Jainendra ke Katha Sahitya me Yuga Chetna

Author(s): Ajay Pratap Sinh
Publisher: Ilahabad University
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010364/1

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jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM yugacetanA kI abhivyakti ke svarUpa kA adhyayana n+UNIVS JVERSITAS UOT RAR RBORES ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda. kI DI0 phil0 upAdhi hetu prastuta zodha-prabandha 2002 zoSachAtra ajaya pratApa siMha nirdezaka DaoN mIrA dIkSita pravaktA, hindI vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda

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jinakI smRti giHttk pragati kI preraNA detI hai tathA jIvana-saMgharSa meM kartavya-patha se vimukha na hone kA aTUTa saMkalpa sRjita karatI hai aise parama pUjya pitA svargIya samara bahAdura siMha kI puNya smRti ko sAdara samarpita !

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AbhAra jJApti prastuta zodha-prabandha ke pUrNa hone para una mahAnubhAvoM ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karanA apanA parama karttavya samajhatA hU~, jinhoMne isa kArya meM pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa se sahAyatA pradAna kii| prastuta zodha-prabandha maiMne DaoN mIrA dIkSita (pravaktA, hindI vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda) ke nirdezana meM pUrA kiyaa| unake sucAru nirdezana tathA sudakSa AlocanAtmaka pratibhA ne merI alpabuddhi ko bahuta kucha dene kI kRpA kI hai| unake dvArA kie gae upakAra ke prati AbhAra pradarzana kA abhinaya maiM nahIM kara sktaa| unakI sahRdayatA ke samakSa maiM natamastaka huuN| pro0 rAjendra kumAra (adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), jinakA ciMtanazIla vyaktitva majhe nirantara preraNA pradAna karatA rahA hai, ke maMgalAzISa kI maiM kAmanA karatA huuN| mai kRtajJa hU~ pro0 satya prakAza mizra (hindI vibhAThA, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda) kA, jinhoMne mujhe yaha viSaya sujhAyA tathA jinakA ciMtanazIla vyaktitva nirantara preraNA pradAna karatA rahA hai| DaoN0 bI0pI0 siMha (pUrva cIpha praoNkTara, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), DaoN bI0ena0 mizra (rIDara, bhUgola vibhAThA, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), DaoN rAma kRpAla tripAThI (saMrakSaka, DaoNo tArAcanda chAtrAvAsa, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), DaoN0 ke0pI0 siMha (akSIkSaka, DaoN tArAcanda chAtrAvAsa, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), zrI rAma ziromaNi upAdhyAya (pUrva pradhAnAcArya), zrI mahendra nAtha mizra (pravaktA), zrI jIta nArAyaNa siMha (pravaktA) ke agAdha sneha ne mujhe naI dizA va preraNA pradAna kii| ina mahAnubhAvoM ke prati maiM Atmika kRtajJatA vyakta karatA huuN|

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zraddheya zrI vijaya siMha (sIniyara ADITara, ucca zikSA nidezAlaya, ilAhAbAda), zrI narendra siMha 'rAnA' (adhivaktA) evaM zrImatI kumuda siMha ne isa kArya hetu mujhe bAra-bAra prerita kiyA, inake prati maiM Atmika kRtajJatA vyakta karatA huuN| isa avasara para zrI rAkeza zukla (jaunapura), zrI nanhakaU zukla (jaunapura), zrI kamaleza upAdhyAya (jaunapura), zrI rameza siMha 'rAnA' (ilAhAbAda), zrI umeza siMha 'rAnA' (ilAhAbAda), zrI zAMti zekhara siMha (mirjApura), zrI vinoda tivArI (jaunapura), zrI dharmendra siMha 'nATU' (jaunapura) ke prati maiM hRdaya se AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne adhyayana kAla meM merI hara saMbhava madada kii| maiM kRtajJa hU~ zrI makaranda siMha (sultAnapura) evaM zrImatI smitA siMha (sultAnapura), DaoN vandanA siMha gaura (ilAhAbAda), zrI saMjaya siMha gaura (ilAhAbAda), zrI vizAla siMha (Ajamagar3ha), zrI vipula zrIvAstava (phaijAbAda), DaoN umeza siMha (pravaktA, arthazAstra), zrI arjuna siMha (adhivaktA, ucca nyAyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), zrI atula kRSNa siMha 'baMTI' (kara adhIkSaka), zrI subhASa mizra (ilAhAbAda), zrI manoja kumAra siMha (jaunapura), zrI. vAgIza mizra (baliyA), zrI munIza mizra (jaunapura), zrI lakSmI kAMta siMha (zodha chAtra, hindI), zrI zyAma nArAyaNa tripAThI (pravaktA, bhUgola), zrI vIrendra siMha (zodha chAtra, hindI), zrI manamohana siMha (adhivaktA, ucca nyAyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), zrI Rteza upAdhyAya (adhivaktA, ucca nyAyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), zrI premendra kumAra tripAThI (pravaktA, hindI) , zrI praphulla rAya (Ajamagar3ha), zrI rajanIza pANDeya (grAma paMcAyata adhikArI), suzrI arcanA dube (sonabhadra), suzrI rukhasAnA paravIna (vArANasI), zrI manoja kumAra siMha (sultAnapura), zrI yogendra pratApa siMha (jaunapura) kA, jinake sahayoga aura protsAhana se yaha kArya saMbhava ho skaa| isa avasara para pUjanIyA mA~ zrImatI zAntI siMha kA smaraNa karanA apanA parama karttavya samajhatA hU~, jinhoMne apane bhautika sukhoM kI paravAha na karate hue mere zaikSika unnayana se hI harSita hone kA vrata liyA hai|

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zraddheya zrI AI0bI0 siMha (pUrva prAcArya, ruiyA kAleja, mumbaI) ke cintanazIla vyaktitva ne mujhe nirantara prerita kiyA hai| unake prati apanI zraddhA aura kRtajJatA ko vyakta karanA punIta karttavya samajhatA huuN| mere mitra DaoN rAkeza siMha (pravaktA, rAjA harapAla siMha snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya siMgarAmaU, jaunapura), zrI saMjaya pANDeya (zodha chAtra, zikSAzAstra) tathA zrI mRgendra pratApa siMha (zodha chAtra, zikSAzAstra, zikSA saMkAya) ne sAmagrI saMcayana se lekara zodha-pravandha ke mudraNa taka jo sahayoga diyA vaha amUlya hai| unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karanA unake dvArA kie gae upakAra ko kama karake A~kanA hogaa| mere mitra zrI satIza kumAra siMha (Ajamagar3ha) ne zodha-prabandha pUrNa karane ke lie bAra-bAra Agraha kiyaa| unakI preraNA evaM sahayoga se hI yaha zramasAdhya kArya samaya rahate pUrA ho skaa| isake lie maiM unakA hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| mai vizeSa rUpa se AbhArI hU~ zrI rAjendra bahAdura siMha (kAryAlaya adhIkSaka, hindI vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda) kA, jinakA sahayoga mujhe nirantara milatA rahA hai| prastuta zodha-prabandha meM jina vidvajjanoM ke vicAroM evaM graMthoM kA sahayoga liyA gayA hai, unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| isI krama meM hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga, hindustAnI ekeDamI, ilAhAbAda tathA ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda ke pustakAlaya ke prati maiM AbhArI hU~, jahA~ mujhe bahumUlya graMthoM ke adhyayana kA avasara milaa| isa avasara para 'jaya mA~ durge kampyUTara pvAiMTa' manamohana pArka, kaTarA, ilAhAbAda parivAra ke sadasyoM zrI ratana khare, zrI rameza kumAra yAdava, zrI santoSa dAsa, zrI candra bhAna siMha evaM zrI rAma kumAra tivArI ke prati maiM AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~, jinhoMne tatparatA evaM AtmIyatA se zodha-prabandha kA mudraNa kArya sampanna kiyaa| ajaya pratApa siMha dinAMka : 13.12.2008 (ajaya pratApa siMha)

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viSayAnukrama

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viSayAnukrama pRSTha saMkhyA * bhUmikA i-xi adhyAya-1 1-28 sAhitya aura yuga cetanA : antarsambandha * yuga cetanA * yuga cetanA kI mahattA * yuga cetanA aura usake vividha stara * paramparA aura cetanA * pRSThabhUmi aura cetanA * paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi * sAhitya aura samAja kA yuga cetanA se sambandha * kathA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA svarUpa adhyAya-2 29-71 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM yugAna sAmAjika cetanA * kathAkAra aura samAja : antarbAhya sambandha * vyakti aura samAja * strI-puruSa evaM parivAra * brahmacarya * vivAha aura parivAra

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72-121 * prema aura vivAha * prema vivAha * anamela vivAha * seksa kI samasyA * vivAha-viccheda * vezyA kA svarUpa * vaidhavya kI samasyA * strI aura rAjanIti * mAtRtva adhyAya-3 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika, dhArmika evaM Arthika cetanA * jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA * saMskRti : zabda aura Azaya * saMskRti kI paribhASA * saMskRti kA svarUpa * saMskRti kA kSetra aura abhivyakti ke upAdAna * saMskRti aura sabhyatA * kathA sAhitya aura saMskRti * jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA kA svarUpa * sAMskRtika tatvoM kA samAveza * grAmINa saMskRti * nAgara saMskRti * vibhinna vicAradarzana * mAnavatAvAdI vicAra darzana-gAMdhIvAdI vicAra darzana

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* vyaktitvavAdI darzana * vividha * khAna-pAna * vezabhUSA-zrRMgAra prasAdhana * AcAra-vicAra aura rIti-rivAja * Adarza jIvana mUlya : eka mUlyAMkana * jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dhArmika cetanA * jainendra kI dhArmika dRSTi * jaina dharma * dharma kA artha aura svarUpa * dharma aura sampradAya * dharma aura vijJAna * dharma aura rAjanIti * jainendra kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA * aparigraha * parahita * jIvana meM dharma kI upAdeyatA * jainendra kI dRSTi meM mokSa * jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM Arthika cetanA * Arthika samasyA * Arthika viSamatA * artha aura vyakti * pUMjIvAda ke prati dRSTikoNa

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141-156 adhyAya-4 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dArzanika cetanA 122-140 * kathA sAhitya aura dArzanika cetanA : antarsambandha * jainendra kI dArzanika cetanA kA svarUpa * niyatavAdI dArzanika cetanA * AsthAmUlaka bhAgyavAditA * niSkAma karmayoga * punarjanma, mRtyu aura amaratva adhyAya-5 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM manovaijJAnika __ cetanA * kathA sAhitya aura manovijJAna : antarsambandha * jainendra ke puruSa pAtroM meM manovaijJAnika cetanA * jainendra ke nArI pAtroM meM manovaijJAnika cetanA adhyAya-6 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM zilpagata cetanA157-209 * kalA aura zilpa tathA yuga cetanA : antarsambandha * kalA kA svarUpa * sAhitya meM zilpa prayoga evaM usakA Azaya * jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM zilpagata cetanA * kathAvastu-zilpa * caritra-citraNa-zilpa * svapna-divAsvapna-vibhrama * sammohana tathA mukta AsaMga

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* adarzana * antarvivAda * saMgharSa * kathopakathana zilpa * dvimukhI saMvAda * dezakAla tathA vAtAvaraNa nirmANa * prakRti-citraNa * bhASA-zailI * saMkSiptatA * anizcayAtmakatA kI zailI * tulanAtmaka zailI * samartha bhASA * vAkya racanA * zabda bhaNDAra * uddezya pratiphalana zilpa * upasaMhAra *sahAyaka grantha sUcI 210-215 216-221

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bhUmikA

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bhUmikA premacandottara yuga ke bahumukhI pratibhA sampanna kathAkAroM meM jainendra kumAra kA nAma sarvapramukha hai| premacanda ke bAda jo sabase sakriya racanAtmaka pIDhI AI, jainendra jI usake agradUta the| unhe premacanda kA uttarAdhikArI kahA jAtA hai| jainendra jI aura unake kathA-sAhitya kA hindI sAhitya meM asAdhAraNa mahatva hai| hindI kathA-sAhitya ko jo saghana asmitA aura dArzanika dRSTi jainendra jI ne dI, vaha Antarika satya se hamArA sAkSAtkAra karAtI hai| premacandottara yuga se racanA prArambha karake ve kathA - sAhitya jagat meM aaye| kyoMki anya sAhityika vidhAoM kI apekSA kathA sAhitya meM yuga ko AtmasAt karane kI kSamatA adhika hotI hai| kathA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA ko abhivyaMjita karanA apekSAkRta AsAna hotA hai| isalie jainendra ko yuga cetanA kI abhivyaMjanA meM apanI pratibhA kA ullAsa dikhAI pdd'aa| jainendra ne upanyAsa - kahAnI ke atirikta aura bhI bahuta kucha likhA hai, kiMtu sAhitya jagat meM unheM mUlataH kathAkAra ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| isI rUpa meM vaha sAhitya - jagat meM pratiSThita bhI haiN| unheM hindI kathA - sAhitya ko navIna dizA dene kA zreya prApta hai| 'tyAgapatra', 'sunItA', 'parakha', 'kalyANI', 'sukhadA', 'vivarta', jayavardhana', Adi upanyAsoM meM sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika, Arthika, dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika jIvana-darzana rUpAyita huA hai| jainendra pratyeka sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika pravRtti ke dharAtala para apane pAtroM ke mAdhyama se mAnavIya aura kautUhalapUrNa paristhitiyA~ utpanna karate haiM / unakI ceSTA bAhya se adhika antarmukhI hotI hai| unhoMne jIvana kI vAhya samasyAoM ko na lekara jIvana ke utsa ko apanI racanA kA

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kendra banAyA hai| unake kathA-sAhitya meM manuSya ke dina-pratidina ke jIvana-vyApAra se adhika usameM nihita AMtarika satya kI ora dRSTipAta kiyA gayA hai| unake upanyAsoM tathA kahAniyoM meM Adhunika yuga ke mAnava kI manogat samasyAoM jaise-kAma (seksa) tathA vibhinna mAnasika dvandvo kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| jainendra hindI sAhitya ke aise pahale samartha kathAkAra haiM jinhoMne apane kathA-sAhitya me seksa (kAma) ko adhyAtma mArga meM bAdhaka nahIM apitu adhyAtma mArga kI eka sIr3hI mAnA hai| __ jainendra kA kathA-sAhitya yuga cetanA kA saMvAhaka hai| unake kathA-sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA sarvatra bolabAlA hai| yuga ke gatizIla dharAtala para jIvana ke sAtha ghaniSTa sambandha sthApita karake sAhitya kI racanA karane vAle jainendra viziSTa kathAkAra haiN| unake kathA-sAhitya meM yuga kA svara hI sarvAdhika mukhara hai| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya kA paryApta adhyayana huA hai aura kaI zodha-prabaMdha evaM samIkSAtmaka graMtha prakAza meM A cuke haiM, jinameM pramukha 1. jainendra aura unake upanyAsa-raghunAtha zaraNa jhAlAnI 2. jainendra : sAhitya aura samIkSA-rAmaratana bhaTanAgara jainendra-vyakti, kathAkAra aura cintaka-baoNke bihArI bhaTanAgara 4. jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana-DaoN0 devarAja upAdhyAya jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA manovizleSaNa-paraka zailI-tAtvika adhyayana-lakSmIkAMta zarmA

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6 7 8. 9. jainendra kA jIvana darzana - DaoN0 kusuma kakkaDa jainendra ke upanyAsoM meM zilpa - oma prakAza zarmA / upanyAsakAra jainendra aura unake zrIvAstava upanyAsa- DaoN0 paramAnanda upanyAsakAra jainendra : mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAMkana - DaoN0 manamohana sahagala ina pustakoM meM jainendra ke racanAtmaka sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana karate hue vibhinna mahattvapUrNa niSkarSoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| kintu abhI taka jainendra kI samagra kRtiyoM kA vivecana karate hue yuga ke sandarbha meM unakI jAgarUkatA aura pragatizIlatA kA, arthAt unakI yuga cetanA kA pRthak rUpa meM vyApaka aura sarvAMgINa vivecana abhI taka nahIM huA hai| prastuta zodha-prabandha isI abhAva kI pUrti kI dizA meM eka vinamra prayAsa hai| prastuta zodha-prabaMdha ko chaH adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya eka kA zIrSaka hai 'sAhitya aura yuga cetanA : antarsambandha' / sAhitya ko samAja kA darpaNa kahA jAtA hai, yaha bAta kathA-sAhitya ke sambandha meM aura bhI anukUla lagatI hai| kathA - sAhitya mAnava jIvana kI nikaTatama vidhA hai / vaha mAnava jIvana kI dharohara hai, usakA sajIva citra hai / mAnava jIvana kI AraMbhika rUparekhA kA vidhAna kathA-sAhitya meM hI milatA hai, jisakA pragAr3ha sambandha yuga hotA hai / kathA-sAhitya meM yuga kA sarvAMgINa rUpa surakSita rahatA hai| usakI vivecanA kara hama yuga kA paricaya prApta kara lete haiM / kathAkAra apanI kathA ke mAdhyama se apane darzana evaM lakSya ko prastuta karatA hai| usakA yaha darzana evaM lakSya yuga cetanA se jur3A hotA hai / kathA - sAhitya mAnava - caritra evaM usake yathArtha jIvana ke kAryoM kI [iii]

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abhivyaMjanA karane vAlI vidhA hai| kathA-sAhitya meM lekhaka kI nijI dhAraNAoM evaM icchAoM ke sAtha-sAtha yuga kA svarUpa bhI samAyA rahatA hai| vizva kathA-sAhitya kA janma evaM vikAsa yuga cetanA ke samAnAntara hI huA hai| kathA-sAhitya yuga cetanA kA saMvAhaka hI nahIM apitu yuga kI gatizIlatA kA bhI citerA hai| Aja kA jIvana uthala-puthala aura antardvandva bharA hai| mAnava mana kI jaTilatAe~ baDha gayI haiN| isa kAraNa yuga cetanA bhI asAdhAraNa ho gayI hai| kathAkAra yuga se preraNA grahaNa karatA hai tathA yuga ko prerita bhI karatA hai| vaha jaba yuga kA yathArtha citra prastuta karatA hai, to yuga draSTA kI bhUmikA meM hotA hai aura jaba yuga kA kAlpanika citra prastuta karatA hai taba bhI vaha yuga draSTA hI hotA hai| vaha yuga draSTA aura yuga sraSTA kA sammilita rUpa hotA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM, kathAkAra kI cetanA kA yuga cetanA se sambandha kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yuga cetanA kA Azaya, usakA mahatva, usake vividha stara, paramparA aura cetanA ke antarsambandha, pRSThabhUmi aura cetanA kA antarsambandha, paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi kA antarsambandha tathA yuga cetanA se sAhitya, aura samAja ke juDAva Adi ke vivecana kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| kathA-sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA kyA svarUpa hai - isa viSaya kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya do kA zIrSaka hai- 'jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya me yugIna sAmAjika cetnaa'| isake antargata kathAkAra aura samAja ke pArasparika saMbaMdha kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mAnava cetanA samAja-sApekSa hotI hai aura kathA-sAhitya mAnava cetanA kA saMvAhaka hotA hai| sAhitya samAja nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha jIvana kI parikalpanAtmaka abhivyakti hai aura usake dvArA jIvana ke saundaryAtmaka [iv]

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aura Ananda pakSa kA udghATana hotA hai| kathA-sAhityakAra sAmAjika cetanA kA preraka evaM prasAraka hotA hai| usameM sarjanAtmaka cetanA prabala hotI hai| paristhiti-janya anubhava kI amUlya rAzi ko kalpanA kA puTa dekara vaha kalA ke mAdhyama se use vyakta karatA hai, jisa prakAra agni se agni prajvalita hotI hai; usI taraha kathAkAra yugIna sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi se preraNA grahaNa karake yuga kA citra prastuta karatA hai| jainendra kA vizAla kathA-sAhitya yuga kA darpaNa hai| jisameM aneka sAmAjika samasyAe~ vibhinna raMgoM meM pratibimbita hotI haiN| kathAkAra ke lie samAja vaha AdhAra hai, jahA~ vaha svayaM janma lekara jIvana ke vikAsazIla sopAnoM para car3hatA huA, sAmAjika jIvana ke svAnubhUta citra prastuta karatA hai| jainendra sAhitya ko sAmAjika yathArtha kA darpaNa hI na mAnakara use loka-maMgala kI kAmanA se jor3ate haiN| unake anusAra sAhityakAra ko sAmAjika yathArtha loka-maMgala kI kAmanA se hI jor3akara prastuta karanA caahie| sAhityakAra loka maMgala kA sAdhaka hotA hai| kathA-sAhityakAra apane ko samAja se adhikAdhika jor3akara rakhatA hai| jainendra jaise yugacetA kathAkAra kI sampUrNa sAhitya-sarjanA yuga cetanA kA hI vahana karatI hai| jainendra ne sAmAjika vyavasthA kI anivAryatA ko anivArya rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| unake kathA-sAhitya meM pAtra sAmAjika mAnyatAoM evaM maryAdAoM kA kaSTa sahakara bhI nirvAha karate dikhAe gae haiN| jainendra vyakti-mana ke kathAkAra haiM, unake kathA-sAhitya meM vyakti mana kI sthitiyoM kA niSpakSa citraNa huA hai| isa citraNa meM jainendra kI sahAnubhUti vyakti ke sAtha hote hue bhI sAmAjika avahelanA nahIM pAI jaatii| vaha apane kathA-sAhitya meM sAmAjika tathA pArivArika stara para vyakti ke

Page #19
vibhinna rUpoM kA citraNa karate haiN| sAmAjika aura pArivArika vyavasthAoM evaM samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa upajI samasyAoM kA bhI unake kathA-sAhitya meM citraNa huA hai| kathAkAra jainendra ke isI sAmAjika saMdarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vyakti, parivAra aura samAja ke pariprekSya meM brahmacarya, vivAha, prema-vivAha, prema aura vivAha, anamela vivAha, vivAha-viccheda, mAtRtva, vezyA kA svarUpa tathA vaidhavya Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya tIna kA zIrSaka hai - 'jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM sAMrakRtika-dhArmika-Arthika cetnaa'| isake antargata sarvaprathama jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isameM saMskRti zabda ke artha evaM mahattva ko spaSTa karate hue jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM antarnihita sAMskRtika tatvoM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| jainendra kA kathA-sAhitya prAcIna aura navIna donoM saMskRtiyoM ko apane meM saMjoe hue hai| pAzcAtya zikSA aura saMskRti ke Agamana ne bhArata meM zikSita aura azikSita do alaga-alaga sAMskRtika vargoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| ye sAMskRtika varga nAgara aura grAmya do rUpoM meM jAne ge| jainendra ne bhAratIya samAja meM pAzcAtya saMskRti ke Agamana aura usase par3ane vAle prabhAvoM ko bakhUbI samajhA thaa| vaha bhAratIya saMskRti ke prabala pakSadhara the| kintu pazcima ke samparka se utpanna huI navIna cetanA kA unhoMne virodha nahIM kiyaa| yaha navIna cetanA vicAra-svAtaMtrya kI pakSadhara thii| jainendra kI sAMskRtika cetanA yuga jIvana se ghaniSTha rUpa se jur3I huI thii| vaha apane kathA-sAhitya meM yugIna sAMskRtika tatvoM ko abhivyakta karane meM kitane saphala hue haiM - isI kA vivecana prastuta zodha-prabaMdha meM kiyA gayA hai| [vi]

Page #20
jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM dhArmika cetanA ke antargata jainendra kI dhArmika dRSTi, dharma kA artha aura svarUpa, dharma aura sampradAya, dharma aura vijJAna, dharma aura rAjanIti, jIvana me dharmoM kI upAdeyatA Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jainendra ne dharma ko jIvana kA Avazyaka aga mAnA hai| mAnava jIvana ke sabhI kAryo kI sArthakatA usake dharmamaya hone meM hai| jainendra svayaM jaina dharma ko mAnane vAle the, phira bhI hindU, bauddha, muslima, IsAI Adi dharmoM kA sammAna karate the| unake pAtra dharma meM apanI aTUTa AsthA prakaTa karate haiN| duHkhoM aura sagharSoM ko jhelate hue bhI unake pAtra dharma-mArga se vicalita nahIM hote| unake anusAra dharma kA mUla uddezya manuSya ko mokSa dilAnA hai| yaha mokSa ahaM se mukta hue binA nahIM mila sktaa| dharma jIvana kA vaha kendra haiM jahA~ se manuSya apanI yAtrA prArambha karatA hai aura anta bhI karatA hai| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM Arthika cetanA ke antargata sAmAjika aura Arthika viSamatAoM kA unake kathA-sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM Arthika viSamatA se pIr3ita mAnava aneka rUpoM meM dikhAI par3ate haiN| 'kalyANI', 'sukhadA', 'muktibodha', 'anantara' aura 'anAmasvAmI' meM unhoMne Arthika vaiSamya kA vizad citraNa kiyA hai| jainendra ne samAja ke stara ko bar3hAne ke lie mAnavIya mUlyoM ko vizeSa mahatva diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki ye mAnavIya mUlya amIrI ke prati vyartha ke garva ko samApta karake hI sthApita ho sakate haiN| unhoMne manuSya kI avahelanA aura artha ke satkAra ko lekara gaharA duHkha vyakta kiyaa| artha kI zakti ne hI garIba aura amIra meM bheda utpanna kiyA, jisase manuSya manuSya ko pahacAnane meM asamartha hai| [vii]

Page #21
apane kathA-sAhitya meM jainendra pU~jIpatiyoM ke prati gaharA Akroza vyakta karate haiN| vaha samAja meM utpanna Arthika viSamatA kA mUla dAyitva pU~jIpatiyoM para hI mAnate haiN| unhoMne apane pAtroM dvArA pU~jIpatiyoM ke virUddha hiMsAtmaka Akroza ko bhI vyakta kiyA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM jainendra kI Arthika dRSTi, artha aura mAnava kA sambandha tathA unakI pUMjIvAdI dRSTi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya cAra kA zIrSaka hai- 'jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dArzanika cetnaa'| isake antargata kathA-sAhitya aura dArzanika cetanA kA antarsambandha, jainendra kI dArzanika cetanA kA svarUpa, niyativAdI dArzanika cetanA, AsthAmUlaka bhAgyavAditA, niSkAma karmayoga, punarjanma, mRtyu aura amaratva Adi kA jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| __ darzana aura sAhitya kA gaharA sambandha hai| darzana jIvana aura jagat ke rahasyoM kA udghATana karatA hai aura sAhityakAra bhI yahI karatA hai| parantu donoM kI kriyAe~ bhinna-bhinna haiN| sAhitya meM antardRSTi ke mAdhyama se jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI jhA~kI prastuta kI jAtI hai| eka saphala sAhityakAra jIvana aura darzana-donoM kA samanvita rUpa apane sAhitya meM prastuta karatA hai| jainendra AsthAvAdI kathAkAra haiN| unake kathA-sAhitya meM jo dArzanikatA dRSTigata hotI hai, usameM unakI AsthA kI hArdikatA hI antarbhUta hai| unake kathA-sAhitya kA pramukha Adarza satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA rahA hai| satya Atmatatva hai| darzana kA uddezya satya ke prati vyakti kI jijJAsA ko zAMta karanA hai| isI dArzanika satya ko jainendra apane kathA-sAhitya meM utArate haiN| jainendra ke anusAra jIvana saMgharSa-pUrNa yAtrA hai| manuSya apane bhAgya aura paristhiti se jUjhatA huA apanI jIvana-yAtrA ko pUrNa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| [viii]

Page #22
isa jIvana-yAtrA meM Ae avarodhoM ko dUra karane kA upAya darzana hI batAtA hai| jainendra kI dArzanika cetanA unakI kRtiyoM meM nArI-puruSa sambandhoM, antaH-bAhya parivezoM Adi ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta huI hai| unhoMne AtmAnubhUta satya kA prakaTIkaraNa apane kathA-sAhitya ke mAdhyama se kiyA hai| adhyAya pA~ca kA zIrSaka hai - 'jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM manovaijJAnika cetnaa'| isake antargata kathA-sAhitya aura manovijJAna kA antarsambandha puruSa pAtroM ke mAdhyama se vyakta jainendra kI manovaijJAnika cetanA tathA nArI pAtroM ke mAdhyama se vyakta jainendra kI manovaijJAnika cetanA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| manovijJAna ke praveza ne sAhitya ko eka nayI dizA pradAna kii| manovijJAna se sabase adhika prabhAva kathA-sAhitya ne grahaNa kiyaa| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM manovijJAna kA prabhAva pratyakSa hai| unake pAtra manovaijJAnika darzana kI abhivyakti karate haiN| strI tathA puruSa donoM hI pAtroM ke manovaijJAnika citraNa unake kathA-sAhitya meM milate haiN| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM vyakti kI pradhAnatA hai| unake pAtra vyaktiparaka haiN| unakA mUlyAMkana, unakI nijI cintana paddhati aura unakI nijI paristhitiyoM tathA alaga prakAra ke AcaraNa para AdhArita adhyAya cha: kA zIrSaka hai - "jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM zilpagata cetnaa'| isake antargata kalA aura zilpa tathA yugacetanA ke antarsambandha kA vivecana karate hue kalA kA svarUpa, sAhitya meM zilpa-prayoga tathA usakA Azaya, jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM [ix]

Page #23
zilpagata cetanA ke vividha tatvoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sAhitya meM kalA aura zilpa donoM kA samAna Adara hai| koI bhI kalA yugIna sAmAjika, sAMskRtika aura dArzanika gatividhiyoM se jur3I hotI hai| sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI abhiruci aura saundarya-cetanA meM parivartana hotA rahA hai| saundarya-cetanA kalA kI jananI hai / ataH yuga cetanA kalA aura zilpa sApekSa hotI hai / sAhityika kalA ke zilpa vidhi bhI hai aura saMdarbha meM zilpa kA artha bahuta vyApaka hai / vidhAna bhI / zilpa ke antargata ve sabhI kriyAe~ - pratikriyAe~ sammilita haiM, jinake dvArA kalAkAra saundarya kI sRSTi karatA hai / zilpa viSaya aura anubhUti ko vizeSa prakAra se abhivyakta karane kA sAdhana hai / upAya - vidhiyA~ - pravidhiyA~, jainendra kumAra ne apane kathA - sAhitya meM paramparA se cale A rahe zilpa-vidhAna ko eka nayA AyAma diyaa| zilpa ke sambandha meM unhoMne svataMtratA pUrvaka kAma liyaa| unhoMne zilpa ko itanA sajIva banA diyA ki pAThaka kI kalpanA - zakti jAgrata ho uThI / cAhe pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa ho yA kathA kA varNana, unhoMne bhASA aura zilpa ke stara para baDI sUjha-bUjha se kAma liyaa| unake kathA sAhitya meM zilpa-prayoga ke vividha rUpa milate haiM / eka taraha se zilpa - vaiziSTya hI unheM apane samakAlIna kathAkAroM se alaga eka viziSTa sthAna pradAna karatA hai / unake zilpa meM prauDhatA ke darzana hote haiN| isa adhyAya meM unake zilpa- prayoga kI vividhatA kA unake kathA-sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura yaha bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai ki unakI zilpagata cetanA kahA~ taka yuga - cetanA - sApekSa hai| upasaMhAra meM prastuta zodha-prabandha ke niSkarSoM kA samAkalana karate hue jainendra kI yuga cetanA kA mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| isake antargata yaha mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai ki jainendra kA kathA-sAhitya [x]

Page #24
unakI yuga cetanA kA pratiphala hai| unake sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika, dArzanika evaM racanA sambandhI zilpagata prayogoM evaM avadhAraNAoM kA bhI mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prastuta zodha-prabandha se yadi jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya aura unakI yuga cetanA kA svarUpa spaSTa ho sakA, to zodhakartA kA prayAsa sArthaka hogA, isI pratyAzA meM yaha zodha-prabandha vidvajjanoM ke sammukha prastuta hai| ajaya pratApa siMha (ajaya pratApa siMha) dinAMka: 19.12.2002 [xi]

Page #25
adhyAya-1 sAhitya aura yuga cetanA: antarsambandha

Page #26
adhyAya-1 sAhitya aura yuga cetanA : antarsambandha yuga cetanA 'cetanA' zabda apane Apa meM bar3A vyApaka artha rakhatA hai| yaha 'bodha' yA 'caitya' kA samAnArthI mAnA jA sakatA hai / 'hindI sAhitya koza' meM 'cetanA' ko paribhASita karate hue likhA gayA hai 'cetana mAnasa kI pramukha vizeSatA cetanA hai, arthAt vastuoM, viSayoM, vyavahAroM kA jJAna / cetanA kI paribhASA kaThina hai, para isakA varNana ho sakatA hai| cetanA kI pramukha vizeSatA hai-- nirantara parivartanazIlatA athavA pravAha, isa pravAha ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna avasthAoM meM eka avicchinna ekatA aura sAhacarya / cetanA kA prabhAva hamAre anubhava - vaicitrya se pramANita hotA hai aura cetanA kI avichinna ekatA hamAre vyaktigata tAdAtmya ke anubhava se / vibhinna viSayoM kI alaga-alaga samaya para cetanA hone para hama sadA yaha bhI anubhava karate hai| ki 'maiMne amuka vastu dekhI thii| yaha hamArI cetanA akhaNDa aura avicchinna na hotI to yaha anubhava hameM na hotaa| lekina yaha akhaNDatA aura avicchinnatA sAhacarya se hI sambhava hotI hai| vibhinna mAnasika prakriyAoM meM sAhacarya (athavA AsaMga) ke dvArA itanA ghaniSTha sambandha ho jAtA hai ki ve milakara eka cetanA kA aMga bana jAtI haiN| mAnasika saMgharSa, atyadhika damana aura bhAvAtmaka AghAtoM se ye sAhacarya naSTa bhI ho jAte haiM / taba cetanA bhI bikharI - bikharI sI ho jAtI hai aura vyaktitva khaNDita / cetanA meM sAhacarya naSTa hone kI aneka mAtrAe~ ho sakatI haiM, yadi kama mAtrA meM ho to koI vizeSa [1]

Page #27
vyavahAra, koI vizeSa mAnasika kriyA sampUrNa cetanA se viyojita ho jAtI hai, para vyaktitva ke lie gambhIra samasyA nahIM utthtii| para yadi adhika mAtrA meM ho to bahuvyaktitva, khaNDita-vyaktitva Adi roga ho jAte haiN| ___ 'cetanA' zabda kA upayoga prAyaH uparyukta manovaijJAnika artha meM hotA haiM, para kabhI-kabhI isakA prayoga dArzanika artha meM bhI ho sakatA hai| vijJAnavAdI aura pratyayavAdI dArzanika cetanA yA vijJAna ko zAzvata aura ekamAtra sattA mAnate haiN| isa artha meM 'cetanA' zabda 'AtmA' kA samAnArthaka ho jAtA hai, parantu sAhitya meM aura darzana meM bhI isa artha meM prAyaH 'caitanya' zabda kA prAyoga kiyA jAtA hai| 'cetanA 'zabda sAmAnya manovaijJAnika artha meM hI adhika AtA hai| cetanA kI mukhya vizeSatA hai-lagAtAra parirvatanazIlatA athavA vega ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna avasthAoM meM eka avicchinna ekatA aura saahcry| isI sandarbha meM DaoN0 rAma prasAda tripAThI ne apane vicAra vyakta kie haiM "cetanA' svayaM ko aura apane Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko samajhane tathA usakI bAtoM kA mUlyAMkana karane kI zakti kA nAma hai| kisI vizeSa yuga kI apanI maulika cetanA huA karatI hai jo yugoM ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha apane kalevara ko bhI parivartita kiyA karatI hai| sAhitya meM yuga kI paristhitiyA~ aura samAja kI citravRttiyA~ pratibimbita huA karatI haiN| 1. hindI sAhitya koza bhAga-1 sampAdaka DaoN0-dhIrendra varmA, pRSTha - 247 2. DaoN. rAma prasAda tripAThI-hindI vizva koza, pRSTha - 282

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yuga cetanA ko hama avadhi kI sImA, vizeSa kI sImA aura jagaha kI sImA se bA~dha nahIM sakate, balki isameM lagAtAra parivartana hotA rahatA hai| samAja, saMskRti, rAjanIti, dharma, darzana, adhyAtma tathA vijJAna Adi kA svarupa jisa yuga meM jaisA rahatA hai, use ThIka usI rupa meM grahaNa kara abhivyakti karanA kathAkAra ke sAhitya kI yuga cetanA kahI jAtI hai| DaoN0 pannA dvivedI ke zabdoM meM 'yuga bhAvanAoM kI abhivyaMjanA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kI saMjJA pAtI hai| 'yuga cetanA' yuga ke zubha, satya tathA tatkAlIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika evaM dArzanika pravRttiyoM kI jAnane kI kSamatA hai, jo isase avagata karAtI hai ki ucita kyA hai aura anucita kyA hai| sAdhAraNa vyakti paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita nahIM hotA, na prabhAva hI grahaNa kara pAtA hai, parantu sAhityakAra yugIna paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita ho apanI sAhityika cetanA ke mAdhyama se usa yuga ko apane kathA sAhitya meM vyakta kara detA hai| cetanA svayaM meM eka svatantra astitva kA anubhava karatI hai| manovijJAna ke anusAra-cetanA manuSya meM upasthita vaha mahatvapUrNa tatva hai, jisake kAraNa use vibhinna prakAra kI anubhUtiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| isa tatva ke binA manuSya saMvegahIna ho jAtA hai aura vaha jIvana kI anubhUtiyoM se vaMcita bhI ho jAtA hai| anubhUtiyoM ke binA manuSya, manuSya nhiiN| vaha pazu kI bhA~ti ho jAtA hai| ise anubhava kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka Antarika kriyA hotI hai| jo bAhya pariNAmoM kI pratikriyA svarupa utpanna hotI hai| 3 DaoN0 pannA dvivedI - dinakara ke kAvya meM yugIna cetanA, pRSTha -3 [3]

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sukha - duHkha kI anubhUtiyA~ cetanA kI dena haiM, jinakI utpatti bAhya paristhitiyoM ke mAdhyama se huA karatI hai| sAhityika kSetra meM anubhUtiyoM kA atyadhika mahatva hai / 'hindI sAhitya koza' meM vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai- sAhitya kSetra meM vibhinna prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM kA varNana huA hai- isameM kAvyAnubhUti, rasAnubhUti, bhAvanAnubhUti, laukikAnubhUti, vilakSaNAnubhUti, rahasyAnubhUti, divyAnubhUti, pratyajJAnubhUti, samAnAnubhUti, sahAnubhUti tathA saundaryAnubhUti prApta hotI hai / ' cetanA eka aisA sAdhana hai jisake kAraNa hI hama dekhate, sunate, samajhate evaM aneka viSayoM para cintana karate hai / zrI lakSmIkAnta varmA ne apane mata kA pratipAdana nimnAMkita zabdoM meM kiyA hai 'cetanA kA pravAha jIvana kA dyotaka hai| 'ahaM' isa cetanA kI abhivyakti hai| eka ora yadi cetanA jIvana ke bhAra ko vahana karatI hai, to dUsarI ora vaha jIvana ke prasaMga meM sakriya bhAga letI sakriya bhAga kA artha niSkriyatA nahIM hai aura na hI usakA uddezya yaha hai ki cetanA urdhvamukhI ho, arntamukhI na ho| cetanA aura mAnava caritra meM maulika sambandha hotA hai tathA usameM eka vizeSa guNa hai, jisake mAdhyama se sampUrNa caritra saMgaThita rahatA hai aura jIne kI vAstavika abhivyakti ke sAtha sAtha usake vibhinna kArya sampAdita hote rahate haiN| DaoN0 rAma prasAda tripAThI ke zabdoM meM - 4. 5 'kisI manuSya kI cetanA aura caritra kevala usI kI vyaktigata sampatti nahIM hote, yaha bahuta dinoM ke sAmAjika prakrama ke pariNAma hote haiN| pratyeka vyakti apane vaMzAnukrama ko svayaM prastuta karatA hai / hindI sAhitya koza, zrI lakSmIkAnta varmA - bhAga-1, saMpAdaka - DaoN0 dhIrendra varmA, pRSTha - 27 naI kavitA ke pratimAna - 224 - - [4]

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vaha vizeSa prakAra ke saMskAra paitRka sampatti ke rupa meM pAtA hai| vaha itihAsa ko svayaM meM nirupita karatA hai, kyoMki usane jIvana meM aneka prakAra kI zikSA tathA prazikSaNa ko prApta kiyA hai| isake alAvA vaha anya logoM ko bhI apane mAdhyama meM nirupita karatA hai, kyoMki unakA prabhAva usake jIvana para unake upadeza tathA udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se paDA hai| mAnavIya cetanA meM jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka tathA kriyAtmaka cetanA kA samAveza hotA hai| vaha manuSya kI viziSTatA hai jo use vAtAvaraNa ke bAre meM jJAna karAtI hai| isa prakAra ke jJAna ko vicAra zakti kahA jAtA haiN| manuSya kI sabhI kriyAoM meM gatizIla pravRttiyoM kA pramukha kAraNa cetanA hI hai| cetanA kI pragati sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha hotI hai| vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva se manuSya naitikatA aura vyavahAra-kuzalatA prApta karatA hai| yaha cetanA kA vikAsa kahA jAtA hai| samaya kI gatizIla pRSThabhUmi para sAhityakAra kI badalatI anubhUtiyoM ko yuga cetanA ke nAma se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| vikAsa kI carama sImA meM cetanA svatantratA kI anUbhUti karatI hai| vaha sAmAjika bAtoM ko prabhAvita kara sakatI hai aura unase svayaM prabhAvita bhI hotI hai, parantu isa prabhAva se vaha apane ko alaga bhI kara sakatI hai| DaoN0 rAma prasAda tripAThI ne cetanA kI isa prakAra kI anUbhUti ko zuddha caitanya mAnA hai|' sAhityakAra sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, dArzanika, sAMskRtika tathA dhArmika svarupa se prabhAvita hotA hai ora use usI meM prApta kara sAhityika svarupa pradAna karatA hai| yahI sAhityika svarupa yugacetanA kA sAhitya kahA jAtA hai, aura yadi kavi hai to usakA kAvya yugacetanA kA kAvya kahalAtA hai| sAhityakAra, pratyakSa aura apratyakSa donoM rUpoM meM mAnava - jIvana se preraNA grahaNa karatA hai| 6 DaoN0 rAma prasAda tripAThI - hindI vizva koza, bhAga-4, pRSTha - 182 7 DaoN0 rAma prasAda tripAThI - hindI vizvakoza bhAga-4, pRSTha - 283 151

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mAnava-jIvana se preraNA prApta karate samaya bhAvuka hRdaya do prakAra se utprerita hotA hai-prathama to usake hRdaya para mAnava-jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ yathArtha rUpa meM utara AtI hai, jinheM vaha kalA ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta karatA hai| dvitIya vaha hai, jaba sAhityakAra ghaTanAoM ke kriyAtmaka rUpa se prerita nahIM hotA, apitu unake prati usake hRdaya meM pratikriyA hotI hai aura unakI AlocanA-pratyAlocanA karatA huA eka abhinava bhAvI mArga kI ora agrasara hokara yuga jIvana ko Adarza kI ora le jAne kA bhAvanAtmaka prayatna karatA hai| aisI racanAoM ko yuga-pratinidhi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, jinameM yuga cetanA ke pratibimba spaSTa dikhAyI dete haiM tathA inakI preraNAe~ yugIna to hotI hI haiM, sAtha hI unameM bhAvI yuga ke navanirmANa kA sandeza bhI hotA hai| yugacetanA kI mahattA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| yuga kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA sAhityakAra yugIna cetanA ko anivArya rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai| yuga cetanA ke abhAva meM vaha mAnava-jIvana kI vAstavika samasyAoM ko na to pahacAna sakatA hai aura na hI jIvana kI yathArtha samasyAoM se samAja ko avagata karA sakatA hai aura na hI use ucita dizA-nirdeza karA sakatA hai| sAhityakAra kA parama kartavya ho jAtA hai ki vaha kevala vyakti ke dRSTi-koNa ko hI mahatva na de, apitu sAmAjika dRSTikoNa kI sUkSmatA se nirIkSaNa kre| sAhitya jo samaSTigata cetanA kI dena hotI hai, usameM yugacetanA saMzliSTa hotI hai| DaoN0 baijanAtha prasAda zukla ke zabdoM meM hama kaha sakate haiM

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'cetanA jo anubhUtiyoM kI jananI hai vaha sAhityAtmA hai to yuga cetanA usake Alokamaya netra haiM, jinase vaha sAre saMsAra kA saundarya AtmasAt karatA hai| sAhitya cetanA ke abhAva meM nirjIva ho jAtA hai tathA yuga cetanA ke abhAva meM aMdhA, jo na vartamAna ke bAre meM kucha kaha sakatA hai aura na bhaviSya ke bAreM meM kucha dekha sakatA hai| yuga cetanA aura usake vividha stara kisI bhI sAhitya ke nirmANa meM samasAmayika sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, sAMskRtika, dArzanika evaM dhArmika paristhitiyoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rahatA hai| ye paristhitiyA~ tatkAlIna jana-jIvana kI AzA aura AkAMkSAoM kA darpaNa hotI haiN| sAmAjika parivartana evaM niyantraNa ke vibhinna rUpa yugacetanA ke dvArA sRjita sAhitya meM milate haiN| kisI yuga vizeSa ke sAhitya kA adhyayana usa yuga vizeSa kI paristhitiyoM kA darpaNa hotA hai| ataH usase hama usa yuga ke tatkAlIna jIvana ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajha sakate hai, jo naitika mUlya tatkAlIna samAja ke lie Avazyaka the, lekina Aja ke pariprekSya meM mAtra rUr3hi banakara raha gaye haiN| aise mUlyoM ko sAhityakAra apane sAhitya meM racanA nahI karatA hai, balki yugAnukUla naitika mUlyoM kI sthApanA karatA hai| jisa sAhityika kRti meM yuga draSTA evaM yuga sRSTA donoM kA samanvaya pAyA jAtA hai, vaha yuga-sAhitya ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| yuga cetanA se na to sAhityakAra hI apane ko alaga kara pAtA hai na sAhitya hI, arthAt donoM para yuga cetanA kA prabhAva rahatA hai| sAhityakAra yuga cetanA se apane sAhitya ko alaga kara 8. DaoN0 baijanAtha prasAda zukla-bhagavatI caraNa varmA ke upanyAsoM me 'yuga cetanA', pRSTha -9 171

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kalpanA-loka kA sahArA lekara samAja ko kucha samaya ke lie AnandAnubhUti karA sakatA hai| lekina sthAyI alaukika Ananda nahIM de sktaa| isa prakAra ke sAhitya, kucha samaya bhale hI apanA astitva banAye rakha sakeM lekina kAlAntara meM unakA koI sAhityika mUlya na hogA aura na hI vaha zAzvata mUlyoM kI amiTa chApa chor3ane me samartha ho sakegA / yuga aura mAnyatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha yugacetanA bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se apanA svarUpa badalatI rahatI hai| hara eka bhAvI yuga kI yugacetanA vartamAna se alaga naye rUpa meM AtI hai| yugacetanA kA kSetra itanA bar3A hotA hai ki use sarvAMgINa rupa se sAhitya se jor3a pAnA kisI sAhityakAra ke lie kaThina hai| phira bhI sAhitya meM yugacetanA kI abhivyaMjanA saralatApUrvaka hI ho sakatI hai kyoMki sAhityakAra yathArtha jagata kA yathArthadarzI hotA hai| pratyeka yuga kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama alaga-alaga huA karatA hai| paramparAgata zilpa kI bhale hI punarAvRtti ho parantu bhAva aura abhinava meM maulika bheda parilakSita hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI to pratyeka yuga kI bhAvavibhUtiyA~ apane atIta se itanA adhika alaga hotI haiM ki jinake kAraNa bhAvAbhivyakti kI kalA bhI parivartita dRSTigocara hotI hai| isa prakAra hara yuga kI gatizIla pRSThabhUmi para yuga cetanA kA parivartana sahaja evaM svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai aura usake prabhAva se sAhitya apane ko alaga nahIM rakha pAtA hai arthAt pUrI taraha se prabhAvita hotA hai| paramparA aura cetanA paramparA atyanta vyApaka zabda hai| mAnava jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra se isakA sambandha haiN| dharmazAstra, darzana, vijJAna, vyavahAra, kalA, samAja sAhitya ke kSetra meM paramparAoM ke aneka rUpa dRSTigata hote haiN| paramparA 181

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meM svIkAra kI huI vidhiyoM, prathAoM tathA praNAliyoM kA anusaraNa to hotA hI hai, sAtha hI pUrvakAla se calI AtI huI vicAradhArAoM kI abhivyakti bhI hotI hai| sAmAjika jIvana kI samasta bAteM evaM vyavahAra paramparA ke kSetra meM Ate haiM, jinako pIr3hiyoM se samAja grahaNa karatA calA A rahA hai| sAhitya jIvana ke zAzvata mUlyoM, AdarzoM, rItiyoM, prathAoM, praNAliyoM evaM sthApanAoM ko apane pUrvavartI sAhityakAroM se uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM prApta karatA hai / sAhitya ke kSetra meM inheM hI paramparA nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| ina paramparAoM ke nirdhAraNa meM tatkAlIna sAhityakAra ko koI prayAsa nahIM karanA par3atA balki ve svataH hI sAhitya meM pracalita ho jAte haiM / sAhitya meM ina bAtoM kA varNana gatAnugatika nyAya se calatA rahatA hai, usake lie kisI bhI zAstrIya vidhAna kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| saphala se saphala sAhityakAra bhI ise apane sAhitya meM sarvaprathama sthAna dete haiM / paramparAoM kI parivartanazIlatA unakA astitva banAye rakhatI hai aura sthiratA patana kA kAraNa banatI hai| TI0 esa0 iliyaTa ke anusAra 'paramparA mUlataH rUDhivAdI saiddhAntika vizvAsoM kI mAnyatA nahIM hotI, apitu paramparA kA nirmANa jIvanta vizvAso meM hotA hai / maithyU arnAlDa ne kavi ke tIna sAdhana svIkara kie haiM-bhAva, bhASA evaM vastu / 10 sAhitya - kSetra kI samasta mAnyatAoM kA AdhAra hI vizvAsa aura bhrAnti para nirmita hai| manuSya apane bhAvoM evaM vicAroM ko zabdoM dvArA prakaTa karatA hai / zabda aura dhvani saMketa mAtra haiM / dhvani se jisa vastu kA bodha hotA hai, zabda kA usake sAtha kisI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM hotA / zabda dvArA artha kalpita hotA hai / vibhinna zabdoM 9. - 10. TRADITION is not solely, or even primarily the maintenance of certain dagmatic beliefs, these beliefs here come to take their living form in the course of the formation of a tradition. (Selected Prose of T. S. ELIOT Edited by John Hayword, Page-20) jaoNna libigsaTana - kanveMzana eNDa rivolTa ina poyaTrI, pRSTha-10 [9]

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dvArA prakaTa arthoM kA rUpa dIrghakAlIna sArvajanika mAnyatA hai| DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave paramparA kA artha paripATI se lete hue, use rUr3hi kA paricAyaka mAnate haiN| paramparA paripATI to avazya hai, rUr3hi nahIM, kyoMki vibhinna rUpoM meM lakIra pITane vAlI dArzanika vidhi nahIM hai| sAhitya meM jise TreDizana kahate hai, vaha rUr3hi nahI hai| paramparAyeM vikAsazIla yuga ke sAtha vikasita ho navIna meM ghula-mila jAtI haiM aura unakA avazeSAMza jo kAI kI taraha sar3ane lagatA hai use rUr3hi kahate hai|1 'TreDizana' evaM rUr3hi ke AdhAra para bane 'vAda' ko TreDizanalijma yA rUDhivAda kahate haiN| isa prakAra prAcIna sabhyatA se jo pUrNa pravAha nikalakara AyA, jisane sAhitya ko rUpa tathA ekAnvita pradAna kI hai, vahI Adarza paramparA hai| paramparA kI jar3eM paryApta gaharAI meM hotI haiM, jinheM samaya kA cakra vinaSTa nahIM kara sakatA hai| mAnava aura paramparAoM kA eka dUsare se ghaniSTha sambandha hotA hai| sAhitya aura manuSya kA bhI ghaniSTha sambandha hotA hai| ataH sAhitya bhI paramparAoM se achUtA nahIM raha sktaa| itanA avazya hai ki paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara paramparAoM ke mUla rUpa meM kucha na kucha parivartana ho jAtA hai| sAhitya meM aucitya maryAdA evaM pUrvavartI paripATI Adi ko surakSita rakhane ke lie nirvivAda rUpa se paramparAoM kA apanA vizeSa mahatva hai| pRSThabhUmi aura cetanA sAhitya samAja kA pratibimba hotA hai, jisameM yugIna paristhitiyoM kA avalokana kiyA jA sakatA hai| pRSThabhUmi pratibimba kI vaha zakti hai jisameM bimba-vidhAna parilakSita hotA hai| pRSThabhUmi meM 11. gilavarTa mare -di klAsikala TreDizana ina poyaTrI, pRSTha-5 [10]

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yuga apane vaibhava ke sAtha AsIna hotA hai| vaha eka AdhAra hai, jisake sahAre sAhityakAra yuga se paricita hotA hai| paristhitiyA~ deza-kAla meM parirvatana utpanna karatI haiN| rASTra kI rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika, Arthika dazAoM meM eka amUlya parirvatana hotA hai, jisase purAnI paramparAe~ vinaSTa hotI haiM aura usake sthAna para vartamAna ke anusAra upayogI anupayogI yugIna paristhitiyA~ yuga-pRSThabhUmi bana jAtI haiN| tatkAlIna jaga-jIvana ko jAnane ke lie yugIna pRSThabhUmi se paricita honA nitAnta upayogI hai| paristhitiyA~ pRSThabhUmi kA prANatatva hotI haiM, unake badalane se yugAnta upasthita hotA hai aura navIna yuga kA Arambha hotA hai| ataH sAhityakAra ke lie yuga-pRSThabhUmi kA mahatvapUrNa upAdAna hai, kyoMki parivartanazIla jaga-jIvana sAmAjika vyavasthAoM ke badalane se parivartita ho jAyA karatA hai| koI bhI sAhitya samIkSaka pRSThabhUmi ke binA sAhitya aura sAhityakAra kA mUlyAMkana nahIM kara sakatA hai| pRSThabhUmi ne vyakti evaM samUha ke pArasparika samparka sambandhoM ko lekara aneka yugAntakArI praznoM se Aja kI yugacetanA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai, jisake kAraNa aneka maulika udbhAvanAyeM evaM samasyAoM kA janma huA hai| pRSThabhUmi ke binA yuga-bodha kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| yuga bodha sAtyikAra kI prANa zakti hai tathA usake abhAva meM na to usakA koI astitva hI hai aura na vaha sAhitya sarjanA hI kara sakatA hai| kisI bhI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi usa yuga kI janmadAtrI huA karatI hai, parantu Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki yuga pRSThabhUmi meM samAyA hotA hai aura pRSThabhUmi yuga meN| sAhitya saMgIta tathA lalita kalAoM kA mUlyAMkana yugIna pRSThabhUmi ke binA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| pRSThabhUmi yuga kI jItI-jAgatI jhA~kI prastuta karatI hai, jisase yuga vizeSa ke yathArtha svarUpa kA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kisI sAhityakAra, vaijJAnika, saMgItakAra, evaM dArzanika ke nirmANa me yugIna [11]

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pRSThabhUmi kI apanI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai / pRSThabhUmi sadaiva vartamAna se jur3I hotI hai| pratyeka Ane vAlA aura vigata apane samaya kA vartamAna hai aura usa vartamAna ke sAtha pRSThabhUmi juDI rahatI hai| gatizIla samAja meM pRSThabhUmi meM nirantara parivartana hotA rahatA hai / sAhityakAra eka prayogavAdI vyakti hotA hai, ataeva vaha yugIna pRSThabhUmi ke anusAra apane prayoga kriyAnvita karatA hai / vaha sAhitya meM pRSThabhUmi ke anusAra apane prayoga kriyAnvita karatA hai / vaha sAhitya meM navIna prayoga pRSThabhUmi ke prati jAgarUka hokara karatA hai| sAhityakAra kA sabase bar3A dAyitva yaha hai ki vaha pRSThabhUmi ke prati ImAnadAra ho tathA janajIvana kA yathArtha citraNa yuga ke anukUla prastuta kreN| saphala sAhityakAra yuga-citerA hotA hai| vaha kisI bhI avasthA meM yuga kI pRSThabhUmi kI avahelanA nahIM kara sakatA / isa prakAra yuga cetanA aura pRSThabhUmi meM ghaniSTha sambaMdha hai / paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi eka dUsare se sambaddha hote hue bhI eka dUsare se pRthaka haiN| paramparAoM kA kSetra sImita hotA hai, jabaki pRSThabhUmi kA kSetra atyanta vyApaka hotA hai| paramparAoM kI nIMva prAcIna mAnyatAoM para TikI hotI hai, jIrNa-zIrNa paramparAyeM vinaSTa hotI haiM aura unake sthAna para navIna paramparAoM kA sRjana hotA hai / isa prakAra paramparA jaba rUr3hi kA rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai, to usakA sAtha yugIna paristhitiyoM se alaga ho jAtA hai / aisI rUr3hiyoM se jakar3A huA sAhitya prANavihIna evaM asatya ho jAtA hai / rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' kA kathana hai - [12]

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'saMskRti, paramparA aura itihAsa jaba lambe sambaddha hote haiM, to damaghoMTU bana jAte haiM aura vartamAna ko ThIka se sAMsa nahI lene dete / aisI sthiti meM jIvana gata paristhitiyoM se prasUta preraNA krAnti karatI hai aura paramparA ke srota meM abhinava parivartana A jAtA hai| 12 paramparA kA sambandha atIta se hotA hai tathA pRSThabhUmi kA vartamAna se| kintu atIta aura vartamAna, prAcIna aura navIna sApekSatA meM dekhe jA sakate hai / kartavya aura adhikAra kI bhA~ti paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi meM 1 anivArya sambandha hai / 13 kartavya se mukti milanA kaThina hai, adhikAra kA AbhAsa taba hotA hai, jaba usakA prayoga kiyA jAya / kartavya ke mAdhyama se hI adhikAra prApta hotA hai, isI taraha paramparA ke AdhAra para hI pRSThabhUmi nirmita huA karatI hai / pRSThabhUmi ke anusAra paramparAe~ parivartanazIla hotI haiM tathA pratyeka vartamAna apane bhUtakAla kA pariNAma huA karatA hai| paramparA AdarzonmukhI hotI hai aura pRSThabhUmi yathArthonmukhI hotI hai- ina donoM pRthaka-pRthaka dhArAoM kA saMgama usa samaya hotA hai, jaba paramparA paristhiti se prabhAvita hotI hai / paramparA ko pRSThabhUmi se samajhautA karanA par3atA hai aura yaha yuga pratinidhi sAhityakAra ke dvArA hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi ke binA sAhitya kA apanA astitva saMdigdha banA rahatA hai| ataH vaha na to paramparAoM kI upekSA kara sakatA hai aura na hI pRSThabhUmi se apanA sambandha alaga kara sakatA hai| sAhitya mAnava-jIvana evaM usake anubhava kI chavi hai, kintu usakI avirala bhAvadhArA aucitya kI sImA ko lA~gha jAtI hai| jIvana aura jagata kA satya vibhinna rUpa dhAraNa kara sAhitya meM sAkAra rUpa se abhivyakta hotA hai / rAjanaitika, samAjika, Arthika, dhArmika evaM 12. DaoN0 rAmadhArI siMha dinakara - sAhityamukhI, pRSTha 11 13. gopAla datta sArasvata - Adhunika kAvya paramparA tathA prayoga, pRSTha - 11 [13]

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sAMskRtika nIrasa siddhAnta sAhitya ke aMga banakara prastuta hote haiM evaM unakI nIrasatA kA isameM parihAra ho jAtA hai| DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave ke zabdoM meM - 'paramparA ke kucha aMza jIvita rahate haiM jo ki saprANa navInatama meM ghula-mila jAte haiM, jabaki paramparA kA bahuta sA hissA kAI kI taraha sar3a jAtA haiN| paramparA kA jIvita aMza hI yuga ke sAtha juDA hotA hai, zeSa naSTa hokara astitvavihIna ho jAtA hai| paramparA kA vaha aMza jo yuga se sambandha sthApita kara pRSThabhUmi kI bhUmikA banAtA hai, vaha paravartI sAhityakAroM ko mArga dikhAtA hai| kalA kI zAzvata dhArA paraspara-virodhI mArgoM se bahatI hai| kabhI to vaha paramparA ke AdhAra ko svIkAra karatI hai aura kabhI mukta hokara krAntikAriNI ho jAtI hai| yaha mAnava-svabhAva kI vizeSatA hai ki kabhI use prAcIna pravRttiyoM ke anukUla calanA priya lagatA hai aura kabhI vaha donoM ko apanAkara samanvaya karatA hai aura isI meM use Ananda AtA hai|15 yuga kI paristhitiyA~ sAhitya kI dizA meM parivartana lAtI haiN| rASTra kI rAjanaitika, Arthika, sAmAjika krAntiyA~ prAcIna paramparAoM ko naSTa kara navIna pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa karatI haiN| prAcIna sAhitya se lekara Aja taka ke sAhitya ke anuzIlana se mAlUma hotA hai ki paramparAe~ pRSThabhUmi ko badala detI haiM aura pRSThabhUmi yugacetanA ko janma detI hai| sAhitya meM mAnava jIvana tathA usake vyApaka anubhavoM ko yuga sApekSya citrita karane kI paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se calI A rahI hai| DaoN0 suSamA dhavana ke anusAra- 'sAhitya-sRjana' 14. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga-2, sampAdaka - DaoN0 dhIrendra varmA, pRSTha - 477 15. jaoNna liviMgsaTana - kanvezana eNDa rivolTa ina poyaTrI, pRSTha-87 [14]

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kI preraNA Adi kAla se vyakti samAja meM santulana evaM sAmaMjasya kI samasyA tathA usake parivartanazIla sambandhoM se hotI hai|16 isa prakAra jIvana ko A~kane ke lie mukhyatayA do pravRttiyoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai - eka kA sambandha vaiyaktika hita se aura dUsarI kA sAmAjika kalyANa kI bhAvanA se jur3A huA hai| sAmAjika krAntiyoM ke pariNAma svarUpa vibhinna prAcIna paramparAoM kA vinAza aura navIna cetanA kA vikAsa hotA hai| jaba prAcIna paramparAyeM yuga ke anukUla mahatvapUrNa nahIM raha jAtI, taba navIna paramparAoM kA janma hotA hai| usa samaya sAhitya aura sAmAja eka navIna dizA meM mor3a lete haiN| yuga cetA. sAhityakAra apane yuga kA kuzala sAhitya sarjaka evaM yuga kA saphala nirmAtA hotA hai| usakI pramukha vikAsonmukha cetanA ba~dhI-ba~dhAyI sAraNiyoM evaM paramparAoM se juDakara nahIM ba~dhanA cAhatI hai| vaha navInatA meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai tathA paramparAoM se vidroha karake navIna mArga kA yAtrI banane ke lie vyAkula ho jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga ke aneka 'vAda' vikAsazIla yuga cetanA ke pariNAma haiN| yaha saba paramparAoM kA vidroha hai jo kaI yugoM taka calatA rahatA hai| koI bhI sAhitya paramparA se bilkula alaga nahIM ho pAtA hai| navIna jIvana evaM paristhitiyoM ke parivartita hue pariveza meM eka tarapha to vaha paramparA se sAmanjasya rakhatA hai aura dUsarI tarapha navIna mitra kA sAtha nibhAne ke liye sAmayika paristhitiyoM kA prAyojana karatA hai| paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi saritA ke do kUloM kI taraha haiM jisakI maryAdA meM baMdhakara vaha avirala gati se pravAhamAna rahatI hai| jisa prakAra do kUla kabhI eka dUsare se milate nahIM, ve mauna rahakara 16. DaoN0 suSamA dhavana - hindI upanyAsa, pRSTha-3 [15]

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saritA ke jala ko saheje rahate haiN| yadi unameM se koI eka kUla TUTa jAya to saritA apanI sahaja-svAbhAvika gati kho degii| eka yugacetA sAhityakAra apanI racanA ko saritA ke jala kI taraha paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi rUpI do kUloM ke bIca pravAhamAna rakhatA hai| yuga-pratinidhi sAhityakAra jahA~ atIta se kucha grahaNa karatA hai vahIM vaha vartamAna ke prati sajaga avazya rahatA hai| paramparAyeM vartamAna me kathAkAra ko na kevala preraNA evaM patha nirdiSTa karatI haiM balki yuga ke prati udAra navIna AzAoM kI adbhuta zakti pradAna karatI haiN| isa sambandha meM jAna liviMgsTana ke vicAra draSTavya haiM 'hama loga navIna vastu ke lie avazya utsuka rahate haiM, kintu hamArA yaha bhI Agraha rahatA hai ki jo paricita hai tathA jo apanA hai, usase bhI sambandha avazya banA rhe| hama purAne ko cAhate to haiM, parantu vaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM nayA avazya pratIta ho| isa prakAra hama sadaiva yaha prayatna karate haiM ki navIna se navIna vastu prApta kareM, kintu purAnI khokara nahIM varan purAnI ke sAtha navIna kA samajhautA kara aura navInapana lAne ke lie karate haiN| TI0esa0 iliyaTa ke kathanAnusAra - 'paramparA kA pravAha satat gatizIla hai| isake binA vaha nizcita sthira evaM jar3a hai| vikAsazIla jIvana meM purAtana pravRttiyA~ bhI parivartita hotI rahatI haiN| koI bhI purAtana vastu athavA sthiti akSuNNa nahIM hai, kyoMki jIvana kI pratyeka sthiti kisI vizeSa pravRtti kA pariNAma hotI hai| vaha sadaiva na eka sI rahatI hai aura na raha sakatI hai|18 17. jaoNna liviMgsaTana - kanveMzana eNTa rivolTa ina poyaTrI, pRSTha - 63 18. TI0esa0 iliyaTa - oNphTara sTena gaoNDsa, pRSTha- 18-19 [16]

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koI bhI sAhityakAra cAhe kavi ho, kahAnIkAra ho, nibandhakAra ho, Alocaka ho, jIvanI lekhaka ho, nATakakAra ho, aura cAhe kathA sAhityakAra kyoM na ho - jaba vaha prAcIna sAhitya se preraNA grahaNa kara vartamAna kA usake sAtha sambandha sthApita kara sAhitya kI racanA karatA hai to yuga pratinidhi sAhityakAra kahalAtA hai aura usakA sAhitya yuga-sAhitya ke zreNI meM apanA sthAna banAtA hai| aise sAhitya kA mUlya zAzvata hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kAlidAsa, tulasIdAsa, zeksapIyara Adi kA sAhitya kAla-grahI hai| sAhitya jagata meM gorkI, premacanda, bhagavatIcaraNa varmA evaM jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya bhI isI koTi ke haiM, jinakA atyadhika mahatva hai / isa prakAra yuga sAhitya ke sRjaka evaM unake kathA sAhitya kA mUlya zAzvata hotA hai| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 eca0bI0 rUtha kA vicAra draSTavya hai - ___ "vaha sAhitya yA kalA meM eka nayI dRSTi khojatA hai| isalie mahAna kRti meM navInatA dvArA cakita kara dene kI zakti honI cAhie, jisase pAThaka prArambha meM hI Age par3hane ke lie utsuka ho jaayeN| anubhUtiyA~ gambhIra evaM vyApaka chaviyoM kI nirmAtrI haiM tathA haiM- kArayitrI pratibhA kI krIr3A bhii|19 pratyeka kathAkAra apane yugIna pariveza ke sAtha prayogazIla bhI hotA hai| yahI prayogazIlatA hI navInatA kI sUcaka hai| zreSTha sAhityakAra paramparA aura prayoga donoM kA eka sAtha nirvAha karatA hai| vaha eka ora to apanI pUrvavartI pravRttiyoM se kucha na kucha preraNA grahaNa karatA hai tathA dUsarI ora yugacetanA kA avalamba lekara viSaya-vastu, zilpa aura bhASA meM kucha maulika parivartana grahaNa karatA hai| sAhitya meM naye prayoga rUr3hiyoM para prahAra tathA pRSThabhUmi ke prati satarkatA se hI hote haiN| kathAkAra kA sabase bar3A dAyitva samAja ke lie hotA hai, jisake 19. DaoN0 eca0bI0 rUtha iMgaliza liTalecara AiDiyAja ina dI TvenTIya sencurI, pRSTha -2 1171

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nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha yuga cetanA kI paramparA se paricita ho tathA paramparA aura pRSThabhUmi meM samanvaya banAye rakha ske| sAhitya aura samAja sambaMdha kA yuga cetanA se AlaMkArika bhASA me sAhitya puSpa ke samAna ba~dhA huA nahI hotA hai| sAhitya kI tulanA saritA se karanA adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai| saritA meM svacchandatA aura pravAhamayatA hotI hai| sAhitya bhI ina guNoM se achUtA nahIM hai| jisa prakAra saritA bahate-bahate aneka moDa letI hai ThIka usI prakAra sAhitya bhI apanI pUrva paramparAoM se alaga hokara aneka mor3a letA hai aura vahI mor3a yugAntara kA sUcaka hotA hai| sAhitya yuga cetanA se saMzliSTa hotA hai| sAhitya meM na kevala yuga kI AdhyAtmika, bhautika aura maulika pravRttiyoM kI pratikriyA hI vidyamAna hotI hai balki yuga kI AzA-AkAMkSA aura Adarza bhI parilakSita hote haiN| ataH hama samasAmayika sAhitya meM tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ko dekha sakate haiN| sAhitya meM samAja ke bhAva aura vicAroM kA pratibimba dikhAI par3atA hai| samAja bhI sAhitya dvArA prasArita bhAva aura vicAroM se prabhAvita hotA rahatA hai isa prakAra sAhitya aura samAja meM paraspara AdAna-pradAna tathA kriyA-pratikriyA kA anavarata krama calatA rahatA hai| ataH kisI yuga ke sAhitya kI samIkSA ke lie usa yuga kI janatA kI cittavRttiyoM kA paricaya aura vizleSaNa ati upayogI hai|20 20 pratyeka deza kA sAhitya vahA~ kI janatA kI cittavRtti kA saMcita pratibimba hai (AcArya rAmacandra zukla-hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha-3) [18]

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yuga aura sAhitya meM paraspara rAta aura dina kA sambandha hai| inheM eka dUsare se pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ yuga sAhitya ko upajIvya sAmagrI pradAna karatA hai vahIM sAhityakAra usa yuga bodha ko sampreSita kara eka zAzvata rasAtmaka sRSTi pradAna karatA hai| mAnava sacetana, jJAnavAna aura saMvedanazIla prANI hone ke kAraNa apane pariveza se prabhAvita hokara saMvegAnubhAti ko sAhitya ke rUpa meM abhiAvyakti karatA hai| sAhitya meM jaba kabhI navIna vidhA kA janma hotA hai, to usake mUla meM aneka paristhitiyoM kA yogadAna rahatA hai| isa sambandha meM zrI rAma gopAla siMha ke vicAra draSTavya haiM - "vyakti aura samAja ke jIvana meM parivartana, hara yuga meM hI hote haiN| aura inhIM parivartanoM ke AdhAra para jIvana mUlya vikasita hote haiN| ye jIvana mUlya hI vyakti ke caritra aura usakI sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke merudaNDa banate haiN| 21 sAhityakAra mAnavI pariveza mUlyoM ke udghATana kA prayatna karatA hai aura usakA yahI prayatna sAhitya sRjana karatA hai| samaSTigata cetanA kI upaja hone ke kAraNa sAhitya aura samAja meM aTUTa sambandha hai| samAja ke vibhinna kSetroM aura paristhitiyoM meM sAhityakAra ke cetana mana para par3e saMskAra avacetana mana meM saMgrahIta hote rahate haiM aura vahI abhivyakta hote haiN| saccA sAhityakAra kabhI bhI sAmAjika upAdAnoM dvArA cetana mana para par3e saMskAroM kI avahelanA nahIM kara sktaa| sAhitya aura samAja kI do samAntara rekhAoM ko sparza karane vAlI tiryaka rekhA yuga-cetanA hI hai| yuga cetanA-apane sampUrNa aizvarya ke sAtha sAhitya kI sAmagrI banatI hai aura sAhityakAra usase preraNA grahaNa karatA hai| jahA~ eka ora vaha samAja se preraNA 21 zrI rAma gopAla siha - svAtatryottara hindI upanyAsa, sa0-mahendra bhaTanAgara, pRSTha - 13 22 DaoN. devarAja- sAhitya cintA, pRSTha - 68 1191

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grahaNa karatA hai vahIM dUsarI ora vaha samAja ko prabhAvita bhI karatA hai| DaoN0 baijanAtha prasAda zukla kA kathana hai ki - 'sAhityakAra yuga cetanA dvArA hI apane sAhitya ko saMvAratA hai, jo yugIna dena hai| vaha eka sAmAjika prANI hai jo samAja meM janma letA hai, vikAsa pAtA hai aura samAja meM hI usakI jIvana-gAthA kA anta hotA hai| 23 sAhityakAra svayaM ko samAja se alaga nahIM kara sktaa| usakI kalpanA kA samAja yugacetanA ke prakAza ke mAdhyama se hI nirmita hotA hai| sAmAjika tatvoM kA jo prabhAva antaHkaraNa para par3atA hai, vahI sAhitya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| kathA sAhitya samAja se samAja ke lie sAmagrI grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra sAhitya ke lie samAja sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM haiN| isa sambandha meM munzI premacanda ke vicAra draSTavya haiM - _ 'sAhityakAra bahudhA apane dezakAla se prabhAvita hotA hai| jaba koI lahara deza meM uThatI hai to sAhityakAra ke lie usase avicalita rahanA asambhava ho jAtA hai| usakI vizAla AtmA apane deza-bandhuoM ke kaSToM se vikala ho uThatI hai aura isa tIvra vikalatA meM vaha ro uThatA hai, para usake rudana meM vyApakatA hotI hai| vaha svadeza kA hokara bhI sArvabhaumika hotA hai|24 isI sandarbha meM DaoN0 rAmavilAsa zarmA ke vicAra draSTavya haiM - 'sAhitya isa prakAra vizvAtmA hai aura vizvAtmA meM rASTrAtmA nivAsa karatI hai| isI AtmA kI pratidhvani sAhitya hai| 25 2muzI premacanda - sAhitya kA udadezya pRSTha 2 23. DaoN0 baijanAtha prasAda zukla - bhagavatI caraNa varmA ke upanyAsoM me yugacetanA, pRSTha -2 24. muzI premacanda - sAhitya kA uddezya, pRSTha - 24-25 25. DaoN0 rAmavilAsa zarmA - premacanda aura unakA yuga, pRSTha - 135

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kisI deza yA jAti ke caritra-nirmANa meM sAhitya kA bahuta sahayoga rahatA hai| sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hI rASTra kA utthAna saMbhava hai| isa prakAra kA sAhitya, jo rASTra ke utthAna meM sahAyaka hotA hai, vaha mAnavatA kI nava jAgRti kA sandeza lie hue hotA hai aura usameM rASTra kA AtmasammAna nihita hotA hai| muMzI premacanda ke zabdoM meM - _ 'sAhitya to vaha kalA hai jo samAja meM jAgRti aura sphUrti lAye, jo jIvana kI yathArtha samasyAoM para prakAza ddaale|26 yuga-cetA kalAkAra kA sAhitya yugaciterA hotA hai| vaha satya bAta ko prakaTa karane meM saMkoca mahasUsa nahIM karatA hai| sAhitya vaha darpaNa hai, jisake sAmane jAte hI tatkAla samAja kA satya citra dikhAI de jAtA hai| samAja athavA sAhitya bItI huI saMskRti meM DUbe hue bhaviSya kA AliMgana karate haiN| isa prakAra sAhitya aura samAja eka dUsare para Azrita haiN| sAhityakAra ke pAsa sAhitya kI aisI saMjIvanI zakti hai, jisase samAja ke vibhinna logoM ko jIvana-dAna milatA hai| vaha apane sAhitya ke mAdhyama se samAja meM navIna cetanA kA saMcAra karatA hai| sAhitya kA sabase bar3A dAyitva samAja ke prati hotA hai, jise yuga cetA sAhityakAra hI nibhA pAtA hai| sAhitya jana-jIvana kI satya tasvIra prastuta karatA huA samAja ko vikAsa ke patha para agrasarita karane kI preraNA pradAna karatA hai| yugacetanA se prabhAvita hokara sAhityakAra ke sAhitya meM yuga kI bhAvanAoM ko sahaja rUpa se jAnA jA sakatA hai| pratyeka kalAkAra sAmAjika prANI hone ke nAte apanI bhAvanAoM dvArA paricAlita hotA hai| karma, bhAvanA aura icchA kA vyakta rUpa sAhitya hai| sat sAhitya yadyapi bhAvanAoM ke pracAra ke lie nahIM likhA jAtA hai, tathApi usameM 26. premacanda - hasa, sitambara 1936 [21]

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vyakta bhAvanAyeM avazya yugIna hotI haiN| yuga cetanA kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA sAhitya yugIna bhAvanAoM se bhinna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usame sAMsArika vyaktiyoM kI bhAvanAe~ Andolita hotI rahatI haiN| sAhityakAra sAmAjika upAdAnoM dvArA cetana mana para par3e saMskAroM kI avahelanA nahIM kara sakatA hai| kucha paloM ke lie bhale hI vaha pRthvI se Upara uTha jAe, parantu use pRthvI para utaranA hI hogaa| vaha apane laukika vyaktitva kA vinAza nahIM kara sktaa| yuga cetanA sAhitya ke lie Avazyaka hI nahIM, balki usakA dharma hai| jaba vaha apanI vAstavikatA ko chor3akara samAja meM phailI huI rAjanIti, naitikatA, dArzanika bhAvanA evaM dhArmika pravRttiyoM se svayaM ko jor3a detA hai taba usakA vAstavika rUpa dhIre-dhIre naSTa hone lagatA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki sAhitya yuga kI yathArtha AvazyakatAoM se apane Apa ko achUtA nahIM rakha sakatA hai| vaha na to samAja kI AvAja kI avahelanA kara sakatA hai aura na hI saMsAra ke kolAhala se apane ko alaga kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra sAhitya samAja ke lie aura sAhityakAra sAhitya aura samAja donoM ke lie samarpaNa kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai| anubhUtiyoM meM vividhatA hote hue bhI sAhitya samAja-sApekSa rahegA, samAja-nirapekSa nhiiN| koI bhI sAhityakAra apane ko sAmAjika dAyitvoM se alaga nahIM kara sakatA hai| vaha yugIna nIti, dharma, AcAra, Adi se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha pAtA hai| usake vyaktitva meM sraSTA aura sAmAjika samanvaya sannihita hotA hai, ataH vaha yugacetanA ke prabhAva se prabhAvita hotA hai| sAhityakAra sadaiva isa bAta ke lie cintita rahatA hai ki vaha samAja ke sat pakSa ko prabhAvI DhaMga se prastuta kara ske| sAhitya jana jIvana kA darpaNa hotA hai, isIlie sAhityakAra jana-jIvana kI samasyAoM se pUrNatayA avagata hotA hai| sAhitya bhI 1221

Page #48
adhyAtma aura darzana kI taraha 'satyama zivama - sundaram' kA nirvAha karatA hai| vaha sAMsArika bItarAgI aura saMnyAsI hote hue bhI saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke lie saMsArI, anurAgI yA karmayogI hotA hai| yuga cetanA ko vANI pradAna karane vAlA sAhityakAra yuga nirmAtA hotA hai, vaha sAhitya meM yuga citraNa karatA hai aura apane samaya ke sAmAjika jIvana ko eka nayI gati aura navIna dizA pradAna karane vAlA hotA hai / kathA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA svarUpa kathA sAhitya meM yathArtha jIvana kA citraNa hotA hai, isalie ise mAnava-jIvana kI nikaTatam vidhA svIkAra karanA par3atA hai| isameM mAnava jIvana kI kevala dharohara hI surakSita nahIM rahatI hai, apitu usameM jIvana ke sajIva citra vibhinna rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hote haiM / isa prakAra mAnava jIvana kI Arambhika rUparekhA kA vidhAna karane vAlI vidhA kathA sAhitya hai, jisakA pragAr3ha sambandha manuSya ke jIvana evaM usake yuga se hotA hai| kathAkAra ke sAhitya meM yuga kA sarvAMgINa rUpa surakSita rahatA hai| usakI vivecanA kara hama yuga kA paricaya prApta kara lete haiM / yadyapi kathAkAra kA jIvana ke prati nizcita darzana evaM lakSya hotA hai jise vaha apanI kathA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kara satya kA AbhAsa karAtA hai, tathApi kathA sAhitya mAnava - caritra evaM usake yathArtha jIvana ke kAryoM kI abhivyaMjanA karane vAlI vidhA hai / yaha satya hai ki kathA sAhitya meM lekhaka ke mana kI dhAraNAe~ evaM icchAe~ abhivyakta hotI haiM parantu vaha kevala usake mana kI icchAoM aura dhAraNAoM kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana mAtra nahI haiM, usameM itanI vizAlatA evaM [23]

Page #49
vyApakatA hotI hai ki sArA saMsAra samAyA rahatA hai| isalie vaha jIvana kA kalAtmaka sarjana hai|7 sAhityika kSetra meM upanyAsa hI eka aisA upakaraNa hai jisake dvArA sAmUhika mAnava-jIvana apanI samasta bhAvanAoM evaM cintAoM ke sAtha sampUrNa rUpa meM abhivyakta ho sakatA hai| mAnava-jIvana ke vividha citro ko citrita karane kA jitanA adhika avakAza upanyAsa meM milatA hai utanA anya sAhityika vidhAoM meM nhiiN|28 kathA sAhitya meM mAnava jIvana kI abhivyakti hai tathA mAnava-jIvana kA jIvanta citra hai| kathAkAra mAnava-jIvana kA kaimarAmaina nahIM, varan kalAkAra avazya hai kyoMki vaha kisI yantra ke mAdhyama se citra nahIM banAtA, varan mAnasika dRSTi se jIvana kI vibhinna mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA sambandha manuSya ke jIvana se jor3atA hai| yuga kI gatizIla pRSThibhUmi para sahaja zailI meM svAbhAvika jIvana kI eka pUrNa vyApaka jhA~kI prastuta karane vAlA gadyakAvya upanyAsa kahalAtA hai| manuSya ke jIvana ke vibhinna anubhavoM kA kathA sAhitya meM samAveza rahatA hai| manuSya ke anubhava kI koI sImA nahIM hai-vaha vijJAna kA kSetra sparza karatA hai, sAhitya,saMgIta, evaM kalA meM bhI rUci rakhatA hai, pazu-pakSiyoM evaM prANiyoM se bhI vaha apanA sambandha rakhatA hai| usakA sambandha nirjIva prakRti se bhI hai| pRthvI se lekara AkAza taka saba se vaha sambandha rakhatA hai| unase vaha jo kucha bhI grahaNa karatA hai usI se sAhitya kI racanA karatA hai| upanyAsa yathArtha kI praticchAyA hai| vaha isa sRSTi kA yathArtha citra hai, jisameM kathAkAra usakA sAmAjika rUpa vidhAna, usakA varga sabhI kucha vyApaka arthoM meM A jAte haiN| vaha jIvana kI eka aisI dRSTi kI abhivyaMjanA karatA hai, jo yathArtha kI apekSA pUrNa 27 DaoN0 mahAvIra loDhA - hindI upanyAso kA zAstrIya vivecana, pRSTha - 4 28 DaoN0 tribhuvana siMha - hindI upanyAsa aura yathArthavAda, pRSTha -1 29 DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra - kAvya zAstra, pRSTha - 73 30. DaoN0 sureza sinhA - hindI upanyAsa udbhava aura vikAsa, pRSTha - 3 [24]

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hai, vistRta evaM vyApaka hai tathA adhika satya hai| upanyAsakAra kisA upanyAsa kA nirmANa usI taraha karatA hai jaise eka citrakAra citra kA sRjana karatA hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki manuSya evaM usake yuga kA sarvAMgINa yathArtha citra anya vidhAoM kI apekSA kathA sAhitya meM sahaja rUpa se ubhara kara AtA hai| vizva kathA sAhitya kA janma, vikAsa evaM samRddhi yugacetanA ke samAnAntara huI haiN| kathA sAhitya yuga cetanA kA saMvAhaka hI nahIM, apitu yuga kI gatizIla pRSThabhUmi para gatizIla jana jIvana kA citerA hai| Aja ke jIvana kI uthala-puthala evaM bhAgavata antarddhanda kI abhivyakti kI sarvottama vidhA upanyAsa hai| unnIsavIM zatAbdI se pUrva bhAratIya samAja meM saralatA thI, mUlyagata sthAyitva thaa| phalataH upanyAsa jaise parivartana priya sAhityika rUpa kI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM thii| yuga cetanA itanI gumphita, saMgharSamayI tathA asAdhAraNa ho gayI ki padya ke mAdhyama se usakI abhivyakti utanI AsAna nahIM rahI, jitanI prAcIna kAla meM sambhava thii| makkhanalAla zarmA ke anusAra "sAhitya ke jitane bhI rUpa vidhAna ho sakate haiM, unameM upanyAsa kA rUpa vidhAna apanI viziSTatA ke kAraNa yugAnukUla yuga cetanA kA saMvAhaka banakara apane uttaradAyitva kA nirvAha karatA AyA hai|33 Aja ke yuga meM hama unnati ke patha para jaldI se bar3ha rahe haiM to usI ke anusAra apanI abhivyakti ke mAdhyama ko parivartita karanA pdd'egaa| kathA sAhitya hamArI isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA hai| Aja ke jIvana ke bhAva-satya ko apanI samagratA meM sabhI staroM aura AyAmoM meM vyapakatA aura gahanatA ke donoM kSetroM meM abhivyakti karane 31 DaoN0 ricarDa sTega - di thyorI oNpha nAvela ina iMglaiMDa, pRSTha - 11 32 DaoN0 lakSmI sAgara vArSNeya - bIsavIM zatAbdI - hindI sAhitya . naye sandarbha, pRSTha - 252 33 makkhana lAla zarmA-hindI upanyAsa : siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pRSTha -4 [25]

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ke lie upanyAsa se adhika samartha mAdhyama dUsarA nhiiN| Aja ke yuga kI bauddhika uthala-puthala aura bhAvagata antardvandva ko dainika jIvana aura usake pariveza meM sthita karake tathA ina vibhinna pakSoM ke paraspara sambandha aura upayogitA ko prakaTa karane ke lie kathA sAhitya bar3I hI upayukta vidhA hai| kathAkAra apane kathAnaka ke lie pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa donoM rUpoM se mAnava-jIvana evaM usake yuga se preraNA grahaNa karatA hai| vaha usakI avahelanA nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki vaha usa vAtAvaraNa meM sAMsa lete hue apane sAhitya ke yathArtha kA sRjana karatA hai| jIvana kI satyatA ko kathAkAra yathAtathya rUpa meM nahIM rakha sakatA hai| jIvana kI yaha abhivyakti yathArtha hote hue bhI yathA tathya rUpa meM ghaTita nahIM hotI hai| kathAkAra jaba yuga cetanA kA yathArtha citraNa karatA hai to vaha yuga draSTA kI bhUmikA ko nibhAtA hai, lekina yuga draSTA kI bhUmikA nibhAne ke lie use apane bhoktA jIvana para nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai| jisa kathAkAra ke kathA sAhitya meM yuga draSTA evaM yuga sraSTA ina donoM kA samanvaya pAyA jAtA hai, use yuga kathAkAra kI saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| DaoN0 lakSmI sAgara vArSNeya ke zabdoM meM - 'upanyAsa aura kAvya ke bIca sabase bar3A antara yaha hai ki upanyAsa kA sambandha vAstavika jagata se hotA hai to kAvya kA sambandha manuSya kI AtmA se| kAvyaH mUlataH sarjanAtmaka, zAzvata aura nirapekSa hai, upanyAsa pradhAnataH vizleSaNAtmaka hai| 35 jIvana zakti kavi ke pIche aura sAhityakAra ke sammukha rahatI hai| kAvya apratyakSa rUpa se jIvana kI AlocanA hai| usameM kalpanA tatva aura sukha tatva pradhAna hote haiN| kavi sapanA dekhatA hai aura bhAvanA kA zabda zilpI hotA hai| kavi apane lie saccAI baratatA hai to sAhityakAra samAja ke lie| 34 nemicandra jaina - adho sAkSAtkAra, pRSTha - 10 35. DaoN0 lakSmI sAgara vArSNeya - pazcimI AlocanA zAstra, pRSTha - 376-377 [26]

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korA kAlpanika sAhityakAra usakI apanI prakRti ke virUddha hogaa| eka videzI kavi kI kAvya racanA kA Ananda hama uThA sakate haiM, kyoki vaha kalpanA jagata kI vastu haiN| usameM sUkSma manuSya ke mana kI abhivyakti hotI hai kintu videzI sAhityakAra kI racanA samajhane meM samasyA utpanna hotI hai, kyoMki usameM usI ke hara tarapha kA arthAta apane se alaga jIvana citrata rahatA hai aura usase hama anabhijJa rahate haiN| niSkarSa yaha hai ki kathA sAhitya sAmAjika cetanA kA pratIka hai| kathA sAhitya eka aisI kalA hai jo yathArtha kI praticchAyA hotI hai| vaha to jIvana kA puna: sarjana hai, kyoMki jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM kA udghATana isameM hotA hai| kathAkAra ke mAdhyama se milane vAlA jIvana pariveza evaM usakA yathArtha hI usameM mahatva prApta kara pAtA hai| sAmAjika cetanA kA kalAtmaka rUpa kathA sAhitya hai, jisake phalasvarUpa sAhityakAra apane samAja ke alAvA kisI anya kA citraNa nahIM kara sktaa| kathAkAra ko apanI svAbhAvikatA evaM saccAI banAye rakhane ke lie deza kAla evaM vAtAvaraNa ko ThIka prakAra se citrita karane ke lie, yuga cetanA kA apanA alaga mahatva hai| isakI sahAyatA se kathA sAhitya meM navIna pariveza evaM navIna AyAmoM ko AtmasAt karate hue pragatizIla bhAva-jagata para jIvana kI samagratA ko sAhityakAra citrita karatA hai| kAvya kI apekSA kathA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kI abhivyaMjanA saralatA pUrvaka ho sakatI hai, kyoMki kavi to sapanoM kA nirmAtA hotA hai aura bhAvAnurUpa zabda zilpI bhI, jabaki kathAkAra yathArtha jagata kA yathArthadarzI hotA hai| sAhityakAra kA kartavya hotA hai ki sAmAjika satyatA ko dekhe, parakhe aura vizleSita kre| pratibhA ke dhanI zreSTha sAhityakAra yahI karate haiN| [27]

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kathAkAra vyakti aura samAja ko mukhya bindu mAnakara calatA h| vyakti aura samAja to yuga sApekSa huA karate haiM ataeva inakA sambandha yugIna pravRttiyoM se alaga nahIM ho sakatA hai| yugacetanA kathAkAra ko kevala yugIna pravRttiyoM evaM paristhitiyoM se paricaya hI nahI karAtI balki vartamAna yuga jIvana kA dRSTibodha, saundarya-bodha evaM naitika-bodha pradAna karAtI hai| yugacetanAvihIna kathAkAra apane sAhitya meM kathAnaka evaM ghaTanAoM meM yathArtha kI abhivyaMjanA nahIM kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra kathA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA apanA mahatva hai, jise hama kathA sAhitya ke Adi kAla se lekara adyatana yuga ke sAhitya taka meM dekha sakate haiN|

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adhyAya-2 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM yugIna sAmAjika cetanA

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adhyAya-2 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM yugIna sAmAjika cetanA kathAkAra evaM samAjaH antarbAhya sambandha sAhitya mAnava-mAnasa kI viziSTa evaM ramaNIya anubhUti hai| sAhitya kA pahalA aMga hai- bhAva, jisake lie kalpanA kA yogadAna apekSita hai, parantu kalpanA aisI jo anubhUti ke AdhAra para nirmita ho|' isI yathArtha anubhUti kI viziSTa vyaMjanA karane vAlA sAhityika rUpa-vidhAna kathA sAhitya hai / isalie isameM hRdaya ko spandana dene kI kSamatA hotI hai / mAnava cetanA samAja sApekSa huA karatI hai, aura kathA sAhitya jo mAnava cetanA kA saMvAhaka hai, nitAnta samAja nirapekSa ho hI nahIM sktaa| vaha to jIvana kI parikalpanAtmaka abhivyakti hai jisake dvArA jIvana ke saundaryAtmaka aura Ananda pakSa kA udghATana hotA hai / isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki kathA sAhitya darpaNa gata praticchavi kA parAvartana nahIM pratirUpa hai aura pratirUpa kA mUlabhUta vidhAna samAja hai| kathA sAhitya, sAmAjika prabhAvodbhUta jIvana zakti ke kAraNa jo kalAkAra kI hI prANazakti hai, bahudhA sAmAjika cetanA kA preraka evaM prasAraka hotA hai| mArksavAdI AlocanA sAhitya kI svatantra sattA svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, balki use sAmAjika vikAsa meM eka hathiyAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai| isa prakAra sAhitya sAmAjika cetanA kI abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama hai jo yugIna parivartanoM ko AtmasAta karatA huA anavarata pravAhamAna hai| kArDavela [29]

Page #56
ke anusAra- 'kalA eka sAmAjika prakriyA hai / " kalAkAra kA doharA vyaktitva hotA hai- eka sAmAnya mAnava rUpa aura dUsarA sAhityika ruup| inameM sarjanAtmaka cetanA prabala hotI hai / paristhitijanya anubhava kI amUlya rAzi ko kalpanA kA puTa dekara vaha kalA ke mAdhyama se vyakta karatA hai| jisa prakAra agni se agni prajvalita hotI hai, vaise hI sAhityakAra yugIna sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi se preraNA grahaNa karate hue yuga - citra citrita karatA hai / jainendra jI kA vizAla kathA sAhitya yuga darpaNa hai, jisameM aneka sAmAjika samasyAe~ vibhinna raMgoM meM pratibimbita hotI hai| kathAkAra ke lie samAja vaha AdhAra hai, jahA~ vaha svayaM janma lekara jIvana ke vikAsazIla sopAnoM para car3hatA huA sAmAjika jIvana ke svAnubhUta citra prastuta karatA hai| samAja se jo kucha vaha grahaNa karatA hai, usameM kalAtmaka raMga para sAmAjika manoraMjana karate hue jIvana kI viziSTa praticchavi citrita karatA hai / sAhitya sAmAjika yathArtha kA darpaNa hai, yaha samajhanA jainendra ko mAnya nahIM hai| ataH yaha svIkAra karane meM kiMcati saMkoca nahIM honA cAhie ki sAhitya lokamaMgala kI kAmanA hai, jisakA sAdhaka sAhityakAra hotA hai / kathA sAhitya apane ko lagAtAra samAja se adhikAdhika joDane kA prayatna karatA rahA hai| jainendra sadRza yugacetA kalAkAra kA sampUrNa sAhitya yugacetanA kA saMvAhaka hai / unhoMne sAhitya kI racanA premacanda jI ke kAla se prArambha kara dI thI / svayaM premacanda ne hI unakI prathama kahAnI ko apanI patrikA meM prakAzita kara unakA sAhasa bar3hayA thA / 1 DaoN0 tribhuvana siMha - hindI upanyAsa aura yathArthavAda, pRSTha-31 2. 'Art is a social function' - Christopher Caudwell -Studies in a dying culture, Page-44 [30]

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san 1929 meM jainendra kI prathama kahAnI 'phA~sI' prakAzita huii| pahalA upanyAsa 'parakha' agale hI varSa 1930 meM chapA thaa| jainendra jI kahAnI aura upanyAsa ke atirikta cintana pradhAna gadya likhane kI ora bhI tabhI pravRtta ho gaye the| "jainendra ke vicAra' nAmaka inakI prathama vaicArika racanA san 1937 meM prakAza meM AyI thii| isake uparAnta jainendra jI niyamita lekhaka ke taura para sthApita ho gye| inakA lekhana kSetra pramukhatayA kalpanA sApekSa evaM vicAra sApekSa gadya hI hai| vizAla sAhitya kI racanA karane vAle manISI sAhityakAra jainendra jI ne gRhasthI kI kucha ghAtaka coToM se pIr3ita hote huye bhI hue apane bhItara kA caitanya sadaiva lokadharmI hI banAye rkhaa| paropakArI saMsthAe~, sAhityika sabhAoM evaM rAjanItika samitiyoM meM ve akuMThita bhAva se pratyeka bhUmikA nibhAte rhe| asvastha hone para bhI bahudhandhI yojanAoM meM unakA nitya sahayoga banA rhaa| saMsthAoM kI vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jainendra 'yUnesko rASTrIya kamIzana' kI kAryakAriNI ke prathama sadasya banAye gaye the aura 'bhAratIya sAhitya akAdamI' kAryakAriNI samiti ke bhI prathama sadasya manonIta hue the| jainendra ne san 1955 meM prathama yUropa yAtrA bhI kI thii| agale varSa cIna ke rASTrIya sAhityika mahotsavoM meM eka mAtra bhAratIya pratinidhi ke rUpa meM jainendra kA cIna jAnA huA thaa| san 1960 meM rUsa meM Ayojita TaoNlasTAya kI 50vIM puNya tithi para hone vAle antarrASTrIya kanvenzana ke ve pratinidhi bne| jainendra 'eziyA lekhaka sammelana' ke saMyojaka hue| unhoMne kendrIya sAhitya akAdamI ke pramukha sadasya evaM bhAratIya sAhitya pariSad ke variSTha sahayogI ke rUpa meM ullekhanIya kArya kiyA hai| unakI sAhityika sevAyeM aura gambhIra evaM preraka vicAroM kI abhinandanA karate hue rASTrapati ne san 1970 meM unheM padmabhUSaNa kI upAdhi se alaMkRta kiyA aura san 1973 meM dillI vizvavidyAlaya ne DI0liTa kI upAdhi se sammAnita kiyaa| 1311

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jainendra premacandottara hindI upanyAsa ke kSetra meM navIna pravRttiyoM ke pravartaka aura mAnava jIvana kA mUlyAMkana karate hue apane jIvana darzana kA spaSTIkaraNa karane vAle Adhunika kathA sAhitya ke anagaDha zilpI' the| jainendra kI dRSTi meM kAla aura deza kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara vyakti me apane vRhatarUpa kI cetanA uddIpta karanA sat sAhitya kA lakSya honA caahie| jainendra jI ne jo mahatva vyakti ko diyA, vaha samAja ko nahIM diyA prema, satya va paramAtmA ke sambandha meM jainendra jI ke aura gA~dhI jI ke vicAroM meM adbhuta sAmya hai| isI kAraNa aneka vidvAnoM ne mAnA hai ki gA~dhI jI ke jIvana darzana kA hI pratipAdana unhoMne kiyA hai| ve svayaM svIkAra karate the ki vaha gA~dhI jI ke RNI haiN| unake kathA sAhitya kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve sAmAjika samasyAoM ke nirUpaNa ke sthAna para vyaktigata ulajhanoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue pAtroM kI buddhi aura unake hRdaya ke saMgharSa kA udghATana karate haiM / jainendra ne svayaM kahA hai ki buddhi bharamAtI hai, vaha dvaita para calatI hai / usake sAhitya kA parama zreya akhaNDa aura advaita satya hai, usakA vyavahArika rUpa samasta carAcara jagata ke prati prema anukampA hai / unake sAhitya meM vyaktivAdI pravRtti ke sAtha ahaMvAditA kI antaH vizleSaNa upalabdhi hotI hai| I DaoN. manamohana sahagala ne jainendra ke viSaya meM apane vicAroM ko nimnAMkita zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai - " spaSTa hI jainendra ne jo mahatva vyakti ko diyA, vaha samAja ko nahIM / upanyAsoM ke mukhya pAtra prAyaH samAja ke prati vidrohI haiN| unakA aham itanA prabala hai ki ve samAja ke niyamoM-bandhanoM meM AvRta hokara apanI svatantra sattA kA homa karane ko taiyAra nahIM / jainendra ne unake bhItarI yathArtha kI majjA taka 3 DaoN pratApa nArAyaNa TaDana - hindI upanyAsa meM kathA sAhitya kA vikAsa, pRSTha- 105 DaoN. vijaya 4 zreSTha - sapta sindhu mAsika sitambara, 1970, pRSTha-65 sAhitya kA zreya aura preya, pRSTha-15 5 jainendra kumAra [32]

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ukhADakara rakha diyA hai, kintu kaThora yathArtha aura zuSka vastu sthiti meM unakI bhI gati nahIM ho paatii| vyakti samAja meM rahakara hI apane vyaktitva kA vikAsa karatA hai tathA samAja hI use pratiSThA aura sammAna pradAna karatA hai| yadi samAja na ho to manuSya kA vyaktitva apane Apa meM zUnya ho jAtA hai| DaoN0 kusuma kakkar3a ke vicAra draSTavya hai-'jainendra ne sAmAjika vyavasthA ko anivArya rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai|" jainendra apane kathA sAhitya meM pAtroM kI pratyeka sukhada athavA duHkhada mAnasika sthiti kA niSpakSa citraNa karate hue usake sAtha sahAnubhUti mizrita karuNa vyavahAra karake jIvana kI eka-eka gaoNTha kholane meM sahAyaka hote haiN| seksa para diyA huA kavara aneka prakAra kuNThAoM ko janma de sakatA hai, jainendra usa kavara ko hI haTAkara bAta nahIM karate, balki usa kavara se utpanna asAdhAraNatA ko nArmalsI kI ora Dhakelane meM sahayoga dete haiN| jainendra kI kRtiyA~ unake udAtta kSaNoM kI dena haiN| vaha prAcIna kathAkAra kI taraha ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana aura unakI sUtrabaddhatA meM vizvAsa nahIM rkhte| svayaM 'sunItA' meM unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki kahAnI kahanA unakA uddezya nahIM thaa| cintaka hone ke nAte eka vicAra vyakti jIvana kI eka samasyA kA abhAva, samAdhAna tathA mAnasika dvandva prastuta karanA hI nirantara unakA lakSya rahA hai| unake lagabhaga sabhI maulika upanyAsoM meM kathAnaka kI apekSA vyakti aura usakI antarmukhI samasyA pradhAna hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve kathAnaka ko kahIM bhI nizcita rUpAkAra nahIM de paaye| kathA kI upekSA kI ghoSaNA to unhoneM 'sunItA' meM hI kara dI thI; kintu 'kalyANI', 'tyAgapatra' Adi ke gaThana meM vaha ghoSaNA apanI parAkASThA ko chU gayI hai| inake kathA sAhitya meM pAThaka ko prArambha meM Ula-julUla kathanoM ke atirikta kucha nahIM prApta hotA hai, 6 7 DaoN. manamohana sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra : mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAkana, pRSTha-11 DaoN0 kusuma kakkaDa - jainendra kA jIvana darzana, pRSTha-181 [33]

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dhIre-dhIre lekhaka kI nipuNatA aura vyakti cetanA ke sUtra meM usake hAtha Ane lagate haiM aura yadi pAThaka prabuddha huA to vaha kathAnaka meM DUvakara unake dvArA sUtroM se kucha nIce athAha meM gotA lagAkara una ratno ko baTorane meM bhI saphala ho jAtA hai, jaisA jainendra kA cintaka kathAkAra apanI kRtiyoM me bikheratA calatA hai| 'mRNAla' ke kathanoM ko paDhakara koI sAdhAraNa vyakti bhale hI burA-bhalA kahe, kintu sudhI vicAraka ko usake pIche chipI karuNA kA sAkSAtkAra hogA aura vaha 'mRNAla' kI AtmapIr3A se bhI jJAna ke bindu ekatrita kara hI legaa| jainendra apane kathA sAhitya meM kama se kama pAtroM kA sRjana karate haiN| mukhya pAtroM kI saMkhyA kamI bhI do-cAra se adhika nahIM huI hai| inameM eka na eka pAtra tIkhe ahaM kA zikAra jarUra hotA hai| sabhI pAtra vyakti hone ke kAraNa usa ahaM kI granthi ko, jisakA kAraNa samAnatA, kAma, amukti, rUgNa, Asakti athavA kAmanA vizeSa hotI hai, khokhale aura kuMThita pAtra ko nArmala banAne kA prayAsa karate haiN| kahI-kahIM to aise pAtroM meM svAbhAvikatA lAne ke kAraNa kathAkAra ne kucha strI pAtroM se samarpaNa taka karavAyA hai| yathA 'sunItA' kI sunItA ne hari prasanna ke prati aura 'vyatIta' kI anitA ne jayanta ke prati kiyaa| jahAM pAtra meM sAmAnyatA lAne kI apekSA nahIM rahI, vahAM jainendra ne zuddha AtmapIDA ko usakA zrRMgAra banA diyA hai| 'tyAgapatra' kI mRNAla anta taka Atma pIr3A kI jvAlA meM jalatI hI nahIM rahI, varan vaha AtmavyathA ko jIvana kA eka ucca starIya AyAma mAnakara usameM se usa jJAna kI khoja karatI hai| inake pAtroM kI mukhya samasyA yauna kI hai| isa kSetra meM asaphala rahane para prAyaH ve samajhautA nahIM kara pAte aura apane tIvra ahaM se pIr3ita hokara asAdhAraNatA ko grahaNa kara lete haiN| isa sandarbha meM "parakha' kI kaTTo hI Adarza kI ora jhuka pAyI hai anya 'sunItA' kA 'hari prasanna' kalyANI kI kalyANI, 'sukhadA' kI sukhadA 'vivarta' kA jitena 'tyAgapatra' kI mRNAla 'muktibodha' kI [34]

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nIlimA asAdharaNatA ko prApta huI haiM / jainendra ke pAtra prAyaH vicAraka hai, kintu niyati aura AsthA kA sahArA nirantara lie rahate haiN| ve jisa mArga ko zubha mAnakara usa para nikalate haiM to kadama pIche nahI haTAte haiN| apanI hAni ko samajhate haiM; kintu usa Adarza meM pUrNa vizvAsa rakhakara nirantara pIDA sahate hue bhI ve dhairyavAna haiN| 'vyatIta' kI anitA apanI TUTI huI gRhasthI ko samajhatI hai, kintu zAyada aparAdha bhAvanA se prerita jayanta ke prati prAyazcita bhAva se sAmAnya kA AvAhana karatI sI pratIta hotI hai / mRtyu unake lie bhaya kA upakaraNa nahIM, kyoMki AsthA kI rAha para apanI lakSya siddhi hetu prayANa karane vAlA pAtra mRtyu se kyoM bhayatIta ho, yaha unakA Adarza hai| isIlie to 'kalyANI' kI kalyANI, 'tyAgapatra' kI mRNAla aura 'anAmasvAmI' kI vasundharA prasannatA se mauta ko gale lagAtI haiN| unheM apanI mRtyu zakti meM bhI paryApta vizvAsa hai / 'jayavardhana' kI ilA aura lijA 'vyatIta' kI anitA isa tathya ke jIte-jAgate udAharaNa haiM / vAtAvaraNa kI dRSTi se jainendra kA bAharI pariveza kI ora Agraha nahIM hai| unake kathA sAhitya meM antarmana kA gambhIra citraNa itane sUkSma DhaMga se kiyA jAtA hai ki andara kI koI bhI gA~Tha achUtI nahIM rhtii| unhoMne apane kathA sAhitya meM kathAnaka kI bhA~ti vAhya vAtAvaraNa ko koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA hai| isakI apekSA cintana aura Antarika samasyAoM kA unake kathA sAhitya meM vizeSa ullekha huA hai| jainendra jI kI dRSTi usI bhAva kA vizeSa sparza kara pAyI hai jo AdhunikatA kI dRSTi se jIvana ke saMga jUjhate hue hamArI anubhUtiyoM kI vibhUti bana jAyA karatA hai / 'tyAgapatra' meM Aja kI khokhalI sabhyatA aura svAvalambana ke bIca eka saMgharSa dIkha par3atA hai / bAda ke upanyAsa 'anAmasvAmI' meM lekhaka ne yauna tathA AtaMka kI jisa pravRtti kA sparza kiyA hai, vaha vartamAna pariveza kA navInatama rUpa kahA jAtA hai| jainendra samAja ke citrakAra na hokara manuSya ke hRdaya [35]

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ke bhItara chipI ratnarAzi ko ughAr3ate aura manuSya kI bauddhika, mAnasika samasyAoM kA saMzleSaNAtmaka DhaMga se digdarzana karAte haiN| unake kathA sAhitya meM Antarika samasyAoM kA vizeSa sthAna rahatA hai| unakA pratyeka upanyAsa kisI mAnasika ulajhana yA kuMThA kI gutthiyA~ sulajhAtA sA pratIta hotA hai, mAnasika ulajhana kA sAmUhika sandarbha na hokara manuSya kA apanA nijI gherA hotA hai| isalie jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA pratyeka pramukha pAtra ulajhA huA, ahaMvAdI aura kabhI-kabhI ati karuNa bana gayA hai| striyA~ adhika bhAvuka hotI hai, ataH vaha uparyukta samasyAoM kI gambhIra zikAra haiN| vyakti aura samAja __ jainendra ke sAhitya meM vyakti aura samAja ke vividha rUpa dRSTigata hote haiN| vyakti sAmAjika bandhanoM meM jakar3A hone ke kAraNa unase mukti pAne ke lie chaTapaTAtA hai aura isI meM vaha asAmAnya bana jAtA hai| vyakti aura samAja kI samasyAyeM vividha rUpoM meM citrita huI haiN| strI-puruSa evaM parivAra saMsAra strI-puruSa maya hai| sRSTi ke Arambha se hI saMsAra kevala strI-puruSa ke nAnA sambandhoM dvArA cala rahA hai| Adima yuga meM mAnava jIvana kI koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| manuSya apanI mUla pravRttiyoM ko svacchanda rUpa se santuSTa karatA thaa| DaoN0 kusuma kakkar3a ke zabdoM meM 'samyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha strI-purUSa ke sambandha adhika vyavasthita hone lage haiN| jyoM-jyoM unameM viveka buddhi jAgRta huI ve 1361

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jIvana kI vividha samasyAoM kI ora unmukha hue| parivAra vyavasthA ke krama meM yaha eka mahatvapUrNa sopAna hai| bhArata meM bIsavIM zatI se pUrva adhikAMzatayA saMyukta parivAra kA pracalana thA, kintu samaya ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha saMyukta parivAra TUTate gye| samAjavAdI yuga meM saMyukta parivAra kA koI astitva nahIM raha gyaa| saMyukta parivAra ke sambandha meM DaoN0 baijanAtha prasAda zukla ke vicAra draSTavya haiM - "bhAratIya samAja vyavasthA kA sabase mahatvapUrNa aMga saMyukta parivAra rahA hai| saMyukta parivAra praNAlI prAcInakAla se sAmAjika saMgaThana kA ekamAtra AdhAra rahI hai| isase parivAra meM sahayoga, sadbhAva, sneha evaM samAnatA kI bhAvanA banI rahatI hai| pati-patnI, sAsa-bahU, nanada-bhaujAI, devara-bhaujAI Adi ke kalaha evaM saMgharSa kI kahAnI AdikAla se calI A rahI hai, parantu Arthika svarUpa itanA paropakArI, parasparAkSepI thA tathA pArivArika sAmaMjasya ke Adarza evaM saMskAra itane dRr3ha the ki kaTutA unake sAmane vyartha ho jAyA karatI thii| isa prakAra saMyukta parivAra apane astitva ko akSuNNa banAye rahA, jisameM usa deza kI Arthika paristhitiyoM ne Avazyaka sahayoga diyaa| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM saMyukta parivAra kA viziSTa ullekha nahIM huA hai| unake kathA sAhitya kA nikhAra vyakti ke viSaya meM hI dRSTigata hotA hai, parivAra ke pariveza meM nahIM, arthAt dvandva kA kAraNa pArivArika samasyAeM na hokara Antarika utpIr3ana se udbhUta antardvandva hai| jainendra jI bhAratIya saMskRti ke pUrNa samarthaka haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vyavasthA vihIna samAja Adima kAla kA pratIka ho sakatA hai| kRSi-pradhAna yuga meM saMyukta parivAra hI vizeSa rUpa se prApta hote the, 8. DaoN0 kusuma kakkaDa jainendra kA jIvana darzana, pRSTha-182 9. DaoN0 baijanAtha prasAda zukla, bhagavatI caraNa varmA ke upanyAsoM me yuga cetanA, pR0-64 [37]

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kintu isa upayogavAdI yuga meM parivAra kevala pati-patnI taka simaTa gayA hai| yugAnurUpa unake pAtra pragatizIla tathA svacchanda vicAroM ke poSaka haiN| unake anusAra jIvana-mUlya tejI se Arthika banate jA rahe hai| usa vega meM jAna par3atA hai ki parivAra aura sammilita parivAra kA rUpa choTA ho jAne ko bAdhya hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki yadi Arthika sabhyatA kA daura-daurA rahA to yaha pariNAma ghaTita hue binA na rhegaa| lekina pArivArika ikAiyA~ svayaM usa Arthika sabhyatA ke pravAha ko roke hue haiN| unake do paravartI upanyAsa 'muktibodha' aura 'anantara' kI kathA meM pArivArika sambandhoM ke madhya hone vAle 'matabheda' ko hI vizeSa prazraya milA hai| pitA-putra tathA beTI-dAmAda ke madhya ghaTita ghaTanAoM ko pArivArika stara para hI citrita kiyA gayA hai| anya prArambhika upanyAsoM meM parivAra to hai, kintu parivAra kI ghaTanAoM athavA samasyAoM kI ora koI dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| vahA~ vAhya ghaTanA se adhika mAnasika tanAva dRSTigata hotA hai| jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM parivAra kI sthiti atyadhika nirbala hai| vyaktitva kA samucita vikAsa sukhI parivAra ke sauhArdapUrNa pariveza meM hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| pArivArika tanAva kI sthiti meM vyaktitva kA vikAsa samAja meM apanA viziSTa sthAna nahIM banA paataa| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM itanA vaiSamya dikhAyI detA hai ki unake sambandha meM koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM banAyI jA sktii| 'kalyANI' meM jo vyathA hai vaha 'muktibodha' kI svacchandatApUrNa paristhiti meM sambhava nahIM ho sakatI hai| jainendra parivAra ke astitva kA khaNDana samAja ke hita ke lie mahatvapUrNa nahIM maante| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA samAja ko lekara nahIM hai, balki manuSya kI 10. jainendra kumAra samaya aura hama pRSTha - 137 [38]

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satyatA ko lekara utpanna huI hai| unake sambandha meM yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM hai ki unhoMne samAja kA virodha kiyA hai| samAja satya hai, kintu samAja ke sAtha vyakti kI saccAI kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samAja manuSya se hI hai aura manuSya kI sArthakatA bhI samAja meM hI sambhava hai| brahmacarya hamAre deza meM manuSya jIvana ko cAra avasthAoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai, ve avasthAyeM brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura sanyAsa haiN| jIvana kI prathama avasthA ko brahmacarya kahA gayA hai| isa avasthA meM mAnava kevala apanI zikSA-dIkSA hI nahIM prApta karatA hai, balki apanA sarvAMgINa vikAsa karatA hai| jainendra kI dRSTi isase achUtI na raha sakI, unhoMne 'anAmasvAmI' meM isakI vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai| upanyAsa ke kathA paTa eka bItarAgI kintu sAmAjika dRSTikoNa ke vyakti 'anAmasvAmI' ke Azrama meM bune jAte haiN| sahaja vAtAvaraNa brahmacarya kA prazna uThAtA hai| anAma duniyA se bhAgane, samAja se alaga hone, apane zarIra ko kaThora dRr3havAditA kA zikAra banAne Adi ko brahmacarya ke AkarSaka nAma se pukArane para vizvAsa nahIM rakhatA hai| anAma kI dRSTi meM vivAha aniSTa nahIM haiN| brahmacarya kI surakSA kAnUna se nahIM, vivAha ke bandhana se adhika ho sakatI hai| kathAkAra cintana pUrNatA ko hI brahmacarya kA lakSya mAnatA hai| zaktihInatA pathabhraSTatA hai, zaktihIna bananA brahmacarya kA caritArtha na mAna liyA jAya, tathApi vaise prayoga kie gae haiN| AdamI haThAt napusaMka bana gayA hai, para vahA~ pUrNatA nahIM hai aura pUrNatA brahmacarya kA lakSya hai| banda maTha meM rakhakara kisI kI AtmA ko kholA nahIM jA sakatA hai|" arthAt akelepana ke 11. jainendra kumAra - anAmasvAmI, pRSTha - 39 [39]

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mAdhyama se koI brahmacArI pApamukta nahIM ho sktaa| brahmacarya niSedhAtmaka tatva nahIM hai aura na palAyana kI sthiti hI hai, sneha, prema aura sevA hI brahmacArI kA dharma hai| jainendra kI pratikriyA spaSTa hai'apane ko na sahArA pAne ke kAraNa prANI bhoga meM pravRtta hotA hai| pUrNakAma prANI niSkAma hotA hai| niSkAmatA niSedhaka sthiti nahIM, vaha to paripUrNa manodazA hai| isI taraha brahmacarya bhI niSedhaka bhAva nahI hai, vaha to pUrNatA kA sAdhaka bhAva hI hai| avatArI manuSya bhI to akele avatArI nahIM bana gaye the, ve sabake bIca aura sabake sAtha rhe| vahIM unhoMne mahAprema kI vyathA ko sNbhaalaa| brahmacArI sAdhAraNa samAja ko ghRNA nahIM balki prema aura karuNA se dekhegaa| anukampA sacce bahmacArI kA lakSaNa hai| brahmacArI ahaM kA kendra hai akathanIya sevA karanA brahmacArI kA svabhAva samajhanA caahie| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jainendra brahmacarya ko eka aisI sAdhanA mAnate haiM, jisameM manuSya apane ko samAhita kara de| 'anAmasvAmI' kA pAtra-citraNa isI brahmacarya dRSTi ko sAkAra karatA hai| brahmacarya meM manuSya bikharAva se alaga hokara Atma-saMyama kI ora pravRtta hotA haiM, kintu yaha pravRtti kisI haTha yA saMyama kA yoga na hokara nijatA ke vikAsa kA vizAla rUpa hai| aMgrejI meM jise 'iMTIgresana Apha parsanAliTI' '(Intigration of Personaltiy)' kaheM, brahmacarya vahI yoga hai| apane indriya, mana, prANa ko brahmaniSThA meM pirokara rakhanA hai| vyakti samaSTi bhAva se zUnyavata na hotA dikhe, vaha nirI apanI IkAI meM hI basatA jAe, to vahA~ brahmacarya asiddha mAnanA caahie| vrata to samaSTi bhAva hI hai, usakI carcA vyakti ko choTA nahIM, balki vizAla hI kara sakatI hai| 12 jainendra kumAra - anAmasvAmI, pRSTha-42 13. vahI, pRSTha-43 [40]

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isa taraha brahmacarya mAnava samAja hI nahIM, varan carAcara vizva ke sAtha yoga pAne kI sAdhanA kA nAma hai| isameM manuSya ke samAja se alaga ho jAne kI bAta hI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| jIvana meM kAma ko na mAnakara brahmacarya kI sAdhanA karanA hI manuSya kA ahaM hai| satya kI zakti ke kAraNa hI mana kA jhUTha parAsta ho jAtA hai aura manuSya ko TUTanA paDatA hai| 'akelA' zIrSaka kahAnI meM brahmacarya kI icchA karane vAlA manuSya svayaM ko dhokhA nahIM de pAtA hai aura kahatA hai, vaha akele nahIM raha sakatA, akele rahanA usake lie adharma hai|' jainendra ke anusAra, asatya ke sahAre samAja meM Upara uThane se acchA hai, mana ke satya ko mAnakara apane ko arpaNa kara denA, kyoMki satya vAhya svabhAva meM hI nahIM, andara aura vAhya kI samagratA meM hI sambhava hai| isake lie manuSya meM pUrNatA apekSita hai, yahI jainendra kI mAnyatA hai| vivAha aura parivAra vivAha pArivArika jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanA hotI hai| isalie parivAra ko unhoMne vaivAhika jIvana ke lie anivArya mAnA hai| ve vivAha ko kisI bhI sthiti meM upekSaNIya nahIM mAnate ataH vivAha ke sAtha parivAra kA honA svAbhAvika hI hai| parivAra vaha sthAna hai jahA~ strI-puruSa vivAha saMskAra ke sampanna hone ke uparAnta santAnotpatti tathA zArIrika, mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora mur3ate haiN| jainendra ke zabdoM meM - vivAha hI hai jo hameM saMsAra meM pahu~cane kA rAstA detA hai| bIsa kI pUrNatA hote hI ikkIsavAM varSa apane Apa usa para A jaayegaa| vivAha kI eka aisI hI sahaja pariNati maiM mAnatA huuN|14 14. jainendra kumAra - kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha-20-21 [41]

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jIvana nitAnta parIkSaNa athavA mukti prayoga nahIM ho sktaa| usake lie avalamba kI AvazyakatA hai| manuSya isI rUr3ha saMsthA para kAyama hai jo ki svayaM vivAha para TikI hai| vivAha ko eka sAmAjika saMskAra mAnA hai| strI-puruSa vivAha ke mAdhyama se hI paraspara milate haiM tathA santAnotpatti meM eka dUsare ke sahAyaka hote haiN| unakA kathA sAhitya bauddhika yuga kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| unameM manuSya kI Atmika samasyA aura dvandva kA vizeSa rUpa se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jainendra ne vibhinna sambandhoM se alaga unheM mAtra strI-puruSa ke rUpa meM jAnane kI ceSTA kI hai| unhoMne strI-puruSa ke arntajagata kI gaharAI meM praveza karake damita bhAvoM kI sahaja abhivyakti kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jainendra vivAha aura parivAra ko anivArya rUpa se svIkAra karate haiN| unake upanyAsa aura kahAniyoM kA kathAnaka vaivAhika aura pArivArika pariveza meM hI phalita huA hai| jainendra jI ne parivAra ko vaivAhika saMskAra sampanna karAne hetu mAtra hI mAnA hai| vivAha ke uparAnta parivAra kA dAyitva prArambha hotA hai| baccoM ke pAlana-poSaNa, zikSA-dIkSA Adi isake Avazyaka tatva haiN| vyaktitva kA samucita vikAsa sukhI parivAra ke sauhArdapUrNa pariveza meM hI saMbhava ho sakatA hai| vivAha kI asaphalatA parivAra ke lie cintA kA viSaya bana jAtI hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM parivAra ke lie koI ucca Adarza dRSTigata nahIM hotaa| 'sukhadA' meM pArasparika tanAva ke kAraNa bacce kI zikSA svayaM eka samasyA bana jAtI hai| pArivArika tanAva kI sthiti meM vyaktitva kA vikAsa samAja meM apanA viziSTa sthAna nahIM banA paataa| 'tyAgapatra' meM eka vivAha ke saphala na hone para dUsarA sambandha saMbhava nahIM huA hai, kintu 'muktibodha' meM vaivAhika anubaMdha bhI prayoga mAtra raha gaye haiN| vivAha jIvana ke aneka samajhautoM kA mUla hai| mana ko vaza meM rakhanA, jhukanA, choTA bananA, dUsaroM kI suvidhA kA dhyAna rakhanA, [42]

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nibhAnA Adi sabhI tatva prema ke lie bhale na hoM parantu ve vivAha ke lie anivArya haiN| sAmAjika dAyitvoM se ulajhA hone ke nAte hI vivAha kA vidhAna hai| jainendra parivAra ke astitva kA khaNDana samAja ke hita meM upayogI nahIM smjhte| parivAra aura vivAha samAja kI bAhya aura anivArya sthitiyA~ haiN| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA samAja ko lekara nahIM hai, balki manuSya kI saccAI ko lekara prakaTa huI hai| prema aura vivAha jainendra ke sAhitya kI sabase bar3I samasyA vivAha meM prema ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa hI utpanna hotI hai| vivAha aura prema ko ve jIvana sAgara ke do samAntara kinAroM ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| unake anusAra vaivAhika jIvana meM yadi bAhara se Ane vAle prema ko roka diyA jAya to eka tanAva kI sthiti utpanna ho jaayegii| vaivAhika jIvana vizAla hai, sUkSma nhiiN| 'sunItA' meM pArivArika jIvana kI udAsInatA se mukti pAne ke hetu hI sunItA aura zrIkAnta ke bIca hariprasanna kA praveza hotA hai| DaoN0 lakSmIkAnta zarmA ke zabdoM meM "aise samaya hari kA dravita kAma anAyAsa hI phUTa par3atA hai| vaha apane kartavya ko bhUlakara sunItA ko samUcI pA lenA cAhatA hai| sunItA ke nirvasana saundarya darzana se hari kI damitavAsanA zAnta hotI hai aura vaha sunItA ko usake ghara pahu~cAkara sadA ke lie palAyana kara jAtA hai| jabaki sunItA jisane pati ke Agraha se hari kI icchA ke sammukha AtmasamarpaNa kiyA thA, pUrvavat pati ke prema kI pAtrI banI rahatI hai| 15 DaoN. lakSmI kAnta zarmA-jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA manovijJAnaparaka aura zailI tAtvika adhyayana, pRSTha-2 [43]

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'sukhadA' meM sukhadA vivAha se pahale apane bhAvI jIvana ke sambandha meM jo sapane dekhatI hai, ve pUre nahIM hote| abhAvagrasta sthiti use bAhara se Aye AkarSaNoM ke prati aura prerita karatI hai| lAla kA bhavya vyaktitva use isalie prabhAvita karane meM samartha ho sakA hai, aisI sthiti meM ghara kA mAhaula asantoSajanaka ho jAtA hai, aura pati-patnI kA Atmika milana sambhava nahIM ho paataa| zrI raghunAtha sarana jhAlAnI ke vicAra isa sadarbha meM draSTavya hai - 'lAla ke mukta, svacchanda aura rahasyAtmaka caritra se vaha AkRSTa hotI hai' kintu usake pati kAnta ko lAla kI deza-bhakti meM vizvAsa nahIM hai aura isI bala para vaha sukhadA meM lAla ke prati kiMcita virakti kA bhAva utpanna karane meM saphala hotA hai, kintu tabhI lAla ko usake dala kI ora se mRtyu-daNDa sunAyA jAtA hai aura isa avasara para vaha sukhadA kI sahAnubhUti jIta letA hai aura usake hRdaya meM prema ko jAgRta karatA hai| jaba yaha bAta kAnta ko patA calatI hai ki lAla sukhadA se prema karatA hai to use yaha svIkAra nahIM ki sukhadA yaha mahasUsa kare ki vaha vivAhita hone ke kAraNa lAla se kadApi prema nahIM kara sktii| sukhadA ke lie adhikAra kI bhAvanAoM usameM pahale bhI nahIM thI, aura aba to vaha usako aura bhI adhika svatantratA dene ko tatpara hai| 'kalyANI' meM kalyANI aura usake pati kA sambandha itanA zaMkA grasta hotA hai ki unameM eka dUsare ke lie samarpaNa kI bhAvanA jAgRta hone kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| jainendra ke upanyAsoM meM pati kI tarapha se patnI ko prema karane kI pUrI chUTa rahatI hai, pati kabhI bhI patnI ke prati kruddha nahIM hotA, kintu kalyANI apane pUrva premI ke prati apane prema ko prakAzita karane meM asamartha hotI hai, usakA prema bhItara hI bhItara bar3hatA rahatA hai| usakI vedanA ke mUla meM prema kI 16 zrI raghunAtha sarana jhAlAnI - jainendra aura unake upanyAsa, pRSTha -79 [44]

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aprApti bhI hai| 'muktibodha' tathA 'anantara' meM pati ke jIvana meM premikA kA praveza hotA hai| jainendra ne svayaM kahA hai- "sAmAjika maryAdA satya kI sAdhanA kI rAha meM Apa hI banatI hai| Azaya ki samAja kI maryAdA svayaM sthira nahIM hai, vikAsazIla hai|" sadAcAra meM AcAra ko pIche mAnie, sat pahale hai| sat ke anusandhAna meM AcAra ko Age baDhate hI jAnA hai| isa taraha dRDha sadAcAra aura sajIva sadAcAra meM hara kArya meM kucha antara dekhA jA sakatA hai|" jainendra vaivAhika jIvana meM bAharI prema ko anaitika kRtya nahIM maante| ve binA saMkoca ke apanI samasta kahAniyoM aura upanyAsoM meM aise vicAradhArA ko AdhAra banAkara cale haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vaivAhika jIvana meM prema sambandha kI svIkRti se sAmAjika maryAdA bhaMga nahIM hotI / 18 jainendra prema aura vivAha donoM ko hI svIkAra karate haiN| vivAha ko prema kI apekSA adhika mahatva diyA hai| isa sambandha meM unhIM ke zabdoM meM -'prema jIvana ko bahalAne kI vastu bana sakatI hai, lekina jIvana usake lie svAhA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jIvana to dAyitva hai aura vivAha vAstava meM usakI pUrNatA kI rAha - usakI zarta | isa dAyitva se eka khyAla va eka bhAvanA meM DUbakara kaise mukti pAyI jA sakatI hai ? prema ko isa dAyitvapUrNa vivAha se kaise virodha karane diyA jAe ? jIvana prema se adhika mahatva kI, adhika zreSTha aura pavitra vastu hai / prema jo Akhira meM kevala eka Aveza eka bhAva hai usa para jIvana ko kaise bheMTa kara diyA jaay| 'parakha' meM prema, vivAha tathA jIvana ina tInoM binduoM ko pAtroM aura ghaTanAoM ke mAdhyama se citrita kiyA gayA hai| kramazaH kaTTo, satyadhana tathA bihArI prema, vivAha tathA jIvana ke Adarza 17 jainendra kumAra - prema aura vivAha, pRSTha-97 18 jainendra kumAra - prema aura vivAha, pRSTha-110 19. jainendra kumAra - parakha pRSTha - 181 [45]

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pratinidhi haiN| DaoN. manamohana sahagala ne apane vicAra nimnAMkita zabdoM me vyakti kiye haiM 'kaTToM ne prema ke bhAvAveza meM bihArI ko usa rUpa meM kho diyA-jisameM usakA vaidhavya ghula sakatA thA, satyadhana ne prema kI asAratA pahacAna kara vivAha kI garimA meM sArthakatA khoja lI aura bihArI jo dUsaroM ke lie jInA hI jIvana mAnatA hai, apanI karmaThatA kA sahArA lekara eka santuSTa jIvana ko pA sakane ke sapanoM meM lIna huA, isa prakAra tInoM mukhya pAtra milakara eka sampUrNatA kA nirvAha kara rahe haiN| 20 tInoM meM nijatA kI pradhAnatA hai, tInoM prema karate haiM, kintu tInoM unake alaga-alaga svarUpa ko jAnate aura samajhate haiN| isalie kaTTo pleTonika bhAva kI tarapha, satyadhana dAyitva bhAva kI tarapha aura bihArI utsarga bhAva kI tarapha agrasara ho jAte haiN| jainedra kI dRSTi meM vivAha sAmAjika saMsthA hai, usase parivAra banatA hai| use kevala do kA nijI sambandha samajhanA aura usa AdhAra para vivAha ko sthApita karanA galata hogA, kyoMki taba usakI pUrNatA sAmAjika na hokara kAmuka hogii| pati-patnI kA sAmAjika honA Avazyaka hai| deza, samAja aura rASTra ke prati bhI unakA kucha kartavya hai jise ghara kI cahAradIvArI se bAhara Akara hI pUrNa kara sakate haiN| jainendra kI dRSTi meM vivAha dAyitva lAtA hai aura prema mukta hai| jainendra jI kI vivAha aura prema sambandhI kalpanA 'vivarta' meM hI saphala ho sakI hai| vahA~ vivAha aura prema samAntara rUpa meM calate haiN| donoM sambandhoM meM prema aura ijjata kA bhAva vidyamAna rahatA hai| premI aura pati ko lekara mAnasika tanAva kI sthiti utpanna nahIM hotii| pati Arthika dRSTi se sampanna, atyanta suzikSita aura niHzaMka prakRti ke haiN| isalie pati kI 20 DaoN. manamohana sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra : mUlyAkana aura mUlyAkana, pRSTha-108 21 jainendra kumAra - kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha-19 22 jainendra kumAra - itastata, pRSTha -35 [46]

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ora se koI dabAva utpanna nahIM hotA hai| bhuvanamohinI aura jitena ke prema sambandhoM ke kAraNa parivAra para koI asara nahIM pdd'taa| jitena kI prema bhAvanA atRpti ke kAraNa krAnti meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| jitena kI sabhI kriyAyeM aprApti se prakaTa hotI haiM, kintu una sabhI kriyAoM kA bhuvanamohinI para koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| vaha jitena kI vivazatA ko jAnate hue bhI usake prati apAra sneha aura prema rakhatI hai| jainendra kA uddezya vivAha meM prema ke mAdhyama se svastha vAtAvaraNa ko sthApita karanA hai| ve pati-patnI kI nikaTatA ke lie bAhara se praveza karane vAle prema ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| "sunItA' meM vIrAna jaMgala meM jaba sunItA hari prasanna ke sammukha pUrNa samarpaNa karane ke uparAnta lauTatI hai to usakA mana zAnta rahatA hai| vaha punaH apane ghara parivAra meM sukha zAnti kA mAhaula sthApita pradAna karane meM samartha hotI hai| 'sunItA' meM jainendra kA Adarza apanI pUrNatA para parilakSita hotA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA dvandva kevala prema ko lekara hI nahIM utpanna hotA, usameM ghara-bAhara ke madhya asantulana kI sthiti hI vizeSa khaTakatI hai| unhoMne vivAha meM prema ko do cAra sthaloM meM hI ghaTita hote hue nahIM darzAyA hai, balki unakA sampUrNa kathA sAhitya isI para AdhArita hai| unake anusAra patnI-pati meM premI-premikA samApta nahIM ho skte| alaga se unheM honA hI hai| donoM kA honA banda nahIM hone vaalaa| jainendra kI vivAha aura prema sambandhI vicAradhArA samasAmayika adhikAMza lekhakoM meM dRSTigata hotI hai| pratyeka puruSa aura strI meM eka dUsare ke prati kAma bhAvanA kI icchA hotI hai| cAhe vaha vyakti kisI bhI stara kA ho| vaivAhika jIvana ke prArambha meM saba kucha anajAnA rahatA hai| parantu dhIre-dhIre pati-patnI ke madhya snehapUrNa sambandha sthApita ho sakatA hai aura unakA bAharI AkarSaNa kama ho 23 jainendra kumAra -itastata., pRSTha -68 [47]

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jAtA hai| jainendra ke anusAra 'vivAha' jIvana ko vistAra detA hai paridhIya kendra nahIM detA hai| vivAha ke mAdhyama se hama apane prema kA vistAra karane kA samaya pAte haiN| agara vivAha prema ko bandhana meM DAlane vAlI vastu ho jAye, to parivAra kAla koTharI hai| svatvamUlaka parivAra jakar3abanda bana jAtA hai| usameM jIvana kA vikAsa ruka jAtA hai, kintu vivAha dvArA prema banda nahIM hotA, balki phailane ke lie sthAna prApta kara letA hai, tabhI usakI satyatA prakaTa hotI hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki maryAdA aura prema ke madhya chala ke praveza se maryAdA kI rakSA sambhava nahIM hai| maryAdA kI rakSA aura prema kI isase siddhi hotI hai, jahA~ ina donoM kA samanvaya baiThatA ho, vahIM maryAdA kI rekhA hai| yadi surakSA akele cale to asaMgati utpanna ho jAyegI aura ucchRkhalA A jaayegii| vastutaH jainendra prathama lekhaka the, jinhoMne sAmAjika niyamoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bhI jIvana meM prema ko anivArya rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| unake jIvana aura sAhitya kA eka mAtra uddezya satya kA udghATana karanA hai| unakA sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa hI nahIM hai, balki vaha mAnava jIvana ke antardvandva ko prakaTa karane meM bhI samartha the| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM purAtana evaM nUtana donoM paramparAoM, vicAradhArAoM ke pAtra haiN| jainendra prema aura vivAha donoM ko svIkAra karate haiN| jainendra jI ke anusAra vivAha ko bhoga meM hI sImita kara denA aniSTakara hai| prema vivAha jainendra prema aura vivAha ko samAnAntara rUpa se svIkAra karate hue bhI prema-vivAha ke pakSa meM nahIM hai| unhoMne apane sAhitya meM prema-vivAha ko kisI bhI sthiti meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi prema mUlaka svatantratA ko dekhate hue unakA yaha dRSTikoNa asaMgata sA [48]

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pratIta hotA hai| jainendra ke anusAra vivAha sAmAjika saMskAra hai, ataH usame samajhaute ke hetu avakAza rahatA hai| prema-vivAha vyakti aura samAja dono dRSTiyoM se hAniprada hai / unake anusAra, vivAha meM prema kA Agraha itanA anivArya nahIM, jitanA mAtA-pitA, gurujana, bandhu-bAMdhava kA sayoga aura AzIrvAda / 24 prema-vivAha Aveza aura Avega kI sthiti me hI hotA hai / usa samaya viveka buddhi kArya nahIM karatI / prema mukta hotA hai / vaha dAyitva nahIM grahaNa karatA, kintu jaba prema ko vivAha meM baddha kara diyA jAtA hai to usameM pArasparika sauhArda se adhika tanAva kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| gRhasthI yathArtha jagata kI ghaTanA hai| prema atIndriya tathA Atmaloka kI abhivyakti hai| jainendra ke anusAra vyavasthita vivAha meM pArasparika tanAva hone para bhI eka dUsare ke prati ghRNA aura tiraskAra kI bhAvanA nahIM utpanna hotI / 'pyAra kA tarka', kahAnI meM unhoMne prema-vivAha kA pUrNa niSedha kiyA hai| isa kahAnI meM unhoMne prema-vivAha sambandhI vicAroM ko bahuta spaSTatA ke sAtha varNita kiyA hai| jainendra ke anusAra prApti kI kAmanA meM prema kA poSaNa nahIM hotA, prema meM tyAga anivArya hai| prema pAtra se dUrI hone para bhI Atmika stara para milana - sukha kA sA Ananda prApta hotA hai, kintu prema meM vaivAhika bandhana utpanna karane se ghRNA athavA tanAva kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai jo ki asahanIya hai| prema ke abhAva meM jIvana kisI prakAra sambhava ho sakatA hai, kintu ghRNA manuSya ke Apasa ke sneha aura prema ko sadaiva ke lie naSTa kara detI hai| vivAha rUmAnI prema para Tika nahIM sktaa| jainendra ke zabdoM meM 'apane ko lekara strI-puruSa ko vivAha ke kSetra meM sAthI cunane ke lie nikala jAnA par3e, isa avasthA ko bahuta unnata sAmAjika 24. jainendra kumAra - kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha - 40 [49]

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vyavasthA nahIM maantaa| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 kusuma kakkar3a ke vicAra draSTavya haiM, "jainendra vivAha ke sambandha meM purUSArtha se adhika bhAgya ko mahatva dete hai / bhAgya ke nirNaya para vyakti santuSTa rahatA hai| usameM dvandva yA Agraha kI sthiti nahIM utpanna ho sakatI / purUSArtha meM vyakti kA ahaM prabala rahatA hai aura donoM ora se Agraha hone ke kAraNa jIvana tanAvapUrNa tathA asaMtoSa kI sthiti se gujaratA hai| jainendra vivAha ke hetu svayaM vara ke cunAva ko ucita nahIM maante| ve vivAha meM dhArmika vRddhi ko Avazyaka samajhate haiN| * isa prakAra jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM prema-vivAha ko kisI bhI sthiti meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| unake kathA sAhitya meM prema-sambandha adhikatara vivAha ke bAda hI dikhAI dete haiM, 'vivarta' meM vivAha ke pUrva hI prema sambandha kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| kintu prema-vivAha sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai| jainendra ke anusAra prema jIvana kA anivArya aMga hai / prema ke binA jIvana jaDavata ho jAtA hai, kintu prema vivAha dvArA prema meM utsarga ke sthAna para dAyitva kA bhAva bar3ha jAtA hai, vyavasthita vivAha ke pazcAt prema sthAyI hai| vastutaH jainendra ne prema ke sthAyitva ke hetu prema-vivAha kA niSedha kiyA hai / 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla kA prema-vivAha sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai / mRNAla sAmAjika maryAdA ko sthAyI rakhate hue bhI apane antas ke prema ko vinaSTa nahIM hone detii| usake hRdaya meM apane premI pAtra ke prati ghRNA kI bhAvanA jAgrata nahIM hotii| jainendra ke pAtra AjIvana bhAgya ke thaper3e khAte hue bhI vivAha ke dAyitva ko sAmAjika maryAdA ke antargata hI svIkAra karate haiN| vaivAhika jIvana cAhe kitanA hI kaSTamaya kyoM na ho jAye, kintu ve apane Adarza se vicalita nahIM hote / 'triveNI' meM prema-vivAha 25 jainendra kumAra - prazna aura prazna, pRSTha-168-169 26 DaoN0 kusuma kakkar3a - jainendra kA jIvana darzana, pRSTha- 191 [50]

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sambhava na ho sakane ke kAraNa triveNI kA jIvana bahuta khinnatA aura roSa meM vyatIta hotA rahatA hai| vivAha ke bAda bhI usakA prema naSTa nahI hotaa| para premI ke Ane se usakI sArI manaHsthiti abhibhUta ho jAtI hai| isameM prema kI pIr3A se chUTakAre kI icchA nahIM hai| prema vAtsalya meM pariNata hokara sArA kA sArA abhAva bhAvoM se bhara detA hai| triveNI kI jhuMjhalAhaTa usakI vipannatA kI ora bhI iMgita karatI hai| niSkarSata: jainendra kI dRSTi meM prema-vivAha ucita nahIM hai, kintu vivAha ke bAda bhI prema banA rahatA hai| prema ko akSuNNa banAne ke lie vichoha upayogI hai| ailisa mahodaya bhI prema-vivAha ke pakSa meM nahIM hai| jainendra ke vicAroM se unakA spaSTa sAmya dRSTigata hotA hai| unhoMne prema-vivAha ke niSedha hetu samAja tathA parivAra kI ora se utpana hone vAlI bAdhAoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai|" jainendra ke vicAroM para bhAratIya saMskRti kA bhI prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| jainendra jI vivAha ko mAM-bApa dvArA hI sampanna honA mAnate haiM aura prema vivAha kA pUrNataH niSedha karate haiN| jainendra ke upanyAsa aura kahAniyoM meM prema aura vivAha ko lekara hI vizeSa vivecana kiyA gayA hai, kintu antarjAtIya vivAha kA sAmAjika dRSTi se niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| jainendra kI samasta racanAoM meM jAtivAda ko lekara koI samasyA nahIM utpanna hotii| unhoMne kabhI bhI yaha prakaTa nahIM kiyA hai ki jAti-bheda ke kAraNa vivAha sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| vivAha ke sambandha meM unhoMne antarjAtIya vivAha ko pUrNatayA svIkAra kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne jAti-bheda kI samasyA ko apanI racanAoM meM gambhIratA...se vivecita nahIM kiyaa| 'kalyANI' meM unhoMne antarjAtIya vivApasase milane vAle lAbhoM i. WORE-jA HsY 27. hevalAka ailisa - yauna manovijJAna, pRSTha -256 AIISHAN 15AINO [51]

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para vistRta prakAza DAlA hai| yaha antarjAtIya vivAha viccheda kA kAraNa nahI banA, balki paraspara eka dUsare ko na samajha sakane aura hara sthiti meM sAmaMjasya kA abhAva hI viccheda kA kAraNa thaa| antarjAtIya vivAha kI saphalatA aura sArthakatA ne chuAchUta jaise saMkIrNa vicAroM ko samAja meM panapane nahIM diyaa| jainendra ne apane sAhitya meM jAti-bheda ke prazna ko sAdhAraNa samajhakara chor3a diyA hai| usI prakAra samAja ke achUta varga para bhI alaga se vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| satya yaha hai ki ve manuSya ko mAtra 'vyakti' ke rUpa meM jAnane kA prayAsa karate haiN| isalie unakI dRSTi meM jAti-bheda athavA U~ca-nIca kA bheda vizeSa mahatva nahIM rkhtaa| anamela vivAha bhAratIya samAja meM anamela vivAha eka bhayaMkara sAmAjika doSa hai| nArI paratantra hai, ataH bahudhA usI kA zoSaNa huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya samAja meM anamela vivAha kA rUpa bahudhA bRddha vivAha hI hotA hai, jisameM kizorAvasthA kI lar3akiyoM kA vivAha vRddha purUSoM se hotA hai| vaivAhika samasyA kA isa prakAra mahatvapUrNa pahalU anamela vivAha haiM, jo daheja prathA tathA Arthika nirdhanatA ke kAraNa samAja meM pracalita huaa| anamela vivAha kI pariNati aMtataH kisI na kisI rUpa meM duHkhada hI huA karatI haiN| aise vivAha meM strI kA Antarika asantoSa khulakara bhale hI vyakta na ho pAye, parantu jIvana bhara use andara-andara ghuTanA par3atA hai| 'tyAgapatra' upanyAsa meM jainendra mRNAla ke anamela vivAha se na kevala sAmAjika samasyA ko prastuta karate haiM, varana nArI dharma, mAnava dharma tathA pAtivratya dharma jaisA gambhIra sAmAjika-sAMskRtika prazna bhI upasthita karate haiN| mAtR-pitR -vihIna mRNAla apane bhAI tathA bhAbhI kI Azrita hai| vaha zIlA ke bhAI se [52]

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vivAha ke pUrva hI prema karane lagatI hai, jise Age gRhiNI ke AdarzoM meM DhalI bhAbhI svIkAra nahIM kara pAtI aura usakI zAdI eka bar3I Ayu ke puruSa se kara dI jAtI hai| isa sandarbha meM jainendra ke vicAra draSTavya haiM - _ 'mRNAla' naye ghara meM samajhautA na kara sakI aura prAya. apane pati ke hAtha betoM se mAra khAtI hai aura anta meM yaha bheda khula jAne para ki mRNAla zAdI se pUrva zIlA ke bhAI jo aba kahIM sivila sarjana hai tathA Ajanma avivAhita rahane kI pratijJA kie hue haiM, se prema karatI thI, pati use ghara se nikAla detA hai| mRNAla apane bhatIje pramoda se usa sambandha meM apanA spaSTIkaraNa kara detI hai-"maiM strI dharma ko pati dharma nahIM maantii| kyA pativratA ko yaha cAhie ki pati use nahIM cAhatA taba bhI vaha apanA bhAra usa para DAle rhe| vaha mujhe nahIM dekhanA cAhate, yaha jAnakara maiMne unakI AMkhoM ke Age se haTa jAnA svIkAra kara liyaa| unhoMne kahA maiM terA pati nahIM hU~ taba maiM kisa adhikAra se apane ko una para DAle rhtii| pativratA kA yaha dharma nahIM hai| seksa kI samasyA strI-puruSa ke laiMgika sambandhoM kA adhyayana seksa ke antargata hai| premacanda yugIna upanyAsoM meM athavA usase bhI pUrva strI-puruSa sambandhoM kI sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi sAhityika viSaya vastu kA pradhAna aMga thI, kintu uttara kAla meM jabase manuSya kA adhyayana aupanyAsika sAmagrI kA AdhAra banA, tabase ina sambandhoM kA citraNa mUkhya rUpa se laiMgika sambandhoM ke ghere meM vizleSaNa pAne lgaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki 28 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-28 29 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha -62 [53]

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jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA vivecana karane ke lie strI-puruSa ke sambandhoM meM saiksa kI samasyA ko adhyayana kA viSaya banAnA ThIka pratIta hotA hai| DaoN0 manamohana sahagala ke vicArAnusAra I 'Adhunika manovijJAna ne siddha kiyA hai ki mAnava-jIvana vAsanA se pare ho hI nahIM sktaa| vAsanA zreya ho yA heya, yaha jIvana kA anivArya aMga hai| 30 jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM strI-puruSa pAtroM meM jIvana ke prati asantoSa mAnasika tanAva aura laiMgika vikAroM kA vizeSa citraNa upalabdha hai| isI se ve pAtra adhikatara kuMThita evaM asAdhAraNa haiN| unake kathA sAhitya kA mUla amukta vAsanA hai, kintu sabakI pratikriyA alaga-alaga hai / isalie pratyeka pAtra vyakti ke samaSTi kA pratinidhi hai / 'parakha' meM seksa kI pRSThabhUmi sAmAjika hai kaTTo kA satyadhana ko cAhakara bhI na pA sakane kA kAraNa sAmAjika pratibandha hI to hai / satyadhana ke vivAha para kaTTo kI pratikriyA bhI apanI sAmAjika sthiti se asantuSTa hone ke kAraNa hI thI aura bAda meM bihArI ko pAkara bhI jaba vaha samAja kI kudRSTi ke kAraNa usakI samUcI bana sakane meM asamartha rahI, to balAt eka udAtta anta tarapha mur3a gayI / kaTTo ke jIvana kA kaccA ciTThA vAstava meM seksa kI cAhata ko rokane taka hI sImita hai| usakI seksa kathA kA AdhAra sAmAjika bandhana hai, usameM mAnasika amukti kA koI sthAna nahIM / 'tyAgapatra' kI mRNAla kI bhI yahI dazA hai| zIlA ke bhAI ko na pA sakane kA kAraNa bhI sAmAjika hai| pati se TUTa kara kahIM bhI ThikAne kA abhAva sAmAjika racanA-vidhAna ke kAraNa hai aura yaha jAnate hue bhI ki koyale vAlA jIvana nahIM pAra karegA, usake prati samarpaNa bhI sAmAjika vyavasthA hai / 'parakha' aura 'tyAgapatra' meM seksa kA svarUpa sAmAjika hai / 'sunItA' meM jainendra ne seksa ko hari prasanna aura 30 DaoN0 manamohana sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAkana, pRSTha-73 - [54]

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sunItA ke jIvana meM laiMgika saMgharSa para AdhArita kiyA hai| yahA~ donoM kA mAnasika dvandva asAmAjika hai aura avasara pAkara daihika stara para bhI utaratA hai| 'kalyANI' 'sukhadA', 'vyatIta' aura 'vivarta' ke pAtroM meM kAma kI amukti kI spaSTa pratikriyA dIkha par3atI hai| isI se unake jIvana ko pravAha milA hai| seksa unakI mUla samasyA hai| kalyANI ke dAmpatya meM asAmaMjasya kA kAraNa laiMgika hai, sAmAjika nhiiN| vivAha ke pahale vaha prImiyara se prema karatI thii| DaoN0 asarAnI ne duSTatApUrvaka usa para vekAra kA lAMchana lagAkara badanAma kiyA aura vivAha ke kSetra meM usakI ummIdavArI halkI karake ahasAna rUpa meM usase svayaM vivAha karane kA prastAva rkhaa| kalyANI ne seksa mArga kI isa kuNThA ko jIvana meM tanAva paidA nahIM karane diyaa| vaha saba kucha sahatI bhI gayI usase parokSa meM pati ko socane ke lie vivaza bhI kiyA aura andara hI andara jIvana ko nyauchAvara kara ddaalaa| 'sukhadA' meM sukhadA aneka samRddha kalpanAoM ko lie hue pati gRha meM AyI thI, nirdhana pati ke kAraNa jaba saba para pAnI phira jAtA hai, to maukA dekhakara vaha macala uThatI hai| lAla ke karIba jAne se usakI icchA kI pUrti kI sambhAvanA huI to gRhastha jIvana ko tor3ane ke prayAsa tIvra ho gye| sukhadA lAla ke pauruSa kI ora AkarSita hokara usa para apanA tana nyauchAvara kara baitthii| yahIM sukhadA kI hAra ho gyii| usakI seksa bhAvanA hara kSetra meM pratAr3ita rahI, isalie usakI pratikriyA naSTa hone lgii| usane svayaM ko khuda hI naSTa kara ddaalaa| mUlataH vaha kAma-mukti kA hI zikAra thii| vivarta' aura 'vyatIta' jainendra ke aise upanyAsa haiM, jahA~ kAma kI samasyA to sahaja hai, kintu usakA nivAraNa 'sunItA' kI paddhati se huA hai| 'vivarta' meM jitena Arthika samasyA ke kAraNa bhuvanamohinI ko apanI na banA sakA aura isakA AghAta usako krAntikArI banAne meM saphala ho gyaa| vyatIta kA nAyaka jayanta anitA ke prati laiMgika [55]

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AkarSaNa ke rahate huye, usake dUra ke sambandha meM bahana hone ke nAte, use patnI ke rUpa meM na pA sakA, to nArI ke prati bevaphAI kI bhAvanA usake arntamana ko dUSita kara gayI / 'jayavardhana me seksa kI samasyA ne vicitra rUpa le liyA / yahA~ seksa kI mA~ga utanI hI tIvra aura avarodhoM ko ukhAr3a pheMkane vAlI hai, jitanI hari prasanna - - sunItA, sukhadA yA lAla meM, kintu yahA~ lekhaka ne usa bhAvanA ko saMyama aura tyAga kA aisA colA pahanA diyA hai ki ilA aura jaya eka dUsare ke lie tIkhI kAmanA se pIr3ita hone ke kAraNa binA vivAha bandhana meM baMdhe hI saMga-saMga rahate haiM / jainendra kI badalI huI pravRtti 'anAmasvAmI' meM prakaTa hotI hai / uditA amerikA meM jAkara kevala kAmecchA kI tRpti ke lie eka sAtha do-do puruSoM kI banakara aura phira bhI Arthika, sAmAjika evaM badalate hue naitika mUlyoM kI dRSTi se svAdhIna jIvana jIne ko taiyAra haiN| jainendra prema vyApAra ko indriyAtIta nahIM mAnate aura na hI vAsanA ko prema kA virodhI mAnate haiN| unakA vizvAsa hai ki hara sAdhanA ke pahale kAmanAoM kI tRpti Avazyaka hai| jainendra kI dRSTi meM kAma vAsanA kI tRpti bhI utanI hI bar3I sAdhanA hai jitanI kaivalya kI uplbdhiyaaN| seksa kA kSetra ho yA prema kA paricaryA karane vAlI mAtra bhuvanamohinI ho anitA ho yA sunItA - sabako ekAgra bhAva se samarpita upacAra karanA hI hogA, tabhI apekSita phala kI prApti sambhava / usake binA parachAIM ko talavAra se kATane ke jaisA vyartha prayatna | jainendra seksa ko vyakti kI kriyAoM kI eka cAlaka zakti mAnate haiM, kintu usI ko eka mAtra eka cAlikA nahIM mAnate / yahI kAraNa hai ki kaTTo, mRNAla, sunItA, uditA yA vasundharA Adi ko seksa samasyA se jUjhate hue jainendra ne saba jagaha yahI niSkarSa nikAle haiN| ve vyakti ko vyakti ke pariveza meM vibhinna pratikriyAoM meM lipaTA dekhanA adhika upayukta mAnate haiM / amukta vAsanA vikAra kA kAraNa ho sakatI hai, tanAva utpanna kara sakatI hai, kintu usakA AcAra hara [56]

Page #83
eka dazA meM alaga hogaa| seksa ke lie yahI jainendra jI kA dRSTikoNa dikhAyI par3atA hai| sRSTi ke mUla meM kAma hai| sRSTi Izvara kI kAmanA kA hI pariNAma hai / saMsAra strI-puruSa maya hai| unake madhya kA AkarSaNa kA kendra kAma-bhAvanA hI hai / akele jIvana kI kalpanA nirAdhAra I jainendra ke anusAra jaba akelApana ghera letA hai tabhI kAma use uddhAra karane ke lie AtA hai| kAma jIvana kA anivArya satya hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM kAma dvArA bhogonmukhatA ko prazraya na milakara usake prema mUlaka rUpa ko hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prema meM AtmadAna ke sAtha zarIra dAna bhI anivArya hI nahIM svAbhAvika bhI hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM 'prema' zabda kA vyApaka arthoM meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai, apanI samagratA meM prema aura seksa varjita nahIM haiN| DaoN0 kusuma kakkar3a ke zabdoM meM rAdhA aura mIrA ke Adarza ko hI unhoMne apane sAhitya meM vizeSataH svIkAra kiyA hai| 1 rAdhA-kRSNa aura mIrA bhAratIya sAhitya hI nahIM, jIvana meM aise do asAmAnya aura cirantara Adarza haiM, jinake prema ke sambandha meM zaMkA kA prazna hI nahIM utpanna hotaa| unake vaivAhika jIvana meM bhI prema apanI carama sImA para AruDha thA / rAdhA aura mIrA ke prema indriyApekSa nahIM haiM, varan usameM atIndriyatA dRSTigata hotI hai| jainendra ne apane sAhitya meM kAma ke sahaja vega ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| artha aura kAma donoM meM se kisI ko aMtima nahIM mAnate / artha aura kAma to jIvana kI samAnAntara rekhAe~ haiM, jinake madhya jIvana yAtrA sambhava hotI hai| unhoMne sRSTi ke mUla meM bhI IzvarIya zakti kI kalpanA kI hai| jainendra ke anusAra sambhoga kI sthiti meM strI-puruSa itane ahaM zUnya ho jAte haiM ki unheM apane astitva kA bodha nahIM rhtaa| usa sthiti meM sRSTi sambhavataH IzvarI zakti kA pariNAma pratIta hotI hai| 2 31. DaoN0 kusuma kakkaDa - jainendra kA jIvana darzana, pRSTha - 195 32 jainendra kumAra kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha - 116 [57]

Page #84
jainendra ne seksa ko mAtra bhogAkAMkSA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai, balki ardha-nArIzvara kA bhAva hI vaha mUla sUtra mAnate haiM, jisase strI-puruSa paraspara baMdhe haiM, strI-puruSa donoM apane meM apUrNa haiN| vaha eka dUsare meM apane abhAva kI hI pUrti nahIM karate, balki ve pUrNatayA ekameva hokara apane ahaM ko vicalita karate haiN| jainendra ne kAma bhAvanA meM zArIrika se adhika Atmika sthiti ko svIkAra kiyA hai| kAmavAsanA yadi zarIra taka hI sImita rahe to usameM tRpti kI bhAvanA nahIM paidA ho sktii| jaba vaha zarIra se AtmA kI ora unmukha hotI hai tabhI usameM vairAgya aura santuSTi kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| jIvana meM seksa kI anivAryatA ko svIkAra karate hue jainendra ne kathA sAhitya meM bhI usakI apekSA svIkAra kI hai| inake anusAra agara jIvana meM seksa ko bAhara nikAlA jA sakatA to kathA sAhitya, jIvana-marma kA zodha na kara paataa| 'ekarAta' 'ratnaprabhA' 'nirmama' 'rAjIva' aura 'bhAbhI' Adi kahAniyoM meM unhoMne strI-puruSa ke nirvaiyaktika sambandha ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| vastutaH jainendra ke anusAra kAma ko vAsanA mAnane meM ghabarAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jainendra ne kAma ko yajJa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| kAma meM vyakti jhapaTakara bhoga lenA cAhatA hai, yajJa meM kahIM bichakara miTa jAnA cAhatA hai| "sunItA' upanyAsa tathA 'ekarAta' kahAnI meM AtmatuSTi ke anantara eka dUsare se dUra rahane meM unheM zAnti hI milatI hai tathA kAma-janya chaTapaTAhaTa samApta ho jAtI hai| DaoN0 kusuma kukkar3a ke zabdoM me- 'jainendra' ne kAma carcA ko brahmacarya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| kyoMki usa avasthA meM vyakti kI ahaMcaryA pUrNataH vinaSTa ho jAtI hai|34 33 jainendra kumAra - kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha - 124 34 DaoN0 kusuma kakkaDa - jainendra kA jIvana darzana, pRSTha-197-198 [58]

Page #85
jainendra ne samAja kI paridhi ke antargata vivAha, parivAra aura jIvana kI vividha samasyAoM para apane vicAroM ko vyakta kiyA hai| ina kSetro me prAyaH jIvana ko saMtulita rakhane ke lie aneka prayAsa karane par3ate haiN| jinakA abhAva jainedra ke pAtroM kA jIvana dUbhara karatA hai aura unheM AsthA-anAsthA ke bIca bhaTakane ko choDa detA hai| jainendra ne aisI vicitra samasyAoM ke katipaya samAdhAna bhI prastuta kie hai| vivAha-viccheda jainendra ne jisa prakAra prema-vivAha kI mAnyatA nahIM dI hai, usI prakAra vivAha-viccheda (talAka) kA bhI pUrNa rUpeNa niSedha kiyA hai| kathAkAra ne sAmAjika samasyAoM ko AdhyAtmika stara para hala karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| pati-patnI sAmAjika bandhanoM meM ba~dhe hote haiN| pratyeka dampatti ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki ve eka vicAradhArA ke hoM, aisI sthiti meM donoM ko eka dUsare ke dRSTikoNa kA Adara karanA paDatA hai, kyoMki koI bhI vyakti pUrNa rUpa se na acchA hai na buraa| jainendra ke anusAra - 'merA mAnanA hai ki duniyA meM koI do vyakti aise nahIM hue jo eka dUsare ke lie janmeM kahe jA skeN| khiMcAva aura tanAva to strI-puruSa meM prakaTa aura sahaja hai| sAmaMjasya isalie sahaja nahIM hai| use sAdhanA hotA hai| usake lie saMyama aura amyAsa kI jarUrata hotI hai| yadi strI-puruSa meM eka dUsare ke doSoM ko dekhakara sampandha-viccheda kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai to use svAbhAvika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jainendra ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti cAhe strI ho yA 35 jainendra kumAra - kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha - 66 [59]

Page #86
puruSa sadoSa hai, ataeva samAja aura parivAra meM samajhaute ke binA eka pala bhI nahIM calA jA sktaa| jainendra pati-patnI ke jIvana bhara ke sambandha-viccheda ko ucita nahIM maante| unake anusAra kinhIM viSama paristhitiyo meM pati-patnI kA eka sAtha rahanA pArasparika sahAnubhUti ko pUrI taraha naSTa karane vAlA ho jAtA hai, taba unhe kucha samaya taka eka dUsare se alaga rahanA caahie| alaga rahane meM pArasparika sahRdayatA pUrNatayA naSTa nahIM hotI, kevala vaicArika tanAva banA rahatA hai| tanAva meM dUrI upayukta hai, kintu sambandha tor3a dene se bhaviSya meM prema kI sambhAvanA kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| unake anusAra vivAha kA mUla prema hai| prema ke abhAva meM vaha sukhI jIvana kI kAmanA hI nahIM krte| "viccheda' kahAnI meM unhoMne vaivAhika jIvana meM utpanna hone vAle tanAva se bacane ke lie samajhaute ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| vastutaH jainendra ke pAtroM ko vaivAhika jIvana meM cAhe kitanA hI kaSTa kyoM na uThAne par3e, kintu ve sambandha viccheda ke lie nyAyAlaya ke daravAje nahIM khttkhttaate| vyaktigata sambandhoM meM nyAya ko AdhAra banAkara ve pArasparika niSThA ko naSTa karanA zreyaSkara nahIM smjhte| kabhI-kabhI vivAha unake samakSa vivazatA bana jAtA hai, kintu ve apane AdarzoM se vicalita nahIM hote| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI premikAeM pati ke prati ghRNA aura upekSA kA bhAva nahIM rakha paatii| unake pati pAtra bhI adhikatayA bahuta namra the| ve Antarika pIr3A kI pUMjI sajoye hue sArA jIvana vyatIta kara sakate haiM, kintu sambandha viccheda kI kalpanA bhI nahIM krte| "sukhadA' meM pati-patnI eka dUsare se dUra cale jAte haiM, kintu pratyakSa rUpa se sambandha viccheda nahIM krte| 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla sambandha viccheda ko Avazyaka nahIM smjhtii| pati ke dvArA ghara se bAhara nikAla diye jAne para hI vaha bAhara jAtI hai| 'vyatIta' kI candrakalA hI aisI patnI hai jo apane pati se alaga hokara punarvivAha karatI hai aura sukha bhoga prApta karatI hai candrakalA apane pati se [60]

Page #87
alaga ho jAtI hai lekina usake mArga meM bAdhA nahIM bntii| DaoN0 manamohana sahagala ke isa sambandha meM vicAra draSTavya haiM - 'candrI kA Adarza to isa tathya meM hai ki vaha kadApi jayanta ke mArga kA vighna nahIM banatI aura na hI anitA-jayanta milana para kabhI oNkha mailI karatI hai, balki avasara Ane para svayaM rasoIghara meM dharatI para sokara bhI vaha jayanta aura anitA kA vistara sAtha lagAkara jayanta kI bhAvanAoM kA Adara karatI haiN| candrI ucca cetanA aura dRDha citta kI udAra mahilA hai| vezyA kA svarUpa vezyA nArI kA jIvana bhAratIya samAja meM eka abhizapta jIvana kI sRSTi karatA hai| vaizyAvRtti bhAratIya samAja kI eka gambhIra samasyA hai, jo atyadhika prAcIna kAla se samaya-samaya para apane svarUpa aura udbhava srotoM meM parivartana ke sAtha calI A rahI hai| lekina isake mUla meM prAyaH pratyeka kAla meM Arthika AdhArahInatA hI rahI hai| bhAratIya samAja meM vaidhavya kI samasyA, dahejaprathA, pardAprathA, bahupatnItva Adi aisI sAmAjika kuprathAe~ rahI haiM jo trasta, nirIha nArI ko jIvita rahane tathA Arthika svAvalambana prApta karane ke lie vezyA banane ko majabUra karatI rahI haiN| saMyukta parivAra ke vighaTana ke phalasvarUpa isa samasyA ne aura ugrarUpa dhAraNa kiyA, kyoMki usake dvArA nirAzrita nAriyoM kI jo Arthika surakSA milatI thI, vaha samApta ho gyii| pati ke marane ke bAda bidhavA nArI Arthika dRSTi se nirAdhAra, parivAra dvArA upekSita, samAja se lAMkSita pIr3ita tathA pratADita ekAkI parivAra kI sImA se nikala kara vyApaka samAja kI 36 DaoN. manamohana sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra mUlyAkana aura mUlyAkana, pRSTha - 71 [61]

Page #88
sImA meM pheMka dI jAtI hai| ataH isa avasthA ke antargata icchA aura anicchA, chala tathA kapaTa se isa jIvana ko apanA lenA koI bahuta anargala nahI lgtaa| isake alAvA ucita saMrakSaNa ke abhAva tathA anamela vaivAhika sambandhoM se asaphala jIvana meM sAmpattika adhikAroM se alaga rahakara nArI ko vezyA jIvana apanA lenA koI Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai| saMsAra ke sabhya kahalAne vAle dezoM meM bhI, jahA~ use jIvikopArjana kA avasara bhI upalabdha hai, vaizyA jIvana vyatIta karane vAlI striyA~ vidyamAna haiN| aisI dazA meM vahA~ vezyA samasyA ke mUla meM mAtra Arthika AdhArahInatA hI nahIM hai, balki vahA~ Arthika-viSamatA, sAMskRtika gatirodha, bhautikatAvAdI saMskRti kA vikRta rUpa tathA naitika mUlyoM kA vighaTana Adi nArI ko vezyA jIvana kI ora prerita karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki una dezo kA AdamI adhika bhogavAdI hai| lekina bhArata kI sthiti usase alaga hai| DaoN0 rameza tivArI ke zabdoM meM - ___"jisa deza meM nArI ke lie yugoM se satItva tathA pAtivratya dharma sarvocca raheM ho tathA jisa deza kI AtmA hI satItva para TikI huI ho, vahA~ bhI vezyAvRtti kA abAdha pracalana bahuta adhika lajjAspada lagatA hai| bhAratIya samAja meM isa samasyA ke kucha anya kAraNa hI rahe haiN| anya dezoM meM bhale hI usake mUla meM nArI kI caritrahInatA tathA naitika patanazIlatA rahI ho, lekina bhArata meM nArI kI Arthika, sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM ne hI protsAhita kiyA hai| jainendra ke anusAra sRSTi ke Arambha meM nara aura nArI do hI the| samAja meM vezyA ko sthAna to artha-vRddhi hone para hI huA thaa| jainendra 37 DaoN0 rameza tivArI - hindI upanyAsa sAhitya kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pRSTha - 148 [62]

Page #89
jI ke zabdoM meM vezyA paise ke Arambha se pahale ho hI nahIM sakatI-ujarata aura kImata dekara jaba bhoga ke lie nArI ko prApta karate hai, tabhI to use vezyA kahate haiM, kImata paise ke rUpa meM cukAne kI vidhi hI na ho to vezyA kI sthiti nahIM bana sakatI hai| ve vezyAvRtti ke mUla meM arthAsakti ko sAdhya tathA kAma vRtti ko sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| jainendra ne samAja meM phailI huI aisI vezyA-saMsthAoM para prakAza DAlA hai, jinake saMsthApakoM kI manovRtti ke prati anicchA hotI hai, kintu saMsthA ke mAdhyama se adhika se adhika dhanopArjana kI ora unakI dRSTi kendrita rahatI hai| jainendra ke apane zabdoM meM 'lekina artha vyApAra ke vicAra se alaga vezyA ke prazna kA vicAra pallava grAhI hogA yathA mUla grAhI nahIM hogA, yaha acchI taraha samajha lenA caahie| vaha Age likhate haiM - ____ 'vezyA vaha nahIM hai jo aneka ko prema karatI hai| vezyA vaha hai jo paise kI evaja meM apane ko detI hai| jainendra ne vezyA sambandhI gambhIra satya kI ora iMgita kiyA hai| sAmAnyatayA vezyA ko aneka purUSoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karane ke lie hI heya mAnA gayA hai, kintu vezyAvRtti ke mUla meM nihita nArI kI vivazatA kI ora hamArA dhyAna nahIM jAtA hai| vaha artha ke lie apane ko detI hai| vezyAvRtti ke sandarbha meM carcA karate hue jJAta hotA hai ki puruSa kI kAmukatA hI nArI ko vivaza banAtI hai| jainendra vezyA ko kisI bhI zarta para amAnya nahIM krte| unakI dRSTi meM yadi samAja vezyA ko heya mAnatA hai to vezya (vezyAvRtti meM lipta) kyoM sammAnanIya ho sakatA hai? vezya kI artha lolupatA vezyA se kahIM adhika ghAtaka hai, kyoMki 38 jainendra kumAra - samaya aura hama, pRSTha - 345 39 vahI, pRSTha -247 40 jainendra kumAra - samaya aura hama, pRSTha - 351 [63]

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vezyAvRtti kA svarUpa to samAja meM prakaTa hai, kintu vezya to sAmAjika dRSTi se sammAnIya banakara samAja ke zarIra meM jhUTha, corI beimAnI kA ghAtaka viSa phailAtA hai / vastutaH jainendra kI dRSTi meM vezyAvRtti kI jar3a meM zuddha arthAsakti vidyamAna rahatI hai| vezyAvRtti pUMjIvAdI nIti kA pariNAma hai| jainendra ke upanyAsa aura kahAniyoM meM vezyAvRtti kA jo svarUpa dRSTigata hotA hai, usake mUla meM garIbI hI vidyamAna hai| nirdhanatA ke kAraNa vezyA banI nArI samAja se tiraskRta hokara apane pati kI Arthika sahAyatA karatI hai| 'andhe kA bheda' zIrSaka kahAnI meM andhA bhikhArI galI-galI gAkara bhIkha mAMgatA hai aura usakI patnI parivAra se dUra samAja ke kIcar3a meM par3I gRhasthI ko calAne ke lie jIvikopArjana karatI hai / vaha apane hAthoM se apane pati kI A~khe phoDa detI hai| jisase vaha usake kukarmo ko dekhakara duHkhI na ho / usakI AtmA patita nahIM hotI, kintu bAhya rUpa meM vaha kucha bhI karatI hai, kisI taraha hI sahana karatI hai| jainendra ne apanI isa kahAnI meM vezyA nArI kA jo rUpa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha hRdaya ko jhakajhora detA hai| vastutaH jainendra kI dRSTi meM vezyA samAja kI upekSita hokara bhI sahAnubhUti kI prArthinI banI rahatI hai| 'bikharI' kahAnI meM patnI nirdhanatA ke kAraNa svayaM ko aisI saMsthA se sambaddha kara detI hai, jisakA lakSya usake mAdhyama se dhanopArjana karanA hai / 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla sAmAjika surakSA ke lie svayaM ko samAja ke usa upekSita sthAna para le jAtI hai; jahAM mAnava jIvana kI samasta saMvedanA kI pArasparika sahAnubhUti pUrNataH samApta ho jAtI hai| nArI kevala jar3a padArtha ke rUpa meM upabhoga kI jAtI hai| 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla nirdhanatA ke kAraNa bhI samAja ke usa dalita sthala ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| vastutaH jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM [64]

Page #91
nArI adhikatara arthAbhAva ke kAraNa hI vezyAvRtti svIkAra karatI hai| jainendra jI kI dRSTi meM sAmAjika sudhAra ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti kI manovRtti meM sudhAra kiyA jAya / vaidhavya kI samasyA vaidhavya nArI-zoSaNa kA eka anya rUpa hai| sambhavataH samAja ke anya kisI vidhAna ke dvArA nArI kA itanA zoSaNa nahIM huA hogaa| yaha samasyA jahAM eka ora aneka sAmAjika doSoM kA pariNAma hai vahIM dUsarI ora katipaya samasyAoM kI jananI hai| rUr3hiyoM, paramparAoM, prathAoM aura prAcIna mAnyatAoM se grasta samAja meM aneka samasyAe~ svatantra na rahakara kaI sAmAjika doSoM kI zrRMkhalA meM ba~dha jAtI haiN| hindU samAja meM vaidhavya eka aisI hI jaTila samasyA rahI hai jo aneka sAmAjika doSoM ko AtmasAt karatI huI vyakti aura samAja ke lie mahatvapUrNa prazna bnii| vidhavA becArI vaise hI duHkha bhAra se bojhila hotI hai, dUsare anudAra sAmAjika dRSTikoNa usakA uThanA baiThanA, khAnA-pInA, or3hanA-pahananA saba dUbhara kara detA hai| paga-paga para use parivAra meM avahelanA milatI hai| saubhAgvatI striyA~ unakI chAyA se bhI dUra rahatI haiN| aisI dazA meM sacamuca unake lie pati ke sAtha satI ho jAnA hI adhika upayukta lagatA hai, lekina yaha samAdhAna aisA hI hai jaise atyAcAra sahate-sahate Ubakara AtmahatyA kara lI jaay| jainendra jI ne isa samasyA ko 1929 meM 'parakha' ke prakAzana ke pazcAt eka nayA mor3a diyA aura ise bahuta kucha bhinna AyAmoM meM prastuta kiyaa| isake pahale vyakti ke sAmAjika pariprekSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI usakI samasyAoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA thA, lekina inhoMne pahalI bAra vyakti ko pramukhatA dekara sAmAjika samasyA ko [65]

Page #92
prastuta kiyaa| isake pahale ke lekhakoM ke samakSa isa samasyA se utpanna burAiyA~ hI pramukha thiiN| ataeva parivartana kI Thosa tathA krAntikArI bhUmikA ke sthAna para inhoMne sudhAravAda kA mArga pakar3A aura vidhavAoM ko vidhavA Azrama taka phuNcaayaa| isa prakAra abalA nArI ko samAja meM surakSita rakhane kI vyavasthA avazya kI lekina nArI svayaM rUDhigata mAnyatAoM ke prati vidroha karatI huI nahIM dikhalAyI pddii| jainendra 'parakha' meM isa samasyA ke taha meM gaye aura unhoMne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA ki yaha samasyA sAmAjika hI nahIM varan vaiyaktika stara para bhI apanA mahatva rakhatI hai| unhoMne vaidhavya kI samasyA ko manovaijJAnika pratimAnoM para parakhA tathA usake samAdhAna meM na kevala sAmAjika balki vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa ko bhI svIkRta kiyaa| 'parakha' meM isa samasyA kA bahuta kucha rUpa vaiyaktika hI hai| 'parakha' kI kaTToM bAla vidhavA hai| pAMca varSa kI umra meM hI usakA vivAha huA, taba vaha apane pati ko jAnatI taka nahIM thii| isake turanta bAda usake pati kA dehAnta ho gayA, jisake kAraNa vidhavA kA artha jAnane ke pahale hI kaTTo vidhavA bana gyii| usane abhI taka kisI se prema nahIM kiyaa| phalataH kizorAvasthA meM vaha jaba apane mAsTara jI ke samparka meM AtI hai to unase prema karane lagatI hai| sAmAjika rUr3hi mAnyatAoM ke prati kaTToM kA yaha vidroha sarAhanIya hai aura pAThakoM kI sahAnubhUti bhI lekhaka ke sAtha-sAtha use prApta hai| antataH satyadhana usake sAtha vizvAsaghAta karatA hai| taba prathama bAra use anubhava hotA hai ki vaha vidhavA ho gayI hai| vaidhavya kA anubhava kaTTo rUr3higata mAnyatAoM tathA sAmAjika saMskAroM se prabhAvita hokara nahIM kara sakI, lekina vaiyaktika anubhava ke AdhAra para use vaidhavya svIkAra karanA par3atA hai| anubhava karane kA yaha DhaMga [661

Page #93
jainendra kA pUrNatayA apanA hai jo sAmAjika saMskAroM kI vivazatA kI apekSA kahIM adhika tarkasaMgata aura samIcIna jAna par3atA hai| upanyAsa kA yaha bhAga itanA adhika prabhAvazAlI bana gayA hai ki usake Age kI kathA vyartha tathA siddhAntavAditA ke lie kRtrima tarIke se joDI huI lagatI hai| upanyAsa kA aMta vastutaH yahI ho jAnA cAhie thA, taba kaTTo kI vaidhavya kI samasyA manovaijJAnika dharAtala para eka pramukha vicAraNIya prazna banakara apanA mahatva sthApita kara letI, lekina bihArI jaise rahasyamayI pAtra kI sRSTi aura kaTTo bihArI ke sambandha meM rahasyamayI vivAha tathA vaidhavya kI pratijJA kI abUjha pahelI ne vaidhavya kI samasyA kI yathArthatA tathA usake vAstavika rUpa ko bahuta kucha dhuMdhalA kara diyA hai| eka vicitra saMyoga hI hai ki 'parakha' kI kathA prArambha to hotI hai, kaTTo ke sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke vidroha se, lekina usakA aMta hotA hai-vaidhavya sambandhI lekhakIya AdhyAtmika kiMvA dArzanika vyAkhyA se| kaTToM apane vaidhavya tathA vivAha donoM kI pratijJA ko spaSTa karate hue kahatI hai-'hama donoM vaidhavya yajJa kI pratijJA meM dUsare kA hAtha lekara Ajanma baMdhate haiN| hama eka hoMge eka prANa, do tn| koI hameM judA na kara skegaa|' kaTTo ne khaa| hama donoM vaidhavya yajJa kI pratijJA meM eka dUsare kA hAtha lekara Ajanma baMdhate haiN| hama eka hoMge eka prANa, do tn| koI hameM judA na kara skegaa| bihArI ne doharA diyaa| kaTTo ne kahA Aja merA vivAha pUrNa huA, vaidhavya sArthaka huaa| jainendra isa samasyA ke sandarbha meM apane yugIna vicAra darzanoM se alaga haiN| gA~dhI jI ne bAla-vidhavA kI samasyA para apanA vicAra vyakta kiyA thA-'unakA vivAha kuMvArI lar3akiyoM kI bhAMti honA 41 jainendra kumAra parakha' pRSTha-75-76 [67]

Page #94
caahie| unheM vivAhitA samajhanA hI anucita hai| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki vidhavA samasyA kA isase bar3hakara adhika vyAvahArika samAdhAna aura kyA ho sakatA hai? lekina jainendra jahA~ anya samasyAoM meM gA~dhI jI ke sAtha hai, vaidhavya kI samasyA ke sambandha meM gA~dhI jI ke vicAroM se mela nahIM khaate| unhoMne kaTTo se vidhavA vivAha kA virodha karavAyA hai| vaha apane ko vidhavA mAnakara bar3e gaurava ke sAtha kahatI hai-'vidhavAoM kA vivAha hotA hai chiH| 43 vihArI ke sAtha sthApita apane naye sambandhoM ko kaTToM vivAha nahIM, varan eka pratijJA mAnatI hai| strI aura rAjanIti __ jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM jahA~ strI-puruSa ko prakRta rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ jainendra ke vicAroM kI maulikatA tathA navInatA dRSTigata hotI hai, kintu nArI ko vyaktitva pradAna karate hue unhoMne usake svarUpa ko rAjanIti, samAja, parivAra Adi vibhinna pariprekSyoM meM, vibhinna dRSTiyoM se dekhA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA adhyayana karane para yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki aneka nArI pAtra atyanta svatantra vicAroM kI haiN| unameM bhAratIya saMskRti aura maryAdA kI cetanA nahIM hai, kintu satya yaha hai ki jainendra ke pAtra bhUta kA sparza karate hue bhI vartamAna meM jIte haiN| apanI saMskRti, kI ve kabhI upekSA nahIM krte| jainendra ke anusAra strI kI puruSa se pratisparddhA ucita nhiiN| unakI dRSTi meM striyoM ke naukarI karane kA uddezya svatantratA aura naukarazAhI kA na hokara sahayoga kA honA caahie| jainendra ke upanyAsoM aura kahAniyA meM strI-pAtroM meM 42 mahAtmA gA~dhI - vomena eNDa sozala jasTisa, pRSTha-111 43 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha -85 [68]

Page #95
vivAha ke ghere se bAhara unmukta rUpa se sAMsa lene kI kAmanA hai, kintu sArvajanika kSetroM meM pUrNa svatantratA ke pakSa meM nahIM hai| 'sukhadA' me sukhadA ghara se bAhara nikalane para svayaM eka hInatA anubhava karatI hai| use aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ghara se bAhara rAjanIti meM Akara usane apanI mAryAdA ko bhaMga kiyA hai| jainendra ke nArI pAtra sArvajanika kSetroM meM eka kuNThA ko liye hue hI avatarita huye haiN| unake mana kI granthi unheM rAjanIti meM praveza karane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| jainendra ne sAmAjika cetanA meM atyadhika svatantratA kA virodha kiyA hai| kintu parivAra meM patnI kI dAsatA kA niSedha kiyA hai| 'sukhadA' 'sunItA' 'vivarta' Adi upanyAsa unakA yaha Adarza prastuta karane ke lie paryApta haiN| 'kalyANI' tathA 'sukhadA' meM unhoMne spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki patnI, pati kI sampatti nahIM hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM strI-svAtantrya kI kAmanA krAntikArI rUpa meM prakaTa huI hai, kintu samAja maryAdA se ba~dhI nArI kabhI bhI sAmAjika sImA kA ullaMghana nahIM kara paatii| 'tyAgapatra', 'parakha' Adi meM jIvana kA jo Adarza kahIM vyakta huA, vaha sAmAjika maryAdA kA poSaka hI hai| jainendra ke anusAra strI kA rAjanIti meM praveza ucita nahIM hai| unakI dRSTi meM strI prema aura preraNA kI mUrti aura prema zakti hai| premikA banakara vaha puruSa ko pragati kI ora agrasara karatI hai| 'muktibodha' aura 'jayavardhana' meM unhoMne rAjanIti meM praveza karane vAlI strI ko burA-bhalA kahA hai| unhoneM kahA hai ki abhAgina hai vaha strI, jo strI hai aura rAjanIti meM AtI hai yA usakA vicAra bhI karatI hai| strI-rAjanIti meM praveza vahIM taka svIkAra hai jahA~ taka vaha pati athavA premI kI preraNAdAyaka rahatI hai| rAjanIti striyoM ke lie nahIM hai| 'nirmama' meM prema ke vaza meM huI nArI apane 44 jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha - 92 45 jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha - 275 [69]

Page #96
samarpaNa se zivA ke prati apane prema ko sthApita karatI hai| 'dhruvatArA jainendra ne prema aura kartavya kA ajIba sA Adarza prastuta kiyA hai, preyasI preyasa ko utpanna nahIM karatI hai, balki svayaM kaSToM ko jhelatI huI use Age bar3hane ke lie prerita karatI hai| vaha spaSTa kahatI hai ki maiMne kitanI bAra tumase kahA ki tuma usase jyAdA ke lie ho / puruSa ke jIvana meM kucha icchAe~ hotI haiN| strI unako pUrA karane ke lie sahayoginI hotI hai| 'muktibodha meM nIlimA kahatI hai- 'AdamI sapane ke lie jItA hai aura aurata sapane ke AdamI ke lie jItI hai / 47 jayavardhana kI ilA pratyeka kSaNa jaya ke sAtha rahatI huI bhI rAjanItika kSetra meM usake sAtha kadama milAkara nahIM calatI, vaha jaya ke sAtha rahatI hai, parantu AtmA kI taraha hI usakA bAharI aura sakriya rUpa to jaya svayaM hotA hai / mAtRtva jainendra ne strI ke mAtRtva rUpa ko bhI bahuta adhika mahatva pradAna kiyA hai| preyasI hone ke sAtha hI sAtha vaha mAtA bhI hai| pratyeka dRSTi se vaha prema, pyAra, tyAga aura sneha kI mUrti hai| Adhunika samaya meM Arthika parezAniyoM ke kAraNa mAtA ghara se bAhara kamAne ke lie jAtI hai / isa prakAra vaha apane mAtRtva ke kartavya ko pUrA nahIM kara pAtI / yahI kAraNa hai ki jainendra strI ko ghara se bAhara Arthika kSetra meM puruSa kI sahabhAginI ke rUpa meM AnA ucita nahIM smjhte| unakI dRSTi meM strI kI sArthakatA mAtRtva meM hai| mAtRtva dAyitva hai / vaha svatantratA nahIM hai| strI nipaTa svacchanda rahanA cAhatI hai, to usake mUla meM yahIM 46 jainendra kumAra - dhruvatArA, pRSTha- 94 47 jainendra kumAra muktibodha, pRSTha - 93 48. mai nahI cAhU~gA ki mAtA kamAne ke lie daphtara meM jAya aura dhAya bacco ko apanA dUdha pilAne ke lie aae| [70]

Page #97
abhilASA hai ki mAtA banane se vaha bacI rahe aura puruSa ke prati usakA preyasI rUpa hI pratiSThita rahe 149 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jainendra kI dRSTi meM strI mAtRtva se rahita hokara svayaM meM apUrNa rahatI hai| jainendra ke upanyAsa aura kahAnI meM mAtRtva kI tIvra icchA dRSTigata hotI hai| pati kA atizaya prema aura sahAnubhUti prApta karake bhI svayaM abhAvagrasta rahatI hai / mAtRtva meM hI usakI pUrNatA hai jo rUkhe pyAra se upalabdha nahIM hotaa| 'grAmophona kA rikArDa' aura 'mAsTara jI' meM nArI kI vikSubdhatA vAtsalya bhAva kI pUrti ke binA hI utpanna huI hai| mAtRtva ke sAtha hI jainendra kI kahAniyoM meM vAtsalya bhAva kI bhI abhivyakti huI hai / isa dRSTi se unakI kaI kahAniyA~ jaise 'phoTogrAphI' Adi mukhya rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| jainendra ne vyakti aura samAja ke vibhinna pakSoM ko apane kathA sAhitya meM svayaM ke vicAroM aura AdarzoM kI chAyA meM vyakta kiyA hai| 49 jainendra kumAra 1 kalyANI, pRSTha - 71 - [71]

Page #98
adhyAya-3 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika, dhArmika aura Arthika cetanA

Page #99
adhyAya-3 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika, dhArmika aura Arthika cetanA (khaNDa-1) jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA saMskRti : zabda evaM Azaya jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya ke sAMskRtika adhyayana ke sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka aura samIcIna jAna par3atA hai ki pahale hama saMskRti ke svarUpa para eka dRSTi DAla leN| aisA karanA isalie anivArya pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki saMskRti ko spaSTa kie binA adhyayana paddhati kA spaSTIkaraNa sambhava nahIM jAna pdd'taa| saMskRti para vicAra karane ke sAtha hI sAtha hameM sabhyatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra karanA apekSita hai| vastutaH saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA sambandha itane nikaTa kA hai ki eka para vicAra karate samaya dUsare kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| 'saMskRti' aura 'sabhyatA' ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM hotA hai, lekina ye donoM manuSya kI pragati tathA usakI upalabdhiyoM ko saMketita karate haiN| vidvAnoM meM ina donoM zabdoM ko lekara jaTila tathA vivAdAspada sthiti rahI hai, jisameM kabhI to unheM alaga-alaga tathA kabhI paryAyavAcI taka mAna lene kA Agraha vyakta kiyA gayA hai| prasiddha nara vijJAnI TAyalara [72]

Page #100
saMskRti tathA sabhyatA ko paryAyavAcI mAnate haiN|' to mailinAvaskI unakA alaga-alaga astitva svIkAra karate haiM, kyoMki unake anusAra U~cI saMskRti ke khAsa pahalU ko sabhyatA kahate haiN| TAyalara kI taraha harsa koviTsa kA bhI kahanA hai ki sabhyatA aura saMskRti eka dUsare ke paryAya haiN| vaha kahate haiM ki saMskRti ke lie eka zabda hai "paramparA' aura dUsarA 'sabhyatA' / saMskRti ke dvArA hI kisI samAja kI jIvana zailI kA nirmANa hotA hai| DaoN0 rAdhA kRSNana ke anusAra saMskRti, viveka-buddhi se jIvana ko bhalI prakAra jAna lene kA nAma hai| DaoN0 rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' ke zabdoM meM-'saMskRti jIvana kA tarIkA hai, yaha tarIkA jamA hokara usa samAja para chAyA rahatA hai jisameM hama janma lete haiN| isa prakAra sAmAjika cetanA kI samagratA kA sarvottama nirvAha hI, jisameM vaiyaktikatA vikAra mukta hokara sAdhanAoM kA zreSTha Akalana karatI hai, saMskRti hai|' saMskRti kI paribhASA jahA~ taka saMskRti ko paribhASita karane kI bAta hai, hama niHsaMkoca yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki Aja taka isa bAta para vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM sthApita ho sakA hai| jitane taraha ke saMgaThana haiM aura jitane taraha ke loga haiM, una saboM ne utanI hI taraha se saMskRti ko paribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH saMskRti ko samajhane aura paribhASita karane ke lie saMskRti kI vyAkhyA sambandhI lambI paramparA ko jAnanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| binA una pUrva vyAkhyAoM 1 I0 TAilara - primiTiva kalcara, bhAga-1. pRSTha -1 2 inasAiklopIDipA Apha da sozala sAinseja, bhAga-3. pRSTha - 621 3 ema0je0 harsa koviTsa - mena eNDa hija varksa, pRSTha - 17 4 anu0 vizvambhara nAtha tripAThI - svatantratA aura saMskRti, pRSTha-53 5 DaoN0 rAmadhArI siMha dinakara' - saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pRSTha-653 6 DaoN0 saranAma siMha zarmA - sAhitya siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pRSTha - 14 173]

Page #101
ko jAne samajhe hama saMskRti ko sahI arthoM meM samajha pAne meM sakSama nahIM ho sakate haiN| saMskRti para vibhinna vidvAnoM ne apane mata prakaTa kie haiN| DaoN0 rAdhA kRSNana ke anusAra saMskRti viveka-buddhi se jIvana ko bhalI prakAra jAna lene kA nAma hai / ' DaoN0 rAmadhArI siMha dinakara ke zabdoM meM, saMskRti jIvana kA tarIkA hai yaha tarIkA jamA hokara usa samAja para chAyA rahatA hai, jisameM hama janma lete haiN| isa prakAra sAmAjika cetanA kI samagratA kA sarvottama nirvAha hI, jisameM vaiyaktikatA vikAra vimukta hokara sAdhanAoM kA zreSTha Akalana karatI hai, saMskRti hai / yaha saMskRti mAnava kI vividha sAdhanAoM meM nihita hotI hai| 1deg saMskRti mAnava ke sampUrNa vyavahAra kA eka r3hAMcA hai jo aMzataH bhautika paryAvaraNa se prabhAvita hotA rahatA hai| samAja ke binA saMskRti jIvita nahIM raha sakatI aura yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyeka mAnava samAja kI apanI saMskRti hotI hai / saMskRti kA svarUpa saMskRti aura samAja eka dUsare se ghaniSTha rUpa se saMbaddha haiM / sAMskRtika vikAsa sAmUhika prayatnoM ke pariNAma huA karate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRti kA vikAsa manthara gati se hotA hai| saMskRti paramparAgata AcAra-vicAra aura bhaugolika pariveza se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha sakatI / yadyapi paramparAgata udAtta vicAradhArAoM kA yugAnukUla saMskAra hotA rahatA hai, tathApi saMskRti nUtana nahIM hai, kyoMki saMskRti kA astitva nUtana aura purAtana anubhUtiyoM ke saMskAroM dvArA nirmita samudAya ke dRSTikoNa meM nihita hai| saMskRti 7 anu0 vizvambhara nAtha tripAThI - svataMtratA aura saMskRti, pRSTha - 53 8 DaoN0 rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' - saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pRSTha - 653 9. DaoN0 saranAma siMha zarmA - sAhitya siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pRSTha - 14 10. DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI - azoka ke phUla (nibaMdha saMgraha), pRSTha - 13 [74]

Page #102
hamAre dainika vyavahAra meM, kalA meM, sAhitya meM, dharma meM, manoraMjana meM aura Ananda meM pAye jAne vAle rahana-sahana aura vicAroM kI antanirhita pravRtti kA prakAzana hai|" saMskRti ke vikAsa meM AdAna-pradAna kA bhAva nihita hotA hai, kyoMki mAnava mAtra ke vaiyaktika vyavahAra saMskRti kA aMga kabhI nahIM bana paate| jaba unheM dUsaroM dvArA grahaNa kara liyA jAtA hai to ve saMskRti meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| saMskRti vyavahAroM kA samUha mAtra nahIM hai, apitu vyavahAroM kA anyonyAzrita hokara eka sudRr3ha vyavasthA meM r3hala jAnA hai| pArasparika samparka saMskRti ke vikAsa meM pramukha upAdAna haiN| saMskRti kI zAzvata dIrghatA pArasparika saMparka para hI avalambita hotI hai| DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke zabdoM meM' "hameM kisI siddhAnta kA tyAga isalie nahIM karanA cAhie ki vaha abhAratIya hai| hameM videzI siddhAnta bhI guNoM kI kasauTI para grahaNa karanA caahie| saMskRti kA kSetra aura abhivyakti ke upAdAna saMskRti zabda se mAnasa-paTala para eka suniyojita praticchavi vyApaka kSetra ko AtmasAt karate hue khiMca jAtI hai| isakA sambandha manuSya ke sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dhArmika, dArzanika, sAhityika evaM kalAgata jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM se hai| manuSya ne vivAha dvArA parivAra aura samAja kA nirmANa kiyA aura sAmAjika niyamoM ke pratipAdana dvArA pArasparika sambandhoM ko dRr3ha banAyA hai| sAmAjika sambandhoM ko vyApaka rUpa pradAna karane ke uddezya se hI usane apane nikaTavartI sambandhoM meM vivAha niSiddha kiyaa| pArivArika vistAra kala, 11 maikAivara eNDa peja - sosAyaTI, pRSTha - 449 12. DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI - vicAra aura vitarka, pRSTha -125 [75]

Page #103
jAti, rASTra aura antarrASTrIya stara taka pahuMca gyaa| sAmAjika vyavasthA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha sAMskRtika vikAsa hotA rhaa| rAjanItika saMsthA kA vikAsa Aja usa bindu taka pahuMca cukA hai, jahA~ mAnava mAtra kisI na kisI zAsana sUtra se Abaddha hai| bauddhika cetanA ke Urdhva zikhara ko sparza karane vAle mAnava ne jisa viSaya ko sAmAjika vikAsa ke lie upayogI samajhA, apanA liyaa| manoraMjaka AnandAnubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti ke lie apane sAhitya aura kalA ko janma diyA aura AtmatuSTi ke lie dharma kA vikAsa kiyaa| ye sabhI saMskRti ke saMskArajanya aMga haiN| bhAratIya darzana ke anusAra saMskRti ke pAMca avayava karma, darzana, itihAsa, varNa tathA rIti-rivAja hai| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 saranAma siMha zarmA ke vicAra draSTavya hai - "sabhyatAoM kA vikAsa aura vinAza ho sakatA hai, dharmoM kA utthAna patana ho sakatA hai, para saMskRti kA maulika rUpa cirantana aura cira sthAyI hai| 14 __ saMskRti aura sabhyatA meM kAphI antara hai, parantu ve eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kiye jA sakate, kyoMki rASTra ke sAMskRtika vikAsa meM usa deza kI sabhyatA kA citra aMkita rahatA hai| isa prakAra saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke bheda ko spaSTa karane ke lie ina donoM ko alaga-alaga jAnanA ati Avazyaka hai| saMskRti aura sabhyatA prAcInakAla meM bhale hI saMskRti aura sabhyatA eka hI artha meM prayukta hote rahe hoM, parantu unameM Aja antara svIkAra kara liyA 13 kalyANa (patrikA), hindU saMskRti vizeSAMka, pRSTha -76 14 DaoN0 saranAma siMha zarmA - sAhitya siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pRSTha -21 176]

Page #104
gayA hai| sabhyatA se tAtparya una AviSkAroM, utpAdana sAdhanoM tathA sAmAjika-rAjanItika saMsthAoM se hai, jinake dvArA mAnava-jIvana sarala, sarasa aura svatantra banatA hai| parantu saMskRti hamAre cintana, manana aura kalAtmaka sarjana kI una kriyAoM se sambandhita hai jo parokSa rUpa se jIvana ko samRddha banAne vAlI haiN| vizva cetanA ke mAnasa meM mAnavIya mUlyoM aura AdarzoM kI antarnihita saMskRti hai, jo sabhyatA kA astitva una AdarzoM aura mUlyoM kA pAlana karane vAle sahAyaka upAdAnoM se sambandhita karatI hai| saMskRti vaha guNa hai jo paramparA se hama meM vyApta hai aura sabhyatA jIvana ko sa~vArane kI vaha kalA hai jo hameM zrama se prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki saMskRti ke mUla meM sabhyatA kA nivAsa hotA hai| rahana-sahana kI sabhya avasthA kA anubhava hone para manuSya saMskAravAn banane lagatA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki saMskAra Upara se AcchAdita AvaraNa hai, apitu mAnava ke andara mAnasa meM nihita saMskAra anukUla vAtAvaraNa meM sakriya ho jAte haiN| bhojana, vastra, mahala, moTara Adi pArthiva padArtha sabhyatA ke sAdhana haiM, parantu bhojana karane evaM vastra pahanane kI kalA, bhavana banAne aura moTara calAne ke kauzala meM saMskRti samAhita rahatI hai| saMskRti sabhyatA kI apekSA sUkSma vastu hotI hai| yaha sabhyatA ke andara usI taraha lupta rahatI hai jaise kapAsa meM ruuii| isa prakAra sabhyatA samAja kI bAharI vyavasthAoM kA nAma hai| saMskRti vyApaka aura sabhyatA saMkocazIla hai| sAhitya aura saMskRti sAhitya janamAnasa kI bhItarI aura bAharI praticchaviyoM kA prakAzana karane vAlA jJAna rAzi kA saMcita koza hai| isalie vaha kisI deza yA kAla kI saMskRti ke jJAna kA sarvAdhika vizvasta [77]

Page #105
prAmANika AdhAra hotA hai| sAhitya meM saMskRti ke jAtIya manobhAva surakSita to rahate hI haiM, sAtha hI sAhitya ne manuSya ko usa rAgAtmaka aizvarya kI sthiti taka pahu~cAyA hai jahA~ sarvatra sukha aura zAnti rahatI hai tathA mana kI kokila apane gIta madhura svaroM meM gA uThatI hai| saMskRti ke antargata cetanA aura vyavahAra donoM kA sAmaMjasya rahatA hai| vyavahAra AdarzoM kA nirmANa karate haiN| cetanA sRjanAtmaka kSamatA ko sampreSita karane vAlI kalA kI racanA karatI hai| sAMskRtika cetanA kA sRjanAtmaka svarUpa dhAraNa karanA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| kisI jAti ke sRjanAtmaka prayatnoM kA unmeSa saMskRti ke antargata hI hotA hai| pratyeka deza kA sAhitya usake vicAroM aura bhAvanAoM ke itihAsa se avagata karAtA hai| DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda kA kathana hai ki 'sAhitya mAnava jAti ke ucca se ucca aura sundara se sundara vicAroM tathA bhAvoM kA vaha gucchA hai jisakI bAharI sundaratA aura bhItarI sugandhi donoM hI mana moha lete haiN| koI jAti taba taka bar3I nahIM ho sakatI, jaba taka usake bhAva aura vicAra unnata na hoN| jaba bhAva aura vicAra unnata hoMge taba unakA vikAsa usa jAti ke sAhitya ke rUpa meM hI ho sakatA hai|15 sAhitya aura saMskRti saMzliSTa hai| saMskRti manuSya ke dharmagata vAtAvaraNa aura saMskAroM se prerita huA karatI hai| manuSya ke mAnasika AyAmoM meM saMskRti apanA vistRta rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai jise sAhitya hI prakAza meM lAne kA kArya karatA hai| DaoN0 saranAma siMha zarmA ne sAhitya ko saMskRti kA itihAsa kahakara use atIta kA pratibimbi tathA anAgata kA pradIpa mAnA hai| sAhitya eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo 15 DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda - sAhitya, zikSA aura saMskRti, pRSTha- 10 16 DaoN0 saranAma siMha zarmA - sAhitya siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pRSTha-19 [78]

Page #106
deza kI saMskRti ko ekasUtra meM bAMdhatA hai| sAhitya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM dizA ko batAtA hai aura saMskRti nidrAlIna kathAkAra kI nidrA bhaMga kara detI hai tathA sAhitya ko prerita karatI hai| kisI rASTra kI saMskRti ko jAnane ke lie usa rASTra ke zAstra, vidyA, kalA Adi ko jAnanA ati Avazyaka hai| sAhityakAra paramparAvAdI aura prayogavAdI hotA hai| yaha yuga cetanA se prabhAvita hokara purAtana meM naye yuga kA nirmANa karatA hai| paramparA aura prayoga ke Apasa meM santuSTi ke mAdhyama se manuSya jAti ne apanI saMskRti tathA sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki manuSya ke jIvana ke lie saMskRti aura sAhitya donoM ati upayogI haiM, kisI eka ke binA jIvana kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa asambhava hai aura manuSya jAti ke saundarya bodha evaM mUlya bodha ko Agata ke lie saMcita bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vartamAna yuga kI sAhityika vidhAoM meM kathA sAhitya ne atyadhika pragati kI hai| isakI saphalatA kA kevala eka hI kAraNa hai ki kathA sAhitya ne manuSya ke jIvana kI kaThina se kaThina paristhitiyoM ko prakAzita karane kA jo kArya apane hisse meM liyA hai, vaha jaTila to thA hI, isake alAvA anya kisI vidhA kI kSamatA ke pare bhI thaa| kaThinatA ke darda se vyAkula mAnava jIvana kI jaTila saMskRti kA citraNa, kathA sAhitya karane ko prastuta huA aura abhinava mUlyoM ko prakaTa karane lgaa| sAhityakAra kA dAyitva bhI anya kI apekSA adhika bar3ha gyaa| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI vyApakatA anya pUrvavartI kathAkAroM se kisI prakAra kama nahIM hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA ke vivecana se pUrva sAhitya ke dAyitva kI parakha karate hue usakI sAMskRtika saMcetanA kI saMkSipta vivecanA asaMgata na hogii| [7]

Page #107
kathA sAhitya aura saMskRti dvitIya mahAyuddhottara mAnava jIvana sIdhe-sAde mArga se haTakara saMkIrNa galiyoM meM gumarAha sA hone lagA tathA jIvana kI saralatA, sahajatA aura sugamatA apane Apa meM jaTila, bojhila aura kaThina ho gyii| mAnasika halacala aura kuzala jIvanayApana karane kI samasyAoM ne mAnava ke saMgaThita vyaktitva ko tor3akara rakha diyaa| mAnasika ulajhana aura kuMThAoM ne asthiratA kA sRjana kiyaa| manuSya ke janmajAta saMskAra parivartana krama meM sthira na raha sake aura jIvana meM mUlyoM kA vighaTana hone lgaa| mAnava mUlyoM ke vighaTana ke sAtha hI mahAmAnava kA astitva kAlpanika hokara raha gayA aura yathArtha dharAtala para laghu mAnava kA janma huaa| sAMskRtika cetanA parivartana ke lie bAdhya ho gayI, kyoMki vighaTita mUlyoM ke sAtha yaha svAbhAvika hI thaa| AzA, nirAzA aura anAsthA ke madhya jhUlate hue jIvana meM kahAnI aura upanyAsa ko mahAna gaurava prApta huaa| mahAmAnava ke sthAna para upanyAsa aura kahAniyoM meM laghu mAnava nAyaka banakara duHkha se bhare hue jIvana para rUkhI ha~sI ha~sa pdd'aa| vinAzakArI astroM ke bhaya aura saMtrAsa se grasta mAnava jIvana kI antima ghar3iyA~ ginane lgaa| sAhitya kA lakSya hotA hai-jIvana ko aneka AyAmoM meM udghATita athavA nirUpita krnaa| sAhitya meM jIvana mUlya athavA jIvana darzana bhinna-bhinna AyAmoM meM vizleSita huA karate haiN| sAhitya meM mAnava ke mUlya bodha aura saundarya bodha donoM kA samAveza rahatA hai| kisI rASTra yA jAti ke saundarya bodha kI vyApakatA para kalAgata vyApakatA nirbhara huA karatI hai| saundarya bodha aura mUlyabodha donoM alaga-alaga hote hue bhI mAnava jIvana meM saMtulita hote haiN| eka susaMskRta mAnava kA mUlya bodha aura saundarya bodha praur3ha hotA hai| hamAre itihAsa meM aise nAma milate haiM, jaise-gA~dhI jinake dvArA isa siddhAnta [80]

Page #108
ko puSTi milatI hai| jainendra jI ne gA~dhI jI ke mahAna vyaktitva ko apane kathA sAhitya meM nirUpita kiyA hai, jo yugIna sAMskRtika cetanA kI jhaoNkI to prastuta karatA hI hai aura sAtha hI yugIna dRSTikoNa kI abhivyaMjanA bhI karatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM jIvana kI kaThinatA aura viSamatA ko kathA sAhitya ke alAvA anya kisI vidhA meM nirUpita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki mahAkAvya aura kavitA hRdaya kI sahaja bhAvAnubhUtiyoM kI abhivyaMjanA hai| jIvana rasa kI abhivyakti hone ke kAraNa isameM buddhi nahIM hRdaya kI pramukhatA hotI hai| sAhityakAra yuga jIvana aura yugIna caritroM ko pratipAdya banAkara ucca granthakAroM kI zreNI meM sthAna banA letA hai| Aja ke manuSya tathA usake jIvana ko kathA sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hI samyaka rUpa se vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja kA kathA sAhitya yugIna saMskAroM se AkrAnta hI nahIM, varan saMskRti se apanA gaharA riztA jor3akara apane samaya ke sAMskRtika tatvoM kI abhivyakti meM vyAkula dikhAI par3atA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kathA sAhitya ko jAnane ke lie tatkAlIna sandarbho kA vihaMgAvalokana karanA upayogI hotA hai| jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya kI sAMskRtika cetanA kA adhyayana isI pariprekSya meM kiyA jaayegaa| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA kA svarUpa jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA pratipAdya dIrgha kAla kI sAMskRtika cetanA ko apane meM sa~joye hue haiN| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke bAda aura bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM eka navIna sAMskRtika cetanA kI jyoti 'parakha' upanyAsa meM dikhAyI par3atI hai| pAzcAtya zikSA ne bhArata meM zikSita aura azikSita do alaga sAMskRtika vargoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| [81]

Page #109
eka ora to vaijJAnika sAdhanoM se sampanna nagaroM meM rahane vAle aura Adhunika kahe jAne vAle zikSita varga kI sAMskRti kA vikAsa huA, dUsarI ora vaijJAnika sAdhanoM se vihIna andhavizvAsa grasta azikSita varga kI sAMskRtika cetanA avaruddha ho gayI hai| isa prakAra do vargoM kI sAMskRtika cetanA nAgara saMskRti aura grAmINa saMskRti ke rUpa meM vibhAjita huI / saMskRti kA pakSadhara bIsavIM zatAbdI bhAratIya samAja meM atIta gaurava tathA deza-prema aura prAcIna saMskRti ke prati AsthA ke bhAva se pUrita hai| yugIna jana aMgrejI zAsana kI bhale hI sarAhanA karatA hai, parantu bhAratIya jana pAzcAtya saMskRti ke saMgharSa meM sadaiva hI bhAratIya hai| jainendra jI AcAra-vicAra, rahana-sahana Adi meM pazcimI nakala ko nahIM mAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai, aise manuSya ko duHkha dene se nahIM cUkate haiM jo bhAratIyatA se bhinna dikhAI par3ate haiN| Adhunika yuga ke dhArmika-sAMskRtika jAgaraNa meM manuSya ke sthAna para IzvarIya zakti kA prabhAva thaa| DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya ke zabdoM meM 'pUrva aura pazcima ke samparka se nava cetanA utpanna huI, samAja apanI khoI huI zakti baTora kara gatizIla huA, navayuga ke janma ke sAtha vicAra - svAtaMtrya kA janma huaa| sAhitya meM gadya kI vRddhi huI aura kaviyoM ne apanI paripATI vihita aura rUr3higrasta kavitA ko chor3akara duniyA ko naI A~khoM se dekhanA zurU kiyaa| upanyAsa, nATaka, nibandha, samAlocanA Adi ne navIna cetanA kA anusaraNa kiyA / " kathA sAhitya kA apane yuga jIvana kI saMskRti se ghaniSTa sambandha jur3a jAtA hai| kathAkAra ke lie yaha bar3I cunautI kA viSaya hai ki vaha apane yugIna sAMskRtika tatvoM ko apane kathA sAhitya meM 17 DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya - hindI gadya kI pravRttiyA~, pRSTha - 11 [82]

Page #110
prakaTa kara sakatA hai yA nahIM / itanA avazya svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki yugIna sAMskRtika tatvoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti kie binA koI bhI sAhityaka kRti mahatvapUrNa nahIM bana sakatI / sAMskRtika cetanA ke abhAva meM koI bhI kathAkAra athavA upanyAsakAra mahAna racanA nahIM kara sktaa| kathA sAhitya sabase adhika sazakta mAdhyama hai, kyoMki usakA sambandha yuga kI yathArtha ghaTanAoM se hai / usakA lakSya hI jIvanagata yathArtha ko prakaTa karanA hai / ataH yathArtha ke dharAtala para kathA sAhitya anivArya rUpa se saMskRti se jur3a jAtA hai aura ve eka dUsare ko isa prakAra prabhAvita kie binA nahIM raha skte| sAMskRtika cetanA kathAkAra ke lie ucita vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karatI hai| kathAkAra jahAM apane yuga kI saMskRti ko prabhAvita karatA hai vahIM vaha usase apane sRjana meM preraNAe~ bhI grahaNa karatA hai| donoM kA yaha sambandha AdAna-pradAna kA hai / kathAkAra apane yuga ko kucha detA hai, to usase kucha letA bhI hai| premacanda athavA jainendra kI sArthakatA isI bAta meM hai ki unhoMne apane yugIna sandarbhoM kI yathArthatAoM se gahare stara para apanA sambandha banAye rakhA, tabhI 'godAna' tathA 'parakha' kI racanA kara sake / jainendra jI ke 'parakha', 'sunItA' 'tyAgapatra' Adi upanyAsoM meM sAMskRtika cetanA kI abhivyakti huI hai| san 1948 se 1962 kA samaya bhAratIya sAMskRtika upalabdhiyoM kA yuga rahA hai| 'sukhadA' upanyAsa isI kI abhivyakti karatA hai| vyaktivAdI vicAradhArA ke unmeSa se pratyeka varga kI apanI vicAradhArA dUsare se alaga ho gayI / yugIna paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva se adhyAtmavAda kA sthAna bhautikavAda ne le liyA, jisake kAraNa vyakti aura samAja kI cintana paddhati kA AdhAra bhautikavAdI ho gyaa| isake atirikta phrAyaD ke manovijJAna ne bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika jIvana ko prabhAvita kiyA / nirAzA, avasAda, anAsthA aura Akroza meM jIne vAle bauddhikoM ko phrAyaDa ke darzana kA [83]

Page #111
sahArA milA aura unakI vaiyaktika kuNThA seksa ke mAdhyama se niHsRta hone lgii| aisI yugIna paristhitiyoM meM bhI jainendra kumAra navIna sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI pratiSThA karane ko prayatnazIla dikhAI par3ate haiN| 'parakha', 'sunItA', 'tyAgapatra' aura 'jayavardhana' meM eka ora vaha mAnavIya AsthA aura anAsthA ke antardvandva ko citrita karate haiM to dUsarI ora eka nayI saMskRti, nayI sampadA kI abhivyakti karate haiM, jisase mAnava kA hita ho ske| jainendra ne apane yuga ke AsthA aura vizvAsa ko yugIna jana-jIvana kI kasauTI para jakar3a kara bauddhika rUpa se nayI sAMskRtika cetanA ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA hai| sAMskRtika tatvoM kA samAveza sAMskRtika punarjAgaraNa meM dhArmika cetanA kA apanA viziSTa mahatva hai| dharma ne rASTrIyatA ko prerita kiyA tathA purnajAgaraNa ko vyApakatA tathA gaharAI pradAna kii| dhArmika bhAvanAoM meM samanvayAtmaka saMgaThana se sAMskRtika cetanA kA nirmANa huA karatA hai| bhAratIya sAMskRtika cetanA yadi dharma se Avazyaka rUpa se sambandhita rahe to isameM koI Azcarya nhiiN| dharma manuSya tathA samAja ke sAmAjika aura vyavahArika jIvana meM sakriya hokara saMskRti kA rUpa le letA hai| jainendra ke sAhitya ke pAtra Izvara para vizvAsa karate haiN| jainendra kA jIvana adhyAtma aura bhautikatA kA samuccaya hai| bhautikatA yadi zarIra hai to adhyAtma usakI AtmA hai| donoM kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| sAMskRtika cetanA meM dhArmika cetanA kA bahuta mahatva hai| dharma hI rASTra ko prerita karatA hai| dhArmika saMgaThana se sAMskRtika cetanA kA nirmANa hotA hai| unake sAhitya meM dharma kA samAveza spaSTa rUpa se huA hai| jainendra ne dharma ko jJAna se nahIM balki anubhava se svIkAra kiyA hai| unakA dharma mAnava dharma hai| sAMskRtika cetanA meM dharma kA samAveza usI [84]

Page #112
prakAra kiyA gayA hai jaise lohe meM aag| hindU dharma meM dharma kI dhAraNA zakti AtmA meM hI mAnI jAtI hai| jainendra jaina dharma kI syAdvAdI vicAradhArA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI vividha dharmoM kI anekatA ko miTAne ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| hindU dharma, islAma dharma, IsAI dharma saba satya haiN| mAnava jIvana ke lie dharma eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| unhoMne apane upanyAsa aura kahAniyoM meM aise logoM kA citraNa kiyA hai, jinheM dharma kA koI jJAna nahIM; na koI jAnane kI jijJAsA hai| 'vivarta', 'kalyANI', 'anantara' Adi upanyAsoM meM artha aura kAma donoM ko pramukhatA dene vAle vyaktiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 'anantara' meM jayA ati bhautikatA se ghabar3Akara hI zAnti-dhAma kI sthApanA karatI hai| usake anusAra jIvana bhogAbhimukha hotA jA rahA hai| usane saMkalpa bA~dhA hai ki isa girAva ko rokanA hogA, jIvana ko usakI sahI dhurI para phira se niSTha aura pratiSTha karanA hogaa| mAnava jIvana meM dharma kA uddezya mokSa bhI hai| jainendra ne 'samaya aura hama', 'prazna aura prazna' se mokSa ko saphara (yAtrA) mAnakara apane vicAroM ko vyakta kiyaa| grAmINa saMskRti ___ bhArata varSa ke adhikAMza loga gA~va meM nivAsa karate haiN| kRSi karma se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa unheM kRSaka bhI kahA jAtA hai| kRSakoM kA sIdhA-sAdA pavitra hRdaya manuSya kA mana jIta letA hai, parantu patA nahIM kyA kAraNa hai ki hamAre kathA sAhityakAroM kI abhiruci unake rahana-sahana, khAna-pAna, AcAra-vicAra, Adarza aura vaicArika dRSTikoNa kI ora nahIM rahI, jisase vaha apane kathA sAhitya meM jana sAmAnya ko pratiSThita karane meM asaphala rhe| grAmINa jIvana kA 18. jainendra kumAra - maMthana, pRSTha - 85 19. jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha -56 [85]

Page #113
jIvita citra yadi kisI kathAkAra ke sAhitya meM milatA hai, to vaha nizcita hI jainendra kumAra haiN| hama unake sAhitya meM gA~va kI saira kara sakate haiN| jainendra kumAra kA aisA koI upanyAsa nahIM hai, jisameM samagra rUpa se sAmAnya jana-jIvana aura grAmINa saMskRti kA citraNa na huA ho / 'parakha' kA sambandha uttara pradeza kI grAmINa, bholI-bhAlI nAyikA se hai / vaha bAla vidhavA hai| grAmINa saMskRti meM jamIMdAroM, mahAjana, kisAnoM Adi sabhI ko unhoMne apane kathA sAhitya meM sthAna diyA hai| 'parakha' meM bihArI par3hane ke lie zahara jAtA hai, lekina vahA~ ke jIvana se Ubakara phira gA~va vApasa A jAtA hai| satyadhana apane gaoNva meM par3osina bAla-vidhavA kaTTo ko par3hane meM sahAyatA karatA hai| 'vyatIta' meM jayanta candrI ko sAtha lekara kazmIra jAtA / apanI patnI se rUThakara vaha pahalagAma meM apane ko rijhAnA cAhatA hai| jainendra jI ke 'parakha' upanyAsa meM hI grAmINa saMskRti aura gA~va ke vAtAvaraNa kA sajIva citraNa milatA hai| nagara saMskRti jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM nagaroM kA bhI atyadhika varNana huA hai| adhikatara upanyAsoM aura kahAniyoM meM dillI kA varNana hai aura isa nagara kA ullekha kathA sAhitya meM kahIM na kahIM avazya mila jAtA hai| isake atirikta anya jagahoM ke nAma bhI haiM, yathA- 'sunItA' meM prayAga tathA lAhaura nagaroM kA ullekha hai / 'jayavardhana' tathA 'anantara' Adi paravartI upanyAsoM meM ghaTanA cakra meM kaI anya nagara bhI capeTa meM A gaye haiM, hastana bambaI meM utaratA hai / mukti 'bodha' tathA 'anantara' meM dillI ke alAvA bambaI, nainItAla, ahamadAbAda tathA mAuNTaAbU nagara bhI ullikhita haiN| inake bAda isI upanyAsa 'muktibodha' tathA 'anantara' [86]

Page #114
meM Akara yaha mahAnagaroM, hoTaloM, TraMka-kAlsa, kaiDa laika kAroM tathA 'eyara kanDIzanDa koca' kA ho jAtA hai| kisI-kisI upanyAsa, jaise-'tyAgapatra' meM kisI bhI nagara kA nAmataH ullekha nahIM hai| anta meM mukhya bAta yaha hai ki ina nagaroM kA nAma A jAne se bhI varNana meM koI antara nahIM par3atA hai, jo varNana hotA hai vaha kisI bhI nagara kA ho sakatA hai, galI muhalloM kA varNana ho sakatA hai tathA hoTala kA varNana kisI bhI bar3e hoTala para lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai| vibhinna vicAra darzana pratyeka yuga kA vaicArika aura bauddhika jIvana kucha vicAradhArAoM se niyantrita hokara calatA hai| deza evaM kAla kI sImA meM yugIna paristhitiyA~ yugacetanA ke nirmANa dvArA nUtana vicAradhArAoM ko janma detI haiM tathA kucha vicAradhArAe~ purAnI hone se rUr3hivAdI ho jAtI haiN| bauddhika vyakti ke cintana manana para yuga cetanA kA prabhAva kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya par3atA hai, jisase vaha yugadhArA meM pravAhamAna vicAradhArAoM se asampRkta nahIM raha paataa| vyakti ko usa cetanA ke prati ImAnadAra honA bhI caahie| yuga cetanA eka vyApaka kendrIbhUta mUlya hai, jise yuga dharma kA mUla svara bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jaise yuga eka vizAla pariveza ke antarAla kA paricAyaka hai, usI taraha mAnava bhI vizAla samUha kA dyotaka hai| yuga dharma se hamArA Azaya mAnava dharma se hotA hai| yuga dharma kabhI zAzvata nahIM ho sakatA aura na mAnavIya dharma kI koI zAzvata kasauTI hI hotI hai| ye donoM zabda mAnavatAvAdI vicAradhArA ke lie prayukta hote haiN| Adhunika bhArata meM vaicArika jagata aneka prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM se AkrAnta rahA hai, jisase vaha AsthA aura vizvAsa ko [87]

Page #115
AtmasAta karate hue atIta kI preraka zaktiyoM kI uchAla meM Age baDhatA rhaa| gA~dhIvAda, mAnavatAvAda, vyaktivAda aura samAjavAda ina cAroM ne Adhunika yuga ke vaicArika jagat ko prabhAvita kiyaa| gA~dhIvAdI vicAradhArA aura mAnavatAvAda donoM eka hI haiN| gA~dhI jI isa yuga ke sabase adhika prabhAvazAlI cintaka rahe jinase yuga, samAja tathA vyakti prabhAvita hue binA na raha skaa| yuga, samAja aura vyakti ye tInoM Apasa ke saMgharSa se navIna vicAradhArA kA nirmANa karate haiN| inhIM ke madhya mAnavatAvAda, samAjavAda aura vyaktivAda kA janma hotA hai| kisa yuga meM kisa pramukha vicAradhArA kA jora rahegA, yaha yugIna paristhitiyoM para nirbhara karatA hai| jainendra jI ke sAhitya se isa siddhAnta kI puSTi hotI hai| inake upanyAsoM aura kahAniyoM meM vicAra-darzanoM kA pUrNa prabhAva milatA hai| mAnavatAvAdI vicAra darzana-gA~dhIvAdI vicAra darzana Adhunika yuga ke jAgaraNakAla meM svAmI vivekAnanda ne mAnavatAvAda kA upadeza diyA thA, jisase saMpUrNa jagat prakAzamAna ho uThA thaa| gA~dhI jI mAnavatAvAdI zrRMkhalA kI zreSTha kar3I haiN| gA~dhI jI ne mAnavatAvAdI bhAvadhArA ko jaba apanAyA to vaha sAmAjika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika kSetroM meM apane pramukha naitikatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa darzana ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gyaa| hindI ke upanyAsa lekhaka gA~dhI jI ke mahAn vyaktitva tathA unake vicAra-darzana donoM se prabhAvita rhe| unake upanyAsoM meM gA~dhIvAdI caritroM kA prakAzana huA hai tathA gA~dhIvAdI darzana ke AdhAra para navIna naitika tathA Adarza mUlyoM kI sthApanA bhI huii| hindI meM jainendra kumAra isake lie vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| jainendra jI ke upanyAsoM para, vizeSakara 'sunItA' para [88]

Page #116
AlocakoM ne gA~dhIvAdI darzana kA prabhAva svIkAra kiyA haiN|20 jainendra jI kAma-vAsanA ko bhI hiMsA kI zreNI meM rakhate haiN| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki asAmAjika tathA anaitika kAma bhAva ko hI lekhaka hiMsA kI koTi meM rakhatA hai| 'sunItA' meM hariprasanna mitra kI patnI sunItA para Asakta hotA hai tathA use sampUrNatA meM prApta karane kI icchA vyakta karatA hai, lekina sunItA Akasmika DhaMga se nagna hokara hari prasanna ke mana meM jugupsA kA bhAva jAgRta karake usakA hRdaya parivartana karatI hai tathA usakI vAsanA rUpI hiMsA kA pariSkAra karatI hai| kucha AlocakoM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki sunItA kA nagna honA ahiMsA hai, kyoMki sUnasAna jaMgala meM koI akelI nArI hiMsaka puruSa se apanI rakSA anya DhaMga se kara hI nahIM sakatI thI, isalie sunItA ko nagna honA par3atA hai| lekina Azcarya to isa bAta kA hai ki gA~dhI jI ne svayaM ahiMsA darzana kA yaha rUpa kahIM bhI prastuta nahIM kiyA, parantu phira bhI Alocaka jainendra kI kalA ko sarAhate nahIM thakate haiN| zivanAtha jI ne ise gA~dhIvAdI darzana kA sAhityika saMskaraNa mAnA hai-'rAta ke samaya sUnasAna jaMgala meM hariprasanna ke sAmane sunItA ke digambara ho jAne kA rahasya kyA hai? yaha gA~dhI kI ahiMsA kA sAhityika pratipAdana hai aura isake lie maiM jainendra kumAra kA bahuta bar3A prazaMsaka huuN| sAhitya ke kSetra meM gA~dhI jI kI ahiMsA kA vyavahAra jainendra kumAra ke alAvA aura kisI ke dvArA itane U~ce rUpa meM nahIM dikhAI par3A athavA yoM kaheM ki dikhAI hI nahIM pdd'aa| lekina satya to yaha hai ki 'sunItA' ke sabhI caritra kAma kuNThA ke zikAra haiN| zrIkAnta yaha socatA hai ki kahIM aisA to nahIM ki usake prati sunItA kA samarpaNa kevala patnI hone ke kAraNa hai| ataH vaha sunItA ko parIkSA meM DAlane kI nIyata se kucha dinoM ke lie use akelI 20 mahendra caturvedI-hindI upanyAsa : eka sarvekSaNa, pRSTha - 19 21. AlocanA - upanyAsa vizeSAMka, aMka - 73, pRSTha - 115 [8]

Page #117
choDakara lAhaura calA jAtA hai| yathArtha jIvana meM zrIkAnta isalie asAmAnya pati kA udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai| hariprasanna krAntikArI hai| parantu sunItA ke samparka meM Ate hI usakI dezabhakti samApta ho jAtI hai| usake lie krAntikArI pArTI kA uddezya deza-sevA nahIM raha jAtA, balki unakA upayoga apanI kAma dRSTi ke liye karatA hai| isI bahAne vaha sunItA ko rAta ke aMdhere meM sunasAna jaMgala meM le jAtA hai| sunItA bhI atRpta hai tathA kAma kuNThA se trasta hai| pati ke sAtha rahakara bhI usake jIvana meM ullAsa nahIM hai| aisI dazA meM hari prasanna sunItA aura zrIkAnta ke bIca praveza karatA hai, jisameM sunItA adhika dilacaspI dikhAtI hai, usakI choTI se lekara bar3I bAta taka kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhatI hai| pramukha bAta yaha hai ki sunItA gA~dhIvAdI ahiMsA kA Azraya grahaNa karake nagna hone ke bAvajUda mAnasika rUpa se apanI pavitratA tathA zuddhatA ko svIkAra nahIM kara paatii| vaha hariprasanna ke liye phira bhI cintita hai tathA usake caraNoM kI dhUla lekara saubhAgya siMdUra bharate hue use vidA detI hai| spaSTa hai ki sunItA me bhI hariprasanna ke prati kAma vAsanA hai jise TAlA nahIM jA sakatA aura ise ahiMsA ke AvaraNa meM hI DhakA jA sakatA hai| hindI kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa ke sAtha gA~dhIvAdI vicAra darzana kA Adarza bhI bahuta kucha TUTatA gyaa| svayaM jainendra jI apane upanyAsa 'kalyANI' (1929) meM isa dRSTi se asaphala rahe haiN| kalyANI apane pati ko asarAnI ke hRdaya parivartana ke lie satyAgraha prayAsa tathA AtmapIr3A kA mArga apanAtI hai, lekina anta meM asaphala hI rahatI hai| jainendra kI AsthA apanI jagaha taba bhI kAyama rahatI hai| vastutaH jainendra ne gA~dhI darzana ko saMpUrNatA meM nahIM apanAyA, kevala kucha khAsa rUpoM meM hI ve ulajhe rahe tathA AtmapIr3A ko hI gA~dhI [90]

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darzana kA paryAya mAnate rhe| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake caritroM meM eka prakAra kI antarvirodhI sthiti dRSTigat hotI hai tathA unake prAyaH sabhI pAtra nirbala, AtmapIr3ita tathA kuNThA ke zikAra hai| isa pIr3A ke darzana kI aMtima pariNati mRtyu meM hotI hai| kalyANI ke caritra kI aMtima pariNati udAharaNa ke lie prastuta kI jA sakatI hai| gA~dhI jI ne mAnavatAvAdI bhAvadhArA ko hI apanAyA thaa| jainendra bhI isI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita the| unakA saMpUrNa kathA sAhitya mAnavatAvAdI aura gA~dhIvAdI vicAra darzana se prabhAvita hai| gAMdhI jI ke satya, ahiMsA ke tatvaciMtana ne jainendra ko naitikatAvAdI dRSTikoNa pradAna kiyA hai, tabhI ve kAmavAsanA ko bhI hiMsA mAnate hai| jainendra jI ne prema aura ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko apanAyA hai| 'sukhadA' upanyAsa meM harisadA ne krAMti dala saMgaThana ko bhI gA~dhIvAdI darzana ke phailane se pahale hI bhaMga kara denA ThIka smjhaa| jainendra ke mAnavatAvAdI vicAra darzana aura gA~dhIvAdI vicAra darzana meM kAphI sAmya hai| 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla vezyAoM kI bastI meM rahane lagatI hai| usake pIche usakA vyaktitvadarzana, sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ pradhAna kAraNa haiN| agara use anukUla paristhitiyA~ mila jAtI to vaha yahA~ kabhI nivAsa na krtii| 'sunItA' meM hari prasanna krAntikArI pAtra hai, parantu usakA pratyeka kArya bhAvanAtmaka hai| vaha hRdaya se pavitra manuSya hai aura mAnavIya dharma kI pratiSThA ke lie hI krAnti karatA hai| vyaktitvavAdI darzana vyaktitvavAdI darzana kA artha hai ki samAja meM rahate hue bhI vyakti apane vyaktitva ko akSuNNa rakhanA cAhatA hai| saMsAra kI sabase baDI pahelI hai-eka vyakti kA vyaktitva aura saMsAra kI sabase bar3I samasyA hai-vyaktitva kI smsyaa| eka sthAna meM vyakti sabase pRthaka [91]

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hokara apane vyaktitva kI rakSA ke lie saceSTa rahatA hai aura dUsare sthAna meM parivAra, samAja tathA jAti aura rASTra ke sAtha sammilita hokara sabhI ke sAtha vaha aisA sambaddha ho jAtA hai ki kisI bhI sthiti meM vaha apane ko sabase pRthak nahIM kara sktaa| vyakti samAja kI ikAI hai to usakA vyaktitva sAMskRtika cetanA kI abhivyakti hai| hara vyakti apane meM akelA hai aura zAyada yaha akelApana hI usakI vaiyaktika upalabdhi hai| sAmAjika prANI hone ke nAte isa vaiyaktika akelepana ko lie hue bhI samAja se jaba taka jur3A hai taba taka 'maiM' sthita hai| jainendra ne aupanyAsika zilpa para hI apanA vicAra kendrita kiyA hai| mAnava ke mana aura vyaktitva kI apekSA usake antarmana ke nigUr3ha bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA atyanta prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se prastuta kI hai| 'parakha' meM vyakti pradhAnatA ke sAtha unhoMne usake vaiyaktika jIvana kA citraNa karate hue, bAhara se bhItara kI ora jAne kI pravRtti apnaayii| jainendra jI vyaktivAdI cetanA ke kathA sAhityakAra haiN| unhoMne apane kathA sAhitya meM vyaktivAdI cetanA kA samAveza kiyA hai| jainendra jI ke vyaktivAdI darzana meM cintaka ke naye kSitija utpanna hue haiN| vyakti ko svatantra rUpa meM jIne kA adhikAra hai| vyakti ko samAja meM rahakara dayA, mamatA, karuNA, pyAra aura nyAya Adi pravRttiyoM kA anusaraNa karanA caahie| 'jayasandhi' kahAnI meM eka sthAna para yazovijaya kahatA hai - "vaha samAja jahAM vyakti kA kula itanA pradhAna hai ki prema ko vyartha karatA hai, vaha samAja jIrNa hai| vyakti kI manazcetanA kI partoM meM khoI huI usakI vAstavika asahAyatA aura vivazatA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 22 padumalAla cunnAlAla bakzI - hindI kathA sAhitya, pRSTha -86 23 naI dhArA - pharavarI-mArca 1966, pRSTha - 115 24 DaoN0 suSamA dhavana - hindI upanyAsa, pRSTha-169 25 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~ (jaya sandhi), pRSTha - 169 2ssi0 suSamA karavarI-mArca - hindI ke [92]

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isa prakAra jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM vyaktivAdI vicAra darzana milatA hai| jainendra jI ko vyaktivAdI vicAra-darzana kA janmadAtA kahA jA sakatA hai| jainendra jI kA sampUrNa sAhitya vyakti ke vikAsa meM gatirodha tathA zUnya sthiti kI abhivyakti nahIM karatA hai| jainendra jI ne eka prakAra kA jar3avAdI vicAra darzana prastuta kiyA hai, unake isa vicAra darzana ko vyaktivAdI darzana kahanA adhika ucita lagatA hai| unheM kevala sAmAjika sandarbho meM hI vyaktivAdI kahA jA sakatA hai| vividha sAMskRtika adhyayana evaM vizleSaNa krama meM aba taka ke samasta vivecanA ke bAvajUda kucha Avazyaka bAteM baca jAtI haiM jinakA saMskRti se anivArya rUpa se sambandha hai| isalie sAMskRtika cetanA ke vivaraNa meM unakI upAdeyatA asaMdigdha hai| khAnapAna, vezabhUSA, AcAra-vicAra, rIti-rasma Adi pramukha haiM, jinakA vivecana yahA~ apekSita hai| khAna-pAna saMskRti jIvana kI samagratA kA sAmaMjasya hai aura khAna-pAna jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai| ata: usakA sambandha saMskRti aura sabhyatA se abhinna rUpa se hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM prAcInakAla se lekara Aja taka manuSya ke jIvana meM ghaTita vikAsoM kA adhyayana khAna-pAna ke AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha samaya manuSya sabhyatA kI caramopalabdhi kA rahA hogA, jaba manuSya ne zikAra ke lie aujAra banAnA sIkhA aura kacce mAMsa ko bhUnakara khAnA zurU kiyaa| Aja ke yuga meM khAne ke vibhinna padArtha haiM aura khAne ke vibhinna DhaMga [93]

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bhii| adhika saMkhyA hone ke kAraNa inakI gaNanA nahIM kI jA sktii| vibhinna saMskRtiyoM meM janme, paDhe-likhe vyakti ke rahana-sahana ke jahA~ bheda mileMge vahIM unake khAna-pAna meM bhI kama vibhinnatA nahIM milegI, unakI yahI vizeSatA una manuSyoM kI rUciyoM, saMskAroM tathA pravRttiyoM meM vividhatA paidA kara detI hai aura vividha saMskRtiyoM kA nirmANa kara detI hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAMskRtika vibhinnatA kA rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai| jainendra ke 'parakha' upanyAsa meM kaTTo ke dvArA banAye gaye bhojana kA varNana hai| kaTTo garimA ko khAne ke lie Amantrita karatI hai vaha usake lie sabjI aura garama-garama roTiyA~ seMkatI hai| sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bhojana kI sAmagriyoM meM bhI aneka sudhAra huye aura pauSTika AhAroM kA pracalana bddh'aa| Aja ke vikasita yuga meM khAne-pIne kI aneka vastuyeM prayukta hotI haiM jinake nAma nahIM ginAye jA sakate haiN| bhojana kI aneka sAmagriyA~ Adhunika samAja meM upalabdha haiN| jinakA apanI ruci ke anusAra pratyeka manuSya prayoga karatA hai| vaise jainendra jI ne apane kathA sAhitya meM khAna-pAna ko vizeSa mahatva nahIM pradAna kiyA hai| veza-bhUSA-zrRMgAra prasAdhana veza-bhUSA kA sambandha deza kI sabhyatA se hotA hai, kyoMki dezagat vibhinnatA ke sAtha sabhyatA aura saMskRti badalatI hai, jisase veza-bhUSA meM bhI antara A jAtA hai| isalie kahA jAtA hai ki jaisA deza vaisA vesh| prAcInakAla ke rAjakIya vastroM meM zubha tathA maMgala avasaroM para mukuTa dhAraNa kiye jAne kA rivAja thA, sAdhAraNa janatA sUtI vastra pahanatI thI para raIsa loga utsavoM ke avasara para rezamI vastra dhAraNa karate the| striyA~ sundaratA pUrvaka banAye hue kAnoM kI bAliyA~, motiyoM kI mAlAyeM, mekhalAyeM aura ratnajaDita cUr3iyA~ Adi [94]

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vyavahAra meM lAtI thiiN| veza-bhUSA evaM sAja-sa~vAra bahuta hada taka pahanane vAle vyaktiyoM kI mAnasika abhiruci kA paricaya detI hai| jainendra jI ne 'sunItA' meM sAr3I-blAuja tathA peTIkoTa kA ullekha kiyA hai| sunItA jaMgala meM hari prasanna ke sammukha apanI sADI blAuja tathA peTIkoTa utArakara naMgI ho jAtI hai| jainendra kA uddezya veza-bhUSA ko sAhitya meM prastuta karanA nahIM hai| AcAra-vicAra aura rIti-rivAja AcAra-vicAra aura rIti-rivAja sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI vyApaka paridhi meM samAhita hote haiN| pratyeka saMskRti ke AcAra-vicAra aura rIti-rivAja ke apane niyama hote haiM jo dUsarI saMskRti se pRthak hote haiN| aneka dezoM ke vicArakoM ne vibhinna yugoM meM Adarza manuSyoM ke vibhinna rUpa vyakta kie haiN| 'pleTo' kA 'dArzanika zAsaka', arastU kA 'manasvI vyakti, 'gItA' kA 'sthitaprajJa', bauddhoM kA 'bodhisatva', nItse kA 'atimAnava' Adi ye saba Adarza puruSa kI hI vibhinna kalpanAe~ haiN| anya kalpanAe~ kaviyoM, nATakakAroM tathA upanyAsakAroM kI kRtiyoM meM mila sakatI hai| jainendra AsthAvAdI kalAkAra hai aura unheM gItA ke karmayoga para pUrI AsthA hai| yadyapi kucha suvijJa samIkSaka jainendra jI ko anAsthAvAdI kalAkAra kahate haiM, kintu yaha ucita nahIM hai| jainendra jI manuSya ke jIvana ko bhagavAna kI dena mAnate haiM aura yahI kAraNa hai ki jIvana ke prati unakA upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa samasta sAhitya meM vyApta hai| yadi hamane manuSya yoni pAyI hai to usakA pUrNa sadupayoga kiyA jaay| jIvana se jUjhane para bhI manuSya ko apanI vIratA aura bahAdurI se kArya karate [95]

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rahanA caahiye| jIvana karmamaya hai, ataH jainendra jI ke sAhitya meM niSkAma bhAva se karma karane para jora diyA gayA hai| adhika vikAsa kA apane Apa meM mahatva Avazyaka hai parantu zArIrika bhUkha kI padArtha jagat meM upekSA nahI kI jA sktii| 'sunItA' upanyAsa meM spaSTa rUpa se karma aura yoga ke sAtha saMyama kI jo mahattA pratipAdita huI hai usakA uddezya manuSya ke vikAsa meM yogadAna denA hai| manuSya kA kalyANa isI meM nihita hai ki vaha jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ko ThIka prakAra se samajhe aura unheM jIvana meM ucita rUpa se grahaNa kre| jainendra vyakti aura samAja meM sAmaMjasya Avazyaka mAnate haiN| samAja se sAmaMjasya banAye rakhanA vyakti kA parama kartavya hai| vyakti usI sImA taka svatantra raha sakatA hai, jaba taka koI sAmAjika hAni nahIM karatA, parantu jahAM para yaha svatantratA arAjakatA kI ora agrasara hone lage to niyantraNa Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| jainendra jI kI mAnyatA hai ki pariNAma kI cintA kie binA manuSya ko karma karate rahanA cAhie, hotA to vahI hai jo vidhi ne racA hai| isa prakAra jainendra yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki karma karate rahanA cAhie aura phala Izvara detA hai| yahI 'gItA' kA 'karmayoga' hai, jo jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM sarvatra abhivyaMjita huA hai| jainedra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM naitika mAnyatAoM aura AcAra-vicAra kA jo svarUpa dikhAyI par3atA hai, vaha 'gItA' kA sandeza hI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcAra-vicAra saMbaMdhI niyama kAla ke parivartana krama meM parivartita hokara rIti-rivAja to bana jAte haiM, parantu unakA astitva paramparAoM ke alAvA kahIM bhI surakSita nahIM raha sktaa| 26 DaoN. devarAja - saskRti kA dArzanika vivecana, pRSTha - 296-297 [96]

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Adarza jIvana mUlya : eka mUlyAMkana jainendra kumAra eka AsthAvAdI kathAkAra haiM jo jIvana meM sadAcAra aura saMyama ko sadA mahatva pradAna karate rahe haiN| ve kabhI bhI apane kathA-sAhitya meM naitikatA kI avahelanA nahIM krte| jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM anekonmukhI citraNa ke sAtha manuSya kI naitikatA, sadAcAra tathA vaiyaktika guNoM kI upayogitA citrita hai| lekhaka kA kArya upadeza denA nahIM hotA, usako cAhie ki vibhinna prakAra ke pAtroM ke mAdhyama se manuSya ke jIvana meM anubhUta kaSTa, vipatti, viyoga kI pIr3A Adi mAnavIya bhAvanAoM ko spaSTa kre| apane isa dAyitva kA nirvAha yadi vaha kara le jAtA hai to vaha nizcita rUpa se sAhitya sAdhana hai| jainendra jI ne apane isa dAyitva kA pUrNa nirvAha kiyA hai| jainendra jI ke lekhana kArya ke prArambha ke samaya meM hI sAmAjika tathA rAjanaitika AndolanoM ne naitika rUpa le liyA thaa| gA~dhI jI ke ahiMsA, sadAcAra, brahmacarya sambandhI vicAra, manuSya kA pariSkAra karane vAle Adarza prastuta kara rahe the, jisakA saMskAragata prabhAva jainendra ke mAnasa paTala para aMkita huaa| 'parakha' meM satyadhana, 'sunItA' meM hari prasanna, 'tyAgapatra' kI kalyANI Adi sabhI aise pAtra haiM jo jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya ke Adarza jIvana mUlyoM ke yugAnukUla Aloka stambha kahe jA sakate haiN| niSkarSa rUpa se spaSTa kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainendra jI ne apane kathA sAhitya meM eka kathAkAra ke dAyitva kA nirvAha karate hue Adarza jIvana mUlyoM kI vizada abhivyaMjanA kI hai aura Adarza jIvana mUlya hI hamArI bhAratIya saMskRti kI dharohara haiN| [97]

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(khaNDa -2) jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dhArmika cetanA jainendra kI dhArmika dRSTi jainendra kA jIvana adhyAtma aura bhautikatA kA sAmaMjasya hai| dharma kA astitva jIvana ke satya meM hI saMbhava hai aura jIvana kI sArthakatA dharma meM lage rahane para hI hai| jainendra kA kathA sAhitya unake vyaktigata anubhava kA hI pratirUpa hai| unakI dhArmika dRSTi kisI mata yA vAda se jur3I nahIM hai| unhoMne veda, purANa Adi dhArmika granthoM kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA, kintu dharma kA jo rUpa AdikAla se vizva ke sabhI dharmoM meM prApta hotA hai, vaha sabhI unake sAhitya meM sahaja rUpa meM hI dekhane ko milatA hai| jainendra ne dharma ko jJAna se nahIM, balki anubhava se prApta kiyA hai| unakA dharma mAnava dharma kI saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| dharma ke isa vistRta rUpa ke antargata jIvana ke vibhinna aMgoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| unake kathA sAhitya meM dharma kA astitva usI prakAra lakSita hotA hai jaise dUdha meM makkhana yA puSpa meM sugndh| jaina dharma jainendra kA sAhitya unake yuga kI paristhitiyoM aura saMskAroM kA hI pariNAma hai| jabaki jainendra svayaM ko sabhI bandhanoM se alaga mAnate haiM, kintu yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki manuSya nitAnta nirapekSa ho jaae| vyakti kA jIvana aura usake vicAra nitAnta navIna nahIM ho skte| unake dhArmika vicAra kisI navIna Adarza kI sthApanA nahIM [98]

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karate, balki unakA mahatva satya kI AvazyakatA ke anukUla naye DhaMga se prakaTa karane meM hai / jainendra kA janma jaina parivAra meM huA hai| jaine dharma kI AtmA unake saMskAroM meM vyApta hai| jainendra ne yadi svadharma ke rUpa meM kisI bhI dharma ko svIkAra kiyA hai to vaha jaina dharma hai / jainendra ne apane sampUrNa jIvana ko jaina AdarzoM meM hI DhAlane kA prayatna kiyA hai| kathA sAhitya jIvana kI abhivyakti hai, ataH jainendra ke kathA sAhitya para jaina dharma kA prabhAva honA samucita pratIta hotA hai| dharma : artha aura svarUpa jainendra jaina dharma se atyadhika prabhAvita haiN| jainendra kA sAhitya unake isa prabhAva kA hI pariNAma hai| jainendra ne jaina sAhitya kA vizeSa adhyayana kiyA hai| jainendra ne apane sAhitya meM jaina dharma ke vibhinna aMgoM aura upAMgo kA varNana kiyA hai| kucha jaina kathAe~ unake jIvana kA aMga bana gaI haiM, usake prabhAva se unakA hRdaya Ardra ho uThA hai| jainendra kA jIvana saralatA aura nirahaMkAritA kA Adarza bana gyaa| jaina dharma kisI pramukha samaya meM pramukha manuSya ke mAdhyama se nahIM calAyA gyaa| unake anusAra yaha to jIvana dharma hai| IsAiyoM ne IsA ko hI 'gaoNDa' athavA 'Izvara' mAnA hai, kintu jainiyoM ne mahAvIra svAmI ko apanA Adi puruSa nahIM, balki caubIsavAM tIrthaMkara mAnA hai| unake anusAra manuSya hI samasta sAMsArika vAsanAoM aura doSoM se alaga hokara kaivalya ko prApta karatA | kaivalya prApta manuSya hI Izvara ke sadRza hai| mahAvIra svAmI ke tapaHpUta vyaktitva ne jainendra ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| ve unheM amara vibhUti mAnate haiN| unakI mRtyu hameM unase dUra nahIM kara sktii| 27 27 jainendra kumAra - mathana, pRSTha 221 [99]

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jainendra kumAra hindI ke sarvazreSTha pratiSThita sAhityakAra haiM / sAhityakAra kA bhI eka dharma hotA hai, use sAhitya kA dharma kahate haiM / sAhitya kI racanA kI kucha maryAdAe~ hotI haiM, unase alaga rahakara sAhityakAra apane sAhitya ke mahatva ko akSuNNa nahIM rakha sakatA / upadeza denA athavA pracAra sAhityakAra kA dharma nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainendra jaina dharma ke samarthaka hote hue bhI pracAraka nahIM bane haiN| jainiyoM kI yaha bar3I abhilASA thI ki jainendra jaina sAhitya kI racanA kare, kintu jainendra ke anusAra jaina sAhitya likhanA hI jaina dharmAvalambI hone kA sUcaka nahIM hai / unhoMne spaSTa likhA hai -- "kyA jo maiM likhatA hU~ vaha sAhitya jaina nahIM hai xxxxx kyA jaina dharma granthoM meM varNita nAmAvalI tathA zabdAvalI ke prayoga se koI jaina bana jAtA hai| usa sUrata aisA bhI to ho sakatA hai ki vaha sAhitya jaina to ho sAhitya ho hI n| 28 jainendra ke anusAra jisa kArya ke prati hamArI saccI zraddhA hotI hai. ....... usakA prabhAva anAyAsa hI sAhitya meM parilakSita hone lagatA hai / sAhityakAra ko usake lie prayatna nahIM karanA par3atA hai, kyoMki prayAsa meM pracAra kA Agraha rahatA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dharma ke kisI vAda kA pracAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, unake pAtroM kA jIvana isa prakAra se DhAlA gayA hai ki ve apane AcaraNa meM apanI dhArmikatA kA AbhAsa dete haiM / jainendra ne jaina dharma kI hI taraha vastu ke svabhAva ko hI dharma mAnA hai, kintu manuSya ke svabhAva ko hI karma mAna lene se dharma kA svarUpa spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| jainendra ne manuSya yA vastu kI Atma prakRti ko hI dharma mAnA hai / " Atma tatva kI prApti hI jIvana kA parama dharma hai| jainendra ke samasta kathA sAhitya ke pAtra usI Atmatatva 28 jainendra kumAra - pariprekSya, pRSTha - 42 29 jaina dharma ko bhI itanA jAnatA hU~ ki vaha Atma dharma hai| (jainendra kumAra maMthana, pRSTha - 91) [100]

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ke sAkSAtkAra meM prayatnazIla dikhAI par3ate haiN| 'jayavardhana', 'kalyANI', 'tyAgapatra', 'parakha' Adi upanyAsoM meM ahaM ke visarjana dvArA Atmatatva kI prApti kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| dharma kI pUrNatA aha ke visarjana meM hI sambhava ho sakatI hai| jainendra ne dharma ke zAstra-sammata rUpa ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai dharma zabda 'dhR dhAtu se niHsRta hai| 'dhR' kA artha hai dhAraNa krnaa| dharma kI dhAraNa-zakti ke kAraNa hI sRSTi TikI huI hai| manuSya kA dharma sAMsArika bandhanoM se saMyukta hokara Izvara kI ora AkarSita hotA hai| hindU dharma meM yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki dharma kI dhAraNa zakti 'AtmA' meM hI vyApta hai| ataH pratyeka karma kA mUla Atmakendrita honA cAhie aura samasta karmoM ko Izvara kI prApti ke hetu hI kiyA huA samajhanA caahie| sabhI dharmoM ke prati Adara kI bhAvanA rahate hue bhI jainendra ne svadharma ko sabase mahatvapUrNa aura zreSTha mAnA hai| dharma aura sampradAya ___ dharma apane vizuddha rUpa meM avyakta hai, kyoMki vaha Atmadharma hai| AtmA kA kevala anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu use dekhA nahIM jA sktaa| AtmA kI satyatA zarIra meM hI hai| nahIM to vaha preta ke samAna hai| AtmA ke binA zarIra murdA athavA zava khlaayegaa| ataH donoM kA sahaastitva anivArya hai| eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI kalpanA sAMsArika dRSTi se ThIka nahIM hai| manuSya jIvana meM raMga-rUpa, garIbI-amIrI, U~ca-nIca Adi vibhinna bAteM milatI hai| manuSya apanI nAsamajhI ke kAraNa ina bAhya bhedoM ko hI satya mAna letA hai aura sAre jIvoM ke prANa kI samAnatA ke rahasya ko bhUla jAtA hai| isI 30. jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha - 196-197 [101]

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ajJAnatA ke kAraNa Apasa meM saMgharSa utpanna hotA hai| dharma eka bhAvanAtmaka sthiti hai| bhAvanA apane meM kamajora hai| jainendra ke anusAra korI dharma bhAvanA meM itanI kSamatA nahIM hotI ki vaha apane ko sthAyI banAe rakha ske| ataH dharma kI sthApanA ke lie sampradAya kA astitva anivAya hai| prAcIna kAla se Aja taka yadi mAnava dharma sthAyI raha sakA hai to vaha vibhinna dhArmika saMsthAoM, dhArmika granthoM Adi meM sannihita hokara hI akSuNNa raha sakA hai| dharma aura sampradAya AtmA aura deha ke sadRza akATya bandhana se jur3e haiN| unake sambandhoM ko bAhya prahAroM dvArA vinaSTa karanA ucita nahIM hai| jainendra ke anusAra dharma kA saMsthAbaddha rUpa hI sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie upayukta ho sakatA hai| 31 jainendra kI dhArmika vicAradhArA samaya ke parivartana ke sAtha badalatI rahatI hai| jainendra ko dharma kI vyApaka zakti kA pUrNa jJAna hai| unake anusAra dharma karmakANDa meM hI sImita nahIM raha sktaa| dharma kA svarUpa yuga vizeSa kI AvazyakatA para hI nirbhara karatA hai, kintu dharma ke astitva kA kabhI bhI niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dharma Atma dharma hai, jIvana dharma hai, ataH usakA rUpa zAzvata hai| AtmA ke svarUpa meM koI antara nahIM aataa| sabhI sampradAya Atmadharma se yukta hokara hI sahI mAne jA sakate haiN| dharma rahita sampradAya usI prakAra nirarthaka haiM jaise prANavihIna shriir| jainendra ke anusAra dharma ke saMsthApaka rUpa ko svIkAra karane ke lie ahiMsA dharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| 'anantara' meM vanAni dvArA jisa zAnti dhAma kI sthApanA kI yojanA banAI gayI hai vaha dharma saMkIrNa manovRtti kA paricAyaka na hokara vizvavyApI mAnava dharma kI sthApanA kA prayatna pratIta hotA hai| sampradAya meM rahakara hI 31 jainendra kumAra - maMthana, pRSTha - 166 32 vanAni eka sasthA sthApita karanA cAhatI hai, zAMti dhaam| deza-videza kA prazna usameM na hogA, na kisI khAsa dharma yA mantavya kaa| unakA vicAra hai ki apanI-apanI saMskRtiyoM ne bhI manuSya kI parasparatA meM bAdhA DAlI hai| - (jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha -67) [102]

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dharma-bhAvanA pragati ke rAste para cala sakatI hai| janendra kI dhArmika cetanA atyanta udAra hai| unake kathA sAhitya meM jahA~ kahIM bhI unakI dhArmikatA ke darzana hote hai, ve unake vicAro kI uccatA aura vyApakatA ke hI darzana karAte haiN| unakA sAhitya unake dharma kA hI abhivyakta rUpa hai| jainendra ke anusAra yadyapi parama dharma mAnava dharma yA ahiMsA dharma hai, kintu sAmAnya rUpa meM kisI bhI ko kisI viziSTa mArga para calane ke lie bAdhya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| , anantara' meM jainendra ne apanI isI sahRdayatA kA paricaya diyA hai| jainendra ne kahA hai ki hama apane mana se sabako nApate haiM, zAyada hama vivaza haiN| isalie hamameM se hara eka ko cAhie ki svayaM ko lekara jo bhI cAhe hoM, dUsaroM ko usa jaisA na rahane de| dharma vyakti ke ahaM ko naSTa kara detA hai, use adhika se adhika udAra banA detA hai| jainendra ne 'anantara' meM apane zabdoM meM kahA ki hai dharma jise galA detA hai mata usI ko phulAne lgaa| jainendra ne dharma ke sampradAya ko svIkAra kiyA hai, kintu unakI AtmA mAnava hita meM hI kendrita rahatI hai| dharma sAmaMjasya utpanna karatA hai| jainendra ke anusAra dharma vaha hai, jise mAnakara buddhi meM namratA AtI hai aura vidroha nahIM rhtaa| artha aura kAma se yukta ho jAtA hai| yadyapi artha aura artha aura kAma bhI jIvana ke puruSArtha haiM, kintu unakA bhI dharma se yukta honA Avazyaka hai| dharma aura vijJAna jainendra ne dharma aura vijJAna ke sambandha meM eka nayA dRSTikoNa apanAkara kathA sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| unhoMne dharma aura vijJAna 33 jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha -67 34 jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha - 85 35 jainendra kumAra - samaya, samasyA aura siddhAnta, pRSTha - 131 [103]

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ke madhya kI khAI ko bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra yadi dharma AtmA kI vastu hai to vijJAna zarIra kI vastu haiN| donoM kA aTUTa sambandha hai jainendra ke anusAra Adhunika yuga meM eka mAtra gA~dhI hI dharma ke mahAna vaijJAnika hue haiN| vijJAna jIvana se hI sambaddha hai| mAnava upayogitA se pRthaka hokara vijJAna kA koI mahatva nahIM hai| jainendra ne dharma ko vijJAna se yukta banAne ke lie usakI AtmA ko hI grahaNa kiyA hai| karma ke prati niSThA hI vijJAna kA dharma hai| dharma kA yahI svarUpa jainendra ne apane upanyAsa 'kalyANI' meM spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kiyA hai| jainendra ne kahA hai ki 'upayogI karma meM apane ko bhUlakara lage rahanA hI dharma hai| jainendra ke anusAra vaijJAnika yadi mAnava dharma kI ora bar3hegA to eka aisI AsthA kA janma hogA jo sAmAnya artha meM bhinna hogii| vijJAna kI sArthakatA AsthAparaka hone meM hai| jainendra ke anusAra dharma AsthA kA viSaya hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI usameM itanA tarka -vitarka utpanna ho jAtA hai ki dharma kI mUla saMvedanA naSTa ho jAtI hai| jainendra ne isa satya ko apanI eka kahAnI meM koyale meM Aga ke astitva ke AdhAra para darzAyA hai| unake anusAra mukkA-mukkI dvArA tatva nirNaya hI kAla jJApana kA eka upAya nahI hai anya bhI aneka karma haiM, jIvana unase bhI calatA hai, balki bahasa kI jagaha una kAryoM ko karanA kucha kahalA sakatA hai| 36 jainendra kumAra - itastataH, pRSTha - 189 37. vahI, pRSTha - 190 38 jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha -54 39 DaoN0 kusuma kakkaDa - jainendra kA jIvana darzana, pRSTha -69-70 [104]

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dharma aura rAjanIti jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA prathama kAla rAjanItika uthala-puthala kA kAla thaa| cAroM ora gA~dhI kA prabhAva phailA huA thaa| jainendra ne apane jIvana kI AdhyAtmikatA ko rAjanIti meM DhAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jainendra gA~dhI ke yuga meM hI hue the| ve gA~dhI ke vAda se vizeSa jur3e nahIM hai, kintu yugIna cetanA se ve svayaM ko pUrNa rUpa se alaga nahIM kara ske| jainendra ke anusAra dharma nirapekSatA ke do rUpa milate haiM eka vaha rUpa jisameM dharma ke prati pUrNa upekSAbhAva rahatA hai aura dUsarA vaha jisameM kisI dharma vizeSa ko na svIkAra karate hue bhI sabhI dharmoM ke prati samAna Adara kI bhAvanA milatI hai| rAjanIti meM jainendra ne dharma ke jisa svarUpa kA samAveza karanA cAhA hai, vaha usakA vijJAna-samasta rUpa hI hai| usameM pUjA-vratAdi ko sthAna na dekara dhArmika zraddhA kA vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai| "jayavardhana' aura 'muktibodha' meM tathA unakI kucha kahAniyoM meM unake isI vicAra ke darzana milate haiN| jainendra manuSya kI sArthakatA dharmamaya hone meM hI svIkAra karate haiN| unakA vizvAsa hai ki gA~dhI ke bAda hamane bhautikatA para dhyAna diyA hai aura naitikatA kI upekSA kI hai, phira bhI usa naitika bhASA kA uccAra aura udghoSa karate Ae haiN| usase bAhara aura andara kI sthitiyoM meM pharka par3A aura hamArI sAkha TUTa rahI hai| jainendra kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA jainendra ke sAhitya kI AtmA ahaM visarjana aura ahiMsA meM hI sImita hai| jainendra ke anusAra ahiMsA eka akhaNDa satya hai aura yaha Atmika dharma hai| ahiMsA dharma ke lie apavAda nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha 40 jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha - 50 [105]

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parama zreSTha dharma hai| parama zreSTha dharma to nirapavAda hotA hai hI, vyakti, paristhiti aura dezakAla Adi ke bheda se usake svarUpa meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| jainendra ne svadharma ke pAlana ke lie vizeSa bala diyA hai| svadharma pAlana ke mUla meM unakI ahiMsaka nIti hI vidyamAna hai| jainendra kI ahiMsA zArIrika ahiMsA taka hI sImita na hokara mana kI ahiMsA meM bhI vyApta hai| ahiMsA jainendra ke dhArmika vicAra kA mUla AdhAra hai| ahiMsA vaha prANatatva hai jisase alaga hokara dharma kA koI astitva nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA para bahuta jora diyA gayA hai| unakI ahiMsA nIti pUre vizva meM vyApta hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kA bar3I kaThoratA se pAlana kiyA gayA hai| jainendra ne ahiMsA ko mAnava dharma mAnakara hI racanA kI hai| "jayavardhana' meM jainendra ne vyakta kiyA hai "deha ke jIne-marane se usakA sambandha nahIM hai| maiM sabako bAra-bAra mArU~ yA saikar3oM, hajAroM, lAkhoM, karor3oM meM - ina sabase ahiMsA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| para apane bhItara ke prema ko marane dU~ to mujhase bar3A aparAdhI kauna hogaa| jainendra ne svadharma pAlana meM hone vAlI hiMsA ko pApa nahIM mAnA hai| unhoMne jIva-hiMsA ko bahuta bar3A pApa mAnA hai| jainendra ne vikAsavAda meM, devatva ko hiMsA meM ahiMsA kI sthiti ke AdhAra para spaSTa kiyA hai| unake anusAra hiMsA vaha prakriyA hai, jisameM svakIya ke lie 'para' para prahAra hotA hai| yadi 'sva' ke pAsa 'svakIya' na ho to prahAra kI preraNA kA anta ho jaay| vastutaH prahAra kI hiMsA meM bhI svakIyatA arthAt ahiMsA kI AdhAra sthiti Avazyaka hai| jainendra kI 'nirmama' kahAnI meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai 41 jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha - 148 [106]

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'jo cIja tumheM duHkha pahu~cAtI hai, hiMsA vahI karane ke lie tumheM bAdhya karatI hai| yaza-pratiSThA jisase tuma bhAganA cAhate ho, ve hI tumheM cipaTAnI par3atI hai, kintu maiM samajhatA hU~ ziva kA vaha virATa utsarga kA avasara hai| x x x x x taba jo tuma jaise viraloM ko milatA hai, tuma khooge nhiiN| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM karma niSThA ko pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| jainendra ke sAhitya meM ahiMsA vividha rUpoM meM milatI haiN| unhone upane sAhitya meM pAtroM ke citraNa meM apanI pUrNa ahiMsaka nIti kA samAveza kiyA hai| jainendra ke pAtra kisI ko duHkha pahu~cAnA nahIM caahte| unake pAtra svayaM kaSTa jhelakara mRtyu ko prApta kara lete haiM, kintu apane kAraNa kisI ko kaSTa nahIM dete| 'parakha' meM kaTTo tathA 'tyAgapatra' meM 'mRNAla" unake aise hI pAtra haiM jinakA sampUrNa jIvana kaSToM meM ulajhA hI rhaa| 'parakha' meM kaTTo apane premI kI khuzI ke lie apanA saba kucha nyauchAvara kara detI hai| vaha yaha kadApi pasanda nahIM karatI ki usake kAraNa usake premI ko kaSTa kA anubhava ho| 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla kA sampUrNa jIvana duHkha se pUrNa hai, kintu vaha apane duHkhoM ko bA~TanA nahIM caahtii| vaha yaha kadApi svIkAra nahIM karatI ki usake pIche usake bhatIje pramoda ko kaSTa ho| ina donoM upanyAsoM meM jainendra ne nija kI vyathA ko sahane meM hI apanI ahiMsaka nIti kA paricaya diyA hai| 'sukhadA', 'vivarta' meM bhI jainendra ne sukhadA aura bhuvanamohinI ke pati ko unake pyAra kI rakSA ke hetu kaSTa sahate hue dikhAyA hai, kintu uparokta upanyAsoM meM tathA ina upanyAsoM kI sthiti meM antara hai| unameM balidAna kI carama sImA thI, vaha balidAna saharSa thA, kintu ina upanyAsoM meM puruSa pAtroM kI durbalatA kA paricaya milatA hai| 42 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI pratinidhi kahAniyA~ (nirmama), pRSTha - 46 [107]

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'sukhadA' aura 'vivarta' ke puruSa pAtra bahuta kAyara aura bujadila pratIta hote haiN| ahiMsA sAhasa meM hai. vivazatA meM nhiiN| aparigraha jainendra apane jIvana aura sAhitya meM madhyama mArga ko apanAkara cale haiN| unake anusAra IzvaronmukhatA ko chor3akara kisI bhI mArga kI ekonmukhatA svAbhAvika nahIM hai| dharma hRdaya kI vastu hai| ataH aparigraha kI bhAvanA hRdaya meM honI cAhie, kyoMki prAyaH vAhya jIvana meM aparigrahI dikhAI dene se vyakti kI vastu ke prati bahuta adhika Asakti hotI hai| anAsakti bhAva se prApta kI gayI koI bhI nidhi vyakti ko usake dharma se alaga nahIM kara sktii| jainendra ke anusAra 'aparigraha kI kRtArthatA vastu ke achUte rahane meM nahIM hai, vastu ke madhya khule rahane meM hai| jainendra ke anusAra hamArI pravRtti sahaja honI caahie| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM unakI aparigrahitA kA samAveza milatA hai| ve hamezA kama se kama meM kArya karane meM santuSTa rahate haiN| unakA jIvana dikhAve se dUra nitAnta sAdA hai| unake anusAra tyAga meM ahaM kA samAveza nahIM honA caahie| pratyeka sukha kA tyAga karane vAle vyakti meM apane karma kA bodha banA rahatA hai aura vaha yaha socatA hai ki maiMne yaha tyAga kiyA hai, to kabhI apane lakSya kI prApti nahIM kara sktaa| 'bAhubalI' kahAnI meM sampUrNa rAjya-sukhoM ko tyAgakara kaivalya bAhubalI nahIM prApta kara pAtA, kintu usakA bhAI cakravartI marata rAjyabhoga karatA huA bhI sahaja hI mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| kintu bAhubalI ko apane tyAga aura tapa kA bodha banA rahatA hai| lAla sarovara kahAnI meM vairAgI atyadhika vinamra hai, vaha apane mahatva se 43 jainendra kumAra - prazna aura prazna, pRSTha- 110 44 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI pratinidhi kahAniyA~ (bAhubalI), pRSTha - 171 [108]

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anabhijJa hai| tyAga, sevA aura parAhita kI bhAvanA usameM kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI hai| use dhana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, ataH dhana kI prApti use kaSTa detI hai, kyoMki dhana samasta anarthoM kA mUla hai / 45 jainendra ke dhana ke prati anAsakti meM hI aparigraha ke Adarzo kI kalpanA hai, kintu bhAvanA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI karmaNyatA kI bhI AvazyakatA aparigraha hai| kazmIra kI vaha yAtrA unakI aparigraha pravRtti kA udAharaNa hai| saMsAra meM rahakara jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie dhana Avazyaka hai, kintu jainendra eka sthala para kahate haiM kamAI eka cintA kA cakkara hai / socA ki jIvana vahA~ jIkara dekhanA cAhie, jahA~ svayaM jIvikA prazna na ho aura Astika cintA kA viSaya na ho vaha jIvana bandhana se hIna hogA aura mukti kA kyA artha hai?" kintu jIvana se ubakara saMsAra se mukti lene vAlA vyakti kabhI mahAna nahIM ho sktaa| manuSya kA puruSArtha karmazIla hone meM hai| 'anantara' meM jainendra jI ke vicAra draSTavya hai ki "tuma jaisI koI jo paise se samartha ho aura usakI sevA para hokara sarvathA aparigrAhI bana jAU~ 47 jainendra ke vicAroM se spaSTa hai ki 'anantara' meM prasAda ko dhana ke prati Asakta hote hue aparigrahI hone hetu prayatnazIla banAyA hai| jainendra ke sAhitya kA saiddhAntika pakSa unake gambhIra cintana manana kA pariNAma jAna par3atA hai| aparigraha dharma kA anivArya Avazyaka aMga hai| AdikAla se hI RSiyoM ke jIvana aura usa samaya ke sAhitya meM aparigrahI pravRtti milatI hai, kintu samaya ke sAtha-sAtha usake upayoga meM antara AnA svAbhAvika thaa| jainendra ke anusAra jisa prakAra mAnava zarIra kI sArthakatA samaSTi kI sevA aura kalyANa 178 45. jainendra kumAra lAla sarovara, pRSTha 46. jainendra kumAra- kazmIra kI vaha yAtrA, pRSTha 47 jainendra kumAra anantara, pRSTha- 61 - 67 [109]

Page #137
me sannihita hone meM hai, usI prakAra vyakti kA dhana samaSTi kI pUrti kA sAdhana honA caahie| jainendra ke anusAra dhana kA saMgraha pApa nahIM hai, yadi vyakti ko usake prati koI vAsanA na ho| dhana kA saMgraha sArvajanika hita ke lie caahie| jainendra ne 'anantara' meM vyakta kiyA hai ki 'Apa loga sArvajanika paisA rakhate haiM, jisameM merA hama nahIM pahu~catA aura isalie paisA mujhe pAsa lenA par3atA hai| jainendra ke anusAra aparigraha dharmanIti kA anivArya aMga hai| aparigrahI AcaraNa dvArA jIvana ke satya kA bodha ho sakatA hai| saMsAra meM koI na kucha lekara AyA hai na kucha lekara AtA hai aura na kucha lekara jAtA hai| vastu yA dhana ke saMcaya meM manuSya kA 'maiM' prabala ho uThatA hai| yaha terA' 'vaha merA' yaha bhAvanA saMgharSa kI preraka banatI hai| jainendra ne manuSya kI AdhyAtmika cetanA ke lie aparigraha ko mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai| jainendra ke anusAra saMsAra mithyA hai, mAnava zarIra nazvara hai| ataH saMcaya kI pravRtti nirarthaka hI siddha hotI hai| parahita jainendra ke anusAra mAnava dharma parahita kI bhAvanA para AdhArita honA caahie| usameM ahaM-visarjana ke bhAva sannihita hone caahie| jainendra jI kI dhAraNA hai ki zarIra ko adhika kaSTa dekara vyakti indriyoM ko saMyamita kara letA hai. usakI sAMsArika viSayoM meM vAsanA nahIM rhtii| jainendra ke anusAra jo manuSya saMsAra se virakta hokara dhArmika hone kA prayAsa karate haiM, vaha unakA bAharI dikhAvA hai| 48 jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha - 141 49 padArthoM ko baTora kara unake bIca hamane rukanA cAhA, yahI hamArI bhUla hai| kyA koI kabhI ruka sakA (jainendra kumAra - pratinidhi kahAniyA~, pRSTha -234 [110]

Page #138
jainendra ke anusAra kAyA - kleza ke dvArA hama apanI AtmA ke rasa ko sUkhA dete haiN| bU~da kA astitva samudra kI apekSA meM hI sambhava hai / samudra se pRthaka hokara usakA astitva sthira nahIM raha sakatA | So jainendra ne 'bAhubalI' ko manuSyadharmI banAne ke hetu use tapasyA se vimukha kara janahita kI ora kendrita kiyA hai ki maiM sabake prati sadA suprApta hone ke sthiti meM aba rahU~gA... bAhubalI ne nirmala kaivalya pAyA thA / granthiyA~ saba khula gayI thiiN| aba unheM kisa ora se banda rahane kI AvazyakatA thI? ve cahu~ora khule sabake prati sugama rahane lage the 157 jIvana meM dharma kI upAdeyatA jainendra ke anusAra dharma jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai / mAnava-jIvana ke sabhI karmoM kI sArthakatA usake dharmamaya hone meM hai| vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM dhana aura usakA bhoga hI usake jIvana kA aMga bana gayA hai, dharma se usakA jIvana dUra hotA jA rahA hai| bar3e-bar3e amIra loga dhana kI ora AkarSita hote jA rahe haiM aura dhana unake pAsa khiMcatA bhI A rahA hai, parantu unakI AtmA sUkhatI jA rahI hai| jainendra ne apane kathA sAhitya meM aise pAtroM kA citraNa kiyA hai, jinake lie artha aura kAma kI pradhAnatA hai, dharma se ve loga bilkula anibhijJa haiM aura na hI unheM usako jAnane kI jijJAsA hI | jainendra ne 'anantara' meM spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kiyA hai ki ye dhAma (zAMti dhAma ) maiM nahIM samajhatA, jisameM rahatA hU~ vahI samajhatA hU~ rUpayA samajhatA hU~ yaha bhI samajhatA hU~ ki saba mujhe usI ke lie samajhate haiM / mujhe aura kucha se matalaba nahIM hai| 52 'vivarta', 'kalyANI', 'anantara', 50 jainendra kumAra - itastataH, pRSTha - 199 51 jainendra kumAra - bAhubalI, pRSTha - 179 52 jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha - 70 [111]

Page #139
'muktibodha' Adi upanyAsoM meM jainendra ne artha meM DUbe vyaktiyoM kA citraNa kiyA hai| 'anantara' meM jayA ati maulikatA se parezAna hokara 'zAntidhAma' kI sthApanA karatI hai| usake anusAra jIvana bhogAbhimukha hotA jA rahA hai usane saMkalpa bA~dhA hai ki isa girAva ko rokanA hogaa| jIvana ko usakI sahI dhurI para phira se niSTha aura pratiSTha karanA hogaa| jainendra ke anusAra satya dharma vahI hai jisameM antazcetanA aura AntarikatA bar3hatI huI mahasUsa ho| jisameM citta sikuDatA, simaTatA ho vahI adharma hai| dharma kA bhAva AtmA ke sAtha hI panapatA hai| ataeva jainendra ke vicArAnusAra jIvana meM jina kAmoM se Ananda aura sukha kI anubhUti hotI hai vahI dharma ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| dharma kA mUla parahita meM ghula mila jAnA caahie| jainendra kI dRSTi meM mokSa manuSya ke jIvana meM dharma kA uddezya mokSa kI prApti karanA hai| dharma jIvana kA kendra hai, AdhAra hai, jisa para manuSya jIvana yAtrA kA prArambha aura anta karatA hai| mokSa kI prApti hI usakA uddezya hai| mokSa manuSya ke jIvana kI antima pahu~ca hai| jahAM para manuSya jAkara zIghra hI sAre karma-bandhanoM se alaga ho jAtA hai| jainendra ne jIvana kI yAyArthatA se vimukha hokara kinhIM siddhAntoM kI sthApanA nahIM kI hai| jainendra mokSa ko ThikAnA na mAnakara yAtrA ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| yAtrA kA sukha tabhI taka hotA hai jaba taka kahIM ThikAne kA patA na ho| ThikAne ko jAnakara calane meM yAtrA ThikAne taka hI samApta ho jAtI hai| jainendra ne 'samaya aura hama', 'prazna aura prazna' meM inhIM vicAroM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| jainendra kA vicAra hai ki saphara jisakA kAma hai 53 vahI, pRSTha -56 54 jainendra kumAra - samaya, samasyA aura siddhAnta, pRSTha-131 [112]

Page #140
vaha musAphira maMjila ko mAne nahIM baitthegaa| mujhe to yaha lagatA hai ki jo maMjila ko jAna gayA vaha kabhI bhI maMjila taka pahueNcA nahIM / " 55 jainendra ke anusAra mokSa kI prApti saMsAra ke tyAga meM nahIM varan usake saharSa svIkAra meM hai| jainendra ke anusAra 'jJAna', 'karma' aura 'bhakti' sAdhanA ke ye tIna varga samajhe jAte haiN| ye tIna rahate hoMge taba mukti kaise milatI hogI, maiM nahIM jAnatA / " jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samagratA meM hI jIvana kA lakSya pUrNa hotA hai| jainendra ke anusAra mokSa kA abhiprAya saMsAra se mukti nahIM, balki ahaM se mukti pAnA hai| jainendra ke anusAra mokSa meM karma se mukti nahIM balki karma ke lie preraNA milatI hai| jainendra ne apane saMgraha 'samaya', samasyA aura siddhAnta' meM spaSTa svIkAra kiyA hai ki mukti vAstava meM ahaM se mukti hai| jainendra ke anusAra mokSa ke rAste meM mukti bAdhA nahIM hai| vaha sirpha rUkAvaTa mAtra hai / janma-maraNa ke krama meM mokSa ke lie yAtrA nirantara calatI rahatI hai, kyoMki mokSa ke sammukha saba nirarthaka hai / jainendra mokSa ke ThikAne para pahu~cane ke lie dhIre-dhIre calanA Avazyaka mAnate haiN| jainendra mokSa kI prApti ke lie cAroM puruSArthoM dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM dharma ke dvArA artha aura kAma ke rAste se calakara hI mokSa kA ThikAnA prApta ho sakatA hai| jainendra jIvana ke saMgharSa se bhAgakara milane vAle mokSa ko ThIka nahIM maante| 'bAhubalI' kahAnI meM bAhubalI apane tana ko tapasyA ke mAdhyama se asthi mAtra kara lene para bhI kaivalya nahIM prApta kara pAtA hai / jabaki usakA bhAI rAjyabhoga karate hue bhI mokSa kI prApti karatA hai / vastutaH jainendra ke jIvana, dharma, darzana sabakA sAra hai-ahaM se mukti / ahaM se mukti pAne para hI mokSa kI prApti saMbhava hai / yahI jainendra kI dhArmika cetanA kA tatva hai / 55 jainendra kumAra - samaya aura hama pRSTha - 209 56 jainendra kumAra - prazna aura prazna, pRSTha -48 [113]

Page #141
(khaNDa -3) jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM Arthika cetanA samAja ke nirmANa meM Arthika cetanA kA atyadhika mahatva hai| kisI bhI rASTra ke sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa meM Arthika cetanA kA apanA nijI mahatva hotA hai, kyoMki Aja ke yuga meM artha kA mahatva hI adhika hai| samAja meM vyakti ke ucita sthAna kA nirNaya usakI Arthika sthiti se kiyA jatAA hai| isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki kisI deza kI sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dhArmika tathA sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM se kahIM adhika prabhAvazAlI usakI Arthika paristhitiyA~ hotI haiN| sAhitya kA pramukha srota samAja hai| kathAkAra vaise to sAdhAraNa vyakti hotA hai, parantu usakI cintana zakti evaM saMvedanoM ko grahaNa karake unake abhivyakti kI kalA sAmAnya jana se bhinna huA karatI hai| kathAkAra samAja meM rahate hue samAja se prabhAvita hokara samAja ke lie sRjana karatA hai| samAja vyakti rUpI ikAiyoM kA eka saMgaThana hai tathA vyakti aura samAja ke vikAsa kA AdhAra Arthika cetanA hI hai| jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM Arthika cetanA kA bhI viziSTa mahatva hai| jainendra jI amIrI aura garIbI ke bheda ko svIkAra karate haiM, unakA vizvAsa hai ki samAja meM yaha kadApi sambhava nahIM hai ki pratyeka ko samAna Arthika suvidhAe~ prApta ho sakeM kyoMki isake mUla meM vyakti prakRti kI eka dUsare para adhikAra karane kI bhAvanA vidyamAna hai| jainendra jI kA Arthika dRSTikoNa svatantra hai| jahAM vaha amIroM para vyaMgya karate hue garIboM ke prati sahAnubhUti vyakta karate dikhAyI par3ate haiM, vahIM vaha kisI vAda se prabhAvita nahIM hai| jainendra jI ne kisI Arthika siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA, balki sAmAjika jIvana meM [114]

Page #142
Arthika viSamatA evaM paise ke mahatva ko apane upanyAsoM aura kahAniyoM meM abhivyaMjita kiyA hai| Arthika viSamatA jainendra jI kA yuga Arthika vaiSamya kA yuga thaa| sAmAjika, sAMskRtika jIvana meM yaha viSamatA bar3hatI jA rahI thii| ataeva jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM Arthika viSamatA se pratAr3ita mAnava aneka rUpoM meM dikhAyI par3ate haiN| unake kathA sAhitya meM sAmAjika aura Arthika viSamatA kA svarUpa spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| unhoMne apane nikaTa kI paristhiti se AtmasAta hokara usameM nihita satya ke udghATana kA prayAsa kiyA hai| bar3e-bar3e zaharoM meM jahA~ cAroM ora cahala-pahala tathA bhavya AkarSaNa ke dRzya dikhAyI dete haiM, vahIM garIbI bhI parilakSita hotI hai| dillI' ke bAjAra meM jahAM amIrI tana kara apanA pradarzana karatI phiratI hai aura jahA~ garIbI apane ko amIrI vANI meM chipAe, zarmAe calatI hai| jainendra jI kI kRtiyoM meM amIrI va garIbI ke vaiSamya kA bar3A hI marmasparzI citra prApta hotA hai, jisase manuSya ke jIvana ke prati unakI aTUTa niSThA kA paricaya milatA hai| 'apanA apanA bhAgya' zIrSaka kahAnI isa dRSTi se bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa tathA upayukta hai| isa kahAnI meM jainendra jI ne Arthika viSamatA se utpanna garIbI ke kAraNa mRtyu pAne vAle bAlaka kA aisA marmasparzI citra prastuta kiyA hai jo mAnava hRdaya ko dravita kara detA hai| isa kahAnI meM jainendra jI ne sAmrAjyavAdI aMgrejoM ke zAsanakAla kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA citra prastuta kiyA hai| jainendra jI kI dRSTi meM manuSya kA hita hI pradhAna hai| isa dRSTi se unhoMne mAnava-pIr3A ke 57 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyaoN, bhAga-2, pRSTha- 139 58 hindI kI sarvazreSTha kahAniyA~ - saM0 gaNeza pANDeya, pRSTha - 80 [115]

Page #143
vibhinna srotoM kI ora dRSTipAta kiyA hai / manuSya ko jAnavara samajhane vAlI aMgreja jAti kI ora bhI unhoMne iMgita kiyA hai| isa kahAnI me kathAkAra ne viSamatA kA vaha citra prastuta kiyA hai jisameM sampannatA ke kAraNa AvazyakatA se adhika sukha suvidhA prApta karane vAle kucha vyakti haiM aura kucha aise haiM jo yA to sAhaba kI mAra se mara jAte haiM athavA nainItAla kI pahADiyoM meM ThaMDaka se sikur3akara prANa tyAgane ko vivaza hote haiN|" jainendra jI kI dRSTi meM vyakti ke bIca aprema aura ghRNA kI gaharI khAI utpanna karane kA eka mAtra kAraNa dhanI varga kA jhUThA dikhAvA aura pratiSThA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainendra ne apane kathA sAhitya meM pratiSThita mAne jAne vAle vyaktiyoM ko hI viziSTatA nahIM pradAna kI, unakI dRSTi meM garIba vyakti bhI apane AtmA kI uccatA ke kAraNa pratiSThita sthAna prApta karane kA adhikArI hai| amIrI pApa nahIM, kintu amIrI ke mAra se vyakti kI naitikatA aura Atma-cetanA kA patana ho jAnA pApa hai / dhanika samAja meM cora, beImAna, caritrahIna vyakti kI sahI pahacAna nahIM ho pAtI, kyoMki ve paise ke bala para ImAnadAra aura caritravAna bane rahate haiM / jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM aise samAja milate haiM jahAM sajjanatA ke pIche duSkarmoM kI gandha milatI hai| jainendra jI kI 'eka TAipa' tathA 'Atithya' kahAnI meM isa prakAra ke samAja milate haiM / 'eka TAipa' meM eka aise vyakti kA paricaya milatA hai, jo sacamuca TAipa hI hai| vaha rela meM saphara karate hue pUre samaya taka 'zAntakAram bhujagazayanam' kA pATha apane DhaMga se karatA hai / " usako dekhakara koI bhI yaha vizvAsa nahIM kara sakatA ki usakI sajjanatA ke pIche koI duSkarma ho sakatA hai| jainendra jI ne apane sAhitya meM aise vyaktiyoM ke 59 vahI, pRSTha - 89 60 jainendra kumAra jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha - 37 [116]

Page #144
jIvana kA udghATana kiyA hai jo hara taraha se sambhrAnta dIkhate haiM, jinheM dekhate hI una para Adara AnA svAbhAvika hai| unake jIvana meM, unake mana meM zaMkA kA bhAva nahIM prakaTa hotA, balki thoDI AmadanI hone para bhI ve UparI AmadanI ke sahAre lambe kharca karate haiM aura baDe garva ke sAtha kahate hai ki tanakhvAha bIsa rUpaye se hI zurU huI thI, lekina usI ke bharose kauna rahatA hai| aise vyaktiyoM ke prati jainendra jI ke hRdaya meM ghRNA aura ghora vitRSNA hai jo unake kathA sAhitya meM vyakta huI hai| 'Atithya' kahAnI meM jainendra ne eka aise vyakti kA citraNa kiyA hai jisakI dRSTi meM munAphA aura svArtha pramukha haiM aura mitratA gauNa hai vaha apane AmaMtrita atithi (mitra) ko apanI gauzAla (DerI) Adi ke sambandha meM savistAra paricaya detA hai, kintu atithi satkAra ke nAma para mitra ke baccoM ko chaTA~ka bhara dUdha dene meM vaha apanI asamarthatA vyakta karatA hai| prastuta kahAnI dvArA jainendra jI ne vyakti kI svArthI manovRtti kA bahuta hI sundara citraNa kiyA hai| 2 jainendra jI ne Arthika vaiSamya kA vyApaka citraNa apane upanyAsa 'kalyANI', 'sukhadA', 'muktibodha', 'anantara aura 'anAmasvAmI' meM bhI kiyA hai| 'kalyANI' meM Arthika pariveza kalyANI evaM DaoN. asarAnI ke bIca 'kerIjma' kI viSamatA meM, sukhadA kI putra ko par3hAne kI mahatvAkAMkSA meM citrita hai| Arthika vaiSamya kA pariveza pIr3hI bheda ke rUpa meM 'muktibodha' aura 'anantara' upanyAsoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| Arthika vaiSamya kA pariveza prakArAntara se 'sukhadA' upanyAsa meM sukhadA kI gRhasthI kA vighaTana karatA pratIta hotA hai| Arthika vaiSamya kA dUsarA citraNa 'muktibodha' meM vIrezvara ke mAdhyama se aura 'anantara' meM prakAza ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hotA hai| 'anAmasvAmI' meM zaMkara upAdhyAya ke Azrama ke lie kumAra aura rAnI vasundharA apanI jamIna dete haiN| 61 janendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha -34-36 62 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha - 115 [117]

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artha aura vyakti jainendra jI kI dRSTi meM samAja ke stara ko bar3hAne ke lie sneha, dayA, pyAra va mamatA kI AvazyakatA hai| unake kathA sAhitya kA adhyayana karate hue yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba taka amIrI ke prati hamArA vyartha kA garva samApta nahIM hogA, taba taka Apasa meM sneha, pyAra va mamatA kI kalpanA karanA vyartha hai| jainendra jI ke hRdaya meM manuSya kI avahelanA aura artha ke satkAra ko lekara gaharA duHkha thA, kyoMki saMsAra meM prAyaH aisA ghaTita hote hue dekhA jAtA hai ki rAste meM par3A huA dhana uThA liyA jAtA hai aura duHkha se dravita vyakti ko choDa diyA jAtA hai| artha kI zakti kI jAnakArI abodha bacce ko bhI hotI hai, kyoMki artha se manuSya kA svArtha jur3A hotA hai, artha kI zakti ne hI garIba aura amIra meM bheda utpanna kara diyA hai jisase manuSya - manuSya ko pahacAnane meM asamartha hai| jainendra kI dRSTi meM jaba taka hamArI mAnasikatA ke svarUpa meM antara nahIM AyegA taba taka mAnava jIvana yoM hI tiraskRta hotA rhegaa| unakI dRSTi meM mAladAra banane kI icchA manuSyatA kI nidhi meM seMdha lagAkara corI karane kI icchA se kama yA bhinna nahIM hai / 4 pU~jIvAdI dRSTi jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM pU~jIpatiyoM ke prati unakA gaharA Akroza abhivyakta huA hai| samAja meM utpanna Arthika vaiSamya kA dAyitva pU~jIpatiyoM para hI hai| pU~jIpati vahI kahalAtA hai jo pU~jI bar3hAne kI kalA jAnatA ho aura kharca karane kI nhiiN| jainendra ke 63 jainendra kumAra - soca vicAra, pRSTha - 88 64 vahI, pRSTha - 93 [118]

Page #146
anusAra jisa prakAra zarIra ke svAsthya ke hetu rakta kA samucita pravAha anivArya hai, usI prakAra samAjarUpI zarIra ke svAsthya ke hetu dhana kA samucita vitaraNa Avazyaka hai| sarakArI mohara lagane para hI pU~jI kI sArthakatA nirbhara karatI hai, anyathA vaha svayaM meM jar3a hai| jainendra ne apanI kRtiyoM meM 'sarakArI mohara' zabda kA bAra-bAra prayoga kiyA hai| jisase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dhana ke sarakArI saMrakSaNa ko ve ucita nahIM maante| 'vivarta' 'sukhadA', sunItA', 'jayavardhana' meM pU~jIpatiyoM kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai|" unake anusAra pU~jI svaya meM doSa nahIM hai, kintu usakI vRddhikAraka pravRtti samAja ke andara vyApta hai / pU~jIpatiyoM kI dRSTi meM svArtha kI bhAvanA bahuta adhika hotI I pratiSThA ke sammukha deza kA hita bhI unakI dRSTi meM gauNa hotA hai / jainendra ne bhautikatA ke raMga meM raMge hue artha vRddhi ke lie saceSTa rahane vAle samAja kA citraNa karate hue spaSTa kiyA hai ki aise manuSyoM ko zrama bhI nahIM karanA par3atA aura pU~jI bar3hatI jAtI hai| sAmAjika saMsthAoM ko dAna svarUpa kucha sampatti dekara ve prema ko bahuta pratiSThita samajhane lagate haiN| 'anantara' meM Aditya aisA hI vyakti hai jisakA lakSya jIvana stara ko bar3hAnA hai| dharma, naitikatA, paramArtha Adi bhAvanAe~ usakI dRSTi meM nirarthaka haiN| 'vivarta' meM jainendra jI ne aise hI parivAra kA citraNa kiyA hai jahA~ sArA samaya sukha bhoga meM vyayatIta hotA hai / unake jIvana meM abhAva nAma kI koI vastu hI nahIM hotii| ve apane sukhamaya jIvana meM kabhI apanoM se nIce dekhane kA kaSTa nahIM karate / jainendra jI ne isa prakAra ke vyaktiyoM para gaharA vyaMgya kiyA hai| eka tarapha AvazyakatA se adhika dhana hone ke kAraNa jIvana krIr3A bana jAtA hai| dUsarI tarapha thor3e dhana ke lie beTI becI jAtI hai| samAja meM yaha bheda dhana ke 65 vahI, pRSTha 143 [119]

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kAraNa hotA hai| unakI dRSTi meM pU~jIpatiyoM kI svArthamayI dRSTi ne samAja meM aisA jahara ghola diyA hai jise samApta kie binA samasta mAnava saskRti kA vinAza nizcita hai| aisI viSama sthiti meM jAgarUka krAntikArI samAja ke bhItara vyApta artha kI zakti kA visphoTa karane ke lie vivaza haiN| 'sukhadA' meM lAla aisA hI krAntikArI vyakti hai, jisakI dRSTi meM paise ne apane dA~ta se kATa-kATa kara jagaha-jagaha samAja ke zarIra meM jo ghAva kara rakhe haiM una ghAvoM kA dhonA aura bahA denA hI unakA pramukha zauka hai| artha ke isa prakAra pU~jIkRta hone se garIba, garIba hote gaye aura amIra adhika amIra hote gaye haiN| isa prakAra garIbI aura amIrI do aise kinAre bana gaye haiM jinameM milana arthAt pArasparika prema kI koI sambhAvanA hI nahIM dRSTigata hotI hai| jainendra ke anusAra pU~jI ne manuSya ko Adamiyata se adhika haisiyata se joDakara jhUThI maryAdA aura pratiSThA ko bar3hAne meM hI sahayoga diyA hai| jainendra ke sAhitya dvArA dhanI varga ke prati unakI ghora vitRSNA kA bhAva lakSita hotA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM pU~jIpatiyoM ke virUddha hiMsAtmaka vRtti bhI lakSita hotI hai, kintu isa vRtti ke mAdhyama se jainendra kA uddezya pU~jIpatiyoM ke prati apane Akroza ko hI vyakta karanA hai| "vivarta' aura 'sukhadA' meM jainendra ke inhIM vicAroM kI jhalaka milatI hai| jainendra kI dRSTi meM pU~jIvAdI sabhyatA meM vyakti kI nahIM balki paise kI pUjA hotI hai| isa prakAra jainendra ke sAhitya kA adhyayana karate hue hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki dhanI varga kI jhUThI aura chalI sabhyatA ke prati unake mana meM tanika bhI sammAna nahIM hai| unakA Adarza mAnava-mAnava ke sauhArda meM hI pUrNa hotA hai| unhoMne apane 66 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha - 107 [120]

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kathA sAhitya dvArA samAja ke isa doSa ko dUra karate hue premamaya bhAvoM ke prasAra kA prayatna kiyA hai| anta meM, yaha spaSTa hai ki jainendra sAdhana kI zuddhatA ke AdhAra para prApta hone vAle sAdhya ko hI svIkAra karate haiN| ve rakta krAnti ke dvArA lAyI jAne vAlI samAnatA ke pakSa meM nahIM the| unakI dRSTi meM isa prakAra kI samAnatA Upara se thopI gayI hogii| isalie kabhI na kabhI usakI pratikriyA kI sambhAvanA banI hI rhegii| isalie jainendra paristhiti aura samasyA ko lekara kiye jAne vAle sudhAra ke pakSa meM nahIM the| jainendra ne artha ko mahatvapUrNa mAnA, kintu unakI dRSTi meM artha hI sAdhya nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra ve artha aura kAma ko mArga mAtra mAnate haiN| unake anusAra dharma pUrvaka upArjita artha dvArA apanA tathA apane samAja kA hita karate hue mokSa kI ora unmukha honA hI mAnava jIvana kA lakSya hai| [121]

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adhyAya-4 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dArzanika cetanA

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adhyAya-4 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dArzanika cetanA kathA sAhitya aura dArzanika cetanAHantarsambandha kathA sAhitya kA sRjana karane vAlA sAhityakAra eka ora to kalpanA dvArA banAye gaye vizAla bhavana kA kArIgara hai to dUsarI ora vidvAna, cintaka, vicAraka evaM dArzanika hai, lekina darzana paraka cintana eka dArzanika se alaga hotA hai| dArzanika jahA~ satyatA ko prakaTa karane ke lie zAstrIya mAnadaNDoM kA prayoga karatA hai, sAhityakAra vahIM zAstrIya kasauTI se alaga apane svAnubhUta jIvana kI abhivyakti kA prayoga karatA hai| yaha svAnubhUta jIvana usake kathA sAhitya kA darzana bana jAtA haiM, jise jIvana-darzana bhI kahate haiN| isI jIvana-darzana ko dArzanika cetanA kI saMjJA se vibhUtiSata kiyA jAtA haiN| darzana ko saMvRddhi pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| kathA sAhitya meM darzana kI abhivyakti hotI hai| DaoN0 bhAgIratha mizra ne isa sambandha meM apane vicAra vyakta kie haiM ki-darzana kAlpanika tathyoM ke AdhAra para vizva kA rahasya-udghATana karane kA prayatna karatA hai|' sAhityakAra aura dArzanika donoM maMgalamayI bhAvanA se prerita hokara jIvana kI vyAkhyA karate haiM, jIvana kI jhA~kiyA~ prastuta karate haiM tathA kathA sAhitya meM mAnava ke mana kI samasta dhAraNAe~ evaM jIvana-darzana ke satya svarUpa kA ullekha karate haiN| sAhitya jIvana kI samIkSA karatA hai to darzana jIvana ke cirantana rUpa kA vishlessnn| / 1. DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra - kAvya zAstra, pRSTha - 42 [122]

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DaoN0 udaya bhAnu siMha ke isa viSaya meM vicAra draSTavya haiM-'darzana tathyoM kI sUcI na prastuta karake unake vihita aura niyamita rUpa meM tarka saMgata upasthApana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAvya asta-vyasta vaividhyapUrNa jIvana ke tathyoM kA anukaraNa karake unakI vyavasthita evaM ramaNIya abhivyaMjanA karatA hai| cirantana zakti ke prati jijJAsA sAhitya evaM darzana donoM kA AdhAra hai| bhAratIya sAhityakAra evaM dArzanika donoM hI apane-apane DhaMga se satya ke rahasya kA udghATana karate haiN| dArzanika kA yaha cintana buddhi paraka hotA hai, parantu jaba vaha kathA sAhitya me parilakSita hotA hai to bhAvanA paraka ho jAtA hai, aura bhAvanA se jo santuSTi milatI hai, vahI Ananda hai| dArzanika jIvana aura jagat ke rahasya kA udghATana karatA hai, sAhityakAra bhI yahI karatA hai, parantu donoM kI kriyAyeM bhinna-bhinna haiN| prAcIna bhArata meM darzana kA viSaya apane Apa meM svatantra aura Atmanirbhara thaa| kauTilya kA kathana hai ki darzanazAstra anya saba viSayoM ke lie pradIpa kA kArya karatA hai| yaha samasta kAryoM kA sAdhana aura samasta karmoM kA mArga darzana karatA hai|' kathA sAhitya bhAva-pradhAna aura vicAra-pradhAna donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| darzana sRSTi ke vibhinna rahasyoM kA udghATa na karatA hai, usI prakAra kathA sAhitya meM sAhityakAra antadRSTi ke mAdhyama se jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI jhA~kI prastuta karatA hai| jisa kathAkAra kI kRti meM ina donoM kA samanvaya hotA hai, usakI racanA sarvazreSTha mAnI jAtI hai| saphala aura zreSTha sAhitya meM Adarza, kalpanA evaM jIvana darzana kA samAveza hotA hai| kathA sAhitya ke jagat meM jainendra kumAra jI isI prakAra ke sAhityakAra haiM; jinake kathA sAhitya meM tathAkathita vizeSatAe~ saphala rUpa meM samAviSTa huI haiN| 2. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siha - tulasI-darzana - mImAsA, pRSTha - 26 3. DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana - bhAratIya darzana (prathama bhAga), pRSTha - 19 [123]

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jainendra kI dArzanika cetanA kA svarUpa jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya meM citrita dArzanika cetanA kA svarUpa jAnane se pahale dArzanika kyA hai, jAna lenA ati Avazyaka hai| jainendra jI kA sampUrNa sAhitya unakI antazcetanA kA hI pariNAma hai| jainendra AsthAvAdI sAhityakAra haiN| inake sAhitya meM jo dArzanikatA dRSTigata hotI hai, usameM unakI AsthA kI hArdikatA hI antarbhUta hai| unake sAhitya kA adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sAhitya-sRjana ke lie unakA pramukha Adarza satya ke sAtha sAkSAtkAra karanA rahA hai| satya AtmA meM hai| darzana-zAstra kA uddezya satya ke prati vyakti kI jijJAsA ko zAnta karanA hai| jainendra dArzanika hone ke sAtha hI sAtha sAhityakAra bhI hai| spaSTa hotA hai ki ve lekhaka hone ke kAraNa hI dArzanika ke rUpa meM jAne jA sakate haiN| unakA samagra sAhitya satya kI khoja aura usakI abhivyakti kA hI pratiphala hai| jainendra cAhe sAhityakAra hoM athavA dArzanika kintu una sabase pare vaha eka viziSTa vyakti haiN| unhone mAnava-jIvana ke zAzvata satyoM ko usake vyavahArika dharAtala para utArane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jIvana aura jagat ke mila jAne se unheM eka nitAnta maulika dRSTi upalabdha huI, vahI unakA darzana hai aura dArzanika hone kA sUcaka hai| Izvara, brahma, jIva, jagat ke paraspara sambandha tathA unake rahasya ko samajhane ke lie ve saMsAra se alaga nahIM gae balki pratidina ke jIvana meM hI unhoMne satya ko khoja nikaalaa| apanI Antarika sahAnubhUti aura saMvedanA se unhoMne gambhIratA aura jaTilatA meM bhI saralatA kA samAveza kiyA hai| jainendra jI ke prayAsa se sAhitya jagata meM eka krAntikArI prabhAva kI sthiti utpanna ho gyii| unakI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ne mAnava ko zraddhA aura vizvAsa kA apUrva sambala pradAna kiyaa| [124]

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jainendra ke anusAra mAnava-jIvana ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa ke lie buddhi ke sAtha bhAvanA kA yoga bhI anivArya hai / bhAgavata vyavahArikatA meM mAnava-jIvana kA pratyeka pahalU samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| unhoMne vijJAna aura adhyAtmavAda meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karake jIvana ke prati AsthA utpanna kI hai| yahIM se unake jIvana darzana ke mUla tatva - abheda tattva athavA advaitavAda kA AraMbha hotA hai| unhoMne jIvana ke satya ko grahaNa kara use jIvana ke vividha kSetroM meM vyakta kiyA hai| unake anusAra vyakti kA ahaM usake jIvana kA udgama sthala hai, jahAM se usake samasta vicAroM, bhAvoM aura kAryoM ko dizA-nirdeza prApta hotA hai| unake sampUrNa sAhitya meM ahaM kA vivecana huA hai| unake adhikAMza upanyAsoM aura kahAniyoM meM ahaM visarjana kI samasyA mukhya rUpa se prakaTa huI hai| jainendra ke jIvana-darzana kA prANatatva vyakti ke ahaM meM nihita hai / unake anusAra acetana meM vyavasthita vyakti kI damita vAsanA hI unake kAryoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| unake anusAra ahaM mUla pravRttiyoM kA puMja hai| jainendra jI ne spaSTa likhA hai ki manuSya ke marmAtimarma meM bhAgavat par3I huI hai aura jo ahaM ke eka-eka paTala ko bhedakara aura cukA kara bhAgavat bhAva taka pahu~ca pAtA hai, vaha aMzatA se uThakara sarvatA ko prakaTa karane laga jAtA hai / " jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM Atmotsarga kI bhAvanA itane vyApaka rUpa meM abhivyakta huI ki jainendra kA sAhitya unake Atma-visarjana kA eka mAtra sAdhana pratIta hone lagatA hai / 'ratnaprabhA', 'gaMvAra' aura 'bAhubalI' Adi kahAniyoM ke pAtra apane ahaM se itane prabhAvita ho jAte haiM ki ve 'sva' ko 'para' meM kho dene ke lie prerita ho jAte haiM 4. jainendra kumAra 5. jainendra kumAra samaya aura hama pRSTha-571 - samaya aura hama pRSTha - 567 [125]

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tAki unakA jIvana nirjIva ho jAye aura unameM sajIva hone kI sambhAvanA hI na raha jaaye| jainendra prakRti ke kriyA-kalApoM me eka bhAvanA ke darzana karate haiN| sUrya ke prakAza, vRkSa kI chAyA, dharatI kI zaraNa meM mAnava ke sammukha jo Atma samarpaNa kA bhAva nihita hai, use mAnava - samajha nahIM pAtA, isalie use apanA akelApana bhArI lagane lagatA hai| isa bhAvanA ko samApta kara dene ke lie hI inameM ahaM ko miTA dene kI bhAvanA jAgRta huii| unake anusAra ahaM visarjana kI bhAvanA vyakti ke akelepana se mukti prApta karane tathA samaSTi meM 'sva' ko samAhita kara dene kI bhAvanA se hI jur3I hai / jainendra ne strI-puruSa donoM ko sAhitya meM vyakta kiyA hai| strI apane strItva meM tathA puruSa apane puruSatva meM nitAnta ekAkI tathA apUrNa hai| strI puruSa meM apane abhAva ko khojatI hai aura puruSa strI meM apanA vikAsa pAtA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM yaha bhAvanA arddhanArIzvara ke rUpa meM abhivyakta huI hai| 'phA~sI', 'eka rAta', 'rAnI mahAmAyA', 'dina-rAta meM strI-puruSa kA akelApana unheM alaga kara detA hai| ve apane jIvana kI vyavasthA meM bhI mana kI bujhAne kA rAstA DhU~DhatI haiM / inake kathA sAhitya ke adhikAMza pAtra apane jIvana meM adhika se adhika kaSTa sahakara samAja kI maMgalAkAMkSA meM lIna rahate haiM / 'tyAgapatra' kI mRNAla aura 'kalyANI' meM kalyANI pIr3A ko sahakara hI svayaM ko samAja ke prati samarpita karatI haiN| vaise jainendra ne Atmotsarga ko jIvana kA pradhAna lakSya mAnA hai, kintu unake pAtroM ke svAbhimAna ko koI Thesa nahIM pahu~catI / unake pAtra pIr3A ko to sahate haiM, kintu apane vyaktitva para A~ca nahIM Ane dete| 'vaha rAnI' kahAnI meM rAnI durbhAgya ke thaper3e khAtI huI kahA~ se kahA~ pahu~ca jAtI hai, kintu apamAnita hokara apane premI kI sahAnubhUti nahIM grahaNa kara sakatI / [126]

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'tyAgapatra' kI mRNAla bhI kama svAbhimAnI nahIM hai| vaha jaja kI buA hone ke kAraNa sukha se jIvana vyatIta kara sakatI thI, kintu vaha samAja kI dRSTi meM kaoNTA banakara apane AtmAbhimAna ko khaNDita nahIM karanA cAhatI / jainendra ne ahaM-visarjana ke dvArA jIvana ke ati upekSaNIya viSaya para vizeSa rUpa meM apane vicAroM ko vyakta kiyA | strI-puruSa ke paraspara AkarSaNa ke mUla meM unakI Atma-visarjana kI bhAvanA hI vidyamAna hai| jainendra sarvaprathama kathAkAra haiM jinhoMne strI-puruSa ke prAkRtika sambandha para vizeSa vivecana kiyA hai| jainendra ne strI ko usakI nirvaiyaktikatA aura guNahInatA meM hI samajhA hai| inhoMne strI-puruSa ke nirvaiyaktika rUpa kI aspaSTatA ko dUra karane ke lie inheM vibhinna sAmAjika evaM parivArika sambandhoM meM prastuta kiyA / 'sunItA' meM jainendra jI kI yaha bhAvanA parilakSita huI haiM- 'tuma zAyada strI hone ko isI taraha jAnate ho, jaise padArtha ke hone ko / strI ko strI kI saMjJA dekara puruSa ko na chuTakArA hai na hogaa| use kucha na kucha aura bhI kahanA hogA / mAtA kaho, bahina kaho, patnI kaho, premikA ko kucha na kucha apanApana jatalAe binA strI saMjJA kA prayoga karake usa strI - dravya se chuTTI tumako nahIM milegI / " jainendra kAma ko pApa nahIM smjhte| kAma aura yoga meM sRSTi kI kAmanA nihita hai| jainendra ke puruSa pAtra apane ahaM ko alaga karane ke lie strI ke prati sneha mArjita kara rahe haiN| ataeva saMbhoga meM vyakti kI ahaMtA kI hAra hai| unake anusAra pUrNa samarpaNa ekamAtra Izvara ke prati hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| ataH strI-puruSa ke sammilana -bhAva ko meM bhUlakara advaita athavA akhaNDatA kI prApti dvArA hI kAma mokSa tathA bhoga meM yoga kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| 6. jainendra kumAra sunItA, pRSTha - 15 - [127]

Page #156
Atma-samarpaNa kI bhAvanA se sambandhita hokara hI ve kAma, prema, bhoga Adi bhAvoM ko spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kara sake haiN| jainendra ne kahA hai ki hamane prema ko khAnoM meM bA~Ta diyA hai aura zarIra jahA~ upasthita hai vahA~ apavitra aura anupasthita hai vahA~ pavitratA kI bhAvanA ko viThA diyA hai| mai mAnatA hU~ ki jo adhUrA hai vaha tRSNArtha hai| 'ekarAta kahAnI' tathA 'sunItA' upanyAsa meM usakI samarpaNa bhAvanA nihita hai| jainendra ne pazu-pakSI tathA jaDa prakRti ke kriyA kalApoM meM antarnihita prema kI abhivyakti kI hai| pazu-pakSI meM unhoMne mAnavIya saMvedanAoM ko pratiSThita karake prema kA uccAdarza vyakta kiyA hai| "eka gau' tathA 'do cir3iyA~' kahAniyoM meM sAtvika tathA romAnTika prema kI atyadhika mArmika abhivyakti hai| ___ jainendra jI ke anusAra jIvana saMgharSa pUrNa hai| saMsAra raNabhUmi hai| manuSya apane bhAgya aura paristhiti se jUjhatA huA apanI jIvana-yAtrA ko pUrNa banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| unhoMne apane zabdoM me kahA hai-'jIvana eka sahAdata hai| zAstra kahate haiM ki yajJa hai| 'kalyANI', 'jayavardhana' Adi upanyAsoM me jIvana ke yajJa meM svayaM ko hutAhana banA denA hI unakA lakSya haiN| unake anusAra jIvana kI sArthakatA usase cipaTe rahane meM hI nahIM hai| unake anusAra mahAna loga mRtyu se nahIM ghabarAte hai aura prasannatA se mauta ko gale lagA lete haiN| 'phA~sI' meM zamazera apanI mauta dvArA jIvana ko arthavattA pradAna karatA hai| vaha mRtyu ko pradhAnatA na dekara yaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana ke lie kabhI-kabhI mRtyu kA AliMgana zreyaskara hotA hai| jainendra mauta meM jIvana ko samApta nahI mAnate, kyoMki jIvana to ananta yAtrA hai| 7. jainendra kumAra - kAma, prema aura parivAra, pRSTha - 33 8. jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha - 110 9. jIvana hI jalanA hai| vaha hai, yajJa me usase bacanA kyo cAheM - jainendra kumAra 10. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha - 126 [128]

Page #157
jainendra ke anusAra jinake mArga meM kaThinAiyA~ AtI hI nahIM haiM, saba sugamatA hI sugamatA rahatI hai, ve jIvana meM bahuta dUra taka aura U~ce taka nahIM jA paate| dekhA jAtA hai ki kaThinAI aura avarodhoM ne hI amuka jIvana ke mArga ko dizA aura svarUpa diyaa| jainendra jIvana kI parivartanazIlatA meM hI vizvAsa karate haiN| parAjita hokara jar3abaddha ho jAnA tathA pragati ko rokanA ve ucita nahIM maante| unake anusAra parivartana jIvana kA niyama hai, jIvana prema hai aura prema kA bhI niyama parivartana hai|12 "kalyANI' meM eka sthAna para jainendra ne jIvana kI gatizIlatA para kahA hai 'rukanA nAma jindagI kA nahIM hai, jindagI kA nAma calane kA hai| 13 jIvana meM sukha-dukha, utAra-car3hAva Ate rahate haiM kintu jIvana nirantara apanI gati se calatA rahatA hai / khinna hokara ruka jAnA jIvana kA Adarza nahIM hai| jainendra ne vyApaka rUpa meM apane vicAra vyakta kie haiM ki mAnava calatA jAtA hai| 'tyAgapatra' meM apane vicAra vyakta kie haiM ki-'mAnava calatA jAtA hai aura bUMda-bUMda darda usake bhItara ikaTThA hokara maratA jAtA hai| vahI sAra hai, vahI jamA huA darda mAnava kI mAnasa maNi hai, usake prakAza meM mAnava vyakti-patha ujjvala hogaa|14 unake sampUrNa sAhitya kA AdhAra hai-vyathA / vyathA ke rasa se pUrita hokara hI unake pAtra apanI jIvana yAtrA sampanna karate haiN| niyativAdI dArzanika cetanA jainendra ne apane jIvana kI lambI avadhi meM niyati kI hilakoroM meM bahate hue, saMgharSoM se jUjhate hue saMsAra ke vividha anubhavoM dvArA jo 11. prabhAkara mAcave - jainendra ke vicAra, pRSTha -82 12. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha - 70 13. jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha -5 14. jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha - 45 [129]

Page #158
jIvana-satya prApta kiyA, use unhoMne eka vidvAna sAhityakAra kI bhaoNti apane sAhitya meM vyakta kiyaa| jainendra jI niyativAdI darzana se prabhAvita the| niyativAdI vicArakoM ke anusAra yadi vyakti ke jIvana ke bhUta aura vartamAna ko jJAta kara liyA jAye to usake bhaviSya ke sambandha meM nirNaya diyA jA sakatA hai| vyakti ke caritra kI samasta jAnakArI kara lene para usake AcaraNa ke bAre meM kahA jA sakatA hai| niyativAdI vicAraka vyakti ke AcaraNa aura prakRti ko eka niyama dvArA hI calAte hai| jainendra ke vicAroM aura niyativAdI dArzanikoM meM pramukha bheda yaha hai ki jainendra ke pAtroM kI sambhAvanAe~ niyati ke kAraNa vinaSTa nahIM hotiiN| unake sAhitya kI sarvaprathama vizeSatA yahI hai ki ve pAtroM ko bhAgya ke sahAre chor3a dete haiM aura bhaviSya ke sambandha meM, vyakti ke caritra ke sambandha meM koI bhaviSyavANI nahIM krte| niyativAdI bhaviSya kI ghoSaNA kara dete haiM, kintu jainendra jI ke anusAra bhaviSya meM kyA hone vAlA hai-yaha koI nahIM jaantaa| unake anusAra brahma sarvavyApta hai aura vahI bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya kA jJAtA hai| isa prakAra unake pAtra bhAgyavAdI hote hue bhI apane jIvana kI sambhAvanAoM kA zoSaNa nahIM krte| AsthAmUlaka bhAgyavAditA jainendra jI Astika, vicAraka aura lekhaka haiN| unake sAhitya me aTUTa IzvarIya AsthA kA paricaya milatA hai| manuSya kA nirmANa karane vAlA Izvara hai| Izvara se hI manuSya paricAlita hotA hai| unake anusAra jIvana ke sambandha meM vyakti kA samasta mantavya samudra ke taTa para kaur3iyoM se khelane vAle bAlakoM ke nirNaya kI bhA~ti hai| phira bhI bAlakoM ko mastiSka mila gayA hai| ve donoM niSkriya hokara to rahate [130]

Page #159
nhiiN| isI se jo jAnane ke lie nahIM hai, use jAnane kI ceSTA calI hai|15 unakI dRSTi meM manuSya nirjIva, jaDa aura yaMtra nahIM hai / usameM viveka, buddhi, tathA puruSArtha hai| ataeva Izvara manuSya kI gati ko rokatA nahIM hai balki unnati pradAna karatA hai| unake sAhitya meM pAtroM kI Izvara para dRr3ha AsthA hai| unakI dRSTi meM saba kucha karane vAlA Izvara hI hai| Izvara kI mahAna zakti ke samakSa manuSya bahuta hI tuccha hai| ataeva jainendra ke pAtra atyadhika bhAgyavAdI ho gae haiM / unake jIvana meM sukha-dukha aura utAra-caDhAva bhAgya kI paridhi meM hI sambhava huA hai| jainendra ke sAhitya meM jagaha-jagaha bhAgya athavA Izvara kI pukAra se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainendra ke pAtroM ko bhAgya kA hI sahArA hai aura kahIM-kahIM to aisA AbhAsa hone lagatA hai ki atizaya bhAgyavAditA kahIM pAtroM ke jIvana meM niSkriyatA na utpanna kara de| unakI kucha kahAniyoM meM bAra-bAra Izvara ke nAma kI punarAvRtti huI hai| 'rAjIva aura bhAbhI' meM do-cAra bAra vidhAtA ke samakSa vyakti kI vivazatA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jainendra ne spaSTa kahA hai ki 'jaba rAjIva ne moTara kI bAta mana meM pakkI kara lI, taba saba prapaMcoM ke racayitA bAbA viraMci Upara baiThe-baiThe muskArAe hoMge, kahate hoMge- dekho laDake kI bAta - are hama phira kucha Thahare hI nhiiN| jo ye duniyA ke chokare hameM bina bUjhe hI saba karane lageMge to ho liyA kaam| 18 vahIM se bhAgya deva bhI palaTa kara barasa par3ane lge|" jIvana meM bhAgya kA sahArA to liyA hI jAtA hai, parantu choTI-choTI bAtoM para bidhAtA kA anusaraNa karanA ucita nahIM pratIta hotaa| unake sAhitya meM kisI pramukha paristhiti meM hI vidhAtA kA sahArA lekara vyakti kI vivazatA 15 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha -18 16 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha - 31 17 jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~ (rAjIva aura bhAbhI). pRSTha - 32 [131]

Page #160
ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai 'kalyANI' meM kalyANI kisI ke ghara jAne meM apanI icchA para vizvAsa nahIM karatI aura kahatI hai-'acchA! bhAgya hogA to kyoM na AU~gI / ' 18 jainendra Izvara ko sarvaprathama mAnate haiN| agara Izvara kI icchA na ho to vyakti kucha bhI nahIM kara sktaa| Izvara kI AsthA meM vyakti ke ahaM kA vigalana ho jAtA hai / ahaM kA bhAva vrata ko sarvaprathama pramANita karatA hai| vyakti to kevala mAdhyama hai| kintu karma kA phala bhAgya para hI AdhArita hotA hai| jaba aisI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai, to vyakti karma karatA jAtA hai, parantu nirAza nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha vartamAna taka hI sImita hai, bhaviSya meM usakI koI bhI pahu~ca nahIM hai / jainendra ke anusAra bhAgya kA lekhA saMsAra meM vyavasthA sthApita karane kA sAdhana hai| jainendra ne apane zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai ki 'bhAgya kA tarka yadi kaThora hai to aisA akAraNa nahIM hai / X X X X x yahA~ jo jaisA karatA hai vaisA hI bharatA hai| 19 Izvara pakSapAta nahIM karatA, usake lie saMsAra meM saba loga barAbara haiM, na koI choTA hai na koI bar3A hai| pratyeka vyakti apane karmoM kA phala bhogatA hai / bhAgya vyakti ke saMcita karmoM kA hI abhivyakta rUpa hai| bhAgya vyakti ke pUrva janmoM ke karmoM se banatA hai / isalie yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bhAgya korI bhAvanA kA pratIka hai| jainendra ke jIvana aura sAhitya kA pramukha Adarza Izvaronmukha hai / unakI dRSTi meM bhAgya para rahane vAlA vyakti karma kI avahelanA nahIM krtaa| karma karanA to usakA kartavya hai, kintu phala kI prApti na hone para vaha Izvara ko doSI nahIM ThaharAtA balki dukha meM bhI sukha kI prApti kA anubhava karatA hai| jainendra jI kI racanAoM ke pAtra bhAgya ke 18. 19. jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra kalyANI, pRSTha - 79 vaha rAnI, pRSTha 47 - [132]

Page #161
cakra para krodhita nahIM hote aura na hI bhAgya se vidroha karanA ucita samajhate hai| 'tyAgapatra' meM pramoda apanI buA kI sthiti para bahuta dukhI hotA hai, kintu buA ko usa rAha se moDa nahIM paataa| vaha jAnatA hai ki Izvara jo kucha karatA hai, soca-samajhakara kara hI karatA hai| Izvara kI icchA ke virUddha vyakti kArya karatA hai to vaha AtmA ke santoSa se bhI parAjita ho jAtA hai| isalie vaha kahatA hai ki 'jo kucha huA ThIka huA, ThIka isalie ki use aba kisI bhI upAya se badalA nahIM jA sktaa|' jainendra bhAgya aura duHkha ke madhya vyakti kI pArasparikatA ke hetu bahuta satarka rahe haiN| jainendra ke anusAra vyakti sneha ke AdAna-pradAna ke dvArA atizaya pIr3A ko jhelatA huA bhI svarga kA adhikArI hotA hai| ataeva bhAgya meM jo honA hai, use TAlA to nahIM jA sktaa| honI hokara rahatI hai aura usako TAlanA vyakti ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai balki usakA parivartana Izvara dvArA hI sambhava hai| jainendra ne 'tyAgapatra' meM spaSTa zabdoM meM likhA hai- 'sneha - kyA vaha svayaM meM itanA pavitra nahIM hai ki svarga ke dvAra usake lie khula jaaeN| 20 'vivarta' meM bhI bhuvanamohinI rela durghaTanA ke lie jitena ko doSa nahIM detI / usakA vizvAsa hai ki 'hotA honahAra hai aura saba kAla karAtA hai|21 mohinI jitena ko samajhAtI huI kahatI hai-'jo huA ho gyaa| honahara kaba TalA hai| 2 'sukhadA' meM sukhadA apane pati ko kisI kArya ke lie doSa nahIM detI aura kahatI hai-'unhoMne kucha nahIM kiyaa| saba bhAgya ke AdhIna huA hai| 23 20 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-46 21. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha-29 22. vahI, pRSTha - 30 23 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha -204 [133]

Page #162
jainendra ke kathAsAhitya meM vyakti kA samasta soca-vicAra vyartha hI hai| ataeva jainendra ke pAtra jIvana se jaTila paristhitiyoM meM nirAza hokara samApta nahIM hote, balki sneha aura prema ke dvArA hI vaha jIvana kA vikAsa karane meM samartha hote haiN| niSkAma karmayoga jainendra ke vicAroM para gItA ke niSkAma karmayoga kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / 'gItA' meM arjuna ko karmazIlatA kA upadeza dete hue kRSNa ne kahA ki 'jo puruSa saba karmoM ko paramAtmA meM arpaNa karake Asakti ko tyAga kara karma karatA hai, vaha puruSa jala meM kamala ke patte ke sadRza pApa se lipta nahIM hotA / 24 jainendra jI ke anusAra vidhAtA hI sarvopari hai| jainendra ne bAra-bAra apane sAhitya meM isa satya kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai ki 'maiM nahIM hU~ x x x x x kyoMki zUnya hai x x x x x mai kucha nahIM hU~- - yaha anubhUti hI merA saba kucha hai| 25 unake anusAra isa prakAra kI bhAvanA manuSya ko karma se vicalita nahIM karatI, balki use kartavya ke ahaMkAra se alaga karatI hai| ataeva jainendra kI dRSTi meM bhAgya kA nirNaya manuSya kI pragati meM bAdhA nahIM utpanna karatA, balki unnati kI ora le jAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| jainendra ne apane kathA sAhitya meM puruSArtha ko bhI prazraya diyA hai| bhagavAna ko hI eka mAtra satya mAnane ke kAraNa jainendra ke pAtroM meM manuSya ke ahaM bhAva ke darzana nahIM hote| unake karma sambandhI vicAroM para gItA kI niSkAma-karma-sAdhanA tathA karma-akarma kI bhAvanA parilakSita hotI hai / jainendra ke anusAra 'karma' meM 'akarma' kI bhAvanA 24. 'brahmaNyAdhAya karmANi sagatyaktvA karoti ya. / lipyate na sa pApena padmapatramivAmbhasA / / zrImadbhagavadgItA - 5 / 10 25. jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~ (tRtIya bhAga), pRSTha- 126 [134]

Page #163
vyakti ko vyaSTi se samaSTi kI ora unmukha karatI hai tathA vyakti svArtha ko bhUlakara paramArtha hetu apanA jIvana arpita karatA hai| unakI dRSTi meM manuSya kA karmazIla honA hI Avazyaka bAta nahIM hai, karmazIlatA ke sAtha hI usameM karma ke prati anAsakti honA bhI Avazyaka hai| 'jayavardhana' meM jainendra ne eka sthAna para 'akarma' kI AvazyakatA para apanA dRSTikoNa batAyA hai- 'karma ThIka hai, kintu vaha akarma ke sAtha hI ThIka hai, nahIM to bacAva aura bharamAva hogaa| 26 punarjanma, mRtyu aura amaratva jainendra punarjanma ko bhI apane kathA sAhitya meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve yaha svIkAra karate hai ki manuSya mRtyu ke bAda navIna janma ko prApta karatA hai| jainendra ne 'kalyANI', 'rUkiyA bur3hiyA' tathA 'mauta kI kahAnI' Adi meM jagaha-jagaha punarjanma kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve karma kI sApekSatA se punarjanma ko mAnate haiN| inake anusAra janma ke bAda mRtyu aura mRtyu ke bAda janma- yaha krama nirantara calatA rahatA hai| saMsAra karma aura bhAgya kI AsthA para calatA hai| jIvana meM sarvazreSTha pratibhA punarjanma ke saMcita karmoM arthAt bhAgya ke dvArA hI upalabdha hotI hai| ___ jainendra ke punarjanma sambandhI vicAra maulika pratIta hote haiN| 'sukhadA' upanyAsa meM jainendra ne likhA hai ki 'marane ke pahale jo hotA hai use jInA kahate haiN| x x x x x hama tuma nahIM jIte, jItA khuda jIvana hai, vaha itihAsa meM jItA hai / vaha merA tumhArA nahIM hai, mujhase tumase nahIM hai, balki hama usase haiN| vaha hai, hama nahIM haiN| unake anusAra vyakti ko pUrvajanma kI smRti nahIM rhtii| vaha yaha 26 jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha - 12 27. jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha -171 [135]

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svIkAra karate haiM ki pUrvajanma kI smRti hone para manuSya kA vartamAna jIvana bahuta dukhapUrNa ho jaayegaa| satya ko saphala karane ke lie kyA eka hI ghaTanA upayogI hai| saba kucha kyA satya ko hI nahIM saphala kara rahA hai| "rUkiyA bur3hiyA' kahAnI meM unhoMne apanA dRSTikoNa vyakta kiyA hai ki bhAratIya darzana meM punarjanma kI paramparA svIkAra kI gaI hai| Adhunika yuga meM aisI aneka ghaTanAeM ghaTatI haiM, jisase punarjanma kI satyatA kA pramANa milatA hai, kintu jainendra do-tIna ghaTanAoM ko satya kI siddhi ke lie upayukta nahIM maante| unakI dRSTi me jo kucha hai, saba satya hai, satya meM ghula-mila gayA hai| jainendra yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki isa jIvana ke bAda kyA hogA-yaha koI nahIM jaantaa| vartamAna meM to vyakti yahI socatA hai ki jo jaisA karegA use usakA vaisA phala avazya milegaa| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM mRtyu-sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM unake gahana cintana kI chApa hai / jIvana aura mRtyu ke rahasya ko udghATita karate hue jainendra ne vyavahArika jIvana meM vyakti kI mRtyu-sambandhI dhAraNAoM ko apanI racanAoM dvArA vyakta kiyA hai / unhoMne apane sAhitya meM kaI ghaTanAoM ko prastuta kiyA hai, jabaki parivAra meM kaI sadasya eka ke bAda eka mauta ko prApta hote haiN| jahA~ mauta kA dAruNa dRzya dekhakara yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki mRtyu akATya satya hai| saMsAra mithyA hai| jainendra ne 'anantara' meM satyatA ke viSaya meM batalAyA hai ki 'mauta eka dvAra mAtra hai, kevala Izvara satya hai| eka calA jAtA hai aura dUsarA jAne ke lie tatpara hai, kintu manuSya kA karma hamezA jIvita hai aura logoM ko to mRtyu pAnA hI hai| ataeva eka mAtra vahI satya hai aura vaha satya hai- Izvara / ' unake anusAra mRtyu jIvana kA anivArya satya hai| usakI kalpanA se jIvana ko bahuta zAnti milatI hai| 'itastataH' meM jainendra ne [136]

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kahA hai ki 'maiM mRtyu kA kAyala huuN| jIvana se adhika usakA kAyala huuN| vaha paramezvara kA varadAna hai| maiM mRtyu ko samApta karanA nahIM cAhatA huuN| usake binA jIvana asatya ho jaayegaa| 28 jainendra ne 'mauta kI kahAnI' meM apane vicAroM ko vyakta karate hue batAyA hai ki 'mauta kA silasilA banda ho jAyegA to janma kA silasilA bhI roka denA par3egA, nahIM to dharatI para aisI kicamica macegI ki saoNsa lene ko bhI jagaha na rhegii| 29 garIbI aura amIrI kA bheda bhI mauta meM samApta ho jAtA hai| jainendra ne jIvana meM kevala eka mAtra prema aura sneha ko hI mahatva pradAna kiyA hai, kyoMki ve svIkAra karate haiM ki mauta ke pazcAt kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rahatA, kevala prema aura sneha kI smRti hI sadaiva apanA sthAna banAe rakhatI hai| smRti ke sahAre manuSya mara kara bhI amara rahatA hai| 'vivarta' meM jainendra ne isa satya para prakAza DAlA hai ki 'yoM hama kaba eka dUsare ke haiM, koI kevala apanA nahIM hai, lekina kSaNa Ate haiM ki hama Apasa ke raha hI nahIM pAte, kahIM kisI Upara ke ho jAte haiN| taba mAlUma hotA hai ki ApasIpana khisaka kara or3he kapar3e ke mAninda hamase nIce utara gayA hai| hama kisI ke bhI nahIM rahe; apane bhI nahIM raheM, mAne sirpha nahIM ke ho gae haiN| kyA yahI kRta-kRtyatA hai? ki yaha mRtyu hai| 30 jainendra kumAra mRtyu ko sArthaka banAnA cAhate haiN| vyakti mRtyu kI cetanA dvArA sva kendrita hokara adhika sukha-bhoga kA prayatna karatA hai to mRtyu usake lie kaSTa dAyaka siddha hotI hai| unake anusAra jaba manuSya nirbhIka hokara karma karate haiM, to mRtyu kA bhaya unake lie bAdhaka nahIM siddha hotA hai| ve vyakti mRtyu ke Ane para prasannatA ke sAtha mauta ko gale lagA lete haiN| 'mauta kI kahAnI' meM unhoMne kahA hai 28 jainendra kumAra - itastata, pRSTha - 113 29. jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha - 68 30. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha -217 [1371

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ki 'jIvana kA kucha artha hI nahIM agara mauta usake Age phula sTApa kI taraha baiTha jaay| isalie mRtyu sthAyI vastu nahIM hai| unake anusAra mauta ke mAdhyama se hI vyakti ko rAstA milatA hai| 32 ' darzana kI rAha' aura 'taulie' kahAniyoM meM jainendra jI ne mRtyu ke satya ko udghATita kiyA hai| jainendra jI ke anusAra maranA jIvana ko rAha detA hai| hama kahIM bana gaye hote haiM, kAma A cuke hote hai| saMsAra meM kucha samaya vyatIta karane ke bAda mRtyu anivArya hotI hai / isa prakAra jainendra ne spaSTa kara diyA hai ki mRtyu anivArya hai 1 jainendra ke anusAra zahIda hone vAle manuSyoM ko mauta kI koI cintA nahIM rahatI / vaha kartavya meM lIna rahate haiN| unake kathA sAhitya meM jIvana kI bali dene vAle pAtra prasannatA se mRtyu kA AliMgana karate haiM, kintu mauta ke lie jijJAsu nahIM hote / 'phA~sI' kahAnI meM zamazera mauta se nahIM bacatA, kintu jaba mauta ke mAdhyama se hI paramArtha sambhava hai to vaha usakI upekSA bhI nahIM karatA aura kahatA hai ki merI mauta meM duniyA kI arthasiddhi hai, merI bhI paramArthasiddhi hai| vizva kA artha siddha karane vAle vyakti kI mauta AtI hai| paramAtmA use bhejatA hai / vyakti kyoM na use sAtha le aura Age bddh'e| 33 yahI jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kA abhISTa hai| 'kahAnI kI kahAnI' meM lekhaka ne gA~dhI jI kI mRtyu dvArA unakI amaratA kI ora iMgita kiyA hai / 34 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM pAtroM ke mana meM mRtyu kA bhaya nahIM rahatA hai| jainendra ke anusAra mauta kaisI hotI hai, koI nahIM jAna sktaa| mauta kI kahAnI meM lekhaka ne yama kA bahuta hI DarAvanA ,35 jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha - 69 31 jainendra kumAra 32 jaise eka dina hokara aura kucha dina rahakara hama bisara jAte hai, ki yaha honA rahanA kAla kA hI khela thA, usa khela ke lie hamArA na honA saMgata ho gayA hai| (jainendra kumAra itastataH, pRSTha 109 ) jainendra pratinidhi kahAniyA~, pRSTha kumAra 34 jainendra kumAra 35. jainendra kumAra 24 33 jainendra kI kahAniyA~, bhAga-8, pRSTha-52 mauta kI kahAnI, pRSTha - 68 [138]

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citra prastuta kiyA hai- 'yama nAma kA deva hai, sacamuca baDA DarAvanA hai| vAstava meM vaha kisI astra-zastra se AdamI ko nahI mAratA, daraasala vaha mAratA hI nahI, AdamI use dekhakara Dara ke mAre svayaM hI mara jAtA hai| 36 'patnI' zIrSaka kahAnI meM bhI lekhaka ne mRtyu ke bhaya ko batAyA hai ki hara vyakti isa kalpanA se bhayabhIta hotA hai, aura yaha jAnatA hai ki eka-na-eka dina usako maranA avazya hai|' jainendra ne isa kahAnI meM likhA hai ki 'yadyapi vaha jAnatI hai ki maranA sabako hai- usako maranA hai-usake pati ko maranA hai, para usa tarapha bhUla se chata para dekhatI hai to bhaya se mara jAtI hai| mauta se bacane vAlA manuSya jIvana se sadaiva cipaTA rahatA hai| 'jayavardhana' upanyAsa meM lekhaka ne spaSTa likhA hai ki 'mauta ko satat bhItara lekara jInA asala jInA hai| yaha jInA marakara hotA hai| 38 jainendra ke sAhitya kA Adarza tyAga aura paramArtha ke rUpa meM hI ghaTita hotA hai| __ jainendra ke vicAroM meM dArzanikatA kA bhAva sarvatra parilakSita hotA hai| jainendra ne janma-mRtyu ke AdhyAtmika tathA vyAvahArika pahalU ko bahuta vyApaka rUpa se vivecita kiyA hai| unake sAhitya meM IzvarIya AsthA para bhI bala diyA gayA hai| jainendra isa satya se avagata haiM ki mRtyu ke Ane para vyakti kA sarvasva yahIM raha jAyegA aura vaha bhI apanI maMjila para pahu~ca jaayegaa| jIvana ke sAre rizte-nAte tathA samasta sampadA mauta ke Ane para vyartha ho jaayeNge| isa prakara yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainendra kI niyativAdI dArzanika cetanA meM eka ora bhAgyavAda hai aura dUsarI ora karmavAda hai| 36 jainendra kumAra - mauta kI kahAnI, pRSTha - 68 37. jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha-70 38 jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha - 11 39 eka dina mauta AyegI aura saba kucha raha jAegA - jainendra kumAra - jainendra kI kahAniyA~, pRSTha - 167 [139]

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jainendra ne bhAgya, karma tathA jIvana-mRtyu ke sambandha meM apane maulika vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| unake pAtra atizaya bhAgyavAdI haiN| unakI parama AstikatA unheM kisI bhI samaya bhAgya ke ghere se alaga nahIM krtii| jainendra ne karma paramparA ko pUrva janma athavA punarjanma kI zrRMkhalA se nahIM jor3A hai| unake anusAra punarjanma to hotA hai-yaha bAta satya hai kintu yaha koI nahIM jAnatA ki punarjanma kA pUrva janma ke karmoM se sambandha hotA hI hai| unakI dRSTi meM punarjanma kI satyatA kevala vyakti ke bAra-bAra janma hone meM hI hai| jainendra ke anusAra manuSya ke karma mRtyu ke pazcAt usake sAtha nahIM jAte, varan yahIM vyApta ho jAte haiN| unake anusAra mRtyu se jIvana kI samApti nahIM hotii| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jainendra jI kI dArzanika cetanA atyanta uccakoTi kI aura mahatvapUrNa hai| dArzanika cetanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa unakI kRtiyoM meM nArI-puruSa sambandhoM, antaHbAhya parivezoM tathA prema aura vivAha Adi sabhI vicAradhArAoM kA samAveza huA hai| jainendra jI ne dArzanika cetanA ke antargata zAzvat satyoM-Izvara, janma-mRtyu, mokSa Adi ke sambandha meM AtmAnubhUta satya kA prakaTIkaraNa kiyA hai| unakI dRSTi meM Izvara satya hI nahIM varan vahI eka mAtra satya hai| jainendra jI kI IzvarIya AsthA unake samasta kathA sAhitya meM zraddhA aura Atma-vizvAsa tathA bhAgya-nirmAtA ke rUpa meM lakSita hotI hai| unakI dRSTi meM mokSa jagat se mukti nahIM hai varan ahaM se mukti hai| vastutaH saMsAra meM rahakara bhI vyakti mokSa kI prApti kara sakatA hai| [140]

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adhyAya-5 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM manovaijJAnika cetanA

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adhyAya-5 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM manovaijJAnika cetanA kathA sAhitya aura manovijJAna : antarsambandha Adhunika yuga meM manovijJAna kA sAhitya ke vibhinna aMga-pratyaMgoM meM samAveza ho gayA hai| vizeSa rUpa se kathA sAhitya meM to manovijJAna ke siddhAntoM, darzanoM tathA usake niSkarSoM taka ko bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| ataH hindI meM manovaijJAnika upanyAsoM tathA kahAniyoM kI eka lambI zrRMkhalA hai jinameM manovijJAna ke niSkarSoM ko AdhAra banAkara kathAnakoM tathA caritroM kA vikAsa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika hindI kathA sAhitya meM manovaijJAnika upanyAsoM tathA kahAniyoM kA apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| manovaijJAnika darzana kA mUla siddhAnta yaha hai ki manuSya kI samasyAyeM jyoM kI tyoM rahatI haiM, parivartana kevala rUpa meM hotA hai, kyoMki manuSya mAtra meM Adima pravRttiyA~ jaise-ghRNA, kAma, ahaM Adi Aja bhI usI rUpa meM bane hue haiM, jisa rUpa meM yaha sRSTi ke Adi meM the| ina pravRttiyoM se hI manuSya kA jIvana paricAlita hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki bAhya samasyAoM ke prati manovaijJAnikoM kI hI taraha aneka manovaijJAnika kathAkAra upekSA bhAva rakhate haiN| bAhya paristhitiyA~ unheM gatizIla nahIM dikhAI par3atIM, kyoMki unakA nidarzana karane vAlI zaktiyA~ ,sahaja vRttiyA~ sthira haiN| isIlie manovaijJAnika kathAkAra rAjanIti, samAja, arthavyavasthA tathA saMskRti kisI ko bhI mahatva nahIM [141]

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detA, lekina isakA abhiprAya yaha nahIM hai ki rAjanIti, samAja, artha vyavasthA tathA saMskRti se nirmita yuga tathA vAtAvaraNa kA citraNa na karake yaha manovaijJAnika kathAkAra kisI anya loka tathA vAtAvaraNa kA citraNa karatA hai| isa prakAra unakI kRtiyoM meM ina tatvoM kI sampRkti kI anivAryatA hotI hai, lekina ina tatvoM ko anya kathAkAroM kI tulanA meM kucha bhinna DhaMga se grahaNa kiyA jAtA / antarmana kI sthitiyoM kA udghATana karane ke lie hI manovaijJAnika kathAkAra bAhya sRSTi ke vyApAroM kA citraNa karatA hai / isameM agara kisI lekhaka ke mana meM koI rAjanaitika Agraha hotA hai tathA vaha deza yA samAja ke prati kartavya bhAvanA se prerita hotA hai to usake cintana kA kendra bhI sAmAjika zaktiyA~ na hokara vyakti hI hotA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki manovaijJAnika kathA sAhitya kA vivecya viSaya vyakti tathA usakI mAnasika gatividhiyA~ hotI haiN| rAjanaitika, sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika gatividhiyoM ko vaha isa dRSTi se dekhatA hai ki usane vyakti kA nirmANa kina rUpoM meM kiyA hai, kyoMki yaha prAmANika tathya hai ki vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM kA bahuta kucha sahayoga to hotA hI hai| manovaijJAnika sAhityakAra prAyaH rAjanItika pAtroM ko hiMsA darzana kA samarthaka tathA krAntikArI vicArakoM ke rUpa meM citrita karate haiM, kyoMki hiMsA unakI dRSTi meM mUla pravRtti hai| jainendra kI 'sunItA' kA hari prasanna, 'sukhadA' kA lAla tathA 'vivarta' kA ajita sabhI manovaijJAnika darzana se hI utpanna krAntikArI haiN| unakI kucha manogranthiyA~ haiM jo unheM krAntikArI banane kI ora agrasara karatI haiM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki manovijJAna ne kathA sAhitya meM rAjanIti ko, strI-puruSa ko milAne ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM bahudhA grahaNa kiyA hai| ataH manovaijJAnika kathA sAhitya koI svastha rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa [142]

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vyakta nahIM bhI kara sakatA, kyoMki rAjanaitika pakSa se vaha bahuta kucha dUra rahakara vyakti kI mUla pravRttiyoM ko hI apanA viSaya banAtA hai| aisI dazA meM usake lie sambhava nahIM hai ki vaha svastha rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana kara ske| yahI kAraNa hai ki manovaijJAnika kathA sAhitya jaba apane mUla pratipAdya viSaya se utara kara anya pakSoM kA vizleSaNa karatA hai, to mAtra bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA nirUpaNa karane ke atirikta vaha aura kucha nahIM kara paataa| mUla pratipAdya se alaga anya viSayoM ko vivecita karane vAle prAyaH sabhI manovaijJAnika kathA sAhityakAroM kI niyati yahI hotI hai| jainendra kumAra meM strI-puruSa donoM kA hI manovaijJAnika citraNa dRSTigata hotA hai| jisakI vistRta vivecanA karanA Avazyaka hai| jainendra ke puruSa pAtroM meM manovaijJAnika cetanA jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM vyakti kI pradhAnatA hai, isalie inake pAtra vyaktiparaka haiM, unakA mUlyAMkana unakI nijI cintana paddhati aura unakI nijI paristhitiyoM aura alaga prakAra ke AcaraNa para AdhArita hai| jainendra ke pAtroM ko eka dUsare ke samakSa rakhakara dekhanA athavA eka ko dUsare para prAthamikatA denA, jainendra nirmita pAtroM ke sambandha meM kaThina pdd'egaa| itanA hI nahIM, do pUrNatayA eka jaise pAtroM ko bhI tarAjU ke palar3oM para rakhA jAye to unameM bhI samarUpatA nahIM milegI, balki donoM meM apanA kucha na kucha nijatva to dekhane ko avazya milegaa| aisA lagatA hai ki kathAkAra ne pAtroM ko gaDhane meM tIna vizeSa bAtoM para dhyAna diyA hai, eka vizeSa cintana paddhati, viziSTa manovaijJAnika lakSaNa tathA eka asAdhAraNa vyakti paraka pRSThabhUmi-'parakha' se lekara 'anAmasvAmI' taka sabhI upanyAsoM meM puruSa mAtra isI tathya ko udghATita karate dikhAyI par3ate haiN| inameM se mukhya [143]

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pAtroM ke caritroM kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa karanA hamArA lakSya hai / 'parakha' meM do puruSa pAtra hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karate haiM- satyadhana aura bihArI / satyadhana kAlpanika Adarzo se gujaratA huA yathArtha kI kaThora dharatI para avatarita hotA hai aura sAMsArikatA meM apane ko lIna kara letA hai| bihArI jIvana kI vividhatA meM se Adarza ko apanA AdhAra banAtA hai aura AjIvana usI Adarza ko vAstavika svarUpa pradAna karane ke lie apane ko balidAna kara detA hai| donoM ke jIvana meM Ane vAle ina parivartanoM kI pRSThabhUmi sAmAjika bhI hai aura manovaijJAnika bhii| satyadhana bhAvuka hai, usameM utsarga kI pravRtti nahIM hai, kevala bhAvukatA ke Akasmika vega meM bahakara vaha Adarza ke AvaraNa ko or3ha letA hai| Adarza usakI camar3I meM hai usakA khUna, mAMsa, majjA Adarza kA nhiiN| isake viparIta bihArI ke bhItara utsarga kI zakti hai, usane apane para Adarza kA AvaraNa nahIM or3hA hai, vaha jaba kaTTo kI sthiti ko dekhatA hai aura samajhatA hai to usa lar3akI ke utsarga bala ko parakhatA hai, usake antara ko pahacAna letA hai| vaha apane pitA kI sampUrNa sampatti para bhI apanA adhikAra tyAga kara svayaM parizrama pUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karane aura kaTTo se dUra rahakara bhI apanoM jaisA vyavahAra karane kI saugandha letA hai| yaha Adarza usake bhItara kI preraNA hai jisameM vaha nIce se Upara taka DUba jAtA hai| ina donoM pAtroM meM satyadhana kA Adarza se yathArtha kI ora jhukAva sAmAjika parivartana hai, jabaki bihArI kA Adarza abhiyAna eka manovaijJAnika satya kA udghATana | vizleSaNa karane se jJAta hogA ki satyadhana vakAlata pAsa karake vakIla bananA cAhatA hai| vakIloM ke mithyA vyavahAra se duHkhI hokara apane satyarUpI dhana kI rakSA hetu usane usa vicAra kA tyAga kiyA, jaba tyAga yuktipUrNa na hokara yauvana kI taraMga mAtra hI thA, kyoMki jaba bhagavata dayAla ne use jIvana ke yathArtha kA jJAna karAyA to vaha kaTTo kI ora AkarSita hotA [144]

Page #174
huA bhI garimA ko apanAne tathA garimA ke sAtha kucha aura sambhAvita upalabdhiyoM se virata nahIM ho skaa| vaha kaTo se chuTakArA pAne kI icchA se kabhI kaTTo ko to kabhI bihArI ko eka dUsare ke prati prerita karatA rhaa| kaTTo ne jaba usake pAvo meM lipaTa kara ronA Arambha kiyA taba eka bAra vaha vicalita ho utthaa| spaSTa hI usakI buddhi asthira hai, usakA Adarza bAharI AvaraNa hai, yathArtha kI vAyu ke pahale jhoMke meM hI ur3ane lagatA hai| dUsarA jhoMkA garimA tathA jIvana kI kucha sampAdita upalabdhiyo kA thA, jisane pUrNa rUpa se usa AvaraNa ko ur3A diyaa| yaha saba sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ haiN| vivAha ke bAda kaTTo se pUrNataH sambandha viccheda ke mArga kI talAza sAmAjika pratikriyA hI kahI jA sakatI hai| bihArI hI 'parakha' kA eka mAtra aisA pAtra kahA jA sakatA hai jisameM mAnasika cetanA sajaga hai aura yaha pUre upanyAsa meM antarmukhI huA dikhAyI par3atA hai| jahA~ lekhaka satyadhana kI paristhiti kA bahirmUlyAMkana karatA rahA hai, vahIM bihArI Adi se anta taka na kevala antarmukhI banA rahA, balki prema ke kSetra meM bhI AtmotkarSa karatA hai| zrIkAnta aura hariprasananna 'sunItA' upanyAsa ke puruSa pAtra haiN| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se donoM hI kuMThita hai| sAmAjikatA unameM nahIM hai| vyakti jIvana kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa unake vyavahAra meM sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke sandarbho kA abhAva hai| apanI-apanI lIka para calate hue donoM agrasara hote haiN| hari prasanna kA jIvana akelA hai| nArI usake jIvana meM kabhI bhI AkarSaNa kA kendra nahIM bana pAyI thii| kintu zanaiHzanaiH ghaniSThatA bar3hane se mAmI kI garimA meM usane 'nArItva' ke darzana karane Arambha kie| eka jijJAsA aura utsukatA usake antazcetanA meM panapane lagI thI, isalie usane sunItA ko hari prasanna kI pratyeka icchA ko pUrNa karane kA Adeza diyA thaa| zrIkAnta zAyada [145]]

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yaha samajhatA thA ki hari prasanna ke sanyAsI jIvana vyatIta karane kA pramukha kAraNa strI samparka kA abhAva hI thaa| sunItA ke ekAnta samparka ke lie vaha kahIM dUra jAne kA bahAnA banAkara ghara se calA jAtA / usa ekAnta meM sunItA kA yauvana evaM mAdakatA usameM pauruSa utpanna karane kA mAdhyama banatA hai, kintu vaha isa sthita se bacane ke lie aura sAhasa na kara pAne ke lie sunItA ko krAnti dala kI vijayI zakti banAkara ekAnta jaMgala meM apane sthAna para lAtA hai| jaMgala meM usake sthAna para pulisa A jAne ke kAraNa, hari prasanna aura sunItA vahI kahIM chipa jAte haiN| cA~da kI rozanI meM sunItA kA saundarya hari prasanna ko vicalita kara detA hai aura sunItA pati ke Adeza kA pAlana karatI huI nirvastra hokara usake prati samarpaNa ke lie tatpara ho jAtI hai| yaha biDambanA hari prasanna kI kaThoratA ko parAjita kara usameM sAmAnya puruSa ke bhAvoM kI sthApanA karatI hai aura vaha sunItA ko bhogyA na banAkara sAmAjikatA ke lajjAyukta pariveza meM mu~ha chipAkara bhAga khar3A hotA hai| manovaijJAnika cetanA ke AdhAra para hama hari prasanna kI asAdhAraNatA kA kAraNa kAma amukti na mAnakara kAma kA paricaya mAnate haiM / strI kI vAsanA se paricita na hone ke kAraNa usameM strI kI komalatA, karuNA, udAratA, tyAga Adi ke lie koI lagAva na thA / yahI asAdharaNatA kA AdhAra thaa| sunItA kI nikaTatA aura samarpaNa ne use dhIre-dhIre sAmAnyatA pradAna kI / vaha samaya bhI A gayA jaba vaha sunItA kA sambhoga cAhane lagA, kintu sAmAnyatA kA vikAsa hone se hari prasanna vaisA sAhasa na kara skaa| yahIM usameM samaSTi cetanA panapI thii| 'sunItA' meM rivAlvara prasaMga eka vizeSa pratIka siddha huA hai| sunItA ke dvArA hari prasanna se pUchanA ki kyA rivAlvara tumhAre pAsa hai, kyA tuma calAnA jAnate ho, yadi hAM to calAkara dikhAo, Adi bAteM apane Apa meM nArI ke mAdhyama se puruSa [146]

Page #176
ke paurUSa ko lalakArane kA pratIka haiN| hari prasanna meM 'strI sambandhI napusaMkatA ko dUra karane ke lie sunItA kA yaha saMketa vizeSa manovaijJAnika mahatva lie hue hai / 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla pradhAna pAtra hai, usake purUSa pAtroM meM kevala pramoda hI mukhya hai| pramoda meM buA ke lie AtmIyatA hai, usI sUtra meM ba~dhA huA vaha kabhI apanI mA~ se aura kabhI phUphA se lar3ane ko tatpara ho jAtA hai| vaha mahasUsa karatA hai ki donoM pAtroM kA svabhAva usakI buA ke lie acchA nahIM hai| usakI buddhi meM buA kI khAtira kucha karane ke vicAra bArambAra Ate haiM, kintu sAmAjikatA meM jakar3e hone ke kAraNa pramoda manovaijJAnika dharAtala para mRNAla kI kahIM bhI sahAyatA nahIM kara pAtA / bacapana meM mAtA-pitA ke bhaya ke kAraNa buA para hone vAle atyAcAroM ko dekhakara bhI sahana karatA hai| usa paristhiti meM vaha daur3a-daur3akara buA kA koI bhI kArya kara dene meM rAhata mahasUsa karatA hai| zAyada isI se buA ko kucha santoSa prApta ho sake / zIlA ke bhAI se DaoNTa khAkara bhI cupacApa saha letA hai| dUsarI bAra koyale vAle ke yahA~ jaba vaha buA se milatA hai, to buA ko asAmAjika kRtyoM ke kAraNa ubAra sakane kA sAhasa nahIM juTA pAtA aura tIsarI bAra vivAha ke silasile meM, jisa meM lar3akI dekhane jAtA hai, vahI buA sAmAna ho jAne para vaha use punaH apane acche samAja meM le calane kA prastAva karane kI himmata karatA hai, to AtmavyathA tathA satyAgraha kI bhAvanAoM meM magna saMsAra ke sabhI duHkhoM ko apane andara khIMca lene kI sAdha lie svayaM mRNAla pramoda ke sAtha jAne ko prastuta nahIM hotii| vAstava meM pramoda kI buA ke prati AtmIyatA kI manovaijJAnika cetanA to bArambAra mRNAla ko ubAra lene ko kacohaTI hai, kintu jIvana kA sAmAjika yathArtha sadaiva usakI cetanA para pratibandha lagA detA hai / mana ke isI dvandva se parezAna hokara vaha apane pada se tyAgapatra de detA hai| [147]

Page #177
isameM anya pAtroM meM zIlA kA bhAI, mRNAla kA pati aura koyale vAlA ye tInoM pAtra apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiN| zIlA kA bhAI yauvana kI bhAvukatA kA, mRNAla kA pati sandeha kA tathA koyale vAlA vAsanAbhibhUta yathArtha ke pratIka haiN| zIlA kA bhAI mRNAla se prema kA dama bharane para bhI usake lie tyAga karane kA sAhasa nahIM krtaa| mRNAla kA pati zakkI svabhAva aura niSThura vyakti hai| mRNAla vivAha ke pazcAt pativratya dharma ke nAte pati-patnI ke ekatva ko sthApita karate hue apane aura pati ke madhya ke saba AvaraNoM ko haTAne kA prayatna karatI hai| parantu usakA pati manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bahuta svArthI aura beImAna prakRti kA hai| vaha use kabhI bhI zAnti nahIM detA, balki mAratA-pITatA hai| koyale vAlA vAsanAgrasta vyakti hai| mRNAla kI kamajorI kA lAbha uThAkara use sahArA dene ke bahAne usake sAtha apanA sambandha sthApita kara letA hai| mRNAla sthiti ke prati caitanya hai, kyoMki usane kabhI yaha AzA hI nahIM kI thI ki vaha koyale vAlA usase nibhA pAegA, kintu phira bhI vaha usake prati AbhArI hai, parantu koyale vAlA makkAra puruSa hai| kucha kAraNoM se apane parivAra se dUra vaha mRNAla kA bhoga karatA hai aura maukA pAkara vaha cupacApa apane parivAra meM lauTa AtA hai| mRNAla ne usase koI chala nahIM, kiyA, para vaha chalI siddha hotA hai| DaoN0 asarAnI "kalyANI' kA eka mAtra prabhAvI puruSa pAtra hai| prArambha se hI vaha bar3A dambhI aura lampaTa hai| svArtha aura avizvAsa meM lagAtAra jalatA huA vaha sandeha meM pha~sA sadaiva apanI ati saphala DaoNkTara patnI ke viSAdonmAda kA kAraNa banatA hai| sarvaprathama usane kalyANI para jhUThe Aropa lagAkara badanAma kiyA aura phira svayaM sahAnubhUti kA bahAnA karate hue kalyANI ke mAtA-pitA ke pAsa vivAha kA prastAva rakhatA hai| manovaijJAnika cetanA ke kAraNa DaoN0 asarAnI hInatA-granthi kA zikAra thaa| usakI lampaTatA, dambha, svArtha [1481

Page #178
yA sandeha kI saMvedanAe~ saba isI granthi kI dena thiiN| vaha kalayANI se itanA prabhAvita thA ki vivAha meM use prApta karane kI icchA usake mana meM badavatI ho uThI thI / hInatA granthi ke kAraNa vaha samajhatA thA ki kalyANI use pati ke rUpa meM kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kregii| tabhI usane use badanAma karane kA prayatna kiyA / yadi svayaM vaha bhI eka saphala DaoNkTara hotA to vaha aisA vyavahAra kabhI nahIM karatA / kalyANI ko bAjAra pITane ke pIche use apamAnita karane kI dhAraNA bhI DaoN0 asarAnI kI hInatA kA pramANa hai| jainendra jI ne 'sukhadA', 'vivarta', 'vyatIta', 'jayavardhana', 'muktibodha' aura 'anAmasvAmI' Adi sabhI upanyAsoM meM manovaijJAnika cetanA kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA hai| kathA sAhityakAra ne aneka pAtroM ko viziSTa vyaktitva pradAna kiyA hai| sAmAnya dRSTi se milate-julate lagane vAle pAtra bhI kisI na kisI sUkSma rekhA se alaga hote haiN| puruSa pAtroM ke nirmANa meM jainendra apane Adhunika upanyAsa 'anAmasvAmI' meM saphala kahe jA sakate haiN| anAma aura zaMkara upAdhyAya donoM advitIya nirmANa haiM / isa prakAra jainendra ke sabhI puruSa pAtroM ko dekhakara hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate hai ki kathAkAra ne pratyeka pAtra ko viziSTa vyaktitva pradAna kiyA hai| anya puruSa pAtroM meM kahI ahaM hai, kahIM garva, kahIM dambha to kahIM lampaTatA kucha pAtra aise bhI haiM jo AzAoM ke apUrNa hone para kuNThita hue haiM tathA kucha asaphala mAnasika upacAra bhI huA hai| vargIkaraNa karate hue hama zrIkAnta, nareza aura misTara purI ko eka varga meM rakhate haiM tathA satyadhana, hari prasanna, mRNAla ke pati, DaoN0 asarAnI, lAla sahAya ko dUsare varga meM rakha sakate haiN| tIsarA varga AdarzavAdI pAtroM kA ho sakatA hai jisameM bihArI, jayavardhana tathA anAma ke nAma lie jA sakate haiN| cauthe varga meM kisI kAraNavaza [149]

Page #179
utpanna hone vAlI kuNThA se pIDita jitena, jayanta Adi A sakate hai / bhinna-bhinna vargoM meM rahakara bhI ve saba alaga vyaktitva ke haiM aura jIvana saMgharSa me akele jUjhate hai / jainendra ke nArI pAtroM meM manovaijJAnika cetanA jainendra kI nArI pAtra vividha rUpoM meM dRSTigata hotI haiN| pahalA varga una striyoM kA hai jo samAja ke atyAcAra kA virodha pUrNa DhaMga se na karake gA~dhIvAdI satyAgraha yukta DhaMga se karatI haiN| sAmAjika dRSTi se satyAgraha ke mAdhyama se ve samAja ko navIna mArga de rahI haiM aura mAnasika dRSTi se asamartha pratizodha bhAva se jalatI huI apane nikaTavartI AtmIyoM ko kSubdha karane meM santoSa pAtI haiN| ve AtmapIDaka sAdhikAeM haiM, kyoMki unakA vizvAsa hai ki satya ke Agraha se bhogA huA dArUNa darda bhI cetanA ko jagAne meM sahAyaka hotA hai| aise strI pAtroM meM mRNAla, kalyANI, ilA aura vasundharA ke nAma lie jA sakate haiN| ina cAroM kI pramukha samasyA seksa kI hai| samAja unmukta bhoga kI anumati nahIM detA, pariNAmataH inake jIvana meM jo tUphAna Ate haiM, unhIM se unakA mana vidrohI hotA hai / vidrohavartI hokara bhI ve samAja bhaMga kA sahArA nahIM letI, sabhI duHkhoM ko svayaM sahakara bhI kaSTa kA anubhava nahIM karatI / jainendra kI upalabdhi yaha hai ki ve sahakara bhI para-patha ko Alokita karatI haiM / tyAga, balidAna, utsarga aura samarpaNa kI balavatI pravRttiyA~ unakI sahayoginI hotI haiM aura sahAnubhUti pUrvaka cintana karane vAle ke lie eka navIna jIvana patha kA udghATana hotA hai / 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla kA seksa sarvAdhika ubhara kara AyA hai| zIlA ke bhAI se usake rAgAtmaka sambandha itane garhita samajhe gaye ki mAmI ne use char3I se piittaa| usake vyavahAra meM pApa kI dRSTi kahIM na [150]

Page #180
thI phira bhI usakI piTAI kI gii| isa prakAra seksa ke mArga meM prathama granthi kA udaya huA / vivAha huA, eka satI pativratA ke nAte sarvasva sauMpate hue usane apane pati se kucha bhI nahIM chipAyA / pariNAmataH usa para lAMchana lagA aura piTAI huI, yahAeN para usameM dUsarI granthi ne janma liyA / vivAha anamela thaa| pati adhika Ayu kA thA, zIlA kA bhAI samavyaska hone ke kAraNa AkarSaNa kA svAbhAvika kendra rahA hogaa| Akhira kyoM vaha apanI icchA ke puruSa ko tana nahIM de sakatI ? punaH granthi, sabakA niSkarSa yaha ki tana denA strI kI niyati hai, icchA kA puruSa visaMgati / yahIM se mRNAla kA vidroha Arambha hotA hai / atyAcArI aura anyAyI samAja se badalA lene meM vaha apane ko asamartha pAtI hai| vidrohI kA patha satyAgraha kA mArga bana jAtA hai| vaha samAja kI jagaha apane ko toDane kA saMkalpa letI hai| maiM samAja ko tor3anA - phor3anA nahIM cAhatI hU~ / samAja TUTA ki phira hama kisake bhItara baneMge? yA ki kisake bhItara bigar3eMge? isalie maiM itanA hI kara sakatI hU~ ki samAja se alaga hokara usakI magalAkAMkSA meM khuda hI TUTatI rhuuN|' mRNAla AtmapIr3A kI jIvana paddhati apanA kara isa jalana se dUsaroM kA patha Alokita karane lagatI hai| dUsarI ora seksa kSetra meM usakA niSkarSa use dhIre-dhIre vezyAvRtti kI ora dhakelane lagatA hai / tana dekara dhana pAne kI pravRtti tathApi usameM nahIM AyI, to bhI usakI sthiti socanIya hai| usakA nijI vizleSaNa hai| jisako tana diyA, usase paisA kaise liyA jA sakatA hai| yaha merI samajha meM nahIM AtA / tana dene kI jarUrata mai samajha sakatI hU~, tana de sakU~gI, zAyada vaha anivArya ho / para lenA kaisA ? dAna strI kA dharma hai / ' mRNAla ke viSaya meM DaoN0 manamohana sahagala ke vicAra draSTavya haiM 1 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha - 73 2 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-64 [151]

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vaha dAna ke lie tatpara hai, pAtra kupAtra se use kyA lenaa| pati ne usake dharma ko nahIM pahacAnA, kintu usane pAtivratya kA pUrNa pAlana kiyaa| pati kI AzA zirodhArya kara vaha ghara se calI aaii| ruci kA puruSa to jIvana kI visaMgati hai, jo bhI use bhoge, use aba koI inakAra nhiiN| mRNAla ke jIvana meM seksa kI samasyA kA yaha rUpa sAmAjika dRSTi se dUSita dIkha par3atA hai, kintu jainendra jI ne mRNAla ko itanI sahAnubhUti dI hai ki usake varNana meM bauddhika yuktivAda ke sahAre unhoMne use satI-pativratA dikhAyA hai, jisako paDhakara pAThaka mRNAla ke prati ghRNA na karake karuNA se bhara jAtA hai| kalyANI bhI isI varga kI sAdhikA hai| kalyANI kA lagAtAra zoSaNa huA hai| usa para cAritrika lAMchana lagAkara badanAma karane kA SaDyantra kiyA gayA hai| vivAha ke lie taiyAra huI to pati ne hara tarapha se usakA zoSaNa kiyaa| usakI saMvedanAoM kI na kevala hatyA kI gayI balki use sAmAjika apamAna kA bhI sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| kalyANI ke mana meM aneka bAtoM ne janma liyA, kintu vaha to zAnta bhAva se apane pati dvArA kie gae samasta atyAcAroM ko sahatI rhii| isI prakAra ilA aura vasundharA bhI AtmapIr3aka varga kI striyAM hai, kintu inakI saiksa samasyA mRNAla Adi se bhinna hai| kathAkAra ne ukta striyoM kA manovaijJAnika hala khojane kI apekSA unheM samAja meM asAdhAraNa asaMbhAga evaM udAnta evaM udAtta banAne meM apanI sUkSma dRSTi kA paricaya diyaa| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa varga aisI striyoM kA hai jo vivAhitA haiM, kintu apane pUrva premiyoM ke prati aba bhI unameM kucha AkarSaNa zeSa hai| ve patnItva aura preyasItva ke bIca meM phaMsI huyI haiN| jainendra kI dRSTi meM ve pati parAyaNA hai aura satItva ke bojha ko 3. DaoN. manamohana sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra : mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAMkana, pRSTha - 64 [152]

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lAde cala rahI haiN| sunItA sukhadA, bhuvana mohinI, anitA aura kucha sImA taka nIlimA kI gaNanA isI koTi meM kI jA sakatI haiN| sunItA pati parAyaNA hai, pati kI AjJA se baeNdhI usake mitra hari prasanna ko jIvana kI nIrasatA se dUra lAkara sarasatA meM le jAne kA prayAsa karatI hai| pati ko usa para aDiga vizvAsa hai| sunItA zrIkAnta kI patnI banakara rahe yA hari prasanna kI preyasI, isa duvidhA se pIDita vaha parezAna aura duHkhI hokara hari prasanna ke sammukha samarpaNa ke lie mana ko sthira karane lagI aura eka rAta vIrAna jaMgala meM hari kI AMkhoM meM chalakatI vAsanA dekhakara vaha digambara ho apane ko samarpita kara detI hai| sunItA kA yaha sAhasa hari ko parAjita karatA hai aura vaha hamezA ke lie vahAM se calA jAtA hai| sunItA ko saphalatA milatI hai| sunItA jAnatI hai ki usI ghara kI cahAradIvArI meM usakA sthAna hai, vaha pati-niSTha hai aura pUrNa AsthA ke sAtha pati kI kAmanA kA bojha lAde jIvana saMgharSa meM saphalatA pA jAtI hai| bahuta bar3A sAhasa karake avicalita mana se usane apane satItva kI rakSA kI hai / yahI sunItA kI upalabdhi hai / 'sukhadA' kI nAyikA sukhadA svayaM hI pati ke ghara meM apanI kalpanAoM ko tar3apatA dekhakara mAnasika santoSa kA dUsarA mArga khojatI hai| sunItA ghara se santuSTa hai, patiniSTha hai, kintu sukhadA ko pati kI Arthika sthiti, pati kI nissAhasI, antarmukhatA aura sukhadA kI anucita svatantratA ke prati usakA mauna Adi bAtoM se cir3ha hai / sunItA meM bAhara kA praveza ghara meM hotA aura 'sukhadA' meM ghara kI cahAradIvArI se nikala svayaM sukhadA bAhara AtI hai aura apane vyavahAra se mAnasika dvandva kA kAraNa sthApita karatI hai, patigRha ke saba abhAva use lAla ke kRtrima vyavahAra meM pUrita hote pratIta hote haiN| usakA pati use acche mArga para lAne ke lie prerita karatA thA parantu sukhadA vAsanA meM DUbe hone ke kAraNa apane pati kI bAta jAnane ke lie [153]

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taiyAra nahIM thii| sukhadA ke citraNa meM jainendra ne ghara ke abhAvoM ke prati vidroha aMkita kiyA hai, pati kI kArA ko bhI nakAra diyA hai| ise hama jainendra kA Adarzonmukha yathArtha hI kaha sakate haiM, kintu kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainendra ke nItiparaka zilpa meM sunItA apanA koI viziSTa sthAna nahIM banA sakI hai| bhuvanamohinI (vivarta) tathA anitA (vyatIta) patnI ora preyasI ke bIca uThatI huI nAriyA~ haiN| sunItA yA sukhadA kI bhA~ti inameM ghara aura bAhara abhAva aura tRpti kI samasyAeM nahIM, donoM apane pati ke ghara meM sukhI haiN| apane pati para unheM adamya niSThA hai| kisI bhI mor3a para ve pati se alaga hone kI kalpanA nahIM karatIM parantu pUrva ke premI ke prati ke apanA kucha kartavya samajhatI haiM / ve mahasUsa karatI haiM ki premI kI nirAzA kI dazA kA kucha kAraNa ve bhI haiN| isalie unakA kartavya hai ki ye pUrva prema kI AsthA ke hI nAte unakI nirAzA ko sudhAreM / isa dRSTi se ve donoM yadyapi patnItva meM badhakara preyasItva ke asAmAjika kRtya kI pUrti kA sAhasa karatI hai, tathApi ve pAtivratya se vicalita nahIM hotii| isI varga meM nIlimA meM patnItva aura preyasItva kA koI dvandva nahIM hai / na misTara dara ko nIlA ke preyasItva para IrSyA yA sandeha hai| mukta vAtAvaraNa meM vicaraNa karatI huI AdhunikA nIlimA jahA~ patnI hai, vahA~ AjIvana patnI hI hai / preyasItva to kevala muMha kA jAyakA badalane ke lie AtA dIkha par3atA hai / nIlimA jainendra ke kisI Adarza kA pratIka mAlUma hotI hai / nIlimA se jainendra ne prema ke prati AsthA prakaTa karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai / nArI pAtroM kA tIsarA varga una striyoM kA hai, jo anugatA patniyA~ hai / ve apane pati ke prati pUrNataH samarpitA haiM, unheM pati kI prasannatA meM prasannatA hai, duHkha meM duHkha / rAjazrI ( muktibodha), garimA 4 DaoN0 manamohana sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAMkana, pRSTha- 70 [154]

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(parakha) aisI hI striyA~ haiN| donoM kramazaH sahAya aura satyadhana kI ruci aura icchA para AtmasamarpaNa kie agAdha nidrA meM lIna rahanA cAhatI haiN| rAjazrI ko nIlimA se yA garimA ko kaTTo se koI IrSyA dveSa nahIM haiN| garimA bhI gauravamayI patnI hai kaTToM kA sneha pAkara usakI IrSyA lupta ho jAtI hai| ina donoM nAriyoM meM jainendra kI upalabdhi patnI dharma kI sthApanA kI hai| yoM yahI sthApanA jainendra mRNAla (tyAgapatra) kalyANI (kalyANI), sunItA (sunItA). mohinI (vivarta) Adi ke mAdhyama se bhI karate rahe haiN| jainendra ke patnI pAtroM meM kevala candrakalA (vyatIta) hI aisI AdhunikA hai, jo pati se alaga hokara punavirvAha karatI hai aura sukha bhoga karatI hai| yahA~ para jainendra ne candrakalA ko doSa na dekara jayanta ko doSI ThaharAyA hai| cauthA varga hai Adarza aura tyAgazIla premikAoM kA, jisameM kaTToM (parakha) tathA tinnI (vivarta) ke nAma lie jA sakate haiN| kaTTo ne satyadhana se sacce mana se pyAra kiyA aura tinnI ne jitena se| donoM meM tyAga aura samarpaNa kI bhAvanA hai| donoM meM se kisI ne bhI kabhI apane premI se pratidAna kI kAmanA nahIM kI basa mauna prema kI sAdhanA meM lIna rhiiN| Adi, madhya aura anta inhoMne mAtra premArpaNa meM hI dekhA, jainendra ne apane sabhI upanyAsoM meM kevala uditA (anAmasvAmI) meM eka nayA prayoga kiyA hai| samasyA yahA~ bhI yauna kI hai| kintu mukta bhoga ke kAraNa jIvana meM sArthakatA kA nitAnta abhAva hai| DaoN0 manamohana sahagala ne likhA hai-"bAlaka kA pitA kauna hai, yaha mA~ bhI nahIM jAnatI-prema honA, chUTanA, phira honA, phira chUTanA yahI jindagI kA krama hai| anavyAhe garbha kA bojha honA bhAratIya jIvana kI dRSTi meM parAjaya hai| uditA ke caritra meM yaha saba huA, seksa ke asaMyata 5 DaoN. manamohana. sahagala - upanyAsakAra jainendra : mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAMkana, pRSTha - 72 [155]

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sUtroM ke kAraNa hI to| jainendra ke yaha saba mAnya nahIM rahA, 'anAma svAmI' meM isakA saMketa mAnyatA kA dyotaka nahIM hai|" jainendra ne nArI ko vyaktitva pradAna karane ke lie usake svarUpa ko rAjanIti, samAja, parivAra Adi vibhinna pariprekSyoM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM dekhA hai| jainendra para yaha AkSepa kiyA jAtA hai ki unake nArI pAtra atyanta socanIya haiN| unameM bhAratIya saMskRti aura maryAdA kI cetanA nahIM hai, kintu satyatA yaha hai ki jainendra ke pAtra atIta kA sparza karate hue bhI vartamAna meM jIte haiN| apanI saMskRti kI kabhI ve upekSA nahIM karate haiN| bhautikatA ke yuga meM strI puruSa se Age bar3hane ke lie tatpara hai| strI puruSa meM hor3a lagI huI hai, kintu jainendra ke anusAra strI kI purUSa se pratispardhA ucita nahIM hai| 'tyAgapatra', 'parakha' Adi meM jIvana kA jo Adarza vyakta huA hai, vaha sAmAjika maryAdA kA poSaka hI hai| ___isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jainendra jI ne apane kathA sAhitya meM puruSa aura nArI pAtroM meM manovaijJAnika cetanA kA samAveza kiyA hai| unhoMne sabhI upanyAsoM aura kahAniyoM meM manovaijJAnika dRSTi apanAyI hai| jainendra jI kA vyaktivAdI dRSTikoNa manovaijJAnika cetanA se prabhAvita hotA pratIta hotA hai aura unhoMne manovaijJAnika cetanA ko kathA sAhitya ke stara para jisa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai, vaha vyakti ke mana kI satyatA kA udghATana karane meM sakSama hai| [156]

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adhyAya-6 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM zilpagata cetanA

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adhyAya-6 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM zilpagata cetanA kalA aura zilpa tathA yuga cetanA : antarsambandha hamAre sAhitya meM anAdikAla se hI kalA aura zilpa kA samAdara kiyA gayA hai, kintu 18vIM zatAbdI meM usakA svarUpa kucha aura nikhAra ke sAtha hamAre samakSa AyA hai| koI bhI kalA yugIna sAmAjika-sAMskRtika aura dArzanika gatividhiyoM se achUtI nahIM ho sktii| mAnava jIvana se alaga rahakara kalA apanA svatantra astitva banAe nahIM rakha sktii| yahI kAraNa hai ki sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha janatA kI abhiruci aura saundarya cetanA meM parivartana hotA hai| kalA kI jananI saundarya cetanA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yuga-cetanA se kalA aura zilpa saMzliSTa haiN| har3appA kAlIna mUrtiyA~, khajurAho kI kalAkRtiyA~, AgarA kA tAjamahala aura ilAhAbAda kA kilA apane-apane yuga kI kalA aura zilpa kI abhivyaMjanA karate haiN| kalA kA svarUpa 'kalA' zabda yadyapi saMskRti kI mUla dhAtu 'kal (kal+kac+TApU) se nirmita huA hai tathApi pAzcAtya paryAya zabda 'ArTa' ke dvArA artha vikAsa aura usake mUlArtha ko saralatA se hRdayaMgama kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'ArTa' zabda ke sAtha saundarya bodha jur3A huA hai jisane inheM Adhunika artha pradAna kiyA hai| 'ArTa' zabda [157]

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prAcIna laiTina ke 'Arsa' zabda se banA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM ise 'kalA' kI saMjJA dI gayI thI aura kalA ke lie "zilpa' tathA kalAkAra ke lie "zilpI' zabda kA prayoga hotA thaa| usa samaya zilpiyoM ke cAra prakAra mAnya the-sthapati, sUtragrahI, bardhakI, tathA tkssk| takSaka zilpI kASTha kalA, vastukalA, mUrtikalA tathA lauha kalA meM kuzala hotA thaa| zeSa zilpI veda zAstra jJAna meM nipuNa hote the, jisameM sthapati sarvazreSTha zilpI mAnA jAtA thaa| prAcIna grIka aura romana bhASA ke 'ArTa' zabda meM kevala zilpa bodha thaa| usameM kAvya-kalA prabhRti lalita kalAoM ko AtmasAta karane kI garimA na thii|' yUropIya saundarya-cetanA ke prabhAva se 'ArTa' zabda ne nUtana artha grahaNa kiyaa| 18vIM zatAbdI ke saundarya-zAstriyoM ne zilpa aura usake darzana para vicAra kiyA tathA usakA vibhAjana upayogI evaM lalita kalA ke rUpa meM huaa| 19vIM zatAbdI taka Ate-Ate 'lalita-kalA' ke lie 'kalA' zabda kA vyavahAra hone lagA aura saundarya bodha ke prAbalya meM abhIpsita artha ghoSita karane lgaa| sAhitya meM zilpa prayoga evaM usakA Azaya jaba hama sAhitya ke sandarbha meM zilpa kA prayoga karate haiM to sAdhAraNatayA hamArA artha kalAtmaka saundarya se hotA hai, parantu sAhityika kalA ke sandarbha meM zilpa kA artha bahuta vyApaka hai| zilpa vidhi bhI hai aura vidhAna bhii| zilpa ke antargata ve sabhI upAya, vidhiyA~-pravidhiyA~, kriyAe~-pratikriyAe~ sammilita haiM, jinake dvArA kalAkAra kalAtmaka saundarya siddhi karatA hai| zilpa vastu (viSaya athavA anubhUti) ko abhivyakta karane kI prakriyA kA vaiziSTya hai| kalAkAra sAkSAtkAra kie gae saundarya tathA rUpa (bhAva paraka) ko na 1. DaoN0 kamala vimala - kAvya vivecana, pRSTha -25 2. Ara0jI0 kaliMgavuDa - di prinsipalsa oNpha ArTa, pRSTha -7 [158]

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kevala abhivyakta karanA cAhatA hai, apitu use isa prakAra se abhivyakta karanA cAhatA hai ki vaha eka sampUrNa saphala, sArthaka tathA sundara kalAkRti bane / kalAkRti kI abhivyakti kI sampUrNa sArthakatA tathA saundarya ke lie kie gae sabhI vidhAna, vyasthAeN, vidhiyA~, AyAsa aura prayAsa, rUpa- gaThana aura rUpa-yojanAe~ zilpa meM sammilita haiM / zilpa-saMgaThana, saMzleSaNa tathA anviti kI prakriyA hai| zilpa kA prayoga isa prakriyA ke pariNAmasvarUpa udbhUta sauSThava tathA kalAtmaka saundarya ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM anubhUti zilpita hokara hI kalA banatI hai| kalA zilpa kI siddhi hai / kalAkRti taka kA mArga 'zilpa' hai| mArka zorara ne isI bhAva ko bar3e sarala parantu sundara zabdoM me bA~dhakara zilpa kI sIdhI sI paribhASA khar3I kara dI hai- 'zilpa, vastu (athavA mUla anubhUti) tathA siddha vastu (athavA kalA) kA antara hai / " vastutaH anubhUti ko prastuta karane ke lie kalAkAra aneka-rUpa yojanAoM kI vyavasthA karatA hai / zilpa ke antargata vastu ko maoNjanA, saMvAranA, saMzodhana, parizodhana, pariSkAra, prastutIkaraNa tathA abhivyaMjanA sabhI kucha A jAtA hai| abhivyaMjita tathA rUpAyita hone se pUrva kI mAnasika prakriyAoM kA, jo kalAkAra ke mana meM ghaTita hotI haiM, yahA~ abhiprAya nahIM hai| zilpa kA sambandha abhivyaMjanA ke pakSa se hI hai, usase pUrva kI sRjana prakriyA isake vicAra se pare hai| zilpa sakriya hotA hai| zilpa samasta sRjana prakriyA nahIM hai, sRjana ke nimitta ke bAda hI zilpa sakriya hotA hai| usase pUrva kI prakriyAoM saMvedanA - grahaNa, usakA bhAva - satya meM vikAsa tathA kalpanA ke sahayoga se bimboM ke nirmANa ko zilpa kI vivecana paridhi se bAhara jAnA par3atA hai| yaha anubhUti ke vyakta rUpAyana kI prakriyA hai / 3 DaoN0 kailAza vAjapeyI - Adhunika hindI kavitA me zilpa, pRSTha 18 4 The difference between content or experience and achieved contorl or Art is technique. [159]

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isa sandarbha meM zrI oma prakAza zarmA ke vicAra draSTavya hai- 'zilpa kA sambandha kalA ke saundarya se hai aura kalA kA saundarya vyakta kA saundarya hai| isa prakAra zilpa vyaktIkaraNa kI prakriyA hai, avyakta kI nahIM / zilpa ke antargata ve sabhI upakaraNa bhI A jAte haiM jo zilpa- prakriyA ke nimitta banate haiN| zilpa meM prakriyA, prayatna, AyAsa, upakaraNa, sAmagrI tathA inake phalasvarUpa milane vAlI upalabdhi sammilita hai / yaha anUbhUti kI abhivyakti tathA usakA rUpAyana hai / isa prakAra zilpa anUbhUti ko sthApita karane kA prayatna hai| 1 zilpa ke liye aMgrejI meM 'TekanIka', 'phArma' tathA 'sTrakcara' Adi zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| zilpa zabda ke lie kauna zabda isakA paryAya hai, yaha abhI taka pUrNarUpeNa spaSTa nahIM ho sakA hai| vibhinna vidvAnoM ne isa zabda ke lie aMgrejI ke aneka zabdoM ko sujhAyA hai| DaoN0 lakSmI nArAyaNa lAla, DaoN0 satya pAla cugha' tathA DaoN0 prema bhaTanAgara apane-apane zodha prabandhoM meM vidhi tathA zilpa ko aMgrejI zabda 'TekanIka' kA anuvAda mAnakara cale haiN| DaoN0 prema bhaTanAgara Age calakara zilpa-vidhi ko 'phArma' kA paryAya mAna lete haiN| zilpa zabda 'TekanIka' kA paryAyavAcI nahIM ho sktaa| 'TekanIka' meM AntarikatA tathA paddhati vizeSa kA hI artha dhvanita hotA hai| sAhitya - koza meM 'TekanIka' kI vyAkhyA meM kriyA-paddhati para hI vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| DaoN0 nagendra ne apane vicAroM ko isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai 'kisI bhI kalA meM pravidhi kA tAtparya kalAtmaka niSpAdana kI vidhi se hotA hai, arthAt kisI kRti ke vividha avayavoM aura byauroM ko gumphita karane kI kuzala paddhati se|" kucha vidvAnoM ne 'zilpa' zabda 5 zrI oma prakAza zarmA - jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA zilpa, pRSTha-11 6 DaoN0 lakSmI nArAyaNa lAla - hindI kahAniyoM kI zilpa vidhi kA vikAsa, pRSTha - 2 7 DaoN0 satyapAla cugha - premacandottara upanyAsoM kI zilpa vidhi, pRSTha DaoN0 prema bhaTanAgara hindI upanyAsa zilpa : badalate pariprekSya, pRSTha 8 1 - 10 61-62 9. DaoN0 nagendra - mAnavikI pAribhASika koza, sAhitya khaNDa, pRSTha [160] -

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aMgrejI ke 'krAphTa' zabda ke adhika nikaTa hai, isa bAta para bala diyA hai| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 nagendra ke vicAra ullekha karanA atyadhika samIcIna pratIta hotA hai, DaoN0 nagendra ke anusAra - _ 'mUlataH isakA prayoga upayogI kalAoM kI nirmANa kSamatA ke lie hotA hai| kintu upacAra se isakA prayoga lalita kalAoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ isase abhiprAya hai -racanA kI dakSatA yA nipuNatA se| kisI bhI utkRSTa racanA meM bhAvoM kA gAmbhIrya, vicAroM kI garimA evaM zailI kA utkarSa to pAyA hI jAtA hai, kintu sAtha hI samagra rUpa se usa racanA kA mUlyAMkana karate haiM to ina saba tatvoM ko nijI avasthiti evaM inake vikAsa kA adhyayana bhI karate haiM / 10 ina saba bAtoM kA nirvAha kalAkAra kI dakSatA para nirbhara karatA hai| ise hI kalA kA zilpa kahA jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki zilpa meM racanA-kauzala tathA pUrNatA kI dhvani hai| kalA-sRjana meM yaha mahatvapUrNa prazna hai| zilpa usI vyaktIkaraNa kA kauzala hai| zilpa ke lie 'phArma' kA tIsarA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 prema bhaTanAgara ne apane zodha-prabandha meM rUpa", rUpAkAra" tathA DaoN0 satyapAla cugha ne rUpAkAra ko hI 'phArma' ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM prayukta kiyA hai| phArma zabda meM zilpa jaisI vyApakatA nahIM hai aura na hI artha vahana karane kI shkti| phArma hI viSaya kA AdhAra mAtra hai| isa zabda kA prayoga zilpa ke lie nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vastutaH 'phArma' zilpa kA eka aMga hai| 'sTrakcara' ke lie hindI meM saMracanA zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| saMracanA kA sambandha racanA ke gaThana pakSa se hai| isa artha meM yaha zabda zilpa ke bahuta samIpa A jAtA hai| 10 DaoN0 nagendra - mAnavikI pAribhASika koza, sAhitya khaNDa, pRSTha-61-62 11 DaoN0 prema bhaTanAgara - hindI upanyAsa -zilpa : badalate pariprekSya, pRSTha-10 12 vahI, pRSTha - 11 13 DaoN0 satyapAla cugha - premacandottara hindI upanyAsoM kI zilpa-vidhi, pRSTha - 1 [161]

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vAstava meM zilpa ko anuvAda yA paryAya mAna lenA bahuta svastha pravRtti kA dyotaka nahIM hai / zilpa na TekanIka kA anuvAda hai, na krAphTa kaa| yaha apanI AtmA, artha aura rUpa meM zuddha bhAratIya hai| isa zabda meM sAhityika kRtiyoM tathA anya sarjaka kalA-kRtiyoM ke saundarya ko A~kane, kalAtmaka saundarya kA nimitta kAraNa banane, usa hetu sAmagrI-sampAdana tathA vidhiyoM ke Akalana ke artha kI vyaMjanA dene kI pUrI kSamatA hai| vAstava meM dUsarI bhASA ke zabda kA paryAya banakara koI bhI zabda eka sImA ke bAda artha vahana karane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai| zabda kI bhI apanI AtmA, artha dIpti tathA arthacchAyA hotI hai| zilpa zabda jaisI vyApakatA tathA artha gambhIratA anya videzI zabdoM meM nahIM haiN| ataH zilpa zabda ke lie videzI zabda kA prayoga karanA nyAya-saMgata nahIM pratIta hotaa| jainendra jI ke sAhitya meM zilpa kA sahaja evaM svAbhAvika rUpa se nirvAha huA hai| ataH jainendra jI kI zilpagata cetanA kA / vizleSaNa karanA Avazyaka hai| kathA vastu-zilpa jainendra kumAra ne sadaiva rUr3higata paramparAoM se apane ko alaga rakhakara yugAnukUla svastha paramparAoM ko DAlane meM patha-pradarzaka kA kArya kiyA hai| unhoMne jahA~ una sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ko, jo rUr3hi bana kara hamAre pragati meM bAdhaka ho rahI thIM, virodha kiyA hai vahIM para unhoMne ghisI-piTI calI A rahI zilpa-paramparA ko bhI nayA AyAma pradAna kiyA hai / apanI maulika zailI ke sandarbha meM unhoMne 'parakha' meM svayaM spaSTa kiyA hai- 'maiMne isameM kAphI svatantratA se kAma liyA hai| para vizvAsa hai usakA durUpayoga nahIM kiyaa| kyA kahU~ aura kaise kahU~ ina donoM bAtoM meM maine kisI niyama ko sAmane nahIM rakhA hai-na bhASA [162]

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kA zikaMjA hai na bhAva kaa| donoM kisI kroDa ke niyamoM meM ba~dhakara nahIM raha sakate / '14 vastu zilpa ko sahI tathA saMpUrNa pariprekSya meM jA~cane ke lie hameM jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kI mUla saMvedanA taka jAnA paDegA / jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kI mUla saMvedanA kyA hai - yaha ulajhA huA prazna hai / yoM satahI taura para dekhane se lagatA hai ki jainendra ke sAhitya kI mUla saMvedanA zAntimUlaka karuNA hai / karuNA kI yaha saMvedanA sadA darzana se AcchAdita rahatI hai| aisA lagatA hai ki jainendra saMvedanA ke pUrNa hone se pUrva hI use abhivyakta kara dete haiM / jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM siddhAnta - nivedana bahuta hai / prAyaH sabhI upanyAsoM tathA kahAniyoM kA kathAnaka cintanamUlaka tathA dArzanika chAyA se ApUrNa hai| usameM tarka-vitarka tathA cirantara kA vivecana - vizleSaNa hai| jainendra jI apane kathA sAhitya meM virATa praznoM ke prati jijJAsu ho uThate haiM jo apanI prakRti meM sArvabhaumika tathA sArvakAlika haiM / kathAnaka meM prAyaH vAda-vivAda kA Atma-vivAda kI zailI se jIvana aura jagat kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie vicAra huA hai| isa vicAra - tatva kI adhikatA ke kAraNa hI unake kathA sAhitya meM nibandha ke tatvoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| jainendra jI ne cAhe kisI bhI prakAra kI kathAvastu cunI ho usake adhyayana meM kuzala haiN| unhoMne kathA ko kahane ke lie aneka nATakIya tathA manovaijJAnika kauzaloM kA prayoga kiyA hai| kathA ko Arambha karane kI unakI apanI zailI hai / kathA ke Arambha ke pUrva ve prAyaH prArambhika yA Arambhika kA samAveza kara dete haiM jisakA uddezya pAThaka ke lie vAstavikatA kI 14 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha - 3 [163]

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sRSTi karanA hai| jainendra ne kathAoM ko prastuta karane kI vividha praNAliyoM ko apanAyA hai| kahIM vaha paramparAgata aitihAsika zailI hai, jahA~ lekhaka kathA tathA pAtroM ke viSaya meM svayaM kahatA, bakhAna karatA calA jAtA hai| kahIM pradhAna pAtra, jisakI kathA prastuta hai, svayaM apanI kathA 'Apa bItI' ke DhaMga para prastuta karatA hai| kahIM yaha kisI pAtra kI DAyarI ke rUpa meM hai tathA kahIM pAtra mAtra bArI-bArI se apanI kathA pAThaka ke sAmane prastuta karate haiN| kahIM-kahIM kathAkAra ne kisI gauNa pAtra ko vaktA ke rUpa meM rakhA hai jo apane kisI sambandhI yA paricita kI kathA bar3e AtmIya tathA karuNotpAdaka DhaMga se prastuta karatA hai 'tyAgapatra' meM pramoda apanI buA mRNAla kI kahAnI prastuta karatA hai tathA 'kalyANI' me vakIla sAhaba jo kalyANI se suparicita the tathA jinake yahA~ vaha prAyaH AtI jAtI thI, kalyANI kI kathA prastuta karate haiN| isa prakAra pAtroM ke mAdhyama se kathA prastuta karane meM lekhaka ko vizeSa taTasthatA kI siddhi prApta huI hai| lekhaka bIca meM nahIM AtA bhukta-bhogI yA to apanI kathA svayaM kaha detA hai athavA koI AtmIya vyakti usa kathA ko pAThakoM ke sAmane prastuta kara detA hai| donoM hI dazAoM meM vaha vizvasanIya bana jAtI hai / jisakI vaha apanI kathA hai, usase adhika aura kauna usa kathA kI jAnakArI rakha sakatA hai? AtmakathA kahate hue pAtra prAyaH gopanIya prasaMgoM ko bhI pAThaka ke sAmane udghATita kara dete haiN| kahIM-kahIM paricchedoM kA vibhAjana bhAva-pravAha ke svAbhAvika rUpa meM bAdhaka bana gayA hai / "vivarta' upanyAsa meM pariccheda ATha ke aMta tathA pariccheda nau ke prArambha ke bIca aisI hI sthiti hai| bhuvana mohinI tathA usake pati nareza cAya para baiThe haiN| pati do pyAle cAya pI cuke haiM, mohinI tIsarA pyAlA taiyAra kara rahI hai, donoM meM bAta-cIta cala rahI hai, bIca meM hI pariccheda-parivartana ho jAtA hai| paricchedoM kI sandhi paMktiyA~ uddhRta karanA prAsaMgika hogA - 15. jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha - 3 [164]

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nareza ne kahA-'acchA' aura mohinI cAya taiyAra karatI rhii| (pariccheda ATha kA anta) cAya ke bIca meM mohinI ne pUchA 'kyoM, Aja cupa kyoM ho|" nareza bole 'kucha nahIM (pariccheda nau kA Arambha) jainendra ke adhikAMza upanyAsoM kA Arambha cintAparaka hai| Atma-kathAtmaka upanyAsoM meM pradhAna pAtra apanI vigata kathA ko pUrva dIpti ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| prAyaH vaha pAtra apane jIvana kI antima sthiti meM hotA hai yA to cUka gayA hotA hai athavA TUTa cukA hotA hai| 'sukhadA' kI nAyikA kSaya rogiNI hai to 'vyatIta' kA nAyaka jayanta 'paiMtAlIsavIM varSagAMTha para svayaM ko bItA huA anubhava karatA hai| vaha apanI kathA kA zrI gaNeza svayaM ko anubhava karane kI kathA se karatA hai| isa prakAra kathA prastuta karane meM jainendra ne manovaijJAnika prayoga ke antardarzana kA prayoga kiyA hai| antardarzana manovaijJAnika prayoga kI vaijJAnika paddhati hai, jisameM viSayI apane mana meM jhA~ka kara apane jIvana tathA vyavahAra kA nirIkSaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra pUrI kathA 'Atma nirIkSaNa mUlaka sAmagrI' ke rUpa meM hameM prApta ho jAtI hai|18 16 jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha -71 17. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha-72 18 vaha bhI apane vicAroM, anubhUtiyoM aura abhiprAyoM kA tathA vaha jo kucha dekhatA, sunatA aura jAnatA hai usake viSaya meM hameM jAnakArI karA sakatA hai| jaba vaha svaya apanI ceSTAoM kA nirIkSaNa karatA hai to ise antardarzana kahate hai aura jo sAmagrI vaha prastuta karatA hai use antardarzana se prApta sAmagrI kahate hai| use AtmanirIkSaNa mUlaka sAmagrI bhI kahate hai, kyoMki vyakti Atma nirIkSaNa karake ise prastuta karatA hai|.... antardarzana ko pazcAt-pratimA ke nirIkSaNa ke dvArA samajhAyA jA sakatA hai...kintu koI dUsarA vyakti dUsare vyakti kI pazcAt-pratimAo ko nahIM dekha sakatA hai ThIka usI taraha jaise koI vyakti dUsare vyakti ke daoNta meM hone vAle darda ko nahIM dekha sakatA hai| (rAbarTa esa0 vuDavartha tathA DonAlDa DI0 mAksivaisa) [1651

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pAtroM ko jIvana ke antima par3Ava para unheM rItA tathA vyatIta dikhAnA bhI soddezya hai, kyoMki prAyaH vyathA bhare antima kSaNa hI vigata jIvana ke antardarzana ke lie upayukta hote haiN| prastutakartA pAtra sAmAnyatayA cintana se kathA Arambha karatA hai, Arambha prAyaH jagata yA jIvana kI samasyAoM yA samAja ke vidhi-niSedhoM ko lekara kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ cintana jijJAsA mUlaka hotA hai| prastuta-kartA pAtra sIdhA, binA kisI bhUmikA ke samasyA se sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| isa samasyA mUlaka vivecanAtmaka pRSThabhUmi se usa pAtra kA jIvana ubharane lagatA hai, jisakI kathA kahanI abhISTa hai| jainendra ke do upanyAsoM 'tyAgapatra' tathA 'kalyANI' kI kathA isI rIti se prastuta huI hai| donoM kathAeM pratAr3ita tathA zoSita nAriyoM kI haiN| antataH ve karuNA tathA sahAnubhUti kI adhikAriNI haiN| jainendra ke upanyAsoM meM kucha gauNa pAtra bhI kathA-vikAsa ke mAdhyama bane haiN| 'kalyANI' kA zrIdhara pAtra aisA hI hai| vaha kalyANI ke bAre meM aneka samAcAra vakIla sAhaba ko lAkara detA hai, zrIdhara hI vakIla sAhaba ko sUcanA detA hai. ki kalyANI ko mArA pITA gayA hai tathA vaha karAcI meM na hokara usI nagara meM kaida hai| kathAnaka ke vikAsa meM zrIdhara kI bhI ahama bhUmikA hai| kathA-vikAsa meM patroM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ina patroM ko hama zrIdhara jaise gauNa pAtroM kA sthAnApanna mAna sakate haiN| upanyAsa ke vibhinna pAtra eka dUsare ko patra likhate haiN| jisase kathAnaka ke aneka sUtra spaSTa ho jAte haiN| 'parakha' meM bhagavad dayAla ke satyadhana ke prati tathA garimA ke sAtha vivAha sambandhI vicAra patra dvArA hI prakaTa hote hai| pitA aura putra donoM kI isa viSaya meM kyA 19 isake koI cAreka roja bAda zrIdhara khabara lekara Ae ki zrImatI asarAnI eka koTharI ke andara par3I haiN| unhe khUba mArA gayA hai aura do roja se unhone kucha khAyA-pIyA nahI hai| maine kahA zrIdhara, kyA phijUla bakate ho| vaha to karAcI thI / kaba lauTI? zrIdhara kahA karAcI? karAcI kyA hotA hai ? (jainendra kumAra kalyANI) 20 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha -78 [166]

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rAya hai yaha bhI bhagavad dayAla dvArA bihArI ko likhe gaye patra se prakaTa hotA hai| bhagavad dayAla kI sampatti kA ba~TavArA kisa prakAra ho, yaha bhI hameM patra se hI patA calatA hai| isa prakAra satyadhana kI kyA pratikriyA hai-yaha bhI usake patra meM lipibaddha hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM kathAvastu ke kramika udghATana kI anupasthiti hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai| isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM kathAvastu hai hI nahI, yA ve usake vikAsa kI ora se udAsIna haiM, varan usakA mUla kAraNa jainendra ke kathA sAhitya kI kathA vastu kI prakRti hai| jainendra ke upanyAsoM meM ghaTanAe~ upalakSaNa mAtra haiN| DaoN0 devarAja upAdhyAya ne apane zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai'ghaTanAe~ kArka ke Tukar3e haiM, pAtroM ke cetanA-pravAha nadI lahareM haiM, jinake vAtyAcakra para DUbatI-utarAtI huI ve hamArA manoraMjana karatI rahatI haiN| kArka to choTA sA nagaNya Tukar3A mAtra hai para nadI kI laharoM kI unmattatA kA sahArA pAkara svayaM nadI kI unmattatA bana jAtA hai| jainendra ne apane upanyAsoM ke vastu-nibaMdhana tathA upasthApana meM ekAdhika manovaijJAnika vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| pAtra jIvana-paristhiti se uddIpta hokara athavA mAtra mAnasika rUpa se uttejita hone ke kAraNa svayaM ko hInatA kI manodazA meM pAte haiN| 'sukhadA' aura 'vyatIta' kI kathA kA vikAsa isI paddhati se huA hai| sukhadA kSayarogiNI hokara aspatAla ke ekAnta se aura jayanta varSagAMTha 21 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha-80 22 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha-120 23 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha-121 24 jainendra jI ke upanyAsoM meM kahAnI kevala nimitta mAtra hotI hai (DaoN0 nagenda-AsthA ke caraNa, pRSTha-621) 25 DaoN. devarAja upAdhyAya Adhunika hindI kathA sAhitya aura manovijJAna, pRSTha-36 [1671

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para svayaM ko cuka jAne kI sthiti meM pAkara apane gata jIvana ko prastuta karate haiN| pUrvadIpti se kathA meM saMkSiptatA kI siddhi hotI hai, kyoMki ghaTanAe~ va prasaMga svayaM hI ghaTa jAte haiN| pUrvadIpti pradhAna upanyAsa na hone para bhI 'parakha' meM satyadhana kA prArambhika jIvana kAphI bAda meM lAyA gayA hai| 'kalyANI' meM DaoN0 kalyANI vakIla sAhaba ke sAmane ApanA vartamAna jIvana prastuta karatI hai| jainendra ke kathA-sAhitya ke vastu-zilpa meM nATakIya vidhiyoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| pratyAvalokana zailI ke kAraNa pAtra kA atIta vartamAna bana jAtA hai| 'vyatIta' meM jayanta apanI kahAnI sunAtA-sunAtA jhaTa se kriyAoM kA kAla badala detA hai-'yaha nahIM ki maiM samajha nahIM sakA x x x x x vaha abhAva kahA~ se A gayA thA ? bIja to thA nahIM, kisa meM yaha phala AyA thA? yAda kara sakatA hU~ ki kucha ha~sI A gaI thii| kahA x x x x x 2 sukhadA apane bIte jIvana meM pati-sambandhoM kI carcA karate vartamAna kI sthiti se pAThakoM ko phira se avagata karA detI hai 'svAmI ne kahA, tuma banAogI ? nahIM, calo Aja kisI restarAM meM khaayeNge|' 'lekina unakI isa taraha kI bAta para mere lie asambhava ho gayA hai ki maiM roTI banAne ke mauke ko chor3a duuN| vaha saMdhyA mujhe yAda AtI hai| lekina kisa bAta para use yAda kruuN| Aja yahA~ itanI dUra Akara bar3I lagane vAlI ghaTanAe~ tuccha mAlUma hotI haiM x x x x x hAya Aja kaisA acaraja hai x x x x x*28 26 It is not something in the past bur something going on now in the immediate persent. And this is where the dramatic novelist takes clue from drama. Even in the novel there is something that is felt as the dramatic present. (J.W.Beach. the twentienth century novel. - Page-147) 27 jainendra kumAra - vyatIta, pRSTha -95 28 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha - 32 [168]

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jainendra kA zilpa ina sthaloM para itanA sajIva hai ki pAThaka kI kalpanA-zakti jAgRta ho uThatI hai aura vaha vizvAsa ke bhrama kA zikAra ho jAtA hai| kathAvastu meM nATaka ke samAna hI pAtroM kI kriyAoM meM vibhinna dhvaniyoM tathA pAtroM ke hAva-bhAva, mukha-mudrAoM ko koSThaka meM rakhakara saMkSiptatA tathA gati kI siddhi kI gayI hai| nATaka ke samAna kathAvastu meM saMgharSa ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| jainendra ne vastu niyojana meM saMyoga-tatva kA prayoga kiyA hai| aMgrejI Alocaka haDasana ne kahA hai ki hama kathAvastu meM saMyoga kA samAveza mAtra isa AdhAra para nahIM kara sakate ki ve vAstavika jIvana meM bhI ghaTita hote haiN| unakA mata hai ki kathAtmaka sAhitya bilakula vAstavikatA jaisA nahIM hotaa| kathAvastu ke prastutIkaraNa meM jainendra jI ne paramparAgata zailI kA anugamana kiyA hai| ve kathA kahate hue pAThaka ko sambodhita karate calate haiN| 'parakha' meM yaha pravRtti bahuta hai| 'tyAgapatra' kA Arambha bhI sambodhana zailI se hotA hai| sukhadA bhI bIca-bIca meM pAThako ko saMbodhita karatI calatI hai| mAno sammukha baiThe logoM ko apanI kahAnI sunA rahI ho| 'tyAgapatra' meM kahAnI sunAte samaya hAmI bharane kI loka rIti kA bhI pUrNa prayoga huA hai, yaha jainendra kI apanI maulika dena hai| pramoda apanI buA ko apane parivAra aura jIvana kI parivartita paristhitiyoM ke byore sunA rahA hai| bIca-bIca meM pramoda cupa baiThI buA se hAmI bharavAne ke lie kahatA hai 'sunatI ho? kyoM buA ? tuma mata bolo; lekina maiM tumheM batAye detA huuN..........aadi| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM pAThaka eka karuNA kI ArdratA kA anubhava karatA hai, 29. The defence which is Something offered for the free use of coincidence that Concidences to happen in real lige is searcely to the point, for the adrise of the dictum that truth is stranger than fiction is that fiction should not be so strange as truth". (Willion Heary hundson - An Introduction to the Study of Literature, Page 186) 30 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-56 [169J

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usakA eka pradhAna kAraNa yaha saMvedanazIlatA hI hai| mUlataH cintaka hone ke kAraNa jainendra jI kaI bAra mUla kathA tantu toDakara bhAvuka hokara dArzanika cintA meM nimagna ho jAte haiM / prAyaH aise aMza dIrgha ho jAte haiM aura laghu nibandha kA rUpa grahaNa kara lete haiM / 'jayavardhana' meM to yaha pravRtti apanI parAkASThA para hai aura vahA~ pUre ke pUre nibandha bhASaNa yA patra rUpa meM mUla kathA meM ThUMsa die gae haiM, 'tyAgapatra' meM bhI isI prakAra ke lambe-lambe vaktavya Ae haiM / kaI bAra aisA bhI hotA hai ki kathAvastu kA carama bindu A jAtA hai, kathA samApta ho jAtI hai parantu jainendra jI punaH prasaMga ko uThA lete haiN| 'parakha' meM kaTTo aura bihArI kA vivAha 'klAimeksa' bindu hai| usake pazcAt kathA ko phailAnA asvAbhAvika hai / viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM prema-parivAra tathA vyaMgya rUpa se sAmAjika tathA krAntikArI tatvoM kA samAveza huA hai| kathAvastu meM ve sAmAnyataH trikoNAtmaka prema kI sthApanA karate haiN| yaha sthApanA do puruSoM tathA eka nArI ko lekara hotI hai kintu 'vyatIta' apavAda hai / 'vyatIta' meM eka puruSa tathA do nahIM, kaI nAriyA~ hai; jayanta ke vivAha ke prasaMga meM budhiyA apanI bhAvanAoM ko prakaTa karatI hai| yaha prasaMga sAdhAraNa romAMsa kI gandha detA hai| 31 sAmAjikatA kA aMta kathA sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu meM gauNa tathA parokSa rUpa se AyA hai / 'parakha' meM vidhavA kI samasyA AyI hai jisakA samAdhAna lekhaka ne Adarza kintu avyAvahArika rUpa se diyA hai / 'sunItA' meM ghara-bAhara kI samasyA hai| jisa para DaoN0 indranAtha madAna ne ravIndra ke 'ghara aura bAhara' kA prabhAva dekhA hai| unakA mata hai 31 jainendra kumAra - vyatIta, pRSTha - 36 [170]

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ki isakA nirUpaNa pahale ravIndranAtha kara cuke haiN| DaoN0 madAna ke vicAra draSTavya haiM - 'isa taraha ghara aura bAhara kI samasyA inakI upanyAsa kalA kI mUla samasyA hai, jisakA nirUpaNa ravIndra nAtha ke upanyAsa 'ghara aura bAhara' meM pahale ho cukA thaa|' jainendra jI ke prAyaH sabhI upanyAsoM kI kathAvastu karuNA se bhIgI huI hai| unakI mUla saMvedanA ko dekhate hue yaha sarvathA svAbhAvika bhI hai| kathAvastu ko duHkha kA raMga dene ke lie kaI upakaraNoM kA prayoga huA hai| kathA meM varNita pAtroM kA jIvana duHkhamaya hotA hai, ve jIvana bhara nirdoSa rahane para bhI samAja yA samAja ke vyaktiyoM, vidhAnoM dvArA dI gayI yAtanA ke saMgharSa bhogate haiM tathA anta meM prativAda kA eka zabda kahe binA isa saMsAra se vidA ho jAte haiM / pAThaka kI kathA ke prati tallInatA bhI isa karuNotpAdana ke lie uttaradAyI hai| samAja kA jItanA tathA pAtra kI hAra kI trAsadI bhI isa karuNA ko saghana banAtI hai| isa zilpa se kathAvastu kI prabhAvAtmakatA saghana huI hai| caritra-citraNa-zilpa __ jainendra jI ne vizuddha rUpa meM jIvaniyA~ to nahIM likhIM, parantu aise upanyAsa avazya likhe haiM jinameM pradhAna caritroM ko mahatva diyA gaNa hai| unakI kathA vastu, unake caritroM ke anurUpa aura adhIna rahI hai| TAipa caritroM ke sthAna para vyakti caritra dene kA aitihAsika kArya sarvaprathama jainendra jI dvArA sampanna huaa| unhoMne hI sarvaprathama caritroM ko naitika-anaitika ke dala-dala se nikAlakara mAnava kI svAbhAvika bhAva-bhUmi para pratiSThita kiyaa| mAnava unake lie sad yA asad nahIM thA, mAtra mAnava thaa| 32 DaoN0 indra nAtha madAna - Aja ke hindI upanyAsa, pRSTha - 24 [171]

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pAtra cayana ke viSaya meM jainendra ne bar3I sUjha-bUjha se kAma liyA hai| unake kathA sAhitya kI mUla saMvedanA karuNA kI hai| ve apane upanyAsoM dvArA eka viziSTa darzana pratiphalita karanA cAhate haiN| jainendra ne acetana mana ko bahuta mahatva diyaa| unhoMne pAtroM ke acenata mana ke citraNa meM bharapUra prayoga kiyA hai| unake pAtra sAdhAraNa nahIM asAdhAraNa haiN| vargagata nahIM viziSTa haiN| jainendra ke pAtra acetana se paricAlita hote haiN| pAtra ke mana me koI na koI granthi yA atRpti rahatI hai| zacI rAnI gurTU kA mata hai ki 'jainendra ke pAtroM kI kahAnI x x x x x paristhitiyoM se jUjhane vAle vyaktiyoM, unake pariveza aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI kahAnI na hokara kuNThA grasta aura kisI eka vRtti yA mUDa ke vazIbhUta Atma kendrita logoM kI kahAnI hai| 'parakha' ke pAtroM kI manovaijJAnika artha meM koI granthi nahIM hai| yaha granthi yukta pAtra-paramparA 'sunItA' se prArambha hotI hai| 'sunItA' meM manovaijJAnika zabdAvalI kA spaSTa prayoga hai| zrIkAnta ke zabdoM meM hari kI AtmA meM kahA~ gA~Tha par3I hai ki vaha ataLa hotA x x x x x jaise apane bhItara bheda ko pAla rahA hai x x x x x kyA use bharamA rahI hai x x x x x x 'kalyANI' meM lekhaka zrIdhara kA paricaya dete hue kahatA hai ki usameM gA~Tha nahIM hai| sukhadA vivAha pUrva bhAvI pati ke viSaya meM kalpanA citra banAtI hai ki unakI AmadanI sAta sau rUpaye honI caahie| moTara to pAsa honA anivArya hI hai| parantu thor3e dina bAda vivAha huA to unakA vetana kula Der3ha sau / ___ jainendra ne caritra-citraNa ke antargata acetana meM sakriya rahane vAlI mUla pravRttiyoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| unake adhikAMza pAtroM ke 33 zacI rAnI gurdU - jainendra kA manovaijJAnika ativAda (lekha) - sAptAhika hidustAna. 16 mArca 1958 34. jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha - 103 35. jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha-10 36 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha - 10 [1722

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antaH sambandha kAma vRtti se prerita haiM strI-pAtra puruSoM kI ora yauna-ArkaSaNa se prerita hokara patiyoM kI upekSA aura virodha karate hai| unake puruSa pAtra nAriyoM ko 'samUcI' cAhate haiM aura prAyaH vaha vividha padAvalI se puruSoM ke prati prastuta rahatI haiM aura isake turanta pazcAt hI pATI para sira paTaka kara yA bUToM ke tasmoM ko AMsuoM se bhigokara athavA sAr3I-bADI utArakara jisa dRzya kA nirmANa karatI haiM vaha kAma mUlaka to hai parantu gauravahIna hai| katipaya vicArakoM ne isakI kaTu AlocanA kI hai| acetana meM kAma-pravRtti kI sakriyatA ke Atyantika citraNa ke atirikta kahIM usake halke rUpa kA bhI varNana hai| muktibodha meM misTara sahAya nIlimA ke pAsa se Ae haiN| ghara Akara patnI rAjazrI ko bAta-bAta para DATate haiN| use unakA zeSa samajha meM na A rahA thA x x x x x kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai| misTara sahAya naitikatA kA upadeza dete haiM, isa para nIlimA bhartsanA karatI huI kahatI hai-'mujhe nahIM mAlUma thA sahAya ki tumhArA dila itanA kamInA ho gayA hai| sahAya ke krodha pUrNa vyavahAra meM acetana kA Ahata zAmila hai| jainendra ke pAtroM me dUsaroM kI praNaya-krIr3AoM tathA praNaya-rahasyoM ko chipakara dekhane yA sunane kI pravRtti pAyI jAtI hai| DaoN0 devarAja upAdhyAya ne isa pravRtti ko 'vAyorijma' kA nAma diyA hai|" sunItA aura hari prasanna ke sTaDI-rUma se hari prasanna kA sambhavataH sunItA ke lie kahA gayA zabda 'Thaharo kahA~ jAtI ho? sunAI diyA to vaha 'bAbA re! cillAtI huI bhAgI jAtI hai| 37 jainendra kumAra -sunItA, pRSTha -198 38 DaoN0 tribhuvana siMha- jainendra : vyakti aura kRtitva (saM0 satya prakAza miliMda)pRSTha -81-82 39. jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha -71 40 vahI, pRSTha - 64 41. DaoN0 devarAja upAdhyAya - jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana, pRSTha - 89 42 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha-143 [173]

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jainendra ke adhikAMza pAtra nAgarika, suzikSita surucipUrNa tathA kalA-premI haiN| 'parakha' kI kaTTo hI isakA apavAda hai| prAyaH ve acche padoM para haiM tathA unake sAmane rojI-roTI kI samasyA nahIM hai| yaha vismayajanaka sAmya hai ki jainendra ke puruSa pAtra prAyaH nyAyapAlikA se sambandhita haiN| satyadhana aura zrIkAnta vakIla haiM, pramoda tathA rAma caraNa jaja haiM, nareza bairisTara hai; kalyANI aura jayanta kavitAe~ likhate hai, sunItA ke sTaDI rUma meM zelI tathA anya kaviyoM kA kavitA-saMkalana hai tathA vAyalina, sitAra, hAramoniyama tathA tabalA Adi vAdya-yantra haiN| hari prasanna citrakArI karatA hai tathA phoTo bhI ThIka kara sakatA hai| jainendra kA yaha cayana soddezya hai| aise bhAvuka pAtra adhika saMvedanazIla hoMge tathA unake vyavahAra sAmAnya se pRthak hoNge| vakIla yA bairisTara pAtra isalie rakhe gae haiM kyoMki vaha samAja ke vidhi-niSedhoM ke pratIka evaM kAnUna ke pratinidhi haiM kyoMki jainendra apane kathA sAhitya meM sAmAjika kAnUna ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| manovijJAna meM vyakti ke mana ke rahasyoM ko jAnane ke lie manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kI kaI vidhiyA~ haiN| jina vyaktiyoM ke mana meM koI granthi yA damita icchA hai unake upacAra karane ke lie manovijJAna meM ina vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| upanyAsa yA kahAnI ke pAtroM ke mana meM jo bhAvanAoM kI A~dhI pratipala calatI rahatI hai, athavA aise rahasya gar3he hue hai jinakA kAraNa sudUra atIta meM hai, jisase vaha svayaM bhI paricita nahIM, unheM pAThaka taka kaise pahu~cAyA jAye? uttara spaSTa hai x x x x x manovizleSaNa kI vidhiyoM dvaaraa| yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhane yogya parivartita rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| [174]

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svapna phrAyaDa kA mata hai ki hamAre jIvana me aisI bahuta sI icchAe~ hotI haiM jo asAmAjika tathA anaitika hotI haiN| sAmAjika saMskAra ke praharI jina icchAoM ko cetana avasthA meM ubharane nahIM dete, svapna meM vahI rUpa badala kara Ate haiN| sabhI svapna icchApUrti haiM / 43 unake matAnusAra svapna - vizleSaNa acetana mAnasa kI jAnakArI prApta karane kA sAdhana hai| pratyeka svapna kA eka artha hotA hai tathA vicitra se vicitra svapna kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| jainendra ne svapna dvArA citraNa kiyA hai| sukhadA ke svapna - vizleSaNa meM hama usake acetana kI icchA kI pUrti hetu prayatnazIla pAte haiM / sukhadA svapna meM dekhatI hai ki koI vyakti usake takiye ke nIce patra rakhakara jA rahA hai / " isa svapna meM sukhadA kI lAla ko prema karane tathA usake sAmIpya ke lie svatantratA - prApti kI icchApUrti hai / patra rakhane vAlA hAtha sukhadA ke pati kAnta kA hai, pati svayaM ghara chor3akara jA rahA hai| isase sukhadA kI lAla ke prati AkRSTa hone icchA kI pUrti hotI hai, parantu sAtha hI pati ke cale jAne se svayaM ko arakSita anubhava karane se usakI cIkha nikala jAtI hai| isa svapna se sukhadA ke antarjagat kI kuNThA vyakta hotI hai| divAsvapna bihArI gA~va jA rahA hai, rela meM baiThe-baiThe vaha Age Ane vAle jIvana kA citra banAtA hai, vaha jAgratAvasthA meM bhI kaTTo ko lekara tatsaMbaMdhI taraha-taraha kI yojanAe~ banAtA hai| rela cala rahI hai aura 43 Dreams are one of the manifestations of the suppressed material.....finds ways and means of obstruding inself on conciousness during the night. Sigmund Freud-The Basic writing of Singmand Freud (Trans. A.A.Brill, Page - 559) 44 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha-42-43 [175]

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udhara bihArI kA kalpanAzIla mana sakriya hai| vaha kaTTo ke kAlpanika citra ko lekara socanA Arambha karatA hai ki vaha pAnI bhara rahI hogI x x x x x kahIM satya use par3hAtA mile x x x x x gA~va meM rahane lagUMgA x x x x xeka jhopar3I banavA lU~gA x x x x x bAbUjI kaheMge to kaheM x x x x x aMgrejI DigrI khUTI para laTakA dUMgA x x x x x kaisA majA rahegA x x x x x eka gAya rakhUgA aadi| lekhaka kI paMkti 'isI taraha kI bahaka meM vaha beroka baha calA'- isI ora saMketa karatI hai| isa divA-svapna se bihArI ke caritra kA udghATana hotA hai| yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki kaTTo ke viSaya meM usakI kaisI bhAvanAe~ haiN| vibhrama nirAdhAra pratyakSIkaraNa ko vibhrama kahate haiN| yaha Atmagata prakSepaNa hai| isake lie bAhya jagata meM kisI AdhAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| vyakti apane mAnasika dvandva ke kAraNa hI bAhya jagata meM vastutaH na hote hue bhI aneka vastuoM ko dekhatA-sunatA hai| vaha roga kI Arambhika avasthA meM preta chAyAoM athavA phusa-phusAhaTa ko bhrama kahakara TAla detA hai aura unheM satya nahIM maantaa| kintu roga bar3ha jAne para phusa-phusAhaTa kI dhvaniyA~ athavA chAyAe~ itane prabala rUpa se usake pratyakSIkaraNa para chA jAtI haiM ki vaha unheM satya samajhatA hai| hariprasanna sunItA ko jaMgala meM le jAtA hai| pratyakSIkaraNa hai-dala kA netRtva, parantu acetana meM use samUcI pAne kI icchA hai| vaha use bA~hoM meM sameTa lenA cAhatA hai| usameM prema kA tIvra pravAha umar3atA hai| saMveda aura mana pUrva dhAraNAoM se prAyaH bhrama aura vibhrama ho jAyA karate hai|" 45 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha-57-58 46 William Medougali-An out line of Psycology, Page-373 47 DaoN0 rAmanAtha zarmA - sAmAnya manovijJAna kI rUparekhA, pRSTha-187 [176]

Page #207
ataH use lAla rozanI dikhAyI paDatI hai jise vaha khatare kA cinha mAnakara sunItA ko apane vakSa se cipakA letA hai| yaha vibhrama sunItA ke prati hari prasanna kI pracchana vAsanA vyaMjita karatA hai| kalyANI ko kabhI-kabhI mRta AtmAe~ dekhane kA sandeha hotA hai| use gusalakhAne meM se phusa-phusa kI AvAja AtI hai| usI sthAna para kisI strI-puruSa kI bahasa sunAyI paDatI hai| phira use lagatA hai jaise strI kI hatyA kara dI gayI ho| kalyANI ko hatyArA kamare ke Ara-pAra jAtA dikhAyI par3atA hai, aadi-aadi| jainendra jI isa vibhrama ko vizvasanIya banAne ke lie strI-puruSa kI AkRti aura vezabhUSA bhI dete haiN| sammohana tathA mukta-AsaMga sammohana kI dazA meM vyakti atyadhika nirdezanIya ho jAtA hai| vaha nirdezoM ko turanta mAnakara mana ke aneka gupta bheda kaha detA hai tathA unake upacAra ke lie diye gaye nirdeza ko bhI mAna letA hai| vaha vyakti sammohana se prabhAvita hokara adhika nirdezanIya banatA hai jo apane vicAroM ko hIna tathA dUsare ke vicAroM ko zreSTha samajhatA hai| aise logoM meM manobala kI kamI hotI hai| mukta-AsaMga meM pAtra apane mana ko khulA chor3a detA hai tathA vicAroM, bhAvanAoM tathA icchAoM ko nirbAdha rUpa se binA kisI bhrama, bhaya tathA saMkoca ke prakaTa karatA hai| jainedra ke kathA sAhitya meM prAyaH eka pAtra manovizleSaka kA kArya karatA hai tathA usake sammukha eka asAmAnya pAtra rahatA hai| vaha apane manovizleSaNa ke nirdezoM se sammohita kI sI avasthA meM apanI 48 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha - 230 49 jainendra kumAra - kalyANI. pRSTha - 76 50 jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha -78 51 Alffed Adler-Understanding Human Nature, Page - 52 [1771

Page #208
kathA tathA jIvana ke bhedoM kA udghATana karatA hai| kabhI- kabhI pAtra aTakakara manovizleSaNa ke lie roka bhI utpanna karatA hai jise vaha sahAnubhUti aura vizvAsa ke AdhAra para haTA detA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM mukta AsaMga praNAliyoM kA sarvottama udAharaNa 'jayavardhana' hai / hUsTana manovizleSaka kI sI zailI meM jaya se kahatA hai-'x x X x mujhe ApakA karma vivaraNa nahIM caahie| vaha to ujAgara hI hai| AyA hU~ to antaraMga lene AyA haeNU x x x x x| jaya usameM roka utpanna karatA hai kyoMki pAtra ekAeka nirdezanIya nahIM bntaa| jaya kA uttara hai- 'antaraMga lene ke lie nahIM, na dene ke lie hai| isI prakAra ilA bhI Arambha meM roka utpanna karatI hai| hUsTana samajha letA hai ki usa samaya aura prazna nahIM pUchane caahie| zuddha rUpa meM nahIM kintu AMzika rUpa meM jainendra jI ke kathA sAhitya meM manovizleSaka pAtra kI sthiti vidyamAna hai / antardarzana antardarzana meM vyakti ekAnta meM apanI anubhUtiyoM kA hI mUlyAMkanAtmaka nirIkSaNa karatA hai| prAyaH yaha pratyAvalokana kI zailI meM hotA hai / sukhadA tathA jayanta antardarzana ke dvArA apanA samasta jIvana hamAre samakSa prastuta karate haiM / 'tyAgapatra' kA antima aMza" pramoda kA arntadarzana hai / antardarzana se vyakti kA Antarika jIvana tathA pAtra kI usake prati pratikriyA pAThaka ke sAmane spaSTa ho jAtI hai / 52 jainendra kumAra jayavardhana, pRSTha 23 53 vahI, pRSTha 23 54 vahI, pRSTha 55 jainendra kumAra 25 -- - tyAgapatra, pRSTha 98-100 [178]

Page #209
antarvivAda 'anantara' meM nAyaka prasAda kA eka sundara antarvivAda hai / " 'jayavardhana' meM aneka bhItarI vicAra antarvivAda banate-banate raha gae haiM, kyoMki vahA~ ke saMvAda kisI anya pAtra kI upasthiti meM kahe sune jAte haiN| 'sunItA' meM bhI eka sundara antarvivAda khaNDita ho gayA hai| " 'sukhadA meM prabhAta lAla kA virodha karatA hai sukhadA lAla ke prati atirikta sahAnubhUti bhAva rakhatI hai| prabhAta sukhadA se lAla ke bAre meM bAra-bAra pUchatA hai ki sAhaba kahA~ haiM, mAno sukhadA ko lAla kI hara prakAra kI jAnakArI honI caahie| sukhadA ko anubhava hotA hai ki lAla ke sambandha ko lekara usa para vyaMgya kiyA jA rahA hai| use dikhA jaise prazna ke sAtha usake oThoM meM vyaMgya kI muskarAhaTa khela aayii| * vastutaH yaha sukhadA ke mana ko prakSepIkaraNa hai| 'vivarta' meM jitena ke pAsa mohinI ke gahane haiN| vaha tinnI ko bAra-bAra Agraha karatA hai ki vaha gahane pahana kara use dikhaae| mohinI ko AbhUSaNa - sajjita dekhane kI vaha lAlasA sthAnAntarita hokara tinnI para A jAtI hai, isI prakAra anitA kA jayanta kI bahU ko dekhane kI kAmanA prakaTa karane kA prasaMga hai / vaha jayanta ke prati vAtsalya bhAva prakaTa karatI hai yaha praNaya-prema se vAtsalya prema ke 59 sthAnAntarIkaraNa kA udAharaNa hai / 56. jainendra kumAra anantara, pRSTha 57 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha 58 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha 59 jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha 60 jainendra kumAra - vyatIta, pRSTha 102 87-88 186 171-172 74 - [179]

Page #210
saMgharSa jainendra ne apane pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa ke lie saMgharSa kA bharapUra prayoga kiyA hai| inake pAtroM kA saMgharSa samAja se yA sAmAjika samasyAoM se nahIM varan nija se hai| ataH saMgharSa vizeSataH nAriyoM meM tIvratama pAyA jAtA hai| ve hRdaya kI do virodhI vRttiyoM ke dvandva se TUTa jAtI haiN| yaha dvandva idam aura ahaM ke madhya hai| idaM mUla pravRttiyoM kA koSa tathA manaH UrjA mUla srota hai| bAhya jagata se sambandha na hone ke kAraNa yaha anubhava ke dvArA parimArjita nahIM hotaa| kintu ahaM ke dvArA isa para niyantraNa rakhA jA sakatA hai x x x x xi| idaM atyanta zakziAlI hotA hai tathA sukha ke uddezya se paricAlita hotA hai, aham, idaM aura parAham ke bIca sAmaMjasya sthApita karatA rahatA hai, kintu yadi ahama, idaM yA paramaham ke sammukha Atma samarpaNa kara detA hai to vyaktitva meM asAmanjasya kA bolabAlA ho jAtA hai| jainendra ke adhikAMza nArI pAtra vyaktitva ke asAmaMjasya se pIr3ita haiN|, unakA cetana mana unheM satItva kI ora khIMcatA hai aura acetana mana unheM premiyoM kI ora le jAtA hai aura donoM kA nirvAha karane ke prayAsa meM unakA jIvana dayanIya ho jAtA hai| eka ora unake mana meM paramparAgata saMskAra haiM jinase cAhakara bhI ve mukti nahIM pAtIM aura dUsarI ora pracchanna vAsanAe~ haiM jo tRpti ke lie nirantara chaTapaTAtI haiM tathA nAriyoM ke sabhI naitika-sAmAjika kartavyoM ko lA~gha jAtI hai| sukhadA isakA jItA-jAgatA udAharaNa hai| vaha harIza kI ora bhI jhukatI hai tathA lAla kI ora bhii| vaha pati kA aMkuza nahIM mAnatI aura spaSTa kahanI hai x x x x x maiM sabhA jAU~gI, tuma roka nahIM 61 kailvina esa0 hAla - phrAyaDa manovijJAna prevezikA, pRSTha-12 62 kailvina esa0 hAla - phrAyaDa : manovijJAna pravezikA, pRSTha-23 63 kailvina esa0 hAla - phrAyaDa : manovijJAna pravezikA, pRSTha-24 [180]

Page #211
skte| turanta usake saMskAra gatizIla hote haiM aura vaha kaha uThatI hai-'maiM sAtha to hU~, para padAdhikArI na banAe~ aura kabhI unase pUchanA bhI nahIM x x x x x 185 _jainendra ke nArI-pAtra puruSa-pAtroM kI apekSA adhika AkarSaka haiN| jainendra nArI manovijJAna kI jAnakArI kA acchA paricaya dete haiN| kalyANI mAnyatA cAhatI hai, sukhadA meM strI kI svAmitva kI icchA kA tatva hai / vaha cAhatI hai usakA pati use roke-Toke aura jaba aisA pratirodha nahIM ho pAtA to jhuMjhalAkara unake virUddha ho jAtI hai| sukhadA ke lie samasyA yahI hai ki usakA pati 'devatA yA ekadama gaU hai| jainendra ke pAtra mAnasika adhika haiM aura mAMsala kama, kyoMki vaha nahIM cAhate ki unake pAtra Der3ha-Der3ha do-do mana ke hoN| unake pAtroM ke antaraMga ko jAnane ke lie anubhAva sarvottama sAdhana hai| jainendra pAtroM kA saMkSipta rUpAkAra citraNa karate haiN| prAyaH ve pAtra kA bAharI huliyA yA vezabhUSA kA vistRta citra nahIM dete / aise sthAnoM para jainendra kA cayana prazaMsanIya hai| ve citra meM kama rekhAeM hI nahIM cunate haiM apitu aisI rekhAeM cunate haiM, jo vyaMjaka hoN| sunItA kI sundaratA ve itanI-sI bAta kahakara vyaMjita kara dete haiM-'eka baoNha, gorI gorI bA~ha' ! satyA kA hameM itanA hI paricaya milatA hai x x x x x 'sunItA kI choTI bahina hai--Ajakala kAleja meM iNTaramIDieTa ke dUsare varSa meM par3hatI hai| 64 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha -26 65 vahI, pRSTha - 28 66 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-22 67 jainendra kumAra - sAhitya kA zreya aura preya, pRSTha - 157 68 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha -51 69 vahI, pRSTha -64 [181]

Page #212
kaI sthAnoM para 'yathA nAma tathA guNa' kI praNAlI apanAI gaI hai tathA guNa-virodhI nAma rakhe gae haiM yathA bihArI unmukta hai, mRNAla pavitra hai, bhuvanamohinI sabako mohita kara letI hai| jayanta, vastutaH nAriyoM meM jayanta hai, aadi| kintu phira bhI bihArI ba~dha jAtA hai satyadhana dhana kA satya bana jAtA hai, sukhadA dukhadA bana jAtI hai, sunItA ke sunItA hone meM sandeha lagatA hai, hari prasanna meM na vAstavika hariyAlI hai na prasannatA, kalyANa akalyANI bana jAtI hai| jainendra ke DhAI pAtroM kI bAta atyanta prasiddha hai| svayaM unhoMne kahA ki tIna cAra vyaktiyoM se merA kAma cala gayA hai| ataH unake upanyAsoM meM pAtra-viralatA sahaja hI upalabdha hai| jainendra pAtroM ko AvazyakatAnusAra hI avatarita karate haiM-'sunItA' meM satyA kA 'avataraNa taba hotA hai jaba hari prasanna ko ghara meM bA~dha rakhane ke lie kAma kI khoja kI jAtI hai| jainendra ke caritra-citraNa meM tulanAtmaka pravRtti bhI lakSita hotI hai| yaha tulanA kabhI-kabhI hI sama hotI hai, adhikAMzatayA viSama hotI hai| 'sunItA' ke Arambha meM zrIkAnta tathA hari prasanna kA tulanAtmaka caritra-citraNa hai| donoM kI cAritrika vizeSatAoM kA antara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM kucha pAtra saMvedanA ke mApaka ke rUpa meM prastuta hue haiN| yaha pradhAnatA pramoda (tyAgapatra) tathA vakIla sAhaba (kalyANI) meM hai| ye pIr3A bhogatI nAriyoM ke prati hamArI saMvedanA kA asAdhAraNa kArya nibhAte haiN| pramoda aura vakIla sAhaba kramaza: mRNAla aura kalyANI kI karUNa gAthAe~ sahAnubhUti ke sAtha sunate haiM tathA sAMvegika mUrcchanA kI sthiti meM unheM sahArA dete haiN| ye donoM pAtra duHkhI nArI jIvana ke prati apanI pratikriyAe~ vyakta karate haiM tathA bIca-bIca meM AlocanAtmaka TippaNiyA~ dete jAte haiN| 70 DaoN0 rAma ratana bhaTanAgara - jainendra : sAhitya aura samIkSA, pRSTha-170 71 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha -5 [182]

Page #213
jainendra ke pAtroM meM eka viziSTa prakAra kA antarvirodha tathA rahasmayatA pAyI jAtI hai| AcArya nanda dulAre vAjapeyI ne 'Adhunika sAhitya' meM apane do nibandhoM meM mRNAla ke vyavahAra kI aucitya saMbaMdhI aneka AzaMkAeM uThAI haiN| anyatra unhoMne unake pAtroM ko niSkriya mAnA hai| 2 jainendra ke pAtra prAyaH niyativAdI haiN| unake kathA sAhitya meM prAyaH eka dArzanika pAtra Avazya rahatA hai| sunItA pahale caukA vAsana karane vAlI hai aura anta meM kitanI rahasyamayI ho uThI hai| patiyoM meM puruSocita IrSyA kA abhAva hai| jayanta kazmIra kI suSamA meM bhI nava pariNItA kI praNaya yAcanA ke prati AkarSita nahIM hotA hai| sunItA bhI eka ora pativratA kA dama bharatI hai aura dUsarI ora hari prasanna ke sammukha nirvastra hotI hai aura jAte hue hariprasanna kI pada raja grahaNa karatI hai| mRNAla bhI jisa kisI ko jaba-taba grahaNa kara letI hai tathA chor3a detI hai| kathopakathana zilpa ghaTanA ko apradhAna banA dene para caritra-citraNa kA AdhAra kathopakathana mAtra raha jAtA hai| kathopakathana ke mAdhyama se hama caritroM ke antarjagata meM praveza karate haiN| unameM uThane vAle bhAvAvega, unake vicAra aura dRSTikoNa ko lekhaka ke vicAroM aura dRSTikoNoM kA pratinidhi bhI kaha sakate haiN| ye bhAva pAtroM kI ceSTAoM ke atirikta unakI vANI dvArA bhI prakaTa hote haiN| jina upanyAsoM meM ghaTanAoM kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai unameM bhI kathopakathana kathA vikAsa ke sAdhana banate haiN| kathopakathana se kathA meM nATakIyatA tathA rocakatA kA samAveza hotA hai| kathopakathana kI yaha paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| 72 AcArya nanda dulAre vAjapeyI- upanyAsakAra jainendra, (lekha), yuga cetanA-mArca 1955 pRSTha-22 73 jainendra kumAra - vyatIta, pRSTha - 85-87 74 DaoN. prabhAkara mAcave - jainendra : vyaktitva aura kRtitva, (saMpA0 - satya prakAza miliMda), pRSTha-43 [183]

Page #214
mAnavIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA janya akSamatA kA prahAra hotA rahA / zilpa kI dRSTi se Aja ke saphala upanyAsoM aura kahAniyoM meM jo vArtAlApa prApta hotA hai vaha kathAnaka ko sahaja-svAbhAvika gati pradAna kara caritra-citraNa meM yogadAna detA hai / jainendra kumAra ke kathAsAhitya meM vividha prakAra ke kathopakathanoM kA zilpagata prayoga huA hai / ataeva unake upanyAsoM meM svAbhAvika, manovaijJAnika, sundara, sarasa, sajIva, vaiyaktika, caritra - vyajaka kathopakathana upalabdha hote haiN| vaha nirantara prayatna karate haiM ki unake kathopakathanoM meM navInatA, maulikatA tathA sundaratA kI sRSTi ho / phalataH unake kathAsAhitya meM zilpagata saundarya dRSTigata hotA hai / jainendra ke 'parakha', 'sunItA', 'tyAgapatra', 'kalyANI' tathA 'jayavardhana' upanyAsoM meM kathopakathana kA paryApta aura kalAtmaka prayoga parilakSita hotA hai| jainendra jI ne caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se kathopakathana kA bharapUra prayoga kiyA hai| eka Alocaka kA to yahA~ taka mata hai ki jainendra ne kathopakathana se vAtAvaraNa nirmANa kA kArya bhI liyA hai / " yadyapi unhoMne isakA eka bhI udAharaNa nahIM diyA / jainendra ne vAtAvaraNa nirmANa ke lie kathopakathana kA prayoga prAyaH nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi jainendra ke kathAsAhitya meM kathAnaka svalpa hai tathApi usake vikAsa ke lie saMvAdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / 'tyAgapatra' kA adhikAMza kathA - vikAsa saMvAdoM se huA hai| lekhaka pramoda ko mRNAla ke sAmane rakha detA hai, tathA unake pArasparika vArtAlApa se kathA vikasita ho jAtI hai / nimnalikhita saMvAda mAtra sUcanAtmaka 75 DaoN0 ghanazyAma madhupa - hindI laghu upanyAsa, pRSTha-132 [184]

Page #215
"mai vahA~ gayA thA. 'dhIme se bolI.........maiM jAnatI thI, tuma jaaoge|' 'aspatAla meM bhI gayA thaa| tumane mujhe nahIM likhaa|' 'kyA likhatI ?' 'acchA, munnI kahA~ hai?' 'mara gii| 'mara gaI !...............kaba mara gaI ?' 'dasa kI hokara mara gaI / roga se marI, kucha bhUkha se marI ?' '..................mizana vAle use mA~gate the| de kyoM nahIM diyA ?' yahA~ kaise AyI ?' '...............laTakate-bhaTakate hI aayii| 76 'anantara' kA eka sUcanAtmaka saMvAda isa prakAra hai - maiMne pUchA... ..... Apako koI aparA kA patra milA hai? gurU ne kahA......... ceka usane mere pAsa hI bheje the| usake sAtha ke patra ke alAvA to aura koI nahIM milaa| "Apake pAsa aba usakA kitanA rUpayA hai - baiMka meM jamA ke alAvA ? 'hogA tIna-eka hjaar| kyoM?' 'ahamadAbAda se apane sAtha vaha kucha paisA le gayI thI?' "nahIM ulTe de gayI thii|" 76 jainendra kumAra - tyAga patra, pRSTha-84-85 77. jainendra kumAra - anantara, pRSTha - 141 [185]

Page #216
saMvAdoM se caritra abhivyakta hotA hai| vyaktitva kI kucha vizeSatAe~ saMvAdoM kI zabdAvalI, zabda cayana, unake kahane ke DhaMga se spaSTa ho jAtI haiM / isa prakAra ke saMvAda anya pAtroM ke viSaya meM TippaNI dekara usakA caritra vikAsa karate haiN| bihArI se vArtAlApa karate samaya kaTTo ke saMvAdoM se aDiga Atma vizvAsa TapakatA haiN| 786 vaha bihArI se kahatI hai ki 'tuma dillI se vyartha Aye ho, satyadhana ke vivAha ko pakkI nahIM kara skoge| kaTToM ke saMvAdoM meM saralatA tathA satyadhana ke saMvAdoM meM vakratA lakSita hotI hai 'sunItA' meM hari prasanna ke kathana meM sahAnubhUti tathA samarpaNa kI pravRtti hai| zrIkAnta - 'nahIM - nahIM apane pasanda kI cIja batalAo.. . nahIM-nahIM jI, yaha saba bhI koI bAta hotI hai ki saba acchA lagatA hai.........roja kyA khAyA karate ho, jaldI karo jI"........hari, mApha karanA, dera ho gaI...... ........bAta yaha hai ghara meM koI naukara nahIM hai.... 10 hariprasanna ne kucha dRr3ha par3akara kahA, 'maiM anna nahIM khAyA karatA hU~......zrIkAnta anna maiM khAyA to nahIM hai.......lekina / hariprasanna Tahalate- Tahalate ruka gyaa| usane aprasannatA se kahA- naukara nahIM hai? 2 naukara kyoM nahIM hai? 'hari prasanna sunItA ko jaMgala meM le jAnA cAhatA hai aura isake lie sunItA ko tarkoM se parAsta karanA cAhatA hai - jainendra ke saMvAda sAmAnyataH pAtroM ke anukUla haiN| saMvAda pAtroM ke pada tathA vyaktitva ke anurUpa haiM 'vyatIta' meM bur3hiyA ke saMvAda anitA tathA jayanta ke saMvAdoM se bhinna haiN| usake tarka bar3e 1 sIdhe-sAdhe tathA grAmINa haiN|" 78 jainendra kumAra parakha, pRSTha 74 79 jainendra kumAra sunItA, pRSTha 80 vahI, pRSTha 81 vahI, pRSTha 82 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha 83 jainendra kumAra sunItA, pRSTha 84 jainendra kumAra - vyatIta, pRSTha 47 - 47 - - - 40-41 47 201-203 36 [186]

Page #217
ye kathopakathana pAtroM ke antaH sambandhoM tathA paricaya kI pragADhatA ke anusAra bhinna haiM / pramoda aura buA ke vArtAlApa, pramoda - koyale vAle athavA mRNAla - koyale vAle ke vArtAlApa se bhinna haiN| 'jayavardhana' ke saMvAdoM meM cAhe vaha ilA ke sAtha hai yA hUsTana ke sAtha athavA AcArya ke sAtha, usakI dArzanika prakRti kA paricaya milatA hai| jainendra kI kahAniyoM meM tathA upanyAsoM ke saMvAdoM meM vicAra - pratipAdana, tarka-vitarka tathA cintana kI pradhAnatA hai jainendra ke pAtra prAyaH pratibhAsampanna suzikSita tathA adhIta haiN| 'muktibodha' meM bhI nIlimA pitA-putra ke sambandhoM tathA dAyitva ko lekara apanA kathana itanA dIrgha kara letI hai ki sahAya ko kahanA par3atA hai-khAsA lekcara thA darzana se bhare yaha saMvAda atyanta asAdhAraNa tathA rahasyamaya lagate haiM x x X X X..... acchA huA Apa A ge| suniye na aba kucha merA hai na unakA hai / saba jagannAtha jI kA hai / jagannAtha ke darabAra meM anabana kyA ? kiMcit ha~sakara jitena ne kahA--- - nahIM, maranA kisako nahIM hai? kyA sabake marane kA pApa hamezA bhagavAna ko hI uThAte rahanA hogA? tumhAre usa bhagavAna kI hameM bhI kabhI sahAyatA karanI cAhie- --- 187 - darzana ke siddhAntoM kI UhA hari prasanna, mRNAla, kalyANI, jayavardhana, sahAya aura prasAda ke kathanoM meM nirantara pAyI jAtI hai| pramoda ke dIrgha svagata bhASaNoM meM bhI cintana ko bojhilatA hai| isI cintana pradhAnatA ko vyakta karane ke lie saMvAdoM meM gatirodha kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| saMvAda bIca-bIca meM TUTe hue haiM tathA eka-eka kara Age bar3hate hai / mAno pAtra soca-soca kara bola rahe hoM 85. jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha-136 86. jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha-32 87. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha-29 [187]

Page #218
athavA unake mAnasa ke bha~vara se kathana laharoM ke dhakkoM se Age baDhate hoN| pAtra kaI bAra svayaM prazna karatA hai tathA svayaM uttara detA hai athavA kathana meM eka sAtha kaI prazna karake jhaDI lagA detA hai| jainendra saMvAdoM ko sphuTa, adhakhule tathA apUrNa rakhakara unameM apAra vyaMjanA bhara dete haiM / kaI sthaloM para antarAla tathA mauna se bhI kArya liyA gayA hai / mauna ke rUpa meM antarAla ko saMvAdoM meM liyA jAya yA nahIM isa para matabheda ho sakatA hai, parantu unheM saMvAdoM kA eka bhAga mAnanA ucita hai, kyoMki vaha do pAtroM ke kathopakathana ke bIca Ae haiN| pAtra kI sthiti vahA~ hai mAtra vaha bolatA nahIM, kabhI-kabhI mauna bhI mukhara hotA hai| aisA mauna bhI uddharaNa cinhoM meM diyA gayA hai / jisase lakSita hotA hai ki lekhaka use saMvAda meM sammilita karanA cAhatA hai| kacha saMvAda aise bhI haiM jinameM sandarbha kI pratIti ke vizeSa meM artha gAmbhIrya A jAtA hai| kahIM-kahIM ye saMvAda atyanta asAdhAraNa haiM parantu sandarbha se jur3akara camatkArika artha dete haiN| sunItA, satyA, zrIkAnta tathA hari prasanna sinemA hAla meM haiN| hariprasanna pAnI lekara AtA hai, zrIkAnta ko pAnI kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| pAnI satyA aura sunItA ko cAhie kyoMki vaha pyAsI haiN| sunItA kahatI hai----hari bAbU pAnI lAe ho? lekina sardI meM kyA pAnI se khAtira hogI? satyA pAnI pI letI hai, para nAka-bhauM sikor3akara kahatI hai, hAM jIjI! para jIjI, pAnI kucha khArA thA, mAno vaha pAnI satyA ke anukUla nahIM aura kevala sunItA ke lie ho| hari prasanna sunItA kI upekSA se kiMcit khinna hokara pUchatA hai to ise maiM pheka dU~? pheMka kyoM doge? sunItA hAtha bar3hAkara bolI lAo mujhe de do, nahIM-nahIM maiM bhUla gayI thI, mujhe pyAsa hai| mAno sunItA ko ekAeka yAda A jAtA ho ki pAnI tiraskAra yogya na ho jAya aura use pyAsa hai / AraMbha meM, sardI meM pAnI se kyA khAtira hogI, kA sandarbha sunItA kI sthiti se jur3A 88 jainendra kumAra-sunItA, pRSTha-79-80 [188]

Page #219
huA hai| jahAM pati ke rUpa me hI zrIkAnta kA usa para adhikAra hai tathA vaisI sthiti meM vaha pAnI grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai| isI prakAra "sunItA' meM hari prasanna ke prathama gRha praveza ke samaya zrIkAnta ke kathana-'hari cale Ao, abhI to vaha konA bacA hai| Thaharo-jAtI kahA~ ho----aura yaha hari prasanna hai' tathA sunItA kA kathana-'bhalA dekho inheM bhI prasaMga-sambaddhatA se gahana artha grahaNa kara lete haiN| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM jahA~ lambe kRtrima saMvAda upalabdha haiM, vahaoN svAbhAvika, sahaja, bAta-cIta kA AtmIya saMvAda bhI hai| eka hI saMvAda meM bindu samUha ke dvArA calatI bAta ko apUrNa chor3akara sahasA dUsarI aura phira tIsarI bAta bhara dI gayI hai| jaise prAyaH hama dainika jIvana meM kahate haiM tathA bolate haiM / e...eka, do....o...o dekho.....ThIka kahA~ bolatA hai| yahA~ bolatA hU~ Age-------90 na rUr3ha artha meM bhAratIya hogA-khar3I kyoM ho, baiTha jAo --jo kAma ho--acchA-acchA / ho to vanAni ko AzA hai-----11 jahA~ saMvAda AkAra meM choTe haiM vahA~ ve bihArI ke dohe ke samAna 'nAvaka ke tIra' ho gae haiN| unameM vicitra camatkAra dekhane ko milatA hai| nimna udAharaNa draSTavya hai---- maine pUchA-baratana mA~janA jAnate ho? 'haaN| 'kahAra ho' 89 jainendra kumAra-sunItA, pRSTha-38-39 90 jainendra kumAra-parakha. pRSTha-64 91 jainendra kumAra-anantara, pRSTha-73 [189]

Page #220
'nahIM 'phira? 'kahAra heNuu|' 'kyA loge?' 'par3he-likhe mAlUma hote ho- 'nahIM- -jI- 'kucha nahIM par3he? 'cAra jamAta par3hA hU~ | 2 kisa bhAMti vidyuta sI gati se saMvAda Age bar3hate haiN| isake alAvA choTe-choTe saMvAda zIghra samApta ho jAte haiM - zAyada milanA ho / ' 'acchA tamArA 'to mai jAUM !' 'hA~ namaste' 'namaste 193 saMvAdoM meM nATakIyatA kI vRddhi karane ke lie koSThaka meM vibhinna dhvaniyA~, pAtra ke hAva-bhAva de die gae haiM yaha pravRtti 'parakha', 'sunItA' tathA 'kalyANI' meM vizeSa rUpa se pAI jAtI hai| kahIM-kahIM lambe bhASaNoM meM ina koSThakoM se virAma avakAza bhI milA hai| kahIM-kahIM yaha pravRtti AtyantikatA ko sparza karane meM kRtrima ho 92 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha-14 93 jenendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha-53 94 jainendra kumAra - sunItA pRSTha-53 [190]

Page #221
gayI hai| 'parakha' meM kaTTo kI maoN beTe se bAta karate samaya sambhavataH itane adhika bAra beTA sambodhana kA prayoga karatI hai ki vahA~ para kRtrimatA A jAtI hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM kucha aise saMvAda bhI prApta haiM jo sAdhAraNatayA hindI kathA sAhitya meM durlabha haiN| aisA karake ve apanI maulikatA kA paricaya dete haiN| dvimukhI saMvAda 'sunItA' meM zrIkAnta eka hI samaya meM eka hI saMvAda meM do vyaktiyoM se bAta karatA hai| saMvAda isa prakAra 'ajI, sera-bhara to lIjie hii|' 'sera, acchA sera shii|' (mur3akara), cala satyA, hamAre sAtha hI cl| Aja terI par3hAI huI ki nahIM?---aura vahIM se sAIsa ko AvAja dekara bulAyA, kahA~ ho bhAI, yaha saba gAr3I meM rakho aura dekho vaha tAMgA khar3A hai, usakA sAmAna bhI gAr3I me rakha lo| (mur3akara) jIjA jI tAge vAle ko kitane paise dene haiN| dezakAla tathA vAtAvaraNa nirmANa jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM deza-kAla citraNa vyaMgya rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| aneka aise prasaMga tathA chiTaphuTa byaure jahA~-tahA~ upalabdha haiM jo kathA sAhitya kA samaya tathA sthAna saMketita karate haiN| 'sunItA' meM dillI kA 'pA~ca lAkha ke zahara meM, jahA~ vAisarAya bhI rahatA hai-honA tathA sunItA-zrIkAnta kI phoTo para 5/6/32 likhA 95 jainendra kumAra-sunItA, pRSTha-218 96 jainendra kumAra-sunItA, pRSTha -28 [191]

Page #222
honA" 'tyAgapatra' meM duannI, aThannI, 'kalyANI' meM cairiTI haoNspiTala tathA mahilAoM ke DepuTezana kA milanA, "sukhadA' meM ivaniMga nyUja100 vyatIta meM DyoDhe darje kA saphara11 'jayavardhana' meM prema goSThI102 'anantara' meM hippI loga Adi saMketa usa kAla kA bodha karA dete haiM- jisase upanyAsa kA kathAnaka sambandhita hai| 'muktibodha' tathA 'anantara' meM dillI ke atirikta bambaI, nainItAla, ahamadAbAda tathA mAunTa AbU nagara bhI ullikhita haiN| 'parakha' ke kathAnaka meM gaoNva ke vAtAvaraNa kA ullekha hai| parantu bAda ke upanyAsoM 'muktibodha' tathA 'anantara' meM Akara yaha mahAnagaroM, hoTaloM TraMka-kAlsa, kaiDalaika kAroM tathA 'eyara kaMDIzana koca' kA ho jAtA hai| jainendra ne apane kathA sAhitya meM dezakAla kI apekSA vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa ko adhika dhyAna diyA hai| pAtra tathA unakI manaHsthiti kA sambandha vyApaka dezakAla kI apekSA tAtkAlika pariveza tathA Asa-pAsa phailI vastuoM tathA vyaktiyoM se apekSAkRta adhika nikaTa kA rahatA hai| ataH kahIM-kahIM jainendra ke pAtra paristhitiyoM se jur3e vAtAvaraNa kA kuzala citraNa kara dete haiN| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM vividha prakAra ke vAtAvaraNa milate haiN| vaha vAtAvaraNa kahIM gharelU jIvana se sambandhita rasoiyoM kA hai, kahIM asta-vyasta rahane vAle kuNThAgrasta pAtroM kI koThiyoM kA hai, to kahIM madhyavargIya sambhrAnta suzikSita vyaktiyoM ke kamaroM kA hai| jayanta kI koTharI kA vAtAvaraNa citrita karane ke lie lekhaka vizad ADambara nahIM racatA, kevala itanA likhatA hai-'Age koTharI kI dIvAra hai jo mailI hai aura dharatI Ubar3a khAbar3a hai| maiMne dauDakara kuppI jalAI----vaha jhaTa khaTolA lekara 97 jainendra kumAra-sunItA. pRSTha -46 98 jenendra kumAra-tyAgapatra, pRSTha -41 99 jainendra kumAra-kalyANI, pRSTha -21 100 jainendra kumAra-sukhadA, pRSTha -28 101 jainendra kumAra-vyatIta. pRSTha -67 102 jenendra kumAra-jayavardhana, pRSTha -260 103 jainendra kumAra-anantara, pRSTha -133 [192]

Page #223
baiThakara bolI | 104 jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM kevala bAhya citraNa hI nahIM milatA, balki vaha bAhya citraNa ko kATakara turanta pAtra ke cintana-manana yA kriyA-kalApa para kUda jAnA cAhatA hai| kazmIra kA sundara vAtAvaraNa hai jisakI zobhA ko citrita karane ke lie kaI pRSTha raMge jA sakate the, parantu lekhaka jaise zIghratA meM hai, kazmIra ke dina Ananda se bIte, kahIM eka jagaha nahIM rahanA thA- kazmIra kI suSamA bikharI thI / Aja yahA~, kala vahA~, isameM patA hI nahIM calA ki Ananda nahIM hai, jaise lahareM hoM aura hama taira rahe hoM / saba thA, lekina nIce kyA mujhameM granthi thI ? 106 yaha uddharaNa lekhaka kI pravRttiyoM kA paricAyaka hai| vAtAvaraNa ke saMkSipta citraNa kI pravRtti ke bAvajUda jainendra kahIM-kahIM ina citroM ko pUrNa banAne hetu prayatnazIla dikhAI paDate haiN| aisA vAtAvaraNa - citraNa bhI bahuta nahIM huA hai, kevala lekhaka ne use sAMgopAMga banAne kI ceSTA kI | jahA~ pUrva carcita citraNa rUpa-rekhAtmaka hai, vahIM inameM mAMsalatA bharane kI ceSTA hai| eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai, jahA~ kathAkAra koTharI kA kSetraphala taka detA milatA hai- 'koTharI bAraha varga phITa se bar3I na hogii| bAhara thor3I khulI jagaha hI jahA~ dhotI, a~goche sUkha rahe the| kamare meM eka ora kapaDe cine the| unake pAsa hI eka-do baksa the| unake Upara bA~sa TA~gakara kucha kAma ke kapar3e laTakA die gaye the| buA kI pITha kI tarapha do-eka TIna ke Adhe kanastara, do cAra ha~r3iyA aura kucha miTTI ke sakore aura TIna ke Dibbe the / vahA~ pAsa kucha pItala, elyUmIniyama ke bartana rakhe the aura eka TIna kI bAlTI aura pAnI kA ghar3A bharA rakhA thA, eka kone meM koyale kI borI AdhI jhukI huI khar3I thI / ' 108 104 jenendra kumAra - vyatIta, pRSTha-15 105 vahI, pRSTha- 82 106. jainendra kumAra tyAgapatra, pRSTha-54 [193]

Page #224
lekhaka ne zAyada hI koTharI meM hone vAlI kisI nijI vastu ko choDA ho, yaha pRthak bAta hai ki usa DhaMga ke muhalle kI koTharI meM utanI hI cIjeM huA karatI thiiN| isa prakAra bAhya vAtAvaraNa ke citraNa ko bhI jahA~ taka sambhava bana paDA hai, pUrNa banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, yathA-'vicitra muhallA thaa| vahaoN dina zAyada hI kabhI hotA ho| dina meM rAta hotI thI aura rAta meM kyA hotA patA nhii| saTI-saTI koThariyA~ thiiN| ve koThariyA~ hI dUkAne thIM aura rAta me ve hI khvaabgaah| kisI para sastI visAhata kI cIjeM haiM to kisI para tAjI sAga-bhAjI aura cucake phala rakhe haiN| kahIM nAI hai, kahIM hAtha kI mazIna lie darjI baiThA amarIkana tarja ke kapar3e sI rahA hai| yahA~ AsamAna bhI ikabAlI bana jAtA hai aura kAla kI ginatI rAtoM ke hisAba se hotI hai| tor prakRti-citraNa jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM vAtAvaraNa ke rUpa meM prakRti-citraNa kA bahuta kama upayoga hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN0 rAmaratana bhaTanAgara kA mata draSTavya hai-'unameM prAkRtika citrapaTI kA abhAva hai| unake adhikAMza upanyAsoM meM hameM kisI prAkRtika dRzya kI pRSThibhUmi nahIM miltii| vaha taMga galiyoM evaM nagara ke galI-kUcoM se bAhara nahIM jA pAte / 108 kathAkAra prakRti-citraNa ko apane zilpa kA AdhAra banAkara kathAnaka aura pAtroM kA parivezAtmaka aucitya prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra kA eka citra 'jayavardhana' meM upalabdha hai| jaya aura ilA samudra taTa para milate haiN| pRSThabhUmi meM vAtAvaraNa kA citraNa isa prakAra hai 107 vahI, pRSTha-56 108 DaoN0 rAmaratana bhaTanAgara - jainendra - sAhitya aura samIkSA, pRSTha -46 [194]

Page #225
'sAgara kA taTa thaa| saMndhyA DUba calI thI / taTa sUnA thA / laharoM 110 para lahareM lekara sAgara AtA aura pachADa khAkara pIche lauTa jaataa| maiM barAbara meM sAtha 100 ..* udhara samudra meM laharoM kA udvelana hai, udhara jaya aura ilA bhAvArdra hokara eka dUsare ko pAnA cAhate haiM / jaya pukAratA hai - ilA! aura ilA mahasUsa karatI hai- 'mere samUcepana meM se bola uThA-lo, lo, lo mujhe lo.. * kahIM-kahIM vAtAvaraNa kA sambandha pAtra kI Antarika manodazA se bhI sambaddha hai| eka ora cintana-magna pAtra hai aura dUsarI ora prakRti kA phailA A~cala / aise prasaMgoM meM prAyaH prakRti ke dUrastha citraNa ko liyA gayA hai, jisakI pAtra kI manaH sthiti se saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| sukhadA atIta ke garbha se nikalakara apanI kahAnI pAThakoM ko sunAnA abhI Arambha hI karatI hai ki usakA mana kaisA hone lagatA hai| usakI dRSTi dUra phailAva vistAra ko dekhatI - dekhatI eka prAkRtika citra banA detI hai jahA~ dharatI Dhala gaI hai, pAra maidAna bichA hai..... .. pUrI sI makAnoM kI bindiyA-hariyAlI ikaTThI ho gayI hai..........raMga maTamailA.... ..raMga maTamailA .........eka-do patalI sapheda lakIra jo nadiyoM ke nizAna.... .. dhu~dhalI rekhA se simaTa kara samApta ho jAtA hai| vahI hamArA kSitija hai | " prakRti ke Azraya binA bhI kalAkAra aise vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karane meM sakSama hai jisameM pAtroM kI khinnatA, duHkha, pIr3A jaise bhAva vyakta ho jAte haiM / 'parakha' meM aise choTe-choTe citra paryApta saMkhyA meM haiN| kaTTo, satyadhana tathA bihArI ke vArtAlApa meM jaba-jaba nIravatA A jAtI hai, kathAkAra bhI tadanusAra vAtAvaraNa kA citraNa kara detA hai / aisI sthiti kA vAtAvaraNa draSTavya hai 109. jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha 110 jainendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha 111 jenendra kumAra - sukhadA. pRSTha - 4 - 128 128 [195]

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'sunna sannATA rhaa| kisI kA bola nahIM aayaa| tInoM ke mana se na jAne kyA-kyA nikalakara alakSita aura avyAhata rUpa se usa kamare kI zUnyatA meM vyApta ho gyaa| eka bhArI trAsa sAre kamare meM ina tInoM hI ke jI ko ghoMTane lgaa| 112 nIravatA ke vAtAvaraNa ko sAkAra karane meM kathAkAra kA zilpa yahA~ bejor3a hai / bhASA-zailI kathAkAra jainendra ne paramparAgata zailI se dUra haTakara navIna zailI kA sRjana kiyA hai| unhoMne zilpa ke purAne bandhanoM ko tor3akara apanI vastu uddezya tathA mUka saMvedanA ke anurUpa nijI bhASA-zailI kA AviSkAra kiyA hai unakI bhASA zailI unakI karuNA kI mUla saMvedanA se upayukta rUpa se sambaddha hai, ataH usameM apanA nijI vaiziSTya lakSita hotA hai| apanI bhASA zailI dvArA ve vastu pAtra - cayana tathA unakA citraNa isa DhaMga se karate haiM ki unakI antima pariNati eka viSAdamaya vAtAvaraNa meM hotI hai| jainendra apane saMvedanA - bimba kI kuzala abhivyakti ke lie saMkSipta tathA tIkhI zailI tathA sarala kintu vakra, kSipra bhASA ko prayoga meM lAte haiN| jainendra kI bhASA zailI kA zilpa vibhinna tatvoM se nirmita huA hai, ataH zailI tathA bhASA donoM kA vivecana apekSita hai / kathAkAra jainendra ne apane sAhitya meM vyAsa, pratyakSa, itihAsa tathA samAja, parokSa aura nATakIya donoM koTiyoM kI zailiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| 'parakha' meM vivaraNa dene ke lie pratyakSa yA itihAsa zailI kA Azraya liyA hai / 'parakha' meM lekhaka satyadhana kA paricaya dene meM apanI ora pratyakSa tathA pAtra kI ora itihAsa kA Azraya letA hai / satyadhana kA paricaya kathAkAra svayaM detA hai tathA usakI vivecanA 112. jainendra kumAra parakha, pRSTha - 62 [196]

Page #227
vistAra se karatA hai| eka anya vakIla muMzI hoziyAra bahAdura ke viSaya meM kathAkAra pUre byore detA huA likhatA hai| muMzI hoziyAra bahAdura jile ke nAmI-nirAmI vakIla the| AmadanI khUba thii| dabadabA (2) bhI khUba thA vyAsa, pratyakSa tathA itihAsa-zailI ke antargata ve pAThaka sambodhana ke bhI zikAra hote haiN| 'parakha' meM to aneka sthaloM para kathAkAra pAThaka ko pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa se sambodhita karatA hai| 'parakha' meM satyadhana hamAre 'mahAzaya'114 haiN| 'sunItA' meM yaha pravRtti vidyamAna hai, jaba satyA ke viSaya meM lekhaka kahatA hai ki aThAraha varSa kI lar3akI ko Apa anajAna mata jAniye 1115 yaha pravRtti bahuta Age taka 'vivarta' meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| jaba lekhaka pAThakoM se kahatA hai--Aie eka tamAzA dikhAe~ / 18 pradhAnatayA jainendra kI zailI me mitavyayitA vidyamAna hai jisameM saMkSiptatA, sAMketikatA tathA vyaMjanA sammilita hai| kathAkAra ko bahuta vivaraNa vistAra tathA kholakara bAta kahanA pasanda nahIM hai| vaha bAta ko saMkSepa meM kahakara santuSTa ho jAtA hai| saMkSiptatA kI pravRtti ne kathAnaka-kathana, pAtroM ke jIvana-caritra unake rUpa citraNa, saMvAda, vAtAvaraNa ke rekhana, vAkya-racanA tathA zabdoM ke rUpa-nirmANa kA eka prasaMga prastuta kiyA hai----'sAra saMkSepa yaha hai mitra ke putra bairisTara narezacandra vahA~ Aye, parivAra kI do mahilAeM vahA~ aayiiN| do roja rahIM aura prasanna lautte| phira donoM ora se taiyAriyA~ huI aura jaldI hI vivAha ho gyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sthUla citraNa kI ora kathAkAra bilakula ruci nahIM rakhatA hai| 113. jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha -7 114. vahI, pRSTha -8 115. jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha - 206 116. jainendra kumAra - vivarta, pRSTha -8 117 vahI, pRSTha -19 [197]

Page #228
caritroM ke zIla-nirUpaNa tathA rUpa-citraNa meM mitavyayitA kA sukhada pariNAma yaha huA ki jainendra jI ke sAhitya meM hameM pAtra AkarSita karate haiN| eka aisA citra prastuta hai-'baDI pyArI dikhatI hai tmaaraa| paiMtIsa barasa kI hogii| byAha nahIM kiyA hai, ArTisTa hai| jainendra kA kAma saMkSiptatA dvArA isalie cala jAtA hai kyoMki isa saMkSiptatA meM vyaMjanA ke prANa haiN| vaha thoDA kaha kara bhI bahuta kucha kaha jAte haiM, kalyANI ke samAna ve 'cAra meM tIna hisse bAta kI jhanaka hI rakhate haiM aura samajhate haiM ki samajhane ko kAphI ho gyaa| isa vyaMjanA zakti ko AlocakoM ne atyaMta zaktizAlI tathA AkarSaNa se pUrNa mAnA hai|119 jainendra bahuta sI bAta saMketa se bhI kaha dete haiM, yaha unakI vyaktigata ruci hai| kathAkAra ne sAMketika zailI kA vizeSa rUpa se vahA~ prayoga kiyA hai, jahA~ ve gopanIya bAta kahanA cAhate haiN| mRNAla aura zIlA ke bhAI ke prema sambandhoM kA AbhAsa-sAMketika zailI meM diyA gayA hai| lekhaka isa kalA meM dakSa hai| pramoda ke dvArA patra kA mAI Diyara (My dear) dikhAkara pAThakoM ko vaha udghATana kara detA hai, ki vaha prema-patra thaa| jainendra cintanazIla kalAkAra haiN| vaha kucha abUjha tathA vAstavikatA se pare ko pakar3anA cAhate haiN| kathA sAhitya ke sandarbha meM vastava ko satya kI sImA para svIkAra nahIM karatI tathA satya ko vAstava se pare bhI mAnakara calatI hai| DaoN0 makkhana lAla zarmA ke zabdoM meM-'pratIka meM itanI gahana vyaMjanA-saMkulatA evaM dezakAla, paristhiti nirapekSa sArthakatA rahatI hai'-120 jainendra apanI pratIka zailI ke dvArA bahuta gUr3ha bAta kaha jAte haiM tathA sApha bace bhI rahate haiN| jainendra kI 118 jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha -28 119. DaoN0 rAma ratana bhaTanAgara - sAhitya aura samIkSA, pRSTha - 173 [198]

Page #229
zailI meM eka vicitra rahasya tathA bheda palatA hai / yaha rahasya tatva sAMketikatA, vyaMjanA tathA pratIkatva se AyA hai| jainendra ke kathanoM meM kahIM-kahIM gUr3ha Azaya A jAtA hai| darzana ke prasaMgoM meM ve viziSTa prakAra ke cintana kI bAta karane lagate haiM jo sAdhAraNa pAThaka kI samajha meM nahIM aatii| anizcayAtmakatA zailI ko rahasyamaya banAne kA eka upAdAna anizcayAtmakatA hai| kathAkAra kahIM bhI nizcita suspaSTa kucha nahIM kahatA hai / sthAnoM ke bAre meM amuka se kAma calA detA hai| kaI bAra apanI smaraNa zakti ke dhokhe se trasta, vaha kahatA hai patA nahIM yaha thA yA vaha athavA yAda nahIM AtA kA sahArA letA hai| bihArI satyadhana ko likhatA hai ki vaha loga amuka dina kazmIra jA rahe haiN| 121 pramoda ko apanI buA ke bAre meM ThIka yAda nahIM ki vaha navIM klAsa meM thI yA dasavIM meM / apanI Ayu bhI vaha anumAnataH hI batAtA hai ki bAraha barasa kI ho rahI hogii| 122 jainendra cintanazIla lekhaka haiM / ve socate-socate likhate haiM aura likhate-likhate socate haiM, jisake kAraNa jainendra kI zailI meM tarka-vitarka tathA praznAkulatA kA vaiziSTya A gayA hai, cAhe svayaM lekhaka vastu kathana kara rahA ho yA kisI pAtra kA byaurA de rahA ho athavA nATakIya vidhi ke antargata, pAtra svayaM soca rahA ho athavA ekAdhika pAtroM meM kahIM vArtAlApa ho, saba sthAnoM para hama inakI dRSTi saprazna pAte haiM, mAnoM vaha kisI aMtima nirNaya para pahu~ca meM asamartha ho athavA praznoM ke mAdhyama se pAThaka ke sAmane nirNaya lene kI duvidhA 120 DaoN0 makkhana lAla zarmA hindI kahAnI racanA prakriyA kA saMdarbha (lekhaka) saMcetanA, mArca, 1970, pRSTha 171-172 121 jainendra kumAra - parakha pRSTha 122. jenendra kumAra tyAgapatra, pRSTha 24 - 13 [199] -

Page #230
ko prastuta karate haiN| duvidhAtmaka sthiti meM par3akara satyadhana socatA hai ki vaha apane jIvana kI dhurI ko kisa dizA meM gatizIla rkhe| 'muktibodha' me rAjanaitika netA ke mastiSka meM cala rahe antardvandva meM aneka prazna haiN| satyadhana ke mana meM aneka tarka-vitarka ke prazna phUTa paDe haiN| yaha kyA huA ?.......maiM kaise sAmane paDa gayA ? bihArI kyA soceMge? .........Akhira maiMne kyA kahA ? yahI ki vaha mujhe svIkAra karatI yA nahIM ?....to kyA maiM use apanAU~gA ? kyA apanAnA hogA? saMvAdoM taka meM praznoM kI AvRtti hai| .......kaTTo ne pUchA -jAU~ ? 'jAo / ' 'jAU~' "jAo' 'jAU~ 'jAo' | vaha cala gaI tulanAtmaka zailI jainendra apanI zailI ke zilpa-nirmANa meM tulanA kA paryApta sahArA lete haiN| yaha tulanA sama bhI hai tathA viSama bhii| AcArya nandadulAre vAjapeyI ke zabdoM meM, "jIvana ke do pahaluoM ko pahale virodha meM rakhakara phira virodha ke bhItara se eka samAdhAna nikAlane kI zailI unake sabhI upanyAsoM meM milatI hai| 14 jainendra jI kI isa dvandvAtmaka sthiti ke kAraNa hI unake kathA sAhitya meM nATakIya 123. jenendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha -47 124 jainendra kumAra - parakha. pRSTha -43 [200]

Page #231
AkarSaNa kI yojanA ho gayI hai| jIvana meM ghaTita hone vAle do virodhI AdarzoM ko unhoMne do puruSa pAtroM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA hai aura nArI - pAtroM dvArA ve cunAva kA kArya lete haiN| isa prakAra jainendra jI ke upanyAsa aura kahAniyoM meM nArI pAtra to eka hI hai para puruSa - pAtra prAya: eka yA do hote hai, eka nArI pAtra aura do puruSa - pAtroM kA saMyoga atyanta nATakIya sthiti hai| isa zailI ko jainendra jI ne bahuta apanAyA hai| samartha - bhASA zailI ke samAna jainendra kI bhASA atyanta samartha hai| ve vicAroM ke hI nahIM lekhanI ke bhI dhanI haiN| unakI bhASA bhAvAnumArmika hai| ve pAtroM ke mana ke antardvandoM, bhItara ghumar3ate bhAvoM ko abhivyakti dene meM pUrNa samartha haiN| misTara sahAya ke mana meM abUjha vismaya bhAva hai jise bhASA ne saphalatA se vyakta kiyA hai'. mere lie vaha anubhava thaa| lekina vaha saba tatva darzana jAne mere bhItara kahA~ simaTa kara raha gayA thaa| mujhe vismaya huA jaba dekhA ki merA mana bhara A rahA hai / ....... vidhAna nirmama hotA hai, vidhAtA bhI nirmama hotA hai / usake tale hama sabako bhI mamatAhIna auraM dRr3ha hokara calanA hai...... yaha sArA tarkaniSTha bhAva kisI taraha bhI mere bhItara sira nahIM uThA sakA aura maiM avasanna raha gayA, yaha anubhava karake ki.... [125 jainendra ke bhASA kI rUpAyana zakti bhI dArzanika hai| jainendra apanI bhASA-sAmarthya se kisI bhI bhAva, dRzya, vastu yA sthiti ko hamAre sammukha sahaja hI sAkAra kara dete haiN| kaTTo kI A~khoM kA citraNa isa prakAra hai......' ... A~khe AMsuoM se khUba dhoI gaI haiM aura phUla AI haiM jaise phUlI - phalI (?) dhulI kamala kI do lAla paMkhur3iyA~ hoM, 125. jainendra kumAra muktibodha, pRSTha - 16-17 [201]

Page #232
lekina unake sAre bheda aura sAre sneha ko () palakeM majabUtI se Dhake hue haiN| ka bhASA kI rUpAyana kSamatA banAne meM jainendra kI painI dRSTi tathA sUkSma paryavekSaNa bhI yoga dete haiN| ve vAtAvaraNa, vastu yA vyakti kI choTI sI choTI bAta bhI aMkita kara dete haiN| 'sukhadA' meM kAnta-sukhadA rAta bhara nayIM bolate, prAtaH kAla sukhadA kamare meM jAtI hai, kamare ke varNana meM lekhaka yaha kahanA nahIM bhUlatA - - ' barAbara tipAI para sigareTa kA Tukar3A dhu~A dete-dete gadde para rakhA bujha gayA thaa| 17 jainendra kI bhASA kI rUpAyana-zakti kA rahasya unakI bimva yojanA hai| mUla saMvedanA - bimba ko sAkAra karane ke lie hI bhASA kA mAdhyama grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| jainendra aneka kauzaloM kA prayoga kara ina bimboM ko sAmane lAte haiN| Ahata abhimAna se jhuMjhalAe vyakti ke lie kahA hai 'usakA mana andara hI andara jhuMjhalA rahA thA jaise use hAra milI ho, usakI buddhi ke phana ko cher3a diyA gayA ho| kathAkAra jainendra jainendra kahIM-kahIM cAkSuSa, sunane tathA samparka saMvedanAoM ke mAdhyama se apanI bhASA kI kSamatA kA paricaya dete haiN| isa sandarbha meM eka udAharaNa prastuta hai- 'rezamI sAr3I kI dhAnI AbhA hI kA~patI huI jhalamala, jhalamala hari prasanna kI A~khoM meM raha gayI aura usake kAnoM meM sAr3I kI taraha partoM ko chUkara jAtI huI samIra kI sarasarAhaTa bharane lgii| mAno kucha haule-haule baja rahA ho| kucha bhInA - bhInA barasa rahA ho aura bhItara se use bhigo rahA ho / 129 126 jenendra kumAra parakha, pRSTha 127. jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha 128 jenendra kumAra vivarta, pRSTha 129 jainendra kumAra sunItA, pRSTha - - - 43 44 111 67 - - [202]

Page #233
jainendra kI bhASA sarala vakratA siddha hai| sarala, choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM vaha gaharI bAta kaha jAte haiN| bhASA pAThaka ko mUka rUpa se aneka sujhAva detI hai| eka viziSTa dina ke pazcAt mRNAla pramoda se svayaM ko buA kahane ko manA karate hue kahatI hai-'maiM buA huuN| buA mujhe acchA nahIM lgtaa| pramoda tU mujhe jIjI kahA kara jiijii| zIlA mujhe jIjI kahatI hai..........maiM nahIM buA honA caahtii| buA chIH ! dekha cir3iyA kitanI U~cI ur3a jAtI hai maiM cir3iyA honA cAhatI hU~ 130 jainendra kI bhASA bar3I sarala, sIdhI-sAdI hai| yadyapi unameM cintana kA bhAra vahana karane kI anupama zakti hai| jainendra ne bhASA ko kaThina nahIM hone diyA hai| vaktA bAta ko kahakara punaH use saMzodhita karatA hai, jaisA hama prAyaH dainika jIvana meM karate haiN| kalyANI kI kahAnI kahate hae vakIla sAhaba kahate hai-'hAla kI to bAta hai| aisA lagatA hai jaise kala kI ho......na sahI kala kI para do DhAI barasa se adhika nahIM hue 131 gahana se gahana cintana meM bhI bhASA sarala, akliSTa, sugama rahI-yahA~ kisI ko yaha kahane kA lobha nahIM hai ki vaha saccaritra hai| yahA~ saccaritra ke artha meM mAnava kA mUlya nahIM mAnA jaataa| durjanatA mAno kImatI hai| yahA~ usI hisAba se mAnava kI ghaTa-bar3ha kI hai| kalaI vAlA sadAcAra yahA~ khulakara udhar3a rahatA hai| yahA~ kharA kaMcana hI Tika sakatA hai.......kaMcana kI mA~ga nahIM hai| pItala se parahejI nahIM hai|132 vAkya racanA vAkya racanA kA zailI se ghaniSTa sambandha hotA hai| ve prAyaH sarala vAkyoM kA prayoga karate haiM kyoMki unakA zilpa sUkSma Antarika 130 janendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha - 15 131 janandra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha - 3 132 janendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha - 93 [203]

Page #234
eva vyaMjaka hai| jainendra prAyaH choTe-choTe vAkyoM kA prayoga karate haiN| jayavardhana ko dekhA! milA! bAta huI! vyakti nahIM, vaha ghaTanA hai| vaha do vyaktitna spaSTa nahIM haiM kahIM bhIr3a kho bhI sakatI hai| jainendra jI ke vAkya racanA zailI ke anurUpa tathA uddezya kI pUrti ke lie atyanta upayukta haiN| zabda bhaNDAra jainendra bhASA ko svayaM meM kucha na mAnakara bhAvoM kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana mAnate haiN| isalie unhoMne zabda cayana meM bhASA kI kRtrima sImA kA bandhana nahIM maanaa| unakI bhASA meM tatsam, tadbhava, dezaja tathA videzI zabda upalabdha haiN| jahA~ aMgrejI meM skIma myUjiyama'35, cairiTI haoNspiTala, DepyuTezana", sTaDI' jaise tathA urdU meM 'kubUla'199, ganImata0, mAphika, pharja. arja jaise suparicita zabda Ae hai, jinheM sAdhAraNatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai| vahI akseTa", ikanAmika DipenaDeMsa, Aosila, TrAnjiTA, tathA akIde, phAhiza, 133 jenendra kumAra - jayavardhana, pRSTha - 17 134 jenendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha - 11 135 jenendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha - 11 136 jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha - 21 137 jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha-21 138. jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha -9 139. jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha - 88 140. jenendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha - 20 141. jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha - 20 142 jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha-47 143 jainendra kumAra - muktibodha, pRSTha-48 144 jenendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha -8 145 jainendra kumAra - kalyANI, pRSTha - 86 146. jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha-32 147. jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha -95 148 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha - 40 149 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra pRSTha - 70 [204]

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multavI mustahaka, Ajija mutapharraka jaise aMgrejI tathA urdU ke zabda bhI Ae haiM jinheM sAdharaNAtaH usa bhASA kA jJAna na rakhane vAlA samajha nahIM sakatA / aMgrejI ke zabda kahIM romana lipi binA hindI artha koSThaka meM diye 154 liye gae hai, kahI unake romana lipi ke rUpa ke sAtha hindI paryAya bhI de diyA gayA hai / 155 bhASA ke zabda prayogoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| unakA rUpa kahIM eka prakAra hai kahIM dUsare prakAra kA / mohara 6 muhararANa nArAjagI 158 nArAjI 159 girastI 180 girastI 100 giristI girastina* gRhastha gRhasthI gRhisthinI DhArasa" DhADhasa " kucha aise hI rUpa haiN| DaoN rAmacandra tivArI jainendra kI bhASA ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita vicAra vyakta karate hue likhate haiN| 165 jainendra kA socane kA apanA DhaMga haiM apanA vyaktitva hai| unakI bhASA zailI unake isa nijIpana kA pratIka hai| unake gadya meM cintana aura cintana prakriyA donoM hI sAkAra hue haiN| isa dRSTi se samUce hindI sAhitya meM unakA gadya apratima hai / 188 150 jenendra kumAra kalyANI, pRSTha-51 151 jenendra kumAra 152 janandra kumAra 153 jaMnandra kumAra 154 jainendra kumAra 155 jainendra kumAra 156 jainendra kumAra parakha, pRSTha-7 kalyANI, pRSTha-117 vivarta, pRSTha 141 muktibodha, pRSTha 47 parakha, pRSTha-60 parakha, pRSTha-113 - 161 - 157 jainendra kumAra - parakha, pRSTha-7 158 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-28 159 jainendra kumAra tyAgapatra, pRSTha-65 160 jainendra kumAra sukhadA, pRSTha-50 161 jainendra kumAra tyAgapatra, pRSTha-42 162 jainendra kumAra - sukhadA, pRSTha-12 163 jainendra kumAra sukhadA, pRSTha-26 164 jenendra kumAra sukhadA, pRSTha-129 165 jainendra kumAra sunItA, pRSTha- 101 sukhadA, pRSTha-1 vivarta, pRSTha-58 166 jainendra kumAra 167 jainendra kumAra 168 DaoN0 rAmacandra tivArI - hindI kA gadya sAhitya, pRSTha - 445 [205]

Page #236
uddezya - pratiphalana - zilpa jainendra uddezyavAdI kalAkAra haiN| AcArya nanda dulAre vAjapeyI ne unheM AdarzavAdI kalAkAra nahIM mAnA varan bhAvuka tathA kalpanA jIvI lekhaka kahA hai| DaoN0 nagendra ne apane lekha meM kathAkAroM kI eka sabhA Ayojita kI thI jisameM jainendra kahate haiM- 'mere mana meM kucha hai jo bAhara AnA cAhatA hai aura usako kahane ke lie upanyAsa likha baiThatA huuN| vaha hai jIvana kI akhaNDatA kI bhAvanA / mujhe anubhava hotA hai ki jIvana aura jagat jaise mUlataH eka akhaNDa tatva hai| Aja isakI akhaNDatA khaNDita huI sI lagatI hai, daraasala hai nahIM Aja mAnava isI bhrama meM par3akara bhaTaka rahA hai / ....... .. jIvana kI kunjI kho gaI hai aura kunjI hai yahI akhaNDatA kA mAnava |.....ise DhUMr3hane kA sAdhana hai kevala prema, prema yA ahiMsA / prema yA ahiMsA kA artha hai, dUsare ke lie apane ko pIr3A denA - pIr3A meM hI paramAtmA basatA hai / mere upanyAsa AtmapIr3ana ke sAdhana haiN|........ pAThaka ko jitanI AtmapIr3ana kI prareNA dete haiM, jinakA usake hRdaya meM prema paidA karake jIvana kI akhaNDatA kA anubhava karAte haiM utane hI saphala kahe jA sakate haiM / 170 - uddezya 'prati phalana' patana kI dRSTi se lekhaka kA kathAvastu cayana ullekhanIya hai / vaha isameM sUjha bUjha se kAma letA hai| kathAnaka kI aMtima pariNati bhI lekhaka kI uddezyavAdI dRSTi ke anurUpa huI hai / 'tyAgapatra' kA aMta jaja rAmadayAla ke rUpa meM kathAkAra ke dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| tyAgapatra para sahI karanA samAja ke mAnyatAoM tathA AdarzoM ke khokhalepana kA paricAyaka hai, mAno jaja rAma dayAla sahamata haiM ki samAja meM vaha rahatA hai athavA jisakA vaha 169 AcArya nanda dulAre vAjapeyI - Adhunika sAhitya, pRSTha - 209 170 DaoN0 nagendra - AsthA ke caraNa, pRSTha - 299-300 [206]

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pratinidhi hai vaha AtatAyI hai aura mRNAla jaisI striyoM kI dazA ke lie uttaradAyI hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM patroM kA bahuta adhika prayoga hai| kahIM-kahIM patroM ne 'upanyAsakAra' ke vividha uddezyoM meM se katipaya kI abhivyakti kI hai| satyadhana ko likhe patra meM gharelU bAtoM ke atirikta bhagavaddayAla bahuta se vicArAtmaka sUtra bhI dete haiN| isameM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA ullekha hai| jainendra jI ke bAda ke sAhitya meM vivAha ke bAre meM patroM kA aisA uttaradAyitva pUrNa vyavahAra dRSTigata nahIM, yadyapi usa patra meM 'sunItA' tathA 'tyAgapatra' * meM vivAha ko sAmAjika tathA nibhAne yogya saMsthA mAnA gayA hai| jainendra ne apane bahuta se siddhAntoM ko apane pAtroM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA haiN| jainendra ne kathAvastu kI apekSA caritroM kA adhika upayoga kiyA hai| jainendra ke caritra pratIkAtmaka hai| ve siddhAnta ke kisI na kisI pakSa kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| satyadhana meM vyAvahArikatA kA, bihArI meM Adarza kA, kaTTo meM tyAgamaya prema kA, hari prasanna meM hiMsA kA, zrIkAnta meM ahiMsA kA, sunItA meM Adarza satI kA, pramoda meM sAmAjika vyavasthA kA, mRNAla meM sAmAjika viDamvanAoM ke atyAcAra ko sahane vAlI nArI kA pratIkatva hai| jainendra uddezya pratiphalana ke lie pAtra kI manaH sthiti antaH yA bAhya kA prayoga karate haiN| jitena jAnatA hai ki mohinI kaida hai| usane sakhta hidAyata dI thI ki kisI ko pAsa jAne kI jarUrata nahIM aura na hI riyAyata karane kii| kintu usakA mana udvigna rhaa| vaha jIpa meM baiThakara jamunA kI ora cala detA hai| jainendra isa manaH sthiti para apanA darzana jamA dete haiM ki prakRti puruSa kI sahAyikA hai| vaha vidhi-niSedha, acche-bure se pare hai| 171 janandra kumAra - vivarta. pRSTha - 200 [207]

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pAtroM ke kathanoM tathA saMvAdoM dvArA bhI lekhaka kA dRSTikoNa vyakta huA hai| yoM to pAtroM ke kathana bhI saMvAdoM meM hI Ate haiM kintu phira bhI donoM meM eka sUkSma sA antara hai| kathanoM meM hama pAtra ke usa saMvAda ko leveM jisameM vaha bolatA rahatA hai tathA dUsarA pAtra apekSAkRta mauna rahatA hai| apane kathana ko vistAra se kahate samaya prAyaH vaktA dUsare pAtra kI upasthiti kA dhyAna nahIM rakhatA mAno vaha ho hI nhiiN| yadi dUsarA upasthita pAtra kahIM bolatA bhI hai to mAtra haoN, hU~ yA tanika se kathana se svayaM ko santuSTa kara letA hai| mAno dUsare vaktA pAtra ko avakAza de rahA ho| 'sunItA' meM hari prasanna zrama, utpAdana, vastuoM ke mUlyoM kI vistRta carcA karatA hai| hari prasanna aisA AbhAsa detA hai ki vaha mUlya badalane vAlI vicAradhArA kA pratinidhitva kara rahA ho| vaha krAnti kI bhI carcA karatA hai| yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM vaha krAnti ke lie sunItA ko jaMgala meM le jAne ke atirikta kucha nahIM krtaa| hariprasanna ke vaktavya meM hama krAnti kA saiddhAntika vivecana pAte hai|12 zrIkAnta rUpaye para svAmitva kI vyarthatA ko siddha karate hue apanA kathana prastuta karatA hai| anyatra zrIkAnta sunItA kI upasthiti meM sAdhutva ke khokhalepana ko lakSya karatA hai| vaha isa manovaijJAnika tathya ko prakaTa karatA hai ki strI puruSa kI parasparatA meM hI vyaktiyoM kA hitalAbha hai| 'tyAgapatra' meM mRNAla upanyAsa ke uttara-bhAga meM lambe-lambe vaktavya detI hai, yadyapi usake sAmane pramoda upasthita rahatA hai| mRNAla koyale vAle ke prasaMga ke mAdhyama se strI ke zAzvata dharma, sevA tathA prema kA parokSataH pratipAdana karatI hai| usake kathanoM meM vyaMgya hai ki aprema pApa hai|175 172 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha - 30-31 173 jainendra kumAra - sunItA, pRSTha -33 174 jainendra kumAra - sunItA. pRSTha -21-22 175 jainendra kumAra - tyAgapatra, pRSTha-67-68 [208]

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pAtra ke kathana kI apekSA choTe-choTe saMvAdoM meM udadezya pratiphalana adhika kalAtmaka hai| 'kalyANI' isa dRSTi se sarvazreSTha hai| usake choTe-choTe saMvAdoM meM sUtrAtmaka rUpa meM bahutA sA darzana bhara diyA gayA hai| jainendra jI ne aneka vicAroM tathA darzana ko apane kathA sAhitya meM samAhita kiyA hai| unhoMne isake pratiphalana ke lie prAyaH sabhI pramukha tatvoM, vastu, caritra-saMvAda Adi kA sahArA liyA hai| jainendra ke kathA sAhitya meM pracalita paramparA kA nirvAha na hokara balki navIna paripATI kA sRjana huA hai aura yahI paripATI zailI kA mUlAdhAra hai| isI ke mAdhyama se hama racanAkAra ke manoloka meM pravRSTi ho jAte haiM aura usake svabhAva, saMskAra evaM antaH preraNAoM kI jar3a ko pakar3a pAte haiN| isI ke antargata mana ke cetana, acetana va avacetana meM mAnasika prabhAva sannihita hote haiN| jainendra jI ke sAhitya meM jo bArIkI AI hai, usakA AdhAra unake mUlagrAhI vicAra hI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne yuga ke vicAroM kA bar3I sArthakatA se dohana kiyA hai| [209]

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upasaMhAra

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upasaMhAra prastuta zodha-prabandha meM jainendra kumAra kI sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika, sAMskRtika, dArzanika, manovaijJAnika tathA zilpagata cetanA ke pariprekSya meM yugIna paristhitiyoM kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai, sAtha hI yugIna pariveza kI abhivyakti kA kramika pratipAdya jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya meM dikhalAte hue yugAnusAra parivartita sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika, sAMskRtika, dArzanika, manovaijJAnika aura zilpagata cetanA kA prabhAva unake kathA sAhitya meM lakSita kiyA gayA hai| ina yuga cetanA ke saMvAhaka svaroM ko jainendra kumAra ke jIvana aura vyaktitya tathA sAhitya se sambaddha karake vivecita kiyA gayA hai| jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya meM sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika, Arthika, dArzanika, manovaijJAnika aura zilpagata yuga cetanA kI kisa sImA taka abhivyakti huI hai, yahI isa zodha-prabandha kA uddezya rahA hai| sAhitya meM yuga bhAvanAoM kI abhivyaMjanA yuga-cetanA kahalAtI hai| cetanA svayaM ko aura apane Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko samajhane tathA usakA mUlyAMkana karane kI zakti hai| sAhitya yuga cetanA se jur3A huA hotA hai| vaha apanI upajIvya sAmagrI yuga se grahaNa karatA hai aura kathAkAra yA sAhityakAra usa yuga-bodha ko sampreSita kara eka zAzvata rasAtmaka sRSTi karatA hai| jainendra kumAra kA kathA-sAhitya isakA jvalanta udAharaNa hai| jainendra kumAra kA janma aise samaya meM huA jabaki unhoMne bhArata paratantra rUpa meM dekhaa| unakA jIvana eka ora pRSThabhUmi se sambaddha dikhAyI par3atA hai tathA dUsarI ora paramparAoM se bhI nikaTa kA sambandha jor3e hue thaa| aisI hI pRSThabhUmi meM unhoMne yuga cetanA se saMpRkta hokara sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika nIrasa siddhAntoM ko sAhitya kA aMga [210]

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banAkara isa prakAra prastuta kiyA ki unakI nIrasatA kA to parihAra ho hI gayA sAtha hI eka vizAla yuga kA citrapaTa sAkAra ho utthaa| unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika jIvana meM krAnti aura navIna khojoM ke kAraNa AmUla parivartana hue| isa parivartana meM eka nUtana cetanA pUnjIbhUta thI jisakI abhivyakti paramparAgata sAhityika abhidhAna meM sambhava na thii| isalie parivartanazIla yuga cetanA ke paripArzva meM sAmAjika mUlyoM ke abhivyaMjanArtha gatizIla sAhityika vidhA kathA sAhitya kA janma huA jo Aja bhI apane dAyitva kA nirvAha kara rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainendra kumAra apane yuga kA sarvAMgINa citra prastuta karane ke lie kAvya se kathA sAhitya meM Aye aura apanI kRtiyoM meM ghaTanAkrama evaM pAtroM meM yuga ke pratibimba-svarUpa unhoMne kathA sAhitya ko apanI sUkSma dRSTi kI sahAyatA se yuga sAkSya ke rUpa meM vikasita kiyaa| yU~ to jainendra kumAra hindI kathA sAhitya ke kSetra meM pahale-pahala cintaka ke rUpa meM Aye lekina eka bAra apanI pratibhA ke ina upakaraNoM kI kSamatA jAna lene ke bAda unheM cintana ke mukhauTe kI koI AvazyakatA na pdd'ii| jainendra kumAra ko yuga citerA hone meM apanI pratibhA kA ullAsa dIkha pdd'aa| unakI kRtiyA~ - 'parakha', 'sunItA', 'sukhadA', 'phaoNsI', vyatIta', 'jainendra kI kahAniyA~' aura 'anantara' Adi aisI racanAe~ haiM jinameM sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika, dArzanika, manovaijJAnika tathA zilpagata cetanA kA rUpa milatA hai| jainendra kumAra sacce arthoM meM yuga cetanA ke pratinidhi kalAkAra haiM jinakI kRtiyA~ bhAratIya janamAnasa kI praticchavi haiN| sAmAjika stara para jainendra kumAra ne strI-puruSa sambandhoM ko lekara unase sambandhita vibhinna samasyAoM kI ora dRSTipAt kiyaa| parivAra, brahmacarya, vivAha, prema-vivAha, vaivAhika jIvana meM prema, [211]

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kAma-bhAvanA, vezyAvRtti Adi viSayoM kA vivecana unhoMne apanI anubhUtiyoM ke AdhAra para prastuta kiyaa| jainendra kumAra ne sAmAjika maryAdA kA niSedha nahIM kiyA aura na hI parivAra ko toDane ke pakSa meM vicAra vyakta kiyA, kintu jahA~ taka prema kA sambandha hai, use vaha sAmAjika bandhana se mukta mAnate rhe| kAma aura prema ko lekara unake sAhitya meM anekAneka samasyAe~ dRSTigata hotI hai| yaha satya hai ki vivAha meM prema dvArA jainendra kumAra ne jIvana ke eka mahatvapUrNa satya kI ora dRSTipAta kiyA, kyoMki isa satya ko koI nakAra nahIM sakatA ki vivAha ke bAda pati-patnI kA AkarSaNa bAhara kI ora se pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai aura ve parivAra ke ghere meM banda ho jAte haiN| hama vyaktigata anubhava ke AdhAra para kaha sakate haiM ki vivAha ke anantara bhI prema kI sthiti banI rahatI hai| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki vaha kAma ke stara para ghaTita hotA huA na dikhAI de| jainendra kumAra ne jIvana kI sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika Adi samasyAoM ko vyakti-sApekSatA meM hI svIkAra kiyaa| kathA sAhitya aura darzana donoM eka dUsare se alaga haiM, parantu dArzanika cetanA kI abhivyaMjanA isalie hotI hai ki usameM eka vizAla yuga-jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha manuSya ke jIvana kI vyAkhyA aura AlocanA hotI hai| isake alAvA pAtroM ke apane vizvAsa, tarka, bauddhikatA tathA AsthA meM kahIM-na-kahIM kathAkAra kA jIvana darzana abhivyakta ho jAyA karatA hai| jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya kA pramukha tatva niyativAda hai| unakA kahanA thA ki hamako karma karanA cAhie, hogA vahI jo honA hai, ise hama parivartita nahIM kara sakate haiN| jainendra kumAra kA yaha niyativAda gItA kA karmavAda hai| 'gItA' meM nirAzAvAda se bharI akarmaNyatA ke sthAna para AzAvAda yukta karma mArga ko niyativAda mAnA gayA hai| jainendra kumAra ke niyativAda tathA gItA-darzana meM sAmya hai, jisakI unake kathA sAhitya meM vyApaka rUpa [212]

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meM abhivyaMjanA huI hai| vaha niyativAda kahIM bhogavAdI darzana kI abhivyakti karatA hai to kahIM bhAgyavAda ke paryAya ke rUpa meM AyA hai| isa prakAra jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya kI dArzanika cetanA paramparAnumodita bhAratIya hai| jainendra kumAra ne manovaijJAnika cetanA ko bhI apane kathA sAhitya meM nirUpita kiyaa| unhoMne puruSa pAtroM kI manovaijJAnika cetanA aura nArI pAtroM kI manovaijJAnika cetanA kI vizad vyAkhyA kii| yuga-cetanA kathAkAra kA eka aisA astra hai jo kathA sAhitya ke bhAvapakSa aura pratipAdya meM hI parivartana nahIM lAtA apitu kathA sAhitya ke prastutIkaraNa-zilpa meM bhI navIna parivartana lAtA hai| pratyeka yuga kI paristhitiyA~ aura yuga cetanA apane vigata se bhinna huA karatI hai, jisakI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama pUrNataH maulika aura abhinava hotA hai| premacanda aura jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya kA avalokana karane para yaha antara spaSTa ho jAtA hai| kathA sAhitya to yathArtha kI anukRti hai tathA yuga cetanA kA anugAmI hai, isase kathA sAhitya achUtA nahIM raha sktaa| jainendra kumAra kA kathA sAhitya svayaM isakA pramANa hai| 'parakha', 'sukhadA', 'tyAgapatra', 'kalyANI' 'anantara' tathA 'sunItA', zilpagata bhAvagata evaM vicAragata parivartanazIla yugacetanA ke pramANa haiN| unakI bhAva zailI uttarottara yathArthavAdI, citrAtmaka tathA nATakIya hotI gii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainendra kumAra ke prastutIkaraNa-zilpa meM maulika parivartana hotA rahA hai| bhASA-zailI meM muhAvaroM, lokoktiyoM, sUktiyoM tathA dezaja zabdoM ke prayoga se adbhuta abhivyaMjanAtmaka zakti AtI gyii| yuga cetanA kA vANI vidhAna karanA jainendra kumAra kA sAhityika dharma thaa| yuga parivartanazIla hai| phalataH jainendra kumAra ke sAhitya meM bhAva parivartita hote gye| sAtha hI sAtha ve binA kisI pUrva yojanA ke [213]

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kathA - sAhitya-sRjana karate the| yuga cetanA kA itanA sazakta aura sarala kathAkAra hindI sAhitya meM dUsarA nahIM huaa| jainendra kumAra kI manovizleSaNAtmaka dRSTi kA kathA sAhitya para paryApta prabhAva pdd'aa| unakI kathA kSINatA, caritroM ko kendrIya mahatva denA tathA unake nAma para kathA sAhitya kA nAmakaraNa karanA, caritra-citraNa meM manovizleSaNa kI vidhiyoM kA prayoga karanA kucha pramukha vizeSatAe~ haiM jo unhoMne paravartI kathA zilpa ko pradAna kI / jainendra kumAra ne hindI upanyAsoM ko eka nayI dizA dii| Aja ke vibhinna upanyAsoM para unake prastutIkaraNa - zilpa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| - jainendra kumAra bhASA ke stara para vyAkaraNa sammata bhASA ke AdI nahIM the| isalie unake kathA sAhitya kI abhivyaMjakatA meM vyAkaraNa sammata bhASA kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| vaha apane pAtroM ke hRdayagata bhAvoM ke lie vAkya saMracanAtmakatA kA paramparita rUpa grahaNa nahIM karate the, kyoMki ve bhASA ko bhAvoM kI anuvartinI mAnate the| pAtroM kI jaisI bhI AbhAvadhArA hogI bhASA usake anurUpa hI svarUpa grahaNa karegI aisA unakA mAnanA thA / - jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya para tatkAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika, dArzanika, manovaijJAnika tathA zilpagata yuga cetanA kA vyApaka prabhAva par3A hai| unakI sAMskRtika cetanA meM bauddhikatA kA Agraha hai, jisase sAMskRtika dharAtala para arAjakatA kI sthiti dikhAyI par3atI hai / Aja aisA lagatA hai ki sAMskRtika vikAsa meM gatirodha kI sthiti A gaI hai| prAcIna kAla ke zAzvata jIvana mUlyoM kI sthApanA nahIM ho pA rahI hai| jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya meM yuga cetanA kA sarvAMgINa citraNa huA hai| isalie vaha yuga cetanA ke pratinidhi kathAkAra kahe jAte haiN| [214]

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astu, nivedana hai ki prastuta zodha-prabandha meM eka sAhityakAra kA gaveSaNAtmaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo abAdha gati se sAhitya kI racanA meM saMlagna rahA tathA jisane hindI sAhitya ko bahumUlya nidhiyA~ pradAna kii| zodhakartA ko viSaya kI maryAdA kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thA, ataH kRtiyoM ko hI samIkSA ho sakI hai| aisI sthiti meM prastuta zodha-prabandha meM niSkarSa kI apanI sImAyeM hai| jainendra kumAra kA vyaktitva evaM kRtitva virATa hai, jise kisI nizcita viSaya sImA yA zIrSaka ke antargata sameTa pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| ataH jainendra kumAra ke kathA sAhitya meM zodha evaM vivecana kI apAra saMbhAvanAe~ vidyamAna haiN| bhAvI zodhArthiyoM ke lie prastuta zodha-prabandha saMdarbha ke rUpa meM dizA-nirdeza dene meM sahayoga pradAna karegA- isI vizvAsa ke sAtha yaha zodha-prabandha vidvajjanoM ke samIkSArtha prastuta hai| [215]

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sahAyaka graMtha sUcI

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sahAyaka graMtha sUcI hindI graMtha 1. indranAtha madAna udayabhAnu siMha 3. oma prakAza zarmA kamala vimala kusuma kakkar3a kailAza vAjapeyI ___ gaNeza pANDeya 8. gopAla datta sArasvata - Aja ke hindI upanyAsa - tulasI darzana mImAMsA - jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA zilpa - kAvya vivecana - jainendra kA jIvana darzana - Adhunika hindI kavitA meM zilpa - hindI kI sarvazreSTha kahAniyA~ (sampAdita) - Adhunika kAvya paramparA tathA prayoga - hindI laghu upanyAsa - anantara - anAmasvAmI - itastataH - kalyANI - kAma prema aura parivAra - jayavardhana - jainendra kI kahAniyA~ - jainendra kI pratinidhi kahAniyA~ 9. ghanazyAma madhupa 10. jainendra kumAra 11. jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra 13. jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra 15. jainendra kumAra 16. jainendra kumAra 17. jainendra kumAra [216]

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jainendra kumAra 18. 19. jainendra kumAra 20. jainendra kumAra 21. jainendra kumAra 22. jainendra kumAra 23. jainendra kumAra 24. jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra 28. 29. jainendra kumAra 30. jainendra kumAra 31. jainendra kumAra jainendra kumAra deva rAja upAdhyAya 25. 26. 27. 32. 33. 34. 35. deva rAja upAdhyAya deva rAja upAdhyAya 36. deva rAja upAdhyAya 37. nagendra 38. nandadulAre vAjapeyI 36 parakha - pariprekSya prazna aura prazna prema aura vivAha maMthana - - muktibodha vyatIta vivarta samaya aura hama samaya, samasyA aura siddhAnta sAhitya kA zreya aura preya soca vicAra --- - - - - tyAgapatra - - sukhadA sunItA Adhunika hindI kathA sAhitya aura manovijJAna jainendra ke upanyAsoM manovaijJAnika adhyayana saMskRti kA dArzanika vivecana sAhitya cintA - - AsthA ke caraNa * Adhunika sAhitya [217] kA

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39. nemicandra jaina - adhosAkSAtkAra 40. padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI - hindI kathA sAhitya 41. pannA dvivedI - dinakara ke kAvya meM yugIna cetanA 42. pratApa nArAyaNa TaMDana - hindI upanyAsoM meM kathA sAhitya kA vikAsa 43. prabhAkara mAcave - jainendra ke vicAra 44. premacanda - sAhitya kA uddezya 45. prema bhaTanAgara - hindI upanyAsa zilpa : badalate pariprekSya 46. baijanAtha prasAda zukla - bhagavatI caraNa varmA ke upanyAsoM meM yuga cetanA bhagIratha mizra - kAvya zAstra 48. makkhana lAla zarmA - hindI upanyAsa : siddhAnta aura samIkSA 49. manamohana sahagala - upanyAsa kAra jainendra : mUlyAMkana aura mUlyAMkana 50. mahAvIra lor3hA - hindI upanyAsoM kA zAstrIya vivecana 51. mahendra caturvedI - hindI upanyAsa : eka sarvekSaNa 52. mahendra bhaTanAgara - svAtantryottara hindI upanyAsa (sampAdita) 53. raghunAtha sarana jhAlAnI - jainendra aura unake upanyAsa 54. rameza tivArI - hindI upanyAsa sAhitya kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 55. rAjendra prasAda - sAhitya zikSA aura saMskRti [218]

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56. rAdhAkRSNana 57. rAmacandra tivArI 58. rAmacandra zukla rAmadhArI siMha dinakara 60. rAmadhArI siMha dinakara 61. rAmanAtha zarmA 62. rAmaratana bhaTanAgara 63. rAmavilAsa zarmA 64. lakSmIkAMta zarmA 65. lakSmIkAMta varmA 66. lakSmInArAyaNa lAla - bhAratIya darzana (prathama bhAga) - hindI kA gadya sAhitya - hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa - saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, - sAhitya mukhI - sAmAnya manovijJAna kI rUparekhA - jainendra : sAhitya aura samIkSA - premacandra aura unakA yuga - jainendra ke upanyAsoM kA __ manovijJAnaparaka aura zailItAtvika adhyyn| - naI kavitA ke pratimAna - hindI kahAniyoM kI zilpa vidhi kA vikaas| - pazcimI AlocanAzAstra - bIsavIM zatAbdI-hindI upanyAsa : naye sandarbha - hindI gadya kI pravRttiyA~ - svataMtratA aura saMskRti (anuvAdita) - premacandottara upanyAsoM kI zilpa vidhi - jainendra : vyaktitva aura kRtitva (sampAdita) - sAhitya siddhAnta aura samIkSA 67. lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya 68. lakSmIsAgara vArNeya 69. lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya 70. vizvambhara nAtha tripAThI 71. satyapAla cugha 72. satya prakAza milinda 73. saranAma siMha zarmA [219]

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74. sureza sinhA - hindI upanyAsa : udbhava aura vikAsa 75. suSamA dhavana - hindI upanyAsa 76. tribhuvana siMha - hindI upanyAsa aura yathArthavAda 77. hajArIprasAda dvivedI - azoka ke phUla 78. hajArIprasAda dvivedI - vicAra aura vitarka aMgrejI graMtha 1. kailvina esa0 hAla - inTroDakzana oNpha sAiklaoNjI 2. krisTophara kADavela - sTaDIja ina e DAiMga kalcara I0 TAilara - primiTiva kalcara 4. gilavarTa mare - di klAsika TreDizana ina poyaTrI ___ eca0bI0 rUtha - iMgaliza liTarecara AiDiyAja ina di TvenTItha sencurI hevalaoNka elisa - sAiklaoNjI oNpha seksa 7. jaoNna liviMgsaTana - kanveMzana eNDa rivolTa ina poyaTrI 8. mahAtmA gAMdhI - vomena eNDa sozala jasTisa 9. ema0 je0 harsa koviTsa - maina eNDa hija varksa 10. maikAivara eNDa peja - sosAyaTI 11. Ara0jI0 kaliMgavuDa - da prisipala oNpha ArTa 12. ricarDa sTaMga - di thyorI oNpha nAvela ina iMglaiDa 13. TI0 esa0 iliyaTa __ - AphTara sTena gaoNDsa 12201

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koza 1. insAiklopIDiyA oNpha da sozala sAinseja (bhAga-3) 2. mAnavikI pAribhASika koza (sAhitya khaMDa) 3. hindI vizvakoza 4. hindI sAhitya koza - DaoN0 dhIrendra varmA (sampAdita) patrikAeM 1. AlocanA - upanyAsa aMka - 73 kalyANa - hindU saMskRti vizeSAMka 3. naI dhArA - pharavarI, mArca aMka, varSa 1966 yuga cetanA - mArca aMka, varSa 1955 5. saMcetanA - mArca aMka, varSa 1970 6. sapta siMdhu (mAsika) - sitambara aMka, varSa 1970 7. sAptAhika hindustAna - 16 mArca, varSa 1958 - sitambara aMka, varSa 1936 8. haMsa [221]