhAga' ko lekara prArambha huI tathApi unakI bhUmikArUpa meM dvivedI jI ke mastiSka ma maskRta-mAhilya kA adhyayana upasthita thaa| yaha bAta Upara kahI jA cukI hai| 'kAlidAma kI niraMkuzatA' kAlidAsa kI samInA kA eka ekAgo citra hai / usakI racanA kA uddeza kevala manoraMjana thA / isa sambandha meM svargIya paM0 rAmacandra zukla kA nimnAkita kathana vicAraNIya hai "dvivedI jI kI tIsarI pustaka 'kAlidAma kI niraMkuzatA' meM bhASA aura vyAkaragA ke ba vyatikrama ikaTThe kie gae hai jinheM saMskRta ke vidvAn loga kAlidAsa kI kavitA ma batAyA karate hai| yaha pustaka hindI vAlA ke yA saMskRta vAlo ke phAyade ke lie likhI gaha para ThIka ThIka nahIM samajha pantA /

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pustaka ke prArambha ma hA anaka bAra catAvanA de dI thI jinake vicAra hamAra hI aisa haiM unhIM kA manorajana hama isa lesa sa karanA cAhate haiM isa pApa kvala vAgvilAsa mamajhie / yaha kevala ApakA manoraMjana karane ke lie hai / 11 prastuta pustaka ke bhAva saMskRta-TIkAkAroM ke haiM para unakI upasthApanazailI dvivedI jI kI hai / kAlidAsa meM dvivedI jI kI atizaya zraddhA hone para bhI itanA bavaMDara uThA kyoki dopadarzana kI praNAlI hindI-saMmAra ke lie eka aparicita vastu thii| saskRta-sAdinya kA adhyayana tathA paricaya karAne kI bhAvanA aura mAsikapatra ka ke lie mAmayika nibandha likhane kI AvazyakatA ne dvivedI jI ko naiSadhacaritacarcA' aura 'vikramAkadevacaritacarcA' likhane ke lie prerita kiyA / ina nAlocanAoM meM dvivedI jI ne saMskRta-sAhitya ko aitihAsika dRSTi se degvane aura pazcimIya vidvAnoM ke anusandhAna dvAna mAna saMskRtamambandhI bAtoM se hindI-maMmAra ko paricita karAne kA prayAsa piyA hai / ina AlocanAoM meM vivedI jI kI Tho pravRttiyoM parilakSita hotI hai| pahalI yaha ki unakA siddhAntapanna marakRta-mAhitya para hI nahIM Azrita hai aApetu unhoMne pazcina ke siddhAntI para bhI vicAra aura svatantra cintana kiyA hai / ataeva unakA aAlocanA kA pratimAna apekSAkRta vyApaka, udAra aura navIna hai / unakI dUmarI pravRtti hai kavi kI kavitA ko sundaratara banAne kI ceSTA na karate hue usake udAharaNa pAThaka ke bhAmane rakhakarake cupa ho jaanaa| sambhavataH kavitA ke acche namUne' zIrSaka kI devikara hI zukla jI ne zrAkSepa kiyA hai ki paMDitamaMDalI meM pracalita rUDhi ke anusAra cune hue zlokoM kI khUbI para sAdhuvAda hai / kharA satya to yaha hai ki padya ko gadya meM pariNata karake, kAvya ko budvipradhAna aAkAra dekara, saundarya ko tArkikatA aura vAgjAla kA bAnA pahanA dana meM hI AlocanA kA carama utkarSa nahIM hai| sIdhI bhAdI uddharaNApraNAlI yA mAmAnya arthavyaMjaka TIkApaddhati kI bhI hamAre jIvana me AvazyakatA hai aura isIlie mAhilya meM unakA bhI mahamma hai| AlAcanAjAla' svarUpa aura uddeza meM upayukta carcAo se bhinna hai| yaha mana 1601 aura 1657 I0 ke bIca likha gae nibandho kA eka saMgraha hai| pratyeka nibandha kI apanI vizeSatA hai / va bhinna bhinna aAvazkatAoM ko le kara ligve gAe haiN| unakI bahuta kucha mamItA vibhinna paddhatiyoM ke sandarbhoM meM ho cukI hai| Age cala kara jaba dvivedI jI 1 kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzadhA' 103 2 imakI varSA mAhityika meM hA cukI hai

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1 yuvaza pAra "kirAtAtru nAya ka anavAda kiyA tava kAlidAsa aura bhAravi para aAlocanAtmaka bhUmikAe~ bhI likhii| isa prakAra kI bhUmikA likhane kI preraNA pazcimIya sAhitya ke adhyayana kA phala jAna paTatI hai| kAlidAsa para hindI me kAI pustaka nahI ligbI gaI thI ataeva unhoMne 'kAlidAna aura unakI kavitA' prakAzita kI / ' yaha man 1605 meM lekara 1618 I. taka liva gae nivandhoM kA saMgraha hai / adhikAza legya 1611-12 I0 ke haiN| _ 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA' kA aAlocanAtmaka mUlyAkana karane ke lie una puga ko dhyAna meM ragba lenA hogA / usa samaya pAThakoM kI do koTiyA thI / eka me to sAdhAraNa janatA kAlidAma me nitAnta anabhijJa thI aura dUsarI meM ve paMDita the jo 'kaumudI ke kIr3e aura 'mahAbhASya ke mataMgaja' the / ve kAlidAsa kA eka bhI zabdaskhalana nahI saha sakata the aura use maho siddha karane ke lie pANini, pataMjali, kAtyAyana kI bhI uktiyAM para haratAla lagAne kI ceSTA karate the / 2 samAlocako aura mamAlocanAzro kI dazA bhI zocanIya thI / yadi kisI sampAdaka ne kimI aAlocaka kI AlocanA aprakAzanIya mamajha kara na chApI to usakI samAlocanA hone lgii| yadi kimI patra ne kimI anya patra ke sAtha vinimaya nahIM kiyA tA sampAdaka para hI vAgbAgI kI varSA hone lgii| phira uma mamAlocanA meM umake baradvAra, gAdIghAI, naukaracAkara, vastrAcchAdana taka kI gbabara lI jAne lagI / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA kI gaI bhAratIya purAtatvamaMbandhI khoja ne hindI-janatA ko bhI aAkRSTa kiyA / aitihAsika anumaMdhAna ke navona upanayana ko pAkara TuTapujie mamAlocako ne kAlidAmAdi kA kAlanirNaya karake yaza lUTa lene kA upakrama kiyaa| isa kSetra meM bhI padArpaNa karake ajJAna kA nigana yoga jJAna kA pracAra karanA dvivedI jI ne apanA kartavya mamajhA / 'kAlidAma aura unakI kavitA' ke prAraMbhika bahattara pRSTha unakI gaveSaNAtmaka aura Thosa aAlocanA ke mAnI ha / hamame unhoMne aneka prAcya aora pAzcimAnya vidvAno ke manoM kA ulleba, unakI parIkSA aura aAra apane mana kI yuktiyuka sthApanA kI hai / 'nepadhacaritacarcA' grAra vikramAkadevacarita canA meM dvivedI jI bhaskRta-mAhitya ke ainihAsika panna ke anvapI hAkara prakaTa hue the| prastuta pustaka meM unakA baha rUpa apane carama vikAsa ko grAma huA hai / zrAdyopAnta hI sUkSma zrInyapana aura gabhIra cintana kI chApa hai / 'kAlidAma kI dikhAI huI pracIna bhArata kI eka mantaka' meM aAlocaka dvivedI ne atIta aura vartamAna kI vizeSatAoM ko lekara kAlidAsa kA 1. 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA', nivedana / , pa 121 112

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kavitA ma tatkAlAna samAja kA vizeSatAznoM ko nirakhA hai, 'kAlidAsa kI vaivAhikI kavitA 'kAlidAsa kI kavitA me citra banAne yogya sthala' aura 'kAlidAsa ke meghadUta kA rahasya' meM dvivedI jI ke sahRdaya kavihRdaya kA prativimba hai / yaha tIsarA nibandha to dvivedI jI ke hRdaya kA bhI rahasya hai / isameM premI-hRdaya ke vizleSaNa aura vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM dvivedI jI ne apane hI premI hRdaya kI abhivyakti kI hai / prema ke saMsAra se gaharA paricaya hone ke kAraNa hI unakI lekhanI meM anAyAsa hI prema kI sundara vyAkhyAe~ nikala paDI haiM / 1 prema kI kaThinAiyoM aura kaThoratAoM kA bhogI hone ke kAraNa hI unakA hRdaya yakSa ke hRdaya ke samAna anubhUti kara sakA hai| prema kI nIyatA aura premayoga ko lekara sAhitya ma bahuta kucha likhA jA cukA hai kintu sAtvikatA, nirmalatA, amAyikatA aura bholepana se pratimAMta dvivedI jI ke premI hRdaya kA yaha svara nirAlA hai / saMskRta sAhitya para dvivedI jI ke dvArA kI gaI, AlocanAoM ke mUla meM tIna pradhAna kAraNa the-purAtantrasambandhI anusandhAna meM nirata vaha yuga, raha raha kara atIta kI ora dekhane vAlA dvivedI jI kA vyaktitva aura hindI kAvyoM kI AlocanA dvArA hindIlekhakoM kI dRSTi vyApaka banAne kI cantavatI AkAkSA | saMskRta ko lekara AlocanA kI jo zudalA dvivedI jI ne calAI vaha unhI ke sAtha lupta ho gii| unake vizrAma grahaNa karane para hindIzrAloko ke locanoM meM aneka vAdI kA mada chA gyaa| isakI samIkSA 'yuga aura vyaktitva' adhyAya meM yathAsthAna kI jAyagI / dvivedI jI kI AlocanAoM kI dhArA saMskRta aura hindI ke kulayugma meM vahI hai / saMskRta viSayo kI AlocanA karate samaya hindI ko aura hindI - viSayoM kI AlocanA karate samaya saMskRta ko ve nahIM bhUle haiM / 'hindI kAlidAsa kI samA locanA' hindI - pustaka kI AlocanA hote hue bhI saMskRta se prabhAvita hai / yaha Upara siddha kiyA jA cukA hai| 'naipadhacarita', 'vikramAkadevacarita', kAlidAsa Adi kI AlocanAe~ saMskRta kI hone para bhI hindI ke lie likhI gaI hai| 8 'hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA' kA prArambha bhartRhari kI 'aho ! kaSTaM mApi pratidinamadhodhaH pravizati paMkti se hotA hai / isa ukti meM chipI kaSTabhAvanA unakI sabhI khaMDanapradhAna AlocanAo ke mUla meM hai| 'bhASAdopa', 'kavitAdopa', 'manusmatiprakaraNadIpa', 'sampradAyadopa', 'vyAkaraNadoSa', 'sphuTadoSa' - doSadarzana meM hI pustaka kI samApti huI hai / dvivedI jI ko isa bAta kA dukha hai / hindI pAThakoM aura lekhakoM ke kalyANa ke lie hI 1. 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA', pR 130, 131, 136. 137, 138 / uparyuka pRSThoM ke atirikta 122, 127 128, 126, 13 436 132 133 134 }

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vivaza hAkara sahArAtmaka AlocanA karanI paDI hai va kahate haiM- "hama yaha jAnate haiM ki kisa kRti meM doSa dipalAnA burA hai parantu jisama sabasa dhAraNa ko hAni pahacatI ho aise doSa ko prakAza karake unako dUra karane kI ceSTA karanA burA nahIM hai / isa prakAra kA doSAviSkaraNa yadi lAbhadAyaka na hotA to hamArI nyAyazIlA gavarnameMTa pustako aura rAjakIya kAryoM kI samAlocanA kI aparAdhoM kI tAlikA meM gaNanA karake usake lie bhI penalakoDa me daDa nirdhArita karatI hai phira jima lekhaka ke dopa dikhalAe jAte hai, vaha yadi zAntacitta hokara vicAra kare to samAlocanA se umakA bhI lAbha hI hotA hai, hAni nahIM hotI / aise aneka loga hai jo apanI vidyA, apanI buddhi aura apanI yogyatA kA pUrA pUrA vicAra kie binA hI pustake likhakara granthakAra banane kA garva hA~kna haiN| apane dopa apane hI netroM se unako nahIM dekha paDataM / unhIM ko kyA manuSyamAtra ko apane dopa prAyaH nahIM dikhAI dete / ataeva unake doSa unakA digvalAne ke lie dRmara hI kI apekSA hotI hai / "1 dvivedI jI kA mahAn aAlocaka Thoma aAlocanAnmaka granthoM kA praNayana na kara skaa| vaha bhASAsudhAra, mantripariSkAra aura levikanirmANa taka hI mImita raha gayA / usane jAnabUjhakara ina makucita sImAoM ko svIkAra kiyA-yuga kI mAgo ko pUrA karane ke lie| 'sarasvatI' unakI ina AlocanAo kA vAhana bnii| usameM prakAzita sabhI grAlocanAtmaka lekho kI samIkSA karanA yahAM kaThina hai| 'samAlocanA-samuccaya', 'vicAravimarza' aura 'rasajJarajana' me saMkalita legvA kI saMkSipta aAlocanA avazya apekSita hai / pahalI pustaka ko hama aAdhunika artha meM samAlocanA kA samuccaya nahIM kaha makane / mAmayika pustako kI parIkSArUpa meM likhe gae ye nibandha hindI-sAhitya kI sthAyI sampatti nahIM hai / parantu yaha bhI smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki sthAyitva aura amara yaza hI aAlocanA kA ekAnta uddeza nahIM hai, sAhityasarjana bhI koI vastu hai / ina AlocanAyo kA mahatva lekhako aura kaviyA ke ucita pathapradarzana meM hai / dvivedI jI kI pustaka-samAlocanA kI paddhati isa pustaka ke antima nibandha "hindI-navaratna' me apane sundaratamarUpa me prakaTa huI hai| isakA anumAna usakI viSayasUcI meM hI ho jAtA hai / mUlagrantha me prAyaH 64 uddharaNa dekara usakI doSapradhAna vistata aura akATya samAlocanA kI gaI hai| aAlAcaka ne dopA ke pariSkAra 1. 'hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA', pR. 26 2. usakI viSaya sUcI isa prakAra hai pustakasambandhinI sAdhAraNa bAte, lekhakoM kA vicAra svAtalya, pustaka kI upAdeyatA, kAlpanika citra kaviyoM kA zreNIvibhAga, tulasIdAsa matirAma Teva bihArIlAla, harizcana bhAvAnoSa gaTadopa phuTakara roSa

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zradamyatA ke sAtha padanyAsa kiyA hai usakI - aura sAhitya meM sudhAra ke lie ma AdyopAnta hI tarka, cintana, aura saMyama se kAma liyA gayA hai / itihAsalekhaka ko jaba jaba bIsavI zatI I. ke prathama caraNa ke hindI sAhitya ko dekhane aura samajhane kI zrAvazyakatA hogI taba taba vivedI jI kA yaha 'mamAlocanAsamuccaya' sthAyI sAhitya kI nidhi na hone para bhI anupekSaNIya hogA | 'vicAravimarza' meM 'yAdhunika kavitA', 'purAnI samAlocanA kA eka namRnA', 'hindI ke samAcArapatra', 'bolacAla kI hindI me kavitA', 'sampAdakI, samAlocako aura lekhakoM kA kartavya', 'ThAkura gopAla zaraNa siMha kI kavitA, bhAratabhAratI kA prakAzana' zrAdi kucha hI nibandha AlocanAtmaka hai / ye bhI sAmayikatA aura pustaka paricaya kI sImAnoM se baMdhe hue hai / AlocanA aura manoraMjaktA ke sundara samanvaya ke kAraNa prasajJaraMjana' kI vizeSatA hI nigalI he usake maja pAThakoM kI do koTiyA~ so kara dI gaI hai| pahalI koTi meM rasajJa kavi haiM jinako lakSya karake prathama pAca lekha likhe gae hai aura dUsarI koTi meM rasajJa kavitApramA hai jinake manoraMjanArtha antima cAra nibandhoM kI racanA huI hai / saMskRta se anuprAti yuganirmAtA dvivedI kA svara sarvavyApaka hai / maithilIzaraNa gupta ke 'sAketa' ko janma dene kA mukhya zreya isa saMgraha ke kaviyoM kI urmilAviSayaka udAsInatA" nibandha ko hI hai / Aloka dvivedI kA saccA svarUpa unakI kRtiyoM ke katipaya grahoM meM nahIM hai, vaha usa yuga ke sAhitya ke sAtha eka ho gayA hai| unhoMne AlocanA ko tapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA | unakI saMhArAtmaka samIkSAo ne lekhakoM ko sAvadhAna karake, mApA ko muvyavasthita karake hindI sAhitya kI IdRktA aura iyattA kA unnata karane kI bhUmikA prastuta kI, mAhityika jagat meM jAgRti utpanna kI jisake phalasvarUpa zrAge calakara bhananIya Thosa granthoM kI racanA ho skii| unakI sarjanAtmaka sakarmaka thAlocanAzrI ne maithilIzaraNa gupta, rAmacandra zukla yAdi sAhityakAroM kA nirmANa kiyA jinake yaza: saurabha meM hindI- saMsAra suvAsita hai| unhoMne hindI sAhitya meM Adhunika AlocanA kI pati claaii| Alocaka dvivedI yuga kA nirmANa karane ke lie sampAdaka bane, bhApAmuvAraka bane, guru aura zrAcArya bane / apanI inhI vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa ve apane samasAmayika bAlocako -- padma siMha zarmA, mizrabandhu zrAdi -- atyadhika mahAn hai / mantra to yaha hai ki dvivedIjI jaisA-yuganirmAtA thAlocaka hindI sAhitya meM koI nahIM huA / 1 1 yaha nicava ravInAtha ThAkura ke 'kAya meM upecitA" nAmaka nibandha para AdhArita hai rasanarajana kA bhUmikA

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PAGES chaThA adhyAya STARA nibandha saMskRta sAhitya meM 'nibandha' zabda prAyaH kisI bhI racanA ke lie prayukta huA hai, tathApi umame bhI nibandhoM kI eka paramparA thI jo bhASya aura TIkA se prArambha hokara sAhityika dhArmika, dArzanika zrAdi viSayoM ke vivecana meM pariNata huI / udAharaNArtha paMDitarAja jagannAtha kA nitramImAsA-gvaMDana eka AlocanAtmaka nivandha hI hai / Adhunika hindI-nibandha ke rUpa yA zelI para saMskRta ke nibandha kA koI pratyakSa prabhAva nahIM par3A hai / vartamAna 'nibandha' zabda agarejI ke 'ese' kA samAnArthI hai ! hindI me gadyabhApA tathA sAmayika patra-patrikA ke sAtha hI nibandhalekhana kA prArambha huaa| rAjanaitika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, vaijJAnika tathA mAhityika Adi viSayoM para janatA kI jAnavRddhi kI tatkAlIna aAvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie pazcimIya patroM ke anukaraNa para nibandha linvaM gae / lekhako ke sAhityika vyaktitva kI durbalatA, bhASA kI asthiratA, patrapatrikAoM kI Arthika durdazA, apekSita pAThakavarga kI kamI Adi kAraNo me dvivedI jI ke pahale hindI meM nibandho kI ucita pratiSThA na ho pAI aura na unake rUpa aura kalA kI hI koI iyattA aura IdRkkA hI nizcita ho makI sampAdaka tathA patrakAra ke rUpa meM dvivedI jI ne saMkSita, manoraMjaka, sarala tathA jJAnavarddhaka nibandhoM kI jo zaktizAlI paramparA calAI usane nibandha ko hindI-sAhitya kA eka pramukha aMga banA diyaa| dvivedI jI kI bhApA aura zailI apane vibhinna rUpoM meM vikasita hokara usa yuga tathA bhAvI yuga ke nibandhI kI vyApaka bhASAzailI bana gii| hindI-sAhitya ke dvivedIyugIna tathA paravartI nibandho kI kalAtmakatA aura sAhityikatA kA nirmANa isI bhUmikA meM huaa| lakSaNa tathA paribhASA bAda kI vantueM hai| hindI-nivandhI ke svarUpa aura vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie vartamAna yuga kI pazcamIya paribhASAeM udhAra lene meM kAma nahIM cala makatA / hindI meM nibandha kA na to utanA vistRta itihAma hI hai aura na usakA prArambha vekana meM hI huA hai / nibandha kI yaha pazcamIya kasauTI ki vaha vyaktitva kI manoraMjaka evaM kalAtmaka abhivyakti hai hindI ke lie zrApta nahIM homakatI / yahA~ to sImita gadyaracanA ma vyakta kA gaI susambaddha vicAra-paramparA ko hI nivadha mAnanA adhika samIcIna anata

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146 hai| bAtoM kA saMgrahaNa aura apratyakSa rUpa meM jJAna kA saMvarddhana hI isakaM pramukha uddaza raha hai / legvaka ko jIvana athavA jagat kI kucha bAte mIdhI sAdI bhASA meM kahanI thI, upalabdha sAdhanA ke dvArA unheM janatA taka pahu~cAnA thaa| ina bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jo vallu racI gaI vaha nibandha ho gii| apanI bahuvidhatA, vyApakatA aura sAmayikatA ke kAraNa hI nibandha patra-patrikAoM meM vyaMjanA kA mAmAnya mAdhyama bana gayA / usama svatantratA kA adhika avakAza hAne ke kAraNa hI bhAratendu-aura-dvivedI-yuga ke mAhityakArI ne nibandhanegvana kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA / adhikAza nivandha mAmayika viSayo para nibaddha hone tathA mAmayika pustakoM meM prakAzita kie jAne ke kAraNa sAmayikatA me Upara na uTha sake / bhAratendu-aura- dvivedI-yuga ke nibandha kI vizeSa mahatvapUrNa dena hai nibandha kI nizcita gatizelI / dvivedI jI ke nibanyo ko pradhAnataH isI aitihAsika dRSTi meM parakhanA hogaa| nibandha kA vartamAna mAnadaMDa unake nibandhI kI IdRktA aura iyattA ko nApane ke lie bahuta chATA gaja hai / unake nibandhoM kI gurutA kA ucita bhAvana karane ke lie unake vyaktitva, uddeza, yuga, usa yuga kI AvazyaktAno, unakI pUti ke sAdhaka upAyo tathA bAdhaka natvA aAdi ko ThIka ThIka samajhane vAlI vyApaka buTTi aura maddadaya hRdaya kI anivArya apekSA hai| dvivedI jI ke prArambhika prayAso me aAlocanA aura nibandha kA samanvaya huzrA hai ! uddeza kI dRSTi se ye kRtiyA aAlocanA hote hue bhI grAkAra kI dRSTi se nibandha kI hI koTi meM haiM / 'hindI kAlidAsa kI mamAlocanA' Adi nibandha sAmayika patroM meM prakAzita ho jAne ke pazcAt maMgrahapustaka ke rUpa meM janatA ke samakSa aAe / 'naipadhacaritacarcA aura "mudarzana'', 'vAmana zivarAma ApaTe 2, 'nAyikA bheda'3, 'kavikartavya'4, mahiSazataka kI samIkSA'5 zrAdi nibandha nibandhakAra dvivedI ke prArambhika kAla ke hI haiN| ina nibandhI se yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki nibandhakAra dvivedI ke nirmANa kA pradhAna zreya Alocaka dvivedI ko hI hai| 'sarasvatI'-sampAdaka dvivedI ko sampAdakIya TippaNiyA~ tA likhanI par3I hI sAtha hI sAtha legbako ke abhAva kI pUrti bhI apane nibandhA dvArA karanI par3I / isakA vistRta vivecana 'sarasvatI'-sampAdana adhyAya me kiyA jaaygaa| upayukta lekhakoM kI kamI ke kAraNa patrikAoM 1. 'sarasvatI' 1606 I0, pR0 321 / 2 .. 1601 pR. 7 / bh s :

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1 zrada ho ja nA par3atA [ dvivedA jI ne apane adhyavasAya tathA manoyoga se sarasvatI ko sabhI prakAra ke nivandho na sampanna kiyaa| nibandhoM ke viSayoM meM akasmAt hI kitanI vyApakatA aAgaI, isakA bahuta kucha anumAna 'sarasvatI' kI viSaya-cUcI se hI laga sakatA hai / dvivedI jI ne gAravyAyikA, prAdhyAtmika viSaya, vaijJAnika viSaya, slathanagara-jAtyAdivarNana mAhityika viSaya zinnA-viSaya, praudyogika viSaya Adi gbaMDA ke anrtagata aneka prakAra ke nibandhoM kI racanA kaa| nibandhakAra dvivedI ne kevala aAnmAbhivyajaka aura kalAtmaka nibandhA kI sRSTi na karake itane prakAra ke viSayo para legvanI kyo calAI--imakA uttara nibandhakAra ke vyaktitva, yuga kI aAvazyaka tAnI, pAThaka-varga kI maci kI vyAkhyA aura inake pArasparika bhAbandha ke nirdeza dvArA diyA jA makatA hai / dvivedI jI ke Alocaka, sudhAraka, zikSaka zrAdi ne hI ina nibandhA ke viSayoM kA bahuta kucha nirdhAraNa kiyA hai| isa vyaktitva me adhika mahatvapUrNa unakA uddeza hI hai| adhikAza nivandhoM kI racanA patrakAra dvivedI ne hI kI hai aura unakA dhAna uddeza rahA ha manoraM janapUrvaka 'marasvatI'-pAThako kA jAnavarddhana tathA macipariSkAra / kalAtmaka abhivyakti kahI bhI unakI nivandharacanA kA sAdhya nahIM ho sakI hai| yajAtarUpa meM anAyAsa hI jo prAmAbhivyaMjanA dvivedI jI ke nivandhI meM parilakSita hotI hai vaha unakI nibandhaka ritA kI dyotaka hai| unakI adhikAza samIkSAno. khaDanamaMDana, vAdavivAda aATi meM isa nivandhatA kA kalAtmaka vikAsa nahIM ho pAyA anyathA dvivedI jI ke nibandha bhI sthAyI mAhitya kI mUlya nidhi hote| mAmayikatA kI rakSA. janatA ke praznoM kA samAdhAna aura samAja ko gatividhi dene ke lie mArgapradazana-imane prerita hokara dvivedI jI ne vibhinna viSayoM para racanAe~ kii| sampAdaka-dvivedI ne pustakaparokSA vividha-vArtA Adi maMkSita nibandha-marIkhI racanAe~ bhI kii| mAhityika nibandha ke atha ga ina racanAaM ko nibandha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| maulikatA kI dRSTi ne dvivedI jI ke nivandhA kA mala vividha hai-mAmayika patrapatrikAe~ tathA pustake aura svatantra udbhaavnaae| 'sarasvatI' ko bhAratIya tathA videzI pana-jagat ke samakakSa rakhane tathA hindI--pAThako ke bauddhika vikAsa ke lie dvivedI jI ne adhikAdhika makhyA meM dRsarI kA zrAzaya lekara apanI zailI meM nibandhA kI racanA ko ! una para dvivedI jI kI chApa itanI gaharI hai ki ve anuvAda pratIta hI nahIM hote / 'kavi aura kavitA', 'kavitA', kaviyoM kI urmilA viSayaka udAsInatA aAdi nivandha isI zreNI ke ye nivadha rasana rajana ma sakalita hai.

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hai dUsarI zreNI ma va nibagha haiM jinake viSaya tathA lesana kI praraNA dvivadA nI ko svata prApta huI / yathA bhavabhUti'', 'pratibhA' , 'kAlidAma ke maMghadUta kA rahasya', 'sAhitya kI mahattA Adi / prAyaH isa prakAra ke nibandhoM kI racanA pramukha vyaktiyoM ke jIvana carita, sthAnAdivarNana, sabhyatA evaM sAhitya, bAlocanA bhAdiko lekara huI / isa zreNI ke nibandho meM nibandhakAra dvivedI apane zuddhatama aura uccatama rUpa meM prakaTa hue hai| prAzayapradhAna amaulika nibandhoM kI apekSA ina nibandho me unake vyaktitva kI bhI sundaratara abhivyakti huI haiM / sAmayikatA evaM patrakAritA kI dRSTi meM nivandha kI ina donoM hI zreNiyoM kA mahatva samAna hai| dvivedI jI ke nibandho ke vyApaka adhyayana ke lie unake prakAra nirdhAraNa kI apekSA hai| zarIra kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nivandha cAra rUpa meM prastuta hue| pahalA rUpa patrikAyA ke lie likhita lekho kA hai jinake aneka udAharaNa Upara die jA cuke haiM / dRsara rUpa meM bhUmikAe~ haiM jo granthI, granthakArI yA grantha ke viSaya ke paricayarUpa me likhI gaI haiN| 'raghuvaMza', 'kirAtArjunIya', 'svAdhInatA' Adi kI bhUmikAe~ nibandha kI isI koTi meM hai / nImarA rUpa pustakAkAra prakAzita nibandhI kA he udAharaNArtha 'hindI bhASA kI utpatti', 'nATyazAstra' Adi / cauthe rUpa meM ve bhASaNa haiM jo dvivedI jI ne abhinandana, mele, aura terahaveM sAhitya-sammelana ke avasara para die the / vipaya kI vyApakatA evaM anekarUpatA ke kAraNa ina nibandho ko kisI eka viziSTa koTi meM rajyakara, vimI ekahI viziSTa lakSaNa se praoNkanA asambhava hai / unake prakAranirdhAraNa meM viSaya, zailI evaM uddeza kA samAna hA rahA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nibandhoM ke aATha varga kie jA sakate haiM---sAhitya, jIvanacarita, vijJAna, itihAsa, bhUgola, udyogazilpa, bhASA aura adhyAtma / sAhityika nibandhI ke bhI aneka prakAra hai-kavilekhaka-paricaya, granthaparicaya, samAlocanA, zAstrIya vivecana, sAmayika sAhityAvalokana Adi / 'kavivara lachIrAma', 'paMDita baladeva prasAda mizra', 6 paMDita satyanArAyaNa mizra', 'mugdhAnalAcArya', 'bAbU aravinda ghopa', 'kavivara 1. 'sarasvatI,' janavarI, 5102 I0 / 2., 1602, I0, pR0, 262 / 3. 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA meM saMkalita / 4. hindI-sAhitya-sammelana ke terahaveM adhivezana meM svAgatAdhyakSapada se die gae likhita bhASaNa kA eka aMza jo nibandharUpa meM svIkRta ho cukA hai| *. 'sarasvatI,' 1905 I0, pR0 114 / 88 / 1107 32

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ravIndra nAtha ThAkura ' Adi niba va kavilekhaka paricAyaka haiM sarasvatI ke praya paricayakhaMDa me prakAzita aneka pustaka-mamIkSAe~ grantha-paricAyaka nibandho kI koTi meM zrAeMgI ! 'mahiSa-zataka kI samIkSA', 'urdU zataka', 'hindI navaratna'4 aAdi nibandha aAlocanA kI koTi ke haiM / 'nAyikA bheda', 'kavi aura kavitA'6 'kavi banane ke lie mApekSa mAdhana', 'hindU-nATaka'8 'nATyazAstra', Adi kA viSaya mAhityazAstra hai| viSaya kI dRSTi meM dvivedI jI ke nibandhI kA dRmaga varga jIvanacarita hai| prAcIna evaM Adhunika mahApuruSo me sAdhAraNa pAThako ko paricita karAne aura unake caritra se unheM lAbhAnvita karane ke lie isa prakAra kI sundara jIvaniyA limvI gii| ye jIvanacarita cAra prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ko lekara linve gae hai--vidvAn gajAraIsa, rAjanItijJaaura dharmamamAjasudhAraka / 'sukavimaMkIrtana' tathA 'prAcIna paMDita aura kavi' vidvAnoM para likhe gae, nibandhI ke hI saMgraha hai / 'harbarTa spaeNmara',10 gAyanAcArya paMDita viSNu digambara 15 prAdi bhI ibhI prakAra ke nivandha hai / 'mahArAjA TAvanakora',12 'zyAmanareza cUDAlakaraNa 13 Adi rAjAzrI para ligvita niyanva hai / 'kAMgresa ke kartA'14 sara henarI kATana'," 'Adi rAjanItijA para likhegae haiN| dharmapracArako evaM samAjasudhArakA para dvivedI jI ne apekSAkRta bahuta kama ligvA hai| bauddhAcArya zIlabhadra',16 'zAstravizArada jainAcArya', 'zrIvijayadharma sUri 17 zrAdi ke viSaya dhArmika purupa haiM / 1. sarasvatI' 1912 2. ,, 1601 1907 1603 I0 meM likhita aura 1610 I0 meM pustikAkAra prakAzita / 10. 'sarasvatI', 1106 I0, pR0 255 / 11. . 1607 386 / 12 'sarasvatI', 1607 I., pR. 503 / 1915 'vicAra-vimarza' meM maMkalita / 110 eprila

Page #151
vaidhAnika niradhA ma aAviSkAra Ara anasa dhAna para dvivadI nI ne ana rocaka nivandha likhe / unakI sampAdita 'sarasvatI' meM maMgala graha taka tAra', raMgIna chAyAcitra', "kucha aAdhunika aAviSkAra'-3 sarIkhe nibandhI kI bahulatA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nibandhI kA cauthA varga aitihAsika nibandho kA hai| ye nibandha tIna prakAra ke hai / 'bhAratIya zinya zAstra'.4 "vikramAditya aura unake mabat ke viSaya meM eka naI kalpanA'," 'prAcIna bhArata meM rasAyana-vidyA'6 Adi nivandha sAmAnya aitihAsika he / yaha aitihAsika nivandho kA pahalA prakAra hai / dUsare prakAra ke aitihAsika nibandha ve hai jinameM bhAratIya vaibhava, sabhyatA Adi kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai, yathA 'bhAratavarSa kI mabhyatA kI prAcInatA',7 'aAyoM kI janmabhUmi', 'prAcIna bhArata meM jahAja' zrAdi / tIsare prakAra ke aitihAsika nibandha purAtatvavipayaka hai, udAharaNArtha 'somanAtha ke mandira kI prAcInatA',10 'bhAratavarSa ke purAne khaDahara',11 'zahare bahalola meM prApta prAcIna mUrtiyA 12 zrAdi / viSaya ke AdhAra para unake pAcave varga ke nibandha bhaugAlika hai / ye dA prakAra ke hai-eka to bhramaNa--sambandhI aura dUsare sthala-nagara-jAtyAdi-varNanamaya / bhramaNa-sambandhI nivandho meM prAyaH dUmaro kI kathA varNita hai / 'vyoma-viharaga' 13 uttarI dhruva kI yAtrA' 64 'dakSiNI dhruva kI yAtrA 15 zrAdi isa viSaya ke udAharaNIya nibandha hai / perisa'16 jApAna kI striyA 17 1. , 1006 pR0 285 / 146 / 4. 'vicAra-vimarza, pa.86, julAI, 161660 / 6. 'sarasvatI', 1915 I0, agasta / 7. 'vicAra-vimarza'. pR0 160 8 'sAhitya-saMdarbha pu0 51 / 6. 'sarasvatI',1616 I0, pR0 310 10. 'vicAra-vimarza',pR0 102 / 13 'paramvatI', 1905 I0, 50 315.340 / , 1907 1106 265 / 1620 25. 16050 sanamarI

Page #152
uttarI dhruva kI yAtrA aura vahA kI rukImA jAti ' zrAdi bhaugolika nivava dUsare prakAra antargata hai / cha varga ke nibandhoM me udyoga-zilpa Adi viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 'khetI kI burI dazA', 2 hindustAna kA vyApAra' bhArata me audyogika zikSA 4 yadi lekhoM meM prAyaH gratya patrikAthA, ripoToM Adi ke AdhAra para upayogI bAteM kahI gaI haiM / inake mUla meM bhArata ko audyogika rUpa meM unnata dekhane kI utkaTa abhilApA sannihita hai| isa varga ke tridhA me nAmayikatA kA sabase adhika samAveza huA hai / sAtava varga ke nibandha bhASA-vyAkaraNa Adi ko lekara likhe gae haiM | sAhityika nibandhoM ke antargata inheM na samAviSTa karane ke do pramukha kAraNa hai- eka to ye nibandha pradhAnatayA bhASA meM sambaddha hai aura dUsare vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi hI iname mukhya hai / ina nivandhoM kI racanA kA zreya bhASA - maskAraka dvivedI ko hai / 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa', " hindI navaratna 6 Adi nibandha hindI gadyabhASA kI vyAkaraNa - viruddha ucchaM balagati ko rokane tathA usake zuddha aura vyAkaraggarbhagata rUpa kI pratiSThA karane kI sadAkAkSA meM likhe gae / unake antima varga ke nibandha zrAdhyAtmika viSayoM se sambaddha hai| ye nibandha dvivedI jI kI bhaktibhAvanA tathA zrAtmajijJAsA ke paricAyaka hai / AtmAbhivyaMjakatA aura kalA kI dRSTi se ina nibandhoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / 'sarasvatI' - sampAdana ke pUrva hI 'nirIzvaravAda'7 'AtmA', 'jAna' - jaise nivandha dvivedI jI likha cuke the / usake pazcAt to 'Izvara', 10 zrAtmA ke amaratva kA vaijJAnika pramANa', 11 'punarjanma kA pratya pramANa', 12 ' sRSTi vicAra', 13 'paramAtmA kI paribhASA' 14 Adi AbhyAtmika nibandhoM kI 1. 'lekhAjali' meM saMkalita 2. 'sarasvatI', 1618008 3 4. 5 6. 4 65. / 424 tathA 'sarasvatI', 1606 I0, pa060 / 66 / 311 / 17 / " 51 6 'sarasvatI' 1601 I, pR0 14 | 10. 'sarasvatI', 1604 I0, pa0278, 302, 352, 362 / 11 1605 12. ? S. 2 14 " " " 10 " " Duo Fen iru 1613 16.85 1612 1601 236 / 421 / 538 3

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uhAne eka za valA mI pramnata kara dI unaka zrAyAmika vidhA kA eka viziSTa prakAra bhAratIya bhaktimulaka hai aura usameM zrAtmanivedana kI pradhAnatA hai, yathA- 'gopiyoM kI bhagavadbhakti" / uddeza kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nibandho kI do koTiyA~ haiM- manoraMjana - pradhAna aura jJAnapradhAna | dvivedI- likhita manoraMjanapradhAna nibandhoM kI saMkhyA atyanta zralpa hai / 'prAcIna kaviyoM ke kAvyoM meM dopodbhAvanA', 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA', 'damayaMtI kA copAlambha 14 Adi nibandha manoraMjanapradhAna hote hue bhI jJAnavarddhana kI bhAvanA se sarvathA zUnya nahIM haiM / vaha to dvivedI jI kA sthAyI bhAva hai / dvivedI jI ke prAyaH sabhI nivandha pAThakoM kI jJAnabhUmikA kA vikAsa karane kI maMgalakAmanA se anuprANita haiM / isI lie manoraMjana kI apekSA jJAnaprasAra kA svara hI adhika pradhAna hai / zailI kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nibandho kI tIna pramukha koTiyAM haiM - varNanAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura cintanAtmaka / yo to dvivedI jI ke sabhI nibandhoM kA uddeza nizcita vicAro kA pracAra karanA rahA hai aura una sabhI meM una vicAroM kA nyUnAdhika sanniveza bhI huA hai tathApi varNanAtmakatA, bhAvAtmakatA yA cintanAtmakatA kI pradhAnatA ke AdhAra para hI ina tIna viziSTa koTiyoM kI bhAvanA kI gaI haiM / " 7 dvivedI jI ke varNanAtmaka nibandhoM ke cAra viziSTa prakAra haiM - vastuvarNanAtmaka, kathAtmaka, AtmakathAtmaka aura caritAtmaka / vastuvarNanAtmaka nibandha prAya: bhaugolika sthala-nagarajAtyAdi yA aitihAsika sthAno, imAratI Adi para likhe gae hai, udAharaNArtha 'nepAla', ' 'malAbAra', 'mAcI ke purAne stUpa', 'banArasa' zrAdi / 'zratIta-smRti, 'dRzyadarzana, ' 'prAcIna cinha' zrAdi isI prakAra ke nibandhoM ke saMgraha haiM / dvivedI jI ke adhikAza kathAtmaka nibandhoM meM 'zrImadbhAgavata', 'kAdambarI' yA 'kathAsaritsAgara' kI-sI kathA nahIM hai / kevala kathA kI zailI meM ghaTanAo, tathyAM, saMsthAo, yAtrAzrI Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, yathA1. ' samAlocanA - samuccaya, pa001 / 2 sarasvatI, 1911 I0 eprila | maI | yy 2 jUna | ," 3. 'sarasvatI' 1911 I0, pa007, 50, 4 sAhitya-sandarbha meM saMkalita / 5 harayadarzana' meM sakakSita dd 3 07

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15, vyAmAradaraNa' ' adabhuta i drajAla 2 zrAdi lekhAjali mahilAmoda aura adabhata aAlApa' me saMkalita adhikAMza nibandha imI prakAra ke haiM / aAdhunika kahAniyoM kA-sA vastuvinyAsa, caritracitraNa Adi na hone ke kAragA ye nibandha kahAnI kI koTi me nahIM nA makate / dvivedI jI ke kucha nibandha aise bhI haiM jiname vastuta: kathA kA-sA pravAha aura sArasya hai, yathA-'haMma-sandeza',3 'haMsa kA dustara dUta-kArya'4 shraadi| inameM na to kahAnI kI vizeSatAe~ haiM aura na bhAvAtmaka nibandhA kI / apanI varNanAtmaka zailI aura kathApravAha ke kAraNa hI ye kathAtmaka nibandha haiN| aAtmakathAtmaka nibandha kI viziSTanA hai varNita pAtra dvArA uttama purupa meM hI apanI kathA kA upatthApana / bhAvAtmakatA kA bahuta kucha puTa zane para bhI apanI imI vizeSatA ke kAraNa yaha bhAvAtmaka nibandha kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA maktA / 'daMDadeva kA aAtma-nivedana'5 ima zailI kA eka utkRSTa udAGgNa hai jisameM dadadeva ke mukha se hI unake maMkSipta carita kA varNana karAyA gayA hai| dvivedI jI ke caritAtmaka nibandha vizeSa mahatva ke haiN| hindI sAhitya ke prAridvavedIyugA maMkSipta jIvanacarita likhane kI koI nizcita praNAlI nahIM thI / prabandha-kAvyA meM nAyakoM ke ca rita aMkita kie gae the| reNAvoM kI vAtAMyA meM dhArmika mahApuruSoM ke vRtto kA maMkalana kiyA gayA thA kintu unameM aitihAsika sanya aura kalA kI aura koI byAna nahIM diyA gayA / yadyapi dvivedI jI ke pUrva mI 'sarasvatI' meM aneka saMkSipta jIvanacarita prakAzita hue tathApi unakI koI nizcita paramparA nahIM clii| dvivedI jI ne hindImAhitya kI isa kamI kA anubhava kiyaa| unhoMne pAzcAnya mAditya ke sakSipta jIvanacaritA ke DhaMga para hindI meM bhI jIvanacarita-racanA kI paripATI calAI / unhoMne niyamita rUpa meM 'maratvanI me nibandho kA prakAzana kiyA / 'caritacayA~', 'caritacitraNa', 'vanitA-bilAma', 'sukavi-maMkIrtana', 'prAcIna paMDita aura kavi' Adi jIvanacarito ke hI saMgraha haiN| unake dama krama ke do uddeza the-eka to manoraMjana aura dUmaga upadeza, / yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki adhikAza jIvanacarita sampAdaka dvivedI ke liye hue haiN| patrapatrikAtrA ke usa 1. 'sarasvatI', 1605 I0, pa.0 12 / 2. , 1606 I. janavarI / 3. 4. 'rasajJa-raMjana' meM saMkalita / 5. 'lagvAMjali' meM saMkalita / 6 yathA- bhAratendu harizcandra-rAdhAkRSNa dAsa- sarasvatI', 1600 I0, prathama 5 sNkhyaay| 'rAjA lakSmaNa siMha-kizorI lAla gola , pa.0 205, 236 / 'rAmakRSNagopAla bhaMDArakara -zyAmasundara dAsa ,, , 28 ! . inameM zidhApahara karane kI bahuta 3 sAmagrI hai paramma yati inase vizeSa lAbha

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upekSAkAla ma unda manoraMjaka banAne kI utanI hI AvazyaktA thI jitanA jJAnavaddhana banAne kI / ina jIvanacaritoM ko bhI dvivedI jI ne 'sarasvatI' pAThako ke manoraMjana kA sAdhana samajhA | anukaraNIya vyaktiyoM ke caritoM ke citraNa dvArA pAThakoM kI buddhi aura caritra vikAsa kA vicAra bhI svAbhAvika aura sagata thA / kalA kI dRSTi se ina nibandhoM kI kucha vizeSatAeM pravekSaNIya hai / dvivedI jI ne unhI vyaktiyoM ke carita para lekhanI calAI ha jinameM kucha lokakalyANa huprA hai aura jinake carita ko par3hakara pAThako kA kalyANa hA maktA hai| logoM kA pralobhana aura prabhAva unheM yogya vyaktiyoM kA carita aMkita karane aura unheM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita karane ke lie bAdhya na kara sakA / isakI vistRta samIkSA 'sarasvatI - sampAdana' adhyAya meM kI jaaygii| ina niyantroM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye bahuta hI maMkSipta haiN| inameM pAtroM ke jIvana kI unhIM bAtoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai jo unake paricaya aura caritra citraNa ke lie prAvazyaka tathA pAThakoM kI ruci ko pariSkRta, bhAvoM ko uddIta evaM buddhi ko prerita karane meM samartha pratIta huI hai| inakI sarvopari vizeSatA yaha hai ki lekhaka apane bhAvana aura abhivyajana meM sarvatra hI ImAnadAra hai / use hindI pAThakoM ke hitAhita kA itanA dhyAna hai ki anucita pakSapAta aura mithyA ko ina nibandhoM meM kahI avakAza nahIM milA hai / zailI kI dRSTi meM dvivedI jI ke nivandhoM kI dUsarI koTi bhAvAtmaka hai / ina nibandhA me lekhaka ne madhumatI kavikalpanA yA gambhIra vicAraka mastiSka kA mahArA lie binA ho ara fare ke prati apane bhAvoM ko vAdha gati se vyakta kiyA hai| ina bhAvAtmaka nibandhA kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki ucca koTi ke kavitva aura mananIya vastu kA prabhAva hota hue bhI inameM kisI aMza taka kAvya kI ramaNIyatA aura vicAroM kI abhivyakti eka sAtha hai | kavitva yA vicAroM kI sApekSa pradhAnatA ke kAraNa hI inake do prakAra haiM- kavitva-pravAna aura vicAra pradhAna / maulikatA kI dRSTi se kavitva-pradhAna nivandha do prakAra ke hai / 'anumodana kA anta', ' 'sampAdaka kI bidAI' 2 yadi maulika nivandha hai jinameM dvivedI jI 1 uThAne kA vicAra choDa bhI diyA jAya to bhI inake avalokana se ghar3I do ghar3I manoraMjana to avazya hI ho sakatA hai| zikSA, sadupadeza aura susaMgati se striyA~ aneka abhinandanIya guNoM kA arjana kara sakatI hai, yaha bAta bhI pAThakoM aura pAThikAyoM ke dhyAna meM Ae vinA nahIM raha sakatI | 1 sarasvatI 1605 I pa 8 2 bhAga 22 vaDa 5 ,, 27 madhya pra pa 0 1 mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI, 'vanitA-vilAsa' kI bhUmikA |

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ne apanI hI mAma, anabhUtiSa kI abhivyakti kI hai magara mAtra kA prabhAta varNana'.1 'damayantI kA candropAlambha'3 aAdi amaulika nivandha haiM jinameM kramazaH 'zizupAlavava' aura 'padhIyaca rita' ke aMzAnuvAdarUpa meM bhAvanivandhanA kI gaI hai| vicArapradhAna bhAvAtmaka nivandha bhAvoddIpaka ke samAna hI vicArottejaka bhI haiN| isa prakAra ke nibandhoM meM 'kAlidAma ke samaya kA bhArata', 3 'kAlidAma kI kavitA meM citra banAne yogya sthala', 'sAhitya kI mahattA'5 aAdi vizeSa udAharaNIya haiM / bhAvAtmaka nibandhI kI rIti saMskRtazabdabahula tathA zaino vaktRtAtmaka aura kahIM kahIM citrAtmaka yA saMlApAtmaka bhI hai / kabilvapradhAna bhAvAtmaka nibandhoM meM mAdhurya aura vicArapradhAna bhAvAtmaka nibandhI meM aoja kI pradhAnatA hai| cintanAtmaka nivandho meM mananIya viSayoM kA gambhIra vivecana kiyA gayA hai / zailI kI dRSTi se ina nibandhoM ke tIna mukhya prakAra haiM-vyAkhyAnmaka, AlocanAtmaka aura tArkika ! vyAkhyAtmaka nibandhoM meM lekhaka ne pAThako ko vistRta vivecana dvArA kisI viSaya meM bhalIbhA~ti avagata karAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / ye nibandha manovijJAna, adhyAtma, mAhilya Adi aneka viSayo para likhe gae haiM / 'aAtmA', jAna', 'kavikartavya', 'kavitA', 'RSi aura kavitA', 'pratibhA',11 'nATyazAstra 12 Adi vicArAtmaka nibandhoM ke imI pakAra ke antargata haiM / 'prAdhyAtmikI vyAkhyAtmaka prAdhyAmika nibandhI kA hI saMgraha hai| dvivedI jI ke mamasta nibandhoM meM unake bAlocanAtmaka nibandhI kA sthAna mabame UMcA hai kyAki ve hI yuganimItA dvivedI ke vyaktitva kI mabame avika abhivyakti karate hai / ye nibandha aAlocanA kI chaH vibhinna paddhatiyoM para likhe gae hai aura tadanusAra unakI gItizailI bhI vibhinna prakAra kI hai| isakI vistRta vivecanA 'bAlocanA' adhyAya ke antargata kI gaI hai| cintanAtmaka nibandhA kA tIsarA prakAra tArkika hai / tArkika nibandhoM meM * mAhitya-sandarbha meM saMkalita / 3. 4, kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA' meM saMkalina / 5. serahaveM hindI-sAhitya-sammelana ke avasara para svAgatAdhyakSa-pada se dvivedI jI ke bhASaNa kA eka bhAga! 1. 'sarasvatI', 1601 I0, pa.0 17 / 8 1. 30. rasajJaraMjana' meM saMkalita / " 'sarasvatI' 1602 I pR02.2 // 12 1603 I meM khimmita aura " I meM pustikAkAra prakAzita

Page #157
'bhASA prabhAga kAra nyAya ke dvArA pratipAdya viSaya kA Thosa upasthApana kiyA gayA hai| uhaza kI dRSTi se isake bhI do prakAra haiN| eka to vAdavivAdAtmaka nibandha haiM jinameM apanI bAta ko puSTa aura vipakSiyoM kI bAta kA khaMDita karane ke lie tarka kA sahArA liyA gayA hai. udAharaNArtha-'naMnadhacaritacarcA aura 'sudarzana', ' mahipataka kI samIkSA', aura vyAkaraNa' Adi / isa zailI kA sundaratama nibandha dvivedI jI kA vaha likhita ' Tear' hai jise unhoMne nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke pAsa bhejA thA aura jisake parivakhita rUpa meM 'kauTilya kuThAra'' kI racanA kI thii| dUsare prakAra ke cintanAtmaka nibandha tmaka haiM jinameM uparyukta prakAra kA koI vivAda kAraNa nahIM hai aura jinameM apane kathana kI puSTi ke lie sapramANa tathA nyAyasaMgata zailI apanAI gaI hai, yathA- 'rAjA yuviSThira kA samaya', " 'hindI bhASA kI utpatti", kAlidAsa kA samayanipaNa', 'kAlidAsa kA sthitikAla' Adi / dvivedI jI kI nivandhagata bhASA, racanAzailI aura vyaktitva nI vivecanIya hai / bhASA kI rItiyo aura zailiyoM kI vistRta samIkSA grAge calakara 'bhASA aura bhApAsudhAra' zravyAya meM kI gaI hai / vahA~ yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA gayA haiM ki dvivedI jI ne hindI gadya ke zabdasaMkalana kI sabhI rItiyAM aura mAvAbhivyaMjana kI sabhI praNAliyoM kA yathAvasara prayoga kiyA hai jo unakI racanAoM meM vikasita hotI huI bhI unake yuga kI rItizailiyoM kI bhUmikA haiN| unakI racanAzelogata vizeSatAoM kA gravyayana do prakAra se sambhava haivastusthApana ko dRSTi se aura abhivyakti praNAlI kI dRSTi se / vastUpasthApana meM bhI do bAteM vizeSa Alocya haiM prArambha karane kI zailI aura samApta karane kI zailI / prArambha karane ke lie aneka zailiyoM kA prayoga karake dvivedI jI ne piSTapeSaNa kI ekarasatA ko dUra rakhA hai| vipayAnusAra aura suvidhAnusAra unhone nibandha kI prArambhika - 1'sarasvatI', 1600 I0, pR0 321 / 2 1601 345 / 33 3 'sarasvatI', 1606 I0, pR0 60 / 4 aprakAzita vaktavya kAzI-nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kAryAlaya aura restfra 'kauTilya kuThAra' ukta sabhA ke kalAbhavana meM rakSita hai / 5. 'sarasvatI', 1605 I0, jUna 6. 1607 I0 meM pustikAkAra prakAzita | 7 sarasvatI, 1612 i0 pR0 461 1111 40, pharavarI - >>

Page #158
bhUmikA anaka prakAra se prastuta kA hai sabasa pracalita tathA sarala zailI kathAtmaka hai / kahIM para aAtmanivedana-sA karate hue viSaya kI prastAvanA kI gaI haiM / 2 kahI mUla lekhaka ke viSaya meM jJAtavya bAto kA kathana karate hue unhoMne nibandha kA prArambha kiyA hai, kahIM para nibandha kA prArambha tadgata sundara vastu ne hI huA hai, kahIM prastuta viSaya se sambaddha kisA sAmAnya tathya kA udghATana hI nivandha kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM AyA hai,5 kahI nibandha ko adhika saMvedanAtmaka banAne ke lie bhAvapradhAna saMbodhana dvArA usakA prArambha kiyA gayA hai| aura kahIM adhyApaka ke svara meM zIrSaka yA viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa ke dvArA hI nivandha kI prastAvanA kI gaI hai / 7 nivandha ko samApta karanA apekSAkRta sugama hai| usakI samApti ma 1. yathA-'zrIharSa kA kaliyuga'.--- naSadhacarita nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA karanevAle zrIharSa ko hue kama se kama ATha sau varSa ho gae / ve kannaujanareza jayacanda ke samaya vidyamAna the|" --- 'sarasvanI, mArca, 1621 I0 / 2 yathA-'vaidika devatA' "hama vaidika saMskRta nahIM jAnate / ataeva veda par3hakara unakA artha samajha sakane kI zakti bhI nahIM rakhate / veda hamane kisI vedajJa vidvAna se bhI nahI par3ha / ' ---'sAhityasandarbha,' 37 / 3. yathA- pAryo kI janmabhUmi'-- __ "pUne meM nArAyaNa bhavAnarAva pAvagI nAma ke eka sajana haiN| Apa pahale kahI saba jaja the|.." --'sarasvatI,' akTUbara, 1621 I0 / 4 yathA-'mahAkavi mAgha kA prabhAtavarNana' rAta aba bahuta hI thoDI raha gaI hai| subaha hone meM kucha hI kasara hai / jarA saptarSi nAma ke tAroM ko to dekhie / .. -'sAhitya sandarbha,' pa. 104 / 5. yathA-'jagaddhara bhaTTa kI stuti kusumAMjali jina ke hRdaya komala hai, arthAt alakAra zAstra kI bhASA meM jo sahRdaya hai unhIM ko sarasa kAvya ke prAkalana se prAnanda kI yatheSTa prApti ho sakatI hai|" --'sarasvatI,' agasta, 1922 I. / 6 yathA--'prAcIna bhArata kI eka jhalaka'---- bhArata kyA tumheM kabhI apane purAne dino kI bAta yAda AtI hai ?.... " - sarasvatI, disambara, 1628 I. / 7. yathA-kavi kartavya'"kavi kartavya se hamArA abhiprAya hindI kaviyoM ke kartavya se hai|" marasvanI 0 pR. ra

Page #159
R 1 nivandhakAra kalA kA samAveza bhI ucita roti sa sahaja hI kara sakatA hai| dvitradI jo ne apane vimva ko samApta karane meM gaharI kalAtmakatA kA paricaya diyA hai| kahIM tA vivAdagrasta viSaya para apanA mata dekara ve pAThaka meM vicAra karane kA anurodha karake mauna ho gae haiM, kavi ke nirUpaNa ke sAtha ho nibandha ko samApta kara diyA hai, kahI upadezaka kI sIdhI mAdI bhASA meM prArthanA, amilApA Adi kI abhivyakti ke dvArA unhoMne nivandha kI samApti kI hai aura kahIM unake nivandhoM kA anta kimI subhASita uddharaNa Adi ke dvArA huA hai / ' shraaksmikt| evaM prabhAva kI dRSTi meM aisA anta atyanta hI sundara bana par3A hai| adhyayanazIla dvivedI jI ke aneka sundara nikammI ko samApti prAyaH isI prakAra huI hai 1 vyaktitva kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke nibandhoM kA adhyayana kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| } 1 yathA- 'bhAratabhAratI kA prakAzana' AzA hai pAThaka ise lekara eka bAra ise sAvana pase aura par3a cukane para - 'hama kauna the, kyA ho gae hai, aura kyA hoMge milakara vicAreMge hRdaya se ye samasyA abhI / " -- sabhI // vicAra-vimarza' pR0 166 2 yathA- 'mahAkavi mAgha kI rAjanIti meM zizupAla ko mArane kA nizcaya huA / " 3. 'ataeva iva calane aura vahIM yudhiSThira ke yajJa sarasvatI, pharavarI 312 I0 / yathA- 'jagadura bhaTTa kI stuti kusumAMjali - "jagara kI taraha bhagavAn bhAva se hama bhI kucha kucha aisI hI prArthanA karake 'stuti - kusumAMjali' 'kI karA kathA se virata hote hai / " - sAhityasandarbha, pR0 4. ka. yathA- 'upanyAsa - rahasya'-- dukAnadArI hI ka kutsita kAmanA se jo loga, pAThakoM ko pazuvat samajha kara, bAsapAta sadRza apanI besirapaira kI kahAniyA~ unake sAmana pheMkate haiM ne ke na jAnImahe / " 146 / - 'sAhityasandarbha, pR0 173 / a. yathA- 'vivAhaviSayaka vicAravyabhicAra' "para kevala adhikArI jana hI usa para kucha kahane kA sAhasa kara sakate haiN| hama nhiiN| hamArI to vahA~ taka pahuMca hI nahIM . jihi mAruta giri meru ur3AhI / kahahu tUla kehi lekhe mAhIM // " pR 50 d

Page #160
557 nA dhakAra dvipadI ra vyakti ra unake mamA narA ma prAyopAnta bhI ghira eka gatizIla ha Tasa virA bhAsa kI vyArayA apakSita haiM dvivadI jI ke vyaktitva kI sthiratA unaka uddeza kI sthiratA meM hai| unakI nibandharacanA kA uddeza nizcita hai--pAThako kA manorajana mora unakA baudvika tathA cAritrika vikAma karanA / ima sambandha meM unake vicAra bhI nizcita hai -bhAratIyoM ko apanI bhASA, sAhitya, dharma, deza, mabhyatA aura saMskRti ke prati prema tathA unake utthAna ke lie prayantra karanA cAhie / pATha ko meM utthAna aura prema kI bhAvanA bhagne kA yaha mAtra dvivedI jI ke sabhI nivanyA meM mamavetayA asamaveta rUpa se vyApta hai / unake vyastitva kI gatizIlatA isa bhAva kI abhivyajanAzailI meM hai| prastuta uddeza kI pUrtike lie unheM aAvasyakatAnusAra yA noca kasammAdaka, bhASA-maskAraka Adi ke vibhinna padoM ne maMgrAma karanA par3A hai| AvazyakatAnusAra unheM varNanAtmaka, vyagyAtmaka, citrAtmaka, vaktRtAtmaka, malApAtmaka, vivecanAtmaka yA bhAvatmakazailI meM varNanAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka yA cintanA maka nibandhoM kI sRSTi karanI paDI hai / pAzcAtya nibandhakAro kI bhA~ti dvivedI jI kA vyaktitva unake nibandhoM meM vizeSasphuTa nahIM ho sakA hai| isakA eka pradhAna kAraNa hai / pazcima ke vyaktitva-pradhAna nibandha kA lekhaka svayaM hI apane nibandhI kA kendra rahA hai / dvivedI jI kI avasthA isake ThIka viparIta hai| anumodana kA anta,abhinandana, mele aura sammelana ke bhASaNa, sampAdaka kI vidAI prAdi katipaya aAtmanivedanAtmaka nibanyo ko chor3akara apane kisI bhI nibandha meM dvivedI jI ne apane ko nibandha kA kendra nahIM mAnA hai / pAThaka hI unake nibandhoM kA kendra rahA hai| unhoMne pratyeka vastu ko usI ke lAbhAlAma kI dRSTi se dekhA hai| aisI dazA meM dvivedI jI ka nivanyA kA vyaktivaicitrya me vizeSa viziSTa na honA sarvathA anivArya thaa| manoraMjakatA tathA kAvyAtmakatA ko jaba dvivedI jI ne hI gauNa sthAna diyA hai taba ume hI pradhAna mAna kara unake nibandho kI vizeSatAoM kI saccI parIkSA nahIM kI jA sktii| vyaktivaicitrya to vyaktitva kA saMkucita artha hai / unakA vyApaka evaM ucita artha hai vyakti kI pravRttiyA, vizeSatAyo tathA guNa kA eka mAghAtika svarUpa / isa dUsare artha meM dvivedI jI ke nibandha unake vyaktitva meM vyApta haiM / yaha to nibandhakAra dvivaTI ke vyaktitva ke avyakta pakSa kI bAta huI / unake vyaktitva kA suvyakta patra bhI hai jo unake kalAtmaka nibandhoM meM spaSTatayA prakaTa huA hai| imakI abhivyaMjanA do rUpoM meM huI hai--mahRdayatA ke rUpa meM aura bhaktibhAvanA ke rUpa meM / pahale me kavi dvivedI kA rUpa paNa hA hai aura dUsare meM bhakta evaM dArzanika dvivedI kA meghara ta gasya' "sa kA nIra nIra vivA kI vidAI prAdi niSagha di vaTI kA

Page #161
jI 7 mahRdaya kAva-hRdaya kA abhivyAkta karane ha jagadvara maTTa kI stuAta kusumAjali gopiyA kI bhagavadabhakti zrAdi niba dha unaka bhakta hRdaya ke vyajaka haiM vyaktitva ka pratyakSa rUpa me anuprAyita nibandha dvivedI jI ne bahuta kama likhe / yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ne unhe vemA na karane diyA / dvivedI jI ko nibandhakAritA svatantrarUpa ne vikasita nahI huI-yaha eka siddha tathya hai| ume Alocaka, sampAdaka, bhASAsudhAraka zrAdi ne mamaya samaya para aAkrAnta kara rakhA thA, ataeva usakA pUrNa vikAma na ho sakA / sAtha hI usa yuga kA pAThaka usa sAdhAraNa stara se Upara kI vastu svIkAra karane ke lie prastuta nahIM thaa| nibandha kI kalAtmakatA evaM sAhityikatA pAThaka tathA nivandhakAra ke sahayoga para hI avalambita hai| kevala sthAyitva kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke sabhI nibandhoM kI parIkSA karanA anucita hai| unakI racanA mukhyataH sAmayika praznoM ke samAdhAna ke lie kI gaI thI / zuddha kalA kI dRSTi se aise sAmayika nibandhoM kA mUlya bahuta kama hai / to phira bAtA ke maMgraha kahe jAne vAle dvivedI jI ke ina nibandhoM kA hindI-sAhitya meM sthAna kyA hai ? yahA aAlocanA aura aAlocaka ke viSaya meM bhI eka bAta kahanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| saundaryamUlaka aAlocanA hI AlocanA nahIM hai| itihAsa aura racanAkAra kI jIvanI aAdi yadi adhika nahIM to saundarya ke samAna hI mahatvapUrNa haiM / saundarya kI IdRktA dezakAlAnusAra parivartanazIla hai| isalie Aja kI saundaryakasauTI para kala kI vastu ko bhaddI aura rahI kahanA nyAyasaMgata nahIM jaeNcatA / Aja kI kasauTI para bhI dvivedI jI ke pratibhA,' 'hindA bhASA kI utpatti,' 'kAlidAsa ke mevadUta kA rahasya,' 'kAlidAsa kA sthiti kAla', sAhitya kI mahattA' adi nibandha solaho Ane vare utarate haiM / ye hindI sAhitya kI sthAyI nidhi haiM / prApta aAlocaka banane ke lie kevala jJAna kI hI nahIM sahRdayatA kI bhI apekSA hai| nibandha ke kalAtmaka vivecana meM vibhinna prakAra se cAhe jo bhI kahA jAya kintu usake mUla uddeza me koI tAtvikaantara nahIM hai| hindI sAhitya me nibandha kA uddeza rahA hai niyata samaya para nizcita vicAroM kA pracAra krnaa| aura isI kAraNa patrikAe~ usake prakAzana kA mAdhyama banI ! bhUmikA meM kahA jA cukA hai ki dvivedI jI ke pUrva bhI 'hindI-pradIpa', 'brAhmaNa', 'aAnandakAdambinI,' 'bhAratamitra' Adi ne bahusaMkhyaka nibandha prakAzita kie the, parantu unhoMne nibaddha rUpa se nizcita vicAroM kA pracAra nahIM kiyaa| eka hI nibandha meM ucchakhala bhAva se icchAnusAra saba kucha kaha dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA / dvivedI-sampAdita 'sarasvatI' ne isa kamI ko dUra kiyA / usakA pratyeka aMka apane nibandhoM dvArA niyata samaya para nizcita vicAroM ke pracAra kI ghoSaNA karatA hai hindI nibandha ne klA ke lie kalA'

Page #162
/ 5 / dAla midvAnta kA svIkAra nahA kiyA : usakA dRSTi pradhAnatayA upaya gitA para hI rahI haiM ! isa dRSTi meM bhI dvivedI jI aura unakI 'sarasvatI' kI dena apratima hai| uddeza, rIti, zailI yAdi mamI dRSTiyoM meM dvivedI jI tathA unakI sampAdita 'sarasvatI' ne Thoma, upayogI aAra kalAtmaka nivavA kI racanA ke sAtha ho apane tathA parabatI yuga ke nivandhA kI Adarza bhUmikA prantuta kii| hindI-mAhitya kA nibandhakAra dvivedI kI nahI dena hai|

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sAtavA adhyAya sarasvatI-sampAdana 16 vI zatI ke hindI-patroM kI avasthA kA nirUpaNa bhUmikA meM ho cukA hai| 1867 ' meM prakAzita hone vAlI 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA" kA uddezya thA mAdityaka anusandhAna praura paryAlocana / pAThakoM kA manoraMjana, hindI ke vividha ago kA popaNa, parivardhana aura kaviyoM tathA legvako ko protmAhita karane kI bhAvanA se prerita aura kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI mamA ke anumodana se pratiSThita sacitra hindI mAsika patrikA sarasvatI' kA prakAzana 1600 I0 se prArambha huA / kadAcit kAryagurutA ke kAraNa aura janatA kA dhyAna AkRSTa karane ke lie pahale varSa isakI sampAdaka-samiti meM pAca vyakti the--kArtikaprasAdakhatrI, kizorI lAla gosvAmI, jagannAthadAsa bI0 e0, rAdhAkRSNa dAma aura zyAmasundara dAsa / prathama bAraha saMkhyAoM meM sampAdakoM ke atirikta kevala dasa anya lekhako ne likhA / patrikA kA klevara 16 me 21 pannoM taka hI mImita rahA 'sarasvatI' ke pahale aMka ke vipaya nimnalikhita 1. bhUmikA 2. bhAratendu harizcadra- jIvanI 3. simbelIna-mahAkavi zekmapiyara racita nATaka kI zrAkhyAyikA kA marmAnuvAda / 4. prakRti kI vicitratA- kutte ke madda vAlA aAdamI zrAdi 5. kAzmIra-yAtrA 6. kavi-kIrti kalAnidhi--arjuna mizra 7. zrAloka-citraNa athavA phoTogrAphI lekha saMkhyA 6 ko choDakara sabhI legya mampAdakoM ke the| prathama aMka kI prArambhika bhUmikA meM hI 'sarasvatI' ne apane uddezya aura rUparekhA kA sundara zabdacitra aMkita kiyA thaa|' kheda hai ki prathama tIna varSoM taka usakI yaha pratijJA 16...... hindI ke utsAhiyA, hitaipiyo, unnAyakI, rasajJo aura sahayogiyoM se aimI asaMDanIya AzA kyA na kI jAya ki ce loga saba prakAra se apanI bahulatA kI zItala chAyA meM ima navIna vAlikA ko prAzraya dene meM kadApi parAnmasya na hoMge ki ninaphe manmamba

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apRNa rahI pahale varSa pAca sampAdakA ka hota hue bhI usakA bhAra zyAmasundara dAsa para hI rahA sabhA ka tathA anya uttaradAyi pRNa kAyA ma vyasta rahana ka kAraNa va 'sarasvatI ko apekSita samaya aura zakti nahIM de sakate the / pahale do aMko meM padya, kAvya, nATaka, upanyAsa campU Adi ke nAma para kucha bhI na nikalA / taduparAnta bhI nAmamAtra ko hI inakA samAveza ho sakA / prArambhika viSaya-sUcI bhI gaDabaDa rahI / lekhoM ke anta yA prArambha meM kahIM bhI lekhakoM kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA / sampAdakIya TippaNI aura vividha-viSaya-jaisI vastu kA abhAva rhaa| hA, prakAzaka kA vaktavya avazya thA, parantu vaha uparyukta abhAva kA pUraka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usakI bhASA kA zrAdarza bhI anicizta thaa| 1601 I. meM kevala zyAmasundara dAsa hI sampAdaka raha ge| apane ekAkI sampAdanakAla (1601-2) meM unhoMne 'sarasvatI' kA bahuta kucha sudhAra kiyaa| 1601 kI maI me 'vividha vArtA' aura julAI se 'sAhitya samAlocanA' ke khaMDo kA zrIgaNeza huaaa| varSa bhara kI lekha-sUnI lekhako ke nAmAnukrama me prastuta kI gaI / 1602 I0 kI racanAzro ke anta ma racanAkArI ke nAma aura citro ke sudhAra kI ora dhyAna diyA gyaa| legnaka-saMkhyA bhI dUnI ho gaI / dvivedI jI ke lekhoM aura vyaMgacitro ne 'sarasvatI' ke vardhamAna saundarya meM cAra cAda lagA diye| Aja yaha apane naye raMga DhaMga, naye veza vinyAsa, naye udyAga utsAha aura naI manamohinI chaTA se upasthita huI hai| - isake nava jIvana dhAraNa karane kA kevala yahI uddezya hai ki hindI rasiko ke manorajana ke mAtha hI sAtha bhApA ke sarasvatI bhaMDAra kI aMgapuSTi, vRddhi aura yathAyatha pUrti ho, tathA bhASA sulekhako kI lalita lekhanI utsAhita aura uttejita hokara vividha bhAva bharita grantharAji ko prasava kara / . aura isa patrikA meM kauna kauna se viSaya rahege, yaha kevala isI se anumAna karanA cahiye ki isakA nAma sarasvatI hai / isameM gaba, padya, kAvya, nATaka, upanyAsa campU. itihAsa jIvanacarita, patra, hAsya, parihAsa, kautuka, purAvRtta, vijJAna, zilpa, kalA kauzala Adi, sAhitya ke yAvatIya viSayo kA yathAvakAza samAveza rahegA aura aAgata granyAdikoM kI yathocita samAlocanA kI jaayegii| yaha hama loga nija mukha se nahIM kaha sakate ki bhASA meM yaha patrikA apane Dhaga kI prathama hogii| kintu hA, sahRdayo kI samucita sahAyatA aura mahayogiyo kI saccI sahAnubhUti huI to avazya yaha apane kartavya pAlana me saphala manoratha hone kA yathAzakya udyoga karane meM zithilatA na kregii| isase lAbha kevala yahI socA gayA hai ki sulekhakoM kI lekhanI sphurita ho jisase hindI kI agapuSTi aura unnati ho / isake atirikta hama logoM kA yaha bhI dRDha vicAra hai ki yadi isa patrikA sambandhIya saba prakAra kA vyaya dekara kucha bhI lAbha huA to isake lekhako kI hama loga ucita mevA karane ma kimI prakAra bari na karage sarasvatI mAga 1 ma. 1 zrArambhika bhUmikA

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/ 162 / upayukta mudhAroM aura utkarSoM ke hote hue bhI 'sarasvatI' kA mAna vizeSa UvA na ho skaa| usake pratijJA-vAkya aura yojanAe~ yathArthatA kA rUpa dhAraNa na kara sakI / viSaya, bhASA, pAThaka, aura lekhaka-sabhI kI dazA zocanIya banI rhii| 1602 I0 ke anta meM zyAmamundara dAsa ne bhI sampAdana karane meM asamarthatA prakaTa kii| unhone sammati dI, bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa ne prastAva kiyA aura paMDita mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne sarasvatI' kA sampAdana svIkAra kara liyaa| janavarI 1603 I0 se dvivedI jI ne sampAdana prArambha kiyA / patrikA ke aga-aMga meM unakI pratibhA kI jhalaka dikhAI par3I / viSayo kI aneka-rUpatA, vastuyojanA, sampAdakIya TippaNiyo, pustaka-parIkSA, citro, citra-paricaya, sAhitya-samAcAra ke vyaMgacitro, manorajaka sAmagrI, bAla-vanitopayogI racanAyo, prArambhika viSaya-sUcI, prapha-saMzodhana aura paryavakSaNa meM sarvatra hI sampAdana-kalA-vizArada dvivedI kA vyaktitva camaka utthaa| tatkAlIna durvidagdha mAyAvI sampAdaka apane ko dezopakArabatI, nAnAkalA-kauzalakovida ni:zepa-zAstra-dIkSita, samasta-bhASA-paMDita aura sakalakalA-vizArada samajhate tha / apane patra meM ve besirapaira kI bAteM karane, rupayA aiThane ke lie aneka prakAra ke vaMcaka vidhAna racate, apanI doparAzi ko tRNavat aura dUsaroM kI nanhI sI truTi ko mumaru samajha. kara alekhya lekhA dvArA apanA aura pAThako kA akAraNa samaya naSTa karate the / nissAra nidya lekhA ko to sAdara sthAna dete aura vidvAnoM ke sammAnya lekhoM kI avahelanA karate the| zrAlocanArthaM AI huI pustakoM kA nAmamAtra prakAzita karake mauna dhAraNa kara lete aura dRsro kI nyAya-sagata samAlocanA kI bhI nidA karate / dUsare patro aura gustako se viSaya curAkara apane patra kI udarapUrti karate aura unakA nAma taka na lete the / patrottara ke samaya pare maunI bana jAne, svArthavaza parama namratA dazAne aura apane dopa kI nidarzanA dekhakara pralayaMkara hara kA-sA ugra rUpa dhAraNa kara lene the / bhalI-burI auSadhiyo, gaI-bItI pustako aura sabhI prakAra ke kUr3A-karakaTa kA vijJApana prakAzita karake patra-sAhitya ko kalaMkti karate the| apanI svataMtratA, vidyA aura bala kA durupayoga karake apamAnajanaka lekha chApate aura phira bhaya upasthita hone para hAtha joDakara kSamA mAgata the|" sampAdana-bhAra grahaNa karane para dvivedIjI ne apane lie mukhya nAra Adarza nizcita pie-samaya kI pAbandI karanA, mAliko kA vizvAsa- bhAjana bananA, apane hAni-lAbha kI paravAha na karake pAThakoM ke hAni-lAbha kA dhyAna rakhanA aura nyAya-patha se kabhI bhI vicalita 1 dvivedo likhita aura dvivedI kAvya-mAlA meM sakhita sama ke AdhAra para

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163 / na hAnA / ' usa samaya hindI patrikAe niyata samaya para na nikalatI thIM , ve apane vilamba kA kAraNa batalAtI--sampAdakajI bImAra ho gaye, unakI lekhanI TUTa gaI, mazIna bigar3a gaI, prakAzaka mahAzaya ke sambandhI kA svargavAsa ho gayA, ityAdi / dvivedI jI ina viDambanApUrNa ghoSaNAno ke kAyala na the| unakI nizcita dhAraNA thI ki patrikA kA bilambita prakAzana grAhako ke prati anyAya aura sampAdakake caritrakA ghora patana hai| mazIna phela hotI hai, huA kare; sampAdaka bImAra hai, par3A rahe; kalama TUTa gaI hai, cintA nahIM, sambandhI mara rahe haiM, marA kareM; sampAdaka ko apanA kartavyapAlana karanA hI hogA, patrikA niyata samaya para grAhaka ke pAsa bhejanI hI hogI / sampAdaka ke isa kaThina uttaradAyitva kA nirvAha unhoMne jI jAna homakara kriyA / cAhe pUrA kA pUrA aMka unhehI kyo na likhanA par3A ho, unhone patrikA samaya para hI bhejii| kevala eka bAra, unake sampAdana-kAla ke prArambha meM, 1603 I0 kI dUmarI aura tImarI sakhyAe~ eka sAtha niklii| isa aparAdha ke lie navAgata sampAdaka dvivedI jI sarvathA kSamya hai| isa doSa kI zrAvRtti kabhI nahIM huI / kama se kama cha. mahIne kI sAmagrI unhone apane pAsa sadaiva prastuta rkhii| jaba kabhI ve bImAra hue chuTTI lI, yA jaba anta meM avakAza grahaNa kiyA taba apane uttarAdhikArI ko kaI mahIne kI sAmagrI dekara gae jisame 'marasvatI' ke prakAzana me vilamba, ataeva grAhakoM ko amuvidhA aura kaSTa na ho| unake laga. bhaga satraha vapoMke dIrgha sampAdana-kAla meM eka bAgbhI 'sarasvatI' kA prakAzana nahIM rukaa| usI samaya ke upArjita aura straligvita kucha lekha dvivedI jI ke saMgraha me abhinandana ke samaya bhI upasthita the| ve Aja bhI kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke kalAbhavana aura daulatapura meM rakSita haiN| unhoMne 'sarasvatI' ke uddezyoM kI dRr3hatA ke mAtha rakSA kI / apane kAraNa svAmiyoM ko kabhI bhI ulajhana meM na ddaalaa| unakI 'sarasvatI' mevA kramazaH phUlatI phalatI gaI / unakI vartavyaniSThA aura nyAyaparAyaNatA ke kAraNa prakAzakoM ne unhe sarvadA apanA vizvAsapAtra mAnA / dvivedI jI ke lekho tathA kathanoM se vidita hotA hai ki unake lakSya the---hindI-bhASiyoM kI mAnasika bhUmikA kA vikAsa karanA, saMskRta-sAhitya kA punarutthAna, khaDIbolI-kavitA kA unnayana, navIna pazcimIya zailI kI mahAratA meM bhAvAbhivyaMjana, saMsAra kI vartamAna pragati kA paricaya aura sAtha hI prAcIna bhArata ke gaurava kI rakSA karanA / hindI-pAThakoM kI asaMskRta 1. aAtma-nivedana, 'sAhitya-sandeza', eprila, 1936 I., ke AdhAra para 2 'sAhitya-saMdeza'.-.-eprila, 1936 I. meM prakAzita grAmanivedana ke AdhAra para

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L tri ko tRpta karane kA prayAsa na karake unhoMne usake pariSkAra kA hI udyoga kiyA isa artha meM unhone lokaruci aura lokamata kI apekSA apane siddhAtoM aura Adarzo kA hI adhika dhyAna rakhA / vastutaH unake sampAdaka-jIvana kI samasta sAdhanA 'sarasvatI' - pAThako ke hI kalyANa ke lie thI / vividhaviSayaka upayogI aura rocaka lembo, grAkhyAyikAyA, kavitAzrI, zlokoM, citroM, vyaMga citroM, TippaNiyoM Adi ke dvArA janatA ke citta ko 'sarasvatI' ke paThana meM ramAyA / 1 Aja 'vINA, ' 'vizAla bhArata' 'haMsa' 'mAdhurI' 'vijJAna' 'bhUgola' sAhitya - saMdeza' Adi aneka vyApaka evaM viziSTa viSayaka patrikAe~ hindI kA gaurava bar3hA rahI haiM / dvivedI jI ke sampAdana-kAla meM, khadyota sarIkhe sAptAhika aura mAsika patroM kI usa aMdhakAramayI rajano meM, apanI apratihata prabhA se camakane vAlI eka hI dhruvatArikA thI- 'sarasvatI' / tava usame kucha prakAzita karAnA bahuta bar3I bAta thii| loga dvivedI jI ko aneka pralobhana dete the | 'koI kahatA- merI mausIkA marasiyA chApa dI, maiM tumheM nihAla kara dUMgA / koI likhatAamuka sabhApati kI spIca chApa do, maiM tumhAre gale meM banArasI DupaTTA DAla dUMgA / koI cAmA detAmere prabhu kA sacitra jIvana caritra nikAla do to tumheM eka baDhiyA ghaDI yA pairagADI naz2ara kI jAvegI / dvivedI jI apane bhAgya ko kosate aura bahare tathA gUMge bana jAte the / pAThako ke lAbha ke lie svArthI kI hatyA kara dene meM hI unhoMne gaurava, sukha aura zAti kA anubhava kiyA / zakkara kI thailiyA meTa karane vAle sajana ko unhoMne mu~hatoDa uttara diyA thA - "tumhArI thailiyA jesI kI taimI ravI hai / 'sarasvatI' isa taraha kisI ke vyApAra kA sAdhana nahIM bana sakatI / 12 satsamAlocanA ke zrAge unhoMne sambandhI ko pradhAnatA nahIM dI / unakI kharI aura apriya AlocanAtroM se santuSTa aneka sAmAjika satpuruSo ne 'sarasvatI' kA bahiSkAra kara diyA parantu dvivedI jI Dige nahIM | svArthI aura mAyAvI saMsAra parArthI aura amAyika dvivedI kI saccAI kA mUlya na graoNka sakA / unhoMne apane hI lebo- 'vikramAka deva-ritacarcA, ' 'nATyazAtra', 'vyoma viharaNa' yAdi -- ko sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa na chApa kara dUsaroM kI racanAoM ko ucita sthAna aura sammAna diyA / 4 'sarasvatI' ko vAda-vivAda ke camarapana meM bacAne ke lie unhoMne apanA hI legya 'zIla nidhAna jI kI zAlInatA' 'bhAratamitra' me chapAyA / " yaha eka sampAdaka kI nyAyaniSThA aura niSpakSatA kI parAkASThA thI / 1. 'zrAtmanivedana', 'sAhitya-saMdeza', eprila 1636 I0, pR0 304 2. 'dvivedI - abhindana grantha', pR0 543 3. ' zrAtma-nivedana', 'sAhitya saMdeza', eprila sAMvatsarika siMhAvalokana' 'sarasvatI', 8 5 kAzI - nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke 1636 I0, pR0 304 bhAMga 5 saMkhyA 12 meM rakSita kataraneM

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[ 165 / usa vipama kAla meM jaba na to mAhitya-sammelana kI yojanAeM thI, na vizva-vidyAlayoM aura kAlejo meM hindI kA praveza thA, na raMga-biraMge caTakIle mAsikapatra the, hindI ke nAma para loga nAka bhau sikoDane the, lekha likhane kI to bAta hI dUra rahI, a~garejIdA bAbU loga hindI me ciTThI ligvanA bhI apamAna-janaka samajhate the, janasAdhAraNa meM zikSA kA pracAra nagaNya thA, hindI-patrikA 'sarasvatI' ko janatA kA hRdaya-hAra banA denA adi amAdhya nahI to kaSTamAdhya avazya thaa| hindI ke ine gine legvaka the aura ve bhI lakIra ke phakIra / mamAja kI zrAkAkSAe~ bahumugtrI thI / itihAsa purAtatva, jIvana-carita,paryaTana, mamAlAMcanA, upanyAsa, kahAnI, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, nATaka, kopa, gajanIti, arthazAstra, samAjazAstra, darzana, vijJAna, sAmayika pragati, hAsya-vinoda Adi sabhI viSayoM kI vividha racanAyo aura tadartha vipanna hindI ko mampanna banAne ke lie viziSTa koTi ke lekhakoM kI aAbazyakatA thI / kAla thA gadyabhASA laDIbolI ke zaizava kaa| kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI samA meM surakSita 'sarasvatI' kI hasta-limbita pratiyA~ isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki tatkAlIna sAhityakArAkI tunalI bhASA vyAkaragA Adi ke dopoM meM kitanI bhraSTa aura bhAvAbhivyaMjana meM kitanI zramamayaM shrii| lekhakoM kI kamI kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki lenbaka the hI nhiiN| 'sarasvatI' ke asvIkRta legyA me spaSTa siddha hai ki legvako kI maMjyA paryApta thI / parantu unako raddI racanAe~ anabhISTa thii| sampAdana-kAla ke prArambha meM 'sarasvatI' ko Adarza patrikA banAne ke lie dvivedI jI ko athaka parizrama karanA pdd'aa| isa kathana kI puSTi meM 1603 I0 kI 'maramvatI' kA nimnAkita vivaraNa paryApta hogA--- maMkhyA-mUlaka vivaraNa 'sarasvatI' ko makhyA / kula racanAeM anya lekhako kI dvivejI jI kI 1 12 16 nnu Ku. 1 kAzI nAgarI praca risA mamA ke kalAbhavana meM racita

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viSaya adbhuta AkhyAyikA kavitA jIvanacarita (strI) jIvanacarita (puruSa) phuTakara vijJAna sAhitya vyaMgyacitra [ 166 / mUlaka vira kula racanAeM 10 8 1 khu 8 11 16* 14 6. anya lekhakoM kI 1 6 16 4 4 dvivedI jI kI * 6 2 4 8 7 13 13 5. E varSa bhara kI kula 106 racanAoM meM 70 racanAe~ dvivedI jI kI haiN| anya lekhako kI dena AkhyAyikA, kavitA, sAhitya aura puruSoM ke jIvanacarita taka hI sImita hai / lekhaka kI kamI ne dvivedI jI ko zranya nAmoM se bhI lekha likhane kI preraNA dI / sambhavataH sampAdaka ke nAma kI bArambAra AvRtti se bacane ke lie, apane pratipAdita mata kA vibhinna lekhakoM ke nAma se samarthana karane, upAdhivibhUSita anya prAntIya yA alaMkArika nAmAM ke dvArA pAThakoM para adhika prabhAva DAlane aura uma lAThI-yuga ke laDeMta lekhakoM kI bhayaMkara muThabher3a se bacane ke lie hI unhoMne kalpita nAmoM kA prayoga kiyA thA / dvivedI jI ne kabhI 'kamalAkizora tripAThI " banakara 'samAcAra patroM kA virATa rUpa ' 1. prabhAga: (ka) 'samAcAra patro kA virATa rUpa' dvivedI jI ke hI 'samAcArapatra - sampAdakastava' kA gadyAnuvAda hai / yadi koI aura vyakti isakA lekhaka hotA to dvivedI jI usakI bhartsanA avazya karate / (kha) kalA bhavana ge rakSita hastalekha me lekhaka kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai, dvivedI jI ne hI peMsila se kamalakizora tripAThI likha diyA hai| yadi koI anya lekhaka hotA to umI syAhI se apanA nAma avazya detA / hasta likhata prati se pratIta hotA hai ki dvivedI jI ne kisI nausikhie se anuvAda karAkara usakA saMzodhana kiyA hai I (ga) kamalA kizora tripAThI nAmaka tatkAlIna kisI lekhaka kA patA nahI calatA / dvivedI jI ke bhAnaje kamalakizora tripAThI usa samaya nire bAlaka the / dvivedI jI ne apane nAma ke badale unhIM kA nAma uThA kara rakha diyA (gha) sa vaThAra lekha ko apane nAma se sambaddha karane se pratidvandviyA kI bhAvanA Do A 1

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167 / dapalAyA to vA 'kallU alhata' banakara saragau naraka ThakAnA nAhi kA pAlhA gAyA kabhI to ganAnana gaNeza garvasAi 2 ke nAma sa 'jambuko nyAya kA racanA kI aura kabhI 'paryAlocaka' 3 ke nAma se jyotiSavedAMga kI AlocanA kii| kahI 'kaviyoM kI UrmilA-viSayaka udAsInatA' dUra karane 'bhArata kA naukA-nayana' digvalAne, 'bAlI dvIpa meM hinduo kA rAjya' siddha karane athavA 'meghadUta-rahasya' kholane ke lie 'bhujaMga bhUpaNa bhaTTAcArya bane, to kahIM 'amerikA ke akhabAra', 'rAmakahAnI kI samAlocanA', 'alabasnI' jitta ho uThatI / kalpita nAma se dvivedI jI ke nata kI puSTi hotI thii| (Ga) lekha ke nIce svAbhAvika rUpa se M P.D. likhakara kATa diyA hai| aura usake Upara kamalAkizora tripAThI likhA hai| 1. upayukta pAlhe kA 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA' me samAveza, dvivedI-abhinandana-grantha', pRSTha 532 aAdi se prmaannit| 2 hasta-likhita prati meM pahale gajAnana gaNeza garnakhaDe kA sAnuprAsa nAma lekhaka ke rUpa meM diyA phira kisI kAraNavaza kATa diyA aura kavitA apane hI nAma ne chapAI-'marasvatI' ke svIkRta lekho kA baMila, 1606 I0, kalAbhavana, kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA / 3 kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke kAryAlaya meM rakSita baMDala 2 (ka) ke patro me pramANita 4. prastuta avaccheda meM varNita racanAoM kA sthAna aura kAlaHsamAcAra patroM kA virATa rUpa..... maralatI 1604 I0, pR0 367 saragau naraka ThekanA nAhi. ...... 1606 I., pR0 38 jambukI nyAya.... ,, ,, pR0 217 jyotiSa vedAga...... 1607 I.. pR0 20,186 kaviyoM kI urmitA-viSayaka udAsInatA... 1608 I0, pR. 313 bhArata kA naukAnayana... 1606 I0, pR0 305 bAlI dvIpa meM hinduo kA rAjya ... 1611 I0, pR0 216 maMghadata-rahasya... ... pR0665 amerikA ke akhabAra 1606 I0, pR0 124 rAma kahAnI kI samAlocanA" alabarUnI... 1611 I0, pR. 242 bhAratavarSa kA calana bAjAra mikkA... 1612 I0, pR0 66 mastiSka ...... 160 I0, pR. 221 striyoM ke viSaya meM ayalpa nivedana .. 1613 I0, pR0 384 zabdoM ke rUpAntara" 1624 I0, pR0 483 5. pramANa:(ka) danaka lekha ma Tamare ke lesoM nesA koI saMzodhana nahIM hai (ba) lina na manda dvinaTa kI hai

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168 / 'aura bhArata kA calana bAjAra sikkA' zrAdi lekhoM ke prakAzanArtha zrI kaMTha pAThaka ema. e.' kI upAdhi-maMDita saMjJA apanAI / 'mastiSka kI vicAraNA ke lie to locana prasAda pADeya bana gae / eka bAra 'striyoM ke viSaya meM atyalpa nivedana karane ke lie 'kasyacit kAnyakuba jasya' paMDitAU jAmA pahanA to dUsarI bAra zabdoM ke rUpAntara kI vivecanA karane ke lie niyama nArAyaNa zamA 4 kA mainika veSa dhAraNa kiyA / pAThakoM kI bahumukhI zrAkAkSAtrI kI pUrti akele dvivedI jI ke mAna kI na thii| aAvazyakatA thI vividha viSayo ke vizeSajJa lekhako kI jo 'sarasvatI' kI hInatA dUra kara makate / pArakhI aura dUradazI dvivedI jI ne honahAra lekhakoM para dRSTi dauDAI / unhoMne hindIprAntoM aura bhAratavarSa me hI nahIM yorapa aura amerikA meM bhI hindI-lekha ko ko hu~DhA / satyadeva, bholAdatta pAMDe, pADuraMga khAnakhoje aura rAmakumAra khemakA amerikA me; sundaralAla, santa nihAla siMha, jagavihArI seTha aura kRSNAkumAra mAthura iMgalaiDa se prema nArAyaNa zarmA, aura vIrasena siMha dakSiNI amerIkA me tathA benIprasAda zukla phrAsa se lekha bhejate the ! kAmatA pramAda guru, rAmacandra zukla, kezava prasAda mizra, maithilI zaraNa gupta, gopAla zaraNa siha, lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI, gaMgAnAtha jhA, padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI, devIdatta zakla, vAbUrAva viSNu parADakara, rUpa nArAyaNa pADeya, vizmbharanAtha zarmA 'kauzika' yAdi kI carcA yathAsthAna kI gaI hai| (ga) nIce dvivedI jI ke hI akSaroM meM bhujaMga bhUpaNa bhaTTAcArya likhA gayA hai (gha.) isakI bahuta kucha puSTi 'rasajJa-raMjana' kI bhUmikA se ho jAtI hai, yadyapi umI meM zrAe hue 'vidyAnAtha' kAmatA prasAda guru haiM / 1. 'rAma kahAnI kI samAlocanA' kI likhAvaTa zrAdyopAnta dvivedI jI kI hai| nIce dvivedI jI ke akSarI meM zrI kaMTha pAThaka aura phira usake nIce zrI kaMTha pAThaka ema0 e0 ligyA gayA hai| 2 mUla racanA kI likhAvaTa sarvAza meM dvivedI jI kI hai ! 3. pramAgAH (ka) hasta likhita prati kisI aura kI likhI huI hai parantu kahIM saMzodhana nahIM hai| jAna par3atA hai ki dvivedI jI ke vacana kA anulekha hai| (sva) nIce syAhI se dvivedI jI ke hastAkSara haiM aura phira kATakara peMsila se kasyacit kAnyakuJjasya' kara diyA gayA hai / .4 pramANa: (ka) likhAvaTa dvivedI jI kI hai| (kha) hAziye para zrAdeza kiyA hai-~-paM0 sundaralAla jI, kRpA karake isa lekha ko dhyAna se par3ha lIjiegA / nindA se 'sarasvatI' ko bacAiegA ! 5 'sarasvatI' kI viSaya-sUcI meM ima nembakoM ke nAma ke sAmane koSThaka meM inake sthAna kA mI kiyA gayA hai

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/ 166 / dvivedI jI ke smAtya kI hAni kA pradhAna kAramA prAna mahAn sAhi yakAra kahalAne gale lagakA kA azudvibharI racamAyA kA AdyopAta saMzAdhana hI thA lekha kA se pana vyavahAra, phasazIdhana aura paryavekSaNa ke anantara anya lekhakoM kI racanAoM ko korTachAMTa kara' sudhArane kA bhAri prayatna' aura 'usa para bhI aneka upayogI aura bAlazyaka legbo ko 'straya mitra aura mistrI ko pratyeka saMkhyA niyata samaya para prastuta karanA dvivedI jI-jaise aso vAraNa mampAdaka kAhI kAma yA dussAya mazodhana kArya se kabhIkabhI unhe aAkrAnta kara detA thA / satyazaraNa ratUr3A kI zaran-strAgata kavitA kI ki vAkalma karate hue unhoMne hAziye para aMgarejI meM AkSepa kiyA IIEATER : noTaye kevi mere lie ghora duHkha ke kAraNa haiN|"2 nissaIha koTe kI maumA ho jAneM para hI dvivedI jI na aimA likhA hogaa| ima 'ananta parizrama ma parIjita hokara eka bAra unhoMne 'giridhara zarmA kI 'graMzumatI kaMkti kI methilI zaraNa - gupta ke pAna saMzodhanArtha bhejate hue usake hAzie para nordeza kiyA jA . . Fy. TRE EFFthilIzaraNa au. The IFFERT : . .... dayA kIjie, hamArI jAna bacAie / ina donoM kavitAoM ko jaga dhyAna nA ko jage dhyAna meM apanI taraha dekha jaaie| phira ucita sazodhana karake 4-dina meM yathA saMbhava zIghra hI lauTA diijie| kaI jagaha zabdasthApanA kA krama ThIka nahIM paDhanahI bntaa| ka . . . ... 'marasvatI'-sampAdana ke kaThora yajJa meM dvivedI jI ne apane svAsthya kA balidAna kara diyaa.| 1610. I0 meM unhe. pUre varSa. bhara kI chuTTI lenI pdd'ii| tatpazcAt dUma, va kI kaSTakarI sAdhanA ke kAraNa unakA zarIra jarjara ho gayA aura unhe, vivaza hokara 'marasvatI, mavA meM pradhAna grahaNa karanA pdd'aa| 1legvako ke prati dvivedI jI kA vyavahAra vizeSaHharAhanIyA jhIya nAva pakAnaka pAsa pahu~catI to ve tatkAla use deskata, zIghra hI usakI pahu~ca, apane yA na chApane kA uttara bhI bheja dene / asvIkRta racanA boTAte. samayaH lekhaka - ke AzvAmara ke lie koI na koI vAkya avazya limva dete the jimme vaha Amasanna yA hatotsAina hokkaraH gadgad ho jAtA 1. dvivedI jI ke saMzodhana- kArya kI gurutA kA nyUnAdhika digdarzana pariziSTa saMkhyA 3 meM uddhata saMzodhita racanA se ho jaaygaa| 2 'sarasvatI' ke svIkRta lekha. baiMDala '1605 I0. kalA-bhavana, nA. saMbhA, kAzI' / 3 sarasvatI' ka svIkRta lekha, balla 1917 kA nA.sabhA kasA bhUkta / /

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170 / thaa| disambara 1813 I0 ma kazavapramAda mizra kI mudAmA' zIpa ke lambI tukA dIma uma doSo kA nirdeza aura unhe dUra kara kahIM anyatra chapA lene kA Adeza kiyA / ' maithilIzaragA gupta kI bhI pahalI kavitA 'zarada' asvIkRta huI, parantu dUsaro kavitA 'hemanta' ko ucita mazodhana aura parivardhana ke sAtha 'sarasvatI' meM sthAna milA / ' unakA yaha vyavahAra mI lekhakA ke prati thaa| ve racanAoM meM nAmUla parivartana karata, zIrSaka taka badala dete tha / apratyAzita saMzodhano ke kAraNa mithyAbhimAnI asaMtuSTa lekhaka DA~Takara patra likhate aura dvivedI jI atyanta vinamra zabdoM meM kSamA mAgane, unheM samajhAte-bujhAte the| unake sapAdakIya ziSTAcAra aura snehapUrNa vyavahAra meM lekhakoM ke prati zAlInatA, namratA bhAra khuzAmada kI sImA ho jaatii| yaha saMpAdaka dvivedI kA gaurava thaa| saccI lagana, vistRta adhyayana, sundara zailI aura sajjanocita makoca bAle lekhako kA upahAsa na karake ve unheM u mAhita karate aura guruvat sneha tathA sahAnubhUti se unake doSo ko samajhAte the / jina legvaka ko likhanA zrA jAtA rame 'sarasvatI' niHzulka bhejate aura yogyatAnumAra puraskAra bhI dete the / lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI ke 'nAnA phaDanavIsa' nAmaka vistRta legva ko atyanta parizrama meM kATachaoNTa kara pATha pRSThI meM chApA aura bholaha rupayA puraskAra bhI bheja diyA / Adarza mapAdaka dvivedI jI apane laghu lekha ko para bhI kRpA ragbate the| dvivedI jI ne 'sarasvatI' ko vyakti vizeSa yA varga-vizeSa ko saMtuSTa karane kA mA-na nahA bnaayaa| unhoMne grAhaka samudAya ko svAmI, aura apane ko mevaka samajhA / 'sarasvatI' kA uddezya thA apane samasta pAThako ko prasanna tathA lAbhAnvita karanA / dvivI jI ne jAnavardhaka aura manoraMjaka racanAyo kA kI tiraskAra nahIM kiyA / kitane hI yaza aura dhana ke lolupa svArthAndha mahAnubhAva apanI yA apane svAmiyoM kI asundara, anupaye gI aura nIrama racanAeM citra evaM jIvana carita chapAne kI anadhikAra ceSTA karate the| kitanA kI bhASA itanI lacara, kliSTa aura dUpita hotI thI ki usakA maMzodhana hI asambhava hotA thA / kaThora kartavya dvivedI jI ko unakA tiraskAra karane ke lie bAdhya karatA thaa| ye mahAnubhAva asvIkRta racanAoM ko vApasa maMgAne ke lie TikaTa taka na bhejate, mahInI bAda unakI khoja lene aura dhamakiyA tathA kutmApUrNa ulAhane bhejakara apanA evaM mampAdaka kA mamaya vyartha naSTa karate the| dvivedI jI vyaktigata patra yA sAMvatsarika siMhAvalokana', 1 'sarasvanI', bhAga 40. saM0 2, pR0 166. 2. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, saM0 2. pR0 16 3. 'sarasvatI', bhAge 40 saM0 2, pR0 146; 'dvi. mI,' 52-53, . sarasvatI', mAga 40 ma. 2 pR 13 // * bekhakoM sa prArthanA marampatI mAM 16 bA 2 2 3 ke AdhAra para

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lasa kA sa prAthanA , lekhamA kA kttavya ' Adi lekhA dvArA lepakA ko cetAvanI de diyA karata tha itana para bhI jo 'sarasvatI' ke lakSya aura mAna 7 anupayukta racanAe bhejatA vaha avazya hI tiraskAra kA pAtra thA / lekhako ke prati unake sahRdayatApUrNa vyavahAra kA pramANa unhIM ke zabdoM meM lIjie__"naradeva zAstrI-Apa aise aine raddI lekhI kA svAgata karate haiM, yaha kyA bAta hai ? dvivedI jI--(masmita) dvAra para Ane vAloM kA svAgata karanA paramadharma hai aura jina mahAnubhAvoM ko bAra bAra limba kara lekha ma~gAyA jAtA hai, unakA to Adara Avazyaka hI - - - - - - - dvivedI jI ne apane vyaktitra, vANI aura maMzodhana kI kaThina tapasyA dvArA aneka lekhako aura kaviyo ko 'sarasvatI' kA bhakta bnaayaa| kitane hI lekhaka 'sarasvatI' kI mundaratA, lokapriyatA, IdRktA aura iyattA me nAkRSTa hokara svayaM pAe / dvivedI jI ke saMpAdana-kAla ke pUrva aneka hindI-patrikAoM ne apane ko vividha-vipayA kI mAsika-pustaka ghoSita kiyA, 3 parantu unakI vANI kabhI bhI kama kA rUpa na dhAraNa 1. samaya samaya para 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita 2. 'hama', 'abhinandanAMka', eprila, 1933 I0 3 (ka) apane ko 'vidyA, vijJAna, sAhitya, dRzya, zravya aura gadya, padya, mahAkAvya, rAjakAja samAja aura deza dazA para lekha, itihAsa, parihAma, samAlocanAdi vividha viSaya vAri bindu bharita balAhakAvalI" (mAlA 4,megha 1, 1602 I0) samajhane vAlI 'AnaMdakAdaMbino' kI mAlA cAra, megha 8-6 kI viSaya-sUcI Dama prakAra thI1. maMpAdakIya sammati mamIra, navIna samvatsara, udAratA kA puraskAra, svAmI rAmatIrtha, harSa, yathArtha prajAhita, zoka!!! caitanyamaya jagata / 2. prApti svIkAra vA samAlocanA sIkara 3. mAhitya saudAminI lkssmii| 4. kAvyAmRta barSA--- aAnaMda badhAI, dillI darabAra mitra maMDalI ke yAra / 5 nivedana aura sUcanA / (ba) hindI-pradIpa' kI ghoSaNA thI-vidyAnATaka, itihAsa, sAhitya, darzana, rAjanambandhI ityAdi ke viSaya meM hara mahIne kI pahalI ko chapatA hai / " (jilda 25, saMkhyA 1-2, janavarI-pharavarI, 1603 I.) aura viSaya the: 1. hamAga paJcIsavA varSa 2. Dhola ke bhItara pola 3 kAna nana kA lakara vopI vamama mAmA

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2 kara sakI / dvivIpAdita sarasvatI ne hindI mAsika patra va isa kalA ko dUra kiyA adbhuta aura vicitra vinayoM ke AkarSaNa va grAkhyAyikAoM kI saramatA, AdhyAtmika vipayoM kI jJAna-sAmagrI, aitihAsika viSayoM kI rASTrIyatA, kavitAoM kI manoharatA aura kAtAnaMmita upadezoM, jIvaniyoM ke Adarza caritrAM, bhaugolika viSayoM meM samAviSTa deza-videza kI jAtavya aura manoraMjaka bAto, vaijJAnika viSaya meM varNita vijJAna ke AviSkArI aura unake mahatva kI kathAoM, zikSA-viSayoM ke antargata deza kI avanata aura videzoM kI unnata zikSA kI samIkSA, zilpAdi viSayaka lekhAM meM bhArata tathA anya dezoM kI kArIgarI ke nidarzana, sAhitya-viSayoM me sAhitya ke siddhAntoM, racanAoM aura racanAkAroM kI mamAlocanAzrI, phuTakara viSaya meM vividha prakAra kI vyApaka bAtoM kI carcA vinoda aura yAyAyikA, haeNmI - dillagI evaM manoraMjaka zlokoM kI manoraMjakatA, citroM ke udAharaNa aura kalA, vyaMgyacitrAM meM hindI-sAhitya kI kucha duravasthA ke nirUpaNa Adi ne 'sarasvatI' bo sarvAgamundara banA diyA ! dvivedI jI kI saMpAdana- kalA kI sarva-pradhAna vizeSatA thI 'sarasvatI' kI vividha viSayaka sAmagrI kI samaMjasa yojanA | phalaka thA, tUlikA thI, raMga the, parantu citra na thA / pratibhAzAlI citrakAra ne unake kalAtmaka samanvaya dvArA sarvAMgapUrNa cittAkarSaka citra kita kara diyA | iMTa-patthara, loha -lakkar3a aura cune-gAre ke rUpa meM vividha viSayaka racanAoM kA Dhera lagA huA thA / zilpo dvivedI jI ne unake supamita upasthApana dvArA 'sarasvatI' ka bhavya mandira kA nirmANa kiyA / " zrAcArya dvivedI jI ke samana kI sarasvatI kA koI aMka nikAla dekhie, mAlUma hogA ki pratyeka lekha, kavitA aura noTa kA sthAna pahale nizcita kara liyA gayA thaa| bAda meM ve usI krama meM mudraka ke pAsa bheje ge| eka mI lekha aisA na milegA jo bIna meM DAla diyA gayA sA mAlUma ho / saMpAdaka kI yaha kalA bahuta hI kaThina hai aura ekAdha ko hI mitra hotI hai / dvivedI jI ko siddha huI thI aura isI meM sarasvatI kA pratyeka aMka apane racayitA ke vyaktitva kI ghoSaNA apane aga pratyaMga ke sAmaMjasya meM detA hai / maiMne anya bhASAoM ke mAmikA me bhI yaha vizeSatA bahuta kama pAnI hai aura vizeSa kara isI ke lie maiM svargavAsI paMDita mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ko 1 5. sabhyatA -pizAcI sarvanAzakArI huI 6. paramottama tArtha 7. ghuna 8. samAlocanA 6. yuktiyukta anya pariyo meM sAra ramite hU~

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saMpArakAcAya mAnatA aura unako paNya smRti ma ya zraddhAnali apaNa karatA hU "" 'marambatI' ke prakAzana ke bAda bhI anya hindI-patrikAoM kA mAna U~cA na huA / 'chattImagaDha mitra'.2 'indu', 'samAlocaka', 'lakSmI'5 'vidyAvinoda'6 aAdi adhikAMza patrikAmo me saMpAdakIya TippaNiyoM kA gbaMDa thA hI nhiiN| jinameM thA bhI unameM atyanta girI dazA meM / hindI pradIpa kI viSaya-sUcI meM kabhI kabhI mapAdakIya TippaNiyA meM baMDa kA ullekha hI nahIM miltaa| unakI pacImavIM jilda kI saMkhyA 5-6-7 ke laghu lekha mambhavataH vividha vArtA ke rUpa meM limbe gae haiM / 'aAnanda kAdambinI' kA 'saMpAdakIya sammati mamIra' apekSAkRta adhika vyApaka thaa| bhAratendu' ke gbaMDa 1, maMkhyA 1, agasta 1105 I. ke saMpAdakIya TippaNiyA' gvaMDa ke antargata kevala tIna laghulagyo (bhUmikA, 'dADhI kI nApa' aura 'dhaDakana') kA mamAveza kiyA gayA hai| eka bAra 'bhAratI' patrikA kI aAlocanA karate hue dvivedI jI ne limbA thA--'isake vividha viSaya vAle staMbha kI bAte bahuta hI mAmAnya hotI haiN| udAharaNArtha 'eka cora kI jala me mRnyu' kA hAla aAdha kAlama meM chapA hai| matalaba yaha ki maMpAdaka mahAzaya ne noTo aura lekhoM ko unakI upayogitA kA vicAra kie binA hI prakAzita kara diyA hai / 10 dvivedI jI ne isa prakAra kI korI aAlocanA hI nahIM kI varan hindI-saMpAdakI ke samakSa zrAdaza bhI upasthita kiyA / unake vividha viSaya mamAcAra-mAtra nahIM hote the / unakI TippaNiyAM kA uddezya thA 'sarasvatI' ke pAThakA kI buddhi kA vikAza karanA / pAThako ke 1. bAbU gava viSNu pagar3akara, sAhitya saMdeza , bhA. 2, saM0 8, pR0 312, 2. varSa 3 rA, aka 1 lA. 3. kalA 3, kiraNa 1, sa. 1966 / isameM prakAzita 'manoraMjaka bArtA' aura 'samAcAra ___stambha sampAdakIya TippaNiyoM kI abhAvapUrti nahIM krte| 4. agasta, 1602 I0 1 bhAga 5. aMka 1. / isakA bhI 'samAcAra stambha sampAdakIya vividha-vArtA kI riktatA kA pUraka nahIM ho sktaa| 6. navama bhAga, 1602-3 I0 7. jilda 15, saMkhyA 1-2, janavarI-pharavarI,1603 hai. 8. sabhyatA pizAcI sarvanAzakArI huI, paramonama nArtha aura dhuna 6. mAlA 4, megha 8-6 kI viSaya-macI navIna sambanmara, udAratA, cena kA puraskAra, svAmI rAmatIrtha, harSa, yathArbha prajA hina zopha caitanya jagata / 1 sarasvanI', bhAga 4 , 372

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174 | lAbhArtha unama sAdhAraNa adhyayana kI sAmagrI bhI rahatI thii| ve prAcIna tathA abAcIna sAhitya, itihAsa, purAtatva, vijJAna, bhUgola, dharma, samAjazAstra, arthazAstra, rAjanIti, patrapatrikAoM ke sAmayika prasaMga, hindI bhASA aura usake bhApiyoM kI AvazyakatAe~, mahAna gurupo ke jIvana kI rocaka aura mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAe~, deza-videza ke jJAtavya mamAcAra, gavarnameTa Adi meM prakAzita sarakArI mantavya nAdi viSayoM kA eka nizcita dRSTi meM, apanI zailI meM, samIkSAtmaka upasthApana karate the / kabhI kabhI to riporTa aura pustakeM unheM apane mUlya me maMgAnI paDatI thii|' __unakI saMpAdakIya TippaNiyoM kI bhASA marala aura subodha hai| kahIM paricayamAtra kahI paricayAtmaka samIkSA, kahI gabhIra sakSipta vivecana aura kahIM vyaMgyapUrNa tIvra aAlocanA hai| aAvazyakatAnusAra cArTa Adi bhI haiM / anuvAda kI dazA meM mUla racanA yA racanAkAra kA nAmollekha bhI hai / dvivedI-saMpAdita 'sarasvatI' kI paricayAtmaka sAmagrI nissandeha anupama hai / pratimAna, agarejI, baeNgalA, marAThI, gujarAtI, urdU, hindI aura saMskRta kI 'patrapatrikA zrI se saMkalita mAmagrI unake utkaTa adhyayana aura asAdhAraNa cayanazani kI dyotaka hai / yapi unake adhikAMza noTa dUsaroM ke vyAkhyAno aura lekhA para AdhArita haiM tathApi unakI abhivyaMjanA-zailI apanI hai| uname prabhAvotpAdaka vyaMgya aura manoraMjaka tAtvika vivacana haiN| ve sacamuca sAdhAraNa jAna ke bhADAra he / kisI bhI vastu kI sundaratA yA asundaratA, mahattA yA laghutA, guNa yA dodha mamI mApekSa haiM / dvivedI jI dvArA die gae 'pustakaparicaya' kI zreSThatA kA vAstavika jJAna tatkAlIna anya hindI-patrikAmo kI tulanA se hI ho makatA hai| 'chattImagaDhamitra' ke 'pustaka-prApti aura abhiprAya' khaMDa ke antargata do pustakoM kA paricaya isa prakAra diyA gayA hai: (14) dhAgadharadhAvana, prathama aura dvitIya bhAga, tathA (15) sAhityahatyA, zrIyuta rAya devI pramAda pUrNa bI. e. vakIla kAnapura, dvArA samAlocanArtha prApta / avakAza pAte hI mamAlocanA kI jaayegii| yaha hai tatkAlIna hindI-saMpAdakI kI pustaka-parIkSA kA eka udAharaNa / dvivedI jI ne sapAdaka ke kartavya kI kabhI bhI hatyA nahIM kii| unhone jina pustakoM ko vizeSa mahatvapUrNa 1 'sarasvatI' bhAga 14 pR. 415 2 2 3 aka 5 pR. 137

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15 samajhA unakI payApta mamohA kI, jo unama jI unakI prazasA ke pula bAva die / jinheM dUSita yA nikRSTa samajhA unako tIvra evaM pratikUla aAlocanA kI aura jo pustake mAlva hIna, ghora aMgArika yA anupayogI pratIta huI unakA nAma aura patA mAtra dekara hI raha ge| unhoMne 'bhAirna rivyU' kI bhAti bhASAnoM ke nAmAnusAra zIrSaka dekara pratimAma niyamita e meM vivi va bhApAyI kI pustakoM kI parIkSA nahIM kii| hA~, pAThako ke lAbha kA dhyAna rakhakara hindI, urdU, maskRta, a~garejI, marAThI, gujarAtI, ba~galA, mAravADI Adi bhASAmA evaM sAhitya, dharma, mamAjazAstra, rAjanIti, vijJAna, bhUgola, itihAsa, jyotiSa, darzana kAmazAstra, yAtrAdi, sthAnAdi, zrAyurveda, zilpa, vANijya, kalA zrAdi viSayoM kI racanAoM, mAsika, sAptAhika, denika Adi patrI, sabhApatiyoM ke bhASaNa, zikSA-saMsthAno kI pAThyapustako Adi para ve TippaNiyA~ prakAzita karate the / __aAlocanArtha pustaka bhejane vAlA ma sance mugA-doSa-vivecana ke icchuka bahuta kama the| adhikAza loga mamAlocanA ke rUpa meM pustaka kA vijJApana prakAzita karAkara zrArthika lAbha athavA usakI prazaMmA prakAzita karAkara apanI yazovRddhi karanA cAhate the : pratikala mamIkSA hone para asantuSTa loga kabhI apane nAma na, kabhI banAvaTI mAma meM, kabhI apane mitrA, milane vAlA yA pArSado meM pratikula samIkSA ke eka eka zabda kA prativAda upasthita karata yA karate the| kucha loga to ghustaka kI bhUmikA meM hI yaha livA deta the ki kaTu AlocanA ma lantraka kA ulmA bhaga ho jAyagA / " dvivedI jI ne nima pustaka ko jJAna, kalA pAra upayogitA ko kamoTI para jaisA pAyA, usakI vaisI bAlocanA kI / racanAkAra kI mAhityika rastA yA laghutA kA dhyAna na karake nyAyapUrvaka Alocaka kI kaiMcI claaii| kimI kI aprasannatA aura pranizAdhabhAvanA kI unhoMne ranIbhara bhI paravAha na kI ! mAnava-mastiSka nAva kI apekSA rUpa meM adhika prabhAvita hotA hai / imIlie zikSA padrati meM citroM kA sthAna bahuta UMcA hai| dvivedI jI ne pAThako ke bauddhika aura hAdika vikAma ke lie mAde aura raMgIna citro meM sarasvatI' ko ala kRta kiyaa| citrI , viSayAnusAra vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai---- 1 'candragupta kI parIkSA--sarasvatI' bhAga 14, pR0 253 / / 2. 'bhArata-bhAratI-'sarasvatI, agasta 1914 I0, 3 bhASApadya vyAkaraNa'-~-'sarasvatI', agasta 1616 I. 4 prAyaH pratyeka aMka meM isake udAharaNa prApya hai| kAmakAra'sarasvatI', 1117. pR327 ke pApAra para - --- - -- - --

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gIna 1. . - For F. . . . ..., ___ kamAna mAlaki vinayU-pajAgata, trisyAdi..: "3. " . prakRti kaI = IS MEET - 8 . 3 dhArmika citra-devI devatAzrI, paurANika AkhyAnA tathA hindU-tyohAra ke hai samAja .. . . . . . . hAmI mI F . . . . . : .... ..... ho / . ... . : ... :: . . . ." . yo mAyA ke 31 2 legyako ke citra . ... - ; 1: .... . 3 mahAn vyakriyA ke citra mAhityika, padAdhikArI, rAjA Adi) * : . cio kI prApti meM kaThinAI hone ke kAraNa eka citrakArI niyukti kara dI gaI thii| mAIna rivyU aura pravAsI' 'ke ma iDiyana prema se chAmne sarasvatI' ko ulAka aAdi kI muvidhA-thI / racanAoM kolamacitra chApane kI aura dvivedI jI kA vizeSa nyAnA zA. ciJca ke viSaya meM ve pUrI jAnakArI sevana the / 'bharasvatI meM vanhI citra chapate the jo sundaratApUrvaka chA sakate the yAsundarU'yA RTimura citrIko chApana:- kI apekSA na chApanA hI ulhAma adhika zreyaskaraH mamajhA IEE 1. (ka' kAmatA prasAda guru kI 'zivAjI' kavitA ko sacitra karane ke lie likhA "maI 1907 I. ke mAIna 'rivyU ke 438 pRSTha para jI citra zivAjI kA hai vaha . isake sAtha chApie / ma .. 'sarasvatI' kI hastalikhita pratiyA~, 1607 I., kalAbhavana nA. naM sabhA / (ba) lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI ke nAnAMphaDanavIsa nibaMdha ke hAzie para bAdaza kiyA thA isake sAtha hI citra chaapie| nAnAphaDanavIsa ko aura rAghobA dAdA pezavANa kA / pahalA citra hama bAbU ko Dhe ye haiM dumakSa citra citrazAlA presa, pUnA se maMgA liijie| ma. pra. .30, 5,1805 I . .... 'sarasvatI' kI hastaligvina praniyA~, 1618 I. kalAbhavana, nAgarI-. . pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, 11' ................. ... . 'kI gata maMkhyA meM zAstra vikAsa hAcAlako viz2ana dharmasari kA citra mahIM mila pA 3 samasyA yaha huA ki acAna sAha nizu, arAda

Page #180
citrA ke cayana aura prakAzana meM dvivedI jI ne unakI kalA manoraMjakatA aura upAdeyatA kA sadA dhyAna rakhA / unhI vyaktiyoM ke citroM ko sthAna diyA jinakA saMsAra RNI hai| kisI ke pralobhana meM paDa kara mahatvahIna vyaktiyoM ke citra chApanA patrikA ke mAlikA aura pAThakoM ke prati anyAya samajhA / 'sarasvatI' ke adhikAza raMgIna citra bAbU aura rAmezvara prasAda varmA dvArA aMkita haiM / mAtra grahaNa meM mahAyaka citroM ko 'sarasvatI' ke sAmAnya pAThaka bhI sahaja hI samajha makte the, kintu kalAtmaka citroM ke ucca bhAvo kA bhAvana janasAdhAraNa kI samajha ke bAhara thaa| unakI bhAvAnubhUti karAne ke lie 'citra-darzana' yA 'citra-paricaya' khaMDa kI AvazyaktA huI | citra aura citra paricaya ekatra na hone se pannA ulaTa kara dekhane meM pAThakoM ko kaSTa to avazya hotA rahA hogA parantu yaha praNAlI unakI svataMtra vicAraka zakti ko vikamita karane meM vizeSa sahAyaka zrI 1 I zailI kI dRSTi se dvivedI jI ke citra-paricaya ke cAra varga kie jA sakate haiM / vi zRMgArika evaM spaSTa citroM ke paricaya meM unake nAmamAtra kA ullekha ' kalAtmaka citroM aura unake racayitA kA vizeSa paricaya aura adhika sundara hone para unakI prazaMsAtmaka AlocanA atyanta bhAvapUrNa evaM prabhAvotpAdaka citra kA kAvyAtmaka nirdezana aura arrear aitihAsika Adi citroM kI tulanAtmaka vivecanA bhI hai / saMpAdana ke pUrva mI dvivedI jI ne 'sarasvatI' ko eka navIna alaMkAra ne alaMkRta kiyA thA aura vaha thA vyaMgya citra | hindI-patrikA jagat ke lie vaha eka adbhuta camatkAra thA | 'mAhitya-samAcAra' ke cAra vyaMgya citra" 1602 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM hI prakAzita ho cuke the, parantu unakA prakAzana aniyamita thA / 1603 I0 meM saMpAdaka dvivedI ne use niyamita kara chapA / aura aisA citra chApane se na chApanA hI acchA samajhA gayA / " sarasvatI 12 / 7 / 352 1. udAharaNArtha 'navor3A-sarasvatI', bhA. vaMDa 15, 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 2 " 1 saMkhyA = di 'zrAtithya' - sarasvatI, julAI 1618 I0 'kRSNa-yazodA' - 'sarasvatI', janavarI 1616 I0 Adi 1995 I0 Adi,, -'sarasvatI', mArca 1616 I0, ""pRSTha 31. 'viyoginI' 'sarasvatI', disambara, 'prAcIna takSaNa kalA ke namUne' 'hindI-sAhitya'' *** 'pracIna kavitA'' 'prAcIna kavitA' kA arvAcIna avatAra' bar3I bolI kA pa ***** ... .. ... 66. pRSTha 100 pR0 163 zrAdi 1

Page #181
178 ] diyA sarasvatA kI pratyaka saMkhyA meM eka agya cina chapane lagA yadyapi unake prakAzana kA ekamAtra uddeza thA manoraMjaka DhaMga se hindI sAhitya kI sAmayika avasthA kA digdazana karAnA, tathApi usa kalyANamUlaka tIvra vyaMgya se abhibhUta hindI - hitapiyoM ko asahya manovedanA huii| unhoMne dvivedI jI ko patra likha kara una citro kA prakAzana rokane kA graha kiyA / 1 dvivedI- sarIkhe niSpakSa hindI-sevI, nirbhaya samAlocaka aura pAThaka - zubhacintaka kartavyaparAyaNasampAdaka ne, kucha hI logoM ko tuSTa karane ke lie, apanI dayAzIlatA ke kAraNa, pahale hI varSa ke anta taka una vyaMgya citroM kA prakAzana banda karake apane gaurava ko ghaTA diyA / una vyaMgya - citro kI kalpanA aura yojanA dvivedI jI kI apanI hI hai parantu unake citrakAra ve svaya nahIM haiM / ve citroM kI rUpa-rekhA taiyAra karake bheja diyA karate the aura citrakAra unheM nirdiSTa rUpa se nirmita kara diyA karatA thA / isa kathana ke samarthana ke lie 'sarasvatI' kI hasta likhita prati kA eka hI udAharaNa paryApta hogA sAhitya-sabhA 5. upanyAsa 4. samAlocanA 3 paryaTana 2. jIvana carita yaha hindI sAhitya kI sabhA hai / 1 meM 7 taka kursiyA par3I haiM / unakA vivaraNa nIce dekhie 6. vyAkarA 7. kAvya 'ireefoe siMhAvalokana' (bhA 4 saM0 12) ke AdhAra para 1 2 sarasvatI kI prasiyA 130330 8. nATaka 1. itihAsa koza. 6 nIce sarasvatI khar3e khar3e aura sabhA kI ora dekha dekha ro rahI haiM / 1. gvAlI 2. khAlI 3. eka khUbasUrata lar3akA, vaya koI 10 varSa, isI prAnta kA rahane vAlA, pAyajAmA, nAgarI pracAraNI sabhA kAzI

Page #182
atha nAga lla tha sama dhI ma da naganI cakSuSo nAta laDakIyA naSTayA na jyAna svI kAnIyA~ vaizle napa calA dAna pa iSTI rAma madadI bAyU 2 na azrudhArA lie samAdhi mandira bhaginI cakSuzrA mAnata laDakiyA prakriyA nAjanAna gaI kahAniyA~ pahala cAhie balidAna hue dRSTi rIti mahadI vAyu patnI pUrNabhiha M "" " " D " " J 19 15 " +3 === kanyAdAna " " 23 "> " >> * " 73 PA >> 31 +1 }} " 33 20 " : 3 4 5 '9 229 9 Us '7 7 13 14 dhU 6 6 $4 Gui ? 9 1

Page #183
gaMdhArI gAndhArI pUrNasiha badarInAtha bhaTTa kanyAdAna mahAkavi milTana 1606 1611 naraka dAdhiyaM pUrvati dha gi jarUrI dekhie yuvatI gharaNI satyadeva gaNezaza kara vidyArthI amarikA bhramaNa / Atmotsarga jarUrI panna banana hidu hindU girajAprasAda dvivedI kAmatAprasAda guru bhAratIya darzana zAstra hindI kA vyAkaraNa 1 pAyI jAto isaliye cahiye pahile udaya upara usapakti pAI jAtI isalie cAhie pahale hRdaya Upara utpatti pazu rAmacarita upAdhyAya gaNezaza kara vidyArthI pavanadUta 1606 1611 / aAtmAtsaga 1za geruye rokara nimAja pUrNasiMha | majadUrI aura prema namAja "

Page #184
madhu sakko * varNA basanA sakArI cAlasa jhUThA kadAcita umara tuhI sazayAI pragaTa catama na karttA hai mUla MA sakatI karana ncaraNA barasAnA sarakArI cAlma jhUThA kadAcita umra saMzodhita rUpa vahIM sahAdhyAyI prakaTa vartamAna karatA kAmatA nA mAhalA satyadeva govindaballabha pata pUrNasiMha vyaMjana-gata lekhana - truTiyoM kA saMzodhana lekhaka kAzIprasAda " sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita " mizra bandhu " satyadeva }} kAmatAprasAda guru mizra bandhu nAlAgArapavata kAnanAsATa DAlAgA rAjanIti vijJAna kRSi sudhAra kanyAdAna ,, racanA epha0 esa0 grAusa 35 TiDDIdala candrahAsa kA upAkhyAna jIvanabImA " Azcaryajanaka ghaTI " leTinI hindI nyAya aura dayA 19 (METOVALASALTAR pRSTha th vIra 15 1604 1606 1606 1606 sana 1606 "> 1608 H 197 J

Page #185
aJa titra dI sa gayA garanabhanda zrAnarAma or pAzrI kyU ka duniyAM lApara un ya pugna ni smazAna sAtha rana bAva miThAsana vadha prativAdI batAna gAvA gavarnameMTa AkAza jyAMhI cunAva kyAki duniyA sUlI para iMdraka dukhadAyI pUrNA nayana zmazAna sAdhAraNa bAdala sihAmana mizra vandhu >" satyadeva * "3 girajAprasAda dvivedI satyadeva 22 *1 pUrNami "J " "" " 13 vRndAvanalAla vamA prasiddha $3 nyAya prAradapA 19 amerikana striyA " dezao kaMvyAna dena kucha zaradvilAma amerikA meM vidyArthijIvana rAjanIti vijJAna mantrI bIratA 33 " Jie " " Shen kanyAdAna rAgvIbanda bhAI kanyAdAna 73 1 * 15 4 X A 5 pra a' " 15. " 3 gvn eie r 1908 Yu . 1606 , 135 " K F

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premamai premamaya pUrNasiha kanyAdAna sAmana sAmane jota mAra purazattima nishaan loka jyoti jhAr3a puruSottama nivAraNArtha loga dukhaDe subahe c pAzIravAda AzIrvAda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HAMIndo saguna praspara bahana paraspara yahA~ prabandha pAvoM banaThana kara koTharI satyadava amarikA bhagA 15 M0 pAmo panaTana kara ke uDI

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anyathAna ru namyAga sarvazA yamya paniyo dacchina bhamraNa puraNe camTa nimadi zrAdamazumAra svaca * naTara ribhrAda jalajAna zrantadhAna huenasAMga sadasa yakSa maTiyAmeTa dakSiNa ramaraNa prAcIna ( purAne ) ghaTI kiMvadantI madumazumArI svaccha - ya jaraTha vibhrATa jalayAna rAmacandra zukla ++ pUrNasiMha F # rAmacarita pANyAca pUrNasiha 33 13 zrImatI baMga mahilA 3.3 " mizra bandhu 53 Song * TupayA >> kanyAdAna 53 33 pavanadUta kanyAdAna "3 majadUrI zrI. prema nIlagiriparvatanivAla Ps vijJApanoM kI dhUma gajadharma py >> Hong 1606 F Yao 1606 1606 M ? * * 1604 1609 * 16 4 nn 1 250

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prathama manana kA galA taka pa malA para kyAna isa paricaya ! hInatA khAja kala kA maskRta mI kavitA saMskRta chanda ma bhI jAkara aura zrI zramika hAnikAraka hai | mUla yaha rela kI sar3aka para hai prathama samAgama meM sthAna mele phAsale para prakRti-paricaya-hInatA Ajakala kI maskRta marI kavitA kA saMskRtApayukta chandoM meM racA jAnA bhAra bhI hAnikAraka hai| ATAU RAVENS saMzodhita rUpa vaha rela kI sar3aka para hai kyA kyA viSaya abhyayana kona kona viSaya anyayama viya hai kiye hai inama unase rAThaka, nukka pAThaka, ""grApakA pamartha nAtha mahAnAya satyadeva badrInAtha gaha vidyAnAtha / kAya. gu. 6 sarvanAma sambandhI saMzodhana lekhaka satyadeva 1J vRndAvana lAla zramA pUrNasiha rAjapUtanI amerikana striyAM mahAkavi milTana kavi kartavya bacanA amerikA ke kheta para mare kucha dina deza hitaiSiyoM ke vyAna dene bhAgya bAte rAkhI banda bhAI kanyAdAna 10 zraSTha SC 16 06 168 16.16 AP san 1608 >> 1906 6 bala

Page #189
.. .. . ...... ---... - m ng-mananmrime saMzodhita rUpa lekhaka racanA praSTa san - - - - - matyadeva amerikA-bhramaNa (4) maga mitra * Tahalane lage kucha eka ne mere minna kaI eka ne" 5 - - - - santraumaunmun . - - 1 rina vizeSya-vizeSaNa-sambandhI saMzodhana mUla mazodhita rUpa lekhaka racanA san paduA BAR mama-Aami -Fa miseratunhadRAMPATWAruarpan kanyAdAna 16.06 apanA tAjA matAjA dAha / apane tAz2a se tAje dohe| pUrNasiha zrara copaaii| aura caupaaii| ita / maba hone para yaha saba "... badarInAtha bhaTTa unake abhimAna kA / unakA abhimAna cakanAcUra | satyadeva cannAcUra hogayA hogayA para nizcaya nahIM..." / yaha nizcita nahIM girijA prasAda dvivedI bhava ..udaya hAta hai bhAva"udita hota he vidyAnAtha mahAkavi milTana amarikA-bhramaNa (4) bhAratIya darzanazAstra kadhi kA kartavya HPATMsomwarwa RAISARDaman ---- - -tamam

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mahAgAI nahIM huI madhumagala mizra - --- - mizra bandhu . eka hI zarIra meM aneka prAtmAeM gajapUtanI nyAya aura dayA amerikA kI striyA | kRSi sudhAra Azcaryajanaka ghaTI 1608 padAsI calane lagI | bar3hAtI huI calane lagA pramathanAtha bhaTTAcArya badalA leve badalA la khar3A hAkara khar3e hokara satyadeva bhaja diI cAre bheja dI jAya gobinda ballabha paMta gatha pakar3a hAya pakar3a kara satyadeva mAtha le mAtha lekara mamajhI jAnI lagI hai samajhI jAne lagI hai gamacandra zukSa tAprAtA hai hotA zrAyA hai vivAha'...."TedArI hogaI | vivAha" ThekedArI hogayA , praNamiddha gna hIM gA rahI hai bar3I gArahI hai mambadhI zrIra maniyAM ho sambandhI aura sambiyAM' 'ho | [ 220 / kavitA kyA hai sma mara kanyAdAna jAyage amerikA bhramagA (5) nAvega agarejI bolanI nahIM AtI | agarejI bolanA nahI zrAtA satyadeva , " thA

Page #191
amerikA bhramaNa (5) . bulAyA bulAyA satya Tena jisa dina zrAkAza zuddha ho "grAkAza sApha rahatA hai , 'cITiyA~ dIgva par3atI coTiyAM dIgna par3atI hai dila meM AyA calI aAja | .."calU zrAja aApakA kaSTa / zrApakA kaSTa de 'zaharako vahI subhItA hai| zahara ko yahI subhItA hai ""jI nagara ko ho | jo nagara ko hotA hai lADake laDakiyA lage the laika lAikiyo lagI thI yaha mI bAta kare" yAne | baha esI bAte karatA thA ki "lagA lAgoM ko 'bar3e pAye / lAgA ko...." khaMDa pAyA jAnA par3atA hai. isa prayoga | jAna par3atA hai - muSTi huI hai | kAmatA prasAda guru kI sRSTi huI ho| 1 kA vyAkaraNa 4 / 160 -

Page #192
bhA janma tA rAhu bhArata, zrApako kaSTa hI hogA para .... azAMti va adhikAra hara eka manuSya mAtra yadyapi parantu pahate va sunana la + unake ndriya nA....sakate hai * bAtacIta. benrucialapos " kamI kamI' jaba taba bAhare bhArata, zrApakA vyatha kaSTa hogA vahI . yA azAMti aura adhikAra hara eka manuSya yadyapi kahate yAra sunate tathApi saMzodhita rUpa unakI sparzendriya pannA ...." sakatI hU~ kI bAtacIta sUyanArAyaNa dIkSita satyadeva 12 >> girajA prasAda dvivedI satyadeva pUrNasiMha satyadeva gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI liMga-sambandhI saMzodhana lekhaka pramathanAtha bhaTTAcAya " TiDDA dala " amerikA kI striyA "> zrAzcayajanaka ghaTI zaradvilAsa rAjanIti vijJAna kanyAdAna amerikA bhramaNa ( 5 ) zrAtmotsarga rAjapUtanI " racanA . . bo t k KA 4 puSTha 4 kucha 14 1606 16088 1606 1806 111 L wwwbaccaraka man 1606 1 225 /

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jIvana vImA eka azarphIkI prAtmakahAnI 1606 vATasanarAyaNa tivArI ka zuddhi takSazilA vaimI banI rhii| takSazilA vaimAhI ''banArahA calatI mamaya calate samaya maju zrIvidyA ke devatA hai | maMju zrI vidyAkI devatA hai| aAThaveM zatAvdI AThavIM zatAbdI * zrIra kI ora mizra bandhu zava" thI. zava""thA vaikaTezanarAyaNa tivArI badaulata kI badaulata hamAre santAna hamArI santAna kAzIpramAda jayamavAla emI mamaya aise mamaya girijAprasAda dvivedI kI mAmaya kA mAmadhya rAmacandra zukla kI lAlaca kA lAlaca ke avasthA kI avasthA pUrNasiMha apanI mAtA pitA apane mAtA-pitA mIThI surA | mIThe muga satyadeva cala nahIM rahatA dhala nahIM uhatI 1688 hamAga sambata zaradvilAma kavitA kyA hai 1686 kanyAdAna / amerikA bhramaNa (5)

Page #194
masyadeva gaNezaza kara vidyArthI girajAprasAda dvivedI anArA na. .., yAtmotsarga bhAratIya darzana zAstra / - ke ranAyu camA thA carcA thI ema) madAndhra esa madAndha ahilyA kA pApAgA deha | ahalyA kI pApAgA deva ko snAyu pUrvajA ke pUjA pUrvajoM kI pUjA apanI bhAgya apanA bhAgya maamu * ekaa| zatru kI prajA ma pahitAnI) koThIkA yAdIhI .."koTharI kI kaidI hai zrI matI baMga mahilA mizrabandhu ToDA jAti vijJApanoM kI dhUma sAjadharma / paMDita aura paMDitAnI 1604 1603 1604 | girajAdatta bAjapeI Ldaum. mannaavedanwrg. urvwww MAAN 0 was ... vacana sambandhI saMzodhana { sca Imag e s ... ra+ TER - P ANNAPaamananamane a -- Feman mUla saMzodhita rUpa * lekhaka pRSTa sana ANSacard anuaNAARLearwimmaasaanma ga ra REPETNM | mizrabandhu | jIvana bImA - - - sImAnA va raha rUpayA yaha nahIM socate jitanI strI samAja hai yA saba bAteM yaha donoM -- bAdhA bImA bAraha rUpaye ve nahIM socate | jitane strI samAja hai ye saba bAteM ye donoM | aneka bAdhAe~ | satyadeva nyAya aura dayA amerikA kI striyA~ Azcaryajanaka ghaTI - - govinda ballabha pata / kRSi-sudhAra 1906

Page #195
zrAzcacajanaka ya. amerikA meM vidyArthI jIvana rAjanIti-vijJAna mamcI bIratA kavittA kyA hai? rAkhI banda bhAI kanyAdAna yada saba lAga ye saba lAga yada jitanI ezosiezana ke jitanI ezAniyezana / bana rahIM haiM cala rahI hai| kAnUnaka kyA ardhA makana hai| kAnUna kA kyAnartha ho sakatA mandarI kandarA pUrNasiMha lAlacarAdhamakI mIhI janaga lAlacayA dhamakI aisI hai bhimasa rAmacandra zukla yA yoddhAzrI andAbana jAla varga nya hai yaha naina dhanya haiM ve nayana pUrNasiMha radda ..... kahAniyo / jisameM | "kahAniyA jinameM yA kama..". ve kisaka...... mana kA mana ko yaha majadUra loga tha / ye majadUra lAgadha matyadeva nA TayA cAdiyoM itanA hI rUpayA lagA hai itane hI jhapatha laga hai pAThaka gaNa pAThaka yaha loga ye loga zrI vaga mahilA yaha baDhatI ve bar3hAtI girajAdatta bAjapaI - - amarikA bhramaNa (5) they - 1687 zikAgo kA ravivAra Tor3A jAti paMDita aura paMDitAnI

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gajapUtanA lh miNa bandhu 11 jIvana bImA eka azaraphIkI AtmakahAnI nyAya pora dayA m 16.08 ` amarikA kI striyA~ h h zara meM ragaTane lagA zarIra sa. 'gAine gagA pagatha nAtha mahAnAya pa meM "bhUpita kara | -- bheSa me bhUpita kara / ja ma dana kA janmadina para bha ga ko varNana karUgI bhAgakA varNana karUgI vakaza nArAyaNa tivArI jA bhara ko kAlApAnI | janma garake lie kAlApAnI | mizrabandhu mAgatA hai bhAgatA hai maharAkara kahA majha me kahA matyadeva sattA meM saMkSepa meM marAna kaha cUka meM kara cukA garema mujharo majha bAlA mujhama bolA ina lAgI ke mata meM / ina lAga ke mata ma lakSmIdhara bAjAcI , bhAga 'hamAre vaidyaka vaidyaka ke bhI hai bhI hai zAstra ke hI marIna para na hI zAstra hI ke bhagese na raha paripakya dazA meM pahu~ca gayAyA parapazya dazAko pahu~ca gayA thA yajana kA kahA bajAne ke lie kahA kAzIprasAda jAyagavAna amarikAke khetoM para mere kucha dina | ` >> hamArA vaidyana zAstra chh s` llh `w mahArAjA banArasa kA kutrA khr

Page #197
hama amarikA meM vidyArthI jIvana rAjanIti-vijJAna pUrNasiha saccI vIratA mamme 1 rAkhI banda bhAI kanyAdAna imako satyadeva hama logAMne sIkhanI hai / hama logoM kI sIgvanI hai| bolane ga svatatratA bAlane kI svataMtratA | matyadeva usako usa tinakA kI taraha tinake kI taraha kamAnI ma bATA jAya kisAnA kA bATA jAya gnavAsa ko le gaye | ranavAsa meM le gaye vRndAvanalAla varmA 2rA kA ramaraNa karanA dhArA kA ramaraNa karanA | pUrNasiha avasthA ko anubhava karatA hai| avasthAkA anubhava karatA hai | mAtA pitA ke ghara ko chor3akara mAtA pitA kA ghara chor3akara sabhI jAtI kI pUjA karane | sabhI jAti kI pUjA karane kamInApana ke lAlacI se kamInapana ke lAlaco se pa dharA me khudI huI pattharoM para khudI huI kanyA ke haoNza kaMganA bAndha | kanyA ke hAtha meM kaMkaraNa bAdhA detA hai | detA hai yogI ke hAthoM ko koI | yogI ke hAthoM para cAhe... ! kucha kare kare gAyana kA Aye haiM / dekhane Aye hai giridhara zarmA mesa dara jAnA hai mama dara jAnA hai satyadeva 220 / - - MAMANDopapa - 1 prAcIna bhArata meM rAjyAbhiSeka / / amerikA bhramaNa (5)

Page #198
amerikA bhramaNa (5) 1612 yAtmotsarga | bhAratIya darzana zAstra zra pake pasanda hai aApako pasanda hai satyadeva ma para tIma lAgna imama tIsa lAkha nA basa ke nahIM hai jo "vaza meM nahIM hai / udaratA ko siddha kiyA | uddaDatA siddha kI * ghara meM pahu~ca kara kovara pahu~ca kara anurAdha para anurodha se jAnane ke utsuka the jAnane ko utsuka the mAhasa honA paramAvazyaka hai mAhasa kA honA paramAvazyaka hai| gaNezazakara vidyArthI gaNoM ko hote huye guNoM ke hote hue mithilA se nyAya darzana kA | mithilA meM nyAya darzana'.. | girijApramAda dvivedI adhyayana karake mAlya darzana ke AdhAra se mAgvya darzanake AdhAra para yAya darzana banA hai usakI vRti banAI / usa para pani banAI zAna ke sAtha meM nAma, rUpa" | jJAna ke sAtha nAma aura rUpa sanya prabhu ke mata se janma, | caitanya prabhu ke mata me janma | jamAtara ko pAkara janmAntara pAkara snAyu meM zrAghAna hone para | snAyu para zrAdhAta hone se na TakA ko atirikSa nATako ko chAikara satyadeva prAdhI sakhyA hamAre deza | zrAdhI saMkhyA hamAre deza meM / + mUryA striyoM kI hai marmA striyAM kI hai [ 231 ] zikAgo kA ravivAra

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hareka mamRtAdi vidya'bhyAsa antaskaraNa bhAgya udaya huba parama avasthA naI adhyAsa vara prAmade meM mUla bhArata zAsana kI bAgaDora va yurAgI zraddhAMga vAyu mRta pravikRta hara eka muzruta zrAdi vidyAbhyAsa antaHkaraNA bhAgyodaya huA paramAvasthA dehAbhyAsa barAmade me govinda ballabha paMta lakSmIdhara bAjapeI satyadeva pUrNasiha 93 Sp satyadeva samAsa-sambandhI saMzAdhana sazodhita rUpa lekhaka bhArata ke zAsana kI bAgaDora | veMkaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI vAyu ke rogI lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI zraddha vAyu meM mRta vikArahIna #3 13 kRSi sudhAra hamArA vaidyaka zAstra rAjanIti-vijJAna saccI vIratA 33 kanyAdAna Fei amerikA bhramaNa | vacanA eka azaraphI kI AtmakahAnI hamArA vaidyaka zAstra " " DV CU mi 12 11 pRSTha 4 5 1608 16. 06 + bha * 1611 sana 1606 16.08 13 | 230 /

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ekAdhika kavitAmrAga namalIna ho gaI ekarAya hue mya zrI ke upavAsa nirNA icchAzrI niSANa kA lAbha hAtA mUla atIta kIjie ekatrita upa zya anapahacAna pAlA amIta ho gayA he eka meM adhika kavitA dvArA nala meM lIna ho gaI eka mata hue samnrIka upavAsa nirdoSa kutsita icchAtrA nirvANa lAbha hotA haiM saMzodhita rUpa vyatIta kIjie ekatra uha za pahacAna kApAlika zrajeya ... bAbUrAva viSNu parADakara rAmacandra zuka pUrNasiMha giridhara zarmA 33 satyadeva gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI girijAprasAda dvivedI c upasarga-pratyaya sambandhI saMzodhana lekhaka sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita pramathanAtha maTTAcArya matyadeva pUrNasiha }} vararuci kA samaya kavitA kyA hai kanyAdAna prAcIna bhAratame rAjyAbhiSeka " amerikA bhramaNa |4| zrAtmotsarga bhAratIya darzana candrahAsa kA upAkhyAna rAjapUtanI amerikA kI striyA~ saccI vIratA " racanA " 4 13 4 4 patra 1606 1611 " 99 23 " : 39 san 1606 " 1608 1606 [ 233 l

Page #201
y cetanatA zrAvyAtmika rAmacandra zukla | pUrNasiha kavitA kyA hai kanyAdAna bh sh prajvalita mh mahattA H AC > `lm + w prajvalita sammati bhadrA-ramaNI caitanya | pustakoM kA..' * catana - giridhara zarmA satyadeva badarInAtha bhaTTa prAcIna bhArata meM rAjyAbhiSeka amerikA-bhramaNa 151 mahAkavi milTana `r `r [ 264 ] ghi mAga / vAziMgaTana ko - vibhakta" satyadeva amerikA-namagA 31 - - gaNezazaMkara vidyAbhI aAtmotsarga - . eatmentation lh utpatti nAhuta ho gae pITarsa varga kI ghoSaNA zyAsavarga - " - mizrabandhu seMTa nihAlasiha rAjadharma pAtAla deza ke 'havanI... - --

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ma paidA hue" sakvana ka zAma mohinI sI rama bharI loga mAra kara ghAr3e para car3ha dusarI ko (Ura ratna ke prati ) dUsare ko vahA~ na dekhI zrI ...ma ye padA hue ikaThThA karake inameM eka mohanI zakti sI rama se garo huI loga unheM mAra kara FA mUla akSurANa yazaH zarIra yadyapi kintu vaha ghor3e para car3hakara vahA maine na dekhI thI kAzIpramAda saMzodhita rUpa akSayya yazaH zarIra yadyapi tathApi " " sUryanArAyana dIkSita mizrabandhu kathana suna kathana sunakara da meM mAnavahRdaya para kisakA mAnava hRdayaparadAna se kisakA rAmacandra zukla " lAlA pArvatInandana satyadeva yogyatA sambandhI saMzodhana lekhaka kAzIprasAda epha0 esa0 grAusa " v "" TiDDIdala candrahAsa kA upAkhyAna eka ke do do Azcaryajanaka ghaTI nyAya aura dayA kavitA kyA hai racanA epha0 esa0 grAusa *F 1 1 dalkom 15. 15 1606 Jian "D 23 " " 53 160 KH$ 1606 | san 1606 " [ 235

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MAMADAI zana | apazakuna sUryanArAyana dIkSita / candrahAsa kA upAkhyAna lAga ye loga madhamaMgala mizra ekahIM zarIra me aneka aatmaaeN| strI kumArikA citra 'jAgRta hai citra vidyamAna hai pramathanAtha maTTAvAya | rAjapUtanI pANayArI priyatamA baiMkaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI eka azaraphIkI prAtmakahAnI ghaTI bahuta pyArI mAlUma huI ghaTI bahuta pamada aAI matyadeva zrAzcayajanaka ghaTI ghaTI ko yAga degvA hai ghaTI pahale kabhI dekhI hai| kAtpiti kArya pravRti rAmacandra zukla kavitA kyA hai cajalA ko gaja pAra cama- bijalI kI gaja aura pUrNasiddha camaka hai kuTIla kuTilatApUrNa syaharAta khaDahaga vivAha vAlI prAya kanyA pativarA manRpyAtota parizrama manuSyAtigaparizrama badarInAtha bhaTTa mahAkavi milTana vicAroM meM lipta baiThA thA / vicAroM meM magna satyadeva amerikA bhramaNa / 4 / kanyAdAna maam a nammaNayaNETamrpa AADHunuwar-OPER ARRIA

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par3A 1606 - ywwwvar war or yaha dUnTa nirAza ho tyAganA | nigaza hAkara yaha nidi kAzIprasAda phasa sm chor3anA par3A apane mAna kalekTara kA apane kalekTara sAhaba kA TimamI kAya kA kSaya karane kRpikA kSaya karane vAlITiDI mUryanArAyaNa dIkSita (riDDI dala vAlI | usakI zAmA aura mAM baDa candrahAma kA upAkhyAna umakI aura bhI zomA badagaI | gaI jIvana kA binA anta kiye | jIvana kA anta kie binA para lakar3I kA Tukar3A lakabI kA eka Tukar3A / zurudeva tivArI gurutvAkarSaNa zakti utanI hI AkarSaNa zakti mA aAkarSaNa zakti meM nA , nyUnasA ho jAtI hai / nyUnatA ho jAtI hai bhAratakA prAcIna vizvavidyAlaya prAcIna bhArata ke vizvavidyAlaya kaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI prAcIna bhAratake vizvavidyAlaya mUla yA sinhAta thA mUla siddhAMta yaha thA bimpasAra magadha nareza magadha-nareza bimbasAra saskAna rupayA kampanI ko tatkAla kampanI ko mapayA mizrabandha jIvana bImA zradA karanA par3e adA karanA par3e zara ra zAna yathArtha yathArtha zarIra jJAna lakSmIdhara bAjayo hamArA baMdyaka zAstra hamAre me hI vicAra hai hamAre vicAra vaise hI hai| zAstrA kI hamAre deza meM | zAstroM kI unnati hamAre / meM. / 237 / - 1 - Hamw - 1608 A - 1608 MAR 16.8 --

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trAzcayajanaka padA amerikA meM vidyArthI jIvana rAjanIti vijJAna 1906 sAgara 14.11 bAta apanI kA pUrA nizcaya tana-1 kisane jagAyA | jagAyA kisane lekhaka kaise paidA hoM levaka paidA kaime hA~ pese sabhI sabhI pese hAni samAja kI hI hai samAja hI kI hAni hai| ''Adi aise hI zabda hai | .."aAdi zabda aise hI hai / rAmacandra zukla unase calate samaya bheMTa kara | calate samaya unase bheTa kara / satyadeva pariNAma isakA | isakA pariNAma eka aMgrejI meM akhabAra | anajI ma eka akhabAra Apa eka kI misAla se eka ApakI misAla se bahuta se hamAre pAThaka hamAre bahuta se pAThaka hamArA isasamaya kyA kartavya isa samaya hamArA kyA / kartavya hai prathama isake ki isake prathama ki rAmacandra zukla mAgINa saba saba grAmINa kavitA kyA hai amerikA-bhramaNa 11 141 . . . .. pa *. zikAgoM kA ravivAra gyAraha varSa kA samaya

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RbhArakA kA nayA home zrAzcaryajanaka ghaMTI / amerikAke khetI para mere kucha dina 20 / deza ke nyAna dene yogta kucha bAte havAdAra makAna zahara m| havAdAra bhakAna zahara ma bane / satyadeva panavAye huye hai hue hai / koI vastu corI huI hai / koI cIja corI gaI hai / pase isa prakAra mlAI karata cale isa prakAra khar3e kiyejAte the unako bhI kATA gayA ve bhI kATe gae ina vidyArthiyoM ko ayApakA ye vidyArthI adhyApaka banAye banAyA jaave| jaoNya yahA~ kucha corI nahIM huvA yahA~ kucha corI nahIM gayA isa khata ko amarIkana | yaha kheta zramarIkana banA | panA diyA hai diyA gayA hai pAsavata honI thI / bAtacIta hone kI thI pRSThoM kA mAgnA devakara | duSToM ko mArA jAnA dekhakara rAmacandra zukla ise snAnAgAra meM lAyA | vaT snAnAgAra me lAyA | giridhara zarmA jAtA jAtA uda bAlakoM ko rakhA / uIDa' bAlaka ravakhe jAte haiM | satyadeva jAtA hai una lar3ako ko liyA jAtA ve lar3ake liye jAte haiM Azcaryajanaka ghaMTI amarikA me vidyArthi-jIvana [ 236 ] - 1606 kavitA kyA hai prAcIna bhArata meM rAjyAbhiSeka amerikA bhramaNa / 3 "

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amerikA-bhramaNa (4) unakA mANika kImato thA / hamArA mANika kAmatA hai / ghahA~ pahu~ce to dekhate kyA haiM / vahA pahuMce to dekhate kyA haiM | satyadeva ki pAca cAra jane zarAba ke ki cAra pAMca aAdamI naze naze meM guTTa the meM cUra haiM unako samajhAyA ki yadi unako samajhAyA ki tumame / uname koI mAge koI mAMge " [ ox7 muhAvaroM kA saMzodhana lekhaka saMzodhita rUpa san kAzI prasAda epha esa. grAusa viSaya ko chubA" 'kAma ko uThA yukti vicArI sIdhe par3e . baccA nAdamI po huI / viprathama hAtha lagAyA .. kAma ko prArambha kiyA yukti nikAlI cita leTe bAlaka jAna par3I RA sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita madhumaMgala mina candrahAsa kA upAkhyAna eka ho zarIra meM aneka prAtmAe~, 4

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kA~khe kholI zrakhe dilAI nAma kA hijje kiyA nAma batalAyA yaha prAzcaryita huyA paricaya jAna sakate hai use Azcarya huA paricaya pA sakatI hU~ tIca U~ca lagI ho rahatI hai| sukha dukha kA jor3A hai patra ke paDhane para patra paDhane para Apa ko kyA kAma hai mUrti ke Age jhuka gayA ThaDI saoNsa bharI saSThi ke bIca apanI A~kho se dekhA hai priyAvara putrI ke vivAha ko dekhane dhUla meM ur3a gaya mahanata phala lAvegI zarAba kA daura lagA rahe haiM unameM se hokara nikala jAnA zrApa kyA cAhate haiM mUrti ko praNAma kiyA ThaMDI sAsa lI saSTi meM apanI A~kho dekhA hai priyatamA putrI kA vivAha dekhane dhUla meM mila gae parizrama saphala hogA madhumaMgala mizra Shi 3.3 pramathanAtha bhaTTAcAya veMkaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI satyadeva " rAmacandra zukla pUrNa siMha " 33 71 badarInAtha bhaTTa satyadeva zarAba kA daura cala rahA hai unake bIca se hokara nikala gaNeza zaMkara vidyArthI jAnA " eka ho zarIra ma aneka zrAtmAe rAjapUtanI eka azaraphI ko grAtma kahAnI }; zrAzvayajanaka ghaMTA 39 P " H kavitA kyA hai ? kanyAdAna " "J Atmotsarga mahAkavi milTana amerikA bhramaNa | 5| /4/ * Leg 5 IS 2. 15. m 5 O m 7 14 AUT 16 6 5 ya } , , 805 , 1606 1 A 1610 J 31 13 [ 241 ]

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| kAzIprasAda epha0 esa0 bhAusa 16.06 dazalpa vidvAna kArIgarI Ajakala kI sirpha chor3anA xxx www lekha pahale usake Upara 242 / | vekaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI | eka azaraphI kI zrAtmakahAnI " HO dAhinI tarapha bAI' tarapha phala prAyazcita ke lie eka mAtra putra svacchandatA pUrvaka skaay' / bAharI / una zaktiyoM ke aMzabhuta ot - satyadeva | lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI amerikA kI striyA~ | hamArA vaidyaka zAstra

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/ lakSmIdhara bAjapeyo hamArA padyaka zAstra mayathaiva arvAcIna pracArArtha vairAgyavAn dravyagata saundarya / bilkula hI nabIna pracAra ke lie virata pArthiva saundarya AAAA - satyadeva deza ke dhyAna dene yogya bAteM pUrNasiha saccI vIratA samacandra zukla kavitA kyA hai ? arabI-phArasI zabdoM ke sthAnApanna zabda - -DAI wam wmummonuma r immunadaenter M arasinium morea-aal mUla sazodhita rUpa lekhaka racanA S san Mamme ma m amudana Padmaavadanandacinema 1906 / 243 ] apana aMgarejI dA jyAdaH gujara rAyA myAna prAIna hunara kI tarakkI kada daramyAna he agarejI jAnane vAle bahuta bIta gayA khayAla kAnUna | kalA-kauzala kI unnati | kada maMjholA hai kartavya prayoga udAharaNa / kAzIprasAda rasUryanArAyaNa dIkSita Teza nArAyaNa tivArI satyadeva mizrabandhu satyadeva 1608 epha. esa. grAusa cindrahAsa kA upAkhyAna eka azaraphI kI zrAtmakahAnI / Azcaryajanaka ghaMTI . . nyAya aura dayA amerikA kI striyoM amerikAke khetoM para mere kuchadina deza ke dhyAna dene yogya kucha bAte - tamAla show manAlA rAjanAti ke vijJAna 1606 /

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m masTara bImma yUnIvarsiTI bAsa bImsa mAhaba vizvavidyAlaya vAzIpramAda madhumagala mizra mAdhavarAva mAne satyadeva epha esa0 grATasa eka hI zarIra meM aneka aAtmAe~ svargIya Ananda mohana vasu zrAzcaryajanaka ghaTI amerikA kI striyA~ ar ar a vasu kumArI mAmika pustakA mima maigajina Teksa prAraTisTika rAjanIti vijJAna maccI vIratA * w w wl | kauzalamayoM pUrNasiMha - anya zabdoM ke saMzodhana aba taka | madhugagala mizra 2606 eka hI zarIra manaka praanmaaeN| aba lo yA jaya lau"taba lauM yA - jaba taka satra taka ima meM 1608 mizrabandhu satyadeva pAkheM upAho jaya"to eka janA dikhAyI gayI hai nyAya aura dayA amerikA kI striyA~ amerikAke khetoM para mere kachadinA zikAgo kA ravivAra zrAva vAlA | jaba taba eka AdamI dikhA ya gayA hai wamm 06

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[ 245 pariziSTa saMkhya 5 ma dA laI saMzodhita lekha kI pratinipi unaka mazodhana kArya kI aura bhI spaSTa kara degii| svayaM zrAnta ho jAne para ve maithilIzaraNa gupta Adi ke dvArA 'sarasvatI' ko kI bhraSTa mApA kA sudhAra karate the / isakI carcA 'sarasvatI-sampAdana' adhyAya meM ho cukI hai / zrAcArya dvivedI jI patrI aura sambhASaNoM meM nI bhASA-saMskAra kA udyoga karate the / eka bAra maithilIzaraNa guna kI 'komASTaka' tukabandI para kSubdha hokara unheM patra meM likhA "hama loga siddha kavi nahI / bahuta parizrama aura vicArapUrvaka line ne hI hamAre paDhane yogya bana pAte haiN| Apa do bAtoM meM se eka bhI nahIM karanA cAhate haiM / kucha likha kara use chapA denA hI ApakA uddezya jAna par3atA hai / Apane 'koSTaka thor3e hI samaya me likhA hogA, parantu use ThIka karane ke hamAre cAra ghaMTe laga gye| pahalA hI padma lIjiye - hove turanta unakI balahIna kAyA jAneM na ve tanika bhI apanA parAyA hAve viveka ra buddhi vihIna para rekI, jojana kareM tumako kadApi Apa ko ko AzIrvAda de rahe hai jo Apane aisI kriyAoM kA prayoga kiyA ? ise hama avazya 'marasvatI meM chApeMge parantu Age se Apa marasvatI ke lie likhanA cAheM tA idhara-udhara apanI kavitAeM chApane kA vicAra choDa diijie| jisa kavitA ko hama cAhe use chAyeMge | jine na cAhe use na kahI dUsarI jagaha chapAie, na kisI ko dikhAie / tAle me banda karake rakhie " 1 paMDita vizvambhara nAtha zarmA kauzika kI tIna-cAra kahAniyA tathA lekha prakAzita karane ke bAda eka bAra vArtAlApa ke silasile meM dvivedI jo ne unase kahA- ' 'marasvatI' vyAna meM nahIM par3hate / paDhate hA to 'sarasvatI' kI lekhana zailI kI zrara ApakA dhyAna avazya jAtA / 'sarasvatI' kI apanI nijI legnana zailI hai| vaha meM Apa ko batAtA hU~ | dekhiye lene ke artha meM jaba liye zabda likhA jAtA hai taba yakAra se likhA jAtA hai aura jaba vinakti ke rUpa meM khAtA hai taba ekAra me likhA jAtA hai| jA " sarasvatI bhAga 4 sa. 2 pra 200

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246 / zabda eka bacana ma yamAra ta rahata he va bahuvacana meM bhI yakArAnta hI rahege jaisa kiyA kiye , 'gayA-gaye' para tu strI liga meM gayI' na likhakara IkAra sa 'bAI' likhA jAtA hai 'kahie', 'cAhie', dekhie' ityAdi meM ekAra likhA jAtA hai| akArAnta zabdo kA bahuvacana ekArAnta hotA haiM / jaise 'hunA' kA bahuvacana 'hue' / jahA~ pUrA anusvAra bole vahA~ anusvAra lagAyA jAtA hai / jaise 'saMskAra' aura jahA aAdhA anusvAra, jise urdU meM nUnagunnA kahate haiM, bole vahA candravindu lagAyA jAtA hai jaise kA~panA / sambhava hai, merI isa zailI se zrApakA matabheda ho, parantu prArthanA yaha hai ki 'marasvatI' ke lie jaba likhie taba ina bAto kA dhyAna rkhie|" apane lekhoM aura vaktavyo me unhone samaya-samaya para apane bhASA sambandhI vicAroM kI abhivyakti kI hai| hindI kI vartamAna avasthA'2 meM umakI zabda-grAhakatA para likhA thA "aAja kala kucha lekhaka to aimI hindI likhate haiM jisameM saMskRta zabdo kI pracuratA rahatI hai / kucha saMskRta, aMgrejI, phArasI, arabo sabhI bhASAoM ke pracalita zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiN| kucha videzIya zabdo kA bilakula hI prayoga nahIM karate, DhUDha-DhUDha kara TheTha hindI zabda kAma meM lAte hai / merI gaya me zabda cAhe jisa bhASA ke ho, yadi ve pracalita zabda haiM aura saba kahIM bolacAla meM prAte haiM to unheM hindI ke zabda-samUha ke bAhara samajhanA bhUla hai| unake prayoga se hindI kI koI hAni nahIM, pratyuta lAbha hai / arabI, phArasI ke maikaDo zabda aise haiM jinako apaDha zrAdamI taka bolate haiM / unakA bahiSkAra kisI prakAra sambhava nahIM / " sAhitya sammelana (kAnapura adhivezana ) meM svAgatAdhyakSa pada me diye gae bhASaNa meM bhI unhoMne hindI kI isa grAhivAzakti kA maMDana kiyA / 3 apane usI bhASaNa meM unhoMne hindI bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke aneka vivAda-grasta viSayoM kA bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA / 4 kAraka-vibhaktiyoM ke sambandha meM unakA vaktavya thA ki jisa zabda ke sAtha jisa vibhakti kA yoga hotA hai vaha usI kA aMza ho jAtI haiN| yaha sanya hai, parantu isakA yaha artha nahIM ki vibhaktiyo ko zabdoM se jor3a kara likhA jAya / 1. 'sarasvatI' bhAga 40, saMkhyA 2, pR0 112 / 2. 'sarasvatI' bhAga 12, saMkhyA 10, pR. 473 / 3 sAhitya sammelana ke kAnapura adhivezana meM . sAhitya sammelana ke kAnapura adhivezana meM pada se bhASaNa pR. 46 50 pada se mASamA 5 se 61

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/ 247 ] saskRta vyAkaraNa meM bhI sa niyama kA nirdeza nahI usameM vibhaktiyA prathaka raha hI nahIM saktI kyAki unakI mandhi se zabdo meM vikAra utpanna ho jAte haiN| parantu hindI meM aisI bAta nahI / vibhaktiyoM ko saTA kara yA haTAkara likhanA rUDhi, zailI yA subhIte kA viSaya hai, vyAkaraNa kA nahIM / zabda alaga-alaga hone me par3hane meM subhItA hotA hai, bhrama kI sambhAvanA kama raha jAtI hai| ataH vibhaktiyoM kA alaga likhanA hI adhika zreyaskara hai| vyAkaraNa kA kArya kevala itanA hI hai ki bhASA prayogo kI saMgati mAtra lagA de| use vidhAna banAne kA koI adhikAra nahI / apaprayoga tabhI taka mAnA jA sakatA hai jaba taka bhrama yA ajAna ke yazavartI hokara, kucha hI jana kisI zabda, vAkya, muhAvare Adi ko pracalita rIti ke pratikUla bolate yA ligbane hai ! adhika jana-samudAya, ziSTa lekhako yA vaktAoM dvArA prayukta hone para vahI mAdhu prayoga ho jAtA hai / zabdo kA liga bhI prayoga para hI avalaMvita hai ! janya maMskRta meM 'dArA' zabda pulliga me aura aMgrejI meM dezoM ke nAma strIliMga meM prayukta hote haiM taba prayogAnumAra hindI me 'dahA zabda mI ubhayaligo ho sakatA hai| hindI ke kucha hitepI cAhate haiM ki kriyAoM ke rUpa meM mAdRzya rahe / ve 'gayA' kA strIliga 'gayI' cAhate haiM, 'gaDe' nahIM / kucha loga 'liyA' aura 'diyA' kA strIliga liI' aura 'diI' cAhate haiM, 'lI' aura 'dI' nhiiN| saralatA ke kucha pakSapAtiyoM kI rAya hai ki kriyAno ko liga-bheda ke jhamele me ekadama hI mukta kara diyA jAya / parantu vakAnI kA maha aura lekhakoM kI legvanI bagyAvaraNa banda nahIM kara sakate / dvivedI jI kI prAraMbhika racanAyo kI rIti aura zailI' bhI unake bhASA prayogo kI / hI bhA~ni citya hai / zabdo ko yojanA meM ve eka aora to maMskRta ne aura dUsarI ora arabIphAramI-mizrita urdU meM burI taraha prabhAvita haiN| kahIM-kahIM to aneka bhASAoM ke zabdA kI vicitra vi caDI rela-yAtrA yA bAjAra ke yogya hote hue bhI sAhityika racanAoM meM atyanta amundara UMcatI hai| romana, bAranirA, nambara. laimpa, vehimAba, marahama, vakIla, kaiMcI, baTana, mojA, phItA, namUnA aAdi zabda hindI meM khapa gae haiM aura unakA prayoga sarvathA saMgata hai, parantu krizciyana (be vi. ra. 3), krAisTa (ve. vi. ra. 1), phuTanoTsa (ve. vi ra. bhU 7), pairAgrApha (hi. zi. tR. bhA. sa. 28), Adi evaM svAdhInatA' meM prayukta jarUrata (1) zAistagau (2) dAramadAra (E) jamAta (14) tahammula (16), mustasanA (23 / , gvayAlAta (27,) madAkhilata (26), takarIra (34), pezabando (35) Adi kA prayoga hindI ke prati sarAsara atyAcAra hai| yaha 1 rIti pada-racanA kI prayAlI aura za dharma hai

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[ 248 tA phuTa kara zabdoM kA udAharaNa hA nimna kita avaccheda to udU hI hai "kAgajI rupaye se sambandha rakhane vAle mahakame kA kAma kAja calAne ke liye eka kAnUna hai / usakA nAma hai ekTa 2 jo 1610 IsvI meM pAma huA thaa| usake pahale bhI kAnUna thaa| para 1610 IsvI meM vaha phira se pAma kiyA gayA, kyoMki pahale ke kAnUna me kucha rahovadala karanA thaa| isI kAnUna kI rU meM isa mahakame kA mArA kAma hotA hai| ....... ....... ..... ..... ................. 1627 IzvI meM gavarnameMTa ne eka aura kAnUna banA kara ekTa 2 meM kucha taramIma kara dI hai| apane patroM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM phAramI kI chArasI uDAne meM unhoMne camatkAra dikhAyA hai, yathA 'adAlata prAliyA meM mukadamAjera tajabIja yA2 kucha zabdo ke samarthana meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve hindI samAja meM vyavahRta hote haiM, parantu hindI-janatA me pracalita tadbhava aura dvivedI jI dvArA prayukta tatsama spA kA samucita nirIkSaNa isa bhrAnti ko dUra kara degA / hindI ne 'kAgaja', 'kAnUna', 'jarUrata', 'javAna', 'kabUla' zrAdi ko apanAyA hai, 'kAg2aja', 'kAnUna', 'jarUrata', 'javAna', yA 'kabUla' Adi ko nahIM / dvivedI jI ko cAhie thA ki ud zabdo ke grahaNa meM gosvAmI tulamIdAsa jI kI Adarza-paddhati para anugamana karata 3 unakI hindI kI pahalI kitAba kI bhASA rAjA zivaprasAda aura vartamAna raDiyo kI hindustAnI kI apekSA kama urdU-e-muallA nahIM hai| usake nimnAkita nAmavAcaka vivaraNa meM prayukta 'sUbaha 'madaraso', 'daphana,' 'mutrAphika', 'roz2amarraH' Adi zabda kisI mullA yA maulavI ko bAgI kI zobhA nissandeha bar3hA sakate haiM, parantu dvivedI jI kI nahIM "hindI kI pahalI kitAba 1. zailI bhAvAbhivyaMjana kI praNAlI aura artha dharma hai| 2. padmasiMha zarmA ko patra 'sarasvatI', disambara, 1940 I0 3. tulasIdAsa jI ne bhI videzI zabdoM ko apanAyA hai, parantu unakI zuddhi karakesasya kahahu~ likhi kAgada kore| -rAmacarita mAnasa rAparI pimA ma sarIkatA kahA rahI

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246 jima mubaha aAgarA va avadha ke madaramA kI prireTarI gavanemanTa rejolyUzana na........ ....tA0 16 maI 1603 I. ke muzrAfika, hindustAniyA kI roz2amargaH kI bolI meM paMDita mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ne banAyA / devanAgarI lipi meM likhita isa uda pustaka meM 'akSara', 'Izvara', 'bhojapatra', 'vidyA' 'zrama' aura 'samudra' ko choDakara saMskRta hindI zabdoM kA bahiSkAra kiyA gayA hai / ye bhI vAvya hokara likhe gae haiM kyoki udAharaNArtha 'kSa', 'tra', 'dya', 'zra' aura 'dra' kA prayoga karanA anivArya thA / pustaka bhara meM 'sadA', 'duHsva', 'TaMDa', 'zrAkAza', aura 'pAThazAlA yA vidyAlaya', 'bAra', 'sundara', 'bahuta', 'bhAratavarSa', 'balavAna', 'hAni', 'lAja', 'krodha'. 'dayA', 'mRrva 'madhumakAvI', 'binA', 'vidyA', 'jIvana bhara', 'magaya', 'zarIra' 'mAmA jA namaste' Adi ke sthAna para kramazaH 'hamaMzA', 'takalIpha', 'sajA', 'zrAmamAna', 'taraph', 'madaramA', 'daphA', 'khUbasUrata', 'jiyAdA', 'hindustAna', 'tAkatavara', 'nukasAna', 'zarama', gussA', 'rahama', 'vavakrama', yA 'kama avala', 'zahada kI sababI', 'bagera', 'ilma', 'umara mara', 'vakta', 'badana', 'mAma sAhaba malAma' zrAdi kA hI prayoga huzrA hai / isa pustaka meM arabI-phArasIpana ke lie dvivedI jI uttaradAyI nahIM haiN| unakI mUla pustaka kI bhApA hindI thI, zikSA-vibhAga ke adhikAriyoM ne usakA hindItva naSTa kara diyA hai / yaha bAta manvapRSTha para anya puruSa ke prayoga se bhI middha ho jAtI hai / sambhavataH isI kAraNa dvivedI jI ne zikSA-saMsthAtrI ke lie phira koI estaka nahIM limbI : ____ bhASA kI rIti ke viSaya meM unakA nizcita mata thA ki hindaH eka jIvita bhAga hai| use kimI parimita mImA ke bhItara zrAbaddha karane meM usake upacaya ko hAni hai / dUsaroM bhASAoM ke zabdo aura bhAvoM ko grahaNa kara lene kI zakti rakhanA hI sajIvatA kA lakSaNa hai| samparka ke prabhAva meM hindI ne arabI, phAramI aura tukI taka ke zabda grahaNa kara lie haiM aura aba a~garejI taka ke zabda grahaNa karatI jA rahI hai / imameM hindI kI vRddhi hai, hAsa nahIM / videzI bhAva, zabda aura muhAvare grahaNa karane meM kevala yaha dekhanA cAhie ki hindI unheM pacA makatI hai yA nahIM, unakA prayoga gbaTa katA to nahIM. ve umakI prakRti ke pratikUla to nahIM, hindA hindI hI banI hai yA nhiiN| makAna, mAlika, noTa, nambara Adi zabda hindI meM khapa gae hai, videzI nahIM rahe / hA, gbaTakane vAle mAvA yA muddArI kA prayoga karanA ThIka nahIM / dRSTikoNa (Angle of vision) lAgU honA (to be applied) nagI prakRti (naked nature) yAdi ke prayoga meM hindI kI vizeSatA ko pakkA pahu~catA hai / 1 sAhitya sammelana ke kAnapura adhivezana meM die gae- bhASaNa (50 46 - 56 ) ke prAdhAra para

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dvivaTI jI ne isa siddhAnta kA ucita pAlana nahIM kyiA isakI samInA Upara hA cukI hai| sampAdaka-pada ma 'sarasvatI' ko lokapriya banAne ka liye va anya lekhakA kI maskRtapadAvalI ke sthAna para urdU zabdo kA sanniveza kara diyA karate the. udAharaNArtha san 06 mUla sazodhita lekhaka racanA pRSTha yAstu zilpa makAna vagairaha banAne kAzIprasAda epha0 esa0 sAuna 1 kI vidyA abhyantara daramiyAna mutamautrala mizrabandhu jIvana bImA jAhira kAzIprasAda epha.0 esa0 grAusa 8 , pazcAt yAda kadAcit zAyada antataHsvAsthya-zrAmbIra meM tabiyata hInatA acchI na rahane bhUmi z2amIna kyAma umara kucha hI kSaNa jaga dera sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita TiDDIdala . kAzIprasAda epha esa grAusa 15 sUryanArAyaNa TiDDAdala dIkSita pratyeka vyakti hara Adamo nyAya pracalita kAnuna jAga yA , , unake sudhAra meM aneka lekhaka aura pAThaka asantuSTa the / ina kathana kI puSTi kAmatA pramATa gurU ke nimnAkita patra me ho jAtI hai. "arabI phAramI ke krama upayoga ke anurodha kA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha hai ki zrApa aAdarza lekhaka haiM, isaliye zrApa mApA kA aisA rUpa na dekheM jo yA to pAThako ko na baceM yA imArI hindI ko bIbI banA de zrApa thoSTA likhA bahuta samajhie

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rAmacarita upAdhyAya. nAyUrAma zarmA, mannana dvivedI. jayazaMkaraprasAda zrAdi kI kavitAoM premacandra, candradhara zarmA gulerI, padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI. jvAlAdatta zarmA Adi kI zrAkhyAyikAzro aura padmasiha zarmA, mizrabandhu, gaMgAnAtha jhA, zyAmasundaradAma, rAyakRSNA mAma zrAdi ke lekho kA bhI unhone yathA,sthAna sudhAra kiyA hai| 'priya pravAma' ke prakAzana ( maM0 1671 ) me dvivedI-yuga kA uttarAddha prArambha dushraa| uma samaya bar3IbolI kAphI maeNja cukI thI aura ThAma bhAvoM kI vyajanA meM samartha thii| ataeva vaha kAla sthAyI sAhitya-rancanA karane meM saphala huaa| dvivedI-yuga meM hindI vADmaya ke vividha aMgo kI AzAtIta abhAvapUrti huI / itihAma, bhUgola, dharmazAstra, arthazAstra, kRSi, gaNita, vijJAna, jyotiSya Adi para sahalA grantha ligve gae / vAGamaya ke ina aMgo kI bAlocanA yahA apekSita nahIM hai| prastuta nibandha bhASA aura mAhitya meM hI mambandha rakhatA hai, ataeva imama dvivedI-yuga ke hindI pracArakA , patrapatrikAoM, kavitA, nATaka, kathA-sAhitya, nibandha, bhASA-zailI aura aAlocanA kI hI samIkSA karanA samocIna pracAra kArya 6 julAI, man 1863 I. ko ho kAza! nAgarI pracAriNa! mabhA kI sthApanA huI thI / sabhA ke udyoga me san 1868 I0 meM saMyukta prAnta kI sarakAra ne adAlatoM meM nAgarI kA pracAra aicchika kara diyA aura mamana Adi ke lie nAgarI aura urdU dono lipiyAM ke prayoga kI ghoSaNA kI / sabhA ne kacAriyoM meM hindI vidyA lekhakoM kI yukti karake usame lAbha uThAne kA udyoga kiyA / man 1866 I. meM prAntIya sarakAra naM 400 0 ( cAra sau rupayA ) vArSika kI mahAyatA denA prArambha kiyA aura 1121 I. meM yaha sahAya ! 2000 ru. naka pahu~ca gii| sabhA ne maikar3o nae kaviyoM aura sahasro ajJAta granthoM kI khoja kI ? 1921 I0 me 1626 I0 naka ke lie paMjAba sarakAra ne bhI 500 ru. kI sahAyatA dI / gaveparaNA ke mAtha ho mAdha sabhA ne 'pRthvIrAja rAmo', 'jAyamI granthAvalI. vaijJAnika-kopa'. 'hindI vyAkaraNa' zrAdi mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA prakAzana bhI kiyaa| prakAzanArtha bhI yukta prAnta kI marakAra ne kabhI 200 ru0 aura kabhI 30. sa. kI mahAyatA dI . 1914 I0 meM 'manAraMjana pustakamAlA' ke antargata mamA ne vividha-viSayaka aura mastI pustakoM kA prakAzana prArambha kiyaa| apano 'nAgarI pracArizI patrikA' ke atirika sarasvatI aura hindI sAhitya pa mApana kA a ya bhI proMka mamA ko hai

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prayAga kA di samAna anogaTa kI bhAgAvadhinI sa | maraTa ke deva-nAgarI pracAriNI mamA', aArA ko 'nAgarI pracAriNI mabhA', kalakattA ko 'eka lipi vistAra pariSada'. evaM hindI sAhitya pariSada', prayAga kI 'nAgarI pravarddhinI sabhA', chatrapura meN| 'kAvyalatA sabhA', jAlandhara aura mainapurI kI 'nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA', zrAdi saMsthAe~ mA deva nAgarI lipi aura hindI bhASA ke pracAra, prasAra tathA unnayana meM lagI huI thIM / paraspara-vicAra-vinimaya, mAtRbhASA kI hitacintanA aura usakI unnati ke upAya nizcita karane ke lie kAzA nAgarI pracAraNA sabhA ne 18-11-12 akTUbara 1610 I. kA sAhitya-mammelana kA yojanA kI usameM hindI ko rASTra-bhASA aura devanAgara] ko bhArata kA rASTalipi banAne tathA sarakArI kAryAlayo, skUloM aura vizvavidyAlayoM meM hindI ko ucita sthAna dilAne ke lie aneka projapUrNa prastAva pAsa kie| sammelana kA dUmara adhivezana prayAga kI nAgarI prabarddhinI samA' ke tatvAvadhAna meM huA aura use sthAyI rUpa diyA gyaa| sarakArI adAlato, patro, glava ke kAyAM nathA bhAvI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ma hindI ko ucita sthAna dene, hindI sabhAoM se nATaka khelane, sammelana parIkSAe~ pracalita garane aura hindI ko rASTa mASA banAne kA prayatna karane ke vividha prastAva pAsa kie ge| usI adhivezana meM mAditya-sammelana ke uddezyoM kI nizcita rUpa rekhA bhI nirdhArita 1. prathama hindI sAhitya sammelana ke kArya-vivaraNa, pRSTha 2 aura 3, ke AdhAra para / 2 (ka) hindI sAhitya ke saba aMgo kI unnati kA prayatna krnaa| (ba) devanAgarI lipi kA deza bhara meM pracAra karanA aura dezavyApI vyavahArA aura kAyA ko mulabha karane ke lie hindI bhASA ko rASTrabhASA banAne kA prayatna krnaa| (ga) hindI ko sugama, manorama zrora priya banAne ke lie samaya samaya para usakI zelI ke saMzodhana aura usakI truTiyoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna karanA / (gha) sarakAra, dezI rAjyoM, kAleja, yUnIvarmiTI aura anya sthAnA, mamAjI tathA janasamUhoM me devanAgarI lipi aura hindI bhASA ke pracAra kA udyoga karata rhnaa| (ca) hindI granthakAga, lekhakA, pracArako ora sahAyakoM ko samaya samaya para utsAhita karane ke lie pAritoSika, prazaMsApatra, padaka prAdi se sammAnita krnaa| (cha) uccazikSA prApta yuvakoM meM hindI kA anurAga utpanna karane aura bar3hAne ke lie prayatna krnaa| (ba) jahA~ zrIzyakata samajho ja e vauM pAThazAlA samiti tathA pustakAlaya sya pita 'na aura go ga yA

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571 tIsara yA hindI sAhitya sammattA va kAya vivaraNa meM siddha hai mi01666 ma vyAvara gorakhapura zahara aura zramara kA nAgariNA sabhAe~ kalakattA kA 'hindI sAhitya pariSada' tathA AgarA kI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA aura saM0 1670 meM laheriyAsarAya kI 'chAtropakAriNI samA', hAyarasa, tasvImapura-khIrI tathA lAhaura kI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhAe~, dhenugAmA kI 'hindI hinaipiNI mamA, bhAgalapura kI 'hindI manA', murAdAbAda kI 'hindI pracAriNI sabhA', lakhanaU kI 'hindI sAhitya sabhA', cittoDa kI 'vidyA pracAriNI sabhA' aura koTA kI 'hindI sAhitya samiti' Adi saMsthAe~ hindI sAhitya sammelana se sambaddha huI / ' saM0 1666--70 se baMgAla, bihAra, madhyaprAnta, gujarAta, gajapanAnA, paMjAba Adi prAntI aura aneka dezI rAjyoM meM dhUmadhAma se hindI kA pracAra prArambha huaa| maM0 1672 ma gujarAtI aura marAThI sAhitya-sammelanoM ne hindI ko rASTabhASA svIkAra karake apane zikSAlayoM meM use sahAyaka bhASA kI bhA~ti pAne kA mantavya sthira kiyA / saM0 1975 meM mahAtmA gA~dhI kI adhyakSatA me devIdAsa gA~dhI, paMDita rAmadeva aura satyadeva ne madrAsa meM hindIpracAra kiyA / la0 1975 meM sammelana ne hindI vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI / ekAdaza sammelana meM cAlIsa sahasra kA dAna milA aura usake sUda meM 'maMgalAprasAda pAritoSika' kI zrAyojanA kI gaI / saM0 1682 me sammelana ne bRhat kavi sammelana aura sampAdaka-sammelana kI bhI AyojanA kI / usI An me sammelana kA viziSTa avivezana huA aura dakSiNa meM hindI kI pratiSThA huii| a iMDiyana prema, prayAga, veMkaTezvara prema bambaI, vilAma presa, paTanA, bhArata jIvana presa, kAzI, haridAna kampanI, kalakattA, hindI grantha prasAraka maMDalI, vaDavA, hindI-grantha (jha) hindI sAhitya ke vidvAnoM ko taiyAra karane ke lie hindI kI ucca parIkSAeM lene kA prabandha karanA / (Ta) hindI sAhitya sammelana ke uddezoM ko siddhi aura saphalatA ke lie jo anya upAya Avazyaka aura upayukta samajhe jAe, unheM kAma meM lanA ! dvitIya hindI sAhitya sammelana kA kArya vivaraNa | 1. hindI ke sAhitya sammelana ke kArya vivaraNa ke AdhAra pr| 2. prathama bAra sa0 1973 meM sAhitya viSaya para padmasiMha zarmA ko unakI vihArI satasaI para, dUsarI bAra maM0 1680 meM mamAjazAstra para gorIzaMkara hIrAcanda zrA ko unakI bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA para aura tIsare bAra maM0 1981 meM pro. sudhAkara likhita manovijJAna nAmaka dArzanika racanA para diyA gayA / 2 hI sAhitya ke kArya vivaraNa ke AdhAra para

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rannAkara-kAryAlaya, pampaSTa zrAdi ne hindI-grayAM, vizeSa kara upanyAsA, kA prakAzana karake hindI kA pracAra aura prasAra kiyaa| AryamamAjiyoM, manAtana-dharmiyo, IsAiyA zrAdi ne apane dharma pracAra ke liye hindI ko hI mAdhyama banAkara usake vyavahAra kI vRddhi kii| 1910 I. meM bar3audAnaraza ne baranAkyUlara skUloM kI pA~cavIM aura chaThavI kakSAmA ke lie, hindI anivArya kara dI aura hindI-pustako ke prakAzana kI bhI vyavasthA kI / ' mana 1615 meM yuktaprAnta ke zikSA vibhAga ne pAThavIM kakSA taka hindI kA mAdhyama mvIkAra kiyaa| usa samaya kAMgaDI ke gurukula, jvAlApura ke mahAvidyAlaya, haridvAra ke RSikula, vRndAbana ke gurukula tathA prema-mahAvidyAlaya zrAdi saMsthAe~ hindI-mAdhyama dvArA hI zikSA detI thIM ! dvivedI-yuga ke uttarArddha meM hindI ko zikSA kA mAdhyama banAne aura vizva-vidyAlayA meM hindI mAhitya ko pAThya viSaya nirdhArita karane ke lie vizeSa Andolana hunaa| bha0 1676 meM kalakattA vizva-vidyAlaya aura sana 1920 I0 meM kAzI vizvavidyAlaya ne hindI sAhitya ko anya viSayoM ke mamakakSa hI pAThyakrama meM sthAna diyaa| aphrIkA meM zrI vA. madanajAta, mohanadAma karmacanda gAdhI, bhavAnI dayAla manyAbhI Adi ne hindI-pracAra kiyaa| manyAmI jI ne aphrIkA ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM hindI-sasthAe~ bolIklera sTeTa (neTAla) meM hindI-zrAzrama', 'hindI-vidyAlaya', 'hindI-pustakAlaya', 'hindIyantrAlaya aura ' hindI pracAriNo mamA', jamisTana meM hindI nAiTa skUla', 'hindI phuTabAla Rtnaba' pora hindI bAlasabhA',Dena hAusara meM hindI pracAriNI mabhA' aura 'hindI pAThazAlA' evaM priToriyA meM hindI pAThazAlA' Adi / 2 TAnsavAla meM siDanaTama sthAna meM hindA jijJAmya mamA nezanala mosAiTI' kI sthApanA huI / maM0 1675 me raMgUna meM hindI pustakAlaya bulA / 4 disambara, 1616 I0 meM aphrIkA meM prathama hindI mAhitya sammelana huaaa| nivadI-mampAdita 'sarasvatI' svayaM eka prApta vizva-vidyAlaya bana gaI thii| usanaM bhArata cha, motara aura bAhara kitane hI arddha-zikSitA aura alpajJoM ko zikSita, bahujJa, lekhaka tathA kavi banane ke lie prerita kiyA / mampAdaka dvivedI ne saMsAra ke vibhinna pradezo meM sarasvatI bhakto kI maSTi kI: isa prakAra dvivedI-yuga me deza aura videza meM hindI kI pratiSThA huii| 1. prathama hindI-sAhitya sammelana kA kArya-vivaraNa / 2 sAhitya sammelana patrikA', maga 3, aMka 3 / 3 'iMdu', kalA cAra, khaMDa 1, pR0 166 { 4 sammevAna patrikA bhAga 3, aka 2 3 10 80 2 'sAmAna patrikA bhAga 4 5 pR 205

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* 273 / patra patrikAyeM dvivedI-yuga ke pUrva, unnIsavI I. zatI ke uttarArddha meM kevala do hI dainika patra nikala sake the 'sudhAvarSaNa' (1854 I0) aura 'bhAratamitra' (1857 I.) dono hI akAla kAla-kavalita ho ge| 1611 I0 meM dillI-daravAra ke avasara para 'bhAratamitra denika kapa meM punaH prakAzita huzrA kintu janavarI 1612 I0 meM banda ho gayA / mArca, 1612 I. se dainika rUpa meM vaha phira nikalA aura 22 varSa taka calatA rhaa| 1914 I0 meM kucha mAravADI sajanoM ne kalakattA samAcAra' nikaataa| kucha hI varSa bAda usakA anta ho gyaa| unhIM dina! 'baiMkaTezvara mamAcAra' bhI kucha kAla taka dainika rUpa meM prakAzita huA thaa| 1617 I0 ma ambikAdatta bAjapeyI ke mampAdakanva ke mUlacanda agravAla ne dainika 'vizvamitra nikaalaa| bAjapeyI jI ne kalakatte se kucha kAla taka svataMtra' bhI nikaalaa| uparyukta patro ne mamAcAra to avazya die parantu nizcita vicAroM kA ullekhanIya pracAra nahI kiyA ! 1628 I0 meM kAzI me 'Aja' prakAzita huyA ! umakA vizeSa lakSya thA bhArata ke gaurava kI vRddhi aura umakI rAjanaitika unnati / ' usane rASTrIya vicAroM kA pracAra kyiA : deza-videza ke samAcAroM ke atirikta bhampAdakIya agralekho aura legvako kI racanAzro ke dvArA umana manoraMjaka aura upayogI mAmagrI pAThako ko bheTa kI: bhASA, bhAva aura zeldI mabhI dRSTiyoM meM usane hindI-samAcArapatra-jagata me yugAntara upasthita kiyA bIsavI IsavIM zatI ke prArambha meM 'bhArata mitra', 'vagavAmI', 'baiMkaTezvara-mamAcAra Adi ullegyanIya mAtAhika patra the ! lagvana ke zrAnanda' (lagabhaga 16.5 I0 1 aura 'avadhavAmI' (1914 I.) kA jobana mRtyu-sA hI thA ! 1607 I0 meM paM0 madanamohana mAlavIya ke saMrakSaNa aura puruSottamadAsa TaMDana ke sampAdakatva me 'abhyudaya prakAzita huA / mAdhavarAva sapre ne nAgapura se hindI-kemarI' nikAlA parantu vaha kucha hI dina cala sakA ! 160 I0 meM sundaralAla ke sampAdakIya meM 'karmayogI' nikalA aura kucha samaya bAda pAkSika meM sAptAhika hokara 1610I0 meM banda ho gayA / 1611-12 I. meM kAnapura se gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI ne 1 "hamArA uddezya deza ke lie sarva prakAra le svAtantrya upArjana hai! hama hara bAta me svataMtra honA cAhate hai| hamArA lakSya yaha hai ki hama apane deza kA gaurava baDhAya apane dezavAsiyoM meM svAbhimAna kA saMcAra kareM, unako aisA banArve ki bhAratIya hone kA unheM abhimAna ho, saMkoca na ho : yaha svAbhimAna svataMtratA devI kI upAsanA kamna ma milanA hai| cAja sAra 28 15. vikramI rajata patI aka pRSTa 10

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274 / pratApa' nikAlA 16 // I0 meM sundaralAla na dUsarA patra bhanibhya nikAlA jA sAptAhika se dainika ho kara vanda ho gayA / 1620, 21 I0 ke asahayoga Andolana ke pAsa pAma 'karmavIra' ( khaMDavA ), 'svarAjya' ( khaMDavA), 'sainika' (aAgarA ), 'svadeza' ( gorakhapura ), zrAdi aneka sAptAhika patra nikale / 'bhAratamitra' Adi sAptAhika patrI kI gajanaitika dRSTi narama thI / TaMDana jI ke sampAdana kAla meM 'abhyudaya' ke vicAra bhI narama rahe kintu kRSNakAnta mAlavIya ke zrAne para vaha garama dala kA samarthaka ho gayA / 'hindI kezarI' loka. mAnya tilaka ke 'marAThI kesarI' kA anuvAda mAtra thA / 'karmayogI' ke rAjanaitika vicAra unatama the, ataeva yaha sarakAra kA kopabhAjana huaA 1 rASTIya 'pratApa' sacce artha me janatA kA patra thA ! 'karmavIra' Adi usI ke aAdarza ke anupAlaka the| 'bhaviSya' kI nirmIka aura tejasvI nIti ne ume bhI zIghra hI sarakAra kI zanidRSTi kA lakSya banA DAlA / ' dvivedI-yuga ke sampUrNa patra-sAhitya kA zrApta vivaraNa dene ke lie svatantra gaveSaNA karane aura nibandha likhane kI AvazyakatA hai| prastuta ayaccheda usakA mihAvalokana bhara kara makte haiN| kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI mabhA ke ikkIsaveM kArya vivaraNa se prakaTa hai ki 1613, 14 I0 me kevala 'bhAratamitra' hI dainika patra thA ! hindI vaMgavAsI', 'bhAratamitra', 'veMkaTezvara mamAcAra', 'vIra bhArata', 'abhyudaya', 'bihAra bandhu', 'bhArata jIvana', 'maharma pracAraka', 'aAnanda', "Arya mitra', 'mithilA mihira', 'jayAjI pratApa', 'zubhacintaka', 'zikSA', 'phaujI agvavAra', 'bhArata', 'sudazA pravartaka', 'pATaliputra', 'alamor3A akhabAra', Adi sAptAhika the / 'rAjapUta', 'kSatriya mitra', 'jaina mitra', 'jaina zAsana', 'zrAcArya' Adi kA prakAzana pAkSika thA / 'sarasvatI' 'marvAdA', 'prabhA', 'iMdu', 'lakSmI', 'navanIta', 'citramaya jagata', 'svarga mAlA' 'hitakAriNI', 'ejukezanala gajaTa' 'bAla-hita pI', 'navajIvana', jaina hitapI', matyavAdI', 'vaidika sarvasva' Adi mAsika patrikAe~ thii| 'sudhAnidhi', 'vaidya', 'vaidya-kalpataru', Arogya jIvana' Adi vaidyaka viSaya ke 'kSatriya samAcAra', 'agravAla', 'jaina gajaTa', 'digambara jaina', 'kAnyakubja hitakArI', 'gauDa hitakArI', 'pAlIvAla brAhmaNodaya', 'sanADhya', 'mAhezvarI', 'tailIma samAcAra', 'jAgIDA samAcAra', 'kalavAra mitra' Adi jAtIya 'strI darpaNa', gRhalakSmI', cAda, 'strIdharmazikSaka', aAdi strI-zikSA-sambandhI, 'kanyAmanoraMjana' aura 'kanyAsarvasva' macitra patra the / 'jAsUsa' 'upanyAsa lagI', 'upanyAsa bahAra', 'upanyAmamAlA' pA0 Ti. / patroM kA upayuna viparava bhAja ke ranata jayatI aka ke mAdhAra para diyA ___ gayA hai

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/ 275 ] Adi upanyAsoM kI mAsika pustakeM thIM / inake atirikta 'svadezavAndhava', 'gaDhavAlI', 'bhAskara', brAhmANasarvasva' 'audumbara', 'sAhityapatrikA', 'caitamyacandrikA, AtmaviyA, 'AryAvartta', 'mAravAr3I', 'vihArapatrikA', 'prema' 'kAnapuragaz2aTa', 'jainatatvaprakAza', 'nAgarI pracAraka', 'dehAtI jIvana', 'dharmakumumAkara', 'bhUmihAra brAhmaNapatrikA', 'jainasiddhAtAbhAskara' Adi bhI prakAza se the / 1617, 18 I0 meM hindI sAhitya-sammelana- kAryAlaya meM patra-patrikAe~ zrAtI thI / sammelana ke paMcadaza adhivezana ke avasara para Ayojita pradarzinI meM nimnAkita patra vastutatheH-1 dainika 1. zrAja ka 3 ajuna 1. prasavIra nArapura * taruNa rAjasthAna 3. zrArya jagata 5. raMgIlA 7 prema 6. agrasara 11. kartavya 13 hindI kesarI 15 mahilA sudhAra 17. garIba 16 tirahuta samAcAra 21. mAravADI brAhmaNa 23. sindhu samAcAra 25 deza 27. zaMkara r kAzI dehalI a satAhika 2. svataMtra 4. kalakattA samAcAra sAptAhika 2. 4. mAravAr3I nayAdhAna 6. matabAlA 5. maujI ajamera lAhaura hindI rAjasthAna vRndAvana kalakatA 60. iTAvA 12 udaya banArasa 14. zakti kAnapura 16. zramika bijanaura 18. svadeza gaDhavAlI dAdUna paza hindI-sAhitya samelana kA kAya vivaraNa jainamitra mujaphpharapura 20, mahAbIra kalakattA 22. sUrya zikArapura 24 kailAza paTanA 26. bhaviSya murAdAbAda 28. hindU sambandha sahAyaka pAkSika kalakatA dehalI nAgapura kalakattA kalakattA sUrata sAgara almoDA kalakattA gorakhapura daradvAra kAzI murAdAbAda kAnapura sahAranapura

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9. sanADhya hitakArI 3. vidyArthI 5. dezabandhu 7. hindI pracAraka 6. zizu 11. halavAI vaizya saMrakSaka 13. sammelana patrikA 15. brAhmaNa sarvasva 17. gahoI vaizya vaka 16. prajA sevaka 21. dvijarAja 23. kalavAra kSatriya mitra 25. brahmacArI 27. bhramara 26. narasvatI 31. mahilA mahatva 33. prabhA 1. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA 3 yugAntara 5. kAnyakubja 7. mahilAsudhAkara 6. sanAtana dharma 11. mAhezvarI sudhAkara 13. samanyaya 15. nAI brAhmaNa 17 zikSAmRta 16. zrabhIra samAcAra 21 kSatriya vIra 23. kalaughana mitra 25. kavikaumudA kAmI prayAga 2. nigamAgama candrikA 4. mAlava mayUra kalakattA 6. sanADhyopakAraka madrAsa prayAga kAzI prayAga iTAvA uraI 275 ] mAsika 8 brAhmaNa 10. sukhamArga 12. hindI galpa mAlA 14. tijArata 16. sampradAya 18 paramAra baMdhu huzaMgAbAda 20 varana bAla caMdrinA prayAga 22. anubhUta yoga mAlA 24. kSatriya mitra 26. gRha lakSmI 28. chattIsagaDha 30. bAlasavA kalakattA 32 nAdhurI kAnapura prayAga haridvAra barelI prayAga phuTakara kAzI 2. kAnpharansa kalakatA 4. lokamAnya kAzI 6 dharma rakSaka kAnapura mAhezvarI kalakattA 10. samAlocaka ajamera 12 samAlocaka kalakattA 18 sAvadhAna kAnapura 16. zrArya narasihapura 18 mohanI zikohAbAda 20. jaina gajaTa pauDa 26. yoga pracAraka bhAgalapura 24 kalavAra kesarI prayAga 26 digambara jana banArasa kAzI zrAgaga dehalI alIgaDha kAzI zAhajahApura astar jabalapura kAzI iTAvA kAzI prayAga rAmagaDha prayAga lakhanaU ajamera bA~dA kalakattA valavatta sAgara karanAbATa lAhaura dAmoha kalakattA kAzI lakhana sUrata

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| 277 / prayAga 27 jana mahilA zrAda" 26. kRmi kSatriya hita 31. zAndi 33. pratApa nUrana 8 mAcI sasva pannAgara 30 svAsthya mahAranapura 32. zikSA prabhAkara kAnapura 34. zikSAmevara kAnapura alIgar3ha paTanA kAzInAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke prAryabhASA-pustakAlaya ma dvivedI-yuga ke adhikAza patrI kI praniyA rakSita hai|' 604 I0 me bI. madanajIta ke prayatna ne igbana nagara meM iDiyana nApiniyana' nAmaka mAptAhika patra nikalA | kucha mAla bAda Arthika saMkaTa ke kAraNa yaha mohanadAsa karmacandra gAdhI ko mApa diyA gayA aura unhoMne phInikma nagara meM usakA prakAzana kriyA : amAmA meM hI mvAmAbhavAnIdayAla manyAmI ke udyoga ne 1612 I. meM 'dharmavIra' nAmaka mAtAhika patra nikatA ! 1922 I. meM sAptAhika 'hindI' kA prakAzana prArambha kiyA jA tIna varSa bAda banda ho gii| 1912 I0 meM hI mAgmima iDiyana TAirasa' prakAzita huaA / 2 videzoM meM aura bhI aneka patra prakAzita hae jinakA vivaraNa mamprati ananya hai| dvivedI-yuga ke adhikAza lagvaka sampAdaka tha! kAzI nAgarI pracAra giNI mamA ma rakSita patrikAyA kI phAiloM meM miTTa hai ki zyAmasundara dAma (nAgarIpracAriNI pAtre kA' aura 'sarasvatI) rAdhAkRSNadAma ('nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA' aura 'naranbanI) bhImana zarmA ( brAhmaNamarvasva ) kRSNAkAnta mAnavIya ( maryAdA ) gamacandra zakta ( nAgarI pracAriNI 1 avatA hitakAraka, aAnmavidyA, aAdarza, aArya, AryamahilA, indu, upanyAmamAgara, upA, kathAmumbI, kanyAmanAra jana, kanyAsarvasva, kalAkuzala, kabondrabATikA, kAlindI, kimAnopakAraka, kRtimudhAra, gRhalakSmI, gRhastha, candraprabhA, cAda, citramaya jagan, jAmUma jyoti, jJAnazakti, dehAtI, navajovana, navanIta, nAgarIpracAritrikA, nAgarIhita piNI pAtrakA nigamAgamacandrikA, paropakArI, pAcAla paMDitA pIyUpapravAha, pratimA. pramA, prabhAta, premabilAma, priyaMvadA, bAlaka, vAlapramAkara, bAnnahitapI, bijalI brahmacArI, bhAratamitra, bhAgnI, bhAratendu, bhAratodaya, bhAskara bhramara, manorajana, manoramA, mADhA, mahilAdapaMgA, mAdhurI. rasikarahasya, ramikavATikA, lakSmI vikAma vijJAna vidyAdhI, vidyAyinoda, vizvavidyApracAraka, zrI kamalA, zrIzAradA, maMgItAmRtapravAha, maMsAra, namanvaya, mammelana patrikA, mAhitya, mAhilyapatrikA, sudhAnidhi, strIdarpaNa, strIdharmazikSA. svadezabAndhava, sthArtha, hindIgalpamAtA, hindI pracAraka, hindI pradIpa, hitakAriNI Adi patrika e~ vizeSa lekhanIya hai * Aja ka bha prAdhara para

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/ 27.. / patrikA ) gaura zaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA ( nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ) lAlA bhagavAnadIna ( lakSmI ), rUpanArAyaNa pADeya ( nAgarI pracAraka ), bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ( hindIpradIpa), giridhara zarmA caturvedI ( brahmacArI ), padmasiha zarmA ( paropakArI aura bhAratodaya ), santarAma bI0 e0 ( uSA aura bhAratI), lAlA sItAgama bI e 0 (vijJAna), jyAlAdatta zarmA ( pratimA), gopAlarAma gahamarI ( samAlocaka aura jAsUsa ), mAdhavapramAda mizra (sudarzana ), dvArikAprasAda caturvedI ( yAdavendra ), yazodAnandana akhaurI ( devanAgaravatsara ), sampUrNAnanda ( maryAdA ), kizorIlAla gosvAmI (vaiSNava sarvasva ), chavinAtha pADeya / sAhitya ), mukundIlAla zrIvAstava (svArtha), zivapUjanamahAya ( aAdarza varSa ), viyogI hari ( sammelana patrikA ), candramauli sukula ( kAnyakubja ), gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI ( prabhA) bAlakRSNa zarmA ( prabhA), padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI ( sarasvatI ) Adi ne sampAdaka kA zrAsana bhI grahaNa kiyA thaa| usa yuga kA sAmayika sAhitya mukhyataH 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA', 'sarasvatI', 'maryAdA' 'iMdu', 'cA~da', 'prabhA', aura 'mAdhurI' me prakAzita huzrA / 'sarasvatI' kI agrajA 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA' 1604 I.. me traimAsika thI, 1615 I0 meM mAsika huI aura phira 1677 vi0 meM traimAsika ho gaI / umakA uddeza mAmAnya patrikAoM se bhinna thaa| prArambha meM to usane kavitA zrAdi viSayoM ko bhI sthAna diyA thA kintu zrAge calakara kevala zodhasambandhI patrikA raha gaI / 'maryAdA' Adi anya patrikAe 'marasvatI' kI anujA thiiN| rUpa aura gugNa kI sabhI dRSTiyo me unhoMne 'sarasvatI kA anukaraNa kiyaa| 'maryAdA', 'prabhA' aura 'mAdhurI' ke adhikAMza lekhaka bhI dvivedI jI ke hI ziSya the| bhAratendu-yuga kI patrikAmI kI carcA bhUmikA meM ho cukI hai| unakI bhASA atyanta lacara thii| unakA mAhilya atyanta mAdhAramA koTi kA thaa| yadyapi dvivedI-yuga ke pUrvArddha kA patra-sAhitya ayodhyAmiha upAdhyAya, maithilIzaraNa gupta Adi kI kucha racanAoM ko chor3a kara nissandeha U~cA nahIM hai tathApi usake uttarArddha meM maithilIzaraNa gupta, jayazaMkaraprasAda, gopAlazaraNa siha, rAmanareza tripAThI, premacanda, vizvambharanAtha zarmA, vRndAvanalAla varmA, badarInAtha bhaTTa. mAkhanalAla caturvado, rAmacandra zukla, sUryakAnta tripAThI, caMDI prasAda hRdayeza, caturamena zAstrI kI racanAe~ mahatvapUrNa aura sthAyI mAhitya kI nidhi haiM / , isa kathana kA sarasvatI ke vistArapUrvaka ho cukA

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kavitA yuga-nirmAtA kA nAmana grahaNa karane ke pUrva hI dvivedI jI ne hindI-kaviyoM ko yugAntara karane kI sUcanA de dI thii| apane 'Rvikartavya' ( sarasvatI 1616 I.) legya meM unhoMne mamaya aura mamAja kI maci ke anumAra saba bAto kA vicAra kara ke kaviyoM ko unakA kartavya batalAyA thaa| dvivadI jI kI mahattA isa bAta meM bhI hai ki uma legba ma unhoMne jo kucha bhI kahA thA ume saphalatApUrvaka pUrNa kiyA aura kraayaa| upayukta mA pUrNa legva udbata karane kA yahA~ avakAza nahIM hai / ataeva dvivedI jI kI uma bhaviSya vANI aura aAdeza ke mukhya mukhya vAkyA ko lekara hI usa yuga kI kavitA kI mamIkSA kI jaaygii| dvivedI-yuga ne hindI nAhitya ke itihAsa meM pahalI bAra pana aura gadha dono hI ko kAvya-vidhAna kA mAdhyama svIkAra kiyaa| usa yuga ke kaviyoM ne hindI sAhitya ma adyAvadhi prayukta sabhI vivAno me kavitAeM limviiN| apekSAkRta adhika lokapriya vijJAna prabandha kAvya kA thaa| isake aneka kAraNa the / vizva sAhitya kI samIkSA na yaha bAta miTTa ho jAtI hai ki grAma boniyoM meM kavitA kA prArambha loka gItA meM aura saMskRta bhASAoM meM prabandha kAvyoM meM huyA hai| vAlmIki kA gamAyaNa', homara kA iliyaDa', Adi kAvya isa kathana ke pramANa haiN| dvivedI-yuga nyu DI bolI kavitA kA prArambhika kAla thA, ataeva kathAnaka kI mahAyatA se hI kavitA limbanA kaviyoM ko adhika sahaja jAna pddaa| prabandha kAvya kI vizeSatAoM ne hI kaviyoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA / prabandha kAvya jIvana ke tathyoM ko mUrtarUpa meM upasthita kara detA hai jisane pAThaka anAyAma hI prabhAvita ho jAtA hai / dvivedI jI ke zrAdeza numAra usa yugake upadeza pravRtti pradhAna kaviyoM ne prabandha kAvyo me aAdarza caritroM kA avalambana karake pAThakoM ko lAbhAnvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prabandha kAvyoM ke tIna rUpa dhe---pandra prabandha, khaMDa kAbya aura mahAkAvya / 'bhUmikA' aura 'kavitA' avyAya meM padyanibandhI kI vizeSatA badalAte hue yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki va Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM eka nRtana vidhAna ke rUpa meM pratiSThina hue| dvivedo-yura ke 5. "gadha aura padya donoM hI meM hI kavitA ho sakatI hai|" dvivedI jI 'kavikartavya'- samvanI 1601 I0, pRSTha 232 // 2. "rasakusumAkara aura jasavannanasopaNa ke samAnanandhoM kI isa samaya AvazyakatA nahIM / inake sthAna meM yadi koI kavi AdarzapuruSa ke caritra kA abalambana karake eka acahA kAvya limbatA to usama hindI sAhitya ko alabhya lAbha hotaa|" karimmamma' rasannarajana pUcha ra

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pUrva unakA prayAga mAtra huA thA / dvivedI jI ne unakI racanA kI protsAhana diyA / ' dvivedI sampAdita 'sarasvatI' nibaMvoM se bharI huI haiM, udAharaNArtha 1610I0 kI 'sarasvatI' prakAzita maithilIzaraNa gupta kI 'kIcaka kI nIcatA', 'kuntI aura karNa' zrAdi / ye padma kabhI to khaMDakAvya kI paddhati para eka hI chanda meM likhe gae, jaise upayukta 'kuMtI aura karNa', kabhI gAta prabaMdha ke rUpa meM aneka chando kA sammizraNa thA, yathA lAlA bhagavAnadIna kA 'vIra paMcaratna' aura kabhI patra gItoM ke rUpa meM jaise maithilIzaraNa gupta kI 'patrAvalI' / prabandha kAvya kA dUsarA rUpa khaNDa kAvya thA / khar3I bolI ke adhikAza sundara khaNDa kAvya dvivedI yuga meM hI likhe gae, udAharaNArtha maithilIzaraNa gupta ke 'jayadratha vadha' ( 1610 I0 ) 'kisAna' (saM0 1674 ) aura 'paMcavaTI' (sa0 1682 ) rAmanareza tripAThI kA 'pathika' ( 1620 I0 ), prasAda kA 'prema pathika' ( 1614 ) siyArAmazaras gupta kA 'maurya vijaya' (saM0 1971 ), sumitrAnandana paMta kRta 'granthi ' ( 1620 I0 ) Adi | are nor kA tIsarA rUpa mahAkAvya thA / khaDI bolI ke prathama do mahAkAvya 'mitra pravAsa' (saM0 1671 ) aura 'sAketa' (adhikAza maM0 1682 taka hI likhita kintu grantha 1688 vi0 meM prakAzita ) dvivedI yuga meM ho likhe gye| saMskRta AcAryoM ke are hue mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNa ina granthoM meM nahIM pAe jAte tathApi ye mahAna kAvya hone ke kAraNa mahAkAvya avazya haiN| ke dvivedI yuga kI kavitA kA dUsarA vidhAna muktaka racanA ke rUpa meM huyA / muktaka racanA mUla meM kaviyoM kI aneka pravRttiyoM kAma kara rahA thii| pahalI pravRtti saundarya vyaMjanA kI thii| una kaviyoM kI saundaryaviSayaka iyattA bhI apanI thii| unakI yaha pravRtti kahIM tI AkArika Adi camatkAra ke rUpa meM, kahIM ukti vaicitrya ke rUpa meM aura kahIM mArmika anubhUti kI hRdayahArI abhivyakti ke rUpa meM phalita huI / dUsarI pravRtti samasyApUrti kI thI" tIsarI pravRtti upadezaka kI thii| yaha tIna rUpa meM vyakta huiiN| kahIM sIdhe upadeza 1. "samasyApUrti ke viSaya ko chor3akara, apanI icchA ke anusAra viSayoM ko cunakara, afa ko yadi bar3I na hosake to choTI hI svataMtra kavitA karanI cAhie, kyoMki isa prakAra stafari at hindI meM prAya abhAva hai|" dvivedI jI - rasanaraMjana', pRSTa 13 / 2. udAharaNArtha 'ujU vazataka' Adi 3. 'ghumate 'caupade' Adi / 4. gopAlarantee kA 'vrajavarNana', vaha chavi' Adi ( 'mAdhavI' meM saMkalita ) / 5. udAharaNArtha rAjanaitika kavitA ke saMdarbha meM uddhRta nAthUrAma zarmA kI akata hai kI

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28.4 ka rUpa kahAM sUkti ke rUpa meM zrAzranyokti ke rUpa meM tImara kAvya vivAna va rUpa meM prabandhamuktaka the jinameM prabandha kA kathAnaka aura muktaka kI svacchandatA eka sAtha thI, udAharaNArtha 'lU' (1625 I0) gItA yA gItiyAM ne kAvyavidhAna kA cauthA rUpa prastuta kiyaa| maulikatA kI dRSTi se ina gItoM ke pAtra prakAra hai / bhAratastava (zrIvara pAThaka) Adi gIta saMskRta ke 'gItagovinda' grAdi ke anukaraNa para likhe ge| zrIdhara pAThaka, rAmacarita upAdhyAya, viyogAhari zrAdi ne hindI kI bhaktikAlIna pada-paramparA kI paddhati para gIto kI racanA kI, udAharaNArthaM rAmacarita upAdhyAya kA 'bhavyabhArata' (sarasvatI, bhAga 21, saMkhyA 6) mubhadrA kumArI cauhAna ke 'jhAmI kI rAnI' Adi gIta lokagItAnukaraNa ke rUpa meM Ae / ' usa yuga ke zokagIta, prabandhagIta aura patragIta agarejI ke elejI, baila Adi ke bahuta kucha anurUpa haiN| maMthilIzaraNa gupta, jayazaMkara prasAda, sumitrAnandana pata, sUryakAnta tripAThI nirAlA Adi ne upayukta prabhAvoM se yukta gota bhI likhe jinameM bhAva, bhASA aura chanda sabhI meM navInatA thI, udAharaNArthaM paMta kA 'parivartana' | zailI kI dRSTi meM ina gItoM kA pracAra varNanAtmaka, vyagyAtmaka, citrAtmaka yA patrAtmaka thA aura AkAra ekachandomaya, mizrachandomaya yA muktachandomaya thA | dvivedI yuga ke uttarArddha meM bhASA ke maMja jAne para uccakoTi ke kalAtmaka gItoM kI racanA huI / I 3 kAvyavidhAna kA pAcavA rUpa gadyakAvya thA / hindI me padya hI aba taka kavitA kA mAdhyama thA / gadyakAvya ke AvirbhAva aura vikAsa ke kAraNa bhI dvivedI yuga kA hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM nirAlA sthAna hai / dvivedI jI ne svaya hI 'plegastava rAja' aura 'samAcArapatrI kA virATa rUpa' do kAvyAtmaka gandha likhe the / 'tuma hamAre kauna ho ? 12 Adi gadya racanAoM meM bhI paryApta kavitva thA / parantu ina prArambhika prayAmI meM Adhunika hindIgadyakAvya kA rUpa nimbara nahIM sakA / hindI gadya kA rUpa saMskRta aura pariSkRta na hone ke kAraNa usame kAvyocita gaMjanAzakti yA na pAI thI / jayazaMkaraprasAda ke 'prakRtisaundarya' aura 'pralaya', ' bAlakRSNa zarmA navIna kA 'nizIthacintA " rAya kRSNadAsa ke 'samucita kara' aura 'cetAvanI', caturasena zAstrI ke 'kahA jAte ho', 'zrAdarza 5. yaha kavitA bundelakhaMDa meM pracalita 'khUba lar3I maradAnI ghare jhAMsI vAlI rAnI' nAmaka lokagIta ke AdhAra para likhI gaI hai 7 1 2. sarasvatI bhAga 1, pRSTha 118 3 iMdu kalA 1. kiraNa 1 pRSTa ma / 4. mAdhurI bhAga 2 khaMDa 2 saMkhyA 1, pRSTha 60 / 1 5. prabhA bhAga 1, khaMDa 2 pRSTa 304 6 prabhA vaya 3 va 1 19 pramA pa 3 pRSTha 401 241 2

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* 10 zrAgU" aura phira pratApanArAyaNa zrIvAstava kA vilApa, 3 kuvara rAmasiMha likhita 'do taraMge', 4 triyogI hari ke 'paradA', 'vINA', 'savA', 'darzana' aura 'saraoNya', ' bhagavatIprasAda bAjapeyI kA 'kavi', zAntipriya dvivedI kA kSamAyAcanA zrAdi gadyakAvya patrikAoM se prakAzita hue| prabhA ne to kabhI-kabhI 'hRdayataraMga " nAmaka khaMDa hI nikAlA jisameM gadyakAvya ke lie sthAna surakSita rahatA thA / 'saundaryopAsaka', 'azrudhArA 'navajIvana vA premalaharI', 'triveNI', 12 'sAdhanA', 13 'tara giNI', 14 'antastala', 15 'phira nirAzA kyoM', 16 " sakhApa 17 zrAdi gadyakAvya pustakAkAra prakAzita hue| jayazaMkara prasAda ke gadyakAvyoM meM saMskRta-padAvalI kI bahulatA, dArzanikatA kI pratigUDhatA aura zabdacayana kI anupayuktatA ke kAraNa kavitva naSTa hogayA hai / 'navIna' yAdi meM bhI bhAvapravaNatA aura abhivyaMjatA kI mArmikatA nahIM hai / sambhavataH apane ko gadyakAvya ke ayogya samajhakara hI ina kaviyoM ne tAdRza racanAoM se mu~ha phera liyaa| usa yuga me gadyakAvya-nirmANa kA vizeSa zreya rAya kRSNadAsa, caturamena zAstrI aura viyogIhari ko hI hai / viyogI hari kA 'antarnAda' yadyapi saM0 1683 meM prakAzita huA tathApi isakI prAyaH sabhI racanAeM dvivedI yuga ke antargata hI haiM / isa saMgraha kI pAca racanAoM ke dezakAla kA nirdeza Upara ho cukA hai / pustako ke 'sAdhanA', 'annastala', antarnAda', Adi nAma svayaM hI isa bAta kI ghoSaNA karate haiM ki ye racanAe bAhya AlambanoM se sambandhita na hokara adhyAntarika haiM / 1. prabhA, varSa 3, gkhaMDa 2, pRSTa 233 / 2. mArca 1325 I0, pRSTha 186 | n 3. varSa 3, khaMDa 2, 162 / varSa 3, khaMDa 2, pRSTha 202 / 4. 5. pharavarI, 1624 30. pRSTha 131 | maI, 1624 I0, pRSTha 276 / 6. " " 37 OM 33 11 7. janavarI, 1625 I0, pRSTha 73 / ma. udAharaNArthaM maI, jUna, 1621 I0 / e vrajanandana mizra, 1911 I0 / 10. vajanandana mizra, 6616 30 / 11. kumAra rAdhikAtmaNasiMha, 1916 I0 / 12. devendra, saM0 183 / 33. rAya kRSNadAsa, saM0 1974 | 14 hariprasAda dvivedI, saM0 1976 / " 15. caturasena zAstrI, saM0 1978 / 16. gulAbarAya dvitIyAvRti 1680 vi0 / 17 rAya 1 sa01689 1 Henan

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/ 283 } viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi me dvivadoyuga ke gadyakAvyo ke do prakAra haiM... deza prema kI abhivyakti aura laukika yA alaukika premapAtra ke prati aAtmanivedana / yaha bhI kahA jAmakatA hai ki unakA mukhya viSaya prema hai cAhe vaha laukika ho, alaukika ho yA deza ke prati ho / dezaprema ko lekara likhI gaI kavitAeM apavAdasvarUpa haiM / dvivedI-yuga ke antima varSoM meM satyAgraha aura savinaya avajJA-aAndolana prabala ho rahA thA aura usakA prabhAva hindI sAhitya para bhI anivArya rUpa me paDA / jo dezaprema prArthanA aura namra nivedana me prArambha huaA thA usane ugra rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| kaviyoM ne isa bAta kA anubhava kiyA ki binA balidAna aura raktapAta ke svatatratA kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI / gaya kRSNadAsa ke 'samucita kara' aura 'cetAvanI' gadyagIta isI bhAva ke dyotaka haiN| usI varSa kuvara rAmamiha ne eka gadya kAvya likhA 'svatantratA kA mUlya' jisame unhoMne bhAratIya nAriyoM ko deza ko svatantratA ke lie prAtmatyAga aura balidAna karane ko uttejita kiyA / uma yuga ke adhikAza gadyakAvya kisI premapAna ke prati premI hRdaya kI vedanA ke hI zabdacitra haiN| isa prama kA Alambana kahIM zuddha laukika hai. aura kahIM kahIM yaha prema 1 "RSiyo / yadi tumheM bhagavAna rAmacandra kI paramAzakti sItA ke janma kI AkAMkSA ho so sumheM ghaDe bhara khUna kA kara denA hI hogaa| usake binA sItA kA zarIra kaise banegA ? aura binA sItA kA AvirbhAva hue rAmacandra apanA avatAra kaise sArthaka kara sakege ? ata: RSiyo uTho, avilaMba apanA rakta pradAna karo / " -prabhA, varSa 3, khaMDa 1, pR0 401 ! 2. "he deviyo ! yadi tumheM svataMtratA kA sukha cAhie to apane patiyoM sahita kArAgAra ke kaSTha uThAkara devakI kI taraha apanI sAta mantAnoM kA balidAna kro|" -prabhA. bhAga 3, khaMDa 2, pR. 202 / 3. "pATala ! maiM ne tumako itane prema se apanAyA / tumhe tumhAre svajanoM se bilagAkara chAtI se lagA liyA tumhAre kAToM kI kucha paravAha na kI, kyoki tumhArI cAha thii| __kahA merA mana imI cintA meM cUra rahatA thA ki tumhArI paMkhuDiyA daba na jAve / sAre saMsAra se samasta cittavRttiyA khicakara eka tumhIM se samAdhisya ho rahI thiiN| kahA Aja vahI, maiM, tumhe kisa nirdayatA, udAsInatA aura ghRNA me bhUmi para pheka rahA huuN| kyoMki tumhAre rUpa, raga, sukumAratA aura saurabha saba dekhate degvate naSTa ho gae haiN| kahA to maiM tumheM hRdaya kA phUla banAkara abhimAnita hotA thA, kahA Aja tumhe padadalita karane meM DaratA hU~ ki kahIM kATe na cubha jAya / / ___are, yaha-prema kaisA ? yaha to svArtha hai kyA isI kA nAma prema hai ? he nAtha, mujhe aisA prema nahIM cAhie ! mujhe to vaha prema pradAna karo jo mujhe bhedabuddhirahita pAgala banA -sAdhanA, pR067

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284 / pAratokktiA kA ora unmugva hai / ye gadya kAvya 'bAsavadattA', 'dazakumAra carita', 'harga carita', 'kAdambarI' Adi saMskRta gadya-kAvyoM me aneka bAtoM meM bhinna haiN| kathAvastu kI dRSTi be prAcIna--kAvya aAdhunika upanyAso ke pUrva rUpa haiM, isaliye unheM 'pAkhyAyikA' yA 'kathA' bahA gayA hai| yahA ta ki marAThI meM upanyAsa ke lie kAdambarI zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / aAdhunika gabakAvya meM isa prakAra kI kazA vastu kA sarvathA abhAva hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki aAja sAhitya hI nahIM sArA vADamaya jJAna vistAra ke mAtha hI mAya aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hotA jA rahA hai| isIliye taba kI pAlyAyikA aura kathA ke sthAna para aba vahAnI, upanyAsa aura gadyakAvya tIna rUpa dikhAI par3ate haiN| AkhyAyikA, kathA, upanyAsa zrAdi ke rUpa meM dUsaroM kA varNana karate karate lekhaka kA hRdaya thaka gayA aura AtmAbhivyakti ke lie ro par3A / vatamAna gadyagIta usake usI aAkula antara ke zabda pratIka haiM / vANabhaTTa ne bhI apane harSa caritra' ke prArambhika adhyAyoM meM apanA carita likhA thA kintu unakI vaha abhivyakti adhyAntarika na hokara jIvana vRtta-mAtra thI ! ve prabandha kAvya haiM, unameM prabandha vyaMjakatA hai aura rasa paripAka kI ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai / 2 dvivedo-yuga ke gadyakAvya laghupabandhamuktaka haiM aura inameM rama paripAka kA prayAsa na karake komala bhAvI kI mArmika abhivyakta hI kI gaI hai / una saMskRta kaviyoM ne zabda-camatkAra aura alaMkArAdi kI aora bahuta dhyAna diyA / hindo-gadrakAvya kazmio ke gIta eka zvetavasanA tapa prata 1. "he mere nAvika, yaha kaisI bAta hai jaba merI nAva maMjhadhAra meM thI taba to tumhe haTAkara maiMne DA~Da lelie the aura tumhAre Asana para AsIna hokara bar3A bhArI kheyA bana baiThA thA / para jaba vaha dhAra me pAra hokara gambhIra jala me pahu~cI taba mai hArakara use tumhAra bharole chor3atA huuN| ___ taba to nAva dhAra ke sahAre baha rahI thI, khene kI AvazyaktA hI na thI / isI ma merI mUrkhatA na khulI / para aba ? aba to ima gambhIra jala se catura nAvika ke binA aura kauna nAva nikAla sakatA hai ? parantu mai tumhArI baDAI kima mukha me karU. ! tuma marI marvatA aura abhimAna tathA apane apamAna kI aora nahIM devate aura soma DaoNDa nAva kinAre kI ora calAte ho / ' "rAya kRSNAdAma'"sAdhanA, pR. 31 / 2. sphuraskalAlA pavilAsakomalA karoti rAga hRdi kautukAdhikam / rasena zarayAM svayamabhyupAgatA kathA janasyAminavAvadhUriva // __bANabhaTTa, 'kAdambarI' kI prastAvanA / 3. sarasvatIdattavaraprasAdazcakre subandhuH mujanaikabandhuH / pratyakSarazleSamayaprabandhavinyAsavaidagthyanidhinibandham / / sura dhukta vAsavadattA kA prArambha

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! 85 manyAsinI kI bhAMti nira lakAra ki tu mAsvamA u kAvyA meM paga-paga para citramayI kavi kalpanA kI UtrI uDAna he / dvivedI-aMga ke hindI gadyagItoM meM kalpanA kI UMcI uDAna na hote hue bhI maralatA, lAkSaNiktA aura mRrti manA yA pratIkAtmakatA kA itanA mundara mamanvaya hai ki ve pAThako ke hRdaya ko mahaja hI moha lete haiN| ina gadyakAvyA kI dvikalAtmakatA inakI eka pramukha vizeSatA hai| inameM gadya bhASA kI chandahInatA, vAkyavinyAma aora vyAkaraNa saMgati hai, parantu mAya hI padya kI mI laya aura kAvyamaya upasthApanA bho hai| dvivedI jI ne apane pavAnuvAdA meM makana ke dra nabilambita, ziva riMgo, svandhaga, indrabatrA, upendrabatrA zrAdi aneka vRttI aura apanI maunika kavitAoM meM varNika chandoM kA prayoga kiyA thaa| unake zrAdarza aura upadeza2 ne usa yaga ke anya kaviyoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA ! paMDita ayodhyAmiha upAdhyAya ne apanA priya pravAsa' zrAdyopAnta maskRta vRttA me ligyA / saMskRta vRtto kA nirvAha karane meM kahI kahIM kaviyoM ko atyanta kaThinAI huI / kahIM no unheM caraNa ke antima ladhu ko dIrgha kA rUpa denA par3A, aura kahIM ve maMyukra varNa ke pUrvavartI laghusvara ko guru mAnane ke lie vijaza hue / isa prakAra ke prayoga bAra bAgA bhaTTa ne apane yacagni' ko bhUmikA meM isa prakAra kI kAmayadattA' kI prazaMsA mIkA 'kavInAmagalahoM nUmaM vAsavadanayA!'' 1 "jaba mai getA hU~ taba tuma ghora aTTahAna kara mare gene kA upahAsa karate ho, jaba haimatA hU~, tumhArI yAdoM meM grAmU chalachalA pAte haiM-yaha vaiparItya kyoM ? he svAmin ! tumhAre mammumba kyA mere rone aura hamane kA koI mUlya nahIM hai ?" kSamAyAcanA'.."zAntipriya dvivedI prabhA / jana. 1925 I0 pRSTha 73 / 2. "vAhA, caupAI, soraThA, ghanAkSarI, chappaya aura savaiyA zrAdi kA prayoga hindI meM bahuta ho cukA / kaviyoM ko cAhie ki yadi ve likha sakate hai to inake atirina aura bhI chanda liyA kare / " ." rasajana, pR. 3 / 3 yathA---"yor3e duzAle ani upaNa aMga. dhAra garU vastra hie umNg|" -sarasvatI. maI, 110130 4 udAharaNArtha (ka) jaba devavrata aSTama bAlaka / dvivedI jI, kavitA-kalApa, 'gaMgA-bhISma / (sa) bhAnanda priya mitra ke udaya se pAte sabhI jIva haiM pUjA meM rata hai mamasta jagata prAtsAha pAhAda se

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[ 286 ! saMskRta bhASA aura saMskRta chandA ke kAraNa hue hai kahIM kahIM bolacAla ke prabhAva ke kAraNa bhI kaviyoM ne laghu ko guru mAna liyA hai / yathA--- garala amRta arbhaka ko huaa| isa uddharaNa meM amRta ke 'bhU' kA '' hastra svara hai aura 'a' bhI hrasva hai ataeva ina donoM kA hI uccAraNa laghu honA cAhie parantu kavi ne 'ma' meM dvitva kA aAropa karake chanda kI maryAdA ke nirvAhArthaM ladhu 'a' ko dIrgha kara diyA hai ! maithilIzaraNa gupta zrAdi ne hindI ke apracalita chando, gItikA, harigItikA,. rUpa-mAlA Adi kA prayoga kiyA / nAthUrAma zarmA Adi ne do chandoM ke mizraNa se bhI nae chanda banAe / usa yuga meM lAvanI kI laya kA vizeSa pracAra huzrA / hindI ke chandoM kA caraNa aura lAvanI kA antyAnuprAsakrama lekara maithilIzaraNa gupta, ayodhyAmiha upAdhyAya, rAmacarita upAdhyAya Adi ne hindI meM aneka prabandhIta likhe 2 baMgalA ke payAra aura aMgrejo ke sAneTa kA bhI hindI meM pracAra huaaa| jayazaMkaraprasAda Adi ne 'iMdu' aura 'mAdhurI' meM aneka caturdazapadI gIta likhe| chAyAvAdI kaviyo ne svacchanda aura muktachandoM kI paramparA calAI / aMtyAnuprAsa kI dRSTi se svacchanda chanda tIna pakAra ke likhe gae / eka to ve the jinameM AdyopAnta anuprAsa thA hI nahI jaise prasAda jI kA 'mahArANA pratApa kA mahattva' yA paMta kI 'grnthi'| dUsare ve chanda the jisame zranyAnuprAsa kisI na kisI rUpa meM zrAdyopAnta vidyamAna thA, yathA pata jI kI 'leha', 'nIravatAra' Adi kavitAe~ / tIsare ve chanda the jinameM kahIM to aMtyAnuprAsa thA aura kahIM nahIM thA, udAharaNArtha paMta jI kA niSThura parivartana' yA siyArAmazaraNa gupta kI 'yAda' 14 nirAlA jI ne muktachandoM kA vizeSa pracAra kiyaa| unakI juhI kI kalI' 1617 I0 meM hI likhI gaI thii| parantu apanI ati navInatA ke. kAraNa hindI-patrikAyo meM sthAna na pA skii| unakI 'adhivAsa'5 grAdi kavitAe~ Age cala kara patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita huii| ina muktachandoM meM svacchanda chando kI chandalaya kA sthAna svAbhAvika mAvalaya ne le liyA / . priyapravAsa, sarga 2, pada 35 // 2. udAharaNArtha, hariaudha jI kA 'damadAra dAve'-~-- prabhA, mArca, 1924 I0 pR0 213 / 3. yathA, Adhunika kavi' 2 ke pRSTa - para / 4 prabhA, navambara, 1924 I0, pRSTa 376 / 5 mAdhurI bhAga ! sara 2, 50 153

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87 / dvivara nI ne u ke 3 ra + prayAga kA Adeza diya 'lAlA gagavATa na 7 apane bIrapaMcaratnama, ayonyAmiha upA cAya ne napana caupar3ho aura chAdI meM tathA ganya kaviyoM ne bhI apanI racanAoM meM urdU boM kA prayoga kiyA ! dvivedI jI ne kaviyA na yaha bhI aAgraha kiyA ki ve apane middha chandoM kA hI vyavahAra kareM / methilIzaraNa gupta ne apane mave hue chanda, harigItikA meM hI 'bhArata-bhAratI' aura 'jayadrathavadha' limvA / mApAnazaraNamiha ne dhanAbarI aura savaiyA meM hI apanI adhikAza racanAeM kii| jagannAtha dAma ne gelA aura banAnI kA hI adhika prayoga kiyaa| anukrAnta kavitA ko bhI dvivedI jI ne vizeSa pronmAhana diyA / 3 kavitA kA yaha rUpa bhI dvivedI-yuga kI eka mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA hai / yadyapi mabalasiha cauhAna, sarajUpramAda mizra, zrIvara pAThaka, devIprasAda pUrNa zrAdi kA~cai tukAntahIna kavitA kara cuke the parantu saMskRta vRttA aura atukAnta kavitA ko aMnyAnuprAmayukta kavitA ke samAna hI pratiSThita karane kA zreya dvivedI jI aura unake yuga ko hI hai / dvivedI jI kI 'he akti' aura zrIdhara pAThaka kA 'varSA-varNana' 1601 I0 ma tathA kanhaiyAlAla pohAra kA 'gopI gIta 1982 I0 kI marasvatI meM prakAzita ho cuke the| anukAnta kavitA kA vAstavika prabAha 1603 I0 me calA ! kanhaiyA nAla pohAra ko anyokti dazaka' aura anantagama pADeya ke kapaTI muni nATaka' meM vaNika aura mAtrika atyAnuprAmahIna chandoM ke darzana hue| pUrNa jI ke 'bhAnukumAra nATaka' (1604 I.) meM nI yatra natra atukAnta padoM kA prayoga huyA hai / 'marasvatI' ne isa pravAha ko Age baDhAyA / 1604 I0 meM 'mRtyujaya' (pUrNa), 'tuma bamanta sadeva bane raho (jannAprasAda pANDeya, aura 'zAntimatI zavyA' ( satyazarA ratUDI), 75 I. ma 'zizira pathika' ( rAmacandra zukla), 'prabhAta-pramA' ( satyazaraNa ratUr3I), 'bhAravi kA zaradavarNana ( zrIdhara pAThaka) aAdi kavitAeM prakAzita huI aura yaha krama calatA rahA / 16 I. meM hariaudha jI kA dAvyApavana' kavitA-saMgraha prakAzita huA nimama unhAna 1. aAjakala ke bola cAla kI hindI kI kavitA urdU ke vizeSa prakAra chandoM meM adhika mvulanA hai, ataH aisI karinA likhane meM badanu baja chanda prayukta honA caahie| ___-~-ramajaraMjana', pR. 3 / 2, "kucha kaviyoM ko eka hI prakAra kA chanda madha jAnA hai, usa hI ve acchA likha sakate hai unako dUsare chanda likhane kA prayatna bhI na karanA caahie| 'ramazarajana' pR. 4 // 3 pAThAnta meM manuprAmahIma impa bhI hindI meM likhe jAne cAhie / rasazarajana pR04

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| 2 kalpita chandoM kA bhI prayAga kiyA maya+natraka' aura dineza dazaka kavitAlA ma zAdUlabikrIDita kI chAyA lekara mAtrA vRtta meM gratukAnta kavitA kA eka nUtana aura anUThA udyoga kiyA / ' 'indu' kI cauthI aura vizeSakara pAcavI kalAoM meM rAya kRSNadAsa, jayazaMkara prasAda mukuTadhara pAMDeya Adi kI aneka antyAnuprAsahIna kavitAe~ prakAzita huI / saM0 1970 meM jayazaMkaraprasAda kA 'prema-pathika' aura 1671 meM hariaudha jI kA 'priyapravAsa' atukAnta vRttA meM prakAzita hue / isa prakAra hindI meM atukAnta kavitA kA rUpa mAnya aura pratiSThita ho gayA | dhvanyAlokakAra Anandavarddhana Adi saMskRta-sAhitya-zAstriyoM ne rasabhAvAnukula vRttA ke prayoga kI AvazyakatA para vizeSa jora diyA thA / dvivedI jI ne bhI kavitA ke isa Avazyaka pakSa kI ora kaviyoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA | 3 dvivedI yuga ke prArambhika varSo me paMDita, asiddha aura yazaH kAmI kaviyoM ne TUTI-phUTI tuka bandiyoM ke dvArA hI yaza lUTa lene kA prayAsa kiyA / 'sarasvatI' kI hastalikhita pratiyA isa bAta kI sAkSI haiN| kucha hI varSo meM bhASA kA parimArjana ho jAne para siddha kaviyoM ne isa ora pUrA dhyAna diyA / ayodhyA siha upAdhyAya ne priyapravAsa' meM ramabhAvAnukula chandoM kA prayoga kiyA / yathA, zRMgAra aura karuNa kI vyaMjanA ke lie drutavilambita, viyoga varNana meM mAlinI aura mandAkrAntA, utsAha ke yoga me vaMzastha Adi / maithilIzaraNa gupta, rAmanareza tripAThI, jayazaMkaraprasAda, sumitrAnandana paMta Adi kaviyoM ne bhI bhAvAnukUla chando meM kavitAeM kii| dvivedI jI ne bhASA kI saralatA aura subodhatA para paryApta dhyAna diyA ! 3 apane sampAdanakAla ke prArambhika varSo meM unheM kAvya-bhASA kA bhI kAyAkalpa karanA par3A / unhoMne kaviyo ko kevala upadeza hI nahIM diyA, unakI arthahIna yA anarthakAriNI bhASA kA Adarza saMzodhana bhI kiyA / nimnAMkita uddharaNa vizeSa avekSaNIya hai ----- mUla saMzodhita (ka) rava vaha saba hI kA ho tabhI vyartha hI hai, kalarava gati saba kI bhAma hotI burI hai / 1. udAharaNArtha, rAkA rajanI ke samAna raMgiriNa jisakI manohAriNI / rUpavatI rohiNI Adi jisako haiM saptavizati priyA | hA jagadIzvara / vaha kabokapati mI guru-vAma- gAmI huA / kAmIjana kA avaraNIya kucha bhI saMsAra meM hai nahIM || 'kavyopavana', mayaMkanavaka pRSTha 72 / 2 " varNana ke anukUla vRtta prayoga karane se kavitA kA yAsvadAna karane vAloM ko adhika Ananda milatA hai - " 'rasajJaraMjana' pR0 2 kaci ko aisI bhASA vikhamI cAhie jisa saba kAI sahaja meM samajha la aura parya ramajhara jana pra0 5 kara saka .

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{ 28 jaba pika dikhalAtI zabda kI cAturI jaba pika digvalAnI zabda kI cAnurI hai| (ntra )paya prakaTala sundara chavi terI, para larI chavi deva jAna kI, jJAna dhyAna vismRta ho jaaye| garimA guma ho jAtI hai| mudha budha rahai na kucha bhI apanI, sudha budha rahatI nahIM citta me, na hI tU mana meM basa jAve // 2 tR hI tU basa jAtI hai|| (ga) eka nayana kara lagata hamArA, nayana bANa tarA lagate hI, cita pAnI pAnI ho jaataa| dila pAnI pAnI ho jAtA hai| 'ka' kI maulika paMkti vizeSa cintya hai / 'baha maya hI kA ho', isa bAyAza kA kyA artha hai ? usa paMkti meM artha yA pada saundarya bhI nahIM hai / atyAnatrAsa bhI adhama koTi kA hai| sazodhita pada meM prasAda aura mAdhurya ke kAraNa vizeSa maundarya A gayA hai| mundara annyAnuprAsa ne use aura bhI utkRSTa banA diyA hai : 'kha' kI maulika prathama paMkti se prakaTa hotA hai ki kavi kA abhiprAya AzIrvAdAtmaka vAkya-kathana nahIM hai| vaha apanI bAta mAmAnya vartamAna meM hI kahanA cAhatA hai kintu unakI bhASA usake abhISTa artha kI vyaMjanA karane meM asamartha hai / maMzodhita pada meM usakI yaha arthahInamA dUra kara dI gaI hai / 'ga' ko maulika prathama paMkti meM hamArA' sarvanAma kA prayoga isa artha kA dyotaka hai ki kavi kA nayanazara lagate hI logoM kA citta pAnI pAnI ho jAtA hai / kintu yaha artha kavi ke tAtparya ke viparIta hai / kavitA taruNI ko saMbodhita karake ligvI gaI hai aura kavi kahanA cAhatA hai ki tumhAga nayanazara lagane hI merA citta pAnI pAnI ho jAtA hai / vaha isa bAta ko ThIka kaha nahIM sakA hai| saMzodhita paMkti ina artha ko spaSTa kara detI hai| dvivedI jo ke madyoga meM hindI kAvyabhASA kI kliSTatA, jaTilatA aura asamarthatA dRra ho gii| isakA pramANa aAge calakara 'jayadrathayadha', 'bhArata-bhAratI', 'priyapravAsa', 'mAdhavI', 'pathika', 'paMcavaTI' Adi racanAoM meM milaa| dvivedI jI ke ziSya maithilIzaraNa kI prasanna kavitAoM ne logoM ko hindI aura RvitA ne prema karanA migyaayaa| dvivedI yuga ke pUrvAddha meM adhikAza RtriyoM kI bhASA vyAkaraNa-viruddha prayogo meM vyApta thii| dvivedI , kokila'-seTha kanhaiyAlAla pohAra-sarasvatI kI hastalikhita pratiyAM 16.10, kalAbhavana, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sbhaa| 2. taruNI'-gaMgAsahAya--sarasvatI kI hastalikhita pratiyAM 1604 I0 kalAbhavana, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sbhaa| 3 'taruNI gaMgAsahAya-sarasvatI kI hastalikhita pratiyAM 1100, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA

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sImupadeza aura pazodhana dvArA umara pArekAra kayA eka do udAharaNa abalokanIya saMzodhita (ka) milA aho maMju rasAla DAla se milA aho kyA surasAla DAla se ? tathaiva kyA guMjita bhRgamAla se ?' kiMvA kisI guMjita bhRgamAla se ? (kha) aor3he duzAle ati uSNa aMga, acche duzAle, sita, pIta, kAle, dhAreM garU vastra hiye umaMga : haiM zror3hate jo bahuvitta thAle / to bhI kareM haiM saba loga sI, sI, tau bhI nahIM banda amanda sI, sI, hemanta meM hAya kaMpe batIsI / hemanta meM hai kaMpatI batIsI / / pahale udAharaNa kI prathama maulika paMkti meM koI praznavAcaka sarvanAma nahIM hai aura phira bhI praznavAcaka cinha lagAyA gayA hai| usakI dvitIya paMkti meM tathaiva' kI yojanA sarvathA asaMgata hai| saMzodhita pada meM 'kyA' aura 'kivA' ke vyAkaraNasaMgata prayoga se adhika lAlitya zrAgayA hai| dUsare udAharaNa meM 'zro', 'dhAre Adi kriyArUpoM kA prayoga galata huA thA / 'kara hai' aura 'kaMpe' ke rUpa bhI khar3IbolI kI dRSTi se azuddha haiM / saMzodhita pada meM 'to' kA prayoga galata hai, kintu usa kAla meM 'zrI' ke sthAna para 'zrI' kA prayoga karane kI vyApaka pravRtti thI jisakA nizcita sudhAra dvivedI-yuga ke uttarArddha me huzrA / kabhI kabhI to tuzkar3a padmakartA chanda kI gati aura yati kI avahelanA karake apanA tUphAna mela nirbAdha gati se chor3a dete the. udAharaNArtha: nuva darasana hI prema umAre, tulanA anubhava yahAM mivAtA hai| aura dvivedI jI ko isa prakAra kI tukacandiyoM kI nirdayatApUrvaka zalya-cikitsA karanI par3atI thii| dvivedI jI ne kaviyoM se viSayAnukUla zabda sthApanA, akSaramaitrI, kramAnusAra pada yojanA Adi kA bhI anurodha kiyaa| dvivedI-yuga ke prathama caraNa kI 'sarasvatI' me 1. 'kokila'-kanhaiyAlAla pohAra-sarasvatI kI hastalikhita pratiyAM 1104 I0. kalA bhavana, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA / 2. 'hemanta'-maithilI zaraNa gupta sarasvatI kI hastalikhita pratiyAM 1605 I0 / 6. 'taruNI'- gaMgAsahAya---sarasvatI kI haranalikhita, praniyAM 160 I0 kalAbhavana, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA 4. viSaya ke anukUla zabdasthApanA karanI cAhie 'zabda cunane meM akSaramaitrI kA vizeSa vicAra rakhanA cAhie "zabdoM ko yathA sthAna rakhanA caahie|" rasazArajana, pRSTa 6 .

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"} prakAzita kavitA kA imnAla ta pratiyAM dvivadA jI kI gustA kA vahuta kucha anumAna karA detI hai / mAkAraNa kaviyoM kI kavitAoM meM hI nahIM, mahAkaviyoM kI kavitAoM meM bhI zabdoM kA vyatikrama huA hai jisake pravAha meM zivindatA aura saundarya meM kamI A gaI hai| hari jI kI kavitA kA eka udAharaNa nimnati hai zodhita peDa hara saba ho jAte hai naye naye patte lAte hai vaha kucha aise lada jAte haiM disA maya mahakane lagatI haiN| " bahuta bhale vaha dikhalAte hai after bahane lagatI hai| dizA saMhakane ma lagatI hai| uparyukta uddharaNa meM kucha bAteM vizeSa anya haiM / hare 'per3a' kA vizeSaNa na hokara do jAta hai' kA pUraka haiM ataeva usakA 'peDa' zabda ke bAdazAnA hI adhika zobhAkAraka hotA / nImaya yakti kI laya meM bothI paMktikI laya milatI hI nahIM 'bahuta bhante' kA pUrvavartI hokara guru 'jo' ne usa paMkti ke prabhAva meM eka bAba sA DAla diyA hai| chaThI paMkti kI laya ko avirala rakhane ke lie 'mahakane' kI vibhAjita karanA par3atA hai, 'mahaka', 'saba' ke sAtha aura 'ne' lagatI ke sAtha calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kA viccheda maMgata nahIM jaMcatA / dvivedI jI ke saMzodhana ne ina saba doSoM ko dUra kara diyA hai| mUla hare per3a saba ho jAte haiM naye naye patte lAte haiM vaha kucha aise lada jAte hai jA bahuta bhale dikhalAte hai mI havA calane lagatI hai gadya aura padya kI bhASA eka karane para bhI dvivedI jI ne vizeSa jora diyaa| unake pahale se bhI baDI bolI meM kavitA karane kA prayAsa ho rahA thA / dvivedI jI kA gaurava isa bAta meM hai ki unake Adarza upadeza aura sudhAra ke pariNAma svarUpa hI hindI-saMsAra ne gadya ko bhASA ko hI nA kI mAyA svIkAra kara liyA / 1606 I0 meM dvivedI jI ne 'kavitAkalApa' saMgraha prakAzita kiyA jisameM dvivedI jI, rAya devIprasAda, kAmatAprasAda guru, nAthUrAma 1 'koyala', 'sarasvatI, hastalikhita pratiyAM 1906 0. kalAbhavana, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA | 2. "gadya aura patra kI bhASA pRthak pRthak na honI caahie| yaha nizcita hai ki kisI samaya bolacAla kI hindI bhASA brajabhASA kI kavitA ke sthAna ko avazya chIna kagI isalie kaviyoM ko cAhie ki ve krama krama se gadya kI bhASA meM kavitA karanA S { READ ON T

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zamA aura maithilIzaraNa gupta kI kavitAe sakalita yA , adhikAza kavitAe skhalA bAlA kA hI thIM / kAvya-bhASA kI dRSTi se dvivedI-yuga ke tIna vibhAga kie jA sakate haiM-1603 I0 se 1606 I. taka, 1910 I0 se 1917 30 taka aura 1917-18 I0 se 1625 I0 taka / nAgarI pracAraNI sabhA ke kalA bhavana meM ranita 'marasvatI' kI hastalikhita pratiyA aura tatkAlIna vibhinna patrikAoM tathA pustakoM kI bhASA se siddha hai ki 1906 I. taka khaDI bolI kA majA huA rUpa upasthita nahIM ho skaa| kAvya mApA kA sudhAra karane meM dvivedI jI ko gadya-bhASA saMzodhana kI apekSA kahIM adhika ghora parizrama karanA par3A thaa| bhASA kI yaha duravasthA 1906 I0 taka hI vizeSa rahI / 'kavitA kalApa' meM usakA kucha sudharA huyA rUpa prastuta huA hai / usame zabdo kI tor3a maroDa bahuta hI kama kI gaI / unakI kavitAno meM khar3I bolI kA vyAkaraNa-sammata aura dhArA pravAha rUpa pratiSThita huA / 1610 I0 me 'jayadratha badha' me roja, prasAda aura mAdhurya se pUrNa khar3I bolI kA zreSTha rUpa upasthita huaa| tatpazcAta 'priya pravAsa' aura 'bhArata-bhAratI' ke prakAzana ne khar3I bolI ke virodhiyoM ko sadA ke lie cupa kara diyaa| 1917 I0 me 'sarasvatI' meM 'sAketa' ke aza prakAzita hone lge| isI varSa 'nirAlA' ne apanI 'juhI kI kalI' likhii| isI varSa ke pAsa pAsa me paMta aura pramAda kI kavitAeM bhI samAhata hone lagI thiiN| isa avasthA me dvivedI-yuga kI kAvya-bhASA meM do prakAra ke parivartana hue / eka to lAkSaNika, dhvanyAtmaka aura citrAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga baDhane lagA aura dUsare hariaudha, maithilIzaraNa gupta Adi kI kavitAoM meM hindI ke muhAvagaM aura kahAvato kA bhI vizeSa prayoga huaa| abhinivezapUrvaka vicAra karane se dvivedI-yuga kI kAvya-bhASA meM aneka viziSTatAeM parilakSita hotI haiM / dvivedI-yuga ne khar3I bolI kI pratiSThA ke lie paristhitiyo ke viruddha kaThina saMgrAma kiyaa| usa yuga ke mahAn kaviyo ko bhI chanda kI maryAdA kA nirvAha karane ke lie 'aura' ke sthAna para 'zrI' tathA 'taka', 'para', 'eka' zrAdi ke lie kramazaH 'lo', pa', 'yaka zrAdi kA prayoga karanA pdd'aa|' kahI ve pado ke samAsa karane meM saMskRta yA hindI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA ullaMghana karane ke lie bAdhya hue|2 khar3I bolI kI prArambhika kavitAoM meM prasAda, aoja aura mAdhurya kI kamI hai| Age cala kara bhASA ke maeNja jAne para ye truTiyA~ apavAda rUpa meM hI dikhAI par3IM ! uma yuga kI kavitA kI sarvavyApaka vizeSatA usakA prasAda guNa hai / 'bhArata bhAratI' apanI prAsAdikatA ke kAraNa hI , bhiSAmabAsa meM isa prakAra ke prayogoM kI bahulatA hai

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263 hindI-janatA kA hRdayahAra bana gaI thI / priya pravAsa zrAdi racanAe atizaya saMskRta pradhAna hote hue bhI prasanna hai| pramAda guNa kimI eka hI bhASA yA bolI kI mampatti nahIM hai , vaha bolacAla, urdU phArasI yA saMskRta kI padAvalI meM samAna rUpa se vyApta ho sakatA hai / kavi kI bhAva vyaMjanA aisI honI cAhie jise par3a yA suna kara pAThaka yA zrotA ke hRdaya meM abAdha rUpa me hI prasannatA kI anubhUti ho jAya / yuga ke prArambha yA anta meM kucha kaviyoM kI kavitA kA durUha ho jAnA unakI vyaktigata abhivyaMjanA-zakti kI nirvalatA kA pariNAma thaa| paMta, prasAda yA mAkhanalAla caturzIdI kI kucha hI kavitAeM gUr3ha haiN| gvani ke rahate hue bhI kavitA sarala aura subodha ho sakatI hai| oja guga kA vizeSa camatkAra nAthUrAma 'zakara', mAravanalAla caturjedI aura subhadrAkumArI cauhAna kI racanAoM meM dikhalAI pdd'aa| Arya samAjI hone ke kAraNa nAthUrAma zarmA me azvapana, nirbhIkatA aura joza kI adhikatA thii| mAkhanalAla caturvedI aura mubhadrAkumArI cauhAna deza ke svatantratA-maMgrAma meM sakriya yoga de rahI thii| ataeva unakI abhivyakti kA zrAMjomaya ho jAnA anivArya thaa| rAjanainika aura dhArmika halacala ne kaviyoM ke mana meM eka krAnti sI macA dii| unhoMne samAja, sAhitya adi kI burAiyoM para laTThamAra padvati dvArA AkramaNa kiyA / maithilIzaraNa gupta, ayodhyA siha upAdhyAya gopAlazaraNamiha zrAdi kI kavitAoM meM mAdhuryamayI vyaMjanA huI / vizeSa ramaNIyatA-pratipAdaka komalakAta padAvalI kA darzana Age calakara paMta kI kavitAoM meM milaa| dvivedo-yuga kI kavitAoM meM bhI sabhI prakAra kI bhASA kA prayoga huaaa| eka zrora to sarala aura prAjala hindI kA niralaMkAra sahaja saundarya hai aura dUsarI ora saMskRta kI alaMkArika samasta padAvalI kI chaTA / 3 vahIM to prasanna vAkyavinyAsa kA ajala pravAha hai| aura kahIM chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI atigUDa vyaMjanA / 5 eka sthAna para muhAvaro aura bola cAla ke zabdo kI jhar3I lagI huI hai to dUsare sthala para unhe tilAjali bhI de dI gaI hai| 1. udAharaNArtha 1608 I. kI 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita nAthUrAma zarmA kI paMcapukAra' aura maithilIzaraNa gupta kI paMcapukAra kA upasaMhAra' kavitAm / 2. udAharaNArtha 'jayazravadha // ' 3. , priyapravAsa // " 4. ., bhAratabharanI // nirAlA-likhita "adhivAsa' kavitA / mAdhurI bhAga 1, khaMDa 2, saMkhyA 4, pR. 353 / hariaudha jI ke bhane aura 'cokhe caupade / ' priyapravAma a wa

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264 ] vahIM bAcyapradhAna varNanAmaka zailI meM vastupasthApana kiyA gayA hai to kahA lakSyapradhAna faaree zailI kA camatkAra hai | 1 dvivedI jI ne kaviyoM ko viSaya parivartana kI bhI preraNA dii| unhoMne nAyaka-nAyikA zrAdi ke zRMgArAdi vana aura alaMkAra, samasyApUrti Adi ke jAla se Upara uThakara sAmAjika, prAkRtika zrAdi svataMtra viSayo para phuTakara kavitAeM tathA Adarza caritroM ko lekara prabandha-kAvya likhane kA nirdeza kiyA / yo to bhAratendu-yuga ne bhI zRMgAretara racanAe kI thIM parantu ve apekSAkRta bahuta kama thIM / dvivedI yuga ne zRMgArikatA se Age baDhakara jIvana ke anya pakSo para bhI ucita dhyAna diyA / zRMgAra pradhAna racanAo meM bhI usane prema ko vyApaka, vizvajanIna yA rahasyonmukha rUpa dekara use utkRSTa banA diyA / vaya viSaya kI dRSTi se usa yuga kI kavitAoM kA duharA mahatva hai / eka to una kaviyoM ne navona viSaya para racanAeM kI aura dUsare paramparAgata mAnava, prakRti Adi viSayo ko navIna dRSTi ne dekhA | I yuganirmAtA dvivedI ke sAmane jo udIyamAna kavisamAja thA usame Izvaradatta pratibhA bhale hI rahI ho parantu loka, zAstra Adi ke zravekSaNa se utpanna nipuNatA aura abhyAsa kI nyUnatA thI / dvivedI jI ne viSaya parivartana kI ghaMTI to de dI kintu nausikhie kaviyoM ko paramparAgata viSayoM ke atirikta kAvyopayukta anya viSaya dikhAI hI na paDe / svayaM dvivedI jI ravivarmA ke citro se prabhAvita hocuke the aura unapara kavitAeM bhI kI thI / anugAmI kavisamAja ne bhI anya sundara viSayoM ko na pAkara paramparAgata vidyA, kamala, kokila, Rtu zrAdi ke atirikta ravivarmA yAdi ke kalAtmaka citroM ko lekara unapara varNanAtmaka kavitAeM likhI / inakA eka saMkalana 1606 I0 meM 'kavitAkalApa' ke nAma meM prakAzita bhI huA ! citraviSayaka kavitAeM prAyaH dvivedI yuga ke prathama caraNa meM hI likhI gaI / ina kavitAoM meM kaviyoM ne citrakAra aura kahI kahI unheM prakAzita karane vAlI 'sarasvatI' kA bhI ullekha kiyA | 3 dhArmika kavitA ke kSetra meM usa yuga ke kaviyoM kI manodRSTi kI navInatA aneka rUpo meM vyakta huI / paurANika avatAravAda se prabhAvita bhaktikAla ne rAma aura kRSNa ko Izvara ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA thaa| bIsavI zatI I0 ke vijJAnayuga meM unake mAnavIkaraNa kI } 1. udAharaNArthaM maithilIzaraNa gupta 'kisAna / ' 2 'sU' zrani / arjuna aura subhadrA zramikavitAma

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prakriyA sarvathA svAmAvika thA isakA yaha atha nahIM hai ki usama priyapravAsa' aura 'mAketa' tathA paMcavaTI meM kRSNa aura gama kA mAnavarUpa meM caritacitraNa karane vAle ayodhyAsiMha upAdhyAya aura naithilIzaraNa gupta ne unhe avatAra na mAnakara manuSya rUpa me hI grahaNa kiyA ! una kaviyo ke zrAtmanivedana meM yaha svayaM middha hai ki unhoMne kRSNA aura rAma ko Izvara mAnA hai / ' unhe mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM citrita karane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki aAdhunika yuga kA vijJAnavAdI saMsAra unheM Izvara svIkAra karane ke lie prastuta nahIM thA aura una kaviyo ko sAhitya-jagan ko aisI vastu denI thI jo abatAravAdiyoM tathA anavatAravAdiyo ko samAna rUpa se rocaka aura upayogI ho| Izvara ke rUpa meM rAma aura kRSNa kA caritra aMkita karane se eka hAni bhI huI hai| rAmacarita mAnasa' yA 'sUrasAgara' kA pAThaka IzvararUpa gama aura kRSNA kA anukaraNa karane kA kabhI prayAsa nahIM karatA kyoki vaha mAna baiThA hai ki rAma aura kRSNa Izvara the ataeva unake kRtya bhI atimAnavIya the aura una kRtyoM kA anukaraNa karanA manuSya ke lie asambhava hai / vAlmIki aura vyAsa kI bhAti rAma aura kRSNa ko mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karake dvivedI-yuga ne hindI-janatA ke samakSa anukaraNIya caritra kA zrAdarza upasthita kiyA ? dvivedI-yuga ke kaviyoM kI dRSTi avatAra taka hI sImita nahIM rhii| unhoMne vizvakalyANa aura lokasevA ko bhI Izvara kA Adeza aura usakI prApti kA sAdhana smjhaa| isa rUpa ke pratiSThApaka kaviyoM ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki bhagavAn kA darzana vilAsa aura bhava kI aAnandabhUmi me rahakara nahIM kiyA jAsakatA, vaha to dIna dukhiyoM ke prati mahAnubhUti aura unake du:gva-nivAraNa meM hI mila sakatA hai, yathA--- maiM DhUMDhatA tujhe yA jaba kuMja aura vana meN| na khojatA mujhe thA taba dIna ke sadana meM // dU aAha bana kimI kI nujhako pukAratA thaa| maiM thA tujhe bulAtA saMgIta meM bhajana me ! mere lie khar3A thA dukhiyoM ke dvAra para tU / mai bATa johatA thA terI kisI camana meM // 2 3. udAharaNArtha priyapravAma' kI bhUmikA meM hariaudha jI ne kRSNa ko mahApuruSa mAnA hai, Izvara kA avatAra nhiiN| mAketa' ke prArambha meM maithilIzaraNa gupta bhI kahate haiM 'rAma tuma mAnadha ho. Izvara nahIM ho kyA ? 2 andeSaNa --rAmanareza tripAThI mAdhurI bhAga , para mammA ! 10 //

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/ 266 / dAzanika kaviyAM ne Izvara ko kisI mandira yA avatAra ma na dekhakara aura mAvanA ye saMkucita dhere se nikAla kara virATa rUpa meM usakA darzana kiyA jisa maMdira kA dvAra sadA unmukta rahA hai / jisa maMdira me raMka nareza samAna rahA hai / / jisakA hai zrArAma prakRti kAnana hI maag| jisa maMdira ke dIpa iMdu, dinakara zrI tArA / / usa maMdira ke nAtha ko nirupama nirmama svastha ko / namaskAra merA sadA pUre vizva gRhastha ko // avatArI aura devI-devatAoM, rAjAo tathA anya aitihAsika mahApuruSoM, kalpita nAyaka-nAyikAno aura prema-kathAnoM Adi kA varNana karate 2 hindI-kavi thaka gae the| isI samaya prAcArya dvivedI jI ne unheM viSaya-parivartana kA Adeza kiyaa| unake yuga ke kaviyoM kI dRSTi paramparAgata sthAna para hI kendrina na raha sakI aura unhoMne asAdhAraNa mAnavatA tathA devatA se Age bar3hakara sAmAnya mAnava samAja ko bhI apanI racanAoM kA viSaya bnaayaa| bhAratendu-yuga ne bhI sAmAjika kurItiyoM para AkSepa kiyA thA aura kahIM kahIM dalitoM ke prati sahAnubhUti bhI dikhAI thii| kintu vaha pragati apekSAkRta nagaNya thii| kavi dvivedI kI bhAti unake yuga ke kaviyo kI sAmAjika bhAvanAeM bhI cAra rUpoM me vyakta huI mamAja ke santata varga ke prati sahAnubhUti, samAja ko kurItiyoM se bacane aura sanmArga para calane kA spaSTa upadeza, usakI burAiyoM kA byaMgyAtmaka upahAsa tathA patanonmugnu samAja kI, umakI burAiyoM ke kAraNa, kaThora bharsanA / mahAnubhUti ke pradhAnapAtra aRta, kisAna, majadUra, azikSita nAriyA, vidhavA, bhikSuka zrAdi hue 12 kisAna aura majadUra kI ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA / dvivedI jI ne 'avadha 1. 'namaskAra'-jayazaMkara prasAda, iMdu kalA 4, maMda 2, pR. / / 2. udAharaNArtha (ka) gvapAyA kie jAna majadUra, peTa magnA para unakA dUra / ur3Ate mAla dhanika bhara pUra, malAI laDDU, motIcUra // mudharane me hai jA ke dera, abhI hai bahuta bar3A aMdherA // annadAnA hai dhIra kisAna, sipAhI dikhalAte haiM jJAna / DarAte unheM tamAcA tAna, tumhe kyA sUjhI he bhagavAna ! zrAvale baTTe mIThe bera ! kiyA hai kyoM aisA andharA ? manehA maya bhAga 15 sakhyA 5 pRSTha 46

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ka kimAnA hai| bara dI namaka pustaka meM jamIMdara dvArA kimAnA para kie gae atyAcAroM kA citraNa kiyA thA, parantu vaha pustaka gadya meM thI ! kavitA ke kSetra me maithilIzaraNa gupta ke 'kimAna' ( 1615 I0), gayApramAda zukla sanehI ke 'kRpaka krandana' ( 1616 I0 ) aura siyArAmazaraNa gupta ke 'anAtha' ( 1.617 I0 meM kisAna aura zramajIvI ke prati jamIdAra, mahAjana aura pulima Adi ke dvArA kie gae ghora atyAcArI kA nirUpaNa haa| dvivedI-yuga meM kI gaI isa prakAra kI kavitAe AgAmI pragatizIla kAvya kI bhitti ka rUpa meM prastuta huii| kaviyA kI upadeza-pravRtti mukhyataH dharmapracArako kI dena thii| ImAivA, brAhmasamAjiyA, AryasamAjiyA manAtanadharmiyoM Adi ne apane apane matA kA pracAra karane ke lie deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM ghUma ghUma kara dhArmika upadeza die| unakI saphalatA se prabhAvita hindI sAhityakAroM ne bhI isa zailI ko apanAyA / maithilI zaraNa gupta ne apanI 'bhAratabhAratI' meM brAhmaNo, kSatriyA, vaizyo aura zUdrI ko unake dharma karma kI hInadazA kA paricaya karAte hue unnata hone ke lie vizeSa upadeza diyaa| isa upadeza ke pAtra kavi Adi bhI hue| mAmAjika abhivyakti kA tIsarA rUpa-vyaMgyAtmaka upahAsa-~-tIna prakAra ke viSayoM ko lekara upasthita kiyA gyaa| kahI to naI sabhyatA maskRti aura nae prAcAra-vicAra kI apanAne vAle navazikSita bAbutro kI haMsI uDAI gaI, kahIM aparivartanavAdI dhArmika kaTTarapaMthiyoM ke samayaviruddha dharmADambara para hAsya mizrita vyaMgya kiyA gayA / aura kahI (ba) aAja avidyA mUrti sI hai saba zrImatiyA~ yahA / dRSTi abhAgI deba le unakI durgatiyA~ yahA // gopalazaraNasiMha--sara0, bhAga, 26, saMkhyA 6 / (ga) nirAlA jI kI 'vidhavA' aura 'bhikSuka' [ parimala meM saMkalita ] 1. yathA:-... kevala manoraMjana na kavi kA karma honA cAhie / usame ucita upadeza kA bhI mama honA cAhie / naithilIzaraNa gupta--'indu', kalA 5, kiraNa 1, pRSTha 65 / chaThe hindI sAhitya sammelana kA kArya-viviraNa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 43, 44 / 2 athA:-168 I. kI sarasvatI' meM prakAzita nAthUrAma zarmA kI 'paMcapukAra' / 3 boga utanA hI batAte haiM tumha raMga vitana hI bare hoM car3ha gae para nilaka upa bAma kA mAnA nahIM isa taraha muma ghara ga yA va gae

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1 apanI hI bAta ko prApta evaM pradhAna mAnane vAle sAhityikoM, samAlocakoM, sampAdakoM Adi para AkSepa | bhartsanAmaya abhivyakti samAja ke una diggajoM ke prati thI jo bAra bAra samajhAne para bhI, samAja ke atyanta patita hojAne para bhI, zrAkheM kholane ko prastuta na the aura apanI haThadharmI ke kAraNa azubha patha para cala rahe the / yaha abhivyakti kahI to vAcyapradhAna thI jisame sIdhe zabdo dvArA samAja ko phaTakAra batAI gaI thI, yathA yaha suna merI vikaTa boliyA cauka par3e caMDrala | para jo hindU bAta kahegA hindI ke pratikula || use ghara ghara dhikkArUMgA / kisI me kabhI na hArUMgA || aura kahI vyaMgyapradhAna thI jisameM kAku Adi ke sahAre haThadharmiyAM para tIvra AkSepa kiyA gayA, yathA- sune svarga ne lau lagAte raho, punarjanma ke gIta gAte raho / Daro karma prArabdha ke yoga se, karo mukti kI kAmanA bhoga me / naI jyoti kI ora jAnA nahIM, purAne diye ko bujhAnA nahIM || samAja kI AlocanA rUpa meM prastuta ina kavitAoM kI anta: samIkSA karane para kucha bAteM spaSTa hojAtI hai / una kaviyo kA uddeza samAja-sudhAra thA / ve cAhate the ki samAja apanI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura vAtAvaraNa ke anakUla kecula ko chor3a de aura mAtRbhASA kA sammAna kare | sAhityakAroM ke viSaya me unakA mata thA ki ve vyartha kI haThadharmI aura isa taraha ke haiM kaI ThIke bane, jo ki tana ke roga ko dete bhagA / jo na bhana ke roga kA TIkAbanA, to huA kyA lAbha yaha TIkA lagA | afrate 'sarasvatI', bhAga 16, saMkhyA 2 | 1. yathA: - kokila, tU kyoM 'kuka' 'kuka' raTatA rahatA hai ? karake usame sandhi na kyo kRka kahatA hai ? Alocaka jI, rIti mujhe bhI yaha ja~catI hai / bAta vahI hai aura eka mAtrA bacatI hai / sunie vaha ghugghU yaha viSaya kaisA acchA jAnatA / hai 'U' 'ghu-U' kahakara na jo 'ghU-ghU' mAtra bakhAnatA / , maithilIzaraNa gupta - 'mAdhurI', bhAga 1, khaMDa 1, saM0 4 pRSTha 33 / * 'sarasvatI, 1908 30 pRSTha 214 3 sarasvatI bhAga meM sakhyA 1 |

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[ rahaha 1 mhana-mana me dUra rahakara macce jJAna kA prasAra kareM isa uddaza kI pUrti kaviyoM ye lie eka jaTila samasyA thii| samAja ke dharma ke ThekedAra paMDita loga the / zikSA aura daMDavidhAna Adi sarakAra ke hAtha meM thA jo janasAdhAraNa ko kUpamaMDaka hI banAe rakhanA cAhatI thI / kaviyoM ke pAsa kevala zabda kA bala thA aura visA bhaya ke prIti asambhava thii| pIr3ito ke prati sahAnubhUti aura sanmArgiyoM ko diyA gayA namra upadeza samAja ko vizeSa prabhAvita karane aura sudhArane meM aparyApta thA / isa nyUnatA ko pUrti ke lie kaviyoM ne hAsya aura vyaMgya kA sahArA liyaa| jaba koI mArgabhraSTa upadeza aura pradezame nahI sudharatA taba kabhI kabhI usakA kaThora upahAsa hI use satpatha para lAne meM samartha hotA hai / tatkAlIna samAja kA saMskAra aura ruci itanI gira cukI thI ki use jAgRta karane ke lie kaviyA ko laTThamAra pati kA avalambana karanA par3A / dvivedI yuga ke kaviyoM kI rAjanetika bhAvanA mukhyataH tIna rUpoM me vyakta huI / naI paddhati para dI gaI jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA, bhAratIyoM ke videza gamana aura videziyoM ke bhArata meM zrAgamama, videzI zAsako dvArA deza ke zrArthika zoSaNa Adi ne kaviyo ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se grAtmasamIkSA karane ke lie prerita kiyA / phalasvarUpa unhoMne deza kI vartamAna adhogati ke prati glAni aura kSobha kA anubhava kiyA / yaha unakI rAjanaitika bhAvanA kA pahalA rUpa thA / isakI abhivyakti tIna prakAra se huI / kahI to deza kI dInadazA kA citrAkana karate hue usake prati sahAnubhUti prakaTa kI gaI, ' kahI paripIDaka zAsakoM Adi ke atyAcAro kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA aura kahI patita tathA dIna avasthA 1 udAharaNArtha:-- 2. yathA: anna nahIM aba vipula deza me kAla par3A hai ! pApI pAmara plega pasAre pAva par3A hai / dina dina naI vipatti marma saba kATa rahI hai / udarAnala kI lapaTa kalejA cATa 'sarasvatI' bhAga naukarIkI zAhI sabhyatA kA gattA kATatI hai. rahI hai | 14. saMkhyA 12 / gAdhI ke saMgAtI aMkhiyoM meM khaTakata haiN| bhArata ko lUTa kUTanIti ko ujAr3a rahI, jeloM me svadezabhakta nyAya ke bhikhArI Thaura Thaura bhaTakata hai / hisAhIna sajanoM ko, peTapAla, pAtakI, pizAca paTakata kauna ko pukAreM aba zaMkara bacAlo hameM, gore aura goroM ke gulAma zraTakata hai // nAthUrAma zarmA maryAdA, mAga 22 0 3 10 134

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1 se mukti pAne kA prayAsa na karane va le dezavAsiyoM kI bhasanA kI gaI andhakAramaya vartamAna ke kalaMka dRzya digvAkara hI pIDita jAti ko satopa nahIM huA / kSubdha mana ko zrAzvAsana dene tathA kalpita zrAnanda lene ke lie dvivedI yuga ke kaviyoM ne bhArata kA prema purassara gaurava gAna kiyaa| yaha rASTrIya bhAvanA kI abhivyakti kA dUsarA rUpa thA / isa rUpa ke cAra pradhAna prakAra the| kahI to bhArata ke zrAtIta vaibhava aura mahimA ke ujjvala citra aMkita kie gae, kahIM devI-devatA ke rUpa meM usakI pratiSThA kI gaI, kahI deza ke prAkRtika manohara dRzyoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA aura kahI sIdhe zabdoM meM deza ke prati atizaya prema kA pradarzana huA / " 2 3 yathA: 4. yathA: 5. yathA: jAna meM, mAna meM, zakti se hIna ho dAna meM, dhyAna se, bhakti se hIna ho / AlasI bhI mahAmUDha prAcIna ho, soca dekhA sabhI me tumhI dIna ho / aMga ko mimota raho, kyo jagoge abhI deza sote raho || rAmacarita upAdhyAya --- sara0, mArca, 2616 I0, pR0 160 / jagata ne jisake pada the chue, sakala deza RNI jisake hue / lalita lAbha kalA saba thI jahAM, aba hare vaha bhArata hai kahA~ ? > maithilIzaraNa gupta - sara0 bhAga 11 saMkhyA 1 / nIlAmbara paridhAna harita paTa para sundara hai| sUrya candra yuga mukaTa mekhalA ratnAkara hai / nAdiyA premapravAha phUla tAre maMDana haiM banTIjana khagavRnda zeSaphana sihAsana hai / karate zramika payoda haiM, balihArI isa vepa kI he mAtRbhUmi ! tU satya hI saguNa mUrti sarveza kI // " , maithilIzaraNa gupta - 'bhArata-gIta / ' jisake tIno ora mahodadhi ratnAkara hai / uttara meM himarAzi rUpa sarvocca zikhara haiM | jisameM prakRti vikAsa ramya Rtukrama uttama hai ! jIva jantu phalaphUla zasya adbhuta anupama hai | pRthvI para koI deza bhI isake nahIM samAna hai / isa divya deza meM janma kA hame bahuta abhimAna hai || rAmanareza tripAThI- sara0 bhAga 15, saMkhyA 11 puNya bhUmi hai, svargabhUmi hai, janmabhUmi hai deza yahI / isase bar3hakara mA aisI hI duniyA meM hai jagaha nahIM pADheSa - sara0 bhAga 14 sa0 6

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"vamaya zrari tAna meM samaya citra yakti kara denA hI bhaviSya ko lie prApta na thaa| kaviyoM ne apane mana me bhalI bhAti vicAra karake sapanehu~ sukha nAhI' unakI svataMtratA kI AkAkSA ne rAjanaitika ka kA tIsarA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA yaha abhivyakti sAdharaNatayA pAtra prakAra pana duHkha se gekara usase muka karane ke lie zAsakA se prArthanA kI yatraNA kA anta karane ke lie devI-devatAoM aura Adarza mAnavI kI kahIM girI huI dazA meM Upara uThane ke lie dezavAsiyoM ko vinamra T, 3 kahI avanati se unnati ke mArga para calane ke lie mela jola kI kahI bahuta se krAnti kara dene kA sandeza sunAyA gayA / " bhArata ke dInahIna vartamAna aura zrAzApUrNa bhaviSya kA mundaratama citrAna kI 'bhArata-bhAratI' meM huA / vaha svagata rASTra bhAvanA ke kAraNa hI priyatama racanA ho skii| t yuga kI tulanA meM dvivedI-yuga kI rAjanaitika yA rASTrIya kavitA pratIta phariyAda lagAte jAege, dukha darda sunAne jaaeNge| hama apanA dharma nibhAege tuma apanA kAma karo na karo || } sampUrNa tantra-prabhA bhAga 2 saMkhyA 1, pRSTa 166 / satyAgraha se anuzAsana kI asahayoga se 'duHzAsana kI sAmyavAda se siMhAsana kI svataMtratA se zrAzvAsana kI || chir3I huI hai, karmakSetra meM zuci saMgrAma sacAne zrAveM / yadi mAnava hove bhUtala para mAnavatA digbalAne AyeM // 7 eka rASTrIya AtmA-prabhA, varSa 2, khaMDa 1, pRSTa 31, 36 / kahate hai saba loga hameM hama dIna hIna haiM bhikSuka hai / kucha bhI ho hama loga abhI acche banane ke icchuka haiM / rUpanArAyaNa pAMDeya - sarasvatI', bhAga 14, saM0 6 / hama kauna the ar are sea aura kyA hoMge abhIAzro vicAre Aja milakara ye samasyAeM sabhI / maithilIzaraNa gupta - 'bhArata-bhAratI' | jaina, bauddha, pArasI, yahUdI, musalamAna, sikha, IsAI koTiis se milakara kaha do hama saba hai bhAI bhAI || rUpanAgamaNa pAMDeya - 'sarasstI', bhAga 14, saM0 0 6 / kAvya ke saMdarbha ke uddhRta rAya kRSNadAsa kI 'cetAvanI', kA mUlya Adi gadyakAvya tathA rAmasiMha kI caturvedI, sumadrA mArI Adi kI kavitA

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/ 302 ) se vartamAna, kalpanA se yathArtha, upadeza se karma, para-prArthanA se svAvalambana, nirAzA tathA avizvAsa se aAzA tathA vizvAsa aura dInatApUrNa namratA se krAntipUrNa udgAra kI bhora agrasara hotI gaI hai| usa yuga ke pUrvArddha meM zrIdhara pAThaka, maithilIzaraNa gupta, rAmanareza tripAThI, rUpanArAyaNa pADeya Adi kA svara namratApUrNa rahA kintu uttarArddha meM mAkhanalAla caturvedI, subhadrAkumArI cauhAna, eka rASTIya aAtmA' zrAdi svataMtratA-aAndolana ke anubhavI kAryakartA kaviyoM kA svara krAntiArI udgAro se bharA huyA hai| dvivedI-yuga meM prakRti para likhita kavitAoM kA pAca dRSTiyo se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhAva kI dRSTi se prakRti kA varNana do rUpo meM kiyA gayA eka to bhAva citraNa aura dUsarA rUpa citraNa / bhAvAkana jJAnatatvapradhAna thA / prakRti ke sUkSma paryavekSaNa aura dRzyAkana dvArA kavi ne eka dArzanika kI bhAti usake rahasyoM kA udghATana kiyA, yathA: vahI madhuRtu kI gaMjita DAla jhukI thI jo yauvana ke bhAra, akicanatA meM nija tatkAla mihara uThatI- jIvana hai bhAra / Aha ! pAvasa nada ke udgAra kAla ke banate cinha karAla, prAta kA sone kA saMsAra jalA detI saMdhyA kI jvAla / ' rUpa citraNa meM kalAtatva kI pradhAnatA thii| isame kavi ne citrakAra kI bhA~ti prakRti ke aindrika dRzyAkana dvArA usakA bimba grahaNa karAne kA prayAsa kiyA yathAH--- acala ke zikharo para jA caDhI ___kiraNa pAdapa zIza vihaarinnii| taraNi-bimba tirohita ho calA gaganamaMDala madhya zanaiH zanaiH // saundarya kI dRSTi se prakRti ke mukhyatayA do rUpa aMkita kie gae, eka to usakI madhuratA aura komalatA kA dUsarA usakI bhayaMkaratA aura ugratA kaa| ina dono citro kI bhinnatA kA 1. 'anitya jaga'-sumitrAnandana paMta, 1924 I0 / 'Adhunika kapi' pRSTha 3 // 2 miyapravAsa' sarga , pada 1

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zrAdhAra kavi yA usaka vaNita pAtra va stha yI gAva kI minnavA hA hai jahA kavi yA usake kalpita pAtra ke hRdaya me mRdu bhAva kI pradhAnatA rahI hai vahA umane prakRti ke ramaNIya rUpoM kA hI niparaNa kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha--- kiraNa numa kyo bigvarI hA zrAja, ragI ho tuna kimake anurAga ? svarNa sarasija kiMjalka samAna, uDAtI ho paramANu parAga / dharA para jhukI prArthanA sadRza madhura muralI mI phira bhI mauna, kisI ajJAta vizva kI vikala vedanA dUtI sI tuma kauna ?' jahA kavi yA usake kalpita pAtra kA komala saundaryasvapna TUTa gayA hai aura usane kaThora tarka dvArA prakRti kI nAzakArI krAnti kA bhAvana kiyA hai, jahA usake hRdaya meM rati ke sthAna para ghRNA, bhaya yA krodha kA udaya huzrA hai, vahA umne prakRti ke ugra aura bhaMyakara rUpa kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha paMta kA 'niSThura parivartana' / vibhAva kI dRSTi se mati citraNa ke do rUpa the-uddIpana aura Alambana / uddIpana rUpa meM prakRti kA citraNa mimI rasa yA bhAva kI anukula bhUmikA ke nirmANa ke lie kiyA gayA, jaise maithilIzaraNa gupta kI 'paMcavaTI' ke prArambha meM lakSmaNa ke prati zUrpaNakhA ke sthAyI bhAva rati kI mamyaka abhivyaMjanA karane ke lie tadanukula uddIpana vibhAva kA citragaNa apekSita thaa| yadi kisI sAdhAraNa paristhiti meM hI lakSmaNa apane kAma-saMyama kA paricaya dete to usame unakA koI vizeSa gaurava na hotA / vyabhicAra kI pratyeka muvidhA hote hue bhI unhoMne indriyanigraha kiyA yaha unake caritra kI mahimA thI / inhI bhAvoM kI sundaratara mArmika abhivyakti ke lie uddIpana rUpa meM prakRti kA citraNa kiyA gayA / jahA~ kavi yA kavi-kalpita pAtra ne prakRti ko taTastha bhAva se dekhA hai, vahA usakA citraNa pAlambana-rUpa meM kiyA hai, jaise pAyaka' kA prArambhika pada / nirUpita aura nirUpayitA ke sambandha kI dRSTi se bhI prakRti-citraNa do prakAra se hupA-dRzya-darzaka-sambandha-sUcaka aura tAdAtmya-sUcaka ! jahA~ vastUpasthApana paddhati para calate hue kavi yA usake kalpita pAtra ne apane ko prakRti me bhinna mAna kara unakA rUpAkana kiyA hai, vahA dRzyadarzaka sambandha kI vyaMjanA huI hai, yathA: m arwa 1. 'kiraNa', jayazaMkaraprasAda jharanA', pRSTa / * prAmika kavi 2

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kahIM jhIla kinAra bar3e bana grAma, mahamya niva sa pane ya gyaparelI meM kadda karelI kI vela ke khUba tanAva tane hue the| jala zItala anna jahA~ para pAkara pakSI gharoM meM ghane hue zre, saba aora svadeza, svajAti, samAja bhalAI ke ThAna Thane hue the|' jahA bAhya jagata ko antarjagat kA pratibimba mAnakara kavi yA kavi kalpita pAtra ne prakRti kI abhivyakti me apane hRdaya kI abhivyakti kA darzana kiyA hai, vahA tAdAtmya-sambandha kI vyaMjanA huI hai yathAH cAtaka kI cakita pukAre zyAmA dhvani tarala rasIlI / maMga karaNAdra kathA kI TukaDI pAsU se gIlI // vidhAna kI dRSTi se dvivedI-yuga kI kavitA meM prakRti citraNa prastuta aura aprastuta do rUpo ma huaa| prastuta vidhAna kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki usameM prakRti citraNa kavi kA nizcita uddeza thA ! jahA~ prakRti aAlambana rUpa meM aMkita kI gaI vahAM to vaha varga ya viSaya thI hI kintu jahA vaha uddIpana rUpa meM aMkita huI vahA bhI vAstavika vaya viSaya upasthita thaa| aprastuta-vidhAna kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki usameM prakRti-citraNa kavi kA uddeza nahIM thaa| prakRti-citraNa vyaMjaka aura upasthita mukhya viSaya vyagya thaa| lakSaNA, upamA, rUpaka Adi kI sahAyatA se prastuta viSaya meM ramaNIyatA lAne ke lie hI usakI yojanA kI gaI, udAharaNArtha:-- dekhA baune jalanidhi kA zazi chUne ko llcaanaa| vaha hAhAkAra macAnA phira uTha uTha kara gira jAnA 14 rItikAlIna zRMgArika kavitAeM prAyaH paraprasannatA-sAdhaka, vastuvarNanAtmaka, vAsanApradhAna, sImita aura nakhazikha-varNana nAyaka-nAyikAmeda Adi ke rUpa me likhI gaI thiiN| unakA yaha pravAha bhAratendu-yuga taka calatA rhaa| dvivedI jI ke kaThora anuzAsana ne rativyaMjanA kI isa dhArA ko sahamA roka diyA / parantu mAnava-mana kI sahaja prema-pravRti ko rokanA asambhava thaa| dvivedI yuga ke kaviyo kI prema bhAvanA parivartita aura saMskRta rUpa meM vyakta huii| yaha dvivedI jI ke Adeza kA prabhAva thaa| unake yuga kI prema pradhAna kavitAno meM ghora zRMgArikatA, asaMyama. vyaktigatatva, vAsanA Adi ke sthAna para ziSTatA, saMyama, vyApakatA, , rUpanArAyaNa pAMDeya-pramA', bhAga 1. pRSTa 337 / 2 jayazaMkara prasAda--'zrAMsU' / 3 yayA zukra kA hRdaya kA madhura mAra aura priyazvAsa kA prakRti-vacana 5 prosU pramAda

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bIca meM unakA dhyAna AkRSTa karane ke lie unheM sambuddha mI karatA calatA hai kintu kalA kI dRSTi se aAdhunika kahAniyoM meM inakA koI sthAna nahIM hai / kathAtmaka paddhita kA dUsarA prakAra-taTastha varNana-kahAnI kI eka pradhAna praNAlI hai / kizorIlAla gosvAmI kI 'indumatI',' mAsTara bhagavAna dIna kI 'plega kI cuDaila',2 dvivedI jI kI 'tIna devatA',' rAmacandra zukla kI 'gyAraha varSa kA samaya',4 zrAdi kahAniyoM meM isa praNAlI kA avikasita aura akalAtmaka rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai| prArambhika kathAvarNana kI zailI alaukika, devI, prAyajanaka, asambhava Adi tatvo se AkIrNa hai, yathA 'bhUtovAlI havelI', eka alaukikaghaTanA',8 'candrahAsa kA adbhuta AkhyAna', 'bhutahI koTharI' Adi / taTasthavarNana paddhati kI jina kahAniyoM me daivayoga, atiprAkRta tathA adbhuta tatvoM kA parityAga aura yathArthatA, vizleSaNa, manovijJAna, nATakIyatA Adi kA sammizraNa huaA uname Adhunika kahAnI kA kalAtmaka sundara rUpa vyakta huA, udAharaNArtha 'dulAI vAlI' 9 'tAI'10 'sauta' aadi| kathAtmaka zailI ke tRtIya prakAra-Atmacarita-kA prayoga sIna prakAra se huaa| pahalA prakAra kalpanApradhAna varNana kA hai jisameM mAnavIkaraNa, kavikalpanA Adi ke sahAre kahAnI saundarya kI saSTi kI gaI hai, yathA 'ityAdi kI AtmakahAnI',12 eka 'azaraphI kI AtmakahAnI13 zrAdi / dUsarA prakAra yathArtha ghaTanAvarNana kA hai jisameM vAstavika bhramaNa, zikAra aAdi svAnubhava tathA parAnubhava kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana DuaA hai, udAharaNArtha 'eka zikAroM kI saccI kahAnI',14 'eka jyotiSI kI AtmakathA'15 zrAdi / ina kahAniyoM meM ghaTanAoM 1. sarasvatI, jUna 1603 I0 / 2, sarasvatI, 1602 I. / 3. sarasvatI, 1603 I., pRSTa 123 / 4. sarasvatI. 1603 I0, pR0 308 / 5. lAlA pAnI nandana, sarasvanI 1603 I0 pR0 235 / 6 rAjA pRthvIpAla siMha sarasvatI, 1604 I0. pR0 316 / 7 sUrya nArAyaNa dIkSita sarambanI. 1606 I0, pR0 204 / = madhumaMgala mizra, sarasvatI, 1608 I0, pR0 488 / ___ zrImatI vagahilA. 'sarasvatI', 1607 I0, pR0 278 / 10 vizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika, 'sarasvato', 1620 I0, pR. 31 / 61. premacanda, 'sarasvatI', 1615 I0, pR0 353 / / 12. yazodAnandana akhaurI, 'sarasvatI', bhAga 5, pR0 440 / 13, veMkaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI, 'sarasvatI', bhAga 7, pR0 366 / 14. zrI nijAmazAha, 'sarasvatI', 1605 I0 pR0 266 / 15 zrImAna 'sarasvatI, 60I0 10 10 -

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kA bAhulya aura manovaijJAnika citraNa tathA adhyAtarika vizleSaNa kA abhAva hona ke rasA kahAnI kI zrAtmacarita zailo kA mAhityika aura balAtmaka prayoga ina donoM rUpo me nahI ho sakA hai| Atmacarita praNAlI kA tIsarA prakAra vizleSaNAtmaka hai| vizleSaNAtmaka kahAniyoM meM lekhaka ne kahAnI ke pAtra ke mukha me hI vastu vinyAsa karAyA hai aura mAnava jIvana ke kisI na kisI pakSa kI vyAkhyA kI hai| vizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika kI 'adherI duniyA' aura 'kavi kI strI tathA premacanda kI 'zAnti' zrAdi kahAniyA~ isI koTi kI haiN| kathAtmaka praNAlI ke do apracalita rUpa aura bhI haiM-patra paddhati aura denandinI-paddhati udAharaNArtha kramazaH 'devadAsI' ( jayazaMkara prasAda ) aura 'vimAtA kA hRdaya / / kahAnIkalA kI dRSTi se ye donoM hI rUpa avAchanIya haiM / maMvedanA kI tIvratA na hone ke kAraNa isa prakAra kI kahAniyA~ prabhAvotpAdaka nahIM ho pAtI aura unakA uddeza hI adhUrA raha jAtA hai / dvivedI-yuga ke RhAnI sAhitya kI dUsarI vyApaka zailI kAvyAtmaka hai| isake prAyaH do prakAra parilakSita hote hai-~-vastu camatkAra pradhAna aura bhASA-camatkAra pradhAna / pahale prakAra kI kahAniyoM ke pAtra prAyaH navayuvaka, kalpanAyukta, bhAvuka, zrAzAvAdI aura premapIDita hote haiM / ghaTanAyo kA adhikAza kalpanAjanya aura sArA vAtAvaraNa hI kAvyamaya hotA hai / bhASA kavitvapUrNa hote hue bhI niglaMkAra hai| rasiyA bAlama',2 'kAnoMmeM kaMganA 3 'dinoM kA phera', 'citrakAra 5 saccA kavi'6 aAdi bhAvAtmaka kahAniyA~ imI kAvyAtmaka zailI kI haiM / bhASA camatkArapradhAna kAvyAtmaka kahAniyA ke lekhako ne vastu-camatkAra yojanAke sAtha hI bhASA ko alaMkRta karane aura kavitvapUrNa banAne kA vizeSa prayAsa kiyA / hindI-kathA-sAhitya ve bANabhaTTa caNDIprasAda hRdayeza isa zailI ke pramukha kahAnIkAra haiN| unakI 'mudhA', 'zAnti niketana' zrAdi kahAniyoM meM bhAva kI apekSA bhASA kI ramaNIyatA hI adhika zrAkarSaka hai| ima kAvyAtmaka paddhati para kabhI kabhI rUpaka-praNAlI kA Azraya lekara choTI choTI mArmika kahAniyo kI racanA kI gaI, udAharaNArthaM ajJeya kI 'amara ballarI' sudarzana kI 'kamala kI veTI', rAyakRSNadAsa kI 'parade kA prArambha' zrAdi / ina 1. zrAdhunika hindI kahAniyAM' meM saMkalita / 2. prasAda, 'indu', eprila, 1912 I0 / 3 rAdhikAramaNa prasAda siMha. 'indu', kalA, khaMDa 2, kiraNa 5 / 4 gayakRSNa dAsa, 'prabhA', varSa 2, khaMDa 2 / 5. kRSNAnanda gupta, 'prabhA', varSa 3, khaMDa 1 / rAmo kauzika' 'mAdhurI' varSa 3 khara 1

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kahAniyA kI vizeSatA yaha hai| cetana vasnu ma caitanya kA aropa karake usI kI dRSTi se sArI kahAno kahI gaI hai| pAtra vAtAvaraNa prAdi aparicita haiM, hama jina rUpo meM unhe nityaprati degvata he una rUpoM meM unakA citraNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai / dvivedI-yuga kI kahAniyoM kI tIsarI vyApaka zailI nATakIya hai| bamtRtaH sabhI mundara kahAniyoM me nATakIyatA kA kucha na kucha samAveza huyA hai / isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai| mAnava jIvana kI pratyeka saMvedanIya ghaTanA abhinayAtmaka hai aura kahAnI ubhI ghaTanA kA citropasthApana yA rahasyodghATana karatI hai / sthUla rUpa se nATakIya zailI bhI kAvyAtmaka zailI ke hI antargata mAnI jA sakatI hai kyoMki nATaka svayaM hI kAvya hai| uma yuga kI kahAniyoM ke adhika vistRta adhyayana ke lie isa bUkSma vargIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA huI hai| ina dono zailiyoM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki kAvyAtmaka kahAnI sAmAnya kAvyagata manohara kavi-kalpanA aura alaMkArikatA me viziSTa hai aura nATakIya zailI kI kahAnI nATa kocita kathopakathana eba ghAta-pratighAta se| isa zailI ke mukhyata. tIna prakAra dikhAI dete hai-malApa-pradhAna, maMgharSa-pradhAna aura ubhaya-pradhAna ! malApa-pradhAna kahAniyoM meM kahAnI kA maundarya pAtro ke svAbhAvika aura nATakIya kathopakathana para vizeSa AdhArita hai. udAharaNArtha 'mahAtmA jI kI karatUta' / ' maMgharSa-pradhAna kahAniyoM meM do pakSoM ke saMgharSa, kabhI hAra kabhI jIta aura anta meM ghaTanA ke nATakIya avasAna kA upasthApana hai, yathA 'zataraMja ke khilADI 2 ima paddhati kA mundaratama rUpa una kahAniyoM meM vyakta huA hai jiname lekhaka ne nATakIya saMlApa aura saMgharSa dono kA sAmaMjasa manniveza kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha jayazaMkaraprasAda likhita 'AkAzadIpa / usa yuga kI kahAniyoM kI cauthI vyApaka zailI vizleSaNAtmaka hai| isa paddhati kI kahAniyoM meM pUrvokta tInoM paddhatiyoM meM se kisI eka kA yA aneka kA prayoga avazya huA hai kintu pAtra yA pAtroM ke anrtagata yA vAhya jagata kA vizleSaNa hI kahAnI kI mukhya vizeSatA hai| vizleSaNAtmaka kahAniyAM kI bhUmikA do rUpoM meM akita kI gaI hai| caNDIpramAda hRdayeza aura jayazaMkarapramAda ne prAyaH mabhI bhAvAtmaka kahAniyoM me pAtroM ke bhAvapakSa kA vizleSaNa prakRti kI bhUmikA meM kiyA hai| pemacanda, vizvambharanAtha zamI kauzika zrAdi kA adhikAza vizleSaNAtmaka kahAniyoM meM mAnava-mana ke rahasyoM aura ghAta-pratighAta kI vivacanA samAja kI bhUmikA meM kI gaI hai, udAharaNArtha paMcaparamezvara', 'muktimArga' Adi / 1 rAma kRSNadAsa prabhA' varSa 2 baMDa 2 pR. 231 / mAdhurI varSa 3 vaTa , ma0 3 10 210

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manovaicAnika phrAyaDa ke siddhAntA kA yuga amI nahIM pAyA yA ataeva dvivedI yuga kI kahAniyoM meM mAnava-mastiSka kI vizeSa cIra-phADa nahIM huii| saMvedanA kI dRSTi se dvivedI-yuga kI kahAniyA ke cAra pradhAna varga haiM-ghaTanA-pradhAna, caritra-pradhAna, bhAva-pradhAna aura citra-pradhAna / prathama varga kI kahAniyA~ ghaTanAo kI zRMkhalAmAtra haiN| kisI kalpita, sunI, paDhI yA dekhI huI ghaTanA athavA baTanAoM se atiprabhAvita kahAnIkAra use vyakta kie binA nahI raha sakA hai| usa yuga kI prArambhika ghaTanA pradhAna kahAniyo me adbhuta tatva kI adhikatA hai, yathA pUrvokta 'bhUtoM vAlI havelI', 'bhutahI koTharI' Adi / kintu Age calakara kalAtmaka ghaTanA pradhAna kahAniyoM kI racanA mAdhAraNa jIvana kI zrAkarSaNa ghaTanAo ko lekara kI gaI hai, udAhaNArtha premacanda kI suhAga kI sADI', ' 'bhUta'2 Adi / isa varga kI kahAniyoM meM carita, bhAva Adi ke vivecana ke kAraNa aAdhunika kahAnI kalA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI ghaTanAtmakatA kA hrAsa hotA gayA hai| kahAnIkalA kA sundara rUpa usa yuga kI caritra-pradhAna kahAniyoM meM vyakta huaaa| ye kahAniyA~ mukhyataH do prakAra kI haiN| pahalA prakAra una kahAniyoM kA hai jisake pAtroM meM ksiI kAraNavaza koI aAkasmika parivartana ho gayA hai aura kahAnI vahIM samApta ho gaI hai| Arambha se lekara parivartana ke pahale taka pAtroM kA eka rUpa me caritra-citraNa huA hai aura tatpazcAt usakA dUsarA rUpa vyakta huaA hai, yathA 'aAtmarAma' (premacanda ), 'tAI'3 zrAdi / dUsare prakAra kI caritra-pradhAna kahAniyoM kA saundarya caritra ke Akasmika vikAsa meM na ho kara usakI dRr3hatA asAmAnyatA aura prabhAvotpAdakatA me hai, yathA 'usane kahA thA', 'khUnI',5 'bUDhI kAkI' (premacanda ), 'bhikhArina' (prasAda) shraadi| ina kahAniyo meM prArambha se lekara anta taka caritra hI kahAnI kI ghaTanAnI kA mukhya kendra rahA hai aura usake kisI eka pakSa kA usakA udghATana karake kahAnI samApta ho gaI hai| nAyaka yA nAyikA ko aisI paristhitiyo meM isa kalAtmaka rUpa se citrita kiyA gayA hai ki usakI antarhita vizeSatAe~ aAlokita ho gaI haiM / caritra ko AkarSaka banAne ke liye lekhaka ne use bhAvukatA aura manovijJAna kI dRSTi se dekhA hai| saMvedanA ke anusAra dvivedI-yuga kI kahAniyo kI tIsarI pramukha koTi bhAva-pradhAna hai| 1 prabhA', varSa 3, khaMDa 1, pRSTha 31 / 2. 'mAdhurI', varSa 3, khaMDa 1,saM 1 pRSTha 6 / 3. kauzika, 'sarasvatI', varSa 21, khaMDa 2 pRSTa 31 / 4. candradhara zarmA gulerI, 'sarasvatI', bhAga 16, khaMDa 1, pRSTha 314 / 5 caturasena zAstrI, 'pramA' anavarI 1324 I0

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27 ] caritra pravAna kahAnI ma bhAra prapana sTAnI kA mukhya vizapatA yaha hai ki bhAba pradhAna kahAnI legvaka kahAnIkAra ke samAna hI aura kahIM kahIM usame baDhakara kavi bhI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha bhAvukatAvaza ghaTanA. caritra yA rUpa kI apekSA pAtroM ke bhAvo kA hI vizeSa bhAvana aura abhivyaMjana karatA hai / gadya ke mAdhyama dvArA ghaTanA, caritra yAdi ghara aAdhArita jIvana ke kimI aMga kA zabda citra hone ke kAraNa hI ye racanAe~ kahAnI kahalAtI haiM, kavitA nhiiN| Tana bhAva-pradhAna kahAniyoM meM prema, tyAga, vIratA, kRpaNatA grAdi bhAvo kA kAvyAtmakI udghATana kiyA gayA hai, yathA 'kAnoM meM kaMganA' ( rAdhikAramaNaprasAda siMha ), 'unmAda ( caMDIpramAda hRdayeza ), 'aAkAza dIpa' ( jayazakara prasAda ) Adi / cauthA vaga citra-pradhAna kahAniyoM kA hai / bhAva-pradhAna aura citra-pradhAna dono hI prakAra kI kahAniyA kAvyAtmaka haiN| uname pramukha antara yaha hai ki bhAva pradhAna kahAnI meM kahAnIkAra kA uddeza pAtroM ke bhAvo kA grahaNa karanA rahatA hai kintu citra pradhAna kahAnI meM vaha pAtrA ke bAtAvaraNa kA bimba-grahaNa karAne kA prayAsa karatA hai / 'aAkAza dIpa' mIgva kahAniyoM meM to bhAva aura vimba dono hI kA sundara citraNa huA hai| aMkita citroM kI kAlpanikatA yA yathArthatA ke anusAra citra-pradhAna kahAniyoM do prakAra kI haiN| eka to be haiM jinakA pradhAna saundarya unake kavitvapUrNa kalpanAmaMDita aura atira jita vAtAvaraNa ke citroM meM nihita hai, yathA pratidhvani' (pramAda ), 'yoginI' (hRdayeza ), 'milanamuhUrta' (govindaballabha paMta) 'kAmanAtaru' (premacanda ) aadi| dUsarA prakAra una kahAniyoM kA hai jinake citra vAstavika jagata aura Denika jIvana meM lie gae haiM : vecana zarmA ugra aura caturamena zAstrI isa prakAra ke pratinidhi lentraka haiM | dvivedI-yuga meM jaba ki upanyAsa-kalA-zailI kA vikAma ho rahA thA tabhI usa yuga ke kahAnI-legvaka amara kahAniyA kI racanA kara rahe the / 'kAno me kaMganA', 'paMcaparamezvara', 'usane kahA thA', 'mukti mArga', 'grAnmAgama'. 'milanamuhUrta', 'zrAkAzadIpa', 'khUnI', 'tAI', 'citrakara', 'balidAna' zrAdi sundara kahAniyoM umI yuga meM likhI gaI / jJAna-vijJAna kI unnati, kahAnI kalA ke vikAsa aura dvivedI jI kI AdarzavAditA, mudhAra tathA protsAhana se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa dvivedI-yuga ke kahAnIkAro ne tilasmI, jAsUsI, aiyArI aura bhUta preta ke jagata se Upara uThakara mAnava-mAnasa tathA samAja aura jIvana taka Ane me adbhuta pragati dikhAI / mandaratama hindo kahAniyoM ke kisI bhI makalana meM dvivedI-yuga kI kahAniyoM kA sthAna apekSAkRta bahuta U~cA hai /

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/ 328 / nibandha dvivedI-yuga meM gadyavikAsa ke sAtha hI nibandha-sAhitya kA acchA vikAsa huaa| dvivedI jI ke nibandho kI bhA~ti uma yuga ke nivandha bho cAra rUpA me prastuta kie ge| pahalA rUpa patrikAoM ke lie likhita lekho kA thaa| bAlamukunda gupta, govindanArAyaNa mizra, rAmacandra zukla, padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI aAdi lekhako ke adhikAza nibandha patrikAoM ke lekha rUpa meM hI prakAzita hue aura Age calakara unheM saMgraha-pustaka kA rUpa diyA gayA / dUsarA rUpa grantho kI bhUmikAoM kA thA ! isa dizA meM 'jAyasI-granthAvalI', "tulasI granthAvalI' [ dvitIya bhAga ] aura 'bhramaragItasAra' kI bhUmikAe~ vizeSa mahatva kI hai| tomaga rUpa bhASaNa! kA thaa| dvivedA-yuga meM die gae hindI-sAhitya sammelana ke sabhApatiyoM ke mahatvapUrNa bhASaNa isI rUpa ke antargata haiM / usa yuga ke nibandhA kA cauthA rUpa pustako yA pustakoM ke AkAra meM dikhAI paDanA hai| udAharaNArtha-dvivedI jI kA 'nATyazAstra' yA jaya zakara pramAda kA 'cadragupta maurya / ' dvivedI-yuga ne varNanAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura cintanAtmaka sabhI varga ke nibandhoM kI racanA kI / varNanAtmaka nibandho ke mukhya cAra prakAra the - vastuvarNanAtmaka, kathAtmaka, yAtmakathAtmaka aura caritAtmaka / varNanAtmaka nivandho meM nivandhakAra ne taTastha bhAva se apane yA dUsaroM ke zabdoM meM abhISTa viSaya kA varNana kiyA / usameM usane hRdaya yA mastiSka ko abhibhUta kara dene vAlI bhAvavicAra vyaMjanA nahIM kI / vastuvarNanAtmaka nibandho me kisI jar3a yA cetana padArtha kA paricayAtmaka nirUpaNa kiyA gayA, udAharaNArtha 'iMgalaiMDa kI jAtIya citrazAlA',' sonA nikAlanevAlI cITiyAre zrAdi / kathAtmaka nibandhA me lenvaka ne zrImada bhAgavata kI kathA sunAne vAle vyAsa jI kI bhAti nibandha pAThako kA manoraMjana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yathA 'svarga kI jhalaka', 3 'eka alaukika ghaTanA'4 aAdi / ina kathAtmaka nibandhI aura Adhunika varNanAtmaka laghu kahAniyoM meM antara yaha hai ki kahAniyA me kahAnIkAra ne kahAnI kI sImA ke antargata rahakara vizleSaNa aura bastu-vinyAma kI aora vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai kintu nibandhakAra prAdyopAnta hI svacchanda gati meM calA hai / ina donoM ke vikAma ke prArambhika rUpA meM ekatA hai aura eka hI racanA donI koTiyAM meM rakhI jAsakatI hai yathA ityAdi kI aAtmakahAnI' / AtmakathAtmaka nibandha bhI dvivedI-yuga ke sAhitya kI manohara dena he / ina nibandhoM meM varIya 1. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla, 'sarasvatI', bhAga-, pRSTha 466 / 2. padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI 'sarasvatI' bhAga 56, khaMDa 2, pRSTha 134 / ___3. mahAvIraprasAda, sarasvatI', bhAga 5, pRSTha 82 / / ___ rAjA pRthvIpAbasiMha, 'sarasvatI' mAga 5 pRSTha 315

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vizya ko hI vaktA banAkara nibandhAkara ne usI ke mantra meM unama purUSa meM usakI paricayAtmaka kahAnI kahI hai / , yathA upayukta 'ityAdi kI zrA-makahAnI', 'eka azaraphI kI AtmakahAnI, 2 'mudgarAnanda-caritAvanI' 3 aAdi / ye niyandha manorajana kI dRSTi se vizeSa AkarSaka he ! caritAtmaka nibandhI me aitihAsika, sAhityika dhArmika, rAjanaitika Adi mahAn puruSo yA striyoM ke jIvanacarita aMkita kie gae hai| kucha jIvanacarita apane svAmI, zraddhApAna yA premabhAjana ko mastI khyAti dene ke lie bhI legyako ne avazya ligve kintu adhikAza kA uddeza AdarzacaritrI ke citraNa dvArA pAThako ke jJAna aura caritra kA vikAsa karanA hI thaa| isa kSetra meM dvivedI jI ke atirikta vaNIpramAda, kAzIpramAda, girijAprasAda dvivedI, rAmacandra zukla, lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI Adi ne mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA / maikar3o jIvanacarina dvivedI-sampAdita 'sarasvatI' meM mamaya mamaya para prakAzita hue| bhAvAtmaka nibandha sahRdaya nibandhakAra ke hRdayodgAra aura pAThaka ke hRdaya ko abhibhUna kara dene vAle prabhAvAbhivyaMjaka vastUpasthApana hai | dvivedI-yuga ke mAvAtmaka nibandho kI tIna koTiyA hai / eka to sAdhAraNa bhAvAtmaka nibandha hai jinameM cintana aura marmasparzI kavindha donA hI kI apekSAkRta nyUnatA hai, udAharaNArtha kabindha'4 zrAdi / dUmare vicAragarmita bhAvAtmaka nibandha hai jisama kAvya kI ramaNIyatA ke sAtha hI mAtha cintanIya mAmagrI bhI he. yathA zrAcaraNa kI manyatA',5 'majadUrI aura prema'6 zrAdi aura tIsare gadya-kavitAoM ke rUpa me likhe gae ve kAvyamaya bhAvAtmaka nibandha haiM jinakI mamIkSA Upara kavitA ke pramaga me ho cukI hai| cintanAtmaka nibandhoM meM pAThakoM ke bauddhika vikAsa kI yatheSTa mAmagrI prastuta kI gii| bIca 2 meM kahA kahaH varNanAtmakatA yA bhAvAtmakatA kA puTa hone para bhI cintanAtmaka nibandhakAra unake pravAha me bahA nahIM hai aura apanI vicAra-vyaMjanA ke prati sadaiva mAvadhAna rahA hai / gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, rAmacandra zukla, candradhara zarmA gulerI, zyAmasundaradAsa, padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI aAdi ne hindI mAhitya ke isa aMga kI mundara pUrti kii| dvivedI-yuga ke cintanAtmaka nibandha tIna zreNiyoM meM race jAsakate haiM--vyAkhyA bhaka, bAlocanAtmaka aura 5. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 5 pRSTha 162 / 2. 'sarasvatI' bhAga 7, pRSTa 36 / 3. 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA', bhAga 17 aura 18 kI aneka saMkhyA meM prakAzita / 4 caturbhuja audIcya, 'sarasvatI', bhAga 5, pRSTha 18 / 5 emasiMha sarasvatI bhAga 13, pRSTha 18, aura 11 6 pAsiMha sarasvatI mAga 13 pRTa /

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tArkika ! usa yuga ke pATha kA ko bauddhika iyatnA sImita hone ke kAraNa usa samaya cintanIya viSayo kI vyAkhyA kI nitAnta AvazyakatA thI / gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda aojhA ne vartamAna nAgarI akSaroM kI utpatti'', aora nAgarI aMko kI utpatti'2 zrAdi rocaka vicAraguka aura Thosa nibandha likhe / rAmacandra zukla ke sAhitya', 3 'kavitA kyA hai',4 'kAvya meM prAkRtika dRzya',5 zrAdi nivandha bhI vyAkhyAtmaka koTi ke haiM / nAgarI pracAriNIpatrikA ke matrahaveM, aThArahave, unnIsarve tathA teIsaveM bhAgI meM prakAzita zuklajI ke 'krodha', 'bhrama', 'nidrArahasya', 'ghRNA', 'karuNA', 'yA', 'utsAha 'zraddhAbhakti', 'lajjA aura glAni' tathA 'lobha yA prema Adi manovaijJAnika nivandha vizeSa sAragarbhita aura vizlepaNAtmaka hai / zyAmasundaradAsa kA 'sAhityAlocana' sambat 1676 ] aura padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI kA vizvasAhitya' [ 1681 I.] zrAdi vyAkhyApradhAna cintanAtmaka nibandho ke hI saMgraha hai jinameM kavitA, upanyAsa, nATaka Adi kA vistRta aura sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| aAlocanAtmaka nibandha sAhityika racanAyI yA racanAkAro kI mamIkSA ke rUpa meM upasthita kie ge| mizrabandhu kA vartamAnakAlika hindI sAhitya ke guNa doSa',6 rAmacandra zukla-likhita jAyasI , tulasI aura sUra kI bhUmikAeM aAdi nibandha kI usI koTi meM haiM / tArkika nivandho meM nibandhakAroM ne apane sAragarbhita bicAro ko yuktiyukta DhaMga meM vyakta kiyA / cintanAnmaka nibandha ke isa prakAra kI vizeSatA viSaya ke nyAyAnukUla sapramANa pratipAdana meM hai / candra dhara zarmA gulerI, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, jayazaMkara prasAda Adi ke gaveSaNAtmaka aura gulAbarAya ke dArzanika nibandho kA isa dizA meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, udAharaNArtha ulUluthvani [ gulerI ], 'candragupta maurya' [ prasAda aadi| bhAratendu yuga ke nivandha kahe jAne vAle lekhoM meM vizya yA vicAra kI ekatAnatAna thii| eka hI nivandha meM anibaddha rUpa se sabakucha kaha DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thaa| dvivedI jI ne hindI ke nivandha kA nibandhatA dI / usa yuga ke mahAn nibandhakAroM ke lalATa para yazastitaka dvivedI jI ke hI kRpAlukaroM me lgaa| vegIprasAda, kAzIprasAda, rAmacandrazukla, lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI, caturbhuja zraudIcya, yazodAnandana akhaurI, candradhara zarmA gulerI, pUrNasiha, 1. prathama hindI-sAhiya-sammelana kA kArya-vivaraNa, pRSTha 16 / 2. 'dvitIya hindI-sAhitya-sammelana kA kAryavivaraNa', pRSTha 23 / 3. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 5, pRSTha 154 aura 186 / 4. 'sarasvatI', bhAga, 10, pRSTa 155 / 5. 'mAdhurI'. bhAga 1, khAMDa, 2 saMkhyA 5 aura 6. pRSTha kramazaH 473 aura 603 / 6 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA mAga 18 sasthA 3 4 pRSTa 63

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ma yantra garAzaza kara pada kA paramana na puna ta la na za AAda ke nira pA kI prAyopAnna kATachaoNTa, sazAthana aura pagvina karake dvivedI jI ne unha paThanIya aura Thosa banAyA / udAharaNArtha 'ityAdi kI AtmakahAnI' ka legbaka yazodAnandana agbaurI ne bhASA-truTiyo ke atirikta vastu ke saMgraha aura tyAga meM bhI akuzalatA digbanlAI thI jimake kAraNa racanA kA nivandha-maundaya naSTa hogayA thA / dvivedI jI ne anya saMzAdhano ke sAtha usakI upamA meM limbita yUra avaccheda ko hI nikAla diyaa| ve kaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI kI eka azaraphI kI aAtmakahAnI', satyadeva ke rAjanIti-vijJAna, parNa siha ke 'zrAcaraNa kI sabhyatA' tathA 'majadUrI aura prema,' rAmacandra zukla ke 'kavitA kyA hai ? aura 'sAhitya' Adi nibandho meM anyanta zithilatA hone ke kAraNa unake nivandhatva meM doSa A gayA thaa| dvivedI jI ne unakA saMskAra aura pariSkAra karake unhe nivandha kA zrAdarzarUpa diyA / rIti aura zailI lekhaka kI bhASA kI rIti aura zailI kA vAstavika darzana umake nibandhI meM hI hotA hai / kyoki nATaka, upanyAsa, kahAnI aAdi kI apekSA vaha nibandhoM meM adhika svacchandatA pUrvaka legvanI cattAkara apane vyakriya aura pravRni kI nibandha abhivyajanA kara sakatA hai| dvivedI-yuga kI bhASA aura zailI kA rUpa bhI inhI nivandhI me vizeSa nikharA / dvivedI jI ne gahAbhASA kA pariSkAra aura saMskAra bhI inhI nibanyoM ke dvArA kiyaa| yaha bAta nAgarI pracAriNI mabhA ke kalAbhavana meM rakSita 'marasvatI' kI hastalikhita pratiyoM se spaSTa pramANita haM / 'bhApA aura bhASA-sudhAra' adhyAya meM dvivedI jI kI bhASA kI rIti aura zailI kI vivecanA karate samaya yaha kahA gayA thA ki unakI prauda racanAoM meM zrAdyopAnta koI eka hI gati yA zailI nahIM hai / uname mabhI gatiyoM aura zailiyoM ke vIja vidyamAna the jo Age calakara unake yaga ke gadya-lembako kI kRtiyoM meM vikramita hue / dvivedI jI ne apane yama ke leva ko kI rIti aura zailI kA bhI parimArjana kiyA thaa| nimnAkita uddharaNa unake zetI-mudhAra-kArya ko aura bhI spaSTa kara deMge : maMzodita (ka) gamae vastra kI pUjA choDo / giraja garuye vastrA kI jA mI karate kI ghanTI kyo munate ho ? ravivAra ho ? girane kI ghaMTI kyo sunate ho ? raviyayoM manAne ho ? pA~ca vakta kI vAra kyoM manAte hA ? pAca vakta kI namAja nimAja kisa kAma kI ? dono kyA par3hate ho, trikAla sandhyA kyo karate 1. 'sarasvatI', 1601 I0 2. dvivedI jI dvArA saMzodhita upayuna tathA anya nibandha kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kalA bhavana meM raciva sarasvatI kI hamnalikhina pratiyoM meM dene jA sakate haiM

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[ 232 mUla mazopita ho! majadUra ke anAtha nayana, anAtha zrAtmA aura anAzrita jIvana kI bolI mIgyo / phira degboge ki tumhArA yahI mAdhAraNa jIvana IzvarIya bhajana ho jaaygaa| (kha) vatI kI madhyA se kyA lAbha ? majadUra ke anAtha nainI, anAtha aAtmA aura anAzrita jIvana kI bolI siikho| dinarAta kA sAdhAraNa jIvana eka IzvarIya rUpamajana ho jAyagA / majadUrI to manuSya kA vyaSTI rUpa samaSTI rUpa kA pariNAma hai|' svarNamudrA kI aAtmakahAnI gata somavAra ko maiM paM0 ziva jI ke sahita, kalakatte gayA thaa| dhUmate 2 hama donoM adbhutAlaya ajAyabaghara kI tarapha jA nikale / (ajAyabaghara) kI bAta hI kyA ! vahA kI sarva saMgrahIta vastu ajIba haiM / vahA deza dezAntara ke sundara, bhayAnaka, choTe, baDe jIvajantu dekhane meM Ate haiM yahA~ para raMga biraMgI cir3iyA~ haiM, vahA~ para nAnAprakAra kI machaliyAM haiM | kahIM zera kaTaghare meM banda ima bAta ko batAte haiM ki 'buddhiryasya yalaM tasya', aura kahIM ajagage ko devakara jagatpitA kI karuNA yAda pAtI hai| majadUrI to manuSya ke samaSTi rUpa kA vyaSTi rUpa pariNAma hai| eka azaraphI kI zrA-makahAnI eka daphA mai paMDita jI ke sAtha kalakase gayA / ghUmate ghAmate hama dono ajAyabaghara kI tarapha jA nikale / ajAyabaghara kI bAta hI kyA ? vahA~ kI mabhI cIje ajIba haiM / kahI deza dezAntara ke adbhuta 2 jIba jantu haiM, kahIM para raMga biraMgI cir3iyA hai, kahI nAnA prakAra kI machaliyA haiM, kahIM zera kaTaghare meM banda isa bAta ko batalAte haiM ki buddhi ryasya balaM tasya, aura kahI ajagarI ko dekhakara hindustAna kI ajagara-vRtti kA smaraNa hotA hai| 1. 'pUrNasiMha', majadurI aura prema, 'sarasvatI', 1611 I0, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke katA bhakma meM racita sarasvatI' kI

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[ 333 (ga) kavitA manuSyatA kI saMrakSiNI hai| kavitA sRSTi ke kimI padArtha vA vyApAra ke una aMzAM ko chATa kara pratyakSa karatI hai jinakI uttamatA vA burAI manuSyamAtra kI kalpanA meM itanI pratyakSa ho jAtI hai ki afa ko apano vivecana kriyA se chuTTI mila jAtI hai aura hamAre manovegoM ke pravAha ke lie sthAna mila jAtA hai / tAtparya yaha ki kavitA manovegoM ko ubhAr3ane kI eka yukti hai / ' 1 kavitA se mAtra kI rakSA hotI hai| sRSTi ke padArtha yA vyApAra vizeSa ko kavitA isa taraha vyakta karatI hai mAnoM ve padArtha yA vyApAra vizeSa netroM ke sAmane nAcane lagate haiM / ve mUrtimAn dikhAI dene lagate hai / unakI uttamatA yA anuttamatA kA vivecana karane meM buddhi se kAma lene kI jarUrata hI nahIM | kavitA kI preraNA me manovegoM ke pravAha jora se bahane lagate haiM tAtparya yaha ki kavitA manovegoM ko uttejita karane kA eka uttama sAdhana hai / dvivedI yuga kI gadya bhASA meM mukhyataH cAra rItiyAM dikhAI detI hai :- saMskRta-padAvalI, urdU e-mullA, TheTha hindI aura hindustAnI / govinda nArAyaNa mizra, zyAmasundaradAsa caMDIprasAda hRdayeza zrAdi ne saMskRta-garbhita hindI kA prayoga kiyA hai aura anya bhASAoM ke zabdoM ko dUdha kI makkhI kI bhAti nikAla pheMkA hai| vastuta hindI kA koI lekhaka urdU emullA kA ekAnta lekhaka nahIM huaa| yadi vaha aisA karatA to hindI kA lekhaka hI na raha jAtA / bAlamukunda gupta, padmasiMha zarmA, premacanda Adi ne yatra tatra arabI-phArasI- pradhAna bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai, yathA 'mevAsadana' meM myUnisipala borDa kI baiThaka ke avasara para / TheTha hindI kA vAstavika darzana hariaudha jI ke 'TheTha hindI kA ThATha' meM milatA hai| prema canda, jI. pI. zrIvAstava Adi ne bhI apane dehAtI pAtroM ke mukha se TheTha hindI bulavAI hai / hindustAnI [ vartamAna reDiyo kI hindustAnI kahI jAne vAlI urdUe mullA nahI ] kA sundara rUpa devakI nandana khatrI ke upanyAsoM meM dikhAI paDatA hai / premacanda tathA kRSNAnanda gupta Adi kI bhASA meM bhI hindI urdU ke samizraNa meM hindustAnI kA prayoga huA hai / saMskRta kI parupA, upanAgarikA aura komalA vRttiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI hama dvivedI yuga ke gadya kI samIkSA kara sakate haiM / govinda nArAyaNa mizra zyAmasundaradAsa Adi kI bhASA meM karNakaTu zabdoM ke bahuta prayoga ke kAraNa parupA, rAmakRSNa dAsa, viyogI hari Adi ke gadyakAvya meM komalakAnta padAvalI kA samAveza hone ke kAraNa komalA aura rAmacandra zukla, W 1 1303 I0 kI sarasvatI kI uparyukta pratiyoM meM rAmacandra zukra timbita kavita

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/ 334 / satyadeva zrAdi kI racanAoM ma upayukta donoM vRttiyA kA samanvaya ha na ke kAraNa gAnAgarikA vRtti kA prayoga huA hai| dvivedI-yuga kI bhASA-zailI ke nimnAkita sAta varga kie jA makte haiM:-- varNanAtmaka, vyaMgyAtmaka, citrAtmaka, vakta tAtmaka , slApAtmaka, vivecanAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka / rAma nArAyaNa mizra, vizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika, satyadeva zrAdi ke bhaugolika lekhA, kAzIpramAda jAyasavAla, rAmacandra zukla, lakSmIdhara bAjapeyI Adi ke dvArA likhita jIvanacaritrA premacanda, vizvambharanAtha zarmA, bRndAbanalAla varmA Adi kI adhikAMza kahAniyo, yazodA nandana akhaurI, veMkaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI, rAmAvatAra pADeya yAdi ke kathAtmaka nibandhI aura mizrabandhu Adi kI paricayAtmaka aAlocanAzro kI bhASA-zailI varNanAtmaka hai / ima zailI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki lekhako ne zabda-cayana meM kisI eka hI bhASA ke zabda-grahaNa aura anya bhApAtro ke zabdo ke bahiSkAra kA aAgraha nahIM kiyA hai| zrAvazyakatAnusAra unhoMne kisI bhI bhASA ke zabda ko nissaMkoca bhAva se apanAyA hai| bhAvavyaMjanA anyanta sarata aura subodha huI hai| kisI bhI prakAra kI kliSTatA yA jaTilatA artha grahaNa meM bAvaka nahIM hai| vyaMgyAtmaka zailI dvivedI-yuga kI bhASA kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| dvivedI-yuga ke sampAdakA aura bAlocako-bAlamukunda gupta, govinda nArAyaNa mizra, lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI zrAdi-ke atirikta dharma pracArako ne bhI isa zailI kA atizaya abalambana kiyA / dvivedI-sambandhita aneka vAda-vivAdoM kI carcA prastuta grantha ke sAhinyika saMsmaraNa' adhyAya meM ho cukI hai| una vAda-vivAdo aura zAstrArtha-padvati para kI gaI AlocanAnI me vyaMgyAtmaka zailI kA pUrA vikAma huA hai| isa zailI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki lekhako ne kisI bAta ko sIdhe sAde spaSTa zabdo me na kahakara use ghumA phirAkara lakSaNA aura vyaMjanA ke dvArA vyakta kiyA hai / yaha zailI kahIM to akSepa-prakSepa me pUrNa hai, yathA uparyukta vivAdA meM aura kahIM kAvyopayukta dhvani ke rUpa meM prayukta huI hai yathA gadya kAvyo, nATako nAdi meM / bhAvanA kI gahanatA aura komalatA ke anusAra hI vivAdoM meM anya bhASAoM ke bhI cubhate hue zabdoM kA lachamAra prayoga kiyA gayA hai kintu dUsare prakAra kI racanAoM meM saMskRta kI bhAvapUrNa aura ka padAvalI ka hI prAya vyavahAra huaA hai

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335. hai zatI dvida yugAna pratinivi tara poDAsA hRdayaza hai unakA pratyeka kRti isa zailI meM viziSTa hai| jayazaMkaraprasAda kI kahAniyo, rAyakRSNadAsa ke gadyakAvyoM, pUrNasiMha ke bhAvAtmaka nibandha Adi meM bhI sthAna sthAna para isa zailI kA prayoga huA hai 1 isa zailI ke lekhakoM ne saMskRta kI komalakAnta padAvalI ke prati vizeSa Agraha kiyA hai / C / dhArmika, rAjanaitika Adi AndolanoM, unake vaktAoM aura upadezakoM ne vaktRtAtmaka zailI ko vizeSa protsAhana diyA | hindI ke prAyaH sabhI pAThakoM ko saba kucha sikhAne kI AvazyakatA thI / paristhitiyoM ne dvivedI yuga ke sAhityakArako svabhAvataH upadezaka aura calA banA diyA / phalasvarUpa lekhakoM ne vaktRtAtmaka zailI kA prayoga kiyaa| isa zailI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki levaka sabhA maMca para khaDe hokara bhApa karane vAle vaktA kI bhAti dhArAvAhika aura zrIjapUrNa bhASA me apanA vaktavya detA huA calA jAtA hai / pAThako kA dhyAna vizeSa rUpa se AkRSTa karane ke lie vaha bIca bIca meM saMbodhana- zabdoM ke prayoga, vAkyA aura kAvyAzoM kI punarAvRtti, prazno kI yojanA, virodha aura virodhAbhAsa, camatkArapUrNa vizeSaNa Adi kI sahAyatA bhI letA hai / dvivedI yuga ke sAhityakAro me zyAmasundaradAma aura caturasena zAstrI ina zailI ke zreSTha lekhaka haiN| padmama zarmA siMha, satyadeva Adi kI bhASA meM bhI isakA yathAsthAna samAveza huA hai| isa zailI kI racanAoM kI bhASA-rIti lembakoM ke icchAnusAra vibhinna prakAra kI hai / udAharaNArtha, zyAmasundaradAsa kI bhASA zuddha saMskRta-pradhAna aura caturanena zAstrI kI saMskRta-padAvalI yatra-tatra urdU zabdoM meM gumphita hai / saMlApAtmaka zainI kA lekhaka rAThaka ne eka ghaniSTha sambandha sA sthApita kara letA hai / vaha apane vaktavya ko isa gharelU DhaMga se upasthita karatA hai ki mAnoM pAThaka se samAlApa kara rahA ho / maka aura saMtApAtmaka zailiyoM kA mukhya antara yaha hai ki pahalI me khoja kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura dUsarI meM mAdhurya kI / dvivedI yuga meM saMlApAtmaka zailI kA middha lekhaka koI nahIM huA / nATakoM yA malApa rantanAoM' kI bhASA zailI ko melApAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki vahA~ lekhaka kI pravRtti aura vyaktitva kI koI vyaMjanA nahI hotI / vaha to lekhaka- sannivezita pAtroM ke kathopakathana kI anivArya praNAlI hai | kahAniyo aura upanyAsoM ke pAtroM ke kathopakathana meM lekhakoM kI saMpatmaka pravRtti avazya dikhAI detI hai | lAlA pArzvatInandana ke duma hamAre kauna ho, 3 zrImato baMga mahilA ke 'candradeva se $ kRSNadAsa kA 'malApa' Adi / 2 sarasvatI 1304 I0 pRSTa 118

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merI bAteM" zrAdi nibadhoM meM bhI salApA maka zailI kA sundara rUpa vyakta huA hai isa zailI ke lekhoM meM hindI, urdU yA hindustAnI kA svacchandra prayoga huaA hai| gaya kRSNadAsa viyogI hari Adi ke aneka gadyagIta bhI isa zailI se viziSTa hai / / Thosa jJAna kI abhivyaMjana kI dRSTi ne vivecanAtmaka zailI kA sAhitya me viziSTa sthAna hai| isa zailI kA lekhaka apane nizcita vicAroM ko nizcita zabdAvalI ke dvArA sAragarmita DhaMga se vyakta karatA hai| anya zailiyoM se isa zailI kI mukhya viziSTatA yaha hai ki isameM vizeSa vivecana kI sUkSmatA aura vicAroM kI gaharAI apekSAkRta adhika hotI hai| anya zailiyoM meM saMvedanAtmakatA kA bhI bahuta kucha puTa rahatA hai kintu vivecanAtmaka zailI hRdaya saMvAdI na hokara mastiSka pradhAna hI hai / zyAmasundaradAsa, padumalAla ghunnAlAla bakhzI gorIzaMkara hIrA canda aojhA, candradhara zarmA gulerI Adi ke cintanAtmaka legyo meM isa zailI kA acchA vikAsa huA hai / rAmacandra zukla ke cintanAtmaka nibandha unheM nirvivAda rUpa se zailI kA mahattama dvivedI-yugIna lekhaka siddha karate haiM / dvivedI-yuga ke vivecanAtmaka zelI ke lekhako kI bhApA prAyaH saMskRta-pradhAna hI hai / apanI vicAra-vyaMjanA ko asamartha samajhakara padumalAla punnAlAla barabzI, rAmacandra zakla aAdi ne kahIM kahIM koSTaka aura kahIM kahIM vAkyakrama meM hI a~grejI ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhAvAtmaka zailI kI vizeSatA kAvyamayI bhAvavyaMjanA hai| isa zailI ke lekhako ne bhAvA kI komalatA ke kAraNa tarkasaMgata zabdAvalI ke sthAna para hRdayahArI komala kAnta padAvalI ke sanniveza para hI vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai| isake do pradhAna rUpa parilakSita hote haiM / pahalA rUpa 'kAdambarI' Adi saMskRta gadyakAvyo se prabhAvita caMDIpramAda hRdayeza, govinda nArAyaNa mizna Adi kI AlaMkArika zailI hai jisameM upamA, rUpaka, anuprAsa aAdi alaMkAro kI yojanA dvArA camatkAra-pradarzana kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai |is kA utkRSTatama rUpa hRdayeza jI kI racanAo meM hI hai / kucha lekhako ne kahIM kahIM barabasa aura atizaya alaMkAra-yojanA ke dvArA bhASA aura bhAva ke saundarya kA nAza kara diyA hai, yathA jagannAtha prasAda caturvedI ne 'anuprAma kA anvepaNa 3 lekha me| isa zailI kA dUsarA rUpa pUrNasiha, rAyakRSNadAsa, viyogIhari, caturasena zAstrI Adi kI niralaMkAra yA yatra tatra anAyAsa hI alaMkRta, prasAda, mAdhuryamayI mArmika bhAva vyaMjanA meM milatA hai / 'majadUrI aura prema', 'sAdhanA', 'antarnAda', 'antastala' Adi racanAe~ isa zailI kI dRSTi meM vizeSa udAharaNIya hai| 1. 'sarasvatI' 1604 I0, pRSTha 540 / 2. udAharaNArtha 'vizva-sAhitya', aura 'jAyasI-granthAvalI' kI bhUmikA / 3 chaTe hindI kA - bhAga 2 pR0 16

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AlocanA bhAratandu-guga ne kAtra, nATakakAra, kathAkAra , nivandhakAra zrAdi ka pada ma jIvana kA marvatomugbI AlocanA kI aura kArathitapratibhA hI una samIkSAoM kA kAraNa rhii| kintu uma yuga kA koI bhI sAhityakAra bhAvayitapratibhA ke zrAvAra para sAhinya kA gaNyamAnya mamAlocaka nahIM huzA / mamIkSA-siddhAta ke kSetra meM bhAratendu ne 'nATaka' nAma kI pustikA to likhI bhI parantu racanAo kI aAlocanA me kucha bhI nahIM prastuta kiyaa| 1867 I. kI nAgarI pracAriMgI patrikA [ pRSTa 15 me 47 ] meM gaMgAprasAda agnihotrI kA 'samAlocanA' nivandha prakAzita huzrA / usame samAlocanA ke guNo-mUla grantha kA jJAna, matyaprIti, zAnta svabhAva aura sahRdayatA--kA paricayAtmaka zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA, aAlocanA ke tatvoM kA Thoma aura sUkSma vivecana nahIM / unI patrikA pRSTha 88 se 116 ] me jagannAthadAsa ratnAkara ne 'mamAlocanAdarza likhA / vaha lekhaka ke svataMtra cintana kA phala na hokara a~grejI mAhityakAra popa ke 'ese ani kRTisijma' kA anuvAda thaa| usI patrikA ke antima 53 pRSTho meM ambikAdatta vyAsa kA gadyakAvya-mImAsA' legya chapA ? uma legna meM aAlocaka ne aAdhunika gadyakAvya kI maulika samIkSA na karake saMskRta prAcAryo', vizeSa kara sAhityadarpaNakAra vizvanAtha, ke anusAra saMskRta kI kathA aura zrAkhyAyikA kA sAgopAga varNana kiyA hai / 1601 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM dvivedI jI ne 'nAyikAbheda' pRSTha 165 ] aura kavikartavya' [ pRSTha 232 ] lekha likhe / ina lekhoM meM unhoMne kaviyoM ko yuga-parivartana karane kI cetAvanI dI / nAyikAbheda-viSayaka pustakAM ke lekhana aura pracAra ko rokane ke lie unhoMne prAcArya ke bhAhityakAra svara meM kahA ina pustako ke binA mAhilya ko koI hAni na pahuMcegI, ulTA lAbha hogaa| inake na hone hI meM samAja kA kalyANA hai / inake na hone hI se nazvayaska yuvAjano kA kalyANa hai / inake na hone hI me inake banAne aura becanevAlo kA kalyANa hai / 10 / unhoMne saMhArAtmaka middhAnto kA kavanna upadeza hI nahIM diyA, kaviyoM ke samakSa nizcita racanAtmaka kAryakrama bhI upasthina kiyA--- "aAjakala hindI mekAnti kI avasthA meM hai| hindI kavi kA kartavya yaha hai ki vaha logoM kI maci kA vicAra rakha kara apanI kavitA aisI sahaja aura manohara race ki paTe likhe logA meM bhI puganI kavitA ke mAtha mAra naI kavitA pAne kA

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[ 58 ] usI varSa kI sarasvatI | pRSTa 32 ma saTha haipAla la poddara kA vi aura caya lekha chapA jisame unhoMne saMskRta zrAcAryo ke matAnumAra kadhi aura kAvya kI rUparekhA kA citra khIcA / jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai 16.3 I se dvivedI-yuga zrArambha huzrA usameM sabhI viSayoM para saiddhAntika aAlocanAe~ limvI gii| bhAratendu-yuga ne apane ko chanda, alaMkAra Adi ke bandhana se mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA parantu vaha adhUrA hI rahA / una rItikAlIna bandhanoM kA prabhAva dvivedI-yuga ke pUrvAddha me bho banA rahA / parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM aura dvivedI jI kI zrAdarza bhAvanAoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa dvivedI-yuga ke uttarArddha meM unakA prabhAva naSTa hogayA / saMskRta-AcAryoM ke anukaraNa para pigala, rama, alaMkAra aura nAyaka-nAyikA bheda para sAmayika patroM meM prakAzita lekho ke atirikta aneka granthoM ko racanA huii| haradevaprasAda ne vimala vA chandapayonidhi bhASA' (maM0 1983), kanhaiyAlAla mizra ne 'pigalasAra ( dvitIya saM0 1611 I0), jagannAthaprasAda bhAnu ne 'kAvyaprabhAkara' (saM0 1666), aura 'chandaH sArAvatI' (1917 I0), baladevaprasAda nigama ne 'zyAmAlaMkAra' (1967', bAbUrAma zamA ne kAvya pradIpikA' ( maM0 1667), mAgIlAla gupta ne 'bhASA pigala' ( sa0 1967 ) rAmanareza tripAThI ne padya prabodha' ( 1613 I0) aura hindI padya racanA' ( 1674 vi0) binAyakarAva ne 'kAvya-kusumAkara',' puttanalAla vidyArthI ne 'sarala piMgala' aura viyogI hari ne 'vRttacandrikA' (1676 vi0) nAmaka pustake ligtrii| ina pustako meM chandaHzAstra ke niyamoM kA saMkSipta nirUpaNa kiyA gyaa| rama aura alaMkAra ke kSetra meM 'rasa bATikA',2 'mamAsa-bivaraNa', 'kAvyapraveza', 'alaMkAra-prabodha', 'alaMkAra praznottarI', 'hindIkAvyAlaMkAra', 'prathamAlaMkAra-nirUpaNa', 'navarasa', 'adita sAhitya darpaNa',1deg 'sAhitya 1. prathama bhAga, saM0 1173 aura dvi0 bhAga 1616 I. ! 2, gaMgAprasAda agnihotrI, saM0 1960 / 3. adhyApaka rAmaratna / 4. adhyApaka rAmaragna, saM0 1676 / 5. adhyApaka rAmaratna saM0 1674 / 6. jagannAtha prasAda sAhityAcArya, 1118 ii0| 7. jagannAtha prasAda sAhityAcArya, 1918 ii.|. 8. candrazeSara zAstrI, 1676 vi0 / sa0 1370 1. za zAstrI sa. 1178

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paricaya , aAra bhApAbhUpayA ,2 nAmaka pustaka prakAzita huI / dvivadI jI ke kaThora anuzAsana ke kAraNa nAyaka-nAyikA bheda aura nakha zikha-varNana para adhika grantha-racanA nahI huii| prArambha meM vidyAdhara tripAThI ne 'navoDAdarza' ( 1604 I0) aura mAdhavadAma sonI ne 'nastra zistra' ( ma0 1662 ) likhe| Age calakara kevala jagannAthaprasAda bhAnu kI 'rasaratnAkara' 1606 I0 aura nAyikA bheda-zakAvalI' ( 1925 I.) ko choDakara isa viSaya para koI anya ullekhanIya racanA nahIM huI ! dvivedI-yuga meM linvita adhikAza sAhitya zAstra-mamIkSAe~ Thosa aura gambhIra nahIM hai / rAmacandra zakla, gulAbarAya, zyAmasundaradAsa, padumalAla munnAlAla bakhzI Adi kucha hI lekhako ne sAhitya middhAnto kA yUkSma aura vizad vivecana kiyaa| sudhAkara dvivedI ne apane 'hindI sAhitya' laigva meM saMskRta kI mahAyanA se sAhitya kI vyAkhyA kI aura mAditya ko sAgopAMga kAvya batalAyA / mAhitya ke vividha pakSo kA vistRta vivecana na karake unhAne usake rUpa kA eka sthUla lakSaNa mAtra batAyA--- "kAvya ke nATaka, alaMkAra jitane aMga haiM mavoM ke sahita hone se sAhitya kahA jAtA hai / "3 apane umI lekha meM unhoMne rAjazekhara, mammaTa Adi saMskRta-prAcAryoM kA uddhaggA dete hue kAvya kI thothI paribhASA kI- "jo deza kI bhASA ho umI me kucha vizeSa artha dikhalAne ko jisase usa deza ke sunane vAloM ko eka rama mila jAne se zvazI ho, kAvya kahate haiM / " kAvya ko kimI deza-bhASA aura umI deza ke munane vAlo taka sImita kara dene meM avyApti hai| 'rasa', 'khuzI' Adi zabdo kA DhIle DhAle artha meM prayoga karane se vAkya kI gambhIratA naSTa ho gaI hai aura vaha abhISTa arthavyaMjanA karane meM asamartha ho gayA hai / govindanArAyaNa mizra ne dvitIya sAhitya-sammelana ke avasara para apane sabhApati ke bhASaNa me lacchedAra aura zrAlaMkArika bhASA meM sAhitya kA kAvyamaya citra gvIcA / unhoMne usakI koI cintanAjanaka paribhASA nahIM kii| gopAlarAma - - 1. rAmazaMkara tripAThI paM0 1985 / 2 brajaratnadrAma / 3. prathama hindI-sAhinya-sammelana kA kArya-vivaraNa, bhAga 2, pR. 34 / 4. paga uddharaNa nimnAkita hai:___koI kahate hai ki mAhitya svarga kI sudhA hai, yaha kimI vyakti vizeSa kI sampatti nahIM, racayitA kI bhI nija kI vastu nahIM, yaha devatAoM kI amRtamcI rasIlI vANI hai| koI kahate haiM strI puruSo kI vicAra-zakti ko puSTa kara jAna aura viveka buddhi kA gaTha joDA Adha, sArvajanika kartavya buddhi aura maba sadguNo sahita zItta sampanna banAne ke sAtha hI manuSyoM ke mana ko sarvotkRSTa gArva alaMkAroM se alaMkRta kara apUrva rasAsvAdana kA aAnanda upabhoga karAne ke dvitIya magadhA kA nAma bhI mAgila hai maiM mI rana vidvAnoM ke svara meM apanA -- - - - -

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gahamarI ne apane nATaka aura upa yAsa' lakha ma culabulA bha pA ma nAraka ma pa nAsa kI bhinnatA ko lekara kucha sthUla bAna batalAda upa yAsa ka tatvo kI sUkSma vivacanA nahA kii| badarI nArAyaNa caudharI ne rUpaka kA lakSaNa batalAyA-rUpa ke Aropa ko rUpaka kahate hai jo sAmAnyataH cAra prakAra se anukaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / '' jagannAthadAsa vizArada ne nATaka kI paribhASA karate hue likhA-'nATaka umako kahate haiM jisameM nATya ho, 'avasthAnukRti nATyam' avasthA kA anukaraNa karane kA nAma nATya hai / "2 zyAmasundaradAma ne bhI yahI truTi kI hai-"kisI bhI avasthA ke anukaraNa ko nATya kahate hai / "3 dana samIkSako ne dhananjaya aura dhanika ke kathana kA akSarazaH anuvAda mAtra kara diyA hai| unheM cAhie thA ki 'avasthA' aura 'anukRti' zabdoM kI vizad vyAkhyA karake unake artha ko spaSTa krte| daza rUpaka meM prayukta 'avasthA' kA artha tudhAvasthA, nuSTAvarathA bAlyAvasthA, vRddhAvasthA, sampannAvasthA, vipannAvasthA Adi na hokara dhIra, udAtta aAdi nAyako ke sthAyI bhAva kI avasthA hai| isakA kAraNa saMskRta nATakakAra kI dRSTi kI viziSTatA hai / usakA mAnava jIvana ke dharma Adi padArtho me meM kisI eka ko pAne kA prayAsa karatA hai aura saMgharSoM ke pazcAt ume pratinAyaka ke virodha para vijaya tathA abhISTa lakSya kI prApti hotI hai| nATyakalA ke prabhAva me saMskRta-nATaka kA pAThaka yA -- svara milAkara yahI kahatA hU~ ki sarad pUno ke samudita pUranacanda kI chiTakI junhAI saphala mana bhAI ke bhI muMha masi mala, pajanIya alaukika pada nakha candrikA kI camaka ke Age tebahIna malIna zrI kalaMkita kara darasAtI, lajAtI, sarasa sudhA dhavalI, alaukika suprabhA phailAtI, azeSa moha jar3atA pragADha tamasoma saTakAtI, mukAtI nija bhakta jana mana vAchita parAbhaya mukti mukti sucAru cAro hAthoM se mukti luTAtI, sakala kalApAlApa kalakalita sulalita surIlI bhIDa gamaka jhanakAra sutAra tAra mura grAma abhirAma lasita bIna pravIna pustakAkalita makhamala se samadhika mukomala atisundara muvimala tAla pravAla se lAla kara pallava vallava suhAtI, vividha vidyA vijJAna subha saurabha saramAte vikase phUle sumanaprakAza hAsa vAsa base anAyAsa sugavita sita vamana lasana sohA suprabhA vikamAtI, mAnasa bihArI muktAhArI nIra kSIra vicAra sucatura kavi kovida rAja rAjahaMsa hiya mihAsana nivAsinI mandahAsinI triloka prakAsinI sarasvatI mAtA ke ati dulAre prANoM se pyAre putrI kI anupama anokhI atula bala bAlI parama prabhAvazAlI sujana manamohanI nava rama bharI sarasa sukhada vicina vacana racanA kA nAma hI sAhitya hai / dvitIya hindI-sAhitya sammelana kA kArya-vivaraNa, bhAga 1, pR0 26, 30 / 1. dvitIya hindI-sAhitya-sammelana kA kArya-vivaraNa, bhAga 1 pRSTa 45 / 2. dvitIya hindI-sAhitya-sammelana kA kArya-vivaraNa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 238 / -- 3 rUpaka rAspa pR010

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/ 42 ] prema nArAyaNa TaMDana 87, badarInAtha gItA-vAcaspati 50 badarInAtha maTTa 212, 216, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 266, 278, 386, 313, 314, 348, 354, badarInArAyaNa caudharI premaghana 2, 14, 17, 21, 25, 265, 340, banArasI dAma catu do 53, 45, baldeva prasAda mizra 15, 146, 306 baldeva pramAda nigama 338, bANabhaTTa 427, 284, bAbUrAva viSNu parADakara 168, 143, 214, 233, 351, 365, bAlakRSNa bhaTTa 17, 16, 21, 22, 25, 32, 278, 308, 318, bAlakRSNa zarmA navIna 42, 267, 281, bAlakRSNa zamA 278, bAlamukunda gupta 2, 4, 6, 10 11 16, 46, 66, 67, 211, 265, 328, 333, 334, 347, 363, bilhaNa 23, bihArI lAla 350, bI. ena. zarmA 46.68, 66, benI prasAda zuklaH 168, vecana zarmA ugra 306, 314. 318, 322, veTaba 180, bebhar3aka 180, bajaratna dAsa 336, brajavAsI dAsa 62, bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya 162, bhagavatI prasAda vAjapeyI 282, bhagavAna dAsa melA 162, bhagavAna dAsa hAlanA 67, paM0 bhagavAna dIna 67, 66, 258, 278, 280. 287, 321, 323, 343, 350, 363, bhaTTa nAyaka 126, bhaTTa nArAyaNa 81, 207, bhaTTa lollaTa 126, bharata 120, bhata hari 78, 140, bhavabhUti 83, 62, 146, 312, bhavAnI dayAla manyAsI 272, 277, bhavAnI prasAda 44, bhAmaha 63, 120, bhAratendu 2, 5, 7, 8, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 16, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31, 30, 33. 178,11 2, 151, 160, 173, 185, 187. 162, 264, 265, 277, 311, 341, bhAravi 1, 64, bhImanena zarmA 7, 32, 277, bhujaMga bhUpaNa bhaTAcArya 167, bhUpa nArAyaNa dIkSita 365, bholA datta pADeya 168, 268, madanamohana mAlabAya 30, 74, 77, 273, madirAdevI 306, madhumaMgala mizra 223, 236, 240, 241, 244. 263, 323 manu 262, manohara lAla zrIvAstava 315, manana dvivedI 266. 354. mammaTa 65, 117, 125, malika muhammada jAyanI 345, mallinAtha 121, madandulAla garga 268, mahAdeva prasAda 307, mahAdevI varmA 112, 267. mahimabhaTTa 125, mareza candra prasAda 354. maheza candra maulavI 361 mAgIlAla gupta 338, mAkhana lAla caturvedI 267, 278, 263, 301, 302, 305, 306 308, 306, mAgha 82, 132, mAdhavaprasAda mizra 15, 278, mAdhaya dAma 11, 336, mizrabandhu 26, 133, 142, 212, 213, 214, 237, 218, 220 223, 226, 227, 226, 234, 235, 235, 242, 244, 250, 269, 308, 330, 334. 345,356, 351, 363, mukuTadhara pADeya 266, 288 mukuTadhara zarmA 268- mukandIlAla zrIvAstava 278 mugdhAnalAcArya 146. mUlacanda 273, maiksamUlara 3 maithilIzaraNa gupta 15 46 12, 76, 6, 12, 104,

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128 152 160, 158 116 112 2 8, 245 066 267, 268 2068 28. 28, 286, 287, 288, 286, 262, 262, 234, 215, 210, 268, 300, 301. 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 310, 348, 364, 361, yajJadatta zukla bI0 e0 85, yazodA nandana akhaurI 268, 278, 323. 330, 331, 334, raghuvIra siha 208, ratana miha 260, ravidatta zukla 26, ravivarmA 58, 177, 264, ravIndra nAtha 48. 142, 312, rahIma 345, rAjazeravara 103, 361, rAdhAkRSNa dAsa 2, 10, 11, 14, 17, 16, 26, 151, 164, 180, 277, 345. rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI 10. 11, 14, 15, 17, 16, 26 gadhikAramaNa siha 282, 327, 324, rAdhezyAma kathAvAcaka, 312, rAmakumAra khemakA 168, rAmakRSNa varmA 18, 30, 317, rAmacandra tripAThI 15, rAmacandra varmA 16, 320, rAmacandra zukla 13, 67, 112, 118, 124, 127, 137, 142, 168, 214, 220, 223, 226, 228, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 236, 241, 243, 253, 266, 268, 277, 278, 281, 304, 307, 310, 323, 328, 326, 330, 331, 333, 334, 336, 336, 341, 342, 344, 345, 356, 358, 362, 363, 364, 365, rAmacarita upAdhyAya 216, 220, 266, 281, 286, 300, 316, rAmadatta 255, rAmadAma gor3a 306, rAmadAma jI vezya 320, rAmadIna siha 30, rAmadhArI siMha dinakara 263, rAmanareza tripAThI 268, 278, 280, 288, 265, 300, 305 338, 354, rAmanAtha sumana 307, rAmanArAyaNa mizra 26, 72, 308, 338, rAmaprasAda dIkSita 76, rAmamanohara dAsa 312, rAmamohana rAya 8, rAmarava siMha mahagala 44, rAmaranna 'adhyApaka' 338, rAmalAla 321, gamavilAza zarmA DA0 10, 14, rAmazaMkara tripAThI 336, rAmasiha 301, rAmAnanda 46. rAmAvatAra pADeya 334 rAmezvara prasAda varmA 177, rAhula sAkRtyAyana 162, rAyakRSNa dAsa 50, 52, 55. 63. 105, 128, 167, 266, 266, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 301, 334, 335. 336, rudradattajI 68.63. rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya 167, 268 278, 300, 301. 302 304, 306, 312, lakSmaNa nArAyaNa gardai 365, lakSmaNa siha 31, 81, 155, 264, lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI 46, 52, 76, 168, 170, 176, 226, 232, 237. 242, 243, 262, 268, 326, 330, 334, 361, 365, lakSmInArAyaNa mizra 162, lakSmI pramAda 14, lakSmI zaMkara mizra 30, lAla kavi 354, lokamAnya tilaka 3. locana pramAda pANDeya 168, 268. 308, 314, lAjjA rAma mehatA 317, 321, lalita kumAra banyopAdhyAya 350, lallI prasAda pADeya 268, lallU lAla 18, 31, 264, baMgamahilA / devika zrImatI ) bAmana 120 zaMkara 275, zAradAtanaya 115 zAlagrAma zAstrA 26 ( gAntipriya divadA 2 85 zivakumAra mi 50 zivapUjana sahAya

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s.5, 278. zimahAya caturvedI 316, ziva siMha maMgara 26 zyAmasandA dAma 26, 13, 46, 64, 66 66, 70 76, 72, 73, 151. 156, 16. 162, 180 208 253 266, 206. 277, 326, 333 335, 336, 336, 340, 342, 344. 34.7, 348. 351, 364, zradvArAma phullaurI 7, zrIkaNTha pAThaka ema0 e0 131, 168, 21: zrIkRSNa lAla 320, zrIkRSNa hasarata 312, zrIdhara pAThaka 2 4. 11, 12, 13, 14, 66 108. 115, 128, 265, 28, 287, 300, zrInAtha miha 76, 266, zrInivAma dAma 10, 11, 17, 21, 32. 347, zrImatI baMga mahilA 160 216, 217, 200.35 228 268, 323, 335, zrIzaMkuka 126, zrIhae 83, 155, manyadeva 168, 160, 213. 214 216. 217, 28, 216. 221. 222. 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228. 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235 336. 238 236 2:0. 241, 242, 2 43. 248, 263. 268, 330, 334, 335, 365, satyanArAyaNa kaviranna 58, 146, 268, 312, satyazaraNa ratUr3I 166, 160 287. madalamizra 8. 35, sadAsukhalAla 30. sanehI 266. santanihAla miha 168, 238, mantarAma bI0 e0 278, mavala miha cauhAna 287 mampUrNAnanda 278. 301. saoNDa 180 'mitAra hinda' 10. siyArAmazaraNa gupta 280, 86, 26 7. mI0 bAi. cintAmaNi 77, mudarzana 306 mudhAkara dvivedI 26. mandAlAla 168, 273, 274, subhadrAkumArI cauhAna 1. 267, 281. 26 3. 301, 306, mumitrAnandana panta 115, 162, 263. 280.286. 288, 302, 305. 306, 308 bhubandhu 192. 136, mUdana 345, sUna 162. sUryakAMta tripAThI nigalA 267, 278, 1. 308, sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita 43, 54 51. 21: 267, 225, 2.33, 235, 236. 237, 240. 243, 250. 263, 268, 323, meTha kanhaiyA lAla poddAra 338, meTha govinda dAma 162, sevaka zyAma 307. saiyada amIra alI mIra 77, svAmIrAmatIrtha 173. haradeva prasAda 338, hariaudha 12, 287. 288, 261 262, 268, 333. harikRSNA prabhI 166. haripramAda divedI 182, haribhAU upAdhyAya 52. 60. harizcandra 56 / racanAe~ aura sasthAe~ - aMzumatI 166, aMgareja rAja sukha mAja saje ati bhArI 16, aMgarejI phaizana meM zarAba kI zrAdata 6, a~dherI duniyA 32, akabara ke rAjanyakAla me hindI 132, 354, akalamanda 18. agravAla 274, agravAlopakAraka 25, agrasara 275, acalAyatana 312. ajJAtazatru 10. 313. ajanA 3.9 aMDamana dvIpa ke nivAsI 18 atIta-smRti 84 86 15. atyAcAra kA pariNAma 608 zrada mata / adAlA 'lapi / prabhata

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aAlApa 84 86 151 adbhuta irajAla 151 adhivAsa 286 263 anAtha 267, anitya jaga 302, anuprAsa kA anveSaNa 336, 350, anubhUta yogamAlA 276, anumodana kA anta 52, 53, 70, 72, 152, antarnAda 282, antastala 22,336, anvera navArI 2,16 anyoktidazaka 287, anveSaNa 265, apara prAimarI rIDara 86, 87, abalAhitakAraka 277, abhinavabhAratI 132, abhinandanAka 52, abhimanyuvadha 306, abhyudaya 273, 274, abhyudaya presa 44. amara koza 35, amaravallarI 324, amara siMha rAThaura 17, amalAvRttAnta-mAlA 16, amRtalaharI 76, 86, 87, 162, 252, amerikana mizana 6, amerikA kI striyA 214, 218, 221, 223, 226, 233, 236, 243, 244, 263, amerikA ke agvabAra 161, amerikA ke kheto para mere kucha dina 221, 227, 226, 236, 243,244, amerikA-bhramaNa 216, 216, 222, 223, 224,225, 226, 227, 228,230,232, 234 236, 238, 236, 240. 231, 241, amerikA meM vidyArthI jIvana 214, 218, 228, 230, 232, 238, 236, ayovyAdhipasya prazasti: 54, 60, arabI kavitA aura arabIkavitA kA kAlidAsa 361, arjuna 275, 264, artha kA anartha 136, alaMkAra prabodha 338,alaMkAra-praznottarI 338, alabarUnI 167, alamoDA agbabAra 274, avatAra-mImAmA 7, avadha ke kimAnI kI barabAdI 84, 87, 88, 266, avadhavAsI 273, azrudhArA 282, oNsU 267, 281, 282, 264, 304, 305, 306, 307, aAkAzadIpa 321, 305, 327, AkhyAyikAsa sanaka 83, 86, 87, AcaraNa kI sabhyatA 326,331, zrAcArya 274, zrAja 30, 180, 273, 275, 277, aAtithya 177, Atmanivedana 85, 87, 88, nAtmavidyA 275, 277, zrAnmA 146, 153, zrAtmA ke amaratva kA vaijJAnika pramANa 146, aAtmArAma 326, 327, AtmArAma kI TeTe 347, 348, prAnmotsarga 216, 216, 225, 227, 231, 233, 234, Adarza 277, 281, prAdarza dampati 317, zrAdarza varSa 278, Adarza bahU 317, 316, aAdhunika kavi 115, 286, 302, 303, aAdhunika kavitA 120, 121, 142. aAdhunika hindI kahAniyA~ 324, Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA vikAsa 320, AdhyAtmikI 84, 86, 87, 153, aAnanda 273, 274, zrAnandakAdambinI 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, 143, 158, 171, 187, 186, aApa 15, zrAbhIra samAcAra 276, nArogya jIvana 274, Arya 276, 277, aAryajagata 275, AryadarpaNa 24, 25, AryamApApAThAvalI 45, AryabhUmi 113, AryamahilA 277, Arya mitra. 68, 66, 76, Arya zabda kI vyutpatti 68, AryasamAja 6, Arya-siddhAnta 25, AryAvarta 275 zrAryo kI jamabhUmi 14- 155 zrAsocanAbali 85 86 87, 122 126 138 pAldAkhaDa 320 a " aAzA 16, 15 Azcaryajanaka ghaTI

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45 karnamyAcadagI 11 kapU rama bharA 16 kavala 1 kamayAgI 273, 274, karmavIra 214, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya 272, kalakattA samAcAra 273, kalaMka 360, kannavAra kesarI 276, kalavAra mitra 274, kalavAra kSatriya mitra 276, kalAsarvaja sampAdaka 130, 176, kaliyugasatI 306. kalAkuzala 277, kalikAla-darpaNa 13, kalikautuka 10, 17. katiprabhAva nATaka 10, kalirAja kA mamA 6, 15, 18, kaligaja kI kathA 11, kalivijaya nATaka 308, kalodhana-mitra 276, kalyANI 321, kalyANa pariNaya 314 kavi 282, kavi aura kavitA 63, 120, 145. 147, 153, kavi aura kAvya 338, kavikaMThAbharaNa :, kavikartavya 144, 153, 155, 220, 221, 22.2. 276, 337, RSi kI strI 324, kavi kula kaMja divAkara 25, kavikula kaumudI sabhA 26, kavi kaumudI 276, RvitA 63, 120, 121, 145, 153,kavitA-kalApa 86, 76, 7, 114, 285, 262, 264, 06, kavitA ke acche namUne 138, kavitA kyA hai 214, 223, 226, 228, 233, 234. 235, 236, 238, 2.36, 241. 243, 330, 331, 333, 342, 363, kavitAvardvinI-mabhA 26, kavitAvalI 248, kavitva 326, kavi banane ke sApekSa mAdhana 63, 120, 121, 147, RtriyoM kI UrmilA-viSayaka udAsInatA 120, 126, 142, 145, 161, kavivacana sudhA 12, 23, 25, 264, kavivara lachIrAma 1.46, kavisamAja 26, kavihRdayasudhAkara 63, kavIndra bATikA 277, kasyacitkAnyakunjasya 168, kahA~ jAte ho 281, kAgresa kI jaya 4, kAgrema ke kartA 147, kAkakUjitama 67, 107, 114, 115, kAdambarI 16, 150, 284, 336, kAdambinI 27, kAnanakusuma 316, kAnapura gaz2ada 275, kAnI meM kaeNganA 324, 327, kAnkaransa 276, kAnyakubja 276, 278, kAnyakuJjaabalA-vilApa 6, 111, kAnyakubja-prakAza 25. kAnyakubjalIvratam 78, kAnyakujalIlAmRtam 65, 111, kAnyakubja hitakArI 274, kAmanA 310, kAmanAtaru 327, kArla mArma 26, kAlidAsa 53, 82. 86, 88, 66, kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA 84, 88, 120, 122, 123, 136, 140, 153, 361, kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti 355, 356, kAlidAsa aura zeksapiyara 355, 356, 361, kAlidAma kA samaya-nirUpaNa 154, kAlidAma kA yitikAla 154, 158, kAlidAma kI kavitA meM citra banAne yogya sthala 124, 140, 153. kAlidama kI divAI huI prAcIna bhArata kI eka jhalaka 136, kAlidAsa kI nirakuzatA 5., 84, 86, 86, 130, 131, 133, 137, 138, 152, 347, kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA para vidvAmI kI mammatiyA 125 kAlidAsa kI vaivAhikI kavitA 124 10, kAlidAsa ke meghadata kA gahasya 132 15 46 5- 355 kAlidAsa ke prathA kI

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361 kAliTa ma samaya kA bhArata 153 352 kAlindI 77 kAvyakalpadrama 118, kAvyakusumAkara 338, kAvyaprakAza 63, 64, 118, 125, kAvyapradIpikA 338, kAvyaprabhAkara 338, kAvyapraveza 338, kAvyamaMyA 76, 85,87, 18, kAvya meM upekSitAe~ 142, kAvya meM prAkRtika dRzya 330, 342, kAvyalatA samA 277. kAvyAdazaM 14, kAvyAloka 117, kAvyAmRtavarSiNI 25, kAvyAlaMkAra 338, kAvyopavana 287, 288, kAzI kA mAhinya-vRkSa 130, 176, kAzI patrikA 24, 135, 203, kAzI vizvavidyAlaya 53, 54, 60, 72, 272, kAzmIra kusuma 28, kAzmIramupamA 128, kiraNa 303, kirAtArjunIya 81, 86, 87,64, 132, 133, 136, 146, 163, 166, 167, 166, 25, 206, kimAna 2887,264, 217, kisAnopakAraka 277. kitsA totA mainA 18, kissA sADhe dAna yAra 18, kismA hAtimatAI 16, kIcaka kI nIcatA 280, kItiketu 56, kukura mtt| 263, kucha aAdhunika AviSkAra 148, kucha prAcIna bhASA kaviyoM kA varNana 345, kuntI aura karNa 280, kumArasambhava 78, 80, 86, 87. 66, 136, 163, 16, 168, 166, 202, 208, 251, 252. kumArasambhavamApA 83, 335, 283, kumArasambhavama ra 7, 85,87,94, 106, 208. kumudasundarI 105, 114, kumbha meM choTI bahU 188 kulaTA 16, kusubha kumAroM 16, 20, 320, kRrmi kSatriya-hitaiSI 247, kRtajJatA-jArana 43 kRtajanA prakAza 112, kRSaka-kandana 267, kRSikAraka 25, 27, kRSimubAra 214, 217. 223, 227,232, 277, RNayazodA 177, kRSNalIlA nATaka 306, kRSNArjunamuddha 306., 313, kRSNAnudAmA 306. keralakokila 183, 14, kailAza 245 kokila 115, 286, 260 koyala 181, 261, kovida-kIrtana 84, 86.87, 124, kauTilya kuThAra 56, 71, 84, 86, 154, 256, kaumItala bAra 310, krandana 16, krizciyana dharnAkyUlara liTarecara mosAiTI 6, krodha 330. jopASTaka 245, datriyapatrikA 24, 25, kSatriya mitra 244. kSatriya vIra 276, kSatriya samAcAra 274, kSamA prArthanA 4, kSamA prArthanA kA vitaMDAbAda 74, kSamAyAcanA 282. 285, kSIroda pramAda 312, gvaTa kIrA yuddha 303. svadIbolI kA kAvya svataMtratA 360, khaDI bolI kA padya 14, 177, GE, baDagavilAma presa 271, khAnajahA~ 312, khunI 326, 327, svetA kI burI dazA 146, ravISTa caritAmRta pustara 12. gaMgAbhISma 285, gagAvataraNa 318, gagA laharI 78, 85.87.66. 107, 18. 110, gagAstavana 63, 66 gadyakAvya-mImAmA 335, gadya-mImAmA 1, baDajhAlA 314, gaDha kuMDAra 318, gar3havAlI 275, garIba 275, garIba hindustAna 336, 392, gaTabhakAvya .8 1.5 128 gahAI vaizyanavaka 276. gAyakavADa ko prAdhyapustaka mAlA 125, gIta aura manana 1 gIta ga kiTa - 62E F .. ..+ rgata-saMgraha '2 gotA

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1 420 / kI pustaka 12, gupta niba dhAvalI 2, gurutvAkarSaNa zakti 33, gulabadana upa rajiyA beg2ama 321, gulebakAvalI 116, 120, gRhalakSmI 274, 236. 277, gRhastha 277, 321, gopiyoM kI bhagavadbhakti 150, gopI-gIta 287, gorakhapura ke kavi 354, gorakSA 16, govadha niSedha 17, gosakaTa nATaka 10, 17, gosvAmI tulasIdAsa kA jIvana carita 345, gaur3ahitakArI 274, gyAraha varSa kA samaya 238, 323, granthakAra-lakSaNa 67, 106, 111, 114, granthi 280, 286, 305, 306, 307, grAma-pAThazAlA 10, ghaMTA 317, ghRNAmayI 320, 322, ghRNA 330, dhUre ke lattA bIne, kanAtana ke Daula bA~dhai 15, catura sakhI 16, 20, canA cabenA 307, candahasInAkebatUta 320, candrakAntA 20, 312, 320, candrakAntA-satati 20, 316, candragupta 175, 310, 313, candragupta maurya 328, 330, candradeva se merI bAteM 188, 335, candraprabhA 277, candrazekhara 76, candrAloka 118, candrA. valI 16, candrahAsa 308, candrahAsa kA upAkhyAna 212, 217, 233, 235, 236, 237, 240, 323, candrikA 117, carinacaryA 85,86, 87, 151, cahAra-daza 18, carita-citraNa 85, 86, 88, 151, cA~da 44, 185, 186, 274, 277, 278, citrakAra 324, 327, citramaya jagata 274, 277, citramImAsA-khaMDana 143, citrazAlA presa 176, cIna meM teraha mAsa 2, cuMgI kI ummedavArI yA membarI kI dhUma 314, cubhate caupade 280, 263, cetAvanI 281, 283, 301, caitanya-candrikA 275, cAMcacAlIsA 307, caunve caupade 263, chattIsagar3ha-mitra 25, 173, 174, 182, 185, 276, chadmaviyoginI nATikA 306, chaMda-maMgraha 12, chandaH sArAvalI 338, chAtropakAriNI sabhA 2.71, choTI-choTI bAtA para nuktAcInI 66, choTI bahU 321, jakhmI hindU 306, jagata sacAI mAra 11, 13, jagadarabhaTTa kI stutikusumAjali 155. 156, 158, janakanandinI 306. 312. janakavADA darzana 308, janamejaya kA nAgayajJa 310, 313, janmabhUmi 111. 113, janmapatrI milAne kI azAstratA 6, janmabhUmi se sneha aura usake sudhArane kI AvazyakatA hai, jamA 16, jambukI-nyAya 68, 105, 114, 167, 181, jayadeva kI jIvanI 28, jayadratha-vadha 280, 287, 286, 262, 263, 306, 307, jayasiha kAvya 352, jayAjI pratApa 274, jarmanI kA kavi samrATa gothe 361, jala-cikitsA 86, 87, 255, jaoNgIr3A-samAcAra 274, jApAna kI striyA~ 148, jAyasI granthAvalI 266, 336, 353, jAsUsa, 274, 277, 278, jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola 84.86,87, jIvana bImA 212, 213, 217, 226, 227, 226, 237. 250, jIrNa janapada 13, juhI kI kalI 267, 286, 262, jainag2ajaTa 274 276 jaina-tatva prakAza 275 jaina mahilA zrAdarza 277 jaina mitra 274 275 jainazAsana 27. jaina siddhAnta 75 baita hitaiSI 274 jJAna 146 15 , bhAna

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& 1 421 jhA~sI zakti 277 jyoti 277 jyAtiSa veda ga 161 jyotipI kI grAmadAnI kI rAnI 281, bharanA 303, 205, 306, TAlsTAya 26, TiDDIdala 212, 207, 225, 235, 237, 250, 263 TesU kI TAMga 62, 105, 106, 114, 181, ToDA jAti 188, 227. 228, Thaga-vRttAnta-mAlA 26, ThaluvA klava 318 ThaharaunI 114, ThAkura gopAla zaraNa siMha kI kavitA 142, TheTha hindI kA ThAu 333, tadIya samAja 26, tana mana dhana zrI gosAI jI ke arpaNa 10 17, tapasvI 18 taptAsaMvaraNa 16 17, taraMgiNI 282 taruNa rAjasthAna 275 taruNI 286, taruNopadeza 73,82,88, tAI 321, 323, 326, tArA 317 320, tArA bAI 312, tijArata 276, tirahuta samAcAra 275, tilottamA 308. tIna devatA 323, tIna patohU 367, tuma aura mai 305, tuma vasanta sadaiva bane raho 287 tuma hamAre kauna ho 281, 335. tumhe kyA 2 15 tulasIdAsa kI zradbhuda upamAe~ 260, tulasI- smAraka sabhA 26, tRpyantAm 4, 11, 26, telI samAcAra 274 zrAhi nAtha cAhi 111, trimUrti 361, triveNI 16, 260, 282 362 363, 342, thiyosophikala sosAiTI 6, 7, dakSiNI dhruva kI yAtrA 148, dagAbAjI kA udyoga 11, daNDadeva vA grAtmanivedana 151. 262, damadAra dAve 286, damayantI kA candropAlambha 150, 153, -62, dayAnanda-pADitya-khaDana 7 dayAnanda - lIlA 308, darzana 282, dalita kusuma 46, dazakumAracarita 284 dazAvatAra kathA 317, dAUdamAlA 12. da na pratidAna 188 dAminI dUtikA 11 digambara jaina 274, 206, dineza dazaka 288, dinoM kA phera 324, dila dIvAnI 307, dopa-nirvANa 16 duHkhinI bAlA 10, dukhI bhArata 306, dulAIvAlI 322 durgAvatI 310. 313, durgeza- nandinI 16, durgAzaptazatI 35 dRzyadarzana 85,8788 150, dRSTAnta pradIpinI 20, deva aura bihArI 125, 346, 356, 357, devadAsI 324, devI 316 devanAgara-vatsara 278, devana garI pracAriNI sabhA 270, devayAnI 306, devAracaritra 26, devIstu zataka 78 8587, 66, 107, 108, 110, dezahitaipiyAM ke dhyAna dene yogya kucha bAteM 214, 218, 221, 228. 236. 243. 263. dezadUta 180 dezabandhu 276 dezahitaMpI 24 dezI kapaDA 4, dezopAlamma 113, dehAtI 277, dehAtI jIvana 275, do taraMge 280, draupadI 317, draupadI-vacana- bANAvalI 105, dvApara 62, dvijarAja 276, dvivedI- abhinandana grantha 52, 55, 56, 67, 66, 71, 72, 164 167. 266. 364, dvivedI - kAvyamAlA 76, 6365 66 67, 68,66, 100, 101, 102, 102, 105, 106, 108, 106 110 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 162, 167, dvivedI- mImAsA 42, 46, 46, 51, 56, 58, 87, dvivedI- smRti-aMka 52, dhanaJjayavijaya 16 dharmakusumAkara 231 dharmadivAkara 25 dharmapracAraka 20 20 dharmarakSaka deza 275, 7

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/ 422 / 276 dhamavIra 77 dhamasAra 2 dhamAdhama yuddha 306 212 dhamAlASa 7 dhArA E+ dhArAdharadhAvana 174, dhUrta rasika lAla 16, dhaugve kA TaTTI 320, babAlo 64, 17 118, 125, 28, dhvanyAlokalocana 117, 162, nakhazikha 336, nanda-vidA 306, nandotsava "17, namaskAra 296, naye bAyU 11, narendra mohinI 20, nava jIvana 24, 277, 282, navanIta 274, 277, navarasa 118. 138, 342, navoDA 177, navor3hAdarza 336, nazA 6., nazA-svaMDana cAlIsA 57, nahuSa 16. nAIbrAhmaNa 216 nAka meM dama 314, nAgarI 8 nAgarI aMkoM kI utpatti 330, nAgarI terI yaha dazA 65, 114, nAgarI kA vinayapatra, 14, nAgarI dAma kA jIvanacarita 21, 345, nAgarI-nATaka madanI 311, nAgarInArada 27, nAgarI pracAraka 275, 278, nAgarI-pracAriNI patrikA 21, 22, 28, 160, 186, 266. 276, 277, 278, 314, 326, 341, 344, 345, 348, 352, 354, 337,, nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI 21, 28, 30, 40, 43. 44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55. 60, 66, 67, 68, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 788 88, 88, 67, 104, 160. 163, 164, 165, 167, 16, 176, 180, 182, 166, 204, 205. 208, 212, 250, 251 268, 266, 270, 271, 277, 286, 260, 26, 262 330, 331, 332, 351 364 nATyazAstra 33, 83, 86.87 - 116, 147, 753, 146, 261, 306, 311, 328. 341. naoNrtha iMDiyA oNkz2iliyarI bAibila somAiTI 6, nArtha iMDiyA krizciyana TeksTa-enDa-buka momAiTI 6, nATaka 337, nATaka aura upanyAsa 340, nAyikA-bheda 120, 122 131, 147, 336, nAyikA-bheda-zaMkAvalI 336, nAsiketopAkhyAna 18, nirgamAgamacandrikA 276, 277, nirbhaya-advaita-siddham 11, niraMkurzanA-nidarzana 347, 306, nissAya hindU 16, 20, nidrA-rahasya 330, nikRSTa naukarI 16, nibandhinI 44, 62, nirIzvara vAda 146, nizItha-cintA 281, niSTura parivartana 286, 303, norakvatAra 286 nIligiri parvata ke nivAsI ToDA loga 216, 217, 263, nIla devI 16, nRtana brahmacArI 16, netronmIlana 308, nepAla 157. naiSadhacarita 63,86, 124 133 136, 140, 153 155, naiSadhacarita-carcA 34, 83, 86, 138, naiSadhacaritaca aura sudarzana 44, 125, 154, nyU alphreDa 311, nyAya aura dayA 213, 214, 213, 218, 23, 227, 226. 235, 243. 244: paDhe-linve bekAra kI nakala 18, patiprANA abalA 56, pativatA 312 padhika 280, 286 303. 5, padya-prabodha 335, padya meM hindI kI unnati 26, padmAvatI 17, paradA 282. parade kA prArambha 354. paramAtmA kI paribhASA 26: paramAra-bandhu 276, paricaya: 336. parimala 267 parivarvana 115 2-1, parIkSA gurU 317 paropakArI 68 7, 8 paryAtocaka 16,

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[ 423 ] pallava 267, 306, patrAvalI 280, pavanadUta 216, 220, pATaliputra 274, pAtAla deza ke havazI 234, pAkhaMDa-viDaMbana 16, pApa kA pariNAma 306, pAyaniyara 66, pAlIvAla brAhmaNodaya 274, pArvatI-pariNaya nATaka 361, pIyUpa-pravAha 25, 277, punarjanma kA pratyakSa pramANa 146, purAtatva prasaMga 85, 86, 88, purAnI samAlocanA kA eka namUnA 142, purAvRtta 85, 6, 85, pulima-vRttAnta-mAlA 16, pUnA 176, pUrNaprakAza aura candraprabhA 16, pUrva bhArata 308, pRthvIrAjarAso 266, pRthvIrAja-vijaya mahAkAvya 352, parisa 148, paMcaparamezvara 325, 327, paMcapukAra 1.67, 348, paMcapukAra kA upasaMhAra 263, paMcavaTI 280, 289, 265, 306, 303, 308, paMDita aura paMDitAnI 227, 228 pAcAla paMDitA 277, pigala bA chanda-payonidhibhApA 338, pigalasAra 338, prakRti-saundarya 281, pracaMDa gorakSA 17. prajA-sevaka 276 praNavIra 275, praNayinI-pariNaya 20, pratApa 4, 76, 274, 277, pratidhvani 327 pratibhA 146, 153, 158, 261, 262, 277, 278 prathamAlaMkAra-nirUpaNa 338, pradyumna-vijaya-vyAyoga 18, 308, prabhA 185, 274, 276, 277, 278 281, 283, 285, 301, 304, 305, 314, 325, 324, 326, 344, prabhAta-prabhA 287, prabhAta-milana 306, prabhAta varNanam 105, 107, 106, 115, pramIlA 16, 20, prayAgarAmagamana 17, prayAga-samAcAra 25, 66, pravINa pathika 20, malaya 281, pravAsI 176, 183, 184, 185,256, prasAda 305, prasAdajI ke do nATaka 126, prahalAda caritra 17, prAcIna RvitA 177. prAcIna kavitA kA arvAcIna avatAra 177, prAcIna kaviyoM ke kAvyo meM doSod bhAvanA 122, 126, 150, prAcIna cinha 85,86, 87, 150 . prAcIna takSaNa-klA ke namune 177, prAcIna paDita aura kavi 83, 86,88, 125. 147, 151, prAcIna bhArata kI eka jhalaka 155, prAcIna bhArata ke vizvavidyAlaya 226, 237, prAcIna bhArata meM jahAja 148, prAcIna bhArata meM rasAyana vidyA 148, prAcIna bhArata meM rAjyAbhiSeka 230, 233, 234, 236, prAyazcitta 314, prArthanA 114, prithapravAsa 107. 266, 280, 285, 286 288,286, 262,263,265,302,304,305, 306,307,priyambadA 277, prema 275,305, premajoginI 16, premadohAvalI 12, premapathika 267, 280, 288, 305, 306, prema-puSpAcalA 7, premalaharI 282, premavilAsa 277, premavilAsinI 24, premasAgara 18, 31, premAzrama 317, 318, 316, 321, 322, plega kI cuDaila 323, plega kI bhUtanI 11, plegarAjastava 181, phira 282, phira nirAzA kyoM 282, phUTa aura baira 6. phaujI akhabAra 274, bar3AbhAI 16, bar3I bahU 316, banArasa 150, banArama akhabAra 22, baranavAla candrikA 276, balidAna 327, balovarda 48,114, 128 bahujAtina aura bahumakkinna / vAirana 8 bAgovahAra 18 vANamA kI kAdarI

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mAnasapIyUSa 124, mAravADI 275, mAramAra kara hakIma 214, mAravADI brAhmaNa 24. mArizasa iMDiyana TAimsa 277, mArjAra mRSaka 2, 15, mAlatI 18, mAlatI-mAdhava 62, 312, mAlavamayUra 276, mitrasamAja 26, mitra-vilAma 24, 25, mithilA mihira 274, milana 305, milana muhUrta 327. mizrabandhu-vinoda 354, mizra bhrAtAo ke navaratna 26, mIrAbAI aura nandavidA 17, muktimArga 325, 327, mudgarAnanda caritAvalI 326, mudrArAkSasa 16, mUrtipUjA 7, macchakaTika aura usake racanAkAla kA hindU-samAja 352, mRtyuMjaya 287, meksamUlara 126, maMghadUta 81, 86, 87, 136, meghadUta bhASA 83, meghadUta me kAlidAsa kA Atmacarita 355, meghadUta-rahasya 132, 157, 167, meTana presa 47, merI kahAnI 72, merI rasIlI pustakeM 73, 74, mere pyAre hindustAna 107, maikaDAnela puSpAjali 26, moradhvaja 306, mohinI 276, mohanacandrikA 23, maurya vijaya 280, 306, myUnisipailiTI dhyAnam 15 yamapura kI yAtrA 15, yamaloka kI yAtrA 2, 18, yamunAstotra 76, yAda 286, yAdavendra 278, yugavANI 267, yugAnta 267, yugAntara 276, yugulAgulIya 16, yUropiyana dharmazIlAstriyoM ke caritra 28, yuropIya ke prati bhAratIya ke prazna 6, 16. yogapracAraka 276, yoginI 327, yodhAbAI 188, raMgIlA 275, raghuvaMza 26, 80,81, 82, 83, 87, 62, 132, 135, 136, 136, 146, 206, ragabhUmi 318, 316, 321, 322, raMgIna chAyAcitra 148, rajiyAbegama 317, rambhA 114, rasakalaza 62, 116, rasagaMgAdhara 64, rasajJaraMjana 63, 84 86, 88, 61, 63, 116, 121, 122, 126, 141, 142, 145, 151, 153, 168, 280, 285, 287, 288, 26, 261, 337, rasikapaMca 25, ramika bATikA 181, 185, 187, 277, 338, ramika rahasya 185, 187, 277, ramiyA bAlama 325, rasA kA manovaijJAnika sambandha 342, rAkhI banda bhAI 214, 118, 221, 228, 230, rAjataraMgiNI 28, rAja-dharma 220, 221, 234, rAjanIti-vijJAna 217, 218 225, 228, 230, 232 238,243, 244, 331, rAjapUta 274, rAjapUtanI 213, 221, 225, 226, 233, 236, 241, rAjasiMha 16, rAjAbhoja kA sapanA 10, 11, 18, rAjA yudhiSThira kA samaya 154, rANApratApa kA mahatva 306, rAdhAkAnta 320, rAdhArAnI 16, ganI ketakI kI kahAnI 18, 30, rAmakahAnI 212, rAmakahAnI kI samAlocanA 131, 161, 168, 212, rAmakRSNa mizana 6, 7, rAmacaritamAnasa 62,116, 248, 265, rAmacandrikA 343. rAmAyaNa 276, rAmalIlA 17. rAyagira athavA rAyaTeka 212. rASTIya hinda mandira 63, rukmidI harama 17 18, 308, rUpaka rahasya 340 341

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. lakSma 151 173 585 183, 58 274 276 538 350 lakSmA marasmatA bhintana, 17, lajjA aura glAni 330 lavakuza 16 lapagattatA 11 . ligvana ke sA na 363, lIDara.76, leTinI hindI 213, 215, loara prAimarI gaDara 84, 86, 87, lokamAnya 276, lokokti-zataka 15, loma vA prema 330. cakravya 154, ktatvakalA 88, baMgadarzana 268, baMgavijenA. :166. 21,, vaMgavAmI, 273, banavIra nATaka , vanitA-vilAsa 86, 86, 88, 151, 152, vandemAtaram 58, 176, varamAlA 306, 13, vararuci kA bhamaya, 214,2.33. 351, vartamAnakAlika hindI sAhitya ke gumA 330, vartamAna nAgarI akSaro ko utpatti 330, barnAkyUlara presa aikTa 3.24, varSA-varNana 287, vasaMta 17, 115, vasaMtamAlatI 20. vasaMtamenA 264, vaha chavi 280, vAgvilAsa. 85. 56, 88, vArAganA-rahasya mahAnATaka 17, 322, vAsavadattA 122, 136, 284, 285,. vikramAkadevacarita-carcA 83, 86, 87, 86, 124, 138, 136. 140, 164, vimAditya aura unake saMvat kI eka naI kalpanA 148, vicAra karane yogya bAteM 106, vicAra. vimarza 85, 86, 88, 116, 121, 128, 130, 133, 141, 142, 148, 156, 202, 255, 256, 257, vijayinI-vijaya-jayantI 11, vijJa-binoda 84, 86, 8 vijJAna 164, 277, 258, vijJAna-pracArigI mamA 26, vijAna-bAtA 85, 86, 88, vijJApanoM kI dhUma 220, 225, videzI vidvAna 84,86, vidyA ke guNa aura mUrkhanA ke doSa 11, vidyArthI 23, 276, 273, vidyA pracAriNI sabhA 27 1., vidyA-binoda 173, 277, 3-12, vidyAsundara 16, vidhavA 266, vidhavA-vipatti 16, vidhi-viDaMbana 65, 106, vinaya-vinoda 78,, 85, 8.64, 16, 102, 106, 1975 - 1.08, vipada kamoTI 306, vimAtA kA hRdaya 334, viyoginI 173, virATA kI padminI 318, vilApa 282, vilAyatI samAcAra patro kA itihAsa 354, vivAha-nilaMbana 17, vivAha viSayaka vicAra vyabhicAra 156, vivAha-saMbandhI kavitAeM 114, vizAla 350, 313, vizAla bhArata.45, 164, vizvAmitra 273, 306, vizva vidyA-pracAraka 255, vizva-sAhitya 330, 366, 342, 346, 361, vipusya-viSamauSadham 16, vihArapatrikA 275, vihAra-saMdhu 234 vihAra vATikA 5,87, 64, 66. 100, 102, 1.5, 107, 108, vINA 168, 282, vIra-paMcarana 280, 287. 306, vIra bhArata 274, bIrendra vIra 20, buzreSTha mUla kathA 12, vRttacandrikA 338, vRddha 15, veMkaTezvara presa 2.71, veMkaTezvara-namA cAra 25, 66,.,68, 135, 273, 274, veMkaTezvara prema kI pustake 125, veNImahAra 80,82,86, 163, 168, 166, 203, 2.4, 20, 255. vaicitya citramA nAnika koSu 83, 87 264, vaidika devatA 155,

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456 106, 165, 181, saralapiMgala 232, sarAya 282, sahRdayAnanda 89, sAketa 1, 12, 142, 280, 265, 307, sA~cI ke purAne stUpa 150, sAdhanA 128, 282, 283, 284, mAraMga 266, sArasudhAnidhi 2, 15, 24, sAvadhAna 276, sAhilya 277, 331, 338, 341. 363, sAhitya janasamUha ke hRdaya kA vikAsa hai 16, sAhityadarpaNa 64, 337, 338, 341, tAhityapatrikA 275, 277, sAhityacca 131, sAhitya-saMdarbha 84, 86, 888, 148, 150, 155, 156, sAhitya-saMdeza 34, 62, 64, 8, 163, 164, 173, 365, sAhityasammelana-patrikA 272, 312, sAhitya-sIkara 88, sAhitya mudhAnidhi 25, sAhityAlApa 86, 88, sAhityika saMsmaraNa 334, mihAsana-chattIsI 18, sindha deza kI rAjakumAriyA 17, sindhu samAcAra 275, saMtA-svayaMvara nATaka 306, sukavi-saMkIrtana 84, 88, 125, 147, sukhamArga 276, sugRhiNI 25, sudazAprarvataka 274, sudarzana 25, 66, 67, 278, 324, sudAmA 17, 170, sundara-sarojinI 20, sudhA 324, sudhAnivi 274, sudhAvarpaNa 273, mubodha patrikA 12, subhadrA nATaka 306 sumana 76, 61, suhAga kI sAr3I 326, sUrasAgara 265, sUrya 275, sUryagrahaNam 105, 115, maSTivicAra 146, seMTala hindU skUla 53, sevAsadana 317,316,321, 322, 333, sainika 274, sohAgarAta 73, 74, 78, 86, 64, sau ajAna aura eka sujAna 16,286, 318, sota 323, maundarAnanda 126, saundayopAsaka 282, 320, somanAtha ke maMdira kI prAcInatA 1488, strIdarpaNa 274,277, strIdharma zikSA 277, strI-dharmazikSaka 274, striyoM ke viSaya me atyalpa nivedana 167, 168, gnehamAlA 25, 87, 64, 100, 12, 105, 107, 108, sphuTa kavitA 4, 110, svataMtra 273, svataMtratA kA mUlya 283, svataMtra ramA parataMtra lakSmI 16, svadeza 274, 275, svadeza-prema 317, svadeza bAndhava 275, svadezI prAMdolana 4, svapna 114, svarAjya 274, svarga meM vicAra sabhA kA adhivezana 20, 15, 18, svargIya kusuma 20, svarNalatA 16, svAdhInatA 33, 60, 63, 80, 86, 67, 146, 247, 252, 261 svArtha 277, 278, sneha 286, haMsa 52, 85, 164. 171, 384, haMsa kA dustara dUta-kArya 151, haMsa kA nIra-dIra-viveka 157,261, haMsa-sandeza 151, hanTara kamIzana 31,hama paMcana ke TvAlA mA 60,hamArA uttama bhArata deza 4,hamArA vaidyakazAstra 226, 232, 237, 242, 243, 263, hamArA samvan 226, hamArI dinacaryA 15, hamArImasaharI 15, haramiTa 14, haridAsa kampanI 271, harizcandra candrikA 15, 18, 23, harizacandra megaz2ona 6, 16, 23, 27, harSacarita 127, 284, 285, halavAI vaizya saMrakSaka 276, hitakAriNI 274, 277. hindI 277, 354, hindI kAlidAsa--33, 122 135, 137, hindI kAlidAsa kI -83, 86 8. 14,66, 130 131, 140 14

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163 165 168, 166, 200 203 208 206, 210 253 256 hindI vyAkaraNa 216, 224, hindI-kAvyAlaMkAra 338, hindI-kesarI 273, 274, 275, hindI samAcArapatra 142, hindI-galpa-mAlA 276, 277, 'hindo jijJAsya sabhA nezanala sosAiTI 272, hindI navaratna 121, 123. 126, 130, 131. 133, 140, 147, 146, 211, 346, hindU nATaka 147, hindI nAiTa skUla 272, hindI padyaracanA 338, hindI pustakAlaya 272, hindI-pracAraka 276, 277, hindI-pracAriNI sabhA 271, 272, hindI-pradIpa 15, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 158, 171, 173, 177, 186, 278, hindI phuTabAlaklaba 272, hindI bAlasabhA 272, hindI bhASA aura usakA sAhitya 66, 83,86, 87, 146, 154, 158, 161, hindI mahAbhArata 80, 86.87, hindI raMgavAsI 7, 25, 66, 274, hindI vidyAlaya 72, hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga 206, hindI zikSAvalI tRtIyarIDara 64 hindI zikSAvalI tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA 56, 57, 83, 86, 131, 137, 140, 141, 158. 162. 163, 164, 165, 168, 201, 205, 208, 247. 251, 253, 256, 257, hindI sabhA 271, hindI sAhitya 126, 177, 176, 336 hindIsAhitya kA itihAsa 13, 118, 137, 345, hindI sAhitya pariSad 271, hindI sAhityasamiti 271, hindI sAhitya sammelana 50, 53, 56, 67, 76, 78, 121,266, 330, 336, 340, 341, 342,350, hindU 306, 324, hindosthAna 25, 135, 203, he kavite 114, 131, 287, hemanta 170, 260, holI 2, 15, holI kI nakala 13 /

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pRSTha pakti azuddha zuddha pRSTha pakti prazuda 316 13 32. 11 320 14 320 1 320 11 paTha patrapaThana paDegA', 'par3egA' vijJAnI 'vijJAnI' tyana pratyaya gurU " tyatra "tpanna bhaktyai va prakhyArpitaguNaiH prakhyArpitagugaH bhikhAriNa bhikhAriNI kabarihA vAGgamaya bAGmaya zaktayeva 322 15 181 15 jAta 162 18 nATakI 211 16 dainandanI 212 12 yoga 251 1 zarmA 251 14 urvamI 254 2 prasasta 255 7 prAya 262 16 balAtmaka 267 27 caitanya 268 6 arodha 273 8 sAmaMjama 274 26 anrtagata 276 17 zrAkarSaNa 284 12 zrAtmarAma' 286 kAumakA kAvyAtmakI 266 28 marImba jagata nATakIya dainandinI prayoga bamA urvazI prazasta zrAzcarya kalAtmaka cetana zrAropa mamaMjasa antarjagata AkarSaka 'aAtmArAma' bakarihA 324 2 325 5 325 1 25 18 telIma telI mr'ikh harSacarita zara jaga zAna 326 6 306 16 3 26 21 327 6 327 12 jA upa andherA ghara ghara kaasbaam marIgvI upadhA nibandha AkSepa ima zailI 334 22 krAntitArI grahastha'bane the magara darzanA 337 15 1601 I. mAdhikAra cintanAtmaka 306 25 sAhityakAra 336 25 vibhinna ghara ghara 268 nibandha 301 31 akSepa krAntikArI zailI gRhastha bane hue the 304 1 koTaka mATe darzana vipanna 3163 cintanAjanaka sAhityika "ina kathoddhAta usakA 'kRSNAju nayuddha' 313 27 bhIr3a caMgI 14 15 dasarUpaka gIti kAvyamaya 215 6 prakAraka rAmakRyA premA blp gaathaa sAhityika kathoddhAta 'kRSNArjuna' 340 16 usakA nAyaka bhIDa dazarUpaka kAvya ma 341 12 342 4 7 bhAca gauta prakAra rAyakA peragA sA 47 pagrakASA wr d 9 d